---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,names 9 bold *>act]s are enclos$ )9 plus signs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,frontcov] ,,/ate ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,otto ,,k]n]1 ,gov]nor ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,!m ,a ,,pocket ,,manual ,,describ+ ,,_! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,*>act]i/ics ,revis$ by ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,full]1 ,pr(essor ,em]itus ( ,botany1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,curator ( ,botany1 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,museum1 & ,/ate ,=e/] ,e4 ,e4 ,nuuttila4 7#a/4 ed41 #aibg1 by ,mattoon1 ,w4 ,r41 & ,mill]1 ,r4 ,b47 ,revis$ #aiee ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,cons]vation ,,division ,,( ,,=e/ry ,,spr+field ,,william ,t4 ,,lodge1 ,director 7,pr9t$ by ,au?ority ( ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois7 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,ailan?us #ed ,ald]1 black #ai speckl$ #ai ,apple1 crab #de ,arbor vitae #g ,a%1 black #fe blue #fe gre5 #fd pumpk9 #fe r$ #fd :ite #fd ,asp51 l>ge-too? #h quak+ #h ,bald cypress #f ,basswood #fj :ite #fj ,bee* #bb blue #ai ,bir*1 black #ba riv] #ba :ite #bj yell[ #ba ,black locu/ #ec ,black walnut #aa ,bois d'arc #cg ,box eld] #eh ,buckeye1 ,ohio #ei ,buttonwood #dd ,butt]nut #b ,catalpa #ff ,c$>1 nor!rn :ite #g r$ #g ,*]ry1 black #ej *oke #ej wild r$ #ej ,*e/nut #bb ,c(fee tree1 ,k5tucky #eb ,cottonwood #i swamp #i ,crab1 apple #de ,be*tel's #de prairie #de sweet #de ,cucumb]1 magnolia #ci ,cypress1 bald #f ,dogwood1 alt]nate-leav$ #fa fl[]+ #fa ,elm1 ,am]ican #cd cork #cd r$ #ce rock #cd slipp]y #ce wat] #ce w+$ #cd ,gum1 cotton #fb s\r #fb sweet #dc tupelo #fb ,hackb]ry #cf s\!rn #cf ,haw1 gre5 #dh r$ #dh ,haw?orn1 cock-spur #dg dott$ #dg gre5 #dh r$ #dh ,h$ge apple #cg ,h]cules' club #fc ,hickories1 key ( ,ill9ois #ac ,hickory1 big %ell-b>k #af bitt]nut #ad ,buckley's #ah k+-nut #af mock]nut #ag pecan #ae pignut #ah %ag-b>k #af sweet pignut #ag wat] #ad :ite #ag ,honey locu/ #ea ,hornbeam1 ,am]ican #ai hop #bj ,horse-*e/nut #ei ,k5tucky c(fee-tree #eb ,l>*1 ,am]ican #f ,european #f ,l9d51 ,am]ican #fj ,locu/1 black #ec honey #ea wat] #ea ,magnolia1 cucumb] #ci ,maple1 a%-leav$ #eh black #ef ,norway #eh r$ #eg riv] #eg silv] #eg sug> #ef swamp #eg ,mulb]ry1 r$ #ch ,russian #ch :ite #ch ,oak1 basket #bf black #bi black jack #cb bur #be *9quap9 #bf jack #bi nor!rn p9 #bi nor!rn r$ #bh ov]cup #bd p9 #cj po/ #bg r$ #bh rock *e/nut #bf sc>let #cj %+le #cc ,%um>d's #bh s\!rn r$ #ca ,spani% #ca swamp *e/nut #bf swamp ,spani% #ca swamp :ite #be :ite #bd will[ #cc yell[ *e/nut #bf ,oaks1 ( ,ill9ois1 a key #bc ,ohio buckeye #ei ,orange1 osage #cg ,papaw #da ,paul[nia #ff ,pecan #ae ,p]simmon #fc ,p9e1 ,au/rian #d jack #e ,scot* #e %ortleaf #e :ite #d ,plane tree #dd ,plum1 ,canada #di wild #di wild goose #di yell[ #di ,popl>1 balsam #i ,c>ol9a #i ,european :ite #i ,lomb>dy #i yell[ #dj ,r$bud #eb ,r$ c$> #g ,sassafras #db ,s]vice-b]ry #df smoo? #df ,%adbl[ #df ,s\r gum #fb ,spruce1 ,norway #e ,sweet gum #dc ,sumac1 %9+ #ee smoo? #ee /aghorn #ee ,sycamore #dd ,european #dd ,tam>ack #f ,?orn1 cock-spur #dg dott$ #dg pe> #dg ,wa%+ton #dh ,tree ( ,heav5 #ed ,tulip tree #dj ,tupelo gum #fb ,walnut1 black #aa :ite #ab ,will[1 black #aj crack #aj pea*-leav$ #aj weep+ #aj :ite #aj ,see pages #gj & #ga = ,index ( ,sci5tific ,names ,,:ite ,,p9e ,p9us /robus ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,p9e ,two-?irds natural size4 ,,! :ite p9e is f\nd along ! bluffs ov]look+ ,lake ,mi*igan 9 ,lake & ,cook c\nties & is also scatt]$ along riv] bluffs 9 ,jo ,daviess1 ,c>roll1 ,ogle & ,la,salle c\nties4 ,! only grove ( ?is beautiful tree 9 ,ill9ois is 9 ! ,:ite ,p9es ,=e/ ,/ate ,p>k ne> ,oregon1 ,ogle ,c\nty1 :]e !re are trees ov] #ajj ye>s old t h atta9$ a height ( #ij feet ) a diamet] ( #cj in*es4 ,?is tree =m]ly =m$ ! mo/ valuable =e/s 9 ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 /ret*+ f ,ma9e ?r\gh ,new ,york to ,m9nesota4 ,! /raight /em1 regul> pyramidal %ape & s(t gray-gre5 foliage made x univ]sally appreciat$ z an ornam5tal tree & x has be5 freely plant$ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,! leaves1 or ne$les1 are #c to #e in*es 9 l5g?1 blui%-gre5 on ! upp] surface & :iti% b5ea?1 & occur 9 bundles ( #e1 :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r ea/]n p9es4 ,! poll5-be>+ fl[]s are yell[ & clu/]$ 9 cones1 ab\t #a_/c in* long at ! base ( ! gr[? ( ! season4 ,! se$-produc+ fl[]s occur on o!r twigs & are bright r$ 9 color4 ,! cone1 or fruit1 is #d to #f in*es long1 cyl9drical ) ?9 usually v gummy scales1 conta9+ small1 w+$ se$s :i* require two ye>s to mature4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 durable1 n /rong1 light br[n 9 color1 (t5 t+$ ) r$1 & easily work$4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 old colonial h\ses :]e ev5 ! %+les 7 ( :ite p9e4 ,x is excell5t = boxes1 patt]n mak+1 mat*es1 & _m o!r products4 ,its rapid gr[? & ! high quality ( ! wood make x "o ( ! be/ trees = re=e/ation on light soils 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! :ite p9e bli/] ru/ 0 introduc$ into ,am]ica ab\t #ce ye>s ago1 & has s9ce become widespread & highly de/ructive ( bo? old trees & "y gr[?4 ,! ,au/rian p9e1 ,p9us nigra ,arnold1 has be5 naturaliz$ 9 ,lake ,c\nty & has be5 plant$ z an ornam5tal tree ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,its leaves 9 #b's1 f #c to #e in*es long1 /iff & d>k gre54 ,! cone is heavy1 #c in*es long ) %ort prickles4 ,,%ortleaf ,,p9e ,p9us e*9ata ,mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ortleaf ,,p9e ,leaves1 "o-half natural size4 ,fruit1 natural size4 ,,! %ortleaf p9e1 sometimes call$ yell[ p9e1 occurs 9 v small /&s 9 ! ,p9e ,hills ( ,union ,c\nty1 9 ,jackson ,c\nty1 9 ,giant ,city ,/ate ,p>k1 & ne> ,p9ey ,creek 9 ,r&olph ,c\nty4 ,x =ms =e/s on light s&y soils 9 ,t5nessee1 ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma & ,texas4 ,at maturity1 ! tree has a tall1 /raight /em & an oval cr[n1 rea*+ a height ( ab\t #ajj feet & a diamet] ( ab\t #d feet4 ,! leaves are 9 clu/]s ( two or ?ree1 f #c to #e in*es long1 sl5d]1 flexible1 & d>k blue-gre54 ,! cones are ! smalle/ ( our p9es1 #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b in*es long1 oblong1 ) small %>p prickles1 g5]ally clu/]$1 & (t5 hold+ to ! twigs = #c or #d ye>s4 ,! b>k is light br[ni%-r$1 brok5 into rectangul> plates on ! trunk b scaly on ! bran*es4 ,! wood ( old trees is r heavy & h>d1 ( yell[-br[n or orange color1 f9e gra9$ & less res9\s ?an t ( o!r important s\!rn p9es4 ,x is us$ l>gely = int]ior & ext]ior f9i%+1 g5]al con/ruction1 v5e]s1 pap] pulp1 excelsior1 coop]age1 m9e props1 & o!r purposes4 ,! tree transplants readily1 gr[s rapidly1 succe$s on a v>iety ( soils & has prov$ valuable = re=e/ation4 ,a few trees ( jack p9e1 ,p9us banksiana ,lamb41 are f\nd 9 ,lake ,c\nty4 ,x is a small nor!rn tree ) leaves ab\t an in* long1 borne 9 #b's1 ) cones ab\t #b in*es long4 ,x is plant$ = re=e/ation 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! ,scots p9e1 ,p9us sylve/ris ,l41 has be5 freely plant$ 9 ,ill9ois & may be kn[n by its orange-br[n b>k & its twi/$ leaves #b to #c in*es long1 arrang$ 9 #b's4 ,x has become naturaliz$ on ! s& dunes 9 ,lake ,c\nty4 ,! ,norway spruce1 ,picea abies ,k>/41 has be5 freely plant$ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x =ms a d5se conical spire-topp$ cr[n & rea*es a height ( #ej to #gj feet4 ,! leaves are ne$le-%ap$1 ab\t an in* long1 d>k gre51 & p]si/ = ab\t #e ye>s4 ,! p5dul\s cones are f #c to #f in*es long4 ,x is desirable = ornam5tal plant+4 ,,bald ,,cypress ,taxodium di/i*um ,ri*>d ,illu/ration3 ,,cypress ,natural size4 ,,! bald cypress is a tree f\nd exclusively 9 deep swamps & 0 f\nd 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois f ! ,mississippi bottoms to ,%awneet[n4 ,its /raight trunk ) num]\s asc5d+ bran*es1 & n>r[ conical outl9e makes ! tree "o ( consid]able beauty4 ,9 old age1 ! tree g5]ally has a broad flut$ or buttress$ base1 a smoo? sl[ly tap]+ trunk & a broad1 op51 flat top ( a few heavy bran*es & num]\s small bran*lets4 ,! orig9al-gr[? timb] atta9$ heights ( #hj to #acj feet & diamet]s ( #e to #aj feet4 ,! b>k is silv]y to c9namon-r$ & f9ely divid$ by num]\s longitud9al fissures4 ,! leaves are ab\t #a_/b to #c_/d ( an in* 9 l5g?1 arrang$ 9 fea!r-l fa%ion along two sides ( small bran*lets1 :i* fall 9 ! autumn ) ! leaves /ill atta*$4 ,! fruit is a r\nd$ cone1 or ball1 ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 consi/+ ( ?ick irregul> scales4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 easily work$1 v>ies 9 color f light to d>k br[n1 & is p>ticul>ly durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,h5ce x is 9 dem& = ext]ior trim ( build+s1 gre5h\se plank+1 boat & %ipbuild+1 %+les1 po/s1 poles & cros/ies4 ,! tam>ack1 or ,am]ican l>*1 ,l>ix l>ic9a ,k4 ,ko*1 resembles ! bald cypress 9 gr[+ 9 swamps & 9 %$d+ its leaves 9 autumn4 ,?is tree is f\nd 9 ,ill9ois gr[+ 9 bogs 9 ,lake & ,mc,henry c\nties4 ,! leaves are flat1 s(t1 sl5d]1 ab\t "o in* long & borne 9 clu/]s4 ,! cones are only #a_/b to #c_/d in* long4 ,! ,european l>*1 ,l>ix decidua ,mill41 may be di/+ui%$ f ! native species by hav+ slightly long] leaves & l>g] cones t are m ?an an in* long4 ,,r$ ,,c$> ,junip]us virg9iana ,l4 ,,r$ c$>1 ! mo/ pl5tiful conif]\s tree 9 ! ,/ate1 is v valuable1 gr[+ on a great v>iety ( soils1 seem+ to ?rive on hills :]e few o!r trees are f\nd4 ,x is m common 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,c$> ,natural size4 ,!re are two k9ds ( leaves1 (t5 bo? k9ds be+ f\nd on ! same tree4 ,! common] k9d is d>k gre51 m9ute & scale-l1 clasp+ ! /em 9 f\r ranks1 s t ! /ems appe> squ>e4 ,! o!r k9d1 (t5 appe>+ on "y gr[? or vigor\s %oots1 is awl-%ap$1 q %>p-po9t$1 spread+ & :it5$ b5ea?4 ,! two k9ds ( fl[]s1 appe>+ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 are at ! ends ( ! twigs on sep>ate trees4 ,! /am9ate trees assume a gold5 color f ! small catk9s1 :i*1 :5 %ak51 %$ cl\ds ( yell[ poll54 ,! fruit1 rip5+ ! fir/ season1 is pale blue ) a :ite bloom1 #a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 b]ry-l ) sweet fle%4 ,x is a favorite w9t] food = birds4 ,! b>k is v ?91 r$di%-br[n1 peel+ (f 9 long1 %r$-l /rips4 ,! tree is extremely irregul> 9 its gr[?1 s t ! trunk is usually m or less groov$4 ,! he>twood is di/9ctly r$1 & ! sapwood :ite1 ?is color comb9ation mak+ v /rik+ effects :5 f9i%$ = c$> *e/s1 closets1 & int]ior woodwork4 ,! wood is aromatic1 s(t1 /rong1 & ( ev5 texture1 & ^! qualities make x mo/ desirable = lead p5cils4 ,x is v durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 & on t acc\nt is 9 great dem& = po/s1 poles & ru/ic "w4 ,! arbor vitae or nor!rn :ite c$>1 ,?uja occid5talis ,l41 is f\nd occasionally on ! bluffs ov]look+ ,lake ,mi*igan1 on ! cliffs ( ,/>v$ ,rock1 9 ,elg9 ,city ,p>k1 & 9 bogs 9 ,lake ,c\nty4 ,! leaves are aromatic1 scale-l1 #a_/h in* long1 arrang$ to give small flat bran*es4 ,! fruit is a cone #a_/b in* long4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 durable1 fragrant1 & pale br[n4 ,,quak+ ,,asp5 ,populus tremuloides ,mi*x4 ,,?is is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ trees 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,its range goes f ,labrador to ,briti% ,columbia & f ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york f> s\? 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ,arizona4 ,9 ,ill9ois x is common 9 ! nor?1 b ( infrequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asp5 ,?ree-f\r?s natural size4 ,! asp5 is a small tree1 rea*+ heights ( #dj to #fj feet & diamet]s ( #aj to #bj in*es4 ,! "y bran*es are r$di%-br[n soon turn+ gray4 ,! w9t] buds are ab\t #a_/d in* long1 po9t$ & %9+4 ,! b>k is ?91 smoo?1 light gray t+$ ) gre54 ,! leaves are on sl5d] flat petioles1 arrang$ alt]nately on ! twigs1 & broadly oval1 %ort po9t$ & %all[ly too!d4 ,!y are gre51 %9y above & dull bel[1 rang+ f #b to #d in*es long & ab\t ! same 9 bread?4 ,! fl[]s are 9 catk9s & appe> be=e ! leaves beg9 to exp&4 ,! two k9ds are borne on sep>ate trees1 ! /am9ate catk9s are ab\t #b in*es long1 b ! se$-produc+ fl[]s =m a long sl5d] clu/] #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! fruit is a conical capsule fill$ ) t9y cottony se$s :i* rip5 9 late spr+ be=e ! leaves are fully exp&$4 ,! wood is light br[n1 almo/ :ite4 ,x is light1 weak & n durable1 & is us$ = pulpwood1 fruit-crates & b]ry boxes4 ,! l>ge-too? asp51 ,populus gr&id5tata ,mi*x41 is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn half ( ,ill9ois & frequ5tly gr[s alongside ! quak+ asp54 ,its leaves are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! quak+ asp5 & ! edges are co>sely & irregul>ly too!d4 ,! w9t] buds h dull *e/nut-br[n scales & are some:at d[ny4 ,! b>k is light gray t+$ ) r$di%-br[n4 ,,cottonwood ,populus deltoides ,m>%4 ,,! cottonwood1 or ,c>ol9a popl>1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ trees 9 ,ill9ois1 gr[+ on flood pla9s along small /reams & 9 depressions 9 ! prairie4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ trees = =e/ry purposes = plant+ :]e quick %ade is desir$4 ,! wood is s(t1 light1 weak1 f9e-gra9$ b t\gh4 ,x is good = pulp1 boxes & b]ry baskets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cottonwood ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 broadly triangul>1 po9t$ & co>se too!d on ! edges1 #c to #e in*es across1 ?ick & firm support$ by flatt5$ sl5d] petioles1 #b to #c in*es long4 ,! w9t] buds are l>ge & cov]$ ) *e/nut-br[n %9+ res9\s scales4 ,! fl[]s are 9 catk9s1 ( two k9ds1 on diff]5t trees & appe> be=e ! leaves4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 late spr+1 appe>+ z long droop+ /r+s ( ovoid capsules fill$ ) small se$s4 ,^! /r+s ( fruit1 #e to #h in*es long1 give to ! tree ! "n ( necklace popl>4 ,! se$s are cov]$ ) :ite cottony hairs4 ,! swamp cottonwood1 ,populus het]ophylla ,l41 occurs 9 swamps 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,ill9ois1 & may be kn[n by its broadly ovate leaves1 #c to #e in*es wide & #d to #g in*es long ) blunt-apex & cordate base4 ,a few trees ( ! balsam popl>1 ,populus tacamahaca ,mill41 are f\nd 9 ,lake ,c\nty ne> ! %ores ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! leaves are ovate-lanceolate1 po9t$1 & cordate4 ,! l>ge buds are cov]$ ) fragrant res94 ,! ,european :ite popl>1 ,populus alba ,l41 ) light gray b>k & leaves1 :ite wooly b5ea?1 is (t5 f\nd ne> old h\ses & along roadsides4 ,! ,lomb>dy popl>1 a tall n>r[ =m ( ! ,european black popl>1 ,populus nigra v>4 italica ,du ,roi1 is (t5 plant$ & is a /rik+ tree = ! roadside4 ,,black ,,will[ ,salix nigra ,m>%4 ,,! black will[ is n only a d5iz5 ( ! =e/ b x is at home on ! prairies & on ! pla9s & ev5 invades ! des]t4 ,x gr[s s+ly or 9 clumps along ! wat] c\rses1 a tree #dj to #fj feet 9 height ) a %ort trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,will[ ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! b>k is deeply divid$ into broad flat ridges1 (t5 becom+ %aggy4 ,! twigs1 brittle at ! base1 are glabr\s or pubesc5t1 bright r$-br[n becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,! w9t] buds are #a_/h in* long1 cov]$ ) a s+le smoo? scale4 ,! wood is s(t1 light1 close-gra9$1 light br[n & weak4 ,x is (t5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial limbs4 ,! alt]nate simple leaves are #c to #f in*es long1 & "o-half in* wide on v %ort petioles2 ! tips are mu* tap]$ & ! m>g9s are f9ely too!d4 ,!y are bright gre5 on bo? sides1 turn+ pale yell[ 9 ! e>ly autumn4 ,! fl[]s are 9 catk9s1 appe>+ ) ! leaves1 borne on sep>ate trees4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s ( ! black will[ h #c to #e /am5s ea*1 :ile ! :ite will[ has fl[]s ) #b /am5s4 ,! native pea*-leav$ will[1 ,salix amygdaloides ,&]s41 is a small] tree ) leaves #b to #f in*es long1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b in*es wide1 light gre5 & %9+ above1 pale & glauc\s b5ea?1 on petioles ab\t #c_/d in* long4 ,! :ite will[1 ,salix alba ,l41 & ! crack will[1 ,salix fragilis ,l41 ) bright yell[ twigs1 are ,european species :i* are (t5 plant$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,_! fl[]s h only #b /am5s ea* & _! leaves are silky1 bright gre5 above & glauc\s b5ea?4 ,! latt] has twigs t are v brittle at ! base4 ,ano!r ,european species is ! weep+ will[1 ,salix babylonica ,l41 :i* may be kn[n by its sl5d] droop+ bran*es4 ,,black ,,walnut ,juglans nigra ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,walnut ,leaf1 "o-fif? natural size4 ,twig1 ?ree-qu>t]s natural size4 ,,?is valuable =e/ tree occurs on ri* bottom l&s & on moi/ f]tile hillsides ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,! black walnut is f\nd f ,massa*usetts we/w>d to ,m9nesota & s\?w>d to ,florida & ,texas4 ,9 ! =e/1 :]e x gr[s s+ly1 x frequ5tly atta9s a height ( #ajj feet ) a /raight /em1 cle> ( bran*es = half its height4 ,9 op5-gr[n trees1 ! /em is %ort & ! cr[n broad & spread+4 ,! b>k is ?ick1 d>k br[n 9 color1 & divid$ by r deep fissures into r\nd$ ridges4 ,! twigs h cream-color$ *amb]$ pi? & leaf-sc>s )\t d[ny pads above4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 comp\nd1 #a to #b feet long1 consi/+ ( f #ae to #bc leaflets ( yell[i%-gre5 color4 ,! leaflets are ab\t #c in*es long1 extremely tap]+ at ! end & too!d along ! m>g94 ,! fruit is a nut1 borne s+ly or 9 pairs1 & enclos$ 9 a solid gre5 husk :i* does n split op51 ev5 aft] ! nut is ripe4 ,! nut itself is black ) a v h>d1 ?ick1 f9ely ridg$ %ell1 enclos+ a ri*1 oily k]nel edible & highly nutriti\s4 ,! he>twood is ( sup]ior quality & value4 ,x is heavy1 h>d & /rong1 & its ri* *ocolate-br[n color1 fre$om f w>p+ & *eck+1 susceptibility to a high poli%1 & durability make x highly priz$ = a great v>iety ( uses1 includ+ furniture1 cab9et "w1 & gun-/ocks4 ,walnut is easily propagat$ f ! nuts & gr[s rapidly on good soil1 :]e x %\ld be plant$ & gr[n = timb] & nuts4 ,x is ! mo/ valuable tree f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,ill9ois & orig9ally grew ext5sively ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,,butt]nut ,juglans c9]ea ,l4 ,,! butt]nut1 sometimes call$ ! :ite walnut1 is a small] tree ?an ! black walnut1 al?\gh x may rea* a height ( #gj feet & a diamet] ( #c feet4 ,x is f\nd all ov] ! ,/ate1 b ! be/ is 9 ! rav9es ( s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,! butt]nut is f\nd f ,ma9e to ,mi*igan & s\?w>d to ,kansas1 ,t5nessee & nor!rn ,georgia4 ,! trunk is (t5 =k$ or crook$ & ?is makes x less desirable = saw timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,butt]nut ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k diff]s f t ( ! black walnut 9 be+ light gray on bran*es & on ! trunk ( small trees1 becom+ d>k] on l>ge trees4 ,?is tree may also be di/+ui%$ f black walnut by ! velvet coll>s j above ! sc>s left by la/ ye>'s leaves4 ,! twigs h *ocolate-br[n *amb]$ pi? & be> obliquely blunt w9t] buds some:at flatt5$1 br[ni% & hairy4 ,! comp\nd leaves are #ae to #cj in*es long1 ea* ) #aa to #ag %>p-po9t$1 oblong1 f9ely too!d leaflets #b to #c in*es long4 ,! /am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s are on ! same tree1 ! =m] 9 long yell[i%-gre5 droop+ catk9s & ! latt] are %ort ) r$-fr+$ /igmas4 ,! fruit is a nut enclos$ 9 an oblong1 some:at po9t$1 yell[i%-gre5 husk1 ab\t #b in*es long1 :i* is cov]$ ) %ort1 ru/y1 clammy1 /icky hairs4 ,! nut has a r\gh1 groov$ %ell & an oily1 edible k]nel4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 n /rong1 co>se-gra9$1 light br[n1 & takes a good poli%4 ,x is us$ = int]ior f9i% ( h\ses & = furniture4 ,a yell[ or orange dye c be made f ! husks ( ! nuts4 ,a ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,ill9ois ,,hickories ,a4 ,bud scales opposite2 appe>+ some:at groov$ l5g?wise2 leaflets usually lanceolate1 g5]ally curv$ backw>ds2 nut-husks usually w+$2 nut ?9-%ell$4 ,b4 ,leaflets #e-i2 leaves #f-aj in*es long1 w9t] buds bright yell[2 nut gray globose1 meat bitt] ,c4 cordi=mis ,,bb4 ,leaflets #g-ac2 leaves #i-ac in*es long1 w9t] buds d>k br[n1 nut br[n1 pe>-%ap$1 meat bitt] ,c4 aquatica ,,bbb4 ,leaflets #i-ag2 leaves #ab-bj in*es long1 w9t] buds yell[1 nut elongat$1 meat sweet ,c4 ill9o5sis ,,aa4 ,bud scales n 9 pairs2 m ?an #f2 leaflets n recurv$2 nut husks usually n w+$2 nut ?ick-%ell$4 ,b4 ,buds l>ge2 twigs /\t2 nut angl$2 k]nel sweet4 ,c4 ,leaflets #e2 leaves #h-ad in*es long1 nut :iti%1 b>k %aggy ,c4 ovata ,,cc4 ,leaflets #g-i2 leaves #ae-bj in*es long1 nut r$di%-br[n ,c4 lac9iosa ,,ccc4 ,leaflets #g-i2 leaves #h-ab in*es long1 hairy ,c4 tom5tosa ,,bb4 ,buds small2 twigs sl5d]2 nut angl$4 ,c4 ,leaflets usually #e2 leaves #h-ab in*es long2 fruit pe>-%ap$2 k]nel a/r+5t ,c4 glabra ,,cc4 ,leaflets usually #g2 leaves #h-aj in*es long2 fruit ovoid2 %ell ridg$1 ?92 k]nel sweet ,c4 ovalis ,,ccc4 ,leaflets usually #g2 leaves #aj-ab in*es long2 %ell ?91 conspicu\sly ve9$ ,c4 buckleyi ,,bitt]nut ,,hickory ,c>ya cordi=mis ,k4 ,ko* ,,! bitt]nut hickory is a tall sl5d] tree ) broadly pyramidal cr[n1 atta9+ a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( #b to #c feet4 ,x is f\nd along /ream banks & on moi/ soil1 & x is well kn[n by its r\ndi% bitt] nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bitt]nut ,,hickory ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k on ! trunk is granite-gray1 fa9tly t+$ ) yell[ & smoo!r ?an 9 mo/ ( ! hickories1 yet brok5 into ?9 plate-l scales4 ,! w9t] buds are compress$1 scurfy1 & ( a bright yell[ color4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 comp\nd1 f #f to #aj in*es long1 & compos$ ( f #g to #aa leaflets4 ,! individual leaflets are small] & m sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! o!r hickories4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds on ! same tree2 ! /am9ate 9 long p5dul\s gre5 catk9s1 ! pi/illate 9 #b to #e fl[]$ spikes1 #a_/b in* long1 br[n-hairy4 ,! fruit is ab\t #a in* long & ?9-husk$1 :ile ! nut is usually ?9-%ell$ & brittle1 & ! k]nel v bitt]4 ,! wood is h>d1 /rong & heavy1 r$di%-br[n 9 color4 ,f ?is la/ fact x gets its local "n ( r$ hickory4 ,x is said to be some:at inf]ior to ! o!r hickories1 b is us$ = ! same purposes4 ,,pecan ,c>ya ill9o5sis 7,wang47 ,k4 ,ko* 7,c>ya pecan 7,m>%47 ,e4 ,g47 ,,! pecan is a riv]-bottom tree f\nd 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois ext5d+ its range nor?w>d to ,adams1 ,peoria1 ,fayette & ,lawr5ce c\nties4 ,! tree is ! l>ge/ ( ! hickories1 atta9+ heights ( ov] #ajj feet &1 :5 9 ! op51 =m+ a l>ge r\nd$ top ( symmetrical %ape4 ,x makes an excell5t %ade tree & is also plant$ 9 or*>ds = its nuts4 ,! out] b>k is r\gh1 h>d1 tight1 b brok5 into scales2 on ! limbs1 x is smoo? at fir/ b lat] t5ds to scale or divide z ! b>k gr[s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pecan ,"o-qu>t] natural size4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( ! o!r hickories & ! black walnut4 ,!y are made up ( #i to #ag leaflets1 ea* oblong1 too!d & long-po9t$1 & #d to #h in*es long by ab\t #b in*es wide4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly spr+ & hang 9 tassels f #b to #c in*es long4 ,! fruit is a nut1 #d-w+$ or angl$1 po9t$ f #a to #b in*es long1 & "o-half to #a in* 9 diamet]1 borne 9 a husk :i* divides along its groov$ seams :5 ! nut rip5s 9 ! fall4 ,! nuts1 :i* v>y 9 size & 9 ! ?ickness ( ! %ell1 h be5 greatly improv$ by selection & cultivation & are sold on ! m>ket 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! wood is /rong1 t\gh1 heavy & h>d & is us$ occasionally 9 mak+ h&les1 p>ts = vehicles1 = fuel & = v5e]s4 ,! wat] hickory1 ,c>ya aquatica ,nutt41 is a small] tree1 f\nd 9 swamps 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 ) leaves made up ( #g to #ac leaflets2 ! nut is ?9-%ell$1 angul> & bitt]4 ,,%ag-,,b>k ,,hickory ,c>ya ovata ,k4 ,ko* ,,! %ag-b>k hickory is well kn[n = its sweet & delici\s nuts4 ,x is a l>ge comm]cial tree1 av]ag+ #fj to #ajj feet high & #a to #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,x ?rives be/ on ri*1 damp soil & is common along /reams1 on ri* upl&s1 & on moi/ hillsides ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ag-,,b>k ,,hickory ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k ( ! trunk is r\gh] ?an o!r hickories1 light gray & sep>at+ into ?ick plates :i* are only slightly atta*$ to ! tree4 ,! t]m9al w9t] buds are egg-%ap$1 ! out] bud-scales hav+ n>r[ tips4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 comp\nd1 f #h to #ae in*es long1 & compos$ ( #e1 r>ely #g obovate to ovate leaflets4 ,! twigs are smoo? or clo!d ) %ort hairs4 ,! fruit is borne s+ly or 9 pairs & is globul>4 ,! husk is ?ick & deeply groov$ at ! seams4 ,! nut is mu* compress$ & pale1 ! %ell ?ick1 & ! k]nel sweet4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds1 op5+ aft] ! leaves h atta9$ ne>ly _! full size4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 t\gh & /rong2 x is :ite l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( agricultural implem5ts & tool h&les1 & ! build+ ( c>riages & wagons4 ,= fuel ! hickories are ! mo/ satisfactory ( our native trees4 ,! big %ell b>k or k+-nut hickory1 ,c>ya lac9iosa 7,mi*x4 f47 ,l\d41 becomes a tall tree on ! ri* bottom l&s 9 ! s\!rn half ( ,ill9ois4 ,x resembles ! %ag-b>k hickory b ! leaves are long] ) #g to #i leaflets1 & ! nuts are #b in*es long ) a ?ick bony %ell & a sweet k]nel4 ,,mock]nut ,,hickory ,c>ya tom5tosa ,nutt4 ,,! mock]nut1 or :ite hickory1 is common on well-dra9$ soils ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x is a tall1 %ort-limb$ tree (t5 #fj feet high & #a to #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mock]nut ,,hickory ,leaf1 "o-fif? natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! b>k is d>k gray1 h>d1 closely & deeply furr[$ (t5 app>5tly cross-furr[$ or nett$4 ,! w9t] buds are l>ge1 r\nd or broadly egg-%ap$ & cov]$ ) a d[ny gr[?4 ,! leaves are l>ge1 /rong-sc5t$ & hairy1 compos$ ( #g to #i obovate to oblong1 po9t$ leaflets :i* turn a beautiful yell[ 9 ! fall4 ,! fl[]s1 l ^? ( all o!r hickories1 are ( two k9ds on ! same tree2 ! /am9ate 9 ?ree-bran*$ catk9s1 ! pi/illate 9 clu/]s ( #b to #e4 ,! fruit is oval1 ne>ly r\nd or slightly pe>-%ap$ ) a v ?ick1 /rong-sc5t$ husk :i* splits ne>ly to ! base :5 ripe4 ,! nut is ( v>i\s =ms1 b sometimes #d to #f ridg$1 light br[n1 & has a v ?ick %ell & small1 sweet k]nel4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 t\gh & /rong2 x is :ite except+ ! comp>atively small1 d>k-br[n he>t1 h5ce ! "n :ite hickory4 ,x is us$ = vehicle p>ts & h&les4 ,x furni%es ! be/ ( fuel4 ,?is & o!r hickories are v desirable bo? = =e/ & %ade trees4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,ill9ois1 ! small fruit$ or sweet pignut1 ,c>ya ovalis ,s>g5t1 occurs on ri* hillsides4 ,! leaves h #g leaflets on r$di%-br[n twigs1 ) small yell[i% w9t] buds4 ,! nut is an in* long1 enclos$ 9 a v ?9 hairy husk1 ! %ell is ?9 & ! k]nel sweet4 ,,pignut ,,hickory ,c>ya glabra ,sweet ,,! pignut hickory is r>e 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,ill9ois b occurs pl5tifully 9 ! re/ ( ! ,/ate1 gr[+ to a m$ium siz$ tree on ri* upl&s4 ,x has a tap]+ trunk & a n>r[ oval head ) droop+ bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pignut ,,hickory ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k is close1 ridg$ & grayi%1 b occasionally r\gh & flaky4 ,! twigs are ?91 smoo? & glossy br[n4 ,! leaves are smoo?1 #h to #ab in*es long & compos$ ( #e to #g leaflets4 ,! individual leaflets are r small & n>r[4 ,! w9t] buds are #a_/b in* long1 egg-%ap$1 poli%$1 & light br[n4 ,! fruit is pe>-%ap$ or r\nd$1 usually ) a neck at ! base1 v ?9 husks splitt+ only half way to ! base or n at all4 ,! nut is smoo?1 light br[n 9 color1 r ?ick-%ell$1 & has a some:at a/r+5t edible k]nel4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 t\gh & flexible4 ,its uses are ! same z ^? ( ! o!r hickories4 ,buckley's hickory1 ,c>ya buckleyi ,dur&1 occurs on s&y upl&s 9 ! s\?we/4 ,x is a small tree ) spread+1 contort$ bran*es4 ,! fruit is conta9$ 9 a hairy husk1 ! nut is angul>1 m>k$ ) pale ve9s & has a sweet k]nel4 ,,blue ,,bee* ,c>p9us c>ol9iana ,walt4 ,,! blue bee*1 or ,am]ican hornbeam1 belongs to ! bir* family r ?an to ! bee*es4 ,x is a small sl[-gr[+ bu%y tree1 #bj to #cj feet tall ) a diamet] #d to #h in*es4 ,x is f\nd along /reams & 9 l[ gr\nd ?r\gh ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,bee* ,leaf1 "o-half natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! trunk is smoo? flut$ ) irregul> ridges ext5d+ up & d[n ! tree4 ,! b>k is light br[ni%-gray to d>k blui%-gray 9 color1 sometimes m>k$ ) d>k b&s ext5d+ horizontally on ! trunk4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 oval1 long-po9t$1 d\bly-too!d along ! m>g91 #b or #c in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y resemble ^? ( ! ,am]ican elm1 b are small] & ?9n]4 ,! fl[]s1 appe>+ aft] ! leaves1 are borne 9 catk9s sep>ately on ! same tree2 ! /am9ate catk9s are ab\t #a-a_/b in*es long1 ! pi/illate be+ only #c_/d ( an in* long ) small leaf-l gre5 scales ea* be>+ #b pi/ils ) long sc>let /yles4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 midsumm]1 b (t5 rema9s on ! tree long aft] ! leaves h fall54 ,x is a nutlet ab\t #a_/c ( an in* long1 atta*$ to a leaf-l halb]d-%ap$ bract :i* acts z a w+ 9 aid+ its di/ribution by ! w9d4 ,! wood is t\gh1 close-gra9$1 heavy & /rong4 ,x is sometimes select$ = use = lev]s1 tool h&les1 wood5 cogs1 mallets1 w$ges1 etc4 ,ano!r small tree ( ! bir* family is ! speckl$ ald]1 ,alnus incana ,mo5*1 :i* is f\nd occasionally 9 wet places 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! black ald]1 ,alnus glut9osa ,ga]tn41 a ,european tree1 has be5 plant$ ne> ponds4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ald]s are 9 catk9s & among ! e>lie/ 9 ! spr+4 ,! fruit is a small cone :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,,hop ,,hornbeam ,o/rya virg9iana ,k4 ,ko* ,,?is tree is also call$ ironwood & gets its common names f ! quality ( its wood & ! hop-l fruit4 ,x is a small1 sl5d]1 g5]ally r\nd-topp$ tree1 f #bb to #cj feet high & #g to #aj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! top consi/s ( long1 sl5d] bran*es1 commonly droop$ t[>d ! ends4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hop ,,hornbeam ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k is mo/ly light br[n or r$di%-br[n1 & f9ely divid$ into ?9 scales by :i* ! tree1 aft] a little acqua9tance1 c be easily recogniz$4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 g5]ally oblong ) n>r[$ tips1 %>ply too!d along ! m>g91 sometimes d\bly too!d1 f #b to #c in*es long4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds on ! same tree2 ! /am9ate 9 droop+ catk9s :i* =m ! previ\s summ]1 ! pi/illate1 9 erect catk9s on ! newly =m$ twigs4 ,! fruit1 :i* resembles t ( common hop v9e1 consi/s ( a bran* ( leafy bracts #a to #b in*es long conta9+ a numb] ( flatt5$ ribb$ nutlets4 ,! wood is /rong1 h>d1 durable1 light br[n to :ite1 ) ?ick pale sapwood4 ,x is (t5 us$ = f5ce po/s1 h&les ( tools1 mallets & o!r small articles4 ,! :ite bir*1 ,betula papyrif]a ,m>%41 ( ! ,nor? ,woods is r>e 9 ,ill9ois4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,jo ,daviess & ,c>roll c\nties & along ! %ores ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! :ite pap]y b>k di/+ui%es x f all o!r trees & 0 us$ by ! nor!rn ,indians = cov]+ _! canoes & = mak+ baskets1 bags & o!r useful & ornam5tal ?+s4 ,,riv] ,,bir* ,betula nigra ,l4 ,,! riv]1 or back bir*1 is at home1 z ! "n implies1 along wat] c\rses1 & inhabits ! deep1 ri* soils along ! bord]s ( ! l>g] riv]s ( ! ,/ate & 9 swamps :i* are sometimes inundat$ = weeks at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,riv] ,,bir* ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! b>k provides a ready means ( di/+ui%+ ?is tree4 ,x v>ies f r$di%-br[n to c9namon-r$ 9 color1 & peels back 9 t\gh pap]y lay]s4 ,^! lay]s p]si/ on ! trunk1 pres5t+ a v ragg$ & q di/9ctive appe>ance4 ,unlike ! b>k ( our o!r bir*es1 ! ?9 pap]y lay]s are usually cov]$ ) a gray p[d]4 ,on old] trunks1 ! b>k on ! ma9 trunk becomes ?ick1 deeply furr[$ & ( a d>k r$di%-br[n color4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 #b to #c in*es long1 m or less oval 9 %ape1 ) d\ble-too!d edges4 ,! upp] surface is d>k gre5 & ! l[] a pale yell[i%-gre54 ,! fl[]s are 9 catk9s1 ! two k9ds gr[+ on ! same tree4 ,! fruit is cone-%ap$ ab\t #a in* long1 & d5sely cr[d$ ) little w+$ nutlets t rip5 f ,may to ,june4 ,! wood is /rong & fairly close-gra9$4 ,x has be5 us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! manufacture ( wood5w>e1 9 turn]y & = wagon hubs4 ,! yell[ bir*1 ,betula lutea ,mi*x41 "o ( ! mo/ valuable h>dwood timb] trees ar\nd ! ,great ,lakes1 is repres5t$ 9 ,ill9ois by a few small trees 9 ,lee & ,lake c\nties4 ,x may be kn[n by its b>k becom+ silv]y-gray z ! trunk exp&s & break+ into /rips curl$ at ! edges4 ,! wood is /rong & h>d1 close-gra9$1 light br[n t+$ ) r$4 ,x is us$ = int]ior f9i%1 furniture1 wood5w>e & turn]y4 ,x is priz$ z firewood4 ,,bee* ,fagus gr&ifolia ,ehrh4 ,,! bee* is f\nd f ,ma9e to ,wiscons9 s\? to ! ,gulf & ,texas1 gr[+ along ) maples1 oaks & tulip trees4 ,x occurs 9 ! rav9es ( ! s\!rn ,ill9ois c\nties up to ,v]milion ,c\nty4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all trees ei!r 9 summ] or w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bee* ,"o-half natural size4 ,! b>k is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ic1 z x ma9ta9s an unbrok5 light gray surface ?r\gh\t its life4 ,s tempt+ is ?is smoo? expanse to ! own] ( a jack-knife t ! bee* has be5 well designat$ ! initial tree4 ,! simple1 oval leaves are #c to #d in*es long1 po9t$ at ! tip & co>sely too!d along ! m>g94 ,:5 mature1 !y are almo/ lea!ry 9 texture4 ,! bee* produces a d5se %ade4 ,! w9t] buds are long1 sl5d] & po9t$4 ,! little1 br[n1 ?ree-sid$ bee*-nuts are almo/ z well kn[n z *e/nuts4 ,!y =m usually 9 pairs 9 a prickly bur4 ,! k]nel is sweet & edible1 b s small z to (f] insuffici5t rew>d = ! pa9s ( bit+ op5 ! ?9-%ell$ husk4 ,! wood ( ! bee* is v h>d1 /rong1 & t\gh1 ?\gh x w n la/ long on exposure to wea!r or 9 ! soil4 ,x is us$ to "s ext5t = furniture1 floor+1 c>p5t]'s tools1 & novelty w>es & ext5sively 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois = railroad ties & c> /ock4 ,! ,am]ican *e/nut1 ,ca/anea d5tata ,borkh41 ext5ds its range f ,ma9e to ,mi*igan1 & s\?w>d to ,delaw>e & ,t5nessee4 ,!re is a /& ( *e/nuts 9 ,pulaski ,c\nty & "s trees h be5 plant$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y are easily recogniz$ by _! alt]nate simple1 broadly lanceolate co>sely too!d leaves1 & _! prickly burs ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet] conta9+ #a-c nuts4 ,a ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,oaks ,,( ,,ill9ois ,a4 ,leaves )\t bri/le tips2 b>k gray2 acorns matur+ at ! end ( #a season2 :ite oaks4 ,b4 ,leaves lob$4 ,c4 ,acorn-cup n enclos+ ! acorn4 ,d4 ,acorn-cup %all[1 w>t$ ,q4 alba ,,dd4 ,acorn-cup cov]+ #a_/b ( ! acorn ,q4 /ellata ,,cc4 ,acorn-cup enclos+ ! acorn4 ,d4 ,acorn-cup n fr+$ ,q4 lyrata ,,dd4 ,acorn-cup fr+$ ,q4 macroc>pa ,,bb4 ,leaves n lob$1 co>sely too!d4 ,c4 ,acorn-/alk$4 ,d4 ,acorn-/alks long] ?an petioles ,q4 bicolor ,,dd4 ,acorn-/alks %ort ,e4 ,acorn-cup flat-bottom$2 b>k l t ( :ite oak ,q4 pr9us ,,ee4 ,acorn-cup deep2 b>k l t ( r$ oak ,q4 montana ,,cc4 ,acorns sessile1 cup deep ,q4 muhl5b]gii ,,aa4 ,leaves ) bri/le tips2 b>k d>k2 acorns mature at ! end ( two seasons2 black & r$ oaks4 ,b4 ,leaves lob$4 ,c4 ,deeply lob$4 ,d4 ,leaves deep gre5 on bo? sides4 ,e4 ,acorn-cup broad & %all[ a4 ,acorn l>ge ,q4 rubra aa4 ,acorn small b4 ,acorn ovoid ,q4 %um>dii bb4 ,acorn globose ,q4 palu/ris ,,ee4 ,acorn-cup deep a4 ,cup-scales loosely imbricat$ w9t] buds l>ge & hairy ,q4 velut9a aa4 ,cup-scales tightly appress$1 w9t] buds small & smoo? b4 ,acorn small ,q4 ellipsoidalis bb4 ,acorn l>ge ,q4 cocc9ea ,,dd4 ,leaves pale gre5 b5ea? ,q4 falcata ,,cc4 ,leaves %all[ly lob$1 w9t] buds ru/y-hairy ,q4 m>il&ica ,,bb4 ,leaves entire4 ,c4 ,leaves hairy b5ea?2 acorn sessile ,q4 imbric>ia ,,cc4 ,leaves n hairy2 acorn /alk$ ,q4 phellos ,,:ite ,,oak ,qu]cus alba ,l4 ,,)9 its natural range1 :i* includes practically ! entire ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! :ite oak is "o ( ! mo/ important timb] trees4 ,x commonly rea*es a height ( #fj to #ajj feet & a diamet] ( #b to #c feet2 sometimes x becomes mu* l>g]4 ,x is f\nd 9 a wide v>iety ( upl& soils4 ,:5 gr[n 9 a d5se /& x has a /raight cont9u\s trunk1 free ( side bran*es = ov] half its height4 ,9 ! op51 h[ev]1 ! tree develops a broad cr[n ) f>-rea*+ limbs4 ,well-gr[n specim5s are /rik+ly beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,oak ,twig1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 simple #e to #i in*es long & ab\t half z broad4 ,!y are deeply divid$ into #e to #i r\nd$1 f+]-l lobes4 ,! "y leaves are a s(t silv]y-gray or yell[ or r$ :ile unfold+1 becom+ lat] bright gre5 above & mu* pal] bel[4 ,! fl[]s appe> ) ! leaves1 ! /am9ate are 9 hairy catk9s #b-c in*es long1 ! pi/illate are sessile 9 axils ( ! leaves4 ,! fruit is an acorn matur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,! nut is #c_/d to #a in* long1 light br[n1 ab\t "o-qu>t] enclos$ 9 ! w>ty cup4 ,x is reli%$ by hogs & o!r live/ock4 ,! b>k is ?91 light a%y-gray & cov]$ ) loose scales or broad plates4 ,! wood is useful & valuable4 ,x is heavy1 /rong1 h>d1 t\gh1 close-gra9$1 durable1 & light br[n 9 color4 ,! uses are _m1 includ+ con/ruction1 %ipbuild+1 tight coop]age1 furniture1 wagons1 implem5ts1 int]ior f9i%1 floor+1 & fuel4 ,not)/&+ its r sl[ gr[?1 :ite oak is valuable = =e/1 highway & ornam5tal plant+4 ,! ov]cup oak1 ,qu]cus lyrata ,walt41 is simil> to ! :ite oak1 b may be di/+ui%$ by ! ne>ly sph]ical cup :i* ne>ly cov]s ! some:at flatt5$ acorn4 ,?is oak occurs 9 ! riv] bottoms 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,,bur ,,oak ,qu]cus macroc>pa ,mi*x4 ,,! bur oak1 :i* occurs ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate takes its "n f ! fr+e ar\nd ! cup ( ! acorn4 ,x usually has a broad top ( heavy spread+ bran*es & a relatively %ort body4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ trees 9 ! ,/ate4 ,9 maturity1 x atta9s a diamet] ( #e feet or m & a height ( ov] #hj feet4 ,! b>k is light gray & is usually brok5 up into small n>r[ flakes4 ,! bur oak does n (t5 =m a "p ( ! =e/ /&1 z d "s o!r oaks1 b occurs g5]ally s+ly 9 op5 /&s & 9 fields4 ,x requires a moi/ b well-dra9$ soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bur ,,oak ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,! leaves resemble some:at ^? ( ! common :ite oak1 b h a pair ( deep ind5tations on _! bord] ne> ! base1 & wavy not*es on ! broad middle & upp] portions ( ! leaf4 ,!y range f #f to #ab in*es long & #c to #f in*es wide4 ,! fruit1 or acorn1 is a nut set deeply 9 a fr+$ cup4 ,x is sometimes #a in* or m 9 diamet] b v>ies widely 9 respect to size & ! degree to :i* ! nut is enclos$ 9 ! mossy fr+$ cup4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 t\gh & durable4 ,x is us$ = mu* ! same purposes z ! o!r :ite oaks1 lumb]1 pil+1 v5e] logs1 cros/ies & fuel4 ,! swamp :ite oak1 ,qu]cus bicolor ,willd41 occurs scatt]$ 9 swamps1 ?r\gh ! ,/ate4 ,! leaves are obovate1 co>sely too!d & w$ge-%ap$ bel[4 ,!y are ?ick1 d>k gre5 & %9+ above1 pale & d[ny b5ea?4 ,! acorns are borne 9 a deep r\gh scaly cup1 on /ems #b-d in*es long4 ,! wood is l t ( ! :ite oak4 ,! b>k is gray-br[n1 sep>at+ into l>ge1 pap]y scales :i* curl back4 ,,yell[ ,,*e/nut ,,oak ,qu]cus muhl5b]gii ,engelm4 ,,?is oak1 also call$ ! *9quap9 oak1 :i* is an excell5t timb] tree1 occurs ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x gr[s on practically all classes ( soil & 9 all moi/ure conditions except 9 swamps1 & is a v t5aci\s tree on %all[1 dry soil4 ,! b>k is light gray1 & breaks up into %ort n>r[ flakes on ! ma9 trunk & old limbs4 ,x rea*es a height ( #gj to #ij feet4 ,! /raight %apely trunk be>s a r\nd-topp$ head compos$ ( small bran*es1 :i* makes x an attractive %ade tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,*e/nut ,,oak ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,! leaves are oblong1 #c to #f in*es 9 l5g?1 #a-a_/b to #c in*es wide1 & equally too!d or not*$ on ! edges1 resembl+ ! leaves ( ! *e/nut oak4 ,! fruit1 :i* rip5s 9 ! fall ( ! fir/ season1 is light to d>k br[n :5 ripe1 & edible if roa/$4 ,?is acorn is f "o-half to ne>ly an in* long1 usually less ?an "o in* 9 diamet]1 & is set 9 a %all[ cup4 ,! wood is l t ( ! :ite oak1 heavy1 v h>d1 t\gh1 /rong1 durable1 & takes an excell5t poli%4 ,x is us$ 9 manufactur+ lumb] & timb]s1 cros/ies1 f5ce po/s & fuel4 ,a portion ( ! lumb] no d\bt goes into furniture4 ,! basket oak1 or swamp *e/nut oak1 ,qu]cus pr9us ,l41 is f\nd 9 ! woods 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,x resembles ! :ite oak 9 its b>k & bran*es1 b has l>g] acorns4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( yell[ *e/nut oak4 ,! rock *e/nut oak1 ,qu]cus montana ,willd41 is an ea/]n oak t is r>e on ! hills ( ,union & ,alex&] c\nties4 ,,po/ ,,oak ,qu]cus /ellata ,wang4 ,,! po/ oak is usually a m$ium-siz$ tree1 ) a r\nd$ cr[n1 commonly rea*+ a height ( #ej to #hj feet & a diamet] ( #a to #b feet1 b sometimes consid]ably l>g]4 ,x occurs f ,mason ,c\nty s\? to ! ,ohio ,riv] be+ mo/ common 9 ! ,po/ ,oak ,flats4 ,! soil is a light gray silt loam und]laid by tight clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,po/ ,,oak ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k is r\gh] & d>k] ?an ! :ite oak & brok5 into small] scales4 ,! /\t "y twigs & ! leaves are coat$ at fir/ ) a ?ick light-color$ fuzz :i* soon becomes d>k] & lat] drops away entirely4 ,! leaves are usually #d to #e in*es long & ne>ly z broad1 deeply #e-lob$ ) broad r\nd$ divisions1 ! lobes broade/ at ! ends4 ,!y are ?ick & some:at lea!ry1 d>k gre5 & %9y on ! upp] surface1 light] gre5 & r\gh hairy b5ea?4 ,! fl[]s1 l ^? ( ! o!r oaks1 are ( two k9ds on ! same tree1 ! male 9 droop+1 clu/]$ catk9s1 ! female inconspicu\s4 ,! fruit is an oval acorn1 #a_/b to #a in* long1 set 9 a r small cup :i* may or may n be /alk$4 ,! wood is v heavy1 h>d1 close-gra9$1 light to d>k br[n1 durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is us$ = cros/ies & f5ce po/s1 & along ) o!r oaks ( ! :ite oak class = furniture & o!r purposes4 ,,nor!rn ,,r$ ,,oak ,qu]cus rubra ,l4 7,qu]cus borealis ,mi*x47 ,,! r$ oak ( ! ,nor? occurs ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x usually atta9s a height ( ab\t #gj feet & a diamet] rang+ f #b to #c feet1 b is sometimes mu* l>g]4 ,! =e/-gr[n tree is tall & /raight ) a cle> trunk & n>r[ cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,r$ ,,oak ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k on "y /ems is smoo?1 gray to br[n on old] trees1 ?ick & brok5 by %all[ fissures into regul>1 flat smoo?-surfac$ plates4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 #e to #i in*es long1 & #d to #f in*es wide1 broad] t[>d ! tip1 divid$ into #g to #i lobes1 ea* lobe be+ some:at co>sely too!d & bri/le-tipp$1 & firm1 dull gre5 above1 pal] bel[1 (t5 turn+ to a brilliant r$ aft] fro/4 ,! w9t] buds are small1 light r$di%-br[n & smoo?4 ,! fl[]s1 z 9 all ! oaks1 are ( two k9ds on ! same tree1 ! /am9ate 9 long droop+1 clu/]$ catk9s1 op5+ ) ! leaves1 ! female solit>y or slightly clu/]$4 ,! fruit is a l>ge acorn matur+ ! second ye>4 ,! nut is f #c_/d to #a-c_/d in*es long1 blunt-topp$1 flat at base1 ) only its base enclos$ 9 ! v %all[ d>k br[n cup4 ,! wood is h>d1 /rong1 co>se-gra9$1 ) light1 r$di%-br[n he>twood & ?9 light]-color$ sapwood4 ,x is us$ = coop]age1 int]ior f9i%1 con/ruction1 furniture1 & cros/ies4 ,because ( its av]age rapid gr[?1 high-grade wood & g5]al fre$om f insect & fungus attack1 x %\ld be widely plant$ 9 ! ,/ate = timb] production & z a %ade tree4 ,?is r$ oak1 ,qu]cus %um>dii ,buckley1 is f\nd only 9 ! s\!rn c\nties along ! bord]s ( /reams & swamps4 ,its leaves are d>k gre5 & lu/r\s1 pal] b5ea? & h tufts ( pale hairs 9 ! angles ( ! ve9s4 ,! acorns are long-oval 9 %ape1 held 9 ?ick sauc]-l cups compos$ ( closely appress$ hairy scales4 ,,black ,,oak ,qu]cus velut9a ,lam4 ,,! black oak1 sometimes f>!r nor? call$ yell[ oak or yell[-b>k$ oak1 usually gr[s to be ab\t #hj feet 9 height & #a to #c feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is f\nd commonly ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,! cr[n is irregul>ly %ap$ & wide1 ) a cle> trunk = #bj feet or m on l>ge trees4 ,! b>k on ! v "y trees is smoo? & d>k br[n b soon becomes ?ick & black1 ) deep furr[s & r\gh brok5 ridges4 ,! bright yell[ color & bitt] ta/e ( ! inn] b>k1 due to tannic acid1 are di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,oak ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 simple1 #e to #aj in*es long & #c to #h in*es wide1 ?ick lea!ry %all[ or deeply lob$1 ! %ape v>y+ greatly4 ,:5 mature1 ! leaves are d>k gre5 & %9y on ! upp] surface1 pale on ! l[]1 m or less cov]$ ) d[n1 & ) conspicu\s ru/y br[n hairs 9 ! =ks ( ! ve9s4 ,! w9t] buds are l>ge1 /rongly angl$1 gray & hairy4 ,! fruit matures ! second season4 ,! light br[n nut is f #a_/b to #a in* long1 m or less hemisph]ical 9 %ape1 & f #a_/b to #c_/d enclos$ 9 ! ?91 d>k br[n1 scaly cup4 ,! scales on ! upp] "p ( ! cup are loosely imbricat$4 ,! k]nel is yell[ & extremely bitt]4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 co>se-gra9$ & *ecks easily4 ,x is a bright r$-br[n ) a ?9 out] edge ( pal] sapwood4 ,x is us$ = ! same purposes z r$ oak1 "u :i* "n x is put on ! m>ket4 ,its gr[? is r sl[4 ,! jack oak1 ,qu]cus ellipsoidalis ,hill1 is a small] tree f\nd frequ5tly alongside black oak 9 ! nor!rn ?ird ( ! ,/ate4 ,! acorn is ellipsoid1 small & enclos$ 9 a deep cup1 ^: scales are closely appress$4 ,! w9t] buds are slightly angul>1 smoo?1 & r$-br[n 9 color4 ,_m small1 droop+ bran*es are s5t out ne> ! gr\nd1 :i* soon die1 & ! /ubs or p9s h giv5 ?is oak ! "n ( nor!rn p9 oak4 ,,p9 ,,oak ,qu]cus palu/ris ,mu5*4 ,,p9 oak is r>ely f\nd naturally except on ! ri* moi/ soil ( bottom l&s & ! bord]s ( swamps4 ,x is usually n abundant 9 any locality1 b f\nd scatt]$ ) o!r k9ds ( trees4 ,x m commonly atta9s heights ( #ej to #gj feet1 ) diamet]s up to #b feet1 b sometimes l>g]4 ,! tree commonly has a s+le1 upright /em ) num]\s long1 t\gh bran*es1 ! l[] ones droop+1 ! middle horizontal1 & ! upp] asc5d+4 ,_m ( ! l[] bran*es soon die & _! /ubs are ! p9s :i* give ! tree its "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9 ,,oak ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k on "y /ems is smoo?1 %9+ & light br[n2 on old trunks light gray-br[n & cov]$ by small1 close scales4 ,because ( its beauty1 its h>d9ess1 & its fairly rapid gr[?1 p9 oak makes an exceptionally f9e /reet tree4 ,! leaves g5]ally resemble ^? ( ! nor!rn r$ oak1 b !y are small] & mu* m deeply lob$4 ,!y are #c to #e in*es long & #b to #d in*es wide4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds on ! same tree1 & appe> :5 ! leaves are ab\t "o-?ird gr[n4 ,! fruit1 tak+ two ye>s to mature1 is an acorn ne>ly hemisph]ic1 ab\t "o-half in* long1 light br[n1 (t5 /rip$1 enclos$ only at ! base 9 a ?91 %all[1 sauc]-%ap$ cup4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & usually knotty4 ,x is light br[n1 ) ?91 d>k]-color$ sapwood4 ,x is sold & has ! same uses z r$ oak1 al?\gh x is g5]ally n s good 9 quality4 ,! sc>let oak1 ,qu]cus cocc9ea ,mu5*41 has deeply lob$ leaves :i* turn brilliant sc>let 9 ! autumn4 ,! w9t] buds are r$di%-br[n & pubesc5t4 ,! acorns are ovoid1 enclos$ = ab\t half _! l5g? 9 a ?ick1 deep cup4 ,x is r>ely f\nd 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! ,/ate4 ,,spani% ,,oak ,qu]cus falcata ,mi*x4 ,,?is oak1 "o ( ! common s\!rn r$ oaks1 ranges f ,virg9ia & ,florida to ,texas & ,miss\ri1 & appe>s 9 a doz5 ( ! s\!rn c\nties 9 ,ill9ois4 ,x is usually call$ ! ,spani% oak1 or s\!rn r$ oak1 & has be5 kn[n z ,qu]cus rubra ,l4 or ,qu]cus digitata ,sudw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,oak ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,x is a v>iable species & h5ce has be5 kn[n "u s _m names4 ,x gr[s to a height ( #gj to #hj feet1 & a diamet] ( #b to #c feet1 ?\gh l>g] trees are n infrequ5tly f\nd4 ,its l>ge spread+ bran*es =m a broad1 r\nd1 op5 top4 ,! b>k is r\gh1 ?\gh n deeply furr[$ & v>ies f light gray on y\ng] trees to d>k or almo/ black on old] ones4 ,! leaves are ( two diff]5t types3 7#a7 irregul>-%ap$ lobes1 mo/ly n>r[1 bri/le-tipp$1 ! c5tral lobe (t5 ! longe/2 or 7#b7 pe>-%ap$ ) #c r\nd$ lobes at ! out] end4 ,!y are d>k lu/r\s gre5 above & gray d[ny b5ea?1 ! contra/ be+ /rik+ly se5 9 a w9d or ra9 /orm4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ,april :ile ! leaves are unfold+4 ,! fruit rip5s ! second ye>4 ,! small r\nd$ acorn1 ab\t half an in* long1 is set 9 a ?9 sauc]-%ap$ cup :i* tap]s to a %ort /em4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 co>se-gra9$ & is less subject to defects ?an mo/ o!r r$ oaks4 ,x is us$ = r\gh lumb] & = furniture1 *airs1 tables1 etc4 ,x is a desirable timb] tree1 especially on ! poor]1 dri] soils4 ,! b>k is ri* 9 tann94 ,q4 rubra v>4 pagodaefolia1 call$ swamp ,spani% oak1 has be5 collect$ 9 f\r s\!rn c\nties ( ,ill9ois4 ,,black ,,jack ,qu]cus m>il&ica ,mu5*4 ,,! black jack oak is a tree ( s&y & clayey b>r5 l&s :]e few o!r =e/ trees ?rive4 ,x ranges f ,new ,york to ,florida & we/w>d into ,ill9ois1 ,arkansas1 & ,texas4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 s\!rn ,arkansas & ea/]n ,texas4 ,x is f\nd z "o ( ! ma9 species 9 ! ,po/ ,oak ,flats 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! ,/ate & 9 ! s&s along ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 ne> ,havana4 ,! tree sometimes rea*es a height ( #ej to #fj feet & a diamet] ( #af in*es1 b x is usually mu* small]4 ,its h>d1 /iff1 droop+ bran*es =m a d5se cr[n :i* usually conta9s _m p]si/5t dead twigs4 ,! b>k is r\gh1 v d>k1 (t5 ne>ly black1 & brok5 into small1 h>d scales or flakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,jack ,,oak ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! leaves are ( a lea!ry texture1 d>k gre5 on ! upp] surface1 light]1 hairy1 & br[n-scurfy bel[4 ,! leaves are w$ge-%ap$1 #d to #aj in*es long & ab\t ! same 9 wid?4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! leaves ( ?is oak bo? 9 size & %ape4 ,! fruit is an acorn ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 yell[-br[n & (t5 /rip$1 enclos$ = half its l5g? or m 9 a ?ick light br[n cup4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d & /rong2 :5 us$ at all1 x is us$ mo/ly = firewood & m9e props4 ,x is also us$ = ! manufacture ( *>coal4 ,,%+le ,,oak ,qu]cus imbric>ia ,mi*x4 ,,?is oak is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate ) ! exception ( ! extreme nor? portion4 ,:5 gr[+ alone1 ! tree develops a symmetrical r\nd$ top1 conspicu\s on acc\nt ( ! good-siz$1 regul>-%ap$1 oblong leaves :i* diff] 9 %ape f mo/ o!r native oaks4 ,x =ms a h&some tree4 ,x is sometimes incorrectly call$ laurel oak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%+le ,,oak ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 ?ree-f\r?s natural size4 ,! b>k is r ?9 & divid$ by %all[ fissures into broad ridges ( a d>k br[n color4 ,! leaves are alt]nate 9 arrangem5t along ! /em1 oblong 9 %ape1 #d to #f in*es long by #a to #b in*es wide1 lea!ry 9 texture ) smoo? m>g9s sometimes wavy 9 outl9e1 d>k gre5 & %9y above1 & ?ick d[ny or velvety bel[4 ,! fruit is an acorn ab\t "o-half in* 9 l5g?1 borne s+ly or 9 pairs on /\t /ems1 full or r\nd$ at ! end & fa9tly /reak$1 enclos$ = ab\t "o-half its l5g? 9 a ?9-wall$ cup4 ,l all memb]s ( ! black oak gr\p1 ! fruit requires two seasons to mature4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 r co>se-gra9$1 & us$ = common lumb]1 %+les 7:5ce x gets its common "n71 po/s & firewood4 ,! will[ oak1 ,qu]cus phellos ,l41 is a riv] bottom tree r>ely f\nd 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,x is readily id5tifi$ by its leaves1 :i* z ! "n implies1 resemble ^? ( ! will[s4 ,^! leaves are f two to f\r in*es long & "o-half to "o in* wide1 light gre51 %9y above & smoo? b5ea?4 ,,am]ican ,,elm ,ulmus am]icana ,l4 ,,?is is a fam\s %ade tree ( ,new ,engl&1 ^: range1 h[ev]1 ext5ds to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & s\?w>d to ,texas4 ,)9 ?is va/ area1 x is g5]ally common except 9 ! high m\nta9s4 ,x rea*es an av]age height ( #fj to #gj feet & a diamet] ( #d to #e feet4 ,! b>k is d>k gray1 divid$ into irregul>1 flat-topp$ ?ick ridges1 & is g5]ally firm1 ?\gh on old trees x t5ds to come (f 9 flakes4 ,an incision into ! inn] b>k w %[ alt]nate lay]s ( br[n & :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,elm ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 simple1 #d to #f in*es long1 r ?ick1 some:at "o-sid$1 d\bly too!d on ! m>g91 & g5]ally smoo? above & d[ny bel[4 ,! leaf-ve9s are v pron\nc$ & run 9 p>allel l9es f ! mid-rib to leaf edge4 ,! w9t] buds are po9t$1 br[n1 ovoid & smoo?4 ,! fl[]s are small1 p]fect1 gre5i%1 on sl5d] /alks sometimes an in* long1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,! fruit is a light gre51 oval %ap$ sam>a 7w+$ fruit7 ) ! se$ portion 9 ! c5t] & surr\nd$ entirely by a w+4 ,?is w+ has a conspicu\s not* at ! end & is hairy on ! m>g91 a m>k di/9ctive ( ! species4 ,! se$ rip5s 9 ! spr+ & by its w+ is widely dissem9at$ by ! w9d4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 t\gh & difficult to split4 ,x is us$ = hubs ( :eels1 saddle trees1 boats1 %ips1 b>rel hoops1 & v5e] = baskets & crates4 ,because ( its spread+ fan-%ap$ =m1 graceful p5dul\s bran*es1 & long life1 ! :ite elm ju/ly holds its place z "o ( ! mo/ desirable %ade trees4 ,! rock or cork elm1 ,ulmus ?omasi ,s>g41 is f\nd occasionally 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois4 ,its excurr5t bran*es are v diff]5t f ^? ( o!r elms4 ,its twigs (t5 h corky ridges & ! w9t] buds are some:at hairy4 ,! w+$ elm1 ,ulmus alata ,mi*x41 a small tree1 is f\nd 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! twigs h two ?9 corky w+s4 ,,r$ ,,or ,,slipp]y ,,elm ,ulmus rubra ,muhl4 7,ulmus fulva ,mi*x47 ,,! r$ elm1 or slipp]y elm1 is a common tree 9 all sections ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is f\nd pr9cipally on ! banks ( /reams & on l[ hillsides 9 ri* soil4 ,x is a tree ( small to mod]ate size1 b noticeably wide-spread+4 ,x is usually less ?an #ej feet 9 height & #af in*es 9 diamet] al?\gh trees ( l>g] dim5sions are occasionally f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slipp]y ,,elm ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k on ! trunk is frequ5tly "o in* ?ick1 d>k grayi%-br[n1 & brok5 by %all[ fissures into flat ridges4 ,! inn] b>k is us$ to "s ext5t = m$ical purposes1 z x is fragrant & :5 *ew$1 af=ds a slipp]y1 mucilag9\s sub/ance1 :5ce ! tree gets its "n4 ,! w9t] buds are l>ge & conspicu\sly ru/y-hairy4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate on ! /em1 #d to #f in*es 9 l5g?1 %>p po9t$1 _! bases unsymmetrical1 d\bly-too!d on ! edges1 ?ick1 d>k gre51 & r\gh on bo? sides4 ,! fruit consi/s ( a se$ surr\nd$ by a ?91 broad1 gre5i% w+1 ab\t "o-half an in* 9 diamet]2 ! fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly spr+ & ! fruit rip5s :5 ! leaves are ab\t half-gr[n4 ,! wood is close-gra9$1 t\gh1 /rong1 heavy1 h>d1 mod]ately durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is us$ = f5ce po/s1 cros/ies1 agricultural implem5ts1 ribs = small boats & = "s o!r purposes4 ,! wat] elm1 ,plan]a aquatica ,gmel41 is a small tree ) sl5d] bran*es =m+ a l[ broad head & is f\nd 9 swamps 9 ! valley ( ! ,waba% ,riv] 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,x rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ,arkansas & ,l\isiana4 ,x has dull gre5 leaves #b in*es long & #a in* wide4 ,! fruit is an oblong1 d>k br[n drupe4 ,,hackb]ry ,celtis occid5talis ,l4 ,,! r\gh-leav$ hackb]ry is f\nd sp>sely ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x occurs mo/ abundantly & ( greate/ size 9 ! ri* alluvial l&s 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,/ate1 b ?rives1 h[ev]1 on v>i\s types ( soil1 f ! poore/ to ! ri*e/4 ,x is usually a m$ium-siz$ tree f #cj to #ej feet high & #aj to #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 b trees #c feet 9 diamet] are f\nd 9 ! ,waba% bottoms 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,its limbs are (t5 crook$ & angul> & be> a head made ( sl5d]1 p5dant bran*es or %ort1 bri/ly1 /ubby twigs4 ,9 ! op5 ! cr[n is g5]ally v symmetrical4 ,x makes an excell5t %ade tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hackb]ry ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k is grayi% & g5]ally r\gh ) scale-l or w>ty projections ( dead b>k4 ,9 "s in/ances ! b>k is smoo? en\gh on ! limbs to resemble t ( ! bee*4 ,! leaves are simple1 ovate1 alt]nate1 "o-sid$1 #b to #d in*es long1 ! edges too!d t[>ds ! long po9t4 ,! fl[]s are inconspicu\s1 & ! two k9ds are borne on ! same tree4 ,!y appe> 9 ,april or ,may1 & are ( a creamy1 gre5i% color4 ,! fruit is a r\nd1 some:at oblong drupe1 or b]ry1 f #a_/d to #a_/c ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x has a ?91 purpli% sk91 & sweet1 yell[i% fle%4 ,f ?is *>act]i/ic x is sometimes call$ sug>b]ry4 ,! b]ries frequ5tly hang on ! tree mo/ ( ! w9t]4 ,! wood is heavy1 r s(t1 weak1 & decays readily :5 expos$4 ,x is us$ *iefly = fuel1 b occasionally = lumb] & railroad ties :i* are giv5 pres]vative treatm5t4 ,! s\!rn hackb]ry1 ,celtis leavigata ,willd41 hav+ n>r[ leaves1 is f\nd occasionally along ! /reams 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,! fruit hangs f ! axils ( ! leaves on sl5d] /ems4 ,x is orange-r$ 9 color1 *ang+ to purple-black z x matures4 ,,osage ,,orange ,maclura pomif]a ,s*neid4 ,,! osage orange1 h$ge apple1 or mock orange1 al?\gh n a native ( ,ill9ois1 is f\nd di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 b does n z a rule occur z a =e/ tree4 ,x gr[s *iefly 9 op5 fields along f5ce r[s1 & z a pure h$ge f5ce4 ,occasionally x rea*es a height ( #fj feet & a diamet] ( #cj in*es1 b m usually x is f\nd f #bj to #dj feet 9 height & f #d to #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is tree is sometimes us$ = %ade1 b mo/ly = h$ges1 & z liv+ f5ce po/s4 ,! b>k is ?91 gray1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[1 & on old trees divid$ into /rips or flakes4 ,! b>k ( ! root is us$ z a yell[ dye2 t ( ! trunk has be5 us$ = tann+ lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,osage ,,orange ,leaf & fruit1 "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! leaves are decidu\s1 ) milky sap & produc+ /\t axill>y ?orns4 ,!y are gre5 on ! upp] surface1 #c to #e in*es long & #b to #c in*es wide1 & turn bright yell[ 9 ! autumn4 ,! yell[i% fl[]s appe> 9 ,may4 ,!y are ( two k9ds on ! same tree--! /am9ate fl[]s 9 a l9e> clu/] & ! pi/illate fl[]s 9 a r\nd$ ball4 ,! fruit is globul>1 f #b to #e in*es 9 diamet]1 some:at resembl+ a v r\gh gre5 orange4 ,! wood is heavy1 exce$+ly h>d1 v /rong & v durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! he>twood is bright orange 9 color1 turn+ br[n ^u exposure4 ,! ,indians call$ x bois d'arc1 or b[-wood1 & us$ x = _! f9e/ b[s4 ,x does n %r9k ) wea!r *anges4 ,x is l>gely us$ = po/s2 sometimes = :eel-/ock1 lumb] & fuel4 ,,r$ ,,mulb]ry ,morus rubra ,l4 ,,! r$ mulb]ry occurs ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x pref]s ! ri*1 moi/ soils ( ! l[] & middle di/ricts1 b x is n[h]e abundant4 ,x is a small tree1 r>ely #ej feet high & #b feet 9 diamet]1 (t5 gr[+ 9 ! %ade ( l>g] trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,mulb]ry ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k is r ?91 d>k r$di%-br[n1 peel+ (f 9 long n>r[ flakes4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 ?91 r\nd$ or some:at he>t-%ap$1 too!d1 po9t$1 #c to #e in*es long1 r\gh hairy above & s(t hairy b5ea?4 ,(t5 "s ( ! leaves1 especially on ! "y trees & ?rifty %oots1 are mitt5-%ap$ or v>i\sly lob$4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds1 on ! same or diff]5t trees1 9 droop+ catk9s4 ,! catk9s ( ! /am9ate fl[]s are ab\t #b in*es long2 ! spikes ( ! pi/illate fl[]s are ab\t half z long & /& on %ort /alks4 ,! fruit is d>k r$ or black1 & resembles a blackb]ry2 h[ev]1 a /alk ext5ds ?r\gh x c5trally1 & x is long] & n>r[]4 ,! fruit is sweet & edible & greatly reli%$ by birds & v>i\s animals4 ,! wood is r light1 s(t1 n /rong1 light orange-yell[1 v durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is *iefly us$ = f5ce po/s4 ,! tree might be plant$ = ?is purpose & to furni% food = birds4 ,! :ite mulb]ry1 ,morus alba ,l41 is a native ( ,*9a1 :]e its leaves are ! *ief food ( ! silkworm4 ,sev]al v>ieties are plant$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,its leaves are broad & smoo?2 its fruit is long1 :ite1 sweet1 & insipid4 ,a v>iety1 "u ! "n ( ! ,russian mulb]ry1 ,morus alba v>4 tat>ica ,l\don1 has be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry & has be5 cultivat$ = its fruit4 ,?is fruit v>ies f creamy :ite to violet & almo/ black4 ,,cucumb] ,,magnolia ,magnolia acum9ata ,l4 ,,! cucumb] magnolia atta9s an av]age height ( #dj to #hj feet & a diamet] ( #a to #b feet4 ,x occurs s+ly among o!r h>dwood trees ?r\gh\t ! ri*]1 cool] nor? slopes & bottom l&s ( s\!rn ,ill9ois1 9 ,union1 ,johnson1 ,pope1 ,alex&] & ,pulaski c\nties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cucumb] ,,magnolia ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! b>k is aromatic & bitt]2 t ( ! "y twigs is a lu/r\s r$-br[n1 :ile ! b>k ( ! trunk is r ?91 d>k br[n1 furr[$ & brok5 into ?9 scales4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 oblong1 %ort-po9t$1 r\nd$ at ! base1 silky1 hairy :5 unfold+1 lat] smoo? or slightly silky1 #f to #aj in*es long1 #d to #f in*es wide1 (t5 ) wavy edges1 d>k gre5 above1 light] b5ea?4 ,! fl[]s are s+le1 l>ge--?\gh small] ?an ^? ( ! o!r magnolias--#b-a_/b to #c in*es long4 ,! six upright petals are :iti%-gre5 t+$ ) yell[4 ,! fruit is a smoo?1 d>k r$1 (t5 crook$ cone1 #b-a_/b to #c in*es long1 some:at resembl+1 :5 gre51 a small cucumb]4 ,! se$s are #a_/b in* long1 & cov]$ ) a pulpy1 sc>let coat1 :i* attracts ! birds1 p>ticul>ly z ! se$s hang by ?9 cords f ! op5+ cones4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 close-gra9$1 durable1 ( a light yell[-br[n color & is us$ = ! same purposes z yell[ popl>4 ,x is q desirable = roadside & ornam5tal plant+4 ,,tulip ,,tree ,liriod5dron tulipif]a ,l4 ,,! tulip tree1 tulip popl>1 is "o ( ! talle/ trees 9 ! ,/ate ) its /raight trunk ris+ to a height ( #abe feet4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ valuable h>dwood trees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x rea*es its l>ge/ size 9 ! deep moi/ soils along /reams & 9 ! cool rav9es ( s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,v]milion ,c\nty on ! ea/ & ,r&olph on ! we/ side ( ! ,/ate repres5t its nor!rn limit4 ,z m commonly se51 x has a height ( #fj to #ajj feet & a diamet] ( #c to #d feet4 ,gr[+ ) a /raight c5tral trunk l ! p9es1 & (t5 cle> ( limbs = #cj to #ej feet1 x has a n>r[ pyramidal head :i* 9 old] age becomes m spread+4 ,! tree has be5 ext5sively cut1 b is reproduc+ rapidly & rema9s "o ( ! mo/ abundant & valuable trees 9 our "y second-gr[? =e/s4 ,x has be5 plant$ z an ornam5tal & %ade tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tulip ,,tree ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! leaves are simple1 #d to #f in*es 9 l5g? & bread?1 #d-lob$1 d>k gre5 9 summ]1 turn+ to a cle> yell[ 9 fall4 ,! gre5i%-yell[ tulip-%ap$ fl[]s appe> 9 ,may or ,june4 ,! fruit is a n>r[ light br[n1 upright cone1 #b to #c in*es long1 made up ( se$s1 ea* enclos$ 9 a h>d bony coat & provid$ ) a w+ :i* makes x easily c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 easily work$1 light yell[ or br[n1 ) wide cream-color$ sapwood4 ,x is ext5sively cut into lumb] = int]ior & ext]ior trim1 vehicle bodies1 v5e]s1 turn]y & o!r high-grade uses4 ,x is m>ket$ "u ! "n yell[ popl>1 because ( ! yell[ color ( ! he>twood4 ,! tulip tree transplants easily1 gr[s rapidly & =ms a tall /em4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ trees = =e/ plant+ on good moi/ soil4 ,x c be recomm5d$ = roadside plant+ because x gr[s tall & has a deep root sy/em4 ,:]e conditions ( life are n too sev]e1 x may be us$ = %ade tree plant+4 ,,papaw ,asim9a triloba ,dunal ,,! papaw1 :i* gr[s z a small tree or l>ge %rub1 is v well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 except 9 ! nor!rn p>ts1 & is sometimes call$ ! wild banana tree4 ,mo/ commonly x occurs z an und]gr[? 9 ! %ade ( ri* =e/s ( ! l>g] h>dwood trees4 ,its range ext5ds f ,new ,york we/w>d to ,i[a & s\?w>d to ,florida & ea/]n ,texas4 ,:5 gr[+ alone1 h[ev]1 x =ms d5se clumps on deep1 moi/ soils 9 creek bottoms4 ,! b>k is ?91 d>k grayi%-br[n1 & smoo?1 or slightly fissur$ on old trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,papaw ,leaf1 "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate on ! /em1 pe>-%ap$ ) po9t$ ends & tap]+ bases1 smoo? & light gre5 above1 f #h to #aj in*es long1 clu/]$ t[>d ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,! d>k purple1 attractive fl[]s appe> ) ! leaves s+ly or 9 two's along ! bran*1 measure ne>ly #b in*es across1 & produce nect> :i* attracts ! bees4 ,:5 ?or\ghly ripe1 ! fruit is delici\s & nutriti\s4 ,x measures f #c to #e in*es 9 l5g?1 turns f gre5i%-yell[ to v d>k br[n 9 color1 & holds r\nd$ or elongat$ se$s :i* sep>ate readily f ! pulp4 ,! wood is light1 s(t or spongy1 & weak1 gre5i% to yell[i% 9 color1 & ( no comm]cial importance4 ,because ( its h&some foliage1 attractive fl[]s & curi\s fruit1 ! papaw has be5 mu* us$ 9 ornam5tal plant+4 ,,sassafras ,sassafras albidum ,nees4 ,,! sassafras is an aromatic tree1 usually n ov] #dj feet 9 height or a foot 9 diamet] 9 ,ill9ois4 ,x is common ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate on dry soils z f> nor? z ,la ,salle ,c\nty1 & is "o ( ! fir/ broad-leaf trees to come up on ab&on$ fields1 :]e ! se$s are dropp$ by birds4 ,its range ext5ds f ,ma9e1 s\!rn ,ont>io to ,i[a & s\? to ,florida & we/ to ,texas4 ,9 p>ts ( its range x atta9s l>ge size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sassafras ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k ( ! trunk is ?ick1 r$-br[n & deeply furr[$ & t ( ! twigs is bright gre54 ,! leaves are v *>act]i/ic4 ,x is "o ( ! few trees hav+ leaves ( widely diff]5t %ape on ! same tree1 or ev5 on ! same twig4 ,"s are oval & entire1 #d to #f in*es long2 o!rs h "o lobe1 resembl+ ! ?umb on a mitt52 :ile /ill o!rs are divid$ at ! out] end into #c di/9ct lobes4 ,! "y leaves & twigs are q mucilag9\s4 ,! fl[]s are clu/]$1 gre5i%1 yell[1 & op5 ) ! fir/ unfold+ ( ! leaves4 ,! /am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s are usually on diff]5t trees4 ,! fruit is an oblong1 d>k blue or black1 lu/r\s b]ry1 conta9+ "o se$ & surr\nd$ at ! base by :at appe>s to be a small orange-r$ or sc>let cup at ! end ( a sc>let /alk4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 weak1 brittle1 & durable 9 ! soil2 ! he>twood is dull orange-br[n4 ,x is us$ = po/s1 rails1 boat build+1 coop]age & = ox-yokes4 ,! b>k ( ! roots yields ! v aromatic oil ( sassafras mu* us$ = flavor+ c&ies & v>i\s comm]cial products4 ,! sassafras des]ves m consid]ation ?an x has receiv$ z a %ade & ornam5tal tree4 ,! autumnal color+ ( its foliage is sc>cely surpass$ by any tree1 & x is v free f insect pe/s4 ,,sweet ,,gum ,liquidamb> /yraciflua ,l4 ,,! sweet or r$ gum is a v common tree on l[ l&s 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 b x is seldom f\nd nor? ( ,jackson ,c\nty 9 ! we/ or nor? ( ,ri*l& 9 ! ea/4 ,x is usually abundant 9 old fields or 9 cut-ov] woods4 ,! b>k is a light gray1 r\gh5$ by corky scales1 lat] becom+ deeply furr[$4 ,aft] ! second ye> ! twigs (t5 develop #b to #d corky projections ( ! b>k1 :i* give !m a w+$ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sweet ,,gum ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! simple1 alt]nate />-%ap$ leaf1 ) its #e to #g po9ts or lobes1 is #e to #g in*es across & v aromatic4 ,9 ! fall its color+ is brilliant1 rang+ f pale yell[ ?r\gh orange & r$ to a deep bronze4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds on ! same tree1 unfold+ ) ! leaves4 ,! fruit at fir/ glance rem9ds "o ( ! balls ( ! sycamore1 b on clos] inspection proves to be a head4 ,x measures an in* or m 9 diamet] & is made up ( _m capsules ) project+ sp9es4 ,x frequ5tly hangs on ! tree by its long sw++ /em late into ! w9t]4 ,! wood is heavy1 mod]ately h>d1 close-gra9$1 & n durable on exposure4 ,! r$di%-br[n he>twood1 :i* sugge/s ! "n1 r$ gum1 is n pres5t to any appreciable ext5t 9 logs "u #af in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! wood is ext5sively us$ = floor+1 int]ior f9i%1 pap] pulp & v5e]s = baskets ( all k9ds4 ,v5e]s ( ! he>twood are l>gely us$ 9 furniture1 sometimes z imitation mahogany or ,circassian walnut4 ,?is tree %\ld be m widely plant$ = ornam5tal use4 ,,sycamore ,platanus occid5talis ,l4 ,,! sycamore1 also call$ buttonwood1 is consid]$ ! l>ge/ h>dwood tree 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 b is mo/ abundant & rea*es its l>ge/ size along /reams & on ri* bottom l&s4 ,x is "o ( ! m rapidly-gr[+ trees4 ,9 maturity x occasionally atta9s a height ( #adj to #agj feet & a diamet] ( #aj to #aa feet4 ,x (t5 =ks into sev]al l>ge second>y trunks1 & ! massive spread+ limbs =m an op5 head sometimes #ajj feet across4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sycamore ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k ( ! sycamore is a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,on ! y\ng] trunk & l>ge limbs x is v smoo?1 gre5i%-gray 9 color4 ,! out] b>k ye>ly flakes (f 9 l>ge pat*es & exposes ! ne>ly :ite y\ng] b>k4 ,ne> ! base ( ! old trees ! b>k becomes ?ick1 d>k br[n & divid$ by deep furr[s4 ,! fl[]s are v small & arrang$ 9 d5se globul> gre5 heads4 ,! leaves are simple1 alt]nate1 #d to #g in*es long & ab\t z broad1 light gre5 & smoo? above1 & pal] bel[4 ,! base ( ! leaf/alk is holl[ & 9 fall+ (f exposes ! w9t] bud4 ,! fruit is a ball ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]1 conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ! w9t] z x hangs on its flexible /em1 :i* is #c to #e in*es long4 ,dur+ e>ly spr+1 ! fruit ball breaks up1 & ! small se$s are widely scatt]$ by ! w9d4 ,! wood is h>d & mod]ately /rong1 b decays rapidly 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is us$ = but*]s' blocks1 tobacco boxes1 furniture & int]ior f9i%4 ,! tree gr[s rapidly1 be>s transplant+ well & is (t5 plant$ z a %ade tree4 ,! ,european sycamore or ,london plane tree1 ,platanus ac]ifolia ,willd41 is less subject to disease ?an our native species & has be5 widely plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ornam5t & %ade4 ,! leaves are m deeply lob$ ?an our sycamore & !re are two or ?ree fruit balls on ea* /em4 ,,wild ,,crab ,,apple ,malus io5sis ,britton ,,! wild crab apple1 or prairie crab1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,ill9ois =m+ small trees #bj to #cj feet high ) trunks f #f to #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! op5 x develops a broad op5 cr[n ) rigid1 contort$ bran*es be>+ _m %ort1 spur-l bran*lets1 "s ( :i* develop into %>p rigid ?orns4 ,"u less favorable conditions1 ^! crab apples (t5 =m bu%y %rubs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wild ,,crab ,,apple ,fl[]1 fruit & leaves "o-half natural size4 ,! b>k on ! bran*es is smoo?1 ?9 & r$-br[n 9 color1 :ile on ! trunk ! ?ick] b>k (t5 breaks into scales4 ,! twigs are at fir/ ho>y-hairy1 b soon become smoo? & r$di%4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 simple1 #c to #d in*es long & almo/ z broad4 ,!y are sometimes slightly lob$ & %>ply & deeply too!d4 ,!y are d>k gre5 & %9y above1 b pale & hairy b5ea?1 borne on /\t1 hairy petioles4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* are f "o to two in*es broad1 are borne 9 clu/]s ( #c to #h1 on wooly p$icels ab\t an in* long4 ,! :ite or rosy petals =m a cup :i* surr\nds ! num]\s /am5s & ! five /yles4 ,! calyx is pubesc5t4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 ,octob]1 =m+ a globose1 pale gre51 v fragrant apple ) a waxy surface4 ,x is ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 flatt5$ at ea* end4 ,l ! o!r crabs1 its h&some fl[]s h a delici\s fragrance :i* makes ! tree popul> = plant+ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,! fruit is sometimes ga!r$ = jelly4 ,! wood is heavy1 close-gra9$ & r$di%-br[n4 ,! wild sweet crab1 ,malus coron>ia ,mill41 diff]s f ! above 9 hav+ m ne>ly smoo? leaves & calyx4 ,x is r>ely f\nd 9 ,ill9ois b is common 9 ,ohio4 ,a cultivat$ v>iety1 ,malus io5sis pl5a ,rh$]1 is sold "u ! "n ( ,be*tel's crab1 & has l>ge1 d\ble1 rosy-p9k blossoms4 ,,s]vice ,,b]ry ,amelan*i] arborea 7,mi*x4 f47 ,f]n4 7,amelan*i] canad5sis ,m$ic47 ,,! d[ny s]vice b]ry1 or %adbl[1 z x is m commonly call$ 9 ! ,ea/1 has little economic importance except = its frequ5cy ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate & ! t\* ( beauty its fl[]s give to our =e/s e>ly 9 ! spr+ be=e ! foliage has come out4 ,x is a small tree #bj to #ej feet high & seldom ov] #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a r n>r[1 r\nd$ top b is (t5 little m ?an %rub4 ,! "n %adbl[ 0 giv5 by ! e>ly settl]s :o notic$ t x blossom$ :5 ! %ad 7 runn+ up ! /reams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]vice ,,b]ry ,"o-half natural size4 ,! b>k is smoo? & light gray1 & %all[ly fissur$ into scaly ridges4 ,! w9t] buds are long & sl5d]4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 sl5d]-/alk$1 ovate1 po9t$1 f9ely too!d1 #b to #d in*es long1 d5sely :ite-hairy :5 "y1 !n becom+ a light gre51 & cov]$ ) scatt]$ silky hairs4 ,! :ite fl[]s appe> 9 erect or droop+ clu/]s 9 e>ly spr+1 be=e ! leaves1 mak+ ! tree q conspicu\s 9 ! leafless or budd+ =e/4 ,! petals are sl5d] & r m ?an a half in* long4 ,! fruit is sweet1 edible1 r\nd$1 r$di%-purple :5 ripe1 #a_/c to #a_/b an in* 9 diamet]1 rip5+ e>ly 9 ,june4 ,birds & d5iz5s ( ! =e/ are v fond ( ! b]ries4 ,! wood is heavy1 exce$+ly h>d1 /rong1 close-gra9$ & d>k br[n4 ,x is occasionally us$ = h&les4 ,?is is a desirable ornam5tal tree & %\ld be plant$ = ?is purpose & to enc\rage ! birds4 ,! smoo? s]vice b]ry1 ,amelan*i] leavis ,wieg41 diff]s f ! above species 9 hav+ smoo? leaves1 d>k gre5 & slightly glauc\s :5 mature1 & !y are half gr[n at fl[]+ "t4 ,! fruit is sweet1 purple or ne>ly black1 glauc\s & edible4 ,,cock-,,spur ,,?orn ,crataegus crus-galli ,l4 ,,! haw?orns1 or ?orn-apples1 are small trees or %rubs ( ! apple family :i* are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) few] species 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 no less ?an #aej species h be5 di/+ui%$1 b _! prop] id5tification is a task = ! exp]t4 ,!re are ab\t a doz5 haws t rea* tree size 9 ,ill9ois1 atta9+ a height ( #bj to #cj feet & a /em diamet] ( #h to #ab in*es4 ,( ^!1 p]haps ! be/ kn[n is ! cock-spur ?orn ) its _m /rong /raight sp9es & %9+ leaves4 ,its b>k is pale gray & scaly4 ,its w9t] buds are small1 globose & lu/r\s br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cock-,,spur ,,?orn ,fl[]s & fruit "o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are conspicu\s because ( _! d>k gre5 glossy surface4 ,!y are broade/ t[>d ! apex tap]+ to ! %ort petiole4 ,!y v>y 9 size 9 diff]5t localities1 ! small]-leav$ v>ieties seem to be m frequ5tly met ) 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,^! leaves are alt]nate1 w$ge-%ap$1 not*$ on ! edges1 & f #b to #c in*es long4 ,! fl[]s are r small1 arrang$ 9 flat-topp$ clu/]s1 :ite 9 color1 ) ab\t a doz5 p9k /am5s4 ,! fruit is #a_/c in* ?ick1 gre5i%-r$2 ! fle% is h>d & dry4 ,?is haw is "o ( ! be/ = plant+ = ornam5tal purposes2 ) its spread+ bran*es1 x =ms a broad1 r\nd$ cr[n4 ,x is h>dy & succe$s 9 a great v>iety ( soils4 ,! dott$ haw?orn1 ,crataegus punctata ,jacq41 also has w$ge-%ap$ leaves b !y are lea!ry1 dull gray-gre5 9 color ) conspicu\s ve9s4 ,! tree rea*es a height ( #be feet ) di/9ctly horizontal bran*es =m+ a broad flat cr[n4 ,x is (t5 almo/ )\t ?orns4 ,! fruit is oblong1 dull r$ ) pale dots1 becom+ mell[4 ,! pe>-?orn1 ,crataegus calpod5dron ,m$41 is a small] tree1 ) broad] leaves1 v few ?orns & pe>-%ap$ fruit4 ,! haw is sc>let or orange-r$1 ! fle% is ?9 & sweet4 ,,r$ ,,haw ,crataegus mollis ,s*eele ,,l almo/ all ! haw?orns1 ! r$ haw is a tree ( ! pa/ure l&s1 ! roadside1 ! op5 woods & ! /ream banks4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( our haws1 occasionally rea*+ a height ( #cj feet1 ) asc5d+ bran*es usually =m+ a l[ conical cr[n4 ,! twigs are hairy dur+ ! fir/ season1 b are soon smoo?1 sl5d]1 ne>ly un>m$ or occasionally arm$ ) /\t1 curv$ ?orns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,haw ,fl[]s "o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are ovate or ne>ly orbicul>1 co>sely too!d ne>ly to ! base1 usually #c to #e pairs ( broad1 %all[ lobes4 ,bo? surfaces are hairy4 ,! fl[]s are (t5 ne>ly an in* across1 9 compact clu/]s4 ,!y h ab\t #bj cream-color$1 d5sely hairy /am5s4 ,! fruit1 or ! haw1 is l>ge1 ne>ly #c_/d in* across1 bright crimson or sc>let 9 color4 ,! edible sweet fle% is firm b mell[1 surr\nd+ #e bony se$s4 ,x is (t5 us$ = mak+ jelly4 ,! wood is /rong1 t\gh1 heavy & h>d1 & is us$ = mallets1 tool h&les & su* small articles4 ,! ,wa%+ton ?orn1 ,crataegus pha5opyrum ,m$41 is a small] tree1 ) bright r$ fruit1 b its broad leaves are smoo? & bright gre54 ,! fl[]s are small1 9 v l>ge clu/]s1 foll[$ by small bright sc>let edible haws4 ,9 ! s\!rn half ( ,ill9ois1 gr[+ on moi/ riv] bottoms1 ! gre5 haw1 ,crataegus viridis ,l41 becomes a tree #bj feet tall4 ,! broad leaves are d>k gre5 & q smoo?4 ,! fruit is small b produc$ 9 l>ge clu/]s becom+ bright r$ or orange-r$ z x rip5s4 ,,wild ,,plum ,prunus am]icana ,m>%4 ,,! common wild plum1 or yell[ plum1 is a small tree :i* at a height usually ( #c to #f feet divides into _m spread+ bran*es1 (t5 droop+ at ! ends4 ,n uncommonly x gr[s 9 ?ickets :]e x atta9s only l>ge %rub size4 ,! value ( ! tree lies 9 its fruit f :i* jelly & pres]ves are made1 & its h&some =m1 & foliage1 pure :ite fragrant fl[]s1 & %[y fruit :i* make x desirable = ornam5tal plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wild ,,plum ,?ree-qu>t]s natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 oval1 po9t$1 %>ply too!d1 7(t5 d\bly too!d7 along ! m>g91 ?ick & firm1 #c to #d in*es long by #a to #b in*es wide1 n>r[$ or r\nd$ at ! base1 & prom95tly ve9$ on bo? surfaces4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 num]\s small clu/]s be=e1 or simultane\sly )1 ! leaves1 & are :ite ) small bright r$ portions 9 ! c5t]4 ,! fruit1 or plum1 :i* rip5s 9 late summ]1 is r$ or orange color$1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 conta9s a /one or pit t is flatt5$ & ab\t z long z ! pulpy "p1 & v>ies r widely 9 its palatability4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 close-gra9$1 r$di%-br[n 9 color & has no especial comm]cial uses4 ,! ,canada plum1 ,prunus nigra ,ait41 is simil> to ! common wild plum1 b ! tee? ( ! leaves are blunt1 ! leaves are ?9 & ! fruit is orange 9 color1 almo/ )\t bloom4 ,! wild goose plum1 ,prunus hortulana ,bailey1 has ?9 lance-%ap$ leaves2 its fl[]s h %ort petals & x has a r h>d1 small globul> fruit4 ,,black ,,*]ry ,prunus s]ot9a ,ehrh4 ,a common tree 9 ,ill9ois & atta9+ sizes up to ab\t #gj feet 9 height & #a to #c feet 9 diamet]1 black *]ry z a tree is f\nd all ov] ! ,/ate4 ,! =e/-gr[n trees h long cle> trunks ) little tap]2 op5-gr[n trees h spread+ cr[ns4 ,! b>k on bran*es & "y trees is smoo? & bright r$di%-br[n1 m>k$ by conspicu\s1 n>r[ :ite1 horizontal l9es1 & has a bitt]-almond ta/e4 ,on ! old] trunks ! b>k becomes r\gh & brok5 into ?ick1 irregul> plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,*]ry ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 simple1 oval to lance-l 9 %ape1 ) edges brok5 by _m f9e incurv$ tee?1 ?ick & %9y above1 & pal] b5ea?4 ,! fruit is dull purpli%-black1 ab\t z l>ge z a pea1 & is borne 9 long hang+ clu/]s4 ,x rip5s 9 late summ]1 & is edible1 al?\gh x has a slightly bitt] ta/e4 ,! wood is r$di%-br[n ) yell[i% sapwood1 mod]ately heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 f9e-gra9$1 & does n w>p or split 9 season+4 ,x is valuable = its lu/re & color & is us$ = furniture1 int]ior f9i%1 tools1 & implem5t h&les4 ,) ! exception ( black walnut1 black *]ry lumb] has a great] unit value ?an any o!r h>dwood ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! wild *]ry1 ,prunus p5nsylvanica ,l41 is a small tree1 gr[+ on light soils1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! b>k is a d>k r$di%-br[n2 ! leaves are lance-%ap$ bright gre5 & %9y above1 :ile ! fruit is r\nd & bright r$ 9 color4 ,! *oke *]ry1 ,prunus virg9iana ,l41 is common along f5ces & "u l>g] trees 9 ! =e/ 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! ,/ate4 ,x seldom becomes a tree b x be>s a fruit :i* is sweet b v a/r+5t & is d>k purple :5 ripe4 ,,honey ,,locu/ ,gl$itsia triacan?os ,l4 ,,! honey locu/ occurs scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x gr[s "u a wide v>iety ( soil & moi/ure conditions4 ,x sometimes occurs 9 ! =e/1 b m commonly 9 corn]s & wa/e places beside roads & fields4 ,x rea*es a diamet] ( #cj in*es & a height ( #ge feet4 ,! b>k on old trees is d>k gray & is divid$ into ?9 tight scales4 ,! /rong ?orns--/raight1 br[n1 bran*$1 %>p & %9y :i* gr[ on ! #a-ye>-old wood & rema9 = _m ye>s--are suffici5t to id5tify ! honey locu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,honey ,,locu/ ,twig1 ?ree-qu>t]s natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,! leaf is p9nate1 or fea!r-l ) #ah to #bh leaflets2 or x is twice-p9nate1 consi/+ ( #d to #g pairs ( p9nae or second>y leaflets1 ea* #f to #h in*es long & some:at resembl+ ! leaf ( ! black locu/4 ,! fl[]s :i* appe> :5 ! leaves are ne>ly full-gr[n are inconspicu\s1 gre5i%-yell[ & ri* 9 honey4 ,! petals v>y f #c to #e1 ! /am5s are #c to #aj & ! ov>y is wooly & "o-cell$4 ,! fruit is a pod1 #aj to #ah in*es long1 (t5 twi/$1 #a to #a-a_/b in*es wide1 flat1 d>k br[n or black :5 ripe & conta9+ yell[ sweeti% pulp & se$s4 ,! se$s are v h>d & ea* is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by ! pulp4 ,! pods are eat5 by _m animals1 & z ! se$s are h>d to dige/1 _m are ?us widely scatt]$ f ! p>5t tree4 ,! wood is co>se-gra9$1 h>d1 /rong & mod]ately durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,x is us$ = f5ce po/s & cros/ies4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) ! v durable wood ( ! black locu/4 ,! wat] locu/1 ,gl$itsia aquatica ,m>%41 is f\nd 9 riv] bottoms 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 becom+ a m$ium siz$ tree4 ,x may be kn[n by its %ort pods1 #a to #b in*es long1 ) only #b or #c se$s4 ,,r$bud ,c]cis canad5sis ,l4 ,,! r$bud is a small tree occurr+ "u tall] trees or on ! bord]s ( fields or hillsides & 9 valleys ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x ord9>ily atta9s a height ( #be to #ej feet & a diamet] ( #f to #ab in*es4 ,its /\t bran*es usually =m a wide flat head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$bud ,leaf1 "o-f\r? natural size4 ,twig1 & fl[]s1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! b>k is bright r$-br[n1 ! long n>r[ plates sep>at+ into ?9 scales4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 he>t-%ap$1 entire #c to #e in*es long & wide1 glossy gre5 turn+ 9 autumn to a bright cle> yell[4 ,! conspicu\s bright purpli%-r$1 pea-%ap$ fl[]s are 9 clu/]s along ! twigs & small bran*es & appe> be=e or ) ! leaves 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! fruit is an oblong1 flatt5$1 _m se$$ pod1 #b to #d in*es long1 r$di% dur+ ! summ]1 & (t5 hang+ on ! tree mo/ ( ! w9t]4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 n /rong1 ri*1 d>k br[n 9 color1 & ( little comm]cial importance4 ,! r$bud is cultivat$ z an ornam5tal tree & = t purpose might be plant$ m g5]ally 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! ,k5tucky c(fee-tree1 ,gymnocladus dioicus ,k4 ,ko*1 ?\gh n any:]e a common tree1 is f\nd on ri* bottom l&s ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,! mu*-divid$ leaves are #b to #c feet long4 ,! pods are #e to #h in*es long & #a to #b in*es wide & conta9 h>d se$s #c_/d in* long4 ,x has few qualities to recomm5d x = ornam5tal plant+4 ,,black ,,locu/ ,rob9ia pseudoacacia ,l4 ,,! black locu/ is a native to ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s b has be5 introduc$ into ,ill9ois1 & n[ occurs ?r\gh\t ! entire ,/ate gr[+ on all soils & "u all conditions ( moi/ure except 9 swamps4 ,x is f\nd g5]ally 9 ?ickets on clay banks & wa/e places or along f5ce r[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,locu/ ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig & fl[]1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! twigs & bran*lets are arm$ ) /raight or slightly curv$ %>p1 /rong sp9es1 sometimes z mu* z #a in* 9 l5g? :i* rema9 atta*$ to ! out] b>k = _m ye>s4 ,! b>k is d>k br[n & divides into /rips z ! tree gr[s old]4 ,! leaves are p9nate1 or fea!rlike1 f #f to #aj in*es 9 l5g?1 consi/+ ( f #g to #ai oblong ?9 leaflets4 ,! fl[]s are fragrant1 :ite or cream-color$1 & appe> 9 e>ly spr+ 9 graceful p5d5t racemes4 ,! fruit is a pod f #c to #e in*es long conta9+ #d to #h small h>d se$s :i* rip5 late 9 ! fall4 ,! pod splits op5 dur+ ! w9t]1 dis*>g+ ! se$s4 ,"s se$s usually rema9 atta*$ to ea* half ( ! pod2 ! pod ?us acts z a w+ ^u :i* ! se$s are borne to consid]able di/ances be=e ! /rong spr+ w9ds4 ,! wood is yell[ 9 color1 co>se-gra9$1 v heavy1 v h>d1 /rong1 & v durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is us$ ext5sively = f5ce po/s1 poles1 tree nails1 insulator p9s & occasionally = lumb] & fuel4 ,! tree is v rapid 9 gr[? 9 y\? b %ort-liv$4 ,x spreads by und]gr\nd %oots & is useful = hold+ & reclaim+ badly gulli$ l&s4 ,! usefulness ( ! black locu/ is1 h[ev]1 v greatly limit$ by ! fact t x is subject to great damage f an insect kn[n z ! locu/ bor]4 ,,tree ,,( ,,heav5 ,ailan?us altissima ,sw+le ,,?is tree is a native ( ,*9a b plant$ 9 ,ill9ois because ( its tropical foliage4 ,x has escap$ & become naturaliz$4 ,x is a h&some1 rapid-gr[+1 %ort-liv$ tree1 atta9+ a height ( #dj to #fj feet1 & a trunk diamet] ( #b to #c feet4 ,its cr[n is spread+1 r loose & op54 ,! twigs are smoo? & ?ick ) a l>ge r$di%-br[n pi?4 ,! w9t] buds are small1 globul> & hairy1 plac$ j above ! l>ge leaf-sc>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree ,,( ,,heav5 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf & fruit1 "o-f\r? natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 p9nately comp\nd & "o to ?ree feet long4 ,! leaflets numb] f #aa to #da1 are smoo?1 d>k gre5 above1 pal] b5ea?1 turn+ a cle> yell[ 9 autumn4 ,! fl[]s appe> soon aft] ! leaves are full gr[n1 on diff]5t trees1 borne 9 l>ge upright panicles4 ,!y are small yell[-gre5 9 color ) #e petals & #aj /am5s4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s h a disagreeable odor4 ,! fruit1 rip5+ 9 ,octob] b rema9+ on ! tree dur+ ! w9t]1 is a "o-se$$ sam>a1 spirally twi/$1 borne 9 cr[d$ clu/]s4 ,! tree ( heav5 is useful = l&scape plant+1 succe$+ 9 all k9ds ( soils & all k9ds ( gr[+ conditions4 ,x makes a rapid %[+ & is practically free f all diseases & insect injury4 ,,smoo? ,,sumac ,rhus glabra ,l4 ,,! smoo? sumac is usually a tall %rub b occasionally x develops z a tree #bj to #be feet tall ) a trunk diamet] ( #f to #aj in*es4 ,a few l>ge spread+ bran*es =m a broad1 flat1 op5 head4 ,! twigs are smoo? & glabr\s & h a ?ick1 light br[n pi? ) small r\nd w9t] buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smoo? ,,sumac ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf & fruit1 "o-f\r? natural size4 ,! comp\nd leaves are #f to #ah in*es long1 compos$ ( #i to #bg leaflets ) %>ply not*$ m>g9s4 ,!y are d>k gre5 above1 :iti% b5ea?1 *ang+ to r$1 purple & yell[ e>ly 9 ! autumn4 ,! fl[]s are small & gre51 produc$ 9 d5se t]m9al panicles4 ,! fruit is a small globose b]ry1 cov]$ ) crimson hairs & has a pleasant acid ta/e4 ,! conspicu\s deep r$ panicles ( fruit rema9 un*ang$ on ! tree dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! wood is light & ( a gold5 yell[ color4 ,ei!r z a tree1 or z a %rub1 ! smoo? sumac is excell5t = ornam5tal plant+1 be+ p>ticul>ly desirable on t]races or hillsides1 :]e mass effects are desir$4 ,x transplants v readily & spreads freely4 ,! /aghorn sumac1 ,rhus typh9a ,l41 is a slightly tall] tree1 z x rea*es a height ( #bj to #ce feet1 & a /em diamet] ( #h to #ab in*es4 ,! twigs & leaves are simil> to ^? ( ! smoo? sumac b are conspicu\sly hairy4 ,its occurr5ce is limit$ to ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! %9+ sumac1 ,rhus copall9a ,l41 usually occurs 9 %rub =m b x occasionally rea*es a height ( #bj feet ) a /em diamet] ( #f in*es4 ,! leaves are smoo? above b some:at hairy b5ea? ) a w+$ ra*is & ab\t #i to #ba leaflets t are slightly too!d4 ,late 9 ! summ] its foliage turns a brilliant r$4 ,! fruit clu/]s are mu* small] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,,sug> ,,maple ,ac] sac*>um ,m>%4 ,,! sug> maple is an important memb] ( ! climax =e/s :i* /ret* f ,ma9e to ,m9nesota & s\?w>d to ,texas & ,florida4 ,x is an associate ( ! hemlocks & ! bir*es 9 ! ,nor?1 ) ! bee*es & *e/nuts ?r\gh ! middle /ates1 ) ! oaks 9 ! ,we/ & ) ! tulip & ! magnolias 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ,ill9ois x is a common & favorite tree ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! op5 x gr[s fairly rapidly & has a v symmetrical1 d5se cr[n1 af=d+ heavy %ade4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q ext5sively plant$ z a %ade tree4 ,! b>k on "y trees is light gray & br[n & r smoo?1 b z ! tree gr[s old]1 x breaks up into long1 irregul> plates or scales1 :i* v>y f light gray to almo/ black4 ,! twigs are smoo? & r$di%-br[n1 & ! w9t] buds are smoo? & %>p-po9t$4 ,! tree atta9s a height ( m ?an #ajj feet & a diamet] ( #c feet or m4 ,! sap yields maple sug> & maple syrup4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,maple ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are #c to #e in*es across1 simple1 opposite1 ) #c to #e po9t$ & sp>sely-too!d lobes1 ! divisions betwe5 ! lobes be+ r\nd$4 ,! leaves are d>k gre5 on ! upp] surface1 light] gre5 b5ea?1 turn+ 9 autumn to brilliant %ades ( d>k r$1 sc>let1 orange & cle> yell[4 ,! fl[]s are yell[i%-gre51 on long ?readlike /alks1 appe>+ ) ! leaves1 ! two k9ds 9 sep>ate clu/]s4 ,! fruit1 :i* rip5s 9 ! fall1 consi/s ( a two-w+$ sam>a1 or key1 ! two w+s ne>ly p>allel1 ea* ab\t #a in* 9 l5g? & conta9+ a se$4 ,x is easily c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 close-gra9$ & light br[n 9 color4 ,x is kn[n1 comm]cially z h>d maple1 & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( floor+1 furniture1 %oe-la/s & a great v>iety ( novelties4 ,! black maple1 ,ac] nigrum ,mi*x41 occurs ) ! sug> maple ) d>k] b>k4 ,! leaves are usually wid] ?an long1 yell[-gre5 & d[ny b5ea?1 & ! base ( ! petioles enl>g$4 ,! two l[] lobes are v small2 ! lobes are undulate or entire4 ,,silv] ,,maple ,ac] sac*>9um ,l4 ,,! silv] or riv] maple1 also call$ ! s(t maple1 occurs on moi/ l& & along /reams4 ,x atta9s heights ( #ajj feet or m & diamet]s ( #c feet or ov]4 ,x usually has a %ort trunk :i* divides into a numb] ( l>ge asc5d+ limbs4 ,^! aga9 subdivide1 & ! bran*es droop b turn upw>d at ! tips4 ,! b>k on ! old /ems is d>k gray & brok5 into long flakes or scales2 on ! "y %oots x is smoo? & v>ies 9 color f r$di% to a yell[i%-gray4 ,! silv] maple gr[s rapidly & has be5 mu* plant$ z a %ade tree4 ,because ( ! brittl5ess ( its wood1 x is (t5 damag$ by summ] /orms & w9t] sleet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silv] ,,maple ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! leaves are opposite on ! /em1 h f #c to #e lobes end+ 9 long po9ts ) too!d edges & are sep>at$ by deep angul> s9uses or op5+s2 !y are pale gre5 on ! upp] surface & silv]y-:ite und]nea?4 ,! buds are r\nd$1 r$ or r$di%-br[n1 blunt-po9t$2 g5]ally l ^? ( r$ maple4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 ! spr+ be=e ! leaves1 9 d5se clu/]s1 & are ( a gre5i%-yell[ color4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 late spr+4 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( w+$ se$s or keys ) w+s #a to #b in*es long on sl5d]1 flexible1 ?readlike /ems ab\t an in* long4 ,! wood is s(t1 weak1 ev5-textur$1 r brittle1 easily work$1 & decays readily :5 expos$4 ,x is consid]ably us$ = boxbo>ds1 furniture1 v5e]s & fuel4 ,! r$ maple1 or swamp maple1 ,ac] rubrum ,l41 has leaves deeply lob$ ) ! lobes %>ply too!d4 ,! autumn color is deep r$4 ,! fl[]s also are r$ & ! fruit is small r$di%1 matur+ late 9 spr+4 ,,box ,,eld] ,ac] negundo ,l4 ,,! box eld] is a fairly rapidly gr[+ tree1 f\nd commonly along /reams r g5]ally ov] ! ,/ate4 ,x is a tree ( m$ium size1 r>ely rea*+ ov] #bd in*es 9 diamet] & #fj to #gj feet 9 height4 ,x has be5 consid]ably plant$ = %ade because 9 good soil its gr[? is rapid4 ,its limbs & bran*es1 h[ev]1 are fragile1 & ! tree z a :ole is r subject to disease4 ,x is n long-liv$ or g5]ally satisfactory = any purpose4 ,x is prolific 9 reproduction b is l>gely de/roy$ by graz+ & cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,box ,,eld] ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! b>k on "y bran*es is smoo? & gre5 to purple 9 color2 on old trees x is ?91 grayi% to light br[n & deeply divid$4 ,! leaves are comp\nd1 ) usually #c leaflets 7r>ely #e or #g71 opposite1 smoo? & lu/r\s1 gre51 & borne on a leaf /em or petiole #b to #c in*es long4 ,! leaflets are #b to #d in*es long by #a to #b in*es wide1 mak+ ! :ole leaf #e to #h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! fruit is a sam>a1 or key1 w+$ simil>ly to t ( a sug> maple1 b small]4 ,x rip5s 9 late summ] or e>ly fall1 & s is l its close relative1 ! sug> maple1 b unlike its close relatives1 ! r$ maple & silv] maple4 ,! wood is s(t1 light1 weak1 close-gra9$ & decays readily 9 contact ) heat & moi/ure4 ,x is us$ occasionally = fuel4 ,! ,norway maple1 ,ac] platanoides ,l41 is a ,european species :i* has be5 ext5sively plant$4 ,x =ms a r\nd1 spread+ cr[n ( /\t bran*es ) co>se twigs4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( ! sug> maple b some:at broad] & ! petioles exude a milky juice :5 cut4 ,! fl[]s are l>g] ?an ^? ( our native maples & fruit is l>ge ) div]g+ w+s4 ,x holds its leaves long] 9 ! fall & ! autumn color+ is pale yell[4 ,x succe$s well z a city %ade tree4 ,,ohio ,,buckeye ,aesculus glabra ,willd4 ,,! buckeye is r>e 9 ! nor!rn f\r? ( ,ill9ois1 b is kn[n 9 ! re/ ( ! ,/ate1 =m+ no consid]able "p ( ! =e/ /&4 ,x rea*es a height ( #fj to #gj feet & a diamet] ( #ah to #bd in*es4 ,! trunk is usually %ort1 limby1 & knotty4 ,! cr[n or head1 is g5]ally op5 & made up ( small spread+ bran*es & twigs orange-br[n to r$di%-br[n 9 color4 ,! b>k is light gray &1 on old trees1 divid$ or brok5 into flat scales1 :i* make ! /em ( ! tree r\gh2 ! b>k is ill-smell+ :5 bruis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ohio ,,buckeye ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,nut1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,! leaves are opposite on ! twigs1 comp\nd & consi/+ ( #e long-oval1 r>ely #g1 po9t$1 too!d1 yell[-gre5 leaflets1 set l ! f+]s ( a h& at ! top ( sl5d] petioles #d to #f in*es long4 ,!y usually turn yell[ & !n fall e>ly 9 ! autumn4 ,! fl[]s appe> aft] ! leaves unfold2 are cream-color$2 9 t]m9al panicles #e to #g in*es long & #b to #c in*es broad1 q d[ny4 ,! fruit is a ?ick1 lea!ry1 prickly capsule ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 &1 break+ into #b or #c valves1 discloses ! bright1 %9y1 mahogany color$ se$s1 or nuts4 ,! wood is light1 s(t & weak1 & decays rapidly :5 expos$4 ,x is us$ = wood5w>e1 artificial limbs1 pap] pulp1 & = lumb] & fuel4 ,! horse-*e/nut1 ,aesculus hippoca/anum ,l41 is a h&some ,european tree ) a v symmetrical cr[n4 ,! fl[]s are l>g] ?an ^? ( our native species & add beauty to ! foliage4 ,x =ms a desirable %ade tree4 ,,basswood ,tilia am]icana ,l4 ,,! basswood1 or ,am]ican l9d51 is a r tall tree ) a broad1 r\nd-topp$ cr[n4 ,x ranges ?r\gh\t ,ill9ois & may be f\nd :]ev] ri*1 wood$ slopes1 moi/ /ream banks & cool rav9es occur4 ,x gr[s be/ 9 riv] bottoms1 :]e x is common & =ms a valuable timb] tree1 atta9+ a height ( #hj feet & a diamet] ( #d feet4 ,! b>k is light br[n1 deeply furr[$ & ! inn] b>k furni%es ba/ = mak+ mats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,basswood ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are broadly he>t-%ap$1 #c to #f in*es long1 co>sely saw-too!d1 smoo? on bo? sides1 except = "s hairs on ! axils ( ! ve9s4 ,!y are d>k above b light gre5 b5ea?4 ,! fl[]s are yell[i%-:ite1 9 droop+ clu/]s op5+ 9 e>ly summ]1 & fl[] /em is unit$ to ! middle ( a long n>r[ leaf-l bract4 ,!y are v fragrant & f !m ! bees make a l>ge am\nt ( *oice grade honey4 ,! fruit is a b]ry-l1 dry1 #a or #b se$$1 r\nd$ nutlet #a_/d to #a_/b an in* 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) %ort1 ?ick & br[ni% wool4 ,x rema9s atta*$ 9 clu/]s to ! leafy bract1 :i* lat] acts z a w+ to be> x away on ! w9d4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 t\gh1 n durable1 light br[n 9 color4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pulp1 wood5w>e1 furniture1 trunks1 excelsior & _m o!r articles4 ,x makes a f9e %ade tree1 gr[s rapidly & is easily transplant$4 ,! :ite basswood1 ,tilia het]ophylla ,v5t41 is simil> to ! prec$+ species1 b ) some:at light] b>k4 ,! leaves are l>g]1 d>k yell[-gre5 above1 ! "u surface be+ g5]ally d5sely cov]$ ) %ort1 silv]y or gray hairs ) tufts ( br[n hairs 9 ! axils ( ! ve9s4 ,x is m pl5tiful 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood ,cornus florida ,l4 ,,! fl[]+ dogwood is r>e 9 ! nor!rn ?ird ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is a small tree1 gr[+ "u ! l>g] =e/ trees1 usually #ae to #cj feet 9 height & #f to #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a r flat & spread+ cr[n & %ort1 (t5 crook$ trunk4 ,! b>k is r$di%-br[n to black & brok5 up into small #d-sid$ scaly blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood ,leaf & fl[]s1 "o-half natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! leaves are opposite1 ovate1 #c to #e in*es long1 #b to #c in*es wide1 po9t$1 entire or wavy on ! m>g91 bright gre5 above1 pale gre5 or grayi% b5ea?4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* unfold f ! conspicu\s r\nd1 grayi%1 w9t] fl[] buds be=e ! leaves come out1 are small gre5i%-yell[1 arrang$ 9 d5se heads surr\nd$ by l>ge :ite or r>ely p9ki% petal-l bracts1 :i* give ! appe>ance ( l>ge spread+ fl[]s #b to #d in*es across4 ,! fruit is a bright sc>let b]ry1 #a_/b in* long & conta9+ a h>d nutlet 9 :i* are #a or #b se$s4 ,usually sev]al fruits1 or b]ries1 are conta9$ 9 "o head4 ,!y are reli%$ by birds1 squirrels & o!r animals4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 v close-gra9$1 br[n to r$ 9 color4 ,x is 9 great dem& = cotton-mill ma*9]y1 turn]y h&les & =ms4 ,"o o!r tree has q simil> wood--! p]simmon4 ,! dogwood1 ) its masses ( e>ly spr+ fl[]s1 its d>k r$ autumn foliage & its bright r$ b]ries1 is probably our mo/ ornam5tal native tree4 ,x %\ld be us$ mu* m ext5sively 9 roadside & ornam5tal plant+4 ,! alt]nate-leav$ dogwood1 ,cornus alt]nifolia ,l41 occasionally rea*es tree size ) long sl5d] bran*es arrang$ 9 irregul> :orls giv+ ! tree a /ori$ effect4 ,! fl[]s are small1 foll[$ by blue-black fruit borne 9 loose r$-/emm$ clu/]s4 ,,s\r ,,gum ,nyssa sylvatica ,m>%4 ,,! s\r gum1 (t5 call$ black gum1 is f\nd 9 _m types ( soil & 9 mo/ conditions ( soil moi/ure 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 b x becomes r>e 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 l[l&s1 x is occasionally f\nd 9 ye>-r\nd swamps ) cypress1 & 9 ! hills on dry slopes ) oaks & hickories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\r ,,gum ,"o-half natural size4 ,! leaves are simple1 #b to #c in*es long1 entire1 (t5 broad] ne> ! apex1 %9y1 d>k gre5 9 color4 ,9 ! fall ! leaves turn a mo/ brilliant r$4 ,! b>k on y\ng] trees is furr[$ betwe5 flat ridges1 & gradually develops into quadrangul> blocks t are d5se1 h>d & ne>ly black4 ,mo/ ( ! bran*es are ne>ly horizontal4 ,! gre5i% fl[]s on long sl5d] /ems appe> 9 e>ly spr+ :5 ! leaves are ab\t "o-?ird gr[n4 ,!y are usually ( two k9ds1 ! male 9 _m-fl[]$ heads & ! female 9 two to sev]al-fl[]$ clu/]s on diff]5t trees4 ,! fruit is a d>k blue1 fle%y b]ry1 #b_/c ( an in* long1 conta9+ a s+le h>d-%ell$ se$1 & is borne on long /ems1 #b to #c 9 a clu/]4 ,! wood is v t\gh1 cross-gra9$1 n durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 h>d to "w1 & w>ps easily4 ,x is us$ = crate & basket v5e]s1 box %ooks1 roll]s1 mallets1 r\gh floors1 m9e trams1 pulpwood & fuel4 ,! tupelo gum1 or cotton gum1 ,nyssa aquatica ,l41 is f\nd 9 deep riv] swamps :i* are flood$ dur+ a "p ( ! ye>4 ,x occurs 9 #d or #e ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,ill9ois 9 cypress swamps4 ,! enl>g$ base & ! l>g] fruit s]ve to di/+ui% x f ! s\r gum4 ,?is fruit or plum is ab\t an in* long1 d>k purple & has a t\gh sk9 enclos+ a flatt5$ /one4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & n /rong & is us$ = wood5w>e1 h&les1 fruit & vegetable packages4 ,,p]simmon ,diospyros virg9iana ,l4 ,,! p]simmon1 (t5 call$ simmon1 is well kn[n ?r\gh\t its range4 ,x is a small tree1 r>ely exce$+ #ej feet 9 height & #a in* 9 diamet]1 occurr+ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate f ! s\!rn "p nor? to ,peoria ,c\nty4 ,x seems to pref] dry1 op5 situations1 & is mo/ abundant 9 ! old fields1 ?\gh x also occurs on ri* bottom l&s4 ,! b>k ( old trees is almo/ black & sep>at$ into ?ick ne>ly squ>e blocks1 mu* l ! black gum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]simmon ,leaf1 "o-half natural size4 ,twig1 ?ree-qu>t]s natural size4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 oval1 entire1 #d to #f in*es long1 d>k gre5 & %9+ above1 pal] b5ea?4 ,! small fl[]s1 :i* appe> 9 ,may1 are yell[i% or creamy :ite1 some:at bell-%ap$1 ! two k9ds occurr+ on sep>ate trees2 ! male 9 clu/]s ( #b or #c1 ! female solit>y4 ,!y are visit$ by _m insects4 ,! fruit is a pulpy1 r\nd1 orange-color$ or br[n b]ry1 an in* or m 9 diamet] & conta9+ sev]al flatt5$1 h>d1 smoo? se$s4 ,x is /rongly a/r+5t :ile gre51 b q sweet & delici\s :5 ?or\ghly ripe4 ,! wood is h>d1 d5se1 heavy1 /rong1 ! he>twood br[n or black1 ! wide sapwood :ite or yell[i%4 ,x is p>ticul>ly valu$ = %uttles1 golf-/ick heads1 & simil> special uses1 b is n ( suffici5t comm]cial use to w>rant its g5]al enc\ragem5t z a timb] tree4 ,! ,h]cules' club1 ,aralia sp9osa ,l41 gr[s to tree size 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 ) a sp9y /em #be to #cj feet tall & a flat-topp$ head4 ,! d\bly comp\nd leaves are (t5 m ?an #c feet long4 ,its small gre5i%-:ite fl[]s are foll[$ by l>ge clu/]s ( purple juicy b]ries4 ,x is desirable = ornam5tal plant+4 ,,:ite ,,a% ,frax9us am]icana ,l4 ,,! :ite a% is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 b gr[s to be/ advantage 9 ! ri* moi/ soils ( bottom l&s4 ,x rea*es an av]age height ( #ej to #hj feet & a diamet] ( #b to #c feet1 ?\gh mu* l>g] trees are f\nd 9 virg9 =e/s4 ,! b>k v>ies 9 color f a light gray to a gray-br[n4 ,! r n>r[ ridges are sep>at$ ) m>k$ regul>ity by deep1 diamond-%ap$ fissures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,a% ,twig1 "o-half natural size4 ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! opposite leaves ( ! :ite a% are f #h to #ab in*es long & h f #e to #i pla9ly /alk$1 %>p-po9t$ leaflets1 d>k gre5 & smoo? above1 pale gre5 b5ea?4 ,! fl[]s are ( two k9ds on diff]5t trees1 ! /am9ate 9 d5se r$di%-purple clu/]s & ! pi/illate 9 m op5 bun*es4 ,! fruit ( ! a% is w+$1 #a to #a-a_/b in*es long1 resembl+ ! blade ( a canoe paddle 9 outl9e1 ) ! se$ at ! h&le end4 ,! fruits mature 9 late summ] & are di/ribut$ effectively by ! w9ds4 ,! wood ( ! :ite a% is extremely valuable on acc\nt ( its t\ghness & ela/icity4 ,x is pref]r$ to all o!r native woods = small tool h&les1 su* a?letic implem5ts z rackets1 bats1 & o>s1 & agricultural implem5ts4 ,x is also us$ ext5sively = furniture & int]ior f9i%4 ,! gre5 a%1 ,frax9us p5nsylvanica lanceolata ,s>g41 is common 9 /ream valleys ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,! hairy =m ( ?is tree is kn[n z ! r$ a%4 ,?is species diff]s f ! :ite a% 9 hav+ ! leaves bright gre5 or yell[-gre5 on bo? sides4 ,! fruit has ! w+ portion ext5d+ well d[n pa/ ! middle ( ! se$-be>+ "p1 & ) ! w+ sometimes squ>e or slightly not*$ at ! out] end4 ,! wood is simil> to t ( ! :ite a%1 b is n q s t\gh4 ,,blue ,,a% ,frax9us quadrangulata ,mi*x4 ,,! blue a% is n v common b widely di/ribut$ 9 ! upl& portions ( ! ,/ate1 :]e x is limit$ to lime/one bluffs1 occasionally desc5d+ to ! adjac5t bottom l&s4 ,x becomes a l>ge tree #fj feet or m 9 height ) a trunk #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,! "y twigs are usually squ>e1 sometimes w+$ or #d-ridg$ betwe5 ! leaf bases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,a% ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,fruit & twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! b>k is light gray t+$ ) r$1 #a_/b to #b_/c in* ?ick1 irregul>ly divid$ into l>ge plate-l scales4 ,mac]at+ ! inn] b>k 9 wat] yields a blue dye4 ,! leaves are #h to #ab in*es long1 hav+ #g to #aa /alk$ leaflets1 long po9t$ & co>sely too!d1 ?ick & firm1 smoo? & yell[i%-gre5 above1 pal] b5ea?4 ,! fl[]s are )\t petals & appe> 9 clu/]s :5 ! buds beg9 to exp&4 ,! fruit is flatt5$ & oblong1 #a to #b in*es long & less ?an #a_/b in* wide & usually not*$ at ! out] end4 ,! w+ is ab\t twice ! l5g? ( ! se$-be>+ portion & ext5ds d[n ! sides pa/ ! middle4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 & close-gra9$1 light yell[1 /reak$ ) br[n1 ) a v broad zone ( light] sapwood4 ,x is n usually di/+ui%$ comm]cially f ! wood ( o!r a%es4 ,! pumpk9 a%1 ,frax9us tom5tosa ,mi*x41 gr[s 9 deep riv] swamps 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,x is a tall sl5d] tree1 usually ) a mu* enl>g$ base4 ,! twigs are light gray4 ,! leaves1 ) #g to #i leaflets1 smoo? above & s(t d[ny bel[1 are f #aj to #ah in*es long4 ,! black a%1 ,frax9us nigra ,m>%41 appe>s occasionally on ! flood pla9s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,x may be kn[n by its a%y light gray b>k1 its v ?ick twigs & sessile1 long-po9t$ %>ply s]rate leaflets4 ,,catalpa ,catalpa speciosa ,w>d] ,,?is is a native to ! ,waba% ,valley ( ,ill9ois1 b has be5 widely plant$ & has spread some:at f>!r z a result ( cultivation4 ,x is a m$ium siz$ tree ) a %ort trunk & broad head ) spread+ bran*es4 ,because ( its attractive fl[]s & conspicu\s he>t-%ap$ leaves1 x is consid]ably us$ = %ade & ornam5t4 ,! b>k v>ies f d>k gray to br[n1 slightly r\gh1 be+ divid$ 9 n>r[ %all[ /rips or flakes4 ,! leaves are simple1 opposite1 oval1 long-po9t$1 #f to #aj in*es long1 & he>t-%ap$ at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,catalpa ,leaf1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,twig1 two-?irds natural size4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 clu/]s or panicles 9 ,may or ,june4 ,!y are :ite ) purple & yell[ m>k+s1 & ?is makes !m decid$ly %[y & attractive4 ,! fruit consi/s ( a bean-l pod1 #h to #af in*es long4 ,x hangs on ! tree ov] w9t] & gradually splits into #b p>ts1 or valves4 ,! se$s are ab\t #a in* long & t]m9ate 9 w+s t are r\nd$ & %ort-fr+$ at ! ends4 ,!y are freely c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,! wood is r s(t1 light1 co>se-gra9$ & durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is us$ = f5ce po/s1 poles & fuel1 & occasionally = railroad ties4 ,! paul[nia1 ,paul[nia tom5tosa 7,?umb74 ,/eud41 is a l>ge tree native ( ,*9a ) ! aspect ( ! catalpa ) broad opposite leaves4 ,its upright pyramidal clu/]s ( pale violet fl[]s :i* appe> ) ! unfold+ ( ! leaves are /rik+ly h&some4 ,! individual fl[]s are bell-%ap$1 two in*es long & spott$ ) d>k] purple4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,cons]vation ,division ( ,=e/ry ,,! ,/ate ,division ( ,=e/ry 0 organiz$ 9 #aibf z a division ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation4 ,x 0 organiz$ at t "t z a result ( an increas$ ne$ = prop] =e/ry practices )9 ! ,/ate on ! "p ( ! own]s ( timb] l& & pot5tial timb] l&s4 ,! objectives ( ! ,division are z foll[s3 #a4 ,to promote & assi/ 9 ! re=e/ation ( idle l&s unfit = agriculture4 #b4 ,to prev5t & control woods fires4 #c4 ,to control erosion by ! plant+ ( trees4 #d4 ,to e/abli% ,/ate =e/s to act z demon/ration areas 9 timb] l& managem5t4 #e4 ,to assi/ ,ill9ois f>m]s1 l&[n]s1 & corporations 9 woodl& managem5t practices4 #f4 ,to assi/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( c\nty & community =e/s4 #g4 ,to dissem9ate =e/ry k ?r\gh ! publication ( =e/ry lit]ature4 ,re=e/ation ,ill9ois has )9 its total l& area ( approximately #ce1hjj1jjj acres1 #b1ejj1jjj acres ( l& t %\ld be re=e/$4 ,^! l&s are ly+ idle at pres5t due to ! fact t !y are too poor = agricultural purposes4 ,z su* !y provide an economic burd5 to _! own]s & to ! ,/ate because !y are unproductive4 ,^! same l&s w gr[ trees pr(itably1 !re=e1 x is necess>y t !y be plant$ to trees = a future timb] crop :i* ultimately w br+ a rev5ue to ! l&[n]s & community4 ,to meet ?is situation1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation1 ,division ( ,=e/ry has develop$ two l>ge =e/ tree nurs]ies capable ( produc+ #ae1jjj1jjj trees annually = re=e/ation & erosion control purposes4 ,^! trees are available to f>m]s & l&[n]s at prices v>y+ f #e4jj to #ae4jj p] ?\s&1 dep5d5t ^u ! species ( trees desir$4 ,trees secur$ f ! ,/ate mu/ be us$ only = re=e/ation & erosion control & _c be us$ = l&scape or ornam5tal plant+s4 ,def9ite progress has be5 made 9 ! ,/ate re=e/ation program ( idle l&s4 ,! fir/ major di/ribution ( trees took place 9 #aicf at :i* "t #cjj1jjj trees 7 plant$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,s9ce #aicf ! ,/ate's re=e/ation program has /eadily be5 enl>g$ to ! ext5t t 9 #aidj1 #f1bej1jjj trees 7 di/ribut$ f ,/ate nurs]ies & 9 #aied1 #i1iif1jjj trees left ! ,division's nurs]ies to be plant$ by f>m]s & public ag5cies 9 ! ,/ate4 ,consid]able progress has be5 made1 h[ev]1 x is hop$ t ! re=e/ation program 9 ,ill9ois w cont9ue to exp& until all idle l&s 9 ,ill9ois are gr[+ a useful timb] crop4 ,=e/ ,fire ,protection ,woodl& fires 9 ,ill9ois always pres5t a s]i\s problem to ! future gr[? & quality ( our =e/s4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s wor? ( damage is done annually to our exi/+ woodl&s by fires :i* n only de/roy our m]*antable timb] b also cause sev]e mortality to "y =e/ se$l+s4 ,fires s]i\sly affect ! soil1 de/roy wildlife & disrupt ! entire biological balance ( ! =e/4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made1 !re=e1 to prev5t woods fires4 ,9 #aich ! ,/ate ,division ( ,=e/ry inaugurat$ a program 9 =e/ fire protection4 ,s9ce t "t t5 fire protection di/ricts & a =e/ fire protection headqu>t]s h be5 e/abli%$ 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,fire fight+ p]sonnel has be5 hir$1 radio communication e/abli%$1 & t5 ,/ate =e/ fire t[]s h be5 erect$4 ,fire protection has be5 e/abli%$ on all ,/ate =e/s4 ,necess>y tools & equipm5t = use by bo? =e/ry p]sonnel & volunte] gr\ps h be5 pur*as$4 ,z a result1 #c1fgd1jjj acres ( ,/ate & private l& are n[ receiv+ fire protection4 ,?is program w be enl>g$ z funds p]mit until all woodl& acreage 9 ne$ ( protection w receive necess>y fire protection4 ,our =e/ res\rces are a valuable asset to ,ill9ois & "o ( ! mo/ valuable r5ewable res\rces t we h4 ,!y c only be s1 h[ev]1 if adequate =e/ fire protection is af=d$ !m4 ,woodl& ,managem5t ,ill9ois' total =e/ acreage1 :5 our fir/ settl]s came to ! ,/ate1 includ$ #ae1bgc1jjj acres ( ! f9e/ timb] to be f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,?is repres5t$ #db p] c5t ( ! total acreage4 ,al?\gh ,ill9ois today is consid]$ /rictly an agricultural ,/ate1 at "o "t we 7 ri* 9 =e/ res\rces & !y 7 ! ,/ate's mo/ valuable asset4 ,today ,ill9ois has b #c1iif1jjj acres ( woodl&s ( :i* #ib is 9 private own]%ip4 ,! tra9$ =e/]s ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ry are mak+ e ef=t to assi/ f>m]s & l&[n]s 9 _! woodl& managem5t problems4 ,x is vitally necess>y t prop] =e/ry practices be conduct$ on our woodl&s today 9 ord] t ! l&[n]s realize an income f _! =e/ l&s & !reby make !m an asset r ?an a liability4 ,advice on woodl& managem5t is available free ( *>ge f ! ,division4 ,! m>ket+ & prop] utilization ( our exi/+ =e/ res\rces is ! conc]n ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ry4 ,approximately #a1jjj small sawmills are op]at+ 9 ! ,/ate &1 ( c\rse1 mu* timb] is ne$$ annually to keep su* mills 9 op]ation4 ,e ef=t is be+ made to advise timb] l&[n]s z to prop] cutt+ practices & disposal ( m]*antable timb]4 ,/ate ,=e/s ,! ,/ate at pres5t has #aj1aaj acres 9 ,/ate =e/s4 ,x is hop$ t ?is acreage c be enl>g$ 9 future ye>s z ,/ate appropriations p]mit4 ,! above acreage includes ?ree ,/ate =e/s locat$ 9 ,union1 ,mason & ,h5d]son c\nties4 ,ill9ois ,/ate =e/s w always be small] ?an ^? ( o!r /ates because ( ! unavailability ( l[ valu$ l&4 ,! ,division's propos$ ,/ate =e/ plan provides = a l>ge numb] ( small ,/ate =e/s ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate :i* w\ld s]ve z ideal examples ( prop] woodl& managem5t & re=e/ation practices4 ,z funds p]mit ^! w be acquir$ 9 ! future4 ,our ,/ate =e/s provide ideal recreational areas at pres5t & ?\s&s ( visitors use !m annually4 ,9 addition1 z ! timb] matures on !m1 !y w provide a rev5ue f timb] sales & become self-su/a9+4 ,community ,=e/s ,community =e/s are ! olde/ type ( =e/ l&s 9 public own]%ip4 ,"s h be5 9 exi/5ce = #bjj ye>s 9 ! ea/]n /ates & records ( old] community =e/s h be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,european c\ntries4 ,! ,division ( ,=e/ry is coop]at+ ) c\nties & communities 9 an ef=t to get a l>ge scale community =e/ program 9 ,ill9ois4 ,to date !re are #eh community =e/s hav+ a total acreage ( #eb1bif acres4 ,up to ! pres5t "t #gjj1jjj trees h be5 plant$ on ^! areas 9 coop]ation ) ! ,division ( ,=e/ry4 ,n9e c\nties 9 ! ,/ate h ,c\nty ,=e/ ,pres]ve ,di/ricts at pres5t4 ,! ratio ( t5 acres = ea* #a1jjj population )9 ! c\nty appe>s to be a fair goal = c\nty =e/ pres]ve sy/ems 9 accordance ) ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,plann+ ,commission4 ,on ?is basis #ai c\nties 9 ,ill9ois %\ld h =e/ pres]ves4 ,summ>y ,z a result ( increas$ appropriations = =e/ry 9 rec5t ye>s a def9ite well-plann$ =e/ry program is 9 effect 9 ,ill9ois4 ,= additional in=mation on ! ,division's activities1 write ! ,/ate ,=e/]1 ,spr+field4 ,,index ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,names ,page ,ac] negundo1 #eh nigrum1 #ef platanoides1 #eh rubrum1 #eg sac*>um1 #ef sac*>9um1 #eg ,aesculus hippoca/anum1 #ei glabra1 #ei ,ailan?us altissima1 #ed ,alnus glut9osa1 #ai incana1 #ai ,amelan*i] arborea1 #df canad5sis1 #df laevis1 #df ,aralia sp9osa1 #fc ,asim9a tribola1 #da ,betula lutea1 #ba nigra1 #ba papyrif]a1 #bj ,c>p9us c>ol9iana1 #ai ,c>ya aquatica1 #ac1 #ae buckleyi1 #ac1 #ah cordi=mis1 #ac1 #ad glabra1 #ac1 #ah ill9o5sis1 #ac1 #ae lac9iosa1 #ac1 #af ovalis1 #ac1 #ag ovata1 #ac1 #af pecan1 #ae tom5tosa1 #ac1 #ag ,ca/anea d5tata1 #bb ,catalpa speciosa1 #ff ,celtis leavigata1 #cf occid5talis1 #cf ,c]cis canad5sis1 #eb ,cornus alt]nifolia1 #fa florida1 #fa ,crataegus calpod5dron1 #dg crus-galli1 #dg mollis1 #dh pho5opyrum1 #dh punctata1 #dg viridis1 #dh ,diospyros virg9iana1 #fc ,fagus gr&ifolia1 #bb ,frax9us am]icana1 #fd nigra1 #fe p5nsylvanica1 #fd quadrangulata1 #fe tom5tosa1 #fe ,gl$itsia aquatica1 #ea triacan?os1 #ea ,gymnocladus dioicus1 #eb ,juglans c9]ea1 #ab nigra1 #aa ,junip]us virg9iana1 #g ,l>ix decidua1 #f l>ic9a1 #f ,liquidamb> /yraciflua1 #dc ,liriod5dron tulipif]a1 #dj ,maclura pomif]a1 #cg ,magnolia acum9ata1 #ci ,malus coron>ia1 #de i5sis1 #de ,morus alba1 #ch rubra1 #ch ,nyssa aquatica1 #fb sylvatica1 #fb ,o/rya virg9iana1 #bj ,paul[nia tom5tosa1 #ff ,picea abies1 #e ,p9us banksiana1 #e e*9ata1 #e nigra1 #d /robus1 #d sylve/ris1 #e ,plan]a aquatica1 #ce ,platanus ac]ifolia1 #dd occid5talis1 #dd ,populus alba1 #i deltoides1 #i gr&id5ta1 #h nigra1 #i het]ophylla1 #i tacamahaca1 #i tremuloides1 #h ,prunus am]icana1 #di hortulana1 #di nigra1 #di p5nsylvanica1 #ej s]ot9a1 #ej virg9iana1 #ej ,qu]cus alba1 #bc1 #bd borealis1 #bh bicolor1 #bc1 #be cocc9ea1 #bc1 #cj digitata1 #ca ellipsoidalis1 #bc1 #bi falcata1 #bc1 #ca imbric>ia1 #bc1 #cc lyrata1 #bc1 #bd macroc>pa1 #bc1 #be m>il&ica1 #bc1 #cb montana1 #bf muhl5b]gii1 #bc1 #bf pagodaefolia1 #ca palu/ris1 #bc1 #cj phellos1 #bc1 #cc pr9us1 #bc1 #bf rubra1 #bh1 #ca %um>dii1 #bc1 #bh /ellata1 #bc1 #bg velut9a1 #bc1 #bi ,rhus copall9a1 #ee glabra1 #ee typh9a1 #ee ,rob9ia pseudoacacia1 #ec ,sassafras albidum1 #db ,salix alba1 #aj amygdaloides1 #aj babylonica1 #aj nigra1 #aj fragilis1 #aj ,taxodium di/i*um1 #f ,?uja occid5talis1 #g ,tilia am]icana1 #fj het]ophylla1 #fj ,ulmus alata1 #cd am]icana1 #cd fulva1 #ce rubra1 #ce ?omasi1 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,backcov]