,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,au?or ,,li/3 ,w4 ,l4 ,f4 ,walt] ,lynwood ,flem+1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 ',m4,a4' am5d$ f ',a4,m4'4 ,,article ,,francs-,,tireurs3 444 & prev5t$ him f ga9+ in=mation1 & t _! soldi]ly qualities improv$ ) exp]i5ce4 'improv$' am5d$ f 'inprov$'4 ,,article ,,frankl91 ,,sir ,,john3 444 7:i*1 z ,frankl9 discov]$1 0 errone\sly plac$ f\r degrees ( latitude too mu* to ! nor?7 444 'degrees' am5d$ f 'degress'4 ,,article ,,frankl91 ,,sir ,,john3 ,! alt]native c\rse p]mitt$ ,frankl9 by 8 in/ructions _h be5 attempt$ b n pursu$1 & 9 ! autumn ( #ahdf he _h foll[$ t r\te :i* 0 specially comm5d$ to him4 'in/ructions' am5d$ f 'intructions'4 ,,article ,,frau5burg3 ,frau5burg 0 f\nd$ 9 #abhg & receiv$ ! rights ( a t[n 9 #acaj4 ',frau5burg' am5d$ f ',frau5b]g'4 ,,article ,,freeman1 ,,edw>d ,,augu/us3 ,hi/orical & religi\s s5tim5t comb9$ ) 8 dete/ation ( all t 0 tyrannical to inspire him ) hatr$ ( ! ,turk & sympa?y ) ! small] & subject nationalities ( ea/]n ,europe4 'dete/ation' am5d$ f 'de/e/ation'4 ,,article ,,freemasonry3 ,elias ,a%mole 7:o accord+ to 8 di>y 0 made a ,free ,mason ( ,w>r+ton ) ,colonel ,h5ry ,ma9w>+1 sev5 bre!rn be+ nam$ z 9 att5dance at ! lodge 444 'bre!rn' am5d$ f 'bre!n'4 ,,article ,,fr5* ,,language3 444 p]d 7p]dit7 & p]de 7p]dat7 be+ g5]ally di/+ui%$ z p] & p]d1 & be=e a v[el z p]t & p]d4 'di/+ui%$' am5d$ f 'dit+ui%$'4 ,,article ,,fr5* ,,language3 ,9 ,e>ly ,old ,fr5* 7z 9 ,prov5cal7 !re are two ma9 decl5sions1 ! mascul9e & ! fem99e2 ) a few exceptions ! =m] di/+ui%es nom9ative & accusative 9 bo? numb]s1 ! latt] 9 nei!r4 'di/+ui%es' am5d$ f 'dit+ui%es'4 ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,fir/ edition1 publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes1 #agfh-agga4 ,,second t5 #aggg-aghd4 ,,?ird eighte5 #aghh-agig4 ,,f\r? tw5ty #ahja-ahaj4 ,,fif? tw5ty #ahae-ahag4 ,,six? tw5ty #ahbc-ahbd4 ,,sev5? tw5ty-"o #ahcj-ahdb4 ,,eigh? tw5ty-two #ahec-ahfj4 ,,n9? tw5ty-five #ahge-ahhi4 ,,t5? n9? edition & elev5 supplem5t>y volumes1 #aijb-aijc4 ,,elev5? publi%$ 9 tw5ty-n9e volumes1 #aiaj-aiaa4 ,,copyright 9 all c\ntries subscrib+ to ! ,b]n ,conv5tion by ,,! ,,*ancellor1 ,,ma/]s ,,& ,,s*ol>s ( ! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge ,all rights res]v$ ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xi ,,franciscans to ,,gibson ,new ,york ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,inc4 #cdb ,madison ,av5ue ,copyright1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 #aiaj1 by ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica ,company4 ,,volume ,,xi1 ,,slice ,i ,franciscans to ,fr5* ,language ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,franciscans ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7k+ ( ,prussia7 ,,franck ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7k+ ( ,prussia7 ,,franck1 ,,ces> ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7k+ ( ,prussia7 ,,franck1 ,,seba/ian ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7k+ ( ,sicily7 ,,francke1 ,,augu/ ,,h]mann ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7elector ( ,br&5burg7 ,,franck5 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7elector ( ! ,rh9e7 ,,franco-,,g]man ,,w> ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7elector ( ! ,rh9e7 ,,francois ,,de ,,neuf*ateau1 ,,l\is ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7elector ( ! ,rh9e7 ,,franconia ,,fr$]ick ,,iv4 7elector ( ! ,rh9e7 ,,francs-,,ar*]s ,,fr$]ick ,v4 7elector ( ! ,rh9e7 ,,francs-,,tireurs ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7duke ( ,saxony7 ,,franek] ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7duke ( ,saxony7 ,,frank1 ,,jakob ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7elector ( ,saxony7 ,,frank-,,almoign ,,fr$]ick 7,m>yl&1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,frankel1 ,,ze*>ias ,,fr$]ick ,,augu/us ,i4 ,,frank5b]g ,,fr$]ick ,,augu/us ,,ii4 ,,frank5haus5 ,,fr$]ick ,,*>les 7,,k>l ,,nikolaus7 ,,frank5/e9 ,,fr$]ick ,,h5ry ,,frank5?al ,,fr$]ick ,,l\is ,,frank5wald ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,i4 ,,frank=t 7,indiana1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,ii4 ,,frank=t 7,k5tucky1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,iii4 ,,frank=t-,,on-,,ma9 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,iv4 ,,frank=t-,,on-,,od] ,,fr$]ick ,,william 7( ,br&5burg7 ,,frank9c5se ,,fr$]ick-,,lemaitre1 ,,anto9e ,,prosp] ,,frank+ ,,fr$]icksburg ,,frankl1 ,,ludwig ,,augu/ ,,fr$]icton ,,frankl&1 ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,fr$onia ,,frankl91 ,,b5jam9 ,,fr$rik%ald ,,frankl91 ,,sir ,,john ,,fr$rik/ad ,,frankl91 ,,william ,,buel ,,free ,,bapti/s ,,frankl9 7di/rict ( ,canada7 ,,freeb5* ,,frankl9 7,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,free ,,*ur* ,,f$]ation ,,frankl9 7,new ,hamp%ire1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,free ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& ,,frankl9 7,p5nsylvania1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,free ,,*ur* ,,( ,,scotl& ,,frankl9 7,t5nessee1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,fre$m5',s ,,bureau ,,frankl9 7freeman7 ,,freehold 7,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,frankl9ite ,,freehold 7law7 ,,frank-,,m>riage ,,freel& ,,frankpl$ge ,,freeman1 ,,edw>d ,,augu/us ,,franks1 ,,sir ,,augu/us ,,wolla/on ,,freeman ,,franks ,,freemasonry ,,franz1 ,,rob]t ,,freeport ,,franz51 ,,frans ,,mikael ,,free ,,ports ,,franz5sbad ,,free ,,re$ ,,vibrator ,,franz ,,josef ,,l& ,,freesia ,,franzos1 ,,k>l ,,emil ,,free ,,soil ,,p>ty ,,frascati ,,free-,,/one ,,fras]1 ,,alex&] ,,campbell ,,freet[n ,,fras]1 ,,james ,,free ,,trade ,,fras]1 ,,james ,,baillie ,,fregellae ,,fras]1 ,,sir ,,william ,,augu/us ,,freib]g ,,fras] 7riv]7 ,,freiburg ,,fras]burgh ,,freiburg ,,im ,,breisgau ,,fras]ville ,,freidank ,,frat] ,,frei5walde ,,frat]nities1 ,,college ,,freiesleb5ite ,,fraticelli ,,freight ,,fraud ,,freiligra?1 ,,f]d9& ,,frau5burg ,,fre9d1 ,,john ,,frau5feld ,,fre9%eim1 ,,johann ,,frau5lob ,,freire1 ,,francisco ,,jose ,,fraunce1 ,,abraham ,f,r,e,i,s,c,h,ue,t,z ,,fraunh(]1 ,,joseph ,,von ,,freis+ ,,frau/adt ,,frejus ,,frayss9\s1 ,,d5is ,,anto9e ,,luc ,,frel+huys51 ,,fr$]ick ,,!odore ,,fre*ette1 ,,l\is ,,honore ,,fremantle ,,fr$egond ,,fremiet1 ,,emmanuel ,,fr$]ic1 ,,h>old ,,fremont1 ,,john ,,*>les ,,fr$]icia ,,fremont 7,nebraska1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,fr$]ick 7"n7 ,,fremont 7,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7,roman emp]or7 ,,fremy1 ,,edmond ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7,roman emp]or7 ,,fr5*1 ,,daniel ,,*e/] ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7,roman emp]or7 ,,fr5*1 ,,ni*olas ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7,g]man k+7 ,,fr5* ,,congo ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7k+ ( ,d5m>k7 ,,fr5* ,,gu9ea ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7k+ ( ,d5m>k7 ,,fr5* ,,language ,,fr$]ick ,,viii4 7k+ ( ,d5m>k7 ,,initials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,volume ,,xi4 ,,to ,,id5tify ,,individual ,,contributors1#a ,,) ,,! ,,head+s ,,( ,,! ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume ,,s ,,sign$4 ,a4 ,b4 ,r4 ,,alfr$ ,,b>ton ,,r5dle1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,keep]1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,botany1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,au?or ( ,text ,book on ,classification ( ,fl[]+ ,plants2 c4 ,fruit4 ,a4 ,b4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,sir ,,alex&] ,,blackie ,,william ,,k5n$y1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,consult+ ,eng9e] to ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,friction4 ,a4 ,ca4 ,,ar?ur ,,cayley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,cayley1 ,,ar?ur4 ,gauss4 ,a4 ,e4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,augu/us ,,edw>d ,,h\gh ,,love1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,s$leian ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,hon4 ,fell[ ( ,que5's ,college2 =m]ly ,fell[ ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,secret>y to ! ,london ,ma!matical ,society4 ,function3 ,functions ( ,real ,v>iables4 ,a4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,ar?ur ,,ev]ett ,,%ipley1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ma/] ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,read] 9 ,zoology1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,jo9t-editor ( ! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,ga/rotri*a4 ,a4 ,ge4 ,,sir ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie1 ,,ll4,d4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,geikie1 ,,sir ,a4 ,geology4 ,a4 ,g499 ,,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,gordon1 ,,ma4 ,lectur] on ,*ur* ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ,franck1 ,seba/ian2 ,gall>s4 ,a4 ,g4 ,b499 ,,hon4 ,,ar*ibald ,,graeme ,,bell1 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e4 ,director ( ,public ,works & ,inspector ( ,m9es1 ,tr9idad4 ,memb] ( ,executive & ,legislative ,c\ncils1 ,in/4,c4,e4 ,georget[n1 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,a4 ,g4 ,d4 ,,ar?ur ,,george ,,d\ghty1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,m4,a41 ,,litt4,d41 ,f4,r41 ,,hi/4,s4 ,dom9ion ,ar*ivi/ ( ,canada4 ,memb] ( ! ,geographical ,bo>d ( ,canada4 ,au?or ( ,! ,cradle ( ,new ,france2 c4 ,jo9t-editor ( ,docum5ts relat+ to ! ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,canada4 ,front5ac et ,palluau4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sm4 ,,ar?ur ,,hamilton ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,keep] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute4 ,au?or ( ,catalogue ( ,greek ,sculpture 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 c4 ,gem3 ,,ii4 79 "p74 ,a4 ,m499 ,,rev4 ,,all5 ,,m5zies1 ,d4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity & ,biblical ,criticism1 ,univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews4 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,religion2 c4 ,editor ( ,review ( ,!ology & ,philosophy4 ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 79 "p74 ,a4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,agnes ,,m>y ,,cl]ke4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,cl]ke1 ,,agnes ,m4 ,galileo4 ,a4 ,n4 ,,alfr$ ,,newton1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,newton1 ,,alfr$4 ,frigate-,bird2 ,gadwall2 ,gannet2 ,g>e ,f[l4 ,a4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,alfr$ ,,neave ,,bray%aw1 ,,ll4,b4 ,au?or ( ,bible ,notes on ! ,hebrew ,prophets4 ,fri5ds1 ,society (4 ,a4 ,n4 ,w4 ,,alfr$ ,,nor? ,,:itehead1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fell[ & ,lectur] 9 ,ma!matics1 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,au?or ( ,a ,treatise on ,univ]sal ,algebra2 c4 ,geometry3 ,,vi4 79 "p7 & ,,vii4 ,a4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,alex&] ,,ross ,,cl>ke1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,colonel1 ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,royal ,m$alli/1 ,royal ,society1 #ahhg4 ,9 *>ge ( ! trigonometrical op]ations ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 #ahed-ahha4 ,geodesy 79 "p74 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,alex&] ,,/u>t ,,murray1 ,,ll4,d4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,murray1 ,,alex&] ,,/u>t4 ,gem3 ,,ii4 79 "p74 ,a4 ,w4 ,h499 ,,ar?ur ,,william ,,holl&4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,bacon ,s*ol> ( ,gray's ,inn1 #aijj4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,roman ,emp]or2 ,fr5* ,revolution3 ,republican ,cal5d>2 ,g]many3 ,hi/ory 79 "p7 & ,bibliography4 ,a4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,adolphus ,,william ,,w>d1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,w>d1 ,a4 ,w4 ,g>rick1 ,david 79 "p74 ,b4 ,a4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,hon4 ,,b]tr& ,,ar?ur ,,william ,,russell1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,au?or ( ,f\ndations ( ,geometry2 ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics2 c4 ,geometry3 ,,vi4 79 "p74 ,b4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,b]?a ,,surtees ,,philpotts1 ,m4,a4 7,dubl974 ,=m]ly ,libr>ian ( ,girton ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,g]many3 ,ar*aeology4 ,c4 ,b499 ,,*>les ,,bemont1 ,,litt4,d4 7,oxon474 ,see ! biographical article1 ,bemont1 ,c4 ,fu/el ,de ,c\langes2 ,gascony4 ,c4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,hon4 ,,c>roll ,,davidson ,,wright4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,wright1 ,,hon4 ,,c>roll ,,davidson4 ,fri5dly ,societies3 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c4 ,e499 ,,*>les ,,ev]itt1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,sometime ,s*ol> ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,geometry3 ,hi/ory4 ,c4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,*>les ,,francis ,,atk9son4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,capta91 #a/ ,city ( ,london 7,royal ,fusili]s74 ,au?or ( ,! ,wild]ness & ,cold ,h>b\r4 ,franco-,g]man ,w> 79 "p72 ,fr5* ,revolution>y ,w>s3 ,milit>y ,op]ations2 ,g]many3 ,army2 ,gibralt>3 ,hi/ory4 ,c4 ,h4 ,ha4 ,,c>lton ,,huntley ,,hayes1 ,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association4 ,gelasius ,,ii4 ,c4 ,k4 ,s4 ,,clem5t ,,k+ ,,%ort]4 ,editor ( ,! ,sph]e4 ,au?or ( ,sixty ,ye>s ( ,victorian ,lit]ature2 ,immortal ,memories2 ,! ,brontes1 ,life & ,lett]s2 c4 ,gaskell1 ,elizabe?4 ,c4 ,mi4 ,,*$omille ,,mijatovi*4 ,s5ator ( ! ,k+dom ( ,s]via4 ,envoy ,extraord9>y & ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,k+ ( ,s]via to ! ,c\rt ( ,/ ,james's1 #ahie-aijj & #aijb-aijc4 ,g>a%an94 ,c4 ,m4 ,k4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,malcolm ,,k5n$y1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,c4,b4 7#ahca-aijh74 ,head ( ,comm]cial ,dep>tm5t1 ,=eign ,(fice1 #ahgb-ahic4 ,lectur] on ,int]national ,law1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,bri/ol4 ,commission] 9 ! ,levant1 #ahgj-ahga1 at ,p>is1 #ahgb-ahhf4 ,pl5ipot5ti>y1 ,treaty ( ! ,hague1 #ahhb4 ,editor ( ,k5n$y's ,e?nological & ,l+ui/ic ,essays2 ,diplomacy & ,int]national ,law4 ,free ,ports4 ,c4 ,pf4 ,,*ri/ian ,,pfi/]1 ,d4-,,es4-,l4 ,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne1 ,p>is4 ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,au?or ( ,etudes sur le regne de ,rob]t le ,pieux2 ,le ,du*e m]ov+i5 d',alsace et la leg5de de ,sa9te-,odile4 ,franks2 ,fr$egond2 ,g]manic ,laws1 ,e>ly4 ,c4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,*>les ,,raymond ,,beazley1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,litt41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,,hi/4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ,univ]sity ,lectur] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,geography4 ,lo?ian ,prizeman1 ,ox=d1 #ahhi4 ,l[ell ,lectur]1 ,bo/on1 #aijh4 ,au?or ( ,h5ry ! ,navigator2 ,! ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography2 c4 ,g]>d ( ,cremona4 ,c4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,claude ,,regni] ,,cond]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,colonel1 ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,=m]ly 9 comm& ( ,survey ( ,pale/9e4 ,au?or ( ,! ,city ( ,j]usalem2 ,! ,bible & ! ,ea/2 ,! ,hittites & _! ,language2 c4 ,galilee 79 "p72 ,galilee1 ,sea ( 79 "p74 ,c4 ,t499 ,,rev4 ,,*>les ,,taylor1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 7#ahdj-aijh74 ,=m]ly ,ma/] ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,vice-,*ancellor1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 #ahhg-ahhh4 ,au?or ( ,geometrical ,conies2 c4 ,geometrical ,cont9uity4 ,c4 ,we4 ,,cecil ,,wea!rly4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,gate4 ,c4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,william ,,wilson1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,f4,r4,s4 7#ahcf-aijg74 ,major-,g5]al1 ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,secret>y to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,b\nd>y ,commission1 #aheh-ahfb4 ,briti% ,commission] on ! ,s]vian ,b\nd>y ,commission4 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 #ahhf-ahid4 ,director-,g5]al ( ,milit>y ,education1 #ahie-ahih4 ,au?or ( ,f ,korti to ,kh>t\m2 ,life ( ,"l ,clive2 c4 ,galilee1 ,sea ( 79 "p74 ,d4 ,c4 ,,dugald ,,cl]k1 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,director ( ! ,national ,gas ,eng9e ,co41 ,ltd4 ,inv5tor ( ! ,cl]k ,cycle ,gas ,eng9e4 ,gas ,eng9e4 ,d4 ,f4 ,t4 ,,donald ,,francis ,,tovey4 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,au?or ( ,essays 9 ,musical ,analysis1 compris+ ,! ,classical ,conc]to1 ,! ,goldb]g ,v>iations1 & analyses ( _m o!r classical works4 ,fugue4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,david ,,hannay4 ,=m]ly ,briti% ,vice-consul at ,b>celona4 ,au?or ( ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,royal ,navy1 #abag-afhh2 ,life ( ,emilio ,ca/el>2 c4 ,fr5* ,revolution>y ,w>s3 ,naval ,op]ations4 ,e4 ,br4 ,,erne/ ,,b>k]1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ (1 & ,lectur] 9 ,mod]n ,hi/ory at1 ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,m]ton ,college4 ,crav5 ,s*ol>1 #ahie4 ,fulk1 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,e4 ,b4 ,el4 ,,edw9 ,,bailey ,,elliott1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,waynflete ,pr(essor ( ,pure ,ma!matics1 & ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,presid5t ( ,london ,ma!matical ,society1 #ahif-ahih4 ,au?or ( ,algebra ( ,quantics2 c4 ,geometry1 ,,iv4 ,e4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,"r ,,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,cu?b]t ,,butl]2 ,o4,s4,b41 ,d4,,litt4 7,dubl974 ,abbot ( ,d[nside ,abbey1 ,ba?4 ,au?or ( ,! ,lausiac ,hi/ory ( ,palladius 9 ,cambridge ,texts & ,/udies4 ,franciscans2 ,fri>4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,lady ,,ea/lake4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,ea/lake1 ,,sir ,c4 ,l4 ,gibson1 ,john4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,edmund ,,gosse1 ,,ll4,d4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,gosse1 ,,edmund4 ,fryxell2 ,g>l&1 ,john4 ,e4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,edw>d ,,joseph ,,d5t1 ,m4,a41 ,,mus4,,bac4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,galuppi4 ,e4 ,o499 ,,edmund ,,ow51 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,,sc4 ,consult+ ,surgeon to ,/ ,m>y's ,hospital1 ,london1 & to ! ,*ildr5's ,hospital1 ,great ,ormond ,/reet2 late ,exam9] 9 ,surg]y at ! ,univ]sities ( ,cambridge1 ,durham & ,london4 ,au?or ( ,a ,manual ( ,anatomy = ,s5ior ,/ud5ts4 ,ga/ric ,ulc]4 ,e4 ,pr4 ,,edg> ,,pre/age4 ,special ,lectur] 9 ,portuguese ,lit]ature 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ,comm5dador ,portuguese ,ord] ( ,s4 ,?iago4 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ,lisbon ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces & ,lisbon ,geographical ,society2 c4 ,g>cao2 ,g>rett1 ,e4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,william ,,brabrook1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,*ief ,regi/r> ( ,fri5dly ,societies1 #ahia-aijd4 ,au?or ( ,build+ ,societies2 ,provid5t ,societies & ,indu/rial ,welf>e2 ,in/itutions ( ,?rift2 c4 ,fri5dly ,societies4 ,f4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,fr$]ick ,,cornwallis ,,conybe>e1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,?4 7,geiss574 ,fell[ ( ! ,briti% ,academy4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,au?or ( ,! ,anci5t ,arm5ian ,texts ( ,ari/otle2 ,my?1 ,magic & ,morals2 c4 ,fun]al ,rites4 ,f4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,francis ,,*>les ,,montague1 ,m4,a4 ,a/or ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,au?or ( ,limits ( ,individual ,lib]ty2 *apt]s 9 ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 c4 ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,f4 ,f499 ,,sir ,,james ,,=tescue-,,flann]y1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,p41 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e4 ,ex-,presid5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,m>9e ,eng9e]s4 ,m4,p4 = ! ,maldon ,division ( ,essex1 #aiaj4 ,m4,p4 = ! ,%ipley ,division ( ,york%ire1 #ahie-aijf4 ,fuel3 ,liquid4 ,f4 ,g4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,fr$]ick ,,george ,,meeson ,,beck1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ & ,lectur] 9 ,classics1 ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,g]many3 ,e?nography & ,e>ly ,hi/ory4 ,f4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,francis ,,h5ry ,,butl]1 ,m4,a4 ,worce/] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,associate ( ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,frank9c5se2 ,galls4 ,f4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,francis ,,john ,,hav]field1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,camd5 ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,fell[ ( ,bras5ose ,college4 ,fell[ ( ! ,briti% ,academy4 ,=m]ly ,c5sor1 ,/ud5t1 ,tutor & ,libr>ian ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,=d's ,lectur]1 #aijf-aijg4 ,au?or ( ,monographs on ,roman ,hi/ory1 especially ,roman ,brita92 c4 ,gaul4 ,f4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,colonel ,,fr$]ic ,,natus* ,,maude1 ,c4,b4 ,lectur] 9 ,milit>y ,hi/ory1 ,man*e/] ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ,w> & ! ,_w's ,policy2 ,! ,leipzig ,campaign2 ,! ,j5a ,campaign4 ,franco-,g]man ,w> 79 "p74 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,frank ,r4 ,,cana4 ,au?or ( ,s\? ,africa f ! ,great ,trek to ! ,union4 ,fr5* ,congo2 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa2 ,g]man ,s\?-,we/ ,africa4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,fri$ri* ,,rob]t ,,helm]t1 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,,+4 ,pr(essor ( ,geodesy1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,geodesy 79 "p74 ,f4 ,s4 ,,francis ,,/orr4 ,editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,london4 ,(fic] d',academie 7,p>is74 ,games1 ,classical4 ,f4 ,w4 ,r499 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,rudl]1 ,i4,s4,o41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,curator & ,libr>ian ( ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,london1 #ahgi-aijb4 ,presid5t ( ! ,geologi/s' ,association1 #ahhg-ahhi4 ,g>net2 ,gem3 ,i4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,rev4 ,,george ,,edmundson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,,hi/4,s4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,=d's ,lectur]1 #aiji4 ,geld]l& 7,du*y74 ,g4 ,l4 ,,georg ,,lunge4 ,see ! biographical article4 ,,lunge1 ,g4 ,fuel3 ,gase\s2 ,gas3 ,manufacture1 ,,ii4 ,g4 ,sa4 ,,george ,,sa9tsbury1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,sa9tsbury1 ,g4 ,fr5* ,lit]ature2 ,gauti]4 ,g4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,rev4 ,,griffi?s ,,:eel] ,,?at*]1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,d4 ,w>d5 ( ,camd5 ,college1 ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,=m]ly ,tutor 9 ,hebrew & ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory at ,mansfield ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,ghazali4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,hil>y ,,bau]mann1 ,f4,g4,s4 7d4 #aiji74 ,=m]ly ,lectur] on ,metallurgy at ! ,ordnance ,college1 ,woolwi*4 ,au?or ( ,a ,treatise on ! ,metallurgy ( ,iron4 ,fuel3 ,solid4 ,h4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,horace ,,bol+broke ,,woodw>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,late ,assi/ant ,director1 ,geological ,survey ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,wolla/on ,m$alli/1 ,geological ,society4 ,au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london2 c4 ,gaudry4 ,h4 ,*4 ,,hugh ,,*i%olm1 ,m4,a4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,editor ( ! #aa? edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica2 ,co-editor ( ! #aj? edition4 ,gambetta2 ,g>nett1 ,ri*>d2 ,george ,,iv4 79 "p74 ,h4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,hon4 ,,h5ry ,,cabot ,,lodge4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,lodge1 ,,h5ry ,,cabot4 ,gallat94 ,h4 ,f4 ,ba4 ,,h5ry ,,fr$]ick ,,bak]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fell[ & ,lectur] ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,cayley ,lectur] 9 ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ,abel's ,!orem & ! ,alli$ ,!ory2 c4 ,function3 ,functions ( ,complex ,v>iables4 ,h4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,hugh ,,longb\rne ,,call5d>1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london4 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ,mac,gill ,college1 ,montreal1 & 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,fusion4 ,h4 ,m499 ,,hugh ,,mit*ell4 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,inn] ,temple4 ,gibralt> 79 "p74 ,h4 ,m4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 7d4 #aije74 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 ,cambridge4 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society4 ,au?or ( ,timb] & ,"s ( its ,diseases2 ,! ,oak2 ,sa*'s ,lectures on ! ,physiology ( ,plants2 ,diseases 9 ,plants2 c4 ,fungi 79 "p74 ,h4 ,n4 ,,h5ry ,,nicol4 ,fr5* ,language 79 "p74 ,h4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,hugh ,,rob]t ,,mill1 ,d4,,sc41 ,,ll4,d4 ,director ( ,briti% ,ra9fall ,organization4 ,editor ( ,briti% ,ra9fall4 ,=m]ly ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,meteorological ,society4 ,hon4 ,memb] ( ,vi5na ,geographical ,society4 ,hon4 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ,geographical ,societies ( ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,budape/1 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 ,am/]dam1 c4 ,au?or ( ,! ,realm ( ,nature2 ,! ,int]national ,geography2 c4 ,geography4 ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,h5ry ,,william ,,c>less ,,davis1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls ,college1 ,ox=d1 #ahie-aijb4 ,au?or ( ,engl& "u ! ,normans & ,angev9s2 ,*>lemagne4 ,ge(frey1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york2 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?2 ,g]>d2 ,g]vase ( ,cant]bury2 ,g]vase ( ,tilbury4 ,h4 ,w4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,wickham ,,/e$4 ,correspond5t ( ,! ,times at ,rome 7#ahig-aijb7 & ,vi5na4 ,g>ibaldi4 ,i4 ,a4 ,,israel ,,abrahams1 ,m4,a4 ,read] 9 ,talmudic & ,rabb9ic ,lit]ature 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,=m]ly ,presid5t1 ,jewi% ,hi/orical ,society ( ,engl&4 ,au?or ( ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,lit]ature2 ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ,judaism2 c4 ,frank1 ,jakob2 ,frankel1 ,ze*>ias2 ,frankl1 ,ludwig ,a42 ,fri$mann1 ,meir2 ,gaon2 ,geig] 79 "p72 ,g]sonides4 ,j4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,john ,,ambrose ,,flem+1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,p5d] ,pr(essor ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,lectur] on ,appli$ ,me*anics 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ,magnets & ,electric ,curr5ts4 ,galvanomet]4 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,john ,,all5 ,,h[e1 ,b4,,sc4 ,curator & ,libr>ian ( ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,london4 ,au?or ( ,! ,geology ( ,build+ ,/ones4 ,full]'s ,e>?4 ,j4 ,b4 ,b4 ,,john ,,bagnall ,,bury1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,bury1 ,j4 ,b4 ,gibbon1 ,edw>d4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,m4 ,,john ,,ba* ,,mcma/]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,au?or ( ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 c4 ,g>field1 ,james ,abram4 ,j4 ,ga4 ,,james ,,gairdn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,c4,b4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,gairdn]1 ,j4 ,g>d9]1 ,/eph54 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,john ,,george ,,cl>k ,,&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,c5sor & ,tutor ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,l9coln ,college2 ,crav5 ,fell[1 ,ox=d1 #ahif4 ,con+ton ,prizeman1 #ahic4 ,galatia4 ,j4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,john ,,george ,,rob]tson1 ,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,g]man1 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,lit]ature2 ,s*ill] aft] a ,c5tury2 c4 ,freiligra?2 ,g]man ,lit]ature4 ,j4 ,hn4 ,,ju/us ,,ha%ag51 ,,ph4,d4 ,privat-doz5t 9 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,au?or ( ,das ,rhe9l& und die franzoesis*e ,h]rs*aft4 ,fr$]ick ,augu/us ,i4 & ,,ii42 ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gr4 ,,john ,,hilton ,,grace1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,lectur] 9 ,ma!matics at ,pet]h\se & ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,fell[ ( ,pet]h\se4 ,geometry1 ,v4 ,j4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,john ,,h5ry ,,hessels1 ,m4,a4 ,au?or ( ,gut5b]g3 an ,hi/orical ,inve/igation4 ,fu/4 ,j4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,john ,,horace ,,r\nd1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 7,ed9474 ,au?or ( ,feudal ,engl&2 ,/udies 9 ,pe]age & ,family ,hi/ory2 ,pe]age & ,p$igree2 c4 ,ge(frey ,de ,montbray4 ,j4 ,hl4 ,r4 ,,john ,,holl& ,,rose1 ,m4,a41 ,,litt4,d4 ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,lectur] on ,mod]n ,hi/ory to ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,local ,lectures ,syndicate4 ,au?or ( ,life ( ,napoleon ,i42 ,napoleonic ,/udies2 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,european ,nations2 ,! ,life ( ,pitt2 c4 ,g>dane4 ,j4 ,mt4 ,,james ,,m(fatt1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,j[ett ,lectur]1 ,london1 #aijg4 ,au?or ( ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t2 c4 ,galatians1 ,epi/le to !4 ,j4 ,p4-,b4 ,,james ,,george ,,joseph ,,p5d]el-,,brodhur/4 ,editor ( ! ,gu>dian 7,london74 ,furniture4 ,j4 ,si4 ,,james ,,sime1 ,m4,a4 7#ahdc-ahie74 ,au?or ( ,a ,hi/ory ( ,g]many2 c4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 79 "p74 ,j4 ,s4 ,bl4 ,,john ,,su!rl& ,,black1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,assi/ant ,editor #i? edition ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,jo9t-editor ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica4 ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 79 "p74 ,j4 ,s4 ,f4 ,,john ,,smi? ,,flett1 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,petrograph] to ! ,geological ,survey4 ,=m]ly ,lectur] on ,petrology 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,neill ,m$alli/ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,bigsby ,m$alli/ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 ,fulgurite2 ,gabbro4 ,j4 ,t4 ,be4 ,,john ,t4 ,,bealby4 ,jo9t-au?or ( ,/an=d's ,europe4 ,=m]ly ,editor ( ! ,scotti% ,geographical ,magaz9e4 ,translator ( ,sv5 ,h$9's ,?r\gh ,asia1 ,c5tral ,asia & ,tibet2 c4 ,georgia 7,russia71 79 "p74 ,j4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,joseph ,,?omas ,,cunn+ham1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,lectur] on ,zoology at ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,polyte*nic1 ,london4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,naturali/ to ! ,m>9e ,biological ,association4 ,ga/ropoda4 ,j4 ,v4 ,b4 ,,james ,,v]non ,,b>tlet1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 7,/4 ,&rews74 ,pr(essor ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,mansfield ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,au?or ( ,! ,apo/olic ,age2 c4 ,frommel4 ,j4 ,ws4 ,,john ,,wea!rs1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,lectur] on ,horticulture to ! ,middlesex ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,au?or ( ,practical ,guide to ,g>d5 ,plants2 ,fr5* ,m>ket ,g>d5+2 c4 ,fruit & ,fl[] ,f>m+ 79 "p74 ,j4 ,w4 ,he4 ,,james ,,wycliffe ,,headlam1 ,m4,a4 ,/aff ,inspector ( ,second>y ,s*ools "u ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,pr(essor ( ,greek & ,anci5t ,hi/ory at ,que5's ,college1 ,london4 ,au?or ( ,bism>ck & ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,g]man ,empire2 c4 ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ( ,prussia2 ,g]many3 ,hi/ory 79 "p74 ,k4 ,s4 ,,ka?le5 ,,s*les+]4 ,au?or ( ,! ,in/rum5ts ( ! ,or*e/ra2 c4 ,editor ( ! ,portfolio ( ,musical ,ar*aeology4 ,free ,re$ ,vibrator2 ,geige4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,l\is ,,du*esne4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,du*esne1 ,l4 ,m4 ,o4 ,gelasius ,i4 ,l4 ,h499 ,,l\is ,,halph51 ,d4-,,es4-,l4 ,pr9cipal ( ! c\rse ( ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bordeaux4 ,au?or ( ,le ,comte d',anj\ au ,,xie siecle2 ,recueil des actes angev9es2 c4 ,fulk ,n]ra2 ,ge(frey1 ,c\nt ( ,anj\2 ,ge(frey ,plantaganet4 ,l4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,leon>d ,,james ,,sp5c]1 ,m4,a4 ,assi/ant 9 ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9]alogy1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,sidney ,sussex ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,h>kness ,s*ol>4 ,editor ( ! ,m9]alogical ,magaz9e4 ,gal5a4 ,l4 ,v4 ,,l9da ,,m>y ,,vill>i4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,vill>i1 ,,pasquale4 ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ,k+ ( ,sicily4 ,m4 ,g4 ,,moses ,,ga/]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,*ief ,rabbi ( ! ,seph>dic communities ( ,engl&4 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,zioni/ ,congress1 #ahih1 #ahii1 #aijj4 ,il*e/] ,lectur] at ,ox=d on ,slavonic & ,byzant9e ,lit]ature1 #ahhf & #ahia4 ,presid5t1 ,folk-lore ,society ( ,engl&4 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,anglo-,jewi% ,association4 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,rumanian ,popul> ,lit]ature2 ,a ,new ,hebrew ,fragm5t ( ,b5-,sira2 ,! ,hebrew ,v]sion ( ! ,secretum ,secretorum ( ,ari/otle4 ,ghica4 ,m4 ,n4 ,t4 ,,m>cus ,,niebuhr ,,tod1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,univ]sity ,lectur] 9 ,epigraphy4 ,jo9t-au?or ( ,catalogue ( ! ,sp>ta ,museum4 ,g]\sia4 ,o4 ,ba4 ,,oswald ,,b>ron1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,editor ( ,! ,ance/or1 #aijb-aije4 ,hon4 ,g5ealogi/ to ,/&+ ,c\ncil ( ! ,hon\rable ,society ( ! ,b>onetage4 ,g5ealogy3 ,mod]n4 ,o4 ,h4 ,,olaus ,,magnus ,,fri$ri* ,,h5rici1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anics & ,ma!matics 9 ! ,c5tral ,te*nical ,college ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,au?or ( ,vectors & ,rotors2 ,congru5t ,figures2 c4 ,geometry1 ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 ,p4 ,a4 ,,paul ,,daniel ,,alph&]y4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ,ecole pratique des hautes etudes1 ,sorbonne1 ,p>is4 ,au?or ( ,les ,idees morales *ez les het]odoxes lat9es au debut du ,,xiiie siecle4 ,fraticelli4 ,p4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,philip ,a4 ,,a%wor?1 ,m4,a41 ,,doc4,,juris4 ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,translator ( ,h4 ,r4 von ,gnei/'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution4 ,g]many3 ,geography4 ,p4 ,gi4 ,,pet] ,,giles1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,litt4,d4 ,fell[ & ,classical ,lectur] ( ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,univ]sity ,read] 9 ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,=m]ly ,secret>y ( ! ,cambridge ,philological ,society4 ,au?or ( ,manual ( ,comp>ative ,philology2 c4 ,g4 ,p4 ,la4 ,,philip ,,lake1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,lectur] on ,physical & ,regional ,geography 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,=m]ly ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india4 ,au?or ( ,monograph ( ,briti% ,cambrian ,trilobites4 ,translator & editor ( ,kays]'s ,comp>ative ,geology4 ,g]many3 ,geology4 ,p4 ,m4 ,,paul ,,mey]4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,mey]1 ,m4 ,p4 ,h4 ,fr5* ,language 79 "p74 ,r4 ,ad4 ,,rob]t ,,adamson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,see ! biographical article4 ,,adamson1 ,,rob]t4 ,gass5di 79 "p74 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,rob]t ,,alex&] ,,/ew>t ,,macali/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,director ( ,excavations = ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,gad>a2 ,galilee 79 "p72 ,galilee1 ,sea ( 79 "p72 ,g]asa2 ,g]izim2 ,gez]2 ,gibeon4 ,r4 ,ca4 ,,rob]t ,,c>ru!rs1 ,,ll4,d4 7#agii-ahgh74 ,editor ( ! ,inv]ness ,c\ri]1 #ahbh-ahgh4 ,"p-editor ( ,*amb]s's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,engli% ,lit]ature2 ,lectur] at ! ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ,ed9burgh4 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,hunt+don2 ,life ( ,pope4 ,g>rick1 ,david 79 "p74 ,r4 ,h4 ,q4 ,,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,heb]t ,,quick1 ,m4,a41 7#ahca-ahia74 ,=m]ly ,lectur] on ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,au?or ( ,essays on ,educational ,re=m]s4 ,froebel4 ,r4 ,l499 ,,ri*>d ,,lydekk]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,memb] ( ! ,/aff ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india1 #ahgd-ahhb4 ,au?or ( ,catalogues ( ,fossil ,mammals1 ,reptiles & ,birds 9 ,briti% ,museum2 ,! ,de] ( all ,l&s2 c4 ,galago2 ,galeopi!cus2 ,ganodonta2 ,gelada2 ,gibbon4 ,r4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,rob]t ,,nisbet ,,ba9 7d4 #aiji74 ,assi/ant ,libr>ian1 ,briti% ,museum1 #ahhc-aiji4 ,au?or ( ,sc&9avia1 ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,d5m>k1 ,norway & ,sw$51 #aeac-aijj2 ,! ,fir/ ,romanovs1 #afac to #agbe2 ,slavonic ,europe1 ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,pol& & ,russia f #adfi to #agif2 c4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ( ,d5m>k & ,norway2 ,g$ym94 ,r4 ,pr4 ,,rob]t ,,priebs*1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,g]man ,philology1 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,au?or ( ,deuts*e ,h&s*rift5 9 ,engl&2 c4 ,g]man ,language4 ,r4 ,p4 ,s4 ,r4 ,,ph5e ,,spi]s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,=m]ly ,ma/] ( ! ,ar*itectural ,s*ool1 ,royal ,academy1 ,london4 ,pa/ ,presid5t ( ,ar*itectural ,association4 ,associate & ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,editor ( ,f]gusson's ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 ,au?or ( ,ar*itecture3 ,ea/ & ,we/2 c4 ,g>ni]1 ,j4 ,r4 ,we4 ,,ri*>d ,,web/]1 ,m4,a4 7,pr9ceton74 ,=m]ly ,fell[ 9 ,classics1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,editor ( ,! ,elegies ( ,maximianus2 c4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam94 ,s4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,/anley ,,ar?ur ,,cook1 ,m4,a4 ,editor = ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,lectur] 9 ,hebrew & ,syriac1 & =m]ly ,fell[1 ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,exam9] 9 ,hebrew & ,aramaic1 ,london ,univ]sity1 #aijd-aijh4 ,c\ncil ( ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #aijd-aije4 ,au?or ( ,gloss>y ( ,aramaic ,inscriptions2 ,! ,laws ( ,moses & ! ,code ( ,hammurabi2 ,critical ,notes on ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory2 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 c4 ,g5ealogy3 ,biblical2 ,g5esis4 ,/4 ,c4 ,,visc\nt ,,/ ,,cyres4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,iddesleigh1 #a,,/ ,,e>l ,,(4 ,gallicanism4 ,s4 ,r4 ,g4 ,,samuel ,,rawson ,,g>d9]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,g>d9]1 ,s4 ,r4 ,george ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii42 ,george ,,iv4 79 "p74 ,t4 ,z4 ,,?omas ,,a%by1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,litt4 7,oxon474 ,director ( ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,ar*aeology at ,rome4 ,=m]ly ,s*ol> at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,crav5 ,fell[1 #ahig1 ,con+ton ,prizeman1 #aijf4 ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute4 ,frascati ,fregellae2 ,frascati2 ,fregellae2 ,fuc9o1,lago ,di2 ,fulg9iae2 ,fus>o1 ,lago2 ,gabii2 ,gaeta2 ,gallipoli 7,italy72 ,gela2 ,g5oa4 ,t4 ,ba4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,b>clay1 ,m4,p4 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law4 ,memb] ( ! ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ! ,congo ,free ,/ate4 ,(fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,au?or ( ,problems ( ,int]national ,practice & ,diplomacy2 c4 ,m4,p4 = ,blackburn1 #aiaj4 ,g5eva ,conv5tion4 ,t4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,?omas ,,callan ,,hodson4 ,regi/r>1 ,ea/ ,london ,college1 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,late ,indian ,civil ,s]vice4 ,au?or ( ,! ,me!is2 c4 ,g5na4 ,t4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,?omas ,,ersk9e ,,holl&1 ,k4,c41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,pr(essor ( ,int]national ,law & ,diplomacy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 #ahgd-aiaj4 ,fell[ ( ! ,briti% ,academy4 ,b5*] ( ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,au?or ( ,/udies 9 ,int]national ,law2 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,jurisprud5ce2 ,alb]ici ,g5tilis de jure belli2 ,! ,laws ( ,w> on ,l&2 ,neutral ,duties 9 a ,m>itime ,w>2 c4 ,g5tili4 ,t4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,?omas ,,gaskell ,,%e>man 7d4 #aijj74 ,au?or ( ,! ,s+le ,tax2 ,natural ,taxation2 ,di/ribution ( ,weal?2 c4 ,george1 ,h5ry4 ,t4 ,h4 ,h499 ,,colonel ,,sir ,,?omas ,,hung]=d ,,holdi*1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,d4,,sc4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,fronti] ,surveys1 ,india1 #ahib-ahih4 ,gold ,m$alli/1 ,r4,g4,s4 7,london71 #ahhg4 ,au?or ( ,! ,indian ,bord]l&2 ,! ,c\ntries ( ! ,k+'s ,aw>d2 ,india2 ,tibet2 c4 ,ganges4 ,t4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,rev4 ,,?omas ,,m>t9 ,,l9dsay1 ,d4,d4 ,pr9cipal & ,pr(essor ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ,college1 ,glasg[4 ,au?or ( ,life ( ,lu!r2 c4 ,g]son 79 "p74 ,v4 ,b4 ,l4 ,,vivian ,,byam ,,lewes1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,gre5wi*4 ,*ief ,sup]9t5d+ ,gas ,exam9] to ,city ( ,london4 ,gas3 ,manufacture1 ,i4 ,v4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,v]non ,,h]b]t ,,blackman1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,le$s4 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,fungi 79 "p74 ,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,rev4 ,,william ,,augu/us ,,brevoort ,,coolidge1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,,ph4,d4 7,b]n74 ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,hi/ory1 ,/ ,david's ,college1 ,lampet]1 #ahhj-ahha4 ,au?or ( ,guide du ,haut ,dauph9e2 ,! ,range ( ! ,to$i2 ,guide to ,gr9delwald2 ,guide to ,switz]l&2 ,! ,alps 9 ,nature & 9 ,hi/ory2 c4 ,editor ( ,! ,alp9e ,j\rnal1 #ahhj-ahha2 c4 ,frau5feld2 ,frejus2 ,frib\rg2 ,gap2 ,g>da1 ,lake (2 ,gemmi ,pass2 ,g5eva2 ,g5eva1 ,lake (4 ,w4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,walt] ,,alison ,,phillips1 ,m4,a4 ,=m]ly ,exhibition] ( ,m]ton ,college & ,s5ior ,s*ol> ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,au?or ( ,mod]n ,europe2 c4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,prussia 79 "p72 ,g5tleman2 ,g5tz1 ,fri$ri*2 ,g]many3 ,hi/ory 79 "p7 ,w4 ,ba4 ,,william ,,ba*]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,sci5ce at ! ,rabb9ical ,sem9>y1 ,budape/4 ,gamaliel4 ,w4 ,be4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,besant4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,besant1 ,,sir ,w4 ,froiss>t4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,sir ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,crookes1 ,,sir ,,william4 ,gem1 ,artificial4 ,w4 ,cu4 ,,! ,,v54 ,,william ,,cunn+ham1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,ar*deacon ( ,ely4 ,birkbeck ,lectur] 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,fell[ ( ! ,briti% ,academy4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,au?or ( ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce2 c4 ,free ,trade4 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,william ,,erne/ ,,dalby1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,pr(essor ( ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute ,c5tral ,te*nical ,college1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,=m]ly ,univ]sity ,demon/rator 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ,! ,balanc+ ( ,eng9es2 ,valves & ,valve ,ge> ,me*anism2 c4 ,friction 79 "p74 ,w4 ,fr4 ,,william ,,fream1 ,,ll4,d4 7d4 #aijf74 ,=m]ly ,lectur] on ,agricultural ,entomology1 ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,agricultural ,correspond5t ( ,! ,times4 ,fruit & ,fl[] ,f>m+ 79 "p74 ,w4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,william ,,feild5 ,,craies1 ,m4,a4 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,inn] ,temple4 ,lectur] on ,crim9al ,law1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,editor ( ,ar*bold's ,crim9al ,plead+ 7#bcrd edition74 ,game ,laws2 ,gam+ & ,wag]+4 ,w4 ,hu4 ,,rev4 ,,william ,,hunt1 ,m4,a41 ,,litt4,d4 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society #aije-aiji4 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,*ur*1 #eig-ajff2 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ,political ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #agfj-ahja2 c4 ,freeman1 ,edw>d ,a42 ,fr\de2 ,g>d9]1 ,samuel ,rawson4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h499 ,,william ,,james ,,hughan4 ,pa/ ,s4,g4,d4 ( ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&4 ,au?or ( ,orig9 ( ! ,engli% ,rite ( ,freemasonry4 ,freemasonry4 ,w4 ,l4 ,f4 ,,walt] ,,lynwood ,,flem+1 ,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ,docum5t>y ,hi/ory ( ,recon/ruction2 c4 ,fre$m5's ,bureau4 ,w4 ,l4 ,g4 ,,william ,,lawson ,,grant1 ,m4,a4 ,pr(essor ( ,colonial ,hi/ory1 ,que5's ,univ]sity1 ,k+/on1 ,canada4 ,=m]ly ,beit ,lectur] 9 ,colonial ,hi/ory1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 ,editor ( ,acts ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil 7,canadian ,s]ies74 ,gait1 ,sir ,alex&] ,t4 ,w4 ,m4 ,r4 ,,william ,,mi*ael ,,rossetti4 ,see ! biographical article1 ,,rossetti1 ,,dante ,g4 ,fuseli2 ,gaddi2 ,ga9sbor\gh2 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,dom5ico2 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,ridolfo4 ,w4 ,r4 ,b499 ,,william ,,raimond ,,baird1 ,,ll4,d4 ,au?or ( ,manual ( ,am]ican ,college ,frat]nities2 c4 ,editor ( ,! ,beta ,!ta ,pi4 ,frat]nities1 ,college4 ,w4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,walt] ,,su!rl& ,,p>k]4 ,deputy ,*airman1 ,fur ,section1 ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,fur4 ,,pr9cipal ,,unsign$ ,,articles ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,galicia4 ,g]aniaceae4 ,free ,*ur* ,f$]ation4 ,galway4 ,g]anium4 ,fr5* ,gu9ea4 ,gambia4 ,g]man ,bapti/ ,bre?r54 ,fr5* ,we/ ,africa4 ,gawa94 ,g]man ,ca?olics4 ,fri$l&4 ,gelat94 ,gettysburg4 ,frisian ,isl&s4 ,g5ius4 ,geys]4 ,frisians4 ,g5tian4 ,ghazni4 ,fronde1 ,!4 ,g5tianaceae4 ,gh5t4 ,fu]o4 ,george1 ,sa9t4 ,ghor4 ,furnace4 ,george ,junior ,republic4 ,giant4 ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,georgia 7,u4,s4,a474 ,,footnote3 #a ,a complete li/1 %[+ all individual contributors1 appe>s 9 ! f9al volume4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xi ,,franciscans 7o!rwise call$ ,fri>s ,m9or1 or ,m9orites2 also ! ,s]aphic ,ord]2 & 9 ,engl& ,grey ,fri>s1 f ! col\r ( ! habit1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n[ br[n r ?an grey71 a religi\s ord] f\nd$ by ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi 7q4v474 ,x 0 9 #abjf t ,/ ,francis left 8 fa!r's h\se & devot$ himself to a life ( pov]ty & to ! s]vice ( ! poor1 ! sick & ! lep]s2 & 9 #abji t he felt ! call to add prea*+ to 8 o!r m9i/rations1 & to lead a life 9 ! close/ imitation ( ,*ri/'s life4 ,)9 a few weeks disciples began to jo9 !mselves to him2 ! condition 0 t !y %\ld dispose ( all _! possessions4 ,:5 _! numb] 0 twelve ,francis l$ ! little flock to ,rome to obta9 ! pope's sanction = _! und]tak+4 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 receiv$ !m k9dly1 b ) "s misgiv+s z to ! feasibility ( ! propos$ mann] ( life2 ^! difficulties 7 ov]come1 & ! pope accord$ a provisional approval by ^w ( m\?3 !y 7 to become cl]ics & to elect a sup]ior4 ,francis 0 elect$ & made a promise ( ob$i5ce to ! pope1 & ! o!rs promis$ ob$i5ce to ,francis4 ,?is =mal inauguration ( ! in/itute 0 9 #abji or 7z seems m probable7 #abaj4 ,francis & 8 associates 7 fir/ kn[n z ,p5it5ts ( ,assisi1 & !n ,francis *ose ! title ( ,m9ors4 ,on _! return to ,assisi !y obta9$ f ! ,b5$ict9e abbey on ,m\nt ,subasio ! use ( ! little *apel ( ,/ ,m>y ( ! ,angels1 call$ ! ,portiuncula1 9 ! pla9 bel[ ,assisi1 :i* became ! cradle & headqu>t]s ( ! ord]4 ,ar\nd ! ,portiuncula !y built !mselves huts ( bran*es & twigs1 b !y _h no fix$ abode2 !y w&]$ 9 pairs ov] ! c\ntry1 dress$ 9 ! ord9>y clo!s ( ! peasants1 work+ 9 ! fields to e>n _! daily bread1 sleep+ 9 b>ns or 9 ! h$g][s or 9 ! por*es ( ! *ur*es1 mix+ ) ! lab\r]s & ! poor1 ) ! lep]s & ! outca/s1 ev] joy\s--! joculatores or jongleurs ( ,god--ev] c>ry+ out _! mission ( prea*+ to ! l[ly & to ! wret*$ religion & rep5tance & ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! key-note ( ! movem5t 0 ! imitation ( ! public life ( ,*ri/1 especially ! pov]ty ( ,*ri/4 ,francis & 8 disciples 7 to aim at possess+ no?+1 absolutely no?+1 s f> z 0 compatible ) life2 !y 7 to e>n _! bread f day to day by ! "w ( _! h&s1 & only :5 !y c\ld n d s 7 !y to beg2 !y 7 to make no provision = ! morr[1 lay by no /ore1 accumulate no capital1 possess no l&2 _! clo!s %\ld be ! poore/ & _! dwell+s ! meane/2 !y 7 =bidd5 to receive or to h&le money4 ,on ! o!r h& !y 7 b\nd only to ! fa/ obs]v$ 9 ^? days by pi\s ,*ri/ians1 & 7 all[$ to eat meat--! rule said !y %\ld eat :atev] 0 set be=e !m2 no au/]ities 7 impos$1 beyond ^? insep>able f ! mann] ( life !y liv$4 ,?us ! in/itute 9 its orig9al conception 0 q diff]5t f ! mona/ic in/itute1 ,b5$ict9e or ,canon ,regul>4 ,x 0 a confrat]nity r ?an an ord]1 & !re 0 no =mal novitiate1 no organization4 ,b ! numb] ( bro!rs increas$ ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & ! field ( "w soon ext5d$ itself beyond ! neighb\rhood ( ,assisi & ev5 beyond ,umbria--)9 ?ree or f\r ye>s !re 7 settlem5ts 9 ,p]ugia1 ,cortona1 ,pisa1 ,flor5ce & else:]e1 & missions to ! ,s>ac5s & ,moors 7 attempt$ by ,francis himself4 ,ab\t #abag ,franciscan missions set out = ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,hung>y & ! ,holy ,l&2 & 9 #abai a numb] ( prov9ces 7 =m$1 ea* gov]n$ by a prov9cial m9i/]4 ,^! developm5ts1 :]eby ! little b& ( ,umbrian apo/les _h gr[n into an in/itute spread all ov] ,europe & ev5 p5etrat+ to ! ,ea/1 & numb]+ ?\s&s ( memb]s1 r5d]$ impossible ! cont9uance ( ! orig9al free organization :]eby ,francis's ^w & example 7 ! suffici5t practical rule ( life = all3 x 0 necess>y z a condition ( effici5cy & ev5 ( exi/5ce & p]man5ce t "s k9d ( organization %\ld be provid$4 ,f an e>ly date ye>ly meet+s or *apt]s _h be5 held at ! ,portiuncula1 at fir/ att5d$ by ! :ole body ( fri>s2 b z ! in/itute ext5d$ ?is became unworkable1 & aft] #abai ! *apt] consi/$ only ( ! (ficials1 prov9cial m9i/]s & o!rs4 ,dur+ ,francis's abs5ce 9 ! ,ea/ 7#abai-abbj7 a delib]ate movem5t 0 initiat$ by ! two vic>s :om he _h left 9 *>ge ( ! ord]1 t[>ds assimilat+ x to ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,francis hurri$ back1 br++ ) him ,elias ( ,cortona1 ! prov9cial m9i/] ( ,syria1 & imm$iately summon$ an extraord9>y g5]al *apt] 7,septemb] #abbj74 ,be=e x met he _h an int]view on ! situation ) ,c>d9al ,hugol9o ( ,o/ia 7aft]w>ds ,gregory ,,ix471 ! great fri5d & support] ( bo? ,francis & ,dom9ic1 & he w5t to ,honorius ,,iii4 at ,orvieto & begg$ t ,hugol9o %\ld be appo9t$ ! (ficial protector ( ! ord]4 ,! reque/ 0 grant$1 & a bull 0 issu$ =mally approv+ ! ord] ( ,fri>s ,m9or1 & decree+ t be=e admission e "o mu/ pass a ye>'s novitiate1 & t aft] pr(ession x 0 n lawful to leave ! ord]4 ,by ?is bull ! ,fri>s ,m9or 7 con/itut$ an ord] 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,:5 ! *apt] assembl$1 ,francis1 no d\bt f a g5u9e feel+ t he 0 n able to gov]n a great _w-wide ord]1 practically abdicat$ ! po/ ( m9i/]-g5]al by appo9t+ a vic>1 & ! policy ( turn+ ! ,fri>s ,m9or into a great religi\s ord] 0 consi/5tly pursu$1 especially by ,elias1 :o a ye> lat] became ,francis's vic>4 ,/ ,francis's attitude t[>ds ?is *ange is ( prim>y importance = ! int]pretation ( ,franciscan hi/ory4 ,!re c be little d\bt t 8 affections nev] alt]$ f 8 fir/ love1 & t he look$ back regretfully on ! ,umbrian idyll t _h pass$ away2 on ! o!r h&1 !re seems to be no reason = d\bt+ t he saw t ! me?ods ( ! e>ly days 7 n[ no long] possible1 & t he acquiesc$ 9 ! inevitable4 ,?is seems to be ,pr(essor ,goetz's view1 :o holds t ,sabati]'s picture ( ,francis's agoniz$ sadness at witness+ ! de/ruction ( 8 great creation go+ on "u 8 eyes1 has no c\nt]p>t 9 fact1 & :o rejects ! view t ! *anges 7 =c$ on ,francis aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t by ,hugol9o & ,elias 7see ,note on ,s\rces at end ( article ,,francis ,,( ,,assisi2 also ,,elias ,,( ,,cortona72 ,goetz holds t ! only conflict 0 ! inevitable "o betwe5 an unrealizable ideal & its practical work+ among av]age m54 ,b !re does seem to be evid5ce t ,francis deplor$ t5d5cies t[>ds a dep>ture f ! sev]e simplicity ( life & f ! /rict obs]vance ( pov]ty :i* he consid]$ ! gr\nd-idea ( 8 in/itute4 ,9 ! f9al r$action ( 8 ,rule made 9 #abbc & 9 8 ,te/am5t1 made aft] x1 he aga9 cle>ly ass]ts 8 m9d on ^! subjects1 especially on pov]ty2 & 9 ! ,te/am5t he =bids any glosses 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,rule1 decl>+ t x is to be tak5 simply z x /&s4 ,sabati]'s view z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fir/ ,rule & t ( #abbc is "p ( 8 g5]al !ory1 & is1 to say ! lea/1 a grave exagg]ation4 ,no d\bt ! ,fir/ ,rule1 :i* is fully f\r times z long1 gives a bett] picture ( ,/ ,francis's m9d & "*2 ! lat] ,rule has be5 =m$ f ! e>li] by ! elim9ation ( ! frequ5t scripture texts & ! edificatory elem5t2 b ! great] portion ( x /ood almo/ v]bally 9 ! e>li]4 ,on ,francis's dea? 9 #abbf ! gov]nm5t ( ! ord] re/$ 9 ! h&s ( ,elias until ! *apt] ( #abbg4 ,at ?is *apt] ,elias 0 n elect$ m9i/]-g5]al2 ! build+ ( ! great basilica & mona/]y at ,assisi 0 s manife/ a violation ( ,/ ,francis's ideas & precepts t x produc$ a reaction1 & ,john ,p>5ti became ,/ ,francis's fir/ successor4 ,he held fa/ to ,/ ,francis's ideas1 b 0 n a /rong man4 ,at ! *apt] ( #abcj a discussion arose conc]n+ ! b9d+ =ce ( ,/ ,francis's ,te/am5t1 & ! int]pretation ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,rule1 especially conc]n+ pov]ty1 & x 0 det]m9$ to submit ! que/ions to ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 :o _h be5 ,/ ,francis's fri5d & _h help$ 9 ! f9al r$action ( ! ,rule4 ,he issu$ a bull1 ,quo elongati1 :i* decl>$ t z ! ,te/am5t _h n receiv$ ! sanction ( ! g5]al *apt] x 0 n b9d+ on ! ord]1 & also all[$ tru/ees to hold & adm9i/] money = ! ord]4 ,john ,p>5ti & ^? :o wi%$ to ma9ta9 ,/ ,francis's in/itute intact 7 greatly di/urb$ by ^! relaxations2 b a majority ( ! *apt] ( #abcb1 by a sort ( c\p d'etat1 proclaim$ ,elias m9i/]-g5]al1 & ,john retir$1 ?\gh 9 ^? days ! (fice 0 = life4 ,"u ,elias ! ord] ent]$ on a p]iod ( extraord9>y ext5sion & prosp]ity3 ! numb] ( fri>s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w increas$ wond]fully1 new prov9ces 7 =m$1 new missions to ! hea!n organiz$1 ! ,franciscans ent]$ ! univ]sities & vi$ ) ! ,dom9icans z tea*]s ( !ology & canon law1 & z a body !y became influ5tial 9 *ur* & /ate4 ,) all ?is side ( ,elias's policy ! great bulk ( ! ord] sympa?iz$2 b 8 rule 0 despotic & tyrannical & 8 private life 0 lax--at lea/ accord+ to any ,franciscan /&>d1 = no *>ge ( grave irregul>ity 0 ev] br\ght aga9/ him4 ,& s a widespread movem5t aga9/ 8 gov]nm5t arose1 ! backbone ( :i* 0 ! univ]sity elem5t at ,p>is & ,ox=d1 & at a dramatic sc5e 9 a *apt] held 9 ! pres5ce ( ,gregory ,,ix4 ,elias 0 depos$ 7#abci74 ,! /ory ( ^! fir/ ye>s aft] ,/ ,francis's dea? is be/ told by ,ed4 ,lempp1 ,fr]e ,elie de ,cortone 7#aija7 7b see ! w>n+ at ! end ( ! article ,,elias ,,( ,,cortona74 ,at ?is "t ! ,franciscans 7 divid$ into ?ree p>ties3 !re 7 ! ,zealots1 or ,spirituals1 :o call$ = a lit]al obs]vance ( ,/ ,francis's ,rule & ,te/am5t2 !y deplor$ all ! developm5ts s9ce #abai1 & prote/$ aga9/ turn+ ! in/itute into an ord]1 ! frequ5tation ( ! univ]sities & ! pursuit ( le>n+2 9 a ^w1 !y wi%$ to re/ore ! life to :at x _h be5 dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s--! h]mitages & ! huts ( twigs1 & ! c>e ( ! lep]s & ! nomadic prea*+4 ,! ,zealots 7 few 9 numb] b ( great consequ5ce f ! fact t to !m belong$ mo/ ( ! fir/ disciples & ! mo/ intimate companions ( ,/ ,francis4 ,!y _h be5 griev\sly p]secut$ "u ,elias--,br4 ,leo & o!rs _h be5 sc\rg$1 sev]al _h be5 imprison$1 "o :ile try+ to escape 0 accid5tally kill$1 & ,br4 ,b]n>d1 ! fir/ disciple1 pass$ a ye> 9 hid+ 9 ! =e/s & m\nta9s hunt$ l a wild bea/4 ,at ! o!r extreme 0 a p>ty ( relaxation1 t ab&on$ any s]i\s ef=t to practise ,franciscan pov]ty & simplicity ( life4 ,betwe5 ^! two /ood ! great middle p>ty ( mod]ates1 :o desir$ inde$ t ! ,franciscans %\ld be really poor & simple 9 _! mann] ( life1 & really pi\s1 b on ! o!r h& approv$ ( ! developm5t ( ! ,ord] on ! l9es ( o!r ord]s1 ( ! acquisition ( influ5ce1 ( ! cultivation ( !ology & o!r sci5ces1 & ( ! frequ5t+ ( ! univ]sities4 ,! que/ions ( pr9ciple at issue 9 ^! controv]sies is reasonably & cle>ly /at$1 f ! mod]n ,capu*9 /&po9t1 9 ! ,introductory ,essay to ,! ,fri>s & h[ !y came to ,engl&1 by ,fr4 ,cu?b]t 7#aijc74 ,! mod]ate p>ty 0 by f> ! l>ge/1 & embrac$ ne>ly all ! fri>s ( ,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,x 0 ! ,mod]ates & n ! ,zealots t br\ght ab\t ,elias's deposition1 & ! next g5]al m9i/]s belong$ to ?is p>ty4 ,fur!r relaxations ( ! law ( pov]ty1 h[ev]1 caus$ a reaction1 & ,john ( ,p>ma1 "o ( ! ,zealots1 became m9i/]-g5]al1 #abdg-abeg4 ,"u him ! m extreme ( ! ,zealots took up & exagg]at$ ! !ories ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel ( ! ,calabrian ,ci/]cian abbot ,joa*im ( ,fiore 7,floris72 "s ( _! writ+s 7 condemn$ z h]etical1 & ,john ( ,p>ma1 :o 0 implicat$ 9 ^! apocalyptic t5d5cies1 _h to resign4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,/ ,bonav5tura 7#abeg-abgd71 "o ( ! be/ type ( ! middle p>ty4 ,he 0 a man ( high "*1 a !ologian1 a my/ic1 a holy man & a /rong rul]4 ,he set himself ) det]m9ation to effect a work+ compromise1 & proce$$ ) firmness aga9/ ! extremi/s on bo? sides4 ,b controv]sy & recrim9ation & p]secution _h /iff5$ ! m ard5t among ! ,zealots into ob/9ate fanatics--"s ( !m ?rew !mselves into a movem5t t may be/ be briefly describ$ z a recrudesc5ce ( ,montanism 7see ,emile ,gebh>t's ,italie my/ique1 #ahii1 cc4 v4 & vi471 & develop$ into a numb] ( sects1 "s on ! fr+e ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity & o!rs beyond its pale4 ,b ! majority ( ! ,zealot p>ty1 or ,spirituals1 did n g s f>1 & adopt$ z ! pr9ciple ( ,franciscan pov]ty ! =mula a poor & scanty use 7usus paup] et t5uis7 ( e>?ly goods1 z oppos$ to ! mod]ate use advocat$ by ! less /rict p>ty4 ,! "q ?us pos$ came be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,vi5ne1 #acab1 & 0 det]m9$1 on ! :ole1 decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! /rict] view4 ,"s ( ! ,fr5* ,zealots 7 n satisfi$ & =m$ a semi-s*ismatical body 9 ,prov5ce2 tw5ty-five ( !m 7 tri$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 & f\r 7 burn$ alive at ,m>seilles z ob/9ate h]etics1 #acah4 ,aft] ?is ! s*ism 9 ! ,ord] subsid$4 ,b ! dis9tegrat+ =ces produc$ by ! ,great ,s*ism & by ! o!r disord]s ( ! #ad? c5tury caus$ among ! ,franciscans ! same relaxations & corruptions1 & also ! same reactions & re=m movem5ts1 z among ! o!r ord]s4 ,! *ief ( ^! re=ms 0 t ( ! ,obs]vants1 :i* began at ,foligno ab\t #acgj4 ,! ,obs]vant re=m 0 on ! basis ( ! poor & scanty use ( worldly goods1 b x 0 organiz$ z an ord] & its memb]s freely pursu$ !ological /udies2 ?us x did n repres5t ! position ( ! orig9al ,zealot p>ty1 nor 0 x ! cont9uation ( x4 ,! ,obs]vant re=m spread widely ?r\gh\t ,italy & into ,france1 ,spa9 & ,g]many4 ,! great promot]s ( ! movem5t 7 ,/ ,b]n>d9e ( ,si5a & ,/ ,john ,capi/ran4 ,! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 #adae1 all[$ ! ,fr5* ,obs]vant fri>ies to be rul$ by a vic> ( _! own1 "u ! m9i/]-g5]al1 & ! same privilege 0 soon accord$ to o!r c\ntries4 ,by ! end ( ! middle ages ! ,obs]vants _h "s #adjj h\ses divid$ into #ej prov9ces4 ,?is movem5t produc$ a half-re=m among ! ,conv5tuals or fri>s ( ! mitigat$ obs]vance2 x also call$ =? a numb] ( less] imitations or congregations ( /rict obs]vance4 ,aft] _m attempts _h be5 made to br+ ab\t a work+ union among ! _m obs]vances1 9 #aeag ,leo ,x4 divid$ ! ,franciscan ord] into two di/9ct & indep5d5t bodies1 ea* ) its own m9i/]-g5]al1 its own prov9ces & prov9cials & its own g5]al *apt]3 7#a7 ,! ,conv5tuals1 :o 7 au?oriz$ to use ! v>i\s papal disp5sations 9 reg>d to ! obs]vance ( pov]ty1 & 7 all[$ to possess prop]ty & fix$ income1 corporately1 l ! mona/ic ord]s2 7#b7 ,! ,obs]vants1 :o 7 b\nd to z close an obs]vance ( ,/ ,francis's ,rule 9 reg>d to pov]ty & all else z 0 practically possible4 ,at ?is "t a great numb] ( ! ,conv5tuals w5t ov] to ! ,obs]vants1 :o h ev] s9ce be5 by f> ! m num]\s & influ5tial bran* ( ! ord]4 ,among ! ,obs]vants 9 ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury arose v>i\s re=ms1 ea* /riv+ to approa* m & m ne>ly to ,/ ,francis's ideal2 ! *ief ( ^! re=ms 7 ! ,alcant>9es 9 ,spa9 7,/ ,pet] ( ,alcant>a1 ,/ ,t]esa's fri5d1 d4 #aefb71 ! ,ri=mati 9 ,italy & ! ,recollects 9 ,france3 all ( ^! 7 semi-indep5d5t congregations4 ,! ,capu*9s 7q4v471 e/abli%$ c4 #aebe1 :o claim to be ! re=m :i* approa*es ne>e/ 9 its conception to ! orig9al type1 became a di/9ct ord] ( ,franciscans 9 #afai4 ,f9ally ,leo ,,xiii4 gr\p$ ! ,franciscans into ?ree bodies or ord]s--! ,conv5tuals2 ! ,obs]vants1 embrac+ all bran*es ( ! /rict obs]vance1 except ! ,capu*9s2 & ! ,capu*9s--:i* toge!r con/itute ! ,fir/ ,ord]4 ,= ! ,second ,ord]1 or ! nuns1 see ,,cl>a1 ,,/1 & ,,cl>es1 ,,poor2 & = ! ,?ird ,ord] see ,,t]ti>ies4 ,_m ( ! ,t]ti>ies live a fully mona/ic life 9 community "u ! usual v[s1 & are =m$ into ,congregations ( ,regul> ,t]ti>ies1 bo? m5 & wom54 ,!y h be5 & are /ill v num]\s1 & give !mselves up to education1 to ! c>e ( ! sick & ( orphans & to good works ( all k9ds4 ,no ord] has _h s /ormy an int]nal hi/ory z ! ,franciscans2 yet 9 spite ( all ! tr\bles & diss5sions & /riv+s t h m>r$ ,franciscan hi/ory1 ! ,fri>s ,m9or ( e k9d h 9 ea* age fai?fully & zeal\sly c>ri$ on ,/ ,francis's great "w ( m9i/]+ to ! spiritual ne$s ( ! poor4 ,always recruit$ 9 l>ge measure f among ! poor1 !y h ev] be5 ! ord] ( ! poor1 & 9 _! prea*+ & missions & m9i/rations !y h ev] laid !mselves out to meet ! ne$s ( ! poor4 ,ano!r great "w ( ! ,franciscans ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( _! hi/ory has be5 _! missions to ! ,mahomm$ans1 bo? 9 we/]n ,asia & 9 ,nor? ,africa1 & to ! hea!ns 9 ,*9a1 ,japan & ,india1 & ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica2 a great numb] ( ! fri>s 7 m>tyr$4 ,! news ( ! m>tyrdom ( five ( 8 fri>s 9 ,morocco 0 "o ( ! joys ( ,/ ,francis's clos+ ye>s4 ,_m ( ^! missions exi/ to ?is day4 ,9 ! ,univ]sities1 too1 ! ,franciscans made !mselves felt alongside ( ! ,dom9icans1 & creat$ a rival s*ool ( !ology1 :]e91 z contra/$ ) ! ,ari/otelianism ( ! ,dom9ican s*ool1 ! ,platonism ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian doctors has be5 p]petuat$4 ,! ,franciscans came to ,engl& 9 #abbd & imm$iately made f\ndations 9 ,cant]bury1 ,london & ,ox=d2 by ! middle ( ! c5tury !re 7 fifty fri>ies & ov] #abjj fri>s 9 ,engl&2 at ! ,dissolution !re 7 "s #ff ,franciscan fri>ies1 :]e( "s six belong$ to ! ,obs]vants 7= li/ see ,ca?olic ,diction>y & ,f4 ,a4 ,gasquet's ,engli% ,mona/ic ,life1 #aijd74 ,?\gh ne>ly all ! ,engli% h\ses belong$ to :at has be5 call$ ! middle p>ty1 z a matt] ( fact !y practis$ great pov]ty1 & ! commission]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 (t5 rem>k t ! ,franciscan ,fri>y 0 ! poore/ ( ! religi\s h\ses ( a t[n4 ,! ,engli% prov9ce 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! ord]1 especially 9 intellectual a*ievem5t2 x produc$ ,fri> ,rog] ,bacon1 &1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,/ ,bonav5ture1 all ! greate/ doctors ( ! ,franciscan !ological s*ool--,alex&] ,hales1 ,duns ,scotus & ,occam4 ,! ,franciscans h always be5 ! mo/ num]\s by f> ( ! religi\s ord]s2 x is e/imat$ t ab\t ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation ! ,fri>s ,m9or mu/ h numb]$ ne>ly #ajj1jjj4 ,at ! pres5t day ! /ati/ics are r\ghly 7includ+ lay-bro!rs73 ,obs]vants1 #ae1jjj1 ,conv5tuals1 #aejj2 to ^! %\ld be add$ #iejj ,capu*9s1 mak+ ! total numb] ( ,franciscan fri>s ab\t #bf1jjj4 ,!re are v>i\s h\ses ( ,obs]vants & ,capu*9s 9 ,engl& & ,irel&2 & ! old ,iri% ,conv5tuals surviv$ ! p5al times & /ill exi/4 ,!re h be5 f\r ,franciscan popes3 ,ni*olas ,,iv4 7#abhh-abib71 ,sixtus ,,iv4 7#adga-adhd71 ,sixtus ,v4 7#aehe-aeij71 ,clem5t ,,xiv4 7#agfi-aggd72 ! ?ree la/ 7 ,conv5tuals4 ,! great s\rce = ,franciscan hi/ory is ,wadd+'s ,annales2 x has be5 _m times cont9u$1 & n[ ext5ds 9 #be vols4 fol4 to ! ye> #afbb4 ,! /ory is also told by ,helyot1 ,hi/4 des ordres religieux 7#agad71 vol4 vii4 ,abridgm5ts1 ) ref]5ces to rec5t lit]ature1 w be f\nd 9 ,max ,heimbu*]1 ,ord5 und ,kongregation5 7#ahif71 i4 ,sec4,sec4 #cg-ea2 9 ,wetz] und ,welte1 ,kir*5lexicon 7#bnd ed471 articles ,armut 7,,iii471 ,franciscan] ord5 7?is article conta9s ! be/ acc\nt ( ! inn] hi/ory & ! polity ( ! ord] up to #ahhf72 9 ,h]zog1 ,real5cyklopa$ie 7#crd ed471 articles ,franz von ,assisi 7fulle/ ref]5ces to lit]ature up to #ahii71 ,fraticell54 ,( mod]n critical /udies on ,franciscan orig9s1 ,k4 ,muell]'s ,anfa5ge des ,m9orit5ord5s und d] ,bussbrud]s*aft5 7#ahhe71 & v>i\s articles by ,f4 ,ehrle 9 ,ar*iv fu] ,litt]atur- und ,kir*5ges*i*te des ,mittelalt]s & ,zeits*rift fu] ,ka?olis*e ,!ologie1 des]ve special m5tion4 ,eccle/on's *>m+ *ronicle ( ,! ,com+ ( ! ,fri>s ,m9or into ,engl& has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ! ,capu*9 ,fr4 ,cu?b]t1 :o has prefix$ an ,introductory ,essay giv+ by f> ! be/ acc\nt 9 ,engli% ( ! ,_s & ,g5ius ( ! ,franciscan ,fri>s 7,! ,fri>s & h[ !y came to ,engl&1 #aijc74 ,full] in=mation on ! ,engli% ,franciscans w be f\nd 9 ,a4 ,g4 ,little's ,grey ,fri>s 9 ,ox=d 7,ox=d ,hi/4 ,soc41 #ahib74 7,e4 ,c4 ,b47 ,,franck4 ,! "n ( ,franck has be5 giv5 indiscrim9ately b improp]ly to pa9t]s ( ! s*ool ( ,antw]p :o belong to ! families ( ,franck5 7q4v47 & ,vrancx 7q4v474 ,"o arti/ truly entitl$ to be call$ ,franck is ,gabriel1 :o ent]$ ! gild ( ,antw]p 9 #afje1 became its presid5t 9 #afcf & di$ 9 #afci4 ,b 8 works _c n[ be trac$4 ,,franck1 ,,ces> 7#ahbb-ahij71 ,fr5* musical compos]1 a ,belgian by bir?1 :o came ( ,g]man /ock1 0 born at ,liege on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #ahbb4 ,?\gh "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( mod]n compos]s1 ,ces> ,franck lab\r$ = _m ye>s 9 comp>ative obscurity4 ,aft] "s prelim9>y /udies at ,liege he came to ,p>is 9 #ahcg & ent]$ ! cons]vatoire4 ,he at once obta9$ ! fir/ prize = piano1 transpos+ a fugue at sight to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! pr(essors1 = he 0 only fifte54 ,he won ! prize = ! organ 9 #ahda1 aft] :i* he settl$ d[n 9 ! ,fr5* capital z tea*] ( ! piano4 ,8 e>lie/ compositions date f ?is p]iod1 & include f\r trios = piano & /r+s1 besides sev]al piano pieces4 ,ru?1 a biblical cantata 0 produc$ ) success at ! ,cons]vatoire 9 #ahdf4 ,an op]a entitl$ ,le ,valet de f]me 0 writt5 ab\t ?is "t1 b has nev] be5 p]=m$4 ,= _m ye>s ,franck l$ a retir$ life1 devot+ himself to tea*+ & to 8 duties z organi/1 fir/ at ,sa9t-,jean-,sa9t-,francois1 !n at ,/e ,clotilde1 :]e he acquir$ a great reputation z an improvis]4 ,he also wrote a mass1 he>d 9 #ahfa1 & a quantity ( motets1 organ pieces & o!r works ( a religi\s "*4 ,franck 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ! organ at ! ,p>is cons]vatoire1 9 succession to ,b5oi/1 8 old ma/]1 9 #ahgb1 & ! foll[+ ye> he 0 naturaliz$ a ,fr5*man4 ,until !n he 0 e/eem$ z a clev] & consci5ti\s musician1 b he 0 n[ ab\t to prove 8 title to some?+ m4 ,a revival ( 8 e>ly oratorio1 ,ru?1 _h br\ght 8 "n aga9 be=e ! public1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ! production ( ,r$emption1 a "w = solo1 *orus & or*e/ra1 giv5 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,colonne on ! #aj? ( ,april #ahgc4 ,! unconv5tionality ( ! music r disconc]t$ ! g5]al public1 b ! "w nev]!less made its m>k1 & ,franck became ! c5tral figure ( an en?usia/ic circle ( pupils & adh]5ts ^: devotion aton$ = ! comp>ative indiff]5ce ( ! masses4 ,8 creative p[] n[ manife/$ itself 9 a s]ies ( works ( v>i$ k9ds1 & ! "n ( ,franck began gradually to em]ge f its obscurity4 ,! foll[+ is an enum]ation ( 8 subsequ5t compositions3 ,rebecca 7#ahha71 a biblical idyll = solo1 *orus & or*e/ra2 ,les ,beatitudes1 an oratorio compos$ betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj1 p]haps 8 greate/ "w2 ! symphonic poems1 ,les ,eolides 7#ahgf71 ,le ,*asseur maudit 7#ahhc71 ,les ,dj9ns 7#ahhd71 = piano & or*e/ra2 ,psy*e 7#ahhh71 = or*e/ra & *orus2 symphonic v>iations = piano & or*e/ra 7#ahhe72 symphony 9 ,d 7#ahhi72 qu9tet = piano & /r+s 7#ahhj72 sonata = piano & viol9 7#ahhf72 /r+ qu>tet 7#ahhi72 prelude1 *oral & fugue = piano 7#ahhd72 prelude1 aria & f9ale = piano 7#ahhi72 v>i\s songs1 notably ,la ,procession & ,les ,clo*es du ,soir4 ,franck also compos$ two f\r-act op]as1 ,hulda & ,ghiselle1 bo? ( :i* 7 produc$ at ,monte ,c>lo aft] 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 ,p>is on ! #h? ( ,novemb] #ahij4 ,! second ( ^! 0 left by ! ma/] 9 an unf9i%$ /ate1 & ! in/rum5tation 0 complet$ by sev]al ( 8 pupils4 ,ces> ,franck's influ5ce on y\ng] ,fr5* compos]s has be5 v great4 ,yet 8 music is ,g]man 9 "* r ?an ,fr5*4 ,a m s9c]e1 mode/1 self-respect+ compos] probably nev] exi/$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! brilliant ,fr5* capital he 0 able to lead a labori\s exi/5ce consecrat$ to 8 ?reefold c>e] ( organi/1 tea*] & compos]4 ,he nev] s\ght to ga9 ! suffrages ( ! public by unwor?y concessions1 b kept /raight on 8 pa?1 ev] m9dful ( an ideal to be rea*$ & nev] sw]v+ !refrom4 ,a /atue 0 erect$ to ! memory ( ,ces> ,franck 9 ,p>is on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] #aijd1 ! occasion produc+ a panegyric f ,alfr$ ,bruneau1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! compos]'s works z ca!drals 9 s\nd4 ,,franck1 or ,,frank lat9iz$ ,,francus1 ,,seba/ian 7c4 #adii-;c4 #aedc71 ,g]man free?9k]1 0 born ab\t #adii at ,donauwo]?1 :5ce he con/antly /yl$ himself ,franck von ,wo]d4 ,he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,+old/adt 7,m>* #bf1 #aeae71 & proce$$ !nce to ! ,dom9ican ,college1 incorporat$ ) ! univ]sity1 at ,heidelb]g4 ,"h he met 8 subsequ5t antagoni/s1 ,buc] & ,fre*t1 ) :om he seems to h att5d$ ! ,augsburg conf]5ce 7,octob] #aeah7 at :i* ,lu!r decl>$ himself a true son ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he aft]w>ds reckon$ ! ,leipzig disputation 7,june-,july #aeai7 & ! burn+ ( ! papal bull 7,decemb] #aebj7 z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation4 ,hav+ tak5 prie/'s ord]s1 he held 9 #aebd a cure 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,augsburg1 b soon 7#aebe7 w5t ov] to ! ,re=m$ p>ty at ,nuremb]g & became prea*] at ,gu/5feld54 ,8 fir/ "w 7f9i%$ ,septemb] #aebg7 0 a ,g]man translation ) additions 7#aebh7 ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ,diallage1 or ,conciliatio locorum ,scripturae1 direct$ aga9/ ,sacram5t>ians & ,anabapti/s by ,&rew ,al?am]1 !n deacon ( ,/ ,sebald's at ,nuremb]g4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,m>* #aebh he m>ri$ ,ottilie ,beham1 a gift$ lady1 ^: bro!rs1 pupils ( ,albre*t ,du]]1 _h got into tr\ble ?r\gh ,anabapti/ lean+s4 ,9 ! same ye> he wrote a v popul> treatise aga9/ drunk5ness4 ,9 #aebi he produc$ a free v]sion 7,klagbrief d] arm5 ,du]ftig5 9 ,engl&7 ( ! fam\s ,supplycacyon ( ! ,begg]s1 writt5 abroad 7#aebh87 by ,simon ,fi%4 ,franck1 9 8 preface1 says ! orig9al 0 9 ,engli%2 else:]e he says x 0 9 ,lat92 ! !ory t 8 ,g]man 0 really ! orig9al is unw>rantable4 ,advance 9 8 religi\s ideas l$ him to seek ! fre] atmosph]e ( ,/rassburg 9 ! autumn ( #aebi4 ,to 8 translation 7#aecj7 ( a ,lat9 ,*ronicle & ,description ( ,turkey1 by a ,transylvanian captive1 :i* _h be5 prefac$ by ,lu!r1 he add$ an app5dix hold+ up ! ,turks z 9 _m respects an example to ,*ri/ians1 & pres5t+1 9 lieu ( ! re/rictions ( ,lu!ran1 ,zw+lian & ,anabapti/ sects1 ! vision ( an invisible spiritual *ur*1 univ]sal 9 its scope4 ,to ?is ideal he rema9$ fai?ful4 ,at ,/rassburg began 8 intimacy ) ,casp> ,s*w5kfeld1 a cong5ial _s4 ,"h1 too1 he publi%$1 9 #aeca1 8 mo/ important "w1 ! ,*ronica1 ,zeitbu* und ,ges*i*tsbibel1 l>gely a compilation on ! basis ( ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle 7#adic71 & 9 its treatm5t ( social & religi\s que/ions connect$ ) ! ,re=mation1 exhibit+ a /rong sympa?y ) h]etics1 & an unexampl$ fairness to all k9ds ( fre$om 9 op9ion4 ,x is too mu* to call him ! fir/ ( ,g]man hi/orians2 he is a =]unn] ( ,gottfri$ ,arnold1 ) m vig\r & directness ( purpose4 ,driv5 f ,/rassburg by ! au?orities1 aft] a %ort imprisonm5t 9 ,decemb] #aeca1 he tri$ to make a liv+ 9 #aecb z a soapboil] at ,essl+51 remov+ 9 #aecc = a bett] m>ket to ,ulm1 :]e 7,octob] #bh1 #aecd7 he 0 admitt$ z a burgess4 ,8 ,weltbu*1 a supplem5t to 8 ,*ronica1 0 pr9t$ at ,tueb+5 9 #aecd2 ! publication1 9 ! same ye>1 ( 8 ,p>adoxa at ,ulm br\ght him into tr\ble ) ! au?orities4 ,an ord] = 8 bani%m5t 0 )drawn on 8 promise to submit future works = c5sure4 ,n int]pret+ ?is z apply+ to works pr9t$ outside ,ulm1 he publi%$ 9 #aech at ,augsburg 8 ,guld9 ,ar* 7) pagan p>allels to ,*ri/ian s5tim5ts7 & at ,frank=t 8 ,g]maniae *ronicon1 ) ! result t he _h to leave ,ulm 9 ,janu>y #aeci4 ,he seems h5ce=? to h _h no settl$ abode4 ,at ,basel he f\nd "w z a pr9t]1 & "h1 probably1 x 0 t he di$ 9 ! w9t] ( #aedb-aedc4 ,he _h publi%$ 9 #aeci 8 ,kriegbue*le9 des ,fri$5s 7pseudonym\s71 8 ,s*rifftli*e und ganz gru5dli*e ,auslegung des #fd ,psalms1 & 8 ,das v]buets*i]te mit sieb5 ,siegeln v]s*loss5e ,bu* 7a biblical index1 exhibit+ ! dissonance ( ,scripture72 9 #aeda 8 ,spru*wo]t] 7a collection ( prov]bs1 sev]al times repr9t$ ) v>iations72 9 #aedb a new edition ( 8 ,p>adoxa2 & "s small] works4 ,franck comb9$ ! humani/'s passion = fre$om ) ! my/ic's devotion to ! religion ( ! _s4 ,8 bread? ( human sympa?y l$ him to positions :i* ! comp>ative /udy ( religions has made famili>1 b = :i* 8 age 0 unprep>$4 ,lu!r contemptu\sly dismiss$ him z a devil's m\?4 ,pa/or ,fre*t ( ,nuremb]g pursu$ him ) bitt] zeal4 ,b 8 c\rage did n fail him1 & 9 8 la/ ye>1 9 a public ,lat9 lett]1 he exhort$ 8 fri5d ,john ,campanus to ma9ta9 fre$om ( ?\ght 9 face ( ! *>ge ( h]esy4 ,see ,hegl]1 9 ,hauck's ,real5cyklopa$ie 7#ahii72 ,c4 ,a4 ,hase1 ,seba/ian ,franck von ,wo]d 7#ahfi72 ,j4 ,f4 ,smi?1 9 ,!ological ,review 7,april #ahgd72 ,e4 ,taus*1 ,seba/ian ,franck von ,donauwo]? und se9e ,lehr] 7#ahic74 7,a4 ,g4997 ,,francke1 ,,augu/ ,,h]mann 7#affc-agbg71 ,g]man ,prote/ant div9e1 0 born on ! #bbnd ( ,m>* #affc at ,luebeck4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! gymnasium 9 ,go?a1 & aft]w>ds at ! univ]sities ( ,erfurt1 ,kiel1 :]e he came "u ! influ5ce ( ! pieti/ ,*ri/ian ,kor?olt 7#afcc-afid71 & ,leipzig4 ,dur+ 8 /ud5t c>e] he made a special /udy ( ,hebrew & ,greek2 & 9 ord] to le>n ,hebrew m ?or\ghly1 he = "s "t put himself "u ! in/ructions ( ,rabbi ,ezra ,edz>di at ,hamburg4 ,he graduat$ at ,leipzig1 :]e 9 #afhe he became a ,privatdoz5t4 ,a ye> lat]1 by ! help ( 8 fri5d ,p4 ,anton1 & ) ! approval & enc\ragem5t ( ,p4 ,j4 ,sp5]1 he f\nd$ ! ,collegium ,philobiblicum1 at :i* a numb] ( graduates 7 accu/om$ to meet = ! sy/ematic /udy ( ! ,bible1 philologically & practically4 ,he next pass$ "s mon?s at ,lu5eburg z assi/ant or curate to ! le>n$ sup]9t5d5t1 ,c4 ,h4 ,s&hag5 7#afci-afig71 & !re 8 religi\s life 0 rem>kably quick5$ & deep5$4 ,on leav+ ,lu5eburg he sp5t "s "t 9 ,hamburg1 :]e he became a tea*] 9 a private s*ool1 & made ! acqua9tance ( ,nikolaus ,lange 7#afei-agbj74 ,aft] a long visit to ,sp5]1 :o 0 at t "t a c\rt prea*] 9 ,dresd51 he return$ to ,leipzig 9 ! spr+ ( #afhi1 & began to give ,bible lectures ( an exegetical & practical k9d1 at ! same "t resum+ ! ,collegium ,philobiblicum ( e>li] days4 ,he soon became popul> z a lectur]2 b ! peculi>ities ( 8 tea*+ almo/ imm$iately ar\s$ a viol5t opposition on ! "p ( ! univ]sity au?orities2 & be=e ! end ( ! ye> he 0 int]dict$ f lectur+ on ! gr\nd ( 8 alleg$ pietism4 ,?us x 0 t ,francke's "n fir/ came to be publicly associat$ ) t ( ,sp5]1 & ) pietism4 ,prohibit$ f lectur+ 9 ,leipzig1 ,francke 9 #afij f\nd "w at ,erfurt z deacon ( "o ( ! city *ur*es4 ,"h 8 evangeli/ic f]v\r attract$ multitudes to 8 prea*+1 includ+ ,roman ,ca?olics1 b at ! same "t excit$ ! ang] ( 8 oppon5ts2 & ! result ( _! opposition 0 t aft] a m9i/ry ( fifte5 mon?s he 0 comm&$ by ! civil au?orities 7#bg? ( ,septemb] #afia7 to leave ,erfurt )9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! same ye> witness$ ! expulsion ( ,sp5] f ,dresd54 ,9 ,decemb]1 ?r\gh ,sp5]'s influ5ce1 ,francke accept$ an invitation to fill ! *air ( ,greek & ori5tal languages 9 ! new univ]sity ( ,halle1 :i* 0 at t "t be+ organiz$ by ! elector ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ( ,br&5burg2 & at ! same "t1 ! *air hav+ no sal>y atta*$ to x1 he 0 appo9t$ pa/or ( ,glau*a 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! t[n4 ,he aft]w>ds became pr(essor ( !ology4 ,"h1 = ! next ?irty-six ye>s1 until 8 dea? on ! #h? ( ,june #agbg1 he cont9u$ to dis*>ge ! tw(old (fice ( pa/or & pr(essor ) r>e en]gy & success4 ,at ! v outset ( 8 lab\rs he _h be5 pr(\ndly impress$ ) a s5se ( 8 responsibility t[>ds ! num]\s outca/ *ildr5 :o 7 gr[+ up ar\nd him 9 ignorance & crime4 ,aft] a numb] ( t5tative plans1 he resolv$ 9 #afie to in/itute :at is (t5 call$ a ragg$ s*ool1 support$ by public *>ity4 ,a s+le room 0 at fir/ suffici5t1 b )9 a ye> x 0 f\nd necess>y to pur*ase a h\se1 to :i* ano!r 0 add$ 9 #afig4 ,9 #afih !re 7 #ajj orphans "u 8 *>ge to be clo!d & f$1 besides #ejj *ildr5 :o 7 taught z day s*ol>s4 ,! s*ools grew 9 importance & are /ill kn[n z ! ,francke's*e ,/iftung54 ,! education giv5 0 /rictly religi\s4 ,hebrew 0 includ$1 :ile ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics 7 neglect$2 ! ,homilies ( ,mac>ius took ! place ( ,?ucydides4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 consi/5tly appli$ 9 8 univ]sity tea*+4 ,ev5 z pr(essor ( ,greek he _h giv5 great prom95ce 9 8 lectures to ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures2 b he f\nd a mu* m cong5ial sph]e :51 9 #afih1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( !ology4 ,yet 8 fir/ c\rses ( lectures 9 t dep>tm5t 7 read+s & expositions ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t2 & to ?is1 z also to h]m5eutics1 he always atta*$ special importance1 believ+ t = !ology a s\nd exegesis 0 ! "o indisp5sable requisite4 ,!ologus nascitur 9 scripturis1 he us$ to say2 b dur+ 8 occupancy ( ! !ological *air he lectur$ at v>i\s times ^u o!r bran*es ( !ology also4 ,among/ 8 colleagues 7 ,paul ,anton 7#affa-agcj71 ,joa*im ,j4 ,brei?aupt 7#afeh-agcb7 & ,joa*im ,lange 7#afgj-agdd71--m5 l-m9d$ ) himself4 ,?r\gh _! influ5ce ^u ! /ud5ts1 ,halle became a c5tre f :i* pietism 7q4v47 became v widely diffus$ ov] ,g]many4 ,8 pr9cipal contributions to !ological lit]ature 73 ,manuductio ad lectionem ,scripturae ,sacrae 7#afic72 ,praelectiones h]m5euticae 7#agag72 ,comm5tatio de scopo librorum ,vet]is et ,novi ,te/am5ti 7#agbd72 & ,lectiones p>a5eticae 7#agbf-agcf74 ,! ,manuductio 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9 #ahac1 "u ! title ,a ,guide to ! ,read+ & ,/udy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 orphanage1 entitl$ ,seg5svolle ,fuss/apf51 c4 7#agji71 :i* subsequ5tly pass$ ?r\gh sev]al editions1 has also be5 p>tially translat$1 "u ! title ,! ,foot/eps ( ,div9e ,provid5ce3 or1 ,! b\ntiful ,h& ( ,heav5 defray+ ! ,exp5ses ( ,fai?4 ,see ,h4 ,e4 ,f4 ,gu]icke's ,a4 ,h4 ,francke 7#ahbg71 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli% 7,! ,life ( ,a4 ,h4 ,francke1 #ahcg72 ,gu/ave ,kram]'s ,beitraege zur ,ges*i*te ,a4 ,h4 ,francke's 7#ahfa71 & ,neue ,beitraege 7#ahge72 ,a4 ,/e91 ,a4 ,h4 ,francke 7#crd ed41 #ahid72 article 9 ,h]zog-,hauck's ,real5cyklopa$ie 7ed4 #ahii72 ,knu?1 ,die ,francke's*5 ,/iftung5 7#bnd ed41 #aijc74 ,,franck54 ,elev5 pa9t]s ( ?is family cultivat$ _! art 9 ,antw]p dur+ ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,sev]al ( ^! 7 relat$ to ea* o!r1 :il/ _m bore ! same ,*ri/ian "n 9 succession4 ,h5ce unavoidable confusion 9 ! subsequ5t classification ( pa9t+s n widely diff]+ 9 /yle or execution4 ,:5 ,franz ,franck5 ! fir/ f\nd a rival 9 ,franz ,franck5 ! second1 he describ$ himself z ! eld]1 9 contradi/9ction to 8 son1 :o sign$ himself ! y\ng]4 ,b :5 ,franz ! second 0 ?reat5$ ) competition f ,franz ! ?ird1 he took ! "n ( ! eld]1 :il/ ,franz ! ?ird adopt$ t ( ,franz ! y\ng]4 ,x is possible1 ?\gh n by any means easy1 to sift ! works ( ^! arti/s4 ,! elde/ ( ! ,franck5s1 ,ni*olas ( ,h]5?als1 di$ at ,antw]p 9 #aeif1 ) no?+ b ! reputation ( hav+ be5 a pa9t]4 ,none ( 8 works rema94 ,he bequea!d 8 art to ?ree *ildr54 ,j]om ,franck51 ! elde/ son1 aft] leav+ 8 fa!r's h\se1 /udi$ "u ,franz ,floris1 :om he aft]w>ds s]v$ z an assi/ant1 & w&]$1 ab\t #aefj1 to ,p>is4 ,9 #aeff he 0 "o ( ! ma/]s employ$ to decorate ! palace ( ,fonta9ebleau1 & 9 #aegd he obta9$ ! appo9tm5t ( c\rt pa9t] f ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o _h j return$ f ,pol& & visit$ ,titian at ,v5ice4 ,9 #afjc1 :5 ,van ,m&] wrote 8 biography ( ,flemi% arti/s1 ,j]om ,franck5 0 /ill 9 ,p>is liv+ 9 ! !n ari/ocratic ,faub\rg ,/ ,g]ma94 ,among 8 e>lie/ works we %\ld di/+ui% a ,nativity 9 ! ,dresd5 museum1 execut$ 9 co-op]ation ) ,franz ,floris4 ,ano!r ( 8 important pieces is ! ,abdication ( ,*>les ,v4 9 ! ,am/]dam museum4 ,equally int]e/+ is a ,portrait ( a ,falcon]1 dat$ #aeeh1 9 ! ,brunswick gall]y4 ,9 /yle ^! pieces all recall ,franz ,floris4 ,franz1 ! second son ( ,ni*olas ( ,h]5?als1 is to be kept 9 memory z ,franz ,franck5 ! fir/4 ,he 0 born ab\t #aedd1 matriculat$ at ,antw]p 9 #aefg1 & di$ !re 9 #afaf4 ,he1 too1 /udi$ "u ,floris1 & nev] settl$ abroad1 or lo/ ! h>d & gaudy /yle :i* he inh]it$ f 8 ma/]4 ,sev]al ( 8 pictures are 9 ! museum ( ,antw]p2 "o dat$ #aeig 9 ! ,dresd5 museum repres5ts ,*ri/ on ! ,road to ,golgo?a1 & is sign$ by him z ,d4 o 7,d5 oud57 ,f4 ,franck4 ,ambrose1 ! ?ird son ( ,ni*olas ( ,h]5?als1 has bequea!d to u m specim5s ( 8 skill ?an ,j]om or ,franz ! fir/4 ,he fir/ />t$ z a p>tn] ) ,j]om at ,fonta9ebleau1 !n he return$ to ,antw]p1 :]e he pass$ = 8 gild 9 #aegc1 & he liv$ at ,antw]p till #afah4 ,8 be/ works are ! ,miracle ( ! ,loaves & ,fi%es & ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,crisp91 bo? l>ge & ambiti\s compositions 9 ! ,antw]p museum4 ,9 bo? ^! pieces a fair am\nt ( p[] is display$1 b m>r$ by want ( atmosph]e & %ad[ or by h>dness ( l9e & gaud9ess ( tone4 ,!re is n a trace 9 ! ?ree pa9t]s nam$ ( ! influ5ce ( ! revival :i* took place "u ! lead ( ,rub5s4 ,franz ,franck5 ! fir/ tra9$ ?ree sons to 8 pr(ession1 ! elde/ ( :om1 ?\gh he practis$ z a ma/] ( gild at ,antw]p f #afjj to #afaj1 left no visible trace ( 8 lab\rs beh9d4 ,j]om ! second took s]vice ) 8 uncle ,ambrose4 ,he 0 born 9 #aegh1 pass$ = 8 gild 9 #afjg1 & 9 #afbj produc$ t curi\s picture ( ,horatius ,cocles def5d+ ! ,sublician ,bridge :i* /ill hangs 9 ! ,antw]p museum4 ,! ?ird son ( ,franz ,franck5 ! fir/ is ,franz ,franck5 ! second1 :o sign$ himself 9 pictures till #afaf ! y\ng]1 f #afcj till 8 dea? ! eld] ,f4 ,franck54 ,^! pictures are usually ( a small size1 & are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 cont95tal collections4 ,franz ,franck5 ! second 0 born 9 #aeha4 ,9 #afje he ent]$ ! gild1 ( :i* he subsequ5tly became ! presid5t1 & 9 #afdb he di$4 ,8 e>lie/ composition is ! ,crucifixion 9 ! ,belv$]e at ,vi5na1 dat$ #afjf4 ,8 late/ compositions z ! y\ng] ,f4 ,franck5 are ! ,adoration ( ! ,virg9 7#afaf7 9 ! gall]y ( ,am/]dam1 & ! ,woman tak5 9 ,adult]y 7#afbh7 9 ,dresd54 ,f #afaf to #afcj _m ( 8 pieces are sign$ ,f4 ,franck52 !n come ! ,sev5 ,works ( ,*>ity 7#afcj7 at ,muni*1 sign$ ! eld] ,f4 ,f41 ! ,prodigal ,son 7#afcc7 at ! ,l\vre1 & o!r almo/ c\ntless examples4 ,x is 9 ,f4 ,franck5 ! second's /yle t we fir/ h evid5ce ( ! /ruggle :i* necess>ily arose :5 ! old cu/oms1 h>d5$ by ,van ,orley & ,floris1 or ,breughel & ,de ,vos1 7 swept away by ,rub5s4 ,b ,f4 ,franck5 ! second1 z be=e obs]v$1 always clung to small surfaces2 & ?\gh he ga9$ "s ( ! fre$om ( ! mod]ns1 he lo/ b little ( ! dryness or gaud9ess ( ! e>li] ,italo-,flemi% revivali/s4 ,f4 ,franck5 ! ?ird1 ! la/ ( 8 "n :o des]ves to be record$1 pass$ 9 ! ,antw]p gild 9 #afci & di$ at ,antw]p 9 #affg4 ,8 practice 0 *iefly conf9$ to add+ figures to ! ar*itectural or l&scape pieces ( o!r arti/s4 ,z ,franz ,p\rbus sometimes put 9 ! portrait figures = ,franz ,franck5 ! second1 s ,franz ,franck5 ! ?ird (t5 introduc$ ! necess>y p]sonages into ! works ( ,piet] ,neefs ! y\ng] 7museums ( ,/ ,pet]sburg1 ,dresd5 & ! ,hague74 ,9 a ,moses /rik+ ! ,rock1 dat$ #afed1 ( ! ,augsburg gall]y1 ?is la/ ( ! ,franck5s signs ,d4 o 7,d5 oud57 ,f4 ,franck4 ,9 ! pictures ( ?is arti/ we mo/ cle>ly disc]n ! effects ( ,rub5s's example4 ,,franco-,,g]man ,,w> 7#ahgj-ahga74 ,! victories ( ,prussia 9 #ahff ov] ! ,au/rians & _! ,g]man allies 7see ,,sev5 ,,weeks' ,,w>7 r5d]$ x evid5t to ! /atesm5 & soldi]s ( ,france t a /ruggle betwe5 ! two nations c\ld only be a "q ( "t4 ,army re=ms 7 at once und]tak51 & measures 7 initiat$ 9 ,france to place ! armam5t & equipm5t ( ! troops on a level ) ! requirem5ts ( ! times4 ,! *assepot1 a new bree*-load+ rifle1 imm5sely sup]ior to ! ,prussian ne$le-gun1 0 issu$2 ! artill]y tra9s 7 ?or\ghly ov]haul$1 & a new ma*9e-gun1 ! mitrailleuse1 f :i* mu* 0 expect$1 introduc$4 ,wide s*emes ( reorganization 7due ma9ly to ,m>%al ,niel7 7 set 9 motion1 &1 s9ce ^! requir$ "t to mature1 rec\rse 0 _h to =eign alliances 9 ! hope ( delay+ ! imp5d+ rupture4 ,9 ! fir/ week ( ,june #ahgj1 ,g5]al ,lebrun1 z a confid5tial ag5t ( ! emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii41 0 s5t to ,vi5na to conc]t a plan ( jo9t op]ations ) ,au/ria aga9/ ,prussia4 ,italy 0 also to be includ$ 9 ! alliance1 & x 0 agre$ t 9 case ( ho/ilities ! ,fr5* armies %\ld conc5trate 9 nor!rn ,bav>ia1 :]e ! ,au/rians & ,italians 7 to jo9 !m1 & ! :ole imm5se army ?us =m$ %\ld m>* via ,j5a on ,b]l94 ,to :at ext5t ,au/ria & ,italy committ$ !mselves to ?is s*eme rema9s unc]ta91 b t ! emp]or ,napoleon believ$ 9 _! bona fides is beyond d\bt4 ,:e!r ! plan 0 betray$ to ,prussia is also unc]ta91 & almo/ immat]ial1 = ,moltke's plans 7 bas$ on an accurate e/imate ( ! "t x w\ld take ,au/ria to mobilize & on ! effect ( a s]ies ( victories on ,fr5* soil4 ,at any rate ,moltke 0 n tak5 into ,bism>ck's confid5ce 9 ! affair ( ,ems 9 ,july #ahgj1 & x is to be presum$ t ! *ancellor _h already satisfi$ himself t ! s*emes ( op]ations prep>$ by ! *ief ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff fully provid$ aga9/ all ev5tualities4 ,^! s*emes 7 f\nd$ on ,clausewitz's view ( ! objects to be pursu$ 9 a w> aga9/ ,france--9 ! fir/ place ! defeat ( ! ,fr5* field armies & 9 ! second ! occupation ( ,p>is4 ,on ^! l9es plans = ! /rategic deploym5t ( ! ,prussian army 7 prep>$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff & kept up to date ye> by ye> z fre% circum/ances 7e4g4 ! co-op]ation ( ! m9or ,g]man armies7 arose & new means ( communication came into exi/5ce4 ,! campaign 0 actually op5$ on a revise ( #ahfh-ahfi1 to :i* 0 add$1 on ! #f? ( ,may #ahgj1 a secret memor&um = ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,/rategic deploym5t ( ! ,g]man armies4 ,"u ! ,g]man organization !n exi/+ ! prelim9>y to all active op]ations 0 ( necessity full & complete mobilization4 ,!n foll[$ transport by road & rail to ! l9e select$ = ! /rategic deploym5t1 & x 0 ess5tial t no "p ( ^! op]ations %\ld be di/urb$ by action on ! "p ( ! enemy4 ,b no su* delay impos$ itself ( necessity ^u ! ,fr5*1 & a vigor\s (f5sive 0 s mu* 9 h>mony ) _! traditions t ! ,g]man plan _h to be fram$ s z to meet su* em]g5cies4 ,on ! :ole1 ,moltke conclud$ t ! enemy c\ld n und]take ?is (f5sive be=e ! eigh? day aft] mobilization4 ,at t date ab\t five ,fr5* army corps 7#aej1jjj m57 c\ld be collect$ ne> ,metz1 & two corps 7#gj1jjj7 ne> ,/rassburg2 & z x 0 six days' m>* f ,metz to ! ,rh9e1 no s]i\s attack c\ld be deliv]$ be=e ! f\rte5? day1 by :i* day x c\ld be met by sup]ior =ces ne> ,kir*heimbol&54 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! transport ( ! bulk ( ! ,prussian =ces c\ld n beg9 till ! n9? day1 _! ultimate l9e ( detra9m5t ne$ n be fix$ until ! ,fr5* plans 7 disclos$1 &1 z x 0 important to /rike at ! e>lie/ mom5t possible1 ! deploym5t 0 provisionally fix$ to be beyond ! ,rh9e on ! l9e ,wittli*-,neunkir*5-,l&au4 ,( ! ?irte5 ,nor? ,g]man corps ?ree _h to be left beh9d to gu>d ! ea/]n fronti] & ! coa/1 "o o!r1 ! ,,viii41 0 practically on ! gr\nd already & c\ld conc5trate by road1 & ! rema9+ n9e 7 di/ribut$ to ! n9e ?r\gh railway l9es available4 ,^! t5 corps 7 gr\p$ 9 ?ree armies1 & z ! ,fr5* might violate ,belgian neutrality or endeav\r to break into s\!rn ,g]many1 two corps 7,prussian ,gu>d & ,saxon ,,xii4 corps7 7 tempor>ily held back at a c5tral position ar\nd ,ma9z1 :5ce !y c\ld move rapidly up or d[n ! ,rh9e valley4 ,if ,belgian neutrality rema9$ unmole/$1 ! res]ve w\ld jo9 ! ,,iii4 army on ! left w+1 giv+ x a two to "o sup]iority ov] its adv]s>y2 all ?ree armies w\ld !n :eel to ! "r & comb9e 9 an ef=t to =ce ! ,fr5* army into a decisive battle on ! ,sa> on or ab\t ! tw5ty-?ird day4 ,z 9 ?is :eel ! army on ! "r =m$ ! pivot & 0 requir$ only to /& fa/1 two corps only 7 allott$ to x2 two corps = ! pres5t =m$ ! ,,iii4 army1 & ! rema9+ five 7 assign$ to ! ,,ii4 army 9 ! c5tre4 ,:5 7#af?-#ag? ,july7 ! ,s\? ,g]man /ates decid$ to ?r[ 9 _! lot ) ! re/1 _! ?ree corps 7 allott$ to ! ,,iii4 army1 ! ,gu>ds & ,saxons to ! ,,ii4 army1 :il/ ! ?ree corps orig9ally left beh9d 7 f9ally di/ribut$ "o to ea* army1 s t up to ! inve/m5t ( ,metz ! ord] ( battle 0 z foll[s3 ,headqu>t]s3 ,! k+ ( ,prussia 7,g5]al v4 ,moltke1 *ief ( /aff74 ,i4 ,army3 _/ 7,i4 corps1 v4 ,manteuffel7 ,g5]al v4 ,/e9metz ,,vii4 v4 ,za/r[ 7,c4 ( ,s41 v4 ,sp]l+7 ,,viii4 v4 ,goeb5 7#a/7 & #crd cavalry divisions ,total #he1jjj _/ ,gu>d ,pr4 ,augu/ ( ,wu]ttemb]g 7,,ii4 corps1 v4 ,fransecky7 ,,iii4 v4 ,alv5sleb5 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 ,army3 ,,iv4 v4 ,alv5sleb5 ,i4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les ,,ix4 v4 ,man/e9 7,c4 ( ,s41 v4 ,/iehle7 ,x4 v4 ,voigts-,rhetz ,,xii4 7,saxons7 cr[n pr9ce ( ,saxony #e? & #f? cavalry divisions ,total #baj1jjj _/ ,v4 corps1 v4 ,kir*ba* 7,,vi47 v4 ,tuempl+ ,,xi4 v4 ,bose ,,iii4 ,army3 ,i4 ,bav>ian1 v4 d] ,tann cr[n pr9ce ( ,prussia ,,ii4 v4 ,h>tmann 7,c4 ( ,s41 v4 ,blum5?al7 ,wu]ttemb]g div4 v4 ,w]d] ,bad5 div4 _/ 7#bnd7 & #d? cavalry divisions ,total #ahj1jjj ------- ,gr& ,total #dge1jjj 7,! units )9 brackets 7 ^? at fir/ reta9$ 9 ,g]many47 ,positions ( ! ,fr5* =ces4 ,on ! ,fr5* side no su* plan ( op]ations 0 9 exi/5ce :5 on ! night ( ! #ae? ( ,july ,krieg mobil 0 telegraph$ all ov] ,prussia4 ,an outl9e s*eme _h inde$ be5 prep>$ z a basis = agreem5t ) ,au/ria & ,italy1 b practically no details 7 fix$1 & ! troops 7 )\t transport & supplies4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce spe$ 0 ! ess5ce ( ! contract1 ! troops 7 hurri$ up )\t wait+ = _! res]ves1 & deliv]$1 z ,moltke _h =ese51 j :]e ! lie ( ! railways & conv5i5ce ( tempor>y supply dictat$1 & ! ,prussian ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t 0 able to in=m ,moltke on ! #bbnd ( ,july 7sev5? day ( mobilization7 t ! ,fr5* /ood f "r to left 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 on or ne> ! fronti]3 #a/ corps ,m>%al ,mac,mahon1 duke ( ,mag5ta1 ,/rassburg #e? corps ,g5]al de ,failly1 ,sa>gemu5d & ,bit*e #bnd corps ,g5]al ,fross>d1 ,/ ,avold #d? corps ,g5]al de ,ladmirault1 ,?ionville ,)1 beh9d !m3 #crd corps ,m>%al ,baza9e1 ,metz ,gu>d ,g5]al ,b\rbaki1 ,nancy #f? corps ,m>%al ,canrob]t1 ,*alons #g? corps ,g5]al ,felix ,d\ay1 ,bel=t ,if !re=e !y began a =w>d movem5t on ! #bcrd 7eigh? day7 ! case =ese5 by ,moltke _h aris51 & x became necess>y to detra9 ! ,,ii4 army ^u ! ,rh9e4 ,)\t wait+ = fur!r confirmation ( ?is intellig5ce1 ,moltke1 ) ! cons5t ( ! k+1 alt]$ ! arrangem5ts accord+ly1 a decision :i*1 ?\gh =ese51 ex]cis$ ! grave/ influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,z x happ5$ ?is decision 0 premature1 = ! ,fr5* c\ld n yet move4 ,supply tra9s _h to be organiz$ by requisition f ! inhabitants1 & ev5 arms & ammunition procur$ = su* res]ves z _h succe$$ 9 jo9+4 ,nev]!less1 by almo/ sup]human ex]tions on ! "p ( ! railways & adm9i/rative s]vices1 all ess5tial defici5cies 7 made good1 & by ! #bh? ( ,july 7#ac? day7 ! troops _h receiv$ all t 0 absolutely indisp5sable & might well h be5 l$ aga9/ ! enemy1 :o1 ?anks to ,moltke's premature action1 7 = ! mom5t at a v s]i\s disadvantage4 ,b ! ,fr5* g5]als 7 unequal to _! responsibilities4 ,x is n[ cle> t1 _h ! great ,napoleon & 8 m>%als be5 9 comm&1 !y w\ld h made light ( ! want ( cook+ pots1 *ol]a belts1 c41 &1 by a s]ies ( rapid m>*es1 w\ld h conc5trat$ odds ( at lea/ ?ree to "o ^u ! heads ( ! ,prussian columns z !y /ruggl$ ?r\gh ! defiles ( ! ,h>dt1 & won a victory ^: political results might well h prov$ decisive4 ,to meet ?is press+ dang]1 :i* came to 8 k dur+ ! c\rse ( ! #bi?1 ,moltke s5t a confid5tial /aff (fic]1 ,colonel v4 ,v]dy du ,v]nois1 to ! ,,iii4 army to impress ^u ! cr[n pr9ce ! necessity ( an imm$iate advance to di/ract ! enemy's att5tion f ! ,i4 & ,,ii4 armies2 b1 l ! ,fr5* g5]als1 ! cr[n pr9ce plead$ t he c\ld n move until 8 tra9s 7 complete4 ,=tunately = ! ,g]mans1 ! ,fr5* intellig5ce s]vice n only fail$ to in=m ! /aff ( ?is extraord9>y opportunity1 b x all[$ itself to be hypnotiz$ by ! mo/ amaz+ rum\rs4 ,9 imag9ation !y saw armies ( #ajj1jjj m5 beh9d e =e/1 &1 to gu>d aga9/ ^! dang]s1 ! ,fr5* troops 7 m>*$ & c\nt]-m>*$ along ! fronti]s 9 ! va9 hope ( discov]+ an ideal def5sive position :i* %\ld af=d full scope to ! p[] ( _! new weapons4 ,z ^! delays 7 ex]t+ a mo/ unfav\rable effect on public op9ion n only 9 ,france b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ! emp]or decid$ on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ to initiate a movem5t t[>ds ! ,sa>1 *iefly z a gu>antee ( good fai? to ! ,au/rians & ,italians4 ,on ?is day ! ,fr5* corps held ! foll[+ positions f "r to left3 #a/ corps ,hag5au #bnd corps ,=ba* #crd corps ,/ ,avold #d? corps ,b\zonville #e? corps ,bit*e #f? corps ,*alons #g? corps ,bel=t & ,colm> ,gu>d ne> ,metz ,action ( ,sa>brueck54 ,! ,fr5* #bnd corps 0 direct$ to advance on ! foll[+ morn+ direct on ,sa>brueck51 support$ on ! flanks by two divisions f ! #e? & #crd corps4 ,! ord] 0 duly c>ri$ out1 & ! ,prussians 7"o battalion1 two squadrons & a batt]y71 see+ ! ov]:elm+ numb]s oppos$ to !m1 fell back fight+ & vani%$ to ! nor?w>d1 hav+ giv5 a v excell5t example ( /ead9ess & discipl9e to _! enemy4#a ,! latt] cont5t$ !mselves by occupy+ ,sa>brueck5 & its suburb ,/ ,johann1 & "h1 z f> z ! troops 7 conc]n$1 ! incid5t clos$4 ,its effect1 h[ev]1 prov$ f>-rea*+4 ,! ,prussian /aff c\ld n conceive t no?+ lay beh9d ?is display ( five :ole divisions1 & imm$iately took /eps to meet ! expect$ dang]4 ,9 _! excitem5t1 al?\gh !y _h ann\nc$ ! beg9n+ ( ! action to ! k+'s headqu>t]s at ,ma9z1 !y =got to notify ! close & its results1 s t ,moltke 0 n 9 possession ( ! facts till noon on ! #crd ( ,augu/4 ,mean:ile1 ,/e9metz1 left )\t in/ructions & fe>+ = ! safety ( ! ,,ii4 army1 ! heads ( ^: columns 7 /ill 9 ! defiles ( ! ,h>dt1 mov$ ! ,i4 army f ! neighb\rhood ( ,m]zig obliquely to 8 left front1 s z to /rike ! flank ( ! ,fr5* army if x cont9u$ its m>* t[>ds ,kais]slaut]n1 9 :i* direction x appe>$ to be head+4 ,moltke1 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les & ,/e9metz4 ,:il/ ?is ord] 0 9 process ( execution1 ,moltke1 aw>e t ! ,,ii4 army 0 beh9d "t 9 its m>*1 issu$ in/ructions to ,/e9metz = ! #d? ( ,augu/ :i* entail$ a )drawal to ! re>1 ! idea be+ t bo? armies %\ld1 if ! ,fr5* advanc$1 fight a def5sive battle 9 a select$ position f>!r back4 ,/e9metz obey$1 ?\gh bitt]ly res5t+ ! idea ( retreat4 ,?is movem5t1 fur!r1 drew 8 left across ! roads res]v$ = ! "r column ( ! ,,ii4 army1 & on receipt ( a p]emptory ord] f ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les to evacuate ! road1 ,/e9metz telegraph$ = in/ructions direct to ! k+1 ov] ,moltke's head4 ,9 reply he receiv$ a telegram f ,moltke1 ord]+ him to cle> ! road at once1 & c\*$ 9 t]ms :i* he consid]$ z a sev]e reprim&4 ,an explanatory lett]1 meant to s(t5 ! rebuke1 0 delay$ 9 transmission & did n rea* him till too late to modify ! ord]s he _h already issu$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,/e9metz at ! front 0 9 a bett] position to judge ! app>5t situation ?an 0 ,moltke at ,ma9z1 & t all ?r\gh ! day ( ! #e? ( ,augu/ he _h receiv$ intellig5ce indicat+ a *ange ( attitude 9 ! ,fr5* army4 ,battle ( ,spi*]54 ,! news ( ! ,g]man victory at ,weiss5burg on ! #d? 7see bel[7 _h 9 fact completely p>alys$ ! ,fr5* headqu>t]s1 & ord]s 7 issu$ by !m dur+ ! c\rse ( ! #e? to conc5trate ! :ole army ( ! ,rh9e on ! select$ position ( ,cad5bronn4 ,z a prelim9>y1 ,fross>d's corps )drew f ,sa>brueck5 & began to entr5* a position on ! ,spi*]5 heights1 #cjjj yds4 to ! s\?w>d4 ,/e9metz1 !re=e1 be+ q unaw>e ( ! s*eme = a great battle on ! ,sa> ab\t ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 felt t ! situation w\ld be/ be met1 & ! lett] ( 8 in/ructions /rictly obey$1 by mov+ 8 :ole comm& =w>d to ! l9e ( ! ,sa>1 & ord]s to ?is effect 7 issu$ on ! ev5+ ( ! #e?4 ,9 pursuance ( ^! ord]s1 ! advance gu>d ( ! #ad? division 7,lieut5ant ,g5]al von ,kameke7 rea*$ ,sa>brueck5 ab\t #i ,a4,m4 on ! #f?1 :]e ! ,g]mans f\nd to _! amazem5t t ! bridges 7 intact4 ,to secure ?is advantage 0 ! obvi\s duty ( ! comm&] on ! spot1 & he at once ord]$ 8 troops to occupy a l9e ( l[ heights beyond ! t[n to s]ve z a bridge-head4 ,z ! lead+ troops deploy$ on ! heights ,fross>d's guns on ! ,spi*]5 ,plateau op5$ fire1 & ! advanc$ gu>d batt]y repli$4 ,! s\nd ( ^! guns un*a9$ ! :ole fight+ in/9ct c>efully develop$ by a long c\rse ( ,prussian manoeuvre tra9+4 ,ev]y:]e1 g5]als & troops hurri$ t[>ds ! cannon ?und]4 ,kameke1 ev5 m 9 ! d>k ?an ,/e9metz z to ,moltke's int5tions & ! /r5g? ( 8 adv]s>ies1 attack$ at once1 precisely z he w\ld h done at manoeuvres1 & 9 half an h\r 8 m5 7 committ$ beyond recall4 ,z ea* fre% unit rea*$ ! field x 0 hurri$ into action :]e its s]vices 7 mo/ ne$$1 & ea* fre% g5]al z he arriv$ took a new view ( ! combat & issu$ new ord]s4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,fross>d1 kn[+ ! /r5g? ( 8 position1 call$ on 8 neighb\rs = support1 & det]m9$ to hold 8 gr\nd4 ,victory seem$ c]ta94 ,!re 7 suffici5t troops )9 easy rea* to h ensur$ a cru%+ num]ical sup]iority4 ,b ! o!r g5]als _h n be5 tra9$ to mutual support1 & ?\ght only ( _! own imm$iate security1 & _! /affs 7 too inexp]i5c$ to act ^u ev5 good int5tions2 &1 f9d+ himself 9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon left to 8 own devices1 ,fross>d began gradually to )draw1 ev5 be=e ! pressure ( ! #ac? ,g]man division on 8 left flank 7ab\t #h ,p4,m47 compell$ 8 retirem5t4 ,:5 d>kness end$ ! battle ! ,prussians 7 sc>cely aw>e ( _! victory4 ,/e9metz1 :o _h rea*$ ! field ab\t #f ,p4,m41 rode back to 8 headqu>t]s )\t issu+ any ord]s1 :ile ! troops biv\ack$ :]e !y /ood1 ! units ( ?ree army corps be+ mix$ up 9 almo/ inextricable confusion4 ,b :]eas out ( #db1ijj ,prussians ) #abj guns1 :o 9 ! morn+ lay )9 /rik+ di/ance ( ! enemy1 no few] ?an #bg1jjj1 ) #gh guns 7 actually engag$2 ( ! ,fr5*1 out ( #fd1jjj ) #baj guns only #bd1jjj ) #ij guns took "p 9 ! action4 ,action ( ,weiss5burg4 ,mean:ile on ! ,g]man left w+ ! ,,iii4 army _h begun its advance4 ,e>ly on ! #d? ( ,augu/ x cross$ ! fronti] & fell ^u a ,fr5* deta*m5t "u ,abel ,d\ay1 :i* _h be5 plac$ ne> ,weiss5burg1 p>tly to cov] ! ,pigeonni] pass1 b pr9cipally to consume ! supplies accumulat$ 9 ! little dismantl$ =tress1 z ^! c\ld n easily be mov$4 ,aga9/ ?is =ce ( "u #djjj m5 ( all arms1 ! ,g]mans br\ght into action successively portions ( ?ree corps1 9 all ov] #be1jjj m5 ) #ij guns4 ,aft] six h\rs' fight+1 9 :i* ! ,g]mans lo/ "s #aejj m51 ! gallant remnant ( ! ,fr5* )drew delib]ately & 9 good ord]1 not)/&+ ! dea? ( _! lead] at ! critical mom5t4 ,! ,g]mans 7 s elat$ by _! victory ov] ! enemy1 ^: /r5g? !y naturally ov]e/imat$1 t !y =got to s5d cavalry 9 pursuit1 & ?us entirely lo/ t\* ) ! enemy4 ,next day ! advance 0 resum$1 ! two ,bav>ian corps mov+ via ,matt/all ?r\gh ! foo?ills ( ! ,vosges1 ! ,v4 corps on _! left t[>ds ,preus*dorf1 & ! ,,xi4 f>!r to ! left aga91 ?r\gh ! wood$ pla9 ( ! ,rh9e valley4 ,! #d? cavalry division sc\t$ 9 advance1 & army headqu>t]s mov$ to ,sulz4 ,ab\t noon ! advanc$ patrols discov]$ ,mac,mahon's corps 9 position on ! left bank ( ! ,sau] 7see ,w,oe,r,t,h3 ,battle (74 ,z 8 army 0 disp]s$ ov] a wide area1 ! cr[n pr9ce det]m9$ to devote ! #f? to conc5trat+ ! troops1 &1 probably to avoid al>m+ ! enemy1 ord]$ ! cavalry to /& fa/4 ,at night ! outpo/s ( ! ,i4 ,bav>ians & ,v4 corps on ! ,sau] saw ! fires ( ! ,fr5* encampm5t & he>d ! noise ( railway traffic1 & rightly conjectur$ ! approa* ( re9=cem5ts4 ,mac,mahon _h 9 fact det]m9$ to /& 9 ! v =midable position he _h select$1 & he c\nt$ on receiv+ support bo? f ! #g? corps 7two divisions ( :i* 7 be+ rail$ up f ,colm>7 & f ! #e? corps1 :i* lay ar\nd ,bit*e4 ,x 0 also q possible1 & ! s\nde/ /rategy1 to )draw ! bulk ( ! troops !n fac+ ! ,g]man ,i4 & ,,ii4 armies to 8 support1 & ^! w\ld rea* him by ! #h?4 ,he 0 !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ battle1 ?\gh x 0 to 8 int]e/ to delay x z long z possible4 ,battle ( ,wo]?4 ,at dawn on ! #f? ( ,augu/ ! comm&] ( ! ,v4 corps outpo/s notic$ c]ta9 movem5ts 9 ! ,fr5* l9es1 & to cle> up ! situation br\ght 8 guns into action4 ,z at ,spi*]51 ! s\nd ( ! guns set ! :ole ma*9]y ( battle 9 motion4 ,! ,fr5* artill]y imm$iately accept$ ! ,prussian *all5ge4 ,! ,i4 ,bav>ians1 hav+ be5 ord]$ to be ready to move if !y he>d artill]y fire1 imm$iately advanc$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* left1 enc\nt]+ pres5tly su* a /ubborn resi/ance t p>ts ( _! l9e began to give way4 ,! ,prussians ( ! ,v4 corps felt t !y c\ld n ab&on _! allies1 & von ,kir*ba*1 call+ on ! ,,xi4 corps = support1 attack$ ) ! troops at h&4 ,:5 ! cr[n pr9ce tri$ to break (f ! fight x 0 too late4 ,bo? sides 7 fe$+ troops into ! fir+ l9e1 z & :]e !y c\ld lay h&s on !m4 ,up to #b ,p4,m4 ! ,fr5* fairly held _! own1 b %ortly aft]w>ds _! "r yield$ to ! ov]:elm+ pressure ( ! ,,xi4 corps1 & by #c4cj x 0 9 full retreat4 ,! c5tre held on = ano!r h\r1 b 9 its turn 0 compell$ to yield1 & by #d4cj all organiz$ resi/ance 0 at an end4 ,! debris ( ! ,fr5* army 0 hotly pursu$ by ! ,g]man divisional squadrons t[>ds ,rei*%(51 :]e s]i\s panic %[$ itself4 ,:5 at ?is /age ! supports s5t by de ,failly f ,bit*e came on ! gr\nd !y saw ! hopelessness ( int]v5tion1 & retir$ :5ce !y _h come4 ,=tunately = ! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]man #d? cavalry division1 on :i* ! pursuit %\ld h devolv$1 _h be5 =gott5 by ! ,g]man /aff1 & did n rea* ! front be=e d>kness fell4 ,out ( a total ( #hb1jjj )9 rea* ( ! battlefield1 ! ,g]mans succe$$ 9 br++ into action #gg1ejj4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o might h _h #ej1jjj on ! field1 deploy$ only #cg1jjj1 & ^! suff]$ a collective loss ( no less ?an #bj1ajj2 "s regim5ts los+ up to #ij & /ill reta9+ "s semblance ( discipl9e & ord]4 ,"u cov] ( d>kness ! remnants ( ! ,fr5* army escap$4 ,:5 at l5g? ! #d? cavalry division _h succe$$ 9 =c+ a way ?r\gh ! confusion ( ! battlefield1 all t\* ) ! enemy _h be5 lo/1 & be+ )\t fire>ms ! troop]s 7 *eck$ by ! ,fr5* /raggl]s 9 ! woods & ! villages1 & ?us fail$ to e/abli% ! true l9e ( retreat ( ! ,fr5*4 ,ultimately ! latt]1 hav+ ga9$ ! railway ne> ,luneville1 disappe>$ f ! ,g]man front altoge!r1 & all trace ( !m 0 lo/ until !y 7 discov]$1 ab\t ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 =m+ "p ( ! army ( ,*alons1 :i!r !y _h be5 convey$ by rail via ,p>is4 ,?is is a rem>kable example ( ! /rategical value ( railways to an army op]at+ 9 its own c\ntry4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all resi/ance1 ! ,,iii4 army n[ proce$$ to c>ry out ! orig9al programme ( m>*es laid d[n 9 ,moltke's memor&um ( ! #f? ( ,may1 & m>*+ on a broad front ?r\gh a f]tile di/rict x rea*$ ! l9e ( ! ,moselle 9 excell5t ord] ab\t ! #ag? ( ,augu/1 :]e x halt$ to await ! result ( ! great battle ( ,gravelotte-,/ ,privat4 ,movem5ts on ! ,sa>4 ,we return n[ to ! ,i4 army at ,sa>brueck54 ,its position on ! morn+ ( ! #g? ( ,augu/ gave cause = ! grave/ anxiety4 ,at daylight a d5se fog lay ov] ! c\ntry1 & ?r\gh ! mi/ s\nds ( heavy fir+ came f ! direction ( ,=ba*1 :]e ,fr5* /raggl]s _h ralli$ dur+ ! night4 ,! confusion on ! battlefield 0 appall+1 & ! troops 9 no condition to g =w>d4 ,except ! #crd1 #e? & #f? cavalry divisions no clos$ troops 7 )9 a day's m>*2 h5ce ,/e9metz decid$ to sp5d ! day 9 reorganiz+ 8 infantry1 "u cov] ( 8 available cavalry4 ,b ! ,g]man cavalry & /aff 7 q new to _! task4 ,! #f? cavalry division1 :i* _h biv\ack$ on ! battlefield1 s5t on only "o brigade t[>ds ,=ba*1 reta9+ ! rema9d] 9 res]ve4 ,! #e?1 ?9k+ t ! #f? _h already und]tak5 all t 0 necess>y1 )drew beh9d ! ,sa>1 & ! #crd1 also beh9d ! ,sa>1 report$ t ! c\ntry 9 its front 0 unsuit$ to cavalry movem5ts1 & only s5t out a few (fic]s' patrols4 ,^! 7 well l$1 b 7 too few 9 numb]1 & _! reports 7 consequ5tly unconv9c+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day ,/e9metz became v uneasy1 & ultimately he decid$ to conc5trate 8 army by retir+ ! ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 corps beh9d ! riv] on to ! ,i4 7:i* _h arriv$ ne> ,sa>l\is71 ?us cle>+ ! ,sa>brueck5-,metz road = ! use ( ! ,,ii4 army4 ,b at ?is mom5t ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les sudd5ly modifi$ 8 views4 ,dur+ ! #f? ( ,augu/ 8 sc\ts _h report$ consid]able ,fr5* =ces ne> ,bit*e 7^! 7 ! #e?1 de ,failly's corps71 & e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! #g? he receiv$ a telegram f ,moltke in=m+ him t ,mac,mahon's beat5 army 0 retreat+ on ! same place 7! troops obs]v$ 7 9 fact ^? :i* _h m>*$ to ,mac,mahon's assi/ance74 ,! pr9ce =?) deflect$ ! m>* ( ! ,gu>ds1 ,,iv4 & ,x4 corps1 t[>ds ,rohrba*1 :il/ ! ,,ix4 & ,,xii4 clos$ up to support+ di/ance beh9d !m4 ,?us1 z ,/e9metz mov$ away to ! we/ & nor?1 ,fr$]ick ,*>les 0 div]g+ to ! s\? & ea/1 & a great gap 0 op5+ 9 ! v c5tre ( ! ,g]man front4 ,?is 0 clos$ only by ! ,,iii4 corps1 /ill on ! battle-field1 & by portions ( ! ,x4 ne> ,sa>gemu5d1#b :il/ )9 /rik+ di/ance lay #acj1jjj ,fr5* troops1 prev5t$ only by ! incapacity ( _! *iefs f deliv]+ a decisive c\nt]-/roke4 ,=tunately = ! ,prussians1 ,moltke at ,ma9z took a diff]5t view4 ,receiv+ absolutely no intellig5ce f ! front dur+ ! #g?1 he telegraph$ ord]s to ! ,i4 & ,,ii4 armies 7#aj4be ,p4,m47 to halt on ! #h?1 & impress$ on ,/e9metz ! necessity ( employ+ 8 cavalry to cle> up ! situation4 ,! ,i4 army _h already begun ! m>*es ord]$ by ,/e9metz4 ,x 0 n[ l$ back practically to its old biv\acs among/ ! unburi$ dead4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les only con=m$ to ,moltke's ord] ) ! ,,iii4 & ,x4 corps2 ! rema9d] execut$ _! conc5tration t[>ds ! s\? & ea/4 ,dur+ ! night ( ! #g? ( ,augu/ ,moltke decid$ t ! ,fr5* army mu/ be 9 retreat t[>ds ! ,moselle & =?) busi$ himself ) ! prep>ation ( fre% tables ( m>* = ! two armies1 8 object be+ to sw+ up ! left w+ to outflank ! enemy f ! s\?4 ,?is "w1 & ! transf] ( headqu>t]s to ,homburg1 ne$$ "t1 h5ce no fre% ord]s 7 issu$ to ei!r army1 & nei!r comm&] w\ld incur ! responsibility ( mov+ )\t any4 ,! ,i4 army !re=e sp5t a f\r? night 9 biv\ac on ! battlefield4 ,b ,con/ant9 von ,alv5sleb51 comm&+ ! ,,iii4 corps1 a man ( v diff]5t /amp f 8 colleagues1 he>+ at fir/ h& t ! ,fr5* _h evacuat$ ,/ ,avold1 set 8 corps 9 motion e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! #aj? ,augu/ d[n ! ,/ ,avold-,metz road1 rea*$ ,/ ,avold & obta9$ conclusive evid5ce t ! ,fr5* 7 retreat+4 ,advance to ! ,moselle4 ,dur+ ! #i? ! ord]s = ! advance to ! ,moselle 7 issu$4 ,^! 7 bas$1 n on an exact k ( :]e ! ,fr5* army actually /ood1 b on ! op9ion ,moltke _h =m$ z to :]e x ought to h be5 on milit>y gr\nds solely1 ov]look+ ! fact t ! ,fr5* /aff 7 n free to =m milit>y decisions b 7 compell$ to b[ to political exp$i5cy4 ,actually on ! #g? ( ,augu/ ! emp]or _h decid$ to attack ! ,g]mans on ! #h? ) ! :ole ,rh9e ,army1 b ?is decision 0 upset by al>mi/ reports f ! beat5 army ( ,mac,mahon4 ,he !n decid$ to retreat to ! ,moselle1 z ,moltke _h =ese51 & !re to draw to himself ! remnants ( ,mac,mahon's army 7n[ ne> ,luneville74 ,at ! same "t he assign$ ! executive comm& ov] ! :ole ,rh9e ,army to ,m>%al ,baza9e4 ,?is retreat 0 begun dur+ ! c\rse ( ! #h? & #i? ( ,augu/2 b on ! night ( ! #i? urg5t telegrams f ,p>is induc$ ! emp]or to susp5d ! movem5t1 & dur+ ! #aj? ! :ole army took up a /rong position on ! ,fr5* ,ni$4 ,mean:ile ! ,,ii4 ,g]man army _h receiv$ its ord]s to m>* 9 a l9e ( army corps on a broad front 9 ! g5]al direction ( ,pont-a-,m\sson1 well to ! s\? ( ,metz4 ,! ,i4 army 0 to foll[ by %ort m>*es 9 e*elon on ! "r2 only ! ,,iii4 corps 0 direct$ on ,falk5b]g1 a day's m>* f>!r t[>ds ,metz along ! ,/ ,avold-,metz road4 ,! movem5t 0 begun on ! #aj?1 & t[>ds ev5+ ! ,fr5* army 0 locat$ on ! "r front ( ! ,,iii4 corps4 ,?is entirely upset ,moltke's hypo!sis1 & call$ = a complete modification ( 8 plans1 z ! ,,iii4 corps alone c\ld n be expect$ to resi/ ! impact ( ,baza9e's five corps4 ,! ,,iii4 corps !re=e receiv$ ord]s to /& fa/ = ! mom5t1 & ! rema9d] ( ! ,,ii4 army 0 in/ruct$ to :eel to ! "r & conc5trate = a great battle to ! ea/ ( ,metz on ! #af? or #ag?4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ^! ord]s _h be5 receiv$ ! sudd5 retreat ( ! ,fr5* completely *ang$ ! situation4 ,! ,g]mans !re=e cont9u$ _! movem5t t[>ds ! ,moselle4 ,on ! #ac? ! ,fr5* took up a fre% position #e m4 to ! ea/ ( ,metz1 :]e !y 7 locat$ by ! cavalry & ! advanc$ gu>ds ( ! ,i4 army4 ,battle ( ,colombey-,borny4 ,aga9 ,moltke ord]$ ! ,i4 army to obs]ve & hold ! enemy1 :il/ ! ,,ii4 0 to sw+ r\nd to ! nor?4 ,! cavalry 0 to sc\t beyond ! ,moselle & int]cept all communication ) ! he>t ( ,france 7see ,metz74 ,by ?is "t ! :ole ,g]man army _h imbib$ ! idea t ! ,fr5* 7 9 full retreat & endeav\r+ to evade a decisive /ruggle4 ,:5 !re=e dur+ ! morn+ ( ! #ad? _! outpo/s obs]v$ signs ( retreat 9 ! ,fr5* position1 _! impati5ce c\ld no long] be re/ra9$2 z at ,wo]? & ,spi*]51 an outpo/ comm&] br\ght up 8 guns1 & at ! s\nd ( _! fire1 e unit )9 rea* spontane\sly got "u arms 7battle ( ,colombey-,borny74 ,9 a %ort "t1 ) or )\t ord]s1 ! ,i41 ,,vii41 ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 corps 7 9 full m>* to ! battle-field4 ,b ! ,fr5* too turn$ back to fight1 & an ob/9ate engagem5t ensu$1 at ! close ( :i* ! ,g]mans b>ely held ! gr\nd & ! ,fr5* )drew "u cov] ( ! ,metz =ts4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! fight+ _h be5 indecisive1 ! conviction ( victory rema9$ ) ! ,g]mans1 & ! idea ( a ,fr5* retreat became an obsession4 ,to ?is idea ,moltke gave expression 9 8 ord]s issu$ e>ly on ! #ae?1 9 :i* he laid d[n t ! fruits ( ! victory ( ! previ\s ev5+ c\ld only be reap$ by a vigor\s pursuit t[>ds ! passages ( ! ,meuse1 :]e x 0 hop$ ! ,fr5* might yet be ov]tak54 ,?is ord]1 h[ev]1 did n all[ = ! hopeless inability ( ! ,fr5* /aff to regulate ! movem5t ( conge/$ masses ( m51 horses & vehicles1 su* z 7 n[ accumulat$ 9 ! /reets & environs ( ,metz4 ,:il/ ,baza9e _h come to no def9ite decision :e!r to /& & fight or cont9ue to retreat1 & 0 m]ely drift+ "u ! impressions ( ! mom5t1 ! ,prussian lead]s1 9 p>ticul> ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 saw 9 imag9ation ! ,fr5* columns 9 rapid ord]ly movem5t t[>ds ! we/1 & calculat$ t at be/ !y c\ld n be ov]tak5 %ort ( ,v]dun4 ,9 ?is ord] ( ideas ! :ole ( ! ,,ii4 army1 foll[$ on its "r re> by two-?irds ( ! ,i4 army 7! ,i4 corps be+ deta*$ to obs]ve ! ea/]n side ( ! =tress71 7 pu%$ on t[>ds ! ,moselle1 ! cavalry f> 9 advance t[>ds ! ,meuse1 :il/ only ! #e? cavalry division 0 ord]$ to sc\t t[>ds ! ,metz-,v]dun road1 & ev5 t 0 dissem9at$ ov] f> too wide an area4 ,lat] 9 ! day 7#ae?7 ,fr$]ick ,*>les s5t ord]s to ! ,,iii4 corps1 :i* 0 on ! "r flank ( 8 long l9e ( columns & approa*+ ! ,moselle at ,corny & ,noveant1 to m>* via ,gorze to ,m>s-la-,t\r on ! ,metz-,v]dun road2 to ! ,x4 corps1 /rung out along ! road f ,?iauc\rt to ,pont-a-,m\sson1 to move to ,j>ny2 & = ! rema9d] to pu% on we/w>d to seize ! ,meuse cross+s4 ,no def9ite in=mation z to ! ,fr5* army rea*$ him 9 "t to modify ^! in/ructions4 ,mean:ile ! #e? 7,rhe9bab5's7 cavalry division1 at ab\t #c ,p4,m4 9 ! aft]noon1 _h come into contact ) ! ,fr5* cavalry 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m>s-la-,t\r1 & glean$ intellig5ce en\gh to %[ t no ,fr5* infantry _h z yet rea*$ ,rezonville4 ,! comm&] ( ! ,x4 corps at ,?iauc\rt1 in=m$ ( ?is1 became anxi\s = ! security ( 8 flank dur+ ! next day's m>* & decid$ to pu% out a /rong flank+ deta*m5t "u von ,caprivi1 to support von ,rhe9bab5 & ma9ta9 t\* ) ! ,,iii4 corps m>*+ on 8 "r re>4 ,battle ( ,vionville-,m>s-la-,t\r4 ,von ,alv5sleb51 to :om ! #f? cavalry division _h mean:ile be5 assign$1 seems to h receiv$ no local intellig5ce :atsoev]2 & at daybreak on ! #af? he began 8 m>* 9 two columns1 ! #f? division on ,m>s-la-,t\r1 ! #e? t[>ds ! ,rezonville-,vionville plateau4 ,& %ortly aft] #i4ae ,a4,m4 he sudd5ly discov]$ ! tru?4 ,! entire ,fr5* army lay on 8 "r flank1 & 8 ne>e/ supports 7 almo/ a day's m>* di/ant4 ,9 ?is crisis he made up 8 m9d at once to attack ) e available man1 & to cont9ue to attack1 9 ! conviction t 8 audacity w\ld s]ve to conceal 8 weakness4 ,all day long1 !re=e1 ! ,br&5burg]s ( ! ,,iii4 corps1 support$ ultimately by ! ,x4 corps & "p ( ! ,,ix41 attack$ aga9 & aga94 ,! enemy 0 ?rice _! /r5g?1 b v diff]5tly l$1 & made no adequate use ( 8 sup]iority 7battle ( ,vionville-,m>s-la ,t\r74 ,! #ag? ( ,augu/4 ,mean:ile ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 at ,pont-a-,m\sson1 0 /ill confid5t 9 ! ,fr5* retreat to ! ,meuse1 & _h ev5 issu$ ord]s = ! #ag? on t assumption4 ,fir+ _h be5 he>d s9ce #i4ae ,a4,m41 & ab\t noon ,alv5sleb5's fir/ report _h rea*$ him1 b x 0 n till aft] #b t he realiz$ ! situation4 ,!n1 m\nt+ 8 horse1 he cov]$ ! #ae m4 to ,flavigny ov] cr[d$ & difficult roads )9 ! h\r1 & on 8 arrival abundantly aton$ = 8 /rategic errors by 8 unconqu]able det]m9ation & tactical skill4 ,:5 d>kness put a /op to ! fight+1 he consid]$ ! position4 ,cancell+ all previ\s ord]s1 he call$ all troops )9 rea* to ! battle-field & resign$ himself to wait = !m4 ,! situation 0 inde$ critical4 ,! :ole ,fr5* army ( five corps1 only half ( :i* _h be5 engag$1 lay 9 front ( him4 ,8 own army lay scatt]$ ov] an area ( #cj m4 by #bj1 & only "s #bj1jjj fre% troops--( ! ,,ix4 corps--c\ld rea* ! field dur+ ! =5oon ( ! #ag?4 ,he did n !n "k t ,moltke _h already int]v5$ & _h ord]$ ! ,,vii41 ,,viii4 & ,,ii4 corps#c to 8 assi/ance4 ,daylight reveal$ ! extreme exhau/ion ( bo? m5 & horses4 ,! m5 lay ar\nd 9 hopeless confusion among/ ! kill$ & w\nd$1 ea* :]e sleep _h ov]tak5 him1 & ?us ! ext5t ( ! actual losses1 heavy en\gh1 c\ld n be e/imat$4 ,across ! valley1 bugle s\nds reveal$ ! ,fr5* already al]t1 & pres5tly a long l9e ( skirmi%]s approa*$ ! ,prussian position4 ,b !y halt$ j beyond rifle range1 & x 0 soon evid5t t !y 7 only int5d$ to cov] a fur!r )drawal4 ,pres5tly came ! welcome intellig5ce t ! re9=cem5ts 7 well on _! way4 ,ab\t noon ! k+ & ,moltke drove up to ! gr\nd1 & !re 0 an animat$ discussion z to :at ! ,fr5* w\ld d next4 ,aw>e ( _! )drawal f 8 imm$iate front1 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les rev]t$ to 8 previ\s idea & insi/$ t !y 7 9 full retreat t[>ds ! nor?1 & t _! entr5*m5ts ne> ,po9t du ,j\r & ,/ ,hub]t 7see map 9 article ,,metz7 7 at mo/ a re>gu>d position4 ,moltke 0 incl9$ to ! same view1 b consid]$ ! alt]native possibility ( a )drawal t[>ds ,metz1 & ab\t #b ,p4,m4 ord]s 7 issu$ to meet ^! div]g5t op9ions4 ,! :ole army 0 to be drawn up at #f ,a4,m4 on ! #ah? 9 an e*elon fac+ nor?1 s z to be ready = action 9 ei!r direction4 ,! k+ & ,moltke !n drove to ,pont-a-,m\sson1 & ! troops biv\ack$ 9 a /ate ( read9ess4 ,! re/ ( ! #ag? 0 sp5t 9 re/or+ ord] 9 ! %att]$ ,,iii4 & ,x4 corps1 & by nightfall bo? corps 7 report$ fit = action4 ,/rangely en\gh1 !re 7 no organiz$ cavalry reconnaissances1 & no intellig5ce ( importance 0 collect$ dur+ ! night ( ! #ag?-#ah?4 ,e>ly on ! #ah? ! troops began to move into position 9 ! foll[+ ord] f left to "r3 ,,xii4 7,saxons71 ,gu>ds1 ,,ix41 ,,viii4 & ,,vii4 ,! ,x4 & ,,iii4 7 reta9$ 9 res]ve4 ,battle ( ,gravelotte-,sa9t ,privat4 ,! idea ( ! ,fr5* retreat 0 /ill upp]mo/ 9 ! pr9ce's m9d1 & ! :ole army !re=e mov$ nor?4 ,b betwe5 #aj & #aa ,a4,m4 "p ( ! tru?--viz4 t ! ,fr5* _h _! backs to ,metz & /ood 9 battle ord] f ,/ ,hub]t nor?w>ds--became evid5t1 & ! ,,ii4 army1 pivot+ on ! ,i41 :eel$ to ! "r & mov$ ea/w>d4 ,sudd5ly ! ,,ix4 corps fell "r on ! c5tre ( ! ,fr5* l9e 7,amanvill]s71 & a mo/ desp]ate enc\nt] began1 sup]ior control1 z be=e1 ceas+ aft] ! guns _h op5$ fire4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 h[ev]1 a little f>!r nor?1 aga9 ass]t$ 8 tactical ability1 & ab\t #g ,p4,m4 he br\ght into position no less ?an five army corps = ! f9al attack4 ,! sudd5 collapse ( ,fr5* resi/ance1 due to ! frontal attack ( ! ,gu>ds 7,/ ,privat7 & ! turn+ movem5t ( ! ,saxons 7,ronc\rt71 r5d]$ ! use ( ?is mass unnecess>y1 b ! resolution to use x 0 !re4 ,on ! ,g]man "r 7,i4 army71 ab\t ,gravelotte1 all sup]ior lead+ ceas$ q e>ly 9 ! aft]noon1 & at night ! ,fr5* /ill %[$ an unbrok5 front4 ,until midnight1 :5 ! pr9ce's victory 0 report$1 ! susp5se at headqu>t]s 0 t]rible4 ,! ,i4 army 0 exhau/$1 no /eps _h be5 tak5 to ensure support f ! ,,iii4 army1 & ! ,,iv4 corps 7,,ii4 army7 lay inactive #cj m4 away4 ,baza9e 9 ,metz4 ,?is seems a fitt+ place to discuss ! mu*-disput$ po9t ( ,baza9e's conduct 9 all[+ himself to be driv5 back into ,metz :5 =tune _h ?r[n into 8 h&s ! great opportunity ( ! #af? & #ag? ( ,augu/4 ,he _h be5 appo9t$ to comm& on ! #aj?1 b ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or1 :o only left ! front e>ly on ! #af?1 & _! dislike ( ,baza9e1 ex]cis$ a di/urb+ influ5ce on ! headqu>t]s /aff (fic]s4 ,dur+ ! retreat to ,metz ! m>%al _h satisfi$ himself z to ! inability ( 8 corps comm&]s to h&le _! troops1 & also z to ! ill-w ( ! /aff4 ,9 ! circum/ances he felt t a battle 9 ! op5 field c\ld only end 9 disa/]2 &1 s9ce x 0 prov$ t ! ,g]mans c\ld outm>* him1 8 army 0 sure to be ov]tak5 & annihilat$ if he v5tur$ beyond ! %elt] ( ! =tress4 ,b ne> ,metz he c\ld at lea/ inflict v sev]e puni%m5t on 8 assailants1 & 9 any case 8 pres5ce 9 ,metz w\ld neutralize a f> sup]ior =ce ( ! enemy = weeks or mon?s4 ,:at use ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t might *oose to make ( ! brea?+ space ?us secur$ 0 _! bus9ess1 n 82 & subsequ5t ev5ts %[$ t1 _h !y n =c$ ,mac,mahon's h&1 ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]'s nucleus army ( tra9$ troops might h prev5t$ ! inve/m5t ( ,p>is4 ,baza9e 0 condemn$ by c\rt-m>tial aft] ! w>1 b if ! case 7 rehe>d to-day x is c]ta9 t no *>ge ( trea*]y c\ld be su/a9$4 ,on ! ,g]man side ! victory at ,/ ,privat 0 at once foll[$ up by ! headqu>t]s4 ,e>ly on ! #ai? ! inve/m5t ( ,baza9e's army 9 ,metz 0 comm5c$4 ,a new army1 ! ,army ( ! ,meuse 7(t5 call$ ! ,,iv471 0 z soon z possible =m$ ( all troops n requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! inve/m5t1 & m>*$ (f "u ! comm& ( ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,saxony to discov] & de/roy ! rema9d] ( ! ,fr5* field army1 :i* at ?is mom5t 0 kn[n to be at ,*alons4 ,campaign ( ,s$an4 ,! op]ations :i* l$ to ! capture ( ,mac,mahon's army 9 ,s$an call = little explanation4 ,giv5 sev5 corps1 ea* capable ( av]ag+ #ae m4 a day = a week 9 succession1 oppos$ to f\r corps only1 %ak5 by defeat & unable z a :ole to cov] m ?an #e m4 a day1 ! result c\ld h>dly be d\btful4 ,b ,moltke's me?od ( conduct+ op]ations left 8 oppon5t _m op5+s :i* c\ld only be clos$ by excessive dem&s on ! m>*+ p[] ( ! m54 ,tru/+ only to 8 cavalry scre5 to secure in=mation1 he 0 always )\t any def9ite fix$ po9t ab\t :i* to manoeuvre1 = :il/ ! reports ( ! scre5 & ord]s bas$ !reon 7 be+ transmitt$1 ! enemy 0 free to move1 & g5]ally _! movem5ts 7 dictat$ by political exp$i5cy1 n by calculable milit>y motives4 ,?us :il/ ! ,g]man army1 on a front ( ne>ly #ej m41 0 m>*+ due we/ on ,p>is1 ,mac,mahon1 "u political pressure1 0 mov+ p>allel to !m1 b on a nor!rly r\te1 to attempt ! relief ( ,metz4 ,s unexpect$ 0 ?is move & s unc]ta9 ! in=mation :i* call$ att5tion to x1 t ,moltke did n v5ture to *ange at once ! direction ( m>* ( ! :ole army1 b he direct$ ! ,army ( ! ,meuse nor?w>d on ,damvill]s & ord]$ ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les to deta* two corps f ! =ces inve/+ ,metz to re9=ce x4 ,= ! mom5t1 !re=e1 ,mac,mahon's move _h succe$$1 & ! opportunity exi/$ = ,baza9e to break out4 ,b at ! critical mom5t ! hopeless want ( real effici5cy 9 ,mac,mahon's army compell$ ! latt] s to delay 8 advance t x became evid5t to ! ,g]mans t !re 0 no long] any necessity = ! ,,iii4 army to ma9ta9 ! direction t[>ds ,p>is1 & t ! probable po9t ( contact betwe5 ! ,meuse army & ! ,fr5* lay ne>] to ! "r w+ ( ! ,,iii4 army ?an to ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les's inve/+ =ce be=e ,metz4 ,! deta*m5t f ! ,,ii4 army 0 !re=e c\nt]m&$1 & ! :ole ,,iii4 army *ang$ front to ! nor?1 :ile ! ,meuse army head$ ! ,fr5* (f f ! ea/4 ,! latt] came into contact ) ! head ( ! ,fr5* columns1 dur+ ! #bi?1 ab\t ,n\>t1 & on ! #cj? at ,buzancy 7battle ( ,beaumont72 & ! ,fr5*1 yield+ to ! =ce ( numb]s comb9$ ) sup]ior moral1 7 driv5 nor?-we/w>d ^u ,s$an 7q4v471 "r across ! front ( ! ,,iii4 army1 :i* 0 n[ rapidly com+ up f ! s\?4 ,dur+ ! #ca/ ! retreat practically became a r\t1 & ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,septemb] f\nd ! ,fr5* cr[d$ ar\nd ! little =tress ( ,s$an1 ) only "o l9e ( retreat to ! nor?-we/ /ill op54 ,by #aa ,a4,m4 ! ,,xi4 corps 7,,iii4 army7 _h already clos$ t l9e1 & ab\t noon ! ,saxons 7,army ( ! ,meuse7 mov+ r\nd betwe5 ! t[n & ! ,belgian fronti] jo9$ h&s ) ! ,,xi41 & ! circle ( inve/m5t 0 complete4 ,! battle ( ,s$an 0 clos$ ab\t #d4ae ,p4,m4 by ! hoi/+ ( ! :ite flag4 ,t]ms 7 agre$ ^u dur+ ! night1 & ! :ole ,fr5* army1 ) ! emp]or1 pass$ into captivity4 7,f4 ,n4 ,m47 ,lat] op]ations4 ,?us 9 five weeks "o ( ! ,fr5* field armies 0 imprison$ 9 ,metz1 ! o!r de/roy$1 & ! ,g]mans 7 free to m>* ^u ,p>is4 ,?is seem$ easy4 ,!re c\ld be no organiz$ opposition to _! progress1#d & ,p>is1 if n s def5celess z 9 #ahad1 0 m popul\s4 ,/>vation 0 ! be/ me?od ( attack+ an ov]cr[d$ =tress1 & ! ,p>isians 7 n ?\ght to be pro( aga9/ ! deprivation ( _! accu/om$ luxuries4 ,ev5 ,moltke hop$ t by ! end ( ,octob] he w\ld be %oot+ h>es at ,creisau1 & ) ?is confid5ce ! ,g]man ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 armies left ! vic9ity ( ,s$an on ! #d? ( ,septemb]4 ,! m>* call$ = no m ?an good /aff arrangem5ts1 & ! two armies arriv$ be=e ,p>is a =tnight lat] & gradually encircl$ ! place--! ,,iii4 army on ! s\?1 ! ,,iv4 on ! nor? side--9 ! la/ days ( ,septemb]4 ,headqu>t]s 7 e/abli%$ at ,v]sailles4 ,mean:ile ! ,?ird ,empire _h fall51 giv+ place on ! #d? ( ,septemb] to a republican ,gov]nm5t ( ,national ,def5ce1 :i* made its appeal to1 & evok$1 ! _s ( #agib4 ,h5ce=w>d ! ,fr5* nation1 :i* _h left ! conduct ( ! w> to ! regul> army & _h be5 little m ?an an excit$ spectator1 took ! burd5 ^u itself4 ,! regul> army1 inde$1 /ill conta9$ m ?an #ejj1jjj m5 7*iefly recruits & res]vi/s71 & #ej1jjj sailors1 m>9es1 d\ani]s1 c41 7 also available4 ,b ! ,g>de ,mobile1 fram$ by ,m>%al ,niel 9 #ahfh1 d\bl$ ?is figure1 & ! addition ( ! ,g>de ,nationale1 call$ into exi/5ce on ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 & includ+ all able-bodi$ m5 ( f #ca to #fj ye>s ( age1 m ?an trebl$ x4 ,! ,g]man /aff _h ( c\rse to reckon on ! ,g>de ,mobile1 & did s be=eh&1 b !y :olly und]e/imat$ bo? its effective memb]s & its will+ness1 :ile1 possess+ !mselves a sy/em 9 :i* all ! milit>y elem5ts ( ! ,g]man nation /ood close beh9d ! troops ( ! active army1 !y ignor$ ! pot5tialities ( ! ,g>de ,nationale4 ,mean:ile1 bo? z a contra/ to ! ev5ts t c5tr$ on ,p>is & because 9 po9t ( "t !y 7 decid$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! weeks imm$iately foll[+ ,s$an1 we mu/ briefly allude to ! sieges conduct$ by ! ,g]mans--,p>is 7q4v471 ,metz 7q4v47 & ,bel=t 7q4v47 except$4 ,old & ru9$ z _m ( !m 71 ! ,fr5* =tresses possess$ consid]able importance 9 ! eyes ( ! ,g]mans4 ,/rassburg1 9 p>ticul>1 ! key ( ,alsace1 ! /&+ m5ace to ,s\? ,g]many & ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! spoils ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's ,raubkriege1 0 an obvi\s t>get4 ,op]ations 7 begun on ! #i? ( ,augu/1 ?ree days aft] ,wo]?1 ,g5]al v4 ,w]d]'s corps 7,bad5 troops & ,prussian ,l&wehr7 mak+ ! siege4 ,! ,fr5* comm&ant1 ,g5]al ,uhri*1 surr5d]$ aft] a /ubborn resi/ance on ! #bh? ( ,septemb]4 ,( ! small] =tresses _m1 be+ practically un>m$ & )\t g>risons1 capitulat$ at once4 ,t\l1 def5d$ by ,major ,huck ) #bjjj mobiles1 resi/$ = =ty days1 & drew ^u itself ! ef=ts ( #ac1jjj m5 & #ajj guns4 ,v]dun1 comm&$ by ,g5]al ,gu]9 de ,wald]sba*1 held out till aft] ! fall ( ,metz4 ,"s ( ! =tresses ly+ to ! nor? ( ! ,prussian l9e ( advance on ,p>is1 e4g4 ,mezi]es1 resi/$ up to ,janu>y #ahga1 ?\gh ( c\rse ?is 0 v l>gely due to ! dim9ution ( pressure caus$ by ! appe>ance ( new ,fr5* field armies 9 ,octob]4 ,on ! #i? ( ,septemb] a /range incid5t took place at ! surr5d] ( ,laon4 ,a p[d] magaz9e 0 bl[n up by ! soldi]s 9 *>ge & #cjj ,fr5* & a few ,g]man soldi]s 7 kill$ by ! explosion4 ,b z ! ,g]mans advanc$1 _! l9es ( communication 7 ?or\ghly organiz$1 & ! belt ( c\ntry betwe5 ,p>is & ! ,prussian fronti] subdu$ & g>rison$4 ,mo/ ( ^! =tresses 7 small t[n ence9tes1 dat+ f ,vauban's "t1 & op51 "u ! new conditions ( w>f>e1 to conc5tric bomb>dm5t f positions =m]ly out ( range1 ^u :i* ! besieg] c\ld place z _m guns z he *ose to employ4 ,9 addition !y 7 usually defici5t 9 armam5t & /ores & g>rison$ by newly-rais$ troops4 ,bel=t1 :]e ! def5d]s /ra9$ e n]ve to keep ! besieg]s out ( bomb>d+ range1 & ,p>is =m$ ! only exceptions to ?is g5]al rule4 ,! ,def5se ,nationale4 ,! policy ( ! new ,fr5* gov]nm5t 0 def9$ by ,jules ,favre on ! #f? ( ,septemb]4 ,x is = ! k+ ( ,prussia1 :o has decl>$ t he is mak+ w> on ! ,empire & n on ,france1 to /ay 8 h&2 we %all n c$e an in* ( our t]ritory or a /one ( our =tresses4 ,^! pr\d words1 s (t5 ridicul$ z empty bomba/1 7 ! prelude ( a national ef=t :i* re-e/abli%$ ,france 9 ! eyes ( ,europe z a great p[]1 ev5 ?\gh prov9ces & =tresses 7 c$$ 9 ! peace t t ef=t prov$ unable to av]t4 ,!y 7 translat$ into action by ,leon ,gambetta1 :o escap$ f ,p>is 9 a balloon on ! #g? ( ,octob]1 & e/abli%$ ! headqu>t]s ( ! def5ce at ,t\rs1 :]e already ! ,delegation ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t--:i* _h decid$ to rema9 9 ,p>is--_h conc5trat$ ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t4 ,!nce=w>d ,gambetta & 8 pr9cipal assi/ant de ,freyc9et direct$ ! :ole w> 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 co-ord9at+ x1 z be/ !y c\ld ) ! prec>i\s means ( communication at _! disposal1 ) ,tro*u's milit>y op]ations 9 & r\nd ! capital4 ,8 critics--,gambetta's p]sonality 0 su* z to ensure him num]\s enemies among ! high] civil & milit>y (ficials1 ov] :om1 9 ! int]e/s ( ,la ,patrie1 he rode r\gh-%od--h ackn[l$g$ ! fact1 :i* is pat5t en\gh 9 any case1 t no?+ b ,gambetta's driv+ en]gy enabl$ ,france 9 a few weeks to create & to equip twelve army corps1 repres5t+ ?irty-six divisions 7#fjj1jjj rifles & #adjj guns71 aft] all h] organiz$ regul> field troops _h be5 de/roy$ or neutraliz$4 ,b x is claim$ t by undue int]f]5ce ) ! g5]als at ! front1 by presum+ to dictate _! plans ( campaign1 & by =c+ !m to act :5 ! troops 7 unready1 ,gambetta & de ,freyc9et nullifi$ ! ef=ts ( !mselves & ! re/ ( ! nation & subject$ ,france to a humiliat+ treaty ( peace4 ,we _c "h discuss ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( su* a g5]al condemnation1 or ev5 :e!r 9 individual in/ances ,gambetta trespass$ too f> into ! special doma9 ( ! soldi]4 ,b ev5 ! brief n>rative giv5 bel[ mu/ at lea/ sugge/ to ! read] ! exi/5ce among/ ! g5]als & high] (ficials ( a dead weight ( passive resi/ance to ! ,delegation's ord]s1 ( unnecess>y di/ru/ ( ! qualities ( ! improvis$ troops1 & above all ( ! utt] fe> ( responsibility t tw5ty ye>s ( lit]al ob$i5ce _h br$4 ,! close/ /udy ( ! w> _c lead to any o!r conclusion ?an ?is1 t :e!r or n ,gambetta z a /rategi/ took ! "r c\rse 9 g5]al or 9 p>ticul> cases1 no "o else w\ld h tak5 any c\rse :atev]4 ,on ! approa* ( ! enemy ,p>is ha/5$ its prep>ations = def5ce to ! utmo/1 :ile 9 ! prov9ces1 out ( rea* ( ! ,g]man cavalry1 new army corps 7 rapidly organiz$ out ( ! few con/itut$ regul> units n involv$ 9 ! previ\s cata/rophes1 ! depot troops & ! mobile national gu>d4 ,! fir/-fruits ( ^! ef=ts 7 se5 9 ,beauce1 :]e e>ly 9 ,octob] important masses ( ,fr5* troops prep>$ n only to b> ! fur!r progress ( ! invad] b actually to relieve ,p>is4 ,! s-call$ fog ( w>--! arm$ inhabitants1 francs-tireurs1 s$5t>y national gu>d & volunte]s--prev5t$ ! ,g]man cavalry f v5tur+ f> out f ! infantry camps ar\nd ,p>is1 & beh9d ?is scre5 ! new #ae? army corps assembl$ on ! ,loire4 ,b an untimely demon/ration ( =ce al>m$ ! ,g]mans1 all ( :om1 f ,moltke d[nw>ds1 _h hi!rto disbeliev$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,fr5* new =mations1 & ! /ill unready #ae? corps f\nd itself ! t>get ( an exp$ition ( ! ,i4 ,bav>ian corps1 :i* drove ! def5d]s out ( ,orleans aft] a %>p /ruggle1 :ile at ! same "t ano!r exp$ition swept ! we/]n "p ( ,beauce1 sack$ ,*ateaudun z a puni%m5t = its brave def5ce1 & return$ via ,*>tres1 :i* 0 occupi$4 ,aft] ^! ev5ts ! ,fr5* =ces disappe>$ f ,g]man eyes = "s weeks4 ,d',aurelle de ,palad9es1 ! comm&] ( ! ,army ( ! ,loire 7#ae? & #af? corps71 improvis$ a camp ( in/ruction at ,salbris 9 ,sologne1 sev]al m>*es out ( rea*1 & subject$ 8 raw troops to a /]n regime ( drill & discipl9e4 ,at ! same "t an ,army ( ! ,we/ began to ga!r on ! side ( ,le ,mans4 ,?is army 0 almo/ imag9>y1 yet rum\rs ( its exi/5ce & numb]s l$ ! ,g]man comm&]s into ! grave/ errors1 = !y soon came to suspect t ! ma9 army lay on t side & n on ! ,loire1 & ?is mi/ak5 impression gov]n$ ! ,g]man dispositions up to ! v eve ( ! decisive ev5ts ar\nd ,orleans 9 ,decemb]4 ,?us :5 at la/ ,d',aurelle took ! (f5sive f ,t\rs 7:i!r he _h transport$ 8 =ces1 n[ #ajj1jjj /rong7 aga9/ ! position ( ! ,i4 ,bav>ian corps ne> ,orleans1 he f\nd 8 task easy4 ,! ,bav>ians1 outnumb]$ & unsupport$1 7 defeat$ ) heavy losses 9 ! battle ( ,c\lmi]s 7,novemb] #i71 &1 _h x n be5 = ! inexp]i5ce1 want ( comb9ation1 & o!r te*nical weaknesses ( ! ,fr5*1 !y w\ld h be5 annihilat$4 ,:at ! results ( su* a victory z ,c\lmi]s might h be51 _h x be5 won by a fully organiz$1 smoo?ly work+ army ( ! same /r5g?1 x is difficult to ov]e/imate4 ,z x 01 ! retirem5t ( ! ,bav>ians rang ! al>m bell all along ! l9e ( ! ,g]man positions1 & t 0 all4 ,!n once aga91 in/ead ( foll[+ up its success1 ! ,fr5* army disappe>$ f view4 ,! victory _h embold5$ ! fog ( w> to make r5ew$ ef=ts1 & resi/ance to ! pressure ( ! ,g]man cavalry grew day by day4 ,! ,bav>ians 7 re9=c$ by two ,prussian divisions & by all available cavalry comm&s1 & con/itut$ z an army deta*m5t "u ! gr&-duke ,fri$ri* ,franz ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]9 to deal ) ! ,army ( ! ,loire1 ! /r5g? ( :i* 0 f> f be+ accurately kn[n4 ,meantime ! capitulation ( ,metz on ! #bh? ( ,octob] _h set free ! vet]ans ( ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 ! be/ troops 9 ! ,g]man army1 = field op]ations4 ,! latt] 7 at fir/ misdirect$ to ! upp] ,se9e1 & yet ano!r opportunity arose = ! ,fr5* to raise ! siege ( ,p>is4 ,b ,d',aurelle utiliz$ ! "t he _h ga9$ 9 /r5g!n+ ! army & 9 imp>t+ drill & discipl9e to ! new units :i* ga!r$ r\nd ! orig9al nucleus ( ! #ae? & #af? corps4 ,all ?is 01 h[ev]1 unkn[n & ev5 unsuspect$ at ! ,g]man headqu>t]s1 & ! invad]s1 feel+ ! approa*+ crisis1 became m ?an uneasy z to _! prospects ( ma9ta9+ ! siege ( ,p>is4 ,! ,orleans campaign4 ,at ?is mom5t1 9 ! middle ( ,novemb]1 ! g5]al situation 0 z foll[s3 ! ,g]man ,,iii4 & ,meuse armies1 inve/+ ,p>is1 _h _h to ?r[ (f important deta*m5ts to protect ! ent]prise1 :i* !y _h und]tak5 on ! assumption t no fur!r field armies ( ! enemy 7 to be enc\nt]$4 ,! ma9t5ance ( _! communications ) ,g]many1 relatively unimportant :5 ! /ruggle took place 9 ! circum/ances ( field w>f>e1 _h become supremely necess>y1 n[ t ! army _h come to a /&/ill & und]tak5 a great siege1 :i* requir$ heavy guns & con/ant repl5i%m5t ( ammunition & /ores4 ,! rapidity ( ! ,g]man invasion _h left no "t = ! prop] organization & full g>rison+ ( ^! communications1 :i* 7 n[ ?reat5$1 n m]ely by ! ,army ( ! ,loire1 b by o!r =ces assembl+ on ! area protect$ by ,langres & ,bel=t4 ,! latt]1 "u ,g5]al ,cambriels1 7 held 9 *eck & no m by ! ,bad5 troops & res]ve units 7,,xiv4 ,g]man corps7 "u ,g5]al ,w]d]1 & ev5tually )\t ar\s+ att5tion !y 7 able to s5d #dj1jjj m5 to ! ,army ( ! ,loire4 ,?is army1 /ill ar\nd ,orleans1 ?us came to numb] p]haps #aej1jjj m51 & oppos$ to x1 ab\t ! #ad? ( ,novemb]1 ! ,g]mans _h only ! ,army ,deta*m5t ( ab\t #dj1jjj1 ! ,,ii4 army be+ /ill di/ant4 ,x 0 "u ^! conditions t ! fam\s ,orleans campaign took place4 ,aft] _m vicissitudes ( =tune1 & ) _m misund]/&+s betwe5 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 ,moltke & ! gr&-duke1 ! ,g]mans 7 ultimately victori\s1 ?anks pr9cipally to ! brilliant fight+ ( ! ,x4 corps at ,beaune-la-,rol&e 7#bh? ( ,novemb]71 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! battle ( ,loigny-,p\pry on ! #bnd ( ,decemb] & ! second capture ( ,orleans aft] heavy fight+ on ! #d? ( ,decemb]4 ,! result ( ! capture ( ,orleans 0 ! sev]ance ( ! two w+s ( ! ,fr5* army1 h5ce=w>d comm&$ respectively by ,*anzy & ,b\rbaki4 ,! latt] fell back at once & ha/ily1 ?\gh n closely pursu$1 to ,b\rges4 ,b ,*anzy1 oppos+ ! ,deta*m5t betwe5 ,beaug5cy & ! ,=e/ ( ,m>*5oir1 0 ( /]n] metal1 & 9 ! five days' g5]al engagem5t ar\nd ,beaug5cy 7,decemb] #g-aa7 ! ,g]mans ga9$ little or no real advantage4 ,inde$ _! solit>y mat]ial success1 ! capture ( ,beaug5cy1 0 due *iefly to ! fact t ! ,fr5* !re 7 subject$ to conflict+ ord]s f ! milit>y & ! gov]nm5tal au?orities4 ,*anzy !n ab&on$ little b ! field ( battle1 & on ! gr&-duke's repres5tations ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 leav+ a m]e scre5 to impose ^u ,b\rbaki 7:o all[$ himself to be deceiv$ & rema9$ inactive71 hurri$ ?i!r ) ! ,,ii4 army4 ,aft] t ,*anzy 0 rapidly driv5 nor?-we/w>d1 ?\gh always pres5t+ a /ubborn front4 ,! ,delegation left ,t\rs & betook itself to ,bordeaux1 :5ce x direct$ ! gov]nm5t = ! re/ ( ! w>4 ,b all ?is cont9u\s m>*+ & fight+1 & ! gr[+ sev]ity ( ! wea!r1 compell$ ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les to call a halt = a few days4 ,ab\t ! #ai? ( ,decemb]1 !re=e1 ! ,g]mans 7,,ii4 army & ,deta*m5t7 7 clos$ up 9 ! region ( ,*>tres1 ,orleans1 ,aux]re & ,fonta9ebleau1 ,*anzy along ! riv] ,s>! ab\t ,le ,mans & ,b\rbaki /ill passive t[>ds ,b\rges4 ,dur+ ?is1 z dur+ o!r halts1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t & its g5]als occupi$ !mselves ) fre% plans ( campaign1 ! =m] ) an eag] desire = results1 ! latt] 7,*anzy except$7 ) _m misgiv+s4 ,ultimately1 & fatally1 x 0 decid$ t ,b\rbaki1 :om no?+ c\ld move t[>ds ,orleans1 %\ld dep>t = ! s\?-ea/1 ) a view to reliev+ ,bel=t & /rik+ p]p5dicul>ly aga9/ ! long l9e ( ! ,g]mans' communications4 ,?is movem5t1 bold to ! po9t ( extreme ra%ness judg$ by any !oretical rules ( /rategy1 seems to h be5 sugge/$ by de ,freyc9et4 ,z ! execution ( x fell actually into incapable h&s1 x is difficult to judge :at w\ld h be5 ! result _h a ,*anzy or a ,faidh]be be5 9 comm& ( ! ,fr5*4 ,at any rate x 0 vici\s 9 s f> z imm$iate advantages 7 sacrific$ to hopes ( ultimate success :i* ,gambetta & de ,freyc9et did wrong to base on ,b\rbaki's p[]s ( g5]al%ip4 ,late 9 ,decemb]1 = good or evil1 ,b\rbaki m>*$ (f into ,fran*e-,comte & ceas$ to be a factor 9 ! ,loire campaign4 ,a m]e calculation ( "t & space suffic$ to %[ ! ,g]man headqu>t]s t ! mom5t _h arriv$ to demoli% ! /ubborn ,*anzy4 ,le ,mans4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les resum$ ! int]rupt$ (f5sive1 pu%+ we/w>d ) f\r corps & f\r cavalry divisions :i* conv]g$ on ,le ,mans4 ,!re on ! #aj?1 #aa? & #ab? ( ,janu>y #ahga a /ubbornly conte/$ battle end$ ) ! retreat ( ! ,fr5*1 :o ow$ _! defeat solely to ! misbehavi\r ( ! ,breton mobiles4 ,^!1 aft] des]t+ _! po/ on ! battlefield at a m]e ?reat ( ! enemy's infantry1 fl$ 9 disord] & infect$ ) _! t]rors ! m5 9 ! res]ve camps ( in/ruction1 :i* broke up 9 turn4 ,b ,*anzy1 resolute z ev]1 drew (f 8 field army intact t[>ds ,laval1 :]e a fre%ly rais$ corps jo9$ him4 ,! pr9ce's army 0 f> too exhau/$ to deliv] ano!r effective bl[1 & ! ma9 body ( x gradually drew back into bett] qu>t]s1 :ile ! gr& duke dep>t$ = ! nor? to aid 9 oppos+ ,faidh]be4 ,"s idea ( ! /ra9 to :i* ! invad]s _h be5 subject$ may be ga!r$ f ! fact t army corps1 orig9ally #cj1jjj /rong1 7 9 "s cases r$uc$ to #aj1jjj & ev5 few] bayonets4 ,& at ?is mom5t ,b\rbaki 0 at ! head ( #abj1jjj m56 ,inde$1 s ?reat5+ seem$ ! situation on ! ,loire1 ?\gh ! ,fr5* s\? ( t riv] betwe5 ,gi5 & ,blois 7 m]e isolat$ brigades1 t ! pr9ce hurri$ back f ,le ,mans to ,orleans to take p]sonal comm&4 ,a fre% ,fr5* corps1 be>+ ! numb] #be1 & be+ ! tw5ty-fir/ actually rais$ dur+ ! w>1 appe>$ 9 ! field t[>ds ,blois4 ,*anzy 0 aga9 at ! head ( #aef1jjj m54 ,he 0 ab\t to take ! (f5sive aga9/ ! #dj1jjj ,g]mans left ne> ,le ,mans :5 to 8 bitt] disappo9tm5t he receiv$ ! news ( ! armi/ice4 ,we h /ill ,france1 he _h said to 8 /aff1 undet]r$ by ! news ( ! capitulation ( ,p>is1 b n[ he _h to submit1 = ev5 if 8 improvis$ army 0 /ill *e]ful1 !re 7 _m significant tok5s t ! p at l>ge _h sunk into apa?y & hop$ to avoid worse t]ms ( peace by discont9u+ ! conte/ at once4 ,s end$ ! critical p]iod ( ! ,def5se nationale4 ,x may be tak5 to h la/$ f ! day ( ,c\lmi]s to ! la/ day ( ,le ,mans1 & its c5tral po9t 0 ! battle ( ,beaune-la-,rol&e4 ,its *>act]i/ics 71 on ! ,g]man side1 inadequacy ( ! sy/em ( /rategy practis$1 :i* became palpable z soon z ! organs ( reconnaissance met ) s]i\s resi/ance1 misjudgm5t ( & inde$ contempt = ! fight+ p[]s ( new =mations1 & ! rise ( a _s ( f]ocity 9 ! man 9 ! ranks1 born ( 8 res5tm5t at ! cont9uance ( ! w> & ! ceaseless snip+ ( ! franc-tireur's rifle & ! peasant's %ot-gun4 ,on ! ,fr5* side ! cont9ual ef=ts ( ! /atesm5 to /imulate ! g5]als to decisive ef=ts1 c\pl$ ) actual sugge/ions z to ! plans ( ! campaign to be foll[$ 79 default1 be x said1 ( ! g5]als !mselves produc+ su* plans71 & ! pr(essional soldi]s' di/ru/ ( half-tra9$ troops1 act$ & react$ ^u "o ano!r 9 su* a way z to neutralize ! p[]ful1 if disconnect$ & erratic1 =ces t ! w> & ! ,republic _h un*a9$4 ,z = ! soldi]s !mselves1 _! mo/ conspicu\s qualities 7 _! uncompla9+ endurance ( fatigues & wet biv\acs1 & 9 action _! capacity = a s+le great ef=t & no m4 ,b !y 7 unreliable 9 ! h&s ( ! vet]an regul> g5]al1 because !y 7 het]og5e\s 9 recruit+1 & unequal 9 exp]i5ce & milit>y qualities1 & ! ,fr5* /aff 9 ^? days 0 :olly incapable ( mov+ masses ( troops ) ! rapidity dem&$ by ! enemy's me?ods ( w>1 s t on ! :ole x is difficult to "k :e!r to wond] m at _! miss+ success or at _! s ne>ly a*iev+ x4 ,! decision1 z we h said1 0 f\ght out on ! ,loire & ! ,s>!4 ,nev]!less ! glori\s /ory ( ! ,def5se nationale includes two o!r important campaigns--t ( ,faidh]be 9 ! nor? & t ( ,b\rbaki 9 ! ea/4 ,faidh]be's campaign4 ,9 ! nor? ! organization ( ! new =mations 0 begun by ,dr ,te/el9 & ,g5]al ,f>re4 ,b\rbaki held ! comm& = a %ort "t 9 ,novemb] be=e proce$+ to ,t\rs1 b ! active comm& 9 field op]ations came into ! h&s ( ,faidh]be1 a g5]al ^: natural p[]s1 s f> f be+ cramp$ by ye>s ( peace r\t9e & c\rt repression1 _h be5 develop$ by a c>e] ( pione] w>f>e & colonial adm9i/ration4 ,g5]al ,f>re 0 8 capable *ief ( /aff4 ,troops 7 rais$ f fugitives f ,metz & ,s$an1 z well z f depot troops & ! ,g>de ,mobile1 & sev]al m9or successes 7 won by ! national troops 9 ! ,se9e valley1 = "h1 z on ! side ( ! ,loire1 m]e deta*m5ts ( ! inve/+ army r\nd ,p>is 7 almo/ p[]less4 ,b ! capitulation ( ,metz came too soon = ! full developm5t ( ^! s\rces ( milit>y /r5g?1 & ! ,g]man ,i4 army "u ,manteuffel1 releas$ f duty at ,metz1 m>*$ nor?-ea/w>d1 captur+ ! m9or =tresses on its way4 ,be=e ,faidh]be assum$ comm&1 ,f>re _h f\ght sev]al sev]e actions ne> ,ami5s1 b1 greatly outnumb]$1 _h be5 defeat$ & =c$ to retire beh9d ! ,somme4 ,ano!r ,fr5* g5]al1 ,bri&1 _h also engag$ ! enemy )\t success ne> ,r\54 ,faidh]be assum$ ! comm& on ! #crd ( ,decemb]1 & promptly mov$ =w>d4 ,a g5]al engagem5t on ! little riv] ,hallue 7,decemb] #bc71 ea/-nor?-ea/ ( ,ami5s1 0 f\ght ) no decisive results1 b ,faidh]be1 feel+ t 8 troops 7 only capable ( w9n+ victories 9 ! fir/ ru%1 drew !m (f on ! #bd?4 ,8 next ef=t1 at ,bapaume 7,janu>y #b-c1 #ahga71 0 m successful1 b its effects 7 c\nt]balanc$ by ! surr5d] ( ! =tress ( ,p]onne 7,janu>y #i7 & ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( ! ,g]mans on ! l9e ( ! ,somme4 ,mean:ile ! ,r\5 troops _h be5 conta9$ by a /rong ,g]man deta*m5t1 & !re 0 no fur!r *ance ( succ\r+ ,p>is f ! nor?4 ,b ,faidh]be1 l ,*anzy1 0 f> f despair1 & 9 spite ( ! defici5cies ( 8 troops 9 equipm5t 7#ej1jjj pairs ( %oes1 suppli$ by ,engli% contractors1 prov$ to h pap] soles71 he risk$ a ?ird great battle at ,/ ,qu5t9 7,janu>y #ai74 ,?is "t he 0 sev]ely defeat$1 ?\gh 8 loss 9 kill$ & w\nd$ 0 ab\t equal to t ( ! ,g]mans1 :o 7 comm&$ by ,goeb54 ,/ill ! attempt ( ! ,g]mans to surr\nd him fail$ & he drew (f 8 =ces ) 8 artill]y & tra9s unh>m$4 ,! ,g]mans1 :o _h be5 greatly impress$ by ! solidity ( 8 army1 did n pursue him f>1 & ,faidh]be 0 prep>+ = a fre% ef=t :5 he receiv$ ord]s to susp5d ho/ilities4 ,! la/ episode is ,b\rbaki's campaign 9 ! ea/1 ) its m\rnful close at ,pont>li]4 ,be=e ! crisis ( ! la/ week ( ,novemb]1 ! ,fr5* =ces "u ,g5]al ,crem]1 ,cambriels' successor1 _h be5 s f> successful 9 m9or ent]prises t1 z m5tion$ above1 ! "r w+ ( ! ,loire army1 sev]$ f ! left by ! battle ( ,orleans & subsequ5tly held inactive at ,b\rges & ,nev]s1 0 ord]$ to ,fran*e ,comte to take ! (f5sive aga9/ ! ,,xiv4 corps & o!r ,g]man troops !re1 to relieve ,bel=t & to /rike a bl[ across ! invad]s' l9e ( communications4 ,b !re 7 _m delays 9 execution4 ,! /aff "w1 :i* 0 at no "t satisfactory 9 ! ,fr5* armies ( #ahgj1 0 complicat$ by ! sn[1 ! bad /ate ( ! roads1 & ! m\nta9\s nature ( ! c\ntry1 & ,b\rbaki1 a brave g5]al ( division 9 action1 b irresolute & pret5ti\s z a comm&] 9 *ief1 0 n ! man to cope ) ! situation4 ,only ! furi\s c\rage & pati5t endurance ( h>d%ips ( ! rank & file1 & ! good qualities ( "s ( ! g5]als1 su* z ,cl9*ant1 ,crem] & ,billot1 & junior /aff (fic]s su* z ,major ,brug]e 7aft]w>ds g5]alissimo ( ! ,fr5* army71 secur$ :at success 0 atta9$4 ,! campaign 9 ! ,ea/4 ,w]d]1 ! ,g]man comm&]1 w>n$ ( ! impos+ conc5tration ( ! ,fr5*1 evacuat$ ,dijon & ,dole j 9 "t to avoid ! bl[ & rapidly drew toge!r 8 =ces beh9d ! ,ognon above ,ves\l4 ,a furi\s attack on "o ( 8 divisions at ,vill]sexel 7,janu>y #i7 co/ him #bjjj prison]s z well z 8 kill$ & w\nd$1 & ,b\rbaki1 head+ = ,bel=t1 0 actually ne>] to ! =tress ?an ! ,g]mans4 ,b at ! crisis m "t 0 wa/$1 ,w]d] 7:o _h almo/ lo/ hope ( ma9ta9+ himself & _h receiv$ bo? enc\ragem5t & /r+5t in/ructions to d s7 slipp$ 9 front ( ! ,fr5*1 & took up a long weak l9e ( def5ce on ! riv] ,lisa9e1 almo/ )9 cannon %ot ( ,bel=t4 ,! cumbr\s ,fr5* army mov$ up & attack$ him !re ) #aej1jjj aga9/ #fj1jjj 7,janu>y #ae-ag1 #ahga74 ,x 0 at la/ repuls$1 ?anks *iefly to ,b\rbaki's inability to h&le 8 =ces1 &1 to ! bitt] disappo9tm5t ( (fic]s & m5 alike1 he ord]$ a retreat1 leav+ ,bel=t to its fate4 ,ere ?is1 s urg5t 0 ! necessity ( assi/+ ,w]d]1 ,manteuffel _h be5 plac$ at ! head ( a new ,army ( ! ,s\?4 ,br++ two corps f ! ,i4 army oppos+ ,faidh]be & call+ up a ?ird f ! armies ar\nd ,p>is1 & a f\r? f ! ,,ii4 army1 ,manteuffel hurri$ s\?w>d by ,langres to ! ,saone4 ,!n1 he>+ ( ,w]d]'s victory on ! ,lisa9e1 he deflect$ ! m>* s z to cut (f ,b\rbaki's retreat1 draw+ (f ! left flank gu>d ( ! latt] 7comm&$ ) mu* eclat & little real effect by ,g>ibaldi7 by a %>p fe9t attack on ,dijon4 ,! pressure ( ,w]d] 9 front & ,manteuffel 9 flank gradually =c$ ! n[ ?or\ghly di%e>t5$ ,fr5* =ces t[>ds ! ,swiss fronti]1 & ,b\rbaki1 realiz+ at once ! ru9 ( 8 army & 8 own incapacity to re-e/abli% its effici5cy1 %ot himself1 ?\gh n fatally1 on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y4 ,cl9*ant1 8 successor1 act$ promptly en\gh to remove ! imm$iate dang]1 b on ! #bi? he 0 in=m$ ( ! armi/ice )\t at ! same "t be+ told t ,bel=t & ! ea/]n !atre ( w> _h be5 on ,jules ,favre's dem& expressly except$ f its op]ation4#e ,?us ! ,fr5*1 ! lead]s di/ract$ by d\bts & ! worn-out soldi]s fully aw>e t ! w> 0 practically ov]1 /ood /ill1 :ile ,manteuffel complet$ 8 prep>ations = hemm+ !m 94 ,on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y ,g5]al ,cl9*ant l$ 8 troops into ,switz]l&1 :]e !y 7 dis>m$1 int]n$ & well c>$ = by ! au?orities ( ! neutral /ate4 ,! re>gu>d f\ght a la/ action ) ! advanc+ ,g]mans be=e pass+ ! fronti]4 ,on ! #af?1 by ord] ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 ,bel=t capitulat$1 b x 0 n until ! #aa? ( ,m>* t ! ,g]mans took possession ( ,bit*e1 ! little =tress on ! ,vosges1 :]e 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> de ,failly _h illu/rat$ s signally ! want ( conc]t$ action & ! neglect ( opportunities :i* _h ?r\gh\t prov$ ! bane ( ! ,fr5* armies4 ,! losses ( ! ,g]mans dur+ ! :ole w> 7 #bh1jjj dead & #aja1jjj w\nd$ & disabl$1 ^? ( ! ,fr5*1 #aef1jjj dead 7#ag1jjj ( :om di$1 ( sickness & w\nds1 z prison]s 9 ,g]man h&s7 & #adc1jjj w\nd$ & disabl$4 #gbj1jjj m5 surr5d]$ to ! ,g]mans or to ! au?orities ( neutral /ates1 & at ! close ( ! w> !re 7 /ill #bej1jjj troops on foot1 ) fur!r res\rces n imm$iately available to ! numb] ( #bhj1jjj m4 ,9 ?is connexion1 & z evid5ce ( ! respective num]ical yields ( ! ,g]man sy/em work+ normally & ( ! ,fr5* improvis$ = ! em]g5cy1 we quote f ,b]ndt 7,zahl im ,kriege7 ! foll[+ comp>ative figures3-- ,end ( ,july ,fr5* #bej1jjj1 ,g]mans #chd1jjj "u arms4 ,middle ( ,novemb] #fjj1jjj #dbe1jjj ,aft] ! surr5d] ( ,p>is & ! dis>mam5t ( ,b\rbaki's army #ecd1jjj #hce1jjj ,! date ( ! armi/ice 0 ! #bh? ( ,janu>y1 & t ( ! ratification ( ! treaty ( ,frankfurt ! #bcrd ( ,may #ahga4 ,,bibliography4--,! lit]ature ( ! w> is ev] increas+ 9 volume1 & ! foll[+ li/ only includes a v %ort selection made among/ ! mo/ important works4 ,g5]al4--,g]man (ficial hi/ory1 ,d] deuts*-franzoesis*e ,krieg 7,b]l91 #ahgb-ahha2 ,engli% & ,fr5* translations72 monographs ( ! ,g]man g5]al /aff 7,kriegsges*4 ,e9zels*rift572 ,moltke1 ,ges*4 des deuts*-franzoes4 ,krieges 7,b]l91 #ahia2 ,engli% translation7 & ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 des ,g4 ,f4 ,m4 ,graf5 v4 ,moltke 7,b]l91 #aijj- 72 ,fr5* (ficial hi/ory1 ,la ,gu]re de #ahgj-ahga 7,p>is1 #aijb- 7 7! fulle/ & mo/ accurate acc\nt72 ,p4 ,lehautc\rt 7,g5]al ,palat71 ,hi/4 de la gu]re de #ahgj-ahga 7,p>is1 #aija-aijg72 v4 ,v]dy du ,v]nois1 ,/udi5 ueb] d5 ,krieg 444 auf ,grundlage #ahgj-ahga 7,b]l91 #ahib-ahif72 ,g4 ,c>d9al von ,widd]n1 ,kritis*e ,tage #ahgj-ahga 7,fr5* translation1 ,j\rnees critiques74 ,ev5ts prec$+ ! w> are dealt ) 9 v4 ,b]nh>di1 ,zwis*5 zwei ,krieg52 ,b>on ,/(fel1 ,rapports militaires #ahff-ahgj 7,p>is1 #ahga2 ,engli% translation72 ,g4 ,lehmann1 ,die ,mobilma*ung #ahgj-ahga 7,b]l91 #aije74 ,= ! w> 9 ,lorra9e3 ,pr9ce ,kraft ( ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+51 ,briefe ueb] ,/rategie 7,engli% translation1 ,lett]s on ,/rategy72 ,f4 ,fo*1 ,conduite de la gu]re1 pt4 ii42 ,h4 ,bonnal1 ,manoeuvre de ,sa9t ,privat 7,p>is1 #aijd-aijf72 ,mai/re1 ,spi*]5 7,p>is1 #aijh72 v4 ,s*ell1 ,die ,op]ation5 d] ,i4 ,armee unt] ,g54 von ,/e9metz 7,b]l91 #ahgb2 ,engli% translation72 ,f4 ,ho5ig1 ,taktik d] ,zukunft 7,engli% translation71 & #bd ,/und5 ,moltke's*5 ,/rategie 7,b]l91 #ahib2 ,engli% & ,fr5* translations74 ,= ! w> 9 ,alsace & ,*ampagne3 ,h4 ,kunz1 ,s*la*t von ,wo]? 7,b]l91 #ahia71 & lat] works by ! same au?or2 ,h4 ,bonnal1 ,froes*weil] 7,p>is1 #ahii72 ,hahnke1 ,die ,op]ation5 des ,,iii4 ,armee bis ,s$an 7,b]l91 #ahgc2 ,fr5* translation74 ,= ! w> 9 ! ,prov9ces3 v4 d] ,goltz1 ,leon ,gambetta und se9e ,arme5 7,b]l91 #ahgg72 ,die ,op]ation5 d] ,,ii4 ,armee an die ,loire 7,b]l91 #ahge72 ,die sieb5 ,tage von ,le ,mans 7,b]l91 #ahgc72 ,kunz1 ,die ,zusamm5setzung d] franzoes4 ,prov9zialhe]52 de ,freyc9et1 ,la ,gu]re en prov9ce 7,p>is1 #ahga72 ,l4 ,a4 ,hale1 ,! ,p's ,w> 7,london1 #aijd72 ,ho5ig1 ,volkskrieg an die ,loire 7,b]l91 #ahib72 ,blume1 ,op]ation5 v4 ,s$an bis zum ,ende d4 ,kriegs 7,b]l91 #ahgb2 ,engli% translation72 v4 ,s*ell1 ,die ,op]ation5 d] ,i4 ,armee unt] ,g54 v4 ,goeb5 7,b]l91 #ahgc2 ,engli% translation72 ,c\nt ,w>t5sleb51 ,feldzug d] ,nord>mee unt] ,g54 v4 ,manteuffel 7,b]l91 #ahgb71 ,op]ation5 d] ,sud>mee 7,b]l91 #ahgb2 ,engli% translation72 ,faidh]be1 ,campagne de l'armee du nord 7,p>is1 #ahgb74 ,= ! sieges3 ,frob5ius1 ,kriegsges*4 ,beispiele d4 ,fe/ungskriegs aus d4 deuts*4-franz4 ,kg4 7,b]l91 #ahii-aijj72 ,goetze1 ,taetigkeit d] deuts*5 ,+5ieur5 7,b]l91 #ahga2 ,engli% translation74 ,! mo/ useful bibliography is t ( ,g5]al ,palat 7,p4 ,lehautc\rt74 7,c4 ,f4 ,a47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ bapteme de feu ( ! pr9ce imp]ial4 #b ,! ,,ii4 corps _h n yet arriv$ f ,g]many4 #c ,( ! ,i4 army ! ,i4 corps 0 reta9$ on ! ea/ side ( ,metz4 ,! ,,ii4 corps belong$ to ! ,,ii4 army1 b _h n yet rea*$ ! front4 #d ,! #ac? corps 7,v9oy71 :i* _h foll[$ ,mac,mahon's army at "s di/ance1 0 n involv$ 9 ! cata/rophe ( ,s$an1 & by good luck z well z good managem5t evad$ ! ,g]man pursuit & return$ safely to ,p>is4 #e ,jules ,favre1 x appe>s1 neglect$ to in=m ,gambetta ( ! exception4 ,,francois ,,de ,,neuf*ateau1 ,,nicolas ,,l\is1 ,,c\nt 7#agej-ahbh71 ,fr5* /atesman & poet1 0 born at ,saffais ne> ,rozi]es 9 ,lorra9e on ! #ag? ( ,april #agej1 ! son ( a s*ool-tea*]4 ,he /udi$ at ! ,jesuit college ( ,neuf*ateau 9 ! ,vosges1 & at ! age ( f\rte5 publi%$ a volume ( poetry :i* obta9$ ! approbation ( ,r\sseau & ( ,voltaire4 ,neuf*ateau conf]r$ on him its "n1 & he 0 elect$ memb] ( "s ( ! pr9cipal academies ( ,france4 ,9 #aghc he 0 nam$ procureur-g5]al to ! c\ncil ( ,santo ,dom+o4 ,he _h previ\sly be5 engag$ on a translation ( ,ario/o1 :i* he f9i%$ be=e 8 return to ,france five ye>s aft]w>ds1 b x p]i%$ dur+ ! %ipwreck :i* occurr$ dur+ 8 voyage home4 ,aft] ! ,revolution he 0 elect$ deputy suppleant to ! ,national ,assembly1 0 *>g$ ) ! organization ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,vosges1 & 0 elect$ lat] to ! ,legislative ,assembly1 ( :i* he fir/ became secret>y & !n presid5t4 ,9 #agic he 0 imprison$ on acc\nt ( ! political s5tim5ts1 9 reality v innoc5t1 ( 8 drama ,pamela ou la v]tu recomp5see 7,!atre de la ,nation1 #a/ ,augu/ #agic71 b 0 set free a few days aft]w>ds at ! revolution ( ! #i? ,!rmidor4 ,9 #agig he became m9i/] ( ! int]ior1 9 :i* (fice he di/+ui%$ himself by ! ?or\ghness ( 8 adm9i/ration 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,x is to him t ,france owes its sy/em ( inl& navigation4 ,he inaugurat$ ! museum ( ! ,l\vre1 & 0 "o ( ! promot]s ( ! fir/ univ]sal exhibition ( indu/rial products4 ,f #ahjd to #ahjf he 0 presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 & 9 t capacity ! duty devolv$ ^u him ( solicit+ ,napoleon to assume ! title ( emp]or4 ,9 #ahjh he receiv$ ! dignity ( c\nt4 ,retir+ f public life 9 #ahad1 he occupi$ himself *iefly 9 ! /udy ( agriculture1 until 8 dea? on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y #ahbh4 ,francois de ,neuf*ateau _h v multif>i\s accompli%m5ts1 & int]e/$ himself 9 a great v>iety ( subjects1 b 8 fame re/s *iefly on :at he did z a /atesman = ! enc\ragem5t & developm5t ( ! indu/ries ( ,france4 ,8 matur] poetical productions did n fulfil ! promise ( ^? ( 8 e>ly ye>s1 = ?\gh "s ( 8 v]ses h a sup]ficial elegance1 8 poetry g5]ally lacks =ce & orig9ality4 ,he _h consid]able qualifications z a gramm>ian & critic1 z is witness$ by 8 editions ( ! ,prov9ciales & ,p5sees ( ,pascal 7,p>is1 #ahbb & #ahbf7 & ,gil ,blas 7,p>is1 #ahbj74 ,8 pr9cipal poetical works are ,poesies div]ses 7#agfe72 ,ode sur les p>lem5ts 7#agga72 ,n\veaux ,contes moraux 7#agha72 ,les ,vosges 7#agif72 ,fables et contes 7#ahad72 & ,les ,tropes1 ou les figures de mots 7#ahag74 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( a l>ge numb] ( works on agriculture4 ,see ,recueil des lettres1 circulaires1 disc\rs et autres actes publics emanes du ,cte4 ,francois p5dant ses deux ex]cices du m9i/]e de l'int]ieur 7,p>is1 ,an4 vii4-viii41 #b vols472 ,notice biographique sur ,m4 le comte ,francois de ,neuf*ateau 7#ahbh71 by ,a4 ,f4 de ,sill]y2 ,h4 ,bonneli]1 ,memoires sur ,francois de ,neuf*ateau 7,p>is1 #ahbi72 ,j4 ,lam\reux1 ,notice hi/orique et litt]aire sur la vie et les ecrits de ,francois de ,neuf*ateau 7,p>is1 #ahdc72 ,e4 ,meaume1 ,etude hi/orique et biographique sur les ,lorra9s revolutionnaires3 ,palissot1 ,gregoire1 ,francois de ,neuf*ateau 7,nancy1 #ahhb72 ,*4 ,simian1 ,francois de ,neuf*ateau et les expositions 7,p>is1 #ahhi74 ,,franconia 7,g]4 ,frank571 ! "n ( "o ( ! /em-du*ies ( m$ieval ,g]many4 ,x /ret*$ along ! valley ( ! ,ma9 f ! ,rh9e to ,bohemia1 & 0 b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,saxony & ,?ur+ia1 & on ! s\? by ,swabia & ,bav>ia4 ,x also includ$ a di/rict ar\nd ,ma9z1 ,spires & ,worms1 on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! ^w ,franconia1 fir/ us$ 9 a ,lat9 *>t] ( #ajec1 0 appli$ l ! words ,france1 ,francia & ,frank51 to a portion ( ! l& occupi$ by ! ,franks4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! #e? c5tury ?is t]ritory 0 conqu]$ by ,clovis1 k+ ( ! ,salian ,franks1 0 aft]w>ds incorporat$ ) ! k+dom ( ,au/rasia1 & at a lat] p]iod came "u ! rule ( ,*>lemagne4 ,aft] ! treaty ( ,v]dun 9 #hdc x became ! c5tre ( ! ,ea/ ,franki% or ,g]man k+dom1 & 9 !ory rema9$ s = a long p]iod1 & 0 = a "t ! mo/ important ( ! du*ies :i* arose on ! ru9s ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire4 ,! l& 0 divid$ into c\nties1 or gau51 :i* 7 rul$ by c\nts1 prom95t among :om 7 memb]s ( ! families ( ,conrad9e & ,bab5b]g1 by ^: feuds x 0 frequ5tly deva/at$4 ,conrad1 a memb] ( ! =m] family1 :o took ! title ( duke 9 ,franconia ab\t ! ye> #ijj1 0 *os5 ,g]man k+ 9 #iaa z ! repres5tative ( ! =emo/ ( ! ,g]man races4 ,conrad h&$ ov] ! *ief au?ority 9 ,franconia to 8 bro!r ,eb]h>d1 :o rema9$ on good t]ms ) ,conrad's successor ,h5ry ,i4 ! ,f[l]1 b rose aga9/ ! succe$+ k+1 ,otto ! ,great1 & 0 kill$ 9 battle 9 #ici1 :5 8 t]ritories 7 divid$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,franconia began to decl9e "u ! k+s ( ! ,saxon h\se4 ,x lack$ political unity1 _h no opportunities = ext5sion1 & soon became divid$ into ,rh5i% ,franconia 7,francia rh55sis1 ,g]4 ,rhe9frank57 & ,ea/]n ,franconia 7,francia ori5talis1 ,g]4 ,o/frank574 ,! mo/ influ5tial family 9 ,rh5i% ,franconia 0 t ( ! ,salians1 ! head ( :i* e>ly 9 ! #aj? c5tury 0 ,conrad ! ,r$1 duke ( ,lorra9e1 & son-9-law ( ,otto ! ,great4 ,?is ,conrad1 8 son ,otto & 8 gr&son ,conrad are sometimes call$ dukes ( ,franconia1 & 9 #ajbd 8 great-gr&son ,conrad1 also duke ( ,franconia1 0 elect$ ,g]man k+ z ,conrad ,,ii4 & f\nd$ ! l9e ( ,franconian or ,salian emp]ors4 ,rh5i% ,franconia gradually became a l& ( free t[ns & less] nobles1 & "u ! e>li] ,franconian emp]ors sections pass$ to ! c\nt palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 ! bi%ops ( ,worms & ,spires & o!r cl]ical & lay nobles2 & ! "n ,franconia1 or ,francia ori5talis z x 0 !n call$1 0 conf9$ to ! ea/]n portion ( ! du*y4 ,cl]ical au?ority 0 becom+ pr$om9ant 9 ?is region4 ,a s]ies ( *>t]s dat+ f #hbb to #ajbe _h grant$ consid]able p[]s to ! bi%ops ( ,wu]zburg1 :o1 by ! "t ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 possess$ judicial au?ority ov] ! :ole ( ea/]n ,franconia4 ,! du*y 0 nom9ally reta9$ by ! emp]ors 9 _! own h&s until #aaae1 :5 ! emp]or ,h5ry ,v41 wi%+ to curb ! episcopal influ5ce 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 appo9t$ 8 nephew ,conrad ( ,hoh5/auf5 z duke ( ,franconia4 ,conrad's son ,fr$]ick took ! title ( duke ( ,ro!nburg in/ead ( duke ( ,franconia1 b 9 #aaif1 on ! dea? ( ,conrad ( ,hoh5/auf51 son ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i41 ! title fell into disuse4 ,mean:ile ! bi%op ( ,wu]zburg _h rega9$ 8 =m] p[] 9 ! du*y1 & ?is 0 confirm$ 9 #aafh by ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i4 ,! title rema9$ 9 abeyance until ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ae? c5tury1 :5 x 0 assum$ by ,john ,,ii41 bi%op ( ,wu]zburg1 & reta9$ by 8 successors until ! bi%opric 0 secul>iz$ 9 #ahjb4 ,! great] "p ( ! l&s 7 unit$ ) ,bav>ia1 & ! "n ,franconia aga9 fell into abeyance4 ,x 0 reviv$ 9 #ahcg1 :5 ,l\is ,i41 k+ ( ,bav>ia1 gave to ?ree nor!rn portions ( 8 k+dom ! names ( ,upp]1 ,middle & ,l[] ,franconia4 ,9 #afcc ,b]nh>d1 duke ( ,saxe-,weim>1 hop+ to create a pr9cipality = himself out ( ! ecclesia/ical l&s1 _h tak5 ! title ( duke ( ,franconia1 b 8 hopes 7 de/roy$ by 8 defeat at ,no]dl+5 9 #afcd4 ,:5 ,g]many 0 divid$ into circles by ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 9 #aejj1 ! "n ,franconia 0 giv5 to t circle :i* includ$ ! ea/]n "p ( ! old du*y4 ,! l&s =m]ly compris$ 9 ! du*y ( ,franconia are n[ divid$ betwe5 ! k+doms ( ,bav>ia & ,wu]ttemb]g1 ! gr&-du*ies ( ,bad5 & ,hesse1 & ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ab ,eckh>t1 ,comm5t>ii de rebus ,franciae ori5talis et episcopatus ,wirceburg5sis 7,wu]zburg1 #agbi72 ,f4 ,/e91 ,ges*i*te ,frank5s 7,s*we9furt1 #ahhe-ahhf72 ,t4 ,h5n]1 ,die h]zogli*e ,gewalt d] ,bis*oefe von ,wu]zburg 7,wu]zburg1 #ahgd74 ,,francs-,,ar*]s4 ,! in/itution ( ! francs-ar*]s 0 ! fir/ attempt at ! =mation ( regul> infantry 9 ,france4 ,!y 7 creat$ by ! ord9ance ( ,montils-les-,t\rs on ! #bh? ( ,augu/ #addh1 :i* prescrib$ t 9 ea* p>i% an ar*] %\ld be *os5 f among ! mo/ apt 9 ! use ( arms2 ?is ar*] to be exempt f ! taille & c]ta9 obligations1 to practise %oot+ ) ! b[ on ,sundays & fea/-days1 & to hold himself ready to m>* fully equipp$ at ! fir/ signal4 ,"u ,*>les ,,vii4 ! francs-ar*]s di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 num]\s battles ) ! ,engli%1 & assi/$ ! k+ to drive !m f ,france4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ reigns ! in/itution langui%$1 & f9ally disappe>$ 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,! francs-ar*]s 7 also call$ francs-taup9s4 ,see ,daniel1 ,hi/oire de la milice francaise 7#agba72 & ,e4 ,b\t>ic1 ,in/itutions militaires de la ,france avant les armees p]man5tes 7#ahfc74 ,,francs-,,tireurs 7,free-,%oot]s71 irregul> troops1 almo/ exclusively infantry1 employ$ by ! ,fr5* 9 ! w> ( #ahgj-ahga4 ,!y 7 orig9ally rifle clubs or un(ficial milit>y societies =m$ 9 ! ea/ ( ,france at ! "t ( ! ,luxemburg crisis ( #ahfg4 ,! memb]s 7 *iefly conc]n$ ) ! practice ( rifle-%oot+1 & 7 expect$ 9 w> to act z light troops4 ,z "u ! !n sy/em ( conscription ! great] "p ( ! nation's milit>y en]gy 0 all[$ to run to wa/e1 ! francs-tireurs 7 n only popul>1 b effici5t work]s 9 _! sph]e ( action4 ,z !y wore no uni=ms1 7 arm$ ) ! be/ exi/+ rifles & elect$ _! own (fic]s1 ! gov]nm5t made repeat$ attempts to br+ ! societies1 :i* 7 at once a valuable asset to ! arm$ /r5g? ( ,france & a possible m5ace to int]nal ord]1 "u milit>y discipl9e4 ,?is 0 /r5u\sly resi/$ by ! societies1 to _! sorr[ z x turn$ out1 = ! ,g]mans treat$ captur$ francs-tireurs z irresponsible non-combatants f\nd ) arms 9 _! h&s & usually exact$ ! dea? p5alty4 ,9 ,july #ahgj1 at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ! societies 7 br\ght "u ! control ( ! m9i/] ( w> & organiz$ = field s]vice1 b x 0 n until ! #d? ( ,novemb]--by :i* "t ! levee en masse 0 9 =ce--t !y 7 plac$ "u ! ord]s ( ! g5]als 9 ! field4 ,aft] t !y 7 sometimes organiz$ 9 l>ge bodies & incorporat$ 9 ! mass ( ! armies1 b m usually !y cont9u$ to "w 9 small b&s1 bl[+ up culv]ts on ! invad]s' l9es ( communication1 cutt+ (f small reconnoitr+ p>ties1 surpris+ small po/s1 c4 ,x is n[ ackn[l$g$1 ev5 by ! ,g]mans1 t ?\gh ! francs-tireurs did relatively little active mis*ief1 !y p>alys$ l>ge deta*m5ts ( ! enemy1 conte/$ e /ep ( 8 advance 7z 9 ! ,loire campaign71 & prev5t$ him f ga9+ in=mation1 & t _! soldi]ly qualities improv$ ) exp]i5ce4 ,_! mo/ celebrat$ feats 7 ! bl[+ up ( ! ,moselle railway bridge at ,font5oy on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y #ahga 7see ,les ,*asseurs des ,vosges by ,lieut4-,colonel ,/ ,eti5ne1 ,t\l1 #aijf71 & ! h]oic def5ce ( ,*ateaudun by ,lip[ski's ,p>is corps & ! francs-tireurs ( ,cannes & ,nantes 7,octob] #ah1 #ahgj74 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! orig9al memb]s ( ! rifle clubs 7 jo9$ by _m bad *>act]s1 b ! patriotism ( ! majority 0 unque/ionable1 = little m]cy 0 %[n by ! ,g]mans to ^? francs-tireurs :o fell into _! h&s4 ,! sev]ity ( ! ,g]man reprisals is itself ! be/ te/imony to ! fe> & anxiety inspir$ by ! pres5ce ( active b&s ( francs-tireurs on ! flanks & 9 re> ( ! invad]s4 ,,franek]1 a t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,friesl&1 ,holl&1 #e m4 ,e4 ( ,h>l+5 on ! railway & canal to ,leeuw>d54 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #gahg4 ,x 0 at "o "t a fav\rite resid5ce ( ! ,frisian nobility1 _m ( :om _h _! ca/les "h1 & x possess$ a celebrat$ univ]sity1 f\nd$ by ! ,frisian e/ates 9 #aehe4 ,?is 0 suppress$ by ,napoleon ,i4 9 #ahaa1 & ! end[m5ts 7 div]t$ f\r ye>s lat] to ! support ( an a!naeum1 & aft]w>ds ( a gymnasium1 ) :i* a physiological cab9et & a botanical g>d5 are connect$4 ,franek] also possesses a t[n hall 7#aeia71 :i* conta9s a planet>ium1 made by "o ,eise ,eis+a 9 #aggd-ahha4 ,! f9e obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ ab\t #aghj4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t9 7#adbj7 conta9s sev]al f9e tombs ( ! #ae?-#ag? c5turies4 ,! indu/ries ( ! t[n include silk-weav+1 wooll5-sp9n+1 %ipbuild+ & pott]y-mak+4 ,x is also a consid]able m>ket = agricultural produce4 ,,frank1 ,,jakob 7#agbf-agia71 a ,jewi% !ologian1 :o f\nd$ 9 ,pol&1 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 a sect :i* emanat$ f ,judaism b end$ by m]g+ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! sect 0 ! outcome ( ! ,messianic my/icism ( ,sabbetai ,zebi4 ,x 0 an ant9omian movem5t 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,jewi% law 0 held to be sup]s$$ by p]sonal fre$om4 ,! ,jewi% au?orities1 al>m$ at ! moral laxity :i* result$ f ! emotional rites ( ! ,franki/s1 did _! utmo/ to suppress ! sect4 ,b ! latt]1 pos+ z an anti-,talmudic prote/ 9 behalf ( a spiritual religion1 won a c]ta9 am\nt ( public sympa?y4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no deep s9c]ity 9 ! t5ets ( ! ,franki/s1 = ?\gh 9 #agei !y 7 baptiz$ en masse1 amid mu* pomp1 ! ,*ur* soon became conv9c$ t ,frank 0 n a g5u9e conv]t4 ,he 0 imprison$ on a *>ge ( h]esy1 b on 8 release 9 #agfc ! empress ,m>ia ,!resa patroniz$ him1 reg>d+ him z a propag&i/ ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,jews4 ,he !nce=? liv$ 9 /ate z b>on ( ,(f5ba*1 & on 8 dea? 7#agia7 8 daught] ,eva succe$$ him z head ( ! sect4 ,! ,franki/s gradually m]g$ 9 ! g5]al ,*ri/ian body1 ! movem5t leav+ no p]man5t trace 9 ! synagogue4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,frank-,,almoign 7lib]a eleemosyna1 free alms71 9 ! ,engli% law ( real prop]ty1 a species ( spiritual t5ure1 :]eby a religi\s corporation1 aggregate or sole1 holds l&s ( ! donor to !m & _! successors = ev]4 ,x 0 a t5ure dat+ f ,saxon times1 held n on ! ord9>y feudal conditions1 b dis*>g$ ( all s]vices except ! tr9oda necessitas4 ,b !y :i* hold 9 frank-almoign are b\nd ( "r be=e ,god to make orisons1 pray]s1 masses & o!r div9e s]vices = ! s\ls ( _! grantor or fe(=1 & = ! s\ls ( _! heirs :i* are dead1 & = ! prosp]ity & good life & good heal? ( _! heirs :i* are alive4 ,& !re=e !y %all d no fealty to _! "l1 because t ?is div9e s]vice is bett] = !m be=e ,god ?an any do+ ( fealty 7,litt4 s4 #ace74 ,x 0 ! t5ure by :i* ! great] numb] ( ! mona/]ies & religi\s h\ses held _! l&s2 x 0 expressly exempt$ f ! /atute #ab ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #bd 7#affj71 by :i* ! o!r anci5t t5ures 7 aboli%$1 & x is ! t5ure by :i* ! p>o*ial cl]gy & _m ecclesia/ical & eleemosyn>y f\ndations hold _! l&s at ! pres5t day4 ,z a =m ( donation1 h[ev]1 x came to an end by ! pass+ ( ! /atute ,quia ,emptores1 = by t /atute no new t5ure ( frank-almoign c\ld be creat$1 except by ! cr[n4 ,see ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law1 :]e ! hi/ory ( frank-almoign is giv5 at l5g?4 ,,frankel1 ,,ze*>ias 7#ahja-ahge71 ,jewi% !ologian1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,breslau s*ool ( hi/orical ,judaism4 ,?is s*ool attempts to h>monize critical treatm5t ( ! docum5ts ( religion ) fidelity to traditional beliefs & obs]vances4 ,= a "t at lea/1 ! compromise succe$$ 9 /ay+ ! dis9tegrat+ effects ( ! lib]al movem5t 9 ,judaism4 ,frankel 0 ! au?or ( sev]al valuable works1 among !m ,septuag9t ,/udies1 an ,introduction to ! ,mi%nah 7#ahei71 & a simil> "w on ! ,pale/9ian ,talmud 7#ahgj74 ,he also edit$ ! ,monatss*rift1 devot$ to ,jewi% le>n+ on mod]n l9es4 ,b 8 *ief claim to fame re/s on 8 head%ip ( ! ,breslau ,sem9>y4 ,?is 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahed = ! tra9+ ( rabbis :o %\ld comb9e _! rabb9ic /udies ) secul> c\rses at ! univ]sity4 ,! :ole "* ( ! rabb9ate has be5 modifi$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is1 ! fir/ sem9>y ( ! k9d4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,frank5b]g1 a manufactur+ t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 on ! ,zs*opau1 #g m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,*emnitz1 on ! railway ,ni$]wiesa-,rosswe94 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ac1cjc4 ,! pr9cipal build+s are ! l>ge ,evangelical p>i% *ur*1 re/or$ 9 #ahgd-ahge1 & ! t[n-hall4 ,its indu/ries include ,i ext5sive wooll51 cotton & silk weav+1 dye+1 ! manufacture ( bru%es1 furniture & cig>s1 iron-f\nd+ & ma*9e build+4 ,x is well provid$ ) s*ools1 includ+ "o ( weav+4 ,,frank5haus51 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,s*w>zburg-,rudol/adt1 on an artificial arm ( ! ,wipp]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,saale1 #cf m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,go?a4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #fecd4 ,x consi/s ( an old & a new t[n1 ! latt] mo/ly rebuilt s9ce a de/ructive fire 9 #ahcc1 & has an old *ateau ( ! pr9ces ( ,s*w>zburg1 ?ree ,prote/ant *ur*es1 a sem9>y = tea*]s1 a hospital & a mod]n t[n-hall4 ,its indu/ries include ! manufacture ( sug>1 cig>s & buttons1 & !re are br9e spr+s1 ) ba?s1 9 ! vic9ity4 ,at ,frank5haus5 a battle 0 f\ght on ! #ae? ( ,may #aebe1 9 :i* ! insurg5t peasants "u ,?omas ,mu5z] 7 defeat$ by ! alli$ pr9ces ( ,saxony & ,hesse4 ,,frank5/e91 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,silesia1 on ! ,pauseba*1 #ce m4 ,s4 by ,w4 ( ,breslau4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ghij4 ,x is /ill surr\nd$ by its m$ieval walls1 has two ,evangelical & ?ree ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 among ! latt] ! p>i% *ur* ) a curi\s ov]hang+ t[]1 & a mona/]y4 ,! indu/ries include ! manufacture ( artificial manures1 bricks1 be] & /raw hats4 ,!re are also mills = gr9d+ ! magnesite f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,,frank5?al1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,bav>ian ,palat9ate1 on ! ,is5a*1 connect$ ) ! ,rh9e by a canal #c m4 9 l5g?1 #f m4 ,n4,w4 f ,mannheim1 & on ! railways ,neunkir*5-,worms & ,frank5?al-,grossk>lba*4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ah1aia4 ,x has two ,evangelical & a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 a f9e m$ieval t[n-hall1 two int]e/+ old gates1 rema9s ( its =m] environ+ walls1 sev]al public monum5ts1 includ+ "o to ! vet]ans ( ! ,napoleonic w>s1 & a museum4 ,its indu/ries include ! manufacture ( ma*9]y1 casks1 corks1 soap1 dolls & furniture1 iron-f\nd+ & bell-f\nd+--! fam\s ,kais]glocke ( ! ,cologne ca!dral 0 ca/ "h4 ,frank5?al 0 =m]ly fam\s = its porcela9 factory1 e/abli%$ "h 9 #agee by ,paul ,anton ,hannong ( ,/rassburg1 :o sold x 9 #agfb to ! elector palat9e ,*>les ,!odore4 ,its fame is ma9ly due to ! modell]s ,konrad ,l9k 7#agcb-ahjb7 & ,johann ,pet] ,mel*ior 7d4 #agif7 7:o work$ at ,frank5?al betwe5 #aggi & #agic74 ,! be/ products ( ?is factory are figures & gr\ps repres5t+ contempor>y life1 or allegorical subjects 9 ! rococo ta/e ( ! p]iod1 & !y are surpass$ only by ^? ( ! m fam\s factory at ,meiss54 ,9 #agie ! factory 0 sold to ,pet] von ,reccum1 :o remov$ x to ,gru5/adt4 ,frank5?al 7,franconodal7 is m5tion$ z a village 9 ! #h? c5tury4 ,a h\se ( ,augu/9ian canons e/abli%$ "h 9 #aaai by ,erk5b]t1 *amb]la9 ( ,worms1 0 suppress$ 9 #aefb by ! elector palat9e ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 :o gave its possessions to ,prote/ant refugees f ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #aegg ?is colony receiv$ t[n rights f ! elector ,john ,casimir1 ^: successor =tifi$ ! place4 ,f #afbc until #afeb1 save = two ye>s1 x 0 occupi$ by ! ,spani>ds1 & 9 #afhh-afhi x 0 /orm$ & burn$ by ! ,fr5*1 ! =tifications be+ raz$4 ,9 #afig x 0 recon/itut$ z a t[n1 & "u ! elector ,*>les ,!odore x became ! capital ( ! ,palat9ate4 ,f #agih to #ahad x 0 incorporat$ 9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ,mont ,tonn]re4 ,see ,wille1 ,/adt u4 ,fe/ung ,frank5?al waehr5d des dreissigjaehrig5 ,krieges 7,heidelb]g1 #ahgg72 ,hild5br&1 ,ges*4 d] ,/adt ,frank5?al 7#ahic74 ,= ! porcela9 see ,heus]1 ,frank5?al] ,grupp5 und ,figur5 7,spires1 #ahii74 ,,frank5wald1 a m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,g]many1 =m+ ! geological connexion betwe5 ! ,fi*telgebirge & ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/4 ,x is a broad well-wood$ plateau1 runn+ = ab\t #cj m4 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 desc5d+ g5tly on ! nor? & ea/]n sides t[>ds ! ,saale1 b m precipit\sly to ! ,bav>ian pla9 9 ! we/1 & atta9+ its highe/ elevation 9 ! ,kief]le ne> ,/e9heid 7#bijj ft474 ,along ! c5tre lies ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,ma9 & ! ,saale1 belong+ to ! sy/ems ( ! ,rh9e & ,elbe respectively4 ,! pr9cipal tribut>ies ( ! ,ma9 f ! ,frank5wald are ! ,roda* & ,hassla*1 & ( ! ,saale1 ! ,selbitz4 ,see ,h4 ,s*mid1 ,fuehr] dur* d5 ,frank5wald 7,bamb]g1 #ahid72 ,mey]1 ,?u]+5 und d] ,frank5wald 7#ae? ed41 ,leipzig1 #aijj71 & ,guembel1 ,geogno/is*e ,bes*reibung des ,fi*telgebirges mit dem ,frank5wald 7,go?a1 #ahgi74 ,,frank=t1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,cl9ton c\nty1 ,indiana1 ,u4,s4,a41 #dj m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,indianapolis4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #eiai2 7#aijj7 #gajj 7#add =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #hfcd4 ,frank=t is s]v$ by ! ,*icago1 ,indianapolis ,l\isville1 ! ,lake ,erie ,we/]n1 ! ,v&alia1 & ! ,tol$o1 ,/ ,l\is ,we/]n railways1 & by ! ,indianapolis ,nor?-,we/]n ,traction ,int]urban railway 7electric74 ,! city is a division po9t on ! ,tol$o1 ,/ ,l\is ,we/]n railway1 :i* has l>ge %ops "h4 ,frank=t is a trade c5tre = an agricultural & lumb]+ region2 among its manufactures are h&les1 agricultural implem5ts & f\ndry products4 ,! fir/ settlem5t 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 made 9 #ahbf2 9 #ahcj ! t[n 0 f\nd$1 & 9 #ahge x 0 *>t]$ z a city4 ,! city limits 7 consid]ably ext5d$ imm$iately aft] #aijj4 ,,frank=t1 ! capital city ( ,k5tucky1 ,u4,s4,a41 & ! c\nty-seat ( ,frankl9 c\nty1 on ! ,k5tucky riv]1 ab\t #ee m4 ,e4 ( ,l\isville4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #ghib2 7#aijj7 #idhg1 ( :om #ccaf 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #aj1dfe4 ,! city is s]v$ by ! ,*esapeake ,ohio1 ! ,l\isville ,na%ville1 & ! ,frank=t ,c9c9nati railways1 by ! ,c5tral ,k5tucky ,traction ,co4 7electric71 & by /eamboat l9es to ,c9c9nati1 ,l\isville & o!r riv] ports4 ,x is built among picturesque hills on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 & is 9 ! mid/ ( ! fam\s ,k5tucky blue grass region & ( a ri* lumb]-produc+ region4 ,! mo/ prom95t build+ is ! ,capitol1 ab\t #djj ft4 long & #ahe ft4 wide1 built ( granite & :ite lime/one 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance /yle1 ) #gj l>ge ,ionic columns1 & a dome #bje ft4 above ! t]race l9e1 support$ by #bd o!r columns4 ,! ,capitol 0 built 9 #aije-aijg at a co/ ( m ?an #b1jjj1jjj2 9 x are h\s$ ! /ate libr>y & ! libr>y ( ! ,k5tucky ,/ate ,hi/orical ,society4 ,at ,frank=t1 also1 are ! /ate ars5al1 ! /ate p5it5ti>y & ! /ate home = feeble-m9d$ *ildr51 & j outside ! city limits is ! /ate col\r$ normal s*ool4 ,! old capitol 7fir/ occupi$ 9 #ahbi7 is /ill /&+4 ,9 ,frankl9 cemet]y re/ ! rema9s ( ,daniel ,boone & ( ,!odore ,o',h>a 7#ahbj-ahfg71 a lawy]1 soldi]1 j\rnali/ & poet1 :o s]v$ 9 ! ,u4,s4 army 9 #ahdf-ahdh dur+ ! ,mexican ,w>1 took "p 9 filibu/]+ exp$itions to ,cuba1 s]v$ 9 ! ,conf$]ate army1 & is be/ kn[n z ! au?or ( ,! ,biv\ac ( ! ,dead1 a poem writt5 = ! burial 9 ,frank=t ( "s soldi]s :o _h lo/ _! lives at ,bu5a ,vi/a4 ,"h also are ! graves ( ,ri*>d ,m4 ,johnson1 vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahcg-ahda1 & ! sculptor ,joel ,t4 ,h>t 7#ahaj-ahgg74 ,! city has a consid]able trade ) ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( tobacco & hemp are produc$2 its manufactures include lumb]1 brooms1 *airs1 %oes1 hemp tw9e1 cann$ vegetables & glass bottles4 ,! total value ( ! city's factory product 9 #aije 0 #a1gdg1cch1 be+ #ca4f m ?an 9 #aijj4 ,frank=t 7said to h be5 nam$ aft] ,/eph5 ,frank1 "o ( an e>ly pione] p>ty ambu%$ "h by ,indians7 0 f\nd$ 9 #aghf by ,g5]al ,james ,wilk9son1 !n deeply int]e/$ 9 trade ) ! ,spani% at ,new ,orleans1 & 9 ! mid/ ( 8 ,spani% intrigues4 ,9 #agib ! city 0 made ! capital ( ! /ate4 ,9 #ahfb1 dur+ ! fam\s campaign 9 ,k5tucky ( ,g5]al ,braxton ,bragg 7,conf$]ate7 & ,g5]al ,d4 ,c4 ,buell 7,f$]al71 ,frank=t 0 occupi$ = a %ort "t by ,bragg1 :o1 j be=e be+ =c$ out by ,buell1 took "p 9 ! inauguration ( ,ri*>d ,j4 ,hawes1 *os5 gov]nor by ! ,conf$]ates ( ! /ate4 ,hawes1 h[ev]1 nev] dis*>g$ ! duties ( 8 (fice4 ,dur+ ! bitt] conte/ = ! gov]nor%ip 9 #aijj betwe5 ,william ,goebel 7,democrat7 & ,william ,s4 ,taylor 7,republican71 ea* ( :om claim$ ! election1 ,goebel 0 assass9at$ at ,frank=t4 7,see also ,,k5tucky47 ,frank=t receiv$ a city *>t] 9 #ahci4 ,,frank=t-,,on-,,ma9 7,g]4 ,frankfurt am ,ma971 a city ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau1 pr9cipally on ! "r bank ( ! ,ma91 #bd m4 above its conflu5ce ) ! ,rh9e at ,ma9z1 & #af m4 ,n4 f ,d>m/adt4 ,always a place ( great trad+ importance1 long ! place ( election = ! ,g]man k+s1 & until #ahff1 toge!r ) ,hamburg1 ,brem5 & ,luebeck1 "o ( ! f\r free cities ( ,g]many1 x /ill reta9s its position z "o ( ! lead+ comm]cial c5tres ( ! ,g]man empire4 ,its situation 9 ! broad & f]tile valley ( ! ,ma91 ! nor!rn horizon =m$ by ! s(t outl9es ( ! ,taunus range1 is "o ( great natural beauty1 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry be+ ri*ly clad ) or*>d & =e/4 ,frank=t is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 z x is also "o ( ! weal?ie/1 ( ,g]man cities4 ,ap>t f its comm]cial importance1 its position1 close to ! fa%ionable wat]+-places ( ,homburg1 ,nauheim & ,wiesbad51 has r5d]$ x cosmopolitan 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! city are cle>ly indicat$ 9 its g5]al plan & ! surviv+ names ( _m ( its /reets4 ,! l9e ( ! orig9al #ab? c5tury walls & moat is m>k$ by ! /reets ( :i* ! names end 9 -grab51 f ! ,hirs*grab5 on ! ,w4 to ! ,wollgrab5 on ! ,e4 ,! space enclos$ by ^! & by ! riv] on ! ,s4 is kn[n z ! old t[n 7,alt/adt74 ,! s-call$ new t[n 7,neu/adt71 add$ 9 #accc1 ext5ds to ! ,anlag51 ! beautiful g>d5s & prom5ades laid out 7#ahjf-ahab7 on ! site ( ! #ag? c5tury =tifications1 ( :i* !y fai?fully pres]ve ! g5]al gr\nd plan4 ,( ! m$ieval =tifications ! picturesque ,es*5heim] ,tor1 a r\nd t[] #aee ft4 high1 dat+ f #adjj to #adbh1 ! ,r5t5turm 7#adef7 on ! ,ma9 & ! ,kuhhirt5turm 7c4 #adij7 9 ,sa*s5haus51 are ! sole rema9s4 ,s9ce ! demolition ( ! =tifications ! city has greatly exp&$4 ,sa*s5haus5 on ! s\? bank ( ! riv]1 =m]ly ! seat ( a comm&]y ( ! ,teutonic ,ord] 7by treaty ) ,au/ria 9 #ahdb all prop]ty & rights ( ! ord] 9 ,frank=t t]ritory 7 sold to ! city1 except ! *ur* & h\se71 is n[ a qu>t] ( ! city4 ,9 o!r directions also ! expansion has be5 rapid2 ! village ( ,bornheim 0 incorporat$ 9 ,frank=t 9 #ahgg1 ! =m] ,hessian t[n ( ,bock5heim 9 #ahie1 & ! suburbs ( ,ni$]rad1 ,ob]rad & ,seckba* 9 #aijj4 ,! ma9 developm5t ( ! city has be5 to ! nor? ( ! riv]1 :i* is cross$ by num]\s bridges & flank$ by f9e quays & prom5ades4 ,! ,alt/adt1 ?\gh sev]al broad /reets h be5 op5$ ?r\gh x1 /ill pres]ves _m ( its n>r[ alleys & o!r m$ieval features4 ,! ,jud5gasse 7,ghetto71 d[n to #ahjf ! sole ,jews' qu>t]1 has be5 pull$ d[n1 ) ! exception ( ! ance/ral h\se ( ! ,ro?s*ild family--,no4 #adh--:i* has be5 re/or$ & reta9s its anci5t facade4 ,z ! ,alt/adt is ma9ly occupi$ by artisans & petty tradesm51 s ! ,neu/adt is ! pr9cipal bus9ess qu>t] ( ! city1 conta9+ ! *ief public build+s & ! pr9cipal hotels4 ,! ma9 art]ies ( ! city are ! ,zeil1 a broad /reet runn+ f ! ,fri$b]g] ,anlage to ! ,rossm>kt & !nce cont9u$1 by ! ,kais]/rasse1 ?r\gh ! f9e new qu>t] built aft] #ahgb1 to ! magnific5t pr9cipal railway /ation2 & ! ,/e9weg & ,goe!/rasse1 :i* lead by ! ,bock5heim] ,tor to ! ,bock5heim] ,l&/rasse1 a broad b\lev>d int]sect+ ! fa%ionable resid5tial suburb to ! ,n4,w4 ,*ur*es4--,! pr9cipal ecclesia/ical build+ 9 ,frank=t is ! ca!dral 7,dom74 ,built ( r$ s&/one1 ) a massive t[] t]m9at+ 9 a ri*ly ornam5t$ cupola & #cjj ft4 9 height1 x is ! mo/ conspicu\s object 9 ! city4 ,?is build+1 9 :i* ! ,roman emp]ors 7 =m]ly elect$ &1 s9ce #aefb1 cr[n$1 0 f\nd$ 9 #heb by ,k+ ,l\is ! ,g]man1 & 0 lat] kn[n z ! ,salvator ,kir*e4 ,aft] its recon/ruction 7#abce-abci71 x 0 d$icat$ to ,/ ,b>?olomew4 ,f ?is p]iod date ! nave & ! side aisles2 ! *oir 0 complet$ 9 #acae-acch & ! long transepts 9 #acdf-aced4 ,! cloi/]s 7 rebuilt 9 #acdh-addg1 & ! electoral *apel1 on ! s\? ( ! *oir1 0 complet$ 9 #acee4 ,! t[] 0 begun 9 #adae1 b rema9$ unf9i%$4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,augu/ #ahfg ! t[] & ro( 7 de/roy$ by fire & consid]able damage 0 done to ! re/ ( ! edifice4 ,! re/oration 0 imm$iately tak5 9 h&1 & ! :ole "w 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahha1 includ+ ! completion ( ! t[]1 accord+ to ! plans ( ! #ae? c5tury ar*itect1 ,hans von ,+elheim4 ,9 ! int]ior is ! tomb ( ! ,g]man k+ ,gu5!r ( ,s*w>zburg1 :o di$ 9 ,frank=t 9 #acdi1 & t ( ,rudolph1 ! la/ knight ( ,sa*s5haus51 :o di$ 9 #acga4 ,among ! o!r ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es are ! ,leonh>dskir*e1 ! ,liebfrau5kir*e 7*ur* ( ,our ,lady7 & ! ,deuts*ord5skir*e 7#ad? c5tury7 9 ,sa*s5haus54 ,! ,leonh>dskir*e 7re/or$ 9 #ahhb7 0 begun 9 #abai1 x is said on ! site ( ! palace ( ,*>lemagne4 ,x 0 orig9ally a ?ree-aisl$ basilica1 b is n[ a five-aisl$ ,hall5kir*e2 ! *oir 0 add$ 9 #acad4 ,x has two ,romanesque t[]s4 ,! ,liebfrau5kir*e is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #acad z a collegiate *ur*2 ! nave 0 consecrat$ 9 #acdj4 ,! *oir 0 add$ 9 #aejf-aeji & ! :ole *ur* ?or\ghly re/or$ 9 ! second half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :5 ! t[] 0 built 7#aggj74 ,( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es ! olde/ is ! ,nikolaikir*e1 :i* dates f ! #ac? c5tury2 ! f9e ca/-iron spire erect$ 9 #ahdc _h to be tak5 d[n 9 #aija4 ,! ,paulskir*e1 ! pr9cipal ,evangelical 7,lu!ran7 *ur*1 built betwe5 #aghf & #ahcc1 is a r$ s&/one edifice ( no ar*itectural pret5sions1 b int]e/+ z ! seat ( ! national p>liam5t ( #ahdh-ahdi4 ,! ,ka?>95kir*e1 built #afgh-afha on ! site ( an old] build+1 is fam\s 9 ,frank=t hi/ory z ! place :]e ! fir/ ,prote/ant s]mon 0 prea*$ 9 #aebb4 ,among ! m notewor?y ( ! new] ,prote/ant *ur*es are ! ,pet]skir*e 7#ahib-ahie7 9 ! ,nor? ,g]man ,r5aissance /yle1 ) a t[] #bef ft4 high1 /&+ nor? f ! ,zeil1 ! ,*ri/uskir*e 7#ahhc7 & ! ,lu!rkir*e 7#ahhi-ahic74 ,an ,engli% *ur*1 9 ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic /yle1 situat$ adjac5t to ! ,bock5heim] ,l&/rasse1 0 complet$ & consecrat$ 9 #aijf4 ,( ! five synagogues1 ! *ief 7or ,hauptsynagoge71 ly+ 9 ! ,bo]ne/rasse1 is an attractive build+ ( r$ s&/one 9 ! ,moori%-,byzant9e /yle4 ,public ,build+s4--,( ! secul> build+s 9 ,frank=t1 ! ,roem]1 = almo/ five hundr$ ye>s ! ,ra?aus 7t[n hall7 ( ! city1 is ( prime hi/orical int]e/4 ,x lies on ! ,roem]b]g1 a squ>e flank$ by curi\s m$ieval h\ses4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #acbb1 0 b\ght ) ! adjac5t ho/elry 9 #adje by ! city & re>rang$ z a t[n hall1 & has s9ce1 f "t to "t1 be5 enl>g$ by ! pur*ase ( adjo9+ patrician h\ses1 =m+ a complex ( build+s ( v>i\s /yles & dates surm\nt$ by a clock t[]4 ,! facade 0 rebuilt 7#ahif-ahih7 9 late ,go?ic /yle4 ,x 0 "h1 9 ! ,wahlzimm] 7or election-*amb]7 t ! electors or _! pl5ipot5ti>ies *ose ! ,g]man k+s1 & "h 9 ! ,kais]saal 7emp]ors' hall7 t ! coronation fe/ival 0 held1 at :i* ! new k+ or emp]or d9$ ) ! electors aft] hav+ %[n himself f ! balcony to ! p4 ,! ,kais]saal reta9$ its antique appe>ance until #ahdc1 :51 z also aga9 9 #aijd1 x 0 re/or$ & r$ecorat$2 x is n[ furni%$ ) a s]ies ( mod]n pa9t+s repres5t+ ! ,g]man k+s & ,roman emp]ors f ,*>lemagne to ,francis ,,ii41 9 all fifty-two1 & a /atue ( ! fir/ ,g]man emp]or1 ,william ,i4 ,new municipal build+s adjo9+ ! ,roem] on ! nor? side 7 erect$ 9 #aijj-aijc 9 ,g]man ,r5aissance /yle1 ) a h&some t[] #bbj ft4 high2 b5ea? x is a public w9e-cell>1 & on ! fir/ /orey a gr& municipal hall4 ,! palace ( ! pr9ces ( ,?urn & ,taxis 9 ! ,es*5heim] ,gasse 0 built 7#agcb-agda7 f ! designs ( ,rob]t de ,cotte1 *ief ar*itect to ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france4 ,f #ahjf to #ahaj x 0 ! resid5ce ( ,k>l von ,dalb]g1 pr9ce-primate ( ! ,conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e1 ) ^: dom9ions ,frank=t _h be5 incorporat$ by ,napoleon4 ,f #ahaf to #ahff x 0 ! seat ( ! ,g]man f$]al diet4 ,x is n[ annex$ to ! pr9cipal po/ (fice 7built #ahib-ahid71 :i* lies close to x on ! ,zeil4 ,! ,saalh(1 built on ! site ( ! palace erect$ by ,l\is ! ,pi\s 9 #hbb1 ov]look+ ! ,ma91 has a *apel ( ! #ab? c5tury1 ! sub/ructure dat+ f ,c>ol+ian times4 ,?is is ! olde/ build+ 9 ,frank=t4 ,! facade ( ! ,saalh( 9 ! ,saalgasse dates f #afjd1 ! s\!rn w+ ) ! two gables f #agae to #agag4 ,( num]\s o!r m$ieval build+s may be m5tion$ ! ,le9w&haus 7l95drap]s' hall71 a #ae? c5tury build+ recon/ruct$ 9 #ahib z a municipal museum4 ,9 ! ,gross] ,hirs*grab5 is ! ,goe!haus1 a #af? c5tury build+ :i* came into ! possession ( ! ,goe! family 9 #agcc4 ,"h ,goe! liv$ f 8 bir? 9 #agdi until #agge4 ,9 #ahfc ! h\se 0 acquir$ by ! ,freies deuts*e ,ho*/ift & 0 op5$ to ! public4 ,x has be5 re/or$1 f ,goe!'s acc\nt ( x 9 ,di*tung und ,wahrheit1 z ne>ly z possible to its condition 9 ! poet's day1 & is n[ connect$ ) a ,goe!museum 7#ahig71 ) ar*ives & a libr>y ( #be1jjj volumes repres5tative ( ! ,goe! p]iod ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,in/itutions4--,few cities ( ! same size z ,frank=t are s ri*ly end[$ ) lit]>y1 sci5tific & arti/ic in/itutions1 or possess s _m h&some build+s appropriat$ to _! s]vice4 ,! op]a-h\se1 erect$ ne> ! ,bock5heim] ,tor 9 #ahgc-ahhj1 is a magnific5t edifice 9 ! /yle ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance & ranks among ! f9e/ !atres 9 ,europe4 ,!re are also a !atre 7,s*auspielhaus7 9 mod]n ,r5aissance /yle 7#ahii-aijb71 devot$ especially to drama1 a spl5did conc]t hall 7,saalbau71 op5$ 9 #ahfa1 & num]\s m9or places ( !atrical ent]ta9m5t4 ,! public picture gall]y 9 ! ,saalh( possesses works by ,hans ,holbe91 ,gru5ewald1 ,van ,dyck1 ,t5i]s1 ,van d] ,ne]1 ,hans von ,kulmba*1 ,lucas ,crana* & o!r ma/]s4 ,! ,/a$el ,art ,in/itute 7,/a$el's*es ,kun/9/itut7 9 ,sa*s5haus51 f\nd$ by ! bank] ,j4 ,f4 ,/a$el 9 #ahaf1 conta9s a picture gall]y & a cab9et ( engrav+s extremely ri* 9 works ( ,g]man art4 ,! municipal libr>y1 ) #cjj1jjj volumes1 boa/s among its r>] treasures a ,gut5b]g ,bible pr9t$ at ,ma9z betwe5 #adej & #adee1 ano!r on p>*m5t dat$ #adfb1 ! ,in/itutiones ,ju/9iani 7,ma9z1 #adfh71 ! ,!u]dank1 ) woodcuts by ,hans ,s*aeufele91 & num]\s valuable autographs4 ,x also conta9s a f9e collection ( co9s4 ,! ,be?mann ,museum owes its celebrity pr9cipally to ,danneck]'s ,ariadne1 b x also possesses ! orig9al pla/] model ( ,?orwalds5's ,entrance ( ,alex&] ! ,great into ,babylon4 ,!re may also be m5tion$ ! ,indu/rial ,art ,exhibition ( ! ,polyte*nic ,association & two cons]vatories ( music4 ,among ! sci5tific in/itutions ! fir/ place belongs to ! ,s5ck5b]g's*es naturhi/oris*e ,museum1 conta9+ valuable collections ( birds & %ells4 ,next mu/ be m5tion$ ! ,kun/gew]be 7museum ( arts & crafts7 & ! ,musical ,museum1 ) valuable ,,mss4 & portraits4 ,besides ! municipal libr>y 7,/adtbiblio!k7 m5tion$ above !re are ?ree o!rs ( importance1 ! ,ro?s*ild1 ! ,s5ck5b]g & ! ,jewi% libr>y 7) a well-appo9t$ read+-room74 ,!re are num]\s high-grade s*ools1 musical & o!r le>n$ societies & excell5t hospitals4 ,! la/ include ! l>ge municipal infirm>y & ! ,s5ck5b]g's*es ,/ift1 a hospital & alm%\ses f\nd$ by a doctor1 ,johann ,c4 ,s5ck5b]g 7d4 #aggb74 ,! ,royal ,in/itute = exp]im5tal !rapeutics 7,ko5igl4 ,in/itut fu] exp]im5telle ,!rapie71 mov$ to ,frank=t 9 #ahii1 attracts num]\s =eign /ud5ts1 & is especially conc]n$ ) ! /udy ( bact]iology & s]ums4 ,bridges4--,sev5 bridges 7( :i* two are railway7 cross ! ,ma94 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is ! ,alte ,ma9bruecke1 a r$ s&/one /ructure ( f\rte5 ar*es1 #hae ft4 long1 dat+ f ! #ad? c5tury4 ,on x are a mill1 a /atue ( ,*>lemagne & an iron crucifix surm\nt$ by a gild$ cock4 ,! latt] commemorates1 accord+ to tradition1 ! f[l :i* 0 ! fir/ liv+ be+ to cross ! bridge & ?us fell a prey to ! devil1 :o 9 hope ( a nobl] victim _h sold 8 assi/ance to ! ar*itect4 ,antiqu>ies1 h[ev]1 ass]t t x probably m>ks ! spot :]e crim9als 7 9 old5 times flung into ! riv]4 ,o!r bridges are ! ,ob]ma9bruecke ( five iron ar*es1 op5$ 9 #ahgh2 an iron foot 7susp5sion7 bridge1 ! ,unt]ma9bruecke2 ! ,wilhelmsbruecke1 a f9e /ructure1 :i* f #ahdi to #ahij s]v$ z a railway bridge & 0 !n op5$ z a road bridge2 & two new iron bridges at ,gutleu?( & ,ni$]rad 7bel[ ! city71 :i* c>ry ! railway traffic f ! s\? to ! nor? bank ( ! ,ma91 :]e all l9es conv]ge 9 a c5tral /ation ( ! ,prussian /ate railways4 ,?is /ation1 :i* 0 built 9 #ahhc-ahhh & has replac$ ! ?ree /ations belong+ to private companies1 :i* =m]ly /ood 9 juxtaposition on ! ,anlag5 7or prom5ades7 ne> ! ,ma9z] ,tor1 lies "s half-mile to ! we/4 ,! int]v5+ gr\nd ^u :i* ! railway l9es & build+s /ood 0 sold = build+ sites1 ! sum obta9$ be+ m ?an suffici5t to cov] ! co/ ( ! maje/ic c5tral t]m9us 7! ?ird l>ge/ 9 ! _w71 :i*1 9 addition to spaci\s & h&some halls = pass5g] accommodation1 has ?ree glass-cov]$ spans ( #ahj ft4 wid? ea*4 ,yet ! exig5cies ( traffic dem& fur!r ext5sions1 & ano!r l>ge /ation 0 9 #aiji 9 process ( con/ruction at ! ea/ end ( ! city1 devis$ to receive ! local traffic ( l9es runn+ ea/w>d1 :ile a ?r\gh /ation = ! nor? to s\? traffic 0 project$ on a site f>!r we/ ( ! c5tral t]m9us4 ,frank=t lies at ! junction ( l9es ( railway connect+ x directly ) all ! important cities ( s\? & c5tral ,g]many4 ,"h cross & unite ! l9es f ,b]l9 to ,basel1 f ,cologne to ,wu]zburg & ,vi5na1 f ,hamburg & ,cassel1 & f ,dresd5 & ,leipzig to ,france & ,switz]l&4 ,! riv] ,ma9 has be5 dr$g$ s z to af=d heavy b>ge traffic ) ! t[ns ( ! upp] ,ma9 & ) ! ,rh9e1 & c>go boats load & unload alongside its busy quays4 ,a well-devis$ sy/em ( electric tramways provides = local communication )9 ! city & ) ! outly+ suburbs4 ,trade1 ,comm]ce & ,indu/ries4--,frank=t has always be5 m ( a comm]cial ?an an indu/rial t[n1 & ?\gh ( late ye>s x has some:at lo/ its pre-em95t position z a bank+ c5tre x has c\nt]balanc$ ! loss 9 increas$ indu/rial developm5t4 ,! suburbs ( ,sa*s5haus5 & ,bock5heim h p>ticul>ly develop$ consid]able indu/rial activity1 especially 9 publi%+ & pr9t+1 brew+ & ! manufacture ( qu99e4 ,o!r s\rces ( employm5t are ! cutt+ ( hair = mak+ hats1 ! production ( fancy goods1 type1 ma*9]y1 soap & p]fum]y1 ready-made clo?+1 *emicals1 electro-te*nical app>atus1 jewelry & metal w>es4 ,m>ket g>d5+ is ext5sively c>ri$ on 9 ! neighb\rhood & cid] l>gely manufactur$4 ,!re are two great fairs held 9 ! t[n1--! ,o/]messe1 or spr+ fair1 & ! ,h]b/messe1 or autumn fair4 ,! =m]1 :i* 0 ! orig9al nucleus ( all ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ! city1 beg9s on ! second ,w$nesday be=e ,ea/]2 & ! latt] on ! second ,w$nesday be=e ! #h? ( ,septemb]4 ,!y la/ ?ree weeks1 & ! la/ day save "o1 call$ ! ,nickel*e/ag1 is di/+ui%$ by ! influx ( p f ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,! trade 9 lea!r is ( great & gr[+ importance4 ,a horse fair has be5 held twice a ye> s9ce #ahfb "u ! patronage ( ! agricultural society2 & ! wool m>ket 0 re9/itut$ 9 #ahgb by ! ,g]man ,trade ,society 7,deuts*] ,h&elsv]e974 ,frank=t has long be5 fam\s z "o ( ! pr9cipal bank+ c5tres ( ,europe1 & is n[ only second to ,b]l91 9 ?is respect1 among ,g]man cities1 & x is rem>kable = ! l>ge bus9ess t is done 9 gov]nm5t /ock4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury ! t[n 0 ! seat ( a great book-trade2 b x has long be5 di/anc$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t by ,leipzig4 ,! ,frankfurt] ,j\rnal 0 f\nd$ 9 #afae1 ! ,po/zeitung 9 #afaf1 ! ,neue ,frankfurt] ,zeitung 9 #ahei1 & ! ,frankfurt] ,presse 9 #ahff4 ,( memorial monum5ts ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborate 9 ,frank=t is t erect$ 9 #aheh 9 hon\r ( ! e>ly ,g]man pr9t]s4 ,x 0 modell$ by ,ed4 von d] ,launitz & execut$ by ,h]r von ,kreis4 ,! /atues ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] =m a gr\p on ! top2 an ornam5t$ frieze pres5ts m$allions ( a numb] ( fam\s pr9t]s2 bel[ ^! are figures repres5t+ ! t[ns ( ,ma9z1 ,/rassburg1 ,v5ice & ,frank=t2 & on ! corn]s ( ! p$e/al are allegorical /atues ( !ology1 poetry1 sci5ce & indu/ry4 ,! /atue ( ,goe! 7#ahdd7 9 ! ,goe!platz is by ,ludwig von ,s*wan?al]4 ,! ,s*ill] /atue1 erect$ 9 #ahfc1 is ! "w ( a ,frank=t arti/1 ,johann ,dielmann4 ,a monum5t 9 ! ,bock5heim ,anlage1 dat$ #ahcg1 pres]ves ! memory ( ,guiollett1 ! burgoma/]1 to :om ! t[n is ma9ly indebt$ = ! beautiful prom5ades :i* occupy ! site ( ! old =tifications2 & simil> monum5ts h be5 re>$ to ,s5ck5b]g 7#ahfc71 ,s*op5hau]1 ,klem5s ,br5tano ! poet & ,samuel ,?omas ,soemm]r+ 7#agee-ahcj71 ! anatomi/ & inv5tor ( an electric telegraph4 ,9 ! ,op]nplatz is an eque/rian /atue ( ! emp]or ,wilhelm ,i4 by ,bus*]4 ,cemet]ies4--,! new cemet]y 7op5$ 9 #ahbh7 conta9s ! graves ( ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] & ,feu]ba*1 ( ,passavant ! biograph] ( ,raphael1 ,ball5b]g] ! arti/1 ,hessem] ! ar*itect1 ,soemm]r+1 & ,johann ,fri$ri* ,boehm] ! hi/orian4 ,! ,be?mann vault attracts att5tion by ?ree bas-reliefs f ! *isel ( ,?orwalds52 & ! ,rei*5ba* mausoleum is a va/ pile design$ by ,hessem] at ! comm& ( ,william ,,ii4 ( ,hesse1 & adorn$ ) sculptures by ,zw]g] & von d] ,lausitz4 ,9 ! ,jewi% section1 :i* is wall$ (f f ! re/ ( ! bury+-gr\nd1 ! mo/ rem>kable tombs are ^? ( ! ,ro?s*ild family4 ,p>ks4--,9 addition to ! p>k 9 ! s\?-we/]n di/rict1 ,frank=t possesses two delightful pleasure gr\nds1 :i* attract l>ge numb]s ( visitors1 ! ,palm5g>t5 9 ! we/ & ! zoological g>d5 9 ! ea/ ( ! city4 ,! =m] is rem>kable = ! collection ( palms pur*as$ 9 #ahfh f ! depos$ duke ,adolph ( ,nassau4 ,gov]nm5t4--,! pres5t municipal con/itution ( ! city dates f #ahfg & pres5ts "s po9ts ( diff]5ce f ! ord9>y ,prussian sy/em4 ,bism>ck 0 desir\s ( giv+ ! city1 9 view ( its =m] fre$om1 a m lib]al con/itution ?an is usual 9 ord9>y cases4 ,=m]ly fifty-f\r repres5tatives 7 elect$1 b provision 0 made 79 ! con/itution7 = increas+ ! numb]1 & !y at pres5t numb] sixty-f\r1 elect$ = six ye>s4 ,e two ye>s a ?ird ( ! numb] retire1 b !y are eligible = re-election4 ,^! sixty-f\r repres5tatives elect tw5ty t[n-c\ncillors1 t5 ( :om receive a sal>y & t5 d n4 ,! *ief burgoma/] 7,ob]bu]g]mei/]7 is nom9at$ by ! emp]or = twelve ye>s1 & ! second burgoma/] mu/ receive ! emp]or's approval4 ,s9ce #ahhe ! city has be5 suppli$ ) wat] ( excell5t quality f ! ,/adtwald1 ,gold/e9 & ,h9kel/e91 & ! fav\rable sanit>y condition ( ! t[n is se5 9 ! l[ dea? rate4 ,population4--,! population ( ,frank=t has /eadily increas$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury2 x am\nt$ 9 #ahag to #da1deh2 7#ahdj7 #ee1bfi2 7#ahfd7 #gg1cgb2 7#ahga7 #ei1bfe2 7#ahge7 #ajc1acf2 7#ahij7 #agi1ihe2 & 7#aije71 includ+ ! incorporat$ suburban di/ricts1 #ccd1iea1 ( :om #age1iji 7 ,prote/ants1 #hh1deg ,roman ,ca?olics & #ba1igd ,jews4 ,hi/ory4--,excavations ar\nd ! ca!dral h inconte/ably prov$ t ,frank=t-on-,ma9 7,trajectum ad ,mo5um7 0 a settlem5t 9 ,roman times & 0 probably f\nd$ 9 ! #a/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x may ?us be acc\nt$ "o ( ! e>lie/ ,g]man--! s-call$ ,roman--t[ns4 ,num]\s places 9 ! valley ( ! ,ma9 are m5tion$ 9 *ronicles ant]ior to ! "t t ,frank=t is fir/ notic$4 ,disreg>d+ popul> tradition1 :i* connects ! orig9 ( ! t[n ) a leg5d t ,*>lemagne1 :5 retreat+ be=e ! ,saxons1 0 safely conduct$ across ! riv] by a doe1 x may be ass]t$ t ! fir/ g5u9e hi/orical notice ( ! t[n occurs 9 #gic1 :5 ,e9h>d1 ,*>lemagne's biograph]1 tells u t he sp5t ! w9t] 9 ! villa ,frankonovurd4 ,next ye> !re is m5tion m ?an once ( a royal palace "h1 & ! e>ly importance ( ! place is indicat$ by ! fact t 9 ?is ye> x 0 *os5 z ! seat ( ! ecclesia/ical c\ncil by :i* image-wor%ip 0 condemn$4 ,! "n ,frank=t is also f\nd 9 sev]al (ficial docum5ts ( ,*>lemagne's reign2 & f ! notices t occur 9 ! e>ly *ronicles & *>t]s x w\ld appe> t ! place 0 ! mo/ popul\s at lea/ ( ! num]\s villages ( ! ,ma9 di/rict4 ,dur+ ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod x 0 ! seat ( no few] ?an #af imp]ial c\ncils or colloquies4 ,! t[n 0 probably at fir/ built on an isl& 9 ! riv]4 ,x 0 orig9ally gov]n$ by ! royal (fic] or actor dom9icus1 & d[n ev5 to ! close ( ! ,empire x rema9$ a purely imp]ial or royal t[n4 ,x gradually acquir$ v>i\s privileges1 & by ! close ( ! #ad? c5tury ! only m>k ( dep5d5ce 0 ! paym5t ( a ye>ly tax4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s dwelt m frequ5tly at ,frank=t ?an 8 fa!r ,*>lemagne _h done1 & ab\t #hbc he built himself a new palace1 ! basis ( ! lat] ,saalh(4 ,9 #hbb & #hbc two great diets 7 held 9 ! palace1 & at ! =m] !re 7 pres5t deputies f ! ea/]n ,slavs1 ! ,av>s & ! ,normans4 ,! place cont9u$ to be a fav\rite resid5ce ) ,l\is ! ,g]man1 :o di$ !re 9 #hgf1 & 0 ! capital ( ! ,ea/ ,franki% k+dom4 ,by ! re/ ( ! ,c>ol+ian k+s x 0 less frequ5tly visit$1 & ?is neglect 0 naturally great] dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,saxon & ,salic emp]ors f #iai to #aacg4 ,diets1 h[ev]1 7 held 9 ! t[n 9 #iea1 #ajae1 #ajfi & #aaji1 & c\ncils 9 #ajjj & #ajjf4 ,f a privilege ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 9 #ajgd1 grant+ ! city ( ,worms fre$om f tax 9 _! trade ) sev]al royal cities1 x appe>s t ,frank=t 0 ev5 !n a place ( "s comm]cial importance4 ,"u ! ,hoh5/auf5s _m brilliant diets 7 held )9 its walls4 ,t ( #aadg saw1 also1 ! fir/ election ( a ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t1 9 ! p]son ( ,h5ry1 son ( ,conrad ,,iii4 ,b z ! fa!r outliv$ ! son1 x 0 ,fr$]ick ,i41 ,b>b>ossa1 :o 0 actually ! fir/ reign+ k+ to be elect$ "h 79 #aaeb74 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury ! municipal con/itution appe>s to h tak5 def9ite %ape4 ,! *ief (ficial 0 ! royal bailiff 7,s*ul!iss71 :o is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #aaic1 & ^: p[]s 7 subsequ5tly enl>g$ by ! abolition1 9 #abai1 ( ! (fice ( ! royal ,vogt or advocatus4 ,ab\t ?is "t a body ( ,s*oeff5 7scab9i1 jurats71 f\rte5 9 numb]1 0 =m$ to assi/ 9 ! control ( municipal affairs1 & ) _! appo9tm5t ! fir/ /ep 0 tak5 t[>ds civic repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! activity ( ! ,s*oeff5 became specifically conf9$ to ! det]m9ation ( legal disputes1 & 9 _! place a new body 7,collegium7 ( c\nsellors--,ratmann5--also f\rte5 9 numb]1 0 appo9t$ = ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( local matt]s4 ,9 #acaa1 ! two burgoma/]s1 n[ *iefs ( ! municipality1 take ! place ( ! royal ,s*ul!iss4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury1 ! ,frank=t ,fair1 :i* is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #aaej1 & ! orig9 ( :i* mu/ h be5 long ant]ior to t date1 is ref]r$ to z be+ l>gely frequ5t$4 ,no few] ?an #aj new *ur*es 7 erect$ 9 ! ye>s f #abbj to #abgj4 ,x 0 ab\t ! same p]iod1 probably 9 #abdj1 t ! ,jews fir/ settl$ 9 ! t[n4 ,9 ! conte/ :i* ,l\is ! ,bav>ian ma9ta9$ ) ! papacy ,frank=t sid$ ) ! emp]or1 & x 0 consequ5tly plac$ "u an int]dict = #bj ye>s f #acbi to #acdi4 ,on ,l\is' dea? x refus$ to accept ! papal conditions ( p>don1 & only yield$ to ,*>les ,,iv41 ! papal nom9ee1 :5 ,gu5!r ( ,s*w>zburg ?\ght x m prud5t to abdicate 9 8 fav\r4 ,*>les grant$ ! city a full amne/y1 & confirm$ its lib]ties & privileges4 ,by ! fam\s ,gold5 ,bull ( #acef ,frank=t 0 decl>$ ! seat ( ! imp]ial elections1 & x /ill pres]ves an (ficial contemporane\s copy ( ! orig9al docum5t z ! mo/ preci\s ( ! eight imp]ial bulls 9 its possession4 ,f ! date ( ! bull to ! close ( ! ,empire ,frank=t reta9$ ! position ( ,wahl/adt1 & only five ( ! two-&-tw5ty mon>*s :o rul$ dur+ t p]iod 7 elect$ else:]e4 ,9 #achh-achi ,frank=t assi/$ ! ,s\? ,g]man t[ns 9 _! w>s ) ! pr9ces & nobles 7! ,/a$tekrieg71 & 9 a consequ5t battle ) ! troops ( ! ,palat9ate1 ! t[n bann] 0 lo/ & c>ri$ to ,kronb]g1 :]e x 0 long pres]v$ z a trophy4 ,on peace be+ conclud$ 9 #acia1 ! t[n _h to pay #ab1efb flor9s1 & ?is br\ght x into great f9ancial difficulties4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next #ej ye>s debt 0 contract$ to ! am\nt ( #abf1ggb flor9s4 ,! diet at ,worms 9 #adie *ose ,frank=t z ! seat ( ! newly in/itut$ imp]ial *amb]1 or ,rei*skamm]g]i*t1 & x 0 n till #aebg t ! *amb] 0 remov$ to ,spires4 ,at ! ,re=mation ,frank=t he>tily jo9$ ! ,prote/ant p>ty1 & 9 consequ5ce x 0 h>dly treat$ bo? by ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 & by ! ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z4 ,x refus$ to subscribe ! ,augsburg ,recess1 b at ! same "t x 0 n till #aecf t x 0 p]suad$ to jo9 ! ,league ( ,s*malkald54 ,on ! failure ( ?is conf$]ation x op5$ its gates to ! imp]ial g5]al ,bu]5 on ! #bi? ( ,decemb] #aedf1 al?\gh he _h pass$ by ! city1 :i* he consid]$ too /rong = ! =ces "u 8 comm&4 ,! emp]or 0 m]ciful en\gh to leave x 9 possession ( its privileges1 b he inflict$ a f9e ( #hj1jjj gold guld51 & until ,octob] #aedg ! citiz5s _h to endure ! pres5ce ( f #hjjj to #aj1jjj soldi]s4 ,?is result$ 9 a pe/il5ce :i* n only less5$ ! population1 b ?reat5$ to give ! dea?-bl[ to ! great annual fairs2 & at ! close ( ! w> x 0 f\nd t x _h co/ ! city no less ?an #bbh1ica guld54 ,9 #aeeb ,frank=t 0 inve/$ = ?ree weeks by ,maurice ( ,saxony1 :o 0 /ill 9 arms aga9/ ! emp]or ,*>les ,v41 b x cont9u$ to hold out till peace 0 conclud$ betwe5 ! pr9cipal combatants4 ,betwe5 #afab & #afaf occurr$ ! great ,fettmil* insurrection1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable episode 9 ! int]nal hi/ory ( ,frank=t4 ,! magi/racy _h be5 acquir+ m & m ! "* ( an olig>*y2 all p[] 0 practically 9 ! h&s ( a few closely-relat$ families2 & ! grave/ peculation & malv]sation took place )\t h9drance4 ,! ord9>y citiz5s 7 r\s$ to ass]t _! rights1 & !y f\nd a lead] 9 ,v9c5z ,fettmil*1 :o c>ri$ ! conte/ to dang]\s excesses1 b lack$ ability to br+ x to a successful issue4 ,an imp]ial commission 0 ultimately appo9t$1 & ! ?ree pr9cipal culprits & sev]al ( _! associates 7 execut$ 9 #afaf4 ,x 0 n till #ahja t ! la/ m\ld]+ head ( ! ,fettmil* company dropp$ unnotic$ f ! ,r5t5turm1 ! old t[] ne> ! bridge4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr ,kriegk1 ,ges*i*te von ,frankfurt1 7#ahga71 ! insurrection completely de/roy$ ! political p[] ( ! gilds1 gave new /r5g? to ! supremacy ( ! patriciate1 & br\ght no fur!r advantage to ! re/ ( ! citiz5s ?an a few improvem5ts 9 ! organization & adm9i/ration ( ! magi/racy4 ,! ,jews1 :o _h be5 attack$ by ! popul> p>ty1 7 solemnly re9/at$ by imp]ial comm& 9 all _! previ\s privileges1 & receiv$ full comp5sation = _! losses4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ,frank=t did n escape4 ,9 #afca ,gu/avus ,adolphus g>rison$ x ) #fjj m51 :o rema9$ 9 possession till !y 7 expell$ f\r ye>s lat] by ! imp]ial g5]al ,lamboy4 ,9 #agib ! citiz5s _h to pay #b1jjj1jjj guld5 to ! ,fr5* g5]al ,cu/9e2 & 9 #agif ,kleb] exact$ #h1jjj1jjj francs4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ,frank=t 0 br\ght to an end 9 #ahjf1 on ! =mation ( ! ,conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e2 & 9 #ahaj x 0 made ! capital ( ! gr&-du*y ( ,frank=t1 :i* _h an area ( #cbae sq4 m4 ) #cjb1ajj inhabitants1 & 0 divid$ into ! f\r di/ricts ( ,frank=t1 ,as*aff5burg1 ,fulda & ,hanau4 ,on ! recon/itution ( ,g]many 9 #ahae x aga9 became a free city1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 decl>$ ! seat ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation4 ,9 ,april #ahcc occurr$ :at is kn[n z ! ,frank=t ,insurrection 7,frankfurt] ,att5tat71 9 :i* a numb] ( insurg5ts l$ by ,georg ,buns5 attempt$ to break up ! diet4 ,! city jo9$ ! ,g]man ,zollv]e9 9 #ahcf4 ,dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod ( #ahdh ! p ( ,frank=t1 :]e ! unit$ ,g]man p>liam5t held its sessions1 took a *ief "p 9 political movem5ts1 & ! /reets ( ! t[n 7 m ?an once ! sc5e ( conflict4 ,9 ! w> ( #ahff !y 7 on ! ,au/rian side4 ,on ! #af? ( ,july ! ,prussian troops1 "u ,g5]al ,vogel von ,falk5/e91 ent]$ ! t[n1 & on ! #ah? ( ,octob] x 0 =mally incorporat$ ) ! ,prussian /ate4 ,a f9e ( #f1jjj1jjj flor9s 0 exact$4 ,9 #ahga ! treaty :i* conclud$ ! ,franco-,g]man ,w> 0 sign$ 9 ! ,swan ,hotel by ,pr9ce ,bism>ck & ,jules ,favre1 & x is consequ5tly kn[n z ! peace ( ,frank=t4 ,,au?orities4--,f4 ,rittweg]1 ,frankfurt im ,jahre #ahdh 7#ahih72 ,r4 ,jung1 ,das hi/oris*e ,ar*iv d] ,/adt ,frankfurt 7#ahig72 ,a4 ,horne1 ,ges*i*te von ,frankfurt 7#d? ed41 #aijc72 ,h4 ,grotef5d1 ,quell5 zur ,frankfu]t] ,ges*i*te 7,frank=t1 #ahhd-ahhh72 ,j4 ,c4 von ,fi*>d1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,rei*s/adt ,frankfurt 7,frank=t1 #ahai72 ,g4 ,l4 ,kriegk1 ,ges*i*te von ,frankfurt 7,frank=t1 #ahga72 ,j4 ,f4 ,boehm]1 ,urkund5bu* d] ,rei*s/adt ,frankfurt 7new ed41 #aija72 ,b4 ,web]1 ,zur ,re=mationsges*i*te d] frei5 ,rei*s/adt ,frankfurt 7#ahie72 ,o4 ,spey]1 ,die ,frankfurt] ,revolution #afab-afaf 7#ahhc72 & ,l4 ,wo]l1 ,guide to ,frank=t 7,leipzig1 #ahih74 ,,frank=t-,,on-,,od]1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,br&5burg1 #ej m4 ,s4,e4 f ,b]l9 on ! ma9 l9e ( railway to ,breslau & at ! junction ( l9es to ,cue/r91 ,pos5 & ,gross5ha94 ,pop4 7#aije7 #fd1idc4 ,! t[n prop] lies on ! left bank ( ! riv] ,od] & is connect$ by a /one bridge 7replac+ ! old hi/orical wood5 /ructure7 #ijj ft4 long1 ) ! suburb ( ,damm4 ,! t[n is agreeably situat$ & has broad & h&some /reets1 among !m ! ,l9d51 a spaci\s av5ue4 ,above1 on ! we/]n side1 & p>tly ly+ on ! site ( ! old ramp>ts1 is ! resid5tial qu>t]1 consi/+ ma9ly ( villas & comm&+ a f9e prospect ( ! ,od] valley4 ,betwe5 ?is suburb & ! t[n lies ! p>k1 9 :i* is a monum5t to ! poet ,ewald ,*ri/ian von ,klei/1 :o di$ "h ( w\nds receiv$ 9 ! battle ( ,kun]sdorf4 ,among ! m important public build+s mu/ be notic$ ! ,evangelical ,m>i5kir*e 7,ob]kir*e71 a h&some brick edifice ( ! #ac? c5tury ) five aisles1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 ! ,ra?haus dat+ f #afjg1 & be>+ on its s\!rn gable ! device ( a memb] ( ! ,hanseatic ,league1 ! gov]nm5t (fices & ! !atre4 ,! univ]sity ( ,frank=t1 f\nd$ 9 #aejf by ,joa*im ,i41 elector ( ,br&5burg1 0 remov$ to ,breslau 9 #ahaa1 & ! academical build+s are n[ occupi$ by a s*ool4 ,to comp5sate x = ! loss ( its univ]sity1 ,frank=t-on-,od] 0 long ! seat ( ! c\rt ( appeal = ! prov9ce1 b ( ?is x 0 depriv$ 9 #ahgi4 ,!re are sev]al h&some public monum5ts1 notably t to ,duke ,leopold ( ,brunswick1 :o 0 dr[n$ 9 ! ,od] :ile attempt+ to save life1 on ! #bg? ( ,april #aghe4 ,! t[n has a l>ge g>rison1 consi/+ ( ne>ly all arms4 ,its indu/ries are consid]able1 includ+ ! manufacture ( ma*9]y1 metal w>e1 *emicals1 pap]1 lea!r & sug>4 ,situat$ on ! high road f ,b]l9 to ,silesia1 & hav+ an ext5sive sy/em ( wat] communication by means ( ! ,od] & its canals to ! ,vi/ula & ! ,elbe1 & be+ an important railway c5tre1 x has a lively export trade1 :i* is fur!r fo/]$ by its ?ree annual fairs1 held respectively at ,rem9isc]e 7! second ,sunday 9 ,l5t71 ,/ ,m>g>et's day & at ,m>t9mas4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are ext5sive coal fields4 ,frank=t-on-!-,od] owes its orig9 & "n to a settlem5t ( ,franconian m]*ants "h1 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 on l& conqu]$ by ! m>grave ( ,br&5burg f ! ,w5ds4 ,9 #abec x 0 rais$ to ! rank ( a t[n by ! m>grave ,john ,i4 & borr[$ f ,b]l9 ! ,magdeburg civic con/itution4 ,9 #acgi x receiv$ f ,k+ ,sigismund1 !n m>grave ( ,br&5burg1 ! "r to free navigation ( ! ,od]2 & f #acfh to ab\t #adej x belong$ to ! ,hanseatic ,league4 ,! univ]sity1 :i* is ref]r$ to above1 0 op5$ by ! elector ,joa*im ,i4 9 #aejf1 0 remov$ 9 #aeaf to ,kottbus & re/or$ aga9 to ,frank=t 9 #aeci1 at :i* date ! ,re=mation 0 introduc$4 ,x 0 disp]s$ dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> & aga9 re/or$ by ! ,great ,elector1 b f9ally transf]r$ to ,breslau 9 #ahaa4 ,frank=t has suff]$ mu* f ! vicissitudes ( w>4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury x successfully )/ood sieges by ! ,hussites 7#adbi & #adcb71 by ! ,poles 7#adej7 & by ! duke ( ,sagan 7#adgg74 ,9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> x 0 successively tak5 by ,gu/avus ,adolphus 7#afca71 by ,wall5/e9 7#afcc71 by ! elector ( ,br&5burg 7#afcd71 & aga9 by ! ,sw$es1 :o held x f #afdj to #afdd4 ,dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> x 0 tak5 by ! ,russians 7#agei74 ,9 #ahab x 0 occupi$ by ! ,fr5*1 :o rema9$ till ,m>* #ahac1 :5 ! ,russians m>*$ 94 ,see ,k4 ,r4 ,haus51 ,ges*i*te d] ,univ]sitaet und ,/adt ,frankfurt 7#ahjf71 & ,bi$] und ,gurnik1 ,bild] aus d] ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,frankfurt-an-d]-,od] 7#ahih74 ,,frank9c5se1#a or ,,olibanum#b 7,gr4 ,greek3 libanotos1 lat] ,greek3 ?yos2 ,lat41 tus or ?us2 ,heb41 lebonah2#c ,ar41 luban2#d ,turk41 ghyunluk2 ,h9d41 g&a-birosa#e71 a gum-res9 obta9$ f c]ta9 species ( trees ( ! g5us ,boswellia1 & natural ord] ,burs]aceae4 ,! memb]s ( ! g5us are possess$ ( ! foll[+ *>act]s3--,b>k (t5 papyrace\s2 leaves decidu\s1 comp\nd1 alt]nate & imp>ip9nate1 ) leaflets s]rate or entire2 fl[]s 9 racemes or panicles1 :ite1 gre51 yell[i% or p9k1 hav+ a small p]si/5t1 #e-;d5tate calyx1 #e petals1 #aj /am5s1 a sessile #c to #e-;*amb]$ ov>y1 a long /yle1 & a #c-lob$ /igma2 fruit trigonal or p5tagonal2 & se$ compress$4 ,sir ,george ,birdwood 7,trans4 ,l94 ,soc4 xxvii41 #ahga7 di/+ui%es five species ( ,boswellia3 7,a7 ,b4 ?urif]a1 ,colebr4 7,b4 glabra & ,b4 s]rata1 ,roxb471 indig5\s to ! m\nta9\s tracts ( c5tral ,india & ! ,corom&el coa/1 & ,b4 papyrif]a 7,ploesslea floribunda1 ,endl47 ( ,abyss9ia1 :i*1 ?\gh bo? ?urif]\s1 are n kn[n to yield any ( ! olibanum ( comm]ce2 & 7,b7 ,b4 ,fr]eana 7see ,,elemi1 vol4 x4 p4 #bei71 ,b4 ,bhua-,dajiana1 & ,b4 ,c>t]ii1 ! ,yega>1 ,mohr ,add1 & ,mohr ,mad[ ( ! ,somali c\ntry1 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 ! la/ species includ+ a v>iety1 ! ,maghrayt d',%eehaz ( ,hadramaut1 ,arabia1 all ( :i* are s\rces ( true frank9c5se or olibanum4 ,! trees on ! ,somali coa/ are describ$ by ,capta9 ,g4 ,b4 ,kemp?orne z gr[+1 )\t soil1 out ( poli%$ m>ble rocks1 to :i* !y are atta*$ by a ?ick oval mass ( sub/ance resembl+ a mixture ( lime & mort>3 ! pur] ! m>ble ! f9] appe>s to be ! gr[? ( ! tree4 ,! "y trees1 he /ates1 furni% ! mo/ valuable gum1 ! old] yield+ m]ely a cle> glut9\s fluid resembl+ copal v>ni%4#f ,to obta9 ! frank9c5se a deep incision is made 9 ! trunk ( ! tree1 & bel[ x a n>r[ /rip ( b>k #e 94 9 l5g? is peel$ (f4 ,:5 ! milk-l juice 7spuma p+uis1 ,pl9y7 :i* exudes has h>d5$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e1 ! incision is deep5$4 ,9 ab\t ?ree mon?s ! res9 has atta9$ ! requir$ degree ( consi/5cy4 ,! season = ga!r+ la/s f ,may until ! fir/ ra9s 9 ,septemb]4 ,! l>ge cle> globules are scrap$ (f into baskets1 & ! inf]ior quality t has run d[n ! tree is collect$ sep>ately4 ,! coa/ ( s\? ,arabia is ye>ly visit$ by p>ties ( ,somalis1 :o pay ! ,arabs = ! privilege ( collect+ frank9c5se4#g ,9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry ab\t ! pla9 ( ,dh(>1#h dur+ ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 frank9c5se & o!r gums are ga!r$ by ! ,b5i ,gurrah ,b$\9s1 & might be obta9$ by !m 9 mu* l>g] quantities2 _! lawlessness1 h[ev]1 & ! lack ( a safe place ( ex*ange or sale are ob/acles to ! developm5t ( trade4 7,see ,c4 ,y4 ,w>d1 ,! ,gulf ( ,ad5 ,pilot1 p4 #aag1 #ahfc47 ,mu* z =m]ly 9 ! region ( ,sakhalites 9 ,arabia 7! tract betwe5 ,ras ,makalla & ,ras ,agab71#i describ$ by ,arrian1 s n[ on ! sea-coa/ ( ! ,somali c\ntry1 ! frank9c5se :5 collect$ is /or$ 9 heaps at v>i\s /ations4 ,!nce1 pack$ 9 %eep- & goat-sk9s1 9 quantities ( #bj to #dj lb41 x is c>ri$ on camels to ,b]b]a1 = %ipm5t ei!r to ,ad51 ,makalla & o!r ,arabian ports1 or directly to ,bombay4#aj ,at ,bombay1 l gum-acacia1 x is assort$1 & is !n pack$ = re-exportation to ,europe1 ,*9a & else:]e4#aa ,arrian relates t x 0 an import ( ,b>b>ike on ! ,s9?us 7,indus74 ,! idea held by sev]al writ]s1 includ+ ,niebuhr1 t frank9c5se 0 a product ( ,india1 w\ld seem to h orig9at$ 9 a confusion ( t drug ) b5zo9 & o!r odorif]\s sub/ances1 & also 9 ! sale ( import$ frank9c5se ) ! native products ( ,india4 ,! gum res9 ( ,boswellia ?urif]a 0 describ$ by ,colebrooke 79 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 ix4 #cha71 & aft] him by ,dr ,j4 ,flem+ 7,ib4 xi4 #aeh71 z true frank9c5se1 or olibanum2 f ?is1 h[ev]1 x diff]s 9 its s(tness1 & t5d5cy to melt into a mass#ab 7,birdwood1 loc4 cit41 p4 #adf74 ,x is sold 9 ! village baza>s ( ,kh&ei% 9 ,india "u ! "n ( ,dup-,salai1 i4e4 inc5se ( ! ,salai tree2 & accord+ to ,mr ,f4 ,port] ,smi?1 ,m4,b4 7,contrib4 t[>ds ! ,mat4 ,m$4 & ,nat4 ,hi/1 ( ,*9a1 p4 #afb1 ,%anghai1 #ahga71 is us$ z inc5se 9 ,*9a4 ,! la/ au?ority also m5tions olibanum z a reput$ natural product ( ,*9a4 ,b]nh>d von ,breyd5ba*1#ac ,ausonius1 ,florus & o!rs1 argu+1 x w\ld seem1 f its ,hebrew & ,greek names1 conclud$ t olibanum came f ,m\nt ,lebanon2 & ,*>d9 7,voyage en ,p]se1 c41 #agaa7 makes ! /atem5t t ! frank9c5se tree gr[s 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p]sia1 p>ticul>ly ,c>amania4 ,frank9c5se1 or olibanum1 occurs 9 comm]ce 9 semi-opaque1 r\nd1 ovate or oblong te>s or irregul> lumps1 :i* are cov]$ ext]nally ) a :ite du/1 ! result ( _! friction aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,x has an amorph\s int]nal /ructure1 a dull fracture2 is ( a yell[ to yell[i%-br[n hue1 ! pur] v>ieties be+ almo/ col\rless1 or possess+ a gre5i% t+e1 & has a some:at bitt] aromatic ta/e1 & a balsamic od\r1 :i* is develop$ by heat+4 ,imm]s$ 9 alcohol x becomes opaque1 & ) wat] x yields an emulsion4 ,x conta9s ab\t #gb ( res9 soluble 9 alcohol 7,kurbat[72 a l>ge proportion ( gum soluble 9 wat]1 & app>5tly id5tical ) gum arabic2 & a small quantity ( a col\rless inflammable ess5tial oil1 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( :i* is ! body olib51 ,c#aj;,h#af4 ,frank9c5se burns ) a bright :ite flame1 leav+ an a% consi/+ ma9ly ( calcium c>bonate1 ! rema9d] be+ calcium phosphate1 & ! sulphate1 *loride & c>bonate ( potassium 7,braconnot74#ad ,good frank9c5se1 ,pl9y tells u1 is recogniz$ by its :it5ess1 size1 brittl5ess & ready inflammability4 ,t :i* occurs 9 globul> drops is1 he says1 t]m$ male frank9c5se2 ! mo/ e/eem$1 he fur!r rem>ks1 is 9 brea/-%ap$ drops1 =m$ ea* by ! union ( two te>s4#ae ,! be/ frank9c5se1 z we le>n f ,arrian1#af 0 =m]ly export$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,cape ,elephant 9 ,africa 7! mod]n ,ras ,fiel72 & ,a4 von ,krem]1 9 8 description ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,r$ ,sea 7,aegypt51 c41 p4 #ahe1 ii4 ,!il1 ,leipzig1 #ahfc71 obs]ves t ! ,african frank9c5se1 call$ by ! ,arabs asli1 is ( twice ! value ( ! ,arabian luban4 ,capta9 ,s4 ,b4 ,miles 7loc4 cit41 p4 #fd7 /ates t ! be/ k9d ( frank9c5se1 kn[n to ! ,somali z b$wi or %eh]i1 comes f ! trees ,mohr ,add & ,mohr ,mad[ 7vide supra71 & f a tall] species ( ,boswellia1 ! ,boido1 & is s5t to ,bombay = exportation to ,europe2 & t an inf]ior mayeti1 ! produce ( ! ,yega>1 is export$ *iefly to ,j$dah & ,yem5 ports4#ag ,! latt] may possibly be :at ,niebuhr alludes to z ,indian frank9c5se4#ah ,g>cias da ,horta1 9 ass]t+ ! ,arabian orig9 ( ! drug1 rem>ks t ! t]m ,indian is (t5 appli$ by ! ,arabs to a d>k-col\r$ v>iety4#ai ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xiv4 #a2 cf4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i i4 #ccg sq471 frank9c5se 0 n sacrificially employ$ 9 ,trojan times4 ,x 0 us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians 9 _! religi\s rites1 b1 z ,h]odotus tells u 7ii4 #hf71 n 9 embalm+4 ,x con/itut$ a f\r? "p ( ! ,jewi% inc5se ( ! sanctu>y 7,ex4 xxx4 #cd71 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,) o!r spices x 0 /or$ 9 a great *amb] ( ! h\se ( ,god at ,j]usalem 7#a ,*ron4 ix4 #bi1 ,neh4 xiii4 #e-i74 ,on ! sacrificial use & import ( frank9c5se & simil> sub/ances see ,,inc5se4 ,9 ! ,r$ ,sea regions frank9c5se is valu$ n only = its sweet od\r :5 burnt1 b z a ma/icatory2 & blaz+ lumps ( x are n infrequ5tly us$ = illum9ation in/ead ( oil lamps4 ,its fumes are an excell5t insectifuge4 ,z a m$ic9e x 0 9 =m] times 9 high repute4 ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xxv4 #hb7 m5tions x z an antidote to hemlock4 ,avic5na 7ed4 ,plempii1 lib4 ii4 p4 #afa1 ,lovanii1 #afeh1 fol47 recomm5ds x = tum\rs1 ulc]s ( ! head & e>s1 affections ( ! brea/1 vomit+1 dys5t]y & fev]s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ frank9c5se has be5 f\nd efficaci\s z an ext]nal application 9 c>buncles1 bl9d boils & gangr5\s sores1 & z an int]nal ag5t is giv5 9 gonorrhoea4 ,9 ,*9a x 0 an old int]nal rem$y = leprosy & /ruma1 & is accr$it$ ) /imulant1 tonic1 s$ative1 a/r+5t & vuln]>y prop]ties4 ,x is n us$ 9 mod]n m$ic9e1 be+ de/itute ( any special virtues4 7,see ,w>+1 ,ph>m4 ( ,india1 p4 #ddc1 c42 & ,f4 ,port] ,smi?1 op4 cit41 p4 #afb47 ,common frank9c5se or ?us1 ,abietis res9a1 is ! t]m appli$ to a res9 :i* exudes f fissures 9 ! b>k ( ! ,norway spruce fir1 ,abies excelsa1 ,d4,c42 :5 melt$ 9 hot wat] & /ra9$ x con/itutes ,burgundy pit*1 ,pix abiet9a4 ,! concret$ turp5t9e obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by mak+ incisions 9 ! trunk ( a species ( p9e1 ,p9us au/ralis1 is also s designat$4 ,x is comm]cially kn[n z scrape1 & is simil> to ! ,fr5* galipot or b>ras4 ,common frank9c5se is an +r$i5t 9 "s o9tm5ts & pla/]s1 & on acc\nt ( its pleasant od\r :5 burn$ has be5 us$ 9 inc5se z a sub/itute = olibanum4 7,see ,flueckig] & ,hanbury1 ,ph>macographia47 ,! black frank9c5se oil ( ! ,turks is /at$ by ,hanbury 7,sci5ce ,pap]s1 p4 #adb1 #ahgf7 to be liquid /orax4 7,f4 ,h4 ,b47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,/eph5 ,sk9n]1 ,m4,d4 7,etymologicon l+uae ,anglicanae1 ,lond41 #afga71 gives ! d]ivation3 ,frank9c5se1 ,?us1 q4d4 ,inc5sum 7i4e4 ,?us ,lib]e7 seu ,lib]alit]1 ut 9 sacris (ficiis p> e/1 adol5dum4 #b ,sic olibanum dix]e pro ?ure ex ,graeco ,greek3 o libanos 7,salmasius1 ,c4 ,s4 ,pl9ianae ex]citationes1 t4 ii4 p4 #ibf1 b4 ,f41 ,traj4 ad ,rh541 #afhi fol474 ,s also ,fu*s 7,op4 didact4 p>s4 ii4 p4 #db1 #afjd fol471 ,(fic9is non s9e risu eruditorum1 ,graeco articulo adjecto1 ,olibanus vocatur4 ,! t]m olibano 0 us$ 9 ecclesia/ical ,lat9 z e>ly z ! pontificate ( ,b5$ict ,,ix41 9 ! #aa? c5tury4 7,see ,f]d4 ,ughellus1 ,italia sacra1 tom4 i4 #ajh1 ,d41 ,v541 #agag fol47 #c ,s designat$ f its :it5ess 7,j4 ,g4 ,/uckius1 ,sacror4 et sacrific4 g5t4 descrip41 p4 #gi1 ,lugd4 ,bat41 #afie1 fol42 ,kitto1 ,cycl4 ,bibl4 ,lit4 ii4 p4 #hjf1 #ahgj72 cf4 ,lab51 ! ,somali "n = cream 7,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 ,fir/ ,foot/eps 9 ,e4 ,africa1 p4 #agh1 #ahef74 #d ,writt5 ,l\an by ,g>cias da ,horta 7,aromat4 et simpl4 m$icam5t4 hi/41 ,c4 ,clusii ,atrebatis ,exoticorum lib4 sept41 p4 #aeg1 #afje1 fol471 & /at$ to h be5 d]iv$ by ! ,arabs f ! ,greek "n1 ! t]m less commonly us$ by !m be+ ,cond]3 cf4 ,sanskrit ,kunda4 ,accord+ to ,colebrooke 79 ,asiatick ,res4 ix4 p4 #cgi1 #ahjg71 ! ,h9du writ]s on ,mat]ia ,m$ica use = ! res9 ( ,boswellia ?urif]a ! designation ,cunduru4 #e ,a t]m appli$ also to ! res9\s exudation ( ,p9us longifolia 7see ,dr ,e4 ,j4 ,w>+1 ,ph>macopoeia ( ,india1 p4 #eb1 ,lond41 #ahfh74 #f ,see ,app5dix1 vol4 i4 p4 #dai ( ,sir ,w4 ,c4 ,h>ris's ,highl& ( ,ae?iopia 7#bnd ed41 ,lond41 #ahdd72 & ,trans4 ,bombay ,geog4 ,soc4 xiii4 7#aheg71 p4 #acf4 #g ,crutt5d51 ,trans4 ,bombay ,geog4 ,soc4 vii4 7#ahdf71 p4 #aba2 ,s4 ,b4 ,miles1 ,j4 ,geog4 ,soc4 7#ahgb74 #h ,or ,dhaf>4 ,! inc5se ( ,d(> is allud$ to by ,camo5s1 ,os ,lusiadas1 x4 #bja4 #i ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t]1 ,comp>ative ,geog4 ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ,coa/ ( ,arabia1 9 ,j4 ,bombay ,bran* ( ,r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 iii4 7,jan4 #ahea71 p4 #bif2 & ,muell]1 ,geog4 ,graeci ,m9ores1 i4 p4 #bgh 7,p>is1 #ahee74 #aj ,j4 ,vaughan1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 xii4 7#ahec7 pp4 #bbg-bbi2 & ,w>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig4 #aa ,p]eira1 ,elem4 ( ,mat4 ,m$4 ii4 pt4 #b1 p4 #chj 7#d? ed41 #ahdg74 #ab ,boswellia ?urif]a1 444 says ,w>+ 7,ph>m4 ( ,india1 p4 #eb71 has be5 ?\ght to yield ,ea/ ,indian olibanum1 b !re is no reliable evid5ce ( its s do+4 #ac ,libanus igitur e/ mons r$ol5tie summe aromaticitatis4 nam ibi h]be odorif]e crescunt4 ibi etiam arbores ?urif]e coalescunt qu>um gummi electum olibanum a m$icis nuncupatur4--,p]igr9atio1 p4 #ec 7#aejb1 fol474 #ad ,see1 on ! *emi/ry ( frank9c5se1 ,braconnot1 ,ann4 de *imie1 lxviii4 7#ahjh7 pp4 #fj-fi2 ,john/on1 ,phil4 ,trans4 7#ahci71 pp4 #cja-cje2 ,j4 ,/5h\se1 ,ann4 d] ,*em4 und ,ph>m4 xxxv4 7#ahdj7 p4 #cjf2 & ,a4 ,kurbat[1 ,zeits*4 fu] ,*em4 7#ahga71 p4 #bja4 #ae ,praecipua autem gratia e/ mammoso1 cum ha]5te lacryma priore consecuta alia miscuit se 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xii4 #cb74 ,"o ( ! ,*9ese names = frank9c5se1 ,ju-hiang1 milk-p]fume1 is expla9$ by ! ,p5 ,ts'au 7xxxiv4 #de71 a ,*9ese "w1 z be+ d]iv$ f ! nipple-l =m ( its drops4 7,see ,e4 ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,k possess$ by ! ,anci5t ,*9ese ( ! ,arabs1 c41 p4 #ai1 ,lond41 #ahga47 #af ,! ,voyage ( ,ne>*us1 loc4 cit4 #ag ,vaughan 7,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 xii4 #ahec7 speaks ( ! ,arabian ,luban1 commonly call$ ,morbat or ,%ah>ree ,luban1 z realiz+ high] prices 9 ! m>ket ?an any ( ! qualities export$ f ,africa4 ,! inc5se ( ,e%]1 i4e4 ,%ihr or ,%ehr1 is m5tion$ by ,m>co ,polo1 z also by ,b>bosa4 7,see ,yule1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #cgg47 ,j4 ,raymond ,well/$ 7,travels to ! ,city ( ! ,caliphs1 p4 #agc1 ,lond41 #ahdj7 di/+ui%es two k9ds ( frank9c5se--,meaty1 sell+ at #d p] cwt41 & an inf]ior article fet*+ #bj less4 #ah ,es s*e9t1 dass selb] die ,arab] ihr eignes ,raeu*w]k ni*t ho* s*aetz52 d5n die ,vornehm5 9 ,jem5 brau*5 geme9igli* indianis*es ,raeu*w]k1 ja e9e grosse ,m5ge ,ma/ix von d] ,insel ,scio 7,bes*reibung von ,arabi51 p4 #adc1 ,kop5h41 #aggb74 #ai ,de ,arabibus m9us mirum1 qui nigricantem colorem1 quo ,?us ,indicum pra$itum esse vult ,dioscorides lib4 i4 c4 #gj1 ,indum pl]umque voc5t1 ut ex ,myrobalano nigro quem ,indum appellant1 patet 7op4 sup4 cit4 p4 #aeg74 ,,frank+1 a t]m us$ = ! "r ( s5d+ lett]s or po/al packages free 7,fr4 franc7 ( *>ge4 ,! privilege 0 claim$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #affj 9 a ,bill = erect+ & e/abli%+ a ,po/ ,(fice1 _! dem& be+ t all lett]s address$ to or s5t by memb]s dur+ ! session %\ld be c>ri$ free4 ,! clause embody+ ?is claim 0 /ruck out by ! ,lords1 b ) ! proviso 9 ! ,act z pass$ = ! free c>riage ( all lett]s to & f ! k+ & ! great (fic]s ( /ate1 & also ! s+le inl& lett]s ( ! memb]s ( t pres5t p>liam5t dur+ t session only4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! practice 0 tol]at$ until #agfd1 :5 by an act deal+ ) po/age x 0 legaliz$1 e pe] & ea* memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons be+ all[$ to s5d free t5 lett]s a day1 n exce$+ an ounce 9 weight1 to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & to receive fifte54 ,! act did n re/rict ! privilege to lett]s ei!r actually writt5 by or to ! memb]1 & ?us ! "r 0 v easily abus$1 memb]s s5d+ & receiv+ lett]s = fri5ds1 all t 0 necess>y be+ ! signature ( ! pe] or ,m4,p4 9 ! corn] ( ! envelope4 ,:olesale frank+ grew usual1 & ,m4,p4's suppli$ _! fri5ds ) envelopes already sign$ to be us$ at any "t4 ,9 #ahcg ! sc&al _h become s great t /rict] regulations came into =ce4 ,! frank] _h to write ! full address1 to :i* he _h to add 8 "n1 ! po/-t[n & ! day ( ! mon?2 ! lett] _h to be po/$ on ! day writt5 or ! foll[+ day at ! late/1 & 9 a po/-t[n n m ?an #bj m4 f ! place :]e ! pe] or ,m4,p4 0 !n liv+4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y #ahdj p>liam5t>y frank+ 0 aboli%$ on ! introduction ( ! uni=m p5ny rate4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! frank+ privilege 0 fir/ grant$ 9 ,janu>y #aggf to ! soldi]s engag$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! "r 0 gradually ext5d$ till x includ$ ne>ly all (ficials & memb]s ( ! public s]vice4 ,by special acts ! privilege 0 be/[$ on presid5ts & _! wid[s4 ,by an act ( ! #crd ( ,m>* #ahde1 frank+ 0 limit$ to ! presid5t1 vice-presid5t1 memb]s & delegates 9 ,congress & po/ma/]s1 o!r (fic]s be+ requir$ to keep qu>t]ly acc\nts ( po/age & pay x f _! cont+5t funds4 ,9 #ahea free ex*ange ( newspap]s 0 re-e/abli%$4 ,by an act ( ! #crd ( ,m>* #ahfc ! privilege 0 grant$ ! presid5t & 8 private secret>y1 ! vice-presid5t1 *iefs ( executive dep>tm5ts1 su* heads ( bureaus & *ief cl]ks z might be designat$ by ! po/ma/]-g5]al = (ficial lett]s only2 s5ators & repres5tatives 9 ,congress = all correspond5ce1 s5d]s ( petitions to ei!r bran* ( ! legislature1 & to publi%]s ( newspap]s = _! ex*anges4 ,!re 0 a limit z to weight4 ,memb]s ( ,congress c\ld also frank1 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! f$]al dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 se$s1 roots & cutt+s1 ! weight to be fix$ by ! po/ma/]-g5]al4 ,?is act rema9$ 9 =ce till ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y #ahgc1 :5 frank+ 0 aboli%$4 ,s9ce #ahge1 by sundry acts1 frank+ = (ficial correspond5ce1 gov]nm5t publications1 se$s1 c41 has be5 all[$ to congressm51 ex-congressm5 7= #i mon?s aft] ! close ( _! t]m71 congressm5-elect & o!r gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,by special acts ( #ahha1 #ahhf1 #aijb1 #aiji1 respectively1 ! frank+ privilege 0 grant$ to ! wid[s ( ,presid5ts ,g>field1 ,grant1 ,mc,kinley & ,clevel&4 ,,frankl1 ,,ludwig ,,augu/ 7#ahaj-ahid71 ,au/rian poet4 ,he took "p 9 ! revolution ( #ahdh1 & 8 poems on lib]ty _h consid]able vogue4 ,8 lyrics are among 8 be/ "w4 ,he 0 secret>y ( ! ,jewi% community 9 ,vi5na1 & did a la/+ s]vice to education by 8 visit to ! ,ori5t 9 #ahef4 ,he f\nd$ ! fir/ mod]n ,jewi% s*ool 7! ,von ,laemmel ,s*ule7 9 ,j]usalem4 ,8 brilliant volumes ,na* ,j]usalem describ+ 8 ea/]n t\r h be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 z is ! case ) _m ( 8 poems4 ,8 collect$ poems appe>$ 9 ?ree volumes 9 #ahhj4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,frankl&1 ,,sir ,,edw>d 7#ahbe-ahii71 ,engli% *emi/1 0 born at ,*ur*t[n1 ne> ,lanca/]1 on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y #ahbe4 ,aft] att5d+ ! gramm> s*ool at ,lanca/] he sp5t six ye>s z an appr5tice to a druggi/ 9 t t[n4 ,9 #ahde he w5t to ,london & ent]$ ,lyon ,playfair's laboratory1 subsequ5tly work+ "u ,r4 ,w4 ,buns5 at ,m>burg4 ,9 #ahdg he 0 appo9t$ sci5ce-ma/] at ,que5wood s*ool1 ,hamp%ire1 :]e he fir/ met ,j4 ,tyndall1 & 9 #ahea fir/ pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]4 ,return+ to ,london six ye>s lat] he became lectur] 9 *emi/ry at ,/ ,b>?olomew's hospital1 & 9 #ahfc pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,f an e>ly age he engag$ 9 orig9al rese>* ) great success4 ,analytical problems1 su* z ! isolation ( c]ta9 organic radicals1 attract$ 8 att5tion to beg9 )1 b he soon turn$ to syn!tical /udies1 & he 0 only ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ( age :5 an inve/igation1 d\btless sugge/$ by ! "w ( 8 ma/]1 ,buns51 on cacodyl1 yield$ ! int]e/+ discov]y ( ! organo-metallic comp\nds4 ,! !oretical d$uctions :i* he drew f ! consid]ation ( ^! bodies 7 ev5 m int]e/+ & important ?an ! bodies !mselves4 ,p]ceiv+ a molecul> isonomy betwe5 !m & ! inorganic comp\nds ( ! metals f :i* !y may be =m$1 he saw _! true molecul> type 9 ! oxyg51 sulphur or *lor9e comp\nds ( ^? metals1 f :i* he held !m to be d]iv$ by ! sub/itution ( an organic gr\p = ! oxyg51 sulphur1 c4 ,9 ?is way !y enabl$ him to ov]?r[ ! !ory ( conjugate comp\nds1 & !y fur!r l$ him 9 #aheb to publi% ! conception t ! atoms ( ea* elem5t>y sub/ance h a def9ite saturation capacity1 s t !y c only comb9e ) a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( ! atoms ( o!r elem5ts4 ,! !ory ( val5cy ?us f\nd$ has dom9at$ ! subsequ5t developm5t ( *emical doctr9e1 & =ms ! gr\ndwork ^u :i* ! fabric ( mod]n /ructural *emi/ry reposes4 ,9 appli$ *emi/ry ,frankl&'s great "w 0 9 connexion ) wat]-supply4 ,appo9t$ a memb] ( ! second royal commission on ! pollution ( riv]s 9 #ahfh1 he 0 provid$ by ! gov]nm5t ) a completely-equipp$ laboratory1 9 :i*1 = a p]iod ( six ye>s1 he c>ri$ on ! inquiries necess>y = ! purposes ( t body1 & 0 ?us ! means ( br++ to light an enorm\s am\nt ( valuable in=mation respect+ ! contam9ation ( riv]s by sewage1 trade-refuse1 c41 & ! purification ( wat] = dome/ic use4 ,9 #ahfe1 :5 he succe$$ ,a4 ,w4 von ,h(mann at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 he und]took ! duty ( mak+ mon?ly reports to ! regi/r>-g5]al on ! "* ( ! wat] suppli$ to ,london1 & ^! he cont9u$ d[n to ! end ( 8 life4 ,at "o "t he 0 an unsp>+ critic ( its quality1 b 9 lat] ye>s he became /rongly conv9c$ ( its g5]al excell5ce & :olesom5ess4 ,8 analyses 7 bo? *emical & bact]iological1 & 8 dissatisfaction ) ! processes 9 vogue = ! =m] at ! "t ( 8 appo9tm5t caus$ him to sp5d two ye>s 9 devis+ new & m accurate me?ods4 ,9 #ahei he pass$ a night on ! v top ( ,mont ,blanc 9 company ) ,john ,tyndall4 ,"o ( ! purposes ( ! exp$ition 0 to discov] :e!r ! rate ( combu/ion ( a c&le v>ies ) ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x is burnt1 a "q :i* 0 answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,o!r obs]vations made by ,frankl& at ! "t =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* yield$ f>-rea*+ results4 ,he notic$ t at ! summit ! c&le gave a v poor light1 & 0 !reby l$ to inve/igate ! effect produc$ on lum9\s flames by v>y+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y are burn+4 ,he f\nd t pressure increases lum9osity1 s t hydrog51 = example1 ! flame ( :i* 9 normal circum/ances gives no light1 burns ) a lum9\s flame "u a pressure ( t5 or tw5ty atmosph]es1 & ! inf]5ce he drew 0 t ! pres5ce ( solid p>ticles is n ! only factor t det]m9es ! light-giv+ p[] ( a flame4 ,fur!r1 he %[$ t ! spectrum ( a d5se ignit$ gas resembles t ( an inc&esc5t liquid or solid1 & he trac$ a gradual *ange 9 ! spectrum ( an inc&esc5t gas "u increas+ pressure1 ! %>p l9es obs]vable :5 x is extremely att5uat$ broad5+ out to nebul\s b&s z ! pressure rises1 till !y m]ge 9 ! cont9u\s spectrum z ! gas approa*es a d5sity comp>able ) t ( ! liquid /ate4 ,an application ( ^! results to sol> physics 9 conjunction ) ,sir ,norman ,locky] l$ to ! view t at lea/ ! ext]nal lay]s ( ! sun _c consi/ ( matt] 9 ! liquid or solid =ms1 b mu/ be compos$ ( gases or vap\rs4 ,frankl& & ,locky] 7 also ! discov]]s ( helium4 ,9 #ahfh !y notic$ 9 ! sol> spectrum a bright yell[ l9e :i* did n correspond to any sub/ance !n kn[n1 & :i* !y !re=e attribut$ to ! !n hypo!tical elem5t1 helium4 ,sir ,edw>d ,frankl&1 :o 0 made a ,k4,c4,b4 9 #ahig1 di$ on ! #i? ( ,augu/ #ahii :ile on a holiday at ,golaa1 ,gudbr&sdal51 ,norway4 ,a memorial lecture deliv]$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,e4 ,arm/rong be=e ! ,london ,*emical ,society on ! #ca/ ( ,octob] #aija conta9$ _m p]sonal details ( ,frankl&'s life1 toge!r ) a full discussion ( 8 sci5tific "w2 & a volume ( ,autobiographical ,sket*es 0 pr9t$ = private circulation 9 #aijb4 ,8 orig9al pap]s1 d[n to #ahgg1 7 collect$ & publi%$ 9 t ye> z ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,pure1 ,appli$ & ,physical ,*emi/ry4 ,,frankl91 ,,b5jam9 7#agjf-agij71 ,am]ican diplomat1 /atesman & sci5ti/1 0 born on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y #agjf 9 a h\se 9 ,milk ,/reet1 opposite ! ,old ,s\? *ur*1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,he 0 ! t5? son ( ,josiah ,frankl91 & ! eigh? *ild & y\nge/ son ( t5 *ildr5 borne by ,abiah ,folg]1 8 fa!r's second wife4 ,! eld] ,frankl9 0 born at ,ecton 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,engl&1 :]e ! /rongly ,prote/ant ,frankl9 family may be trac$ back = ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,he _h m>ri$ "y & _h migrat$ f ,banbury to ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #afhe4 ,b5jam9 c\ld n rememb] :5 he did n "k h[ to read1 & :5 eight ye>s old he 0 s5t to ! ,bo/on gramm> s*ool1 be+ de/9$ by 8 fa!r = ! *ur* z a ti! ( 8 sons4 ,he sp5t a ye> !re & a ye> 9 a s*ool = writ+ & ari?metic1 & !n at ! age ( t5 he 0 tak5 f s*ool to assi/ 8 fa!r 9 ! bus9ess ( a tall[-*&l] & soapboil]4 ,9 8 ?irte5? ye> he 0 appr5tic$ to 8 half-bro!r ,james1 :o 0 e/abli%+ himself 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess1 & :o 9 #agba />t$ ! ,new ,engl& ,c\rant1 "o ( ! e>lie/ newspap]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,b5jam9's ta/es _h at fir/ be5 = ! sea r ?an ! pulpit2 n[ !y incl9$ r to intellectual ?an to o!r pleasures4 ,at an e>ly age he _h made himself famili> ) ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ) ,locke1 ,on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 & ) a volume ( ,! ,spectator4 ,?anks to 8 fa!r's excell5t advice1 he gave up writ+ dogg]el v]se 7mu* ( :i* _h be5 pr9t$ by 8 bro!r & sold on ! /reets7 & turn$ to prose composition4 ,8 success 9 reproduc+ articles he _h read 9 ,! ,spectator l$ him to write an article = 8 bro!r's pap]1 :i* he slipp$ "u ! door ( ! pr9t+ %op ) no "n atta*$1 & :i* 0 pr9t$ & attract$ "s att5tion4 ,aft] repeat$ successes ( ! same sort ,b5jam9 ?rew (f 8 disguise & contribut$ regul>ly to ! ,c\rant4 ,:51 aft] v>i\s j\rnali/ic indiscretions1 ,james ,frankl9 9 #agbb 0 =bidd5 to publi% ! ,c\rant1 x appe>$ ) ,b5jam9's "n z t ( ! publi%] & 0 receiv$ ) mu* fav\r1 *iefly because ( ! clev]ness ( 8 articles sign$ ,dr ,janus1 :i*1 l ^? previ\sly sign$ ,mi/ress ,sil5ce ,dogood1 gave promise ( ,poor ,ri*>d4 ,b ,b5jam9's managem5t ( ! pap]1 & p>ticul>ly 8 free-?9k+1 displeas$ ! au?orities2 ! relations ( ! two bro!rs gradually grew unfri5dly1 possibly1 z ,b5jam9 ?\ght1 because ( 8 bro!r's jeal\sy ( 8 sup]ior ability2 & ,b5jam9 det]m9$ to quit 8 bro!r's employ & to leave ,new ,engl&4 ,he made 8 way fir/ to ,new ,york ,city1 & !n 7,octob] #agbc7 to ,philadelphia1 :]e he got employm5t ) a pr9t] nam$ ,samuel ,keim]4#a ,a rapid compos] & a workman full ( res\rce1 ,frankl9 0 soon recogniz$ z ! ma/] _s ( ! %op4 ,sir ,william ,kei? 7#afhj-agdi71 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 urg$ him to />t 9 bus9ess = himself1 & :5 ,frankl9 _h unsuccessfully appeal$ to 8 fa!r = ! means to d s1 ,kei? promis$ to furni% him ) :at he ne$$ = ! equipm5t ( a new pr9t+ (fice & s5t him to ,engl& to buy ! mat]ials4 ,kei? _h repeat$ly promis$ to s5d a lett] ( cr$it by ! %ip on :i* ,frankl9 sail$1 b :5 ! ,*annel 0 rea*$ & ! %ip's mails 7 exam9$ no su* lett] 0 f\nd4 ,frankl9 rea*$ ,london 9 ,decemb] #agbd1 & f\nd employm5t fir/ at ,palm]'s1 a fam\s pr9t+ h\se 9 ,b>?olomew ,close1 & aft]w>ds at ,watts's ,pr9t+ ,h\se4 ,at ,palm]'s he _h set up a second edition ( ,wolla/on's ,religion ( ,nature ,del9eat$4 ,to refute ?is book & to prove t !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z religion1 he wrote & pr9t$ a small pamphlet1 ,a ,diss]tation on ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 ,pleasure & ,pa91 :i* br\ght him "s curi\s acqua9tances1 & ( :i* he soon became ?or\ghly a%am$4 ,aft] a ye> & a half 9 ,london1 ,frankl9 0 p]suad$ by a fri5d nam$ ,d5ham1 a ,quak] m]*ant1 to return ) him to ,am]ica & engage 9 m]cantile bus9ess2 he accord+ly gave up pr9t+1 b a few days be=e sail+ he receiv$ a tempt+ (f] to rema9 & give lessons 9 swimm+--8 feats z a swimm] hav+ giv5 him consid]able reputation--& he says t he might h cons5t$ _h ! ov]tures be5 soon] made4 ,he rea*$ ,philadelphia 9 ,octob] #agbf1 b a few mon?s lat] ,d5ham di$1 & ,frankl9 0 induc$ by l>ge wages to return to 8 old employ] ,keim]2 ) ,keim] he qu>rell$ repeat$ly1 ?9k+ himself ill us$ & kept only to tra9 appr5tices until !y c\ld 9 "s degree take 8 place4 ,9 #agbh ,frankl9 & ,hugh ,m]$i?1 a fell[-work] at ,keim]'s1 set up 9 bus9ess = !mselves2 ! capital be+ furni%$ by ,m]$i?'s fa!r4 ,9 #agcj ! p>tn]%ip 0 dissolv$1 & ,frankl91 ?r\gh ! f9ancial assi/ance ( two fri5ds1 secur$ ! sole managem5t ( ! pr9t+ h\se4 ,9 ,septemb] #agbi he b\ght at a m]ely nom9al price ,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 a weekly newspap] :i* ,keim] _h />t$ n9e mon?s be=e to defeat a simil> project ( ,frankl9's1 & :i* ,frankl9 conduct$ until #agfe4 ,frankl9's sup]ior managem5t ( ! pap]1 8 new type1 "s spirit$ rem>ks on ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,massa*usetts assembly & ,gov]nor ,burnet1 br\ght 8 pap] into imm$iate notice1 & 8 success bo? z a pr9t] & z a j\rnali/ 0 assur$ & complete4 ,9 #agca he e/abli%$ 9 ,philadelphia "o ( ! e>lie/ circulat+ libr>ies 9 ,am]ica 7(t5 said to h be5 ! e>lie/71 & 9 #agcb he publi%$ ! fir/ ( 8 ,almanacks1 "u ! pseudonym ( ,ri*>d ,saund]s4 ,^! ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanacks 7 issu$ = ! next tw5ty-five ye>s ) rem>kable success1 ! annual sale av]ag+ #aj1jjj copies1 & f> exce$+ ! sale ( any o!r publication 9 ! colonies4 ,beg9n+ 9 #agcc ,frankl9 taught himself en\gh ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani% & ,lat9 to read ^! languages ) "s ease4 ,9 #agcf he 0 *os5 cl]k ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & s]v$ 9 ?is capacity until #agea4 ,9 #agcg he _h be5 appo9t$ po/ma/] at ,philadelphia1 & ab\t ! same "t he organiz$ ! fir/ police =ce & fire company 9 ! colonies2 9 #agdi1 aft] he _h writt5 ,proposals ,relat+ to ! ,education ( ,y\? 9 ,p5silvania1 he & tw5ty-?ree o!r citiz5s ( ,philadelphia =m$ !mselves into an association = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ an academy1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 #agea1 0 *>t]$ 9 #agec1 & ev5tually became ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 9 #agbg he organiz$ a debat+ club1 ! ,junto1 9 ,philadelphia1 & lat] he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 7#agdc2 incorporat$ #aghj72 he took ! lead 9 ! organization ( a militia =ce1 & 9 ! pav+ ( ! city /reets1 improv$ ! me?od ( /reet light+1 & assi/$ 9 ! f\nd+ ( a city hospital 7#agea72 9 brief1 he gave ! impulse to ne>ly e measure or project = ! welf>e & prosp]ity ( ,philadelphia und]tak5 9 8 day4 ,9 #agea he became a memb] ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 :i* he s]v$ = ?irte5 ye>s4 ,9 #agec he & ,william ,hunt] 7 put 9 *>ge ( ! po/ s]vice ( ! colonies1 :i* he br\ght 9 ! next t5 ye>s to a high /ate ( effici5cy & made a f9ancial success2 ?is position he held until #aggd4 ,he visit$ ne>ly e po/ (fice 9 ! colonies & increas$ ! mail s]vice betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia f once to ?ree times a week 9 summ]1 & f twice a mon? to once a week 9 w9t]4 ,:5 w> ) ,france appe>$ imm95t 9 #aged1 ,frankl9 0 s5t to ! ,albany ,conv5tion1 :]e he submitt$ 8 plan = colonial union 7see ,,albany1 ,n4,y474 ,:5 ! home gov]nm5t s5t ov] ,g5]al ,edw>d ,braddock#b ) two regim5ts ( ,briti% troops1 ,frankl9 und]took to secure ! requisite numb] ( horses & waggons = ! m>* aga9/ ,ft4 ,duquesne1 & became p]sonally responsible = paym5t to ! ,p5nsylvanians :o furni%$ !m4 ,not)/&+ ! al>m occasion$ by ,braddock's defeat1 ! old qu>rel betwe5 ! proprietors ( ,p5nsylvania & ! assembly prev5t$ any adequate prep>ations = def5ce2 ) incr$ible meanness ! proprietors _h in/ruct$ _! gov]nors to approve no act = levy+ ! necess>y taxes1 unless ! va/ e/ates ( ! proprietors 7 by ! same act exempt$4 ,s great 0 ! confid5ce 9 ,frankl9 9 ?is em]g5cy t e>ly 9 #agef ! gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania plac$ him 9 *>ge ( ! nor?-we/]n fronti] ( ! prov9ce1 ) p[] to raise troops1 issue commissions & erect blockh\ses2 & ,frankl9 rema9$ 9 ! wild]ness = ov] a mon?1 sup]9t5d+ ! build+ ( =ts & wat*+ ! ,indians4 ,9 ,febru>y #ageg ! assembly1 f9d+ ! propriet>y ob/9ately p]si/$ 9 manacl+ _! deputies ) in/ructions inconsi/5t n only ) ! privileges ( ! p1 b ) ! s]vice ( ! cr[n1 resolv'd to petition ! k+ aga9/ !m1 & appo9t$ ,frankl9 z _! ag5t to pres5t ! petition4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,london on ! #bg? ( ,july #ageg1 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 :51 at a conf]5ce ) ,e>l ,granville1 presid5t ( ! c\ncil1 ! latt] decl>$ t ! ,k+ is ! legislator ( ! colonies1 ,frankl9 9 reply decl>$ t ! laws ( ! colonies 7 to be made by _! assemblies1 to be pass$ ^u by ! k+1 & :5 once approv$ 7 no long] subject to repeal or am5dm5t by ! cr[n4 ,z ! assemblies1 said he1 c\ld n make p]man5t laws )\t ! k+'s cons5t1 nei!r c\ld he make a law = !m )\t !irs4 ,?is opposition ( views di/9ctly rais$ ! issue betwe5 ! home gov]nm5t & ! colonies4 ,z to ! proprietors ,frankl9 succe$$ 9 #agfj 9 secur+ an und]/&+ t ! assembly %\ld pass an act exempt+ f taxation ! unsurvey$ wa/e l&s ( ! ,p5n e/ate1 ! survey$ wa/e l&s be+ assess$ at ! usual rate = o!r prop]ty ( t description4 ,?us ! proprietors f9ally ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( ! assembly to tax _! e/ates4 ,! success ( ,frankl9's fir/ =eign mission 01 !re=e1 sub/antial & satisfactory4 ,dur+ ?is soj\rn ( five ye>s 9 ,engl& he _h made _m valuable fri5ds outside ( c\rt & political circles1 among :om ,hume1 ,rob]tson & ,adam ,smi? 7 conspicu\s4 ,9 #agei1 = 8 lit]>y & m p>ticul>ly 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts1 he receiv$ ! fre$om ( ! city ( ,ed9burgh & ! degree ( doctor ( laws f ! univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews4 ,he _h be5 made a ,ma/] ( ,arts at ,h>v>d & at ,yale 9 #agec1 & at ! college ( ,william & ,m>y 9 #agef2 & 9 #agfb he receiv$ ! degree ( ,d4,c4,l4 at ,ox=d4 ,:ile 9 ,engl& he _h made active use ( 8 rem>kable tal5t = pamphlete]+4 ,9 ! clam\r = peace foll[+ ! dea? ( ,george ,,ii4 7#be? ( ,octob] #agfj71 he 0 = a vigor\s prosecution ( ! w> ) ,france2 he _h writt5 :at purport$ to be a *apt] f an old book writt5 by a ,spani% ,jesuit1 ,on ! ,meanes ( ,dispos+ ! ,enemie to ,peace1 :i* _h a great effect2 & 9 ! spr+ ( #agfj !re _h be5 publi%$ a m elaborate pap] writt5 by ,frankl9 ) ! assi/ance ( ,ri*>d ,jackson1 ag5t ( ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut 9 ,london1 entitl$ ,! ,int]e/ ( ,great ,brita9 ,consid]$ ) ,reg>d to ,h] ,colonies1 & ! ,acquisitions ( ,canada & ,guadel\pe 7#agfj74 ,?is pamphlet answ]$ ! argum5t t x w\ld be unsafe to keep ,canada because ( ! add$ /r5g? t w\ld ?us be giv5 to any possible movem5t = indep5d5ce 9 ! ,engli% colonies1 by urg+ t s long z ,canada rema9$ ,fr5* !re c\ld be no safety = ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 nor any p]man5t peace 9 ,europe4 ,tradition reports t ?is pamphlet _h consid]able weight 9 det]m9+ ! m9i/ry to reta9 ,canada4 ,frankl9 sail$ aga9 = ,am]ica 9 ,augu/ #agfb1 hop+ to be able to settle d[n 9 quiet & devote ! rema9d] ( 8 life to exp]im5ts 9 physics4 ,?is quiet 0 int]rupt$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,paxton ,massacre 7,dec4 #ad1 #agfc7--! slaught] ( a score ( ,indians 7*ildr51 wom5 & old m57 at ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 by "s "y r[dies f ! t[n ( ,paxton1 :o !n m>*$ ^u ,philadelphia to kill a few ,*ri/ian ,indians !re4 ,frankl91 appeal$ to by ! gov]nor1 rais$ a troop suffici5t to fright5 away ! ,paxton boys1 & = ! mom5t !re seem$ a possibility ( an und]/&+ betwe5 ,frankl9 & ! proprietors4 ,b ! "q ( tax+ ! e/ates ( ! proprietors came up 9 a new =m1 & a petition f ! assembly 0 drawn by ,frankl91 reque/+ ! k+ to resume ! gov]nm5t ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ! autumn election ( #agfd ! influ5ce ( ! proprietors 0 ex]t$ aga9/ ,frankl91 & by an adv]se majority ( #be votes 9 #djjj he fail$ to be re-elect$ to ! assembly4 ,! new assembly s5t ,frankl9 aga9 to ,engl& z its special ag5t to take *>ge ( ano!r petition = a *ange ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 came to no?+4 ,matt]s ( mu* great] consequ5ce soon dem&$ ,frankl9's att5tion4 ,e>ly 9 #agfd ,"l ,gr5ville _h in=m$ ! ,london ag5ts ( ! ,am]ican colonies t he propos$ to lay a portion ( ! burd5 left by ! w> ) ,france ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! coloni/s by means ( a /amp duty1 unless "s o!r tax equally productive & less inconv5i5t 7 propos$4 ,! natural objection ( ! colonies1 z voic$1 = example1 by ! assembly ( ,p5nsylvania1 0 t x 0 a cruel ?+ to tax colonies already tax$ beyond _! /r5g?1 & surr\nd$ by enemies & expos$ to con/ant exp5ditures = def5ce1 & t x 0 an indignity t !y %\ld be tax$ by a p>liam5t 9 :i* !y 7 n repres5t$2 at ! same "t ! ,p5nsylvania assembly recogniz$ x z _! duty to grant aid to ! cr[n1 accord+ to _! abilities1 :5ev] requir$ ( !m 9 ! usual mann]4 ,to prev5t ! introduction ( ! ,/amp ,act1 :i* he *>act]iz$ z ! "m ( mis*ief1 ,frankl9 us$ e ef=t1 b ! bill 0 easily pass$1 & x 0 ?\ght t ! coloni/s w\ld soon be reconcil$ to x4 ,because he1 too1 ?\ght s1 & because he recomm5d$ ,john ,hughes1 a m]*ant ( ,philadelphia1 = ! (fice ( di/ributor ( /amps1 ,frankl9 himself 0 d5\nc$--he 0 ev5 accus$ ( hav+ plann$ ! ,/amp ,act--& 8 family 9 ,philadelphia 0 9 dang] ( be+ mobb$4 ,( ,frankl9's exam9ation1 9 ,febru>y #agff1 by ! ,h\se 9 ,committee ( ! ,:ole1 z to ! effects ( ! ,/amp ,act1 ,burke said t ! sc5e rem9d$ him ( a ma/] exam9$ by a p>cel ( s*oolboys1 & ,george ,:itefield said3 ,dr ,frankl9 has ga9$ immortal hon\r by 8 behavi\r at ! b> ( ! ,h\se4 ,8 answ] 0 always f\nd equal to ! que/ion]4 ,he /ood unappall$1 gave pleasure to 8 fri5ds & did hon\r to 8 c\ntry4#c ,frankl9 comp>$ ! position ( ! colonies to t ( ,scotl& 9 ! days be=e ! union1 & 9 ! same ye> 7#agff7 audaci\sly urg$ a simil> union ) ! colonies be=e x 0 too late4 ,! k ( colonial affairs ga9$ f ,frankl9's te/imony1 probably m ?an all o!r causes comb9$1 det]m9$ ! imm$iate repeal ( ! ,/amp ,act4 ,= ,frankl9 ?is 0 a great triumph1 & ! news ( x fill$ ! coloni/s ) delight & re/or$ him to _! confid5ce & affection4 ,ano!r bill 7! ,decl>atory ,act71 h[ev]1 0 almo/ imm$iately pass$ by ! k+'s p>ty1 ass]t+ absolute supremacy ( p>liam5t ov] ! colonies1 & 9 ! succe$+ p>liam5t1 by ! ,t[n%5d ,acts ( #agfg1 duties 7 impos$ on pap]1 pa9ts & glass import$ by ! coloni/s2 a tax 0 impos$ on tea also4 ,! imposition ( ^! taxes 0 bitt]ly res5t$ 9 ! colonies1 :]e x quickly cry/alliz$ public op9ion r\nd ! pr9ciple ( ,no taxation )\t repres5tation4 ,9 spite ( ! opposition 9 ! colonies to ! ,decl>atory ,act1 ! ,t[n%5d ,acts & ! tea tax1 ,frankl9 cont9u$ to assure ! ,briti% m9i/ry & ! ,briti% public ( ! loyalty ( ! coloni/s4 ,he tri$ to f9d "s middle gr\nd ( reconciliation1 & kept up 8 quiet "w ( in=m+ ,engl& z to ! op9ions & conditions ( ! colonies1 & ( mod]at+ ! attitude ( ! colonies t[>d ! home gov]nm5t2 s t1 z he said1 he 0 accus$ 9 ,am]ica ( be+ too mu* an ,engli%man1 & 9 ,engl& ( be+ too mu* an ,am]ican4 ,he 0 ag5t n[1 n only ( ,p5nsylvania1 b also ( ,new ,j]sey1 ( ,georgia & ( ,massa*usetts4 ,hillsbor\gh1 :o became secret>y ( /ate = ! colonies 9 #agfh1 refus$ to recognize ,frankl9 z ag5t ( ,massa*usetts1 because ! gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts _h n approv$ ! appo9tm5t1 :i* 0 by resolution ( ! assembly4 ,frankl9 cont5d$ t ! gov]nor1 z a m]e ag5t ( ! k+1 c\ld h no?+ to d ) ! assembly's appo9tm5t ( its ag5t to ! k+2 t ! ,k+1 & n ! ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons collectively1 is _! sov]eign2 & t ! ,k+1 ) _! respective ,p>liam5ts1 is _! only legislator4 ,frankl9's influ5ce help$ to ou/ ,hillsbor\gh1 & ,d>tm\?1 ^: "n ,frankl9 sugge/$1 0 made secret>y ,9 #aggb & promptly recogniz$ ,frankl9 z ! ag5t ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 #aggc !re appe>$ 9 ! ,public ,adv]tis] "o ( ,frankl9's clev]e/ hoaxes1 ,an ,edict ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 proclaim+ t ! isl& ( ,brita9 0 a colony ( ,prussia1 hav+ be5 settl$ by ,angles & ,saxons1 hav+ be5 protect$ by ,prussia1 hav+ be5 def5d$ by ,prussia aga9/ ,france 9 ! w> j pa/1 & nev] hav+ be5 def9itely fre$ f ,prussia's rule2 & t1 !re=e1 ,great ,brita9 %\ld n[ submit to c]ta9 taxes laid by ,prussia--! taxes be+ id5tical ) ^? laid ^u ! ,am]ican colonies by ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! same ye> occurr$ ! fam\s episode ( ! ,hut*9son ,lett]s4 ,^! 7 writt5 by ,?omas ,hut*9son1 ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts1 ,&rew ,oliv] 7#agjf-aggd71 8 lieut5ant-gov]nor1 & o!rs to ,william ,:ately1 a memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 & private secret>y to ,george ,gr5ville1 sugge/+ an increase ( ! p[] ( ! gov]nor at ! exp5se ( ! assembly1 an abridgem5t ( :at are call$ ,engli% lib]ties1 & o!r measures m extreme ?an ^? und]tak5 by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! correspond5ce 0 %[n to ,frankl9 by a my/]i\s memb] ( p>liam5t to back up ! cont5tion t ! qu>t]+ ( troops 9 ,bo/on 0 sugge/$1 n by ! ,briti% m9i/ry1 b by ,am]icans & ,bo/onians4 ,^u 8 promise n to publi% ! lett]s ,frankl9 receiv$ p]mission to s5d !m to ,massa*usetts1 :]e !y 7 mu* pass$ ab\t & 7 pr9t$1 & !y 7 soon republi%$ 9 ,engli% newspap]s4 ,! ,massa*usetts assembly on receiv+ ! lett]s resolv$ to petition ! cr[n = ! removal ( bo? ,hut*9son & ,oliv]4 ,! petition 0 refus$ & 0 condemn$ z sc&al\s1 & ,frankl91 :o took ^u himself ! responsibility = ! publication ( ! lett]s1 9 ! he>+ be=e ! privy c\ncil at ! ,cockpit on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y #aggd 0 insult$ & 0 call$ a ?ief by ,alex&] ,w$d]burn 7! solicitor-g5]al1 :o appe>$ = ,hut*9son & ,oliv]71 & 0 remov$ f 8 position z head ( ! po/ (fice 9 ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,satisfi$ t 8 usefulness 9 ,engl& 0 at an end1 ,frankl9 entru/$ 8 ag5cies to ! c>e ( ,ar?ur ,lee1 & on ! #ba/ ( ,m>* #agge aga9 set sail = ,philadelphia4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 /ay 9 ,engl& !re _h be5 repeat$ attempts to w9 him 7probably ) an "u-secret>y%ip7 to ! ,briti% s]vice1 & 9 ^! same ye>s he _h done a great "w = ! colonies by ga9+ fri5ds = !m among ! opposition1 & by impress+ ,france ) 8 ability & ! excell5ce ( 8 case4 ,^u rea*+ ,am]ica1 he he>d ( ! fight+ at ,lex+ton & ,concord1 & ) ! news ( an actual outbreak ( ho/ilities 8 feel+ t[>d ,engl& seems to h *ang$ completely4 ,he 0 no long] a peacemak]1 b an ard5t w>-mak]4 ,on ! #f? ( ,may1 ! day aft] 8 arrival 9 ,philadelphia1 he 0 elect$ by ! assembly ( ,p5nsylvania a delegate to ! ,cont95tal ,congress 9 ,philadelphia4 ,9 ,octob] he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,p5nsylvania assembly1 b1 z memb]s ( ?is body 7 /ill requir$ to take an oa? ( allegiance to ! cr[n1 he refus$ to s]ve4 ,9 ! ,congress he s]v$ on z _m z t5 committees1 & ^u ! organization ( a cont95tal po/al sy/em1 he 0 made po/ma/]-g5]al1 a position he held = "o ye>1 :5 79 #aggf7 he 0 succe$$ by 8 son-9-law1 ,ri*>d ,ba*e1 :o _h be5 8 deputy4 ,) ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 ,john ,dick9son1 ,?omas ,johnson & ,john ,jay he 0 appo9t$ 9 ,novemb] #agge to a committee to c>ry on a secret correspond5ce ) ! fri5ds ( ,am]ica 9 ,great ,brita91 ,irel& & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he plann$ an appeal to ! k+ ( ,france = aid1 & wrote ! in/ructions ( ,silas ,deane :o 0 to convey x4 ,9 ,april #aggf he w5t to ,montreal ) ,*>les ,c>roll1 ,samuel ,*ase & ,john ,c>roll1 z a memb] ( ! commission :i* conf]r$ ) ,g5]al ,arnold1 & attempt$ )\t success to ga9 ! co-op]ation ( ,canada4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 return f ,montreal he 0 a memb] ( ! committee ( five appo9t$ to draw up ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 b he took no actual "p himself 9 draft+ t in/rum5t1 aside f sugge/+ ! *ange or ins]tion ( a few words 9 ,jeff]son's draft4 ,f ,july #af to ,septemb] #bh he act$ z presid5t ( ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,) ,john ,adams & ,edw>d ,rutl$ge he 0 select$ by ,congress to discuss ) ,admiral ,h[e 7,septemb] #aggf1 at ,/at5 ,isl&7 ! t]ms ( peace propos$ by ,h[e1 :o _h arriv$ 9 ,new ,york h>b\r 9 ,july #aggf1 & :o _h be5 an intimate fri5d ( ,frankl92 b ! discussion 0 fruitless1 z ! ,am]ican commission]s refus$ to treat back ( ?is /ep ( indep5d5cy4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,septemb] 9 ! same ye> ,frankl9 0 *os5 z commission] to ,france to jo9 ,ar?ur ,lee1 :o 0 9 ,london1 & ,silas ,deane1 :o _h arriv$ 9 ,france 9 ,june #aggf4 ,he collect$ all ! money he c\ld comm&1 betwe5 ,l#cjjj & ,l#djjj1 l5t x to ,congress be=e he set sail1 & arriv$ at ,p>is on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb]4 ,he f\nd qu>t]s at ,passy1#d !n a suburb ( ,p>is1 9 a h\se belong+ to ,le ,ray de ,*aumont1 an active fri5d ( ! ,am]ican cause1 :o _h influ5tial relations ) ! c\rt1 & ?r\gh :om he 0 enabl$ to be 9 ! fulle/ communication ) ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t )\t compromis+ x 9 ! eyes ( ,great ,brita94 ,at ! "t ( ,frankl9's arrival 9 ,p>is he 0 already "o ( ! mo/ talk$ ab\t m5 9 ! _w4 ,he 0 a memb] ( e important le>n$ society 9 ,europe2 he 0 a memb]1 & "o ( ! manag]s1 ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 0 "o ( eight =eign memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is4 ,?ree editions ( 8 sci5tific works _h already appe>$ 9 ,p>is1 & a new edition _h rec5tly appe>$ 9 ,london4 ,to all ^! advantages he add$ a political purpose--! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,briti% empire--:i* 0 entirely cong5ial to e citiz5 ( ,france4 ,frankl9's reputation1 wrote ,john ,adams ) *>act]i/ic extravagance1 0 m univ]sal ?an t ( ,leibnitz or ,newton1 ,fr$]ick or ,voltaire2 & 8 "* m e/eem$ & belov$ ?an all ( !m4444 ,if a collection c\ld be made ( all ! gazettes ( ,europe1 = ! latt] half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 a great] numb] ( panegyrical p>agraphs ^u le gr& ,frankl9 w\ld appe>1 x is believ$1 ?an ^u any o!r man t ev] liv$4 ,frankl9's appe>ance 9 ! ,fr5* salons1 ev5 be=e he began to negotiate1 says ,fri$ri* ,*ri/oph ,s*loss]1 0 an ev5t ( great importance to ! :ole ( ,europe4444 ,8 dress1 ! simplicity ( 8 ext]nal appe>ance1 ! fri5dly meekness ( ! old man1 & ! app>5t humility ( ! ,quak]1 procur$ = ,fre$om a mass ( vot>ies among ! c\rt circles :o us$ to be al>m$ at its co>s5ess & unsophi/icat$ tru?s4 ,su* 0 ! numb] ( portraits1#e bu/s & m$allions ( him 9 circulation be=e he left ,p>is t he w\ld h be5 recogniz$ f !m by any adult citiz5 9 any "p ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,frankl9's position 9 ,france 0 a difficult "o f ! />t1 because ( ! delicacy ( ! task ( gett+ ,fr5* aid at a "t :5 ,france 0 unready op5ly to take sides aga9/ ,great ,brita94 ,b on ! #f? ( ,febru>y #aggh1 aft] ! news ( ! defeat & surr5d] ( ,burgoyne _h rea*$ ,europe1 a treaty ( alliance & a treaty ( amity & comm]ce betwe5 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 sign$ at ,p>is by ,frankl91 ,deane & ,lee4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,octob] ?is commission 0 dis*>g$ & ,frankl9 0 appo9t$ sole pl5ipot5ti>y to ! ,fr5* c\rt4 ,lee1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! mission to ,p>is1 seems to h be5 possess$ ( a mania ( jeal\sy t[>d ,frankl91 or ( misund]/&+ ( 8 acts1 & he tri$ to und]m9e 8 influ5ce ) ! ,cont95tal ,congress4 ,john ,adams1 :5 he succe$$ ,deane 7recall$ f ,p>is ?r\gh ,lee's ma*9ations7 jo9$ 9 ! *orus ( fault-f9d+ aga9/ ,frankl91 dilat$ ^u 8 social habits1 8 p]sonal slo?fulness & 8 complete lack ( bus9ess-l sy/em2 b ,adams soon came to see t1 al?\gh c>eless ( details1 ,frankl9 0 do+ :at no o!r man c\ld h done1 & he ceas$ 8 h>%] criticism4 ,ev5 great] ?an 8 diplomatic difficulties 7 ,frankl9's f9ancial /raits4 ,drafts 7 be+ drawn on him by all ! ,am]ican ag5ts 9 ,europe1 & by ! ,cont95tal ,congress at home4 ,act+ z ,am]ican naval ag5t = ! _m successful private]s :o h>ri$ ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & = :om he skilfully got e bit ( assi/ance possible1 op5 & cov]t1 f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 he 0 cont9ually call$ ^u = funds 9 ^! v5tures4 ,( ! vessels to be s5t to ,p>is ) ,am]ican c>goes :i* 7 to be sold = ! liquidation ( ,fr5* loans to ! colonies made ?r\gh ,beaum>*ais1 few arriv$2 ^? t did come did n cov] ,beaum>*ais's advances1 & h>dly a vessel came f ,am]ica )\t ^w ( fre% drafts on ,frankl94 ,aft] bold & repeat$ ov]tures = an ex*ange ( prison]s--an important matt]1 bo? because ! ,am]ican frigates _h no place 9 :i* to /[ away _! prison]s1 & because ( ! maltreatm5t ( ,am]ican captives 9 su* prisons z ,d>tmoor--ex*anges began at ! end ( ,m>* #aggi1 al?\gh !re 7 annoy+ delays1 & imm$iately aft] ,novemb] #agha !re 0 a long break 9 ! agreem5t2 & ! ,am]icans dis*>g$ f ,engli% prisons 7 con/antly 9 ne$ ( money4 ,frankl91 besides1 0 con/antly call$ ^u to meet ! indebt$ness ( ,lee & ( ,ralph ,iz>d 7#agdb-ahjd71 & ( ,john ,jay1 :o 9 ,madrid 0 be+ drawn on by ! ,am]ican ,congress4 ,9 spite ( ! poor condition 9 ,europe ( ! cr$it ( ! /ruggl+ colonies1 & ( ! fact t ,france 0 almo/ bankrupt 7& 9 ! lat] ye>s 0 at w>71 & al?\gh ,neck] /r5u\sly resi/$ ! mak+ ( any loans to ! colonies1 ,france1 l>gely because ( ,frankl9's appeals1 exp5d$1 by loan or gift to ! colonies1 or 9 su/5ance ( ! ,fr5* arms 9 ,am]ica1 a sum e/imat$ at #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #agha ,frankl91 ) ,john ,adams1 ,john ,jay1 ,jeff]son1 :o rema9$ 9 ,am]ica1 & ,h5ry ,laur5s1 !n a prison] 9 ,engl&1 0 appo9t$ on a commission to make peace ) ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aghb ,frankl9 _h be5 in=mally negotiat+ ) ,%elburne1 secret>y ( /ate = ! home dep>tm5t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,ri*>d ,oswald1 a ,scot* m]*ant1 & _h sugge/$ t ,engl& %\ld c$e ,canada to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 return = ! recognition ( loyali/ claims by ! /ates4 ,:5 ! =mal negotiations began ,frankl9 held closely to ! in/ructions ( ,congress to its commission]s1 t !y %\ld ma9ta9 confid5tial relations ) ! ,fr5* m9i/]s & t !y 7 to und]take no?+ 9 ! negotiations = peace or truce )\t _! k & concurr5ce1 & 7 ultimately to be gov]n$ by _! advice & op9ion4 ,jay & ,adams disagre$ ) him on ?is po9t1 believ+ t ,france int5d$ to curtail ! t]ritorial aspirations ( ! ,am]icans = h] own b5efit & = t ( h] ally1 ,spa94 ,at la/1 aft] ! ,briti% gov]nm5t _h au?oriz$ its ag5ts to treat ) ! commission]s z repres5tatives ( an indep5d5t p[]1 ?us recogniz+ ,am]ican indep5d5ce be=e ! treaty 0 made1 ,frankl9 acquiesc$ 9 ! policy ( ,jay4 ,! prelim9>y treaty 0 sign$ by ! commission]s on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #aghb1 ! f9al treaty on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #aghc4 ,frankl9 _h repeat$ly petition$ ,congress = 8 recall1 b 8 lett]s 7 unansw]$ or 8 appeals refus$ until ! #g? ( ,m>* #aghe1 :5 ,congress resolv$ t he be all[$ to return to ,am]ica2 on ! #aj? ( ,m>* ,?omas ,jeff]son1 :o _h jo9$ him 9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> be=e1 0 appo9t$ to 8 place4 ,jeff]son1 :5 ask$ if he replac$ ,frankl91 repli$1 ,no "o c replace him1 sir2 ,i am only 8 successor4 ,be=e ,frankl9 left ,p>is on ! #ab? ( ,july #aghe he _h made comm]cial treaties ) ,sw$5 7#aghc7 & ,prussia 7#aghe2 sign$ aft] ,frankl9's dep>ture by ,jeff]son & ,john ,adams74 ,frankl9 arriv$ 9 ,philadelphia on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 disemb>k+ at ! same :>f z :5 he _h fir/ ent]$ ! city4 ,he 0 imm$iately elect$ a memb] ( ! municipal c\ncil ( ,philadelphia1 becom+ its *airman2 & 0 *os5 presid5t ( ! ,supreme ,executive ,c\ncil 7! *ief executive (fic]7 ( ,p5nsylvania1 & 0 re-elect$ 9 #aghf & #aghg1 s]v+ f ,octob] #aghe to ,octob] #aghh4 ,9 ,may #aghg he 0 elect$ a delegate to ! ,conv5tion :i* drew up ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 ?is body ?us hav+ a memb] ^u :om all c\ld agree z *airman1 %\ld ,wa%+ton be abs5t4 ,he oppos$ ov]-c5tralization ( gov]nm5t & fav\r$ ! ,connecticut ,compromise1 & aft] ! "w ( ! ,conv5tion 0 done us$ 8 influ5ce to secure ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution4#f ,z presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,society = ,promot+ ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y1 ,frankl9 sign$ a petition to ,congress 7#ab? ,febru>y #agij7 = imm$iate abolition ( slav]y1 & six weeks lat] 9 8 mo/ brilliant mann] p>odi$ ! attack on ! petition made by ,james ,jackson 7#ageg-ahjf7 ( ,georgia1 tak+ (f ,jackson's quotations ( ,scripture ) pret5d$ texts f ! ,koran cit$ by a memb] ( ! ,divan ( ,algi]s 9 opposition to a petition ask+ = ! prohibition ( hold+ ,*ri/ians 9 slav]y4 ,^! 7 8 la/ public acts4 ,8 la/ days 7 m>k$ by a f9e s]5ity & calm2 he di$ 9 8 own h\se 9 ,philadelphia on ! #ag? ( ,april #agij1 ! imm$iate cause be+ an abscess 9 ! lungs4 ,he 0 buri$ ) 8 wife 9 ! gravey>d 7,fif? & ,ar* ,/reets7 ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,philadelphia4 ,physically ,frankl9 0 l>ge1 ab\t #e ft4 #aj 94 tall1 ) a well-r\nd$1 p[]ful figure2 he inh]it$ an excell5t con/itution f 8 p>5ts--,i nev] knew1 says he1 ei!r my fa!r or "m to h any sickness b t ( :i* !y dy'd1 he at #hi1 & %e at #he ye>s ( age--b injur$ x some:at by excesses2 9 e>ly life he _h sev]e attacks ( pleurisy1 f "o ( :i*1 9 #agbg1 x 0 n expect$ t he w\ld recov]1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s he 0 ! victim ( /one & g\t4 ,:5 he 0 sixte5 he became a veget>ian = a "t1 r to save money = books ?an = any o!r reason1 & he always prea*$ mod]ation 9 eat+1 ?\gh he 0 less consi/5t 9 8 practice 9 ?is p>ticul> ?an z reg>ds mod]ate dr9k+4 ,he 0 always en?usia/ically fond ( swimm+1 & 0 a great believ] 9 fre% air1 tak+ a cold air ba? regul>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 he sat nak$ 9 8 b$room beguil+ himself ) a book or ) writ+ = a half-h\r or m4 ,he insi/$ t fre%1 cold air 0 n ! cause ( colds1 & prea*$ zeal\sly ! gospel ( v5tilation4 ,he 0 a *>m+ talk]1 ) a gay hum\r & a quiet s>casm & a tell+ use ( anecdote = argum5t4 ,h5ri ,m>t91 ! ,fr5* hi/orian1 speaks ( him z ( a m9d altoge!r ,fr5* 9 its grace & ela/icity4 ,9 #agcj he m>ri$ ,deborah ,read1 9 ^: fa!r's h\se he _h liv$ :5 he _h fir/ come to ,philadelphia1 to :om he _h be5 engag$ be=e 8 fir/ dep>ture f ,philadelphia = ,london1 & :o 9 8 abs5ce _h m>ri$ a ne'er-d-well1 "o ,rog]s1 :o _h des]t$ h]4 ,! m>riage to ,frankl9 is presum$ to h be5 a common law m>riage1 = !re 0 no pro( t ,miss ,read's =m] husb& 0 dead1 nor t1 z 0 suspect$1 a =m] wife1 alive :5 ,rog]s m>ri$ ,miss ,read1 0 /ill alive1 & t !re=e 8 m>riage to ,deborah 0 void4 ,8 ,debby1 or 8 de> *ild1 z ,frankl9 usually address$ h] 9 8 lett]s1 receiv$ into ! family1 soon aft] h] m>riage1 ,frankl9's illegitimate son1 ,william ,frankl9 7#agbi-ahac71g ) :om %e aft]w>ds qu>rell$1 & ^: "m1 tradition says1 0 ,b>b>a1 a s]vant 9 ! ,frankl9 h\sehold4 ,ano!r illegitimate *ild became ! wife ( ,john ,foxcr(t ( ,philadelphia4 ,deborah1 :o 0 z mu* dispos'd to indu/ry & frugality z h] husb&1 0 illit]ate & %>$ none ( h] husb&'s ta/es = lit]ature & sci5ce2 h] dread ( an ocean voyage kept h] 9 ,philadelphia dur+ ,frankl9's missions to ,engl&1 & %e di$ 9 #aggd1 :ile ,frankl9 0 9 ,london4 ,%e bore him two *ildr51 "o a son1 ,francis ,folg]1 :om ,i h seldom s9ce se5 equal'd 9 ev]y?+1 & :om to ?is day ?irty-six ye>s aft] ! *ild's dea? ,i _c ?9k ( )\t a sigh1 :o di$ 7#agcf7 :5 f\r ye>s old ( small-pox1 n hav+ be5 inoculat$2 ! o!r 0 ,s>ah 7#agdd-ahjh71 :o m>ri$ ,ri*>d ,ba*e 7#agcg-ahaa71 ,frankl9's successor 9 #aggf-aghb z po/ma/]-g5]al4 ,frankl9's gallant relations ) wom5 aft] 8 wife's dea? 7 probably innoc5t en\gh4 ,be/ kn[n ( 8 ,fr5* amies 7 ,mme ,helvetius1 wid[ ( ! philosoph]1 & ! "y ,mme ,brillon1 :o correct$ h] ,papa's ,fr5* & tri$ to br+ him safely into ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,) him 9 ,france 7 8 gr&sons1 ,william ,temple ,frankl91 ,william ,frankl9's natural son1 :o act$ z private secret>y to 8 gr&fa!r1 & ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 ,ba*e 7#agfi-agih71 ,s>ah's son1 :om he s5t to ,g5eva to be educat$1 = :om he lat] ask$ public (fice ( ,wa%+ton1 & :o became editor ( ! ,aurora1 "o ( ! lead+ j\rnals 9 ! ,republican attacks on ,wa%+ton4 ,frankl9 e>ly rebell$ aga9/ ,new ,engl& ,puritanism & sp5t 8 ,sundays 9 read+ & 9 /udy in/ead ( att5d+ *ur*4 ,8 free-?9k+ ran its extreme c\rse at ! "t ( 8 publication 9 ,london ( ,a ,diss]tation on ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 ,pleasure & ,pa9 7#agbe71 :i* he recogniz$ z "o ( ! great errata ( 8 life4 ,he lat] call$ himself a dei/1 or !i/1 n discrim9at+ betwe5 ! t]ms4 ,to 8 fav\rite si/] he wrote3 ,!re are "s ?+s 9 y\r ,new ,engl& doctr9e & wor%ip :i* ,i d n agree )2 b ,i d n !re=e condemn !m1 or desire to %ake y\r belief or practice ( !m4 ,su* 0 8 g5]al attitude4 ,he did n believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 b ?\ght 8 sy/em ( morals & 8 religion1 z he left !m to u1 ! be/ ! _w ev] saw1 or is l to see4 ,8 int5se practical-m9d$ness drew him away f religion1 b drove him to a morality ( 8 own 7! art ( virtue1 he call$ x71 bas$ on ?irte5 virtues ea* accompani$ by a %ort precept2 ! virtues 7 ,temp]ance1 ,sil5ce1 ,ord]1 ,resolution1 ,frugality1 ,indu/ry1 ,s9c]ity1 ,ju/ice1 ,mod]ation1 ,cleanl9ess1 ,tranquility1 ,*a/ity & ,humility1 ! precept accompany+ ! la/-nam$ virtue be+ ,imitate ,jesus & ,socrates4 ,he made a bus9ess-l little notebook1 rul$ (f spaces = ! ?irte5 virtues & ! sev5 days ( ! week1 det]m9$ to give a week's /rict att5tion to ea* ( ! virtues successively 444 go+ ?ro' a c\rse compleate 9 ?irte5 weeks & f\r c\rses 9 a ye>1 m>k+ = ea* day a record ( 8 adh]5ce to ea* ( ! precepts4 ,& conceiv+ ,god to be ! f\nta9 ( wisdom1 he ?\ght x "r & necess>y to solicit ,8 assi/ance = obta9+ x1 & drew up ! foll[+ pray] = daily use3 ,o p[]ful ,goodness6 b\ntiful ,fa!r6 m]ciful ,guide6 ,increase 9 me t wisdom :i* discov]s my true/ int]e/4 ,/r5g!n my resolution to p]=m :at t wisdom dictates4 ,accept my k9d (fices to ,?y o!r *ildr51 z ! only return 9 my p[] = ,?y cont9ual fav\rs to me4 ,he 0 by no means prone to ov]mu* introspection1 8 great int]e/ 9 ! conduct ( o!rs be+ %[n 9 ! wise maxims ( ,poor ,ri*>d1 :i* 7 possibly too utilit>ian b 7 wond]fully successful 9 in/ruct+ ,am]ican morals4 ,8 ,art ( ,virtue on :i* he work$ = ye>s 0 nev] complet$ or publi%$ 9 any =m4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,pr9t]1 0 ,frankl9's own fav\rite description ( himself4 ,he 0 an excell5t compositor & pressman2 8 workman%ip1 cle> impressions1 black ink & comp>ative fre$om f errata did mu* to get him ! public pr9t+ 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 & ! pr9t+ ( ! pap] money#h & o!r public matt]s 9 ,delaw>e4 ,! fir/ book ) 8 impr9t is ,! ,psalms ( ,david ,imitat$ 9 ! ,language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & apply'd to ! ,*ri/ian ,/ate & ,wor%ip4 ,by ,i4 ,watts 4441 ,philadelphia3 ,pr9t$ by ,b4 ,f4 & ,h4 ,m4 = ,?omas ,godfrey1 & ,sold at 8 ,%op1 #agbi4 ,! fir/ novel pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica 0 ,frankl9's repr9t 9 #agdd ( ,pamela2 & ! fir/ ,am]ican translation f ! classics :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica 0 a v]sion by ,james ,logan 7#afgd-agea7 ( ,cato's ,moral ,di/i*s 7#agce74 ,9 #agdd he publi%$ ano!r translation ( ,logan's1 ,cic]o ,on ,old ,age1 :i* ,frankl9 ?\ght typographically ! f9e/ book he _h ev] pr9t$4 ,9 #agcc he _h e/abli%$ a press 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & soon aft] did ! same 9 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 9 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,antigua1 9 ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 & 9 o!r places4 ,p]sonally he _h little connexion ) ! ,philadelphia pr9t+ (fice aft] #agdh1 :5 ,david ,hall became 8 p>tn] & took *>ge ( x4 ,b 9 #agec he 0 eag]ly engag$ 9 hav+ sev]al ( 8 improvem5ts incorporat$ 9 a new press1 & m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] 0 actively int]e/$ 9 ,john ,walt]'s s*eme ( logography4 ,9 ,france he _h a private press 9 8 h\se 9 ,passy1 on :i* he pr9t$ bagatelles4 ,frankl9's "w z a publi%] is = ! mo/ "p closely connect$ ) 8 "w 9 issu+ ! ,gazette & ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanack 7a summ>y ( ! prov]bs f :i* appe>$ 9 ! numb] = #ageh1 & has (t5 be5 repr9t$--"u su* titles z ,fa!r ,abraham's ,spee*1 & ,! ,way to ,weal?74#i ,( mu* ( ,frankl9's "w z an au?or some?+ has already be5 said4 ,judg$ z lit]ature1 ! fir/ place belongs to 8 ,autobiography1 :i* unque/ionably ranks among ! few great autobiographies ev] writt54 ,8 /yle 9 its simplicity1 facility & cle>ness ow$ some?+ to ,de ,foe1 some?+ to ,cotton ,ma!r1 some?+ to ,plut>*1 m to ,bunyan & to 8 e>ly attempts to reproduce ! mann] ( ! ?ird volume ( ! ,spectator2 & n ! lea/ to 8 own c>eful /udy ( ^w usage4 ,f ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia he le>n$ :5 a boy ! ,socratic me?od ( argum5t4 ,swift he resembl$ 9 ! occasional broadness ( 8 hum\r1 9 8 brilliantly successful use ( s>casm & irony1#aj & 9 8 ma/]y ( ! hoax4 ,balzac said ( him t he inv5t$ ! lightn+-rod1 ! hoax 7'le can>d'7 & ! republic4 ,among 8 m fam\s hoaxes 7 ! ,edict ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia 7#aggc71 already describ$2 ! fictiti\s supplem5t to ! ,bo/on ,*ronicle1 pr9t$ on 8 private press at ,passy 9 #aghb1 & conta9+ a lett] ) an invoice ( eight packs ( #ied cur$1 dri$1 hoop$ & pa9t$ scalps ( rebels1 m51 wom5 & *ildr51 tak5 by ,indians 9 ! ,briti% employ2 & ano!r fictiti\s ,lett] f ! ,c\nt de ,s*aumb]g to ! ,b>on ,hoh5dorf comm&+ ! ,hessian ,troops 9 ,am]ica 7#aggg7--! c\nt's only anxiety is t n en\gh m5 w be kill$ to br+ him 9 moneys he ne$s1 & he urges 8 (fic] 9 comm& 9 ,am]ica to prolong ! w> 444 = ,i h made arrangem5ts = a gr& ,italian op]a1 & ,i d n wi% to be oblig$ to give x up4#aa ,closely relat$ to ,frankl9's political pamphlets are 8 writ+s on economics1 :i*1 ?\gh und]tak5 ) a political or practical purpose & n 9 a purely sci5tific _s1 rank him z ! fir/ ,am]ican economi/4 ,he wrote 9 #agbi ,a ,mode/ ,enquiry into ! ,nature & ,necessity ( a ,pap] ,curr5cy1 :i* argu$ t a pl5tiful curr5cy w make rates ( int]e/ l[ & w promote immigration & home manufactures1 & :i* did mu* to secure ! fur!r issue ( pap] money 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,aft] ! ,briti% ,act ( #agej =bidd+ ! erection or ! op]at+ ( iron or /eel mills 9 ! colonies1 ,frankl9 wrote ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! ,increase ( ,mank9d & ! ,peopl+ ( ,c\ntries 7#agea72 its !sis 0 t manufactures come to be common only ) a high degree ( social developm5t & ) great d5sity ( population1 & t ,great ,brita9 ne$ n1 !re=e1 fe> ! indu/rial competition ( ! colonies1 b x is bett] kn[n = ! e/imate 7adopt$ by ,adam ,smi?7 t ! population ( ! colonies w\ld d\ble e qu>t]-c5tury2 & = ! lik5ess to ,mal?us's#ab prev5tive *eck ( its /atem5t3 ,! great] ! common fa%ionable exp5se ( any rank ( p ! m cauti\s !y are ( m>riage4 ,8 ,positions to be exam9$ conc]n+ ,national ,weal? 7#agfi7 %[s t he 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! ,fr5* physiocrats aft] 8 visit to ,france 9 #agfg4 ,8 ,wail ( a ,protect$ ,manufactur] voices a prote/ aga9/ protection z rais+ ! co/ ( liv+2 & he held t free trade 0 bas$ on a natural "r4 ,he knew ,kames1 ,hume & ,adam ,smi?1 & correspond$ ) ,mirabeau1 ! fri5d ( ,man4 ,"s ( ! m important ( 8 economic !ses1 z summ>iz$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,wetzel1 are3 t money z co9 may h m ?an its bullion value2 t natural int]e/ is det]m9$ by ! r5t ( l& valu$ at ! sum ( money loan$--an anticipation ( ,turgot2 t high wages are n inconsi/5t ) a l>ge =eign trade2 t ! value ( an article is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( lab\r necess>y to produce ! food consum$ 9 mak+ ! article2 t manufactures are advantage\s b agriculture only is truly productive2 & t :5 practicable 7z he did n ?9k x practicable at ! end ( ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce7 /ate rev5ue %\ld be rais$ by direct tax4 ,frankl9 z a sci5ti/#ac & z an inv5tor has be5 decri$ by exp]ts z an amateur & a dabbl]2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t x 0 always 8 hope to retire f public life & devote himself to sci5ce4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 7f\nd$ #agdc7 sci5tific subjects 7 mu* discuss$4 ,frankl9 wrote a pap] on ! causes ( e>?quakes = 8 ,gazette ( ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #agcg2 & he eag]ly collect$ mat]ial to uphold 8 !ory t wat]sp\ts & :irlw9ds result$ f ! same causes4 ,9 #agdc1 f ! circum/ance t an eclipse n visible 9 ,philadelphia because ( a /orm _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,bo/on1 :]e ! /orm al?\gh nor?-ea/]ly did n occur until an h\r aft] ! eclipse1 he surmis$ t /orms move aga9/ ! w9d along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,9 ! ye> be=e 7#agdb7 he _h plann$ ! ,p5nsylvania fire-place1 bett] kn[n z ! ,frankl9 /ove1 :i* sav$ fuel1 heat$ all ! room1 & _h ! same pr9ciple z ! hot-air furnace2 ! /ove 0 nev] pat5t$ by ,frankl91 b 0 describ$ 9 8 pamphlet dat$ #agdd4 ,he 0 mu* engag$ at ! same "t 9 rem$y+ smok+ *imneys1 & z late z #aghe wrote to ,jan ,+5h\sz1 physician to ! emp]or ( ,au/ria1 on *imneys & draughts2 smok+ /reet lamps he rem$i$ by a simple contrivance4 ,! /udy ( electricity he took up 9 #agdf :5 he fir/ saw a ,leyd5 j>1 9 ! manipulation ( :i* he became exp]t & :i* he improv$ by ! use ( granulat$ lead 9 ! place ( wat] = ! int]ior armatures2 he recogniz$ t cond5sation is due to ! dielectric & n to ! metal coat+s4 ,a note 9 8 di>y1 dat$ ! #g? ( ,novemb] #agdi1 %[s t he _h !n conjectur$ t ?und] & lightn+ 7 electrical manife/ations2 9 ! same ye> he plann$ ! lightn+-rod 7long kn[n z ,frankl9's rod71 :i* he describ$ & recomm5d$ to ! public 9 #agec1 :5 ! ,copley m$al ( ! ,royal ,society 0 aw>d$ him = 8 discov]ies4 ,! fam\s exp]im5t ) ! kite1 prov+ lightn+ an electrical ph5om5on1 0 p]=m$ by ,frankl9 9 ,june #ageb4 ,he ov]?rew entirely ! friction !ory ( electricity & conceiv$ ! idea ( plus & m9us *>ges 7#agec72 he ?\ght ! sea ! s\rce ( electricity4 ,on light ,frankl9 wrote to ,david ,ritt5h\se 9 ,june #aghd2 ! sum ( 8 own conjectures 0 t ! corpuscul> !ory ( ,newton 0 wrong1 & t light 0 due to ! vibration ( an ela/ic ae!r4 ,he /udi$ ) "s c>e ! temp]ature ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,9 navigation he sugge/$ _m new contrivances1 su* z wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 float+ an*ors to lay a %ip to 9 a /orm1 & di%es t w\ld n upset dur+ a gale2 & beg9n+ 9 #ageg made repeat$ exp]im5ts ) oil on /ormy wat]s4 ,z a ma!matician he devis$ v>i\s elaborate magic squ>es & novel magic circles1 ( :i* he speaks apologetically1 because !y are ( no practical use4 ,always mu* int]e/$ 9 agriculture1 he made an especial ef=t 7l ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on7 to promote ! use ( pla/] ( ,p>is z a f]tilis]4 ,he took a prom95t "p 9 a]onautic exp]im5ts dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,france4 ,he made an excell5t clock1 :i* because ( a slight improvem5t introduc$ by ,james ,f]guson 9 #ageg 0 long kn[n z ,f]guson's clock4 ,9 m$ic9e ,frankl9 0 consid]$ important en\gh to be elect$ to ! ,royal ,m$ical ,society ( ,p>is 9 #aggg1 & an honor>y memb] ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london 9 #aghg4 ,9 #aghd he 0 on ! committee :i* inve/igat$ ,mesm]1 & ! report is a docum5t ( la/+ sci5tific value4 ,frankl9's advocacy ( veget>ianism1 ( sp>+ & simple diet1 & ( temp]ance 9 ! use ( liquors1 & ( prop] v5tilation has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,8 mo/ direct contribution to m$ic9e 0 ! inv5tion = 8 own use ( bifocal eyeglasses4 ,a summ>y ( s v]satile a g5ius is impossible4 ,8 s]vices to ,am]ica 9 ,engl& & ,france rank him z "o ( ! h]oes ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce & z ! greate/ ( ,am]ican diplomats4 ,almo/ ! only ,am]ican sci5ti/ ( 8 day1 he display$ rem>kably deep z well z rem>kably v>i$ abilities 9 sci5ce & des]v$ ! hon\rs en?usia/ically giv5 him by ! savants ( ,europe4 ,,bibliography4--,frankl9's works 7 n collect$ 9 8 own lifetime1 & he made no ef=t to publi% 8 writ+s4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,electricity 7,london1 #agfi7 0 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,b>beu ,dub\rg 7,p>is1 #aggc72 ,vaughan attempt$ a m complete edition1 ,political1 ,miscellane\s & ,philosophical ,pieces 7,london1 #aggi72 an edition 9 ?ree volumes appe>$ aft] ,frankl9's dea? 7,london1 #ahjf72 :at seem$ ! au!ntic ,works1 z x 0 "u ! c>e ( ,temple ,frankl91 0 publi%$ at ,london 7#f vols41 #ahag-ahai2 #c vols41 #ahah7 & ) "s additional matt] at ,philadelphia 7#f vols41 #ahah74 ,sp>ks's edition 7#aj vols41 ,bo/on1 #ahcf-ahdb2 revis$1 ,philadelphia1 #aheh7 also conta9$ fre% matt]2 & !re are fur!r additions 9 ! edition ( ,john ,bigel[ 7,philadelphia1 #ahhg-ahhh2 #e? ed41 #aije7 & 9 t by ,alb]t ,h5ry ,smy? 7#aj vols41 ,new ,york1 #aije-aijg74 ,!re are important ,frankl9iana1 ab\t #ac1jjj pap]s1 9 ! possession ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 to :i* !y 7 convey$ by ! son ( ,temple ,frankl9's executor1 ,george ,fox4 ,o!r pap]s :i* _h be5 left to ,fox lay = ye>s 9 b>rels 9 a /able g>ret2 !y 7 f9ally cle>$ out1 _! own]1 ,m>y ,fox1 int5d+ to s5d !m to a pap] mill4 ,"o b>rel w5t to ! mill4 ,! o!rs1 x 0 f\nd1 conta9$ pap]s belong+ to ,frankl91 & ?is important collection 0 b\ght & pres5t$ to ! univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! valuable ,frankl9iana collect$ by ,h5ry ,/ev5s 7 pur*as$ by ,congress 9 #ahhe4 ,^! ,,ms4 collections 7 fir/ c>efully gone ov] = ! edition ( ! ,works by ,a4 ,h4 ,smy?4 ,frankl9's ,autobiography 0 begun 9 #agga z a private *ronicle = 8 son1 ,gov]nor ,william ,frankl92 ! pap]s1 br++ ! /ory ( 8 fa!r's life d[n to #agcj1 7 lo/ by ! gov]nor dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & 9 #aghc came into ! possession ( ,abel ,james1 :o re/or$ !m to ,frankl9 & urg$ him to complete ! sket*4 ,he wrote a little 9 #aghd1 m 9 #aghh1 :5 he furni%$ a copy to 8 fri5d le ,veill>d1 & a little m 9 #agij4 ,! orig9al manuscript 0 long 9 ! possession ( ,temple ,frankl91 :o sp5t ye>s re>rang+ ! matt] 9 x & mak+ ov] into polit] ,engli% 8 gr&fa!r's pla9-spok5ness4 ,s long 0 ! publication delay$ t x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ,temple ,frankl9 _h sold all ! pap]s to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t2 a ,fr5* v]sion1 ,memoires de la vie privee 7,p>is1 #agia71 0 retranslat$ into ,engli% twice 9 #agic 7,london71 & f "o ( ^! v]sions 7by ,rob9son7 /ill ano!r ,fr5* v]sion 0 made 7,p>is1 #agih74 ,temple ,frankl91 decid+ to pr9t1 got f le ,veill>d ! copy s5t to him 9 #aghh 7s5d+ 9 return ! orig9al ) autograph alt]ations & ! f9al addition71 & f ! copy publi%$ 7,london1 #ahag7 an edition suppos$ to be au!ntic & complete4 ,! complete autograph ( ! biography1 acquir$ by ,john ,bigel[ 9 #ahfg f its ,fr5* own]s1 ^u collation ) ,temple ,frankl9's edition %[$ t ! latt] conta9$ #abjj emasculations & t x omitt$ entirely :at _h be5 writt5 9 #agij4 ,bigel[ publi%$ ! complete ,autobiography ) additions f ,frankl9's correspond5ce & o!r writ+s 9 #ahfh2 a second edition 7#c vols41 ,philadelphia1 #ahhh7 0 publi%$ "u ! title1 ,! ,life ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,writt5 by ,himself4 ,9 addition to ! ,autobiography see ,james ,p>ton1 ,life & ,times ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7#b vols41 ,new ,york1 #ahfd72 ,john ,t4 ,morse1 ,jr41 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7,bo/on1 #ahhi1 9 ! ,am]ican ,/atesm5 s]ies72 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,master1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 z a ,man ( ,lett]s 7,bo/on1 #ahhg1 9 ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies72 ,paul ,l4 ,=d1 ,! ,_m-,sid$ ,frankl9 7,new ,york1 #ahii7 & ,frankl9 ,bibliography 7,brooklyn1 #ahhi72 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale & ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 ,jr41 ,frankl9 9 ,france 7#b vols41 ,bo/on1 #ahhh72 ,j4 ,h4 ,a4 ,doniol1 ,hi/oire de la p>ticipation de la ,france a l'etablissem5t des ,etats-,unis d',am]ique 7,p>is1 #f vols41 #ahhf-aijj72 ,s4 ,g4 ,fi%]1 ,! ,true ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7,philadelphia1 #ahii72 ,e4 ,rob9s1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7,new ,york1 #ahih1 9 ! ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,en]gy s]ies72 ,w4 ,a4 ,wetzel1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 z an ,economi/1 ,no4 #i1 9 s]ies #ac ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,/udies 9 ,hi/orical & ,political ,sci5ce2 & ! prefaces & biographical matt] 9 ,a4 ,h4 ,smy?'s edition ( ! ,works 7,new ,york1 #aj vols41 #aije-aijg74 7,r4 ,we47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,keim] & 8 si/] _h come ! ye> be=e f ,london1 :]e he _h le>n$ 8 trade2 bo? 7 ard5t memb]s ( ! fanatic b& ( ,fr5* prophets4 ,he propos$ f\nd+ a new sect ) ! help ( ,frankl91 :o aft] leav+ 8 %op ridicul$ him = 8 long squ>e be>d & = keep+ ! sev5? day4 ,keim] settl$ 9 ! ,b>badoes ab\t #agcj2 & 9 #agca began to publi% at ,bridget[n ! semi-weekly ,b>badoes ,gazette4 ,selections f x call$ ,c>ibbeana 7#agda7 & ,a ,br& ,pluck$ f ! ,burn+1 ,exemplifi$ 9 ! ,unp>allel$ ,case ( ,samuel ,keim] 7#agah7 are f 8 p54 ,he di$ ab\t #agch4 #b ,! meet+ betwe5 ,frankl91 ! type ( ! %rewd1 cool prov9cial1 & ,braddock1 a blu/]+1 blund]+1 dr9k+ ,briti% soldi]1 is dramatically portray$ by ,?ack]ay 9 ! #i? *apt] ( ,! ,virg9ians4 #c ,_m que/ions 7ab\t #bj ( ! fir/ #be7 7 put by 8 fri5ds to draw out :at he wi%$ to be kn[n4 #d ,! h\se is famili> f ! draw+ ( x by ,victor ,hugo4 #e ,_m ( ^! portraits bore inscriptions1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* 0 ,turgot's l9e1 ,eripuit fulm5 coelo sceptrumque tyrannis4 #f ,notably 9 a pamphlet comp>+ ! ,jews & ! ,anti-,f$]ali/s4 #g ,william ,frankl9 s]v$ on ! ,canadian fronti] ) ,p5nsylvania troops1 becom+ capta9 9 #agej2 0 9 ! po/-(fice 9 #aged-agef2 w5t to ,engl& ) 8 fa!r 9 #ageh2 0 admitt$ to legal practice 9 #ageh2 9 #agfc1 recomm5d$ by ,"l ,fairfax1 became gov]nor ( ,new ,j]sey2 he left ! ,:ig = ! ,tory p>ty2 & 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 0 a fai?ful loyali/1 mu* to ! pa9 & regret ( 8 fa!r1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 reconcil$ to him 9 "p 9 #aghd4 ,he 0 held z a prison] f #aggf until ex*ang$ 9 #aggh2 & liv$ f\r ye>s 9 ,new ,york1 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 ,engl& ) an annual p5sion ( ,l#hjj f ! cr[n4 #h ,= ! prev5tion ( c\nt]feit+ cont95tal pap] money ,frankl9 long aft]w>ds sugge/$ ! use on ! diff]5t d5om9ations ( diff]5t leaves1 hav+ not$ ! inf9ite v>iety ( leaf v5ation4 #i ,sev5ty-five editions ( x h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 fifty-six 9 ,fr5*1 elev5 9 ,g]man & n9e 9 ,italian4 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,spani%1 ,dani%1 ,sw$i%1 ,wel%1 ,poli%1 ,gaelic1 ,russian1 ,bohemian1 ,dut*1 ,catalan1 ,*9ese1 mod]n ,greek & phonetic writ+4 ,x has be5 pr9t$ at lea/ f\r hundr$ times1 & is to-day z popul> z ev]4--,p4 ,l4 ,=d1 9 ,! ,_m-,sid$ ,frankl9 7#ahii74 #aj ,bo? ,swift & ,frankl9 made sport ( ! typical a/rolog] almanack-mak]4 #aa ,ano!r hoax 0 ,frankl9's p>able aga9/ religi\s p]secution ?r[n into ,scriptural =m & quot$ by him z ! fifty-fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,9 a pap] on a ,propos$ ,new ,v]sion ( ! ,bible he p>aphras$ a few v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,job1 mak+ !m a satiric attack on royal gov]nm5t2 b ! v]sion may well rank ) ^! hoaxes1 & ev5 mod]n writ]s h be5 tak5 9 by x1 reg>d+ x z a s]i\s proposal = a mod]niz$ v]sion & decry+ x z poor ta/e4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 = example1 decl>$ ?is an in/ance 9 :i* ,frankl9 0 lack+ 9 8 imp]turbable common s5se2 & ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,master1 ?\gh devot+ sev]al pages to its discussion1 v +5u\sly decl>es x b5ea? criticism4 #ab ,mal?us quot$ ,frankl9 9 8 fir/ edition1 b x 0 n until ! second t he introduc$ ! !ory ( ! prev5tive *eck4 ,frankl9 not$ ! ph5om5on ) disapproval 9 8 advocacy ( increas$ population2 ,mal?us ) approval 9 8 se>* = means to decrease population4 #ac ,! title ( philosoph] z us$ 9 ,frankl9's lifetime ref]r$ nei!r 9 ,engl& nor 9 ,france to him z au?or ( moral maxims1 b to him z a sci5ti/--a natural philosoph]4 ,,frankl91 ,,sir ,,john 7#aghf-ahdg71 ,engli% re>-admiral & explor]1 0 born at ,spilsby1 ,l9coln%ire1 on ! #af? ( ,april #aghf4 ,8 family 0 desc5d$ f a l9e ( free-hold]s or frankl9s f :om "s c5turies e>li] !y _h d]iv$ _! surname2 b ! small family e/ate 0 sold by 8 fa!r1 :o w5t into bus9ess4 ,john1 :o 0 ! fif? & y\nge/ son & n9? *ild1 0 de/9$ = ! *ur*4 ,at ! age ( t5 he 0 s5t to s*ool at ,/ ,ives1 & soon aft]w>ds 0 transf]r$ to ,l\? gramm> s*ool1 :i* he att5d$ = two ye>s4 ,ab\t ?is "t 8 imag9ation 0 deeply impress$ by a holiday walk ( #ab m4 :i* he made ) a companion to look at ! sea1 & he det]m9$ to be a sailor4 ,9 ! hope ( dispell+ ?is fancy 8 fa!r s5t him on a trial voyage to ,lisbon 9 a m]*antman2 b x be+ f\nd on 8 return t 8 wi%es 7 un*ang$ he 0 ent]$ z a mid%ipman on bo>d ! ,polyphemus1 & %ortly aft]w>ds took "p 9 h] 9 ! h>d-f\ght battle ( ,cop5hag5 7#bnd ( ,april #ahja74 ,two mon?s lat] he jo9$ ! ,inve/igator1 a discov]y-%ip comm&$ by 8 c\s9 ,capta9 ,mat!w ,fl9d]s1 & "u ! tra9+ ( t able sci5tific (fic] 0 employ$ 9 ! exploration & mapp+ ( ! coa/s ( ,au/ralia1 :]e he acquir$ a correctness ( a/ronomical obs]vation & a skill 9 survey+ :i* prov$ ( em95t utility 9 8 future c>e]4 ,he 0 on bo>d ! ,porpoise :5 t %ip & ! ,cato 7 wreck$ 7#ah? ( ,augu/ #ahjc7 on a coral reef (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 & aft] ?is mis=tune proce$$ to ,*9a4 ,!nce he obta9$ a passage to ,engl& 9 ! ,e>l ,camd51 ,ea/ ,indiaman1 comm&$ by ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,na?aniel ,dance1 & p]=m$ ! duty ( signal mid%ipman 9 ! fam\s action ( ! #ae? ( ,febru>y #ahjd :5 ,capta9 ,dance repuls$ a /rong ,fr5* squadron l$ by ! r$\btable ,admiral ,l9ois4 ,on rea*+ ,engl& he jo9$ ! ,bell]ophon1 #gd1 & 0 9 *>ge ( ! signals on bo>d t %ip dur+ ! battle ( ,trafalg>4 ,two ye>s lat] he jo9$ ! ,b$=d1 atta9+ ! rank ( lieut5ant ! ye> aft]1 & s]v$ 9 h] on ! ,brazil /ation 7:i!r ! ,b$=d w5t z "p ( ! convoy :i* escort$ ! royal family ( ,portugal to ,rio de ,janeiro 9 #ahjh71 9 ! blockade ( ,flu%+1 & f9ally 9 ! disa/r\s exp$ition aga9/ ,new ,orleans 7#ahad71 9 :i* campaign he display$ su* zeal & intellig5ce z to m]it special m5tion 9 despat*es4 ,on peace be+ e/abli%$1 ,frankl9 turn$ 8 att5tion once m to ! sci5tific bran* ( 8 pr(ession1 & s$ul\sly ext5d$ 8 k ( survey+4 ,9 #ahah ! discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage to ! ,pacific became aga91 aft] a long int]val1 an object ( national int]e/1 & ,lieut5ant ,frankl9 0 giv5 ! comm& ( ! ,tr5t 9 ! ,arctic exp$ition1 "u ! ord]s ( ,capta9 ,bu*an 9 ! ,doro!a4 ,dur+ a heavy /orm ! ,doro!a 0 s mu* damag$ by ! pack-ice t h] rea*+ ,engl& became d\btful1 &1 mu* to ! *agr9 ( "y ,frankl91 ! ,tr5t 0 compell$ to convoy h] home in/ead ( be+ all[$ to prosecute ! voyage alone4 ,?is voyage1 h[ev]1 _h br\ght ,frankl9 into p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ,london1 & !y 7 n sl[ 9 asc]ta9+ 8 peculi> fitness = ! comm& ( su* an ent]prise4 ,to calmness 9 dang]1 promptness & f]tility ( res\rce1 & excell5t seaman%ip1 he add$ an ard5t desire to promote sci5ce = its own sake1 toge!r ) a love ( tru? t l$ him to d full ju/ice to ! m]its ( 8 subord9ate (fic]s1 )\t wi%+ to claim _! discov]ies z a capta9's "r4 ,fur!rmore1 he possess$ a *e]ful buoyancy ( m9d1 su/a9$ by deep religi\s pr9ciple1 :i* 0 n depress$ 9 ! mo/ gloomy times4 ,x 0 !re=e ) full confid5ce 9 8 ability & ex]tions t1 9 #ahai1 he 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( an exp$ition appo9t$ to proce$ ov]l& f ! ,hudson ,bay to ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,sea1 & to det]m9e ! tr5d+s ( t coa/ ea/w>d ( ! ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,at ?is p]iod ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t 0 kn[n at two isolat$ po9ts only1--?is1 ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e riv] 7:i*1 z ,frankl9 discov]$1 0 errone\sly plac$ f\r degrees ( latitude too mu* to ! nor?71 & ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie f> to ! we/ ( x4 ,lieut5ant ,frankl9 & 8 p>ty1 consi/+ ( ,dr ,ri*>dson1 ,mid%ipm5 ,george ,back & ,ri*>d ,hood1 & a few ord9>y boatm51 arriv$ at ! depot ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company at ! end ( ,augu/ #ahai1 & mak+ an autumnal j\rney ( #gjj m4 sp5t ! fir/ w9t] on ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,ow+ to ! supplies :i* _h be5 promis$ by ! ,nor?-,we/ & ,hudson's ,bay ,companies n be+ =?com+ ! foll[+ ye>1 x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ahba t ! ,copp]m9e 0 asc5d$ to its m\?1 & a consid]able ext5t ( sea-coa/ to ! ea/w>d survey$4 ,! return j\rney l$ ov] ! region kn[n z ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd1 & 0 m>k$ by ! mo/ t]rible suff]+s & privations & ! tragic dea? ( ,lieut5ant ,hood4 ,! survivors ( ! exp$ition rea*$ ,york ,factory 9 ! mon? ( ,june #ahbb1 hav+ accompli%$ altoge!r #eeej m4 ( travel4 ,:ile engag$ on ?is s]vice ,frankl9 0 promot$ to ! rank ( comm&] 7#a/ ( ,janu>y #ahba71 & ^u 8 return to ,engl& at ! end ( #ahbb he obta9$ ! po/ rank ( capta9 & 0 elect$ a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! n>rative ( ?is exp$ition 0 publi%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> & became at once a classic ( travel1 & soon aft] he m>ri$ ,eleanor1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( ,william ,pord51 an em95t ar*itect4 ,e>ly 9 #ahbe he 0 entru/$ ) ! comm& ( a second ov]l& exp$ition1 & ^u ! e>ne/ entreaty ( 8 dy+ wife1 :o enc\rag$ him to place 8 duty to 8 c\ntry be=e 8 love = h]1 he set sail )\t wait+ to witness h] end4 ,accompani$ z be=e by ,dr 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,john ,ri*>dson & ,lieut5ant 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,george ,back1 he desc5d$ ! ,mack5zie riv] 9 ! season ( #ahbf & trac$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ z f> z #adi deg4 #cg' ,w4 long41 :il/ ,ri*>dson at ! head ( a sep>ate p>ty connect$ ! m\?s ( ! ,copp]m9e & ,mack5zie riv]s4 ,?us betwe5 ! ye>s #ahai & #ahbg he _h add$ #abjj m4 ( coa/-l9e to ! ,am]ican cont95t1 or "o-?ird ( ! :ole di/ance f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,^! ex]tions 7 fully appreciat$ at home & abroad4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #ahbi1 receiv$ ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l4 f ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 0 aw>d$ ! gold m$al ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,p>is1 & 0 elect$ correspond+ memb] ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! results ( ^! exp$itions are describ$ by ,frankl9 & ,dr ,ri*>dson 9 two magnific5t works publi%$ 9 #ahbd-ahbi4 ,9 #ahbh he m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,jane1 second daught] ( ,john ,griff94 ,8 next (ficial employm5t 0 on ! ,m$it]ranean /ation1 9 comm& ( ! ,ra9b[1 & 8 %ip soon became prov]bial 9 ! squadron = ! happ9ess & com=t ( h] (fic]s & crew4 ,z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ess5tial s]vice :i* he r5d]$ (f ,patras 9 ! ,greek ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 he receiv$ ! cross ( ! ,r$eem] ( ,greece f ,k+ ,otto1 & aft] 8 return to ,engl& he 0 creat$ knight comm&] ( ! ,guelphic ord] ( ,hanov]4 ,9 #ahcf he accept$ ! lieut5ant-gov]nor%ip ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7n[ ,tasmania71 & held t po/ till ! end ( #ahdc4 ,8 gov]nm5t 0 m>k$ by sev]al ev5ts ( mu* int]e/1 "o ( 8 mo/ popul> measures be+ ! op5+ ( ! doors ( ! legislative c\ncil to ! public4 ,he also f\nd$ a college1 end[+ x l>gely f 8 private funds1 & 9 #ahch e/abli%$ a sci5tific society at ,hob>t ,t[n 7n[ call$ ! ,royal ,society ( ,tasmania71 ! meet+s ( :i* 7 held 9 ,gov]nm5t ,h\se & its pap]s pr9t$ at 8 exp5se4 ,9 8 "t also ! colony ( ,victoria 0 f\nd$ by settl]s f ,tasmania2 & t[>ds its close1 transportation to ,new ,s\? ,wales hav+ be5 aboli%$1 ! convicts f e "p ( ! ,briti% empire 7 s5t to ,tasmania4 ,on an increase ( ! lieut5ant-gov]nor's sal>y be+ vot$ by ! colonial legislature1 ,sir ,john decl9$ to d]ive any advantage f x p]sonally1 :ile he secur$ ! augm5tation to 8 successors4 ,he welcom$ eag]ly ! v>i\s exp$itions = exploration & survey+ :i* visit$ ,hob>t ,t[n1 conspicu\s among ^!1 & ( especial int]e/ to himself1 be+ ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ,ant>ctic exp$itions ( ,dumont d',urville & ,sir ,james ,c4 ,ross--! latt] comm&+ ! ,erebus & ,t]ror1 ) :i* ,frankl9's own "n 0 aft]w>ds to be s pa!tically connect$4 ,a magnetic obs]vatory fix$ at ,hob>t ,t[n1 z a dep5d5cy ( ! c5tral e/abli%m5t "u ,colonel ,sab9e1 0 also an object ( deep int]e/ up to ! mom5t ( 8 leav+ ! colony4 ,t 8 unfl9*+ ef=ts = ! social & political advancem5t ( ! colony 7 appreciat$ 0 abundantly prov$ by ! affection & respect %[n him by e section ( ! community on 8 dep>ture2 & sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds ! coloni/s %[$ _! remembrance ( 8 virtues & s]vices by s5d+ ,lady ,frankl9 a subscription ( ,l#agjj 9 aid ( h] ef=ts = ! se>* & relief ( h] husb&1 & lat] /ill by a unanim\s vote ( ! legislature = ! erection ( a /atue 9 hon\r ( him at ,hob>t ,t[n4 ,sir ,john f\nd on rea*+ ,engl& t !re 0 ab\t to be a r5ewal ( pol> rese>*1 & t ! confid5ce ( ! admiralty 9 him 0 undim9i%$1 z 0 %[n by 8 be+ (f]$ ! comm& ( an exp$ition = ! discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage to ! ,pacific4 ,?is (f] he accept$4 ,! pre/ige ( ,arctic s]vice & ( 8 =m] exp]i5ces attract$ a cr[d ( volunte]s ( all classes1 f :om 7 select$ a body ( (fic]s conspicu\s = tal5t & en]gy4 ,capta9 ,crozi]1 :o 0 second 9 comm&1 _h be5 ?ree voyages ) ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry1 & _h comm&$ ! ,t]ror 9 ,ross's ,ant>ctic exp$ition4 ,capta9 ,fitzjames1 :o 0 comm&] on bo>d ! ,erebus1 _h be5 five times gazett$ = brilliant conduct 9 ! op]ations ( ! fir/ ,*9a w>1 & 9 a lett] :i* he wrote f ,gre5l& has bequea!d "s good-natur$ b ma/]ly sket*es ( 8 bro!r (fic]s & messmates on ?is exp$ition4 ,?us support$1 ) crews c>efully *os5 7"s ( :om _h be5 engag$ 9 ! :al+ s]vice71 victuall$ = ?ree ye>s1 & furni%$ ) e appliance !n kn[n1 ,frankl9's exp$ition1 consi/+ ( ! ,erebus & ,t]ror 7#abi (fic]s & m571 ) a transport %ip to convey additional /ores z f> z ,disco 9 ,gre5l&1 sail$ f ,gre5hi! on ! #ai? ( ,may #ahde4 ,! lett]s :i* ,frankl9 despat*$ f ,gre5l& 7 c\*$ 9 language ( *e]ful anticipation ( success1 :ile ^? receiv$ f 8 (fic]s express$ _! gl[+ hope1 _! admiration ( ! seamanlike qualities ( _! comm&]1 & ! happ9ess !y _h 9 s]v+ "u him4 ,! %ips 7 la/ se5 by a :al] ne> ! entrance ( ,lanca/] ,s\nd1 on ! #bf? ( ,july1 & ! deep gloom :i* settl$ d[n ^u _! subsequ5t movem5ts 0 n f9ally rais$ till f\rte5 ye>s lat]4 ,frankl9's in/ructions 7 fram$ 9 conjunction ) ,sir ,john ,b>r[ & ^u 8 own sugge/ions4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,p>ry _h e/abli%$ ! navigability ( ,lanca/] ,s\nd 7lead+ we/w>ds out ( ,baff9 ,bay71 :il/ ,frankl9's own surveys _h long be=e satisfi$ him t a navigable passage exi/$ along ! nor? coa/ ( ,am]ica f ! ,fi% riv] to ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,he 0 !re=e direct$ to pu% ?r\gh ,lanca/] ,s\nd & its cont9uation1 ,b>r[ ,/rait1 )\t loss ( "t1 until he rea*$ ! portion ( l& on :i* ,cape ,walk] is situat$1 or ab\t long4 #ih deg4 ,w41 & f t po9t to pursue a c\rse s\?w>d t[>ds ! ,am]ican coa/4 ,an explicit prohibition 0 giv5 aga9/ a we/]ly c\rse beyond ! longitude ( #ih deg4 ,w41 b he 0 all[$ ! s+le alt]native ( previ\sly exam9+ ,well+ton ,*annel 7:i* leads out ( ,b>r[ ,/rait7 = a nor?w>d r\te1 if ! navigation "h 7 op54 ,9 #ahdg1 ?\gh !re 0 no real public anxiety z to ! fate ( ! exp$ition1 prep>ations began to be made = ! possible necessity ( s5d+ relief4 ,z "t pass$1 h[ev]1 & no tid+s rea*$ ,engl&1 ! se>* began 9 e>ne/1 & f #ahdh onw>ds exp$ition aft] exp$ition 0 despat*$ 9 que/ ( ! miss+ explor]s4 ,! "w ( ^! exp$itions =ms a /ory ( a*ievem5t :i* has no p>allel 9 m>itime annals1 & result$ 9 ! discov]y & exploration ( ?\s&s ( miles ( new l& )9 ! grim ,arctic regions1 ! developm5t ( ! sy/em ( sl$ge travell+1 & ! discov]y ( a second ,nor?-,we/ ,passage 9 #ahej 7see ,pol> ,regions74 ,"h x is only necess>y to m5tion ! results s f> z ! se>* = ,frankl9 0 conc]n$4 ,9 ?is great national und]tak+ ,lady ,frankl9's ex]tions 7 unwe>i$1 & %e exhau/$ h] private funds 9 s5d+ out auxili>y vessels to qu>t]s n compris$ 9 ! public se>*1 & by h] pa!tic appeals r\s$ ! sympa?y ( ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,! fir/ traces ( ! miss+ %ips1 consi/+ ( a few scatt]$ articles1 besides ?ree graves1 7 discov]$ at ,frankl9's w9t] qu>t]s 7#ahde-ahdf7 on ,bee*ey ,isl&1 by ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,erasmus ,ommanney ( ! ,assi/ance1 9 ,augu/ #ahea1 & 7 br\ght home by ! ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 :i* _h be5 fitt$ out by ,lady ,frankl94 ,no fur!r tid+s 7 obta9$ until ! spr+ ( #ahed1 :5 ,dr ,john ,rae1 !n conduct+ a sl$g+ exp$ition ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company f ,repulse ,bay1 0 told by ! ,eskimo t 7z 0 inf]r$7 9 #ahej :ite m51 to ! numb] ( ab\t =ty1 _h be5 se5 dragg+ a boat s\?w>d along ! we/ %ore ( ,k+ ,william's ,isl&1 & t lat] 9 ! same season ! bodies ( ! :ole p>ty 7 f\nd by ! natives at a po9t a %ort di/ance to ! nor?-we/ ( ,back's ,great ,fi% riv]1 :]e !y _h p]i%$ f ! unit$ effects ( cold & fam9e4 ,! latt] /atem5t 0 aft]w>ds disprov$ by ! discov]y ( skeletons ^u ! presum$ l9e ( r\te2 b indisputable pro( 0 giv5 t ! ,eskimo _h communicat$ ) memb]s ( ! miss+ exp$ition1 by ! v>i\s articles obta9$ f !m & br\ght home by ,dr ,rae4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! in=mation obta9$ by ,dr ,rae1 a p>ty 9 canoes1 "u ,messrs ,&]son & ,/ew>t1 0 s5t by gov]nm5t d[n ! ,great ,fi% riv] 9 #ahee1 & succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! ,eskimo at ! m\? ( ! riv] a consid]able numb] ( articles :i* _h evid5tly belong$ to ! ,frankl9 exp$ition2 :ile o!rs 7 pick$ up on ,montreal ,isl& a day's m>* to ! nor?w>d4 ,x 0 cle>1 !re=e1 t a p>ty f ! ,erebus & ,t]ror _h endeav\r$ to rea* ! settlem5ts ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company by ! ,fi% riv] r\te1 & t 9 mak+ a s\!rly c\rse x _h be5 arre/$ )9 ! *annel into :i* ! ,great ,fi% riv] empties itself4 ,! admiralty n[ decid$ to take no fur!r /eps to det]m9e ! exact fate ( ! exp$ition1 & grant$ to ,dr ,rae ! rew>d ( ,l#aj1jjj :i* _h be5 (f]$ 9 #ahdi to :osoev] %\ld fir/ succe$ 9 obta9+ au!ntic news ( ! miss+ m54 ,x 0 !re=e res]v$ = ! late/ ef=t ( ,lady ,frankl9 to develop1 n only ! fate ( h] husb&'s exp$ition b also ! /eps ( its progress up to ! v v]ge ( success1 m+l$ inde$ ) almo/ unprec$5t$ disa/]4 ,) all h] available means1 & aid$1 z %e _h be5 be=e1 by ! subscriptions ( sympa?iz+ fri5ds1 %e pur*as$ & fitt$ out ! little ya*t ,fox1 :i* sail$ f ,ab]de5 9 ,july #aheg4 ,! comm& 0 accept$ by ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,leopold ,m',cl9tock1 ^: high reputation _h be5 won 9 ?ree ( ! gov]nm5t exp$itions s5t out 9 se>* ( ,frankl94 ,hav+ be5 compell$ to pass ! fir/ w9t] 9 ,baff9 ,bay1 x 0 n till ! autumn ( #aheh t ! ,fox pass$ d[n ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,inlet1 & put into w9t] qu>t]s at ,port ,k5n$y at ! ea/]n end ( ,bellot ,/rait1 betwe5 ,nor? ,som]set & ,boo?ia ,felix4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahei ?ree sl$g+ p>ties w5t out1 ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,all5 ,"y to exam9e ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 ,lieut5ant 7aft]w>ds ,capta97 ,hobson ! nor? & we/ coa/s ( ,k+ ,william's ,isl&1 & ,m',cl9tock ! ea/ & s\? coa/s ( ! latt]1 ! we/ coa/ ( ,boo?ia1 & ! region ab\t ! m\? ( ,great ,fi% riv]4 ,?is spl5did & exhau/ive se>* add$ #hjj m4 ( new coa/-l9e to ! k ( ! ,arctic regions1 & br\ght to light ! c\rse & fate ( ! exp$ition4 ,f ! ,eskimo 9 ,boo?ia _m relics 7 obta9$1 & reports z to ! fate ( ! %ips & m52 & on ! we/ & s\? coa/ ( ,k+ ,william's ,isl& 7 discov]$ skeletons & rema9s ( articles t told a t]rible tale ( disa/]4 ,above all1 9 a cairn at ,po9t ,victory a preci\s record 0 discov]$ by ,lieut5ant ,hobson t briefly told ! hi/ory ( ! exp$ition up to ,april #be1 #ahdh1 ?ree ye>s aft] x set out full ( hope4 ,9 #ahde-ahdf ! ,erebus & ,t]ror w9t]$ at ,bee*ey ,isl& on ! ,s4,w4 coa/ ( ,nor? ,devon1 9 lat4 #gd deg4 #dc' #bh ,n41 long4 #ia deg4 #ci' #ae ,w41 aft] hav+ asc5d$ ,well+ton ,*annel to lat4 #gg deg4 & return$ by ! we/ side ( ,cornwallis ,isl&4 ,?is /atem5t 0 sign$ by ,graham ,gore1 lieut5ant1 & ,*>les ,f4 des ,voeux1 mate1 & bore date ,may #bh1 #ahdg4 ,^! two (fic]s & six m51 x 0 fur!r told1 left ! %ips on ,may #bd1 #ahdg 7no d\bt = an explor+ j\rney71 at :i* "t all 0 well4 ,su* an am\nt ( successful "w has seldom be5 accompli%$ by an ,arctic exp$ition )9 any "o season4 ,! alt]native c\rse p]mitt$ ,frankl9 by 8 in/ructions _h be5 attempt$ b n pursu$1 & 9 ! autumn ( #ahdf he _h foll[$ t r\te :i* 0 specially comm5d$ to him4 ,b aft] successfully navigat+ ,peel & ,frankl9 ,/raits on 8 way s\?w>d1 8 progress _h be5 sudd5ly & f9ally arre/$ by ! ob/ruction ( heavy 7palaeocry/ic7 ice1 :i* presses d[n f ! nor?-we/ ?r\gh ,m',cl9tock ,*annel 7n !n kn[n to exi/7 ^u ,k+ ,william's ,isl&4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! *>t :i* ,frankl9 c>ri$ ,k+ ,william's ,isl& 0 laid d[n z a "p ( ! ma9l& ( ,boo?ia1 & he !re=e c\ld pursue 8 way only d[n its we/]n coa/4 ,^u ! m>g9 ( ! pr9t$ admiralty =m on :i* ?is brief record 0 writt5 0 an add5dum dat$ ! #be? ( ,april #ahdh1 :i* ext+ui%$ all fur!r hopes ( a successful t]m9ation ( ?is gr& ent]prise4 ,! facts are be/ convey$ 9 ! t]se & expressive words 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 & are !re=e giv5 v]batim3 ,april #be?1 #ahdh4 ,h4,m4 ,%ips ',t]ror' & ',erebus' 7 des]t$ on #bbnd ,april1 five leagues ,n4,n4,w4 ( ?is1 hav+ be5 beset s9ce #ab? ,septemb] #ahdf4 ,! (fic]s & crews1 consi/+ ( #aje s\ls "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,f4 ,r4 ,m4 ,crozi]1 l&$ 9 lat4 #fi deg4 #cg' #db ,n41 long4 #ih deg4 #da' ,w4 ,?is pap] 0 f\nd by ,lieut4 ,irv+ 444 :]e x _h be5 deposit$ by ! late ,comm&] ,gore 9 ,june #ahdg4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 di$ on ! #aa? ,june #ahdg2 & ! total loss by dea?s 9 ! exp$ition has be5 to ?is date #i (fic]s & #ae m54 ,! h&writ+ is t ( ,capta9 ,fitzjames1 to ^: signature is app5d$ t ( ,capta9 ,crozi]1 :o also adds ! words ( *ief importance1 namely1 t !y w\ld />t on to-morr[ #bf? ,april #ahdh = ,back's ,fi% riv]4 ,a brief] record has nev] be5 told ( s tragic a /ory4 ,all ! p>ty _h )\t d\bt be5 greatly r$uc$ ?r\gh want ( suffici5t food1 & ! injuri\s effects ( ?ree w9t]s 9 ^! regions4 ,!y _h attempt$ to drag ) !m two boats1 besides heavily lad5 sl$ges1 & d\btless _h soon be5 compell$ to ab&on mu* ( _! burd51 & leave "o boat on ! %ore ( ,k+ ,william's ,isl&1 :]e x 0 f\nd by ,m',cl9tock1 ne> ! middle ( ! we/ coa/1 conta9+ two skeletons4 ,! r\te adopt$ 0 ! %orte/ possible1 b _! /r5g? & supplies _h fail$1 & at t season ( ! ye> ! sn[-cov]$ l& af=d$ no subsi/5ce4 ,an old ,eskimo woman /at$ t ^! h]oic m5 fell d[n & di$ z !y walk$1 &1 z ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson has well said1 !y =g$ ! la/ l9k ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage ) _! lives4 ,f all t c be ga!r$1 "o ( ! %ips mu/ h be5 cru%$ 9 ! ice & sunk 9 deep wat]1 & ! o!r1 /r&$ on ! %ore ( ,k+ ,william's ,isl&1 lay !re = ye>s1 =m+ a m9e ( weal? = ! neighb\r+ ,eskimo4 ,?is is all we "k ( ! fate ( ,frankl9 & 8 brave m54 ,8 memory is *]i%$ z "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! naval h]oes ( ,brita91 & z "o ( ! mo/ successful & d>+ ( h] explor]s4 ,he is c]ta9ly entitl$ to ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ discov]] ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage2 ! po9t rea*$ by ! %ips hav+ br\ght him to )9 a few miles ( ! kn[n wat]s ( ,am]ica1 & on ! monum5t erect$ to him by 8 c\ntry1 9 ,wat]loo ,place1 ,london1 ?is hon\r is ju/ly aw>d$ to him & 8 companions1--a fact :i* 0 also affirm$ by ! presid5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 :5 pres5t+ _! gold m$al to ,lady ,frankl9 9 #ahfj4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #aheb ,frankl9 _h be5 promot$ to ! rank ( re>-admiral4 ,he left an only daught] by 8 fir/ m>riage4 ,lady ,frankl9 di$ 9 #ahge at ! age ( eighty-?ree1 & a =tnight aft] h] dea? a f9e monum5t 0 unveil$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 commemorat+ ! h]oic de$s & fate ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 & ! insep>able connexion ( ,lady ,frankl9's "n ) ! fame ( h] husb&4 ,mo/ ( ! relics br\ght home by ,m',cl9tock 7 pres5t$ by ,lady ,frankl9 to ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum1 :ile ^? giv5 by ,dr ,rae to ! admiralty are deposit$ 9 ,gre5wi* hospital4 ,9 #ahfd-ahfi ! ,am]ican explor] ,capta9 ,hall made two j\rneys 9 endeav\r+ to trace ! remnant ( ,frankl9's p>ty1 br++ back a numb] ( additional relics & "s in=mation confirmatory ( t giv5 by ,m',cl9tock1 & 9 #ahgh ,lieut5ant ,f4 ,s*watka ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army & a companion made a f9al l& se>*1 b al?\gh accompli%+ a rem>kable record ( travel discov]$ no?+ :i* ?rew any fre% light on ! hi/ory ( ! exp$ition4 ,see ,h4 ,d4 ,traill1 ,life ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 7#ahif74 ,,frankl91 ,,william ,,buel 7#ahbc-aijc71 ,f$]al g5]al 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 0 born at ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #ahbc4 ,he graduat$ at ,we/ ,po9t1 at ! head ( 8 class1 9 #ahdc1 0 commission$ 9 ! ,eng9e] ,corps1 ,u4,s4,a41 & s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 receiv+ ! brevet ( fir/ lieut5ant = 8 good conduct at ,bu5a ,vi/a1 9 :i* action he 0 on ! /aff ( ,g5]al ,taylor4 ,aft] ! w> he 0 engag$ 9 miscellane\s eng9e]+ "w1 becom+ a fir/ lieut5ant 9 #ahec & a capta9 9 #aheg4 ,soon aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 #ahfa he 0 made colonel ( a regul> infantry regim5t1 & a few days lat] brigadi]-g5]al ( volunte]s4 ,he l$ a brigade 9 ! fir/ battle ( ,bull ,run1 & on ! organization by ,mc,clellan ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac he receiv$ a divisional comm&4 ,he comm&$ fir/ a division & !n ! ,,vi4 ,corps 9 ! op]ations be=e ,ri*mond 9 #ahfb1 e>n+ ! brevet ( brigadi]-g5]al 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,army2 0 promot$ major-g5]al1 ,u4,s4,v41 9 ,july #ahfb2 comm&$ ! ,,vi4 corps at ,s\? ,m\nta9 & ,antietam2 & at ,fr$]icksburg comm&$ ! ,left ,gr& ,division ( two corps 7,i4 & ,,vi474 ,8 "p 9 ! la/ battle l$ to *>ges ( disob$i5ce & neglig5ce be+ pref]r$ aga9/ him by ! comm&+ g5]al1 ,g5]al ,a4 ,e4 ,burnside1 on :i* ! congressional committee on ! conduct ( ! w> report$ unfav\rably to ,frankl91 l>gely1 x seems1 because ,burnside's ord]s to ,frankl9 7 n put 9 evid5ce4 ,burnside _h issu$ on ! #bcrd ( ,janu>y #ahfc an ord] reliev+ ,frankl9 f duty1 & ,frankl9's only o!r s]vice 9 ! w> 0 z comm&] ( ! ,,xix4 corps 9 ! abortive ,r$ ,riv] ,exp$ition ( #ahfd4 ,9 ?is exp$ition he receiv$ a sev]e w\nd at ! action ( ,sab9e ,cross ,roads 7,april #h1 #ahfd71 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he took no fur!r active "p 9 ! w>4 ,he s]v$ = a "t on ! retir+ bo>d1 & 0 captur$ by ! ,conf$]ates on ! #aa? ( ,july #ahfd1 b escap$ ! same night4 ,9 #ahfe he 0 brevett$ major-g5]al 9 ! regul> army1 & 9 #ahff he 0 retir$4 ,aft] ! w> ,g5]al ,frankl9 0 vice-presid5t ( ! ,colt's ,pat5t ,fire>ms ,manufactur+ ,company1 0 presid5t ( ! commission to lay out ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4,y4 7#ahga-ahgb71 ( ! commission on ! build+ ( ! ,connecticut /ate h\se 7#ahgb-ahgc71 &1 f #ahhj to #ahii1 ( ! bo>d ( manag]s ( ! national home = disabl$ volunte] soldi]s2 z a commission] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi he 0 made a gr& (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r2 & he 0 = a "t a director ( ! ,panama railway4 ,he di$ at ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 on ! #h? ( ,m>* #aijc4 ,he wrote a pamphlet1 ,! ,gatl+ ,gun = ,s]vice ,a%ore & ,afloat 7#ahgd74 ,see ,a ,reply ( ,major-,g5]al ,william ,b4 ,frankl9 to ! ,report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee ( ,congress on ! ,conduct ( ! ,w> 7,new ,york1 #ahfc2 #bnd ed41 #ahfg71 & ,jacob ,l4 ,gre5e1 ,g54 ,w4 ,b4 ,frankl9 & ! ,op]ations ( ! ,left ,w+ at ! ,battle ( ,fr$]icksburg 7,h>t=d1 #aijj74 ,,frankl91 an organiz$ di/rict ( ,canada1 ext5d+ f ! ,arctic ,circle to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,x 0 =m$ by ord]-9-c\ncil on ! #bnd ( ,octob] #ahie1 & includes num]\s isl&s & p59sulas1 su* z ,banks1 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ,victoria1 ,wolla/on1 ,k+ ,edw>d & ,baff9 ,l&1 ,melville1 ,ba?ur/1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales & ,cockburn ,isl&s4 ,( ^!1 ,baff9 ,l& alone ext5ds s\? ( ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,! area is e/imat$ at #ejj1jjj sq4 m41 b ! inhabitants consi/ ( a few ,indians1 ,eskimo & fur-trad]s4 ,musk-ox51 pol> be>s1 foxes & o!r valuable fur-be>+ animals are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! di/rict is nam$ aft] ,sir ,john ,frankl94 ,,frankl91 a t[n%ip ( ,norfolk c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a41 ) an area ( #bi sq4 m4 ( roll+ surface4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ejag1 ( :om #abej 7 =eign-born2 7#aije1 /ate c5sus7 #ebdd2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #efda4 ,! pr9cipal village1 also nam$ ,frankl91 is ab\t #bg m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,bo/on1 & is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d railway4 ,frankl9 has a public libr>y 7h\s$ 9 ! ,ray memorial build+ & conta9+ #ggjj volumes 9 #aiaj7 & is ! seat ( ,dean ,academy 7,univ]sali/2 f\nd$ 9 #ahfe71 a second>y s*ool = boys & girls4 ,/raw goods1 felt1 cotton & wooll5 goods1 pianos & pr9t+ presses are manufactur$ "h4 ,! t[n%ip 0 incorporat$ 9 #aggh1 previ\s to :i* x 0 a "p ( ,wr5?am 7#afgc74 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ! _m places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7:o lat] contribut$ books = ! public libr>y74 ,horace ,mann 0 born "h4 ,,frankl91 a city ( ,m]rimack c\nty1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,u4,s4,a41 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,pemigewasset & ,w9nepesaukee riv]s to =m ! ,m]rimac2 ab\t #ie m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,bo/on4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #djhe2 7#aijj7 #ehdf 7#acbc =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #facb2 area1 ab\t #ad4d sq4 m4 ,frankl9 is s]v$ by ! ,concord ,division ( ! ,bo/on ,ma9e railway1 ) a bran* to ,bri/ol 7#ac m4 ,n4,w47 & ano!r connect+ at ,tilton 7ab\t #e m4 ,e47 ) ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ,division4 ,x conta9s ! villages ( ,frankl91 ,frankl9 ,falls1 ,web/] ,place & ,lake ,city1 ! la/ a summ] resort4 ,! riv]s furni% good wat] p[]1 :i* is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( a v>iety ( commodities1 includ+ f\ndry products1 pap] & pulp1 wooll5 goods1 hosi]y1 saws1 ne$les & knitt+ ma*9es4 ,! wat]-works are own$ & op]at$ by ! municipality4 ,"h1 9 :at 0 !n a "p ( ! t[n ( ,salisbury1 ,daniel ,web/] 0 born1 & on ! ,web/] f>m is ! ,new ,hamp%ire orphans' home1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahga4 ,! t[n ( ,frankl9 0 =m$ 9 #ahbh by ! union ( portions ( ,salisbury1 ,sanbornton1 ,&ov] & ,nor?field4 ,! e>lie/ settlem5t )9 its limits 0 made 9 #agdh 9 ! portion tak5 f ,salisbury4 ,frankl9 0 incorporat$ z a city 9 #ahie4 ,,frankl91 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,v5ango c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,u4,s4,a41 at ! conflu5ce ( ,fr5* ,creek & ,allegh5y riv]1 ab\t #ee m4 ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,erie1 9 ! ,n4,w4 "p ( ! /ate4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #fbba2 7#aijj7 #gcag 7#dhi be+ =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #igfg4 ,frankl9 is s]v$ by ! ,erie1 ! ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn1 & ! ,frankl9 ,cle>field railways4 ,its /reets are broad & well pav$ & %ad$1 & !re are two public p>ks1 a public libr>y & _m h&some resid5ces4 ,frankl9 is ! c5tre ( ! *ief oil region ( ! /ate1 & f x great quantities ( ref9$ oil are %ipp$4 ,natural gas also ab\nds4 ,! city's manufacture include oil-well supplies1 boil]s1 eng9es1 /eel ca/+s1 iron goods1 lumb]1 bricks1 asbe/os goods1 manifold+ pap] & fl\r4 ,on ! site ( ! pres5t city ! ,fr5* built 9 #aged a =tification1 ,=t ,ma*ault1 :i* aft] ! capture ( ,=t ,duquesne by ! ,engli% 0 a rally+ place = ,indians alli$ ) ! ,fr5*4 ,9 #agei ! ,fr5* ab&on$ & completely de/roy$ ! =t2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,engli% built 9 ! vic9ity ,=t ,v5ango1 :i* 0 captur$ by ! ,indians 9 #agfc dur+ ! ,conspiracy ( ,pontiac1 ! :ole g>rison be+ massacr$4 ,9 #aghg ! ,unit$ ,/ates built ,=t ,frankl9 7ab\t #a m4 above ! m\? ( ,fr5* ,creek7 z a protection aga9/ ! ,indians2 9 #agif ! troops 7 remov$ to a /rongly built & well-=tifi$ wood5 build+1 kn[n z ,old ,g>rison1 at ! m\? ( ,fr5* ,creek1 & 9 #ahjc !y 7 p]man5tly )drawn f ! neighb\rhood4 ,frankl9 0 laid out z a t[n 9 #agie1 0 incorporat$ z a bor\gh 9 #ahbh1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahfh4 ,mo/ ( its gr[? dates f ! discov]y ( oil 9 #ahfj4 ,,frankl91 a t[n & ! c\nty-seat ( ,williamson c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate1 on ! ,h>pe? riv]1 & ab\t #bj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,na%ville4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #bahj2 7#aiaj7 #bibd4 ,frankl9 is s]v$ by ! ,l\isville ,na%ville railway4 ,x is ! seat ( ! ,t5nessee ,female ,college & ! ,battle ,gr\nd ,academy1 & its *ief objects ( int]e/ are ! battle-gr\nd1 ! ,conf$]ate cemet]y & ! ,conf$]ate monum5t4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ,frankl9 0 ! sc5e ( a m9or engagem5t on ! #aj? ( ,april #ahfc1 & ( a battle1 celebrat$ z "o ( ! mo/ desp]ately f\ght ( ! w>1 :i* took place on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #ahfd4 ,! ,union g5]al ,s*(ield1 :o 0 sl[ly )draw+ to ,na%ville be=e ! advance ( ,g5]al ,j4 ,b4 ,hood's army1 :i* he 0 ord]$ to hold 9 *eck 9 ord] to give ,?omas "t to prep>e = battle 7see ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,w>1 ,sec4 #cb71 0 unable imm$iately to cross ! ,h>pe? riv] & 0 compell$ to entr5* 8 =ces s\? ( ! t[n until 8 wagon tra9s & artill]y c\ld be s5t ov] ! /ream by means ( two small bridges4 ,9 ! aft]noon ,s*(ield's outpo/s & advanc$ l9es 7 attack$ by ! ,conf$]ates 9 full /r5g?1 & in/ead ( )draw+ z ord]$ !y made a det]m9$ /&4 ,?us ! assailants1 c>ry+ ! advanc$ works by /orm1 ru%$ ^u ! ma9 def5ces on ! heels ( ! brok5 advanc$ gu>d1 & a g5]al engagem5t 0 br\ght on :i* la/$ f #c4cj until n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,aga9/1 x is said1 ?irte5 sep>ate assaults1 all deliv]$ ) exceptional fury1 ,s*(ield manag$ to hold 8 position1 & %ortly be=e midnight he )drew across ! riv] 9 good ord]4 ,! engagem5t 0 indecisive 9 its results1 b ! ,union comm&]'s purpose1 to hold ,hood mom5t>ily 9 *eck1 0 ga9$1 & ,hood's ef=t to cru% ,s*(ield 0 unavail+4 ,! losses 7 v heavy2 ,hood's effective =ces 9 ! engagem5t numb]$ ab\t #bg1jjj1 ,s*(ield's ab\t #bh1jjj2 ! ,conf$]ate losses 7exclud+ cavalry7 7 ab\t #fejj1 exclud+ ! slightly w\nd$2 six g5]al (fic]s 7 kill$ 7includ+ ,major-,g5]al ,p4 ,r4 ,cleburne1 a brave ,iri%man :o _h be5 a corporal 9 ! ,briti% army71 six w\nd$1 & "o captur$2 ! ,union losses 7exclud+ cavalry7 7 #bcbf4 ,9 two ( ! ,conf$]ate brigades all ! g5]al & field (fic]s 7 kill$ or w\nd$4 ,see ,j4 ,d4 ,cox1 ,! ,battle ( ,frankl9 7,new ,york1 #ahig74 ,,frankl91 a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,late ,lat4 francus1 free1 & mean+ prim>ily a freeman4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 us$ 9 ,engl& to d5ote a l&-hold] :o 0 ( free b n ( noble bir?4 ,"s ( ! old] ,engli% writ]s occasionally use x to mean a lib]al ho/4 ,! ,lat9 =m ( ! ^w is fran*ilanus4 ,,frankl9ite1 a memb] ( ! sp9el gr\p ( m9]als1 consi/+ ( oxides ( iron1 manganese & z9c 9 v>y+ proportions1 7,fe1 ,zn1 ,mn77,fe1 ,mn7#b',o#d4 ,x occurs z l>ge octah$ral cry/als (t5 ) r\nd$ edges1 & z granul> masses4 ,! col\r is iron-black & ! lu/re metallic2 h>dness #f1 specific gravity #e4b4 ,x ?us resembles magnetite 9 ext]nal *>act]s1 b is readily di/+ui%$ f ?is by ! fact t x is only slightly magnetic4 ,x is f\nd 9 consid]able am\nt1 associat$ ) z9c m9]als 7z9cite & willemite7 9 cry/all9e lime/one1 at ,frankl9 ,furnace1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e x is m9$ z an ore ( z9c 7conta9+ #e to #bj ( ! metal72 aft] ! extraction ( ! z9c1 ! residue is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( spiegeleis5 7! m9]al conta9+ #ae to #bj ( manganese oxides74 ,associat$ ) frankl9ite at ,frankl9 ,furnace1 & f\nd also at "s o!r localities1 is ano!r memb] ( ! sp9el gr\p1 namely1 gahnite or z9c-sp9el1 :i* is a z9c alum9ate1 ,zn,al#b,o#d1 ) a little ( ! z9c replac$ by iron & manganese4 ,,frank-,,m>riage 7lib]um m>itagium71 9 real prop]ty law1 a species ( e/ate tail1 n[ obsolete4 ,:5 a man 0 seiz$ ( l& 9 fee simple1 & gave x to a daught] on m>riage1 ! daught] & h] husb& 7 t]m$ ! donees 9 frank-m>riage1 because !y held ! l& grant$ to !m & ! heirs ( _! two bodies free f all mann] ( s]vice1 except fealty1 to ! donor or 8 heirs until ! f\r? degree ( consangu9ity f ! donor 0 pass$4 ,?is "r ( a freehold] s to give away 8 l& at w 0 fir/ recogniz$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & became up to ! reign ( ,elizabe? ! mo/ usual k9d ( settlem5t4 ,,frankpl$ge 7,lat4 francum plegium71 an e>ly ,engli% in/itution1 consi/+ 7z def9$ by ,/ubbs7 ( an association = mutual security ^: memb]s1 accord+ to ,hallam1 7 p]petual bail = ea* o!r4 ,! cu/om :]eby ! ,inhabitants ( a di/rict 7 responsible = any crime or injury committ$ by "o ( _! numb] is old & widespread2 x prevail$ 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 & is an outcome ( ! e>li] pr9ciple :]eby ?is responsibility re/$ on k9%ip4 ,?us a law ( ,edg> 7d4 #ige7 says & let e man s ord] t he h a borh 7or surety71 & let ! borh !n br+ & hold him to e ju/ice2 & if any "o !n d wrong & run away1 let ! borh be> t :i* he ought to be>2 & a law ( ,canute ab\t #ajcj says & t e "o be br\ght into a hundr$ & 9 borh1 & let ! borh hold & lead him to e plea4 ,ab\t ?is "t ^! societies1 ea* hav+ its headman1 7 call$ fri?borhs1 or peace-borhs1 & ! ,normans translat$ ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w by frankpl$ge4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! frankpl$ge prop] beg9s n e>li] ?an ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! laws1 :i* al?\gh call$ ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7 n drawn up until ab\t #aacj1 conta9 a clause ab\t fri?borhs :i* decrees t 9 e place societies ( t5 m5 %all be =m$ = mutual security & rep>ation4 ,& be=e ?is date ,william ! ,conqu]or _h ord]$ t e "o :o wi%es to be reg>d$ z free mu/ be 9 a pl$ge1 & t ! pl$ge mu/ hold & br+ him to ju/ice if he commits any (f5ce2 & ! laws ( ,h5ry ,i4 ord]$ e p]son ( sub/ance ov] twelve ye>s ( age to be enroll$ 9 a frankpl$ge4 ,?is association ( t51 or z x (t5 0 at a lat] date ( twelve m51 0 also call$ a ti?+1 or decima1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& 0 kn[n z t5manne tale4 ,! view ( frankpl$ge 7visus franciplegii71 or ! duty ( asc]ta9+ t ! law ) reg>d to frankpl$ges 0 compli$ )1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! %]iffs1 :o held an it9]ant c\rt call$ ! %]iff's t\rn = ?is & o!r purposes4 ,?is c\rt 0 held twice a ye>1 b 9 #abag x 0 ord]$ t ! view ( frankpl$ge %\ld only be tak5 once--at ,mi*aelmas4 ,introduc$ at or be=e ! "t ( ,h5ry ,i41 ! view 0 regulat$ by ! ,assize ( ,cl>5don ( #aaff & by ,magna ,c>ta z reissu$ 9 #abag4 ,al?\gh ! =m] ( ^! lays /ress ^u ! fact t ! %]iff's sup]visory p[]s are univ]sal _m m5 did n att5d 8 t\rn4 ,"s lords ( manors & ( hundr$s held a c\rt ( _! own = view ( frankpl$ge1 & 9 ! #ac? c5tury x may be fairly said ( all ! fran*ises1 ! royal rights 9 private h&s1 view ( frankpl$ge is p]haps ! commone/4 ,at ! end ( ! same c5tury ! c\rt = ! view ( frankpl$ge 0 g5]ally kn[n z ! c\rt leet1 & 0 usually a manorial c\rt 9 private h&s4 ,h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple ( ! frankpl$ge 0 /ill en=c$4 ,?us ,bracton says e male ( ! age ( twelve ye>s1 be he free be he s]f1 ought to be 9 frankpl$ge1 b he all[s = c]ta9 exceptions4 ,z ! ^w frankpl$ge d5otes1 ^! societies 7 orig9ally conc]n$ only ) freem52 b ! unfree 7 aft]w>ds admitt$1 & dur+ ! #ac? c5tury ! frankpl$ges 7 compos$ *iefly ( villa9s4 ,f petitions pres5t$ to p>liam5t 9 #acgf x seems t ! view ( frankpl$ge 0 9 active op]ation at ?is "t1 b x soon began to fall into disuse1 & its complete decay co9cides ) ! new ideas ( gov]nm5t introduc$ by ! ,tudors4 ,9 a =mal fa%ion c\rts leet = ! view ( frankpl$ge 7 held 9 ! "t ( ! juri/ ,seld51 & a few ( ^! h surviv$ until ! pres5t day4 ,sir ,f4 ,palgrave has ass]t$ t ! view ( frankpl$ge 0 unkn[n 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry :i* _h be5 includ$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,nor?umbria4 ,?is /atem5t is op5 to "q1 b x is highly probable t ! sy/em 0 n s deeply root$ 9 ?is "p ( ,engl& z else:]e4 ,! ma*9]y ( ! frankpl$ge 0 probably us$ by ,h5ry ,,ii4 :5 he introduc$ ! jury ( pres5tm5t2 & comm5t+ on ?is connexion ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl& says ! duty ( produc+ "o's neighb\r to answ] accusations 7! duty ( ! frankpl$ges7 c\ld well be conv]t$ into ! duty ( tell+ tales aga9/ him4 ,! sy/em ( frankpl$ge prevail$ 9 "s ,engli% bor\ghs4 ,sometimes a c\rt = view ( frankpl$ge1 call$ 9 "s places a mickleton1 :]eat ! mayor or ! bailiffs presid$1 0 held = ! :ole bor\gh2 9 o!r cases ! bor\gh 0 divid$ into w>ds1 or into leets1 ea* ( :i* _h its sep>ate c\rt4 ,see ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law 7#ahie72 ,g4 ,waitz1 ,deuts*e ,v]fassungsges*i*te1 ,b& i4 7#ahhj72 & ,w4 ,/ubbs1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4 7#ahig74 ,,franks1 ,,sir ,,augu/us ,,wolla/on 7#ahbf-ahig71 ,engli% antiqu>y1 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #ahbf1 & 0 educat$ at ,eton & at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,he e>ly %[$ incl9ation = antiqu>ian pursuits1 & 9 #ahea 0 appo9t$ assi/ant 9 ! ,antiquities ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"h1 & z director ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 an appo9tm5t he receiv$ 9 #aheh1 he made himself ! fir/ au?ority 9 ,engl& ^u m$ieval antiquities ( all descriptions1 ^u porcela91 glass1 ! manufactures ( savage nations1 & 9 g5]al ^u all ,ori5tal curiosities & works ( art lat] ?an ! ,classical p]iod4 ,9 #ahff ! ,briti% & m$ieval antiquities1 ) ! e?nographical collections1 7 =m$ into a di/9ct dep>tm5t "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce2 & ! ,*ri/y collection ( e?nography 9 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,london1 prior to its amalgamation ) ! ,briti% ,museum collections1 0 also "u 8 c>e4 ,he became vice-presid5t & ultimately presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 & 9 #ahgh decl9$ ! pr9cipal libr>ian%ip ( ! museum4 ,he retir$ on 8 sev5tie? bir?day1 #ahif1 & di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,may #ahig4 ,8 ample =tune 0 l>gely devot$ to ! collection ( c]amics & preci\s objects ( m$ieval art1 mo/ ( :i* became ! prop]ty ( ! nation1 ei!r by donation 9 8 lifetime or by beque/ at 8 dea?4 ,al?\gh *iefly a m$ieval antiqu>y1 ,franks 0 also an au?ority on classical art1 especially ,roman rema9s 9 ,brita93 he 0 also greatly int]e/$ 9 book-m>ks & play+-c>ds1 ( bo? ( :i* he =m$ important collections4 ,he edit$ ,kemble's ,horae ,f]ales1 & wrote num]\s memoirs on ar*aeological subjects4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ important "w ( ?is class is ! catalogue ( 8 own collection ( porcela94 ,,franks4 ,! "n ,franks seems to h be5 giv5 9 ! #d? c5tury to a gr\p ( ,g]manic peoples dwell+ nor? ( ! ,ma9 & rea*+ z f> z ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea2 s\? ( ! ,ma9 0 ! home ( ! ,alamanni4 ,! names ( "s ( ^! tribes h come d[n to u4 ,on ! ,tabula ,peut+]iana appe> ! ,*amavi qui et ,pranci1 :i* %\ld d\btless read qui et ,franci2 ^! ,*amavi app>5tly dwelt betwe5 ! ,yssel & ! ,ems4 ,lat]1 we f9d !m a little f>!r s\?1 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 9 ! di/rict call$ ,hamalant1 & x is _! cu/oms :i* 7 br\ght toge!r 9 ! #i? c5tury 9 ! docum5t kn[n z ! ,lex ,francorum ,*amavorum4 ,aft] ! ,*amavi we may m5tion ! ,attu>ii or ,*attu>ii1 :o are ref]r$ to by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7xx4 #aj1 #b73 ,rh5o ex9de transmisso1 regionem p]vasit 7,julianus7 ,francorum quos ,at?u>ios vocant4 ,lat]1 ! pagus ,attu>iorum corresponds to ! di/rict ( ,emm]i* & ,xant54 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is "n occurs aga9 9 ! middle ages 9 ,burgundy1 n f> f ,dijon2 9 all probability a deta*m5t ( ?is p _h settl$ 9 t spot 9 ! #e? or #f? c5tury4 ,! ,bruct]i1 ,ampsiv>ii & ,*atti may also be class$ among ! ,franki% tribes4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 a celebrat$ passage ( ,sulpicius ,alex&]1 :i* is cit$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7,hi/oria ,francorum1 ii4 #i74 ,sulpicius %[s ! g5]al ,arboga/1 a b>b>ian 9 ! s]vice ( ,rome1 seek+ to take v5geance on ! ,franks 7#cib73 ,collecto ex]citu1 transgressus ,rh5um1 ,brict]os ripae proximos1 pagum etiam quem ,*amavi incolunt depopulatus e/1 nullo unquam occursante1 nisi quod pauci ex ,ampsiv>iis et ,cat?is ,m>com]e duce 9 ult]ioribus collium jugis app>u]e4 ,x is evid5tly ?is ,m>com]es1 ! *ief ( ^! tribes1 :o is reg>d$ by lat] hi/orians z ! fa!r ( ! leg5d>y ,f>amund 7,ph>amund7 al?\gh 9 fact ,m>com]es has no?+ to d ) ! ,salian ,franks4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion 9 hi/ory ( ! "n ,franks is ! entry on ! ,tabula ,peut+]iana1 at lea/ if we assume t ! t]m et ,franci is n a lat] em5dation4 ,! e>lie/ occurr5ce ( ! "n 9 any au?or is 9 ! ,vita ,aureliani ( ,vopiscus 7*4 vii474 ,:51 9 #bda1 ,aurelian1 :o 0 !n only a tribune1 _h j defeat$ "s ,franks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ma9z & 0 m>*+ aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 8 troops sang ! foll[+ refra93 ,mille ,s>matas1 mille ,francos1 semel et semel occidimus2 ,mille ,p]sas1 qua]imus4 ,all ^! ,g]manic tribes1 :i* 7 kn[n f ! #crd c5tury onw>ds by ! g5]ic "n ( ,franks1 d\btless spoke a simil> dialect & 7 gov]n$ by cu/oms :i* mu/ sc>cely h diff]$ f "o ano!r2 b ?is 0 all !y _h 9 common4 ,ea* tribe 0 politically indep5d5t2 !y =m$ no conf$]ations4 ,sometimes two or ?ree tribes jo9$ =ces to wage a w>2 b1 ! /ruggle ov]1 ! bond 0 brok51 & ea* tribe resum$ its isolat$ life4 ,waitz holds ) "s %[ ( probability t ! ,franks repres5t ! anci5t ,i/aevones ( ,tacitus1 ! ,alamanni & ! ,saxons repres5t+ ! ,h]m9ones & ! ,+aevones4 ,( all ^! ,franki% tribes "o especially 0 to become prom95t1 ! tribe ( ! ,salians4 ,!y are m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #ceh1 by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7xvii4 #h1 #c71 :o says t ! ,caes> ,julian petit primos omnium ,francos1 videlicet eos quos consuetudo ,salios appellavit4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! "n1 x 0 long held to be d]iv$ f ! riv] ,yssel or ,saal4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t x arose f ! fact t ! ,salians = a long p]iod occupi$ ! %ores ( ! salt sea4#a ,! ,salians inhabit$ ! sea-coa/1 :]eas ! ,ripu>ians dwelt on ! banks ( ! riv] ,rh9e4 ,! ,salians1 at ! "t :5 !y are m5tion$ by ,ammianus1 occupi$ ,tox&ria1 i4e4 ! region s\? ( ! ,meuse1 betwe5 t riv] & ! ,s*eldt4 ,julian defeat$ !m completely1 b all[$ !m to rema9 9 ,tox&ria1 n1 z ( old1 z conqu]ors1 b z fo$]ati ( ! ,romans4 ,!y p]haps paid tribute1 & !y c]ta9ly furni%$ ,rome ) soldi]s2 ,salii s5iores & ,salii juniores are m5tion$ 9 ! ,notitia dignitatum1 & ,salii appe> among ! auxilia palat9a4 ,at ! end ( ! #d? c5tury & at ! beg9n+ ( ! #e?1 :5 ! ,roman legions )drew f ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,salians in/all$ !mselves 9 ! di/rict z an indep5d5t p4 ,! place-names became entirely ,g]manic2 ! ,lat9 language disappe>$2 & ! ,*ri/ian religion suff]$ a *eck1 = ! ,franks 7 to a man pagans4 ,! ,salians 7 subdivid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( tribes1 ea* tribe plac+ at its head a k+1 di/+ui%$ by 8 long hair & *os5 f ! mo/ noble family 7,hi/oria ,francorum1 ii4 #i74 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^! k+s1 reign+ ov] ! pr9cipal tribe1 :o is kn[n to u is ,*lodio4#b ,accord+ to ,gregory ( ,t\rs ,*lodio dwelt at a place call$ ,disp>gum1 :i* x is impossible to id5tify4 ,t[>ds #dca he cross$ ! great ,roman road f ,bavay to ,cologne1 :i* 0 protect$ by num]\s =ts & _h long arre/$ ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians4 ,he !n invad$ ! t]ritory ( ,arras1 b 0 sev]ely defeat$ at ,hesd9-le-,vieux by ,aetius1 ! comm&] ( ! ,roman army 9 ,gaul4 ,*lodio1 h[ev]1 soon took 8 rev5ge4 ,he explor$ ! region ( ,cambrai1 seiz$ t t[n1 & occupi$ all ! c\ntry z f> z ! ,somme4 ,at ?is "t ,t\rnai became ! capital ( ! ,salian ,franks4 ,aft] ,*lodio a c]ta9 ,m]oveus 7,m][e*7 0 k+ ( ! ,salian ,franks4 ,we d n "k if he 0 ! son ( ,*lodio2 ,gregory ( ,t\rs simply says t he belong$ to ,*lodio's /ock--de hujus /irpe quidam ,m]ove*um regem fuisse ads]unt1--& !n only gives ! fact at second h&4 ,p]haps ! rem>ks ( ! ,byzant9e hi/orian ,priscus may ref] to ,m]oveus4 ,a k+ ( ! ,franks hav+ di$1 8 two sons disput$ ! p[]4 ,! eld] j\rney$ into ,pannonia to obta9 support f ,attila2 ! y\ng] betook himself to ! imp]ial c\rt at ,rome4 ,i h se5 him1 writes ,priscus2 he 0 /ill v "y1 & we all rem>k$ 8 fair hair :i* fell ^u 8 %\ld]s4 ,aetius welcom$ him w>mly & s5t him back a fri5d & fo$]atus4 ,9 any case1 ev5tually1 ,franks f\ght 7#dea7 9 ! ,roman ranks at ! great battle ( ,mauriac 7! ,catalaunian ,fields71 :i* arre/$ ! progress ( ,attila into ,gaul2 & 9 ! ,vita ,lupi1 :i*1 ?\gh und\bt$ly ( lat] date1 is a rec5sion ( an e>li] docum5t1 ! "n ( ,m]oveus appe>s among ! combatants4 ,t[>ds #deg ,m]oveus 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,*ild]ic4 ,at fir/ ,*ild]ic 0 a fai?ful fo$]atus ( ! ,romans1 fight+ = !m aga9/ ! ,visigo?s & ! ,saxons s\? ( ! ,loire2 b he soon s\ght to make himself indep5d5t & to ext5d 8 conque/s4 ,he di$ 9 #dha & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,clovis1 :o conqu]$ ! :ole ( ,gaul ) ! exception ( ! k+dom ( ,burgundy & ,prov5ce4 ,clovis made 8 au?ority recogniz$ ov] ! o!r ,salian tribes 7^: k+s dwelt at ,cambrai & o!r cities71 & put an end to ! dom9ation ( ! ,ripu>ian ,franks4 ,^! ,ripu>ians mu/ h compris$ a c]ta9 numb] ( ,franki% tribes1 su* z ! ,ampsiv>ii & ! ,bruct]i4 ,!y settl$ 9 ! #e? c5tury 9 compact masses on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 b _! progress 0 sl[4 ,x 0 n until ! ,*ri/ian writ] ,salvian 7:o 0 born ab\t #djj7 _h already rea*$ a fairly advanc$ age t !y 7 able to seize ,cologne4 ,! t[n1 h[ev]1 0 recaptur$ & 0 n def9itely 9 _! possession until #dfc4 ,! ,ripu>ians subsequ5tly occupi$ all ! c\ntry f ,cologne to ,tri]4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,bonn & ,zuelpi* 7 _! pr9cipal c5tres1 & !y ev5 advanc$ s\?w>d z f> z ,metz1 :i* appe>s to h resi/$ _! attacks4 ,! ,roman civilization & ! ,lat9 language disappe>$ f ! c\ntries :i* !y occupi$2 inde$ x seems t ! actual b\nd>ies ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* languages ne>ly co9cide ) ^? ( _! dom9ion4 ,9 _! s\?w>d progress ! ,ripu>ians enc\nt]$ ! ,alamanni1 :o1 already ma/]s ( ,alsace1 7 endeav\r+ to ext5d _! conque/s 9 all directions4 ,!re 7 num]\s battles betwe5 ! ,ripu>ians & ! ,alamanni2 & ! memory ( "o f\ght at ,zuelpi* has come d[n to u4 ,9 ?is battle ,sigeb]t1 ! k+ ( ! ,ripu>ians1 0 w\nd$ 9 ! knee & limp$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life--h5ce 8 surname ,claudus 7! ,lame74 ,! ,ripu>ians long rema9$ allies ( ,clovis1 ,sigeb]t's son ,*lod]ic fight+ "u ! k+ ( ! ,salian ,franks at ,v\ille 9 #ejg4 ,clovis1 h[ev]1 p]suad$ ,*lod]ic to assass9ate 8 fa!r1 & !n pos$ z ,sigeb]t's av5g]1 ) ! result t ,*lod]ic 0 himself assass9at$ & ! ,ripu>ians rais$ ,clovis on ! %ield & *ose him z k+4 ,?us ! ,salian ,franks unit$ "u _! rule all ! ,franks on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,clovis's sons !y aga9 turn$ _! eyes on ,g]many1 & impos$ _! suz]a9ty ^u ! ,franks on ! "r bank4 ,?is c\ntry1 nor? ( ! ,ma9 & ! fir/ resid5ce ( ! ,franks1 !n receiv$ ! "n ( ,francia ,ori5talis1 & became ! orig9 ( "o ( ! du*ies into :i* ,g]many 0 divid$ 9 ! #aj? c5tury--! du*y ( ,franconia 7,frank574 ,! ,franks 7 r$\btable w>riors1 & 7 g5]ally ( great /ature4 ,_! fair or r$ hair 0 br\ght =w>d f ! cr[n ( ! head t[>ds ! =ehead1 leav+ ! nape ( ! neck uncov]$2 !y %av$ ! face except ! upp] lip4 ,!y wore fairly close bree*es rea*+ to ! knee & a tunic fa/5$ by broo*es4 ,r\nd ! wai/ ov] ! tunic 0 worn a lea!rn girdle hav+ a broad iron buckle damasc5$ ) silv]4 ,f ! girdle hung ! s+le-edg$ missile axe or francisca1 ! scramasax or %ort knife1 a poni>d & su* articles ( toilet z scissors1 a comb 7( wood or bone71 c4 ,! ,franks also us$ a weapon call$ ! framea 7an iron lance set firmly 9 a wood5 %aft71 & b[s & arr[s4 ,!y protect$ !mselves 9 battle ) a l>ge wood5 or wick] %ield1 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ ) an iron boss 7umbo74 ,franki% arms & arm\r h be5 f\nd 9 ! cemet]ies :i* ab\nd ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,france1 ! w>riors be+ buri$ fully arm$4 ,see ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?uem] 7,goett+51 #ahbh72 ,k4 ,muell5h(f1 ,deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde 7,b]l91 #ahhc-aijj72 ,e4 von ,wiet]%eim1 ,ges*i*te d] ,voelk]w&]ung1 #bnd ed41 ed4 by ,f4 ,dahn 7,leipzig1 #ahhj-ahha72 ,g4 ,waitz1 ,deuts*e ,v]fassungsges*i*te1 vol4 i4 7#d? ed4 revis$ by ,zeum]72 ,r4 ,s*ro$]1 ,die ,ausbreitung d] salis*5 ,frank51 9 ,=s*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 vol4 xix42 ,k4 ,lampre*t1 ,fra5kis*e ,w&]ung5 und ,ansi$elung5 7,aix-la-,*apelle1 #ahhb72 ,w4 ,s*ultz1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te von d] ,urzeit bis zu d5 ,k>ol+]n1 vol4 ii4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahif72 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,hi/oire des in/itutions politiques de l'anci5ne ,france--l'invasion g]manique 7,p>is1 #ahia74 ,also ! articles ,,salic ,,law & ,,g]manic ,,laws1 ,,e>ly4 7,c4 ,pf47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,_! leg5ds are connect$ ) ! sea1 ! "n ,m]oveus signify+ sea-born4 #b ,! *ronicl] ,fr$eg>ius & ! au?or ( ! ,lib] hi/oriae ,francorum make ,sunno & ,m>com]es 8 pr$ecessors1 b 9 reality !y 7 *iefs ( o!r ,franki% tribes4 ,! au?or ( ! ,lib] also claims t ,*lodio 0 ! son ( ,ph>amund1 b ?is p]sonage is q leg5d>y4 ,9 ! ,*ronicon ( ,fr$eg>ius x is already affirm$ t ! ,franks are desc5d$ f ! ,trojans4 ,,franz1 ,,rob]t 7#ahae-ahib71 ,g]man compos]1 0 born at ,halle on ! #bh? ( ,june #ahae4 ,"o ( ! mo/ gift$ ( ,g]man song writ]s1 he suff]$ 9 e>ly life1 z _m musicians h suff]$1 f ! ho/ility ( 8 p>5ts to a musical c>e]4 ,he 0 tw5ty ye>s old :51 8 fa!r's animosity conqu]$1 he 0 all[$ to live 9 ,dessau to /udy organ-play+ "u ,s*neid]4 ,! two ye>s ( dry /udy "u t fam\s tea*] 7 advantage\s *iefly 9 mak+ him uncommonly intimate ) ! works ( ,ba* & ,h&el1 8 k ( :i* he %[$ 9 8 editions ( ! ,mat?aeus ,passion1 ,magnificat1 t5 cantatas1 & ( ! ,messiah & ,l',allegro1 ?\gh "s ( ^! editions h long be5 a subject ( controv]sy among musicians4 ,9 #ahdc he publi%$ 8 fir/ book ( songs1 :i* ultimately 0 foll[$ by "s fifty m books1 conta9+ 9 all ab\t #bej songs4 ,at ,halle1 ,franz fill$ v>i\s public (fices1 includ+ ^? ( organi/ to ! city1 conductor ( ! ,s+-akademie & ( ! ,symphony conc]ts1 & he 0 also a royal music-director & ma/] ( ! music at ! univ]sity4 ,! fir/ book ( songs 0 w>mly prais$ by ,s*umann & ,liszt1 ! latt] ( :om wrote a l5g?y review ( x 9 ,s*umann's pap]1 ,die neue ,zeits*rift1 :i* lat] 0 publi%$ sep>ately4 ,deafness _h begun to make itself app>5t z e>ly z #ahda1 & ,franz suff]$ also f a n]v\s disord]1 :i* 9 #ahfh compell$ him to resign 8 (fices4 ,8 future 0 !n provid$ = by ,liszt1 ,dr ,joa*im1 ,frau ,magnus & o!rs1 :o gave him ! receipts ( a conc]t t\r1 am\nt+ to "s #ajj1jjj m>ks4 ,franz di$ on ! #bd? ( ,octob] #ahib4 ,on 8 sev5tie? bir?day he publi%$ 8 fir/ & only pian(orte piece4 ,x is easy to f9d "h & !re among 8 songs gems t are h>dly less brilliant ?an ! be/ ( ,s*umann's4 ,c]ta9ly no musician 0 ev] m ?\ghtful & m pa9/ak+4 ,9 addition to songs he wrote a sett+ = d\ble *oir ( ! #aag? ,psalm1 & a f\r-"p ,kyrie2 he also edit$ ,a/orga's ,/abat ,mat] & ,durante's ,magnificat4 ,,franz51 ,,frans ,,mikael 7#aggb-ahdg71 ,sw$i% poet1 0 born at ,uleaborg 9 ,f9l& on ! #i? ( ,febru>y #aggb4 ,at ?irte5 he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,abo1 :]e he att5d$ ! lectures ( ,h4 ,g4 ,por?an 7#agci-ahjd71 a pione] 9 ! /udy ( ,f9ni% hi/ory & leg5d4 ,he graduat$ 9 #aghi1 & became eloqu5tiae doc5s 9 #agib4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he />t$ on a t\r ?r\gh ,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 ,france & ,engl&1 return+ 9 #agif to accept ! (fice ( univ]sity libr>ian at ,abo4 ,9 #ahja he became pr(essor ( hi/ory & e?ics1 & 9 #ahjh 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,sw$i% ,academy4 ,on ! cession ( ,f9l& to ,russia1 ,franz5 remov$ to ,sw$51 :]e he 0 successively appo9t$ p>i% prie/ ( ,kumla 9 ! diocese ( ,/r5gnaes 7#ahaj71 m9i/] ( ! ,cl>a ,*ur* 9 ,/ockholm 7#ahbd7 & bi%op ( ,h]noes& 7#ahca74 ,he di$ at ,saebra p>sonage on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #ahdg4 ,f ! autumn ( #agic1 :5 8 ,till en ung ,flicka & ,m5niskans anlete 7 ins]t$ by ,kellgr5 9 ! ,/ockholmspo/1 ,franz5 grew 9 popul> fav\r by means ( _m m9or poems ( s+ul> simplicity & tru?1 z ,till ,selma1 ,d5 gamle knekt51 ,ridd> ,/ ,go]an1 ,de ,sma blommorna1 ,modr5 vid vaggan1 ,ny>smorgon5 & ,/j]nhimmel54 ,8 songs ,goda gosse glaset toem1 ,so]j ej d5 gry5de dag5 fo]ut1 ,*ampagnev9et & ,beva]+ssang 7 widely sung1 & 9 #agig he won ! prize ( ! ,sw$i% ,academy by 8 ,sang oefv] grefve ,filip ,creutz4 ,h5ce=? 8 muse1 t\*$ ) ! academic _s1 grew m reflective & didactic4 ,8 long] works1 z ,emili ell] en afton i ,lappl&1 & ! epics ,svante ,/ure ell] moetet vid ,alva/ra1 ,kolumbus ell] ,am]ikas upptaeckt & ,gu/af ,adolf i ,tyskl& 7! la/ two incomplete71 ?\gh ri* 9 beauties ( detail1 are f> inf]ior to 8 %ort] pieces4 ,! poetical works ( ,franz5 are collect$ "u ! title ,skalde/yck5 7#g vols41 #ahbd-ahfa72 new ed41 ,samlade dikt]1 ) a biography by ,a4 ,a4 ,graf/roem 7#ahfg-ahfi72 also a selection 7,valda dikt]7 9 #b vols4 7#ahga74 ,8 prose writ+s1 ,om sv5ska drottn+> 7,abo1 #agih2 ,o]ebro1 #ahbc71 ,skrift] i obund5 /il1 vol4 i4 7#ahce71 ,pr$ikn+> 7#e vols41 #ahda-ahde7 & ,m9ne/eckn+>1 prep>$ = ! ,academy 7#c vols41 #ahdh-ahfj71 are m>k$ by fai?ful portraiture & purity ( /yle4 ,see ,b4 ,e4 ,malm/roem1 9 ! ,h&l+> ( ! ,sw$i% ,academy 7#aheb1 new s]ies #ahhg71 vol4 ii42 ,s4 ,a4 ,holl&]1 ,m9ne af ,f4 ,m4 ,franz5 7,o]ebro1 #ahfh72 ,f4 ,cygnaeus1 ,teckn+> ur ,f4 ,m4 ,franz5s lefnad 7,hels+=s1 #ahgb72 & ,gu/af ,ljunggr51 ,sv5ska vitt]het5s haefd] eft] ,gu/af ,,iii4's do$1 vol4 ii4 7#ahgf74 ,,franz5sbad1 or ,,kais]-,,franz5sbad1 a t[n & wat]+-place ( ,bohemia1 ,au/ria1 #aeb m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,prague by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #bccj4 ,x is situat$ at an altitude ( ab\t #aejj ft4 betwe5 ! spurs ( ! ,fi*telgebirge1 ! ,boehm]wald & ! ,erzgebirge1 & lies #d m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,eg]4 ,x possesses a l>ge kursaal1 sev]al ba?+ e/abli%m5ts1 a hospital = poor pati5ts & sev]al p>ks4 ,!re are altoge!r #ab m9]al spr+s ) sal9e1 alkal9e & f]rug9\s wat]s1 ( :i* ! olde/ & mo/ important is ! ,franz5squelle4 ,"o ( ! spr+s gives (f c>bonic acid gas & ano!r conta9s a consid]able proportion ( li?ia salts4 ,! wat]s1 :i* h an av]age temp]ature betwe5 #ej4b deg4 ,f4 & #ed4e deg4 ,f41 are us$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 & are efficaci\s 9 cases ( anaemia1 n]v\s disord]s1 sexual diseases1 specially = wom51 & he>t diseases4 ,franz5sbad is frequ5tly resort$ to z an aft]-cure by pati5ts f ,c>lsbad & ,m>i5bad4 ,ano!r important "p ( ! cure is ! s-call$ moor or mud-ba?s1 prep>$ f ! peat ( ! ,franz5sbad m>%1 :i* is v ri* 9 m9]al sub/ances1 l sulphates ( iron1 ( soda & ( pota%1 organic acids1 salt1 c4 ,! fir/ in=mation ab\t ! spr+s dates f ! #af? c5tury1 & an analysis ( ! wat]s 0 made 9 #aefe4 ,!y 7 fir/ us$ = ba?+ purposes 9 #agjg4 ,b ! f\ndation ( ,franz5sbad z a wat]+-place really dates f #agic1 :5 ,dr ,adl] built "h ! fir/ ,kurhaus1 & ! place receiv$ its "n aft] ! emp]or ,francis ,i4 ,see ,dr ,loimann1 ,franz5sbad 7#crd ed41 ,vi5na1 #aijj74 ,,franz ,,josef ,,l&1 an arctic ar*ipelago ly+ ,e4 ( ,spitsb]g5 & ,n4 ( ,novaya ,zemlya1 ext5d+ nor?w>d f ab\t #hj deg4 to #hb deg4 ,n41 & betwe5 #db deg4 & #fd deg4 ,e4 ,x is describ$ z a l(ty glaci]-cov]$ l&1 rea*+ an extreme elevation ( ab\t #bdjj ft4 ,! glaci]s front1 ) a p]p5dicul> ice-wall1 a %ore ( debris on :i* a few l[ plants are f\nd to gr[--poppies1 mosses & ! l4 ,! isl&s are volcanic1 ! ma9 geological =mation be+ ,t]ti>y or ,jurassic basalt1 :i* occasionally protrudes ?r\gh ! ice-cap 9 high isolat$ blocks ne> ! %ore4 ,a connect+ isl&-*a9 betwe5 ,franz ,josef ,l& & ,spitzb]g5 is probable4 ,! be> & fox are ! only l& mammals2 insects are r>e2 b ! avifauna is ( int]e/1 & ! ,jackson exp$ition di/+ui%$ sev]al new species4 ,augu/ ,pet]mann express$ ! op9ion t ,baff9 may h sight$ ! we/ ( ,franz ,josef ,l& 9 #afad1 b ! fir/ actual discov]y is due to ,julius ,pay]1 a lieut5ant 9 ! ,au/rian army1 :o 0 associat$ ) ,weypre*t 9 ! second pol> exp$ition fitt$ out by ,c\nt ,wilczek on ! %ip ,teget?( 9 #ahgb4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ #ahgc1 ! ,teget?( be+ !n beset1 high l& 0 se5 to ! nor?-we/4 ,lat] 9 ! season ,pay] l$ exp$itions to ,ho*/ett] & ,wilczek isl&s1 & aft] a second w9t] 9 ! ice-b\nd %ip1 a difficult j\rney 0 made nor?w>d ?r\gh ,au/ria ,s\nd1 :i* 0 report$ to sep>ate two l>ge masses ( l&1 ,wilczek ,l& on ! ea/ f ,zi*y ,l& on ! we/1 to ,cape ,fligely1 9 #hb deg4 #e' ,n41 :]e ,rawl9son ,s\nd bran*$ away to ! nor?-ea/4 ,cape ,fligely 0 ! highe/ latitude atta9$ by ,pay]1 & rema9$ ! highe/ atta9$ 9 ! ,old ,_w till #ahie4 ,pay] report$ t f ,cape ,fligely l& 7,rudolf ,l&7 /ret*$ nor?-ea/ to a cape 7,cape ,%]>d ,osborn71 & m\nta9 ranges 7 visible to ! nor?1 indicat+ l&s beyond ! #hcrd p>allel1 to :i* ! names ,k+ ,osc> ,l& & ,pet]mann ,l& 7 giv54 ,9 #ahgi ,de ,bruyne sight$ high l& 9 ! ,franz ,josef ,l& region1 b o!rwise x rema9$ unt\*$ until ,leigh ,smi?1 9 ! ya*t ,eira1 explor$ ! :ole s\!rn coa/ f #db deg4 to #ed deg4 ,e4 9 #ahha & #ahhb1 discov]+ _m isl&s & s\nds1 & asc]ta9+ t ! coa/ ( ,alex&ra ,l&1 9 ! extreme we/1 tr5d$ to nor?-we/ & nor?4 ,aft] ,leigh ,smi? came ano!r pause1 & no fur!r m5tion is made ( ,franz ,josef ,l& till #ahid4 ,9 t ye> ,mr ,alfr$ ,h>mswor? 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,nor?cliffe7 fitt$ out an exp$ition 9 ! %ip ,w9dw>d "u ! lead]%ip ( ,mr ,f4 ,g4 ,jackson1 ) ! object ( e/abli%+ a p]man5t base f :i* sy/ematic exploration %\ld be c>ri$ on = successive ye>s &1 if practicable1 a j\rney %\ld be made to ! ,pole4 ,mr ,jackson & 8 p>ty l&$ at ,elmwood 7:i* 0 nam$ f ,"l ,nor?cliffe's seat 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet71 ne> ,cape ,flora1 at ! we/]n extremity ( ,nor?brook ,isl&1 on ! #g? ( ,septemb]4 ,aft] a prelim9>y reconnaissance to ! nor?1 :i* aft]w>ds turn$ out to be vitally important1 ! summ] ( #ahie 0 sp5t 9 explor+ ! coa/ to ! nor?-we/ by a boat+ exp$ition4 ,?is exp$ition visit$ _m ( ! po9ts se5 by ,leigh ,smi?1 & discov]$ l&1 :i* x has be5 sugge/$ may be ! ,gillies ,l& report$ by ! ,dut* capta9 ,gillies 9 #agjg4 ,9 #ahif ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? exp$ition work$ nor?w>ds ?r\gh an ar*ipelago = ab\t #gj m4 & rea*$ ,cape ,ri*?(51 a promontory #gjj ft4 high1 :5ce an expanse ( op5 wat] 0 se5 to ! nor?w>d1 :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ,que5 ,victoria ,sea4 ,to ! we/1 on ! opposite side ( a wide op5+ :i* 0 call$ ! ,briti% ,*annel1 appe>$ glaci]-cov]$ l&1 & an isl& lay to ! nor?w>d4 ,! isl& 0 probably ! ,k+ ,osc> ,l& ( ,pay]4 ,to nor? & nor?-ea/ 0 ! l& :i* _h be5 visit$ 9 ! reconnaissance ( ! previ\s ye>1 b beyond x a wat]-sky appe>$ 9 ! suppos$ position ( ,pet]mann ,l&4 ,?us ,zi*y ,l& itself 0 resolv$ into a gr\p ( isl&s1 & ! outly+ l& sight$ by ,pay] 0 f\nd to be isl&s also4 ,mean:ile ,nans51 on 8 s\?w>d j\rney1 _h approa*$ ,franz ,josef ,l& f ! nor?-ea/1 f9d+ only sea at ! nor? end ( ,wilczek ,l&1 & see+ no?+ ( ,pay]'s ,rawl9son ,s\nd1 or ( ! nor? end ( ,au/ria ,s\nd4 ,nans5 w9t]$ ne> ,cape ,norway1 only a few miles f ! spot rea*$ by ,jackson 9 #ahie4 ,he _h f9ally prov$ t a deep oceanic bas9 lies to ! nor?4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,june #ahif ! dramatic meet+ ( ,jackson & ,nans5 took place1 & 9 ! same ye> ! ,w9dw>d revisit$ ,elmwood & br\ght ,nans5 home1 ! "w ( ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? exp$ition be+ cont9u$ = ano!r ye>4 ,z ! non-exi/5ce ( l& to ! nor? _h be5 prov$1 ! attempt to p5etrate nor?w>ds 0 ab&on$1 & ! la/ season 0 devot$ to a survey & sci5tific exam9ation ( ! ar*ipelago1 especially to ! we/2 ?is 0 c>ri$ out by ,messrs ,jackson1 ,armitage1 ,r4 ,koettlitz1 ,h4 ,fi%] & ,w4 ,s4 ,bruce4 ,fur!r light 0 ?r[n on ! relations ( ,franz ,josef ,l& & ,spitsb]g5 dur+ #ahig by ! discov]ies ( ,capta9 ,rob]tson ( ,dundee1 & ,wy*e's ,l& 0 circumnavigat$ by ,mr ,arnold ,pike & ,sir ,savile ,crossley4 ,! latt] voyage 0 repeat$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> by a ,g]man exp$ition "u ,dr ,?4 ,l]n] & ,capta9 ,ru$ig]4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahih an exp$ition "u ,mr ,walt] ,wellman1 an ,am]ican1 l&$ at ,cape ,teget?(4 ,beg9n+ a nor?w>d j\rney ) sl$ges at ! end ( ! w9t]1 ,wellman met ) an accid5t :i* compell$ him to return1 b n be=e "s exploration _h be5 accompli%$1 & ! ea/]n ext5sion ( ! ar*ipelago fairly well def9$4 ,9 ,june #ahii ,h4,r4,h4 ! duke ( ,abruzzi />t$ f ,*ri/iania 9 8 ya*t1 ! ,/ella ,pol>e1 to make ! fir/ attempt to =ce a %ip into ! newly discov]$ ocean nor? ( ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,! ,/ella ,pol>e succe$$ 9 mak+ h] way ?r\gh ! ,briti% ,*annel to ,cr[n ,pr9ce ,rudolf ,l&1 & w9t]$ 9 ,teplitz ,bay1 9 #ha deg4 #cc' ,n4 lat4 ,! %ip 0 ne>ly wreck$ 9 ! autumn1 & ! p>ty _h to sp5d mo/ ( ! w9t] on %ore1 ! duke ( ,abruzzi suff]+ sev]ely f fro/-bite4 ,9 ,m>* #aijj a sl$ge p>ty ( ?irte51 "u ,capta9 ,cagni1 />t$ nor?w>ds4 ,!y f\nd no trace ( ,pet]mann ,l&1 b ) great difficulty cross$ ! ice to #hf deg4 #cc' ,n4 lat41 #bj m4 beyond ,nans5's f>!/1 & #bdj m4 f ! ,pole4 ,! p>ty1 ) ! exception ( ?ree1 return$ to ! %ip aft] an abs5ce ( #ajd days1 & ! ,/ella ,pol>e return$ to ,tromsoe 9 ,septemb] #aijj4 ,9 #aija-aijb ! ,baldw9-,ziegl] exp$ition also attempt$ a nor?w>d j\rney f ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,see ,geographical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi41 ,febru>y #ahih2 ,f4 ,g4 ,jackson1 ,a ,?\s& ,days 9 ! ,arctic 7#ahii74 ,,franzos1 ,,k>l ,,emil 7#ahdh-aijd71 ,g]man noveli/1 0 born ( ,jewi% p>5tage on ! #be? ( ,octob] #ahdh 9 ,russian ,podolia1 & sp5t 8 e>ly ye>s at ,czortk[ 9 ,galicia4 ,8 fa!r1 a di/rict physician1 di$ e>ly1 & ! boy1 aft] att5d+ ! gymnasium ( ,cz]n[itz1 0 oblig$ to tea* 9 ord] to support himself & prep>e = academic /udy4 ,he /udi$ law at ! univ]sities ( ,vi5na & ,graz1 b aft] pass+ ! exam9ation = employm5t 9 ! /ate judicial s]vice ab&on$ ?is c>e] &1 becom+ a j\rnali/1 travell$ ext5sively 9 s\?-ea/ ,europe1 & visit$ ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt4 ,9 #ahgg he return$ to ,vi5na1 :]e f #ahhd to #ahhf he edit$ ! ,neue illu/ri]te ,zeitung4 ,9 #ahhg he remov$ to ,b]l9 & f\nd$ ! =tnightly review ,deuts*e ,di*tung4 ,franzos di$ on ! #bh? ( ,janu>y #aijd4 ,8 e>lie/ collections ( /ories & sket*es1 ,aus ,halb-,asi51 ,l& und ,leute des oe/li*5 ,europas 7#ahgf7 & ,die ,jud5 von ,b>n[ 7#ahgg7 depict graphically ! life & mann]s ( ! races ( s\?-ea/]n ,europe4 ,among o!r ( 8 works may be m5tion$ ! %ort /ories1 ,junge ,liebe 7#ahgh71 ,/ille ,ges*i*t5 7#ahhj71 & ! novels ,mos*ko von ,p>ma 7#ahhj71 ,e9 ,kampf ums ,re*t 7#ahhb71 ,d] ,praesid5t 7#ahhd71 ,judi? ,tra*t5b]g 7#ahij71 ,d] ,wahrheitsu*] 7#ahid74 ,,frascati1 a t[n & episcopal see ( ,italy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,rome1 #ae m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,rome by rail1 & also rea*$ by electric tramway via ,grottaf]rata4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #hdec4 ,! t[n is situat$ #ajef ft4 above ! sea-level1 on ! ,n4 slopes ( ! out] crat] r+ ( ! ,alban ,hills1 & comm&s a v f9e view ( ! ,campagna ( ,rome4 ,! ca!dral conta9s a memorial tablet to ,*>les ,edw>d1 ! ,"y ,pret5d]1 ^: body = "s :ile re/$ "h2 8 bro!r1 ,h5ry1 ,c>d9al ,york1 own$ a villa at ,frascati4 ,! villas ( ! ,roman nobility1 ) _! beautiful g>d5s & f\nta9s1 are ! *ief attraction ( ,frascati4 ,! e>lie/ 9 date is ! ,villa ,falconi]i1 plann$ by ,c>d9al ,ruff9i be=e #aeej2 ! mo/ important ( ! re/ are ! ,villa ,torlonia 7=m]ly ,conti71 ,lancelotti 7=m]ly ,piccolom9i71 ,ruff9ella 7n[ belong+ to ,pr9ce ,lancellotti71 ,aldobr&9i1 ,borghese & ,mondragone 7n[ a ,jesuit s*ool74 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 cov]$ ) rema9s ( anci5t villas1 is f]tile & not$ = its w9e4 ,frascati seems to h aris5 on ! site ( a v l>ge anci5t villa1 :i*1 "u ,domitian at any rate1 belong$ to ! imp]ial h\se ab\t ! #i? c5tury 9 :i* p]iod we f9d 9 ! ,lib] ,pontificalis ! names ( f\r *ur*es 9 ,frascata4 ,! m$ieval /ronghold ( ! c\nts ( ,tusculum 7q4v471 :i* occupi$ ! site ( ! anci5t city1 0 dismantl$ by ! ,romans 9 #aaia1 & ! inhabitants put to ! sword or mutilat$4 ,_m ( ! fugitives naturally took refuge 9 ,frascati4 ,! see ( ,tusculum _h1 h[ev]1 always _h its ca!dral *ur* 9 ,frascati4 ,= ! great] "p ( ! middle ages ,frascati belong$ to ! papacy4 ,see ,g4 ,tomassetti1 ,la ,via ,lat9a nel m$io evo 7,rome1 #ahhf71 #agj seq42 ,t4 ,a%by 9 ,pap]s ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,rome1 iv4 7,london1 #aijg74 7,t4 ,z47 ,,fras]1 ,,alex&] ,,campbell 7#ahai- 71 ,scotti% philosoph]1 0 born at ,ard*attan1 ,argyll%ire1 on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #ahai4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,glasg[ & ,ed9burgh1 :]e1 f #ahdf to #ahef1 he 0 pr(essor ( ,logic at ,new ,college4 ,he edit$ ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review f #ahej to #aheg1 & 9 #ahef1 hav+ previ\sly be5 a ,free ,*ur* m9i/]1 he succe$$ ,sir ,william ,hamilton z pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahei he became dean ( ! faculty ( arts4 ,he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,engli% philosoph]s1 especially ,b]keley1 & publi%$ a ,collect$ ,edition ( ! ,works ( ,bi%op ,b]keley ) ,annotations1 c4 7#ahga2 enl>g$ #aija71 a ,biography ( ,b]keley 7#ahha71 an ,annotat$ ,edition ( ,locke's ,essay 7#ahid71 ! ,philosophy ( ,!ism 7#ahif7 & ! ,biography ( ,?omas ,reid 7#ahih74 ,he contribut$ ! article on ,john ,locke to ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,9 #aijd he publi%$ an autobiography entitl$ ,biographia philosophica1 9 :i* he sket*$ ! progress ( 8 intellectual developm5t4 ,f ?is "w & f 8 ,gif=d lectures we le>n objectively :at _h previ\sly be5 inf]r$ f 8 critical works4 ,aft] a *ildhood sp5t 9 an au/]ity :i* /igmatiz$ z unholy ev5 ! novels ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 he began 8 college c>e] at ! age ( f\rte5 at a "t :5 ,*ri/oph] ,nor? & ,dr ,rit*ie 7 lectur+ on ,moral ,philosophy & ,logic4 ,8 fir/ philosophical advance 0 /imulat$ by ,?omas ,br[n's ,cause & ,effect1 :i* introduc$ him to ! problems :i* 7 to occupy 8 ?\ght4 ,f ?is po9t he fell into ! scepticism ( ,hume4 ,9 #ahcf ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( ,logic & ,metaphysics1 & ,fras] became 8 pupil4 ,he himself says1 ,i owe m to ,hamilton ?an to any o!r influ5ce4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t also t he began 8 /udy ( ,b]keley & ,col]idge1 & des]t$ 8 e>ly ph5om5alism = ! conception ( a spiritual w z ! univ]sal cause4 ,9 ! ,biographia ?is ,!i/ic fai? appe>s 9 its full developm5t 7see ! conclud+ *apt]71 & is especially important z p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to ,kantian e?ics made by orig9al ,engli% philosophy4 ,ap>t f ! philosophical int]e/ ( ! ,biographia1 ! "w conta9s valuable pictures ( ! ,l& ( ,lorne & ,argyll%ire society 9 ! e>ly #ai? c5tury1 ( univ]sity life 9 ,glasg[ & ,ed9burgh1 & a hi/ory ( ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,,fras]1 ,,james 7#ahah-ahhe71 ,engli% bi%op1 0 born at ,pre/bury1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ #ahah1 & 0 educat$ at ,bridgnor?1 ,%rewsbury1 & ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 #ahci he 0 ,irel& s*ol>1 & took a fir/ class4 ,9 #ahdj he ga9$ an ,oriel fell[%ip1 & 0 = "s "t tutor ( ! college1 b did n take ord]s until #ahdf4 ,he 0 successively vic> ( ,*old]ton1 9 ,wilt%ire1 & rector ( ,ufton ,n]vet1 9 ,b]k%ire2 b 8 subsequ5t importance 0 l>gely due to ,w4 ,k4 ,hamilton1 bi%op ( ,salisbury1 :o recomm5d$ him z an assi/ant commission] ( education4 ,8 report on ! educational condition ( ?irte5 poor-law unions1 made 9 ,may #ahei1 0 describ$ by ,?omas ,hughes z a sup]b1 almo/ a unique piece ( "w4 ,9 #ahfe he 0 commission$ to report on ! /ate ( education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & 8 able p]=mance ( ?is task br\ght him an (f] ( ! bi%opric ( ,calcutta1 :i* he decl9$1 b 9 ,janu>y #ahgj he accept$ ! see ( ,man*e/]4 ,! task be=e him 0 an ardu\s "o1 = al?\gh 8 pr$ecessor1 ,james ,pr9ce ,lee1 _h consecrat$ no few] ?an #acj *ur*es1 ! enorm\s population 0 /ill greatly 9 advance ( ! ecclesia/ical ma*9]y4 ,fras] work$ ) ! utmo/ en]gy1 & did ev5 m = ! *ur* by ! lib]ality & g5iality :i* e>n$ him ! title ( ! bi%op ( all d5om9ations4 ,he 0 prom95t 9 secul> z well z religi\s works1 int]e/+ himself 9 e movem5t t promot$ heal?1 morality1 or education2 & especially s]viceable z ! fri5dly1 un(fici\s c\nsellor ( all classes4 ,8 !ology 0 t ( a lib]al high-*ur*man1 & 8 sympa?ies 7 broad4 ,9 convocation he second$ a motion = ! disuse ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 & 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords he vot$ = ! abolition ( univ]sity te/s4 ,he di$ sudd5ly on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] #ahhe4 ,a biography by ,?omas ,hughes 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhg1 & an acc\nt ( 8 ,lanca%ire life by ,j4 ,w4 ,diggle 7#ahhi71 :o also edit$ #b vols4 ( ,univ]sity & ,p>o*ial ,s]mons 7#ahhg74 ,,fras]1 ,,james ,,baillie 7#aghc-ahef71 ,scotti% travell] & au?or1 0 born at ,reelick 9 ! c\nty ( ,inv]ness on ! #aa? ( ,june #aghc4 ,he 0 ! elde/ ( ! f\r sons ( ,edw>d ,sat*ell ,fras] ( ,reelick1 all ( :om f\nd _! way to ! ,ea/1 & gave pro( ( _! ability4 ,9 e>ly life he w5t to ! ,we/ ,indies & !nce to ,india4 ,9 #ahae he made a t\r ( exploration 9 ! ,himalayas1 accompani$ by 8 bro!r ,william 7d4 #ahce74 ,:5 ,reza ,kuli ,mirza & ,nejeff ,kuli ,mirza1 ! exil$ ,p]sian pr9ces1 visit$ ,engl&1 he 0 appo9t$ to look aft] !m dur+ _! /ay1 & on _! return he accompani$ !m z f> z ,con/ant9ople4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds s5t to ,p]sia on a diplomatic mission by ,"l ,gl5elg1 & effect$ a mo/ rem>kable j\rney on horseback ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or to ,teh]an4 ,8 heal?1 h[ev]1 0 impair$ by ! exposure4 ,9 #ahbc he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,alex&] ,fras] ,tytl]1 ,"l ,woodh\selee1 a si/] ( ! hi/orian ,patrick ,fras] ,tytl]4 ,he di$ at ,reelick 9 ,janu>y #ahef4 ,fras] is said to h display$ great skill 9 wat]-col\rs1 & sev]al ( 8 draw+s h be5 engrav$2 & ! a/ronomical obs]vations :i* he took dur+ "s ( 8 j\rneys did consid]able s]vice to ! c>tography ( ,asia4 ,! works by :i* he atta9$ 8 lit]>y reputation 7 acc\nts ( 8 travels & fictiti\s tales illu/rative ( ,ea/]n life4 ,9 bo? he employ$ a vigor\s & impassion$ /yle1 :i* 0 on ! :ole wond]fully effective 9 spite ( m9or faults 9 ta/e & flaws 9 /ructure4 ,fras]'s e>lie/ writ+s are3 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r ?r\gh ,"p ( ! ,himala ,m\nta9s & to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,jumna & ! ,ganges 7#ahbj72 ,a ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney into ,khorasan 9 ! ,ye>s #ahba & #ahbb1 includ+ "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,c\ntries to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,p]sia 7#ahbe72 & ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ! ,p]sian ,prov9ces on ! ,s\!rn ,banks ( ! ,caspian ,sea 7#ahbf74 ,8 romances include ,! ,kuzzilba%1 a ,tale ( ,khorasan 7#ahbh71 & its sequel1 ,! ,p]sian ,adv5tur] 7#ahcj72 ,allee ,neemroo 7#ahdb72 & ,! ,d>k ,falcon 7#ahdd74 ,he also wrote ,an ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,acc\nt ( ,p]sia 7#ahcd72 ,a ,w9t]'s ,j\rney 7,tat>7 f ,con/ant9ople to ,teh]an 7#ahch72 ,travels 9 ,koordi/an1 ,mesopotamia1 c4 7#ahdj72 ,mesopotamia & ,assyria 7#ahdb72 & ,milit>y ,memoirs ( ,col4 ,james ,sk9n] 7#ahea74 ,,fras]1 ,,sir ,,william ,,augu/us1 ,b>t4 7#ahbf-ahih71 ,engli% politician1 au?or & collector1 0 born on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y #ahbf1 ! son ( ,sir ,james ,john ,fras]1 #crd b>onet1 a colonel ( ! #g? ,huss>s1 :o _h s]v$ on ,well+ton's /aff at ,wat]loo4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton & at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 ent]$ ! #a/ ,life ,gu>ds 9 #ahdg1 b retir$ ) a capta9's rank 9 #aheb4 ,he !n set ab\t ent]+ p>liam5t1 & ! ups & d[ns ( 8 political c>e] 7 r rem>kable4 ,he 0 return$ = ,b>n/aple 9 #aheb1 b ! election 0 decl>$ void on acc\nt ( brib]y1 & ! con/itu5cy 0 disfran*is$ = two ye>s4 ,at ! election ( #aheg ,sir ,william1 :o _h meantime be5 defeat$ at ,h>wi*1 0 aga9 return$ at ,b>n/aple4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 defeat$ 9 #ahei1 b 0 elect$ 9 #ahfc at ,ludl[4 ,?is seat he held = only two ye>s1 :5 he 0 aga9 defeat$ & did n re-ent] p>liam5t until #ahgd1 :5 be 0 return$ = ,kidd]m9/]1 a con/itu5cy he repres5t$ = six ye>s1 :5 he retir$4 ,he 0 a famili> figure at ! ,c>lton ,club1 always ready ) a copi\s collection ( anecdotes ( ,well+ton1 ,disraeli & ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,he di$ on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #ahih4 ,he 0 an assidu\s collector ( relics2 & 8 libr>y 0 sold = "s ,l#bj1jjj4 ,8 own books comprise ,words on ,well+ton 7#ahhi71 ,disraeli & 8 ,day 7#ahia71 ,hic et ,ubique 7#ahic71 ,napoleon ,,iii4 7#ahif7 & ! ,wat]loo ,ball 7#ahig74 ,,fras]1 ! *ief riv] ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada1 ris+ 9 two bran*es among ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ne> #eb deg4 #de' ,n41 #aah deg4 #cj' ,w4 ,l5g? #gdj m4 ,x fir/ fl[s ,n4,w4 = ab\t #afj m41 !n r\nds ! head ( ! ,c>iboo ,m\nta9s1 & fl[s directly ,s4 = ov] #djj m4 to ,hope1 :]e x aga9 turns abruptly & fl[s ,w4 = #hj m41 fall+ into ! ,gulf ( ,georgia at ,new ,we/m9/]4 ,aft] ! junction ( ! two =ks ne> its nor!rn extremity1 ! fir/ important tribut>y on its s\!rn c\rse is ! ,/u>t1 dra9+ ,lakes ,/u>t1 ,fras] & ,francois4 ,"o hundr$ miles l[] d[n ! ,quesnel1 dra9+ a l>ge lake ( ! same "n1 fl[s 9 f ! ea/ at a t[n also s nam$4 ,f>!r on ! ,fras] receives f ! we/ ! ,*ilcot91 & at ,lytton1 ab\t #ahj m4 f ! sea1 ! ,?ompson1 its l>ge/ tribut>y1 fl[s 9 f ! ea/1 dra9+ a s]ies ( m\nta9 lakes1 & receiv+ at ,kamloops ! ,nor? ,?ompson1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh deep & impassable canyons4 ,bel[ ,hope ! ,lillooet fl[s 9 f ! nor?4 ,! ,fras] is a typical m\nta9 /ream1 rapid & impetu\s ?r\gh all its l5g?1 & l mo/ ( its tribut>ies is 9 _m p>ts n navigable ev5 by canoes4 ,on its s\!rn c\rse betwe5 ,lytton & ,yale1 :ile bur/+ its way ?r\gh ! ,coa/ ,range1 x fl[s ?r\gh maje/ic canyons1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,?ompson1 7 ! sc5e ( _m trag$ies dur+ ! days ( ! gold-ru% to ! ,c>iboo di/rict4 ,at ,yale1 ab\t #hj m4 f its m\?1 x becomes navigable1 ?\gh its c\rse is /ill v rapid4 ,9 ! ,c>iboo di/rict1 compris$ )9 ! great b5d ( ! riv]1 ne> ,tete ,jaune ,ca*e1 are _m valuable gold deposits4 ,) its tribut>ies ! ,fras] dra9s ! :ole prov9ce f #ed deg4 to #di deg4 ,n41 except ! extreme s\?-ea/]n corn]1 :i* is )9 ! bas9 ( ! ,columbia & its tribut>y ! ,koot5ay4 ,,fras]burgh1 a police burgh & seaport1 on ! ,n4 coa/ ( ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,pop4 7#ahia71 #gdff2 7#aija71 #iaje4 ,x is situat$ #dga_/d m4 by rail ,n4 ( ,ab]de51 f :i* !re is a bran* l9e1 ( :i* x is ! t]m9us1 ( ! ,great ,nor? ( ,scotl& railway4 ,x takes its "n f ,sir ,alex&] ,fras]1 ! ance/or ( ,"l ,salt\n1 ^: seat1 ,philor? ,h\se1 lies #b m4 to ! s\?4 ,sir ,alex&] obta9$ = x 9 #afac a *>t] z a burgh ( royalty1 & also 9 #aeib a *>t] = ! f\nd+ ( a univ]sity4 ,?is latt] project1 h[ev]1 0 n c>ri$ out1 & all t rema9s ( ! build+ int5d$ = ! college is a ?ree-/orey$ t[]4 ,! old ca/le ( ! ,fras]s on ,k9naird ,head n[ conta9s a ligh?\se1 & close by is ! ,w9e ,t[]1 ) a cave bel[4 ,! t[n cross is a f9e /ructure /&+ ^u a huge hexagon1 surm\nt$ by a /one pill> #ab ft4 high1 ornam5t$ by ! royal & ,fras] arms4 ,! port is "o ( ! lead+ /ations ( ! h]r+ fi%]y 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& & ! head ( a fi%]y di/rict4 ,dur+ ! h]r+ season 7,june to ,septemb]7 ! population is increas$ by upw>ds ( #aj1jjj p]sons4 ,! fleet numb]s m ?an #gjj boats1 & ! annual value ( ! cat* exce$s ,l#bjj1jjj4 ,! h>b\r1 orig9ally con/ruct$ z a refuge = ,briti% %ips ( w>1 is "o ( ! be/ on ! ea/ coa/1 & has be5 improv$ by ! wid5+ ( ! pi]s & ! ext5sion ( ! breakwat]s4 ,x has an area ( upw>ds ( eight acres1 is easy ( access1 & af=ds an*orage = vessels ( e size4 ,,fras]ville 7=m]ly ,rivi]e du ,l\p en ,bas71 a t[n & wat]+-place 9 ,temisc\ata c\nty1 ,quebec1 ,canada1 #ajg m4 7by wat]7 nor?-ea/ ( ,quebec1 on ! s\? %ore ( ! ,/ ,lawr5ce riv]1 & at ! m\? ( ! ,rivi]e du ,l\p1 at ! junction ( ! ,int]colonial & ,temisc\ata railways4 ,x conta9s a conv5t1 boys' college1 hospital1 sev]al mills1 & is a fav\rite summ] resort on acc\nt ( ! angl+ & %oot+1 & ! magnific5t sc5]y4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #defi4 ,,frat]1 ,,frat] ,,h\se or ,,frat]y1 a t]m 9 ar*itecture = ! hall :]e ! memb]s ( a mona/]y or fri>y met = meals or refre%m5t4 ,! ^w is by orig9 ! same z refectory4 ,! old] =ms1 su* z freitur1 fraytor & ! l1 %[ ! ^w to be an adaptation ( ! ,o4 ,fr4 frait\r1 a %ort5$ =m ( refrait\r1 f ! ,m$4 ,lat4 rejectorium4 ,! ^w has be5 confus$ ) frat]1 a bro!r or fri>1 & h5ce sometimes conf9$ 9 mean+ to ! d9+-hall ( a fri>y1 :ile refectory is us$ ( a mona/]y4 ,,frat]nities1 ,,college1 a class ( /ud5t societies peculi> to ! colleges & univ]sities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 ) c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics1 & mo/ly nam$ f two or ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet2 h5ce !y are frequ5tly call$ ,greek ,lett] ,societies4 ,!y are organiz$ on ! lodge sy/em1 & ea* frat]nity comprises a numb] ( affiliat$ lodges ( :i* only "o ( any "o frat]nity is connect$ ) ! same in/itution4 ,! lodges1 call$ *apt]s1 9 memory ( ! convocations ( monks ( m$ieval times1 are usually designat$ by ,greek lett]s also4 ,!y are nom9ally secret1 ) "o exception 7,delta ,upsilon74 ,ea* *apt] admits memb]s f ! l[e/ or fre%man class1 & ( c\rse loses its memb]s z ! /ud5ts dep>t f college1 consequ5tly ea* *apt] has 9 x at ! same "t memb]s ( all ! f\r college classes & frequ5tly ^? pursu+ po/graduate /udies4 ,:]e ! att5dance at a college is l>ge ! mat]ial f :i* frat]nity memb]s may be drawn is correspond+ly abundant1 & 9 "s ( ! l>ge colleges 7e4g4 at ,cornell ,univ]sity & ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan7 !re are *apt]s ( ov] tw5ty frat]nities4 ,all ! frat]nities aim to be select & to pick _! memb]s f ! mass ( incom+ /ud5ts4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! mat]ial to select f is n abundant & ! rival frat]nities are num]\s1 c>e 9 selection is impossible1 & ! *apt]s at any "o college are apt to secure mu* ! same g5]al type ( m54 ,_m ( ! frat]nities h1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( a p]si/5t selection ( m5 ( ab\t ! same ta/es at diff]5t colleges1 acquir$ a di/9ct "* & individuality2 = in/ance1 ,alpha ,delta ,phi is lit]>y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! frat]nities 0 ! ,phi ,beta ,kappa1 f\nd$ at ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y at ,williamsburg1 ,virg9ia1 9 #aggf4 ,x 0 a little social club ( five /ud5ts3 ,john ,hea?1 ,ri*>d ,book]1 ,?omas ,smi?1 ,armi/ead ,smi? & ,john ,jones4 ,its badge 0 a squ>e silv] m$al display+ ! ,greek lett]s ( its "n & a few symbols4 ,9 #aggi x au?oriz$ ,eli%a ,p>melee1 "o ( its memb]s1 to e/abli% meet+s or *apt]s at ,yale & ,h>v>d1 ^! *apt]s be+ au?oriz$ to e/abli% subord9ate bran*es 9 _! respective /ates4 ,9 #agha ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y 0 clos$1 its build+s be+ occupi$ 9 turn by ! ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,am]ican troops1 & ! society ceas$ to exi/4 ,! two bran*es1 h[ev]1 7 e/abli%$--t at ,yale 9 #aghj & t at ,h>v>d 9 #agha4 ,*apt]s 7 e/abli%$ at ,d>tm\? 9 #aghg1 at ,union 9 #ahag1 at ,b[do9 9 #ahbd & at ,br[n 9 #ahcj4 ,?is society *ang$ its "* 9 #ahbf & became non-secret & purely honor>y 9 "*1 admitt+ to memb]%ip a c]ta9 proportion ( ! s*ol>s ( highe/ /&+ 9 ea* class 7only 9 classical c\rses1 usually & ) few exceptions only 9 graduat+ classes74 ,m rec5t honor>y societies ( simil> "* among s*ools ( sci5ce & eng9e]+ are ,sigma ,xi & ,tau ,beta ,pi4 ,9 #ahbe1 at ,union ,college1 ,kappa ,alpha 0 organiz$1 copy+ 9 /yle ( badge1 memb]%ip re/rictions & ! l1 its pr$ecessor4 ,9 #ahbg two o!r simil> societies1 ,sigma ,phi & ,delta ,phi1 7 f\nd$ at ! same place4 ,9 #ahca ,sigma ,phi plac$ a bran* at ,hamilton ,college & 9 #ahcb ,alpha ,delta ,phi orig9at$ !re4 ,9 #ahcc ,psi ,upsilon1 a f\r? society1 0 organiz$ at ,union4 ,9 #ahce ,alpha ,delta ,phi plac$ a *apt] at ,miami ,univ]sity1 & 9 #ahci ,beta ,!ta ,pi orig9at$ !re1 & s ! sy/em spread4 ,^! frat]nities1 x w be obs]v$1 7 all und]graduate societies among ! male /ud5ts4 ,9 #aiaj ! total numb] ( m5's g5]al frat]nities 0 #cb1 ) #ajfh liv+ *apt]s1 & own+ prop]ty wor? _m millions ( doll>s4 ,9 #ahfd ,!ta ,xi1 ! fir/ pr(essional frat]nity re/rict+ its memb]%ip to /ud5ts int5d+ to engage 9 ! same pr(ession1 0 organiz$4 ,!re 7 9 #aiaj ab\t #ej ( ^! organizations ) "s #djj *apt]s4 ,9 addition !re are ab\t #ajj local societies or *apt]s act+ z indep5d5t units4 ,"s ( ! old] ( ^!1 su* z ,kappa ,kappa ,kappa at ,d>tm\?1 ,,ika at ,tr9ity1 ,phi ,nu ,!ta at ,wesleyan & ,delta ,psi at ,v]mont1 are p]man5t 9 "*1 b ! majority ( !m are purely tempor>y1 design$ to ma9ta9 an organization until ! society becomes a *apt] ( "o ( ! g5]al frat]nities4 ,9 #ahgj ! fir/ wom5's society or sorority1 ! ,kappa ,alpha ,!ta1 0 organiz$ at ,de ,pauw ,univ]sity4 ,!re 7 9 #aiaj1 #ag g5]al sororities ) "s #cjj active *apt]s4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ^! app>5tly insignificant organizations ( irresponsible /ud5ts h modifi$ ! college life ( ,am]ica & h _h a wide influ5ce4 ,memb]s jo9 9 ! impressionable ye>s ( _! y\?2 !y reta9 = _! organizations a peculi> loyalty & affection1 & freely contribute ) money & influ5ce to _! advancem5t4 ,almo/ univ]sally ! memb]s ( any p>ticul> *apt] 7or "p ( !m7 live toge!r 9 a lodge or *apt] h\se4 ,! m5's frat]nities own hundr$s ( h\ses & r5t z _m m4 ,! frat]nities =m a little ari/ocracy )9 ! college community4 ,sometimes ! l9e ( sep>ation is invisible1 sometimes %>ply m>k$4 ,sometimes ?is condition militates aga9/ ! college discipl9e & sometimes x assi/s x4 ,conflicts n infrequ5tly occur betwe5 ! frat]nity & non-frat]nity elem5t 9 a college4 ,x c readily be und]/ood h[ "y m5 liv+ toge!r 9 ! intimate relation%ip ( daily contact 9 ! same h\se1 hav+ mu* ! same ta/es1 culture & aspirations w\ld =m among !mselves endur+ fri5d%ips4 ,9 addition ea* frat]nity has a reputation to ma9ta91 & ?is eng5d]s an esprit du corps :i* at times places loyalty to frat]nity int]e/s above loyalty to college int]e/ or ! real advantage ( ! individual4 ,at comm5cem5ts & ^u o!r occasions ! =m] memb]s ( ! *apt]s return to _! *apt] h\ses & help to fo/] ! pride & loyalty ( ! und]graduates4 ,! *apt] h\ses are commonly own$ by corporations made up ( ! alumni4 ,?is br+s ! und]graduates into contact ) m5 ( mature age & (t5 ( national fame1 :o treat _! memb]%ip z a s]i\s privilege4 ,! developm5t ( ?is collegiate ari/ocracy has l$ to jeal\sy & bitt] animosity among ^? n select$ = memb]%ip4 ,"s ( ! /ates1 notably ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,arkansas1 h by legislation1 ei!r aboli%$ ! frat]nities at /ate-controll$ in/itutions or s]i\sly limit$ ! privileges ( _! memb]s4 ,! con/itutionality ( su* legislation has nev] be5 te/$4 ,litigation has occasionally aris5 out ( attempts on ! "p ( college au?orities to prohibit ! frat]nities at _! sev]al in/itutions4 ,?is1 x has be5 held1 may lawfully be done at a college ma9ta9$ by private end[m5t b n at an in/itution support$ by public funds4 ,9 ! latt] case all classes ( ! public are equally entitl$ to ! same educational privileges & memb]s ( ! frat]nities may n be discrim9at$ aga9/4 ,! frat]nities are admirably organiz$4 ,! usual sy/em comprises a legislative body made up ( delegates f ! diff]5t *apt]s & an executive or adm9i/rative body elect$ by ! delegates4 ,few ( ! frat]nities h any judici>y4 ,none is ne$$4 ,! f9ancial sy/ems are s\nd1 & ! conv5tions ( delegates meet 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sev]al hundr$ 9 numb]1 sp5d ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 travel & ent]ta9m5t1 & attract mu* public att5tion4 ,mo/ ( ! frat]nities h an inspection sy/em by :i* *apt]s are p]iodically visit$ & kept up to a c]ta9 level ( excell5ce4 ,! lead+ frat]nities publi% j\rnals usually f f\r to eight times dur+ ! college ye>4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ! ,beta ,!ta ,pi1 fir/ issu$ 9 #ahgb4 ,all publi% catalogues ( _! memb]s & ! mo/ prosp]\s h issu$ hi/ories4 ,!y also publi% song books1 music & _m ephem]al & local publications4 ,! alumni ( ! frat]nities are organiz$ into clubs or associations hav+ headqu>t]s at c5tres ( population4 ,^! organizations are some:at loose1 b nev]!less are capable ( mu* ex]tion & influ5ce %\ld occasion arise4 ,! college frat]nity sy/em has no p>allel among ! /ud5ts ( colleges outside ( ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! curi\s ?+s ab\t x1 h[ev]1 is t :ile x is practically uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ! ?ree prom95t univ]sities ( ,h>v>d1 ,yale & ,pr9ceton x diff]s 9 _m respects f its "* else:]e4 ,at ,h>v>d1 al?\gh !re are *apt]s ( a few ( ! frat]nities1 _! influ5ce is insignificant1 _! place be+ tak5 by a gr\p ( local societies1 "s ( !m class organizations4 ,at ,yale1 ! regul> sy/em ( frat]nities obta9s 9 ! eng9e]+ or te*nical dep>tm5t 7! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool71 b 9 ! classical dep>tm5t ! frat]nity *apt]s are call$ junior societies1 because !y limit _! memb]%ip to ! ?ree upp] classes & all[ ! juniors ea* ye> practically to control ! *apt] affairs4 ,c]ta9 s5ior societies1 ( :i* ! olde/ is ! ,skull & ,bones1 :i* are int]-frat]nity societies admitt+ freely memb]s ( ! frat]nities1 are m prom95t at ,yale ?an ! frat]nities !mselves4 ,pr9ceton has two 7secret7 lit]>y & frat]nal societies1 ! ,am]ican ,:ig & ! ,cliosophic1 & v>i\s local social clubs1 ) no relation%ip to organizations 9 o!r colleges & n hav+ ,greek lett] names4 ,at a few univ]sities 7= in/ance1 ,mi*igan1 ,cornell & ,virg9ia71 s5ior societies or o!r int]-frat]nity societies ex]t great influ5ce & h modifi$ ! /r5g? ( ! frat]nity sy/em4 ,( late ye>s1 num]\s societies be>+ ,greek names & imitat+ ! ext]nals ( ! college frat]nities h sprung up 9 ! high s*ools & academies ( ! c\ntry1 b h excit$ ! e>ne/ & app>5tly unit$ opposition ( ! au?orities ( su* s*ools4 ,see ,william ,raimond ,baird1 ,am]ican ,college ,frat]nities 7#f? ed41 ,new ,york1 #aije72 ,alb]t ,c4 ,/ev5s1 ,cyclop$ia ( ,frat]nities 7,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j41 #ahii72 ,h5ry ,d4 ,%eldon1 ,/ud5t ,life & ,cu/oms 7,new ,york1 #aija72 ,hom] ,l4 ,patt]son1 ,patt]son's ,college & ,s*ool ,directory 7,*icago1 #aijd72 ,h4 ,k4 ,kellogg1 ,college ,secret ,societies 7,*icago1 #ahgd72 ,alb]t ,p4 ,jacobs1 ,greek ,lett] ,societies 7,detroit1 #ahgi74 7,w4 ,r4 ,b4997 ,,fraticelli 7plural dim9utive ( ,ital4 frate1 bro!r71 ! "n giv5 dur+ ! #ac?1 #ad? & #ae? c5turies to a numb] ( religi\s gr\ps 9 ,italy1 diff]+ widely f ea* o!r1 b all d]iv$ m or less directly f ! ,franciscan movem5t4 ,fra ,salimb5e says 9 8 ,*ronicle 7,p>ma ed41 p4 #ajh73 ,all :o wi%$ to f\nd a new rule borr[$ some?+ f ! ,franciscan ord]1 ! s&als or ! habit4 ,z e>ly z #abch ,gregory ,,ix41 9 8 bull ,quoniam abundavit iniquitas1 condemn$ & d5\nc$ z =g]s 7tanquam fals>ios7 all :o begg$ or prea*$ 9 a habit resembl+ t ( ! m5dicant ord]s1 & ?is condemnation 0 repeat$ by him or 8 successors4 ,! t]m ,fraticelli 0 us$ contemptu\sly to d5ote1 n any p>ticul> sect1 b ! memb]s ( ord]s =m$ on ! fr+e ( ! *ur*4 ,?us ,giovanni ,villani1 speak+ ( ! h]etic ,dolc9o1 says 9 8 ,*ronicle 7bk4 viii4 *4 #hd73 ,he is n a bro!r ( an ord]$ rule1 b a fraticello )\t an ord]4 ,simil>ly1 ,john ,,xxii41 9 8 bull ,sancta ,romana et ,univ]salis ,ecclesia 7#bh? ( ,decemb] #acag71 condemns vaguely ^? pr(anae multitud9is viri commonly call$ ,fraticelli1 or ,bre?r5 ( ! ,poor ,life1 or ,bizoc*i1 or ,begu9es1 or by all mann] ( o!r names4 ,"s hi/orians1 9 _! zeal = rigid classification1 h reg>d$ ! ,fraticelli z a di/9ct sect1 & h attempt$ to discov] its dogmas & its f\nd]4 ,"s ( ! contempor>ies ( ^! religi\s gr\ps fell into ! same error1 & 9 ?is way ! vague t]m ,fraticelli has sometimes be5 appli$ to ! disciples ( ,armanno ,pongilupo ( ,f]r>a 7d4 #abfi71 :o 0 und\bt$ly a ,ca?>1 & to ! foll[]s ( ,g]>d ,seg>elli & ,dolc9o1 :o 7 always kn[n among !mselves z ,apo/olic ,bre?r5 7,apo/olici74 ,fur!rmore1 x seems absurd to classify bo? ! ,dolc9i/s & ! ,spiritual ,franciscans z ,fraticelli1 s9ce1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,ehrle 7,ar*4 f4 ,lit4 u4 ,kir*5ges*4 des ,mittelalt]s1 ii4 #ajg1 c471 ,angelo ( ,cl>9o1 9 8 ,de septem tribulationibus1 writt5 to ! glory ( ! ,spirituals1 does n scruple to /igmatize ! ,dolc9i/s z disciples ( ! devil4 ,x is equally absurd to include 9 ! same category ! ignorant ,bizoc*i & ,seg>elli/s & su* le>n$ disciples ( ,mi*ael ( ,ces5a & ,l\is ( ,bav>ia z ,william ( ,occam & ,bonagratia ( ,b]gamo1 :o h (t5 be5 plac$ "u ?is compreh5sive rubric4 ,! "n ,fraticelli may m ju/ly be appli$ to ! mo/ exalt$ fraction ( ,franciscanism4 ,9 #acbb "s prison]s decl>$ to ! inquisitor ,b]n>d ,gui at ,t\l\se t ! ,franciscan ord] 0 divid$ into ?ree sections--! ,conv5tuals1 :o 7 all[$ to reta9 _! real & p]sonal prop]ty2 ! ,spirituals or ,begu9es1 :o 7 at t "t ! objects ( p]secution2 & ! ,fraticelli ( ,sicily1 ^: lead] 0 ,h5ry ( ,ceva 7see ,gui's ,practica ,inquisitionis1 v474 ,x is ?is fraction ( ! ord] :i* ,john ,,xxii4 condemn$ 9 8 bull ,gloriosam ,ecclesiam 7#bcrd ( ,janu>y #acah71 b )\t call+ !m ,fraticelli4 ,h5ry ( ,ceva _h tak5 refuge 9 ,sicily at ! "t ( ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4's p]secution ( ! ,spirituals1 & ?anks to ! good (fices ( ,fr$]ick ( ,sicily1 a little colony ( ,franciscans :o reject$ all prop]ty _h soon e/abli%$ itself 9 ! isl&4 ,"u ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 & m especially "u ,pope ,john ,,xxii41 fre% ,spirituals jo9$ !m2 & ?is gr\p ( exalt$ & isolat$ ascetics soon began to reg>d itself z ! sole legitimate ord] ( ! ,m9orites & !n z ! sole ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,aft] be+ excommunicat$ z s*ismatics & rebels1 f\nd]s ( a sup]/iti\s sect1 & propagators ( false & pe/if]\s doctr9es1 !y proce$$ to elect a g5]al 7= ,mi*ael ( ,ces5a _h disav[$ !m7 & !n a pope call$ ,cele/9e 7,l4 ,wadd+1 ,annales1 at date #acac74 ,! rebels cont9u$ to c>ry on an active propag&a4 ,9 ,tuscany p>ticul>ly ! ,inquisition made p]si/5t ef=ts to suppress !m2 ,flor5ce afflict$ !m ) sev]e laws1 b fail$ to r\se ! populace aga9/ !m4 ,! papacy dread$ _! social ev5 m ?an _! dogmatic influ5ce4 ,at fir/ 9 ,sicily & aft]w>ds ?r\gh\t ,italy ! ,ghibell9es gave !m a w>m welcome2 ! rigori/s & ! malcont5ts :o _h ei!r left ! *ur* or 7 on ! po9t ( leav+ x1 7 attract$ by ^! communities ( ne$y rebels2 & ! tribune ,ri5zi 0 at "o "t dispos$ to jo9 !m4 ,to ov]come ^! ascetics x 0 necess>y to h rec\rse to o!r ascetics1 & f ! outset ! re=m$ ,franciscans1 or ,franciscans ( ! ,/rict ,obs]vance1 "u ! direction ( _! fir/ lead]s1 ,paoluccio da ,tr9ci 7d4 #acij71 ,giovanni ,/ronconi 7d4 #adje71 & ,/ ,b]n>d9e ( ,si5a1 _h be5 at great pa9s to re/ore ! ,fraticelli to or?odoxy4 ,^! e>ly ef=ts1 h[ev]1 _h little success4 ,al>m$ by ! numb] ( ! sect>ies & ! ext5t ( _! influ5ce1 ,pope ,m>t9 ,v41 :o _h enc\rag$ ! ,obs]vants1 & p>ticul>ly ,b]n>d9e ( ,si5a1 fulm9at$ two bulls 7#adah & #adba7 aga9/ ! h]etics1 & entru/$ diff]5t legates ) ! task ( hunt+ !m d[n4 ,^! measures fail+1 he decid$1 9 #adbf1 to appo9t two ,obs]vants z inquisitors )\t t]ritorial limitation to make a special crusade aga9/ ! h]esy ( ! ,fraticelli4 ,^! two inquisitors1 :o pursu$ _! duties "u ?ree popes 7,m>t9 ,v41 ,eug5ius ,,iv4 & ,ni*olas ,v47 7 ,giovanni da ,capi/rano & ,giacomo della ,m>ca4 ,! latt]'s valuable ,dialogus contra ,fraticellos 7,baluze & ,mansi1 ,miscellanea1 iv4 #eie-faj7 gives an acc\nt ( ! doctr9es ( ^! h]etics & ( ! activity ( ! two inquisitors1 & %[s t ! ,fraticelli n only con/itut$ a di/9ct *ur* b a di/9ct society4 ,!y _h a pope call$ ,r9aldo1 :o 0 elect$ 9 #adbi & 0 succe$$ by a bro!r nam$ ,gabriel4 ,?is supreme head ( _! *ur* !y /yl$ bi%op ( ,philadelphia1 ,philadelphia be+ ! my/ic "n ( _! community2 "u him 7 bi%ops1 e4g4 ! bi%ops ( ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 c42 &1 fur!rmore1 a memb] ( ! community nam$ ,guglielmo ,majoretto bore ! title ( ,emp]or ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is organization1 at lea/ 9 s f> z conc]ns ! h]etical *ur*1 _h already be5 obs]v$ among ! ,fraticelli 9 ,sicily1 & 9 #adbc ! g5]al c\ncil ( ,si5a affirm$ ) horror t at ,p5iscola !re 0 an h]etical pope surr\nd$ ) a college ( c>d9als :o made no attempt at concealm5t4 ,f #adbf to #addi ! ,fraticelli 7 unremitt+ly pursu$1 imprison$ & burn$4 ,! sect gradually di$ out aft] los+ ! protection ( ! common p1 ^: sympa?y 0 n[ transf]r$ to ! au/]e ,obs]vants & _! miracle-work] ,capi/rano4 ,f #adff to #adga !re 7 sporadic burn+s ( ,fraticelli1 & 9 #adga ,tommaso di ,sc>l9o 0 s5t to ,piomb9o & ! littoral ( ,tuscany to track out "s ,fraticelli :o _h be5 discov]$ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,aft] t date ! "n disappe>s f hi/ory4 ,see ,f4 ,ehrle1 ,die ,spiritual51 ihr ,v]haeltnis zum ,franziskan]ord5 und zu d5 ,fraticell5 & ,zur ,vorges*i*te des ,concils von ,vi5ne1 9 ,ar*iv fu] ,lit]atur- und ,kir*5ges*i*te des ,mittelalt]s1 vols4 i41 ii41 iii42 ,wetz] & ,welte1 ,kir*5lexikon1 s4v4 ,fraticell52 ,h4 ,c4 ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 iii4 #abi-ahj 7,london1 #ahhh74 7,p4 ,a47 ,,fraud 7,lat4 fraus1 deceit71 9 its wide/ s5se1 a t]m :i* has nev] be5 exhau/ively def9$ by an ,engli% c\rt ( law1 & = legal purposes probably _c usefully be def9$4 ,b z d5ot+ a cause ( action = :i* damages c be recov]$ 9 civil proce$+s x n[ has a cle> & settl$ mean+4 ,9 actions 9 :i* damages are claim$ = fraud1 ! difficulties & obscurities :i* commonly arise are due r to ! complexity ( mod]n comm]ce & ! +5uity ( mod]n sw9dl]s ?an to any unc]ta9ty or te*nicality 9 ! mod]n law4 ,to succe$ 9 su* an action1 ! p]son aggriev$ mu/ fir/ prove a repres5tation ( fact1 made ei!r by words1 by writ+ or by conduct1 :i* is 9 fact untrue4 ,m]e concealm5t is n actionable unless x am\nts n only to suppressio v]i1 b to sugge/io falsi4 ,an expression ( op9ion or ( int5tion is n en\gh1 unless x c be %[n t ! op9ion 0 n really held1 or t ! int5tion 0 n really ent]ta9$1 9 :i* case x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 to use ! phrase ( ,"l ,b[51 t ! /ate ( a man's m9d is z mu* a matt] ( fact z ! /ate ( 8 dige/ion4 ,next1 x mu/ be prov$ t ! repres5tation 0 made )\t any hone/ belief 9 its tru?1 t is1 ei!r ) actual k ( its falsity or ) a reckless disreg>d :e!r x is true or false4 ,x 0 f9ally e/abli%$1 aft] mu* controv]sy1 9 ! case ( ,d]ry v4 ,peek 9 #ahhi1 t a m]ely neglig5t mis/atem5t is n actionable4 ,fur!r1 ! p]son aggriev$ mu/ prove t ! (f5d] made ! repres5tation ) ! int5tion t he %\ld act on x1 ?\gh n necess>ily directly to him1 & t he did 9 fact act 9 reliance on x4 ,la/ly1 ! compla9ant mu/ prove t1 z ! direct consequ5ce1 he has suff]$ actual damage capable ( pecuni>y measurem5t4 ,z soon z ! case ( ,d]ry v4 ,peek _h e/abli%$1 z ! g5]al rule ( law1 t a m]ely neglig5t mis/atem5t is n actionable1 a /atutory exception 0 made to ! rule 9 ! case ( directors & promot]s ( companies :o publi% prospectuses & simil> docum5ts4 ,by ! ,directors' ,liability ,act #ahij1 su* p]sons are liable = damage caus$ by untrue /atem5ts 9 su* docum5ts1 unless !y c prove t !y _h reasonable gr\nds = believ+ ! /atem5ts to be true4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t1 ?\gh damages _c be recov]$ 9 an action = a misrepres5tation made ) an hone/ belief 9 its tru?1 /ill any p]son induc$ to ent] into a contract by a misrepres5tation1 :e!r fraudul5t or innoc5t1 is entitl$ to avoid ! contract & to obta9 a decl>ation t x is n b9d+ ^u him4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! rule ( equity1 :i* s9ce ! ,judicature ,act prevails 9 all ! c\rts4 ,:e!r ! repres5tation is fraudul5t or innoc5t1 ! contract is n void1 b voidable4 ,! p>ty misl$ mu/ ex]cise 8 option to avoid ! contract )\t delay1 & be=e x has become impossible to re/ore ! o!r p>ty to ! position 9 :i* he /ood be=e ! contract 0 made4 ,if he is too late1 he c only rely on 8 claim = damages1 & 9 ord] to ass]t ?is claim x is necess>y to prove t ! misrepres5tation 0 fraudul5t4 ,fraud1 9 its wid] s5se ( di%one/ deal+1 ?\gh n a di/9ct cause ( action1 is (t5 mat]ial z prev5t+ ! acquisition ( a "r1 = :i* good fai? is a necess>y condition4 ,also a comb9ation or conspiracy by two or m p]sons to defraud gives rise to liabilities n v cle>ly or completely def9$4 ,,frau5burg1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,prussia1 on ! ,fris*e ,haff1 at ! m\? ( ! ,b&e1 #da m4 ,s4,w4 f ,ko5igsb]g on ! railway to ,elb+4 ,pop4 #bejj4 ,! ca!dral 7f\nd$ #acbi71 ) six t[]s1 /&s on a comm&+ em95ce adjo9+ ! t[n & surr\nd$ by ca/ellat$ walls & ba/ions4 ,?is is kn[n z ,dom-,frau5burg1 & is ! seat ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op ( ,ermel&4 ,)9 ! ca!dral is a monum5t to ! a/ronom] ,cop]nicus be>+ ! inscription ,a/ronomo celeb]rimo1 cujus nom5 et gloria utrumque implevit orbem4 ,!re is a small port ) inconsid]able trade4 ,frau5burg 0 f\nd$ 9 #abhg & receiv$ ! rights ( a t[n 9 #acaj4 ,,frau5feld1 ! capital ( ! ,swiss canton ( ,?urgau1 #bg m4 by rail ,n4,e4 ( ,zu]i* or #ada_/b m4 ,w4 ( ,roman%orn4 ,x is built on ! ,murg /ream a little above its junction ) ! ,?ur4 ,x is a prosp]\s comm]cial t[n1 be+ situat$ at ! meet+ po9t ( sev]al r\tes1 :ile x possesses sev]al indu/rial e/abli%m5ts1 *iefly conc]n$ ) diff]5t bran*es ( ! iron trade4 ,9 #aijj its population 7includ+ ! neighb\r+ villages7 0 #ggfa1 ma9ly ,g]man-speak+1 :ile !re 7 #eefc ,prote/ants to #bahh ,romani/s4 ,frau5feld is ! artill]y depot = ,nor?-,ea/ ,switz]l&4 ,! upp] t[n is ! old] "p1 & c5tres r\nd ! ca/le1 ( :i* ! t[] dates f ! #aj? c5tury1 ?\gh ! re/ is ( a lat] p]iod4 ,bo? /ood on l& belong+ to ! abbot ( ,rei*5au1 :o1 ) ! c\nt ( ,kyburg1 f\nd$ ! t[n1 :i* is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #abee4 ,! abbot reta9$ all manorial rights till #ahjc1 :ile ! political p[]s ( ! ,kyburg]s 7:o 7 ! protectors ( ,rei*5au7 pass$ to ! ,habsburgs 9 #abgc1 & 7 seiz$ by ! ,swiss 9 #adfj ) ! re/ ( ! ,?urgau4 ,9 #agab ! t[n succe$$ ,bad5 9 ,a>gau z ! meet+-place ( ! ,f$]al ,diet1 & cont9u$ to be ! capital ( ! ,conf$]ation till its trans=mation 9 #agih4 ,9 #agii x 0 successively occupi$ by ! ,au/rians & ! ,fr5*4 ,! old ,capu*9 conv5t 7#aeia-ahdh7 is n[ occupi$ z a vic>age by ! ,romani/ prie/4 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,frau5lob1 ! "n by :i* ,,he9ri* ,,von ,,meiss51 a ,g]man poet ( ! #ac? c5tury1 is g5]ally kn[n4 ,he seems to h acquir$ ! sobriquet because 9 a fam\s ,li$]/reit ) 8 rival ,reg5bog5 he def5d$ ! use ( ! ^w ,frau 7i4e4 fr\we1 lady7 in/ead ( ,weib 7wip woman74 ,frau5lob 0 born ab\t #abej ( a humble burgh] family4 ,8 y\? 0 sp5t 9 /rait5$ circum/ances1 b he gradually acquir$ a reputation z a s+] at ! v>i\s c\rts ( ! ,g]man pr9ces4 ,9 #abgh we f9d him ) ,rudolph ,i4 9 ! ,m>*feld1 9 #abhf he 0 at ,prague at ! knight+ ( ,w5ceslaus 7,w5zel7 ,,ii41 & 9 #acaa he 0 pres5t at a knightly fe/ival celebrat$ by ,waldem> ( ,br&5burg be=e ,ro/ock4 ,aft] ?is he settl$ 9 ,ma9z1 & !re accord+ to ! popul> acc\nt1 f\nd$ ! fir/ s*ool ( ,mei/]s+]s 7q4v474 ,he di$ 9 #acah1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! cloi/]s ( ! ca!dral at ,ma9z4 ,8 grave is /ill m>k$ by a copy made 9 #aghc ( ! orig9al tomb/one ( #acah2 & 9 #ahdb a monum5t by ,s*wan?al] 0 erect$ 9 ! cloi/]s4 ,frau5lob's poems make a great display ( le>n+2 he delights 9 f>-fet*$ metaphors1 & 8 v]sification ab\nds 9 tricks ( =m & rhyme4 ,frau5lob's poetry 0 edit$ by ,l4 ,ettmuell] 9 #ahdc2 a selection w be f\nd 9 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,deuts*e ,li$]di*t] des #ab4 bis #ad4 ,jahrhund]ts 7#crd ed41 #ahic74 ,an ,engli% translation ( ,frau5lob's ,cantica canticorum1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,kroeg]1 ) notes1 appe>$ 9 #ahgg at ,/ ,l\is1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,see ,a4 ,bo]kel1 ,frau5lob 7#bnd ed41 #ahha74 ,,fraunce1 ,,abraham 7c4 #aeeh-afcc71 ,engli% poet1 a native ( ,%rop%ire1 0 born betwe5 #aeeh & #aefj4 ,8 "n 0 regi/]$ z a pupil ( ,%rewsbury ,s*ool 9 ,janu>y #aega_/b1 & he jo9$ ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #aegf1 becom+ a fell[ 9 #aehj_/ha4 ,8 ,lat9 com$y ( ,victoria1 d$icat$ to ,sidney1 0 probably writt5 at ,cambridge1 :]e he rema9$ until he _h tak5 8 ,m4,a4 degree 9 #aehc4 ,he 0 call$ to ! b> at ,gray's ,inn 9 #aehh1 & !n app>5tly practis$ z a b>ri/] 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,wel% m>*es4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 patron ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,fraunce 0 protect$ by ,sidney's si/] ,m>y1 c\ntess ( ,pembroke4 ,8 la/ "w 0 publi%$ 9 #aeib1 & we h no fur!r k ( him until #afcc1 :5 he is said to h writt5 an ,epi?alamium 9 hon\r ( ! m>riage ( ,lady ,magdal5 ,eg]ton1 #g? daught] ( ! e>l ( ,bridgwat]1 ^: s]vice he may possibly h ent]$4 ,8 works are3 ,! ,lam5tations ( ,am9tas = ! dea? ( ,phyllis 7#aehg71 a v]sion 9 ,engli% hexamet]s ( 8 fri5d's1 ,?omas ,watson's1 ,lat9 ,amyntas2 ,! ,lawi]s ,logike1 exemplify+ ! praecepts ( ,logike by ! practise ( ! common ,lawe 7#aehh72 ,arcadian ,rhetorike 7#aehh72 ,abrahami ,fransi ,insignium1 ,armorum 444 explicatio 7#aehh72 ,! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke's ,yvy*ur* 7#aeia_/b71 conta9+ a translation ( ,tasso's ,am9ta1 a repr9t ( 8 e>li] v]sion ( ,watson1 ,! ,lam5tation ( ,corydon = ! love ( ,alexis 7,virgil1 eclogue ii471 a %ort translation f ,heliodorus1 &1 9 ! ?ird "p 7#aeib7 ,am9ta's ,dale1 a collection ( conceit$ tales suppos$ to be relat$ by ! nymphs ( ,ivy*ur*2 ,! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke's ,emanuell 7#aeia72 ,! ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke's ,ivy*ur*1 entitul$ ,am9ta's ,dale 7#aeib74 ,8 ,arcadian ,rhetorike owes mu* to e>li] critical treatises1 b has a special int]e/ f its ref]5ces to ,sp5s]1 & ,fraunce quotes f ! ,fa]ie ,que5e a ye> be=e ! publication ( ! fir/ books4 ,9 ,col9 ,cl\t's come home aga91 ,sp5s] speaks ( ,fraunce z ,corydon1 on acc\nt ( 8 translations ( ,virgil's second eclogue4 ,8 poems are writt5 9 classical metres1 & he 0 reg>d$ by 8 contempor>ies z ! be/ expon5t ( ,gabriel ,h>vey's !ory4 ,ev5 ,?omas ,na%e _h a good ^w = sweete ,ma/] ,france4 ,! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke's ,emanuell1 hexamet]s on ! nativity & passion ( ,*ri/1 ) v]sions ( "s psalms1 7 repr9t$ by ,dr ,a4 ,b4 ,gros>t 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,miscellanies ( ! ,full] ,wor?ies ,libr>y 7#ahgb74 ,joseph ,hunt] 9 8 ,*orus ,vatum /at$ t five ( ,fraunce's songs 7 includ$ 9 ,sidney's ,a/rophel & ,/ella1 b x is probable t ^! %\ld be attribut$ n to ,fraunce1 b to ,?omas ,campion4 ,see a life prefix$ to ! transcription ( a ,,ms4 ,lat9 com$y by ,fraunce1 ,victoria1 by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,c4 ,moore ,smi?1 publi%$ 9 ,bang's ,mat]iali5 zur ,kunde des alt]5 englis*5 ,dramas1 vol4 xiv41 #aijf4 ,,fraunh(]1 ,,joseph ,,von 7#aghg-ahbf71 ,g]man optician & physici/1 0 born at ,/raub+ 9 ,bav>ia on ! #f? ( ,m>* #aghg1 ! son ( a glazi] :o di$ 9 #agih4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ 9 #agii to ,wei*selb]g]1 a glass-poli%] & look+-glass mak]4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,july #ahja he ne>ly lo/ 8 life by ! fall ( ! h\se 9 :i* he lodg$1 & ! elector ( ,bav>ia1 ,maximilian ,joseph1 :o 0 pres5t at 8 extrication f ! ru9s1 gave him #ah ducats4 ,) a portion ( ?is sum he obta9$ release f ! la/ six mon?s ( 8 appr5tice%ip1 & ) ! re/ he pur*as$ a glass-poli%+ ma*9e4 ,he n[ employ$ himself 9 mak+ optical glasses1 & 9 engrav+ on metal1 devot+ 8 sp>e "t to ! p]usal ( works on ma!matics & optics4 ,9 #ahjf he obta9$ ! place ( optician 9 ! ma!matical in/itute :i* 9 #ahjd _h be5 f\nd$ at ,muni* by ,joseph von ,utzs*neid]1 ,g4 ,rei*5ba* & ,j4 ,liebh]r2 & 9 #ahjg arrangem5ts 7 made by ,utzs*neid] = 8 in/ruction by ,pi]re ,l\is ,gu9&1 a skill$ optician1 9 ! fabrication ( fl9t & cr[n glass1 9 :i* he soon became an adept 7see ,r4 ,wolf1 ,ges*4 d] ,wiss5s*4 9 ,deuts*l4 bd4 xvi4 p4 #ehf74 ,) ,rei*5ba* & ,utzs*neid]1 ,fraunh(] e/abli%$ 9 #ahji an optical in/itute at ,b5$ictbeu]n1 ne> ,muni*1 ( :i* he 9 #ahah became sole manag]4 ,! in/itute 0 9 #ahai remov$ to ,muni*1 & on ,fraunh(]'s dea? came "u ! direction ( ,g4 ,m]z4 ,among/ ! e>lie/ me*anical contrivances ( ,fraunh(] 0 a ma*9e = poli%+ ma!matically uni=m sph]ical surfaces4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! /age-micromet]1 & ( a =m ( heliomet]2 & 9 #ahaf he succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ = ! microscope a*romatic glasses ( long focus1 consi/+ ( a s+le l5s1 ! con/itu5t glasses ( :i* 7 9 juxtaposition1 b n cem5t$ toge!r4 ,! great reflect+ telescope at ,dorpat 0 manufactur$ by him1 & s great 0 ! skill he atta9$ 9 ! mak+ ( l5ses = a*romatic telescopes t1 9 a lett] to ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 he express$ 8 will+ness to furni% an a*romatic glass ( #ah 94 diamet]4 ,fraunh(] is especially kn[n = ! rese>*es1 publi%$ 9 ! ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,mu5*5] ,akademie = #ahad-ahae1 by :i* he laid ! f\ndation ( sol> & /ell> *emi/ry4 ,! d>k l9es ( ! spectrum ( sunlight1 e>lie/ not$ by ,dr ,w4 ,h4 ,wolla/on 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjb1 p4 #cgh71 7 indep5d5tly discov]$1 &1 by means ( ! telescope ( a !odolite1 betwe5 :i* & a di/ant slit admitt+ ! light a prism 0 int]pos$1 7 = ! fir/ "t c>efully obs]v$ by ,fraunh(]1 & h on t acc\nt be5 designat$ ,fraunh(]'s l9es4 ,he con/ruct$ a map ( z _m z #egf ( ^! l9es1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* he d5ot$ by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet f ,a to ,g2 & by asc]ta9+ _! refractive indices he det]m9$ t _! relative positions are con/ant1 :e!r 9 spectra produc$ by ! direct rays ( ! sun1 or by ! reflect$ light ( ! moon & planets4 ,! spectra ( ! />s he obta9$ by us+1 outside ! object-glass ( 8 telescope1 a l>ge prism1 ?r\gh :i* ! light pass$ to be br\ght to a focus 9 front ( ! eye-piece4 ,he %[$ t 9 ! spectra ( ! fix$ />s _m ( ! d>k l9es 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ! sol> spectrum1 :il/ o!r well-kn[n sol> l9es 7 want+2 & he conclud$ t x 0 n by any action ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e ^u ! light pass+ ?r\gh x t ! l9es 7 produc$4 ,he fur!r express$ ! belief t ! d>k l9es ,d ( ! sol> spectrum co9cide ) ! bright l9es ( ! sodium flame4 ,he 0 also ! inv5tor ( ! diffraction grat+4 ,9 #ahbc he 0 appo9t$ cons]vator ( ! physical cab9et at ,muni*1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he receiv$ f ! k+ ( ,bav>ia ! civil ord] ( m]it4 ,he di$ at ,muni* on ! #g? ( ,june #ahbf1 & 0 buri$ ne> ,rei*5ba*1 ^: decease _h tak5 place eight ye>s previ\sly4 ,on 8 tomb is ! inscription ,approximavit sid]a4 ,see ,j4 von ,utzs*neid]1 ,kurz] ,umriss d] ,leb5sges*i*te des ,h]rn ,dr ,j4 von ,fraunh(] 7,muni*1 #ahbf72 & ,g4 ,m]z1 ,das ,leb5 und ,wirk5 ,fraunh(]s 7,l&%ut1 #ahfe74 ,,frau/adt 7,poli%1 ,wsz[a71 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,pos51 9 a flat s&y c\ntry dott$ ) w9dmills1 #ej m4 ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,pos51 on ! railway ,lissa-,sagan4 ,pop4 7includ+ a g>rison7 #gejj4 ,x has ?ree ,evangelical & two ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 a classical s*ool & a tea*]s' sem9>y2 ! manufactures include wooll5 & cotton goods1 hats1 morocco lea!r & gloves1 & !re is a consid]able trade 9 corn1 cattle & wool4 ,frau/adt 0 f\nd$ by ,silesians 9 #acdh1 & aft]w>ds belong$ to ! pr9cipality ( ,glogau4 ,ne> ! t[n ! ,sw$es "u ,*>les ,,xii4 defeat$ ! ,saxons on ! #ac? ( ,febru>y #agjf4 ,,frayss9\s1 ,,d5is ,,anto9e ,,luc1 ,,comte ,,de 7#agfe-ahda71 ,fr5* prelate & /atesman1 di/+ui%$ z an orator & z a controv]sial writ]1 0 born ( humble p>5tage at ,curi]es1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aveyron1 on ! #i? ( ,may #agfe4 ,he owes 8 reputation ma9ly to ! lectures on dogmatic !ology1 kn[n z ! conf]5ces ( ,sa9t ,sulpice1 deliv]$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,sulpice1 ,p>is1 f #ahjc to #ahji1 to :i* admir+ cr[ds 7 attract$ by 8 lucid exposition & by 8 graceful oratory4 ,! fre$om ( 8 language 9 #ahji1 :5 ,napoleon _h arre/$ ! pope & decl>$ ! annexation ( ,rome to ,france1 l$ to a prohibition ( 8 lectures2 & ! disp]sion ( ! congregation ( ,sa9t ,sulpice 9 #ahaa 0 foll[$ by 8 tempor>y retirem5t f ! capital4 ,he return$ ) ! ,b\rbons1 & resum$ 8 lectures 9 #ahad2 b ! ev5ts ( ! ,hundr$ ,days aga9 compell$ him to )draw into private life1 f :i* he did n em]ge until ,febru>y #ahaf4 ,z c\rt prea*] & almon] to ,l\is ,,xviii41 he n[ ent]$ ^u ! p]iod ( 8 greate/ public activity & influ5ce4 ,9 connexion ) ! controv]sy rais$ by ! sign+ ( ! reaction>y concordat ( #ahag1 he publi%$ 9 #ahah a treatise entitl$ ,vrais ,pr9cipes de l'eglise ,gallicane sur la puissance ecclesia/ique1 :i* ?\gh unfav\rably criticiz$ by ,lam5nais1 0 receiv$ ) fav\r by ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,! consecration ( ,frayss9\s z bi%op ( ,h]mopolis 9 p>tibus1 8 election to ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & 8 appo9tm5t to ! gr&-ma/]%ip ( ! univ]sity1 foll[$ 9 rapid succession4 ,9 #ahbd1 on ! accession ( ,*>les ,x41 he became m9i/] ( public in/ruction & ( ecclesia/ical affairs "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,villele2 & ab\t ! same "t he 0 creat$ a pe] ( ,france ) ! title ( c\nt4 ,8 t]m ( (fice 0 *iefly m>k$ by ! recall ( ! ,jesuits4 ,9 #ahbe he publi%$ 8 lectures "u ! title ,def5se du *ri/ianisme4 ,! "w pass$ ?r\gh #ae editions )9 #ah ye>s1 & 0 translat$ into sev]al ,european languages4 ,9 #ahbh he1 along ) 8 colleagues 9 ! ,villele m9i/ry1 0 compell$ to resign (fice1 & ! subsequ5t revolution ( ,july #ahcj l$ to 8 retirem5t to ,rome4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he became tutor to ! duke ( ,bordeaux 7,comte de ,*ambord7 at ,prague1 :]e he cont9u$ to live until #ahch4 ,he di$ at ,/ ,g5iez on ! #ab? ( ,decemb] #ahda4 ,see ,b]tr&1 ,bibl4 ,sulpici5ne 7t4 ii4 #ace sq42 iii4 #bec7 = bibliography1 & ,g4 ,a4 ,h5rion 7,p>is1 #b vols41 #ahdd7 = biography4 ,,fre*ette1 ,,l\is ,,honore 7#ahci-aijh71 ,fr5*-,canadian poet1 0 born at ,levis1 ,quebec1 on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #ahci1 ! son ( a contractor4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 8 native prov9ce1 & call$ to ! ,canadian b> 9 #ahfd4 ,he />t$ ! ,j\rnal de ,levis1 & 8 revolution>y doctr9es compell$ him to leave ,canada = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,aft] "s ye>s sp5t 9 j\rnalism at ,*icago1 he 0 9 #ahgd elect$ z ! ,lib]al c&idate to repres5t ,levis 9 ! ,canadian p>liam5t4 ,at ! elections ( #ahgh & #ahhb he 0 defeat$1 & !reaft] conf9$ himself to lit]ature4 ,he edit$ ,la ,patrie & o!r ,fr5* pap]s 9 ! ,dom9ion2 & 9 #ahhi 0 appo9t$ cl]k ( ! ,quebec legislative c\ncil4 ,he 0 long a w>m advocate ( ! political union ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 lat] life became less ard5t1 & 9 #ahig accept$ ! hon\r ( ,c4,m4,g4 f ,que5 ,victoria4 ,he 0 presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 & ( ! ,canadian ,society ( ,arts1 & receiv$ num]\s honor>y degrees4 ,8 works include3 ,mes ,loisirs 7#ahfc72 ,la ,voix d'un exile 7#ahfg71 a satire aga9/ ! ,canadian gov]nm5t2 ,pele-mele 7#ahgg72 ,les ,fleurs boreales1 & ,les ,oiseaux de neige 7#ahhj71 cr[n$ by ! ,fr5* academy2 ,la ,leg5de d'un peuple 7#ahhg72 two hi/orical dramas1 ,pap9eau 7#ahhj7 & ,felix ,p\tre 7#ahhj72 ,la ,noel au ,canada 7#aijj71 & sev]al prose works & translations4 ,an expon5t ( local ,fr5* s5tim5t1 he won ! title ( ! ,canadian ,laureate4 ,he di$ on ! #a/ ( ,june #aijh4 ,,fr$egond 7,fr$igundis7 7d4 #eig71 ,franki% que54 ,orig9ally a s]v+-woman1 %e inspir$ ! ,franki% k+1 ,*ilp]ic ,i41 ) a viol5t passion4 ,at h] in/igation he repudiat$ 8 fir/ wife ,audov]a1 & /rangl$ 8 second1 ,galsw9?a1 ,que5 ,brunhilda's si/]4 ,a few days aft] ?is murd] ,*ilp]ic m>ri$ ,fr$egond 7#efg74 ,?is woman ex]cis$ a mo/ p]nici\s influ5ce ov] him4 ,%e =c$ him into w> aga9/ ,au/rasia1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* %e procur$ ! assass9ation ( ! victori\s k+ ,sigeb]t 7#ege72 %e c>ri$ on a malignant /ruggle aga9/ ,*ilp]ic's sons by 8 fir/ wife1 ,!odeb]t1 ,m]wi* & ,clovis1 :o all di$ tragic dea?s2 & %e p]si/5tly endeav\r$ to secure ! ?rone = h] own *ildr54 ,h] fir/ son ,?i]ry1 h[ev]1 to :om ,bi%op ,ragnemod ( ,p>is /ood godfa!r1 di$ soon aft] bir?1 & ,fr$egond tortur$ a numb] ( wom5 :om %e accus$ ( hav+ bewit*$ ! *ild4 ,h] second son also di$ 9 infancy4 ,f9ally1 %e gave bir? to a *ild :o aft]w>ds became k+ z ,clotaire ,,ii4 ,%ortly aft] ! bir? ( ?is ?ird son1 ,*ilp]ic himself p]i%$ 9 my/]i\s circum/ances 7#ehd74 ,fr$egond has be5 accus$ ( complicity 9 8 murd]1 b ) little %[ ( probability1 s9ce 9 h] husb& %e lo/ h] pr9cipal support]4 ,h5ce=? ,fr$egond did all 9 h] p[] to ga9 ! k+dom = h] *ild4 ,tak+ refuge at ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame at ,p>is1 %e appeal$ to ,k+ ,guntram ( ,burgundy1 :o took ,clotaire "u 8 protection & def5d$ him aga9/ 8 o!r nephew1 ,*ildeb]t ,,ii41 k+ ( ,au/rasia4 ,f t "t until h] dea? ,fr$egond gov]n$ ! we/]n k+dom4 ,%e endeav\r$ to prev5t ! alliance betwe5 ,k+ ,guntram & ,*ildeb]t1 :i* 0 cem5t$ by ! pact ( ,&elot2 & made sev]al attempts to assass9ate ,*ildeb]t by s5d+ aga9/ him hir$ bravoes arm$ ) poison$ scramasaxes 7heavy s+le-edg$ knives74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,*ildeb]t 9 #eie %e resolv$ to augm5t ! k+dom ( ,neu/ria at ! exp5se ( ,au/rasia1 & to ?is end seiz$ "s cities ne> ,p>is & defeat$ ,!udeb]t at ! battle ( ,laffaux1 ne> ,soissons4 ,h] triumph1 h[ev]1 0 %ort-liv$1 z %e di$ quietly 9 h] b$ 9 #eig soon aft] h] victory4 ,see ,v4 ,n4 ,augu/9 ,?i]ry1 ,recits des temps m]ov+i5s 7,brussels1 #ahdj72 ,ulysse ,*evali]1 ,bio-bibliographie 7#bnd ed471 s4v4 ,fr$egonde4 7,c4 ,pf47 ,,fr$]ic1 ,,h>old 7#ahef-ahih71 ,anglo-,am]ican noveli/1 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,augu/ #ahef at ,utica1 ,n4,y41 0 educat$ !re1 & took to j\rnalism4 ,he w5t to live 9 ,engl& z ,london correspond5t ( ! ,new ,york ,times 9 #ahhd1 & 0 soon recogniz$ = 8 ability bo? z a writ] & z a talk]4 ,he wrote sev]al clev] e>ly /ories1 b x 0 n till he publi%$ ,illum9ation 7#ahif71 foll[$ by ,gloria ,mundi 7#ahih71 t 8 rem>kable gifts z a noveli/ 7 fully realiz$4 ,he di$ 9 ,engl& on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #ahih4 ,,fr$]icia 7,,fri$]icia71 a seaport ( ,d5m>k1 ne> ! ,s4,e4 corn] ( ,jutl&1 on ! we/ %ore ( ! ,little ,belt opposite ! isl& ( ,fu554 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ab1gad4 ,x has railway communication ) bo? s\? & nor?1 & a /eam f]ry connects ) ,middelf>t1 a seaside resort & railway /ation on ,fu554 ,!re is a consid]able %ipp+ trade1 & ! indu/ries comprise ! manufacture ( tobacco1 salt & *icory1 & ( cotton goods & hats4 ,a small =t 0 erect$ on ! site ( ,fr$]icia by ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ( ,d5m>k1 & 8 successor1 ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 det]m9$ ab\t #afej to make x a p[]ful =tress4 ,free ex]cise ( religion 0 (f]$ to all :o %\ld settle 9 ! new t[n1 :i* at fir/ bore ! "n ( ,fr$]iksodde1 & only receiv$ its pres5t designation 9 #affd4 ,9 #afeg x 0 tak5 by /orm by ! ,sw$i% g5]al ,wrangel1 & 9 #afei1 aft] ! =tress _h be5 dismantl$1 x 0 occupi$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,br&5burg4 ,x 0 n till #agji-agaj t ! works 7 aga9 put 9 a /ate ( def5ce4 ,9 #ahdh no attempt 0 made by ! ,danes to oppose ! ,prussians1 :o ent]$ on ! #bnd ( ,may1 & ma9ta9$ _! position aga9/ ! ,dani% gunboats4 ,dur+ ! armi/ice ( #ahdh-ahdi ! =tress 0 /r5g!n$1 & soon aft]w>ds x /ood a siege ( two mon?s1 :i* 0 br\ght to a glori\s close by a successful sortie on ! #f? ( ,july #ahdi4 ,9 memory ( ! victory sev]al monum5ts h be5 erect$ 9 ! t[n & its vic9ity1 ( :i* ! mo/ noticeable are ! bronze /atue ( ! ,dani% ,l& ,soldi] by ,biss5 7"o ( ,?orvalds5's pupils71 & ! great b>r[ ov] #ejj ,danes 9 ! cemet]y ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ) a bas-relief by ! same sculptor4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! w> ( #ahfd1 ! =tress 0 aga9 /r5g!n$ by new works & an entr5*$ camp2 b ! ,danes sudd5ly evacuat$ x on ! #bh? ( ,april aft] a siege ( six weeks4 ,! ,au/ro-,prussian army p>tly de/roy$ ! =tifications1 & kept possession ( ! t[n till ! conclusion ( peace4 ,,fr$]ick 7,mod4 ,g]4 ,fri$ri*2 ,ital4 ,f$]igo2 ,fr4 ,fr$]ic & ,f$]ic2 ,m4,h4,g4 ,frid]i*2 ,o4,h4,g4 ,fridurih1 k+ or "l ( peace1 f ,o4,h4,g4 fridu1 ,a4,s4 fri?1 peace1 & rih ri*1 a rul]1 = d]ivation ( :i* see ,,h5ry71 a ,*ri/ian "n borne by _m ,european sov]eigns & pr9ces1 ! m important ( :om are giv5 bel[ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--7#a7 ,roman emp]ors & ,g]man k+s2 7#b7 o!r k+s 9 ! alphabetical ord] ( _! /ates2 7#c7 o!r reign+ pr9ces 9 ! same ord]4 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7c4 #aabc-aaij71 ,roman emp]or1 surnam$ ,b>b>ossa by ! ,italians1 0 ! son ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,hoh5/auf51 duke ( ,swabia1 & ,judi?1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,ix4 ! ,black1 duke ( ,bav>ia4 ,! precise date & place ( 8 bir?1 toge!r ) details ( 8 e>ly life1 are want+2 b 9 #aadc he assi/$ 8 mat]nal uncle1 ,c\nt ,welf ,,vi41 9 8 attempts to conqu] ,bav>ia1 & by 8 conduct 9 sev]al local feuds e>n$ ! reputation ( a brave & skilful w>rior4 ,:5 8 fa!r di$ 9 #aadg ,fr$]ick became duke ( ,swabia1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds accompani$ 8 uncle1 ! ,g]man k+ ,conrad ,,iii41 on 8 disa/r\s crusade1 dur+ :i* he greatly di/+ui%$ himself & won ! complete confid5ce ( ! k+4 ,ab&on+ ! cause ( ! ,welfs1 he f\ght = ,conrad aga9/ !m1 & 9 #aaeb ! dy+ k+ advis$ ! pr9ces to *oose ,fr$]ick z 8 successor to ! exclusion ( 8 own "y son4 ,en]getically press+ 8 c&idature1 he 0 *os5 ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t on ! #d? or #e? ( ,m>* #aaeb1 & cr[n$ at ,aix-la-,*apelle on ! #i? ( ! same mon?1 ow+ 8 election p>tly to 8 p]sonal qualities1 & p>tly to ! fact t he unit$ 9 himself ! blood ( ! rival families ( ,welf & ,waibl+54 ,! new k+ 0 anxi\s to re/ore ! ,empire to ! position x _h occupi$ "u ,*>lemagne & ,otto ! ,great1 & saw cle>ly t ! re/oration ( ord] 9 ,g]many 0 a necess>y prelim9>y to ! en=cem5t ( ! imp]ial rights 9 ,italy4 ,issu+ a g5]al ord] = peace1 he 0 prodigal 9 8 concessions to ! nobles4 ,c\nt ,welf 0 made duke ( ,spoleto & m>grave ( ,tuscany2 ,b]?old ,,vi41 duke ( ,zaehr+51 0 entru/$ ) ext5sive rights 9 ,burgundy2 & ! k+'s nephew1 ,fr$]ick1 receiv$ ! du*y ( ,swabia4 ,abroad ,fr$]ick decid$ a qu>rel = ! ,dani% ?rone 9 fav\r ( ,sv5d1 or ,pet] z he is sometimes call$1 :o did homage = 8 k+dom1 & negotiations 7 begun ) ! ,ea/ ,roman emp]or1 ,manuel ,comn5us4 ,x 0 probably ab\t ?is "t t ! k+ obta9$ a divorce f 8 wife ,adela1 daught] ( ,dietpold1 m>grave ( ,vohburg & ,*am1 on ! gr\nd ( consangu9ity1 & made a va9 ef=t to obta9 a bride f ! c\rt ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,on 8 accession ,fr$]ick _h communicat$ ! news ( 8 election to ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iii41 b neglect$ to ask = ! papal confirmation4 ,9 spite ( ?is omission1 h[ev]1 & ( "s tr\ble aris+ f a d\ble election to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,magdeburg1 a treaty 0 conclud$ betwe5 k+ & pope at ,con/ance 9 ,m>* #aaec1 by :i* ,fr$]ick promis$ 9 return = 8 coronation to make no peace ) ,rog] ,i4 k+ ( ,sicily1 or ) ! rebelli\s ,romans1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,eug5ius1 & g5]ally to help & def5d ! papacy4 ,! j\rney to ,italy made by ! k+ 9 #aaed 0 ! precursor ( five o!r exp$itions :i* engag$ 8 ma9 en]gies = ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! subjugation ( ! p59sula 0 ! c5tral & abid+ aim ( 8 policy4 ,meet+ ! new pope1 ,adrian ,,iv41 ne> ,nepi1 ,fr$]ick at fir/ refus$ to hold 8 /irrup2 b aft] "s negotiations he cons5t$ & receiv$ ! kiss ( peace1 :i* 0 foll[$ by 8 coronation z emp]or at ,rome on ! #ah? ( ,june #aaee4 ,z 8 sl5d] =ces 7 inadequate to enc\nt] ! fi]ce ho/ility :i* he ar\s$1 he left ,italy 9 ! autumn ( #aaee to prep>e = a new & m =midable campaign4 ,disord] 0 aga9 rampant 9 ,g]many1 especially 9 ,bav>ia1 b g5]al peace 0 re/or$ by ,fr$]ick's vigor\s measures4 ,bav>ia 0 transf]r$ f ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,jasomirgott1 m>grave ( ,au/ria1 to ,h5ry ! ,lion1 duke ( ,saxony2 & ! =m] 0 pacifi$ by ! erection ( 8 m>graviate into a du*y1 :ile ,fr$]ick's /ep-bro!r ,conrad 0 inve/$ ) ! ,palat9ate ( ! ,rh9e4 ,on ! #i? ( ,june #aaef ! k+ 0 m>ri$ at ,wu]zburg to ,beatrix1 daught] & heiress ( ! dead c\nt ( ,upp] ,burgundy1 ,r5aud ,,iii41 :5 ,upp] ,burgundy or ,fran*e ,comte1 z x is sometimes call$1 0 add$ to 8 possessions4 ,an exp$ition into ,pol& r$uc$ ,duke ,boleslaus ,,iv4 to an abject submission1 aft] :i* ,fr$]ick receiv$ ! homage ( ! ,burgundian nobles at a diet held at ,besancon 9 ,octob] #aaeg1 :i* 0 m>k$ by a qu>rel betwe5 pope & emp]or4 ,a ,sw$i% ar*bi%op1 return+ f ,rome1 _h be5 seiz$ by robb]s1 & z ,fr$]ick _h n puni%$ ! (f5d]s ,adrian s5t two legates to remon/rate4 ,! papal lett] :5 translat$ ref]r$ to ! imp]ial cr[n z a b5efice conf]r$ by ! pope1 & its read+ ar\s$ great indignation4 ,! emp]or _h to protect ! legates f ! fury ( ! nobles2 & aft]w>ds issu$ a manife/o to 8 subjects decl>+ t he held ! ,empire f ,god alone1 to :i* ,adrian repli$ t he _h us$ ! ambigu\s ^w b5eficia z mean+ b5efits1 & n 9 its feudal s5se4 ,9 ,june #aaeh ,fr$]ick set out ^u 8 second ,italian exp$ition1 :i* 0 signaliz$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( imp]ial (fic]s call$ pode/as 9 ! cities ( nor!rn ,italy1 ! revolt & capture ( ,milan1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! long /ruggle ) pope ,alex&] ,,iii41 :o excommunicat$ ! emp]or on ! #bnd ( ,m>* #aafj4 ,dur+ ?is visit ,fr$]ick summon$ ! doctors ( ,bologna to ! diet held ne> ,roncaglia 9 ,novemb] #aaeh1 & z a result ( _! inquiries into ! rights belong+ to ! k+dom ( ,italy he obta9$ a l>ge am\nt ( weal?4 ,return+ to ,g]many t[>ds ! close ( #aafb1 ,fr$]ick prev5t$ a conflict betwe5 ,h5ry ! ,lion1 duke ( ,saxony1 & a numb] ( neighb\r+ pr9ces1 & sev]ely puni%$ ! citiz5s ( ,ma9z = _! rebellion aga9/ ,ar*bi%op ,arnold4 ,a fur!r visit to ,italy 9 #aafc saw 8 plans = ! conque/ ( ,sicily *eck$ by ! =mation ( a p[]ful league aga9/ him1 br\ght toge!r ma9ly by ! exactions ( ! pode/as & ! en=cem5t ( ! rights decl>$ by ! doctors ( ,bologna4 ,fr$]ick _h support$ an anti-pope ,victor ,,iv4 aga9/ ,alex&]1 & on ,victor's dea? 9 #aafc a new anti-pope call$ ,pas*al ,,iii4 0 *os5 to succe$ him4 ,hav+ tri$ 9 va9 to secure ! g5]al recognition ( ,victor & ,pas*al 9 ,europe1 ! emp]or held a diet at ,wu]zburg 9 ,may #aafe2 & by tak+ an oa?1 foll[$ by _m ( ! cl]gy & nobles1 to rema9 true to ,pas*al & 8 successors1 br\ght ab\t a s*ism 9 ! ,g]man *ur*4 ,a tempor>y alliance ) ,h5ry ,,ii41 k+ ( ,engl&1 ! magnific5t celebration ( ! canonization ( ,*>lemagne at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & ! re/oration ( peace 9 ! ,rh9el&1 occupi$ ,fr$]ick's att5tion until ,octob] #aaff1 :5 he made 8 f\r? j\rney to ,italy4 ,hav+ captur$ ,ancona1 he m>*$ to ,rome1 /orm$ ! ,leon9e city1 & procur$ ! en?ronem5t ( ,pas*al1 & ! coronation ( 8 wife ,beatrix2 b 8 victori\s c>e] 0 /opp$ by ! sudd5 outbreak ( a pe/il5ce :i* de/roy$ ! ,g]man army & drove ! emp]or z a fugitive to ,g]many1 :]e he rema9$ = ! ensu+ six ye>s4 ,h5ry ! ,lion 0 aga9 sav$ f a ?reat5+ comb9ation2 conflict+ claims to v>i\s bi%oprics 7 decid$2 & ! imp]ial au?ority 0 ass]t$ ov] ,bohemia1 ,pol& & ,hung>y4 ,fri5dly relations 7 ent]$ into ) ! emp]or ,manuel1 & attempts made to come to a bett] und]/&+ ) ,h5ry ,,ii41 k+ ( ,engl&1 & ,l\is ,,vii41 k+ ( ,france4 ,9 #aagd1 :5 ,fr$]ick made 8 fif? exp$ition to ,italy1 ! ,lomb>d league _h be5 =m$1 & ! =tress ( ,aless&ria rais$ to *eck 8 progress4 ,! campaign 0 a complete failure4 ,! refusal ( ,h5ry ! ,lion to br+ help into ,italy 0 foll[$ by ! defeat ( ! emp]or at ,legnano on ! #bi? ( ,may #aagf1 :5 he 0 w\nd$ & believ$ to be dead4 ,rea*+ ,pavia1 he began negotiations = peace ) ,alex&]1 :i* rip5$ into ! treaty ( ,v5ice 9 ,augu/ #aagg1 & at ! same "t a truce ) ! ,lomb>d league 0 arrang$ = six ye>s4 ,fr$]ick1 loos$ f ! papal ban1 recogniz$ ,alex&] z ! rightful pope1 & 9 ,july #aagg knelt be=e him & kiss$ 8 feet4 ,! possession ( ! va/ e/ates left by ,matilda1 m>*ioness ( ,tuscany1 & claim$ by bo? pope & emp]or1 0 to be decid$ by arbitration1 & 9 ,octob] #aagh ! emp]or 0 aga9 9 ,g]many4 ,v>i\s small feuds 7 suppress$2 ,h5ry ! ,lion 0 depriv$ ( 8 du*y1 :i* 0 dismemb]$1 & s5t into exile2 a treaty 0 made ) ! ,lomb>d league at ,con/ance 9 ,june #aahc2 & mo/ important ( all1 ,fr$]ick's son ,h5ry 0 betro!d 9 #aahd to ,con/ance1 daught] ( ,rog] ,i41 k+ ( ,sicily1 & aunt & heiress ( ! reign+ k+1 ,william ,,ii4 ,?is betro?al1 :i* ?reat5$ to unite ,sicily ) ! ,empire1 made x difficult = ,fr$]ick1 :5 dur+ 8 la/ ,italian exp$ition 9 #aahd he met ,pope ,lucius ,,iii4 at ,v]ona1 to e/abli% fri5dly relations ) ! papacy4 ,fur!r causes ( tr\ble arose1 moreov]1 & :5 ! pot5tates sep>at$ ! "q ( ,matilda's e/ates 0 undecid$2 & ,lucius _h refus$ to cr[n ,h5ry or to recognize ! ,g]man cl]gy :o _h be5 orda9$ dur+ ! s*ism4 ,fr$]ick !n =m$ an alliance ) ,milan1 :]e ! citiz5s witness$ a great fe/ival on ! #bg? ( ,janu>y #aahf4 ,! emp]or1 :o _h be5 cr[n$ k+ ( ,burgundy1 or ,arles1 at ,arles on ! #cj? ( ,july #aagh1 _h ?is c]emony repeat$2 :ile 8 son ,h5ry 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ,italy & m>ri$ to ,con/ance1 :o 0 cr[n$ que5 ( ,g]many4 ,! qu>rel ) ! papacy 0 cont9u$ ) ! new pope ,urban ,,iii41 & op5 w>f>e 0 begun4 ,b ,fr$]ick 0 soon recall$ to ,g]many by ! news ( a revolt rais$ by ,philip ( ,he9sb]g1 ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 9 alliance ) ! pope4 ,! ,g]man cl]gy rema9$ loyal to ! emp]or1 & ho/ilities 7 *eck$ by ! dea? ( ,urban & ! election ( a new pope z ,gregory ,,viii41 :o adopt$ a m fri5dly policy t[>ds ! emp]or4 ,9 #aahh ,philip submitt$1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ,fr$]ick took ! cross 9 ord] to /op ! victori\s c>e] ( ,salad91 :o _h j tak5 ,j]usalem4 ,aft] ext5sive prep>ations he left ,reg5sburg 9 ,may #aahi at ! head ( a spl5did army1 & hav+ ov]come ! ho/ility ( ! ,ea/ ,roman emp]or ,isaac ,angelus1 m>*$ into ,asia ,m9or4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,june #aaij ,fr$]ick 0 ei!r ba?+ or cross+ ! riv] ,calycadnus 7,geuksu71 ne> ,seleucia 7,selefke7 9 ,cilicia1 :5 he 0 c>ri$ away by ! /ream & dr[n$4 ,! place ( 8 burial is unkn[n1 & ! leg5d :i* says he /ill sits 9 a cav]n 9 ! ,kyffhaeus] m\nta9 9 ,?ur+ia wait+ until ! ne$ ( 8 c\ntry %all call him1 is n[ ?\ght to ref]1 at lea/ 9 its e>li] =m1 to 8 gr&son1 ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,he left by 8 wife1 ,beatrix1 five sons1 ( :om ! elde/ aft]w>ds became emp]or z ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,fr$]ick's reign1 on ! :ole1 0 a happy & prosp]\s "t = ,g]many4 ,he enc\rag$ ! gr[? ( t[ns1 easily suppress$ ! few ris+s aga9/ 8 au?ority1 & took /rong & successful measures to e/abli% ord]4 ,ev5 aft] ! sev]e rev]ses :i* he exp]i5c$ 9 ,italy1 8 position 9 ,g]many 0 nev] s]i\sly weak5$2 & 9 #aaha1 :51 almo/ )\t /rik+ a bl[1 he depriv$ ,h5ry ! ,lion ( 8 du*y1 he seem$ /rong] ?an ev]4 ,?is p[] re/$ ^u 8 e>ne/ & comm&+ p]sonality1 & also ^u ! support :i* he receiv$ f ! ,g]man *ur*1 ! possession ( a valuable private doma91 & ! c>e ) :i* he exact$ feudal dues f 8 dep5d5ts4 ,fr$]ick ,i4 is said to h tak5 ,*>lemagne z 8 model2 b ! conte/ 9 :i* he engag$ 0 entirely diff]5t bo? 9 "* & results f t 9 :i* 8 great pr$ecessor a*iev$ su* a wond]ful tempor>y success4 ,?\gh ,fr$]ick fail$ to subdue ! republics1 ! failure c sc>cely be said to reflect ei!r on 8 prud5ce z a /atesman or 8 skill z a g5]al1 = 8 asc5dancy 0 f9ally ov]?r[n r by ! ravages ( pe/il5ce ?an by ! might ( human arms4 ,9 ,g]many 8 resolute w & sagaci\s adm9i/ration subdu$ or dis>m$ all discont5t1 & he n only succe$$ 9 weld+ ! v>i\s rival int]e/s into a unity ( devotion to himself aga9/ :i* papal intrigues 7 comp>atively p[]less1 b won = ! empire a pre/ige su* z x _h n possess$ s9ce ! "t ( ,otto ! ,great4 ,! wide contra/ betwe5 8 ,g]man & ,italian rule is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! fact t1 :ile he endeav\r$ to ov]?r[ ! republics 9 ,italy1 he held 9 *eck ! p[] ( ! nobles 9 ,g]many1 by conf]r+ municipal fran*ises & indep5d5t rights on ! pr9cipal cities4 ,ev5 9 ,italy1 ?\gh 8 g5]al c\rse ( action 0 w>p$ by wrong prepossessions1 he 9 _m in/ances manife/$ exceptional practical sagacity 9 deal+ ) imm$iate difficulties & em]g5cies4 ,possess+ frank & op5 mann]s1 untir+ & unre/+ en]gy1 & a pr[ess :i* f\nd its native elem5t 9 difficulty & dang]1 he seem$ ! embodim5t ( ! *ivalr\s & w>like _s ( 8 age1 & 0 ! model ( all ! qualities :i* !n won highe/ admiration4 ,/]n & ambiti\s he c]ta9ly 01 b 8 aims c sc>cely be said to h exce$$ 8 pr]ogatives z emp]or2 & ?\gh he _h sometimes rec\rse :5 9 /raits to exp$i5ts almo/ diabolically +5i\s 9 _! cruelty1 yet 8 g5]al conduct 0 m>k$ by a clem5cy :i* 9 t age 0 exceptional4 ,8 qu>rel ) ! papacy 0 an inh]it$ conflict1 n reflect+ at all on 8 religi\s fai?1 b ! inevitable consequ5ce ( inconsi/5t !ories ( gov]nm5t1 :i* _h be5 creat$ & c\ld be dissipat$ only by a long s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,8 int]f]5ce 9 ! qu>rels ( ! republics 0 n only q ju/ifiable f ! relation 9 :i* he /ood to !m1 b seem$ absolutely necess>y4 ,f ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 he treat$ ! ,italians1 z inde$ 0 only natural1 less z rebelli\s subjects ?an z conqu]$ ali5s2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 reg>d to !m ! only effective portion ( 8 proc$ure 01 n 8 en]getic measures ( repression nor 8 brilliant victories1 b1 aft] ! battle ( ,legnano1 8 quiet & *e]ful acceptance ( ! inevitable1 & ! consequ5t complete *ange 9 8 policy1 by :i* if he did n obta9 ! great object ( 8 ambition1 he at lea/ did mu* to r5d] innoxi\s = ! ,empire 8 previ\s mi/akes4 ,9 appe>ance ,fr$]ick 0 a man ( well-proportion$1 m$ium /ature1 ) fl[+ yell[ hair & a r$di% be>d4 ,he delight$ 9 hunt+ & ! read+ ( hi/ory1 0 zeal\s 9 8 att5tion to public bus9ess1 & 8 private life 0 unimpea*able4 ,c>lyle's tribute to him is int]e/+3 ,no k+ s furni%$ out ) app>atus & ar5a1 ) p]sonal faculty to rule & sc5e to d x 91 has appe>$ else:]e4 ,a magnific5t1 magnanim\s man2 hold+ ! re9s ( ! _w1 n q 9 ! imag9>y s5se2 sc\rg+ an>*y d[n1 & urg+ noble ef=t up1 really on a gr& scale4 ,a t]ror to evil-do]s & a praise to well-do]s 9 ?is _w1 probably beyond :at 0 ev] se5 s9ce4 ,! pr9cipal contempor>y au?ority = ! e>li] "p ( ! reign ( ,fr$]ick is ! ,ge/a ,frid]ici imp]atoris1 ma9ly ! "w ( ,otto1 bi%op ( ,freis+4 ,?is is cont9u$ f #aaef to #aafj by ,rahew91 a canon ( ,freis+1 & f #aafj to #aagj by an anonym\s au?or4 ,! v>i\s annals & *ronicles ( ! p]iod1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,*ronica regia ,coloni5sis & ! ,annales ,magdeburg5ses1 are also important4 ,o!r au?orities = ! diff]5t p]iods 9 ,fr$]ick's reign are ,tag5o ( ,passau1 ,descriptio exp$itionis asiaticae ,frid]ici ,i42 ,bur*>d1 ,hi/oria ,frid]ici imp]atoris magni2 ,godfrey ( ,vit]bo1 ,c>m5 de ge/is ,frid]ici ,i41 :i* are all f\nd 9 ! ,monum5ta ,g]maniae hi/orica4 ,scriptores 7,hanov] & ,b]l91 #ahbf-ahib72 ,otto ,mor5a ( ,lodi1 ,hi/oria r]um ,laud5sium1 cont9u$ by 8 son1 ,ac]bus1 also 9 ! ,monum5ta2 ,ansb]t1 ,hi/oria de exp$itione ,frid]ici1 #aahg-aaif1 publi%$ 9 ! ,fontes r]um ,au/riac>um4 ,scriptores 7,vi5na1 #ahee fol474 ,_m valuable docum5ts are f\nd 9 ! ,monum5ta ,g]maniae selecta1 ,b& iv41 edit$ by ,m4 ,doeb]l 7,muni*1 #ahhi-ahij74 ,! be/ mod]n au?orities are ,j4 ,ja/r[1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te im ,zeitalt] d] ,hoh5/auf5 7,b]l91 #ahic72 ,w4 von ,giesebre*t1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,kais]zeit1 ,b& iv4 7,brunswick1 #ahgg72 ,h4 von ,bu5au1 ,leb5 und ,?at5 ,fri$ri*s ,i4 7,leipzig1 #ahgb72 ,h4 ,prutz1 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,i4 7,dantzig1 #ahga-ahgd72 ,c4 ,pet]s1 ,die ,wahl ,kais] ,fri$ri*s ,i4 9 ! ,=s*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 ,b& xx4 7,goett+51 #ahfb-ahhf72 ,w4 ,gundla*1 ,b>b>ossali$] 7,innsbruck1 #ahii74 ,= a complete bibliography see ,dahlmann-,waitz1 ,quell5kunde d] deuts*5 ,ges*i*te 7,goett+51 #ahid71 & ,u4 ,*evali]1 ,rep]toire des s\rces hi/oriques du moy5 age1 tome iii4 7,p>is1 #aijd74 ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#aaid-abej71 ,roman emp]or1 k+ ( ,sicily & ,j]usalem1 0 ! son ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,vi4 & ,con/ance1 daught] ( ,rog] ,i41 k+ ( ,sicily1 & !re=e gr&son ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i4 & a memb] ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 family4 ,born at ,jesi ne> ,ancona on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] #aaid1 he 0 baptiz$ by ! "n ( ,fr$]ick ,rog]1 *os5 ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t 9 #aaif1 & aft] 8 fa!r's dea? cr[n$ k+ ( ,sicily at ,pal]mo on ! #ag? ( ,may #aaih4 ,8 "m1 :o assum$ ! gov]nm5t1 di$ 9 ,novemb] #aaih1 leav+ ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 z reg5t ( ,sicily & gu>dian ( h] son4 ,! "y k+ pass$ 8 e>ly ye>s amid ! t]rible an>*y 9 8 isl& k+dom1 :i* ,innoc5t 0 p[]less to *eck2 b 8 education 0 n neglect$1 & 8 "* & habits 7 =m$ by contact ) m5 ( v>i$ nationalities & int]e/s1 :ile ! d>k] traits ( 8 nature 7 develop$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( lawlessness 9 :i* he liv$4 ,9 #abjh he 0 decl>$ ( age1 & soon aft]w>ds ,innoc5t arrang$ a m>riage1 :i* 0 celebrat$ ! foll[+ ye>1 betwe5 him & ,con/ance1 daught] ( ,alphonso ,,ii4 k+ ( ,aragon1 & wid[ ( ,em]i* or ,imre1 k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,! dissatisfaction felt 9 ,g]many ) ! emp]or ,otto ,,iv4 came to a climax 9 ,septemb] #abaa1 :5 a numb] ( influ5tial pr9ces met at ,nuremb]g1 decl>$ ,otto depos$1 & invit$ ,fr$]ick to come & occupy ! vacant ?rone4 ,9 spite ( ! reluctance ( 8 wife1 & ! opposition ( ! ,sicilian nobles1 he accept$ ! invitation2 & hav+ recogniz$ ! papal supremacy ov] ,sicily1 & procur$ ! coronation ( 8 son ,h5ry z its k+1 rea*$ ,g]many aft] an adv5tur\s j\rney 9 ! autumn ( #abab4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 ) ! approval ( ! pope1 :o 0 anxi\s to /rike a bl[ at ,otto ,,iv4 ,fr$]ick 0 welcom$ 9 ,swabia1 & ! r5[n ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 "n & a lib]al di/ribution ( promises made 8 progress easy4 ,hav+ arrang$ a treaty aga9/ ,otto ) ,l\is1 son ( ,philip ,augu/us1 k+ ( ,france1 :om he met at ,vauc\leurs1 he 0 *os5 ,g]man k+ a second "t at ,frank=t on ! #e? ( ,decemb] #abab1 & cr[n$ f\r days lat] at ,ma9z4 ,anxi\s to reta9 ! support ( ! pope1 ,fr$]ick promulgat$ a bull at ,eg] on ! #ab? ( ,july #abac1 by :i* he r5\nc$ all l&s claim$ by ! pope s9ce ! dea? ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,vi4 9 #aaig1 gave up ! "r ( spoils & all int]f]5ce 9 episcopal elections1 & ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( appeal to ,rome4 ,he aga9 affirm$ ! papal supremacy ov] ,sicily1 & promis$ to root out h]esy 9 ,g]many4 ,! victory ( 8 ,fr5* allies at ,b\v9es on ! #bg? ( ,july #abad greatly /r5g!n$ 8 position1 & a l>ge "p ( ! ,rh9el& hav+ fall5 into 8 p[]1 he 0 cr[n$ ,g]man k+ at ,aix-la-,*apelle on ! #be? ( ,july #abae4 ,8 cause cont9u$ to prosp]1 fre% support]s ga!r$ r\nd 8 /&>d1 & 9 ,may #abah ! dea? ( ,otto fre$ him f 8 rival & left him undisput$ rul] ( ,g]many4 ,a fur!r attempt to allay ! pope's appreh5sion le/ ,sicily %\ld be unit$ ) ! ,empire _h be5 made e>ly 9 #abaf1 :5 ,fr$]ick1 9 a lett] to ,innoc5t1 promis$ aft] 8 own coronation z emp]or to recognize 8 son ,h5ry z k+ ( ,sicily1 & to place him "u ! suz]a9ty ( ,rome4 ,h5ry nev]!less 0 br\ght to ,g]many & *os5 ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t 9 ,april #abbj1 ?\gh ,fr$]ick assur$ ! new pope1 ,honorius ,,iii41 t ?is /ep _h be5 tak5 )\t 8 cons5t4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 seems to be t he _h tak5 great tr\ble to secure ?is election1 & = ! purpose _h won ! support ( ! spiritual pr9ces by ext5sive concessions4 ,9 ,augu/ #abbj ,fr$]ick set out = ,italy1 & 0 cr[n$ emp]or at ,rome on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #abbj2 aft] :i* he repeat$ ! und]tak+ he _h ent]$ into at ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #abae to g on crusade1 & made lavi% promises to ! ,*ur*4 ,! cl]gy 7 fre$ f taxation & f lay jurisdiction1 ! ban ( ! ,empire 0 to foll[ ! ban ( ! ,*ur*1 & h]etics 7 to be sev]ely puni%$4 ,neglect+ 8 promise to lead a crusade1 ,fr$]ick 0 occupi$ until #abbe 9 re/or+ ord] 9 ,sicily4 ,! isl& 0 see?+ ) disord]1 b by /]n & sometimes cruel measures ! emp]or suppress$ ! an>*y ( ! b>ons1 curb$ ! p[] ( ! cities1 & subdu$ ! rebelli\s ,s>ac5s1 _m ( :om1 transf]r$ to ! ma9l& & settl$ at ,noc]a1 aft]w>ds r5d]$ him valuable milit>y s]vice4 ,mean:ile ! crusade 0 po/pon$ aga9 & aga92 until "u a ?reat ( excommunication1 aft] ! fall ( ,damietta 9 #abba1 ,fr$]ick def9itely und]took by a treaty made at ,san ,g]mano 9 #abbe to set out 9 ,augu/ #abbg or to submit to ?is p5alty4 ,8 own int]e/s turn$ m /rongly to ! ,ea/1 :5 on ! #i? ( ,novemb] #abbe1 aft] hav+ be5 a wid[] s9ce #abbb1 he m>ri$ ,iol&e 7,yol&e or ,isabella71 daught] ( ,john1 c\nt ( ,bri5ne1 titul> k+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,john appe>s to h expect$ t ?is alliance w\ld re/ore him to 8 k+dom1 b 8 hopes 7 da%$ to ! gr\nd :5 ,fr$]ick himself assum$ ! title ( k+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,! emp]or's next /ep 0 an attempt to re/ore ! imp]ial au?ority 9 nor!rn ,italy1 & = ! purpose a diet 0 call$ at ,cremona4 ,b ! cities1 wat*ful & suspici\s1 r5ew$ ! ,lomb>d league & took up a ho/ile attitude4 ,fr$]ick's reply 0 to annul ! treaty ( ,con/ance & place ! cities "u ! imp]ial ban2 b he 0 =c$ by lack ( milit>y /r5g? to accept ! m$iation ( ,pope ,honorius & ! ma9t5ance ( ! /atus quo4 ,aft] ^! ev5ts1 :i* occurr$ e>ly 9 #abbg1 prep>ations = ! crusade 7 press$ on1 & ! emp]or sail$ f ,br9disi on ! #h? ( ,septemb]4 ,a pe/il5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* attack$ 8 =ces compell$ him to l& 9 ,italy ?ree days lat]1 & on ! #bi? ( ! same mon? he 0 excommunicat$ by ! new pope1 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,! great] "p ( ! succe$+ ye> 0 sp5t by pope & emp]or 9 a viol5t qu>rel4 ,al>m$ at ! increase 9 8 oppon5t's p[]1 ,gregory d5\nc$ him 9 a public lett]1 to :i* ,fr$]ick repli$ 9 a clev] docum5t address$ to ! pr9ces ( ,europe4 ,! read+ ( ?is manife/o1 draw+ att5tion to ! absolute p[] claim$ by ! popes1 0 receiv$ 9 ,rome ) su* evid5ces ( approval t ,gregory 0 compell$ to fly to ,vit]bo4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 wife ,isabella on ! #h? ( ,may #abbh1 ,fr$]ick aga9 set sail = ,pale/9e1 :]e he met ) consid]able success1 ! result ( diplomatic r ?an ( milit>y skill4 ,by a treaty made 9 ,febru>y #abbi he secur$ possession ( ,j]usalem1 ,be?lehem1 ,naz>e? & ! surr\nd+ neighb\rhood4 ,ent]+ ,j]usalem1 he cr[n$ himself k+ ( t city on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #abbi4 ,^! successes _h be5 won 9 spite ( ! ho/ility ( ,gregory1 :i* depriv$ ,fr$]ick ( ! assi/ance ( _m memb]s ( ! milit>y ord]s & ( ! cl]gy ( ,pale/9e4 ,b al?\gh ! emp]or's possessions on ! ,italian ma9l& _h be5 attack$ 9 8 abs5ce by ! papal troops & _! allies1 ,gregory's ef=ts _h fail$ to ar\se s]i\s opposition 9 ,g]many & ,sicily2 s t :5 ,fr$]ick return$ unexpect$ly to ,italy 9 ,june #abbi he _h no difficulty 9 driv+ back 8 enemies1 & compell+ ! pope to sue = peace4 ,! result 0 ! treaty ( ,san ,g]mano1 arrang$ 9 ,july #abcj1 by :i* ! emp]or1 loos$ f ! ban1 promis$ to respect ! papal t]ritory1 & to all[ fre$om ( election & o!r privileges to ! ,sicilian cl]gy4 ,fr$]ick 0 next engag$ 9 complet+ ! pacification ( ,sicily4 ,9 #abca a s]ies ( laws 7 publi%$ at ,melfi :i* de/roy$ ! asc5dancy ( ! feudal nobles4 ,royal (ficials 7 appo9t$ = adm9i/rative purposes1 l>ge e/ates 7 recov]$ = ! cr[n1 & =tresses 7 de/roy$1 :ile ! *ur* 0 plac$ "u ! royal jurisdiction & all gifts to x 7 prohibit$4 ,at ! same "t c]ta9 privileges ( self-gov]nm5t 7 grant$ to ! t[ns1 repres5tatives f :i* 7 summon$ to sit 9 ! diet4 ,9 %ort1 by means ( a c5traliz$ sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ! k+ e/abli%$ an almo/ absolute mon>*ical p[]4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 an entirely diff]5t policy 0 pursu$4 ,! concessions grant$ by ,fr$]ick 9 #abbj1 toge!r ) ! ,privilege ( ,worms1 dat$ ! #a/ ( ,may #abca1 made ! ,g]man pr9ces virtually indep5d5t4 ,all jurisdiction ov] _! l&s 0 ve/$ 9 !m1 no new m9ts or toll-c5tres 7 to be erect$ on _! doma9s1 & ! imp]ial au?ority 0 re/rict$ to a small & dw9dl+ area4 ,a fi]ce attack 0 also made on ! rights ( ! cities4 ,compell$ to re/ore all _! l&s1 _! jurisdiction 0 b\nd$ by _! city-walls2 !y 7 =bidd5 to receive ! dep5d5ts ( ! pr9ces2 all trade gilds 7 decl>$ aboli%$2 & all (ficial appo9tm5ts made )\t ! cons5t ( ! ar*bi%op or bi%op 7 annull$4 ,a fur!r attack on ! ,lomb>d cities at ! diet ( ,rav5na 9 #abca 0 answ]$ by a r5ewal ( _! league1 & 0 soon connect$ ) unre/ 9 ,g]many4 ,ab\t #abca a brea* took place betwe5 ,fr$]ick & 8 eld] son ,h5ry1 :o appe>s to h oppos$ ! ,privilege ( ,worms & to h fav\r$ ! t[ns aga9/ ! pr9ces4 ,aft] refus+ to travel to ,italy1 ,h5ry *ang$ 8 m9d & submitt$ to 8 fa!r at ,aquileia 9 #abcb2 & a tempor>y peace 0 made ) ! ,lomb>d cities 9 ,june #abcc4 ,b on 8 return to ,g]many ,h5ry aga9 rais$ ! /&>d ( revolt1 & made a league ) ! ,lomb>ds 9 ,decemb] #abcd4 ,fr$]ick1 mean:ile1 hav+ help$ ,pope ,gregory aga9/ ! rebelli\s ,romans & hav+ secur$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,france & ,engl&1 appe>$ 9 ,g]many e>ly 9 #abce & put d[n ?is ris+ )\t difficulty4 ,h5ry 0 imprison$1 b 8 associates 7 treat$ l5i5tly4 ,9 ,augu/ #abce a spl5did diet 0 held at ,ma9z1 dur+ :i* ! m>riage ( ! emp]or ) ,isabella 7#abad-abda71 daught] ( ,john1 k+ ( ,engl&1 0 celebrat$4 ,a g5]al peace 7,l&fri$571 :i* became ! basis ( all su* peaces 9 ! future1 0 sworn to2 a new (fice1 t ( imp]ial ju/ici>1 0 creat$1 & a p]man5t judicial record 0 fir/ in/itut$4 ,otto ( ,brunswick1 gr&son ( ,h5ry ! ,lion1 duke ( ,saxony1 0 made duke ( ,brunswick-,lu5eburg2 & w> 0 decl>$ aga9/ ! ,lomb>ds4 ,fr$]ick 0 n[ at ! height ( 8 p[]4 ,8 second son1 ,conrad1 0 inve/$ ) ! du*y ( ,swabia1 & ! claim ( ,w5ceslaus1 k+ ( ,bohemia1 to "s l&s :i* _h belong$ to ! ,g]man k+ ,philip 0 b\ght (f4 ,! attitude ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7! ,qu>relsome71 duke ( ,au/ria1 _h be5 consid]$ by ! emp]or s suspici\s t dur+ a visit paid by ,fr$]ick to ,italy a w> aga9/ him 0 begun4 ,compell$ to return by ! ill-=tune :i* att5d$ ?is campaign1 ! emp]or took comm& ( 8 troops1 seiz$ ,au/ria1 ,/yria & ,c>9?ia1 & decl>$ ^! t]ritories to be imm$iately dep5d5t on ! ,empire4 ,9 ,janu>y #abcg he secur$ ! election ( 8 son ,conrad z ,g]man k+ at ,vi5na2 & 9 ,septemb] w5t to ,italy to prosecute ! w> :i* _h brok5 out ) ! ,lomb>ds 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,pope ,gregory attempt$ to m$iate1 b ! cities refus$ to accept ! insult+ t]ms (f]$ by ,fr$]ick4 ,! emp]or ga9$ a great victory ov] _! =ces at ,cort5uova 9 ,novemb] #abcg2 b ?\gh he met ) "s fur!r successes1 8 failure to take ,brescia 9 ,octob] #abch1 toge!r ) ! *ang$ attitude ( ,gregory1 turn$ ! =tune ( w>4 ,! pope _h become al>m$ :5 ! emp]or br\ght ab\t a m>riage betwe5 ! heiress ( ,s>d9ia1 ,adelasia1 & 8 natural son ,enzio1 :o aft]w>ds assum$ ! title ( k+ ( ,s>d9ia4 ,b z 8 w>n+s _h be5 disreg>d$1 he issu$ a docum5t aft] ! emp]or's retreat f ,brescia1 teem+ ) compla9ts aga9/ ,fr$]ick1 & foll[$ x up by an op5 alliance ) ! ,lomb>ds1 & by ! excommunication ( ! emp]or on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #abci4 ,a viol5t w> ( words ensu$4 ,fr$]ick1 accus$ ( h]esy1 blasphemy & o!r crimes1 call$ ^u all k+s & pr9ces to unite aga9/ ! pope1 :o on 8 side made vigor\s ef=ts to ar\se opposition 9 ,g]many1 :]e 8 emiss>ies1 a cr[d ( w&]+ fri>s1 7 actively prea*+ rebellion4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to f9d an anti-k+4 ,9 ,italy1 ,spoleto & ,ancona 7 decl>$ "p ( ! imp]ial dom9ions1 & ,rome itself1 fai?ful on ?is occasion to ! pope1 0 ?reat5$4 ,a numb] ( ecclesia/ics proce$+ to a c\ncil call$ by ,gregory 7 captur$ by ,enzio at ! sea-fight ( ,meloria1 & ! emp]or 0 ab\t to und]take ! siege ( ,rome1 :5 ! pope di$ 7,augu/ #abda74 ,g]many 0 at ?is "t m5ac$ by ! ,mongols2 b ,fr$]ick cont5t$ himself ) issu+ directions = a campaign aga9/ !m1 until 9 #abdb he 0 able to pay a %ort visit to ,g]many1 :]e he ga9$ "s support f ! t[ns by grants ( ext5sive privileges4 ,! successor ( ,gregory 0 ,pope ,cele/9e ,,ix4 ,b ?is pontiff di$ soon aft] 8 election2 & aft] a delay ( eighte5 mon?s1 dur+ :i* ,fr$]ick m>*$ aga9/ ,rome on two occasions & deva/at$ ! l&s ( 8 oppon5ts1 "o ( 8 p>tisans1 ,s9ibaldo ,fiesco1 0 *os5 pope1 & took ! "n ( ,innoc5t ,,iv4 ,negotiations = peace 7 begun1 b ! relations ( ! ,lomb>d cities to ! ,empire c\ld n be adju/$1 & :5 ! emp]or began aga9 to ravage ! papal t]ritories ,innoc5t fl$ to ,lyons4 ,hi!r he summon$ a g5]al c\ncil1 :i* met 9 ,june #abde2 b al?\gh ,fr$]ick s5t 8 ju/ici>1 ,?addeus ( ,suessa1 to repres5t him1 & express$ 8 will+ness to treat1 s5t5ce ( excommunication & deposition 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ him4 ,once m an int]*ange ( recrim9ations began1 *>g$ ) all ! viol5t hyp]bole *>act]i/ic ( ! controv]sial /yle ( ! age4 ,accus$ ( violat+ treaties1 break+ oa?s1 p]secut+ ! *ur* & abett+ h]esy1 ,fr$]ick repli$ by an op5 lett] rebutt+ ^! *>ges1 & 9 equally unmeasur$ t]ms d5\nc$ ! arrogance & want ( fai? ( ! cl]gy f ! pope d[nw>ds4 ,! s\rce ( all ! evil 01 he decl>$1 ! excessive weal? ( ! *ur*1 :i*1 9 retaliation = ! s5t5ce ( excommunication1 he ?reat5$ to confiscate4 ,9 va9 ! m$iation ( ! sa9tly k+ ( ,france1 ,l\is ,,ix41 0 invok$4 ,innoc5t surpass$ 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! f]ocity & unscrupul\sness ( 8 attacks on ! emp]or 7see ,,innoc5t ,,iv474 ,w> soon became g5]al 9 ,g]many & ,italy4 ,h5ry ,raspe1 l&grave ( ,?ur+ia1 0 *os5 ,g]man k+ 9 opposition to ,fr$]ick 9 ,may #abdf1 b nei!r he nor 8 successor1 ,william ,,ii41 c\nt ( ,holl&1 0 successful 9 driv+ ! ,hoh5/auf5 f ,g]many4 ,9 ,italy1 dur+ ! emp]or's abs5ce1 8 cause _h be5 upheld by ,enzio & by ! f]oci\s ,eccel9o da ,romano4 ,9 #abdf a =midable conspiracy ( ! discont5t$ ,apulian b>ons aga9/ ! emp]or's p[] & life1 fom5t$ by papal emiss>ies1 0 discov]$ & cru%$ ) ru?less cruelty4 ,! emp]or's p[] seem$ m firmly e/abli%$ ?an ev]1 :5 sudd5ly ! news rea*$ him t ,p>ma1 a /ronghold ( ! imp]ial au?ority 9 ! nor?1 _h be5 surpris$1 :ile ! g>rison 0 (f its gu>d1 by ! ,guelphs4 ,to recov] ! city 0 a matt] ( prime importance1 & 9 #abdg ,fr$]ick conc5trat$ 8 =ces r\nd x1 build+ ov] aga9/ x a wood5 t[n :i*1 9 anticipation ( ! success t a/rolog]s _h pr$ict$1 he nam$ ,vittoria4 ,! siege1 h[ev]1 0 protract$1 & f9ally1 9 ,febru>y #abdh1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! emp]or on a hunt+ exp$ition1 0 br\ght to an end by a sudd5 sortie ( ! m5 ( ,p>ma1 :o /orm$ ! imp]ial camp4 ,! disa/] 0 complete4 ,! emp]or's =ces 7 de/roy$ or scatt]$2 ! treasury1 ) ! imp]ial insignia1 toge!r ) ,fr$]ick's h>em & "s ( ! mo/ tru/$ ( 8 m9i/]s1 fell into ! h&s ( ! victors4 ,?addeus ( ,suessa 0 hack$ to pieces by ! mob2 ! imp]ial cr[n 0 plac$ 9 mock]y on ! head ( a hun*-back$ begg>1 :o 0 c>ri$ back 9 triumph into ! city4 ,fr$]ick /ruggl$ h>d to retrieve 8 =tunes1 & = a :ile ) success4 ,b 8 old confid5ce _h left him2 he _h gr[n moody & suspici\s1 & 8 temp] gave a ready h&le to 8 enemies4 ,pi] della ,vigna1 accus$ ( treasonable designs1 0 disgrac$2 & ! once all-p[]ful fav\rite & m9i/]1 bl9d$ n[ & 9 rags1 0 dragg$ 9 ! emp]or's tra91 z a w>n+ to traitors1 till 9 despair he da%$ out 8 bra9s4 ,!n1 9 ,may #abdh1 came ! tid+s ( ,enzio's capture by ! ,bolognese1 & ( 8 hopeless imprisonm5t1 ! captors refus+ all (f]s ( ransom4 ,?is disa/] to 8 fav\rite son broke ! emp]or's _s4 ,he retir$ to s\!rn ,italy1 & aft] a %ort illness di$ at ,fior5t9o on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #abej1 aft] hav+ be5 loos$ f ! ban by ! ar*bi%op ( ,pal]mo4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ca!dral ( t city1 :]e 8 spl5did tomb may /ill be se54 ,by 8 w he appo9t$ 8 son ,conrad to succe$ him 9 ,g]many & ,sicily1 & ,h5ry1 8 son by ,isabella ( ,engl&1 to be k+ ( ,j]usalem or ,arles1 nei!r ( :i* k+doms1 h[ev]1 he obta9$4 ,fr$]ick left sev]al illegitimate *ildr53 ,enzio has already be5 ref]r$ to2 ,fr$]ick1 :o 0 made ! imp]ial vic> 9 ,tuscany2 & ,manfr$1 8 son by ! belov$ ,bianca ,lancia or ,lanzia1 :o 0 legitimatiz$ j be=e 8 fa!r's dea?1 & 0 appo9t$ by 8 w pr9ce ( ,t>5to & reg5t ( ,sicily4 ,! "* ( ,fr$]ick is "o ( extraord9>y int]e/ & v]satility1 & contempor>y op9ion is express$ 9 ! words /upor mundi et immutator mirabilis4 ,lic5ti\s & luxuri\s 9 8 mann]s1 cultur$ & ca?olic 9 8 ta/es1 he unit$ 9 8 p]son ! mo/ div]se qualities4 ,8 ,sicilian c\rt 0 a c5tre ( intellectual activity4 ,mi*ael ,scott1 ! translator ( "s treatises ( ,ari/otle & ( ! comm5t>ies ( ,av]roes1 ,leon>d ( ,pisa1 :o introduc$ ,arabic num]als & algebra to ! ,we/1 & o!r s*ol>s1 ,jewi% & ,mahomm$an z well z ,*ri/ian1 7 welcome at 8 c\rt4 ,fr$]ick himself _h a k ( six languages1 0 acqua9t$ ) ma!matics1 philosophy & natural hi/ory1 & took an int]e/ 9 m$ic9e & ar*itecture4 ,9 #abbd he f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,naples1 & he 0 a lib]al patron ( ! m$ical s*ool at ,sal]no4 ,he =m$ a m5ag]ie ( /range animals1 & wrote a treatise on falconry 7,de arte v5&i cum avibus7 :i* is rem>kable = its accurate obs]vation ( ! habits ( birds4#a ,x 0 at 8 c\rt1 too1 t--z ,dante po9ts out--,italian poetry _h its bir?4 ,pi] della ,vigna !re wrote ! fir/ sonnet1 & ,italian lyrics by ,fr$]ick himself are pres]v$ to u4 ,8 wives 7 kept seclud$ 9 ori5tal fa%ion2 a h>em 0 ma9ta9$ at ,luc]a1 & eunu*s 7 a prom95t feature ( 8 h\sehold4 ,8 religi\s ideas h be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,! !ory ( ,m4 ,huill>d-,breholles t he wi%$ to unite to ! functions ( emp]or ^? ( a spiritual pontiff1 & aspir$ to be ! f\nd] ( a new religion1 is insuffici5tly support$ by evid5ce to be cr$ible4 ,al?\gh at times he p]secut$ h]etics ) great cruelty1 he tol]at$ ,mahomm$ans & ,jews1 & bo? acts appe> r to h be5 ! outcome ( political consid]ations ?an ( religi\s belief4 ,8 je/s1 :i* 7 us$ by 8 enemies z a *>ge aga9/ him1 seem to h orig9at$ 9 religi\s indiff]5ce1 or p]haps 9 a _s ( inquiry :i* anticipat$ ! ideas ( a lat] age4 ,fr$]ick's rule 9 ,g]many & ,italy 0 a failure1 b ?is fact may be acc\nt$ = by ! conditions ( ! "t & ! inevitable conflict ) ! papacy4 ,9 ,g]many ! enactm5ts ( #abbj & #abca contribut$ to ! dis9tegration ( ! ,empire & ! fall ( ! ,hoh5/auf51 :ile conflict+ int]e/s made ! gov]nm5t ( ,italy a problem ( exceptional difficulty4 ,9 ,sicily ,fr$]ick 0 m successful4 ,he quell$ disord]1 & "u 8 rule ! isl& 0 prosp]\s & cont5t$4 ,8 ideas ( gov]nm5t 7 ^? ( an absolute mon>*1 & he probably wi%$ to surr\nd himself ) "s ( ! pomp :i* _h encircl$ ! old] emp]ors ( ,rome4 ,8 *ief claim to fame1 p]haps1 is z a lawgiv]4 ,! code ( laws :i* he gave to ,sicily 9 #abca be>s ! impress ( 8 p]sonality1 & has be5 describ$ z ! fulle/ & mo/ adequate body ( legislation promulgat$ by any we/]n rul] s9ce ,*>lemagne4 ,)\t be+ a great soldi]1 ,fr$]ick 0 n unskilful 9 w>f>e1 b 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! arts ( diplomacy4 ,9 p]son he is said to h be5 r$1 bald & %ort-sight$1 b ) good features & a pleas+ c\nt5ance4 ,x 0 s]i\sly believ$ 9 ,g]many = ab\t a c5tury aft] 8 dea? t ,fr$]ick 0 /ill alive1 & _m impo/ors attempt$ to p]sonate him4 ,a leg5d1 aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 told h[ he sat 9 a cav]n 9 ! ,kyffhaeuss] be=e a /one table ?r\gh :i* 8 be>d _h gr[n1 wait+ = ! "t = him to awake & re/ore to ! ,empire ! gold5 age ( peace4 ,! contempor>y docum5ts relat+ to ! reign ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 are v num]\s4 ,among ! mo/ important are3 ,ri*>d ( ,san ,g]mano1 ,*ronica regni ,siciliae2 ,annales ,plac5t9i1 ,gibell9i2 ,alb]t ( ,/ade1 ,annales2 ,mat!w ,p>is1 ,hi/oria major ,angliae2 ,bur*>d1 ,*ronicon ,ursp]g5se4 ,all ^! are 9 ! ,monum5ta ,g]maniae hi/orica4 ,scriptores 7,hanov] & ,b]l91 #ahbf-ahib74 ,! ,r]um ,italic>um scriptores1 edit$ by ,l4 ,a4 ,muratori 7,milan1 #agbc-agea71 conta9s ,annales ,m$iolan5ses2 ,ni*olas ( ,jamsilla1 ,hi/oria de rebus ge/is ,frid]ici ,,ii41 & ,vita ,gregorii ,,ix4 pontificis4 ,!re are also ! ,epi/ol>um libri ( ,pet] della ,vigna1 edit$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,isel9 7,basel1 #agdj72 & ,salimb5e ( ,p>ma's ,*ronik1 publi%$ at ,p>ma 7#aheg74 ,_m ( ! docum5ts conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ! "t are f\nd 9 ! ,hi/oria diplomatica ,frid]ici ,,ii41 edit$ by ,m4 ,huill>d-,breholles 7,p>is1 #aheb-ahfa72 ,acta imp]ii selecta4 ,urkund5 deuts*] ,ko5ige und ,kais]1 edit$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,boehm] & ,j4 ,fick] 7,innsbruck1 #ahgj72 ,acta imp]ii in$ita seculi ,,xiii4 ,urkund5 und ,briefe zur ,ges*i*te des ,kais]rei*s und des ,ko5igrei*s ,sicili51 edit$ by ,e4 ,w9kelmann 7,innsbruck1 #ahhj72 ,epi/olae saeculi ,,xiii4 selecta e rege/is pontificum ,romanorum1 edit$ by ,c4 ,rod5b]g1 tome i4 7,b]l91 #ahhc72 ,p4 ,pressutti1 ,rege/a ,honorii papae ,,iii4 7,rome1 #ahhh72 ,l4 ,auvray1 ,les ,regi/res de ,gregoire ,,ix4 7,p>is1 #ahij74 ,! be/ mod]n au?orities are ,w4 von ,giesebre*t1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,kais]zeit1 ,b& v4 7,leipzig1 #ahhh72 ,j4 ,ja/r[1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te im ,zeitalt] d] ,hoh5/auf5 7,b]l91 #ahic72 ,f4 ,w4 ,s*irrma*]1 ,kais] ,fri$ri* d] ,zweite 7,goett+51 #ahei-ahfe72 ,beitraege zur ,ges*i*te ,kais] ,fri$ri*s ,,ii4 9 ! ,=s*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 ,b& xi4 7,goett+51 #ahfb-ahhf71 & ,die letzt5 ,hoh5/auf5 7,goett+51 #ahga72 ,e4 ,w9kelmann1 ,ges*i*te ,kais] ,fri$ri*s ,,ii und se9] ,rei*e 7,b]l91 #ahfe7 & ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,,ii4 7,leipzig1 #ahhi72 ,g4 ,blondel1 ,etude sur la politique de l'emp]eur ,fr$]ic ,,ii4 en ,allemagne 7,p>is1 #ahib72 ,m4 ,halbe1 ,fri$ri* ,,ii4 und d] paep/li*e ,/uhl 7,b]l91 #ahhh72 ,r4 ,roehri*t1 ,die ,kreuzfahrt des ,kais]s ,fri$ri* ,,ii4 7,b]l91 #ahgd72 ,c4 ,koehl]1 ,das ,v]haeltnis ,kais] ,fri$ri*s ,,ii4 zu d5 ,paep/5 se9] ,zeit 7,breslau1 #ahhh72 ,j4 ,feit51 ,pap/ ,gregor ,,ix4 7,freiburg1 #ahhf72 ,c4 ,rod5b]g1 ,innoc5z ,,iv4 und das ,ko5igrei* ,sicili5 7,halle1 #ahib72 ,k4 ,lampre*t1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te1 ,b& iii4 7,b]l91 #ahia72 ,m4 ,huill>d-,breholles1 ,vie et correspondance de ,pi]re de la ,vigne 7,p>is1 #ahfe72 ,a4 del ,vec*io1 ,la legislazione de ,f$]ico ,,ii 7,tur91 #ahgd72 & ,k4 ,hampe1 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,,ii4 7,muni*1 #ahii74 7,a4 ,w4 ,h4997 ,,footnote3 #a ,fir/ pr9t$ at ,augsburg 9 #aeif2 a ,g]man edition 0 publi%$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahif4 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#adae-adic71 ,roman emp]or1--z ,fr$]ick ,,iv41 ,g]man k+1 & z ,fr$]ick ,v41 ar*duke ( ,au/ria1--son ( ,erne/ ( ,habsburg1 duke ( ,/yria & ,c>9?ia1 0 born at ,innsbruck on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb] #adae4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #adbd he pass$ 8 "t at ! c\rt ( 8 uncle & gu>dian1 ,fr$]ick ,,iv41 c\nt ( ,tirol4 ,9 #adce1 toge!r ) 8 bro!r1 ,alb]t ! ,prodigal1 he und]took ! gov]nm5t ( ,/yria & ,c>9?ia1 b ! peace ( ^! l&s 0 di/urb$ by con/ant feuds betwe5 ! bro!rs1 :i* la/$ until ,alb]t's dea? 9 #adfc4 ,9 #adci ! dea?s ( ! ,g]man k+ ,alb]t ,,ii4 & ( ,fr$]ick ( ,tirol left ,fr$]ick ! s5ior memb] ( ! ,habsburg family1 & gu>dian ( ,sigismund1 c\nt ( ,tirol4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he also became gu>dian ( ,ladislaus1 ! po/hum\s son ( ,alb]t ,,ii41 & heir to ,bohemia1 ,hung>y & ,au/ria1 b ^! responsibilities br\ght only tr\ble & humiliation 9 _! tra94 ,on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y #addj ,fr$]ick 0 *os5 ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t1 b1 ow+ to 8 abs5ce f ,g]many1 ! coronation 0 delay$ until ! #ag? ( ,june #addb1 :5 x took place at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,disreg>d+ ! neutral attitude ( ! ,g]man electors t[>ds ! papal s*ism1 & act+ "u ! influ5ce ( ,a5eas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 ,fr$]ick 9 #adde made a secret treaty ) ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv4 ,?is develop$ into ! ,concordat ( ,vi5na1 sign$ 9 #addh ) ! succe$+ pope1 ,ni*olas ,v41 by :i* ! k+1 9 return = a sum ( money & a promise ( ! imp]ial cr[n1 pl$g$ ! ob$i5ce ( ! ,g]man p to ,rome1 & s *eck$ = a "t ! ris+ tide ( lib]ty 9 ! ,g]man *ur*4 ,tak+ up ! qu>rel betwe5 ! ,habsburgs & ! ,swiss cantons1 ,fr$]ick invit$ ! ,armagnacs to attack 8 enemies1 b aft] meet+ ) a /ubborn resi/ance at ,/ ,jacob on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #addd1 ^! allies prov$ fai?less1 & ! k+ soon lo/ e ve/ige ( au?ority 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 #adea ,fr$]ick1 disreg>d+ ! revolts 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 travell$ to ,rome1 :]e1 on ! #af? ( ,m>* #adeb1 8 m>riage ) ,leonora1 daught] ( ,edw>d1 k+ ( ,portugal1 0 celebrat$1 & ?ree days lat] he 0 cr[n$ emp]or by pope ,ni*olas4 ,on 8 return he f\nd ,g]many see?+ ) indignation4 ,8 capitulation to ! pope 0 n =gott52 8 refusal to att5d ! diets1 & 8 apa?y 9 ! face ( ,turki% aggressions1 con/itut$ a s]i\s dang]2 & plans = 8 deposition fail$ only because ! electors c\ld n unite ^u a rival k+4 ,9 #adeg ,ladislaus1 k+ ( ,hung>y & ,bohemia1 & ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 di$2 ,fr$]ick fail$ to secure ei!r k+dom1 b obta9$ l[] ,au/ria1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 soon driv5 by 8 bro!r ,alb]t1 :o occupi$ ,vi5na4 ,on ,alb]t's dea? 9 #adfc ! emp]or unit$ upp] & l[] ,au/ria "u 8 rule1 b ^! possessions 7 con/antly ravag$ by ,george ,podebrad1 k+ ( ,bohemia1 & by ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,a visit to ,rome 9 #adfh to discuss measures aga9/ ! ,turks ) ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 _h no result1 & 9 #adgj ,fr$]ick began negotiations = a m>riage betwe5 8 son ,maximilian & ,m>y1 daught] & heiress ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 duke ( ,burgundy4 ,! emp]or met ! duke at ,treves 9 #adgc1 :5 ,fr$]ick1 dislik+ to be/[ ! title ( k+ ^u ,*>les1 left ! city secretly1 b br\ght ab\t ! m>riage aft] ! duke's dea? 9 #adgg4 ,aga9 attack$ by ,mat?ias1 ! emp]or 0 driv5 f ,vi5na1 & soon h&$ ov] ! gov]nm5t ( 8 l&s to ,maximilian1 ^: election z k+ ( ! ,romans he va9ly oppos$ 9 #adhf4 ,fr$]ick !n retir$ to ,l9z1 :]e he pass$ 8 "t 9 ! /udy ( botany1 al*emy & a/ronomy1 until 8 dea? on ! #ai? ( ,augu/ #adic4 ,fr$]ick 0 a li/less & incapable rul]1 lack+ alike ! qualities ( ! soldi] & ( ! diplomati/1 b possess+ a c]ta9 clev]ness 9 evad+ difficulties4 ,) a f9e pres5ce1 he _h _m excell5t p]sonal qualities1 is spok5 ( z mild & j1 & _h a real love ( le>n+4 ,he _h a great belief 9 ! future greatness ( 8 family1 to :i* he contribut$ l>gely by arrang+ ! m>riage ( ,maximilian ) ,m>y ( ,burgundy1 & delight$ to inscribe 8 books & o!r articles ( value ) ! lett]s ,a4,e4,i4,o4,u4 7,au/riae e/ imp]>e orbi univ]so2 or 9 ,g]man1 ,alles ,erdrei* i/ ,oe/]rei* unt]?an74 ,8 p]sonality c\nts = v little 9 ,g]man hi/ory4 ,"o *ronicl] says3 ,he 0 a useless emp]or1 & ! nation dur+ 8 long reign =got t %e _h a k+4 ,8 tomb1 a magnific5t "w 9 r$ & :ite m>ble1 is 9 ! ca!dral ( ,/ ,/eph5 at ,vi5na4 ,see ,a5eas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i1 ,de rebus et ge/is ,frid]ici ,,iii4 7trans4 ,?4 ,ilg51 ,leipzig1 #ahhi72 ,j4 ,*mel1 ,ges*i*te ,kais] ,fri$ri*s ,,iv4 und se9es ,sohnes ,maximilians ,i4 7,hamburg1 #ahdj72 ,a4 ,ba*mann1 ,deuts*e ,rei*sges*i*te im ,zeitalt] ,fri$ri*s ,,iii4 und ,maximilians ,i4 7,leipzig1 #ahhd72 ,a4 ,hub]1 ,ges*i*te ,oe/]rei*s 7,go?a1 #ahhe-ahib72 & ,e4 ,m4 ,fu]/ von ,li*n[sky1 ,ges*i*te des ,hauses ,habsburg 7,vi5na1 #ahcf-ahdd74 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7c4 #abhf-accj71 surnam$ ! ,fair1 ,g]man k+ & duke ( ,au/ria1 0 ! second son ( ! ,g]man k+1 ,alb]t ,i41 & consequ5tly a memb] ( ! ,habsburg family4 ,9 #abih1 :5 8 fa!r 0 *os5 ,g]man k+1 ,fr$]ick 0 inve/$ ) "s ( ! family l&s1 & 9 #acjf1 :5 8 eld] bro!r ,rudolph became k+ ( ,bohemia1 he succe$$ to ! du*y ( ,au/ria4 ,9 #acjg ,rudolph di$1 & ,fr$]ick s\ght to obta9 ! ,bohemian ?rone2 b an exp$ition into t c\ntry 0 a failure1 & 8 fa!r's murd] 9 ,may #acjh depriv$ him ( consid]able support4 ,he 0 equally unsuccessful 9 8 ef=ts to procure ! ,g]man cr[n at ?is "t1 & ! relations betwe5 ! new k+1 ,h5ry ,,vii41 & ! ,habsburgs 7 f> f fri5dly4 ,fr$]ick ask$ n only to be confirm$ 9 ! possession ( ,au/ria1 b to be inve/$ ) ,moravia1 a dem& to :i* ,h5ry refus$ to acc$e2 b an arrangem5t 0 subsequ5tly made by :i* ! duke agre$ to r5\nce ,moravia 9 return = a paym5t ( #ej1jjj m>ks4 ,fr$]ick !n became involv$ 9 a qu>rel ) 8 c\s9 ,l\is ,,iv41 duke ( ,upp] ,bav>ia 7aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,l\is ,,iv471 ov] ! gu>dian%ip ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 duke ( ,l[] ,bav>ia4 ,ho/ilities broke out1 & on ! #i? ( ,novemb] #acac he 0 defeat$ by ,l\is at ! battle ( ,gammelsdorf & compell$ to r5\nce 8 claim4 ,mean:ile ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,vii4 _h di$ 9 ,italy1 & a /ubborn conte/ ensu$ = ! vacant ?rone4 ,aft] a long delay ,fr$]ick 0 *os5 ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t by a m9ority ( ! electors on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #acad1 :ile a majority elect$ ,l\is ( ,bav>ia4 ,six days lat] ,fr$]ick 0 cr[n$ at ,bonn by ! ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 & w> broke out at once betwe5 ! rivals4 ,dur+ ?is conte/1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on 9 a desultory fa%ion1 ,fr$]ick drew 8 *ief /r5g? f s\!rn & ea/]n ,g]many1 & 0 support$ by ! full p[] ( ! ,habsburgs4 ,! defeat ( 8 bro!r ,leopold by ! ,swiss at ,morg>t5 9 ,novemb] #acae 0 a heavy bl[ to him1 b he prolong$ ! /ruggle = sev5 ye>s4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,septemb] #acbb a decisive battle 0 f\ght at ,muehldorf2 ,fr$]ick 0 defeat$ & s5t z a prison] to ,trausnitz4 ,"h he 0 reta9$ until ?ree ye>s lat] a s]ies ( ev5ts induc$ ,l\is to come to t]ms4 ,by ! treaty ( ,trausnitz1 sign$ on ! #ac? ( ,m>* #acbe1 ,fr$]ick ackn[l$g$ ! k+%ip ( ,l\is 9 return = fre$om1 & promis$ to return to captivity unless he c\ld induce 8 bro!r ,leopold to make a simil> ackn[l$gm5t4 ,z ,leopold refus$ to take ?is /ep1 ,fr$]ick1 al?\gh releas$ f 8 oa? by ,pope ,john ,,xxii41 travell$ back to ,bav>ia1 :]e he 0 treat$ by ,l\is r z a fri5d ?an z a prison]4 ,a sugge/ion 0 !n made t ! k+s %\ld rule jo9tly1 b z ?is plan ar\s$ "s opposition x 0 agre$ t ,fr$]ick %\ld gov]n ,g]many :ile ,l\is w5t to ,italy = ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,b ?is arrangem5t did n prove g5]ally acceptable1 & ! dea? ( ,leopold 9 #acbf depriv$ ,fr$]ick ( a p[]ful support]4 ,9 ^! circum/ances he return$ to ,au/ria brok5 d[n 9 m9d & body1 & on ! #ac? ( ,janu>y #accj he di$ at ,gut5/e91 & 0 buri$ at ,mau]ba*1 :5ce 8 rema9s 7 remov$ 9 #aghc to ! ca!dral ( ,/ ,/eph5 at ,vi5na4 ,he m>ri$ ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,james ,i41 k+ ( ,aragon1 & left two daught]s4 ,8 volunt>y return into captivity is us$ by ,s*ill] 9 8 poem ,deuts*e ,treue1 & by ,j4 ,l4 ,uhl& 9 ! drama ,ludwig d] ,bay]4 ,! au?orities = ! life ( ,fr$]ick are f\nd 9 ! ,fontes r]um ,g]manic>um1 ,b& i41 edit$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,boehm] 7,/uttg>t1 #ahdc-ahfh71 & 9 ! ,fontes r]um ,au/riac>um1 "p i4 7,vi5na1 #ahee74 ,mod]n works :i* may be consult$ are3 ,e4 ,m4 ,fu]/ von ,li*n[sky1 ,ges*i*te des ,hauses ,habsburg 7,vi5na1 #ahcf-ahdd72 ,?4 ,l9dn]1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te unt] d5 ,habsburg]n und ,luxemburg]n 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhh-ahic74 ,r4 ,doebn]1 ,die ,ause9&]setzung zwis*5 ,ludwig ,,iv4 dem ,bay] und ,fri$ri* dem ,s*o55 von ,oe/]rei* 7,goett+51 #ahge72 ,f4 ,kurz1 ,oe/]rei* unt] ,ko5ig ,fri$ri* dem ,s*o55 7,l9z1 #ahah72 ,f4 ,krones1 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te ,oe/]rei*s 7,b]l91 #ahgf-ahgi72 ,h4 ,s*rohe1 ,d] ,kampf d] ,geg5ko5ige ,ludwig und ,fri$ri* 7,b]l91 #aijb72 ,w4 ,fri$5sburg1 ,ludwig ,,iv4 d] ,bay] und ,fri$ri* von ,oe/]rei* 7,goett+51 #ahgg72 ,b4 ,gebh>dt1 ,h&bu* d] deuts*5 ,ges*i*te 7,b]l91 #aija74 ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#aecd-aehh71 k+ ( ,d5m>k & ,norway1 son ( ,*ri/ian ,,iii41 0 born at ,had]sleb5 on ! #a/ ( ,july #aecd4 ,8 "m1 ,doro!a ( ,saxe-,lau5burg1 0 ! eld] si/] ( ,ca!r9e1 ! fir/ wife ( ,gu/avus ,vasa & ! "m ( ,eric ,,xiv4 ,! two little c\s9s1 born ! same ye>1 7 de/9$ to be lifelong rivals4 ,at ! age ( two ,fr$]ick 0 proclaim$ successor to ! ?rone at ! ,rigsdag ( ,cop5hag5 7,octob] #cj?1 #aecf71 & homage 0 done to him at ,oslo = ,norway 9 #aedh4 ,! *oice ( 8 gov]nor1 ! patriotic hi/oriograph] ,hans ,svan+1 0 s f> =tunate t x ensur$ ! devotion ( ! future k+ ( ,d5m>k to ev]y?+ ,dani%2 b ,svan+ 0 a poor p$agogue1 & ! wild & wayw>d lad suff]$ all 8 life f ! defects ( 8 e>ly tra9+4 ,fr$]ick's y\?ful1 innoc5t atta*m5t to ! daught] ( 8 =m] tutor1 ,anna ,h>d5b]g1 indispos$ him t[>ds matrimony at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign 7#aeeh74 ,aft] ! h&s ( ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 ,m>y ( ,scotl& & ,r5ata ( ,lorra9e _h successively be5 s\ght = him1 ! c\ncil ( /ate grew anxi\s ab\t ! succession1 b he f9ally m>ri$ 8 c\s91 ,sophia ( ,meckl5burg1 on ! #bj? ( ,july #aegb4 ,! reign ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 falls into two well-def9$ divisions3 7#a7 a p]iod ( w>1 #aeei-aegj2 & 7#b7 a p]iod ( peace1 #aegj-aehh4 ,! p]iod ( w> began ) ! ,ditm>% exp$ition1 :5 ! indep5d5t peasant-republic ( ! ,ditm>%]s ( ,we/ ,hol/e91 :i* _h /\tly ma9ta9$ its indep5d5ce = c5turies aga9/ ! c\nts ( ,hol/e9 & ! ,dani% k+s1 0 subdu$ by a ,dano-,hol/e9 army ( #bj1jjj m5 9 #aeei1 ,fr$]ick & 8 uncles ,john & ,adolphus1 dukes ( ,hol/e91 divid+ ! l& betwe5 !m4 ,equally triumphant 0 ,fr$]ick 9 8 w> ) ,sw$51 ?\gh "h ! conte/ 0 mu* m sev]e1 la/+ z x did = sev5 ye>s2 :5ce x is g5]ally describ$ 9 nor!rn hi/ory z ! ,sc&9avian ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,! t5sion :i* _h prevail$ betwe5 ! two k+doms dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,gu/avus ,vasa rea*$ break+ po9t on ! accession ( ,gu/avus's elde/ son ,eric ,,xiv4 ,!re 7 _m causes ( qu>rel betwe5 ! two ambiti\s "y mon>*s1 b ! det5tion at ,cop5hag5 9 #aefc ( a spl5did matrimonial embassy on its way to ,g]many1 to negotiate a mat* betwe5 ,eric & ,*ri/9a ( ,hesse1 :i* ,k+ ,fr$]ick = political reasons 0 det]m9$ to prev5t1 precipitat$ ho/ilities4 ,dur+ ! w>1 :i* 0 m>k$ by extraord9>y f]ocity ?r\gh\t1 ! ,danes 7 g5]ally victori\s on l& ow+ to ! g5ius ( ,daniel ,rantzau1 b at sea ! ,sw$es 7 almo/ uni=mly triumphant4 ,by #aegj ! /rife _h deg5]at$ into a b>b>\s deva/ation ( bord] prov9ces2 & 9 ,july ( ! same ye> bo? c\ntries accept$ ! m$iation ( ! ,emp]or1 & peace 0 f9ally conclud$ at ,/ett9 on ,dec4 #ac1 #aegj4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 _h n>r[ly escap$ ! fate ( 8 depos$ c\s9 ,eric ,,xiv4 ,! w> 0 v unpopul> 9 ,d5m>k1 & ! clos+ ( ! ,s\nd aga9/ =eign %ipp+1 9 ord] to />ve out ,sw$51 _h exasp]at$ ! m>itime p[]s & all ! ,baltic /ates4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day #aegj ,fr$]ick's difficulties seem$ s ov]:elm+ t he ?reat5$ to abdicate2 b ! peace ( ,/ett9 came 9 "t to reconcile all p>ties1 & ?\gh ,fr$]ick _h n[ to rel9qui% 8 ambiti\s dream ( re-e/abli%+ ! ,union ( ,kalm>1 he _h at lea/ succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! supremacy ( ,d5m>k 9 ! nor?4 ,aft] ! peace ,fr$]ick's policy became /ill m imp]ial4 ,he aspir$ to ! dom9ion ( all ! seas :i* wa%$ ! ,sc&9avian coa/s1 & be=e he di$ he succe$$ 9 suppress+ ! pirates :o s long _h haunt$ ! ,baltic & ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,he also erect$ ! /ately =tress ( ,kronborg1 to gu>d ! n>r[ *annel ( ! ,s\nd4 ,fr$]ick possess$ ! truly royal gift ( discov]+ & employ+ great m51 irrespective ( p]sonal pref]5ces & ev5 ( p]sonal injuries4 ,) inf9ite tact & admirable self-d5ial he gave free scope to m9i/]s ^: sup]iority 9 _! v>i\s dep>tm5ts he frankly recogniz$1 r>ely int]f]+ p]sonally unless absolutely call$ ^u to d s4 ,8 influ5ce1 always great1 0 increas$ by 8 g5ial & unaffect$ mann]s z a ho/4 ,he is also rem>kable z "o ( ! few k+s ( ! h\se ( ,old5burg :o _h no illicit liaison4 ,he di$ at ,antvorskov on ! #d? ( ,april #aehh4 ,no o!r ,dani% k+ 0 ev] s belov$ by 8 p4 ,see ,lund 7,troels71 ,danm>ks og ,norges ,hi/orie i ,slutn+5 af det ,,xvi4 ,a>h4 7,cop5hag51 #ahgi72 ,danm>ks ,riges ,hi/orie 7,cop5hag51 #ahig-aije71 vol4 #c2 ,rob]t ,nisbet ,ba91 ,sc&9avia1 cap4 #d 7,cambridge1 #aije74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#afji-afgj71 k+ ( ,d5m>k & ,norway1 son ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 & ,anne ,ca!r9e ( ,br&5burg1 0 born on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #afji at ,had]sleb54 ,8 position z a y\ng] son pr(\ndly influ5c$ 8 future c>e]4 ,9 8 y\? & e>ly manhood !re 0 no prospect ( 8 asc5d+ ! ,dani% ?rone1 & he consequ5tly became ! in/rum5t ( 8 fa!r's s*emes ( aggr&izem5t 9 ,g]many4 ,:ile /ill a lad he became successively bi%op ( ,brem51 bi%op ( ,v]d5 & coadjutor ( ,halb]/adt1 :ile at ! age ( eighte5 he 0 ! *ief comm&ant ( ! =tress ( ,/ade4 ,?us f an e>ly age he _h consid]able exp]i5ce z an adm9i/rator1 :ile 8 g5]al education 0 v c>eful & ?or\gh4 ,he _h always a pron\nc$ lik+ = lit]>y & sci5tific /udies4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #afdc ,fr$]ick w$d$ ,sophia ,amelia ( ,brunswick ,lu5eburg1 ^: en]getic1 passionate & ambiti\s "* 0 pr(\ndly to affect n only ,fr$]ick's de/9y b ! de/9y ( ,d5m>k4 ,dur+ ! disa/r\s ,sw$i% ,w> ( #afdc-afde ,fr$]ick 0 appo9t$ g5]alissimo ( ! du*ies by 8 fa!r1 b ! laurels he won 7 scanty1 *iefly ow+ to 8 qu>rels ) ! ,e>l-,m>%al ,&]s ,bille1 :o comm&$ ! ,dani% =ces4 ,?is 0 ,fr$]ick's fir/ collision ) ! ,dani% nobility1 :o ev] aft]w>ds reg>d$ him ) extreme di/ru/4 ,! dea? ( 8 eld] bro!r ,*ri/ian 9 ,june #afdg fir/ op5$ to him ! prospect ( succe$+ to ! ,dani% ?rone1 b ! "q 0 /ill unsettl$ :5 ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 di$ on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y #afdh4 ,n till ! #f? ( ,july 9 ! same ye> did ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 receive ! homage ( 8 subjects1 & only aft] he _h sign$ a ,ha&fae/n+ or *>t]1 by :i* ! already dim9i%$ royal pr]ogative 0 /ill fur!r curtail$4 ,x _h be5 d\btful at fir/ :e!r he w\ld be all[$ to inh]it 8 ance/ral ?rone at all2 b ,fr$]ick remov$ ! la/ scruples ( ! ,rigsraad by unhesitat+ly accept+ ! conditions impos$ ^u him4 ,! new mon>* 0 a res]v$1 enigmatical pr9ce1 :o seldom laugh$1 spoke little & wrote less--a /rik+ contra/ to ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ,b if he lack$ ! brilliant qualities ( 8 impulsive1 jovial fa!r1 he possess$ 9 a high degree ! comp5sat+ virtues ( mod]ation1 sobriety & self-control4 ,b ) all 8 good qualities ,fr$]ick 0 n ! man to take a cle> view ( ! political horizon1 or ev5 to recognize 8 own & 8 c\ntry's limitations4 ,he rightly reg>d$ ! accession ( ,*>les ,x4 ( ,sw$5 7,june #f?1 #afed7 z a s\rce ( dang] to ,d5m>k4 ,he felt t temp]am5t & policy w\ld comb9e to make ,*>les an aggressive w>rior-k+3 ! only unc]ta9ty 0 9 :i* direction he w\ld turn 8 arms fir/4 ,*>les's invasion ( ,pol& 7,july #afed7 came z a di/9ct relief to ! ,danes1 ?\gh ev5 ! ,poli% ,w> 0 full ( lat5t p]il to ,d5m>k4 ,fr$]ick 0 resolv$ ^u a rupture ) ,sw$5 at ! fir/ conv5i5t opportunity4 ,! ,rigsdag :i* assembl$ on ! #bcrd ( ,febru>y #afeg will+ly grant$ consid]able subsidies = mobilization & o!r milit>y exp5ses2 on ! #ae? ( ,april ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 desir$1 & on ! #bcrd ( ,april he receiv$1 ! ass5t ( ! majority ( ! ,rigsraad to attack ,sw$5's ,g]man prov9ces2 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may ! /ill p5d+ negotiations ) t p[] 7 brok5 (f1 & on ! #a/ ( ,june ,fr$]ick sign$ ! manife/o ju/ify+ a w> :i* 0 nev] =mally decl>$4 ,! ,sw$i% k+ trav]s$ all ! plans ( 8 enemies by 8 passage ( ! froz5 ,belts1 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y #afeh 7see ,,*>les ,x4 ( ,sw$574 ,! effect ( ?is unhe>d-( a*ievem5t on ! ,dani% gov]nm5t 0 cru%+4 ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 at once su$ = peace2 &1 yield+ to ! p]suasions ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* m9i/]s1 ,*>les f9ally agre$ to be cont5t ) mutilat+ in/ead ( annihilat+ ! ,dani% mon>*y 7treaties ( ,taa/rup1 ,febru>y #ah?1 & ( ,roskilde1 ,febru>y #bf?1 #afeh74 ,! conclusion ( peace 0 foll[$ by a rem>kable episode4 ,fr$]ick express$ ! desire to make ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( 8 conqu]or2 & ,*>les ,x4 cons5t$ to be 8 gue/ = ?ree days 7,m>* #c-e7 at ! ca/le ( ,fr$riksborg4 ,spl5did banquets la/+ f> into ! night1 private & intimate conv]sations betwe5 ! pr9ces :o _h only j em]g$ f a mortal /ruggle1 seem$ to po9t to no?+ b peace & fri5d%ip 9 ! future4 ,b ,*>les's insatiable lu/ = conque/1 & 8 in]adicable suspicion ( ,d5m>k1 induc$ him1 on ! #ag? ( ,july1 )\t any reasonable cause1 )\t a decl>ation ( w>1 9 defiance ( all int]national equity1 to endeav\r to despat* an inconv5i5t neighb\r4 ,t]ror 0 ! fir/ feel+ produc$ at ,cop5hag5 by ! l&+ ( ! ma9 ,sw$i% army at ,korso] 9 ,zeal&4 ,none _h anticipat$ ! possibility ( su* a sudd5 & brutal attack1 & e "o knew t ! ,dani% capital 0 v inadequately =tifi$ & g>rison$4 ,=tunately ,fr$]ick _h nev] be5 defici5t 9 c\rage4 ,i w die 9 my ne/ 7 ! memorable words ) :i* he rebuk$ ^? c\nsellors :o advis$ him to seek safety 9 flight4 ,on ! #h? ( ,augu/ repres5tatives f e class 9 ! capital urg$ ! necessity ( a vigor\s resi/ance2 & ! citiz5s ( ,cop5hag51 head$ by ! great burgoma/] ,hans ,nans5 7q4v471 prote/$ _! un%akable loyalty to ! k+1 & _! det]m9ation to def5d ,cop5hag5 to ! utt]mo/4 ,! ,danes _h only ?ree days' w>n+ ( ! approa*+ dang]2 & ! va/ & dilapidat$ l9e ( def5ce _h at fir/ b #bjjj regul> def5d]s4 ,b ! gov]nm5t & ! p display$ a memorable & exempl>y en]gy1 "u ! con/ant sup]vision ( ! k+1 ! que51 & burgoma/] ,nans54 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] all ! brea*es 7 repair$1 ! walls bri/l$ ) cannon1 & #gjjj m5 7 "u arms4 ,s /rong 0 ! city by ?is "t t ,*>les ,x41 ab&on+ 8 orig9al int5tion ( c>ry+ ! place by assault1 began a regul> siege2 b ?is also he 0 =c$ to ab&on :51 on ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 an auxili>y ,dut* fleet1 aft] re9=c+ & reprovision+ ! g>rison1 defeat$1 9 conjunction ) ! ,dani% fleet1 ! ,sw$i% navy ( #dd l9]s 9 ! ,s\nd4 ,?us ! ,dani% capital _h sav$ ! ,dani% mon>*y4 ,b x 0 ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 :o pr(it$ mo/ by 8 spirit$ def5ce ( ! common int]e/s ( ! c\ntry & ! dyna/y4 ,! traditional loyalty ( ! ,dani% middle classes 0 trans=m$ into a b\ndless en?usiasm = ! k+ p]sonally1 & = a brief p]iod ,fr$]ick f\nd himself ! mo/ popul> man 9 8 k+dom4 ,he made use ( 8 popul>ity by realiz+ ! dream ( a lifetime & conv]t+ an elective into an absolute mon>*y by ! ,revolution ( #affj 7see ,,d5m>k3 ,hi/ory74 ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 di$ on ! #f? ( ,febru>y #afgj at ! ca/le ( ,cop5hag54 ,see ,r4 ,nisbet ,ba91 ,sc&9avia1 caps4 ix4 & x4 7,cambridge1 #aije74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,fr$]ick ,,viii4 7#ahdc- 71 k+ ( ,d5m>k1 elde/ son ( ,k+ ,*ri/ian ,,ix41 0 born at ,cop5hag5 on ! #crd ( ,june #ahdc4 ,z cr[n pr9ce ( ,d5m>k he took "p 9 ! w> ( #ahfd aga9/ ,au/ria & ,prussia1 & subsequ5tly assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 ! duties ( gov]nm5t1 becom+ k+ on ,*ri/ian's dea? 9 ,janu>y #aijf4 ,9 #ahfi ,fr$]ick m>ri$ ,l\ise 7b4 #ahea71 daught] ( ,*>les ,,xv41 k+ ( ,sw$51 by :om he _h a family ( f\r sons & f\r daught]s4 ,8 elde/ son ,*ri/ian1 cr[n pr9ce ( ,d5m>k 7b4 #ahgj71 0 m>ri$ 9 #ahih to ,alex&r9a 7b4 #ahgi71 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,francis ,,iii41 gr&-duke ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]92 & 8 second son1 ,*>les 7b4 #ahgb71 :o m>ri$ 8 c\s9 ,maud1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,,vii4 ( ,great ,brita91 became k+ ( ,norway z ,haakon ,,vii4 9 #aije4 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7#afeg-agac71 k+ ( ,prussia1 & 7z ,fr$]ick ,,iii47 elector ( ,br&5burg1 0 ! second son ( ! great elector1 ,fr$]ick ,william1 by 8 fir/ m>riage ) ,l\ise ,h5riette1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry ( ,orange4 ,born at ,ko5igsb]g on ! #aa? ( ,july #afeg1 he 0 educat$ & greatly influ5c$ by ,eb]h>d ,danckelmann1 & became heir to ! ?rone ( ,br&5burg ?r\gh ! dea? ( 8 eld] bro!r1 ,*>les ,emil1 9 #afgd4 ,he appe>s to h tak5 "s "p 9 public bus9ess be=e ! dea? ( 8 fa!r2 & ! c\rt at ,b]l9 0 soon di/urb$ by qu>rels betwe5 ! "y pr9ce & 8 /epmo!r1 ,doro!a ( ,hol/e9-,gluecksburg4 ,9 #afhf ,doro!a p]suad$ h] husb& to bequea? outly+ portions ( 8 l&s to h] f\r sons2 & ,fr$]ick1 fe>+ he w\ld be poison$1 left ,br&5burg det]m9$ to prev5t any dim9ution ( 8 inh]itance4 ,by promis+ to re/ore ,s*wiebus to ,silesia aft] 8 accession he won ! support ( ! emp]or ,leopold ,i42 b ev5tually he ga9$ 8 end 9 a peaceable fa%ion4 ,hav+ become elector ( ,br&5burg 9 ,may #afhh1 he came to t]ms ) 8 half-bro!rs & _! "m4 ,9 return = a sum ( money ^! pr9ces r5\nc$ _! rights "u _! fa!r's w1 & ! new elector ?us secur$ ! :ole ( ,fr$]ick ,william's t]ritories4 ,aft] mu* delay & grumbl+ he fulfill$ 8 b>ga9 ) ,leopold & gave up ,s*wiebus 9 #afie4 ,at home & abroad ,fr$]ick cont9u$ ! policy ( ! great elector4 ,he help$ ,william ( ,orange to make 8 desc5t on ,engl&2 add$ v>i\s places1 includ+ ! pr9cipality ( ,neu*atel1 to 8 l&s2 & ex]cis$ "s influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ,european politics by plac+ 8 l>ge & effici5t army at ! disposal ( ! emp]or & 8 allies 7see ,,br&5burg74 ,he 0 pres5t 9 p]son at ! siege ( ,bonn 9 #afhi1 b 0 n (t5 9 comm& ( 8 troops4 ,! elector 0 v fond ( pomp1 &1 /riv+ to model 8 c\rt ^u t ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 he direct$ 8 ma9 en]gies t[>ds obta9+ = himself ! title ( k+4 ,9 spite ( ! assi/ance he _h giv5 to ! emp]or 8 ef=ts met ) no success = "s ye>s2 b t[>ds #agjj ,leopold1 fac$ ) ! prospect ( a new /ruggle ) ,france1 0 incl9$ to view ! idea m fav\rably4 ,hav+ insi/$ ^u v>i\s conditions1 prom95t among !m be+ milit>y aid = ! approa*+ w>1 he gave ! imp]ial sanction to ,fr$]ick's reque/ 9 ,novemb] #agjj2 :]eupon ! elector1 hurry+ at once to ,ko5igsb]g1 cr[n$ himself ) great c]emony k+ ( ,prussia on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y #agja4 ,accord+ to 8 promise ! k+ s5t help to ! emp]or2 & dur+ ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession ! troops ( ,br&5burg-,prussia r5d]$ great assi/ance to ! allies1 fight+ ) di/9ction at ,bl5heim & else:]e4 ,fr$]ick1 :o 0 de=m$ ?r\gh an injury to 8 sp9e1 di$ on ! #be? ( ,febru>y #agac4 ,by 8 extravagance ! k+ exhau/$ ! treasure amass$ by 8 fa!r1 burd5$ 8 c\ntry ) heavy taxes1 & r$uc$ its f9ances to *aos4 ,8 con/ant obligations to ! emp]or dra9$ ,br&5burg ( money :i* might h be5 employ$ m pr(itably at home1 & prev5t$ h] sov]eign f int]f]+ 9 ! politics ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,fr$]ick1 h[ev]1 0 n an unpopul> rul]1 & by mak+ ,prussia into a k+dom he und\bt$ly advanc$ x sev]al /ages t[>ds its future greatness4 ,he f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,halle1 & ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l92 welcom$ & protect$ ,prote/ant refugees f ,france & else:]e2 & lavi%$ money on ! erection ( public build+s4 ,! k+ 0 m>ri$ ?ree times4 ,8 second wife1 ,sophie ,*>lotte 7#affh-agje71 si/] ( ! ,engli% k+ ,george ,i41 0 ! fri5d ( ,leibnitz & "o ( ! mo/ cultur$ pr9cesses ( ! age2 %e bore him 8 only son1 8 successor1 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 ,see ,w4 ,hahn1 ,fri$ri* ,i41 ,ko5ig 9 ,preuss5 7,b]l91 #ahgf72 ,j4 ,g4 ,droys51 ,ges*i*te d] preussis*5 ,politik1 ,b& iv4 7,leipzig1 #ahgb72 ,e4 ,heyck1 ,fri$ri* ,i4 und die ,begru5dung des preussis*5 ,ko5igtums 7,bielefeld1 #aija73 ,c4 ,graf von ,dohna1 ,memoires orig9aux sur le regne et la c\r de ,fr$]ic ,ier 7,b]l91 #ahhc72 ,aus dem ,briefwe*sel ,ko5ig ,fri$ri*s ,i4 von ,preuss5 und se9] ,familie 7,b]l91 #aija72 & ,t4 ,c>lyle1 ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahgb74 ,,fr$]ick ,,ii41 kn[n z ! ,great 7#agab-aghf71 k+ ( ,prussia1 born on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y #agab1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 ,he 0 br\ght up ) extreme rig\r1 8 fa!r devis+ a s*eme ( education :i* 0 int5d$ to make him a h>dy soldi]1 & prescrib+ = him e detail ( 8 conduct4 ,s great 0 ,fr$]ick ,william's horror ( ev]y?+ :i* did n seem to him practical1 t he /rictly exclud$ ,lat9 f ! li/ ( 8 son's /udies4 ,fr$]ick1 h[ev]1 _h free & g5]\s impulses :i* c\ld n be re/ra9$ by ! /]ne/ sy/em4 ,enc\rag$ by 8 "m1 & "u ! influ5ce ( 8 gov]ness ,madame de ,r\c\lle1 & ( 8 fir/ tutor ,duhan1 a ,fr5* refugee1 he acquir$ an excell5t k ( ,fr5* & a ta/e = lit]ature & music4 ,he ev5 receiv$ secret lessons 9 ,lat91 :i* 8 fa!r inve/$ ) all ! *>ms ( =bidd5 fruit4 ,z he grew up he became extremely dissatisfi$ ) ! dull & monoton\s life he 0 compell$ to lead2 & 8 discont5t 0 he>tily %>$ by 8 si/]1 ,wilhelm9a1 a bright & intellig5t "y pr9cess = :om ,fr$]ick _h a w>m affection4 ,fr$]ick ,william1 see+ 8 son app>5tly absorb$ 9 frivol\s & effem9ate amusem5ts1 gradually conceiv$ = him an int5se dislike1 :i* _h its %>e 9 caus+ him to break (f ! negotiations = a d\ble m>riage betwe5 ! pr9ce ( ,wales & ,wilhelm9a1 & ! pr9cess ,amelia1 daught] ( ,george ,,ii41 & ,fr$]ick2 = ,fr$]ick _h be5 s indiscreet z to c>ry on a sep>ate correspond5ce ) ! ,engli% c\rt & to v[ t he w\ld m>ry ,amelia or no "o4 ,fr$]ick ,william's hatr$ ( 8 son1 op5ly av[$1 display$ itself 9 viol5t outbur/s & public insults1 & s h>% 0 8 treatm5t t ,fr$]ick frequ5tly ?\ght ( runn+ away & tak+ refuge at ! ,engli% c\rt4 ,he at la/ resolv$ to d s dur+ a j\rney :i* he made ) ! k+ to s\? ,g]many 9 #agcj1 :5 he 0 eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 help$ by 8 two fri5ds1 ,lieut5ant ,katte & ,lieut5ant ,kei?2 b by ! imprud5ce ( ! =m] ! secret 0 f\nd out4 ,fr$]ick 0 plac$ "u arre/1 depriv$ ( 8 rank z cr[n pr9ce1 tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 & imprison$ 9 ! =tress ( ,cue/r94 ,w>n$ by ,fr$]ick1 ,kei? escap$2 b ,katte delay$ 8 flight too long1 & a c\rt-m>tial decid$ t he %\ld be puni%$ ) two ye>s' =tress arre/4 ,b ! k+ 0 det]m9$ by a t]rible example to wake ,fr$]ick once = all to a consci\sness ( ! heavy responsibility ( 8 position4 ,he *ang$ ! s5t5ce on ,katte to "o ( dea? & ord]$ ! execution to take place 9 ,fr$]ick's pres5ce1 himself arrang+ its e detail2 ,fr$]ick's own fate w\ld dep5d ^u ! effect ( ?is t]rible object-lesson & ! response he %\ld make to ! exhortations ( ! *apla9 s5t to reason ) him4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #g? ( ,novemb] ,katte 0 behead$ be=e ,fr$]ick's w9d[1 aft] ! cr[n pr9ce _h ask$ 8 p>don & receiv$ ! answ] t !re 0 no?+ to =give4 ,on ,fr$]ick himself lay ! t]ror ( dea?1 & ! *apla9 0 able to s5d to ! k+ a fav\rable report ( 8 or?odoxy & 8 *ang$ disposition4 ,fr$]ick ,william1 ^: temp] 0 by no means s ru?lessly ,sp>tan z tradition has pa9t$ x10 ov]joy$1 & commission$ ! cl]gyman to receive f ! pr9ce an oa? ( filial ob$i5ce1 & 9 ex*ange = ?is pro( ( 8 int5tion to improve 9 real e>ne/ 8 arre/ 0 to be light5$1 p5d+ ! e>n+ ( a full p>don4 ,! :ole t[n %all be 8 prison1 wrote ! k+2 ,i w give him employm5t1 f morn+ to night1 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( w>1 & agriculture1 & ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he %all "w at f9ancial matt]s1 receive acc\nts1 read m9utes & make extracts4444 ,b if he kicks or re>s aga91 he %all =feit ! succession to ! cr[n1 & ev51 accord+ to circum/ances1 life itself4 ,= ab\t fifte5 mon?s ,fr$]ick liv$ 9 ,cu/r91 busy accord+ to ! royal programme ) ! details ( ! ,prussian adm9i/rative sy/em4 ,he 0 v c>eful n to kick or re>1 & 8 good conduct e>n$ him a fur!r /age 9 ! re/oration to fav\r4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( probation he _h be5 depriv$ ( 8 /atus z a soldi] & refus$ ! "r to we> uni=m1 :ile (fic]s & soldi]s 7 =bidd5 to give him ! milit>y salute2 9 #agcb he 0 made colonel 9 comm& ( ! regim5t at ,neurupp94 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he m>ri$1 9 ob$i5ce to ! k+'s ord]s1 ! pr9cess ,elizabe? ,*ri/9a1 daught] ( ! duke ( ,brunswick-,bev]n4 ,he 0 giv5 ! e/ate ( ,rhe9sb]g 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,neurupp91 & !re he liv$ until he succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,^! ye>s 7 p]haps ! happie/ ( 8 life4 ,he dis*>g$ 8 duties ) s mu* _s & s consci5ti\sly t he ultimately ga9$ ! e/eem ( ,fr$]ick ,william1 :o no long] fe>$ t he w\ld leave ! cr[n to "o unwor?y ( we>+ x4 ,at ! same "t ! cr[n pr9ce 0 able to indulge to ! full 8 p]sonal ta/es4 ,he c>ri$ on a lively correspond5ce ) ,voltaire & o!r ,fr5* m5 ( lett]s1 & 0 a dilig5t /ud5t ( philosophy1 hi/ory & poetry4 ,two ( 8 be/-kn[n works 7 writt5 at ?is "t--,consid]ations sur l'etat pres5t du corps politique de l',europe & 8 ,anti-,mac*iavel4 ,9 ! =m] he calls att5tion to ! gr[+ /r5g? ( ,au/ria & ,france1 & insi/s on ! necessity ( "s ?ird p[]1 by :i* he cle>ly means ,prussia1 c\nt]balanc+ _! excessive influ5ce4 ,! second treatise1 :i* 0 issu$ by ,voltaire 9 ,hague 9 #agdj1 conta9s a g5]\s exposition ( "s ( ! fav\rite ideas ( ! #ah?-c5tury philosoph]s respect+ ! duties ( sov]eigns1 :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! fam\s s5t5ce3 ! pr9ce is n ! absolute ma/]1 b only ! fir/ s]vant ( 8 p4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,may #agdj he became k+4 ,he ma9ta9$ all ! =ms ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by 8 fa!r1 b rul$ 9 a f> m enlight5$ _s2 he tol]at$ e =m ( religi\s op9ion1 aboli%$ ! use ( torture1 0 mo/ c>eful to secure an exact & imp>tial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 &1 :ile keep+ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t /rictly 9 8 own h&s1 all[$ e "o ) a g5u9e grievance free access to 8 pres5ce4 ,! ,potsdam regim5t ( giants 0 disb&$1 b ! real int]e/s ( ! army 7 c>efully /udi$1 = ,fr$]ick realiz$ t ! two pill>s ( ! ,prussian /ate 7 s\nd f9ances & a /rong army4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,octob] #agdj ! emp]or ,*>les ,,vi4 di$4 ,fr$]ick at once began to make ext5sive milit>y prep>ations1 & x 0 soon cle> to all ! _w t he int5d$ to ent] ^u "s s]i\s ent]prise4 ,he _h made up 8 m9d to ass]t ! anci5t claim ( ! h\se ( ,br&5burg to ! ?ree ,silesian du*ies1 :i* ! ,au/rian rul]s ( ,bohemia _h ev] d5i$1 b ! ,hoh5zoll]ns _h nev] ab&on$4 ,projects = ! ass]tion ( ?is claim by =ce ( arms _h be5 =m$ by m ?an "o ( ,fr$]ick's pr$ecessors1 & ! ext9ction ( ! male l9e ( ! h\se ( ,habsburg may well h seem$ to him a unique opportunity = realiz+ an ambition traditional 9 8 family4 ,= ?is resolution he is (t5 abus$ /ill by hi/orians1 & at ! "t he _h ! approval ( h>dly any "o out ( ,prussia4 ,he himself1 writ+ ( ! s*eme 9 8 ,memoires1 laid no claim to l(ty motives1 b c&idly confess$ t x 0 a means ( acquir+ reputation & ( increas+ ! p[] ( ! /ate4 ,he firmly believ$1 h[ev]1 9 ! lawfulness ( 8 claims2 & al?\gh 8 fa!r _h recogniz$ ! ,pragmatic ,sanction1 :]eby ! h]$it>y dom9ions ( ,*>les ,,vi4 7 to desc5d to 8 daught]1 ,m>ia ,!resa1 ,fr$]ick insi/$ t ?is sanction c\ld ref] only to l&s :i* rightfully belong$ to ! h\se ( ,au/ria4 ,he c\ld also urge t1 z ,*>les ,,vi4 _h n fulfill$ ! engagem5ts by :i* ,fr$]ick ,william's recognition ( ! ,pragmatic ,sanction _h be5 secur$1 ,prussia 0 fre$ f h] obligation4 ,fr$]ick s5t an ambassador to ,vi5na1 (f]+1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 rights 9 ,silesia be+ conc$$1 to aid ,m>ia ,!resa aga9/ h] enemies4 ,! que5 ( ,hung>y1 :o reg>d$ ! proposal z t ( a m]e robb]1 haughtily decl9$2 :]eupon ,fr$]ick imm$iately invad$ ,silesia ) an army ( #cj1jjj m54 ,8 fir/ victory 0 ga9$ at ,mollwitz on ! #aj? ( ,april #agda4 ,"u ! impression1 9 consequ5ce ( a furi\s *>ge ( ,au/rian cavalry1 t ! battle 0 lo/1 he rode rapidly away at an e>ly /age ( ! /ruggle--a mi/ake :i* gave rise = a "t to ! gr\ndless idea t he lack$ p]sonal c\rage4 ,a second ,prussian victory 0 ga9$ at ,*otusitz1 ne> ,caslau1 on ! #ag? ,may #agdb2 by ?is "t ,fr$]ick 0 ma/] ( all ! =tifi$ places ( ,silesia4 ,m>ia ,!resa1 9 ! heat ( h] /ruggle ) ,france & ! elector ( ,bav>ia1 n[ ,*>les ,,vii41 & press$ by ,engl& to rid h]self ( ,fr$]ick1 conclud$ ) him1 on ! #aa? ( ,june #agdb1 ! peace ( ,breslau1 conc$+ to ,prussia1 ,upp] & ,l[] ,silesia z f> z ! ,oppa1 toge!r ) ! c\nty ( ,glatz4 ,fr$]ick made good use ( ! next two ye>s1 =tify+ 8 new t]ritory1 & repair+ ! evils inflict$ ^u x by ! w>4 ,by ! dea? ( ! pr9ce ( ,ea/ ,friesl& )\t heirs1 he also ga9$ possession ( t c\ntry 7#agdd74 ,he knew well t ,m>ia ,!resa w\ld n1 if %e c\ld help x1 all[ him to rema9 9 ,silesia2 accord+ly1 9 #agdd1 al>m$ by h] victories1 he arriv$ at a secret und]/&+ ) ,france1 & pl$g$ himself1 ) ,hesse-,cassel & ! palat9ate1 to ma9ta9 ! imp]ial rights ( ,*>les ,,vii41 & to def5d 8 h]$it>y ,bav>ian l&s4 ,fr$]ick began ! second ,silesian ,w> by ent]+ ,bohemia 9 ,augu/ #agdd & tak+ ,prague4 ,by ?is brilliant b ra% v5ture he put himself 9 great dang]1 & soon _h to retreat2 b 9 #agde he ga9$ ! battles ( ,hoh5fri$b]g1 ,soor & ,h5n]sdorf2 & ,leopold ( ,dessau 7,d] alte ,dessau]7 won = him ! victory ( ,kesselsdorf 9 ,saxony4 ,! latt] victory 0 decisive1 & ! peace ( ,dresd5 7,decemb] #be1 #agde7 assur$ to ,fr$]ick a second "t ! possession ( ,silesia4 7,see ,,au/rian ,,succession1 ,,w> ,,( ,,!47 ,fr$]ick _h ?us1 at ! age ( ?irty-?ree1 rais$ himself to a great position 9 ,europe1 & h5ce=? he 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s sov]eign ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 a ?or\ghly absolute rul]1 8 s-call$ m9i/]s be+ m]e cl]ks ^: bus9ess 0 to give effect to 8 w4 ,to use 8 own fam\s phrase1 h[ev]1 he reg>d$ himself z b ! fir/ s]vant ( ! /ate2 & dur+ ! next elev5 ye>s he prov$ t ! words express$ 8 inmo/ conviction & feel+4 ,all k9ds ( que/ions 7 submitt$ to him1 important & unimportant2 & he is frequ5tly c5sur$ = hav+ tr\bl$ himself s mu* ) m]e details4 ,b 9 s f> z ^! details relat$ to exp5diture he 0 fully ju/ifi$1 = x 0 absolutely ess5tial = him to h a l>ge army1 & ) a small /ate ?is 0 impossible unless he c>efully prev5t$ unnecess>y outlay4 ,be+ a ke5 judge ( "*1 he fill$ ! public (fices ) fai?ful1 capable1 en]getic m51 :o 7 kept up to a high /&>d ( duty by ! consci\sness t _! "w might at any "t come "u 8 /rict sup]vision4 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :i* _h fall5 into contempt dur+ 8 fa!r's reign1 he re/or$1 infus+ into x vigor\s life2 & he did m to promote elem5t>y education ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he did mu* too = ! economic developm5t ( ,prussia1 especially = agriculture2 he e/abli%$ colonies1 peopl+ !m ) immigrants1 ext5d$ ! canal sy/em1 dra9$ & dik$ ! great m>%es ( ! ,od]bru*1 turn+ !m into ri* pa/urage1 enc\rag$ ! plant+ ( fruit trees & ( root crops2 &1 ?\gh 9 accordance ) 8 ideas ( discipl9e he ma9ta9$ s]fdom1 he did mu* to light5 ! burd5s ( ! peasants4 ,all k9ds ( manufacture1 too1 p>ticul>ly t ( silk1 ow$ mu* to 8 enc\ragem5t4 ,to ! army he gave unremitt+ att5tion1 review+ x at regul> int]vals1 & /]nly puni%+ neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! (fic]s4 ,its numb]s 7 rais$ to #afj1jjj m51 :ile =tresses & magaz9es 7 always kept 9 a /ate ( read9ess = w>4 ,! influ5ce ( ! k+'s example 0 felt f> beyond ! limits ( 8 imm$iate circle4 ,! nation 0 pr\d ( 8 g5ius1 & display$ some?+ ( 8 en]gy 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,less+1 :o z a y\? ( tw5ty came to ,b]l9 9 #agdi1 compos$ en?usia/ic odes 9 8 hon\r1 & ,gleim1 ! ,halb]/adt poet1 wrote ( him z ( a k9d ( demi-god4 ,^! may be tak5 z fair illu/rations ( ! popul> feel+ long be=e ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,he despis$ ,g]man z ! language ( boors1 al?\gh x is rem>kable t at a lat] p]iod1 9 a ,fr5* essay on ,g]man lit]ature1 he pr$ict$ = x a great future4 ,he habitually wrote & spoke ,fr5*1 & _h a /rong ambition to rank z a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* au?or4 ,nobody c n[ read 8 v]ses1 b 8 prose writ+s h a c]ta9 calm simplicity & dignity1 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ evid5ce ( ! spl5did m5tal qualities :i* he reveal$ 9 practical life4 ,to ?is p]iod belong 8 ,memoires p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire de ,br&eb\rg & 8 poem ,l',art de la gu]re4 ,! latt]1 judg$ z lit]ature1 is intol]ably dull2 b ! =m] is valuable1 ?r[+ z x does consid]able light on 8 p]sonal sympa?ies z well z on ! motives ( important epo*s 9 8 c>e]4 ,he cont9u$ to correspond ) ,fr5* writ]s1 & induc$ a numb] ( !m to settle 9 ,b]l91 ,maup]tuis be+ presid5t ( ! ,academy4 ,9 #ageb ,voltaire1 :o _h repeat$ly visit$ him1 came at ,fr$]ick's urg5t entreaty1 & receiv$ a truly royal welcome4 ,! fam\s ,hirs* trial1 & ,voltaire's vanity & caprice1 greatly l[]$ him 9 ! e/eem ( ! k+1 :o1 on 8 side1 irritat$ 8 gue/ by (t5 requir+ him to correct bad v]ses1 & by mak+ him ! object ( rude bant]4 ,! publication ( ,doctor ,akakia1 :i* br\ght d[n ^u ! presid5t ( ! ,academy a /orm ( ridicule1 f9ally ali5at$ ,fr$]ick2 :ile ,voltaire's wrongs culm9at$ 9 ! fam\s arre/ at ,frank=t1 ! mo/ disagreeable elem5ts ( :i* 7 due to ! misund]/&+ ( an ord] by a subord9ate (ficial4 ,! k+ liv$ z mu* z possible 9 a retir$ mansion1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,sanss\ci--n ! palace s call$1 :i* 0 built aft] ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 & 0 nev] a fav\rite resid5ce4 ,he rose regul>ly 9 summ] at five1 9 w9t] at six1 devot+ himself to public bus9ess till ab\t elev54 ,dur+ "p ( ?is "t1 aft] c(fee1 he w\ld aid 8 reflections by play+ on ! flute1 ( :i* he 0 passionately fond1 be+ a really skilful p]=m]4 ,at elev5 came p>ade1 & an h\r aft]w>ds1 punctually1 d9n]1 :i* cont9u$ till two1 or lat]1 if conv]sation happ5$ to be p>ticul>ly attractive4 ,aft] d9n] he glanc$ ?r\gh & sign$ cab9et ord]s writt5 9 accordance ) 8 morn+ in/ructions1 (t5 add+ m>g9al notes & po/scripts1 _m ( :i* 7 9 a cau/ic tone4 ,^! dispos$ (1 he amus$ himself = a c\ple ( h\rs ) lit]>y "w2 betwe5 six & sev5 he w\ld conv]se ) 8 fri5ds or li/5 to 8 read] 7a po/ held = "s "t by ,la ,mettrie72 at sev5 !re 0 a conc]t2 & at half-pa/ eight he sat d[n to supp]1 :i* might g on till midnight4 ,he lik$ good eat+ & dr9k+1 al?\gh ev5 "h ! co/ 0 %>ply look$ aft]1 ! exp5ses ( 8 kit*5 m\nt+ to no high] figure ?an ,l#ahjj a ye>4 ,at supp] he 0 always surr\nd$ by a numb] ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 ma9ly ,fr5*m52 & he insi/$ on ! conv]sation be+ p]fectly free4 ,8 wit1 h[ev]1 0 (t5 cruel1 & any "o :o respond$ ) too mu* _s 0 soon made to feel t ! lic5ce ( talk 0 to be complete only on "o side4 ,at ,fr$]ick's c\rt ladies 7 seldom se51 a circum/ance t gave occasion to mu* sc&al = :i* !re seems to h be5 no f\ndation4 ,! que5 he visit$ only on r>e occasions4 ,%e _h be5 =c$ ^u him by 8 fa!r1 & he _h nev] lov$ h]2 b he always treat$ h] ) m>k$ respect1 & provid$ h] ) a g5]\s income1 half ( :i* %e gave away 9 *>ity4 ,al?\gh )\t *>m1 %e 0 a woman ( _m noble qualities2 &1 l h] husb&1 %e wrote ,fr5* books1 "s ( :i* attract$ a c]ta9 att5tion 9 _! day4 ,%e surviv$ him by elev5 ye>s1 dy+ 9 #agig4 ,m>ia ,!resa _h nev] giv5 up hope t %e w\ld recov] ,silesia2 & z all ! neighb\r+ sov]eigns 7 bitt]ly jeal\s ( ,fr$]ick1 & some:at afraid ( him1 %e _h no difficulty 9 induc+ sev]al ( !m to =m a s*eme = 8 ru94 ,russia & ,saxony ent]$ into x he>tily1 & ,france1 lay+ aside h] anci5t enmity t[>ds ,au/ria1 jo9$ ! empress aga9/ ! common object ( dislike4 ,fr$]ick1 mean:ile1 _h turn$ t[>ds ,engl&1 :i* saw 9 him a possible ally ( great importance aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,a conv5tion betwe5 ,prussia & ,great ,brita9 0 sign$ 9 ,janu>y #agef1 & x prov$ ( incalculable value to bo? c\ntries1 lead+ z x did to a close alliance dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,pitt4 ,?r\gh ! trea*]y ( a cl]k 9 ! ,saxon =eign (fice ,fr$]ick 0 made aw>e ( ! future :i* 0 be+ prep>$ = him4 ,see+ ! importance ( tak+ ! initiative1 & if possible1 ( secur+ ,saxony1 he sudd5ly1 on ! #bd? ( ,augu/ #agef1 cross$ ! fronti] ( t c\ntry1 & %ut 9 ! ,saxon army betwe5 ,pirna & ,ko5ig/e91 ultimately compell+ x1 aft] a victory ga9$ ov] ! ,au/rians at ,lobositz1 to surr5d]4 ,?us began ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 9 :i*1 support$ by ,engl&1 ,brunswick & ,hesse-,cassel1 he _h = a long "t to oppose ,au/ria1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,saxony & ,sw$54 ,virtually ! :ole ,cont95t 0 9 arms aga9/ a small /ate :i*1 a few ye>s be=e1 _h be5 reg>d$ by mo/ m5 z b5ea? s]i\s notice4 ,b x happ5$ t ?is small /ate 0 l$ by a man ( high milit>y g5ius1 capable ( infus+ into o!rs 8 own undaunt$ _s1 :ile 8 subjects _h le>n$ bo? f him & 8 pr$ecessors habits ( pati5ce1 p]sev]ance & discipl9e4 ,9 #ageg1 aft] defeat+ ! ,au/rians at ,prague1 he 0 himself defeat$ by !m at ,kol92 & by ! %ameful conv5tion ( ,clo/]-,sev51 he 0 freely expos$ to ! attack ( ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ,novemb] #ageg1 h[ev]1 :5 ,europe look$ ^u him z ru9$1 he rid himself ( ! ,fr5* by 8 spl5did victory ov] !m at ,rossba*1 & 9 ab\t a mon? aft]w>ds1 by ! /ill m spl5did victory at ,leu!n1 he drove ! ,au/rians f ,silesia4 ,f ?is "t ! ,fr5* 7 kept well employ$ 9 ! we/ by ,pr9ce ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick1 :o defeat$ !m at ,crefeld 9 #ageh1 & at ,m9d5 9 #agei4 ,9 ! =m] ye> ,fr$]ick triumph$1 at a heavy co/1 ov] ! ,russians at ,zorndorf2 & al?\gh1 ?r\gh lack ( 8 usual =esight1 he lo/ ! battle ( ,ho*kir*1 he prev5t$ ! ,au/rians f d]iv+ any real advantage f _! triumph1 ,silesia /ill rema9+ 9 8 h&s at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! battle ( ,kun]sdorf1 f\ght on ! #ab? ( ,augu/ #agei1 0 ! mo/ disa/r\s to him 9 ! c\rse ( ! w>4 ,he _h "h to cont5d bo? ) ! ,russians & ! ,au/rians2 & al?\gh at fir/ he _h "s success1 8 army 0 9 ! end completely brok54 ,all is lo/ save ! royal family1 he wrote to 8 m9i/] ,fries5/e92 ! consequ5ces ( ?is battle w be worse ?an ! battle itself4 ,i %all n survive ! ru9 ( ! ,fa!rl&4 ,adieu = ev]6 ,b he soon recov]$ f 8 despair1 & 9 #agfj ga9$ ! important victories ( ,liegnitz & ,torgau4 ,he _h n[1 h[ev]1 to act on ! def5sive1 & =tunately = him1 ! ,russians1 on ! dea? ( ! empress ,elizabe?1 n only )drew 9 #agfb f ! compact aga9/ him1 b = a "t became 8 allies4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,octob] ( t ye> he ga9$ 8 la/ victory ov] ! ,au/rians at ,freib]g4 ,europe 0 by t "t sick ( w>1 e p[] be+ m or less exhau/$4 ,! result 0 t1 on ! #ae? ( ,febru>y #agfc1 a few days aft] ! conclusion ( ! peace ( ,p>is1 ! treaty ( ,hub]tusburg 0 sign$1 ,au/ria confirm+ ,prussia 9 ! possession ( ,silesia4 7,see ,,sev5 ,,ye>s' ,,w>47 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]rate ! importance ( ! contribution ?us made by ,fr$]ick to ! politics ( ,europe4 ,prussia 0 n[ univ]sally recogniz$ z "o ( ! great p[]s ( ! ,cont95t1 & %e def9itely took h] place 9 ,g]many z ! rival ( ,au/ria4 ,f ?is "t x 0 inevitable t !re %\ld be a f9al /ruggle betwe5 ! two nations = pr$om9ance1 & t ! small] ,g]man /ates %\ld gr\p !mselves ar\nd "o or ! o!r4 ,fr$]ick himself acquir$ bo? 9 ,g]many & ,europe ! indef9able influ5ce :i* spr+s f ! recognition ( great gifts t h be5 prov$ by great de$s4 ,8 fir/ c>e aft] ! w> 01 z f> z possible1 to enable ! c\ntry to recov] f ! t]rific bl[s by :i* x _h be5 almo/ de/roy$2 & he 0 nev]1 ei!r be=e or aft]1 se5 to bett] advantage ?an 9 ! measures he adopt$ = ?is end4 ,al?\gh 8 res\rces _h be5 s completely dra9$ t he _h be5 =c$ to melt ! silv] 9 8 palaces & to debase ! co9age1 8 en]gy soon br\ght back ! national prosp]ity4 ,pom]ania & ,neum>k 7 fre$ f taxation = two ye>s1 ,silesia = six mon?s4 ,_m nobles ^: l&s _h be5 wa/$ receiv$ corn = se$2 8 w> horses 7 )9 a few mon?s to be f\nd on f>ms all ov] ,prussia2 & money 0 freely sp5t 9 ! re-erection ( h\ses :i* _h be5 de/roy$4 ,! co9age 0 gradually re/or$ to its prop] value1 & trade receiv$ a fav\rable impulse by ! f\ndation ( ! ,bank ( ,b]l94 ,all ^! matt]s 7 c>efully look$ into by ,fr$]ick himself1 :o1 :ile act+ z g5]\sly z 8 circum/ances w\ld all[1 insi/$ on ev]y?+ be+ done 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann] at ! lea/ possible co/4 ,un=tunately1 he adopt$ ! ,fr5* ideas ( excise1 & ! ,fr5* me?ods ( impos+ & collect+ taxes--a sy/em kn[n z ! ,regie4 ,?is sy/em secur$ = him a l>ge rev5ue1 b x l$ to a va/ am\nt ( petty tyranny1 :i* 0 all ! m intol]able because x 0 c>ri$ out by ,fr5* (ficials4 ,x 0 cont9u$ to ! end ( ,fr$]ick's reign1 & no?+ did s mu* to injure 8 o!rwise imm5se popul>ity4 ,he 0 q aw>e ( ! discont5t ! sy/em excit$1 & ! good-nature ) :i* he tol]at$ ! criticisms direct$ aga9/ x & him is illu/rat$ by a well-kn[n incid5t4 ,rid+ along ! ,jaeg] ,/rasse "o day1 he saw a cr[d ( p4 ,see :at x is1 he said to ! groom :o 0 att5d+ him4 ,!y h some?+ po/$ up ab\t y\r ,maje/y1 said ! groom1 return+4 ,fr$]ick1 rid+ =w>d1 saw a c>icature ( himself3 ,k+ 9 v melan*oly guise1 says ,preuss 7z translat$ by ,c>lyle71 seat$ on a /ool1 a c(fee-mill betwe5 8 knees1 dilig5tly gr9d+ ) ! "o h&1 & ) ! o!r pick+ up any bean t might h fall54 ',hang x l[]1' said ! k+1 beckon+ 8 groom ) a wave ( ! f+]2 'l[]1 t !y may n h to hurt _! necks ab\t x4' ,no soon] 7 ! words spok51 :i* spread in/antly1 ?an !re rose f ! :ole cr[d "o univ]sal huzzah ( joy4 ,!y tore ! c>icature into a ?\s& pieces1 & roll$ aft] ! k+ ) l\d ',lebe ,ho*1 our ,fr$]ick = ev]1' z he rode sl[ly away4 ,!re are scores ( anecdotes ab\t ,fr$]ick1 b n _m s well au!nticat$ z ?is4 ,!re 0 no?+ ab\t :i* ,fr$]ick took s mu* tr\ble z ! prop] adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,he dislik$ ! =malities ( ! law1 & 9 "o in/ance1 ! mill] ,arnold case1 9 connexion ) :i* he ?\ght inju/ice _h be5 done to a poor man1 he dismiss$ ! judges1 condemn$ !m to a ye>'s =tress arre/1 & compell$ !m to make good out ( _! own pockets ! loss su/a9$ by _! suppos$ victim--n a wise proce$+1 b "o spr++ f a g5]\s motive4 ,he once def9$ himself z l'avocat du pauvre1 & few ?+s gave him m pleasure ?an ! fam\s answ] ( ! mill] ^: w9dmill /ood on gr\nd :i* 0 want$ = ! k+'s g>d54 ,! mill] /urdily refus$ to sell x4 ,n at any price8 said ! k+'s ag5t2 c\ld n ! k+ take x f y = no?+1 if he *ose8 ,h we n ! ,kamm]g]i*t at ,b]l98 0 ! answ]1 :i* became a popul> say+ 9 ,g]many4 ,soon aft] he came to ! ?rone ,fr$]ick began to make prep>ations = a new code4 ,9 #agdg appe>$ ! ,codex ,frid]icianus1 by :i* ! ,prussian judicial body 0 e/abli%$4 ,b a great] monum5t ( ,fr$]ick's int]e/ 9 legal re=m 0 ! ,allgeme9es preussis*es ,l&re*t1 complet$ by ! gr& *ancellor ,c\nt ,johann ,h4 ,c4 von ,c>m] 7#agba-ahja7 on ! basis ( ! ,project des ,corporis ,juris ,frid]iciani1 complet$ 9 ! ye> #agdi-agea by ! em95t juri/ ,samuel von ,cocceji 7#afgi-agee74 ,! ,l&re*t1 a "w ( va/ lab\r & erudition1 comb9es ! two sy/ems ( ,g]man & ,roman law supplem5t$ by ! law ( nature2 x 0 ! fir/ ,g]man code1 b only came into =ce 9 #agid1 aft] ,fr$]ick's dea?4 ,look+ ahead aft] ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,fr$]ick saw no means ( secur+ himself s effectually z by cultivat+ ! goodwill ( ,russia4 ,9 #agfd he accord+ly conclud$ a treaty ( alliance ) ! empress ,ca!r9e = eight ye>s4 ,six ye>s aft]w>ds1 un=tunately = 8 fame1 he jo9$ 9 ! fir/ p>tition ( ,pol&1 by :i* he receiv$ ,poli% ,prussia1 )\t ,danzig & ,?orn1 & ,great ,pol& z f> z ! riv] ,netze4 ,prussia 0 !n = ! fir/ "t made cont9u\s ) ,br&5burg & ,pom]ania4 ,! emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 greatly admir$ ,fr$]ick1 & visit$ him at ,neisse1 9 ,silesia1 9 #agfi1 a visit :i* ,fr$]ick return$1 9 ,moravia1 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! "y emp]or 0 frank & cordial2 ,fr$]ick 0 m cauti\s1 = he detect$ "u ! respectful mann] ( ,joseph a ke5 ambition t might "o day become dang]\s to ,prussia4 ,ev] aft] ^! int]views a portrait ( ! emp]or hung conspicu\sly 9 ! rooms 9 :i* ,fr$]ick liv$1 a circum/ance on :i* "s "o rem>k$4 ,ah yes1 said ,fr$]ick1 ,i am oblig$ to keep t "y g5tleman 9 my eye4 ,no?+ came ( ^! suspicions till #aggg1 :51 aft] ! dea? ( ,maximilian ,joseph1 elector ( ,bav>ia1 )\t *ildr51 ! emp]or took possession ( ! great] "p ( 8 l&s4 ,! elector palat9e1 :o lawfully inh]it$ ,bav>ia1 came to an arrangem5t1 :i* 0 n admitt$ by 8 heir1 ,*>les1 duke ( ,zweibrueck54 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! latt] appeal$ to ,fr$]ick1 :o1 resolv$ t ,au/ria %\ld ga9 no unnecess>y advantage1 took 8 "p1 & br\ght pressure to be> ^u ! emp]or4 ,ultimately1 greatly aga9/ 8 w1 ,fr$]ick felt compell$ to draw ! sword1 & 9 ,july #aggh cross$ ! ,bohemian fronti] at ! head ( a p[]ful army4 ,no g5]al engagem5t 0 f\ght1 & aft] a great _m delays ! treaty ( ,tes*5 0 sign$ on ! #ac? ( ,may #aggi4 ,au/ria receiv$ ! circle ( ,burgau1 & cons5t$ t ! k+ ( ,prussia %\ld take ! ,franconian pr9cipalities4 ,fr$]ick nev] ab&on$ 8 jeal\sy ( ,au/ria1 ^: ambition he reg>d$ z ! *ief dang] aga9/ :i* ,europe _h to gu>d4 ,he seems to h _h no suspicion t evil days 7 com+ 9 ,france4 ,x 0 ,au/ria :i* _h giv5 tr\ble 9 8 "t2 & if h] pride 7 curb$1 he fanci$ t ,prussia at lea/ w\ld be safe4 ,h5ce "o ( ! la/ important acts ( 8 life 0 to =m1 9 #aghe1 a league ( pr9ces 7! ,fu]/5bund7 = ! def5ce ( ! imp]ial con/itution1 believ$ to be imp]ill$ by ,joseph's re/less activity4 ,! league came to an end aft] ,fr$]ick's dea?2 b x is ( consid]able hi/orical int]e/1 z ! fir/ op5 attempt ( ,prussia to take ! lead 9 ,g]many4 ,fr$]ick's *ief tru/ 0 always 9 8 treasury & 8 army4 ,by cont9ual economy he left 9 ! =m] ! imm5se sum ( #gj million ?al]s2 ! latt]1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 numb]$ #bjj1jjj m51 discipl9$ ) all ! /rictness to :i* he _h ?r\gh\t life accu/om$ 8 troops4 ,he di$ at ,sanss\ci on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #aghf2 8 dea? be+ ha/5$ by exposure to a /orm ( ra91 /oically borne1 dur+ a milit>y review4 ,he pass$ away on ! eve ( trem5d\s ev5ts1 :i* = a "t obscur$ 8 fame2 b n[ t he c be imp>tially e/imat$1 he is se5 to h be5 9 _m respects "o ( ! greate/ figures 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,he 0 r bel[ ! middle size1 9 y\? incl9$ to /\tness1 lean 9 old age1 b ( vigor\s & active habits4 ,an expression ( ke5 intellig5ce light$ up 8 features1 & 8 l>ge1 sp>kl+ grey eyes d>t$ p5etrat+ glances at e "o :o approa*$ him4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s an old blue uni=m ) r$ fac+s 0 8 usual dress1 & on 8 brea/ 0 g5]ally "s ,spani% snuff1 ( :i* he consum$ l>ge quantities4 ,he %>$ _m ( ! *ief intellectual t5d5cies ( 8 age1 hav+ no feel+ = ! highe/ aspirations ( human nature1 b submitt+ all ?+s to a se>*+ critical analysis4 ,( ,*ri/ianity he always spoke 9 ! mock+ tone ( ! enlight5$ philosoph]s1 reg>d+ x z ! inv5tion ( prie/s2 b x is notewor?y t aft] ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! trials ( :i* /eadi$ 8 "*1 he s\ght to /r5g!n ! *ur* = ! sake ( its elevat+ moral influ5ce4 ,9 8 judgm5ts ( mank9d he (t5 talk$ z a misan?rope4 ,he 0 once conv]s+ ) ,sulz]1 :o 0 a s*ool inspector1 ab\t education4 ,sulz] express$ ! op9ion t education _h ( late ye>s greatly improv$4 ,9 =m] times1 y\r ,maje/y1 he said1 ! notion be+ t mank9d 7 naturally incl9$ to evil1 a sy/em ( sev]ity prevail$ 9 s*ools2 b n[1 :5 we recognize t ! inborn incl9ation ( m5 is r to good ?an to evil1 s*oolma/]s h adopt$ a m g5]\s proc$ure4 ,ah1 my de> ,sulz]1 repli$ ! k+1 y don't "k ?is damn$ race 7,a*1 me9 lieb] ,sulz]1 er k5nt ni*t diese v]dammte ,race74 ,?is fe>ful say+ unque/ionably express$ a frequ5t mood ( ,fr$]ick's2 & he sometimes act$ ) great h>%ness1 & seem$ to take a malici\s pleasure 9 torm5t+ 8 acqua9tances4 ,yet he 0 capable ( g5u9e atta*m5ts4 ,he 0 beautifully loyal to 8 "m & 8 si/] ,wilhelm9a2 8 lett]s to ! du*ess ( ,go?a are full ( a c]ta9 t5d] rev]5ce2 ! two ,kei?s f\nd him a devot$ fri5d4 ,b ! true evid5ce t b5ea? 8 misan?ropical moods !re 0 an endur+ s5tim5t ( humanity is af=d$ by ! _s 9 :i* he ex]cis$ 8 k+ly functions4 ,tak+ 8 reign z a :ole1 x mu/ be said t he look$ ^u 8 p[] r z a tru/ ?an z a s\rce ( p]sonal advantage2 & ! tru/ 0 fai?fully dis*>g$ accord+ to ! be/ lights ( 8 day4 ,he has (t5 be5 condemn$ = do+ no?+ to enc\rage ,g]man lit]ature2 & x is true t he 0 supremely indiff]5t to x4 ,be=e he di$ a tide ( intellectual life 0 ris+ all ab\t him2 yet he fail$ to recognize x1 decl9$ to give ,less+ ev5 ! small po/ ( royal libr>ian1 & ?\ght ,goetz von ,b]li*+5 a vulg> imitation ( vulg> ,engli% models4 ,b :5 8 ta/e 0 =m$1 ,g]man lit]ature did n exi/2 ! *oice 0 betwe5 ,rac9e & ,voltaire on ! "o h& & ,gotts*$ & ,gell]t on ! o!r4 ,he surviv$ into ! era ( ,kant1 ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 b he 0 n ( x1 & x w\ld h be5 unreasonable to expect t he %\ld 9 old age pass beyond ! limits ( 8 own epo*4 ,z ,g]mans n[ g5]ally admit1 x 0 bett] t he let _! lit]ature alone1 s9ce1 left to itself1 x became a ?or\ghly indep5d5t product4 ,indirectly he p[]fully promot$ x by deep5+ ! national life f :i* x sprang4 ,at a "t :5 !re 0 no real bond ( cohesion betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates1 he /irr$ among !m a common en?usiasm2 & 9 mak+ ,prussia great he laid ! f\ndation ( a g5u9ely unit$ empire4 ,,bibliographical ,,note4--,! ma9 s\rces = ! biography ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great are 8 own works1 :i*1 9 ! words ( ,leopold von ,ranke1 deal ) ! politics & w>s ( ! p]iod ) ! greate/ possible objectivity1 i4e4 tru?fulness1 & =m an imp]i%able monum5t ( 8 life & op9ions4 ,a magnific5t edition ( ,fr$]ick's complete works 0 issu$ 7#ahdf-aheg71 at ! in/ance ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 "u ! sup]vision ( ! hi/orian ,johann ,d4 ,e4 ,preuss 7#aghe-ahfh74 ,x is 9 ?irty volumes1 ( :i* six conta9 v]se1 sev5 are hi/orical1 two philosophical1 & ?ree milit>y1 twelve be+ made up ( correspond5ce4 ,s long z ! v>i\s /ate ar*ives rema9$ l>gely inaccessible hi/orians reli$ ^u ?is z _! *ief au?ority4 ,among works belong+ to ?is p]iod may be m5tion$ ,?omas ,c>lyle1 ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,prussia 7#f vols41 ,london1 #aheh-ahfe72 ,j4 ,g4 ,droys51 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse 7#b vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahgd-ahgf1 =m+ "p ,v4 ( 8 ,ges*i*te d] preussis*5 ,politik72 ,ranke1 ,fri$ri* ,,ii41 ,ko5ig von ,preuss5 7,w]ke1 vols4 li4 & lii474 ,a great /imulus to ! /udy ( ,fr$]ick's hi/ory has s9ce be5 giv5 by ! publication ( collections ( docum5ts pres]v$ 9 v>i\s ar*ives4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is ! great (ficial edition ( ,fr$]ick's political correspond5ce 7,b]l91 #ahgi71 ( :i* ! ?irty-fir/ vol4 appe>$ 9 #aijf4 ,( lat] works1 bas$ on mod]n rese>*1 may be m5tion$ ,r4 ,kos]1 ,ko5ig ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse1 ,bd4 #b 7,/uttg>t1 #ahic & #aijc2 #crd ed41 #aije72 ,b\rdeau1 ,le ,gr& ,fr$]ic 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #aijj-aijb72 ,l4 ,paul-,dubois1 ,fr$]ic le ,gr&1 d'apres sa correspondance politique 7,p>is1 #aijc72 ,w4 ,f4 ,r$daway1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ! ,rise ( ,prussia 7,london1 #aijd74 ,( ! num]\s special /udies may be notic$ ,e4 ,zell]1 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse als ,philosoph 7,b]l91 #ahhf72 ,h4 ,pigge1 ,die ,/aat/heorie ,fri$ri*s des ,gross5 7,mu5/]1 #aijd72 ,t4 von ,b]nh>di1 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse als ,feldh]r 7#b vols41 ,b]l91 #ahha72 ,erne/ ,lavisse1 ,la ,jeunesse du ,gr& ,fr$]ic 7,p>is1 #ahia1 #crd ed41 #ahii2 ,eng4 transl41 ,london1 #ahia72 ,r4 ,brode1 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse und d] ,konflikt mit se9em ,vat] 7,leipzig1 #aijd72 ,w4 von ,brem51 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse 7,bd4 ii4 ( ,erzieh] des preussis*5 ,he]es1 ,b]l91 #aije72 ,g4 ,w9t]1 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse 7#c vols4 9 ,gei/e%eld5 s]ies1 ,b]l91 #aijf72 ,dreissig ,jahre am ,h(e ,fri$ri*s des ,gross54 ,aus d5 ,tagebue*]n des ,rei*sgraf5 ,ahasu]us ,he9ri* von ,lehndorff1 ,kamm]h]rn d] ,ko5ig9 ,elisabett ,*ri/9e von ,preuss5 7,go?a1 #aijg74 ,! great "w on ! w>s ( ,fr$]ick is t issu$ by ! ,prussian ,g5]al ,/aff3 ,die ,kriege ,fri$ri*s des ,gross5 7#ab vols4 9 ?ree p>ts1 ,b]l91 #ahij-aijd74 ,= a full li/ ( o!r works see ,dahlmann-,waitz1 ,quell5kunde 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 7,j4 ,si42 ,w4 ,a4 ,p474 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#ahca-ahhh71 k+ ( ,prussia & ,g]man emp]or1 0 born at ,potsdam on ! #ah? ( ,octob] #ahca1 be+ ! elde/ son ( ,pr9ce ,william ( ,prussia1 aft]w>ds fir/ ,g]man emp]or1 & ! pr9cess ,augu/a4 ,he 0 c>efully educat$1 & 9 #ahdi-ahej /udi$ at ! univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,! next ye>s 7 sp5t 9 milit>y duties & 9 travels1 9 :i* he 0 accompani$ by ,moltke4 ,9 #ahea he visit$ ,engl& on ! occasion ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 & 9 #ahee became engag$ to ,victoria1 pr9cess royal ( ,great ,brita91 to :om he 0 m>ri$ 9 ,london on ! #be? ( ,janu>y #aheh4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 uncle 9 #ahfa & ! accession ( 8 fa!r1 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,william1 z he 0 !n always call$1 became cr[n pr9ce ( ,prussia4 ,8 education1 ! influ5ce ( 8 "m1 & p]haps /ill m t ( 8 wife's fa!r1 ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 _h made him a /rong ,lib]al1 & he 0 mu* di/ress$ at ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,prussia aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ,bism>ck z m9i/]4 ,he 0 urg$ by ! ,lib]als to put himself into op5 opposition to ! gov]nm5t2 ?is he refus$ to d1 b he remon/rat$ privately ) ! k+4 ,9 ,june #ahfc1 h[ev]1 he publicly dissociat$ himself f ! press ord9ances :i* _h j be5 publi%$4 ,he ceas$ to att5d meet+s ( ! c\ncil ( /ate1 & 0 mu* away f ,b]l94 ,! opposition ( ! cr[n pr9ce to ! m9i/]s 0 increas$ dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 = he 0 a w>m fri5d ( ! pr9ce ( ,augu/5burg1 ^: claims to ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 ,bism>ck refus$ to support4 ,dur+ ! w> ) ,d5m>k he _h 8 fir/ milit>y exp]i5ce1 be+ atta*$ to ! /aff ( ,m>%al von ,wrangel2 he p]=m$ valuable s]vice 9 arrang+ ! difficulties caus$ by ! disputes betwe5 ! field m>%al & ! o!r (fic]s1 & 0 ev5tually giv5 a control ov] him4 ,aft] ! w> he cont9u$ to support ! pr9ce ( ,augu/5burg & 0 /rongly oppos$ to ! w> ) ,au/ria4 ,dur+ ! campaign ( #ahff he receiv$ ! comm& ( an army consi/+ ( f\r army corps2 he 0 assi/$ by ,g5]al von ,blum5?al1 z *ief ( ! /aff1 b took a v active "p 9 direct+ ! difficult op]ations by :i* 8 army f\ght its way ?r\gh ! m\nta9s f ,silesia to ,bohemia1 fight+ f\r engagem5ts 9 ?ree days1 & %[$ t he possess$ g5u9e milit>y capacity4 ,9 ! decisive battle ( ,ko5iggraetz ! arrival ( 8 army on ! field ( battle1 aft] a m>* ( ne>ly #bj m41 secur$ ! victory4 ,dur+ ! negotiations :i* end$ ! w> he gave valuable assi/ance by p]suad+ ! k+ to accept ,bism>ck's policy z reg>ds peace ) ,au/ria4 ,f ?is "t he 0 v anxi\s to see ! k+ ( ,prussia unite ! :ole ( ,g]many1 ) ! title ( emp]or1 & 0 impati5t ( ! caution ) :i* ,bism>ck proce$$4 ,9 #ahfi he paid a visit to ,italy1 & 9 ! same ye> 0 pres5t at ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal2 on 8 way he visit$ ! ,holy ,l&4 ,he play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! ye> #ahgj-ahga1 be+ appo9t$ to comm& ! armies ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,g5]al ,blum5?al aga9 be+ 8 *ief ( ! /aff2 8 troops won ! victory ( ,wo]?1 took an important "p 9 ! battle ( ,s$an1 & lat] 9 ! siege ( ,p>is4 ,! popul>ity he won 0 ( political s]vice 9 prep>+ ! way = ! union ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,g]many1 & he 0 ! =emo/ advocate ( ! imp]ial idea at ! ,prussian c\rt4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$1 little opportunity = political activity 0 op5 to him4 ,he & ! cr[n pr9cess took a great int]e/ 9 art & indu/ry1 especially 9 ! royal museums2 & ! excavations conduct$ at ,olympia & ,p]gamon ) su* great results 7 *iefly due to him4 ,! cr[n pr9cess 0 a ke5 advocate ( ! high] education ( wom51 & x 0 ow+ to h] ex]tions t ! ,victoria ,lyceum at ,b]l9 7:i* 0 nam$ aft] h]7 0 f\nd$4 ,9 #ahgh1 :5 ! emp]or 0 incapacitat$ by ! %ot ( an assass91 ! pr9ce act$ = "s mon?s z reg5t4 ,8 palace 0 ! c5tre ( all t 0 be/ 9 ! lit]>y & le>n$ society ( ! capital4 ,he publicly express$ 8 disapproval ( ! attacks on ! ,jews 9 #ahgh2 & ! coalition ( ,lib]al p>ties f\nd$ 9 #ahhd 0 popul>ly kn[n z ! cr[n pr9ce's p>ty1 b he scrupul\sly refra9$ f any act t might emb>rass 8 fa!r's gov]nm5t4 ,= _m reasons ! accession ( ! pr9ce 0 look$ =w>d to ) great hope by a l>ge "p ( ! nation4 ,un=tunately he 0 attack$ by canc] 9 ! ?roat2 he sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahhg-ahhh at ,san ,remo2 9 ,janu>y #ahhh ! op]ation ( tra*eotomy _h to be p]=m$4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 :i* took place on ! #i? ( ,m>*1 he at once j\rney$ to ,b]l92 b 8 days 7 numb]$1 & he came to ! ?rone only to die4 ,9 ^! circum/ances 8 accession c\ld n h ! political importance :i* w\ld o!rwise h atta*$ to x1 ?\gh x 0 disfigur$ by a vici\s outbur/ ( p>ty passion 9 :i* ! names ( ! emp]or & ! empress 7 con/antly misus$4 ,:ile ! ,lib]als hop$ ! emp]or w\ld use 8 p[] = "s signal decl>ation ( policy1 ! adh]5ts ( ,bism>ck did n scruple to make bitt] attacks on ! empress4 ,! emp]or's mo/ important act 0 a sev]e reprim& address$ to ,h]r von ,puttkam]1 ! reaction>y m9i/] ( ! int]ior1 :i* caus$ 8 resignation2 9 ! di/ribution ( hon\rs he *ose _m :o belong$ to classes & p>ties hi!rto exclud$ f c\rt fav\r4 ,a s]i\s diff]5ce ( op9ion ) ! *ancellor reg>d+ ! proposal = a m>riage betwe5 ,pr9ce ,alex&] ( ,batt5b]g & ! pr9cess ,victoria ( ,prussia 0 arrang$ by ! int]v5tion ( ,que5 ,victoria1 :o visit$ ,b]l9 to see h] dy+ son-9-law4 ,he expir$ at ,potsdam on ! #ae? ( ,june #ahhh1 aft] a reign ( n9ety-n9e days4 ,aft] ! emp]or's dea? ,pr(essor ,geffck51 a p]sonal fri5d1 publi%$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au extracts f ! di>y ( ! cr[n pr9ce conta9+ passages :i* illu/rat$ 8 diff]5ces ) ,bism>ck dur+ ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,! object 0 to injure ,bism>ck's reputation1 & a v unseemly dispute ensu$4 ,bism>ck at fir/1 9 a lett] address$ to ! new emp]or1 d5i$ ! au!nticity ( ! extracts on ! gr\nd t !y 7 unwor?y ( ! cr[n pr9ce4 ,geffck5 0 !n arre/$ & imprison$4 ,he _h und\bt$ly %[n t he 0 an injudici\s fri5d1 = ! di>y prov$ t ! pr9ce1 9 8 en?usiasm = ,g]man unity1 _h all[$ himself to consid] projects :i* w\ld h s]i\sly compromis$ ! relations ( ,prussia & ,bav>ia4 ,! treatm5t ( ! cr[n pr9ce's illness also gave rise to an acrimoni\s controv]sy4 ,x arose f ! fact t z e>ly z ,may #ahhg ! ,g]man physicians recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( canc] 9 ! ?roat1 b ,sir ,morell ,mack5zie1 ! ,engli% speciali/ :o 0 also consult$1 disput$ ! correctness ( ?is diagnosis1 & advis$ t ! op]ation = removal ( ! l>ynx1 :i* !y _h recomm5d$1 %\ld n be und]tak54 ,8 advice 0 foll[$1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! m$ical m5 7 made ! occasion = a consid]able display ( national & political animosity4 ,! empress ,,victoria1 :o1 aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&1 0 kn[n z ! empress ,fr$]ick1 di$ on ! #e? ( ,augu/ #aija at ! ca/le ( ,fri$ri*skron1 ,cronb]g1 ne> ,homburg v4 d4 ,h41 :]e %e sp5t h] la/ ye>s4 ,( ! emp]or's *ildr5 two1 ,pr9ce ,sigismund 7#ahfd-ahff7 & ,pr9ce ,waldem> 7#ahfi-ahgi71 di$ 9 *ildhood4 ,he left two sons1 ,william1 8 successor z emp]or1 & ,h5ry1 :o adopt$ a naval c>e]4 ,( 8 daught]s1 ! pr9cess ,*>lotte 0 m>ri$ to ,b]n>d1 h]$it>y pr9ce ( ,me9+52 ! pr9cess ,victoria to ,pr9ce ,adolf ( ,s*aumburg-,lippe2 ! pr9cess ,sophie to ! duke ( ,sp>ta1 cr[n pr9ce ( ,greece2 & ! pr9cess ,m>g>e?a to ,pr9ce ,fri$ri* ,k>l ( ,hesse4 ,,au?orities4--,m4 von ,pos*+]1 ,kais] ,fri$ri* 7#c vols41 ,b]l91 #ahih-aijj74 ,adapt$ into ,engli% by ,sidney ,:itman1 ,life ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick 7#aija74 ,see also ,bism>ck1 ,reflections & ,rem9isc5ces2 ,r5nell ,rodd1 ,fr$]ick1 ,cr[n ,pr9ce & ,emp]or 7#ahhh72 ,gu/av ,freytag1 ,d] ,kronpr9z und die deuts*e ,kais]krone 7#ahhi2 ,engli% translation1 #ahij72 ,otto ,ri*t]1 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,,iii4 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #aijc74 ,= 8 illness1 ! (ficial publications1 publi%$ bo? 9 ,engli% & ,g]man3 ,die ,krankheit ,kais] ,fri$ri*s ,,iii4 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 & ,morell ,mack5zie1 ,! ,fatal ,illness ( ,fr$]ick ! ,noble 7#ahhh74 ,mo/ ( ! copies ( ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au conta9+ ! extracts f ! cr[n pr9ce's di>y 7 confiscat$1 b !re is an ,engli% edition1 publi%$ 9 #ahhi4 7,j4 ,w4 ,he47 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#abgb-accg71 k+ ( ,sicily1 ?ird son ( ,k+ ,pet] ( ,aragon & ,sicily1 & ( ,con/ance1 daught] ( ,manfr$4 ,pet] di$ 9 #abhe1 leav+ ,aragon to 8 elde/ son ,alphonso1 & ,sicily to 8 second son ,james4 ,:5 ,alphonso di$ 9 #abia ,james became k+ ( ,aragon1 & left 8 bro!r ,fr$]ick z reg5t ( ,sicily4 ,! w> betwe5 ! ,angev9s & ! ,aragonese = ! possession ( ,sicily 0 /ill 9 progress1 & al?\gh ! ,aragonese 7 successful 9 ,italy1 ,james's position 9 ,spa9 became v insecure to int]nal tr\bles & ,fr5* attacks4 ,peace negotiations 7 begun ) ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,anj\1 b 7 int]rupt$ by ! successive dea?s ( two popes2 at la/ "u ! auspices ( ,boniface ,,viii4 ,james conclud$ a %ameful treaty1 by :i*1 9 ex*ange = be+ left undi/urb$ 9 ,aragon & promis$ possession ( ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 he gave up ,sicily to ! ,*ur*1 = :om x 0 to be held by ! ,angev9s 7#abie74 ,! ,sicilians refus$ to be made ov] once m to ! hat$ ,fr5* :om !y _h expell$ 9 #abhb1 & f\nd a national lead] 9 ! reg5t ,fr$]ick4 ,9 va9 ! pope tri$ to bribe him ) promises & dignities2 he 0 det]m9$ to /& by 8 subjects1 & 0 cr[n$ k+ by ! nobles at ,pal]mo 9 #abif4 ,"y1 brave & h&some1 he won ! love & devotion ( 8 p1 & guid$ !m ?r\gh ! long ye>s ( /orm & /ress ) wisdom & ability4 ,al?\gh ! second ,fr$]ick ( ,sicily1 he call$ himself ?ird1 be+ ! ?ird son ( ,k+ ,pet]4 ,he re=m$ ! adm9i/ration & ext5d$ ! p[]s ( ! ,sicilian p>liam5t1 :i* 0 compos$ ( ! b>ons1 ! prelates & ! repres5tatives ( ! t[ns4 ,8 refusal to comply ) ! pope's injunctions l$ to a r5ewal ( ! w>4 ,fr$]ick l&$ 9 ,calabria1 :]e he seiz$ sev]al t[ns1 enc\rag$ revolt 9 ,naples1 negotiat$ ) ! ,ghibell9es ( ,tuscany & ,lomb>dy1 & assi/$ ! h\se ( ,colonna aga9/ ,pope ,boniface4 ,9 ! mean:ile ,james1 :o receiv$ _m fav\rs f ! ,*ur*1 m>ri$ 8 si/] ,yol&a to ,rob]t1 ! ?ird son ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,un=tunately = ,fr$]ick1 a "p ( ! ,aragonese nobles ( ,sicily fav\r$ ,k+ ,james1 & bo? ,john ( ,procida & ,ruggi]o di ,lauria1 ! h]oes ( ! w> ( ! ,vesp]s1 w5t ov] to ! ,angev9s1 & ! latt] completely defeat$ ! ,sicilian fleet (f ,cape ,orl&o4 ,*>les's sons ,rob]t & ,philip l&$ 9 ,sicily1 b aft] captur+ ,catania 7 defeat$ by ,fr$]ick1 ,philip be+ tak5 prison] 7#abii71 :ile sev]al ,calabrian t[ns 7 captur$ by ! ,sicilians4 ,= two ye>s m ! fight+ cont9u$ ) v>y+ success1 until ,*>les ( ,valois1 :o _h be5 s5t by ,boniface to invade ,sicily1 0 =c$ to sue = peace1 8 army be+ decimat$ by ! plague1 & 9 ,augu/ #acjb ! treaty ( ,caltabellotta 0 sign$1 by :i* ,fr$]ick 0 recogniz$ k+ ( ,tr9acria 7! "n ,sicily 0 n to be us$7 = 8 lifetime1 & 0 to m>ry ,eleonora1 ! daught] ( ,*>les ,,ii42 at 8 dea? ! k+dom 0 to rev]t to ! ,angev9s 7?is clause 0 ins]t$ *iefly to save ,*>les's face71 & 8 *ildr5 w\ld receive comp5sation else:]e4 ,boniface tri$ to induce ,k+ ,*>les to break ! treaty1 b ! latt] 0 only too anxi\s = peace1 & f9ally 9 ,may #acjc ! pope ratifi$ x1 ,fr$]ick agree+ to pay him a tribute4 ,= a few ye>s ,sicily enjoy$ peace1 & ! k+dom 0 reorganiz$4 ,b on ! desc5t ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,fr$]ick ent]$ into an alliance ) him1 & 9 violation ( ! pact ( ,caltabellotta made w> on ! ,angev9s aga9 7#acac7 & captur$ ,reggio4 ,he set sail = ,tuscany to coop]ate ) ! emp]or1 b on ! latt]'s dea? 7#acad7 he return$ to ,sicily4 ,rob]t1 :o _h succe$$ ,*>les ,,ii4 9 #acji1 made sev]al raids into ! isl&1 :i* suff]$ mu* mat]ial injury4 ,a truce 0 conclud$ 9 #acag1 b z ! ,sicilians help$ ! nor? ,italian ,ghibell9es 9 ! attack on ,g5oa1 & ,fr$]ick seiz$ "s ,*ur* rev5ues = milit>y purposes1 ! pope 7,john ,,xxii47 excommunicat$ him & plac$ ! isl& "u an int]dict 7#acba7 :i* la/$ until #acce4 ,an ,angev9 fleet & army1 "u ,rob]t's son ,*>les1 0 defeat$ at ,pal]mo by ,giovanni da ,*i>amonte 9 #acbe1 & 9 #acbf & #acbg !re 7 fur!r ,angev9 raids on ! isl&1 until ! desc5t into ,italy ( ! emp]or ,l\is ! ,bav>ian di/ract$ _! att5tion4 ,! election ( ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xii4 7#accd71 :o 0 fri5dly to ,fr$]ick1 promis$ a respite2 b aft] fruitless negotiations ! w> broke out once m1 & ,*i>amonte w5t ov] to ,rob]t1 ow+ to a private feud4 ,9 #accg ,fr$]ick di$ at ,pat]nione1 & 9 spite ( ! peace ( ,caltabellotta 8 son ,pet] succe$$4 ,fr$]ick's great m]it 0 t dur+ 8 reign ! ,aragonese dyna/y became ?or\ghly national & help$ to weld ! ,sicilians into a unit$ p4 ,,bibliography4--,g4 ,m4 ,mira1 ,bibliografia ,siciliana 7,pal]mo1 #ahge72 ( ! contempor>y au?orities ,n4 ,speciale's ,hi/oria ,sicula 79 ,muratori's ,script4 r]4 ital4 x47 is ! mo/ important2 = ! fir/ ye>s ( ,fr$]ick's reign see ,m4 ,am>i1 ,la ,gu]ra del ,vespro ,siciliano 7,flor5ce1 #ahgf71 & ,f4 ,lanzani1 ,/oria dei ,comuni italiani 7,milan1 #ahhb72 = ! latt] ye>s ,c4 ,cipolla1 ,/oria delle signorie italiane 7,milan1 #ahha72 also ,te/a1 ,vita di ,f$]igo di ,sicilia4 7,l4 ,v47 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7c4 #acga-addj71 elector ( ,br&5burg1 f\nd] ( ! greatness ( ! ,h\se ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 0 a son ( ,fr$]ick ,v41 burgrave ( ,nuremb]g1 & fir/ came into prom95ce by sav+ ! life ( ,sigismund1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 at ! battle ( ,nicopolis 9 #acif4 ,9 #acig he became burgrave ( ,nuremb]g1 & aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #acih he %>$ ,ansba*1 ,bayreu?1 & ! small] possessions ( ! family1 ) 8 only bro!r ,john1 b became sole rul] aft] 8 bro!r's dea? 9 #adbj4 ,loyal at fir/ to ,k+ ,w5ceslaus1 ! k+'s neglect ( ,g]many drove ,fr$]ick to take "p 9 8 deposition 9 #adjj1 & 9 ! election ( ,rup]t ,,iii41 c\nt palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 :om he accompani$ to ,italy 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #adja he m>ri$ ,elizabe?1 or ,elsa1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,bav>ia-,l&%ut 7d4 #acic71 & aft] sp5d+ "s "t 9 family & o!r feuds1 took s]vice aga9 ) ,k+ ,sigismund 9 #adji1 :om he assi/$ 9 8 /ruggle ) ! ,hung>ian rebels4 ,! d\ble election to ! ,g]man ?rone 9 #adaj fir/ br\ght ,fr$]ick into relation ) ,br&5burg4 ,sigismund1 anxi\s to obta9 ano!r vote 9 ! electoral college1 appo9t$ ,fr$]ick to ex]cise ! ,br&5burg vote on 8 behalf1 & x 0 l>gely ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t ,sigismund 0 *os5 ,g]man k+4 ,fr$]ick !n pass$ "s "t z adm9i/rator ( ,br&5burg1 :]e he re/or$ a c]ta9 degree ( ord]1 & 0 =mally inve/$ ) ! electorate & m>graviate by ,sigismund at ,con/ance on ! #ah? ( ,april #adag 7see ,,br&5burg74 ,he took "p 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,hussites1 b became e/rang$ f ,sigismund :5 9 #adbc ! k+ inve/$ ,fr$]ick ( ,wett91 m>grave ( ,meiss51 ) ! vacant electoral du*y ( ,saxe-,witt5b]g4 ,9 #adbg he sold 8 rights z burgrave to ! t[n ( ,nuremb]g1 & he 0 a prom95t memb] ( ! b& ( electors :o s\ght to impose re=ms ^u ,sigismund4 ,aft] hav+ be5 an unsuccessful c&idate = ! ,g]man ?rone 9 #adch1 ,fr$]ick 0 *os5 k+ ( ,bohemia 9 #addj1 b decl9$ ! pr(f]$ hon\r4 ,he took "p 9 ! election ( ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 z ,g]man k+ 9 #addj1 & di$ at ,radolzburg on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb] 9 ! same ye>4 ,9 #aijb a bronze /atue 0 erect$ to 8 memory at ,friesack1 & !re is also a m>ble "o ( ! elector 9 ! ,siegesallee at ,b]l94 ,see ,a4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,zehn ,jahre aus d] ,ges*i*te d] ,ahnh]r5 des preussis*5 ,ko5ig%auses 7,b]l91 #ahea72 ,e4 ,br&5burg1 ,ko5ig ,sigmund und ,kurfu]/ ,fri$ri* ,i4 von ,br&5burg 7,b]l91 #ahia72 & ,o4 ,frankl91 ,die deuts*e ,politik ,fri$ri*s ,i4 ,kurfu]/5 von ,br&5burg 7,b]l91 #ahea74 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7#adbe-adgf71 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 surnam$ ! ,victori\s1 & call$ by 8 enemies wick$ ,fritz1 second son ( ! elector palat9e ,l\is ,,iii41 0 born on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #adbe4 ,he inh]it$ a "p ( ! ,palat9ate on 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #adci1 b soon surr5d]$ ?is inh]itance to 8 eld] bro!r1 ! elector ,l\is ,,iv4 ,on 8 bro!r's dea? 9 #addi1 h[ev]1 he became gu>dian ( ! "y elector ,philip1 & rul] ( ! l&4 ,9 #adea he p]suad$ ! nobles to recognize him z elector1 on condition t ,philip %\ld be 8 successor1 a s*eme :i* 0 dislik$ by ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ,! elector 0 successful 9 v>i\s w>s ) neighb\r+ rul]s1 & 0 a lead+ memb] ( ! b& ( pr9ces :o =m$ plans to secure a m effici5t gov]nm5t = ,g]many1 & ev5 discuss$ ! deposition ( ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ,fr$]ick himself 0 m5tion$ z a c&idate = ! ,g]man ?rone1 b ! jeal\sies ( ! pr9ces prev5t$ any decisive action1 & soon became s acute t 9 #adei !y began to fight among !mselves4 ,9 alliance ) ,l\is ,,ix41 duke ( ,bav>ia-,l&%ut1 ,fr$]ick ga9$ sev]al victories dur+ ! /ruggle1 & 9 #adfb won a decisive battle at ,seck5heim ov] ,ulri* ,v41 c\nt ( ,wu]ttemb]g4 ,9 #adgb ! elector m>ri$ ,cl>a ,tott1 or ,dett1 ! daught] ( an ,augsburg citiz51 & by h] he _h two sons1 ,fr$]ick1 :o di$ dur+ 8 fa!r's lifetime1 & ,l\is 7d4 #aebd71 :o f\nd$ ! l9e ( ! c\nts ( ,loew5/e94 ,he di$ at ,heidelb]g on ! #ab? ( ,decemb] #adgf1 & 0 succe$$1 accord+ to ! compact1 by 8 nephew ,philip4 ,fr$]ick 0 a cultur$ pr9ce1 &1 9 spite ( 8 w>like c>e]1 a wise & intellig5t rul]4 ,he add$ l>gely to ! area ( ! ,palat9ate1 & did n neglect to fur!r its int]nal prosp]ity4 ,see ,n4 ,fees]1 ,fri$ri* d] ,siegrei*e1 ,kurfu]/ von d] ,pfalz 7,neuburg1 #ahhj72 ,c4 ,j4 ,krem]1 ,ges*i*te des ,kurfu]/5 ,fri$ri*s ,i4 von d] ,pfalz 7,leipzig1 #agfe72 & ,k4 ,m5zel1 ,kurfu]/ ,fri$ri* d] ,siegrei*e von d] ,pfalz 7,muni*1 #ahfa74 ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#adhb-aeef71 surnam$ ! ,wise1 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 f\r? son ( ! elector ,philip1 0 bom on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #adhb4 ,( an active & adv5tur\s temp]am5t1 he f\ght "u ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 9 #aejh1 & aft]w>ds s]v$ ! ,habsburgs loyally 9 o!r ways4 ,he work$ to secure ! election ( ,*>les1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,*>les ,v41 z ! successor ( ,maximilian 9 #aeai2 f\ght 9 two campaigns aga9/ ! ,turks2 & be+ disappo9t$ 9 8 hope ( obta9+ ! h& ( "o ( ! emp]or's si/]s1 m>ri$ 9 #aece ,doro!a 7d4 #aehj71 daught] ( ,*ri/ian ,,ii41 :o _h be5 driv5 f ! ,dani% ?rone4 ,! ,habsburgs promis$ _! aid 9 secur+ ?is cr[n = ,fr$]ick1 b1 l _m previ\s promises made to him1 ?is came to no?+4 ,hav+ sp5t 8 "t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 & incurr$ heavy debts on acc\nt ( 8 exp5sive ta/es1 ,fr$]ick became elector palat9e by ! dea? ( 8 bro!r1 ,l\is ,v41 9 ,m>* #aedd4 ,) reg>d to ! religi\s tr\bles ( ,g]many1 he took up at fir/ ! role ( a m$iator1 b 9 #aede he jo9$ ! league ( ,s*malkald51 & 9 #aedf broke def9itely ) ! old] fai?4 ,he gave a little assi/ance to ! league 9 its w> ) ,*>les1 b soon submitt$ to ! emp]or1 accept$ ! ,int]im issu$ f ,augsburg 9 ,may #aedh1 & aft]w>ds act$ 9 h>mony ) ,*>les4 ,! elector di$ on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y #aeef1 & z he left no *ildr5 0 succe$$ by 8 nephew1 ,otto ,h5ry 7#aejb-aeei74 ,he 0 a great b5efactor to ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,fr$]ick's life1 ,annales de vita et rebus ge/is ,frid]ici ,,ii4 electoris palat9i 7,frank=t1 #afbd71 0 writt5 by 8 secret>y ,hub]t ,?omas ,leodius2 ?is has be5 translat$ into ,g]man by ,e4 von ,buel[ 7,breslau1 #ahdi74 ,see also ,rott1 ,fri$ri* ,,ii4 von d] ,pfalz und die ,re=mation 7,heidelb]g1 #aijd74 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#aeae-aegf71 call$ ! ,pi\s1 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 elde/ son ( ,john ,,ii41 c\nt palat9e ( ,simm]n1 0 born at ,simm]n on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #aeae4 ,9 #aecg he m>ri$ ,m>ia 7d4 #aefg71 daught] ( ,casimir1 pr9ce ( ,bayreu?1 & 9 #aedf1 ma9ly z a result ( ?is union1 adopt$ ! re=m$ doctr9es1 :i* _h already made consid]able progress 9 ! ,palat9ate4 ,he liv$ 9 comp>ative obscurity & pov]ty until #aeeg1 :5 he became c\nt palat9e ( ,simm]n by 8 fa!r's dea?1 succe$+ 8 k9sman1 ,otto ,h5ry 7#aejb-aeei71 z elector palat9e two ye>s lat]4 ,al?\gh incl9$ to ! views ( ,calv9 r ?an to ^? ( ,lu!r1 ! new elector %[$ great anxiety to unite ! ,prote/ants2 b :5 ^! ef=ts fail$1 & ! brea* betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! two re=m]s became wid]1 he def9itely adopt$ ,calv9ism4 ,?is =m ( fai? 0 quickly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,palat9ate2 9 its int]e/s ! ,heidelb]g ,cate*ism 0 drawn up 9 #aefc2 & ,ca?olics & ,lu!rans 7 p]secut$ alike1 :ile ! *ur*es 7 d5ud$ ( all _! ornam5ts4 ,! ,lu!ran pr9ces wi%$ to root out ,calv9ism 9 ! ,palat9ate1 b 7 n will+ to exclude ! elector f ! b5efits ( ! religi\s peace ( ,augsburg1 :i* 7 conf9$ to ! adh]5ts ( ! confession ( ,augsburg1 & ! matt] came be=e ! diet 9 #aeff4 ,boldly def5d+ 8 position1 ,fr$]ick refus$ to give way an in*1 & z ! ,lu!rans 7 unwill+ to proce$ to extremities ! emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii4 c\ld only w>n him to m5d 8 ways4 ,! elector 0 an ard5t support] ( ! ,prote/ants abroad1 :om1 r ?an ! ,g]man ,lu!rans1 he reg>d$ z 8 co-religioni/s4 ,he aid$ ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france & ! insurg5ts 9 ! ,ne!rl&s ) m5 & money2 "o ( 8 sons1 ,john ,casimir 7#aedc-aeib71 took a prom95t "p 9 ! ,fr5* w>s ( religion1 :ile ano!r1 ,*ri/oph]1 0 kill$ 9 #aegd fight+ = ! ,dut* at ,mook] ,hea?4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s ,fr$]ick fail$ 9 8 ef=ts to prev5t ! election ( a memb] ( ! ,habsburg family z ,roman k+1 to secure ! abrogation ( ! ecclesia/ical res]vation clause 9 ! peace ( ,augsburg1 or to obta9 security = ,prote/ants 9 ! t]ritories ( ! spiritual pr9ces4 ,he 0 assidu\s 9 c>+ = ! mat]ial1 moral & educational welf>e ( 8 electorate1 & 0 a b5efactor to ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,! elector di$ at ,heidelb]g on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #aegf1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 eld] surviv+ son1 ,l\is 7#aeci-aehc71 :o _h (f5d$ 8 fa!r by adopt+ ,lu!ranism4 ,see ,a4 ,kluckhohn1 ,fri$ri* d] ,fromme 7,no]dl+51 #ahgg-ahgi72 & ,briefe ,fri$ri*s des ,fromm51 edit$ by ,kluckhohn 7,brunswick1 #ahfh-ahgb74 ,,fr$]ick ,,iv4 7#aegd-afaj71 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 only surviv+ son ( ! elector ,l\is ,,vi41 0 born at ,amb]g on ! #e? ( ,m>* #aegd4 ,8 fa!r di$ 9 ,octob] #aehc1 :5 ! "y elector came "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 uncle ,john ,casimir1 an ard5t ,calv9i/1 :o1 9 spite ( ! wi%es ( ! late elector1 a ,lu!ran1 _h 8 nephew educat$ 9 8 own =m ( fai?4 ,9 ,janu>y #aeib1 on ! dea? ( ,john ,casimir1 ,fr$]ick und]took ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,palat9ate1 & cont9u$ ! policy ( 8 uncle1 ho/ility to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,habsburgs1 & co-op]ation ) =eign ,prote/ants4 ,he 0 (t5 9 communication ) ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 aft]w>ds ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france1 & l him 0 unremitt+ 9 8 ef=ts to conclude a league among ! ,g]man ,prote/ants1 :ile he s\ght to weak5 ! ,habsburgs by refus+ aid = ! ,turki% ,w>4 ,aft] _m delays & disappo9tm5ts ! ,union ( ,evangelical ,e/ates 0 actually =m$ 9 ,may #afjh1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! elector1 & he took a prom95t "p 9 direct+ ! op]ations ( ! union until 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ on ! #ai? ( ,septemb] #afaj4 ,fr$]ick 0 v extravagant1 & lik$ to surr\nd himself ) pomp & luxury4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #aeic ,l\ise1 daught] ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 pr9ce ( ,orange1 & 0 succe$$ by ,fr$]ick1 ! eld] ( 8 two sons4 ,see ,m4 ,ritt]1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,union 7,s*affhaus51 #ahfg-ahgc72 & ,l4 ,haeuss]1 ,ges*i*te d] rhe9is*5 ,pfalz 7,heidelb]g1 #ahef74 ,,fr$]ick ,v4 7#aeif-afcb71 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e & k+ ( ,bohemia1 son ( ! elector ,fr$]ick ,,iv4 by 8 wife1 ,l\isa ,juliana1 daught] ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 pr9ce ( ,orange1 0 born at ,amb]g on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #aeif4 ,he became elector on 8 fa!r's dea? 9 ,septemb] #afaj1 & 0 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 k9sman1 ,john ,,ii41 c\nt palat9e ( ,zweibrueck5 7d4 #afce71 until he 0 decl>$ ( age 9 ,july #afad4 ,hav+ receiv$ a good education1 ,fr$]ick _h m>ri$ ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ! ,engli% k+ ,james ,i41 9 ,febru>y #afac1 & 0 ! recogniz$ head ( ! ,evangelical ,union f\nd$ by 8 fa!r to protect ! int]e/s ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,9 #afai he /epp$ into a l>g] ar5a4 ,be=e ?is date ! e/ates ( ,bohemia1 ,prote/ant 9 sympa?y & dissatisfi$ ) ! rule ( ! ,habsburgs1 _h be5 9 frequ5t communication ) ! elector palat9e1 & 9 ,augu/ #afai1 a few mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ! emp]or ,mat?ias1 !y decl>$ 8 successor1 ,f]d9&1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,,ii41 depos$1 & *ose ,fr$]ick z _! k+4 ,aft] "s hesitation ! elector yield$ to ! entreaties ( ,*ri/ian ,i41 pr9ce ( ,anhalt 7#aefh-afcj71 & o!r sangu9e support]s1 & 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ,bohemia at ,prague on ! #d? ( ,novemb] #afai4 ,by ?is "t ! emp]or ,f]d9& 0 able to take ! aggressive1 :ile ,fr$]ick1 disappo9t$ at receiv+ no assi/ance ei!r f ,engl& or f ! ,union1 _h few soldi]s & little money4 ,consequ5tly on ! #h? ( ,novemb]1 f\r days aft] 8 coronation1 8 =ces 7 easily r\t$ by ! imp]ial army "u ,tilly at ! ,:ite ,hill1 ne> ,prague1 & 8 %ort reign 9 ,bohemia end$ abruptly4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! ,palat9ate 0 ov]run by ! ,spani>ds & ,bav>ians1 & aft] a futile attempt to dislodge !m1 ,fr$]ick1 call$ 9 d]ision ! ,w9t] ,k+1 s\ght refuge 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,hav+ be5 plac$ "u ! imp]ial ban 8 electorate 0 giv5 9 #afbc to ,maximilian ,i4 ( ,bav>ia1 :o also receiv$ ! electoral dignity4 ,! rema9d] ( ,fr$]ick's life 0 sp5t 9 comp>ative obscurity1 al?\gh 8 re/oration 0 a con/ant subject ( discussion among ,european diplomati/s4 ,he di$ at ,ma9z on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #afcb1 hav+ _h a l>ge family1 among 8 *ildr5 be+ ,*>les ,l\is 7#afag-afhj71 :o rega9$ ! ,palat9ate at ! peace ( ,we/phalia 9 #afdh1 & ,sophia1 :o m>ri$ ,erne/ ,augu/us1 aft]w>ds elector ( ,hanov]1 & 0 ! "m ( ,george ,i41 k+ ( ,great ,brita94 ,8 ?ird son 0 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 ! h]o ( ! ,engli% civil w>1 & ano!r son 0 ,pr9ce ,maurice 7#afbj-afeb71 :o also assi/$ 8 uncle ,*>les ,i4 dur+ ! civil w>4 ,hav+ sail$ ) ,rup]t to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,maurice 0 lo/ at sea 9 ,septemb] #afeb4 ,9 addition to ! num]\s works :i* treat ( ! outbreak ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> see ,a4 ,g9dely1 ,fri$ri* ,v4 von d] ,pfalz 7,prague1 #ahhd72 ,j4 ,krebs1 ,die ,politik d] evangelis*5 ,union im ,jahre #afah 7,breslau1 #ahij-aija72 ,m4 ,ritt]1 ,fri$ri* ,v41 9 ! ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 ,b& vii4 7,leipzig1 #ahgh72 & ,deuts*e ,li$] auf d5 ,w9t]ko5ig1 edit$ by ,r4 ,wolkan 7,prague1 #ahii74 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 7#acfi-adbh71 surnam$ ! ,w>like1 elector & duke ( ,saxony1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,fr$]ick ! ,/]n1 c\nt ( ,o/]l&1 & ,ca!r9e1 daught] & heiress ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 c\nt ( ,coburg4 ,he 0 born at ,alt5burg on ! #bi? ( ,m>* #acfi1 & 0 a memb] ( ! family ( ,wett94 ,:5 8 fa!r di$ 9 #acha "s tr\ble arose ov] ! family possessions1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> an arrangem5t 0 made by :i* ,fr$]ick & 8 bro!rs %>$ ,meiss5 & ,?ur+ia ) _! uncles ,bal?as> & ,william4 ,fr$]ick's bro!r ,george di$ 9 #adjb1 & 8 uncle ,william 9 #adjg4 ,a fur!r dispute !n arose1 b 9 #adaj a treaty 0 made at ,naumburg1 :5 ,fr$]ick & 8 bro!r ,william add$ ! nor!rn "p ( ,meiss5 to _! l&s2 & 9 #adbe ! dea? ( ,william left ,fr$]ick sole rul]4 ,9 ! ,g]man t[n w> ( #achh he assi/$ ,fr$]ick ,v4 ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 burgrave ( ,nuremb]g1 & 9 #acia did ! same = ! ,teutonic ,ord] aga9/ ,ladislaus ,v41 k+ ( ,pol& & pr9ce ( ,li?uania4 ,he support$ ,rup]t ,,iii41 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 9 8 /ruggle ) ,k+ ,w5ceslaus = ! ,g]man ?rone1 probably because ,w5ceslaus refus$ to fulfil a promise to give him 8 si/] ,anna 9 m>riage4 ,! dang] to ,g]many f ! ,hussites induc$ ,fr$]ick to ally himself ) ! ,g]man & ,bohemian k+ ,sigismund2 & he took a lead+ "p 9 ! w> aga9/ !m1 dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( :i* he met ) consid]able success4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is ent]prise ,fr$]ick sp5t l>ge sums ( money1 = :i* he receiv$ v>i\s places 9 ,bohemia & else:]e 9 pl$ge f ,sigismund1 :o fur!r rew>d$ him 9 ,janu>y #adbc ) ! vacant electoral du*y ( ,saxe-,witt5b]g2 & ,fr$]ick's =mal inve/iture foll[$ at ,(5 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #adbe4 ,?us spurr$ to r5ew$ ef=ts aga9/ ! ,hussites1 ! elector 0 endeav\r+ to r\se ! ,g]man pr9ces to aid him 9 prosecut+ ?is w> :5 ! ,saxon army 0 almo/ annihilat$ at ,aussig on ! #af? ( ,augu/ #adbf4 ,return+ to ,saxony1 ,fr$]ick di$ at ,alt5burg on ! #d? ( ,janu>y #adbh1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ca!dral at ,meiss54 ,9 #adjb he m>ri$ ,ca!r9e ( ,brunswick1 by :om he left f\r sons & two daught]s4 ,9 #adji1 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r ,william1 he f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 = ! b5efit ( ,g]man /ud5ts :o _h j left ! univ]sity ( ,prague4 ,fr$]ick's importance z an hi/orical figure arises f 8 hav+ obta9$ ! electorate ( ,saxe-,witt5b]g = ! h\se ( ,wett91 & trans=m$ ! m>graviate ( ,meiss5 into ! t]ritory :i* aft]w>ds became ! k+dom ( ,saxony4 ,9 addition to ! k+ ( ,saxony1 ! sov]eigns ( ,engl& & ( ! ,belgians are 8 direct desc5dants4 ,!re is a life ( ,fr$]ick by ,g4 ,spalat9 9 ! ,scriptores r]um ,g]manic>um praecipue ,saxonic>um1 ,b& ii41 edit$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,m5cke 7,leipzig1 #agbh-agcj74 ,see also ,c4 ,w4 ,boettig] & ,?4 ,fla!1 ,ges*i*te des ,kur/aates und ,ko5igrei*s ,sa*s5 7,go?a1 #ahfg-ahgc72 & ,j4 ,g4 ,horn1 ,leb5s- und ,held5ges*i*te ,fri$ri*s des ,/reitb>5 7,leipzig1 #agcc74 ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#adaa-adfd71 call$ ! ,mild1 elector & duke ( ,saxony1 elde/ son ( ! elector ,fr$]ick ,i41 0 born on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/ #adaa4 ,he succe$$ 8 fa!r z elector 9 #adbh1 b %>$ ! family l&s ) 8 ?ree bro!rs1 & 0 at once engag$ 9 def5d+ ,saxony aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,hussites4 ,fre$ f ^! enemies ab\t #adcb1 & turn+ 8 att5tion to increas+ 8 possessions1 he obta9$ ! burgraviate ( ,meiss5 9 #adci1 & "s "p ( ,l[] ,lusatia aft] a /ruggle ) ,br&5burg ab\t ! same "t4 ,9 #adch x 0 decid$ t ,fr$]ick1 & n 8 rival1 ,b]n>d ,,iv41 duke ( ,saxe-,lau5burg1 0 entitl$ to ex]cise ! ,saxon electoral vote at ! elections = ! ,g]man ?rone2 & ! elector !n aid$ ,alb]t ,,ii4 to secure ?is dignity1 p]=m+ a simil> s]vice = 8 own bro!r-9-law1 ,fr$]ick1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 two ye>s lat]4 ,family affairs1 mean:ile1 occupi$ ,fr$]ick's att5tion4 ,"o bro!r1 ,h5ry1 hav+ di$ 9 #adce1 & ano!r1 ,sigismund 7d4 #adfc71 hav+ ent]$ ! *ur* & become bi%op ( ,wu]zburg1 ,fr$]ick & 8 bro!r ,william 7d4 #adhb7 7 ! heirs ( _! *ildless c\s91 ,fr$]ick ! ,peaceful1 :o rul$ ,?ur+ia & o!r p>ts ( ! l&s ( ! ,wett9s4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #addj ! bro!rs divid$ ,fr$]ick's t]ritory1 b ?is arrangem5t 0 n satisfactory1 & w> broke out betwe5 !m 9 #addf4 ,bo? combatants obta9$ extrane\s aid1 b aft] a desolat+ /ruggle peace 0 made 9 ,janu>y #adea1 :5 ,william receiv$ ,?ur+ia1 & ,fr$]ick ,alt5burg & o!r di/ricts4 ,! rema9d] ( ! elector's reign 0 unev5tful1 & he di$ at ,leipzig on ! #g? ( ,septemb] #adfd4 ,by 8 wife1 ,m>g>et 7d4 #adhf71 daught] ( ,erne/1 duke ( ,/yria1 he left two sons & f\r daught]s4 ,9 ,july #adee occurr$ ! celebrat$ ,pr9z5raub1 ! attempt ( a knight nam$ ,kunz von ,kaufung5 7d4 #adee7 to abduct ,fr$]ick's two sons1 ,erne/ & ,alb]t4 ,hav+ c>ri$ !m (f f ,alt5burg1 ,kunz 0 mak+ 8 way to ,bohemia :5 ! plot 0 accid5tally discov]$ & ! pr9ces re/or$4 ,see ,w4 ,s*aef]1 ,d] ,montag vor ,kiliani 7#ahee72 ,j4 ,g]sdorf1 ,e9ige ,akt5/uecke zur ,ges*i*te des sae*sis*5 ,pr9z5raubes 7#ahee72 & ,t4 ,c>lyle1 ,critical & ,miscellane\s ,essays1 vol4 iv4 7,london1 #ahii74 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#adfc-aebe71 call$ ! ,wise1 elector ( ,saxony1 elde/ son ( ,erne/1 elector ( ,saxony1 & ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,alb]t1 duke ( ,bav>ia-,muni* 7d4 #aejh71 0 born at ,torgau1 & succe$$ 8 fa!r z elector 9 #adhf4 ,reta9+ ! gov]nm5t ( ,saxony 9 8 own h&s1 he %>$ ! o!r possessions ( 8 family ) 8 bro!r ,john1 call$ ! ,/$fa/ 7#adfh-aecb74 ,fr$]ick 0 among ! pr9ces :o press$ ! ne$ ( re=m ^u ! ,g]man k+ ,maximilian ,i4 9 #adie1 & 9 #aejj he became presid5t ( ! newly-=m$ c\ncil ( reg5cy 7,rei*sregim5t74 ,he took a g5u9e int]e/ 9 le>n+2 0 a fri5d ( ,georg ,spalat92 & 9 #aejb f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g1 :]e he appo9t$ ,lu!r & ,melan*?on to pr(essor%ips4 ,9 #adic he _h gone z a pilgrim to ,j]usalem1 & _h be5 made a knight ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re2 b1 al?\gh he rema9$ ?r\gh\t life an adh]5t ( ! old] fai?1 he seems to h be5 drawn into sympa?y ) ! re=m]s1 probably ?r\gh 8 connexion ) ! univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g4 ,9 #aebj he refus$ to put into execution ! papal bull :i* ord]$ ,lu!r's writ+s to be burn$ & ! re=m] to be put "u re/ra9t or s5t to ,rome2 & 9 #aeba1 aft] ,lu!r _h be5 plac$ "u ! imp]ial ban by ! diet at ,worms1 ! elector caus$ him to be convey$ to 8 ca/le at ! ,w>tburg1 & aft]w>ds protect$ him :ile he attack$ ! enemies ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 #aeai1 ,fr$]ick1 :o alone among ! electors refus$ to be brib$ by ! rival c&idates = ! imp]ial ?rone1 decl9$ to be a c&idate = ?is high dignity himself1 & assi/$ to secure ! election ( ,*>les ,v4 ,he di$ unm>ri$ at ,langau1 ne> ,annab]g1 on ! #e? ( ,may #aebe4 ,see ,g4 ,spalat91 ,das ,leb5 und die ,zeitges*i*te ,fri$ri*s des ,weis51 edit$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,neudeck] & ,l4 ,prell] 7,j5a1 #ahea72 ,m4 ,m4 ,tutzs*mann1 ,fri$ri* d] ,weise1 ,kurfu]/ von ,sa*s5 7,grimma1 #ahdh72 & ,t4 ,kolde1 ,fri$ri* d] ,weise und die ,anfa5ge d] ,re=mation 7,erlang51 #ahha74 ,,fr$]ick1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,fr$]ick c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,c>roll's ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ! ,monocacy1 #fa m4 by rail ,w4 by ,n4 f ,baltimore & #de m4 ,n4,w4 f ,wa%+ton4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #haic2 7#aijj7 #ibif1 ( :om #aece 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #aj1daa4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,baltimore ,ohio & ! ,nor!rn ,c5tral railways1 & by two int]urban electric l9es4 ,imm$iately surr\nd+ x is ! ri* f>m+ l& ( ! ,monocacy valley1 b f a di/ance x appe>s to be completely %ut 9 by picturesque hills & m\nta9s2 to ! ,e41 ! ,l+a ore ,hills2 to ! ,w41 ,catoct9 ,m\nta92 & to ! ,s41 ,sug> ,loaf ,m\nta94 ,x is built = ! mo/ "p ( brick & /one4 ,fr$]ick is ! seat ( ! ,m>yl& s*ool = ! deaf & dumb & ( ! ,woman's ,college ( ,fr$]ick 7#ahic2 =m]ly ! ,fr$]ick ,female ,sem9>y1 op5$ 9 #ahdc71 :i* 9 #aijg-aijh _h #bab /ud5ts1 #aba ( :om 7 9 ! ,cons]vatory ( ,music4 ,francis ,scott ,key & ,rog] ,brooke ,taney 7 buri$ "h1 & a beautiful monum5t erect$ to ! memory ( ,key /&s at ! entrance to ,m\nt ,olivet cemet]y4 ,fr$]ick has a consid]able agricultural trade & is an important manufactur+ c5tre1 its indu/ries includ+ ! cann+ ( fruits & vegetables1 & ! manufacture ( fl\r1 bricks1 bru%es1 lea!r goods & hosi]y4 ,! total value ( ! factory product 9 #aije 0 #a1icg1iba1 be+ #cd4g m ?an 9 #aijj4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates its wat]-works & electric-light+ plant4 ,fr$]ick1 s nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,fr$]ick ,calv]t1 son & aft]w>d successor ( ,*>les1 ,"l ,baltimore1 0 settl$ by ,g]mans 9 #agcc1 & 0 laid out z a t[n 9 #agde1 b 0 n incorporat$ until #ahag4 ,"h 9 #agee ,g5]al ,braddock prep>$ = 8 disa/r\s exp$ition aga9/ ! ,fr5* at ,=t ,duquesne 7,pittsburg74 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! city 0 occupi$ on diff]5t occasions by ,unioni/s & ,conf$]ates1 & 0 made fam\s by ,:itti]'s poem ,b>b>a ,friet*ie4 ,,fr$]ick ,,augu/us ,i4 7#agej-ahbg71 k+ ( ,saxony1 son ( ! elector ,fr$]ick ,*ri/ian1 0 born at ,dresd5 on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] #agej4 ,he succe$$ 8 fa!r "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ,pr9ce ,xavi] 9 #agfc1 & 0 decl>$ ( age 9 #agfh4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7,janu>y #ag1 #agfi7 he m>ri$ ,pr9cess ,m>ia ,amelia1 daught] ( ,duke ,fr$]ick ( ,zweibrueck51 by :om he _h only "o *ild1 ,pr9cess ,augu/a 7born ,june #ba1 #aghb74 ,"o ( 8 *ief aims 0 ! r$uction ( taxes & impo/s & ( ! army4 ,he 0 always extremely me?odical & consci5ti\s1 & a good example to all 8 (ficials1 :5ce 8 surname ! ,j4 ,on acc\nt ( ! claims ( 8 "m on ! inh]itance ( h] bro!r1 ! elector ( ,bav>ia1 he sid$ ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ! %ort ,bav>ian succession w> ( #aggh aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,at ! peace ( ,tes*51 :i* conclud$ ! w>1 he receiv$ #f million flor9s1 :i* he employ$ p>tly 9 rega9+ ^? p>ts ( 8 k+dom :i* _h be5 lo/1 & p>tly 9 fav\r ( 8 relatives4 ,9 #aghe he jo9$ ! league ( ,g]man pr9ces 7,deuts*] ,fu]/5bund7 =m$ by ,prussia1 b )\t prejudice to 8 neutrality4 ,?us he rema9$ neutral dur+ ! qu>rel betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia 9 #agij4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he decl9$ ! cr[n ( ,pol&4 ,he refus$ to jo9 ! league aga9/ ,france 7,febru>y #g1 #agib71 b :5 w> 0 decl>$ 8 duty to ! ,empire necessitat$ 8 tak+ "p 9 x4 ,ev5 aft] ! peace ( ,basel 7,april #e1 #agie7 he cont9u$ ! w>4 ,b :5 ! ,fr5* army1 dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 advanc$ into ! he>t ( ,g]many1 he 0 compell$ by ,g5]al ,j\rdan to retreat 7,augu/ #ac1 #agif74 ,he ma9ta9$ 8 neutrality dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria 9 #ahje1 b 9 ! foll[+ ye> he jo9$ ,prussia aga9/ ,france4 ,aft] ! disa/r\s battle ( ,j5a he conclud$ a treaty ( peace ) ,napoleon at ,pos5 7,decemb] #aa1 #ahjf71 &1 assum+ ! title ( k+1 he jo9$ ! ,conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e4 ,b he did n alt] ! con/itution & adm9i/ration ( 8 new k+dom4 ,aft] ! peace ( ,tilsit 7,july #i1 #ahjg7 he 0 creat$ by ,napoleon gr&-duke ( ,w>saw1 b 8 sov]eignty ( ,pol& 0 little m ?an nom9al4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( fri5d%ip betwe5 ,fr$]ick ,augu/us & ,napoleon4 ,9 #ahji ,fr$]ick ,augu/us f\ght ) him aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,on sev]al occasions 7#ahjg1 #ahab1 #ahac7 ,napoleon 0 ent]ta9$ at ,dresd51 & :51 on 8 return f 8 disa/r\s ,russian campaign1 he pass$ ?r\gh ,saxony by ,dresd5 7,decemb] #af1 #ahab71 ,fr$]ick ,augu/us rema9$ true to 8 fri5d & ally4 ,x 0 only dur+ ,april #ahac t he made ov]tures to ,au/ria1 b he soon aft]w>ds return$ to ! side ( ! ,fr5*4 ,he return$ to ,dresd5 on ! #aj? ( ,may & 0 pres5t at ! t]rible battle ( ,augu/ #bf & #bg1 9 :i* ,napoleon's army & 8 own 7 defeat$4 ,he fell into ! h&s ( ! ,allies aft] _! entry into ,leipzig on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #ahac2 &1 al?\gh he rega9$ 8 fre$om aft] ! congress ( ,vi5na1 he 0 compell$ to give up ! nor!rn "p--?ree-fif?s--( 8 k+dom to ,prussia 7,may #ba1 #ahad74 ,he ent]$ ,dresd5 on ! #g? ( ,july1 & 0 en?usia/ically welcom$ by 8 p4 ,! rema9d] ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 repair+ ! damages caus$ by ! ,napoleonic w>s1 9 develop+ ! agricultural1 comm]cial & indu/rial res\rces ( 8 k+dom1 re=m+ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 e/abli%+ hospitals & o!r *>itable in/itutions1 enc\rag+ art & sci5ce & promot+ education4 ,he _h a special int]e/ 9 botany1 & orig9at$ ! beautiful p>k at ,pillnitz4 ,8 reign ?r\gh\t 0 *>act]iz$ by ju/ice1 probity1 mod]ation & prud5ce4 ,he di$ on ! #e? ( ,may #ahbg4 ,,bibliography4--,! e>li] lives1 by ,c4 ,e4 ,weisse 7#ahaa71 ,a4 ,l4 ,h]rmann 7#ahbg71 ,poelitz 7#ahcj71 are m]e panegyrics4 ,on ! o!r side see ,fla! 9 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 & ,boettig]-,fla!1 ,hi/ory ( ,saxony 7#bnd ed41 #ahfg ff471 vols4 ii4 & iii42 ,a4 ,bonnefons1 ,un ,allie de ,napoleon1 ,fr$]ic ,augu/e1 premi] roi de ,saxe 444 7,p>is1 #aijb72 ,fritz ,fri$ri*1 ,politik ,sa*s5s #ahja-ahjc 7#ahih72 ,p4 ,ruehlmann1 ,oeff5tli*e ,me9ung 444 #ahjf-ahac 7#aijb74 ,!re are _m pamphlets be>+ on ! ,saxon "q & on ,fr$]ick ,augu/us dur+ ! ye>s #ahad & #ahae4 7,j4 ,hn47 ,,fr$]ick ,,augu/us ,,ii4 7#agig-ahed71 k+ ( ,saxony1 elde/ son ( ,pr9ce ,maximilian & ( ,c>ol9e ,m>ia ,!resa ( ,p>ma1 0 born on ! #ah? ( ,may #agig4 ,! unsettl$ times 9 :i* 8 y\? 0 pass$ necessitat$ 8 frequ5t *ange ( resid5ce1 b c>e 0 nev]!less tak5 t 8 education %\ld n be int]rupt$1 & he also acquir$1 ?r\gh 8 j\rneys 9 =eign /ates 7,switz]l& #ahah1 ,mont5egro #ahch1 ,engl& & ,scotl& #ahdd7 & 8 int]c\rse ) m5 ( em95ce1 a special ta/e = art & = natural sci5ce4 ,he 0 himself a good l&scape-pa9t] & _h a f9e collection ( engrav+s on copp]4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$--9 #ahai 7,octob] #g7 to ! du*ess ,c>ol9e1 f\r? daught] ( ! emp]or ,francis ,i4 ( ,au/ria 7d4 ,may #bb1 #ahcb71 & 9 #ahcc 7,april #d7 to ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,maximilian ,i4 ( ,bav>ia4 ,!re 7 no *ildr5 ( ei!r m>riage4 ,dur+ ! gov]nm5t ( 8 uncles 7,fr$]ick ,augu/us ,i4 & ,an?ony7 he took no "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry1 ?\gh he 0 ! sole heir to ! cr[n4 ,9 #ahcj a ris+ 9 ,dresd5 l$ to 8 be+ nam$ jo9t reg5t ( ! k+dom along ) ,k+ ,an?ony on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]2 & 9 ?is position 8 popul>ity & 8 wise & lib]al re=ms 7= in/ance1 9 arrang+ public audi5ces7 spe$ily quell$ all discont5t4 ,on ! #f? ( ,june #ahcf he succe$$ 8 uncle4 ,?\gh he adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( 8 k+dom ) enlight5$ lib]ality ,saxony did n escape ! political /orms :i* broke ^u ,g]many 9 #ahdh4 ,he elect$ ,lib]al m9i/]s1 & he 0 at fir/ 9 fav\r ( ! programme ( ,g]man unity put =w>d at ,frank=t1 b he refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! democratic con/itution ( ! ,g]man p>liam5t4 ,?is attitude l$ to ! insurrection at ,dresd5 9 ,may #ahdi1 :i* 0 suppress$ by ! help ( ,prussian troops4 ,f t "t onw>d 8 reign 0 tranquil & prosp]\s4 ,lat] ,c\nt ,beu/1 lead] ( ! ,au/rian & feudal p>ty 9 ,saxony1 became 8 pr9cipal m9i/] & guid$ 8 policy on mo/ occasions4 ,8 dea? occurr$ accid5tally ?r\gh ! upsett+ ( 8 c>riage ne> ,br5nbuehel1 betwe5 ,im/ & ,w5ns 9 ,tirol 7,augu/ #i1 #ahed74 ,fr$]ick ,augu/us devot$ 8 leisure h\rs *iefly to ! /udy ( botany4 ,he made botanical excursions into diff]5t c\ntries1 & ,flora ,m>i5bad5sis1 od] ,pflanz5 und ,gebirgs>t51 gesammelt und bes*rieb51 writt5 by him1 0 publi%$ at ,prague by ,k$l]1 #ahcg4 ,see ,boettig]-,fla!1 ,hi/ory ( ,saxony1 vol4 iii42 ,r4 ,freih]r von ,fries51 ,er9n]ung5 7#b vols41 ,dresd51 #ahha72 ,f4 ,f4 ,graf von ,beu/1 ,aus drei-vi]tel ,jahrhund]t5 7#b vols41 #ahhg72 ,fla!1 9 ,allg4 deuts*e ,biogr4 7,j4 ,hn47 ,,fr$]ick ,,*>les 7,,fri$ri* ,,k>l ,,nikolaus71 ,,pr9ce 7#ahbh-ahhe71 ,prussian g5]al field m>%al1 son ( ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,prussia & gr&son ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 0 born 9 ,b]l9 on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #ahbh4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! army1 :i* he ent]$ on 8 t5? bir?day z second lieut5ant 9 ! #ad? ,foot ,gu>ds4 ,he became fir/ lieut5ant 9 #ahdd1 & 9 #ahdf ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,bonn1 :]e he /ay$ = two ye>s1 be+ accompani$ ?r\gh\t by ,major von ,roon1 aft]w>ds ! fam\s w> m9i/]4 ,9 #ahdh he became a company comm&] 9 8 regim5t1 & soon aft]w>ds s]v$ 9 ! ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 ,w> on ! /aff ( ,m>%al von ,wrangel1 be+ pres5t at ! battle ( ,s*leswig 7,april #bc1 #ahdh74 ,lat] 9 #ahdh he became ,rittmei/] 9 ! ,g>de du ,corps cavalry regim5t1 & 9 #ahdi major 9 ! ,gu>d ,huss>s4 ,9 ?is ye> ! pr9ce took "p 9 ! campaign aga9/ ! ,bad5 insurg5ts1 & 0 w\nd$ at ! action ( ,wies5?al :ile lead+ a desp]ate *>ge aga9/ entr5*$ infantry4 ,aft] ?is exp]i5ce ! wild c\rage ( 8 y\? gave place to ! un%akable resolution :i* aft]w>ds *>act]iz$ ! pr9ce's g5]al%ip4 ,9 #aheb he became colonel1 & 9 #ahed major-g5]al & comm&] ( a cavalry brigade4 ,9 ?is capacity he 0 br\ght closely 9 t\* ) ,g5]al von ,reyh]1 ! *ief ( ! g5]al /aff1 & ) ,moltke4 ,he m>ri$1 9 ! same ye>1 ,pr9cess ,m>ie ,anne ( ,anhalt4 ,9 #aheg he became comm&] ( ! #a/ ,gu>d ,infantry division1 b v %ortly aft]w>ds1 on acc\nt ( disputes conc]n$ ) ! tra9+ me?ods !n 9 =ce1 he resign$ ! appo9tm5t4 ,9 #aheh he visit$ ,france1 :]e he m9utely inve/igat$ ! /ate ( ! ,fr5* army1 b x 0 n long be=e he 0 recall$1 = 9 #ahei1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,franco-,au/rian ,w>1 ,prussia mobiliz$ h] =ces1 & ,fr$]ick ,*>les 0 made a divisional comm&] 9 ! ,,ii4 army corps4 ,9 ?is po/ he 0 giv5 ! lib]ty ( action :i* _h previ\sly be5 d5i$ to him4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7#ahfj7 ! pr9ce gave a lecture to ! (fic]s ( 8 comm& on ! ,fr5* army & its me?ods1 ! sub/ance ( :i* 7,e9e milita]is*e ,d5ks*rift von ,p4,f4,k41 ,frank=t on ,ma91 #ahfj7 0 circulat$ m widely ?an ! au?or int5d$1 & 9 ! ,fr5* translation gave rise to mu* indignation 9 ,france4 ,9 #ahfa ,fr$]ick ,*>les became g5]al ( cavalry4 ,he 0 !n comm&] ( ! ,,iii4 7,br&5burg7 army corps4 ,?is po/ he held f #ahfj to #ahgj1 except dur+ ! campaigns ( #ahfd & #ahff1 & 9 x he display$ 8 real qualities z a troop lead]4 ,8 self-impos$ task 0 to raise ! milit>y _s ( 8 troops to ! highe/ possible level1 & t5 ye>s ( 8 cont9u\s & ?or\gh tra9+ br\ght ! ,,iii4 corps to a pit* ( real effici5cy :i* ! ,gu>d corps alone1 9 virtue ( its special recruit+ p[]s1 slightly surpass$4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les' "w 0 te/$ to ! full :5 von ,alv5sleb5 & ! ,,iii4 corps engag$ ! :ole ,fr5* army on ! #af? ( ,augu/ #ahgj4 ,9 #ahfd ! pr9ce once m f\ght aga9/ ! ,danes "u 8 old lead] ,papa ,wrangel4 ,! ,prussian cont+5t "u ,fr$]ick ,*>les =m$ a corps ( ! alli$ army1 & half ( x 0 drawn f ! ,,iii4 corps4 ,aft] ! /orm+ ( ! ,dueppel l9es ! pr9ce succe$$ ,wrangel 9 ! supreme comm&1 ) ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,freih]r von ,moltke z 8 *ief ( /aff4 ,^! two great soldi]s !n plann$ & brilliantly c>ri$ out ! capture ( ! isl& ( ,als51 aft] :i* ! w> came to an end4 ,9 #ahfj came ! ,sev5 ,weeks' ,w> ) ,au/ria4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les 0 appo9t$ to comm& ! ,i4 ,army1 :i* he l$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s into ,bohemia1 driv+ be=e him ! ,au/rians & ,saxons to ! upp] ,elbe1 :]e on ! #crd ( ,july took place ! decisive battle ( ,ko5iggraetz or ,sad[a4 ,?is 0 br\ght on by ! initiative ( ! lead] ( ! ,i4 ,army1 :i* _h to be> ! brunt ( ! fight+ until ! advance ( ! ,,ii4 ,army turn$ ! ,au/rian flank4 ,aft] ! peace he return$ to ! ,,iii4 army corps1 :i* he f9ally left1 9 ,july #ahgj1 :5 appo9t$ to comm& ! ,,ii4 ,g]man ,army 9 ! w> ) ,france4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! advance ! pr9ce's ru?less en]gy l$ to mu* friction betwe5 ! ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,armies 7see ,,franco-,,g]man ,,w>71 :ile 8 /rategical mi/akes s]i\sly emb>rass$ ! great headqu>t]s /aff4 ,! advance ( ! ,,ii4 ,army beyond ! ,sa> to ! ,moselle & f t riv] to ! ,meuse display$ m en]gy ?an c>eful /rategy1 b h]e9 at lea/ ! ,r$ ,pr9ce 7z he 0 call$ f ! col\r ( 8 fav\rite huss> uni=m7 0 9 ?or\gh sympa?y ) ! k+'s headqu>t]s on ! "o h& & ! feel+s ( ! troops on ! o!r4 ,!n came ! discov]y t ! ,fr5* 7 n 9 front1 b to ! "r re> ( ! ,,ii4 ,army 7,augu/ #af74 ,alv5sleb5 ) ! ,,iii4 corps held ! ,fr5* to _! gr\nd at ,vionville :ile ! pr9ce hurri$ toge!r 8 scatt]$ =ces4 ,he himself direct$ ) sup]b tactical skill ! la/ ef=ts ( ! ,g]mans at ,vionville1 & ! victory ( ,/ ,privat on ! #ah? 0 due to 8 lead]%ip 7see ,,metz71 :i* %one all ! m by contra/ ) ! failures ( ! ,i4 ,army at ,gravelotte4 ,! pr9ce 0 left 9 comm& ( ! =ces :i* blockad$ ,baza9e 9 ,metz1 & receiv$ ! surr5d] ( t place & ( ! la/ rema9+ field army ( ! enemy4 ,he 0 promot$ at once to ! rank ( g5]al field m>%al1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ! ,,ii4 ,army 0 despat*$ to aid 9 cru%+ ! newly organiz$ army ( ! ,fr5* republic on ! ,loire4 ,"h aga9 he retriev$ /rategical errors by en]gy & tactical skill1 & 8 "w 0 9 ! end cr[n$ by ! victory ( ,le ,mans on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y #ahga4 ,( all ! subord9ate lead]s on ! ,g]man side none enjoy$ a great] & a bett] des]v$ reputation ?an ! ,r$ ,pr9ce4 ,he n[ became inspector-g5]al ( ! #crd army inspection1 & a little lat] inspector ( cavalry1 & 9 ! latt] po/ he 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 br++ ! ,g]man cavalry to ! degree ( p]fection 9 manoeuvre & g5]al tra9+ :i* x gradually atta9$ 9 ! ye>s aft] ! w>4 ,he nev] ceas$ to improve 8 own soldi]ly qualities by fur!r /udy & by ! conduct ( manoevres on a l>ge scale4 ,8 /]nness ( "* kept him alo( f ! c\rt & f 8 own family1 & he sp5t 8 leisure mon?s *iefly on 8 v>i\s c\ntry e/ates4 ,9 #ahgb & 9 #ahhb he travell$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,he di$ on ! #ae? ( ,june #ahhe at ,kle9-,gli5icke ne> ,b]l91 & 0 buri$ at ! adjac5t *ur* ( ,nikolskoe4 ,8 ?ird daught]1 ,pr9cess ,l\ise ,m>g>eta1 0 m>ri$1 9 ,m>* #ahgi1 to ! duke ( ,connaught4 ,,fr$]ick ,,h5ry 7#aehd-afdg71 pr9ce ( ,orange1 ! y\nge/ *ild ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 0 born at ,delft ab\t six mon?s be=e 8 fa!r's assass9ation on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y #aehd4 ,8 "m1 ,l\ise de ,coligny1 0 daught] ( ! fam\s ,hugu5ot lead]1 ,admiral de ,coligny1 & 0 ! f\r? wife ( ,william ! ,sil5t4 ,! boy 0 tra9$ to arms by 8 eld] bro!r1 ,maurice ( ,nassau1 "o ( ! fir/ g5]als ( 8 age4 ,on ! dea? ( ,maurice 9 #afbe1 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry succe$$ him 9 8 pat]nal dignities & e/ates1 & also 9 ! /ad?old]ates ( ! five prov9ces ( ,holl&1 ,zeel&1 ,utre*t1 ,ov]ysel & ,geld]l&1 & 9 ! important po/s ( capta9 & admiral-g5]al ( ! ,union4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry prov$ himself sc>cely inf]ior to 8 bro!r z a g5]al1 & a f> m capable /atesman & politician4 ,dur+ tw5ty-two ye>s he rema9$ at ! head ( affairs 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 & 9 8 "t ! p[] ( ! /ad?old]ate rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,! ,p]iod ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry1 z x is usually /yl$ by ,dut* writ]s1 is g5]ally acc\nt$ ! gold5 age ( ! republic4 ,x 0 m>k$ by great milit>y & naval triumphs1 by _w-wide m>itime & comm]cial expansion1 & by a wond]ful outbur/ ( activity 9 ! doma9s ( art & lit]ature4 ,! *ief milit>y exploits ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry 7 ! sieges & captures ( ,h]tog5bos* 9 #afbi1 ( ,maa/ri*t 9 #afcb1 ( ,br$a 9 #afcg1 ( ,sas van ,gh5t 9 #afdd1 & ( ,hul/ 9 #afde4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 adm9i/ration ! alliance ) ,france aga9/ ,spa9 _h be5 ! pivot ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry's =eign policy1 b 9 8 la/ ye>s he sacrific$ ! ,fr5* alliance = ! sake ( conclud+ a sep>ate peace ) ,spa91 by :i* ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces obta9$ f t p[] all ! advantages = :i* !y _h = eighty ye>s be5 cont5d+4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry di$ on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #afdg1 & 0 buri$ ) great pomp beside 8 fa!r & bro!r at ,delft4 ,! treaty ( ,mu5/]1 end+ ! long /ruggle betwe5 ! ,dut* & ! ,spani>ds1 0 n actually sign$ until ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #afdh1 ! illness & dea? ( ! /ad?old] hav+ caus$ a delay 9 ! negotiations4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry 0 m>ri$ 9 #afbe to ,amalia von ,solms1 & left "o son1 ,william ,,ii4 ( ,orange1 & f\r daught]s4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry left an acc\nt ( 8 campaigns 9 8 ,memoires de ,fr$]ic ,h5ri 7,am/]dam1 #agdc74 ,see ,cambridge ,mod4 ,hi/4 vol4 iv4 *ap4 #bd1 & ! bibliography on p4 #ica4 ,,fr$]ick ,,l\is 7#agjg-agea71 pr9ce ( ,wales1 elde/ son ( ,george ,,ii41 0 born at ,hanov] on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #agjg4 ,aft] 8 gr&fa!r1 ,george ,i41 became k+ ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 #agad1 ,fr$]ick 0 kn[n z duke ( ,gl\ce/]#a & made a knight ( ! ,g>t]1 hav+ previ\sly be5 betro!d to ,wilhelm9a ,sophia ,doro!a 7#agji-ageh71 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,i41 k+ ( ,prussia1 & si/] ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,al?\gh he 0 anxi\s to m>ry ?is lady1 ! mat* 0 r5d]$ impossible by ! dislike ( ,george ,,ii4 & ,fr$]ick ,william = ea* o!r4 ,soon aft] 8 fa!r became k+ 9 #agbg ,fr$]ick took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,engl& & 9 #agbi 0 creat$ pr9ce ( ,wales2 b ! relations betwe5 ,george ,,ii4 & 8 son 7 v unfri5dly1 & !re exi/$ betwe5 !m ! jeal\sy :i* ,/ubbs calls ! incurable bane ( royalty4 ,! faults 7 n all on "o side4 ,! pr9ce's "* 0 n attractive1 & ! k+ refus$ to make him an adequate all[ance4 ,9 #agce ,fr$]ick wrote1 or inspir$ ! writ+ (1 ! ,hi/oire du pr9ce ,titi1 a book conta9+ (f5sive c>icatures ( bo? k+ & que52 & los+ no opportunity ( irritat+ 8 fa!r1 he made1 says ,lecky1 8 c\rt ! special c5tre ( opposition to ! gov]nm5t1 & he ex]t$ all 8 influ5ce = ! ru9 ( ,walpole4 ,aft] a m>riage betwe5 ! pr9ce & ,lady ,diana ,sp5c]1 aft]w>ds ! wife ( ,john1 #d? duke ( ,b$=d1 _h be5 fru/rat$ by ,walpole1 ,fr$]ick 0 m>ri$ 9 ,april #agcf to ,augu/a 7#agai-aggb71 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 duke ( ,saxe-,go?a1 a union :i* 0 welcom$ by 8 p>5ts1 b :i* l$ to fur!r tr\ble betwe5 fa!r & son4 ,george propos$ to all[ ! pr9ce ,l#ej1jjj a ye>2 b ?is sum 0 reg>d$ z insuffici5t by ! latt]1 ^: appeal to p>liam5t 0 unsuccessful4 ,aft] ! bir? ( 8 fir/ *ild1 ,augu/a1 9 #agcg1 ,fr$]ick 0 ord]$ by ! k+ to quit ,/ ,james' ,palace1 & ! =eign ambassadors 7 reque/$ to refra9 f visit+ him4 ,! relations betwe5 ! two 7 n[ worse ?an be=e4 ,9 #agde ,george ,,ii4 refus$ to all[ 8 son to comm& ! ,briti% army aga9/ ! ,jacobites4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #agea ! pr9ce di$ 9 ,london1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,he left five sons & two daught]s4 ,! sons 7 ,george 7aft]w>ds ,k+ ,george ,,iii471 ,edw>d ,augu/us1 duke ( ,york & ,albany 7#agci-agfg71 ,william ,h5ry1 duke ( ,gl\ce/] & ,ed9burgh 7#agdc-ahje71 ,h5ry ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,cumb]l& 7#agde-agij71 & ,fr$]ick ,william 7#agej-agfe72 ! daught]s 7 ,augu/a 7#agcg-ahac71 wife ( ,*>les ,william ,f]d9&1 duke ( ,brunswick1 & ,c>ol9e ,matilda 7#agea-agge71 wife ( ,*ri/ian ,,vii41 k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,see ,"l ,h]vey ( ,ickwor?1 ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,george ,,ii41 edit$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,crok] 7,london1 #ahhd72 ,horace ,walpole1 ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,george ,,ii4 7,london1 #ahdg72 & ,sir ,n4 ,w4 ,wraxall1 ,memoirs1 edit$ by ,h4 ,b4 ,:eatley1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahhd74 ,,footnote3 #a ,fr$]ick 0 nev] actually creat$ duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 & :5 he 0 rais$ to ! pe]age 9 #agcf x 0 z duke ( ,ed9burgh only4 ,see ,g4 ,e4 ,c7okayne71 ,complete ,pe]age1 sub ,gl\ce/]4 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,i4 7#afhh-agdj71 k+ ( ,prussia1 son ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 by 8 second m>riage 0 born on ! #ae? ( ,augu/ #afhh4 ,he sp5t a consid]able "t 9 e>ly y\? at ! c\rt ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ! elector ,erne/ ,augu/us ( ,hanov]4 ,on 8 return to ,b]l9 he 0 plac$ "u ,g5]al von ,dohna & ,c\nt ,f9k5/e91 :o tra9$ him to ! en]getic & regul> habits :i* ev] aft]w>ds *>act]iz$ him4 ,he 0 soon imbu$ ) a passion = milit>y life1 & ?is 0 deep5$ by acqua9tance ) ! duke ( ,m>lbor\gh 7#agji71 ,pr9ce ,eug5e1 :om he visit$ dur+ ! siege ( ,t\rnai1 & ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,anhalt 7! ,old ,dessau]74 ,9 ne>ly e respect he 0 ! opposite ( 8 fa!r1 hav+ frugal1 simple ta/es1 a passionate temp] & a det]m9$ w4 ,?r\gh\t 8 life he 0 always ! protector ( ! *ur* & ( religion4 ,b he dete/$ religi\s qu>rels & 0 v tol]ant t[>ds 8 ,ca?olic subjects1 except ! ,jesuits4 ,8 life 0 simple & puritanical1 be+ f\nd$ on ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 fond ( hunt+ & some:at giv5 to dr9k+4 ,he int5sely dislik$ ! ,fr5*1 & highly disapprov$ ( ! imitation ( _! mann]s by 8 fa!r & 8 c\rt4 ,:5 he came to ! ?rone 7,febru>y #be1 #agac7 8 fir/ act 0 to dismiss f ! palace e unnecess>y (ficial & to regulate ! royal h\sehold on pr9ciples ( ! /ricte/ p>simony4 ,! great] "p ( ! beautiful furniture 0 sold4 ,8 importance = ,prussia is tw(old3 9 int]nal politics he laid d[n pr9ciples :i* cont9u$ to be foll[$ long aft] 8 dea?4 ,?is 0 a prov9ce peculi>ly suit$ to 8 g5ius2 he 0 "o ( ! greate/ adm9i/rators :o h ev] worn ! ,prussian cr[n4 ,8 =eign policy 0 less successful1 ?\gh "u 8 rule ! k+dom acquir$ "s ext5sion ( t]ritory4 ,?us at ! peace ( ,utre*t 7,april #aa1 #agac71 aft] ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 he acquir$ ! great] "p ( ! du*y ( ,geld]l&4 ,by ! treaty ( ,s*w$t1 conclud$ ) ,russia on ! #f? ( ,octob]1 he 0 assur$ ( an important influ5ce 9 ! solution ( ! ,baltic "q1 :i* dur+ ! long abs5ce ( ,*>les ,,xii4 _h become burn+2 & ,sw$i% ,pom]ania1 z f> z ! ,pe5e1 0 occupi$ by ,prussia4 ,b ,*>les ,,xii4 on 8 return turn$ aga9/ ! k+1 ?\gh )\t success1 = ! ,pom]anian campaign ( #agae end$ 9 fav\r ( ,prussia 7fall ( ,/ralsund1 ,decemb] #bb74 ,?is enabl$ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 to ma9ta9 a m indep5d5t attitude t[>ds ! ts>2 he refus$1 = example1 to provide him ) troops = a campaign 79 ,s*on57 aga9/ ! ,sw$es4 ,:5 on ! #bh? ( ,may #agah1 9 view ( ! di/urbances 9 ,meckl5burg1 he sign$ at ,havelb]g ! alliance ) ,russia1 he conf9$ himself to tak+ up a def5sive attitude1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #agai he also ent]$ into relations ) 8 =m] enemies1 ,engl& & ,hanov]4 ,& s1 by ! treaty ( ,/ockholm 7,febru>y #a1 #agbj71 ,fr$]ick ,william succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! cons5t ( ,sw$5 to ! cession ( t "p ( ,pom]ania :i* he _h occupi$ 7,us$om1 ,woll91 ,/ett91 ,hi!r ,pom]ania1 ea/ ( ! ,pe5e7 9 return = a paym5t ( #b1jjj1jjj ?al]s4 ,:ile ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 succe$$ 9 c>ry+ 8 wi%es into effect 9 ?is direction1 he 0 unable to realize ano!r project :i* he _h mu* at he>t1 namely1 ! ,prussian succession to ! ,l[] ,rh9e du*ies ( ,jueli* & ,b]g4 ,! treaty conclud$ 9 #agbe at ,vi5na betwe5 ! emp]or & ,spa9 br\ght ! :ole ( ?is "q up aga91 = bo? sides _h pl$g$ !mselves to support ! ,palat9ate-,sulzba* succession 79 ! ev5t ( ! ,palat9ate-,neub]g l9e becom+ ext9ct74 ,fr$]ick ,william turn$ = help to ! we/]n p[]s1 ,engl& & ,france1 & secur$ x by ! treaty ( alliance sign$ at ,h]r5haus5 on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #agbe 7,league ( ,hanov]74 ,b s9ce ! we/]n p[]s soon s\ght to use ! milit>y /r5g? ( ,prussia = _! own ends1 ,fr$]ick aga9 turn$ t[>ds ! ea/1 /r5g!n$ above all 8 relations ) ,russia1 :i* _h cont9u$ to be good1 & f9ally1 by ! treaty ( ,wue/]haus5 7,octob] #ab1 #agbf2 ratifi$ at ,b]l91 ,decemb] #bc1 #agbh71 ev5 alli$ himself ) 8 =m] adv]s>y1 ! c\rt ( ,vi5na2 ?\gh ?is treaty only imp]fectly safegu>d$ ,prussian int]e/s1 inasmu* z ,fr$]ick ,william cons5t$ to r5\nce 8 claims to ,jueli*4 ,b z 9 ! foll[+ ye>s ! ,european situation became m & m fav\rable to ! h\se ( ,habsburg1 ! latt] began to try to )draw "p ( ! concessions :i* x _h made to ,fr$]ick ,william4 ,z e>ly z #agbh ,duesseldorf1 ! capital1 0 exclud$ f ! gu>antee ( ,b]g4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,poli% ,succession aga9/ ,france 7#agcd-agce71 ,fr$]ick ,william rema9$ fai?ful to ! emp]or's cause1 & s5t an auxili>y =ce ( #aj1jjj m54 ,! peace ( ,vi5na1 :i* t]m9at$ ! w>1 l$ to a reconciliation betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria1 & s to a fur!r e/rangem5t betwe5 ,fr$]ick ,william & ! emp]or4 ,moreov]1 9 #agch ! we/]n p[]s1 toge!r ) ! emp]or1 insi/$ 9 id5tical notes on ! recognition ( ! emp]or's "r to decide ! "q ( ! succession 9 ! ,l[] ,rh9e du*ies4 ,a brea* ) ! emp]or 0 n[ inevitable1 & ?is expla9s :y 9 a la/ treaty 7,april #e1 #agci7 ,fr$]ick ,william obta9$ f ,france a gu>antee ( a "p1 at lea/1 ( ,b]g 7exclud+ ,duesseldorf74 ,b ,fr$]ick ,william's failures 9 =eign policy 7 m ?an comp5sat$ = by 8 spl5did s]vices 9 ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ,prussia4 ,he saw ! necessity ( rigid economy n only 9 8 private life b 9 ! :ole adm9i/ration ( ! /ate4 ,dur+ 8 reign ,prussia obta9$ = ! fir/ "t a c5traliz$ & uni=m f9ancial adm9i/ration4 ,x 0 ! k+ himself :o compos$ & wrote 9 ! ye> #agbb ! fam\s in/ruction = ! g5]al directory 7,g5]aldirektorium7 ( w>1 f9ance & doma9s4 ,:5 he di$ ! income ( ! /ate 0 ab\t sev5 million ?al]s 7,l#a1jej1jjj74 ,! consequ5ce 0 t he paid (f ! debts incurr$ by 8 fa!r1 & left to 8 successor a well fill$ treasury4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! doma9s he made ?ree innovations3 7#a7 ! private e/ates ( ! k+ 7 turn$ into doma9s ( ! cr[n 7,augu/ #ac1 #agac72 7#b7 ! free+ ( ! s]fs on ! royal doma9s 7,m>* #bb1 #agai72 7#c7 ! conv]sion ( ! h]$it>y lease into a %ort-t]m lease on ! basis ( productiv5ess4 ,8 indu/rial policy 0 inspir$ by ! m]cantile _s4 ,on ?is acc\nt he =bade ! importation ( =eign manufactures & ! export ( raw mat]ials f home1 a policy :i* _h a v good effect on ! gr[? ( ,prussian indu/ries4 ,! "w ( int]nal colonization he c>ri$ on ) especial zeal4 ,mo/ notable ( all 0 8 retablissem5t ( ,ea/ ,prussia1 to :i* he devot$ six million ?al]s 7c4 ,l#ijj1jjj74 ,8 policy 9 respect ( ! t[ns 0 motiv$ l>gely by fiscal consid]ations1 b at ! same "t he tri$ also to improve _! municipal adm9i/ration2 = example1 9 ! matt] ( build+s1 ( ! lett+ ( doma9 l&s & ( ! collection ( ! excise 9 t[ns4 ,fr$]ick ,william _h _m oppon5ts among ! nobles because he press$ on ! abolition ( ! old feudal rights1 introduc$ 9 ,ea/ ,prussia & ,li?uania a g5]al l& tax 7! ,g5]alhuf5s*oss71 & f9ally 9 #agci attack$ 9 a special edict ! ,leg51 i4e4 ! expropriation ( ! peasant proprietors4 ,he did no?+ = ! high] le>n+1 & ev5 bani%$ ! philosoph] ,*ri/ian ,wolff at =ty-eight h\rs' notice on pa9 ( ! halt]1 = tea*+1 z he believ$1 fatali/ doctr9es4 ,aft]w>ds he modifi$ 8 judgm5t 9 fav\r ( ,wolff1 & ev51 9 #agci1 recomm5d$ ! /udy ( 8 works4 ,he e/abli%$ _m village s*ools1 :i* he (t5 visit$ 9 p]son2 & aft] ! ye> #agag 7,octob] #bc7 all ,prussian p>5ts 7 oblig$ to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool 7,s*ulzwang74 ,he 0 ! especial fri5d ( ! ,franckis*e ,/iftung5 at ,halle on ! ,saale4 ,"u him ! p fl\ri%$2 & al?\gh x /ood 9 awe ( 8 vehem5t _s x respect$ him = 8 firmness1 8 hone/y ( purpose & 8 love ( ju/ice4 ,he 0 devot$ also to 8 army1 ! numb] ( :i* he rais$ f #ch1jjj to #hc1ejj1 s t "u him ,prussia became ! ?ird milit>y p[] 9 ! _w1 com+ next aft] ,russia & ,france4 ,!re 0 n a m ?or\ghly drill$ or bett] appo9t$ =ce4 ,! ,potsdam gu>d1 made up ( giants collect$ f all p>ts ( ,europe1 sometimes kidnapp$1 0 a sort ( toy ) :i* he amus$ himself4 ,! review+ ( 8 troops 0 8 *ief pleasure4 ,b he 0 also fond ( meet+ 8 fri5ds 9 ! ev5+ 9 :at he call$ 8 ,tobacco-,college1 :]e amid cl\ds ( tobacco smoke he n only discuss$ affairs ( /ate b he>d ! newe/ gu>d-room jokes4 ,he di$ on ! #ca/ ( ,may #agdj1 leav+ beh9d him 8 wid[1 ,sophia ,doro!a ( ,hanov]1 :om he _h m>ri$ on ! #bf? ( ,novemb] #agjf4 ,8 son 0 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o 0 ! opposite ( ,fr$]ick ,william4 ,?is opposition became s /rong 9 #agcj t ! cr[n pr9ce fl$ f ! c\rt1 & 0 lat] arre/$ & br\ght be=e a c\rt-m>tial4 ,a reconciliation 0 br\ght ab\t1 at fir/ gradually4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! relations betwe5 fa!r & son came to be ( ! be/ 7see ,,fr$]ick ,,ii41 k+ ( ,prussia74 ,,bibliography4--,d4 ,fassmann1 ,leb5 und ,?at5 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelms 7#b vols41 ,hamburg & ,breslau1 #agce1 #agda72 ,f4 ,fo]/]1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i4 7#c vols41 ,potsdam1 #ahcd & #ahce72 ,c4 v4 ,noord51 ,hi/oris*e ,vortraege 7,leipzig1 #ahhd72 ,o4 ,krauske1 ,vom ,h(e ,fri$ri* ,wilhelms ,i41 ,hoh5zoll]njahrbu*1 v4 7#aijb72 ,r4 ,kos]1 ,fri$ri* d] ,grosse als ,kronpr9z 7#bnd ed41 ,/uttg>t1 #aija72 ,w4 ,onck51 ,sir ,*>les ,ho?am und ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i4 im ,jahre #agcj1 ,=s*ung5 zur br&5burgis*5 ,ges*i*te1 vol4 vii4 et seq42 ,j4 ,g4 ,droys5 9 ! ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 vii4 7#ahgh71 & 9 ,ges*i*te d] preussis*5 ,politik1 section iv41 vols4 ii4-iv4 7#bnd ed41 #ahfh et seq472 ,l4 v4 ,ranke1 ,zwoelf ,bue*] preussis*] ,ges*i*te 7#ahgd et seq472 ,/5zel1 ,ges*i*te des preussis*5 ,/aates1 iii4 7#ahda72 ,f4 ,holke1 ,/rafre*tspflege unt] ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i41 ,beitraege zur br&5burgis*5 ,re*tsges*i*te1 iii4 7#ahid72 ,v4 ,loewe1 ,allodifikation d] ,leb5 unt] ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i41 ,=s*ung5 zur br&5burgis*5 ,ges*i*te1 xi42 ,g4 ,s*moll]1 ,epo*5 d] preuss4 ,f9anzpolitik1 ,umrisse und ,unt]su*ung5 7,leipzig1 #ahih71 ,inn]e ,v]waltung unt] ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i41 ,preuss4 ,jahrbue*]1 xxvi41 ,/a$tewes5 unt] ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i41 ,zeits*rift fu] preussis*e ,ges*i*te1 x4 et seq42 ,b4 ,reut]1 ,ko5ig ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i4 und das ,g5]al-,direktorium1 ibid4 xii42 ,v4 ,loewe1 ,zur ,grundungsges*i*te des ,g5]al-,direktoriums1 ,=s*ung51 c41 xiii42 ,r4 ,/adelmann1 ,preuss5s ,ko5ige 9 ihr] ,taetigkeit fu] die ,l&eskultur1 vol4 i4 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,i4 7#ahgh72 ,m4 ,beheim-,s*w>zba*1 ,hoh5zoll]n's*e ,kolonization5 7,leipzig1 #ahgd72 ,w4 ,naude1 ,die m]kantili/is*e ,wirts*aftspolitik ,fri$ri* ,wilhelms ,i41 ,hi/oris*e ,zeits*rift1 xc42 ,m4 ,lehmann1 ,w]bung1 c41 im ,he]e ,fri$ri* ,wilhelms ,i41 ibid4 lxvii42 ,isaacson1 ,erbpa*tsy/em 9 d] preussis*5 ,doma55v]waltung1 ,zeits*rift fu] preuss4 ,ges*4 xi4 ,cf4 also ,hoh5zoll]njahrbu*1 viii4 7#aije71 = p>ticul>s ( 8 education & dea?2 lett]s to ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,anhalt-,dessau 9 ! ,acta ,borussica 7#aije74 ,engli% read]s w f9d a picturesque acc\nt ( him 9 ,?omas ,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 7,j4 ,hn47 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,ii4 7#agdd-agig71 k+ ( ,prussia1 son ( ,augu/us ,william1 second son ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 & ( ,l\ise ,amalie ( ,brunswick1 si/] ( ! wife ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 0 born at ,b]l9 on ! #be? ( ,septemb] #agdd1 & became heir to ! ?rone on 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #ageg4 ,! boy 0 ( an easy-go+ & pleasure-lov+ disposition1 av]se f su/a9$ ef=t ( any k9d1 & s5sual by nature4 ,8 m>riage ) ,elisabe? ,*ri/9e1 daught] ( ,duke ,*>les ( ,brunswick1 contract$ 9 #agfe1 0 dissolv$ 9 #agfi1 & he soon aft]w>ds m>ri$ ,fr$]ika ,l\isa1 daught] ( ! l&grave ,l\is ,,ix4 ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt4 ,al?\gh he _h a num]\s family by 8 wife1 he 0 completely "u ! influ5ce ( 8 mi/ress1 ,wilhelm9e ,enke1 aft]w>ds creat$ ,c\ntess ,li*t5au1 a woman ( /rong intellect & mu* ambition4 ,he 0 a man ( s+ul>ly h&some pres5ce1 n )\t m5tal qualities ( a high ord]2 he 0 devot$ to ! arts--,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t enjoy$ 8 patronage & 8 private or*e/ra _h a ,european reputation4 ,b an arti/ic temp]am5t 0 h>dly t requir$ ( a k+ ( ,prussia on ! eve ( ! ,revolution2 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o _h employ$ him 9 v>i\s s]vices--notably 9 an abortive confid5tial mission to ! c\rt ( ,russia 9 #aghj--op5ly express$ 8 misgiv+s z to ! "* ( ! pr9ce & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! misgiv+s 7 ju/ifi$ by ! ev5t4 ,fr$]ick ,william's accession to ! ?rone 7,augu/ #ag1 #aghf7 01 inde$1 foll[$ by a s]ies ( measures = light5+ ! burd5s ( ! p1 re=m+ ! oppressive ,fr5* sy/em ( tax-collect+ introduc$ by ,fr$]ick1 & enc\rag+ trade by ! dim9ution ( cu/oms dues & ! mak+ ( roads & canals4 ,?is gave ! new k+ mu* popul>ity ) ! mass ( ! p2 :ile ! educat$ classes 7 pleas$ by 8 removal ( ,fr$]ick's ban on ! ,g]man language by ! admission ( ,g]man writ]s to ! ,prussian ,academy1 & by ! active enc\ragem5t giv5 to s*ools & univ]sities4 ,b ^! re=ms 7 vitiat$ 9 _! s\rce4 ,9 #agha ,fr$]ick ,william1 !n pr9ce ( ,prussia1 incl9$1 l _m s5sual natures1 to my/icism1 _h jo9$ ! ,rosicrucians1 & _h fall5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,johann ,*ri/( ,woelln] 7#agcb-ahjj71 & by him ! royal policy 0 inspir$4 ,woelln]1 :om ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h describ$ z a trea*]\s & intrigu+ prie/1 _h />t$ life z a poor tutor 9 ! family ( ,g5]al von ,itz5plitz1 a noble ( ! m>k ( ,br&5burg1 _h1 aft] ! g5]al's dea? & to ! sc&al ( k+ & nobility1 m>ri$ ! g5]al's daught]1 & ) 8 "m-9-law's assi/ance settl$ d[n on a small e/ate4 ,by 8 practical exp]im5ts & by 8 writ+s he ga9$ a consid]able reputation z an economi/2 b 8 ambition 0 n cont5t ) ?is1 & he s\ght to ext5d 8 influ5ce by jo9+ fir/ ! ,freemasons & aft]w>ds 7#aggi7 ! ,rosicrucians4 ,woelln]1 ) 8 impressive p]sonality & easy if sup]ficial eloqu5ce1 0 j ! man to lead a movem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,"u 8 influ5ce ! ord] spread rapidly1 & he soon f\nd himself ! supreme director 7,ob]hauptdirektor7 ( "s #bf circles1 :i* includ$ 9 _! memb]%ip pr9ces1 (fic]s & high (ficials4 ,z a ,rosicrucian ,woelln] dabbl$ 9 al*emy & o!r my/ic arts1 b he also affect$ to be zeal\s = ,*ri/ian or?odoxy1 imp]ill$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4's patronage ( enlight5m5t1 & a few mon?s be=e ,fr$]ick's dea? wrote to 8 fri5d ! ,rosicrucian ,johann ,rudolph von ,bis*(fsw]d] 7#agda-ahjc7 t 8 highe/ ambition 0 to be plac$ at ! head ( ! religi\s dep>tm5t ( ! /ate z an unwor?y in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ,ormesus 7! pr9ce ( ,prussia's ,rosicrucian "n7 = ! purpose ( sav+ millions ( s\ls f p]dition & br++ back ! :ole c\ntry to ! fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,su* 0 ! man :om ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii41 imm$iately aft] 8 accession1 call$ to 8 c\nsels4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #aghf he 0 appo9t$ privy c\ncillor = f9ance 7,geheim] ,ob]f9anzra?71 & on ! #bnd ( ,octob] 0 ennobl$4 ,?\gh n 9 "n1 9 fact he 0 prime m9i/]2 9 all int]nal affairs x 0 he :o decid$2 & ! fiscal & economic re=ms ( ! new reign 7 ! application ( 8 !ories4 ,bis*(fsw]d]1 too1 /ill a simple major1 0 call$ into ! k+'s c\nsels2 by #aghi he 0 already an adjutant-g5]al4 ,^! 7 ! two m5 :o enme%$ ! k+ 9 a web ( ,rosicrucian my/]y & intrigue1 :i* hamp]$ :atev] heal?y developm5t ( 8 policy might h be5 possible1 & l$ ultimately to disa/]4 ,! opposition to ,woelln] 01 inde$1 at ! outset /rong en\gh to prev5t 8 be+ entru/$ ) ! dep>tm5t ( religion2 b ?is too 9 "t 0 ov]come1 & on ! #crd ( ,july #aghh he 0 appo9t$ active privy c\ncillor ( /ate & ( ju/ice & head ( ! spiritual dep>tm5t = ,lu!ran & ,ca?olic affairs4 ,w> 0 at once decl>$ on :at--to use a lat] t]m--we may call ! mod]ni/s4 ,! k+1 s long z ,woelln] 0 cont5t to condone 8 immorality 7:i* ,bis*(fsw]d]1 to d him ju/ice1 condemn$71 0 eag] to help ! or?odox crusade4 ,on ! #i? ( ,july 0 issu$ ! fam\s religi\s edict1 :i* =bade ,evangelical m9i/]s to tea* any?+ n conta9$ 9 ! lett] ( _! (ficial books1 proclaim$ ! necessity ( protect+ ! ,*ri/ian religion aga9/ ! enlight5]s 7,aufkla]]71 & plac$ educational e/abli%m5ts "u ! sup]vision ( ! or?odox cl]gy4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,decemb] a new c5sor%ip law 0 issu$1 to secure ! or?odoxy ( all publi%$ books2 & f9ally1 9 #agia1 a sort ( ,prote/ant ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$ at ,b]l9 7,imm$iat-,exam9ations-commission7 to wat* ov] all ecclesia/ical & s*ola/ic appo9tm5ts4 ,9 8 zeal = or?odoxy1 inde$1 ,fr$]ick ,william out/ripp$ 8 m9i/]2 he ev5 blam$ ,woelln]'s idl5ess & vanity = ! inevitable failure ( ! attempt to regulate op9ion f above1 & 9 #agid depriv$ him ( "o ( 8 secul> (fices 9 ord] t he might h m "t to devote himself to ! ?+s ( ,god2 9 edict aft] edict ! k+ cont9u$ to ! end ( 8 reign to make regulations 9 ord] to ma9ta9 9 8 /ates a true & active ,*ri/ianity1 z ! pa? to g5u9e fe> ( ,god4 ,! effects ( ?is policy ( bl9d obscurantism f> outweigh$ any good t result$ f ! k+'s well-meant ef=ts at economic & f9ancial re=m2 & ev5 ?is re=m 0 b spasmodic & p>tial1 & awoke ultimately m discont5t ?an x allay$4 ,b f> m fateful = ,prussia 0 ! k+'s attitude t[>ds ! army & =eign policy4 ,! army 0 ! v f\ndation ( ! ,prussian /ate1 a tru? :i* bo? ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 & ! great ,fr$]ick _h fully realiz$2 ! army _h be5 _! fir/ c>e1 & its effici5cy _h be5 ma9ta9$ by _! con/ant p]sonal sup]vision4 ,fr$]ick ,william1 :o _h no ta/e = milit>y matt]s1 put 8 au?ority z ,w>-,"l into commission "u a supreme college ( w> 7,ob]kriegs-,collegium7 "u ! duke ( ,brunswick & ,g5]al von ,moell5dorf4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! process t end$ 9 #ahjf at ,j5a4 ,9 ! circum/ances ,fr$]ick ,william's int]v5tion 9 ,european affairs 0 n likely to prove ( b5efit to ,prussia4 ,! ,dut* campaign ( #aghg1 ent]$ on = purely family reasons1 0 inde$ successful2 b ,prussia receiv$ n ev5 ! co/ ( h] int]v5tion4 ,an attempt to int]v5e 9 ! w> ( ,russia & ,au/ria aga9/ ,turkey fail$ ( its object2 ,prussia did n succe$ 9 obta9+ any concessions ( t]ritory f ! al>ms ( ! ,allies1 & ! dismissal ( ,h]tzb]g 9 #agia m>k$ ! f9al ab&onm5t ( ! anti-,au/rian tradition ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,=1 mean:ile1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h ent]$ ^u al>m+ phases1 & 9 ,augu/ #agia ,fr$]ick ,william1 at ! meet+ at ,pillnitz1 arrang$ ) ! emp]or ,leopold to jo9 9 support+ ! cause ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,b nei!r ! k+'s "*1 nor ! confusion ( ! ,prussian f9ances due to 8 extravagance1 gave promise ( any effective action4 ,a =mal alliance 0 inde$ sign$ on ! #g? ( ,febru>y #agib1 & ,fr$]ick ,william took "p p]sonally 9 ! campaigns ( #agib & #agic4 ,he 0 hamp]$1 h[ev]1 by want ( funds1 & 8 c\nsels 7 di/ract$ by ! affairs ( ,pol&1 :i* promis$ a ri*] booty ?an 0 likely to be ga9$ by ! anti-revolution>y crusade into ,france4 ,a subsidy treaty ) ! sea p[]s 7,april #ai1 #agid7 fill$ 8 c(f]s2 b ! insurrection 9 ,pol& t foll[$ ! p>tition ( #agic1 & ! ?reat ( ! isolat$ int]v5tion ( ,russia1 hurri$ him into ! sep>ate treaty ( ,basel ) ! ,fr5* ,republic 7,april #e1 #agie71 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! great mon>*ies z a betrayal1 & left ,prussia morally isolat$ 9 ,europe on ! eve ( ! titanic /ruggle betwe5 ! mon>*ical pr9ciple & ! new political cre$ ( ! ,revolution4 ,prussia _h paid a heavy price = ! t]ritories acquir$ at ! exp5se ( ,pol& 9 #agic & #agie1 & :51 on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #agig1 ,fr$]ick ,william di$1 he left ! /ate 9 bankruptcy & confusion1 ! army decay$ & ! mon>*y discr$it$4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii4 0 twice m>ri$3 7#a7 9 #agfe to ,elizabe? ( ,brunswick 7d4 #ahda71 by :om he _h a daught]1 ,fr$]ika1 aft]w>ds du*ess ( ,york1 & f :om he 0 divorc$ 9 #agfi2 7#b7 9 #agfi to ,fr$]ika ,l\isa ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt1 by :om he _h f\r sons1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 ,l\is 7d4 #agif71 ,h5ry & ,william1 & two daught]s1 ,wilhelm9a1 wife ( ,william ( ,orange1 aft]w>ds ,william ,i41 k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,augu/a1 wife ( ,william ,,ii41 elector ( ,hesse4 ,besides 8 relations ) 8 maitresse en titre1 ! c\ntess ,li*t5au1 ! k+--:o 0 a frank polygami/--contract$ two m>riages ( ! left h& ) ,fraeule9 von ,voss & ! c\ntess ,do5h(f4 ,see article by von ,h>tmann 9 ,allgem4 deuts*e ,biog4 7,leipzig1 #ahgh72 ,/adelmann1 ,preuss5s ,ko5ige 9 ihr] ,taetigkeit fu] die ,l&eskultur1 vol4 iii4 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,ii4 7,leipzig1 #ahhe72 ,paulig1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,ii41 se9 ,privatleb5 u4 se9e ,regi]ung 7,frankfurt-an-d]-,od]1 #ahif74 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,iii4 7#aggj-ahdj71 k+ ( ,prussia1 elde/ son ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii41 0 born at ,potsdam on ! #crd ( ,augu/ #aggj4 ,8 fa!r1 !n pr9ce ( ,prussia1 0 out ( fav\r ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great & entirely "u ! influ5ce ( 8 mi/ress2 & ! boy1 h&$ ov] to tutors appo9t$ by ! k+1 liv$ a solit>y & repress$ life :i* t5d$ to increase ! innate weakness ( 8 "*4 ,b ?\gh 8 natural defects ( intellect & w-p[] 7 n improv$ by ! p$antic tutor+ to :i* he 0 submitt$1 he grew up pi\s1 hone/ & well-mean+2 & _h fate ca/ him 9 any b ! mo/ /ormy times ( 8 c\ntry's hi/ory he might well h left ! reputation ( a model k+4 ,z a soldi] he receiv$ ! usual tra9+ ( a ,prussian pr9ce1 obta9$ 8 lieut5ancy 9 #aghd1 became a colonel comm&+ 9 #agij1 & took "p 9 ! campaigns ( #agib-id4 ,9 #agic he m>ri$ ,l\ise1 daught] ( ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,meckl5burg-,/relitz1 :om he _h met & fall5 9 love ) at ,frank=t 7see ,,l\ise1 que5 ( ,prussia74 ,he succe$$ to ! ?rone on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #agig & at once gave e>ne/ ( 8 good int5tions by cutt+ d[n ! exp5ses ( ! royal e/abli%m5t1 dismiss+ 8 fa!r's m9i/]s1 & re=m+ ! mo/ oppressive abuses ( ! late reign4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 he _h all ! ,hoh5zoll]n t5acity ( p]sonal p[] )\t ! ,hoh5zoll]n g5ius = us+ x4 ,too di/ru/ful to delegate 8 responsibility to 8 m9i/]s1 he 0 too infirm ( w to /rike out & foll[ a consi/5t c\rse = himself4 ,! results ( ?is infirmity ( purpose are writt5 l>ge on ! hi/ory ( ,prussia f ! treaty ( ,luneville 9 #ahja to ! d[nfall t foll[$ ! campaign ( ,j5a 9 #ahjf4 ,by ! treaty ( ,tilsit 7,july #i?1 #ahjg7 ,fr$]ick ,william _h to surr5d] half 8 dom9ions1 & :at rema9$ to him 0 exhau/$ by ,fr5* exactions & liable at any mom5t to be cru%$ out ( exi/5ce by "s new :im ( ,napoleon4 ,9 ! d>k ye>s t foll[$ x 0 ! indomitable c\rage ( ,que5 ,l\ise t help$ ! weak k+ n to despair ( ! /ate4 ,%e second$ ! re=m+ ef=ts ( ,/e9 & ! "w ( ,s*>nhor/ & ,gneis5au 9 reorganiz+ ! army1 by :i* ! resurrection ( ,prussia became a possibility4 ,:5 ,/e9 0 dismiss$ at ! in/ance ( ,napoleon1 ,h>d5b]g succe$$ him z *ancellor 7,june #ahaj74 ,9 ! foll[+ mon? ,que5 ,l\ise di$1 & ! k+ 0 left alone to deal ) circum/ances ( ev]-increas+ difficulty4 ,he 0 =c$ to jo9 ,napoleon 9 ! w> aga9/ ,russia2 & ev5 :5 ! disa/r\s campaign ( #ahab _h = ! "t brok5 ! ,fr5* p[]1 x 0 n 8 own resolution1 b ! loyal disloyalty ( ,g5]al ,york 9 conclud+ ) ,russia ! conv5tion ( ,taurogg5 t =c$ him into l9e ) ! patriotic f]v\r ( 8 p4 ,once committ$ to ! ,russian alliance1 h[ev]1 he became ! fai?ful h5*man ( ! emp]or ,alex&]1 ^: fasc9at+ p]sonality ex]cis$ ov] him to ! la/ a s+ul> p[]1 & began t influ5ce ( ,russia at ! c\rt ( ,b]l9 :i* 0 to la/ till ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv4's suppos$ ,lib]alism 0 to %att] ! cordiality ( ! ent5te4 ,t dur+ & aft] ! settlem5t ( #ahae ,fr$]ick ,william play$ a v second>y "p 9 ,european affairs is explicable z well by 8 "* z by ! absorb+ "* ( ! int]nal problems ( ,prussia4 ,he 0 "o ( ! orig9al co-signatories ( ! ,holy ,alliance1 ?\gh1 9 common ) mo/1 he sign$ x ) reluctance2 & 9 ! c\nsels ( ! ,gr& ,alliance he all[$ himself to be practically subord9at$ to ,alex&] & lat] to ,mett]ni*4 ,9 a rul] ( 8 "* x is n surpris+ t ! ,revolution & its developm5ts _h produc$ an unconqu]able suspicion ( con/itutional pr9ciples & me?ods1 :i* ! ,lib]al agitations 9 ,g]many t5d$ to increase4 ,at ! v>i\s congresses1 f ,aix-la-,*apelle 7#ahah7 to ,v]ona 7#ahbb71 !re=e1 he %[$ himself he>tily 9 sympa?y ) ! repressive policy =mulat$ 9 ! ,troppau ,protocol4 ,! promise ( a con/itution1 :i* 9 ! excitem5t ( ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation he _h made to 8 p1 rema9$ unfulfill$ p>tly ow+ to ?is m5tal attitude1 p>tly1 h[ev]1 to ! all b insup]able difficulties 9 ! way ( its execution4 ,b ?\gh reluctant to play ! "p ( a con/itutional k+1 ,fr$]ick ,william ma9ta9$ to ! full ! traditional "* ( fir/ s]vant ( ! /ate4 ,?\gh he *a/is$ ,lib]al pr(essors & turbul5t /ud5ts1 x 0 9 ! _s ( a b5evol5t ,l&esvat]2 & he lab\r$ assidu\sly at ! enorm\s task ( adm9i/rative recon/ruction necessitat$ by ! problem ( weld+ ! het]og5e\s elem5ts ( ! new ,prussian k+dom into a unit$ :ole4 ,he 0 s9c]ely religi\s2 b 8 well-meant ef=ts to unite ! ,lu!ran & ,re=m$ ,*ur*es1 9 celebration ( ! t]c5t5>y ( ! ,re=mation 7#ahag71 reveal$ ! limits ( 8 pat]nal p[]2 elev5 ye>s pass$ 9 va9 attempts to devise common =mulae2 a /ubborn ,lu!ran m9ority _h to be co]c$ by milit>y =ce1 ! confiscation ( _! *ur*es & ! imprisonm5t or exile ( _! pa/ors2 n till #ahcd 0 outw>d union secur$ on ! basis ( common wor%ip b sep>ate symbols1 ! oppon5ts ( ! measure be+ =bidd5 to =m communities ( _! own4 ,) ! ,roman ,*ur*1 too1 ! k+ came into conflict on ! vex$ "q ( mix$ m>riages1 a conflict 9 :i* ! ,vatican ga9$ an easy victory 7see ,,buns51 ,c4 ,c4 ,j41 ,,b>on ,,von74 ,! revolutions ( #ahcj /r5g!n$ ,fr$]ick ,william 9 8 reaction>y t5d5cies2 ! "q ( ! con/itution 0 indef9itely %elv$2 & 9 #ahca ,prussian troops conc5trat$ on ! fronti] help$ ! task ( ! ,russians 9 r$uc+ ! milit>y ris+ 9 ,pol&4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all1 ,fr$]ick ,william 0 belov$ by 8 subjects1 :o valu$ him = ! simplicity ( 8 mann]s1 ! goodness ( 8 he>t & ! memories ( ! d>k days aft] #ahjf4 ,he di$ on ! #g? ( ,june #ahdj4 ,9 #ahbd he _h contract$ a morganatic m>riage ) ! c\ntess ,augu/e von ,h>ra*1 :om he creat$ ,pr9cess von ,liegnitz4 ,he wrote ,lu!r 9 ,bezug auf die ,kir*5ag5da von #ahbb und #ahbc 7,b]l91 #ahbg71 ,rem9isz5z5 aus d] ,kampagne #agib 9 ,frankrei*1 & ,j\rnal me9] ,brigade 9 d] ,kampagne am ,rhe9 #agic4 ,! correspond5ce 7,briefwe*sel7 ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 & ,que5 ,l\ise ) ! emp]or ,alex&] ,i4 has be5 publi%$ 7,leipzig1 #aijj7 & also t betwe5 ! k+ & que5 7ib4 #aijc71 bo? edit$ by ,p4 ,bailleu4 ,see ,w4 ,hahn1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iii4 und ,luise 7#crd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahgg72 ,m4 ,w4 ,dunck]1 ,aus d] ,zeit ,fri$ri*s des ,gross5 und ,fri$ri* ,wilhelms ,,iii4 7,leipzig1 #ahgf72 ,bi%op ,r4 ,f4 ,eyl]t1 ,*>akt]zuege aus dem ,leb5 des ,ko5igs von ,preuss5 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iii4 7#c vols41 ,magdeburg1 #ahdc-ahdf74 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,iv4 7#agie-ahfa71 k+ ( ,prussia1 elde/ son ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 0 born on ! #ae? ( ,octob] #agie4 ,f 8 fir/ tutor1 ,johann ,delbrueck1 he imbib$ a love ( culture & art1 & possibly also ! da% ( ,lib]alism :i* =m$ an elem5t ( 8 complex habit ( m9d4 ,b aft] a "t ,delbrueck1 suspect$ ( inspir+ 8 *>ge ) a dislike ( ! ,prussian milit>y ca/e & ev5 ( belong+ to a political secret society1 0 dismiss$1 8 place be+ tak5 by ! pa/or & hi/orian ,fri$ri* ,ancillon1 :ile a milit>y gov]nor 0 also appo9t$4 ,by ,ancillon he 0 gr\nd$ 9 religion1 9 hi/ory & political sci5ce1 8 natural ta/e = ! antique & ! picturesque mak+ x easy = 8 tutor to impress ^u him 8 own hatr$ ( ! ,revolution & its pr9ciples4 ,?is hatr$ 0 confirm$ by ! suff]+s ( 8 c\ntry & family 9 ! t]rible ye>s aft] #ahjf1 & 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ( active soldi]+ 0 9 ! campaigns t end$ 9 ! occupation ( ,p>is by ! ,allies 9 #ahad4 ,9 action 8 reckless brav]y _h e>n$ him rebuke1 & 9 ,p>is he 0 rem>k$ = ! exact p]=mance ( 8 milit>y duties1 ?\gh he f\nd "t to :et 8 appetite = art 9 ! mat*less collections ga!r$ by ,napoleon z ! spoil ( all ,europe4 ,on 8 return to ,b]l9 he /udi$ art "u ! sculptor ,*ri/ian ,daniel ,rau* & ! pa9t] & ar*itect ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,s*9kel 7#agha-ahda71 prov+ himself 9 ! end a good draughtsman1 a born ar*itect & an excell5t l&scape g>d5]4 ,at ! same "t he 0 be+ tutor$ 9 law by ,savigny & 9 f9ance by a s]ies ( di/+ui%$ ma/]s4 ,9 #ahbc he m>ri$ ! pr9cess ,elizabe? ( ,bav>ia1 :o adopt$ ! ,lu!ran cre$4 ,! union1 ?\gh *ildless1 0 v happy4 ,a long t\r 9 ,italy 9 #ahbh 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 intimacy ) ,buns5 & did mu* to develop 8 k ( art & love ( antiquity4 ,on 8 accession to ! ?rone 9 #ahdj mu* 0 expect$ ( a pr9ce s v>i\sly gift$ & ( s amiable a temp]1 & 8 fir/ acts did n belie popul> hopes4 ,he rev]s$ ! un=tunate ecclesia/ical policy ( 8 fa!r1 all[+ a wide lib]ty ( diss5t1 & releas+ ! imprison$ ar*bi%op ( ,cologne2 he modifi$ ! /rictness ( ! press c5sor%ip2 above all he und]took1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! deputations ( ! prov9cial diets assembl$ to greet him on 8 accession1 to c>ry out ! long-def]r$ project ( creat+ a c5tral con/itution1 :i* he admitt$ to be requir$ alike by ! royal promises1 ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry & ! temp] ( ! times4 ,! /ory ( ! evolution ( ! ,prussian p>liam5t belongs to ! hi/ory ( ,prussia4 ,"h x mu/ suffice to notice ,fr$]ick ,william's p]sonal %>e 9 ! "q1 :i* 0 det]m9$ by 8 g5]al attitude ( m9d4 ,he 0 an ideali/2 b 8 idealism 0 ( a type ! exact rev]se ( t :i* ! ,revolution 9 arms _h s\ght to impose ^u ,europe4 ,! idea ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p 0 to him utt]ly abhorr5t1 & ev5 any delegation ( sov]eign p[] on 8 own "p w\ld h seem$ a betrayal ( a ,god-giv5 tru/4 ,i w nev]1 he decl>$1 all[ to come betwe5 ,almighty ,god & ?is c\ntry a blott$ p>*m5t1 to rule u ) p>agraphs1 & to replace ! anci5t1 sacr$ bond ( loyalty4 ,8 vision ( ! ideal /ate 0 t ( a patri>*ial mon>*y1 surr\nd$ & advis$ by ! traditional e/ates ( ! realm--nobles1 peasants1 burgh]s--& cem5t$ by ! bonds ( evangelical religion2 b 9 :i* !re %\ld be no "q ( ! sov]eign p[] be+ ve/$ 9 any o!r h&s ?an ^? ( ! k+ by div9e "r4 ,9 ,prussia1 ) its traditional loyalty & its old-_w ca/e divisions1 he believ$ t su* a conception c\ld be realiz$1 & he took up an attitude half-way betwe5 ^? :o w\ld h reject$ ! proposal = a c5tral diet altoge!r z a dang]\s ?9 end ( ! w$ge1 & ^? :o w\ld h approximat$ x m to ! mod]n conception ( a p>liam5t4 ,) a *>t]1 or a repres5tative sy/em bas$ on population1 he w\ld h no?+ to d4 ,! unit$ diet :i* 0 op5$ on ! #crd ( ,febru>y #ahdg 0 no m ?an a congregation ( ! diets in/itut$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 9 ! eight prov9ces ( ,prussia4 ,unrepres5tative ?\gh x 0--= ! indu/rial work+-classes _h no %>e 9 x--x at once gave voice to ! dem& = a con/itutional sy/em4 ,?is dem& ga9$ ov]:elm+ly 9 =ce ) ! revolution>y outbreaks ( #ahdh4 ,to ,fr$]ick ,william ^! came z a complete surprise1 &1 rudely awak5$ f 8 m$ieval dream+s1 he ev5 all[$ himself to be c>ri$ away = a :ile by ! popul> tide4 ,! loyalty ( ! ,prussian army rema9$ inviolate2 b ! k+ 0 too t5d]-he>t$ to use milit>y =ce aga9/ 8 belov$ ,b]l9]s1 & :5 ! victory ( ! populace 0 ?us assur$ 8 impressionable temp] yield$ to ! g5]al en?usiasm4 ,he p>ad$ ! /reets ( ,b]l9 wrapp$ 9 a sc>f ( ! ,g]man black & gold1 symbol ( 8 int5tion to be ! lead] ( ! unit$ ,g]many2 & he ev5 wrote to ! indignant ts> 9 praise ( ! glori\s ,g]man revolution4 ,! *ange ( s5tim5t 01 h[ev]1 app>5t r ?an real4 ,! %ad[ ( v5]able in/itutions1 pa/ or pass+1 /ill d>k5$ 8 c\nsels4 ,! unit$ ,g]many :i* he 0 prep>$ to *ampion 0 n ! democratic /ate :i* ! !ori/s ( ! ,frank=t national p>liam5t 7 evolv+ on pap] ) int]m9able debate1 b ! old ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ! h]itage ( ! h\se ( ,habsburg1 ( :i* he 0 prep>$ to con/itute himself ! gu>dian s long z its lawful possessors %\ld n h ma/]$ ! =ces ( disord] by :i* !y 7 held captive4 ,f9ally1 :5 ,au/ria _h be5 exclud$ f ! new empire1 he repli$ to ! p>liam5t>y deputation t came to (f] him ! imp]ial cr[n t he might h accept$ x _h x be5 freely (f]$ to him by ! ,g]man pr9ces1 b t he w\ld nev] /oop to pick up a cr[n out ( ! gutt]4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! mann] ( ?is refusal1 or ( its imm$iate motives1 x 0 9 itself wise1 = ! ,g]man empire w\ld h lo/ immeasurably _h x be5 ! cause r ?an ! result ( ! inevitable /ruggle ) ,au/ria1 & ,bism>ck 0 probably "r :5 he said t1 to weld ! het]og5e\s elem5ts ( ,g]many into a unit$ :ole1 :at 0 ne$$ 01 n spee*es & resolutions1 b a policy ( blood & iron4 ,9 any case ,fr$]ick ,william1 uneasy en\gh z a con/itutional k+1 w\ld h be5 impossible z a con/itutional emp]or4 ,z x 01 8 refusal to play ?is "p gave ! dea?bl[ to ! p>liam5t & to all hope ( ! imm$iate creation ( a unit$ ,g]many4 ,= ,fr$]ick ,william ! position ( lead] ( ,g]many n[ meant ! employm5t ( ! milit>y =ce ( ,prussia to cru% ! scatt]$ elem5ts ( revolution t surviv$ ! collapse ( ! national movem5t4 ,8 e/abli%m5t ( ! nor!rn conf$]acy 0 a rev]sion to ! traditional policy ( ,prussia 9 opposition to ,au/ria1 :i*1 aft] ! emp]or ,ni*olas _h cru%$ ! insurrection 9 ,hung>y1 0 once m free to ass]t h] claims to dom9ance 9 ,g]many4 ,b ,prussia 0 n ripe = a /ruggle ) ,au/ria1 ev5 _h ,fr$]ick ,william f\nd x 9 8 consci5ce to turn 8 arms aga9/ 8 anci5t ally1 & ! result 0 ! humiliat+ conv5tion ( ,olmuetz 7,novemb] #bi?1 #ahej71 by :i* ,prussia agre$ to surr5d] h] sep>ati/ plans & to re/ore ! old con/itution ( ! conf$]ation4 ,yet ,fr$]ick ,william _h s f> pr(it$ by ! lessons ( #ahdh t he cons5t$ to e/abli% 7#ahej7 a national p>liam5t1 ?\gh ) a re/rict$ fran*ise & limit$ p[]s4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords 7,h]r5haus7 ju/ifi$ ! k+'s insi/5ce 9 call+ x into be+ by its support ( ,bism>ck aga9/ ! m popul> ,h\se dur+ ! next reign4 ,9 religi\s matt]s ,fr$]ick ,william 0 also l>gely sway$ by 8 love = ! anci5t & picturesque4 ,9 conc]t ) 8 fri5d ,buns5 he lab\r$ to br+ ab\t a rappro*em5t betwe5 ! ,lu!ran & ,anglican *ur*es1 ! fir/-fruits ( :i* 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,j]usalem bi%opric "u ! jo9t patronage ( ,great ,brita9 & ,prussia2 b ! only result ( 8 ef=ts 0 to precipitate ! secession ( ,j4 ,h4 ,newman & 8 foll[]s to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ,fr$]ick ,william1 9 spite ( 8 tal5ts & 8 wide k1 liv$ 9 a dream-l& ( 8 own1 out ( t\* ) actuality4 ,! /yle ( 8 lett]s reveals a m9d en?usia/ic & ill-balanc$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aheg he _h a /roke ( p>alysis1 & a second 9 ,octob]4 ,f ?is "t1 ) ! exception ( brief int]vals1 8 m9d 0 completely cl\d$1 & ! duties ( gov]nm5t 7 und]tak5 by 8 bro!r ,william 7aft]w>ds emp]or71 :o on ! #g? ( ,octob] #aheh 0 =mally recogniz$ z reg5t4 ,fr$]ick ,william di$ on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #ahfa4 ,selections f ! correspond5ce 7,briefwe*sel7 ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv4 & ,buns5 7 edit$ by ,ranke 7,leipzig1 #ahgc72 8 proclamations1 spee*es1 c41 f ! #f? ( ,m>* #ahdh to ! #ca/ ( ,may #ahea h be5 publi%$ 7,b]l91 #ahea72 also 8 correspond5ce ) ,bett9a von ,arnim1 ,bett9a von ,arnim und ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv41 ung$ruckte ,briefe und ,akt5/uecke1 ed4 ,l4 ,geig] 7,frank=t-on-,ma91 #aijb74 ,see ,l4 von ,ranke1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv41 ,ko5ig von ,preuss5 7works #ea1 #eb also 9 ,allgem4 deuts*e ,biog4 vol4 vii471 especially = ! k+'s education & ! inn] hi/ory ( ! debates lead+ up to ! unit$ diet ( #ahdg2 ,h4 von ,pet]sdorff1 ,ko5ig ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv4 7,/uttg>t1 #aijj72 ,f4 ,ra*fahl1 ,deuts*l&1 ,ko5ig ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv4 und die ,b]l9] ,ma]zrevolution 7,halle1 #aija72 ,h4 von ,pos*+] 7ed471 ,unt] ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv4 ,d5kwu]digkeit5 des ,m9i/]s ,otto ,frhr4 von ,manteuffel1 #ahdh-aheh 7#c vols41 ,b]l91 #aijj-aija72 & ,preuss5s auswa]tige ,politik1 #ahej-aheh 7#c vols41 ib41 #aijb71 docum5ts select$ f ^? left by ,manteuffel2 ,e4 ,fri$b]g1 ,die ,grundlag5 d] preussis*5 ,kir*5politik unt] ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv4 7,leipzig1 #ahhb74 ,,fr$]ick ,,william 7#afbj-afhh71 elector ( ,br&5burg1 usually call$ ! ,great ,elector1 0 born 9 ,b]l9 on ! #af? ( ,febru>y #afbj4 ,8 fa!r 0 ! elector ,george ,william1 & 8 "m 0 ,elizabe? ,*>lotte1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,,iv41 elector palat9e ( ! ,rh9e4 ,ow+ to ! disord]s :i* 7 preval5t 9 ,br&5burg he pass$ "p ( 8 y\? 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 /udy+ at ! univ]sity ( ,leid5 & le>n+ some?+ ( w> & /atecraft "u ,fr$]ick ,h5ry1 pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,dur+ 8 boyhood a m>riage _h be5 sugge/$ betwe5 him & ,*ri/9a1 aft]w>ds que5 ( ,sw$52 b al?\gh ! idea 0 reviv$ dur+ ! peace negotiations betwe5 ,sw$5 & ,br&5burg1 x came to no?+1 & 9 #afdf he m>ri$ ,l\ise ,h5riette 7d4 #affg71 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry ( ,orange1 a lady ^: c\nsel 0 v helpful to him & :o second$ 8 ef=ts = ! welf>e ( 8 c\ntry4 ,hav+ become rul] ( ,br&5burg & ,prussia by 8 fa!r's dea? 9 ,decemb] #afdj1 ,fr$]ick ,william set to "w at once to repair ! ext5sive damage wr\ght dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 /ill 9 progress4 ,aft] "s difficulty he secur$ 8 inve/iture z duke ( ,prussia f ,wladislaus1 k+ ( ,pol&1 9 ,octob] #afda1 b 0 n equally successful 9 cru%+ ! indep5d5t t5d5cies ( ! e/ates ( ,cleves4 ,x 0 9 ,br&5burg1 h[ev]1 t he %[$ 8 supreme skill z a diplomati/ & adm9i/rator4 ,8 disord]ly troops 7 replac$ by an effici5t & discipl9$ =ce2 8 pati5ce & p]sev]ance fre$ 8 dom9ions f ! ,sw$i% soldi]s2 & ! re/oration ( law & ord] 0 foll[$ by a revival ( trade & an increase ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,aft] a t$i\s /ruggle he succe$$ 9 c5traliz+ ! adm9i/ration1 & controll+ & increas+ ! rev5ue1 :ile no dep>tm5t ( public life escap$ 8 s$ul\s c>e 7see ,,br&5burg74 ,! area ( 8 dom9ions 0 l>gely increas$ at ! peace ( ,we/phalia 9 #afdh1 & ?is treaty & ! treaty ( ,oliva 9 #affj alike add$ to 8 p[] & pre/ige4 ,by a clev] b unscrupul\s use ( 8 int]m$iate position betwe5 ,sw$5 & ,pol& he procur$ 8 recognition z indep5d5t duke ( ,prussia f bo? p[]s1 & ev5tually succe$$ 9 cru%+ ! /ubborn & l5g!n$ opposition :i* 0 (f]$ to 8 au?ority by ! e/ates ( ! du*y 7see ,,prussia74 ,aft] two *ecks he made 8 position respect$ 9 ,cleves1 & 9 #afff 8 title to ,cleves1 ,jueli* & ,rav5sb]g 0 def9itely recogniz$4 ,8 ef=ts1 h[ev]1 to annex ! we/]n "p ( ! du*y ( ,pom]ania1 :i* he _h conqu]$ f ! ,sw$es1 fail$ ow+ to ! insi/5ce ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 at ! treaty ( ,/ ,g]ma9-en-,laye 9 #afgi1 & he 0 unable to obta9 ! ,silesian du*ies ( ,liegnitz1 ,brieg & ,wohlau f ! emp]or ,leopold ,i4 aft] !y _h be5 left )\t a rul] 9 #afge4 ,fr$]ick ,william play$ an important "p 9 ,european politics4 ,al?\gh f\nd once or twice on ! side ( ,france1 he 0 g5]ally loyal to ! int]e/s ( ! empire & ! ,habsburgs1 probably because 8 political acum5 sc5t$ dang] to ,br&5burg f ! aggressive policy ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,he 0 a ,prote/ant 9 religion1 b he support$ ,prote/ant int]e/s abroad on political r ?an on religi\s gr\nds1 & s\ght1 b )\t mu* success1 to /r5g!n ,br&5burg by allay+ ! fi]ce ho/ility betwe5 ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s4 ,8 success 9 f\nd+ & organiz+ ! army ( ,br&5burg-,prussia 0 amply demon/rat$ by ! great victory :i* he ga9$ ov] ! ,sw$es at ,fehrbell9 9 ,june #afge1 & by ! eag]ness ) :i* =eign p[]s s\ght 8 support4 ,he 0 also ! f\nd] ( ! ,prussian navy4 ,! elector assi/$ trade 9 e possible way4 ,he made ! canal :i* /ill be>s 8 "n betwe5 ! ,od] & ! ,spree2 e/abli%$ a trad+ company2 & f\nd$ colonies on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,he enc\rag$ ,flem+s to settle 9 ,br&5burg1 & bo? be=e & aft] ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe welcom$ l>ge numb]s ( ,hugu5ots1 :o add$ greatly to ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry4 ,education 0 n neglect$2 & if 9 ?is direction "s ( 8 plans 7 abortive1 x 0 f lack ( means & opportunity r ?an ef=t & incl9ation4 ,x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! s]vices ( ! great elector to ,br&5burg & ,prussia4 ,!y c only be prop]ly appreciat$ by ^? :o comp>e ! condition ( 8 c\ntry 9 #afdj ) its condition 9 #afhh4 ,bo? actually & relatively its importance _h increas$ enorm\sly2 pov]ty _h giv5 place to comp>ative weal?1 & an>*y to a sy/em ( gov]nm5t :i* aft]w>ds made ,prussia ! mo/ c5traliz$ /ate 9 ,europe4 ,he _h scant sympa?y ) local privileges1 & 9 fight+ !m 8 conduct 0 d\btless despotic4 ,8 aim 0 to make himself an absolute rul]1 z he reg>d$ ?is z ! be/ gu>antee = ! int]nal & ext]nal welf>e ( ! /ate4 ,! great elector di$ at ,potsdam f dropsy on ! #i? ( ,may #afhh1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 elde/ surviv+ son1 ,fr$]ick4 ,8 p]sonal appe>ance 0 impos+1 & al?\gh he 0 absolutely )\t scruples :5 work+ = ! int]e/s ( ,br&5burg1 he did n lack a s5se ( ju/ice & g5]osity4 ,at all ev5ts he des]ves ! eulogy pass$ ^u him by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,messieurs2 celui-ci a fait de gr&es *oses4 ,8 second wife1 :om he m>ri$ 9 #affh1 0 ,doro!a 7d4 #afhi71 daught] ( ,philip1 duke ( ,hol/e9-,gluecksburg1 & wid[ ( ,*ri/ian ,l\is1 duke ( ,brunswick-,lu5eburg2 %e bore him f\r sons & ?ree daught]s4 ,8 conclud+ ye>s 7 tr\bl$ by diff]5ces betwe5 8 wife & h] /ep-son1 ,fr$]ick2 & influ5c$ by ,doro!a he bequea!d portions ( ,br&5burg to h] f\r sons1 a beque/ :i* 0 annull$ "u 8 successor4 ,see ,s4 de ,puf5dorf1 ,de rebus ge/is ,frid]ici ,wilhelmi ,magni 7,leipzig & ,b]l91 #agcc72 ,l4 von ,orli*1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm d] grosse ,kurfu]/ 7,b]l91 #ahcf72 ,k4 ,h4 ,s4 ,ro$5beck1 ,zur ,ges*i*te ,fri$ri* ,wilhelms des gross5 ,kurfu]/5 7,b]l91 #ahea72 ,b4 ,erdmannsdo]ff]1 ,d] grosse ,kurfu]/ 7,leipzig1 #ahgi72 ,j4 ,g4 ,droys51 ,ges*i*te d] preussis*5 ,politik 7,b]l91 #ahee-ahhf72 ,m4 ,philippson1 ,d] grosse ,kurfu]/ 7,b]l91 #ahig-aijc72 ,e4 ,heyck1 ,d] grosse ,kurfu]/ 7,bielefeld1 #aijb72 ,spahn1 ,d] grosse ,kurfu]/ 7,ma9z1 #aijb72 ,h4 ,l&wehr1 ,die ,kir*5politik des gross5 ,kurfu]/5 7,b]l91 #ahid72 ,h4 ,prutz1 ,aus des gross5 ,kurfu]/5 letzt5 ,jahr5 7,b]l91 #ahig74 ,also ,urkund5 und ,akt5/uecke zur ,ges*i*te des ,kurfu]/5 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm von ,br&5burg 7,b]l91 #ahfd-aijb72 ,t4 ,c>lyle1 ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #aheh72 & ,a4 ,wadd+ton1 ,le ,gr& ,electeur et ,l\is ,,xiv 7,p>is1 #aije74 ,,fr$]ick-,,lemaitre1 ,,anto9e ,,l\is ,,prosp] 7#ahjj-ahgf7 ,fr5* actor1 ! son ( an ar*itect1 0 born at ,havre on ! #bh? ( ,july #ahjj4 ,he sp5t two ye>s at ! ,cons]vatoire1 & made 8 fir/ appe>ance at a v>iety p]=mance 9 "o ( ! basem5t re/aurants at ! ,palais ,royal4 ,at ! ,ambigu on ! #ab? ( ,july #ahbc he play$ ! "p ( ,rob]t ,macaire 9 ,l',aub]ge des ,adrets4 ,! melodrama 0 play$ s]i\sly on ! fir/ night & 0 receiv$ ) little fav\r1 b x 0 *ang$ on ! second night to burlesque1 & ?anks to him _h a great success4 ,all ,p>is came to see x1 & f t day he 0 fam\s4 ,he creat$ a numb] ( p>ts t add$ to 8 popul>ity1 especially ,c>dillac1 ,caglio/ro & ,c>t\*e4 ,8 success 9 ! la/ l$ to an engagem5t at ! ,porte ,/ ,m>t91 :]e 9 #ahbg he produc$ ,tr5te ans1 ou la vie d'un j\eur1 9 :i* 8 vivid act+ made a pr(\nd impression4 ,aft]w>ds at ! ,odeon & o!r !atres he pass$ f "o success to ano!r1 until he put ! f9al t\* to 8 reputation z an arti/ by creat+ ! "p ( ,ruy ,blas 9 ,victor ,hugo's play4 ,on 8 return to ! ,porte ,/ ,m>t9 he creat$ ! title-role 9 ,balzac's ,vautr91 :i* 0 =bidd5 a second pres5tation1 on acc\nt1 x is said1 ( ! resemblance ( ! actor's wig to ! well-kn[n t\pet worn by ,l\is ,philippe4 ,8 la/ appe>ance 0 at ?is !atre 9 #ahgc z ! old ,jew 9 ,m>ie ,tudor1 & he di$ at ,p>is on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #ahgf4 ,,fr$]icksburg1 a city ( ,spottsylvania c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,rappahannock riv]1 at ! head ( tide-wat] navigation1 ab\t #fj m4 ,n4 ( ,ri*mond & ab\t #ee m4 ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,wa%+ton4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #debh2 7#aijj7 #ejfh 7#afba negroes72 7#aiaj7 #ehgd4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,potomac1 ,fr$]icksburg ,pi$mont1 & ! ,ri*mond1 ,fr$]icksburg ,potomac railways1 & by sev]al coa/+ /eam%ip l9es4 ,! city is built on a s]ies ( t]races betwe5 ! riv] & hills ( consid]able height4 ,! riv] is "h spann$ by iron bridges1 & j above ! city is a dam #ijj ft4 long & #ah ft4 high4 ,by means ( ?is dam & a canal good wat]-p[] is furni%$1 & ! city's manufactures include fl\r1 lea!r1 %oes1 wooll5s1 silks1 wagons1 agricultural implem5ts & excelsior 7f9e wood-%av+s = pack+ or /uff+74 ,! wat]-works1 gas & electric-light+ plants are own$ & op]at$ by ! municipality4 ,at ,fr$]icksburg are ,fr$]icksburg ,college 7f\nd$ 9 #ahic2 co-educational71 :i* includes ! ,k5more s*ool = girls & ! ,saund]s memorial s*ool = boys 7bo? prep>atory72 a ,conf$]ate & a ,national cemet]y 7! latt] on ,m>ye's ,heights71 a monum5t 7erect$ 9 #aijf7 to ,g5]al ,hugh ,m]c] 7c4 #agbj-aggg71 ^: home = sev]al ye>s 0 "h & :o fell 9 ! battle ( ,pr9ceton2 & a monum5t to ! memory ( ,wa%+ton's "m1 :o di$ "h 9 #aghi & ^: home is /ill /&+4 ,o!r build+s ( int]e/ are ! old ,ris+ ,sun ,hotel1 a popul> resort dur+ ,wa%+ton's "t1 & ,k5more1 ! home ( ,colonel ,field+ ,lewis1 :o m>ri$ a si/] ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! city 0 nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,fr$]ick1 fa!r ( ,george ,,iii41 & 0 incorporat$ 9 #agbg1 long aft] its fir/ settlem5t2 9 #ahga x 0 re-*>t]$ by act ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,virg9ia4 ,! battle ( ,fr$]icksburg 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> 0 f\ght on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #ahfb betwe5 ! ,union =ces 7,army ( ! ,potomac7 "u ,major-,g5]al ,a4 ,e4 ,burnside & ! ,conf$]ates 7,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia7 "u ,g5]al ,r4 ,e4 ,lee4 ,9 ! middle ( ,novemb]1 ,burnside1 newly appo9t$ to comm& ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 _h manoeuvr$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,w>r5ton ) a view to beg9n+ an (f5sive move f ,fr$]icksburg &1 z a prelim9>y1 to seiz+ a foo?old beyond ! ,rappahannock at or ne> t place4 ,on arriv+ ne> ,falm\?1 h[ev]1 he f\nd t ! means ( cross+ t he _h ask$ = _h n be5 =w>d$ f ,wa%+ton1 & he sat d[n to wait = !m1 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 ! ,conf$]ate army gradually assembl$ s\? ( ! ,rappahannock 9 a /rong position ) ! left on ! riv] above ,fr$]icksburg & ! "r ne> ,hamilton's ,cross+ on ! ,ri*mond railway4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] ,burnside1 hav+ by n[ receiv$ 8 pontoons1 prep>$ to cross ! riv] & to attack ! ,conf$]ate entr5*$ position on ! heights beyond ! t[n4 ,! respective =ces 7 ,union #abb1jjj1 ,conf$]ate #gi1jjj4 ,major-,g5]al ,e4 ,v4 ,sumn]1 comm&+ ! ,f$]al "r w+ 7,,ii4 & ,,ix4 corps71 0 to cross at ,fr$]icksburg1 ,major-,g5]al ,w4 ,b4 ,frankl9 ) ! left 7,i4 & ,,vi4 corps7 "s miles bel[1 :ile ! c5tre 7,,iii4 & ,v4 corps7 "u ,major-,g5]al ,joseph ,hook] 0 to connect ! two attacks & to re9=ce ei!r at ne$4 ,! ,union artill]y took position along ! heights ( ! nor? bank to cov] ! cross+1 & no opposition 0 enc\nt]$ opposite ,frankl9's comm&1 :i* =m$ up on ! o!r side dur+ ! #aa? & #ab?4 ,opposite ,sumn]1 h[ev]1 ! ,conf$]ate riflem51 hidd5 9 ! g>d5s & h\ses ( ,fr$]icksburg1 caus$ mu* tr\ble & consid]able losses to ! ,union pione]s1 & a =lorn hope ( volunte]s f ! infantry _h to be r[$ across "u fire be=e ! enemy's skirmi%]s c\ld be dislodg$4 ,sumn]'s two corps cross$ on ! #ab?4 ,! battle took place next morn+4 ,controv]sy has rag$ r\nd ,burnside's plan ( action & 9 p>ticul> r\nd 8 ord]s to ,frankl91 z to :i* x c only be said t :atev] *ance ( success !re 0 9 s =midable an und]tak+ z attack+ ! well-po/$ enemy 0 ?r[n away ?r\gh misund]/&+s1 & t no?+ b misund]/&+s c\ld be expect$ f ! vague & bewild]+ ord]s issu$ by ! g5]al 9 comm&4 ,! actual battle c be describ$ 9 a few words4 ,jackson held ! "r ( ,lee's l9e1 ,long/reet ! left1 bo? entr5*$4 ,frankl91 ti$ by 8 in/ructions1 attack$ ) "o division only1 :i* a little lat] he support$ by two m 7,i4 corps1 ,major-,g5]al ,j4 ,f4 ,reynolds7 out ( eight or n9e available4 ,8 left flank 0 h>ass$ by ! ,conf$]ate horse artill]y "u ! "y & brilliant ,capta9 ,john ,pelham1 & aft] break+ ! fir/ l9e ( ,/onewall ,jackson's corps ! assailants 7 9 ! end driv5 back ) heavy losses4 ,on ! o!r flank1 :]e "p ( ,long/reet's corps held ! l[ ridge opposite ,fr$]icksburg call$ ,m>ye's ,heights1 ,burnside ord]$ 9 ! ,,ii4 corps "u ,major-,g5]al ,d4 ,n4 ,c\* ab\t #aa ,a4,m41 & !nce=w>d division aft] division1 on a front ( little m ?an #hjj yds41 0 s5t =w>d to assault ) ! bayonet4 ,! ,/one ,wall along ! foot ( ,m>ye's 0 l9$ ) e rifle ( ,long/reet's corps t c\ld f9d room to fire1 & above !m ! ,conf$]ate guns fir$ heavily on ! assailants1 ^: artill]y1 on ! height beyond ! riv]1 0 too f> (f to assi/ !m4 ,n a man ( ! ,f$]als rea*$ ! wall1 ?\gh ! brave/ 7 kill$ a few paces f x1 & ,sumn]'s & mo/ ( ,hook]'s brigades 7 brok5 "o aft] ! o!r z (t5 z !y tri$ to assault4 ,at night ! wrecks ( ! "r w+ 7 )drawn4 ,burnside propos$ next day to lead ! ,,ix4 corps1 :i* he _h =m]ly comm&$1 9 "o mass to ! assault ( ! ,/one ,wall1 b 8 subord9ates dissuad$ him1 & on ! night ( ! #ae? ! ,army ( ! ,potomac )drew to its camps ab\t ,falm\?4 ,! losses ( ! ,f$]als 7 #ab1fej m51 ^? ( ! ,conf$]ates #dbjj1 little m ?an a ?ird ( :i* fell on ,long/reet's corps4 ,see ,f4 ,w4 ,palfrey1 ,antietam & ,fr$]icksburg 7,new ,york1 #ahha72 ,g4 ,w4 ,r$way1 ,fr$]icksburg 7,london1 #aijf72 & ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,fr$]icksburg 7,london1 #ahhi74 ,,fr$]icton1 a city & port ( entry ( ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada1 capital ( ! prov9ce1 situat$ on ! ,/ ,john riv]1 #hd m4 f its m\?1 & on ! ,canadian ,pacific railway4 ,x /&s on a pla9 b\nd$ on "o side by ! riv]1 :i* is "h #c_/d m4 broad1 & on ! o!r by a range ( hills :i* almo/ encircle ! t[n4 ,x is regul>ly built ) long & /raight /reets1 & conta9s ! p>liam5t build+s1 gov]nm5t h\se1 ! ,anglican ca!dral1 ! prov9cial univ]sity & sev]al o!r educational e/abli%m5ts4 ,fr$]icton is ! *ief comm]cial c5tre 9 ! int]ior ( ! prov9ce1 & has also a l>ge trade 9 lumb]4 ,its indu/ries include cann]ies1 tann]ies & wood5 w>e factories4 ,! riv] is navigable = l>ge /eam]s up to ! city1 & above x by vessels ( light] draught4 ,two bridges1 pass5g] & railway1 unite ! city ) ! t[ns ( ,/ ,m>ye's & ,gibson on ! ea/ side ( ! riv]1 at its junction ) ! ,na%waak4 ,! city 0 f\nd$ 9 #aghe by ,sir ,guy ,c>leton1 & made ! capital ( ! prov9ce1 9 spite ( ! jeal\sy ( ,/ ,john1 on acc\nt ( its sup]ior /rategical position4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #gaag4 ,,fr$onia1 a village ( ,*autauqua c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 ab\t #de m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,buffalo1 & #c m4 f ,lake ,erie4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #dabg2 7#aije1 /ate c5sus7 #eadh2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ebhe4 ,fr$onia is s]v$ by ! ,dunkirk1 ,allegh5y ,valley ,pittsburg railway1 :i* connects at ,dunkirk1 #c m4 to ! ,n41 ) ! ,erie1 ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn1 ! ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,/ ,l\is1 & ! ,p5nsylvania railways2 & by electric railway to ,erie1 ,buffalo & ,dunkirk4 ,x is ! seat ( a ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,! ,d>w9 ,r4 ,b>k] public libr>y conta9$ #igjj volumes 9 #aijh4 ,fr$onia is situat$ 9 ! grape-gr[+ region ( we/]n ,new ,york1 is an important %ipp+ po9t = grapes1 & has l>ge grape-v9e & g5]al nurs]ies4 ,! mak+ ( w9e & ( unf]m5t$ grape-juice are important indu/ries ( ! village4 ,among o!r manufactures are cann$ goods1 coal deal]s' supplies1 & pat5t m$ic9es4 ,! fir/ settlem5t "h 0 made 9 #ahjd1 & ! place 0 call$ ,can&away until #ahag1 :5 ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$4 ,! village 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahbi4 ,fr$onia 0 "o ( ! fir/ places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if n ! fir/1 to make use ( natural gas = public purposes4 ,)9 ! village limits1 ne> a creek1 ^: wat]s %[$ ! pres5ce ( gas1 a well 0 sunk 9 #ahba1 & ! supply ( gas ?us tapp$ 0 suffici5t to light ! /reets ( ! village4 ,ano!r well 0 sunk )9 ! village limits 9 #aheh4 ,ab\t #aije natural gas 0 aga9 obta9$ by deep drill+ ne> ,fr$onia & came into g5]al use = heat1 light & p[]4 ,9 ! ,fr$onia ,bapti/ *ur* on ! #ad? ( ,decemb] #ahgc a ,woman's ,temp]ance ,union 0 organiz$1 & f ?is is sometimes dat$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,woman's ,*ri/ian ,temp]ance ,union movem5t4 ,,fr$rik%ald 7,,fr$]ick%ald1 ,,fri$]i*%all71 a seaport & g>rison t[n ( ,norway1 9 ,smaal55e amt 7c\nty71 #he m4 by rail ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,*ri/iania4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #aa1idh4 ,x is picturesquely situat$ on bo? banks ( ! ,ti/$al riv] at its outfl[ to ! ,ide fjord1 surr\nd$ by sev]al rocky em95ces4 ,! *ief ( ^! is occupi$ by ! fam\s =tress ,fr$rik/51 protect$ on ?ree sides by precipices1 f\nd$ by ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#affa71 & ma9ly %[+1 9 its pres5t =m1 ! works ( ,fr$]ick ,v4 7#agff7 & ,*ri/ian ,,vii4 7#ahjh74 ,betwe5 x & ! small] ,gyld5loeve =t a monum5t m>ks ! spot :]e ,*>les ,,xii4 0 %ot 9 ! tr5*es :ile besieg+ ! t[n 7#agah74 ,! siege1 :i* 0 !n rais$1 is fur!r commemorat$ by a monum5t to ! brave def5ce ( ! bro!rs ,pet] & ,hans ,kolbjo]ns54 ,fr$rik%ald is close to ! ,sw$i% fronti]1 & _h previ\sly 7#affj7 )/ood invasion1 aft] :i* its "n 0 *ang$ f ,hald5 to ! pres5t =m 9 #affe 9 hon\r ( ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ,! t[n 0 almo/ totally de/roy$ by fire 9 #agei & #ahbf4 ,! ca/le surr5d]$ to ! ,sw$i% cr[n pr9ce ,b]nadotte 9 #ahad1 & its capture 0 spe$ily foll[$ by ! conque/ ( ! k+dom & its union ) ,sw$54 ,fr$rik%ald is "o ( ! pr9cipal ports ( ! k+dom = ! export ( timb]4 ,m>ble ( v f9e quality & gra9 is ext5sively qu>ri$ & export$ = ar*itectural ornam5tation & = furniture-mak+4 ,wood-pulp is also export$4 ,! indu/ries embrace granite qu>ries1 wood-pulp factories1 & factories = sug>1 tobacco1 curta9s1 travell+-bags1 boots1 c4 ,!re are railway communications ) ,go!nburg & all p>ts ( ,sw$5 & regul> coa/al & /eam] s]vices4 ,,fr$rik/ad 7,,fr$]ik/ad71 a seaport & manufactur+ t[n ( ,norway 9 ,smaal55e amt 7c\nty71 #eh m4 ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,*ri/iania by ! ,*ri/iania-,go!nburg railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ad1eec4 ,x lies at ! m\? & on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,*ri/iania fjord1 occupy+ bo? banks ( ! great riv] ,glomm51 :i*1 desc5d+ f ! ri*ly-wood$ di/rict ( ,oe/]dal1 floats d[n va/ quantities ( timb]4 ,! new t[n on ! "r bank is !re=e a c5tre ( ! timb] export trade1 ?is place be+ ! pr9cipal port 9 ,norway = ! export ( pit-props1 plan$ bo>ds1 & o!r v>ieties ( timb]4 ,!re is also a great indu/ry 9 ! mak+ ( r$ bricks1 ow+ to ! expansion ( ,*ri/iania1 ,go!nburg & o!r t[ns4 ,granite is qu>ri$ & export$4 ,besides ! l>ge numb] ( saw & plan+ mills1 !re are %ipbuild+ y>ds1 eng9e & boil] works1 cotton & wooll5 mills1 & factories = acetic acid & naph?a4 ,! h>b\r1 :i* c be ent]$ by vessels draw+ #ad ft41 is kept op5 9 w9t] by an ice-break]4 ,9 ! vic9ity is ! isl& ,hankoe1 ! mo/ fa%ionable ,norwegian seaside resort4 ,! old t[n on ! left bank 0 f\nd$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 #aefg4 ,x 0 = a long "t /rongly =tifi$1 & 9 #agaf ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$5 made a va9 attempt to capture x4 ,,free ,,bapti/s1 =m]ly call$ 7b no long] (ficially7 ,,freewill ,,bapti/s1 an ,am]ican d5om9ation hold+ anti-pa$obapti/ & anti-,calv9i/ic doctr9es1 & practically id5tical 9 cre$ ) ! ,g5]al ,bapti/s ( ,great ,brita94 ,_m ( ! e>ly ,bapti/ *ur*es 9 ,rhode ,isl& & ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? 7 believ]s 9 g5]al r$emption 7h5ce call$ g5]al ,bapti/s72 & !re 0 a l>gely att5d$ conf]5ce ( ?is ,arm9ian bran* ( ! *ur* at ,newport 9 #agbi4 ,b ! d5om9ation kn[n z ,free-will]s _h its rise 9 #aggi-aghj1 :5 anti-,calv9i/s 9 ,l\don1 ,b>r+ton & ,cant]bury1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 sec$$ & 7 organiz$ by ,b5jam9 ,r&all 7#agdi-ahjh71 a native ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,r&all 0 an it9]ant mission>y1 :o _h be5 prea*+ = two ye>s be=e 8 ord9ation 9 #aghj2 9 ! same ye> he 0 c5sur$ = het]odox tea*+4 ,! "w ( ! *ur* suff]$ a relapse aft] 8 dea?1 & a movem5t to jo9 ! ,freewill ,bapti/s ) ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 l$ by ,elias ,smi? 7#agfi-ahdf7 & _h be5 bitt]ly oppos$ by ,r&all1 0 ne>ly successful4 ,betwe5 #ahbj & #ahcj ! d5om9ation made consid]able progress1 especially 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,we/4 ,! ,freewill ,bapti/s 7 jo9$ 9 #ahda by _m op5-communion ,bapti/s--^? 9 ! ,c>ol9as :o did n jo9 ! l>g] body di/+ui%+ !mselves by ! "n ( ,orig9al ,freewill ,bapti/s--& soon aft]w>ds by "s ( ! ,g5]al ,bapti/s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & "s ( ! ,six ,pr9ciple ,bapti/s ( ,rhode ,isl& 7:o _h add$ ! lay+ on ( h&s to ! ,five ,pr9ciples hi!rto held72 & ! abbreviation ( ! d5om9ational "n to ,free ,bapti/s sugge/s _! lib]al policy--inde$ op5 communion is ! ma9 if n ! only h9drance to union ) ! regul> ,bapti/ ,*ur*4 ,colleges f\nd$ by ! d5om9ation1 all co-educational1 are3 ,hillsdale ,college1 op5$ at ,spr+ ,h>bor z ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,college 9 #ahdd1 & e/abli%$ at ,hillsdale1 ,mi*igan1 9 #ahee2 ,bates ,college1 ,lewi/on1 ,ma9e1 #ahfc1 n[ non-sect>ian2 ,rio ,gr&e ,college1 ,rio ,gr&e1 ,ohio1 #ahgf2 & ,p>k] ,college1 ,w9nebago ,city1 ,m9nesota1 op5$ 9 #ahhh4 ,at ! close ( #aiji !re 7 #abid m9i/]s1 #acjc *ur*es1 & #gc1ecf memb]s ( ! d5om9ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,morn+ ,/> ( ,bo/on1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbf1 is ! mo/ prom95t j\rnal publi%$ by ! *ur*4 ,9 ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 accord+ to a ,canadian c5sus bullet9 ( #aijb1 !re 71 9 #aija1 #bd1bbi ,free ,bapti/s1 ( :om #ae1ejb 7 inhabitants ( ,new ,brunswick1 #hcee ( ,nova ,scotia1 #bdf ( ,ont>io1 & #hg ( ,quebec4 ,! ,unit$ ,societies ( ,free ,bapti/ ,"y ,p1 an int]national organization f\nd$ 9 #ahhh1 _h 9 #aijg ab\t #ae1jjj memb]s4 ,at ! close ( #aijg ! ,orig9al ,freewill ,bapti/s _h #abj m9i/]s1 #afg *ur*es1 & #ab1jjj memb]s1 practically all 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,see ,i4 ,d4 ,/ew>t1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,free ,w ,bapti/s 7,dov]1 ,n4 ,h41 #ahfb7 = #aghj-ahcj1 & 8 edition ( ! ,m9utes ( ! ,g5]al ,conf]5ce ( ! ,free ,w ,bapti/ ,connection 7,bo/on1 #ahhg72 ,james ,b4 ,taylor1 ,! ,c5t5nial ,record ( ! ,free ,w ,bapti/s 7,dov]1 #ahha72 ,john ,buzzell1 ,memoir ( ,eld] ,b5jam9 ,r&all 7,p>sonfield1 ,ma9e1 #ahbg72 & ,p4 ,ri*>dson1 ,r&all & ! ,free ,w ,bapti/s1 9 ,! ,*ri/ian ,review1 vol4 xxiii4 7,baltimore1 #aheh74 ,,freeb5*1 9 ,engli% law1 ! int]e/ :i* a wid[ has 9 ! copyhold l&s ( h] husb&1 correspond+ to d[] 9 ! case ( freeholds4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! cu/om ( ! manor1 b z a g5]al rule ! wid[ takes a ?ird = h] life ( ! l&s ( :i* h] husb& dies seis$1 b x may be an e/ate great] or less ?an a ?ird4 ,if ! husb& surr5d]s 8 copyhold & ! surr5d]ee is admitt$1 or if he contracts = a sale1 x w defeat ! wid['s freeb5*4 ,z freeb5* is reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( ! husb&'s e/ate1 ! wid[ does n 7except by special cu/om7 require to be admitt$4 ,,free ,,*ur* ,,f$]ation1 a volunt>y association ( ,briti% ,noncon=mi/ *ur*es = co-op]ation 9 religi\s1 social & civil "w4 ,x 0 ! outcome ( a unify+ t5d5cy display$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,ab\t #ahij ! proposal t !re %\ld be a ,noncon=mi/ ,*ur* ,congress analog\s to ! ,anglican ,*ur* ,congress 0 s]i\sly consid]$1 & ! fir/ 0 held 9 ,man*e/] on ! #g? ( ,novemb] #ahib4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 resolv$ t ! basis ( repres5tation %\ld be nei!r p]sonal 7z 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* ,congress7 nor d5om9ational1 b t]ritorial4 ,engl& & ,wales h s9ce be5 completely cov]$ ) a network ( local c\ncils1 ea* ( :i* elects its due proportion ( repres5tatives to ! national ga!r+4 ,?is t]ritorial arrangem5t elim9at$ all sect>ian di/9ctions1 & also ! possibility ( committ+ ! diff]5t *ur*es z su* to any p>ticul> policy4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! local c\ncils att5d n z d5om9ationali/s b z ,evangelical ,free ,*ur*m54 ,! "n ( ! organization 0 *ang$ f ,congress to ,national ,c\ncil z soon z ! assembly ceas$ to be a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 & consi/$ ( duly appo9t$ repres5tatives f ! local c\ncils ( e "p ( ,engl&4 ,! local c\ncils consi/ ( repres5tatives ( ! ,congregational & ,bapti/ ,*ur*es1 ! ,me?odi/ ,*ur*es1 ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ! ,free ,episcopal ,*ur*es1 ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & su* o!r ,evangelical ,*ur*es z ! ,national ,c\ncil may at any "t admit4 ,! con/itution /ates ! foll[+ z ! objects ( ! ,national ,c\ncil3 7a7 ,to facilitate frat]nal int]c\rse & co-op]ation among ! ,evangelical ,free ,*ur*es2 7b7 to assi/ 9 ! organization ( local c\ncils2 7c7 to enc\rage devotional fell[%ip & mutual c\nsel conc]n+ ! spiritual life & religi\s activities ( ! ,*ur*es2 7d7 to advocate ! ,new ,te/am5t doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 & to def5d ! rights ( ! associat$ ,*ur*es2 7e7 to promote ! application ( ! law ( ,*ri/ 9 e relation ( human life4 ,al?\gh ! objects ( ! ,free ,*ur* c\ncils are ?us 9 _! nature & _s religi\s r ?an political1 !re are occasions on :i* action is tak5 on great national affairs4 ,?us a ?or\gh-go+ opposition 0 (f]$ to ! ,education ,act ( #aijb1 & :ole-he>t$ support accord$ to c&idates at ! g5]al election ( #aijf :o pl$g$ !mselves to alt]+ t measure4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! movem5t is ! adoption ( ! p>o*ial sy/em = ! purpose ( local "w4 ,ea* ( ! associat$ *ur*es is reque/$ to look aft] a p>i%1 n ( c\rse ) any attempt to exclude o!r *ur*es1 b z hav+ a special responsibility = ^? 9 t area :o are n already connect$ ) "s exi/+ *ur*4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom local c\ncils are =m$ into f$]ations1 "s fifty 9 numb]1 :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 !m & ! national c\ncil4 ,! local c\ncils d :at is possible to prev5t ov]lapp+ & excessive competition betwe5 ! *ur*es4 ,!y also comb9e ! =ces ( ! local *ur*es = evangeli/ic & g5]al devotional "w1 op5-air s]vices1 ef=ts on behalf ( ,sunday obs]vance1 & ! prev5tion ( gambl+4 ,s]vices are arrang$ 9 connexion ) workh\ses1 hospitals & o!r public in/itutions4 ,social "w ( a v>i$ "* =ms a l>ge "p ( ! op]ations ( ! local c\ncils1 & ! ,free ,*ur* ,girls' ,guild has a function simil> to t ( ! ,anglican ,girls' ,fri5dly ,society4 ,! national c\ncil engages 9 mission "w on a l>ge scale1 & a consid]able numb] ( p]iodicals1 hymn-books = special occasions1 & works ( diff]5t k9ds expla9+ ! hi/ory & ideals ( ! ,evangelical ,free ,*ur*es h be5 publi%$4 ,! *ur*es repres5t$ 9 ! ,national ,c\ncil h #iiff m9i/]s1 #ee1hbh local prea*]s1 #djg1iia ,sunday-s*ool tea*]s1 #c1daf1cgg ,sunday s*ol>s1 #b1agh1bba communicants1 & sitt+ accommodation = #h1eee1dfj4 ,a rem>kable manife/ation ( ?is unprec$5t$ reunion 0 ! fact t a committee ( ! associat$ *ur*es prep>$ & publi%$ a cate*ism express+ ! positive & fundam5tal agreem5t ( all ! ,evangelical ,free ,*ur*es on ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity 7see ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahii74 ,! cate*ism repres5ts sub/antially ! cre$ ( n less ?an #hj1jjj1jjj ,prote/ants4 ,x has be5 widely circulat$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita91 ! ,briti% ,colonies & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & has also be5 translat$ into ,wel%1 ,fr5* & ,italian4 ,! movem5t has spread to all p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,jamaica1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ,india4 ,x is p]haps necess>y to add t x diff]s ess5tially f ! ,evangelical ,alliance1 inasmu* z its unit is n an individual1 private ,*ri/ian1 b a def9itely organiz$ & visible ,*ur*4 ,! ess5tial doctr9e ( ! movem5t is a p>ticul> doctr9e ( *ur*man%ip :i*1 z expla9$ 9 ! cate*ism1 reg>ds ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! sole & ,div9e ,head ( e bran* ( ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,= ?is reason ^? :o d n accept ! deity ( ,*ri/ are necess>ily exclud$ f ! national c\ncil & its local con/itu5t c\ncils4 ,,free ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl&1 a ,prote/ant episcopal *ur* ess5tially "o ) ! e/abli%$ *ur* ( ,engl&1 b free to g into any p>i%1 to use a revis$ edition ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 to associate ! laity ) ! cl]gy 9 ! gov]nm5t & "w ( ! *ur*1 & to hold communion ) ,*ri/ians ( o!r d5om9ations4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahdd 9 opposition to ! ,tract>ian movem5t1 & embodies ! di/9ctively evangelical elem5ts ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x pres]ves & ma9ta9s to ! lett] all t is ,prote/ant & evangelical 9 ! liturgy & s]vices ( ! ,anglican *ur*1 :ile its free con/itution & revis$ =mul>ies meet ! ne$s ( memb]s ( t communion :o res5t sac]dotal & rituali/ic t5d5cies4 ,!re are two dioceses 7nor!rn & s\!rn7 ea* ) a bi%op1 ab\t #cj *ur*es & m9i/]s1 & ab\t #acjj memb]s4 ,,free ,,*ur* ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,9 "o s5se ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& dat$ its exi/5ce f ! ,disruption ( #ahdc1 9 ano!r x claim$ to be ! rightful repres5tative ( ! ,national ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 7see ,,scotl&1 ,,*ur* ,,(7 z x 0 re=m$ 9 #aefj4a ,9 ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,scotl& ! ,free ,*ur*man sees ?ree great re=m+ p]iods4 ,9 8 view ^! des]ve to be call$ re=m+ on _m acc\nts1 b mo/ especially because 9 !m ! indep5d5ce ( ! *ur*1 h] inh]5t scriptural "r to ex]cise a spiritual jurisdiction 9 :i* %e is responsible to h] ,div9e ,head alone1 0 bo? e>ne/ly ass]t$ & practically ma9ta9$4 ,! fir/ re=mation ext5d$ f #aefj1 :5 ! *ur* freely held h] fir/ ,g5]al ,assembly1 & ( h] own au?ority act$ on ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,discipl9e1 to #aeib1 :5 h] ,presbyt]ian ord] 0 f9ally & fully ratifi$ by ! p>liam5t4 ,! second p]iod began 9 #afch1 :51 aft] #bj ye>s ( susp5d$ animation1 ! ,assembly once m %ook (f ,episcopacy1 & t]m9at$ 9 #afdi1 :5 ! p>liam5t ( ,scotl& confirm$ ! *ur* 9 h] lib]ties 9 a l>g] & ampl] s5se ?an be=e4 ,! ?ird p]iod began 9 #ahcd1 :5 ! ,assembly made use ( :at ! *ur* believ$ to be h] rights 9 pass+ ! ,veto & ,*apel ,acts4 ,x culm9at$ 9 ! ,disruption ( #ahdc4 ,! fact t ! ,*ur*1 z l$ fir/ by ,john ,knox & aft]w>ds by ,&rew ,melville1 claim$ an inh]5t "r to ex]cise a spiritual jurisdiction is notori\s4 ,m apt to be ov]look$ is ! comp>ative fre$om ) :i* t "r 0 actually us$ by ! *ur* irrespective ( /ate recognition4 ,t recognition 0 n giv5 until aft] ! que5's resignation 9 #aefg2b b1 = sev]al ye>s be=e x came1 ! *ur* _h be5 hold+ h] ,assemblies & settl+ all que/ions ( discipl9e1 wor%ip1 & adm9i/ration z !y arose1 9 accordance ) ! fir/ book ( polity or discipl9e :i* _h be5 drawn up 9 #aefj4 ,fur!r1 9 #aeha %e1 ( h] own motion1 adopt$ a second book ( a simil> "*1 9 :i* %e expressly claim$ an indep5d5t & exclusive jurisdiction or p[] 9 all matt]s ecclesia/ical1 :i* fl[s directly f ,god & ! ,m$iator ,jesus ,*ri/1 & is spiritual1 n hav+ a temporal head on e>?1 b only ,*ri/1 ! only k+ & gov]nor ( 8 *ur*2 & ?is claim1 ?\gh directly negativ$ 9 #aehd by ! ,black ,acts1 :i* includ$ an ,act ( ,supremacy ov] e/ates spiritual & temporal1 cont9u$ to be ass]t$ by ! ,assemblies1 until at la/ x also 0 practically all[$ 9 ! act ( #aeib4c ,?is legislation ( #aeib1 h[ev]1 did n long rema9 9 =ce4 ,an act ( p>liam5t 9 #afjf1 :i* repon$1 re/or$ & re9tegrat$ ! e/ate ( bi%ops to _! anci5t dignities1 pr]ogatives & privileges1 0 foll[$ by sev]al acts ( v>i\s subs]vi5t assemblies1 :i*1 culm9at+ 9 t ( #afah1 practically am\nt$ to a complete surr5d] ( jurisdiction by ! *ur* itself4 ,= tw5ty ye>s no ,assemblies :atev] 7 held4 ,?is int]val mu/ necess>ily be reg>d$ f ! ,presbyt]ian po9t ( view z hav+ be5 "o ( v deep depression4 ,b a second re=mation1 *>act]iz$ by great en]gy & vig\r1 began 9 #afch4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,assembly ( t ye>1 aft]w>ds t>dily & reluctantly acquiesc$ 9 by ! /ate1 f9ally issu$ 9 ! acts ( p>liam5t ( #afdi1 by :i* ! ,we/m9/] /&>ds 7 ratifi$1 lay-patronage 0 aboli%$1 & ! coronation oa? itself fram$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ,presbyt]ian *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,ano!r p]iod ( int5se reaction soon set 94 ,no ,assemblies 7 p]mitt$ by ,cromwell aft] #afec2 &1 soon aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,presbyt]y 0 tempor>ily ov]?r[n by a s]ies ( rescissory acts4 ,nor 0 ! ,revolution ,settlem5t ( #afij s entirely fav\rable to ! fre$om ( ! *ur* z ! legislation ( #afdi _h be54 ,prelacy 0 aboli%$1 & v>i\s obnoxi\s /atutes 7 repeal$1 b ! acts rescissory 7 n cancell$2 presbyt]ianism 0 re-e/abli%$1 b ! /atutory recognition ( ! ,confession ( ,fai? took no notice ( c]ta9 qualifications "u :i* t docum5t _h orig9ally be5 approv$ by ! ,assembly ( #afdg2d ! old rights ( patrons 7 aga9 discont9u$1 b ! l>ge p[]s :i* _h be5 conf]r$ on congregations by ! act ( #afdi 7 n :olly re/or$4 ,nev]!less ! great pr9ciple ( a di/9ct ecclesia/ical jurisdiction1 embodi$ 9 ! ,confession ( ,fai?1 0 accept$ )\t res]vation1 & a ,presbyt]ian polity effectively confirm$ bo? !n & at ! ratification ( ! treaty ( ,union4 ,?is settlem5t1 h[ev]1 did n long subsi/ unimpair$4 ,9 #agab ! act ( ,que5 ,anne1 re/or+ patronage to its anci5t foot+1 0 pass$ 9 spite ( ! e>ne/ remon/rances ( ! ,scotti% p4 ,= _m ye>s aft]w>ds 7until #aghd7 ! ,assembly cont9u$ to in/ruct ea* succe$+ commission to make application to ! k+ & ! p>liam5t = r$ress ( ! grievance4 ,b mean:ile a new phase ( ,scotti% ecclesia/ical politics commonly kn[n z ,mod]atism _h be5 inaugurat$1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( :i* ! *ur* became ev5 m indiff]5t ?an ! lay patrons !mselves to ! rights ( h] congregations ) reg>d to ! call+ ( m9i/]s4 ,f ! ,free ,*ur* po9t ( view1 ! p]iod f :i* ! secessions "u ,eb5ez] ,ersk9e & ,?omas ,gillespie are dat$ 0 also *>act]iz$ by num]\s o!r abuses on ! ,*ur*'s "p :i* am\nt$ to a practical surr5d] ( ! mo/ important & di/9ctive pr9ciples ( h] anci5t ,presbyt]ian polity4#e ,t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury !re 7 _m circum/ances1 bo? )9 & )\t ! *ur*1 :i* conspir$ to br+ ab\t an evangelical & popul> reaction aga9/ ?is reign ( ,mod]atism4 ,! result 0 a protract$ /ruggle1 :i* is commonly ref]r$ to z ! ,t5 ,ye>s' ,conflict1 & :i* has be5 aptly describ$ z ! la/ battle 9 ! long w> :i* = ne>ly #cjj ye>s _h be5 wag$ )9 ! *ur* itself1 betwe5 ! fri5ds & ! foes ( ! doctr9e ( an exclusive ecclesia/ical jurisdiction4 ,t f9al /ruggle may be said to h begun ) ! pass+ 9 #ahcd ( ! ,veto ,act1 by :i* x 0 decl>$ to be a fundam5tal law ( ! *ur* t no pa/or %\ld be intrud$ on a congregation contr>y to ! w ( ! p1#f & by :i* x 0 provid$ t ! simple diss5t ( a majority ( heads ( families 9 a p>i% %\ld be en\gh to w>rant a presbyt]y 9 reject+ a pres5tee4 ,! "q ( ! legality ( ?is measure soon came to be tri$ 9 ! civil c\rts2 & x 0 ultimately answ]$ 9 a s5se unfav\rable to ! *ur* by ! decision 7#ahch7 ( ! c\rt ( session 9 ! ,au*t]>d] case1 to ! effect t a presbyt]y _h no "r to reject a pres5tee simply because ! p>i%ion]s prote/$ aga9/ 8 settlem5t1 b 0 b\nd to disreg>d ! veto 7see ,,*alm]s1 ,,?omas74 ,?is decision elicit$ f ! ,assembly ( t ye> a new decl>ation ( ! doctr9e ( ! spiritual indep5d5ce ( ! *ur*4 ,! exclusive jurisdiction ( ! civil c\rts 9 reg>d to ! civil rights & emolum5ts secur$ by law to ! *ur* & ! m9i/]s !re( 0 ackn[l$g$ )\t qualification2 & cont9u$ implicit ob$i5ce to _! decisions ) ref]5ce to ^! rights & emolum5ts 0 pl$g$4 ,at ! same "t x 0 insi/$ on t1 z is decl>$ 9 ! ,confession ( ,fai? ( ?is ,national ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 '! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 z ,k+ & ,head ( ! *ur*1 ha? !re9 appo9t$ a gov]nm5t 9 ! h& ( *ur* (fic]s di/9ct f ! civil magi/rate'2 & t 9 all matt]s t\*+ ! doctr9e1 discipl9e & gov]nm5t ( ! *ur* h] judicatories possess an exclusive jurisdiction1 f\nd$ on ! ,^w ( ,god1 :i* p[] ecclesia/ical 79 ! words ( ! ,second ,book ( ,discipl9e7 fl[s imm$iately f ,god & ! ,m$iator ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & is spiritual1 n hav+ a temporal head on e>?1 b only ,*ri/1 ! only spiritual ,k+ & ,gov]nor ( ,8 ,kirk4 ,& x 0 resolv$ to ass]t1 & at all haz>ds def5d1 ?is spiritual jurisdiction1 & firmly to en=ce ob$i5ce to ! same ^u ! (fice-be>]s & memb]s ( ! *ur*4 ,! decision ( ! c\rt ( session hav+ be5 confirm$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords e>ly 9 #ahci1 x 0 decid$ 9 ! ,assembly ( t ye> t ! *ur*1 :ile acquiesc+ 9 ! loss ( ! temporalities at ,au*t]>d]1 %\ld reaffirm ! pr9ciple ( non-intrusion z an integral "p ( ! con/itution ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 & t a committee %\ld be appo9t$ to conf] ) ! gov]nm5t ) a view to ! prev5tion1 if possible1 ( any fur!r collision betwe5 ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,:ile ! conf]5ce ) ! gov]nm5t _h no bett] result ?an an unsuccessful attempt at compromise by means ( ,"l ,ab]de5's ,bill1 :i* embodi$ ! pr9ciple ( a diss5t ) reasons1 /ill grav] complications 7 aris+ out ( ! ,m>no* & o!r cases4#g ,9 ! circum/ances x 0 resolv$ by ! ,assembly ( #ahdb to transmit to ! que51 by ! h&s ( ! "l high commission]1 a claim1 decl>ation1 & prote/1 compla9+ ( ! encroa*m5ts ( ! c\rt ( session1#h & also an address pray+ = ! abolition ( patronage4 ,! home secret>y's answ] 7receiv$ 9 ,janu>y #ahdc7 gave no hope ( r$ress4 ,mean:ile ! position ( ! evangelical p>ty _h be5 fur!r hamp]$ by ! decision ( ! c\rt ( session decl>+ ! m9i/]s ( *apels ( ease to be unqualifi$ to sit 9 any *ur* c\rt4 ,a f9al appeal to p>liam5t by petition 0 made 9 ,m>* #ahdc1 :51 by a majority ( #ace 7#baa aga9/ #gf71 ! ,h\se ( ,commons decl9$ to attempt any r$ress ( ! grievances ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur*4#i ,at ! fir/ session ( ! foll[+ ,g5]al ,assembly 7#ah? ,may #ahdc7 ! reply ( ! non-intrusion p>ty 0 made 9 a prote/1 sign$ by upw>ds ( #bjj commission]s1 to ! effect t s9ce1 9 _! op9ion1 ! rec5t decisions ( ! civil c\rts1 & ! /ill m rec5t sanction ( ^! decisions by ! legislature1 _h made x impossible at t "t to hold a free ,assembly ( ! *ur* z by law e/abli%$1 !y !re=e prote/ t x %all be lawful = u1 & su* o!r commission]s z may concur ) u1 to )draw to a sep>ate place ( meet+1 = ! purpose ( tak+ /eps = ourselves & all :o adh]e to u--ma9ta9+ ) u ! ,confession ( ,fai? & /&>ds ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& z h]et(ore und]/ood--= sep>at+ 9 an ord]ly way f ! ,e/abli%m5t1 & !reupon adopt+ su* measures z may be compet5t to u1 9 humble dep5d5ce on ,god's grace & ! aid ( ,8 ,holy ,_s1 = ! advancem5t ( ,8 glory1 ! ext5sion ( ! gospel ( our ,"l & ,savi\r1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ,*ri/'s h\se accord+ to ,8 holy ^w4 ,! read+ ( ?is docum5t 0 foll[$ by ! )drawal ( ! entire non-intrusion p>ty to ano!r place ( meet+1 :]e ! fir/ ,assembly ( ! ,free ,*ur* 0 con/itut$1 ) ,dr ,?omas ,*alm]s z mod]ator4 ,?is ,assembly sat f ! #ah? to ! #cj? ( ,may1 & transact$ a l>ge am\nt ( important bus9ess4 ,on ,tuesday ! #bcrd1 #cifaj m9i/]s & pr(essors publicly adhibit$ _! names to ! ,act ( ,sep>ation & de$ ( demission by :i* !y r5\nc$ all claim to ! b5efices !y _h held 9 connexion ) ! ,e/abli%m5t1 decl>+ !m to be vacant1 & cons5t+ to _! be+ dealt ) z su*4 ,by ?is impressive proce$+ ! signatories volunt>ily surr5d]$ an annual income am\nt+ to fully ,l#ajj1jjj4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! volunt>ily dise/abli%$ *ur* 0 to provide incomes = h] cl]gy & places ( wor%ip = h] p4 ,z e>ly z #ahda inde$ ! lead+ pr9ciple ( a su/5tation fund = ! support ( ! m9i/ry _h be5 ann\nc$ by ,dr ,rob]t ,smi? ,c&li%2 & at ,convocation1 a private un(ficial meet+ ( ! memb]s ( ! evangelical or non-intrusion p>ty held 9 ,novemb] #ahdb1 ,dr ,*alm]s 0 prep>$ ) a c>efully matur$ s*eme accord+ to :i* ea* congregation %\ld d its "p 9 su/a9+ ! :ole1 & ! :ole %\ld su/a9 ea* congregation4 ,betwe5 ,novemb] #ahdb & ,may #ahdc1 #fdg associations _h be5 =m$2 & at ! fir/ ,assembly x 0 ann\nc$ t upw>ds ( ,l#ag1jjj _h already be5 contribut$4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ f9ancial ye> 7#ahdc-ahdd7 x 0 report$ t ! fund _h exce$$ ,l#fa1jjj4 ,x 0 p>ticipat$ 9 by #ehc m9i/]s2 & #dgj drew ! full equal divid5d ( ,l#aje4 ,ea* successive ye> %[$ a /eady increase 9 ! gross am\nt ( ! fund2 b ow+ to an almo/ equally rapid increase ( ! numb] ( new m9i/]ial *>ges p>ticipat+ 9 its b5efits1 ! /ip5d payable to ea* m9i/] did n = _m ye>s rea* ! sum ( ,l#aej :i* _h be5 aim$ at z a m9imum4 ,?us 9 #ahdd-ahde ! fund _h ris5 to ,l#gf1ahj1 b ! m9i/]s _h also increas$ to #fbg1 & ! equal divid5d !re=e 0 only ,l#abb4 ,dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ! annual income av]ag$ ,l#hd1jeg2 dur+ ! next decade ,l#ajh1fdc2 & dur+ ! ?ird ,l#acj1bdf4 ,! m9imum ( ,l#aej 0 rea*$ at la/ 9 #ahfh2 & subsequ5tly ! balance rema9+ aft] t m9imum _h be5 provid$ 0 treat$ z a surplus fund1 & di/ribut$ among ^? m9i/]s ^: congregations h contribut$ at c]ta9 specifi$ rates p] memb]4 ,9 #ahgh ! total am\nt receiv$ = ?is fund 0 upw>ds ( ,l#agg1jjj2 9 ?is #ajge m9i/]s p>ticipat$4 ,! full equal divid5d ( ,l#aeg 0 paid to #gff m9i/]s2 & additional grants ( ,l#cf & ,l#ah 7 paid out ( ! surplus fund to #fcb & #abi m9i/]s respectively4 ,to provide = ! erection ( ! build+s :i*1 x 0 =ese51 w\ld be necess>y1 a g5]al build+ fund1 9 :i* all %\ld %>e alike1 0 also organiz$1 & local build+ funds 7 z f> z possible e/abli%$ 9 ea* p>i%1 ) ! result t at ! fir/ ,assembly a sum ( ,l#ajd1ggf 0 report$ z already available4 ,by ,may #ahdd a fur!r sum ( ,l#abc1jfj _h be5 collect$1 & #dgj *ur*es 7 report$ z complet$ or ne>ly s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,l#aca1gcg 0 rais$ & #fj additional *ur*es 7 built4 ,at ! end ( f\r ye>s consid]ably m ?an #gjj *ur*es _h be5 provid$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] session #ahdc-ahdd ! div9ity /ud5ts :o _h jo9$ ! ,free ,*ur* cont9u$ _! /udies "u ,dr ,*alm]s & ,dr ,david ,wel% 7#agic-ahde72 & at ! ,assembly ( #ahdd arrangem5ts 7 made = ! erection ( suitable collegiate build+s4 ,! ,new ,college1 ,ed9burgh1 0 built 9 #ahdg at a co/ ( ,l#df1ejf2 & div9ity halls 7 subsequ5tly set up also 9 ,glasg[ & ,ab]de54 ,9 #ahgh !re 7 #ac pr(essors ( !ology1 ) an aggregate ( #bcj /ud5ts1--! numb]s at ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[ & ,ab]de5 respectively be+ #abi1 #fi & #cb4 ,a some:at un=ese5 result ( ! ,disruption 0 ! necessity = a duplicate sy/em ( elem5t>y s*ools4 ,at ! #ahdc ,assembly x 0 = ! fir/ "t ann\nc$ by ,dr ,wel% t s*ools to a c]ta9 ext5t mu/ be op5$ to af=d a suitable sph]e ( occupation = p>o*ial & /ill m = private tea*]s ( s*ools1 :o are ?reat5$ ) deprivation ( _! pres5t (fice on acc\nt ( _! op9ions ^u ! *ur* "q4 ,! sugge/ion 0 tak5 up ) v great en]gy1 ) ! result t 9 ,may #ahde1 #bhj s*ools _h be5 set up1 :ile 9 ,may #ahdg ?is numb] _h ris5 to #eac1 ) an att5dance ( upw>ds ( #dd1jjj s*ol>s4 ,9 #ahfi x 0 /at$ 9 an au?oritative docum5t laid be=e memb]s ( p>liam5t t at t "t !re 7 connect$ ) & support$ by ! ,free ,*ur* #eih s*ools 7includ+ two normal s*ools71 ) #fcc tea*]s & #fd1aae s*ol>s4 ,! s*ool build+s _h be5 erect$ at a co/ ( ,l#bbj1jjj1 ( :i* ! committee ( privy c\ncil _h contribut$ ,l#ce1jjj1 :ile ! rema9d] _h be5 rais$ by volunt>y ef=t4 ,annual paym5ts made to tea*]s1 c41 z at #ahfi1 am\nt$ to ,l#af1jjj4 ,9 accordance ) c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,education ,act ( #ahgb mo/ ( ! s*ools ( ! ,free ,*ur* 7 volunt>ily transf]r$1 )\t comp5sation1 to ! local s*ool bo>ds4 ,! normal s*ools are n[ transf]r$ to ! /ate4 ,x has be5 se5 already t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,t5 ,ye>s' ,conflict ! non-intrusion p>ty /r5u\sly d5i$ t 9 any "o respect x 0 dep>t+ f ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( ! ,national ,*ur*4 ,x cont9u$ to d s aft] ! ,disruption4 ,9 #ahdf1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd to h become necess>y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! late *ange 9 ! outw>d condition ( ! *ur*1 to am5d ! que/ions & =mula to be us$ at ! lic5s+ ( probation]s & ! ord9ation ( (fice-be>]s4 ,^! 7 am5d$ accord+ly2 & at ! same "t x 0 decl>$ t1 :ile ! *ur* firmly ma9ta9s ! same scriptural pr9ciples z to ! duties ( nations & _! rul]s 9 ref]5ce to true religion & ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ = :i* %e has hi!rto cont5d$1 %e disclaims intol]ant or p]secut+ pr9ciples1 & does n reg>d h] ,confession ( ,fai?1 or any portion !re( :5 fairly int]pret$1 z fav\r+ intol]ance or p]secution1 or consid] t h] (fice-be>]s by subscrib+ x pr(ess any pr9ciples inconsi/5t ) lib]ty ( consci5ce & ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! =mula ( ! ,free ,*ur* & t ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 7z at ! ye> #aijj7 0 t ! =m] ref]r$ to ! ,confession ( ,fai? simply z approv5 by ,g5]al ,assemblies ( ?is ,*ur*1 :ile ! latt] describ$ x z approv5 by ! ,g5]al ,assemblies ( ?is ,national ,*ur*1 & ratifi$ by law 9 ! ye> #afij1 & frequ5tly confirm$ by div]s ,acts ( ,p>liam5t s9ce t "t4 ,! =m] ins]t$ an additional clause1--,i also approve ( ! g5]al pr9ciples respect+ ! jurisdiction ( ! *ur*1 & h] subjection to ,*ri/ z h] only ,head1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,claim ( ,"r & 9 ! ,prote/ ref]r$ to 9 ! que/ions already put to me2 & also add$ ! words :i* are "h di/+ui%$ by italics1--,& ,i promise t ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god ,i %all firmly & con/antly adh]e to ! same1 & to ! utmo/ ( my p[] %all 9 my /ation ass]t1 ma9ta91 & def5d ! said doctr9e1 wor%ip1 discipl9e & gov]nm5t ( ?is *ur* by kirk-sessions1 presbyt]ies1 prov9cial synods1 & g5]al assemblies1 toge!r ) ! lib]ty & exclusive jurisdiction !re(2 & t ,i %all1 9 my practice1 con=m myself to ! said wor%ip & submit to ! said discipl9e & gov]nm5t1 & exclusive jurisdiction1 & n endeav\r directly or indirectly ! prejudice or subv]sion ( ! same4 ,9 ! ye> #ahea an act & decl>ation an5t ! publication ( ! subord9ate /&>ds & o!r au?oritative docum5ts ( ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 0 pass$1 9 :i* ! hi/orical fact is recall$ t ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& _h =mally cons5t$ to adopt ! ,confession ( ,fai?1 cate*isms1 directory ( public wor%ip1 & =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t agre$ ^u by ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly2 & x is decl>$ t ^! sev]al =mul>ies1 z ratifi$1 ) c]ta9 explanations1 by div]s ,acts ( ,assembly 9 ! ye>s #afde1 #afdf1 & p>ticul>ly 9 #afdg1 ?is *ur* cont9ues till ?is day to ackn[l$ge z h] subord9ate /&>ds ( doctr9e1 wor%ip & gov]nm5t4#aa ,9 #aheh circum/ances arose :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 seem$ fitt$ to demon/rate to ! ,free ,*ur* t h] fre$om 0 an illusion1 & t all h] sacrifices _h be5 made 9 va94 ,john ,macmillan1 m9i/] ( ,c>dross1 accus$ ( immorality1 _h be5 tri$ & f\nd guilty by ! ,free ,presbyt]y ( ,dumb>ton4 ,appeal hav+ be5 tak5 to ! synod1 an attempt 0 !re made to revive "o p>ticul> *>ge1 ( :i* he _h be5 f9ally acquitt$ by ! presbyt]y2 & ?is attempt 0 successful 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,t ultimate c\rt ( review did n conf9e itself to ! po9ts appeal$1 b w5t into ! m]its ( ! :ole case z x _h orig9ally come be=e ! presbyt]y4 ,! result 0 a s5t5ce ( susp5sion4 ,macmillan1 believ+ t ! ,assembly _h act$ ) "s irregul>ity1 appli$ to ! c\rt ( session = an int]dict aga9/ ! execution ( t s5t5ce2 & = ?is act he 0 summon$ to ! b> ( ! ,assembly to say :e!r or n x 0 ! case t he _h ?us appeal$4 ,hav+ answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 he 0 depos$ on ! spot4 ,=?) he rais$ a new action 78 previ\s application = an int]dict _h be5 refus$7 conclud+ = r$uction ( ! spiritual s5t5ce ( deposition & = sub/antial damages4 ,! def5ces lodg$ by ! ,free ,*ur* 7 to ! effect t ! civil c\rts _h no "r to review & r$uce spiritual s5t5ces1 or to decide :e!r ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,free ,*ur* _h act$ irregul>ly or n4 ,judgm5ts adv]se to ! def5d]s 7 deliv]$ on ^! po9ts2 & appeals 7 tak5 to ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,b be=e ! case c\ld be he>d !re1 ! "l presid5t took an opportunity 9 ! c\rt ( session to po9t out to ! pursu] t1 inasmu* z ! p>ticul> ,g5]al ,assembly aga9/ :i* ! action 0 br\ght _h ceas$ to exi/1 x c\ld n !re=e be made 9 any circum/ances to pay damages1 & t ! action ( r$uction ( ! spiritual s5t5ce1 be+ only auxili>y to ! claim ( damages1 ought !re=e to be dismiss$4 ,he fur!r po9t$ out t ,macmillan might obta9 r$ress 9 ano!r way1 %\ld he be able to prove malice aga9/ individuals4 ,v soon aft] ?is deliv]ance ( ! "l presid5t1 ! case z x _h /ood aga9/ ! ,free ,*ur* 0 )drawn1 & ,macmillan gave notice ( an action ( a :olly diff]5t k9d4 ,b ?is la/ 0 n p]sev]$ 94 ,! appeals :i* _h be5 tak5 to ! ,h\se ( ,lords 71 9 ^! circum/ances1 also dep>t$ f by ! ,free ,*ur*4 ,! case did n advance suffici5tly to %[ h[ f> ! c\rts ( law w\ld be prep>$ to g 9 ! direction ( recogniz+ volunt>y tribunals & a k9d ( second>y exclusive jurisdiction f\nd$ on contract4#ab ,b1 :e!r recogniz$ or n1 ! *ur* = h] "p cont9u$ to believe t %e _h an inh]5t spiritual jurisdiction1 & rema9$ unmov$ 9 h] det]m9ation to act 9 accordance ) t resolution not)/&+ ( :atsoev] tr\ble or p]secution may arise4#ac ,9 #ahfc a motion 0 made & unanim\sly c>ri$ 9 ! ,free ,*ur* ,assembly = ! appo9tm5t ( a committee to conf] ) a correspond+ committee ( ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,synod1 & ) ! repres5tatives ( su* o!r dise/abli%$ *ur*es z might be will+ to meet & delib]ate ) a view to an incorporat+ union4 ,=mal negotiations betwe5 ! repres5tatives ( ^! two *ur*es 7 begun %ortly aft]w>ds1 :i* result$ 9 a report laid be=e ! foll[+ ,assembly4 ,f ?is docum5t x appe>$ t ! committees ( ! two *ur*es 7 n at "o on ! "q z to ! relation ( ! civil magi/rate to ! *ur*4 ,:ile on ! "p ( ! ,free ,*ur* x 0 ma9ta9$ t he may lawfully ackn[l$ge1 z be+ 9 accordance ) ! ,^w ( ,god1 ! cre$ & jurisdiction ( ! *ur*1 & t x is 8 duty1 :5 necess>y & exp$i5t1 to employ ! national res\rces 9 aid ( ! *ur*1 provid$ always t 9 do+ s1 :ile res]v+ to himself full control ov] ! temporalities :i* are 8 own gift1 he ab/a9 f all au?oritative int]f]5ce 9 ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 x 0 decl>$ by ! committee ( ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* t1 inasmu* z ! civil magi/rate has no au?ority 9 spiritual ?+s1 & z ! employm5t ( =ce 9 su* matt]s is oppos$ to ! _s & precepts ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is n )9 8 prov9ce to legislate z to :at is true 9 religion1 to prescribe a cre$ or =m ( wor%ip to 8 subjects1 or to end[ ! *ur* f national res\rces4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! ,free ,*ur* ma9ta9$ t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances x 0 lawful & ev5 incumb5t on ! magi/rate to end[ ! *ur* & on ! *ur* to accept 8 end[m5t1 ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ians ma9ta9$ t 9 no case 0 ?is lawful ei!r = ! "o p>ty or = ! o!r4 ,?us 9 a v %ort "t x _h be5 made p]fectly evid5t t a union betwe5 ! two bodies1 if accompli%$ at all1 c\ld only be br\ght ab\t on ! und]/&+ t ! "q z to ! lawfulness ( /ate end[m5ts %\ld be an op5 "o4 ,! ,free ,*ur* ,assembly1 by increas+ majorities1 manife/$ a read9ess = union1 ev5 al?\gh unanimity _h n be5 atta9$ on t !oretical po9t4 ,b !re 0 a m9ority :i* did n sympa?ize 9 ?is read9ess1 & aft] t5 ye>s ( fruitless ef=t x 0 9 #ahgc f\nd to be exp$i5t t ! idea ( union ) ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ians %\ld = ! "t be ab&on$4 ,o!r negotiations1 h[ev]1 :i* _h be5 ent]$ ^u ) ! ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* at a some:at lat] date prov$ m successful2 & a majority ( ! m9i/]s ( t *ur* ) _! congregations 7 unit$ ) ! ,free ,*ur* 9 #ahgf4 7,j4 ,s4 ,bl47 ,9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury ! ,free ,*ur* cont9u$ to be ! mo/ active1 !ologically1 ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur*es4 ,! ,college *airs 7 almo/ uni=mly fill$ by advanc$ critics or !ologians1 inspir$ m or less by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson4 ,dr ,a4 ,b4 ,bruce1 au?or ( ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,twelve1 c41 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( apologetics & ,new ,te/am5t exegesis 9 ! ,glasg[ ,college 9 #ahge2 ,h5ry ,drummond 7au?or ( ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w1 c47 0 made lectur] 9 natural sci5ce 9 ! same college 9 #ahgg & became pr(essor 9 #ahhd2 & ,dr ,george ,adam ,smi? 7au?or ( ,! ,twelve ,prophets1 c47 0 call$ to ! ,hebrew *air 9 #ahib4 ,attempts 7 made betwe5 #ahij & #ahie to br+ all ^! pr(essors except ,davidson 7simil> attacks 7 also made on ,dr ,m>cus ,dods1 aft]w>ds pr9cipal ( ! ,new ,college1 ,ed9burgh7 to ! b> ( ! ,assembly = uns\nd tea*+ or writ+2 b 9 e case ^! 7 abortive1 ! ,assembly nev] tak+ any /ep beyond w>n+ ! accus$ t _! prim>y duty 0 to tea* & def5d ! *ur*'s fai? z embodi$ 9 ! confession4 ,9 #ahib ! ,free ,*ur*1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 7#ahhi71 pass$ a ,decl>atory ,act relax+ ! /r+5cy ( subscription to ! confession1 ) ! result t a small numb] ( m9i/]s & congregations1 mo/ly 9 ! ,highl&s1 sev]$ _! connexion ) ! *ur* & =m$ ! ,free ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 on /rictly & /raitly or?odox l9es4 ,9 #aijg ?is body _h tw5ty congregations & twelve m9i/]s4 ,! ,free ,*ur* always reg>d$ h]self z a ,national ,*ur*1 & dur+ ?is p]iod %e s\ght actively to be true to t "* by provid+ *ur* ord9ances = ! increas+ population ( ,scotl& & apply+ h]self to ! new problems ( non-*ur*-go+1 & ( ! *ang+ habits ( ! p4 ,h] ,assembly's committee on religion & morals work$ t[>d ! same ends z ! simil> organization ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & 9 h]1 z 9 ! o!r *ur*es1 ! /&>d ( p>o*ial & congregational activity 0 rais$ & new me?ods ( op]ation devis$4 ,%e pass$ legislation on ! difficult problem ( ridd+ ! *ur* ( ineffici5t m9i/]s4 ,! use ( in/rum5tal music 0 sanction$ 9 ,free ,*ur*es dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,an association 0 =m$ 9 #ahia to promote ! ends ( edification1 ord] & rev]5ce 9 ! public s]vices ( ! *ur*1 & publi%$ 9 #ahih ,a ,new ,directory = ,public ,wor%ip :i* does n provide set =ms ( pray]1 b directions z to ! matt] ( pray] 9 ! v>i\s s]vices4 ,! ,free ,*ur* took a l>ge %>e 9 ! /udy ( hymnology & *ur* music1 :i* l$ to ! production ( ,! ,*ur* ,hymn>y4 ,f #ahhe to #ahie mu* ( ! en]gy ( all ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*es 0 absorb$ by ! dise/abli%m5t agitation4 ,9 ! =m] ye> ! ,free ,*ur*1 hav+ almo/ entirely %$ ! e/abli%m5t pr9ciple on :i* x 0 f\nd$1 began to rival ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 its resolutions call+ = ! dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,9 spite ( ! (f]s ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ,assembly to conf] ) ! diss5t+ *ur*es ab\t union1 ! assaults ^u its /atus wax$ 9 vig\r1 till 9 #ahic ! ,free ,*ur* hail$ ! result ( ! g5]al election z a v]dict ( ! con/itu5cies 9 fav\r ( dise/abli%m5t1 & insi/$ ^u ! gov]nm5t ( ! day tak+ up ,sir ,*>les ,cam]on's bill4 ,dur+ ! la/ f\r or five ye>s ( ! c5tury ! ,free & ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian *ur*es1 :i* aft] ! failure ( _! union negotiations 9 #ahgc _h be5 connect$ toge!r by a ,mutual ,eligibility ,act enabl+ a congregation ( "o *ur* to call a m9i/] f ! o!r1 devot$ _! en]gy to ! arrangem5t ( an incorporat+ union4 ,! ,synod ( ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* resolv$ 9 #ahif to take /eps t[>ds union1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,free ,assembly respond$ by appo9t+ a committee to conf] ) a committee ( ! o!r *ur*4 ,! jo9t committee discov]$ a rem>kable & happy agreem5t betwe5 ! doctr9al /&>ds1 rules & me?ods ( ! two bodies1 & ) v little concessions on ei!r side a common con/itution & common que/ions & =mula = ! admission ( m9i/]s & (fice-be>]s 7 arrang$4 ,a m9ority1 always gr[+ small]1 ( ! ,free ,*ur* ,assembly1 prote/$ aga9/ ! propos$ union1 & ?reat5$ if x 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh to te/ its legality 9 ! c\rts4 ,to meet ?is opposition1 ! sugge/ion is und]/ood to h be5 made t an act ( p>liam5t %\ld be appli$ = to legalize ! union2 b ?is 0 n done1 & ! union 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh on ! und]/&+ t ! "q ( ! lawfulness ( *ur* e/abli%m5ts %\ld be an op5 "o4 ,! supreme c\rts ( ! *ur*es met = ! la/ "t 9 _! respective places ( meet+ on ! #cj? ( ,octob] #aijj1 & on ! foll[+ day ! jo9t meet+ took place at :i* ! union 0 complet$1 & ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 7q4v47 ent]$ on its c>e]4 ,! prote/+ & diss5t+ m9ority at once claim$ to be ! ,free ,*ur*4 ,!y met outside ! ,free ,assembly ,hall on ! #ca/ ( ,octob]1 &1 fail+ to ga9 admission to x1 )drew to ano!r hall1 :]e !y elect$ ,mr ,col9 ,bannatyne _! mod]ator & held ! rema9+ sitt+s ( ! ,assembly4 ,x 0 report$ t betwe5 #af1jjj & #ag1jjj names _h be5 receiv$ ( p]sons adh]+ to ! anti-unioni/ pr9ciple4 ,at ! ,assembly ( #aija x 0 /at$ t ! ,free ,*ur* _h tw5ty-five m9i/]s & at lea/ sixty-?ree congregations4 ,! "* ( ! *ur* is indicat$ by ! fact t its (fice-be>]s 7 ! fai?ful survivors ( ! decreas+ m9ority ( ! ,old ,free ,*ur*1 :i* _h prote/$ aga9/ ! dise/abli%m5t resolutions1 aga9/ ! relaxation ( subscription1 aga9/ tol]ation ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,glasg[ pr(essors1 & aga9/ ! use 9 wor%ip ( organs or ( human hymns4 ,h] congregations 7 mo/ly 9 ! ,gaelic-speak+ di/ricts ( ,scotl&4 ,%e 0 confront$ ) a v ardu\s und]tak+2 h] congregations grew 9 numb]1 b 7 f> f ea* o!r & !re 7 n ne>ly en\gh m9i/]s4 ,! ,highl&s 7 fill$1 by ! ,union1 ) exasp]ation & dispeace :i* c\ld n soon subside4 ,! *ur* met ) no sympa?y or assi/ance at ! h&s ( ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur*1 & h] "w 0 conduct$ at fir/ "u consid]able h>d%ips1 nor 0 h] position "o to appeal to ! g5]al popul> s5tim5t ( ,scotl&4 ,b ! little *ur* cont9u$ h] c\rse ) indomitable c\rage & )\t any compromise ( pr9ciple4 ,! ,decl>atory ,act ( #ahib 0 repeal$ aft] a consultation ( presbyt]ies1 & ! old pr9ciples z to wor%ip 7 decl>$4 ,a pr(essor 0 oblig$ to )draw a book he _h writt51 9 :i* ! results ( criticism1 ) reg>d to ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 _h be5 accept$ & appli$4 ,! desire ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& to obta9 relaxation ( h] =mula 0 decl>$ to make union ) h] impossible4 ,along ) ?is unb5d+ attitude1 signs ( mat]ial gr[? 7 n want+4 ,! rev5ue ( ! *ur* increas$2 ! grant f ! su/5tation fund 0 9 #aija only ,l#ge1 b f #aijc onw>ds x 0 ,l#afg4 ,! decision ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #aijd did n br+ ! trials ( ! ,free ,*ur* to an end4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any arrangem5t ) ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur*1 %e c\ld only ga9 possession ( ! prop]ty decl>$ to belong to h] by an application 9 ea* p>ticul> case to ! ,c\rt ( ,session1 & a s]ies ( law-suits began :i* 7 try+ to all p>ties4 ,9 ! ye> #aije ! ,free ,*ur* ,assembly met 9 ! hi/oric ,free ,*ur* ,assembly ,hall1 b x did n meet !re aga94 ,hav+ be5 left by ! aw>ds ( ! commission )\t any /ation 9 ! =eign mission field1 ! ,free ,*ur* resolv$ to />t a =eign mission ( h] own4 ,! urg5t task confront+ ! *ur* 0 t ( supply+ ord9ances to h] congregations4 ,! latt] numb]$ #bjj 9 #aijg1 & ! *ur* _h z yet only #gd orda9$ m9i/]s1 s t _m ( ! manses allocat$ to h] by ! commission]s 7 n yet occupi$1 & cate*i/s & eld]s 7 call$ to conduct s]vices :]e possible4 ,! gallant /& ?is little *ur* _h made = pr9ciples :i* 7 no long] repres5t$ by any ,presbyt]ian *ur* outside ! e/abli%m5t attract$ to h] mu* int]e/ & _m hopes t %e might be successful 9 h] endeav\rs to d some?+ = ! religi\s life ( ,scotl&4 ,see ,,scotl&1 ,,*ur* ,,(1 = bibliography & /ati/ics4 7,a4 ,m4997 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x is h] be+ free1 n h] be+ e/abli%$1 t con/itutes ! real hi/orical & h]$it>y id5tity ( ! ,re=m$ ,national ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,see ,act & ,decl>ation1 c41 ( ,free ,assembly1 #ahea4 #b ,9 ! act ,an5t ! true & holy ,kirk1 & ( ^? t are decl>$ n to be ( ! same4 ,?is act 0 supplem5t$ by t ( #aegi1 ,an5t ! ,jurisdiction ( ! ,kirk4 #c ,! ,second ,book ( ,discipl9e 0 n =mally recogniz$ 9 t act2 b all =m] acts aga9/ ! jurisdiction & discipl9e ( ! true ,kirk z ! same is us$ & ex]cis$ )9 ! realm 7 aboli%$2 & all lib]ties1 privileges1 immunities & fre$oms :atsoev] previ\sly grant$ 7 ratifi$ & approv$4 #d ,! mo/ important ( ^! _h ref]5ce to ! full "r ( a con/itut$ *ur* to ! enjoym5t ( an absolutely unre/rict$ fre$om 9 conv5+ ,assemblies4 ,?is v po9t on "o occasion at lea/ ?reat5$ to be ! cause ( s]i\s misund]/&+s betwe5 ,william & ! p ( ,scotl&4 ,! difficulties 7 happily smoo!d1 h[ev]1 by ! wisdom & tact ( ,william ,c>/>es4 #e ,see ,act & ,decl>ation ( ,free ,assembly1 #ahea4 #f ,?is pr9ciple _h be5 ass]t$ ev5 by an ,assembly s late z t ( #agcf1 & _h be5 inv>iably presuppos$ 9 ! call1 :i* _h nev] ceas$ to be reg>d$ z an indisp5sable pr]equisite = ! settlem5t ( a m9i/]4 #g ,accord+ to ! ,free ,*ur* ,prote/ ( #ahdc x 0 9 ^! cases decid$ 7#a7 t ! c\rts ( ! *ur* 7 liable to be compell$ to intrude m9i/]s on reclaim+ congregations2 7#b7 t ! civil c\rts _h p[] to int]f]e ) & int]dict ! prea*+ ( ! gospel & adm9i/ration ( ord9ances z au?oriz$ & enjo9$ by ! *ur*2 7#c7 t ! civil c\rts _h p[] to susp5d spiritual c5sures pron\nc$ by ! c\rts ( ! *ur*1 & to int]dict _! execution z to spiritual effects1 functions & privileges2 7#d7 t depos$ m9i/]s1 & probation]s depriv$ ( _! lic5ce1 c\ld be re/or$ by ! m&ate ( ! civil c\rts to ! spiritual (fice & /atus ( :i* ! *ur* c\rts _h depriv$ !m2 7#e7 t ! "r ( memb]%ip 9 ecclesia/ical c\rts c\ld be det]m9$ by ! civil c\rts2 7#f7 t ! civil c\rts _h p[] to sup]s$e ! majority ( a *ur* c\rt ( ! ,e/abli%m5t 9 reg>d to ! ex]cise ( its spiritual functions z a *ur* c\rt1 & to au?orize ! m9ority to ex]cise ! said functions 9 opposition to ! c\rt itself & to ! sup]ior judicatories ( ! *ur*2 7#g7 t processes ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e c\ld be arre/$ by ! civil c\rts2 & 7#h7 t )\t ! sanction ( ! civil c\rts no increas$ provision c\ld be made = ! spiritual c>e ( a p>i%1 al?\gh su* provision left all civil rights & patrimonial int]e/s unt\*$4 #h ,! n>rative & argum5t ( ?is elaborate & able docum5t _c be reproduc$ "h4 ,9 sub/ance x is a claim z ( "r on behalf ( ! *ur* & ( ! nation & p ( ,scotl& t ! *ur* %all freely possess & enjoy h] lib]ties1 gov]nm5t1 discipl9e1 rights & privileges accord+ to law1 & t %e %all be protect$ !re9 f ! =esaid uncon/itutional & illegal encroa*m5ts ( ! said c\rt ( session1 & h] p secur$ 9 _! ,*ri/ian & con/itutional rights & lib]ties4 ,?is claim is foll[$ by ! decl>ation t ! ,assembly _c intrude m9i/]s on reclaim+ congregations1 or c>ry on ! gov]nm5t ( ,*ri/'s *ur* subject to ! co]cion ( ! c\rt ( session2 & by ! prote/ t all acts ( ! p>liam5t ( ,great ,brita9 pass$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,scotti% *ur* & nation1 9 alt]ation or d]ogation ( ! gov]nm5t1 discipl9e1 rights & privileges ( ! *ur*1 z also all s5t5ces ( c\rts 9 contrav5tion ( said gov]nm5t1 discipl9e1 rights & privileges1 are & %all be 9 !mselves void & null1 & ( no legal =ce or effect4 #i ,! ,scotti% memb]s vot$ ) ! m9ority 9 ! proportion ( #be to #ab4 #aj ,! numb] ultimately rose to #dgd4 #aa ,by ?is =mal recognition ( ! qualifications to ! ,confession ( ,fai? made 9 #afdg ! scruples ( ! majority ( ! ,associate ,synod ( ,orig9al ,sec$]s 7 remov$1 & #bg m9i/]s1 along ) a consid]able numb] ( _! p1 jo9$ ! ,free ,*ur* 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 #ab ,see ,taylor ,innes1 ,law ( ,cre$s 9 ,scotl&1 p4 #beh seq4 #ac ,! language ( ,dr ,bu*anan1 = example1 9 #ahfj 0 7mutatis mut&is7 ! same z t :i* he _h employ$ 9 #ahch 9 mov+ ! ,indep5d5ce resolution already ref]r$ to4 ,,fre$m5',s ,,bureau 7(ficially ! ,,bureau ,,( ,,fre$m51 ,,refugees ,,& ,,ab&on$ ,,l&s71 a bureau creat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w> dep>tm5t by an act ( ,congress1 #crd ( ,m>* #ahfe1 to la/ "o ye>1 b cont9u$ until #ahgb by lat] acts pass$ ov] ! presid5t's veto4 ,its e/abli%m5t 0 due p>tly to ! fe> ent]ta9$ by ! ,nor? t ! ,s\!rn]s if left to deal ) ! blacks w\ld attempt to re-e/abli% "s =m ( slav]y1 p>tly to ! necessity = ext5d+ relief to ne$y negroes & :ites 9 ! lately conqu]$ ,s\?1 & p>tly to ! ne$ ( creat+ "s commission or bureau to take *>ge ( l&s confiscat$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> a million negroes fell into ! h&s ( ! ,f$]als & _h to be c>$ =4 ,able-bodi$ blacks 7 enli/$ 9 ! army1 & ! wom51 *ildr5 & old m5 7 settl$ 9 l>ge camps on confiscat$ ,s\!rn prop]ty1 :]e !y 7 c>$ = alt]nately by ! w> dep>tm5t & by ! treasury dep>tm5t until ! organization ( ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau4 ,at ! head ( ! bureau 0 a commission]1 ,g5]al ,o4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 & "u him 9 ea* ,s\!rn /ate 0 an assi/ant commission] ) a corps ( local sup]9t5d5ts1 ag5ts & inspectors4 ,! (ficials _h ! broade/ possible au?ority 9 all matt]s t conc]n$ ! blacks4 ,! "w ( ! bureau may be classifi$ z foll[s3 7#a7 di/ribut+ rations & m$ical supplies among ! blacks2 7#b7 e/abli%+ s*ools = !m & aid+ b5evol5t societies to e/abli% s*ools & *ur*es2 7#c7 regulat+ lab\r & contracts2 7#d7 tak+ *>ge ( confiscat$ l&s2 & 7#e7 adm9i/]+ ju/ice 9 cases 9 :i* blacks 7 conc]n$4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ex-slaves 7 "u ! almo/ absolute control ( ! bureau4 ,:e!r ?is control _h a good or bad effect is /ill disput$1 ! ,s\!rn :ites & _m ,nor!rn]s hold+ t ! results ( ! bureau's "w 7 di/9ctly bad1 :ile o!rs hold t mu* good result$ f its "w4 ,!re is n[ no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t :ile mo/ ( ! high] (ficials ( ! bureau 7 good m51 ! subord9ate ag5ts 7 g5]ally )\t "* or judgm5t & t _! int]f]5ce betwe5 ! races caus$ p]man5t discord4 ,mu* necess>y relief "w 0 done1 b demoralization 0 also caus$ by x1 & lat] ! in/itution 0 us$ by its (ficials z a means ( secur+ negro votes4 ,9 educat+ ! blacks ! bureau made "s progress1 b ! in/ruction imp>t$ by ! mission>y tea*]s result$ 9 giv+ ! ex-slaves notions ( lib]ty & racial equality t l$ to mu* tr\ble1 f9ally result+ 9 ! ho/ility ( ! :ites to negro education4 ,! secession ( ! blacks f ! :ite *ur*es 0 aid$ & enc\rag$ by ! bureau4 ,! :ole field ( lab\r & contracts 0 cov]$ by m9ute regulations1 :i*1 good 9 !ory1 7 absurd 9 practice1 & :i* fail$ altoge!r1 b n until lab\r _h be5 disorganiz$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by ! bureau ag5ts am\nt$ simply to a ceaseless p]secution ( ! :ites :o _h deal+s ) ! blacks1 & bloody conflicts sometimes result$4 ,! law creat+ ! bureau provid$ = ! division ( ! confiscat$ prop]ty among ! negroes1 & ?\gh c>ri$ out only 9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida & ,georgia1 x caus$ ! negroes to believe t !y 7 to be c>$ = at ! exp5se ( _! =m] ma/]s4 ,?is belief made !m subject to sw9dl+ s*emes p]petrat$ by c]ta9 bureau ag5ts & o!rs :o promis$ to secure l&s = !m4 ,:5 negro suffrage 0 impos$ by ,congress ^u ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ! bureau aid$ ! ,union ,league 7q4v47 9 organiz+ ! blacks into a political p>ty oppos$ to ! :ites4 ,a l>ge majority ( ! bureau (ficials secur$ (fice ?r\gh _! control ( ! blacks4 ,! failure ( ! bureau sy/em & its discont9uance 9 ! mid/ ( recon/ruction )\t h>m to ! blacks1 & ! int5se ho/ility ( ! ,s\!rn :ites to ! in/itution caus$ by ! irritat+ conduct ( bureau (ficials1 are indications t ! in/itution 0 n well conceiv$ nor wisely adm9i/]$4 ,see ,p4 ,s4 ,pi]ce1 ,! ,fre$m5's ,bureau 7,i[a ,city1 #aijd72 ,report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,recon/ruction 7,wa%+ton1 #ahff72 ,w4 ,l4 ,flem+ 7ed471 ,docum5ts relat+ to ,recon/ruction 7,clevel&1 ,o41 #aijf72 ,w4 ,l4 ,flem+1 ,civil ,w> & ,recon/ruction 9 ,alabama 7,new ,york1 #aije72 & ,james ,w4 ,g>n]1 ,recon/ruction 9 ,mississippi 7,new ,york1 #aija74 7,w4 ,l4 ,f47 ,,freehold1 a t[n & ! c\nty-seat ( ,monm\? c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,freehold1 ab\t #be m4 ,e4 by ,n4 ( ,tr5ton4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #bicb2 7#aijj7 #bicd1 ( :om #bae 7 =eign-born & #abf 7 negroes2 7#aije7 #cjfd2 7#aiaj7 #cbcc4 ,freehold is s]v$ by ! ,p5nsylvania & ! ,c5tral ( ,new ,j]sey railways4 ,x is ! trade c5tre ( "o ( ! mo/ productive agricultural di/ricts ( ! /ate & has v>i\s manufactures1 includ+ c>riages1 c>pets & rugs1 files1 %irts1 und]we>1 & cann$ beans & peas4 ,! t[n is ! seat ( two bo>d+ s*ools = boys3 ! ,freehold ,milit>y ,s*ool & ! ,new ,j]sey ,milit>y ,academy 7*>t]$1 #aijj2 f\nd$ 9 #ahdd z ! ,freehold ,in/itute74 ,"o ( ! resid5ces 9 ! t[n dates f #agee4 ,a settlem5t 0 made 9 ! t[n%ip ab\t #afej1 & ! t[n%ip 0 incorporat$ 9 #afic4 ,9 #agae ! t[n 0 f\nd$ & 0 made ! c\nty-seat2 x 0 long commonly kn[n 7f ! c\nty7 z ,monm\? ,c\rt-,h\se1 b aft]w>ds took 7f ! t[n%ip7 ! "n ,freehold1 & 9 #ahfi x 0 incorporat$ z ! ,t[n ( ,freehold4 ,an important battle ( ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 kn[n z ! battle ( ,monm\?1 0 f\ght ne> ! c\rt-h\se on ! #bh? ( ,june #aggh4 ,a %ort di/ance ,n4,w4 ( ! c\rt-h\se is a p>k 9 :i* !re is a monum5t1 unveil$ on ! #ac? ( ,novemb] #ahhd 9 commemoration ( ! battle2 ! base is ( ,qu9cy granite & ! %aft is ( ,concord granite4 ,surm\nt+ ! %aft is a /atue repres5t+ ,lib]ty ,triumphant 7! height to ! top ( :i* is ab\t #ajj ft474 ,! monum5t is adorn$ ) five bronze reliefs1 design$ & modell$ by ,james ,e4 ,kelly 7b4 #ahee72 "o ( ^! reliefs repres5ts ,molly ,pit*] 7d4 #ahcb71 a national h]o9e1 :o1 :5 h] husb& 7,john ,c4 ,hays71 an artill]i/1 0 r5d]$ ins5sible dur+ ! battle1 s]v$ ! gun 9 8 place & prev5t$ its capture by ! ,briti%4#a ,joel ,p>k] 7#ahaf-ahhh71 gov]nor ( ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahfc-ahff & #ahgb-ahge1 0 long a resid5t ( ,freehold1 & ! erection ( ! monum5t 0 l>gely due to 8 ef=ts4 ,a bronze tablet on a b\ld] 9 front ( ! pres5t c\rt-h\se1 commemorat+ ! old c\rt-h\se1 us$ z a hospital 9 ! battle ( ,monm\?1 0 unveil$ 9 #aijg4 ,freehold 0 ! bir?place & home ( ,dr ,?omas ,h5d]son 7#agdc-ahbd71 a ,:ig or ,patriot lead] 9 ,new ,j]sey1 an (fic] 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & a memb] ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress 9 #aggi-aghj & ( ! national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #agie-agig4 ,! "n ,freehold 0 fir/ us$ ( a ,presbyt]ian *ur* e/abli%$ ab\t #afib by ,scotti% exiles :o came to ,ea/ ,j]sey 9 #afhb-afhe & built :at 0 call$ ! ,old ,scots' ,*ur* ne> ! pres5t railway /ation ( ,wickatunk 9 ,m>lboro' t[n%ip1 ,monm\? c\nty4 ,9 ?is *ur*1 9 ,decemb] #agjf1 ,john ,boyd 7d4 #agji7 0 orda9$--! fir/ record$ ,presbyt]ian ord9ation 9 ,am]ica4 ,! *ur* 0 ! fir/ regul>ly con/itut$ ,presbyt]ian *ur*4 ,no trace ( ! build+ n[ rema9s 9 ! bury+-gr\nd :]e ,boyd 0 int]r$1 & :]e ! ,presbyt]ian ,synod ( ,new ,j]sey 9 #aijj rais$ a granite monum5t to 8 memory2 8 tomb/one is pres]v$ by ! ,presbyt]ian ,hi/orical ,society 9 ,philadelphia4 ,john ,t5n5t 7#agjf-agcb7 became pa/or ( ! ,freehold *ur* 9 #agcj1 :5 a new *ur* 0 built by ! ,old ,scots congregation on ,:ite ,hill 9 ! pres5t t[n%ip ( ,manalapan 7!n a "p ( ,freehold t[n%ip71 ne> ! railway /ation & village call$ ,t5n5t2 8 bro!r ,william 7#agje-aggg71 ^: trance1 9 :i* he ?\ght he saw ! glories ( heav51 0 a matt] ( mu* discussion 9 8 "t1 0 pa/or 9 #agcc-aggg4 ,9 #agea-agec ! pres5t ,old ,t5n5t ,*ur*1 !n call$ ! ,freehold ,*ur*1 0 erect$ on 7or ne>7 ! same site z ! build+ ( #agcj2 9 x ,:itefield prea*$ & 9 ! old] build+ ,david ,bra9]d & 8 ,indian conv]ts met4 ,9 #ahei ?is *ur* 7^: corporate "n is ,! ,fir/ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ! ,c\nty ( ,monm\?7 adopt$ ! "n ( ,t5n5t1 p>tly to di/+ui% x f ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* organiz$ at ,monm\? ,c\rt-,h\se 7n[ ,freehold7 9 #ahch4 ,see ,frank ,r4 ,symmes1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,t5n5t ,*ur* 7#bnd ed41 ,cranbury1 ,new ,j]sey1 #aijd74 ,,footnote3 #a ,h] maid5 "n 0 ,m>y ,ludwig4 ,molly ,pit*] 0 a nickname giv5 to h] by ! soldi]s 9 ref]5ce to h] c>ry+ wat] to soldi]s ov]come by heat 9 ! battle ( ,monm\?4 ,%e m>ri$ ,hays 9 #agfi2 ,hays di$ soon aft] ! w>1 & lat] %e m>ri$ "o ,george ,mc,cauley4 ,%e liv$ = m ?an =ty ye>s at ,c>lisle1 ,p5n41 :]e a monum5t 0 erect$ to h] memory 9 #ahgf4 ,,freehold1 9 ! ,engli% law ( real prop]ty1 an e/ate 9 l&1 n be+ less ?an an e/ate = life4 ,an e/ate = a t]m ( ye>s1 no matt] h[ long1 0 consid]$ inf]ior 9 dignity to an e/ate = life1 & unwor?y ( a freeman 7see ,,e/ate74 ,"s "t be=e ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 b app>5tly n s e>ly z ,domesday1 ! expression lib]um t5em5tum 0 introduc$ to designate l& held by a freeman by a free t5ure4 ,?us freehold t5ure is ! sum ( ! rights & duties :i* con/itute ! relation ( a free t5ant to 8 "l4#a ,9 ?is s5se freehold is di/+ui%$ f copyhold1 :i* is a t5ure hav+ its orig9 9 ! relation ( "l & ville9 7see ,,copyhold74 ,freehold is also di/+ui%$ f leasehold1 :i* is an e/ate = a fix$ numb] ( ye>s only4 ,by analogy ! int]e/ ( a p]son :o holds an (fice = life is sometimes said to be a freehold int]e/4 ,! t]m cu/om>y freeholds is appli$ to a k9d ( copyhold t5ure 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 viz4 t5ure by copy ( c\rt-roll1 b n1 z 9 o!r cases1 express$ to be at ! w ( ! "l4 ,,footnote3 #a ,digby's ,hi/ory ( ! ,law ( ,real ,prop]ty4 ,,freel&1 a bor\gh ( ,luz]ne c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,u4,s4,a41 ab\t #bj m4 ,s4 ( ,wilkes-,b>re1 9 ! ,e4 "p ( ! /ate4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #agcj2 7#aijj7 #ebed 7#acci =eign-born1 _m be+ ,slavs72 7#aiaj7 #faig4 ,freel& is s]v$ by ! ,lehigh ,valley railway & by electric railway to ,upp] ,lehigh 7#a m4 di/ant1 s]v$ by ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,new ,j]sey7 & to o!r neighb\r+ places4 ,! bor\gh is built on ,broad ,m\nta91 ne>ly #bjjj ft4 above sea-level1 & ! *ief indu/ry is ! m9+ ( coal at ! num]\s surr\nd+ colli]ies4 ,freel& is ! seat ( ! ,m9+ & ,me*anical ,in/itute ( ! ,an?racite ,region1 *>t]$ 9 #ahid1 modell$ aft] ! ,g]man ,/eig]s*ul51 ) elem5t>y & second>y dep>tm5ts & a night s*ool = workm54 ,! bor\gh has f\ndries & ma*9e %ops ( consid]able importance1 & manufactures silk1 ov]alls1 be] & hames4 ,freel& 0 fir/ settl$ ab\t #ahdb1 0 laid out 9 #ahgj1 & 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahgf4 ,,freeman1 ,,edw>d ,,augu/us 7#ahbc-ahib71 ,engli% hi/orian1 0 born at ,h>borne1 ,/af=d%ire1 on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #ahbc4 ,he lo/ bo? 8 p>5ts 9 infancy1 0 br\ght up by a gr&mo!r1 & 0 educat$ at private s*ools & by a private tutor4 ,he 0 a /udi\s & precoci\s boy1 m int]e/$ 9 religi\s matt]s1 hi/ory & =eign politics ?an 9 boyi% ?+s4 ,he obta9$ a s*ol>%ip at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d1 & a second class 9 ! degree exam9ation1 & 0 elect$ fell[ ( 8 college 7#ahde74 ,:ile at ,ox=d he 0 mu* influ5c$ by ! ,high ,*ur* movem5t1 & ?\ght s]i\sly ( tak+ ord]s1 b ab&on$ ! idea4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( 8 =m] tutor1 ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,gut*1 9 #ahdg1 & ent]$ on a life ( /udy4 ,ecclesia/ical ar*itecture attract$ him /rongly4 ,he visit$ _m *ur*es & began a practice1 :i* he pursu$ ?r\gh\t 8 life1 ( mak+ draw+s ( build+s on ! spot & aft]w>ds trac+ !m ov] 9 ink4 ,8 fir/ book1 save = 8 %>e 9 a volume ( ,engli% v]se1 0 a ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture 7#ahdi74 ,?\gh he _h n !n se5 any build+s outside ,engl&1 x conta9s a good sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! art4 ,x is full ( y\?ful en?usiasm & is writt5 9 florid language4 ,aft] "s *anges ( resid5ce he b\ght a h\se call$ ,som]leaze1 ne> ,wells1 ,som]set1 & settl$ !re 9 #ahfj4 ,freeman's life 0 "o ( /r5u\s lit]>y "w4 ,he wrote _m books1 & c\ntless articles = reviews1 newspap]s & o!r publications1 & 0 a con/ant contributor to ! ,saturday ,review until #ahgh1 :5 he ceas$ to write = x = political reasons4 ,8 ,saturday ,review articles correct$ _m errors & rais$ ! level ( hi/orical k among ! educat$ classes1 b z a review] he 0 apt to =get t a book may h blemi%es & yet be praisewor?y4 ,= "s ye>s he 0 an active c\nty magi/rate4 ,he 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 politics1 0 a foll[] ( ,mr ,glad/one1 & approv$ ! ,home ,rule ,bill ( #ahhf1 b object$ to ! lat] proposal to reta9 ! ,iri% memb]s at ,we/m9/]4 ,to be return$ to ,p>liam5t 0 "o ( 8 few ambitions1 & 9 #ahfh he unsuccessfully conte/$ ,mid-,som]set4 ,=eign r ?an dome/ic politics _h ! fir/ place ) him4 ,hi/orical & religi\s s5tim5t comb9$ ) 8 dete/ation ( all t 0 tyrannical to inspire him ) hatr$ ( ! ,turk & sympa?y ) ! small] & subject nationalities ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,he took a prom95t "p 9 ! agitation :i* foll[$ ! ,bulg>ian atrocities2 8 spee*es 7 intemp]ate1 & he 0 accus$ ( utt]+ ! words ,p]i% ,india6 at a public meet+ 9 #ahgf4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 a misrepres5tation ( 8 words4 ,he 0 made a knight comm&] ( ! ord] ( ! ,savi\r by ! k+ ( ,greece1 & also receiv$ an ord] f ! pr9ce ( ,mont5egro4 ,freeman advanc$ ! /udy ( hi/ory 9 ,engl& 9 two special directions1 by insi/5ce on ! unity ( hi/ory1 & by tea*+ ! importance & "r use ( orig9al au?orities4 ,hi/ory is n1 he urges1 to be divid$ by a middle wall ( p>tition into anci5t & mod]n1 nor brok5 into fragm5ts z ?\gh ! hi/ory ( ea* nation /ood ap>t4 ,x is m ?an a collection ( n>ratives2 x is a sci5ce1 ! sci5ce ( man 9 8 political "*4 ,! hi/orical /ud5t1 !n1 _c af=d to be indiff]5t to any "p ( ! record ( man's political be+2 b z 8 abilities = /udy are limit$1 he w1 :ile reckon+ all hi/ory to be )9 8 range1 h 8 own special range )9 :i* he w ma/] e detail 7,r$e ,lecture74 ,freeman's range includ$ ,greek1 ,roman & ! e>li] "p ( ,engli% hi/ory1 toge!r ) "s portions ( =eign m$ieval hi/ory1 & he _h a s*ol>ly ?\gh g5]al k ( ! re/ ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,european _w4 ,he reg>d$ ! abid+ life ( ,rome z ! c5tral tru? ( ,european hi/ory1 ! bond ( its unity1 & he und]took 8 ,hi/ory ( ,sicily 7#ahia-ahid7 p>tly because x illu/rat$ ?is unity4 ,fur!r1 he urges t all hi/orical /udy is valueless :i* does n take 9 a k ( orig9al au?orities1 & he tea*es bo? by example & precept :at au?orities %\ld be ?us describ$1 & h[ !y are to be weigh$ & us$4 ,he did n use manuscript au?orities1 & = mo/ ( 8 "w he _h no ne$ to d s4 ,! au?orities :i* he ne$$ 7 already 9 pr9t1 & 8 books w\ld n h be5 bett] if he _h dis9t]r$ a few m facts f unpr9t$ s\rces4 ,8 reputation z a hi/orian w *iefly re/ on 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norman ,conque/ 7#ahfg-ahgf71 8 longe/ complet$ book4 ,9 common ) 8 works g5]ally1 x is di/+ui%$ by exhau/iv5ess ( treatm5t & rese>*1 critical ability1 a rem>kable degree ( accuracy1 & a c]ta9 insight into ! pa/ :i* he ga9$ f 8 practical exp]i5ce ( m5 & in/itutions4 ,he is almo/ exclusively a political hi/orian4 ,8 say+ t hi/ory is pa/ politics & politics are pres5t hi/ory is significant ( ?is limitation ( 8 "w1 :i* left on "o side subjects ( ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 a nation's life4 ,9 deal+ ) con/itutional matt]s he sometimes atta*es too mu* weight to words & =mal aspects4 ,?is gives c]ta9 ( 8 argum5ts an air ( p$antry1 & seems to lead him to f9d evid5ces ( cont9uity 9 in/itutions :i* 9 reality & _s 7 diff]5t f :at !y once _h be54 ,z a rule 8 e/imates ( "* are rem>kably able4 ,x is true t he is sometimes sway$ by prejudice1 b ?is is ! common lot ( great hi/orians2 !y _c altoge!r avoid %>+ 9 ! feel+s ( ! pa/1 = !y live 9 x1 & ,freeman did s to an extraord9>y degree4 ,yet if he judges too fav\rably ! lead]s ( ! national p>ty 9 ,engl& on ! eve ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 t is a small matt] to set aga9/ ! insight :i* he exhibits 9 writ+ ( ,aratus1 ,sulla1 ,nicias1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 ,fr$]ick ! ,second & _m m4 ,9 wid? ( view1 ?or\ghness ( inve/igation & hone/y ( purpose he is unsurpass$ by any hi/orian4 ,he nev] conceals nor wilfully misrepres5ts any?+1 & he reckon$ no lab\r too great :i* might help him to draw a tru?ful picture ( ! pa/4 ,:5 a place _h any important connexion ) 8 "w he inv>iably visit$ x4 ,he travell$ mu*1 always to ga9 k1 & g5]ally to complete 8 hi/orical equipm5t4 ,8 collect$ articles & essays on places ( hi/orical int]e/ are p]haps ! mo/ pleas+ ( 8 writ+s1 b !y deal exclusively ) hi/orical associations & ar*itectural features4 ,! quantity ( "w :i* he turn$ out is enorm\s1 = ! fifte5 l>ge volumes :i* conta9 8 ,norman ,conque/1 8 unf9i%$ ,hi/ory ( ,sicily1 8 ,william ,rufus 7#ahhb71 & 8 ,essays 7#ahgb-ahgi71 & ! cr[d ( 8 small] books1 are mat*$ 9 am\nt by 8 uncollect$ contributions to p]iodicals4 ,9 respect ( matt] 8 hi/orical "w is uni=mly excell5t4 ,9 respect ( =m & /yle ! case is diff]5t4 ,?\gh 8 s5t5ces !mselves are n wordy1 he is extremely diffuse 9 treatm5t1 habitually repeat+ an idea 9 successive s5t5ces ( mu* ! same import4 ,:ile ?is habit 0 d\btless aggravat$ by ! am\nt ( 8 j\rnali/ic "w1 x seems orig9ally to h sprung f :at may be call$ a pr(essorial _s1 :i* occasionally appe>s 9 ! tone ( 8 rem>ks4 ,he 0 anxi\s to make sure t 8 read]s w\ld und]/& 8 exact mean+1 & to gu>d !m aga9/ all possible misconceptions4 ,8 l5g?y explanations are ! m griev\s because he insi/s on ! same po9ts 9 sev]al ( 8 books4 ,8 prolixity 0 increas$ by 8 unwill+ness1 :5 writ+ )\t prescrib$ limits1 to leave out any detail1 h[ev] unimportant4 ,8 passion = details n only swell$ 8 volumes to a port5t\s size1 b 0 fatal to arti/ic con/ruction4 ,! l5g? ( 8 books has h9d]$ _! usefulness4 ,!y 7 writt5 = ! public at l>ge1 b few save pr(ess$ /ud5ts1 :o c admire & value 8 exhau/iv5ess1 w read ! _m hundr$s ( pages :i* he devotes to a %ort p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,9 "s ( 8 small] books1 h[ev]1 he %[s great p[]s ( cond5sation & arrangem5t1 & writes t]sely en\gh4 ,8 /yle is correct1 lucid & virile1 b g5]ally no?+ m1 & 8 endeav\r to use z f> z possible only words ( ,teutonic orig9 limit$ 8 vocabul>y & makes 8 s5t5ces some:at monoton\s4 ,:ile ,fr\de (t5 /ray$ away f 8 au?orities1 ,freeman kept 8 au?orities always be=e 8 eyes1 & 8 n>rative is "h & !re little m ?an a translation ( _! words4 ,accord+ly1 :ile x has no?+ ( ,fr\de's c>elessness & inaccuracy1 x has no?+ ( 8 *>m ( /yle4 ,yet n[ & aga9 he rises to ! level ( "s h]oic ev5t1 & p>ts ( 8 *apt] on ! ,campaign ( ,ha/+s & ( 8 record ( ! w>s ( ,syracuse & ,a!ns1 8 reflections on ! visit ( ,basil ! ,second to ! *ur* ( ! ,virg9 on ! ,acropolis1 & "s o!r passages 9 8 books1 are f9e pieces ( eloqu5t writ+4 ,! high quality ( ,freeman's "w 0 ackn[l$g$ by all compet5t judges4 ,he 0 made ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d & ,,ll4,d4 ( ,cambridge honoris causa1 & :5 he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates on a lectur+ t\r 0 w>mly receiv$ at v>i\s places ( le>n+4 ,he s]v$ on ! royal commission on ecclesia/ical c\rts appo9t$ 9 #ahha4 ,9 #ahhd he 0 appo9t$ regius pr(essor ( mod]n hi/ory at ,ox=d4 ,8 lectures 7 ?9ly att5d$1 = he did n c>e to adapt !m to ! requirem5ts ( ! univ]sity exam9ations1 & he 0 n p]haps well fitt$ to tea* "y m54 ,b he ex]cis$ a :olesome influ5ce ov] ! m e>ne/ /ud5ts ( hi/ory among ! resid5t graduates4 ,f #ahhf he 0 =c$ by ill-heal? to sp5d mu* ( 8 "t abroad1 & he di$ ( smallpox at ,alicante on ! #af? ( ,m>* #ahib1 :ile on a t\r 9 ,spa94 ,freeman _h a /rongly m>k$ p]sonality4 ,?\gh impati5t 9 temp] & occasionally rude1 he 0 t5d]-he>t$ & g5]\s4 ,8 rud5ess to /rang]s 0 p>tly caus$ by %yness & p>tly by a *ildlike inability to conceal 8 feel+s4 ,em95tly tru?ful1 he c\ld n und]/& t "s v]bal ins9c]ities are necess>y to social life4 ,he _h a peculi> faculty = fri5d%ip1 & 8 fri5ds always f\nd him sympa!tic & affectionate4 ,9 _! society he w\ld talk well & %[$ a ke5 s5se ( hum\r4 ,he consid]$ x 8 duty to expose c>eless & ignorant writ]s1 & c]ta9ly enjoy$ do+ s4 ,he work$ h>d & me?odically1 (t5 _h sev]al pieces ( "w 9 h&1 & kept a daily record ( ! "t :i* he devot$ to ea* ( !m4 ,8 ta/es 7 curi\sly limit$4 ,no art int]e/$ him except ar*itecture1 :i* he /udi$ ?r\gh\t 8 life2 & he c>$ little = lit]ature :i* 0 n ei!r hi/orical or political4 ,9 lat] life he ceas$ to hold ! !ological op9ions ( 8 y\?1 b rema9$ a dev\t *ur*man4 ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,w4 ,/eph5s1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman 7,london1 #ahie72 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 ,t5nyson1 ,rusk91 ,mill & o!r ,lit]>y ,e/imates 7,london1 #ahii72 ,james ,bryce1 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ,eng4 ,hi/4 ,rev41 ,july #ahib4 7,w4 ,hu47 ,,freeman1 prim>ily "o :o is free1 z oppos$ to a slave or s]f 7see ,,feudalism2 ,,slav]y74 ,! t]m is m specifically appli$ to "o :o possesses ! fre$om ( a city1 bor\gh or company4 ,be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act #ahce1 ea* ,engli% bor\gh admitt$ freem5 accord+ to its own peculi> cu/om & by-laws4 ,! rights & privileges ( a freeman1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 diff]5t bor\ghs1 g5]ally includ$ ! "r to vote at a p>liam5t>y election ( ! bor\gh1 & exemption f all tolls & dues4 ,! act ( #ahce respect$ exi/+ usages1 & e p]son :o 0 !n an admitt$ freeman rema9$ "o1 reta9+ at ! same "t all 8 =m] rights & privileges4 ,! admission ( freem5 is n[ regulat$ by ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act #ahhb4 ,by section #bja ( t act ! t]m freeman includes any p]son ( ! class ^: rights & int]e/s 7 res]v$ by ! act ( #ahce "u ! "n ei!r ( freem5 or ( burgesses4 ,by section #bjb no p]son c be admitt$ a freeman by gift or by pur*ase2 t is1 only bir?1 s]vitude or m>riage are qualifications4 ,! ,honor>y ,fre$om ( ,bor\ghs ,act #ahhe1 h[ev]1 makes an exception1 z by t act ! c\ncil ( e bor\gh may f "t to "t admit p]sons ( di/9ction to be honor>y freem5 ( ! bor\gh4 ,! t[n cl]k ( e bor\gh keeps a li/1 :i* is call$ ! freeman's roll1 & :5 any p]son claims to be admitt$ a freeman 9 respect ( bir?1 s]vitude or m>riage1 ! mayor exam9es ! claim1 & if x is e/abli%$ ! claimant's "n is enroll$ by ! t[n cl]k4 ,a p]son may become a freeman or freewoman ( "o ( ! ,london liv]y companies by 7#a7 appr5tice%ip or s]vitude2 7#b7 patrimony2 7#c7 r$emption2 7#d7 gift4 ,?is la/ is purely honor>y4 ,! mo/ usual =m ( acquir+ fre$om 0 by s]v+ appr5tice%ip to a freeman1 free bo? ( a company & ( ! city ( ,london4 ,by an act ( common c\ncil ( #ahcf appr5tice%ip 0 p]mitt$ to freem5 ( ! city :o _h n tak5 up ! fre$om ( a company4 ,by an act ( common c\ncil ( #ahhi ! t]m ( s]vice 0 r$uc$ f sev5 ye>s to f\r ye>s4 ,fre$om by patrimony is always grant$ to *ildr5 ( a p]son :o has be5 duly admitt$ to ! fre$om4 ,fre$om by r$emption or pur*ase requires ! paym5t ( c]ta9 entrance fees1 :i* v>y ) ! /&+ ( ! company4 ,9 ! ,groc]s' ,company fre$om by r$emption does n exi/1 & 9 su* companies z /ill h a trade1 e4g4 ! ,apo!c>ies & ,/ation]s1 x is limit$ to memb]s ( ! trade4 ,see ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt1 ,! ,liv]y ,companies ( ! ,city ( ,london 7#ahib74 ,,freemasonry4 ,accord+ to an old ,*>ge deliv]$ to initiates1 ,freemasonry is decl>$ to be an anci5t & hon\rable in/itution3 anci5t no d\bt x is1 z hav+ subsi/$ f "t immemorial2 & hon\rable x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be1 z by a natural t5d5cy x conduces to make ^? s :o are ob$i5t to its precepts 444 to s high an em95ce has its cr$it be5 advanc$ t 9 e age ,mon>*s !mselves h be5 promot]s ( ! art1 h n ?\ght x d]ogatory f _! dignity to ex*ange ! sceptre = ! tr[el1 h patronis$ our my/]ies & jo9$ 9 our ,assemblies4 ,= _m ye>s ! craft has be5 conduct$ )\t respect to clime1 col\r1 ca/e or cre$4 ,hi/ory4--,! precise orig9 ( ! society has yet to be asc]ta9$1 b is n likely to be1 z ! e>ly records are lo/2 !re is1 h[ev]1 ample evid5ce rema9+ to ju/ify ! claim = its antiquity & its hon\rable "*4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 z to its ev5tful pa/1 bas$ ^u actual records1 b /ill m :i* has s]v$ only to amuse or repel inquir]s1 & l$ n a few to believe t ! frat]nity has no tru/wor?y hi/ory4 ,an unfav\rable op9ion ( ! hi/orians ( ! craft g5]ally may fairly h be5 held dur+ ! #ah? & e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5turies1 b happily s9ce ! middle ( ! latt] c5tury q a diff]5t pr9ciple has animat$ ^? bre?r5 :o h s\ght to make ! facts ( masonic hi/ory kn[n to ! bro!rhood1 z well z wor? ! /udy ( /ud5ts 9 g5]al4 ,! idea t x w\ld require an inve/igator to be a memb] ( ! my/ic tie 9 ord] to qualify z a read] ( masonic hi/ory has be5 explod$4 ,! evid5ces collect$ conc]n+ ! in/itution dur+ ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 or m1 may n[ be exam9$ & te/$ 9 ! mo/ sev]e mann] by lit]>y & critical exp]ts 7:e!r oppos$ or fav\rable to ! body71 :o _c fail to accept ! claims made z to its great antiquity & cont9uity1 z ! l9eal desc5dant ( ^? craftsm5 :o rais$ ! ca!drals & o!r great ,engli% build+s dur+ ! middle ages4 ,x is only ne$ful to ref] to ! old works on freemasonry1 & to comp>e !m ) ! accept$ hi/ories ( ! pres5t "t1 to be assur$ t su* /rictures z above are m ?an ju/ifi$4 ,! premi] "w on ! subject 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agbc1 ! ,rev4 ,james ,&]son be+ ! au?or ( ! hi/orical portion1 introductory to ! fir/ ,book ( ,con/itutions ( ! orig9al ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&4 ,dr ,&]son gravely /ates t ,gr& ,ma/] ,moses (t5 m>%all$ ! ,israelites into a regul> & g5]al lodge1 :il/ 9 ! wild]ness4444 ,k+ ,solomon 0 ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! lodge at ,j]usalem4#a444 ,nebu*adnezz> became ! ,gr& ,ma/] ,mason1 c41 devot+ _m m pages to simil> absurdities1 b dismisses ! important mod]n innovation 7#agaf-agag7 ( a ,gr& ,lodge ) a few l9es notewor?y = _! brief & indef9ite "*4 ,9 #agch a second edition 0 issu$1 d$icat$ to ! pr9ce ( ,wales 7a ,ma/] ,mason & ma/] ( a lodge71 & 0 ! "w ( ! same bro!r 7z respects ! hi/orical "p71 ! additions be+ ma9ly on ! same l9es z ! =m] volume1 only1 if possible1 /ill m ridicul\s & extravagant2 e4g4 ,cyrus con/itut$ ,j]ubbabel prov9cial gr& ma/] 9 ,judah2 ,*>les ,m>tel 0 ! ,"r ,wor%ipful ,gr& ,ma/] ( ,france1 & ,edw>d ,i4 be+ deeply engag$ 9 w>s left ! craft to ! c>e ( sev]al successive gr& ma/]s 7duly enum]at$74 ,su* loose /atem5ts may n[ pass unhe$$1 b un=tunately !y d n exhau/ ! objections to ,dr ,&]son's me?od ( writ+ hi/ory4 ,! exc]pt conc]n+ ,/ ,alban 7app>5tly made f ,coles's ,anci5t ,con/itutions1 #agbh-agbi7 has ! unw>rant$ additional title ( ,gr& ,ma/] conf]r$ on t sa9t1 & ! extract conc]n+ ,k+ ,a,ethelstan & ,pr9ce ,edw9 f ! ,old ,,ms4 ,*>ges 7giv5 9 ! fir/ edition7 conta9s /ill m unau?oriz$ mod]n t]ms1 ) ! ye> add$ ( #ibf2 ?us mislead+ mo/ s]i\sly ^? :o accept ! volume z tru/wor?y1 because writt5 by ! accr$it$ hi/orian ( ! ,gr& ,lodge1 ,junior ,gr& ,w>d5 9 #agbc4 ,^! examples h>dly increase our confid5ce 9 ! au?or's accuracy :5 ,dr ,&]son comes to treat ( ! orig9 ( ! premi] ,gr& ,lodge2 b he is our only in=mant z to t important ev5t1 & if 8 v]sion ( ! occurr5ce is decl9$1 we are absolutely )\t any in=mation4 ,9 consid]+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,freemasonry1 f a purely matt]-(-fact /&po9t1 x w be well to settle z a necess>y prelim9>y :at ! t]m did & does n[ include or mean1 & h[ f> back ! inquiry %\ld be conduct$1 z well z on :at l9es4 ,if ! view ( ! subject h]e9 tak5 be correct1 x w be useless to load ! inve/igation by devot+ consid]able space to a consid]ation ( ! laws & cu/oms ( /ill old] societies :i* may h be5 utiliz$ & imitat$ by ! frat]nity1 b :i* 9 no s5se c be accept$ z ! actual =be>s ( ! pres5t society ( ,free & ,accept$ ,masons4 ,!y 7 pr$ecessors1 or possibly prototypes1 b n ne> relatives or prog5itors ( ! ,freemasons4#b ,! ,"m ,gr& ,lodge ( ! _w is t ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 inaugurat$ 9 ! metropolis on ,/ ,john ,bapti/'s day #agag by f\r or m old lodges1 ?ree ( :i* /ill fl\ri%4 ,!re 7 o!r lodges also 9 ,london & ! c\ntry at ! "t1 b :e!r !y 7 invit$ to ! meet+ is n n[ kn[n4 ,probably n1 z exi/+ records ( ! p]iod pres]ve a sph9x-l sil5ce !reon4 ,likewise !re 7 _m scores ( lodges at "w 9 ,scotl&1 & und\bt$ly 9 ,irel& ! craft 0 widely patroniz$4 ,:atev] ! c]emonies may h be5 :i* 7 !n kn[n z ,freemasonry 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 !y 7 practically alike1 & ! v5]able ,old ,*>ges or ,,ms4 con/itutions1 dat+ back sev]al c5turies1 7 rightly held by !m z ! title-de$s ( _! masonic inh]itance4 ,x 0 a bold ?+ to d1 ?us to />t a gov]n+ body = ! frat]nity q diff]5t 9 _m respects to all prec$+ organizations1 & to br& z irregul> all lodges :i* decl9$ to accept su* au?ority2 b ! v orig9ality & audacity ( its promot]s appe>s to h l$ to its success1 & x 0 n long be=e mo/ ( ! lodges ( ! pre-,gr&-,lodge era jo9$ & accept$ con/itution by w>rant ( ! ,gr& ,ma/]4 ,n only s1 b ,irel& quickly foll[$ ! lead1 s e>ly z #agbe !re be+ a ,gr& ,lodge = t c\ntry :i* mu/ h be5 =m$ ev5 /ill e>li]1 & probably by lodges />t$ be=e any 7 au?oriz$ 9 ! ,engli% c\nties4 ,9 ,scotl& ! *ange 0 n made until #agcf1 _m lodges ev5 !n hold+ alo( f su* an organization4 ,inde$1 out ( "s hundr$ lodges kn[n to h be5 active !n1 only ?irty-?ree respond$ & agre$ to fall into l9e1 ?\gh sev]al jo9$ lat]2 "s1 h[ev]1 kept sep>ate d[n to ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury1 :ile o!rs nev] unit$4 ,_m ( ^! lodges h records ( ! #ag? c5tury ?\gh n !n newly =m$2 "o 9 p>ticul>1 ! olde/ 7! ,lodge ( ,ed9burgh1 ,no4 #a71 possesses m9utes s f> back z ! ye> #aeii4 ,x is important to be> 9 m9d t all ! regul> lodges ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & likewise all ! ,gr& ,lodges1 directly or indirectly1 h sprung f "o or o!r ( ! ?ree gov]n+ bodies nam$2 ,irel& & ,scotl& foll[+ ! example set by _! masonic "m ( ,engl& 9 hav+ ,gr& ,lodges ( _! own4 ,x is n prov$ h[ ! latt] two became acqua9t$ ) ,freemasonry z a secret society1 guid$ m or less by ! op]ative ,,ms4 ,con/itutions or ,*>ges common to ! ?ree bodies1 n met ) else:]e2 b ! cr$it ( a ,gr& ,lodge be+ e/abli%$ to control ! lodges belongs to ,engl&4 ,x may be a />tl+ decl>ation1 b x is well au!nticat$1 t !re is no o!r ,freemasonry1 z ! t]m is n[ und]/ood1 ?an :at :i* has be5 s d]iv$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! lodges & ,gr& ,lodges 9 bo? hemisph]es trace _! orig9 & au?ority back to ,engl& = work+ :at are kn[n z ! ,?ree ,degrees1 controll$ by regul> ,gr& ,lodges4 ,t be+ s1 a hi/ory ( mod]n ,freemasonry1 ! direct (fspr+ ( ! ,briti% p>5ts a=esaid1 %\ld fir/ ( all e/abli% ! desc5t ( ! ?ree ,gr& ,lodges f ! ,freemasonry ( e>li] days2 su* cont9uity1 ( five c5turies or m1 be+ a s9e qua non ( antiquity & regul>ity4 ,x w be f\nd t f ! e>ly "p ( ! #ah? c5tury back to ! #af? c5tury exi/+ records te/ify to ! assemblies ( lodges1 ma9ly op]ative1 b p>tly speculative1 9 ,great ,brita91 ^: guid+ />s & common h]itage 7 ! ,old ,*>ges1 & t :5 _! actual m9utes & transactions cease to be trac$ by reason ( _! loss1 ^! same ,,ms4 ,con/itutions furni% te/imony ( ! /ill old] work+ ( su* comb9ations ( freemasons or masons1 )\t ! assi/ance1 c\nt5ance or au?ority ( any o!r masonic body2 consequ5tly su* docum5ts /ill pres]v$1 ( ! #ad? & lat] c5turies 7numb]+ ab\t sev5ty1 mo/ly 9 =m ( rolls71 ) ! exi/+ lodge m9utes ref]r$ to ( ! #af? c5tury1 d[n to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! premi] ,gr& ,lodge 9 #agag1 prove ! cont9uity ( ! society4 ,inde$ s univ]sally has ?is claim be5 admitt$1 t 9 popul> usage ! t]m ,freemason is only n[ appli$ to ^? :o belong to ?is p>ticul> frat]nity1 t ( mason be+ applicable to "o :o foll[s t trade1 or hon\rable call+1 z a build]4 ,!re is no evid5ce t dur+ ?is long p]iod any o!r organization ( any k9d1 religi\s1 philosophical1 my/ical or o!rwise1 mat]ially or ev5 slightly influ5c$ ! cu/oms ( ! frat]nity1 ?\gh !y may h done s2 b s f> z is kn[n ! lodges 7 ( mu* ! same "* ?r\gh\t1 & consi/$ really ( op]atives 7:o enjoy$ practically a monopoly = "s "t ( ! trade z masons or freemasons71 &1 9 "p1 ( speculatives1 i4e4 noblem51 g5tlem5 & m5 ( o!r trades1 :o 7 admitt$ z honor>y memb]s4 ,assum+ !n t ! freemasons ( ! pres5t day are ! sole inh]itors ( ! sy/em arrang$ at ! s-call$ ,revival ( #agag1 :i* 0 a developm5t f an op]ative body to "o p>tly speculative1 & t1 s f> back z ! ,,ms4 ,records ext5d & furni% any light1 !y mu/ h work$ 9 ,lodges 9 secret ?r\gh\t ! p]iod not$1 a hi/ory ( ,freemasonry %\ld be ma9ly devot$ to giv+ p>ticul>s1 z f> z possible1 ( ! lodges1 _! traditions1 cu/oms & laws1 bas$ ^u actual docum5ts :i* c be te/$ & v]ifi$ by memb]s & non-memb]s alike4 ,x has be5 ! rule to treat1 m or less fully1 ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! frat]nity by ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies1 ! ,ess5es1 ,roman ,colleges1 ,culdees1 ,h]meticism1 ,fehm-,g]i*te et hoc g5us omne1 especially ! ,/e9metz51 ! ,craft ,gilds & ! ,companionage ( ,france1 c42 b 9 view ( ! sep>ate & indep5d5t "* ( ! freemasons1 x appe>s to be q unnecess>y1 & ! "t s employ$ w\ld be bett] devot$ to a m ?or\gh se>* aft] additional evid5ces ( ! activity ( ! craft1 especially dur+ ! crucial p]iod ov]lapp+ ! second decade ( ! #ah? c5tury1 s z to discov] in=mation z to ! transmitt$ secrets ( ! m$ieval masons1 :i*1 aft] all1 may simply h be5 :at ,gasp>d ,monge felicit\sly entitles ,descriptive ,geometry1 or ! ,art & ,sci5ce ( ,masonic ,symbolism4 ,! rules & regulations ( ! masons 7 embodi$ 9 :at are kn[n z ! ,old ,*>ges2 ! s5ior kn[n copy be+ ! ,regius ,,ms4 7,briti% ,museum ,bibl4 ,reg4 #ag ,a1 i471 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n s exclusively devot$ to masonry z ! lat] copies4 ,david ,casley1 9 8 catalogue ( ! ,,mss4 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y 7#agcd71 un=tunately /yl$ ! little gem ,a ,poem ( ,moral ,duties2 & ow+ to ?is misdescription its true "* 0 n recogniz$ until ! ye> #ahci1 & !n by a non-mason 7,mr ,halliwell-,phillipps71 :o _h x reproduc$ 9 #ahdj & br\ght out an improv$ edition 9 #ahdd4 ,its date has be5 approximately fix$ at #acij by ,casley & o!r au?orities4 ,! curi\s leg5d ( ! craft1 !re9 made kn[n1 deals fir/ ( all ) ! numb] ( unemploy$ 9 e>ly days & ! necessity ( f9d+ "w1 t !y myght gete "h lyvynge !rby4 ,euclid 0 consult$1 & recomm5d$ ! one/ craft ( good masonry1 & ! g5esis ( ! society is f\nd yn ,egypte l&e4 ,by a rapid transition1 b mony erys aft]w>de1 we are told t ! ,craft com ynto ,engl& yn tyme ( good kynge ,adel/onus 7,a,ethelstan7 day1 :o call$ an assembly ( ! masons1 :5 fifte5 articles & z _m m po9ts 7 agre$ to = ! gov]nm5t ( ! craft1 ea* be+ duly describ$4 ,ea* bro!r 0 in/ruct$ t-- ,he mu/ love wel ,god1 & holy ,*ur*e algate ,& hys may/] also1 t he ys wy!4 ,! ?rydde poynt mu/ be sev]le4 ,) ! pr5tes kn[e hyt wele1 ,hys may/] c[nsel he kepe & close1 ,& hys fel[s by hys goode purpose2 ,! prevetyse ( ! *amb] telle he no mon1 ,ny yn ! logge :atsev] !y done1 ,:atsev] ?\ h]y/1 or sy/e hem d1 ,telle hyt no mon1 :]sev] ?\ g4 ,! rules g5]ally1 besides ref]r+ to trade regulations1 are z a :ole sugge/ive ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 9 an ext5d$ =m1 w9d+ up ) ! leg5d ( ! ,ars quatuor coronatorum1 z an inc5tive to a fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! num]\s obligations4 ,a second "p introduces a m l5g?y acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( masonry1 9 :i* ,noah's flood & ! ,t[] ( ,babylon are m5tion$ z well z ! great skill ( ,euclid1 :o-- ,?r\gh hye grace ( ,cri/ yn hev51 ,he comm5s$ yn ! sy5s sev52 ,! sev5 sci5ces are duly nam$ & expla9$4 ,! compil] app>5tly 0 a prie/1 l9e #fbi read+ ,&1 :5 ye gospel me r$e s*al1 ?us also acc\nt+ = ! _m religi\s injunctions 9 ! ,,ms42 ! la/ hundr$ l9es are evid5tly bas$ ^u ,urbanitatis 7,cott4 ,,ms4 ,caligula ,a #aa1 fol4 #hh7 & ,in/ructions = a ,p>i% ,prie/ 7,cott4 ,,ms4 ,claudius ,a #aa1 fol4 #bg71 in/ructions su* z lads & ev5 m5 w\ld ne$ :o 7 ignorant ( ! cu/oms ( polite society1 correct deportm5t at *ur* & 9 ! pres5ce ( _! social sup]iors4 ,! recital ( ! leg5d ( ! ,quatuor ,coronati has be5 held by ,h]r ,f9del 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,freemasonry 7,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ,freimaur]ei1 #ahfb2 ,engli% editions1 #ahff-ahfi7 to prove t ,briti% ,freemasonry 0 d]iv$ f ,g]many1 b )\t any ju/ification1 ! leg5d be+ met ) 9 ,engl& c5turies prior to ! date ( ! ,regius ,,ms41 & long prior to its incorporation 9 masonic leg5ds on ! ,cont95t4 ,! next ,,ms41 9 ord]1 is kn[n z ! ,cooke 7,ad4 ,,ms4 #bc1aih1 ,briti% ,museum71 because ,mat!w ,cooke publi%$ a fair reproduction ( ! docum5t 9 #ahfa2 & x is deem$ by compet5t paleograph]s to date f ! fir/ "p ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,!re are two v]sions ( ! ,old ,*>ges 9 ?is little book1 pur*as$ = ! ,briti% ,museum 9 #ahei4 ,! compil] 0 probably a mason & famili> ) sev]al copies ( ^! ,,ms4 ,con/itutions1 two ( :i* he utilizes & comm5ts ^u2 he quotes f a ,,ms4 copy ( ! ,policronicon ! mann] 9 :i* a writt5 acc\nt ( ! sci5ces 0 pres]v$ 9 ! two hi/oric /ones at ! "t ( ! ,flood1 & g5]ally makes kn[n ! traditions ( ! society z well z ! laws :i* 7 to gov]n ! memb]s4 ,its introduction into ,engl& ?r\gh ,egypt is not$ 7:]e ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel l]nyd ye craft ( ,masonry71 also ! l&e ( behe/ 7,j]usalem7 & ! ,temple ( ,solomon 7:o confirm$ ye *>gys yt ,david 8 ,fadir _h made74 ,!n masonry 9 ,france is int]e/+ly describ$2 & ,/ ,alban & ,a,ethelstane ) 8 yonge/ sone 7! ,edw9 ( ! lat] ,,mss47 became ! *os5 m$iums subsequ5tly1 z ) ! o!r ,*>ges1 portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are (t5 cit$ 9 ord] to convey a correct idea to ! neophyte1 :o is to he> ! docum5t read1 z to ^! sci5ces :i* are decl>$ to be free 9 !mselves 7fre 9 hem selfe74 ,( all crafts foll[$ by man 9 ?is _w ,masonry ha! ! mo/e notabilite1 z confirm$ by ,eld]s t 7 bi = u ( masons :o _h ^! *>gys wryt51 & z is write & taught 9 ye boke ( our *>ges4 ,until q rec5tly no repres5tative or survival ( ?is p>ticul> v]sion _h be5 trac$1 b 9 #ahij "o 0 discov]$ ( #afhg 7s9ce kn[n z ! ,william ,watson ,,ms474 ,( "s sev5ty copies ( ^! old scrolls :i* h be5 une>!d1 by f> ! great] proportion h be5 made public s9ce #ahfj4 ,!y h all mu* 9 common1 ?\gh (t5 curi\s diff]5ces are to be detect$2 are ( ,engli% orig91 no matt] :]e us$2 & :5 complete1 z !y mo/ly are1 :e!r ( ! #af? or subsequ5t c5turies1 are notewor?y = an invocation or pray] :i* beg9s ! recital3-- ,! mighte ( ! ffa!r ( heav5 ,& ! wys$ome ( ! glori\s ,sonne ?r\gh ! grace & ! goodnes ( ! holly gho/e yt be5 ?ree p'sons & "o ,god be ) u at or beg9n+ & give u grace s to g\'ne u "h 9 or lyv+ t wee maye come to 8 blisse t nevr %all h end+4--,am54 7,gr& ,lodge ,,ms4 ,no4 #a1 ,a4,d4 #aehc47 ,!y are *iefly ( ! #ag? c5tury & ne>ly all locat$ 9 ,engl&2 p>ticul>s may be f\nd 9 ,hughan's ,old ,*>ges ( ! ,briti% ,freemasons 7#ahgb1 #ahie & supplem5t #aijf74c ,! *ief scrolls1 ) "s o!rs1 h be5 reproduc$ 9 facsimile 9 six volumes ( ! ,quatuor ,coronatorum ,antigrapha2 & ! collection 9 ,york%ire has be5 publi%$ sep>ately1 ei!r 9 ! ,we/ ,york%ire ,repr9ts or ! ,anci5t ,york ,masonic ,rolls4 ,sev]al h be5 transcrib$ & issu$ 9 o!r works4 ,^! scrolls give consid]able in=mation z to ! traditions & cu/oms ( ! craft1 toge!r ) ! regulations = its gov]nm5t1 & 7 requir$ to be read to appr5tices long aft] ! peculi> rules ceas$ to be act$ ^u1 ea* lodge app>5tly hav+ "o or m copies kept = ! purpose4 ,! old ,lodge ( ,ab]de5 ord]$ 9 #afgj t ! ,*>ge 0 to be read at ye ent]+ ( ev]ie ent]$ pr5teise2 ano!r at ,alnwick 9 #agja provid$-- ,noe ,mason %all take any appr5tice b he mu/ ,ent] him & give him 8 ,*>ge1 )9 "o :ole ye> aft]2 & /ill ano!r at ,swallwell 7n[ ,no4 #dh ,gate%ead7 dem&$ t ! ,appr5tices %all h _! ,*>ge giv5 at ! "t ( ,regi/]+1 or )9 ?irty days aft]2 ! m9utes ins]t+ su* entries accord+ly ev5 s late z #aged1 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] ! lodge _h ca/ 9 its lot ) ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&4 ,_! ,*ri/ian "* is fur!r emphasiz$ by ! ,fir/ ,*>ge t y %all be true m5 to ,god & ! holy ,*ur*2 ! ,york ,,ms4 ,no4 #f besee*es ! bre?r5 at e meet+ & assembly !y pray he>tily = all ,*ri/ians2 ! ,melrose ,,ms4 ,no4 #b 7#afgd7 m5tions ,m]*ants & all o!r ,*ri/ian m51 & ! ,ab]de5 ,,ms4 7#afgj7 t]ms ! invocation ,a ,pray] be=e ! ,meet+4 ,until ! ,gr& ,lodge era1 ,freemasonry 0 ?us :olly ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,york ,,ms4 ,no4 #d ( #afic conta9s a s+ul> error 9 ! admonitory l9es3-- ,! n "o ( ! eld]s take+ ! ,booke & t hee or %ee t is to be made mason1 %all lay _! h&s !reon & ! *>ge %all be giv54 ,?is p>ticul> read+ 0 cit$ by ,hughan 9 #ahga1 b 0 consid]$ d\btful2 ,f9del1#d h[ev]1 confirm$ x1 on 8 visit to ,york "u ! guidance ( ! celebrat$ masonic /ud5t ! late ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,wood=d4 ,! mi/ake 0 due possibly to ! transcrib]1 :o _h an old] roll be=e him1 confus+ !y1 sometimes writt5 !1 ) %e1 or read+ t portion1 :i* is (t5 9 ,lat91 z ille vel illa1 in/ead ( ille vel illi4 ,9 "s ( ! ,codices1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury & lat]1 ,new ,articles are ins]t$1 su* z w\ld be suitable = an organization simil> to ! ,masons' ,company ( ,london1 :i* _h "o1 at lea/1 ( ! ,old ,*>ges 9 its possession accord+ to inv5tories ( #affe & #afgf2 & likewise 9 #agbb1 t]m$ ,! ,book ( ! ,con/itutions ( ! ,accept$ ,masons4 ,save its m5tion 7,book wrote on p>*m5t7 by ,sir ,francis ,palgrave 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7,april #ahci7 z be+ 9 exi/5ce n long s9ce1 ?is valuable docum5t has be5 lo/ sight ( = _m ye>s4 ,t !re 7 signs & o!r secrets pres]v$ & us$ by ! bre?r5 ?r\gh\t ?is ma9ly op]ative p]iod may be ga!r$ f discreet ref]5ces 9 ^! old ,,mss4 ,! ,in/itutions 9 p>*m5t 7#bbnd ( ,novemb] #afif7 ( ! ,dumfries ,kilw9n+ ,lodge 7,no4 #ec1 ,scotl&7 conta9 a copy ( ! oa? tak5 :5 any man %\ld be made3-- ,^! ,*>ges :i* we n[ reh]se to y & all o!rs ye secrets & mi/]ys belong+ to free masons y %all fai?fully & truly keep1 toge!r ) ye ,c\nsell ( ye assembly or lodge1 or any o!r lodge1 or bro!r1 or fell[4 ,!n aft] ye oa? tak5 & ! book kiss$ 7i4e4 ! ,bible7 ! precepts are read1 ! fir/ be+3-- ,y %all be true m5 to ,god & 8 holy ,*ur*1 & t y d n c\nt5ance or ma9ta9e any eror1 faction1 s*ism or h]isey1 9 ye *ur* to ye be/ ( y\r und]/&+4 7,hi/ory ( ,no4 #ec1 by ,james ,smi?47 ,! ,gr& ,lodge ,,ms4 ,no4 #b provides t ,y %all keepe secret ye obscure & intricate pts4 ( ye sci5ce1 n disclos+e !m to any b su* z /udy & use ye same4 ,! ,h>leian ,,ms4 ,no4 #bjed 7,brit4 ,mus47 is /ill m explicit1 t]m$ ,! ffree ,masons ,ord]s & ,con/itutions1 & is 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,r&le ,holme 7au?or ( ! ,academie ( ,armory1 #afhh71 :o 0 a memb] ( a lodge 9 ,*e%ire4 ,foll[+ ! ,,ms4 ,con/itutions1 9 ! same h&writ+1 ab\t #afej1 is a scrap ( pap] ) ! obligation3-- ,!re is sevrall words & signes ( a free ,mason to be revail$ to yu w* z yu w answr4 be=e ,god at ! ,great & t]rible day ( judgmt4 yu keep secret & n to revaile ! same to any 9 ! he>es ( any p'son1 b to ! ,mrs & fell[s ( ! ,society ( ,free ,masons1 s helpe me ,god1 c4 7,w4 ,h4 ,ryl&s1 ,mas4 ,mag41 #ahhb47 ,x is n yet settl$ :o 7 ! actual design]s or ar*itects ( ! gr& old ,engli% ca!drals4 ,cr$it has be5 claim$ = *ur* dignit>ies1 to ! exclusion m or less ( ! ma/] masons1 to :om presumably ( "r ! di/9ction belong$4 ,9 e>ly days ! title ar*itect is n met )1 unless ! t]m ,+5ator _h t mean+1 :i* is d\btful4 ,z to ?is int]e/+ "q1 & z to ! subject ( build+ g5]ally1 an hi/orical acc\nt ( ,ma/] & ,free ,masons 7,disc\rses ^u ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1 by ! ,rev4 ,james ,dallaway1 #ahcc71 & ,notes on ! ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,engli% ,build+s 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7by ,wyatt ,papwor?1 #ahhg71 %\ld be consult$4 ,bo? writ]s 7 non-masons4 ,! =m] obs]ves3 ,! hon\r due to ! orig9al f\nd]s ( ^! edifices is almo/ inv>iably transf]r$ to ! ecclesia/ics "u ^: patronage !y rose1 r ?an to ! skill & design ( ! ma/] mason1 or pr(essional ar*itect1 because ! only hi/orians 7 monks4444 ,!y 7 probably n s well v]s$ 9 geometrical sci5ce z ! ma/] masons1 = ma!matics =m$ a "p ( mona/ic le>n+ 9 a v limit$ degree4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,proce$+s ,r4,i4,b4,a4 vol4 iv4 7#ahhg71 a skilful critic 7,w4 ,h4 ,:ite7 decl>es t ,papwor?1 9 t valuable collection ( facts1 has contriv$ to annihilate all ! pr(essional idols ( ! c5tury1 sett+ up 9 _! place no?+ except ! ma/] mason4 ,! bro!rhood ( ,bridge-build]s1#e t travell$ f> & wide to build bridges1 & ! travell+ bodies ( ,freemasons1#f he believes nev] exi/$2 nor 0 ,william ( ,wykeham ! design] ( ! colleges attribut$ to him4 ,x seems well-nigh impossible to disprove ! /atem5ts made by ,papwor?1 because !y are all s well gr\nd$ on atte/$ facts2 & ! attempt to connect ! ,abbey ( ,cluny1 or m5 tra9$ at ,cluny1 ) ! orig9al or prelim9>y designs ( ! great build+s erect$ dur+ ! middle ages1 at lea/ dur+ ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies1 is also a failure4 ,! :ole "q is ably & fully treat$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,freemasonry by ,rob]t ,freke ,g\ld 7#ahhf-ahhg71 p>ticul>ly 9 *apt] vi4 on ,m$ieval ,op]ative ,masonry1 & 9 8 ,concise ,hi/ory 7#aijc74 ,! lodge is (t5 met )1 ei!r z ! tabulatum domicialem 7#abjj1 at ,/ ,alban's ,abbey7 or actually s nam$ 9 ! ,fabric ,rolls ( ,york ,m9/] 7#acgj71 ye loge be+ situat$ close to ! fane 9 c\rse ( erection2 x 0 us$ z a place 9 :i* ! /ones 7 prep>$ 9 private = ! /ructure1 z well z occupi$ at meal-"t1 c4 ,ea* mason 0 requir$ to sw]e ^u ye boke yt he sall trewly &e bysyli at 8 p[] hold & kepe holy all ye poyntes ( yis =sayde ord9ance 7,ord9acio ,cem5tanorum74 ,z to ! t]m free-mason1 f ! #ad? c5tury1 x is held by "s au?orities t x describ$ simply ^? m5 :o work$ free/one1 b !re is abundant evid5ce to prove t1 :atev] may h be5 int5d$ at fir/1 free-mason soon _h a mu* wid] signification1 ! prefix free be+ also employ$ by c>p5t]s 7#afff71 sew]s 7#ae? c5tury1 tailors at ,exet]7 & o!rs1 presumably to indicate !y 7 free to foll[ _! trades 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr ,g\ld well obs]ves3 ,! class ( p]sons f :om ! ,freemasons ( ,w>r+ton 7#afdf71 ,/af=d%ire 7#afhf71 ,*e/]1 ,york1 ,london & _! cong5]s 9 ! #ag? c5tury d]iv$ ! descriptive title1 :i* became ! inh]itance ( ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 7 free m51 & masons ( ,gilds or ,companies 7,hi/ory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afj74 ,dr ,br5tano may also be cit$3 ,:]ev] ! ,craft ,guilds 7 legally ackn[l$g$1 we f9d =emo/1 t ! "r to ex]cise _! craft1 & sell _! manufactures1 dep5d$ ^u ! fre$om ( _! city 7,developm5t ( ,guilds1 c41 p4 #fe74 ,9 l mann]1 ! privilege ( work+ z a mason 0 n conf]r$ be=e c&idates _h be5 made free4 ,! regul> free-masons w\ld n "w ) m51 ev5 if !y _h a k ( _! trade1 if unfree1 b /yl$ !m ,c[ans1 a c\rse ju/ifi$ by ! k+'s ,mai/] ( ,"w1 ,william ,s*aw1 ^: ,/atutis & ,ord9anceis 7#bh? ,decemb] #aeih7 requir$ t ,na mai/] or fell[ ( craft ressaue any c[anis to wirk 9 8 societie or companye1 nor s5d nane ( 8 s]vants to wirk wt4 c[anis1 "u ! pane ( tw5tie p\nds4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! rule 0 relax$1 9 "t su* monopoly practically ceas$1 & ! ^w c[an is only kn[n 9 connexion ) speculative ,freemasonry4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 z a memb] ( ,lodge ,/ ,david 7,no4 #cf71 0 famili> ) ! ^w & us$ x 9 ,rob ,roy4 ,9 #agjg a c[an 0 describ$ 9 ! m9utes ( ,"m ,lodge ,kilw9n+1 z a mason )\t ! ^w1 ?us "o :o 0 n a free mason 7,hi/ory ( ! ,lodge ( ,ed9burgh ,no4 #a1 by ,d4 ,murray ,lyon1 #aijj74 ,9 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y 7,ox=d1 vol4 iv41 #ahig7 "u ,freemason x is not$ t ?ree views h be5 prop\nd$3--7#a7 ,! sugge/ion t free-mason /&s = free-/one-mason w\ld appe> unwor?y ( att5tion1 b = ! curi\s fact t ! e>lie/ kn[n in/ances ( any simil> appellation are me/re mason de fran*e pe] 7,act #be ,edw4 ,,iii41 #acej71 & sculptores lapidum lib]orum1 alleg$ to occur 9 a docum5t ( #abag2 ! co9cid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems to be m]ely accid5tal4 7#b7 ,! view mo/ g5]ally held is t freemasons 7 ^? :o 7 free ( ! masons' guild4 ,aga9/ ?is explanation _m =cible objections h be5 br\ght by ,mr ,g4 ,w4 ,spe?1 :o sugge/s 7#c7 t ! it9]ant masons 7 call$ free because !y claim$ exemption f ! control ( ! local guilds ( ! t[ns 9 :i* !y tempor>ily settl$4 7#d7 ,p]haps ! be/ hypo!sis is t ! t]m ref]s to ! m$ieval practice ( emancipat+ skill$ artisans1 9 ord] t !y might be able to travel & r5d] _! s]vices :]ev] any great build+ 0 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,! late secret>y ( ! ,quatuor ,coronati ,lodge 7,no4 #bjgf1 ,london7 has ?us _h 8 view sanction$ by ! highe/ tribunal 9 ! ,republic ( ,lett]s s f> z ,philology is conc]n$ 7,dr ,w4 ,j4 ,*etwode ,crawley 9 ,ars ,quatuor ,coronatorum1 #ahih74 ,/ill x _c be d5i$ t memb]s ( lodges 9 ! #af? & foll[+ c5turies ex]cis$ ! privilege ( mak+ free masons & d5i$ ! fre$om ( work+ to c[ans 7also call$ un-freem57 :o _h n be5 s made free2 ! ,mas[nys ( ! luge be+ ! only ones recogniz$ z freemasons4 ,z to ! prefix be+ d]iv$ f ! ^w fr]e1 a suffici5t answ] is ! fact t frequ5t ref]5ce is made to ,bro!r freemasons1 s t no gr\nd = t supposition exi/s 7cf4 articles by ,mr ,g\ld 9 ! ,freemason = ,septemb] #ahih on ,free & ,freemasonry74 ,!re are num]\s indications ( masonic activity 9 ! ,briti% lodges ( ! #ag? c5tury1 especially 9 ,scotl&2 ! exi/+ records1 h[ev]1 ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ?\gh few1 are ( importance1 "s only hav+ be5 made kn[n 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,^! conc]n ! ,masons' ,company ( ,london1 ^: valuable m9utes & o!r docum5ts are ably describ$ & comm5t$ ^u by ,edw>d ,cond]1 jr41 9 8 ,hole ,crafte & ,fell[%ip ( ,masons 7#ahid71 ! au?or !n be+ ! ,ma/] ( t anci5t company4 ,x 0 incorporat$ 9 #afgg by ,*>les ,,ii41 :o graci\sly met ! wi%es ( ! memb]s1 b z a company ! in=mation t is to be f\nd 9 ! ,corporation ,records at ,guildhall proves v cle>ly t 9 #acgf ! ,masons' ,company exi/$ & 0 repres5t$ 9 ! c\rt ( common c\ncil4 ,! title !n fav\r$ 0 ,masons1 ! entry ( ! t]m ,freemasons be+ cross$ out4 ,h]b]t errone\sly ov]look$ ! correction1 & /at$ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,great ,liv]y ,companies 7vol4 i47 t ! ,freemasons return$ two1 & ! ,masons f\r memb]s1 b subsequ5tly amalgamat$2 :]eas ! revis$ entry 0 = ! ,masons only4 ,! ,company obta9$ a grant ( arms 9 #adgb 7#ab? ye> ,h54 ,,viii471 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! k9d1 be+ ?us describ$3--,a feld ( ,sablys ,a ,*ev]on silv] grail$ ?re ,ca/ellis ( ! same g>nys%$ wt4 dores & wynd[s ( ! feld 9 ! ,*ev]on or ,cumpas ( ,black ( ,blak2 x is ! au?ority 7if any7 = all lat] armorial be>+s hav+ a *evron & ca/les1 assum$ by o!r masonic organizations4 ,?is preci\s docum5t 0 only discov]$ 9 #ahga1 hav+ be5 miss+ = a long "t1 ?us d\btless acc\nt+ = ! errone\s repres5tations met )1 n hav+ ! correct blazon to foll[4 ,! olde/ masonic motto kn[n is ,god is our ,guide on ,k]w9's tomb 9 ,/ ,hel5's *ur*1 ,bi%opgate1 ( #aeid2 t ( ,9 ! ,"l is all our tru/ n be+ trac$ until ! next c5tury4 ,support]s consi/+ ( two doric columns are m5tion$ 9 #afhh by ,r&le ,holme1 b ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl& 9 ! foll[+ c5tury us$ ,beav]s z op]ative build]s4 ,its fir/ motto 0 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w 79 ,greek71 ex*ang$ a few ye>s onw>d = ,relief & ,tru?1 ! rival ,gr& ,lodge 7,a?oll ,masons7 select+ ,hol9ess to ! ,"l 79 ,hebrew71 & ! f9al selection at ! ,union ( ,decemb] #ahac be+ ,audi ,vide ,tace4 ,mr ,cond]'s discov]y ( a lodge ( ,accept$ ,masons be+ held "u ! w+ ( ! ,company 0 a great surprise1 dat+ z ! records d f #afbj to #afba 7! e>lie/ ( ! k9d yet trac$ 9 ,engl&71 :5 sev5 7 made masons1 all ( :om 7 free ( ! ,company be=e1 ?ree be+ ( ! ,liv]y2 ! entry comm5c+ ,att ! mak+ masons4 ,! meet+s 7 entitl$ ! ,acception1 & ! memb]s ( ! lodge 7 call$ ,accept$ ,masons1 be+ ^? s accept$ & initiat$1 ! t]m nev] o!rwise be+ met ) 9 ! ,records4 ,an additional fee _h to be paid by a memb] ( ! ,company to jo9 ! ,acception1 & any n belong+ !reto 7 mulct 9 twice ! sum2 ?\gh ev5 !n su* acceptance did n qualify = memb]%ip ( ! sup]ior body2 ! fees = ! ,acception be+ ,l#a & ,l#b respectively4 ,9 #afch-afci1 :5 ,ni*olas ,/one ent]$ ! lodge 7he 0 ,ma/] ( ! ,company #afcb-afcc7 ! banquet co/ a consid]able sum1 %[+ t ! numb] ( bre?r5 pres5t mu/ h be5 l>ge4 ,elias ,a%mole 7:o accord+ to 8 di>y 0 made a ,free ,mason ( ,w>r+ton ) ,colonel ,h5ry ,ma9w>+1 sev5 bre!rn be+ nam$ z 9 att5dance at ! lodge1 #af? ( ,octob] #afdf7 /ates t he receiv$ a summons to appe> at a ,lodge to be held next day at ,masons' ,hall1 ,london4 ,accord+ly on ! #aa? ( ,m>* #afhb he att5d$ & saw six g5tlem5 admitt$ into ! ,fell[%ip ( ,free ,masons1 ( :om ?ree only belong$ to ! ,company2 ! ,ma/]1 h[ev]1 ,mr ,?omas ,wise1 ! two w>d5s & six o!rs be+ pres5t on ! occasion z memb]s 9 _! dual capacity4 ,a%mole adds3 ,we all dyn$ at ! ,halfe ,moone ,tav]n 9 ,*eapside at a noble d9n] prepair$ at ! *>ge ( ! new-accept$ ,masons4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t !re 0 n an op]ative mason pres5t at ! ,lodge held 9 #afdf1 & at ! "o :i* met 9 #afhb !re 0 a /rong repres5tation ( ! speculative bran*4 ,be=e ! ye> #afed ! ,company 0 kn[n z t ( ! ,freemasons = "s "t1 b aft] !n ! old title ( ,masons 0 rev]t$ to1 ! t]ms ,acception & ,accept$ belong+ to ! speculative ,lodge1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 all probability ei!r became indep5d5t or ceas$ to "w soon aft] #afhb4 ,x is v int]e/+ to note t subsequ5tly 7b nev] be=e7 ! long] designation is met ) ( ,free & ,accept$ ,masons1 & is ?us a comb9ation ( op]ative & speculative usage4 ,mr ,cond] is ( op9ion t 9 ! ,records !re is no evid5ce ( any p>ticul> c]emony att5d+ ! position ( ,ma/] ,mason1 possibly x consi/$ ( adm9i/]+ a diff]5t oa? f ! "o tak5 by ! appr5tices on be+ ent]$4 ,!re is mu* to fav\r ?is supposition1 & x may provide ! key to ! vexata quae/io z to ! plurality ( degrees prior to ! ,gr& ,lodge era4 ,! fell[-crafts 7 recruit$ f ^? appr5tices :o _h s]v$ _! "t & _h _! essay 7or suffici5t trial ( _! skill7 duly pass$2 !y & ! ,ma/]s1 by ! ,s*aw ,/atutes ( #aeih1 be+ only admitt$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sex ,mai/]is & twa ent]it pr5teissis4 ,z a rule a ma/] mason meant "o :o 0 ma/] ( 8 trade1 i4e4 duly qualifi$2 b x sometimes describ$ employ]s z di/9ct f j\rneym5 ,freemasons2 be+ also a complim5t conf]r$ on honor>y memb]s dur+ ! #ag? c5tury 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ,dr ,plot's ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire 7#afhf7 is a rem>kable acc\nt ( ! ,society ( ,freemasons1 :i*1 be+ by an unfri5dly critic1 is all ! m valuable4 ,he /ates t ! cu/om _h spread m or less all ov] ! nation2 p]sons ( ! mo/ em95t quality did n disda9 to ent] ! ,fell[%ip2 !y _h a l>ge p>*m5t volum conta9+ ! ,hi/ory & ,rules ( ! ,craft ( ,masonry2 ,/ ,amphibal1 ,/ ,alban1 ,k+ ,a!l/an & ,edw9 are m5tion$1 & ^! *>ges & mann]s 7 aft] p]usal approv$ by ,k+ ,h54 #f & 8 c\ncil1 bo? z to ,ma/]s & ,fell[s ( ?is "r ,wor%ipfull craft4 ,x is b fair to add t not)/&+ ! s]vice he r5d]$ ! ,society by 8 l5g?y description1 t cr$ul\s hi/orian rem>ks ( its hi/ory t !re is no?+ he ev] met ) m false or incoh]5t4 ,! au?or ( ! ,academie ( ,armory1 previ\sly not$1 knew bett] :at he 0 writ+ ab\t 9 t "w ( #afhh 9 :i* he decl>es3 ,i _c b ,honor ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,masons because ( its ,antiquity2 & ! m1 z be+ a memb] ( t ,society1 call$ ,free ,masons ,mr ,ryl&s /ates t 9 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #eiee is a collection ( ! engrav$ plates = a second volume ( ?is important "w1 "o be+ devot$ to ! ,arms ( ! ,society1 ! columns1 z support]s1 hav+ globes !reon1 f :i* possibly are d]iv$ ! two pill>s1 ) su* ornam5ts or additions se5 9 lodge rooms at a lat] p]iod4 ,9 ! same ye> ,a ,tripos or ,spee* deliv]$ at a comm5cem5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dubl9 held !re ,july #aa1 #afhh1 by ,john ,jones1 !n ,a4,b41 aft]w>ds ,d4,d41 conta9$ notable evid5ce conc]n+ ,freemasonry 9 ,dubl94 ,! ,tripos 0 includ$ 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's edition ( ,dean ,swift's works 7#ahad71 b z ,dr ,*etwode ,crawley po9ts out1 ?\gh notic$ by ! ,rev4 ,dr ,george ,oliv] 7! volum9\s ,masonic au?or71 he fail$ to realize its hi/orical importance4 ,! satirical & )al amus+ spee* 0 p>tly translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,dr ,crawley = 8 s*ol>ly introduction to ! ,masonic ,repr9ts1 c41 by ,h5ry ,sadl]4 ,! po9t seems to be t ,ridley 7reput$ to h be5 an in=m] aga9/ prie/s "u ! b>b>\s p5al laws7 01 or ought to h be51 hang$2 t 8 c>case1 anatomiz$ & /uff$1 /ood 9 ! libr>y2 & t fra? sc\ndrellus discov]$ on 8 rema9s ! ,freemasons' ,m>k4 ,! importance ( ! ref]5ces to ! craft 9 ,irel& is simply ow+ to ! ye> 9 :i* !y 7 made1 z illu/rative ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,society at t "t1 ( :i* records are lack+4 ,x is prim>ily to ,scotl&1 h[ev]1 t we h to look = su* num]\s p>ticul>s ( ! activity ( ! frat]nity f #aeii to ! e/abli%m5t ( its ,gr& ,lodge 9 #agcf1 = an excell5t acc\nt ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,lyon1 ! ,scotti% masonic hi/orian4 ,z e>ly z #afjj 7#h? ( ,june7 ! att5dance ( ,john ,boswell1 ,esq41 ! laird ( ,au*9leck1 is ent]$ 9 ! m9utes ( ! ,lodge ( ,ed9burgh2 he atte/$ ! record & add$ 8 m>k1 z did ! o!r memb]s2 s x 0 n 8 fir/ appe>ance4 ,_m noblem5 & o!r g5tlem5 jo9$ ?is anci5t ateli]1 notably ,"l ,alex&]1 ,sir ,an?ony ,alex&] & ,sir ,alex&] ,/ra*an 9 #afcd1 ! k+'s ,ma/] ( ,"w 7,h]rie ,alex&]7 9 #afch1 ,g5]al ,alex&] ,hamilton 9 #afdj1 ,dr ,hamilton 9 #afdg1 & _m o!r prom95t & di/+ui%$ m5 lat]2 ,james ,neilsone1 ,ma/] ,sklaitt] to ,8 ,maje/ie1 :o 0 ent]$ & pa/ 9 ! ,lodge ( ,l9li?g[1 be+ elect$ a jo9+ memb]1 #bnd ,m>* #afed4 ,qu>t]-,ma/] ,g5]al ,rob]t ,moray 7or ,murray7 0 initiat$ by memb]s ( ! ,lodge ( ,ed9burgh1 at ,newca/le on ! #bj? ( ,may #afda1 :ile ! ,scotti% army 0 9 occupation4 ,on due report to _! ,alma ,mat] su* reception 0 all[$1 ! occurr5ce hav+ be5 consid]$ ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ,engl& until ! anci5t ,records ( ! ,masons' ,company 7 publi%$4 ,! m9ute-books ( a numb] ( ,scotti% ,lodges1 :i* are /ill on ! regi/]1 g back to ! #ag? c5tury1 & abundantly confirm ! frequ5t admission ( speculatives z memb]s & (fic]s1 especially ^? ( ! v5]able ,"m ,lodge ,kilw9n+1 ( :i* ! e>l ( ,cassillis 0 ! deacon 9 #afgb1 :o 0 succe$$ by ,sir ,alex&] ,cunn+ham1 & ! e>l ( ,egl9ton1 :o l ! fir/ ( ! trio 0 b an appr5tice4 ,!re 7 ?ree ,head ,lodges accord+ to ! ,scotti% ,code ( #aeii1 ,ed9burgh be+ ! fir/ & pr9cipall1 ,kilw9n+ ! secund1 & ,/irl+ ! ?ird ludge4 ,! ,ab]de5 ,lodge 7,no4 #a tris7 has records pres]v$ f #afgj1 9 :i* ye> :at is kn[n z ! ,m>k ,book beg9s1 conta9+ ! olde/ exi/+ roll ( memb]s1 numb]+ #di1 all ( :om h _! m>ks regi/]$1 save two1 ?\gh only t5 7 op]atives4 ,! names ( ! e>ls ( ,f9lat]1 ,erroll & ,dunf]ml9e1 ,"l ,=bes1 sev]al m9i/]s & pr(essional m5 are on ! li/1 :i* 0 writt5 by a glazi]1 all ( :om _h be5 enlight5$ z to ! b5efit ( ! measson ^w1 & ins]t$ 9 ord] z !y 7 made fell[ craft4 ,! ,*>t] 7,old ,*>ges7 _h to be read at ! ent]+ ( ev]ie pr5teise1 & ! (fic]s includ$ a ma/] & two w>d5s4 ,! lodge at ,melrose 7,no4 #a bis7 ) records back to #afgd did n jo9 ! ,gr& ,lodge until #ahia1 & 0 ! la/ ( ^? work+ 7possibly c5turies be=e t body 0 =m$7 to accept ! mod]n sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,( ! _m notewor?y lodges m5tion %\ld be made ( t ( ,canongate ,kilw9n+ ,no4 #b1 ,ed9burgh1 ! fir/ ( ! num]\s p5dicles ( ,"m ,lodge ,kilw9n+1 ,no4 #j1 ,ayr%ire1 />t$ 9 #afgg2 & ( ! ,j\rneym5 ,no #h1 =m$ 9 #agjg1 :i* 0 a secession f ! ,lodge ( ,ed9burgh2 ! ,fell[ ,crafts or ,j\rneym5 n be+ satisfi$ ) _! treatm5t by ! ,freem5 ,ma/]s ( ! ,incorporation ( ,masons1 c4 ,?is action l$ to a trial be=e ! ,lords ( ,c\ncil & ,session1 :5 f9ally a ,decreet ,arbitral 0 subscrib$ to by bo? p>ties1 & ! junior organization 0 p]mitt$ to give ! mason ^w z x is call$ 9 a sep>ate lodge4 ,! presbyt]y ( ,kelso#g 9 #afeb su/a9$ ! action ( ! ,rev4 ,james ,a9slie 9 becom+ a ,freemason1 decl>+ t !re is nei!r s9ne nor sc&ale 9 t ^w 7i4e4 ! ,mason ,^w71 :i* is (t5 allud$ to b nev] reveal$ 9 ! old records already ref]r$ to4#h ,"o ,scotti% family may be cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! cont9u\s work+ ( ,freemasonry1 ^: memb]%ip is en%r9$ 9 ! records ( ! anci5t ,lodge ( ,scoon & ,p]? ,no4 #c & o!rs4 ,a v5]able docum5t1 lov+ly c>$ = by ,no4 #c1 be>s date #afeh1 & recites h[ ,john ,mylne came to ,p]? f ! ,nor? ,c\ntrie1 & 0 ! k+'s ,ma/] ,mason & ,w4,m4 ( ! ,lodge1 8 successor be+ 8 son1 :o ent]$ ,k+ ,james ! sixt z ffreman measone & fell[ craft2 8 ?ird son ,john 0 a memb] ( ,lodge ,no4 #a & ,ma/] ,mason to ,*>les ,i41 #afca-afcf1 & 8 elde/ son 0 a deacon ( ,no4 #a elev5 times dur+ ?irty ye>s4 ,to him 0 appr5tic$ 8 nephew1 :o 0 w>d5 9 #affc-affd & deacon sev]al times4 ,william ,mylne 0 a w>d5 9 #afie1 ,?omas 7elde/ son7 0 ,ma/] 9 #agce1 & took "p 9 ! =mation ( ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,scotl&4 ,o!rs ( ! family cont9u$ to jo9 ! ,lodge ,no4 #a1 until ,rob]t1 ! la/ ( ! ,mylnes z ,freemasons1 0 initiat$ 9 #aged1 di$ 9 #ahaa1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,/ ,paul's ca!dral1 hav+ be5 ,surveyor to t ,edifice = fifty ye>s1 & ! la/ ( ! masonic ,mylnes = five g5]ations4 ,! ,/ ,john's ,lodge1 ,glasg[ 7,no4 #c bis71 has "s valuable old records & a ,*>t] ,*e/ ) ! words c>v$ !reon ,god save ! ,k+ & ,masons ,craft1 #afhd4 ,loyalty & ,*>ity are ! wat*words ( ! ,society4 ,! ,craft ,gilds 7,corps d',etat7 ( ,france1 & _! prog5y ! ,companionage1 h be5 fully describ$ by ,mr ,g\ld1 & ! ,/e9metz5 ( ,g]many w\ld require too detail$ notice if we 7 to p>ticul>ize its rules1 cu/oms & g5]al "*1 f ab\t ! #ab? c5tury onw>d4 ,mu* z !re 0 9 common betwe5 ! ,/onemasons ( ,g]many & ! ,freemasons ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! two societies nev] unit$ & 7 all ?r\gh ?is long p]iod :olly sep>ate & indep5d5t2 a k ( ,freemasonry & au?ority to hold lodges 9 ,g]many be+ d]iv$ f ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl& dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! !ory ( ! d]ivation ( ! ,freemasons f ! ,/e9metz5 0 fir/ prop\nd$ 9 #aggi by ! abbe ,gr&idi]1 & has be5 ma9ta9$ by m mod]n writ]s1 su* z ,fall\1 ,heidel(f & ,s*neid]1 b a ?or\gh exam9ation ( _! /atem5ts has result$ 9 su* an orig9 be+ g5]ally discr$it$4 ,:e!r ! ,/e9metz5 _h secret signs ( recognition or n1 is n q cle>1 b t ! ,freemasons _h1 = c5turies1 _c be d\bt$1 ?\gh precisely :at !y 7 may be op5 to "q1 & also :at portions ( ! exi/+ c]emonies are rem9isc5t ( ! craft ant]ior to ! ,revival ( #agag4 ,messrs ,spe? & ,g\ld fav\r ! notion t !re 7 two di/9ct & sep>ate degrees prior to ! ?ird decade ( ! #ah? c5tury 7,ars ,q4,c41 #ahih & #aijc71 :ile o!r au?orities h ei!r support$ ! ,"o degree !ory1 or consid] !re is n suffici5t evid5ce to w>rant a decision4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 t5d 9 fav\r ( ! fir/ view not$1 su* z ! ,tr9ity ,college ,,ms41 ,dubl9 7,free ,masonry1 ,feb4 #agaa71 & ! invaluable#i ,*etwode ,crawley ,,ms4 7,gr& ,lodge ,libr>y1 ,dubl972 ! second be+ read 9 connexion ) ! ,haughfoot ,lodge ,records1 beg9n+ #agjb 7,hi/1 ( ,freemasonry1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,v]non1 #ahic74 ,two ( ! mo/ rem>kable lodges at "w dur+ ! p]iod ( transition 7#agag-agbc71 out ( ! _m !n exi/+ 9 ,engl&1 assembl$ at ,alnwick & at ,york4 ,! orig9 ( ! fir/ not$ is n kn[n1 b !re are m9utes ( ! meet+s f #agjc1 ! ,rules are ( #agja1 sign$ by q a numb] ( memb]s1 & a transcript ( ! ,old ,*>ges beg9s ! volume4 ,9 #agjh-agji a m9ute provid$ = a masonic procession1 at :i* ! bre?r5 7 to walk ) _! aprons on & ,comon ,squ>e4 ,! ,lodge consi/$ ma9ly ( op]ative free ,bro!rs1 & cont9u$ = _m ye>s1 a code ( by-laws be+ publi%$ 9 #agfc1 b x nev] unit$ ) ! ,gr& ,lodge1 giv+ up ! /ruggle = exi/5ce a few ye>s fur!r on4 ,! o!r lodge1 ! mo/ notewor?y ( all ! ,engli% pr$ecessors ( ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 0 long held at ,york1 ! ,mecca ( ,engli% ,freemasons4#aj ,its orig9 is unkn[n1 b !re are traces ( its exi/5ce at an e>ly date1 & possibly x 0 a survival ( ! ,m9/] ,lodge ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,assum+ t ! ,york ,,ms4 ,no4 #d ( #afic 0 ! prop]ty ( ! lodge 9 t ye> 7:i* ,roll 0 pres5t$ by ,george ,walk] ( ,we!rby 9 #aggg71 ! entry :i* concludes t ,scroll is mo/ sugge/ive1 z x gives ,! names ( ! ,lodge 7memb]s7 & ! ,lodge ,w>d7en74 ,its influ5ce mo/ probably may be also not$ at ,sc>bor\gh1 :]e ,a private ,lodge 0 held on ! #aj? ( ,july #agje1 at :i* ! presid5t ,william ,?ompson1 ,esq41 & sev]all o!rs bre?r5 ffree ,masons 7 pres5t1 & six g5tlem5 7nam$7 7 !n admitt$ into ! said ffrat]nity4 ,^! p>ticul>s are endors$ on ! ,sc>bor\gh ,,ms4 ( ! ,old ,*>ges1 n[ own$ by ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,canada at ,toronto4 ,a n>r[ folio manuscript ,book beg9n+ #g? ,m>* #agje-agjf1 :i* 0 quot$ f 9 #aggh1 has long be5 miss+1 :i* is mu* to be regrett$1 z possibly x gave p>ticul>s ( ! lodge :i* assembl$ at ,brad=d1 ,york%ire1 :5 #ah ,g5tlem5 ( ! fir/ families 9 t neighb\rhood 7 made ,masons4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r roll ( records f #agab to #agcj happily pres]v$ ( ?is ,anci5t ,honble4 ,society & ,frat]nity ( ,free ,masons1 sometimes /yl$ ,company or ,society ( ,free & ,accept$ ,masons4 ,n to be beh9d ! ,london fratres1 ! ,york bre?r5 =m$ a ,gr& ,lodge on ! #bg? ( ,decemb] #agbe 7! ,gr& ,lodge ( all ,engl& 0 its mode/ title71 & 0 fl\ri%+ = ye>s1 receiv+ into _! company _m c\nty m5 ( great influ5ce4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat] !re 0 a brief p]iod ( somnol5ce1 b 9 #agfa a revival took place1 ) ,francis ,drake1 ! hi/orian1 z ,gr& ,ma/]1 t5 lodges be+ *>t]$ 9 ,york%ire1 ,*e%ire & ,lanca%ire1 #agfb-agij1 & a ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 s\? ( ! ,tr5t1 9 #aggi1 at ,london1 :i* w>rant$ two lodges4 ,be=e ! c5tury end$ all ^! collaps$ or jo9$ ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 s !re 0 n a s+le repres5tative ( ,york ,masonry left on ! adv5t ( ! next c5tury4 ,! premi] ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl& soon began to con/itute new ,lodges 9 ! metropolis1 & to recon/itute old ones t appli$ = recognition1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( #agbj-agba be+ /ill on ! ,roll z ,no4 #f1 ?us hav+ kept company ev] s9ce ) ! ?ree "t immemorial ,lodges1 ,nos4 #b1 #d & #ab4 ,applications = con/itution kept com+ 91 ! prov9ces be+ repres5t$ f #agbc to #agbd1 be=e :i* "t x is likely ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,irel&#aa _h be5 />t$1 ab\t :i* ! mo/ valuable ,caem5t>ia ,hib]nica by ,dr ,*etwode ,crawley may be consult$ ) absolute confid5ce4 ,prov9cial ,gr& ,lodges 7 =m$ to ease ! au?orities at headqu>t]s1 &1 z ! society spread1 also = ! ,cont95t1 & gradually ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ globe4 ,ow+ to ! cu/om prevail+ be=e ! #ah? c5tury1 a few bre?r5 7 compet5t to =m lodges on _! own initiative any:]e1 & h5ce ! regi/]s ( ! ,briti% ,gr& ,lodges are n always indicative ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! craft abroad4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica#ab lodges 7 held be=e :at is kn[n z ! fir/ regul> lodge 0 =m$ at ,bo/on1 ,mass41 9 #agcc1 & probably 9 ,canada#ac likewise4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,d5m>k1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,italy1 ,portugal1 ,russia1 ,spa91 ,sw$5 & o!r c\ntries4 ,( ! _m scores ( milit>y lodges1 ! fir/ w>rant 0 grant$ by ,irel& 9 #agcb4 ,to no o!r body ( ,freemasons has ! craft be5 s indebt$ = its prosp]ity 9 e>ly days z to _! milit>y bre?r54 ,!re 7 rivals to ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl& dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 "o ( consid]able magnitude be+ kn[n z ! ,anci5ts or ,a?oll ,masons1 =m$ 9 #agea1 b 9 ,decemb] #ahac a junction 0 effect$1 & f t "t ! prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 ) few exceptions1 has be5 extraord9>y4 ,no?+ b a volume to itself c\ld possibly describe ! ma9 features ( ! ,engli% ,craft f #agag1 :5 ,an?ony ,say] 0 elect$ ! fir/ ,gr& ,ma/] ( a brilliant galaxy ( rul]s4 ,! fir/ nobleman to und]take t (fice 0 ! duke ( ,montagu 9 #agba1 ! natural philosoph] ,j4 ,t4 ,desaguli]s be+ 8 imm$iate pr$ecessor1 :o has be5 cr$it$ 7& also ! ,rev4 ,james ,&]son7 ) ! hon\r ( />t+ ! premi] ,gr& ,lodge2 b l ! fable ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 hav+ be5 ,gr& ,ma/]1 evid5ce is entirely lack+4 ,iri% & ,scotti% pe]s %>e ) ^? ( ,engl& ! di/9ction ( presid+ ov] ! ,gr& ,lodge1 & f #aghb to #ahac _! ,royal ,highnesses ! duke ( ,cumb]l&1 ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 or ! duke ( ,sussex occupi$ ! masonic ?rone4 ,f #agec to #ahac ! rival ,gr& ,lodge _h be5 busy1 b ultimately a desire = a unit$ body prevail$1 & "u ! anci5t ,gr& ,ma/]1 ,h4,r4,h4 ! duke ( ,k5t1 x 0 decid$ to amalgamate ) ! orig9al rul+ organization1 ,h4,r4,h4 ! duke ( ,sussex becom+ ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,unit$ ,gr& ,lodge4 ,on ! decease ( ! pr9ce 9 #ahdc ! e>l ( ,zetl& succe$$1 foll[$ by ! m>quess ( ,ripon 9 #ahgd1 on ^: resignation ,h4,r4,h4 ! pr9ce ( ,wales became ! ,gr& ,ma/]4 ,soon aft] succe$+ to ! ?rone1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 ceas$ to gov]n ! ,engli% craft1 & 0 succe$$ by ,h4,r4,h4 ! duke ( ,connaught4 ,f #agcg to #aijg "s sixte5 ,engli% pr9ces ( ! royal blood jo9$ ! bro!rhood4 ,f #agbc to #ahac ! numb] ( lodges enroll$ 9 ,engl& am\nt$ to #afbf1 & f #ahad to ! end ( ,decemb] #aiji z _m z #cceb 7 w>rant$1 mak+ a gr& total ( #digh1 ( :i* ! la/ !n grant$ 0 numb]$ #cahe4 ,!re 7 9 #aiji /ill #bhgf on ! regi/]1 not)/&+ ! _m vacancies creat$ by ! f\ndation ( new ,gr& ,lodges 9 ! colonies & else:]e4#ad ,di/ribution & ,organization4--,! advantage ( ! cosmopolitan basis ( ! frat]nity g5]ally 7?\gh "s ,gr& ,lodges /ill pres]ve ! orig9al ,*ri/ian f\ndation7 has be5 conspicu\sly manife/$ & appreciat$ 9 ,india & o!r c\ntries :]e ! vot>ies ( num]\s religi\s sy/ems congregate2 b ! unalt]able basis ( a belief 9 ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se rema9s1 = )\t su* a recognition !re c be no ,freemasonry1 & x is n[1 z x always has be51 entirely free f p>ty politics4 ,! *>ities ( ! ,society 9 ,engl&1 ,irel& & ,scotl& are ext5sive & well organiz$1 _! unit$ co/ p] day n be+ less ?an ,l#ejj1 & ) ^? ( o!r ,gr& ,lodges ?r\gh\t ! _w mu/ am\nt to a v l>ge sum1 !re be+ ov] two millions ( ,freemasons4 ,! va/ increase ( late ye>s1 bo? ( lodges & memb]s1 h[ev]1 calls = r5ew$ vigilance & extra c>e 9 select+ c&idates1 t numb]s may n be a s\rce ( weakness in/ead ( /r5g?4 ,9 its int]nal organization1 ! work+ ( ,freemasonry involves an elaborate sy/em ( symbolic ritual1#ae z c>ri$ out at meet+s ( ! v>i\s lodges1 uni=mity z to ess5tials be+ ! rule4 ,! memb]s are classifi$ 9 num]\s degrees1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree are ,ent]$ ,appr5tice1 ,fell[ ,craft & ,ma/] ,mason1 ea* class ( :i*1 aft] initiation1 c only be atta9$ aft] pass+ a prescrib$ ordeal or exam9ation1 z a te/ ( pr(ici5cy1 correspond+ to ! essays ( ! op]ative p]iod4 ,! lodges h _! own by-laws = guidance1 subject to ! ,book ( ,con/itutions ( _! ,gr& ,lodge1 & ! regulations ( ! prov9cial or di/rict ,gr& ,lodge if locat$ 9 c\nties or held abroad4 ,x is to be regrett$ t on ! cont95t ( ,europe ,freemasonry has sometimes develop$ on diff]5t l9es f t ( ! ,"m ,gr& ,lodge & ,anglo-,saxon ,gr& ,lodges g5]ally1 & ?r\gh its political & anti-religi\s t5d5cies has come into contact or conflict ) ! /ate au?orities#af or ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,! ,gr& ,ori5t ( ,france 7b n ! ,supreme ,c\ncil #cco1 & its ,gr& ,lodge7 is an example ( ?is retrograde movem5t1 by its elim9ation ( ! p>agraph ref]r+ to a belief 9 ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se f its ,/atuts et reglem5ts g5]aux4 ,?is deplorable action has l$ to ! )drawal ( all regul> ,gr& ,lodges f association ) t body1 & su* sep>ation mu/ cont9ue until a return is made to ! anci5t & inviolable l&m>k ( ! society1 :i* makes x impossible = an a!i/ ei!r to jo9 or cont9ue a memb] ( ! frat]nity4 ,! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl& con/itut$ its fir/ lodge 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #agcb1 b "o 0 =m$ /ill e>li] on ! cont95t at ,gibralt> #agbh-agbi4 ,o!rs 7 also op5$ 9 ,g]many #agcc1 ,portugal #agce1 ,holl& #agce1 ,switz]l& #agdj1 ,d5m>k #agde1 ,italy #agfc1 ,belgium #agfe1 ,russia #agga1 & ,sw$5 #aggc4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! c\ntries ,gr& ,lodges 7 subsequ5tly creat$ & cont9ue to ?is date1 save t 9 ,au/ria 7n ,hung>y7 & ,russia no masonic lodges h = "s "t be5 p]mitt$ to assemble4 ,!re is a union ( ,gr& ,lodges ( ,g]many1 & an annual ,diet is held = ! transaction ( bus9ess affect+ ! sev]al masonic organizations 9 t c\ntry1 :i* works well4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,leopold 0 9 #aiji ,protector1 or ! ,wise/ ,ma/] 7,vic>ius ,salomonis74 ,k+ ,gu/av ,v4 0 ! ,gr& ,ma/] cross ( ! freemasons 9 ,sw$51 & ! sov]eign ( ! ,ord] ( ,*>les ,,xiii41 ! only "o ( ! k9d conf9$ to memb]s ( ! frat]nity4 ,lodges 7 con/itut$ 9 ,india f #agcj 7,calcutta71 #ageb 7,madras71 & #ageh 7,bombay72 9 ,jamaica #agdb1 ,antigua #agch1 & ,/ ,*ri/oph] #agci2 soon aft] :i* p]iod ! ,gr& ,lodges ( ,engl&1 ,irel& & ,scotl& _h repres5tatives at "w ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 no "p1 h[ev]1 outside ,great ,brita9 has ! craft fl\ri%$ s mu* z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! fir/ regul> lodge 7i4e4 accord+ to ! new regime7 0 op5$ 9 #agcc at ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,und\bt$ly lodges _h be5 meet+ /ill e>li]1 "o ( :i* 0 held at ,philadelphia1 ,p5na41 ) records f #agca1 :i* blossom$ into a ,gr& ,lodge1 b no au?ority has yet be5 trac$ = its proce$+s1 save t :i* may be t]m$ "t immemorial "r1 :i* 0 enjoy$ by all lodges & bre?r5 :o 7 at "w prior to ! ,gr& ,lodge era 7#agaf-agag7 or :o decl9$ to recognize ! autocratic proce$+s ( ! premi] ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 j z ! bre?r5 did 9 ! city ( ,york4 ,a deputation 0 grant$ to ,daniel ,coxe1 ,esq4 ( ,new ,j]sey1 by ! duke ( ,norfolk1 ,gr& ,ma/]1 #e? ( ,june #agcj1 z ,prov4 ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,prov9ces ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5silvania1 b !re is no evid5ce t he ev] con/itut$ any lodges or ex]cis$ any masonic au?ority 9 virtue !re(4 ,h5ry ,price z ,prov4 ,gr& ,ma/] ( ,new ,engl&1 & 8 lodge1 :i* 0 op5$ on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/ #agcc1 9 ! city ( ,bo/on1 s f> z is kn[n1 began regul> ,freemasonry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! old] & indep5d5t organization 0 soon aft]w>ds regul>iz$4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7an ,initiate ( ! lodge ( ,philadelphia7 pr9t$ & publi%$ ! ,book ( ,con/itutions1 #agbc 7( ,london1 ,engl&71 9 ! ,city ( ,bro!rly ,love 9 #agcd1 be+ ! olde/ masonic "w 9 ,am]ica4 ,engli% & ,scotti% ,gr& ,lodges 7 soon aft] petition$ to grant w>rants to hold lodges1 & by ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury sev]al ,gr& ,lodges 7 =m$1 ! ,craft becom+ v popul>1 p>tly no d\bt by reason ( s _m prom95t m5 jo9+ ! frat]nity1 ( :om ! *ief 0 ,george ,wa%+ton1 initiat$ 9 a ,scotti% lodge at ,fr$]icksburg1 ,virg9ia1 9 #ageb-agec4 ,9 #aijg !re 7 fifty ,gr& ,lodges assembl+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) consid]ably ov] a million memb]s4 ,9 ,canada 9 #aiji !re 7 eight ,gr& ,lodges1 hav+ ab\t #fd1jjj memb]s4 ,freemasonry 9 ! ,dom9ion is believ$ to date f #agdj4 ,! ,gr& ,lodges are all ( comp>atively rec5t organization1 ! olde/ & l>ge/1 ) #dj1jjj memb]s1 be+ = ,ont>io2 ^? ( ,manitoba1 ,nova ,scotia & ,quebec numb]+ ab\t #ejjj ea*4 ,!re are "s sev5 ,gr& ,lodges 9 ,au/ralia2 ,s\? ,au/ralia com+ fir/ z a sov]eign body1 foll[$ closely by ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria 7( #ahhd-ahhi con/itution71 ! :ole ( ! lodges 9 ! ,commonweal? probably hav+ fully #ej1jjj memb]s on ! regi/]s4 ,!re are _m additional degrees :i* may be tak5 or n 7be+ q optional71 & dep5d5t on a fav\rable ballot2 ! difficulty1 h[ev]1 ( obta9+ admission increases z progress is made1 ! numb]s accept$ decreas+ rapidly ) ea* advancem5t4 ,! *ief ( ^! are arrang$ 9 sep>ate classes & are gov]n$ ei!r by ! ,gr& ,*apt] ( ! ,royal ,ar*1 ! ,m>k ,gr& ,lodge1 ! ,great ,priory ( ,knights ,templ>s or ! ,anci5t & ,accept$ ,rite1 ^! be+ mutually complem5t>y & intimately connect$ z respects ,engl&1 & m or less s 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,nor? ,am]ica & :]ev] work$ on a simil> basis2 ! c\ntries ( ! cont95t ( ,europe h also _! own ,hautes ,grades4 7,w4 ,j4 ,h49974 ,,footnotes3 #a ,if hi/ory be no anci5t ,fable ,free ,masons came f ,t[] ( ,babel4 7,! ,freemasons2 an ,hudibra/ic poem1 ,london1 #agbc47 #b ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ,freemasonry & ,m$ieval ,build]s1 by ,mr ,g4 ,f4 ,=t 7,u4,s4,a471 & ! ,ca!dral ,build]s3 ,! ,mage/ri ,comac9i1 by ,lead] ,scott 7! late ,mrs ,baxt]71 take r a diff]5t view on ?is po9t & ably pres5t _! argum5ts4 ,! ,rev4 ,c4 ,k+sley 9 ,roman & ,teuton writes ( ! ,comac9i1 ,p]haps ! orig9al g]m ( ! great society ( ,freemasons4 #c ,! s]vice r5d]$ by ,dr ,w4 ,begemann 7,g]many7 9 8 ,attempt to ,classify ! ,old ,*>ges ( ! ,briti% ,masons 7vol4 #a ,trans4 ( ! ,quatuor ,coronati ,lodge1 ,london7 has be5 v great1 & ! rese>*es ( ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,wood=d & ,g4 ,w4 ,spe? h also be5 ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce4 #d ,f9del claims t 8 ,treatise on ! society 0 ! cause :i* fir/ impell$ ,engl& to ! /udy ( masonic hi/ory & u%]$ 9 ! intellectual movem5t :i* result$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,bros4 ,hughan1 ,lyon1 ,g\ld & o!rs4 ,great cr$it 0 due to ! late ,g]man au?or = 8 important "w1 b be=e its adv5t ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,wood=d1 ,d4 ,murray ,lyon & o!rs 9 ,great ,brita9 7 dilig5t masonic /ud5ts on simil> l9es4 #e ,x is n consid]$ necess>y to ref] at l5g? to ! ,fratres ,pontis1 or o!r imag9>y bodies ( freemasons1 z su* que/ions may well be left to ! curi\s & int]e/$ /ud5t4 #f ,no di/9ct trace ( ! g5]al employm5t ( l>ge migratory b&s ( masons1 go+ f place to place z a guild1 or company1 or bro!rhood 7,pr(4 ,t4 ,hayt]-,lewis1 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc41 #ahhi74 #g ,! ,associate ,synod :i* met at ,ed9burgh1 ,m>* #agee1 j a c5tury lat]1 took q an opposite view1 decid+ to depose f (fice any ( _! bre?r5 :o w\ld n give up _! masonic memb]%ip 7,scots ,mag41 #agee1 p4 #aeh74 ,papal ,bulls h also be5 issu$ aga9/ ! craft1 ! fir/ be+ 9 #agch2 b nei!r int]dicts nor ana!mata h any influ5ce ) ! frat]nity1 & fall q h>mless4 #h ,we h ! ,mason ,^w & second sight1 ,?+s = to come we c =tell aright4 7,! ,muses ,?r5odie1 by ,h4 ,adamson1 ,ed941 #afch47 #i ,! ,*etwode ,crawley ,,ms41 by ,w4 ,j4 ,hughan 7,ars4 ,q4,c41 #aijd74 #aj ,! ,york ,gr& ,lodge1 by ,messrs4 ,hughan & ,:ytehead 7,ars ,q4,c41 #aijj71 & ,masonic ,sket*es & ,repr9ts 7#ahga71 by ! =m]4 #aa ,! celebrat$ ,lady ,freemason1 ! ,hon4 ,mrs ,aldwor? 7nee ,miss ,/ ,leg]1 daught] ( ,"l ,don]aile71 0 initiat$ 9 ,irel&1 b at a mu* e>li] date ?an popul>ly suppos$2 c]ta9ly n lat] ?an #agac1 :5 ! v5turesome lady 0 tw5ty4 ,all e>ly acc\nts ( ! occurr5ce mu/ be receiv$ ) caution1 z !re are no contempor>y records ( ! ev5t4 #ab ,hi/ory ( ,freemasonry1 by ,dr ,a4 ,g4 ,mackey 7,new ,york1 #ahih71 & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,frat]nity ,publi%+ ,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 give v full p>ticul>s z to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ac ,see ,hi/ory ( ,freemasonry 9 ,canada 7,toronto1 #ahii71 by ,j4 ,ross ,rob]tson4 #ad ,! ,masonic ,records #agag-ahid1 by ,john ,lane1 & ! excell5t ,masonic ,ye>book1 publi%$ annually by ! ,gr& ,lodge ( ,engl&1 are ! two /&>d works on ,lodge enum]ation1 localization & nom5clature4 ,= p>ticul>s ( ! ,gr& ,lodges1 & especially t ( ,engl&1 ,g\ld's ,hi/ory is mo/ useful & tru/wor?y2 & = an orig9al contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! rival ,gr& ,lodge or ,a?oll ,masons1 ,sadl]'s ,masonic ,facts & ,fictions4 #ae ,a peculi> sy/em ( ,morality1 veil$ 9 ,allegory & illu/rat$ by ,symbols 7old def9ition ( ,freemasonry74 #af ,! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agii & #ahag1 9 acts ( p>liam5t1 specifically recogniz$ ! laudable "* ( ! society & provid$ = its cont9uance on def9ite l9es4 ,,freeport1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,/eph5son c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 9 ! ,n4,w4 "p ( ! /ate1 on ! ,pecatonica riv]1 #cj m4 f its m\? & ab\t #ajj m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,*icago4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #aj1ahi2 7#aijj7 #ac1beh1 ( :om #bbfd 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ag1efg4 ,! city is s]v$ by ! ,*icago ,nor?-,we/]n1 ! ,*icago1 ,milwaukee ,/ ,paul1 & ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral railways1 & by ! ,rock=d ,int]urban electric railway4 ,! ,ill9ois ,c5tral connects at ,s\? ,freeport1 ab\t #c m4 ,s4 ( ,freeport1 ) ! ,*icago ,great ,we/]n railway4 ,among ,freeport's manufactures are f\ndry & ma*9e %op products1 c>riages1 h>dw>e specialties1 pat5t m$ic9es1 w9dmills1 eng9es1 incubators1 organs1 be] & %oes4 ,! ,ill9ois ,c5tral has l>ge railway repair %ops "h4 ,! total value ( ! city's factory product 9 #aije 0 #c1aji1cjb1 an increase ( #ad4h s9ce #aijj4 ,9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry c]eals are gr[n1 & sw9e & p\ltry are rais$4 ,dairy+ is an important indu/ry also4 ,! city has a ,c>negie libr>y 7#aija74 ,9 ! ,c\rt ,h\se ,squ>e is a monum5t1 #hj ft4 high1 9 memory ( ! soldi]s :o di$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,at ! corn] ( ,d\glas ,av5ue & ,me*anic ,/reet a granite b\ld] commemorates ! fam\s debate betwe5 ,abraham ,l9coln & ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas1 held 9 ,freeport on ! #bg? ( ,augu/ #aheh4 ,9 t debate ,l9coln emphasiz$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 himself & ! radical anti-slav]y m51 & 9 answ] to "o ( ,l9coln's que/ions ,d\glas decl>$ t ! p ( a t]ritory1 ?r\gh unfri5dly laws or d5ial ( legislative protection1 c\ld exclude slav]y1 & t x matt]s n :at way ! ,supreme ,c\rt may h]eaft] decide on ! ab/ract "q :e!r slav]y may or may n g into a t]ritory "u ! ,con/itution4 ,?is1 ! s-call$ ,freeport doctr9e1 greatly weak5$ ,d\glas 9 ! presid5tial election ( #ahfj4 ,freeport 0 settl$ 9 #ahce1 0 laid out & nam$ ,w9ne%iek 9 #ahcf1 & 9 #ahcg "u its pres5t "n 0 made ! c\nty-seat ( ,/eph5son c\nty4 ,x 0 incorporat$ z a t[n 9 #ahej & *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahee4 ,,free ,,ports1 a t]m1 /rictly speak+1 giv5 to localities :]e no cu/oms duties are levi$1 & :]e no cu/oms sup]vision exi/s4 ,9 ^! ports 7subject to paym5t = specific s]vices r5d]$1 :>fage1 /orage1 c41 & to ! obs]vance ( local police & sanit>y regulations7 %ips load & unload1 c>goes are deposit$ & h&l$1 indu/ries are ex]cis$1 manufactures are c>ri$ on1 goods are b\ght & sold1 )\t any action on ! "p ( fiscal au?orities4 ,ports are likewise designat$ free :]e a space or zone exi/s )9 :i* comm]cial op]ations are conduct$ )\t paym5t ( import or export duty1 & )\t active int]f]5ce on ! "p ( cu/oms au?orities4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man designations = ^! two descriptions ( ports are--= ! =m] ,la ,ville fran*e1 ,freihaf52 = ! latt] ,le ,port franc1 ,freibezirk or ,freilag]4 ,! ,engli% phrase free port applies to bo?4#a ,! lead+ conditions "u :i* free ports 9 ,europe d]iv$ _! orig9 7 z foll[s3--7#a7 ,:5 public ord] became re-e/abli%$ dur+ ! middle ages1 trad+ c5tres 7 gradually =m$4 ,m>ts = ! ex*ange & pur*ase ( goods arose 9 diff]5t localities4 ,_m ,italian settlem5ts1 con/itut+ free zones1 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,levant4 ,! ,hanseatic t[ns arose 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,great fairs became recogniz$--! ,leipzig *>t] 0 grant$ 9 #abfh4 ,^! localities 7 free z reg>ds cu/oms duties1 al?\gh dues ( ! nature ( octroi *>ges 7 (t5 levi$4 7#b7 ,until ! #ai? c5tury ,european /ates 7 num]\s1 & (t5 ( small size4 ,accord+ly uni=m cu/oms t>iffs ( wide application did n exi/4 ,uni=m rates ( duty 7 fix$ ,9 ,engl& by ! ,subsidy ,act ( #affj4 ,9 ,france1 be=e ! ,revolution 7besides ! free ports71 ,alsace & ! ,lorra9e ,bi%oprics 7 9 trade matt]s treat$ z =eign c\ntries4 ,! unification ( ! ,g]man cu/oms t>iff began 9 #ahcd ) ! ,/eu]v]e9 & ! ,zollv]e94 ,! ,spani% fiscal sy/em did n include ! ,basque prov9ces until ab\t #ahej4 ,! uni=m ,italian t>iff dates f #ahfa4 ,?us until v rec5t times on ! ,cont95t free ports 7 compatible ) ! fiscal policy & practice ( diff]5t c\ntries4 7#c7 ,along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 up to ! #ai? c5tury1 conv5i5t %elt] 0 ne$$ f corsairs4 ,9 o!r cont95tal c\ntries ! preval5t colonial & m]cantile policy s\ght to create trans-oceanic trade4 ,free ports 7 advantage\s f all ^! po9ts ( view4 ,9 foll[+ ! hi/ory ( ^! h>b\rs 9 ,europe1 x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ,great ,brita9 free ports h nev] exi/$4 ,9 #aeeb x 0 contemplat$ to place ,hull & ,s\?ampton on ?is foot+1 b ! design 0 ab&on$4 ,subsequ5tly ! bond+ & n ! free port sy/em 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,au/ria-,hung>y4--,fiume & ,trie/e 7 respectively free ports dur+ ! p]iods #agbb-ahic & #agai-ahic4 ,belgium4--,! emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 dur+ 8 visit to ! ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s 9 ,june #agha endeav\r$ to create a direct trade betwe5 t c\ntry & ,india4 ,o/5d 0 made a free port1 & l>ge bond+ facilities 7 af=d$ at ,bruges1 ,brussels1 ,gh5t & ,l\va94 ,9 #agif1 h[ev]1 ! revolution>y gov]nm5t aboli%$ ! ,o/5d privileges4 ,d5m>k4--,9 ,novemb] #ahid an area ( ab\t #aej acres at ,cop5hag5 0 op5$ z a free port1 & great facilities are af=d$ = %ipp+ & comm]cial op]ations 9 ord] t ! ,baltic trade may c5tre !re4 ,france4--,m>seilles 0 a free port 9 ! middle ages1 & s 0 ,dunkirk :5 x =m$ "p ( ,fl&]s4 ,9 #affi ^! privileges 7 confirm$1 & ext5d$ to ,bayonne4 ,9 #aghd !re 0 a fre% confirmation1 & ,lori5t & ,/ ,jean de ,luz 7 includ$ 9 ! ordonnance4 ,! ,national ,assembly 9 #agij ma9ta9$ ?is policy1 & creat$ free ports 9 ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 #agie1 h[ev]1 all su* privileges 7 aboli%$1 b l>ge bond+ facilities 7 all[$ at ,m>seilles to fav\r ! ,levant trade4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 9 #ahad re/or$1 & 9 #ahga aga9 revok$1 ! free port privileges ( ,m>seilles4 ,!re are n[ no free ports 9 ,france or 9 ,fr5* possessions2 ! bond+ sy/em is 9 =ce4 ,g]many4--,brem51 ,hamburg & ,luebeck 7 recon/itut$ free t[ns & ports "u ! treaties ( #ahad-ahae4 ,c]ta9 m9or ports1 & sev]al l&+-/ages on ! ,rh9e & ! ,neck>1 7 also designat$ free4 ,z ! ,zollv]e9 policy became accept$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 previ\s privileges 7 gradually less5$1 & s9ce #ahhh only ,hamburg rema9s a free port4 ,!re an area ( ab\t #bejj acres is exempt f cu/oms duties & control1 & is l>gely us$ = %ipp+ & comm]cial purposes4 ,brem]hav5 has a simil> area ( ne>ly #gjj acres4 ,brake1 ,brem51 ,cuxhav51 ,emd51 ,gee/emu5de1 ,neufahrwass] & ,/ett9 possess ,freibezirke areas1 portions ( ! l>g] port4 ,heligol& is outside ! ,zollv]e9--practically a =eign c\ntry4 ,9 ,italy free ports 7 num]\s & important1 & possess$ privileges :i* v>i$ at diff]5t dates4 ,!y 7--,ancona1 dur+ ! p]iod #afif-ahfh2 ,br9disi1 #ahde-ahfb2 ,leghorn 79 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies a v important ,m$it]ranean h>b\r71 #afge-ahfg2 ,mess9a1 #afie-ahgi2 ,s5igallia1 #ahba-ahfh1 dur+ ! mon? ( ! local fair4 ,v5ice possess$ w>eh\ses1 equival5t to bond$ /ores1 = ,g]man & ,turki% trade dur+ ! ,republic1 & 0 a free port #ahea-ahgc4 ,g5oa 0 a free port 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic & "u ! ,fr5* ,empire1 & 0 cont9u$ z su* by ! treaties ( #ahad-ahae4 ,! free port 01 h[ev]1 *ang$ into a deposito franco by a law pass$ 9 #ahfe1 & only /or+ privileges n[ rema94 ,rumania4--,braila1 ,galatz & ,ku/5ji 7 free ports 7= a p]iod ( ab\t =ty ye>s7 up to #ahhc1 :5 bond$ w>eh\ses 7 e/abli%$ by ! ,rumanian gov]nm5t4 ,sul9a rema9s free4 ,russia4--,ar*angel 0 a free port1 at lea/ = ,engli% goods1 f #aeec to #afdh4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,engli% products 7 admitt$ into ,russia via ,ar*angel )\t any cu/oms paym5t = int]nal consumption1 & also 9 transit to ,p]sia4 ,! ts> ,alexis revok$ ?is grant on ! execution ( ,*>les ,i4 ,free ports 7 op5$ 9 #ahie at ,kola1 9 ,russian ,lapl&4 ,dalny1 adjo9+ ,port ,ar?ur1 0 a free port dur+ ! ,russian occupation2 & ,japan aft] ! w> decid$ to r5ew ?is privilege z soon z practicable4 ,! numb] ( free ports outside ,europe has also less5$4 ,! adm9i/rative policy ( ,european c\ntries has be5 gradually adopt$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & cu/oms duties h become almo/ univ]sal1 conjo9$ ) bond+ & tran%ipm5t facilities4 ,9 ,briti% colonies & possessions1 "u an act ( p>liam5t pass$ 9 #agff1 & repeal$ 9 #ahfg1 two ports 9 ,dom9ica & f\r 9 ,jamaica 7 free1 ,malacca1 ,p5ang & ,s+apore h be5 free ports s9ce #ahbd1 ,hong-,kong s9ce #ahdb1 & ,weihaiwei s9ce x 0 leas$ to ,great ,brita9 9 #ahih4 ,zanzib> 0 a free port dur+ #ahib-ahii4 ,ad51 ,gibralt>1 ,/ ,hel5a & ,/ ,?omas 7,we/ ,indies7 are sometimes designat$ free ports4 ,a few duties are1 h[ev]1 levi$1 :i* are really octroi r ?an cu/oms *>ges4 ,^! places are ma9ly /ations = coal+ & await+ ord]s4 ,"s h>b\rs 9 ! ,ne!rl&s ,ea/ ,indies 7 free ports betwe5 #ahbi & #ahii2 b ^! privileges 7 )drawn by laws pass$ 9 #ahih-ahii1 9 ord] to e/abli% uni=mity ( cu/oms adm9i/ration4 ,h>b\rs :]e cu/om h\ses are n ma9ta9$ w be practically clos$ to =eign trade1 ?\gh ! gov]nor-g5]al may 9 special circum/ances v>y ! application ( ! new regulations4 ,macao has be5 a free port s9ce #ahde4 ,portugal has no o!r h>b\r ( ?is "*4 ,! ,am]ican ,republics h adopt$ ! bond+ sy/em4 ,9 #ahif a free :>f 0 op5$ at ,new ,orleans 9 imitation ( ! rec5t ,european plan4 ,liv+/one 7,guatemala7 0 a free port dur+ ! p]iod #ahhb-ahhh4 ,! privileges enjoy$ "u ! old free port sy/em b5efit$ ! t[ns & di/ricts :]e !y exi/$2 & _! abolition has be51 locally1 injuri\s4 ,^! places 71 h[ev]1 =eign to _! own c\ntry1 & _! inl& int]c\rse 0 re/rict$ by ! duties levi$ on _! products1 & by ! precautions adopt$ to prev5t evasion ( ^! *>ges4 ,) fiscal usages involv+ pref]5tial & def]5tial treatm5t ( goods & places1 ! drawbacks ?us aris+ did n attract s]i\s att5tion4 ,"u ! limit$ means ( communication )9 & beyond ! c\ntry1 9 =m] times1 ^! conv5i5ces 7 n mu* felt4 ,b :5 f9ance dep>tm5ts became m completely organiz$1 ! free port sy/em fell out ( fav\r ) fiscal au?orities3 x af=d$ opportunities = smuggl+1 & imp$$ uni=mity ( action & practice4 ,x became1 9 fact1 out ( h>mony ) ! adm9i/rative & f9ancial policy ( lat] times4 ,bond+ & entrepot facilities1 on a scale comm5surate ) local ne$s1 n[ satisfy trade requirem5ts4 ,9 c\ntries :]e high cu/oms duties are levi$1 & :]e fiscal regulations are m9ute & rigid1 if an ext5sion ( =eign trade is desir$1 & ! competition :i* x involves is a national aim1 special facilities mu/ be grant$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ^! circum/ances a free zone suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( comm]cial op]ations & tran%ipm5ts on a scale :i* w fulfil ^! conditions 7wat*$ b n int]f]$ ) by ! cu/oms7 becomes indisp5sable4 ,! ,g]man gov]nm5t h1 z we h se51 ma9ta9$ a free zone ( ?is nature at ,hamburg4 ,& :5 ! free port at ,cop5hag5 0 op5$1 c\nt] measures 7 adopt$ at ,danzig & ,/ett94 ,an agitation has aris5 9 ,france to provide at c]ta9 ports free zones simil> to ^? at ,cop5hag5 & ,hamburg1 & to op5 free ports 9 ,fr5* possessions4 ,a bill to ?is effect 0 submitt$ to ! *amb] ( deputies on ! #ab? ( ,april #aije4 ,colonial free ports1 su* z ,hong-,kong & ,s+apore1 d n int]f]e ) ! uni=mity ( ! home cu/oms & excise policy4 ,^! two h>b\rs 9 p>ticul> h become great %ipp+ resorts & di/ribut+ c5tres4 ,! policy :i* l$ to _! e/abli%m5t z free ports has c]ta9ly promot$ ,briti% comm]cial int]e/s4 ,see ! ,p>liam5t>y ,pap] on ,cont95tal ,free ,ports1 #aijd4 7,c4 ,m4 ,k47 ,,footnote3 #a ,9 ,*9a at ! pres5t "t 7#aijb7 c]ta9 ports are designat$ free & op54 ,?is phrase means t ! ports 9 "q are 7#a7 op5 to =eign trade1 & 7#b7 t vessels engag$ 9 ov]sea voyages may freely resort !re4 ,exemption f paym5t ( cu/oms duties is n impli$1 :i* is a matt] di/9ct f ! p]mission grant$ "u treaty engagem5ts to =eign vessels to c>ry c>goes to & f ! treaty ports4 ,,free ,,re$ ,,vibrator 7,fr4 an*e libre1 ,g]4 dur*s*lag5de ,zunge1 ,ital4 ancia or l+ua lib]a71 9 musical in/rum5ts1 a ?9 metal tongue fix$ at "o end & vibrat+ freely ei!r 9 surr\nd+ space1 z 9 ! accordion & conc]t9a1 or enclos$ 9 a pipe or *annel1 z 9 c]ta9 re$ /ops ( ! organ or 9 ! h>monium4 ,! enclos$ re$1 9 its typical & !oretical =m1 is fix$ ov] an ap]ture ( ! same %ape b j l>ge en\gh to all[ x to sw+ freely backw>ds & =w>ds1 alt]nately op5+ & clos+ ! ap]ture1 :5 driv5 by a curr5t ( compress$ air4 ,we h to deal ) air "u ?ree diff]5t conditions 9 consid]+ ! ph5om5on ( ! s\nd produc$ by free re$s4 7#a7 ,! /ation>y column or /ratum 9 pipe or *annel conta9+ ! re$1 :i* is normally at re/4 7#b7 ,! w9d or curr5t ( air f$ f ! bell[s ) a v>iable velocity & pressure1 :i* is brok5 up into p]iodic air puffs z its entrance into pipe or *annel is alt]nately *eck$ or all[$ by ! vibrator4 7#c7 ,! di/urb$ condition ( ,no4 #a :5 act$ ^u by ! metal vibrator & by ,no #b1 :]eby ! air )9 ! pipe is =c$ into alt]nate pulses ( cond5sation & r>efaction4 ,! free re$ is !re=e n ! tone-produc] b only ! excit+ ag5t1 t is to say1 ! s\nd is n produc$ by ! communication ( ! free re$'s vibrations to ! surr\nd+ air1#a z 9 ! case ( a vibrat+ /r+1 b by ! s]ies ( air puffs punctuat$ by inf9itesimal pauses1 :i* x produces by alt]nately op5+ & almo/ clos+ ! ap]ture4#b ,a musical s\nd is ?us produc$ ! pit* ( :i* dep5ds on ! l5g? & ?ickness ( ! metal tongue2 ! great] ! l5g?1 ! sl[] ! vibrations & ! l[] ! pit*1 :ile on ! contr>y1 ! ?ick] ! re$ ne> ! %\ld] at ! fix$ end1 ! high] ! pit*4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! p]iodic vibrations ( ! re$ det]m9e ! pit* ( ! s\nd solely by ! frequ5cy p] second !y impose ^u ! pulses ( r>efaction & cond5sation )9 ! pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,j4 ,b4 ,biot1 ,traite de physique exp]im5tale4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,gr5ie's organ pipe fitt$ ) free-re$ vibrator4 ,a1 ,tun+ wire4 ,d1 ,free re$4 ,r1 ,re$-box4 ,b1 ,c1 ,fe$ pipe ) conical foot4 ,t1 ,"p ( resonat+ pipe1 ! upp] end ) cap & v5t hole be+ %[n sep>ately at ! side4 ,! mo/ valuable *>act]i/ic ( ! free re$ is its p[] ( produc+ all ! delicate gradations ( tone betwe5 =te & piano by virtue ( a law ( ac\/ics gov]n+ ! vibration ( free re$s1 :]eby increas$ pressure ( w9d produces a proportional increase 9 ! volume ( tone4 ,! pit* ( any s\nd dep5ds ^u ! frequ5cy ( ! s\nd-waves1 t is1 ! numb] p] second :i* rea* ! e>2 ! fullness ( s\nd dep5ds ^u ! amplitude ( ! waves1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ( ! sw+ ( ! transmitt+ p>ticles ( ! m$ium--great] pressure 9 ! air curr5t 7,no4 #b above7 :i* sets ! vibrator 9 motion produc+ amplitude ( vibration 9 ! air )9 ! receptacle 7,no4 #c above7 s]v+ z resonat+ m$ium4 ,! s\nd produc$ by ! free re$ itself is weak & requires to be re9=c$ by means ( an additional /ation>y column or /ratum ( air4 ,free re$ in/rum5ts are !re=e classifi$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! resonant m$ium provid$3--7#a7 ,free re$s vibrat+ 9 pipes1 su* z ! re$ /ops ( *ur* organs on ! cont95t ( ,europe 79 ,engl& ! re$ pipes are g5]ally provid$ ) beat+ re$s1 see ,,re$ ,,in/rum5ts & ,,cl>9et74 7#b7 ,free re$s vibrat+ 9 re$ comp>tm5ts & re9=c$ by air *amb]s ( v>i\s %apes & sizes z 9 ! h>monium 7q4v474 7#c7 ,in/rum5ts l ! accordion & conc]t9a hav+ ! free re$ set 9 vibration ?r\gh a valve1 b hav+ no re9=c+ m$ium4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! free re$ 9 an organ pipe is simple1 & does n diff] greatly f t ( ! beat+ re$ %[n 9 fig4 #b = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,! re$-box1 a rectangul> wood5 pipe1 is clos$ at ! bottom & cov]$ on "o face ) a ?9 plate ( copp] hav+ a rectangul> slit ov] :i* is fix$ ! ?9 metal vibrat+ tongue or re$ z describ$ above4 ,! re$-box1 itself op5 at ! top1 is enclos$ 9 a fe$ pipe hav+ a conical foot pi]c$ ) a small hole ?r\gh :i* ! air curr5t is =c$ by ! action ( ! bell[s4 ,! impact ( ! incom+ compress$ air aga9/ ! re$ tongue sets x sw++ ?r\gh ! slit1 ?us caus+ a di/urbance or s]ies ( pulsations )9 ! re$-box4 ,! air !n f9ds an escape ?r\gh ! resonat+ m$ium ( a pipe fitt+ ov] ! re$-box & t]m9at+ 9 an inv]t$ cone cov]$ ) a cap 9 ! top ( :i* is pi]c$ a small hole or v5t4 ,! quality ( tone ( free re$s is due to ! t5d5cy ( air set 9 p]iodic pulsations to divide into aliquot vibrations or loops1 produc+ ! ph5om5on kn[n z h>monic ov]tones or upp] p>tials1 :i* may1 9 ! highly composite clang ( free re$s1 be disc]n$ z f> z ! #af? or #bj? ( ! s]ies4 ,! m int]mitt5t & int]rupt$ ! air curr5t becomes1 ! great] ! numb] ( ! upp] p>tials produc$4#c ,! p[] ( ! ov]tones & _! relation to ! fundam5tal note dep5d greatly ^u ! =m ( ! tongue1 its position & ! am\nt ( ! cle>ance left z x sw+s ?r\gh ! ap]ture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,organ pipe fitt$ ) beat+ re$4 ,,al1 ,beat+ re$4 ,r1 ,re$ box4 ,ff1 ,tun+ wire4 ,,tv1 ,fe$ pipe4 ,,vv1 ,conical foot4 ,s1 ,hole ?r\gh :i* compress$ air is f$4 ,free re$s n associat$ ) resonat+ m$ia z 9 ! conc]t9a are peculi>ly ri* 9 h>monics1 b z ! high] h>monics lie v close toge!r1 disagreeable dissonances & a h>% tone result4 ,! resonat+ pipe or *amb] :5 suitably accommodat$ to ! re$ greatly modifies ! tone by re9=c+ ! h>monics prop] to itself1 ! o!rs s9k+ into comp>ative insignificance4 ,9 ord] to produce a full ri* tone1 a resonator %\ld be *os5 ^: deepe/ note co9cides ) ! fundam5tal tone ( ! re$4 ,! o!r upp] p>tials w also be re9=c$ !reby1 b to a less degree ! high] ! h>monics4#d ,= ! hi/ory ( ! application ( ! free re$ to keybo>d in/rum5ts see ,,h>monium4 7,k4 ,s47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,h4 ,helmholtz1 ,die ,lehre von d5 ,tonempf9dung5 7,brunswick1 #ahgg71 p4 #aff4 #b ,see also ,ern/ ,he9ri* & ,wilhelm ,web]1 ,well5lehre 7,leipzig1 #ahbe71 :]e a p>ticul>ly lucid explanation ( ! ph5om5on is giv51 pp4 #ebf-ecj4 #c ,see ,helmholtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #afg4 #d ,^! ph5om5a are cle>ly expla9$ at great] l5g? by ,s$ley ,taylor 9 ,s\nd & ,music 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #acd-aec & pp4 #gd-hf4 ,see also ,fri$ri* ,zamm9]1 ,die ,musik und die musikalis*5 ,in/rum5te1 c4 7,giess51 #ahee71 p4 #bfa4 ,,freesia1 9 botany1 a g5us ( plants belong+ to ! ,iris family 7,iridaceae71 & conta9+ a s+le species1 ,f4 refracta1 native at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! plants gr[ f a corm 7a solid bulb1 z 9 ,gladiolus7 :i* s5ds up a tuft ( long n>r[ leaves & a slightly bran*$ /em be>+ a few leaves & loose "o-sid$ spikes ( fragrant n>r[ly funnel-%ap$ fl[]s4 ,sev]al v>ieties are kn[n 9 cultivation1 diff]+ 9 ! col\r ( ! fl[]1 :i* is :ite1 cream or yell[4 ,!y =m pretty gre5h\se plants :i* are readily increas$ f se$4 ,!y are ext5sively gr[n = ! m>ket 9 ,gu]nsey1 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,by pott+ successively ?r\gh\t ! autumn a supply ( fl[]s is obta9$ ?r\gh w9t] & spr+4 ,"s v f9e l>ge-fl[]$ v>ieties1 includ+ rose-col\r$ ones1 are n[ be+ rais$ by v>i\s gr[]s 9 ,engl&1 & are a great improvem5t on ! old] =ms4 ,,free ,,soil ,,p>ty1 a political p>ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 0 organiz$ 9 #ahdg-ahdh to oppose ! ext5sion ( slav]y into ! ,t]ritories4 ,x 0 a comb9ation ( ! political abolitioni/s--_m ( :om _h =m]ly be5 id5tifi$ ) ! m radical ,lib]ty p>ty--! anti-slav]y ,:igs1 & ! faction ( ! ,democratic p>ty 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 call$ ,b>nburn]s1 :o fav\r$ ! prohibition ( slav]y1 9 accordance ) ! ,wilmot ,proviso 7see ,,wilmot1 ,,david71 9 ! t]ritory acquir$ f ,mexico4 ,! p>ty 0 prom95t 9 ! presid5tial campaigns ( #ahdh & #aheb4 ,at ! national conv5tion held 9 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 on ! #i? & #aj? ( ,augu/ #ahdh1 !y secur$ ! nom9ation to ! presid5cy ( ex-,presid5t ,m>t9 ,van ,bur51 :o _h fail$ to secure nom9ation by ! ,democrats 9 #ahdd because ( 8 opposition to ! annexation ( ,texas1 & ( ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 ( ,massa*usetts1 = ! vice-presid5cy1 tak+ z _! plat=m a ,decl>ation t ,congress1 hav+ no m p[] to make a slave ?an to make a k+1 0 b\nd to re/rict slav]y to ! slave /ates1 & conclud+1 we inscribe on our bann] ',free ,soil1 ,free ,spee*1 ,free ,labor & ,free ,man1' & "u x we w fight on & fight ev]1 until a triumphant victory %all rew>d our ex]tions4 ,! ,lib]ty p>ty _h previ\sly1 9 ,novemb] #ahdg1 nom9at$ ,john ,p4 ,hale & ,leice/] ,k+ z presid5t & vice-presid5t respectively1 b 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdh x )drew its c&idates & jo9$ ! free soil movem5t4 ,repres5tatives ( eighte5 /ates1 includ+ ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia1 att5d$ ! ,buffalo conv5tion4 ,9 ! ensu+ presid5tial election ,van ,bur5 & ,adams receiv$ a popul> vote ( #bia1bfc1 ( :i* #abj1eaj 7 ca/ 9 ,new ,york4 ,!y receiv$ no electoral votes1 all ^! be+ divid$ betwe5 ! ,:ig c&idate1 ,za*>y ,taylor1 :o 0 elect$1 & ! ,democratic c&idate1 ,lewis ,cass4 ,! free soil]s1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 s5d+ to ! ?irty-fir/ ,congress two s5ators & f\rte5 repres5tatives1 :o by _! ability ex]cis$ an influ5ce out ( proportion to _! numb]4 ,betwe5 #ahdh & #aheb ! ,b>nburn]s & ! ,hunk]s1 _! oppon5ts1 became p>tially reunit$1 ! =m] return+ to ! ,democratic ranks1 & ?us greatly weak5+ ! ,free ,soil]s4 ,! p>ty held its national conv5tion at ,pittsburg1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! #aa? ( ,augu/ #aheb1 delegates be+ pres5t f all ! free /ates1 & f ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky2 & ,john ,p4 ,hale1 ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,george ,w4 ,julian ( ,indiana1 7 nom9at$ = ! presid5cy & ! vice-presid5cy respectively1 on a plat=m :i* decl>$ slav]y a s9 aga9/ ,god & a crime aga9/ man1 d5\nc$ ! ,compromise ,measures ( #ahej1 ! fugitive slave law 9 p>ticul>1 & aga9 oppos$ ! ext5sion ( slav]y 9 ! ,t]ritories4 ,^! c&idates1 h[ev]1 receiv$ no electoral votes & a popul> vote ( only #aef1adi1 ( :i* b #be1cbi 7 poll$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,by #ahef !y ab&on$ _! sep>ate organization & jo9$ ! movem5t :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! p[]ful ,republican p>ty 7q4v471 ( :i* ! ,free ,soil p>ty 0 ! legitimate precursor4 ,,free-,,/one 7a translation ( ! ,o4 ,fr4 fran*e p]e or pi]re1 i4e4 /one ( good quality2 ! mod]n ,fr5* equival5t is pi]re de taille1 & ,ital4 pietra molle71 /one us$ 9 ar*itecture = m\ld+s1 trac]y & o!r "w requir$ to be work$ ) ! *isel4 ,! oolitic /ones are g5]ally s call$1 al?\gh 9 "s c\ntries s(t s&/ones are us$2 9 "s *ur*es an indurat$ *alk call$ clun* is employ$ = int]nal l9+ & = c>v+4 ,,freet[n1 capital ( ! ,briti% colony ( ,si]ra ,leone1 ,we/ ,africa1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,si]ra ,leone e/u>y1 ab\t #e m4 f ! cape ( t "n1 9 #h deg4 #bi' ,n41 #ac deg4 #aj' ,w4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #cd1dfc4 ,ab\t #ejj ( ! inhabitants are ,europeans4 ,freet[n is picturesquely situat$ on a pla91 clos$ 9 beh9d by a succession ( wood$ hills1 ! ,si]ra ,leone1 ris+ to a height ( #agjj ft4 ,z ne>ly e h\se is surr\nd$ by a c\rty>d or g>d51 ! t[n cov]s an unusually l>ge area = ! numb] ( its inhabitants4 ,x possesses few build+s ( ar*itectural m]it4 ,! pr9cipal are ! gov]nor's resid5ce & gov]nm5t (fices1 ! b>racks1 ! ca!dral1 ! mission>y in/itutions1 ! fruit m>ket1 ,wilb]=ce ,hall1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 ! railway /ation & ! gramm> s*ool4 ,sev]al ( ^! in/itutions are built on ! slopes ( ! hills1 & on ! highe/ po9t1 ,sug> ,loaf ,m\nta91 is a sanatorium4 ,! botanic g>d5s =m a pleasant & fav\rite place ( resort4 ,! roads are wide b badly kept4 ,horses d n live1 & all :eel$ traffic is done by manual lab\r--hammocks & s$an-*airs are ! cu/om>y means ( locomotion4 ,not)/&+ t ,freet[n possesses an abundant & pure wat]-supply1 drawn f ! adjac5t hills1 x is en]vat+ & unheal?y1 & x 0 p>ticul>ly to ! capital1 (t5 spok5 ( z ,si]ra ,leone1 t ! designation ,:ite ,man's ,grave appli$4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury /r5u\s ef=ts h be5 made to improve ! sanit>y condition by a new sy/em ( dra9age1 a bett] wat] s]vice1 ! fill+ up ( m>%es :]e9 ! mal>ial mosquito bre$s1 & 9 o!r directions4 ,a light railway #f m4 long1 op5$ 9 #aijd1 has be5 built to ,hill ,/ation 7#ijj ft4 high71 :]e1 on a heal?y site1 are ! resid5ces ( ! gov]nm5t (ficials & ( o!r ,europeans4 ,z a consequ5ce ! public heal? has improv$1 ! highe/ dea?-rate 9 ! ye>s #aija-aijg be+ #bi4f p] #ajjj4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by a municipality 7creat$ 9 #ahic7 ) a mayor & c\ncillors1 ! l>ge majority be+ elective4 ,freet[n 0 ! fir/ place 9 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa grant$ local self-gov]nm5t4 ,bo? comm]cially & /rategically ,freet[n is a place ( importance4 ,its h>b\r af=ds ample accommodation = ! l>ge/ fleets1 x is a coal+ /ation = ! ,briti% navy1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,briti% milit>y =ces 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ! sea t]m9us ( ! railway to ! ri* oil-palm regions ( ,m5dil&1 & a port ( call = all /eam]s s]v+ ,we/ ,africa4 ,its inhabitants are not$ = _! skill z trad]s2 ! t[n itself produces no?+ 9 ! way ( exports4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! "* ( ! orig9al settlem5t 7see ,,si]ra ,,leone71 #ge ( ! inhabitants are desc5d$ f non-indig5\s ,negro races4 ,z _m z #aej diff]5t tribes are repres5t$ 9 ! ,si]ra ,leonis ( to-day4 ,_! semi-,europeanization is l>gely ! result ( mission>y endeav\r4 ,! only language ( ! l[] class is pidg9-,engli%--q incompreh5sible to ! newcom] f ,great ,brita91--b a l>ge proportion ( ! inhabitants are highly educat$ m5 :o excel z lawy]s1 cl]gym51 cl]ks & trad]s4 ,_m memb]s ( ! upp]1 t is1 ! be/-educat$1 class h fill$ (ficial positions ( great responsibility4 ,! mo/ not$ citiz5s are ,bi%op ,cr[!r & ,sir ,samuel ,lewis1 *ief ju/ice ( ,si]ra ,leone #ahhb-ahid4 ,bo? 7 full-blood$ ,africans4 ,! ,kru-m5 =m a di/9ct section ( ! community1 liv+ 9 a sep>ate qu>t] & pres]v+ _! tribal cu/oms4 ,s9ce #ahfa-ahfb !re has be5 an indep5d5t ,episcopal ,native ,*ur*2 b ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 :i* 9 #ahjd s5t out ! fir/ mission>ies to ,si]ra ,leone1 /ill ma9ta9s v>i\s ag5cies4 ,furah ,bay ,college1 built by ! society on ! site ( ,g5]al ,*>les ,turn]'s e/ate 7#aa_/b m4 ,e4 ( ,freet[n71 & op5$ 9 #ahbh ) six pupils1 "o ( :om 0 ,bi%op ,cr[!r1 0 affiliat$ 9 #ahgf to ,durham ,univ]sity & has a high-class curriculum4 ,! ,wesleyans h a high s*ool1 a !ological college1 & o!r educative ag5cies4 ,! ,moslems1 :o are among ! mo/ law-abid+ & intellig5t citiz5s ( ,freet[n1 h sev]al /ate-aid$ prim>y s*ools4 ,,free ,,trade1 an expression :i* has n[ come to be appropriat$ to ! economic policy ( enc\rag+ ! greate/ possible comm]cial int]c\rse1 unre/rict$ by protective duties 7see ,,protection71 betwe5 any "o c\ntry & its neighb\rs4 ,?is policy 0 orig9ally advocat$ 9 ,france1 & x has _h its adh]5ts 9 _m c\ntries1 b ,great ,brita9 /&s alone among ! great comm]cial nations ( ! _w 9 hav+ adopt$ x sy/ematically f #ahdf onw>ds z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( h] economic policy4 ,9 ! economic lit]ature ( e>li] p]iods1 x may be not$ t ! t]m free trade is employ$ 9 s5ses :i* h no relation to mod]n usage4 ,! t]m convey$ no sugge/ion ( unre/rict$ trade or national lib]ty :5 x fir/ appe>$ 9 controv]sial pamphlets2#a x /ood = a fre$om conf]r$ & ma9ta9$ by au?ority--l t ( a free t[n4 ,! m]*ants desir$ to h good regulations = trade s t !y might be free f ! disabilities impos$ ^u !m by =eign pr9ces or unscrupul\s fell[-subjects4 ,aft] #afdj ! t]m seems to h be5 commonly curr5t 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,:5 ! practice :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f ! middle ages--( organiz+ ! trade ) p>ticul> c\ntries by means ( privileg$ companies1 :i* pr(ess$ to regulate ! trade accord+ to ! /ate ( ! m>ket s z to secure its /eady developm5t 9 ! int]e/ ( produc]s & trad]s--0 s]i\sly call$ 9 "q "u ! ,/u>ts & at ! ,revolution1 ! int]lop]s & oppon5ts ( ! companies insi/$ on ! advantages ( a ,free ,trade2 !y meant by ?is t ! v>i\s bran*es ( comm]ce %\ld n be conf9$ to p>ticul> p]sons or limit$ 9 am\nt1 b %\ld be ?r[n op5 to be pursu$ by any ,engli%man 9 ! way he ?\ght mo/ pr(itable himself4#b ,aga91 9 ! latt] half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 till ,pitt's f9ancial re=ms#c 7 br\ght into op]ation1 ! ,engli% cu/oms duties on w9e & br&y 7 excessive2 & ^? :o c>ri$ on a remun]ative bus9ess by evad+ ^! duties 7 kn[n z ,fair ,trad]s or ,free ,trad]s4#d ,s9ce #ahdf ! t]m free trade has be5 popul>ly us$1 9 ,engl&1 to designate ! policy ( ,cobd5 7q4v47 & o!rs :o advocat$ ! abolition ( ! tax on import$ corn 7see ,,corn ,,laws72 ?is is ! only "o ( ! specializ$ s5ses ( ! t]m :i* is at all likely to be confus$ ) ! economic doctr9e4 ,! ,anti-,corn ,law movem5t 01 z a matt] ( fact1 a special application ( ! economic pr9ciple2 b s]i\s mi/akes h aris5 f ! blund] ( confus+ ! "p ) ! :ole1 & treat+ ! remission ( "o p>ticul> duty z if x 7 ! ess5tial elem5t ( a policy 9 :i* x 0 only an incid5t4 ,w4 ,e4 ,glad/one1 9 discuss+ ! effect ( improvem5ts 9 locomotion on ,briti% trade1 %[$ :at a l>ge proportion ( ! /imulus to comm]ce dur+ ! #ai? c5tury 0 to be cr$it$ to :at he call$ ! lib]aliz+ legislation ( ! free-trade movem5t 9 ! wide s5se 9 :i* he us$ ! t]m4 ,i rank ! introduction ( *eap po/age = lett]s1 docum5ts1 patt]ns & pr9t$ matt]1 & ! abolition ( all taxes on pr9t$ matt]1 9 ! category ( ,free ,trade ,legislation4 ,n only ?\ght 9 g5]al1 b e communication1 & e publication1 relat+ to matt]s ( bus9ess1 0 ?us set free4 ,^! great measures1 !n1 may well take _! place beside ! abolition ( prohibitions & protective duties1 ! simplify+ ( rev5ue laws1 & ! repeal ( ! ,navigation ,act1 z =m+ toge!r ! great code ( indu/rial emancipation4 ,"u ?is code1 our race1 re/or$ to fre$om 9 m9d & h&1 & brac$ by ! p[]ful /imulus ( op5 competition ) ! _w1 has ^u ! :ole surpass$ itself & e o!r1 & has won = itself a comm]cial primacy m evid5t1 m compreh5sive1 & m solid ?an x _h at any previ\s "t possess$4#e ,9 ?is l>ge s5se free trade may be almo/ int]pret$ z ! comb9ation ( ! doctr9es ( ! division ( lab\r & ( laissez-faire 9 reg>d to ! _w z a :ole4 ,! division ( lab\r betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w--s t ea* conc5trates its en]gies 9 supply+ t = ! production ( :i* x is be/ fitt$--appe>s to (f] ! greate/ possibility ( production2 b ?is result _c be secur$ unless trade & indu/ry are treat$ z ! prim>y elem5ts 9 ! welf>e ( ea* community1 & political consid]ations are n all[$ to hamp] !m4 ,/at$ 9 its simple/ =m1 ! pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! doctr9e ( free trade is almo/ a truism2 x is directly d$ucible f ! v notion ( ex*ange 7q4v474 ,adam ,smi? & 8 successors h demon/rat$ t 9 e case ( volunt>y ex*ange ea* p>ty ga9s some?+ t is ( great] value-9-use to him ?an t ) :i* he p>ts1 & t consequ5tly 9 e ex*ange1 ei!r betwe5 individuals or betwe5 nations1 bo? p>ties are ! ga9]s4 ,h5ce x necess>ily foll[s t1 s9ce bo? p>ties ga9 ?r\gh ex*ang+1 ! m facilities !re are = ex*ange ! great] w be ! advantage to e individual all r\nd4#f ,!re is no difficulty 9 translat+ ?is pr9ciple into ! t]ms ( actual life1 & /at+ ! conditions 9 :i* x holds good absolutely4 ,if1 at any giv5 mom5t1 ! mass ( goods 9 ! _w 7 di/ribut$ among ! consum]s ) ! m9imum ( re/riction on int]*ange1 ea* competitor w\ld obta9 ! l>ge/ possible %>e ( ! ?+s he procures 9 ! _w's m>ket4 ,b ! argum5t is less conclusive :5 ! elem5t ( "t is tak5 into acc\nt2 :at is true ( ea* mom5t sep>ately is n necess>ily true ( any p]iod 9 :i* ! conditions ( production1 or ! requirem5ts ( communities1 may possibly *ange4 ,ea* individual is likely to act ) ref]5ce to 8 own future1 b x may (t5 be wise = ! /atesman to look f> ahead1 beyond ! exi/+ g5]ation4#g ,ow+ to ! neglect ( ?is elem5t ( "t1 & ! all[ance :i* mu/ be made = x1 ! reason+ z to ! advantages ( free trade1 :i* is p]fectly s\nd 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( goods already 9 exi/5ce1 may become sophi/ical1#h if x is put =w>d z af=d+ a complete demon/ration ( ! b5efits ( free trade z a regul> policy4 ,aft] all1 human society is v complex1 & any attempt to deal ) its problems (f-h& by appeal+ to a simple pr9ciple raises ! suspicion t "s important factor may h be5 left out ( acc\nt4 ,:5 !re is su* mi/ak5 simplification1 ! reason+ may seem to h complete c]ta9ty1 & yet x fails to produce conviction1 because x does n pr(ess to deal ) ! problem 9 all its aspects4 ,:5 we conc5trate att5tion on ! ph5om5a ( ex*ange1 we are view+ society z a me*anism 9 :i* ea* acts "u kn[n laws & is impell$ by "o p>ticul> =ce--t ( self-int]e/2 n[1 society is1 no d\bt1 9 ?is s5se a me*anism1 b x is also an organism1#i & x is only = v %ort p]iods1 & 9 a v limit$ way1 t we c v5ture to neglect its organic "* )\t runn+ ! risk ( fall+ into s]i\s mi/akes4 ,! doctr9e ( free trade ma9ta9s t 9 ord] to secure ! greate/ possible mass ( goods 9 ! _w z a :ole1 & ! greate/ possibility ( imm$iate com=t = ! consum]1 x is exp$i5t t !re %\ld be no re/riction on ! ex*ange ( goods & s]vices ei!r betwe5 individuals or communities4 ,! controv]sies 9 reg>d to ?is doctr9e h n turn$ on its c]ta9ty z a hypo!tical pr9ciple1 b on ! legitimacy ( ! argum5ts bas$ ^u x4 ,x c]ta9ly supplies a pr9ciple 9 ! light ( :i* all propos$ trade regulations %\ld be criticiz$4 ,x gives u a basis = exam9+ & e/imat+ ! exp5se at :i* any p>ticul> piece ( trade re/riction is c>ri$ out2 b ?us us$1 ! pr9ciple does n necess>ily condemn ! exp5diture2 ! game may be wor? ! c&le or x may n1 b at lea/ x is well t we %\ld "k h[ fa/ ! c&le is be+ burnt4 ,x 0 9 ?is critical _s t ,adam ,smi? exam9$ ! v>i\s re/rictions & enc\ragem5ts to trade :i* 7 9 vogue 9 8 day2 he prov$ ( ea* 9 turn t x 0 exp5sive1 b he %[$ t he 0 consci\s t ! f9al decision c\ld n be tak5 f ?is /&po9t1 s9ce he recogniz$ 9 reg>d to ! ,navigation ,acts t def5ce is m ?an opul5ce4#aj ,9 m rec5t times1 ! same sort ( attitude 0 tak5 by ,h5ry ,sidgwick1#aa :o criticizes v>i\s protective exp$i5ts 9 turn1 9 ! light ( free trade1 b does n treat x z convey+ an au?oritative decision on _! m]its4 ,b o!r expon5ts ( ! doctr9e h n be5 cont5t to employ x 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,!y urge x 9 a m positive mann]1 & insi/ t free trade pure & simple is ! f\ndation on :i* ! economic life ( ! community ought to be bas$4 ,by m5 :o advocate x 9 ?is way1 free trade is set =w>d z an ideal :i* x is a duty to realize1 & ^? :o hold alo( f x or oppose x h be5 held up to scorn z if !y 7 almo/ guilty ( a crime4#ab ,! developm5t ( ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! _w is und\bt$ly an important elem5t 9 ! welf>e ( mank9d2 x is an aim :i* is common to ! :ole race1 & may be look$ ^u z contribut+ to ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,competition 9 ! op5 m>ket seems to secure t ea* consum] %all obta9 ! be/ possible t]ms2 & aga91 s9ce all m5 are consum]s :e!r !y produce or n1 or :atev] !y produce1 ! greate/ measure ( com=ts = ea* seems likely to be atta9able on ^! l9es4 ,= ^? :o are frankly cosmopolitan1 & :o reg>d mat]ial prosp]ity z at all ev5ts ! prime object at :i* public policy %\ld aim1 ! free-trade doctr9e is readily trans=m$1 f a m]e pr9ciple ( criticism1 till x comes to be reg>d$ z ! h>b+] ( a possible ,utopia4 ,x 0 9 ?is fa%ion t x 0 put =w>d by ,fr5* economi/s & prov$ attractive to "s lead+ ,am]ican /atesm5 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,turgot reg>d$ ! colonial sy/ems ( ! ,european c\ntries z at once unfair to _! dep5d5cies & dang]\s to ! peace ( ! _w4 ,x w be a wise & happy ?+ = ! nation :i* %all be ! fir/ to modify its policy accord+ to ! new conditions1 & be cont5t to reg>d its colonies z if !y 7 alli$ prov9ces & n subjects ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,x w be a wise & happy ?+ = ! nation :i* is ! fir/ to be conv9c$ t ! secret ( success1 s f> z comm]cial policy is conc]n$1 consi/s 9 employ+ all its l& 9 ! mann] mo/ pr(itable = ! propriet>y1 all ! h&s 9 ! mann] mo/ advantage\s to ! workman p]sonally1 t is to say1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ea* w\ld employ !m1 if we c\ld let him be simply direct$ by 8 own int]e/1 & t all ! re/ ( ! m]cantile policy is vanity & vexation ( _s4 ,:5 ! entire sep>ation ( ,am]ica %all h =c$ ! :ole _w to recognize ?is tru? & purg$ ! ,european nations ( comm]cial jeal\sy !re w be "o great cause ( w> less 9 ! _w4#ac ,pitt1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,adam ,smi?1 0 prep>$ to admit ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! b5efit ( trade ) ! ,we/ ,indian ,colonies2 & ,jeff]son1 accept+ ! pr9ciples ( 8 ,fr5* tea*]s1 w\ld 79 contradi/9ction to ,alex&] ,hamilton7 h be5 will+ to see 8 c\ntry r5\nce ! attempt to develop manufactures ( h] own4#ad ,x seem$ z if a long /ep might be tak5 t[>ds realiz+ ! free-trade ideal = ! ,anglo-,saxon race2 b ,briti% %ip[n]s insi/$ on ! ret5tion ( _! privileges1 & ! propiti\s mom5t pass$ away ) ! failure ( ! negotiations ( #aghc4ae ,free trade ceas$ to be reg>d$ z a gospel1 ev5 9 ,france1 till ! ideal 0 reviv$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,ba/iat1 & help$ to m\ld ! en?usiasm ( ,ri*>d ,cobd54#af ,?r\gh 8 zeal\s advocacy1 ! doctr9e secur$ conv]ts 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w2 ?\gh x 0 only 9 ,great ,brita9 t a great majority ( ! citiz5s became s f> satisfi$ ) x t !y adopt$ x z ! f\ndation ( ! economic policy ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is n difficult to acc\nt = ! conv]sion ( ,great ,brita9 to ?is doctr9e2 9 ! special circum/ances ( ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury x 0 to ! int]e/ ( ! mo/ vigor\s factors 9 ! economic life ( ! c\ntry to secure ! greate/ possible fre$om = comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,great ,brita9 _h1 ?r\gh h] %ipp+1 access to all ! m>kets ( ! _w2 %e _h obta9$ su* a lead 9 ! application ( ma*9]y to manufactures t %e _h a practical monopoly 9 textile manufactures & 9 ! h>dw>e trades2 by remov+ e re/riction1 %e c\ld pu% h] advantage to its f>!/ ext5t1 & n only und]sell native manufactures 9 o!r l&s1 b secure food1 & ! raw mat]ials = h] manufactures1 on ! *eape/ possible t]ms4 ,free trade ?us seem$ to (f] ! means ( plac+ an increas+ di/ance betwe5 ,brita9 & h] rivals1 & ( r5d]+ ! indu/rial monopoly :i* %e _h atta9$ impregnable4 ,! capitali/ employ] _h sup]s$$ ! l&[n] z ! ma9/ay ( ! res\rces & rev5ue ( ! realm1 & insi/$ t ! prosp]ity ( manufactures 0 ! prim>y int]e/ ( ! community z a :ole4 ,! expectation1 t a ?or\ghgo+ policy ( free trade w\ld n only fav\r an increase ( employm5t1 b also ! *eap5+ ( food1 c\ld only h be5 r\s$ 9 a c\ntry :i* 0 oblig$ to import a consid]able am\nt ( corn4 ,! exceptional weakness1 z well z ! exceptional /r5g?1 ( ,great ,brita91 among ,european c\ntries1 made x seem desirable to adopt ! pr9ciple ( unre/rict$ comm]cial int]c\rse1 n m]ely 9 ! t5tative fa%ion 9 :i* x _h be5 put 9 op]ation by ,huskisson1 b 9 ! ?or\ghgo+ fa%ion 9 :i* x at la/ comm5d$ itself to ! m9ds ( ,peel & ,glad/one4 ,! ,man*e/] m5 saw cle>ly :]e _! int]e/ lay2 & ! fa%ionable political economy 0 ready to demon/rate t 9 pursu+ _! own int]e/ !y 7 conf]r+ ! b5efit ( *eap clo?+ on all ! mo/ pov]ty-/rick5 races ( mank9d4 ,x seem$ probable1 9 ! '=ties & e>ly 'fifties1 t o!r c\ntries w\ld take a simil> view ( _! own int]e/s & w\ld foll[ ! example :i* ,great ,brita9 _h set4#ag ,t !y h n done s1 is p>tly due to ! fact t none ( !m _h su* a direct1 or su* a widely diffus$1 int]e/ 9 increas$ comm]cial int]c\rse z exi/$ 9 ,great ,brita92 b _! reluctance has be5 p>tly ! result ( ! criticism to :i* ! free-trade doctr9e has be5 subject$4 ,! pr9ciples express$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,fri$ri* ,li/ h tak5 su* firm hold1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,g]many1 t ^! c\ntries h pref]r$ to foll[ on ! l9es by :i* ,great ,brita9 successfully built up h] indu/rial prosp]ity 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5tury1 r ?an on ^? by :i* !y h se5 h] /riv+ to ma9ta9 x s9ce #ahdf4 ,free trade 0 attractive z an ideal1 because x appe>$ to (f] ! greate/ production ( goods to ! _w z a :ole1 & ! l>ge/ %>e ( mat]ial goods to ea* consum]2 x is cosmopolitan1 & x treats consumption1 & ! int]e/ ( ! consum]1 z su*1 z ! end to be consid]$4 ,h5ce x lies op5 to objections :i* are p>tly political & p>tly economic4 ,z cosmopolitan1 free-trade doctr9e is apt to be indiff]5t to national tradition & aspiration4 ,9 s f> inde$ z patriotism is a m]e ae/hetic s5tim5t1 x may be tol]at$1 b 9 s f> z x implies a g5u9e wi% & int5tion to pres]ve & def5d ! national habits & "* to ! exclusion ( ali5 elem5ts1 ! cosmopolitan m9d w condemn x z n>r[ & mis*iev\s4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury !re 7 _m m5 :o believ$ t national ambitions & jeal\sies ( e k9d 7 ess5tially dyna/ic1 & t if mon>*ies 7 aboli%$ !re w\ld be few] occasions ( w>1 s t ! exp5ses ( ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t w\ld be enorm\sly curtail$4 ,= ,cobd5 & 8 contempor>ies x 0 natural to reg>d ! national adm9i/rative in/itutions z ma9ta9$ = ! b5efit ( ! classes & )\t mu* advantage to ! masses4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact1 mod]n times h %[n ! exi/5ce 9 democracies ( a patriotic s5tim5t :i* is bo? exclusive & aggressive2 & ! burd5 ( armam5ts has /eadily increas$4 ,x 0 by means ( a civil w> t ! ,unit$ ,/ates atta9$ to a consci\sness ( national life2 :ile su* lat] symptoms z ! rec5t int]pretations ( ! ,monroe doctr9e1 or ! w> ) ,spa91 h prov$ t ! citiz5s ( t democratic c\ntry _c be reg>d$ z de/itute ( self-aggr&iz+ national ambition4 ,9 ,g]many ! gr[? ( milit>ism & nationalism h gone on side by side "u con/itutional gov]nm5t1 & c]ta9ly 9 h>mony ) pr$om9ant public op9ion4 ,nei!r ( ^! communities is will+ to s9k its individual conception ( progress 9 ^? ( ! _w at l>ge2 ea* is jeal\s ( ! intrusion ( ali5 elem5ts :i* _c be reconcil$ ) its own political & social sy/em4 ,& a simil> recrudesc5ce ( patriotic feel+ has be5 obs]vable 9 o!r c\ntries1 su* z ,norway & ,hung>y3 ! gr[? ( national s5tim5t is %[n1 n only 9 ! attempts to revive & popul>ize ! use ( a national language1 b /ill m decid$ly 9 ! det]m9ation to h a real control ov] ! economic life ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is "h t ! new patriotism comes into direct conflict ) ! political pr9ciples ( free trade z advocat$ by ,ba/iat & ,cobd52 = !m ! important po9t 0 t c\ntries1 by becom+ dep5d5t on "o ano!r1 w\ld be prev5t$ f engag+ 9 ho/ilities4 ,! new nations are det]m9$ t !y w n all[ o!r c\ntries to h su* control ov] _! economic condition1 z to be able to ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on _! political life4 ,ea* is det]m9$ to be ! ma/] 9 8 own h\se1 & ea* has reject$ free trade because ( ! cosmopolitanism :i* x involves4 ,economically1 free trade lays /ress on consumption z ! *ief crit]ion ( prosp]ity4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t goods are produc$ ) ! object ( be+ consum$1 & x is plausible to insi/ on tak+ ?is te/2 b x is also true t consumption & production are mutually int]dep5d5t1 & t 9 "s ways production is ! m important ( ! two4 ,consumption looks to ! pres5t1 & ! disposal ( actual goods2 production looks to ! future1 & ! conditions "u :i* goods c cont9ue to be regul>ly provid$ & ?us become available = consumption 9 ! long run4 ,z reg>ds ! prosp]ity ( ! community 9 ! future x is important t goods %\ld be consum$ 9 su* a fa%ion z to secure t !y %all be replac$ or increas$ be=e !y are us$ up2 x is ! am\nt ( production r ?an ! am\nt ( consumption t dem&s consid]ation1 & gives indication ( gr[? or ( decad5ce4 ,9 ^! circum/ances !re is mu* to be said = look+ at ! economic life ( a c\ntry f ! po9t ( view :i* free-trad]s h ab&on$ or ignore4 ,x is n on ! possibilities ( consumption 9 ! pres5t1 b on ! prospects ( production 9 ! future1 t ! cont9u$ weal? ( ! community dep5ds2 & ?is pr9ciple is ! only "o :i* con=ms to ! mod]n conception ( ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( sociological sci5ce 9 its wid] aspect 7see ,,sociology74 ,?is is mo/ obvi\sly true 9 reg>d to c\ntries ( :i* ! res\rces are v imp]fectly develop$4 ,if _! policy is direct$ to secur+ ! greate/ possible com=t = ea* consum] 9 ! pres5t1 x is c]ta9 t progress w be sl[2 ! plant+ ( indu/ries = :i* ! c\ntry has an advantage may be a t$i\s process2 & 9 ord] to /imulate national effici5cy tempor>y protection--involv+ :at is o!rwise unnecess>y imm$iate co/ to ! consum]--may seem to be abundantly ju/ifi$4 ,su* a free trad] z ,john ,/u>t ,mill himself admits t a case may be made out = treat+ infant indu/ries z exceptions2#ah & if ?is exception be admitt$ x is likely to e/abli% a prec$5t4 ,aft] all1 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w are all 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t2 "s are old & "s are new2 & ev5 ! old c\ntries diff] greatly 9 ! progress !y h made 9 di/9ct arts4 ,! introduction ( ma*9]y has ev]y:]e *ang$ ! conditions ( production1 s t "s c\ntries h lo/ & o!rs h ga9$ a special advantage4 ,mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ! _w are conv9c$ t ! wise/ economy is to att5d to ! husb&+ ( _! res\rces ( e k9d1 & to direct _! policy n m]ely ) a view to consumption 9 ! pres5t1 b r ) reg>d to ! possibilities ( increas$ production 9 ! future4 ,?is delib]ate rejection ( ! doctr9e ( free trade betwe5 nations1 bo? 9 its political & economic aspects1 has n int]f]$1 h[ev]1 ) ! /eady progress ( free comm]cial int]c\rse )9 ! b\nd>ies ( a s+le ?\gh composite political community4 ,int]nal free trade1 ?\gh ! "n 0 n !n curr5t 9 ?is s5se1 0 "o ( ! burn+ que/ions 9 ,engl& 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 x 0 p]haps z important a factor z puritanism 9 ! fall ( ,*>les ,i4 ,int]nal free trade 0 secur$ 9 ,france 9 ! #ah? c5tury2 ?anks to ,hamilton1#ai x 0 embodi$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x 0 introduc$ into ,g]many by ,bism>ck2 & 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada & ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia4 ,x became 9 consequ5ce1 :]e practicable1 a "p ( ! mod]n f$]al idea z usually int]pret$4 ,!re are ?us great areas1 ext]nally self-protect+1 :]e free trade1 z betwe5 int]nal divisions1 has be5 introduc$ ) little1 if any1 political difficulty1 & ) consid]able economic advantage4 ,^! cases are sometimes quot$ z ju/ify+ ! expectation t ! same pr9ciple is likely to be adopt$ soon] or lat] 9 reg>d to ext]nal trad+ relations4 ,!re is "s reason1 h[ev]1 = rais+ ! "q :e!r free trade has be5 equally successful1 n only 9 its economic1 b 9 its social results1 9 all ! l>ge political communities :]e x has be5 introduc$4 ,9 a region l ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 x is probably se5 at its be/2 !re is an imm5se v>iety ( diff]5t products ?r\gh\t t great zone ( ! cont95t1 s t ! mutual co-op]ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts is mo/ b5eficial1 :ile ! /&>d ( habit & com=t is s f> uni=m#bj ?r\gh\t ! :ole region1 & ! facilities = ! *ange ( employm5t are s _m1 t !re is little injuri\s competition betwe5 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,9 ! ,briti% empire ! conditions are rev]s$2 b ?\gh ! great self-gov]n+ colonies h )drawn f ! circle1 9 ! hope ( build+ up _! own economic life 9 _! own way1 free trade is /ill ma9ta9$ ov] a v l>ge "p ( ! ,briti% empire4 ,?r\gh\t ?is area1 !re are v v>i$ physical conditions2 !re is also an extraord9>y v>iety ( races1 ea* ) its own habits1 & own /&>d ( com=t2 & 9 ^! circum/ances x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! free competition1 involv$ 9 free trade1 is really altoge!r :olesome4 ,)9 ?is sph]e ! ideal ( ,ba/iat & 8 foll[]s is be+ realiz$4 ,engl&1 z a great manufactur+ c\ntry1 has m ?an held h] own2 ,india & ,irel& are suppli$ ) manufactur$ goods by ,engl&1 & 9 ea* case ! population is =c$ to look to ! soil = its means ( support1 & = pur*as+ p[]4 ,9 ea* case ! pref]5ce = tillage1 z an occupation1 has r5d]$ x comp>atively easy to keep ! p on ! l&2 b !re is "s reason to believe t ! law ( dim9i%+ returns is already mak+ itself felt1 at all ev5ts 9 ,india1 & is =c+ ! p into deep] pov]ty4#ba ,x may be d\btful 9 ! case ( ,irel& h[ f> ! sup]iority ( ,engl& 9 indu/rial pursuits has prev5t$ ! developm5t ( manufactures2 ! progress 9 ! la/ decades ( ! #ah? c5tury 0 too %ort-liv$ to be conclusive2 b !re is at lea/ a /rong impression 9 _m qu>t]s t ! indu/ries ( ,irel& might h fl\ri%$ if !y _h _h bett] opportunities all[$ !m4#bb ,9 ! case ( ,india we "k t ! h]$it>y arti/ic skill1 :i* _h be5 built up 9 bygone g5]ations1 has be5 /amp$ out4 ,x seems possible t ! mod]n unre/ 9 ,india1 & ! discont5t 9 ,irel&1 may be connect$ ) ! economic conditions 9 ^! c\ntries1 on :i* free trade has be5 impos$ )\t _! cons5t4 ,s f> ! population :i* subsi/s on ! *eap] food1 & has ! l[] /&>d ( life1 has be5 ! suff]]2 b ! mis*ief might op]ate 9 ano!r fa%ion4 ,! self-gov]n+ colonies at all ev5ts feel t competition 9 ! same m>ket betwe5 races ) diff]5t /&>ds ( com=t has inf9ite possibilities ( mis*ief4 ,x is easy to conjure up conditions "u :i* ! /&>d ( com=t ( wage-e>n]s 9 ,engl& w\ld be s]i\sly ?reat5$4 ,s9ce ! #i? edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica 0 publi%$ x has become cle> t ! free-trade doctr9es ( ,ba/iat & ,cobd5 h n be5 ga9+ gr\nd 9 ! _w at l>ge1 & at ! op5+ ( ! #bj? c5tury x c\ld h>dly be said ) confid5ce t ! "q 0 f9ally settl$ s f> z ,engl& 0 conc]n$4 ,z to :e!r ! int]e/s ( ,great ,brita9 /ill dem&$ t %e %\ld cont9ue on ! l9e %e adopt$ 9 ! exceptional conditions ( ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 exp]t op9ion 0 conspicu\sly divid$2#bc b !re rema9$ no long] ! old en?usiasm = free trade z ! h>b+] ( an ,utopia4 ,! old pr9ciples ( ! b\rgeois manufactur]s _h be5 tak5 up by ! prolet>iat & %ap$ to suit !mselves4 ,socialism1 l free trade1 is cosmopolitan 9 its aims1 & is indiff]5t to patriotism & ho/ile to milit>ism4 ,socialism1 l free trade1 insi/s on mat]ial welf>e z ! prim>y object to be aim$ at 9 any policy1 &1 l free trade1 socialism te/s welf>e by ref]5ce to possibilities ( consumption4 ,9 "o respect !re is a diff]5ce2 ?r\gh\t ,cobd5's attack on ! gov]n+ classes !re are signs ( 8 jeal\sy ( ! sup]ior /atus ( ! l&$ g5try1 b socialism has a some:at wid] range ( view & dem&s equality ( opportunity ) ! capitali/ z well4 ,,bibliography4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! pr9cipal works :i* deal critically ) ! free-trade policy4 ,pr(essor ,fawcett's ,free ,trade is a good exposition ( free-trade pr9ciples2 s also is ,pr(essor ,ba/able's ,comm]ce ( ,nations4 ,among au?ors :o h re/at$ ! pr9ciples ) special ref]5ce to ! reviv$ controv]sy on ! subject may be m5tion$ ,pr(essor ,w4 ,sm>t1 ,! ,return to ,protection1 be+ a ,re/atem5t ( ! ,case = ,free ,trade 7#bnd ed41 #aijf71 & ,a4 ,c4 ,pig\1 ,protective & ,pref]5tial ,import ,duties 7#aijf74 7,w4 ,cu47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,e4 ,misseld51 ,free ,trade or ! ,meanes to make ,trade ,fl\ri% 7#afbb71 p4 #fh2 ,g4 ,malynes1 ,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,free ,trade 7#afbb71 p4 #aje4 #b ,h4 ,p>k]1 ,( a ,free ,trade 7#afdh71 p4 #h4 #c 7#aghg71 #bg ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #ac4 #d ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,guy ,mann]+1 *apt] v4 #e ,glad/one1 ,free ,trade1 ,railways & ,comm]ce1 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7,feb4 #ahhj71 vol4 vii4 p4 #cgj4 #f ,p>k] /ates a simil> argum5t 9 ! =m 9 :i* x suit$ ! special problem ( 8 day4 ,if m]*&ise be good = ! commonweal1 !n ! m common x is made1 ! m op5 x is laid1 ! m good x w convey to u4 ,op4 cit4 #bj4 #g ,s*moll]1 ,grundriss d] allgeme95 ,volkswirts*aftslehre 7#aijd71 ii4 #fjg4 #h ,byles1 ,sophisms ( ,free ,trade2 ,l4 ,s4 ,am]y1 ,fundam5tal ,fallacies ( ,free ,trade1 #ac4 #i ,w4 ,cunn+ham1 ,rise & ,decl9e ( ! ,free ,trade ,movem5t1 ,,pp4 #e-aa4 #aj ,weal? ( ,nations1 book iv4 *ap4 ii4 #aa ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 #dhe4 #ab ,j4 ,morley1 ,life ( ,cobd51 i4 #bcj4 #ac ,memoire1 #f ,april #aggf1 9 ,oeuvres1 viii4 #dfj4 #ad ,jeff]son1 ,notes on ,virg9ia1 #bge4 ,see also ! articles on ,,jeff]son & ,,hamilton1 ,,alex&]4 #ae ,"o incid5tal effect ( ! failure to secure free trade 0 t ! ,african slave trade1 ) ,we/ ,indies z a depot = supply+ ! ,am]ican m>ket1 ceas$ to be remun]ative1 & ! opposition to ! abolition ( ! trade 0 v mu* weak] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be52 see ,ho*/ett]1 ,die wirts*aftli*5 und politis*5 ,motive fu] die ,abs*affung des britis*5 ,sklav5h&els1 9 ,s*moll]1 ,/aats und ,sozialwiss5s*aftli*e ,=s*ung51 xxv4 i4 #cg4 #af ,j4 ,wels=d1 ,cobd5's ,=eign ,tea*]1 9 ,national ,review 7,decemb] #aije74 #ag ,compatriot ,club ,lectures 7#aije71 p4 #cjf4 #ah ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 book v4 *apt] x4 ,sec4 #a4 #ai ,f4 ,s4 ,oliv]1 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 #adb4 #bj ,! /&>d is1 ( c\rse1 l[] among ! negroes & mean :ites 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/4 #ba ,f4 ,beaucl]k1 ,free ,trade 9 ,india1 9 ,economic ,review 7,july #aijg71 xvii4 #bhd4 #bb ,a4 ,e4 ,murray1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,comm]cial & ,f9ancial ,relations betwe5 ,engl& & ,irel&1 #bid4 #bc ,= ! t>iff re=m movem5t 9 ,engli% politics see ! article on ,,*amb]la91 ,j4 ,among cont95tal writ]s ,g4 ,s*moll] 7,grundriss d] allgeme95 ,volkswirts*aftslehre1 ii4 #fda7 & ,a4 ,wagn] 7,preface to ,m4 ,s*wab's ,*amb]la9s ,h&elspolitik7 pron\nce 9 fav\r ( a *ange1 z ,fu*s did by anticipation4 ,s*ulze-,gaev]nitz 7,britis*] ,imp]ialismus und englis*] ,freih&el71 ,aubry 7,etude critique de la politique comm]ciale de l',anglet]re a l'eg>d de ses colonies71 & ,blondel 7,la politique ,protectionni/e en ,anglet]re un n\veau dang] p\r la ,france7 are aga9/ x4 ,,fregellae1 an anci5t t[n ( ,latium adiectum1 situat$ on ! ,via ,lat9a1 #aa m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,aqu9um1 ne> ! left bran* ( ! ,liris4 ,x is said to h belong$ 9 e>ly times to ! ,opici or ,oscans1 & lat] to ! ,volscians4 ,x 0 app>5tly de/roy$ by ! ,samnites a little be=e #ccj ,b4,c41 9 :i* ye> ! p ( ,fabrat]ia ,vetus 7mod4 ,ceccano7 bes\ght ! help ( ,rome aga9/ !m1 & 9 #cbh ,b4,c4 a ,lat9 colony 0 e/abli%$ !re4 ,! place 0 tak5 9 #cbj ,b4,c4 by ! ,samnites1 b re-e/abli%$ by ! ,romans 9 #cac ,b4,c4 ,x cont9u$ h5ce=w>d to be fai?ful to ,rome2 by break+ ! bridges ov] ! ,liris x int]pos$ an ob/acle to ! advance ( ,hannibal on ,rome 9 #bab ,b4,c41 & x 0 a native ( ,fregellae :o head$ ! deputation ( ! non-revolt+ colonies 9 #bji ,b4,c4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a v important & fl\ri%+ place ow+ to its comm& ( ! cross+ ( ! ,liris1 & to its position 9 a f]tile t]ritory1 & x 0 "h t1 aft] ! rejection ( ! proposals ( ,m4 ,fulvius ,flaccus = ! ext5sion ( ,roman burgess-rights 9 #abe ,b4,c41 a revolt aga9/ ,rome broke out4 ,x 0 captur$ by trea*]y 9 ! same ye> & de/roy$2 b its place 0 tak5 9 ! foll[+ ye> by ! colony ( ,fabrat]ia ,nova1 #c m4 to ! ,s4,e4 on ! opposite bank ( ! ,liris1 :ile a po/ /ation ,fregellanum 7mod4 ,ceprano7 is m5tion$ 9 ! it9]>ies2 ,fregellae itself1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to exi/ z a village ev5 "u ! empire4 ,! site is cle>ly traceable ab\t #a_/b m4 ,e4 ( ,ceprano1 b ! rema9s ( ! city are scanty4 ,see ,g4 ,colasanti1 ,fregellae1 /oria e topografia 7#aijf74 7,t4 ,z47 ,,freib]g1 or ,,freyb]g1 a t[n ( ,g]many 9 ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 on ! ,mu5zba*1 ne> its conflu5ce ) ! ,mulde1 #ai m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,dresd5 on ! railway to ,*emnitz1 ) a bran* to ,noss54 ,pop4 7#aije7 #cj1hif4 ,its situation1 on ! rugg$ nor!rn slope ( ! ,erzgebirge1 is some:at bleak & un9vit+1 b ! t[n is g5]ally well built & makes a prosp]\s impression4 ,a "p ( its anci5t walls /ill rema9s2 ! o!r portions h be5 conv]t$ into public walks & g>d5s4 ,freib]g is ! seat ( ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ! m9es ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & its celebrat$ m9+ academy 7,b]gakademie71 f\nd$ 9 #agfe1 is frequ5t$ by /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,connect$ ) x are ext5sive collections ( m9]als & models1 a libr>y ( #ej1jjj volumes1 & laboratories = *emi/ry1 metallurgy & assay+4 ,among its di/+ui%$ s*ol>s x reckons ,abraham ,gottlob ,w]n] 7#agej-ahag71 :o 0 also a pr(essor !re1 & ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,freib]g has ext5sive manufactures ( gold & silv] lace1 wooll5 clo?s1 l95 & cotton goods1 iron1 copp] & brass w>es1 gunp[d] & :ite-lead4 ,x has also sev]al l>ge brew]ies4 ,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity are its fam\s silv] & lead m9es1 ?irty 9 numb]1 & ( :i* ! pr9cipal ones pass$ into ! prop]ty ( ! /ate 9 #ahhf4 ,! ca/le ( ,freud5/e9 or ,frei/e91 z rebuilt by ! elector ,augu/us 9 #aegb1 is situat$ 9 "o ( ! suburbs & is n[ us$ z a milit>y magaz9e4 ,9 its gr\nds a monum5t 0 erect$ to ,w]n] 9 #ahea4 ,! ca!dral1 rebuilt 9 late ,go?ic /yle aft] its de/ruction by fire 9 #adhd & re/or$ 9 #ahic1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,( ! orig9al *ur* a magnific5t ,g]man ,romanesque doorway1 kn[n z ! ,gold5 ,gate 7,gold5e ,p=te71 survives4 ,! *ur* conta9s num]\s monum5ts1 among o!rs "o to ,pr9ce ,maurice ( ,saxony4 ,adjo9+ ! ca!dral is ! mausoleum 7,begraebniskapelle71 built 9 #aeid 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance /yle1 9 :i* are buri$ ! rema9s ( ,h5ry ! ,pi\s & 8 successors d[n to ,john ,george ,,iv41 :o di$ 9 #afid4 ,( ! o!r f\r ,prote/ant *ur*es ! mo/ notewor?y is ! ,pet]skir*e :i*1 ) its ?ree t[]s1 is a conspicu\s object on ! highe/ po9t ( ! t[n4 ,among ! o!r public build+s are ! old t[n-hall1 dat+ f ! #ae? c5tury1 ! antiqu>ian museum1 & ! natural hi/ory museum4 ,!re are a classical & mod]n1 a comm]cial & an agricultural s*ool1 & num]\s *>itable in/itutions4 ,freib]g owes its orig9 to ! discov]y ( its silv] m9es 7c4 #aafc74 ,! t[n1 ) ! ca/le ( ,freud5/e91 0 built by ,otto ! ,ri*1 m>grave ( ,meiss51 9 #aage1 & its "n1 :i* fir/ appe>s 9 #abba1 is d]iv$ f ! ext5sive m9+ fran*ises grant$ to x ab\t t "t4 ,9 all ! p>titions ( ! t]ritories ( ! ,saxon h\se ( ,wett91 f ! latt] "p ( ! #ac? c5tury onw>d1 ,freib]g always rema9$ common prop]ty1 & x 0 n till #adhe 7! m9es n till #aecg7 t x 0 def9itively assign$ to ! ,alb]t9e l9e4 ,! ,re=mation 0 introduc$ into ,freib]g 9 #aecf by ,h5ry ! ,pi\s1 :o resid$ "h4 ,! t[n suff]$ sev]ely dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & aga9 dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation f #ahjf to #ahad1 dur+ :i* "t x _h to support an army ( #gjj1jjj m5 & f9d =age = #bjj1jjj horses4 ,see ,h4 ,g]la*1 ,kle9e ,*ronik von ,freib]g 7#bnd ed41 ,freib]g1 #ahih72 ,h4 ,ermis*1 ,das ,freib]g] ,/adtre*t 7,leipzig1 #ahhi72 ,ermis* & ,o4 ,posse1 ,urkund5bu* d] ,/adt ,freib]g1 9 ,codex diplom4 ,sax4 reg4 7#c vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahhc-ahia72 ,freib]gs ,b]g- und ,huett5wes51 publi%$ by ! ,b]gma5nis*] ,v]e9 7,freib]g1 #ahhc72 ,l$ebur1 ,ueb] die ,b$eutung d] ,freib]g] ,b]gakademie 7ib4 #aijc72 ,/e*e1 ,bau- und ,kun/d5kmael] d] ,amt%auptmanns*aft ,freib]g 7,dresd51 #ahhd74 ,,freiburg1 a t[n ( ,g]many 9 ,prussian ,silesia1 on ! ,polsnitz1 #ce m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,breslau1 on ! railway to ,halb/adt4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #iiag4 ,x has an ,evangelical & ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 & its indu/ries include wat*-mak+1 l95-weav+ & di/ill+4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are ! old & mod]n ca/les ( ! ,fu]/5/e9 family1 :5ce ! t[n is sometimes di/+ui%$ z ,freiburg unt] dem ,fu]/5/e94 ,at ,freiburg1 on ! #bbnd ( ,july #agfb1 ! ,prussians def5d$ !mselves successfully aga9/ ! sup]ior =ces ( ! ,au/rians4 ,,freiburg ,,im ,,breisgau1 an ar*iepiscopal see & city ( ,g]many 9 ! gr& du*y ( ,bad51 #ab m4 ,e4 ( ! ,rh9e1 beautifully situat$ on ! ,dreisam at ! foot ( ! ,s*lossb]g1 "o ( ! heights ( ! ,black ,=e/ range1 on ! railway betwe5 ,basel & ,mannheim1 #dj m4 ,n4 ( ! =m] city4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #gf1bhe4 ,! t[n is = ! mo/ "p well built1 hav+ sev]al wide & h&some /reets & a numb] ( spaci\s squ>es4 ,x is kept clean & cool by ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 :i* fl[ ?r\gh ! /reets 9 op5 *annels2 & its old =tifications h be5 replac$ by public walks1 &1 :at is m unusual1 by v9ey>ds4 ,x possesses a fam\s univ]sity1 ! ,ludovica ,alb]t9a1 f\nd$ by ,alb]t ,,vi41 ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 9 #adeg1 & att5d$ by ab\t #bjjj /ud5ts4 ,! libr>y conta9s upw>ds ( #bej1jjj volumes & #fjj ,,mss41 & among ! o!r auxili>y e/abli%m5ts are an anatomical hall & museum & botanical g>d5s4 ,! ,freiburg m9/] is consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ ( all ! ,go?ic *ur*es ( ,g]many1 be+ rem>kable alike = ! symmetry ( its proportions1 = ! ta/e ( its decorations1 & = ! fact t x may m correctly be said to be f9i%$ ?an almo/ any o!r build+ ( ! k9d4 ,! p]iod ( its erection probably lies = ! mo/ "p betwe5 #aabb & #abeb2 b ! *oir 0 n built till #aeac4 ,! t[]1 :i* rises above ! we/]n entrance1 is #chf ft4 9 height1 & x pres5ts a skilful transition f a squ>e base into an octagonal sup]/ructure1 :i* 9 its turn is surm\nt$ by a pyramidal spire ( ! mo/ exquisite op5 "w 9 /one4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! *ur* are "s beautiful /a9$ glass w9d[s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 ! tomb/ones ( sev]al ( ! dukes ( ,zaehr+51 /atues ( ar*bi%ops ( ,freiburg1 & pa9t+s by ,holbe9 & by ,hans ,baldung 7c4 #adgj-aede71 commonly call$ ,gru54 ,among ! o!r notewor?y build+s ( ,freiburg are ! palaces ( ! gr& duke & ! ar*bi%op1 ! old t[n-hall1 ! !atre1 ! ,kaufhaus or m]*ants' hall1 a #af?-c5tury build+ ) a h&some facade1 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t91 ) a graceful spire re/or$ #ahhj-ahha1 ! new t[n-hall1 complet$ #aija1 9 ,r5aissance /yle1 & ! ,prote/ant *ur*1 =m]ly ! *ur* ( ! abbey ( ,!nn5ba*1 remov$ hi!r 9 #ahci4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! fi%-m>ket squ>e is a f\nta9 surm\nt$ by a /atue ( ,duke ,b]?old ,,iii4 ( ,zaehr+52 9 ! ,franziskan] ,platz !re is a monum5t to ,b]?old ,s*w>z1 ! traditional discov]] "h1 9 #abei1 ( gunp[d]2 ! ,rotteck ,platz takes its "n f ! monum5t ( ,k>l ,w5zeslaus von ,rotteck 7#agge-ahdj71 ! hi/orian1 :i* =m]ly /ood on ! site ( ! ,s*w>z /atue2 & 9 ,kais] ,wilhelm ,/rasse a bronze /atue 0 erect$ 9 #ahgf to ! memory ( ,h]d]1 :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury f\nd$ 9 ,freiburg an in/itute = draughtsm51 engrav]s & li?ograph]s1 & c>ri$ on a fam\s booksell+ bus9ess4 ,on ! ,s*lossb]g above ! t[n !re are massive ru9s ( two ca/les de/roy$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #agdd2 & ab\t #b m4 to ! ,n4,e4 /&s ! ca/le ( ,zaehr+51 ! orig9al seat ( ! fam\s family ( ! c\nts ( t "n4 ,situat$ on ! anci5t road :i* runs by ! ,hoell5pass betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 ,freiburg e>ly acquir$ comm]cial importance1 & x is /ill ! pr9cipal c5tre ( ! trade ( ! ,black ,=e/4 ,x manufactures buttons1 *emicals1 />*1 lea!r1 tobacco1 silk ?read1 pap]1 & hemp5 goods1 z well z be] & w9e4 ,freiburg is ( unc]ta9 f\ndation4 ,9 #aabj x became a free t[n1 ) privileges simil> to ^? ( ,cologne2 b 9 #abai x fell into ! h&s ( a bran* ( ! family ( ,ura*4 ,aft] x _h va9ly attempt$ to ?r[ (f ! yoke by =ce ( arms1 x pur*as$ its fre$om 9 #acff2 b1 unable to reimburse ! cr$itors :o _h advanc$ ! money1 x 01 9 #acfh1 oblig$ to recognize ! supremacy ( ! h\se ( ,hapsburg4 ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies x play$ a consid]able "p z a =tifi$ t[n4 ,x 0 captur$ by ! ,sw$es 9 #afcb1 #afcd & #afch2 & 9 #afdd x 0 seiz$ by ! ,bav>ians1 :o %ortly aft]1 "u ,g5]al ,m]cy1 defeat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ! ,fr5* =ces "u ,enghi5 & ,tur5ne4 ,! ,fr5* 7 9 possession f #afgg to #afig1 & aga9 9 #agac-agad & #agdd2 & :5 !y left ! place 9 #agdh1 at ! peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 !y dismantl$ ! =tifications4 ,! ,bad5 insurg5ts ga9$ a victory at ,freiburg 9 #ahdh1 & ! revolution>y gov]nm5t took refuge 9 ! t[n 9 ,june #ahdi1 b 9 ! foll[+ ,july ! ,prussian =ces took possession & occupi$ x until #ahea4 ,s9ce #ahba ,freiburg has be5 ! seat ( an ar*bi%op ) jurisdiction ov] ! sees ( ,ma9z1 ,rott5b]g & ,limburg4 ,see ,s*reib]1 ,ges*i*te und ,bes*reibung des ,mu5/]s zu ,freiburg 7#ahbj & #ahbe72 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt und ,univ]sitaet ,freiburgs 7#aheg-ahei72 ,d] ,s*lossb]g bei ,freiburg 7#ahfj72 & ,alb]t1 ,die ,ges*i*tss*reibung d] ,/adt ,freiburg 7#aijb74 ,battles ( ,freiburg1 #crd1 #e? & #aj? ( ,augu/ #afdd4--;,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ! neighb\rhood ( ,freiburg 0 ! sc5e ( a s]ies ( engagem5ts betwe5 ! ,fr5* "u ,l\is de ,b\rbon1 due d',enghi5 7aft]w>ds call$ ! great ,conde71 & ,h5ri de la ,t\r d',auv]gne1 vicomte de ,tur5ne1 & ! ,bav>ians & ,au/rians comm&$ by ,franz1 ,freih]r von ,m]cy4 ,at ! close ( ! campaign ( #afdc ! ,fr5* ,army ( ,weim>1 hav+ be5 defeat$ & driv5 into ,alsace by ! ,bav>ians1 _h !re be5 reorganiz$ "u ! comm& ( ,tur5ne1 !n a "y g5]al ( ?irty-two & newly promot$ to ! m>%alate4 ,9 ,may #afdd he op5$ ! campaign by recross+ ! ,rh9e & raid+ ! enemy's po/s z f> z ,ueb]l+5 on ! lake ( ,con/ance & ,donaues*+5 on ! ,danube4 ,! ,fr5* !n fell back ) _! booty & prison]s to ,breisa*1 a /rong g>rison be+ left 9 ,freiburg4 ,! ,bav>ian comm&]1 h[ev]1 rev5g$ himself by besieg+ ,freiburg 7,june #bg?71 & ,tur5ne's fir/ attempt to relieve ! place fail$4 ,dur+ ,july1 z ! siege progress$1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t s5t ! duc d',enghi51 :o 0 t5 ye>s y\ng] /ill ?an ,tur5ne1 b _h j ga9$ 8 great victory ( ,rocroy1 to take ov] ! comm&4 ,enghi5 br\ght ) him a vet]an army1 call$ ! ,army ( ,france1 ,tur5ne rema9+ 9 comm& ( ! ,army ( ,weim>4 ,! armies met at ,breisa* on ! #bnd ( ,augu/1 by :i* date ,freiburg _h surr5d]$4 ,at ?is po9t mo/ comm&]s ( ! "t w\ld h decid$ n to fight1 b to manoeuvre ,m]cy away f ,freiburg2 ,enghi51 h[ev]1 0 a fight+ g5]al1 & ,m]cy's entr5*$ l9es at ,freiburg seem$ to him a t>get r ?an an ob/acle4 ,a few h\rs aft] 8 arrival1 !re=e1 )\t wait+ = ! re>mo/ troops ( 8 columns1 he set ! comb9+ armies 9 motion = ,kroz+51 a village on :at 0 !n ! ma9 road betwe5 ,breisa* & ,freiburg4 ,! total =ce imm$iately available numb]$ only #af1jjj combatants4 ,enghi5 & ,tur5ne _h arrang$ t ! ,army ( ,france 0 to move direct ^u ,freiburg by ,wolf5weit]1 :ile ! ,army ( ,weim> 0 to make its way by hillside tracks to ,wittnau & !nce to attack ! re> ( ,m]cy's l9es :ile ,enghi5 assault$ !m 9 front4 ,tur5ne's m>* 7,augu/ #crd1 #afdd7 0 sl[ & pa9ful1 z _h be5 anticipat$1 & late 9 ! aft]noon1 on pass+ ,wittnau1 he enc\nt]$ ! enemy4 ,! ,weim>ians c>ri$ ! out] l9es ( def5ce )\t mu* difficulty1 b z !y press$ on t[>ds ,m]zhaus5 ! resi/ance became m & m s]i\s4 ,tur5ne's =ce 0 little m ?an #fjjj1 & ^! 7 we>i$ ) a long day ( m>*+ & fight+ on ! /eep & wood$ hillsides ( ! ,black ,=e/4 ,?us ! turn+ movem5t came to a /&/ill f> %ort ( ,uff+51 ! village on ,m]cy's l9e ( retreat t ,tur5ne 0 to h seiz$1 nor 0 a flank attack possible aga9/ ,m]cy's ma9 l9e1 f :i* he 0 sep>at$ by ! cre/ ( ! ,s*o5b]g4 ,mean:ile1 ,enghi5's army _h at ! pre>rang$ h\r 7#d ,p4,m47 attack$ ,m]cy's position on ! ,ebr+5 spur4 ,a /eep slope1 v9ey>ds1 l[ /one walls & abatis _h all to be surm\nt$1 "u a gall+ fire f ! ,bav>ian muskete]s1 be=e ! ,army ( ,france f\nd itself1 brea?less & 9 disord]1 9 front ( ! actual entr5*m5ts ( ! cre/4 ,a fir/ attack fail$1 z did an attempt to f9d an ungu>d$ pa? r\nd ! %\ld] ( ! ,s*o5b]g4 ,! situation 0 grave 9 ! extreme1 b ,enghi5 resolv$ on ,tur5ne's acc\nt to r5ew ! attack1 al?\gh only a qu>t] ( 8 orig9al =ce 0 /ill capable ( mak+ an ef=t4 ,he himself & all ! "y nobles ( 8 /aff dism\nt$ & l$ ! infantry =w>d aga91 ! pr9ce ?rew 8 baton into ! enemy's l9es = ! soldi]s to retrieve1 & 9 ! end1 aft] a bitt] /ruggle1 ! ,bav>ians1 ^: res]ves _h be5 tak5 away to oppose ,tur5ne 9 ! ,m]zhaus5 defile1 ab&on$ ! entr5*m5ts & disappe>$ into ! woods ( ! adjo9+ spur4 ,enghi5 hurri$ly re-=m$ 8 troops1 fe>+ at e mom5t to be hurl$ d[n ! hill by a c\nt]-/roke2 b none came4 ,! ,fr5* biv\ack$ 9 ! ra91 ,tur5ne mak+ 8 way across ! m\nta9 to conf] ) ! pr9ce1 & mean:ile ,m]cy quietly drew (f 8 army 9 ! d>k to a new set ( entr5*m5ts on ! ridge on :i* /ood ! ,loretto ,*apel4 ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/ ! ,army ( ,france & ! ,army ( ,weim> met at ,m]zhaus51 ! re>mo/ troops ( ! ,army ( ,france came 91 & ! :ole 0 arrang$ by ! major-g5]als 9 ! pla9 fac+ ! ,loretto ridge4 ,?is position 0 attack$ on ! #e?4 ,enghi5 _h design$ 8 battle ev5 m c>efully ?an be=e1 b z ! result ( a s]ies ( accid5ts ! two ,fr5* armies attack$ prematurely & /raight to _! front1 "o brigade aft] ano!r1 & ?\gh at "o mom5t ,enghi51 sword 9 h&1 broke ! l9e ( def5ce ) 8 la/ intact res]ve1 a brilliant c\nt]/roke1 l$ by ,m]cy's bro!r ,kasp> 7:o 0 kill$71 drove out ! assailants4 ,x is said t ,enghi5 lo/ half 8 m5 on ?is day & ,m]cy "o-?ird ( 81 s sev]e 0 ! battle4 ,b ! result c\ld n be ga9said2 x 0 = ! ,fr5* a complete & co/ly failure4 ,= ?ree days aft] ?is ! armies lay 9 position )\t fight+1 ! ,fr5* well suppli$ ) provisions & com=ts f ,breisa*1 ! ,bav>ians suff]+ some:at sev]ely f want ( food1 & especially =age1 z all _! supplies _h to be haul$ f ,vill+5 ov] ! r\gh roads ( ! ,black ,=e/4 ,enghi5 !n decid$ to make use ( ! ,glott] ,tal to int]rupt altoge!r ?is already unsatisfactory l9e ( supply1 & ?us to =ce ! ,bav>ians ei!r to attack him at a s]i\s disadvantage1 or to retreat across ! hills ) ! loss ( _! artill]y & baggage & ! dis9tegration ( _! army by fam9e & des]tion4 ,) ?is object1 ! ,army ( ,weim> 0 drawn (f on ! morn+ ( ! #i? ( ,augu/ & m>*$ r\nd by ,betz5haus5 & ,leh5 to ,lang5 ,d5zl+4 ,! infantry ( ! ,army ( ,france1 !n ! tra9s1 foll[$1 :ile ,enghi5 ) 8 own cavalry fac$ ,freiburg & ! ,loretto position4 ,illu/ration3 ,map-,battle ( ,freiburg4 ,be=e dawn on ! #aj? ! advance gu>d ( ,tur5ne's army 0 asc5d+ ! ,glott] ,tal4 ,b ,m]cy _h div9$ 8 adv]s>y's plan1 & leav+ a g>rison to hold ,freiburg1 ! ,bav>ian army _h made a night m>* on ! #i_/aj? to ! ,abbey ( ,/ ,pet]1 :5ce on ! morn+ ( ! #aj? ,m]cy fell back to ,grab51 8 ne>e/ magaz9e 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,tur5ne's advanc$ gu>d appe>$ f ! ,glott] ,tal only to f9d a /ubborn re>gu>d ( cavalry 9 front ( ! abbey4 ,a %>p action began1 b ,m]cy he>+ ! drums & fifes ( ! ,fr5* infantry 9 ! ,glott] ,tal broke x (f & cont9u$ 8 retreat 9 good ord]4 ,enghi5 ?us obta9$ little mat]ial result f 8 manoeuvre4 ,only two guns & su* ( ,m]cy's wagons t 7 unable to keep up fell into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*4 ,enghi5 & ,tur5ne did n cont9ue ! *ase f>!r ?an ,grab51 & ,m]cy fell back unmole/$ to ,ro!nburg on ! ,taub]4 ,! moral results ( ?is sangu9>y fight+ 71 h[ev]1 important & p]haps ju/ifi$ ! sacrifice ( s _m valuable soldi]s4 ,enghi5's p]t9acity _h n a*iev$ a decision ) ! sword1 b ,m]cy _h be5 s sev]ely puni%$ t he 0 unable to int]f]e ) 8 oppon5t's new plan ( campaign4 ,?is1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out by ! unit$ armies & by re9=cem5ts f ,france1 :ile ,tur5ne's cavalry scre5$ !m by bold demon/rations on ! ,taub]1 l$ to no?+ less ?an ! conque/ ( ! ,rh9e ,valley f ,basel to ,cobl5z1 a task :i* 0 a*iev$ s rapidly t ! ,army ( ,france & its victori\s "y lead] 7 free to return to ,france 9 two mon?s f ! "t ( _! appe>ance 9 ,tur5ne's qu>t]s at ,breisa*4 ,,freidank 7,,vridanc71 ! "n by :i* a ,middle ,high ,g]man didactic poet ( ! e>ly #ac? c5tury is kn[n4 ,x has be5 disput$ :e!r ! ^w1 :i* is equival5t to free-?\ght1 is to be reg>d$ z ! poet's real "n or only z a pseudonym2 ! latt] is probably ! case4 ,little is kn[n ( ,freidank's life4 ,he accompani$ ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 on 8 crusade to ! ,holy ,l&1 :]e1 9 ! ye>s #abbh-abbi1 a portion at lea/ ( 8 "w 0 compos$2 & x is said t on 8 tomb 7if inde$ x 0 n ! tomb ( ano!r ,freidank7 at ,treviso !re 0 inscrib$1 ) allusion to ! "* ( 8 /yle1 he always spoke & nev] sang4 ,wilhelm ,grimm orig9at$ ! hypo!sis t ,freidank 0 to be id5tifi$ ) ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide2 b ?is is no long] t5able4 ,freidank's "w be>s ! "n ( ,bes*eid5heit1 i4e4 practical wisdom1 correct judgm5t1 & consi/s ( a collection ( prov]bs1 pi?y say+s1 & moral & satirical reflections1 arrang$ "u g5]al heads4 ,its popul>ity till ! end ( ! #af? c5tury is %[n by ! great numb] ( ,,mss4 extant4 ,seba/ian ,brant publi%$ ! ,bes*eid5heit 9 a modifi$ =m 9 #aejh4 ,wilhelm ,grimm's edition appe>$ 9 #ahcd 7#bnd ed4 #ahfj71 ,h4 ,f4 ,bezz5b]g]'s 9 #ahgb4 ,a lat] edition is by ,f4 ,s&voss 7#ahgg74 ,! old ,lat9 translation1 ,fridangi ,discretio1 0 pr9t$ by ,c4 ,lemcke 9 #ahfh2 & !re are two translations into mod]n ,g]man1 ,a4 ,bacmei/]'s 7#ahfa7 & ,k4 ,simrock's 7#ahfg74 ,see also ,f4 ,pfeiff]1 ,ueb] ,freidank 7,zur deuts*5 ,lit]aturges*i*te1 #ahee71 & ,h4 ,paul1 ,ueb] die urspru5gli*e ,anordnung von ,freidanks ,bes*eid5heit 7#ahgj74 ,,frei5walde1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,prussia1 on ! ,od]1 #bh m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,b]l91 on ! ,frank=t-,ang]mu5de railway4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #giie4 ,x has a small palace1 built by ! ,great ,elector1 an ,evangelical & a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 & manufactures ( furniture1 ma*9]y1 c4 ,! neighb\r+ =e/s & its m$ic9al spr+s make x a fav\rite summ] resort ( ! inhabitants ( ,b]l94 ,a new t[] comm&s a f9e view ( ! ,od]bru* 7see ,,od]74 ,frei5walde1 :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! small] t[n ( ! same "n 9 ,pom]ania1 fir/ appe>s z a t[n 9 #acfd4 ,,freiesleb5ite1 a r>e m9]al consi/+ ( sulphantimonite ( silv] & lead1 7,pb1 ,ag#b7e,sb#d,s#aa4 ,! monocl9ic cry/als are prismatic 9 habit1 ) deeply /riat$ prism & dome faces4 ,! col\r is /eel-grey1 & ! lu/re metallic2 h>dness #ba_/b1 specific gravity #f4b4 ,x occurs ) arg5tite1 *alybite & gal5a 9 ! silv] ve9s ( ! ,himmelsfu]/ m9e at ,freib]g1 ,saxony1 :]e x has be5 kn[n s9ce #agbj4 ,! species 0 nam$ aft] ,j4 ,k4 ,freiesleb51 :o _h e>li] call$ x ,s*ilf-,glas]z4 ,o!r localities are ,hi5dela5c9a ne> ,guadalaj>a 9 ,spa91 ,kapnik-,banya 9 ,hung>y1 & ,guanajuato 9 ,mexico4 ,a species sep>at$ f freiesleb5ite by ,v4 von ,zeph>ovi* 9 #ahga1 because ( diff]5ces 9 cry/all9e =m1 is kn[n z diaphorite 7f ,greek3 diaphora1 diff]5ce72 x is v simil> to freiesleb5ite 9 appe>ance & has p]haps ! same *emical composition 7or possibly ,ag#b,pb,sb#b,s#e71 b is or?orhombic 9 cry/allization4 ,a ?ird m9]al also v simil> to freiesleb5ite 9 appe>ance is ! or?orhombic &orite1 ,ag,pb,sb#c,s#f1 :i* is m9$ z a silv] ore at ,oruro 9 ,bolivia4 ,,freight1 7pron\nc$ l weight2 d]iv$ f ! ,dut* vra*t or vre*t1 9 ,fr4 fret1 ! ,eng4 fraught be+ ! same ^w1 & =m]ly us$ = ! same ?+1 b n[ only z an adjective lad571 ! lad+ or c>go ( a %ip1 & ! hire paid = _! transport 7see ,,affreightm5t72 f ! orig9al s5se ( wat]-transport ( goods ! ^w has also come to be us$ = l&-transit 7p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica1 by railroad71 & by analogy = any load or burd54 ,,freiligra?1 ,,f]d9& 7#ahaj-ahgf71 ,g]man poet1 0 born at ,detmold on ! #ag? ( ,june #ahaj4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! gymnasium ( 8 native t[n1 & 9 8 sixte5? ye> 0 s5t to ,soe/1 ) a view to prep>+ him = a comm]cial c>e]4 ,"h he _h also "t & opportunity to acquire a ta/e = ,fr5* & ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! ye>s f #ahca to #ahcf he sp5t 9 a bank at ,am/]dam1 & #ahcg to #ahci 9 a bus9ess h\se at ,b>m54 ,9 #ahch 8 ,g$i*te appe>$ & met ) su* extraord9>y success t he gave up ! idea ( a comm]cial life & resolv$ to devote himself entirely to lit]ature4 ,8 repudiation ( ! political poetry ( #ahda & its revolution>y ideals attract$ ! att5tion ( ! k+ ( ,prussia1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 :o1 9 #ahdb1 grant$ him a p5sion ( #cjj tal]s a ye>4 ,he m>ri$1 &1 to be ne> 8 fri5d ,emanuel ,geibel1 settl$ at ,/ ,go>4 ,be=e long1 h[ev]1 ,freiligra? 0 himself c>ri$ away by ! ris+ tide ( lib]alism4 ,9 ! poem ,e9 ,glaub5sbek5ntnis 7#ahdd7 he op5ly av[$ 8 sympa?y ) ! political movem5t l$ by 8 old adv]s>y1 ,georg ,h]wegh2 ! day1 he decl>$1 ( 8 own poetic trifl+ ) ,romantic !mes 0 ov]2 ,romanticism itself 0 dead4 ,he laid d[n 8 p5sion1 &1 to avoid ! inevitable political p]secution1 took refuge 9 ,switz]l&4 ,z a sequel to ! ,glaub5sbek5ntnis he publi%$ ,ca ira6 7#ahdf71 :i* /ra9$ /ill fur!r 8 relations ) ! ,g]man au?orities4 ,he fl$ to ,london1 :]e he resum$ ! comm]cial life he _h brok5 (f sev5 ye>s be=e4 ,:5 ! ,revolution ( #ahdh broke out1 x seem$ to ,freiligra?1 z to all ! lib]al ?9k]s ( ! "t1 ! dawn ( an era ( political fre$om2 &1 z may be se5 f ! poems 9 8 collection ( ,politis*e und soziale ,g$i*te 7#ahdi-ahea71 he welcom$ x ) unb\nd$ en?usiasm4 ,he return$ to ,g]many & settl$ 9 ,duesseldorf2 b x 0 n long be=e he _h aga9 call$ d[n ^u himself ! ill-w ( ! rul+ p[]s by a poem1 ,die ,tot5 an die ,leb5d5 7#ahdh74 ,he 0 arre/$ on a *>ge ( lese-maje/e1 b ! prosecution end$ 9 8 acquittal4 ,new difficulties arose2 8 association ) ! democratic movem5t r5d]$ him an object ( con/ant suspicion1 & 9 #ahea he judg$ x m prud5t to g back to ,london1 :]e he rema9$ until #ahfh4 ,9 t ye> he return$ to ,g]many1 settl+ fir/ 9 ,/uttg>t & 9 #ahge 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,cann/att1 :]e he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #ahgf4 ,z a poet1 ,freiligra? 0 ! mo/ gift$ memb] ( ! ,g]man revolution>y gr\p4 ,com+ at ! v close ( ! ,romantic age1 8 own purely lyric poetry re-e*oes = ! mo/ "p ! famili> ?\ghts & imag]y ( 8 ,romantic pr$ecessors2 b at an e>ly age he _h be5 attract$ by ! "w ( ,fr5* contempor>y poets1 & he re9vigorat$ ! ,g]man lyric by graft+ ^u x ! ori5talism ( ,victor ,hugo4 ,9 ?is reconciliation ( ,fr5* & ,g]man romanticism lay ,freiligra?'s significance = ! developm5t ( ! lyric 9 ,g]many4 ,8 rem>kable p[] ( assimilat+ =eign lit]atures is also to be se5 9 8 translations ( ,engli% & ,scotti% ballads1 ( ! poetry ( ,burns1 ,mrs ,hemans1 ,longfell[ & ,t5nyson 7,englis*e ,g$i*te aus neu]] ,zeit1 #ahdf2 ,! ,rose1 ,?i/le & ,%amrock1 #ahec1 #f? ed4 #ahhg72 he also translat$ ,%akespe>e's ,cymbel9e1 ,w9t]'s ,tale & ,v5us & ,adonis1 z well z ,longfell['s ,hiawa?a 7#aheg74 ,freiligra? is mo/ orig9al 9 8 revolution>y poetry4 ,8 poems ( ?is class suff]1 x is true1 "u ! disadvantage ( all political poetry--purely tempor>y int]e/ & ! unavoidable admixture ( mu* t has no claim to be call$ poetry at all--b ! agitator ,freiligra?1 :5 he is at 8 be/1 displays a vig\r & /r5g?1 a p[] ( direct & cog5t poetic expression1 n to be f\nd 9 any o!r political s+] ( ! age4 ,freiligra?'s ,g$i*te h pass$ ?r\gh "s fifty editions1 & 8 ,gesammelte ,di*tung51 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 h rea*$ a six? edition 7#ahih74 ,na*gelass5es 7includ+ a translation ( ,byron's ,mazeppa7 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhc4 ,a selection ( ,freiligra?'s be/-kn[n poems 9 ,engli% translation 0 edit$ by 8 daught]1 ,mrs ,freiligra?-,kroek]1 9 #ahfi2 also ,songs ( a ,revolution>y ,epo* 7 translat$ by ,j4 ,l4 ,joynes 9 #ahhh4 ,cp4 ,e4 ,s*midt-,weiss5fels1 ,f4 ,freiligra?1 e9e ,biographie 7#ahgf72 ,w4 ,bu*n]1 ,f4 ,freiligra?1 e9 ,di*t]leb5 9 ,brief5 7#b vols41 #ahha72 ,g4 ,freiligra?1 ,er9n]ung5 an ,f4 ,freiligra? 7#ahhi72 ,p4 ,besson1 ,freiligra? 7,p>is1 #ahii72 ,k4 ,ri*t]1 ,freiligra? als ,ueb]setz] 7#ahii74 7,j4 ,g4 ,r47 ,,fre9d1 ,,john 7#afge-agbh71 ,engli% physician1 y\ng] bro!r ( ,rob]t ,fre9d 7#affg-agea71 headma/] ( ,we/m9/] s*ool1 0 born 9 #afge at ,croton 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,he made great progress 9 classical k "u ,ri*>d ,busby at ,we/m9/]1 & at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 "u ,dean ,aldri*1 & :ile /ill v "y1 produc$1 along ) ,pet] ,f\lkes1 an excell5t edition ( ! spee*es ( ,aes*9es & ,demo/h5es on ! affair ( ,ctesiphon4 ,aft] ?is he began ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & hav+ prov$ 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts by v>i\s treatises 0 appo9t$ a lectur] on *emi/ry at ,ox=d 9 #agjd4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he accompani$ ! ,engli% army1 "u ! e>l ( ,pet]bor\gh1 into ,spa91 & on return+ home 9 #agjg1 wrote an acc\nt ( ! exp$ition1 :i* atta9$ great popul>ity4 ,two ye>s lat] he publi%$ 8 ,prelectiones *imicae1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,%ortly aft] 8 return 9 #agac f ,fl&]s1 :i!r he _h accompani$ ! ,briti% troops1 he took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,london1 :]e he soon obta9$ a great reputation z a physician4 ,9 #agaf he became fell[ ( ! college ( physicians1 ( :i* he 0 *os5 "o ( ! c5sors 9 #agah1 & ,h>veian orator 9 #agbj4 ,9 #agbb he ent]$ p>liam5t z memb] = ,launce/on 9 ,cornwall1 b1 be+ suspect$ ( fav\r+ ! cause ( ! exil$ ,/u>ts1 he sp5t half ( t ye> 9 ! ,t[]4 ,dur+ 8 imprisonm5t he conceiv$ ! plan ( 8 mo/ important "w1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,physic1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p appe>$ 9 #agbe1 & ! second 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 ! latt] ye> he 0 appo9t$ physician to ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 an (fice :i* he held till 8 dea? on ! #bf? ( ,july #agbh4 ,a complete edition ( 8 ,lat9 works1 ) a ,lat9 translation ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,physic1 edit$ by ,dr ,john ,wigan1 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agcb4 ,,fre9%eim ,,fre9%emius1 ,,johann 7#afjh-affj71 ,g]man classical s*ol> & critic1 0 born at ,ulm on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #afjh4 ,aft] /udy+ at ! univ]sities ( ,m>burg1 ,giess5 & ,/rassburg1 he visit$ ,france1 :]e he rema9$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,he return$ to ,/rassburg 9 #afcg1 & 9 #afdb 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( eloqu5ce at ,upsala4 ,9 #afdg he 0 summon$ by ,que5 ,*ri/9a to ,/ockholm z c\rt libr>ian & hi/oriograph]4 ,9 #afej he resum$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,upsala1 b e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 oblig$ to resign on acc\nt ( ill-heal?4 ,9 #afef he became honor>y pr(essor at ,heidelb]g1 & di$ on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/ #affj4 ,fre9%eim's lit]>y activity 0 *iefly devot$ to ! ,roman hi/orians4 ,he fir/ introduc$ ! division into *apt]s & p>agraphs1 & by means ( c>efully compil$ indexes illu/rat$ ! lexical peculi>ities ( ea* au?or4 ,he is be/ kn[n = 8 fam\s supplem5ts to ,qu9tus ,curtius & ,livy1 conta9+ ! miss+ books writt5 by himself4 ,he also publi%$ critical editions ( ,curtius & ,florus4 ,,freire1 ,,francisco ,,jose 7#agai-aggc71 ,portuguese hi/orian & philologi/1 0 born at ,lisbon on ! #crd ( ,janu>y #agai4 ,he belong$ to ! mona/ic society ( ,/ ,philip ,n]i1 & 0 a zeal\s memb] ( ! lit]>y association kn[n z ! ,academy ( ,arcadians1 9 connexion ) :i* he adopt$ ! pseudonym ( ,c&ido ,lusitano4 ,he contribut$ mu* to ! improvem5t ( ! /yle ( ,portuguese prose lit]ature1 b 8 endeav\r to effect a re=mation 9 ! national poetry by a translation ( ,horace's ,ars poetica 0 less successful4 ,! "w 9 :i* he set =? 8 op9ions reg>d+ ! vici\s ta/e p]vad+ ! curr5t ,portuguese prose lit]ature is entitl$ ,maximas sobre a ,arte ,oratoria 7#agde7 & is prec$$ by a *ronological table =m+ almo/ a social & physical hi/ory ( ,portugal4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w1 h[ev]1 is 8 ,vida d ,infante ,d4 ,h5rique 7#ageh71 :i* has giv5 him a place 9 ! fir/ rank ( ,portuguese hi/orians1 & has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* 7,p>is1 #agha74 ,he also wrote a poetical diction>y 7,diccion>io poetico7 & a translation ( ,rac9e's ,a?alie 7#agfb71 & 8 ,reflexions sur la langue portugaise 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdb by ! ,lisbon society = ! promotion ( useful k4 ,he di$ at ,mafra on ! #e? ( ,july #aggc4 ,f,r,e,i,s,c,h,ue,t,z1 9 ,g]man folklore1 a m>ksman :o by a compact ) ! devil has obta9$ a c]ta9 numb] ( bullets de/9$ to hit )\t fail :atev] object he wi%es4 ,z ! leg5d is usually told1 six ( ! ,freikugeln or free bullets are ?us subs]vi5t to ! m>ksman's w1 b ! sev5? is at ! absolute disposal ( ! devil himself4 ,v>i\s me?ods 7 adopt$ 9 ord] to procure possession ( ! m>vell\s missiles4 ,accord+ to "o ! m>ksman1 in/ead ( swall[+ ! sacram5tal ho/1 kept x & fix$ x on a tree1 %ot at x & caus$ x to ble$ great drops ( blood1 ga!r$ ! drops on a piece ( clo? & r$uc$ ! :ole to a%es1 & !n ) ^! a%es add$ ! requisite virtue to ! lead ( :i* 8 bullets 7 made4 ,v>i\s vegetable or animal sub/ances _h ! reputation ( s]v+ ! same purpose4 ,/ories ab\t ! ,freis*uetz 7 especially common 9 ,g]many dur+ ! #ad?1 #ae? & #af? c5turies2 b ! fir/ "t t ! leg5d 0 turn$ to lit]>y pr(it is said to h be5 by ,apel 9 ! ,gesp5/]bu* or ,book ( ,gho/s4 ,x =m$ ! subject ( ,web]'s op]a ,d] ,freis*uetz 7#ahba71 ! libretto ( :i* 0 writt5 by ,fri$ri* ,k9d1 :o _h sugge/$ ,apel's /ory z an excell5t !me = ! compos]4 ,! "n by :i* ! ,freis*uetz is kn[n 9 ,fr5* is ,rob9 des ,bois4 ,see ,k9d1 ,freys*uetzbu* 7,leipzig1 #ahdc72 ,revue des deux mondes 7,febru>y #ahee72 ,graesse1 ,die ,quelle des ,freis*uetz 7,dresd51 #ahge74 ,,freis+1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,bav>ia1 on ! ,is>1 #af m4 by rail ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,muni*4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ac1ech4 ,among its eight ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ca!dral1 :i* dates f ab\t #aafj & is fam\s = its curi\s crypt4 ,notewor?y also are ! old palace ( ! bi%ops1 n[ a cl]ical sem9>y1 ! !ological lyceum & ! t[n-hall4 ,!re are sev]al s*ools 9 ! t[n1 & !re is a /atue to ! *ronicl]1 ,otto ( ,freis+1 :o 0 bi%op "h f #aach to #aaeh4 ,freis+ has manufactures ( agricultural ma*9]y & ( porcela91 :ile pr9t+ & brew+ are c>ri$ on4 ,ne> ! t[n is ! site ( ! ,b5$ict9e abbey ( ,weih5/ephan1 :i* exi/$ f #gbe to #ahjc4 ,?is is n[ a model f>m & brew]y4 ,freis+ is a v anci5t t[n & is said to h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,romans4 ,aft] be+ de/roy$ by ! ,hung>ians 9 #iee x 0 =tifi$ by ! emp]or ,otto ,,ii4 9 #igf & by ,duke ,welf ( ,bav>ia 9 #ajhb4 ,a bi%opric 0 e/abli%$ "h 9 #gbd by ,/ ,corb9ianus1 ^: bro!r ,erimb]t 0 consecrat$ second bi%op by ,/ ,boniface 9 #gci4 ,lat] on ! bi%ops acquir$ consid]able t]ritorial p[] & 9 ! #ag? c5tury became pr9ces ( ! ,empire4 ,9 #ahjb ! see 0 secul>iz$1 ! bulk ( its t]ritories be+ assign$ to ,bav>ia & ! re/ to ,salzburg1 ( :i* ,freis+ _h be5 a suffragan bi%opric4 ,9 #ahag an ar*bi%opric 0 e/abli%$ at ,freis+1 b 9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 transf]r$ to ,muni*4 ,! occupant ( ! see is n[ call$ ar*bi%op ( ,muni* & ,freis+4 ,see ,c4 ,mei*elbeck1 ,hi/oriae ,fris+5sis 7,augsburg1 #agbd-agbi1 new & enl>g$ edition #ahed74 ,,frejus1 a t[n 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,v> 9 ,s4,e4 ,france4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #cdcj4 ,x is #bha_/b m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,draguignan 7! *ief t[n ( ! dep>tm5t71 & #bba_/b m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,cannes by rail4 ,x is only important on acc\nt ( ! f9e ,roman rema9s t x conta9s1 = x is n[ a mile f ! sea1 its h>b\r hav+ be5 silt$ up by ! deposits ( ! ,arg5s riv]4 ,s9ce ! #d? c5tury x has be5 a bi%op's see1 :i* is 9 ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ,aix en ,prov5ce4 ,9 mod]n times ! neighb\r+ fi%+ village at ,/ ,raphael 7#ba_/b m4 by rail ,s4,e41 & on ! sea%ore7 has become a t[n ( #dhfe inhabitants 79 #aija72 9 #agii ,napoleon disemb>k$ !re1 on 8 return f ,egypt1 & reemb>k$ = ,elba 9 #ahad1 :ile n[adays x is mu* frequ5t$ z a heal? resort1 z is also ,valescure 7#b m4 ,n4,w4 on ! heights above74 ,! ca!dral *ur* 9 "p dates f ! #ab? c5tury1 b only small portions ( ! old m$ieval episcopal palace are n[ visible1 z x 0 rebuilt ab\t #ahbc4 ,! ramp>ts ( ! old t[n c /ill be trac$ = a long di/ance1 & !re are fragm5ts ( two moles1 ( ! !atre & ( a gate4 ,! amphi!atre1 :i* seat$ #ab1jjj spectators1 is 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! ru9s ( ! great aqu$uct :i* br\ght ! wat]s ( ! ,siagnole1 an afflu5t ( ! ,siagne1 to ! t[n1 c /ill be trac$ = a di/ance ( ne>ly #ai m4 ,! orig9al hamlet 0 ! capital ( ! tribe ( ! ,oxybii1 :ile ! t[n ( ,=um ,julii 0 f\nd$ on its site by ,julius ,caes> 9 ord] to secure to ! ,romans a h>b\r indep5d5t ( t ( ,m>seilles4 ,! build+s ( :i* ru9s exi/ 7 mo/ly built by ,caes> or by ,augu/us1 & %[ t x 0 an important naval /ation & ars5al4 ,b ! t[n suff]$ mu* at ! h&s ( ! ,arabs1 ( ,b>b>y pirates1 & ( its inhabitants1 :o con/ruct$ _m ( _! dwell+s out ( ! ru9$ ,roman build+s4 ,! anci5t h>b\r 7really b a portion ( ! lagoons1 :i* _h be5 deep5$7 is n[ completely silt$ up4 ,ev5 9 e>ly times a canal _h to be kept op5 by p]petual digg+1 :ile ab\t #agjj ?is 0 clos$1 & n[ a s&y & p>tly cultivat$ wa/e ext5ds betwe5 ! t[n & ! sea%ore4 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,aub5as1 ,hi/oire de ,frejus 7,frejus1 #ahha72 ,*4 ,l5!ric1 ,la ,prov5ce ,m>itime anci5ne et mod]ne 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 *ap4 vii4 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,frel+huys51 ,,fr$]ick ,,!odore 7#ahag-ahhe71 ,am]ican lawy] & /atesman1 ( ,dut* desc5t1 0 born at ,mill/one1 ,new ,j]sey1 on ! #d? ( ,augu/ #ahag4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 ,fr$]ick ,frel+huys5 7#agec-ahjd71 0 an em95t lawy]1 "o ( ! fram]s ( ! fir/ ,new ,j]sey con/itution1 a soldi] 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & a memb] 7#aggh-aggi & #aghb-aghc7 ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress f ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 #agic-agif ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ate2 & 8 uncle1 ,!odore 7#aghg-ahfb71 0 attorney-g5]al ( ,new ,j]sey f #ahag to #ahbi1 0 a ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator f ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahbi-ahce1 0 ! ,:ig c&idate = vice-presid5t on ! ,clay ticket 9 #ahdd1 & 0 *ancellor ( ! univ]sity ( ,new ,york 9 #ahci-ahej & presid5t ( ,rutg]s ,college 9 #ahej-ahfb4 ,fr$]ick ,!odore1 left an orphan at ! age ( ?ree1 0 adopt$ by 8 uncle1 graduat$ at ,rutg]s 9 #ahcf1 & /udi$ law 9 ,new>k ) 8 uncle1 to ^: practice he succe$$ 9 #ahci1 soon aft] 8 admission to ! b>4 ,he became attorney = ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,new ,j]sey1 ! ,morris ,canal & ,bank+ ,company1 & o!r corporations1 & f #ahfa to #ahfg 0 attorney-g5]al ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 #ahfa he 0 a delegate to ! peace congress at ,wa%+ton1 & 9 #ahff 0 appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ( ,new ,j]sey1 z a ,republican1 to fill a vacancy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ate4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahfg he 0 elect$ to fill ! unexpir$ t]m1 b a ,democratic majority 9 ! legislature prev5t$ 8 re-election 9 #ahfi4 ,9 #ahgj he 0 nom9at$ by ,presid5t ,grant1 & confirm$ by ! s5ate1 z ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] to ,engl& to succe$ ,john ,lo?rop ,motley1 b decl9$ ! mission4 ,f #ahga to #ahgg he 0 aga9 a memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ate1 9 :i* he 0 prom95t 9 debate & 9 committee "w1 & 0 *airman ( ! committee on =eign affairs dur+ ! ,alabama ,claims negotiations4 ,he 0 a /rong oppon5t ( ! recon/ruction measures ( ,presid5t ,johnson1 = ^: conviction he vot$ 7on mo/ ( ! specific *>ges7 9 ! impea*m5t trial4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! jo9t committee :i* drew up & report$ 7#ahgg7 ! ,electoral ,commission ,bill1 & subsequ5tly s]v$ z a memb] ( ! commission4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,decemb] #ahha he 0 appo9t$ secret>y ( /ate by ,presid5t ,ar?ur to succe$ ,james ,g4 ,bla9e1 & s]v$ until ! inauguration ( ,presid5t ,clevel& 9 #ahhe4 ,retir+1 ) 8 heal? impair$ by ov]work1 to 8 home 9 ,new>k1 he di$ !re on ! #bj? ( ,may1 less ?an ?ree mon?s aft] rel9qui%+ ! c>es ( (fice4 ,,fremantle1 a seaport ( ,swan c\nty1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 at ! m\? ( ! ,swan riv]1 #ab m4 by rail ,s4,w4 ( ,p]?4 ,x is ! t]m9us ( ! ,ea/]n railway1 & is a t[n ( "s indu/rial activity1 %ipbuild+1 soap-boil+1 saw-mill+1 smelt+1 iron-f\nd+1 furniture-mak+1 fl\r-mill+1 brew+ & tann+ be+ its *ief indu/ries4 ,! h>b\r1 by ! con/ruction ( two long moles & ! bla/+ away ( ! rocks at ! b>1 has be5 r5d]$ secure4 ,! ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man mail /eam]s call at ! port4 ,fremantle became a municipality 9 #ahga2 b !re are n[ ?ree sep>ate municipalities--,fremantle1 ) a population 9 #aija ( #ad1gjd2 ,fremantle ,ea/ 7#bdid72 & ,fremantle ,nor? 7#cbdf74 ,at ,rottne/ ,isl&1 (f ! h>b\r1 !re are gov]nm5t salt-works & a resid5ce ( ! gov]nor1 also p5al & re=matory e/abli%m5ts4 ,,fremiet1 ,,emmanuel 7#ahbd- 71 ,fr5* sculptor1 born 9 ,p>is1 0 a nephew & pupil ( ,rude2 he *iefly devot$ himself to animal sculpture & to eque/rian /atues 9 arm\r4 ,8 e>lie/ "w 0 9 sci5tific li?ography 7o/eology71 & = a :ile he s]v$ 9 times ( adv]sity 9 ! gruesome (fice ( pa9t] to ! ,morgue4 ,9 #ahdc he s5t to ! ,salon a /udy ( a ,gazelle1 & aft] t date 0 v prolific 9 8 works4 ,8 ,w\nd$ ,be> & ,w\nd$ ,dog 7 produc$ 9 #ahej1 & ! ,luxemb\rg ,museum at once secur$ ?is /rik+ example ( 8 "w4 ,f #ahee to #ahei ,fremiet 0 engag$ on a s]ies ( milit>y /atuettes = ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,he produc$ 8 eque/rian /atue ( ,napoleon ,i4 9 #ahfh1 & ( ,l\is d',orleans 9 #ahfi 7at ! ,*ateau de ,pi]refonds7 & 9 #ahgd ! fir/ eque/rian /atue ( ,joan ( ,arc1 erect$ 9 ! ,place des ,pyramides1 ,p>is2 ?is he aft]w>ds 7#ahhi7 replac$ ) ano!r & /ill f9] v]sion4 ,9 ! mean:ile he _h exhibit$ 8 ma/]ly ,gorilla & ,woman :i* won him a m$al ( hon\r at ! ,salon ( #ahhg4 ,( ! same "*1 & ev5 m rem>kable1 is 8 ,ourang-,outangs & ,borneo ,savage ( #ahie1 a commission f ! ,p>is ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,fremiet also execut$ ! /atue ( ,/ ,mi*ael = ! summit ( ! spire ( ! ,eglise ,/ ,mi*el1 & ! eque/rian /atue ( ,velasquez = ! ,j>d9 de l',infante at ! ,l\vre4 ,he became a memb] ( ! ,academie des ,beaux-,arts 9 #ahib1 & succe$$ ,b>ye z pr(essor ( animal draw+ at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,p>is4 ,,fremont1 ,,john ,,*>les 7#ahac-ahij71 ,am]ican explor]1 soldi] & political lead]1 0 born 9 ,savannah1 ,georgia1 on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #ahac4 ,8 fa!r1 a native ( ,france1 di$ :5 ! boy 0 9 8 six? ye>1 & 8 "m1 a memb] ( an ari/ocratic ,virg9ia family1 !n remov$ to ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 #ahbh1 aft] a ye>'s special prep>ation1 "y ,fremont ent]$ ! junior class ( ! college ( ,*>le/on1 & "h display$ m>k$ ability1 especially 9 ma!matics2 b 8 irregul> att5dance & disreg>d ( college discipl9e l$ to 8 expulsion f ! in/itution1 :i*1 h[ev]1 conf]r$ ^u him a degree 9 #ahcf4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 appo9t$ tea*] ( ma!matics on bo>d ! sloop ( w> ,nat*ez1 & 0 s engag$ dur+ a cruise along ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/ :i* 0 cont9u$ = ab\t two & a half ye>s4 ,soon aft] return+ to ,*>le/on he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy1 b he *ose in/ead to s]ve z assi/ant eng9e] ( a survey und]tak5 *iefly = ! purpose ( f9d+ a pass ?r\gh ! m\nta9s = a propos$ railway f ,*>le/on to ,c9c9nati4 ,9 ,july #ahch he 0 appo9t$ second lieut5ant ( ,topographical ,eng9e]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army1 & = ! next ?ree ye>s he 0 assi/ant to ! ,fr5* explor]1 ,jean ,ni*olas ,nicollet 7#aghf-ahdc71 employ$ by ! w> dep>tm5t to survey & map a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri riv]s4 ,9 #ahda ,fremont survey$1 = ! gov]nm5t1 ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,des ,mo9es riv]4 ,9 ! same ye> he m>ri$ ,jessie1 ! daught] ( ,s5ator ,?omas ,h4 ,b5ton ( ,miss\ri1 & x 0 9 no small measure ?r\gh ,b5ton's influ5ce ) ! gov]nm5t t ,fremont 0 enabl$ to accompli% )9 ! next few ye>s ! exploration ( mu* ( ! t]ritory betwe5 ! ,mississippi ,valley & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,:5 ! claim ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,oregon t]ritory 0 be+ /r5g!n$ by occupation1 ,fremont 0 s5t1 at 8 urg5t reque/1 to explore ! fronti] beyond ! ,miss\ri riv]1 & especially ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,s\? ,pass1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,am]ican immigrants travell$4 ,)9 f\r mon?s 7#ahdb7 he survey$ ! ,pass & asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! highe/ ( ! ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s1 s9ce kn[n z ,fremont's ,peak1 & ! int]e/ ar\s$ by 8 descriptions 0 su* t 9 ! next ye> he 0 s5t on a second exp$ition to complete ! survey across ! cont95t along ! l9e ( travel f ,miss\ri to ! m\? ( ! ,columbia riv]4 ,?is "t he n only c>ri$ out 8 in/ructions b1 by fur!r explorations toge!r ) int]e/+ descriptions1 dispell$ g5]al ignorance ) respect to ! ma9 features ( ! c\ntry ,w4 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s3 ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 ! ,great ,bas91 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s1 & ! f]tile riv] bas9s ( ! ,mexican prov9ce ( ,cali=nia4 ,8 report ( ?is exp$ition ^u 8 return to ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 9 #ahdd1 ar\s$ mu* solicitude = ,cali=nia1 :i*1 x 0 fe>$1 might1 9 ! ev5t ( w> !n ?reat5+ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico1 be seiz$ by ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahde ,fremont 0 despat*$ on a ?ird exp$ition = ! pr(ess$ purposes ( fur!r explor+ ! ,great ,bas9 & ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & ( discov]+ ! easie/ l9es ( communication betwe5 !m1 z well z = ! secret purpose ( assi/+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 case ( w> ) ,mexico1 to ga9 possession ( ,cali=nia4 ,he & 8 p>ty ( sixty-two arriv$ !re 9 ,janu>y #ahdf4 ,ow+ to ! numb] ( ,am]ican immigrants :o _h settl$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ! ,mexican au?orities !re became suspici\s & ho/ile1 & ord]$ ,fremont out ( ! prov9ce4 ,in/ead ( obey+ he pit*$ 8 camp ne> ! summit ( a m\nta9 ov]look+ ,mont]ey1 =tifi$ 8 position1 & rais$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates flag4 ,a few days lat] he 0 proce$+ t[>d ! ,oregon bord] :5 new in/ructions f ,wa%+ton caus$ him to retrace 8 /eps &1 p]haps1 to consid] plans = provok+ w>4 ,! ext5t ( 8 responsibility = ! ev5ts t ensu$ is n :olly cle>1 & has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy2 8 def5d]s h ass]t$ t he 0 n responsible = ! seizure ( ,sonoma or = ! s-call$ ,be>-,flag ,w>2 & t he play$ a cr$itable "p ?r\gh\t4 7,= an opposite view see ,,cali=nia47 ,commodore ,john ,d4 ,sloat1 aft] seiz+ ,mont]ey1 transf]r$ 8 comm& to ,commodore ,rob]t ,field ,/ockton 7#agie-ahff71 :o made ,fremont major ( a battalion2 & by ,janu>y #ahdg ,/ockton & ,fremont complet$ ! conque/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! meantime ,g5]al ,/eph5 ,watts ,ke>ny 7#agid-ahdh7 _h be5 s5t by ! ,gov]nm5t to conqu] x & to e/abli% a gov]nm5t4 ,?is creat$ a conflict ( au?ority betwe5 ,/ockton & ,ke>ny1 bo? ( :om 7 ,fremont's sup]ior (fic]s4 ,/ockton1 ignor+ ,ke>ny1 commission$ ,fremont milit>y comm&ant & gov]nor4 ,b ,ke>ny's au?ority be+ confirm$ ab\t ! #a/ ( ,april1 ,fremont1 = repeat$ acts ( disob$i5ce1 0 s5t "u arre/ to ,wa%+ton1 :]e he 0 tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 f\nd guilty 7,janu>y #ahdg7 ( mut9y1 disob$i5ce & conduct prejudicial to milit>y discipl9e1 & s5t5c$ to dismissal f ! s]vice4 ,presid5t ,polk approv$ ( ! v]dict except z to mut9y1 b remitt$ ! p5alty1 :]eupon ,fremont resign$4 ,) ! m\nta9-trav]s$ region he _h be5 explor+ acquir$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,fremont 0 eag] = a railway f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & 9 ,octob] #ahdh he set out at 8 own & ,s5ator ,b5ton's exp5se to f9d passes = su* a railway along a l9e we/w>d f ! headwat]s ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,b he _h n gone f> :5 he 0 l$ a/ray by a guide1 & aft] ! loss ( 8 entire outfit & sev]al ( 8 m51 & int5se suff]+ ( ! survivors f cold & hung]1 he turn$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e & !n we/w>d ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,gila into s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,late 9 ! ye> #ahec1 h[ev]1 he return$ to ! place :]e ! guide _h l$ him a/ray1 f\nd passes ?r\gh ! m\nta9s to ! we/w>d betwe5 latitudes #cg deg4 & #ch deg4 ,n41 & arriv$ 9 ,san ,francisco e>ly 9 ,may #ahed4 ,f ! conclusion ( 8 f\r? exp$ition until ,m>* #ahee1 :5 he remov$ to ,new ,york city1 he liv$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & 9 ,decemb] #ahdi 0 elect$ "o ( ! fir/ two ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators f ! new /ate4 ,b z he drew ! %ort t]m1 he s]v$ only f ! #aj? ( ,septemb] #ahej to ! #crd ( ,m>* #ahea4 ,al?\gh a c&idate = re-election1 he 0 defeat$ by ! pro-slav]y p>ty4 ,8 opposition to slav]y1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) 8 popul>ity--won by ! successes1 h>d%ips & dang]s ( 8 explor+ exp$itions1 & by 8 "p 9 ! conque/ ( ,cali=nia--l$ to 8 nom9ation1 l>gely on ! gr\nd ( availability1 = ! presid5cy 9 #ahef by ! ,republicans 7?is be+ _! fir/ presid5tial campaign71 & by ! ,national ,am]icans or ,"k-,no?+s4 ,9 ! ensu+ election he 0 defeat$ by ,james ,bu*anan by #agd to #aad electoral votes4 ,soon aft] ! ,civil ,w> began1 ,fremont 0 appo9t$ major-g5]al & plac$ 9 comm& ( ! we/]n dep>tm5t ) headqu>t]s at ,/ ,l\is1 b 8 lack ( judgm5t & ( adm9i/rative ability soon became app>5t1 ! affairs ( 8 dep>tm5t fell into disord]1 & ,fremont seems to h be5 easily dup$ by di%one/ contractors :om he tru/$4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,augu/ #ahfa he issu$ a proclamation 9 :i* he decl>$ ! prop]ty ( ,miss\rians 9 rebellion confiscat$ & _! slaves emancipat$4 ,= ?is he 0 applaud$ by ! radical ,republicans1 b 8 action 0 contr>y to an act ( congress ( ! #f? ( ,augu/ & to ! policy ( ! ,adm9i/ration4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,septemb] ,presid5t ,l9coln1 :o reg>d$ ! action z premature & :o saw t x might ali5ate ,k5tucky & o!r bord] /ates1 ^: adh]5ce he 0 try+ to secure1 annull$ ^! decl>ations4 ,impell$ by s]i\s *>ges aga9/ ,fremont1 ! presid5t s5t ,montgom]y ,blair1 ! po/ma/]-g5]al1 & ,montgom]y ,c4 ,meigs1 ! qu>t]ma/]-g5]al1 to inve/igate ! dep>tm5t2 !y report$ t ,fremont's managem5t 0 extravagant & ineffici5t2 & 9 ,novemb] he 0 remov$4 ,out ( consid]ation = ! ,radicals1 h[ev]1 ,fremont 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( ! ,m\nta9 ,dep>tm5t ( ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,9 ! spr+ & summ] ( #ahfb he co-op]at$ ) ,g5]al ,n4 ,p4 ,banks aga9/ ,/onewall ,jackson 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley1 b %[$ little ability z a comm&]1 0 defeat$ by ,g5]al ,ewell at ,cross ,keys1 & :5 8 troops 7 unit$ ) ^? ( ,g5]als ,banks & ,mc,dowell to =m ! ,army ( ,virg9ia1 ( :i* ,g5]al ,john ,pope 0 plac$ 9 comm&1 ,fremont decl9$ to s]ve "u ,pope1 :om he outrank$1 & retir$ f active s]vice4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,may #ahfd he 0 nom9at$ = ! presid5cy by a radical faction ( ! ,republican p>ty1 oppos$ to ,presid5t ,l9coln1 b 8 foll[+ 0 s small t on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb] he )drew f ! conte/4 ,f #ahgh to #ahha he 0 gov]nor ( ! t]ritory ( ,arizona1 & 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life he 0 appo9t$ by act ( congress a major-g5]al & plac$ on ! retir$ li/4 ,he di$ 9 ,new ,york on ! #ac? ( ,july #ahij4 ,see ,j4 ,c4 ,fremont1 ,report ( ! ,explor+ ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #ahdb1 & to ,oregon & ,nor? ,cali=nia1 #ahdc-ahdd 7,wa%+ton1 #ahde72 ,fremont's ,memoirs ( my ,life 7,new ,york1 #ahhg72 & ,j4 ,bigel[1 ,memoirs ( ! ,life & ,public ,s]vices ( ,john ,c4 ,fremont 7,new ,york1 #ahef74 ,,fremont1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,dodge c\nty1 ,nebraska1 ,u4,s4,a41 ab\t #cg m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,omaha1 on ! ,n4 bank ( ! ,platte riv]1 :i* "h ab\nds 9 picturesque bluffs & wood$ isl&s4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #fgdg2 7#aijj7 #gbda 7#acjc =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #hgah4 ,x is on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,union ,pacific railway1 on a bran* ( ! ,*icago1 ,burl+ton ,qu9cy sy/em1 & on ! ma9 we/]n l9e ( ! ,*icago ,nor?-,we/]n railway1 sev]al bran*es ( :i* 7includ+ ! =m]ly indep5d5t ,fremont1 ,elkhorn ,miss\ri ,valley & ! ,si\x ,city ,pacific7 conv]ge "h4 ,! city has an attractive situation & is beautifully %ad$4 ,x has a public libr>y & is ! seat ( ! ,fremont ,college1 ,comm]cial ,in/itute & ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy 7#ahge71 a private in/itution4 ,!re is consid]able local trade ) ! ri* f>m+ c\ntry ( ! ,platte & ,elkhorn valleys2 & ! :olesale gra9 int]e/s are especially important4 ,among ! manufactures are fl\r1 c>riages1 saddl]y1 cann$ vegetables1 furniture1 incubators & be]4 ,! city owns & op]ates its electric-light+ plant & wat]-works4 ,fremont 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahef1 & became ! c\nty-seat 9 #ahfj4 ,x 0 *>t]$ z a city 7second-class7 9 #ahga1 & became a city ( ! fir/ class 9 #aija4 ,,fremont1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,s&usky c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,s&usky riv]1 #cj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,tol$o4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #gada2 7#aijj7 #hdci1 ( :om #ajgd 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #iici4 ,fremont is s]v$ by ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn1 ! ,lake ,%ore ,electric1 ! ,lake ,erie ,we/]n1 & ! ,:eel+ ,lake ,erie railways4 ,! riv] is navigable to ?is po9t4 ,spiegel ,grove1 ! =m] resid5ce ( ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,hayes1 is ( int]e/1 & ! city has a public libr>y 7#ahgc7 & p>ks1 9 l>ge measure ! gifts ( 8 uncle1 ,s>dis ,bir*>d4 ,fremont is situat$ 9 a good agricultural region2 oil & natural gas ab\nd 9 ! vic9ity2 & ! city has v>i\s manufactures1 includ+ boil]s1 electro-c>bons1 cutl]y1 bricks1 agricultural implem5ts1 /oves & ranges1 safety razors1 c>riage irons1 sa%1 doors1 bl9ds1 furniture1 beet sug>1 cann$ vegetables1 malt extract1 g>t]s & susp5d]s4 ,! total factory product 0 valu$ at #b1hcc1che 9 #aije1 an increase ( #bc4d ov] t ( #aijj4 ,fremont is on ! site ( a fav\rite abode ( ! ,indians1 & a trad+ po/ 0 at times ma9ta9$ "h2 b ! place is be/ kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! site ( ,=t ,/eph5son1 erect$ dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab1 & on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #ahac gallantly & successfully def5d$ by ,major ,george ,croghan 7#agia-ahdi71 ) #afj m51 aga9/ ab\t #ajjj ,briti% & ,indians "u ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,h5ry ,a4 ,proctor4 ,9 #aijf ,croghan's rema9s 7 re-int]r$ on ! site ( ! old =t4 ,until #ahdi1 :5 ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$ 9 hon\r ( ,j4 ,c4 ,fremont1 ! place 0 kn[n z ,l[] ,s&usky2 x 0 incorporat$ z a village 9 #ahbi & 0 fir/ *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahfg4 ,,fremy1 ,,edmond 7#ahad-ahid71 ,fr5* *emi/1 0 born at ,v]sailles on ! #bi? ( ,febru>y #ahad4 ,ent]+ ,gay-,lussac's laboratory 9 #ahca1 he became prep>ateur at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique 9 #ahcd & at ! ,college de ,france 9 #ahcg4 ,8 next po/ 0 t ( repetiteur at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 :]e 9 #ahdf he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor1 & 9 #ahej he succe$$ ,gay-,lussac 9 ! *air ( *emi/ry at ! ,museum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 ( :i* he 0 director1 9 succession to ,m4 ,e4 ,*evreul1 f #ahgi to #ahia4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #crd ( ,febru>y #ahid4 ,8 "w includ$ inve/igations ( osmic acid1 ( ! f]rates1 /annates1 plumbates1 c41 & ( ozone1 attempts to obta9 free fluor9e by ! electrolysis ( fus$ fluorides1 & ! discov]y ( anhydr\s hydr(luoric acid & ( a s]ies ( acides sulphazotes1 ! precise nature ( :i* long rema9$ a matt] ( discussion4 ,he also /udi$ ! col\r+ matt]s ( leaves & fl[]s1 ! composition ( bone1 c]ebral matt] & o!r animal sub/ances1 & ! processes ( f]m5tation1 9 reg>d to ! nature ( :i* he 0 an oppon5t ( ,pa/eur's views4 ,ke5ly alive to ! importance ( ! te*nical applications ( *emi/ry1 he devot$ special att5tion z a tea*] to ! tra9+ ( indu/rial *emi/s4 ,9 ?is field he contribut$ to our k ( ! manufacture ( iron & /eel1 sulphuric acid1 glass & pap]1 & 9 p>ticul> work$ at ! saponification ( fats ) sulphuric acid & ! utilization ( palmitic acid = c&le-mak+4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life he appli$ himself to ! problem ( obta9+ alum9a 9 ! cry/all9e =m1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ rubies id5tical ) ! natural gem n m]ely 9 *emical composition b also 9 physical prop]ties4 ,,fr5*1 ,,daniel ,,*e/] 7#ahej- 71 ,am]ican sculptor1 0 born at ,exet]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 on ! #bj? ( ,april #ahej1 ! son ( ,h5ry ,flagg ,fr5*1 a lawy]1 :o = a "t 0 assi/ant-secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasury4 ,aft] a ye> at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,fr5* sp5t a mon? 9 ! /udio ( ,john ,q4 ,a4 ,w>d1 !n began to "w on commissions1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree receiv$ f ! t[n ( ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 an ord] = 8 well-kn[n /atue ,! ,m9ute ,man1 :i* 0 unveil$ 7,april #ai1 #ahge7 on ! c5t5>y ( ! battle ( ,concord4 ,previ\sly ,fr5* _h gone to ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 :]e he sp5t a ye> ) ,?omas ,ball4 ,fr5*'s be/-kn[n "w is ,dea? ,/ay+ ! ,h& ( ! ,sculptor1 a memorial = ! tomb ( ! sculptor ,m>t9 ,milmore1 9 ! ,=e/ ,hills cemet]y1 ,bo/on2 ?is receiv$ a m$al ( hon\r at ,p>is1 9 #aijj4 ,among 8 o!r works are3 a monum5t to ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly1 ,bo/on2 ,g54 ,cass1 ,national ,hall ( ,/atu>y1 ,wa%+ton2 ,dr ,gallaudet & 8 ,fir/ ,deaf-,mute ,pupil1 ,wa%+ton2 ! colossal ,/atue ( ! ,republic1 = ! ,columbian ,exposition at ,*icago2 /atues ( ,rufus ,*oate 7,bo/on71 ,john ,h>v>d 7,cambridge1 ,mass471 & ,?omas ,/>r ,k+ 7,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia71 a memorial to ! ar*itect ,ri*>d ,m4 ,hunt1 9 ,fif? ,av5ue1 opposite ! ,l5ox libr>y1 ,new ,york1 & a l>ge ,alma ,mat]1 ne> ! approa* to ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york4 ,9 collaboration ) ,edw>d ,c4 ,pott] he modell$ ! ,wa%+ton1 pres5t$ to ,france by ! ,daught]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution2 ! ,g5]al ,grant 9 ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,philadelphia1 & ! ,g5]al ,joseph ,hook] 9 ,bo/on4 ,fr5* became a memb] ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design 7#aija71 ! ,national ,sculpture ,society1 ! ,ar*itectural ,league1 & ! ,accademia di ,san ,luca1 ( ,rome4 ,,fr5*1 ,,ni*olas 7#afjd-afgh71 bi%op ( ,f]ns1 0 an ,iri% political pamphlete]1 :o 0 born at ,wex=d4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,l\va91 & return+ to ,irel& became a prie/ at ,wex=d1 & be=e #afdf 0 appo9t$ bi%op ( ,f]ns4 ,hav+ tak5 a prom95t "p 9 ! political di/urbances ( ?is p]iod1 ,fr5* deem$ x prud5t to leave ,irel& 9 #afea1 & ! rema9d] ( 8 life 0 pass$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,he act$ z coadjutor to ! ar*bi%ops ( ,santiago de ,compo/ella & ,p>is1 & to ! bi%op ( ,gh5t1 & di$ at ,gh5t on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/ #afgh4 ,9 #afgf he publi%$ 8 attack on ,james ,butl]1 m>quess ( ,ormonde1 entitl$ ,! ,unk9de ,des]tor ( ,loyall ,m5 & ,true ,fr9ds1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ,! ,ble$+ ,iphig5ia4 ,! mo/ important ( 8 o!r pamphlets is ! ,n>rative ( ! ,e>l ( ,cl>5don's ,settlem5t & ,sale ( ,irel& 7,l\va91 #affh74 ,! ,hi/orical ,works ( ,bi%op ,fr5*1 compris+ ! ?ree pamphlets already m5tion$ & "s lett]s1 7 publi%$ by ,s4 ,h4 ,b9don at ,dubl9 9 #ahdf4 ,see ,t4 ,d4 ,mc,gee1 ,iri% ,writ]s ( ! #ag? ,c5tury 7,dubl91 #ahdf72 ,sir ,j4 ,t4 ,gilb]t1 ,contempor>y ,hi/ory ( ,affairs 9 ,irel&1 #afda-afeb 7,dubl91 #ahgi-ahhj72 & ,t4 ,c>te1 ,life ( ,james1 ,duke ( ,ormond 7new ed41 ,ox=d1 #ahea74 ,,fr5* ,,congo1 ! g5]al "n ( ! ,fr5* possessions 9 equatorial ,africa4 ,!y h an area e/imat$ at #gjj1jjj sq4 m41 ) a population1 also e/imat$1 ( #f1jjj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! :ites numb]$ 7#aijf7 #abgh1 ( :om #ejb 7 (ficials4 ,fr5* ,congo1 (ficially r5am$ ,,fr5* ,,equatorial ,,africa 9 #aiaj1 comprises--7#a7 ! ,gabun ,colony1 7#b7 ! ,middle ,congo ,colony1 7#c7 ! ,ubangi-,%>i ,circumscription1 7#d7 ! ,*ad ,circumscription4 ,! two la/-nam$ divisions =m ! ,ubangi-,%>i-,*ad ,colony4 ,! pres5t article treats ( ,fr5* ,congo z a unit4 ,x is ( highly irregul> %ape4 ,x is b\nd$ ,w4 by ! ,atlantic1 ,n4 by ! 7,spani%7 ,muni ,riv] ,settlem5ts1 ! ,g]man colony ( ,cam]oon & ! ,sah>a1 ,e4 by ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 & ,s4 by ,belgian ,congo & ! ,portuguese t]ritory ( ,kab9da4 ,9 ! great] "p ( its l5g? ! s\!rn fronti] is ! middle c\rse ( ! ,congo & ! ,ubangi & ,mbomu1 ! *ief nor!rn afflu5ts ( t /ream1 b 9 ! s\?-we/ ! fronti] keeps nor? ( ! ,congo riv]1 ^: navigable l[] c\rse is p>tition$ betwe5 ,belgium & ,portugal4 ,! coa/ l9e1 "s #fjj m4 long1 ext5ds f #e deg4 ,s4 to #a deg4 ,n4 ,! nor!rn fronti]1 />t+ inl& f ! ,muni e/u>y1 aft] skirt+ ! ,spani% settlem5ts foll[s a l9e drawn a little nor? ( #b deg4 ,n4 & ext5d+ ea/ to #af deg4 ,e4 ,nor? ( ?is l9e ! c\ntry is "p ( ,cam]oon1 ,g]man t]ritory ext5d+ s f> inl& f ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea z to approa* )9 #acj m4 ( ! ,ubangi4 ,f ! int]section ( ! l9es nam$1 at :i* po9t ,fr5* ,congo is at its n>r[e/1 ! fronti] runs nor? & !n ea/ until ! ,%>i is rea*$ 9 #aj deg4 #dj' ,n4 ,! ,%>i !n =ms ! fronti] up to ,lake ,*ad1 :]e ,fr5* ,congo jo9s ! ,sah>an regions ( ,fr5* ,we/ ,africa4 ,! ea/]n fronti]1 sep>at+ ! colony f ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 is ! wat]-p>t+ betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,congo4 ,! ,mahomm$an sultanates ( ,wadai & ,bagirmi occupy mu* ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,fr5* ,congo 7see ,,wadai & ,,bagirmi74 ,physical ,features4--,! coa/ l9e1 beg9n+ 9 ! nor? at ,corisco ,bay1 is %ortly aft]w>ds some:at deeply ind5t$ by ! e/u>y ( ! ,gabun1 s\? ( :i* ! %ore runs 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e until ! delta ( ! ,og[e is rea*$1 :]e ,cape ,lopez projects ,n4,w4 ,f ?is po9t ! coa/ tr5ds uni=mly ,s4,e4 )\t pres5t+ any /rik+ features1 ?\gh ! ,bay ( ,mayumba1 ! road/ead ( ,loango1 & ! ,po9te ,noire may be m5tion$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! coa/ region is occupi$ by primeval =e/1 ) trees ris+ to a height ( #aej & #bjj ft41 b !re is a consid]able v>iety ( sc5]y--op5 lagoons1 mangrove swamps1 scatt]$ clu/]s ( trees1 p>k-l rea*es1 d5se walls ( tangl$ und]wood along ! riv]s1 prairies ( tall grass & pat*es ( cultivation4 ,beh9d ! coa/ region is a ridge :i* rises f #cjjj to #dejj ft41 call$ ! ,cry/al ,m\nta9s1 !n a plateau ) an elevation v>y+ f #aejj to #bhjj ft41 cleft ) deep riv]-valleys1 ! walls ( :i* are friable1 almo/ v]tical1 & 9 "s places #gfj ft4 high4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,fr5* ,congo4 ,! coa/ riv]s fl[+ into ! ,atlantic cross f\r t]races4 ,on ! high] portion ( ! plateau _! c\rse is ov] b>e s&2 on ! second t]race1 f #abjj to #bjjj ft4 high1 x is ov] wide grassy tracts2 !n1 = "s #ajj m41 ! riv]s pass ?r\gh virg9 =e/1 &1 la/ly1 !y cross ! %ore region1 :i* is ab\t #aj m4 broad4 ,! riv]s :i* fall directly into ! ,atlantic are g5]ally unnavigable4 ,! mo/ important1 ! ,og[e 7q4v471 is1 h[ev]1 navigable f its m\? to ,n',jole1 a di/ance ( #bce m4 ,riv]s to ! s\? ( ! ,og[e are ! ,nyanga1 #abj m4 long1 & ! ,kwilu4 ,! latt]1 #cbj m4 9 l5g?1 is =m$ by ! ,kiasi & ! ,luete2 x has a v w9d+ c\rse1 fl[+ by turns f nor? to s\?1 f ea/ to we/1 f s\? to nor?-we/ & f nor? to s\?-we/4 ,x is encumb]$ ) rocks & eddies1 & is navigable only ov] #ch m41 & = five mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,! m\? is #aajj ft4 wide4 ,! ,muni riv]1 ! nor!rnmo/ 9 ! colony1 is ob/ruct$ by cat>acts 9 its passage ?r\gh ! esc>pm5t to ! coa/4 ,ne>ly all ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,%>i 7q4v47 z well z ! "r bank ( ! l[] riv] is )9 ,fr5* ,congo4 ,! great] "p ( ! c\ntry belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! dra9age area ( ! ,congo riv]4 ,9 addition to ! nor!rn banks ( ! ,mbomu & ,ubangi1 #ccj m4 ( ! nor? %ore ( ! ,congo itself are 9 ! ,fr5* protectorate z well z num]\s subsidi>y /reams4 ,= "s #ajj m4 h[ev]1 ! "r bank ( ! ,sanga1 ! mo/ important ( ^! subsidi>y /reams1 is 9 ,g]man t]ritory 7see ,,congo74 ,geology4--,?ree ma9 divisions are recogniz$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,congo3--7#a7 ! littoral zone1 cov]$ ) alluvium & sup]ficial deposits & und]la9 by ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s rocks2 7#b7 ! m\nta9 zone ( ! ,cry/al ,m\nta9s1 compos$ ( granite1 metamorphic & anci5t s$im5ts2 7#c7 ! plateau ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,congo bas91 occupi$ by ,k>roo s&/ones4 ,! core ( ! ,cry/al ,m\nta9s consi/s ( granite & s*i/s4 ,infold$ ) !m1 & on ! flanks1 are ?ree rock sy/ems ascrib$ to ! ,silurian1 ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,^! are unfossilif]\s1 b fossils ( ,devonian age occur on ! ,congo 7see ,,congo ,,free ,,/ate74 ,granite cov]s wide areas nor?-we/ ( ! ,cry/al ,m\nta9s4 ,! plateau s&/ones lie horizontally & consi/ ( a l[] r$ s&/one gr\p & an upp] :ite s&/one gr\p4 ,!y h n yield$ fossils4 ,lime/ones ( ,l[] ,cretace\s age1 ) ,s*lo5ba*ia inflata1 occur nor? ( ! ,gabun & 9 ! ,og[e bas94 ,m>ls & lime/ones ) fossils ( an ,eoc5e facies ov]lie ! ,cretace\s rocks on ! ,gabun4 ,a sup]ficial iron-cem5t$ s&1 errone\sly t]m$ lat]ite1 cov]s l>ge areas 9 ! littoral zone1 on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s & on ! high plateau4 ,climate4--,! :ole ( ! c\ntry be+ 9 ! equatorial region1 ! climate is ev]y:]e v hot & dang]\s = ,europeans4 ,on ! coa/ f\r seasons are di/+ui%$3 ! dry season 7#ae? ( ,may to #ae? ( ,septemb]71 ! ra9y season 7#ae? ( ,septemb] to #ae? ( ,janu>y71 !n a second dry season 7#ae? ( ,janu>y to #a/ ( ,m>*71 & a second ra9y season 7#a/ ( ,m>* to #ae? ( ,may74 ,! ra9fall at ,libreville is ab\t #if 94 a ye>4 ,flora & ,fauna4--,! elephant1 ! hippopotamus1 ! crocodile & sev]al k9ds ( apes--includ+ ! *impanzee & ! r>e gorilla--are ! mo/ notewor?y l>g] animals2 ! birds are v>i\s & beautiful--grey p>rots1 %rikes1 fly-cat*]s1 rh9oc]os birds1 weav] birds 7(t5 9 l>ge colonies on ! palm-trees71 ice-birds1 f ! ,cecyle ,%>pii to ! dw>fi% ,alc$o cri/ata1 butt]fly f9*es1 & helmet-birds 7,turacus giganteus71 z well z m famili> types4 ,snakes are extremely common4 ,! curi\s climb+-fi%1 :i* frequ5ts ! mangroves1 ! ,protopt]us or lung-fi%1 :i* lies 9 ! mud 9 a /ate ( le?>gy dur+ ! dry season1 ! /range & poison\s ,tetrodon guttif]1 & ! h]r+-l ,pellona africana1 (t5 caught 9 great %oals--are ! m rem>kable ( ! fi%es4 ,oy/]s are got 9 abundance f ! lagoons1 & ! huge ,c>disoma armatum or he>t-crab is fatt5$ = table4 ,fireflies1 mosquitoes & s&flies are among ! mo/ famili> =ms ( insect life4 ,a k9d ( ant builds v /rik+ b5t-h\se or umbrella-%ap$ ne/s ris+ on ! tree trunks "o above ! o!r4 ,among ! m *>act]i/ic =ms ( vegetation are baobabs1 silk-cotton trees1 screw-p9es & palms--especially ,hypha5e gu9e5sis 7a fan-palm71 ,raphia 7! w9e-palm71 & ,elaeis gu9e5sis 7! oil-palm74 ,anonace\s plants 7notably ,anona s5egal5sis71 & ! pallab&a1 an olive-myrtle-l tree1 are common 9 ! prairies2 ! papyrus %oots up to a height ( #bj ft4 along ! riv]s2 ! banks are fr+$ by ! cottony ,hibiscus tiliaceus1 ipomaeas & fragrant jasm9es2 & ! ?ickets are b\nd toge!r 9 "o inextricable mass by lianas ( _m k9ds4 ,9 ! upp] ,%>i region1 & t ( ! ,kotto tribut>y ( ! ,ubangi1 are species ( ! c(fee tree1 "o species atta9+ a height ( ov] #fj ft4 ,its bean resembles t ( ,abyss9ian c(fee ( m$ium quality4 ,among ! fruit trees are ! mango & ! papaw1 ! orange & ! lemon4 ,negro-pepp] 7a v>iety ( capsicum7 & g+] gr[ wild4 ,inhabitants & ,*ief ,t[ns4--,a c5sus1 necess>ily imp]fect1 tak5 9 #aijf %[$ a total population1 exclusive ( ,wadai1 ( #c1feb1jjj1 divid$ 9 di/ricts z foll[s3--,gabun1 #cgf1jjj2 ,middle ,congo1 #bei1jjj2 ,ubangi-,%>i1 #b1acj1jjj2 ,*ad1 #hhe1jjj4 ,! c\ntry is peopl$ by div]se negro races1 &1 9 ! regions bord]+ ,lake ,*ad & 9 ,wadai1 by ,fula1 ,hausa1 ,arabs & semi-,arab tribes4 ,among ! be/-kn[n tribes liv+ 9 ,fr5* ,congo are ! ,fang 7,fans71 ! ,bakalai1 ! ,batekes & ! ,z&eh or ,niam-,niam4 ,sev]al ( ! tribes are cannibals & among _m ( !m ! feti% wor%ip *>act]i/ic ( ! ,we/ ,african negroes prevails4 ,_! civilization is ( a l[ ord]4 ,9 ! nor!rn regions ! majority ( ! inhabitants are ,mahomm$ans1 & x is only 9 ^? di/ricts t organiz$ & p[]ful /ates exi/4 ,else:]e ! au?ority ( a *ief or k+ ext5ds1 ord9>ily1 little beyond ! village 9 :i* he lives4 7,an acc\nt ( ! *ief tribes is giv5 "u _! names47 ,! ,european inhabitants are *iefly ( ,fr5* nationality1 & are = ! mo/ "p trad]s1 (ficials & mission>ies4 ,! *ief t[ns are ,libreville 7capital ( ! ,gabun colony7 ) #cjjj inhabitants2 ,brazzaville1 on ! ,congo on ! nor? side ( ,/anley ,pool 7opposite ! ,belgian capital ( ,leopoldville71 ! seat ( ! gov]nor-g5]al2 ,franceville1 on ! upp] ,og[e2 ,loango1 an important seaport 9 #d deg4 #ci' ,s42 ,n',jole1 a busy trad+ c5tre on ! l[] ,og[e2 ,*ekna1 capital ( ,bagirmi1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,*ad t]ritory2 ,abe%r1 ! capital ( ,wadai1 ,bangi on ! ,ubangi riv]1 ! adm9i/rative capital ( ! ,ubangi-,%>i-,*ad colony4 ,kunde1 ,lame & ,b9d] are native trad+ c5tres ne> ! ,cam]oon fronti]4 ,communications4--,! riv]s are ! *ief means ( int]nal communication4 ,access to ! great] "p ( ! colony is obta9$ by ocean /eam]s to ,matadi on ! l[] ,congo1 & !nce r\nd ! falls by ! ,congo railway to ,/anley ,pool4 ,f ,brazzaville on ,/anley ,pool !re is #fhj m4 ( un9t]rupt$ /eam navigation ,n4,e4 into ! he>t ( ,africa1 #ccj m4 be+ on ! ,congo & #cej m4 on ! ,ubangi4 ,! f>!/ po9t rea*$ is ,zongo1 :]e rapids block ! riv]1 b beyond t port !re are sev]al navigable /ret*es ( ! ,ubangi1 & = small vessels access to ! ,nile is possible by means ( ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal tribut>ies4 ,! ,sanga1 :i* jo9s ! ,congo1 #bgj m4 above ,brazzaville1 c be navigat$ by /eam]s = #cej m41 i4e4 up to & beyond ! ,s4,e4 fronti] ( ! ,g]man colony ( ,cam]oon4 ,! ,%>i is also navigable = a consid]able di/ance & by means ( its afflu5t1 ! ,logone1 connects ) ! ,b5ue & ,nig]1 af=d+ a wat]way betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea & ,lake ,*ad4 ,/ores = gov]nm5t po/s 9 ! ,*ad t]ritory are =w>d$ by ?is r\te4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no connect+ l9k betwe5 ! coa/ riv]s--,gabun1 ,og[e & ,kwilu & ! ,congo sy/em4 ,a railway1 ab\t #ejj m4 long1 f ! ,gabun to ! ,sanga is project$ & ! surveys = ! purpose made4 ,ano!r r\te survey$ = a railway is t f ,loango to ,brazzaville4 ,a n>r[-gauge l9e1 #ge m4 long1 f ,brazzaville to ,m9dule 9 ! cat>acts region 0 begun 9 ,novemb] #aijh1 ! fir/ railway to be built 9 ,fr5* ,congo4 ,! di/rict s]v$ by ! l9e is ri* 9 copp] & o!r m9]als4 ,f ,wadai a c>avan r\te across ! ,sah>a leads to ,b5gazi on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,telegraph l9es connect ,loango ) ,brazzaville & ,libreville1 !re is telegraphic communication ) ,europe by subm>9e cable1 & /eam%ip communication betwe5 ,loango & ,libreville & ,m>seilles1 ,bordeaux1 ,liv]pool & ,hamburg4 ,trade & ,agriculture4--,! *ief weal? ( ! colony consi/s 9 ! products ( its =e/s & 9 ivory4 ,! natives1 9 addition to manioc1 _! pr9cipal food1 cultivate bananas1 gr\nd nuts & tobacco4 ,on plantations own$ by ,europeans c(fee1 cocoa & vanilla are gr[n4 ,european vegetables are rais$ easily4 ,gold1 iron & copp] are f\nd4 ,copp] ores h be5 export$ f ,m9dule s9ce #aije4 ,! *ief exports are rubb] & ivory1 next 9 importance com+ palm nuts & palm oil1 ebony & o!r woods1 c(fee1 cocoa & copal4 ,! imports are ma9ly cotton & metal goods1 spirits & food/uffs4 ,9 ! ,gabun & 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,og[e ! ,fr5* cu/oms t>iff1 ) "s modifications1 prevails1 b 9 ! ,congo bas91 t is1 9 ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry1 by virtue ( int]national agreem5ts1 no discrim9ation c be made betwe5 ,fr5* & o!r m]*&ise1 :il/ cu/oms duties mu/ n exce$ #aj ad valorem4#a ,9 ! ,%>i bas9 & 9 ,wadai ! ,anglo-,fr5* decl>ation ( ,m>* #ahii accord$ = ?irty ye>s equal treatm5t to ,briti% & ,fr5* goods4 ,! value ( ! trade rose 9 ! t5 ye>s #ahif-aije f ,l#cfj1jjj to ,l#hej1jjj1 imports & exports be+ ne>ly equal4 ,! bulk ( ! export trade is ) ,great ,brita91 :i* takes mo/ ( ! rubb]1 ,france com+ second & ,g]many ?ird4 ,! imports are 9 ab\t equal proportions f ,france & =eign c\ntries4 ,l& ,t5ure4 ,! ,concessions ,regime4--,l& held by ! natives is gov]n$ by tribal law1 b ! /ate only recognizes native own]%ip 9 l& actually occupi$ by ! aborig9es4 ,! great] "p ( ! c\ntry is consid]$ a /ate doma94 ,l& held by ,europeans is subject to ! ,civil ,code ( ,france except su* e/ates z h be5 regi/]$ "u ! t]ms ( a decree ( ! #bh? ( ,m>* #ahii1 :51 regi/ration hav+ be5 effect$1 ! title to ! l& is gu>ante$ by ! /ate4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! colony has be5 divid$ s9ce #ahii into l>ge e/ates held by limit$ liability companies to :om has be5 grant$ ! sole "r ( exploit+ ! l& leas$ to !m4 ,! companies hold+ concessions numb]$ 9 #aijd ab\t =ty1 ) a comb9$ capital ( ov] ,l#b1jjj1jjj1 :il/ ! concessions v>i$ 9 size f #dbe sq4 m4 to #ed1jjj sq4 m4 ,"o effect ( ! grant+ ( concessions 0 ! rapid decl9e 9 ! bus9ess ( non-concessionaire trad]s1 ( :om ! mo/ important 7 ,liv]pool m]*ants e/abli%$ 9 ! ,gabun be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,z by ! ,act ( ,b]l9 ( #ahhe1 to :i* all ! ,european p[]s 7 signatories1 equality ( treatm5t 9 comm]cial affairs 0 gu>ante$ to all nations 9 ! ,congo bas91 prote/s 7 rais$ aga9/ ! t]ms ( ! concessions4 ,! reply 0 t ! critics confus$ ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( proprietor%ip ) ! act ( comm]ce1 & t 9 no c\ntry 0 ! l&[n] :o f>m$ 8 l& & sold ! produce reg>d$ z a m]*ant4 ,v>i\s decisions by ! judges ( ! colony dur+ #aijb & #aijc & by ! ,fr5* c\r de cassation 9 #aije confirm$ t cont5tion4 ,! action ( ! companies 01 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases1 nei!r b5eficial to ! c\ntry nor f9ancially successful1 :il/ ! native cultivators res5t$ ! prohibition ( _! trad+ direct ) _! =m] cu/om]s4 ,! case ( ! ,liv]pool trad]s 0 tak5 up by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t & x 0 agre$ t ! dispute %\ld be settl$ by arbitration4 ,9 ,septemb] #aijh ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t issu$ a decree reorganiz+ & r5d]+ m /r+5t ! control ex]cis$ by ! local au?orities ov] ! concession companies1 especially 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! rights ( natives & ! lib]ty ( comm]ce4 ,de ,brazza's treaties4 ,hi/ory4--,! ,gabun 0 visit$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury by ! ,portuguese explor]s1 & x became "o ( ! *ief seats ( ! slave trade4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till well on 9 ! #ai? c5tury t ,europeans made any m p]man5t settlem5t ?an 0 absolutely necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( _! comm]ce4 ,9 #ahci ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,admiral7 ,b\et-,willaumez obta9$ = ,france ! "r ( resid5ce on ! left bank1 & 9 #ahdb he secur$ bett] positions on ! "r bank4 ,! prim>y object ( ! ,fr5* settlem5t 0 to secure a port :]e9 m5-(-w> c\ld revictual4 ,! *ief e/abli%m5t1 ,libreville1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahdi1 ) negroes tak5 f a slave %ip4 ,! settlem5t 9 "t acquir$ importance z a trad+ port4 ,9 #ahfg ! troops numb]$ ab\t #ajjj1 & ! civil population ab\t #ejjj1 :ile ! (ficial reports ab\t ! same date claim$ = ! :ole colony an area ( #hjjj sq4 m4 & a population ( #ahf1jjj4 ,cape ,lopez _h be5 c$$ to ,france 9 #ahfb1 & ! colony's coa/-l9e ext5d$1 nom9ally1 to a l5g? ( #bjj m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! w> ) ,g]many ! colony 0 practically ab&on$ 9 #ahga1 ! e/abli%m5t at ,libreville be+ ma9ta9$ z a coal+ depot m]ely4 ,9 #ahge1 h[ev]1 ,france aga9 turn$ h] att5tion to ! ,gabun e/u>y1 ! h9t]l& ( :i* _h already be5 p>tly explor$4 ,paul du ,*aillu p5etrat$ 7#ahee-ahei & #ahfc-ahfe7 to ! s\? ( ! ,og[e2 ,walk]1 an ,engli% m]*ant1 explor$ ! ,ngunye1 an afflu5t ( ! ,og[e1 9 #ahff4 ,9 #ahgb-ahgc ,alfr$ ,m>*e1 a ,fr5* naturali/1 & ! m>quis de ,compiegne#b explor$ a portion ( ! ,og[e bas91 b x 0 n until ! exp$ition ( #ahge-ahgh t ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,og[e 0 rea*$4 ,?is exp$ition 0 l$ by ,savorgnan de ,brazza 7q4v471 :o 0 accompani$ by ,dr ,noel ,eug5e ,ballay1 &1 = "p ( ! "t1 by ,m>*e4 ,de ,brazza's exp$ition1 :i* 0 compell$ to rema9 = _m mon?s at sev]al places1 asc5d$ ! ,og[e ov] #djj m41 & beyond ! bas9 ( t /ream discov]$ ! ,alima1 :i* 01 ?\gh ! explor]s 7 ignorant ( ! fact1 a tribut>y ( ! ,congo4 ,f ! ,alima1 de ,brazza & ,ballay turn$ nor? & f9ally rea*$ ! ,gabun 9 ,novemb] #ahgh1 ! j\rney be+ less fruitful 9 results ?an ! "t x occupi$ w\ld indicate4 ,return+ to ,europe1 de ,brazza le>n$ t ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley _h reveal$ ! my/]y ( ! ,congo1 & 9 8 next j\rney1 begun ,decemb] #ahgi1 ! ,fr5* travell] und]took to f9d a way to ! ,congo above ! rapids via ! ,og[e4 ,9 ?is he 0 successful1 & 9 ,septemb] #ahhj rea*$ ,/anley ,pool1 on ! nor? side ( :i* ,brazzaville 0 subsequ5tly f\nd$4 ,return+ to ! ,gabun by ! l[] ,congo1 de ,brazza met ,/anley4 ,bo? explor]s 7 nom9ally 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,int]national ,african ,association 7see ,,congo ,,free ,,/ate71 b de ,brazza 9 reality act$ solely 9 ! int]e/s ( ,france & conclud$ treaties ) ,makoko1 k+ ( ! ,batekes1 & o!r *iefta9s1 plac+ v l>ge areas "u ! protection ( t c\ntry4 ,! conflict+ claims ( ! ,association 7:i* became ! ,congo ,free ,/ate7 & ,france 7 adju/$ by a conv5tion sign$ 9 ,febru>y #ahhe4c ,9 ! meantime de ,brazza & ,ballay _h m fully explor$ ! c\ntry beh9d ! coa/ regions ( ,gabun & ,loango1 ! la/-nam$ seaport be+ occupi$ by ,france 9 #ahhc4 ,! conclusion ( agreem5ts ) ,g]many 7,decemb] #ahhe & ,febru>y-,m>* #ahid7 & ) ,portugal 7,may #ahhf7 secur$ ,france 9 ! possession ( ! we/]n portion ( ! colony z x n[ exi/s1 :il/ an arrangem5t ) ! ,congo ,free ,/ate 9 #ahhg settl$ difficulties :i* _h aris5 9 ! ,ubangi di/rict4 ,! advance t[>ds ! ,nile3 ,fa%oda4 ,! ext5sion ( ,fr5* influ5ce nor?w>d t[>ds ,lake ,*ad & ea/w>d to ! v]ge ( ! bas9 ( ! ,nile foll[$1 ?\gh n )\t involv+ ! c\ntry 9 s]i\s disputes ) ! o!r ,european p[]s possess+ rights 9 ^? regions4 ,by creat+ ! po/s ( ,bangi 7#ahij71 ,wesso & ,abiras 7#ahia71 ,france /r5g!n$ h] hold ov] ! ,ubangi & ! ,sanga4 ,b at ! same "t ! ,congo ,free ,/ate pass$ ! p>allel ( #d deg4 ,n4--:i*1 aft] ! compromise ( #ahhg1 ,france _h reg>d$ z ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( h] possessions--&1 occupy+ ! sultanate ( ,bangasso 7nor? ( ! ,ubangi riv]71 pu%$ on z f> z #i deg4 ,n4 ,! dispute :i* ensu$ 0 only settl$ 9 #ahid & aft] ! signature ( ! conv5tion betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,congo ,/ate ( ! #ab? ( ,may ( t ye>1 aga9/ :i* bo? ! ,g]man & ! ,fr5* gov]nm5ts prote/$1 ! la/ nam$ because x erect$ a b>ri] aga9/ ! ext5sion ( ,fr5* t]ritory to ! ,nile valley4 ,by a compromise ( ! #ad? ( ,augu/ ! b\nd>y 0 def9itely drawn &1 9 accordance ) ?is pact1 :i* put ! fronti] back to ab\t #d deg4 ,n41 ,france f #ahie to #ahig took possession ( ! upp] ,ubangi1 ) ,bangasso1 ,rafai & ,zemio4 ,!n began ! ,fr5* encroa*m5t on ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal2 ! ,m>*& exp$ition1 despat*$ to ! support ( ,victor ,liot>d1 ! lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ! upp] ,ubangi1 rea*$ ,tambura 9 ,july #ahig & ,fa%oda 9 ,july #ahih4 ,a dispute ) ,great ,brita9 arose1 & x 0 decid$ t ! exp$ition %\ld evacuate ,fa%oda4 ,! decl>ation ( ! #ba/ ( ,m>* #ahii f9ally t]m9at$ ! dispute1 fix+ ! ea/]n fronti] ( ! ,fr5* colony z already /at$4 ,?us1 aft] ! ,franco-,spani% treaty ( ,june #aijj settl+ ! limits ( ! ,spani% t]ritory on ! coa/1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,fr5* ,congo on all its fronti]s 7 det]m9$ 9 broad outl9e4 ,! ,congo-,cam]oon fronti] 0 precisely def9$ by ano!r ,franco-,g]man agreem5t 9 ,april #aijh1 foll[+ a detail$ survey made by jo9t commission]s 9 #aije & #aijf4 ,= a compreh5sive description ( ^! int]national rivalries see ,,africa1 ,sec4 #e1 & = ! conque/ ( ! ,*ad regions see ,,bagirmi & ,,rabah ,,zobeir4 ,9 ! o!r portions ( ! colony ,fr5* rule 0 accept$ by ! natives1 = ! mo/ "p1 peaceably4 ,= ! relations ( ,france ) ,wadai see t article4 ,foll[+ ! acquisitions = ,france ( de ,brazza1 ! anci5t ,gabun colony 0 jo9$ to ! ,congo t]ritories4 ,f #ahhf to #ahhi ,gabun 01 h[ev]1 sep>ately adm9i/]$4 ,by decree ( ! #aa? ( ,decemb] #ahhh ! :ole ( ! ,fr5* possessions 7 creat$ "o colony "u ! /yle ( ,congo francais1 ) v>i\s subdivisions2 !y 7 plac$ "u a commission]-g5]al 7de ,brazza7 hav+ 8 resid5ce at ,brazzaville4 ,?is arrangem5t prov$ detrim5tal to ! economic developm5t ( ! ,gabun settlem5ts1 :i* be+ outside ! limits ( ! free trade conv5tional bas9 ( ! ,congo 7see ,,africa1 ,sec4 #e7 enjoy$ a sep>ate t>iff4 ,by decree ( ! #bi? ( ,decemb] #aijc 7:i* became op]ative 9 ,july #aijd7 ,congo francais 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts z nam$ 9 ! op5+ p>agraph4 ,! fir/ commission]-g5]al "u ! new s*eme 0 ,emile ,g5til1 ! explor] ( ! ,%>i & ,*ad4 ,9 #aije de ,brazza 0 s5t out f ,france to inve/igate *>ges ( cruelty & maladm9i/ration br\ght aga9/ (ficials ( ! colony1 sev]al ( :i* prov$ well f\nd$4 ,de ,brazza di$ at ,dak> :5 on 8 way home4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 aft] consid]+ ! report he _h drawn up1 decid$ to reta9 ,g5til z commission]-g5]al1 mak+ h[ev] 7decree ( #ae? ( ,febru>y #aijf7 v>i\s *anges 9 adm9i/ration ) a view to protect ! natives & control ! concession companies4 ,g5til1 :o devot$ ! next two ye>s to ! reorganization ( ! f9ances ( ! c\ntry & ! developm5t ( its comm]ce1 resign$ 8 po/ 9 ,febru>y #aijh4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,m4 ,m]l91 ^: title 0 *ang$ 7,june #aijh7 to t ( gov]nor-g5]al4 ,adm9i/ration & ,rev5ue4--,! gov]nor-g5]al has control ov] ! :ole ( ,fr5* ,congo1 b does n directly adm9i/] any "p ( x1 ! sep>ate colonies be+ "u lieut5ant-gov]nors4 ,! ,gabun colony includes ! ,gabun e/u>y & ! :ole ( ! coa/-l9e ( ,fr5* ,congo1 toge!r ) ! bas9 ( ! ,og[e riv]4 ,! inl& fronti] is s drawn z to include all ! h9t]l& n )9 ! ,congo free-trade zone 7! ,*ad di/rict except$74 ,! ,middle ,congo has = its we/]n fronti] ! ,gabun colony & ,cam]oon1 & ext5ds inl& to ! ea/]ly b5d ( ! ,ubangi riv]2 ! two circumscriptions ext5d ea/ & nor? ( ! ,middle ,congo4 ,!re is a g5]al budget = ! :ole ( ,fr5* ,congo2 ea* colony has also a sep>ate budget & adm9i/rative autonomy4 ,z 9 o!r ,fr5* colonies ! legislative p[] is 9 ! ,fr5* *amb]s only1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( specific legislation presid5tial decrees h ! =ce ( law4 ,a judicial s]vice indep5d5t ( ! executive exi/s1 b ! di/rict adm9i/rators also ex]cise judicial functions4 ,education is 9 ! h&s ( ! mission>ies1 upw>ds ( #ej s*ools be+ e/abli%$ by #aiji4 ,! milit>y =ce ma9ta9$ consi/s ( natives (fic]$ by ,europeans4 ,rev5ue is d]iv$ f taxes on l&1 r5t paid by concession companies1 a capitation or hut tax on natives1 & cu/oms receipts1 supplem5t$ by a subv5tion f ,france4 ,9 addition to defray+ ! milit>y exp5ses1 ab\t ,l#ajj1jjj a ye>1 a grant ( ,l#bh1jjj ye>ly 0 made up to #aijf by ! ,fr5* *amb]s t[>ds ! civil exp5ses4 ,9 #aijg ! budget ( ! ,congo balanc$ at ab\t ,l#bej1jjj )\t ! aid ( ?is subv5tion4 ,9 #aiji ! *amb]s sanction$ a loan = ! colony ( ,l#hdj1jjj1 gu>ante$ by ,france & to be appli$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( adm9i/rative /ations & public works4 ,,bibliography4--,f]n& ,r\get1 ,l',expansion coloniale au ,congo francais 7,p>is1 #aijf71 a valuable monograph1 ) bibliography & maps2 ,a4 ,*evali]1 ,l',afrique c5trale francaise 7,p>is1 #aijg74 ,= special /udies see ,lacroix1 ,resultats m9]alogiques et zoologiques des rec5tes explorations de l',afrique occid5tale francaise et de la region du ,t*ad 7,p>is1 #aije72 ,m4 ,b>rat1 ,sur la geologie du ,congo francais 7,p>is1 #ahie71 & ,ann4 des m9es1 s]4 q4 t4 vii4 7#ahie72 ,j4 ,cornet1 ,les ,=mations po/-primaires du bass9 du ,congo1 ,ann4 soc1 geol4 belg4 vol4 xxi4 7#ahie74 ,! ,p>is ,bullet9 du ,museum = #aijc & #aijd conta9s pap]s on ! zoology ( ! c\ntry4 ,= flora see num]\s pap]s by ,a4 ,*evali] 9 ,comptes r5dus de l'academie des sci5ces 7#aijb-aijd71 & ! ,j\rnal d'agriculture pratique des pays *auds 7#aija1 c474 ,= hi/ory1 besides ,r\get's book1 see ,j4 ,ancel1 ,etude hi/orique4 ,la =mation de la colonie du ,congo francais1 #ahdc-ahhb1 conta9+ an annotat$ bibliography1 9 ,bull4 ,com4 l',afrique francaise1 vol4 xii4 7#aijb72 ! works cit$ "u ,,brazza2 & ,e4 ,g5til1 ,la ,*ute de l'empire de ,rabah 7,p>is1 #aijb74 ,( e>li] books ( travels ! mo/ valuable are3--,paul du ,*aillu1 ,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa 7,london1 #ahfa72 ,a ,j\rney to ,a%onga ,l& 7,london1 #ahfg72 & ,sir ,r4 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l& 7,london1 #ahgf74 ,( lat] works see ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahig72 ,a4 ,b4 de ,mezi]es1 ,rapport de mission sur le ,haut ,oubangui1 le ,m',bom\ et le ,bahr-el-,ghazal 7,p>is1 #aijc72 & ,c4 ,mai/re1 ,a trav]s l',afrique c5trale du ,congo au ,nig]1 #ahib-ahic 7,p>is1 #ahie74 ,= ! /ory ( ! concession companies see ,e4 ,d4 ,morel1 ,! ,briti% ,case 9 ,fr5* ,congo 7,london1 #aijc74 7,f4 ,r4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,b]l9 ,act ( #ahhe2 ,brussels conf]5ce ( #ahij 7see ,,africa3 ,hi/ory74 #b ,l\is ,eug5e ,h5ri ,dupont1 m>quis de ,compiegne 7#ahdf-ahgg71 on 8 return f ! ,we/ coa/ replac$ ,georg ,s*we9fur? at ,cairo z presid5t ( ! geographical commission4 ,aris+ out ( ?is circum/ance de ,compiegne 0 kill$ 9 a duel by a ,g]man nam$ ,may]4 #c ,a ,franco-,belgian agreem5t ( ! #bcrd ( ,dec4 #aijh def9$ precisely ! fronti] 9 ! l[] ,congo4 ,bamu ,isl& 9 ,/anley ,pool 0 recogniz$ z ,fr5*4 ,,fr5* ,,gu9ea1 a ,fr5* colony 9 ,we/ ,africa1 =m]ly kn[n z ,rivi]es du ,sud4 ,x is b\nd$ ,w4 by ! ,atlantic1 ,n4 by ,portuguese ,gu9ea & ,s5egal1 ,e4 by ,upp] ,s5egal & ! ,ivory ,coa/1 & ,s4 by ,lib]ia & ,si]ra ,leone4 ,) a sea-bo>d runn+ ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e4 f #aj deg4 #ej' ,n4 to #i deg4 #b' ,n41 a di/ance1 )\t reckon+ ! ind5tations1 ( #agj m41 ! colony ext5ds ea/w>d #dej m4 9 a /raight l9e & atta9s a maximum wid? ,n4 to ,s4 ( ne>ly #cjj m41 cov]+ fully #ajj1jjj sq4 m41 & conta9+ a population e/imat$ at #b1jjj1jjj to #b1ejj1jjj4 ,physical ,features4--,?\gh 9 "o or two places rocky headl&s jut into ! sea1 ! coa/ is 9 g5]al s&y1 l[1 & mu* brok5 by riv]s & deep e/u>ies1 dott$ ) swampy isl&s1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a va/ delta4 ,9 ab\t #i deg4 #cj' ,n41 (f ! promontory ( ,konakry1 lie ! ,los ,isl&s 7q4v471 =m+ "p ( ! colony4 ,! coa/ pla91 =m$ ( alluvial deposits1 is succe$$ ab\t #cj m4 inl& by a l9e ( cliffs1 ! ,susu ,hills1 :i* =m ! fir/ /ep 9 ! t]race-l =mation ( ! int]ior1 culm9at+ 9 ! massif ( ,futa ,jallon1 compos$ *iefly ( ,ar*ean & granite rocks4 ,:ile ! coa/ l&s are ei!r d5sely =e/$ or cov]$ ) savannas or p>k-l c\ntry1 ! ,futa ,jallon tablel& is ma9ly cov]$ ) %ort h]bage4 ,?is tablel&1 ! hydrographic c5tre ( ,we/ ,africa1 is mo/ elevat$ 9 its s\!rn p>ts1 :]e heights ( #ejjj ft4 are f\nd4 ,ne> ! ,si]ra ,leone fronti] ?is high l& is cont9u$ we/w>d to )9 #bj m4 ( ! sea1 :]e ,m\nt ,kakulima rises ov] #ccjj ft4 ,ea/ & s\? ( ,futa ,jallon ! c\ntry slopes to ! bas9 ( ! upp] ,nig]1 ! great] "p ( :i* is includ$ 9 ,fr5* ,gu9ea4 ,! s\!rn fronti] is =m$ by ! esc>pm5ts :i* sep>ate ! ,nig] bas9 f ^? ( ! coa/ riv]s ( ,lib]ia4 ,besides ! ,nig]1 ,gambia & ,s5egal1 all sep>ately notic$1 a l>ge numb] ( /reams runn+ direct to ! ,atlantic rise 9 ,futa ,jallon4 ,among !m are ! ,great & ,little ,sc>cies1 ^: l[] c\rses are 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 & ! ,rio ,gr&e :i* ent]s ! sea 9 ,portuguese ,gu9ea4 ,^? ^: c\rses are entirely 9 ,fr5* ,gu9ea include ! ,cogon 7or ,componi71 ! ,rio ,nunez1 ! ,fatalla 7:i* rea*es ! sea ?r\gh an e/u>y nam$ ,rio ,pongo71 ! ,konkure1 ^: e/u>y is nam$ ,rio ,bramaya1 ! ,=ek>ia & ! ,melakori4 ,! ,cogon1 ,fatallah & ,konkure are all l>ge riv]s :i* desc5d f ! plateaus ?r\gh deep1 n>r[ valleys 9 rapids & cat>acts1 & are only navigable = a few miles f _! m\?4 ,climate4--,! climate ( ! coa/ di/rict is hot1 moi/ & unheal?y1 ) a season ( heavy ra9 la/+ f ,may to ,novemb]1 dur+ :i* "t v>iable w9ds1 calms & tornadoes succe$ "o ano!r4 ,! mean temp]ature 9 ! dry season1 :5 ! h>mattan is frequ5t1 is #fb deg4 ,fahr41 9 ! wet season #hf deg44 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> ! humidity ( ! air is v great4 ,!re is mu* ra9 9 ! ,futa ,jallon highl&s1 b ! ,nig] bas9 is some:at dri]4 ,9 t region & 9 ! highl&s ! climate is fairly heal?y = ,europeans & ! heat some:at less ?an on ! coa/4 ,flora & ,fauna4--,! sea%ore & ! riv] banks are l9$ ) mangroves1 b ! mo/ important tree ( ! coa/ belt is ! oil-palm4 ,! d5se =e/s also conta9 _m v>ieties ( lianas or rubb] v9es1 huge bombax & bamboos4 ,gum-produc+ & kola trees are abundant1 & !re are _m fruit trees1 ! orange & citron gr[+ well 9 ! ,susu & ,futa ,jallon di/ricts4 ,! cotton & c(fee plants are indig5\s2 banana plantations surr\nd ! villages4 ,! baobab & ! k>ite 7%ea butt] tree7 are f\nd only 9 ! ,nig] di/ricts4 ,! fauna is n s v>i$ z 0 =m]ly ! case1 l>ge game hav+ be5 to a great ext5t driv5 out ( ! coa/ regions4 ,! elephant is r>e save 9 ! ,nig] regions4 ,! lion is n[ only f\nd 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,futa ,jallon2 pan!rs1 leop>ds1 hy5as & wild cats are m common & ! civet is f\nd4 ,hippopotamus1 ott] & ! wild bo> are num]\s2 a species ( wild ox ( small size ) black horns & v agile is also f\nd4 ,! =e/s conta9 _m k9ds ( monkeys1 includ+ huge *impanzees2 antelope are widespread b r r>e4 ,s]p5ts are v common1 bo? v5om\s & non-v5om\s2 ! py?ons atta9 a great size4 ,fights betwe5 ^! huge s]p5ts & ! crocodiles :i* infe/ all ! riv]s are said to be n uncommon4 ,turtles are abundant along ! coa/s & 9 ! ,los ,isl&s4 ,oy/]s are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! e/u>ies & fix$ to ! subm]g$ p>ts ( ! mangroves4 ,fre%wat] oy/]s1 :i* atta9 a l>ge size1 are also f\nd 9 ! riv]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nig]4 ,fi% are abundant1 "o l>ge-head$ species1 9 ! ,susu tongue call$ khokon1 is s num]\s z to h giv5 its "n to a prov9ce1 ,kokunia4 ,birds are v num]\s2 !y include v>i\s eagles1 sev]al k9ds ( h]on1 ! egret1 ! m>ab\t1 ! crane & ! pelican2 turacos or planta9-eat]s1 are common1 z are o!r brilliantly plumag$ birds4 ,gre5 & grey p>rots1 rav5s1 swall[s & magpies are also common4 ,inhabitants4--,on ! banks ( ! ,cogon dwell ! ,t5das & ,iolas1 primitive ,negro tribes alli$ to ^? ( ,portuguese ,gu9ea 7q4v474 ,all o!r inhabitants ( ,fr5* ,gu9ea are reg>d$ z comp>atively late arrivals f ! int]ior :o h displac$ ! aborig9es4#a ,among ! e>lie/ ( ! new com]s are ! ,baga1 ! ,nalu1 ! ,l&uman & ! ,timni1 reg>d$ z typical ,negroes 7q4v474 ,?is migration s\?w>d appe>s to h tak5 place be=e ! #ag? c5tury4 ,to-day ! ,baga occupy ! coa/ l& betwe5 ! ,cogon & ! ,rio ,pongo1 & ! ,l&uman ! c\ntry imm$iately beh9d t ( ! ,baga4 ,! o!r tribes nam$ are b sp>sely repres5t$ 9 ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 ! coa/ region s\? ( ! ,nunez & all ! int]ior up to ,futa ,jallon be+ occupi$ by ! ,susu1 a tribe belong+ to ! great ,m&+an race1 :i* =c$ its way seaw>d ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury & press$ back ! ,timni into ,si]ra ,leone4 ,futa ,jallon is peopl$ pr9cipally by ,fula 7q4v471 & ! re/ ( ! c\ntry by ,mal9ke & o!r tribes ( ,m&+o 7q4v474 ,! ,m&+o1 ! ,fula & ! ,susu are ,mahomm$ans1 ?\gh ! ,susu reta9 _m ( _! anci5t rites & beliefs--^? associat$ ) _s wor%ip & feti%1 /ill ! religion ( ! ,baga & o!r tribes4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ "p ( ,futa ,jallon are f\nd remnants ( ! aborig9es1 su* z ! ,tiapi1 ,koniagui & ! ,bass>i1 all typical ,negro tribes4 ,! :ite inhabitants numb] a few hundr$s only & are ma9ly ,fr5*4 ,_m ( ! coa/ peoples %[1 h[ev]1 di/9ct traces ( :ite blood1 ! result *iefly ( ! =m] pres5ce ( ,european slave trad]s4 ,?us at ! ,rio ,pongo !re are num]\s mulattos4 ,s\? ( t riv] ! coa/ tribes speak l>gely pidg9 ,engli%4 ,t[ns4--,! pr9cipal t[ns are ,konakry ! capital1 ,boke1 on ! ,rio ,nunez1 ,dubreka1 on ! coa/1 a little nor? ( ,konakry1 ,b5ty1 on ! ,melakori1 ,timbo & ,labe1 ! *ief t[ns ( ,futa ,jallon1 ,h]emakono & ,k9dia1 on ! ma9 road to ! ,nig]1 ,kurussa & ,siguiri1 on a navigable /ret* ( t riv]1 & ,biss&ugu1 =m]ly ,samory's capital1 an important milit>y /ation ea/ ( ! ,nig]4 ,konakry1 9 #i deg4 #cj' ,n41 #ac deg4 #df' ,w41 population ab\t #bj1jjj1 is ! "o port ( entry on ! coa/4 ,x is built on ! little isl& ( ,tombo :i* lies (f ! promontory ( ,konakry1 ! t[n be+ jo9$ to ! ma9l& by an iron bridge4 ,dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,noel ,ballay 7#ahdh-aijb71 gov]nor ( ! colony #ahij-aijj1 ,konakry 0 trans=m$ f a place ( small importance to "o ( ! *ief ports on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa & a s]i\s rival to ,freet[n1 ,si]ra ,leone4 ,x has s9ce gr[n consid]ably1 & is provid$ ) :>ves & docks & a jetty #ajff ft4 long4 ,!re is an ample supply ( good wat]1 & a l>ge public g>d5 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,9 front ( ,gov]nm5t ,h\se is a /atue ( ,m4 ,ballay4 ,konakry is a port ( call = ,fr5*1 ,briti% & ,g]man /eam%ip companies1 & is 9 telegraphic communication ) ,europe4 ,x is ! />t+-po9t ( a railway to ! ,nig] 7see bel[74 ,! retail trade is 9 ! h&s ( ,syrians4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by a municipality4 ,products & ,indu/ry4--,fr5* ,gu9ea possesses a f]tile soil1 & is ri* 9 tropical produce4 ,! *ief products are rubb]1 br\ght f ! int]ior1 & palm oil & palm k]nels1 obta9$ 9 ! coa/ regions4 ,cotton is cultivat$ 9 ! ,nig] bas94 ,gum copal1 gr\nd-nuts & sesame are l>gely cultivat$1 p>tly = export4 ,among m9or products are c(fee1 wax & ivory4 ,l>ge h]ds ( cattle & flocks ( %eep are rais$ 9 ,futa ,jallon2 ^! are s5t 9 consid]able numb]s to ,si]ra ,leone1 ,lib]ia & ,fr5* ,congo4 ,! trade 9 hides is also ( consid]able value4 ,! *ief gra9 rais$ is millet1 ! /aple food ( ! p4 ,! rubb] is ma9ly export$ to ,engl&1 ! palm products to ,g]many1 & ! gr\nd-nuts to ,france4 ,! pr9cipal imports are cotton goods1 ( :i* #hj come f ,great ,brita91 rice1 kola nuts1 *iefly f ,lib]ia1 spirits1 tobacco1 build+ mat]ial1 & arms & ammunition1 *iefly trade guns4 ,! av]age annual value ( ! trade = ! p]iod #aijj-aijg 0 ab\t ,l#a1bej1jjj1 ! annual export ( rubb] alone be+ wor? ,l#djj1jjj or m4 ,! great bulk ( ! trade ( ! colony is ) ,france & ,great ,brita91 ! la/-nam$ c\ntry tak+ ab\t #de ( ! total2 ,g]many comes ?ird4 ,s9ce ,april #aije a surtax ( #g has be5 impos$ on all goods ( o!r ?an ,fr5* orig94 ,communications4--,! railway f ,konakry to ! ,nig] at ,kurussa1 by ! r\te *os5 a di/ance ( #cdb m41 0 begun 9 #aijj1 & f #aijb has be5 built directly by ! colony4 ,! fir/ section to ,k9dia1 #ic m41 0 op5$ 9 #aijd4 ,! second section1 to ne> ,timbo 9 ,futa ,jallon1 0 complet$ 9 #aijg1 & ! rails rea*$ ,kurussa 9 #aiaj4 ,f ,kurussa ! ,nig] is navigable at high wat] all ! way to ,bamako 9 ,upp] ,s5egal1 :5ce !re is communication by rail & riv] ) ,/ ,l\is & ,timbuktu4 ,besides ! railway !re is an excell5t road1 ab\t #cij m4 long1 f ,konakry to ,kurussa1 ! road 9 its l[] "p be+ close to ! ,si]ra ,leone fronti]1 ) ! object ( div]t+ trade f t ,briti% colony4 ,sev]al o!r ma9 roads h be5 built by ! ,fr5*1 & !re is a v complete telegraphic sy/em1 ! l9es hav+ be5 connect$ ) ^? ( ,s5egal 9 #ahii4 ,hi/ory4--,?is "p ( ! ,gu9ea coa/ 0 made kn[n by ! ,portuguese voyag]s ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,9 consequ5ce1 l>gely1 ( ! dang]s att5d+ its navigation1 x 0 n visit$ by ! ,european trad]s ( ! #af?-#ah? c5turies s frequ5tly z o!r regions nor? & ea/1 b 9 ! ,rio ,pongo1 at ,matakong 7a dim9utive isl& ne> ! m\? ( ! ,=ek>ia71 & else:]e1 slave trad]s e/abli%$ !mselves1 & ru9s ( ! /rongholds !y built1 & def5d$ ) cannon1 /ill exi/4 ,:5 driv5 f o!r p>ts ( ,gu9ea ! slav]s made ?is difficult & little kn[n coa/ "o ( _! la/ resorts1 & _m b>racoons 7 built 9 ! late ye>s ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! re/oration ( ,goree to h] at ! close ( ! ,napoleonic w>s t ,france ev9c$ any m>k$ int]e/ 9 ?is region4 ,at t "t ! ,briti%1 f _! bases at ! ,gambia & ,si]ra ,leone1 7 devot+ consid]able att5tion to ^! ,rivi]es du ,sud 7i4e4 s\? ( ,s5egal7 & also to ,futa ,jallon4 ,r5e ,caillie1 :o />t$ 8 j\rney to ,timbuktu f ,boke 9 #ahbg1 did mu* to quick5 ,fr5* int]e/ 9 ! di/rict1 & f #ahch onw>d ,fr5* naval (fic]s1 ,b\et-,willaumez & 8 successors1 made detail$ /udies ( ! coa/4 ,ab\t ! "t t ! ,briti% gov]nm5t became we>i$ ( its ef=ts to op5 up ! int]ior ( ,we/ ,africa1 ,g5]al ,faidh]be 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,s5egal 7#ahed71 & "u 8 direction vigor\s ef=ts 7 made to consolidate ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,already 9 #ahdh treaty relations _h be5 ent]$ into ) ! ,nalu1 & betwe5 t date & #ahfe treaties ( protectorate 7 sign$ ) sev]al ( ! coa/ tribes4 ,dur+ #ahgf-ahhj new treaties 7 conclud$ ) ! *ief tribes1 & 9 #ahha ! almany 7or emir7 ( ,futa ,jallon plac$ 8 c\ntry "u ,fr5* protection1 ! ,fr5* ?us effectually prev5t+ ! junction1 beh9d ! coa/ l&s1 ( ! ,briti% colonies ( ! ,gambia & ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! "r ( ,france to ! littoral z f> s\? z ! bas9 ( ! ,melakori 0 recogniz$ by ,great ,brita9 9 #ahhb2 ,g]many 7:i* _h made "s attempt to acquire a protectorate at ,konakry7 ab&on$ its claims 9 #ahhe1 :ile 9 #ahhf ! nor!rn fronti] 0 settl$ 9 agreem5t ) ,portugal1 :i* _h anci5t settlem5ts 9 ! same region 7see ,,portuguese ,,gu9ea74 ,9 #ahii ! limits ( ! colony 7 ext5d$1 on ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,fr5* ,sudan1 to include ! upp] ,nig] di/ricts4 ,9 #aijd ! ,los ,isl&s 7 c$$ by ,great ,brita9 to ,france1 9 "p return = ! ab&onm5t ( ,fr5* fi%+ rights 9 ,newf\ndl& wat]s4 7,see also ,,s5egal3 ,hi/ory47 ,fr5* ,gu9ea 0 made a colony indep5d5t ( ,s5egal 9 #ahia1 b 9 #ahie came "u ! supreme au?ority ( ! newly con/itut$ gov]nor-g5]al%ip ( ,fr5* ,we/ ,africa4 ,gu9ea has a consid]able measure ( autonomy & a sep>ate budget4 ,x is adm9i/]$ by a lieut5ant-gov]nor1 assi/$ by a nom9at$ c\ncil4 ,rev5ue is rais$ pr9cipally f cu/oms & a capitation tax1 :i* has replac$ a hut tax4 ,! local budget = #aijg balanc$ at ,l#bje1jjj4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry ! native pr9ces reta9 _! sov]eignty "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,fr5* (ficials4 ,! developm5t ( agriculture & education are objects ( special solicitude to ! ,fr5* au?orities4 ,9 g5]al ! natives are fri5dly t[>ds _! :ite ma/]s4 ,see ,m4 ,fame*on1 ,notice sur la ,gu9ee francaise 7,p>is1 #aijj72 ,j4 ,*aut>d1 ,etude geophysique et geologique sur le ,f\ta-,djallon 7,p>is1 #aije72 ,&re ,arc91 ,la ,gu9ee francaise 7,p>is1 #aijf71 a valuable monograph2 ,j4 ,ma*at1 ,les ,rivi]es du ,sud et la ,f\ta-,diallon 7,p>is1 #aijf71 ano!r valuable "w1 conta9+ exhau/ive bibliographies4 ,consult also ,f4 ,r\get1 ,la ,gu9ee 7,p>is1 #aijh71 an (ficial publication1 ! annual ,reports on ,fr5* ,we/ ,africa1 publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice1 & ! ,c>te de la ,gu9ee francaise by ,a4 ,meuni] 9 #d %eets on ! scale #a3ejj1jjj 7,p>is1 #aijb74 ,,footnote3 #a ,num]\s rema9s ( a /one age h be5 discov]$1 bo? on ! coa/ & 9 ! h9t]l&4 ,see ,l4 ,desplagnes1 ,l',ar*eologie prehi/orique en ,gu9ee francaise1 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geog4 ,comm4 de ,bordeaux1 ,m>* #aijg1 & ! au?orities !re cit$4 ,,fr5* ,,language4 ,i4 ,geography4--,fr5* is ! g5]al "n ( ! nor?-nor?-we/]n gr\p ( ,romanic dialects1 ! mod]n ,lat9 ( nor!rn ,gaul 7c>ri$ by emigration to "s places--z l[] ,canada--out ( ,france74 ,9 a re/rict$ s5se x is t v>iety ( ! ,p>isian dialect :i* is spok5 by ! educat$1 & is ! g5]al lit]>y language ( ,france4 ,! region 9 :i* ! native language is t]m$ ,fr5* consi/s ( ! nor!rn half ( ,france 7includ+ ,lorra9e7 & p>ts ( ,belgium & ,switz]l&2 its b\nd>ies on ! we/ are ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,celtic dialects ( ,brittany2 on ! nor?-we/ & nor?1 ! ,engli% ,*annel2 on ! nor?-ea/ & ea/ ! ,teutonic dialects ( ,belgium1 ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ & s\? ! b\nd>y is to a great ext5t conv5tional & ill-def9$1 !re be+ orig9ally no l+ui/ic break betwe5 ! s\!rn ,fr5* dialects & ! nor!rn ,prov5cal dialects ( s\!rn ,france1 nor?-we/]n ,italy & s\?-we/]n ,switz]l&4 ,x is =m$ p>tly by spaces ( int]m$iate dialects 7"s ( ^: features are ,fr5*1 o!rs ,prov5cal71 p>tly by spaces ( mix$ dialects result+ f ! invasion ( ! space by m nor!rn & m s\!rn settl]s1 p>tly by l9es :]e ! int]m$iate dialects h be5 suppress$ by m nor!rn 7,fr5*7 & m s\!rn 7,prov5cal7 dialects )\t ^! hav+ mix$4 ,/>t+ 9 ! we/ at ! m\? ( ! ,gironde1 ! b\nd>y runs ne>ly nor? soon aft] pass+ ,bordeaux2 a little nor? ( ,ang\leme x turns to ! ea/1 & runs 9 ?is direction into ,switz]l& to ! nor? ( ,g5eva4 ,,ii4 ,ext]nal ,hi/ory4--7a7 ,political4--,by ! ,roman conque/s ! language ( ,rome 0 spread ov] ! great] "p ( s\!rn & we/]n ,europe1 & gradually supplant$ ! native tongues4 ,! language introduc$ 0 at fir/ ne>ly uni=m ov] ! :ole empire1 ,lat9 prov9cialisms & _m m or less g5]al features ( ! old] vulg> language be+ suppress$ by ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! educat$ spee* ( ! capital4 ,z legions became /ation>y1 z colonies 7 =m$1 & z ! natives adopt$ ! language ( _! conqu]ors1 ?is language split up into local dialects1 ! di/+ui%+ features ( :i* are due1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$ 7except1 to "s ext5t1 z to ! vocabul>y71 n to speak]s ( diff]5t nationalities misspeak+ ,lat91 ea* ) ! peculi>ities ( 8 native language1 b to ! fact t l+ui/ic *anges1 :i* are ev] occurr+1 are n p]fectly uni=m ov] a l>ge area1 h[ev] homog5e\s ! speak]s4 ,z ,gaul 0 n conqu]$ by ,caes> till ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e our era1 its ,lat9 _c h begun to diff] f t ( ,rome till aft] t date2 b ! artificial ret5tion ( classical ,lat9 z ! lit]>y & (ficial language aft] ! popul> spok5 language _h div]g$ f x1 (t5 r5d]s ! *ronology ( ! e>li] p]iods ( ! ,romanic languages obscure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! popul> ,lat9 ( ,gaul _h become diff]5tiat$ f t ( c5tral ,italy be=e ! ,teutonic conque/ ( ,gaul1 :i* 0 n complet$ till ! latt] half ( ! #e? c5tury2 ! invad]s gradually adopt$ ! language ( _! m civiliz$ subjects1 :i* rema9$ unaffect$1 except 9 its vocabul>y4 ,probably by ?is "t x _h div]g$ s widely f ! artificially pres]v$ lit]>y language t x c\ld no long] be reg>d$ m]ely z mispron\nc$ ,lat92 ! ,lat9 docum5ts ( ! next foll[+ c5turies conta9 _m cle>ly popul> words & =ms1 & ! lit]>y & popul> languages are di/+ui%$ z lat9a & romana4 ,! t]m gallica1 at fir/ d5ot+ ! native ,celtic language ( ,gaul1 is f\nd appli$ to its supplant] be=e ! end ( ! #i? c5tury1 & survives 9 ! ,breton gallek1 ! regul> t]m = ,fr5*4 ,aft] ! ,franks 9 ,gaul _h ab&on$ _! native ,teutonic language1 ! t]m francisca1 by :i* ?is 0 d5ot$1 came to be appli$ to ! ,romanic "o !y adopt$1 &1 "u ! =m francaise1 rema9s its native "n to ?is day2 b ?is "n 0 conf9$ to ! ,romanic ( nor!rn ,gaul1 :i* makes x probable t ?is1 at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! "n francisca1 _h become di/9ct f ! ,romanic ( s\!rn ,gaul4 ,francisca is ! ,teutonic adjective frankisk1 :i* occurs 9 ,old ,engli% 9 ! =m fr5cise2 ?is ^w1 ) its umlaut$ e f a ) foll[+ i1 survives "u ! =m ,fr5*1 :i*1 ?\gh purely ,teutonic 9 orig9 & =m1 has long be5 exclusively appli$ to ! ,romanic language & inhabitants ( ,gaul4 ,! ,g]man "n franzose1 ) its acc5t on1 & o 91 ! second syllable1 comes f francois1 a native ,fr5* =m old] ?an francais1 b lat] ?an ! ,e>ly ,old ,fr5* franceis4 ,! ,sc&9avian settl]s on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,france e>ly 9 ! #aj? c5tury quickly lo/ _! native spee*1 :i* left no trace except 9 "s contributions to ! vocabul>y ( ! language !y adopt$4 ,! ma9 feature s9ce is ! gr[? ( ! political supremacy ( ,p>is1 c>ry+ ) x t ( its dialect2 9 #aeci ,francis ,i4 ord]$ t all public docum5ts %\ld be 9 ,fr5* 7( ,p>is71 :i* !n became ! (ficial language ( ! :ole k+dom1 ?\gh x is /ill =eign to ne>ly half its population4 ,! conque/ ( ,engl& 9 #ajff by ,william1 duke ( ,norm&y1 introduc$ into ,engl&1 z ! language ( ! rul]s & 7= a "t7 mo/ ( ! writ]s1 ! dialects spok5 9 ,norm&y 7see also ,,anglo-,,norman ,,lit]ature74 ,conf9$ 9 _! native c\ntry to def9ite areas1 ^! dialects1 foll[+ _! speak]s1 became mix$ 9 ,engl&1 s t _! =ms 7 us$ to "s ext5t indiff]5tly2 & ! con/ant communication ) ,norm&y ma9ta9$ dur+ sev]al reigns introduc$ also lat] =ms ( cont95tal ,norman4 ,z ! conqu]ors le>n$ ! language ( ! conqu]$1 & z ! m cultur$ ( ! latt] le>n$ t ( ! =m]1 ! ,norman ( ,engl& 7includ+ t ( ! ,engli%-speak+ ,l[l&s ( ,scotl&7 became angliciz$2 in/ead ( foll[+ ! *anges ( ! ,norman ( ,france1 x foll[$ ^? ( ,engli%4 ,! accession 9 #aaed ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,anj\ di/urb$ ! ,norman "* ( ,anglo-,fr5*1 & ! loss ( ,norm&y "u ,john 9 #abjd gave full play to ! lit]>y importance ( ! ,fr5* ( ,p>is1 _m ( ^: =ms aft]w>ds p5etrat$ to ,engl&4 ,at ! same "t ,engli%1 ) a l>ge ,fr5* addition to its vocabul>y1 0 /eadily recov]+ its supremacy1 & is (ficially employ$ 7= ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,conque/7 9 ! ,proclamation ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 #abeh4 ,! semi-artificial result ( ?is mixture ( ,fr5* ( diff]5t dialects & ( diff]5t p]iods1 m or less angliciz$ accord+ to ! date or education ( ! speak] or writ]1 is g5]ally t]m$ ! ,anglo-,norman dialect2 b ! t]m is mislead+ = a great "p ( its exi/5ce1 because :ile ! ,fr5* ( ,norm&y 0 n a s+le dialect1 ! lat] ,fr5* ( ,engl& came f o!r ,fr5* prov9ces besides ,norm&y1 & be+ to a consid]able ext5t 9 artificial conditions1 0 *eck$ 9 ! natural developm5t impli$ by ! t]m dialect4 ,! disuse ( ,anglo-,fr5* z a natural language is evid5c$ by ,engli% be+ sub/itut$ = x 9 legal proce$+s 9 #acfb1 & 9 s*ools 9 #achg2 b law reports 7 writt5 9 x up to ab\t #afjj1 &1 conv]t$ into mod]n lit]>y ,fr5*1 x rema9s 9 (ficial use = giv+ ! royal ass5t to bills ( p>liam5t4 7b7 ,lit]>y4--,d\btless because ! popul> ,lat9 ( nor!rn ,gaul *ang$ m rapidly ?an t ( any o!r "p ( ! empire1 ,fr5* 01 ( all ! ,romanic dialects1 ! fir/ to be recogniz$ z a di/9ct language1 & ! fir/ to be us$ 9 lit]ature2 & ?\gh ! olde/ specim5 n[ extant is probably n ! fir/1 x is consid]ably e>li] ?an any exi/+ docum5ts ( ! alli$ languages4 ,9 #hac ! c\ncil ( ,t\rs ord]$ c]ta9 homilies to be translat$ into ,ru/ic ,roman or into ,g]man2 & 9 #hdb ,l\is ! ,g]man1 ,*>les ! ,bald1 & _! armies confirm$ _! engagem5ts by tak+ oa?s 9 bo? languages at ,/rassburg4 ,^! h be5 pres]v$ to u by ! hi/orian ,ni?>d 7:o di$ 9 #hec72 & ?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! only exi/+ manuscript 7at ,p>is7 be+ m ?an a c5tury lat] ?an ! "t ( ! au?or1 c]ta9 alt]ations h occurr$ 9 ! text ( ! ,fr5* oa?s1 !y pres5t m ar*aic =ms 7probably ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,fr5*7 ?an any o!r docum5t4 ,! next memorials are a %ort poem1 probably ,nor?-,ea/]n1 on ,/ ,eulalia1 pres]v$ 9 a manuscript ( ! #aj? c5tury at ,val5ci5nes1 & "s autograph fragm5ts 7also at ,val5ci5nes7 ( a homily on ! prophet ,jonah1 9 mix$ ,lat9 & ,ea/]n ,fr5*1 ( ! same p]iod4 ,to ! same c5tury belong a poem on ,*ri/'s ,passion1 app>5tly 9 a mix$ 7n int]m$iate7 language ( ,fr5* & ,prov5cal1 & "o1 probably 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,fr5*1 on ,/ ,leg]2 bo? are pres]v$1 9 diff]5t h&writ+s1 9 a ,,ms4 at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ^: scribes h introduc$ _m ,prov5cal =ms4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury lit]>y rema9s are comp>atively num]\s2 ! *ief e>ly repres5tative ( ! ma9 dialects are ! foll[+1 "s ( !m pres]v$ 9 sev]al ,,mss41 ! e>lie/ ( :i*1 h[ev] 7! only ones "h m5tion$71 are 9 sev]al cases a g5]ation or two lat] ?an ! works !mselves4 ,9 ,we/]n ,fr5* are a v]se life ( ,/ ,alexius 7,alexis71 probably ,norman1 9 an ,anglo-,norman ,,ms4 at ,hilde%eim2 ! epic poem ( ,rol&1 possibly also ,norman1 9 an ,a4-,n4 ,,ms4 at ,ox=d2 a ,norman v]bal translation ( ! ,psalms1 9 an ,a4-,n4 ,,ms4 also at ,ox=d2 ano!r lat] "o1 f a diff]5t ,lat9 v]sion1 9 an ,a4-,n4 ,,ms4 at ,cambridge2 a ,norman translation ( ! ,f\r ,books ( ,k+s1 9 a probably ,a4-,n4 ,,ms4 at ,p>is4 ,! e>lie/ "w 9 ! ,p>isian dialect is probably ! ,travels ( ,*>lemagne1 pres]v$ 9 a late ,anglo-,norman ,,ms4 ) mu* alt]$ =ms4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,fr5*1 ( r lat] date1 !re are translations ( ! ,dialogues ( ,pope ,gregory1 9 a ,,ms4 at ,p>is1 conta9+ also fragm5ts ( ,gregory's ,moralities1 & 7/ill lat]7 ( "s ,s]mons ( ,/ ,b]n>d1 9 a ,,ms4 also 9 ,p>is4 ,f ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury lit]>y & (ficial docum5ts1 (t5 includ+ local *>t]s1 ab\nd 9 almo/ e dialect1 until ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ,p>is caus$ its language to sup]s$e 9 writ+ ! o!r local ones4 ,?is influ5ce1 occasionally app>5t ab\t ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury1 0 ov]p[]+ 9 ! #ae?1 :5 au?ors1 ?\gh (t5 display+ prov9cialisms1 almo/ all wrote 9 ! dialect ( ! capital2 ! la/ dialect to lose its lit]>y indep5d5ce 0 ! ,nor?-,ea/]n1 :i*1 be+ ! ,romanic language ( ,fl&]s1 _h a political life ( its own1 & 7modifi$ by ,p>isian7 0 us$ 9 lit]ature aft] #adjj4 ,,iii4 ,int]nal ,hi/ory4--,?\gh mu* has be5 done 9 rec5t ye>s1 9 ! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! s\nds1 inflexions1 & syntax ( ! old] /ages & dialects ( ,fr5*1 mu* /ill rema9s to be done1 & x mu/ suffice "h to give a sket*1 ma9ly ( ! dialects :i* 7 import$ into ,engl& by ! ,normans--9 :i* ,engli% read]s w probably take mo/ int]e/1 & especially ( ! features :i* expla9 ! =ms ( ,engli% words ( ,fr5* orig94 ,dates & places are only approximations1 & _m /atem5ts are liable to be modifi$ by fur!r rese>*es4 ,! primitive ,lat9 =ms giv5 are (t5 n classical ,lat9 words1 b d]ivatives f ^!2 & ref]5ce is g5]ally made to ! ,middle ,engli% 7,*auc]ian7 pronunciation ( ,engli% words1 n ! mod]n4 7a7 ,vocabul>y4--,! fundam5tal "p ( ! vocabul>y ( ,fr5* is ! ,lat9 import$ into ,gaul1 ! ,fr5* words be+ simply ! ,lat9 words !mselves1 ) ! natural *anges und]gone by all liv+ spee*1 or d]ivatives =m$ at v>i\s dates4 ,comp>atively few words 7 introduc$ f ! ,celtic language ( ! native inhabitants 7bec1 lieue f ! ,celtic words giv5 by ,lat9 writ]s z beccus1 leuca71 b ! numb] adopt$ f ! language ( ! ,teutonic conqu]ors ( ,gaul is l>ge 7gu]re w]ra2 laid laidh2 *oisir kausjan74 ,! words 7 import$ at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ,teutonic supremacy1 & consequ5tly %[ *ronological diff]5ces 9 _! s\nds 7hair hatan2 francais frankisk2 ecrevisse krebiz2 e*9e sk9a74 ,small sep>ate importations ( ,teutonic words result$ f ! ,sc&9avian settlem5t 9 ,france1 & ! comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! ,l[ ,g]man nations on ! ,nor? ,sea 7frip] ,norse hripa2 *al\pe ,dut* sloop2 e/ ,old ,engli% ea/74 ,9 ! meantime1 z ,lat9 7) consid]able alt]ations 9 pronunciation1 vocabul>y1 c47 cont9u$ 9 lit]>y1 (ficial & ecclesia/ical use1 ! popul> language borr[$ f "t to "t v>i\s m or less alt]$ classical ,lat9 words2 & :5 ! popul> language came to be us$ 9 lit]ature1 especially 9 t ( ! *ur*1 ^! importations l>gely increas$ 7virg9itet ,eulalia virg9itatem2 imag5a ,alexis imag9em--! popul> =ms w\ld probably h be5 v]g$et1 ema974 ,at ! ,r5aissance !y became v abundant1 & h cont9u$ s9ce1 /ifl+ to "s ext5t ! developm5tal p[] ( ! language4 ,import$ words1 :e!r ,teutonic1 classical ,lat9 or o!r1 (t5 receive "s modification at _! importation1 & always take "p 9 all subsequ5t natural phonetic *anges 9 ! language 7,e>ly ,old ,fr5* adv]s>ie1 ,mod]n ,fr5* adv]saire74 ,^? ,fr5* words :i* appe> to contradict ! phonetic laws 7 mo/ly introduc$ into ! language aft] ! tak+ place 79 words already exi/+ 9 ! language7 ( ! *anges =mulat$ by ! laws 9 "q2 comp>e ! late import$ laique ) ! inh]it$ lai1 bo? f ,lat9 laicum4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r cases ! language possesses two =ms ( ! same ,lat9 ^w1 "o desc5d$ f x1 ! o!r borr[$ 7meuble & mobile f mobilem74 ,"s ,ori5tal & o!r =eign words 7 br\ght 9 by ! crusad]s 7amiral f amir72 9 ! #af? c5tury1 w>s1 royal m>riages & lit]ature caus$ a l>ge numb] ( ,italian words 7soldat soldato2 brave bravo2 c>ess] c>ezz>e7 to be introduc$1 & _m ,spani% ones 7alcove alcoba2 habl] habl>74 ,a few words h be5 furni%$ by ,prov5cal 7abeille1 cad5as71 & sev]al h be5 adopt$ f o!r dialects into ! ,fr5* ( ,p>is 7esquiv] ,norman or ,pic>d = ! ,p>is-,fr5* es*iv]74 ,g]man has contribut$ a few 7blocus blo*us2 *\cr\te surkrut72 & rec5tly a consid]able numb] h be5 import$ f ,engl& 7dra91 con=table1 flirt]74 ,9 ,old ,fr5*1 new words are freely =m$ by d]ivation1 & to a less ext5t by composition2 9 ,mod]n ,fr5*1 borr[+ f ,lat9 or o!r =eign languages is ! m usual c\rse4 ,( ! ,fr5* words n[ obsolete "s h disappe>$ because ! ?+s !y express are obsolete2 o!rs h be5 replac$ by words ( native =mation1 & _m h be5 sup]s$$ by =eign words g5]ally ( lit]>y orig92 ( ^? :i* survive1 _m h und]gone consid]able alt]ations 9 mean+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,old ,fr5* words & mean+s1 n[ ext9ct 9 ! language ( ,p>is1 7 introduc$ into ,engli% aft] ! ,norman ,conque/2 & ?\gh "s h p]i%$1 _m h surviv$--/rife f ,old ,fr5* e/rif 7,teutonic /rit72 qua9t f co9te 7cognitum72 rememb] f remembr] 7rememor>e72 *aplet 7g>l&7 f *apelet 7,mod]n ,fr5* *aplet ( beads72 appo9tm5t 7r5dezv\s7 f appo9tem5t 7n[ sal>y74 ,_m also survive 9 o!r ,fr5* dialects4 7b7 ,dialects4--,! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* language f ! p]iod ( its e>lie/ extant lit]>y memorials is t ( ! dialects compos+ x4 ,b z ! popul> notion ( a dialect z ! spee* ( a def9ite area1 possess+ c]ta9 peculi>ities conf9$ to & ext5d+ ?r\gh\t t area1 is f> f correct1 x w be advisable to drop ! mislead+ divisions into ,norman dialect1 ,pic>d dialect & ! l1 & take in/ead ea* important feature 9 ! *ronological ord] 7z f> z c be asc]ta9$7 ( its developm5t1 po9t+ out r\ghly ! area 9 :i* x exi/s1 & its pres5t /ate4 ,! local t]ms us$ are int5tionally vague1 & x does n1 = in/ance1 at all foll[ t because ,ea/]n & ,we/]n are us$ to d5ote ! localities ( m ?an "o dialectal feature1 ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! two divisions is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,x is1 inde$1 because dialectal diff]5ces z !y arise d n foll[ ! same b\nd>y l9es 7mu* less ! political divisions ( prov9ces71 b cross "o ano!r to any ext5t1 t to speak ( ! dialect ( a l>ge area z an individual :ole1 unless t area is cut (f by physical or ali5 l+ui/ic b\nd>ies1 creates only confusion4 ,?us ! ,c5tral ,fr5* ( ,p>is1 ! ance/or ( classical ,mod]n ,fr5*1 agrees ) a m s\!rn =m ( ,romanic 7,lim\s91 ,auv]gne1 ,=ez1 ,lyonnais1 ,dauph9e7 9 hav+ ts1 n t%1 = ,lat9 k 7c7 be=e i & e2 t%1 n k1 = k 7c7 be=e a2 & ) ! :ole ,s\? 9 hav+ gu1 n w1 = ,teutonic w2 :ile x belongs to ! ,ea/ 9 hav+ oi = e>li] ei2 & to ! ,we/ 9 hav+ e1 n ei1 = ,lat9 a2 & i1 n ei1 f ,lat9 e i4 ,x may be well to d5ote t ,s\!rn ,fr5* does n correspond to s\!rn ,france1 ^: native language is ,prov5cal4 ,mod]n ,fr5* means ord9>y educat$ ,p>isian ,fr5*4 7e7 ,phonology4--,! hi/ory ( ! s\nds ( a language is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 t ( its inflections1 :i*1 no less ?an ! body ( a ^w1 are compos$ ( s\nds4 ,?is fact1 & ! fact t unconsci\s *anges are mu* m r$ucible to law ?an consci\s ones1 r5d] ! phonology ( a language by f> ! sure/ & wide/ f\ndation = its dialectology1 ! importance ( ! s\nd-*anges 9 ?is respect dep5d+1 n on _! prom95ce1 b on ! e>l9ess ( _! date4 ,= sev]al c5turies aft] ! div]g5ce betwe5 spok5 & writt5 ,lat91 ! hi/ory ( ^! *anges has to be det]m9$ ma9ly by reason+1 aid$ by a little direct evid5ce 9 ! misspell+s ( inscriptions ! semi-popul> =ms 9 gloss>ies1 & ! w>n+s ( ,lat9 gramm>ians aga9/ vulg>ities4 ,) ! rise ( ,romanic lit]ature ! mat]ials = trac+ ! *anges become abundant1 ?\gh z !y d n give u ! s\nds !mselves1 b only _! writt5 repres5tations1 mu* difficulty1 & "s unc]ta9ty1 (t5 atta* to deciph]+ ! evid5ce4 ,=tunately1 e>ly ,romanic or?ography1 t ( ,old ,fr5* includ$ 7= :i* see next section71 0 phonetic1 z ,italian or?ography /ill is2 ! alphabet 0 imp]fect1 z _m new s\nds _h to be repres5t$ :i* 7 n provid$ = 9 ! ,roman alphabet f :i* x arose1 b writ]s aim$ at repres5t+ ! s\nds !y utt]$1 n at us+ a fix$ comb9ation ( lett]s = ea* ^w1 h[ev] !y pron\nc$ x4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* z di/+ui%$ f ! alli$ languages & f ,lat91 & ! relations ( its s\nds1 inflections & syntax to ^? ( ! la/-nam$ language1 belong to ! g5]al subject ( ! ,romanic languages4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to m5tion "h "s ( ! features 9 :i* x agrees ) ! closely relat$ ,prov5cal1 & "s 9 :i* x diff]s4 ,z to ! latt]1 x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! two languages glide ins5sibly into "o ano!r1 !re be+ a belt ( dialects :i* possess "s ( ! features ( ea*4 ,fr5* & ,prov5cal ( ! #aj? c5tury--! e>lie/ date at :i* docum5ts exi/ 9 bo?--agree to a great ext5t 9 ! treatm5t ( ,lat9 f9al consonants & ! v[els prec$+ !m1 a matt] ( great importance = inflections 7num]\s ,fr5* examples occur 9 ?is section71 7#a7 ,!y reject all v[els1 except a1 ( ,lat9 f9al 7unacc5t$7 syllables1 unless prec$$ by c]ta9 consonant comb9ations or foll[$ by nt 7"h1 z else:]e1 c]ta9 exceptions _c be notic$72 7#b7 !y d n reject a simil>ly situat$2 7#c7 !y reject f9al 7unacc5t$7 m2 7#d7 !y reta9 f9al s4 ,fr5* & ,nor!rn ,prov5cal also agree 9 *ang+ ,lat9 ue f a labio-guttural to a labio-palatal v[el2 ! mod]n s\nd 7,g]man ue7 ( ! acc5t$ v[el ( ,fr5* lune1 ,prov5cal luna1 contra/+ ) t 9 ,italian & ,spani% luna1 appe>s to h exi/$ be=e ! e>lie/ extant docum5ts4 ,! f9al v[el laws g5]ally apply to ! unacc5t$ v[el prec$+ ! acc5t$ syllable1 if x is prec$$ by ano!r syllable1 & foll[$ by a s+le consonant--mat9 7matut9um71 dortoir 7dormitorium71 ) v[el dropp$2 canevas 7cannabaceum71 arm$ure1 lat] armeure1 n[ armure 7armaturam71 ) e s*wa1 z expla9$ bel[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,fr5* diff]s f ,prov5cal3 7#a7 9 uni=mly pres]v+ 79 ,e>ly ,old ,fr5*7 ,lat9 f9al t1 :i* is g5]ally reject$ 9 ,prov5cal--,fr5* aimet 7,lat9 amat71 ,prov5cal ama2 aim5t 7amant71 ,prov4 aman2 7#b7 9 always reject+1 absorb+ or consonantiz+ ! v[el ( ! la/ syllable b "o1 if unacc5t$2 9 su* words z angele 7(t5 spelt angle71 ! e aft] ! g only s]ves to %[ its s(t s\nd--,fr5* ve9tre 7n[ va9cre1 ,lat9 v9c]e71 ,prov4 v5c]1 ) acc5t on fir/ syllable2 ,fr5* escl&re 7sc&alum71 ,prov4 esc&ol2 ,fr5* olie 7dissyllabic1 i y consonant1 n[ huile71 ,prov4 oli 7oleum72 7#c7 9 *ang+ acc5t$ a n 9 position into ai be=e nasals & gutturals & n aft] a palatal1 & else:]e into e 7,we/ ,fr5*7 or ei 7,ea/ ,fr5*71 :i* develops an i be=e x :5 prec$$ by a palatal--,fr5* ma9 7,lat9 manum71 ,prov4 man2 aigre 7acrem71 agre2 ele 7alam71 ,ea/ ,fr5* eile1 ,prov4 ala2 meitie 7m$ietatem71 ,ea/ ,fr5* moitieit1 ,prov4 meitat2 7#d7 9 *ang+ a 9 unacc5t$ f9al syllables into ! v[el s*wa1 int]m$iate to a & e2 ?is v[el is writt5 a 9 "o or two ( ! old] docum5ts1 else:]e e--,fr5* aime 7,lat9 ama71 ,prov4 ama2 aimes 7amas71 ,prov4 amas2 aimet 7amat71 ,prov4 ama2 7#e7 9 *ang+ orig9al au into o--,fr5* or 7aurum71 ,prov4 aur2 rob] 7,teutonic raubon71 ,prov4 raub>2 7#f7 9 *ang+ g5]al ,romanic e1 f acc5t$ e & i n 9 position1 into ei--,fr5* ve9e 7v5am71 ,prov4 v5a2 peil 7pilum71 ,prov4 pel4 ,z "s ( ! dialectal diff]5ces 7 9 exi/5ce at ! date ( ! e>lie/ extant docum5ts1 & z ! exi/+ mat]ials1 till ! latt] half ( ! #aa? c5tury1 are scanty & ( unc]ta9 locality1 ! *ronological ord] 7"h adopt$7 ( ! e>li] s\nd-*anges is only t5tative4 7#a7 ,nor!rn ,fr5* has t% 7writt5 c or *7 = ,lat9 k 7c7 & t be=e palatal v[els1 :]e ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,fr5* h ts 7writt5 c or z7--,nor? ,norman & ,pic>d *ire 7c]am71 bra* 7bra*ium71 pla*e 7plateam72 ,p>isian1 ,s\? ,norman1 c41 cire1 braz1 place4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,e>ly ,old ,fr5* p]iod 7#ab? c5tury7 ts loses its initial consonant1 & ! same happ5$ to t% a c5tury or two lat]2 ) ?is *ange ! old di/9ction is ma9ta9$--,mod]n ,gu]nsey & ,pic>d *ire1 ,mod]n ,pic>d pla*e 79 ord9>y ,mod]n ,fr5* spell+72 usual ,fr5* cire1 place4 ,engli%1 hav+ borr[$ f ,nor? & ,s\? ,norman 7& lat] ,p>isian71 has in/ances ( bo? t% & s1 ! =m] 9 comp>atively small numb]--*isel 7,mod]n ,fr5* ciseau 787 caesellum71 escut*eon 7ecusson1 scutionem72 city 7cite1 civitatem71 place4 7#b7 ,initial ,teutonic w is reta9$ 9 ! nor?-ea/ & along ! nor? coa/2 else:]e1 z 9 ! o!r ,romance languages1 g 0 prefix$--,pic>d1 c41 w>de 7,teutonic w>da71 w]re 7w]ra72 ,p>isian1 c41 gu>de1 gu]re4 ,9 ! #ab? c5tury ! u or w ( gu dropp$1 giv+ ! ,mod]n ,fr5* g>de1 gu]re 7) gu g72 w rema9s 9 ,pic>d & ,walloon1 b 9 ,nor? ,norm&y x becomes v--,mod]n ,gu]nsey vason1 ,walloon wazon1 ,mod]n ,fr5* gazon 7,teutonic wason74 ,engli% has bo? =ms1 sometimes 9 words orig9ally ! same--wage & gage 7,mod]n ,fr5* gage1 ,teutonic wadi72 w>d5 & gu>dian 7g>di51 w>d+74 7#c7 ,lat9 b aft] acc5t$ a 9 ! imp]fect ( ! fir/ conjugation1 :i* becomes v 9 ,ea/]n ,fr5*1 9 ,we/]n ,fr5* fur!r *anges to w1 & =ms ! diph?ong ou ) ! prec$+ v[el--,norman am[e 7amabam71 port\t 7portabat72 ,burgundian ameve1 portevet4 -eve is /ill reta9$ 9 "s places1 b g5]ally ! imp]fect ( ! fir/ conjugation is assimilat$ to t ( ! o!rs--amoit1 l avoit 7habebat74 7#d7 ,! palatalization ( e !n exi/+ k & g 7h>d7 :5 foll[$ by a1 i or e1 aft] hav+ caus$ ! developm5t ( i be=e ! e 7,ea/ ,fr5* ei7 d]iv$ f a n 9 position1 is ab&on$ 9 ! nor?1 ! consonants return+ to ord9>y k or g1 :ile 9 ! c5tre & s\? !y are assibilat$ to t% or dzh--,nor? ,norman & ,pic>d ca*i] 7capti>e71 ki] 7c>um71 cose 7causam71 eskiv] 7,teutonic skiuhan71 wiket 7,teutonic wikittum71 gal 7gallum71 g>d9 7f ,teutonic g>d72 ,s\? ,norman & ,p>isian *aci]1 *i]1 *ose1 es*iv]1 gui*et1 jal1 j>d94 ,probably 9 ! #ad? c5tury ! initial consonant ( t%1 dzh disappe>$1 giv+ ! mod]n ,fr5* *ass]1 j>d9 ) * % & j zh2 b t% is reta9$ 9 ,walloon1 & dzh 9 ,lorra9e4 ,! ,nor!rn =ms survive--,mod]n ,gu]nsey ca*i]1 g>d92 ,pic>d ca*]1 g>d94 ,engli% possesses num]\s examples ( bo? =ms1 sometimes 9 relat$ words--cat* & *ase2 wicket1 es*ew2 g>d51 jaundice 7jaunisse1 f galbanum74 7#e7 ,= ,lat9 acc5t$ a n 9 position ,we/]n ,fr5* usually has e1 ,ea/]n ,fr5* ei1 bo? ( :i* take an i be=e !m :5 a palatal prec$es--,norman & ,p>isian p] 7p>em71 oiez 7audiatis72 ,lorra9e peir1 oieis4 ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies close e *ang$ to op5 e1 except :5 f9al or be=e a sil5t consonant--am] 7am>um7 n[ hav+ e1 aim] 7am>e7 reta9+ e4 ,engli% %[s ! ,we/]n close e--pe] 7,mod]n ,fr5* pair1 ,old ,fr5* p]71 *ief 7*ef1 caput72 ,middle ,high ,g]man ! ,ea/]n ei--lameir 7,mod]n ,fr5* l'am]1 l'aim]1 la m] ,lat9 m>e74 7#f7 ,lat9 acc5t$ e n 9 position1 :5 x came to be foll[$ 9 ,old ,fr5* by i unites ) ?is to =m i 9 ! ,we/]n dialects1 :ile ! ,ea/]n h ! diph?ongs ei--,pic>d1 ,norman & ,p>isian pire 7pejor71 piz 7pectus72 ,burgundian peire1 peiz4 ,! di/9ction is /ill pres]v$--,mod]n ,fr5* pire1 pis2 ,mod]n ,burgundian peire1 pei4 ,engli% words %[ always i--price 7prix1 pretium7 spite 7depit1 despectum74 7#g7 ,! nasalization ( v[els foll[$ by a nasal consonant did n take place simultane\sly ) all ! v[els4 ,a & e be=e n 7guttural n1 z 9 s+71 n 7palatal n71 n & m 7 nasal 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 su* words z tant 7tantum7 & g5t 7g5tem7 =m+ 9 ! ,alexis assonances to !mselves1 di/9ct f ! assonances ) a & e be=e non-nasal consonants4 ,9 ! ,rol& umbre 7ombre1 umbram7 & cul*et 7c\*e1 collocat71 fi] 7f]um7 & *i5s 7canes71 dit 7dictum7 & v9t 7v5it71 ce9te 7c9ctam7 & veie 7voie1 viam71 brun 7,teutonic brun7 & fut 7fuit7 assonate freely1 ?\gh o 7u7 be=e nasals %[s a t5d5cy to sep>ation4 ,! nasalization ( i & u 7 ,mod]n ,fr5* u7 did n take place till ! #af? c5tury2 & 9 all cases ! loss ( ! foll[+ nasal consonant is q mod]n1 ! old] pronunciation ( tant1 ombre be+ tant1 ombrs*wa1 n z n[ ta1 obrh4 ,! nasalization took place :e!r ! nasal consonant 0 or 0 n foll[$ by a v[el1 femme 7fem9am71 honneur 7honorem7 be+ pron\nc$ ) nasal v[els m ! fir/ syllable till aft] ! #af? c5tury1 z indicat$ by ! d\bl+ ( ! nasal consonant 9 ! spell+ & by ! phonetic *ange 79 femme & o!r words7 next to be m5tion$4 ,engli% g5]ally has au 7n[ (t5 r$uc$ to a7 = ,old ,fr5* a--vaunt 7vant]1 vanit>e71 tawny 7tanne 787 ,celtic74 7#h7 ,! assimilation ( e 7nasal e7 to a 7nasal a7 did n beg9 till ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury1 & is n yet univ]sal1 9 ,france1 ?\gh g5]ally a c5tury lat]4 ,9 ! ,alexis nasal a 7z 9 tant7 is nev] conf\nd$ ) nasal e 7z 9 g5t7 9 ! assonances1 ?\gh ! copyi/ 7a c5tury lat]7 (t5 writes a = nasal e 9 unacc5t$ syllables1 z 9 amfant 7enfant1 infantem72 9 ! ,rol& !re are sev]al cases ( mixture 9 ! assonances1 g5t1 = in/ance1 occurr+ 9 ant /anzas1 tant 9 ent ones4 ,engli% has sev]al words ) a = e be=e nasals--rank 7rang1 ,old ,fr5* r5c1 ,teutonic hr+a71 pansy 7p5see1 p5satam72 b ! majority %[ e--ent] 7entr]1 intr>e71 fleam 7flamme1 ,old ,fr5* fleme1 phlebotomum74 ,! di/9ction is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,norman ( ,gu]nsey1 :]e an & en1 ?\gh bo? nasal1 h diff]5t s\nds--lan*i] 7lanc]1 lance>e71 b m5trie 7,old ,fr5* m5t]ie1 f m5tiri74 7#i7 ,! loss ( s1 or r z1 be=e voic$ consonants began e>ly1 s be+ (t5 omitt$ or wrongly ins]t$ 9 #ab? c5tury ,,mss4--,e>lie/ ,old ,fr5* masle 7masculum71 sisdre 7sic]am72 ,mod]n ,fr5* male1 cidre4 ,9 ,engli% x has ev]y:]e disappe>$--male1 cid]2 except 9 two words1 :]e x appe>s1 z occasionally 9 ,old ,fr5*1 z d--m$dle 7mel]1 miscul>e71 m$l> 7nefli]1 ,old ,fr5* also mesli]1 mespil>ium74 ,! loss ( s be=e voiceless consonants 7except f7 is ab\t two c5turies lat]1 & x is n univ]sal ev5 9 ,p>isian--,e>ly ,old ,fr5* fe/e 7fe/am71 escui] 7scut>ium72 ,mod]n ,fr5* fete1 ecuy]1 b esp]] 7sp]>e74 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ s be=e t is /ill reta9$--,walloon *e/ai 7*ateau1 ca/ellum71 fiess 7fete74 ,engli% %[s s regul>ly--fea/1 esquire4 7#aj7 ,m$ial dh 7s(t ?1 z 9 !n71 & f9al ? f ,lat9 t or d betwe5 v[els1 d n beg9 to disappe> till ! latt] half ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,9 native ,fr5* ,,mss4 dh is g5]ally writt5 d1 & ? writt5 t2 b ! ,g]man scribe ( ! ,oa?s writes adjudha 7adjutam71 cadhuna 7,greek kata & unam72 & ! ,engli% "o ( ! ,alexis cuntre?a 7contratam71 lo!t 7laudatum71 & t ( ! ,cambridge ,psalt] h]ite? 7h]$itatem74 ,m$ial dh (t5 drops ev5 9 ! la/-nam$ ,,mss41 & soon disappe>s2 ! same is true = f9al ? 9 ,we/]n ,fr5*--,mod]n ,fr5* contree1 l\e4 ,b 9 ,ea/]n ,fr5* f9al ?1 to :i* ,lat9 t betwe5 v[els _h probably be5 r$uc$ ?r\gh d & dh1 appe>s 9 ! #ab? c5tury & lat] z t1 rhym+ on ord9>y ,fr5* f9al t--,pic>d & ,burgundian pe*iet 7peccatum7 apeleit 7appellatum74 ,9 ,we/]n ,fr5* "s f9al ?s 7 sav$ by be+ *ang$ to f--,mod]n ,fr5* soif 7sitim71 moeuf 7obsolete1 modum74 ,engli% has "o or two in/ances ( f9al ?1 none ( m$ial dh--fai? 7foi1 fidem72 ,middle ,engli% c>ite 7*>ite1 c>itatem71 drute? 7,old ,fr5* dru1 ,teutonic drud72 g5]ally ! consonant is lo/--c\ntry1 *>ity4 ,middle ,high ,g]man %[s ! ,ea/]n ,fr5* f9al consonant--moraliteit 7moralite1 moralitatem74 7#aa7 ,t f ,lat9 f9al t1 if 9 an ,old ,fr5* unacc5t$ syllable1 beg9s to disappe> 9 ! ,rol&1 :]e sometimes aimet 7amat71 sometimes aime1 is requir$ by ! metre1 & soon drops 9 all dialects4 ,! ,mod]n ,fr5* t ( aime-t-il & simil> =ms is an analogical ins]tion f su* =ms z dort-il 7dormit71 :]e ! t has always exi/$4 7#ab7 ,! *ange ( ! diph?ong ai to ei & aft]w>ds to ee 7! d\bl+ indicates l5g?7 _h n tak5 place 9 ! e>lie/ ,fr5* docum5ts1 words ) ai assonat+ only on words ) a2 9 ! ,rol& su* assonances occur1 b ^? ( ai on e are m frequ5t--faire 7fac]e7 assonat+ on p>a/re 7patra/]7 & on e/es 7e/is72 & ! ,,ms4 7half a c5tury lat] ?an ! poem7 occasionally has ei & e = ai--recleimet 7reclamat71 desf]e 7disfac]e71 ! latt] agree+ ) ! ,mod]n ,fr5* s\nd4 ,be=e nasals 7z 9 la9e lanam7 & ie 7z 9 paye pacatum71 ai rema9$ a diph?ong up to ! #af? c5tury1 be+ app>5tly ei1 ^: fate 9 ?is situation x has foll[$4 ,engli% %[s ai regul>ly be=e nasals & :5 f9al1 & 9 a few o!r words--va9 7va91 vanum71 pay 7pay]1 pac>e71 wait 7guett]1 ,teutonic waht572 b be=e mo/ consonants x has usually ee--peace 7pais1 pacum71 feat 7fait1 factum74 7#ac7 ,! loss or transposition ( i 7 y-consonant7 foll[+ ! consonant end+ an acc5t$ syllable beg9s 9 ! #ab? c5tury--,e>ly ,old ,fr5* glorie 7gloriam71 e/udie 7/udium71 olie 7oleum72 ,mod]n ,fr5* gloire1 etude1 huile4 ,engli% sometimes %[s ! e>li] =m--glory1 /udy2 sometimes ! lat]--d[] 7d\aire1 ,e>ly ,old ,fr5* do>ie1 dot>ium71 oil 7huile74 7#ad7 ,! vocalization ( l prec$$ by a v[el & foll[$ by a consonant becomes frequ5t at ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury2 :5 prec$$ by op5 e1 an a develop$ be=e ! l :ile ?is 0 a consonant--#aa? c5tury salse 7salsa71 beltet 7bellitatem71 sold] 7solid>e72 ,mod]n ,fr5* sauce1 beaute1 s\d]4 ,9 ,p>isian1 f9al el foll[$ ! fate ( el be=e a consonant1 becom+ ! triph?ong eau1 b 9 ,norman ! vocalization did n take place1 & ! l 0 aft]w>ds reject$--,mod]n ,fr5* ruisseau1 ,mod]n ,gu]nsey russe 7rivicellum74 ,engli% words ( ,fr5* orig9 sometimes %[ l be=e a consonant1 b ! g5]al =m is u--scald 7e*aud]1 excalid>e71 ,walt] 7,gauti]1 ,teutonic ,waldh>i72 sauce1 beauty1 sod]4 ,f9al el is kept--veal 7veau1 vitellum71 seal 7sceau1 sigillum74 7#ae7 ,9 ! ea/ & c5tre ei *anges to oi1 :ile ! old] s\nd is reta9$ 9 ! nor?-we/ & we/--,norman e/reit 7etroit1 /rictum71 preie 7proie1 pra$am71 #ab? c5tury ,pic>d1 ,p>isian1 c41 e/roit1 proie4 ,b ! e>lie/ 7#aj? c5tury7 specim5s ( ! latt] gr\p ( dialects h ei--plei] 7ploy]1 plic>e7 ,eulalia1 mettreiet 7mettrait1 mitt]e habebat7 ,jonah4 ,p>isian oi1 :e!r f ei or f ,old ,fr5* oi1 oi1 became 9 ! #ae? c5tury ue 7spell+s ) oue or oe are n uncommon--mir\] = miroir1 miratorium71 & 9 ! foll[+1 9 c]ta9 words1 e1 n[ writt5 ai--francais1 connaitre1 f francois 7franceis1 franciscum71 conoi/re 7conui/re1 cognosc]e72 :]e x did n und]go ! latt] *ange x is n[ ua or wa--roi 7rei1 regem71 croix 7cruis1 crucem74 ,be=e nasals & palatal l1 ei 7n[ e7 0 kept--ve9e 7v5a71 veille 7vigila71 & x ev]y:]e survives unlabializ$ 9 ,mod]n ,norman--,gu]nsey etelle 7etoile1 /ella7 ) e1 s] 7soir1 s]um7 ) e4 ,engli% %[s g5]ally ei 7or ai7 = orig9al ei--/rait 7e/reit71 prey 7preie72 b 9 sev]al words ! lat] ,p>isian oi--coy 7coi1 qvietum71 loyal 7loyal1 legalem74 7#af7 ,! splitt+ ( ! v[el-s\nd f acc5t$ ,lat9 o or u n 9 position1 repres5t$ 9 ,old ,fr5* by o & u indiff]5tly1 into u1 o 7be=e nasals71 & eu 7! latt] at fir/ a diph?ong1 n[ ,g]man oe71 is unkn[n to ,we/]n ,fr5* till ! #ab? c5tury1 & is n g5]al 9 ! ea/4 ,! s\nd 9 #aa? c5tury ,norman 0 mu* ne>] to u 7,mod]n ,fr5* ou7 ?an to o 7,mod]n ,fr5* o71 z ! words borr[$ by ,engli% %[ uu 7at fir/ writt5 u1 aft]w>ds ou or ow71 nev] oo2 b 0 probably n q u1 z ,mod]n ,norman %[s ! same splitt+ ( ! s\nd z ,p>isian4 ,examples are--,e>ly ,old ,fr5* espose or espuse 7sponsam71 nom or num 7nom571 flor or flur 7florem72 ,mod]n ,fr5* ep\se1 nom1 fleur2 ,mod]n ,gu]nsey g\le 7gueule1 gulam71 nom1 flleur4 ,mod]n ,pic>d also %[s u1 :i* is ! regul> s\nd be=e r--fl\r2 b ,mod]n ,burgundian (t5 keeps ! orig9al ,old ,fr5* o--vo 7v\s1 vos74 ,engli% %[s almo/ always uu--sp\se1 n\n1 fl[] 7,e>ly ,middle ,engli% spuse1 nun1 flur72 b nephew ) eu 7neveu1 nepotem74 7#ag7 ,! loss ( ! u 7or w7 ( qu dates f ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury--,old ,fr5* qu>t 7qv>tum71 quiti] 7qviet>e7 ) qu kw1 ,mod]n ,fr5* qu>t1 quitt] ) qu k4 ,9 ,walloon ! w is pres]v$--c\> 7qu>t71 cuitt]2 z is ! case 9 ,engli%--qu>t1 quit4 ,! w ( gw seems to h be5 lo/ r e>li]1 ,engli% hav+ simple g--gage 7gage1 old] guage1 ,teutonic wadi71 guise 7guise1 ,teutonic wisa74 7#ah7 ,! *ange ( ! diph?ong ou to uu did n take place till aft] ! #ab? c5tury1 su* words z ,anj\ 7,&egavum7 assonat+ 9 ! ,rol& on =t 7=tem72 & did n occur 9 ,pic>dy1 :]e ou became au caus f old] c\s1 cols 7c\s1 collos7 co9cid+ ) caus f calz 7*auds1 calidos74 ,engli% keeps ou di/9ct f uu--vault = vaut 7,mod]n ,fr5* v\te1 volvitam71 sod] 7s\d]1 solid>e74 7#ai7 ,! *ange ( ! diph?ong ie to simple e is specially ,anglo-,norman1 9 ,old ,fr5* ( ! ,cont95t ^! s\nds nev] rhyme1 9 t ( ,engl& !y con/antly d1 & ,engli% words %[1 ) r>e exceptions1 ! simple v[el--fi]ce 7,old ,fr5* fi]s1 f]us71 *ief 7*ief1 caput71 ) ie ee2 b panni] 7pani]1 pan>ium74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n p]iod1 ,p>isian dropp$ ! i ( ie :5 prec$$ by * or j--*ef1 abreg] 7,old ,fr5* abregi]1 abbrevi>e72 else:]e 7except 9 v]bs7 ie is reta9$--fi] 7f]um71 pitie 7pietatem74 ,mod]n ,gu]nsey reta9s ie aft] *--ap'r*i] 7appro*]1 adprope>e747#bj7 ,"s ( ! ,mod]n ,fr5* *anges h f\nd _! places "u old] ones2 ^? rema9+ to be notic$ are s rec5t t ,engli% examples ( ! old] =ms are sup]flu\s4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ! diph?ong au *ang$ to ao & !n to o1 its pres5t s\nd1 r5d]+1 = in/ance1 maux 7,old ,fr5* mals1 malos7 id5tical ) mots 7muttos74 ,! au ( eau und]w5t ! same *ange1 b its e 0 /ill s\nd$ z s*wa 7! e ( que72 9 ! next c5tury ?is 0 dropp$1 mak+ veaux 7,old ,fr5* veels1 vitellos7 id5tical ) vaux 7vals1 valles74 7#ba7 ,a m g5]al & v important *ange began mu* e>li] ?an ! la/2 ?is is ! loss ( _m f9al consonants4 ,9 ,e>ly ,old ,fr5* e consonant 0 pron\nc$ z writt52 by degrees _m ( !m disappe>$ :5 foll[$ by ano!r consonant1 :e!r 9 ! same ^w 79 :i* case !y 7 g5]ally omitt$ 9 writ+7 or 9 a foll[+ "o4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! #af? c5tury2 ^? f9al consonants :i* are usually sil5t 9 ,mod]n ,fr5* 7 /ill s\nd$1 if be=e a v[el or at ! end ( a s5t5ce or a l9e ( poetry1 b g5]ally n else:]e4 ,?us a l>ge numb] ( ,fr5* words _h two =ms2 ! ,old ,fr5* =t appe>$ z = 7?\gh /ill writt5 =t7 be=e a consonant1 =t else:]e4 ,at a lat] p]iod f9al consonants 7 lo/ 7) c]ta9 exceptions7 :5 ! ^w /ood at ! end ( a s5t5ce or ( a l9e ( poetry2 b !y are g5]ally kept :5 foll[$ by a ^w beg9n+ ) a v[el4 7#bb7 ,a /ill lat] *ange is ! g5]al loss ( ! v[el 7writt5 e7 ( unacc5t$ f9al syllables2 ?is v[el pres]v$ 9 ! #af? c5tury ! s\nd s*wa1 :i* x _h 9 ,e>ly ,old ,fr5*4 ,9 lat] ,anglo-,norman f9al s*wa 7l e o!r s\nd7 0 treat$ exactly z ! same s\nd 9 ,middle ,engli%2 t is1 x came to be omitt$ or reta9$ at pleasure1 & 9 ! #ae? c5tury disappe>$4 ,9 ,old ,fr5* ! loss ( f9al s*wa is conf9$ to a few words & =ms2 ! #aj? c5tury saveiet 7sapebat = sapiebat7 became 9 ! #aa? saveit1 & ore 7ad horam71 ele 7illam7 develop ! abbreviat$ or1 el4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury s*wa be=e a v[el g5]ally disappe>s--mur1 ,old ,fr5* meur 7maturum72 & 9 ! #af?1 ?\gh /ill writt51 s*wa aft] an unacc5t$ v[el1 & 9 ! syllable ent aft] a v[el1 does ! same--vraim5t1 ,old ,fr5* vraiem5t 7v]aca m5te72 avoi5t two syllables1 z n[ 7avai5t71 9 ,old ,fr5* ?ree syllables 7z habebant74 ,^! ph5om5a occur mu* e>li] 9 ! angliciz$ ,fr5* ( ,engl&--#ac? c5tury aveynt 7,old ,fr5* avei5t74 ,b ! univ]sal loss ( f9al e1 :i* has clipp$ a syllable f half ! ,fr5* vocabul>y1 did n take place till ! #ah? c5tury1 aft] ! g5]al loss ( f9al consonants2 =t & =te1 di/+ui%$ at ! end ( a s5t5ce or l9e 9 ! #af? c5tury z =t & =ts*wa1 rema9 di/+ui%$1 b z = & =t4 ,! metre ( poetry is /ill con/ruct$ on ! obsolete pronunciation1 :i* is ev5 reviv$ 9 s++2 dites1 la jeune belle1 actually f\r syllables 7dit1 la zho5 bel71 is consid]$ z sev51 fitt$ ) music accord+ly1 & sung to fit ! music 7dits*wa1 la zho5a bels*wa74 7#bc7 ,9 ,old ,fr5*1 z 9 ! o!r ,romanic languages1 ! /ress 7=ce1 acc5t7 is on ! syllable :i* 0 acc5t$ 9 ,lat92 comp>e ! treatm5t ( ! acc5t$ & unacc5t$ v[els 9 latro amas1 giv+ l]e1 aime1 & 9 latronem1 amatis1 giv+ l>on1 amez1 ! acc5t$ v[els be+ ^? :i* rhyme or assonate4 ,at pres5t1 /ress 9 ,fr5* is mu* less m>k$ ?an 9 ,engli%1 ,g]man or ,italian1 & is to a c]ta9 ext5t v>iable2 :i* is p>tly ! reason :y mo/ native ,fr5* s*ol>s f9d no difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ t ! /ress 9 liv+ ,mod]n ,fr5* is on ! same syllable z 9 ,old ,fr5*4 ,! fact t /ress 9 ! ,fr5* ( to-day is indep5d5t ( l5g? 7quantity7 & pit* 7tone7 l>gely aids ! confusion2 = ?\gh ! f9al & orig9ally acc5t$ syllable 7n c\nt+ ! sil5t e z a syllable7 is n[ g5]ally pron\nc$ ) less =ce1 x v (t5 has a long v[el ) rais$ pit*4 ,9 actual pronunciation ! *ief /ress is usually on ! fir/ syllable 7c\nt+ accord+ to ! s\nds1 n ! spell+71 b 9 _m polysyllables x is on ! la/ b "o2 ?us 9 caution ! acc5t$ 7/rong7 syllable cau1 9 occasion x is ca4 ,poetry is /ill writt5 accord+ to ! orig9al place ( ! /ress2 ! rhyme-syllables ( l>ron1 aimez are /ill ron & mez1 :i* :5 set to music receive an acc5t$ 7/rong7 note1 & are sung accord+ly1 ?\gh 9 spee* ! la & ai g5]ally h ! pr9cipal /ress4 ,9 read+ poetry1 z di/+ui%$ f s++1 ! mod]n pronunciation is us$1 bo? z to ! loss ( ! f9al s*wa & ! displacem5t ( ! /ress1 ! result be+ t ! !oretical metre 9 :i* ! poetry is writt5 disappe>s4 7#bd7 ,9 c]ta9 cases acc5t$ v[els 7 l5g!n$ 9 ,old ,fr5*1 z be=e a lo/ s2 ?is 0 indicat$ 9 ! #af? c5tury by a circumflex--bete1 ,old ,fr5* be/e 7be/iam71 ame1 ,old ,fr5* anme 7anima74 ,! same occurr$ 9 ! plural ( _m n\ns1 :]e a consonant 0 lo/ be=e ! s ( ! flection2 ?us s+ul> coc ) %ort v[el1 plural cos ) long4 ,! plural cos1 ?\gh spelt cogs in/ead ( co 7 koo71 is /ill sometimes to be he>d1 b1 l o!r simil> ones1 is g5]ally refa%ion$ aft] ! s+ul>1 becom+ kok4 ,9 pres5t ,fr5*1 except :]e a diff]5ce ( quality has result$1 z 9 cote 7,old ,fr5* co/e1 co/am7 ) o & cotte 7,old ,fr5* cote71 ) o1 %ort & long v[els g5]ally run toge!r1 quantity be+ n[ v>iable & unc]ta92 b at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ! ,e>ly ,mod]n di/9ctions appe> to h be5 g5]ally pres]v$4 7d7 ,or?ography4--,! hi/ory ( ,fr5* spell+ is bas$ on t ( ,fr5* s\nds2 z already /at$1 ! =m] 7ap>t f a few ,lat9isms 9 ! e>lie/ docum5ts7 = sev]al c5turies fai?fully foll[$ ! latt]4 ,:5 ! popul> ,lat9 ( ,gaul 0 fir/ writt51 its s\nds 7 repres5t$ by ! lett]s ( ! ,roman alphabet2 b ^! 7 employ$1 n 9 ! values !y _h 9 ! "t ( ,caes>1 b 9 ^? !y _h acquir$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! phonetic *anges t _h meantime tak5 place4 ,?us1 z ! ,lat9 s\nd u _h become o 7close o7 & u _h become y 7,fr5* u1 ,g]man ue71 ! lett] u 0 us$ sometimes to d5ote ! s\nd o1 sometimes ! s\nd y2 z ,lat9 k 7writt5 c7 _h become t% or ts1 accord+ to dialect1 be=e e & i1 c 0 us$ to repres5t ^? s\nds z well z t ( k4 ,! *ief features ( e>ly ,fr5* or?ography 7ap>t f ! specialities ( individual ,,mss41 especially ! e>lie/7 are !re=e ^!3--c /ood = k & t% or ts2 d = d & dh 7s(t ?72 e = e1 e1 & s*wa2 g = g & dzh2 h 0 (t5 writt5 9 words ( ,lat9 orig9 :]e n s\nd$2 i 7j7 /ood = i1 y consonant1 & dzh2 o = o 7,anglo-,norman u7 & o2 s = s & z2 t = t & ?2 u 7v7 = o 7,anglo-,norman u71 y & v2 y 7r>e7 = i2 z = dz & ts4 ,"s new s\nds _h also to be provid$ =3 :]e t% _h to be di/+ui%$ f non-f9al ts1 *--at fir/1 z 9 ,italian1 d5ot+ k be=e i & e 7*i ki f qvi7--0 us$ = x2 palatal l 0 repres5t$ by ill1 :i* :5 f9al usually lo/ "o l1 & aft] i dropp$ its i2 palatal n by gn1 ng or ngn1 to :i* i 0 (t5 prefix$2 & ! new lett] w1 orig9ally uu 7vv71 & sometimes repres5t+ m]ely uv or vu1 0 employ$ = ! consonant-s\nd /ill d5ot$ by x 9 ,engli%4 ,all comb9ations ( v[el-lett]s repres5t$ diph?ongs2 ?us ai d5ot$ a foll[$ by i1 ou ei!r ou or ou1 ui ei!r oi 7,anglo-,norman ui7 or yi1 & simil>ly ) ! o!rs--ei1 eu1 oi1 iu1 ie1 ue 7& oe71 & ! triph?ong ieu4 ,sil5t lett]s1 except initial h 9 ,lat9 words1 are v r>e2 ?\gh ,,mss4 copi$ f old] ones (t5 reta9 lett]s ^: s\nds1 ?\gh exi/+ 9 ! language ( ! au?or1 _h disappe>$ f t ( ! m mod]n scribe4 ,! subsequ5t *anges 9 or?ography are due ma9ly to *anges ( s\nd1 & f9d _! explanation 9 ! phonology4 ,?us1 z ,old ,fr5* progresses1 s1 hav+ become sil5t be=e voic$ consonants1 indicates only ! l5g? ( ! prec$+ v[el2 e be=e nasals1 f ! *ange ( e 7nasal e7 to a 7nasal a71 repres5ts a2 c1 f ! *ange ( ts to s1 repres5ts s2 qu & gu1 f ! loss ( ! w ( kw & gw1 repres5t k & g 7h>d72 ai1 f ! *ange ( ai to e1 repres5ts e2 ou1 f ! *ange ( ou & ou to u1 repres5ts u2 * & g1 f ! *ange ( t% & dzh to % & zh1 repres5t % & zh2 eu & ue1 orig9ally repres5t+ diph?ongs1 repres5t oe 7,g]man oe72 z1 f ! *ange ( ts & dz to s & z1 repres5ts s & z4 ,! new values ( "s ( ^! lett]s 7 appli$ to words n orig9ally spelt ) !m3 ,old ,fr5* k be=e i & e 0 replac$ by qu 7evesque1 eveske1 ,lat9 episcopum72 ,old ,fr5* u & o = o1 aft] ?is s\nd _h split into eu & u1 7 replac$ 9 ! latt] case by ou 7r\s1 = ros or rus1 ,lat9 russum72 s 0 accid5tally ins]t$ to m>k a long v[el 7pasle1 pale1 ,lat9 pallidum72 eu replac$ ue & oe 7neuf1 nuef1 ,lat9 novum & novem72 z replac$ s aft] e 7nez1 nes1 nasum74 ,! use ( x = f9al s is due to an or?ographical mi/ake2 ! ,,ms4 contraction ( u be+ some?+ l x 0 at la/ confus$ ) x 7iex = ieus1 oculos71 &1 its mean+ be+ =gott51 u 0 ins]t$ be=e ! x 7yeux7 :i* ?us meant no m ?an s1 & 0 us$ = x aft] o!r v[els 7voix = vois1 vocem74 ,z lit]ature came to be ext5sively cultivat$1 traditional z di/9ct f phonetic spell+ began to be influ5tial2 & 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ! close ( ! ,old ,fr5* p]iod1 ?is influ5ce1 ?\gh n ov]p[]+1 0 /rong--/rong] ?an 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod !re arose etymological z di/9ct f traditional spell+4 ,?is practice1 ! alt]ation ( traditional spell+ by ! ins]tion or sub/itution ( lett]s :i* occurr$ 7or 7 suppos$ to occur7 9 ! ,lat9 7or suppos$ ,lat97 orig9als ( ! ,fr5* words1 became v preval5t 9 ! ?ree foll[+ c5turies1 :5 su* =ms z debvoir 7deb]e7 = devoir1 faulx 7falsum7 = faus1 au!ur 7auctorem1 suppos$ to be au?orem7 = auteur1 poids 7suppos$ to be f pondus1 really f p5sum7 = pois1 7 ! rule4 ,b besides ! etymological1 !re 0 a phonetic s*ool ( spell+ 7,ramus1 9 #aefb1 = in/ance1 writes eime1 eimates--) e e1 e e1 & e s*wa--= aimai1 aima/es71 :i*1 ?\gh unsuccessful on ! :ole1 _h "s effect 9 correct+ ! excesses ( ! o!r1 s t 9 ! #ag? c5tury mo/ ( ^! ins]t$ lett]s began to drop2 ( ^? :i* rema91 "s 7flegme = flemme or fleume1 ,lat9 phlegma7 h corrupt$ ! pronunciation4 ,"s important re=ms--z ! dropp+ ( sil5t s1 & its replacem5t by a circumflex ov] ! v[el :5 ?is 0 long2 ! frequ5t di/9ction ( close & op5 e by acute & grave acc5ts2 ! re/riction ( i & u to ! v[el s\nd1 ( j & v to ! consonant2 & ! introduction f ,spa9 ( ! c$illa to di/+ui% c s f c k be=e a1 u & o--are due to ! #af? c5tury4 ,! replacem5t ( oi1 :]e x _h assum$ ! value e1 by ai1 did n beg9 till ! la/ c5tury1 & 0 n ! rule till ! pres5t "o4 ,inde$1 s9ce ! #af? c5tury ! *anges 9 ,fr5* spell+ h be5 small1 comp>$ ) ! *anges ( ! s\nds2 f9al consonants & f9al e 7unacc5t$7 are /ill writt51 ?\gh ! s\nds !y repres5t h disappe>$4 ,/ill1 a m>k$ ef=t t[>ds ! simplification ( ,fr5* or?ography 0 made 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,diction>y ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 7#agdj71 practically ! "w ( ! ,abbe d',olivet4 ,:ile 9 ! fir/ 7#afid7 & second 7#agah7 editions ( ?is diction>y words 7 ov]burd5$ ) sil5t lett]s1 suppos$ to repres5t bett] ! etymology1 9 ! ?ird edition ! spell+ ( ab\t #ejjj words 7out ( ab\t #ah1jjj7 0 alt]$ & made m 9 con=mity ) ! pronunciation4 ,s1 = in/ance1 c 0 dropp$ 9 be9faicteur & object1 c 9 scavoir1 d 9 advocat1 s 9 accroi/re1 alba/re1 aspre & ba/>d1 e 9 ! pa/ "p4 creu1 deu1 veu1 & 9 su* words z alleure1 s\illeure2 y 0 replac$ by i 9 cecy1 celuy1 gay1 joye1 c4 ,b ^? *anges 7 n made sy/ematically1 & _m p$antic spell+s 7 left unt\*$1 :ile _m inconsi/5cies /ill rema9 9 ! pres5t or?ography 7siffl] & p]sifl]1 s\ffl] & b\rs\fl]1 c74 ,! consequ5ce ( ^? ef=ts 9 contr>y directions is t ,fr5* or?ography is n[ q z traditional & unphonetic z ,engli%1 & gives an ev5 fals] notion ?an ?is ( ! actual /ate ( ! language x is suppos$ to repres5t4 ,_m ( ! features ( ,old ,fr5* or?ography1 e>ly & late1 are pres]v$ 9 ,engli% or?ography2 to x we owe ! use ( c = s 7,old ,engli% c k only71 ( j 7i7 = dzh1 ( v 7u7 = v 79 ,old ,engli% writt5 f71 & probably ( * = t%4 ,! ,engli% w is purely ,fr5*1 ! ,old ,engli% lett] be+ ! runic 4 ,:5 ,fr5* 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 kw _h n lo/ its w1 & ! ,fr5* qu1 ) t value1 replac$ ! ,old ,engli% c 7que5 = cen74 ,9 ,norman1 ,old ,fr5* o _h become v l u1 & 9 ,engl& w5t entirely into x2 o1 :i* 0 "o ( its ,fr5* signs1 ?us came to be (t5 us$ = u 9 ,engli% 7come = cume74 ,u1 hav+ (t5 9 ,old ,fr5* its ,mod]n ,fr5* value1 0 s us$ 9 ,engl&1 & replac$ ! ,old ,engli% y 7busy = bysi1 ,middle ,engli% brud = bryd71 & y 0 (t5 us$ = i 7day = dai74 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury1 :5 ou _h come to repres5t u 9 ,france1 x 0 borr[$ by ,engli%1 & us$ = ! long s\nd ( t v[el 7s\r = sur72 & gu1 :i* _h come to mean simply g 7h>d71 0 occasionally us$ to repres5t ! s\nd g be=e i & e 7guess = gesse74 ,"s ( ! ,e>ly ,mod]n etymological spell+s 7 imitat$ 9 ,engl&2 fleam & aut\r 7 replac$ by phlegm & au?\r1 ! latt] spell+ hav+ corrupt$ ! pronunciation4 7e7 ,inflections4--,9 ! e>lie/ ,old ,fr5* extant1 ! influ5ce ( analogy1 especially 9 v]bal =ms1 is v m>k$ :5 ^! are comp>$ ) ,lat9 7?us ! pres5t p>ticiples ( all conjugations take ant1 ! end+ ( ! fir/1 ,lat9 antem71 & becomes /rong] z ! language progresses4 ,su* isolat$ inflectional *anges z saveit into savoit1 :i* are cases ( regul> phonetic *anges1 are n notic$ "h4 7i47 ,v]bs4--7#a7 ,9 ! olde/ ,fr5* texts ! ,lat9 plup]fect 7) ! s5se ( ! p]fect7 occasionally occurs--avret 7habu]at71 rov]et 7rogav]at72 x disappe>s be=e ! #ab? c5tury4 7#b7 ,! u ( ! end+ ( ! #a/ p]s4 plur4 mus drops 9 ,old ,fr5*1 except 9 ! p]fect1 :]e its pres5ce 7z s*wa7 is n yet satisfactorily expla9$--amoms 7amamus1 influ5c$ by sumus71 b amames 7amavimus74 ,9 ,pic>d ! atonic end+ mes is ext5d$ to all t5ses1 giv+ amomes1 c4 7#c7 ,9 ! pres5t indicative1 #bnd p]son plur41 ! end+ ez ( ! fir/ conjugation 7,lat9 atis7 ext5ds1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ docum5ts1 to all v]bs--avez1 recevez1 oez 7habetis1 recipitis1 auditis7 l amez 7amatis72 su* =ms z dites1 faites 7dicitis1 facitis7 be+ exceptional ar*aisms4 ,?is levell+ ( ! conjugation does n appe> at su* an e>ly "t 9 ! future 7=m$ f ! inf9itive & f habetis r$uc$ to etis72 9 ! ,rol& bo? =ms occur1 port]eiz 7port>e habetis7 assonat+ on rei 7roi1 regem71 & ! y\ng] port]ez on citet 7cite1 civitatem71 b ab\t ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury ! old] =m -eiz1 -oiz1 is dropp$1 & -ez becomes gradually ! uni=m end+ = ?is #bnd p]son ( ! plural 9 ! future t5se4 7#d7 ,9 ,ea/]n ,fr5* ! #a/ plur41 :5 prec$$ by i1 has e1 n o1 be=e ! nasal1 :ile ,we/]n ,fr5* has u 7or o71 z 9 ! pres5t2 posciomes 7posseamus7 9 ! ,jonah homily makes x probable t ! latt] is ! old] =m--,pic>d aviemes1 ,burgundian avi5s1 ,norman aviums 7habebamus74 7#e7 ,! subjunctive ( ! fir/ conjugation has at fir/ 9 ! s+ul> no f9al e1 9 accordance ) ! f9al v[el laws--plur1 plurs1 plurt 7plorem1 plores1 ploret74 ,! =ms are gradually assimilat$ to ^? ( ! o!r conjugations1 :i*1 d]iv+ f ,lat9 am1 z1 at1 h e1 es1 e7t72 ,mod]n ,fr5* pleure1 pleures1 pleure1 l p]de1 p]des1 p]de 7p]dam1 p]das1 p]dat74 7#f7 ,9 ,old ,fr5* ! pres5t subjunctive & ! #a/ s+4 pres4 ind4 g5]ally %[ ! influ5ce ( ! i or e ( ! ,lat9 iam1 eam1 io1 eo--,old ,fr5* muire or mo]ge 7moriat = moriatur71 tiegne or ti5ge 7t5eat71 muir or mo]c 7morio = morior71 ti5g or ti5c 7t5eo74 ,by degrees ^! =ms are levell$ "u ! o!r pres5t =ms--,mod]n ,fr5* meure & meurs foll[+ meurt 7morit = moritur71 ti5ne & ti5s foll[+ ti5t 7t5et74 ,a few ( ! old] =ms rema9--! v[el ( aie 7habeam7 & ai 7habeo7 contra/+ ) t ( a 7habet74 7#g7 ,a levell+ ( :i* in/ances occur 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 b :i* is n yet complete1 is t ( ! acc5t$ & unacc5t$ /em-syllables ( v]bs4 ,9 ,old ,fr5* _m v]b-/ems ) %ift+ acc5t v>y 9 accordance ) phonetic laws--p>l] 7p>abol>e71 am] 7am>e7 h 9 ! pres5t indicative p>ol 7p>abolo71 p>oles 7p>abolas71 p>olet 7p>abolat71 p>lums 7p>abolamus71 p>lez 7p>abolatis71 p>ol5t 7p>abolant72 aim 7amo71 aimes 7amas71 aimet 7amat71 amums 7amamus71 amez 7amatis71 aim5t 7amant74 ,9 ! fir/ case ! unacc5t$1 9 ! second ! acc5t$ =m has prevail$--,mod]n ,fr5* p>le1 p>l]2 aime1 aim]4 ,9 sev]al v]bs1 z t5ir 7t5]e71 ! di/9ction is reta9$--ti5s1 ti5s1 ti5t1 t5ons1 t5ez1 ti5n5t4 7#h7 ,9 ,old ,fr5*1 z /at$ above1 ie in/ead ( e f a occurs aft] a palatal 7:i*1 if a consonant1 (t5 split into i ) a d5tal72 ! diph?ong ?us appe>s 9 sev]al =ms ( _m v]bs ( ! #a/ conjugation--prei] 7 prei-i]1 prec>e71 v5gi] 7v9dic>e71 laissi] 7lax>e71 aidi] 7adjut>e74 ,at ! close ( ! ,old ,fr5* p]iod1 ^? v]bs 9 :i* ! /em ends 9 a d5tal replace ie by ! e ( o!r v]bs--,old ,fr5* laissi]1 aidi]1 laissiez 7laxatis71 aidiez 7adjutatis72 ,mod]n ,fr5* laiss]1 aid]1 laissez1 aidez1 by analogy ( aim]1 aimez4 ,! old] =ms g5]ally rema9 9 ,pic>d--laissi]1 aidi]4 7#i7 ,! addition ( e to ! #a/ s+4 pres4 ind4 ( all v]bs ( ! fir/ conjugation is r>e be=e ! #ac? c5tury1 b is usual 9 ! #ae?2 x is probably due to ! analogy ( ! ?ird p]son--,old ,fr5* *ant 7canto71 aim 7amo72 ,mod]n ,fr5* *ante1 aime4 7#aj7 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury s is occasionally add$ to ! #a/ p]s4 s+41 except ^? end+ 9 e 7 s*wa7 & ai1 & to ! #bnd s+4 ( imp]atives2 at ! close ( ! #af? c5tury ?is becomes ! rule1 & ext5ds to imp]fects & conditionals 9 oie aft] ! loss ( _! e4 ,x appe>s to be due to ! influ5ce ( ! #bnd p]s4 s+4--,old ,fr5* v5d 7v5do & v5de71 v5doie 7v5debam71 p>ti 7p>tivi71 t+ 7t5ui72 ,mod]n ,fr5* v5ds1 v5dais1 p>tis1 t9s2 & donne 7dona7 9 c]ta9 cases becomes donnes4 7#aa7 ,! #a/ & #bnd plur4 ( ! pres4 subj41 :i* 9 ,old ,fr5* 7 g5]ally simil> to ^? ( ! indicative1 gradually take an i be=e !m1 :i* is ! rule aft] ! #af? c5tury--,old ,fr5* p]dons 7p]damus71 p]dez 7p]datis72 ,mod]n ,fr5* p]dions1 p]diez1 app>5tly by analogy ( ! imp4 ind4 7#ab7 ,! loss 9 ,late ,old ,fr5* ( f9al s1 t1 c41 :5 prec$+ ano!r consonant1 caus$ _m words to h 9 reality 7?\gh (t5 conceal$ by or?ography7 d\ble =ms ( inflection--"o )\t t]m9ation1 ! o!r )4 ,?us 9 ! #af? c5tury ! #bnd s+4 pres4 ind4 dors 7dormis7 & ! #crd dort 7dormit7 7 di/+ui%$ z dorz & dort :5 be=e a v[el1 z dors & dort at ! end ( a s5t5ce or l9e ( poetry1 b ran toge!r z dor :5 foll[$ by a consonant4 ,/ill lat]1 ! loss ( ! f9al consonant :5 n foll[$ by a v[el fur!r r$uc$ ! cases 9 :i* ! =ms 7 di/+ui%$1 s t ! actual ,fr5* conjugation is consid]ably simpl] ?an is %[n by ! cu/om>y spell+s1 except :51 9 consequ5ce ( an imm$iately foll[+ v[el1 ! old t]m9ations occasionally appe>4 ,ev5 "h ! antiquity is to a consid]able ext5t artificial or delusive1 "s ( ! ins]tions be+ due to analogy1 & ! popul> language (t5 omitt+ ! traditional consonant or ins]t+ a diff]5t "o4 7#ac7 ,! subsequ5t g5]al loss ( e s*wa 9 unacc5t$ f9al syllables has /ill fur!r r$uc$ ! inflections1 b n ! di/9ctive =ms--p]d 7p]dit7 & p]de 7p]dat7 be+ g5]ally di/+ui%$ z p] & p]d1 & be=e a v[el z p]t & p]d4 7ii47 ,sub/antives4--7#a7 ,9 ,e>ly ,old ,fr5* 7z 9 ,prov5cal7 !re are two ma9 decl5sions1 ! mascul9e & ! fem99e2 ) a few exceptions ! =m] di/+ui%es nom9ative & accusative 9 bo? numb]s1 ! latt] 9 nei!r4 ,! nom4 & acc4 s+1 & acc4 plur4 mas4 correspond to ^? ( ! ,lat9 #bnd or #crd decl5sion1 ! nom4 plur4 to t ( ! #bnd decl5sion4 ,! s+1 fem4 corresponds to ! nom4 & acc4 ( ! ,lat9 #a/ decl5sion1 or to ! acc4 ( ! #crd2 ! plur4 fem4 to ! acc4 ( ! #a/ decl5sion1 or to ! nom4 & acc4 ( ! #crd4 ,?us masc4 tors 7taurus71 l]e 7latro72 tor 7taurum71 l>on 7latronem72 tor 7tauri71 l>on 7latroni = -nes72 tors 7tauros71 l>ons 7latrones72 b fem4 only ele 7ala & alam71 flor 7florem72 eles 7alas71 flors 7flores nom4 & acc474 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury fem99es n end+ 9 e s*wa take1 by analogy ( ! mascul9es1 s 9 ! nom4 s+41 ?us di/+ui%+ nom4 flors f acc4 flor4 ,a c5tury lat]1 mascul9es )\t s 9 ! nom4 s+4 take ?is consonant by analogy ( ! o!r mascul9es1 giv+ l]es z nom4 simil> to tors4 ,9 ,anglo-,norman ! accusative =ms v e>ly beg9 to replace ! nom9ative1 & soon sup]s$e !m1 ! language foll[+ ! t5d5cy ( contemporane\s ,engli%4 ,9 cont95tal ,fr5* ! decl5sion-sy/em 0 pres]v$ mu* long]1 & did n break up till ! #ad? c5tury1 ?\gh acc4 =ms are occasionally sub/itut$ = nom4 7r>ely nom4 = acc47 be=e t date4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! curr5t language ! r$uction ( ! decl5sion to "o case 7g5]ally ! accusative7 p] numb] appe>s mu* e>li] ?an 9 ! language ( lit]ature prop] & poetry2 ,froiss>t1 = in/ance1 c4 #adjj1 9 8 poetical works is mu* m c>eful ( ! decl5sion ?an 9 8 ,*ronicles4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury ! mod]n sy/em ( "o case is fully e/abli%$2 ! =m kept is almo/ always ! accusative 7s+4 )\t s1 plural ) s71 b 9 a few words1 su* z fils 7filius71 soeur 7soror71 pa/re 7pa/or71 & 9 prop] names su* z ,georges1 ,gilles1 c41 (t5 us$ z vocative 7!re=e ) ! =m ( nom472 ! nom4 survives 9 ! s+4 ,occasionally bo? =ms exi/1 9 diff]5t s5ses--sire 7s5ior7 & seigneur 7s5iorem71 on 7homo7 & homme 7hom9em74 7#b7 ,lat9 neut]s are g5]ally mascul9e 9 ,old ,fr5*1 & inflect$ accord+ to _! analogy1 z ciels 7caelus = caelum nom471 ciel 7caelum acc471 ciel 7caeli = caela nom471 ciels 7caelos = caela acc472 b 9 "s cases ! =m ( ! ,lat9 neut] is pres]v$1 z 9 cors1 n[ corps1 ,lat4 corpus2 t5s1 n[ temps1 ,lat4 tempus4 ,_m neut]s lose _! s+ul> =m & treat ! plural z a fem99e s+ul>1 z 9 ! relat$ languages--m]veille 7mirabilia71 feuille 7folia74 ,b 9 a few words ! neut] plural t]m9ation is us$1 z 9 ,italian1 9 its primitive s5se--c>re 7c>ra1 :i* exi/s z well z c>ri71 paire 7,lat4 p>ia72 ,mod]n ,fr5* *>s1 paires4 7#c7 ,9 ,old ,fr5* ! inflectional s (t5 causes phonetic *anges 9 ! /em2 ?us palatal l be=e s takes t aft] x1 & becomes d5tal l1 :i* aft]w>ds *anges to u or drops--fil 7filium & filii7 ) palatal l1 filz 7filius & filios71 aft]w>ds fiz1 ) z ts 7pres]v$ 9 ,engli% ,fitz71 & !n fis1 z n[ 7spelt fils74 ,_m consonants be=e s1 z ! t ( fiz1 disappe>1 & l is vocaliz$--vif 7vivum71 mal 7malum71 nom9ative s+4 & acc4 plur4 vis1 maus 7e>li] mals74 ,^! =ms ( ! plural are reta9$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 ?\gh (t5 etymologically spelt ) ! consonant ( ! s+ul>1 z 9 vifs1 pron\nc$ vis2 b 9 ,late ,mod]n ,fr5* _m ( !m disappe>1 vifs1 ) f s\nd$ z 9 ! s+ul>1 be+ ! plural ( vif1 bals 7=m]ly baux7 t ( bal4 ,9 _m words1 z *ant 7cantus7 & *amps 7campos7 ) sil5t t & p 7,old ,fr5* *ans 9 bo? cases71 maux 7,old ,fr5* mals1 s+4 mal71 yeux 7oculos1 ,old ,fr5* oelz1 s+4 oeil7 ! old *ange 9 ! /em is kept4 ,sometimes1 z 9 cieux 7caelos7 & ciels1 ! old traditional & ! mod]n analogical =ms coexi/1 ) diff]5t mean+s4 7#d7 ,! mod]n loss ( f9al s 7except :5 kept z z be=e a v[el7 has s]i\sly modifi$ ! ,fr5* decl5sion1 ! s+ul>s =t 7=7 & =te 7=t7 be+ g5]ally undi/+ui%able f _! plurals =ts & =tes4 ,! subsequ5t loss ( s*wa 9 f9als has n affect$ ! relation betwe5 s+4 & plur4 =ms2 b ) ! frequ5t reco9+ ( ! plural =ms on ! s+ul> pres5t ,mod]n ,fr5* has v (t5 no di/9ction betwe5 s+4 & plur41 except be=e a v[el4 ,su* plurals z maux h always be5 di/9ct f _! s+ul> mal2 9 ^? ^: s+ul> ends 9 s !re nev] 0 any di/9ction1 ,old ,fr5* laz 7n[ spelt lacs7 correspond+ to laqveus1 laqveum1 laqvei & laqveos4 7iii47 ,adjectives4--7#a7 ,! t]m9ations ( ! cases & numb]s ( adjectives are ! same z ^? ( sub/antives1 & are treat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! fem99e g5]ally takes no e if ! masc4 has none1 & if !re is no di/9ction 9 ,lat9--fem4 s+4 =t 7=tem71 grant 7gr&em71 fem4 plur4 =z 7=tes71 granz 7gr&es71 l ! acc4 masc4 ,c]ta9 adjectives ( ?is class1 & among !m all ! adjectives =m$ ) ! ,lat9 suffix -ensis1 take regul>ly1 ev5 9 ! olde/ ,fr5*1 ! fem99e end+ e1 9 ,prov5cal a 7c\rtois1 fem4 c\rtoise2 commun1 fem4 commune74 ,to ^! mu/ n be add$ d\s 7,mod4 ,fr4 dolz1 d\s71 fem4 d\ce1 :i* probably comes f a ,l[ ,lat9 dulcius1 dulcia4 ,9 ! #aa? c5tury "s o!r fem99es1 orig9ally )\t e1 beg9 9 ,norman to take ?is t]m9ation--gr&e 79 a fem99e assonance 9 ! ,alexis71 plur4 gr&es2 b o!r dialects g5]ally pres]ve ! orig9al =m till ! #ad? c5tury4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ! e is g5]al 9 ! fem99e1 & is n[ univ]sal1 except 9 a few expressions--gr&'m]e 7) errone\s apo/rophe1 gr&em1 matrem71 lettres royaux 7lit]as regales71 & mo/ adv]bs f adjectives 9 -ant1 -ent--c\ramm5t 7currante = -ente m5te71 sciemm5t 7sci5te m5te74 7#b7 ,sev]al adjectives h 9 ,mod]n ,fr5* replac$ ! masc4 by ! fem99e--,old ,fr5* masc4 roit 7rigidum71 fem4 roide 7rigidam72 ,mod]n ,fr5* roide = bo? g5d]s4 7#c7 ,9 ,old ,fr5* sev]al ,lat9 simple comp>atives are pres]v$--maiur 7majorem71 nom4 maire 7major72 graignur 7gr&iorem71 nom4 gra9dre 7gr&ior72 only a few ( ^! n[ survive--pire 7pejor71 meilleur 7meliorem71 ) _! adv]bial neut]s pis 7pejus71 mieux 7melius74 ,! few simple sup]latives f\nd 9 ,old ,fr5*1 z m]me 7m9imum71 pesme 7pessimus71 proisme 7proximum71 haltisme 7altissimum71 ?is la/ "o be+ cle>ly a lit]>y ^w1 are n[ ext9ct1 &1 :5 !y exi/$1 _h h>dly ! mean+ ( a sup]lative4 7#d7 ,! mod]n loss ( _m f9al consonants :5 n be=e v[els1 & ! subsequ5t loss ( f9al s*wa1 h greatly affect$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! masc4 & fem4 ( adjectives--=t & =te are /ill di/+ui%$ z = & =t1 b am] 7am>um7 & am]e 7am>am71 ) _! plurals am]s & am]es1 h run toge!r4 7f7 ,d]ivation4--,mo/ ( ! ,old ,fr5* prefixes & suffixes are desc5dants ( ,lat9 ones1 b a few are ,teutonic 7ard h>d71 & "s are lat] borr[+s f ,lat9 7arie1 aft]w>ds aire1 f arium74 ,9 ,mod]n ,fr5* _m old affixes are h>dly us$ = =m+ new words2 ! inh]it$ i] 7arium7 is yield+ to ! borr[$ aire1 ! popul> contre 7contra7 to ! le>n$ anti 7,greek71 & ! native ee 7atam7 to ! ,italian ade4 ,! suffixes ( _m words h be5 assimilat$ to m common ones2 ?us s5gl] 7s+ul>em7 is n[ sangli]4 7g7 ,syntax4--,old ,fr5* syntax1 gradually *ang+ f ! #aj? to ! #ad? c5tury1 has a "* ( its own1 di/9ct f t ( ,mod]n ,fr5*2 ?\gh :5 comp>$ ) ,lat9 syntax x appe>s decid$ly mod]n4 7#a7 ,! g5]al =mal di/9ction betwe5 nom9ative & accusative is ! *ief feature :i* causes ,fr5* syntax to resemble t ( ,lat9 & diff] f t ( ! mod]n language2 & z ! di/9ction _h to be replac$ by a comp>atively fix$ ^w-ord]1 a s]i\s loss ( fre$om ensu$4 ,if ! =ms are mod]niz$ :ile ! ^w-ord] is kept1 ! ,old ,fr5* l'ar*evesque ne puet fle*ir li reis ,h5ris 7,lat9 ar*iepiscopum non pote/ flect]e rex ,h5ricus7 assumes a totally diff]5t mean+--l'ar*eveque ne peut fle*ir le roi ,h5ri4 7#b7 ,! replacem5t ( ! nom9ative =m ( n\ns by ! accusative is itself a syntactical feature1 ?\gh treat$ above "u inflection4 ,a m mod]n in/ance is exhibit$ by ! p]sonal pron\ns1 :i*1 :5 n imm$iately ! subject ( a v]b1 occasionally take ev5 9 ,old ,fr5*1 & regul>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury1 ! accusative =m2 ! ,old ,fr5* je qui sui 7ego qvi sum7 becomes moi qui suis1 ?\gh ! old] usage survives 9 ! legal phrase je s\ssigne4444 7#c7 ,! def9ite article is n[ requir$ 9 _m cases :]e ,old ,fr5* disp5ses ) x--jo cunquis ,englet]re1 suffrir mort 7z ,mod]n ,fr5* avoir faim72 ,mod]n ,fr5* l',anglet]re1 la mort4 7#d7 ,old ,fr5* _h di/9ct pron\ns = ?is & t--ce/ 7ecce i/um7 & cel 7ecce illium71 ) _! cases4 ,bo? exi/ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 b ! pres5t language employs cet z adjective1 cel z sub/antive1 9 bo? mean+s1 m>k+ ! old di/9ction by affix+ ! adv]bs ci & la--cet homme-ci1 cet homme-la2 celui-ci1 celui-la4 7#e7 ,9 ,old ,fr5*1 ! v]bal t]m9ations be+ cle>1 ! subject pron\n is usually n express$--si f]ai 7sic fac]e habeo71 e/ durs 7durus e/71 que f]as 7quid fac]e habes78 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ! use ( ! pron\n is g5]al1 & is n[ univ]sal1 except 9 "o or two imp]sonal phrases1 z n'importe1 peu s'en faut4 7#f7 ,! pres5t p>ticiple 9 ,old ,fr5* 9 its un9flect$ =m co9cid$ ) ! g]und 7amant amantem & am&o71 & 9 ! mod]n language has be5 replac$ by ! latt]1 except :]e x has become adjectival2 ! ,old ,fr5* compla+nans leur dol\rs 7,lat9 plang5tes7 is n[ plaignant leurs d\leurs 7,lat9 plang5do74 ,! n[ ext9ct use ( e/re ) ! p>ticiple pres5t = ! simple v]b is n uncommon 9 ,old ,fr5* d[n to ! #af? c5tury--sont disanz 7sunt dic5tes7 ,mod]n ,fr5* ils dis5t 7z ,engli% !y are say+74 7#g7 ,9 pres5t ,mod]n ,fr5* ! pret]ite p>ticiple :5 us$ ) avoir to =m v]b-t5ses is inv>iable1 except :5 ! object prec$es 7an exception n[ vani%+ 9 ! conv]sational language7--j'ai ecrit les lettres1 les lettres que j'ai ecrites4 ,9 ,old ,fr5* d[n to ! #af? c5tury1 =mal concord 0 m common 7?\gh by no means necess>y71 p>tly because ! object prec$$ ! p>ticiple mu* (t5] ?an n[--ad la culur muee 7habet colorem mutatam71 ad faite sa v5jance1 les turs ad r5dues4 7#h7 ,! s5t5ces j quot$ w s]ve z specim5s ( ! fre$om ( ,old ,fr5* ^w-ord]--! object /&+ ei!r be=e v]b & p>ticiple1 betwe5 !m1 or aft] bo?4 ,! pr$icative adjective c /& be=e or aft] ! v]b--halt sunt li pui 7,lat9 podia71 e t5ebrus e grant4 7#i7 ,9 ,old ,fr5* ne 7,e>ly ,old ,fr5* n51 ,lat9 non7 suffices = ! negation )\t pas 7passum71 po9t 7punctum7 or mie 7micam1 n[ obsolete71 ?\gh ^! are frequ5tly us$--jo ne sui lis sire 7je ne suis pas ton seigneur71 autre feme n5 ara 7il n'aura pas autre femme74 ,9 pr9cipal s5t5ces ,mod]n ,fr5* uses ne by itself only 9 c]ta9 cases--je ne puis m>*]1 je n'ai ri54 ,! slight weight z a negation usually atta*$ to ne has caus$ sev]al orig9ally positive words to take a negative mean+--ri5 7,lat9 rem7 n[ mean+ no?+ z well z some?+4 7#aj7 ,9 ,old ,fr5* int]rogation 0 express$ ) sub/antives z ) pron\ns by putt+ !m aft] ! v]b--e/ ,saul entre les prophetes8 ,9 ,mod]n ,fr5* ! pronom9al inv]sion 7! sub/antive be+ prefix$7 or a v]bal p]iphrasis mu/ be us$--,saul e/-il8 or e/-ce que ,saul e/8 7h7 ,summ>y4--,look+ at ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* language z a :ole1 !re is no su* /rongly m>k$ division z exi/s betwe5 ,old & ,middle ,engli%1 or ev5 betwe5 ,middle & ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important *anges are q mod]n1 & are conceal$ by ! traditional or?ography2 b1 ev5 mak+ all[ance = ?is1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,fr5* ( ! #aa? c5tury & t ( ! #bj? is less ?an t betwe5 ,engli% ( ! same dates4 ,! mo/ important *ange 9 itself & = its effects is probably t :i* is usually made ! division betwe5 ,old & ,mod]n ,fr5*1 ! loss ( ! =mal di/9ction betwe5 nom9ative & accusative2 next to ?is are p]haps ! gradual loss ( _m f9al consonants1 ! /ill rec5t loss ( ! v[el ( unacc5t$ f9al syllables1 & ! ext5sion ( analogy 9 conjugation & decl5sion4 ,9 its con/ruction ,old ,fr5* is di/+ui%$ by a fre$om /rongly contra/+ ) ! /rictness ( ! mod]n language1 & be>s1 z might be expect$1 a mu* /rong] resemblance ?an ! latt] to ! o!r ,romanic dialects4 ,9 _m features1 inde$1 bo? positive & negative1 ,mod]n ,fr5* =ms a class by itself1 di/9ct 9 "* f ! o!r mod]n repres5tatives ( ,lat94 ,,iv4 ,,bibliography4--,! few works :i* treat ( ,fr5* philology z a :ole are n[ 9 _m respects antiquat$1 & ! important discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s1 :i* h revolutioniz$ our ideas ( ,old ,fr5* phonology & dialectology1 are scatt]$ 9 v>i\s editions1 p]iodicals1 & sep>ate treatises4 ,= _m ?+s ,diez's ,grammatik d] romanis*5 ,spra*5 7#d? edition--a repr9t ( ! #crd--,bonn1 #ahgf-ahgg2 ,fr5* translation1 ,p>is1 #ahgb-ahge7 is /ill v valuable2 ,burguy's ,grammaire de la ,langue d',oil 7#bnd edition--a repr9t ( ! #a/--,b]l91 #ahfi-ahgj7 is useful only z a collection ( examples4 ,s*wan's ,grammatik des ,altfranzoesis*51 z revis$ by ,behr5s 9 ! #crd edition 7,leipzig1 #ahih2 ,fr5* translation1 ,leipzig & ,p>is1 #aijj71 is by f> ! be/ old ,fr5* gramm> we possess4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* language 9 g5]al see ,f4 ,brunot1 ,hi/oire de la langue francaise des orig9es a #aijj 7,p>is1 #aije1 #aijf1 c474 ,= ! hi/ory ( spell+1 ,a4 ,f4 ,didot1 ,obs]vations sur l'or?ographe ou ortografie francaise suivies d'une hi/oire de la re=me or?ographique depuis le ,,xve siecle jusqu'a nos j\rs 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahfh74 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* s\nds3 ,*4 ,?urot1 ,de la prononciation francaise depuis le comm5cem5t du ,,xvie siecle1 d'apres les temoignages des grammairi5s 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahha-ahhc74 ,= ! hi/ory ( syntax1 ap>t f v>i\s grammatical works ( a g5]al "*1 mu* is to be ga!r$ f ,ad4 ,tobl]'s ,v]mis*te ,beitraege zur franzoesis*5 ,grammatik 7#c p>ts1 #ahhf1 #ahid1 #ahii1 p>ts i4 & ii4 9 second editions1 #aijb1 #aijf74 ,g4 ,p>is's edition ( ,la ,vie de ,s4 ,alexis 7,p>is1 #ahgb7 0 ! pione] (1 & reta9s an important place among1 ! rec5t orig9al works on ,old ,fr5*4 ,d>me/et] & ,hatzfeld's ,le ,seizieme ,siecle 7,p>is1 #ahgh7 conta9s ! fir/ good acc\nt ( ,e>ly ,mod]n ,fr5*4 ,littre's ,dictionnaire de la langue francaise 7#d vols41 ,p>is1 #ahfc-ahfi1 & a ,supplem5t1 #ahgg72 & ,hatzfeld1 ,d>me/et] & ,?omas1 ,dict4 g5]al de la langue francaise1 m cond5s$ 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahhh-aijj71 conta9 mu* useful & (t5 orig9al in=mation ab\t ! etymology & hi/ory ( ,fr5* words4 ,= ! etymology ( _m ,fr5* 7& also ,prov5cal7 words1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to ,ant4 ,?omas's ,essais de philologie francaise 7,p>is1 #ahig7 & ,n\veaux essais de philologie francaise 7,p>is1 #aijd74 ,b !re is no ,fr5* diction>y prop]ly hi/orical4 ,a ,dictionnaire hi/orique de la langue francaise 0 begun by ! ,academie francaise 7#d vols41 #ahei-ahid71 b x 01 f ! fir/1 antiquat$4 ,x conta9s only "o lett] 7,a7 & has n be5 cont9u$4 ,! lead+ p]iodicals n[ 9 exi/5ce are ! ,romania 7,p>is71 f\nd$ 79 #ahgb7 & edit$ by ,p4 ,mey] & ,g4 ,p>is 7) ,ant4 ,?omas s9ce ! dea? ( ,g4 ,p>is 9 #aijc71 & ! ,zeits*rift fu] romanis*e ,philologie 7,halle71 f\nd$ 79 #ahgg7 & edit$ by ,g4 ,groeb]4 ,to ^! ref]5ce %\ld be made = in=mation z to ! v num]\s articles1 treatises & editions by ! _m & (t5 di/+ui%$ s*ol>s :o1 especially 9 ,france & ,g]many1 n[ prosecute ! sci5tific /udy ( ! language4 ,x may be well to m5tion t1 ,old ,fr5* phonology especially be+ complicat$1 & z yet incompletely inve/igat$1 ^! publications1 ! views 9 :i* are ( v>i\s degrees ( value1 require n m]e acquiesc5t read+1 b critical /udy4 ,! dialects ( ,france 9 _! pres5t /ate 7patois7 are n[ be+ sci5tifically inve/igat$4 ,! special works on ! subject 7diction>ies1 gramm>s1 c47 _c be fully indicat$ "h2 we mu/ limit ourselves to ! m5tion ( ,behr5's ,bibliographie des patois gallo-romans 7#bnd ed41 revis$ ,b]l91 #ahic71 & ( ,gilli]on & ,edmont's ,atlas l+ui/ique de la ,france 7#aijb et seq471 a huge publication plann$ to conta9 ab\t #ahjj maps4 7,h4 ,n42 ,p4 ,m47