---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcriber's note3 ,names in bold characters are enclosed within plus signs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,illustration3 ,frontcover ,,state ,,of ,,illinois ,,otto ,,kerner1 ,governor ,,forest ,,trees ,,of ,,illinois ,,how ,,to ,,know ,,them ,a ,,pocket ,,manual ,,describing ,,their ,,most ,,important ,,characteristics ,revised by ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,fuller1 ,professor ,emeritus of ,botany1 ,university of ,chicago1 ,curator of ,botany1 ,illinois ,state ,museum1 and ,state ,forester ,e4 ,e4 ,nuuttila4 7#ast4 ed41 #aibg1 by ,mattoon1 ,w4 ,r41 and ,miller1 ,r4 ,b47 ,revised #aiee ,,department ,,of ,,conservation ,,division ,,of ,,forestry ,,springfield ,,william ,t4 ,,lodge1 ,director 7,printed by ,authority of the ,state of ,illinois7 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,page ,ailanthus #ed ,alder1 black #ai speckled #ai ,apple1 crab #de ,arbor vitae #g ,ash1 black #fe blue #fe green #fd pumpkin #fe red #fd white #fd ,aspen1 large-tooth #h quaking #h ,bald cypress #f ,basswood #fj white #fj ,beech #bb blue #ai ,birch1 black #ba river #ba white #bj yellow #ba ,black locust #ec ,black walnut #aa ,bois d'arc #cg ,box elder #eh ,buckeye1 ,ohio #ei ,buttonwood #dd ,butternut #b ,catalpa #ff ,cedar1 northern white #g red #g ,cherry1 black #ej choke #ej wild red #ej ,chestnut #bb ,coffee tree1 ,kentucky #eb ,cottonwood #i swamp #i ,crab1 apple #de ,bechtel's #de prairie #de sweet #de ,cucumber1 magnolia #ci ,cypress1 bald #f ,dogwood1 alternate-leaved #fa flowering #fa ,elm1 ,american #cd cork #cd red #ce rock #cd slippery #ce water #ce winged #cd ,gum1 cotton #fb sour #fb sweet #dc tupelo #fb ,hackberry #cf southern #cf ,haw1 green #dh red #dh ,hawthorn1 cock-spur #dg dotted #dg green #dh red #dh ,hedge apple #cg ,hercules' club #fc ,hickories1 key of ,illinois #ac ,hickory1 big shell-bark #af bitternut #ad ,buckley's #ah king-nut #af mockernut #ag pecan #ae pignut #ah shag-bark #af sweet pignut #ag water #ad white #ag ,honey locust #ea ,hornbeam1 ,american #ai hop #bj ,horse-chestnut #ei ,kentucky coffee-tree #eb ,larch1 ,american #f ,european #f ,linden1 ,american #fj ,locust1 black #ec honey #ea water #ea ,magnolia1 cucumber #ci ,maple1 ash-leaved #eh black #ef ,norway #eh red #eg river #eg silver #eg sugar #ef swamp #eg ,mulberry1 red #ch ,russian #ch white #ch ,oak1 basket #bf black #bi black jack #cb bur #be chinquapin #bf jack #bi northern pin #bi northern red #bh overcup #bd pin #cj post #bg red #bh rock chestnut #bf scarlet #cj shingle #cc ,shumard's #bh southern red #ca ,spanish #ca swamp chestnut #bf swamp ,spanish #ca swamp white #be white #bd willow #cc yellow chestnut #bf ,oaks1 of ,illinois1 a key #bc ,ohio buckeye #ei ,orange1 osage #cg ,papaw #da ,paulownia #ff ,pecan #ae ,persimmon #fc ,pine1 ,austrian #d jack #e ,scotch #e shortleaf #e white #d ,plane tree #dd ,plum1 ,canada #di wild #di wild goose #di yellow #di ,poplar1 balsam #i ,carolina #i ,european white #i ,lombardy #i yellow #dj ,redbud #eb ,red cedar #g ,sassafras #db ,service-berry #df smooth #df ,shadblow #df ,sour gum #fb ,spruce1 ,norway #e ,sweet gum #dc ,sumac1 shining #ee smooth #ee staghorn #ee ,sycamore #dd ,european #dd ,tamarack #f ,thorn1 cock-spur #dg dotted #dg pear #dg ,washington #dh ,tree of ,heaven #ed ,tulip tree #dj ,tupelo gum #fb ,walnut1 black #aa white #ab ,willow1 black #aj crack #aj peach-leaved #aj weeping #aj white #aj ,see pages #gj and #ga for ,index of ,scientific ,names ,,white ,,pine ,pinus strobus ,l4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,pine ,two-thirds natural size4 ,,the white pine is found along the bluffs overlooking ,lake ,michigan in ,lake and ,cook counties and is also scattered along river bluffs in ,jo ,daviess1 ,carroll1 ,ogle and ,la,salle counties4 ,the only grove of this beautiful tree in ,illinois is in the ,white ,pines ,forest ,state ,park near ,oregon1 ,ogle ,county1 where there are trees over #ajj years old that have attained a height of #ij feet with a diameter of #cj inches4 ,this tree formerly formed the most valuable forests in the northeastern ,united ,states1 stretching from ,maine through ,new ,york to ,minnesota4 ,the straight stem1 regular pyramidal shape and soft gray-green foliage made it universally appreciated as an ornamental tree and it has been freely planted throughout the ,state4 ,the leaves1 or needles1 are #c to #e inches in length1 bluish-green on the upper surface and whitish beneath1 and occur in bundles of #e1 which distinguishes it from all other eastern pines4 ,the pollen-bearing flowers are yellow and clustered in cones1 about #a_/c inch long at the base of the growth of the season4 ,the seed-producing flowers occur on other twigs and are bright red in color4 ,the cone1 or fruit1 is #d to #f inches long1 cylindrical with thin usually very gummy scales1 containing small1 winged seeds which require two years to mature4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 durable1 not strong1 light brown in color1 often tinged with red1 and easily worked4 ,it was formerly much used in old colonial houses where even the shingles were of white pine4 ,it is excellent for boxes1 pattern making1 matches1 and many other products4 ,its rapid growth and the high quality of the wood make it one of the best trees for reforestation on light soils in the northern part of the ,state4 ,the white pine blister rust was introduced into ,america about #ce years ago1 and has since become widespread and highly destructive of both old trees and young growth4 ,the ,austrian pine1 ,pinus nigra ,arnold1 has been naturalized in ,lake ,county and has been planted as an ornamental tree throughout the ,state4 ,its leaves in #b's1 from #c to #e inches long1 stiff and dark green4 ,the cone is heavy1 #c inches long with short prickles4 ,,shortleaf ,,pine ,pinus echinata ,mill4 ,illustration3 ,,shortleaf ,,pine ,leaves1 one-half natural size4 ,fruit1 natural size4 ,,the shortleaf pine1 sometimes called yellow pine1 occurs in very small stands in the ,pine ,hills of ,union ,county1 in ,jackson ,county1 in ,giant ,city ,state ,park1 and near ,piney ,creek in ,randolph ,county4 ,it forms forests on light sandy soils in ,tennessee1 ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma and ,texas4 ,at maturity1 the tree has a tall1 straight stem and an oval crown1 reaching a height of about #ajj feet and a diameter of about #d feet4 ,the leaves are in clusters of two or three1 from #c to #e inches long1 slender1 flexible1 and dark blue-green4 ,the cones are the smallest of our pines1 #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b inches long1 oblong1 with small sharp prickles1 generally clustered1 and often holding to the twigs for #c or #d years4 ,the bark is light brownish-red1 broken into rectangular plates on the trunk but scaly on the branches4 ,the wood of old trees is rather heavy and hard1 of yellow-brown or orange color1 fine grained and less resinous than that of other important southern pines4 ,it is used largely for interior and exterior finishing1 general construction1 veneers1 paper pulp1 excelsior1 cooperage1 mine props1 and other purposes4 ,the tree transplants readily1 grows rapidly1 succeeds on a variety of soils and has proved valuable for reforestation4 ,a few trees of jack pine1 ,pinus banksiana ,lamb41 are found in ,lake ,county4 ,it is a small northern tree with leaves about an inch long1 borne in #b's1 with cones about #b inches long4 ,it is planted for reforestation in the ,state4 ,the ,scots pine1 ,pinus sylvestris ,l41 has been freely planted in ,illinois and may be known by its orange-brown bark and its twisted leaves #b to #c inches long1 arranged in #b's4 ,it has become naturalized on the sand dunes in ,lake ,county4 ,the ,norway spruce1 ,picea abies ,karst41 has been freely planted throughout the ,state4 ,it forms a dense conical spire-topped crown and reaches a height of #ej to #gj feet4 ,the leaves are needle-shaped1 about an inch long1 dark green1 and persist for about #e years4 ,the pendulous cones are from #c to #f inches long4 ,it is desirable for ornamental planting4 ,,bald ,,cypress ,taxodium distichum ,richard ,illustration3 ,,cypress ,natural size4 ,,the bald cypress is a tree found exclusively in deep swamps and was found in southern ,illinois from the ,mississippi bottoms to ,shawneetown4 ,its straight trunk with numerous ascending branches1 and narrow conical outline makes the tree one of considerable beauty4 ,in old age1 the tree generally has a broad fluted or buttressed base1 a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a broad1 open1 flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous small branchlets4 ,the original-growth timber attained heights of #hj to #acj feet and diameters of #e to #aj feet4 ,the bark is silvery to cinnamon-red and finely divided by numerous longitudinal fissures4 ,the leaves are about #a_/b to #c_/d of an inch in length1 arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small branchlets1 which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached4 ,the fruit is a rounded cone1 or ball1 about one inch in diameter1 consisting of thick irregular scales4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 easily worked1 varies in color from light to dark brown1 and is particularly durable in contact with the soil4 ,hence it is in demand for exterior trim of buildings1 greenhouse planking1 boat and shipbuilding1 shingles1 posts1 poles and crossties4 ,the tamarack1 or ,american larch1 ,larix laricina ,k4 ,koch1 resembles the bald cypress in growing in swamps and in shedding its leaves in autumn4 ,this tree is found in ,illinois growing in bogs in ,lake and ,mc,henry counties4 ,the leaves are flat1 soft1 slender1 about one inch long and borne in clusters4 ,the cones are only #a_/b to #c_/d inch long4 ,the ,european larch1 ,larix decidua ,mill41 may be distinguished from the native species by having slightly longer leaves and larger cones that are more than an inch long4 ,,red ,,cedar ,juniperus virginiana ,l4 ,,red cedar1 the most plentiful coniferous tree in the ,state1 is very valuable1 growing on a great variety of soils1 seeming to thrive on hills where few other trees are found4 ,it is more common in the southern counties4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,cedar ,natural size4 ,there are two kinds of leaves1 often both kinds being found on the same tree4 ,the commoner kind is dark green1 minute and scale-like1 clasping the stem in four ranks1 so that the stems appear square4 ,the other kind1 often appearing on young growth or vigorous shoots1 is awl-shaped1 quite sharp-pointed1 spreading and whitened beneath4 ,the two kinds of flowers1 appearing in ,february or ,march1 are at the ends of the twigs on separate trees4 ,the staminate trees assume a golden color from the small catkins1 which1 when shaken1 shed clouds of yellow pollen4 ,the fruit1 ripening the first season1 is pale blue with a white bloom1 #a_/d inch in diameter1 berry-like with sweet flesh4 ,it is a favorite winter food for birds4 ,the bark is very thin1 reddish-brown1 peeling off in long1 shred-like strips4 ,the tree is extremely irregular in its growth1 so that the trunk is usually more or less grooved4 ,the heartwood is distinctly red1 and the sapwood white1 this color combination making very striking effects when finished for cedar chests1 closets1 and interior woodwork4 ,the wood is aromatic1 soft1 strong1 and of even texture1 and these qualities make it most desirable for lead pencils4 ,it is very durable in contact with the soil1 and on that account is in great demand for posts1 poles and rustic work4 ,the arbor vitae or northern white cedar1 ,thuja occidentalis ,l41 is found occasionally on the bluffs overlooking ,lake ,michigan1 on the cliffs of ,starved ,rock1 in ,elgin ,city ,park1 and in bogs in ,lake ,county4 ,the leaves are aromatic1 scale-like1 #a_/h inch long1 arranged to give small flat branches4 ,the fruit is a cone #a_/b inch long4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 durable1 fragrant1 and pale brown4 ,,quaking ,,aspen ,populus tremuloides ,michx4 ,,this is one of the most widely distributed trees in ,north ,america4 ,its range goes from ,labrador to ,british ,columbia and from ,new ,england and ,new ,york far south in the ,rocky ,mountains to ,arizona4 ,in ,illinois it is common in the north1 but of infrequent occurrence in the south4 ,illustration3 ,,aspen ,three-fourths natural size4 ,the aspen is a small tree1 reaching heights of #dj to #fj feet and diameters of #aj to #bj inches4 ,the young branches are reddish-brown soon turning gray4 ,the winter buds are about #a_/d inch long1 pointed and shining4 ,the bark is thin1 smooth1 light gray tinged with green4 ,the leaves are on slender flat petioles1 arranged alternately on the twigs1 and broadly oval1 short pointed and shallowly toothed4 ,they are green1 shiny above and dull below1 ranging from #b to #d inches long and about the same in breadth4 ,the flowers are in catkins and appear before the leaves begin to expand4 ,the two kinds are borne on separate trees1 the staminate catkins are about #b inches long1 but the seed-producing flowers form a long slender cluster #d inches in length4 ,the fruit is a conical capsule filled with tiny cottony seeds which ripen in late spring before the leaves are fully expanded4 ,the wood is light brown1 almost white4 ,it is light1 weak and not durable1 and is used for pulpwood1 fruit-crates and berry boxes4 ,the large-tooth aspen1 ,populus grandidentata ,michx41 is found in the northern half of ,illinois and frequently grows alongside the quaking aspen4 ,its leaves are larger than those of the quaking aspen and the edges are coarsely and irregularly toothed4 ,the winter buds have dull chestnut-brown scales and are somewhat downy4 ,the bark is light gray tinged with reddish-brown4 ,,cottonwood ,populus deltoides ,marsh4 ,,the cottonwood1 or ,carolina poplar1 is one of the largest trees in ,illinois1 growing on flood plains along small streams and in depressions in the prairie4 ,it is one of the best trees for forestry purposes for planting where quick shade is desired4 ,the wood is soft1 light1 weak1 fine-grained but tough4 ,it is good for pulp1 boxes and berry baskets4 ,illustration3 ,,cottonwood ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-third natural size4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 broadly triangular1 pointed and coarse toothed on the edges1 #c to #e inches across1 thick and firm supported by flattened slender petioles1 #b to #c inches long4 ,the winter buds are large and covered with chestnut-brown shining resinous scales4 ,the flowers are in catkins1 of two kinds1 on different trees and appear before the leaves4 ,the fruit ripens in late spring1 appearing as long drooping strings of ovoid capsules filled with small seeds4 ,these strings of fruit1 #e to #h inches long1 give to the tree the name of necklace poplar4 ,the seeds are covered with white cottony hairs4 ,the swamp cottonwood1 ,populus heterophylla ,l41 occurs in swamps in the southern part of ,illinois1 and may be known by its broadly ovate leaves1 #c to #e inches wide and #d to #g inches long with blunt-apex and cordate base4 ,a few trees of the balsam poplar1 ,populus tacamahaca ,mill41 are found in ,lake ,county near the shores of ,lake ,michigan4 ,the leaves are ovate-lanceolate1 pointed1 and cordate4 ,the large buds are covered with fragrant resin4 ,the ,european white poplar1 ,populus alba ,l41 with light gray bark and leaves1 white wooly beneath1 is often found near old houses and along roadsides4 ,the ,lombardy poplar1 a tall narrow form of the ,european black poplar1 ,populus nigra var4 italica ,du ,roi1 is often planted and is a striking tree for the roadside4 ,,black ,,willow ,salix nigra ,marsh4 ,,the black willow is not only a denizen of the forest but it is at home on the prairies and on the plains and even invades the desert4 ,it grows singly or in clumps along the water courses1 a tree #dj to #fj feet in height with a short trunk4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,willow ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the bark is deeply divided into broad flat ridges1 often becoming shaggy4 ,the twigs1 brittle at the base1 are glabrous or pubescent1 bright red-brown becoming darker with age4 ,the winter buds are #a_/h inch long1 covered with a single smooth scale4 ,the wood is soft1 light1 close-grained1 light brown and weak4 ,it is often used in the manufacture of artificial limbs4 ,the alternate simple leaves are #c to #f inches long1 and one-half inch wide on very short petioles2 the tips are much tapered and the margins are finely toothed4 ,they are bright green on both sides1 turning pale yellow in the early autumn4 ,the flowers are in catkins1 appearing with the leaves1 borne on separate trees4 ,the staminate flowers of the black willow have #c to #e stamens each1 while the white willow has flowers with #b stamens4 ,the native peach-leaved willow1 ,salix amygdaloides ,anders41 is a smaller tree with leaves #b to #f inches long1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b inches wide1 light green and shining above1 pale and glaucous beneath1 on petioles about #c_/d inch long4 ,the white willow1 ,salix alba ,l41 and the crack willow1 ,salix fragilis ,l41 with bright yellow twigs1 are ,european species which are often planted for ornamental purposes4 ,their flowers have only #b stamens each and their leaves are silky1 bright green above and glaucous beneath4 ,the latter has twigs that are very brittle at the base4 ,another ,european species is the weeping willow1 ,salix babylonica ,l41 which may be known by its slender drooping branches4 ,,black ,,walnut ,juglans nigra ,l4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,walnut ,leaf1 one-fifth natural size4 ,twig1 three-quarters natural size4 ,,this valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom lands and on moist fertile hillsides throughout the ,state4 ,the black walnut is found from ,massachusetts westward to ,minnesota and southward to ,florida and ,texas4 ,in the forest1 where it grows singly1 it frequently attains a height of #ajj feet with a straight stem1 clear of branches for half its height4 ,in open-grown trees1 the stem is short and the crown broad and spreading4 ,the bark is thick1 dark brown in color1 and divided by rather deep fissures into rounded ridges4 ,the twigs have cream-colored chambered pith and leaf-scars without downy pads above4 ,the leaves are alternate1 compound1 #a to #b feet long1 consisting of from #ae to #bc leaflets of yellowish-green color4 ,the leaflets are about #c inches long1 extremely tapering at the end and toothed along the margin4 ,the fruit is a nut1 borne singly or in pairs1 and enclosed in a solid green husk which does not split open1 even after the nut is ripe4 ,the nut itself is black with a very hard1 thick1 finely ridged shell1 enclosing a rich1 oily kernel edible and highly nutritious4 ,the heartwood is of superior quality and value4 ,it is heavy1 hard and strong1 and its rich chocolate-brown color1 freedom from warping and checking1 susceptibility to a high polish1 and durability make it highly prized for a great variety of uses1 including furniture1 cabinet work1 and gun-stocks4 ,walnut is easily propagated from the nuts and grows rapidly on good soil1 where it should be planted and grown for timber and nuts4 ,it is the most valuable tree found in the forests of ,illinois and originally grew extensively throughout the ,state4 ,,butternut ,juglans cinerea ,l4 ,,the butternut1 sometimes called the white walnut1 is a smaller tree than the black walnut1 although it may reach a height of #gj feet and a diameter of #c feet4 ,it is found all over the ,state1 but the best is in the ravines of southern ,illinois4 ,the butternut is found from ,maine to ,michigan and southward to ,kansas1 ,tennessee and northern ,georgia4 ,the trunk is often forked or crooked and this makes it less desirable for saw timber4 ,illustration3 ,,butternut ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the bark differs from that of the black walnut in being light gray on branches and on the trunk of small trees1 becoming darker on large trees4 ,this tree may also be distinguished from black walnut by the velvet collars just above the scars left by last year's leaves4 ,the twigs have chocolate-brown chambered pith and bear obliquely blunt winter buds somewhat flattened1 brownish and hairy4 ,the compound leaves are #ae to #cj inches long1 each with #aa to #ag sharp-pointed1 oblong1 finely toothed leaflets #b to #c inches long4 ,the staminate and pistillate flowers are on the same tree1 the former in long yellowish-green drooping catkins and the latter are short with red-fringed stigmas4 ,the fruit is a nut enclosed in an oblong1 somewhat pointed1 yellowish-green husk1 about #b inches long1 which is covered with short1 rusty1 clammy1 sticky hairs4 ,the nut has a rough1 grooved shell and an oily1 edible kernel4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 not strong1 coarse-grained1 light brown1 and takes a good polish4 ,it is used for interior finish of houses and for furniture4 ,a yellow or orange dye can be made from the husks of the nuts4 ,a ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,illinois ,,hickories ,a4 ,bud scales opposite2 appearing somewhat grooved lengthwise2 leaflets usually lanceolate1 generally curved backwards2 nut-husks usually winged2 nut thin-shelled4 ,b4 ,leaflets #e-i2 leaves #f-aj inches long1 winter buds bright yellow2 nut gray globose1 meat bitter ,c4 cordiformis ,,bb4 ,leaflets #g-ac2 leaves #i-ac inches long1 winter buds dark brown1 nut brown1 pear-shaped1 meat bitter ,c4 aquatica ,,bbb4 ,leaflets #i-ag2 leaves #ab-bj inches long1 winter buds yellow1 nut elongated1 meat sweet ,c4 illinoensis ,,aa4 ,bud scales not in pairs2 more than #f2 leaflets not recurved2 nut husks usually not winged2 nut thick-shelled4 ,b4 ,buds large2 twigs stout2 nut angled2 kernel sweet4 ,c4 ,leaflets #e2 leaves #h-ad inches long1 nut whitish1 bark shaggy ,c4 ovata ,,cc4 ,leaflets #g-i2 leaves #ae-bj inches long1 nut reddish-brown ,c4 laciniosa ,,ccc4 ,leaflets #g-i2 leaves #h-ab inches long1 hairy ,c4 tomentosa ,,bb4 ,buds small2 twigs slender2 nut angled4 ,c4 ,leaflets usually #e2 leaves #h-ab inches long2 fruit pear-shaped2 kernel astringent ,c4 glabra ,,cc4 ,leaflets usually #g2 leaves #h-aj inches long2 fruit ovoid2 shell ridged1 thin2 kernel sweet ,c4 ovalis ,,ccc4 ,leaflets usually #g2 leaves #aj-ab inches long2 shell thin1 conspicuously veined ,c4 buckleyi ,,bitternut ,,hickory ,carya cordiformis ,k4 ,koch ,,the bitternut hickory is a tall slender tree with broadly pyramidal crown1 attaining a height of #ajj feet and a diameter of #b to #c feet4 ,it is found along stream banks and on moist soil1 and it is well known by its roundish bitter nuts4 ,illustration3 ,,bitternut ,,hickory ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the bark on the trunk is granite-gray1 faintly tinged with yellow and smoother than in most of the hickories1 yet broken into thin plate-like scales4 ,the winter buds are compressed1 scurfy1 and of a bright yellow color4 ,the leaves are alternate1 compound1 from #f to #aj inches long1 and composed of from #g to #aa leaflets4 ,the individual leaflets are smaller and more slender than those of the other hickories4 ,the flowers are of two kinds on the same tree2 the staminate in long pendulous green catkins1 the pistillate in #b to #e flowered spikes1 #a_/b inch long1 brown-hairy4 ,the fruit is about #a inch long and thin-husked1 while the nut is usually thin-shelled and brittle1 and the kernel very bitter4 ,the wood is hard1 strong and heavy1 reddish-brown in color4 ,from this last fact it gets its local name of red hickory4 ,it is said to be somewhat inferior to the other hickories1 but is used for the same purposes4 ,,pecan ,carya illinoensis 7,wang47 ,k4 ,koch 7,carya pecan 7,marsh47 ,e4 ,g47 ,,the pecan is a river-bottom tree found in southern ,illinois extending its range northward to ,adams1 ,peoria1 ,fayette and ,lawrence counties4 ,the tree is the largest of the hickories1 attaining heights of over #ajj feet and1 when in the open1 forming a large rounded top of symmetrical shape4 ,it makes an excellent shade tree and is also planted in orchards for its nuts4 ,the outer bark is rough1 hard1 tight1 but broken into scales2 on the limbs1 it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the bark grows old4 ,illustration3 ,,pecan ,one-quarter natural size4 ,the leaves resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut4 ,they are made up of #i to #ag leaflets1 each oblong1 toothed and long-pointed1 and #d to #h inches long by about #b inches wide4 ,the flowers appear in early spring and hang in tassels from #b to #c inches long4 ,the fruit is a nut1 #d-winged or angled1 pointed from #a to #b inches long1 and one-half to #a inch in diameter1 borne in a husk which divides along its grooved seams when the nut ripens in the fall4 ,the nuts1 which vary in size and in the thickness of the shell1 have been greatly improved by selection and cultivation and are sold on the market in large quantities4 ,the wood is strong1 tough1 heavy and hard and is used occasionally in making handles1 parts for vehicles1 for fuel and for veneers4 ,the water hickory1 ,carya aquatica ,nutt41 is a smaller tree1 found in swamps in southern ,illinois1 with leaves made up of #g to #ac leaflets2 the nut is thin-shelled1 angular and bitter4 ,,shag-,,bark ,,hickory ,carya ovata ,k4 ,koch ,,the shag-bark hickory is well known for its sweet and delicious nuts4 ,it is a large commercial tree1 averaging #fj to #ajj feet high and #a to #b feet in diameter4 ,it thrives best on rich1 damp soil and is common along streams1 on rich uplands1 and on moist hillsides throughout the ,state4 ,illustration3 ,,shag-,,bark ,,hickory ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark of the trunk is rougher than other hickories1 light gray and separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the tree4 ,the terminal winter buds are egg-shaped1 the outer bud-scales having narrow tips4 ,the leaves are alternate1 compound1 from #h to #ae inches long1 and composed of #e1 rarely #g obovate to ovate leaflets4 ,the twigs are smooth or clothed with short hairs4 ,the fruit is borne singly or in pairs and is globular4 ,the husk is thick and deeply grooved at the seams4 ,the nut is much compressed and pale1 the shell thick1 and the kernel sweet4 ,the flowers are of two kinds1 opening after the leaves have attained nearly their full size4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 tough and strong2 it is white largely in the manufacture of agricultural implements and tool handles1 and the building of carriages and wagons4 ,for fuel the hickories are the most satisfactory of our native trees4 ,the big shell bark or king-nut hickory1 ,carya laciniosa 7,michx4 f47 ,loud41 becomes a tall tree on the rich bottom lands in the southern half of ,illinois4 ,it resembles the shag-bark hickory but the leaves are longer with #g to #i leaflets1 and the nuts are #b inches long with a thick bony shell and a sweet kernel4 ,,mockernut ,,hickory ,carya tomentosa ,nutt4 ,,the mockernut1 or white hickory1 is common on well-drained soils throughout the ,state4 ,it is a tall1 short-limbed tree often #fj feet high and #a to #b feet in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,mockernut ,,hickory ,leaf1 one-fifth natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the bark is dark gray1 hard1 closely and deeply furrowed often apparently cross-furrowed or netted4 ,the winter buds are large1 round or broadly egg-shaped and covered with a downy growth4 ,the leaves are large1 strong-scented and hairy1 composed of #g to #i obovate to oblong1 pointed leaflets which turn a beautiful yellow in the fall4 ,the flowers1 like those of all other hickories1 are of two kinds on the same tree2 the staminate in three-branched catkins1 the pistillate in clusters of #b to #e4 ,the fruit is oval1 nearly round or slightly pear-shaped with a very thick1 strong-scented husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe4 ,the nut is of various forms1 but sometimes #d to #f ridged1 light brown1 and has a very thick shell and small1 sweet kernel4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 tough and strong2 it is white excepting the comparatively small1 dark-brown heart1 hence the name white hickory4 ,it is used for vehicle parts and handles4 ,it furnishes the best of fuel4 ,this and other hickories are very desirable both for forest and shade trees4 ,in the southern part of ,illinois1 the small fruited or sweet pignut1 ,carya ovalis ,sargent1 occurs on rich hillsides4 ,the leaves have #g leaflets on reddish-brown twigs1 with small yellowish winter buds4 ,the nut is an inch long1 enclosed in a very thin hairy husk1 the shell is thin and the kernel sweet4 ,,pignut ,,hickory ,carya glabra ,sweet ,,the pignut hickory is rare in the northern part of ,illinois but occurs plentifully in the rest of the ,state1 growing to a medium sized tree on rich uplands4 ,it has a tapering trunk and a narrow oval head with drooping branches4 ,illustration3 ,,pignut ,,hickory ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark is close1 ridged and grayish1 but occasionally rough and flaky4 ,the twigs are thin1 smooth and glossy brown4 ,the leaves are smooth1 #h to #ab inches long and composed of #e to #g leaflets4 ,the individual leaflets are rather small and narrow4 ,the winter buds are #a_/b inch long1 egg-shaped1 polished1 and light brown4 ,the fruit is pear-shaped or rounded1 usually with a neck at the base1 very thin husks splitting only half way to the base or not at all4 ,the nut is smooth1 light brown in color1 rather thick-shelled1 and has a somewhat astringent edible kernel4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 tough and flexible4 ,its uses are the same as those of the other hickories4 ,buckley's hickory1 ,carya buckleyi ,durand1 occurs on sandy uplands in the southwest4 ,it is a small tree with spreading1 contorted branches4 ,the fruit is contained in a hairy husk1 the nut is angular1 marked with pale veins and has a sweet kernel4 ,,blue ,,beech ,carpinus caroliniana ,walt4 ,,the blue beech1 or ,american hornbeam1 belongs to the birch family rather than to the beeches4 ,it is a small slow-growing bushy tree1 #bj to #cj feet tall with a diameter #d to #h inches4 ,it is found along streams and in low ground through the ,state4 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,beech ,leaf1 one-half natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the trunk is smooth fluted with irregular ridges extending up and down the tree4 ,the bark is light brownish-gray to dark bluish-gray in color1 sometimes marked with dark bands extending horizontally on the trunk4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 oval1 long-pointed1 doubly-toothed along the margin1 #b or #c inches in length4 ,they resemble those of the ,american elm1 but are smaller and thinner4 ,the flowers1 appearing after the leaves1 are borne in catkins separately on the same tree2 the staminate catkins are about #a-a_/b inches long1 the pistillate being only #c_/d of an inch long with small leaf-like green scales each bearing #b pistils with long scarlet styles4 ,the fruit ripens in midsummer1 but often remains on the tree long after the leaves have fallen4 ,it is a nutlet about #a_/c of an inch long1 attached to a leaf-like halberd-shaped bract which acts as a wing in aiding its distribution by the wind4 ,the wood is tough1 close-grained1 heavy and strong4 ,it is sometimes selected for use for levers1 tool handles1 wooden cogs1 mallets1 wedges1 etc4 ,another small tree of the birch family is the speckled alder1 ,alnus incana ,moench1 which is found occasionally in wet places in the northern part of the ,state4 ,the black alder1 ,alnus glutinosa ,gaertn41 a ,european tree1 has been planted near ponds4 ,the flowers of the alders are in catkins and among the earliest in the spring4 ,the fruit is a small cone which persists throughout the winter4 ,,hop ,,hornbeam ,ostrya virginiana ,k4 ,koch ,,this tree is also called ironwood and gets its common names from the quality of its wood and the hop-like fruit4 ,it is a small1 slender1 generally round-topped tree1 from #bb to #cj feet high and #g to #aj inches in diameter4 ,the top consists of long1 slender branches1 commonly drooped toward the ends4 ,it is found throughout the ,state4 ,illustration3 ,,hop ,,hornbeam ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the bark is mostly light brown or reddish-brown1 and finely divided into thin scales by which the tree1 after a little acquaintance1 can be easily recognized4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 generally oblong with narrowed tips1 sharply toothed along the margin1 sometimes doubly toothed1 from #b to #c inches long4 ,the flowers are of two kinds on the same tree2 the staminate in drooping catkins which form the previous summer1 the pistillate1 in erect catkins on the newly formed twigs4 ,the fruit1 which resembles that of common hop vine1 consists of a branch of leafy bracts #a to #b inches long containing a number of flattened ribbed nutlets4 ,the wood is strong1 hard1 durable1 light brown to white1 with thick pale sapwood4 ,it is often used for fence posts1 handles of tools1 mallets and other small articles4 ,the white birch1 ,betula papyrifera ,marsh41 of the ,north ,woods is rare in ,illinois4 ,it is found in ,jo ,daviess and ,carroll counties and along the shores of ,lake ,michigan4 ,the white papery bark distinguishes it from all other trees and was used by the northern ,indians for covering their canoes and for making baskets1 bags and other useful and ornamental things4 ,,river ,,birch ,betula nigra ,l4 ,,the river1 or back birch1 is at home1 as the name implies1 along water courses1 and inhabits the deep1 rich soils along the borders of the larger rivers of the ,state and in swamps which are sometimes inundated for weeks at a time4 ,illustration3 ,,river ,,birch ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the bark provides a ready means of distinguishing this tree4 ,it varies from reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color1 and peels back in tough papery layers4 ,these layers persist on the trunk1 presenting a very ragged and quite distinctive appearance4 ,unlike the bark of our other birches1 the thin papery layers are usually covered with a gray powder4 ,on older trunks1 the bark on the main trunk becomes thick1 deeply furrowed and of a dark reddish-brown color4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 #b to #c inches long1 more or less oval in shape1 with double-toothed edges4 ,the upper surface is dark green and the lower a pale yellowish-green4 ,the flowers are in catkins1 the two kinds growing on the same tree4 ,the fruit is cone-shaped about #a inch long1 and densely crowded with little winged nutlets that ripen from ,may to ,june4 ,the wood is strong and fairly close-grained4 ,it has been used to some extent in the manufacture of woodenware1 in turnery and for wagon hubs4 ,the yellow birch1 ,betula lutea ,michx41 one of the most valuable hardwood timber trees around the ,great ,lakes1 is represented in ,illinois by a few small trees in ,lee and ,lake counties4 ,it may be known by its bark becoming silvery-gray as the trunk expands and breaking into strips curled at the edges4 ,the wood is strong and hard1 close-grained1 light brown tinged with red4 ,it is used for interior finish1 furniture1 woodenware and turnery4 ,it is prized as firewood4 ,,beech ,fagus grandifolia ,ehrh4 ,,the beech is found from ,maine to ,wisconsin south to the ,gulf and ,texas1 growing along with maples1 oaks and tulip trees4 ,it occurs in the ravines of the southern ,illinois counties up to ,vermilion ,county4 ,it is one of the most beautiful of all trees either in summer or winter4 ,illustration3 ,,beech ,one-half natural size4 ,the bark is1 perhaps1 the most distinctive characteristic1 as it maintains an unbroken light gray surface throughout its life4 ,so tempting is this smooth expanse to the owner of a jack-knife that the beech has been well designated the initial tree4 ,the simple1 oval leaves are #c to #d inches long1 pointed at the tip and coarsely toothed along the margin4 ,when mature1 they are almost leathery in texture4 ,the beech produces a dense shade4 ,the winter buds are long1 slender and pointed4 ,the little1 brown1 three-sided beech-nuts are almost as well known as chestnuts4 ,they form usually in pairs in a prickly bur4 ,the kernel is sweet and edible1 but so small as to offer insufficient reward for the pains of biting open the thin-shelled husk4 ,the wood of the beech is very hard1 strong1 and tough1 though it will not last long on exposure to weather or in the soil4 ,it is used to some extent for furniture1 flooring1 carpenter's tools1 and novelty wares and extensively in southern ,illinois for railroad ties and car stock4 ,the ,american chestnut1 ,castanea dentata ,borkh41 extends its range from ,maine to ,michigan1 and southward to ,delaware and ,tennessee4 ,there is a stand of chestnuts in ,pulaski ,county and some trees have been planted in the southern part of the ,state4 ,they are easily recognized by their alternate simple1 broadly lanceolate coarsely toothed leaves1 and their prickly burs about #b inches in diameter containing #a-c nuts4 ,a ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,oaks ,,of ,,illinois ,a4 ,leaves without bristle tips2 bark gray2 acorns maturing at the end of #a season2 white oaks4 ,b4 ,leaves lobed4 ,c4 ,acorn-cup not enclosing the acorn4 ,d4 ,acorn-cup shallow1 warted ,q4 alba ,,dd4 ,acorn-cup covering #a_/b of the acorn ,q4 stellata ,,cc4 ,acorn-cup enclosing the acorn4 ,d4 ,acorn-cup not fringed ,q4 lyrata ,,dd4 ,acorn-cup fringed ,q4 macrocarpa ,,bb4 ,leaves not lobed1 coarsely toothed4 ,c4 ,acorn-stalked4 ,d4 ,acorn-stalks longer than petioles ,q4 bicolor ,,dd4 ,acorn-stalks short ,e4 ,acorn-cup flat-bottomed2 bark like that of white oak ,q4 prinus ,,ee4 ,acorn-cup deep2 bark like that of red oak ,q4 montana ,,cc4 ,acorns sessile1 cup deep ,q4 muhlenbergii ,,aa4 ,leaves with bristle tips2 bark dark2 acorns mature at the end of two seasons2 black and red oaks4 ,b4 ,leaves lobed4 ,c4 ,deeply lobed4 ,d4 ,leaves deep green on both sides4 ,e4 ,acorn-cup broad and shallow a4 ,acorn large ,q4 rubra aa4 ,acorn small b4 ,acorn ovoid ,q4 shumardii bb4 ,acorn globose ,q4 palustris ,,ee4 ,acorn-cup deep a4 ,cup-scales loosely imbricated winter buds large and hairy ,q4 velutina aa4 ,cup-scales tightly appressed1 winter buds small and smooth b4 ,acorn small ,q4 ellipsoidalis bb4 ,acorn large ,q4 coccinea ,,dd4 ,leaves pale green beneath ,q4 falcata ,,cc4 ,leaves shallowly lobed1 winter buds rusty-hairy ,q4 marilandica ,,bb4 ,leaves entire4 ,c4 ,leaves hairy beneath2 acorn sessile ,q4 imbricaria ,,cc4 ,leaves not hairy2 acorn stalked ,q4 phellos ,,white ,,oak ,quercus alba ,l4 ,,within its natural range1 which includes practically the entire eastern half of the ,united ,states1 the white oak is one of the most important timber trees4 ,it commonly reaches a height of #fj to #ajj feet and a diameter of #b to #c feet2 sometimes it becomes much larger4 ,it is found in a wide variety of upland soils4 ,when grown in a dense stand it has a straight continuous trunk1 free of side branches for over half its height4 ,in the open1 however1 the tree develops a broad crown with far-reaching limbs4 ,well-grown specimens are strikingly beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,oak ,twig1 one-third natural size4 ,leaf1 one-quarter natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 simple #e to #i inches long and about half as broad4 ,they are deeply divided into #e to #i rounded1 finger-like lobes4 ,the young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or yellow or red while unfolding1 becoming later bright green above and much paler below4 ,the flowers appear with the leaves1 the staminate are in hairy catkins #b-c inches long1 the pistillate are sessile in axils of the leaves4 ,the fruit is an acorn maturing the first year4 ,the nut is #c_/d to #a inch long1 light brown1 about one-quarter enclosed in the warty cup4 ,it is relished by hogs and other livestock4 ,the bark is thin1 light ashy-gray and covered with loose scales or broad plates4 ,the wood is useful and valuable4 ,it is heavy1 strong1 hard1 tough1 close-grained1 durable1 and light brown in color4 ,the uses are many1 including construction1 shipbuilding1 tight cooperage1 furniture1 wagons1 implements1 interior finish1 flooring1 and fuel4 ,notwithstanding its rather slow growth1 white oak is valuable for forest1 highway and ornamental planting4 ,the overcup oak1 ,quercus lyrata ,walt41 is similar to the white oak1 but may be distinguished by the nearly spherical cup which nearly covers the somewhat flattened acorn4 ,this oak occurs in the river bottoms in southern ,illinois4 ,,bur ,,oak ,quercus macrocarpa ,michx4 ,,the bur oak1 which occurs throughout the ,state takes its name from the fringe around the cup of the acorn4 ,it usually has a broad top of heavy spreading branches and a relatively short body4 ,it is one of the largest trees in the ,state4 ,in maturity1 it attains a diameter of #e feet or more and a height of over #hj feet4 ,the bark is light gray and is usually broken up into small narrow flakes4 ,the bur oak does not often form a part of the forest stand1 as do some other oaks1 but occurs generally singly in open stands and in fields4 ,it requires a moist but well-drained soil4 ,illustration3 ,,bur ,,oak ,one-third natural size4 ,the leaves resemble somewhat those of the common white oak1 but have a pair of deep indentations on their border near the base1 and wavy notches on the broad middle and upper portions of the leaf4 ,they range from #f to #ab inches long and #c to #f inches wide4 ,the fruit1 or acorn1 is a nut set deeply in a fringed cup4 ,it is sometimes #a inch or more in diameter but varies widely in respect to size and the degree to which the nut is enclosed in the mossy fringed cup4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 tough and durable4 ,it is used for much the same purposes as the other white oaks1 lumber1 piling1 veneer logs1 crossties and fuel4 ,the swamp white oak1 ,quercus bicolor ,willd41 occurs scattered in swamps1 through the ,state4 ,the leaves are obovate1 coarsely toothed and wedge-shaped below4 ,they are thick1 dark green and shining above1 pale and downy beneath4 ,the acorns are borne in a deep rough scaly cup1 on stems #b-d inches long4 ,the wood is like that of the white oak4 ,the bark is gray-brown1 separating into large1 papery scales which curl back4 ,,yellow ,,chestnut ,,oak ,quercus muhlenbergii ,engelm4 ,,this oak1 also called the chinquapin oak1 which is an excellent timber tree1 occurs throughout the ,state4 ,it grows on practically all classes of soil and in all moisture conditions except in swamps1 and is a very tenacious tree on shallow1 dry soil4 ,the bark is light gray1 and breaks up into short narrow flakes on the main trunk and old limbs4 ,it reaches a height of #gj to #ij feet4 ,the straight shapely trunk bears a round-topped head composed of small branches1 which makes it an attractive shade tree4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,chestnut ,,oak ,one-third natural size4 ,the leaves are oblong1 #c to #f inches in length1 #a-a_/b to #c inches wide1 and equally toothed or notched on the edges1 resembling the leaves of the chestnut oak4 ,the fruit1 which ripens in the fall of the first season1 is light to dark brown when ripe1 and edible if roasted4 ,this acorn is from one-half to nearly an inch long1 usually less than one inch in diameter1 and is set in a shallow cup4 ,the wood is like that of the white oak1 heavy1 very hard1 tough1 strong1 durable1 and takes an excellent polish4 ,it is used in manufacturing lumber and timbers1 crossties1 fence posts and fuel4 ,a portion of the lumber no doubt goes into furniture4 ,the basket oak1 or swamp chestnut oak1 ,quercus prinus ,l41 is found in the woods in southern ,illinois4 ,it resembles the white oak in its bark and branches1 but has larger acorns4 ,the leaves resemble those of yellow chestnut oak4 ,the rock chestnut oak1 ,quercus montana ,willd41 is an eastern oak that is rare on the hills of ,union and ,alexander counties4 ,,post ,,oak ,quercus stellata ,wang4 ,,the post oak is usually a medium-sized tree1 with a rounded crown1 commonly reaching a height of #ej to #hj feet and a diameter of #a to #b feet1 but sometimes considerably larger4 ,it occurs from ,mason ,county south to the ,ohio ,river being most common in the ,post ,oak ,flats4 ,the soil is a light gray silt loam underlaid by tight clay4 ,illustration3 ,,post ,,oak ,one-third natural size4 ,the bark is rougher and darker than the white oak and broken into smaller scales4 ,the stout young twigs and the leaves are coated at first with a thick light-colored fuzz which soon becomes darker and later drops away entirely4 ,the leaves are usually #d to #e inches long and nearly as broad1 deeply #e-lobed with broad rounded divisions1 the lobes broadest at the ends4 ,they are thick and somewhat leathery1 dark green and shiny on the upper surface1 lighter green and rough hairy beneath4 ,the flowers1 like those of the other oaks1 are of two kinds on the same tree1 the male in drooping1 clustered catkins1 the female inconspicuous4 ,the fruit is an oval acorn1 #a_/b to #a inch long1 set in a rather small cup which may or may not be stalked4 ,the wood is very heavy1 hard1 close-grained1 light to dark brown1 durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is used for crossties and fence posts1 and along with other oaks of the white oak class for furniture and other purposes4 ,,northern ,,red ,,oak ,quercus rubra ,l4 7,quercus borealis ,michx47 ,,the red oak of the ,north occurs throughout the ,state4 ,it usually attains a height of about #gj feet and a diameter ranging from #b to #c feet1 but is sometimes much larger4 ,the forest-grown tree is tall and straight with a clear trunk and narrow crown4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,red ,,oak ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark on young stems is smooth1 gray to brown on older trees1 thick and broken by shallow fissures into regular1 flat smooth-surfaced plates4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 #e to #i inches long1 and #d to #f inches wide1 broader toward the tip1 divided into #g to #i lobes1 each lobe being somewhat coarsely toothed and bristle-tipped1 and firm1 dull green above1 paler below1 often turning to a brilliant red after frost4 ,the winter buds are small1 light reddish-brown and smooth4 ,the flowers1 as in all the oaks1 are of two kinds on the same tree1 the staminate in long drooping1 clustered catkins1 opening with the leaves1 the female solitary or slightly clustered4 ,the fruit is a large acorn maturing the second year4 ,the nut is from #c_/d to #a-c_/d inches long1 blunt-topped1 flat at base1 with only its base enclosed in the very shallow dark brown cup4 ,the wood is hard1 strong1 coarse-grained1 with light1 reddish-brown heartwood and thin lighter-colored sapwood4 ,it is used for cooperage1 interior finish1 construction1 furniture1 and crossties4 ,because of its average rapid growth1 high-grade wood and general freedom from insect and fungus attack1 it should be widely planted in the ,state for timber production and as a shade tree4 ,this red oak1 ,quercus shumardii ,buckley1 is found only in the southern counties along the borders of streams and swamps4 ,its leaves are dark green and lustrous1 paler beneath and have tufts of pale hairs in the angles of the veins4 ,the acorns are long-oval in shape1 held in thick saucer-like cups composed of closely appressed hairy scales4 ,,black ,,oak ,quercus velutina ,lam4 ,,the black oak1 sometimes farther north called yellow oak or yellow-barked oak1 usually grows to be about #hj feet in height and #a to #c feet in diameter4 ,it is found commonly throughout the ,state4 ,the crown is irregularly shaped and wide1 with a clear trunk for #bj feet or more on large trees4 ,the bark on the very young trees is smooth and dark brown but soon becomes thick and black1 with deep furrows and rough broken ridges4 ,the bright yellow color and bitter taste of the inner bark1 due to tannic acid1 are distinguishing characteristics4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,oak ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 simple1 #e to #aj inches long and #c to #h inches wide1 thick leathery shallow or deeply lobed1 the shape varying greatly4 ,when mature1 the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surface1 pale on the lower1 more or less covered with down1 and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins4 ,the winter buds are large1 strongly angled1 gray and hairy4 ,the fruit matures the second season4 ,the light brown nut is from #a_/b to #a inch long1 more or less hemispherical in shape1 and from #a_/b to #c_/d enclosed in the thin1 dark brown1 scaly cup4 ,the scales on the upper part of the cup are loosely imbricated4 ,the kernel is yellow and extremely bitter4 ,the wood is hard1 heavy1 strong1 coarse-grained and checks easily4 ,it is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of paler sapwood4 ,it is used for the same purposes as red oak1 under which name it is put on the market4 ,its growth is rather slow4 ,the jack oak1 ,quercus ellipsoidalis ,hill1 is a smaller tree found frequently alongside black oak in the northern third of the ,state4 ,the acorn is ellipsoid1 small and enclosed in a deep cup1 whose scales are closely appressed4 ,the winter buds are slightly angular1 smooth1 and red-brown in color4 ,many small1 drooping branches are sent out near the ground1 which soon die1 and the stubs or pins have given this oak the name of northern pin oak4 ,,pin ,,oak ,quercus palustris ,muench4 ,,pin oak is rarely found naturally except on the rich moist soil of bottom lands and the borders of swamps4 ,it is usually not abundant in any locality1 but found scattered with other kinds of trees4 ,it more commonly attains heights of #ej to #gj feet1 with diameters up to #b feet1 but sometimes larger4 ,the tree commonly has a single1 upright stem with numerous long1 tough branches1 the lower ones drooping1 the middle horizontal1 and the upper ascending4 ,many of the lower branches soon die and their stubs are the pins which give the tree its name4 ,illustration3 ,,pin ,,oak ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark on young stems is smooth1 shining and light brown2 on old trunks light gray-brown and covered by small1 close scales4 ,because of its beauty1 its hardiness1 and its fairly rapid growth1 pin oak makes an exceptionally fine street tree4 ,the leaves generally resemble those of the northern red oak1 but they are smaller and much more deeply lobed4 ,they are #c to #e inches long and #b to #d inches wide4 ,the flowers are of two kinds on the same tree1 and appear when the leaves are about one-third grown4 ,the fruit1 taking two years to mature1 is an acorn nearly hemispheric1 about one-half inch long1 light brown1 often striped1 enclosed only at the base in a thin1 shallow1 saucer-shaped cup4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 and usually knotty4 ,it is light brown1 with thin1 darker-colored sapwood4 ,it is sold and has the same uses as red oak1 although it is generally not so good in quality4 ,the scarlet oak1 ,quercus coccinea ,muench41 has deeply lobed leaves which turn brilliant scarlet in the autumn4 ,the winter buds are reddish-brown and pubescent4 ,the acorns are ovoid1 enclosed for about half their length in a thick1 deep cup4 ,it is rarely found in the southern half of the ,state4 ,,spanish ,,oak ,quercus falcata ,michx4 ,,this oak1 one of the common southern red oaks1 ranges from ,virginia and ,florida to ,texas and ,missouri1 and appears in a dozen of the southern counties in ,illinois4 ,it is usually called the ,spanish oak1 or southern red oak1 and has been known as ,quercus rubra ,l4 or ,quercus digitata ,sudw4 ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,oak ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,it is a variable species and hence has been known under so many names4 ,it grows to a height of #gj to #hj feet1 and a diameter of #b to #c feet1 though larger trees are not infrequently found4 ,its large spreading branches form a broad1 round1 open top4 ,the bark is rough1 though not deeply furrowed and varies from light gray on younger trees to dark or almost black on older ones4 ,the leaves are of two different types3 7#a7 irregular-shaped lobes1 mostly narrow1 bristle-tipped1 the central lobe often the longest2 or 7#b7 pear-shaped with #c rounded lobes at the outer end4 ,they are dark lustrous green above and gray downy beneath1 the contrast being strikingly seen in a wind or rain storm4 ,the flowers appear in ,april while the leaves are unfolding4 ,the fruit ripens the second year4 ,the small rounded acorn1 about half an inch long1 is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup which tapers to a short stem4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 coarse-grained and is less subject to defects than most other red oaks4 ,it is used for rough lumber and for furniture1 chairs1 tables1 etc4 ,it is a desirable timber tree1 especially on the poorer1 drier soils4 ,the bark is rich in tannin4 ,q4 rubra var4 pagodaefolia1 called swamp ,spanish oak1 has been collected in four southern counties of ,illinois4 ,,black ,,jack ,quercus marilandica ,muench4 ,,the black jack oak is a tree of sandy and clayey barren lands where few other forest trees thrive4 ,it ranges from ,new ,york to ,florida and westward into ,illinois1 ,arkansas1 and ,texas4 ,it reaches its largest size in southern ,arkansas and eastern ,texas4 ,it is found as one of the main species in the ,post ,oak ,flats in the southern half of the ,state and in the sands along the ,illinois ,river1 near ,havana4 ,the tree sometimes reaches a height of #ej to #fj feet and a diameter of #af inches1 but it is usually much smaller4 ,its hard1 stiff1 drooping branches form a dense crown which usually contains many persistent dead twigs4 ,the bark is rough1 very dark1 often nearly black1 and broken into small1 hard scales or flakes4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,jack ,,oak ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the leaves are of a leathery texture1 dark green on the upper surface1 lighter1 hairy1 and brown-scurfy below4 ,the leaves are wedge-shaped1 #d to #aj inches long and about the same in width4 ,there is a considerable difference in the leaves of this oak both in size and shape4 ,the fruit is an acorn about three-quarters of an inch long1 yellow-brown and often striped1 enclosed for half its length or more in a thick light brown cup4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard and strong2 when used at all1 it is used mostly for firewood and mine props4 ,it is also used for the manufacture of charcoal4 ,,shingle ,,oak ,quercus imbricaria ,michx4 ,,this oak is found throughout the ,state with the exception of the extreme north portion4 ,when growing alone1 the tree develops a symmetrical rounded top1 conspicuous on account of the good-sized1 regular-shaped1 oblong leaves which differ in shape from most other native oaks4 ,it forms a handsome tree4 ,it is sometimes incorrectly called laurel oak4 ,illustration3 ,,shingle ,,oak ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 three-fourths natural size4 ,the bark is rather thin and divided by shallow fissures into broad ridges of a dark brown color4 ,the leaves are alternate in arrangement along the stem1 oblong in shape1 #d to #f inches long by #a to #b inches wide1 leathery in texture with smooth margins sometimes wavy in outline1 dark green and shiny above1 and thick downy or velvety below4 ,the fruit is an acorn about one-half inch in length1 borne singly or in pairs on stout stems1 full or rounded at the end and faintly streaked1 enclosed for about one-half its length in a thin-walled cup4 ,like all members of the black oak group1 the fruit requires two seasons to mature4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 rather coarse-grained1 and used for common lumber1 shingles 7whence it gets its common name71 posts and firewood4 ,the willow oak1 ,quercus phellos ,l41 is a river bottom tree rarely found in southern ,illinois4 ,it is readily identified by its leaves1 which as the name implies1 resemble those of the willows4 ,these leaves are from two to four inches long and one-half to one inch wide1 light green1 shiny above and smooth beneath4 ,,american ,,elm ,ulmus americana ,l4 ,,this is a famous shade tree of ,new ,england1 whose range1 however1 extends to the ,rocky ,mountains and southward to ,texas4 ,within this vast area1 it is generally common except in the high mountains4 ,it reaches an average height of #fj to #gj feet and a diameter of #d to #e feet4 ,the bark is dark gray1 divided into irregular1 flat-topped thick ridges1 and is generally firm1 though on old trees it tends to come off in flakes4 ,an incision into the inner bark will show alternate layers of brown and white4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,elm ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 simple1 #d to #f inches long1 rather thick1 somewhat one-sided1 doubly toothed on the margin1 and generally smooth above and downy below4 ,the leaf-veins are very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the mid-rib to leaf edge4 ,the winter buds are pointed1 brown1 ovoid and smooth4 ,the flowers are small1 perfect1 greenish1 on slender stalks sometimes an inch long1 appearing before the leaves in the early spring4 ,the fruit is a light green1 oval shaped samara 7winged fruit7 with the seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing4 ,this wing has a conspicuous notch at the end and is hairy on the margin1 a mark distinctive of the species4 ,the seed ripens in the spring and by its wing is widely disseminated by the wind4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 tough and difficult to split4 ,it is used for hubs of wheels1 saddle trees1 boats1 ships1 barrel hoops1 and veneer for baskets and crates4 ,because of its spreading fan-shaped form1 graceful pendulous branches1 and long life1 the white elm justly holds its place as one of the most desirable shade trees4 ,the rock or cork elm1 ,ulmus thomasi ,sarg41 is found occasionally in northern ,illinois4 ,its excurrent branches are very different from those of other elms4 ,its twigs often have corky ridges and the winter buds are somewhat hairy4 ,the winged elm1 ,ulmus alata ,michx41 a small tree1 is found in the southern part of the ,state4 ,the twigs have two thin corky wings4 ,,red ,,or ,,slippery ,,elm ,ulmus rubra ,muhl4 7,ulmus fulva ,michx47 ,,the red elm1 or slippery elm1 is a common tree in all sections of the ,state4 ,it is found principally on the banks of streams and on low hillsides in rich soil4 ,it is a tree of small to moderate size1 but noticeably wide-spreading4 ,it is usually less than #ej feet in height and #af inches in diameter although trees of larger dimensions are occasionally found4 ,illustration3 ,,slippery ,,elm ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark on the trunk is frequently one inch thick1 dark grayish-brown1 and broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges4 ,the inner bark is used to some extent for medical purposes1 as it is fragrant and when chewed1 affords a slippery1 mucilaginous substance1 whence the tree gets its name4 ,the winter buds are large and conspicuously rusty-hairy4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate on the stem1 #d to #f inches in length1 sharp pointed1 their bases unsymmetrical1 doubly-toothed on the edges1 thick1 dark green1 and rough on both sides4 ,the fruit consists of a seed surrounded by a thin1 broad1 greenish wing1 about one-half an inch in diameter2 the flowers appear in early spring and the fruit ripens when the leaves are about half-grown4 ,the wood is close-grained1 tough1 strong1 heavy1 hard1 moderately durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is used for fence posts1 crossties1 agricultural implements1 ribs for small boats and for some other purposes4 ,the water elm1 ,planera aquatica ,gmel41 is a small tree with slender branches forming a low broad head and is found in swamps in the valley of the ,wabash ,river in this ,state4 ,it reaches its best development in ,arkansas and ,louisiana4 ,it has dull green leaves #b inches long and #a inch wide4 ,the fruit is an oblong1 dark brown drupe4 ,,hackberry ,celtis occidentalis ,l4 ,,the rough-leaved hackberry is found sparsely throughout the ,state4 ,it occurs most abundantly and of greatest size in the rich alluvial lands in the lower part of the ,state1 but thrives1 however1 on various types of soil1 from the poorest to the richest4 ,it is usually a medium-sized tree from #cj to #ej feet high and #aj to #bj inches in diameter1 but trees #c feet in diameter are found in the ,wabash bottoms in southern ,illinois4 ,its limbs are often crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender1 pendant branches or short1 bristly1 stubby twigs4 ,in the open the crown is generally very symmetrical4 ,it makes an excellent shade tree4 ,illustration3 ,,hackberry ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark is grayish and generally rough with scale-like or warty projections of dead bark4 ,in some instances the bark is smooth enough on the limbs to resemble that of the beech4 ,the leaves are simple1 ovate1 alternate1 one-sided1 #b to #d inches long1 the edges toothed towards the long point4 ,the flowers are inconspicuous1 and the two kinds are borne on the same tree4 ,they appear in ,april or ,may1 and are of a creamy1 greenish color4 ,the fruit is a round1 somewhat oblong drupe1 or berry1 from #a_/d to #a_/c of an inch in diameter4 ,it has a thin1 purplish skin1 and sweet1 yellowish flesh4 ,from this characteristic it is sometimes called sugarberry4 ,the berries frequently hang on the tree most of the winter4 ,the wood is heavy1 rather soft1 weak1 and decays readily when exposed4 ,it is used chiefly for fuel1 but occasionally for lumber and railroad ties which are given preservative treatment4 ,the southern hackberry1 ,celtis leavigata ,willd41 having narrow leaves1 is found occasionally along the streams in southern ,illinois4 ,the fruit hangs from the axils of the leaves on slender stems4 ,it is orange-red in color1 changing to purple-black as it matures4 ,,osage ,,orange ,maclura pomifera ,schneid4 ,,the osage orange1 hedge apple1 or mock orange1 although not a native of ,illinois1 is found distributed throughout the ,state1 but does not as a rule occur as a forest tree4 ,it grows chiefly in open fields along fence rows1 and as a pure hedge fence4 ,occasionally it reaches a height of #fj feet and a diameter of #cj inches1 but more usually it is found from #bj to #dj feet in height and from #d to #ab inches in diameter4 ,this tree is sometimes used for shade1 but mostly for hedges1 and as living fence posts4 ,the bark is thin1 gray1 sometimes tinged with yellow1 and on old trees divided into strips or flakes4 ,the bark of the root is used as a yellow dye2 that of the trunk has been used for tanning leather4 ,illustration3 ,,osage ,,orange ,leaf and fruit1 one-quarter natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the leaves are deciduous1 with milky sap and producing stout axillary thorns4 ,they are green on the upper surface1 #c to #e inches long and #b to #c inches wide1 and turn bright yellow in the autumn4 ,the yellowish flowers appear in ,may4 ,they are of two kinds on the same tree--the staminate flowers in a linear cluster and the pistillate flowers in a rounded ball4 ,the fruit is globular1 from #b to #e inches in diameter1 somewhat resembling a very rough green orange4 ,the wood is heavy1 exceedingly hard1 very strong and very durable in contact with the soil4 ,the heartwood is bright orange in color1 turning brown upon exposure4 ,the ,indians called it bois d'arc1 or bow-wood1 and used it for their finest bows4 ,it does not shrink with weather changes4 ,it is largely used for posts2 sometimes for wheel-stock1 lumber and fuel4 ,,red ,,mulberry ,morus rubra ,l4 ,,the red mulberry occurs throughout the ,state4 ,it prefers the rich1 moist soils of the lower and middle districts1 but it is nowhere abundant4 ,it is a small tree1 rarely #ej feet high and #b feet in diameter1 often growing in the shade of larger trees4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,mulberry ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the bark is rather thin1 dark reddish-brown1 peeling off in long narrow flakes4 ,the leaves are alternate1 thin1 rounded or somewhat heart-shaped1 toothed1 pointed1 #c to #e inches long1 rough hairy above and soft hairy beneath4 ,often some of the leaves1 especially on the young trees and thrifty shoots1 are mitten-shaped or variously lobed4 ,the flowers are of two kinds1 on the same or different trees1 in drooping catkins4 ,the catkins of the staminate flowers are about #b inches long2 the spikes of the pistillate flowers are about half as long and stand on short stalks4 ,the fruit is dark red or black1 and resembles a blackberry2 however1 a stalk extends through it centrally1 and it is longer and narrower4 ,the fruit is sweet and edible and greatly relished by birds and various animals4 ,the wood is rather light1 soft1 not strong1 light orange-yellow1 very durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is chiefly used for fence posts4 ,the tree might be planted for this purpose and to furnish food for birds4 ,the white mulberry1 ,morus alba ,l41 is a native of ,china1 where its leaves are the chief food of the silkworm4 ,several varieties are planted for ornamental purposes4 ,its leaves are broad and smooth2 its fruit is long1 white1 sweet1 and insipid4 ,a variety1 under the name of the ,russian mulberry1 ,morus alba var4 tatarica ,loudon1 has been introduced into this country and has been cultivated for its fruit4 ,this fruit varies from creamy white to violet and almost black4 ,,cucumber ,,magnolia ,magnolia acuminata ,l4 ,,the cucumber magnolia attains an average height of #dj to #hj feet and a diameter of #a to #b feet4 ,it occurs singly among other hardwood trees throughout the richer1 cooler north slopes and bottom lands of southern ,illinois1 in ,union1 ,johnson1 ,pope1 ,alexander and ,pulaski counties4 ,illustration3 ,,cucumber ,,magnolia ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the bark is aromatic and bitter2 that of the young twigs is a lustrous red-brown1 while the bark of the trunk is rather thin1 dark brown1 furrowed and broken into thin scales4 ,the leaves are alternate1 oblong1 short-pointed1 rounded at the base1 silky1 hairy when unfolding1 later smooth or slightly silky1 #f to #aj inches long1 #d to #f inches wide1 often with wavy edges1 dark green above1 lighter beneath4 ,the flowers are single1 large--though smaller than those of the other magnolias--#b-a_/b to #c inches long4 ,the six upright petals are whitish-green tinged with yellow4 ,the fruit is a smooth1 dark red1 often crooked cone1 #b-a_/b to #c inches long1 somewhat resembling1 when green1 a small cucumber4 ,the seeds are #a_/b inch long1 and covered with a pulpy1 scarlet coat1 which attracts the birds1 particularly as the seeds hang by thin cords from the opening cones4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 close-grained1 durable1 of a light yellow-brown color and is used for the same purposes as yellow poplar4 ,it is quite desirable for roadside and ornamental planting4 ,,tulip ,,tree ,liriodendron tulipifera ,l4 ,,the tulip tree1 tulip poplar1 is one of the tallest trees in the ,state with its straight trunk rising to a height of #abe feet4 ,it is one of the largest and most valuable hardwood trees of the ,united ,states4 ,it reaches its largest size in the deep moist soils along streams and in the cool ravines of southern ,illinois4 ,vermilion ,county on the east and ,randolph on the west side of the ,state represent its northern limit4 ,as more commonly seen1 it has a height of #fj to #ajj feet and a diameter of #c to #d feet4 ,growing with a straight central trunk like the pines1 and often clear of limbs for #cj to #ej feet1 it has a narrow pyramidal head which in older age becomes more spreading4 ,the tree has been extensively cut1 but is reproducing rapidly and remains one of the most abundant and valuable trees in our young second-growth forests4 ,it has been planted as an ornamental and shade tree4 ,illustration3 ,,tulip ,,tree ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the leaves are simple1 #d to #f inches in length and breadth1 #d-lobed1 dark green in summer1 turning to a clear yellow in fall4 ,the greenish-yellow tulip-shaped flowers appear in ,may or ,june4 ,the fruit is a narrow light brown1 upright cone1 #b to #c inches long1 made up of seeds1 each enclosed in a hard bony coat and provided with a wing which makes it easily carried by the wind4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 easily worked1 light yellow or brown1 with wide cream-colored sapwood4 ,it is extensively cut into lumber for interior and exterior trim1 vehicle bodies1 veneers1 turnery and other high-grade uses4 ,it is marketed under the name yellow poplar1 because of the yellow color of the heartwood4 ,the tulip tree transplants easily1 grows rapidly and forms a tall stem4 ,it is one of the best trees for forest planting on good moist soil4 ,it can be recommended for roadside planting because it grows tall and has a deep root system4 ,where conditions of life are not too severe1 it may be used for shade tree planting4 ,,papaw ,asimina triloba ,dunal ,,the papaw1 which grows as a small tree or large shrub1 is very well known throughout the ,state1 except in the northern parts1 and is sometimes called the wild banana tree4 ,most commonly it occurs as an undergrowth in the shade of rich forests of the larger hardwood trees4 ,its range extends from ,new ,york westward to ,iowa and southward to ,florida and eastern ,texas4 ,when growing alone1 however1 it forms dense clumps on deep1 moist soils in creek bottoms4 ,the bark is thin1 dark grayish-brown1 and smooth1 or slightly fissured on old trees4 ,illustration3 ,,papaw ,leaf1 one-quarter natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate on the stem1 pear-shaped with pointed ends and tapering bases1 smooth and light green above1 from #h to #aj inches long1 clustered toward the ends of the branches4 ,the dark purple1 attractive flowers appear with the leaves singly or in two's along the branch1 measure nearly #b inches across1 and produce nectar which attracts the bees4 ,when thoroughly ripe1 the fruit is delicious and nutritious4 ,it measures from #c to #e inches in length1 turns from greenish-yellow to very dark brown in color1 and holds rounded or elongated seeds which separate readily from the pulp4 ,the wood is light1 soft or spongy1 and weak1 greenish to yellowish in color1 and of no commercial importance4 ,because of its handsome foliage1 attractive flowers and curious fruit1 the papaw has been much used in ornamental planting4 ,,sassafras ,sassafras albidum ,nees4 ,,the sassafras is an aromatic tree1 usually not over #dj feet in height or a foot in diameter in ,illinois4 ,it is common throughout the ,state on dry soils as far north as ,la ,salle ,county1 and is one of the first broad-leaf trees to come up on abandoned fields1 where the seeds are dropped by birds4 ,its range extends from ,maine1 southern ,ontario to ,iowa and south to ,florida and west to ,texas4 ,in parts of its range it attains large size4 ,illustration3 ,,sassafras ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the bark of the trunk is thick1 red-brown and deeply furrowed and that of the twigs is bright green4 ,the leaves are very characteristic4 ,it is one of the few trees having leaves of widely different shape on the same tree1 or even on the same twig4 ,some are oval and entire1 #d to #f inches long2 others have one lobe1 resembling the thumb on a mitten2 while still others are divided at the outer end into #c distinct lobes4 ,the young leaves and twigs are quite mucilaginous4 ,the flowers are clustered1 greenish1 yellow1 and open with the first unfolding of the leaves4 ,the staminate and pistillate flowers are usually on different trees4 ,the fruit is an oblong1 dark blue or black1 lustrous berry1 containing one seed and surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small orange-red or scarlet cup at the end of a scarlet stalk4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 weak1 brittle1 and durable in the soil2 the heartwood is dull orange-brown4 ,it is used for posts1 rails1 boat building1 cooperage and for ox-yokes4 ,the bark of the roots yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much used for flavoring candies and various commercial products4 ,the sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received as a shade and ornamental tree4 ,the autumnal coloring of its foliage is scarcely surpassed by any tree1 and it is very free from insect pests4 ,,sweet ,,gum ,liquidambar styraciflua ,l4 ,,the sweet or red gum is a very common tree on low lands in southern ,illinois1 but it is seldom found north of ,jackson ,county in the west or north of ,richland in the east4 ,it is usually abundant in old fields or in cut-over woods4 ,the bark is a light gray1 roughened by corky scales1 later becoming deeply furrowed4 ,after the second year the twigs often develop #b to #d corky projections of the bark1 which give them a winged appearance4 ,illustration3 ,,sweet ,,gum ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the simple1 alternate star-shaped leaf1 with its #e to #g points or lobes1 is #e to #g inches across and very aromatic4 ,in the fall its coloring is brilliant1 ranging from pale yellow through orange and red to a deep bronze4 ,the flowers are of two kinds on the same tree1 unfolding with the leaves4 ,the fruit at first glance reminds one of the balls of the sycamore1 but on closer inspection proves to be a head4 ,it measures an inch or more in diameter and is made up of many capsules with projecting spines4 ,it frequently hangs on the tree by its long swinging stem late into the winter4 ,the wood is heavy1 moderately hard1 close-grained1 and not durable on exposure4 ,the reddish-brown heartwood1 which suggests the name1 red gum1 is not present to any appreciable extent in logs under #af inches in diameter4 ,in the ,south1 the wood is extensively used for flooring1 interior finish1 paper pulp and veneers for baskets of all kinds4 ,veneers of the heartwood are largely used in furniture1 sometimes as imitation mahogany or ,circassian walnut4 ,this tree should be more widely planted for ornamental use4 ,,sycamore ,platanus occidentalis ,l4 ,,the sycamore1 also called buttonwood1 is considered the largest hardwood tree in ,north ,america4 ,it occurs throughout the ,state1 but is most abundant and reaches its largest size along streams and on rich bottom lands4 ,it is one of the more rapidly-growing trees4 ,in maturity it occasionally attains a height of #adj to #agj feet and a diameter of #aj to #aa feet4 ,it often forks into several large secondary trunks1 and the massive spreading limbs form an open head sometimes #ajj feet across4 ,illustration3 ,,sycamore ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the bark of the sycamore is a characteristic feature4 ,on the younger trunk and large limbs it is very smooth1 greenish-gray in color4 ,the outer bark yearly flakes off in large patches and exposes the nearly white younger bark4 ,near the base of the old trees the bark becomes thick1 dark brown and divided by deep furrows4 ,the flowers are very small and arranged in dense globular green heads4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 #d to #g inches long and about as broad1 light green and smooth above1 and paler below4 ,the base of the leafstalk is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud4 ,the fruit is a ball about #a inch in diameter1 conspicuous throughout the winter as it hangs on its flexible stem1 which is #c to #e inches long4 ,during early spring1 the fruit ball breaks up1 and the small seeds are widely scattered by the wind4 ,the wood is hard and moderately strong1 but decays rapidly in the ground4 ,it is used for butchers' blocks1 tobacco boxes1 furniture and interior finish4 ,the tree grows rapidly1 bears transplanting well and is often planted as a shade tree4 ,the ,european sycamore or ,london plane tree1 ,platanus acerifolia ,willd41 is less subject to disease than our native species and has been widely planted in this country for ornament and shade4 ,the leaves are more deeply lobed than our sycamore and there are two or three fruit balls on each stem4 ,,wild ,,crab ,,apple ,malus ioensis ,britton ,,the wild crab apple1 or prairie crab1 is found throughout ,illinois forming small trees #bj to #cj feet high with trunks from #f to #ab inches in diameter4 ,in the open it develops a broad open crown with rigid1 contorted branches bearing many short1 spur-like branchlets1 some of which develop into sharp rigid thorns4 ,under less favorable conditions1 these crab apples often form bushy shrubs4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,crab ,,apple ,flower1 fruit and leaves one-half natural size4 ,the bark on the branches is smooth1 thin and red-brown in color1 while on the trunk the thicker bark often breaks into scales4 ,the twigs are at first hoary-hairy1 but soon become smooth and reddish4 ,the leaves are alternate1 simple1 #c to #d inches long and almost as broad4 ,they are sometimes slightly lobed and sharply and deeply toothed4 ,they are dark green and shiny above1 but pale and hairy beneath1 borne on stout1 hairy petioles4 ,the flowers1 which are from one to two inches broad1 are borne in clusters of #c to #h1 on wooly pedicels about an inch long4 ,the white or rosy petals form a cup which surrounds the numerous stamens and the five styles4 ,the calyx is pubescent4 ,the fruit ripens in ,october1 forming a globose1 pale green1 very fragrant apple with a waxy surface4 ,it is about an inch in diameter1 flattened at each end4 ,like the other crabs1 its handsome flowers have a delicious fragrance which makes the tree popular for planting for ornamental purposes4 ,the fruit is sometimes gathered for jelly4 ,the wood is heavy1 close-grained and reddish-brown4 ,the wild sweet crab1 ,malus coronaria ,mill41 differs from the above in having more nearly smooth leaves and calyx4 ,it is rarely found in ,illinois but is common in ,ohio4 ,a cultivated variety1 ,malus ioensis plena ,rheder1 is sold under the name of ,bechtel's crab1 and has large1 double1 rosy-pink blossoms4 ,,service ,,berry ,amelanchier arborea 7,michx4 f47 ,fern4 7,amelanchier canadensis ,medic47 ,,the downy service berry1 or shadblow1 as it is more commonly called in the ,east1 has little economic importance except for its frequency throughout the ,state and the touch of beauty its flowers give to our forests early in the spring before the foliage has come out4 ,it is a small tree #bj to #ej feet high and seldom over #h inches in diameter1 with a rather narrow1 rounded top but is often little more than shrub4 ,the name shadblow was given by the early settlers who noticed that it blossomed when the shad were running up the streams4 ,illustration3 ,,service ,,berry ,one-half natural size4 ,the bark is smooth and light gray1 and shallowly fissured into scaly ridges4 ,the winter buds are long and slender4 ,the leaves are alternate1 slender-stalked1 ovate1 pointed1 finely toothed1 #b to #d inches long1 densely white-hairy when young1 then becoming a light green1 and covered with scattered silky hairs4 ,the white flowers appear in erect or drooping clusters in early spring1 before the leaves1 making the tree quite conspicuous in the leafless or budding forest4 ,the petals are slender and rather more than a half inch long4 ,the fruit is sweet1 edible1 rounded1 reddish-purple when ripe1 #a_/c to #a_/b an inch in diameter1 ripening early in ,june4 ,birds and denizens of the forest are very fond of the berries4 ,the wood is heavy1 exceedingly hard1 strong1 close-grained and dark brown4 ,it is occasionally used for handles4 ,this is a desirable ornamental tree and should be planted for this purpose and to encourage the birds4 ,the smooth service berry1 ,amelanchier leavis ,wieg41 differs from the above species in having smooth leaves1 dark green and slightly glaucous when mature1 and they are half grown at flowering time4 ,the fruit is sweet1 purple or nearly black1 glaucous and edible4 ,,cock-,,spur ,,thorn ,crataegus crus-galli ,l4 ,,the hawthorns1 or thorn-apples1 are small trees or shrubs of the apple family which are widely distributed throughout the northeastern ,united ,states1 with fewer species in the ,south and ,west4 ,in ,north ,america1 no less than #aej species have been distinguished1 but their proper identification is a task for the expert4 ,there are about a dozen haws that reach tree size in ,illinois1 attaining a height of #bj to #cj feet and a stem diameter of #h to #ab inches4 ,of these1 perhaps the best known is the cock-spur thorn with its many strong straight spines and shining leaves4 ,its bark is pale gray and scaly4 ,its winter buds are small1 globose and lustrous brown4 ,illustration3 ,,cock-,,spur ,,thorn ,flowers and fruit one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are conspicuous because of their dark green glossy surface4 ,they are broadest toward the apex tapering to the short petiole4 ,they vary in size in different localities1 the smaller-leaved varieties seem to be more frequently met with in the southern part of the ,state than in the north4 ,these leaves are alternate1 wedge-shaped1 notched on the edges1 and from #b to #c inches long4 ,the flowers are rather small1 arranged in flat-topped clusters1 white in color1 with about a dozen pink stamens4 ,the fruit is #a_/c inch thick1 greenish-red2 the flesh is hard and dry4 ,this haw is one of the best for planting for ornamental purposes2 with its spreading branches1 it forms a broad1 rounded crown4 ,it is hardy and succeeds in a great variety of soils4 ,the dotted hawthorn1 ,crataegus punctata ,jacq41 also has wedge-shaped leaves but they are leathery1 dull gray-green in color with conspicuous veins4 ,the tree reaches a height of #be feet with distinctly horizontal branches forming a broad flat crown4 ,it is often almost without thorns4 ,the fruit is oblong1 dull red with pale dots1 becoming mellow4 ,the pear-thorn1 ,crataegus calpodendron ,med41 is a smaller tree1 with broader leaves1 very few thorns and pear-shaped fruit4 ,the haw is scarlet or orange-red1 the flesh is thin and sweet4 ,,red ,,haw ,crataegus mollis ,scheele ,,like almost all the hawthorns1 the red haw is a tree of the pasture lands1 the roadside1 the open woods and the stream banks4 ,it is the largest of our haws1 occasionally reaching a height of #cj feet1 with ascending branches usually forming a low conical crown4 ,the twigs are hairy during the first season1 but are soon smooth1 slender1 nearly unarmed or occasionally armed with stout1 curved thorns4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,haw ,flowers one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are ovate or nearly orbicular1 coarsely toothed nearly to the base1 usually #c to #e pairs of broad1 shallow lobes4 ,both surfaces are hairy4 ,the flowers are often nearly an inch across1 in compact clusters4 ,they have about #bj cream-colored1 densely hairy stamens4 ,the fruit1 or the haw1 is large1 nearly #c_/d inch across1 bright crimson or scarlet in color4 ,the edible sweet flesh is firm but mellow1 surrounding #e bony seeds4 ,it is often used for making jelly4 ,the wood is strong1 tough1 heavy and hard1 and is used for mallets1 tool handles and such small articles4 ,the ,washington thorn1 ,crataegus phaenopyrum ,med41 is a smaller tree1 with bright red fruit1 but its broad leaves are smooth and bright green4 ,the flowers are small1 in very large clusters1 followed by small bright scarlet edible haws4 ,in the southern half of ,illinois1 growing on moist river bottoms1 the green haw1 ,crataegus viridis ,l41 becomes a tree #bj feet tall4 ,the broad leaves are dark green and quite smooth4 ,the fruit is small but produced in large clusters becoming bright red or orange-red as it ripens4 ,,wild ,,plum ,prunus americana ,marsh4 ,,the common wild plum1 or yellow plum1 is a small tree which at a height usually of #c to #f feet divides into many spreading branches1 often drooping at the ends4 ,not uncommonly it grows in thickets where it attains only large shrub size4 ,the value of the tree lies in its fruit from which jelly and preserves are made1 and its handsome form1 and foliage1 pure white fragrant flowers1 and showy fruit which make it desirable for ornamental planting4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,plum ,three-quarters natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 oval1 pointed1 sharply toothed1 7often doubly toothed7 along the margin1 thick and firm1 #c to #d inches long by #a to #b inches wide1 narrowed or rounded at the base1 and prominently veined on both surfaces4 ,the flowers appear in numerous small clusters before1 or simultaneously with1 the leaves1 and are white with small bright red portions in the center4 ,the fruit1 or plum1 which ripens in late summer1 is red or orange colored1 about an inch in diameter1 contains a stone or pit that is flattened and about as long as the pulpy part1 and varies rather widely in its palatability4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 close-grained1 reddish-brown in color and has no especial commercial uses4 ,the ,canada plum1 ,prunus nigra ,ait41 is similar to the common wild plum1 but the teeth of the leaves are blunt1 the leaves are thin and the fruit is orange in color1 almost without bloom4 ,the wild goose plum1 ,prunus hortulana ,bailey1 has thin lance-shaped leaves2 its flowers have short petals and it has a rather hard1 small globular fruit4 ,,black ,,cherry ,prunus serotina ,ehrh4 ,a common tree in ,illinois and attaining sizes up to about #gj feet in height and #a to #c feet in diameter1 black cherry as a tree is found all over the ,state4 ,the forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with little taper2 open-grown trees have spreading crowns4 ,the bark on branches and young trees is smooth and bright reddish-brown1 marked by conspicuous1 narrow white1 horizontal lines1 and has a bitter-almond taste4 ,on the older trunks the bark becomes rough and broken into thick1 irregular plates4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,cherry ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 simple1 oval to lance-like in shape1 with edges broken by many fine incurved teeth1 thick and shiny above1 and paler beneath4 ,the fruit is dull purplish-black1 about as large as a pea1 and is borne in long hanging clusters4 ,it ripens in late summer1 and is edible1 although it has a slightly bitter taste4 ,the wood is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood1 moderately heavy1 hard1 strong1 fine-grained1 and does not warp or split in seasoning4 ,it is valuable for its lustre and color and is used for furniture1 interior finish1 tools1 and implement handles4 ,with the exception of black walnut1 black cherry lumber has a greater unit value than any other hardwood of the eastern ,united ,states4 ,the wild cherry1 ,prunus pennsylvanica ,l41 is a small tree1 growing on light soils1 in the northern part of the ,state4 ,the bark is a dark reddish-brown2 the leaves are lance-shaped bright green and shiny above1 while the fruit is round and bright red in color4 ,the choke cherry1 ,prunus virginiana ,l41 is common along fences and under larger trees in the forest in the northern half of the ,state4 ,it seldom becomes a tree but it bears a fruit which is sweet but very astringent and is dark purple when ripe4 ,,honey ,,locust ,gleditsia triacanthos ,l4 ,,the honey locust occurs scattered throughout the ,state4 ,it grows under a wide variety of soil and moisture conditions4 ,it sometimes occurs in the forest1 but more commonly in corners and waste places beside roads and fields4 ,it reaches a diameter of #cj inches and a height of #ge feet4 ,the bark on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin tight scales4 ,the strong thorns--straight1 brown1 branched1 sharp and shiny which grow on the #a-year-old wood and remain for many years--are sufficient to identify the honey locust4 ,illustration3 ,,honey ,,locust ,twig1 three-quarters natural size4 ,leaf1 one-quarter natural size4 ,the leaf is pinnate1 or feather-like with #ah to #bh leaflets2 or it is twice-pinnate1 consisting of #d to #g pairs of pinnae or secondary leaflets1 each #f to #h inches long and somewhat resembling the leaf of the black locust4 ,the flowers which appear when the leaves are nearly full-grown are inconspicuous1 greenish-yellow and rich in honey4 ,the petals vary from #c to #e1 the stamens are #c to #aj and the ovary is wooly and one-celled4 ,the fruit is a pod1 #aj to #ah inches long1 often twisted1 #a to #a-a_/b inches wide1 flat1 dark brown or black when ripe and containing yellow sweetish pulp and seeds4 ,the seeds are very hard and each is separated from the others by the pulp4 ,the pods are eaten by many animals1 and as the seeds are hard to digest1 many are thus widely scattered from the parent tree4 ,the wood is coarse-grained1 hard1 strong and moderately durable in contact with the ground4 ,it is used for fence posts and crossties4 ,it should not be confused with the very durable wood of the black locust4 ,the water locust1 ,gleditsia aquatica ,marsh41 is found in river bottoms in southern ,illinois1 becoming a medium sized tree4 ,it may be known by its short pods1 #a to #b inches long1 with only #b or #c seeds4 ,,redbud ,cercis canadensis ,l4 ,,the redbud is a small tree occurring under taller trees or on the borders of fields or hillsides and in valleys throughout the ,state4 ,it ordinarily attains a height of #be to #ej feet and a diameter of #f to #ab inches4 ,its stout branches usually form a wide flat head4 ,illustration3 ,,redbud ,leaf1 one-fourth natural size4 ,twig1 and flowers1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the bark is bright red-brown1 the long narrow plates separating into thin scales4 ,the leaves are alternate1 heart-shaped1 entire #c to #e inches long and wide1 glossy green turning in autumn to a bright clear yellow4 ,the conspicuous bright purplish-red1 pea-shaped flowers are in clusters along the twigs and small branches and appear before or with the leaves in early spring4 ,the fruit is an oblong1 flattened1 many seeded pod1 #b to #d inches long1 reddish during the summer1 and often hanging on the tree most of the winter4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 not strong1 rich1 dark brown in color1 and of little commercial importance4 ,the redbud is cultivated as an ornamental tree and for that purpose might be planted more generally in this ,state4 ,the ,kentucky coffee-tree1 ,gymnocladus dioicus ,k4 ,koch1 though not anywhere a common tree1 is found on rich bottom lands throughout the ,state4 ,the much-divided leaves are #b to #c feet long4 ,the pods are #e to #h inches long and #a to #b inches wide and contain hard seeds #c_/d inch long4 ,it has few qualities to recommend it for ornamental planting4 ,,black ,,locust ,robinia pseudoacacia ,l4 ,,the black locust is a native to the ,appalachian ,mountains but has been introduced into ,illinois1 and now occurs throughout the entire ,state growing on all soils and under all conditions of moisture except in swamps4 ,it is found generally in thickets on clay banks and waste places or along fence rows4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,locust ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig and flower1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the twigs and branchlets are armed with straight or slightly curved sharp1 strong spines1 sometimes as much as #a inch in length which remain attached to the outer bark for many years4 ,the bark is dark brown and divides into strips as the tree grows older4 ,the leaves are pinnate1 or featherlike1 from #f to #aj inches in length1 consisting of from #g to #ai oblong thin leaflets4 ,the flowers are fragrant1 white or cream-colored1 and appear in early spring in graceful pendent racemes4 ,the fruit is a pod from #c to #e inches long containing #d to #h small hard seeds which ripen late in the fall4 ,the pod splits open during the winter1 discharging the seeds4 ,some seeds usually remain attached to each half of the pod2 the pod thus acts as a wing upon which the seeds are borne to considerable distances before the strong spring winds4 ,the wood is yellow in color1 coarse-grained1 very heavy1 very hard1 strong1 and very durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is used extensively for fence posts1 poles1 tree nails1 insulator pins and occasionally for lumber and fuel4 ,the tree is very rapid in growth in youth but short-lived4 ,it spreads by underground shoots and is useful for holding and reclaiming badly gullied lands4 ,the usefulness of the black locust is1 however1 very greatly limited by the fact that it is subject to great damage from an insect known as the locust borer4 ,,tree ,,of ,,heaven ,ailanthus altissima ,swingle ,,this tree is a native of ,china but planted in ,illinois because of its tropical foliage4 ,it has escaped and become naturalized4 ,it is a handsome1 rapid-growing1 short-lived tree1 attaining a height of #dj to #fj feet1 and a trunk diameter of #b to #c feet4 ,its crown is spreading1 rather loose and open4 ,the twigs are smooth and thick with a large reddish-brown pith4 ,the winter buds are small1 globular and hairy1 placed just above the large leaf-scars4 ,illustration3 ,,tree ,,of ,,heaven ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf and fruit1 one-fourth natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 pinnately compound and one to three feet long4 ,the leaflets number from #aa to #da1 are smooth1 dark green above1 paler beneath1 turning a clear yellow in autumn4 ,the flowers appear soon after the leaves are full grown1 on different trees1 borne in large upright panicles4 ,they are small yellow-green in color with #e petals and #aj stamens4 ,the staminate flowers have a disagreeable odor4 ,the fruit1 ripening in ,october but remaining on the tree during the winter1 is a one-seeded samara1 spirally twisted1 borne in crowded clusters4 ,the tree of heaven is useful for landscape planting1 succeeding in all kinds of soils and all kinds of growing conditions4 ,it makes a rapid showing and is practically free from all diseases and insect injury4 ,,smooth ,,sumac ,rhus glabra ,l4 ,,the smooth sumac is usually a tall shrub but occasionally it develops as a tree #bj to #be feet tall with a trunk diameter of #f to #aj inches4 ,a few large spreading branches form a broad1 flat1 open head4 ,the twigs are smooth and glabrous and have a thick1 light brown pith with small round winter buds4 ,illustration3 ,,smooth ,,sumac ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf and fruit1 one-fourth natural size4 ,the compound leaves are #f to #ah inches long1 composed of #i to #bg leaflets with sharply notched margins4 ,they are dark green above1 whitish beneath1 changing to red1 purple and yellow early in the autumn4 ,the flowers are small and green1 produced in dense terminal panicles4 ,the fruit is a small globose berry1 covered with crimson hairs and has a pleasant acid taste4 ,the conspicuous deep red panicles of fruit remain unchanged on the tree during the winter4 ,the wood is light and of a golden yellow color4 ,either as a tree1 or as a shrub1 the smooth sumac is excellent for ornamental planting1 being particularly desirable on terraces or hillsides1 where mass effects are desired4 ,it transplants very readily and spreads freely4 ,the staghorn sumac1 ,rhus typhina ,l41 is a slightly taller tree1 as it reaches a height of #bj to #ce feet1 and a stem diameter of #h to #ab inches4 ,the twigs and leaves are similar to those of the smooth sumac but are conspicuously hairy4 ,its occurrence is limited to the northern part of the ,state4 ,the shining sumac1 ,rhus copallina ,l41 usually occurs in shrub form but it occasionally reaches a height of #bj feet with a stem diameter of #f inches4 ,the leaves are smooth above but somewhat hairy beneath with a winged rachis and about #i to #ba leaflets that are slightly toothed4 ,late in the summer its foliage turns a brilliant red4 ,the fruit clusters are much smaller than the preceding species4 ,it is found throughout the ,state4 ,,sugar ,,maple ,acer saccharum ,marsh4 ,,the sugar maple is an important member of the climax forests which stretch from ,maine to ,minnesota and southward to ,texas and ,florida4 ,it is an associate of the hemlocks and the birches in the ,north1 with the beeches and chestnuts through the middle states1 with the oaks in the ,west and with the tulip and the magnolias in the ,south4 ,in ,illinois it is a common and favorite tree throughout the ,state4 ,in the open it grows fairly rapidly and has a very symmetrical1 dense crown1 affording heavy shade4 ,it is1 therefore1 quite extensively planted as a shade tree4 ,the bark on young trees is light gray and brown and rather smooth1 but as the tree grows older1 it breaks up into long1 irregular plates or scales1 which vary from light gray to almost black4 ,the twigs are smooth and reddish-brown1 and the winter buds are smooth and sharp-pointed4 ,the tree attains a height of more than #ajj feet and a diameter of #c feet or more4 ,the sap yields maple sugar and maple syrup4 ,illustration3 ,,sugar ,,maple ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are #c to #e inches across1 simple1 opposite1 with #c to #e pointed and sparsely-toothed lobes1 the divisions between the lobes being rounded4 ,the leaves are dark green on the upper surface1 lighter green beneath1 turning in autumn to brilliant shades of dark red1 scarlet1 orange and clear yellow4 ,the flowers are yellowish-green1 on long threadlike stalks1 appearing with the leaves1 the two kinds in separate clusters4 ,the fruit1 which ripens in the fall1 consists of a two-winged samara1 or key1 the two wings nearly parallel1 each about #a inch in length and containing a seed4 ,it is easily carried by the wind4 ,the wood is hard1 heavy1 strong1 close-grained and light brown in color4 ,it is known1 commercially as hard maple1 and is used in the manufacture of flooring1 furniture1 shoe-lasts and a great variety of novelties4 ,the black maple1 ,acer nigrum ,michx41 occurs with the sugar maple with darker bark4 ,the leaves are usually wider than long1 yellow-green and downy beneath1 and the base of the petioles enlarged4 ,the two lower lobes are very small2 the lobes are undulate or entire4 ,,silver ,,maple ,acer saccharinum ,l4 ,,the silver or river maple1 also called the soft maple1 occurs on moist land and along streams4 ,it attains heights of #ajj feet or more and diameters of #c feet or over4 ,it usually has a short trunk which divides into a number of large ascending limbs4 ,these again subdivide1 and the branches droop but turn upward at the tips4 ,the bark on the old stems is dark gray and broken into long flakes or scales2 on the young shoots it is smooth and varies in color from reddish to a yellowish-gray4 ,the silver maple grows rapidly and has been much planted as a shade tree4 ,because of the brittleness of its wood1 it is often damaged by summer storms and winter sleet4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,maple ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the leaves are opposite on the stem1 have from #c to #e lobes ending in long points with toothed edges and are separated by deep angular sinuses or openings2 they are pale green on the upper surface and silvery-white underneath4 ,the buds are rounded1 red or reddish-brown1 blunt-pointed2 generally like those of red maple4 ,the flowers appear in the spring before the leaves1 in dense clusters1 and are of a greenish-yellow color4 ,the fruit ripens in late spring4 ,it consists of a pair of winged seeds or keys with wings #a to #b inches long on slender1 flexible1 threadlike stems about an inch long4 ,the wood is soft1 weak1 even-textured1 rather brittle1 easily worked1 and decays readily when exposed4 ,it is considerably used for boxboards1 furniture1 veneers and fuel4 ,the red maple1 or swamp maple1 ,acer rubrum ,l41 has leaves deeply lobed with the lobes sharply toothed4 ,the autumn color is deep red4 ,the flowers also are red and the fruit is small reddish1 maturing late in spring4 ,,box ,,elder ,acer negundo ,l4 ,,the box elder is a fairly rapidly growing tree1 found commonly along streams rather generally over the ,state4 ,it is a tree of medium size1 rarely reaching over #bd inches in diameter and #fj to #gj feet in height4 ,it has been considerably planted for shade because in good soil its growth is rapid4 ,its limbs and branches1 however1 are fragile1 and the tree as a whole is rather subject to disease4 ,it is not long-lived or generally satisfactory for any purpose4 ,it is prolific in reproduction but is largely destroyed by grazing and cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,,box ,,elder ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the bark on young branches is smooth and green to purple in color2 on old trees it is thin1 grayish to light brown and deeply divided4 ,the leaves are compound1 with usually #c leaflets 7rarely #e or #g71 opposite1 smooth and lustrous1 green1 and borne on a leaf stem or petiole #b to #c inches long4 ,the leaflets are #b to #d inches long by #a to #b inches wide1 making the whole leaf #e to #h inches in length4 ,the fruit is a samara1 or key1 winged similarly to that of a sugar maple1 but smaller4 ,it ripens in late summer or early fall1 and so is like its close relative1 the sugar maple1 but unlike its close relatives1 the red maple and silver maple4 ,the wood is soft1 light1 weak1 close-grained and decays readily in contact with heat and moisture4 ,it is used occasionally for fuel4 ,the ,norway maple1 ,acer platanoides ,l41 is a ,european species which has been extensively planted4 ,it forms a round1 spreading crown of stout branches with coarse twigs4 ,the leaves resemble those of the sugar maple but somewhat broader and the petioles exude a milky juice when cut4 ,the flowers are larger than those of our native maples and fruit is large with diverging wings4 ,it holds its leaves longer in the fall and the autumn coloring is pale yellow4 ,it succeeds well as a city shade tree4 ,,ohio ,,buckeye ,aesculus glabra ,willd4 ,,the buckeye is rare in the northern fourth of ,illinois1 but is known in the rest of the ,state1 forming no considerable part of the forest stand4 ,it reaches a height of #fj to #gj feet and a diameter of #ah to #bd inches4 ,the trunk is usually short1 limby1 and knotty4 ,the crown or head1 is generally open and made up of small spreading branches and twigs orange-brown to reddish-brown in color4 ,the bark is light gray and1 on old trees1 divided or broken into flat scales1 which make the stem of the tree rough2 the bark is ill-smelling when bruised4 ,illustration3 ,,ohio ,,buckeye ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,nut1 one-third natural size4 ,leaf1 one-quarter natural size4 ,the leaves are opposite on the twigs1 compound and consisting of #e long-oval1 rarely #g1 pointed1 toothed1 yellow-green leaflets1 set like the fingers of a hand at the top of slender petioles #d to #f inches long4 ,they usually turn yellow and then fall early in the autumn4 ,the flowers appear after the leaves unfold2 are cream-colored2 in terminal panicles #e to #g inches long and #b to #c inches broad1 quite downy4 ,the fruit is a thick1 leathery1 prickly capsule about an inch in diameter1 and1 breaking into #b or #c valves1 discloses the bright1 shiny1 mahogany colored seeds1 or nuts4 ,the wood is light1 soft and weak1 and decays rapidly when exposed4 ,it is used for woodenware1 artificial limbs1 paper pulp1 and for lumber and fuel4 ,the horse-chestnut1 ,aesculus hippocastanum ,l41 is a handsome ,european tree with a very symmetrical crown4 ,the flowers are larger than those of our native species and add beauty to the foliage4 ,it forms a desirable shade tree4 ,,basswood ,tilia americana ,l4 ,,the basswood1 or ,american linden1 is a rather tall tree with a broad1 round-topped crown4 ,it ranges throughout ,illinois and may be found wherever rich1 wooded slopes1 moist stream banks and cool ravines occur4 ,it grows best in river bottoms1 where it is common and forms a valuable timber tree1 attaining a height of #hj feet and a diameter of #d feet4 ,the bark is light brown1 deeply furrowed and the inner bark furnishes bast for making mats4 ,illustration3 ,,basswood ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are broadly heart-shaped1 #c to #f inches long1 coarsely saw-toothed1 smooth on both sides1 except for some hairs on the axils of the veins4 ,they are dark above but light green beneath4 ,the flowers are yellowish-white1 in drooping clusters opening in early summer1 and flower stem is united to the middle of a long narrow leaf-like bract4 ,they are very fragrant and from them the bees make a large amount of choice grade honey4 ,the fruit is a berry-like1 dry1 #a or #b seeded1 rounded nutlet #a_/d to #a_/b an inch in diameter1 covered with short1 thick and brownish wool4 ,it remains attached in clusters to the leafy bract1 which later acts as a wing to bear it away on the wind4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 tough1 not durable1 light brown in color4 ,it is used in the manufacture of pulp1 woodenware1 furniture1 trunks1 excelsior and many other articles4 ,it makes a fine shade tree1 grows rapidly and is easily transplanted4 ,the white basswood1 ,tilia heterophylla ,vent41 is similar to the preceding species1 but with somewhat lighter bark4 ,the leaves are larger1 dark yellow-green above1 the under surface being generally densely covered with short1 silvery or gray hairs with tufts of brown hairs in the axils of the veins4 ,it is more plentiful in the southern part of the ,state4 ,,flowering ,,dogwood ,cornus florida ,l4 ,,the flowering dogwood is rare in the northern third of the ,state4 ,it is a small tree1 growing under the larger forest trees1 usually #ae to #cj feet in height and #f to #ab inches in diameter1 with a rather flat and spreading crown and short1 often crooked trunk4 ,the bark is reddish-brown to black and broken up into small #d-sided scaly blocks4 ,illustration3 ,,flowering ,,dogwood ,leaf and flowers1 one-half natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the leaves are opposite1 ovate1 #c to #e inches long1 #b to #c inches wide1 pointed1 entire or wavy on the margin1 bright green above1 pale green or grayish beneath4 ,the flowers1 which unfold from the conspicuous round1 grayish1 winter flower buds before the leaves come out1 are small greenish-yellow1 arranged in dense heads surrounded by large white or rarely pinkish petal-like bracts1 which give the appearance of large spreading flowers #b to #d inches across4 ,the fruit is a bright scarlet berry1 #a_/b inch long and containing a hard nutlet in which are #a or #b seeds4 ,usually several fruits1 or berries1 are contained in one head4 ,they are relished by birds1 squirrels and other animals4 ,the wood is hard1 heavy1 strong1 very close-grained1 brown to red in color4 ,it is in great demand for cotton-mill machinery1 turnery handles and forms4 ,one other tree has quite similar wood--the persimmon4 ,the dogwood1 with its masses of early spring flowers1 its dark red autumn foliage and its bright red berries1 is probably our most ornamental native tree4 ,it should be used much more extensively in roadside and ornamental planting4 ,the alternate-leaved dogwood1 ,cornus alternifolia ,l41 occasionally reaches tree size with long slender branches arranged in irregular whorls giving the tree a storied effect4 ,the flowers are small1 followed by blue-black fruit borne in loose red-stemmed clusters4 ,,sour ,,gum ,nyssa sylvatica ,marsh4 ,,the sour gum1 often called black gum1 is found in many types of soil and in most conditions of soil moisture in southern ,illinois1 but it becomes rare in the northern half of the ,state4 ,in lowlands1 it is occasionally found in year-round swamps with cypress1 and in the hills on dry slopes with oaks and hickories4 ,illustration3 ,,sour ,,gum ,one-half natural size4 ,the leaves are simple1 #b to #c inches long1 entire1 often broader near the apex1 shiny1 dark green in color4 ,in the fall the leaves turn a most brilliant red4 ,the bark on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges1 and gradually develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense1 hard and nearly black4 ,most of the branches are nearly horizontal4 ,the greenish flowers on long slender stems appear in early spring when the leaves are about one-third grown4 ,they are usually of two kinds1 the male in many-flowered heads and the female in two to several-flowered clusters on different trees4 ,the fruit is a dark blue1 fleshy berry1 #b_/c of an inch long1 containing a single hard-shelled seed1 and is borne on long stems1 #b to #c in a cluster4 ,the wood is very tough1 cross-grained1 not durable in contact with the soil1 hard to work1 and warps easily4 ,it is used for crate and basket veneers1 box shooks1 rollers1 mallets1 rough floors1 mine trams1 pulpwood and fuel4 ,the tupelo gum1 or cotton gum1 ,nyssa aquatica ,l41 is found in deep river swamps which are flooded during a part of the year4 ,it occurs in #d or #e of the southern counties of ,illinois in cypress swamps4 ,the enlarged base and the larger fruit serve to distinguish it from the sour gum4 ,this fruit or plum is about an inch long1 dark purple and has a tough skin enclosing a flattened stone4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 and not strong and is used for woodenware1 handles1 fruit and vegetable packages4 ,,persimmon ,diospyros virginiana ,l4 ,,the persimmon1 often called simmon1 is well known throughout its range4 ,it is a small tree1 rarely exceeding #ej feet in height and #a inch in diameter1 occurring throughout the ,state from the southern part north to ,peoria ,county4 ,it seems to prefer dry1 open situations1 and is most abundant in the old fields1 though it also occurs on rich bottom lands4 ,the bark of old trees is almost black and separated into thick nearly square blocks1 much like the black gum4 ,illustration3 ,,persimmon ,leaf1 one-half natural size4 ,twig1 three-quarters natural size4 ,the leaves are alternate1 oval1 entire1 #d to #f inches long1 dark green and shining above1 paler beneath4 ,the small flowers1 which appear in ,may1 are yellowish or creamy white1 somewhat bell-shaped1 the two kinds occurring on separate trees2 the male in clusters of #b or #c1 the female solitary4 ,they are visited by many insects4 ,the fruit is a pulpy1 round1 orange-colored or brown berry1 an inch or more in diameter and containing several flattened1 hard1 smooth seeds4 ,it is strongly astringent while green1 but quite sweet and delicious when thoroughly ripe4 ,the wood is hard1 dense1 heavy1 strong1 the heartwood brown or black1 the wide sapwood white or yellowish4 ,it is particularly valued for shuttles1 golf-stick heads1 and similar special uses1 but is not of sufficient commercial use to warrant its general encouragement as a timber tree4 ,the ,hercules' club1 ,aralia spinosa ,l41 grows to tree size in southern ,illinois1 with a spiny stem #be to #cj feet tall and a flat-topped head4 ,the doubly compound leaves are often more than #c feet long4 ,its small greenish-white flowers are followed by large clusters of purple juicy berries4 ,it is desirable for ornamental planting4 ,,white ,,ash ,fraxinus americana ,l4 ,,the white ash is found throughout the ,state1 but grows to best advantage in the rich moist soils of bottom lands4 ,it reaches an average height of #ej to #hj feet and a diameter of #b to #c feet1 though much larger trees are found in virgin forests4 ,the bark varies in color from a light gray to a gray-brown4 ,the rather narrow ridges are separated with marked regularity by deep1 diamond-shaped fissures4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,ash ,twig1 one-half natural size4 ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,the opposite leaves of the white ash are from #h to #ab inches long and have from #e to #i plainly stalked1 sharp-pointed leaflets1 dark green and smooth above1 pale green beneath4 ,the flowers are of two kinds on different trees1 the staminate in dense reddish-purple clusters and the pistillate in more open bunches4 ,the fruit of the ash is winged1 #a to #a-a_/b inches long1 resembling the blade of a canoe paddle in outline1 with the seed at the handle end4 ,the fruits mature in late summer and are distributed effectively by the winds4 ,the wood of the white ash is extremely valuable on account of its toughness and elasticity4 ,it is preferred to all other native woods for small tool handles1 such athletic implements as rackets1 bats1 and oars1 and agricultural implements4 ,it is also used extensively for furniture and interior finish4 ,the green ash1 ,fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata ,sarg41 is common in stream valleys throughout the ,state4 ,the hairy form of this tree is known as the red ash4 ,this species differs from the white ash in having the leaves bright green or yellow-green on both sides4 ,the fruit has the wing portion extending well down past the middle of the seed-bearing part1 and with the wing sometimes square or slightly notched at the outer end4 ,the wood is similar to that of the white ash1 but is not quite so tough4 ,,blue ,,ash ,fraxinus quadrangulata ,michx4 ,,the blue ash is not very common but widely distributed in the upland portions of the ,state1 where it is limited to limestone bluffs1 occasionally descending to the adjacent bottom lands4 ,it becomes a large tree #fj feet or more in height with a trunk #b feet in diameter4 ,the young twigs are usually square1 sometimes winged or #d-ridged between the leaf bases4 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,ash ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,fruit and twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the bark is light gray tinged with red1 #a_/b to #b_/c inch thick1 irregularly divided into large plate-like scales4 ,macerating the inner bark in water yields a blue dye4 ,the leaves are #h to #ab inches long1 having #g to #aa stalked leaflets1 long pointed and coarsely toothed1 thick and firm1 smooth and yellowish-green above1 paler beneath4 ,the flowers are without petals and appear in clusters when the buds begin to expand4 ,the fruit is flattened and oblong1 #a to #b inches long and less than #a_/b inch wide and usually notched at the outer end4 ,the wing is about twice the length of the seed-bearing portion and extends down the sides past the middle4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 and close-grained1 light yellow1 streaked with brown1 with a very broad zone of lighter sapwood4 ,it is not usually distinguished commercially from the wood of other ashes4 ,the pumpkin ash1 ,fraxinus tomentosa ,michx41 grows in deep river swamps in southern ,illinois4 ,it is a tall slender tree1 usually with a much enlarged base4 ,the twigs are light gray4 ,the leaves1 with #g to #i leaflets1 smooth above and soft downy below1 are from #aj to #ah inches long4 ,the black ash1 ,fraxinus nigra ,marsh41 appears occasionally on the flood plains in the northern part of the ,state4 ,it may be known by its ashy light gray bark1 its very thick twigs and sessile1 long-pointed sharply serrate leaflets4 ,,catalpa ,catalpa speciosa ,warder ,,this is a native to the ,wabash ,valley of ,illinois1 but has been widely planted and has spread somewhat farther as a result of cultivation4 ,it is a medium sized tree with a short trunk and broad head with spreading branches4 ,because of its attractive flowers and conspicuous heart-shaped leaves1 it is considerably used for shade and ornament4 ,the bark varies from dark gray to brown1 slightly rough1 being divided in narrow shallow strips or flakes4 ,the leaves are simple1 opposite1 oval1 long-pointed1 #f to #aj inches long1 and heart-shaped at the base4 ,illustration3 ,,catalpa ,leaf1 one-third natural size4 ,twig1 two-thirds natural size4 ,the flowers appear in clusters or panicles in ,may or ,june4 ,they are white with purple and yellow markings1 and this makes them decidedly showy and attractive4 ,the fruit consists of a bean-like pod1 #h to #af inches long4 ,it hangs on the tree over winter and gradually splits into #b parts1 or valves4 ,the seeds are about #a inch long and terminate in wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends4 ,they are freely carried by the wind4 ,the wood is rather soft1 light1 coarse-grained and durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is used for fence posts1 poles and fuel1 and occasionally for railroad ties4 ,the paulownia1 ,paulownia tomentosa 7,thumb74 ,steud41 is a large tree native of ,china with the aspect of the catalpa with broad opposite leaves4 ,its upright pyramidal clusters of pale violet flowers which appear with the unfolding of the leaves are strikingly handsome4 ,the individual flowers are bell-shaped1 two inches long and spotted with darker purple4 ,,department ,,of ,,conservation ,division of ,forestry ,,the ,state ,division of ,forestry was organized in #aibf as a division of the ,department of ,conservation4 ,it was organized at that time as a result of an increased need for proper forestry practices within the ,state on the part of the owners of timber land and potential timber lands4 ,the objectives of the ,division are as follows3 #a4 ,to promote and assist in the reforestation of idle lands unfit for agriculture4 #b4 ,to prevent and control woods fires4 #c4 ,to control erosion by the planting of trees4 #d4 ,to establish ,state forests to act as demonstration areas in timber land management4 #e4 ,to assist ,illinois farmers1 landowners1 and corporations in woodland management practices4 #f4 ,to assist in the establishment of county and community forests4 #g4 ,to disseminate forestry knowledge through the publication of forestry literature4 ,reforestation ,illinois has within its total land area of approximately #ce1hjj1jjj acres1 #b1ejj1jjj acres of land that should be reforested4 ,these lands are lying idle at present due to the fact that they are too poor for agricultural purposes4 ,as such they provide an economic burden to their owners and to the ,state because they are unproductive4 ,these same lands will grow trees profitably1 therefore1 it is necessary that they be planted to trees for a future timber crop which ultimately will bring a revenue to the landowners and community4 ,to meet this situation1 the ,department of ,conservation1 ,division of ,forestry has developed two large forest tree nurseries capable of producing #ae1jjj1jjj trees annually for reforestation and erosion control purposes4 ,these trees are available to farmers and landowners at prices varying from #e4jj to #ae4jj per thousand1 dependent upon the species of trees desired4 ,trees secured from the ,state must be used only for reforestation and erosion control and cannot be used for landscape or ornamental plantings4 ,definite progress has been made in the ,state reforestation program of idle lands4 ,the first major distribution of trees took place in #aicf at which time #cjj1jjj trees were planted in the ,state4 ,since #aicf the ,state's reforestation program has steadily been enlarged to the extent that in #aidj1 #f1bej1jjj trees were distributed from ,state nurseries and in #aied1 #i1iif1jjj trees left the ,division's nurseries to be planted by farmers and public agencies in the ,state4 ,considerable progress has been made1 however1 it is hoped that the reforestation program in ,illinois will continue to expand until all idle lands in ,illinois are growing a useful timber crop4 ,forest ,fire ,protection ,woodland fires in ,illinois always present a serious problem to the future growth and quality of our forests4 ,thousands of dollars worth of damage is done annually to our existing woodlands by fires which not only destroy our merchantable timber but also cause severe mortality to young forest seedlings4 ,fires seriously affect the soil1 destroy wildlife and disrupt the entire biological balance of the forest4 ,every effort should be made1 therefore1 to prevent woods fires4 ,in #aich the ,state ,division of ,forestry inaugurated a program in forest fire protection4 ,since that time ten fire protection districts and a forest fire protection headquarters have been established in southern ,illinois4 ,fire fighting personnel has been hired1 radio communication established1 and ten ,state forest fire towers have been erected4 ,fire protection has been established on all ,state forests4 ,necessary tools and equipment for use by both forestry personnel and volunteer groups have been purchased4 ,as a result1 #c1fgd1jjj acres of ,state and private land are now receiving fire protection4 ,this program will be enlarged as funds permit until all woodland acreage in need of protection will receive necessary fire protection4 ,our forest resources are a valuable asset to ,illinois and one of the most valuable renewable resources that we have4 ,they can only be so1 however1 if adequate forest fire protection is afforded them4 ,woodland ,management ,illinois' total forest acreage1 when our first settlers came to the ,state1 included #ae1bgc1jjj acres of the finest timber to be found in the ,middle ,west4 ,this represented #db per cent of the total acreage4 ,although ,illinois today is considered strictly an agricultural ,state1 at one time we were rich in forest resources and they were the ,state's most valuable asset4 ,today ,illinois has but #c1iif1jjj acres of woodlands of which #ib is in private ownership4 ,the trained foresters of the ,division of ,forestry are making every effort to assist farmers and landowners in their woodland management problems4 ,it is vitally necessary that proper forestry practices be conducted on our woodlands today in order that the landowners realize an income from their forest lands and thereby make them an asset rather than a liability4 ,advice on woodland management is available free of charge from the ,division4 ,the marketing and proper utilization of our existing forest resources is the concern of the ,division of ,forestry4 ,approximately #a1jjj small sawmills are operating in the ,state and1 of course1 much timber is needed annually to keep such mills in operation4 ,every effort is being made to advise timber landowners as to proper cutting practices and disposal of merchantable timber4 ,state ,forests ,the ,state at present has #aj1aaj acres in ,state forests4 ,it is hoped that this acreage can be enlarged in future years as ,state appropriations permit4 ,the above acreage includes three ,state forests located in ,union1 ,mason and ,henderson counties4 ,illinois ,state forests will always be smaller than those of other states because of the unavailability of low valued land4 ,the ,division's proposed ,state forest plan provides for a large number of small ,state forests throughout the ,state which would serve as ideal examples of proper woodland management and reforestation practices4 ,as funds permit these will be acquired in the future4 ,our ,state forests provide ideal recreational areas at present and thousands of visitors use them annually4 ,in addition1 as the timber matures on them1 they will provide a revenue from timber sales and become self-sustaining4 ,community ,forests ,community forests are the oldest type of forest lands in public ownership4 ,some have been in existence for #bjj years in the eastern states and records of older community forests have been found in some of the ,european countries4 ,the ,division of ,forestry is cooperating with counties and communities in an effort to get a large scale community forest program in ,illinois4 ,to date there are #eh community forests having a total acreage of #eb1bif acres4 ,up to the present time #gjj1jjj trees have been planted on these areas in cooperation with the ,division of ,forestry4 ,nine counties in the ,state have ,county ,forest ,preserve ,districts at present4 ,the ratio of ten acres for each #a1jjj population within the county appears to be a fair goal for county forest preserve systems in accordance with the ,illinois ,state ,planning ,commission4 ,on this basis #ai counties in ,illinois should have forest preserves4 ,summary ,as a result of increased appropriations for forestry in recent years a definite well-planned forestry program is in effect in ,illinois4 ,for additional information on the ,division's activities1 write the ,state ,forester1 ,springfield4 ,,index ,,of ,,scientific ,,names ,page ,acer negundo1 #eh nigrum1 #ef platanoides1 #eh rubrum1 #eg saccharum1 #ef saccharinum1 #eg ,aesculus hippocastanum1 #ei glabra1 #ei ,ailanthus altissima1 #ed ,alnus glutinosa1 #ai incana1 #ai ,amelanchier arborea1 #df canadensis1 #df laevis1 #df ,aralia spinosa1 #fc ,asimina tribola1 #da ,betula lutea1 #ba nigra1 #ba papyrifera1 #bj ,carpinus caroliniana1 #ai ,carya aquatica1 #ac1 #ae buckleyi1 #ac1 #ah cordiformis1 #ac1 #ad glabra1 #ac1 #ah illinoensis1 #ac1 #ae laciniosa1 #ac1 #af ovalis1 #ac1 #ag ovata1 #ac1 #af pecan1 #ae tomentosa1 #ac1 #ag ,castanea dentata1 #bb ,catalpa speciosa1 #ff ,celtis leavigata1 #cf occidentalis1 #cf ,cercis canadensis1 #eb ,cornus alternifolia1 #fa florida1 #fa ,crataegus calpodendron1 #dg crus-galli1 #dg mollis1 #dh phoenopyrum1 #dh punctata1 #dg viridis1 #dh ,diospyros virginiana1 #fc ,fagus grandifolia1 #bb ,fraxinus americana1 #fd nigra1 #fe pennsylvanica1 #fd quadrangulata1 #fe tomentosa1 #fe ,gleditsia aquatica1 #ea triacanthos1 #ea ,gymnocladus dioicus1 #eb ,juglans cinerea1 #ab nigra1 #aa ,juniperus virginiana1 #g ,larix decidua1 #f laricina1 #f ,liquidambar styraciflua1 #dc ,liriodendron tulipifera1 #dj ,maclura pomifera1 #cg ,magnolia acuminata1 #ci ,malus coronaria1 #de iensis1 #de ,morus alba1 #ch rubra1 #ch ,nyssa aquatica1 #fb sylvatica1 #fb ,ostrya virginiana1 #bj ,paulownia tomentosa1 #ff ,picea abies1 #e ,pinus banksiana1 #e echinata1 #e nigra1 #d strobus1 #d sylvestris1 #e ,planera aquatica1 #ce ,platanus acerifolia1 #dd occidentalis1 #dd ,populus alba1 #i deltoides1 #i grandidenta1 #h nigra1 #i heterophylla1 #i tacamahaca1 #i tremuloides1 #h ,prunus americana1 #di hortulana1 #di nigra1 #di pennsylvanica1 #ej serotina1 #ej virginiana1 #ej ,quercus alba1 #bc1 #bd borealis1 #bh bicolor1 #bc1 #be coccinea1 #bc1 #cj digitata1 #ca ellipsoidalis1 #bc1 #bi falcata1 #bc1 #ca imbricaria1 #bc1 #cc lyrata1 #bc1 #bd macrocarpa1 #bc1 #be marilandica1 #bc1 #cb montana1 #bf muhlenbergii1 #bc1 #bf pagodaefolia1 #ca palustris1 #bc1 #cj phellos1 #bc1 #cc prinus1 #bc1 #bf rubra1 #bh1 #ca shumardii1 #bc1 #bh stellata1 #bc1 #bg velutina1 #bc1 #bi ,rhus copallina1 #ee glabra1 #ee typhina1 #ee ,robinia pseudoacacia1 #ec ,sassafras albidum1 #db ,salix alba1 #aj amygdaloides1 #aj babylonica1 #aj nigra1 #aj fragilis1 #aj ,taxodium distichum1 #f ,thuja occidentalis1 #g ,tilia americana1 #fj heterophylla1 #fj ,ulmus alata1 #cd americana1 #cd fulva1 #ce rubra1 #ce thomasi1 #cd ,illustration3 ,backcover