,a ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,op]as   by     
,h5ry ,edw>d ,krehbiel     ,,cont5ts ,,&
 ,,index  ,,*apt] ,i  ,,biblical ,,op]as
  ,engl& & ! ,"l ,*amb]la9's c5sor%ip1  
et ,g\nod's ,re9e de ,saba1 ,!          
transmigrations ( ,un ,ballo 9 ,mas*]a1 
,h[ compos]s revamp _! music1 et        
seq1--,h&el & ,keis]1 ,moz>t & ,b]tati1 
,bee?ov5's readaptations ( 8 own works1 
,ross9i & 8 ,b>b] ( ,seville1 ,v]di's   
,nebu*adnezz>1 ,ross9i's ,moses1 ,samson
 et ,dalila1 ,goldm>k's ,konig9 von     
,saba1 ,! ,biblical op]as ( ,rub9/e91   
,mehul's ,joseph1 ,m5delssohn's ,elijah 
9 dramatic =m1 ,oratorios & ,l5t5 op]as 
9 ,italy1 ,c>issimi & ,p]i1 ,sc>latti's 
oratorios1 ,sc5]y & co/umes 9 oratorios1
 ,! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ,dal tuo     
/ellato1 ,n]ves wreck$ by beautiful     
music1 ,pet] ! ,h]mit & refractory mimic
 troops1 ,mi manca la voce & op]atic    
am5ities1 ,op]atic pray]s & ballets1    
,goe!'s criticism ( ,ross9i's ,mose1    
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,bible ,,/ories ,,9      
,,op]a ,,& ,,oratorio  ,dr4 ,*rys&]'s   

!ory ( ! undramatic nature ( ! ,hebrew1 
8 lit]ature1 & 8 life1 ,hebrew hi/ory & 
,greek my?ology1 ,"s p>allels1 ,old     
,te/am5t subjects3 ,adam & ,eve1 ,ca9 & 
,abel1 ,! ,ka9 ( ,bul?aupt & d',alb]t1  
,tote ,aug51 ,noah & ! ,deluge1         
,abraham1 ,! ,exodus1 ,mehal's ,joseph1 
,potiph>'s wife & ,ri*>d ,/rauss1       
,raimondi's contrapuntal trilogy1       
,nebu*adnezz>1 ,judas ,maccabaeus1      
,jeph?a & 8 ,daught]1 ,judi?1 ,e/h]1    
,a?alia1   ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,rub9/e9 ,,& 
,,8 ,,gei/li*e ,,op]  ,anton ,rub9/e9 & 
8 ideals1 ,an ambition to emulate       
,wagn]1 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel1 ,! compos]'s  
!ories & /riv+s1 et seq4--,dean ,/anley1
 ,die ,makkaba]1 ,sulami?1 ,*ri/us1 ,das
 v]lor5e ,p>adies1 ,moses1 ,action &    
/age directions1 ,new ,te/am5t /ories 9 
op]a1 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 ,leg5d>y       
mat]ial & ! /ory ( ! ,nativity1 ,*ri/   
dramas1 ,hebbel & ,wagn]1 ,p>sifal1     
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,samson ,,et ,,dalila  ,!
 pr$ecessors ( ,m4 ,sa9t-,sa5s1         
,voltaire & ,rameau1 ,duprez & ,joa*im  

,raff1 ,hi/ory ( ,sa9t-,sa5s's op]a1 et 
seq4--,h5ri ,regnault1 ,fir/ p]=mances1 
,z oratorio & op]a 9 ,new ,york1 ,an    
inquiry into ! /ory ( ,samson1 ,samson &
 ,h]akles1 ,! ,hebrew h]o 9 leg5d1 ,a   
true type = trag$y1 ,my?ological        
int]pretations1 ,sa9t-,sa5s's op]a      
describ$1 et seq4--,a *oral prologue1   
,local color1 ,! "* ( ,dalila1 et       
seq4--,milton on h] wifehood &          
patriotism1 ,pr9temps qui comm5ce1 ,mon 
coeur s'ouvre a ta voix1 ,ori5tal ballet
 music1 ,! cata/rophe1   ,,*apt] ,v     
,,die ,,konig9 ,,von ,,saba             
,m]itori\sness ( ! book ( ,goldm>k's    
op]a1 ,its slight connection ) ,biblical
 /ory1 ,cont5ts ( ! drama et            
seq4--,p>allelism ) ,wagn]'s ,tannhaus]1
 ,fir/ p]=mance 9 ,new ,york1 ,ori5tal  
luxury 9 sc5ic outfit1 ,goldm>k's music1
   ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,h]odiade  ,mod]n op]a
 & anci5t c\rtesans1 ,trans=m$ morals 9 
,mass5et's op]a1 ,a sea-*ange 9 ,engl&1 
,:o & :at 0 ,salome8 ,plot ( ! op]a1    
,sc5ic & musical adornm5ts1 ,p]=mances 9

 ,new ,york1 7footnote74   ,,*apt] ,,vii
  ,,lakme  ,/ory ( ! op]a1 et seq4--,!  
,bell ,song1 ,"s unnecess>y ,engli%     
ladies1 ,fir/ p]=mance 9 ,new ,york1    
,am]ican hi/ory ( ! op]a1 ,madame       
,patti1 ,miss ,van ,z&t ,madame ,sembri*
 ,madame ,tetrazz9i1 ,criticism ( !     
drama1 ,! music1   ,,*apt] ,,viii       
,,pagliacci  ,! tw9 op]as1 ,cavall]ia   
,ru/icana & ,pagliacci1 ,widespread     
influ5ce ( ,mascagni's op]a1 ,x inspires
 an ambition 9 ,leoncavallo1 ,hi/ory ( 8
 op]a1 ,a tragic end+ tak5 f real life1 
et seq4--,controv]sy betwe5 ,leoncavallo
 & ,catulle ,m5des1 et seq4--,la ,femme 
de ,tab>91 ,tab>9 op]as1 ,! ,drama      
,nuevo ( ,e/ebanez & ,mr4 ,h[ells's     
,yorick's ,love1 ,:at is a ,pagliaccio8 
,fir/ p]=mances ( ! op]a 9 ,milan & ,new
 ,york1 ,! prologue1 et seq4--,! op]a   
describ$1 et seq4--,bagpipes & vesp]    
bells1 ,h>lequ9's s]5ade1 ,! ,m9uet1 ,! 
,gavotte1 ,plaudite1 amici1 la comm$ia  
f9ita e/6 ,philip ,hale on :o %\ld speak
 ! f9al words1   ,,*apt] ,,ix           

,,cavall]ia ,,ru/icana  ,h[ ,mascagni's 
op]a impress$ ! au?or :5 x 0 new1 ,attic
 trag$y & ,attic decorum1 ,! loa?some   
op]atic brood :i* x spawn$1 ,n mat*$ by 
! compos] or 8 imitators s9ce1          
,mascagni's acc\nt ( h[ x came to be    
writt51 et seq4--,v]ga's /ory1 et       
seq4--,/ory & libretto comp>$1 ,!       
,siciliano1 ,! ,ea/] hymn1 ,analysis ( !
 op]a1 et seq4--,! prelude1 ,lola's     
/ornello1 ,! int]mezzo1 ,!y h kill$     
,neighbor ,turiddu6   ,,*apt] ,x  ,,!   
,,c>e] ,,( ,,mascagni  ,influ5ce (      
,cavall]ia ,ru/icana on op]atic         
composition1 ,santuzza1 a ,g]man sequel1
 ,cilea's ,tilda1 ,giordano's ,mala     
,vita1 ,tasca's ,a ,santa ,lucia1       
,mascagni's hi/ory1 et seq4--,composes  
,s*ill]'s ,hymn to ,joy1 ,il ,fil&a1    
,ratcliff1 ,l',amico ,fritz1 ,i         
,rantzau1 ,silvano1 ,zanetto1 ,le       
,mas*]e1 ,vi/illia1 ,arnica1 ,mascagni's
 ,am]ican visit1   ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,iris 
,! song ( ! sun1 ,allegory & drama1     
,/ory ( ! op]a1 et seq4--,! music1 et   

seq4--,turbid or*e/ration1 ,local color1
 ,borr[+s f ,mey]be]1   ,,*apt] ,,xii   
,,madama ,,butt]fly  ,! op]a's ance/ry1 
,loti's ,madame ,*rysan!me1 ,john ,lu!r 
,long's /ory1 ,david ,belasco's play1   
,h[ ! failure ( ,naughty ,an?ony sugge/$
 ,madame ,butt]fly1 ,william ,fur/ & 8  
music1 ,success ( ,mr4 ,belasco's play 9
 ,new ,york1 ,! success repeat$ 9       
,london1 ,br\ght to ! att5tion ( ,signor
 ,pucc9i1 ,ricordi & ,co4 & _!          
libretti/s1 ,madama ,butt]fly fails 9   
,milan1 ,! fir/ ca/s 9 ,milan1 ,brescia1
 & ,new ,york1 7footnote7 ,incid5ts ( ! 
fiasco1 ,ross9i & ,pucc9i1 ,! op]a      
revis$1 ,int]ruption ( ! vigil1 ,/ory ( 
! op]a1 et seq4--,! hir+ ( wives 9      
,japan1 ,exp]i5ces ( ,pi]re ,loti1      
,gei%as & m\smes1 ,a *ang$ d5\em5t1     
,messag]'s op]a1 ,madame ,*rysan!me1 ,! 
end ( ,loti's romance1 ,japanese        
melodies 9 ! score1 ,pucc9i's me?od &   
,wagn]'s1 ,! ,/>-,spangl$ ,bann]1 ,a    
tune f ,! ,mikado1 ,"s ( ! !mes (       
,pucc9i & ,william ,fur/1   ,,*apt]     

,,xiii  ,,d] ,,ros5kavali]  ,! op]a's   
pr$ecessors1 ,guntram1 ,feu]snot1       
,salome1 ,osc> ,wilde makes a mi/ak5    
appeal to ,france1 ,8 necrophilism      
welcom$ by ,ri*>d ,/rauss & ,b]l91      
,conri$'s ef=ts to produce ,salome at ! 
,metropolitan ,op]a ,bl\se suppress$1   
,hamm]/e9 produces ! "w1 ,elektra1 ,hugo
 von ,h(fmann/hal & ,beaum>*ais1 ,/rauss
 & ,moz>t1 ,moz>t's !mes & ,/rauss's    
waltzes1 ,danc+ 9 ,vi5na at ! "t ( ,m>ia
 ,!resa1 ,fir/ p]=mance ( ! op]a at ,new
 ,york1 ,d] ,ros5kavali] & ,le ,nozze di
 ,fig>o1 ,criticism ( ! play & its      
music1 et seq4--,use ( a melodic phrase 
f ,die ,zaub]flote1 ,! language ( !     
libretto1 ,! music1 ,ca/ ( ! fir/       
,am]ican p]=mance1 7footnote7   ,,*apt] 
,,xiv  ,,konigsk9d]  ,/ory ( ! play1 et 
seq4--,fir/ production ( ,humm]d9ck's   
op]a & ca/1 ,e>li] p]=mance ( ! "w z a  
melodrama1 ,au?or & compos]1 ,op]a &    
melodrama 9 ,g]many1 ,wagn]ian symbolism
 & music1 ,die ,mei/]s+] recall$1 ,h]o &
 ,le&]1 ,hump]d9ck's music1   ,,*apt]   

,,xv  ,,boris ,,god\n(f  ,fir/ p]=mance 
( ,m\ssorgsky's op]a 9 ,new ,york1      
,p>ticipation ( ! *orus 9 ! trag$y1     
,import$ ,fr5* en?usiasm1 ,vocal melody1
 textual acc5ts & rhy?ms1 ,slavicism    
express$ 9 an ,italian translation1     
,m\ssorgsky & ,debussy1 ,political      
reasons = ,fr5* en?usiasm1              
,rimsky-,korsak(f's revision ( ! score1 
,russian op]as 9 ,am]ica1 ,n]o1 ,pique  
,dame1 ,eug5e ,oneg91 ,v]/(feky's       
,askold's ,tomb1 ,! nationalism ( ,boris
 ,god\n(f1 ,! ,kolydda song ,slava &    
,bee?ov51 ,lack ( ! fem99e elem5t 9 !   
drama1 ,! op]a's lack ( coh]5cy1 ,ca/ ( 
! fir/ ,am]ican p]=mance1   ,,*apt]     
,,xvi  ,,madame ,,sans-,,g5e ,,& ,,o!r  
,,op]as ,,by ,,giordano  ,fir/ p]=mance 
( ,madame ,sans-,g5e1 ,a s++ ,napoleon1 
,royalties 9 op]a1 ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 ,k+   
,m>k1 ,v]di's ,ph>aoh1 ,h]od1 ,boris    
,god\n(f1 ,macbe?1 ,gu/avus & "s my?ical
 k+s & dukes1 et seq4--,mat!son's       
,boris1 ,pet] ! ,great1 ,s>d\'s play &  
,giordano's op]a1 ,v]di on an op]atic   

,bonap>te1 ,s>d\'s *>act]s1 ,&rea ,*5i]1
 ,fr5* ,rhy?ms1 ,f$ora1 ,sib]ia1 ,!     
hi/oric ,*5i]1 ,russian local color1    
,s*one ,m9ka1 ,slava1 ,ay ou*nem1 ,fr5* 
revolution>y airs1 ,la ,m>seillaise1 ,la
 ,c>magnole1 ,ca ira1   ,,*apt] ,,xvii  
,,two ,,op]as ,,by ,,wolf-,,f]r>i  ,!   
compos]'s op]as fir/ sung 9 _! orig9al  
tongue 9 ,am]ica1 ,fir/ p]=mances ( ,le 
,donne ,curiose1 ,il ,segreto di        
,susanna1 ,i ,giojelli della ,madonna1  
,l',amore ,m$ico1 ,/ory & music ( ,le   
,donne ,curiose1 ,me?ods & app>atus (   
,moz>t's day1 ,wolf-,f]r>i's ,teutonism1
 ,goldoni p>aphras$1 ,nicolai & ,v]di1  
,! ,g]man v]sion ( ,donne ,curiose1     
,musical motivi 9 ! op]a1 ,rameau's ,la 
,p\le1 ,ca/ ( ! fir/ p]=mance 9 ,new    
,york1 7footnote7--,naples & op]a1 ,i   
,giojelli della ,madonna1 et            
seq4--,erlang]'s ,aphrodite1 ,neapolitan
 folksongs1 ,wolf-,f]r>i's              
individuality1 ,8 ,vita ,nuova1 ,fir/   
p]=mance 9 ,am]ica ( ,i ,giojelli1      
,,*apt] ,i  ,,biblical ,,op]as   ,:e!r  

or n ! ,engli% owe a grudge to _! ,"l   
,*amb]la9 = depriv+ !m ( ! pleasure (   
see+ op]as bas$ on ,biblical /ories ,i d
 n "k4 ,if !y d1 ! grudge _c be a deep  
"o1 = x is a long "t s9ce ,biblical     
op]as 7 9 vogue1 & 9 ! case ( ! v few   
survivals x has be5 easy to solve !     
difficulty & salve ! consci5ce ( !      
public c5sor by ! simple device ( *ang+ 
! names ( ! *>act]s & ! sc5e ( action if
 ! works are to be pres5t$ on ! /age1 or
 omitt+ sc5]y1 co/umes & action & p]=m+ 
!m z oratorios4 ,9 ei!r case1 :5ev] ?is 
has be5 done1 h[ev]1 x has be5 ! habit (
 critics to make m]ry at ! exp5se ( my  
,"l ,*amb]la9 & ! puritanicalness ( !   
popul> _s ( :i* he is suppos$ to be !   
(ficial embodim5t1 & to disc\rse        
lugubri\sly & mayhap pr(\ndly on !      
p]v]sion ( compos]s' purposes & ! loss (
 ?+s ess5tial to ! lyric drama4  ,x may 
be h]etical to say s1 b is x n possible 
t ,"l ,*amb]la9 & ,critic h bo? tak5 too
 s]i\s a view ( ! matt]8 ,!re is a va/  
am\nt ( admirable mat]ial 9 ! ,bible    

7hi/orical1 leg5d>y or my?ical1 z "o    
happ5s to reg>d x71 :i* w\ld n          
necess>ily be degrad$ by dramatic       
treatm5t1 & :i* might be made ent]ta9+ z
 well z edify+1 z x has be5 made 9 !    
pa/1 by /age repres5tation4 ,rev]5ce =  
?is mat]ial is nei!r inculcat$ nor      
pres]v$ by %ift+ ! sc5e & ?r[+ a veil   
ov] names too transp>5t to effect a     
disguise4 ,moreov]1 :5 ?is is done1 !re 
is always dang] t ! process may involve 
a sacrifice ( ! respect to :i* a "w (   
art is entitl$ on its m]its z su*4      
,g\nod1 9 collaboration ) ,b>bi] &      
,c>re1 wrote an op]a entitl$ ,la ,re9e  
de ,saba4 ,! plot _h no?+ to d ) !      
,bible beyond ! "n ( ,%eba's ,que5 & ,k+
 ,solomon4 ,mr4 ,f>nie1 :o us$ to make  
comic op]etta books 9 ,london1 adapt$ ! 
,fr5* libretto = p]=mance 9 ,engli% &   
call$ ! op]a ,ir5e4 ,:at a title = a gr&
 op]a6 ,:y n ,blan*e or ,arabella8 ,no  
d\bt su* a ?\ght flitt$ ?r\gh _m a      
c>eless m9d unconsci\s t an ,ir5e 0 a   
,byzant9e ,empress ( ! eigh? c5tury1 :o1

 by h] devotion to its t5ets1 won       
beatification aft] dea? f ! ,greek      
,*ur*4 ,! op]a fail$ on ! ,cont95t z    
well z 9 ,london1 b if x _h n be5 giv5 a
 comic op]etta flavor by its title &    
association ) ! "n ( ! excell5t ,mr4    
,f>nie1 w\ld ! *ange 9 suppos$ "t1 place
 & p h h>m$ x8  ,a few ye>s ago ,i read 
7) amusem5t1 ( c\rse7 ( ! metamorphosis 
to :i* ,mass5et's ,h]odiade 0 subject$ s
 t x might masqu]ade = a brief space on 
! ,london /age2 b :5 ,i saw ! op]a 9    
,new ,york 9 ! orig9al package 7to speak
 comm]cially71 ,i c\ld well believe t ! 
music s\nd$ ! same 9 ,london1 ?\gh ,john
 ! ,bapti/ sang "u an alias & ! pa9t$   
sc5es 7 suppos$ to del9eate ,e?iopia    
in/ead ( ,pale/9e4  ,!re is a good deal 
( nons5sical affectation 9 ! talk ab\t !
 intimate association 9 ! m9ds (        
compos]s ( music1 text1 incid5t1 &      
orig9al purpose4 ,un ,ballo 9 ,mas*]a1 z
 we see x mo/ (t5 n[adays1 plays 9      
,nomansl&2 b ,i fancy t its music w\ld  
s\nd pretty mu* ! same if ! !atre (     

action 7 transplant$ back to ,sw$51 :5ce
 x came orig9ally1 or left 9 ,naples1   
:i!r x emigrat$1 or 9 ,bo/on1 to :i*    
highly inappropriate place x 0 bani%$ to
 oblige ! ,neapolitan c5sor4 ,s long z  
compos]s h ! habit ( pluck+ fea!rs out (
 _! dead birds to make w+s = _! new1 we 
are likely to rema9 9 happy & cont5t$   
ignorance ( mesalliances betwe5 music & 
score1 until !y are po9t$ out by too    
curi\s critics or confess$ by ! au?or4  
,:at is pres5t habit 0 =m] cu/om to :i* 
no k9d or degree ( /igma atta*$4 ,ba*   
did x2 ,h&el did x2 nor 0 ei!r ( ^!     
wor?ies always scrupul\s 9 di/+ui%+     
betwe5 meum & tuum :5 x came to         
appropriat+ exi/+ !matic mat]ial4 ,9 _! 
day ! m]it ( individuality & ! "r (     
prop]ty lay m 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ideas 7   
pres5t$ ?an 9 ! ideas !mselves4  ,9     
#ahhf ,i sp5t a delightful day ) ,dr4   
,*rys&] at 8 home 9 ,b]g$orf1 ne>       
,hamburg1 & he told me ! /ory ( h[ on "o
 occasion1 :5 ,keis] 0 incapacitat$ by !
 vice to :i* he 0 habitually prone1     

,h&el1 :o sat 9 8 or*e/ra1 0 ask$ by him
 to write ! necess>y op]a4 ,h&el        
compli$1 & 8 success 0 too great to     
leave ,keis]'s m9d 9 peace4 ,s he reset 
! book4 ,be=e ,keis]'s sett+ 0 ready =  
production ,h&el _h gone to ,italy4     
,he>+ ( ,keis]'s act1 he secur$ a copy (
 ! new sett+ f a memb] ( ! or*e/ra & s5t
 back to ,hamburg a composition bas$ on 
,keis]'s melodies to %[ h[ su* !mes     
ought to be treat$4 ,dr4 ,*rys&]1 also1 
:5 he gave me a copy ( ,b]tati's ,don   
,giovanni libretto1 = :i* ,gazzaniga    
compos$ ! music1 told me t ,moz>t _h be5
 only a little less free ?an ! poet 9   
appropriat+ ideas f ! old] "w4  ,"o ( ! 
be/ pieces 9 ! f9al sc5e ( ,fidelio 0   
tak5 f a cantata on ! dea? ( ! emp]or ( 
,au/ria1 compos$ by ,bee?ov5 be=e he    
left ,bonn4 ,! melody orig9ally conceiv$
 = ! la/ movem5t ( ! ,symphony 9 ,d m9or
 0 develop$ into ! f9ale ( "o ( ! la/   
/r+ qu>tets4 ,9 fact ! in/ances 9 :i*   
compos]s h put _! pieces to widely      
div]g5t purposes are innum]able &       

sometimes amus+1 9 view ( ! fanta/ic    
belief t !y are guid$ by pl5>y          
inspiration4 ,! ov]ture :i* ,ross9i     
wrote = 8 ,b>b] ( ,seville 0 lo/ soon   
aft] ! fir/ production ( ! op]a4 ,!     
compos] did n take ! tr\ble to write    
ano!r1 b appropriat$ "o :i* _h s]v$ its 
purpose 9 an e>li] "w4 ,p]sons ignorant 
( t fact1 b ) lively imag9ations1 z ,i h
 said 9 "o ( my books1 ,a ,book (       
,op]as1 p4 #i h rhapsodiz$ on its       
apposit5ess1 & pr(ess$ to he> 9 x !     
:isp]$ plott+s ( ! lov]s & ! m]ry       
raill]y ( ,ros9a contra/$ ) ! futile    
rag+s ( h] gr\ty gu>dian2 b :5 ,ross9i  
compos$ ?is piece ( music its mission 0 
to introduce an adv5ture ( ! ,emp]or    
,aurelianus 9 ,palmyra 9 ! ?ird c5tury (
 ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,hav+ s]v$ t purpose x 
became ! prelude to ano!r op]a :i* dealt
 ) ,que5 ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 a mon>* :o 
reign$ "s twelve hundr$ ye>s aft]       
,aurelianus4 ,aga91 be=e ! melody n[    
kn[n z t ( ,almaviva's cavat9a _h bur/  
into ! effloresc5ce :i* n[ di/+ui%es x1 

x came z a *orus f ! m\?s ( ,cyrus & 8  
,p]sians 9 anci5t ,babylon4  ,:5 ,mr4   
,lumley desir$ to produce ,v]di's       
,nabucodonosor 7call$ ,nabucco = %ort7 9
 ,london 9 #ahdf he def]r$ to ,engli%   
tradition & br\ght out ! op]a z ,n9o1   
,re d',assyria4 ,i confess t ,i _c      
conceive h[ *ang+ a k+ ( ,babylon to a  
k+ ( ,assyria c\ld possibly h br\ght    
ab\t a *ange "o way or ! o!r 9 !        
effectiv5ess ( ,v]di's ,italian music1 b
 ,mr4 ,lumley pr(ess$ to h f\nd 9 !     
trans=mation reason = ! ,engli% failure4
 ,at any rate1 he comm5t$1 9 8          
,rem9isc5ces ( ! ,op]a1 ,t ! op]a ?us   
lo/ mu* ( its orig9al "*1 especially 9 !
 sc5e :]e ! captive ,israelites became v
 un9t]e/+ ,babylonians1 & 0 !reby %orn (
 "o elem5t ( success pres5t on !        
,cont95t1 is und5iable4  ,!re is ano!r  
case ev5 m to ! purpose ( ?is pres5t    
discussion4 ,9 #ahah ,ross9i produc$ 8  
op]a ,mose 9 ,egitto 9 ,naples4 ,! /r5g?
 ( ! "w lay 9 its *oruses2 yet two ( !m 
7 borr[$ f ! compos]'s ,armida4 ,9 #ahbb

 ,bo*sa p]=m$ x z an oratorio at ,cov5t 
,g>d51 b1 says ,john ,eb]s 9 8 ,sev5    
,ye>s ( ! ,k+'s ,!atre1 publi%$ 9 #ahbh1
 ! audi5ce accu/om$ to ! weighty metal &
 pe>ls ( price ( ,h&el's compositions   
f\nd ! ',moses' z du/ 9 ! balance 9     
comp>ison4 ,! oratorio hav+ fail$ z     
completely z er/ did ,ph>aoh's ho/1     
,eb]s cont9ues1 ! a%es ( ',mose 9       
,egitto' reviv$ 9 ! =m ( an op]a entitl$
 ',pietro l',eremita4' ,moses 0 trans=m$
 into ,pet]4 ,9 ?is =m ! op]a 0 z       
successful z x _h be5 un=tunate z an    
oratorio4444 ',mose 9 ,egitto' 0        
condemn$ z cold1 dull1 & heavy4 ',pietro
 l',eremita1' ,"l ,sefton1 "o ( ! mo/   
compet5t judges ( ! day1 pron\nc$ to be 
! mo/ effective op]a produc$ )9 8       
recollection2 & ! public confirm$ !     
ju/ice ( ! rem>k1 = no op]a dur+ my     
managem5t _h su* unequivocal success4   
,footnote3 ,sev5 ,ye>s ( ! ,k+'s ,!atre1
 by ,john ,eb]s1 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,?is 0 
n ! end ( ! op]a's vicissitudes1 to "s (
 :i* ,i %all recur pres5tly2 let ?is    

suffice n[3  ,ross9i rewrote x 9 #ahbg1 
add+ "s new music = ! ,academie ,royal 9
 ,p>is1 & call$ x ,moise2 :5 x 0 reviv$ 
= ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 oratorios1 ,london1 9  
#ahcc1 x 0 n only p]=m$ ) sc5]y &       
dresses1 b recruit$ ) music f ,h&el's   
oratorio & r5am$ ,! ,israelites 9       
,egypt2 or ! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 :5 !
 ,fr5* ,moise rea*$ ! ,royal ,italian   
,op]a1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 9 ,april1 #ahej1 x 
_h /ill ano!r "n1 ,zora1 ?\gh ,*orley   
does n m5tion ! fact 9 8 ,?irty ,ye>s'  
,musical ,recollections1 probably       
because ! failure ( ! op]a :i* he lov$  
griev$ him too deeply4 ,= a long "t     
,moses occupi$ a prom95t place among    
oratorios4 ,! ,h&el & ,haydn ,society ( 
,bo/on adopt$ x 9 #ahde1 & betwe5 !n &  
#ahgh p]=m$ x =ty-five times4  ,9 all ! 
ye>s ( my intimate association ) ! lyric
 drama 7consid]ably m ?an ! numb] ( :i* 
,mr4 ,*orley has left u a record7 ,i h  
se5 b "o op]a 9 :i* ! plot adh]es to !  
,biblical /ory indicat$ by its title4 ,t
 op]a is ,sa9t-,sa5s's ,samson et       

,dalila4 ,i h se5 o!rs ^: titles &      
dramatis p]sonae sugge/$ n>ratives f\nd 
9 ,holy ,writ1 b 9 ne>ly all ^! cases x 
w\ld be a pr(anation ( ! ,book to call  
!m ,biblical op]as4 ,^? :i* come to m9d 
are ,goldm>k's ,konig9 von ,saba1       
,mass5et's ,h]odiade & ,ri*>d ,/rauss's 
,salome4 ,i h he>d1 9 :ole or "p1 b n   
se51 ?ree ( ! works :i* ,rub9/e9 w\ld   
fa9 h u believe are op]as1 b :i* are    
n--,das v]lor5e ,p>adies1 ,d] ,?urmbau  
zu ,babel & ,moses2 & ,i h a /udy       
acqua9tance ) ! books & scores ( 8      
,maccaba]1 :i* is an op]a2 8 ,sulami?1  
:i* tries to be "o1 & 8 ,*ri/us1 :i*    
m>ks ! culm9ation ( ! va9e/ ef=t t a    
contempor>y compos] made to p>allel     
,wagn]'s a*ievem5t on a diff]5t l9e4    
,!re are o!r works :i* are suffici5tly  
kn[n to me ?r\gh libr>y communion or    
conc]t-room contact to enable me to     
claim en\gh acqua9tance%ip to ju/ify    
conv]se ab\t !m & :i* mu/ p]=ce occupy  
att5tion 9 ?is /udy4 ,*iefe/ & noble/ ( 
^! are ,ross9i's ,moses & ,mehul's      

,joseph4 ,f9ally1 !re are a few ) :i* ,i
 h only a pass+ or speak+ acqua9tance2  
^: faces ,i c recognize1 fragm5ts ( ^:  
spee* ,i "k1 & ^: repute is su* t ,i c  
contrive to guess at _! he>ts--su* z    
,v]di's ,nabucodonosor & ,g\nod's ,re9e 
de ,saba4  ,ross9i's ,moses 0 ! la/ ( ! 
,italian op]as 7! la/ by a significant  
compos]1 at lea/7 :i* us$ to be compos$ 
to ease ! ,l5t5 consci5ce 9             
pleasure-lov+ ,italy4 ,?\gh writt5 to be
 play$ ) ! adjuncts ( sc5]y & co/umes1 x
 has less ( action ?an might easily be  
infus$ into a p]=mance ( ,m5delssohn's  
,elijah1 & ! epical elem5t :i* f9ds its 
exposition 9 ! *oruses is f> great] ?an 
t 9 any op]a ( its "t ) :i* ,i am       
acqua9t$4 ,9 bo? its aspects1 z oratorio
 & z op]a1 x h>ks back to a "t :5 ! two 
=ms 7 ess5tially ! same save 9 respect (
 subject matt]4 ,x is a conv5i5t work+  
hypo!sis to take ! classic trag$y (     
,hellas z ! prog5itor ( ! op]a4 ,x c    
also be tak5 z ! prototype ( ! ,fe/ival 
( ! ,ass1 :i* 0 celebrat$ z long ago z !

 twelf? c5tury 9 ,france2 ( ! miracle   
plays :i* 7 p]=m$ 9 ,engl& at ! same "t2
 ! ,comm$ia spiritiuale ( ?irte5?-c5tury
 ,italy & ! ,gei/li*e ,s*auspiele (     
f\rte5?-c5tury ,g]many4 ,^! mumm]ies )  
_! admixture ( *ur* song1 po9t$ ! way z 
m$ia ( edification to ! dramatic        
repres5tations ( ,biblical sc5es :i*    
,sa9t ,philip ,n]i us$ to attract       
audi5ces to he> 8 s]mons 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4
 ,m>y 9 ,vallicella1 9 ,rome1 & ! sacr$ 
musical dramas came to be call$         
oratorios4 ,:ile ! cam]ata 7 seek+ to   
revive ! classic drama 9 ,flor5ce1      
,c>issimi 0 exp]im5t+ ) sacr$ mat]ial 9 
,rome1 & 8 epo*-mak+ allegory1 ,la      
,rappres5tazione dell' ,anima e del     
,corpo1 0 br\ght out1 almo/             
simultane\sly ) ,p]i's ,euridice1 9     
#afjj4 ,putt+ (f ! fett]s ( pla9song1   
music became beautiful = its own sake1 &
 z an ag5t ( dramatic expression4 ,8    
excursions into ,biblical /ory 7 foll[$ 
= a c5tury or m by ! au?ors ( sacra     
azione1 writt5 to take ! place ( secul> 

op]as 9 ,l5t4 ,! /ories ( ,jeph?a & 8   
daught]1 ,hezekiah1 ,bel%azz>1 ,abraham 
& ,isaac1 ,jonah1 ,job1 ! ,judgm5t (    
,solomon1 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t became !    
/aple ( op]a compos]s 9 ,italy & ,g]many
 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,aless&ro ,sc>latti1 
^: "n looms l>ge 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a1 also
 compos$ oratorios2 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,d5t1
 8 biograph]1 has po9t$ out t except t !
 op]as are 9 ?ree acts & ! oratorios 9  
two1 ! only diff]5ce is 9 ! abs5ce (    
pr(ess$ly comic *>act]s & ( ! =mal      
/atem5t 9 :i* ! au?or prote/s t ! words 
fata1 dio1 dieta1 etc41 are only s*]zi  
poetici & imply no?+ contr>y to !       
,ca?olic fai?4 ,z5o & ,meta/asio wrote  
texts = sacr$ op]as z well z pr(ane1 )  
,tobias1 ,absalom1 ,joseph1 ,david1     
,daniel1 & ,sis]a z subjects4  ,pres5tly
 ,i %all attempt a discussion ( !       
gigantic attempt made by ,rub9/e9 to    
enri* ! /age ) an art-=m to :i* he gave 
a di/9ctive "n1 b :i* 0 little else ?an1
 an inflat$ type ( ! old sacra azione1  
employ+ ! l>g] app>atus :i* mod]n       

inv5tion & ent]prise h plac$ at ! comm& 
( ! playwright1 /age manag]1 & compos]4 
,i am compell$ to see 9 8 project *iefly
 a jeal\s ambition to rival ! great &   
triumphant accompli%m5t ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]1
 b x is possible t he _h a presci5t eye 
on a com+ "t4 ,! desire to comb9e       
pictures ) oratorio has surviv$ !       
practice :i* prevail$ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( 
! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,h&el us$ sc5es &     
co/umes :5 he produc$ 8 ,e/h]1 z well z 
8 ,acis & ,galatea1 9 ,london4          
,ditt]sdorf has left = u a description (
 ! /age decorations prep>$ = 8 oratorios
 :5 !y 7 p]=m$ 9 ! palace ( ! ,bi%op (  
,grosw>de94 ,( late ye>s !re h be5 a    
numb] ( !atrical repres5tations (       
,m5delssohn's ,elijah4 ,i h witness$ z  
well z he>d a p]=mance ( ,acis &        
,galatea & be5 ent]ta9$ ) ! spectacle ( 
,polyphemus cru%+ ! head ( presumptu\s  
,acis ) a /ave l ano!r ,fafn] :ile s++  
,fly1 ?\ massy ru91 fly to ! bludgeon   
:i* 0 play+ und]/udy = ! fatal rock4    
,?is div]t+ incid5t br+s me to a        

consid]ation ( "o ( ! difficulties :i*  
/& 9 ! way ( effective /age pictures    
comb9$ ) action 9 ! case ( "s ( ! mo/   
admir$ ( ! subjects = oratorios or sacr$
 op]a4 ,x 0 n ! ,"l ,*amb]la9 :o /ood 9 
! way ( ,sa9t-,sa5s's ,samson et ,dalila
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = _m ye>s1 b !       
worldly wisdom ( op]a manag]s :o %rank f
 attempt+ to /age ! spectacle ( ! fall+ 
,temple ( ,dagon1 & f\nd 9 ! "w itself a
 pl5tiful lack ( t dramatic movem5t :i* 
is to-day consid]$ m ess5tial to success
 ?an beautiful & inspirit+ music4       
,samson et ,dalila 0 well kn[n 9 its    
conc]t =m :5 ! managem5t ( !            
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se fir/ attempt$ 
to introduce x z an op]a4 ,x _h a s+le  
p]=mance 9 ! season ( #ahid-ahie & !n   
s\ght seclusion f ! /age lamps = tw5ty  
ye>s4 ,x 01 p]haps1 =tunate = ! "w t no 
attempt 0 made to repeat x1 =1 ?\gh well
 sung & satisfactorily act$1 ! toppl+ ( 
! pill>s ( ! temple1 discreetly support$
 by too visible wires1 at ! conclusion  
made a /rong] appeal to ! popul> s5se ( 

! ridicul\s ?an ev5 ,sa9t-,sa5s's music 
c\ld )/&4 ,x is easy to inveigh aga9/ ! 
notion frivol\s fribbles & trump]y      
trapp+s receive m att5tion ?an ! f9e    
music :i* ought to be recogniz$ z ! s\l 
( ! "w1 ! vital sp>k :i* irradiates an  
inconsequ5tial mat]ial body2 b human    
nature has n yet fre$ itself suffici5tly
 f gross clogs to atta9 s ideal an      
attitude4  ,x is to a dang] simil> to t 
:i* ?reat5$ ! orig9al ,new ,york ,samson
 t ! _w owes ! mo/ popul> melody 9      
,ross9i's ,mose4 ,! /ory is old &       
famili> to ! /ud5ts ( op]atic hi/ory1 b 
w be> retell+4 ,! plague ( d>kness op5s 
! op]a1 ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea concludes
 x4 ,ross9i's /age manag] _h no         
difficulty ) ! =m]1 :i* dem&$ no?+ m ?an
 ! l[]+ ( ! /age lights4 ,b he c\ld     
evolve no device :i* c\ld save ! f9al   
miracle f laught]4 ,a hil>i\s end+ to s 
solemn a "w di/urb$ ! managem5t & !     
libretti/1 ,totola1 :o1 j be=e a        
project$ revival 9 ,naples1 a ye> or two
 aft] ! fir/ production1 came to !      

compos] ) a project = sav+ ! ?ird act4  
,ross9i 0 9 b$1 z usual1 & ! poet %[$   
him ! text ( ! pray]1 ,dal tuo /ellato1 
:i* he said he _h writt5 9 an h\r4 ,i w 
get up & write ! music1 said ,ross9i2 y 
%all h x 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,& he kept 
8 ^w1 :e!r lit]ally or n 9 respect ( "t 
does n matt]4 ,:5 ! op]a 0 aga9 p]=m$ x 
conta9$ ! *orus ) its melody :i* provid$
 ,pagan9i ) mat]ial = "o ( 8 s5sational 
p]=mances on ! ,g-/r+4  figure3 a       
musical score exc]pt  ,c>pani tells !   
/ory & describes ! effect ^u ! audi5ce  
:i* he>d x = ! fir/ "t4 ,laught] 0 j    
beg9n+ 9 ! pit :5 ! public 0 surpris$ to
 note t ,moses 0 ab\t to s+4 ,! p /opp$ 
laugh+ & prep>$ to li/54 ,!y 7 aw$ by ! 
beauty ( ! m9or /ra9 :i* 0 e*o$ by ,a>on
 & !n by ! *orus ( ,israelites4 ,! ho/  
m>*$ across ! mimic sea & fell on its   
knees1 & ! music bur/ =? aga91 b n[ 9 ! 
major mode4 ,& n[ ! audi5ce jo9$ 9 !    
jubilation4 ,! p 9 ! boxes1 says        
,c>pani1 /ood up2 !y lean$ ov] ! rail+s2
 applaud$2 !y %\t$3 ,bello6 bello6 ,o *e

 bello6 ,c>pani adds3 ,i am almo/ 9 te>s
 :5 ,i ?9k ( ?is pray]4 ,an             
impressionable folk1 ^? ,italians ( less
 ?an a c5tury ago4 ,among o!r ?+s t c be
 said 9 praise ( our h]o1 rem>k$ a      
physician to ,c>pani1 amid/ ! en?usiasm 
caus$ by ! revamp$ op]a1 d n =get t he  
is an assass94 ,i c cite to y m ?an =ty 
attacks ( n]v\s fev] or viol5t          
convulsions on ! "p ( "y wom51 fond to  
excess ( music1 :i* h no o!r orig9 ?an !
 pray] ( ! ,hebrews 9 ! ?ird act ) its  
sup]b *ange ( key6  ,?us music sav$ !   
sc5e 9 ,naples4 ,:5 ! op]a 0 rewritt5 = 
,london & made to tell a /ory ab\t ,pet]
 ! ,h]mit1 ! correspond+ sc5e _h to be  
elid$ aft] ! fir/ p]=mance4 ,eb]s tells 
! /ory3 ,a body ( troops 0 suppos$ to   
pass ov] a bridge :i*1 break+1 0 to     
precipitate !m into ! wat]4 ,! troops   
be+ made ( basketwork & pull$ ov] !     
bridge by ropes1 un=tunately became     
refractory on _! passage1 & v s5sibly   
refus$1 :5 ! bridge 0 ab\t to give way1 
to proce$ any fur!r2 consequ5tly :5 !   

d[nfall ( ! ar*es took place ! basket m5
 rema9$ v quietly on t "p ( ! bridge :i*
 0 left /&+1 & in/ead ( be+ consign$ to 
! waves _h ne>ly be5 set on fire4 ,!    
audi5ce1 n giv+ ! troops due cr$it = _! 
prud5ce1 f\nd no little fault ) _!      
compliance ) ! law ( self-pres]vation4  
,9 ! foll[+ repres5tations ( ! op]a !   
bridge & basket m5 :i*1 en passant 7or  
en re/ant r71 _h co/ fifty p\nds1 7     
omitt$4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #afj   
,:5 ,moise 0 prep>$ 9 ,p>is #de1jjj     
francs 7 sunk 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4  ,i %all    
recur 9 a mom5t to ! fam\s preghi]a b1  
hav+ ,eb]s' book be=e me1 ,i see an     
anecdote s delightfully illu/rative ( ! 
prov]bial _s ( ! lyric !atre t ,i _c    
resi/ ! temptation to repeat x4 ,9 !    
revis$ ,moses made = ,p>is !re occurs a 
qu>tet beg9n+ ,mi manca la voce 7,i lack
 voice7 :i* ,*orley describes z a       
delici\s r\nd4 ,camporese _h to utt] !  
words fir/ & no soon] _h %e done s ?an  
,ronzi di ,begnis1 9 a :isp]1 l\d en\gh 
to be he>d by h] companion1 made !      

comm5t ,e v]o6 7,true67--a rem>k1 says  
,mr4 ,eb]s1 :i* produc$ a retort c\rte\s
 some:at m ?an v]g+ on ! limit (        
decorum1 ?\gh n proce$+ to ! extremity  
ass]t$ by rumor1 :i* w\ld h be5 z       
inconsi/5t ) propriety z ) ! habitual   
dignity & self-possession ( ,camporese's
 demeanor4  ,somebody1 ,i _c recall :o1 
has said t ! success ( ,dal tuo /ellato 
set ! fa%ion ( introduc+ pray]s into    
op]as4 ,:e!r ?is be true or n1 x is a   
fact t a pray] occurs 9 f\r ( ! op]as   
:i* ,ross9i compos$ = ! ,p>is ,gr& ,op]a
 & t ! =mula is become s common t x may 
be set d[n z an op]atic conv5tion1 a    
conv5tion1 moreov]1 :i* ev5 ! iconocla/ 
,wagn] left undi/urb$4 ,"o might ?9k t !
 propriety ( pray] 9 a religi\s drama   
w\ld h be5 en=c$ ^u ! m9d ( a classici/ 
l ,goe! by 8 admiration = ! antique1 b x
 0 ! fact t ,ross9i's op]a %[$ !        
,israelites ^u _! knees 9 supplication  
to ,god t set ! great ,g]man poet aga9/ 
,mose4 ,9 a conv]sation record$ by      
,eck]mann z tak+ place 9 #ahbh1 we he>  

him utt]+ 8 objection to ! "w3 ,i d n   
und]/& h[ y c sep>ate & enjoy sep>ately 
! subject & ! music4 ,y pret5d "h t !   
subject is wor?less1 b y are consol$ = x
 by a fea/ ( excell5t music4 ,i wond] t 
y\r nature is ?us organiz$ t y\r e> c   
li/5 to *>m+ s\nds :ile y\r sight1 ! mo/
 p]fect ( y\r s5ses1 is torm5t$ by      
absurd objects4 ,y w n d5y t y\r        
',moses' is 9 effect v absurd4 ,! curta9
 is rais$ & p are pray+4 ,?is is all    
wrong4 ,! ,bible says t :5 y pray y %\ld
 g into y\r *amb] & close ! door4       
,!re=e1 !re %\ld be no pray+ 9 ! !atre4 
,z = me1 ,i %\ld h arrang$ a :olly      
diff]5t ',moses4' ,at fir/ ,i %\ld h %[n
 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel b[$ d[n by c\ntless 
odi\s burd5s & suff]+ f ! tyranny ( !   
,egyptian rul]s4 ,!n y w\ld h appreciat$
 m easily :at ,moses des]v$ f 8 race1   
:i* he _h deliv]$ f a %ameful           
oppression4 ,!n1 says ,mr4 ,philip      
,hale1 :o direct$ my att5tion to ?is    
int]e/+ passage1 ,goe! w5t on to        
recon/ruct ! :ole op]a4 ,he introduc$1 =

 in/ance1 a dance ( ! ,egyptians aft] ! 
plague ( d>kness 0 dispell$4  ,may n "o 
criticise ,goe!8 ,if he s greatly       
rev]5c$ pray]1 accord+ to its in/itution
 "u ! ,new ,disp5sation1 :y did he n %[ 
reg>d also = ! ,old & respect ! v]ities 
( hi/ory suffici5tly to res]ve 8 ballet 
till aft] ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 :5    
,moses celebrat$ ! miracle ) a song &   
,miriam1 ! prophetess1 ! si/] ( ,a>on1  
took a timbrel 9 h] h&2 & all ! wom5 w5t
 out aft] h] ) timbrels & ) dances8     
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,bible ,,/ories ,,9      
,,op]a ,,& ,,oratorio   ,x 0 ! fond     
belief ( ,dr4 ,*rys&]1 born ( 8 deep    
devotion to ,h&el1 9 ^: works he liv$ & 
mov$ & _h 8 be+1 t ! h]oic hi/ories ( ! 
,jews (f]$ no fit mat]ial = dramatic    
repres5tation4 ,9 8 view ! ,jews nev]   
creat$ dramatic poetry1 p>tly because ( 
! ,mosaic prohibition aga9/ pla/ic      
del9eation ( _! ,deity1 p>tly because ! 
tragic elem5t1 :i* 0 s pot5t an influ5ce
 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,greek drama1 0     
want+ 9 _! h]oes4 ,! !ory t ! ,song (   

,songs1 t canticle ( canticles ( love1 0
 a pa/oral play _h no lodgm5t 9 8 m9d2 !
 poem seem$ less dramatic to him ?an !  
,book ( ,job4 ,! =m] sprang f ! idyllic 
life ( ! nor!rn tribes & reflect$ t     
life2 ! latt]1 mu* m pr(\nd 9           
conception1 prov$ by its =m t ! road to 
a real /age-play 0 insurm\ntably b>r$ to
 ! ,hebrew poet4 ,:at poetic field 0 op5
 to him !n8 ,only ! hymn+ ( a ,deity1   
invisible1 omnipres5t & omnipot5t1 !    
swell+ call to combat = ! glory ( ,god  
aga9/ an inimical _w1 & ! celebration ( 
an ideal consi/+ 9 a peaceful1 happy    
exi/5ce 9 ! ,l& ( ,promise "u ,god's    
protect+ c>e4 ,?is ,god pres5t$ ,himself
 occasionally z a militant1 all-p[]ful  
w>rior1 b only 9 mom5ts :5 ! =tunes ( ,8
 p 7 critically at issue4 ,^! mom5ts1   
h[ev]1 7 exceptional & few2 z a rule1   
,god manife/$ ,himself 9 prophecy1 ?r\gh
 words & music4 ,! laws 7 promulgat$ 9  
song2 s 7 ! prophetic promises1         
d5unciations1 & calls to rep5tance2 &   
!re grew up a magnific5t liturgical     

s]vice 9 ! temple4  ,hebrew poetry1 epic
 & lyrical1 0 ?us antagoni/ic to !      
drama4 ,s1 also1 ,dr4 ,*rys&] cont5ds1 0
 ! ,hebrew himself4 ,n only _h he no    
pr$ilection = pla/ic creation1 8 life 0 
n dramatic 9 ! s5se illu/rat$ 9 ,greek  
trag$y4 ,he liv$ a c>e-free1 s5su\s     
exi/5ce1 & ei!r fell "u righte\s        
condemnation = 8 transgressions or walk$
 9 ! way prescrib$ ( ! ,"l & f\nd re/ at
 la/ 9 ,abraham's bosom4 ,8 life 0      
simple2 s 7 8 /riv+s1 8 long+s1 8 hopes4
 ,yet :5 x came to ! def5ce or          
celebration ( 8 spiritual possessions 8 
s\l 0 fill$ ) su* a _s ( h]oic d>+1 su* 
a gl[ ( en?usiasm1 z are n to be        
p>allel$ among ano!r ( ! peoples (      
antiquity4 ,he ?us became a fit subject 
= only "o ( ! arts--music2 9 ?is art =  
only "o ( its sph]es1 ! sublime1 ! mo/  
appropriate & effici5t vehicle ( :i* is 
! oratorio4  ,"o "p ( ?is argum5t seems 
to me irrelevant2 ! o!r n firmly f\nd$ 9
 fact4 ,x does n foll[ t because !      
,greek consci5ce evolv$ ! conceptions ( 

rebelli\s pride & punitive ,fate :ile ! 
,hebrew consci5ce did n1 !re=e ! ,greeks
 7 ! pr$e/9$ creators ( ! art-=m out (  
:i* grew ! op]a & ! ,hebrews ( ! =m :i* 
grew into ! oratorio4 ,nei!r is x true t
 because a p are n dispos$ t[>d dramatic
 creation !mselves !y c n1 or may n1 be 
! cause ( dramatic creativ5ess 9 o!rs4  
,dr4 ,*rys&]'s argum5t1 made 9 a lecture
 at ! ,johanneum 9 ,hamburg 9 #ahif1    
prec$$ an analysis ( ,h&el's ,biblical  
oratorios 9 _! relation to ,hebrew      
hi/ory1 & 8 exposition ( t hi/ory z he  
unfold$ x *ronologically f ! ,exodus d[n
 to ! ,maccabaean p]iod 0 9 itself      
suffici5t to furni% _m m fit op]atic    
plots ?an h yet be5 writt54 ,nor are !re
 lack+ 9 ^! /ories "s ( ! elem5ts (     
,greek leg5d & my?ology :i* 7 ! ma9spr+s
 ( ! trag$ies ( ,a!ns4 ,! p>allels are  
/rik+3 ,jeph?a's daught] & ,iphig5ia2   
,samson & 8 slav]y & ! s]vitude (       
,h]cules & ,p]seus2 ! fate ( ,ajax & o!r
 h]oes made mad by pride1 & ! lycan?ropy
 ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ( ^: vanity ,dr4      

,hanslick once rem9d$ ,wagn]1 w>n+ him  
aga9/ ! fate ( ! ,babylonian k+ :o      
became l unto an ox1 ate grass & 0      
compos$ by ,v]di2 ?9k rev]5tly (        
,alce/is & ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e (         
atonem5t6  ,! writ]s ( ! fir/ ,biblical 
op]as s\ght _! subjects z f> back 9     
hi/ory1 or leg5d1 z ! writt5 page       
p]mitt$4 ,!ile compos$ an ,adam & ,eve 9
 #afgh2 b our fir/ p>5ts nev] became    
popul> on ! s]i\s /age4 ,p]haps ! fe>ful
 s\l ( ! !atrical co/um] 0 fright5$ &   
p]plex$ by ! problem :i* ! subject put  
up to him4 ,haydn introduc$ !m into 8   
oratorio ,! ,creation1 b1 z ! cu/om goes
 n[1 ! ?ird "p ( ! "w1 9 :i* !y appe>1  
is frequ5tly1 if n g5]ally omitt$ 9     
p]=mance4 ,adam1 to judge by ! record 9 
,holy ,writ1 made an unev5tful end3 ,&  
all ! days t ,adam liv$ 7 n9e hundr$ &  
?irty ye>s3 & he di$2 b ?is did n prev5t
 ,lesueur f writ+ an op]a on 8 dea? t5  
ye>s aft] ,haydn's oratorio _h its fir/ 
p]=mance4 ,he call$ x ,la ,mort d',adam 
et son ,apo!ose1 & x involv$ him 9 a    

disa/r\s qu>rel ) ! directors ( !       
,cons]vatoire & ! ,academie4 ,pursu+ !  
se>* *ronologically1 ! libretti/s next  
came ^u ,ca9 & ,abel1 :o (f]$ a m       
fruitful subject = dramatic & musical   
inv5tion4 ,we "k v little ab\t ! sacr$  
op]as :i* %>$ ! li/ ) works bas$ on     
classical fables & ,roman hi/ory 9 !    
sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 inasmu*1  
h[ev]1 z !y 7 an outgr[? ( ! pi\s plays 
( ! ,middle ,ages & design$ = edify+    
consumption 9 ,l5t1 x is likely t !y    
adh]$ 9 _! plots pretty close to !      
,biblical acc\nts4 ,i d\bt if !         
s5tim5tal elem5t :i* 0 9 vogue :5       
,ross9i wrote ,mose 9 ,egitto play$ mu* 
( a role 9 su* an op]a z ,johann        
,philipp ,=ts*'s ,ka9 und ,abel2 od] d] 
v]zweifelnde ,brud]mord]1 :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 
,hamburg 9 #afhi1 or ev5 9 ,abel's ,tod1
 :i* came along 9 #agga4 ,! fir/        
fratricidal murd] seems to h _h an e>ly 
& an endur+ fasc9ation = dramatic poets 
& compos]s4 ,meta/asio's ,la ,morte     
d',abele1 set by bo? ,cald>a & ,leo 9   

#agcb1 rema9$ a /alk+-horse = compos]s  
d[n to ,morlac*i 9 #ahbj4 ,"o ( ! late/ 
( ,biblical op]as is ! ,ka9 ( ,he9ri*   
,bul?aupt & ,eug5 d',alb]t4 ,?is op]a & 
a lat] lyric drama by ! same compos]1   
,tote ,aug5 7"u :i* title a casual read]
 w\ld nev] suspect t a ,biblical subject
 0 lurk+71 call = a little att5tion     
because ( _! indication ( a possible    
drift :i* future dramati/s may foll[ 9  
treat+ sacr$ /ory4  ,wick$ envy &       
jeal\sy 7 n suffici5t motives 9 ! eyes (
 ,bul?aupt & d',alb]t = ! fir/          
fratricide2 !re mu/ be an infusion (    
psy*ology & mod]n philosophy4 ,abel is  
an optimi/1 an ideali/1 a cont5t$       
dream]1 joy+ 9 ! lovel9ess ( life &     
nature2 ,ca91 a pessimi/1 a morose      
brood]1 = :om life conta9$ no beautiful 
illusions4 ,he gets up f 8 c\* 9 ! night
 to "q ! "r ( ,god to create man =      
suff]+4 ,he is answ]$ by ,lucif]1 :o    
proclaims himself ! b5efactor ( ! family
 9 hav+ rescu$ !m f ! slo?ful exi/5ce ( 
,ed5 & giv5 !m a ,r$eem]4 ,! devil      

disc\rses on ! delightful m9i/rations ( 
t ,r$eem]1 ^: "n is ,dea?4 ,9 ! morn+   
,abel arises & z he (f]s 8 sacrifice he 
hymns ! sacr$ my/]y ( life & turns a    
deaf e> to ! new-f\nd gospel ( 8 bro!r4 
,an inspir+ ?\ght comes to ,ca92 by     
kill+ ,abel & de/roy+ himself he w save 
future g5]ations f ! suff]+s to :i* !y  
are doom$4 ,) ?is b5evol5t purpose 9 m9d
 he commits ! murd]4 ,! bl[ has sc>cely 
be5 /ruck be=e a multitude ( _s-voices  
call 8 "n & ,god ?und]s ! "q3 ,:]e is   
,abel1 ?y bro!r8 ,adam comes f 8 cave & 
looks ^u ! sc5e ) horror4 ,n[ ,ca9      
realizes t 8 "w is less ?an half done3  
he is himself /ill alive & s is 8 son   
,eno*4 ,he ru%es =w>d to kill 8 *ild1 b 
! "m ?r[s h]self betwe51 & ,ca9 discov]s
 t he is n /rong-will$ en\gh to c>ry out
 8 design4 ,god's curse condemns him to 
et]nal unre/1 & :ile ! elem5ts rage     
ar\nd him ,ca9 goes =? into ! m\nta9    
wild]ness4  ,h]r ,bul?aupt did n p]mit  
*ronology to /& 9 ! way ( 8 action1 b x 
c at lea/ be said = him t he did n      

pr(ane ! ,book z ,h]r ,ew]s1 ,mr4       
d',alb]t's late/ collaborator1 did :5 he
 turn$ a /ory ( ,*ri/'s miracul\s heal+ 
( a bl9d woman into a s5sational        
melodrama4 ,9 ! preci\s op]a1 ,tote     
,aug5 7,dead ,eyes71 br\ght out 9 ,m>*1 
#aiaf1 9 ,dresd51 ,myrocle1 ! bl9d      
woman1 is ! wife ( ,arcesius1 a ,roman  
ambassador 9 ,j]usalem4 ,nev] hav+ se5  
him1 ,myrocle believes h] husb& to be a 
p>agon ( beauty1 b he is1 9 fact1 hide\s
 ( features1 crook-back$1 & lame2 de=m$ 
9 m9d & he>t1 too1 = he has conceal$ !  
tru? f h]4 ,*ri/ is ent]+ ,j]usalem1 &  
,m>y ( ,magdala leads ,myrocle to him1  
hav+ he>d ( ! miracles :i* he p]=ms1 &  
he op5s ! woman's eyes at ! mom5t t !   
multitude is %\t+ its hosannahs4 ,! fir/
 man :o fills ! vision ( ,myrocle is    
,galba1 h&some1 noble1 *ivalr\s1 :o _h  
r5\nc$ ! love he bore h] because %e 0 ! 
wife ( 8 fri5d4 ,9 ,galba ! woman       
believes %e sees ! husb& :om 9 h] fond  
imag9ation %e _h fitt$ out ) ! *>ms (   
m9d & p]son :i* 8 fri5d possesses4 ,%e  

?r[s h]self into 8 arms1 & he does n    
repel h] mi/ak5 embraces2 b ! mis%ap5   
villa9 ?r[s himself ^u ! pair & /rangles
 8 fri5d to dea?4 ,a slave enlight5s !  
my/ifi$ woman2 ! murd]]1 n ! dead h]o at
 8 feet1 is h] husb&4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 %e
 does n turn f him ) hatr$ & loa?+1 b   
looks ^u him ) a great pity4 ,!n %e     
turns h] eyes ^u ! sun1 :i* ,*ri/ _h    
said %\ld n set until %e _h curs$ him1 &
 gazes into its se>+ gl[ until h] sight 
is aga9 dead4 ,moral3 x is s9ful to love
 ! lovel9ess ( outw>d ?+s2 f ! s\l mu/  
come salvation4 ,z if %e _h nev] le>n$ !
 tru?1 %e returns to h] wifely love =   
,arcesius4 ,! /ory is z false to nature 
z x is sacrilegi\s2 its trump]y         
!atricalism is z great a h9drance to a  
possible return ( ,biblical op]a z !    
disgu/+ celebration ( necrophilism 9    
,ri*>d ,/rauss's ,salome4  ,9 our       
hi/orical excursion we are /ill among ! 
patri>*s1 & ! :ole e>? is ( "o language 
& ( "o spee*4 ,noah1 ! ark1 & ! deluge  
seem n[ too prodigi\s to be essay$ by   

op]a mak]s1 b1 app>5tly1 !y did n awe ! 
,engli%man ,edw>d ,eccle/on 7or         
,eggle/on71 :o is said to h produc$ an  
op]a1 ,noah's ,flood1 or ! ,de/ruction (
 ! ,_w1 9 ,london 9 #afgi1 nor ,seyfri$1
 ^: ,lib]a me 0 sung at ,bee?ov5's      
fun]al1 & :o1 besides ,biblical op]as   
entitl$ ,saul1 ,abraham1 ,! ,maccabees1 
& ,! ,israelites 9 ! ,des]t1 br\ght out 
a ,noah 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahah4 ,halevy left  
an unf9i%$ op]a1 ,noe1 :i* ,bizet1 :o 0 
8 son-9-law1 complet$4 ,( oratorios     
deal+ ) ! deluge ,i d n wi% to speak    
fur!r ?an to express my admiration = !  
mann] 9 :i* ,sa9t-,sa5s op5$ ! musical  
floodgates 9 ,le ,deluge4  ,on ! pla9 9 
! ,l& ( ,%9> ! families ( ! sons ( ,noah
 build$ !m a city & a t[] ^: top !y     
arrogantly hop$ might rea* unto heav54  
,b ! t[] fell1 ! tongues ( ! p 7        
conf\nd$1 & ! p 7 scatt]$ abroad on !   
face ( ! e>?4 ,rub9/e9 attempt$ to give 
dramatic repres5tation to ! trem5d\s    
incid5t1 & to 8 ef=t & va9 dream ,i %all
 rev]t 9 ! next *apt] ( ?is book4 ,n[ ,i

 mu/ on ) ! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s4 ,! /ory
 ( ,abraham & 8 attempt$ (f]+ ( ,isaac  
has be5 mu* us$ z oratorio mat]ial1 &   
,joseph ,elsn]1 ,*op9's tea*]1 br\ght   
out a ,poli% op]a1 ,(i>a ,abrama1 at    
,w>saw 9 #ahbg4  ,a significant mile/one
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews z well z       
,biblical op]as has n[ be5 rea*$4 ,!    
soj\rn ( ! ,jews 9 ,egypt & _! f9al     
dep>ture "u ! guidance ( ,moses h       
already occupi$ consid]able att5tion 9  
?is /udy4 ,!y provid$ mat]ial = ! two   
op]as :i* seem to me ! noble/ ( _!      
k9d--,mehul's ,joseph & ,ross9i's ,mose 
9 ,egitto4 ,mehul's op]a1 m ?an a decade
 old] ?an ,ross9i's1 /ill holds a place 
on ! /ages ( ,france & ,g]many1 & ?is   
despite ! fact t x =egoes two factors   
:i* are popul>ly suppos$ to be ess5tial 
to op]atic success--a love episode &    
woman's pres5ce & p>ticipation 9 !      
action4 ,! op]a1 :i* is 9 ?ree acts1 0  
br\ght =w>d at ! ,!atre ,feydeau 9 ,p>is
 on ,febru>y #ag1 #ahjg4 ,x ow$ its     
orig9 to a ,biblical trag$y entitl$     

,omasis1 by ,ba\r ,lormian4 ,!          
subject--! sale ( ,joseph by 8 bro!rs   
into ,egyptian slav]y1 8 rise to p[]1 8 
=giv5ess ( ! wrong attempt$ aga9/ him1 &
 8 provision ( a home = ! p ( ,israel 9 
! l& ( ,go%5--_h long be5 popul> )      
compos]s ( oratorios4 ,! li/ ( ^! works 
beg9s ) ,cald>a's ,giuseppe 9 #agbb4    
,meta/asio's ,giuseppe riconosciuto 0   
set by half a doz5 compos]s betwe5 #agcc
 & #aghh4 ,h&el wrote 8 ,engli% oratorio
 9 #agdc2 ,g4 ,a4 ,macf>r5's 0 p]=m$ at 
! ,le$s fe/ival ( #ahgg4 ,lormian ?\ght 
x necess>y to introduce a love episode  
into 8 trag$y1 b ,alex&] ,duval1 :o     
wrote ! book = ,mehul's op]a1 0 ( !     
op9ion t ! div]sion only enfeebl$ !     
beautiful if au/]e picture ( patri>*al  
dome/ic life del9eat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,he   
!re=e adh]$ to tradition & creat$ a     
s]ies ( sc5es full ( beauty1 dignity1 & 
pa?os1 simple & /rong 9 spite ( ! bomba/
 preval5t 9 ! lit]>y /yle ( ! p]iod4    
,mehul's music is m>k$ by gr&eur1       
simplicity1 l(ty s5tim5t1 & consi/5t    

sev]ity ( mann]4 ,! compos]'s           
pr$ilection = ecclesia/ical music1      
creat$1 no d\bt1 by ! bl9d organi/ :o   
taught him 9 8 *ildhood & n\ri%$ by 8   
/udies & labors at ! mona/]y "u ! gift$ 
,haus]1 f\nd opportunity = expression 9 
! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! drama1 & 8 k (  
pla9 *ant is exhibit$ 9 ! score !       
simplicity1 gr&eur1 & dramatic tru? (   
:i* w always comm& ! admiration (       
imp>tial musicians1 rem>ks ,gu/ave      
,*oquet4 ,! en?usiasm ( ,m4 ,ti]sot goes
 fur!r /ill1 = he says t ! music (      
,joseph is m conspicu\s = ! qualities ( 
dignity & sonority ?an t ( ,h&el's      
oratorio4 ,! ,g]man ,hanslick1 to :om ! 
abs5ce f ! action ( ! salt ( ! e>?1 wom5
 seem$ disa/r\s1 nev]!less does n       
hesitate to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 
,joseph & "o ( ,moz>t's late/ op]as4 ,9 
its mild1 passionless b5evol5ce ! entire
 role ( ,joseph 9 ,mehul's op]a1 he     
says1 rem9ds "o /rik+ly ( ,moz>t's      
',titus1' & n to ! advantage ( ! latt]4 
,! op]a ',titus' is ! "w ( an           

incomp>ably great] g5ius1 b x belongs to
 a p>tly untru?ful1 :olly modi%1 t5d5cy 
7t ( ! old op]a s]ia71 :ile ! g5re (    
',joseph' is ?or\ghly noble1 true1 &    
em95tly dramatic4 ',joseph' has outliv$ 
',titus4' ,footnote3 ,die ,mod]ne ,op]a1
 p4 #ib4 ,c>l ,m>ia von ,web] admir$    
,mehul's op]a greatly1 & )9 rec5t ye>s  
,felix ,we+>tn] has edit$ a ,g]man      
edition = :i* he compos$ recitatives to 
take ! place ( ! spok5 dialogue ( !     
orig9al book4  ,!re is no /ory ( passion
 9 ,joseph4 ,! love portray$ !re is     
dome/ic & filial2 its objects are !     
h]o's fa!r1 bro!rs1 & c\ntry--,*amps    
et]nels1 ,hebron1 d\ce vallee4 ,x 0 n   
until our own day t an au?or ) a p]v]t$ 
s5se :i* _h already f\nd gratification 9
 ! /5* ( m5tal1 moral1 & physical decay 
exhal$ by ,salome & ,elektra nos$ !     
piquant1 pung5t odor ( ! episode (      
,potiph>'s wife & blew x into ! !atre4  
,joseph's temptress did n tempt ev5 !   
pruri5t ta/e :i* gave u ! ,p>isian      
op]atic v]sions ( ! /ories ( ,phryne1   

,?ais1 & ,messal9a4 ,ri*>d ,/rauss's    
,josephsleg5de /&s alone 9 musical      
lit]ature4 ,!re is1 inde$1 only "o      
ref]5ce 9 ! records ( oratorio or op]a  
to ! woman ^: grovell+ c>nality is made 
! foil ( ,joseph's virtue 9 ! /ory z    
told 9 ! ,book4 ,t ref]5ce is f\nd 9 a  
s+ul> trilogy1 :i* 0 obvi\sly writt5 m  
to disclose ! possibilities ( c\nt]po9t 
?an to set =? ! /ory--ev5 if x does t1  
:i* ,i _c say2 ! sugge/ion comes only f 
a title4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aheb1 ,pietro      
,raimondi produc$ an oratorio 9 ?ree    
p>ts entitl$1 respectively1 ,putif>1    
,giuseppe giu/o1 & ,giacobbe1 at !      
,teatro ,arg5t9a1 9 ,rome4 ,! music ( ! 
?ree works 0 s writt5 t aft] ea* _h be5 
p]=m$ sep>ately1 ) individual pr9cipal  
s+]s1 *ori/]s1 & or*e/ras1 !y 7 unit$ 9 
a simultane\s p]=mance4 ,! success ( !  
/up5d\s exp]im5t 9 contrapuntal writ+ 0 
s great t ! compos] fell 9 a fa9t amid/ 
! applause ( ! audi5ce & di$ less ?an   
?ree mon?s aft]w>d4  ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is   
/udy ,i h m5tion$ ne>ly all ( !         

,biblical *>act]s :o h be5 turn$ into   
op]atic h]oes4 ,nebu*adnezz> appe>$ on !
 /age at ,hamburg 9 an op]a ( ,keis]'s 9
 #agjd2 ,ario/i put him ?r\gh 8 bov9e   
/rides 9 ,vi5na 9 #agjf4 ,he 0 put into 
a ballet by a ,portuguese compos] & made
 ! butt ( a ,fr5* op]a b\ffe writ]1 ,j4 
,j4 ,debillem5t1 9 #ahga4 ,he recurs to 
my m9d n[ 9 connection ) a witty fl+ at 
,nabucco made by a ,fr5* rhyme/] :5     
,v]di's op]a 0 produc$ at ,p>is 9 #ahde4
 ,! noisy brass 9 ! or*e/ration (f5d$ ! 
e>s ( a critic1 & he wrote3             
,vraim5t l'affi*e e/ dans son tort2     
,en faux1 ou devrait la p\rsuivre4      
,p\rquoi n\s annonc] ,nabu*odonos--or   
,qu& c'e/ ,nabu*odonos--cuivre8   ,judas
 ,maccabaeus is "o ( ! few h]oes (      
anci5t ,israel :o h surviv$ 9 op]a1     
,rub9/e9's ,makkaba] /ill hav+ a hold1  
?\gh n a /rong "o1 on ! ,g]man /age4 ,! 
libretto is an adaptation by ,mos5?al   
7au?or also ( ,goldm>k's ,que5 ( ,%eba7 
( a drama by ,otto ,ludwig4 ,9 ! drama z
 well z "s ( its pr$ecessors "s lib]ties

 h be5 tak5 ) ! /ory z told 9 ,maccabees
 ,,ii1 *apt] #g4 ,! tale ( ! ,israeliti%
 *ampion ( fre$om & 8 bro!rs ,jona?an & 
,simon1 :o lo/ _! lives 9 ! /ruggle     
aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! k+s ( ,syria1 is    
int5sely dramatic4 ,= /age purposes !   
dramati/s h associat$ ! massacre ( a "m 
& h] sev5 sons & ! m>tyrdom ( ! ag$     
,eleaz>1 :o caus$ ! upris+ ( ! ,jews1 ) 
! family hi/ory ( ,judas himself4 ,j4   
,w4 ,franck produc$ ,die ,maccabais*e   
,mutt] 9 ,hamburg 9 #afgi1 ,ario/i      
compos$ ,la ,madre dei ,maccabei 9      
#agjd1 ,ignaz von ,seyfri$ br\ght out   
,die ,makkaba]1 od] ,salmonaa 9 #ahah1 &
 ,rub9/e9 8 op]a 9 ,b]l9 on ,april      
#ag1ahge4  ,! romantic c>e] ( ,jeph?a1 a
 natural son1 bani%$ f home1 *ief ( a b&
 ( rov+ m>aud]s1 mighty capta9 & n9?    
judge ( ,israel1 might h fitt$ out _m an
 op]a text1 irrespective ( ! pa!tic /ory
 ( ! sacrifice ( 8 daught] 9 ob$i5ce to 
a v[1 ?\gh ?is episode spr+s fir/ to m9d
 :5 8 "n is m5tion$1 & has be5 ! special
 subject ( ! ,jeph?a op]as4 ,an ,italian

 compos] nam$ ,poll>olo wrote a ,jefte =
 ,vi5na 9 #afib2 o!r op]as deal+ ) !    
hi/ory are ,rolle's ,mehala1 die ,to*t] 
,jeph?as 7#aghd71 ,mey]be]'s ,jeph?a's  
,to*t] 7,muni*1 #ahac71 ,g5]ali1 ,il    
voto di ,jefte 7#ahbg71 ,sanpi]i1 ,la   
,figlia di ,jefte 7#ahgb74 ,luis ,cep$a 
produc$ a ,spani% op]a 9 ,madrid 9      
#ahde1 & a ,fr5* op]a1 9 five acts & a  
prologue1 by ,monteclaire1 0 prohibit$1 
aft] "o p]=mance1 by ,c>d9al de         
,noailles 9 #ahcb4  ,judi?1 ! wid[ (    
,manasseh1 :o deliv]$ h] native city (  
,be?ulia f ! ,assyrian ,hol(]nes1 lull+ 
him to sleep ) h] *>ms & !n /rik+ (f 8  
drunk5 head ) a fal*ion1 ?\gh an        
,apocryphal p]sonage1 is ! mo/ popul> ( 
,israeliti% h]o9es4 ,! record %[s !     
op]as ,judi? und ,hol(]nes by ,leopold  
,kotzelu* 7#agii71 ,giuditta by ,s4     
,levi 7#ahdd71 ,a*ille ,p]i 7#ahfj71    
,righi 7#ahga71 & ,s>ri 7#ahge74        
,naumann wrote a ,judi? 9 #aheh1 ,doppl]
 ano!r 9 #ahgj1 & ,alex&] ,s](f a       
,russian op]a "u ! same title 9 #ahfc4  

,m>t9 ,rod]1 :o us$ to live 9 ,bo/on1   
compos$ a ,judi?1 b x 0 nev] p]=m$1 :ile
 ,george ,w4 ,*adwick's ,judi?1 half    
cantata1 half op]a1 :i* might easily be 
fitt$ = ! /age1 has _h to re/ cont5t ) a
 conc]t p]=mance at a ,worce/] 7,mass47 
fe/ival4  ,! memory ( ,e/h]1 ! que5 (   
,ahasu]us1 :o sav$ h] p f massacre1 is  
pres]v$ & h] de$ celebrat$ by ! ,jews 9 
_! graci\s fe/ival ( ,purim4 ,a gorge\s 
figure = ! /age1 %e has be5 relegat$ to 
! oratorio plat=m s9ce ! end ( !        
eighte5? c5tury4 ,rac9e's trag$y ,a?alie
 has call$ out music f ,abbe ,vogl]1    
,gossec1 ,boieldieu1 ,m5delssohn1 &     
o!rs1 & a few oratorios1 "o by ,h&el1 h 
be5 bas$ on ! /ory ( ! woman ?r\gh :om  
idolatry 0 introduc$ into ,judah2 b ,i h
 no record ( any ,a?alia op]a4          
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,rub9/e9',s ,,gei/li*e  
,,op]   ,i h a /rong belief 9 ! ess5tial
 excell5ce ( ,biblical subjects = !     
purposes ( ! lyric drama--at lea/ f an  
hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,i c see no      
reason aga9/ b _m reasons 9 favor ( a   

return to ! /age ( ! patri>*al & h]oic  
figures ( ! p :o are a m pot5t p[] 9 !  
_w to-day1 despite _! disp]sal & loss ( 
national unity1 ?an !y 7 9 ! days ( _!  
political gr&eur & glory4 ,?r\gh\t !    
great] "p ( 8 creative c>e] ,anton      
,rub9/e9 0 ! *ampion ( a simil> idea4 ,(
 ! tw5ty works :i* he wrote = ! !atre1  
includ+ ballets1 six 7 on ,biblical     
subjects1 & to promote a propag&a :i*   
began ) ! composition ( ,d] ,?urmbau zu 
,babel1 9 #ahgj1 he n only ent]$ !      
lit]>y field1 b made p]sonal appeal =   
practical assi/ance 9 bo? ! ,old ,_w & !
 ,new4 ,81 h[ev]1 0 a religi\s po9t (   
view1 n ! hi/orical or political4 ,x is 
v likely t a racial pr$ilection _h mu*  
to d ) 8 attitude on ! subject1 b 9 8   
ef=t to br+ religion into ! s]vice ( !  
lyric /age he 0 no m ,jew ?an ,*ri/ian3 
! /ories to :i* he appli$ 8 greate/     
en]gies 7 ^? ( ,moses & ,*ri/4  ,mu*    
aga9/ my incl9ation 7= ,rub9/e9 came    
into my intellectual life "u            
circum/ances & conditions :i* made him !

 /ronge/ p]sonal influ5ce 9 music t ,i h
 ev] felt71 ,i h be5 compell$ to believe
 t !re 7 o!r reasons besides ^? :i* he  
gave = 8 *ampion%ip ( ,biblical op]a4   
,small] m5 ?an he1 s9ce ,wagn]'s dea?1 h
 writt5 trilogies & dream$ ( !atres &   
fe/ivals devot$ to p]=mances ( _! works4
 ,little wond] if ,rub9/e9 believ$ t he 
_h creat$1 or c\ld create1 a k9d (      
art-"w :i* %\ld take place by ! side (  
,d] ,r+ des ,nibelung51 & h its special 
home l ,bayreu?2 & x may h be5 a belief 
t 8 project w\ld excite ! sympa!tic zeal
 ( ! dev\t ,jew & pi\s ,*ri/ian alike1 z
 mu* z 8 lack ( ! capacity =            
self-criticism1 :i* l$ him l a          
w-o'-!-wisp along ! pa? :i* l$ into !   
bogs ( failure & disappo9tm5t4  ,:ile ,i
 0 engag$ 9 writ+ ! programme book = !  
music fe/ival giv5 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahha1
 at :i* ,! ,t[] ( ,babel 0 p]=m$ 9 a    
truly magnific5t mann]1 ,dr4 ,leopold   
,damros*1 ! conductor ( ! fe/ival1 told 
me t ,rub9/e9 _h told him t ! impulse to
 use ,biblical subjects 9 lyrical dramas

 _h come to him :ile witness+ a ballet  
bas$ on a ,bible /ory _m ye>s be=e 9    
,p>is4 ,he said t he _h seldom be5 mov$ 
s pr(\ndly by any spectacle z by ?is    
ballet1 & x sugge/$ to him ! propriety (
 treat+ sacr$ subjects 9 a mann] wor?y (
 !m1 yet diff]5t f ! conv5tional        
oratorio4 ,! explanation has n gott5    
into ! books1 b is n inconsi/5t ) !     
g5esis ( 8 ,biblical op]as1 z relat$ by 
,rub9/e9 9 8 essay on ! subject pr9t$ by
 ,joseph ,lew9sky 9 8 book ,vor d5      
,c\liss51 publi%$ 9 #ahhb aft] at lea/  
?ree ( ! op]as _h be5 writt54 ,!        
compos]'s def5ce ( 8 works & 8 /ory ( ! 
ef=t :i* he made to br+ ab\t a          
realization ( 8 ideals des]ve to be     
rehe>s$ 9 ju/ice to 8 "* z man & arti/1 
z well z 9 ! int]e/ ( ! works !mselves &
 ! subjects1 :i*1 ,i believe1 w 9 ! ne> 
future occupy ! m9ds ( compos]s aga94   
,! oratorio1 said ,rub9/e91 is an art-=m
 :i* ,i h always be5 dispos$ to prote/  
aga9/4 ,! be/-kn[n ma/]pieces ( ?is =m  
h1 n dur+ ! /udy ( !m b :5 he>+ !m      

p]=m$1 always left me cold2 inde$1 (t5  
positively pa9$ me4 ,! /iffness ( !     
musical & /ill m ( ! poetical =m always 
seem$ to me absolutely incongru\s ) !   
high dramatic feel+ ( ! subject4 ,to see
 & he> g5tlem5 9 dress coats1 :ite      
cravats1 yell[ gloves1 hold+ music books
 be=e !m1 or ladies 9 mod]n1 (t5        
extravagant1 toilets s++ ! p>ts ( ! gr&1
 impos+ figures ( ! ,old & ,new         
,te/am5ts has always di/urb$ me to su* a
 degree t ,i c\ld nev] atta9 to pure    
enjoym5t4 ,involunt>ily ,i felt & ?\ght 
h[ mu* gr&]1 m impressive1 vivid1 & true
 w\ld be all t ,i _h exp]i5c$ 9 !       
conc]t-room if repres5t$ on ! /age )    
co/umes1 decorations1 & full action4  ,!
 cont5tion1 said ,rub9/e9 9 effect1 t   
,biblical subjects are ill adapt$ to !  
/age beeause ( _! sacr$ "* is a te/imony
 ( pov]ty = ! !atre1 :i* %\ld be an     
ag5cy 9 ! s]vice ( ! highe/ purposes (  
culture4 ,! p h always want$ to see /age
 repres5tations ( ,bible incid5ts2      
witness ! my/]y plays ( ! ,middle ,ages 

& ! ,passion ,play at ,ob]amm]gau       
to-day4 ,b yield+ to a preval5t feel+ t 
su* repres5tations are a pr(anation (   
sacr$ hi/ory1 he _h conceiv$ an         
appropriate type ( art-"w :i* 0 to be   
produc$ 9 !atres to be specially built =
 ! purpose & by companies ( arti/s to be
 specially tra9$ to t end4 ,?is art-"w 0
 to be call$ ,sacr$ ,op]a 7gei/li*e     
,op]71 to di/+ui% x f secul> op]a1 b its
 purpose 0 to be purely arti/ic & :olly 
sep>ate f ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he      
develop$ ways & means = rais+ ! necess>y
 funds1 enli/+ arti/s1 ov]com+ !        
difficulties pres5t$ by ! mise en sc5e &
 ! polyphonic "* ( ! *oral music1 & set 
=? 8 aim 9 respect ( ! subject-matt] ( !
 dramas to be a repres5tation 9         
*ronological ord] ( ! *ief incid5ts     
describ$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,he 
w\ld be will+ to include 9 8 s*eme      
,biblical op]as already exi/+1 if !y 7 n
 all1 ) ! exception ( ,mehul's ,joseph1 
made unfit by _! treatm5t ( sacr$       
matt]s1 especially by _! inclusion (    

love episodes :i* br\ght !m into ! doma9
 ( secul> op]a4  ,= ye>s1 :ile on 8     
conc]t t\rs 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 ,rub9/e9  
labor$ to put 8 plan into op]ation4     
,:]ev] he f\nd a public accu/om$ to     
oratorio p]=mances he inquir$ into !    
possibility ( e/abli%+ 8 sacr$ !atre    
!re4 ,he laid ! project be=e ! ,gr&     
,duke ( ,weim>1 :o told him t x 0       
feasible only 9 l>ge cities4 ,! advice  
s5t him to ,b]l91 :]e he op5$ 8 m9d to !
 ,m9i/] ( ,education1 von ,muhl]4 ,!    
(ficial _h 8 d\bts2 sacr$ op]as might d 
= ,old ,te/am5t /ories1 b n = ,new2     
moreov]1 su* a !atre %\ld be a private1 
n a gov]nm5tal1 und]tak+4 ,he s\ght !   
op9ion ( ,/anley1 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]      
,abbey1 :o said t he c\ld only conceive 
a realization ( ! idea 9 ! oldtime      
popul> mann]1 ^u a rude /age at a c\ntry
 fair4  ,= a space x look$ z if ! lead]s
 ( ! ,jewi% congregations 9 ,p>is w\ld  
provide funds = ! ent]prise s f> z x    
conc]n$ itself ) subjects tak5 f ! ,old 
,disp5sation2 b at ! la/ !y back$ out1  

fe>+ to take ! initiative 9 a matt]     
likely to cause popul> clamor4 ,i ev5   
?\ght ( ,am]ica1 says ,rub9/e91 ( ! d>+ 
transatlantic impres>ios1 ) _! lu/ (    
ent]prise1 :o might be incl9$ to        
speculate on a gigantic scale ) my idea4
 ,i _h inde$ almo/ succe$$1 b ! lack (  
arti/s br\ght x to pass t ! plans1      
already 9 a consid]able degree (        
=w>dness1 _h to be ab&on$4 ,i consid]$ !
 possibility ( =m+ an association (     
compos]s & p]=m+ arti/s to "w toge!r to 
c>ry on ! ent]prise mat]ially1          
intellectually1 & adm9i/ratively2 b !   
great difficulty ( enli/+ any           
consid]able numb] ( arti/s = ! fur!rance
 ( a new idea 9 art fright5$ me back f  
?is purpose also4 ,9 ^! s*emes !re are  
evid5ces ( ,rub9/e9's will+ness to foll[
 examples set by ,h&el z well z ,wagn]4 
,! =m] compos$ ,judas ,maccabaeus &     
,alex&] ,balus to please ! ,jews :o _h  
come to 8 help :5 he made f9ancial      
%ipwreck ) 8 op]a2 ! latt] creat$ !     
,ri*>d ,wagn] ,v]e9 to put ! ,bayreu?   

ent]prise on its feet4  ,( ! six sacr$  
op]as compos$ by ,rub9/e9 ?ree may be   
said to be practicable = /age           
repres5tation4 ,!y are ,die ,makkaba]1  
,sulami? 7bas$ on ,solomon's ,song (    
,songs7 & ,*ri/us4 ,! fir/ has _h _m    
p]=mances 9 ,g]many2 ! second _h a few  
p]=mances 9 ,hamburg 9 #ahhc2 ! la/1    
fir/ p]=m$ z an oratorio 9 ,b]l9 9      
#ahhe1 0 /ag$ 9 ,brem5 9 #ahie4 ,x has  
_h1 ,i believe1 ab\t f\rte5             
repres5tations 9 all4 ,z = ! o!r ?ree   
works1 ,d] ,?urmbau zu ,babel 7fir/     
p]=mance 9 ,konigsb]g 9 #ahgj71 ,das    
v]lor5e ,p>adies 7,dusseldorf1 #ahge71 &
 ,moses 7/ill await+ !atrical           
repres5tation1 ,i believe71 x may be    
said ( !m t !y are hybrid creations :i* 
comb9e ! oratorio & op]a /yles by       
utiliz+ ! p[]s ( ! oldtime oratorio     
*orus & ! mod]n or*e/ra1 ) ! descriptive
 capacity ( bo? rais$ to ! highe/ p[]1  
to illu/rate an action :i* is beyond !  
capabilities ( ! ord9>y /age ma*9]y4 ,9 
! "* ( ! =ms employ$ 9 ! works !re is no

 />tl+ innovation2 we meet ! same       
alt]nation ( *orus1 recitative1 aria1 & 
ensemble t we h kn[n s9ce ! oratorio    
/yle 0 p]fect$4 ,a *ange1 h[e]1 has come
 ov] ! _s ( ! expression & ! =ms h all  
relax$ "s ( _! rigidity4 ,9 ! oratorios 
( ,h&el & ,haydn !re are in/ances n a   
few ( musical del9eation 9 ! in/rum5tal 
z well z ! vocal p>ts2 b no?+ 9 !m c be 
?\ght (1 s f> at lea/ z ! ambition ( !  
design ext5ds1 z a companion piece to ! 
sc5e 9 ! op]a :i* pictures ! de/ruction 
( ! t[] ( ,babel4 ,?is is z f> beyond ! 
horizon ( ! fancy ( ! old ma/]s z x is  
beyond ! in/rum5tal =ces :i* !y         
controll$4  ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! text       
p>aphras$ f portions ( ,milton's epic1  
is an oratorio pure & simple4 ,x deals )
 ! creation ( ! _w accord+ to ! ,mosaic 
7or z ,huxley w\ld h said1 ,miltonic7   
!ory & ! m$ium ( expression is an       
alt]nation ( recitatives & *oruses1 !   
latt] hav+ "s dramatic life & a         
*>act]i/ic accompanim5t4 ,x is :olly    
contemplative2 !re is no?+ l action 9 x4

 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel has action 9 !        
re/rict$ s5se 9 :i* x ent]s into        
,m5delssohn's oratorios1 & sc5ic effects
 :i* w\ld tax ! utmo/ p[]s ( ! mod]n    
/age-ma*9i/ :o might attempt to c>ry !m 
out4 ,a mimic t[] ( ,babel is m         
prepo/]\s ?an a mimic temple ( ,dagon2  
yet1 unless ,rub9/e9's /age directions  
are to be tak5 9 a ,pickwickian s5se1 we
 ought to li/5 to ?is music :ile look+  
at a /age-sett+ m colossal ?an any ev]  
contemplat$ by dramati/ be=e4 ,we %\ld  
see a wide /ret* ( ! pla9 ( ,%9>2 9 !   
=egr\nd a t[] s tall z to give color (  
plausibility to a spee* :i* prates ( an 
e>ly pi]c+ ( heav5 & s l>ge z to provide
 room = a sleep+ multitude on its       
scaffold+s4 ,brick kilns1 d]ricks1 & all
 ! app>atus & ma*9]y ( build+ %\ld be on
 all h&s1 & f ! summit ( a m\nd %\ld gr[
 a giant tree1 aga9/ ^: trunk %\ld hang 
a braz5 %ield to be us$ z a signal gong4
 ,we %\ld see 9 ! progress ( ! op]a !   
bu/l+ activity ( ! workm51 ! ro>+ flames
 & roll+ smoke ( ! brick kilns1 &       

witness ! miracul\s spectacle ( a man   
?r[n into ! fire & walk+ !nce unh>m$4   
,we %\ld see 79 dissolv+ views7 !       
disp]sion ( ! races & behold ! unfold+ (
 a ra9b[ 9 ! sky4 ,&1 f9ally1 we %\ld   
get a glimpse ( an op5 heav5 & !        
,almighty on ,8 ?rone1 & a yawn+ hell1 )
 ,satan & 8 angels ex]cis+ _! dread     
dom9ion4 ,c su* sc5es be mimick$        
successfully en\gh to pres]ve a s]i\s   
frame ( m9d 9 ! obs]v]8 ,h>dly4 ,yet !  
music seems obvi\sly to h be5 writt5 9 !
 expectation t sight %all aid he>+ to   
quick5 ! fancy & emotion & excite !     
faculties to an appreciation ( ! "w4  ,!
 ,t[] ( ,babel has be5 p]=m$ ^u ! /age2 
h[ ,i _c ev5 guess4 ,kn[+1 probably1 t !
 "w w\ld be giv5 9 conc]t =m (t5] ?an 9 
dramatic1 ,rub9/e9 tries to /imulate !  
fancy ( ^? :o mu/ be only li/5]s by     
pr(use /age directions :i* are pr9t$ 9 !
 score z well z ! book ( words4 ,moses  
is 9 ! same case4 ,by ! "t t ,rub9/e9 _h
 complet$ x he evid5tly realiz$ t its   
hybrid "* z well z its /up5d\s scope    

w\ld /& 9 ! way ( p]=mances ( any k9d4  
,be=e ev5 a portion ( its music _h be5  
he>d 9 public1 he wrote 9 a lett] to a  
fri5d3 ,x is too !atrical = !           
conc]t-room & too mu* l an oratorio = ! 
!atre4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! p]fect type ( ! 
sacr$ op]a t ,i h dream$ ( = ye>s4 ,:at 
w come ( x ,i d n "k2 ,i d n ?9k x c be 
p]=m$ entire4 ,z x conta9s eight di/9ct 
p>ts1 "o or two may f "t to "t be giv5  
ei!r 9 a conc]t or on ! /age4  ,am]ica 0
 ! fir/ c\ntry to act on ! sugge/ion ( a
 fragm5t>y p]=mance4 ,! fir/ sc5e 0     
br\ght =w>d 9 ,new ,york by ,walt]      
,damros* at a public rehe>sal & conc]t (
 ! ,symphony ,society 7! ,oratorio      
,society assi/+7 on ,janu>y #ah & #ai1  
#ahhi4 ,! ?ird sc5e 0 p]=m$ by ! ,g]man 
,li$]kranz1 "u ,re9hold ,l4 ,h]man1 on  
,janu>y #bg ( ! same ye>4 ,! ?ird & f\r?
 sc5es 7 9 ! s*eme ( ! ,c9c9nati ,music 
,fe/ival1 ,!odore ,?omas1 conductor1 on 
,may #be1ahid4  ,ea* ( ! eight sc5es    
into :i* ! "w is divid$ deals ) an      
episode 9 ! life ( ,israel's lawgiv]4 ,9

 ! fir/ sc5e we h ! incid5t ( ! f9d+ ( !
 *ild 9 ! bulru%es2 9 ! second occurs ! 
oppression ( ! ,israelites by !         
,egyptian taskma/]s1 ! slay+ ( "o ( !   
ov]se]s by ,moses1 :o1 till !n reg>d$ z 
! k+'s son1 n[ proclaims himself "o ( ! 
oppress$ race4 ,! ?ird sc5e discloses   
,moses protect+ ,zipporah1 daught] (    
,je?ro1 a ,midianiti% prie/1 f a b& (   
m>aud+ ,edomites1 8 acceptance (        
,je?ro's hospitality & ! sc5e ( ! burn+ 
bu% & ! proclamation ( 8 mission4 ,sc5e 
,,iv deals ) ! plagues1 ^? ( blood1     
hail1 locu/s1 frogs1 & v]m9 be+ del9eat$
 9 ! in/rum5tal introduction to ! "p1 ! 
action beg9n+ :ile ! l& is %r\d$ 9 !    
?ick d>kness t might be felt4 ,!        
,egyptians call ^u ,osiris to dispel !  
d>kness1 b are =c$ at la/ to appeal to  
,moses4 ,he dem&s ! lib]ation ( 8 p z ! 
price to be paid = ! removal ( ! plague2
 receiv+ a promise f ,ph>aoh1 he utt]s a
 pray] end+ ) ,let !re be light4 ,!     
result is celebrat$ 9 a brilliant *oral 
acclamation ( ! return+ sun4 ,! sc5e has

 a p>allel 9 ,ross9i's op]a4 ,ph>aoh n[ 
equivocates2 he w free ! sons ( ,jacob1 
b n ! wom51 *ildr51 or *attels4 ,moses  
?reat5s puni%m5t 9 ! dea? ( all (       
,egypt's fir/-born1 & imm$iately solo & 
*orus voices bewail ! new affliction4   
,:5 ! k+ he>s t 8 son is dead he gives 8
 cons5t1 & ! ,israelites dep>t ) an     
ejaculation ( ?anks to ,jehovah4 ,!     
passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,miriam's         
celebration ( t miracle1 ! backslid+ ( !
 ,israelites & _! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf1
 ! reception ( ! ,tables ( ! ,law1 !    
battle betwe5 ! ,israelites & ,modbites 
on ! ?re%old ( ! ,promis$ ,l&1 & !      
evani%m5t & apo!osis ( ,moses are !     
cont5ts ( ! rema9d] ( ! "w4    ,x is    
sc>cely to be wond]$ at t ! subjects :i*
 op]a compos]s h f\nd adaptable to _!   
uses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are v few comp>$ 
) ^? (f]$ by ! ,old4 ,! books writt5 by 
! evangeli/s ar\nd ! mo/ /up5d\s        
tragical /ory ( all "t set =? little or 
no?+ 7outside ( ! bir?1 *ildhood1       
tea*+s1 miracles1 dea?1 & resurrection (

 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?7 :i* c\ld by any      
lit]>y +5uity be turn$ into a /age play 
except ! p>ables ) :i* ,*ri/ en=c$ &    
illu/rat$ ,8 s]mons4 ,! sublime language
 & imag]y ( ! ,apocalypse h furni%$ =? !
 textual body ( _m oratorios1 b x /ill  
transc5ds ! capacity ( mortal dramati/4 
,9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son !re is no
 p]sonage ^: pres5tation 9 dramatic g>b 
c\ld be look$ ^u z a pr(anation ( !     
,scriptures4 ,x is ?is fact1 probably1  
c\pl$ ) its pr(\ndly beautiful          
reflection ( human nature1 :i* has made 
x a popul> subject ) op]a writ]s4 ,!re 0
 an ,italian ,figliuolo ,prodigo z e>ly 
z #agjd1 compos$ by "o ,biffi2 a ,fr5*  
melodrama1 ,l',enfant ,prodigue1 by     
,morange ab\t #ahaj2 a ,g]man piece (   
simil> "* by ,joseph ,dre*sl] 9 ,vi5na 9
 #ahbj4 ,pi]re ,gaveaux1 :o compos$     
,leonore1 ou l',am\r ,conjugal1 :i*     
provid$ ,bee?ov5 ) 8 ,fidelio1 br\ght   
out a comic op]a on ! subject ( !       
,prodigal ,son 9 #ahaa1 & ,b]ton1 :o _h 
also dipp$ into ,old ,te/am5t /ory 9 an 

oratorio1 entitl$ ,absalon1 illu/rat$ ! 
p>able 9 a ballet4 ,! mo/ rec5t sett+s (
 ! !me are also ! mo/ significant3      
,aub]'s five-act op]a ,l',enfant        
,prodigue1 br\ght out 9 ,p>is 9 #ahej1 &
 ,pon*ielli's ,il ,figliuolo ,prodigo1 9
 f\r acts1 :i* _h its fir/ repres5tation
 at ,la ,scala 9 #ahhj4  ,! m$iaeval    
my/]ies 7 frequ5tly int]sp]s$ ) *oral   
songs1 = :i* ! liturgy ( ! ,*ur* provid$
 mat]ial4 ,if we *oose to look ^u !m z  
incipi5t op]as or precursors ( t art-=m 
we mu/ yet obs]ve t _! monki% au?ors1   
will+ en\gh to trick out ! /ory ( !     
,nativity ) leg5d>y matt] drawn f !     
,apocryphal ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* discloses
 any?+ b a rev]5tial attitude t[>d !    
sublime trag$y1 nev]!less /ood 9 su* awe
 be=e ! spectacle ( ,calv>y t !y deem$ x
 wise to leave its dramatic treatm5t to 
! *ur* s]vice 9 ! ,passion ,tide4 ,9 t  
s]vice !re 0 some?+ approa*+ to         
*>act]ization 9 ! mann] ( ! read+ by !  
?ree deacons appo9t$ to deliv]1         
respectively1 ! n>rative1 ! words (     

,*ri/1 & ! utt]ances ( ! ,apo/les & p2 &
 x may be--t ?is & ! liturgical         
solemnities ( ,holy ,week 7 rev]5tly    
?\ght suffici5t by !m & ! au?ors ( !    
fir/ sacr$ op]as4 ,nev]!less1 we h      
,reis]'s ,d] ,blutige und ,/]b5de       
,jesus1 p]=m$ at ,hamburg1 &            
,meta/asio's ,la ,passione di ,gesu     
,*ri/i1 compos$ fir/ by ,cald>a1 :i*    
probably 0 an oratorio4  ,e>li] ?an ^! 0
 ,!ile's ,die ,geburt ,*ri/i1 p]=m$ 9   
,hamburg 9 #afha4 ,! bir? ( ,*ri/ & ,8  
*ildhood 7!re 0 an op]atic repres5tation
 ( ,8 pres5tation 9 ! ,temple7 7        
subjects :i* appeal$ m to ! writ]s ( !  
rude plays :i* cat]$ to ! popul> love = 
dramatic mumm]y ?an did ,8 crucifixion4 
,i am speak+ n[ m specifically ( lyric  
dramas1 b x is wor?y ( note t 9 !       
,cov5try my/]ies1 z ,hone po9ts out 9 ! 
preface to 8 book1 ,anci5t ,my/]ies     
,describ$1 ,footnote3 ,anci5t ,my/]ies  
,describ$1 especially ! ,engli% ,miracle
 ,plays ,f\nd$ on ,apocryphal ,new      
,te/am5t ,/ory1 ,london1 #ahbc4 !re are 

eight plays1 or pageants1 :i* deal ) !  
,nativity z relat$ 9 ! canon & !        
pseudo-gospels4 ,9 !m mu* /ress 0 laid  
^u ! suspicions ( ! ,virg9 ,"m's *a/ity1
 = "h 0 mat]ial t 0 good = rude div]sion
 z well z in/ruction 9 righte\sness4    
,t ,rub9/e9 d>$ to compose a ,*ri/ drama
 mu/ be look$ ^u z pro( ( ! pr(\nd      
s9c]ity ( 8 belief 9 ! art-=m :i* he    
fondly hop$ he _h creat$2 also1 p]haps1 
z evid5ce ( 8 arti/ic +5u\sness4 ,only a
 brave or naive m9d c\ld h calmly       
contemplat$ a labor f :i* great         
dramati/s1 m5 z great z ,hebbel1 %rank  
back 9 al>m4 ,aft] ! completion (       
,loh5gr9 ,wagn] appli$ himself to !     
creation ( a trag$y :i* he call$ ,jesus 
( ,naz>e?4 ,we "k 8 plan 9 detail1 b he 
ab&on$ x aft] he _h (f]$ 8 sket*es to a 
,fr5* poet z ! basis ( a lyric drama :i*
 he hop$ to write = ,p>is4 ,he confesses
 t he 0 curi\s to "k :at ! ,fr5*man w\ld
 d ) a "w ! /age production ( :i* w\ld  
provoke a ?\s& frights4 ,he himself 0   
unwill+ to /ir up su* a tempe/ 9        

,g]many2 in/ead1 he put 8 sket*es aside 
& us$ "s ( _! mat]ial 9 8 ,p>sifal4     
,wagn] ignor$ ! religi\s1 or1 let u say1
 ! ecclesia/ical1 po9t ( view entirely 9
 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,8 h]o 0 to h be51 z 
,i h describ$ him else:]e1 ,footnote3 ,a
 ,book ( ,op]as1 p4 #bhh4 a human       
philosoph] :o prea*$ ! sav+ grace (     
,love & s\ght to r$eem 8 "t & p f !     
dom9ation ( conv5tional law--! (fspr+ ( 
selfi%ness4 ,8 philosophy 0 socialism   
imbu$ by love4 ,rub9/e9 proce$$ along ! 
l9es ( hi/ory1 or or?odox belief1 z     
unres]v$ly 9 8 ,*ri/us z he _h done 9 8 
,moses4 ,! "w may be said to h br\ght 8 
creative activities to a close1 al?\gh  
two compositions 7a set ( six pian(orte 
pieces & an or*e/ral suite7 appe> 9 8   
li/ ( numb]$ works aft] ! sacr$ op]a4   
,he di$ on ,novemb] #bj1 #ahid1 )\t hav+
 se5 a /age repres5tation ( x4 ,nor did 
he live to see a public !atrical        
p]=mance ( 8 ,moses1 ?\gh he 0 privileg$
 to witness a private p]=mance arrang$  
at ! ,g]man ,national ,!atre 9 ,prague s

 t he might =m an op9ion ( its          
effectiv5ess4 ,! public has nev] be5    
p]mitt$ to le>n any?+ ab\t ! impression 
:i* ! "w made4  ,on ,may #be1 #ahie1 a  
s]ies ( repres5tations ( ,*ri/us 0 begun
 9 ,brem51 l>gely ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality 
( ,pr(essor ,bul?aupt1 a pot5t &        
p]vasive p]sonage 9 ! old ,hanseatic    
t[n4 ,he 0 n only a poet & ! au?or ( !  
book ( ?is op]a & ( "s ( ,bru*'s works1 
b also a pa9t]1 & 8 mural decorations 9 
! ,brem5 ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce are pr\dly   
display$ by ! citiz5s ( ! t[n4 ,x 0 "u !
 sup]vision ( ! pa9t]-poet t ! ,brem5   
repres5tations 7 giv5 &1 unless ,i am   
mi/ak51 he pa9t$ ! sc5]y or mu* ( x4 ,"o
 ( ! provisions ( ! p]=mances 0 t       
applause 0 prohibit$ out ( rev]5ce = !  
sacr$ "* ( ! sc5es1 :i* 7 z frankly set 
=? z at ,ob]amm]gau4 ,! cont5ts ( !     
trag$y 9 "s sc5es & an epilogue briefly 
outl9$ are ^!3 ,! fir/ sc5e %[s !       
temptation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! wild]ness1 :]e ! 
devil %ew$ unto him all ! k+doms ( ! _w 
9 a mom5t ( "t4 ,?is disclosure is made 

by a s]ies ( sc5es1 ea* op5+ = a %ort "t
 9 ! backgr\nd--ca/les1 palaces1 g>d5s1 
m\nta9s ( gold1 & massive heaps ( e>?'s 
treasures4 ,9 ! second sc5e ,john !     
,bapti/ is se5 & he>d prea*+ on ! banks 
( ! ,jordan1 9 ^: wat]s he baptizes     
,jesus4 ,?is sc5e at ! ,brem5           
repres5tations 0 pa9t$ f sket*es made by
 ,h]r ,h&ri* 9 ,pale/9e1 z 0 also t ( ! 
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ,! ,miracle ( !     
,loaves & ,fi%es1 :i* =m ! subject ( !  
next "p4 ,! f\r? tableau %[s ! expulsion
 ( ! money *ang]s f ! ,temple2 ! fif? ! 
,la/ ,supp]1 ) ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane z a  
backgr\nd2 ! six? ! trial & ! la/ !     
crucifixion4 ,"h1 z if h>k+ back to 8   
,t[] ( ,babel1 ,rub9/e9 br+s 9 pictures 
( heav5 & hell1 ) angels & devils       
contemplat+ ! cata/rophe4 ,!            
proclamation ( ! ,gospel to ! ,g5tiles  
by ,/4 ,paul is ! subject ( ! epilogue4 
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,samson ,,et ,,dalila    
,!re are b two musical works bas$ on !  
/ory ( ,samson on ! curr5t li/ to-day1  
,h&el's oratorio & ,sa9t-,sa5s's op]a2 b

 lyric drama 0 /ill 9 its infancy :5 !  
subject fir/ took hold ( ! fancy (      
compos]s & x has held x ev] s9ce4 ,!    
e>lie/ works 7 ( ! k9d call$ sacr$ op]as
 9 ! books & are spok5 ( z oratorios n[1
 ?\gh !y 7 d\btless p]=m$ ) sc5]y &     
co/umes & ) action ( a sort4 ,su* 7 ,il 
,sansone by ,giovanni ,paola ,colonna   
7,bologna1 #afgg71 ,sansone accecato da 
,fili/ri by ,francesco ,antonio ,uri    
7,v5ice1 ab\t #agjj71 ,simson by        
,*ri/oph ,graupn] 7,hamburg1 #agji71    
,simson by ,georg von ,pa/]witz 7ab\t   
#aggj71 ,samson by ,j4 ,n4 ,lefroid     
,m]eaux 7,p>is1 #aggd71 ,simson by      
,johann ,he9ri* ,rolle 7ab\t #agij71    
,simson by ,franz ,tuczek 7,vi5na1      
#ahjd71 & ,il ,sansone by ,francesco    
,basili 7,naples1 #ahbd74 ,two ,fr5*    
op]as are associat$ ) great names & h   
int]e/+ hi/ories4 ,voltaire wrote a     
dramatic text on ! subject at ! reque/ (
 ,la ,popel9i]e1 ! f>m]-g5]al1 :o1 z    
poet1 musician1 & arti/1 ex]cis$ a      
trem5d\s influ5ce 9 8 day4 ,rameau 0 9 8

 s]vice z h\sehold clavec9i/ & set      
,voltaire's poem4 ,! au?ors look$ =w>d  
to a production on ! /age ( ! ,gr&      
,op]a1 :]e at lea/ two ,biblical op]as1 
an ,old ,te/am5t ,jephte & a ,new       
,te/am5t ,enfant prodigue 7 curr5t2 b   
,rameau _h p[]ful enemies1 & ! op]a 0   
prohibit$ on ! eve ( ! day on :i* x 0 to
 h be5 p]=m$4 ,! compos] _h to /oma* 8  
mortification z be/ he c\ld2 he put "s (
 8 ,hebrew music into ! s]vice ( 8      
,p]sian ,zoroa/re4 ,! o!r ,fr5* ,samson 
to :om ,i h re f]r$ _h also to und]go a 
sea-*ange l unto ,rameau's1 ,ross9i's   
,moses1 & ,v]di's ,nebu*adnezz>4        
,duprez1 :o 0 ambiti\s to %9e z a       
compos] z well z a s+] 7he wrote no less
 ?an eight op]as & also an oratorio1 ,! 
,la/ ,judgm5t71 tri$ 8 h& on a ,samson  
op]a & succe$$ 9 enli/+ ! help ( ,dumas 
! eld] 9 writ+ ! libretto4 ,:5 he 0     
ready to pres5t x at ! door ( ! ,gr&    
,op]a ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts told him t x
 0 impracticable1 z ! /age-sett+ ( ! la/
 act alone w\ld co/ m ?an #ajj1jjj      

francs1 ,duprez !n foll[$ ! example set 
) ,ross9i's ,mose 9 ,london & *ang$ !   
book to make x tell a /ory ( ! crusades 
:i* he call$ ,zephora4 ,nev]!less !     
orig9al =m 0 re/or$ 9 ,g]man & ,italian 
translations ( ! "w1 & x _h conc]t      
p]=mances 9 #aheg4 ,to ,joa*im ,raff 0  
d5i$ ev5 ?is poor com=t4 ,he wrote a    
,g]man ,simson betwe5 #ahea & #aheg4 ,! 
conductor at ,d>m/adt to :om x 0 fir/   
submitt$ reject$ x on ! gr\nd t x 0 too 
difficult = 8 s+]s4 ,raff !n gave x to  
,liszt1 ) :om he 0 soj\rn+ at ,weim>1 & 
:o _h tak5 pity on 8 ,konig ,alfr$2 b ! 
t5or s+] at ! ,weim> op]a said ! music 0
 too high = ! voice4 ,long aft]w>d      
,wagn]'s fri5d1 ,s*norr von ,c>olsfeld1 
saw ! score 9 ! h&s ( ! compos]4 ,!     
h]oic /ature ( ! h]o delight$ him1 & 8  
praise mov$ ,raff to revise ! op]a2 b   
be=e ?is _h be5 done ,s*norr di$ ( !    
cold contract$ :ile creat+ ! role (     
,wagn]'s ,tri/an at ,muni* 9 #ahfe4 ,?us
 m\rnfully end$ ! ?ird episode4 ,z late 
z #ahhb ,raff spoke ( tak+ ! op]a 9 h&  

aga91 b ?\gh he may h done s 8 dea? f\nd
 ! "w unp]=m$ & x has n yet se5 ! light 
( ! /age-lamps4  ,sa9t-,sa5s's op]a has 
also pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes1 b has 
succumb$ to none & is probably possess$ 
( m vigor\s life n[ ?an x ev] _h4 ,x is 
! recogniz$ op]atic ma/]piece ( ! mo/   
res\rceful & fecund ,fr5* musician s9ce 
,b]lioz4 ,sa9t-,sa5s began ! composition
 ( ,samson et ,dalila 9 #ahfi4 ,! au?or 
( ! book1 ,f]d9& ,lemaire1 0 a c\s9 ( ! 
compos]4 ,be=e ! break+ out ( !         
,franco-,prussian ,w> ! score 0 s f> on 
! way to completion t x 0 possible to   
give its second act a private trial4    
,?is 0 done1 an incid5t ( ! occasion-:i*
 aft]w>d introduc$ "o elem5t ( pa?os 9  
its hi/ory-be+ ! s++ ( ! "p ( ,samson by
 ! pa9t] ,h5ri ,regnault1 :o soon aft]  
lo/ 8 life 9 ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,a    
memorial to him & ! fri5d%ip :i* exi/$  
betwe5 him & ! compos] is ! ,m>*e       
,h]oique1 :i* be>s ! dead man's "n on   
its title-page4 ,t[>d ! end ( #ahgb !   
op]a 0 f9i%$4 ,= two ye>s ! score re/$ 9

 ! compos]'s desk4 ,!n ! second act 0   
aga9 br\ght =? = trial1 ?is "t at !     
c\ntry home ( ,mme4 ,vi>dot1 at         
,croissy1 ! illu/ri\s ho/ess s++ ! "p ( 
,dalila4 ,9 #ahge ! fir/ act 0 p]=m$ 9  
conc]t /yle by ,m4 ,ed\>d ,colonne 9    
,p>is4 ,liszt int]e/$ himself 9 ! op]a &
 secur$ its acceptance at ! ,gr& ,ducal 
,op]a ,h\se ( ,weim>1 :]e ,edu>d ,lass5 
br\ght x out on ,decemb] #b1 #ahgg4     
,brussels he>d x 9 #ahgh2 b x did n rea*
 "o ( ! !atres ( ,france until ,m>* #c1 
#ahij1 :5 ,r\5 produc$ x at its ,!atre  
des ,arts "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,h5ri    
,v]dhurt4 ,x took ne>ly sev5 mon?s m to 
rea* ,p>is1 :]e ! fir/ repres5tation 0  
at ! ,ed5 ,!atre on ,octob] #ca ( ! same
 ye>4 ,two ye>s lat]1 aft] x _h be5 he>d
 9 a numb] ( ,fr5* & ,italian prov9cial 
!atres1 x 0 giv5 at ! ,academie         
,nationale de ,musique "u ! direction ( 
,m4 ,colonne4 ,! "p ( ,dalila 0 tak5 by 
,mme4 ,des*amps-,jeh91 t ( ,samson by   
,m4 ,v]gnet1 t ( ! ,high ,prie/ by ,m4  
,lassalle4 ,eight mon?s be=e ?is x _h   

be5 p]=m$ z an oratorio by ! ,oratorio  
,society ( ,new ,york4 ,!re 7 two       
p]=mances1 on ,m>* #be & #bf1 #ahib1 !  
conductor be+ ,mr4 ,walt] ,damros* & !  
pr9cipal s+]s be+ ,frau ,m>ie           
,ritt]-,goetze1 ,seba/ian ,mont>iol1 ,h4
 ,e4 ,di/elhur/1 ,hom] ,moore1 ,emil    
,fis*]1 & ,purdon ,rob9son4 ,london _h  
he>d ! "w twice z an oratorio be=e x _h 
a /age repres5tation !re on ,april #bf1 
#aiji1 b ?is p]=mance 0 f\rte5 ye>s lat]
 ?an ! fir/ at ! ,metropolitan ,op]a    
,h\se on ,febru>y #h1 #ahie4 ,! ,new    
,york p]=mance 0 sc5ically inadequate1 b
 ! integrity ( ! record dem&s t ! ca/ be
 giv5 "h3 ,samson1 ,signor ,tamagno2    
,dalila1 ,mme4 ,mantelli2 ,high ,prie/1 
,signor ,campan>i2 ,abimele* & ,an ,old 
,hebrew1 ,m4 ,plancon2 ,fir/ ,phili/9e1 
,signor ,r9ald9i2 ,second ,phili/me1    
,signor de ,va*etti2 conductor1 ,signor 
,manc9elli4 ,! ,metropolitan managem5t  
did n v5ture ^u a repetition until !    
op5+ night ( ! season #aiae-aiaf1 :5 its
 success 0 su* t x became an active     

factor 9 ! rep]tory ( ! e/abli%m5t2 b by
 t "t x _h be5 made fairly famili> to ! 
,new ,york public by p]=mances at !     
,manhattan ,op]a ,h\se "u ! managem5t ( 
,mr4 ,osc> ,hamm]/e91 ! fir/ ( :i* took 
place on ,novemb] #ac1 #aijh4 ,signor   
,campan9i conduct$ & ! ca/ embrac$ ,mme4
 ,g]ville-,rea*e z ,dalila1 ,*>les      
,dalmores z ,samson1 & ,m4 ,dufranne z  
,high ,prie/4 ,! ca/ at ! ,metropolitan 
,op]a ,h\se's revival ( ! op]a on       
,novemb] #ae1aiae1 0 z foll[s3 ,dalila1 
,mme4 ,m>g>ete ,matz5au]2 ,samson1      
,signor ,enrico ,c>uso2 ,high ,prie/1   
,signor ,pasquale ,amato2 ,abimele*1    
,h]r ,c>l ,s*legel2 ,an ,old ,hebrew1   
,m4 ,leon ,ro?i]2 ,a ,phili/9e ,mess5g]1
 ,h]r ,max ,blo*2 ,fir/ ,phili/9e1      
,pietro ,audisio2 ,second ,phili/9e1    
,v9c5zo ,res*iglian2 conductor1 ,signor 
,polacco4    ,x w\ld be a curi\s inquiry
 to try to det]m9e ! s\rce ( !          
fasc9ation :i* ! /ory ( ,manoah's son   
has ex]t$ ^u mank9d = c5turies4 ,x be>s 
a lik5ess to ! /ory ( ! son ( ,zeus &   

,alcm5e1 & !re are few books on my?ology
 :i* d n draw a p>allel betwe5 ! two    
h]oes4 ,samson's /ory is s+ul>ly brief4 
,= tw5ty ye>s he judg$ ,israel1 b !     
,biblical hi/ory :i* deals ) him consi/s
 only ( an acc\nt ( 8 bir?1 a recital ( 
! incid5ts 9 :i* he display$ 8 prodigi\s
 /r5g? & valor1 ! tale ( 8 am\rs1 &1 at 
! end1 ! acc\nt ( 8 tragical de/ruction1
 br\ght ab\t by ! weak elem5t 9 8 "*4   
,comm5tators h be5 p]plex$ by ! tale1   
irrespective ( ! adornm5ts :i* x has    
receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,talmudi/s4 ,is    
,samson a ,hebrew =m ( ! conception     
p]sonifi$ by ! ,greek ,h]akles8 ,is he a
 my?ical creature1 born 9 ! human       
imag9ation ( primitive nature wor%ip--a 
v>iant ( ! ,tyrian sun-god ,%eme%1 ^: "n
 8 s curi\sly resembles8 ,9 ,hebrew he  
is call$ ,%im%on1 & ! sun %eme%4 ,0 he  
some?+ m ?an a man ( extraord9>y        
physical /r5g? & extraord9>y moral      
weakness1 ^: patriotic virtues & pa!tic 
end h kept 8 memory alive ?r\gh ! ages8 
,h a hundr$ g5]ations ( m5 to :om ! /ory

 ( ,h]akles has appe>$ to be only a     
fanciful romance1 ! product ( t         
imag9ation height5$ by religion :i* l$ !
 ,greeks to exalt _! supreme h]oes to ! 
ext5t ( deification1 p]si/$ 9 he>+ &    
tell+ ! /ory ( ,samson ) a sympa!tic    
int]e/ :i* betrays at lea/ a            
sub-consci\s belief 9 its v]ity8 ,is !  
/ory only a p>able en=c+ a moral lesson 
:i* is z old z humanity8 ,if s1 h[ got x
 into ! canonical ,book ( ,judges1 :i*1 
) all its my?ical & leg5d>y mat]ial1    
seems yet to conta9 a l>ge sub/ratum (  
unque/ionable hi/ory8  ,!re 0 no?+ ( !  
div9e ess5ce 9 ,samson z ! ,hebrews     
conceiv$ him1 except t _s ( ,god ) :i*  
he 0 directly end[$ 9 supreme crises4   
,!re is little evid5ce ( 8 possession ( 
great wisdom1 b /rong pro( ( 8 moral &  
religi\s laxity4 ,he s9n$ aga9/ ! laws (
 ,israel's ,god :5 he took a ,phili/9e  
woman1 an idolat]1 to wife2 he s9n$     
aga9/ ! moral law :5 he visit$ ! h>lot  
at ,gaza4 ,he 0 w(ully weak 9 "* :5 he  
yield$ to ! bl&i%m5ts ( ,delilah &      

wr\ght 8 own undo+1 z well z t ( 8 p4 ,!
 disgraceful slav]y into :i* ,h]akles   
fell 0 n caus$ by ! h]o's incont95ce or 
uxori\sness1 b a puni%m5t = crime1 9 t  
he _h 9 a fit ( madness kill$ 8 fri5d   
,iphitus4 ,& ! ?ree ye>s :i* he sp5t z !
 slave ( ,omphale 7 punctuat$ by l>g] & 
bett] de$s ?an ^? ( ,samson 9 l         
situation--bur/+ ! new cords ) :i* ! m5 
( ,judah _h b\nd him & ! gre5 )es & new 
ropes ) :i* ,delilah %ackl$ him4 ,!     
record t ,samson judg$ ,israel 9 ! days 
( ! ,phili/9es tw5ty ye>s leads ! ord9>y
 read] to ?9k ( him z a sage1 judicial  
p]sonage1 :]eas x means only t he 0 !   
political & milit>y lead] ( 8 p dur+ t  
p]iod1 lift$ to a magi/]ial position by 
8 /r5g? & pr[ess 9 w>4 ,8 a*ievem5ts 7  
muscul>1 n m5tal4  ,rabb9ical leg5ds h  
magnifi$ 8 /ature & p[] 9 precisely !   
same mann] z ! imag9ation ( ! poet ( !  
,lay ( ! ,nibelung magnifi$ ! /ature &  
/r5g? ( ,siegfri$4 ,8 %\ld]s1 says !    
leg5d1 7 sixty ells broad2 :5 ! ,_s (   
,god came on him he c\ld /ep f ,zorah to

 ,e%taol al?\gh he 0 lame 9 bo? feet2 ! 
hairs ( 8 head arose & cla%$ aga9/ "o   
ano!r s t !y c\ld be he>d = a l di/ance2
 he 0 s /rong t he c\ld uplift two      
m\nta9s & rub !m toge!r l two clods (   
e>?1 ,h]akles tore asund] ! m\nta9 :i*1 
divid$1 n[ =ms ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> &  
,gates ( ,h]cules4  ,! p>allel :i* is   
frequ5tly drawn betwe5 ,samson &        
,h]akles _c be pursu$ f> ) advantage to 
! ,hebrew h]o4 ,samson r5t a "y lion on 
! road to ,timna?1 :i!r he 0 go+ to take
 8 ,phili/9e wife2 ,h]akles1 :ile /ill a
 y\?ful h]dsman1 slew ! ,!spian lion &  
aft]w>d /rangl$ ! ,nemean lion ) 8 h&s4 
,samson c>ri$ (f ! gates ( ,gaza & bore 
!m to ! top ( a hill be=e ,hebron2      
,h]akles upheld ! heav5s :ile ,atlas w5t
 to fet* ! gold5 apples ( ,hesp]ides4   
,moreov]1 ! feats ( ,h]akles %[ a high] 
intellectual quality ?an ^? ( ,samson1  
all ( :i*1 save "o1 7 pr$om9antly       
physical4 ,! exception 0 ! trick ( ty+  
#cjj foxes by _! tails1 two by two1 )   
firebr&s betwe5 & turn+ !m loose to burn

 ! corn ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,an +5i\s way to
 spread a conflagration1 probably1 b    
primitive1 decid$ly primitive4 ,h]akles 
0 a sci5tific eng9e] ( ! mod]n s*ool2 he
 yok$ ! riv]s ,alpheus & ,p5eus to 8    
s]vice by turn+ _! wat]s ?r\gh ! ,augean
 /ables & cleans+ !m ( ! deposits (     
#cjjj ox5 = ?irty ye>s4 ,h]akles _h     
excell5t intellectual tra9+2            
,rhadaman?us taught him wisdom & virtue1
 ,l9us music4 ,we "k no?+ ab\t ! br++ up
 ( ,samson save t ! *ild grew & ! ,"l   
bless$ him4 ,& ! ,"l began to move him  
at times 9 ! camp ( ,dan betwe5 ,zorah &
 ,e%taol4 ,samson made little use ( 8   
musical gifts1 if he _h any1 b t little 
he made well2 ,h]akles made little use (
 8 musical tra9+1 & t little he made    
ill4 ,he lo/ 8 temp] & kill$ 8 music    
ma/] ) 8 lute2 ,samson1 aft] us+ an     
implem5t :i* only ! black slaves ( our  
,s\? h treat$ z a musical in/rum5t1 to  
slay a ?\s& ,phili/9es1 jubilat$ 9      
song3--      ,) ! jawbone ( an ass      
,heaps ^u heaps6     ,) ! jawbone ( an  

ass       ,h ,i sla9 a ?\s& m56   ,! va/
 fund ( human nature laid b>e 9 ! /ory (
 ,samson is1 x appe>s to me1 q suffici5t
 to expla9 its popul>ity1 & acc\nt = its
 orig94 ,! h]o's virtues--/r5g?1 c\rage1
 patriotism--are ^? :i* h ev] won !     
he>ts ( m51 & !y pres5t !mselves z b ! m
 admirable1 z !y are made to appe> m    
natural1 by pair+ ) t amiable weakness1 
susceptibility to woman's *>ms4  ,aft]  
all ,samson is a true type ( ! tragic   
h]o1 :atev] ,dr4 ,*rys&] or ano!r may   
say4 ,he is impell$ by ,fate into a     
commission ( ! follies :i* br+ ab\t !   
wreck ( 8 body4 ,8 m>riage ) ! ,phili/9e
 woman 9 ,timna? 0 "p ( a div9e plot1   
?\gh unpatriotic & seem+ly impi\s4 ,:5 8
 fa!r said unto him3 ,is !re nev] a     
woman among ! daught]s ( ?y bre?r5 or   
among all my p t ?\ goe/ to take a wife 
( ! uncircumcis$ ,phili/9es8 he did n "k
 t x 0 ( ! ,"l t he s\ght an occasion   
aga9/ ! ,phili/9es4 ,out ( t woo+ & w9n+
 grew ! fir/ ( ! enc\nt]s :i* culm9at$ 9
 ! de/ruction ( ! temple ( ,dagon1 :5 ! 

dead :i* he slew at 8 dea? 7 m ?an !y   
:i* he slew 9 8 life4 ,s 8 yield+ to !  
plead+s ( 8 wife :5 %e betray$ ! answ]  
to 8 riddle & 8 succumb+ to ! :e$l+ arts
 ( ,delilah :5 he betray$ ! secret ( 8  
/r5g? 7acts incompatible ) ! "* ( an    
ord9>y /rong & wise man7 7 ( ! type     
ess5tial to ! ma*9]y ( ! ,greek drama4  
,a ^w ab\t ! my?ological int]pretation (
 ! *>act]s :i* h be5 plac$ 9 p>allel3 ,x
 may be helpful to an und]/&+ ( !       
,hell5ic m9d to conceive ,h]akles z a   
m>vell\sly /rong man1 fir/ glorifi$ into
 a national h]o & f9ally deifi$4 ,s1    
too1 ! !ory1 t ,h]akles s9k+ d[n ^u 8   
c\* ( fire is b a symbol ( ! decl9+ sun 
c be ent]ta9$ )\t m>r+ ! gr&eur ( ! h]o 
or belittl+ ,nature's ph5om5on2 b x w\ld
 obscure our und]/&+ ( ! ,hebrew        
intellect & pr(ane ! ,hebrew religion to
 conceive ,samson z any?+ b ! man t !   
,bible says he 02 :ile to make ( him1 z 
,ignaz ,golzih] sugge/s1 a symbol ( !   
sett+ sun ^: curly locks 7cr9es ,phoebi7
 are %e>$ by ,delilah-,night1 w\ld br+  

contumely ^u "o ( ! mo/ beautiful &     
impressive ( ,nature's spectacles4 ,be=e
 ! days ( comp>ative my?ology s*ol>s 7 n
 tr\bl$ by su* int]pretations4 ,josephus
 disposes ( ! ,delilah episode curtly3  
,z = ,samson be+ ensn>$ by a woman1 t is
 to be ascrib$ to human nature1 :i* is  
too weak to resi/ s94    ,x is n (t5 t  
an op]atic figure invites to su* a /udy 
z t :i* ,i h attempt$ 9 ! case (        
,samson1 & x may be t ! side-wise       
excursion 9 :i* ,i h indulg$ invites    
criticism ( ! k9d illu/rat$ 9 ! metaphor
 ( us+ a club to bra9 a gnat4 ,b ,i d n 
?9k s4 ,if h]oic figures seem small on !
 op]atic /age1 x is ! fault ( ei!r !    
au?or or ! actor4 ,:5 g5ius 9 a creator 
is pair$ ) g5ius 9 an int]pret]1 ! h]o (
 an op]a is q z des]v+ ( analytical /udy
 z ! h]o ( a drama :i* is spok54 ,no    
labor w\ld be lo/ 9 /udy+ ! "* (        
,wagn]'s h]oes 9 ord] to illum9ate !    
imp]sonations ( ,niemann1 ,lehmann1 or  
,sc>ia2 nor is ,maurel's lago less wor?y
 ( inve/igation ?an ,edw9 ,boo?'s4  ,!  

"* ( ,delilah pres5ts ev5 m features (  
int]e/ ?an t ( ! man ( :om %e 0 ! undo+1
 & to ^? features ,i purpose to devote  
"s att5tion pres5tly4  ,!re is no       
symbolism 9 ,sa9t-,sa5s's op]a4 ,x is   
frankly a piece = ! lyric !atre1 albeit 
"o 9 :i* adh]5ce to a plot sugge/$ by ! 
,biblical /ory compell$ a paucity (     
action :i* _h to be made good by        
spectacle & music4 ,! be/ elem5t 9 a    
drama be+ t :i* f9ds expression 9 action
 & dialogue1 & ^! be+ re/rict$ by !     
obvi\s desire ( ! compos]s to avoid su* 
extrane\s matt] z ,ross9i & o!rs 7 wont 
to use to add int]e/ to _! ,biblical    
op]as 7! second>y love /ories1 =        
in/ance71 ,sa9t-,sa5s c\ld d no?+ else  
?an employ lib]ally ! spl5did factor (  
*oral music :i* ! oratorio =m br\ght to 
8 h&4  ,we are introduc$ to t factor )\t
 delay4 ,ev5 be=e ! fir/ sc5e is op5$ to
 our eyes we he> ! voice ( ! multitude 9
 pray]4 ,! ,israelites1 oppress$ by _!  
conqu]ors & sore /rick5 at ! reflection 
t _! ,god has des]t$ !m1 lam5t1 accuse1 

prote/1 & pray4 ,be=e !y h be5 he>d1 !  
poignancy ( _! woe has be5 publi%$ by ! 
or*e/ra1 :i* at once takes its place    
beside ! *orus z a peculi>ly eloqu5t    
expositor ( ! emotions & passions :i*   
propel ! actors 9 ! drama4 ,t mission & 
t eloqu5ce x ma9ta9s f ! beg9n+ to !    
f9al cata/rophe1 ! in/rum5tal b& do+ its
 %>e t[>d *>act]iz+ ! oppos+ =ces1      
emphasiz+ ! solemn dignity ( ! ,hebrew  
religion & contra/+ x ) ! s5su\s &      
s5sual frivolity ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ,dagon4
 ,! *oral pray] has = its in/rum5tal    
sub/ructure an ob/9ate syncopat$ figure1
  figure3 an musical score exc]pt  :i*  
rises ) ! agoniz$ cries ( ! p & s9ks )  
_! utt]ances ( despair4 ,! device (     
introduc+ voices be=e ! disclosure (    
visible action 9 an op]a is n new1 & 9  
?is case is bo? uncall$ = & ineffective4
 ,g\nod made a some:at simil> ef=t 9 8  
,romeo et ,juliette1 :]e a co/um$ gr\p (
 s+]s pres5ts a prologue1 vaguely       
visible ?r\gh a gauze curta94 ,mey]be]  
tri$ ! exp$i5t 9 ,le ,p>don de ,plo]mel1

 & ! siciliano 9 ,mascagni's ,cavall]ia 
,ru/icana & ! prologue 9 ,leoncavallo's 
,pagliacci are o!r cases 9 po9t4 ,( ^!  
only ! la/ c be said to a*ieve its      
purpose 9 arre/+ ! e>ly att5tion ( !    
audi5ce4 ,:5 ! curta9 op5s we see a     
public place 9 ,gaza 9 front ( ! temple 
( ,dagon4 ,! ,israelites are on _! knees
 & 9 attitudes ( m\rn+1 among !m        
,samson4 ,! voice ( lam5tation takes a  
fugal =m--  figure3 a musical score     
exc]pt  z ! oppress$ p tell ( ! suff]+s 
:i* !y h endur$3--      ,n\s avons vu   
nos cites r5v]sees     ,et les g5tils   
pr(anants ton autel1 etc4   ,!          
expression rises almo/ to ! int5sity (  
sacrilegi\s accusation z ! p recall to  
,god ! v[ made to !m 9 ,egypt1 b s9ks to
 acc5ts ( awe :5 !y reflect ^u !        
incid5ts ( _! =m] s]fdom4 ,n[ ,samson   
/&s =?4 ,9 a broad arioso1 half         
recitative1 half cantil5a1 :olly 9 !    
oratorio /yle :5 x does n drop into !   
mann]ism ( ,mey]be]ian op]a1 he         
admoni%es 8 bre?r5 ( _! ne$ to tru/ 9   

,god1 _! duty to wor%ip ,him1 ( ,8      
promises to aid !m1 ( ! wond]s t ,he _h 
already wr\ght 9 _! behalf2 he bids !m  
to put (f _! d\bts & put on _! armor (  
fai? & valor4 ,z he proce$s 9 8 prea*m5t
 he develops some:at ( ! !atrical pose (
 ,john ( ,leyd5 9 ,! ,prophet4 ,!       
,israelites mutt] gloomily ( ! dep>ture 
( _! days ( glory1 b gradually take w>m?
 f ! _s :i* has obsess$ ,samson & pl$ge 
!mselves to d battle ) ! foe ) him "u ! 
guidance ( ,jehovah4  ,n[ ,abimele*1    
,satrap ( ,gaza1 appe>s surr\nd$ by     
,phili/9e soldi]s4 ,he rails at !       
,israelites z slaves1 sne]s at _! ,god z
 impot5t & crav51 lifts up ! horn (     
,dagon1 :o1 he says1 %all pursue        
,jehovah z a falcon pursues a dove4 ,!  
spee* fills ,samson ) a div9e ang]1 :i* 
bur/s =? 9 a canticle ( pray] &         
prophecy4 ,!re is a fla% z ( swords 9 ! 
sc9tillant scale passages :i* ru% upw>d 
f ! eag]1 angry1 pu%+ figure :i* mutt]s 
& rages among ! in/rum5ts4 ,!           
,israelites cat* fire f ,samson's       

ec/atic ardor & e*o ! words 9 :i* he    
summons !m to break _! *a9s4 ,abimele*  
ru%es =w>d to kill ,samson1 b ! h]o     
wr5*es ! sword f ! ,phili/9e's h& &     
/rikes him dead4 ,! satrap's soldi]s    
w\ld come to 8 aid1 b are held 9 fe> by 
! h]o1 :o is n[ arm$4 ,! ,israelites ru%
 (f to make w> on _! oppressors4 ,!     
,high ,prie/ comes d[n f ! temple (     
,dagon & pauses :]e ! body ( ,abimele*  
lies4 ,two ,phili/9es tell ( ! fe> :i*  
_h p>alyz$ !m :5 ,samson %[$ 8 might4 ,!
 ,high ,prie/ rebukes !m r\ndly = _!    
c[>dice1 b has sc>cely utt]$ 8          
d5unciation be=e a ,mess5g] ent]s to    
tell him t ,samson & 8 ,israeliti%      
soldi]s h ov]run & ravag$ ! c\ntry4     
,curses & v[s ( v5geance aga9/ ,israel1 
h] h]o1 & h] ,god f ! m\? ( ,dagon's    
s]vant4 ,"o ( 8 imprecations is de/9$ to
 be fulfill$3--      ,maudit soit le se9
 de la femme       ,qui lui donna le    
j\r6     ,qu'enf9 une compagne infame   
,trahisse son am\r6   ,revolutions run a
 rapid c\rse 9 op]atic ,pale/9e4 ,!     

insurrection is b begun ) ! slay+ (     
,abimele*1 yet z ! ,phili/9es1 be>+ away
 8 body1 leave ! sc5e1 x is only to make
 room = ! ,israelites1 *ant+ ( _!       
victory4 ,we expect a sonor\s hymn (    
triumph1 b ! p ( ,god h be5 *a/5$ & aw$ 
by _! quick deliv]ance1 & _! paean is 9 
! solemn tone ( temple psalmody1 ! fir/ 
/rik+ bit ( local color :i* ! compos]   
has introduc$ into 8 score--a retic5ce  
on 8 "p ( :i* x may be said t x is all !
 m rem>kable f ! fact t local color is  
"h completely ju/ifi$3--  figure3 a     
musical score exc]pt1 sung to ! words   
,praise1 ye ,jehovah6 ,tell all !       
wondr\s /ory6 ,psalms ( praise l\dly    
swell6      ,hymne de joie1 hymne de    
deliv]ance       ,montez v]s l',et]nel6 
,x is a f9e piece ( dramatic            
*>act]ization2 :i* is foll[$ by "o ^:   
s]5e beauty is height5$ by contra/4     
,dalila & a company ( s++ & danc+       
,phili/9e wom5 come 9 be>+ g>l&s (      
fl[]s4 ,n only ,samson's s5ses1 our own 
z well1 are ravi%$ by ! delightful      

music3--      ,voici le pr9temps1 n\s   
portant des fleurs     ,p\r orn] le     
front des gu]ri]s va9qu]s6     ,melons  
nos acc5ts aux p>fums des roses         
,a pe9e ecloses6        ,avec l'oiseau  
*antons1 mes soeurs6   figure3 a musical
 score exc]pt sung to ! words ,n[       
,spr+'s g5]\s b&1 ,br+s fl[]s to ! l&   
,dalila is "h & x is become necess>y to 
say some?+ ( h]1 hav+ said s mu* ab\t ! 
man ^: de/ruction %e accompli%$4 ,let ! 
+5i\s & erudite ,philip ,hale introduce 
h]3 ,0 ,delilah a patriotic woman1 to be
 rank$ ) ,jael & ,judi?1 or 0 %e m]ely a
 c\rtesan1 z c]ta9 op]a s+]s :o         
imp]sonate h] 9 ! op]a seem to ?9k8 ,e4 
,mei] says t ! ^w ',delilah' means '!   
fai?less "o4' ,ewald translates x       
'traitress1' & s does ,ranke4 ,knobel   
*>act]izes h] z 'die ,z>te1' :i* means  
t5d]1 delicate1 b also subtle4 ,lange is
 sure t %e 0 a weav] woman1 if n an     
out-&-out 'zonah4' ,!re are o!r ,g]mans 
:o ?9k ! ^w is ak9 to ! v]b 'e9lull51'  
to lull asleep4 ,"s lik5 x to ! ,arabic 

dalilah1 a woman :o misguides1 a bawd4  
,see 9 ',! ,?\s& ,nights & a ,night' !  
spee* ( ! damsel to ,aziz3 ',if ?\ m>ry 
me ?\ wilt at lea/ be safe f ! daught] (
 ,dalilah1 ! ,wily ,"o4' ,also ',!      
,rogu]ies ( ,dalilah1 ! ,crafty1 & h]   
daught]1 ,zayrah1 ! ,coney ,cat*]4'  ,we
 are directly conc]n$ "h ) ! ,dalila ( !
 op]a1 b ,mr4 ,hale invites u to an     
excursion :i* (f]s a pleasant occupation
 = a brief :ile1 & we *e]fully g ) him4 
,! ,biblical ,delilah is a vague figure1
 except 9 two respects3 ,%e is a woman (
 su* *>ms t %e w9s ! love ( ,samson1 &  
su* guile & cupidity t %e plays ^u 8    
passion & betrays him to ! lords ( !    
,phili/9es = pay4 ,! ,bible kn[s no?+ ( 
h] patriotism1 nor does ! sacr$ hi/orian
 give h] ! title ( ,samson's wife1 ?\gh 
x has long be5 ! cu/om ( ,biblical      
comm5tators to speak ( h] 9 ?is         
relation4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om set ! fa%ion &  
,milton foll[$ x3--      ,b :o is ?is8  
,:at ?+ ( sea or l&--     ,female ( sex 
x seems--     ,t1 s b$eck'd1 ornate &   

gay     ,comes ?is way sail+     ,l a   
/ately %ip     ,( ,t>sus1 b\nd = ! isles
     ,( ,javan or ,gadire1     ,) all h]
 brav]y on1 & tackle trim1     ,sails   
fill'd & /ream]s wav+1     ,c\rt$ by all
 ! w9ds t hold !m play2     ,an amb]    
sc5t ( odor\s p]fume--     ,h] h>b+]1 a 
damsel tra9 beh9d8     ,"s ri*          
,phili/ian matron %e may seem2     ,&   
n[1 at ne>] view1 no o!r c]ta9     ,?an 
,dalila1 ?y wife4   ,x _c be )\t        
significance t ! au?or ( ! /ory 9 !     
,book ( ,judges speaks 9 a diff]5t way (
 ea* ( ! ?ree wom5 :o play a "p 9 !     
trag$y ( ,samson's life4 ,! woman :o    
liv$ among ! v9ey>ds ( ,timna?1 ^: murd]
 ,samson av5g$1 0 8 wife4 ,%e 0 a       
,phili/9e1 b ,samson m>ri$ h] accord+ to
 ! conv5tional mann] ( ! "t &1 also     
accord+ to ! mann] ( ! "t1 %e kept h]   
home ) h] p>5ts aft] h] m>riage4 ,:]e=e 
%e has gott5 h] "n 9 ! good books ( !   
sociological philosoph]s :o uphold !    
matronymic !ory t\*+ e>ly society4 ,!   
woman ( ,gaza :om ,samson visit$ :at "t 

he conf\nd$ 8 w\ld-be captors by c>ry+  
(f ! doors ( ! gates ( ! city 0 curtly  
an h>lot4 ,( ! ?ird woman x is said only
 t x came to pass t ,samson lov$ a woman
 9 ! ,valley ( ,sorek1 ^: "n 0 ,delilah4
 ,!reupon foll[s ! /ory ( h] brib]y by !
 lords ( ! ,phili/9es & h] betrayal ( h]
 lov]4 ,evid5tly a lic5ti\s woman :o    
c\ld n aspire ev5 to ! m]it ( ! h]o9e ( 
,dekk]'s play4  ,milton n only accept$ !
 !ory ( h] wifehood1 b also attribut$   
patriotic motives to h]4 ,%e knew t h]  
"n w\ld be defam$ 9 ,dan1 9 ,judah & !  
bord]+ tribes4      ,b 9 my c\ntry1 :]e 
,i mo/ desire1     ,9 ,e]on1 ,gaza1     
,asdod & 9 ,ga?1     ,i %all be nam'd   
among ! fam\se/     ,( wom51 sung at    
solemn fe/ivals1     ,liv+ & dead       
record$1 :o to save     ,h] c\ntry f a  
fi]ce de/roy]1 *ose     ,above ! fai? ( 
w$lock b&s2 my tomb     ,) od\rs visit$ 
& annual fl[]s2     ,n less r5[n'd ?an 9
 ,m\nt ,ephraim     ,jael1 :o1 )        
inhospitable guile1     ,smote ,sis]a   
sleep+4   ,9 ! sc5e be=e u ,dalila is   

:olly & simply a sir51 a s$uctress :o   
plays ^u ! kn[n love ( ,samson f motives
 :i* are n disclos$4 ,z yet "o may      
imag9e h] mov$ by a g5u9e passion4 ,%e  
turns h] lu/r\s black eyes ^u him z %e  
hails him a d\ble victor ov] 8 foes & h]
 he>t1 & invites him to re/ f 8 arms 9  
h] embraces 9 ! fair valley ( ,sorek4   
,temptation seizes ^u ! s\l ( ,samson4  
,he prays ,god to make him /eadfa/2 b %e
 w9ds h] toils ! tight]3 ,x is = him t  
%e has b\nd a coronet ( purple grapes ^u
 h] =ehead & entw9$ ! rose ( ,%>on 9 h] 
ebon tresses4 ,an ,old ,hebrew w>ns     
aga9/ ! temptress & ,samson agoniz+ly   
invokes a veil ov] ! beauty t has en*a9$
 him4  ,ext+ui% ! fires ( ^? eyes :i*   
enslave me4--?us he4  ,sweet is ! lily (
 ! valley1 pleasant ! juices ( m&ragora1
 b sweet] & m pleasant are my           
kisses6--?us %e4  ,! ,old ,hebrew w>ns  
aga93 ,if ?\ give e> to h] honey$       
phrases1 my son1 curses w alight on !e  
:i* no te>s t ?\ may'/ weep w ev]       
efface4  ,b /ill ! sir5 song r+s 9 8    

e>s4 ,! maid5s :o _h come ^u ! sc5e )   
,dalila 7are !y prie/esses ( ,dagon87   
dance1 sw++ _! floral g>l&s s$uctively  
be=e ! eyes ( ,samson & 8 foll[]s4 ,!   
h]o tries to avoid ! glances :i*        
,dalila1 jo9+ 9 ! dance1 ?r[s ^u him4 ,x
 is 9 va92 8 eyes foll[ h] ?r\gh all !  
voluptu\s po/ures & movem5ts ( ! dance4 
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  ,&      
,dalila s+s ,pr9temps qui comm5ce--a    
song (t5 he>d 9 conc]t-rooms1 b n s (t5 
z ! air ) :i* ! love-duet 9 ! second act
 rea*es its culm9ation1 :i* is popul>ly 
held also to m>k ! climax ( ! op]a4 ,t  
song is wondr\sly ins9uat+ 9 its *>m2 x 
pulsates ) passion1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x 
is difficult to conceive t its s5tim5ts 
are feign$1 b ?is is loveli] 9 its fre%1
 suave1 graceful1 & heal?y beauty3--    
figure3 a musical score exc]pt1 sung to 
! words ,! ,spr+ ) h] d[] ( bird & fl[]1
 br+s hope 9 h] tra94  ,z ,dalila leaves
 ! sc5e h] voice & eyes repeat _! lure1 
:ile ,samson's looks & acts betray !    
tr\ble ( 8 s\l4  ,x is n until we see & 

he> ,dalila 9 ! second act t %e is      
reveal$ to u 9 h] true "*4 ,n till n[   
does %e disclose ! motives ( h] conduct 
t[>d h] lov]4 ,night is fall+ 9 ! valley
 ( ,sorek1 ! vale :i* lies betwe5 ! hill
 c\ntry :i* ! ,israelites ent]$ f !     
,ea/1 & ! coa/ l& :i* ! ,phili/9es1     
suppos$ly an isl& p1 invad$ f ! ,we/4   
,dalila1 gorge\sly app>ell$1 is sitt+ on
 a rock ne> ! portico ( h] h\se4 ,! /r+s
 ( ! or*e/ra murmur & ! *romatic figure 
:i* we %all he> aga9 9 h] love-song coos
 9 ! wood-w9ds3  figure3 a musical score
 exc]pt  ,%e awaits him :om passion has 
made h] slave 9 full confid5ce ( h] hold
 ^u him4      ,samson1 re*]*ant ma      
pres5ce1     ,ce soir doit v5ir en ces  
lieux4     ,voici l'heure de la v5geance
     ,qui doit satisfaire nos dieux6    
,am\r6 vi5s aid] ma faiblesse6  ,!      
v5geance ( h] gods %all be glutt$2 x is 
to t end %e invokes ! p[] ( love to     
/r5g!n h] weakness4 ,a passion l 8 w n  
d[n--t %e kn[s4 ,to h] comes ! ,high    
,prie/3 ,samson's /r5g?1 he says1 is    

sup]natural & fl[s f a v[ ) :i* he 0    
consecrat$ to effect ! glory ( ,israel4 
,once :ile he lay 9 h] arms t /r5g? _h  
des]t$ him1 b n[1 x is said1 he fl\ts h]
 love & d\bts 8 own passion4 ,!re is no 
ne$ to try to awak5  figure3 a musical  
score exc]pt  jeal\sy 9 ! he>t (        
,dalila2 %e hates ,samson m bitt]ly ?an 
! lead] ( 8 enemies4 ,%e is n m]c5>y1 l 
! ,biblical woman2 %e scorns ! promise (
 ri*es :i* ! ,high ,prie/ (f]s s %e     
obta9 ! secret ( ! ,hebrew's /r5g?4     
,?rice _h %e essay$ to le>n t secret &  
?rice _h he set h] spell at naught4 ,n[ 
%e w assail him ) te>s--a woman's       
weapon4  ,! rumbl+s ( ?und] are he>d2 ! 
sc5e is lit up by fla%es ( lightn+4     
,runn+ be=e ! /orm1 :i* is only a       
precursor & a symbol ( ! tempe/ :i* is  
soon to r5d 8 s\l1 ,samson comes4       
,dalila upbraids h] lov]1 rebukes 8     
fe>s1 prote/s h] grief4 ,samson _c )/&  
h] te>s4 ,he confesses 8 love1 b he mu/ 
obey ! w ( a high] p[]4 ,:at god is     
mighti] ?an ,love8 ,let him b d\bt h]   

con/ancy & %e w die4 ,& %e plays h]     
trump c>d3 ,mon coeur s'ouvre a ta voix1
 :ile ! flutt]+ /r+s & coo+ wood-w9ds   
ins9uate !mselves into ! crevices (     
,samson's moral h>ness & loos5 ! rivets 
t hold x toge!r3--  figure3 a musical   
score exc]pt to ! words ,my he>t1 at ?y 
de> voice  ,h]e9 lies ! /r5g? & !       
weakness ( music3 x mu/ fa9 be tru?ful4 
,dalila's words may be hypocritical1 b !
 music speaks ! spee* ( g5u9e passion4  
,n until we he> ! refra9 e*o$ mock+ly 9 
! la/ sc5e ( ! drama c we believe t !   
passion hymn$ 9 ?is song is feign$4 ,&  
we almo/ deplore hat ! compos] put x to 
su* disgraceful use4 ,samson he>s !     
voice ( 8 ,god 9 ! gr[+ & aga9          
hesitates4 ,! /orm bur/s z ,dalila      
%rieks out ! hate t fills h] & runs t[>d
 h] dwell+4  ,bee?ov5 s\ght to sugge/   
ext]nal z well z int]nal peace 9 ! ,dona
 nobis ( 8 ,mass 9 ,d by m+l+ ! s\nds ( 
w> ) ! pray] = peace2 ,sa9t-,sa5s       
pictures ! /orm 9 nature & 9 ,samson's  
s\l by ! music :i* accompanies ! h]o z  

he raises 8 h&s mutely 9 pray]2 !n      
foll[s ! temptress ) falt]+ /eps & ent]s
 h] dwell+4 ,! tempe/ rea*es its climax2
 ,dalila appe>s at ! w9d[ ) a %\t to !  
wait+ ,phili/9e soldi]y bel[4 ,! voice (
 ,samson cuts ?r\gh ! /ormy night3      
,trahison6  ,act ,,iii4--,fir/ sc5e3 ,a 
prison 9 ,gaza4 ,samson1 %orn ( 8 fl[+  
locks1 :i* z a ,naz>ite he _h v[$ %\ld  
nev] be t\*$ by %e>s1 labors at ! mill4 
,he has be5 robb$ ( 8 eyes & d>kness has
 settl$ d[n ^u him2 d>kness1 too1 ^u ! p
 :om 8 mom5t>y weakness _h giv5 back    
into slav]y4  ,total eclipse6           
,sa9t-,sa5s has won our admiration = !  
solemn dignity ) :i* he has inve/$ !    
p5it5t confession ( ! bl9d h]o4 ,b :o   
%all hymn ! bl9dness ( ,manoah's son    
aft] ,milton & ,h&el8 ,f a cr[d (       
captive ,hebrews outside ! prison walls 
come taunt+ accusations1 m+l$ )         
supplications to ,god4 ,we recognize    
aga9 ! national mood ( ! psalmody ( !   
fir/ act4 ,! entire sc5e is f9ely       
conceiv$4 ,x is dramatic 9 a l(ty s5se1 

= its action plays on ! /age ( ! he>t4  
,samson1 contrite1 humble1 brok5 9 _s1 )
 a pray] = 8 p's deliv]ance1 is l$ away 
to be made sport ( 9 ! temple ( ,dagon4 
,!re1 be=e ! /atue ( ! god1 gr\p$ among 
! columns & be=e ! alt> ! ,high ,prie/ &
 ! lords ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,dalila1 too1 )
 maid5s clad = ! lascivi\s dance1 & !   
multitude ( ,phili/ia4 ,! wom5's *oral  
song to spr+ :i* *>m$ u 9 ! fir/ act is 
e*o$ by mix$ voices4 ,! ballet :i*      
foll[s is a prettily exotic "o1 ) an    
introductory cad5ce m>k$ by ! ,ori5tal  
scale1 out ( :i* ! second dance melody  
is con/ruct$--a scale :i* has !         
peculi>ity ( an int]val compos$ ( ?ree  
semitones1 & :i* we "k f ! song ( !     
prie/esses 9 ,v]di's ,aida3--  figure3 a
 musical score exc]pt  figure3 a musical
 score exc]pt  ,! ,high ,prie/ makes    
mock ( ! ,judge ( ,israel3 ,let him     
empty ! w9e cup & s+ ! praise ( 8       
vanqui%]6 ,dalila1 9 ! pride ( h]       
triumph1 taunt+ly tells him h[ simulat$ 
love _h be5 made to s]ve h] gods1 h]    

hate1 & h] nation4 ,samson answ]s only 9
 contrite pray]4 ,toge!r 9 canonic      
imitation 7! erudite =m does n (f5d1 b  
only gives dignity to ! sc5e7 prie/ &   
sir5 (f] a libation on ! alt> ( ! ,fi%  
god4  figure3 a musical score exc]pt  ,!
 flames fla% upw>d f ! alt>4 ,n[ a      
supreme act ( insol5t impiety2 ,samson1 
too1 %all sacrifice to ,dagon4 ,a boy is
 told to lead him :]e all c witness 8   
humiliation4 ,samson feels t ! "t =     
retribution ^u 8 enemies is come4 ,he   
asks to be l$ betwe5 ! m>ble pill>s t   
support ! ro( ( ! temple4 ,prie/s & p1 !
 traitress & h] danc+ wom51 ! lords ( ! 
,phili/9es1 ! r\t ( banquet]s &         
wor%ipp]s--all hymn ! praise ( ,dagon4  
,a brief supplication to ,israel's      
,god--  ,& ,samson took hold ( ! two    
middle pill>s ^u :i* ! h\se /ood & on   
:i* x 0 borne up1 ( ! "o ) 8 "r h& & ( !
 o!r ) 8 left4  ,& ,samson said1 ',let  
me die ) ! ,phili/9es4' ,& he b[$       
himself ) all 8 might3 & ! h\se fell ^u 
! lords & ^u all ! p t 7 !re94 ,s ! dead

 :i* he slew at 8 dea? 7 m ?an !y :i* he
 slew 9 8 life4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,die   
,,konig9 ,,von ,,saba   ,! mo/ obvi\s   
reason :y ,goldm>k's ,konig9 von ,saba  
%\ld be se5 & he>d ) pleasure lies 9 its
 book & sc5ic inve/iture4 ,?\ghtfully   
consid]$ ! book is n "o ( great wor?1 b 
9 ! h&l+ ( ?+s :i* give pleasure to !   
sup]ficial obs]v] x is admirable4 ,9 !  
fir/ place x pres5ts a dramatic /ory :i*
 is rational2 :i* /rongly enli/s !      
int]e/ if n ! sympa?ies ( ! obs]v]2 :i* 
is unhackney$2 :i* ab\nds ) impos+      
spectacles ) :i* ! imag9ation ( *ildhood
 already _h made play1 t are n only     
intr9sically brilliant & fasc9at+ b     
occur z necess>y adjuncts ( ! /ory4     
,view$ f its e?ical side & consid]$ )   
ref]5ce to ! s\rces :5ce its elem5ts    
sprang1 x falls "u a consid]able measure
 ( condemnation1 z w m pla9ly appe> aft]
 its incid5ts h be5 rehe>s$4  ,! title (
 ! op]a indicates t ! ,biblical /ory ( !
 visit ( ! ,que5 ( ,%eba to ,solomon _h 
be5 drawn on = ! plot4 ,?is is true1 b  

only 9 a slight degree4 ,%eba's ,que5   
comes to ,solomon 9 ! op]a1 b t is ! end
 ( ! draft on ! ,scriptural leg5d s f> z
 %e is conc]n$4 ,sulami?1 :o figures 9 !
 drama1 owes h] "n to ! ,canticles1 f   
:i* x 0 borr[$ by ! libretti/1 b no     
elem5t ( h] "* nor any ( ! incid5ts 9   
:i* %e is involv$4 ,! ,song ( ,songs1   
:i* is ,solomon's contributes a few l9es
 ( poetry to ! book1 & a rituali/ic     
s]vice :i* is celebrat$ 9 ! temple f9ds 
its orig9al text 9 ! op5+ v]ses (       
,psalms lxvii & cxvii1 b ) ?is ,i h     
enum]at$ all t ! op]a owes to ! ,bible4 
,x is n a ,biblical op]a1 9 ! degree t  
,mehul's ,joseph1 ,ross9i's ,moses1 or  
,rub9/e9's ,maccabees is ,biblical1 to  
say no?+ ( ,sa9t-,sa5s's ,samson et     
,dalila4 ,solomon's magnific5t reign &  
m>vell\s wisdom1 :i* contribute a few   
factors to ! sum ( ! production1 belong 
to pr(ane z well z to sacr$ hi/ory & x w
 be f\nd mo/ agreeable to deeply root$  
preconceptions to ?9k ( "s o!r ?an !    
,scriptural ,solomon z ! prototype ( !  

,solomon ( ,mos5?al & ,goldm>k1 :o1 at !
 be/1 is a sorry sort ( s5tim5tali/4 ,! 
local color has be5 borr[$ f ! old /ory2
 ! dramatic motive comes pla9ly f       
,wagn]'s ,tannhaus]4  ,assad1 a favorite
 c\rti]1 is s5t by ,solomon to ext5d    
greet+s & a welcome to ! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 
:o is on ! way to visit ! k+1 ^: fame = 
weal? & wisdom has rea*$ h] e>s 9 f>    
,arabia4 ,assad is ! type 7?\gh a       
milk-&-wat]y "o1 x mu/ be confess$7 (   
manhood /ruggl+ betwe5 ! ?+s t are ( !  
e>? & ! ?+s :i* are ( heav5--betwe5 a   
gross1 s5sual passion & a pure1 exalt+  
love4 ,he is betro!d to ,sulami?1 !     
daught] ( ! ,high ,prie/ ( ! temple1 :o 
awaits 8 return f ,solomon's palace &   
leads h] companions 9 songs ( gladness4 
,assad meets ! ,que5 at ,ga?1 p]=ms 8   
mission1 & sets out to return1 b1       
exhau/$ by ! heat ( ! day1 ent]s ! =e/  
on ,m\nt ,lebanon & lies d[n on a bank (
 moss to re/4 ,!re ! s\nd ( pla%+ wat]s 
arre/s 8 e>4 ,he seeks ! cause ( !      
grateful noise & comes ^u a transport+ly

 beautiful woman ba?+4 ,! nymph1 f9d+   
h]self obs]v$1 does n1 l ano!r ,diana1  
cause ! dea? ( h] admir]1 b discloses   
h]self to be a v]itable ,wagn]ian ,v5us4
 ,%e clips him 9 h] arms & he falls at  
h] feet2 b a re$ ru/les & ! *>m] flees4 
,^! incid5ts we d n see4 ,!y prec$e !   
op5+ ( ! op]a1 & we le>n ( !m f ,assad's
 n>ration4 ,assad returns to ,j]usalem1 
:]e1 consci5ce /rick51 he seeks to avoid
 8 *a/e bride4 ,to ,solomon1 h[ev]1 he  
confesses 8 adv5ture1 & ! k+ sets !     
morr[ z 8 w$d+ day ) ,sulami?4  ,! ,que5
 ( ,%eba arrives1 & :5 %e raises h]     
veil1 o/5sibly to %[ unto ,solomon !    
fir/ view ( h] features t mortal man has
 ev] _h v\*saf$ him1 ,assad recognizes !
 h]o9e ( 8 adv5ture 9 ! woods on        
,lebanon4 ,8 m9d is 9 a maze2 bewild]+ly
 he addresses h]1 & haughtily he is     
repuls$4 ,b ! woman has felt ! d>t no   
less ?an ,assad2 %e seeks him at night 9
 ! palace g>d52 :i!r %e _h gone to brood
 ov] h] love & ! loss :i* ?reat5s h] on 
! morr[1 & ! lur+ song ( h] slave draws 

him aga9 into h] arms4  ,be=e ! alt> 9 !
 temple1 j z ,assad is ab\t to pron\nce 
! words :i* are to b9d him to ,sulami?1 
%e confronts him aga91 on ! speci\s     
pretext t %e br+s gifts = ! bride4      
,assad aga9 addresses h]4 ,aga9 he is   
d5i$4 ,delirium seizes ^u 8 bra92 he    
l\dly proclaims ! ,que5 z ! goddess ( 8 
devotion4 ,! p are panic-/rick5 at !    
sacrilege & ru% f ! temple2 ! prie/s cry
 ana!ma2 ,sulami? bemoans h] fate2      
,solomon essays words ( com=t2 ! ,high  
,prie/ int]c$es ) heav52 ! soldi]y1 l$  
by ,baal-,hanan1 ov]se] ( ! palace1 ent]
 to lead ! pr(an] to dea?4 ,n[ ,solomon 
claims ! "r to fix 8 puni%m5t4 ,! ,que51
 fe>ful t h] prey may escape h]1 begs 8 
life z a boon1 b ,solomon rejects h]    
appeal2 ,assad mu/ "w out 8 salvation by
 ov]com+ temptation & ma/]+ 8 wick$     
passion4 ,sulami? approa*es amid !      
wail+s ( h] companions4 ,%e is ab\t to  
ent] a retreat on ! edge ( ! ,syrian    
des]t1 b %e1 too1 prays = ! life (      
,assad4 ,solomon1 9 a prophetic ec/asy1 

=etells ,assad's deliv]ance f s9 & 9 a  
vision sees a meet+ betwe5 him & 8 pure 
love "u a palm tree 9 ! des]t4 ,assad is
 bani%$ to ! s&y wa/e2 !re a simoom     
sweeps d[n ^u him2 he falls at ! foot ( 
a lonely palm to die1 aft] call+ on     
,sulami? ) 8 fleet+ brea?4 ,%e comes )  
h] wail+ maid5s1 sees ! fulfilm5t (     
,solomon's prophecy1 & ,assad dies 9 h] 
arms4 ,?y belov$ is ?9e1 9 love's et]nal
 realm1 s+ ! maid5s1 :ile a mirage %[s !
 wick$ ,que51 ) h] c>avan ( camels &    
elephants1 return+ to h] home4  ,!      
p>allel betwe5 ?is /ory & ! immeasurably
 m poetical & beautiful "o ( ,tannhaus] 
is app>5t to half an eye4 ,sulami? is   
,elizabe?1 ! ,que5 is ,v5us1 ,assad is  
,tannhaus]1 ,solomon is ,wolfram von    
,es*5ba*4 ,! e?ical =ce ( ! drama--x has
 "s1 ?\gh v little--0 weak5$ at !       
p]=mances at ! ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se
 footnote3 ,goldm>k's op]a 0 pres5t$ = !
 fir/ "t 9 ,am]ica at ! ,metropolitan   
,op]a ,h\se on ,decemb] #b1 #ahhe4 ,ca/3
 ,sulami?1 ,fraule9 ,lilli ,lehmann2 die

 ,konig9 von ,saba1 ,frau ,kram]-,wi$l2 
,a/>o?1 ,fraule9 ,m>ianne ,br&t2        
,solomon1 ,h]r ,adolph ,rob9son2 ,assad1
 ,h]r ,/ritt2 ,d] ,hohe ,prie/]1 ,h]r   
,emil ,fis*]2 ,baal-,hanan1 ,h]r-,alexi4
 ,anton ,seidl conduct$1 & ! op]a _h    
fifte5 repres5tations 9 ! season4 ,^!   
p]=mances 7 9 ! orig9al ,g]man4 ,on     
,april #c1 #ahhh1 an ,engli% v]sion 0   
pres5t$ at ! ,academy ( ,music by !     
,national ,op]a ,company1 !n 9 its dea? 
?roes4 ,! op]a 0 reviv$ at !            
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se by ,mr4       
,conri$ 9 ! season #aije-aijf & _h five 
p]=mances4 9 ,new ,york by ! excision f 
! la/ act ( a sc5e 9 :i* ! ,que5        
attempts to p]suade ,assad to g ) h] to 
,arabia4 ,n[ ,assad rises sup]ior to 8  
gross] nature & drives ! temptress away1
 ?us p]=m+ ! sav+ act dem&$ by ,solomon4
  ,h]r ,mos5?al1 :o made ! libretto (   
,die ,konig9 von ,saba1 treat$ ?is      
mat]ial1 n ) great poetic skill1 b ) a  
cunn+ appreciation ( ! opportunities :i*
 x (f]s = dramatic effect4 ,! op]a op5s 

) a gorge\s picture ( ! int]ior (       
,solomon's palace1 deck$ 9 honor ( !    
com+ gue/4 ,!re is an air ( joy\s       
expectancy ov] ev]y?+4 ,sulami?'s       
entrance introduces ! elem5t ( female   
*>m to bright5 ! brilliancy ( ! picture1
 & h] bridal song--9 :i* ! refra9 is an 
exc]pt f ! ,canticles1 ,?y belov$ is    
?9e1 :o fe$s among ! roses--enables !   
compos] to indulge 8 /rong pr$ilection &
 fecund gift = ,ori5tal melody4 ,!      
action hurries to a ?rill+ climax4 ,"o  
glitt]+ pageant treads on ! heels (     
ano!r1 ea* m gorge\s & respl5d5t ?an !  
la/1 until ! /age1 set to repres5t a    
fanta/ical hall ) a bewild]+ vi/a ( c>v$
 columns1 gold5 lions1 & ri* drap]ies1  
is fill$ ) su* a kaleidoscopic mass (   
colors & gr\p+s z only an ,ori5tal m9d  
c\ld conceive4 ,f9ally all ! prec$+     
/rokes are eclips$ by ! com+ ( ! ,que54 
,b no "t is lo/2 ! spectacle does n make
 ! action halt = a mom5t4 ,%eba makes h]
 gifts & uncov]s h] face1 & at once we  
are confront$ by ! tragical elem5t1 & ! 

action ru%es on t[>d its legitimate &   
m\rnful end4  ,9 ?is +5i\s bl5d+ ( play 
& spectacle "o r>e opportunity aft]     
ano!r is pres5t$ to ! compos]4          
,sulami?'s epi?alamium1 ,assad's        
n>rative1 ! *oral greet+ to ! ,que51 !  
fateful recognition--all ^! ?+s are made
 = music ( ! inspir+1 swell+1 passionate
 k9d4 ,9 ! second act1 ! ,que5's        
monologue1 h] duet ) ,assad1 &1 mo/     
/rik+ ( all1 ! unaccompani$ bit ( s++ ) 
:i* ,a/>o? lures ,assad into ! pres5ce (
 ! ,que51 :o is hid+ 9 ! %ad[ (         
broad-leav$ palms beh9d a runn+         
f\nta9--a melodic phrase saturat$ ) !   
my/ical color ( ! ,ea/--^! are gifts ( !
 r>e/ k9d to ! compos]1 :i* he has      
enri*$ to give !m 9 turn to ! public4 ,t
 relief f _! /ress ( passion is necess>y
 is n =gott51 b is provid$ 9 ! ballet   
music & ! solemn c]emonial 9 ! temple1  
:i* takes place amid surr\nd+s t call   
into active op]ation "o's *ildhood      
fancies t\*+ ! sacr$ fane on ,m\nt      
,moriah & ! pomp\s liturgical functions 

( :i* x 0 ! !atre4  ,goldm>k's music is 
highly spic$4 ,he 0 an eclectic1 & 8    
fir/ aim seems to h be5 to give ! drama 
a tonal inve/iture :i* %\ld be 9 keep+ )
 its "*1 ext]nal z well z int]nal4 ,at  
times 8 music ru%es along l a lava /ream
 ( passion1 e measure pulsat+ ) eag]1   
excit$1 & excit+ life4 ,he revels 9     
in/rum5tal color4 ,! language ( 8       
or*e/ra is z gl[+ z ! poetry attribut$  
to ! royal poet :om 8 op]atic /ory      
celebrates4 ,_m compos]s be=e him made  
use ( ,ori5tal cad5ces1 rhy?ms1 &       
idioms1 b to none d !y seem to h come s 
l native language z to ,goldm>k4 ,x is  
romantic music1 aga9/ :i* ! /ronge/     
objection t c be urg$ is t x is s       
unv>y+ly /imulat$ t x we>ies ! m9d &    
makes ! li/5] long = a *ange to a fre%] 
& heal?i] musical atmosph]e4     ,,*apt]
 ,,vi  ,,h]odiade   ,9 ! ballet sc5e (  
,g\nod's mo/ popul> op]a ,mephi/opheles 
conjures up visions ( ,phryne1 ,lais1   
,aspasia1 ,cleopatra1 & ,hel5 ( ,troy to
 beguile ! jad$ int]e/ ( ,fau/4 ,! li/  

reads almo/ l a catalogue ( ! op]as (   
,mass5et ^: f9e tal5t 0 l>gely giv5 to !
 celebration ( ! fam\s c\rtesans ( !    
anci5t _w4 ,) ! addition ( a few m names
 f ! ro/] ( antiquity 7,?ais1 ,dalila1 &
 ,aphrodite71 & "s less anci5t b no less
 immoral creatures ( mod]n fancy1 l     
,violetta1 ,manon ,lescaut1 ,zaza1 &    
,l\ise1 we might make a pretty complete 
li/ ( repres5tatives ( ! female type 9  
:i* mod]n dramati/s & compos]s seem to  
?9k ! int]e/ ( humanity c5tres4  ,:5    
,mass5et's ,h]odiade 0 ann\nc$ z ! fir/ 
op]a to be giv5 at ! ,manhattan ,op]a   
,h\se 9 ,new ,york = ! season (         
#aiji-aiaj x look$ to "s obs]v]s z if ! 
dom9ant note ( ! ye> 0 to be s\nd$ by ! 
,sc>let ,woman2 b ! repres5tation br\ght
 a revelation & a surprise4 ,! names ( !
 pr9cipal *>act]s 7 ^? :i* = a few ye>s 
_h be5 fill+ ! lyric !atres ( ,g]many ) 
a moral /5*2 b _! be>]s 9 ,mass5et's    
op]a did little or no?+ t 0 especially  
%ock+ to good ta/e or prop] morals4     
,h]od 0 a love-sick man ( lu/1 :o gaz$ )

 long+ eyes ^u ! physical *>ms ( ,salome
 & plead$ = h] smiles l any s5tim5tal   
milksop2 b he did n (f] h] ,cap]naum = a
 dance4 ,salome may h kn[n h[1 b %e did 
n dance = ei!r half a k+dom or ! :ole ( 
a man's head4 ,in/ead1 ?\gh !re 7       
intimations t h] reputation 0 n all t a 
good maid5's ought to be1 %e sang pi\s  
hosannahs & wav$ a palm bran*           
conspicu\sly 9 honor ( ! prophet at ^:  
head %e _h b[l$ h]self 9 ! des]t1 !     
public /reets1 & k+'s palaces4 ,at ! end
 %e kill$ h]self :5 %e f\nd t ! v5geful 
passion ( ,h]odias & ! jeal\s hatr$ (   
,h]od _h compass$ ! dea? ( ! sa9tly man 
:om %e _h lov$4 ,h]odias 0 a wick$      
woman1 no d\bt1 = ,john ! ,bapti/ d5\nc$
 h] publicly z a ,jezebel1 b h] jeal\sy 
( ,salome _h rea*$ a po9t beyond h]     
control be=e %e le>n$ t h] rival 0 h]   
own daught] :om %e _h des]t$ = love ( ! 
,tetr>*4 ,z = ,john ! ,bapti/ ! camel's 
hair ) :i* he 0 clo!d mu/ h co/ z pretty
 a p5ny z any ( ! mod]n k9d1 & if he    
wore a girdle ( sk9s ab\t 8 lo9s x 0    

conceal$ "u a really regal cloak4 ,he 0 
a voice2 b n "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,he 
0 9 fact an op]atic t5or comme il faut1 
:o ne$$ only to be %ut up 9 a           
subt]ranean jail ) ! "y woman :o _h     
pursu$ him up hill & d[n dale1 9 & out (
 season to make love to h] 9 ! mo/      
approv$ fa%ion ( ! ,p>is ,gr& ,op]a4    
,:at %all we ?9k ( ! morals ( ?is ,fr5* 
op]a1 aft] we h se5 & he>d t comp\nd$ by
 ! ,engli%man ,osc> ,wilde & ! ,g]man   
,ri*>d ,/rauss8 ,no wond] t ,engl&'s ,"l
 ,*amb]la9 ask$ no?+ m ?an an elim9ation
 ( ! ,biblical names :5 he lic5s$ a     
p]=mance ( ,h]odiade at ,cov5t ,g>d54   
,!re 0 no loss ( dramatic quality 9     
call+ ,h]od1 ,moriame1 & ,h]odias1      
,hesotade1 & *ang+ ! sc5e f ,j]usalem to
 ,az\m 9 ,e?iopia2 ?\gh x mu/ h be5 a   
trifle div]t+ to he> fair-sk9n$         
,e?iopians s++ ,s*ma ,yisroel1 ,adonai  
,eloh5u 9 a temple :i* c\ld only be t ( 
,j]usalem4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 only ,jean 
9 ! orig9al & ne$$ n to be *ang$1 &     
,salome is n 9 ! ,bible1 ?\gh ,salome1 a

 v diff]5t woman is--a fact :i* ! ,"l   
,*amb]la9 seems to h ov]look$ :5 he     
*ang$ ! title ( ! op]a f ,h]odiade to   
,salome4  ,:]e does ,salome come f1     
anyway8 ,& :]e did %e get h]            
*ameleonlike nature8 ,0 %e an innoc5t   
*ild1 z ,flaub]t repres5ts h]1 :o c\ld b
 lisp ! "n ( ! prophet :5 h] "m told h] 
to ask = 8 head8 ,_h %e tak5 danc+      
lessons f "o ( ! wom5 ( ,cadiz to le>n  
to dance z %e mu/ h danc$ to excite su* 
lu/ 9 ,h]od8 ,0 %e a mon/]1 a worse ?an 
vampire z %e is repres5t$ by ,wilde &   
,/rauss8 ,0 %e an ,israeliti% grisette z
 ,p\g9 call$ ! h]o9e ( ! op]a :i* x took
 "o ,italian 7,zan>d9i7 & ?ree ,fr5*m5  
7,milliet1 ,gremont1 & ,mass5et7 to     
concoct8 ,no wond] t ! bra9 (           
,sa9t-,sa5s reel$ :5 he w5t to he>      
,h]odiade at its fir/ p]=mance 9        
,brussels & f\nd t ! woman :om he _h    
look$ ^u z a type ( lascivi\sness &     
mon/r\s cruelty _h become metamorphos$  
into a p5it5t ,magdal54 ,read ! plot ( !
 op]a & wond]6  ,salome is a maid5 9    

se>* ( h] "m :om ,john ! ,bapti/ f9ds 9 
8 w&]+s & befri5ds4 ,%e cl+s to him :5  
he becomes a political z well z a       
religi\s p[] among ! ,jews1 ?\gh he     
prea*es unctu\sly to h] t\*+ ! vanity ( 
e>?ly love4 ,h]odias dem&s 8 dea? ( h]  
husb& = t he _h publicly insult$ h]1 b  
,h]od s*emes to use 8 influ5ce ov] !    
,jews to fur!r 8 plan to become a real  
mon>* in/ead ( a ,roman ,tetr>*4 ,b :5 !
 pro-consul ,vitellius w9s ! support ( !
 p & ,h]od le>ns t ! maid5 :o has spurn$
 him is 9 love ) ! prophet1 he decrees 8
 decapitation4 ,salome1 baffl$ 9 h] ef=t
 to save h] lov]1 attempts to kill      
,h]odias2 b ! wick$ woman discloses     
h]self z ! maid5's "m & ,salome turns ! 
dagg] aga9/ h] own brea/4  ,?is is all (
 ! /ory "o ne$s to "k4 ,x is ri*ly      
g>ni%$ ) incid5t1 made gorge\s )        
pageantry1 & clo!d ) mu* *>m+ music4    
,melodies :i* may be e*oes ( synagogal  
hymns ( great antiquity res\nd 9 ! walls
 ( ! temple at ,j]usalem1 9 :i* respect 
! op]a recalls ,goldm>k's ,que5 ( ,%eba4

 ,curv$ ,roman trumpets mix _! l\d      
clangors ) ! in/rum5ts ( ! mod]n brass  
b& & compel u to ?9k ( ,aida4 ,!re are  
dances ( ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 &    
,pho5icians1 & if ! movem5ts ( ! wom5   
make u deplore ! decay ( ! *oreographic 
art1 ! music w>ms u almo/ z mu* z !     
,spani% measures 9 ,le ,cid4 ,eyes & e>s
 are delug$ ) ,ori5tal color until at ! 
la/ !re comes a long+ = ! graci\sly     
ins9uat+ s5tim5talities ( :i* ! e>li]   
,mass5et 0 a ma/]4 ,two ( ! op]a's airs 
_h long be5 famili> to ! public f       
p]=mance 9 ! conc]t-room--,salome's ,il 
e/ d\x & ,h]od's ,vision fugitive--& !y 
/& out z ! brighte/ jewels 9 ! op]a's   
musical cr[n2 b !re is mu* else :i* woos
 ! e> delightfully1 = ,mass5et 0 ev] a  
graci\s if n a pr(\nd melodi/ & a ma/] (
 con/ruction & !atrical or*e/ration4 ,:5
 he /rives = massive effects1 h[ev]1 he 
sometimes becomes futile1 banal :]e he  
w\ld be impos+2 b he comm&s a *>m :i* is
 ins9uat+ 9 its mom5ts ( intimacy4      
,footnote3 ,h]odiade _h its fir/        

p]=mance 9 ,new ,york 7x _h previ\sly   
be5 giv5 9 ,new ,orleans by ! ,fr5*     
,op]a ,company7 on ,novemb] #h1 #aiji4  
,! ca/ 0 z foll[s3 ,salome--,l9a        
,cavali]i2 ,h]odias--,g]ville-,rea*e2   
,john--,*>les ,dalmores2 ,h]od--,maurice
 ,r5aud2 ,vitellius--,crabbe2           
,phanuel--,m4 ,valli]2 ,high ,prie/--,m4
 ,nicolay4 ,! musical director 0        
,h5riques de la ,fu5te4     ,,*apt]     
,,vii  ,,lakme   ,lakme is ! daught] (  
,nilakan?a1 a fanatical ,brahm9 prie/1  
:o has )drawn to a ru9$ temple deep 9 an
 ,indian =e/4 ,9 8 retreat ! old man    
nurses 8 wra? aga9/ ! ,briti% invad]1   
prays assidu\sly to ,brahma 7?us        
contribut+ a fasc9at+ ,ori5tal mood to !
 op5+ ( ! op]a71 & waits = ! "t to come 
:5 he %all be able to wreak 8 rev5ge on 
! despoil]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,lakme s+s      
,ori5tal duets ) h] slave1 ,mallika3--  
,s\s le dome epais ou le blanc jasm9    
,a la rose s'assemble1     ,sur la rive 
en fleurs1 riant au mat9       ,vi5s1   
desc5dons ensemble--   a dreamy1        

s5se-ensn>+1 hypnotic b>c>ole4 ,! op]a  
op5s well2 by ?is "t ! compos] has c>ri$
 u deep into ! jungle4 ,! ,occid5t is   
rude3 ,g]ald1 an ,engli% (fic]1 breaks  
?r\gh a bamboo f5ce & makes love to     
,lakme1 :o1 ?\gh widely sep>at$ f h]    
op]atic colleagues f an e?nological po9t
 ( view l ,elsa & ,s5ta1 to exp$ite !   
action requites ! passion in/ant]4 ,aft]
 ! ,engli%man is gone ! fa!r returns &1 
) an ,ori5tal's cunn+ :i* does him      
cr$it1 d$uces f ! brok5 f5ce t an       
,engli%man has pr(an$ ! sacr$ spot4 ,?is
 is ! bus9ess ( ,act ,i4 ,9 ,act ,,ii ! 
fa!r1 disguis$ z a begg> :o holds a     
dagg] ev] 9 read9ess1 & 8 daught]1      
disguis$ z a /reet s+]1 visit a t[n     
m>ket 9 se>* ( ! pr(an]4 ,! bus9ess is n
 to ,lakme's ta/e1 b x is n = ! l ( h]  
to neglect ! opportunity (f]$ to w9     
applause ) ! leg5d ( ! p>iah's daught]1 
) its t9t9nabulatory *>m3--      ,ou va 
la jeune ,h9d\e       ,fille des p>ias2 
,qu& la lune se j\e       ,dans les gr& 
mimosas8   ,x is ! ,bell song1 :i* has  

t9kl$ s (t5 9 our conc]t-rooms4 ,g]ald  
recognizes ! s+] despite h] disguise2 & 
,nilakan?a recognizes him z ! despoil] (
 ! hall[$ spot 9 :i* he wor%ips &       
incid5tally conceals 8 daught]4 ,!      
blood?ir/y fanatic obs]ves s5t5ti\sly t 
,brahma has smil$ & cuts %ort ,g]ald's  
soliloquiz+ ) a dagg] ?ru/4 ,lakme1 ) ! 
help ( a male slave1 removes him to a   
hut conceal$ 9 ! =e/4 ,:ile he is       
convalesc+ ! pair s+ duets & ex*ange v[s
 ( undy+ affection4 ,b ! milit>y        
,briton1 :o has invad$ ! c\ntry at l>ge1
 mu/ ne$s n[ invade also ?is cosey abode
 ( love4 ,fr$]ick1 a bro!r (fic]1       
discov]s ,g]ald & in=ms him t duty calls
 7,brita9 always expects e man to d 8   
duty1 no matt] :at ! consequ5ces to him7
 & he mu/ m>* ) 8 regim5t4 ,fr$]ick has 
happ5$ 9 j z ,lakme is gone = "s sacr$  
wat] 9 :i* %e & ,g]ald 7 to pl$ge et]nal
 love = ea* o!r1 to ea* o!r4 ,b1 spurr$ 
on by ,fr$]ick & ! memory t ,engl&      
expects1 etc41 ,g]ald f9ds ! call ( !   
fife & drum m pot5t ?an ! voice ( love4 

,lakme1 psy*ologi/ z well z botani/1    
und]/&s ! /ruggle :i* n[ takes place 9  
,g]ald's s\l1 & relieves him1 ( 8       
dilemma by cru%+ a poison\s fl[] 7to be 
exact1 ! ,datura /ramonium7 betwe5 h]   
tee?1 dy+1 x w\ld seem1 to ! pi\s       
delight ( h] fa!r1 :o ec/atically       
beholds h] dwell+ ) ,brahma4  ,! /ory1  
borr[$ by ,gond9et & ,gille f ! little  
romance ,le ,m>iage de ,loti1 is        
wor?less except to furni% motives =     
tropical sc5]y1 ,h9du dresses1 &        
,ori5tal music4 ,?ree ,engli% ladies1   
,ell51 ,rose1 & ,mrs4 ,b5tson1 figure 9 
! play1 b )\t dramatic purpose except to
 take "p 9 "s conc]t$ music4 ,!y are1   
inde$1 s insignificant 9 all o!r        
respects t :5 ! op]a 0 giv5 by ,miss    
,van ,z&t & a ,fr5* company 9 ,london = 
! fir/ "t 9 #ahhe !y 7 omitt$1 & !      
excision 0 comm5d$ by ! critics1 :o knew
 t x _h be5 made4 ,! conv]sation ( !    
wom5 is all ( ! v]ie/ /opgap "*4 ,!     
maid5s1 ,rose & ,ell51 are ,engli%      
ladies visit+ 9 ! ,ea/2 ,mrs4 ,b5tson is

 _! *ap]on4 ,all t !y h to say is highly
 unimportant1 ev5 :5 true4 ,:at d y see1
 ,fr$]ick8 ,a g>d54 ,& y1 ,g]ald8 ,big1 
beautiful trees4 ,anybody ab\t8 ,don't  
"k4 ,look aga94 ,t's n easy2 ! f5ce %uts
 out ! view )94 ,c't y make a peephole  
?r\gh ! bamboo8 ,girls1 girls1 be       
c>eful4 ,& s on & s on = quantity4 ,b we
 mu/ fill ?ree acts1 & ensemble makes   
its dem&s2 besides1 we want pretty      
blondes ( ! ,engli% type to put 9       
contra/ ) ! d>k-sk9n$ ,lakme & h] slave4
 ,at ! fir/ repres5tation 9 ,new ,york  
by ! ,am]ican ,op]a ,company1 at !      
,academy ( ,music1 on ,m>* #a1 #ahhf1 ! 
?ree wom5 7 p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) :at !re
 is ( poetical _s 9 ! play1 & _!        
conv]sation1 l t ( ! o!r pr9cipals1 0   
utt]$ 9 ! recitatives compos$ by        
,delibes to take ! place ( ! spok5      
dialogue us$ at ! ,p>is ,op]a ,comique1 
:]e spok5 dialogue is traditional4      
,!odore ,?omas conduct$ ! ,academy      
p]=mance1 at :i* ! ca/ 0 z foll[s3      
,lakme1 ,paul9e ,l',allem&2 ,nilakan?a1 

,alonzo ,e4 ,/odd>d2 ,g]ald1 ,william   
,c&idus2 ,fr$]ick1 ,william ,h4 ,lee2   
,ell51 ,*>lotte ,walk]2 ,rose1 ,hel5    
,dudley ,campbell2 ,mrs4 ,b5tson1 ,may  
,field+2 ,mallika1 ,jessie ,b>tlett     
,davis2 ,hadji1 ,william ,h4 ,fess5d54  
,few op]as h _h a m v>iegat$ ,am]ican   
hi/ory ?an ,lakme4 ,x 0 q new :5 x 0    
fir/ he>d 9 ,new ,york1 b x _h already  
giv5 rise to consid]able !atrical       
gossip1 n to say sc&al4 ,! fir/         
repres5tation took place at ! ,op]a     
,comique 9 ,april1 #ahhc1 ) ,miss ,m>ie 
,van ,z&t1 an ,am]ican girl1 ! daught] (
 a s+] :o _h be5 actively successful 9  
,engli% op]a 9 ,new ,york & ,london1 z  
creator ( ! "p ( ! h]o9e4 ,! op]a won a 
pretty triumph & s did ! s+]4 ,at once  
!re 0 talk ( a ,new ,york p]=mance4     
,mme4 ,etelka ,g]/] /udi$ ! titul> role 
) ,m4 ,delibes &1 z a memb] ( ,colonel  
,mapleson's company at ! ,academy (     
,music1 confid5tly expect$ to produce ! 
"w !re 9 ! season ( #ahhc-ahhd1 ! fir/  
season ( ! rivalry betwe5 ! ,academy & !

 ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1 :i* _h j    
op5$ its doors2 b ?\gh %e w5t s f> z to 
(f] to buy ! ,am]ican p]=m+ rights f    
,heugel1 ! publi%]1 no?+ came ( x4 ,!   
reason 0 easily guess$ by ^? :o knew t  
!re has be51 or 0 p5d+1 a qu>rel betwe5 
,colonel ,mapleson & ,m4 ,heugel conc]n+
 ! unau?oriz$ use by ! impres>io ( o!r  
scores own$ by ! publi%]4  ,dur+ ! same 
season1 h[ev]1 ,miss ,emma ,abbott c>ri$
 a v]sion 7or r a p]v]sion7 ( ! op]a1 = 
:i* ! or*e/ral p>ts _h be5 arrang$ f !  
pian(orte score1 into ! cities ( ! ,we/1
 & br\ght d[n a deal ( unm]it$ criticism
 on ! innoc5t head ( ,m4 ,delibes4 ,9 ! 
season ( #ahhd-ahhe ,colonel ,mapleson  
came back to ! ,academy ) v\*]s ( v>i\s 
sorts to back up a promise to give !    
op]a4 ,!re 0 a human v\*] 9 ! p]son (   
,miss ,emma ,nevada1 :o _h also enjoy$ !
 in/ruction ( ! compos] & :o _h         
trunkfuls & trunkfuls & trunkfuls (     
,ori5tal dresses1 ?\gh ,lakme ne$s b    
few4 ,!re 7 gorge\s uni=ms = ! ,briti%  
soldi]s1 ! real article1 ea* sc>let coat

 & e top boot hav+ a piece ( hi/ory     
atta*$1 & models ( ! sc5]y :i* any d\bt+
 ,?omas ( a newspap] report] might      
inspect if he felt s dispos$4 ,:5 !     
r$\btable colonel came x 0 to be only a 
matt] ( a week or s be=e ! op]a w\ld be 
put on ! /age 9 ! f9e/ ( /yles2 x 0 /ill
 a matt] ( a week or s :5 ! ,academy    
season came to an end4 ,:5 ,delibes's   
exquisite & exotic music rea*$ a he>+ 9 
! ,am]ican metropolis1 x 0 sung to      
,engli% words1 & ! mo/ emphatic success 
a*iev$ 9 p]=mance 0 ! acrobatic "o (    
,mme4 ,l',allem& z %e roll$ d[n "s      
uncall$-= pagoda /eps 9 ! dea? sc5e4    
,mme4 ,adel9a ,patti 0 ! second ,lakme  
he>d 9 ,new ,york4 ,aft] ! fif? season (
 ,g]man op]a at ! ,metropolitan ,op]a   
,h\se _h come to an end 9 ! spr+ (      
#ahij1 ,messrs4 ,abbey & ,grau took !   
!atre = a %ort season ( ,italian op]a by
 a tr\pe head$ by ,mme4 ,patti4 ,9 t    
season ,lakme 0 sung once--on ,april #b1
 #ahij4 ,n[ came an opportunity = !     
orig9al repres5tative ( ! h]o9e4 ,abbey 

& ,grau resum$ ! managem5t ( ! !atre 9  
#ahia1 & 9 _! company 0 ,miss ,van ,z&t1
 = :om ! op]a 0 reviv$ on ,febru>y #bb4 
,mr4 ,abbey _h great expectations1 b !y 
7 disappo9t$4 ,= ! public !re 0 metal m 
attractive ?an ,miss ,van ,z&t & ! ,h9du
 op]a 9 o!r memb]s ( ! company & o!r    
op]as4 ,x 0 ! ye> ( ,emma ,eames's com+ 
& also ( ,jean de ,reszke's 7!y sang    
toge!r 9 ,g\nod's ,romeo et ,juliette7 &
 ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana 0 new4 ,!n        
,delibes's op]a hib]nat$ 9 ,new ,york = 
fifte5 ye>s1 aft] :i* ! pres5ce 9 !     
,metropolitan company ( ,mme4 ,m>cella  
,sembri* l$ to ano!r revival4 7,op]as   
:i* are unp]=m$ = a t]m ( two or ?ree   
ye>s aft] hav+ be5 once includ$ 9 !     
rep]tory are reviv$ 9 ,new ,york47 ,x 0 
sung ?ree times 9 ! season ( #aijf-aijg4
 ,x also af=d$ "o ( ,mr4 ,hamm]/e9's _m 
surprises at ! ,manhattan ,op]a ,h\se4  
,five days be=e ! close ( 8 la/ season1 
on ,m>* #ba1 #aiaj1 x 0 precipitat$ on !
 /age 7pit*=k$ is ! popul> & pr(essional
 t]m7 to give ,mme4 ,tetrazz9i a *ance  

to s+ ! bell song4 ,altoge!r ,i "k ( no 
m s+ul> hi/ory ?an t ( ,lakme 9 ,new    
,york4    ,lakme is a *ild ( ! !atrical 
bo>ds1 :o inh]it$ traits f sev]al       
pr$ecessors1 ! /ronge/ be+ ^? d]iv+ f   
,aida & ,selika4 ,l ! =m]1 %e loves a   
man :om h] fa!r believes to be ! ar*    
enemy ( 8 native l&1 &1 l h]1 %e is !   
means ( betray+ him into ! h&s ( !      
av5g]4 ,l ! h]o9e ( ,mey]be]'s po/hum\s 
op]a1 %e has a fatal acqua9tance )      
tropical botany & uses h] k to h] own   
de/ruction4 ,h] sci5tific atta9m5ts are 
on ab\t ! same plane z h] amiability1 h]
 abnormal s5se ( filial duty1 & h]      
musical accompli%m5ts4 ,%e loves a man  
:om h] fa!r wi%es h] to lure to 8 dea?  
by h] s++1 & %e s+s entranc+ly en\gh to 
br+ ab\t ! meet+ betwe5 h] lov]'s back &
 h] fa!r's knife4 ,t %e does n w>ble    
h]self into ! position ( p>ticeps       
crim9is 9 a murd] %e owes only to !     
bungl+ ( ! old man4 ,hav+ done ?is1     
h[ev]1 %e turns physician & nurse & br+s
 ! w\nd$ man back to heal?1 ?us         

sacrific+ h] love to ! duty :i* h] lov] 
?9ks he owes to ! invad]s ( h] c\ntry & 
oppressors ( h] p4 ,aft] ?is %e makes ! 
fatal application ( h] botanical k4 ,su*
 ?+s come ab\t :5 "o goes to ,india = an
 op]atic h]o9e4  ,! feature ( ! libretto
 :i* ,delibes has us$ to ! be/ purpose  
is its local color4 ,8 music is saturat$
 ) ! languor\s _s ( ! ,ea/4 ,half a doz5
 ( ! melodies are lovely inv5tions1 (   
m>k$ orig9ality 9 bo? matt] & treatm5t1 
& ! fir/ half h\r ( ! op]a is apt to    
take "o's fancy completely captive4 ,!  
drawback lies 9 ! oppressive we>9ess :i*
 succe$s ! fir/ trance1 & is br\ght on  
by ! monoton\s "* ( ! music4 ,aft] an   
h\r ( ,lakme "o ye>ns = a few cra%+     
*ords ( ,c major z a p]son endur+       
suffocation longs = a gu% ( fre% air4 ,!
 music fir/ gr[s monoton\s1 !n we>ies4  
,delibes's lyrical mom5ts %[ ! mo/      
num]\s indications ( beauty2 dramatic   
life & en]gy are abs5t f ! score4 ,9 !  
second act he moves 8 li/5]s only       
once--) ! attempt$ repetition ( ! bell  

song aft] ,lakme has recogniz$ h] lov]4 
,! odor ( ! poppy invites to dr[sy      
enjoym5t 9 ! beg9n+1 & ! fir/ act is f> 
& away ! mo/ gratify+ 9 ! op]a1         
musically z well z sc5ically4 ,x w\ld be
 s if x conta9$ only ,lakme's song      
,p\rquoi dans les gr&s bois1 ! exquisite
 b>c>ole--a v]itable treasure trove = ! 
compos]1 :o us$ its melody dramatically 
?r\gh\t ! "w--& ,g]ald's air1 ,fantaisie
 aux div9s m5songes4 ,real dep? w be    
look$ = 9 va9 9 ?is op]a2 sup]ficial    
lovel9ess is app>5t on at lea/ half its 
pages4     ,,*apt] ,,viii               
,p,a,g,l,i,a,c,cl   ,= a qu>t] ( a      
c5tury ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana & ,pagliacci
 h be5 ! ,ca/or & ,pollux ( ! op]atic   
!atres ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,toge!r !y h
 jo9$ ! hunt ( v5turesome impres>ios = t
 ,calydonian bo>1 success2 toge!r !y h  
light$ ! way ?r\gh seasons ( tempe/u\s  
/ress & /orm4 ,( rec5t ye>s at !        
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,new ,york  
ef=ts h be5 made to divorce !m & to f9d 
associates = "o or ! o!r1 s9ce nei!r is 

suffici5t 9 "t = an ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t2 b
 !y refuse to be put asund] z /eadfa/ly 
z did ! tw9 bro!rs ( ,hel5 &            
,clytemne/ra4 ,!re has be5 no op]atic   
,zeus p[]ful en\gh to sep>ate & alt]nate
 _! exi/5ces ev5 = a day2 & ?\gh blase  
critics w cont9ue to rail at ! d\ble    
bill z !y h done = two decades or m1 !  
two fi]ce little dramas w sit %9+ on !  
sails ( _m a manag]ial %ip & br+ x safe 
to hav5 = _m a ye> to come4  ,tw9s !    
op]as are 9 _s2 tw9s 9 _! capacity z    
supreme repres5tatives ( v]ismo2 tw9s 9 
! fitness ( _! association2 b tw9s !y   
are n 9 respect ( p>5tage or age4       
,cavall]ia ,ru/icana is two ye>s old]   
?an ,pagliacci & z truly its prog5itor z
 ,web]'s op]as 7 ! prog5itors (         
,wagn]'s4 ,!y are ! (fspr+ ( ! same     
arti/ic movem5t1 & x 0 ! ph5om5al       
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  success 
( ,mascagni's op]a :i* 0 ! spur t drove 
,leoncavallo to write 84 ,:5 ,cavall]ia 
,ru/icana appe>$ on ! sc5e1 two         
g5]ations ( op]a-go]s _h pass$ away )\t 

exp]i5c+ any?+ l ! s5sation caus$ by ?is
 op]a4 ,!y _h witness$ ! production1    
inde$1 ( great ma/]pieces1 :i* x w\ld be
 almo/ sacrilegi\s to m5tion 9 ! same   
brea? ) ,mascagni's turbul5t & torr5tial
 trag$y1 b ^! works 7 ! productions (   
mature ma/]s1 f :om ?+s monum5tal & la/+
 7 expect$ z a matt] ( c\rse2 m5 l      
,wagn] & ,v]di4 ,! g5]ations _h also se5
 ! com+ ( ,c>m5 & gradually op5$ _! m9ds
 to an appreciation ( its mean+ &       
beauty1 :ile ! y\?ful g5ius :o _h creat$
 x sank almo/ unnotic$ into 8 grave2 b  
!y _h n se5 ! adv5t ( a "w :i* almo/ 9 a
 day set ! _w on fire & rais$ an unkn[n 
musician f p5ury & obscurity to afflu5ce
 & fame4 ,9 ! face ( su* an exp]i5ce x 0
 sc>cely to be wond]$ at t judgm5t 0    
flung to ! w9ds & t ! mo/ volatile (    
musical nations & ! /aide/ alike hail$ !
 "y compos] z ! successor ( ,v]di1 !    
reg5]ator ( op]atic ,italy1 & ! pione] (
 a new s*ool :i* %\ld revitalize op]a & 
make unnecess>y ! hopeless task ( try+  
to "w along ! l9es laid d[n by ,wagn]4  

,& ?is op]a 0 ! outcome ( a competition 
bas$ on ! franke/ k9d ( comm]cialism--"o
 ( ^? occasionals f :i* we h be5 taught 
to believe we ought nev] to expect any?+
 ( ideal & la/+ m]it4 ,pagliacci 01 9 a 
way1 a fruit ( ! same competition4 ,?ree
 ye>s be=e ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana _h />t$ 
! univ]sal conflagration ,ruggi]o       
,leoncavallo1 :o at sixte5 ye>s ( age _h
 won 8 diploma at ! ,naples ,cons]vatory
 & receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,lett]s 
f ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna at tw5ty1 _h  
read 8 dramatic poem ,i ,m$ici to !     
publi%] ,ricordi & be5 commission$ to   
set x to music4 ,= ?is "w he 0 to       
receive #bdjj francs4 ,he complet$ !    
composition )9 a ye>1 b !re 0 no        
contract t ! op]a %\ld be p]=m$1 & ?is  
hop$-= consummation did n foll[4 ,!n    
came ,mascagni's triumph1 &             
,leoncavallo1 :o _h be5 oblig$ mean:ile 
to return to ! r\t9e "w ( an op]atic    
repetiteur1 lo/ pati5ce4 ,satisfi$ t    
,ricordi w\ld nev] d any?+ m = him1 &   
become desp]ate1 he %ut himself 9 8 room

 to attempt "o m "w--z he said 9 an     
autobiographical sket* :i* appe>$ 9 ,la 
,re=me1 a j\rnal publi%$ 9 ,alex&ria4 ,9
 five mon?s he _h writt5 ! book & music 
( ,pagliacci1 :i* 0 accept$ =           
publication & production by ,sonzogno1  
,ricordi's bus9ess rival1 aft] a s+le   
read+ ( ! poem4 ,maurel1 ^: fri5d%ip    
,leoncavallo _h made :ile coa*+ op]a    
s+]s 9 ,p>is1 us$ 8 influ5ce 9 favor ( !
 op]a1 (f]$ to create ! "p ( ,tonio1 &  
did s at ! fir/ p]=mance ( ! op]a at !  
,teatro dal ,v]me1 ,milan1 on ,may #ag1 
#ahib4  ,leoncavallo's op]a turns on a  
tragical end+ to a com$y :i* is         
incorporat$ 9 ! play4 ,! com$y is a     
famili> "o among ! /roll+ play]s :o p]=m
 at village fairs 9 ,italy1 9 :i*       
,columb9a1 ,pagliaccio1 & ,arlec*9o     
7respectively ! ,columb9e1 ,cl[n1 &     
,h>lequ9 ( our pantomime7 take "p4      
,pagliaccio is husb& to ,colomb9a &     
,arlec*9o is h] lov]1 :o hoodw9ks       
,pagliaccio4 ,!re is a f\r? "*1 ,taddeo1
 a s]vant1 :o makes fooli% love to      

,columb9a &1 m+l+ imbecile /upidity )   
malici\sness1 delights 9 ! dome/ic      
discord :i* he helps to fom5t4 ,! fir/  
act ( ! op]a may be look$ ^u z an       
induction to ! conv5tional com$y :i*    
comes to an unconv5tional & tragic end  
?r\gh ! fact t ! ,cl[n 7,canio7 is 9    
real life ! husb& ( ,columb9e 7,n$da7 & 
is murd]\sly jeal\s ( h]2 :]e=e1 =gett+ 
himself 9 a mad rage1 he kills h] & h]  
lov] 9 ! mid/ ( ! mimic sc5e4 ,! lov]1  
h[ev]1 is n ! ,h>lequ9 ( ! com$y1 b "o (
 ! spectators :om ,canio _h va9ly s\ght 
to id5tify1 b :o is unconsci\sly betray$
 by 8 mi/ress 9 h] dea? agony4 ,!       
,taddeo ( ! com$y is ! cl[n ( ! company1
 :o 9 real life ent]ta9s a passion =    
,n$da1 :i* is repuls$1 :]eupon he also  
c>ries 8 "p into actuality & betrays    
,n$da's secret to ,canio4 ,x is 9 !     
+5i\s int]weav+ ( ^! ?reads--! weft (   
reality ) ! w>p ( simulation--t ! *ief  
dramatic value ( ,leoncavallo's op]a    
lies4  ,actual murd] by a man :ile      
app>5tly play+ a "p 9 a drama is old] z 

a dramatic motif ?an ,pagliacci1 &      
,leoncavallo's employm5t ( x gave rise  
to an int]e/+ controv]sy & a /ill m     
int]e/+ revelation 9 ! e>ly days ( !    
op]a4 ,old !atre-go]s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica
 rememb] ! device z x 0 employ$ 9       
,d5n]y's ,paillaisse1 kn[n on ! ,engli% 
/age z ,belphegor1 ! ,m\ntebank4 ,9     
#ahgd ,paul ,f]ri] produc$ a play       
entitl$ ,tab>91 9 :i* ,coquel9 appe>$ at
 ! ,!atre ,francais4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat]  
,catulle ,m5des br\ght out ano!r play   
call$ ,la ,femme de ,tab>91 = :i*       
,*abri] wrote ! incid5tal music4 ,!     
critics 7 prompt 9 *>g+ ,m5des ) hav+   
plagi>iz$ ,f]ri]1 & ! =m] def5d$ himself
 on ! gr\nd t ! incid5t :i* he _h       
employ$1 ( actual murd] 9 a dramatic    
p]=mance1 0 hi/orical & _h (t5 be5 us$4 
,?is1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t him f br++ an 
accusation ( !ft aga9/ ,leoncavallo :5  
,pagliacci 0 ann\nc$ = production 9     
,fr5* at ,brussels & ( beg9n+ legal     
proce$+s aga9/ ! compos] & 8 publi%] on 
t score4 ,! controv]sy :i* foll[$ %[$ v 

pla9ly t ,m5des did n h a leg to /& ^u  
ei!r 9 law or equity1 & he )drew 8 suit 
& made a h&some am5de 9 a lett] to !    
editor ( ,le ,fig>o4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1  
h[ev]1 ,signor ,leoncavallo wrote a     
lett] to 8 publi%]1 :i* n only e/abli%$ 
t ! incid5t 9 "q 0 bas$ ^u fact b       
direct$ att5tion to a dramatic use ( !  
motif 9 a ,spani% play writt5 ?irty-five
 ye>s be=e ! occurr5ce :i* 0 9 ! m9d (  
,leoncavallo4 ,! lett] 0 z foll[s3--    
,lugano1 ,sept4 #c1 #ahid4  ,de> ,signor
 ,sonzogno4  ,i h read ,catulle ,m5des's
 two lett]s4 ,m4 ,m5des goes pretty f> 9
 decl>+ a priori t ,pagliacci is an     
imitation ( 8 ,femme de ,tab>94 ,i _h n 
kn[n ?is book1 & only "k x n[ ?r\gh !   
acc\nts giv5 9 ! daily pap]s4 ,y w      
rememb] t at ! "t ( ! fir/ p]=mance (   
,pagliacci at ,milan 9 #ahib sev]al     
critics accus$ me ( hav+ tak5 ! subject 
( my op]a f ! ,drama ,nuevo ( ! well    
kn[n ,spani% writ]1 ,e/ebanez4 ,:at w\ld
 ,m4 ,m5des say if he 7 accus$ ( hav+   
tak5 ! plot ( ,la ,femme de ,tab>9 f !  

,drama ,nuevo1 :i* dates back to #ahcj  
or #ahdj8 ,z a fact1 a husb&1 a com$ian1
 kills 9 ! la/ sc5e ! lov] ( 8 wife be=e
 h] eyes :ile he only appe>s to play 8  
"p 9 ! piece4  ,x is absolutely true t  
,i knew at t "t no m ( ! ,drama ,nuevo  
?an ,i "k n[ ( ,la ,femme de ,tab>94 ,i 
saw ! fir/ m5tion$ "w 9 ,rome repres5t$ 
by ,novelli six mon?s aft] ,pagliacci's 
fir/ production 9 ,milan4 ,9 my         
*ildhood1 :ile my fa!r 0 judge at       
,montalto1 9 ,calabria 7! sc5e ( !      
op]a's plot71 a jeal\s play] kill$ 8    
wife aft] ! p]=mance4 ,?is ev5t made a  
deep & la/+ impression on my *ildi% m9d1
 ! m s9ce my fa!r 0 ! judge at !        
crim9al's trial2 & lat]1 :5 ,i took up  
dramatic "w1 ,i us$ ?is episode = a     
drama4 ,i left ! frame ( ! piece z ,i   
saw x1 & x c be se5 n[ at ! ,fe/ival (  
,madonna della ,s]ra1 at ,montalto4 ,!  
cl[ns arrive a week or t5 days be=e !   
fe/ival1 :i* takes place on ,augu/ #ae1 
to put up _! t5ts & boo?s 9 ! op5 space 
:i* rea*es f ! *ur* t[>d ! fields4 ,i h 

n ev5 inv5t$ ! com+ ( ! peasants f      
,santo ,b5$etto1 a neighbor+ village1   
dur+ ! *orale4  ,:at ,i write n[ ,i h   
m5tion$ s (t5 9 ,g]many & o!r p>ts t    
sev]al op]a h\ses1 notably t ( ,b]l91 _h
 pr9t$ on _! bills ,sc5e ( ! true ev5t4 
,aft] all ?is1 ,m4 ,m5des insi/$ on 8   
claim1 :i* means t he does n believe my 
words4 ,_h ,i us$ ,m4 ,m5des's ideas ,i 
w\ld n h hesitat$ to op5 correspond5ce )
 him be=e ! fir/ repres5tation1 z ,i h  
done n[ ) a well kn[n writ] :o has a    
subject t ,i wi% to use = a future "w4  
,pagliacci is my own1 entirely my own4  
,if 9 ?is op]a1 a sc5e rem9ds "o ( ,m4  
,m5des's book1 x only proves t we bo? _h
 ! same idea :i* ,e/ebanez _h be=e u4   
,on my honor & consci5ce ,i assure y t  
,i h read b two ( ,m4 ,m5des's books 9  
my life--,zo ,hur & ,la ,premi]e        
,maitresse4 ,:5 ,i read at ,m>i5bad a   
little :ile ago ! newspap] notices on ! 
production ( ,la ,femme de ,tab>9 ,i ev5
 wrote to y1 de> ,signor ,sonzogno1 ?9k+
 ?is 0 an imitation ( ,pagliacci4 ,?is  

ass]tion w suffice1 com+ f an honorable 
man1 to prove my loyalty4 ,if n1 !n ,i w
 place my und\bt$ rights "u ! protection
 ( ! law1 & furni% inconte/able pro( (  
:at ,i h /at$ "h4 ,i h ! honor1 etc41   
etc4   ,at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s mann]s1
 by lett]s & 9 newspap] int]views1      
,leoncavallo reit]at$ ! /atem5t t !     
incid5t :i* he _h witness$ z a boy 9 8  
fa!r's c\rtroom _h sugge/$ 8 drama4 ,!  
*ief actor 9 ! incid5t1 he said1 0 /ill 
liv+4 ,aft] conviction he 0 ask$ if he  
felt p5it5t4 ,! r\gh voice :i* rang     
?r\gh ! room ye>s be=e /ill e*o$ 9      
,leoncavallo's e>s3 ,i rep5t me ( no?+6 
,on ! contr>y1 if ,i _h x to d ov] aga9 
,i'd d x aga96 7,non mi p5to del        
delitto6 ,tutt altro4 ,se dovessi       
ricom9ci>e1 ricom9c]ei67 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to
 imprisonm5t & aft] ! expiration ( 8 t]m
 took s]vice 9 a little ,calabrian t[n )
 ,b>oness ,sproni]e4 ,if ,m5des _h      
prosecut$ 8 action1 poor ,aless&ro 0    
ready to appe> z a witness & tell ! /ory
 :i* ,leoncavallo _h dramatiz$4  ,i h   

nev] se5 ,la ,femme de ,tab>9 & mu/ rely
 on ,mr4 ,philip ,hale1 fecund f\nta9 ( 
in=mal in=mation1 = an outl9e ( ! play  
:i* ,pagliacci call$ back into public   
notice3 ,francisqu9e1 ! wife ( ,tab>91  
irons h] petticoats 9 ! play]s' boo?4 ,a
 muskete] saunt]s along1 /ops & makes   
love to h]4 ,%e li/5s gre$ily4 ,tab>9   
ent]s j aft] %e has made an appo9tm5t ) 
! man4 ,tab>9 is drunk--drunk] ?an      
usual4 ,he adores 8 wife2 he falls at h]
 feet2 he entreats h]2 he ?reat5s h]4   
,mean:ile ! cr[d ga!rs to see ! p>ade4  
,tab>9 m\nts ! plat=m & tells op5ly ( 8 
jeal\sy4 ,he calls 8 wife2 %e does n    
answ]4 ,he op5s ! curta9 beh9d him2 !n  
he sees h] 9 ! arms ( ! muskete]4 ,tab>9
 snat*es up a sword1 /abs 8 wife 9 !    
brea/ & comes back to ! /age ) />t+ eyes
 & ho>se voice4 ,! cr[d m>vels at !     
passion ( 8 play4 ,francisqu9e1 bloody1 
drags h]self along ! bo>ds4 ,%e *okes2  
%e _c speak4 ,tab>91 mad ) despair1     
gives h] ! sword1 begs h] to kill him4  
,%e seizes ! sword1 raises h]self1      

hicc\ghs1 gasps out ! ^w ,canaille1 &   
dies be=e %e c /rike4  ,paul ,f]ri] &   
,emanuel ,pess>d produc$ a gr& op]a 9   
two acts entitl$ ,tab>9 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhe2
 ,alboiz & ,&re a comic op]a ) ! same   
title1 music by ,georges ,b\squet1 9    
#aheb4 ,gilles & ,furpilles br\ght out  
an op]etta call$ ,tab>9 ,duelli/e1 )    
music by ,leon ,pillaut1 9 #ahff4 ,!    
works seem to h _h only ! "n ( ! h]o 9  
common4 ,_! /ories be> no lik5ess to ^? 
( ,la ,femme de ,tab>9 or ,pagliacci4 ,!
 ,spani% play1 ,drama ,nuevo1 by        
,e/ebanez1 0 adapt$ = p]=mance 9 ,engli%
 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells "u ! title     
,yorick's ,love4 ,! translation 0 made =
 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,b>rett & 0 nev] publi%$ 
9 book =m4 ,if x _h ! d5\em5t sugge/$ 9 
,leoncavallo's lett] to ,sonzogno1 !    
fact has escap$ ! memory ( ,mr4 ,h[ells1
 :o1 9 answ] to a lett] ( inquiry :i* ,i
 s5t him1 wrote3 ,s f> z ,i c rememb]   
!re 0 no lik5ess betwe5 ',yorick's      
,love' & ',pagliacci4' ,b :5 ,i made my 
v]sion ,i _h n se5 or he>d ',pagliacci4'

  ,! title ( ,leoncavallo's op]a is     
,pagliacci1 n ,i ,pagliacci z x         
frequ5tly appe>s 9 books & newspap]s4   
,:5 ! op]a 0 br\ght out 9 ! v]nacul>1   
,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,e4 ,wea!rly1 :o made !   
,engli% adaptation1 call$ ! play & ! "* 
assum$ by ,canio 9 ! com$y ,pun*9ello4  
,?is evok$ an int]e/+ comm5t f ,mr4     
,hale3 ',pagliacci' is ! plural (       
,pagliaccio1 :i* does n mean & nev] did 
mean ,pun*9ello4 ,:at is a ,pagliaccio8 
,a type long kn[n to ! ,italians1 &     
famili> to ! ,fr5* z ,paillasse4 ,!     
,pagliaccio visit$ ,p>is fir/ 9 #aegj4  
,he 0 clo!d 9 :ite & wore big buttons4  
,lat]1 he wore a suit ( b$tick1 ) :ite &
 blue *ecks1 ! co>se mattress clo? ( !  
p]iod4 ,h5ce 8 "n4 ,! ^w t meant /raw 0 
aft]w>d us$ = mattress :i* 0 /uff$ )    
/raw & !n = ! buffoon1 :o wore !        
mattress clo? suit4 ,9 ,france !        
,paillasse1 z ,i h said1 0 ! same z     
,pagliaccio4 ,sometimes he wore a r$    
*eck$ suit1 b ! g5u9e "o 0 kn[n by !    
colors1 :ite & blue4 ,he wore blue      

/ock+s1 %ort bree*es puff+ out a la     
bl\se1 a belt$ bl\se & a black1         
close-fitt+ cap4 ,?is buffoon 0 se5 at  
%[s ( /roll+ m\ntebanks4 ,he /ood       
outside ! boo? & by 8 je/s & antics &   
grimaces /rove to attract ! att5tion ( !
 p1 & he told !m ( ! wond]s p]=m$ by    
acrobats )91 ( ! freaks exhibit$4 ,_m ( 
8 je/s are pres]v$4 ,!y are (t5 9       
dialogue ) ! proprietor & are g5]ally ( 
vile indec5cy4 ,! l[e/ ( ! /roll]s1 he 0
 abus$ by !m4 ,! ,italian ,pagliaccio is
 a species ( cl[n1 & ,pun*9ello 0 nev] a
 m]e buffoon4 ,! ,pun* ( ! puppet-%[ is 
a ba/>d desc5dant ( ! latt]1 b ! orig9al
 type is /ill se5 9 ,naples1 :]e he we>s
 a :ite co/ume & a black mask4 ,!       
orig9al type 0 n necess>ily humpback$4  
,pun*9ello is a %rewd fell[1            
intellectual1 yet 9 t\* ) ! p1 cynical2 
n hesitat+ at murd] if he c make by x2  
at ! same "t a local satiri/1 a deal] 9 
gags & quips4 ,pagliacci is p]haps be/  
translat$ by 'cl[ns'2 b ! latt] ^w mu/ n
 be tak5 9 its re/rict$ circus s5se4 ,^!

 /roll+ cl[ns are pantomimi/s1 s+]s1    
com$ians4  ,at ! fir/ p]=mance (        
,pagliacci 9 ,milan ! ca/ 0 z foll[s3   
,canio1 ,g]aud2 ,tonio1 ,maurel2        
,silvio1 ,ancona2 ,peppe1 ,daddi2 ,n$da1
 ,mme4 ,/ehle4 ,! fir/ p]=mance 9       
,am]ica 0 by ! ,h9ri*s ,gr& ,op]a       
,company1 at ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se1 ,new   
,york1 on ,june #ae1 #ahic2 ,selma      
,kronold 0 ! ,n$da1 ,montegriffo !      
,canio1 & ,campan>i ! ,tonio4 ,! op]a 0 
incorporat$ 9 ! ,metropolitan rep]tory 9
 ! season ( #ahic-ahid4    ,r9ucc9i's   
,dafne1 :i* 0 writt5 #cjj ye>s ago & m1 
beg9s ) a prologue :i* 0 spok5 9 ! "* ( 
! poet ,ovid4 ,leoncavallo's ,pagliacci 
also beg9s ) a prologue1 b x is spok5 by
 "o ( ! p ( ! play2 :e!r 9 8 "* z ,tonio
 ( ! trag$y or ,pagliaccio ( ! com$y !re
 is no tell+4 ,he speaks ! s5tim5ts ( ! 
"o & we>s ! motley ( ! o!r4 ,text &     
music1 h[ev]1 are +5i\sly contriv$ to   
s]ve z an index to ! purposes ( ! poet &
 ! me?od & mat]ial ( ! compos]4 ,9 8    
spee* ! prologue tells u t ! au?or ( !  

play is fond ( ! anci5t cu/om ( su* an  
introduction1 b n ( ! old purpose4 ,he  
does n employ x = ! purpose ( proclaim+ 
t ! te>s & passions ( ! actors are b    
simulat$ & false4 ,no6 ,he wi%es to let 
u "k t 8 play is drawn f life z x is--t 
x is true4 ,x well$ up )9 him :5        
memories ( ! pa/ sang 9 8 he>t & 0      
writt5 d[n to %[ u t actors are human   
be+s l unto ourselves4  ,an unnecess>y  
prea*m5t1 & if li/5$ to ) a critical    
disposition r an imp]t95ce1 z calculat$ 
to rob u ( ! pleasure ( illusion :i* x  
is ! prov9ce ( ! drama to give4 ,closely
 analyz$1 ,tonio's spee* is v mu* ( a   
piece ) ! prologue :i* ,bully ,bottom   
want$ = ! play ( ,pyramus 9 ,%akespe>e's
 com$y4 ,we are ask$ to see a play4 ,9  
?is play !re is ano!r play4 ,9 ?is o!r  
play "o ( ! actors plays at             
cross-purposes ) ! au?or--=gets 8 l9es &
 himself altoge!r & becomes 9 reality ! 
man t he seems to be 9 ! fir/ play4 ,!  
prologue delib]ately aims to deprive u (
 ! ?rill ( surprise at ! unexpect$      

d5\em5t1 simply t he may tell u :at we  
already "k z well z he1 t an actor is a 
human be+4  ,pla9ly !n1 f a didactic    
po9t ( view1 ?is prologue is a gratuit\s
 imp]t95ce4 ,n s its music4             
,/ructurally1 x is little m ?an a       
loose-jo9t$ pot-p\rri2 b x s]ves !      
purpose ( a !matic catalogue to ! *ief  
melodic incid5ts ( ! play :i* is to     
foll[4 ,9 ?is x be>s a fa9t resemblance 
to ! introduction to ,b]lioz's ,romeo & 
,juliet symphony4 ,x beg9s ) an en]getic
 figure1  figure3 a musical score exc]pt
  :i* is imm$iately foll[$ by an upw>d  
scale-passage ) a saucy fl\ri% at !     
end--n unlike ! crack ( a :ipla%3--     
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  ,x helps
 admirably to picture ! bu/l+ activity (
 ! fe/a into :i* we are soon to be      
precipitat$4 ,! bits ( melody :i* are n[
 introduc$ might all be labell$ 9 !     
,wolzog5-,wagn] mann] ) ref]5ce to !    
play's peoples & _! passions if x 7 wor?
 :ile to d s1 or if _! beauty & eloqu5ce
 7 n suffici5t unto !mselves4 ,fir/ we h

 ! phrase 9 :i* ,canio w tell u h[ a    
cl[n's he>t mu/ seem m]ry & make laught]
 ?\gh x be break+3--  figure3 a musical 
score exc]pt  ,next ! phrase f ! love   
music ( ,n$da & ,silvio3--  figure3 a   
musical score exc]pt  ,! bu/l+ music    
returns1 develops great en]gy1 !n       
pauses1 hesitates1 & makes way = ,tonio1
 :o1 putt+ 8 head ?r\gh ! curta91       
politely asks p]mission ( ! audi5ce1    
/eps =w>d & deliv]s 8 homily1 :i* is    
alt]nately declamatory & broadly        
melodi\s4 ,"o ( 8 melodies lat] becomes 
! !me ( ! betwe5-acts music1 :i*        
sep>ates ! suppos$ly real life ( !      
/roll+ play]s f ! com$y :i* !y pres5t to
 ! mimic audi5ce3--  figure3 a musical  
score exc]pt  ,at la/ ,tonio calls ^u 8 
fell[ m\ntebanks to beg9 _! play4 ,!    
curta9 rises4 ,we are 9 ! mid/ ( a rural
 celebration ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,assumption  
on ! outskirts ( a village 9 ,calabria4 
,a p]ambulant !atre has be5 set up among
 ! trees & ! /roll+ actors are arriv+1  
accompani$ by a cr[d ( villag]s1 :o %\t 

greet+s to ,cl[n1 ,columb9e1 & ,h>lequ94
 ,n$da arrives 9 a c>t drawn by a donkey
 l$ by ,beppe4 ,canio 9 "* invites !    
cr[d to come to ! %[ at #g o'clock      
7v5titre ore74 ,!re !y %all be regal$ ) 
a sight ( ! dome/ic tr\bles (           
,pagliaccio & see ! fat mis*ief-mak]    
tremble4 ,tonio wants to help ,n$da out 
( ! c>t1 b ,canio int]f]es & lifts h]   
d[n himself2 :]eupon ! wom5 & boys twit 
,tonio4 ,canio & ,beppe wet _! :i/les at
 ! tav]n1 b ,tonio rema9s beh9d on !    
plea t he mu/ curry ! donkey4 ,!        
hospitable villag] playfully sugge/s t x
 is ,tonio's purpose to make love to    
,n$da4 ,canio1 half 9 e>ne/1 half 9 je/1
 po9ts out ! diff]5ce betwe5 real life &
 ! /age4 ,9 ! play1 if he cat*es a lov] 
) 8 wife1 he flies into a mock passion1 
prea*es a s]mon1 & takes a drubb+ f !   
swa9 to ! amusem5t ( ! audi5ce4 ,b !re  
w\ld be a diff]5t end+ to ! /ory 7 ,n$da
 actually to deceive him4 ,let ,tonio   
bew>e6 ,does he d\bt ,n$da's fidelity8  
,n at all4 ,he loves h] & seals 8       

assurance ) a kiss4 ,!n (f to ! tav]n4  
,h>k to ! bagpipes6 ,huzza1 "h come !   
zampogn>i6 ,drone pipes dron+ & *aunt]s 
skirl+--z well z !y c skirl 9 ,italian6 
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  ,n[ we h
 p & pip]s on ! /age & !re's a bell 9 ! 
/eeple r++ = vesp]s4 ,!re=e a *orus4 ,n 
t we h any?+ to say t conc]ns ! /ory 9  
any way4 ,d91 don6 ,t w\ld suffice1 b if
 y mu/ h m3 ,let's to *ur*4 ,d91 don4   
,all's "r ) love & ! sunset4 ,d91 don6  
,b mamma has h] eye on ! "y folk & _!   
incl9ation = kiss+4 ,d91 don6 ,bells &  
pipes are e*o$ by ! s+]s4  ,h] husb& is 
gone to ! tav]n = refre%m5t & ,n$da is  
left alone4 ,!re is a little tr\ble 9 h]
 m9d caus$ by ! fi]c5ess ( ,canio's     
voice & looks4 ,does he suspect8 ,b :y  
yield to su* fancies & fe>s8 ,h[        
beautiful ! mid-,augu/ sun is6 ,h] hopes
 & long+s f9d expression 9 !            
,ballatella--a waltz tune ) twitt] (    
birds & ru/le ( leaves = accompanim5t4  
,pretty birds1 :]e are y go+8 ,:at is x 
y say8 ,"m knew y\r song & us$ once to  

tell x to h] babe4 ,h[ y\r w+s fla%     
?r\gh ! e!r6 ,he$less ( cl\d & tempe/1  
on1 on1 pa/ ! />s1 & /ill on6 ,h] wi%es 
take flight ) ! fea!r$ song/]s1 b ,tonio
 br+s h] rudely to e>?4 ,he pleads = a  
return ( ! love :i* he says he be>s h]1 
b %e bids him po/pone 8 prote/ations    
till he c make !m 9 ! play4 ,he gr[s    
desp]ately urg5t & attempts to rape a   
kiss4 ,%e cuts him across ! face ) a    
donkey :ip1 & he goes away blasphem+ &  
swe>+ v5geance4  ,!n ,silvio            
comes--,silvio1 ! villag]1 :o loves h] &
 :o has h] he>t4 ,%e fe>s he w be       
discov]$1 b he bids h] be at peace2 he  
_h left ,canio dr9k+ at ! tav]n4 ,%e    
tells him ( ! sc5e ) ,tonio & w>ns him1 
b he laughs at h] fe>s4 ,!n he pleads ) 
h]4 ,%e does n love h] husb&2 %e is we>y
 ( ! w&]+ life :i* %e is =c$ to lead2 if
 h] love is true let h] fly ) him to    
happ9ess4 ,no4 ',tis folly1 madness2 h] 
he>t is 81 b he mu/ n tempt h] to its   
de/ruction4 ,tonio sl9ks 9 & plays      
eavesdropp]4 ,he he>s ! mutual          

prote/ations ( ! lov]s1 he>s ,n$da yield
 to ,silvio's wild plead+s1 sees !m     
lock$ 9 ea* o!r's arms1 & hurries (f to 
fet* ,canio4 ,canio comes1 b n 9 "t to  
see ! man :o _h climb$ ov] ! wall1 yet 9
 "t to he> ,n$da's ^w ( p>t+3 ,a        
/anotte--e p] sempre tua s>o--,to-night1
 & =ev]1 ,i am y\rs6 ,he ?r[s ,n$da     
aside & gives *ase aft] ! fugitive1 b is
 baffl$4 ,he dem&s to be told ! "n ( h] 
lov]4 ,n$da refuses to answ]4 ,he ru%es 
^u h] ) dagg] drawn1 b ,beppe int]cepts 
& dis>ms him4 ,!re is ha/e n[2 !        
villag]s are already ga!r+ = ! play4    
,tonio ins9uates 8 wick$ advice3 ,let u 
dissemble2 ! gallant may be caught at ! 
play4 ,! o!rs g out to prep>e = _!      
labors4 ,canio /agg]s t[>d ! !atre4 ,he 
mu/ act ! m]ry fool1 ?\gh 8 he>t be     
torn6 ,:y n8 ,:at is he8 ,a man8 ,no2 a 
cl[n6 ,on ) ! motley6 ,! public mu/ be  
amus$4 ,:at ?\gh ,h>lequ9 /eals 8       
,columb9e8 ,laugh1 ,pagliaccio1 ?\gh ?y 
he>t break6  ,! betwe5-acts music is    
retrospective2 x comm5ts on ! tragic    

emotions1 ! pa?os =etold 9 ! prologue4  
,act ,,ii br+s ! com$y :i* is to h a    
reali/ic & bloody end+4 ,! villag]s ga!r
 & /ruggle = places 9 front ( ! boo?4   
,among !m is ,silvio1 to :om ,n$da      
speaks a ^w ( w>n+ z %e passes him :ile 
collect+ ! admission fees4 ,he rem9ds h]
 ( ! assignation2 %e w be !re4 ,! com$y 
beg9s to ! music ( a graceful m9uet3--  
figure3 a musical score exc]pt          
,columb9e is wait+ = ,h>lequ94 ,taddeo  
is at ! m>ket buy+ ! supp] = ! mimic    
lov]s4 ,h>lequ9 s+s 8 s]5ade "u ! w9d[3 
,o1 ,colomb9a1 il t5]o fido ,arlec*9--a 
pretty measure6 ,taddeo ent]s & p\rs out
 8 admiration = ,colomb9a 9 an exagg]at$
 cad5za z he (f]s h] 8 basket (         
pur*ases4 ,! audi5ce %[s enjoym5t ( !   
sport4 ,taddeo makes love to ,colomb9a &
 ,h>lequ91 ent]+ by ! w9d[1 lifts him up
 by ! e>s f ! floor :]e he is kneel+ &  
kicks him out ( ! room4 ,:at fun6 ,!    
mimic lov]s sit at table & discuss !    
supp] & _! love4 ,taddeo ent]s 9 mock   
al>m to tell ( ! com+ ( ,pagliaccio4    

,h>lequ9 decamps1 b leaves a philtre 9 !
 h&s ( ,columb9e to be p\r$ into h]     
husb&'s w9e4 ,at ! w9d[ ,columb9e calls 
aft] him3 ,a /anotte--e p] sempre io s>o
 tua6 ,at ?is mom5t ,canio ent]s 9 ! "* 
( ,pagliaccio4 ,he he>s aga9 ! words :i*
 ,n$da _h call$ aft] ! flee+ ,silvio1 & 
= a mom5t is />tl$ out ( 8 "*4 ,b he    
collects himself & beg9s to play 8 "p4  
,a man has be5 "h6 ,y've be5 dr9k+6 ,!  
dialogue ( ! com$y cont9ues1 b ev] &    
anon ) difficulty on ! "p ( ,pagliaccio1
 :o beg9s to put a s9i/] inflection into
 8 words4 ,taddeo is dragg$ f ! cupbo>d 
9 :i* he _h tak5 hid+4 ,he1 too1 puts   
color ( v]ity into 8 l9es1 especially :5
 he prates ab\t ! purity ( ,columb9e4   
,canio loses control ( himself m & m4   
,pagliaccio no m1 b a man--a man seek+  
v5geance4 ,! "n ( y\r lov]6 ,! audi5ce  
is mov$ by 8 int5sity4 ,silvio betrays  
anxiety4 ,canio rages on4 ,! "n1 ! "n6  
,! mimic audi5ce %\ts1 ,bravo6 ,n$da3 if
 he d\bts h] %e w g4 ,no1 by ,god6 ,y'll
 rema9 & tell me ! "n ( y\r lov]6 ,) a  

great ef=t ,n$da =ces h]self to rema9 9 
"*4 ,! music1 ^: tripp+ dance measures h
 giv5 way to s9i/] mutt]+s 9 keep+ )    
,canio's mad outbur/s1 z ! mimic play   
ev] & anon ?reat5s to leave its grooves 
& plunge into ! tragic vortex ( reality1
 *anges to a gavotte3--  figure3 a      
musical exc]pt  ,columb9e expla9s3 %e _h
 no idea h] husb& c\ld put on s tragical
 a mask4 ,x is only h>mless ,h>lequ9 :o 
has be5 h] companion4 ,! "n6 ,! "n66 ,,!
 ,,"n666 ,n$da sees cata/rophe approa*+ 
& ?r[s h] "* to ! w9ds4 ,%e %rieks out a
 defiant ,no6 & attempts to escape f !  
mimic /age4 ,silvio />ts up ) dagg]     
drawn4 ,! spectators rise 9 confusion & 
cry ,/op him6 ,canio seizes ,n$da &     
plunges 8 knife into h]3 ,take t6 ,& t6 
,) ?y dy+ gasps ?\'lt tell me6 ,w(ul    
intuition6 ,dy+1 ,n$da calls3 ,help1    
,silvio6 ,silvio ru%es =w>d & receives  
,canio's knife 9 8 he>t4 ,gesum>ia6     
%riek ! wom54 ,m5 ?r[ !mselves ^u       
,canio4 ,he /&s = a mom5t 9 a /upor1    
drops 8 knife & speaks ! words3 ,! com$y

 is end$4 ,ridi ,pagliaccio6 %rieks !   
or*e/ra z ! curta9 falls4  ,plaudite1   
amici1 said ,bee?ov5 on 8 dea? b$1 la   
comm$ia f9ita e/6 ,& !re is a tradition 
t ^!1 too1 7 ! la/ words ( ! ar*-je/]   
,rabelais4 ,:5 ',pagliacci' 0 fir/ sung 
"h 79 ,bo/on71 by ! ,tav>y company1 says
 ,mr4 ,philip ,hale1 ,tonio po9t$ to !  
dead bodies & utt]$ ! s5t5ce 9 a mock+  
way4 ,& !re is a report t su* 0         
,leoncavallo's orig9al int5tion4 ,z !   
,tonio began ! piece 9 explanation s he 
%\ld end x4 ,b ! t5or 7de ,lucia7 insi/$
 t he %\ld speak ! l9e4 ,i d n believe !
 /ory4 7#a7 ,z ,maurel 0 ! orig9al      
,tonio & ! t5or 0 comp>atively unkn[n1 x
 is d\btful :e!r ,maurel1 ( all m51 w\ld
 h all[$ ( ! loss ( a fat l9e4 7#b7 ,z  
,canio is *ief ( ! company x is em95tly 
prop] t he %\ld make ! ann\ncem5t to !  
cr[d4 7#c7 ,! gha/ly irony is acc5tuat$ 
by ! spee* :5 x comes f ,canio's m\?4   
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,cavall]ia ,,ru/icana    
,hav+ nei!r ! pati5ce nor ! incl9ation  
to p>aphrase a comm5t on ,mascagni's    

,cavall]ia ,ru/icana :i* ,i wrote ye>s  
ago :5 ! op]a 0 comp>atively new1 & z x 
appe>s to me to conta9 a j e/imate &    
criticism ( ! "w & ! s*ool ( :i* x &    
,pagliacci rema9 ! =emo/ exempl>s1 ,i   
quote f my book1 ,*apt]s ( ,op]a        
,footnote3 ,*apt]s ( ,op]a1 by ,h4 ,e4  
,krehbiel1 p4#bbc ,sev5te5 ye>s ago     
',cavall]ia ,ru/icana' _h no p]spective4
 ,n[1 ?\gh b a small portion ( its      
prog5y has be5 br\ght to our notice1 we 
nev]!less look at x ?r\gh a vi/a :i*    
looks l a valley ( moral & physical dea?
 ?r\gh :i* !re fl[s a sluggi% /ream ?ick
 ) fil? & r$ ) blood4 ,/rangely en\gh1 9
 spite ( ! consequ5ces :i* h foll[$ x1 !
 fi]ce little drama reta9s its old      
pot5cy4 ,x /ill speaks ) a voice :i*    
s\nds l ! voice ( tru?4 ,its music /ill 
makes ! n]ves t+le1 & c>ries our feel+s 
unresi/+ly on its turbul5t curr5t4 ,b ! 
/age-picture is less sangu9>y ?an x     
look$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x seems to h rec$$ a 
mill5nium 9 "t4 ,x has ! t]rible        
fi]c5ess ( an ,attic trag$y1 b x also   

has ! decorum :i* ! ,attic trag$y nev]  
violat$4 ,!re is no slaught] 9 ! pres5ce
 ( ! audi5ce1 despite ! humbl5ess ( its 
p]sonages4 ,x does n keep u p]petually 9
 sight ( ! %ambles4 ,x is1 inde$1 an    
exposition ( *ivalry2 ru/ic1 b *ivalry  
nev]!less4 ,x 0 ?us ,clytemne/ra slew h]
 husb&1 & ,ore/es 8 "m4 ,note ! contra/ 
:i* ! duel betwe5 ,alfio & ,turiddu     
pres5ts ) ! d\ble murd] to ! piquant    
accompanim5t ( com$y 9 ',pagliacci1' !  
op]a :i* foll[$ s h>d ^u its heels4     
,s9ce !n piquancy has be5 ! cry2 !      
piquant contemplation ( adult]y1        
s$uction1 & murd] amid ! reek & /5* ( ! 
,italian b>ny>d4 ,?9k ( ,cilea's        
',tilda1' ,giordano's ',mala ,vita1'    
,sp9elli's ',a ,basso ,porto1' &        
,tasca's ',a ,santa ,lucia'6  ,! /ories 
*os5 = op]atic treatm5t by ! *ampions ( 
v]ismo are all alike4 ,x is _! fil? &   
blood :i* fructifies ! music1 :i* rasps 
! n]ves ev5 z ! plays revolt ! moral    
/oma*4 ,i repeat3 ,look+ back ov] ! "t  
dur+ :i* ?is s-call$ v]itism has held   

its orgies1 ',cavall]ia ,ru/icana' seems
 almo/ classic4 ,its music is highly    
spic$ & ta/es 'hot i' ?' m\?1' b its    
eloqu5ce is1 aft] all1 9 its eag]1      
pulsat+1 passionate melody--l ! music   
:i* ,v]di wrote m ?an half a c5tury ago 
= ! la/ act ( ',il ,trovatore4' ,if     
nei!r ,mascagni himself nor 8 imitators 
h succe$$ 9 equall+ x s9ce1 x is because
 !y h ?\ght too mu* ( ! ext]nal devices 
( abrupt & unc\? *ange ( modes &        
tonalities1 ( exotic scales & g>i%      
or*e/ration1 & too little ( ! fundam5tal
 elem5t ( melody :i* once 0 ! be-all &  
end-all ( ,italian music4 ,ano!r f\nta9 
( gu%+ melody mu/ be op5$ be=e          
',cavall]ia ru/icana' f9ds a successor 9
 all ?+s wor?y ( ! succession4 ,+5i\s   
artifice1 reflection1 & te*nical        
clev]ness w n suffice ev5 ) ! blood &   
mud ( ! slums z a f]tiliz]4  ,h[        
,mascagni came to write 8 op]a he has   
himself told u 9 a bright sket* ( ! e>ly
 "p ( 8 life-hi/ory :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 !     
,fanfulla della ,dom5ica ( ,rome %ortly 

aft] he became fam\s4 ,rec\nt+ ! /ory ( 
8 /ruggle = exi/5ce aft] ent]+ ^u 8     
c>e]1 he wrote3--  ,9 #ahhh only a few  
sc5es 7( ,ratcliff7 rema9$ to be        
compos$2 b ,i let !m lie & h n t\*$ !m  
s9ce4 ,! ?\ght ( ,cavall]ia ru/icana _h 
be5 9 my head = sev]al ye>s4 ,i want$ to
 introduce myself )1 a "w ( small       
dim5sions4 ,i appeal$ to sev]al         
libretti/s1 b none 0 will+ to und]take !
 "w )\t a gu>antee ( recomp5se4 ,!n came
 notice ( ! ,sonzogno competition & ,i  
eag]ly seiz$ ! opportunity to bett] my  
condition4 ,b my sal>y ( #ajj lire1 to  
:i* no?+ 0 add$1 except ! fees f a few  
pian(orte lessons 9 ,c]ignola & two     
lessons 9 ! ,philh>monic ,society (     
,canosa 7a little t[n a few miles f     
,c]ignola71 did n p]mit ! luxury ( a    
libretto4 ,at ! solicitation ( "s fri5ds
 ,t>gioni1 9 ,leghorn1 decid$ to write a
 ,cavall]ia ru/icana = me4 ,my m9d 0    
long occupi$ ) ! f9ale4 ,! words3 ,hanno
 ammazzato comp>e ,turiddu6 7,!y h kill$
 ,neighbor ,turiddu67 7 =ev] r++ 9 my   

e>s4 ,i ne$$ a few mighty or*e/ral *ords
 to give *>act]i/ic =m to ! musical     
phrase & a*ieve an impressive close4 ,h[
 x happ5$ ,i don't "k1 b "o morn+1 z ,i 
0 trudg+ along ! road to give my lessons
 at ,canosa1 ! idea came to me l a /roke
 ( lightn+1 & ,i _h f\nd my *ords4 ,!y 7
 ^? sev5? *ords1 :i* ,i consci5ti\sly   
set d[n 9 my manuscript4  ,?us ,i began 
my op]a at ! end4 ,:5 ,i receiv$ ! fir/ 
*orus ( my libretto by po/ 7,i compos$ !
 ,siciliano 9 ! prelude lat]7 ,i said 9 
great good humor to my wife3  ,to-day we
 mu/ make a l>ge exp5diture4  ,:at =8   
,an al>m clock4  ,:y8  ,to wake me up   
be=e dawn s t ,i may beg9 to write on   
',cavall]ia ru/icana4'  ,! exp5diture   
caus$ a dubi\s *ange 9 ! mon?ly budget1 
b x 0 will+ly all[$4 ,we w5t out toge!r1
 & aft] a good deal ( b>ga9+ sp5t n9e   
lire4 ,i am sure t ,i c f9d ! clock1 all
 safe & s\nd1 9 ,c]ignola4 ,i w\nd x up 
! ev5+ we b\ght x1 b x 0 de/9$ to be (  
no s]vice to me1 = 9 t night a son1 !   
fir/ ( a r[ ( !m1 0 born to me4 ,9 spite

 ( ?is ,i c>ri$ out my det]m9ation1 & 9 
! morn+ began to write ! fir/ *orus (   
,cavall]ia4 ,i came to ,rome 9 ,febru>y1
 #ahij1 9 ord] to p]mit ! jury to he> my
 op]a2 !y decid$ t x 0 wor?y ( p]=mance4
 ,return+ to ,c]ignola 9 a /ate ( !     
greate/ excitem5t1 ,i notic$ t ,i did n 
h a p5ny 9 my pocket = ! return trip to 
,rome :5 my op]a 0 to be rehe>s$4       
,signor ,sonzogno help$ me out ( my     
emb>rassm5t ) a few hundr$ francs4  ,^? 
beautiful days ( fe> & hope1 (          
disc\ragem5t & confid5ce1 are z vividly 
be=e my eyes z if !y 7 n[4 ,i see aga9 !
 ,con/anzi ,!atre1 half fill$2 ,i see   
h[1 aft] ! la/ excit$ measures ( !      
or*e/ra1 !y all raise _! arms &         
ge/iculate1 z if !y 7 ?reat5+ me2 & 9 my
 s\l !re awak5s an e*o ( t cry (        
approval :i* almo/ pro/rat$ me4 ,!      
effect made ^u me 0 s p[]ful t at !     
second repres5tation ,i _h to reque/ !m 
to turn d[n ! footlights 9 case ,i %\ld 
be call$ out2 = ! bl9d+ light seem$ a   
hell to me1 l a fi]y abyss t ?reat5$ to 

engulf me4  ,x is a rude little tale :i*
 ,giovanni ,v]ga wrote & :i* suppli$ !  
libretti/s1 ,g4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti & ,g4
 ,m5asci1 ) ! plot ( ,mascagni's op]a4  
,s5t5ti\s z ! op]a seems1 x is yet puff$
 out1 padd$1 & b$iz5$ ) uness5tial      
ornam5t comp>$ ) ! /ory4 ,?is has !     
simplicity & directness ( a folk-tale or
 folk-song1 & mu* ( its *>act]i/ic color
 & /r5g? 7 lo/ 9 fitt+ x out = music4 ,!
 play1 :i* ,signora ,duse pres5t$ to u )
 a p[] :i* no op]atic s+] c ev] hope to 
mat*1 0 m to ! purpose1 quick] & /rong] 
9 movem5t1 fi]c] 9 its onru% ( passion1 
& m pa!tic 9 its sil5ces ?an ! op]a )   
its music1 ?\gh ! note ( pa?os s\nd$ by 
,signor ,mascagni is ! mo/ admirable    
elem5t ( ! score4 ,) half a doz5 homely 
t\*es ,v]ga conjures up ! life ( a      
,sicilian village & /rikes out 8 *>act]s
 9 bold outl9e4 ,turiddu ,macca1 son (  
,nunzia1 is a b]sagli]e return$ f       
s]vice4 ,he /ruts ab\t ! village /reets 
9 8 uni=m1 smok+ a pipe c>v$ ) an image 
( ! k+ on horseback1 :i* he lights ) a  

mat* fir$ by a scrat* on ! seat ( 8     
tr\s]s1 lift+ 8 leg z if = a kick4      
,lola1 daught] ( ,mass>o ,angelo1 0 8   
swee!>t :5 he 0 conscript$1 b mean:ile  
%e has promis$ to m>ry ,alfio1 a team/] 
f ,licodia1 :o has f\r ,sort9o mules 9 8
 /able4 ,n[ ,turiddu c\ld d no?+ bett]  
?an s+ spiteful songs "u h] w9d[4  ,lola
 m>ri$ ! team/]1 & on ,sundays %e w\ld  
sit 9 ! y>d ) h] h&s pos$ on h] hips to 
%[ (f ! ?ick gold r+s :i* h] husb& _h   
giv5 h]4 ,opposite ,alfio's h\se liv$   
,mass>o ,cola1 :o 0 z ri* z a hog1 z !y 
said1 & :o _h an only daught] nam$      
,santa4 ,turiddu1 to spite ,lola1 paid 8
 addresses to ,santa & :isp]$ sweet     
words into h] e>4  ,:y don't y g & say  
^! nice ?+s to ,lola8 ask$ ,santa "o    
day4  ,lola is a f9e lady n[2 %e has    
m>ri$ a cr[n pr9ce4 ,b y are wor? a ?\s&
 ,lolas2 %e isn't wor?y ( we>+ y\r old  
%oes4 ,i c\ld j eat y up ) my eyes1     
,santa--?us ,turiddu4  ,y may eat me )  
y\r eyes & welcome1 = !n !re w be no    
leav+ ( crumbs4  ,if ,i 7 ri* ,i w\ld l 

to h a wife j l y4  ,i %all nev] m>ry a 
cr[n pr9ce1 b ,i %all h a d[ry z well z 
,lola :5 ! good ,"l s5ds me a lov]4  ,! 
tassel on 8 cap _h tickl$ ! girl's      
fancy4 ,h] fa!r disapprov$ ( ! "y       
soldi]1 & turn$ him f 8 door2 b ,santa  
op5$ h] w9d[ to him until ! village     
gossips got busy ) h] "n & 84 ,lola     
li/5$ to ! talk ( ! lov]s f beh9d a vase
 ( fl[]s4 ,"o day %e call$ aft]         
,turiddu3 ,ah1 ,turiddu6 ,old fri5ds are
 no long] notic$1 eh8  ,he is a happy   
man :o has ! *ance ( see+ y1 ,lola4  ,y 
"k :]e ,i live1 answ]$ ,lola4 ,& n[     
,turiddu visit$ ,lola s (t5 t ,santa %ut
 h] w9d[ 9 8 face & ! villag]s began to 
smile kn[+ly :5 he pass$ by4 ,alfio 0   
mak+ a r\nd ( ! fairs ) 8 mules4 ,next  
,sunday ,i mu/ g to confession1 said    
,lola "o day1 = la/ night ,i dreamt t ,i
 saw black grapes4  ,nev] m9d ! dream1  
plead$ ,turiddu4  ,b ,ea/] is com+1 & my
 husb& w want to "k :y ,i h n confess$4 
,santa 0 be=e ! confessional wait+ h]   
turn :5 ,lola 0 receiv+ absolution4 ,i  

w\ldn't s5d y to ,rome = absolution1 %e 
said4 ,alfio came home ) 8 mules1 &     
money & a ri* holiday dress = 8 wife4   
,y d well to br+ pres5ts to h]1 said    
,santa to him1 = :5 y are away y\r wife 
adorns y\r head = y4  ,holy ,devil6     
scream$ ,alfio4 ,be sure ( :at y are    
say+1 or ,i'll n leave y an eye to cry  
)6  ,i am n 9 ! habit ( cry+4 ,i hav5't 
wept ev5 :5 ,i h se5 ,turiddu go+ into  
y\r wife's h\se at night4  ,en\gh6 said 
,alfio4 ,i ?ank y v mu*4  ,! cat hav+   
come back home1 ,turiddu kept (f !      
/reets by day1 b 9 ! ev5+s consol$      
himself ) 8 fri5ds at ! tav]n4 ,!y 7    
enjoy+ a di% ( sausages !re on ,ea/]    
eve4 ,:5 ,alfio came 9 ,turiddu und]/ood
 :at he want$ by ! way he fix$ 8 eyes on
 him4 ,y "k :at ,i want to speak to y   
ab\t1 said ,alfio :5 ,turiddu ask$ him  
if he _h any comm&s to give him4 ,he    
(f]$ ,alfio a glass ( w9e1 b x 0 refus$ 
) a wave ( ! h&4  ,"h ,i am1 said       
,turiddu4 ,alfio put 8 arms ar\nd 8     
neck4 ,we'll talk ?is ?+ ov] if y w meet

 me to-morr[ morn+4  ,y may look = me on
 ! highway at sunrise1 & we w g on      
toge!r4  ,!y ex*ang$ ! kiss ( *all5ge1 &
 ,turiddu1 z an e>ne/ t he w\ld be on   
h&1 bit ,alfio's e>4 ,8 companions left 
_! sausages uneat5 & w5t home )         
,turiddu4 ,!re 8 "m 0 sitt+ up = him4   
,mamma1 ,turiddu said to h]1 d y rememb]
 t :5 ,i w5t away to be a soldi] y ?\ght
 ,i w\ld nev] come back8 ,kiss me z y   
did !n1 mamma1 = to-morr[ ,i am go+ away
 aga94  ,be=e daybreak he took 8 knife f
 ! place 9 ! haym[ :]e he _h hidd5 x :5 
he w5t soldi]+1 & w5t out to meet       
,alfio4  ,holy ,"m ( ,jesus6 grumbl$    
,lola :5 h] husb& prep>$ to g out2 :]e  
are y go+ 9 su* a hurry8  ,i am go+ f>  
away1 answ]$ ,alfio1 & x w be bett] = y 
if ,i nev] come back6  ,! two m5 met on 
! highway & = a :ile walk$ on 9 sil5ce4 
,turiddu kept 8 cap pull$ d[n ov] 8     
face4 ,neighbor ,alfio1 he said aft] a  
space1 z true z ,i live ,i "k t ,i h    
wrong$ y1 & ,i w\ld let myself be kill$ 
if ,i _h n se5 my old "m :5 %e got up on

 ! pretext ( look+ aft] ! h5s4 ,& n[1 z 
true z ,i live1 ,i w kill y l a dog s t 
my de> old "m may n h cause to weep4    
,good6 answ]$ ,alfio2 we w bo? /rike    
h>d6 ,& he took (f 8 coat4  ,bo? 7 good 
) ! knife4 ,turiddu receiv$ ! fir/ bl[ 9
 8 arm1 & :5 he return$ x /ruck =       
,alfio's he>t4  ,ah1 ,turiddu6 ,y really
 d int5d to kill me8  ,yes1 ,i told y s4
 ,s9ce ,i saw h] 9 ! h5y>d ,i h my old  
"m always 9 my eyes4  ,keep ^? eyes wide
 op51 %\t$ ,alfio1 = ,i am go+ to return
 y good measure6  ,alfio cr\*$ almo/ to 
! gr\nd1 keep+ 8 left h& on ! w\nd1 :i* 
pa9$ him4 ,sudd5ly he seiz$ a h&ful (   
du/ & ?rew x into ,turiddu's eyes4  ,ah6
 h[l$ ,turiddu1 bl9d$ by ! du/1 ,i'm a  
dead man6 ,he attempt$ to save himself  
by leap+ backw>d1 b ,alfio /ruck him a  
second bl[1 ?is "t 9 ! belly1 & a ?ird 9
 ! ?roat4  ,t makes ?ree--! la/ = ! head
 y h adorn$ = me6  ,turiddu /agg]$ back 
into ! bu%es & fell4 ,he tri$ to say1   
,ah1 my de> "m6 b ! blood gurgl$ up 9 8 
?roat & he c\ld n4    ,music l5ds itself

 incalculably bett] to ! celebration ( a
 mood accompli%$ or a*iev$ by action1   
physical or psy*ological1 ?an to an     
expression ( ! action itself4 ,x is 9 ! 
nature ( ! lyric drama t ?is %\ld be s1 
& !re ne$ be no wond] t :]ev] ,v]ga (f]$
 an opportunity = set lyricism x 0      
embrac$ by ,mascagni & 8 libretti/s4    
,v]ga tells u t ,turiddu1 hav+ lo/      
,lola1 com=t$ himself by s++ spiteful   
songs "u h] w9d[4 ,?is sugge/$ !        
,siciliano1 :i*1 an aft]?\ght1 ,mascagni
 put into 8 prelude z a s]5ade1 n 9     
disp>agem5t1 b 9 praise ( ,lola4 ,x 0 at
 ,ea/] t ,alfio return$ to discov] !    
infidelity ( 8 wife1 & h5ce we h an     
,ea/] hymn1 "o ( ! musical high lights (
 ! "w1 ?\gh ( no dramatic value4 ,v]ga  
aims to awak5 at lea/ a tittle (        
ext5uation & a sp>k ( sympa?y = ,turiddu
 by %[+ u 8 filial love 9 conflict ) 8  
will+ness to make rep>ation to ,alfio2  
,mascagni & 8 libretti/s d m by %[+ u ! 
figure ( ! "y soldi] bl5d+ a reque/ = a 
f>ewell kiss f 8 "m ) a pray] =         

protection = ! woman he has wrong$4 ,9  
its del9eation ( ! t5d] emotions1 inde$1
 ! op]a is m g5]\s & k9dly ?an ! /ory4  
,santuzza does n betray h] lov] 9 cold  
blood z does ,santa1 b 9 ! dep? ( h]    
humiliation & at ! climax ( h] jeal\s   
fury creat$ by ,turiddu's rejection ( h]
 :5 he foll[s ,lola into *ur*4 ,moreov]1
 h] love op5s ! gates to remorse ! mom5t
 %e realizes :at ! consequ5ce ( h] act  
is to be4 ,! op]a sacrifices "s ( !     
virility ( ,turiddu's "* z sket*$ by    
,v]ga1 b by its classic treatm5t ( !    
sc5e ( ! kill+ x saves u f !            
contemplation ( ,alfio's da/>dly trick  
:i* turns a duel into a c[>dly          
assass9ation4  ,! prelude to ! op]a set 
! =m :i* ,leoncavallo foll[$1 slavi%ly  
foll[$1 9 ,pagliacci4  ,! or*e/ral      
proclamation ( ! mov+ passions ( ! play 
is made by ! use ( fragm5ts ( melody :i*
 9 ! vocal score m>k climaxes 9 !       
dialogue4 ,! fir/ high po9t 9 ! prelude 
is rea*$ 9 ! /ra9 to :i* ,santuzza begs 
= ! love ( ,turiddu ev5 aft] %e has     

disclos$ to him h] k ( 8 infidelity3--  
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  figure3 
a musical score exc]pt  ! second is !   
broad melody 9 :i* %e pleads ) him to   
return to h] arms3--  figure3 a musical 
score exc]pt  ,betwe5 ^! expositions    
falls ! ,siciliano1 :i* int]rupts !     
in/rum5tal flood j z ,lola's c>eless    
song1 ! ,/ornello1 int]rupts !          
passionate ru% ( ,santuzza's            
prote/ations1 pray]s1 & lam5tations 9 ! 
sc5e betwe5 h] & h] fai?less lov]3--    
figure3 a musical score exc]pt sett+ !  
words ,o ,lola1 blanca come flor di     
sp9o1 qu&o t'affaci ti s'affaccio il    
sole  ,^! %>p contra/s1 height5$ by !   
device ( surprise1 =m "o ( ! m>k$       
*>act]i/ics ( ,mascagni's score & "o ( !
 mo/ effective4 ,we meet x also 9 !     
in/rum5tation--! h>p accompanim5t to !  
s]5ade1 ! pauses :i* give piquancy to   
,lola's ditty1 ! unison viol9s1 h>p     
arpeggios1 & su/a9$ organ *ords ( !     
int]mezzo4  ,:5 ! curta9 rises x        
discloses ! op5 squ>e ( a ,sicilian     

village1 flank$ by a *ur* & ! inn (     
,lucia1 ,turiddu's "m4 ,x is ,ea/] morn+
 & villag]s & peasants are ga!r+ = !    
,pas*al mass4 ,*ur* bells r+ & ! or*e/ra
 breaks into ! eag] melody :i* a little 
lat] we he> comb9$ ) ! voices :i* are   
hymn+ ! pleasant sights & s\nds (       
nature3--  figure3 a musical score      
exc]pt sett+ ! words tempo e si mormori 
,a *>m+ conception is ! regul> beat &   
flux & reflux ( ! wom5's voices z !y s+ 
figure3 a musical score exc]pt sett+ !  
words ,gli>anci olezzano sui v]di m>g9i 
cant&o le allo d le tra i mirti 9 flor 4
 4 4  ,delightful & refre%+ is ! bu/l+  
/ra9 ( ! m54 ,! s+]s dep>t ) s(t        
exclamations ( rapture call$ out by !   
contemplation ( nature & ?\ghts ( !     
,virg9 ,"m & ,*ild 9 _! he>ts4 ,comes   
,santuzza1 sore di/ress$1 to ,mamma     
,lucia1 to inquire z to ! :]eab\ts ( h] 
son ,turiddu4 ,lucia ?9ks him at        
,franc(onte2 b ,santuzza kn[s t he sp5t 
! night 9 ! village4  ,9 pity = !       
maid5's di/ress1 ,lucia asks h] to ent] 

h] home1 b ,santuzza may n--%e is       
excommunicate4 ,alfio ent]s ) boi/]\s   
jollity1 s++ ( 8 jovial c>efree life z a
 team/] & 8 love ( home & a fai?ful     
wife4 ,x is a paltry measure1 endurable 
only = its (f]+ ( contra/1 & we w n t>ry
 ) x1 ?\gh ! villag]s e*o x m]rily4     
,alfio1 too1 has se5 ,turiddu1 & ,lucia 
is ab\t to express h] surprise :5       
,santuzza *ecks h]4 ,! h\r ( devotion is
 come1 & ! *oir 9 ! *ur* intones !      
,reg9a coeli1 :ile ! p )\t fall on _!   
knees & s+ ! ,resurrection ,hymn4 ,aft] 
! fir/ outbur/1 to :i* ! organ app5ds a 
brief po/lude1 ,santuzza leads 9 !      
canticle1 ,innegiamo il ,signor non     
dmorte3      ,let u s+ ( our ,"l ris'n  
victori\s6     ,let u s+ ( our ,"l ev]  
glori\s3--   figure3 a musical score    
exc]pt  figure3 a musical score exc]pt  
,! in/rum5tal basses supply a f\ndation 
( ,ba*ian granite1 ! *orus )9 ! *ur*    
int]polates %\ts ( ,alleluia6 & ! song  
swells until ! gates ( s\nd fly wide op5
 & we =get ! !atre 9 a f]vor ( religi\s 

devotion4 ,only ! critic 9 8 /udy ought 
"h to ?9k ( ! p>allel sc5e :i*          
,leoncavallo s\ght to create 9 8 op]a4  
,?us f> ! little dramatic matt] t has   
be5 introduc$ is :olly expository2 yet  
we are already ne> ! middle ( ! score4  
,all ! /age folk ent] ! *ur* save       
,santuzza & ,lucia1 & to ! "m ( h]      
betray] ! maid5 tells ! /ory ( h]       
wrongs4 ,! romance :i* %e s+s is m>k$ by
 ! copi\s use ( "o ( ! di/+ui%+ devices 
( ! v]iti/ compos]s--! melodic triplet1 
an effici5t help = ! pu%+1 pulsat+      
declamation ) :i* ! dramatic dialogue ( 
,mascagni1 ,leoncavallo1 & _! fell[s is 
c>ri$ on4 ,lucia c d no m = ! un=tunate 
?an comm5d h] to ! c>e ( ! ,virg94 ,%e  
ent]s ! *ur* & ,turiddu comes4 ,he lies 
z to :]e he has be54 ,santuzza is quick 
) accusation & reproa*1 b at ! fir/ sign
 ( 8 ang] & a h9t ( ! v5geance :i*      
,alfio w take %e abases h]self4 ,let him
 beat & insult h]1 %e w love & p>don    
?\gh h] he>t break4 ,%e is 9 ! extremity
 ( agony & angui% :5 ,lola is he>d      

troll+ a c>eless song3--  figure3       
musical example sett+ ! ^w ,fior di     
giaggiolo 4 4 gli angeli belli /anno a  
mille 9 cielo 4 4 4  ,%e is ab\t to beg9
 a second /anza :5 %e ent]s & sees !    
pair4    ,%e /ops ) an exclamation4 ,%e 
says %e is seek+ ,alfio4 ,is ,turiddu n 
go+ to mass8 ,santuzza1 significantly3  
,x is ,ea/] & ! ,"l sees all ?+s6 ,none 
b ! blameless %\ld g to mass4 ,b ,lola w
 g1 & s w ,turiddu4 ,scorn+ ,santuzza's 
plead+s & at la/ hurl+ h] to ! gr\nd1 he
 ru%es into ! *ur*4 ,%e %\ts aft] him a 
?reat ( ,ea/] v5geance & fate s5ds !    
ag5t to h] 9 ! v mom5t4 ,alfio comes &  
,santuzza tells him t ,turiddu has      
cuckold$ him & ,lola has robb$ h] ( h]  
lov]3--      ,turiddu mi tolse1 mi tolse
 l'onore1     ,e vo/ra moglie lui rapiva
 a me6   figure3 musical example sett+ !
 above words  ,! oncom+ waves ( !       
drama's pa?os h ris5 to a supreme       
height1 _! cre/s h brok51 & ! w9d-bl[n  
spume dr5*es ! s\l ( ! li/5]s2 b !      
compos] has n dep>t$ f ! fir/ pr9ciple (

 ! ma/] ( :om1 = a "t1 x 0 hop$ he might
 be ! legitimate successor4 ,melody     
rema9s ! life-blood ( 8 music z x is t (
 ,v]di's f 8 fir/ "w to 8 la/2--z x w be
 s long z music endures4  ,t]rible is ! 
outbreak ( ,alfio's rage3--      ,infami
 l]o1 ad esse non p]dono1     ,v5detta  
avro pria *e tra monti il di4   figure3 
musical example sett+ ! above words  ,^u
 ?is /orm succe$s ! calm ( !            
int]mezzo--9 its day ! be/ abus$ & mo/  
hackney$ piece ( music t ! _w knew2 yet 
a triumph ( simple1 /raight=w>d tune4 ,x
 e*oes ! ,ea/] hymn1 & 9 ! mid/ ( !     
tumult ( e>?ly passion proclaims        
cele/ial peace4 ,its in/rum5tation 0    
d\btless borr[$ f ,hellmesb]g]'s        
arrangem5t ( ! air ,ombra mai fu f      
,s]se1 kn[n ! _w ov] z ,h&el's          
,l>go--viol9s 9 unison1 h>p arpeggios1 &
 organ h>monies4 ,9 no?+ arti/ically    
di/+ui%$ x makes an unexampl$ appeal to 
! multitude4 ,"s ye>s ago a burlesque on
 ,cavall]ia ru/icana 0 /ag$ at a !atre 9
 ,vi5na4  figure3 a musical score exc]pt

  ,x 0 "p ( ! witty conceit ( ! au?or to
 h ! int]mezzo play$ on a h&organ4 ,up  
to ?is po9t ! audi5ce _h be5 hil>i\s 9  
its enjoym5t ( ! burlesque1 b ) ! fir/  
:eezy tones f ! gr9d] ! p settl$ d[n to 
sil5t att5tion2 & :5 ! end came applause
 = ! music roll$ out wave aft] wave4 ,a 
burlesque p]=mance c\ld n rob t music ( 
its *>m4 ,ite missa e/4 ,mass is ov]4 ,!
 m]ry music ( ! fir/ *orus returns4 ,!  
wor%ipp]s are ab\t to />t homew>d ) pi\s
 reflections1 :5 ,turiddu deta9s ,lola &
 invites 8 neighbors to a glass ( ,mamma
 ,lucia's w9e4 ,we c\ld sp>e ! dr9k+    
song z easily z ,alfio1 ent]+1 turns    
aside ! cup :i* ,turiddu pr(f]s him4    
,turiddu und]/&s4 ,i await y\r pleasure4
 ,"s ( ! wom5 appreh5d mis*ief & lead   
,lola away4 ,! *all5ge is giv5 &        
accept$1 ,sicilian fa%ion4 ,turiddu     
confesses 8 wrong-do+ to ,alfio1 b1     
in/ead ( proclaim+ 8 purpose to kill 8  
enemy1 he asks protection = ,santuzza 9 
case ( 8 dea?4 ,!n1 :ile ! viol9s       
tremble & ?rob1 he calls = 8 "m l an    

errant *ild3--  figure3 a musical score 
exc]pt  ,he has be5 too free ) ! w9ecup1
 he says1 & mu/ leave h]4 ,b fir/ h]    
bless+1 z :5 he w5t away to be a soldi]4
 ,%\ld he n return1 ,santa mu/ be h]    
c>e3 ,voi dovrete f>e2 da madre a       
,santa6 ,x is ! cry ( a *ild4 ,a kiss6  
,ano!r kiss1 mamma6 ,f>ewell6 ,lucia    
calls aft] him4 ,he is gone1 ,santuzza  
comes 9 ) h] phrase ( music descriptive 
( h] unhappy love4 ,x gr[s to a ?und]\s 
cra%4 ,!n a hu%6 ,a fateful *ord6 ,a    
:isp]$ roll ( ! drums6 ,a woman is he>d 
to %riek3 ,!y h kill$ ,neighbor         
,turiddu6 ,a cr[d ( wom5 ru% 9 excit$ly2
 ,santuzza & ,lucia fall 9 a swoon4     
,hanno ammazzato comp>e ,turiddu6 ,!    
trag$y is end$4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,!     
,,c>e] ,,( ,,mascagni   ,x w\ld be      
fooli% to "q or attempt to d5y ! m]its (
 ! type ( ,italian op]a e/abli%$ by     
,mascagni's lucky inspiration4 ,!       
brevity ( ! reali/ic little trag$y1 !   
swiftness ( its movem5t1 its adh]5ce to 
! ,italian ideal ( melody fir/1 its     

+5i\s comb9ation ( song ) an illum9ative
 or*e/ral "p--^! elem5ts 9 union creat$ 
a /yle :i* ! compos]s ( ,italy1 ,france1
 & ,g]many 7 quick to adopt4 ,pagliacci 
0 ! fir/ fruit ( ! movem5t & has be5 !  
mo/ endur+2 inde$1 s f> z ,am]ica &     
,engl& are conc]n$1 ,cavall]ia ru/icana 
& ,pagliacci are ! only products ( !    
s*ool :i* h obta9$ a la/+ foot+4 ,!y 7  
foll[$ by a flood ( ,italian1 ,fr5*1 &  
,g]man works 9 :i* l[ life 0            
reali/ically portray$1 b1 ?\gh ! mann] (
 composition 0 z easily copi$ z !       
subjects 7 f\nd 9 ! slums1 none ( !     
imitators ( ,mascagni & ,leoncavallo    
a*iev$ ev5 a ti! ( _! success4 ,! m5    
!mselves 7 too %rewd & wise to attempt  
to repeat ! exp]im5t :i* _h once be5    
triumphant4  ,9 "o respect ! influ5ce ( 
! tw9 op]as 0 deplorable4 ,i h attempt$ 
to *>act]ize t influ5ce 9 g5]al t]ms1 b 
9 ord] t ! lesson may be m pla9ly       
pres5t$ x seems to me be/ to pres5t a   
few examples 9 detail4 ,! eag]ness ) :i*
 writ]s s\ght success 9 moral muck1     

reg>dless ( all arti/ic elem5ts1 is     
/rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 an attempt by a     
,g]man writ]1 ,edmund von ,freihold1    
,footnote3 ,i owe ?is illu/ration to    
,f]d9& ,pfobl's book ,die ,mod]ne ,op]4 
to provide ,cavall]ia ru/icana ) a      
sequel4 ,von ,freihold wrote ! libretto 
= a music drama :i* he call$ ,santuzza1 
! /ory ( :i* beg9s long en\gh aft] !    
close ( ,v]ga's /ory = bo? ! wom5       
conc]n$ 9 ,gavall]ia ru/icana to h gr[n 
*ildr54 ,santuzza has giv5 bir? to a son
 nam$ ,massimo1 & ,lola to a daught]1   
,anita4 ,! y\?ful pair gr[ up side by   
side 9 ! ,sicilian village & fall 9 love
 ) "o ano!r4 ,!y might h m>ri$ & 9 a way
 expiat$ ! s9s ( _! p>5ts _h n ,alfio   
ov]he>d 8 wife1 ,lola1 confess t        
,turiddu1 n h] husb&1 is ! fa!r (       
,anita1 ,! lov]s are ?us discov]$ to be 
half bro!r & si/]4 ,?is rem9d] ( 8      
betrayal by ,lola infuriates ,alfio     
anew4 ,he ru%es ^u 8 wife to kill h]1 b 
,santuzza1 :o hates him z ! slay] ( h]  
lov]1 ?r[s h]self betwe5 & plunges h]   

dagg] 9 ,alfio's he>t4 ,hav+ ?us tak5   
rev5ge = ,turiddu's dea?1 ,santuzza dies
 out ( h&1 ,lola1 z an inf]ior "*1 falls
 9 a fa9t1 & ,massimo makes an end ( !  
delectable /ory by go+ away f !re to    
p>ts unkn[n4  ,9 ,cilea's ,tilda a /reet
 s+] seeks to av5ge h] wrongs ^u a      
fai?less lov]4 ,%e bribes a jailor to   
connive at ! escape ( a robb] :om he is 
lead+ to capital puni%m5t4 ,?is robb] %e
 elects to be ! in/rum5t ( h] v5geance4 
,"r m]rily %e lives ) him & 8 companions
 9 ! gre5wood until ! b& captures !     
r5egade lov] on 8 w$d+ j\rney4 ,tilda   
ru%es ^u ! bride ) drawn dagg]1 b melts 
) compassion :5 %e sees h] victim 9 !   
attitude ( pray]4 ,%e s9ks to h] knees  
beside h]1 only to receive ! dea?-bl[ f 
h] s$uc]4 ,!re are piquant contra/s 9   
?is picture & ,ave ,m>ias & t>antellas 9
 ! music4  ,take ! /ory ( ,giordano's   
,mala ,vita4 ,"h ! h]o is a "y dy] ^:   
dissolute habits h br\ght on tub]culosis
 ( ! lungs4 ,! pr9cipal object ( 8 am\rs
 is ! wife ( a fri5d4 ,a viol5t         

hemorrhage w>ns him ( approa*+ dea?4    
,/rick5 ) fe> he ru%es to ! ne>e/ /atue 
( ! ,madonna & regi/]s a v[2 he w m>ry a
 wanton1 effect h] r$emption1 !reby hop+
 to save 8 own mis]able life4 ,! h]o9e (
 ! op]a appe>s & %e meets 8 requirem5ts4
 ,he m>ries h] & = a :ile %e seems ble/4
 ,b ! sir51 ! ,lola 9 ! case1 w9ds h]   
toils ab\t him z ! disease /ret*es him  
on ! floor at h] feet4 ,piquancy aga91  
a*iev$ n[ )\t t poor palliative1        
puni%m5t ( ! evil-do]4  ,tasca's ,a     
,santa ,lucia has an appetiz+ /ory ab\t 
an oy/]man's son :o des]ts a woman by   
:om he has a *ild1 9 ord] to m>ry "o to 
:om he _h previ\sly be5 affianc$4 ,!    
wom5 meet4 ,!re is a da9ty brawl1 & !   
fiancee ( ,cicillo 7he's ! oy/]man's    
son7 /rikes h] rival's *ild to ! gr\nd4 
,! "m tries to /ab ! fiancee ) ! op]atic
 ,italian woman's ev]-ready dagg]1 & ?is
 act /irs up ! emb]s ( ,cicillo's love4 
,he takes ! "m ( 8 *ild back home--to 8 
fa!r's h\se1 t is4 ,! *ild mu/ be "s f\r
 ye>s old by ?is "t1 b ! oy/]man--de>1  

unsuspect+ old man6--kn[s no?+ ab\t !   
relation exi/+ betwe5 8 son & 8         
h\sekeep]4 ,he is ?9k+ ( m>riage ) 8    
common law daught]-9-law :5 9 comes !   
old fiancee ) a tale = ,cicillo's e>s ( 
8 mi/ress's unfai?fulness4 ,x is n true6
 %rieks ! poor woman1 b ! wret*1 h]     
s$uc]1 closes 8 e>s to h] prote/ations2 
& %e ?r[s h]self into ! sea1 :]e ! oy/]s
 come f4 ,cicillo ru%es aft] h] & be>s  
h] to ! %ore1 :]e %e dies 9 8 arms1     
gasp+ 9 articulo mortis1 ,x is n true6  
,! romantic int]e/ 9 ,mascagni's life is
 conf9$ to ! p]iod :i* prec$$ 8 sudd5   
rise to fame4 ,8 fa!r 0 a bak] 9        
,leghorn1 & !re he 0 born on ,decemb]   
#g1ahfc4 ,( humble orig9 & occupation   
himself1 ! fa!r1 nev]!less1 _h l>ge     
ambitions = 8 son2 b n 9 ! l9e ( art4   
,pietro 0 to be %ap$ intellectually = ! 
law4 ,l ,h&el1 ! boy /udi$ ! pian(orte  
by /eal? 9 ! attic4 ,gr[n 9 ye>s1 he    
began att5d+ a music-s*ool1 :51 x is    
said1 8 fa!r conf9$ him to 8 h\se2 !nce 
8 uncle fre$ him & took ov] 8 c>e ^u    

himself4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! man :o at !  
height ( 8 success pos$ z ! mo/ ,italian
 ( ,italian ma/]s _h 8 inspiration fir/ 
/irr$ by ,g]man poetry4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e]  
,bee?ov5 resolv$ to set ,s*ill]'s ,hymn 
to ,joy2 ! purpose rema9$ 9 8 m9d = =ty 
ye>s or s1 & f9ally became a realization
 9 ! f9ale ( ! ,n9? ,symphony4 ,pietro  
,mascagni resolv$ z a boy to compose    
music = ! same ode2 & did x at once4 ,!n
 he set to "w ^u a two-act op]a1 ,il    
,fil&a4 ,8 uncle di$1 & a ,c\nt         
,flore/an 7"h is ano!r ,bee?ov5ian e*o67
 s5t him to ! ,cons]vatory at ,milan1   
:]e1 l ne>ly all ( 8 native             
contempor>ies1 he imbib$ k 7& musical   
ideas7 f ,pon*ielli4  ,aft] two ye>s or 
s ( academic /udy he yield$ to a gypsy  
desire & set out on 8 w&]+s1 b n until  
he _h *os5 z a companion ,maffei's      
translation ( ,he9e's ,ratcliff--a      
gloomy romance :i* seems to h caught !  
fancy ( _m compos]s4 ,!re foll[$ five   
ye>s ( z *eck]$ a life z ev] musician   
l$4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 he 0 engag$ z       

conductor ( an it9]ant or /ation>y      
op]etta & op]a company1 only to h !     
ent]prise fail & leave him /r&$4 ,= six 
weeks 9 ,naples 8 daily ration 0 a plate
 ( mac>oni4 ,b he work$ at 8 op]a       
/eadily1 al?\gh1 z he once rem>k$1 8    
dreams ( fame 7 frequ5tly swall[$ up 9 !
 gr[ls ( 8 /oma*1 :i* caus$ him m tr\ble
 ?an _m a millionaire suff]s f too      
little appetite or too mu* g\t4 ,f9ally1
 conv9c$ t he c\ld d bett] z a tea*] ( !
 pian(orte1 he ran away f an engagem5t  
:i* paid him two doll>s a day1 &1 s5d+  
(f ! manuscript ( ,ratcliff 9 a         
portmanteau1 settl$ d[n 9 ,c]ignola4    
,!re he became director ( a s*ool =     
or*e/ral play]s1 ?\gh he _h fir/ to le>n
 to play ! in/rum5ts2 he also taught    
pian(orte & ?or\ghbass1 & ek$ out a     
tr\bl\s exi/5ce until 8 success 9       
competition = ! prize (f]$ by ,sonzogno1
 ! ,milanese publi%]1 made him fam\s 9 a
 day & />t$ him on ! road to weal?4  ,x 
0 b natural t1 aft] ,cavall]ia ru/icana 
_h virul5tly affect$ ! :ole _w ) :at !  

enemies ( ,signor ,mascagni call$       
,mascagnitis1 8 next op]a %\ld be look$ 
=w>d to ) fev]i% anxiety4 ,!re 0 b a ye>
 to wait1 = ,l',amico ,fritz 0 br\ght   
=w>d 9 ,rome on ! la/ day ( ,octob]1    
#ahia4 ,)9 t5 weeks its title f\nd a    
place on ! programme ( "o ( ,mr4 ,walt] 
,damros*'s ,sunday night conc]ts 9 ,new 
,york2 b ! music 0 a disappo9tm5t4 ,five
 numb]s 7 sung by ,mme4 ,tav>y & ,signor
 ,campan9i1 & ,mr4 ,damros*1 n hav+ !   
or*e/ral p>ts1 play$ ! accompanim5ts ^u 
a pian(orte4 ,z usual1 ,mr4 ,gu/av      
,h9ri*s 0 to ! =e ) a p]=mance 9        
,philadelphia 7on ,june #h1 #ahib71 !   
pr9cipal s+]s be+ ,mme4 ,ko]t-,kronold1 
,cl>a ,poole1 ,m4 ,guille1 & ,signor    
,del ,pu5te4 ,on ,janu>y #ca1 #ahic1 !  
,philadelphia s+]s1 aid$ by ! ,new ,york
 ,symphony ,society1 gave a p]=mance ( !
 op]a1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,"y ,m5's      
,hebrew ,association1 = ! b5efit ( its  
*>ities1 at ! ,c>negie ,music ,hall1    
,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,damros* 0 to h 
conduct$1 b 0 deta9$ 9 ,wa%+ton by !    

fun]al ( ,mr4 ,bla9e1 & ,mr4 ,h9ri*s    
took 8 place4 ,ano!r ye> elaps$1 & !n1  
on ,janu>y #aj1 #ahid1 ! op]a rea*$ !   
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se4 ,9 spite ( ! 
fact t ,madame ,calve sang ! "p (       
,suzel1 only two p]=mances 7 giv5 to !  
"w4  ,! failure ( ?is op]a did n damp5 !
 indu/ry ( ,mascagni nor ! zeal ( 8     
ent]pris+ publi%]s4 ,= 8 next op]a !    
compos] w5t aga9 to ! ,fr5* au?ors1     
,erckmann-,*atrian1 :o _h suppli$ him ) 
! /ory ( ,l',amico ,fritz4 ,?is "t he   
*ose ,les deux ,fr]es1 :i* !y _h        
!mselves turn$ into a drama ) ! title ( 
,rantzau4 ,mascagni's libretti/ reta9$ !
 title4 ,! op]a came out 9 ,flor5ce 9   
#ahib4 ,! trem5d\s p]sonal popul>ity ( !
 compos]1 :o 0 n[ z mu* a favorite 9    
,vi5na & ,b]l9 z he 0 9 ! t[n ( 8 bir?  
:i* _h /ruck a m$al 9 8 honor1 or ! t[n 
( 8 resid5ce :i* _h creat$ him an       
honor>y citiz51 c\ld n save ! "w4  ,n[  
he turn$ to ! op]a :i* he _h laid aside 
to take up 8 ,cavall]ia1 & 9 #ahie      
,guglielmo ,ratcliff1 bas$ ^u ! gloomy  

,scot* /ory told by ,he9e1 0 br\ght =w>d
 at ,la ,scala1 9 ,milan4 ,x 0 9 a s5se 
! *ild ( 8 p5ury & suff]+1 b he _h tak5 
x up inspir$ by trem5d\s en?usiasm = !  
subject1 & inasmu* z mo/ ( its music _h 
be5 writt5 be=e success _h turn$ 8 head1
 or desire = notoriety _h begun to it*  
him1 !re 0 reason to hope to f9d 9 x "s 
( ! hot blood :i* surges ?r\gh ! score (
 ,cavall]ia4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 critics 
:o h se5 ! score or he>d ! "w h po9t$   
out t portions ( ,i ,rantzau &          
,cavall]ia are z alike z two peas4 ,x   
w\ld n be a viol5t assumption t !       
compos] 9 8 eag]ness to get 8 score be=e
 ! ,sonzogno jury _h pluck$ 8 e>ly "w ( 
its be/ fea!rs & f\nd x difficult to    
re/ore plumage ( equal brilliancy :5 he 
attempt$ to make re/itution4 ,9 ! same  
ye>1 #ahie1 8 next op]a1 ,silvano1 made 
a fiasco 9 ,milan4 ,a ye> lat] !re      
appe>$ ,zanetto1 :i* seems l an ef=t to 
contract ! frame ( ! lyric drama /ill   
fur!r ?an is done 9 ,cavall]ia4 ,x is a 
bozzetto1 a sket*1 bas$ on ,coppee's    

duologue ,le ,passant1 a sc5e betwe5 a  
/rumpet :o is we>y ( ! _w & a "y m9/rel4
 ,its or*e/ration is unique--!re are b  
/r+s & a h>p4 ,x 0 br\ght out at ,pes>o1
 :]e1 9 #ahie1 ,mascagni _h be5 appo9t$ 
director ( ! ,liceo ,musicale ,ross9i4  
,z director ( ! music-s*ool 9 ,ross9i's 
native t[n ,mascagni's days 7 full (    
tr\ble f ! outset4 ,he 0 oppos$1 said 8 
fri5ds1 9 re=matory ef=ts by "s ( !     
pr(essors & pupils1 ^: enmity grew s    
virul5t t 9 #ahig !y spread ! /ory t he 
_h kill$ himself4 ,he 0 depos$ f 8      
position by ! adm9i/ration1 b re9/at$ by
 ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,! criticism    
foll[$ him = ye>s t he _h neglect$ 8    
duties to travel ab\t ,europe1 giv+     
conc]ts & conduct+ 8 op]as = ! great]   
glory ( himself & ! pr(it ( 8 publi%]4  
,at ! "t ( ! suicide /ory x 0 also said 
t he 0 9 f9ancial /raits2 to :i* 8      
fri5ds repli$ t he receiv$ a sal>y ( #fj
 lire 7#ab7 a day z director1 #ajjj lire
 7#bjj7 a mon? f ,sonzogno1 & liv$ 9 a  
pr9cely dwell+4  ,aft] ,zanetto came    

,iris1 to :i*1 z ! "o op]a besides      
,cavall]ia ru/icana :i* has rema9$ 9 !  
,am]ican rep]tory1 ,i %all devote ! next
 *apt] 9 ?is book4 ,iris 0 foll[$ by ,le
 ,mas*]e1 :i* 0 br\ght out on ,janu>y   
#ag1 #aija1 simultane\sly 9 six         
cities--,rome1 ,milan1 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1   
,tur91 & ,naples4 ,x made an imm$iate   
failure 9 all ( ^! places except ,rome1 
:]e x endur$ b a %ort "t4 ,mascagni's   
next op]atic "w 0 a lyric drama1 entitl$
 ,vi/ilia1 ! libretto ( :i*1 bas$ ^u an 
hi/orical novel by ,racco de ,z]bi1 0   
writt5 by ,m5asci & ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 
:o collaborat$ on ! book ( ,cavall]ia   
ru/icana4 ,! action goes back to ! "t ( 
,tib]ius & deals ) ! loves ( ,vi/ilia & 
,helius4 ,!n came ano!r failure 9 ! %ape
 ( ,amica1 :i* liv$ out its life 9      
,monte ,c>lo1 :]e x 0 produc$ 9 ,m>*1   
#aije4  ,9 ! w9t] ( #aijb-aijc ,signor  
,mascagni 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = !       
purpose ( conduct+ p]=mances ( "s ( 8   
op]as & giv+ conc]ts4 ,! company ( s+]s 
& in/rum5tali/s :i* 8 ,am]ican ag5ts _h 

assembl$ = 8 purpose 01 ) a few         
exceptions1 compos$ ( ! usual op]atic   
flotsam & jetsam :i* c be pick$ up at   
any "t 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ent]prise began 
9 failure & end$ 9 sc&al4 ,!re _h be5 no
 adequate prep>ation = ! op]as ann\nc$1 
& "o ( !m 0 n attempt$4  ,?is 0         
,ratcliff4 ,cavall]ia ru/icana1         
,zanetto1 & ,iris 7 poorly p]=m$ at !   
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,octob]1 &  
an attempt at ,sunday night conc]ts 0   
made4 ,signor ,mascagni's c\ntrym5      
labor$ h>d to create en?usiasm = 8      
cause1 b ! g5]al public rema9$          
indiff]5t4 ,hav+ fail$ mis]ably 9 ,new  
,york1 ,mascagni1 heavily burd5$ ) debt1
 w5t to ,bo/on4 ,!re he 0 arre/$ = brea*
 ( contract4 ,he retaliat$ ) a suit =   
damages aga9/ 8 ,am]ican manag]s4 ,!    
usual am\nt ( crim9ation & recrim9ation 
foll[$1 b ev5tually ! difficulties 7    
comp\nd$ & ,mascagni w5t back to 8 home 
a sadly disillusioniz$ man4 ,footnote3  
,! /ory ( ?is visit is told 9 great]    
detail 9 my ,*apt]s ( ,op]a1 z is also !

 /ory ( ! rivalry among ,am]ican manag]s
 to be fir/ 9 ! field ) ,cavall]ia      
ru/icana4  ,zanetto 0 produc$ along )   
,cavall]ia ru/icana at ! ,metropolitan  
,op]a ,h\se on ,octob] #h1 #aijb1 &     
,iris on ,octob] #af4 ,signor ,mascagni 
conduct$ & ! p>ts 7 di/ribut$ z foll[s  
among ! s+]s ( ! company3 ,iris1 ,m>ie  
,f>neti2 ,osaka1 ,pietro ,s*iavazzi2    
,kyoto1 ,virgilio ,bollati2 ,il ,cieco1 
,francesco ,nav>r9i2 ,una ,gue*a1 ,dora 
de ,filippe2 ,un ,m]cianola1 ,pasquale  
,blasio2 ,un ,c5cianola1 ,b]n>d9o ,l&9o4
 ,! op]a 0 n he>d ( aga9 until ! season 
( #aijg-aijh1 :51 j be=e ! end ( !      
adm9i/ration ( ,he9ri* ,conri$1 x 0     
incorporat$ into ! rep]tory ( !         
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se app>5tly = !  
purpose ( giv+ ,mme4 ,emma ,eames an    
opportunity to vie ) ,miss ,g]ald9e     
,f>r> 9 ,japanese op]a4     ,,*apt] ,,xi
  ,,iris   ,light is ! language ( !     
et]nal ones--he> x6 proclaims !         
libretti/ ( ,iris 9 t portion ( 8 book  
:i* is nei!r said nor sung nor play$4 ,&

 x is ! sun t s+s ) div]s voices aft] ! 
curta9 has ris5 on a nocturnal sc5e1 & !
 or*e/ra has s\ght to depict ! dep>ture 
( ! night1 ! break ( day1 !             
revivification ( ! fl[]s & ! sunrise4 ,z
 ,byron sang ( him1 s ,phoebus ,apollo  
celebrates himself z ! god ( life &     
poetry & light1 b does n /op !re4 ,he is
 also ,inf9ite ,beauty1 ,cause1 ,reason1
 ,poetry1 & ,love4 ,! music beg9s ) an  
all b inaudible desc5d+ passage 9 !     
basses1 answ]$ by sweet concordant      
h>monies4 ,a calm song tells ( ! fir/   
/reaks ( light2 woodw9d & h>p add _!    
voices2 a melliflu\s hymn *ants ! /irr+ 
fl[]s1 & leads into a rhy?mically1 m    
incisive1 b /ill su/a9$1 or*e/ral song1 
:i* be>s ^u its surface ! *oral         
proclamation ( ! sun3 ,i am6 ,i am life6
 ,i am ,beauty inf9ite6 ,! flux & reflux
 ( ! in/rum5tal surge gr[s 9 int5sity1 !
 music beg9s to gl[ ) color & pulsate ) 
eag] life1 & rea*es a mighty sonority1  
gorg$ ) ! cra% ( a multitude ( tamtams1 
cymbals1 drums1 & bells1 at ! climact]ic

 reit]ation ( ,calore6 ,luce6 ,amor6 ,! 
piece is ?rill+ly effective1 b z little 
op]atic z ! t9t9nabulatory *ant ( !     
*]ubim 9 ! prologue ( ,boito's          
,mefi/(ele4  ,& n[ allegory makes room =
 ! drama4 ,to ! door ( h] cottage1      
emb[]$ on ! banks ( a quiet /ream1 comes
 ,iris4 ,! peak ( ,fujiyama gl[s 9 !    
sunlight4 ,iris is fair & y\?ful &      
innoc5t4 ,a dream has di/urb$ h]4       
,gorgons & ,hydras & ,*ima]as dire _h   
fill$ h] g>d5 & ?reat5$ h] doll1 :i* %e 
_h put to sleep "u a rose-bu%4 ,b !     
sun's rays bur/ =? & ! mon/]s flee4 ,%e 
lifts h] doll & moves its arms 9 mimic  
salutation to ! sun4 ,osaka1 a weal?y   
rake1 & ,kyoto1 a p&]1 play spy on h]   
actions1 gloat on h] lovel9ess & plot to
 /eal h] & c>ry h] to ! ,yo%iw>a4 ,to   
?is end !y g to br+ on a puppet %[1 t   
its div]sion may enable !m to /eal h]   
away )\t discov]y4 ,wom5 come d[n to !  
banks ( ! riv] & s+ pretty metaphors z  
!y wa% _! basketloads ( musl9s4         
,gradually ! music ( samis5s1 gongs1 &  

drums approa*es4 ,osaka & ,kyoto h      
disguis$ !mselves z travell+ play]s1    
ga!r$ toge!r "s gei%as & musicians1 & n[
 set up a m>ionette !atre4 ,iris com=ts 
h] bl9d fa!r1 ! only object ( h] love1  
besides h] doll1 & promises to rema9 at 
8 side4 ,! puppet play tells ! /ory ( a 
maid5 :o suff]s abuse f a cruel fa!r1 :o
 ?reat5s to sell h] to a m]*ant4 ,iris  
is mu* affect$ by ! sorr[s ( ! puppet4  
,! voice ( ,jor1 ! son ( ! sun1 is      
he>d--x is ,osaka1 s++ )\t4 ,! melody is
 ! melody ( ,turridu's ,siciliano1 b !  
words are a promise ( a blissful1       
kissful dea? & !reaft] life ev]la/+4 ,! 
puppet dies & ) ,jor dances (f into     
,nirvana4 ,n[ ?ree gei%as1 repres5t+    
,beauty1 ,dea?1 & ! ,vampire1 beg9 a    
dance4 ,kyoto di/racts ! att5tion ( !   
spectators :ile ! danc]s flaunt _!      
skirts high] & wid] until _! folds      
conceal ,iris1 & ,osaka's hirel+s seize 
h] & be> h] (f t[>d ! city4 ,kyoto      
places a lett] & money at ! cottage door
 = ! bl9d fa!r4 ,?r\gh a p$l] & ! woman 

he le>ns t 8 daught] is gone to be an   
inmate ( ! ,yo%iw>a4 ,he implores ! p :o
 _h be5 je]+ him to lead him ?i!r1 t he 
may spit 9 h] face & curse h]4  ,iris is
 asleep ^u a b$ 9 ! ,gre5 ,h\se ( !     
di/rict1 :i* ne$s no description4 ,a    
song1 accompani$ by ! twang+ ( a samis5 
& ! clang+ ( tamtams1 is sung by ?ree   
gei%as4 ,kyoto br+s 9 ,osaka to admire  
h] beauty1 & sets a high price ^u x4    
,osaka s5ds = jewels4 ,iris awakes &    
speculates 9 philosophical ve9 t\*+ ! "q
 ( h] exi/5ce4 ,%e _c be dead1 = dea?   
br+s k & p>adise joy2 b %e weeps4 ,osaka
 appe>s4 ,he praises h] raptur\sly--h]  
=m1 h] hair1 h] eyes1 h] m\?1 h] smile4 
,iris ?9ks him v]itably ,jor1 b he says 
8 "n is ,pleasure4 ,! maid5 recoils 9   
t]ror4 ,a prie/ _h taught h] 9 an       
allegory t ,pleasure & ,dea? 7 "o6      
,osaka loads h] ) jewels1 fondles h]1   
draws h] to 8 brea/1 kisses h]          
passionately4 ,iris weeps4 ,%e kn[s no?+
 ( passion1 & longs only = h] fa!r1 h]  
cottage1 & h] g>d54 ,osaka we>ies ( 8   

gue/1 b ,kyoto plans to play /ill fur!r 
^u 8 lu/4 ,he clo!s h] 9 ri*] robes1 b m
 transp>5t1 places h] ^u a balcony1 &1  
)draw+ a curta91 exhibits h] beauty to !
 multitude 9 ! /reet4 ,amaz$ cries greet
 ! revelation4 ,osaka returns & pleads =
 h] love4  ,iris6 ,x is ! cry ( ! bl9d  
man hunt+ ! *ild :om he ?9ks has sold   
h]self into disgraceful slav]y4 ,! cr[d 
falls back be=e him1 :ile ,iris ru%es   
=w>d to ! edge ( ! v]&a & cries out to  
him1 t he may "k h] pres5ce4 ,he ga!rs a
 h&ful ( mud f ! /reet & hurls x 9 !    
direction ( h] voice4 ,!re6 ,9 y\r face6
 ,9 y\r =ehead6 ,9 y\r m\?6 ,9 y\r eyes6
 ,fango6 ,"u ! imprecations ( h] fa!r ! 
m9d ( ,iris gives way4 ,%e ru%es along a
 corridor & hurls h]self out ( a w9d[4  
,! ?ird act is rea*$1 & drama m]ges aga9
 into allegory4 ,9 ! wan light ( ! moon 
rag-pick]s1 m5 & wom51 are dragg+ _!    
hooks ?r\gh ! slimy muck t fl[s ?r\gh ! 
op5 sew] b5ea? ! fatal w9d[4 ,!y s+     
mock+ly to ! moon4 ,a fla% ( light f    
,fujiyama awak5s a glimm] 9 ! fil?4     

,aga94 ,!y ru% =w>d & pull =? ! body (  
,iris & beg9 to /rip x ( its adornm5ts4 
,%e moves & !y fly 9 sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,%e
 recov]s consci\sness1 & voices f       
invisible s+]s1 tell h] ( ! selfi%      
inspirations ( ,osaka1 ,kyoto1 & h] bl9d
 fa!r2 ,osaka's desire baffl$ by        
fate--su* is life6 ,kyoto's slav]y to   
pleasure & a hangman's rew>d2--su* is   
life6 ,! bl9d man's dep5d5ce on 8 *ild =
 creature com=ts2--su* is life6 ,iris   
bemoans h] fate z dea? comes g5tly to   
h]4 ,! sky gr[s rosy & ! light br+s     
mom5t>y life4 ,%e /ret*es out h] arms to
 ! sun & acclaims ! gr[+ orb4 ,z once ^u
 ,ida--      ,glad e>? p]ceives & f h]  
bosom p\rs     ,unbidd5 h]bs & volunt>y 
fl['rs6  ,a field ( blossoms spreads    
ar\nd h]1 into :i* %e s9ks1 :ile ! sun1 
aga9 _m-voic$ & articulate1 *ants 8     
glory z 9 ! beg9n+4  ,! /ory is p]haps  
pretti] 9 ! tell+ ?an 9 ! p]=mance4 ,:at
 !re is 9 its symbolism & its poetical  
sugge/ion t is +ratiat+ is m effective 9
 ! fancy ?an 9 ! exp]i5ce4 ,!re are few]

 clogs1 few] /agnant pools1 few] eddies 
:i* :irl to no purpose4 ,9 ! mod]n      
s*ool1 ) its di/emp] music put on 9     
splot*es1 !re mu/ be m m]it & action4   
,psy*ological del9eation 9 music :i*    
/imulates action1 or makes "o =get !    
want ( outw>d movem5t1 dem&s a diff]5t  
ord] ( g5ius ?an t :i* ,signor ,mascagni
 possesses4 ,m]e tal5t = artful device w
 n suffice4 ,!re are _m effective bits (
 expressive writ+ 9 ! score ( ,iris1 b  
mo/ ( !m are fugitive & aim at color+ a 
^w1 a phrase1 or at be/ a tempor>y      
situation4 ,!re is little fl[ ( natural1
 f]v5t melody4 ,:at ! compos] accompli%$
 ) tune1 *>act]i/ic b flu5t1 eloqu5t yet
 su/a9$1 9 ,cavall]ia ru/icana1 he tries
 to a*ieve 9 ,iris ) viol5t1 disjo9t$1  
%ift+ ( keys & spla%es ( in/rum5tal     
color4 ,9 ?is he is seldom successful1 =
 he is n a ma/] ( or*e/ral writ+--t     
te*nical facility :i* ne>ly all ! "y    
musicians h 9 ! same degree t all       
piani/s h f+] te*nic4 ,8 or*e/ral /ream 
is muddy2 8 effects g5]ally crass &     

empty ( euphony4 ,he ?r[s ! d9 ( outl&i%
 in/rum5ts ( p]cussion1 a batt]y (      
gongs1 big & little1 drums1 & cymbals   
into 8 score )\t a*iev+ local color4    
,once only does he utilize x s z to cat*
 ! e>s & /ir ! fancy ( 8 li/5]s--9 !    
beg9n+ ( ! second act1 :]e !re is a     
murmur ( real ,japanese melody4 ,z a    
rule1 h[ev]1 ,signor ,mascagni seems to 
h be5 c>eless 9 ! matt] ( local color1  
prop]ly s1 p]haps1 =1 /rictly speak+1   
local color 9 ! lyric drama is = com$y )
 its petty limitations1 n = trag$y ) its
 appeal to l>ge & univ]sal passions4    
,yet x is 9 ! light] sc5es1 ! sc5es (   
com$y1 l ! m>ionette %[1 ! sc5es ( mild 
pa?os1 l ! monologues ( ,iris1 & ! sc5es
 ( m]e accessory decoration1 l t ( !    
laundresses1 ! m\smes 9 ! fir/ act1 )   
its purl+ figure borr[$ f ,les ,hugu5ots
 & its unnecess>ily uncanny col legno   
effect convey$ f ,l',africa9e t x is mo/
 effective4     ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,madama 
,,butt]fly   ,?is is ! book ( ! g5]ation
 ( ,madama ,butt]fly3 ,an adv5ture 9    

,japan begat ,pi]re ,loti's ,madame     
,*rysan!me2 ,madame ,*rysan!me begat    
,john ,lu!r ,long's ,madame ,butt]fly1 a
 /ory2 ,madame ,butt]fly1 ! /ory1 begat 
,madame ,butt]fly1 a play by ,david     
,belasco2 ,madame ,butt]fly1 ! play1    
begat ,madama ,butt]fly1 ! op]a by      
,giacomo ,pucc9i4 ,! h]o9e ( ! rov+     
,fr5* romantici/ is !re=e se5 9 h] ?ird 
inc>nation 9 ! h]o9e ( ! op]a book :i*  
,l4 ,illica & ,g4 ,giacosa made =       
,pucc9i4 ,b 9 op]atic ess5ce %e is /ill 
old]1 =1 z ,dr4 ,korngold1 a ,vi5nese   
critic1 po9t$ out1 ,selica is h] gr&mo!r
 & ,lakme h] c\s94  ,ev5 ?is does n     
exhau/ h] family hi/ory2 !re is some?+ l
 a b> s9i/] 9 h] escut*eon4 ,mr4        
,belasco's play 0 n s mu* begott51      
conceiv$1 or born ( admiration = ,mr4   
,long's book z x 0 ( despair wr\ght by !
 failure ( ano!r play writt5 by ,mr4    
,belasco4 ,?is play 0 a f>ce entitl$    
,naughty ,an?ony1 creat$ by ,mr4        
,belasco 9 a mom5t ( ae/hetic ab]ration 
= production at ! ,h]ald ,squ>e ,!atre1 

9 ,new ,york1 9 ! spr+ ( #aijj4 ,mr4    
,belasco doesn't ?9k s n[1 b at ! "t he 
_h a notion t ! public w\ld f9d some?+  
humor\s & attractive 9 ! spectacle ( a  
popul> actress's leg swa!d 9 sev]al     
lay]s ( /ock+4 ,s he made a %[ ( ,blan*e
 ,bates4 ,! public refus$ to be amus$ at
 ! f>cical /udy 9 comp>ative anatomy1 & 
:5 ,mr4 ,belasco's fri5ds began to fault
 him = hav+ p&]$ to a l[ ta/e1 & he felt
 ! sm>t ( failure 9 addition1 he grew   
he>tily a%am$ ( himself4 ,8 affairs1    
moreov]1 began to take on a desp]ate    
aspect2 ! season ?reat5$ to be a ru9\s  
failure1 & he _h no play ready to       
sub/itute = ,naughty ,an?ony4 ,"s "t    
be=e a fri5d _h s5t him ,mr4 ,long's    
book1 b he _h c>elessly toss$ x aside4  
,9 8 /raits x came "u 8 eyes aga91 & ?is
 "t he saw a play 9 x--a play & a       
promise ( f9ancial salvation4 ,x 0 late 
at night :5 he read ! /ory1 b he _h come
 to a resolve by morn+ & 9 8 m9d's eye  
_h already se5 8 actors 9 ,japanese     
dress4 ,! drama lay 9 ! book snugly     

en\gh2 x 0 only necess>y to dig x out & 
mat]ialize x to ! vision4 ,t occupation 
is "o 9 :i* ,mr4 ,belasco is at home4 ,!
 dialogue w5t to 8 actors a few pages at
 a "t1 & ! pictures rose rapidly 9 8    
m9d4 ,some?+ diff]5t f a /ock+$ leg n[6 
,glimpses ( ,nippon--its m\nta9s1 wat]s1
 bridges1 fl[]s1 g>d5s1 gei%as2 z a foil
 to _! grace & color ! prosaic figures (
 a naval (fic] & an ,am]ican ,consul4   
,all ?+s t+$ ) ! bright light ( day1 !  
glories ( sunset or ! sup]-glories (    
sunrise4 ,we mu/ saturate ! fancy ( !   
audi5ce ) ! atmosph]e ( ,japan1 mus$    
,mr4 ,belasco4 ,!re=e1 ,japanese sc5es1 
my pa9t]6 ,electrician1 y\r plot %all be
 work$ out z c>efully z ! dialogue &    
action ( ! play's p4 ,fir/ drop         
discov]$2 h\se-lights d[n2 :ite foots ) 
blue full "w *ange ( color at back (    
drop2 :ite l5s on top ( m\nta92 op5     
light ) :ite1 /raw1 amb]1 & r$ on l[] "p
 ( drop2 :5 full on l[] footlights to   
blue1 & s on4 ,mr4 ,belasco's emotions1 
we "k1 f9d eloqu5t expression 9 /age    

lights4 ,b ! e> mu/ be c>ri$ (f to ! l& 
( en*antm5t z well z ! eye4 ,come1      
,william ,fur/1 recall y\r exp]i5ces on 
! ,we/]n coa/4 ,= my fir/ curta9 ,i want
 a qua9t1 s(t ,japanese melody1 pp--y "k
 h[6  ,& s ,madame ,butt]fly1 ! play1 0 
made4 ,9 two weeks all 0 ready1 & a day 
aft] ! fir/ p]=mance at ! ,h]ald ,squ>e 
,!atre1 on ,m>* #e1 #aijj1 ! city began 
to hum ) eag] comm5t on ! dramatic      
int5sity ( ! sc5e ( a ,japanese woman's 
vigil1 ( ! en?rall+ eloqu5ce ( a        
motionless1 voiceless figure1 look+     
/eadily ?r\gh a hole torn ?r\gh a pap]  
p>tition1 ) a sleep+ *ild & a nodd+ maid
 at h] feet1 :ile a mimic night wore on1
 ! lant]ns on ! floor flick]$ out "o by 
"o & ! s(t viol9s croon$ a melody to !  
arpeggios ( a h>p4  ,! season at !      
,h]ald ,squ>e ,!atre 0 sav$4 ,"s "t     
lat]1 :5 ,mr4 ,belasco accompani$ ,mr4  
,*>les ,frohman to ,london to put on    
,zaza at ! ,g>rick ,!atre1 he took      
,madame ,butt]fly ) him & /ag$ x at !   
,duke ( ,york's ,!atre1 h>d by4 ,on !   

fir/ night ( ,madame ,butt]fly ,mr4     
,frohman 0 at ! latt] playh\se1 ,mr4    
,belasco at ! =m]4 ,! fall ( ! curta9 on
 ! little ,japanese play 0 foll[$ by a  
sc5e ( en?usiasm :i* endur$ s long t    
,mr4 ,frohman _h "t to summon 8         
colleague to take a curta9 call4 ,at a  
/roke ! pa!tic play _h made its =tune 9 
,london1 &1 z x turn$ out1 pav$ ! way = 
a new & l>g] triumph = ,mr4 ,long's     
/ory4 ,! musical critics ( ! ,london    
newspap]s came to ! h\se & saw op]atic  
possibilities 9 ! drama4 ,s did ,mr4    
,francis ,nielson1 at ! "t ,cov5t       
,g>d5's /age manag]1 :o s5t ^w ( !      
discov]y to ,signor ,pucc9i4 ,! compos] 
came f ,milan1 & realiz$ on ! spot t !  
successor ( ,tosca _h be5 f\nd4 ,signori
 ,illica & ,giacosa1 libretti/s 9 ord9>y
 to ,ricordi  ,co41 took ! "w ( mak+ !  
op]a book 9 h&4 ,signor ,illica's fancy 
_h roam$ 9 ! ,l& ( ,fl[]s be=e2 he _h   
writt5 ! libretto = ,mascagni's ,iris4  
,! ephem]al life ( ,*o-,*o-,san 0 ov] 9 
a few mon?s1 b by t "t ,madama          

,butt]fly1 glorifi$ by music1 _h lift$  
h] w+s = a new flight 9 ,milan4  ,x is  
an old /ory t _m op]as :i* are recogniz$
 z ma/]pieces lat]1 fail to f9d         
appreciation or approval :5 !y are fir/ 
produc$4 ,madama ,butt]fly made a fiasco
 :5 br\ght =w>d at ,la ,scala on        
,febru>y #ag1 #aijd4  ,footnote3 ,at ?is
 premi]e ,campan9i 0 ! conductor & ! ca/
 0 z foll[s3 ,butt]fly1 ,/or*io2        
,suzuki1 ,giaconia2 ,p9k]ton1 ,z5atello2
 ,%>pless1 ,de ,luca2 ,goro1            
,p9i-,corsi2 ,bonzo1 ,v5tur9i2          
,yakuside1 ,wulmann4 ,at ! fir/ p]=mance
 9 ,london1 on ,july #aj1 #aije1 at     
,cov5t ,g>d51 ! ca/ 03 ,butt]fly1       
,de/9n2 ,suzuki1 ,lejeune2 ,p9k]ton1    
,c>uso2 ,%>pless1 ,scotti2 ,goro1       
,dufri*e2 ,bonzo1 ,cotreuil2 ,yakuside1 
,rossi4 ,conductor1 ,campan9i4 ,aft] !  
revision x 0 produc$ at ,brescia on ,may
 #bh1 #aijd1 ) ,z5atello1 ( ! orig9al   
ca/1 ,krusc5iski z ,butt]fly1 & ,bellati
 z ,%>pless4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican p]=mances 
7 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 made by ,mrs4 ,b4 

,h4 ,elk91 by ! ,savage ,op]a ,company1 
:i* came to ! ,g>d5 ,!atre1 ,new ,york1 
aft] a trial season 9 ,wa%+ton1 on      
,novemb] #ab1 #aijf4 ,x _h a run ( ne>ly
 ?ree mon?s be=e x rea*$ ! ,metropolitan
 ,op]a ,h\se1 on ,febru>y #aa1 #aijg4   
,mr4 ,walt] ,ro?well conduct$ ! ,engli% 
p]=mance1 9 :i* !re 7 sev]al *anges (   
ca/s1 ! orig9al ,butt]fly be+ ,elza     
,szamozy 7a ,hung>ian s+]72 ,suzuki1    
,h>riet ,behne2 ,p9k]ton1 ,joseph ,f4   
,%eehan1 & ,%>pless1 ,w9ifr$ ,g(f4      
,arturo ,vigna conduct$ ! fir/ ,italian 
p]=mance at ! ,metropolitan1 ) ,g]ald9e 
,f>r> z ,butt]fly1 ,l\ise ,hom] z       
,suzuki1 ,c>uso z ,p9k]ton1 ,scotti z   
,%>pless1 & ,alb]t ,reiss z ,goro4  ,s  
complete 0 ! fiasco t 9 8 anxiety to    
)draw ! "w ,sign] ,pucc9i is said to h  
(f]$ to reimburse ! managem5t ( ! !atre 
= ! exp5ditures entail$ by ! production4
 ,failures ( ?is k9d are frequ5tly      
inexplicable1 b x is possible t !       
unconv5tional "* ( ! /ory & !           
ins5sibility ( ! ,italians to national  

musical color o!r ?an _! own1 _h a great
 deal to d ) x 9 ?is case4 ,:atev] !    
cause1 ! popul> attitude t[>d ! op]a 0  
display$ 9 ! mann] peculi> to ,italy1 ! 
discont5t$ majority :i/l+1 %rill+ on    
h\se keys1 grunt+1 ro>+1 bell[+1 &      
laugh+ 9 ! good old-fa%ion$ mann] :i*   
might be set d[n z possess$ ( "s virtu\s
 m]it if res]v$ = obvi\sly /upid        
creations4  ,! ,pall ,mall ,gazette     
report$ t at ! "t ! compos] told a fri5d
 t on ?is fateful fir/ night he 0 %ut up
 9 a small room beh9d ! sc5es1 :]e he   
c\ld he> no?+ ( :at 0 go+ on on ! /age  
or 9 ! audi5ce-room4 ,on a simil>       
occasion1 ne>ly a c5tury be=e1 :5 ,!    
,b>b] ( ,seville scor$ an equally       
monum5tal failure1 ,ross9i1 9 !         
conductor's *air1 fac$ ! mob1 %rugg$ 8  
%\ld]s1 & clapp$ 8 h&s to %[ 8 contempt 
= 8 judges1 !n w5t home & compos$ly to  
b$4 ,pucc9i1 ?\gh he c\ld n see !       
discomfiture ( 8 op]a1 0 n p]mitt$ to   
rema9 9 ignorance ( x4 ,8 son & 8 fri5ds
 br\ght him ! news4 ,8 collaborator1    

,giacosa1 ru%$ into ! room ) di%evell$  
hair & />+ eyes1 cry+3 ,i h suff]$ !    
passion ( dea?6 :ile ,signor9a ,/or*io  
bur/ into su* a flood ( te>s & sobs t x 
0 fe>$ %e w\ld be ill4 ,pucc9i 0 cut to 
! he>t1 b he did n lose fai? 9 ! "w4 ,he
 _h compos$ x 9 love & knew its         
pot5tialities1 ,8 fai? f\nd ju/ification
 :5 he produc$ x 9 ,brescia ?ree mon?s  
lat] & saw x />t out at once on a       
triumphal t\r ( ! ,european !atres4 ,8  
"w ( revision 0 n a l>ge or compreh5sive
 "o4 ,he divid$ ! second act into two   
acts1 made "s cond5sations to relieve ! 
long /ra91 wrote a few measures (       
introduction = ! f9al sc5e1 b refus$    
o!rwise to *ange ! music4 ,8 f9e s5se ( 
! dramatic _h told him correctly :5 he  
plann$ ! "w t !re ought n to be a       
physical int]ruption ( ! pa!tic vigil   
out ( :i* ,blan*e ,bates 9 ,new ,york & 
,evelyn ,mill>d 9 ,london _h made s     
p[]ful a sc5e1 b he yield$ to !         
compulsion ( practical consid]ations1   
try+ to save respect = 8 bett] judgm5t  

by refus+ to call ! f9al sc5e an act1   
?\gh he p]mitt$ ! fall ( ! curta92 b    
no?+ c make good ! loss entail$ by !    
int]ruption4 ,! mood ( ! play is        
admirably pres]v$ 9 ! music ( !         
int]mezzo1 b ! mood ( ! li/5]s is       
hopelessly dissipat$ ) ! fall ( !       
curta94 ,:5 ! sc5e ( ! vigil is aga9    
disclos$1 ! *>m & ! pa?os h vani%$1 nev]
 to return4 ,x is true t a rigid        
application ( ! law ( unities w\ld seem 
to =bid t a vigil ( an entire night f   
eve till morn+ be compress$ into a few  
m9utes2 b poetic lic5se also has rights1
 & !y c\ld h be5 plead$ ) conv9c+       
eloqu5ce by music1 ) its m>vell\s       
capacity = publi%+ ! conflict+ emotions 
( ! wait+ wife4    ,8 %ip hav+ be5 ord]$
 to ! ,asiatic /ation1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 
,p9k]ton1 ,lieut5ant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,navy1 foll[s a cu/om 7n at all unusual 
among naval (fic]s1 if ,pi]re ,loti is  
to be believ$7 & = ! summ] soj\rn 9     
,japan leases a ,japanese wife4 7,! ^w  
wife is a euphemism = h\sekeep]1        

companion1 play-fell[1 mi/ress1 :at n47 
,?is is done 9 a mann] involv+ little   
c]emony1 z is kn[n to travell]s & o!rs  
famili> ) ! social cu/oms ( ,nippon1    
?r\gh a nakodo1 a m>riage brok] or      
matrimonial ag5t4 ,m4 ,loti call$ 8 man 
,kang\r\2 ,mr4 ,long gave 8 ! "n (      
,goro4 ,t1 h[ev]1 & ! "* ( ! simple     
proce$+ be=e a regi/r> is immat]ial4 ,m4
 ,loti1 :o assures u t 8 book is m]ely  
"s pages f a v]itable di>y1 ent]ta9s u )
 "s details prelim9>y to 8 laun* into a 
s+ul> k9d ( dome/ic exi/5ce1 :i* are    
int]e/+ z be>+ on ! morals ( ! op]a & z 
indicative ( ! fact t he is a clos]     
obs]v] ( ,ori5tal life ?an 8 ,am]ican   
confr]e4 ,he lets u see h[ m]*antable   
wives are *os51 p]mits ,m4 ,kang\r\ to  
exhibit 8 w>es & expatiate on _! m]its4 
,!re is ! daught] ( a weal?y ,*9a       
m]*ant1 a "y woman ( great accompli%m5ts
 :o c write comm]cially & has won a     
prize 9 a poetic conte/ ) a sonnet4 ,%e 
is1 consequ5tly1 v de>--#ajj y51 say    
#ajj--;b t is ( no consequ5ce2 :at      

matt]s is t %e has a disfigur+ sc> on h]
 *eek4 ,%e w n d4 ,!n !re is ,mlle4     
,jasm91 a pretty girl ( fifte5 ye>s1 :o 
c be _h = #ah or #bj a mon? 7contract   
cancellable at ! end ( any mon? =       
non-paym5t71 a few dresses ( fa%ionable 
cut & a pleasant h\se to live 94 ,mlle4 
,jasm9 comes to be inspect$ ) "o old    
lady1 two old ladies1 ?ree old ladies   
7mamma & aunts71 & a doz5 fri5ds &      
neighbors1 big & little4 ,loti's moral  
/oma* revolts at ! ?\ght ( buy+ = 8 uses
 a *ild :o looks l a doll1 & is %ock$ at
 ! public p>ade :i* has be5 made ( h] z 
a commodity4 ,he has n yet be5 initiat$ 
into "s ( ! extraord9>y cu/oms ( ,japan1
 nor yet into "s ( ! di/9ctions att5dant
 ^u ^? cu/oms4 ,he le>ns ( "o ( ! latt] 
:5 he sugge/s to ! brok] t he might m>ry
 a *>m+ gei%a :o _h tak5 8 fancy at a   
tea h\se4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! sugge/ion 0  
receiv$ conv9c$ him t he might z well h 
purpos$ to m>ry ! devil himself z a     
pr(essional danc] & s+]4 ,among ! tra9 (
 ,mlle4 ,jasm9's fri5ds is "o less "y   

?an ,mlle4 ,jasm91 say ab\t eighte51 &  
already m ( a woman2 & :5 ,loti says1   
,:y n h]8 ,m4 ,kang\r\ trots h] out =   
inspection &1 discreetly s5d+ ,loti     
away1 concludes ! arrangem5t betwe5     
night-fall & #aj o'clock1 :5 he comes ) 
! ann\ncem5t3 ,all is arrang$1 sir2 h]  
p>5ts w give h] up = #bj a mon?--! same 
price z ,mlle4 ,jasm94  ,s ,mlle4       
,*rysan!me became ! wife ( ,pi]re ,loti 
dur+ 8 /ay at ,nagasaki1 & !n dutifully 
w5t home to h] "m )\t break+ h] he>t at 
all4 ,b %e 0 n a gei%a1 only a m\sme--"o
 ( ! prettie/ words 9 ! ,nipponese      
language1 comm5ts ,m4 ,loti1 x seems    
almo/ z if !re mu/ be a little m\e 9 ! v
 s\nd1 z if a pretty1 tak+ little p\t1  
su* z !y put on1 & also a little p]t    
physiognomy1 7 describ$ by x4           
,lieut5ant ,p9k]ton1 equally ignorant ) 
,lieut5ant ,loti b un9/ruct$ evid5tly1  
m>ries a gei%a ^: fa!r _h made ! happy  
dispat* at ! reque/ ( ! ,son ( ,heav5   
aft] mak+ a blund] 9 8 milit>y comm&4   
,%e is ,cio-,cio-,san1 also ,madama     

,butt]fly1 & %e comes to h] w$d+ ) a    
bevy ( gei%as or m\smes 7,i d n "k :i*7 
& a ret9ue ( relations4 ,all enjoy !    
hospitality ( ! ,am]ican (fic] :ile     
pick+ him to pieces1 b turn f _!        
k9swoman :5 !y le>n f an uncle1 :o is a 
,buddhi/ prie/ & comes late to ! w$d+ l 
! wick$ fairy 9 ! /ories1 t %e has      
att5d$ ! ,mission s*ool & *ang$ h]      
religion4 ,:]e=e ! bonze curses h]3 ,h\1
 h\6 ,cio-,cio-,san1 h\1 h\6  ,%>pless1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,consul at ,nagasaki1 _h n
 approv$ ( ,p9k]ton's adv5ture1 fe>+ t x
 might br+ unhapp9ess to ! little woman2
 b ,p9k]ton _h laugh$ at 8 scruples &   
empti$ 8 glass to ! m>riage ) an        
,am]ican wife :i* he hop$ to make "s    
day4 ,nei!r ,loti nor ,long tr\bles u ) 
! details ( s prosaic a ?+ z ! m>riage  
c]emony2 b ,pucc9i & 8 libretti/s make  
mu* ( x1 = x provides ! only opportunity
 = a *orus & ! musician _h f\nd         
delightfully melliflu\s ,japanese gongs 
to add a pretty t\* ( local color to !  
music4 ,cio-,cio-,san has be5 outca/$ & 

,p9k]ton com=ts h] & !y make love 9 !   
/>light 7aft] ,butt]fly has *ang$ h]    
habilim5ts7 l any pair ( lov]s 9 ,italy4
 ,dolce notte6 ,quante /elle6 ,vi5i1    
vi5i6 = quantity4  ,?is is ! fir/ act ( 
! op]a1 & x is all expository to        
,belasco's ,trag$y ( ,japan1 :i* plays 9
 "o act1 ) ! pa!tic vigil sep>at+ ! two 
days :i* =m its p]iod ( action4 ,:5 t1 l
 ! second act ( ! op]a1 op5s1 ,p9k]ton  
has be5 gone f ,nagasaki & 8 wife ?ree  
ye>s1 & a baby boy ( :om he has nev]    
he>d1 b :o has 8 eyes & hair has come to
 be> ,butt]fly company 9 ! little h\se  
on ! hill4 ,! money left by ! male      
butt]fly :5 he flitt$ is all b exhau/$4 
,madama ,butt]fly appe>s to be lam5tably
 ignorant ( ! cu/oms ( h] c\ntry1 = %e  
believes h]self to be a wife 9 !        
,am]ican s5se & is fe>fully wro? )      
,suzuki1 h] maid1 :5 %e h9ts t %e nev]  
knew a =eign husb& to come back to a    
,japanese wife4 ,b ,p9k]ton :5 he sail$ 
away _h said t he w\ld be back :5 !     
rob9s ne/ aga91 & t suffices            

,cio-,cio-,san4 ,b :5 ,%>pless comes ) a
 lett] to break ! news t 8 fri5d is com+
 back ) an ,am]ican wife1 he loses      
c\rage to p]=m 8 mission at !           
contemplation ( ! little woman's fai? 9 
! truant4 ,does he "k :5 ! rob9s ne/ 9  
,am]ica8 ,9 ,japan !y _h ne/$ ?ree times
 s9ce ,p9k]ton w5t away4 ,! consul      
quails at t & damns 8 fri5d z a         
sc\ndrel4 ,n[ ,goro1 :o kn[s ,butt]fly's
 pecuni>y plight1 br+s ,yamadori to h]4 
,yamadori is a weal?y ,japanese citiz5 (
 ,new ,york 9 ! book & play & a pr9ce 9 
! op]a1 b 9 all he is smitt5 )          
,butt]fly's beauty & wants to add h] "n 
to ! li/ ( wives he has conv5i5tly m>ri$
 & z conv5i5tly divorc$ on 8 visits to 8
 native l&4 ,butt]fly insi/s t %e is an 
,am]ican & _c be divorc$ ,japanese      
fa%ion1 & is amaz$ :5 ,%>pless h9ts t   
,p9k]ton might h =gott5 h] & %e w\ld    
bett] accept ,yamadori's h&4  ,fir/ %e  
ord]s him out ( ! h\se1 b1 rep5t+ h] (  
h] rud5ess1 br+s 9 ! *ild to %[ him     
some?+ t no "o is likely to =get4 ,%e   

asks ! consul to write to 8 fri5d & tell
 him t he has a son1 s f9e a son1 inde$1
 t %e indulges 9 a day dream ( ! ,mikado
 /opp+ at ! head ( 8 troops to admire   
him & make him a pr9ce ( ! realm4       
,%>pless goes away ) 8 mission          
unfulfill$ & ,suzuki comes 9 dragg+     
,goro ) h]1 = t he _h be5 spread+       
sc&al\s tales ab\t ! treatm5t :i* *ildr5
 born l ?is *ild receive 9 ,am]ica4     
,butt]fly is tempt$ to kill ! wret*1 b  
at ! la/ is cont5t to spurn him ) h]    
foot4  ,at ?is mom5t a cannon %ot is    
he>d4 ,a man-(-w> is ent]+ ! h>bor4     
,quick1 ! glasses6 ,/eady my h&1        
,suzuki1 t ,i may read ! "n4 ,x is !    
,abraham ,l9coln1 ,p9k]ton's %ip6 ,n[ ! 
*]ry tree mu/ give up its e blossom1 e  
bu% or v9e its violets & jessam9es to   
g>ni% ! room = 8 welcome6 ,! g>d5 is    
/ripp$ b>e1 vases are fill$1 ! floor is 
/rewn ) petals4 ,p]fumes exhale f !     
voices ( ! wom5 & ! song ( ! or*e/ra4   
,"h local color loses its "r2 ! music is
 all ,occid5tal4 ,butt]fly is dress$    

aga9 9 h] w$d+ g[n ( :ite & h] pale     
*eeks are t\*$ up ) c>m9e4 ,! pap]      
p>titions are drawn aga9/ ! night4      
,butt]fly punctures ! %oji ) ?ree       
holes--"o high up = h]self to look      
?r\gh1 /&+2 "o l[] = ! maid to look     
?r\gh1 sitt+2 "o ne> ! floor = ! baby4  
,& s ,butt]fly /&s 9 an all-night vigil4
 ,! lant]ns flick] & g out4 ,maid & babe
 s9k d[n 9 sleep4 ,! gray dawn creeps   
ov] ! wat]s ( ! h>bor4 ,human voices1   
trans=m$ into in/rum5ts1 hum a b>c>olle4
 7,we he>d x :5 ,%>pless tri$ to read ! 
lett]47 ,a ,japanese tune rises l a     
sailors' *anty f ! b&4 ,m>9]s *ant _!   
,yo ho6 ,day is come4 ,suzuki awakes &  
begs h] mi/ress to seek re/4 ,butt]fly  
puts ! baby to b$1 s++ a lullaby4       
,%>pless & ,p9k]ton come & le>n ( !     
vigil f ,suzuki1 :o sees ! =m ( a lady 9
 ! g>d5 & he>s t x is ! ,am]ican wife ( 
,p9k]ton4 ,p9k]ton p\rs out 8 remorse   
melodi\sly4 ,he w be haunt$ =ev] by !   
picture ( 8 once happy home &           
,cio-,cio-,san's reproa*ful eyes4 ,he   

leaves money = ,butt]fly 9 ! consul's   
h&s & runs away l a c[>d4 ,kate1 !      
,am]ican wife1 & ,suzuki meet 9 ! g>d54 
,! maid is ask$ to tell h] mi/ress !    
mean+ ( ! visit1 b be=e %e c d s        
,butt]fly sees !m4 ,h] que/ions br+ out 
half ! tru?2 h] intuition tells h] !    
re/4 ,kate 7an awful blot %e is on !    
dramatic picture7 begs =giv5ess & asks =
 ! baby boy t h] husb& may re> him4     
,butt]fly says he %all h him 9 half an  
h\r if he w come to fet* him4 ,%e goes  
to ! %r9e ( ,buddha & takes f x a veil &
 a dagg]1 read+ ! words engrav$ on its  
blade3 ,to die ) honor :5 "o c no long] 
live ) honor4 ,x is ! weapon :i* !      
,mikado _h s5t to h] fa!r4 ,%e po9ts !  
weapon at h] ?roat1 b at ! mom5t ,suzuki
 pu%es ! baby into ! room4 ,butt]fly    
addresses x passionately2 !n1 tell+ x to
 play1 seats x ^u a /ool1 puts an       
,am]ican flag into its h&s1 a b&age     
ar\nd its eyes4 ,aga9 %e takes dagg] &  
veil & goes beh9d a scre54 ,! dagg] is  
he>d to fall4 ,butt]fly tott]s out f    

beh9d ! scre5 ) a veil w\nd r\nd h]     
neck4 ,%e /agg]s to ! *ild & falls1 dy+1
 at its feet4 ,p9k]ton ru%es 9 ) a cry (
 horror & falls on 8 knees1 :ile        
,%>pless g5tly takes up ! *ild4    ,i h 
no desire to comm5t disp>ag+ly ^u !     
d5\em5t ( ! book ( ,mr4 ,long or ! play 
( ,mr4 ,belasco :i* ,pucc9i & 8         
libretti/s foll[$2 b 9 view ( ! orig9 ( 
! play a bit ( comp>ative criticism     
seems to be imp]ative4 ,loti's ,madame  
,*rysan!me 0 turn$ into an op]a by ,&re 
,messag]4 ,:at ! op]a 0 l ,i d n "k4 ,x 
came1 x w5t1 & left no sign2 yet x w\ld 
seem to be easy to guess at ! reason =  
its quick evani%m5t4 ,if x foll[$ !     
,fr5* /ory1 z no d\bt x did1 x 0 too    
fai?ful to ! actualities ( ,japanese    
life to awak5 a ?rob ( emotion 9 !      
,occid5tal he>t4 ,)\t su* a ?rob a drama
 is naught--a s\nd+ brass & t9kl+       
cymbal4 ,! *>m ( ,loti's book lies 9 its
 m>vell\sly beautiful portrayal ( a     
c\ntry1 a p1 & a *>act]i/ic incid5t 9 ! 
social life ( t p4 ,its int]e/ z a /ory1

 outside ( ! *>m ( its tell+1 is l t    
excit$ by inspection ( an exotic curio4 
,9 8 d$ication ( ! book ! au?or begg$   
,mme4 la ,du*esse de ,ri*elieu n to look
 = any mean+ 9 x1 b to receive x 9 !    
same _s 9 :i* %e w\ld receive "s qua9t  
bit ( pott]y1 "s grotesque c>v$ ivory   
idol1 or "s prepo/]\s trifle br\ght back
 f ! fa!rl& ( all prepo/]\sness4 ,x is a
 record ( a bit ( ! w&]+ life ( a poet  
:o makes himself a "p ( e sc5e into :i* 
=tune ?r[s him4 ,he has sp5t a summ] ) a
 ,japanese m\sme1 :om he _h m>ri$       
,japanese fa%ion1 & :5 he has divorc$   
h]1 also 9 ,japanese fa%ion1 ) reg>d =  
all ! conv5tions1 & sail$ away f h]     
=ev]1 he is m tr\bl$ by ?\ghts (        
possible contam9ation to 8 own nature   
?an because ( any consequ5ces to !      
woman4 ,be=e ! f9al f>ewell he _h felt a
 t\* ( pity = ! poor little gypsy1 b :5 
he m\nt$ ! /airs to h] room = ! la/ "t  
he he>d h] s++1 & m+l$ ) h] voice 0 a   
/range metallic s\nd1 dz9n1 dz9n6 z (   
co9s r++ on ! floor4 ,is %e amus+ h]self

 ) quoits1 or ! jeu du crapaud1 or pit* 
& toss8 ,he creeps 91 & !re1 dress$ = ! 
dep>ture to h] "m's1 sitt+ on ! floor is
 ,*rysan!me2 & spread out ar\nd h] all !
 f9e silv] doll>s he _h giv5 h] accord+ 
to agreem5t ! night be=e4 ,) ! compet5t 
dext]ity ( an old money *ang] %e f+]s   
!m1 turns !m ov]1 ?r[s !m on ! floor1 & 
arm$ ) a little mallet ad hoc1 r+s !m   
vigor\sly aga9/ h] e>1 s++ ! :ile ,i "k 
n :at little p5sive1 birdlike song1 :i* 
,i d>e say %e improvises z %e goes      
along4 ,well1 aft] all1 x is ev5 m      
completely ,japanese ?an ,i c\ld        
possibly h imag9$ x--?is la/ sc5e ( my  
m>ri$ life6 ,i feel incl9$ to laugh4 ,& 
he comm5ds ! little gypsy's worldly     
wisdom1 (f]s to make good any c\nt]feit 
piece :i* %e may f9d1 & refuses to p]mit
 h] to see him g abo>d ( 8 %ip4 ,%e     
does1 nev]!less1 along ) ! ,japanese    
wives ( f\r ( 8 fell[ (fic]s1 :o peep at
 _! flitt+ husb&s ?r\gh ! curta9s ( _!  
sampans4 ,b :5 he is f> out on ! great  
,yell[ ,sea he ?r[s ! fad$ lotus fl[]s  

:i* %e _h giv5 him ?r\gh ! por?ole ( 8  
cab91 mak+ 8 be/ excuses = giv+ to !m1  
natives ( ,japan1 a grave s solemn & s  
va/2 & he utt]s a pray]3 ,o             
,ama-,t]ace-,omi-,kami1 wa% me clean f  
?is little m>riage ( m9e 9 ! wat]s ( !  
riv] ( ,kamo6  ,! /ory has no s\l1 & to 
give 8 /ory1 :i* borr[$ its motive f    
,loti's1 a s\l1 ,mr4 ,long _h to d      
viol5ce to ! v]ities ( ,japanese life4  
,yet might n ev5 a gei%a feel a g5u9e   
passion8    ,! use ( folk-tunes 9 op]a  
is old] ?an ,madama ,butt]fly1 b        
,pucc9i's score /&s alone 9 ! ext5t ( ! 
use & ! consi/5cy ) :i* ,japanese melody
 has be5 made ! f\ndation ( ! music4 ,:5
 ,signor ,illica1 "o ( ! libretti/s1    
foll[$ ,s> ,peladan & d',annunzio into  
,nippon seek+ fl[]s = ,iris1 he took    
,mascagni ) him--metaphorically1 (      
c\rse4 ,b ,mascagni 0 a timid glean]4   
,pucc9i pluck$ ) a bold] h&1 z inde$ he 
might1 = he is an incomp>ably great]    
adept 9 ! art ( mak+ musical nosegays4  
,9 fact1 ,i "k ( only "o score t is     

comp>able ) t ( ,madama ,butt]fly 9     
respect ( its use ( national musical    
color1 & t is ,boris ,god\n(f4          
,m\ssorgsky1 h[ev]1 _h m1 ri*]1 & a     
great] v>iety ( mat]ial to "w ) ?an     
,pucc9i4 ,japanese music is arid &      
angul>1 & yet s great is ,pucc9i's skill
 9 comb9+ creative imag9ation &         
reflection t he knew h[ to make x       
blossom l a rose4 ,pity t he c\ld n     
:olly ov]come its rhy?mical monotony4   
,japanese melody runs almo/ un9t]rupt$ly
 ?r\gh 8 in/rum5tal score1 giv+ way at  
int]vals to ! ,italian /yle ( lyricism  
:5 ! *>act]s & passions become univ]sal 
r ?an local types4 ,/ructurally1 8 score
 re/s on ! ,wagn]ian me?od1 9 t ! vocal 
"p floats on an un9t]rupt$ in/rum5tal   
curr5t4 ,9 ! or*e/ral "p ! tunes :i* he 
borr[$ f ! popul> music ( ,japan are    
cont9u\sly recurr5t1 & fragm5ts ( !m are
 us$ z ! connect+ l9ks ( ! :ole fabric4 
,he uses also a few typical !mes        
7,leitmotive7 ( 8 own inv5tion1 & to !m 
x might be possible1 by +5i\s /udy ( _! 

relation to text & situation1 to atta*  
significances 9 ! mann] ( ! ,wagn]ian   
h&books2 b ,i d n ?9k t su* processes   
occupi$ ! compos]'s m9d to any          
consid]able ext5t1 & ! !mes are n       
appreciably *>act]i/ic4 ,8 mo/ p]si/5t  
use ( a connect+ l9k1 arbitr>ily *os51  
is f\nd 9 ! case ( ! fir/ motive ( !    
!me1 :i* he treats fugally 9 !          
introduction1 & :i* appe>s !reaft] to ! 
end ( ! *apt] 7a1 9 ! li/ ( !mes pr9t$  
h]e)74 ,:at might be call$ p]sonal !mes 
are ! op5+ notes ( ,! ,/>-,spangl$      
,bann] = ,p9k]ton & ! melody 7d7 :i*    
comes 9 ) ,yamadori1 9 :i* ! ,japanese  
tune us$ by ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan 9 ,!  
,mikado is e*o$4 ,! =m] f>es badly      
?r\gh\t ! score 7= :i* no blame ne$     
atta* to ,signor ,pucc9i71 b ! latt] is 
us$ ) capital effect1 ?\gh n always 9   
connection ) ! "*4  ,if ,signor ,pucc9i 
_h ne$$ ! sugge/ion t ,japanese music 0 
necess>y = a ,japanese play 7:i* ( c\rse
 he did n71 he might h receiv$ x :5 he  
saw ,mr4 ,belasco's play 9 ,london4 ,= !

 incid5tal music 9 t play ,mr4 ,william 
,fur/ provid$ ,japanese tunes1 or tunes 
made ov] ! v conv5i5t ,japanese la/4    
,?r\gh ,mr4 ,belasco's c\rtesy ,i am    
able to pres5t "h a relic ( ?is orig9al 
,butt]fly music4 ,! fir/ melody 7a7 0 ! 
!me ( ! curta9-music2 7b7 t accompany+  
,*o-,*o-,san1 :5 discov]$ at ! beg9n+   
spray+ fl[]s1 pres5t+ an (f]+ at ! %r9e 
& burn+ inc5se 9 ! h\se at ! foot (     
,higa%i hill2 7c7 ! ,yamadori music2 7d7
 ! music accompany+ ! fir/ production ( 
! sword2 7e7 ! music ( ! vigil4 ,!re 7  
also two ,occid5tal pieces--! melody ( a
 little song :i* ,p9k]ton _h taught     
,*o-,*o-,san1 ,i ,call ,h] ! ,belle (   
,japan1 & ,rock-a-bye1 ,baby4  figure3 a
 musical score exc]pt  figure3 a musical
 score exc]pt  ,!mes f ,pucc9i's        
,butt]fly music ,by p]mission ( ,ricordi
  ,co4  figure3 a musical score exc]pt  
,meiodies f ,mr4 ,fur/'s ,butt]fly music
 ,by p]mission ( ,mr4 ,david ,belasco4  
,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,d] ,,ros5kavali]   ,9 
! beg9n+ !re 0 ,guntram1 ( :i* we 9     

,am]ica he>d only fragm5t>y e*oes 9 our 
conc]t-rooms4 ,!n came ,feu]snot1 :i*   
rea*$ u 9 ! same way1 b betwe5 :i* & !  
subject :i* is to occupy me 9 ?is *apt] 
!re is a k9%ip ?r\gh a s+le in/rum5tal  
numb]1 ! mean+ ( :i* no comm5tator has  
d>$ m ?an h9t at4 ,x is ! music :i*     
accompanies ! episode1 politely t]m$ a  
love sc5e1 :i* occurs at ! climax ( !   
e>li] op]a1 b is suppos$ to take place  
be=e ! op5+ ( ! curta9 9 ! lat]4 ,p]haps
 ,i %all recur to !m aga9--if ,i h !    
c\rage4  ,^! 7 ! op]as ( ,ri*>d ,/rauss 
:i* no manag] deem$ x necess>y or       
advisable to produce 9 ,new ,york4 ,n[  
came ,salome4 ,popul> neura/h5ia 0 gr[+4
 ,osc> ,wilde ?\ght ,france might accept
 a glorification ( necrophilism & wrote 
8 delectable book 9 ,fr5*4 ,france w\ld 
h none ( x1 b :5 x 0 done into ,g]man1 &
 ,ri*>d ,/rauss acc5tuat$ its sexual    
p]v]sity by 8 hy/]ical music1 lo6 ,b]l9 
accept$ x ) avidity4 ,! !atres ( !      
,prussian capital 7 keep+ pace ) !      
pa?ological _s ( ! day1 & 7 f> ahead (  

^? ( ,p>is1 :]e1 x _h long be5 ! habit  
to ?9k1 moral obliquity made its        
resid5ce4 ,if ,b]l91 !n :y n ,new ,york8
 ,s ?\ght ,mr4 ,conn$1 saturat$ ) ,g]man
 !atricalism1 & see+ no likely diff]5ce 
9 ! appeal ( a ,p>sifal :i* he _h       
successfully produc$1 & a ,salome1 he   
prep>$ to put ! works ( ,wagn] & ,/rauss
 on ! same foot+ at ! ,metropolitan     
,op]a ,h\se4 ,an influ5ce :i* has n yet 
be5 cle>ly def9$1 b :i* did n spr+ f !  
director ( ! op]a nor ! g5tlem5 :o 7 8  
f9ancial back]s1 sil5c$ ! maund]+s ( !  
lu/-craz$ ,h]od & p>alyz$ ! contortions 
( ! lascivi\s danc] to :om he 0 will+ to
 give "o-half 8 k+dom4 ,footnote3 ,= !  
/ory ( ,salome 9 ,new ,york1 see my     
,*apt]s ( ,op]a 7,h5ry ,holt  ,co41 ,new
 ,york71 p4 #cdc et seq4  ,n[ ,mr4      
,hamm]/e9 came to cont9ue ! arti/ic     
education :i* ! own]s ( ! ,metropolitan 
,op]a ,h\se _h s /rangely & unacc\ntably
 *eck$4 ,salome liv$ out h] mad life 9 a
 %ort "t1 dy+1 n by ! comm& ( ,h]od1 b  
cru%$ "u ! %ield ( popul> op9ion4 ,!    

op]ation1 ?\gh effective1 0 n z swift z 
x might h be5 _h op]atic conditions be5 
diff]5t ?an !y are 9 ,new ,york1 & be=e 
x 0 accompli%$ a new] phase ( ,/rauss's 
pa?ological art _h (f]$ itself z a      
n]v\s1 excitation4 ,x 0 ,elektra1 & "u !
 guise ( an anci5t religi\s ideal1 awful
 b pa!tic1 ! p 7 ask$ to f9d arti/ic    
delight 9 ! contemplation ( a woman's   
maniacal ?ir/ = a "m's blood4 ,x is n   
necess>y to recall ! hi/ory ( ! op]a at 
! ,manhattan ,op]a ,h\se to %[ t !      
arti/ic sanity ( ,new ,york 0 pro( aga9/
 ! new poison4  ,hugo von ,h(fmann/hal  
_h aid$ ,/rauss 9 ?is brew & collaborat$
 ) him 9 ! next1 :i*1 x 0 hop$1 probably
 because ( ! diff]5ce 9 its concoction &
 +r$i5ts1 w\ld make 8 re9 ev5 m taut ?an
 x _h ev] be5 on !atrical manag]s & _!  
public4 ,f ! ,greek classics he turn$ to
 ! com$y ( ! ,beaum>*ais p]iod4 ,putt+  
_! heads toge!r1 ! two wrote ,d]        
,ros5kavali]4 ,x 0 p]haps %rewd on _! "p
 t !y avoid$ all allusion to ! op]a     
buffa ( ! p]iod & call$ _! "w a com$y = 

music4 ,x enabl$ !m1 9 ! pres5ce ( !    
ignorant1 to assume a virtue :i* !y did 
n possess2 b x is que/ionable if t      
circum/ance w help !m any4 ,x is only ! 
curi\s critic n[adays :o takes ! tr\ble 
to look at ! def9ition1 or epi!t1 on a  
title page4 ,x is ! "w :i* puts !       
hallm>k on itself2 n ! :im ( ! compos]4 
,x w\ld h be5 wise1 v wise inde$1 _h    
,h(fmann/hal avoid$ ev]y?+ :i* might    
call up a comp>ison betwe5 himself &    
,beaum>*ais4 ,x 0 simply fatal to       
,/rauss t he tri$ to avoid all comp>ison
 betwe5 8 treatm5t ( an eighte5? c5tury 
com$y & ,moz>t's4 ,"o ( 8 devices 0 to  
make use ( ! sy/em ( musical symbols :i*
 are irrevocably associat$ ) ,wagn]'s   
me?od ( composition4 ,moz>t knew no?+ ( 
?is sy/em1 b he _h a bett] "o 9 8       
,beaum>*aisian com$y1 :i* ,d]           
,ros5kavali] recalls2 x 0 t ( !matic    
expression = ea* new turn 9 ! dramatic  
situation--a sy/em :i* is c>ri$ out s   
brilliantly 9 ,le ,nozze di ,fig>o t !re
 is no?+1 ev5 9 ,die ,mei/]s+]1 :i* c   

hold a c&le to x4 ,ano!r 0 to build up !
 vocal "p ( 8 com$y on or*e/ral waltzes4
 ,evid5tly x 0 8 notion t at ! "t (     
,m>ia ,!resa 79 ^: e>ly reign ! op]a is 
suppos$ to take place7 ! ,vi5nese _w 0  
giv5 ov] to ! dance4 ,x 0 s giv5 ov] a  
g5]ation lat]1 s completely1 inde$1 t at
 ! meet+s 9 ! ridotto1 = :i* ,moz>t1    
,haydn1 ,gyr[etz1 ,bee?ov51 & o!rs wrote
 music1 retir+ rooms _h to be provid$ = 
ladies :o 7 z unprep>$ = possible       
accid5ts z 0 "o ( ^? describ$ by ,pepys 
z figur+ 9 a c\rt ball 9 8 "t2 b to put 
sc>cely any?+ b waltz tunes "u !        
dialogue ( ,d] ,ros5kavali] is an       
ana*ronism :i* is j z di/urb+ to !      
judici\s z ! fact t ,h]r ,/rauss1 ?\gh  
he />ts 8 half-doz5 or m ( waltzes mo/  
ins9uat+ly1 nev] lets !m run ! natural  
c\rse :i* ,lann] & ! ,vi5nese ,/rauss1  
:o sugge/$ _! tunes1 w\ld h made !m d4  
,always1 ! pa? :i* sets out s prettily  
becomes a byway beset ) dissonant ?orns 
& ?i/les & clogg$ ) rocks4  ,all ( ?is  
is by way ( say+ t ,d] ,ros5kavali]     

rea*$ ,new ,york on ,decemb] #i1 #aiac1 
aft] hav+ endur$ two ye>s or s 9        
,europe1 "u ! managem5t ( ,mr4          
,gatti-,casazza1 & 0 treat$ ) !         
di/9ction :i* ,mr4 ,conri$ gave ,p>sifal
 & _h plann$ = ,salome4 ,x 0 set ap>t = 
a p]=mance outside ! subscription1      
special prices 7 dem&$1 & ! novelty     
dress$ z sumptu\sly & prep>$ ) z lavi%  
an exp5diture ( money & c>e z if x 7 a  
"w ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,is x t8 ,! 
"q is n answ]$ by ! fact t its music 0  
compos$ by ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 ev5 ?\gh "o  
be will+ to admit t ,/rauss is ! greate/
 liv+ ma/] ( te*nique 9 musical         
composition1 ! "o conc]n+ ^: do+s !     
greate/ curiosity is felt & c]ta9ly ! "o
 ^: do+s are ! be/ adv]tis$4 ,d]        
,ros5kavali]1 9 spite ( all ^! ?+s1 mu/ 
/& on its m]its--z a com$y ) music4 ,!  
au?or ( its book has invit$ a comp>ison 
:i* has already be5 sugge/$ by mak+ x a 
com$y ( intrigue m]ely & plac+ its "t ( 
action 9 ,vi5na & ! middle ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury4 ,he has gone fur!r2 he has      

invok$ ! _s ( ,beaum>*ais to animate 8 p
 & 8 incid5ts4 ,! "o ?+ :i* he c\ld n d1
 or did n d1 0 to supply ! satirical    
sc\rge :i* ju/ifi$ ! ,fig>o com$ies ( 8 
great ,fr5* prototype & :i*1 :ile x made
 _! acceptance t>dy1 because ( royal &  
c\rtly opposition1 made _! popul>       
triumph ! m emphatic4 ,le ,nozze di     
,fig>o gave u m ?an "o figure & m ?an "o
 sc5e 9 ! repres5tation1 & ,le ,nozze di
 ,fig>o is to ^? :o und]/& its text "o (
 ! mo/ que/ionable op]as on ! curr5t    
li/4 ,b !re is a moral purpose und]ly+ !
 com$y :i* to "s ext5t ju/ifies its     
frank salaci\sness4 ,x is to prev5t !   
,c\nt f ex]cis+ an anci5t seigniorial "r
 ov] ! h]o9e :i* he _h volunt>ily       
resign$1 t all ! *>act]s 9 ! play unite 
9 ! intrigue :i* makes up ! com$y4      
,moreov]1 !re are glimpses ov] & ov]    
aga9 ( hone/ & virtu\s love betwe5 !    
*>act]s & beautiful expressions ( x 9 ! 
music :i* makes ! play delightful1      
despite its salaci\sness4 ,ev5 ,*]ub9o  
:o seems to h come to life aga9 9       

,octavian1 is a lovable y\? if = no o!  
reason ?an t he repres5ts y\? 9 its     
amor\sness t[>d all womank9d1 ) ?\ght ( 
special mis*ief t[>d none4  ,d]         
,ros5kavali] is a com$y ( lubricity     
m]ely1 ) :at little satirical sc\rge x  
has appli$ only to an old r\e :o is no m
 des]v+ ( x ?an mo/ ( ! o!r p 9 ! play4 
,s mu* ( its /ory z w be> tell+ c be    
told v briefly4 ,x beg9s1 assum+ its    
in/rum5tal introduction 7play$ ) ! sc5e 
discreetly hidd57 to be a "p ( x1 ) a "y
 nobleman lock$ 9 ! embraces ( !        
middle-ag$ wife ( a field m>%al1 :o is  
conv5i5tly abs5t on a hunt+ exp$ition4  
,! music is ( a passionate ord]1 & !    
compos]1 seek+ a little ! odor ( virtue1
 b ) an oracul> w9k 9 8 eye1 says 9 a   
descriptive note t x is to be play$ 9 ! 
_s ( p>ody 7p>odi/is*74 ,un=tunately !  
audi5ce _c see ! pr9t$ direction1 & !re 
is no p>ody 9 music except extravagance 
& ineptitude 9 ! utt]ance ( simple ?+s  
7l ! faulty notes ( ! horns 9 ,moz>t's  
joke on ! village musicians1 ! cad5za = 

viol9 solo 9 ! same musical joke1 or !  
twangl+ ( ,beckmess]'s lute72 s !       
introduction is an hone/ musical        
description ( ?+s :i* ! compos] is n    
will+ to confess1 & lea/ ( all ! /age   
manag]1 = :5 ! curta9 op5s !re is n     
pres5t$ ev5 ! picture call$ = by !      
,g]man libretto4 ,nev]!less1 morn is    
dawn+1 birds are twitt]+1 & ! "y lov]1  
kneel+ be=e 8 mi/ress on a divan1 is    
bemoan+ ! fact t day is come & t he _c  
publi% 8 happ9ess to ! _w4 ,!           
tete-a-tete is int]rupt$ by a rude boor 
( a nobleman1 :o come to consult 8 c\s9 
7! pr9cess7 ab\t a mess5g] to s5d ) !   
conv5tional (f]+ ( a silv] rose to !    
daught] ( a vulg> plebeian j elevat$ to 
! nobility because ( 8 weal?4 ,!        
conv]sation betwe5 ! two t\*es on little
 m ?an old am\rs1 & aft] ! lady has held
 h] levee design$ to introduce a v>iety 
( com$y effects 9 music z well z action1
 ! pr9cess recomm5ds h] lov] = ! (fice (
 rosebe>]4 ,mean:ile ! lov] has donn$ ! 
g>m5ts ( a wait+ maid & be5 ov]:elm$ ) !

 wick$ att5tions ( ! r\e1 ,l]*5au4 ,:5 !
 lov]s are aga9 alone !re is a          
confession ( r5unciation on ! "p ( !    
pr9cess1 bas$ on ! philosophical        
reflection t1 aft] all1 h] ,octavian be+
 s "y w\ld br+ ab\t ! inevitable p>t+   
soon] or lat]4  ,9 ! second act :at !   
pr9cess 9 h] presci5t abnegation _h     
=ese5 takes place4 ,h] lov] c>ries !    
rose to ! "y woman :om ! r\e _h pick$   
out = 8 bride & promptly falls 9 love ) 
h]4 ,%e ) equal promptness1 foll[+ !    
example ( ,wagn]'s h]o9es1 b[ls h]self  
at 8 head4 ,! noble vulg>ian complicates
 matt]s by insi/+ t he receive a d[ry   
in/ead ( pay+ "o4 ,! "y hot-blood adds  
to ! difficulties by p9k+ him 9 ! arm ) 
8 sword1 b re/ores ord] at ! la/ by s5d+
 him a lett] ( assignation 9 8 fir/ act 
guise ( a maid s]vant ( ! pr9cess4  ,?is
 assignation is ! backgr\nd ( ! ?ird    
act1 :i* is f>ce ( ! wilde/ & mo/ vulg> 
ord]4 ,mu* ( x is too silly =           
description4 ,always1 h[ev]1 !re is     
allusion to ! purpose ( ! meet+ on ! "p 

( ,l]*5au1 ^: plans are spoil$ by       
app>itions 9 all p>ts ( ! room1 !       
entrance ( ! police1 8 presumptive bride
 & h] fa!r1 a woman :o claims him z h]  
husb&1 f\r *ildr5 :o raise b$lam 7&     
memories ( ! cont5ti\s ,jews 9 ,salome72
 by %\t+ ,papa6 papa6 until 8 m9d is 9 a
 :irl & he ru%es out 9 despair4 ,!      
pr9cess leaves ! new-f\nd lov]s alone4  
,!y hymn _! happ9ess 9 ,moz>tian /ra9s  
7! melody copi$ f ! second "p ( ! music 
) :i* ,papag5o sets ! blackamoors to    
danc+ 9 ,die ,zaub]flote71 ! or*e/ra    
talks ( ! matronly r5unciation ( !      
pr9cess1 en?usia/ic ,/raussians ( a     
musical p>allel ) ! qu9tet f ,wagn]'s   
,mei/]s+]1 & ! op]a comes to an end aft]
 ?ree & "o-half h\rs ( m or less        
un9telligible dialogue pois$ on waltz   
melodies4  ,i h said un9telligible      
dialogue4 ,= ?is un9telligibility !re   
are two reasons-! *ief "o musical1 ! o!r
 lit]>y4 ,?\gh ,/rauss treats 8 voices )
 m consid]ation 9 ,d] ,ros5kavali] ?an 9
 8 trag$ies1 he /ill s ov]burd5s !m t ! 

words are di/+ui%able only at int]vals4 
,only too frequ5tly he cru%es !m )      
or*e/ral voices1 :i* 9 !mselves are n   
ov]:elm+--! voices ( 8 horns1 = in/ance1
 = :i* he %[s a p>ticul> p>tiality4 ,8  
/yle ( declamation is melodic1 ?\gh x is
 only at ! end ( ! op]a t he rises to   
real vocal melody2 b x seems to be put  
ov] an or*e/ral "p1 & n ! or*e/ral "p   
put "u x4 ,!re is no mom5t 9 :i* he c   
say1 z ,wagn] tru?fully & admir+ly said 
( ! wond]ful or*e/ral music ( ! ?ird act
 ( ,tri/an und ,isolde1 t all ?is swell+
 in/rum5tal song exi/$ only = ! sake (  
:at ! dy+ ,tri/an 0 say+ ^u 8 c\*4 ,all 
( ,/rauss's waltzes seem to exi/ = _!   
own sake1 :i* makes ! disappo9tm5t      
great] t !y are n c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! _s 9  
:i* !y are begun2 t is1 ! _s ( ! naive  
,vi5nese dance tune4  ,a second reason =
 ! too frequ5t un9telligibility ( ! text
 is its ar*aic "*4 ,its idioms are      
eighte5? c5tury z well z ,vi5nese1 & its
 p]si/5t use ( ! ?ird p]son ev5 among   
individuals ( quality1 ?\gh x gives a   

tang to ! libretto :5 read 9 ! /udy1 is 
n welcome :5 he>d ) difficulty4 ,besides
 ?is1 !re is use ( dialect--vulg> :5    
assum$ by ,octavian1 mix$ :5 call$ = by 
su* *>act]s z ,valzac*i & 8 p>tn] 9     
sc&al mong]y1 ,ann9a4 ,to be compell$ to
 =ego a k ( half ( :at su* a ma/] (     
diction z ,mr4 ,reiss 0 say+ 0 a new    
s5sation to 8 admir]s :o und]/& ,g]man4 
,yet ! fault 0 z little 8 z x 0 ,mr4    
,goritz's t s mu* ( :at he said w5t =   
no?+2 x 0 all 8 mis=tune1 includ+ ! fact
 t mu* ( ! music is n adapt$ to 8 voice4
  ,! music (f]s a pleasant] topic ?an ! 
action & dialogue4 ,x is a relief to ^? 
li/5]s :o g to ! op]a oppress$ )        
memories ( ,salome & ,elektra4 ,x is n  
only t _! e>s are n s (t5 assault$ by   
rude s\nds1 !y are frequ5tly mov$ by    
phrases ( great & g5u9e beauty4         
,un=tunately ! ,/raussian sy/em (       
composition dem&s t beauty be look$ = 9 
fragm5ts4 ,cont9uity ( melodic fl[ is   
impossible to ,/rauss--a confession ( 8 
inability ei!r to cont9ue ,wagn]'s      

me?od1 to improve on x1 or inv5t any?+  
new 9 its place4 ,! be/ t has be5 done 9
 ! ,wagn]ian l9e belongs to ,hump]d9ck4 
,footnote3 ,d] ,ros5kavali] _h its fir/ 
,am]ican production at ! ,metropolitan  
,op]a ,h\se1 ,new ,york1 on ,decemb] #i1
 #aiac1 ! ca/ be+ z foll[s3--           
,feldm>s*all9 ,fur/9                    
,w]d5b]g444444444444 ,fri$a ,hempel     
,b>on ,o*s auf                          
,l]*5au4444444444444444444444 ,otto     
,goritz   ,octavian1 g5annt             
,qu9qu944444444444444444444 ,m>g>ete    
,ob]   ,h]r von                         
,fan9al444444444444444444444444444444   
,h]mann ,weil   ,sophie1 se9e           
,to*t]4444444444444444444444444 ,anna   
,case   ,jungf] ,m>ianne                
,leitmetz]944444444444444444 ,rita ,=nia
   ,valzac*i1 e9                        
,intrigant4444444444444444444444 ,alb]t 
,reiss   ,ann9a1 se9e                   
,begleit]9444444444444444444444 ,m>ie   
,mattfeld   ,e9                         
,polizeikommiss>444444444444444444444444

44 ,c>l ,s*legel   ,hau%(mei/] d]       
,feldm>s*alh'n444444444444 ,pietro      
,audisio   ,hau%(mei/] bei              
,fan9al44444444444444444444 ,lamb]t     
,murphy   ,e9                           
,not>44444444444444444444444444444444444
44 ,basil ,ruysdael   ,e9               
,wirt44444444444444444444444444444444444
444 ,julius ,bay]   ,e9                 
,sang]4444444444444444444444444444444444
44 ,c>l ,jorn   ,drei adelige           
,wais5444444444444444444444444444 ,l\ise
 ,cox                                   
,ros9a ,van ,dyck                       
,sophie ,braslau   ,e9e                 
,modi/9444444444444444444444444444444444
 ,jeanne ,maub\rg   ,e9                 
,lakai4444444444444444444444444444444444
444 ,ludwig ,burg/all]   ,e9 kle9]      
,neg]44444444444444444444444444444 ,ru? 
,we9/e9    ,conductor--,alfr$ ,h]tz     
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,konigsk9d]   ,once ^u a 
"t a wit* ca/ a spell ^u a k+'s daught] 
& held h] 9 s]vitude z a gooseh]d4 ,a   
pr9ce f\nd h] 9 ! =e/ & lov$ h]4 ,%e    

lov$ him 9 return1 & w\ld gladly h gone 
away f h] sordid surr\nd+s ) him1 ?\gh  
%e _h spurn$ ! cr[n :i* he _h (f]$ h] 9 
ex*ange = h] wrea? ( fl[]s2 b :5 %e     
escap$ f h] jail] %e f\nd t %e c\ld n   
break ! *>m :i* held h] imprison$ 9 !   
=e/4 ,!n ! pr9ce left ! cr[n ly+ at h]  
feet & cont9u$ 8 w&]+s4 ,sc>cely _h he  
gone :5 !re came to ! hut ( ! wit* a    
broommak] & a wood*opp]1 guid$ by a w&]+
 m9/rel4 ,!y 7 ambassadors f ! city (   
,hellabrunn1 :i* _h be5 s long )\t a k+ 
t its boori% burgh]s !mselves felt ! ne$
 ( a rul] 9 spite ( _! boori%ness4 ,to !
 wise woman ! ambassadors put !         
que/ions3 ,:o %all be ?is rul] & by :at 
sign %all !y recognize him8 ,! wit*     
tells !m t _! sov]eign %all be ! fir/   
p]son :o ent]s _! gates aft] ! bells h  
rung ! noon h\r on ! morr[1 :i* is ! day
 ( ! ,hella fe/ival4 ,!n ! m9/rel cat*es
 sight ( ! lovely goose-girl1 & ?r\gh ! 
prophetic gift possess$ by poets he     
recognizes 9 h] a rightly born pr9cess =
 8 p4 ,by ! p[] ( 8 art he is enabl$ to 

put aside ! ?reat5+ spells ( ! wit* &   
compel ! hag to deliv] ! maid5 into 8   
c>e4 ,he p]suades h] to break !         
en*antm5t :i* _h held h] b\nd hi!rto &  
defy ! wick$ p[]4  ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1    
griev\s mis=tunes h befall5 ! pr9ce1 h] 
lov]4 ,he has gone to ,hellabrunn1 &    
desir+ to le>n to s]ve 9 ord] t he might
 bett] "k h[ to rule1 he _h tak5 s]vice 
z a sw9eh]d4 ,! daught] ( ! innkeep]    
becomes enam\r$ ( ! %apely body ( !     
pr9ce1 ^: pr\d _s %e _c und]/&1 & :o has
 repuls$ h] advances4 ,8 ?\ghts g back  
to ! goosegirl ^: wrea?1 ) its fre%     
fragrance1 rem9ds him ( 8 duty4 ,he     
attempts to tea* ! burgh]s _! own wor?1 
b ! w5* ^: love he _h repuls$ accuses   
him ( !ffy & he is ab\t to be l$ (f to  
prison :5 ! bells peal =? ! fe/al h\r4  
,joyfully ! wat*m5 ?r[ op5 ! /rong t[n  
gates & ! multitude & ga!r$ c\ncillors  
fall back to receive _! k+4 ,b ?r\gh !  
doors ent]s ! gooseh]d1 pr\dly we>+ h]  
cr[n & foll[$ by h] flock & ! m9/rel ,! 
lov]s fall into ea* o!r's arms1 b only !

 poet & a little *ild recognize !m z (  
royal blood4 ,! boori% citiz5s1 :o _h   
fanci$ t _! k+ w\ld appe> 9 regal       
spl5dor1 drive ! y\? & maid5 out )      
contumely1 burn ! wit* & cripple !      
m9/rel by break+ "o ( 8 legs on ! :eel4 
,seek+ 8 home1 ! pr9ce & 8 love lose _! 
way 9 ! =e/ dur+ a sn[/orm & die ( a    
poison$ loaf made by ! wit*1 = :i* !    
pr9ce _h b>t]$ 8 brok5 cr[n1 "u ! same  
tree :i* _h %elt]$ !m on _! fir/ meet+2 
b ! *ildr5 ( ,hellabrunn1 :o _h come out
 9 se>* ( !m1 guid$ by a bird1 f9d _!   
bodies buri$ "u ! sn[ & give !m royal   
acclaim & burial4 ,& ! presci5t m9/rel  
hymns _! virtues4  ,?is is ! /ory (     
,engelb]t ,hump]d9ck's op]a ,konigsk9d]1
 :i* _h its fir/ p]=mance on any /age at
 ! ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1 ,new      
,york1 on ,decemb] #bh1aiaj1 ) ! foll[+ 
ca/3    ,d]                             
,konigssohn4444444444444444444444,h]man 
,jadl[k]   ,die                         
,gansemagd44444444444444444444444,g]ald9
e ,f>r>   ,d]                           

,spielmann444444444444444444444444444   
,otto ,goritz   ,die                    
,hexe44444444444444444444444444444444,l\
ise ,hom]   ,d]                         
,holzhack]44444444444444444444444444    
,adamo ,didur   ,d]                     
,bes5b9d]444444444444444444444444 ,alb]t
 ,reiss   ,zwei ,k9d]44444444444444,edna
 ,walt] & ,lotte ,engel   ,d]           
,ratsalte/e44444444444444444444444      
,m>cel ,re9]   ,d]                      
,wirt44444444444444444444444444,antonio 
,p9i-,corsi   ,die                      
,wirt/o*t]4444444444444444444 ,flor5ce  
,wickham   ,d]                          
,s*neid]44444444444444444444444444      
,julius ,bay]   ,die                    
,/allmagd4444444444444444444444444,m>ie 
,mattfeld   ,zwei ,torwa*t]44444 ,ern/  
,m>an & ,william ,h9%aw    ,conductor3  
,alfr$ ,h]tz   ,to "s 9 ! audi5ce !     
drama 0 new only 9 ! new op]atic dress )
 :i* ,hump]d9ck _h clo!d x l>gely at !  
in/ance ( ! ,metropolitan managem5t4 ,x 
_h be5 kn[n z a spok5 play = twelve ye>s

 & ?ree ( its musical numb]s--! ov]ture 
& two pieces ( betwe5-acts music--_h be5
 9 local conc]t-li/s = ! same l5g? ( "t4
 ,! play _h be5 pres5t$ ) incid5tal     
music = _m ( ! sc5es z well z ! ov]ture 
& entr'actes 9 #ahih 9 an extremely     
int]e/+ production at ! ,irv+ ,place    
,!atre1 !n "u ! direction ( ,he9ri*     
,conri$1 9 :i* ,agnes ,sorma & ,rudolf  
,*ri/ians _h c>ri$ ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,x  
came back f\r ye>s lat] 9 an ,engli%    
v]sion at ! ,h]ald ,squ>e ,!atre1 b     
nei!r 9 ! ,g]man nor ! ,engli% p]=mance 
0 x v\*saf$ u to realize :at _h be5 !   
purpose ( ! au?or ( ! play & ! compos] (
 ! music4  ,! au?or1 :o calls h]self    
,ern/ ,rosm]1 is a woman1 daught] (     
,he9ri* ,=ges1 = _m ye>s a factotum at !
 ,bayreu? fe/ivals4 ,x 0 h] fa!r's      
devotion to ,wagn] :i* gave h] ! "n (   
,elsa4 ,%e m>ri$ a lawy] & litt]ateur 9 
,muni* nam$ ,b]n/e91 & has writt5 a     
numb] ( plays besides ,konigsk9d]1 :i*  
%e publi%$ 9 #ahie1 & aft]w>d ask$ ,h]r 
,hump]d9ck 7n yet a royal ,prussian     

pr(essor1 b a simple musician1 :o _h    
made essays 9 criticisms & tri$ to make 
a compos] out ( ,siegfri$ ,wagn]7 to    
provide ) incid5tal music4 ,mr4         
,hump]d9ck took 8 task s]i\sly4 ,! play1
 ) "s incid5tal music1 0 two ye>s old   
be=e ,mr4 ,hump]d9ck _h 8 ov]ture ready4
 ,he _h tri$ a new exp]im5t1 :i* prov$ a
 failure4 ,! second & ?ird acts _h _!   
preludes1 & ! songs ( ! m9/rel _h _!    
melodies & accompanim5ts1 & all !       
pr9cipal sc5es _h be5 provid$ )         
illu/rative music 9 ! ,wagn]ian mann]1 )
 ?is diff]5ce1 t ! dialogue _h be5      
po9t$1 z a *ur* musician w\ld say--t is1
 ! rhy?m 0 indicat$ ) exactness1 & ev5 !
 v>iations ( pit*1 ?\gh x 0 und]/ood t !
 purpose 0 n to a*ieve song1 b an       
int5sifi$ utt]ance1 halfway betwe5 spee*
 & song4 ,?is 0 melodrama1 z ,h]r       
,hump]d9ck conceiv$ x & z x _h no d\bt  
exi/$ = ages--ev] s9ce ! primitive      
,greek drama1 9 fact4 ,x is easy to     
und]/& h[ ,h]r ,hump]d9ck came to       
believe 9 ! possibility ( an art-=m :i*1

 ?\gh accept$1 = tempor>y effect1 by    
,bee?ov5 & ,*]ub9i1 & us$ = ballads )   
great] or less success by ,s*umann1 _h  
be5 h>%ly reject$ by 8 great model &    
ma/]1 ,wagn]4 ,hump]d9ck lives 9        
,g]many1 :]e 9 ne>ly e !atre !re is m or
 less ( an amalgamation ( ! spok5 drama 
& ! op]a--:]e *ori/]s play small p>ts & 
actors1 ?\gh n pr(essional s+]s1 s+ :5 n
 too mu* is requir$ ( !m4 ,& yet ,h]r   
,hump]d9ck f\nd out t he _h ask$ too mu*
 ( 8 actors ) 8 po9t$ & at times inton$ 
declamation1 & ,konigsk9d] did n h to   
come to ,am]ica to le>n t ! compromise 0
 a failure4 ,no d\bt ,h]r ,hump]d9ck    
?\ght ( turn+ s beautiful a play into an
 op]a !n1 b x seems to h requir$ !      
/imulus :i* f9ally came f ,new ,york to 
p]suade him to c>ry out ! op]atic idea1 
:i* is m ?an sugge/$ 9 ! score z x lies 
be=e me 9 its orig9al %ape1 into a      
?or\gh lyric drama4 ,! set pieces :i* _h
 liv$ 9 ! int]im 9 ! conc]t-room 7      
transf]r$ into ! op]a-score ) trifl+    
alt]ations & cond5sations & s 7 ! set   

songs4 ,z = ! re/ x ne$$ only t         
note-heads be suppli$ to "s ( ! portions
 ( ! dialogue :i* ,hump]d9ck _h design$ 
= melodic declamation to h ^? portions  
ready = ! op]a4 ,"h an example3--       
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  ,a      
,g]man op]a c g5]ally /& sev]] criticism
 ?an "o 9 ano!r language1 because !re is
 a m /rict application ( pr9ciples 9    
,g]many :5 x comes to writ+ a lyric     
drama ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,s 9 !      
pres5t in/ance !re is no ne$ to conceal 
! fact t !re are outbreaks ( eroticism &
 (f5ces aga9/ ! ,g]man language :i* are 
none ! less flagrant & c5surable because
 !y are1 to "s ext5t1 conceal$ "u ! ?9  
v5e] ( ! allegory & symbolism :i* e     
read] mu/ h recogniz$ z runn+ ?r\gh !   
play4 ,?is is1 9 a mann]1 ,wagn]ian1 z s
 mu* ( ! music is ,wagn]ian--especially 
t ( ! second act1 :i* because x calls up
 sc5es f ! ,mei/]s+] mu/ also necess>ily
 call up music f ! same com$y4 ,b !re is
 little cause "h = qu>rel ) ,pr(essor   
,hump]d9ck4 ,he has appli$ ! poetical   

pr9ciple ( ,wagn] to ! fairy tale :i* is
 s closely relat$ to ! my?1 & he has )  
equal consi/5cy appli$ ,wagn]'s         
con/ructive me?ods musically &          
dramatically4 ,x is to 8 great honor t1 
( all ( ,wagn]'s successors1 he has be5 
! only "o to d s successfully4  ,! /ory 
( ,konigsk9d]1 ?\gh x belongs to ! class
 ( fairy tales ( :i* ,hansel und ,gretel
 is s /rik+ & beautiful an example1 is n
 to be f\nd z ! au?or pres5ts x 9 !     
lit]ature ( ,g]man ,m>*54 ,mme4 ,b]n/e9 
has drawn its elem5ts f _m s\rces &     
bl5d$ !m ) ! utmo/ fre$om4 ,to avoid a  
misund]/&+ ,g]mans w insi/ t ! title be 
us$ )\t ! article1 = ,die ,konigsk9d] or
 ,zwei ,konigsk9d] bo? sugge/ ! simple  
,g]man =m ( ! old tale ( ,h]o & ,le&]1 )
 :i* /ory1 ( c\rse1 x has no?+ :atev] to
 d4 ,b if lit]>y criticism =bids        
association betwe5 ,hump]d9ck's two     
op]as1 musical criticism compels x4 ,_m 
( ! *>act]s 9 ! op]as are close         
relations1 dramatically z well z        
musically--! royal *ildr5 !mselves1 !   

wit*es1 ( c\rse1 & ! broom-mak]s4 ,! re/
 ( ! *>act]s h be5 tak5 f ,wagn]'s      
,mei/]s+] picture book2 ! citiz5s (     
,hellabrunn are ,nuremb]g's burgh]s1 !  
city's' c\ncillors1 ! old ma/] s+]s4 ,! 
musical idiom is ,hump]d9ck's1 ?\gh its 
me?od ( employm5t is ,wagn]'s4 ,b "h    
lies its *>m3 ,?\gh ! compos] hews to a 
!oretical l9e1 he does x freely1        
naturally1 easily1 & always ) ! pr9ciple
 ( musical beauty z well z t ( dramatic 
tru?fulness & propriety 9 view4 ,8 p's  
voices float on a symphonic /ream1 b !  
voices ( ! in/rum5ts1 :ile !y s+ on 9   
endless melody1 use ! idiom :i* nature  
gave !m4 ,!re is admirable *>act]ization
 9 ! or*e/ral music1 b x is music = all 
t2 x nev] desc5ds to m]e noise1 design$ 
to keep up an irritation ( ! n]ves4     
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,boris ,,god\n(f   ,f    
:atev] po9t ( view x may be consid]$    
,moss\rgsky's op]a ,boris ,god\n(f is an
 extraord9>y "w4 ,x 0 br\ght to ! notice
 ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a fir/      
p]=mance at ! ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1

 9 ,new ,york1 on ,m>* #ai1 #aiac1 b    
intellig5ce conc]n+ its "* _h come to   
obs]v]s ( musical do+s abroad by reports
 t\*+ p]=mances 9 ,p>is & ,london4 ,x is
 possible1 ev5 likely1 t at all !       
p]=mances ( ! "w outside ( ,russia ^? :o
 li/5$ to x ) ! lea/ am\nt (            
intellectual sophi/ication d]iv$ !      
greate/ pleasure f x1 ?\gh to !m its    
arti/ic defici5cies mu/ also h be5 mo/  
obvi\s4 ,aga9/ ^! defici5cies1 h[ev]1 x 
pres5t$ itself1 fir/ ( all1 z a         
hi/orical play %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) a    
l>ge !me1 :i*1 s9ce x belongs to trag$y1
 is univ]sal & unhamp]$ by "t or place  
or p4 ,to !m x _h some?+ ( ! sweep1     
dignity1 & solemnity & also some?+ ( !  
dramatic incongruity & lack ( cohesion (
 a ,%akespe>ian drama z contradi/+ui%$ f
 ! coh]5ce ( purpose & mann] ( a mod]n  
drama4  ,to !m also x _h mu* /rang5ess (
 /yle1 a /yle :i* 0 n easily reconcil$  
to any?+ ) :i* ! mod]n /age _h made !m  
famili>4 ,!y saw & he>d ! *orus ent]    
into ! action1 n = ! purpose (          

spectacul> pageantry1 nor z hymn]s ( !  
a*ievem5ts ( ! pr9cipal actors 9 ! /ory1
 b z p>ticipants4 ,!y he>d unwont$      
acc5ts f ^! actors & saw !m behave 9    
conduct :i* f mom5t to mom5t appe>$     
/rangely contradictory4 ,!re 7 mutt]+s (
 popul> discont5t1 :i*1 "u ?reats1 gave 
way to jubilant acclamation 9 ! fir/    
great sc5es 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! op]a4 ,!re 7 
alt]nate mock]ies & adulations 9 ! next 
sc5e 9 :i* ! p figur$2 & runn+ ?r\gh o!r
 sc5es f invisible s+]s came            
ecclesia/ical *ants1 aga9/ :i* 7        
project$1 n op]atic song 9 ! old        
conception1 b long passages ( height5$  
spee*1 half declamatory1 half musical4  
,a multitude cr+$ be=e uprais$ kn\ts &  
fell on its knees be=e ! approa* ( a man
 ^: ag5ts swung ! knott$ cords2 anon !y 
acclaim$ ! man :o s\ght to usurp a ?rone
 & ov]:elm$ ) ridicule a village        
imbecile1 :o 0 yet suppos$ because ( 8  
m5tal weakness to be possess$ (         
miracul\s presci5ce1 & !re=e to h a     
prevision ( :at 0 to foll[ ! usurpation4

 ,!y saw ! incid5ts ( ! drama mov+ pa/  
_! eyes )9 a framework ( b>b>ic spl5dor 
typical ( a wond]ful political pa/1 an  
amaz+ political pres5t1 & possibly      
prophetic ( a /ill m amaz+ political    
future4  ,^! happily +5u\s spectators   
saw an hi/orical p]sonage rack$ by      
consci5ce1 n]ve-torn by spectres1       
obsess$ by sup]/itions1 /rong 9 position
 a*iev$1 yet pa!tically sweet & mov+ 9 8
 exhibition ( pat]nal love1 & go+ to    
de/ruction ?r\gh remorse = crime        
committ$4 ,!y 7 tr\bl$ by no curi\s     
que/ion+s z to ! accuracy ( ! hi/orical 
repres5tation4 ,! ,boris ,god\n(f be=e  
!m 0 a remorse-/rick5 regicide1 ^: good 
works1 if he did any1 _h to be summ$ up 
= _! imag9ation 9 ! fact t he lov$ 8    
son4 ,9 all ?is1 & also 9 "s ( its      
music1 ! new op]a 0 ( ! op]a op]atic4 ,b
 to ! unhappily dis+5u\s 7or p]haps x   
w\ld be bett] to say1 to ! in/ruct$7 !re
 0 mu* m 9 ! new op]a2 & x 0 ?is m :i* s
 (t5 gave judgm5t pause1 ev5 :ile x     
/imulat$ int]e/ & irritat$ curiosity4 ,x

 0 a pity t a rec5t extraord9>y outbur/ 
( en?usiasm ab\t a compos] & an op]a    
%\ld h _h ! effect ( di/ort+ _! vision &
 di/urb+ _! judgm5t4  ,!re 0 a reason to
 be suspici\s t\*+ ?is en?usiasm1       
because ( its orig94 ,x came f ,france &
 n f ! home l& ( ! au?or ( ! play or !  
compos] ( ! music4 ,moreov]1 x 0 l>gely 
bas$ ^u an elem5t :i* has z little      
g5u95ess 9 ,france z a basis ( judgm5t  
7& :i* mu/ !re=e be set d[n l>gely z an 
affectation7 z 9 ,am]ica4 ,l\d          
hallelujahs h be5 rais$ 9 praise (      
,m\ssorgsky because1 disc>d+ conv5tional
 law1 he vitaliz$ ! music ( ! lyric poem
 & also ! dramatic l9e1 by mak+ x !     
emotional fl[]+ ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,:5 x     
became necess>y = ! preci\s inn]        
bro!rhood ( ,fr5*m5 :o hold burn+ inc5se
 /icks "u ea* o!rs' noses to acclaim    
,pelleas et ,melis&e z a new & beautiful
 ?+ 9 dramatic music1 x 0 ann\nc$ t     
,m\ssorgsky 0 l ,debussy 9 t he _h      
demon/rat$ 9 8 songs & 8 op]as t vocal  
melody %\ld & c\ld be writt5 9          

accordance ) ! rhy?m & acc5ts ( ! words4
 ,we _h suppos$ t we _h le>n$ t lesson n
 only f ,gluck & ,wagn]1 b f e true     
musical dramati/ t ev] liv$6 ,& :5 !    
,fr5*m5 7& _! feeble e*o]s 9 ,engl& &   
,am]ica7 began to cry out t ! _w make   
obeisance to ,m\ssorgsky on t score1 !re
 0 no wond] t ^? ^: eag]ness to enjoy l$
 !m to absorb too mu* in=mation %\ld ask
 h[ ?is m>vell\s psy*ical assonance     
betwe5 ^w & tone 0 to be convey$ to _!  
un=tunate s5se & feel+ aft] ! orig9al   
,russian ^w _h be5 transmogrifi$ into   
,fr5* or ,engli%4 ,9 ,new ,york ! op]a1 
:i* we "k to be saturat$ 9 "s respects )
 ,muscovitism1 or ,slavicism1 & :i* we h
 e reason to believe is also s saturat$ 
9 its musico-v]bal ess5ce1 0 sung 9     
,italian4 ,) ! *ange "s ( ! "* t ought  
to make x de> to ! ,russian he>t mu/ h  
evaporat$4 ,x is ev5 likely t vigor\s   
,engli% w\ld h be5 a bett] vehicle ?an !
 s(t1 ba/>d ,lat9 = ! =ceful utt]ances (
 ! op]atic p4  ,x is a pity t a         
suspicion ( dis+5u\sness & affectation  

%\ld =ce itself ^u "o's ?\ghts 9        
connection ) ! ,fr5* en?usiasm ov]      
,m\ssorgsky2 b x _c be avoid$4 ,s f> z  
,m\ssorgsky reflects any?+ 9 8 art1 x is
 realism or naturalism1 & ! latt] elem5t
 is n dom9ant 9 ,fr5* music n[1 & is n  
likely to be s long z ! pres5t t5d5cy   
t[>d sublimat$ subjectivism prevails4   
,debussy acclaim$ ,m\ssorgsky           
en?usia/ically a doz5 ye>s ago1 b = all 
t ,m\ssorgsky & ,debussy are antipodes 9
 art--!y repres5t extremes4  ,x is mu* m
 likely t outside ( its purely lit]>y   
aspect 7a l>ge aspect 9 e respect 94    
,france7 ! ,m\ssorgsky cult ( ! la/ few 
ye>s 0 a m]e outgr[? ( ! political      
affiliation betwe5 ,france & ,russia2 z 
su* x may be look$ ^u 9 ! same light z !
 sudd5 appreciation ( ,b]lioz :i* 0 a   
product ( ! ,*auv9ism :i* foll[$ !      
,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,x is easy ev5 = 
"y p ( ! day 9 :i* ,i write to rememb]  
:5 a ,wagn] op]a at ! ,academie         
,nationale rais$ a riot1 & :5 ! dances  
at ! ,m\l9 ,r\ge & su* places c\ld n    

beg9 until ! b& _h play$ ! ,russian     
national hymn4  ,7 x n = consid]ations (
 ?is sort x w\ld be surpris+ to         
contemplate ! fact t ,m\ssorgsky has be5
 m writt5 & talk$ ab\t 9 ,france ?an he 
0 9 8 native ,russia1 & t ev5 8 fri5d   
,rimsky-,korsak(f1 to ^: revision ( !   
score ,boris ,god\n(f owes its cont9u$  
exi/5ce1 has be5 subject$ to mu* rude   
criticism because ( 8 "w1 ?\gh we c only
 ?9k ( x z tak5 up 9 a _s ( affection & 
admiration4 ,he & ! ,russians1 ) sc>cely
 an exception1 say t 8 labors 7 9 ! l9e 
( purification & rectification2 b !     
mod]n extremi/s w h x t by rem$y+ its   
crudities ( h>monization & in/rum5tation
 he weak5$ x--t :at he ?\ght its arti/ic
 blemi%es 7 its virtues4 ,( t we are 9  
no position to speak1 nor ought any "o  
be ra% en\gh to make ! proclamation     
until ! orig9al score is publi%$1 & !n  
only a ,russian or a musician famili> ) 
! ,russian tongue & its g5ius4 ,!       
production ( ! op]a outside ( ,russia & 
9 a =eign language ought to furni% an   

occasion to dem& a /ay ( ! arti/ic cant 
:i* is all too common j n[ 9 e c\ntry4  
,we are told t ,boris ,god\n(f is ! fir/
 real ,russian op]a t ,am]ica has ev]   
he>d4 ,9 a s5se t may be true4 ,! pres5t
 g5]ation has he>d little op]atic music 
by ,russian compos]s4 ,rub9/e9's ,n]o 0 
n ,russian music 9 any respect4 ,pique  
,dame1 by ,ts*aik[sky1 also p]=m$ at !  
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1 _h little 9 x
 t c\ld be recogniz$ z *>act]i/ically   
,russian4 ,eug5e ,oneg9 we "k only f    
conc]t p]=mances1 & its ,muscovitism 0 a
 negligible quantity4 ,! exc]pts f o!r  
,russian op]as h be5 few & !y demon/rat$
 no?+1 ?\gh 9 an int]mezzo f            
,ts*aik[sky's ,mazeppa1 descriptive ( ! 
battle ( ,poltava1 :i* has be5 he>d "h1 
we met ) ! /rong *oral tune :i* gives   
great animation to ! mo/ /irr+ sc5e 9   
,boris--! acclamation ( ! ,cz> by !     
populace 9 ! fir/ act4 ,( ?is some?+ m  
pres5tly4 ,!re 7 ,am]ican               
repres5tations1 h[ev]1 ( a ,russian op]a
 :i* 9 its day 0 m popul> ?an ,boris has

 ev] be52 b t 0 s long ago t all        
memories ( x h di$1 & ev5 ! records are 
difficult to rea*4 ,"s fifty ye>s ago a 
,russian company came to ^! %ores &     
p]=m$ ,v]/(fsky's ,askold's ,tomb1 an   
op]a :i* 0 republi%$ z late z #ahig &   
:i* )9 ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( its     
exi/5ce _h #djj p]=mances 9 ,mosc[ &    
#bjj 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,"s v5turesome   
critics h hail$ ,v]/(fsky z ev5 m       
di/9ctively a pr$ecessor ( ,m\ssorgsky  
?an ,gl9ka2 b ! clamor ( ^? :o are      
prea*+ l\dly t art mu/ n exi/ = art's   
sake1 & t ! ugly is ju/ifi$ by ! beauty 
( ugl9ess1 has sil5c$ ! voices ( ^!     
critical hi/orians4  ,?is may ?us f> h  
seem$ a long & discursive disquisition  
on ! significance ( ! new op]a2 b !     
que/ions to :i* ! production ( ,boris   
,god\n(f give rise are _m & grave1      
especially 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our op]atic
 activities4 ,!y h a /rong be>+ on !    
problem ( nationalism 9 op]a1 ( :i* ^? 9
 *>ge ( our op]atic affairs appe> to    
take a c>eless view4 ,aside f all       

ae/hetic que/ions1 ,boris ,god\n(f be>s 
heavily on t problem4 ,x is a "w crude &
 fragm5t>y 9 /ructure1 b x is trem5d\sly
 puissant 9 its prea*m5t ( nationalism2 
& x is /rong !re n s mu* because ( its  
/ory & ! spl5did b>b>ism ( its ext]nal  
integum5t z because ( its nationalism1  
:i* is proclaim$ 9 ! use ( ,russian     
folk-song4 ,all previ\s exp]im5ts 9 ?is 
l9e become insignificant 9 comp>ison )  
x1 & x is que/ionable if any o!r body ( 
folk-song (f]s su* an opportunity to !  
op]atic compos] z does ! ,russian4 ,!   
h]o ( ! op]a is 9 dramatic /ature 7or at
 lea/ 9 emotional cont5t7 a ,macbe? or a
 ,ri*>d ,,iii2 8 utt]ances are frequ5tly
 poignant & he>t se>*+ 9 ! extreme2 8   
dramatic portrayal by ,m4 ,*aliap9e 9   
,europe & ,mr4 ,didur 9 ,am]ica is s    
gripp+ z to call up memories ( "s ( !   
great ,engli% trag$ians ( ! pa/4 ,b we  
_c speak ( ! psy*ology ( ! musical sett+
 ( 8 words because we h be5 w>n$ t x    
roots deeply 9 ! acc5ts & inflections ( 
a language ) :i* we are unfamili> & :i* 

0 n us$ 9 ! p]=mance4 ,b ! music ( !    
*oral masses1 ! songs sung 9 ! intimacy 
( ! ,cz> ,boris's h\sehold1 ! *ants ( ! 
monks1 ne$$ n to be /range to any /ud5t 
( folk-song1 nor c\ld _! puissance be   
lo/ ^u ! musically unlett]$4 ,9 ! old   
,kolyada ,song ,slava ,footnote3 ,lov]s 
( *amb] music "k ?is melody f its use 9 
! allegretto 9 ,bee?ov5's ,e m9or       
,qu>tet d$icat$ to ,c\nt ,ras\m[ski1 :]e
 x appe>s ?us3-- ) :i* ,boris is greet$ 
by ! populace1 z well z 9 ! wild %\t+s (
 ! ,poli% vagrom m5 & wom5 9 ! sc5e be=e
 ! la/1 x is impossible n to he> an     
out-p\r+ ( t _s ( :i* ,tol/oi wrote3 ,9 
x is ye>n+ )\t end1 )\t hope2 also p[]  
inv9cible1 ! fateful /amp ( de/9y1 iron 
preord9ation1 "o ( ! fundam5tal         
pr9ciples ( our nationality ) :i* x is  
possible to expla9 mu* t 9 ,russian life
 seems incompreh5sible4  ,no o!r p h su*
 a treasure ( folk-song to draw on z t  
?us *>act]iz$1 & x is n likely t any o!r
 p w develop a national s*ool ( op]a on 
! l9es :i* lie op5 to ! ,russian        

compos]1 & :i* ! ,russian compos] has   
be5 enc\rag$ to exploit by 8 gov]nm5t = 
! la/ tw5ty ye>s or m4  ,x is possible t
 "s critics1 actuat$ by political r ?an 
arti/ic consid]ations1 w f9d reasons    
figure3 a musical score exc]pt  = !     
pres5t condition ( ,m\ssorgsky's score 9
 ! attitude ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,x is
 said t c\rt intrigues _h mu* to d ) !  
_m *anges :i* ! score _h to und]go be=e 
x became entirely acceptable to ! p[]s t
 be 9 ! ,cz>'s empire4 ,possibly4 ,b e  
*ange :i* has come "u ! notice ( ?is    
review] has be5 to its bett]m5t & made =
 its practical pres5tation4 ,x is said t
 ! popul> sc5es 7 curtail$ because !y   
repres5t$ ! voice ( ! democracy4 ,b !re 
is /ill s mu* *oral "w 9 ! op]a t !     
judgm5t ( ! op]atic audi5ces ( to-day is
 likely to pron\nce aga9/ x measurably  
on t acc\nt4 ,=1 spl5did z ! *oral      
elem5t 9 ! "w is1 a *orus is n look$ ^u 
) admiration z a dramatic elem5t by !   
ord9>y op]a lov]4 ,!re 0 a lack ( !     
fem99e elem5t 9 ! op]a1 & to rem$y ?is  

,m\ssorgsky _h to introduce ! ,poli%    
bride ( ! ,false ,dmitri & give ! pair a
 love sc5e1 & incid5tally a polonaise2 b
 ! love sc5e is un9t]e/+ until its      
conclud+ measures1 & ^! are too         
,mey]be]ian to call = comm5t beyond !   
fact t ,mey]be]1 ! mu* contemn$1 w\ld h 
done bett]4 ,z = ! polonaise1           
,ts*aik[sky has writt5 a m brilliant "o 
= 8 ,eug5e ,oneg94  ,! v>i\s scores ( ! 
op]a :i* h be5 pr9t$ %[ t ,m\ssorgsky1 )
 all 8 g5ius1 0 at sea ev5 :5 x came to 
apply+ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,"y ,russian     
,s*ool1 ( :i* he is set d[n z a /rong   
prop1 to dramatic composition4 ,) all 8 
additions1 em5dations1 & re>rangem5ts1 8
 op]a /ill falls mu* %ort ( be+ a       
dramatic unit4 ,x is a m loosely        
connect$ s]ies ( sc5es1 f ! drama (     
,boris ,god\n(f & ! false ,dmitri1 ?an  
,boito's ,mefi/(ele is ( ,goe!'s ,fau/4 
,_h he _h 8 own way ! op]a w\ld h end$ )
 ! sc5e 9 :i* ,dmitri proce$s to ,mosc[ 
amid ! huzzas ( a horde ( ,poli%        
vagabonds1 & we %\ld h _h nei!r a ,boris

 nor a ,dmitri op]a1 despite ! spl5did  
opportunities (f]$ by bo? *>act]s4 ,x 0 
made a ,boris op]a by br++ x to an end )
 ! dea? ( ,boris & leav+ ev]y?+ except !
 sc5es 9 :i* ! ,cz> decl9es ! imp]ial   
cr[n1 !n accepts x1 & f9ally dies ( a   
tortur$ consci5ce1 to s]ve simply z     
int]mezzi1 9 :i* = ! mom5t ! tide (     
trag$y is turn$ aside4 ,?is & ! glimpse 
into ! pat]nal he>t ( ! ,cz> is ! only &
 beautiful purpose ( ! dome/ic sc5e1 9  
:i* ! light] & m *e]ful elem5t (        
,russian folk-song is introduc$4  ,at ! 
fir/ ,am]ican p]=mance ( ,boris ,god\n(f
 ! ca/ 0 z foll[s3--                    
,boris4444444444444444444444444444444444
444,adamo ,didur                        
,!odore444444444444444444444444444444444
444,anna ,case                          
,x5ia4444444444444444444444444444444444,
l5ora ,sp>kes   ,!                      
,nurse4444444444444444444444444444444,m>
ia ,du*5e                               
,m>9a44444444444444444444444444444444444
,l\ise ,hom]                            

,s*\isky44444444444444444444444444444444
4,angelo ,bada                          
,t*elkal(f4444444444444444444444,v9c5zo 
,res*iglian                             
,pim5n4444444444444444444444444444444444
4,leon ,ro?i]                           
,dmitri4444444444444444444444,paul      
,al?\se 78 debut7                       
,v>laam44444444444444444444444 4444,&rea
 de ,segurola                           
,missail4444444444444444444444444444444 
,pietro ,audisio   ,!                   
,innkeep]444444444444444444444444       
,jeanne ,maub\rg   ,!                   
,simpleton4444444444444444444444444444,a
lb]t ,reiss   ,a ,police                
,(fic]4444444444444444444444444,giulio  
,rossi   ,a ,c\rt                       
,(fic]444444444444444444444 ,leopoldo   
,m>iani   ,lovitzky44444474,two         
,jesuits44444444447 ,v4 ,res*iglian     
,tc]niak[sky17                      7   
,l\is ,kreidl]    ,conductor3 ,arturo   
,toscan9i     ,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,madame   
,,sans-,,g5e ,,& ,,o!r ,,op]as ,,by     

,,giordano   ,! op]a-go]s ( ,new ,york  
enjoy$ a novel exp]i5ce :5 ,giordano's  
,madame ,sans-,g5e _h its fir/ p]=mance 
on any /age 9 _! pres5ce at !           
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se on ,janu>y    
#be1 #aiae4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t t a royal &  
imp]ial p]sonage :o may be said to live 
fre%ly & vividly 9 ! m9ds ( ! p ( ?is   
g5]ation z well z 9 _! imag9ations      
appe>$ be=e !m to s+ 8 ?\ghts & feel+s 9
 op]atic fa%ion4 ,at fir/ blu% x seem$ z
 if a s++ ,bonap>te 0 bett] calculat$ to
 /ir _! risibilities ?an _! int]e/ or   
sympa?ies2 & ?is may1 inde$1 h be5 !    
case2 b at any rate !y _h an opportunity
 to make ! acqua9tance ( ,napoleon be=e 
he rose to imp]ial e/ate4 ,b1 9 all     
s]i\sness1 x is easi] to imag9e ! figure
 :i* ,william ,,ii ( ,g]many w\ld cut on
 ! op]atic /age ?an ! gr&1 gloomy1 &    
peculi> ,corsican4 ,! royal p ) :om !   
op]atic public is famili> z a rule are  
suffici5tly surr\nd$ by ! mi/s (        
antiquity & obscurity t ! contemplation 
( !m ar\se little ?\ght ( ! incongruity 

:i* _! appe>ance z op]atic h]oes ought  
to create4 ,h5ry ! ,f[l] 9 ,loh5gr91    
,m>k 9 ,tri/an und ,isolde1 ! unnumb]$  
,ph>aoh 9 ,aida1 ,h]od 9 ,salome &      
,h]odiade1 & ! few o!r k+s1 if !re are  
any m ) :om ! pres5t g5]ation (         
op]a-go]s h a p]sonal acqua9tance1 s to 
speak1 are m or less m]ely poetical     
creations :om we seldom if ev] ?9k ( 9  
connection ) v]itable hi/ory4 ,ev5      
,boris ,god\n(f is to u m a picture out 
( a book1 l ! ,macbe? :om he s /rongly  
resembles f a !atrical po9t ( view1 ?an 
! mon>* :o _h a l>ge "p 9 ! mak+ ( !    
,russian p4 ,! ,roman c5sor%ip prev5t$ u
 long ago f mak+ ! acqua9tance ( !      
,gu/avus ( ,sw$5 :om ,ank]/rom /abb$ to 
dea? at a mask$ ball1 by transmogrify+  
him into ! absurdly impossible figure ( 
a ,gov]nor ( ,bo/on2 & ! ,claudius (    
,ambroise ,?omas's op]a is z mu* a gho/ 
z ,hamlet's fa!r1 :ile ,debussy's bl9d  
,k+ is z mu* an ab/raction z is ,melis&e
 h]self4  ,op]atic dukes we "k 9 pl5ty1 
?\gh mo/ ( !m h come out ( ! pages (    

romance & are m or less acceptable      
accord+ to ! vocal ability ( _!         
repres5tatives4 ,:5 ,c>uso s+s ,la donna
 e mobile we c>e little = ! pr(ligacy ( 
,v]di's ,duke ( ,mantua & d n inquire   
:e!r or n su* an individual ev] liv$4   
,m\ssorgsky's ,cz> ,boris ought to      
int]e/ u m1 h[ev]4 ,! great bell-t[] 9 !
 ,kreml9 :i* he built1 & ! great bell--a
 %att]$ monum5t ( "o ( 8 futile         
ambitions--h be5 se5 by ?\s&s (         
travell]s :o nev] took ! tr\ble to le>n 
t ! tyrant :o _h ! bell ca/ laid a      
s]fdom ^u ! ,russian p :i* endur$ d[n to
 our day4 ,boris1 by ! way1 picturesque 
& dramatic figure t he is z pres5t$ to u
 9 hi/ory1 nev] got ^u ! op]atic /age   
until ,m\ssorgsky took him 9 h&4 ,two   
hundr$ ye>s ago a great ,g]man musician1
 ,mat!son1 z mu* s*ol> z compos] if n m1
 set him to music1 b ! op]a 0 nev]      
p]=m$4 ,pet] ! ,great1 :o came a c5tury 
aft] ,boris1 liv$ a life m calculat$ to 
invite ! att5tion ( op]a writ]s1 b ev5  
he escap$ ! clut*es ( dramatic compos]s 

except ,lortz+1 :o took advantage ( !   
romantic episode ( ,pet]'s s]vice z %ip 
c>p5t] 9 ,holl& to make him ! h]o ( "o (
 ! mo/ sp>kl+ ( ,g]man comic op]as4     
,lortz+ _h a successor 9 ! ,iri%man ,t4 
,s4 ,cooke1 b 8 op]a f\nd its way into !
 limbo ( =gott5 ?+s m ?an a g5]ation    
ago1 :ile ,lortz+'s /ill lives on ! /age
 ( ,g]many4 ,pet] des]v$ to be celebrat$
 9 music1 = x 0 9 8 reign t polyphonic  
music1 albeit ( ! ,italian ord]1 0      
introduc$ into ! ,russian *ur* & mod]n  
in/rum5tal music effect$ an entrance    
into 8 empire4 ,b ,i d\bt if ,pet] 0    
s9c]ely musical2 9 8 y\? he he>d only   
music ( ! rude/ k9d4 ,he 0 p>tial to !  
bagpipes &1 l ,n]o1 play$ ^u t in/rum5t4
  ,to come back to ,bonap>te & music4   
,madame ,sans-,g5e is an op]atic v]sion 
( ! drama :i* ,s>d\ develop$ out ( a    
little "o-act play deal+ ) a p>tly      
fictiti\s1 p>tly hi/orical /ory 9 :i*   
,napoleon1 8 m>%al ,lefebvre1 & a       
laundress 7 ! pr9cipal figures4 ,:e!r or
 n ! great ,corsican c\ld be ju/ifi$ z a

 "* 9 a lyric drama 0 a moot$ "q :5     
,giordano conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ an op]a
 out ( ! play4 ,x is said t ,v]di rem>k$
 some?+ to ! effect t ! "q dep5d$ ^u :at
 he w\ld be call$ ^u to s+1 & h[ he w\ld
 be expect$ to s+ x4 ,! problem 0 really
 n a v l>ge or difficult "o1 = all great
 p are turn$ into m>ionettes :5 trans=m$
 into op]atic h]oes4  ,9 ! palmy days ( 
bel canto no "o w\ld h rais$ ! "q at    
all1 = !n ! greate/ *>act]s 9 hi/ory    
mov$ ab\t ! /age 9 /ately robes & sang  
conv5tional arias 9 ! conv5tional mann]4
 ,! *ange f old-fa%ion$ op]a to reg5]at$
 lyric drama might h simplifi$ ! problem
 = ,giordano1 ev5 if 8 libretti/ _h n   
already done s by r$uc+ ,napoleon to 8  
l[e/ t]ms f a dramatic z well z         
hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,! h]oes (       
eighte5?-c5tury op]a 7 g5]ally          
feeble-m9d$ lov]s & no?+ m2 ,giordano's 
,napoleon is only a jeal\s husb& :o     
helps out 9 ! d5\em5t ( a play :i* is   
conc]n$ *iefly ) o!r p4  ,9 turn+       
,s>d\'s dramatic p]sonages into op]atic 

puppets a great deal ( bloodlett+ 0     
necess>y & a great deal ( ! *>act]i/ic  
*>m ( ! com$y 0 lo/1 especially 9 !     
cases ( ,madame ,sans-,g5e h]self &     
,napoleon's si/]2 b en\gh 0 left to make
 a practicable op]a4 ,!re 7 ! pictures (
 all ! plebeians :o became great folk   
lat] conc]n$ 9 ! hi/orical incid5ts :i* 
lift$ !m up4 ,!re 7 also ! contra/$     
pictures :i* result$ f ! great          
trans=mation1 & x 0 also ! +ratiat+     
incid5t ( ! devotion ( ,lefebvre to !   
/\t-he>t$1 hone/ little woman ( ! p :o  
_h to try to be a du*ess4 ,all ?is 0    
fair op]atic mat]ial1 ?\gh music has a  
/range capacity = ref9+ /age *>act]s z  
well z = mak+ !m colorless4 ,giordano   
c\ld n d himself ju/ice z a compos] )\t 
ref9+ ! expression ( ,cat]9a ,huebs*]1 &
 s 8 ,du*ess ( ,dantzic talks a musical 
language at lea/ :i* ,s>d\'s wa%]woman  
c\ld n talk & rema9 )9 ! dramatic       
v]ities4 ,!re=e we h ,madame ,sans-,g5e 
) a diff]5ce1 b n "o t gave any m (f5ce 
?an op]atic treatm5t ( o!r f9e plays h  

accu/om$ u to4  ,to dispose ( ! arti/ic 
m]its ( ! op]a z briefly z possible1 x  
may be said t 9 m ways ?an "o ,giordano 
has 9 ?is "w h>k$ back to ,&rea ,*5i]1 !
 fir/ ( 8 op]as :i* _h a he>+ 9 ,am]ica4
 ,! p>allel ext5ds to "s ( ! political  
elem5ts ( ! book z well z its musical   
inve/iture ) its e*oes ( ! popul> airs (
 ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! /yle 
( writ+ is also !re1 ?\gh appli$1       
possibly1 ) m mature & ref9$ skill4 ,i  
_c say ) z mu* +5u\sness & fre%ness (   
inv5tion1 h[ev]4 ,its _s 9 ! fir/ act1 &
 l>gely 9 ! second1 is t ( ! op]a b\ffe1
 b !re are _m pages ( ,madame ,sans-,g5e
 :i* ,i w\ld gladly ex*ange = any "o ( !
 melodies ( ,lecocq1 let u say 9 ,la    
,fille de ,mme4 ,angot4 ,l all good     
,fr5* music :i* uses & imitates !m1 x is
 full ( crisp rhy?ms l>gely develop$ f !
 old dances :i*1 orig9ally innoc5t1 7   
degrad$ to base uses by ! sans-culottes2
 & s !re is an abundance ( life & en]gy 
9 ! score ?\gh little ( ! di/9ction1    
elegance1 & grace t h always be5        

*>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* music1 :e!r high-born
 or l[4 ,! be/ melody 9 ! mod]n ,italian
 ve9 fl[s 9 ! second act :5 ! g5u9e     
affection & fidelity ( ,cat]9a f9d      
expression & :]e a light t\* is comb9$ )
 consid]able w>m? ( feel+ & a delightful
 da9t9ess ( or*e/ral color4 ,mu* ( ?is  
is out ( h>mony ) ! fundam5tal "* (     
,s>d\'s woman1 b music _c d5y its       
nature4 ,only a ,m\ssorgsky c\ld make a 
drunk5 monk talk tru?fully 9 music4  ,if
 ,giordano's op]a fail$ to make a pr(\nd
 impression on ! ,new ,york public1 x 0 
n because t public _h n _h opportunity  
to le>n ! quality ( 8 music4 ,8 ,&rea   
,*5i] _h be5 produc$ at ! ,academy (    
,music z long be=e z ,novemb] #ac1      
#ahif4 ,) x ! r$\btable ,colonel        
,mapleson w5t d[n to 8 de/ruction 9     
,am]ica4 ,x 0 "o ( ! _m /range incid5ts 
9 ! c>e] ( ,mr4 ,osc> ,hamm]/e9 z ,i h  
relat$ !m 9 my book entitl$ ,*apt]s (   
,op]a ,footnote3 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry ,holt
  ,co4 t x %\ld h be5 br\ght back by him
 twelve ye>s lat] = a s+le p]=mance at !

 ,manhattan ,op]a ,h\se4 ,9 ! season (  
#aiaf-aiag x 0 incorporat$ 9 ! rep]tory 
( ! ,bo/on-,national ,op]a ,company &   
c>ri$ to ! pr9cipal cities ( ! c\ntry4  
,on ,decemb] #af1 #aijf1 ,mr4 ,he9ri*   
,conri$ ?\ght t ! peculi> *>ms ( ,madame
 ,cavali]i1 comb9$ ) ! popul>ity (      
,signor ,c>uso1 might give habitation to
 ,giordano's sett+ ( an op]a book made  
out ( ,s>d\'s ,f$ora2 b x endur$ = only 
f\r p]=mances 9 ! season ( #aijf-aijg & 
?ree 9 ! next1 9 :i* ,conri$'s c>e] came
 to an end4 ,9 reviv+ ,&rea ,*5i] ,mr4  
,hamm]/e9 may h _h visions ( future     
triumphs = its compos]1 = a few weeks   
be=e 7on ,febru>y #e1 #aijh7 he _h      
br\ght =w>d ! same compos]'s ,sib]ia1   
:i* gave "s promise ( life1 ?\gh x di$ )
 ! season t saw its bir?4  ,! critical  
m9d seems dispos$ to look ) k9dness ^u  
new works 9 proportion z !y fall back 9 
! corridors ( memory2 & s ,i am incl9$  
to ?9k t ( ! f\r op]as by ,giordano :i* 
,i h he>d ,&rea ,*5i] gives greate/     
promise ( a long life4 ,! attempt to put

 music to ,f$ora seem$ to me utt]ly     
futile4 ,only ^? mom5ts 7 musical 9 !   
accept$ s5se ( ! ^w :5 ! action ( !     
drama ceas$1 z 9 ! case ( ! int]mezzo1  
or :5 ! old pr9ciples ( op]atic         
con/ruction wak$ into life aga9 z 9 !   
confession ( ! h]o-lov]4 ,"h1 moreov]1  
!re comes into ! score an elem5t (      
novelty1 = ! confession is extort$ f    
,lorris :ile a virtuoso is ent]ta9+ a   
draw+-roomful ( p ) a set pian(orte     
solo4 ,z = ! re/ ( ! op]a1 x seems sadly
 defici5t 9 melody beautiful ei!r 9     
itself or z an expression ( passion4    
,&rea ,*5i] has m to comm5d x4 ,to />t  
)1 !re is a good play back ( x1 ?\gh !  
v]ities ( hi/ory 7 n p]mitt$ to hamp] ! 
imag9ation ( ,signor ,illica1 ! au?or ( 
! book4 ,! h]o ( ! op]a is ! patriotic  
poet :o fell "u ! guillot9e 9 #agid at !
 age ( ?irty-two4 ,! place :i*          
,sa9t-,beuve gave him 9 ,fr5* lett]s is 
t ( ! greate/ writ] ( classic v]se aft] 
,rac9e & ,boileau4 ,! op]atic /ory is   
all fiction1 m s1 inde$1 ?an t ( ,madame

 ,sans-,g5e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !       
v]itable ,*5i] 0 ?r[n into prison on !  
accusation ( hav+ %elt]$ a political    
crim9al1 & 0 behead$ toge!r ) tw5ty-?ree
 o!rs on a *>ge ( hav+ engag$ 9 a       
conspiracy :ile 9 prison4 ,9 ! op]a he  
does n die = political reasons1 ?\gh !y 
are alleg$ z a pretext1 b because he has
 cross$ ! love-pa? ( a lead] ( !        
revolution4  ,:5 ,giordano compos$      
,sib]ia1 he foll[$ ! example ( ,mascagni
 & ,pucc9i 7if he did n set ! example = 
!m7 by seek+ local color & melodic      
mat]ial 9 ! folk-songs ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* 
8 sc5e 0 laid4 ,pucc9i w5t to ,japan =  
musical ideas & devices to trick out 8  
,madama ,butt]fly z ,mascagni _h done 9 
,iris4 ,giordano1 illu/rat+ a /ory (    
political oppression 9 ,sib]ia1 call$ 9 
! aid ( ,russian melodies4 ,8 exiles s+ 
! heavy-he>t$ measures ( ! b>gem5 ( !   
,volga1 ,ay ou*nem1 ! =ceful *>m ( :i*  
few ,russian compos]s h be5 able to     
resi/4 ,he introduc$ also /ra9s ( ,ea/] 
music f ! ,greek *ur*1 ! popul> song    

kn[n among ! ,g]mans z ,s*one ,m9ka & ! 
,glory song 7,slava7 :i* ,m\ssorgsky _h 
=g$ into a *oral ?und]bolt 9 8 ,boris   
,god\n(f4 ,x is a /rang] co9cid5ce t !  
,slava melody %\ld h cropp$ up 9 ! op]as
 ( ,giordano & ,m\ssorgsky ?an t ! same 
revolution>y airs %\ld pepp] ! pages (  
,madame ,sans-,g5e & ,&rea ,*5i]4 ,^!   
op]as are alli$ 9 subject & p]iod & !   
same /yle ( composition is foll[$ 9 bo?4
  ,*5i] goes to 8 dea? 9 ! op]a to !    
tune ( ! ,m>seillaise & ! m5 m>* pa/ !  
w9d[s ( ,cat]9a ,huebs*]'s laundry s++ !
 refra9 ( ,roget de ,lisle's hymn4 ,b   
,giordano does n make ext5sive use ( !  
tune 9 ,madame ,sans-,g5e4 ,x appe>s    
lit]ally at ! place m5tion$ & surges up 
) f9e effect 9 a spee* 9 :i* ! ,du*ess (
 ,dantzic ov]:elms ! pr\d si/]s (       
,napoleon2 b t is practically all4 ,!   
case is diff]5t ) two o!r revolution>y  
airs4 ,! fir/ cra% ( ! or*e/ra laun*es u
 into ,la ,c>magnole1 ^: melody provides
 ! !matic or*e/ral sub/ratum = ne>ly !  
entire fir/ sc5e4 ,x is an innoc5t en\gh

 tune1 diff]+ little f hundr$s ( ,fr5*  
vaudeville melodies ( its p]iod1 b      
,giordano injects vitriol into its ve9s 
by 8 h>monies & or*e/ration4 ,) all its 
innoc5ce ?is 0 ! tune :i* came f !      
rauc\s ?roats ( politically craz$ m5 &  
wom5 :ile noble heads tumbl$ into !     
bloody sawdu/1 :ile ! spoils ( ! *ur*es 
7 c>ri$ into ! ,national ,conv5tion 9   
#agic1 & to :i* sev]al memb]s1 quitt+ _!
 curule *airs1 took ! h&s ( girls       
flaunt+ 9 prie/s' ve/ures & danc$ a wild
 r\t1 z did o!r mad wret*es :5 a danc] 0
 wor%ipp$ z ! ,goddess ( ,reason 9 !    
,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame4  ,cat]9a's     
acc\nt ( ! rude famili>ity ) :i* %e is  
treat$ by ! soldi]y 7,i mu/ assume a k (
 ,s>d\'s play :i* ! op]a foll[s7 is set 
to a melody ( a ,russian folk-song ca/ 9
 ! treatm5t ( :i* ,russian influ5ces may
 also be felt2 b ) ! fir/ %\ts ( ! mob  
attack+ ! ,tuil]ies 9 ! di/ance !       
*>act]i/ic rhy?mical motif ( ! ,ca ira  
is he>d mutt]+ 9 ! basses4 ,aga9 a      
h>mless tune :i* 9 its "t 0 p]v]t$ to a 

horrible use2 a lively little           
contradance :i* grac$ _m a cotillion 9  
its e>ly days1 b :i* 0 ro>$ & h[l$ by ! 
mob z x c>ri$ ! beaute\s head ( !       
,lamballe ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,p>is on a   
pike & ?ru/ x almo/ into ! face ( ,m>ie 
,anto9ette4  ,( su* mat]ial & a pretty  
little dance 7,la ,fricassee7 is ! music
 ( ! fir/ act1 punctuat$ by cannon %ots1
 made4 ,x is all rhy?mically /irr+1 x   
fl[s spirit$ly1 en]getically along ) !  
curr5t ( ! play1 nev] ret>d+ x = a      
mom5t1 b1 unhappily1 nev] sweet5+ x ) a 
gra9 ( pretty s5tim5t or adorn+ x ) a   
really graceful cont\r4 ,!re is "s      
graci\sness 9 ! c\rt sc5e1 "s ar*ness & 
humor 9 ! sc5e 9 :i* ! ,du*ess (        
,dantzic submits to ! adornm5t ( h]     
p]son1 "s dramatically /rong declamation
 9 ! spee*es ( ,napoleon1 "s simulation 
( passion 9 ! love passages ( ,lefebvre 
& ( ,neipp]g2 b z a rule ! melodic flood
 nev] rea*es high tide4     ,,*apt]     
,,xvii  ,,two ,,op]as ,,by              
,,wolf-,,f]r>i   ,:5 ! op]as ( ,ermanno 

,wolf-,f]r>i came to ,am]ica 78         
beautiful sett+ ( ! ,vita ,nuova 0      
already q widely kn[n at ! "t71 x 0     
?\ght s+ul> & some:at significant t ?\gh
 ! op]as _h all be5 compos$ to ,italian 
texts !y %\ld h _! fir/ ,italian        
p]=mances 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is 0 ! case ) 
,le ,donne ,curiose1 he>d at !          
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1 ,new ,york1  
on ,janu>y #c1 #aiab2 ( ,il ,segreto di 
,susanna1 :i* ! ,*icago-,philadelphia   
,op]a ,company br\ght to ,new ,york aft]
 giv+ x a he>+ 9 its home cities1 9     
,febru>y1 #aiab2 ( ,i ,giojelli della   
,madonna fir/ produc$ 9 ,b]l9 9         
,decemb]1 #aiaa1 & 9 ,*icago a few weeks
 lat]4 ,a f\r? op]a1 ,l',amore ,m$ico1  
_h its fir/ repres5tation at !          
,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1 ,new ,york1  
on ,m>* #be1 #aiad4  ,! circum/ance to  
:i* ,i h allud$ z wor?y ( comm5t 0 due1 
,i fancy1 m to ! bus9ess me?ods ( mod]n 
publi%]s ?an to a want ( appreciation ( 
! op]as 9 ,italy1 ?\gh  figure3 a       
musical score exc]pt4  ,a page ( !      

,score ( ! ,g]man ,donne ,curiose       
,signor ,wolf-,f]r>i s\ght to meet !    
ta/e ( 8 c\ntrym5 7assum+ t ! son ( a   
,g]man fa!r & a ,v5etian "m is to be set
 d[n z an ,italian7 :5 he betray$ ! true
 b5t ( 8 g5ius & s\ght to jo9 ! ranks ( 
! ,italian v]iti/s 9 8 ,giojelli della  
,madonna4 ,h[ev]1 t is n ! "q ,i am     
desir\s to discuss j n[ :5 ! fir/       
impressions ( ,le ,donne ,curiose come  
flock+ back to my memory4 ,! book is a  
p>aphrase ( ,goldoni's com$y ( ! same   
"n1 made 7& v deftly made7 = ! compos]  
by ,c\nt ,luigi ,sugana4 ,x turns on !  
curiosity ( a gr\p ( wom5 conc]n+ ! do+s
 ( _! husb&s & swee!>ts at a club f :i* 
!y are exclud$4 ,! action is m]ely a    
s]ies ( incid5ts 9 :i* ! wom5 7! wives  
by rifl+ ! pockets ( _! husb&s1 ! maid5s
 by :e$l+1 cajol+1 & play+ ^u ! feel+s (
 _! swee!>ts7 obta9 ! keys ( !          
club-room1 & effect an entrance only to 
f9d t in/ead ( gambl+1 h>bor+ mi/resses1
 seek+ ! philosoph]'s /one1 or digg+ =  
treasure1 z is v>i\sly suspect$1 ! m5   

are enjoy+ an innoc5t supp]4 ,9 _!      
eag]ness to see all t is go+ on1 ! wom5 
betray _! pres5ce4 ,!n !re foll[        
scold+s1 contrition1 =giv5ess1 a        
graceful m9uet1 & ! m]rim5t runs out 9 a
 wild furlana4  ,book & score ( ! op]a  
h>k back a c5tury or m 9 _! me?ods (    
expression4 ,! incid5ts ( ! old com$y   
are z loosely /rung toge!r z ^? ( ,le   
,nozze di ,fig>o1 & ! p>allel is c>ri$  
fur!r by ! simil>ity betwe5 ! in/rum5tal
 app>atus ( ,moz>t & ,wolf-,f]r>i & !   
dep5d5ce ( bo? on melody1 r ?an or*e/ral
 or h>monic device1 z ! life-blood ( !  
music ^u :i* ! com$y floats4 ,x is      
,moz>t's or*e/ra t ! mod]n compos] uses 
7! only prop] or*e/ra = com$y1 z ,b]lioz
 said71 es*ew+ ev5 ^? epical in/rum5ts1 
! trombones4 ,x w\ld n d to pu% !       
p>allel too f>1 ?\gh a ke5 li/5] might  
feel tempt$ also to see a po9t (        
semblance 9 ! ,teutonism :i* t9ctures ! 
,italian music ( bo? m52 a ,teutonism   
:i* adds an +r$i5t m to ! ta/e ( o!r    
peoples ?an t ( ! p ^: language is      

employ$4 ,b :ile ! ,italianism ( ,moz>t 
0 :olly ! product ( ! art-_s ( 8 "t1 !  
,teutonism ( ,wolf-,f]r>i is a h]itage f
 8 ,g]man fa!r & its ,italianism p>takes
 some:at ( ! nature ( a rev]sion to old 
ideals f :i* ev5 8 "m's c\ntrym5 h      
dep>t$4 ,!re is an almo/ amus+          
illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! p>aphrase (       
,goldoni's com$y :i* ! compos] took z a 
libretto4 ,! ,leporello ( ,da ,ponte &  
,moz>t has 8 prototype 9 ! ,arlec*9o ( !
 classic ,italian com$y1 b he has _h to 
submit to s great a metamorphosis z to  
make him sc>cely recognizable4 ,b 9 !   
mod]n ,donne ,curiose we h n only ! old 
figure d[n to 8 conv5tional dress &     
antics1 b also 8 companions ,pantaloon &
 ,columb9e4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 may be     
bett] enjoy$ by ^? :o obs]ve !m 9 !     
repres5tation ?an ^? :o w only read ab\t
 !m1 no matt] h[ deftly ! analysis may  
be made4  ,x is ,moz>t's m$ia & ,moz>t's
 /yle :i* ,wolf-,f]r>i adopts1 b !re are
 traces also ( ! idioms ( o!rs :o h be5 
univ]sal musicians r ?an specifically   

,italian4 ,l ,nicolai's ,o susse ,anna6 
7,%akespe>e's ,oh1 ,sweet ,anne ,page71 
,wolf-,f]r>i's ,flor9do brea!s out 8    
langui%+ ,ah1 ,rosaura6 ,& 9 ! lively   
*att] ( ! wom5 !re is frequ5tly m ?an a 
sugge/ion ( ! lively gossip ( ,v]di's   
m]ry wives 9 8 incomp>able ,fal/aff4    
,wolf-,f]r>i is nei!r a ,moz>t nor a    
,v]di1 n ev5 a ,nicolai1 z a melodi/1 b 
he is wor?y ( be+ bracket$ ) !m1 because
 z frankly z !y he has spok5 ! musical  
language :i* to him seem$ a prop]       
inve/iture ( 8 com$y1 & l !m has made t 
language *>act]i/ic ( ! com$y's         
p]sonages & illu/rative ( its incid5ts4 
,he has be5 brave en\gh n to fe> be+    
call$ a reaction>y1 kn[+ t !re is always
 progress 9 ! successful pursuit (      
beauty4  ,! advocates ( op]a sung 9 !   
language native to ! he>]s may f9d an   
eloqu5t argum5t 9 ,le ,donne ,curiose1  
mu* ( ^: humor lies 9 ! text & is lo/ to
 ^? :o _c und]/& x despite ! obvi\sness 
( its f>cical action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a   
feel+ ( gratitude mu/ h be5 felt by _m  

o!rs t !y 7 n compell$ to he> ! awkw>d  
commonplaces ( ! ,engli% translation ( !
 libretto4 ,! ,g]man v]sion1 9 :i* !    
op]a _h its fir/ he>+ 9 ,muni* six ye>s 
be=e1 is 9 a va/ly diff]5t case--nei!r  
unc\? nor halt+1 ev5 ?\gh x lacks !     
*>act]i/ic flu5cy ess5tial to ,italian  
op]a buffa2 yet no m ?an did ! spee* (  
mo/ ( ! s+]s at ! ,metropolitan         
p]=mance4 ,! ripple & rattle ( !        
,italian p>l&o seem to be possible only 
to ,italian tongues4  ,! ,moz>tian type 
( music is illu/rat$ n only 9 ! "* ( _m 
( its melodies1 b also 9 ! use ( motivi 
9 :at may be call$ ! dramatic           
portions--! fleet flood ^u :i* !        
dialogue dances ) a light buoyancy t is 
delightfully refre%+4 ,^! motivi are n  
us$ 9 ! ,wagn]ian mann]1 b z e *ange (  
situation or emotion is *>act]iz$ 9     
,moz>t's m>vell\s ensembles by !        
introduction ( a new musical idea1 s !y 
are 9 8 mod]n disciple's4 ,all ( !m are 
f9ely *>act]i/ic1 none m s ?an ! comical
 cackle s (t5 he>d f ! oboe 9 ! sc5es   

:]e9 ! wom5 gossip ab\t ! imag9>y do+s (
 ! m5--an int5tional e*o1 x w\ld almo/  
seem1 ( ! !me out ( :i* ,rameau made 8  
da9ty h>psi*ord piece kn[n z ,la ,p\le4 
,! motto ( ! club1 ,b&ie xe le done1 is 
frequ5tly proclaim$ ) m or less         
pomposity2 ,flor9do's ,ah1 ,rosaura1 )  
its dramatic desc5t1 l5ds s5tim5tal     
feel+ to ! love music1 & ! sprightly    
rhy?m :i* accompanies ! pranks (        
,colomb9a keeps mu* ( ! music bubbl+ )  
m]rim5t4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird act1 n    
only ! in/rum5tal introduction1 b mu* ( 
! delightful music :i* foll[s1 is       
p]meat$ ) atmosph]e & local color d]iv$ 
f a famili> ,v5etian b>c>olle 7,la      
biond9a 9 gondoleta71 b ! musical       
lovel9ess rea*es its climax 9 !         
s5tim5tal sc5es--a qu>tet1 a solo by    
,rosaura1 & a duet1 9 :i* !re brea!s !  
sympa!tic _s ( ,smetana z well z ,moz>t4
  ,footnote3 ,! ca/ at ! fir/ p]=mance  
at ! ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se 0 z      
foll[s3--                               
,ottavio44444444444444444444444444444444

4,adamo ,dfdur                          
,beatrice444444444444444444444444444    
,jeanne ,maub\rg                        
,rosaura4444444444444444444444444444,g]a
ld9e ,f>r>                              
,flor9do4444444444444444444444444       
,h]mann ,jadl[k]                        
,pantalone44444444444444444444444       
,antonio ,p9i-,corso                    
,lelio4444444444444444444444444444444   
,antonio ,scotti                        
,le&ro44444444444444444444444444444444  
,angelo ,bada                           
,colomb9a4444444444444444444444444444444
,bella ,alt5                            
,eleonora4444444444444444444444444444444
4,rita ,=nia                            
,arle*9o44444444444444444444444 ,&rea de
 ,segurola                              
,asdrubale444444444444444444444444444   
,pietro ,audisio                        
,almoro444444444444444444444444444444   
,lamb]t ,murphy                         
,alviso44444444444444444444444444 ,*>les
 ,h>greaves                             

,lun>do44444444444444444444444 ,v9c5zo  
,res*iglian                             
,momolo4444444444444444444444444444444  
,paolo ,ananian                         
,m5ego44444444444444444444444444444444  
,giulio ,rossi   ,un                    
,s]vitore44444444444444444444444 ,/ef5  
,buckreus   ,conductor--,arturo         
,toscan9i4  ,9 ,le ,donne ,curiose1 !   
gondoli]s s+ _! b>c>olle & compel ev5 ! 
cynic ( ! drama to break out into an    
en?usia/ic exclamation3 ,oh1 beautiful  
,v5ice6 ,! _w has he>d m ( ! natural    
beauties ( ,naples ?an ( ! artificial   
ones ( ,v5ice1 b :5 ,naples is made !   
sc5e ( a drama ( any k9d x seems t its  
attractions = libretti/ & compos] lie 9 
! vulg>ity & vice1 lib]t9ism & lu/1 !   
wick$ness & wantonness1 ( a portion (   
its p r ?an 9 ! lovel9ess ( "* :i* su* a
 place might or ought to inspire4       
,p]haps x 0 n altoge!r surpris+ t :5    
,wolf-,f]r>i turn$ f ,v5ice & ,le ,donne
 ,curiose to ,i ,giojelli della ,madonna
 ) ,naples z a !atre = 8 drama he %\ld n

 only *ange ! /yle ( 8 music1 b also    
rev]t to ! k9d ( tale :i* 8 pr$ecessors 
9 ! field seem to h ?\ght appropriate to
 ! place :i* we h be5 told all ( u %\ld 
see once & die out ( %e] ec/asy ov] its 
beauty4 ,b :y are only ! slums ( ,naples
 deem$ appropriate = dramatic treatm5t8 
,h[ _m /ories ( ,neapolitan life h be5  
told 9 op]as s9ce ,aub] wrote 8 ,la     
,muette di ,portici ,i d n "k2 d\btless 
_m ^: exi/5ce end$ ) ! /agione = :i* !y 
7 compos$4 ,b x is a s+ul> fact be>+ on 
! pres5t discussion t :5 ! "y v]iti/s ( 
,italy broke loose aft] ! success (     
,mascagni's ,cavall]ia ru/icana !re came
 almo/ a univ]sal desire to ru% to !    
,neapolitan %ambles = subjects4 ,new    
,york has be5 sp>$ all ( ^! op]as :i* ,i
 h describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt] ( ?is book1
 except ! delectable ,a ,basso ,porto   
:i* ,mr4 ,savage's company gave to u 9  
,engli% sixte5 ye>s ago2 b nev] s9ce4   
,:e!r or n ,wolf-,f]r>i got ! subject ( 
,i ,giojelli della ,madonna f ! s\rces  
drawn on by 8 pr$ecessors1 ,i d n "k4 ,i

 believe t1 l ,leoncavallo1 he has said 
t ! /ory ( 8 op]a has a basis ( fact4   
,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ! compos] 
call$ on two v]sifi]s to help him out 9 
mak+ ! book ( ! op]a & t ! /ory 9 its   
ess5ce is n f> remov$ f t ( ! ,fr5* op]a
 ,aphrodite1 by ,b>on ,erlang]4 ,9 t    
op]a !re is a rape ( ! adornm5ts ( a    
/atue ( ,v5us2 9 ,wolf-,f]r>i's "w ( !  
jewels enri*+ an effigy ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4
 ,! /ory is n z fil?y z ! o!r plots     
rehe>s$ else:]e1 b 9 x !re is ! same    
/riv+ aft] %>p 7piquant1 "s w say7      
contra/s1 ! bl5d+ ( ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane1 
! mixture ( ecclesia/ical music &       
dances1 &--:at is mo/ significant--!    
g5]\s use ( ! /yle ( melody :i* came 9 )
 ,pon*ielli & 8 pupils4 ,9 ,i ,giojelli 
della ,madonna a "y woman disc>ds ! love
 ( an hone/-he>t$ man to ?r[ h]self1 out
 ( %e] wantonness1 into ! arms ( a      
blackgu>d d&y4 ,to w9 h] he>t ?r\gh h]  
love ( p]sonal adornm5t ! man ( fai?ful 
m9d 7! sugge/ion hav+ come f 8 rival7   
does ! desp]ate de$ ( /eal+ = h] !      

jewels ( ! ,madonna4 ,x is to be assum$ 
t %e rew>ds him = ! sacrilegi\s act1 b  
)\t turn+ away f ! blackgu>d1 to :om %e 
grants a /ol5 int]view dur+ ! "t :5 h]  
true love is committ+ ! crime4 ,b ev5 ! 
vulg> & wick$ companions ( ! d&y1 :o is 
a lead] among ! ,camorri/i1 turn f h] ) 
horror :5 !y discov] ! /ol5 jewels ar\nd
 h] neck1 & %e gives h]self to dea? 9 ! 
sea4 ,!n ! poor lov]1 plac+ ! jewels on 
! alt>1 invokes =giv5ess1 &1 see+ x 9 a 
ray ( light :i* illum9es !m1 ?ru/s a    
dagg] into 8 he>t & dies at ! feet ( !  
effigy ( ! goddess :om he _h pr(an$4  ,!
 /ory w\ld n take long 9 ! tell+ 7 x n  
trick$ out ) a multitude ( incid5ts     
design$ to illu/rate ! popul> life (    
,naples dur+ a fe/ival4 ,su* ?+s are    
old1 famili>1 & unnecess>y elem5ts1 9 _m
 cases n ev5 und]/ood by ! audi5ce4 ,b )
 !m ,signor ,wolf-,f]r>i manages to     
introduce mo/ successfully ! atmosph]e  
:i* he pres]ves ev5 ?r\gh\t 8 tragical  
mom5ts--! atmosph]e ( ,neapolitan life &
 feel+4 ,! score is saturat$ )          

,neapolitan folk-song4 ,i say           
,neapolitan r ?an ,italian1 because !   
mix$ population ( ,naples has introduc$ 
! elem5ts :i* x w\ld be ra% to def9e z  
always ,italian1 or ev5 ,lat94 ,:ile do+
 ?is ! compos] surr5d]$ himself         
unres]v$ly & frankly to o!r influ5ces4  
,t is "o ( ! ?+s :i* make him admirable 
9 ! e/imation ( latt]-day critics4 ,9   
,le ,donne ,curiose he is mo/ lov+ly    
frank 9 8 companion%ip ) ,moz>t4 ,9 ,,ii
 ,segreto !re is a comb9ation ( all !   
/yles t prevail$ f ,moz>t to ,donizetti4
 ,9 ,i ,giojelli no attempt seems to h  
be5 made by him to avoid comp>ison ) !  
compos] :o has made ! mo/ successful    
attempt at giv+ musical expression to a 
drama :i* fifty ye>s ago ! mo/ f>sight$ 
( critics w\ld h set d[n z too rapid (  
movem5t to admit ( adequate musical     
expression8 ,mascagni & 8 ,cavall]ia    
ru/icana1 ( c\rse4 ,b ,i am tempt$ to   
say t ! mo/ m>vell\s faculty (          
,wolf-,f]r>i is to d all ^! ?+s )\t     
sacrifice ( 8 individuality4 ,he has    

gone fur!r4 ,9 ,la ,vita ,nuova !re is  
aga9 an entirely diff]5t man4 ,no?+ 9 8 
op]as seems half s d>+ z ev]y?+ 9 ?is   
cantata4 ,h[ he c\ld produce a feel+ (  
m$iaevalism 9 ! sett+ ( ,dante's sonnets
 & yet make use ( ! mo/ mod]n means (   
h>monization & or*e/ration is /ill a    
my/]y to ?is review]4 ,yet1 hav+ done x 
long ago1 he takes up ! mod]n /yle (    
,italian melody & bl5ds x ) ! old *ur*  
song1 s t :ile y are made to ?9k "o     
mom5t ( ,mascagni1 y are set back a     
c\ple ( c5turies by ! cad5ces & h>monies
 ( ! hymns :i* f9d _! way into !        
m]rymak+s ( ! fe/a4 ,b ev]y?+ appeals to
 ! e>8 no?+ (f5ds x1 & = t1 :atev] our  
philosophical notions1 we ought to be   
grateful to ! melodi\sness1 ! euphony1 &
 ! ri* or*e/ration ( ! new op]a4 ,!     
p]=mances ( ,i ,giojelli della ,madonna 
by ! ,*icago-,philadelphia ,op]a        
,company1 z x 0 call$ 9 ,*icago1 !      
,philadelphia-,*icago ,op]a ,company1 z 
x 0 call$ 9 ,philadelphia1 7 conduct$ by
 ,cle(onte ,campan9i & ! pr9cipal p>ts 7

 9 ! h&s ( ,c>ol9a ,:ite1 ,l\isa ,b>at1 
,amadeo ,bassi1 & ,m>io ,samm>co4