,,cre$ ,,& ,,de$  ,a ,,s]ies ,,(        
,,disc\rses   ,by ,felix ,adl]   #ahhj  
,,prefatory ,,notice4  ,! lectures      
conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are publi%$ by 
reque/ ( ! society be=e :i* !y 7        
deliv]$4 ,^? on ,immortality & ,religion
 h be5 consid]ably abridg$ & cond5s$4 ,!
 rema9d] h be5 all[$ to reta9 _! orig9al
 =m )\t any s]i\s modification4 ,! ,fir/
 ,anniv]s>y ,disc\rse reviews ! "w ( !  
ye>1 & gives a brief acc\nt ( ! motives 
:i* impell$ ! society to organize & ( ! 
g5]al animus by :i* its labors are      
direct$4 ,! ,lecture entitl$ ,! ,=m ( ! 
,ideal =e%ad[s ! con/ructive purpose ( !
 movem5t4 ,! articles on ,! ,evolution (
 ,hebrew ,religion & ,re=m$ ,judaism f !
 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 7,septemb]1    
#ahgf7 & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review       
7,july-,augu/ & ,septemb]-,octob]7      
conta9 9 ! sub/ance ( sev]al ( !        
lectures ( la/ w9t]'s c\rse1 & are      
repr9t$ 9 ! app5dix ) ! k9d cons5t ( !  
editors4 ,rigid adh]r5ce to !           
requirem5ts ( sy/ematic exposition is   

nei!r possible nor desirable 9 addresses
 ( ! k9d & has n !re=e be5 attempt$4  ,9
 giv+ ?is volume to ! public ,i gladly  
embrace ! opportunity ( express+ my     
s9c]e gratitude to ^? fai?ful &         
self-sacrific+ fri5ds ^: indefatigable  
labors h gone s f> to w9 = a haz>d\s    
v5ture ! promise ( assur$ p]man5ce &    
satisfactory developm5t4  ,felix ,adl]4 
,new ,york1 ,septemb]1 #ahgg4     ,,cre$
 ,,& ,,de$     ,i4 ,,immortality       n
 by ! ,cre$ b by ! ,de$4  ,! ,spciety   
:i* ,i h ! privilege ( address+1 has be5
 organiz$ ) ! above = its motto4 ,"s (  
my he>]s h entirely ab&on$ ! t5ets ( !  
positive religions2 o!rs cont9ue to hold
 !m true1 b1 are disc\rag$ by ! lack (  
spiritual =ce1 ! prom95ce giv5 to m]e   
ext]nals1 ! b>r5 =malism 9 ! *ur*es &   
synagogues4 ,we agree 9 believ+ t !ology
 is fl\ri%+ at ! exp5se ( religion4 ,x  
seems to u t diff]5ces 9 cre$ are       
con/antly increas+1 & w cont9ue to      
multiply ) ! gr[? & diff]5tiation ( !   
human intellect4 ,we p]ceive t e attempt

 to settle problems ( fai? has ?us f>   
signally fail$1 nor c we hope = bett]   
results 9 ! future4 ,c]ta9ty ev5 ) reg>d
 to ! ess5tial dogmas appe>s to u       
impossible4 ,we d n !re=e d5y dogma1 b  
pref] to remit x to ! sph]e ( individual
 conviction ) :i* public associations   
%\ld h no conc]n4 ,f> f believ+ t !     
doctr9es ( religion z commonly taught   
are ess5tial to ! well be+ ( society1 we
 appreh5d t ! disputes conc]n+ ! au?or (
 ! law h div]t$ ! att5tion ( m5 f ! law 
itself1 & t ! s-call$ duties t[>d ,god  
too (t5 int]f]e ) ! prop] p]=mance ( our
 duties t[>d "o ano!r4 ,x 7 bett] to    
insi/ less ^u a "r belief1 & m up\ "r   
action4  ,9 ord] to f9d a common basis  
:]eon good m51 :e!r believ]s or         
unbeliev]s c unite1 we look to ! moral  
law itself1 ^: c]ta9ty re/s 9 ! univ]sal
 exp]i5ce ( civiliz$ ,humanity4 ,we %all
 hold que/ions ( fai? 9 abeyance1 %all  
endeavor to /imulate ! consci5ce & to   
?is end %all seek to awak5 an int]e/ 9 !
 grave social problems ( our day1 :i*   

ne$ no?+ s mu* z a vigor\s ex]tion ( our
 moral en]gies1 9 ord] to arrive at a   
peaceable solution4 ,to broad5 & deep5 !
 e?ical s5tim5t 9 ourselves1 & to hold  
up to ! sad realities ( ! times1 !      
mirror ( ! ideal life1 is ! object ) :i*
 we set out4 ,we d n !re=e delude       
ourselves ) ! hope t ! ideal w ev] be   
fully realiz$1 b are conv9c$ t 9 aspir+ 
to noble ends ! s\l w take on some?+ ( !
 gr&eur ( :at x truly admires4 ,/>t+ ) !
 assumption t ! doctr9es ( religion are 
incapable ( pro(1 x behooves u to %[ 9  
"o or m in/ances ! fallacy ( ! argum5ts 
^u :i* !y are commonly f\nd$1 & we %all 
beg9 ) ! doctr9e ( ,,immortality4  ,9   
approa*+ our subject we are fir/        
confront$ by ! argum5t f ! common cons5t
 ( mank9d4 ,l ! belief 9 ,god1 ! hope ( 
immortality is said to be implant$ 9 e  
human he>t1 & ! exp]i5ce ( travell]s is 
cit$ to %[ t ev5 ! mo/ b>b>\s races h   
giv5 x expression 9 "s =m1 h[ev] crude4 
,aside f ! fact t ! /atem5t1 z x /&s1 is
 some:at exagg]at$1 we w admit t !      

belief 9 a future /ate is widely curr5t 
among savage tribes4 ,b ! value ( ?is   
te/imony becomes extremely d\btful on   
clos] inspection4 ,a brief acc\nt ( !   
orig9 ( ! conception ( s\l among our    
primitive ance/ors1 w make ?is pla94    
,if we obs]ve a *ild 9 its sleep1 "s    
half articulate ^w1 "s cry or ge/ure    
occasionally reveals to u ! vividness ( 
! dreams ) :i* ! little bra9 is teem+4  
,x is h>dly d\btful t ! *ild mi/akes !  
visions ( its dream = actual occurr5ces1
 & atta*es ! same reality to ^! miasmas 
( ! /agnant night z to ! cle> prospects 
( daylight reason4 ,ev5 ! adult         
sometimes f9ds x difficult to cle> 8    
bra9 ( ! fancies :i* occupi$ x 9 ! h\rs 
( sleep4 ,& ! te/ ( l>ge exp]i5ce c     
alone enable him to di/+ui% betwe5 fact 
& phantom4 ,i call att5tion to ^! facts1
 because ! ph5om5a ( sleep & dreams seem
 to (f] a satisfactory clue to ! naive  
!ories ( ! l[] races conc]n+ dea? & !   
aft] life4 ,! savage inde$ is ! v]itable
 *ild-man4 ,8 ard5t emotions1 8 crude   

logic1 ! eag]ness ) :i* he que/ions ! h[
 & :]e=e ( nature1 & ! comp>ative ease )
 :i* 8 simple und]/&+ accepts ! mo/     
fanciful solutions1 all comb9e to place 
him on ! level ( ! *ild4  ,aw>e t ! body
 9 sleep is at re/1 :ile at ! same "t ! 
sleep] is consci\s ( act+ & suff]+1     
visit+ di/ant regions p]haps1 conv]s+ ) 
fri5ds1 engag+ 9 battle ) enemies1 !    
savage reason$ t !re mu/ be a man )9 !  
man1 z x 71--an airy c\nt]feit ( man :i*
 leaves its gross] t5em5t 9 ! night1 & 9
 ! c\rse ( its w&]+s exp]i5ces :atev] ! 
=tunes ( ! dream may *ance to be4       
,in/ances are relat$ :]e ! body 0       
prematurely di/urb$1 ! inn] man 0       
prev5t$ f return+ to 8 envelope1 & dea? 
result$4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by ! human figure1 
an att5uat$ image ( man1 connect$ ) !   
body & yet di/9ct f x1 af=d$ a curi\s   
confirmation ( ?is artless !ory4 ,!     
,basutos99 affirm t a p]son hav+ on "o  
occasion incauti\sly approa*$ ! bank ( a
 riv]1 8 %ad[ 0 seiz$ by a crocodile1 & 
he di$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! /ory ( %ad[less 

or s\lless m5 has be5 made famili> to   
mod]n lit]ature by ,*amisso's well kn[n 
tale4 ,! spectral man :o sev]s 8        
connection ) ! body dur+ sleep1 rema9s  
conceal$ )9 x dur+ ! h\rs ( wak+1 & 9   
?is mann]1 ! idea ( a human s\l z di/9ct
 f ! body1 takes its rise49999 ,x is    
easy to see h[ by ext5d+ ! analogy1 :at 
we call dea? mu/ h appe>$ z only ano!r  
=m ( sleep1 & h[ ! !ory ( dreams gave   
rise to a belief 9 ! cont9uance ( life  
beyond ! grave4 ,t sleep & dea? are tw9 
bro!rs1 0 to ! primitive man m ?an m]e  
metaphor4 ,z 9 sleep1 s 9 dea?1 ! body  
is at re/1 b z 9 sleep1 s also 9 dea?1 a
 %ade 0 suppos$ to g =? capable ( act+ &
 suff]+1 & ye>n+ to return to its =m]   
condition4 ,! app>itions ( ! deceas$ se5
 at night by ! fri5ds !y _h left beh9d1 
7 tak5 to be real visitations1 &        
corroborat$ ! assumption ( ! cont9u$    
exi/5ce ( ! dep>t$4 ,! gho/s ( ! dead 7 
dream+ phantoms1 deb>r$ f p]man5tly     
return+ to _! ab&on$ bodies4       99 ,!
 dream !ory seems to be ! "o g5]ally    

adopt$ by      writ]s on primitive      
culture4 ,= an ext5d$ acc\nt (      ?is 
subject vide ! works ( ,tylor1 ,lubbock 
& ,ba/ian1      f :i* ! illu/rations    
giv5 9 ! text are tak54       9999 ,pet]
 ,s*lemihl4       999999 ,! s\l 0       
believ$ to be corporeal 9 nature1 only  
m vague & %ad[y ?an ! framework ( !     
body1 &      di/+ui%$ by great]         
swiftness ( locomotion4  ,! view we h   
tak5 ( ! orig9 ( ! conception ( s\l is  
greatly /r5g!n$ :5 we consid] ! ?or\ghly
 mat]ial "* ( ! gho/'s life aft] dea?4  
,! gho/ cont9ues to be liable to hung]1 
pa91 cold1 z be=e4 ,b ! liv+ h %ut x out
 f _! communion2 9 consequ5ce x hates   
its =m] companions1 p]secutes !m :]e x  
c1 & wreaks its v5geance ^u !m :5 !y are
 lea/ prep>$ to resi/ x4 ,9 a c]ta9     
di/rict ( ,g]many x 0 believ$ t ! dead  
p]son1 :5 tr\bl$ by ! pangs ( hung]1    
beg9s by gnaw+ its %r\d until t is      
completely dev\r$1 !n ris+ f ! grave1 x 
/alks ?r\gh ! village & 9 ! %ape ( a    
vampire1 sits ^u ! *ildr5 9 _! cradles1 

& sucks _! blood4 ,:5 sat$ ) ! hide\s   
fea/1 x returns to ! *ur*y>d to r5ew its
 visits on ! succe$+ nights4 ,9 ord] to 
h9d] !m f us+ _! jaws1 x 0 cu/om>y to   
place /ones or co9s into ! m\?s ( ! dead
 be=e burial & ! mo/ grotesque devices 7
 resort$ to1 to prev5t ! mu* dread$     
return ( ! d5iz5s ( ! tomb4 ,9 ! middle 
ages ! corpse 0 (t5 spik$ d[n to h9d]   
its ris+4 ,among ! ,hott5tots a hole 0  
brok5 into ! wall1 ?r\gh :i* ! corpse 0 
c>ri$ f ! h\se1 & !n c>efully cov]$ up1 
x be+ ! prevail+ sup]/ition1 t ! dead c 
only re5t] by ! same way 9 :i* !y h     
previ\sly made _! exit4 ,among a c]ta9  
negro tribe ( ,africa1 ! pa? f ! h\se to
 ! grave 0 /rewn ) ?orns1 9 ! hope t !  
gho/ w\ld f9d ! pa? too pa9ful1 & desi/4
 ,z late z #ahfa1 x occurr$ 9 a village 
9 ,gallicia1 t ! gho/ ( a dead peasant 0
 f\nd to pursue ! liv+1 & ! inhabitants 
ru%+ out to ! grave fe>fully mutilat$ ! 
body1 to prev5t x f committ+ fur!r      
injury4  ,! same conception1 f a m      
*>itable po9t ( view1 l$ to ! in/itution

 ( regul> meals = ! gho/s at /at$       
int]vals4 ,9 ,nor?-ea/]n ,india1 aft] ! 
body has be5 consign$ to its f9al       
re/+-place1 a fri5d ( ! deceas$ /eps    
=w>d1 & hold+ food & dr9k 9 8 h&1 speaks
 ! foll[+ sugge/ive words1 ,take & eat2 
h]et(ore y h eat5 & drunk ) u1 y c d s  
no m2 y 7 "o ( u1 y c be s no long]2 we 
come no m to y2 come y n to u4 ,9 ,ea/]n
 ,africa1 ! ,wanicas are accu/om$ to    
fill a cocoa-nut %ell ) rice & tembo1 & 
place x ne> ! grave4 ,9 ! ,congo        
di/rict1 a *annel is dug into ! grave   
lead+ to ! m\? ( ! corpse1 by :i* means 
food & dr9k are duly convey$4 ,! s5se ( 
decorum impels c]ta9 ,turanian tribes to
 place n only food1 b ev5 napk9s1 on !  
graves ( _! relatives4 ,we _c resi/ !   
temptation ( quot+ ! foll[+ passage f   
,mr4 ,tylor's graphic acc\nt ( ! mann] 9
 :i* ! ,*9ese fea/ _! gho/ly visitors4  
,"s victuals are left ov] = any bl9d or 
feeble _s :o may be late1 & a pail (    
gruel is provid$ = headless s\ls1 )     
spoons = !m to put x d[n _! ?roats )4   

,su* proce$+s culm9ate 9 ! s-call$      
,univ]sal ,rescue1 n[ & !n celebrat$1 :5
 a little h\se is built = ! expect$     
visitors1 ) sep>ate accommodations1 &   
ba? rooms = male & female gho/s4 99 ,9 !
 ,alpa* ,valley ( ,tyrol1 gho/s releas$ 
f purgatory on ! night ( ,all ,s\ls1    
return to ! h\ses ( ! peasantry4 ,a     
light is left burn+ 9 ! d9+ room1 & a   
c]ta9 cake1 prep>$ = ! occasion1 is     
plac$ ^u ! table = _! delectation1 also 
a pot ( grease = ! poor s\ls to ano9t _!
 w\nds )4       99 ,tylor1 ,primitive   
,culture1 ii1 p4 #cd4  ,occasionally1 to
 obviate ! necessity ( cont9u$ att5dance
 ^u ! dead1 a s+le sumptu\s fea/ is     
provid$ imm$iately aft] _! demise1 & ?is
 is believ$ to cancel _! claims once =  
all4 ,9 ?is mann] arose ! cu/om ( fun]al
 banquets4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! fifte5?       
c5tury1 a noisy revel ( ?ree days'      
duration att5d$ ! obsequies ( ,sir ,john
 ,pa/on4 ,! s-call$ ,iri% wake orig9at$ 
9 ! same way4 ,aft] ! fir/ outbreaks (  
grief h subsid$1 meat & dr9k are br\ght 

91 *iefly ! latt]1 & :at 0 at fir/      
int5d$ = a p>t+ ent]ta9m5t to ! dead1   
(t5 ends 9 ! boi/]\s excesses ( ! liv+4 
,x is "h prop] to rem>k t ! savage      
tribes :o believe 9 an aft] exi/5ce1 d n
 9 _m in/ances claim ?is privilege =    
!mselves alone1 b %>e x will+ly ) ! l[] 
animals & ev5 ) inanimate objects4      
,weapons1 ut5sils1 & ev5 victuals--h _! 
gho/ly repres5tatives l m54 ,:5 a great 
*ief dies1 8 wid[ is (t5 =c$ by public  
op9ion to foll[ him to ! grave1 9 ord] t
 ! dep>t$ brave may n be wifeless 9 !   
h]eaft]4 ,b besides ! wid[1 8 horse1 8  
w>-club1 8 girdle1 8 favorite tr9kets   
are buri$ or burn$ ) him to s]ve 8 use  
or vanity 9 spectre-l&4  ,f :at has     
prec$$1 x mu/ be cle> t ! savage's      
conception ( a gho/ be>s b a fa9t &     
di/ant resemblance to ! idea ( s\l1 z x 
became curr5t 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy2  
nor c ! latt] d]ive support f ! ignorant
 reason+s1 ! ha/y inductions ( primitive
 man4 ,on ! l[] levels ( culture ! idea 
( immortality inde$ is q unkn[n4 ,if !  

gho/ cont9ues its %ad[y exi/5ce aft]    
dea?1 x is none ! less liable to come to
 an abrupt end1 & !n no?+ :atev] ( its  
=m] sub/ance rema9s2 x is a pale1 filmy 
?+1 expos$ to ! inroads ( ! ho/ile      
elem5ts1 surr\nd$ by num]\s dang]s1 to  
:i* x may at any mom5t succumb4 ,9 !    
,tonga ,isl&s only ! s\ls ( ! well-born 
are suppos$ to survive at all4 ,! common
 p h no s\ls wor? speak+ (1 & :5 !y die1
 are completely ext+ui%$4 ,! gho/s (    
,gu9ea negroes are compell$ to approa* !
 bank ( ! t]rible riv] ( dea?4 ,"s ( !m 
are !reupon waft$ across to lead        
pleasant lives on ! opposite side1 o!rs 
are dr[n$ 9 ! /ream1 or beat5 to atoms )
 a club4 ,) ! ,fijians x is always a    
matt] ( d\bt :e!r a s\l w succe$ at all 
9 ma9ta9+ its feeble exi/5ce aft] x has 
left its protect+ h\se ( s9ew & bone4 ,b
 !y op5 a peculi>ly dismal prospect to  
wifeless s\ls4 ,nanananga1 a fi]ce      
demoniac be+1 wat*es = !m on ! %ore z !y
 approa*1 & da%es !m to pieces ^u !     
rocks4 ,! ,gre5l&]s affirm t aft] dea? !

 s\l ent]s ^u a long1 lone j\rney ov] a 
m\nta9 full ( precipit\s desc5ts1 cov]$ 
) ice & sn[4 ,! /orms h[l ab\t its pa?1 
& e /ep is fraught ) pa9 & dang]4 ,if   
any h>m happ5s to ! poor w&]] "h1 !n x  
dies ! o!r dea? f :i* !re is no         
re-awak5+4  ,9 ! !ories ( a future /ate1
 z devis$ by ! l[] races1 we are at a   
loss to detect ! g]ms ( any m spiritual 
long+s4 ,f> f look+ =w>d ) pleas$       
anticipation or confid5ce to ! _w to    
come1 ! b>b>ian %udd]$ z he ?\ght ( 8   
approa*+ end1 & 0 loa? to ex*ange ! :ite
 & sunny _w = ! dre>y companion%ip (    
luckless %ades4 ,! life t await$ him 0 n
 9 ! majority ( in/ances a bett] or a   
high] life ?an ?is2 n free f !          
limitations ( s5se2 no l>g] p]fect+ (   
:at is "h dw>f$ & crippl$2 x 0 l[]1     
poor]1 mean]2 x 0 to ! pres5t1 :at !    
press$ fl[] is to ! full-bl[n rose2 !   
same 9 sub/ance1 inde$1 b ) its beauty  
p]i%$1 & its joy\s fragrance evanesc$4  
,! argum5t f ! common cons5t ( mank9d 9 
tru? des]ves no s]i\s att5tion499       

99 ,! doctr9e ( spiritual immortality is
 n common to !      human race4   ,!    
mat]ial life ( ! gho/ be>s no           
analogy to :at we mean by ! s\l's       
cont9uance4    ,!      cont9uance ( !   
gho/'s exi/5ce is n an immortal         
cont9uance4  ,! argum5t _c be           
sub/antiat$1 x w\ld prove no?+1 if x    
c\ld4 ,! g5]al concurr5ce ( ! :ole human
 race 9 any =m ( error w\ld n make t    
error less errone\s1 & ! te/imony (     
unit$ millions aga9/ a solit>y ?9k]     
might kick ! beam :5 balanc$ 9 ! scales 
( tru?4  ,:5 we behold an ignorant knave
 squ&]+ 8 ill-gott5 ga9s on             
sup]fluities1 :ile hone/ p are fami%+ = 
want ( ! necess>ies2 :5 we see !        
unscrupul\s politician out/ripp+ !      
des]v+ /atesman1 9 ! race = fame &      
/ation2 :5 mode/ m]it %r9ks 9 corn]s1 & 
! native royalty ( tal5t plays c\rti] to
 ! k+s ( lucre1 we are rem9d$ ( !       
compla9t ( ,job1 t ! bad prosp]1 & !    
righte\s are d[n-trodd51 yet t !y sleep 
toge!r 9 ! du/ & ! worm cov]s !m alike4 

,?is evid5t disp>ity betwe5 virtue &    
happ9ess has l$ m5 to take refuge 9 !   
?\ght ( comp5sation h]eaft]1 & !        
necessity ( a future /ate 9 :i* ! good  
%all be rew>d$1 & ! evil puni%$1 accord+
 to ! v]dict ( a j judge1 has be5 d$uc$ 
ev5 f ! app>5t inju/ice ( ! pres5t4 ,?us
 ! v imp]fections ( our own life on e>?1
 af=d a pretext = ! mo/ ambiti\s        
conceptions ( human de/9y4  ,! argum5t f
 ! necessity ( rew>d & puni%m5t is      
extremely popul> among ! un$ucat$1 s9ce 
x appeals o/5sibly to _! s5se ( ju/ice &
 assures !m t by ! aid ( ,div9e         
omnipot5ce1 a full correspond5ce betwe5 
wor?9ess & happ9ess1 ?\gh va9ly expect$ 
"h1 w be e/abli%$ 9 ano!r sph]e4 ,x     
behooves u to enquire :e!r !re is any?+ 
9 ! nature ( virtue1 t dem&s a          
correspond5ce ( ?is k9d4  ,! philosoph] 
,epicurus 0 p]haps ! fir/ among !       
anci5ts to take /rong gr\nd 9 favor ( ! 
utilit>ian view ( virtue4 ,pleasure1 he 
holds1 is ! purpose ( exi/5ce1 & virtue 
is ?us r$uc$ to enlight5$ self-int]e/4  

,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( pleasure2       
pleasures ( ! s5ses & ( ! s\l4 ,epicurus
 po9ts out t ! =m] _c be consid]$ true  
pleasures1 s9ce !y defeat _! own end1   
blunt+ ! capacity ( enjoym5t 9          
proportion z !y are indulg$1 & incapable
 ( af=d+ p]man5t satisfaction4 ,himself 
a man ( ref9$ ta/es & fa/idi\s habits1  
he %rank f ! v co>s5ess ( ! passions1 & 
c\nsell$ mod]ation1 fri5d%ip &          
b5evol5ce4 ,b he refus$ to recognize 9  
^! virtues any intr9sic value ( _! own1 
& laud$ !m only because 9 contra/ to !  
l[] appetites1 ! enjoym5t !y af=d is    
la/+ & con/antly increases ) _! ex]cise4
 ,x is easy to p]ceive t :5 ! moral law 
is ?us /ripp$ ( its au?ority to comm&1 !
 *oice betwe5 duty & incl9ation w be    
gov]n$ by =tuit\s pref]5ces1 & n by     
pr9ciple4 ,x !n rema9s = ea* individual 
to decide :at =m ( pleasure may be mo/  
cong5ial to 8 temp] & desires4 ,!       
philosoph] w value ! delights (         
contemplative ease1 & ( k9dly communion 
) 8 fell[-m52 ! passionate y\? may hold 

t a s+le deep draught f ! *alice (      
s5sual pleasure is wor? m ?an a :ole    
lifetime ( neutral self-re/ra9t2 eat &  
dr9k w be 8 motto2 remote               
consequ5ces--:o kn[s8 ,to-morr[ we may  
die4 ,moreov] ! doctr9e ( enlight5$     
self-int]e/ has ?is fatal objection to  
x1 t if consi/5tly appli$1 at lea/ among
 ! p[]ful ( ! e>?1 x w\ld lead to       
consequ5ces ! v rev]se ( moral4 ,x is b 
too true t hone/y is n always ! be/     
policy2 t fraud & viol5ce1 :5 p]petrat$ 
on a scale ( suffici5t magnitude1       
7in/ance ! division ( un=tunate ,pol&17 
are n always puni%$ z !y des]ve to be4  
,f> f tea*+ ! tyrant to subdue 8 bas]   
in/9cts1 enlight5$ self-int]e/ might r  
lead him to /ifle ! accus+ voice (      
consci5ce1 & to root out ! scruples t   
int]f]e ) 8 ambition4 ,unless we conc$e 
t ! moral law has a claim ^u u :i* !    
con/itution ( our nature does n p]mit u 
to d5y ) impunity1 & t its pleasures    
diff]1 n only 9 degree1 b 9 k9d1 f all  
o!rs1 virtue1 :ile a necessity to !     

weak1 becomes folly 9 ! /rong2 &        
,napoleon1 t gigantic egoti/1 0 correct1
 :5 he call$ love a silly infatuation1 &
 s5tim5t a ?+ = wom54  ,! pr9ciples (   
,epicurus n only adult]ate ! motives (  
goodness ) ! desire ( rew>d1 b !y make !
 rew>d ( desire ! v sanction ( all      
virtue1 & ?us deprive human nature ( its
 be/ title to nobility4  ,truly         
dis9t]e/$ness is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( e high
 endeavor4 ,! pursuit ( ! arti/ is      
unselfi%1 ! beauty he creates is 8      
rew>d4 ,! toil ( ! sci5ti/ 9 ! pursuit (
 ab/ract tru? is unselfi%1 ! tru? he    
sees is 8 rew>d4 ,:y %\ld we hesitate to
 ackn[l$ge 9 ! doma9 ( e?ics1 :at we    
conc$e 9 ! realm ( art & sci5ce8 ,to say
 t unselfi%ness itself is only ! m ref9$
 expression ( a selfi% in/9ct1 is to use
 ! t]m selfi% ) a d\ble mean+1 is a m]e 
empty play on words4 ,we h ! innate ne$ 
( h>mony 9 ! moral relations2 ?is is our
 glory1 & ! /amp ( ! ,div9e ^u our      
nature4 ,we _c demon/rate ! exi/5ce (   
dis9t]e/$ motives1 any m ?an we c       

demon/rate t !re is joy 9 ! sunlight &  
fre$om 9 ! m\nta9 breeze4 ,! fact t we  
dem& unselfi%ness 9 action alone assures
 u t ! /&>d ( enlight5$ self-int]e/ is  
false4  ,& inde$ if we consult ! op9ions
 ( m51 :]e !y are lea/ likely to be w>p$
 by sophi/ry1 we %all f9d t             
dis9t]e/$ness is ! univ]sal crit]ion by 
:i* moral wor? is measur$4 ,if we       
suspect ! motive we condemn ! act4 ,if a
 p]son gives l>gely = "s object ( public
 useful ness or *>ity1 we d n p]mit !   
munific5ce ( ! gift to deceive our      
judgm5t4 ,p]haps he is m]ely desir\s (  
vaunt+ 8 weal?1 p]haps x is social /&+  
he aims at1 p]haps he is covet\s ( fame4
 ,if ^! suspicions prove well f\nd$1 ! v
 m5 :o accept 8 b\nty w 9 _! secret     
he>ts despise him1 & by a c]ta9         
revulsion ( feel+ we %all res5t 8 action
 all ! m1 because1 n only is he de/itute
 ( honorable purpose1 b he has fil*$ !  
fair front ( virtue1 & defil$ ! laurel  
ev5 9 ! we>+ ( x4  ,we d n ev5 accord ! 
"n ( goodness to t easy1 amiable sympa?y

 :i* leads u to alleviate ! suff]+s (   
o!rs1 unless x be guid$ by wise reg>d = 
_! p]man5t welf>e4  ,! tatt]$ clo!s1 !  
hagg>d looks1 ! pite\s plead+ voice ( ! 
paup] on ! public highway may awak5 our 
pity1 b ! sy/em ( indiscrim9ate         
alms-giv+ is ju/ly condemn$ z a weakness
 r ?an a virtue4  ,on ! o!r h& ob$i5ce  
to duty1 :5 x involves pa9 &            
self-abnegation1 seems to rise 9 ! g5]al
 e/imation4 ,cle>ly because 9 ?is       
in/ance ev5 ! suspicion ( int]e/$       
motives is remov$1 s9ce h>d%ip1 injury 9
 e/ate & happ9ess1 & ev5 ! possible loss
 ( life1 are among ! =ese5 consequ5ces (
 ! act4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,book (  
,m>tyrs has become ! gold5 book (       
mank9d1 & t ! /ory ( _! lives nev] fails
 to fill u ) m+l$ sorr[1 & admiration1 &
 pride4 ,!y are monum5ts on ! field (   
hi/ory1 mile/ones on ! pa? ( human      
progress4 ,we reg>d !m & ga9 new c\rage 
& confid5ce 9 our bett] selves4 ,! blaz+
 pyre on ! ,campo ,fiore1 :]eon         
,giordano ,bruno brea!s 8 la/1 becomes a

 beacon-light = ! tru?-seek]2 ! dy+     
,socrates /ill p\rs b5ignant peace ov]  
_m a suff]]'s c\*2 ! ,man ( sorr[s1 on  
,calv>y1 com=ts ! he>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian    
millions4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! high        
examples ! inadequacy ( ! selfi% /&>d   
becomes cle>ly app>5t4 ,we recognize :at
 a sublime quality t is 9 man :i*       
enables him1 n only to triumph ov]      
torm5t & suff]+1 b to devote 8 v self to
 de/ruction = ! sake ( honor & tru?4    
,freely mu/ virtue be woo$1 n = ! d[ry  
%e may br+2 by loyal devotion to h] = h]
 own sake only1 c %e be won6  ,if ?us x 
appe>s t n only is !re no?+ 9 ! nature (
 virtue to w>rant a claim to rew>d1 b t 
x is h] v nature to disclaim any rew>d1 
x w become pla9 t ! problem1 z /at$ 9 ! 
beg9n+1 re/s ^u an entirely false       
f\ndation4 ,t ! unrighte\s & unpr9cipl$ 
%\ld enjoy temporal happ9ess1 does n    
(f5d ! law ( ju/ice4 ,t y1 my good sir1 
hone/ 9 all y\r deal+s1 tru?ful 9 all   
y\r acts1 %\ld be unhappy1 is greatly to
 be deplor$4 ,:y evil & unhapp9ess %\ld 

h be5 all[$ at all to ent] a _w creat$  
by an all good & all p[]ful ,be+ may    
fairly be ask$4 ,:y ^? :o possess !     
treasure ( a cle> consci5ce %\ld n also 
possess ! less] goods ( e>?1 is a "q )  
:i* morality is 9 no wise conc]n$4      
,virtue c h no recomp5se1 save z x is   
its own recomp5se1 & vice c receive no  
real puni%m5t save z x is its own av5g]4
 ,! hope ( immortality1 9 s f> z x is   
bas$ ^u ! suppos$ necessity ( right+ 9 a
 future /ate :at is "h wrong1 is !re=e  
unt5able1 = x is bas$ ^u ! assumption ( 
a wrong :i* exi/s 9 ! imag9ation m]ely4 
,& he :o claims a rew>d because ( 8     
virtue1 has !reby =feit$ 8 "r to ma9ta9 
! claim1 s9ce t is n virtue1 :i* looks =
 rew>d4  9999999999  ,hav+ endeavor$ to 
%[ t ! joys ( e>? _c be claim$ z !      
recomp5se ( a moral life1 we mu/ yet    
admit t ! desire ( happ9ess is altoge!r 
too /rong & deep-seat$ 9 human nature to
 be ?us summ>ily dismiss$4 ,we seek     
happ9ess on its own acc\nt q ap>t f any 
title :i* virtue may give u to its      

enjoym5t4 ,7 we creat$ = mis]y8 ,does n 
! pov]ty & g5]al unsatisfactor9ess ( our
 pres5t condition w>rant u 9 expect+    
ampl] fulfilm5t1 p]man5t bliss 9 an aft]
 life8 ,i ?9k we %all d]ive "s assi/ance
 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 by attempt+ to      
resolve ! conception ( happ9ess into its
 con/itu5t elem5ts4  ,pleasure has be5  
def9$ to consi/ 9 ! satisfaction ( any (
 man's natural wants4 ,! v>iety ( our   
pleasures corresponds to ! div]sity (   
our wants4  ,food to ! hungry1 re/ to ! 
we>y1 are s\rces ( pleasure4 ,to feel on
 "s cold w9try day ! g5ial w>m? ( true  
he>? fire creep+ into our blood1 & !    
froz5 limbs relax+ _! /iffness1 is      
pleasure4 ,all m5 admire ! beautiful &  
delight 9 adornm5t4 ,ev5 ! rude savage  
seeks to gratify 8 ae/hetic ta/es1 s f> 
z ! means :i* nature places at 8 comm&  
p]mit4 ,! cu/om ( tattoo+ ! sk9 is      
widely practic$ among ! l[] races1 & />s
 & circles1 trees & plants1 & o!r +5i\s 
devices are impress$ ) labori\s pati5ce 
^u ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! body4 ,! *iefs (

 ! ,fiji ,isl&]s1 a nude & cannibal     
race1 are repres5t$ z we>+ an elaborate 
head-dress ( ?ree & ev5 five feet 9     
dim5sions1 & 7 accu/om$ to sp5d sev]al  
h\rs ea* day1 "u ! c>e ( ! royal        
hair-dress]4 ,among civiliz$ m5 ! desire
 = adornm5t f9ds v5t *iefly 9 ext]nal   
objects1 :ile e co>se solicitation (    
att5tion to ! p]son is %unn$4 ,ta/ily   
decorat$ h\ses1 fl[]s1 pa9t+s1 music1   
gratify our s5se ( symmetry1 & spread an
 atmosph]e ( culture & ref9em5t 9 !     
vic9ity ( our daily occupations4 ,b !re 
are deep] & pur] joys 9 res]ve4 ,man is 
em95tly a social be+2 he has ! ne$ (    
sympa?y & dep5ds ^u ! affections ( 8    
fell[s4 ,! pres5ce ( *]i%$ companions & 
fri5ds becomes a necessity to him2 9    
abs5ce he ye>ns = x1 & ! lack ( x is "o 
( ! mo/ s]i\s afflictions ( human life4 
,woe unto him :o1 f> f p>5ts & lov$     
k9sm51 a lonely life mu/ lead4 ,8 pres5t
 joys dev\r+ grief do? snat*4 ,8 ?\ghts 
are ev] /ray+ 9 ! di/ance back to 8     
fa!r's hall1 :]e ! sun ( life fir/ rose 

^u him1 & :]e *ildr5 ( ! common home1   
playfully1 ) g5tle bonds1 close & clos] 
drew _! he>ts toge!r499 ,! tranquil     
delight :i* we d]ive f ! enl>gem5t (    
intellect1 & ! exquisite inw>d          
satisfaction t results f high fidelity  
to duty1 may be m5tion$ z ! la/ to cr[n 
! scale ( pleasures4       99 ,goe!1    
,iphig5ie auf ,tauris1 ,act ,i4  ,n[1 x 
is evid5t t all ^! elem5ts ( happ9ess1  
^! div]se rays t n[h]e melt into !      
p]fect light1 are dep5d5t ^u ! physical 
organization ( man1 su* z x is1 ev5 = _!
 p>tial atta9m5t2 ( ! l[] pleasures1 ?is
 is at once evid5t4 ,b a little         
reflection w %[ ! same to be ! case ) ! 
high]4 ,if we consid] ! ae/hetic        
faculty1 we f9d its gratification       
condition$ by a physical basis4 ,:at 7  
music )\t ! e>2 :at ! symmetry ( =m1 )\t
 ! eye & t\*8 ,! intellect1 9 its turn1 
fa%ions-! r\gh timb] ( exp]i5ce1 :i* an 
ev] fl[+ /ream ( s5sation c>ries into ! 
work%op ( ! bra94 ,c ! m9d fe$ ^u       
itself8 ,c ! laws ( ?\ght act o!rwise   

?an ^u ! mat]ial af=d$ by ! s5ses8 ,!   
same is also true ) respect to our moral
 qualities1 & ! ex]cise ( ! virtues is  
inconceivable beyond ! pale ( human     
society4 ,all virtue presupposes a      
t5d5cy to err2 ! fail+s & limitations ( 
our mortal condition4 ,ju/ice is !      
adju/m5t ( limitations common to all m5 
9 su* mann] t _! /ress %all n be> m     
heavily ^u "o ?an ^u ! o!r4 ,love is !  
expansion ( "o limit$ nature 9 ano!r &  
_! mutual enri*m5t by su* union4 ,*>ity1
 =titude1 cont95ce1 :atev] we applaud 9 
human conduct1 is b an indirect te/imony
 to ! natural imp]fections inh]5t 9 !   
human he>t1 & is acc\nt$ admirable only 
9 s f> z x t5ds to ensure ! be/ int]e/s 
( ! race on e>?4 ,:5 !re=e ?is body is  
corrupt$1 :5 we dep>t f out ! fell[%ip (
 m51 ! gratification ( ! appetites1 !   
enjoym5t ( beauty1 ! ex]cise ( reason1 &
 ! practice ( virtue become alike       
un?9kable4  ,we desire l>g] happ9ess ?an
 we c "h a*ieve2 b because we desire a  
?+1 are we !re=e at all w>rant$ 9       

believ+ t we %all obta9 x8 ,is ! c\rse (
 ! _w's affairs su* z to enc\rage s     
flatt]+ an hypo!sis8 ,is n ! fatality t 
s (t5 att5ds our be/ ef=ts 9 ?is life1  
an argum5t aga9/1 r ?an 9 favor (       
increas+ felicity 9 ano!r8 ,we %\ld     
assume a wis] attitude z aga9/ fate4    
,!re are ^? :o fret "u disappo9tm5t1 &  
murmur & rebel z if !y _h be5 defraud$ (
 a "r2 z if !y _h ent]$ into a compact )
 de/9y to _! advantage1 z if ! myriad   
worlds mov$ ?r\gh space = _! especial   
good4 ,?is is an insane _s4 ,we ne$     
some?+ ( ! vim ( /oicism to grapple ) ! 
difficulties ( life2 we ne$ to cultivate
 a l>g] pati5ce2 an humble _s prep>$ = e
 loss1 & welcom+ e h\r ( joy z an       
unlook$ = ga94 ,!re are a ?\s& pleasures
 too 9 little ?+s :i* we1 ) ! petulance 
( *ildr51 daily spurn1 because we _c h  
all we ask =4 ,9 e /one !re is          
in/ruction1 9 e v>y+ aspect ( ! sky !re 
is beauty1 :]ev] m5 congregate &        
commune1 lessons ( wisdom are reveal$ to
 ! obs]v]4 ,! movem5t ( ev]la/+ laws    

quiv]s 9 ! meane/ trifles1 & !          
et]nities1 ?9ly veil$1 look out ^u u )  
_! solemn gaze f e pass+ mask ( "t4 ,^! 
let u /udy2 art w help u2 sci5ce w op5  
to u a wondr\s *a9 ( work+s :i* ! m9d _c
 exhau/1 & active ex]tions = ! common   
weal w give a g5]\s gl[ to our lives1 & 
/ill ! unquiet ye>n+s :i* we may nev]   
entirely set at re/4 ,y h se5 h[ ! fl[]s
 gr[1 h[ t _m se$s are scatt]$ & b few  
take root2 h[ ! g]m sl[ly & ) difficulty
 develops4 ,! ra9 wat]s x1 ! w>m sunbeam
 fo/]s x2 /orms sweep+ ov] ! e>?1 may   
cru% x :ile x is /ill a "y & t5d] %oot4 
,at la/1 sometimes aft] ye>s (          
prep>ation1 x buds & op5s & blooms &    
becomes a delight & a glory1 a f\nt (   
fragrance1 a cr[n ( beauty4 ,a few days 
pass & x droops2 :at ! long process ( "t
 has sl[ly creat$1 a s+le mom5t may     
suffice to de/roy2 & yet ?\gh its "t 0  
brief1 ! fl[] fulfill$ its nature only 9
 t pass+ bloom2 all ! previ\s /ages (   
its exi/5ce _h a mean+ only z !y l$ up  
to ?is1 ! f9al revelation ( its purpose4

  ,! bloom ( human life is morality2    
:atev] else we may possess1 heal?1 &    
weal?1 p[]1 grace1 k1 h a value only z  
!y lead up to ?is2 h a mean+ only z !y  
make ?is possible4 ,nor %\ld we compla9 
t ! blight ( dea? s quickly )]s :at !   
c\rse ( ?reescore ye>s has sc>ce suffic$
 to produce4 ,9 ! h\r ( our de/ruction1 
we w lift up our he>ts 9 triumph--we h  
blossom$6 ,we h blossom$6  ,b x w be    
said1 t ! fl[] :5 x is wilt$ & )]$ "h1  
may be transplant$ to fair] regions2 t !
 s\l may take on new organs1 :5 x has   
ab&on$ its e>?ly habitation1 & 9 a s]ies
 ( trans=mations ( :i*1 x is true1 we c 
=m no def9ite conception1 may ent] afre%
 ^u its /ruggles = wor?9ess 9 o!r       
sph]es4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! l(tie/        
expression :i* ! hope ( immortality has 
f\nd4 ,unlike ! argum5ts previ\sly      
consid]$1 x is unalloy$ by any selfi%   
motive1 is f\nd$ ^u a really exalt$     
s5tim5t1 & x is ,love & ,virtue !mselves
 t "h take up ! /ra91 & s+ u _! animat+ 
song ( ceaseless progress t[>d ! good4  

,! argum5t 9 ?is %ape1 involves ! fur!r 
"q :e!r ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t &      
inde/ructible s\l is assur$1 & ^u ?is   
po9t ! :ole problem ( immortality f9ally
 h+es4  ,! "q :e!r :at we are accu/om$  
to call ! s\l is a di/9ct & indivisible 
entity1 or m]ely ! result ( mat]ial     
processes1 has divid$ mank9d = m ?an two
 ?\s& ye>s1 & "s ( ! able/ ?9k]s h rang$
 !mselves on ei!r side4 ,z e>ly z ! fif?
 c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ! philosoph] ,democritus
 prop\nd$ mat]iali/ic doctr9es among !  
,greeks4 ,accord+ to him1 ! s\l is a    
comb9ation ( smoo?1 r\nd1 poli%$ & mov+ 
atoms1 & to ! motions ( ^! atoms !      
ph5om5a ( life are to be ascrib$4       
,among ! ,romans1 ,lucretius advanc$    
simil> views4 ,he took p>ticul> pa9s to 
combat ! vulg> fe> ( dea?1 prote/+ t !  
prospect ( dissolution w\ld lose its    
t]rors1 did we n fooli%ly imag9e        
ourselves consci\s ( be+ dead1 =gett+ t 
dea? implies ! entire cessation (       
consci\sness4 ,! foll[]s ( mat]iali/ic  
op9ions among ! anci5ts1 7 n a few4 ,b  

dur+ ! asc5dancy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ^! 
op9ions retir$ into ! backgr\nd1 until 9
 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 !y 7   
reviv$ by su* m5 z ,gass5di & ,la       
,mettrie1 & o!rs4 ,9 mod]n times !y h   
be5 widely spread4  ,! li/ ( names on ! 
opposite side is head$ by ,socrates1    
,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & embraces ! great   
majority ( writ]s & public tea*]s1 d[n  
to ! pres5t day4  ,x may appe> /range t 
:5 ! belief 9 immortality _h once become
 curr5t1 m5 %\ld h be5 tempt$ to =ego   
its pleas+ prospects1 & ev51 ) a c]ta9  
vehem5ce1 to urge _! sceptical views ^u 
o!rs4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t1 :at x 0 
t induc$ ! mat]iali/s to assume _!      
position4 ,! obs]v$ correspond5ce betwe5
 m5tal & physical ph5om5a d\btless l$ !m
 9 ! fir/ in/ance to adopt _! peculi>   
views4  ,we see 9 ! t9y body ( ! new    
born babe1 b>ely m ?an ! fa9t /irr+s (  
animal life2 mon?s pass by be=e x is    
able to =m any cle> conception ( !      
p]sons & ?+s 9 its vic9ity1 ! simpl]    
m5tal processes appe>+ simultane\sly ) !

 gr[? ( ! bodily organs4 ,! intellect   
rea*es its highe/ developm5t 9 ! age (  
manhood & womanhood1 :5 we /& 9 !       
maturity ( our physical p[]s4 ,9 t      
middle age ( life lies1 ) r>e           
exceptions1 ! be/ "w we are de/9$ to    
accompli%4 ,hav+ ent]$ ^u ! d[nw>d      
slope1 our faculties gradually lose _!  
vigor1 until we s9k into ! f9al /age (  
drivell+ old age1 & become feeble 9 m9d1
 z we are helpless 9 body4 ,9 ?is mann] 
! close connection betwe5 our spiritual 
& mat]ial p>ts1 is br\ght home =cibly1  
ev5 to ! unreflect+2 z ! "o enl>ges s   
does ! o!r3 z ! "o dim9i%es s does !    
o!r3 toge!r !y increase1 toge!r !y are  
weak5$2 ! inf]5ce is drawn1 %all x n be1
 t toge!r !y w p]i%8  ,! ph5om5a ( sleep
 & ( coma seem to convey ! same lesson4 
,a haze /eals ov] our consci\sness2     
sometimes settl+ into imp5etrable night2
 z ! body = a "t we>s ! semblance (     
dea?1 s also is ! m9d /upefi$ or        
completely p>alyz$4 ,h\rs pass by2 9 !  
int]val1 ! bus9ess ( ! _w has gone on z 

be=e1 b to u !re has be5 only a void &  
utt] blank4 ,& ?us x is said %all !re be
 a void & a blank 9 ! tomb2 "t w pass   
by1 & we %all n "k x2 m5 w move & act & 
we %all be none ! wis] = x2 x w be all l
 sleep1 only t !re w be no dreams4  ,&  
aga9 :5 "s malignant fev] seizes ^u !   
body & corrupts ! curr5ts ( ! blood1 h[ 
d ! poor disord]$ ?\ghts dance ab\t     
wildly1 driv5 by ! la% ( ! di/emp]2 h[  
does ! use ( /imulants besot !          
intellect1 s t e high] p[] is dead5$2 h[
 9 ! wild rav+s ( ! diseas$ bra91 d we  
behold ! hide\s mock]y ( m9d4  ,& does n
 ! grave itself te/ify l\dly t ! end is 
an end inde$2 ! body falls to pieces1 ! 
du/ comm+les ) ! du/1 & no?+ rema9s1    
no?+ at lea/ ( :i* we c ev] h exp]i5ce4 
,"r or wrong1 ^! facts impress ! m9d1 & 
_! lead5 weight s]ves to drag d[n our   
aspirations4  ,x is true1 !             
consid]ations ,i h enum]at$ are bas$ ^u 
a m]e surface view ( ?+s1 b ! m accurate
 me?ods ( sci5ce seem1 at fir/ sight1 to
 confirm ! g5]al conclusions to :i* !y  

lead4 ,on ?is po9t1 x w\ld be well to   
dwell = a mom5t4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill      
ackn[l$ges t ! evid5ce is well-nigh     
complete t all ?\ght & feel+ has "s     
action ( ! bodily organism = its        
imm$iate co9cid5t & accompanim5t1 & t ! 
specific v>iations1 & especially !      
diff]5t degrees ( complication ( ! n]v\s
 & c]ebral organism1 correspond to      
diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t ( our m5tal    
faculties4  ,! prodigi\s difficulties 9 
! way ( ! /udy ( ! bra9 may long ret>d !
 progress ( ! inve/igator1 b = !        
purposes ( our argum5t we are at lib]ty 
to assume :atev] is )9 ! limits (       
possible a*ievem5t4 ,we may suppose t   
physiology w succe$ s f> t ! bra9 w be  
accurately & completely mapp$ out1 & t !
 motions ( ! atoms ^u :i* ! ?\s& v>y+   
modes ( ?\ght & feel+ dep5d1 w be kn[n &
 measur$4 ,9 anticipat+ su* results1 we 
h rea*$ ! utmo/ t5able position (       
mat]ialism4  ,b n[ to our surprise we   
discov] t all ?is be+ all[$1 ! ultimate 
"q1 :at is s\l1 rema9s /ill unsolv$ & z 

insoluble z ev]4 ,! unv>y+ co9cid5ce (  
c]ta9 modes ( s\l ) c]ta9 mat]ial       
processes may be )9 ! range ( pro(1 b   
:at _c be prov5 is1 t ^! mat]ial        
processes expla9 ! psy*ic ph5om5a4  ,if 
x is urg$ t ! same difficulty pres5ts   
itself 9 ! explanation ( ! mo/ ord9>y   
occurr5ces1 ?is objection is bas$ ^u a  
misappreh5sion ( ! po9t at issue4  ,!   
sci5ti/ _c %[ :y heat %\ld be conv]tible
 into motion1 b h[ x is ?us trans=m$ is 
easy to demon/rate1 & ! exact me*anical 
equival5t ( heat has be5 calculat$4 ,b  
h[ c]ta9 motions ( atoms 9 ! bra9 %\ld  
g5]ate1 n heat1 b consci\sness1 b ?\ght 
& love1 is pa/ all conception4 ,!re are 
"h two diff]5t ord]s ( facts1 hav+ no   
common pr9ciple to :i* !y c\ld bo? be   
r$uc$4 ,!re is an impassable gulf betwe5
 !m :i* c 9 n[ise be bridg$ ov]4  ,nor  
w\ld x avail u to end[ ! atom itself ) !
 promise & pot5cy ( intellect2 we %\ld  
!reby ?r[ back ! issue a /ep fur!r1 &   
disguise ! problem ^: exi/5ce x 7 bett] 
to pla9ly ackn[l$ge4 ,! broad fact (    

consci\sness !re=e rema9s unexpla9$ &   
inexplicable z be=e4 ,arriv$ at ?is     
limit1 sci5ce itself pauses & refuses to
 pass fur!r4  ,"s ( ! lead+ naturali/s (
 our day h lately express$ !mselves     
cle>ly & t]sely 9 ?is s5se4 ,! em95t    
physiologi/ ,dubois ,rey-mond d5ies t ! 
connection betwe5 c]ta9 motions ( c]ta9 
atoms 9 ! bra91 & :at he calls1 !       
primal1 undef9able & und5iable facts (  
consci\sness1 is at all conceivable4    
,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 8 address on ,!    
scope & limits ( ,sci5tific ,mat]ialism1
 expla9s 8 views ) simil> precision4  ,7
 our m9ds s exp&$1 /r5g!n$ & illum9at$ z
 to enable u to see & feel ! v molecules
 ( ! bra92 7 we capable ( foll[+ all _! 
motions1 all _! gr\p+s1 all _! electric 
dis*>ges1 if su* !re be2 & 7 we         
intimately acqua9t$ ) ! correspond+     
/ates ( ?\ght & feel+1 we %\ld be z f> z
 ev] f ! solution ( ! problem4 ,h[ are  
^! physical processes connect$ by & ) ! 
facts ( consci\sness8 ,i d n ?9k !      
mat]iali/ is entitl$ to say t 8 molecul>

 gr\p+s & 8 molecul> motions expla9     
ev]y?+1 9 reality !y expla9 no?+4444 ,! 
problem ( body & s\l is z insoluble 9   
its mod]n =m z x 0 9 ! pre-sci5tific    
ages4  ,n[ s9ce x is impossible to      
demon/rate t ! p[]s ( m9d are a product 
( matt]1 ! possibility und\bt$ly rema9s 
t ^! p[]s may cont9ue to exi/ ev5 aft]  
_! connection ) ! physical organism has 
be5 dissolv$4 ,if all ! argum5ts t are  
commonly adduc$ 9 support ( ! doctr9e ( 
a future life fall %ort ( _! object1 x  
is b j to add t e argum5t to ! contr>y  
is equally devoid ( f\ndation4 ,!       
doctr9e ( immortality _c be disprov$4 ,(
 ! nature ( s\l we are 9 absolute       
ignorance we "k no?+2 :at is m1 we c "k 
no?+ ,at ?is po9t we t\* ! utmo/ b\nd>y 
( human reason1 & mu/ be cont5t to write
 my/]y ( my/]ies4  ,9 ! /ate ( settl$   
unc]ta9ty to :i* we are ?us r$uc$1 !    
%ape ( our op9ions w be det]m9$ by !    
bias ( our natures or ! influ5ce (      
education4 ,! sceptic w rem9d u ( !     
po9ts 9 :i* we resemble all ! p]i%able  

=ms ( nature & hold x improbable t we   
alone %\ld escape ! univ]sal law (      
dissolution4 ,o!rs w cl+ to ! hope (    
cont9u$ life1 ev5 on ! br9k ( ! grave1 &
 ! /rong in/9ct ( self pres]vation w    
give tone & color to _! religi\s        
beliefs4 ,deep philosophical            
speculations are possible z to t        
ultimate s\rce ( be+1 t hidd5 light (   
:i* bo? matt] & m9d are div]se          
reflections4 ,& "h too poetry assumes   
its legitimate (fice4 ,on ! mi/s t cov] 
! inf9ite abyss1 we may project :atev]  
images1 f\l or fair1 we li/4 ,sci5ce y  
may be sure w nev] di/urb u4 ,dogmatic  
ass]tion h[ev]1 on ei!r side is totally 
unw>rant$3 & ! "q ( immortality 7,i ?9k 
we mu/ soon] or lat] make up our m9ds to
 t7 w rema9 an op5 "o4 ,c]ta91 only1 is 
! fact ( our unc]ta9ty4  ,if !          
conclusions to :i* we h ?us be5 l$1 seem
 purely negative 9 _! be>+s1 !y are none
 ! less capable ( c]ta9 positive        
applications1 :i* des]ve our s]i\s      
att5tion4 ,! long+ = immortality has be5

 develop$ into a morbid crav+ "u !      
influ5ce ( ! curr5t religi\s tea*+s1 &  
has become a di/urb+ elem5t 9 human     
society4 ,on m ?an "o occasion x has    
imp]ill$ ! peace ( nations1 & ! doctr9es
 ( salvation became ! wat*words (       
cont5d+ armies4 ,! d\btful *ances (     
et]nal felicity or damnation became ! "o
 absorb+ topic on :i* m5's m9ds dwelt1 &
 ! wild horrors ( ! ,*ri/ian ,hell h ca/
 a gloom ov] _m an innoc5t life1 &      
curtail$ ! scant measure ( its e>?ly    
happ9ess4 ,x 7 some?+ ga9$1 if by a cool
 & dispassionate judgm5t ! influ5ce ( ^!
 dismal fantasies c\ld be less5$1 & m5  
be fre$ f _! slavi% subjection to       
phantoms born ( _! own di/emp]$         
imag9ations4  ,fur!rmore1 x foll[s f :at
 we h said t ! belief 9 immortality %\ld
 n be inculcat$ z a dogma 9 our s*ools (
 religion1 & above all t ! dictates ( ! 
moral law %\ld 9 no wise be made to     
dep5d ^u x = _! sanction4 ,! moral law  
is ! common gr\nd ^u :i* all religi\s & 
9 fact all true m5 may meet4 ,x is ! "o 

basis ( union t rema9s to u amid ! cla%+
 antagonisms ( ! sects4 ,:ile dogma is  
by its nature1 op5 to attack1 & its     
acceptance at all times a matt] ( *oice1
 ! pr9ciples ( morality h a "r to dem&  
implicit ob$i5ce1 & %\ld re/ z ev]la/+  
v]ities 9 ! human he>t4 ,let u reflect  
well be=e we imp]il ! latt] by ! undue  
prom95ce :i* we give ! =m]4 ,x is n     
ne$ful to imp>t to a *ild ! :ole tru?1 b
 :at x le>ns %\ld be :olly true1 & no?+ 
%\ld be taught x z a fundam5tal fact :i*
 x c ev] 9 aft] ye>s be l$ to call 9 "q4
 ,h[ (t5 has x occurr$ t :5 ! rip]      
reason ( ! man has reject$ ! t5ets ( !  
*ur* 9 :i* he 0 educat$1 he has be5     
tempt$ to ca/ aside all ! religi\s      
tea*+s ( 8 y\?1 ! moral ) ! re/1 z idle 
fable & deceit4  ,& la/ly1 fri5ds1 z we 
d n1 _c "k1 x is presumably wise t we   
%\ld n "k4 ,! vanity ( all our ef=ts to 
grasp ! inf9ite1 %\ld tea* u t on ?is   
isl& ( "t :]eon we live1 lies our "w4 ,9
 its joys we may freely take delight2 = 
its woes we %\ld res]ve our sympa?ies1 &

 9 labor+ to advance ! progress ( ! good
 we mu/ f9d our satisfaction4  ,be=e    
clos+ ?is subject h[ev] let u recall    
vividly to our m9ds t ! desire =        
cont9uance aft] dea? is capable ( ! mo/ 
noble expression1 & ( supply+ u )       
:olesome consolation & inspirit+ motives
 to action4 ,! individual passes1 b !   
race lives6 ,!re is a law 9 nature t no 
=ce is ev] lo/4 ,! ?\s& v>y+ =ms t ebb &
 fl[ ar\nd u are v>i\s only to our      
feeble vision4 ,at ! core !y are "o1    
transmut$1 yet ! same1 *ang+ yet        
*angeless1 p]i%+ to rise anew4 ,! law ( 
! cons]vation ( en]gy holds good ?r\gh\t
 ! entire doma9 ( matt]4 ,& su* a law   
too obta9s 9 our spiritual life4 ,! law 
( ! cons]vation ( moral en]gy is no less
 an abid+ tru?2 we are n du/ m]ely1 t   
returns to du/2 we are n summ] flies t  
bask 9 ! sun%9e ( ! pass+ day2 we are n 
b\nd$ 9 our influ5ce by ! n>r[ t5ure (  
our ye>s4 ,say n :5 ! sod has clos$     
above ^? :o h be5 de> to y t all is     
gone4 ,say n t ! grace & lovel9ess1 &   

wisdom t once dwelt )9 ! pallid =m is   
brea!d away l a holl[ w9d4 ,nor yet /&  
idly gaz+ ^u ! cl\d-l& ( ! future1 wat*+
 if y c trace p]*ance _! %ad[y l9eam5ts 
fad+ into ! dimness ( untri$ worlds4 ,! 
dead are n dead if we h lov$ !m truly4  
,9 our own lives we give !m immortality4
 ,let u arise & take up ! "w !y h left  
unf9i%$1 & pres]ve ! treasures !y h won1
 & r\nd out ! circuit ( _! be+ to !     
fullness ( an ampl] orbit 9 our own4    
,all ! good t 0 9 !m lives 9 y1 ! g]m & 
nucleus ( ! bett] t %all be4 ,all ! evil
 t inh]$ 9 !m %all be cleans$ away 9 y &
 y\r virtues %all be ! atonem5t = _!    
s9s4 ,?us %all ! fa!rs live 9 ! *ildr51 
& f g5]ation to g5]ation ! bond t       
connects ! pa/ ) ! future rema9s        
unbrok54 ,!y t h left y are n af>2 _!   
pres5ce is ne> & real1 a sil5t & augu/  
companion%ip4 ,9 ! /ill h\rs (          
m$itation2 "u ! />lit night1 9 ! /ress (
 action1 9 trials & temptations1 y w he>
 _! voices :isp]+ words ( *e] or w>n+1 &
 y\r de$s are _! de$s & y\r lives are _!

 lives4  ,s does ! light ( o!r days /ill
 %9e 9 ! bright hu$ fl[]s t clo! our    
fields2 s d !y :o are long s9ce ga!r$   
into ! sil5t city ( ! dead /ill move    
ab\t our h\ses1 di/ribut+ k9dness &     
nobl5ess among our lives4 ,s does ! toll
 ( ! fun]al bell become an al>um to r\se
 u to m active ef=t & to ! nobl] s]vice 
( mank9d4     ,,ii4 ,,religion4  ,! "q1 
,h we /ill a religion1 prop\nd$ by      
,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss "s few ye>s ago1
 w long engage ! att5tion ( radical     
?9k]s4 ,x is cle> t to answ] x          
satisfactorily we mu/ det]m9e1 9 ! fir/ 
in/ance1 :at mean+ ought rightly to be  
atta*$ to ! t]m religion4 ,9 common     
p>lance1 x is (t5 us$ ) ref]5ce to m]e  
ext]nals1 a religi\s p]son be+ "o :o    
con=ms to ! rites & usages ( "s p>ticul>
 *ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e innovation 9 !   
sph]e ( doctr9e is br&$ z irreligi\s4   
,?us ,lu!r 0 deem$ irreligi\s by !      
,ca?olics2 ,/4 ,boniface by ! hea!n     
,g]mans1 ,jesus by ! ,jews1 ,elijah by !
 s]vants ( ,baal4 ,!re is n any s+le =m1

 nor ev5 a s+le fundam5tal pr9ciple     
common to all religions4 ,religion is n 
id5tical ) !ology4 ,x is inde$ (t5      
ma9ta9$ t ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god %\ld
 be reg>d$ z ! f\ndation & crit]ion (   
religion2 b ^u ?is assumption1 two facts
 rema9 inexplicable1 ! exi/5ce (        
religion be=e ev] ! idea ( a deity _h   
aris5 among m51 & ! exi/5ce ( :at may be
 t]m$ an a!i/ical religion1 9 consci\s  
antagonism to ! doctr9e ( a p]sonal     
,god4 ,among ! l[] races we f9d m5      
wor%ipp+1 sacrific+ & utt]+ _!          
invocations to m\nta9s1 f\nta9s1 riv]s1 
rocks & /ones3 !y "k n a                
deity--sometimes !y h n ev5 idols1 & yet
 !y c]ta9ly h1 aft] a fa%ion ( _! own1 a
 religion4 ,aga91 ,buddhism1 :ile       
possess+ a subtle sy/em ( philosophy &  
an admirable code ( e?ics1 />ts ) !     
proposition t !re nev] 0 a creation1 & 9
 consequ5ce1 nev] a creator1 & yet m ?an
 f\r hundr$ millions ( ! e>?'s          
inhabitants call x _! religion6  ,! "q  
returns to u1 ,:at is religion8 ,x is n 

cre$2 x is n sacrifice2 x is n pray]2 x 
is n cov]$ by ! dogmas ( any special =m 
( belief2 x has act$ z a controll+ =ce 9
 all ages1 9 e zone1 among all mann] (  
m54 ,are we devoid ( x8 ,( x8 ,( :at8   
,! feel+ :i* ! pres5ce ( ! ,inf9ite 9 ! 
?\ghts ( man awak5s )9 him1 is call$1 ! 
feel+ ( ! sublime4 ,! feel+ ( ! sublime 
is ! root ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,x      
assumes v>i\s phases1 & to ^! correspond
 ! v>i\s religions4 ,let u endeavor to  
enum]ate "s ( ! mo/ prom95t4  ,! feel+ (
 ! sublime is awak5$ by ! my/]i\s4 ,!   
indef9ite gives u our e>lie/ pres5tim5t 
( ! inf9ite2 ! religion ( my/]y is      
feti%ism4 ,! feel+ ( ! sublime is awak5$
 by exhibitions ( sup]human p[]4 ,!     
religion ( p[] is paganism4 ,! feel+ ( !
 sublime is evok$ by va/ness2 !         
religions ( va/ness are ,brahm9ism &    
,buddhism4 ,! l(tie/ type ( sublimity is
 to be f\nd 9 ! morally inf9ite4        
,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam h s\ght  
to give x expression499       99 ,we d n
 pret5d t ! above s*$ule is at all      

exhau/ive4 ,v>i\s elem5ts ( ! sublime1 n
 m5tion$      9 ! text1 h ent]$ into !  
composition ( ea* (      ! great        
religions4 ,we h m]ely attempt$ to seize
 !      m sali5t feature ( a few lead+  
types4  ,let u discuss 9 ! fir/ place ! 
orig9 ( ,feti%ism4 ,!re are c]ta9       
natural ph5om5a t fill u ) al>m1 )\t our
 be+ able to attribute ! effect to any  
def9ite cause4 ,! d>kness ( night1 !    
ru/l+ ( leaves1 ! moan+ ( ! w9d ?r\gh ! 
=e/1 ! wail+ cry ( c]ta9 birds1 & !     
peculi> effects ( a ga!r+ fog1 are ( ?is
 k9d4 ,i h _h occasion to obs]ve a      
little *ild sudd5ly />t+ f its play ) e 
sign ( fe> depict$ ^u its c\nt5ance2 !  
spasm pass$ away z quickly z x _h come1 
b 0 repeat$ at v>i\s int]vals1 until at 
la/ ! *ild ran up to me 9 uncontrollable
 al>m1 & ?rew up its arms = protection3 
x 0 a raw w9try day1 a gu/y w9d blew    
fitfully aga9/ ! w9d[s2 & ! dre>y s\nd (
 ! rattl+ panes c\ld be di/9ctly he>d 9 
! /illness ( ! room2 on clos] obs]vation
 ,i notic$ t ! signs ( al>m 9 ! *ild    

recurr$ ) great regul>ity1 z (t5 z ?is  
s\nd 0 repeat$4 ,9 a simil> way we may  
imag9e our e>lie/ ance/ors to h be5     
affect$ by :atev] 0 vague & my/]i\s 9   
nature4 ,! s5se ( unc]ta9ty occasion$ 9 
?is mann]1 gave rise 9 ! primitive man  
to ! fir/ conceptions ( my/]i\s p[]s    
beyond him4  ,! inv5tion1 or r !        
discov]y1 ( fire t5d$ /ill fur!r 9 !    
same direction4 ,to u x is b>ely        
possible to imag9e life )\t ?is mo/     
useful ( ! elem5ts4 ,! wild bea/ flees  
fire & fe>s x1 man uses x1 & x becomes !
 *ief in/rum5t ( civilization4 ,b if we 
/rive to picture to ourselves ! /ate ( !
 savage's m9d on 8 fir/ acqua9tance )   
fire & its prop]ties we %all f9d him    
utt]ly at a loss to acc\nt =4 ,h[ w he  
reg>d ?is nimble1 playful be+1 s bright 
& yet s fe>ful 9 its ravages4 ,( ! laws 
( *emical action he has ( c\rse no      
conception1 b he has sometimes se5 !    
lightn+ /rike into ! wood ( ! tree1 & n[
 f ! same wood he evokes ! semblance ( !
 lightn+4 ,he is twirl+ two dry /icks   

betwe5 8 h&s2 ( a sudd51 a lamb5t flame 
%oots =?1 seizes ! wood1 makes away ) x1
 & leaves no?+ b black5$ c9d]s beh9d4   
,:5ce did x come1 :i!r has x vani%$8 ,"h
 0 a new my/]y2 a spiritual pres5ce1    
lat5t 9 trees & /ones2 k9dly & b5efic5t 
at times1 !n aga9 ho/ile & fi]cely      
de/ructive4  ,! my/]y ( ! prep>ation (  
fire is celebrat$ 9 ! anci5t hymns ( !  
,v$ah4 ,we !re f9d its bir? f ! friction
 ( ! d\ble /icks describ$1 & its        
prop]ties rehe>s$ 9 rev]5t language4 ,x 
is invok$ l any sup]ior _s to bless its 
vot>ies1 & to protect !m f h>m4 ,!      
important role ascrib$ to fire 9 ! sacr$
 usages ( ! anci5ts1 is well-kn[n1 & !  
orig9 ( fire wor%ip app>5t4  ,! !ory (  
dreams1 to :i* we h ref]r$ on a previ\s 
occasion1 contribut$ 9 l mann]1 to ext5d
 ! b\nd>ies ( ! _w ( my/]y4 ,conv9c$ t  
he bore )9 himself an airy c\nt]feit (  
self1 ! savage attribut$ ! same species 
( possession to ?+s animate & inanimate 
alike4 ,:y %\ld n bea/s & riv]s & /ones 
h _! gho/s l man8 ,moreov]1 z to ! gho/s

 ( ! human dead1 no "o c\ld tell :]e !y 
might take up _! abode4 ,!y might be    
any:]e & ev]y:]e4 ,_! c\ntless legions  
surr\nd$ ! liv+ 9 all places4 ,!y 7 he>d
 %\t+ 9 ! e*o among ! hills2 !y 7 se5 to
 ride pa/ on ! midnight gale4 ,(t5 !y   
assum$ ! %ape ( birds & reptiles & bea/s
 ( prey4 ,^? creatures 7 s+l$ out ) a   
pref]5ce1 ^: movem5ts & habits sugge/$ !
 idea ( my/]y4 ,?us ! owl 0 suppos$ to  
h>bor an evil _s1 & ! s]p5t 0 wor%ipp$  
because ( its /eal?y1 glid+ motion1 its 
v5om\s bite1 & ! fasc9ation 9 its eye4  
,s]p5t wor%ip exi/$ ! _w ov]4 ,traces ( 
x are pres]v$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,greeks 
& ,romans1 & x 0 practis$ ev5 among !   
,hebrews1 z ! ,books ( ,k+s atte/4      
,among c]ta9 ,african tribes x is /ill  
cu/om>y to keep huge s]p5ts 9 temples1 &
 prie/s are d$icat$ to _! s]vice4       
,p[]ful animals also1 su* z ! be>1 !    
lion & ! tig]1 7 sometimes suppos$ to   
conta9 ! gho/s ( dep>t$ *iefta9s1 & 7   
rev]$ accord+ly4  ,if we rememb] !      
unfri5dly relations suppos$ to subsi/   

betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 we may conceive 
! /ate ( al>m 9 :i* our primitive       
ance/ors mu/ h pass$ _! lives on behold+
 !mselves ?us beset on e side1 ) gho/s  
or demons 9 disguise4 ,a ?\s& fabul\s   
t]rors haunt$ _! imag9ation4 ,:]ev] !y  
turn$ !y suspect$ lurk+ foes2 spirits 7 
9 ! e>?1 9 ! air1 9 birds1 9 animals1 9 
reptiles1 9 trees4 ,!y c\ld n move a /ep
 )\t infr++ on ! b\nd>ies ( ! _s realm4 
,e object ! lea/ extraord9>y 9 size1 or 
%ape1 or color1 appe>$ to !m ! tok5 ( "s
 demon's pres5ce1 & 0 wor%ipp$ 9        
consequ5ce1 n on its own acc\nt1 b      
because ( ! my/]y :i* x sugge/$4  ,9 ?is
 mann] ,feti%ism arose4 ,! feti%        
wor%ipp] leaves 8 hut 9 ! morn+1 sees "s
 bright pebble gli/5+ on 8 pa?1 lifts x 
f ! gr\nd & says1 ?is %all be my feti%4 
,if he succe$s 9 ! bus9ess ( ! day1 he  
places ! little object 9 a %r9e1 gilds  
x1 br+s x food1 addresses 8 pray]s to x2
 if x fails1 x is ca/ aside4 ,aga91 if  
aft] a little "t ! feti% ceases to      
fulfil 8 wi%es1 he breaks x & drags x 9 

! mire by way ( puni%m5t4  ,su* are a   
few ( ! gross & grotesque conceptions to
 :i* ! religion ( my/]y has giv5 bir?4  
,x is true1 to ! educat$ m9d ( ! pres5t 
day !y w appe> ! v rev]se ( sublime4 ,b 
greatness is relative1 & our own l(ti]  
conceptions ( ! sublime are b ! sl[     
result ( a long process ( gr[? &        
developm5t4   ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,p[]  
,x has (t5 be5 said t fe> is ! beg9n+ ( 
religion2 a /atem5t ( ?is k9d h[ev]1 _c 
be accept$1 )\t s]i\s qualification4    
,!re is a s5se ( k9%ip ) ! great1 9     
:atev] =m x may appe>1 ( :i* ev5 !      
meane/ are susceptible4 ,a nation       
wor%ips ! h]o :o ru9s x2 & slaves w take
 a c]ta9 pride 9 ! sup]iority ( _!      
ma/]s4 ,x is n fe> s mu* z admiration ( 
might :i* makes m5 s]vants ( ! mighty4  
,! fir/ tyrants on e>? 71 9 all         
likelihood1 /rong1 agile1 & brave m51   
possess+ 9 an extraord9>y degree1 !     
qualities :i* all o!rs covet$4 ,!y won  
applause1 !y 7 look$ up to z natural    
lead]s1 & ! arm ( =ce ma9ta9$ :at !     

e/eem ( _! fell[s _h accord$ 9 ! fir/   
in/ance4 ,!re is a t\* ( ! sublime ev5 9
 ! rude/ adoration ( =ce4  ,9 ! second  
/age ( religi\s developm5t1 :i* we are  
n[ approa*+1 ! !ory ( possession        
discuss$ 9 ! above1 0 ext5d$ to !       
heav5ly bodies1 & ! sun1 moon & />s 7   
end[$ ) ! attributes ( p]sonal be+s4    
,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! great gods4 ,z ! sun  
is ! mo/ conspicu\s body 9 ! heav5s1 !  
sun god figures z ! c5tral deity 9 e    
pan!on4 ,! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* !     
lum9>y passes are repres5t$ 9 di/9ct    
p]sonalities4 ,we f9d gods ( ! ris+ sun 
& ( ! sett+ sun2 gods ( ! sun ( spr+1   
summ] & w9t]1 gods also ( ! cl\d-en%r\d$
 sun1 t battles ) ! /orm giants4  ,s9ce 
! ho/s ( heav5 7 suppos$ to be be+s     
alli$ 9 nature to ourselves1 ! action & 
int]action ( ! meteoric ph5om5a 0       
ascrib$ to p]sonal motives1 & ! +5uity (
 ! primitive philosoph]s 0 exhau/$ 9    
f9d+ plausible pretexts to expla9 _!    
attractions & repulsions1 _! seem+      
fri5d%ips & ho/ilities4 ,?us arose !    

qua9t & fanciful my?s ) :i* ! traditions
 ( antiquity ab\nd4 ,^? problems :i* !  
mod]n m9d seeks to settle ) ! help (    
sci5tific inve/igation1 ! limit$        
exp]i5ce ( an e>li] age 0 b>ely compet5t
 to attack1 & x cov]$ ) "s pretty       
fiction1 ! difficulties :i* x c\ld n    
solve4 ,! g5ealogy & biography ( !      
sun-god =m$ ! ma9 !me ( all my?ologies4 
,! daily progress ( ! sun ?r\gh !       
heav5s1 is describ$ z foll[s3 ,ea* morn+
 ! gold5 cr[n$ god leaves 8 gold5 palace
 9 ! ,ea/1 deep d[n bel[ ! ocean's      
waves2 he m\nts 8 gold5 *>iot1 drawn by 
fi]y /e$s4 ,a rosy f+]$ maid5 op5s !    
purple gate ( day1 upw>d ru% ! /e$s     
?r\gh bl9d+ mi/ along ! /eep asc5t (    
heav51 d[n !y plunge at ev5+ into !     
cool+ wat]s ( ! sea2 ! naiads await !   
deity & be> him backw>d to 8 ori5t home4
  ,aga9 ! fair y\? ,adonis is said to   
come out ( ! =e/1 :]e nymphs _h nurtur$ 
him4 ,v5us & he hunt 9 joy\s company    
?r\gh wood & dale4 ,"o day ,adonis is   
sla92 ! blood t trickl$ f 8 w\nds has   

turn$ ! roses r$1 & ! t5d] anemones h   
sprung f ! te>s t love wept :5 %e beheld
 8 fall4 ,! "y god :o comes out ( ! =e/ 
is ,spr+2 = a "t he disports joy\sly on 
e>?1 ) love = 8 companion1 b 8 t]m (    
life is quickly end$4 ,spr+ dies1 b ev] 
returns anew4 ,among ! ,syrian wom5 x 0 
cu/om>y = a long p]iod to obs]ve !      
fe/ival ( ! ,adoneiah2 ) e sign ( grief 
!y fir/ bemoan$ ! god's untimely dea?2  
!y beat _! brea/s1 cut (f ! ri*         
luxuriance ( _! hair2 %[$ ^u 8 effigy ! 
m>ks ( ! w\nds he _h receiv$2 b\nd him )
 l95 b&s1 ano9t$ him ) co/ly oil &      
spices1 & !n buri$ him4 ,on ! sev5? day 
! cry 0 he>d1 ,adonis lives1 ,adonis is 
resurrect$ f ! grave4 ,! /ory ( a "y god
 typical ( ! ,spr+ :o suff]s a premature
 dea?1 & aft] a "t resurrects f ! grave 
is well kn[n 9 ! my?ologies ( o!r       
nations4  ,! progress ( ! sun ?r\gh !   
seasons is ?us p]sonifi$4 ,! rays ( !   
sun are describ$ z ! locks ( ! sun-god's
 hair4 ,:5 ! sun's heat waxes1 ^! locks 
increase 9 abundance1 :5 x wanes !y     

dim9i%1 until 9 mid-w9t] ! head ( !     
sun-god is entirely bald4 ,at ?is season
 ! god is suppos$ to be exce$+ly weak1 &
 8 eye1 bright 9 ! summ]1 is n[ become  
bl9d4 ,he is f> f 8 home1 & subject to !
 p[] ( 8 enemies1 ! w9try /orms4 ,^!    
traits recur 9 ! famili> ,hebrew my? (  
,samson4 ,! ^w ,samson means sun2 he is 
b\nd ) ropes1 z is also ! sun-god among 
! ,polynesians4 ,! secret ( 8 /r5g? is 9
 8 hair4 ,%orn ( ?is ! giant becomes    
feeble z a *ild1 & is bl9d$ by 8 foes4  
,b x is ! sun 9 its conflict ) ! demons 
( ! /orm1 ! sun z a w>rior & a h]o1 t   
*iefly attracts ! religi\s rev]5ce ( !  
h]oic age4 ,9 nature !re is no m /rik+  
exhibition ( p[] ?an is reveal$ 9 !     
ph5om5a ( ! ?und]-/orm4 ,ev5 to u x has 
n lo/ its sublimity1 & a s5se ( awe     
ov]comes u :5ev] ! mighty spectacle is  
enact$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,primitive man _h a  
f> deep] int]e/ 9 ! issue ( ! tempe/ ?an
 we are n[ capable ( appreciat+4 ,to him
 ! cl\ds appe>$ to be f]oci\s mon/]s1 & 
:5 !y cr[d$ ab\t ! c5tral lum9>y1 he    

fe>$ t !y might qu5* its light 9 ev]la/+
 d>kness4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! univ]se seem$
 to be ?reat5$4 ,! sun-god1 ! true fri5d
 ( man1 h[ev] arises to wage w> aga9/ ! 
demons3 a t]rific upro> foll[s & !      
cont5d+ =ces meet4 ,d y he> ,?or's      
f>-s\nd+ hamm]1 ,jove's bolt fall+ 9 !  
?und] clap3 d y see ,indra's            
lightn+-spe> fla%+ across ! sky1 & pi]c+
 ! sides ( ! /orm dragon8 ,! light      
triumphs2 ! tempe/ rolls away1 b        
pres5tly returns to be aga9 defeat$4 ,9 
?is way arose ! transp>5t /ories (      
,jupit]'s conflict ) ,typhon1 8         
precipitate flight1 & 8 f9al victory2 ! 
/ory ( ,indra's w>f>e aga9/ ! wri?+     
s]p5t1 ,vritra1 & num]\s o!rs t might be
 m5tion$4 ,x is ! sun-god :o fla%es !   
lightn+ & hurls ! ?und]4 ,to him m5 owe 
! ma9t5ance ( ! ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,he is !
 mightie/ ( ! gods4 ,fight+ _! battles  
on high1 he is invok$ by ! w>riors to   
aid !m 9 _! e>?ly-conflicts2 he takes   
prec$5ce ( all ! o!r deities2 he !      
/ronge/ god is rais$ to ! ?rone ( !     

cele/ial /ate4  ,n[ if we /udy ! hi/ory 
( ^! deities1 _! int]c\rse among        
!mselves & ) m51 we f9d !m to be no m   
?an colossal images ( ourselves ca/ on !
 mi/s ( ! unkn[n4 ,x is our face & =m t 
,jupit] we>s2 ! e*o ( our wi%es comes   
back to u 9 8 oracles4 ,if horses & c[s 
c\ld draw _! gods1 an anci5t philosoph] 
has po9t$ly said1 z horses & c[s w\ld !y
 draw !m4 ,! gods %>e our passions1 !   
good & ! evil1 di/+ui%$ only 9 ?is1 t   
:at we feebly attempt1 !y c execute on a
 scale ( gigantic magnitude4 ,!y love & 
bless & %[] a ?\s& gifts ^u _!          
wor%ipp]s2 b !y c hate also2 are va91   
v9dictive1 cruel4  ,! gods dem& tribute4
 ,l ! k+s ( e>?1 !y receiv$ ! be/ %>e ( 
! spoils ( w> & ( ! *ase2 & gold & silv]
 also 0 deposit$ 9 _! sanctu>ies4       
,p]fum$ inc5se & da9ty cakes 7 plac$ ^u 
_! alt>s4 ,! gods are hungry1 !y mu/ be 
f$4 ,! gods are ?ir/y1 & c]ta9 /rong    
n>cotic bev]ages 7 brew$ especially = _!
 b5efit4 ,= ?is among ! ,h9doos ! juice 
( ! soma plant 0 mix$ ) pure milk4  ,!  

gods dem& blood4 ,! wide preval5ce (    
human sacrifice is ! sadde/ fact t /a9s 
! annals ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,among !    
,fijians ! new boat ( ! *iefta9 0 n     
p]mitt$ to v5ture ^u ! waves until x _h 
be5 wa%$ ) human blood1 9 ord] to secure
 x aga9/ %ipwreck4 ,among ! ,khonds (   
,india1 we le>n t ! body ( a human      
victim 0 lit]ally torn 9 pieces & 8     
blood mix$ ) ! new turn$ clod1 9 ord] to
 insure a pl5tiful h>ve/4 ,x is e/imat$ 
t at lea/ tw5ty-five hundr$ human be+s 7
 annually sacrific$ 9 ! temples (       
,mexico4 ,human sacrifice 0 kn[n among !
 ,greeks1 & its practice among !        
,hebrews is record$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 
,:5 ! mann]s ( m5 ameliorat$1 & g5tl]   
cu/oms began to supplant ! b>b>\s usages
 ( an e>li] day1 ! tyranny ( ! gods 0   
/ill fe>$1 b v>i\s modes ( sub/itution 7
 adopt$ to appease _! jeal\sy ( human   
happ9ess4 ,9 ,india we are told1 t ! god
 ( light be+ displeas$ ) ! con/ant      
effusion ( blood1 comm&$ a buffalo to   
appe> f out ! jungle1 & a voice 0 he>d  

say+1 sacrifice ! buffalo & lib]ate !   
man4  ,ano!r mode ( sub/itution 0 to    
give a "p = ! :ole4 ,"s "o memb] ( !    
body 0 mutilat$ or curtail$ 9 ord] to   
indicate t ! p]son's life 0 9 reality   
=feit to ! god4 ,among c]ta9 ( !        
aborig9al tribes ( ,am]ica1 ! y\?1 on   
rea*+ ! ye>s ( maturity1 0 =c$ to place 
8 h& ^u a buffalo's skull1 & "o or m    
jo9ts ( ! f+] 7 !n cut (f & d$icat$ to !
 great _s4 ,!re 7 o!r modes ( mutilation
 ( :i* ,i d>e n speak1 b ,i w briefly   
add t ! s-call$ rite ( ! cov5ant1 :i* is
 practis$ among ! ,jews ev5 at ! pres5t 
day1 rose 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,(    
c\rse ! orig9al signification ( ! cu/om 
has be5 =gott5 & a purely symbolical    
mean-+ has be5 atta*$ to x4 ,nev]!less1 
its cont9uance is a disgrace to         
religion4 ,! gr\nds ( sanity on :i* x is
 urg$1 are n 9 !mselves t5able1 & if !y 
71 religion w\ld h no conc]n ) !m4 ,x is
 b a fre% in/ance ( ! /ubborn vitality  
:i* seems to inh]e 9 ! ho>y sup]/itions 
( ! pa/4  ,occasionally1 :5 a :ole p 0  

?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 "s prom95t &      
belov$ individual 0 select$ = sacrifice1
 9 ord] t by 8 dea? he might save ! re/4
 ,! same feature 0 also introduc$ into !
 leg5ds ( ! gods4 ,philo tells u t !    
great ,god ,el :om ! ,hebrews &         
,pho5icians wor%ip$1 once desc5d$ to    
e>?1 & became a k+4 ,?is ,el 0 ! supreme
 deity4 ,he _h an only son :om he lov$4 
,"o day :5 great dang]s ?reat5$ 8 p1 !  
god det]m9$ to sacrifice 8 only begott5 
7--,greek--7 son & to r$eem 8 p3 & ye>  
by ye> !reaft] a solemn fe/ival 0       
celebrat$ 9 ,pho5icia 9 honor ( t great 
sacrifice4  ,! religion ( =ce has left  
its d>k traces 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,ev5
 ! high] religions accept$1 :ile !y     
spiritualiz$1 its degrad+ conceptions   
into _! sy/ems4 ,sl[ly only & ) ! g5]al 
spread ( intellig5ce & morality1 c we   
hope t its la/ ve/iges w be purg$ f !   
m9ds ( m54  ,va/ness is an elem5t ( !   
sublime4 ,9 ! religi\s conceptions ( !  
,h9doos we f9d x illu/rat$4 ,x ent]$    
alike into ! sy/em ( ! ,brahm9 & ( !    

,buddhi/1 & det]m9$ _! tone & quality4  
,a c]ta9 fondness = ! gigantic1 is      
peculi> to ,h9doo "*4 ,witness ! almo/  
b\ndless p]iods ( _! anci5t *ronology2 !
 colossal =ms ) :i* ! rema9s ( _!       
monum5ts & ar*itecture ab\nd4 ,a great  
,aryan nation hav+ advanc$ f ! wat]s ( !
 ,indus to ! %ores ( ! sacr$ ,ganges &  
hav+ subdu$ ! natives by ! =ce ( sup]ior
 numb]s or brav]y1 _h le>n$ to =get !   
active pursuits ( w>1 & yield$ to !     
lassitude eng5d]$ by ! climate ( _! new 
settlem5ts4 ,ar\nd !m !y beheld a ri* & 
luxuriant vegetation2 birds ( r>e & _m  
color$ plumage1 /ately trees ris+ f     
int]m9able jungles4 ,ravi%+ p]fumes     
lull$ _! s5ses z !y repos$ 9 ! %ade ( ^!
 fairy-l =e/s4 ,x 0 a l& suit$ to dreamy
 contemplation4 ,"h ! philosophic prie/s
 might dwell ^u ! va/ness ( ! ,univ]sal1
 & ! imag9ation bewild]$ by ! ev] %ift+ 
ph5om5a ( ! sc5e might well seek "s     
pr9ciple ( unity :i* c\ld connect &     
expla9 ! :ole4 ,brahma 0 ! "n !y gave to
 ! p]vad+ ,_s ( ,all ?+s4 ,f ,brahma !  

entire ord] ( exi/5ce has emanat$2 !    
elem5ts ( mat]ial ?+s1 plants1 birds1   
bea/s & m54 ,! l[] ca/es came =? fir/ & 
are ne>e/ ! brutes2 ! ca/es ( free-born 
workm51 & ( w>riors next1 ! prie/s &    
sa9ts la/1 9 :om ! _w's s\l f\nd its    
l(tie/ expression4  ,to ,brahma all ?+s 
mu/ return4 ,pass+ ?r\gh an endless     
s]ies ( trans=mations1 & pay+ 9 ! long &
 pa9ful int]val ! p5alty ( e crime x has
 committ$1 ! migrat+ _s ( man is l$ back
 at la/ to its primal s\rce1 & is       
resolv$ 9 ! ,brahma :5ce x arose4 ,!    
connection betwe5 individual & univ]sal 
life 0 ?us kept con/antly 9 view4 ,! s\l
 9 ! c\rse ( its w&]+s might pass ?r\gh 
e conceivable mode ( exi/5ce2 might     
assume ! %ape ( creep+ plants & worms1 &
 wild animals2 might rise to !          
possession ( miracul\s p[]s 9 ! heav5s (
 ! ,ri%is1 :ile its f9al de/9y 0 to be  
reunit$ ) ! ,"o & ,all4  ,! ,buddhi/    
,nirvana resembles ! ,brahma 9 be+      
acc\nt$ ! ultimate pr9ciple ( ! _w4 ,:5 
9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ! royal ,h]mit (

 ! ,cakyas revolt$ aga9/ ! cruel        
despotism ( ! prie/hood1 ! leg5d relates
 t ! sight ( suff]+ 9 ! =ms ( sickness1 
old age & dea?1 r\s$ him f a life (     
indol5t pleasure1 & impell$ him to seek 
a rem$y = ! ills ( human life4 ,8       
c\nsels 7 sweet & k9dly2 he taught      
self-control & wise mod]ation 9 !       
indulg5ce ( ! passions1 & bro!rly help &
 sympa?y to less5 ! evils :i* =esight _c
 av]t4 ,he lift$ ! degrad$ masses ( !   
,indian l& f out _! dull despair2 he    
w>r$ aga9/ ! di/9ctions ( ca/e1 he took 
wom5 & slaves = 8 companions1 he 0 a    
prophet ( ! p1 :om ! p lov$4 ,b ev5 to  
him ! ills ( ?is mortal condition seem$ 
little :5 comp>$ ) ! endless            
possibilities ( future ill t await$ !   
s\l 9 ! c\rse ( its ceaseless           
transmigrations4 ,he ye>n$ to %ort5 its 
we>y pa? to ! goal2 & ! my/ic me?ods by 
:i* he s\ght to ent] ,nirvana 7 a means 
adapt$ to ?is end4 ,nirvana is ! beg9n+ 
& ! end ( ?+s4 ,nirvana 9 :i* !re is    
nei!r action nor feel+2 9 :i*           

intellig5ce & consci\sness are subm]g$1 
appe>$ to ?is pessimi/ prea*] ! la/1 !  
only reality4 ,life is a delusion1 real 
only 9 its pa9s3 ! entire cessation (   
consci\s exi/5ce1 is ! solution he (f]s 
to human suff]+4  ,nirvana is !         
univ]sal--its conception is va/ & dim2 x
 hov]s 9 ! di/ance be=e ! pilgrim ( !   
e>?2 !re w he f9d re/4  ,unlike ! ,we/]n
 nations1 ! ,h9doos reg>d$ ! idea (     
immortality ) dread & t]ror1 r ?an      
pleas$ anticipation4 ,! highe/ promises 
( _! religion1 7 int5d$ to assure !m t  
!y w\ld cease to cont9ue z individual   
be+s or cease to cont9ue altoge!r4      
,peace 9 ! tomb :5 ?is pres5t toil is   
ov] seem$ to !m ! mo/ desirable ( goods1
 & a dreamless sleep f :i* no angel     
trump %\ld ev] wake ! sleep]4  ,two ?+s1
 says ,kant1 fill ! s\l ) ev] new &     
increas+ admiration & rev]5ce2 ! />-lit 
heav5s above me1 & ! moral law )9 me499 
99 ,kant's ,works 7,ros5kranz edition7  
vol4 viii4 p4 #cab4  ,! ,hebrews 7 !    
fir/ to l5d to ! moral ideas a controll+

 influ5ce 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,let me 
attempt to briefly sket* ! orig9 (      
,mono!ism among/ !m1 z num]\s           
consid]ations else:]e recit$ 9 detail1 h
 l$ me to conceive ( x4 ,! religions ( !
 ,semitic nations :o surr\nd$ anci5t    
,israel 7 int5sely emotional 9 "*1 & _! 
gods 7 gods ( pleasure & pa94 ,9 !      
temples unb\nd$ lic5se alt]nat$ ) self  
sacrific+ asceticism4 ,! lewd rites ( ! 
goddess ( love mu/ be reg>d$ z typical (
 ! "o2 ! slaught] ( sons 9 honor (      
,molo*1 ( ! o!r4 ,n[ ! ,hebrews h be5   
di/+ui%$ = ! purity ( _! home life f a v
 e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory4 ,! high value  
:i* !y set on male (fspr+1 ! jeal\s     
vigilance ) :i* !y gu>d$ ! virtue ( _!  
wom5 are alike illu/rat$ 9 ! n>ratives (
 ! ,bible4 ,! m gift$ & noble m9d$ among
 !m1 behold+ _! dome/ic feel+s outrag$  
by ! prevail+ religions1 rebell$ aga9/ !
 gross conceptions ( idolatry4 ,h[ c\ld 
!y (f] up _! belov$ sons = sacrifice1 h[
 c\ld !y give ov] _! wives & daught]s to
 %ame8 ,! controll+ =ce ( _! "* det]m9$ 

! doctr9es ( _! cre$4 ,judaism became1 s
 to speak1 a family religion4 ,jehovah  
is conceiv$ ( z ! husb& ( ! p4 ,israel  
%all be 8 true & loyal sp\se1 ! *ildr5 (
 ,israel are ,8 *ildr54 ,! image (      
,jehovah is t ( ! ideal patri>*4 ,l !   
patri>*1 he is ! head ( ! spiritual     
family ( man4 ,l ! patri>* 9 anci5t     
times1 he is ! lawgiv] & ! judge2 ,he is
 ! gu>dian ( dome/ic purity4 ,! ^w =    
false religion 9 ,hebrew signifies      
=nication4 ,cont5d aga9/ y\r "m1 says   
,jehovah1 = ,i am n h] sp\se1 nor %e my 
wife4 ,my p lu/ aft] false gods1 = ! _s 
( impurity has s$uc$ !m4 ,& ! day ( !   
triumph ( ! true religion is ?us        
pr$ict$3 ,on t day ?\ %alt n call me any
 m my ,baal1 7p>am\r7 b ?\ %alt call me 
my husb&1 & ,i %all w$ !e 9 ju/ice1 etc4
 ,?us ! idea ( ,jehovah sprang f ! soil 
( ! family1 & ! conception ( a div9e    
fa!r 9 heav5 0 d]iv$ f ! analogy ( !    
noble/ ( moral in/itutions on e>?4 ,!   
spiritual ,god ( ! ,hebrews 0 !         
p]sonification ( ! moral ,ideal4  ,l 8  

relations to ! *os5 p & to mank9d 9     
g5]al1 ! relations ( ! ,deity to !      
ext]nal _w 7 describ$ 9 accordance ) !  
dem&s ( ! ,e?ical ,law4 ,two ?+s        
morality insi/s ^u2 fir/1 t ! natural 9 
its co>s] acceptation %all be subord9ate
 to ! moral4 ,secondly1 t 9 ! scale (   
values itself %all occupy ! highe/ rank1
 & t ! purpose human life on e>? c only 
be a moral purpose4 ,z ! me*anism (     
nature is n ( itself calculat$ to       
h>monize ) ! purposes ( _s1 x behooves t
 ! spiritual ,god %all possess a p[] ov]
 matt] adequate to en=ce ! claims ( !   
moral ideal1 su* p[] z only ! creator c 
ex]t ov] 8 creatures4 ,h5ce ! doctr9e ( 
! creation4 ,& aga9 ! /ate ( p]fection  
to :i* ! human he>t aspires c only be   
atta9$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( supreme  
wisdom1 p[] & love1 9 a mill5nial age :5
 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se w be p]fect$ 9 !   
reign ( absolute ju/ice & peace4 ,h5ce !
 doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,bo? doctr9es are
 ! typical expression ( a moral ne$4  ,9
 ! op5+ ( ,g5esis we read a description 

( ! mak+ ( ! _w4 ,all 0 wild va/ *aos1 &
 d>kness brood$ ov] ! abyss1 :5 ! ,_s ( 
,jehovah brea!d on ! wat]s2 a s+le ^w ( 
comm& & light p5etrat$ ! gloom1 ! wat]s 
divid$1 ! great lum9>ies />t$ =? on _!  
c\rse2 ! e>? clo!d h]self 9 v]dure1 & ! 
=ms ( liv+ be+s sprang into exi/5ce4 ,! 
words ,god saw ev]y?+ he _h made &      
behold x 0 v good1 conta9 ! gi/ ( !     
n>rative4 ,9 ,zephaniah & ,isaiah we    
read3 ,on t day ,i w turn to ! p a pure 
language t !y may all call ^u ! "n ( !  
,"l to s]ve him ) "o cons5t4 ,no "o %all
 !n d evil1 no "o hurt 9 all my holy    
m\nta91 = ! e>? %all be full ( ! k (    
,god z ! wat]s cov] ! sea4  ,^! visions 
are n true 9 ! s5se ( hi/orical         
occurr5ces pa/ or future4 ,t ! _w 0 ev] 
creat$ out ( no?+1 :at human und]/&+ c  
conceive ( x8 ,t a "t w come :5 society 
%all be s trans=m$ t ! pure language (  
love alone %all be spok51 :o t is       
in/ruct$ 9 ! fail+s ( our f9ite nature c
 cr$it x8 ,!y are true 9 ! s5se (       
ideals2 true1 ) ! tru? ( poetry1 body+  

=? 9 concrete %ape ! univ]sal ye>n+s (  
mank9d4  ,!re is also ano!r elem5t (    
belief associat$ ) ! doctr9e ( !        
,messiah1 :i* /ill m pla9ly illu/rates !
 typical value ( religi\s t5ets4 ,9 !   
com+ week ! *ur*es ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom w  
rehe>se ! /ory ( ! passion & ! dea? ( _!
 f\nd]4 ,m\rnful *ants & lam5tations w  
recall e circum/ance ( ! d>k drama t    
clos$ on ,calv>y4 ,t tale ( h>r[+ agony 
/ill moves ! he>ts ( millions z ?\gh x 7
 a tale ( ye/]day4 ,x is ! symbol ( !   
suff]+ & ! crucifixion ( ! :ole human   
race4 ,ah1 b our griefs he has borne1   
our sorr[s he has c>ri$1 he 0 w\nd$ =   
our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our   
iniquities4 ,hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ! bir? 
( ,*ri/1 ! au?or ( ^! l9es transcrib$ 9 
!m ! sad exp]i5ce ( ! re=m]s ( 8 day4   
,he does n ref] to any "o ,messiah2 he  
speaks ( t legacy ( sacrifice :i* is !  
h]itage ( ! great & good1 ! _w ov]4 ,=  
:o c help u :5 we are plung$ 9 deepe/   
angui%1 :5 x seems z ?\gh we mu/ s9k "u 
! load ( tr\ble1 b "o :o has endur$ l   

trials1 endur$ & triumph$ ov] !m8 ,x is 
! m>tyrdom ( ! pure t has r$eem$ mank9d 
f guilt & s98 ,!re is ?is con/ant       
atonem5t ( ! /rong = ! weak1 ( ! good = 
! evil4 ,z old ,paul ,g]h>d has x 9 8   
sev5te5? c5tury hymn3       ,:5 utmo/   
dread %all seize me1      ,t human he>t 
c "k1      ,d ?\ f pa9 release me1      
,by ?y great pa9 & woe4  ,! tea*+s (    
religion !n h _! s\rce 9 ! aspirations (
 ! human he>t2 are ! e*oes ( our wi%es &
 our hopes4 ,n valueless on t acc\nt1 b 
valuable only 9 s f> z !y express 9     
noble types1 noble aspirations ( our    
s\ls4 ,x 7 sad inde$ if morality dep5d$ 
^u ! c]ta9ty ( dogma4 ,on ! contr>y x is
 true t all t is be/ & gr&e/ 9 dogma1 is
 due to ! inspiration ( ! moral law 9   
man4 ,! "t w come :5 ! t5ets ( fai? w no
 long] be n>r[ly und]/ood z n[2 & :ile  
_! influ5ce w /ill be great1 !y w cease 
to be h>mful & conf9+4 ,!y w be us$ z   
r>e imag]y1 to deck ! sublime mean+s :i*
 !y symbolize2 n z vessels t conta9 !   
absolute tru?1 b z *oice & beautiful    

vases1 fit to hold ! ev] fre% & ev]     
bloom+ fl[]s ( ! ideal4  ,! dogmatic    
ass]tion ( religi\s tea*+s we hold to be
 a s]i\s evil1 & dogma z su* we _c      
accept4 ,its influ5ce 9 ! pa/ has be5   
p]nici\s1 & is s at ! pres5t day no     
less4 ,x has inflam$ ! hatr$ ( man aga9/
 8 bro!r man1 x has l$ to ! fatal error 
( duties t[>d a p]sonal ,creator1 di/9ct
 f our duties t[>d our fell[s3 x has    
p]v]t$ ! moral s5se1 by giv+ to ! conc]n
 ( future salvation1 a degree ( prom95ce
 be=e :i* ! int]e/s ( ! pres5t life s9k 
into comp>ative insignificance2 x does n
 af=d u a common basis :]eon we c\ld    
unite1 = x is by nature unc]ta9 &       
calculat$ to provoke diss5sions4 ,on !  
o!r h& we behold 9 consci5ce ! root (   
:atev] good religion has a*iev$1 & ! law
 ( consci5ce mu/ suffice to guide &     
elevate our lives4 ,to refre% ! moral   
s5tim5t is ! "o ?+ ne$ful 9 our "t1 &   
inde$ pres5ts a task on ^: accompli%m5t 
! highe/ int]e/s ( society dep5d4 ,"t w 
%[ t a simple appeal to duty w surely   

suffice to lead m5 to m e>ne/ ex]tions  
t[>d ! good4 ,"t w %[ t ^? :o "k no o!r 
mode ( salvation ?an ! salvation :i* is 
atta9$ by works ( love1 w be at lea/ z  
active 9 ! pursuit ( virtue z ^? :o put 
_! tru/ 9 fai?4  ,! gold ( morality has 
be5 v>i\sly co9$ 9 ! _w's religi\s      
sy/ems4 ,v>i\s h be5 ! symbols t 7 /amp$
 !reon1 & v>i\s ! images ( ! ,k+ 9 ^: "n
 x 0 issu$1 b _! value s f> z !y _h     
value 0 9 ! moral gold t !y conta9$1 & 9
 naught else4 ,let ,lib]alism /amp its  
co9 ) ! ,eagle ( ,lib]ty only1 9 its    
e?ical tea*+s x w /ill reta9 ! sub/ance 
( all religion4  ,dogma we w keep 9     
abeyance1--?is is our po9t ( dep>ture1 &
 ! de$ sup]ior to ! cre$4 ,be x ours to 
hold high ! moral ideal1 :e!r we clo! x 
) p]sonality or n4 ,be x ours to act    
div9e ?+s1 no matt] h[ we reg>d div9e   
my/]ies4 ,be x ours to help 9 lift+ up !
 fall51 to l5d free utt]ance to !       
compla9ts ( ! oppress$1 to br& ! social 
iniquities ( our "t1 to give our he>ts  
w>m? & ! labor ( our h&s to ! cause ( _!

 r$ress1 & to pu% on ) :atev] p[] we    
may1 ! progress ( our race t[>d ^? high 
& holy goals ( :i* ! dream]s dream1 !   
prophets prophesy4     ,,iii4 ,,! ,,new 
,,ideal  ,! old religions & sci5ce are  
at w>4 ,) pitiless consi/5cy sci5ce     
directs its attack ^u _! vuln]able      
positions4 ,! conception ( inexorable   
law subv]ts ! te/imony ( miracles2 !    
fond belief 9 tru?s div9ely reveal$     
fails to )/& ! se>*+ analysis (         
hi/orical criticism2 ! battle ( sci5ce  
is yet f> f be+ won1 b f our /&po9t !   
issue _c appe> d\btful4 ,x behooves u   
!re=e to inquire into ! moral be>+s ( ! 
g5]al result ?us f> a*iev$ & to review  
:at we h lo/ & won4 ,%all we succe$     
!reby 9 allay+ ! s5se ( al>m t is wont  
to agitate ! timid he>t :5 x beholds s  
mu* t x confid5tly believ$ a "p ( !     
ev]la/+ v]ities ( life1 s9k back into ! 
gulf ( unc]ta9ty & d\bt8  ,we are /&+ at
 ! portals ( a new age1 & new           
conceptions h aris5 ( ! purpose :i* we  
are "h to accompli% & ( ! means ( help  

we c comm& 9 ! attempt to realize our   
de/9y4 ,^! new conceptions we call ,!   
,new ,ideal4 ,x is ! purpose ( our      
pres5t disc\rse to comp>e "s sali5t     
features ( ! old & new4  ,! old & new   
,ideals agree 9 look+ to an ,inf9ite    
beyond ! bord]s ( exp]i5ce1 = x is 9 !  
nature ( ! ideal to lift u above ! m]ely
 real4 ,!y diff] 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y 
seek _! object1 & ! bias :i* !y         
consequ5tly give to m5's ?\ghts &       
actions4 ,!ology1 p]ceiv+ ! inability ( 
reason to solve ! problems ( ! beg9n+ & 
! end1 yet unable to re/ra9 a desire to 
"k :at is really unkn[able1 has impress$
 ! imag9ation into its s]vice1 & drawn a
 picture ( ! transc5d5tal _w1 con=m+    
inde$ to ! analogies ( man's t]re/rial  
exi/5ce1 b on ?is acc\nt all ! m adapt$ 
to answ] ! wi%es ( ! masses ( mank9d4   
,en\gh = !m t !y feel ! ne$ ( believ+ ! 
picture true4 ,we ( ! ,new ,s*ool are1  
if possible1 ev5 m pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( ! 
limitations ( human reason4 ,we *e]fully
 accord to ! religi\s conceptions ( !   

pa/ a poetic value2 !y are poetry1 (t5 (
 ! sublime/ k9d2 b we _c deceive        
ourselves z to ! noble weakness ( ! he>t
 to :i* !y owe _! orig92 we _c =get t 9 
_! case alas ! wi% has be5 fa!r to !    
?\ght4 ,to u ! my/]y is /ill my/]y--!   
veil$ arcana are n reveal$1 ! riddle is 
unread4 ,b we are n !re=e fill$ ) t]ror 
or dismay4 ,9 ! moral nature ( man we   
discov] a div9e elem5t4 ,9 ! voice (    
consci5ce we he> ! voice ( ! pres5t     
div9ity )9 u1 & we le>n to reg>d ?is    
mortal /ate ( ours z a *annel ?r\gh :i* 
! curr5ts ( ,et]nity ebb & fl[          
ceaselessly4 ,! div9e nature is n f> (f1
 nor beyond ! sea2 9 our own he>ts on   
our own lips6  ,b let u seek to         
scrut9ize ! di/9ctive features ( ! old &
 new m closely4 ,! old ideal 0          
sup]natural 9 "*1 x taught man to reg>d 
8 life on e>? z a brief1 tempor>y       
transit1 himself an exile f ! ,k+dom on 
high4 ,! conc]ns ( ! pres5t _w 7 9      
consequ5ce deem$ ( second>y importance1 
& ! eye dwelt ) anxi\s pref]5ce on ! dim

 *ances ( ! h]eaft]4 ,:]e ! hope (      
immortality has be5 prom95tly put =w>d  
by any religion1 ! effect has ?us b too 
(t5 prov$ disa/r\s to ! progress &      
security ( society4 ,x is well-kn[n by  
:at pa9ful p5ances ! monks ( ! ,middle  
,ages s\ght release f ! trammels ( !    
fle%1 h[ !y affect$ to despise ! ties ( 
dome/ic affection1 h[ !y ret>d$ !       
advancem5t ( k1 h[ ! passions :i* !y    
s\ght 9 va9 to suppress (t5 recoil$ ^u  
!m ) fe>ful retribution1 & gave rise to 
disord]s :i* s]i\sly und]m9$ public     
virtue4  ,b n only has sup]naturalism   
t5d$ indirectly to weak5 ! spr+s (      
virtue1 x has call$ into be+ an ord] (  
m5 ^: v exi/5ce is a /&+ m5ace to !     
fre$om ( intellect & ! rights (         
consci5ce4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ,creator 
& 8 creatures is s great1 t ! int]v5tion
 ( "s ?ird p>ty is deem$ necess>y to    
m$iate betwe5 ! f9ite & ! ,inf9ite4 ,!  
prie/ /eps 9 to p]=m ?is (fice1 & 8     
influ5ce is great 9 proportion to !     
value ( ! s]vices :i* he is suppos$ to  

r5d]4 ,fur!rmore x is believ$ t !       
p]sonal deity requires ! p]=mance (     
c]ta9 actions 9 8 honor1 & :at ^!       
actions are is aga9 left to ! prie/ to  
det]m9e4 ,9 ?is mann] ! c]emonial "p (  
religion gr[s up1 & acquires a degree ( 
importance fatal to ! moral life4 ,!    
duties t[>d ,god transc5d ! duties t[>d 
man1 & b too (t5 usurp _! place4  ,!    
,bible lik5s ! relations ( man to ,god  
to ^? ( a *ild to its fa!r4 ,x is true  
sup]naturalism has (t5 prov$ a valuable 
/ay to ^? already morally /rong1 & x 7  
absurd to d5y t "u its fo/]+ c>e _m ( ! 
noble/ qualities t di/+ui% ! filial     
relation h be5 develop$ 9 ! lives (     
religi\s m54 ,x is f no lack (          
appreciation on our "p t we h dwelt on !
 evils r ?an ! bless+s x has br\ght4 ,b 
9 ackn[l$g+ t we h really lo/ ! s5se (  
protection1 ! *ildlike tru/ :i* l5d su* 
r>e beauty to ! "* ( _m anci5t models ( 
piety1 we deem$ x important to po9t to !
 %ades t d>k5 ! picture ( ! 99          
sup]natural religions1 its lights are   

made ! !me ( a ?\s& disc\rses week aft] 
week1 & are h>dly 9 any dang] ( be+     
spe$ily =gott54  ,f ! back-gr\nd ( ! old
 ,ideal /&s out 9 bold relief ! new4 ,x 
is ! rev]se ( sup]natural2 if x takes   
pride 9 any?+1 x is 9 m>k+ a return to  
nature4 ,trammels ( ! fle%1 contam9ation
 ( ! body8 ,!re is no?+ x tells u 9     
itself contam9at+4 ,! body is n ali5 to 
! m9d1 x is ! se$ plot f :i* m9d fl[]s  
out 9 e "p4 ,reg>d ! =m ( man1 obs]ve ! 
quick play ( ! features1 ! expressive   
smile1 ! speak+ glance1 e attitude1 e   
ge/ure full ( mean+1 ! :ole body        
irradiat$ z x 71 ) ! indwell+           
intellig5ce4 ,& s ! passions too :i* we 
are wont to associate ) our corporeal   
nature are b ! r\gh mat]ial f :i* !     
arti/ s\l beh9d !m fa%ions its immortal 
types ( beauty & ( hol9ess4 ,!re is a   
graceless innu5do 9 ! t]m nature1 z (   
some?+ h>d1 gross1 mat]ial4 ,9 tru?1    
nature is ! subtle/1 mo/ e!real pres5ce 
( :i* we cat* a gleam only at r>e       
int]vals1 ! reflex ( a hidd5 light t    

glimm]s ?r\gh ! facts & motions ( ! _w4 
,take ! nature ( wat] = in/ance4 ,is x 9
 ! hydrog51 9 ! oxyg51 9 ! s+le atom8 ,n
 !re1 yet !re6 some:]e hov]+1 impond]\s1
 elusive4 ,x comes nighe/ to ! s5ses :5 
! atoms act & react ^u ea* o!r1 9 ! fl[ 
( mighty riv]s1 9 ! leap ( cat>acts1 9 !
 turmoil ( ! sea4 ,or ! nature ( ! tree2
 is x 9 ! roots1 9 ! trunk1 9 ! spread+ 
bran*es1 ! leafy cr[n8 ,p]haps 9 ! fruit
 m ?an else:]e ! hidd5 be+ ( ! tree     
comes =? into ext]nal reality1 & op5s to
 ! eye & t\*4 ,9 action & fruition !    
deep] nature appe>s4 ,?us 9 ! outw>d _w1
 & ?us 9 man4 ,our s\l-life1 too1 is a  
fl[+ /ream1 ^: p[] is n 9 any "p b 9 !  
ceaseless1 *angeful motion ( ! :ole1 t  
=ms a /rong spiritual curr5t on :i* our 
?\ghts & s5tim5ts move l swimm]s t[>d an
 inf9ite sea4 ,& l a tree are we1 ) !   
mighty trunk ( intellect1 ! spread+     
bran*es ( imag9ation1 ! fibr\s roots ( !
 l[] in/9cts1 t b9d u to ! e>?4 ,b !    
moral life is ! fruit we be>2 9 x our   
true nature is reveal$2 9 x we see !    

purpose ( our be+ fulfill$4 ,s :5 we    
speak ( a return to nature1 x is ?is    
high] nature to :i* we ref]1 ^: orig9 we
 "k n1 b ^: work+s we feel1 & "k !m by !
 tok5 ( ! sweet satisfaction !y af=d u  
to be ! cr[n & glory ( our lives4 ,! old
 ,ideal emphasizes ! ,et]nal t is )\t u2
 ! new ! ,et]nal t is )9 ourselves4 ,!  
old /yles u exiles f ! k+dom ( tru?2 !  
new summons u to be ! bann]-be>]s (     
tru?2 ! old po9ts to a heav5 beyond !   
e>?1 ! new tells u t our e>? too is a "p
 ( ! heav51 a light-_w1 among endless   
worlds ( light4  ,if secondly we consid]
 ! means ( support at our disposal 9 !  
pursuit ( ! ideal1 we f9d pray] 9       
univ]sal use among ! adh]5ts ( ! old4   
,pray] 9 ! s5se ( supplication1 has be5 
def9$ z a reque/ made to ! ,deity z if  
he 7 a man4 ,& truly ! language ( pray] 
(t5 tallies ) ?is description4 ,let me  
succe$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 prays ! ,indian1 
t ,i may slay my enemy & br+ home !     
tok5s ( victory to my de> family1 9 ord]
 t !y may rejoice toge!r4 ,h pity on me 

& protect my life1 & ,i w br+ !e an     
(f]+4 ,"s su* inducem5t z ! la/ is      
frequ5tly c\pl$ ) ! petition1 ,"h is an 
(f]+ = y1 ,o ,god6 ,look k9dly t[>ds ?is
 family1 let x prosp] & increase1 & let 
u all be 9 good heal?4 ,let me come ^u  
my enemies spe$ily1 let me f9d !m sleep+
 & n awake1 & let me slay a good _m (   
!m4 ,i pray = cattle1 ,i pray = corn1 ,i
 ask also = *ildr51 9 ord] t ?is village
 may h a l>ge population1 & t y\r "n may
 nev] come to an end1 = ( old we h liv$ 
by y\r favor1 let u cont9ue to receive  
x4 ,rememb] t ! increase ( our produce  
is ! increase ( y\r wor%ip1 & t its     
dim9ution mu/ be ! dim9ution ( y\r      
rites4 ,among ! ,h9doos ! efficacy      
ascrib$ to pray] 0 su* t ! gods !mselves
 7 deem$ p[]less to resi/ x1 & ! my/ic  
invocations ( ! prie/s ex]t$ a fateful  
influ5ce on ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,! anci5t 
& mod]n lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews likewise 
te/ifies to _! fai? 9 pray]1 &          
,*ri/ianity has h]e9 foll[$ if n        
out/ripp$ _! example4 ,9 case ( dr\ght !

 foll[+ pray] is (f]$ 9 _m ( our *ur*es3
 ,s5d u1 we besee* !e1 9 ?is our        
necessity1 su* mod]ate ra9 & %[]s t we  
may receive ! fruits ( ! e>? to our     
com=t & to ?y honor4 ,9 case ( /orms3   
,we humbly besee* !e to re/ra9 ^!       
immod]ate ra9s1 :]e) = our s9s ?\ ha/   
afflict$ u1 & we pray !e to s5d su*     
seasonable wea!r t ! e>? may 9 due "t   
yield h] increase = our b5efit4 ,9 case 
( fam9e1 ,increase ! fruits ( ! e>? by  
?y heav5ly b5$iction1 & grant t !       
sc>city & de>? :i* we n[ mo/ ju/ly suff]
 = our s9s1 ?r\gh ?y goodness may be    
turn$ into pl5ty4 ,9 case ( sickness1   
pray]s are (f]$ = ! recov]y ( ! suff]]4 
,aga9/ all ^! =ms ( petition ! mod]n    
view ( life emphatically prote/s4 ,x    
/>ts ) ! gr&e/ ( sci5tific              
g5]alizations1 t ( ! univ]sality (      
nature's laws4 ,^! laws _c be brok52 !y 
gov]n ! c\rse ( ! planets z !y revolve  
?r\gh space1 !y appe> 9 ! slighte/ eddy 
( du/ t rises on our /reets4 ,! _w is a 
,kosmos2 to pray = a *ange 9 its        

arrangem5ts is to pray = its de/ruction4
 ,! ra9s come :5 !y mu/ come1 & ! e>?   
yields or )holds h] crop1 z a sy/em (   
causes det]m9$ f immeasurable aeons ( "t
 prescribes4 ,is ! ,god to :om m5 pray s
 poor a workman t he w *ange ! me*anism 
( ! ,univ]se at _! bidd+8 ,if all t is1 
is 8 "w1 :y !n ! dr\ght is 8 "w1 & !    
fam9e1 & ! sickness are 8 "w1 & !y are1 
because he has will$ t !y %\ld be4 ,!   
gods help !m t help !mselves4 ,we are   
plac$ 9 a _w ) :i* we are b half        
acqua9t$2 our bus9ess is to "k x        
?or\ghly4 ,all ! hi/ory ( mank9d f !    
beg9n+ has be5 a s]ies ( t5tative       
/ruggles to acquire ?is preci\s k1 & we 
h made inde$ "s headway4 ,we began by   
def5d+ ourselves aga9/ ! attacks ( wild 
bea/s2 we till$ ! soil2 we inv5t$ tools1
 we =m$ communities1 we mod]at$ !       
friction ( social int]c\rse2 we discov]$
 ! talisman ( sci5ce1 & ! ,aladd9's lamp
 ( art4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( disease also a  
great advance has be5 made4 ,:5 !       
,mayfl[] rea*$ ! ,am]ican cont95t1 %e   

f\nd a bleak & b>r5 %ore1 full only (   
graves4 ,a great epidemic _h swept ov] !
 ,indian tribes1 & ! natives fell l dead
 flies be=e ! sc\rge4 ,!y _h *>ms &     
pray]s2 ^! did n help !m4 ,we h         
accompli%$ a little2 we are b\nd to aim 
at m4 ,:y !n call 9 ! sup]natural8 ,x w 
n come1 ?\gh we call nev] s l\dly4 ,!   
va9 attempt does b keep u f t :i* is m  
ne$ful1 active ex]tion & /r5u\s ef=ts at
 self-help4 ,b we are told t our success
 is poor at be/1 & t 9 ! va/ majority ( 
cases1 all our ex]tions avail no?+3     
moreov] x is said t man is too frail &  
feeble a creature to dep5d ^u himself   
alone 9 times ( trial1 & t pray]1 :e!r x
 be answ]$ or n1 is valuable z a means (
 consolation t soo!s & /ills ! he>t4 ,x 
is b too true t our a*ievem5ts fall f>  
%ort ( our desires4 ,let ^? t d n1 _c   
pray1 seek support 9 ! sympa?ies ( _!   
k9d1 & :]e self-help fails1 mutual help 
w (f] !m an inexhau/ible s\rce ( /r5g? &
 com=t4 ,z = t species ( pray] :i* is n 
address$ to a p]sonal ,god at all1 b    

claims to be an aspiration1 an outp\r+ (
 ! _s1 we d fail to see h[ x des]ves !  
"n ( pray] 9 any s5se4 ,! use ( !       
vocative1 & ( ! pron\n ?\ is c]ta9ly    
calculat$ to mislead1 & ! appe>ance (   
inconsi/5cy is h>dly avoidable4  ,la/ly1
 ! old ,ideal 0 /ation>y1 retrospective2
 x plac$ its p>adise at ! beg9n+ ( human
 hi/ory4 ,9 ! f> (f pa/ x beheld our be/
 & l(tie/ hopes anticipat$ & realiz$4   
,!n ! full significance ( life _h be5   
rea*$2 !n ! oracles _h spok5 l\dly &    
cle>ly ^: fa9t e*oes n[ float l memories
 ( half =gott5 melodies to our e>2 !n ! 
imp]i%able tru?s 7 reveal$ 9 ^? old51   
gold5 days4 ,n s1 says ! new ,ideal4    
,rude & wret*$ 7 ! beg9n+s ( mank9d on  
e>?1 poor ! m9d1 & void ! he>t4 ,f> f   
be+ exempl>y1 ! ideas ( "r & wrong      
ent]ta9$ by our e>lie/ prog5itors 7     
inf9itely bel[ our own4 ,n inde$1 t !   
sub/ance ( ! moral s5tim5t has ev]      
p]ceptibly *ang$4 ,! inh]5t pr9ciple (  
"r rema9s ! same1 b x assumes high] =ms 
& is appli$ on a wid] scale z ! race    

advances4 ,?us ! comm&m5t n to kill a   
be+ l ourselves 0 recogniz$ f ! fir/1 b 
9 ! e>lie/ times1 only memb]s ( ! same  
family 7 e/eem$ be+s l ourselves2 to    
kill a neighbor 0 n wrong4 ,! family    
wid5$ into ! clan1 ! clan into ! p1 &   
all ! nations are n[ embrac$ 9 ! common 
bond ( humanity4 ,?us /ep by /ep ! life 
( ! clansman1 ! fell[ citiz5 & at la/ ( 
e human be+ came to be reg>d$ z sacr$4  
,f a common c5tre morality has develop$ 
outw>d 9 conc5tric circles4 ,9 diff]5t  
ages also diff]5t virtues pr$om9at$4    
,patriotism 0 e/eem$ highe/ 9 ! ,roman  
_w2 self-sacrifice & *a/ity 9 ! fir/    
,*ri/ian communities4 ,b :atev] _h ?us  
be5 ga9$ 0 n !reaft] lo/4 ,ea* age add$ 
its own to ! /ock ( virtue2 ea*         
contribut$ its %>e to swell ! treasure (
 mank9d4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce t rag$    
fi]cely on ! l[] levels ( culture1 loses
 its h>%] aspects z we advance ^u ! pa? 
( civilization4 ,! me?ods ( =ce by :i* !
 unfit 7 elim9at$ are gradually fall+   
into disrepute1 if n into disuse4 ,at   

la/ ! good w survive because ( its own  
p]suasive excell5cy4 ,! conflict w      
become "o ( ideas m]ely1 an emul\s      
peaceful conte/ = ! prize ( tru?4  ,t ! 
mann]s ( ! mod]n _w h inde$ become      
ameliorat$1 our own brief exp]i5ce z a  
society s]ves to illu/rate4 ,a few      
c5turies ago1 su* an ent]prise z ours   
w\ld nev] h be5 attempt$1 or if         
und]tak51 w\ld h be5 spe$ily cru%$ by ! 
arm ( au?ority or ! weight ( prejudice4 
,we w n say t bigotry is dead2 ! fires (
 p]secution /ill slumb] b5ea? _! a%es1 &
 n[ & !n />t up into pretty bonfires to 
amuse ! idle cr[d2 b ! "t has gone by :5
 !y c\ld m\nt on fun]al pyres--!y c     
k9dle conflagrations no m4  ,! new      
,ideal is progressive4 ,:atev] we h     
a*iev$1 x tells u !re are l>g]          
a*ievem5ts yet beyond4 ,z we rise 9 !   
scale ( moral wor?1 ! eye becomes cle>] 
& wid] ( vision4 ,we see 9 remote ages a
 race ( m5 fre] & /rong] because ( our  
toils1 & t is our de>e/ hope & our      
sweete/ recomp5se t !y %all reap :at we 

h s[n4  ,! old & ! new ,ideals w /ruggle
 = ! ma/]y2 t :i* is /rong] w conqu] z (
 old1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b ! new   
hope fills u ) tru/ & gladness t t :i*  
is true w be /rong4     ,,iv4 ,,!       
,,prie/s ,,( ,,! ,,ideal  ,x is ) good  
reason1 t ! v "n ( ! prie/hood1 has     
become odi\s to ! mod]n m9d4 ,h[ has _! 
fanaticism dr5*$ ! e>? ) blood1 h[ has  
_! unbridl$ ambition s[n se$s ( discord 
among ! nations2 h[ lam5table a comm5t>y
 is ! record ( _! frailties ^u !        
assumption ( sup]ior sanctity &         
,god-giv5 au?ority4 ,yet x is n !       
prie/ly (fice1 b its abuse1 :i* has     
prov$ ( evil1 nor has ! "t yet come1 :5 
! m9i/ry ( prie/s c be safely disp5s$ )4
 ,!re %all come a new ,ideal to attract 
m5's rev]5ce & a new s]vice ( ! ,inf9ite
 & a new prie/hood also to d its m9i/ry4
 ,x is ( ?is mod]n prie/hood1 ,i w\ld   
speak4  ,fe> n t ,i am ab\t to advocate 
a return to t sy/em ( spiritual bondage1
 f :i* we h b j escap$4 ,! prie/s to :om
 we allude %all n be kn[n by cassock or 

surplice4 ,x is n at ! alt> !y %all     
s]ve1 lea/ ( all %all !y h dogmas to    
communicate4 ,!y %all n be m ?an human1 
only if possible m human4 ,prie/s h we (
 sci5ce1 we "n !m s2 m5 ^: :ole s\l is  
wrapp$ up 9 ! pursuit ( k3 prie/s ( art1
 :o d$icate _! lives to ! s]vice ( !    
,beautiful1 prie/s also ( ! ,moral1     
arti/s ( ! ,good1 sages 9 ! sci5ce (    
,virtue1 tea*]s ( ! ,ideal4  ,let u     
consid] = a mom5t1 9 ord] to illu/rate  
our mean+1 ! life ( "o su* prie/1 ^:    
fame has come d[n to u undimm$ by !     
corrod+ influ5ce ( "t--! life (         
,socrates4 ,he held no (fice1 he m9i/]$ 
at no %r9e1 yet he 0 9 ! true s5se a    
prie/4 ,a pla9 unpret5ti\s man1 cont5t  
to live on co>se f>e1 inur$ to want1    
homely 9 appe>ance1 us+ homely language2
 no?+ _h he 9 appe>ance to attract2 yet 
! gay y\?s left _! fea/s & frolics :5 he
 approa*$1 & ! busy m>ket-place 0 hu%$  
to li/5 to ! /range wisdom ( 8 say+s2   
!re 0 inde$ a s+ul> & pot5t *>m 9 ?is   
man's s\l4 ,he _h a great ne$ (         

righte\sness1 wond]ful1 h[ he awak5$ !  
same ne$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,a!nian burgh]s (
 8 day4 ,he 0 ! rev]se ( dogmatic4 ,9   
comp>ison ) ! va/ness ( ! unkn[n1 he 0  
wont to say1 all human k is little ev5  
to no?+ness1 he did n assume to "k !    
tru?1 b /rove to assi/ m5 9 f9d+ tru?s =
 !mselves4 ,he _h 8 own enlight5$ views 
on que/ions ( !ology4 ,b f> f desir+ to 
conv]t o!rs to 8 convictions1 he r s\ght
 to div]t _! att5tion f ^? my/]i\s      
problems1 9 :i* m5 c nev] be wise1      
problems t are no ne>] _! solution      
today1 ?an !y 7 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,to  
^? :o que/ion$ him conc]n+ religion he  
repli$3 ,are ye !n ma/]s ( ! humanities1
 t ye seek to pry into div9e secrets8 ,8
 fa!r _h be5 a fa%ion] ( /atues be=e    
him1 he 0 a fa%ion] ( s\ls6 ,?is        
,socrates 0 condemn$ to suff] dea? on ! 
*>ge ( a!ism1 & met 8 fate ) ! calmness 
( ! philosophic m9d4 ,if dea?1 he said1 
is progress to untri$ sph]es1 !n welcome
 dea?6 ,if x is sleep only1 !n also     
welcome dea? & its deep repose4 ,all !  

tok5s ( ! prie/ 7 fulfill$ 9 him4 ,he 0 
true to himself & unb>$ to o!rs ! veil$ 
tru?s ( _! own high] nature4 ,he 0 a    
l(ti] pres5ce on e>?1 a liv+ flame f$ f 
its own c5tral be+1 a sun to :i* ! _w   
turn$ & 0 !reby enlight5$4 ,we p]ceive  
!n1 t :at we desire is n a new ?+4 ,!re 
has be5 ?is s]vice ( ! ,ideal f ! e>lie/
 times4 ,only a new plea w\ld we urge = 
l>g] fidelity to t :i* ! be/ h /riv5 =1 
& :i* "u new conditions x w be ! glory (
 our age to approa* m ne>ly4  ,! prie/  
%all be a tea*] ( ! ,ideal1 b :at is !  
,ideal & h[ di/+ui% x f ! ,real4 ,reg>d 
! trees1 behold _! numb]1 ! wondr\s     
pl5itude ( _! k9ds44 ,!re is ! li! &    
sl5d] p9e1 ! mighty oak1 ! /ately palm1 
! t5d] will[4 ,alike yet mo/ unlike4 ,& 
:o has ev] se5 ! p]fect tree6 ,obs]ve ! 
expressive features ( ! human face4 ,h[ 
_m ?\s&s ( su* faces are born into ! _w 
ea* ye> & yet no two alike4 ,by :at f9e 
%ades1 :at sc>ce p]ceptible curves1 :at 
delicate t\*es has nature's *isel m>k$  
!m ea* ap>t4 ,graceful =ms & lovely     

faces !re are1 yet p]fect none4 ,n[ !   
,ideal is ! p]fection ( ! ,real4 ,to f9d
 x we mu/ g beyond ! ,realities4 ,we    
/udy ! nature ( ! tree1 ( man4 ,we note 
! sugge/ions ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 complete & 
produce !m 9 utmo/ h>mony1 ea* p]fect 9 
itself1 ea* s]v+ by its own p]fection1 !
 r\nd$ symmetry ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! image ?us
 creat$ we grasp ! ideal =m4 ,art ) its 
g5ial en*antm5ts1 creates su* images &  
gives !m p]man5ce 9 pure types (        
immortal significance4 ,art is idealism 
( =m4  ,! intellect also1 :i* looks out 
f beh9d ! features1 ! indwell+ man1     
exhibits ! same tw(old aspect ( ! ,real 
& ,ideal4 ,our real ?\ghts are          
incomplete & inadequate4 ,we are l$     
a/ray a ?\s& times by false analogies1  
we are decoy$ into ! labyr9?s ( fancy1  
we become ! victims ( impression1 ! toys
 ( circum/ance4 ,b deep d[n 9 ! basic   
/ructure ( ! m9d are true laws1 un]r+   
guides4 ,logic expresses !m1 logic is ! 
idealism ( intellect4  ,& la/ly we      
recognize ! same di/9ction 9 ! realm (  

feel+4 ,to ! untutor$ caprice1 !        
ov]ma/]+ impulse1 9 brief to ! realism (
 ! passions is oppos$ ! law ( "r feel+1 
:i* e?ics expresses4 ,e?ics is !        
idealism ( "*4 ,we call ?is la/ !       
capital revelation ( man's nature4 ,!   
moral law is n d]ivative1 x c n be      
prov51 x c n be d5i$4 ,x is ! root f :i*
 spr+s e virtue1 e grace1 all wisdom &  
all a*ievem5t4 ,an attempt has inde$ be5
 made to base morality ^u a c]ta9       
commonplace utility1 b true morality    
scorns y\r sad utilities4 ,t is useful1 
:i* s]ves an object besides itself1 :ile
 morality is itself an end1 & ne$s &    
admits no sanction save its own         
excell5cy4 ,z x delights ! man ( sci5ce 
to exp& 8 judgm5t 9 ev] wid] & wid]     
g5]alizations1 z ! l>g] ?\ght is ev] !  
tru] ?\ght1 s is !re an exquisite       
pleasure & an unspeakable rew>d 9 exp&+ 
! n>r[ consci\sness ( self 9 ! unselfi%1
 & ! l>g] emotion is ev] ! nobl]        
emotion4 ,we speak ( ! moral ,ideal1 z  
,! ,,ideal1 because x expresses ! c5tral

 idea ( human life1 ! purpose ( our     
exi/5ce on e>?4 ,to exp\nd & illu/rate  
its be>+s on our daily duties1 our joys1
 our griefs & our aspirations1 is !     
scope & limit ( ! prie/ly (fice4  ,!    
moral ideal w\ld embrace ! :ole ( life4 
,be=e x no?+ is petty or indiff]5t1 x   
t\*es ! v]ie/ trifles & turns !m into   
%9+ gold4 ,we are royal by virtue ( x1 &
 l ! k+s 9 ! fairy tale1 we may nev] lay
 aside our cr[ns4 ,x tells u1 t no?+    
%all be = its uses only1 b all ?+s %all 
take _! tone & quality f ! c5tral idea4 
,:5 we build a h\se1 x %all n be = its  
uses only4 ,we %all h kit*5s & draw+    
rooms & libr>ies & pictures & fl[]s1 if 
possible4 ,b ! h\se1 ) all its com=ts & 
luxuries1 is m]e framework1 & our words 
& do+s con/ruct ! true1 ! spiritual     
home4 ,:5 we sit d[n to table1 x %all n 
be = ! use ( ! food & ! flavor ( ! w9e  
only1 b morality %\ld preside at ! fea/ 
& l5d x grace & dignity4 ,morality does 
n mope 9 corn]s1 is n s\r nor gloomy4 ,x
 loves g5ial fell[%ip1 loves to conv]t  

our meane/ wants into gold5 occasions = 
joy & sympa?y & happy communion4 ,mann]s
 too are ! (fspr+ ( "*4 ,we d n rate    
highly ! dry & *e]less conv5tionalisms (
 etiquette1 b 9 _! orig91 !y 7 ! fruit (
 tru?1 & love4 ,! rules ( good bre$+ may
 be r$uc$ to two2 self-possession &     
def]5ce4 ,z :5 a public speak] loses 8  
self-control1 8 own unc]ta9ty is quickly
 communicat$ to 8 audi5ce1 & he =feits 8
 influ5ce ov] 8 he>]s2 s ! same cause   
produces ! same effect 9 e less] audi5ce
 t ga!rs 9 our p>lors4 ,society says to 
y3 ,if ,i %all tru/ y1 y mu/ beg9 by    
tru/+ y\rself4 ,! man ( ! _w w ent] !   
palace ( ! pr9ce & ! cottage ( ! peasant
 ) ! same equipoise ( mann]4 ,if he     
respects himself1 !re is no reason :y he
 %\ld /& aba%$4 ,self-possession is     
ess5tially self-respect4 ,def]5ce1 too1 
is a prim>y condition ( all c\rtesy4 ,x 
tea*es u to conc$e to o!rs :atev] we    
claim = ourselves2 x leads u in/9ctively
 to avoid l\dness1 & self-complac5cy4 ,x
 is express$ n only 9 ! poli%$ phrase1 b

 9 mi51 attitude1 e movem5t4            
,self-possession & def]5ce ( mann] are  
bo? ! outgr[? ( moral qualities1 ! "o   
dep5d+ on ! consci\sness ( p]sonal wor?1
 ! o!r inspir$ by an unselfi% reg>d = ! 
well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,f ^! two x 7 possible 
to d$uce ! rules ( a new ',*e/]field1'  
:i* %\ld be free f all ! conceit &      
affectation ( ! old4 ,un=tunately1      
mann]s are no long] ! natural outp\r+ ( 
he>t-goodness4 ,m5 attire !mselves 9    
polit5ess z !y d 9 ri* app>el2 !y may be
 z rude z !y please1 ! ye> r\nd1 !y "k  
!y c be f9e on occasion4 ,moreov] 9 !   
home circle1 :]e ! =ms ( c\rtesy are q  
indisp5sable to prev5t undue friction2  
to s5d ! light ( grace & poetry into a  
_w ( little c>es2 to fill ! atmosph]e ( 
our daily surr\nd+s z ) ! fragrance ( a 
p]vad+ p]fume2 !y are yet mo/ commonly  
neglect$4 ,! ^w mann]s has ! same mean+ 
z morals4 ,:5 we %all h bett] morals1 we
 %all h tru] & sweet] mann]s4  ,! ,ideal
 :i* ?us seeks to int]p5etrate ! mo/    
ord9>y affairs ( private life1 /&s out  

also 9 ! m>ket place1 9 ! =um1 9 ! halls
 ( legislation1 & sett+ aside ! m]ely   
useful1 exhorts m5 to return to p]man5t 
values4 ,t is ! ideal view ( politics   
:i* tea*es u to hold ! idea ( c\ntry    
sup]ior to ! utilities ( p>ty1 to exact 
wor?9ess ( ! public s]vants1 to place ! 
common good above sectional animosities 
& jeal\sies4 ,t is ! ideal view (       
comm]ce1 :i* impels ! m]*ant1 :ile seek+
 prosp]ity by legitimate means1 to put  
consci5ce into 8 w>es & deal+s & to keep
 ev] 9 sight ! l>g] purposes ( human    
life4 ,t is ! ideal view ( ! pr(essions1
 :i* leads _! repres5tatives to         
subord9ate ! claims ( ambition & mat]ial
 ga9 to ! endur+ int]e/s ( sci5ce1      
ju/ice1 & ( all ! great tru/s t are     
confid$ to _! keep+4 ,& he !re=e %all be
 call$ a prie/ ( ! ,ideal1 :o by precept
 & example w div]t u f ! absorb+ pursuit
 ( ! realities & make pla9 to u t ! real
 is transitory1 :ile 9 ! pursuit ( !    
,ideal alone we c f9d la/+ happ9ess4 ,= 
! realities are con/antly disconc]t+ u 9

 our se>* = ! bett]4 ,!y are s p[]ful1 s
 insi/5t2 we ?9k !m e ?+ until we h     
prov$ _! attractions & f9d !m no?+4 ,we 
h t only :i* we are4 ,b ! common judgm5t
 holds to ! rev]se2 we are only :at we  
h4 ,& s ! turbul5t cr[d plunges madly   
into ! race--= acres1 = equipage1 =     
well-/ock$ l>d]s1 = (fice1 = fame4 ,good
 ?+s are ^!1 z scales on ! ladd] ( life1
 b life is some:at m ?an acres &        
equipage & (fice & fame4 ,seldom inde$ d
 we truly live4 ,(t5 are we b %ad[s (   
o!r lives4 ,we affect ! fa%ions n only 9
 dress b also 9 ?\ght & op9ion4 ,we are 
good or bad1 z public op9ion bids u4 ,! 
/ate is ru9$1 ! *ur* is corrupt$1 & !   
_w's giddy masqu]ade ru%es he$lessly on4
 ,give me "o :o w ?9k ,hav+ & ,seem+    
less ?an ,be+2 :o w be cont5t to be     
himself & a law unto himself & 9 him ,i 
w rev]e ! ideal man4 ,be=e him ! %ams & 
mock]ies ( exi/5ce %all s9k away4 ,he w 
look into 8 own s\l & tell y ! oracles  
he has read !re1 & y w he> & behold y\r 
own he>t4 ,he w plant ! sign ( ! ,et]nal

 on a high /&>d & call unto a p t /rays 
9 ! wild]ness to look up to t & be sav$4
 ,! old & ! "y w he in/ruct1 & !y %all  
love him1 = 8 words w be an articulate  
cry to ! dumb voices 9 _! own brea/s4   
,?is is ! be-all & end-all ( 8          
mission1--to make !m acqua9t$ )         
!mselves4 ,d y "k he w say1 :at a p[] is
 9 y1 :at a light is hidd5 9 ! deep     
recesses ( y\r nature4 ,arti/s are ye   
all to :om y\r own s\l is giv5 to mold x
 into beauty4 ,happy1 happy inde$ if y  
seek no o!r rew>d b ! arti/'s joy 9 8 "w
 & "k t to be y\r glory & y\r recomp5se4
  ,x is well1 t !re %\ld be prie/s      
appo9t$ to be> su* messages to u f "t to
 "t z we re/ f our toil2 to br+ u face  
to face ) ! inn] life4 ,b !re are       
special occasions 9 ^! pass+ ye>s (     
ours1 :5 ! ideal be>+s ( life come home 
to u ) peculi> =ce & :5 we require !    
prie/ to be _! prop] int]pret]4         
,m>riage is "o ( !m4 ,we (t5 he> x said 
t m>riage is a m]e legal compact4 ,!    
/ate1 x is true1 has a vital int]e/ 9   

protect+ ! purity ( ! conjugal relation 
& may prescribe c]ta9 =ms to :i* its    
citiz5s are b\nd to con=m4 ,b has !     
mean+ ( ! new bond be5 inde$ fully      
express$1 :5 ! magi/rate 9 ! c\rt room  
has pron\nc$ ! "y man & ! maid5 to be n[
 husb& & wife8 ,among ! anci5t ,hebrews 
y\?s & "y girls 7 wont to meet on ! ,day
 ( ,atonem5t1 ! mo/ solemn day ( ! ye>1 
! day ( purification f s91 to cem5t _!  
affections & plight _! tro?4 ,= m>riage 
itself 0 e/eem$ an act ( purification4  
,m>riage is ! f\ndation ( all morality4 
,its celebration does n end ) ! w$d+    
day3 x is a con/ant celebration1 a      
p]petual int]m>ry+ ( two s\ls :ile life 
la/s4  ,n ! /ate only1 b humanity also1 
t ideal /ate ( :i* we are all citiz5s1  
has an int]e/ 9 ! contract4 ,a new      
sanctu>y is to be re>$ sacr$ to !       
ineffable my/]ies ( ! home-life2 9 !    
home ) all ! t5d] & holy associations t 
clu/] ab\t x let x be d$icat$4 ,!       
supreme fe/ival ( humanity is m>riage4  
,!re %all be music & joy & a :ite-rob$  

bride ) myrtle wrea?2 & solemn words to 
express ! solemn mean+s ( ! act4  ,at ! 
grave also is ! (fice ( ! prie/1 ,:5 "s 
de> fri5d has be5 tak5 f u1 :5 ! :ole   
e>? seems empty = ! loss ( "o & ! pill>s
 ( exi/5ce seem brok51 he %all say to ! 
griev+ he>t3 ,arise1 be /rong4 ,he %all 
bid y\r brood+ sorr[ pause4 ,he %all    
speak ( l>g] duties1 :i* !y y m\rn h    
left y1 z _! legacy4 ,l>g] duties3 ?is  
is 8 m$ic9e4 ,y are n free1 y poor &    
sadly /rick5 fri5ds to /& aside 9 idle  
woe1 b y %all make = ! dep>t$ a memorial
 9 y\r lives & assume _! half complet$  
tasks4 ,s ! loss1 ?\gh loss x be1 w     
purify y1 & vim & vigor be f\nd 9 !     
consolations ( ! ,ideal4 ,we tru/ t we h
 us$ ! t]m prie/ 9 no n>r[ re/rict$     
s5se4 ,x is n ! hi]>*ies ( ! pa/ or !   
pres5t ( :om we h spok54 ,! prie/ is n  
sup]ior to 8 fell[ m51 nor has he access
 to ^? transc5d5tal regions :i* are     
clos$ to o!rs4 ,8 p[] is 9 ?is1 t he    
speaks :at all feel4 ,& he %all be c\nt$
 an acceptable tea*]1 !n only1 :5 !     

slumb]+ e*oes )9 y wak5 to ! music t    
moves & ma/]s him4  ,!re h be5 ^?1 ^:   
lives 7 mold$ on su* a patt]n among !   
cl]gy at all times1 & x is ?is          
circum/ance1 t has attract$ ! rev]5ce ( 
mank9d to ! prie/ly (fice4  ,noble m5 7 
!y ^: love bur/ ?r\gh ! cramp+ fett]s ( 
_! cre$s1 apo/les ( lib]ty1 mission>ies 
( humanity4  ,b !re is "o o!r trait     
necess>y to complete ! picture4 ,! prie/
 ( ! ,ideal mu/ h ! gift ( tongues &    
k+ly words to utt] k+ly ?\ghts4 ,9 !    
philosophy ( ,alex&ria x 0 held1 t be=e 
! _w 01 ! ^w 01 & ! ^w creat$ a univ]se 
out ( *aos & ! ^w 0 div9e4 ,) t         
heav5-born en]gy mu/ he be fill$1 & ) a 
brea? ( t creative spee* mu/ he inspire4
 ,no tawdry eloqu5ce be 81 no glitt]+   
gift ( phrase or fantasy1 b words ( !   
s\l's own language1 words ( ! pi? & core
 ( tru?4  ,! image ( ! ,ideal prie/ :i* 
,i h attempt$ to draw is itself an ideal
 image1 n[h]e realiz$1 nev] to be fully 
atta9$4 ,b x is to x t ! prie/s ( ! new 
age w /rive to come ne> & ne>]1 & t w be

 _! pride & _! happ9ess1 if !y c become 
9 ?is s5se fri5ds & help]s ( _! k9d4  ,9
 ! eyes ( ! dogmati/ !y are /rang]s out 
( a /range l& ( ?\ght4 ,if y ask !m = _!
 pass ^w1 x is fre$om1 if y ask = _!    
cre$1 x is b\ndless4 ,! multitude seek+ 
to compress ! inf9ite )9 ! n>r[ limits (
 ! s5ses1 mu/ ne$s h tangible %apes to  
lay h&s on1 names if no?+ bett]4 ,b !   
,ideal 9 ! highe/ is void ( =m & its "n 
unutt]able4 ,we w asc5d on ! w+s ( !    
morn+1 we w let ourselves d[n to !      
utt]mo/ dep?s ( ! sea1 & "k x !re4 ,b   
*iefly )9 ourselves %all we seek x1 9   
ourselves is its %r9e4 ,! "t w come :5  
s+le m5 %all no m be ne$$ to d its      
m9i/ry1 :5 9 ! bro!rhood & si/]hood (   
mank9d all %all be prie/s & prie/esses  
"o to ano!r1 = all _! life %all be a    
song ( praise to ! highe/1 & _! :ole be+
 %all be consecrat$ & glorifi$ 9 !      
immortal s]vice ( dea?less ,ideals4     
,v4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,ideal      
,a ,,new ,,ord]4  ,i ,,am aw>e t !re    
exi/s a deep seat$ prejudice 9 ! m9ds ( 

_m ( my he>]s aga9/ :at are call$ ! =ms 
( religion4 ,we h too long exp]i5c$ _!  
limitations & re/ra9ts1 n to be jeal\s  
n[ ( our h>d won lib]ties4 ,b let u ask 
ourselves :at x is t ali5ates our       
sympa?ies f ! ritual & c]emonial        
obs]vances ( ! dom9ant cre$s8 ,is x !   
=ms z su*8 ,is x n r ! fact t to u !y h 
become dead =ms3 t !y no long] appeal to
 our s5tim5ts1 t !y fail to /ir1 to     
invigorate1 to ennoble u8 ,we h n ca/ !m
 aside lightly4 ,(t5 h we ent]$ ! h\se (
 wor%ip1 prep>$ to be drawn back into ! 
influ5ce ( its once famili> surr\nd+s3  
we beheld aga9 ! great assembly1 we he>d
 ! solemn music1 we li/5$ to ! prea*] z 
he /rove to impress ^u a sil5t          
multitude1 ! lessons ( ! high] life4 ,b 
9 ! pray]s we c\ld n jo91 & ! words to  
:i* ! music mov$ we c\ld n s+1 & !      
maxims ( ! prea*] 7 c\*$ 9 language1 &  
en=c$ ) doctr9al argum5ts t t\*$ no *ord
 9 our he>ts4 ,we left disappo9t$1 we _h
 receiv$ no help3 if ?is 7 religion1 we 
felt ourselves m di/ant f religion ?an  

ev] be=e4  ,on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates   
!re fl\ri%$ ( old an ext5sive colony (  
,jews4 ,a ,pr9ce ( ! ,captivity reviv$ !
 memory ( ! vani%$ glory ( ,k+ ,david's 
h\se4 ,high s*ools 7 erect$ t af=d$ a   
common c5tre to ! scatt]$ memb]s ( !    
,jewi% ,fai?4 ,9 ^! ! p beheld at once  
_! bond ( connection ) ! pa/1 & ! pl$ge 
( future re/oration to _! patrimony4 ,9 
! e>ly "p ( ! middle ages1 a pray] = !  
heal? & prosp]ity ( ! presid5ts ( ! high
 s*ools 0 ins]t$ into ! liturgy4 ,well  
nigh eight hundr$ ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ^! 
dignit>ies1 & ! s*ools !mselves1 h ceas$
 to exi/1 yet ! pray] is /ill reta9$1 & 
may be he>d repeat$ on any ,sabba? 9 !  
synagogues ( ! or?odox--a pray] = !     
heal? ( ! ,pr9ce & ! high s*ools on !   
,euphrates t vani%$ f ! face ( ! e>?    
eight hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,?us d religi\s  
=ms cont9ue to ma9ta9 !mselves long aft]
 _! vitality is p]i%$ & _! v mean+ is   
=gott54 ,b if ! preval5t =ms h ceas$ to 
satisfy u1 c we !re=e disp5se ) =m      
altoge!r8 ,if ! h\se t has giv5 u %elt] 

is 9 ru9s1 %all we !re=e live 9 ! woods 
& fields1 or %all we n r erect a new    
mansion on a broad] f\ndation1 & ) firm]
 walls8 ,x has be5 ! bane ( lib]alism1 t
 x 0 simply critical & n con/ructive4   
,y\r ?\ght mu/ h n w+s only1 b h&s &    
feet to walk & "w1 to =m & re=m4        
,lib]alism mu/ h its organs1 mu/ ent] ! 
race ) its rivals2 mu/ n criticise only1
 b d bett]4 ,lib]alism mu/ pass ! /age (
 individualism1 mu/ become ! s\l ( great
 comb9ations4 ,:at !n %all be ! =m      
adequate to express ! new ,ideal8  ,! =m
 ( any religion is ! image ( its ideal4 
,to illu/rate :at ?is means1 let u      
consid] = a mom5t ! orig9 ( ! synagogue 
& ! *ur*4  ,! or?odox op9ion t ,judaism 
0 reveal$ to ,moses f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s  
,b4 ,c4 is condemn$ by mod]n critics ( !
 ,bible4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( !           
consid]ations t h influ5c$ _! v]dict4   
,fir/1 we read 9 scripture t s late z ! 
reign ( ,david1 idolatry 0 /ill rampant 
among ! ,hebrews1 & ! attempt to expla9 
?is fact ^u ! !ory ( a relapse1 is      

contr>y to ! te/imony ( ! ,bible itself4
  ,secondly3 ,! "n ( ,moses is unkn[n to
 ! prophets1 8 o/5sible successors1 a   
circum/ance :i* w\ld rema9 inexplicable 
if ,moses _h inde$ be5 ! f\nd] (        
mono!ism4  ,?irdly3 ,l>ge portions ( !  
,p5tateu* 7 probably n compos$ be=e !   
six? or fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c1 t is to say 
ab\t a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! 
acc\nt !y give ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! p is 
!re=e op5 to s]i\s & j d\bt4 ,! prophets
 7 ! real au?ors ( mono!ism4 ,! prie/ly 
code ( ! ,p5tateu* does n repres5t ! =m 
( ,judaism :i* !y taught4 ,!y are n     
*>geable ) ! te*nicalities & dry =malism
 ( ! ,books ( ,moses4 ,!y 7 ! av[$      
enemies ( ! prie/hood & = a long "t     
engag$ 9 fi]ce /ruggles ) ! rul+ hi]>*y4
 ,_! doctr9es 7 9 ! ess5ce ^!3 ,t !re is
 a ,creator1 t he is j & m]ciful1 t !   
same qualities 9 man are ! mo/          
acceptable species ( div9e s]vice1 t    
,god directs all ev5ts1 :e!r great or   
small2 & t x is ! duty ( man to accept !
 guidance ( ! ,deity1 & to foll[ )      

tireless dilig5ce ! clews ( ! ,div9e ,w4
 ,jehovah is to be rev]5c$ n only z a   
spiritual1 b also z a temporal sov]eign1
 & ! prophets are 8 m9i/]s commission$  
to transmit 8 decrees to m54 ,?us       
,mono!ism f\nd expression 9 ! =m (      
,!ocratic gov]nm5t4 ,x is true ! hea!n  
_w 0 n yet prep>$ to ent] into s ne> a  
relation%ip ) ! ,creator4 ,on ?is acc\nt
 ! ,jews 7 select$ to be a typical p1 & 
! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 = ! "t be+ conf9$ to  
!m4 ,x is evid5t f ! above t ! ord] ( ! 
prophets 0 ! v ma9/ay ( ! ,!ocratic     
fabric4 ,:5 ^! inspir$ mess5g]s ceas$ to
 appe>1 ! conclusion 0 drawn t ! ,w (   
,god _h be5 fully reveal$4 ,! writ+s ( !
 prophets 7 !n collect$ into sacr$      
books1 & 7 reg>d$ z ! con/itution ( !   
div9e empire4 ,:5 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$1 !
 sacrifices 7 discont9u$ & ,judaism 0   
purg$ ( _m hea!ni% elem5ts :i* _h be5   
all[$ to m> ! simplicity ( ! prophetic  
religion4 ,! synagogue took ! place ( ! 
,temple1 & an intricate code ( c]emonies
 0 gradually elaborat$1 int5d$ to rem9d 

! pi\s ,jew at all h\rs & seasons ( 8   
duties t[>d ,god1 & ! peculi> mission   
accord$ to 8 p4 ,! synagogue 0 a s+le   
prom95t peak 9 ! range ( ! religi\s     
life1 a rally+ po9t = ! memb]s ( !      
,jewi% community1 a meet+ h\se :]e !y   
assembl$ to confirm _! allegiance to _! 
heav5ly ,k+4  ,n[ ! c>d9al po9t (       
diff]5ce betwe5 primitive ,*ri/ianity & 
,judaism relat$ to ! alleg$ abrogation (
 ! anci5t con/itution set =? 9 ! old    
,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ianity said3 ,! ,messiah 
has come2 ! law ( ,moses is fulfill$2 ! 
,k+ has issu$ a new con/itution1 & s5t 8
 own ,son to put x 9 =ce4 ,! "t has     
arriv$ :5 ! ,k+dom ( ,god ne$ no long]  
be re/rict$ to a s+le p4 ,jesus :o p]i%$
 on ! cross w pres5tly return1 & !      
univ]sal !ocracy w !n be proclaim$4 ,b  
,jesus did n return1 8 foll[]s wait$    
long & pati5tly1 b !y wait$ 9 va94 ,z "t
 roll$ on1 !y le>n$ to dwell less ^u !  
expect$ ,mill5nium on e>?1 & to def] !  
fulfilm5t ( _! hopes to ! life beyond ! 
grave4 ,9 ! int]val !y p]fect$ !        

organization ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ian      
,ideal ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is t ( a     
communion ( all sa9ts "u ! sov]eignty ( 
,god ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is  
design$ to be an image ( ?is ,ideal1 a  
communion ( sa9tly m5 on e>?1 accept+   
,*ri/ z _! ,ma/]4 ,*ri/ianity aspir$ to 
be ! univ]sal religion2 !re %\ld be no  
b>ri]s any m betwe5 man & man2 !        
exclusiv5ess ( anci5t ,judaism %\ld be  
brok5 d[n2 yet )al ! b>ri]s ( a new cre$
 soon arose 9 place ( ! old2 ! portals (
 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 7 rigidly clos$ aga9/
 all :o refus$ to b[ to ! despotism (   
dogma2 & ! virtues ( pagans 7 decl>$ to 
be %9+ vices4 ,! moral tea*+s ( ,*ri/   
are g5tle & k9dly1 b 9 ! doctr9al       
cont5tions ( ! ,*ri/ians ! _s ( ! ,ma/] 
0 =gott51 & ! e>? 0 delug$ ) blood4 ,&  
n[ ! new ,ideal diff]s f ,*ri/ianity 9  
?is1 t x seeks to approa* ! goal ( a    
,k+dom ( ,heav5 ^u e>?1 n by ! miracul\s
 int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity1 b by ! labori\s  
ex]tions ( m51 & ! sl[ b c]ta9 progress 
( successive g5]ations4 ,we h nam$ ! =m 

( religion an image ( ! ,ideal1 yet an  
image poor & incomplete at be/1 r a     
symbol1 a sugge/ion ( :at c nev] be     
realiz$4 ,9 ! realm ( art we d n f9d !  
s\l ( beauty 9 ! color$ canvas or !     
m>ble /atue2 ^! are helpful hi]oglyphics
 only1 tea*+ ^? t c read _! mute        
language to create anew ! ideal z x liv$
 9 ! arti/'s s\l1 9 ! div9e h\r (       
conception4 ,?us all =m has its value   
only 9 :at x sugge/s4 ,our ,ideal is t (
 ! fell[%ip ( humanity 9 highe/ wisdom1 
highe/ tru? & highe/ love4 ,! =m ( ?is  
ideal !re=e c be none o!r ?an a new     
fell[%ip unit$ by ! high] tru?s & pur]  
love t make its bond to be a symbol ( ! 
highe/6 ,we are we>y ( ! unreal & untrue
 exi/5ce we are =c$ to lead2 we are we>y
 ( ! empt9ess ( r\t9e1 we>y ( ! false   
co9 ( reputation t passes curr5t 9 !    
m>ket ( vanity fair2 we are we>y ( ! l[ 
/&>ds by :i* actions are judg$1 & to    
:i*1 to our dismay1 we p]ceive our      
actions ins5sibly con=m4 ,b ! pressure (
 social influ5ces ab\t u is enorm\s1 &  

no s+le arm c resi/ x4 ,we mu/ ne$s b&  
toge!r !n1 if we w\ld a*ieve a high]    
life2 we mu/ create = ourselves a pur]  
atmosph]e1 if any r>] virtues are to    
fl\ri% 9 our mid/2 we mu/ make our own  
public op9ion1 to buoy u up 9 e l(ti]   
aspiration4 ,unions we want t w hold1 n 
religion z a duty1 b duty z a religion2 
union to a*ieve a l>g] morality4 ,?ree  
?+s morality dem&s ( u z int]pret$ 9 !  
light ( our pres5t social conditions3   
great] simplicity 9 mann]s1 great]      
purity 9 ! passions1 great] *>ity4 ,!   
habit ( luxuri\s liv+ is eat+ into !    
vitals ( society1 is defil+ ! family1 & 
corrupt+ ! /ate4 ,let me n be falsely   
und]/ood4 ,all t is luxury :i* political
 economi/s are wont to class z          
unproductive consumption4 ,9 ?is s5se1  
books1 music & pictures are luxuries1 & 
:o w\ld be will+ to =ego !m4 ,x becomes 
u to ! utmo/ ( our p[]s to satisfy !    
?ir/ = k1 & to educate ! s5se ( h>mony3 
x is wise to exp5d g5]\sly ^u e means ( 
culture & ref9em5t4 ,b ?is we mu/ be> 9 

m9d1 t !re %\ld be a rank & a prop]     
subord9ation among our ta/es & desires4 
,n[ t is luxury 9 ! evil1 9 ! debas+    
s5se ( ! t]m1 t we subv]t ! natural ord]
 ( our ta/es1 t we make ! m]e           
gratification ( ! animal passions1 ! m]e
 pursuit ( weal?1 ! m]e adornm5t ( our  
clay1 ma9 objects1 :ile ! graces (      
intellect p]i%1 & ! adornm5t ( ! s\l is 
neglect$4 ,say n1 we w d ! "o1 & n leave
 undone ! o!r2 = ! inord9ate degree to  
:i* ! mean] passions are develop$1 dulls
 our s5se ( l(ti] ne$s4 ,we _c s]ve ^!  
two ma/]s4 ,frivol\s 9 prosp]ity1 we    
become helpless 9 adv]sity & p]i%       
inw>dly1 our gr[? /unt$1 our nobl]      
sympa?ies blunt$1 long be=e we are b$d$ 
9 our graves4 ,:at s+le ef=t c a*ieve a 
*ange8 ,fell[%ip1 fri5ds are ne$$1 & a  
public op9ion on behalf ( simplicity4   
,& purity 9 ! passions is ne$$4 ,an ugly
 sore is "h conceal$1 a skeleton 9 !    
closet ( :i* m5 speak ) bat$ brea?4 ,is 
!re n su* a ?+ z sanctity ( ! p]son6    
,did y n rebel aga9/ human slav]y       

because y said x 0 wrong t any be+ born 
9 ! image ( man %\ld be ! tool ( ano!r8 
,& no argum5ts c\ld deceive y--n if !   
slave (f]$ himself will+ly to ! yoke1 & 
rejoic$ 9 8 bondage4 ,y d>$ n s s9 aga9/
 human nature1 & accept t (f]4 ,& yet   
,new ,york has its slaves1 ,bo/on its   
slaves1 & e l>ge t[n on ! face ( ! wide 
e>? has ?is s9ful1 outca/ army (        
slaves--tools1 :om we h robb$ ( t :i* no
 human be+ has a "r to b>t]1 ! "r to    
virtue at lea/1 if n to happ9ess4 ,call 
n t a law ( nature1 :i* is ! lawlessness
 ( nature6 ,say n1 x has ev] be5 ?us1 & 
ev] %all be6 ,f dep?s ( vice :i* !      
imag9ation d>e n recall1 humanity has   
sl[ly ris5 to its pres5t level1 & high] 
& high] w x take its c\rse :5 !         
consci5ce is quick5$ & true love exp&s4 
,fell[%ip is ne$$ to support ?is        
difficult virtue & a public op9ion on   
behalf ( purity4  ,& *>ity1 fri5ds2 n t 
:i* we commonly call$ *>ity2 b *>ity t  
prev5ts r ?an cures4 ,y pass ?r\gh ! l[]
 qu>t]s ( our city1 y see ! mis]y1 !    

fil?1 ! gaunt1 grim pov]ty1 ! c>eworn   
faces1 ! c&idates = />vation4 ,/>vation6
 :oev] he>s ( x8 ,! newspap]s r>ely     
speak ( x2 "h or !re an exceptional     
case4 ,nay truly1 ^! p d n />ve2 !y die 
( a cold p]haps2 ! small-pox came &     
c>ri$ !m (f3 diph!ria makes its ravage  
among !m4 ,ah1 b 0 x n want t sapp$ _!  
/r5g?1 & made !m p[]less to resi/       
disease8 ,0 x n _! life ( p9*$ paup]ism 
t rip5$ !m = ! reap]'s scy!8 ,!n pass f 
^! sorr[ful sights to our /ately ,av5ue4
 ,behold ! gay _w ( fa%ion1 its pa9t$   
pomp1 its gild$ s9fulness1 its he>tless 
extravagance4 ,is n ?is an intol]able   
contra/8 ,%all we re/ quiet "u ! talk ( 
irrem$iable evils8 ,is x n true t some?+
 mu/ be done1 & c be done because x mu/8
 ,! di/ribution ( weal? !y say1 is      
gov]n$ by economic laws1 & s5tim5t has  
no "r to be consid]$ 9 affairs (        
bus9ess4 ,b :]e ,i pray y is ! s5tim5t (
 bro!rly love consid]$ z x %\ld be8     
,educate ! masses6 ,b d we educate !m8  
,/imulate _! self-respect & tea* !m     

self-help6 ,b :at l>ge or effective     
measures are we tak+ to ?is mo/         
desirable end8 ,y _c help1 good fri5d1  
nor ,i4 ,b a doz5 might aid some:at1 & a
 ?\s& brave unselfi% he>ts knit toge!r =
 su* a purpose1 :o %all say :at mighty  
*anges !y c\ld "w4 ,surely fell[%ip is  
ne$$ "h1 & a public op9ion on behalf (  
*>ity4  ,! f9e phrase1 humanity has     
pregnant mean+s4 ,!y /& = ! gr&e/1 !    
/]ne/ realities ( ! times4 ,purity1     
*>ity & simplicity1 ^! %all be !        
wat*words ( a new fell[%ip1 :i* %all    
practice ! tea*+s ( humanity1 t are va9 
z ! empty w9d1 if he>d only & approv$1 b
 n made actual 9 our de$s4  ,& yet "s w 
smile incr$ul\sly & ask1 :]e are ! m5 & 
wom5 prep>$ to und]take su* a task8 ,x  
is true1 we mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,f    
e>lie/ *ildhood ! "y mu/ be tra9$ on a  
nobl] me?od1 & 9 ! e?ical s*ool lies !  
ma9 "w ( prep>ation4 ,!re e /ep 9 !     
c\rse ( developm5t mu/ be c>efully      
consid]$1 vigilantly wat*$ & wisely     
direct$1 to ! "o cr[n+ purpose ( rip5+ !

 "y m9ds & he>ts = t fell[%ip ( love &  
hope4  ,a new fell[%ip1 a new ord]1 ,i  
say boldly1 ^: memb]s %all n be b\nd by 
any v[s1 :i* %all h no conv5ts1 no      
my/]ies1 b %all make itself an exempl> (
 ! virtues x prea*es1 a =m ( ! ideal4 ,!
 p]ils t att5d su* organizations are    
great2 we w n attempt to und]rate _!    
gravity1 b we believe !y c be ov]come4  
,! _s ( co-op]ation l5ds mighty mom5tum 
to e cause2 x dep5ds ^u ! cause itself  
:e!r ! influ5ce ex]t$ %all be = good or 
evil4 ,& !re has be5 9 hi/ory a s+le    
ord] at lea/ ( ! k9d :i* ,i describe3 ,!
 bro!rhood ( ! common life1 x 0 call$2  
an ord] compos$ ( e>ne/1 /udi\s m51 to  
:om ! upheaval ( ,europe 9 ! sixte5?    
c5tury 0 l>gely due2 a noble bro!rhood t
 prep>$ ! way = ! great ,re=mation4 ,!  
,ca?olic ord]s are d$icat$ to ! _w to   
come2 ! ord] ( ! ,ideal w be d$icat$ to 
! _w ( ! liv+3 to deep5 & broad5 !      
consci5ce ( m5 w be its mission4  ,!    
propag&a ( ,lib]alism 9 ! pa/ has be5   
weak & b>r5 ( great results4 ,/rong     

p]sonalities x has br\ght =?2 ar\nd ^!  
societies h clu/]$ & fall5 asund] :5 !  
p]sonal magnet 0 )drawn4 ,:at we ne$ is 
in/itutions ( :i* p]sons %all be m]ely !
 expon5ts2 in/itutions t mu/ be gr\nd$  
on ! ne$s ( ! pres5t1 & t %all la/ by _!
 own vitality1 to future ages & to !    
increase ( future good4  ,x is ! op5+ ( 
! spr+499 ,aft] its long w9t] sleep1 !  
e>? reawak5s1 & amid ! fi]ce /orms ( !  
,equ9ox nature u%]s 9 ! season ( fl[]s &
 ( summ]'s gold5 pl5ty4 ,x is ! day (   
,ea/]4 ,l\dly ! bells are peal+ & joy\s 
songs celebrate 9 ! leg5d ( ,*ri/ ris5 f
 ! grave1 ! m>vel ( ! ,resurrection4    
,:at we _c cr$it ( an individual1 is    
true ( ! nations4 ,aft] long p]iods (   
seem+ torpor & dea?1 humanity ev] arises
 anew f ! du/1 %akes (f its slumb]s1 &  
clo!s itself ) fre%] vigor & div9] p[]s4
       99 ,! above disc\rse 0 deliv]$ on
 ,ea/] ,sunday1 ,april      #a/4  ,let !
 hope ( ! season animate u4 ,let x fill 
our s\ls ) confid5ce 9 our great]       
de/9ies2 let x tea* u to tru/ 9 !m & to 

labor = !m1 t a new ,ideal may vivify ! 
palsi$ he>ts & a new spr+ tide come1 & a
 new ,ea/] dawn arise ov] all mank9d4   
,,vi4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,cons]vatism ,,(  
,,wom54  ,no ?\ghtful p]son c fail to   
appreciate ! enorm\s influ5ce :i* wom5  
are con/antly ex]cis+ = good & evil ^u !
 de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,! *>ms & graces (     
exi/5ce1 :atev] ennobles & embelli%es   
life1 we owe ma9ly to !m4 ,!y are !     
natural gu>dians ( morality1 & f age to 
age ! mo!rs ( h\seholds h pres]v$ !     
sacr$ fire on ! dome/ic he>?1 :]eat e   
virtue is k9dl$4 ,b !y h also be5 ! mo/ 
=midable enemies ( progress4 ,_!        
cons]vatism is usually ( ! mo/ unreason+
 k9d1 & ! t5acity ) :i* !y cl+ to       
favorite prejudices is r>ely ov]come    
ei!r by argum5t or appeal4 ,!y h be5 f  
"t immemorial ! dupes1 ! tools1 & ! mo/ 
effective allies ( prie/craft4 ,_!      
ho/ility to ! cause ( ,re=m has be5 s   
fatal1 n only because ( ! direct        
influ5ce ( _! actions1 b because ( t    
subtle p[] :i* !y ex]t s skilfully ov] !

 m9ds ( husb&s1 bro!rs & fri5ds1 by !   
arts ( remon/rance1 entreaty & !        
contagion ( _! feeble al>ms4 ,! "q :e!r 
_! ho/ility c be turn$ into fri5d%ip1 is
 "o ( mom5t\s importance = ! lead]s ( ! 
,lib]al movem5t to consid]4  ,9 ! foll[+
 we %all endeavor to make pla9 t !      
subord9ate position hi!rto assign$ to   
wom51 is ! pr9cipal cause t has impell$ 
!m to take sides aga9/ religi\s         
progress4  ,among ! primitive races     
woman 0 r$uc$ to a condition ( abject   
slav]y4 ,affection ( ! deep] k9d 0      
unkn[n4 ,! wife 0 robb$ or pur*as$ f h] 
relations2 0 treat$ z a m5ial by h]     
husb&1 & (t5 expos$ to ! mo/ brutal     
abuse4 ,z civilization advanc$1 !       
m>riage bond became m firm1 & common    
int]e/ 9 ! (fspr+ ( ! union s]v$ to     
create common sympa?ies4 ,among !       
,greeks1 ! ideal ( dome/ic life 0 pure &
 elevat$4 ,! tales ( ,&roma*e1 ,p5elope 
& ,alce/es illu/rate ! /r5g? ( conjugal 
fidelity & ! t\*+ pa?os ( love t outla/s
 dea?4 ,! ,grecian home 0 f5c$ ab\t )   

scrupul\s c>e & /ricte/ privacy protect$
 its inmates f temptation4 ,x 0 ! duty (
 ! wife to sup]9t5d ! int]nal economy ( 
! h\sehold1 to sp9 & weave1 to direct ! 
slaves 9 _! v>i\s occupations1 to nurse 
!m :5 sick1 to wat* ov] ! "y *ildr51 &  
*iefly to insure ! com=t & satisfaction 
( h] "l4 ,8 c>es & ambitions inde$ %e   
h>dly %>$4 ,%e nev] aspir$ to be 8      
equal1 & simple ob$i5ce to 8 wi%es 0 !  
supreme virtue impress$ ^u h] by        
education1 & en=c$ by habit4 ,among !   
,romans1 ! "* ( ! matron is describ$ 9 !
 mo/ laudatory & rev]5tial t]ms4 ,/ill !
 laws ( ! ,republic made woman          
practically ! bondswoman ( man4 ,x is   
well-kn[n t our ,engli% ^w family is    
d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 :]e x orig9ally means ! 
h\sehold ( slaves4 ,! matron too1 0     
c\nt$1 at lea/ !oretically1 among ^!    
slaves1 & ! "r ( decid+ h] fate lit]ally
 = life or dea?1 belong$ exclusively to 
h] husb&4 ,x is true 9 ! cordial        
intimacy ( ! monogamic bond1 ! au/]ity (
 usage1 & ! h>%ness ( ! laws are (t5    

temp]$ by affection & mutual respect2   
yet we are aptly rem9d$ by a mod]n writ]
 on ?is subject1 t ! law :i* rema9s a   
dead lett] to ! ref9$ & cultivat$       
becomes ! in/rum5t ( ! mo/ he>tless     
oppression 9 ! h&s ( ! vulg> & !        
passionate4  ,among ! ,hebrews1 a       
position ( great dignity & consequ5ce 0 
sometimes accord$ to _! wom54 ,! wives (
 ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob play$ an     
important "p 9 direct+ ! affairs ( !    
,patri>*al h\seholds4 ,a woman p]=m$ !  
functions ( judge & lead] ( armies1 wom5
 sat ^u ! ?rone1 prophetesses 7 consult$
 9 grave matt]s ( ! ,/ate & ( religion2 
9 ! abs5ce ( sons1 ! ,mosaic law        
gu>antees to daught]s ! "r ( succession 
to ! family e/ate4 ,! lat] writ+s ( !   
,jews are likewise replete ) noble      
s5tim5ts t\*+ ! sanctity ( ! conjugal   
tie4 ,_m ( ! ord9ances ( ! ,talmud dep5d
 ^u wom5 = _! execution1 & ?is          
circum/ance alone mu/ h contribut$ to   
raise !m 9 ! popul> e/imation4 ,9 e     
m>riage contract a c]ta9 sum 0 set ap>t 

= ! wife1 9 case ( h] husb&'s dea? or ( 
divorce4 ,/ill ! "r ( dissolv+ !        
matrimonial connection belong$          
exclusively to ! husb&1 al?\gh "u c]ta9 
conditions he c\ld be =c$ by ! c\rt to  
issue ! writ ( sep>ation4 ,h[ev] ! wife 
might be honor$ & lov$1 %e 0 ev] reg>d$ 
z man's inf]ior4  ,! influ5ce (         
,*ri/ianity ^u ! position ( wom51 0     
tw(old1 & 9 opposite directions4 ,on !  
"o h& wom5 _h be5 among ! fir/ & mo/    
devot$ foll[]s ( ,jesus2 wom5 7 l>gely  
in/rum5tal 9 effect+ ! conv]sion ( !    
,roman ,empire1 & 9 ! li/ ( m>tyrs1 _!  
names %9e preem95t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ur*
 9 ! e>ly c5turies ca/ an unp>donable   
slur on ! m>riage relation4 ,we read (  
"y maid5s flee+ ! society ( de>         
companions & fri5ds1 to escape !        
temptation ( ! affections1 ( fai?ful    
wives1 fill$ ) inexpressible loa?+ at a 
connection :i* !y deem$ contr>y to !    
dictates ( religion1 & des]t+ husb&s &  
*ildr54 ,! desire ( love 0 poison$ ) a  
s5se ( guilt4 ,! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1    

f9ally en=c$ by ,pope ,hildebr&1 gave   
rise to ! mo/ %ock+ irregul>ities4 ,all 
?is t5d$ to degrade ! female sex4  ,at !
 "t ( ! crusades a p>tial revulsion (   
feel+ took place4 ,! _s ( *ivalry ent]$ 
! *ur*1 ! "* ( woman 0 transfigur$1 & ! 
wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y spread 9         
consequ5ce ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,a *ange 9 !
 education ( girls 0 "o ( ! results ( ! 
rise ( ,*ivalry4 ,music & poetry became 
its *ief elem5ts2 wom5 7 f$ on          
intellectual sweetmeats1 b /rong &      
heal?y n\ri%m5t 0 /ill d5i$ !m4  ,9 all 
! diff]5t /ages ( progress :i* we h ?us 
rapidly scann$1 ! assumption ( man's    
sup]iority to woman 0 held z an         
inconte/ible article ( belief1 & ev5 !  
*ivalric ideal is only a m amiable &    
disguis$ expression ( ! same view4  ,:at
 effect ! disabilities "u :i* !y labor$ 
mu/ h _h ^u ! religi\s life ( wom5 w    
readily be p]ceiv$4 ,!re are two        
attitudes ( m9d peculi>ly favorable to  
or?odoxy2 ! "o a t5d5cy to lean on      
au?ority1 ! o!r a disposition to give   

free sway to ! feel+s )\t submitt+ !m to
 ! *ecks ( reason4 ,n[ x is pla9 t !    
condition ( dep5d5ce to :i* society has 
condemn$ woman is calculat$ to develop  
^! v qualities to an abnormal degree4 ,f
 e>ly *ildhood %e receives comm&s & is  
taught to di/ru/ h] own judgm5t4 ,:5 %e 
ent]s ! bonds ( matrimony %e becomes    
dep5d5t on h] husb& = support1 & 9 ! va/
 majority ( cases1 8 rip] judgm5t %ames 
h] inexp]i5ce4 ,9 all grav] matt]s %e   
mu/ p]=ce def] to 8 decision4 ,accu/om$ 
to rely on au?ority1 is x surpris+ t 9  
matt]s ( religion1 :]e ev5 m5 confess _!
 ignorance1 %e %\ld rejoice 9 ! au?ority
 ( ! prie/1 ^: directions relieve h] (  
d\bt & supply a ready *annel = h] ?\ghts
 & acts4 ,aga9 ! feel+s are h] natural  
weapons1 %all %e n tru/ !m6 ,! /ability 
& security ( society are ! conditions on
 :i* h] de>e/ hopes dep5d = _!          
realization4 ,c %e welcome ! /ruggles ( 
innovation4 ,all h] feel+s clu/] ab\t ! 
religi\s traditions ( ! pa/2 all a      
woman's he>t pleads = _! ma9t5ance4  ,n[

 to conf9e ! feel+s ( woman )9 _! prop] 
b\nds1 x is necess>y to give wid] scope1
 & a m g5]\s cultivation to h]          
intellect2 9 brief to all[ h] ! same    
fre$om ( developm5t z is univ]sally     
accord$ to man4 ,fre$om makes /rong1 & !
 confid5ce ( o!rs g5]ates an indep5d5t &
 self-reliant _s 9 ourselves4 ,x is     
inde$ (t5 urg$ t woman is by nature !   
inf]ior ( man4 ,b ! appeal to physiology
 seems to be at lea/ premature2 !       
relation ( ! size ( ! bra9 to           
intellectual capacity be+ by no means   
cle>ly det]m9$2 :ile ! appeal to hi/ory 
is1 if possible1 ev5 m trea*]\s1 because
 x cites ! evils eng5d]$ by an anci5t & 
long cont9u$ sy/em ( oppression 9 favor 
( ! sy/em itself4 ,c\nt+ all !          
disadvantages aga9/ :i* woman has be5   
=c$ to cont5d1 & :i* h hamp]$ h] e ef=t 
to elevate h] condition1 x is truly     
m>vel\s1 n t %e has done s little1 b t  
%e has accompli%$ t :i* %e has4 ,ev5 9 !
 difficult art ( gov]nm5t %e has e>n$   
well m]it$ di/9ction1 & wom5 are nam$   

among ! wise/ & mo/ b5efic5t rul]s (    
anci5t & mod]n times499 ,:at !          
possibilities ( woman's nature may be1  
no "o c tell2 lea/ ( all %e h]self4 ,z x
 is %e is cr$it$ ) a sup]ior p[] (      
intuition1 a readi] insight into "*1 a m
 complete ma/]y ( details4 ,:at l>g]    
p[]s n[ lat5t a broad] culture w br+ to 
light1 rema9s = ! future to %[4       99
 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 
p4 #ajj4  ,b we are told t ! sph]e (    
woman's "w is 9 ! home1 & t prop]ly to  
p]=m h] vocation !re1 %e does n ne$ !   
vigor\s tra9+ requir$ = m54 ,t woman's  
mission ought to be & happily is 9 !    
majority ( cases 9 ! home1 no "o w      
ga9say4 ,at ! same "t1 we %\ld n close  
our eyes to pat5t facts1 facts su* z ^!2
 t ! numb] ( wom5 ^: mission actually   
does n lie 9 ! home1 is exce$+ly great2 
t accord+ to ! la/ c5sus ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 = in/ance1 ! female population (
 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 is fifty-six ?\s&
 9 excess ( ! male2 t well nigh two     
millions ( wom5 9 ?is c\ntry are engag$ 

9 work+ = _! livelihood4 ,is x n cruel  
mock]y to say to ^! wom5 t _! bus9ess is
 9 ! h\sehold8 ,if ! condition ( ?+s is 
su* t !y mu/ seek outside labor2 if we  
p]mit !m to toil by hundr$s ( ?\s&s 9 ! 
fields & factories1 on :at plea ( "r or 
reason c we d5y !m admission to ! high] 
grades ( s]vice8 ,is x n simple ju/ice  
to admit !m to all ! pr(essions1 & to   
all[ !m ! same advantages 9 colleges &  
pr(essional s*ools z are enjoy$ by m58  
,we ne$ n fe> t ! privilege w be abus$4 
,if wom5 und]take to engage 9 pursuits =
 :i* !y are physically or m5tally unfit1
 ! effect ( competition w quickly       
disc\rage !m1 & "h z else:]e1 only !    
fitte/ w survive4  ,b aside f ^? :o are 
de/9$ to rema9 s+le1 & consid]+ ! sev5  
millions ( wom51 or m1 :o w become wives
 & mo!rs ( families2 is n ! dem& = high]
 education equally imp]ative 9 _! case8 
,"y girls are b too (t5 educat$ to be ! 
agreeable companions1 r ?an ! p>tn]s (  
_! future husb&s4 ,!y receive suffici5t 
in/ruction to give !m a g5]al           

acqua9tance ) ! surface ( ?+s1 b n      
suffici5t to develop :at ought to be !  
*ief end ( e s*eme ( education--a       
p]man5t intellectual int]e/ 9 any "o    
direction4 ,mu* "t is wa/$ on m9or      
accompli%m5ts4 ,at an age :5 ! "y girl  
is /ill totally immature1 %e is (t5     
)drawn f ! influ5ce ( h] preceptors1 &  
hurri$ f dissipation to dissipation1 to 
tread ! r\nd ( society's gayeties1 & to 
inhale ! poison\s atmosph]e ( flatt]y & 
conv5tional falsehoods4 ,%e ent]s a new 
_w4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! re/ra9ts ( s*ool
 life1 & h] novel s5se ( consequ5ce     
intoxicates h]2 ! desire = pleasure     
becomes a passion2 ! books ( useful     
in=mation1 t nev] possess$ a real *>m = 
h]1 are ca/ aside1 & ! lit]ature ( !    
s5tim5ts alone reta9s its attractions   
dur+ ! rema9d] ( life4 ,x is n a/oni%+ t
 ^? ^: m9ds are ?us left b>r51 %\ld     
employ _! leisure h\rs 9 frivol\s or    
vici\s occupations2 t an exorbitant     
luxury1 ! sign at all times1 ( defici5t 
culture1 %\ld h infect$ ! community4 ,x 

is n wond]ful t :5 ! trials ( life      
approa*1 ^! wom5 grasp wildly at ! ne>e/
 sup]/ition1 & pro/rate !mselves be=e   
any idol ( ! vulg>1 9 _! bl9d ignorance 
& cr$ulity4  ,i h said t high] education
 c alone make m>riage :at x ought to be1
 = x is n fancy or ! gl[ ( passion t c  
b9d ! he>ts toge!r 9 la/+ w$lock4 ,!    
m>riage bond has deep] mean+s4 ,two s\ls
 are unit$1 ea* to be all 9 all to ea*4 
,"h %all be ! v consummation ( love2    
love1 t preci\s boon t assuages e pang1 
& /ills e grief1 & triumphs ov]         
sickness1 sorr[1 & ! tomb4 ,all nature's
 symbols fail to express its fulness2 x 
has ! hope ( ! dawn+ day2 x has ! t5d]  
pa?os ( ! light ( ! moon2 x has ! melody
 ( birds1 ! my/ic /illness ( ! =e/1 !   
inf9ity ( ! fa?omless sea6 ,b\nte\s     
love1 h[ inexhau/ible are its treasures6
 ,! fires ( ! passions k9dle affection1 
b _c secure x4 ,if !re be only ! /ubble 
( desire 9 ! he>t1 t w quickly be       
consum$2 if !re be ve9s ( true gold !re1
 t w be melt$ & ref9$4 ,ye>s pass1 y\?  

fades1 ! att5dant tra9 ( ! graces       
vani%es1 lovel9ess falls l a mask1 b !  
union only becomes firm] & tru/i]1      
because x is a union1 n ( ! s5tim5ts    
m]ely1 b ( ! s\ls4 ,! wife becomes !    
true %>] ( h] husb&'s ?\ghts2 mutual    
confid5ce reigns betwe5 !m2 !y gr[ by   
mutual fur!rance2 ea* sees 9 ea* !      
mirror ( 8 nobl] self2 !y are ! true    
complem5t "o to ! o!r4 ,:o does n "k t  
su* unions are r>e6 ,common sympa?ies1  
common duties d inde$ create a tol]able 
und]/&+ 9 mo/ h\seholds2 b t is n w$lock
 t m5 & wom5 %\ld jog on tol]ably well  
toge!r = ! bett] "p ( a lifetime4  ,!   
mod]n m9d is con/antly broad5+2 new     
facts1 new discov]ies are con/antly com+
 to light1 & l(ti] problems engage !    
att5tion ( ?9k]s4 ,if woman w\ld n be   
utt]ly left beh9d 9 ! race1 !n mu/ %e   
make an ef=t to acquire m solid k1 &    
educational re=m is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! cause
 ( woman's emancipation4 ,! electoral   
fran*ise1 & :atev] o!r measures may be  
includ$ 9 ! popul> phrase ( ,woman's    

rights %\ld be res]v$ = future          
discussion4 ,if practicable at all1 !y  
are assur$ly = ! pres5t ( second>y      
importance4  ,p]mit me to close by      
briefly =mulat+ a few po9ts t seem to me
 to des]ve special consid]ation 9 ?is   
connection4  ,woman1 l man1 %\ld        
compreh5d ! age 9 :i* %e lives & ! great
 que/ions by :i* x is agitat$4 ,to ?is  
end a k ( hi/ory1 & *iefly ! hi/ory ( h]
 own nation1 is requisite4 ,%e %\ld le>n
 to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( ! language %e  
speaks1 & ! lit]ature 9 :i* x is        
pres]v$1 n f dry text-books1 b f ! liv+ 
works ( ! au?ors !mselves4 ,%e %\ld be  
able to pass an intellig5t judgm5t ^u ! 
political issues ( ! day1 t take up s   
l>ge a %>e ( m5's conv]sation1 & to ?is 
end ! rudim5ts ( political sci5ce might 
pr(itably be taught h]4 ,%e %\ld possess
 suffici5t famili>ity ) ! natural       
sci5ces to compreh5d at lea/ ! ma9      
results ( sci5tific inve/igations1 & a  
tra9+ ( ?is k9d w\ld h ! fur!r advantage
 ( accu/om+ h] m9d to ! me?ods (        

accurate ?9k+4 ,%e %\ld ga9 "s k ( !    
human body & ( ! laws ^u :i* its heal?  
dep5ds4 ,is x n /range t ?is important  
bran* ( k is s g5]ally neglect$ 9 !     
tra9+ ( ^? :o are to be mo!rs ( ! future
 g5]ation8 ,h[ (t5 w\ld prop] att5tion  
to a few simple rules ( hygi5e prev5t   
sickness2 h[ (t5 w\ld m effici5t nurs+  
av]t dea?1 :]e x is n[ freely all[$ to  
ent]4 ,!n too ! outl9es ( p$agogy %\ld  
be includ$ 9 a c\rse ( advanc$          
in/ruction = wom54 ,mo!rs are !         
educators ( ! *ildr51 b ! educators     
!mselves require to be educat$4  ,if !  
intellect ( girls 7 brac$ & /imulat$ 9  
?is mann]1 !y w\ld exhibit great]       
self-possession & self-reliance 9 _!    
lat] lives2 !y w\ld be less apt to be   
delud$ by false appeals to ! feel+s3 !  
woman's view w\ld be no long] prov]bial 
= ! weak] view2 ! :ole ( society w\ld   
feel ! b5efic5t *ange1 & ! problem :i*  
we set out to discuss 9 ! beg9n+ w\ld 9 
due "t solve itself4  ,we d n = a mom5t 
appreh5d t ! increas$ cultivation ( !   

intellect w\ld entail any loss (        
sweetness or ( ^? graci\s qualities t   
make ! *>m ( womanhood4 ,:]ev] su* a    
result has be5 app>5tly obs]v$1 x is    
safe to ascribe x to o!r causes4 ,tru? &
 beauty are f> too closely ak9 9 _!     
inmo/ nature to exclude ea* o!r4 ,nor d 
we fe> t ! int5sity ( moral feel+1 = :i*
 wom5 are di/+ui%$1 w\ld suff] "u !     
re/ra9+ influ5ce ( reason's guidance4 ,!
 moral feel+s w\ld inde$ be purifi$1    
elevat$ & direct$ to _! prop] objects by
 ! judici\s use ( reason2 !y w\ld n     
!re=e be enfeebl$4 ,9 ! pa/1 !          
cons]vatism ( wom5 has be5 a mighty     
ob/acle 9 ! pa? ( progress4 ,x is b j to
 add t at ! dawn ( e great religi\s     
movem5t :i* promis$ ! moral advancem5t (
 ! race1 gift$ wom51 ris+ above !       
weakness ( _! si/]s1 h be5 among !      
e>lie/ to welcome ! new hope = humanity2
 h be5 among ! mo/ ard5t1 ! mo/         
self-sacrific+ ( its disciples4 ,!      
,lib]al movem5t ( our day also is       
ess5tially a movem5t = l>g] morality1 & 

m & m z ?is feature w be cle>ly         
develop$1 may x hope to ga9 ! sympa?ies 
( brave & good wom5 to its side4 ,9 _!  
support x w behold at once ! crit]ion ( 
its wor?9ess1 & ! sure/ pl$ge ( its     
ultimate triumph4     ,,vii4 ,,our      
,,consolations       ,a disc\rse deliv]$
 on ,sunday1 ,april #bi1 #ahgg4  ,we g  
out 9 ^! balmy days ( spr+ into ! reviv+
 fields1 & ! eye dr9ks 9 ) delight !    
fre% & succul5t gre5 ( ! mead[s2 !      
will[s beg9 to put =? _! v]dant foliage1
 ! brooks purl & babble ( ! new life t  
has wak$ 9 ! =e/3 be glad1 all nature   
cries1 summ] is com+4 ,& ! fre%ness ( ! 
season ent]s into our own he>ts1 our    
pulses beat m quickly1 our /ep is m     
buoyant4 ,we rememb] all t is joyful 9  
exi/5ce2 ! arts t embelli%1 !           
aspirations t ennoble1 ! affections t   
ende> x4 ,gold5 ! future lies be=e u2   
our v c>es lose _! sombre hues2 l !     
gold5 isl&s ( cl\d t gl[ 9 ! glory (    
sunset skies4  ,b b5ea? ! fair semblance
 ( nature t = a "t deludes our s5ses1 a 

d>k & t]rible reality is conceal$4      
,obs]ve h[ pitilessly ! de/ructive      
elem5ts pursue _! pa?1 ! e>?quake !     
tornado1 ! epidemic4 ,a few mon?s ago a 
rise ( ! sea swept away two hundr$ ?\s& 
human lives 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4     
,myriads ( s5ti5t be+s are daily ca/ up 
9 ! summ] to p]i% ) ! fir/ brea? ( cold4
 ,9 ! animal _w1 ! /rong fe$ ^u ! weak1 
& ! remorseless /ruggle = exi/5ce ext5ds
 ev5 into ! sph]e ( human activity4 ,at 
?is v mom5t ! :ole ( ,europe is fill$ ) 
anxi\s al>m 9 view ( an imp5d+ w> (     
conque/4 ,:ile indu/ry is p>alyz$1 :ile 
trade is at a /&-/ill1 :ile a virul5t   
disease g5]at$ by />vation has brok5 out
 9 ,silesia1 & ! workm5 ( ,lyons h      
become dep5d5t on ! public *>ity (      
,france1 ! res\rces ( nations1 already  
well nigh exhau/$1 are dra9$ to prep>e =
 ! em]g5cies ( conflict4 ,) a secret    
?rill ( t]ror we read t b$s = ! w\nd$ & 
millions ( r\bles = hospital appliances 
are be+ vot$ by ! municipalities (      
,russia4 ,readily ! imag9ation c picture

 to itself :at ^! gha/ly prep>ations    
mean4 ,x is true1 s long z all is well )
 u1 ! l>g] evils ( ! _w d n greatly     
di/urb our equanimity4 ,man has ! happy 
faculty ( ab/ract+ 8 att5tion f ?+s     
remote4 ,! accumulat$ woes ( a cont95t  
affect u less ?an "s trifl+ accid5t 9   
our imm$iate vic9ity4 ,b :5 ! mess5g]s (
 evil h ca/ _! %ad[s across our ?re%old1
 :5 calamity has laid its heavy h& ^u   
our %\ld]1 x is !n t ! g5]al            
unsatisfactor9ess ( life recurs to u )  
add$ =ce 9 view ( our own exp]i5ce2 !   
spl5dor fades f ! surr\nd+ sc5e2 e d>k  
/a9 takes on a deep] blackness1 & !     
gloom t comes f )9 fills & obscures !   
entire field ( our vision4 ,we h su/a9$ 
f9ancial loss1 p]haps we are h>r[$ by   
dome/ic discord1 we are sudd5ly /rick5 9
 ! mid/ ( heal?1 & drag on long ye>s z  
hopeless invalids1 or worse /ill1 we /& 
at ! b$side ( "s de> fri5d or k9sman1   
see him /ret*$ ^u ! rack ( pa91 & c d   
no?+ to alleviate 8 suff]+s2 we see !   
end sl[ly ne>+2 b oh1 ! we>y wait+1 !   

pati5t's agoniz+ cry = dea?1 ! cruel    
/ruggle t mu/ /ill int]v5e4 ,& :5 at    
la/1 x is ov]1 & we h laid him away "u !
 sod1 & return$ to our desolate homes1  
:at hope rema9s6 ,:i!r n[1 we ask1 %all 
we turn = consolation8 ,is !re no       
outlook f ?is night ( tr\ble8 ,is !re no
 w+$ ?\ght1 t w be> u upw>d f out !     
dep?s2 is !re no solace to assuage our  
pangs8  ,among ! means ( consolation    
commonly recomm5d$ ! doctr9e (          
,immortality seems to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ 
appropriate & effective4 ,x is ne$less  
to lam5t2 ! deceas$ has ent]$ a bett]   
life4 ,yet a little & y w jo9 him to be 
no m p>t$4 ,nor c we d5y t to ^? :o     
cordially ent]ta9 x1 ! belief 9 ! s\l's 
immortal cont9uance becomes a s\rce (   
pure & inexpressibly t5d] satisfaction4 
,b ) a c]ta9 class ( m9ds--& _! numb]1  
,i believe1 is on ! increase--! consol+ 
influ5ce ( ?is doctr9e is m>r$ by !     
fatal unc]ta9ty 9 :i* ! :ole "q is      
involv$1 & :i* no ef=ts ( man h ev] yet1
 nor ev] w1 avail to remove4 ,*ri/ianity

 inde$ claims to h settl$ ! po9t4 ,!    
,deity himself1 x av]s1 int]v5$ by      
direct revelation f on high1 to set our 
d\bts at re/1 & ,jesus :5 he arose on ! 
?ird day =ev] depriv$ ! grave ( its /+ &
 took away our fe>s ( ! tomb4 ,b to ^?  
:o read ! books ( revelations ) unbias$ 
m9d1 ! fact ( _! human au?or%ip becomes 
sadly app>5t1 & ! resurrection itself is
 z difficult to prove z ! doctr9e :i* x 
is design$ to sub/antiate4  ,9 mod]n    
times spiritualism has likewise         
endeavor$ to demon/rate to ! s5ses !    
exi/5ce ( a _w ( s\ls beyond our own4 ,b
 ! ph5om5a on :i* x lies are 9 "p       
disput$1 9 "p ! int]pretation put ^u !m1
 mu/1 to say ! lea/1 be reg>d$ z        
premature4  ,moreov] we %\ld rememb] t  
ev5 if by "s unkn[n means ! fact (      
immortality c\ld be e/abli%$1 ! "q ( our
 re-union ) fri5ds 9 ! h]eaft]1 9 :i*   
alone ! he>t ( ! m\rn] is int]e/$1 w\ld 
/ill rema9 an op5 "o & might be answ]$ 9
 ! negative4 ,! belief 9 immortality has
 be5 held 9 ?is way by "s ( ! greate/   

intellects ( ! human race1 ,sp9oza among
 ! re/4 ,if we knew t we %all cont9ue to
 live1 we %\ld n !re=e "k h[ we %all    
cont9ue to live4 ,p]haps x might prove t
 all our previ\s connections w\ld be    
sev]$2 & :o c tell :at new phases (     
exi/5ce1 :at endless metamorphoses might
 await u among ! inf9ite possibilities (
 ,et]nity4  ,s deep seat$ is ! s5se (   
unc]ta9ty conc]n+ our fate beyond !     
tomb1 t no religion1 h[ev] great !      
control :i* x ex]t$ ov] m51 has ev] be5 
able to bani% x entirely f _! he>ts4 ,! 
mo/ ard5t ,*ri/ian is h>dly less anxi\s 
?an ! infidel to reta9 ^? :o are de> to 
him 9 life4 ,he prays z f]v5tly = _!    
heal? z ?\gh _! pres5t /ate 7 ! sum     
total ( _! exi/5ce4 ,& yet he %\ld r    
hail ! day ( dea? z a day ( ?anksgiv+1 &
 rejoice t ^? :om he loves h be5        
translat$ to a sph]e e way s mu* m      
desirable ?an our own4 ,no1 ! natural   
feel+ _c be suppress$1 loss is felt to  
be loss1 & dea? rema9s dea?4 ,no hope ( 
a happi] condition 9 ! _w to come1 no   

confid5ce 9 ! promises & prophesies (   
fai?1 c efface ! s5se ( pres5t          
b]eavem5t1 & z we all alike feel x1 s   
are we all1 believ]s & unbeliev]s1      
int]e/$ 9 seek+ ! means ( its pres5t    
relief4  ,"s ( ! mo/ f]vid1 religi\s    
natures ( ! pa/ endeavor$ to escape !   
sorr[s ( ! _w by hav+ rec\rse to ! cruel
 rem$y ( asceticism4 ,! ascetic pond]s !
 orig9 ( suff]+2 he sees t ! desire =   
pleasure is ! cause ( pa94 ,7 we n eag] 
to possess we %\ld n regret to lose4 ,he
 cuts ! gordian knot say+1 abjure       
desire6 ,:5 y cease to want1 y %all no  
long] be bruis$4 ,!re are c]ta9 wants   
inh]5t 9 ! body--! want ( food1 dr9k1   
sleep2 ! he>t has its ne$s--fri5d%ip1   
sympa?y2 ! m9d--k1 culture4 ,all ^! %\ld
 be subdu$4 ,we %\ld eat & dr9k ! co>se/
 9 quality & ! lea/ possible 9 quantity2
 we %\ld avoid ! atta*m5ts ( love2 we   
%\ld be poor 9 _s1 & despise wisdom4 ,! 
ascetic ideal took firm root 9          
,*ri/ianity at an e>ly p]iod ( its      
hi/ory4 ,! extravagance ( ! ,egyptian   

an*orites is well kn[n4 ,! pill> sa9t1  
,/4 ,simeon1 :o is said to h pass$ "s   
?irty ye>s ( 8 life on ! summit ( a     
column tw5ty y>ds 9 height1 tak+ only ! 
scantie/ n\ri%m5t1 es*ew+ ablutions1    
cov]$ ) fil? & sores1 0 wor%ipp$ z a    
holy man by ! multitude & 8 example 0   
foll[$ by o!rs1 ?\gh ) less rigor1 dur+ 
a p]iod ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,among !   
,h9doos1 too1 ! ascetic ideal acquir$ a 
baneful asc5d5cy4 ,we c h>dly cr$it !   
tales t h come to u conc]n+ ! insane    
fanaticism :i* rag$ among/ ?is p4 ,to   
:at tortures ( body & s\l did !y subject
 !mselves1 :at cruel ordeals did !y     
inv5t 9 ord] to /eel !mselves aga9/ !   
inevitable suff]+s ( life4 ,x 0 _!      
beau-ideal to a*ieve a /ate bord]+ ^u   
absolute unconsci\sness1 9 :i* ! p[] (  
s5sation might be entirely blunt$1 & ev5
 ! exi/5ce ( ! physical man be =gott54  
,?is1 inde$1 is a capital rem$y1 a      
species ( h]oic treatm5t t atta9s its   
end4 ,man becomes passive 9 pa91        
incapable ( sorr[1 unmov$ by any loss4  

,b ) ! pa9s1 ! joys ( exi/5ce h likewise
 fl$4 ,! human be+ walks z a %ad[ among 
%ad[s1 a s\lless sub/ance1 ! wret*$     
semblance ( 8 =m] self4 ,:o w\ld n r be>
 ! heavie/ ills t fle% is heir to1 ?an  
pur*ase 8 release at su* a co/4  ,& n[ 9
 sett+ =? our own view ( ?is mighty     
problem ( human sorr[1 let u be> 9 m9d t
 our private h>d%ips & ^? g5]al evils   
:i* we see enact$ on a scale ( su*      
appall+ magnitude 9 ! _w ar\nd u1 mu/ be
 consid]$ toge!r1 = ! same cause        
con/antly gives rise to bo?4 ,x is ( !  
utmo/ importance t we %\ld weigh well   
:at we h a "r to expect1 & pond] !      
conditions on :i* humanity holds ! t5ure
 ( its exi/5ce4 ,p]haps our deepe/      
disappo9tm5ts are (t5 due to ! fact t we
 ask m ?an we h any legitimate title to 
receive1 & judge ! s*eme ( ! ,univ]se   
accord+ to false analogies & preconceiv$
 notions :i* ! con/itution ( ?+s does n 
be> out4 ,we are subject to two laws1 ! 
"o ! law ( nature1 ! o!r t ( morality3 !
 two cla% & collide1 & a conflict       

ensues4 ,!ology labors to %[ t ?is      
conflict is app>5t r ?an real1 to admit 
x w\ld seem to impugn ! ju/ice ( !      
,deity4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t
 :5 ! suff]] ,job prote/$ 8 innoc5ce1 8 
fri5ds assail$ 8 v]acity1 & p]si/$ 9    
hold+ ! b>e fact ( 8 mis=tune z         
unimpea*able evid5ce ( 8 s9fulness4 ,&  
?us ! ,psalmi/ assures u1 t he has gr[n 
old & nev] se5 ! righte\s man 9 want4 ,!
 exp]i5ce ( ! ,psalmi/ mu/ h be5 limit$ 
inde$6 ,! conflict exi/s1 h[ev] x may be
 d5i$4 ,nature is indiff]5t to morality1
 goes on reg>dless4 ,! great laws t rule
 ! ,kosmos1 act ^u ?is planet ( ours1   
nor he$ our pres5ce4 ,if we *ance to /& 
9 ! way1 !y gr9d u to pieces ) grim     
unconc]n3 ! e>? op5s1 ! volcano s5ds =? 
its smold]+ fires1 popul\s cities are   
ov]:elm$1 locu/s deva/ate ! c\ntry2 !y d
 n pause be=e ! field ( ! righte\s2 !y h
 no moral pref]5ce4 ,! se$s ( disease   
also are scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! l&1 & ! 
be/1 (t5 ^? :om we c lea/ af=d to lose1 
are tak54 ,^! are ! ho/ile =ces1 & aga9/

 ^! man mu/ cont5d4 ,to !m he opposes 8 
intellect1 8 moral en]gy2 he seeks to   
adapt himself to 8 place 9 ! univ]se4   
,he discov]s t ^! foes are bl9d1 n      
necess>ily 8 enemies1 if he c trace _!  
pa?4 ,if he c read ! secret ( _! work+1 
!y cease to ?reat5 him2 he holds !m ) ! 
re9s ( intellect1 & b9ds !m to 8 *>iot1 
& behold l swift /e$s !y c>ry him       
:i!rsoev] x pleases him1 & on1 on1 !y   
draw 8 c> ( progress4 ,9 ?is mann] !    
sway ( man's g5ius is ext5d$ on e>?4    
,already life is f> easi] ?an x 0 among 
our ance/ors t5 ?\s& ye>s ago2 !        
epidemic is *eck$ by wise sanit>y       
regulations1 great] ju/ice prevails 9   
gov]nm5t1 & ! means ( happ9ess are      
ext5d$ ov] wid] areas ( ! population4   
,:at we ?us behold realiz$ on a p>tial  
scale1 we conceive 9 our visions ( !    
future to be indef9itely prolong$1 !    
c\rse ( developm5t lead+ to high] &     
high] planes1 heal?i] conditions1 wis]  
laws1 nobl] mann]s4 ,! moral ord] w ?us 
increase on e>?4 ,! moral ord] nev] is1 

b is ev] becom+4 ,x gr[s ) our gr[?1 &  
to br+ on ! triumph ( intellect ov]     
me*anism1 ( responsible morality ov]    
irresponsible =ce1 is our mission4 ,!   
purpose ( man's life is n happ9ess1 b   
wor?9ess4 ,happ9ess may come z an       
accessory1 we d>e nev] make x an end4   
,!re is t /riv+ = ! p]fect )9 u3 9 x we 
live1 by x we are exalt$ above ! clod2 x
 is ! "o & only solace t nev] fails u1 &
 ! exp]i5ce ( progress 9 ! pa/1 ! hope (
 great] progress 9 ! future1 is ! r$eem+
 feature ( life4 ,b ! condition ( all   
progress is exp]i5ce2 we mu/ g wrong a  
?\s& times be=e we f9d ! "r4 ,we        
/ruggle1 & grope & injure ourselves     
until we le>n ! uses ( ?+s4 ,pa9 !re=e  
becomes a necessity1 b x acquires 9 ?is 
view a new & nobl] mean+1 = x is ! price
 humanity pays = an invaluable good4 ,e 
pa9ful sickness1 e premature dea?1      
becomes ! means ( av]t+ sickness & dea? 
h]eaft]4 ,e =m ( viol5ce1 e social      
wrong1 e inmo/ tribulation1 is ! result 
( g5]al causes & becomes a goad 9 !     

sides ( mank9d1 press+ !m on to correct 
! ho>y abuses x has tol]at$1 ! vici\s   
pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 education &       
economy to :i* x has con=m$4 ,wide z !  
e>? is ! m>tyrdom ( man1 b ! cry ( !    
m>tyr is ! creak+ ( ! :eel :i* w>ns u t 
! great c> ( human progress is 9 motion4
  ,if we keep duly 9 m9d ! position :i* 
! human race occupies ov] aga9/ nature1 
we %all n accuse fate4 ,fate is our     
adv]s>y2 we mu/ wre/le ) x1 we are "h to
 e/abli% ! law ( our own high] nature 9 
defiance ( fate4 ,& ?is is ! pr]ogative 
( man1 t he ne$ n bl9dly foll[ ! law ( 8
 be+1 b t he is himself ! au?or ( !     
moral law1 & creates x ev5 9 act+ x out4
 ,we are all soldi]s 9 ! great army (   
mank9d1 battl+ 9 ! cause ( moral fre$om2
 "s to fight z capta9s1 o!rs to d       
valiant s]vice 9 ! ranks2 "s to %\t !   
paean ( victory1 o!rs to fall on !      
battle field or to retire w\nd$ or      
crippl$ to ! re>4 ,b z 9 e battle s too 
9 ?is1 ! fall5 & ! w\nd$ h a %>e 9 !    
victory2 by _! suff]+s h !y help$1 & !  

gre5e/ wrea? belongs to !m4  ,x is      
/rictly 9 accordance ) ! view we h tak51
 t we behold 9 ! p]=mance ( duty !      
solace ( affliction4 ,all ( u h felt1   
aft] "s great b]eavem5t1 ! b5efic5t     
influ5ce ( m]e labor3 ev5 ! me*anical "p
 ( duty af=ds u "s relief4 ,! k t some?+
 mu/ be done calls u away f brood+ ov]  
our griefs1 & =ces u back into ! active 
curr5ts ( life4 ,! cultivation ( !      
intellect also is a "p ( man's duty1 &  
/&s u 9 great /ead 9 times ( tr\ble4 ,we
 %\ld seek to accu/om ! m9d to ! aspect 
( l>ge int]e/s4 ,9 ! pursuit ( k !re is 
no?+ ( ! p]sonal3 into ! calm & sil5t   
realm ( ?\ght ! feel+s c ga9 no         
entrance4 ,!re1 aft] ! fir/ spasms (    
emotion h subsid$1 we may f9d at lea/ a 
tempor>y relief1--!re = h\rs we dr9k 9 a
 happy oblivion4 ,b m is ne$$1 & !      
dis*>ge ( ! duties ( ! he>t alone c     
really console ! he>t4 ,!re is ?is      
secret 9 ! affections1 t !y con/antly   
add to our /r5g?4 ,con/ant communion    
betwe5 alli$ natures leads to _! mutual 

enri*m5t by all t is be/ 9 ei!r4 ,b :5 !
 rude h& ( dea? int]f]es1 we are z a    
/ream ^: outlet is b>r$1 z a creep] ^:  
/ay is brok54 ,a l>g] *annel is ne$$ !n 
into :i* ! wat]s ( our love may fl[1 a  
firm support1 to :i* ! tatt]$ t5drils ( 
affection may cl+ anew4 ,true1 ! close &
 intimate bond t unites fri5d to fri5d c
 h no sub/itute1 b ! w>m love t obta9s 9
 ! p]sonal relations may be exp&$ into a
 wid] & imp]sonal love1 :i*1 if less    
int5se1 is broad]1 :i*1 if less fond1 is
 ev5 m ennobl+4 ,! love y c no long]    
lavi% on "o1 ! _m call = x4 ,! *]i%+ c>e
 y c no long] be/[ ^u y\r *ild1 !       
neglect$ *ildr5 ( ! poor appeal = x2 !  
sympa?y y c no long] give y\r fri5d1 !  
fri5dless cry = x4 ,9 alleviat+ ! mis]y 
( o!rs1 y\r own mis]y w be alleviat$1 & 
9 heal+ y w f9d t !re is cure4  ,?is    
rem$y is sugge/$ 9 an anci5t leg5d      
relat$ ( ! ,buddha1 ! great ,h9doo      
re=m]1 :o 0 s deeply affect$ by ! ills (
 human life499 ,!re came to him "o day a
 woman :o _h lo/ h] only *ild4 ,%e 0    

wild ) grief1 & ) disconsolate sobs &   
cries call$ frantically on ! prophet to 
give back h] little "o to life4 ,!      
,buddha gaz$ on h] long & ) t t5d]      
sympa?y :i* drew all he>ts to him1 said1
 ,g my daught]1 get me a mu/>d se$ f a  
h\se into :i* dea? has nev] ent]$1 & ,i 
w d z ?\ ha/ bidd5 me4 ,& ! woman took  
up ! dead *ild1 & began h] se>*4 ,f h\se
 to h\se %e w5t say+1 ,give me a mu/>d  
se$1 k9d folk1 a mu/>d se$ = ! prophet  
to revive my *ild4 ,& !y gave h] :at %e 
ask$1 & :5 %e _h tak5 x1 %e inquir$ :e!r
 all 7 ga!r$ ab\t ! he>?1 fa!r & "m & ! 
*ildr52 b ! p w\ld %ake _! heads & sigh1
 & %e w\ld turn on h] way sadd] ?an     
be=e4 ,& f> z %e w&]$1 9 t[n & village1 
9 ! cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e1 & by ! lonely road 
side1 %e f\nd n ! h\se into :i* dea? _h 
nev] ent]$4 ,!n gradually z %e w5t on1 !
 mean+ ( ! ,buddha's words dawn$ ^u h]  
m9d2 gradually z %e le>n$ to "k ! great 
sorr[ ( ! race e :]e ar\nd h]1 h] he>t  
w5t out 9 great ye>n+ sympa?y to !      
companions ( h] sorr[2 ! te>s ( h] pity 

fell free & fa/1 & ! passion ( h] grief 
0 m]g$ 9 compassion4 ,%e _h le>n$ !     
great lesson ( r5unciation2 _h le>n$ to 
s9k self 9 ! unselfi%4       99 ,we h   
v5tur$ to (f] ?is int]pretation ( !     
leg5d 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic
 ,mon?ly =      ,june1 #ahge1 f :i* !   
acc\nt 9 ! text is tak54  ,f ! dep?s ( !
 he>t ! /ream ( grief rises resi/less1 !
 dams & dykes ( reason are impot5t to   
/ay its c\rse4 ,prep>e a *annel !re=e to
 lead out its swell+ tide away to !     
great ocean ( mank9d's sorr[1 :]e 9     
comm+l+ x %all be absorb$4  ,!          
consolations ( ! ,ideal are vigor\s3 !y 
d n enc\rage idle s5tim5t3 !y recomm5d  
to ! suff]]1 action4 ,! loss inde$ z we 
set out by say+1 rema9s a loss1 & no    
prea*+ or tea*+ c ev] make x o!rwise4 ,!
 "q is1 :e!r x %all weak5 & embitt] u1  
or become ! v purification ( our s\ls1 &
 lead u to gr&] & div9] de$s1 lead u to 
raise unto ! dead we m\rn1 a monum5t 9  
our lives t %all be bett] ?an t9y pill>$
 *apel or /ori$ m>ble tomb4  ,?us f     

:atev] po9t we />t1 we arrive at ! same 
conclusion /ill3 n 9 ! cre$ b 9 ! de$6  
,9 ! de$ is ! pl$ge ( ! sacr$ness (     
life2 9 ! de$ is ! rew>d ( our          
activities 9 heal?2 9 ! de$ our solace1 
& our salvation ev5 9 ! abysmal gulfs ( 
woe4 ,9 h\rs ( great sorr[ we turn 9 va9
 to nature = an inspir+ ?\ght4 ,we "q ! 
sleepless />s2 !y are cold & di/ant3 !  
w9ds bl[1 ! riv]s run _! c\rse1 !       
seasons *ange2 !y are c>eless ( man4 ,9 
! _w ( m5 alone d we f9d an answ]+ e*o  
to ! he>t's ne$s4 ,let u grasp h&s      
cordially & look into ea* o!r's eyes =  
sympa?y1 :ile we travel toge!r on our   
road t[>d ! unkn[n goal4 ,to help "o    
ano!r is our wisdom1 & our r5[n1 & our  
sweet consolation4     ,,viii4 ,,sp9oza4
  ,two c5turies h elaps$ s9ce ,sp9oza   
pass$ f ! _w ( ! liv+1 & to-day t high &
 tranquil _s walks ! e>? once m & m5    
make wide _! he>ts to receive 8 memory &
 8 "n4 ,! great m5 :om ! pa/ has wrong$1
 receive at la/ "t's t>dy recomp5se4    
,on ! day t ,columbus set sail =        

,am]ica1 ! ,jews left ,spa9 9 exile4 ,_m
 ( _! numb]1 h[ev]1 :o c\ld n f9d x 9 _!
 he>ts to bid adieu to _! native l&1    
rema9$ & simulat$ ! practice ( dev\t    
,ca?olics :ile 9 secret !y pres]v$ _!   
allegiance to _! ance/ral religion4 ,!y 
occupi$ high places 9 ! *ur* & /ate1 &  
monks1 prelates & bi%ops 7 c\nt$ 9 _!   
ranks4 ,ere long ! suspicions ( !       
,inquisition 7 al>m$ aga9/ ^! cov]t     
h]etics1 & _! position became daily m   
p]il\s & insecure4 ,"s 7 condemn$ to !  
/ake1 o!rs p9$ = ye>s 9 dungeons2 ^? t  
c\ld f9d ! means1 escap$ & s\ght 9      
di/ant l&s security & repose f          
p]secution4 ,x 0 especially ! ,free     
,/ates ( ,holl& ^: enlight5$ policy (f]$
 an asylum to ! fugitives1 & ?i!r       
accord+ly 9 great numb]s !y direct$ _!  
/eps4 ,_! frugality1 _! ?rift &         
ent]prise1 contribut$ n a little to     
build up ! prosp]ity ( ! ,dut*          
metropolis4  ,9 ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5?     
c5tury a consid]able congregation ( !   
,jews _h collect$ 9 ! city ( ,am/]dam4  

,!re 9 ! ye> #afcb1 ! *ild ( ,spani%    
emigrants1 ,b5$ict ,sp9oza 0 born4 ,( 8 
*ildhood we "k little4 ,at an e>ly age  
he 0 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,hebrew  
lore1 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! ,hebrew gramm>1 &  
le>n$ to read & translate ! v>i\s writ+s
 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he 0 taught to     
?read 8 way ?r\gh ! mazes ( ! ,talmud1 &
 its subtle discussions prov$ an        
admirable discipl9e 9 prep>+ him = !    
favorite pursuits ( 8 aft] ye>s4 ,la/ly 
he 0 introduc$ to ! /udy ( ! ,jewi%     
philosoph]s1 among :om ,maimonides &    
,ibn ,ezra engag$ 8 especial att5tion4  
,maimonides1 "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]s ( !
 middle ages1 /rove to h>monize ! tea*+s
 ( ,ari/otle ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,bible4   
,ibn ,ezra on ! o!r h&1 0 a confirm$    
sceptic4 ,9 8 biblical comm5t>ies he    
anticipates _m notewor?y discov]ies (   
mod]n criticism1 & 8 or?odoxy 9 o!r     
respects also is m ?an d\btful4  ,9 all 
^! diff]5t bran*es ( !ology ! "y ,sp9oza
 made rapid progress & soon ga9$ a/oni%+
 pr(ici5cy4 ,he 0 ! favorite ( 8        

in/ructors1 & !y pr$ict$ t he w\ld "o   
day become a %9+ light ( ! synagogue4 ,n
 cont5t1 h[ev]1 ) ?is c\rse ( /udy1     
,sp9oza address$ himself to ! /udy (    
,roman lit]ature1 & ) ! assi/ance ( a   
c]ta9 ,dr4 ,van d5 ,ende1 :o _h at t "t 
ga9$ consid]able repute z a tea*] (     
lib]al le>n+1 he soon became an         
accompli%$ ,lat9 s*ol>4 ,he also took up
 ! /udy ( ,geometry & ( ,physics1 &     
acquir$ consid]able skill 9 ! art (     
sket*+4 ,8 m9d be+ ?us /or$ ) v>i\s k1  
he 0 prep>$ to ent] ! va/ realm (       
metaphysical speculation & "h ! works ( 
,r5e ,desc>tes1 preem95tly engag$ 8     
att5tion4 ,desc>tes1 ^: motto1 ,de      
omnibus dubit&um e/1 suffici5tly        
indicates ! revolution>y "* ( 8 tea*+s1 
0 ! lead] ( ! new s*ool ( ?\ght on !    
cont95t4 ,8 influ5ce prov$ decisive 9   
%ap+ ! c>e] ( ,sp9oza4 ,bruno also      
des]ves m5tion among ^? :o det]m9$ !    
bias ( ,sp9oza's m9d4 ,i mean t ,bruno 0
 among ! fir/ foll[]s ( ,cop]nicus1     
proclaim$ ! doctr9e ( ! inf9ity ( worlds

 & :o himself inculcat$ a species (     
pan!ism = :i* he paid ! la/ p5alty at   
,rome 9 ! ye> #afjj1 ?irty-two ye>s be=e
 ,sp9oza 0 born4 ,by all ^! influ5ces ! 
m9d ( ! "y philosoph] 0 wid5$ beyond !  
sph]e ( 8 e>ly education4 ,9 ! pursuit (
 tru? he s\ght ! society ( cong5ial     
m9ds1 & f\nd among ! cultivat$ ,*ri/ians
 ( 8 day t intellectual sympa?y ( :i* he
 /ood 9 ne$4 ,f ! high plane ( ?\ght :i*
 he _h n[ rea*$1 ! rites & practices (  
ext]nal religion dw9dl$ 9 importance1 & 
! que/ions ( cre$ = :i* ! mass ( m5     
cont5d appe>$ little & insignificant4 ,8
 abs5ce f ! wor%ip ( ! synagogue n[     
began to be rem>k$2 x 0 rumor$ t he     
neglect$ ! prescrib$ fa/s & he 0 op5ly  
*>g$ ) p>tak+ ( =bidd5 food4 ,at fir/ he
 0 treat$ ) great l5i5cy4 ,s high 0 8   
cr$it ) ! ,rabbis1 s impress$ 7 !y ) 8  
s+ul> abilities1 t !y /rove by e g5tle  
means to w9 him back to 8 allegiance4   
,!y admoni%$ him1 held out prospects (  
honor & emolum5t2 x is ev5 /at$ t at la/
 9 despair ( reclaim+ him !y (f]$ an    

annual p5sion ( a ?\s& flor9s to pur*ase
 8 sil5ce4 ,sp9oza himself 0 ke5ly alive
 to ! gravity ( 8 position4 ,x _h be5   
fondly hop$ t he w\ld %$ new lu/re ^u ! 
religion ( ,israel4 ,he w\ld be accus$ (
 vile +ratitude = des]t+ 8 p4 ,he =esaw 
! inevitable rupture t w\ld cut him (f  
=ev] f fri5ds & k9sm51 f ! opportunities
 ( weal? & honorable position1 & deliv] 
him ov] to privation & pov]ty4 ,he      
himself tells u 9 ! introduction ( a "w 
:i* _h long be5 =gott5 & has be5 only   
rec5tly rescu$ f oblivion1 t he saw     
ri*es & honor & all ^? goods = :i* m5   
/rive1 plac$ be=e him on ! "o h&1 & a   
s9c]e life s]5ely true to itself on !   
o!r2 b t ! =m] seem$ v]itable %ams &    
evils comp>$ ) t "o great good4 ,nay1 he
 said1 ?\gh he might nev] rea* !        
absolute tru?1 he felt z "o sick unto   
dea?1 :o kn[s b "o balm t c help him &  
:o mu/ ne$s se>* = t balm :]eby p]*ance 
he may be heal$4  ,great 0 ! commotion  
/irr$ up aga9/ him 9 ! ,jewi% community 
( ,am/]dam4 ,"o ev5+ a fanatic assault$ 

him on ! /reet & attempt$ 8 life4 ,!    
/roke ( ! assass9's dagg] 0 successfully
 p>ri$4 ,b ,sp9oza felt t ! city 0 n[ no
 long] safe = him to dwell 94 ,he fl$ & 
= "s "t frequ5tly *ang$ 8 place (       
resid5ce1 until at la/ he settl$ at !   
,hague :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea?4 ,9 ! 
mean "t ! l5i5t _s ( ! ,jewi% lead]s _h 
*ang$ into /]n1 uncompromis+ rigor4     
,obs]ve n[ h[ p]secution bre$s          
p]secution4 ,x _h be5 ! pride ( ,judaism
 f ( old t )9 its pale ! practice (     
religion 0 deem$ m ess5tial ?an ! !ory2 
t x p]mitt$ ! wide/ div]g5ce 9 matt]s ( 
belief1 & grant$ ample tol]ance to all4 
,b ^! ,jews ( ,am/]dam1 fre% f !        
dungeons & ! torture *amb]s ( !         
,inquisition1 _h !mselves imbib$ ! d>k  
_s ( _! oppressors4 ,uriel d',aco/a !y  
_h driv5 to ! v]ge ( insanity & to a    
tragic dea? by _! cruel bigotry4 ,& n[ !
 same me?ods 7 employ$ aga9/ a wis] &   
great] & pur] man1 f> ?an he4  ,on !    
#bg? ( ,july1 #afef1 9 ! synagogue (    
,am/]dam1 ! sacr$ ark1 conta9+ ! scrolls

 ( ! law1 be+ kept op5 dur+ ! c]emony1 !
 edict ( excommunication 0 solemnly     
promulgat$4 ,x reads some:at z foll[s3  
,by ! decree ( ! angels & ! v]dict ( !  
sa9ts we sep>ate1 curse & imprecate     
,b>u* de ,sp9oza ) ! cons5t ( ! bless$  
,god & ( ?is holy congregation1 be=e !  
holy books ( ! ,law ) ! comm&m5ts t are 
inscrib$ !re91 ) ! ban ) :i* ,jo%ua     
bann$ ,j]i*o1 ) ! curse ) :i* ,elias    
curs$ ! y\?s1 & ) all ! imprecations t  
are writt5 9 ! ,law4 ,curs$ be he by day
 & curs$ by night2 curs$ :5 he lies d[n1
 & curs$ :5 he rises2 curs$ 9 8 go+ =?1 
& curs$ 9 8 com+ 94 ,may ! ,"l ,god     
refuse to p>don him2 may 8 wra? & ang]  
be k9dl$ aga9/ ?is man1 & on him re/ all
 ! curses t are writt5 9 ?is book ( !   
,law4 ,may ! ,"l wipe out 8 "n f "u !   
heav5s1 & sep>ate him = evil f all !    
tribes ( ,israel1 ) all ! curses ( !    
firmam5t t are writt5 9 ! book ( ! ,law4
 ,& ye t hold fa/ to ! ,"l ,god are all 
liv+ ?is day6 we w>n y t none %all      
communicate ) him ei!r by ^w ( m\? or   

lett]1 nor %[ him any favor1 nor re/ "u 
! same ro( ) him1 nor approa* 8 p]son )9
 f\r y>ds1 nor read any writ+ t he has  
writt54  ,:5 ,sp9oza he>d ( ?is ana!ma  
he calmly repli$3 ,!y compel me to d    
no?+ :i* ,i 0 n previ\sly resolv$ ^u4   
,he retir$ f ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,he      
covet$ solitude4 ,)9 8 sil5t *amb] he   
mov$ 9 a _w ( 8 own4 ,!re 9 tw5ty ye>s (
 pati5t passionless toil he built up !  
mighty edifice ( 8 sy/em4 ,x rises be=e 
u z if hewn ( granite rock4 ,its        
simplicity1 its gr&eur1 its /ructural   
p[] h be5 ! wond] ( m54 ,i c (f] only ! 
b>e/ outl9e ( its design4  ,man's       
que/ion+ _s seeks to p5etrate to ! he>t 
( ,nature1 w\ld grasp ! orig9 ( ?+s4    
,!re is ?is mighty riddle3 :o w solve x8
 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made4 ,pan!ism is
 "o4 ,sp9oza 0 ! great philosoph] (     
,pan!ism4  ,b5ea? all div]sity !re is   
unity4 ,9 all ( ,nature's myriad =ms &  
*anges1 !re is a sub/ance un*angeable4  
,x is uncreat$1 undivid$1 uncaus$1 !    
,absolute1 ,inf9ite1 ,god4 ,?\ght &     

ext5sion are its attributes2 x is ! ,"o 
9 ,all1 ! ,all 9 ,"o4 ,god is n matt]1  
is n m9d2 is t deep] unity 9 :i* matt] &
 m9d are "o2 ,god or ,nature1 ,sp9oza   
says4 ,?is is n ! ,god ( !ology4 ,god is
 9 ! tree1 9 ! /one1 9 ! />s1 9 man4    
,god does n live1 nor labor = any       
purpose1 b produces f ! necessity ( 8   
,be+ 9 endless v>iety1 9 ceaseless      
activity4 ,he is ! inn] cause ( all ?+s1
 ! ultimate ,reality1 & all ?+s are z 9 
_! nature !y p>take ( him4  ,man also is
 ( ,god4 ,! ess5ce ( man is 9 ! m9d4    
,man is a logical be+4 ,god alone owns  
tru?2 9 s f> z man ?9ks truly & cle>ly1 
he is a "p ( ! inf9ite ,god4 ,logic is !
 basis ( e?ics4 ,sp9oza ignores s5tim5t1
 ignores art4 ,good & evil are b o!r    
names = useful & n useful4 ,b t alone is
 useful t we foll[ ! necess>y & univ]sal
 laws1 seek+ by ! dep? & rea* (         
intellect to "k & und]/&4  ,virtue is ! 
pursuit ( k4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( k3 !  
blurr$ p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 ! light ( !
 und]/&+1 ! intuition ( intellect4 ,!   

la/ is ! highe/4  ,virtue is ! s5se (   
be+2 :atev] height5s ! joy\s            
consci\sness ( our active faculties is  
!re=e good4 ,! wise man delights 9 !    
mod]ate enjoym5t ( pleasant food & dr9k1
 9 ! color & lovel9ess ( gre5 %rubs1 9 !
 adornm5t ( g>m5ts1 9 music's sweetness4
 ,b our true be+ is to be f\nd only 9   
intellect2 h5ce1 virtue ! joy ( be+1 is 
! joy ( ?\ght2 h5ce1 ! bold ass]tion--t 
is moral :i* helps1 & t immoral :i*     
h9d]s ?\ght4  ,man is a social be+4 ,z a
 drop is rais$ upw>d 9 ! great ocean by 
! onfl[+ ( ! wave1 s ! individual m9d is
 exalt$ by ! pres5ce & communion (      
cong5ial m9ds mov+ 9 ! same curr5t4     
',tis ?us t ,sp9oza d$uces ! social     
virtues4 ,hate is evil at all times1 =  
hate implies ! isolation & ! weakness ( 
! p[]s ( reason4 ,we %\ld rew>d hatr$ ) 
love & re/ore ! brok5 accord (          
intellect4 ,love is ! s5se ( k9%ip 9 !  
common se>* = reason's goal--wisdom4 ,t 
all m5 %\ld s live & act toge!r t !y may
 =m1 z x 71 "o body & "o m9d1 is ! ideal

 ( life4 ,fri5d%ip !re=e he prizes z !  
de>e/ ( e>?'s possessions1 & w$lock he  
e/eems holy because 9 x is cem5t$ !     
union ( two s\ls = ! common se>* ( tru?4
 ,we %\ld be s]5e at all times & %un    
fe>1 :i* is weakness1 & hope also :i* is
 ! *ild ( desire1 & haught9ess &        
humbl5ess & remorse & pity %\ld we      
avoid4 ,b 9 /illness & ) collect$ p[]   
%all we possess our s\ls ob$i5t to !    
laws ( m9d t make our be+ & help+ :5 we 
help = reason's sake4 ,! passions b9d u 
to pass+ ph5om5a4 ,:5 !y become         
transp>5t to our reason1 :5 we "k _!    
causes !n our nature conqu]s outw>d     
nature & we are ma/]s1 we are free4     
,?us ! emotional life is ext+ui%$4 ,!   
feel+s lose _! color & vitality1 become 
blank z l9es & surfaces1 & man1 fre$ f !
 con/ra9ts ( passion1 dwells 9 ! pure   
realm ( intellect1 & 9 con/ant int]c\rse
 ) ! m9d ( ,god1 fulfills ! purpose ( 8 
exi/5ce--to "k & und]/&4  ,aga9/ ! bl[s 
( mis=tune also reason /eels u4 ,sorr[  
is b ! lurk+ suspicion t all might h be5

 o!rwise4 ,:5 we come to "k t all ?+s   
are by necessity1 we %all f9d           
tranquillity 9 yield+ to ! inevitable4  
,= s ,god works by necessity4 ,= all ?+s
 are 9 8 h&s z clay 9 ! h& ( ! pott]1   
:i* ! pott] take? & fa%ione? !refrom    
vessels ( div]se value1 "s to honor & "s
 to disgrace4 ,& none %all rebuke him1 =
 all is by necessity4  ,:5 ! body passes
 away ! m9d does n :olly p]i%1 b some?+ 
rema9s t is inf9ite1 an et]nal modus    
dwell+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! et]nal m9d4 ,b ?\gh
 we knew n t some?+ ( ! m9d rema9$1 yet 
7 goodness & /r5g? ( s\l to be s\ght =  
above all else4 ,= :o1 =esee+ t he _c   
always fe$ on heal?y n\ri%m5t1 w\ld     
!re=e sate himself ) deadly poison8 or  
:o1 ?\gh he knew t ! m9d is n immortal1 
w\ld !re=e lead an empty life1 devoid ( 
reason's good & guidance8 ,! wisdom ( ! 
wise & ! fre$om ( ! free is n 9 ! aspect
 ( dea? b ( life4 ,religion & piety lead
 u to foll[ ! laws ( necessity 9 ! _w   
:]e !y are manife/1 to dwell on !       
intellect ( ,god1 ( ,god _! f\nt &      

orig94  ,b ,i =be> to ent] f>!r into ?is
 wond]ful sy/em4 ,we see a giant wre/l+ 
) nature1 seek+ to wre/ f h] h] secret4 
,my/]i\s nature baffles him & ! riddle  
is /ill unread4 ,t sub/ance ( :i* he    
speaks is no m ?an an ab/raction ( ! m9d
 ^: reality 9 ! outw>d _w he has fail$  
to prove4 ,he has also err$ 9 turn+     
aside f ! ri* & manifold life ( !       
emotions1 = ! emotions are n 9 !mselves 
evil1 !y are ! sem9al pr9ciple ( all    
virtue4  ,on pill>s ( intellect1 ,sp9oza
 re>$ 8 sy/em4 ,/ill1 solemn1 sublime l 
high m\nta9s x t[]s upw>d1 b is devoid (
 color & w>m?1 & ev5 ! mom5t>y gl[ t n[ 
& !n />ts up 9 8 writ+s1 passes quickly 
away l ! flu% ( ev5+ t r$d5s ! sn[y     
summits ( ,alp9e ranges4  ,sp9oza's "n  
m>ks a l(ty peak 9 human hi/ory4 ,he 0 a
 true man2 no man m fully liv$ 8 tea*+s4
 ,if he describes ! pursuit ( k z !     
highe/ virtue1 he 0 himself a noble     
example ( tireless devotion 9 t pursuit4
 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 ! natural sci5ces1   
skillful 9 ! use ( ! microscope1 & 8    

contributions to ! /udy ( ! inn] life ( 
man h e>n$ him la/+ recognition4        
,johannes ,muell]1 ! di/+ui%$           
physiologi/1 has includ$ ! ?ird division
 ( ,sp9oza's ,e?ics 9 8 well kn[n "w on 
physiology4  ,religion1 h[ev]1 0        
,sp9oza's favorite !me1 t religion :i*  
is free f all passionate long+s & av]se 
to sup]/ition ( :atev] k9d4 ,he 0 among 
! fir/ to hurl 8 mighty argum5ts aga9/ !
 infallible au?ority ( ! ,bible1        
argum5ts t /ill comm& att5tion ?\gh two 
hundr$ ye>s h s9ce pass$ by4 ,miracles1 
he said1 are pa/ belief1 ! beauty (     
,cosmos is f> m des]v+ ( admiration ?an 
any s call$ miracle c\ld possibly be4   
,he dem&$--?is 0 a great & novel        
claim--t ! me?ods ( natural sci5ce be   
appli$ to ! /udy ( scripture1 t ! "* ( !
 age & local surr\nd+s be consid]$ 9    
det]m9+ ! mean+ ( ea* scriptural au?or4 
,9 brief t a natural hi/ory ( ! bible1 s
 to speak1 %\ld be attempt$4 ,he claim$ 
t ! prie/hood _h falsifi$ ! v book :i*  
!y pr(ess$ to reg>d mo/ holy4 ,he d5i$ !

 ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & set  
=? 9 s+ul>ly cle> & lucid language !    
discrepancies 9 :i* t "w ab\nds4 ,he    
clos$ ! treatise 9 :i* ^! views are laid
 d[n--! ,!ologico-political ,tract--) a 
magnific5t plea = lib]ty ( consci5ce & (
 spee*4 ,t /ate alone1 he says1 c be    
free & happy :i* re/s on ! fre$om ( !   
,individual citiz54 ,:]e ! "r ( free    
utt]ance is curtail$1 hypocrisy &       
%ameful con=mance fl\ri%1 & public      
contumely & disgrace :i* ought to s]ve z
 a mete puni%m5t = ! vici\s1 become a   
halo ab\t ! head ( ! mo/ noble ( m54    
,religion & piety1 he concludes1 ! /ate 
has a "r to dem&1 b no?+ h]eaft] %all be
 kn[n z religion & piety save ! practice
 ( equity & ( a wise & helpful love4  ,x
 0 a bold awak5+ note :i* ?us rang out  
into ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & !ologians 7   
bitt] 9 _! replies4 ,! book 0 confiscat$
 & ,*ri/ian curses 7 add$ to ,jewi%     
ana!mas4 ,b !y fail$ to affect ,sp9oza4 
,few m5 h suff]$ z he did4 ,few h       
pres]v$ ! same equanimity ( s\l 9 ! face

 ( adv]se =tune4 ,tw5ty ye>s he dwelt   
alone4 ,= days he did n leave 8 /ud5t's 
closet1 draw+ 8 mighty circles1 int5t on
 ^? high ?\ghts t =m$ ! companion%ip he 
lov$4 ,^? t knew him well rev]$ him4 ,de
 ,witt ! noble /atesman1 ,de ,witt :o   
end$ 8 days s mis]ably1 torn to pieces  
by a madd5$ mob1 s\ght 8 c\nsel4 ,"y    
ard5t disciples f a di/ance s5t him     
words ( *e] into 8 solitude4 ,8 s\l 0   
pure z sunlight1 8 "* cry/al cle>4 ,he 0
 frugal 9 ! extreme3 a few p5ce a day   
suffic$ to su/a9 him4 ,n t he affect$   
au/]e views 9 g5]al1 b ! deep m$itations
 t occupi$ 8 m9d left him little "t or  
incl9ation = ! gross] pleasures4 ,8 s5se
 ( honor 0 scrupul\sly nice4 ,aga9 &    
aga9 did he reject ! munific5t p5sions  
:i* 8 fri5ds press$ ^u him2 he w\ld be  
free & self-su/a9$ 9 all ?+s4 ,9 8      
leisure h\rs he busi$ himself ) ! gr9d+ 
& poli%+ ( optical l5ses1 an ex]cise t  
(f]$ him at once ! means ( support & a  
welcome relaxation f ! sev]e /ra9 (     
m5tal ef=t4 ,8 temp] 0 r>ely ruffl$2 he 

0 placid1 g5ial1 *ildlike4 ,:5 we>i$ ) 8
 labors he w\ld desc5d to ! family ( 8  
l&lord1 ! pa9t] ,van d] ,speke1 & ent]+ 
into ! affairs ( ^! simple p1 he f\nd1 9
 _! unaffect$ conv]se1 ! relief he      
s\ght4  ,he valu$ ! peace ( m9d :i* he  
_h pur*as$ s de>ly4 ,:5 ! ,elector ( !  
,palat9ate (f]$ him ! *air ( philosophy 
at ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g on         
condition t he w\ld s exp\nd 8          
philosophy z n to int]f]e ) ! e/abli%$  
religion1 he decl9$1 reply+ t he c\ld   
tea* ! tru? only z he saw x1 & t evil & 
design+ m5 w\ld d\btless add po9t &     
poison to 8 words4 ,yet he 0 fe>less4   
,:5 t[>d ! close ( 8 c>e]1 8 life 0 aga9
 imp]il$1 ! grave tranquillity ( 8      
demeanor inspir$ 8 agitat$ fri5ds )     
calmness & confid5ce4  ,he _h ga9$ 8    
=ty-f\r? ye>4 ,= half a life "t he _h   
be5 fight+ a trea*]\s disease1 t prey$ 9
 secret ^u 8 heal?4 ,8 life 0 sl[ly ebb+
 away amid/ con/ant suff]+1 yet no      
compla9t cross$ 8 lips & 8 ne>e/        
companions 7 h>dly aw>e ( :at he endur$4

 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #afgg "o day 9    
,febru>y1 :ile ! family ( ! pa9t] 7 at  
*ur* ! end approa*$4 ,only a s+le fri5d 
0 ) him4 ,calmly z he _h liv$1 9 !      
/illness ( ! ,sunday aft]noon1 ,sp9oza  
pass$ away4  ,he has left a "n 9 hi/ory 
t w n fade4 ,8 p ca/ him out1           
,*ri/ianity reject$ him1 b he has f\nd a
 wid] fell[%ip1 he belongs to all       
mank9d4 ,great he>ts h ?robb$ responsive
 to 8 tea*+s & _m a sorr[ful s\l has    
own$ ! re/ful influ5ce ( 8 words4 ,he 0 
a help] ( mank9d4 ,n surely because he  
solv$ ! ultimate problems ( exi/5ce--:at
 mortal ev] w--b because he 0 wise 9 !  
secret ( ! he>t1 because he taught m5 to
 appease _! fretful passions 9 ! aspect 
( ! inf9ite laws 9 :i* we live & are4   
,sacr$ is ! h\r 9 :i* we read 8 ,e?ics4 
,f ! heat & gl>e ( life we ent] into its
 prec9cts z into ! cool int]ior ( "s    
hall[$ temple ( religion4 ,b no idol /&s
 !re2 ! _s ( tru? alone presides &      
sanctifies ! place & u4 ,! great m5 ( ! 
pa/ we w rev]5ce4 ,!y are mile-/ones on 

! highway ( humanity1 types ( !         
,inf9ite1 t has dawn$ 9 human brea/s4   
,su* an "o 0 he ( :om ,i h spok54 ,& m &
 m z ! light increases among m5 w all t 
0 good & great 9 him %9e =? to irradiate
 _! pa?4 ,& z we /& "h to-day on ?is day
 ( remembrance to recall 8 tea*+s & 8   
example1 s :5 o!r c5turies %all h       
elaps$1 ! memory ( ,sp9oza w /ill live1 
po/]ity w /ill own him1 & di/ant        
g5]ations w "n him anew3                
,b5$ictus--,bless$6     ,,ix4 ,,!       
,,f\nd] ,,( ,,*ri/ianity       ,a       
disc\rse deliv]$ on ,sunday1 ,decemb]   
#ca1 #ahgf4  ,i am n come to de/roy1 b  
to fulfil1 = v]ily ,i say unto y till   
heav5 & e>? pass away "o jot or "o      
tittle %all 9 no wise pass f ! law till 
all be fulfill$4 ,resi/ n evil1 99 99 99
 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate
 y4  ,9 ^! say+s ( ,jesus ! key note (  
e>ly ,*ri/ianity is /ruck4 ,x 0 n a     
revolt aga9/ ,judaism1 x 0 b a reit]at$ 
ass]tion ( :at o!r & old] ,prophets ( ! 
,hebrews _h s (t5 & s f]v5tly prea*$4 ,!

 law 0 to rema9 intact1 b ! spiritual   
law 0 meant1 ! deep] law ( consci5ce t  
und]lies ! =ms ( legislation & ! symbols
 ( ext]nal wor%ip4  ,!re is a r>e &     
graci\s quality 9 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus 
z describ$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :i* has ex]cis$
 its *>m ^u ! mo/ het]og5e\s nations &  
p]iods ( hi/ory wide ap>t 9 ! ord] ( "t 
& ( culture4  ,to grasp ! subtle ess5ce 
( t *>m1 & !reby to und]/& :at x 0 t has
 giv5 ,*ri/ianity s p[]ful a hold ^u !  
affections ( mank9d1 7 a task well wor?y
 ! att5tion ( ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,we desire 
to approa* our subject 9 ! _s ( rev]5ce 
t befits a !me ) :i* ! t5d]e/ fibres (  
fai? are s intimately int]wov52 at !    
same "t we %all pay no reg>d to !       
dogmatic "* ) :i* 8 lat] foll[]s h      
inve/$ ,jesus1 = we behold 8 true gr&eur
 9 ! pure & noble humanity :i* he       
illu/rat$ 9 8 life & tea*+s4  ,! ,new   
,te/am5t pres5ts b scant mat]ial = !    
biography ( ,jesus1 & ! au!nticity1 ev5 
( ! little t rema9s to u1 has be5 r5d]$ 
extremely unc]ta9 by ! labors ( mod]n   

critics4 ,a few lead+ n>ratives1 h[ev]1 
are d\btless tru/wor?y1 & ^! w suffice =
 our purpose4 ,a brief introduction on !
 "* ( ! p among :om ! new prophet arose1
 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & 
! beliefs t obta9$ 9 8 imm$iate         
surr\nd+s1 w assi/ u 9 our task4  ,!    
expectation ( ! ,messiah _h long be5    
rife among ! ,jews4 ,hold+ !mselves to  
be ! elect p ( ,god1 !y believ$ !       
triumph ( mono!ism to be dep5d5t ^u     
!mselves4 ,! prophets ( ,jehovah _h     
repeat$ly assur$ !m t _! supremacy w\ld 
f9ally be ackn[l$g$4 ,ev5ts h[ev] _h    
turn$ out diff]5tly4 ,in/ead ( success  
!y met ) con/ant defeat & disa/]2       
,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,syria _h successively  
held _! l& 9 subjection2 ! v exi/5ce (  
_! religion 0 ?reat5$1 & ! hea!n _w1 f> 
f %[+ signs ( approa*+ conv]sion1 insi/$
 ^u its errors ) increas$ ob/9acy &     
assurance4 ,& yet ,jehovah _h di/9ctly  
promis$ t he w\ld raise up 9 8 own good 
"t1 a new rul] f ! anci5t l9e (         
,israel's ,k+s1 a son ( ,david1 :o %\ld 

lead ! p to ,victory4 ,to 8 sceptre all 
! nations w\ld b[1 & 9 8 reign ! fai? ( 
! ,hebrews w\ld be ackn[l$g$ z !        
univ]sal religion4 ,e natural means = ! 
fulfilm5t ( ^! pr$ictions seem$ n[ cut  
(f1 no?+ rema9$ b to take refuge 9 !    
sup]natural2 x 0 said t ! old ord] ( ?+s
 mu/ entirely pass away2 a new heav5 & a
 new e>? be creat$ & :at 0 call$ !      
,k+dom ( ,heav5 might !n be expect$4 ,! 
,k+dom ( ,heav51 a phrase t frequ5tly   
recurs 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,jews1 is us$1 
n to describe a locality1 b to d5ote a  
/ate ( affairs on e>?1 9 :i* ! w ( heav5
 w\ld be g5]ally obey$ )\t ! fur!r      
int]v5tion ( human laws & gov]nm5t4 ,!  
ag5cy ( ! ,messiah 0 look$ to1 = !      
consummation ( ^! happy hopes4 ,to rew>d
 ^? :o _h p]i%$ be=e 8 com+1 _m moreov] 
( ^? t slept 9 ! du/ w\ld awak51 & !    
g5]al resurrection ( ! dead w\ld        
signalize ! approa* ( ! mill5nium4  ,at 
! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ^!        
expectations _h creat$ a wild f]m5t     
among ! population ( ,pale/9e4 ,n[ if   

ev]1 x 0 fondly urg$1 !y mu/ be         
fulfill$4 ,! ne$ 0 at its highe/1 help  
!n mu/ be nighe/4 ,= matt]s _h inde$    
gr[n f bad to worse1 ! political        
situation 0 intol]able1 aft] ! brief    
spell ( indep5d5ce 9 ! days ( !         
,maccabees1 ! ,roman yoke _h be5 fa/5$  
^u ! necks ( ! p1 & ! weight (          
oppression became t5fold m difficult to 
support f ! sweet ta/e ( lib]ty t _h    
prec$$ x4 ,! rapacity ( ! ,roman        
,gov]nors knew no b\nds4 ,a l& impov]i%$
 by incessant w>s & ! frequ5t failure ( 
! crops1 0 dra9$ ( its la/ res\rces to  
satisfy ! enorm\s exactions ( a =eign   
despot1 :ile to all ?is 0 add$ !        
humiliat+ consci\sness t x 0 a nation ( 
idolators :i* 0 ?us p]mitt$ to gr9d !   
*os5 p4  ,nor 0 ! condition ( religion  
at all m satisfactory4 ,x is true !     
spl5did rites ( ! public wor%ip 7 /ill  
ma9ta9$ at ! ,temple1 & ,h]od 0 ev5 !n  
re-build+ ! ,sanctu>y on a scale (      
unp>allel$ magnific5ce4 ,bright 0 ! %e5 
& glitt] ( gold ^u its portals1 solemn !

 c]emonies enact$ 9 its halls1 & gr& &  
impressive ! voices ( ! ,levitic *oirs z
 !y sang to ! tuneful melody ( cymbals &
 ( h>ps4 ,b ! lessons ( hi/ory tea* u t 
! times 9 :i* lavi% sums are exp5d$ on  
ext]nals1 are n usually ^? 9 :i*        
religion possesses true vitality & p[] &
 dep?4 ,"h 0 a br& flick]+ ne>          
ext9ction2 "h 0 a build] :o built =     
de/ruction2 ! ,temple _h ceas$ to       
satisfy ! ne$s ( ! p4  ,9 ! cities an   
attempt to supply ! defici5cy 0 made by 
! p>ty ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,!y s\ght to      
broad5 & to spiritualize ! mean+ (      
scripture--!y laid d[n new =ms (        
religi\s obs]vance by means ( :i* e     
educat$ man became1 s to speak1 8 own   
prie/4 ,! religion ( ! ,ph>isees h[ev]  
assum$ a n inconsid]able degree (       
intellectual ability on ! "p ( its      
foll[]s4 ,s f> z x w5t x answ]$ v well =
 ! intellig5t middle classes4 ,b out 9 !
 c\ntry di/ricts x did n answ] at all2 n
 = ! h]dsm51 n = ! poor peasants1 n = ^?
 :o _h n ev5 ! rudim5ts ( le>n+ & :o    

c\ld d no?+ ) a le>n$ religion4 ,& yet  
^! v m5 be=e all o!rs ne$$ some?+ to    
support !m1 some?+ to cl+ to1 ev5       
because !y 7 s mis]ably poor &          
illit]ate4 ,!y did n get :at !y         
want$--!y felt v /rongly t ! burd5s ^u  
!m 7 exce$+ly griev\s2 t :ile !y suff]$ 
& />v$1 religion dwelt 9 palaces1 & _h  
no he>t = _! mis=tunes4 ,!y felt t      
some?+ 0 wrong & rott5 9 ! !n /ate (    
affairs1 & t a new /ate mu/ come1 & a   
heav5-s5t k+1 :o w\ld l5d a voice to _! 
ne$s1 & lift !m ) /rong arms f out _!   
despair & degradation4 ,n[h]e 0 ?is     
feel+ m m>k$ ?an 9 ! di/rict ( ,galilee4
 ,a beautiful l& ) gre51 grassy valleys1
 groves ( sycamores1 broad blue lakes1 &
 villages ne/l+ picturesquely on !      
m\nta9 slopes1 x n\ri%$ an ard5t &      
impulsive population4 ,_! impati5ce ) ! 
exi/+ ord] ( ?+s _h already f\nd v5t 9  
furi\s revolt4 ,judah1 _! fam\s lead]1  
_h p]i%$2 8 two sons1 ,james & ,simon1  
_h be5 nail$ to ! cross2 ! ,messiah 0   
daily & h\rly expect$2 v>i\s impo/ors   

successively arose & quickly disappe>$2 
:5 w\ld ! h\r ( deliv]ance come2 :5 w\ld
 ! true ,messiah appe> at la/8  ,x 0 at 
su* a "t & among su* a p1 t !re arose   
,jesus ( ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee4 ,:at 0 !   
/>tl+ tru? he taught8 ,:at 0 ! new      
revelation he prea*$ to ! sons ( m58 ,an
 old tru?1 & an old                     
s]mon--,righte\sness2 no m1 mean+ no?+  
at all1 a m]e trite common-place1 on !  
lips ( ! "t-s]v] & ! plausible v5dor (  
moral phrases4 ,mean+ mighty *anges = ! 
bett]1 :5 invok$ ) a pr(\nd] s5se ( its 
sanctity1 & a new sacr$ness 9 life1 &   
l>g] impulses = ev] & = ev]4            
,righte\sness he taught1 & ! *ange t 0  
to come by righte\sness4 ,yes1 s deep 0 
8 conviction1 s pr(\ndly _h ! curr5t    
conceptions ( ! day affect$ him1 t he   
believ$ ! *ange to be ne> at h&1 t he   
himself might be its au?or1 himself     
,messiah4  ,! novelty ( ,jesus' "w has  
be5 s\ght 9 v>i\s directions4 ,x has be5
 said1 = in/ance1 to consi/ 9 ! ov]?r[ (
 ph>iseeism2 & x is true t he rebukes ! 

ph>isees 9 ! mo/ sev]e t]ms2 ^!         
reproa*es1 h[ev]1 7 n direct$ aga9/ !   
p>ty z a :ole1 b only aga9/ its m       
extravagant & unwor?y memb]s4 ,!        
ph>isees 7 c]ta9ly n a race (           
hypocrites1 & a g5]ation ( vip]s4 ,let u
 rememb] t ,jesus himself1 9 ! ma91     
adh]$ to _! pr9ciples2 t 8 words (t5    
tally /rictly ) !irs2 t ev5 ! gold5     
say+s :i* are collect$ 9 ! s]mon on !   
m\nt1 may be f\nd 9 ! contemporane\s    
,hebrew writ+s1 ^: au?ors 7 ph>isees4   
,?irty ye>s be=e 8 "t1 ,hillel arose    
among ! ph>isees1 r5[n$ = 8 m>vell\s    
erudition1 belov$ & rev]$ because ( !   
g5tl5ess & k9dl9ess ( 8 be>+1 ! meekness
 ) :i* he endur$ p]secution1 ! lov+     
pati5ce ) :i* he ov]came malice & hate4 
,:5 ask$ to express 9 brief t]ms !      
ess5ce ( ! law1 he to ! ph>isee repli$1 
,d n unto o!rs :at ?\ w\ld/ n t o!rs d  
unto !e2 ?is is ! ess5ce1 all ! re/ is  
comm5t>y1--g & le>n4 ,jesus fully admits
 ! au?ority ( ! ph>isees4 ,! ph>isees1  
he says1 sit 9 ,moses' seat2 all !re=e  

:atsoev] !y bid y obs]ve1 t obs]ve & d4 
,if we read ! gospel ( ,mat!w1 we f9d t 
he does n attempt to abrogate ! ph>isaic
 comm&m5ts1 b only insi/s ^u ! great]   
importance ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! he>t4 ,woe1
 he cries1 or ye pay ti! ( m9t1 ( anise 
& cum91 b ye h omitt$ ! weighti] matt]s 
( ! law1 judgm5t1 m]cy & fai?1 ^! ought 
ye to h done1 & n to leave ! o!r        
undone1--& aga91 ,if ?\ br+ ?y gift to !
 alt>1 & !re rememb]e/ t ?y bro!r ha?   
aught aga9/ !e1 leave !re ?y gift be=e !
 alt> & g ?y way2 fir/ be reconcil$ to  
?y bro!r1 & !n come & (f] ?y gift4 ,!   
lep] also :om he cur$ ( 8 disease1 he   
advises to br+ ! gift prescrib$ by !    
,jewi% ritual4 ,we _c fully und]/& !    
conduct ( ,jesus 9 ?is respect1 unless  
we be> 9 m9d t he believ$ ! mill5ial "t 
to be ne> at h&4 ,at t "t x 0 suppos$ ! 
anci5t c]emonial ( ,judaism w\ld come to
 an end by its own limitation2 until t  
"t arriv$1 x %\ld be respect$4 ,he does 
n wage w> aga9/ ! religi\s t5ets &      
practices ( 8 age2 only :5 !y int]f]e ) 

! sup]ior claims ( moral rectitude does 
he bitt]ly d5\nce !m1 & ev] insi/s t    
righte\sness be recogniz$ z ! "o ?+     
above all o!rs ne$ful4  ,nor is !       
novelty ( ,jesus' "w to be f\nd 9 !     
ext5sion ( ! gospel to ! hea!n _w4 ,x   
seems1 on ! contr>y1 highly probable t  
he conceiv$ 8 mission to lie )9 ! sph]e 
( 8 own p1 & devot$ 8 *ief c>e &        
solicitude to _! welf>e4 ,i am n s5t b  
unto ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 he  
says2 & ?us he *>ges 8 apo/les1 ,g ye n 
into ! way ( ! ,g5tiles1 & into any city
 ( ! ,sam>itans ent] ye n4 ,g r to ! lo/
 %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 & z ye g1     
prea*1 say+ ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,&
 yet 8 exclusive devotion to ! int]e/ ( 
! ,jews is n at v>iance ) ! _w-embrac+  
influ5ce attribut$ to ! ,messianic "*4  
,9 common ) all 8 p1 he believ$ t ^u !  
approa* ( ! mill5nium1 ! nations ( ! e>?
 w\ld come ( _! own accord1 to ! holy   
m\nt ( ,israel1 accept ,israel's        
religion1 & !nce=? live ob$i5t to !     
,messianic ,k+4 ,! mill5nium 0 n[       

believ$ to be actually 9 sight4 ,v]ily  
,i say unto y !re be "s /&+ "h :o %all n
 ta/e ( dea? until !y see ! ,son ( man  
com+ 9 8 ,k+dom4 ,f ! ,jewi% /&po9t1    
!re=e1 :i* 0 ! "o tak5 by ,jesus & !    
e>lie/ ,*ri/ians1 ! mission to ! hea!n 0
 unnecess>y4  ,& aga9 x has be5 said t !
 evangel ( ,jesus 0 new1 9 t x sub/itut$
 = ! /]n law ( retribution ! me?ods (   
*>ity & ! law ( love2 t :ile ! eld]     
prophets _h taught ! p to consid]       
!mselves s]vants ( a task-ma/]1 he      
taught !m fre$om & bro!rhood4 ,b is ?is 
true8 ,w any "o :o has read ! ,hebrew   
,prophets ) att5tion1 v5ture to ass]t t 
!y in/il a slavi% fe> into ! he>ts ( m52
 !y ^: e l9e speaks aspiration1 ^: e ^w 
brea!s lib]ty8 ,x is true _! language is
 (t5 /]n :5 !y dwell on duty4 ,& x is "r
 t x %\ld be s1 = s also is duty /]n & 9
 matt]s ( consci5ce s5tim5tal ism is out
 ( place1 h>mful4 ,simple ob$i5ce to !  
dictates ( ! moral law is requir$1      
imp]atively1 unconditionally1 n = pity's
 sake1 nor = love's sake1 b = ! "r's    

sake1 simply & solely because x is "r4  
,b ! emotions t are nev] ! suffici5t    
sanctions ( conduct may ennoble &       
glorify "r conduct4 ,& h[ t5d]ly d !    
anci5t prophets also attune _! monitions
 to ! prompt+s ( ! ri*e/ & pure/ ( human
 sympa?ies4 ,?y neighbor ?\ %alt love z 
?yself1 0 writt5 by !m1 & ,h we n all "o
 ,fa!r1 has n "o ,god creat$ u all4 ,?y 
poor bro!r too is ?y bro!r1 & 9 secret  
%alt ?\ give *>ity4 ,9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+ !
 poor are to come into ! cornfields &   
ga!r !re1 & no man %all "k :o has giv5 &
 :o has receiv$4 ,! anci5t prophets 7   
ideali/s1 prea*]s ( ! ,_s z oppos$ to ! 
=m t cramps & belittles4 ,9 ,jesus we   
behold a r5ewal ( _! ord]1 a liv+ prote/
 aga9/ ! =malism t _h 9 ! int]val become
 encru/$ ab\t _! tea*+s1 only diff]+ f 8
 pr$ecessors 9 ?is1 t ! hopes :i* !y    
held out = a di/ant future1 seem$ to him
 nigh _! fulfilm5t1 & t he believ$      
himself de/9$ to fulfil !m4  ,if we c   
discov] no?+ t _h n be5 previ\sly /at$ 9
 ! sub/ance ( ,jesus' tea*+s1 !re is t 9

 ! me?od he pursu$1 :i* calls = g5u9e   
admiration & rev]5ce1 ! me?od ( r\s+    
aga9/ ! (f5d] ! bett] nature 9 himself3 
( seem+ yield+ to (f5ce bas$ on an      
implicit tru/ 9 ! resili5t en]gy ( !    
good2 ( conqu]+ o!rs1 by ! /r5g? (      
meekness & ! might ( love4 ,hillel too 0
 end[$ ) ?is /r5g? ( meekness1 & ,buddha
 _h said1 long be=e ! days ( ,jesus3    
,hatr$ is n conqu]$ by hatr$ at any "t1 
hatr$ is conqu]$ by love2 ?is is an old 
rule4 ,b 9 ! /ory ( no o!r life has ?is 
me?od be5 appli$ ) su* s+ul> sweetness1 
) su* consi/5t h>mony f ! beg9n+ to !   
end4 ,:e!r we f9d him 9 ! intimate      
circle ( 8 disciples1 :e!r he is        
in/ruct+ ! multitude along ! sunny %ores
 ( ,lake ,g5nes>e?1 :e!r he /&s be=e !  
tribunal ( 8 judges1 or 9 ! la/ dire    
agonies ( dea?--he is ev] ! pati5t man1 
! lov+ tea*]1 ! man ( sorr[s1 :o looks  
beyond m5 & _! crimes to an ideal       
humanity1 & confides 9 t2 :o gives      
l>gely1 & =gives ev5 because he gives s 
mu*4  ,b we %all n t\* ! true secret ( 8

 p[] until we recall 8 sympa?y ) !      
neglect$ classes ( society2 t quality ( 
8 nature :i* caus$ ! poor ( ,galilee to 
hail him z _! deliv]]1 :i* produc$ s    
la/+ an impression ^u 8 contempor>ies1 &
 made ! developm5t ( 8 doctr9es into a  
great religion possible4 ,8 gospel 0    
preem95tly ! gospel = ! poor3 he sat d[n
 ) despis$ publicans1 he did n %un !    
contam9ation ( lep]s1 nay nor ( ! moral 
leprosy ( s9--he visit$ ! hovels (      
paup]s & taught 8 disciples to pref] !m 
to ! mansions ( ! =tunate2 he appli$    
himself ) peculi> f]vor to ^? dumb      
illit]ate masses ( ,galilee1 :o knew n  
:i!r !y might turn1 to :at !y might cl+4
 ,he gave !m hope1 he br\ght !m help4 ,&
 s x came ab\t t 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian      
communities :i* 7 /ill fre% f ! pres5ce 
( ! ma/]1 ! appeal to consci5ce he _h   
made s p[]fully1 result$ 9 solid        
helpfulness2 s x came ab\t t 9 ^? pri/9e
 days1 ! ,*ur* 0 a real in/rum5t (      
practical good1 ) few =ms1 & little     
p>ade1 b ) love fea/s & ! communion     

table spread ) repa/s = ! ne$y4 ,come   
unto me all ye t labor & are heavy lad5 
& ,i w give y re/4 ,take my yoke ^u y & 
le>n ( me1 99 99 99 = my yoke is easy & 
my burd5 is light4 ,x is f su* p>ticul>s
 t !re 0 drawn t fasc9at+ image :i* has 
captivat$ ! fancy & attract$ ! wor%ip ( 
mank9d4 ,! image ( ! pale man ) ! deep1 
e>ne/ eyes1 :o r\s$ m5 to new ex]tions =
 ! good1 :o lift$ up ! d[n-trodd51 :o   
lov$ little *ildr5 & taught ! old]      
*ildr5 9 riddles & p>ables t !y might   
und]/&1 & ! brief c>e] ( ^: life 0      
hall[$ all ! m 9 memory1 because ( !    
m\rnful trag$y 9 :i* x clos$4 ,all !    
noble/ qualities ( humanity 7 put into  
?is picture & made x lovely4 ,x 0 !     
humanity1 n ! dogma ( ,jesus1 by :i*    
,*ri/ianity triumph$4 ,l a refre%+ %[] 9
 ! p]fum$ spr+1 8 glad tid+s ( a new    
en?usiasm = ! good came ^u ! arid ,roman
 _w1 sick5+ ) ! dry rot (               
self-indulg5ce1 & ?ir/+ = "s pr9ciple to
 give a purpose to ! empty we>9ess (    
exi/5ce4 ,l a message f a sph]e ( light 

x spread to ! ,g]manic tribes1 temp]$ ! 
h>%ness ( _! mann]s1 taught !m a high]  
law ?an t ( =ce1 & conqu]$ _! grim /r5g?
 ) ! mild plead+s ( ! ,ma/] ( meekness 9
 f>-(f ,galilee4  ,x is ! moral elem5t  
conta9$ 9 x t alone gives value &       
dignity to any religion1 & only !n :5   
its tea*+s s]ve to /imulate & purify our
 aspirations t[>d ! good1 does x des]ve 
to reta9 its asc5dancy ov] mank9d4      
,claim+ to be ( cele/ial orig91 !       
religions h drawn _! secret spell f !   
human he>t itself4 ,!re is a pr9ciple ( 
rev]5ce inborn 9 e *ild ( man1--?is he  
w\ld utt]4 ,he sees ! firmam5t above    
him1 ) its untold ho/s2 he /&s 9 ! mid/ 
( mighty work+s1 he is fill$ ) awe2 he  
/ret*es =? 8 arms to grasp ! ,inf9ite   
:i* 8 s\l seeke?1 he makes unto himself 
signs & symbols1 say+1 let ^! be tok5s (
 :at no words c convey4 ,b a little "t  
elapses1 & ^! symbols !mselves seem m   
?an human1 !y po9t no m beyond !mselves1
 & man becomes an idolator1 n ( /one &  
wood m]ely4 ,!n x is ne$ful t he rememb]

 ! div9e p[] ) :i* 8 s\l has be5 clo!d f
 ! beg9n+1 t by ! =ce ( "s moral impulse
 he may break ?r\gh ! fett]s ( ! cre$s1 
& ca/ aside ! weight ( doctr9es t       
express 8 be/ ideals no m4 ,& s we f9d 9
 hi/ory t e great religi\s re=mation has
 be5 indebt$ = its triumphs1 n to !     
doctr9es t swam ^u ! surface1 b to !    
swell+ curr5ts ( moral en]gy t /irr$ x f
 bel[2 n to ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos 9      
,jesus' day1 b to ! tid+s ( release :i* 
he br\ght to ! oppress$1 n to           
ju/ification by fai?1 9 ,lu!r's "t1 b to
 ! mighty reaction to :i* 8 ?und]\s     
prote/ l5t a voice1 aga9/ ! lewdness & !
 lic5se ( a corrupt & cank]\s prie/hood4
 ,! appeal to consci5ce has ev] be5 !   
lev] t rais$ mank9d to a high] plane (  
religion4  ,consci5ce1 righte\sness1 :at
 is !re new 9 ^!--_! maxims are z old z 
! hills8 ,truly1 & z b>r5 (t5 z ! rocks4
 ,! novelty ( righte\sness is n 9       
itself1 b 9 its novel application to !  
p>ticul> unrighte\sness ( a p>ticul>    
age4 ,x 0 ?us t ,jesus appli$ to ! s9s &

 mock sanctities ( 8 day1 ! anci5t tru?s
 kn[n to ! prophets & to o!rs long be=e 
him4 ,x is ?us t e new re=m] w seek to  
br+ home to ! m5 ( 8 g5]ation :at x is t
 ! anci5t /&>d ( "r & ju/ice n[ requires
 at _! h&s4 ,t all m5 are bro!rs1 :o did
 n conc$e x8 ,b t ! enslav$ man too is  
our bro!r1 :at a convulsion did t n     
cause1 :at va/ exp5diture ( blood &     
treasure until t 0 made pla94 ,t we %\ld
 relieve ! necessities ( ! poor1 :o w   
d5y x8 ,b t a social sy/em :i* ye> by   
ye> witnesses ! increase ( ! paup]      
class1 & ! increase ( _! mis]ies1 /&s   
condemn$ be=e ! tribunal ( ,religion1 ( 
ju/ice1 h[ long w x take be=e t is      
und]/ood & tak5 to he>t8 ,! facts (     
righte\sness are few & simple1 b to     
apply !m h[ mighty1 h[ difficult a task4
 ,! "t is approa*+ :5 ?is /up5d\s "w mu/
 be attempt$ anew1 & we1 a small phalanx
 9 ! army ( progress1 w\ld aid1 ) :at   
p[] 9 u resides4 ,let ?is inspire u t we
 h ! l(tie/ cause ( ! age = our own1 t  
we are help+ to pave ! way = a /rong] & 

fre] & happi] race4 ,= by s labor+1     
alone c we feel t our life has a mean+  
"u ! sky & ! sacr$ />s4  ,! ye> 9 :i* we
 h ent]$ ^u our j\rney is pass+ away4   
,to-night :5 ! midnight bells s5d =? _! 
clamor\s voices1 we %all greet ! new    
ye>1 & ! "w x br+s4 ,no peaceful task   
d>e we expect1 b some?+ ( good          
accompli%$ may x see4       ,r+ out wild
 bells to ! wild sky1      ,! fly+ cl\d1
 ! fro/y light1      ,! ye> is dy+ 9 !  
night1      ,r+ out wild bells & let him
 die4       ,r+ out ! old1 r+ 9 ! new1  
,r+ happy bells across ! sn[1      ,!   
ye> is go+1 let him g1      ,r+ out !   
false1 r+ 9 ! true4     ,x4 ,,! ,,fir/  
,,anniv]s>y ,,disc\rse4  ,x is ,may1 !  
gladde/ season ( ! ye>4 ,life is 9 !    
breezes1 life 9 ! v]nal glory ( !       
fields1 life 9 ! e>? & 9 ! skies4 ,(    
old1 m5 7 wont to g =? at ?is "t into ! 
=e/1 to wrea? ! f\nta9s ) g>l&s1 to cov]
 _! h\ses ) gre5 bran*es1 ) songs &     
dances to celebrate ! triumph ( ! ,spr+4
 ,happy fe/ivals1 happy om5s4  ,a ye>   

has n[ pass$ s9ce we began our "w1 & =  
_m mon?s we h met 9 ?is hall week aft]  
week4 ,we h rea*$ ! fir/ re/+ place ^u  
our j\rney1 & x behooves u to look back 
once m ^u ! pa? we h travell$1 & =w>d   
into ! yet untri$ future t awaits u4    
,:at 0 x t induc$ u to ent] ^u s p]il\s 
& = _m reasons s unc]ta9 an ent]prise8  
,we felt a great ne$4 ,religion :i*     
ought to /& = ! highe/ tru?1 _h ceas$ to
 be true to u4 ,we saw x at w> ) !      
highe/ intellig5ce ( ! day2 religion &  
consci5ce also seem$ no long] insep>ably
 connect$1 z !y %\ld be4 ,we saw t      
millions are annually lavi%$ ^u ! m]e   
luxuries ( religion1 gorge\s temples1   
*ur*es & on ! elaborate app>atus (      
salvation2 we c\ld n b reflect t if "o  
ti! ( ! sums ?us set ap>t 7 judici\sly  
exp5d$ ^u ! wants ( ! _m :o are fami%+1 
di/ress might (t5 be reliev$1 sickness  
av]t$1 & crime conf9$ )9 m n>r[         
b\nd>ies4 ,we saw ar\nd u _m :o _h laps$
 f _! anci5t fai? b /ill pres]v$ !      
outw>d %[ ( con=mance1 enc\rag$ 9 s     

equivocal a c\rse1 by ! advice & example
 ( not$ lead]s 9 ! *ur*es !mselves4 ,we 
saw t ! great tides ( be+ are ev]y:]e   
sweep+ mank9d on to l>g] a*ievem5ts ?an 
7 kn[n to ! pa/2 only )9 ! *ur*es all is
 /ill & motionless2 only )9 ! *ur*es !  
obsolete =ms ( c5turies ago are reta9$1 
or if concessions to ! pres5t are made1 
!y are t>dy1 ungraci\s & insuffici5t4   
,we beheld t ! ess5tials ( religion are 
neglect$1 ev5 :ile its accessories are  
obs]v$ ) great] punctili\sness ?an ev]4 
,we 7 pass+ moreov] ?r\gh a p]iod (     
mom5t\s import 9 our c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,!
 nation _h j ent]$ ^u ! second c5tury ( 
its exi/5ce1 & ! great recollections (  
:at ! fa!rs _h done & design$ = !       
republic1 7 fre% 9 our m9ds4 ,we recall$
 ! memorable words ( ,wa%+ton 9 8 fir/  
inaugural address3 ,t ! national policy 
w\ld be laid 9 ! pure & immutable       
pr9ciples ( private morality4 ,b we 7   
/>tl$ to obs]ve h[ greatly rec5t ev5ts  
_h falsifi$ ^! hopes & felt x our duty1 
)9 our own limit$ sph]e1 to re/ore      

some?+ ( t noble simplicity1 some?+ ( t 
high fidelity to righte\sness :i* x is  
said adorn$ ! e>li] days1 & on :i* alone
 ! =tunes ( ! /ate c re/ securely       
h]eaft]4  ,!n also ! "q1 h[ be/ to      
educate ! *ildr5 to a wor?y life1       
confront$ u4 ,! doctr9es ( religion z   
commonly int]pret$1 we c\ld no long]    
imp>t to !m2 did we attempt to d s1 !y  
w\ld be likely to disc>d !m 9 lat] ye>s1
 & w\ld 9 ! mean "t be s]i\sly injur$ 9 
_! moral e/ate by ! /ruggle & its       
probable issue4 ,on ! o!r h& we 7 aw>e t
 ! temptations :i* surr\nd ! "y 9 ?is   
complex & highly wr\ght civilization (  
ours1 are peculi>ly dang]\s & allur+1 & 
by all ! holie/ in/9cts ( humanity1 we  
conceiv$ ourselves b\nd to provide m    
effectively = _! moral welf>e4 ,a few ( 
u !re=e took c\nsel h[ ^! objects might 
be atta9$1 & we det]m9$ to take a /ep 9 
a new direction4 ,we did n conceal f    
ourselves ! difficulties t w\ld att5d   
:at we 7 ab\t to und]take4 ,we might    
expect hone/ opposition4 ,!re w\ld be no

 ne$ to %r9k f t4 ,we might expect      
miscon/ruction1 un9t5tion$ or ) malice  
a=e?\ght2 we might expect also cold     
com=t f ^? illib]al lib]als1 :o are eag]
 en\gh to ass]t ! pr9ciples ( fre$om =  
!mselves1 b relax alike _! pr9ciples &  
_! temp]s :5 ! limits are transc5d$ :i* 
!y h !mselves rea*$1 & :i*1 on ?is      
acc\nt1 !y arbitr>ily set up z ! b>ri]s 
( future progress4 ,!re 7 o!r ob/acles  
inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! "w itself4 ,b all 
^! weigh$ lightly 9 ! scales1 :5 oppos$ 
to ! /]n conviction1 t !re are c]ta9    
hide\s %ams all[$ to fl\ri% 9 our public
 life2 t !re are c]ta9 great tru?s :i*  
ought to be br\ght home ) new en]gy to !
 consci5ce ( ! p4  ,^u :at plat=m c\ld  
we unite4 ,to =mulate a new cre$ 0 out (
 ! "q4 ,h[ev] compreh5sive 9 its        
/atem5ts x might be1 nay ?\gh x _h be5 !
 cre$ ( absolute negation1 f :i* inde$  
we are f> remov$1 x w\ld nev] h comb9$  
our ef=ts 9 p]man5t union4 ,& yet x 0   
pla9 t to be /rong & to ex]t influ5ce1  
we mu/ effect a firm1 cordial1          

en?usia/ic agreem5t ^u "s great         
pr9ciple4 ,! weakness ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty 
_h hi!rto be51 z we knew1 its dread (   
organization4 ,x ensur$ !reby = its     
memb]s a great] measure ( fre$om ?an is 
else:]e kn[n1 b x pur*as$ ?is advantage 
at an imm5se exp5se ( practical influ5ce
 & coh]5cy4 ,its =ces are scatt]$1 & 9 e
 em]g5cy1 x f9ds itself p>alyz$ = want (
 unity 9 its own ranks4 ,! ,ca?olic     
,*ur* has pursu$ ! opposite policy1 &   
pres5ts ! mo/ notable in/ance ( its     
successful prosecution4 ,x is s         
=midable1 ma9ly because ( its spl5did   
s*eme ( organization1 & ! high executive
 ability ( its lead]s4 ,b its p[] is    
ma9ta9$ at a complete sacrifice (       
fre$om4 ,c\ld we n secure bo?8 ,c\ld we 
n be free & /rong8 ,?is 0 ! problem be=e
 u1 & x seem$ to u we c\ld4  ,:at !     
exig5cies ( ! mod]n age dem&1 m ?an     
aught else1 is a new movem5t = ! moral  
elevation ( ! race4 ,n[ ! basic facts ( 
man's moral nature1 ?\gh insuffici5tly  
illu/rat$ 9 practice1 are univ]sally    

admitt$ among civiliz$ human be+s4      
,conc]n+ !m !re is & c be no dispute4   
,"h !n appe>$ ! solid pr9ciple ( our    
union4 ,! moral ideal w\ld po9t ! way ( 
safety1 ! moral ideal w\ld p]mit u to   
pres]ve ! sacr$ "r ( individual         
diff]5ces intact1 & yet to comb9e ) our 
fell[-m5 = ! l(tie/ & pure/ ends4 ,tak+ 
! t]m cre$ !re=e 9 its wide/            
application1 we />t$ out ) ! wat*word1  
,div]sity 9 ! ,cre$1 ,unanimity 9 !     
,de$4 ,?is feature1 if any at all1 l5ds 
"* to our movem5t1 & by x w\ld we be    
judg$4 ,we claim to be !reby di/+ui%$1 z
 well f ^? religi\s corporations t base 
_! organization ^u def9ite !ological    
dogmas1 z also f ! great majority (     
,lib]als :o meet = purposes (           
contemplation & poetical aspiration1 9 t
 we put ! moral elem5t prom95tly =w>d & 
behold 9 x ! bond ( our union1 ! pl$ge (
 our vitality4  ,b at ! v ?re%old ( our 
ent]prise1 we 7 met by ! objection t our
 ma9 premise is false2 t morality is    
impossible )\t dogma1 & t 9 neglect+ !  

"o we 7 virtually neutraliz+ our ef=ts  
t[>d ! o!r4 ,x became our fir/ & mo/    
s]i\s task !re=e to %[ ! futility ( ?is 
objection1 & to make cle> by an appeal  
to philosophy & hi/ory t ! claims (     
dogma are conditional1 :ile ! dictates (
 morality are imp]ative4 ,!n1 hav+      
e/abli%$ ! priority & supremacy ( !     
moral law1 to exam9e :at mann] (        
sub/itute ! e?ical ideal c (f] u to     
replace ! (fices ( ! doctr9al religions2
 :at are ! hopes x holds out1 :at its   
consolations1 :at x c give u = !        
prie/hood & ! *ur*4 ,) ?is task we h be5
 occupi$ dur+ ! ye> t has gone by1 & n[1
 at ! close1 we propose to review once  
m1 ! *ief /eps :i* we h tak5 9 ! c\rse (
 our enquiry4  ,we discuss$ 9 ! fir/    
place ! doctr9e ( immortality1 & "s ( ! 
ma9 argum5ts ^u :i* x is commonly f\nd$4
  ,we next proce$$ to take up ! /udy ( !
 ,hebrew ,bible2 = x is evid5t t s long 
z ?is book is clo!d ) infallible        
au?ority1 argum5ts bas$ on fact & logic 
avail no?+1 & reason is helpless be=e   

any r&om scriptural quotation4 ,we      
exam9$ ! composition ( ! "w3 we le>n$ t 
_m ( ^? portions t are e/eem$ mo/       
anci5t1 are ( comp>atively rec5t orig92 
t ! text is /udd$ ) discrepancies1 & t !
 m>ks ( savage & cruel cu/oms su* z !   
(f]+ ( human sacrifices to ! ,deity1 are
 /ill cle>ly ind5t$ on ! sacr$ volume4  
,! conclusion foll[$ t a book s full (  
contradiction1 s deeply t+$ ) ! evid5ce 
( human fallibility1 c\ld n h be5 ! "w (
 a div9e au?or4 ,! inspiration !ory be+ 
?us dive/$ ( its support1 we consid]$ h[
 baneful 99_h be5 its influ5ce on !     
c\rse ( human hi/ory2 h[ x _h ret>d$ !  
progress ( ! ,jews among :om x arose2 h[
 x _h *eck$ ! intellectual developm5t ( 
,europe1 h[ x _h hamp]$ ! advancem5t (  
sci5ce2 h[ x _h (f]$ a speci\s plea = ! 
despotism ( k+s1 & ( ! holy             
,inquisition2 h[ 9 our own days x _h    
become 9 ! h&s ( ! ,s\!rn slavehold]s a 
mo/ =midable means ( p]petuat+ _!       
infam\s s*eme ( oppression4 ,we conclud$
 t :atev] is false & wor?less 9 ! book  

we %\ld feel at lib]ty to reject1 :ile  
:at is great & holy w\ld n !re=e become 
less great or less holy to u1 because x 
0 prov5 to be man's "w1 man's te/imony  
to ! div9e possibilities inh]5t 9 !     
human s\l4  ,we w5t on /riv+ to p5etrate
 m deeply ! orig9 ( t my/]i\s p[] :i* we
 call religion4 ,to u x appe>$ t ! feel+
 ( ! sublime is ! root ( ! religi\s     
s5tim5t 9 man4 ,t ! ,v$ahs1 ,ave/a1     
,koran1 ,bible are ! songs ( ! nations  
on ! !me ( ! inf9ite2 & t ! moral ideal1
 :e!r we end[ x ) p]sonality or n1      
pres5ts to u ! highe/ type ( sublimity &
 is ! sole object wor?y ( religi\s      
rev]5ce4       ,:o d>e express him ,& :o
 pr(ess him      ,say+1 ',i believe 9   
him8'      ,:o feel+1 see+1 d5y 8 be+   
,say+ ,i believe him n8       ,call x !n
 :at ?\ wilt      ,call x bliss1 he>t1  
love1      ,god2 ,i h no "n to give x4  
,feel+ is all 9 all1      ,! "n is s\nd 
& smoke4  ,we ma9ta9$ la/ly1 t !        
entrance ( ! moral into ! sph]e (       
religion has end[$ ! latt] ) :atev]     

excell5ce x n[ possesses4  ,we %[$ 9    
ano!r c\rse ( lectures1 t e great       
religi\s movem5t has be5 9 ! ess5ce1 a  
prote/ aga9/ ! =malism & mock hol9ess ( 
its "t1 & d]iv$ its vital impulses f !  
moral elem5ts ) :i* x 0 suffus$4 ,we    
in/anc$ ! case ( mono!ism1 :i*1 z we    
believe1 arose 9 ! /ruggle ( ! prophets 
aga9/ ! immoral rites ( ,baal3 ,we      
m5tion$ ,buddha1 ! re=m] ( ! ,h9doos1 ^:
 s]mon ( unselfi%ness won = him !       
affections ( ! p4 ,we ref]r$ on frequ5t 
occasions to ! fact t ,*ri/ianity       
likewise triumph$ because ( ! humanity (
 ,jesus3 because he 0 ! ,ma/] (         
meekness2 because 8 gospel 0 a gospel = 
! poor4 ,! result ( all :i* 0 to confirm
 ! priority ( morality1 & to %[ t x is  
inde$ ! s\rce ( :atev] is durable &     
valuable 9 ! ,cre$s4  ,t[>d ! end (     
,febru>y ! two hundr$? anniv]s>y ( !    
dea? ( ,b5$ict ,sp9oza1 af=d$ u a       
welcome opportunity to dwell ^u ! life &
 philosophy ( t illu/ri\s ?9k]4  ,lat]  
on1 we endeavor$ to compreh5d ! causes  

:i* h produc$ t rem>kable *ange !       
religi\s op9ions ( mod]n m51 t is daily 
becom+ m widely app>5t4 ,we f\nd !m to  
be ! critical inve/igation ( ! ,bible1 !
 progress ( ! natural sci5ces1 &        
indirectly1 ! influ5ce ( comm]ce & (    
indu/ry4 ,we attempt$ to set =? h[ !    
introduction ( ma*9]y became ! means (  
fo/]+ ! gr[? ( scepticism ev5 among ^?  
classes to :om ! argum5ts ( s*ol>s & m5 
( sci5ce d n appeal4 ,we spoke ( !      
enlight5m5t ( ! masses1 & consid]$ !    
!ory ( ^? :o hold t a religion1 ev5 :5 x
 is f\nd to be false1 %\ld /ill be      
ma9ta9$ z a salut>y curb ^u ! passions (
 ! multitude4 ,we insi/$ t ?is view (   
religion is z uns\nd z x is degrad+2 t  
:ile all m5 may n be capable ( ! highe/ 
ord] ( intellectual action1 all m5 are  
capable ( he>t goodness1 & goodness is !
 bett] "p ( religion2 t a g5]\s         
confid5ce is ! highe/ pr9ciple (        
education1 & t to tru/ m5 is ! sure/    
means ( lead+ !m to respond to our      
confid5ce2 t we %\ld cease !re=e to     

prea* ! depravity ( human nature & prea*
 r ! gr&eur :i* is possible to human    
nature2 t 9 fre$om alone c we become    
wor?y ( be+ free4  ,& aga9 9 a di/9ct   
gr\p ( lectures we s\ght to unfold our  
conception ( ! ,new ,ideal1 & to po9t   
out t :i* di/+ui%es x f :at has gone    
be=e4 ,we spoke ( its appeal to ! high] 
nature1 ( its tea*+s conc]n+ ! ,inf9ite 
)9 ourselves4 ,we spoke ( ! prie/s t    
%all d its s]vice2 ( ! solace x af=ds u 
by its summons to l>g] duties2 ( !      
e?ical s*ools t %all be erect$ = its    
culture2 ( ! mann] 9 :i* wom5 may be    
prep>$ to aid 9 its propag&a2 la/ly ( ! 
=m :i* x may assume 9 ! future1 9 our   
disc\rse on ! ,ord] ( ! ,ideal4 ,?us f> 
h we proce$$4 ,we issu$ our appeal1 at  
fir/1 z m5 unc]ta9 :at ! =tunes ( _!    
ent]prise might be4 ,b :ile we av[$ x to
 be an exp]im5t1 we 7 deeply conv9c$ t x
 0 an exp]im5t :i* des]v$ to be tri$4 ,&
 m & m z week foll[$ week1 ! response f 
y\r side came back full & cordial2 & m &
 m z ! scope & ! ultimate t5d5cies ( our

 "w 7 develop$1 new fri5ds came to u :om
 we _h n kn[n1 & x became app>5t t !re  
is a deep1 d[nright purpose 9 y\r mid/  
:i* w =m a bond ( union = u t %all n    
easily be snapp$ asund]4 ,until at la/  
aft] a p]iod _h gone by1 y ?\ght x "t to
 ex*ange y\r tempor>y organization = "o 
m /able1 & y decl>$ to all :o might be  
int]e/$ 9 le>n+ x1 t x is y\r int5tion &
 y\r hope to become a p]man5t in/itution
 9 ?is community4  ,we h made a beg9n+  
only4 ,if we look ahead1 dang]s &       
difficulties /ill lie ?ickly on our pa?4
 ,! l>g] "w is /ill be=e u4 ,b we w     
confide 9 ! goodness ( our cause1 &     
believe t if x be good inde$1 9 ! end x 
mu/ succe$4  ,! c\ntry 9 :i* we live is 
mo/ favorable = su* exp]im5ts z ours4   
,!re are l&s ( old] culture1 & m5' !re (
 wid] vision & matur] wisdom1 b n[h]e1 z
 9 ,am]ica1 is a tru? once se51 s       
readily appli$1 n[h]e d ev5 ! common    
ord] ( m5 s feel ! responsibility = :at 
transpires1 & ! impulse to see ! be/    
accompli%$4 ,"h no heavy h& ( rul]s     

cru%es ! incipi5t good4 ,:5 ! ,pilgrims 
set out on _! voyage across ! unkn[n    
,atlantic1 ,rob9son1 _! pa/or1 _! lead]1
 address$ !m once m be=e !y emb>k$1 & 9 
t solemn h\r ( p>t+1 w>n$ !m aga9/ !    
self-suffici5cy ( a false cons]vatism1 &
 d$icat$ !m & ! new /ates !y might f\nd1
 to ! increase & ! s]vice ( l>g] tru?s4 
,to l>g] tru?s ,am]ica is d$icat$4  ,o1 
if x 7 ?9e1 ,am]ica1 ,am]ica t ha/ giv5 
political lib]ty to ! _w1 to give t     
spiritual lib]ty = :i* we pant1 to break
 also ^? spiritual fett]s t load ?y sons
 & daught]s6 ,all ov] ?is l& ?\s&s are  
se>*+ & /ruggl+ = ! bett]1 !y "k n :at4 
,oh t we might aid !m 9 ! /ruggle1 & !y 
u2 & ! he>ts ( _m be knit toge!r once m 
9 a common purpose t w\ld lift !m above 
_! sordid1 we>y c>es1 & ennoble _! lives
 & make !m glori\s6 ,! crops are wait+2 
may ! reap]s come6     ,,app5dix4       
,i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,hebrew        
,,religion4       ,dans l'op9ion du     
peuple p\r qui ces liyres ont ete ecrits
      le po9t capital et ess5tiel n'e/  

c]tes pas la n>ration      hi/oriquc1   
mais bi5 la legislation et l'idification
      religieuse4  ,9 #agie1 ,fr$]ick   
,augu/us ,wolf publi%$ a mode/ octavo   
volume entitl$ ,prolegom5a to ,hom]1 f  
^: appe>ance is dat$ ! beg9n+ ( a new   
era ( hi/oric criticism4 ,! composition 
( ! poems ( ,hom] =m$ its subject4 ,=   
wellnigh tw5ty ye>s ! au?or _h collect$ 
evid5ce1 weigh$ argum5ts1 & pati5tly    
te/$ 8 results by con/ant revision4 ,8  
own wi%es 7 engag$ on ! side ( ! unity (
 ! great ,grecian epic4 ,b ! results ( 8
 rese>*es cont9u$ to po9t 9 ! opposite  
direction1 & at la/ 8 e>ne/ devotion to 
tru? compell$ him to adopt a !ory !     
s\ndness ( ^: con/ruction seem$ to be no
 long] que/ionable4 ,he 0 ?us wor?y to  
become ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( philology 9 
its pres5t significance4 9999 ,!        
influ5ce ( ,wolfs discov]y 0 n conf9$ to
 ! /udy ( classic lit]ature only4       
99 ,9 ! e/imation ( ! p = :om ^! books 7
      writt51 ! capital1 ess5tial po9t  
surely 01 n !      hi/oric n>rative1 b r

 legislation & religi\s                 
edification4 7,noldeke1 ',hi/oire       
,litte'raire de l',anci5      ,te/am5t1'
 p4 #ai47       9999 ,bonitz1 ,ueb] d5  
,ursprung d] ,hom]is*5 ,g$i*te4  ,x     
quickly radiat$ ?r\gh e dep>tm5t (      
hi/ory4 ,9 e s++ age1 he said1 a s+le   
saeculum is almo/ l a s+le man4 ,x is   
all "o m9d1 "o s\l499 ,?is conception   
involv$ a new social law1 & radically   
alt]$ ! curr5t op9ions conc]n+ !        
relation ( individual ef=t to ! l>g]    
=ces t affect ! developm5t ( nations4 ,!
 creative en]gy ( rem>kable m9ds 0 n1   
inde$1 less5$ 9 importance1 b           
spontaneity1 9 ?is connection1 acquir$ a
 new mean+2 & = ! ,deus ex ma*9a ( !    
old5 "t 0 sub/itut$ ! cumulative =ce (  
c5turies ( progressive advancem5t1      
culm9at+1 x is true1 at la/ 9 !         
triumphant syn!sis ( g5ius4 ,! commotion
 :i* ! ,wolfian !ory has /irr$ up 9 !   
lit]>y _w is l>gely due to ! wide range 
( ideas :i* x affect$4 ,yet x 0 itself b
 a "p ( t g5]al movem5t :i*1 t[>d !     

close ( ! la/ c5tury1 became conspicu\s 
9 its effects on e field ( human        
inquiry4 ,ev]y:]e ! %ackles ( au?ority 7
 ?r[n (f1 &1 9 place ( bl9dly accept+ ! 
te/imony ( ! pa/1 m5 turn$ to inve/igate
 = !mselves4 ,a new pr9ciple ( rese>* 0 
ev]y:]e ackn[l$g$1 a new me?od 0 creat$1
 & sci5ce1 natural & hi/orical1 ent]$ ^u
 t a/oni%+ c>e] ( discov]y ^: ri*       
promise = ! future we h b begun to      
anticipate49999       99 ,9 a lett] giv5
 9 ,kttrte's ,leb5 und ,/udi5 ,f4 ,a    
,wolf s4 i41 p4 #cjg4       9999        
,sci5tific pursuits are di/+ui%$ f o!rs1
 n by      ! mat]ial1 b by ! me?od ( k4 
,! m]e      collection ( data1 h[ev]    
multipli$ 9 detail1 h[ev]      ab/ruse !
 subjects to :i* !y may ref]1 does n (  
itself des]ve ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,! t]m     
prop]ly      applies only :5 ph5om5a are
 plac$ 9 causal relation1      & ! laws 
:i* gov]n _! developm5t are trac$4      
,measur$ by ?is /&>d1 e attempt to      
expla9 !      gr[? ( human ?\ght &      
in/itutions1 & to elucidate      ! laws 

:i* h act$ 9 ! process ( _! evolution1  
has a j claim to be class$ "u ! head (  
sci5tific      inquiry4  ,to ! impetus  
giv5 by ,wolf1 & to ! new-born _s (     
sci5ce :i* he c>ri$ into ! sph]e (      
philology1 we owe among o!r valuable    
results ! beg9n+s ( a m critical inquiry
 into ! records ( ! anci5t ,hebrew      
religion4 ,inde$1 ! au?or ( !           
,prolegom5a himself cle>ly =esaw !      
influ5ce :i* 8 book 0 de/9$ to ex]t on  
,hebrew /udies4 ,9 a lett]1 f :i* we h  
already quot$ above1 he says3 ,!        
demon/ration t ! ,p5tateu* is made up ( 
unequal portions1 t ^! are ! products ( 
diff]5t c5turies1 & t !y 7 put toge!r   
%ortly aft] ! "t ( ,solomon1 may1 ere   
long1 be confid5tly expect$4 ,i %\ld    
myself be will+ to und]take su* an      
argum5t )\t fe>1 = n[h]e d we f9d any   
anci5t witness to gu>antee ! au?or%ip ( 
! ,p5tateu* to ,moses himself499        
99 ,lett] 9 ,korte's ,leb5 und ,/udi5   
,f4 ,a4 ,wolf1 i41 p4      #cji4  ,!    
pr$iction embodi$ 9 ^! words soon came  

true4 ,a ho/ ( compet5t s*ol>s took up !
 /udy ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 &1 pr(it+ by  
,wolf's example & sugge/ions1 appli$ to 
its elucidation ! same c>eful me?ods1 ! 
same scrupul\s hone/y ( int]pretation1 t
 _h prov$ s successful 9 ! realm (      
classical philology4 ,!ologians by      
pr(ession1 !y set aside _! pr$ilections1
 & plac$ ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! tru? above all
 o!r int]e/s4 ,!y believ$ 9 !           
inde/ructible vitality ( religion1 & 7  
will+ to admit ! full light ( criticism 
^u ! scriptural page1 confid5t t any    
loss w\ld be tempor>y only1 ! ga9       
p]man5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! rese>*es !y    
arriv$1 among o!rs1 at ! foll[+         
important conclusions3  ,t ! editor ( ! 
,p5tateu* _h admitt$ into 8 volume      
sev]al acc\nts t\*+ ! ma9 facts ( e>ly  
,hebrew hi/ory2 t ^! acc\nts are (t5    
mutually at v>iance2 t m9ute analysis & 
c>eful comp>ison alone c lead to an     
approximately true e/imate ( _!         
comp>ative value2 &1 la/ly1 t !         
transmission ( hi/orical in=mation _h 9 

no wise be5 ! object ( ! ,hebrew writ]s4
 ,! hi/ory ( _! p s]v$1 x is true1 to   
illu/rate c]ta9 ( _! doctr9es conc]n+ ! 
div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & especially !   
peculi> relations ( ! ,deity to ! *os5  
race2 b x 0 employ$ mu* 9 ! s5se ( a    
moral tale1 be+ design$1 n to convey    
facts1 b to en=ce lessons4 ,_h !        
acceptance ( any p>ticul> s*eme (       
,hebrew hi/ory be5 deem$ ess5tial to !  
integrity ( religi\s belief1 ! ,bible1  
!y argu$1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h includ$      
discrepant acc\nts ( t hi/ory 9 its     
pages4 ,9 ! light ( ?is new insight1 x  
seem$ advisable to draw a di/9ction     
betwe5 ! biblical n>rative prop] & !    
doctr9es :i* x 0 design$ to illu/rate4  
,! latt] belong to ! prov9ce ( fai?1 &  
_! treatm5t may be left to ! exp\nd]s ( 
fai?4 ,! =m] is a dep>tm5t ( g5]al      
hi/ory1 & 9 deal+ ) x we are at lib]ty  
to apply ! same canons ( criticism t    
obta9 9 e o!r dep>tm5t1 )\t fe>+ to     
trespass ^u sacr$ gr\nd4 ,x is our      
purpose 9 ! foll[+ pages to pres5t "s ( 

! m int]e/+ results t h be5 rea*$ 9 !   
/udy ( ! ,p5tateu*1 s f> z !y illu/rate 
! evolution ( religi\s ideas among !    
,hebrews4 ,we %all beg9 by summ>iz+ a   
few in/ances ( discrepant te/imony to   
introduce our subject1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 to
 %[ h[ little ! ord9>y purposes ( hi/ory
 h be5 consid]$ 9 ! composition ( !     
biblical writ+s2 h[ little ! b>e        
transmission ( facts 0 an object ) !    
sacr$ au?ors499  ,! ,scriptures op5 )   
two div]g5t acc\nts ( ! creation4 ,9    
,g5esis i41 ! "w ( creation proce$s 9   
two gr& movem5ts1 includ+ ! =mation (   
inanimate & animate ,nature             
respectively49999 ,on ! fir/ day a      
diffus$ light is spread out ov] *aos4   
,!n are made ! firmam5t1 ! dry e>?1 !   
gre5 h]bs1 & fruit-be>+ trees2 on ! f\r?
 day ! great lum9>ies are call$ into    
be+2 on ! fif?1 ! fi%es & birds ( ! air2
 on ! six?1 ! bea/s ( ! field2 &1 la/ly1
 cr[n+ all1 man1 8 ,mak]'s ma/]piece4 ,!
 human species ent]s at once ^u its     
exi/5ce z a pair4 ,male & female did he 

create !m4 ,9 ! second *apt] ! same     
me?odical arrangem5t1 ! same delib]ate  
progress f ! l[] to ! high] =ms ( be+1  
is n obs]v$4 ,man1 8 int]e/s &          
responsibilities1 /& 9 ! =egr\nd ( !    
picture4 ,! trees ( ! field are n made  
until aft] ,adam2 &1 subsequ5tly to !m1 
! cattle & bea/s4 ,moreov]1 man is a    
solit>y be+4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 8      
lonely condition & ! dual exi/5ce ( !   
rema9d] ( ! animal _w leads ! ,deity to 
det]m9e ^u ! creation ( woman4 ,a pr(\nd
 slumb] !n falls ^u ,adam1 a rib is tak5
 f 8 side1 & f x ,eve is fa%ion$499 ,we 
may obs]ve t ! "n ,jehovah1 z app]ta9+  
to ! ,deity1 is employ$ 9 ! second      
*apt]1 :ile x is scrupul\sly avoid$ 9 ! 
fir/4 ,! recognition ( ?is di/9ction has
 l$ to fur!r discov]ies ( f>-rea*+      
importance1 b too complicat$ 9 _! nature
 to be "h detail$4 ,! conflict+ /atem5ts
 ( ! two acc\nts1 :i* we h j indicat$1 h
 induc$ s*ol>s to reg>d !m z ! "w (     
diff]5t writ]s4 ,9 ,g5esis iv4 we le>n t
 9 ! days ( ,eno*1 ,adam's gr&son1 m5   

began to call on ! "n ( ,jehovah2 9     
,exodus vi1 on ! contr>y1 t ! "n        
,jehovah 0 fir/ reveal$ to ,moses1 be+  
unkn[n ev5 to ! patri>*s4       99 ,_m (
 ! foll[+ examples are famili>ly kn[n4  
,a      few1 h[ev]1 are drawn f rec5t   
inve/igations4 ,comp>e1      especially1
 ,ku551 ,! ,religion ( ,israel4         
9999 ,tu*'s ,g5esis1 p4 #c1 second      
edition1 ,halle1 #ahga4  ,g54 xvi41     
,hag> is driv5 f h] home by ! jeal\sy ( 
h] mi/ress2 escapes into ! des]t2       
beholds a vision ( ,god at a well 9 a   
wild]ness4 ,g54 xxi41 ! flight ( ,hag>  
is relat$ a second "t4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( 
! n>rative is ! same z above2 b !re are 
important div]g5cies ( detail4 ,z n>rat$
 9 *apt] xvi41 ! escape took place      
imm$iately be=e ! bir? ( ,i%mael4       
,fifte5 ye>s elaps$19999 & ,i%mael1 n[  
approa*+ ! ye>s ( maturity1 is once m   
driv5 =? f ! h\se ( ,abraham4 ,b1 to our
 surprise1 9 *apt] xxi4 ! lad is        
describ$ z a m]e infant2 he is c>ri$ on 
8 "m's %\ld]s1 & laid away1 l a helpless

 babe1 "u "s bu%es by ! wayside4 ,x     
appe>s t we h be=e u two acc\nts t\*+ ! 
same ev5t1 agree+ 9 ! ma9 incid5ts ( !  
escape1 b %[+ a disagreem5t ( fifte5    
ye>s z to ! date ( its occurr5ce4 ,!    
n>ratives are di/+ui%$ z above by !     
employm5t ( diff]5t names ( ! ,deity3   
,jehovah 9 ! "o in/ance1 ,elohim 9 !    
o!r4       99 ,= an acc\nt ( ! close    
analogy betwe5 ! biblical      n>ration 
& ! ,p]sian /ory ( ,me%ja & ,me%jane1   
_! temptation & fall1 vide ibid4 p4 #dj4
 ,x is (      special importance to note
 t ref]5ce to ! acc\nt (      ,g5esis   
ii4 is made only 9 ! lat] lit]ature ( ! 
,hebrews1 ibid41 p4 #db4       9999 ,g54
 xvii4 #be4 ,9 quot+ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 
we      foll[ ! ord] ( ! ,hebrew text4  
,g54 xxxii41 ,jacob at ! =ds ( ,jabbok1 
aft] wre/l+ dur+ ! night ) a div9e be+1 
receives ! "n ( ,israel4 ,g54 xxxv41 )\t
 ref]5ce to ! previ\s acc\nt1 ! "n      
,israel is conf]r$ ^u ,jacob at a       
diff]5t place & "u diff]5t circum/ances4
  ,g54 xlix41 ! disp]sion ( ! ,levites  

among ! tribes is *>act]iz$ z a puni%m5t
 & a curse4 ,!y are to be =ev] homeless 
& fugitive4 ,deut]onomy xxxiii4 &       
else:]e1 x is describ$ z a bless+4 ,!   
,levites h be5 scatt]$ z good se$ ov] ! 
l&4 ,!y are apo/les1 commission$ to     
propagate ,jehovah's law4  ,pass+ on to 
! second book ( ! ,p5tateu*1 we pause   
be=e ! acc\nt ( ! ,revelation on ,m\nt  
,s9ai1 beyond a d\bt ! mo/ important    
ev5t ( ,israel's anci5t hi/ory4 ,exodus 
xxiv4 #b1 ,moses alone is to approa* !  
div9e pres5ce4 ,exod4 xix4 #bd1 ,a>on is
 to accompany him4 ,exod4 xxiv4 #ac1    
,a>on is to rema9 bel[ & ,jo%ua is to g 
9 8 /ead4 ,aga91 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #bj1    
in/ant dea? w ov]take him :o beholds    
,god4 ,exod4 xxiv4 #i-aa1 ,moses1 ,a>on1
 two ( 8 sons1 & sev5ty eld]s ( ,israel 
asc5d$1 & !y saw ! ,god ( ,israel4444   
,also1 !y saw ,god1 & did eat & dr9k4   
,once m1 ,exod4 xxiv4 #d-g1 ,moses      
himself writes d[n ! words ( revelation 
9 a book ( cov5ant4 ,exod4 xxiv4 #ab1 n 
,moses b ,god writes !m2 &1 else:]e1    

,two tables ( /one inscrib$ by ! f+] (  
,god4  ,exod4 xx4 enjo9s ! obs]vance ( !
 sabba?-day z a memorial ( ! repose ( ! 
,mak] ( heav5 & e>? on ! sabba? (       
creation4 ,deut4 v41 ! f\r? comm&m5t is 
enjo9$ because ( ! r$emption ( ,israel f
 ,egyptian bondage4 ,exod4 xxxiv41 a new
 v]sion ( ! decalogue1 diff]+ 9 mo/     
respects f ! "o commonly receiv$1 is    
promulgat$499 ,! fir/ comm&m5t is to    
wor%ip no /range god2 ! second1 to make 
no grav5 images2 ! ?ird1 to obs]ve !    
fea/ ( unleav5$ bread2 ! f\r?1 to deliv]
 ! fir/-born unto ,jehovah2 ! fif?1 to  
obs]ve ! sabba?1 etc4       99 ,comp>e  
,de ,wette's ,e9leitung 9 das alte      
,te/am5t      7,s*rad]'s edition71 p4   
#bhf1 note #ec4  ,9 ,exod4 xx4 we read t
 ! guilt ( ! fa!rs w be av5g$ ^u !      
*ildr5 d[n ev5 to ! ?ird & f\r?         
g5]ation2 9 ,deut4 xxiv41 ! *ildr5 %all 
n die = _! fa!rs4 ,e "o = 8 own s9 %all 
die4  ,9 ,deut4 xxv4 ! m>ry+ ( a deceas$
 bro!r's wife is "u c]ta9 conditions    
enjo9$ z a duty4 ,9 ,levit4 xviii4 x is 

unconditionally prohibit$ z a crime4    
,exod4 xxxiii41 ,moses removes !        
tab]nacle beyond ! camp4 ,num4 ii41 !   
tab]nacle re/s 9 ! v he>t ( ! camp1 )   
all ! tribes ( ,israel gr\p$ r\nd ab\t  
x1 accord+ to _! /&>ds & divisions4     
,num4 xvi41 ! sons ( ,korah1 ! lead] ( !
 great ,leviti-cal s$ition1 p]i% ) _!   
fa!r4 ,num4 xxvi41 ! sons ( ,korah d n  
p]i%499  ,( ! =ty ye>s :i* ! ,israelites
 are said to h dwelt 9 ! des]t1 n m ?an 
two are cov]$ by ! ev5ts ( ! n>rative4  
,! rema9d] are wrapp$ 9 d5se obscurity4 
,!re is1 h[ev]1 a significant fact :i*  
des]ves m5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,! dea?
 ( ,a>on m>ks1 z x 71 ! close (         
,israel's j\rney4 ,n[1 :ile 9 ,num4     
xxxiii4 ! dea? ( ! high-prie/ is        
describ$ z occurr+ 9 ! =tie? ye>1 9     
,deut4 x4 x is actually ref]r$ to !     
second ye> ( ! ,exodus49999       99    
,num4 xxvi4 #aa4 ,inde$1 _h ! sons (    
,korah & e      human be+ relat$ to him 
p]i%$1 z ,num4 xvi4 av]s1 h[      c\ld  
we acc\nt = ! fact t ,korah's desc5dants

      fill$ high (fices 9 ! ,temple at  
,j]usalem lat] on8      ,! celebrat$    
s+]1 ,heman1 himself 0 a l9eal          
desc5dant ( ,korah4 ,to ! desc5dants (  
,korah also are      ascrib$ ! foll[+   
,psalms3 ,ps4 xlii41 xliv4-xlix41       
lxxxiv41 lxxxv41 lxxxvii41 lxxxviii4    
9999 ,9 connection ) ?is subject x is ( 
int]e/ to      comp>e ,goe!'s argum5t 9 
! ,we/osli*] ,divan on !      duration (
 ! des]t j\rney4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m o!r      
in/ances1 ! intuitive p]ception ( !     
great poet      anticipat$ ! t>dy       
results ( subsequ5t inve/igation4  ,a   
brief digression beyond ! bord]s ( !    
,p5tateu* w %[ t ! conflict ( te/imony  
:i* we h ?us f> notic$1 affect+ z x does
 "s ( ! lead+ ev5ts ( anci5t ,hebrew    
hi/ory1 does n dim9i% z we proce$ 9 !   
n>rative4 ,9 ,i ,samuel vii4 x is said t
 ! ,phili/9es ceas$ to h>ass ! l& (     
,israel all ! days ( ,samuel4           
,imm$iately !reupon we read ( new       
,phili/9e incursions m direful ?an ev] 9
 _! consequ5ces499 ,! popul> prov]b1 ,is

 ,saul among ! prophets8 is v>i\sly     
expla9$1 ,i ,sam4 x4 & xix4 ,two        
discrepant acc\nts are giv5 ( ,saul's   
rejection f ! k+dom1 ,i ,sam4 xiii4 &   
xv42 ( ,david's introduction to ,saul1 i
 ,sam4 xvi4 & xvii4 ,! *>m+ /ory (      
,david's enc\nt] ) ! giant ,golia? told 
9 ,i ,sam4 xvii4 is contradict$ 9 #b    
,sam4 xxi4 #ai1 :]e1 n ,david1 b "s     
p]son o!rwise unkn[n to fame1 is report$
 to h sla9 ! giant ,golia?1 & also ! "t1
 place1 & att5dant circum/ances1 are    
diff]5tly relat$49999       99 ,comp>e  
#a ,sam4 vii4 #ac1 & #a ,sam4 xiii4 #ai4
       9999 ,9 #a ,*ron4 xx4 #e1 we     
read1 ! bro!r ( ,golia?4 ,!      purpose
 ( ! *ange is cle>1 & accords well ) !  
apologetical t5d5cies ( ! au?or (       
,*ronicles4 ,vide ,de      ,wette1      
,e9leitung1 etc41 p4 #cgj4    ,geig]1   
,urs*rift4  ,x ?us appe>s t ! compil] ( 
! ,p5tateu* has admitt$ a v>iety (      
views1 n only on ! anci5t hi/ory ( 8 p1 
b also on ! g5]al subject ( religion &  
morals1 into 8 "w2 & t ! discordant     

op9ions ( div]se au?ors & ( div]se /ages
 ( human progress are reflect$ 9 its    
pages4 ,x is ! monum5t ( a gr& religi\s 
movem5t ext5d+ ov] _m c5turies ( gradual
 developm5t4 ,x is ! image ( a nation's 
/ruggles & gr[?4 ,z conta9$ 9 ! books ( 
! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,mosaic religion is a    
religi\s mosaic4  ,9 ! =ego+ sket* we h 
obs]v$ h[ deep a mi/ ( unc]ta9ty hangs  
ov] ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ! gold5 age ( !     
hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews4 ,all is 9 a /ate ( 
flux1 & :at appe>$ compact & coh]5t at a
 di/ance yields to our t\* ^u clos]     
contact4 ,to ga9 t]ra firma let u turn  
to ! p]iod :i* imm$iately succe$$ !     
settlem5t ( ! ,israelites 9 ,pale/9e2 a 
p]iod 9 :i* ! outl9e ( hi/orical ev5ts  
beg9s to assume a m def9ite & tangible  
%ape4  ,x 0 a dismal & sorr[ful age4 ,! 
bonds ( social ord] 7 loos5$2 ! curr5t  
conceptions ( ! ,deity & ! rites ( 8    
wor%ip 7 gross & (t5 degrad+4 ,mutual   
jeal\sies k9dl$ ! firebr& ( w> among !  
cont5d+ clans4 ,almo/ ! :ole tribe (    
,b5jam9 0 extirpat$4 ,abimele* slew     

sev5ty pr9ces ^u "o /one4 ,lu/ & trea*]y
 ran riot4 ,a wild] de$ has nev] be5    
*ronicl$ 9 ! annals ( mank9d ?an t      
relat$ 9 *apt] xix4 ( ,judges1 nor ev]  
has a t]rible de$ be5 m t]ribly av5g$4  
,n[1 look+ backw>d1 we ask1 ,is x to be 
believ$ t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 n  
only ! lead] ( ,israel1 b also _! eld]s1
 _! prie/s1 nay1 l>ge numb]s ( ! v      
populace1 %>$ 9 ! mo/ exalt$1 ! mo/     
spiritual conceptions ( ,god1 & n\ri%$ !
 mo/ ref9$ s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to human    
relation%ips1 :ile imm$iately !reupon1 &
 c5turies !reaft]1 viol5ce & blood%$1 & 
idolatry1 d n cease f ! records8 ,x has 
be5 argu$1 inde$1 t ! wor%ip ( idols 0 b
 a relapse f ! purity ( a prec$+ age2 & 
t1 ?\gh ! tradition ( ! ,mosaic "t may h
 be5 lo/ 9 ! succe$+ p]iod among ! p at 
l>ge1 x 0 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! circle ( a   
select few1 ! judges1 ,k+ ,david1 &     
o!rs4 ,^!1 x is believ$1 cont9u$ to     
rema9 fai?ful disciples ( ! great       
lawgiv]4 ,b ^! v m51 ! judges--,k+      
,david himself--all fall immeasurably   

bel[ ! /&>d t is set up 9 ! ,p5tateu*4  
,if !y 7 e/eem$ ! true repres5tatives ( 
! national religion 9 _! day1 if ! v    
po9ts 9 :i* !y transgress$ ! provisions 
( ! ,mosaic code are di/+ui%$ by !      
approval ( ,god & man1 we are =c$ to    
conclude t t /&>d--by :i* !y /&         
condemn$--did n yet exi/2 t1 9 ! days ( 
,david1 ! laws ( ,moses1 z we n[ h !m2 7
 z yet unwritt5 & unkn[n4 ,let u        
illu/rate ?is important po9t by a few   
examples tak5 f ! records4 ,gideon no   
soon] returns f victory ?an he makes a  
gold5 idol & sets x up = wor%ip4        
,jeph?ah slays 8 daught] z an (f]+ (    
?anksgiv+ to ,jehovah4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* ! 
adoration ( images is br&$ z ! grave/ ( 
(f5ces4 ,david keeps h\sehold gods 9 8  
own home 7,sam4 xix74 ,9 ! ,p5tateu*1 on
 its op5+ page1 ,god is proclaim$ z a   
pure _s1 mak] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,9 ! eyes (
 ,david 7#a ,sam1 xxvi4 #ai71 ! sway (  
,jehovah does n ext5d beyond ! bord]s ( 
,pale/9e499 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* ! ark ( !    
cov5ant is describ$ z ! treasury ( all t

 is brighte/ & be/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! "o    
,god4 ,none b ! consecrat$ prie/ d>e    
approa* x1 & ev5 he only "u circum/ances
 calculat$ to inspire peculi> v5]ation &
 awe4 ,9 #b ,sam4 vi41 ,david ab&ons !  
ark to ! keep+ ( a hea!n ,phili/9e4 ,9  
an e>ly age ( culture1 :5 fe> & t]ror 9 
! pres5ce ( sup]ior =ce ent]$ l>gely    
into ! religi\s conceptions ( !         
,hebrews1 ! tak+ ( ! c5sus 0 deem$ an   
act ( grave transgression4 ,x appe>$ a  
vaunt+ ( "o's /r5g?2 x seem$ to indicate
 a defiant attitude t[>d ! l(ti] p[] ( !
 ,deity1 :i* he w\ld c]ta9ly visit )    
condign puni%m5t4 ,at a lat] p]iod !    
prie/hood f\nd x 9 _! int]e/ to ov]ride 
^! scruples1 & ! tak+ ( ! c5sus became  
an affair ( habitual occurr5ce4 ,9 ! la/
 *apt] ( ,samuel ! m primitive view /ill
 pr$om9at$4 ,sev5ty ?\s& ,israelites are
 mis]ably sla9 to atone = ,k+ ,david's  
presumption 9 comm&+ a c5sus ( ! p4 ,9 !
 f\r? book ( ,moses1 on ! o!r h&1 !     
numb]+ ( ! p n only proce$s )\t !       
slighte/ evil result+ !refrom1 b at !   

express comm& ( ,god himself4  ,9 ! book
 ( ,deut]onomy ! s]vice ( ,jehovah is   
said to consi/ ma9ly 9 ! practice (     
righte\sness1 9 works ( k9dness t[>d our
 fell[s1 9 s9c]e & holy love t[>d !     
,deity1 :o is repres5t$ z ! m]ciful fa!r
 ( all 8 human *ildr54 ,second ,sam4    
xxi41 a fam9e comes ^u ! l& ( ,israel4  
,! ang] ( ,jehovah is k9dl$ aga9/ ! p4  
,to appease him1 ,david (f]s            
sacrifice--human sacrifice4 ,! sev5 sons
 ( ,saul are sla91 & _! bodies kept     
expos$ on ! hill1 9 sight ( ,jehovah1 & 
! horrid (f]+ is accept$1 & ! div9e wra?
 is !reby pacifi$49999 ,truly1 9 ! age (
 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! b>ley-h>ve/4 ,?is       
circum/ance seems to ?r[ light on !     
primitive mode ( celebrat+ ! ,passov]4  
,t ! rite ( human sacrifice 0 orig9ally 
connect$ ) ?is fe/ival is g5]ally       
ackn[l$g$4 ,vide1 e4 g41 ,exod4 xiii41  
#b4 ,by su* (f]+s x 0 int5d$1 no d\bt1  
to secure ! favor ( ! god dur+ !        
cont9uance ( ! h>ve/4       99 ,bani%m5t
 be+ describ$ z a transf] ( allegiance  

to      /range gods4       9999 ,x is   
important to note t ! sev5 sons ( ,saul 
7      sacrific$  ,david1 ! ,hebrews 7  
f>1 f> remov$ f ! high /ate ( culture 9 
:i* ! ideal conception ( religion t     
p]vades ,deut]onomy became possible4 ,& 
long aft]1 :5 c5turies _h gone by & !   
k+dom ( ,judah 0 already approa*+ its   
dissolution1 ! direful practices (      
,david's reign /ill surviv$1 & ! root ( 
idolatry _h n be5 pluck$ f ! he>t ( ! p4
 ,/ill d we he> ( human sacrifice       
p]petrat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem1 & /e$s &
 *>iots d$icat$ to ! sun-god1 & images (
 ! ,phallus1 & all ! abom9ations (      
s5sual wor%ip1 fill$ ! v ,temple (      
,jehovah4  ,b 9 ! meantime a new =ce _h 
ent]$ ! curr5t ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,!     
conviction t "o ,god1 & he an all-j1    
almighty be+1 rul$ ! de/9ies ( ,israel1 
began to take root4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury   
,b4 ,c4 au!ntic records prove t         
mono!ism1 z a =m ( religi\s belief1     
obta9$1 at lea/ among ! m illu/ri\s     
memb]s ( ! prophetic ord]4 ,we h else:]e

 attempt$ to trace ! causes :i* l$ to ! 
rise ( mono!ism at ?is p>ticul> epo*1 & 
c d no m ?an briefly allude to !m "h4   
,:5 ! m\nta9e]s ( ,s\!rn ,pale/9e1 aft] 
c5turies ( protract$ /ruggles1 _h secur$
 ! safe possession ( individual homes1 !
 ende>m5ts ( dome/ic life 7 inve/$ ) a  
sanctity 9 _! eyes nev] be=e kn[n4 ,!   
atta*m5t ( ! ,hebrew t[>d 8 (fspr+ 0    
int5sifi$2 8 devotion to ! wife ( 8     
bosom became pur] & m endur+4 ,n[1 !    
prevail+ =ms ( ,semitic religion outrag$
 ^! feel+s at e po9t4 ,! gods ( !       
surr\nd+ nations 7 gods ( pleasure & (  
pa92 & 9 _! wor%ip ! /]n practices (    
fanatic asceticism alt]nat$ ) ! wilde/  
orgies ( s5sual enjoym5t4 ,! wor%ip (   
,baal ,molo* dem&$ ! sacrifice ( *ildr52
 t ( ! lascivi\s ,baaltis insult$ !     
mode/y ( woman4 ,! nobl] spirits among !
 ,hebrews rebell$ aga9/ bo? ^! dem&s4   
,&1 z ! latt] 7 put =? 9 ! "n ( !       
dom9ant religion1 ! inevitable          
conclusion foll[$ t t religion itself   
mu/ be radically wrong4 ,! _s (         

opposition ?us awak5$ 0 ar\s$ into      
p[]ful activity :51 9 ! days ( ,ahab1 ! 
que51 support$ by an influ5tial         
prie/hood1 det]m9$ to introduce ! =ms ( 
,pho5ician religion 9 ,israel by        
measures ( =ce4 ,! royal edicts 7       
resi/$1 b = a :ile ! rule ( ! /rong]    
prevail$4 ,! lead]s ( ! opposition 7    
compell$ to flee1 &1 avoid+ !           
habitations ( m51 to take refuge 9 wild 
& solit>y places4 ,?us ! rupture 0 wid5$
 into s*ism1 & p]secution inflam$ ! zeal
 & k9dl$ ! en]gies ( t new ord] ( m5 (  
:om ,elijah is ! well-kn[n type4  ,?r\gh
 _! ag5cy ! emotional nature ( !        
,semitic race n[ f\nd expression 9 a =m 
( religi\s wor%ip l(ti] by f> ?an any t 
_h ev] aris5 among m54 ,if ,baal 0 !    
embodim5t ( ,semitic asceticism &       
,baaltis ! type ( s5sual orgia/ic       
passion1 ! national ,god ( ,israel n[   
became ! type ( a nobl] emotion1 !      
gu>dian ( dome/ic purity1 ! s\rce (     
sanctity1 ! ideal ,fa!r4 ,x is inde$ !  
image ( a j patri>* t fills ! m9d & w+s 

! fancy ( ! elde/ prophets1 :5 !y       
describe ! nature ( ,jehovah1 _! ,god4  
,jehovah is ! husb& ( ! p4 ,israel %all 
be 8 true & loyal sp\se4 ,! *ildr5 (    
,israel are 8 *ildr54 ,un*a/ity &       
irreligion are synonym\s t]ms4 ,& ?us1  
if we err n1 ! peculi> feature ( ,hebrew
 "*1 _! fai?ful atta*m5t to ki? & k91 ! 
/r5g? & purity ( _! dome/ic affections1 
s]ves to expla9 ! peculi> "*1 ! orig9 & 
developm5t ( ! ,hebrew religion4 ,&     
because ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! new      
religion 7 moral elem5ts x c\ld n       
tol]ate ! ,nature-wor%ip ( ! hea!ns3 & !
 way 0 prep>$ = ! gradual asc5d5cy ( !  
purely spiritual 9 religion1 :i* aft]   
ages ( gradual progress con/itut$ ! la/1
 ! la/+ triumph ( prophecy4  ,aft] ages 
( developm5t6 ,= we are n to suppose t1 
9 ! c5turies succe$+ ,hosea1 ! doctr9es 
( ! prophetic s*ools _h become 9 any    
s5se ! prop]ty ( ! p at l>ge4 ,! p[]s t 
be 7 array$ aga9/ !m1 & ! annals ( ! k+s
 are replete ) evid5ce ( _! suff]+s4 ,x 
0 9 ! late reign ( ,josiah t !y at la/  

receiv$ n only ! c\nt5ance ( ! reign+   
mon>*1 b also a decisive influ5ce ^u !  
direction ( affairs4 ,9 t reign a scroll
 0 f\nd 9 ! temple imbu$ ) ! doctr9e ( !
 unity ( ,god1 & brea?+ ! vigor\s _s ( !
 prophets4 ,9 x 0 emphasiz$ ! he>t's    
religion 9 pref]5ce to ! empty c]emonial
 ( prie/ly wor%ip4 ,! allegiance ( ! p 0
 direct$ t[>d ! ,god :o _h elect$ !m f  
among ! nations ( ! e>?1 & dire disa/] 0
 pr$ict$ 9 case ( disob$i5ce4 ,:5 br\ght
 to ! k+ & read 9 8 pres5ce1 he 0       
p[]fully affect$1 & det]m9$1 if         
possible1 to /em ! tide ( imp5d+ ru9 by 
su* salut>y measures ( re=m z !         
injunctions ( ! newly-f\nd ,scripture   
seem$ mo/ urg5tly to call =4 ,!         
concurr5ce ( _m critics has id5tifi$ ?is
 scroll1 writt5 & publi%$ at or ab\t !  
"t :5 ! y\?ful ,josiah succe$$ to !     
?rone ( 8 ance/ors1 ) ,deut]onomy1 !    
fif? ( ! books ( ,moses4 ,x diff]s      
mat]ially f ! m rec5t writ+s ( !        
,p5tateu*4 ,! family ( ,a>on are n yet  
exclusively end[$ ) ! prie/hood4 ,!     

prie/s are all ,levites1 ! ,levites all 
prie/s4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 o!r vital    
diff]5ces1 into :i* ! limits ( ?is      
article d n p]mit u to ent]499 ,! date (
 ! composition ( ,deut]onomy is ?us     
ref]r$ to ! clos+ decades ( ! sev5?     
c5tury ,b4 ,c49999       99 ,e4 ,g41 !  
rebellion ( ,korah is unkn[n to ! au?or 
(      ,deut]onomy4       9999 ,!       
language ( ,deut]onomy atte/s its late  
orig94      ,sixty-six phrases (        
,deut]onomy recur 9 ! writ+s (          
,j]emiah4 ,vide ,zunz1 ,zeits*rift d]   
,deuts*5      ,morg5l&is*5 ,gesells*aft1
 xxviii41 p4 #fgj4  ,! pr9ces :o succe$$
 ,josiah fell back into ! old c\rse1 & q
 undid ! "w :i* _h begun ) su* fair     
promise4 ,inde$1 little p]man5t good 0  
to be hop$ = 9 s disord]$ a condition ( 
political affairs1 & f ! deg5]ate rul]s 
:o !n sway$ ! helm ( /ate4 ,! =tunes ( !
 k+dom ( ,judah 7 swiftly decl9+1 & n   
fully a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! pi\s    
,josiah _h brea!d 8 la/1 ,nebu*adnezz>  
burn$ ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem1 & c>ri$ its

 inhabitants captive to ,babylon4       
,h]et(ore1 ) b a brief1 brilliant       
int]lude1 idolatry _h be5 ! c\rt        
religion ( ,judah4 ,e>ly tra9+1 long    
usage1 ! example ( rev]$ ance/ors1 _h   
ende>$ its =ms & symbols to ! affections
 ( ! p4 ,resi/ance to ! innovat+        
prophets 0 natural2 m5 be+ !n1 z ev]1   
loa? to ab&on ! sacr$ usages :i* _h come
 d[n to !m f ! di/ant g5]ations ( ! pa/4
 ,b1 9 ! long ye>s ( ! captivity1 a     
pr(\nd *ange came ov] ! _s ( ! ,hebrew  
p2 by ,babel's /reams !y sat & wept2 by 
,babel's /reams !y recall$ ! memories ( 
_! native l&1 t l& :i* !y _h lo/4 ,x 0  
!n t ! voices ( ,jehovah's mess5g]s1 :i*
 _h s e>ne/ly w>n$ !m ( ! approa*+ doom1
 recurr$ to _! />tl$ recollection4 ,!y  
rememb]$ ! message2 !y beheld its       
fulfillm5t2 ! te/imony ( ! prophets _h  
be5 confirm$ by ev5ts2 ! "o ,god to :om 
!y te/ifi$ _h reveal$ 8 omnipot5ce 9    
hi/ory2 & ) ready ass5t ! exiles promis$
 allegiance to 8 comm&m5ts 9 ! future4  
,! love ( c\ntry1 ! dread ( fur!r       

*a/isem5t1 ! de> hope ( re/oration1     
comb9$ to w9 !m to ! pur] wor%ip ( _!   
,god1 &1 9 ! crucible ( ,babylon1 !     
national religion 0 purg$ ( ! la/ dregs 
( hea!ndom4  ,) ! p]mission ( ,cyrus1 ! 
,jews return$ to ,pale/9e & ! ,temple at
 ,j]usalem 0 rebuilt4 ,! "q n[ arose 9  
:at =ms ! c]emonial ( ! new sanctu>y    
%\ld be conduct$4 ,! "t-honor$ fe/ivals1
 ! solemn & joyful convocations1 !      
sacrifices & purifications ( ! old5 "t1 
7 all m or less infect$ ) ! ta9t (      
paganism4 ,prophecy w\ld h none (       
!m--prophecy1 free *ild ( g5ius1        
contemn$ sacrifice1 d5\nc$ ! prie/hood1 
ev5 ! temple & its ritual299 proclaim$  
humbl5ess & lov+-k9dness z ! true s]vice
 9 :i* ,jehovah takes delight4 ,!re 0   
=malism on ! "o h&1 idealism on ! o!r4  
,z is usual 9 su* cases1 :5 ! "t _h     
arriv$ = turn+ !ory into practice1 x 0  
f\nd necess>y to effect a compromise4   
99 ,j]emiah vii4 #d2 ,isaiah lxvi4 #a2  
,micah vi4 #f4  ,z ,*ri/ianity 9 lat]   
days adopt$ ! yule-tree into its sy/em1 

& lit ! lamps ( ! hea!n fe/ival ( ! #be?
 ( ,decemb] 9 honor ( ! nativity ( its  
f\nd]1 s ! lead]s ( ! ,jews1 9 ! fif?   
c5tury be=e our era1 adopt$ ! fea/s &   
usages ( an anci5t ,nature-wor%ip1      
brea!d into !m a new _s in=m$ !m ) a    
l(ti] mean+1 & made !m tok5s1 symbols ( 
! et]nal ,god4 ,! old foes 7 ?us        
reconcil$2 prie/hood & prophecy jo9$    
h&s1 & 7 !nce=? unit$4 ,z an (fspr+ (   
?is union1 we behold a new code ( laws &
 prescriptions1 ^: m>k$ & inh>moni\s    
features at once betray ! dual nature ( 
its prog5itors4 ,a r\gh prelim9>y draft1
 z x 71 ( ?is code1 is pres]v$ 9 ! book 
( ,ezekiel1 compos$ probably ab\t !     
middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 its f9i%$ &  
f9al %ape1 x =ms ! bulk ( a /ill lat]   
"w--( ,leviticus1 namely ! ?ird ( !     
books ( ! ,p5tateu*3 ( all ! discov]ies 
( criticism none m notewor?y1 none we   
are p]mitt$ to consid] m assur$4 ,:at   
l5ds additional c]ta9ty to ! result is !
 circum/ance t x 0 rea*$ indep5d5tly by 
two ( ! mo/ e/eem$ s*ol>s ( our day1 !  

"o a ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity 
( ,leyd5199 ! o!r a vet]an ( ?\ght1 ^:  
br[ is wrea!d by ! ripe honors ( m ?an  
f\rscore ye>s49999 ,let u briefly adv]t 
to ! l9e ( argum5t by :i* ?is a/oni%+   
conclusion 0 rea*$3       99 ,pr(4 ,a4  
,ku554       9999 ,! v5]able ,dr4 ,zunz1
 ( ,b]l94  ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,ezekiel 
0 a prie/1 & "o confess$ly loyal to !   
sanctu>y ( ,j]usalem4 ,n[1 _h ! laws ( !
 ,levitical code1 :i* m9utely describe !
 ritual ( t sanctu>y1 exi/$1 or be5     
reg>d$ z au?oritative 9 8 day1 he c\ld  
n1 w\ld n h disreg>d$1 mu* less         
contradict$1 _! provisions4 ,he does    
?is1 &1 be x rem>k$1 9 po9ts ( capital  
importance4 ,9 *apt] xlv4 ( ,ezekiel are
 m5tion$ ! great fe/ivals1 ) !          
sacrifices appropriate to ea*2 b ! fea/ 
( ,p5teco/1 comm&$ 9 ,leviticus1 is     
entirely omitt$2 also t ( ! eigh? day ( 
tab]nacles4 ,! second ( ! daily         
burnt-(f]+s1 ^u :i* ! legislator ( !    
f\r? book ( ,moses dwells ) su* m>k$    
emphasis1 is n comm&$4 ,! ord] (        

sacrifices appo9t$ 9 ,ezekiel is at     
v>iance ) t 9 ! m rec5t code4 ,ezekiel  
n[h]e m5tions ! ark ( ! cov5ant4        
,accord+ to him1 ! new ye> beg9s on !   
t5? ( ! sev5? mon?1 :ile ! fe/ival ( !  
trumpets1 orda9$ 9 ,leviticus = ! fir/ (
 t mon? 7! pres5t new ye> ( ! ,jews71 is
 n[h]e ref]r$ to4 ,we are n to suppose1 
h[ev]1 t ! fe/ivals1 ! ark1 etc41 did n 
yet exi/ 9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel4 ,!y exi/$1  
no d\bt1 b 7 /ill too intimately        
associat$ ) pagan cu/oms & sup]/itions  
to receive or m]it ! c\nt5ance ( a      
prophetic writ]4 ,9 ,leviticus ! process
 ( assimilation above describ$ _h rea*$ 
its climax4 ,! new mean+ _h be5         
successfully engraft$ ^u ! rites &      
symbols ( ! old5 "t2 & !y 7 !nce=?      
freely employ$4 ,! legislation ( !      
,levitical code exhibits ! famili>      
features :i* 9 e in/ance m>k ! asc5d5cy 
or consolidation ( ! hi]>*ical ord]4 ,! 
l9es ( gradation & di/9ction betwe5 !   
memb]s ( ! ord] among !mselves are      
precisely drawn & /rictly adh]$ to4 ,!  

pr]ogatives ( ! :ole ord] z aga9/ ! p   
are f5c$ ab\t ) /r+5t laws4 ,! rev5ues (
 ! ord] are l>gely increas$4 ,9 ! old]  
code ( ,deut]onomy1 ! annual ti!s 7 set 
ap>t = a fe/ival occasion1 & giv5 ov] to
 ! enjoym5t ( ! p4 ,9 ! new code1 !     
hi]>*y claims ! ti!s = its own use4 ,new
 taxes are inv5t$4 ,! be/ portions ( !  
sacrificial animal are res]v$ = !       
banquets ( ! ,temple4 ,! fir/-born ( m5 
& cattle belong to ! prie/hood1 & mu/ be
 ransom$ by ! paym5t ( a sum ( money4 ,9
 no p]iod prior to ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4
 0 ! hi]>*y p[]ful en\gh to design su*  
laws4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 :5 9 ! abs5ce ( a
 temporal sov]eign !y1 ) ! high-prie/ at
 _! head1 7 ! ackn[l$g$ rul]s ( ! /ate1 
!y 7 bo? prep>$ to conceive & able to   
c>ry !m into effect4 ,! language (      
,leviticus contributes n a little to    
betray its late orig9499 ,! p]iod 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 :5 ! fe> ( tak+ ! "n (
 ! ,"l 9 va9 induc$ m5 to avoid1 if     
possible1 m5tion+ x at all4 ,we f9d ha  
,%em 9 ! above s5se 9 ,lev4 xxiv4 #aa4  

au?or%ip ( ,moses attribut$ to !        
,levitical code is symbolical4 ,! "n (  
,moses is utt]ly unkn[n to ! eld]       
prophets4       99 ,to m5tion only a    
s+le in/ance1 ha ,%em 7mean+ !      "n1 
i4 e4 ! ineffable "n ( ,god7 0 n employ$
      until v late4  ,9 all _! manifold 
writ+s x does n occur a s+le "t1 ?\gh !y
 make frequ5t ref]5ce to ! pa/4 ,!re c  
n[ be little d\bt t ! composition ( !   
bulk ( ,leviticus1 & ( consid]able      
portions ( ! books ( ,numb]s1 ,exodus1 &
 ev5 p>ts ( ,g5esis1 belongs to ! epo* (
 ! second ,temple1 & t ! date ( ^!      
writ+s may be approximately fix$ at ab\t
 "o ?\s& ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,moses4 ,z to 
! /ory ( ,israel's des]t w&]+s1 x re/s  
^u anci5t traditions ^: "* x is n our   
pres5t bus9ess to inve/igate4 ,x 0      
successively work$ up 9 v>i\s s*ools (  
prie/s & prophets1 & ?is acc\nts = ! ho/
 ( discrepancies x conta9s1 "s ( :i* h  
be5 notic$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is essay4 ,x 0 
f9ally amplifi$ by ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! 
second-,temple prie/hood1 :o succe$$ 9  

height5+ ! sanctity ( _! own in/itutions
 by trac+ !m back to a rev]$1 h]oic     
p]son1 :o _h liv$ 9 ! dim days ( remote 
antiquity4  ,9 ! prec$+ pages we h      
indicat$ ! m important phases ( t       
conflict :i* end$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t (      
mono!ism1 a conflict ^: traces1 ?\gh    
sometimes b>ely legible1 are /ill       
pres]v$ 9 our records4 ,we saw 9 ! fir/ 
in/ance t ! ,mosaic age is %r\d$ 9      
unc]ta9ty4 ,we po9t$ out t pure mono!ism
 0 unkn[n 9 ! "t ( ! e>ly k+s4 ,we      
briefly ref]r$ to ! rise ( mono!ism4    
,f9ally1 we endeavor$ to %[ h[ !        
prophetic idea _h be5 successively      
express$ 9 v>i\s codes1 ea* correspond+ 
to a c]ta9 /age 9 ! great process (     
evolution4 ,f :at we h said1 x foll[s t 
! prophetic ideal ( religion is ! root &
 core ( all t is valuable 9 ! ,hebrew   
,bible4 ,! laws1 rites1 & obs]vances1 9 
:i* x f\nd a tempor>y & *angeful        
expression1 may lose _! vitality2 x w   
always cont9ue to ex]t its high         
influ5ce4 ,x 0 n ! "w ( "o man1 nor ( a 

s+le age1 b 0 rea*$ 9 ! long c\rse (    
g5]ations on g5]ations1 evolv$ amid     
error & vice1 sl[ly1 & aga9/ all ! odds 
( "t4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,bible is     
oppos$ to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! ,bible 
itself is a prom95t example ( evolution 
9 hi/ory4 ,x is n homog5e\s 9 all its   
p>ts4 ,!re are portions fill$ ) tales ( 
human error & fallibility4 ,^! are !    
incipi5t /ages ( an e>ly age--! d>k &   
dread beg9n+s4 ,!re are o!rs ?rill+ )   
noble/ emotion1 freight$ ) et]nal tru?s1
 brea?+ cele/ial music4 ,^! are !       
triumph & ! fruition ( a lat] day4 ,x is
 ?us by discrim9at+ betwe5 :at is       
ess5tially excell5t & :at is            
comp>atively valueless t we %all be/    
reconcile ! discordant claims ( reason &
 ( fai?4 ,! ,bible 0 nev] design$ to    
convey sci5tific in=mation1 nor 0 x     
int5d$ to s]ve z a text-book ( hi/ory4  
,9 its e?ical tea*+s lies its true      
significance4 ,on !m x may fairly re/   
its claims to ! immortal rev]5ce (      
mank9d4  ,!re 0 a "t 9 ! old5 days (    

,greece :5 x 0 dem&$ t ! poems ( ,hom]  
%\ld be remov$ f ! s*ools1 le/ ! m9ds ( 
! "y might be poison$ by ! we$s (       
sup]/iti\s belief4 ,plato1 !            
poet-philosoph]1 x 0 :o urg$ ?is dem&4  
,t "t is pa/4 ,! tales ( ! gods & h]oes 
h long s9ce ceas$ to entice our         
cr$ulity4 ,! /ory ( ,a*illes's wra? & ! 
w&]+s ( ! sage ,ulysses are n believ$ z 
hi/ory1 b ! beauty & fre%ness & ! gold5 
poetry ( ! ,hom]ic epic h a reality all 
_! own1 & are a delight & a glory n[1 z 
!y h ev] be5 be=e4 ,! ,bible also is a  
classical book4 ,x is ! classical book (
 noble e?ical s5tim5t4 ,9 x ! mortal    
fe>1 ! ov]fl[+ hope1 ! quiv]+ long+s ( !
 human s\l t[>d ! bett] & ! be/1 h f\nd 
_! fir/1 _! fre%e/1 _! fitte/ utt]ance4 
,9 ?is respect x c nev] be sup]s$$4  ,to
 ,greek philosophy we owe ! evolution ( 
! logical categories2 to ,hebrew        
prophecy1 ! pure canon ( moral pr9ciple 
& action4 ,t ?is result 0 ! outcome ( a 
long process ( suff]+ & /ruggle _c      
dim9i% its value 9 our e/imation4 ,:5 we

 comp>e ! degrad+ (fices ( ! ,hebrew    
religion 9 ! days ( ! judges ) ! l(ty   
aspirations ( ! second ,isaiah1 :5 we   
rememb] ! utt] abyss ( moral abasem5t f 
:i* ! nobl] spirits ( ! ,hebrews rose to
 ! free heights ( prophecy1 our         
confid5ce 9 ! div9e possibilities ( !   
human s\l is re9vigorat$1 our emulation 
is k9dl$1 & f ! great ?+s already       
accompli%$ we ga!r ! *e]+ promise ( !   
great] ?+s t are yet to come4 ,x is 9   
?is moral inc5tive t ! practical value (
 ! evolution>y !ory *iefly lies499      
99 ,mo/ aptly has ?is ?\ght be5 express$
 9 ! l9es      ) :i* ,goe! welcom$ !    
appe>ance ( ,f4 ,a4 ,wolfs              
,prolegom5a4       ,er/ die ,gesundheit 
des ,mannes1 d]1 endh* vom ,nam5        
,hom]os ,kuhn uns befrei5d1 uns au*     
flihrt 9 die voll]e      ,bahn4 ,d5n w] 
wagte mit ,gett]n d5 ,kampf8 und w] mit 
dem      ,e958--,do* ,hom]ide zu seyn1  
au* nur als letzt]1 i/      s*on4       
,! ,elegy ( ,h]mann und ,doro!a         
,,ii4 ,,re=m$ ,,judaism4  ,! ,jews are  

ju/ly call$ a peculi> p4 ,dur+ ! pa/    
?ree ?\s& ye>s !y h liv$ ap>t f _!      
fell[-m51 9 a /ate ( volunt>y or en=c$  
isolation4 ,! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* direct$
 !m to avoid contact ) hea!ns4          
,*ri/ianity 9 turn %unn$ & execrat$ !m4 
,pr\d & s5sitive by nature1 subject$ to 
e species ( humiliation & contempt1 !y  
retir$ ^u !mselves1 & cont9u$ to be :at 
! se] f ,aram _h describ$ !m 9 ! old5   
"t1 ,a p t dwells 9 solitude499 ,x      
foll[$ t1 9 ! progress ( "t1            
idiosyncrasies ( "* 7 develop$1 & habits
 ( ?9k+ & feel+ grew up among/ !m1 :i*  
c\ld n b contribute to ali5ate !m /ill m
 f ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,!y felt t !y 7 n     
und]/ood4 ,!y 7 too %y to op5 _!        
confid5ce to _! oppressors4 ,!y rema9$  
an enigma4 ,at wide int]vals books      
appe>$ purport+ to give an acc\nt ( !   
,jews & _! sacr$ cu/oms4 ,b ^! attempts 
71 9 ! ma91 dictat$ by no j or g5]\s    
motive4 ,_! au?ors1 n>r[ bigots or      
r5egades f ,judaism1 ransack$ ! va/     
lit]ature ( ! ,hebrew p = su* scatt]$   

fragm5ts z might be us$ to _! discr$it1 
& exhibit$ ^! z samples ( ,jewi% mann]s 
& ,jewi% religion4 ,! image ?us pres5t$1
 x is ne$less to say1 0 extremely       
untru/wor?y4 ,& yet ! writ+s ( ^! p>tial
 judges h rema9$ almo/ ! only s\rces f  
:i* ev5 _m mod]n writ]s are accu/om$ to 
draw _! in=mation4 ,! hi/orian is yet to
 come :o w dispel ! d5se mi/s (         
prejudice t h ga!r$ ab\t ,jewi% hi/ory1 
& reveal ! inw>d life ( ?is wond]ful p1 
^: p]5nial fre%ness has be5 pres]v$     
?r\gh s _m c5turies ( ! mo/ sev]e trials
 & p]secution4 ,9 "o respect1 inde$1 let
 u ha/5 to add1 ! popul> judgm5t conc]n+
 ! ,jews has nev] be5 deceiv$4       99 
,numb]s xxiii4 #i4  ,! int5se           
cons]vatism 9 religion = :i* !y h become
 prov]bial is fully confirm$ by facts4  
,!re exi/s no o!r race ( m5 t has       
approv$ its fidelity to religi\s        
conviction = an equal p]iod1 "u equal   
difficulties1 & amid equal temptations4 
,antio*us1 ,titus1 ,firuz1 ,recc>$1     
,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl&1 ,philip ,augu/us ( 

,france1 ,f]d9& ( ,spa91 exhau/$ !      
res\rces ( tyranny 9 va9 to %ake _!     
con/ancy4 ,_! p[] ( resi/ance rose ) !  
occasion t call$ x =?2 & _! f]vid       
loyalty to ! fai? transmitt$ to !m by ! 
fa!rs nev] appe>$ to great]1 advantage  
?an :5 x co/ !m _! peace1 _! happ9ess1 &
 _! life to ma9ta9 x4 ,s9ce ! close ( ! 
la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 a great *ange has    
app>5tly come ov] ! ,jewi% p4 ,n only h 
!y ab&on$ _! =m] attitude ( res]ve &    
m+l$ freely ) _! fell[-citiz5s ( :atev] 
cre$1 n only h !y tak5 a lead+ "p 9 !   
great political revolutions t swept ov] 
,europe1 b ! passion = *ange1 s         
*>act]i/ic ( ! age 9 :i* we live1 has   
ext5d$ ev5 to _! "t-honor$ religion2 & a
 movem5t aim+ at no?+ less ?an !        
complete re=mation ( ,judaism has aris51
 & rapidly acquir$ ! l>ge/ dim5sions4 ,!
 v fact t su* a movem5t %\ld exi/ among 
su* a p is rightly int]pret$ z a sign ( 
! times des]v+ ( c>eful & c&id          
consid]ation2 & great int]e/ has        
accord+ly be5 manife/$ ( late on !      

subject ( ,jewi% ,re=m4 ,9 a s]ies (    
articles we %all und]take to give a     
brief sket* ( ! orig9 & be>+s ( !       
movem5t4 ,b be=e address+ ourselves to  
?is task x w be necess>y to review a few
 ( ! ma9 causes t h enabl$ ! ,jews to   
p]dure 9 hi/ory1 & to consid] ! motives 
t impell$ !m to resi/ *ange s long1 if  
we w\ld prop]ly appreciate ! process (  
trans=mation t is ev5 n[ tak+ place     
among !m4 ,among ! effici5t =ces t      
conduc$ to ! pres]vation ( ! ,jewi% p we
 rank highe/3     ,,! ,,purity ,,( ,,_! 
,,dome/ic ,,relations  ,! sacr$ness ( ! 
family tie is ! condition bo? ( !       
physical s\ndness & ! moral vigor (     
nations4 ,! family is ! m9iature        
commonweal?1 ^u ^: integrity ! safety ( 
! l>g] commonweal? dep5ds4 ,x is !      
se$plot ( all morality4 ,9 ! *ild's     
int]c\rse ) its p>5ts ! s5tim5t (       
rev]5ce is in/ill$--! ess5ce ( all      
piety1 all idealism2 also ! habit (     
ob$i5ce to rightful au?ority1 :i* =ms s 
invaluable a feature 9 ! "* ( ! loyal   

citiz54 ,9 ! companion%ip ( bro!rs      
def]5ce to ! rights ( equals is         
practically inculcat$1 )\t :i* no       
community c\ld exi/4 ,! relations betwe5
 bro!r & si/] give bir? to ! s5tim5t (  
*ivalry1--reg>d = ! rights ( ! weak]1--&
 ?is =ms ! basis ( magnanimity1 & e     
g5]\s & t5d] quality t graces humanity4 
,rev]5ce = sup]iors1 respect = equals1  
reg>d = inf]iors1--^! =m ! supreme      
tr9ity ( ! virtues4 ,:atev] is great &  
good 9 ! in/itutions & usages ( mank9d  
is an application ( s5tim5ts t h drawn  
_! fir/ n\ri%m5t f ! soil ( ! family4 ,!
 family is ! s*ool ( duties4 ,b x has   
?is di/+ui%+ excell5cy1 t among ^? :o   
are l9k$ toge!r by ! /rong ties (       
affection duty is f\nd$ on love4 ,on ?is
 acc\nt x becomes typical ( ! p]fect    
morality 9 all ! relations ( life1 & we 
express ! noble/ long+s ( ! human he>t  
:5 we speak ( a "t to come 9 :i* all    
mank9d w be unit$ z "o family4 ,n[ !    
preem95ce ( ! ,jews 9 po9t ( dome/ic    
purity w h>dly be disput$4 ,9 ?is       

respect !y /& out l a bold promontory 9 
! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 s+ul> & unapproa*$1   
said ! philosoph] ,tr5del5burg499       
,accord+ to ! provisions ( ! ,mosaic    
,code1 ! crime ( adult]y is puni%$ )    
dea?4 ,! mo/ m9ute directions are giv5  
t\*+ ! dress ( ! prie/s & ! common p1 9 
ord] to *eck ! pruri5cy ( fancy4 ,!     
scale ( =bidd5 m>riages is widely ext5d$
 ) ! same end 9 view4       99 ,vide !  
essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,mono!ism 9 ,jahrbu*
 des      ,v]e9s fur ,wiss5s*aftli*e    
,padagogik1 ,vol ,,ix4 #ahgg1 by      ! 
au?or ( ?is article4  ,almo/ ! entire   
tribe ( ,b5jam9 is extirpat$ to atone = 
an outrage ^u fem99e virtue committ$ )9 
its bord]s4 ,! undutiful son is /on$ to 
dea? 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole p4 ,t husb& & 
wife %all become z "o fle%1 is a        
conception :i* we f9d only among !      
,jews4 ,among !m ! picture ( ! true     
h\sewife :i* is unroll$ to u 9 ,prov]bs 
_h its orig9al1--! picture ( h] :o      
unites all womanly grace & g5tl5ess1 9  
^: environm5t dwell com=t & beauty1 ^:  

husb& & sons rise up to praise h]4 ,!   
m>riage tie 0 held s sacr$ t x 0 freely 
us$ by ! prophets to describe !         
relations betwe5 ! ,deity & ! *os5 p4   
,jehovah is call$ ! husb& ( ! p4 ,israel
 %all be 8 true & loyal sp\se4 ,! *ildr5
 ( ,israel are 8 *ildr54 ,! wor%ip (    
false gods 0 designat$ by ! ,hebrew ^w t
 signifies conjugal infidelity4 ,?is    
feature ( ,jewi% life rema9$ equally    
prom95t 9 lat] times4 ,9 ! age ( !      
,talmud m>riage 0 call$ ,hillula1--a    
song ( praise6 ,! mo/ holy day ( ! ye>1 
! t5? ( ! sev5? mon?1 a day ( fa/+ & !  
atonem5t ( s9s1 0 deem$ a prop] occasion
 to collect ! "y p = ! purpose ( *oos+  
husb&s & wives4 ,on t day ! maid5s (    
,j]usalem1 array$ 9 pure :ite1 w5t out  
into ! v9ey>ds t cov]$ ! slopes ( !     
neighbor+ hills1 danc+ z !y w5t1 & s++ z
 ! b&s ( y\? came up to meet !m f !     
valleys4 ,y\?1 raise n[ ?9e eyes1 sang !
 beautiful among !m1 & reg>d h] :om ?\  
*oose/4 ,look n to beauty1 sang !       
well-born1 b r to anci5t l9eage & high  

desc5t4 ,la/ly1 ^? :o 7 nei!r beautiful 
nor well born took up ! /ra91 & ?us !y  
sang3 ,trea*]\s is grace1 & beauty      
deceitful2 ! woman t fe>s ,god alone    
%all be prais$4 ,! appropriat5ess ( su* 
proce$+s on ! ,atonem5t day 0 ju/ifi$ by
 ! rem>k t m>riage is itself an act (   
spiritual purification4 ,! high value   
atta*$ to ! in/itution ( ! family is    
fur!r illu/rat$ by _m t5d] leg5ds ( !   
,talmud :i* we _c "h /op to rec\nt4 ,a  
sep>ate gate1 x is said1 0 res]v$ 9     
,solomon's ,temple = ! use (            
bridegrooms1 be=e :i* !y receiv$ !      
felicitations ( ! assembl$ p4 ,! m>riage
 celebration 0 ess5tially a fe/ival (   
religion4 ,sev5 days x la/$4 ,!         
,talmudic law1 usually s unb5d+ 9 its   
exactions1 relax$ its au/]ity 9 favor ( 
^! auspici\s occasions1 & recomm5d$ to  
all to rejoice ) ! joyful4 ,on ! ,sabba?
 ( ! m>riage-week1 ! "y husb& 0 receiv$ 
) peculi> honors 9 ! synagogue1 & !     
liturgy ( ! m$iaeval ,jews is cr[d$ )   
hymns compos$ 9 honor ( ^! solemn       

receptions4 ,if a :ole congregation ?us 
unit$ to magnify & sanctify ! erection (
 a new home1 ! cont9u$ pres]vation ( its
 sanctity might safely be left to !     
jeal\s wat*fulness ( its inmates4 ,cases
 ( s5sual excess or ( unfilial conduct h
 be5 extremely infrequ5t among ! ,jews1 
d[n to mod]n times4 ,h[ev] mean ! outw>d
 appe>ance ( _! homes might be1 ! moral 
atmosph]e t p]vad$ !m 0 r>ely           
contam9at$4 ,if ! "q be ask$1 h[ x came 
ab\t t s feeble a p c\ld resi/ !        
malevol5ce ( its foes2 t a nation1      
depriv$ ( any visible rally+-po9t1 ) no 
political or religi\s c5tre to cem5t _! 
union1 _h n long s9ce be5 wip$ out f !  
e>?'s surface1 we answ] t ! he>? 0 _!   
rally+-po9t & ! c5tre ( _! union4 ,!re !
 scatt]$ atoms ga9$ consi/5cy suffici5t 
to )/& ! pressure ( ! _w4 ,?i!r !y c\ld 
come to recreate _! torn & lac]at$      
spirits4 ,!re 0 ! well-spr+ ( _! p[]4   
,,! ,,s*ools4  ,if ! ,jewi% p 7 pres]v$ 
9 moral vigor by ! influ5ce ( _! dome/ic
 life1 ! c>e !y be/[$ on ! education ( !

 "y kept !m intellectually fre%4 ,s*ools
 7 erect$ 9 e t[n & c\ntry di/rict4 ,x 0
 =bidd5 a ,jew to reside 9 cities :]e no
 provision _h be5 made = ! in/ruction ( 
*ildr54 ,tea*]s 7 call$ ! gu>dians (    
cities4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0     
attribut$ to ! fact t ! s*ools _h be5   
suff]$ to fall into neglect4 ,synagogues
 7 (t5 us$ = purposes ( prim>y          
in/ruction4 ,a sage is great] ?an a     
prophet1 said ! prov]b4 ,to increase 9  
k1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 k9d ( k1 0 a "p ( !
 ,jew's religion4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( !
 ,rabbies ! revelation ( ,god to man is 
fully embodi$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 especially 9 ! books ( !      
,p5tateu*1 commonly call$ ! ,tora1--!   
,law4 ,!y conta91 ei!r by direct /atem5t
 or by implication1 :atev] x is necess>y
 = m5 to "k4 ,!y anticipate all future  
legislation4 ,?\gh app>5tly scanty 9    
sub/ance1 !y are replete ) sugge/ions ( 
pr(\nd & inexhau/ible wisdom4 ,to       
p5etrate ! hidd5 mean+s ( ! ,law became1
 on ?is acc\nt1 ! prim>y obligation ( ! 

dev\t2 & ignorance 0 n only despis$ on  
its own acc\nt1 b 01 9 addition1 br&$ z 
a sign ( defici5t piety4 ,! ord9ances ( 
! ,jewi% sages are all o/5sibly d$uc$ f 
! words ( ! ,sacr$ ,law4 ,)\t su*       
sanction no enactm5t ( any lat] lawgiv]1
 h[ev] salut>y 9 itself1 c\ld aspire to 
g5]al recognition4 ,! civil & crim9al   
law1 ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 sanit>y &    
police regulations1 ev5 ! rules (       
c\rtesy & decorum1 are alike re/$ on    
scriptural au?ority4 ,! entire ,talmud  
may be r\ghly describ$ z an ext5d$      
comm5t>y on ! ,mosaic ,law499 ,! au?ors 
( ! ,talmud l$ a /udi\s life1 & reli$ 9 
great measure ^u ! habit ( /udy to      
pres]ve ! vitality ( _! fai?4 ,among !  
say+s ( ! sages9999 we read su* z ^!4   
,jose b5 ,joes] says3 ,let ?y h\se be ! 
resort ( ! wise1 & let ! du/ ( _! feet  
cov] !e1 & dr9k 9 ?ir/ily _! words4     
,jo%ua b5 ,p]a*ia says3 ,get !e an      
in/ructor1 ga9 a companion = ?y /udies1 
& judge all m5 ^u ! presumption ( _!    
innoc5ce4 ,hillel says3 ,:o ga9s n 9 k  

loses4444 ,say n1 ',:5 ,i am at leisure 
,i w /udy'2 't is likely ?\ wilt nev] be
 at leisure4444 ,he :o increases fle%   
increases corruption2 he :o increases   
worldly goods increases c>e2 he :o      
increases s]vants increases !ft2 b he :o
 increases 9 ! k ( ! ,law increases     
life4 ,jo*anan b5 ,sakkai says3 ,if ?\  
art wise 9 ! k ( ! ,law1 take n cr$it to
 ?yself1 = to ?is end wa/ ?\ creat$4    
99 ,= a concise b compreh5sive acc\nt ( 
! orig9 (      ! ,talmud1 vide ! art4   
,talmud 9 ,johnson's ,encyclopa$ia4     
9999 ,collect$ 9 ! ,tract ,abo?         
7,fa!rs74  ,aft] ! de/ruction ( !       
,temple by ,titus1 academies sacr$ to ! 
/udy ( ! ,law 7 erect$ 9 diff]5t cities 
( ,pale/9e1 & simil> in/itutions fl\ri%$
 on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,9 ! elev5? 
c5tury ! *ief seats ( ,jewi% le>n+ 7    
transplant$ to ! ,we/2 & s9ce t "t !    
,european ,jews h excell$ _! bre?r5 ( ! 
,ea/ 9 all ! elem5ts ( m5tal culture4 ,9
 ! c\rse ( _! manifold w&]+s ! ,jews    
c>ri$ _! libr>ies ev]y:]e ) !m4 ,:]ev] a

 synagogue arose1 a s*ool = "y *ildr5 & 
a high s*ool = y\?s 7 connect$ ) x4 ,9 !
 d>k night ( ! ghetto ! flame ( k 0 nev]
 qu5*$4 ,:ile ! nations ( ,europe 7 /ill
 sunk 9 b>b>ism ! ,jews zeal\sly devot$ 
!mselves to ! pursuit ( m$ic9e1         
ma!matics1 & dialectics1 & ! love (     
le>n+ became an h]$it>y quality 9 _!    
mid/4 ,! ef=ts ( _m g5]ations h         
contribut$ to keep _! intellectual      
faculties bright2 &1 unlike mo/ oppress$
 races1 !y h em]g$ f a long epo* (      
sy/ematic p]secution well fitt$ to      
attack ! problems ( ! pres5t ) fre%     
int]e/ & undim9i%$ capacity4     ,,!    
,,democratic ,,organization ,,( ,,!     
,,synagogue4  ,! _s ( mono!ism is       
ess5tially democratic bo? 9 politics &  
religion4 ,!re is to be b "o k+1 & he ! 
spiritual ,"l 9 heav54 ,all ! p are     
equal be=e him4 ,:5 ! ,hebrews          
clamor\sly dem&$ a k+ ! prophet *>g$ !m 
) treason aga9/ _! prop] rul]4 ,!       
prophet & prie/ 7 ho/ile p[]s2 & _!     
antagonism 0 cle>ly felt1 & sometimes   

en]getically express$4 ,! ,"l takes no  
delight 9 ! slaught] ( animals4 ,!      
bloody sacrifices are an (f5ce to ,him4 
,:at ,he requires is purity ( he>t1     
righte\s judgm5t1 & c>e = ! wid[ & !    
fa!rless4 ,! idea ( prie/ly m$iation--( 
m$iation 9 any %ape--0 repugnant to !   
,jews4 ,! :ole p are prie/s1 x 0 said4  
,:5 ! sanctu>y at ,j]usalem _h be5 laid 
9 a%es1 any?+ resembl+ a hi]>*ical ca/e 
0 no long] tol]at$ among !m4 ,! ,law & !
 ,sci5ce ( ! ,law 7 op5 to all2 & ea* "o
 0 expect$1 accord+ to ! measure ( 8    
capacity1 to draw directly f !          
f\nta9-head ( fai?4 ,! autonomy ( !     
congregations 0 /rictly gu>d$4 ,entire  
uni=mity 9 ! ritual 0 nev] a*iev$499 ,! 
public lector ( pray]s 0 call$ !        
delegate ( ! congregation4 ,! ,rabbies  
7! ^w means ,ma/]s1 9 ! s5se ( tea*]s7 7
 m5 di/+ui%$ = sup]ior erudition & !    
blamelessness ( _! lives1 & ^! qualities
 =m$ _! only title to di/9ction49999 ,_!
 duties diff]$ radically f ^? ( !       
,ca?olic prie/ or ! ,prote/ant cl]gyman4

 ,!y nev] took ^u !mselves ! c>e ( s\ls4
 ,_! (fice 0 to in/ruct ! "y1 & 9 g5]al 
to regulate ! practice ( religion       
accord+ to ! pr9ciples & prec$5ts laid  
d[n 9 ! sacr$ traditions ( _! p4 ,!     
sev]al congregations 7 indep5d5t ( ea*  
o!r4 ,!re 7 no g5]al synods or c\ncils1 
no grad$ hi]>*y culm9at+ 9 a spiritual  
head1 no olig>*y ( m9i/]s & eld]s2 b r a
 f$]ation ( small communities1 ea* be+ a
 sov]eign unit1 & connect$ ) ! o!rs     
solely by ! ties ( a common fai?1 common
 sympa?ies1 & common suff]+s4 ,any t5 m5
 7 compet5t to =m !mselves into a       
congregation1 & to dis*>ge all ! duties 
( religion4 ,! fact t ?is 0 s prov$ ( ! 
utmo/ consequ5ce 9 pres]v+ ! integrity (
 ,judaism4 ,! ,jews 7 p>cell$ out ov] ! 
:ole e>?4 ,! body ( ! p 0 aga9 & aga9   
divid$4 ,b 9 e case ! b>e/ h&ful t      
rema9$ suffic$ to become ! nucleus ( new
 organizations4 ,_h ! sy/em ( ,judaism  
requir$ any "o c5tral organ1 a bl[ aim$ 
aga9/ ?is w\ld d\btless h prov$ fatal to
 ! :ole4 ,b by ! wise provisions ( !    

f$]ative sy/em ! vital p[] seems to h   
be5 equally dissem9at$ ov] ! entire     
community4 ,l ! worm t is trodd5 "u     
foot1 to :i* ,israel s (t5 lik5s itself 
9 ! ,hebrew pray]s1 ! divid$ memb]s liv$
 a new life ( _! own1 & ?\gh app>5tly   
cru%$ b5ea? ! heel ( _! oppressors1 !y  
ev] rose aga9 9 inde/ructible vitality4 
99 ,vide ,zunz ,die ,ritus4       9999  
,_m ( !m support$ !mselves by foll[+ "s 
humble call+1 refus+ to receive         
remun]ation = _!      tea*+s1 on !      
pr9ciple t ! ,law %\ld n be made      a 
spade to dig )4     ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,(  
,,p]secution4  ,9 survey+ ! hi/ory ( !  
,jewi% p we f9d a /range bl5d+ (        
nationalism & cosmopolitism illu/rat$ 9 
_! actions & beliefs4 ,!y pr\dly /yl$   
!mselves ! elect p ( ,god1 !y look$ d[n 
) a c]ta9 contempt ^u ! ,g5tile nations1
 yet !y conceiv$ !mselves *os51 n on _! 
own acc\nt1 b = ! _w's sake1 9 ord] to  
spread ! k ( ! true ,god among m54 ,!y  
repudiat$ hea!nism1 & reg>d$            
,tr9it>ianism z an ab]ration4 ,9        

contradi/9ction to ^! _! mission 0 to   
protect ! purity ( ! mono!i/ic religion 
until 9 ! mill5nial age all nations w\ld
 ga!r ab\t _! holy ,m\nt4 ,!y consid]$  
_! own cont9u$ exi/5ce z a p =eorda9$ 9 
! ,div9e s*eme199 because !y believ$    
!mselves div9ely commission$ to br+ ab\t
 ! et]nal happ9ess ( ! human race4 ,!   
c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces ( "* 7 ?us 
ev5ly balanc$1 & ?is circum/ance        
contribut$ n a little to enliv5 _!      
c\rage 9 ! face ( long-cont9u$ adv]sity4
 ,:5 ! indep5d5ce ( ,greece 0 lo/1 !    
,greeks ceas$ to exi/ z a nation4 ,b !  
loss ( ! ,temple & ! fa!rl& gave b>ely m
 ?an a pass+ %ock to ! national         
consci\sness ( ! ,jews4 ,easily !y      
acclimatiz$ !mselves 9 e qu>t] ( !      
globe4 ,! fact ( _! disp]sion 0 cit$ by 
,*ri/ianity z a sign ( _! rejection by  
,god4 ,!y !mselves reg>d$ x z a "p ( _! 
mission to be scatt]$ z se$ ov] ! :ole  
e>?4 ,t !y %\ld suff] 0 necess>y1 !y be+
 ! ,messianic p6 ,_! pray]s 7 fill$ )   
lam5tations & ! recital ( _! cruel woes4

 ,b !y inv>iably end$ ) words ( promise 
& confid5ce 9 ! ultimate fulfillm5t (   
,israel's hope4 ,?us 9 ! v dep?s ( _!   
degradation !y 7 support$ by a s5se ( ! 
gr&eur ( _! de/9ies1 & by ! pr\d        
consci\sness t _! suff]+s 7 ! price paid
 = ! _w's spiritual r$emption4       99 
,let x n seem /range to y t we %\ld     
rega9 our      =m] condition1 ev5 ?\gh  
only a s+le "o ( u 7      left1 z x is  
writt51 ',fe> n1 ?\ worm1               
,jacob6'--,juda      ,,ha-,levi1 9 !    
book ,cus>i 7twelf? c5tury71 iii4 ii4   
,9 ! e>li] half ( ! ,middle ,ages !     
,jews 7 /ill p]mitt$ to enjoy a c]ta9   
measure ( lib]ty4 ,9 ,spa91 ,france &   
,g]many !y liv$ on amicable t]ms ) _!   
neighbors1 !y engag$ 9 trade &          
manufacture1 & 7 all[$ to possess l&$   
prop]ty4 ,9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies a   
great "p ( ! city ( ,p>is 0 own$ by     
,jews4 ,b at ! "t ( ! ,crusades a       
t]rible *ange 9 ! aspect ( _! affairs   
took place4 ,! pr9ciples embodi$ 9 !    
canonical law _h by ?is "t ent]$ into ! 

practice ( ! ,european nations4         
,fanaticism 0 rampant4 ,! banks ( !     
,rh9e & ! ,moselle became ! !atre ( !   
mo/ pitiless p]secution4 ,among !       
,crusad]s ! cry 0 rais$1 ,we g to       
,pale/9e to slay ! unbeliev]s2 :y n beg9
 ) ! infidel ,jews 9 our own mid/8      
,worms1 ,spires1 ,may5ce1 ,/rassburg1   
,basle1 ,reg5s-burg1 ,breslau1 witness$ 
! slaught] ( _! ,jewi% inhabitants4     
,t[>d ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury "o     
hundr$ ?\s& ,jews p]i%$ at ! h&s (      
,r9dfleis*1 & ! murd]\s hordes ( :om he 
0 ! lead]4 ,to add fuel to ! passions ( 
! populace ! mo/ absurd accusations 7   
br\ght =w>d aga9/ !m1 & _! religion 0   
made odi\s by connect+ x ) *>ges ( grave
 moral obliquity4 ,jewi% physicians be+ 
9 great reque/1 especially at ! c\rt (  
k+s1 x 0 giv5 out t ) fi5di% malice !y 7
 wont to procure ! dea? ( _! ,*ri/ian   
pati5ts499 ,!y 7 accus$ ( kill+ ,*ri/ian
 *ildr51 & us+ ! blood ( ,*ri/ians 9    
celebrat+ ! ,passov] fe/ival1 & ?is     
mon/r\s falsehood 0 repeat$ until no "o 

d\bt$ its sub/antial tru?4 ,let x be    
rememb]$ t ?is *>ge 0 orig9ally pref]r$1
 9 a some:at diff]5t %ape1 aga9/ !      
,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,x float$ d[n1 z su*
 rumors w1 f age to age1 until1 its     
au?or%ip be+ =gott51 x 0 f9ally us$ z a 
conv5i5t h&le aga9/ ! hat$ ,jews4 ,9 ?is
 mann] ! ,ea/]-tide :i* 0 to ann\nce !  
triumph ( a religion ( love became to ! 
,jews a season ( t]ror & mortal agony1 &
 ! ,ea/] dawn 0 (t5 r$d5$ ) ! flames t  
rose f ,jewi% homes4       99 ,?us 9 !  
case ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 & o!rs4  ,x is   
impossible to calculate ! numb] ( lives 
t h be5 lo/ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is s+le     
accusation4 ,x has liv$ on ev5 into !   
pres5t c5tury499 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury !  
,black ,dea? deva/at$ ! ,cont95t (      
,europe4 ,soon ! op9ion ga9$ gr\nd t !  
,jews 7 responsible = ! ravages ( !     
plague4 ,x 0 claim$ t ! ,rabbi ( ,tol$o 
_h s5t out a v5om\s mixture concoct$ (  
consecrat$ waf]s & ! blood ( ,*ri/ian   
he>ts to ! v>i\s congregations1 ) ord]s 
to poison ! wells4 ,! ,pope himself     

und]took to plead = _! innoc5cy1 b ev5  
papal bulls 7 p[]less to /ay ! popul>   
madness4 ,9 ,dekk5dorf a *ur* 0 built 9 
honor ( ! massacre ( ! ,jews ( t t[n1 & 
! spot ?us consecrat$ has rema9$ a      
favorite resort ( pilgrims d[n to mod]n 
times4 ,! prea*+ fri>s ( ! ,franciscan &
 ,dom9ican ord]s 7 p>ticul>ly active 9  
fann+ ! emb]s ( bigotry :5ev] !y ?reat5$
 to die d[n4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,spa9 
! horrors enact$ 9 ,g]many 7 repeat$ on 
a scale ( simil> magnitude4 ,! tragic   
fate ( ! ,jews ( ,york1 ! fury ( !      
,pa/\reaux1 ! mis]able sc5es t          
accompani$ ! exodus ( ! ,jews f ,spa9   
are famili> facts ( hi/ory4 ,9 ,pol&1 9 
! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! upris+ ( !         
,cossacks "u ! *iefta9%ip ( ,*mielnicki 
became once m ! signal ( de/ruction4 ,x 
is e/imat$ t 9 t5 ye>s 7#afdh-afeh7     
upw>ds ( two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ,jews  
p]i%$49999 ,ev5 :5 ! lives ( ! ,jews 7  
sp>$1 _! condition 0 s extremely wret*$ 
t dea? might (t5 h seem$ ! pref]able    
alt]native4       99  ,9 ! ye> #ahdj x 0

 simultane\sly r5ew$ 9 ,rh5i%           
,prussia1 on ! ,isle ( ,rhodos1 & 9 !   
city ( ,damascus4      ,9 t city ! mo/  
respect$ memb]s ( ! ,jewi%              
community 7 arre/$1 ) ! assi/ance ( !   
,fr5*      ,consul1 ,ratti ,m5ton1 &    
und]w5t cruel torture4 ,!      int5se   
excitem5t caus$ ?r\gh\t ,europe at ! "t 
is1      d\btless1 /ill fre% 9 ! memory 
( _m :o w read      ^! pages4 ,! utt]   
falsity ( ! *>ge 0 at la/      expos$1  
?anks to ! ef=ts ( ! ,au/rian ,consul   
,m]lato & ! en]getic action ( ,"l       
,palm]/on4       9999  ,graetz1 ,ges*4  
d] ,jud51 ,x4 p4 #gh4  ,! !ory prop\nd$ 
by ! ,*ur* & act$ out by ! temporal     
rul]s ( ! ,middle ,ages is express$ 9 ! 
words ( ,innoc5t ,,iii41 ,quos propria  
culpa submisit p]petuae s]vituti1 quum  
,dom9um crucifix]9t--pietas ,*ri/iana   
receptet et sus-t9eat cohabitationem    
illorum499  ,by ! crucifixion ( ,jesus !
 ,jews _h =feit$ = !mselves & _! po/]ity
 ! "r to exi/ 9 ,*ri/ian /ates4 ,!y liv$
 on suff]ance m]ely4 ,9 ! feudal sy/em  

!re 0 no room = !m4 ,!y 7 ali5s1 7      
reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( ! ,emp]or1 & he 0  
free to deal ) !m z suit$ 8 conv5i5ce4  
,h5ce ! "n s]vi cam]a--s]vants ( !      
imp]ial *amb]--0 appli$ to !m4 ,!y c\ld 
be sold1 pur*as$1 giv5 away at pleasure4
 ,*>les ,,iv4 pres5t$ ! p]sons & prop]ty
 ( 8 ,jews to ! city ( ,worms4 ,9 a     
s*$ule ( toll-dues dat+ f ! ye> #acih we
 read3 a horse pays two %ill+s1 a ,jew  
six %ill+s1 an ox two hell]49999 ,!y 7  
compell$ to we> a badge ( %ame ^u _!    
g>m5ts2999999 7 conf9$ to n>r[ & fil?y  
qu>t]s1---ghetto1 jud]ia1--deb>r$ f all 
honorable employm5ts4 ,! s*ools &       
univ]sities 7 clos$ aga9/ !m4 ,! guilds 
%ut !m out f ! v>i\s trades4 ,to ga9 !  
means ( subsi/5ce no?+ rema9$ = !m b to 
engage 9 ! petty traffic ( ! p$dl] or ! 
disreputable bus9ess ( ! money-l5d]4 ,!y
 _h absolutely no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,!   
laws ( ,moses c]ta9ly disc\nt5ance !    
l5d+ ( money at int]e/4 ,! au?orities ( 
! ,talmud sev]ely condemn ! practice (  
usury1 & refuse to admit ! te/imony (   

usur]s 9 c\rts ( law499999999       99  
,cassel1 art4 ,jud51 p4 #hc1 9 ,ers* und
 ,grub]2 vide also      p4 #he1 ad      
p]petuam ,judaici scel]is ultionem      
eisdem      ,judaeis indux]it p]petuam  
s]vitutem4       9999 ,ibid1 p4 #ia     
999999 ,! signum circulate 0 borr[$ f   
,islam4 ,x has      be5 +5i\sly         
conjectur$ t ! circul> =m 0      select$
 9 contradi/9ction to ! sign ( !        
cresc5t4      ,ibid1 p4 #ge4            
99999999 ,mi%na ,sanh$r91 ,,iii4 #c4  ,b
 all scruples on ! "p ( ! ,jews _h n[ to
 be set aside4 ,gold !y mu/ h1 & 9      
abundance4 ,x 0 ! only means ( buy+ _!  
peace4 ,! taxes levi$ by ! imp]ial *amb]
 7 enorm\s499 ,! cities1 ! b>onial      
lords1 9 ^: t]ritory !y took refuge1    
con/antly impos$ new burd5s z ! price ( 
tol]ation4 ,! ,jews h (t5 be5 held up to
 contempt = _! av>ice & rapacity4 ,!    
reproa* is unju/4 ,x rem9ds "o ( !      
anci5t ,phili/9es1 :o1 hav+ %orn !      
,hebrew ( 8 /r5g? & bl9d$ him1 call$ him
 ) je]s f 8 prison-h\se to exhibit him  

to ! popul> gaze & to make sport ( 8    
infirmity4  ,"u ^! circum/ances !       
cons]vatism ( ! ,jews 9 matt]s (        
religion c no long] a/oni% u4 ,reject$  
by ! _w1 !y liv$ 9 a _w ( _! own4 ,!y _h
 inh]it$ f _! ance/ors an ext5d$ code ( 
c]emonial obs]vances1 diet>y laws1 &    
m9ute & manifold directions = ! conduct 
( life4 ,9 ^! !y beheld ! bulw>k ( _!   
religion1 ! common bond t unit$ !       
scatt]$ memb]s ( _! race4 ,! ,jew (     
,p]sia or ,pale/9e c\ld come among 8    
,g]man bre?r51 & he> ! same pray]s      
express$ 9 ! same language1 & recognize 
! same cu/oms z 7 curr5t among 8        
co-religioni/s 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! passwords ( 
! fai? 7 ev]y:]e und]/ood4 ,to pres]ve  
complete unanimity ) respect to religi\s
 usage 0 a measure dictat$ by ! comm&+  
in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,! ,jews (   
all c\ntries 7 fur!rmore unit$ by !     
common ye>n+s ) :i* !y look$ back to !  
pa/1 & _! common hope ( ultimate        
re/oration to ! h]itage ( ! promis$     
l&49999       99 ,a g5]al tax paid 9    

recognition ( ! ,emp]or's               
protection2 ! ,temple tax claim$ by !   
,holy ,roman      ,emp]or 9 8 capacity z
 ! successor ( ,vespasian2 !            
s-call$ aurum coron>ium1 or coronation  
tax1 by virtue      ( :i* e new emp]or1 
^u 8 accession to !      ?rone1 c\ld    
confiscate ! ?ird "p ( ! prop]ty (      
! ,jews4    ,besides ^!1 extraord9>y    
levies 7      frequ5t4       9999 ,on ! 
eve ( ! #i? ( ! fif? mon? x 0 cu/om>y   
at ,j]usalem to ann\nce ! numb] ( ye>s t
 _h      elaps$ s9ce ! fall ( ! ,temple4
   ,zunz1 ,die ,ritus1 p4      #hd4     
,h[ev] prolong$ _! abode 9 ! l& ( !     
/rang] might be1 !y nev] reg>d$ x       
o!rwise ?an 9 ! light ( a tempor>y      
soj\rn1 & ,pale/9e rema9$ _! true       
fa!rl&1 ,if ,i =get !e1 ,j]usalem1 )] my
 "r h&1 0 sung z pla9tively on ! banks (
 ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e z x _h res\nd$ (   
old by ,babel's /reams4 ,! ,jewi% p     
walk$ ?r\gh hi/ory z 9 a dream1 _! eyes 
fix$ on ,zion's vani%$ glories4 ,empires
 fell2 w>s deva/at$ ! e>?2 new mann]s1  

new modes ( life1 arose ar\nd !m4 ,:at 0
 all ?is toil & turmoil ( ! nations to  
!m6 ,!y 7 n admitt$ to ! fell[%ip (     
mank9d1 !y pres]v$ _! iron /ability1 !y 
alone rema9$ *angeless4 ,s long z ! _w  
ma9ta9$ its ho/ile attitude t[>d !m1 !re
 0 little likelihood t !y w\ld ab&on _! 
"t-honor$ traditions4 ,b t[>d ! close ( 
! la/ c5tury ! fir/ tok5s ( political1  
social1 & spiritual reg5]ation began to 
appe> among ! despond5t p ( ! ,hebrews4 
,! _s ( ! ,re=mation1 :i* _h slumb]$ s  
long1 awoke to new vitality4 ,! voice ( 
love rebuk$ ! selfi%ness ( cre$s2       
,philosophy 9 ! p]son ( ,kant emphasiz$ 
! duties ( man to man2 ,poetry s5t its  
w>m brea? ?r\gh ! ,g]man l&1 & ) its    
sweet /ra9s in/ill$ broad1 humanit>ian  
doctr9e into ! he>ts ( m54 ,less+       
celebrat$ ! virtues ( 8 fri5d1 ,moses   
,m5delssohn1 9 ,na?an ! ,wise1 & 9 !    
p>able ( ! r+s %[$ h[ ! true religion is
 to be s\ght & f\nd4 ,! ,royal ,academy 
at ,b]l9 nom9at$ ! same ,m5delssohn =   
memb]%ip 9 its body4 ,jewi% s*ol>s 7    

receiv$ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,au/rian &      
,prussian capitals4 ,em95t /atesm5 &    
writ]s began to ex]t !mselves to remove 
! f\l blot t _h s long /a9$ ! conduct ( 
! ,*ri/ian /ates 9 _! deal+s ) ! ,jews4 
,9 ,france ! great ,revolution 0 rapidly
 sweep+ away ! accumulat$ wrongs (      
c5turies4 ,:5 ! emancipation ( ! ,jews  
came up = discussion 9 ! ,conv5tion1 !  
able/ speak]s rose 9 _! behalf4 ,! ,abbe
 ,gregoire exclaim$3 ,a new c5tury is   
ab\t to op54 ,may its portals be wrea!d 
) ! palm ( humanity6 ,mirabeau l5t 8    
mighty eloqu5ce to _! cause4 ,i w n     
speak ( tol]ance1 he said2 ! fre$om (   
consci5ce is a "r s sacr$ t ev5 ! "n (  
tol]ance involves a species ( tyranny499
       99,vide ! acc\nt ( ! debates 9 ! 
(ficial ,moniteur4  ,on ! #bh?          
,septemb]1 #agia1 ! ,national ,conv5tion
 decre$ ! equality ( ! ,israelites (    
,france ) _! ,*ri/ian fell[-citiz5s4 ,! 
waves ( ! ,revolution1 h[ev]1 ov]fl[$ ! 
bord]s ( ,france1 & ! agitation !y caus$
 0 quickly communicat$ to all ,g]many4  

,:]ev] ! armies ( ! ,republic p5etrat$1 
! gates ( ! ghettos 7 ?r[n op51 & 9 ! "n
 ( ,frat]nity1 ,lib]ty & ,equality 7    
ann\nc$ to _! inhabitants4 ,:5          
,napoleonic misrule at la/ exasp]at$    
,g]many into resi/ance1 ! se$s :i* ,fr5*
 influ5ce _h s[n _h already tak5 firm   
root 9 ! ,g]man soil4 ,on ! #aa? ,m>*1  
#ahab1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 issu$ 8 
fam\s edict1 remov+ ! ma9 disabilities f
 :i* ! ,jews ( 8 dom9ions _h suff]$1    
grant+ !m ! rights & impos+ ^u !m !     
honorable duties ( citiz5%ip4 ,!y 7 no  
long] to be class$ z =eign]s4 ,! /ate   
claim$ !m z its *ildr51 & exact$ ( !m ! 
same sacrifices z all its sons 7 call$  
^u to br+ 9 ! tr\bl\s times t soon      
foll[$4 ,) :at eag] alacrity ! ,jews    
respond$ to ! k+'s call ! records ( !   
,g]man w>s = indep5d5ce amply te/ify4   
,on ! battlefields ( ,leipzig & ,wat]loo
 !y /ood side by side ) _! ,*ri/ian     
bre?r54 ,_m sons & fa!rs ( ,jewi%       
h\seholds yield$ _! lives 9 ! c\ntry's  
def5ce4 ,9 ! blood ( ! fall5 ! new      

cov5ant ( equal ju/ice 0 seal$ = all "t 
to come4 ,h[ev] prejudice might /ill dog
 _! foot/eps1 h[ev] %amefully ! gov]nm5t
 might violate its solemn pl$ges to !   
,jewi% soldi]s on _! return f ! w>s1 !  
,jews ( ,g]many _h n[ ga9$ :at !y c\ld  
no m lose4 ,!y felt t ! l& = :i* !y _h  
adv5tur$ _! all1 9 ^: behalf !y _h lo/ s
 mu*1 0 inde$ _! fa!rl&4 ,= ! fir/ "t1  
aft] _m1 _m c5turies1 ! fugitives _h    
ga9$ a home1 a c\ntry4 ,!y awoke z f a  
long sleep4 ,!y f\nd ! _w greatly *ang$ 
ar\nd !m2 va/ problems engag+ ! att5tion
 ( ?9k]s1 sci5ce & philosophy ev]y:]e   
%$d+ new light ^u ! pa? ( mank9d4 ,!y 7 
eag] to approve !mselves wor?y & loyal  
citiz5s1 eag] to jo9 9 ! g5]al "w (     
progress4 ,!y dwelt no m ) anxi\s       
pref]5ce on ! pa/4 ,! pres5t & ! future 
dem&$ _! ex]tions1 & ! motives t _h s   
long compell$ _! exclusion f ! fell[%ip 
( ! ,g5tiles 7 gradually disappe>+4 ,z  
_! religion 0 ma9ly retrospective 9 "* &
 exclusive 9 t5d5cy1 great *anges 7 ne$$
 to br+ x into h>mony ) ! alt]$         

condition ( affairs4 ,^! *anges 7       
accord+ly attempt$1 & _! hi/ory is !    
hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,re=m4     ,,iii4       
,,re=m$ ,,judaism4  ,re=m$ ,judaism     
orig9at$ 9 ,g]many2 its lead+           
repres5tatives h inv>iably be5 ,g]mans4 
,! hi/ory ( ,g]many dur+ ! pa/ "o hundr$
 ye>s is ! backgr\nd ^u :i* our acc\nt (
 ! movem5t mu/ be project$4  ,! ,jews ( 
,g]many _h wait$ long & pati5tly =      
deliv]ance4 ,at la/1 t[>d ! close ( !   
eighte5? c5tury x came1 & "o :om !y     
delight to call _! ,second ,moses arose 
to lead !m into ! promis$ l& ( fre$om4  
,?is 0 ,moses ,m5delssohn4 ,8 di/+ui%$  
m]its z a writ] on philosophy &         
ae/hetics we ne$ n "h pause to dilate   
^u1 b %all proce$ at once to consid] him
 9 8 relations to ! political1 social1 &
 religi\s emancipation ( 8 p4 ,9 ea* (  
^! diff]5t directions 8 example &       
influ5ce ^u o!rs s]v$ to initiate a     
s]ies ( salut>y *anges1 & he may ?us    
appropriately be t]m$ ! fa!r ( ! ,re=m  
movem5t 9 its wide/ acceptation4 ,x 0   

,m5delssohn :o1 9 #agha1 inspir$        
,*ri/ian ,wilhelm ,dohm to publi% 8 book
 ,on ! ,civil ,amelioration ( ! ,jews1 a
 "w 9 :i* an e>ne/ plea = _!            
enfran*isem5t 0 = ! fir/ "t put =?4 ,!  
au?or po9ts to ! ?rift & frugality t m>k
 ! ,jewi% race1 _! temp]ate habits &    
love ( peace1 & exposes ! folly ( deb>r+
 s valuable a class ( ! population f !  
rights ( ! citiz54 ,he appeals to !     
wisdom ( ! gov]nm5t to r$eem ! errors & 
inju/ice ( ! pa/2 he def5ds ! ,jews     
aga9/ ! absurd *>ges :i* 7 /ill repeat$ 
to _! discr$it1 & /r5u\sly insi/s t     
lib]ty & humane treatm5t w\ld n only    
accrue to _! own advantage1 b w\ld      
ultimately r$\nd to ! honor & la/+      
welf>e ( ! /ate4 ,dohm's book creat$ a  
pr(\nd impression1 & ?\gh x fail$ to    
produce imm$iate results1 mat]ially aid$
 ! cause ( emancipation at a lat] p]iod4
  ,aga9 ,m5delssohn 0 ! fir/ to break   
?r\gh ! social re/ra9ts t ob/ruct$ !    
int]c\rse ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & ?us    
triumph$ ov] a =m ( prejudice :i* is    

commonly ! la/ to yield4 ,8 fame z a    
writ] greatly assi/$ him 9 ?is respect4 
,! grace & fre%ness ( 8 /yle1 ! app>5t  
ease ) :i* he dive/$ ! /]n problems (   
philosophy ( _! h>%] aspects1 _h won him
 _m & s9c]e admir]s4 ,8 ,pha$on 0 eag]ly
 read by ?\s&s1 :om ! writ+s ( ,leibnitz
 & ,kant _h repell$4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ! 
,jewi% ,sabba? he 0 accu/om$ to assemble
 _m ( ! *oice spirits ( ! ,prussian     
capital1 among :om we may m5tion ,less+1
 ,nikolai1 & ,gleim1 9 8 home4 ,!       
conv]sation turn$ ^u ! grave/ & l(tie/  
topics t c occupy ! human s\l4 ,! ho/   
himself skilfully guid$ ! /ream (       
discussion1 & ! waves ( ?\ght fl[$      
easily along 9 t placid1 re/ful motion  
:i* is adapt$ to speculative !mes4 ,! _s
 t ( old _h hall[$ ! %ades ( ,academe   
presid$ ov] ^! ga!r+s4 ,m5delssohn      
emulat$ ! pla/ic idealism ( ,plato & !  
div9e hil>ity ( ,socrates4 ,! s+ul>     
mode/y1 ! tru?fulness & quiet dignity t 
adorn$ 8 "* 7 reflect$ ^u ! p f :om he  
_h sprung1 & produc$ a salut>y *ange 9  

_! favor 9 ! s5tim5ts ( ! bett] classes4
  ,b x is z ! au?or ( a pr(\nd          
revolution 9 ! ,jewi% religion1 t       
,m5delssohn attracts our especial       
int]e/4 ,n1 inde$1 t he himself ev]     
assum$ ! "* ( a religi\s re=m]4 ,he 01  
on ! contr>y1 s9c]ely devot$ to !       
or?odox =m ( ,judaism1 & ev5 _h a *ange 
appe>$ to him feasible or desirable1 he 
w\ld 9 all probability h decl9$ !       
responsibility ( publicly advocat+ x4 ,8
 0 ! contemplative _s :i* in/9ctively   
%r9ks f ! rude contact ( reality4 ,he _h
 nei!r ! aggressive temp] nor ! bold    
self-confid5ce t /amp ! lead] ( p>ties4 
,& yet1 )\t int5d+ x1 he gave ! fir/    
impulse to ,jewi% ,re=m1 ^: subsequ5t   
progress1 c\ld he h =ese5 x1 he w\ld    
assur$ly h be5 ! fir/ to deprecate4     
,,! ,,bible4  ,! condition ( ! ,jews at 
! close ( ! la/ c5tury 0 9 _m respects  
unlike t ( any o!r race t has ev] be5 l$
 f a /ate ( subjection to "o ( ackn[l$g$
 equality4 ,long oppression _h n1 on !  
:ole1 ei!r blunt$ _! intellects or      

debas$ _! morals4 ,if !y 7 ignorant 9   
mod]n sci5ce & lit]ature1 !y 7 deeply   
v]s$ 9 _! own anci5t lit]ature1 & ?is   
species ( le>n+ 0 n ! privilege ( a s+le
 class1 b ! common prop]ty ( ! :ole p4  
,:at !y lack$ 0 sy/em4 ,9 ! rambl+      
debates ( ! ,talmud ! true pr9ciples (  
logical sequ5ce are b too (t5 slight$1 &
 ! /ud5t is enc\rag$ to value ! subtle  
play ( dialectics on its own acc\nt1 )\t
 reg>d to any ultimate ga9 9 positive & 
useful k4 ,impati5ce ( ord]ly arrangem5t
 be+ all[$ to develop into a habit1     
became contagi\s4 ,x impress$ itself    
equally on ! ?\ght1 ! mann]s1 !         
language99 ( ! ,jews1 & contribut$ n a  
little to ali5ate f !m ! sympa?ies ( !  
ref9$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 ! prepond]at+     
influ5ce ( ! ,talmud t x n only engross$
 ! att5tion ( ! ,jewi% y\? to !         
exclusion ( secul> k1 b ev5 p]v]t$ !    
exegesis ( ! ,bible & caus$ ! /udy (    
,scripture to be comp>atively neglect$4 
99 ,! ,g]man ,jews spoke a mix$ dialect 
( ,g]man &      ,hebrew1 :i* has be5    

lik5$ to ! s-call$ ,p5nsylvania         
,dut*4  ,to weak5 ! controll+ influ5ce (
 ! ,talmud became ! fir/ ne$ful measure 
( ,re=m1 & to accompli% ?is x 0 necess>y
 to give back to ! ,bible its prop]     
place 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,x 0 an     
ev5t1 !re=e1 ( no mean significance :5  
,m5delssohn1 9 conjunction ) a few      
fri5ds1 det]m9$ to prep>e a ,g]man      
translation ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & ?us1 by    
pres5t+ ! tea*+s ( ,scripture 9 ! g>b ( 
a mod]n tongue1 to r5d] _! true mean+   
app>5t to e reflect+ m9d4 ,! "w 0 f9i%$ 
9 #aghc4 ,x holds a l relation to !     
,jewi% ,re=m movem5t t ,lu!r's          
translation held to ! great ,prote/ant  
movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 greet$ 
) a /orm ( abuse ^u its appe>ance1 & 0  
l\dly execrat$ by ! or?odox z ! beg9n+ (
 l>g] & f>-rea*+ innovations4 ,its au?or
 might s9c]ely prote/ 8 entire innoc5cy 
( ! radical designs imput$ to him1 b    
subsequ5t ev5ts h prov$ ! ke5] insight (
 8 oppon5ts4 ,! influ5ce ( ! new        
translation 0 tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place x 

facilitat$ a m correct und]/&+ ( !      
doctr9e1 ! lit]ature & language (       
,scripture2 secondly1--& ?is is wor?y ( 
special rem>k1--x s]v$ ! purpose ( a    
text-book ( ! ,g]man = ! great mass ( ! 
,jews1 :o 7 at t "t unable to read a    
book writt5 9 ! v]nacul>1 & ?us became !
 means ( op5+ to !m ! treasure-h\se (   
mod]n ?\ght499       99 ,!  ,g]man  (   
,m5delssohn's   translation 0   writt5  
9 ,hebrew lett]s4  ,9 ! v ye> 9 :i*     
,m5delssohn's "w appe>$ we notice among 
! y\ng] g5]ation a g5]al revival (      
int]e/ 9 ! ,hebrew1 ! "m-tongue ( _!    
race4 ,two /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity (      
,konigsb]g began ! issue ( a p]iodical  
devot$ to ! culture ( ! ,hebrew1 :i* 0  
widely read & attract$ great att5tion4  
,poems1 orig9al essays1 ,hebrew v]sions 
( mod]n writ+s1 appe>$ 9 its columns2 ! 
/yle ( ! ,prophets & ( ! ,psalmi/s 0    
emulat$1 ! works ( ! anci5t ma/]s ( !   
language s]v$ z models1 & 9 ! aspect ( !
 noble =ms employ$ 9 ! diction ( !      
biblical au?ors ! ae/hetic s5se ( !     

mod]n ,jews reviv$4 ,we are incl9$ to   
d\bt :e!r ! ,hebrew ,bible1 consid]$    
m]ely ) a view to its ae/hetic value1 is
 ev5 yet fully appreciat$4 ,!           
extravagance ( religi\s cr$ulity & !    
viol5t extreme ( scepticism h alike t5d$
 to obscure its prop] m]its4 ,! "o      
accu/om$ to behold 9 ! holy book a      
message f ! ,creator to 8 creatures     
%r9ks1 z a rule1 f apply+ to ! "w ( a   
,div9e au?or ! critical /&>d ( human    
composition4 ,! sceptics on ! o!r h&1   
impati5t ( ! exorbitant claims :i* are  
urg$ = ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews1 &      
res5t+ ! sway :i* !y /ill ex]cise ov] ! 
human reason1 are h>dly 9 a prop] frame 
( m9d to e/imate ju/ly its intr9sic &   
imp]i%able excell5ces4 ,& yet1 sett+    
aside all que/ions ( ! sup]natural orig9
 ( ! ,bible1 & reg>d+ only ! /yle 9 :i* 
its ?\ghts are convey$1 h[ incomp>ably  
valuable does x /ill rema96 ,x w\ld be  
difficult to calculate ! ext5t to :i* _m
 ( our /&>d au?ors are indebt$ = ! gr&e/
 passages ( _! works to _! e>ly         

famili>ity ) ! biblical /yle4 ,^? :o are
 able to read ! text 9 ! orig9al become 
aw>e ( ev5 subtl] beauties t escape 9 ! 
process ( translation4 ,purity (        
diction1 p[] ( /rik+ anti!sis1 simple & 
yet sublime imag]y1 a m>vell\s facility 
9 ! expression ( complex /ates ( feel+1 
& ^? ! deepe/ ( :i* ! human s\l is      
capable1 are b a few ( ! obvi\s features
 t di/+ui% ! gold5 age ( ,hebrew        
lit]ature4 ,nev] p]haps has ! symbolism 
( nature be5 us$ ) su* supreme effect to
 express ! unspeakable emotions t are   
deep d[n 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,su* music z t 
:i* swells ?r\gh ! pages ( ,isaiah's    
prophecies _c be =gott52 su* r++1       
rhy?mic p]iods1 9 :i* ! eloqu5ce (      
conviction bur/s =? into ! r\nd$ fulness
 ( p]fect oratory1 c nev] fail to t\* & 
to inspire4 ,we "k ( no nobl] patt]n on 
:i* ! mod]n orator c\ld m\ld 8 /yle4 ,& 
?us1 too1 ! exquisite poetry ( ! ,song (
 ,songs1 ! idyl ( ! ,book ( ,ru?1 !     
weird pa?os ( ,j]emiah's lam5t1 ! gr&   
descriptions ( ,job1 w ev] be c\nt$     

among ! ma/]pieces ( human g5ius4       
,:atev] we may ?9k ( ! doctr9es ( !     
,bible1 x is safe to pr$ict t ! book w  
live long aft] ! my?s t surr\nd its     
orig9 %all h be5 dispell$2 nay1 all ! m1
 :5 x %all cease to be wor%ipp$ z a     
feti% w m5 appreciate its abid+ claims  
to _! rev]5ce1 & x w cont9ue to hold its
 honor$ place 9 ! libr>ies ( ! nations4 
,! ref9+ influ5ce ( ! /udy ( ! ,bible   
soon became evid5t among ! contempor>ies
 ( ,m5delssohn4 ,b 9 ano!r way also 8   
translation t5d$ to _! improvem5t4 ,we h
 said t x became ! means ( acqua9t+ !m )
 ! language ( ! l&4 ,a wide field ( k1  
embrac+ ! ri* results ( mod]n sci5ce1   
philosophy1 & art1 0 ?us laid op5 to _! 
indu/ry4 ,eag]ly !y avail$ !mselves ( ! 
pr(f]$ opportunity2 s*ools 7 erect$1 9  
:i* ! elem5ts ( lib]al culture 7 imp>t$ 
to ! "y1 & ere long we f9d a new        
g5]ation ( ! ,jews engag+ 9 honorable   
competition ) _! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 = !    
prize ( le>n+ & ! rew>ds ( lit]>y       
di/9ction4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,kant's     

,critique ( ,pure ,reason appe>$1 a "w  
:i* m>ks a new epo* 9 ! _w's ?\ght4 ,its
 pr(\nd reason+ & te*nical /yle made x  
difficult ( compreh5sion to all b !     
initiat$4 ,?ree ,jewi% s*ol>s--,dr4     
,h]z1 ,salomon ,maimon1 &               
,b5-,david--und]took ! task ( popul>iz+ 
its ma9 results1 & 7 among ! fir/ to    
call att5tion to ! transc5d5t importance
 ( ! new sy/em4 ,pla9ly new vital en]gy 
0 c\rs+ ?r\gh ! ve9s ( ! ,jewi% p4      
,,social ,,/&+4  ,b at ?is v "t1 :ile !y
 7 rapidly assimilat+ ! be/ results (   
mod]n culture & w9n+ ! respect &        
confid5ce ( ! le>n$1 ! ,jews ( ,g]many 7
 /ill labor+ "u an odi\s sy/em ( special
 laws1 & beheld !mselves exclud$ f !    
common rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,! manly ef=t
 ( ,dohm 9 _! behalf _h z yet avail$    
no?+2 ! voice ( bigotry 0 /ill supreme 9
 ! c\ncils ( ! sov]eign4 ,& yet !y felt 
!mselves to be ! equals ( ^? :om ! law  
unju/ly rank$ _! sup]iors1 & long$ to   
see ! b>ri]s done away t /ill divid$ !m 
f _! fell[-m54 ,_m ( _! numb] _h amass$ 

=tunes1 & exp5d$ _! weal? ) comm5dable  
prud5ce & g5]osity4 ,!y support$ ne$y   
/ud5ts1 f\nd$ libr>ies1 ext5d$ _! k1 &  
ref9$ _! ta/es4 ,ev5 ! ,jewi% maid5s    
foll[$ ! g5]al impulse t[>d self-culture
 t 0 sett+ ) su* =ce 9 ! ,jewi%         
community4 ,9 p>ticul> ! works ( ,s*ill]
 & ,goe!1 z !y successively appe>$ at   
?is p]iod1 inflam$ _! en?usiasm1 & none 
7 m zeal\s ?an !y 9 spread+ ! fame &    
influ5ce ( ! new s*ool ( ,g]man         
lit]ature4 ,/ill !y 7 taught to consid] 
!mselves an inf]ior class1 & 7 despis$ z
 su*4 ,! position ( equality :i* !      
n>r[ness ( ! laws d5i$ !m !y 7 resolv$  
to a*ieve by ! weight ol "* & ! =ce (   
spiritual attractions4 ,h5rietta de     
,lemos1 a "y girl ( s+ul> beauty &      
atta9m5ts1 _h at ?is "t become ! wife ( 
,dr4 ,h]z1 ( :om we h casually spok5    
above 9 8 connection ) ,kant4 ,%e is    
describ$ z tall1 graceful1 possess+ a   
face 9 :i* ! features ( ,hell5ic &      
,ori5tal beauty 7 bl5d$ 9 exquisite     
h>mony2 :ile ! sobriquet ( ! ,tragic    

,muse1 by :i* %e became kn[n1 d5ot$ !   
maje/ic nobl5ess ( h] pres5ce4 ,"u !    
guidance ( compet5t ma/]s %e _h acquir$ 
consid]able pr(ici5cy 9 _m ( ! mod]n &  
anci5t languages1 & to a m9d /or$ )     
v>i\s k 0 add$ ! mell[ *>m ( a mo/ sweet
 & lov+ disposition4 ,attract$ by h]    
fame & captivat$ by h] g5ius1 ! mo/     
em95t m5 ( ! day s\ght ! privilege ( h] 
society4 ,! art ( conv]sation1 :i* _h   
till !n receiv$ b little att5tion 9 !   
,prussian capital1 0 = ! fir/ "t        
cultivat$ 9 ! salon ( ,h5rietta ,h]z4   
,sp>kl+ wit & pr(\nd philosophy 7 alike 
enc\rag$4 ,/atesm5 high 9 ! s]vice ( _! 
c\ntry s\ght ! am5ities ( ^! delightful 
ga!r+s4 ,alex&] & ,wilhelm von          
,humboldt1 ,g5tz1 ,s*lei]-ma*]1 ,fri$ri*
 von ,s*legel1 ,mirabeau1 ,doro!a1 !    
daught] ( ,m5delssohn1 ,rahel1 aft]w>ds 
wife ( ,v>nhag5 von ,ense1 7 among !    
intimates ( h] circle4 ,*ri/ians & ,jews
 met "h on t]ms ( mutual def]5ce1 & =got
 = a :ile ! paltry di/9ctions :i* /ill  
kept !m asund] 9 ! _w )\t4 ,& yet ^!    

di/9ctions1 s5seless 9 !mselves1 7 full 
( om9\s mean+ to ^? :o felt _! burd54   
,"y m5 eag] = advancem5t 9 life f\nd _! 
religion an insup]able ob/acle 9 _! way4
 ,! pr(essions1 ! army1 ! (fices ( !    
gov]nm5t1 7 clos$ aga9/ !m4 ,on !       
?re%old ( e high] c>e] !y 7 rudely      
repuls$1 unless !y embrac$ ! base       
alt]native ( *ang+ _! cre$ to satisfy _!
 ambition4 ,"u ^! circum/ances t        
fidelity to ! fai? ( ! fa!rs :i* _h s   
long m>k$ ! conduct ( ! ,jews began     
s]i\sly to wav]1 & 9 _m in/ances gave   
way4 ,n1 inde$1 t ! new conv]ts became  
true & loyal ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! contr>y1  
!y consid]$ ! rite ( baptism a m]e holl[
 =m1 & left x to ! /ate1 :i* _h insi/$  
^u _! con=mance1 to ju/ify ! deep       
disgrace t 0 ?us br\ght ^u ! ,*ri/ian   
sacram5ts4 ,moreov]1 a c]ta9 laxity 9 ! 
int]pretation ( dogma _h at ?is "t      
become widely preval5t1 :i* greatly     
assi/$ !m 9 sett+ _! consci5ce at ease4 
,rationalism _h /ripp$ ! positive       
religions ( mu* ( _! sub/ance &         

individuality4 ,to none ( !m 0 an       
absolute value all[$4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z =ms
 9 :i* a pr9ciple high] ?an all =ms _h  
f\nd an imp]fect & tempor>y expression4 
,ev5 ! influ5ce ( ,s*lei]ma*] t5d$ r to 
oblit]ate ?an to def9e ! outl9es ( !    
cont5d+ cre$s4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ! au?or ( a 
,prote/ant revival 9 ,g]many1 spoke !   
language ( ,pan!ism1 & 8 op9ions are    
deeply suffus$ ) ! _s ( ,pan!i/ic       
tea*+s4 ,he def9es religion to be ! s5se
 ( dep5d5ce on ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,univ]sal4 
,to ! fact t diff]5t m5 9 diff]5t ages h
 be5 v>i\sly affect$ by ! conception ( !
 ,inf9ite he ascribes ! orig9 ( !       
diff]5t cre$s4 ,!ological dogmas1       
accord+ to him1 _c claim to be true 9 ! 
s5se ( sci5tific or philosophical       
propositions4 ,!y approa* ! tru? only 9 
s f> z !y typically express c]ta9       
emotional processes ( our s\l1 & ^?     
dogmas are ne>e/ ! tru? :i* typify      
emotions ( ! mo/ noble & exalt$ "*4     
,all[+ ,*ri/ianity to be :at its le>n$  
exp\nd]s _h def9$ x1 intellig5t ,jews   

c\ld h>dly f9d x difficult to assume !  
,*ri/ian "n4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ! c\rse (
 ?ree decades full "o half ( ! ,jewi%   
community ( ,b]l9 7 nom9ally            
,*ri/ianiz$4  ,h[ ?or\ghly conv5tional1 
at ! same "t1 ! use ( ! t]m ,*ri/ian _h 
become may be judg$ f a lett] address$  
by ,david ,fri$l&]1 a fri5d (           
,m5delssohn's1 to ,c\ncillor ,tell] ( ! 
,consi/ory1 9 :i* he (f]$1 on behalf (  
himself & "s co-religioni/s1 to accept  
,*ri/ianity 9 case !y might be p]mitt$  
to omit ! obs]vance ( ! ,*ri/ian        
fe/ivals1 to reject ! doctr9e ( !       
,tr9ity1 ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 &1 9     
fact1 :atev] is commonly reg>d$ z       
ess5tially & specifically ,*ri/ian4 ,x  
is true ! reply ( ! ,c\ncillor 0 n      
enc\rag+4     ,,p>is1 ,,! ,,new         
,,j]usalem4  ,:ile ! v exi/5ce (        
,judaism 0 ?us ?reat5$ 9 ,g]many1 x     
seem$ ab\t to rega9 its pri/9e vigor 9  
,france4 ,m ?an sev5te5 c5turies _h     
elaps$ s9ce ! ,sanh$r91 ! ,high ,c\rt ( 
,j]usalem1 _h pass$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,q   

unexpect$ly x 0 recall$ to mom5t>y life 
by ! caprice ( ! great ,corsican1 :o !n 
rul$ ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf   
,napoleon conv5$ a p>liam5t ( ,jewi%    
,notables at ,p>is 9 ord] to def9itely  
settle ! relations ( ,fr5* ,israelites  
to ! /ate4 ,soon aft] an imp]ial decree 
convok$ ! gr& ,sanh$r9 = ! purpose (    
ratify+ ! decisions ( ! ,notables4 ,!   
glories ( ,j]usalem 7 to be r5ew$ 9     
mod]n ,babylon on ! ,se9e4 ,on ,febru>y 
#i1 #ahjg1 ! ,sanh$r9 met 9 ! ,hotel de 
,ville4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to inve/ its sitt+s 
) due solemnity2 ! seats ( ! memb]s 7   
arrang$ 9 cresc5t %ape ab\t ! plat=m ( !
 presid+ (fic]s1 z _h be5 cu/om>y at    
,j]usalem2 ! presid5t 0 salut$ ) ! title
 ( ,nassi 7,pr9ce71 z 9 ! old5 "t2 !    
anci5t titles & =ms 7 copi$ ) scrupul\s 
exactness4 ,two-?irds ( ! memb]s 7      
,rabbis1 ! rema9d] laym54 ,! op5+ ( !   
,sanh$r9 attract$ univ]sal att5tion1 b  
its proce$+s 7 void ( int]e/4 ,9 fact1  
its sole task 0 to l5d ! au?ority ( an  
anci5t tribunal to ! action ( !         

,notables1 & ?is hav+ be5 accompli%$ x 0
 adj\rn$ aft] a brief session4 ,9       
connection ) ^! conv5tions ( ! ye>s     
#ahjf & #ahjg x behooves u to m5tion !  
creation ( a new con/itution = ! ,fr5*  
synagogue elaborat$ by ! jo9t ef=ts ( ! 
imp]ial ,commission]s & ! ,notables4 ,! 
=m ( gov]nm5t adopt$ 0 m\ld$ on ! patt]n
 ( ! secul> p[]4 ,a sy/em ( consi/ories 
0 organiz$ ?r\gh\t ,france1 culm9at+ 9 a
 c5tral consi/ory at ,p>is ) a          
,gr&-,rabb9 at its head4 ,! (fic]s ( !  
consi/ories 7 treat$ z (fic]s ( ! /ate1 
! *>ge ( _! ma9t5ance 0 9 "p defray$ at 
! public exp5se1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !y 7
 plac$ on a foot+ ( almo/ complete      
equality ) ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian    
*ur*es4 ,! union ( ! tea*]s ( ,judaism 9
 a species ( grad$ hi]>*y1 dep5d5t ^u   
temporal rul]s = _! support1 0 z h h be5
 expect$1 fruitful ( evil results4 ,if x
 is true t ! supremacy ( ! *ur* ov] !   
/ate di/urbs ! peace ( nations &        
endang]s ! v exi/5ce ( gov]nm5ts1 x is  
equally c]ta9 t no religion c long      

cont9ue to ma9ta9 its purity :5 ! *ur*  
becomes ! subs]vi5t vassal ( ! /ate4    
,:atev] ! app>5t ga9 9 /ability may be1 
x is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! loss (     
spontaneity & s9c]ity4 ,hypocrisy       
fl\ri%es1 ! lib]ty ( consci5ce is       
abridg$1 & a _s ( base "t-s]v+ ev5tually
 prep>es ! d[nfall ( in/itutions ^:     
p]fect safety is consi/5t only ) p]fect 
fre$om4  ,! ,fr5* ,synagogue1 z we h    
indicat$1 pres5ts a case 9 po9t4 ,dur+ !
 pa/ sev5ty ye>s x has /agnat$4 ,no s+le
 lum9\s ?\ght lights up its dre>y       
record1 no s+le :ole-s\l$ ef=t to       
appropriate ! l>g] tru?s ( our "t       
dignifies its annals4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( !   
,re=m movem5t x m]its no fur!r m5tion4  
,,! ,,liturgy4  ,return+ to ,g]many we  
behold ! lead+ ,jews at la/ awak5$ to ! 
necessity ( en]getic measures to *eck ! 
wide-spread disaffection t 0 ?9n+ out _!
 ranks4 ,hi!rto ! liturgy ( ! synagogue 
_h n be5 affect$ by ! gr[+ t5d5cy to    
*ange4 ,an attempt 9 ?is direction 0    
initiat$ by ,israel ,jacobsohn1 !       

f9ancial ag5t ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 a 
man ( weal?1 culture1 & g5]\s           
disposition4 ,he 0 %ock$ by ! sc5es (   
disord]1 ! utt] lack ( decorum1 t       
disgrac$ ! public wor%ip2 he 0 resolv$ z
 f> z 9 8 p[] lay to correct ! abuses   
:i* _h be5 all[$ to gr[ up unre/ra9$ 9 !
 gloomy p]iod ( m$iaeval p]secution1 &  
to w9 back to ! fai? ^? ^: affections _h
 be5 e/rang$ by ! b>b>\s =m 9 :i* x     
appe>$ to view4 ,he erect$ at 8 own     
exp5se1 & d$icat$ on ,july #ag1 #ahaj1 9
 ! t[n ( ,sees51 a new temple199 at !   
same "t introduc+ c]ta9 radical         
modifications into ! s]vice :i* we %all 
pres5tly take occasion to consid]4      
99 ,! t]m ,temple has s9ce be5 us$ by ! 
,re=m]s 9      contradi/9ction to !     
or?odox ,synagogue4  ,be+ appo9t$ to !  
,presid5cy ( ! ,consi/ory ( ,cassel1    
dur+ ! reign ( ,j]ome ,bonap>te1 he took
 advantage ( 8 (ficial position to urge 
8 innovations ^u ! congregations "u 8   
*>ge4 ,9 #ahae he transplant$ ! new     
fa%ion 9 religion to ,b]l91 & 9 #ahah   

assi/$ 9 f\nd+ ! temple at ,hamburg1 :i*
 soon became "o ( ! lead+ /rongholds (  
,re=m4 ,a provisional s]vice on ! same  
plan 0 likewise in/itut$ at ,leipsic199 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ! annual fair1 & tid+s ( 
! re=m 7 ?us rapidly transmitt$ to      
di/ant p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,! ma9 *anges    
introduc$ by ,jacobsohn1 & copi$ by     
o!rs1 may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3 
,! introduction ( regul> weekly s]mons1 
:i* _h n previ\sly be5 cu/om>y2 ( pray]s
 9 ! v]nacul> by ! side ( ! ,hebrew2 (  
*oir s++ ) organ accompanim5t1 & !      
confirmation ( "y *ildr54 ,^!           
innovations impli$ a revolution 9 ! "* (
 ! public wor%ip4       99 ,dr4 ,zunz 0 
appo9t$ prea*]1 & ! compos]             
,mey]be] direct$ ! musical s]vices4  ,! 
,jewi% p _h be5 wont to reg>d !mselves  
individually & collectively1 z soldi]s 9
 ! army ( _! ,god1 commission$ to wage  
w>f>e aga9/ e species ( false religion4 
,a _s ( m>tial discipl9e1 z x 71 p]vad$ 
_! ranks4 ,! repetition ( pray]s &      
b5$ictions by day & night 9 ! privacy ( 

dome/ic life1 on ! public squ>e & by !  
roadside1 0 a species ( drill int5d$ to 
keep alive 9 !m ! consci\sness ( _!     
mission1 & to prep>e !m = ! em]g5cies ( 
actual conflict4 ,?rice a day !y mu/]$ 9
 _! synagogues1 & r5ew$ _! oa? (        
allegiance 9 ! pres5ce ( _! spiritual   
k+4 ,! t]m ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ?\gh 9 frequ5t 
use1 is a misnom] bas$ ^u false analogy4
 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! synagogue & ! *ur*
 is z cle>ly m>k$ z t betwe5 ,judaism & 
,*ri/ianity !mselves4 ,! s5tim5tal      
elem5t1 us+ ! ^w 9 its nobl]            
signification1 :i* is di/9ctive ( !     
latt]1 is almo/ entirely lack+ 9 ! =m]4 
,bo? make x _! aim to elevate ! moral   
life 9 man1 b :ile ,judaism acts ?r\gh !
 w ^u ! affections1 ,*ri/ianity places !
 affections 9 ! =egr\nd & seeks by _!   
means to p]suade & captivate ! w4  ,x _c
 be d5i$ t ! ,re=m]s _h 9 "s measure    
modifi$ ! traditional "* ( ,jewi%       
wor%ip4 ,! purely emotional elem5t      
acquir$ a prom95ce :i* x _h nev] _h     
be=e1 ! v ^w employ$ to designate !     

purpose ( ! temple s]vice--,erbauung1   
edification--0 =eign to ! anci5t        
vocabul>y ( ,judaism4 ,9 ano!r          
direction1 too1 !y transgress$ ! limits 
prescrib$ by "t-honor$ usage4 ,we h     
ref]r$ above to ! c]emony (             
confirmation1 :i* has s9ce be5 g5]ally  
adopt$ by congregations ( ! ,re=m s*ool4
 ,on "s fe/ival or ,sabba?--! ,fea/ (   
,weeks1 celebrat$ ab\t ,:itsuntide1 be+ 
commonly pref]r$--boys & girls ( ?irte5 
or f\rte5 are assembl$ 9 ! temple1 :]e1 
aft] hav+ und]gone an exam9ation 9 !    
*ief t5ets ( _! religion1 !y are requir$
 to repeat al\d a confession ( fai?4 ,! 
c]emony usually attracts a l>ge         
congregation1 & is "o ( ! few           
in/itutions introduc$ by ! ,re=m]s t h  
/rongly seiz$ ^u ! popul> he>t4  ,!     
natural conc]n ( p>5ts = ! welf>e ( _!  
(fspr+ l5ds a solemn int]e/ to !        
occasion4 ,at an age :5 ! *ild's "*     
beg9s to assume def9ite outl9es1 :5 !   
reason unfolds1 & ! p]ils & temptations 
t att5d e pilgrim on ! valley road (    

life1 approa* ne>1 an in/9ctive prompt+ 
( ! human he>t leads u to =eca/ ! future
 ( sons & daught]s1 & to embrace ) joy  
:atev] means are plac$ at our disposal  
to gu>d !m aga9/ ab]ration & mis=tune4  
,to utilize ! impressiv5ess ( a great   
public ga!r+1 ! sympa!tic pres5ce (     
p>5ts & fri5ds1 ! e>ne/ monitions ( a   
wise & rev]$ tea*]1 9 ord] to confirm !m
 9 e virtu\s endeavor & high resolve1 is
 !re=e fit & prop]499       99 ,x       
des]ves to be not$ t ! c]emony (        
confirmation      among ! ,jews took its
 orig9 9 ! s*ools ( ,sees51             
,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 etc4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ 
,re=m$      congregations 7 =m$ by      
natural accretion ab\t ^!      s*ools4  
,! influ5ce ( s*ools 9 giv+ "* &        
/ability to new religi\s movem5ts is a  
subject (      suffici5t importance to  
des]ve sep>ate treatm5t4  ,! propriety (
 exact+ a =mal confession ( fai?1 h[ev]1
 has be5 hotly disput$ bo? by ! or?odox 
& ! m advanc$ lib]als4 ,x is urg$ t     
,judaism is a practical1 r ?an a        

dogmatical religion4 ,ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a 
,god is r presuppos$ z a fact ?an ass]t$
 z a matt] ( belief4 ,ap>t f ?is x is   
claim$ t a *ild at ?irte5 c h>dly be    
prep>$ to compreh5d ! fundam5tal        
que/ions ( religion1 mu* less to express
 convictions on problems s grave &      
difficult4 ,! age ( reflection &        
consequ5tly ( d\bt is yet to come1 nor c
 any *ild on ! day ( its confirmation   
answ] = its convictions t5 ye>s !reaft]4
  ,! progress ( ! ,re=m movem5t 0 ?us ( 
a "* to awak5 di/ru/ & fi]ce cont5tion  
at e /ep4 ,! cons]vative p>ty 7 enrag$  
at :at !y consid]$ unw>rantable         
encroa*m5ts ^u ! traditions ( an        
immemorial pa/4 ,! radicals 7           
dissatisfi$ ) ! lack ( sub/ance &       
vitality 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,re=m]s1 ! %all[
 moraliz+ tone ( _! prea*]s1 !          
sup]ficial views ( ,judaism :i* !y      
scatt]$ among ! multitude4  ,x may inde$
 be ask$ h[ c\ld bett] ?+s h be5 expect$
 at t "t4 ,! great facts ( ,jewi% hi/ory
 7 n yet cle>ly kn[n1 ! philosophy (    

,judaism 0 proportionately vague &      
unc]ta94 ,no ,jewi% au?or _h ev]        
und]tak5 to write out ! annals ( 8 p2   
*aotic confusion reign$ 9 _! *ronicles4 
,to "k :at ,judaism might be x seem$    
necess>y to asc]ta9 9 ! fir/ in/ance :at
 x _h be52 ! pa/ w\ld prove ! index ( ! 
future4 ,unt[>d ev5ts t happ5$ at ?is   
p]iod gave a p[]ful impulse to hi/orical
 rese>*1 & l$ to fruitful inve/igations 
9 ! doma9 ( ,judaism4     ,,hep-,,hep4  
,! great battles ( #ahac & #ahae1 9 :i* 
! ,g]man p rega9$ _! indep5d5ce1 effect$
 a m>vell\s *ange 9 ! spirits & s5tim5ts
 ( ! nation4  ,accu/om$ = a long "t to  
endure 9 sil5ce ! insults & arrogance ( 
a =eign despot1 !y _h le>n$ to despair (
 !mselves2 a deadly le?>gy held _!      
en]gies 9 bondage & 9 ! fairy visions ( 
poetry & ! d>+ dreams ( metaphysical    
speculation !y s\ght consolation = !    
pa9s & burd5s ( reality4 ,! victories ( 
,leipsic & ,wat]loo completely alt]$ !  
tone ( _! feel+s4 ,x is a n uncommon    
fact t individuals usually ! rev]se (   

self-ass]t+ exhibit1 on occasions1 an   
ov]we5+ self-consci\sness1 :i* is all ! 
m po9t$ & aggressive because ( _! secret
 & habitual self-di/ru/4 ,we note )     
curi\s int]e/ ! recurr5ce ( ! same      
obnoxi\s trait 9 ! life ( a great       
nation4 ,! novel s5se ( p[] intoxicat$  
!m1 ! ,g]man m9d = ! mom5t lo/ its      
poise2 ,romanticism fl\ri%$1 ! viol5ce (
 ! ,middle ,ages 0 mi/ak5 = manhood1 &  
held up to ! emulation ( ! pres5t       
g5]ation4 ,:atev] 0 ,g]man 0 !re=e      
e/eem$ good2 :atev] 0 =eign 0 !re=e     
despis$1 or at be/ ignor$4  ,! ,jews 7  
made to feel ! %>p /+ ( ?is fev]i%      
vanity2 _! ,asiatic orig9 0 ca/ up aga9/
 !m1 ?\gh x might h be5 suppos$ t a     
resid5ce ( fifte5 c5turies _h giv5 !m "s
 claim to dwell at peace ) ! *ildr5 ( ! 
soil4 ,9 ! ye> #ahai ! assass9ation (   
,kotzebue add$ fre% fuel to ! f]vor (   
,teutonic passion4 ,9 ,augu/ ( t ye> a  
pr(essor ( ,wurzburg1 :o _h writt5 9    
def5ce ( ! ,jews1 0 publicly insult$ by 
! /ud5ts4 ,a tumult ensu$1 ! cry        

,hep-,hep99 arose on e side1 & ,dea? to 
! ,jews 0 ! wat*word4 ,on ! next day !  
magi/rate ord]$ !m to leave ,wurzburg1 &
 f\r hundr$ 9 numb] !y 7 driv5 beyond ! 
city's limits4 ,simil> excesses occurr$ 
9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 ,me9+51 ,c>lsruhe1
 & else:]e4 ,inflammatory pamphlets     
contribut$ to increase ! excitem5t4     
99 ,hep-,hep has be5 expla9$ z an       
abbreviation ( !      words ,hi]osolyma 
e/ p]dita 7,j]usalem is p]i%$74         
,probably x is no m ?an "o ( ^?         
mean+less      exclamations :i* are n   
infrequ5t 9 college j>gon4  ,gratt5au]1 
,runs1 ,fries1 _h writt5 to good effect4
 ,all ! old falsehoods 7 reviv$1 ! fable
 ( ! use ( ,*ri/ian blood at ,passov]   
among ! re/4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh ! g5ius (  
*ivalry :i* ! ,romantic s*ool _h invok$ 
_h return$ ) its grim att5dant tra9 to  
r5ew ! orgies ( m$iaeval p]secution 9 ! 
full light ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9       
,novemb] appe>$ ! ,jud5spiegel1 by      
,hundt-,rad[sky4 ,9 ?is ! au?or argues t
 ! murd] ( a ,jew is nei!r crim9al nor  

s9ful4 ,9 ord] to avoid unnecess>y      
blood%$ h[ev]1 he proposes a m peaceful 
means ( ridd+ ! ,g]man p ( ^! v]m94 ,8  
propositions1 c\*$ 9 pla9 language &    
deliv]$ 9 sob] e>ne/1 are simply ^!3 !  
m5 to be ca/rat$1 & sold z slaves to !  
,ea/ ,indies2 ! wom5--b ! p5 refuses to 
record ! fi5di% sugge/ion4 ,x is        
mortify+ to reflect t ?is infam\s       
publication 0 widely circulat$ & eag]ly 
read499     ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,judaism4 
,! sole reply :i* ^! occurr5ces elicit$ 
f ! intellig5t memb]s ( ! ,jewi%        
community 0 a m /r5u\s ef=t on _! "p to 
complete ! "w ( inw>d purification1 &   
r5ew$ zeal 9 ! /udy ( _! hi/oric pa/4   
,!y tru/$ t ! image ( ,judaism1 if      
pres5t$ 9 its prop] light1 w\ld remove !
 odium :i* re/$ ^u _! p1 & w\ld         
fur!rmore become _! sure guide 9 ! "w ( 
recon/ruct+ ! religion ( _! ance/ors4   
,late 9 ! ye> #ahai a ,society = !      
,culture & ,sci5ce99 ( ! ,jews 0 f\nd$  
at ,b]l94 ,its object 0 tw(old3 fir/ to 
promote a m effective prosecution ( !   

,sci5ce ( ,judaism2 secondly1 to elevate
 ! moral tone ( ! p1 to c\nt]act _!     
prevail+ bias t[>d comm]ce1 & to        
enc\rage !m 9 ! pursuits ( agriculture1 
! trades1 & su* ( ! pr(essions z !y _h  
access to4       99 ,graetz1 ,ges*i*te  
d] ,jud51 ,x4 p4 #cfa4       9999       
,?r\gh\t ?is article we use ! ^w sci5ce 
9 !      s5se ( ! ,g]man ,wiss5s*aft4   
,! sci5ce ( ,judaism embraces !         
dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory1 philosophy1 &       
philology1 ! la/ be+ ( special          
importance1 s9ce x pres5ts ! key to !   
correct und]/&+ ( ! two =m]4 ,! means   
adopt$ to secure ^! objects 7 *iefly    
?ree1--a sci5tific in/itute1 a j\rnal ^:
 columns 7 enri*$ by _m contributions ( 
endur+ value1 & a s*ool 9 :i* in/ruction
 0 imp>t$ gratis to poor /ud5ts &       
,p>tisans4 ,among ! memb]s ( ! society  
we m5tion ,edw>d ,gans1 ! ,presid5t1    
aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,jurisprud5ce at ! 
,univ]sity ( ,b]l92 ! em95t critic1 ,dr4
 ,zunz2 ! poet1 ,he9ri* ,he9e299 ,mos]2 
! noble ,:olwill2 & o!rs4       99 ,he9e

 0 = "s "t an in/ructor 9 ! society's   
s*ool4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,cultur-,v]e91 &
 ( !      poet's cordial int]e/ 9 its   
success1 vide ,/rodtmann1      ,he9e's  
,leb5 und ,w]ke1 p4 #bcg4  ,un=tunately1
 ! public m9d 0 n yet prep>$ to         
appreciate ! labors ( ^! m52 ! society  
langui%$ = want ( support1 & aft] a few 
ye>s its =mal organization 0 dissolv$4  
,b 9 ! brief t]m ( its exi/5ce x _h     
accompli%$ its ma9 object2 ! sci5ce (   
,judaism 0 securely e/abli%$1 & x c\ld  
safely be left to ! indu/ry ( a few     
gift$ individuals to cultivate &        
propagate x4 ,! t5 ye>s foll[+ !        
,hep-,hep excitem5t witness$ a s]ies (  
lit]>y a*ievem5ts ^: importance x w\ld  
be difficult to ov]rate4 ,zunz &        
,rappoport1 ! pione]s ( ! new sci5ce1   
discov]$ ! ?read by :i* !y 7 enabl$ to  
pu% _! way ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( ,jewi%     
lit]ature4 ,pr(\nd erudition1 critical  
acum51 & a subtle insight am\nt+ almo/  
to intuition1 are display$ 9 _! writ+s4 
,a b& ( wor?y disciples foll[$ _! lead4 

,! *a9 ( tradition1 :i* _h seem$        
hopelessly tangl$1 0 unravell$2 _m ( its
 miss+ l9ks 7 +5i\sly suppli$1 & !      
sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 on ! :ole1             
satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,! dimness &    
vagu5ess t _h hung ov] ! hi/ory ( !     
,jews 0 giv+ way1 & ! lead+ figures 9 ! 
procession ( pa/ g5]ations assum$ cle> &
 di/9ct outl9es4 ,at ?is "t ,jo/ 0      
employ$ 9 writ+ ! fir/ connect$ hi/ory (
 8 p :i* _h ev] emanat$ f ,jewi% s\rces4
     ,,sci5tific ,,!ology4  ,:ile s*ol>s
 7 ?us busy prep>+ ! way = a new !ory ( 
,judaism bas$ on ! facts ( its hi/ory1  
no ef=ts 7 made to press ! ne$ful "w (  
practical re=m4 ,inde$1 ! ho/ile        
attitude ( ! temporal rul]s disc\rag$   
any su* und]tak+4 ,! influ5ce (         
,mett]ni* sway$ ! c\ncils ( ! ,g]man    
pr9ces4 ,! ,k+ ( ,prussia _h brok5 !    
promise ( con/itutional gov]nm5t :i* he 
_h giv5 to 8 p 9 ! h\r ( ne$4 ,! p[] ( !
 ,triple ,alliance 0 prep>$ to cru% out 
! fa9te/ /irr+s ( political or religi\s 
lib]ty :]ev] !y appe>$4  ,9 #ahcj1      

h[ev]1 ! revolution 9 ,france swept away
 a second "t ! ?rone ( ! ,b\rbons1 &    
*ang$ ! face ( affairs4 ,! c\rage ( !   
lib]al p>ty reviv$ ev]y:]e2 ! bonds (   
despotism 7 relax$2 a _s ( resi/ance to 
oppression arose1 & grew 9 int5sity f   
ye> to ye>1 until x at la/ f\nd v5t 9 ! 
convulsions ( #ahdh4 ,! ,jews felt !    
prophetic promise ( a bett] ord] ( ?+s1 
& r\s$ !mselves to r5ew$ ex]tions4  ,we 
h indicat$ 9 a previ\s article t ! cause
 ( political & ( religi\s emancipation1 
s f> at lea/ z ,g]many 0 conc]n$1       
advanc$ 9 p>allel l9es4 ,9 #ahca        
,gabriel ,riess] address$ a manife/o to 
! ,g]man p on ! position ( ! ,jews among
 !m499 ,x 0 a cle> & =cible pres5tm5t ( 
! case4 ,! /yle is dignifi$1 free f !   
ta9t ( undue self-ass]tion1 & equally   
free f misplac$ mode/y4 ,he did n       
petition = a favor2 he dem&$ a "r4 ,he  
disda9$ all measures ( compromise2 he   
d>$ to treat ! "q z "o ( national       
importance2 he ask$ = simple ju/ice1 &  
w\ld be cont5t ) no?+ less4 ,! ,g]man p 

rew>d$ 8 manl9ess ) _! confid5ce19999 & 
"u 8 able lead]%ip ! /ruggle =          
emancipation 0 f9ally br\ght to a       
triumphant close4       99 ,ueb] die    
,/ellung d] ,bek5n] des ,mosais*5       
,glaub5s an      die ,deuts*5 all]      
,confession54    ,riess]'s ,works1 ,,ii4
       9999 ,he 0 elect$ ,vice-,presid5t
 ( ! fir/ ,g]man      ,p>liam5t t met 9 
! ,pauls-,kir*e 9 ,frank=t4  ,9 #ahce   
,abraham ,geig]1 !n ,rabbi ( ,wiesbad51 
began ! publication ( a ,sci5tific      
,j\rnal = ,jewi% ,!ology1 & ) !         
appe>ance ( ?is p]iodical ! ,re=m       
movem5t ent]$ into its pres5t phase4 ,x 
0 ! purpose ( ,geig] & 8 coadjutors to  
prosecute ! "w ( religi\s r5ovation on !
 basis ( ! sci5ce ( ,judaism4 ,?is is ! 
di/+ui%+ feature ( ! mod]n s*ool (      
,jewi% ,re=m4 ,b1 be=e we proce$ to     
sket* ! pr9ciples ( ^! sci5tific        
!ologians1 let u rapidly adv]t to !     
brief s]ies ( ev5ts t m>k ! outw>d      
developm5t ( ! new s*ool4  ,ar\nd ! /&>d
 :i* ,geig] _h unfurl$ a body ( e>ne/ m5

 soon collect$1 :o agre$ ) him 9 ! ma9 9
 desir+ to reconcile sci5ce & life      
7,wiss5s*aft und ,leb574 ,!y 7 mo/ly "y 
m51 fre% f ! univ]sities1 pr(\ndly v]s$ 
9 ,hebrew & rabb9ic lore1 zeal\s lov]s (
 _! religion1 equipp$ ) ! elem5ts (     
anci5t & mod]n culture1 & anxi\s to     
h>monize ! conflict+ claims ( bo? 9 _!  
private lives & public /ation4 ,_m ( !m 
und]w5t sev]e privations = _!           
convictions' sake4 ,!y 7 di/ru/$ by !   
v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 )\t ^: sanction no     
,jewi% cl]gyman c\ld ent] ^u 8          
functions1 & 7 made to feel1 9 common ) 
o!r ,lib]als1 ! displeasure :i* _!      
measures1 mod]ate ?\gh !y 71 _h provok$ 
9 high qu>t]s4 ,!y 7 subject$ to        
numb]less petty annoyances1 & ev5       
d[nright =ce 0 employ$ to *eck _! gr[+  
popul>ity4 ,) ! accession ( ,fr$]ick    
,william ,,iv41 ! ,ultramontanes & !    
p>ty ( retrogression 9 ! ,prote/ant     
,*ur* completely ga9$ ! asc5dant4 ,cov]$
 by ! %ield ( royal favor !y (f]$ ! mo/ 
audaci\s insults to ! consci5ce &       

common-s5se ( ! p1 ! "r ( free spee* 0  
impair$1 ! press 0 %ackl$1 :ile ! mo/   
abject sup]/itions 7 op5ly enc\rag$4 ,! 
holy coat ( ,jesus1 exhibit$ at !       
ca!dral ( ,treves1 attract$ hundr$s (   
?\s&s ( pilgrims1 & ! fame ( ! miracul\s
 cures x _h effect$ 0 dilig5tly spread4 
,b ! v viol5ce ( ! extremi/s provok$ a  
det]m9$ opposition among ! intellig5t   
classes4 ,national unity & individual   
lib]ty 7 l\dly dem&$1 a ,g]man ,ca?olic 
p>ty 0 =m$ ) ! av[$ object ( reorganiz+ 
,ca?olicism on ! basis ( ! mod]n ,/ate4 
,free religi\s congregations began to   
crop up "h & !re1 :i*1 ?\gh feeble z yet
 9 _! organization1 7 prop]ly reg>d$ z  
significant ( ! _s ( ! times4 ,on !     
waves ( ! turn+ tide ! "y ,rabbis 7     
c>ri$ along4 ,!y 7 ard5t patriots2 !y   
too1 7 eag] to see _! religion w$d$ to !
 progressive t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,!       
sympa?ies ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ( _! bre?r5 
7 *e]fully ext5d$ to !m1 & high hopes 7 
f\nd$ on _! success4  ,9 #ahdd !y 7     
suffici5tly /rong to meet 9 conv5tion4  

,disclaim+ ! functions ( a religi\s     
synod1 !y assum$ ! "* ( a sci5tific     
body1 assembl$ to promote ! objects (   
tru? 9 _! special dep>tm5t4 ,!          
discussions 7 inde$ int5d$ to secure    
h>mony ( s5tim5t & action1 b !          
resolutions adopt$ 7 b9d+ nei!r ^u !    
memb]s !mselves nor ^u ! congregations  
!y repres5t$4 ,?ree times ^! conv5tions 
7 repeat$ at ,brunswick1 ,frank=t1 &    
,breslau4  ,9 #ahde a new congregation 0
 =m$1 call$ ,! ,re=m ,association (     
,b]l91 :i* 0 recruit$ f ! extreme left  
w+ ( ! lib]al ,jewi% p>ty4 ,?is         
congregation became not$ = !            
introduction ( a ,sunday s]vice1 a      
measure :i* ev5tually compell$ !m to    
entirely ab&on ! ,jewi% ,sabba?4 ,samuel
 ,holdheim1 ! able/ expon5t ( radical   
,judaism1 0 select$ to be _! prea*]4    
,?us f> _h ! ,re=m movem5t proce$$1 :51 
9 #ahdh1 ! incid5ts ( a great political 
revolution cr[d$ e o!r issue into       
comp>ative insignificance4 ,! fall (    
,mett]-ni* be=e ! intrigues ( ! cam>illa

 & ! fury ( a popul> upris+1 !          
humiliation ( ! k+ ( ,prussia1 !        
convocation ( ! national p>liam5t1 !    
,bad5 insurrection1--^! 7 ! ev5ts t     
absorb$ ! int]e/ ( ! public4 ,political 
incompet5cy on ! "p ( ! lead]s          
precipitat$ ! cata/rophe ( ! revolution1
 & ! hopes ( ! ,g]man p 7 aga9 doom$ to 
disappo9tm5t4 ,soon ! reaction set 91 a 
dre>y p]iod ( /agnation foll[$1 & !     
ef=ts ( ! fri5ds ( fre$om 7 p>alyz$4  ,!
 ,jewi% ,re=m]s 7 /rick5 d[n by ! g5]al 
rev]se t _h ov]tak5 ! lib]al p>ty1 nor h
 !y s9ce be5 able to recov] f its /unn+ 
effects4 ,two revolutions1 ^? ( #ahcj & 
#ahdh1 m>k ! gr[? & ! decl9e ( sci5tific
 re=m4 ,)9 ! pa/ ?irty ye>s a numb] (   
prom95t re=m]s h be5 call$ to ?is       
c\ntry1 & to !m is due ! spread ( !     
movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,!          
difficulties :i* confront$ !m "h 7 ( !  
mo/ =midable k9d4 ,! great bulk ( !     
,jewi% emigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7  
orig9ally drawn f ! village             
congregations ( ! ,fa!rl&1 & 7 by no    

means fair specim5s ( ! intellig5ce &   
culture ( ! ,jewi% race4 ,:ile !y       
display$ ! qualities ( en]gy1           
p]sev]ance1 & ?rift1 & soon acquir$     
weal? & influ5ce 9 ! comm]cial _w1 few  
only 7 fitt$ to appreciate a movem5t s  
?or\ghly intellectual 9 its be>+s z t   
:i* ! re=m]s came to propagate among/   
!m4 ,! m]e ext]nals ( re=m 7 readily    
adopt$1 b its spiritual ess5ce escap$   
!m4 ,accord+ly1 ! developm5t ( ,re=m$   
,judaism on ,am]ican soil pres5ts no    
novel or /rik+ features = our           
consid]ation1 & x may appropriately be  
treat$ z a m]e (f%oot ( ! ,g]man /ock4  
,,pr9ciples4  ,ev] s9ce ! appe>ance (   
,geig]'s ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 ,jewi%     
philology & ,jewi% !ology h be5         
insep>ably connect$4 ,to attempt a      
detail$ acc\nt ( ! latt] w\ld involve ! 
necessity ( frequ5t ref]5ce to ! =m]1 an
 attempt 9 :i* we c h>dly assume !      
read]'s int]e/ w\ld be> u out4 ,unwill+ 
to te/ 8 pati5ce by su* a c\rse1 we %all
 cont5t ourselves ) /at+ ! ma9 pr9ciples

 ( ,re=m$ ,judaism1 & briefly indicat+ !
 successive /eps by :i* x advanc$ to its
 pres5t positions4  ,! "o great fact :i*
 ! ,sci5ce ( ,judaism has indisputably  
e/abli%$ 0 ! fact ( evolution 9 ! sph]e 
( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,ea* g5]ation _h   
legislat$ = itself4 ,! au?orities ( !   
,middle ,ages _h introduc$ *anges 9 !   
ritual2 ! ,talmud itself1 t corn]-/one (
 or?odoxy1 0 a /up5d\s innovation on !  
simplicity ( ,bible religion499 ,apply+ 
! !ory ( evolution to _! own case1 !    
mod]n ,rabbis assum$ on _! "p ! "r to   
in/itute :atev] *anges ! exig5cies ( !  
age _h r5d]$ imp]ative4       99 ,! !ory
 ( an ,oral ,law1 deliv]$ to ,moses on  
,s9ai &      h&$ d[n f g5]ation to      
g5]ation1 until x 0      f9ally embodi$ 
9 ! ord9ance ( ! ,talmudical            
academies1 is a palpable fiction1 inv5t$
 by ! ,talmudi/s      9 ord] to l5d to  
_! own decisions ! sanction (           
,div9e au?or%ip4  ,! v fact ( *ange1 x  
is true1 presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a      
sub/ratum t rema9s un*angeable4 ,:at t  

sub/ratum 9 ! case ( ,judaism is claim$ 
to be1 we %all pres5tly discov]4 ,!     
measures ( ! ,re=m]s 7 9 ! ma9 dictat$  
by ! s5tim5t ( patriotism & ! desire to 
remove ! b>ri]s t int]pos$ betwe5 !m &  
_! fell[-m54 ,!y w\ld cease to be a /ate
 )9-! /ate1 cease to sep>ate !mselves f 
! fell[%ip ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,h5ce ! lead+  
proposition ^u :i* ,re=m$ ,judaism is   
f\nd$4 ,! ,jewi% p h ceas$ to be a      
national unit1 & w exi/ h]eaft] z a     
conf$]ation ( religi\s societies4  ,if !
 ,jews h ceas$ to be a nation1 !n !     
,re=m]s mu/ ab&on ! idea ( a national   
re/oration4 ,!y did s4 ,if !y h ceas$ to
 be a nation1 !y mu/ give up ! hope ( a 
p]sonal ,messiah :o %\ld lead !m back to
 ! promis$ l&4 ,!y did s ,if !y desir$  
no long] to dwell 9 seclusion !y mu/    
aboli% ! diet>y laws1 :i* =bid !m to    
ta/e ( ! food ( ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh comm&$  
by ! ,talmud & f\nd$ app>5tly on !      
au?ority ( ,moses4 ,?is1 too1 !y 7 will+
 to d4 ,o!r *anges 7 inspir$ by !       
philosophic tea*+s ( ! day1 & 7 und]tak5

 ) equal read9ess4 ,?us ! doctr9e (     
resurrection 9 ! fle% 0 set aside4 ,!   
fabric ( c]emonial obs]vances _h be5    
rudely %ak51 & soon gave way altoge!r4  
,*anges 9 ! ritual foll[$4 ,! pray]-book
 reflect$ ! gloomy _s ( a p ^: life 0   
embitt]$ by con/ant trials & dang]s4    
,naturally !y _h turn$ to ! pa/ & !     
glories ( ,zion2 ! pomp ( ! sacrifices1 
! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ! future          
re/oration ( ! k+dom ( ,david1 7 ! !mes 
on :i* !y lov$ to dwell4 ,all ?is 0 no  
long] suit$ to ! temp] ( ! mod]n ,jews1 
& radical alt]ations became necess>y4   
,_m ( ! fe/ivals & fa/-days also 7 /ruck
 f ! cal5d>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive      
cu/oms ( ! ,jews1 ! s-call$ rite (      
,abraham's ,cov5ant1 0 boldly attack$1 &
 ?\gh ! abolition ( ?is anci5t practice 
is /ill /r5u\sly resi/$1 !re is little  
d\bt t x w ultimately g ) ! re/4 ,samuel
 ,holdheim advocat$ ! propriety (       
int]m>riage betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians4   
,! mann] 9 :i* ^! conclusions 7 rea*$   
may be describ$ z foll[s4 ,at fir/ an   

attempt 0 made to f\nd ea* new measure (
 ,re=m on ! au?ority ( ! ,talmud4 ,!    
,talmud 0 attack$ ) its own weapons4 ,! 
fallacy ( su* a me?od becom+ app>5t1 !  
au?ority ( ! ,talmud 0 entirely set     
aside4 ,a return to ! ,bible 0 next 9   
ord]4 ,b ev5 ! laws ( ! ,bible prov$ to 
be no long] capable ( fulfilm5t 9 _!    
totality4 ,a di/9ction 0 !re=e drawn    
betwe5 ! lett] & ! _s ( ! ,bible4 ,!    
lett] is man's h&iwork1 ! _s alone ought
 to be reg>d$ z ! ,div9e rule ( fai?4 ,!
 _s ( ! ,bible is ! ess5ce ( ,judaism1  
:i* _c *ange4 ,9 ! process ( evolution x
 con/antly assumes new =ms1 b rema9s    
sub/antially ! same4 ,nor c\ld any      
motives ( exp$i5cy1 nor c\ld ev5 ! ard5t
 desire ( political emancipation h      
induc$ ! ,re=m]s to pursue ! c\rse !y   
did1 _h !y = "o mom5t believ$ x contr>y 
to ! sub/antial tea*+s ( ! ,bible4 ,! _s
 ( ! ,bible is express$ 9 two fundam5tal
 propositions3 ! exi/5ce ( "o ,god1 !   
au?or & gov]nor ( ! univ]se2 & !        
,messianic mission ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,!  

=m] is no long] ! exclusive prop]ty (   
,judaism1 ! latt] is di/9ctively its    
own2 bo? toge!r express ! simple cre$ ( 
! ,re=m]s4     ,,prospects4  ,if n[ we  
ca/ a glance ^u ! pres5t aspect ( ,re=m$
 ,judaism we are confront$ by a /ate (  
affairs t by no means corresponds to !  
great anticipations :i* 7 connect$ ) !  
movem5t 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,! anci5t    
in/itutions h be5 cle>$ away1--t 0      
unavoidable2 !y _h long be5 tott]+ to _!
 ru91--b an adequate sub/itute = :at 0  
tak5 has n be5 provid$4 ,! lead]s h     
p5etrat$ to ! f\ndations ( _! religion1 
b ^u ^! b>e f\ndations !y h erect$ :at  
is at be/ a m]e tempor>y /ructure       
incapable ( af=d+ !m p]man5t %elt] &    
protection4 ,! temp] ( ! ,re=m s*ool has
 be5 critical4 ,its memb]s 7 admirably  
fitt$ to analyze & to dissect2 _!       
s*ol>%ip is unque/ionably great2 !      
/a9less purity ( _! lives has elevat$ ! 
"* ( _! p & entitl$ !m to s9c]e respect 
,b !y lack$ ! con/ructive g5ius ne$$ = !
 creation ( new in/itutions4 ,9 ! ye>   

#ahbb ,:olwill decl>$ t ! ,jews mu/     
raise !mselves & _! pr9ciple to ! level 
( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is ! "o bond t alone c
 unite ! :ole human race4 ,! emphasis   
?us plac$ on sci5ce has cont9u$ to      
di/+ui% ! ,re=m movem5t d[n to ! pres5t 
day4 ,9 ! sph]e ( religion1 h[ev]1 x is 
n suffici5t to appreh5d ! ab/ract tru? (
 ideas ) ! help ( intellect1 b x is     
necess>y to array ^! ideas 9 concrete   
=ms1 9 ord] t !y may w>m ! he>t &       
/imulate ! w4  ,we hold x errone\s to   
believe t ! age ( symbolism is pass$4 ,!
 prov9ce ( religion is to br+ ! human   
s\l into communion ) ! ,inf9ite4 ,9 !   
l[] religions ! conception ( ! ,inf9ite 
0 meagre & insuffici5t & ! symbols 9 use
 proportionately gross4 ,at ! pres5t day
 x is ! ideal ( moral p]fection t alone 
is capable ( excit+ our devotion & k9dl+
 our en?usiasm4 ,n[ x is true t !       
mat]ial symbolism ( ! *ur*es & !        
synagogues1 ! v5]able1 ! bread & w9e1 ! 
scrolls ( ! ,p5tateu* trick$ out 9      
fanciful ve/m5ts1 fail to appeal to !   

sympa?ies ( _m educat$ m5 & wom5 ( our  
"t2 n1 h[ev]1 because !y are symbols1 b 
because !y are inadequate symbols1      
because ( an almo/ pa9ful disp>ity      
betwe5 _! e>?y orig9 & ! va/ness ( !    
spiritual ideas :i* !y are int5d$ to    
sugge/4 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a species 
( symbolism peculi>ly adapt$ to ! ne$s (
 ! pres5t g5]ation1 & :i*1 if prop]ly   
und]/ood1 might be employ$ to           
incalculable advantage 9 ! int]e/ ( a   
revival ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,we allude
 to ! symbolism ( association4  ,!      
t5d5cy to associate ! ef=ts (           
individuals 9 corporate action has nev] 
be5 m m>k$ly display$ ?an 9 our own day4
 ,s long z su* associations conf9e      
!mselves to c]ta9 f9ite objects1 !y are 
m]e social eng9es organiz$ ) a view to  
utility & p[]1 & ) su* we are n conc]n$4
 ,! *>act]i/ic ( symbols is _!          
sugge/iv5ess4 ,!y h a mean+ 9 !mselves1 
b !y sugge/ illimitable mean+s beyond _!
 scope4 ,n[ a =m ( organization is n    
only conceivable1 b has actually be5    

attempt$1 t fully meets ! requirem5ts ( 
! symbolic "*4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is     
design$ to be su* an organization4 ,n   
only does x propose to unite its memb]s 
& to satisfy _! spiritual ne$s dur+ !   
t]m ( _! soj\rn on e>?1 b x aspires to  
typify ! union ( all sa9ts "u !         
sov]eignty ( ,jesus1 & ?us to give to ! 
believ] a pres5tim5t ( ! felicity &     
p]fection ( ! high] _w4 ,9 l mann] !    
,hebrews h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! symbolism ( 
association f a v e>ly p]iod ( _!       
hi/ory4 ,if !y delight to /yle !mselves 
! *os5 p1 ! mean+ ( t phrase1 s (t5     
misund]/ood1 is purely symbolical4      
,recogniz+ ! fact t ! majority ( mank9d 
are at no "t prep>$ to ent]ta9 ! ideals 
( ! few1 !y und]took to "w out among    
!mselves a nobl] conception ( religion &
 a l(ti] morality1 tru/+ t ! =ce ( _!   
example w\ld 9 ! end br+ ab\t ! univ]sal
 adoption ( _! fai? & e?ical code4 ,9   
?is s5se ! *oice ( ,israel 0 int]pret$  
by ! ,prophets4 ,!y believ$ t _!        
selection by ! ,deity impos$ ^u !m      

heavi] responsibilities1 & reg>d$ x 9 ! 
light ( an obligation r ?an a privilege4
 ,:at ! /atue is to ! ideal ( beauty1 a 
:ole p resolv$ to be 9 relation to !    
ideal ( ! good4 ,! same conception /ill 
dom9ates ! ?\ghts ( ! ,re=m]s1 & is     
express$ by !m 9 _! doctr9e ( ,israel's 
messianic mission4 ,!y claim t ! ,jews h
 be5 = ! pa/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ! ,swiss    
gu>d ( mono!ism4 ,!y /ill believe       
!mselves to be ! typical p1 & _! firm   
p]suasion on ?is head is ! "o /rong     
feature ( ! ,re=m]s' cre$4 ,if !y w use 
_! _w-wide association to illu/rate anew
 ! virtues = :i* _! race became r5[n$ 9 
! pa/1--& we ref] especially to ! purity
 ( ! sexual relations among !m1 _! pi\s 
rev]5ce = dome/ic ties1--!y may /ill    
become1 z !y aspire to d1 exempl>s (    
purity to be joyfully imitat$ by o!rs4  
,if !y w use x 9 ! _s ( _! anci5t       
lawgiv] to tone d[n ! h>% di/9ctions (  
weal? & pov]ty1 to e/abli% ju/]         
relations betwe5 ! /rong & weak1 9      
brief1 to h>monize ! social antagonisms 

( mod]n life1 !y may conf] an ine/imable
 b5efit ^u mank9d4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* !   
symbolism ( association might be appli$ 
to invigorate ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & to  
expel ! coldness ( ! times by ! f]vor ( 
a new en?usiasm1 is a subject ( too va/ 
dim5sions to be ?us summ>ily despat*$1 &
 we %all hope to recur to x on "s future
 occasion499       99 ,9 an article on !
 religi\s aspects ( ! social      "q4   
,! pres5t condition ( lib]al ,judaism is
 /rongly ak9 to t ( lib]al ,*ri/ianity4 
,! old is dead1 ! new has n be5 born4 ,x
 is h>dly safe to pr$ict :at possible   
developm5ts ! future may yet h 9 /ore4  
,z reg>ds ! ,jews1 h[ev]1 x is "r to add
 t su* *anges z h tak5 place 9 !        
con/itution ( _! religion h n br\ght !m 
9 any s5se ne>] to ,*ri/ianity4 ,on !   
contr>y1 s9ce ! belief 9 a p]sonal      
,messiah has be5 dropp$1 ! hope ( _!    
conv]sion has become m vague & vision>y 
?an ev]4 ,^? :om ! wor%ip ( ! synagogue 
& ! temple no long] attracts ei!r become
 :olly sceptical & indiff]5t1 or1 z is  

(t5 ! case1 transf] _! allegiance to !  
new humanit>ian doctr9e :i* is fa/      
assum+ ! "* ( a religion 9 ! ardor x    
inspires & ! /rong spiritual union x    
cem5ts4 ,= ! great body ( ! ,jews1      
h[ev]1 ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,judaism      
rema9s un%ak51 & d\btless1 s long z     
,*ri/ianity exi/s1 ,judaism z a di/9ct  
cre$ w coexi/ ) x4 ,! mod]n ,jews1 l _! 
ance/ors1 believe t _! mission is n yet 
end$1 & !y await ) pati5ce ! ris+ ( "s  
new man ( g5ius among/ !m1 :o w comb9e !
 qualities ( ! popul> lead] )4'!        
attributes ( ! s*ol>1 & w give body & =m
 to ! ideas elaborat$ by ! ,re=m]s4 ,z a
 religi\s society !y desire to rema9    
di/9ct4 ,b z citiz5s1 !y are eag] to    
remove :atev] di/9ctions /ill hamp] _!  
int]c\rse ) _! neighbors ( o!r cre$s4   
,nev] has ! desire to return to ,pale/9e
 & retrieve _! lo/ nationality be5 m    
=eign to _! s5tim5ts ?an at ! pres5t    
day1 ?\gh rec5t speculations h misl$ _m 
to believe o!rwise4 ,!y "k !y c no m    
return ?i!r4 ,!y w\ld n if !y c\ld4 ,!y 

love ! l& ( _! bir?2 !y wi% to jo9 _!   
labors ) ^? ( o!rs 9 promot+ ! progress 
( ! entire human race4 ,!y h ceas$ to   
regret ! pa/1 & desire no?+ m e>ne/ly   
?an to live 9 ! pres5t & = ! future4    
,,! ,,end4