,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94    
,,extra ,,ev5+ ,,meet+1  ,monday1 ,m>*  
#ac1 #ahhb4  ,h4,r4,h4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,(  
,,wales1 ,k4,g4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,vice-,patron 
& ,honor>y ,memb]1 9 ! ,*air4  ,,eadwe>d
 ,,muybridge1 ( ,san ,francisco4    ,!  
,attitudes ( ,animals 9 ,motion1        
illu/rat$ ) ! ,zoopraxiscope4   ,!      
problem ( animal me*anism has engag$ !  
att5tion ( mank9d dur+ ! entire p]iod ( 
! _w's hi/ory4  ,job describes ! action 
( ! horse2 ,hom]1 t ( ! ox2 x engag$ !  
pr(\nd att5tion ( ,ari/otle1 & ,borelli 
devot$ a lifetime to its attempt$       
solution4 ,9 e age1 & 9 e c\ntry1       
philosoph]s h f\nd x a subject (        
exhau/less rese>*4 ,m>ey1 ! em95t ,fr5* 
savant ( our own day1 dissatisfi$ ) !   
inve/igations ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ) !    
object ( obta9+ m accurate in=mation ?an
 _! works af=d$ him1 employ$ a sy/em (  
flexible tubes1 connect$ at "o end )    
ela/ic air-*amb]s1 :i* 7 atta*$ to !    
%oes ( a horse2 & at ! o!r end ) "s     
me*anism1 held 9 ! h& ( ! animal's rid]4

 ,! alt]nate compression & expansion ( !
 air 9 ! *amb]s caus$ p5cils to record  
^u a revolv+ cyl9d] ! successive or     
simultane\s action ( ea* foot1 z x      
correspond+ly re/$ ^u or 0 rais$ f !    
gr\nd4 ,by ?is orig9al & +5i\s me?od1   
mu* int]e/+ & valuable in=mation 0      
obta9$1 & new light ?r[n ^u movem5ts    
until !n b imp]fectly und]/ood4  ,:ile !
 philosoph] 0 exhau/+ 8 endeav\rs to    
exp\nd ! laws t control1 & ! elem5ts t  
effect ! movem5ts associat$ ) animal    
life1 ! arti/1 ) a few exceptions1 seems
 to h be5 cont5t ) ! obs]vations ( 8    
e>lie/ pr$ecessors 9 design1 & to h     
accept$ z au!ntic )\t fur!r inquiry1 !  
pictorial & sculptural repres5tations ( 
mov+ animals bequea!d f ! remote ages ( 
tradition4  ,:5 ! body ( an animal is   
be+ c>ri$ =w>d ) uni=m motion1 ! limbs 9
 _! relations to x h alt]nately a       
progressive & a retrogressive action1 _!
 v>i\s portions accel]at+ 9 comp>ative  
spe$ & repose z !y ext5d d[nw>ds to !   
feet1 :i* are subject$ to successive    

*anges f a condition ( absolute re/1 to 
a v>y+ increas$ velocity 9 comp>ison ) t
 ( ! body4  ,! action ( no s+le limb c  
be avail$ ( = arti/ic purposes )\t a k (
 ! syn*ron\s action ( ! o!r limbs2 & to 
! extreme difficulty1 almo/             
impossibility1 ( ! m9d be+ capable (    
appreciat+ ! simultane\s motion ( ! f\r 
limbs ( an animal1 ev5 9 ! sl[]         
movem5ts1 may be attribut$ ! innum]able 
errors into :i* inve/igators by         
obs]vation h be5 betray$4 ,:5 ^!        
syn*ron\s movem5ts & ! successive       
attitudes !y occasion are und]/ood1 we  
at once see ! simplicity ( animal       
locomotion1 9 all its v>i\s types &     
alt]nations4 ,! walk ( a quadrup$ be+   
its sl[e/ progressive movem5t w\ld seem 
to be a v simple action1 easy (         
obs]vation & pres5t+ b little difficulty
 = analysis1 yet x has occasion$        
int]m9able controv]sies among ! close/ &
 mo/ exp]i5c$ obs]v]s4  ,:51 dur+ a     
gallop1 ! =e & h9d legs are sev]ally &  
consecutively ?ru/ =w>ds & backw>ds to  

_! fulle/ ext5t1 _! comp>ative inaction 
may create 9 ! m9d ( ! c>eless obs]v] an
 impression ( indi/9ct outl9es2 ^!      
successive appe>ances 7 probably comb9$ 
by ! e>lie/ sculptors & pa9t]s1 & )     
grotesque exagg]ation adopt$ z ! solit>y
 position to illu/rate great spe$4 ,or1 
z is v likely1 excessive projection (   
limb 0 int5d$ to symbolise spe$1 j z    
excess 9 size 0 an indication ( rank4   
,?is op9ion is to "s ext5t corroborat$  
by ! productions ( ! ,grecian arti/s 9  
_! be/ p]iod1 :5 _! h]oes are repres5t$ 
( ! same size z o!r m51 & _! horses 9   
attitudes m ne>ly resembl+ ^? possible =
 !m to assume4 ,! rem>kable conv5tional 
attitude ( ! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 has1 )  
few modifications1 be5 us$ by arti/s (  
ne>ly e age to repres5t ! action (      
gallop+1 & prevails )\t recognis$       
correction 9 all civilis$ c\ntries at ! 
pres5t day4  ,! ambition & p]haps also !
 prov9ce ( art 9 its mo/ exalt$ s5se1 is
 to be a del9eator ( impressions1 a     
creator ( effects1 r ?an a record] (    

facts4 ,:e!r 9 ! illu/rations ( !       
attitudes ( animals 9 motion ! arti/ is 
ju/ifi$ 9 sacrific+ tru?1 = an          
impression s vague z to be dispell$ by !
 fir/ /udi$ obs]vation1 is a "q p]haps z
 mu* a subject ( controv]sy n[ z x 0 9 !
 "t ( ,lysippus1 :o ridicul$ o!r        
sculptors = mak+ m5 z !y exi/$ 9 nature2
 boa/+ t he himself made !m z !y ought  
to be4  ,a few em95t arti/s1 notable    
among :om is ,meissoni]1 h endeav\r$ 9  
depict+ ! sl[] movem5ts ( animals to    
invoke ! aid ( tru? in/ead ( imag9ation 
to direct _! p5cil1 b ) little          
enc\ragem5t f _! critics2 until rec5tly1
 h[ev]1 arti/s & critics alike h        
necess>ily _h to dep5d ^u _! obs]vation 
alone to ju/ify _! conceptions or to    
support _! !ories4  ,photography1 at    
fir/ reg>d$ z a curiosity ( sci5ce1 0   
soon recognis$ z a mo/ important factor 
9 ! se>* = tru?1 & its m popul> use is  
n[ entirely subord9at$ by its value to !
 a/ronom]1 ! anatomi/1 ! pa?ologi/1 &   
o!r inve/igators ( ! complex problems ( 

nature4 ,! arti/1 h[ev]1 /ill hesitates 
to avail himself ( ! res\rces ( :at may 
be at lea/ ackn[l$g$ z a h&maid5 ( art1 
if n admitt$ to its mo/ exalt$ ranks4   
,hav+ devot$ mu* att5tion 9 ,cali=nia to
 exp]im5ts 9 in/antane\s photography1   
,i1 9 #ahgb1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! editor (
 a ,san ,francisco newspap]1 obta9$ a   
few photographic impressions ( a horse  
dur+ a fa/ trot4  ,at ?is "t mu*        
controv]sy prevail$ among exp]i5c$      
horsem5 z to :e!r all ! feet ( a horse  
:ile trott+ 7 entirely cle> ( ! gr\nd at
 ! same in/ant ( "t4 ,a few exp]im5ts   
made 9 t ye> prov$ a fact :i* %\ld h be5
 self-evid5t4  ,be+ mu* int]e/$ ) !     
exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,m>ey1 9 #ahgg ,i 
inv5t$ a me?od = ! employm5t ( a numb] (
 photographic cam]as1 arrang$ 9 a l9e   
p>allel to a track ov] :i* ! animal w\ld
 be caus$ to move1 ) ! object ( obta9+1 
at regulat$ int]vals ( "t or di/ance1   
sev]al consecutive impressions ( him    
dur+ a s+le complete /ride z he pass$   
along 9 front ( ! cam]as1 & s ( m       

completely inve/igat+ ! successive      
attitudes ( animals :ile 9 motion ?an   
c\ld be accompli%$ by ! sy/em ( ,m4     
,m>ey4  ,i expla9$ ! plan ( my int5d$   
exp]im5ts to a weal?y resid5t ( ,san    
,francisco--,mr4 ,/an=d--:o lib]ally    
agre$ to place ! res\rces ( 8 /ock-bre$+
 f>m at my disposal1 & to reimburse !   
exp5ses ( my inve/igations1 ^u condition
 ( my supply+ him1 = 8 private use1 ) a 
few copies ( ! contemplat$ results4 ,!  
app>atus us$ & its arrangem5t w be bett]
 und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! accompany+  
draw+s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4    
,fig4 #a4 ,a photograph+ l5s1 & cam]a   
conta9+ a s5sitis$ plate2 & side view ( 
electro-exposor plac$ 9 front ( cam]a4  
,fig4 #b4 ,back view ( electro-exposor4 
,two %utt]s ,p ,p1 ea* compris+ two     
panels1 ) an op5+ ,o betwe5 !m1 are     
adju/$ to move freely up & d[n 9 a      
frame2 !y are "h arrang$ ready = an     
exposure1 & are held 9 position by a    

lat* ,l & trigg] ,t1 all light be+      
exclud$ f ! l5s4 ,a slight extra t5sion 
( ! ?read ,b1 ,fig4 #d1 w cause a       
contact ( ! metal spr+s ,m ,s1 &        
complete a circuit ( electricity ?r\gh !
 wires ,w ,w & ! electro-magnet ,m2 !   
consequ5t attraction causes ! armature  
,a to /rike ! trigg]1 ! lat* is releas$1
 ! %utt]s are drawn respectively upw>ds 
& d[nw>ds by means ( ! rubb] spr+s ,s   
,s1 & light is admitt$ to ! s5sitis$    
plate :ile ! op5+s 9 ! %utt]s are pass+ 
ea* o!r 9 front ( ! l5s4  ,fig4 #c4     
,front view ( electro-exposor aft]      
exposure ( ! plate4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #e4  ,fig4 #e4 ,g5]al view (     
/udio1 op]at+ track1 & backgr\nd4 ,9 !  
/udio are arrang$ #bd photograph+       
cam]as2 at a di/ance ( #ab in*es f !    
c5tre ( ea* l5s an electro-exposor is   
securely fix$ 9 front ( ea* cam]a4      
,?reads #ab in*es ap>t are /ret*$ across
 ! track 7only two ( :i* are introduc$ 9
 ! engrav+71 at a suitable height to    
/rike ! brea/ ( ! animal exp]im5t$ )1 "o

 end ( ! ?read be+ fa/5$ to ! backgr\nd1
 ! o!r to ! spr+1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is drawn
 almo/ to ! po9t ( contact4  ,! animal 9
 its progress ov] ! track w /rike ^!    
?reads 9 succession1 & z ea* pair (     
spr+s is br\ght into contact1 ! curr5t (
 electricity !reby creat$ effects a     
photographic exposure1 z describ$ by    
,figs4 #b & #d2 & ea* consecutive       
exposure records ! position ( ! animal  
at ! in/ant ! ?read is /ruck & brok54   
,= obta9+ successive exposures ( horses 
driv5 9 vehicles1 "o ( ! :eels is /e]$ 9
 a *annel ov] wires slightly elevat$ f !
 gr\nd2 ! depression ( ea* wire         
completes an electric circuit1 & effects
 ! exposures 9 ! same mann] z ! ?reads4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4  ,fig4 #f4     
,op]at+ track1 cov]$ ) corrugat$        
indi>ubb]1 & m>k$ ) transv]se l9es #ab  
in*es ap>t4 ,ea* l9e is numb]$1 = !     
purpose ( m readily asc]ta9+ ! l5g? ( ! 
animal's /ride4 ,on "o side ( ! track1 &
 opposite to ! batt]y ( cam]as1 a :ite  
backgr\nd is erect$ at a suitable angle4

  ,! cam]a 9 :i* any "o negative 9 a    
s]ies ( exposures is made is designat$  
on t negative by ! p>allel direction ( !
 v]tical /ake ) ! horizontal l9e ext5d+ 
to ! correspond+ numb] imm$iately       
opposite4 ,! discrim9at+ numb] ( ea*    
s]ies is m>k$ on ea* negative by ! l>ge 
numb]s--#bbi1 = example--:i* are *ang$ =
 ea* movem5t illu/rat$4  ,= record+ !   
successive attitudes ( animals n "u     
control1 an app>atus is us$1 compris+ a 
cyl9d]1 ar\nd :i* are spirally arrang$ a
 numb] ( p9s2 ^u ! cyl9d] be+ set 9     
motion ?r\gh ge>+ connect$ ) a spr+ or  
weight1 ^! p9s are consecutively br\ght 
into contact ) a correspond+ numb] (    
metal spr+s2 a succession ( electric    
curr5ts are !reby creat$ :i* act ?r\gh  
_! respective magnets atta*$ to !       
electro-exposors at regulat$ int]vals ( 
"t4 ,! cyl9d] is put 9 motion ei!r by   
br++ x into ge>+ ) o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus
 already 9 motion2 or by releas+ a break
 ) ! h&1 or by ! action ( "s object at a
 di/ance by means ( an electric curr5t4 

,?is app>atus is pr9cipally us$ =       
illu/rat+ ! flight ( birds1 ! motions ( 
small animals1 & *anges ( position )\t  
cont9u\s progressive motion1 su* z occur
 dur+ wre/l+ or turn+ a summ]sault2 :5 !
 cam]as are direct$ t[>ds ! place :]e ! 
movem5ts are be+ execut$4  ,! boxes     
outside ! /udio 7,fig4 #e7 conta9 cam]as
 & electro-exposors = obta9+ syn*ron\s  
exposures ( a mov+ object f diff]5t     
po9ts ( view4  ,! foll[+ analyses ( "s (
 ! movem5ts inve/igat$ by ! aid (       
electro-photographic exposures1 are     
repeat$ by p]mission ( ! ,presid5t &    
,c\ncil f a pap] read by ! au?or be=e ! 
,royal ,society1 & are r5d]$ m p]fectly 
intelligible by ! reproductions ( !     
actual motions project$ on a scre5 ?r\gh
 ! zoopraxiscope4   ,! ,walk4  ,select+ 
! horse = ! purposes ( illu/ration1 we  
f9d t dur+ 8 sl[e/ progressive          
movem5t--! walk--he has always two1 &1 =
 a v>y+ p]iod1 ?ree feet on ! gr\nd at  
once4 ,) a fa/ walk+ horse ! "t (       
support ^u ?ree feet is exce$+ly brief2 

:ile dur+ a v sl[ walk all f\r feet are 
occasionally on ! gr\nd at ! same       
in/ant4  ,! successive ord] ( :at may be
 t]m$ foot fall+s are ^!4 ,comm5c+ ) !  
l&+ ( ! left h9d foot1 ! next to /rike !
 gr\nd w be ! left =e foot1 foll[$ 9    
ord] by ! "r h9d1 & "r =e foot4 ,s f> z 
! cam]a has reveal$1 ^! successive foot 
fall+s dur+ ! walk are inv>iable1 & are 
probably common to all quadrup$s4 ,b !  
"t dur+ :i* ea* foot1 9 its relation to 
! o!r feet1 rema9s on ! gr\nd1 v>ies    
greatly ) diff]5t species ( animals1 &  
ev5 ) ! same animal "u diff]5t          
conditions4 ,dur+ an ord9>y walk1 at !  
in/ant prec$+ ! /rik+ ( ! left h9d foot1
 ! body is support$ on ! "r lat]als1 & !
 left =e foot is 9 act ( pass+ to !     
front ( ! "r =e foot4 ,! two h9d feet & 
! "r =e foot imm$iately divide ! weight4
 ,! "r h9d foot is n[ rais$1 & ! left   
h9d ) its diagonal =e foot su/a9s !     
body2 ! left =e next t\*es ! gr\nd & =  
an in/ant ! animal is aga9 on ?ree feet2
 ! "r =e foot is imm$iately rais$ & aga9

 ! support is d]iv$ f lat]als--! left   
in/ead ( z be=e ! "r4 ,"o half ( ! /ride
 is n[ complet$1 & a simil> s]ies (     
alt]nations1 sub/itut+ ! "r feet = !    
left1 completes ! o!r half4 ,^! movem5ts
 w p]haps be m readily und]/ood by a    
ref]5ce to ! longitud9al elevation1     
,fig4 #g1 ,no4 #a1 :i* illu/rates "s    
approximate relative positions ( ! feet 
( a rapid walk+ horse1 ) a /ride ( #e   
feet #i in*es4 ,! positions ( ! feet    
indicat$ 9 ?is1 & also 9 ! o!r /rides   
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g are copi$ f        
photographs1 & f !m we le>n t dur+ an   
ord9>y walk ! consecutive support+ feet 
are3    #a4 ,! left h9d & left          
=e--lat]als4   #b4 ,bo? h9d1 & left =e4 
#c4 ,"r h9d & left =e--diagonals4   #d4 
,"r h9d & bo? =e4   #e4 ,"r h9d & "r    
=e--lat]als4   #f4 ,bo? h9d1 & "r =e4   
#g4 ,left h9d & "r =e--diagonals4   #h4 
,left h9d & bo? =e4  ,illu/ration3      
,,longitud9al ,,elevation ,,( ,,"s      
,,consecutive ,,positions ,,( ,,! ,,feet
 ,,( ,,horses ,,dur+ ,,v>i\s ,,movem5ts4

  ,ea* l9e illu/rates a s+le complete   
/ride4 ,! comp>ative di/ances ( ! feet f
 ea* o!r1 or f ! gr\nd1 are approximate2
 n to scale4 ,direction ( movem5t --    
,,key4                       ,rt4       
,left4   ,h9d ,feet   ,=e ,feet   ,l9e (
 gr\nd                 ,l5g? (          
,action4     ,/ride4   #a   #b   #c   #d
   #e   #f   #a;,d  #b;,d  #c;,d  #d;,d 
#e;,d  #f;,d                  ft4  94   
#a4 ,walk+      #e   #i   #b4 ,trott+   
#g   #f   #c4            #ag   #f   #d4 
#ah   #c   #e4 ,ambl+     #aj   #c   #f4
 ,rack+     #ab   #f                    
#a   #b   #c   #d   #e   #f   #g   #h   
#i   #aj  #aa  #ab   #g4 ,cant]+   #aj  
#c   #h4 ,gallop+   #aa   #i   #i4      
#ai   #i   #aj4 ,gallop+1 a conjectural 
/ride                      ( #bb feet or
 m     ,comm5c+ aga9 ) ! fir/ position2 
x is ?us se5 t :5 a horse dur+ a walk is
 on two feet1 & ! o!r two feet are      
susp5d$ betwe5 ! support+ legs1 !       
susp5d$ feet are lat]als4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
:5 ! susp5d$ feet are sev]ally 9 advance

 ( & beh9d ! support+ legs1 !y are      
diagonals4  ,^! inv>iable rules seem to 
be neglect$ or entirely ignor$ by _m ( !
 mo/ em95t animal pa9t]s ( mod]n times4 
,! ,trot4  ,by "s obs]v]s ! p]fect trot 
is describ$ z an absolutely syn*ron\s   
movem5t ( ! diagonal feet4 ,?is         
simultane\s action may be consid]$      
desirable1 b x probably nev] occurs4    
,sometimes ! =e foot w be rais$ be=e !  
diagonal h9d foot1 sometimes aft]w>ds2 b
 9 ei!r in/ance1 ! foot rais$ fir/ w    
/rike ! gr\nd fir/2 repeat$ exp]im5ts ) 
_m rac+ & o!r trott+ horses confirm$ ?is
 want ( simultaneity4 ,select+ = an     
example ( ! trot a horse mak+ a /ride ( 
#ah feet 9 l5g?1 we f9d t at ! in/ant 8 
"r =e foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 ! left h9d   
foot is a few in*es beh9d ! po9t :]e x w
 pres5tly /rike at ab\t #ch or #dj in*es
 to ! re> ( ! =e foot4 ,:5 bo? feet h   
rea*$ ! gr\nd1 ! "r h9d leg is /ret*$   
back almo/ to its fulle/ ext5t1 ) !     
pa/]n ne>ly horizontal1 :ile ! left =e  
leg is flex$ "u ! body4 ,z ! legs       

approa* a v]tical position ! pa/]ns are 
gradually l[]$1 & act z spr+s to break !
 =ce ( ! concussion until !y are b5t    
ne>ly at "r angles ) ! legs4  ,at ?is   
p]iod ! left =e foot is rais$ to its    
greate/ height1 & w frequ5tly /rike !   
elb[1 :ile ! "r h9d foot is b little    
rais$ f ! gr\nd & is ab\t to pass to !  
front ( ! left h9d4  ,! pa/]ns gradually
 rise z ! legs decl9e backw>ds until !  
"r =e foot has left ! gr\nd & ! la/     
propell+ =ce is be+ ex]cis$ by ! left   
h9d foot2 :i* accompli%$1 ! animal is 9 
mid air4  ,! "r h9d foot cont9ues its   
onw>d motion until x is sometimes mu* 9 
advance ( its lat]al =e foot1 ! =m]1    
h[ev]1 be+ gradually l[]$1 :ile ! latt] 
is be+ rais$4 ,! "r h9d & bo? =e legs   
are n[ mu* flex$1 :ile ! left h9d is    
/ret*$ backw>ds to its greate/ ext5t ) !
 bottom ( ! foot turn$ upw>ds1 ! left =e
 leg is be+ ?ru/ =w>ds & gradually      
/raight5$1 ) ! toe rais$ z ! foot       
approa*es ! gr\nd2 :i* accompli%$1 ) a  
sub/itution ( ! left limbs = ! "r we f9d

 !m 9 ! same relative positions z :5 we 
comm5c$ our exam9ation1 & "o half ( !   
/ride is complet$4  ,) slight &         
immat]ial diff]5ces1 su* z might be     
caus$ by irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd1 ^!    
movem5ts are repeat$ by ! o!r pair (    
diagonals1 & ! entire /ride is !n       
complete4  ,l9e #d illu/rates a /ride ( 
#ah feet #c in*es1 & ! ord] ( support+  
feet are3--    #a4 ,! "r =e foot4   #b4 
,! left h9d & "r =e feet4   #c4 ,! left 
h9d foot4   #d4 ,)\t support4   #e4 ,!  
left =e foot4   #f4 ,! "r h9d & left =e 
feet4   #g4 ,! "r h9d foot4   #h4 ,)\t  
support4  ,x appe>s some:at rem>kable t 
until ! results ( ,m4 ,m>ey's exp]im5ts 
& ( ^? obta9$ by electro-photography 7  
publi%$1 _m exp]i5c$ horsem5 7 ( op9ion 
t dur+ ! action ( trott+ at lea/ "o foot
 ( a horse 0 always 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4
  ,if ! entire /ride ( a trott+ horse is
 divid$ into two portions1 repres5t+ !  
comp>ative di/ances trav]s$ by !        
aggregate ( ! body :ile ! feet are 9    
contact )1 & :ile !y are entirely cle>  

(1 ! gr\nd2 ! relative measurem5ts w be 
f\nd to v>y v greatly1 !y be+ cont+5t ^u
 l5g? ( limb1 weight1 spe$1 & o!r       
circum/ances4  ,heavily built horses w  
sometimes m]ely drag ! feet j above !   
surface1 b1 9 e in/ance ( a trot1 !     
weight ( ! body is really unsupport$    
twice dur+ ea* /ride 7see /ride #b1     
positions #d & #d;,d74 ,x sometimes     
happ5s t a fa/ trott]1 dur+ ! two       
actions ( a /ride1 w h all 8 feet cle> (
 ! gr\nd = a di/ance exce$+ "o-half ( ! 
l5g? ( ! entire /ride2 ?is ela/icity (  
movem5t is h[ev] exceptional4  ,! action
 ( a fa/-trott+ horse :ile draw+ a      
vehicle is v diff]5t f 8 action "u !    
saddle2 9 ! latt] case1 ! h9d legs are  
kept ?ru/ back = a long] p]iod1 & _!    
f9al =w>d movem5t is mu* m rapid4   ,!  
,amble4  ,assum+ our obs]vation ( ?is   
movem5t to comm5ce :51 dur+ a /ride (   
ab\t #aj feet1 ! left h9d foot has j    
/ruck ! gr\nd slightly to ! re> ( :]e ! 
"r =e foot is re/+2 ! left =e leg w be  
well advanc$ b /ill flex$1 ) ! toe po9t$

 d[nw>ds1 & ! "r h9d foot hav+ be5 ! la/
 to leave ! gr\nd1 w be ?ru/ backw>ds ) 
! pa/]n ne>ly horizontal4  ,z ! "r =e   
foot leaves ! gr\nd1 ! left =e leg is   
gradually /raight5$ dur+ its ?ru/ =w>ds2
 ! "r h9d foot 9 ! meantime is gradually
 advanc+1 & ! horse is support$ on !    
left h9d foot alone4  ,! left =e foot is
 n[ br\ght to ! gr\nd1 & ! body re/s on 
! left lat]als1 ) ! "r lat]als susp5d$  
betwe5 !m4  ,z ! left =e leg atta9s a   
v]tical position1 its lat]al leaves !   
gr\nd1 & ! support ( ! body devolves on 
! left =e foot alone1 ! "r =e leg be+   
consid]ably flex$1 ) ! foot 9 advance ( 
! left =e leg4  ,! "r h9d foot n[ /rikes
 ! gr\nd1 & "o half ( ! /ride is        
accompli%$2 ^! movem5ts are repeat$ ) a 
*ange ( ! limbs = ! rema9+ portion ( !  
/ride1 & ! horse is aga9 9 ! position 9 
:i* we fir/ obs]v$ him4  ,we %all see by
 ref]5ce to /ride ,no4 #e ! consecutive 
support+ feet to be3    #a4 ,! left h9d 
foot4   #b4 ,! left h9d & left =e       
feet--lat]als4   #c4 ,! left =e foot4   

#d4 ,! left =e & "r h9d feet--diagonals4
   #e4 ,! "r h9d foot4   #f4 ,! "r h9d &
 "r =e feet--lat]als4   #g4 ,! "r =e    
foot4   #h4 ,! "r =e & left h9d         
feet--diagonals4  ,! "r =e foot be+     
rais$1 ! horse is aga9 9 ! fir/         
position4  ,! amble & ! walk are ! only 
regul> progressive movem5ts ( ! horse   
:]e9 ! body is nev] )\t ! support ( "o  
or m legs1 9 all o!rs ! weight is       
entirely (f ! gr\nd = a long] or %ort]  
p]iod4   ,! ,rack or ,pace4  ,! rack    
diff]s f ! trot 9 ! ne>ly syn*ron\s     
action ( ! lat]als in/ead ( ! diagonals4
  ,9 "s c\ntries ! rack is naturally    
adopt$ by ! horse z "o ( 8 gaits1 b x is
 probably caus$ by ! effects ( tra9+    
ex]cis$ ov] _m g5]ations ( 8 ance/ors4  
,! movem5ts already describ$ are regul> 
9 _! action1 & a /ride may be divid$    
into two p>ts1 :i* are ess5tially simil>
 to ea* o!r4   ,! ,cant]  & ! gallop1   
h[ev]1 _c be s divid$1 & a complete     
/ride 9 ei!r ( ^? gaits is a comb9ation 
( sev]al diff]5t movem5ts4  ,! cant] is 

usually reg>d$ z a sl[ gallop1 probably 
f ! facility ) :i* a *ange f "o gait to 
! o!r c be effect$2 an important        
diff]5ce w1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$4  ,assum+ a
 horse aft] 8 propulsion ?r\gh ! air1   
dur+ a /ride ( #aj feet1 to h j l&$ on 8
 left h9d foot1 ! "r h9d foot w be on ! 
po9t ( pass+ to ! front ( ! left4 ,!    
left =e leg w be ?ru/ =w>d & ne>ly      
/raight1 :ile ! "r =e leg w be flex$ ) !
 foot elevat$ ab\t #ab in*es f ! gr\nd1 
& some:at beh9d ! v]tical ( ! brea/4 ,! 
left =e foot be+ br\ght to ! gr\nd1 !   
body is support$ by ! lat]als2 ! "r h9d 
foot is1 h[ev]1 quickly l[]$1 & p]=ms   
its %>e ( support4 ,! left h9d foot is  
!n rais$1 & ! "r h9d & left =e legs     
assume ! weight1 ! =m] be+ ne>ly        
v]tical1 & ! latt] incl9$ well back1 !  
"r =e foot is ?ru/ well =w>d1 & is j    
ab\t to /rike ! gr\nd2 :5 x does1 ?ree  
feet aga9 %>e ! support1 !y be+ ! two =e
 & ! "r h9d4 ,! left =e foot n[ leaves !
 gr\nd1 & we aga9 f9d ! support furni%$ 
by ! lat]als1 ! "r in/ead (1 z be=e1 !  

left4  ,! "r h9d foot is rais$ :5 ! "r  
=e leg becomes v]tical2 ?is latt]1 :i*  
n[ su/a9s ! entire weight1 gives ! f9al 
ef=t ( propulsion1 & ! body is hurl$    
into ! air4  ,! desc5t ( ! left h9d foot
 completes ! /ride1 & ! consecutive     
movem5ts are repeat$4  ,9 /ride ,no4 #g 
we le>n t dur+ ! cant] ! support ( !    
body is d]iv$ f    #a4 ,! left h9d foot4
   #b4 ,! left h9d & left =e            
feet--lat]als4   #c4 ,bo? h9d & ! left  
=e feet4   #d4 ,! "r h9d & left =e      
feet--diagonals4   #e4 ,! "r h9d & bo?  
=e feet4   #f4 ,! "r h9d & "r =e        
feet--lat]als4   #g4 ,! "r =e foot      
alone1 on :i* he leaves ! gr\nd4   ,!   
,gallop or ,run4  ,?is movem5t has 9 all
 ages be5 employ$ by arti/s to convey ! 
impression ( rapid motion1 al?\gh1      
curi\sly en\gh1 ! attitude 9 :i* ! horse
 has be5 almo/ inv>iably depict$ is "o  
:i* is impracticable dur+ uni=m         
progressive motion4  ,:5 dur+ a rapid   
gallop1 ) a /ride ( #bj feet1 a horse   
aft] 8 flight ?r\gh ! air l&s on 8 left 

h9d foot1 ! "r h9d w be susp5d$ ov] x at
 an elevation ( #ab or #ae in*es1 &     
sev]al in*es to ! re> ( & above x ! sole
 ( ! "r =e foot w be turn$ up almo/     
horizontally1 ! left =e leg is flex$ ) !
 foot "u ! brea/ at a height ( #ah or   
#bj in*es4  ,! "r h9d foot /rikes !     
gr\nd "s #cf in*es 9 advance ( ! left   
h9d1 ea* z !y l& be+ =w>d ( ! c5tre (   
gravity4  ,! body is n[ ?ru/ =w>d1 &    
:ile ! "r h9d pa/]n is /ill almo/       
horizontal1 ! left h9d foot leaves !    
gr\nd4 ,at ?is "t ! left =e leg is      
p]fectly /raight1 ! foot1 ) ! toe mu*   
high] ?an ! heel1 is ?ru/ =w>d to a po9t
 almo/ v]tical ) ! nose1 & at an        
elevation ( ab\t #ab in*es ! "r =e knee 
is b5t at "r angles1 & ! foot susp5d$ "u
 ! brea/ at sev]al in*es great]         
elevation ?an ! left =e foot4  ,! left  
=e foot n[ /rikes ! gr\nd1 #if in*es 9  
advance ( ! spot :i* ! "r h9d foot is on
 ! po9t ( leav+1 & = a brief space ( "t 
! diagonals are ^u ! gr\nd toge!r4 ,!   
left =e leg1 h[ev]1 imm$iately assumes !

 entire responsibility ( ! weight1 &    
soon atta9s a v]tical position1 ) its   
pa/]n at "r angles to x4  ,9 ?is        
position ! "r h9d foot is ?ru/ back to  
its fulle/ ext5t1 at an elevation ( #ab 
or #ad in*es1 ) ! pa/]n ne>ly           
horizontal4 ,! left h9d foot is         
consid]ably high] & some:at m =w>d2 ! "r
 =e leg is /raight1 /ret*$ =w>d1 ) !    
foot ab\t #ae in*es f ! gr\nd1 & almo/  
on a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! nose4 ,! "r =e  
foot /rikes ! gr\nd #dh in*es 9 advance 
( ! left =e1 :i*1 hav+ ne>ly p]=m$ its  
(fice1 is prep>+ to leave ! gr\nd2 !    
animal w !n be support$ on ! "r =e foot 
alone1 :i* imm$iately falls well to !   
re> ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 :i* is         
sometimes pass$ by ! left h9d foot at a 
height ( ab\t #ab in*es2 ! "r h9d foot  
is "s di/ance 9 ! re>1 & ! left =e foot1
 at a height ( #bd in*es1 is susp5d$    
some:at 9 advance ( its lat]al4  ,9 ?is 
position ! horse uses ! "r =e foot = a  
f9al act ( propulsion1 & is c>ri$ 9 mid 
air = a di/ance ( #fj in*es1 aft] :i* ! 

left h9d foot desc5ds1 ! /ride is       
complet$1 & ! consecutive motions r5ew$4
  ,! measurem5ts & positions h]e9 giv5 d
 n pret5d to exactness1 z !y mu/ dep5d  
to "s ext5t ^u ! capability1 tra9+1 &   
conv5i5ce ( ! animal2 b !y may be       
accept$ z repres5t+ an av]age /ride (   
#bj feet ) a horse 9 a fair condition = 
rac+4  ,f ?is analysis x w be se51 by   
ref]5ce to /ride #i1 t a horse1 dur+ an 
ord9>y gallop1 is support$ consecutively
 by3    #a4 ,! left h9d foot1   #b4 ,bo?
 h9d feet1   #c4 ,! "r h9d foot1   #d4  
,! "r h9d & left =e feet1   #e4 ,! left 
=e foot1   #f4 ,bo? =e feet1   #g4 ,! "r
 =e foot1  ) :i* he leaves ! gr\nd1 :ile
 ! only position 9 :i* we f9d him       
entirely )\t support is :5 all ! legs   
are flex$ "u 8 body4  ,x is highly      
probable1 h[ev]1 t m exhau/ive exp]im5ts
 ) long-/rid+ horses 9 p]fect tra9+1 w  
discov] !re is sometimes an int]val (   
susp5sion betwe5 ! lift+ ( "o =e foot & 
! desc5t ( ! o!r2 & also betwe5 ! lift+ 
( ! second h9d foot :i* t\*es ! gr\nd1 &

 ! desc5t ( its diagonal =e foot 7see   
imag9>y /ride #aj74 ,%\ld ?is latt] be !
 case1 x w1 f ! necess>y positions ( !  
o!r limbs1 af=d b a v %ad[y pretext = ! 
conv5tional attitude us$ by arti/s to   
repres5t a gallop4 ,x is extremely      
d\btful if !re c be any int]val (       
susp5sion betwe5 ! lift+ ( "o h9d foot &
 ! desc5t ( ! o!r1 no matt] :at ! l5g? (
 /ride4  ,_m able sci5ti/s h writt5 on !
 !ory ( ! gallop1 b ,i believe ,m>ey 0 !
 fir/ to demon/rate1 t 9 execut+ ?is    
movem5t1 ! horse left ! gr\nd ) a =e    
foot & l&$ on a h9d foot4   ,! ,leap4   
,!re is little ess5tial diff]5ce 9 g5]al
 *>act]i/ics ( ei!r ( ! sev]al movem5ts 
t h be5 describ$1 b ) a numb] (         
exp]im5ts made ) horses :ile leap+1 no  
two 7 f\nd to agree 9 ! mann] (         
execution4 ,! leap ( ! same horse at !  
same rate ( spe$1 ) ! same rid]1 ov] !  
same hurdle1 disclos$ mu* v>iation 9 !  
rise1 cle>ance1 & desc5t ( ! animal4    
,ap>t f ?is1 ! horses 7 n ?or\ghly tra9$
 leap]s1 & ! results are p]haps n       

repres5tative ( ^? t w\ld be obta9$ f ! 
action ( a well-tra9$ hunt+ horse4 ,a   
few motions 71 h[ev]1 inv>iable4 ,:ile !
 horse 0 rais+ 8 body to cle> ! hurdle1 
"o h9d foot 0 always 9 advance ( ! o!r1 
& ex]cis$ its la/ en]gy alone4  ,on !   
desc5t1 ! concussion 0 always receiv$ by
 "o =e foot1 support$ by ! o!r m or less
 rapidly1 & sometimes z mu* z #cj in*es 
9 advance ( :]e ! fir/ "o /ruck1 foll[$ 
by ! h9d feet also1 ) int]vals ( "t &   
di/ance betwe5 _! sev]al falls4 ,x is   
highly probable future exp]im5ts w prove
 ^! obs]vations to be inv>iable 9 leap+4
  ,x is highly probable t ^!            
photographic inve/igations1 :i* 7       
execut$ ) wet collodion plates )        
exposures n exce$+ 9 "s in/ances ! "o   
five-?\s&? "p ( a second1 w dispel _m   
popul> illusions z to gait1 & t future &
 m exhau/ive exp]im5ts1 ) all !         
advantages ( rec5t *emical discov]ies1 w
 completely unveil to ! arti/ all !     
visible muscul> action ( m5 & animals   
dur+ _! mo/ rapid movem5ts4  ,!         

employm5t ( automatic app>atus = !      
purpose ( obta9+ a regulat$ succession (
 photographic exposures is too rec5t =  
its value to be prop]ly und]/ood1 or to 
be g5]ally us$ = sci5tific exp]im5t2 at 
a future "t1 ! pa?ologi/1 ! anatomi/1 & 
o!r explor]s = hidd5 tru?s w f9d x      
indisp5sable = _! complex inve/igations4
   ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,wm4 ,,cl[es 
,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet   
,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4