,transcriber's note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected4 ,hyphenation and accentuation have been standardised1 all other inconsistencies are as in the original4 ,the author's spelling has been maintained4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century ,,in ,,caricature ,illustration3 ,what it is and ,what is it8 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century ,,in ,,caricature ,,by ,,arthur ,,bartlett ,,maurice and ,,frederic ,,taber ,,cooper ,,profusely ,,illustrated ,,london ,,grant ,,richards #aijd ,copyright1 #aijc1 #aijd ,by ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,and ,,company ,,burr ,,printing ,,house ,,new ,,york ,,contents ,,chapter ,page ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,napoleonic ,,era ,i4 ,the ,beginning of ,political ,caricature #a ,,ii4 ,hogarth and his ,times #ab ,,iii4 ,james ,gillray #ai ,,iv4 ,bonaparte ,as ,first ,consul #bh ,v4 ,the ,emperor at his ,apogee #ce ,,vi4 ,napoleon's ,waning ,power #dd ,,part ,,ii4 ,,from ,,waterloo ,,through ,,the ,,crimean ,,war ,,vii4 ,after the ,downfall #eg ,,viii4 ,the ,poire #fe ,,ix4 ,the ,baiting of ,louis-,phillipe #gc ,x4 ,mayeux and ,robert ,macaire #ij ,,xi4 ,from ,cruikshank to ,leech #ig ,,xii4 ,the ,beginning of ,punch #aja ,,xiii4 ,retrospective #aaa ,,xiv4 '#dh and the ,coup d',etat #aai ,,xv4 ,the ,struggle in the ,crimea #abh ,,part ,,iii4 ,,the ,,civil ,,and ,,franco-,,prussian ,,wars ,,xvi4 ,the ,mexican ,war and ,slavery #adc ,,xvii4 ,neglected ,opportunities #aei ,,xviii4 ,the ,south ,secedes #aff ,,xix4 ,the ,four ,years' ,struggle #age ,,xx4 ,nations and ,men in ,caricature #ahh ,,xxi4 ,the ,outbreak of the ,franco-,prussian ,war #aig ,,xxii4 ,the ,debacle #bjf ,,part ,,iv4 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,century ,,xxiii4 ,the ,evolution of ,american ,caricature #bca ,,xxiv4 ,the ,third ,french ,republic #bcf ,,xxv4 ,general ,european ,affairs #bde ,,xxvi4 ,thomas ,nast #bee ,,xxvii4 ,the ,american ,political ,campaigns of #ahhj and #ahhd #bfi ,,xxviii4 ,the ,influence of ,journalism #bgh ,,xxix4 ,years of ,turbulence #bhi ,,xxx4 ,american ,parties and ,platforms #cji ,,xxxi4 ,the ,spanish-,american ,war #ccj ,,xxxii4 ,the ,boer ,war and the ,dreyfus ,case #cdb ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,men of ,to-day #cee ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,page ,what ,it ,is and ,what ,is ,it8 ,frontispiece ,french ,invasion of ,england #c ,nelson at the ,battle of the ,nile 7,gillray7 #e ,bonaparte after ,landing 7,gillray7 #f ,john ,bull ,taking a ,luncheon 7,gillray7 #h ,french ,consular ,triumvirate 7,gillray7 #aa ,capture of the ,danish ,ships 7,gillray7 #ad ,the ,broad-,bottom ,administration 7,gillray7 #af ,pacific ,overtures 7,gillray7 #ai ,the ,great ,coronation ,procession 7,gillray7 #ba ,napoleon and ,pitt 7,gillray7 #bc ,armed ,heroes 7,gillray7 #be ,the ,handwriting on the ,wall 7,gillray7 #bg ,the ,double-,faced ,napoleon 7,german cartoon7 #bi ,the ,two ,kings of ,terror 7,rowlandson7 #ca ,the ,king of ,brobdingnag and ,gulliver 7,gillray7 #cc ,napoleon's ,burden 7,german cartoon7 #cf ,the ,french ,gingerbread ,baker 7,gillray7 #ch ,the ,devil and ,napoleon 7,french cartoon7 #ci ,the ,consultation 7,french cartoon7 #da ,the ,corsican ,top in ,full ,flight #de ,napoleon in the ,valley of the ,shadow of ,death 7,gillray7 #dg ,the ,spider's ,web 7,volk7 #dh ,the ,partition of the ,map #di ,napoleon's ,plight 7,french cartoon7 #ej ,the ,signature of ,abdication 7,cruikshank7 #eb ,the ,allies' ,oven 7,french cartoon7 #ed ,the ,new ,robinson ,crusoe 7,german cartoon7 #ee ,napoleon ,caged 7,french cartoon7 #ef ,restitution #eh ,adjusting the ,balance #fj ,john ,bull's ,new ,batch of ,ships 7,charles7 #fb ,russia as ,mediator 7,charles7 #fc ,the ,cossack ,bite 7,charles7 #fc ,john ,bull and the ,alexandrians 7,charles7 #fd ,john ,bull's ,troubles 7,charles7 #fd ,the ,order of the ,extinguishers 7,french cartoon7 #fg ,proudhon #fh ,digging the ,grave #fi ,le ,poire 7,philipon7 #gj ,the ,pious ,monarch #gd ,the ,great ,nut-,cracker #ge ,enfonce ,lafayette 7,daumier7 #gg ,the ,ship of ,state in ,peril #gi ,the ,pit of ,taxation 7,grandville7 #ha ,the ,question of ,divorce 7,daumier7 #hc ,the ,resuscitation 7,grandville7 #hd ,louis ,philippe as ,bluebeard 7,grandville7 #he ,barbarism and ,cholera ,invading #hi ,the ,raid #hi ,mayeux 7,travies7 #ia ,robert ,macaire 7,daumier7 #ic ,extinguished6 #id ,louis ,philippe as ,cain #ie ,laughing ,john--,crying ,john #if ,the ,wellington ,boot #ii ,the ,land of ,liberty #ajc ,england's ,admonition 7,leech7 #ajd ,the ,napoleon of ,peace #aje ,the ,sea-,serpent of #ahdh #ajg ,europe in #ahcj #aji ,honore ,daumier 7,benjamin7 #aab ,the ,evolution of ,john ,bull #aae ,joseph ,prudhomme 7,daumier7 #aaf ,the ,only ,authorised ,lamps 7,vernier7 #abj ,italian ,cartoon of '#dh #aba ,napoleon le ,petit 7,vernier7 #abb ,the ,new ,siamese ,twins #abc ,louis ,napoleon and ,madame ,france #abd ,the ,proclamation 7,gill7 #abe ,split ,crow in the ,crimea #abf ,bursting of the ,russian ,bubble #acj ,general ,fevrier ,turned ,traitor 7,leech7 #aca ,rochefort and ,his ,lantern #acc ,brothers in ,arms #acd ,an ,american ,cartoon on the ,crimean ,war #acf ,theatrical ,programme #ach ,the ,british ,lion's ,vengeance 7,tenniel7 #aci ,the ,french ,porcupine 7,leech7 #ada ,bank-,oh's ,ghost1 #ahcg #add ,balaam and ,balaam's ,ass #add ,new ,map of the ,united ,states #ade ,the ,steeplechase for #ahdd #adg ,uncle ,sam's ,taylorifics #aej ,the ,mexican ,commander #aea ,defense of the ,california ,bank #aec ,the ,presidential ,foot ,race #aec ,presidential ,campaign of '#ef #aed ,no ,higher ,law #aee ,the ,fugitive ,slave ,law #aeg ,the ,great ,disunion ,serpent #aeh ,rough and ,ready ,locomotive ,against the ,field #afj ,sauce for ,goose and ,gander #afb ,peace 7,nast7 #afd ,virginia ,pausing #aff ,civil ,war ,envelopes #afg ,long ,abe #afh ,the ,promissory ,note #afi ,the ,great ,tight ,rope ,feat #agj ,at the ,throttle #aga ,the ,expert ,bartender #agb ,the ,southern ,confederacy a ,fact #agc ,the ,brighter ,prospect #agd ,why ,don't you ,take ,it8 #age ,the ,old ,bull ,dog on the ,right ,track #agf ,little ,mac in his ,great ,act #agh ,the ,grave of the ,union #ahj ,the ,abolition ,catastrophe #aha ,the ,blockade #ahb ,miscegenation #ahc ,the ,confederacy in ,petticoats #ahd ,uncle ,sam's ,menagerie #ahe ,protecting ,free ,ballot #ahf ,the ,nation at ,lincoln's ,bier 7,tenniel7 #ahg ,figures from a ,triumph #ahi ,the ,diagnosis 7,cham7 #aij ,the ,egerean ,nymph 7,daumier7 #aia ,paul and ,virginia 7,gill7 #aib ,the ,first ,conscript of ,france 7,gill7 #aic ,the ,situation 7,gill7 #aie ,louis ,blanc 7,gill7 #aig ,rival ,arbiters 7,tenniel7 #aih ,the ,man ,who ,laughs 7,gill7 #aii ,the ,man ,who ,thinks 7,gill7 #bjj ,to ,be or ,not to ,be 7,gill7 #bja ,achilles in ,retreat 7,gill7 #bjb ,the ,president of ,rhodes 7,daumier7 #bjc ,a ,tempest in a ,glass of ,water 7,gill7 #bjd ,a ,duel to the ,death 7,tenniel7 #bje ,september #dth1 #ahgj #bjf ,her ,baptism of ,fire 7,tenniel7 #bjg ,andre ,gill #bjh ,the ,marquis de ,galliffet 7,willette7 #bji ,the ,history of a ,reign 7,daumier7 #baj ,this has ,killed ,that 7,daumier7 #baa ,the ,mousetrap and its ,victims 7,daumier7 #baa ,prussia ,annexes ,alsace 7,cham7 #bac ,britannia's ,sympathy 7,cham7 #bad ,adieu 7,cham7 #bae ,souvenirs and ,regrets 7,aranda7 #baf ,the ,napoleon ,mountebanks 7,hadol7 #bag ,prussia ,introducing the ,new ,assembly 7,daumier7 #bai ,let us ,eat the ,prussian 7,gill7 #bbj ,design for a ,new ,handbell 7,daumier7 #bbb ,germany's ,farewell #bbc ,bismarck the ,first #bbd ,trochu--#ahgj #bbe ,marshal ,bazaine 7,faustin7 #bbf ,rochefort #bbg ,the ,german ,emperor ,enters ,paris 7,regamey7 #bbh ,caran ,d',ache #bcb ,gulliver ,crispi #bcc ,changing the ,map 7,gill7 #bcd ,poor ,france6 7,daumier7 #bcg ,the ,warning 7,daumier7 #bch ,the ,new ,year 7,daumier7 #bci ,the ,root of all ,evil #bdj ,the ,napoleonic ,drama #bda ,the ,french ,political ,situation 7,regamey7 #bdc ,new ,crowns for ,old #bde ,tightening the ,grip #bdf ,aeolus #bdg ,l',etat1 ,c'est ,moi #bdh ,the ,hidden ,hand #bdi ,the ,irish ,frankenstein #bej ,the ,daring ,duckling #bea ,settling the ,alabama ,claims #beb ,gordon ,waiting at ,khartoum #bec ,the ,gratz ,brown ,tag to ,greeley's ,coat 7,nast7 #bef ,thomas ,nast #beg ,labour ,cap and ,dinner ,pail 7,nast7 #bei ,the ,rag ,baby 7,nast7 #bfj ,the ,inflation ,donkey 7,nast7 #bfa ,the ,brains of ,tammany 7,nast7 #bfb ,a ,popular ,verdict #bfc ,the ,tattooed ,columbia 7,keppler7 #bfd ,splitting the ,party #bfe ,the ,headless ,candidates #bff ,on the ,down ,grade #bfg ,forbidding the ,banns 7,keppler7 #bgj ,the ,wake 7,keppler7 #bgb ,a ,common ,sorrow #bgc ,why ,they ,dislike ,him #bgd ,the ,first ,tattooed ,man 7,gillam7 #bge ,a ,german ,idea of ,irish ,home ,rule #bgi ,the ,new ,national ,sexton #bhj ,horatius ,cleveland #bha ,bernard ,gillam #bhb ,joseph ,keppler #bhc ,the ,john ,bull ,octopus #bhe ,the ,hand of ,anarchy #bhf ,the ,triple ,alliance #bhg ,a ,present-,day ,lesson #bij ,gordon in ,khartoum #bia ,the ,spurious ,parnell ,letters #bia ,dropping the ,pilot 7,tenniel7 #bib ,l',enfant ,terrible #bic ,william ,bluebeard #bid ,chinese ,native ,cartoon #bie ,japan in ,corea #bif ,business at the ,deathbed #big ,the ,start for the ,china ,cup #big ,end of the ,chinese-,japanese ,war #bih ,the ,chinese ,exclusion ,act #bii ,the ,great ,republican ,circus 7,opper7 #cjj ,to the ,rescue #cja ,a ,pilgrim's ,progress #cjb ,general ,boulanger #cjc ,the ,hague ,peace ,conference #cjc ,a ,fixture #cjd ,group of ,modern ,french ,caricaturists #cje ,the ,anglo-,french ,war ,barometer #cjg ,rip ,van ,winkle ,awakes #caj ,they're ,off #caa ,where am ,i at8 7,gillam7 #cab ,the ,political ,columbus 7,gillam7 #cad ,cleveland's ,map of the ,united ,states 7,gillam7 #cae ,return of the ,southern ,flags 7,gillam7 #cag ,the ,champion ,masher 7,gillam7 #cai ,the ,harrison ,platform 7,keppler7 #cbj ,the ,chilian ,affair #cbb ,a ,political ,tam ,o',shanter 7,gillam7 #cbd ,don ,quixote ,bryan and the ,windmill 7,victor ,gillam7 #cbe ,outing of the ,anarchists #cbf ,to the ,death #cbg ,the ,great ,weyler ,ape #cbh ,we are the ,people #cbi ,be ,careful6 ,it's ,loaded 7,victor ,gillam7 #cca ,the ,safety ,valve #ccc ,the ,latest ,war ,bulletin 7,hamilton7 #ccd ,spanish ,cartoons of the ,spanish-,american ,war #cce ,the ,spanish ,brute 7,hamilton7 #ccg ,spanish ,cartoons of the ,spanish-,american ,war #cci ,the ,rhodes ,colossus 7,sambourne7 #cdb ,the ,situation in ,south ,africa 7,gillam7 #cdc ,bloody ,cartography #cdd ,lady ,macbeth #cde ,the ,flying ,dutchman #cdf ,oom ,paul's ,favorite ,pastime #cdg ,up against the ,breastworks #cdh ,the ,napoleon of ,south ,africa #cdi ,fire6 #cej ,the ,last ,phase of the ,dreyfus ,case #cej ,toward ,freedom #cea ,the ,french ,general's ,staff #ceb ,between ,scylla and ,charybdis #cec ,devil's ,island #ced ,c4 ,g4 ,bush #cef ,willie and ,his ,papa 7,opper7 #ceg ,homer ,davenport #cei ,davenport's ,conception of the ,trusts #cfa ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century ,,in ,,caricature ,,part ,i ,,the ,,napoleonic ,,era ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,political ,,caricature ,while the impulse to satirize public men in picture is probably as old as satiric verse1 if not older1 the political cartoon1 as an effective agent in molding public opinion1 is essentially a product of modern conditions and methods4 ,as with the campaign song1 its success depends upon its timeliness1 upon the ability to seize upon a critical moment1 a burning question of the hour1 and anticipate the outcome while public excitement is still at a white heat4 ,but unlike satiric verse1 it is dependent upon ink and paper4 ,it cannot be transmitted orally4 ,the doggerel verses of the ,roman legions passed from camp to camp with the mysterious swiftness of an epidemic1 and found their way even into the sober history of ,suetonius4 ,the topical songs and parodies of the ,middle ,ages migrated from town to town with the strolling minstrels1 as readily as did the cycles of heroic poetry4 ,but with caricature the case was very different4 ,it may be that the man of the ,stone ,age1 whom ,mr4 ,opper has lately utilized so cleverly in a series of caricatures1 was the first to draw rude and distorted likenesses of some unpopular chieftain1 just as the ,roman soldier of #gi ,a4 ,d4 scratched on the wall of his barracks in ,pompeii an unflattering portrait of some martinet centurion which the ashes of ,vesuvius have preserved until to-day4 ,it is certain that the ,greeks and ,romans appreciated the power of ridicule latent in satiric pictures2 but until the era of the printing press1 the caricaturist was as one crying in a wilderness4 ,and it is only with the modern co-operation of printing and photography that caricature has come into its full inheritance4 ,the best and most telling cartoons are those which do not merely reflect current public opinion1 but guide it4 ,in looking back over a century of caricature1 we are apt to overlook this distinction4 ,a cartoon which cleverly illustrates some important historical event1 and throws light upon the contemporary attitude of the public1 is equally interesting to-day1 whether it anticipated the event or was published a month afterward4 ,but in order to influence public opinion1 caricature must contain a certain element of prophecy4 ,it must suggest a danger or point an interrogation4 ,as an example1 we may compare two famous cartoons by the ,english artist ,gillray1 ,a ,connoisseur ,examining a ,cooper and the ,king of ,brobdingnag and ,gulliver4 ,in the latter1 ,george ,,iii41 in the guise of a giant1 is curiously examining through his magnifying glass a ,lilliputian ,napoleon4 ,there is no element of prophecy about the cartoon4 ,it simply reflects the contemptuous attitude of the time toward ,napoleon1 and underestimates the danger4 ,the other cartoon1 which appeared several years earlier1 shows the ,king anxiously examining the features of ,cooper's well-known miniature of ,cromwell1 the great overthrower of kings4 ,public sentiment at that time suggested the imminence of another revolution1 and the cartoon suggests a momentous question3 ,will the fate of ,charles ,i4 be repeated8 ,in the light of history1 the ,gulliver cartoon is to-day undoubtedly the more interesting1 but at the time of its appearance it could not have produced anything approaching the sensation of that of a ,connoisseur4 ,illustration3 ,gillray's ,conception of the ,french ,invasion of ,england4 ,the necessity of getting a caricature swiftly before the public has always been felt1 and has given rise to some curious devices and makeshifts4 ,in the example which we have noted as having come down from ,roman times1 a patriotic citizen of ,pompeii could find no better medium for giving his cartoon of an important local event to the world than by scratching it upon the wall of his dwelling-house after the fashion of the modern advertisement4 ,there was a time in the seventeenth century when packs of political playing-cards enjoyed an extended vogue4 ,the fashion of printing cartoons upon ladies' fans and other articles of similarly intimate character was a transitory fad in ,england a century ago4 ,mr4 ,ackermann1 a famous printer of his generation1 and publisher of the greater part of ,rowlandson's cartoons1 adopted as an expedient for spreading political news a small balloon with an attached mechanism1 which1 when liberated1 would drop news bulletins at intervals as it passed over field and village4 ,in this country many people of the older generation will still remember the widespread popularity of the patriotic caricature-envelopes that were circulated during the ,civil ,war4 ,to-day we are so used to the daily newspaper cartoon that we do not stop to think how seriously handicapped the cartoonists of a century ago found themselves4 ,the more important cartoons of ,gillray and ,rowlandson appeared either in monthly periodicals1 such as the ,westminster ,magazine and the ,oxford ,magazine1 or in separate sheets that sold at the prohibitive price of several shillings4 ,in times of great public excitement1 as during the later years of the ,napoleonic wars1 such cartoons were bought up greedily1 the ,city vying with the aristocratic ,west ,end in their patriotic demand for them4 ,but such times were exceptional1 and the older caricaturists were obliged to let pass many interesting crises because the situations would have become already stale before the day of publication of the monthly magazines came round4 ,with the advent of the illustrated weeklies the situation was improved1 but it is only in recent times that the ideal condition has been reached1 when the cabled news of yesterday is interpreted in the cartoon of to-day4 ,illustration3 ,nelson at the ,battle of the ,nile4 ,there is another and less specific reason why caricature had to await the advent of printing and the wider dissemination of knowledge which resulted4 ,the successful political cartoon presupposes a certain average degree of intelligence in a nation1 an awakened civic conscience1 a sense of responsibility for the nation's welfare4 ,the cleverest cartoonist would waste his time appealing to a nation of feudal vassals2 he could not expect to influence a people to whom the ballot box was closed4 ,caricature flourishes best in an atmosphere of democracy2 there is an eternal incompatibility between its audacious irreverence and the doctrine of the divine right of kings4 ,illustration3 ,bonaparte #dh ,hours after ,landing4 ,and yet the best type of caricature should not require a high degree of intelligence4 ,many clever cartoonists over-reach themselves by an excess of cleverness1 appealing at best to a limited audience4 ,of this type are the cartoons whose point lies in parodying some famous painting or a masterpiece of literature1 which1 as a result1 necessarily remains caviare to the general4 ,there is a type of portrait caricature so cultured and subtle that it often produces likenesses truer to the man we know in real life than a photograph would be4 ,a good example of this type is the familiar work of ,william ,nicholson1 whose portrait of the late ,queen of ,england is said to have been recognized by her as one of the most characteristic pictures she had ever had taken4 ,what appeals to the public1 however1 is a coarser type1 a gross exaggeration of prominent features1 a willful distortion1 resulting in ridicule or glorification4 ,oftentimes the caricature degenerates into a mere symbol4 ,we have outgrown the puerility of the pictorial pun which flourished in ,england at the close of the seventeenth century1 when cartoonists of ,gillray's rank were content to represent ,lord ,bute as a pair of boots1 ,lord ,north as ,boreas1 the north wind1 and the elder ,fox with the head and tail of the animal suggested by his name4 ,yet personification of one kind and another1 and notably the personification of the nations in the shape of ,john ,bull and ,uncle ,sam and the ,russian ,bear1 forms the very alphabet of political caricature of the present day4 ,some of the most memorable series that have ever appeared were founded upon a chance resemblance of the subject of them to some natural object4 ,notable instances are ,daumier's famous series of ,louis ,philippe represented as a pear1 and ,nast's equally clever1 but more local1 caricatures of ,tweed as a money-bag4 ,it would be interesting1 if the material were accessible1 to trace the development of the different personifications of ,england1 ,france1 and ,russia1 and the rest1 from their first appearance in caricature1 but unfortunately their earlier development cannot be fully traced4 ,the underlying idea of representing the different nations as individuals1 and depicting the great international crises in a series of allegories or parables or animal stories--a sort of pictorial ,a,esop's fables--dates back to the very beginning of caricature4 ,in one of the earliest cartoons that have been preserved1 ,england1 ,france1 and a number of minor principalities which have since disappeared from the map of ,europe1 are represented as playing a game of cards with some disputed island possessions as the stakes4 ,in this case the several nations are indicated merely by heraldic emblems4 ,the conception of ,john ,bull was not to be evolved until a couple of centuries later4 ,this cartoon1 like the others of that time1 originated in ,france under ,louis ,,xii4 ,the further development of the art was decisively checked under the despotic reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 and the few caricaturists of that time who had the courage to use their pencil against the king were driven to the expedient of publishing their works in ,holland4 ,illustration3 ,john ,bull taking a ,luncheon4 ,an impressive illustration of the advantage which the satirical poet has over the cartoonist lies in the fact that some of the cleverest political satire ever written1 as well as the best examples of the application of the animal fable to politics1 were produced in ,france at this very time in the fables of ,la ,fontaine4 ,illustration3 ,the ,french ,consular ,triumvirate4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,hogarth ,,and ,,his ,,times ,from ,holland caricature migrated to ,great ,britain in the closing years of the seventeenth century--a natural result of the attention which ,dutch cartoonists had bestowed upon the revolution of #afhh--;and there it found a fertile and congenial soil4 ,the ,english had not had time to forget that they had once put the divine right of kings to the test of the executioner's block1 and what little reverence still survived was not likely to afford protection for a race of imported monarchs4 ,moreover1 as it happened1 the development of ,english caricature was destined to be guided by the giant genius of two men1 ,hogarth and ,gillray2 and however far apart these two men were in their moral and artistic standards1 they had one thing in common1 a perennial scorn for the ,house of ,hanover4 ,hogarth's contemptuous satire of ,george ,,ii4 was more than echoed in ,gillray's merciless attacks upon ,george ,,iii4 ,the well-known cartoons of ,farmer ,george1 and ,george the ,button-,maker1 were but two of the countless ways in which he avenged himself upon the dull-witted king who had once acknowledged that he could not see the point of ,gillray's caricatures4 ,although ,hogarth antedates the period covered by the present articles by fully half a century1 he is much too commanding a figure in the history of comic art to be summarily dismissed4 ,the year #agbj marks the era of the so-called bubble mania1 the era of unprecedented inflation1 of the ,south ,sea ,company in ,london1 and the equally notorious ,mississippi schemes of ,john ,law in ,france4 ,popular excitement found vent in a veritable deluge of cartoons1 many of which originated in ,amsterdam and were reprinted in ,london1 often with the addition of explanatory satiric verses in ,english4 ,in one1 ,fortune is represented riding in a car driven by ,folly1 and drawn by personifications of the different companies responsible for the disastrous epidemic of speculation3 the ,mississippi1 limping along on a wooden leg2 the ,south ,sea1 with its foot in splints1 etc4 ,in another1 we have an imaginary map of the ,southern seas1 representing the very famous island of ,madhead1 situated in ,share ,sea1 and inhabited by all kinds of people1 to which is given the general name of ,shareholders4 ,john ,law came in for a major share of the caricaturist's attention4 ,in one picture he is represented as assisting ,atlas to bear up immense globes of wind2 in another1 he is a wind-monopolist1 declaring1 ,the wind is my treasure1 cushion1 and foundation4 ,master of the wind1 ,i am master of life1 and my wind monopoly becomes straightway the object of idolatry4 ,the windy character of the share-business is the dominant note in the cartoons of the period4 ,bubbles1 windmills1 flying kites1 play a prominent part in the detail with which the background of the typical ,dutch caricature was always crowded4 ,these cartoons1 displayed conspicuously in ,london shop windows1 were not only seen by ,hogarth1 but influenced him vitally4 ,his earliest known essay in political caricature is an adaptation of one of these ,dutch prints1 representing the wheel of ,fortune1 bearing the luckless and infatuated speculators high aloft4 ,his latest work still shows the influence of ,holland in the endless wealth of minute detail1 the painstaking elaboration of his backgrounds1 in which the most patient examination is ever finding something new4 ,with ,hogarth1 the overcharged method of the ,dutch school became a medium for irrepressible genius4 ,at the hands of his followers and imitators1 it became a source of obscurity and confusion4 ,illustration3 ,the ,capture of the ,danish ,ships4 ,while ,hogarth is rightly recognized as the father of ,english caricature1 it must be remembered that his best work was done on the social rather than on the political side4 ,even his most famous political series1 that of ,the ,elections1 is broadly generalized4 ,it is not in any sense campaign literature1 but an exposition of contemporary manners4 ,and this was always ,hogarth's aim4 ,he was by instinct a realist1 endowed with a keen sense of humor--a quality in which many a modern realist is deficient4 ,he satirized life as he saw it1 the good and the bad together1 with a frankness which at times was somewhat brutal1 like the frankness of ,fielding and of ,smollett the frankness of the age they lived in4 ,it was essentially an outspoken age1 robust and rather gross2 a red-blooded age1 nurtured on ,english beef and beer2 a jovial age that shook its sides over many a broad jest1 and saw no shame in open allusion to the obvious and elemental facts of physical life4 ,judged by the standards of his day1 there is little offense in ,hogarth's work2 even when measured by our own1 he is not deliberately licentious4 ,on the contrary1 he set an example of moderation which his successors would have done well to imitate4 ,he realized1 as the later caricaturists of his century did not1 that the great strength of pictorial satire lies in ridicule rather than in invective2 that the subtlest irony often lies in a close adherence to truth1 where riotous and unrestrained exaggeration defeats its own end4 ,just as in the case of ,joseph ,andrews1 ,fielding's creative instinct got the upper hand of the parodist1 so in much of ,hogarth's work one feels that the caricaturist is forced to yield place to the realistic artist1 the student of human life1 carried away by the interest of the story he has to tell4 ,his chief gift to caricature is his unprecedented development of the narrative quality in pictorial art4 ,he pointed a road along which his imitators could follow him only at a distance4 ,illustration3 ,bonaparte and his ,english ,friends--,the ,broad ,bottom ,administration4 ,with the second half of the eighteenth century there began an era of great license in the political press1 an era of bitter vituperation and vile personal abuse4 ,hogarth was one of the chief sufferers4 ,after holding aloof from partisan politics for nearly half a century1 he published1 in #agfb1 his well-known cartoon attacking the ex-minister1 ,pitt4 ,all ,europe is represented in flames1 which are spreading to ,great ,britain in spite of the efforts of ,lord ,bute1 aided by his ,highlanders1 to extinguish them4 ,pitt is blowing upon the flames1 which are being fed by the ,duke of ,newcastle from a barrow full of ,monitors and ,north ,britons1 two scurrilous papers of the day4 ,the bitterness with which ,hogarth was attacked in retaliation and the persistence of his persecutors resulted1 as was generally believed at the time1 in a broken heart and his death in #agfd4 ,an amazing increase in the number of caricatures followed the entry of ,lord ,bute's ministry into power4 ,they were distinguished chiefly by their poor execution and gross indecency4 ,as early as #agfb1 the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 itself none too immaculate1 complains that ,many of the representations that have lately appeared in the shops are not only reproachful to the government1 but offensive to common-sense2 they discover a tendency to inflame1 without a spark of fire to light their own combustion4 ,the state of society in ,england was at this time notoriously immoral and licentious4 ,it was a period of hard living and hard drinking4 ,the well-known habits of such public figures as ,sheridan and ,fox are eminent examples4 ,the spirit of gambling had become a mania1 and women had caught the contagion as well as men4 ,nowhere was the profligacy of the times more clearly shown than in the looseness of public social functions1 such as the notorious masquerade balls1 which a contemporary journal1 the ,westminster ,magazine1 seriously decried as subversive of virtue and every noble and domestic point of honor4 ,the low standards of morals and want of delicacy are revealed in the extravagance of women's dress1 the looseness of their speech4 ,it was an age when women of rank1 such as ,lady ,buckingham and ,lady ,archer1 were publicly threatened by an eminent judge with exposure on the pillory for having systematically enticed young men and robbed them at their faro tables1 and afterward found themselves exposed in the pillory of popular opinion in scurrilous cartoons from shop windows all over ,london4 ,illustration3 ,pacific ,overtures4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,james ,,gillray ,at a time when cheap abuse took the place of technical skill1 and vulgarity passed for wit1 a man of unlimited audacity1 who was also a consummate master of his pencil1 easily took precedence4 ,such a man was ,james ,gillray1 unquestionably the leading cartoonist of the reign of ,george ,,iii4 ,yet of the many who are to-day familiar with the name of ,gillray and the important part he played in influencing public opinion during the struggle with ,napoleon1 very few have an understanding of the dominant qualities of his work4 ,a large part of it1 and probably the most representative part1 is characterized by a foulness and an obscenity which the present generation cannot countenance4 ,there is a whole series of cartoons bearing his name which it would not only be absolutely out of the question to reproduce1 but the very nature of which can be indicated only in the most guarded manner4 ,imagine the works of ,rabelais shamelessly illustrated by a master hand6 ,try to conceive of the nature of the pictures which ,panurge chalked up on the walls of old ,paris4 ,it was not merely the fault of the times1 as in the case of ,hogarth4 ,public taste was sufficiently depraved already2 but ,gillray deliberately prostituted his genius to the level of a procurer1 to debauch it further4 ,from first to last his drawings impress one as emanating from a mind not only unclean1 but unbalanced as well--a mind over which there hung1 even at the beginning1 the furtive shadow of that madness which at last overtook and blighted him4 ,there is but one of the hallmarks of great caricature in the work of ,gillray1 and that is the lasting impression which they make4 ,they refuse to be forgotten2 they remain imprinted on the brain1 like the obsession of a nightmare4 ,while in one sense they stand as a pitiless indictment of the generation that tolerated them1 they are not a reflection of the life that ,gillray saw1 except in the sense that their physical deformity symbolizes the moral foulness of the age4 ,grace and charm and physical beauty1 which ,hogarth could use effectively1 are unknown quantities to ,gillray4 ,there is an element of monstrosity about all his figures1 distorted and repellent4 ,foul1 bloated faces2 twisted1 swollen limbs2 unshapely figures whose protuberant flesh suggests a tumefied and fungoid growth--such is the brood begotten by ,gillray's pencil1 like the malignant spawn of some forgotten circle of the lower inferno4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,coronation ,procession of ,napoleon4 ,it would be idle to dispute the far-reaching power of ,gillray's genius1 perverted though it was4 ,throughout the ,napoleonic wars1 caricature and the name of ,gillray are convertible terms2 for1 even after he was forced to lay down his pencil1 his brilliant contemporaries and successors1 ,rowlandson and ,cruikshank1 found themselves unable to throw off the fetters of his influence4 ,no history of ,napoleon is quite complete which fails to recognize ,gillray as a potent factor in crystallizing public opinion in ,england4 ,his long series of cartoons aimed at little ,boney are the culminating work of his life4 ,their power lay1 not in intellectual subtlety or brilliant scintillation of wit1 but in the bitterness of their invective1 the appeal they make to elemental passions4 ,they spoke a language which the roughest of ,london mobs could understand--the language of the gutter4 ,they were1 many of them1 masterpieces of pictorial ,billingsgate4 ,illustration3 ,napoleon and ,pitt dividing the ,world between ,them4 ,there is rancor1 there is venom1 there is the inevitable inheritance of the warfare of centuries1 in these caricatures of ,gillray1 but above all there is fear--fear of ,napoleon1 of his genius1 of his star4 ,it has been very easy for ,englishmen of later days to say that the ,french never could have crossed the ,channel1 that there was never any reason for disquiet2 it was another matter in the days when troops were actually massing by thousands on the hills behind ,boulogne4 ,you can find this fear voiced everywhere in ,gillray1 in the discordance between the drawings and the text4 ,john ,bull is the ox1 ,bonaparte the contemptible frog2 but it is usually the ox who is bellowing out defiance1 daring the other to come on1 flinging down insult at the diminutive foe4 ,let 'em come1 damme6 shouts the bold ,briton in the pictures of the time4 ,damme6 where are the ,french bugaboos8 ,single-handed ,i'll beat forty of 'em1 damme6 ,every means was used to rouse the spirit of the ,english nation1 and to stimulate hatred of the ,french and their leader4 ,in one picture1 ,boney and his family are in rags1 and are gnawing raw bones in a rude ,corsican hut2 in another we find him with a hookah and turban1 having adopted the ,mahometan religion2 in a third we see him murdering the sick at ,joppa4 ,in the caricatures of ,gillray1 ,napoleon is always a monster1 a fiend in human shape1 craven and murderous2 but when dealing with the question of this fiend's power for evil1 ,gillray made no attempt at consistency4 ,this ogre1 who through one series of pictures was represented as kicked about from boot to boot1 kicked by the ,spaniards1 the ,turks1 the ,austrians1 the ,prussians1 the ,russians1 in another is depicted as being very dangerous indeed4 ,a curious example of this inconsistency will be found in placing side by side the two cartoons considered by many to be ,gillray's best3 ,the ,king of ,brobdingnag and ,gulliver1 already referred to1 and ,tiddy-,doll1 the great ,french gingerbread ,maker1 ,drawing out a new ,batch of ,kings4 ,the pernicious1 little1 odious reptile whom ,george the ,third is holding so contemptuously in the hollow of his hand1 in the first caricature1 is in the second concededly of ,european importance4 ,illustration3 ,armed ,heroes4 ,illustration3 ,the ,handwriting on the ,wall4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,bonaparte ,,as ,,first ,,consul ,for the first decade of the nineteenth century there was but one important source of caricature1 and one all-important subject--,england and ,bonaparte4 ,america at this time counted for little in international politics4 ,the revolutionary period closed definitely with the death of ,washington1 the one figure in our national politics who stood for something definite in the eyes of ,europe4 ,our incipient naval war with ,france1 which for a moment threatened to assign us a part in the general struggle of the ,powers1 was amicably concluded before the close of the eighteenth century4 ,throughout the ,jeffersonian period1 national and local satire and burlesque flourished1 atoning in quantity for what it lacked in wit and artistic skill4 ,mr4 ,parton1 in his ,caricature and ,other ,comic ,art1 finds but one cartoon which he thinks it worth while to cite--,jefferson kneeling before a pillar labeled ,altar of ,gallic ,despotism1 upon which are ,paine's ,age of ,reason1 and the works of ,rousseau1 ,voltaire1 and ,helvetius1 with the demon of the ,french ,revolution crouching behind it1 and the ,american ,eagle soaring to the sky bearing away the ,constitution and the independence of the ,united ,states1 and he adds3 ,pictures of that nature1 of great size1 crowded with objects1 emblems1 and sentences--an elaborate blending of burlesque1 allegory1 and enigma--were so much valued by that generation that some of them were engraved upon copper4 ,illustration3 ,the ,double-,faced ,napoleon4 ,from the collection of ,john ,leonard ,dudley1 ,jr4 ,france1 on the contrary1 the central stage of the great drama of nations1 might at this time have produced a school of caricaturists worthy of their opportunity--a school that would have offset with its ,gallic wit the heavier school of ,british invective1 and might have furnished ,napoleon with a strong weapon against his most persistent enemies1 had he not1 with questionable wisdom1 sternly repressed pictorial satire of a political nature4 ,as the century opens1 the drama of the ensuing fourteen years becomes clearly defined2 the prologue has been played2 ,napoleon's ambition in the ,east has been checked1 first by the ,battle of the ,nile1 and then definitely at ,aboukir4 ,henceforth he is to limit his schemes of conquest to ,europe1 and ,john ,bull is the only national figure who seems likely to attempt to check him4 ,the ,battle of the ,nile was commemorated by ,gillray1 who depicted ,nelson's victory in a cartoon entitled ,extirpation of the ,plagues of ,egypt1 ,destruction of the ,revolutionary ,crocodiles1 or the ,british ,hero ,cleansing the ,mouth of the ,nile4 ,here ,nelson is shown dispersing the ,french fleet treated as crocodiles4 ,he has destroyed numbers with his cudgel of ,british oak2 he is beating down others2 a whole bevy1 with hooks through their noses1 are attached by strings to the iron hook which replaced his lost forearm4 ,in the distance a crocodile is bursting and casting fire and ruin on all sides4 ,this is an allusion to the destruction of the ,orient1 the flagship of the ,republican ,admiral1 the heroic ,brueys1 who declined to quit his post when literally cut to pieces4 ,another cartoon by ,gillray which belongs to this period is ,the ,french ,consular ,triumvirate ,settling the ,new ,constitution4 ,it introduces the figures of ,napoleon and his fellow-consuls1 ,cambaceres and ,lebrun1 who replaced the very authors of the new instrument1 ,sieyes and ,ducos1 quietly deposed by ,napoleon within the year4 ,the second and third consuls are provided with blank sheets of paper1 for mere form--they have only to bite their pens4 ,the ,corsican is compiling a constitution in accordance with his own views4 ,a band of imps is beneath the table1 forging new chains for ,france and for ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,two ,kings of ,terror4 ,after a cartoon by ,rowlandson4 ,in ,england1 the ,addington ministry1 which in #ahja replaced that of ,william ,pitt1 and are represented in caricature as ,lilliputian substitutes lost in the depths of ,mr4 ,pitt's jack-boots1 set out as a peace ministry and entered into the negotiations with ,napoleon which1 in the following ,march1 resulted in the ,peace of ,amiens4 ,gillray anticipated this peace with several alarmist cartoons3 ,preliminaries of ,peace1 representing ,john ,bull being led by the nose across the channel over a rotten plank1 while ,britannia's shield and several valuable possessions have been cast aside into the water2 and ,britannia's ,death ,warrant1 in which ,britannia is seen being dragged away to the guillotine by the ,corsican marauder4 ,the peace at first gave genuine satisfaction in ,england1 but toward the end of #ahjb there were growing signs of popular discontent1 which ,gillray voiced in ,the ,nursery1 with ,britannia ,reposing in ,peace4 ,britannia is here portrayed as an overgrown baby in her cradle and fed upon ,french principles by ,addington1 ,lord ,hawkesbury1 and ,fox4 ,still more famous was his next cartoon1 ,the ,first ,kiss this ,ten ,years2 or1 the ,meeting of ,britannia and ,citizen ,francois4 ,britannia1 grown enormously stout1 her shield and spear idly reposing against the wall1 is blushing deeply at his warm embrace and ardent expressions of joy3 ,madame1 permit me to pay my profound esteem to your engaging person1 and to seal on your divine lips my everlasting attachment666 ,she replies3 ,monsieur1 you are truly a well-bred gentleman2 and though you make me blush1 yet you kiss so delicately that ,i cannot refuse you1 though ,i was sure you would deceive me again4 ,in the background the portraits of ,king ,george and ,bonaparte scowl fiercely at each other upon the wall4 ,this is said to be one of the very few caricatures which ,napoleon himself heartily enjoyed4 ,from now on1 the cartoons take on a more caustic tone4 ,britannia is being robbed of her cherished possessions1 even ,malta being on the point of being wrested from her2 while the bugaboo of an invading army looms large upon the horizon4 ,in one picture ,britannia1 unexpectedly attacked by ,napoleon's fleet1 is awakening from a trance of fancied peace1 and praying that her angels and ministers of disgrace defend her6 ,in another1 ,john ,bull1 having waded across the water1 is taunting little ,boney1 whose head just shows above the wall of his fortress3 ,if you mean to invade us1 why make such a rout8 ,i say1 little ,boney1 why don't you come out8 ,yes1 d---- you1 why don't you come out8 ,in his cartoon called ,promised ,horrors of the ,french ,invasion2 or1 ,forcible ,reasons for ,negotiating a ,regicide ,peace1 ,gillray painted the imaginary landing of the ,french in ,england4 ,the ferocious legions are pouring from ,st4 ,james's ,palace1 which is in flames1 and they are marching past the clubs4 ,the practice of patronizing democracy in the countries they had conquered has been carried out by handing over the ,tories1 the constitution1 and the crown to the ,foxite reformers and the ,whig party4 ,the chief hostility of the ,french troops is directed against the aristocratic clubs4 ,an indiscriminate massacre of the members of ,white's is proceeding in the doorways1 on the balconies1 and wherever the republican levies have penetrated4 ,the royal princes are stabbed and thrown into the street4 ,a rivulet of blood is running4 ,in the center of the picture is a tree of liberty4 ,to this tree ,pitt is bound1 while ,fox is lashing him4 ,illustration3 ,the ,king of ,brobdingnag and ,gulliver4 ,you may have seen ,gillray's famous print of him--in the old wig1 in the stout1 old1 hideous ,windsor uniform--as the ,king of ,brobdingnag1 peering at a little ,gulliver1 whom he holds up in his hand1 whilst in the other he has an opera-glass1 through which he surveys the pygmy8 ,our fathers chose to set up ,george as the type of a great king2 and the little ,gulliver was the great ,napoleon4--,thackeray's ,four ,georges4 ,the increasing venom of the ,english cartoons1 and their frequent coarse personalities1 caused no little uneasiness to ,bonaparte1 until they culminated in a famous cartoon by ,gillray1 ,the ,handwriting on the ,wall1 a broad satire on ,belshazzar's feast1 which was published ,august #bd1 #ahjc4 ,the ,first ,consul1 his wife ,josephine1 and the members of the court are seated at table1 consuming the good things of ,old ,england4 ,the palace of ,st4 ,james1 transfixed upon ,napoleon's fork2 the tower of ,london1 which one of the convives is swallowing whole2 the head of ,king ,george on a platter inscribed3 ,oh1 de beef of ,old ,england6 ,a hand above holds out the scales of ,justice1 in which the legitimate crown of ,france weighs down the red cap with its attached chain--despotism misnamed liberty4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,emperor ,,at ,,his ,,apogee ,for the next year parliamentary strife at home1 fostered by ,pitt's quarrel with the ,addington ministry on the one hand and his opposition to ,fox on the other1 kept the cartoonists busy4 ,they found time1 however1 to celebrate the coronation of ,napoleon as ,emperor in ,december1 #ahjd4 ,gillray anticipated the event with a cartoon entitled ,the ,genius of ,france ,nursing her ,darling1 in which the genius1 depicted as a lady with blood-stained garments and a reeking spear1 tosses an infant ,napoleon1 armed with a scepter1 and vainly tries to check his cries with a rattle surmounted by a crown4 ,rowlandson1 ,gillray's clever and more artistic contemporary1 commemorated the event itself in a clever cartoon1 ,the ,death of ,madame ,republique1 published ,december #ad1 #ahjd4 ,the moribund ,republique lies stretched upon her death-bed1 her nightcap adorned with the tricolored cockade4 ,the ,abbe ,sieyes1 in the role of doctor1 is exhibiting the ,emperor1 portrayed as a newborn infant in long clothes4 ,john ,bull1 spectacles on nose1 is regarding the altered conditions with visible astonishment4 ,pray1 ,mr4 ,abbe ,sieyes1 what was the cause of the poor lady's death8 ,she seemed at one time in a tolerable thriving way4 ,she died in childbed1 ,mr4 ,bull1 after giving birth to this little ,emperor6 ,illustration3 ,napoleon's ,burden4 ,from a ,german cartoon of the period4 ,this was followed on the #ast of ,january by a large satirical print by ,gillray1 of ,the ,grand ,coronation ,procession1 in which the feature that gave special offense was the group of three princesses1 the ,princess ,borghese1 the ,princess ,louise1 and the ,princess ,joseph ,bonaparte1 arrayed in garments of indecent scantiness1 and heading the procession as the three imperial ,graces4 ,the ,english caricatures of this period relating to the new ,emperor and ,empress are as a rule not only libelous1 but grossly coarse4 ,at the same time1 the political conditions of the times are cleverly hit off in ,the ,plum ,pudding in ,danger2 or1 ,state ,epicures ,taking on ,petit ,souper1 published ,february #bf1 #ahje1 which depicts the rival pretensions of ,napoleon and ,pitt4 ,they are seated at opposite sides of the table1 the only dish between them being the ,globe1 served up on a shallow plate and resembling a plum pudding4 ,napoleon's sword has sliced off the continent--,france1 ,holland1 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,prussia--and his fork is dug spitefully into ,hanover1 which was then an appanage of the ,british crown4 ,pitt's trident is stuck in the ocean1 and his carver is modestly dividing the ,globe down the middle4 ,during the summer of #ahje the third coalition against ,france was completed1 its chief factors being ,great ,britain1 ,russia1 and ,austria4 ,a contemporary print entitled ,tom ,thumb at ,bay commemorates the new armament4 ,napoleon1 dropping crown and scepter in his flight1 is evading the ,austrian eagle1 the ,russian bear1 and the ,westphalian pig1 only to run at last pell-mell into the gaping jaws of the ,british lion4 ,it is somewhat curious that the momentous events of the new war--the annihilation of the ,french fleet at ,trafalgar1 the equally decisive ,french victory at ,austerlitz--were scarcely noticed in caricature1 and a few exceptions have little merit4 ,but in the following ,january1 #ahjf1 when ,napoleon had entered upon an epoch of king-making1 with his kings of ,wurtemburg and ,bavaria1 ,gillray produced one of his most famous prints4 ,it was published the #bc;d of ,january 7the day that ,pitt breathed his last71 and was entitled ,tiddy-,doll1 the ,great ,french ,gingerbread ,baker1 ,drawing out a new ,batch of ,kings1 ,his ,man1 ',hopping ,talley1' ,mixing up the ,dough4 ,the great gilt gingerbread baker is shown at work at his new ,french oven for imperial gingerbread4 ,he is just drawing from the oven's mouth a fresh batch of kings4 ,the fuel is shown in the form of cannon-balls4 ,holland1 ,switzerland1 ,austria1 ,italy1 ,venice and ,spain are following the fate of the ,french ,republic4 ,on top of the chest of drawers1 labeled respectively kings and queens1 crowns and scepters1 suns and moons is arranged a gay parcel of little dough viceroys intended for the next batch4 ,among them are the figures of ,fox1 ,sheridan1 ,derby1 and others of the ,whig party in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,the ,french ,gingerbread ,baker4 ,in the comprehensive and ill-assorted ,coalition ministry which was formed soon after ,pitt's death1 the caricaturists found a congenial topic for their pencils4 ,they ridiculed it unmercifully under the title ,all the ,talents1 and the ,board ,bottomed ministry4 ,a composite picture by ,rowlandson shows the ministry as a spectacled ape in the wig of a learned justice1 with episcopal mitre and ,catholic crozier4 ,he wears a lawyer's coat and ragged breeches1 with a shoe on one foot and a ,french jack-boot on the other4 ,he is dancing on a funeral pyre of papers1 the results of the administration1 its endless negotiations with ,france1 its sinecures and patronages1 which are blazing away4 ,the creature's foot is discharging a gun1 which produces signal mischief in the rear and brings down two heavy folios1 the ,magna ,charta and the ,coronation ,oath1 upon its head4 ,illustration3 ,the ,devil and ,napoleon4 ,from an anonymous ,french caricature4 ,this ministry's futile negotiations for peace with ,france are frequently burlesqued4 ,gillray published on ,april #e ,pacific ,overtures2 or1 a ,flight from ,st4 ,cloud's 'over the water to ,charley1' in which the negotiations are described as a new dramatic peace1 now rehearsing4 ,in this cartoon ,king ,george has left the state box--where the play-book of ,i ,know ,you ,all still remains open--to approach nearer to little ,boney1 who1 elevated on the clouds1 is directing attention to his proposed treaty4 ,terms of ,peace3 ,acknowledge me as ,emperor2 dismantle your fleet1 reduce your armies2 abandon ,malta and ,gibraltar2 renounce all continental connection2 your colonies ,i will take at a valuation2 engage to pay to the ,great ,nation for seven years annually one million pounds2 and place in my hands as hostages the ,princess ,charlotte of ,wales1 with others of the late administration whom ,i shall name4 ,king ,george replies3 ,very amusing terms1 indeed1 and might do vastly well with some of the new-made little gingerbread kings2 but we are not in the habit of giving up either ships or commerce or colonies merely because little ,boney is in a pet to have them4 ,this cartoon introduces among others ,talleyrand1 ,o',conor1 ,fox1 ,lord ,ellenborough1 the ,duke of ,bedford1 ,lord ,moira1 ,lord ,lauderdale1 ,addington1 ,lord ,henry ,petty1 ,lord ,derby1 and ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert4 ,shortly afterward1 on ,july #ba1 #ahjf1 ,rowlandson voices the current feeling of distrust of ,fox in ,experiments at ,dover2 or1 ,master ,charley's ,magic ,lantern4 ,fox is depicted at ,dover1 training the rays of his magic lantern on the cliffs of ,calais4 ,john ,bull1 watching him1 is not satisfied4 ,yes1 yes1 it be all very fine1 if it be true2 but ,i can't forget that d--d ,omnium last week4444 ,i will tell thee what1 ,charley1 since thee hast become a great man1 ,i think in my heart thee beest always conjuring4 ,the cartoon entitled ,westminster ,conscripts under the ,training ,act appeared ,september #a1 #ahjf4 ,napoleon1 the drill sergeant1 is elevated on a pile of cannon-balls2 he is giving his authoritative order to ,ground arms4 ,the invalided ,fox has been wheeled to the ground in his armchair2 the ,prince of ,wales' plume appears on the back of his seat4 ,other figures in the cartoon are ,lord ,lauderdale1 ,lord ,grenville1 ,lord ,howick1 ,lord ,holland1 ,lord ,robert ,spencer1 ,lord ,ellenborough1 the ,duke of ,clarence1 ,lord ,moira1 ,lord ,chancellor ,erskine1 ,colonel ,hanger1 and ,talleyrand4 ,illustration3 ,the ,consultation4 ,from the collection of ,john ,leonard ,dudley1 ,jr4 ,gillray has left a cartoon commemorating the arrival of the ,danish squadron1 under the title of ,british ,tars ,towing the ,danish ,fleet into ,harbor2 the ,broad ,bottom ,leviathan trying to swamp ,billy's ,old ,boat2 and the ,little ,corsican ,tottering on the ,clouds of ,ambition4 ,this cartoon was issued ,october #a1 #ahjg4 ,lords ,liverpool and ,castlereagh are lustily rowing the ,billy ,pitt2 ,canning1 seated in the stern1 is towing the captured fleet into ,sheerness1 with the ,union ,jack flying over the forts4 ,copenhagen1 smoking from the recent bombardment1 may be distinguished in the distance4 ,in ,sheerness harbor the sign of ,good ,old ,george is hung out at ,john ,bull's ,tavern2 ,john ,bull is seated at the door1 a pot of porter in his hand1 waving his hat and shouting3 ,rule ,britannia6 ,britannia ,rules the ,waves6 ,that the expedition did not escape censure is shown by the figure of a three-headed porpoise which is savagely assailing the successful crew4 ,this monster bears the heads of ,lord ,howick1 shouting ,detraction6 ,lord ,st4 ,vincent tilled with ,envy1 and discharging a watery broadside2 and ,lord ,grenville1 who is raising his ,opposition ,clamor to confuse their course4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,napoleon',s ,,waning ,,power ,no period of the ,napoleonic wars gave better opportunity for satire than ,napoleon's disastrous occupation of ,spain and his invasion of ,portugal4 ,the titles alone of the cartoons would fill a volume4 ,the sanguine hopes of success cherished by the ,english government are expressed by ,gillray in a print published ,april #aj1 #ahjh4 ,delicious ,dreams6 ,castles in the ,air6 ,glorious ,prospects6 ,it depicts the ministers sunken in a drunken sleep and visited by glorious visions of ,britannia and her lion occupying a triumphal car formed from the hull of a ,british ship1 drawn by an ,irish bull and led by an ,english tar4 ,she is dragging captive to the ,tower little ,boney and the ,russian ,bear1 both loaded with chains4 ,illustration3 ,the ,corsican ,top in ,full ,flight4 ,from a colored stamp of the period4 ,the dangers which threatened ,napoleon at this period were shown by ,gillray in one of the most striking of all his cartoons1 the ,valley of the ,shadow of ,death1 which was issued ,september #bd1 #ahjh4 ,the valley is the valley of ,bunyan's allegory4 ,the ,emperor is proceeding timorously down a treacherous path1 bounded on either side by the waters of ,styx and hemmed in by a circle of flame4 ,from every side horrors are springing up to assail him4 ,the ,british lion1 raging and furious1 is springing at his throat4 ,the ,portuguese wolf has broken his chain4 ,king ,death1 mounted on a mule of ,true ,royal ,spanish ,breed1 has cleared at a bound the body of the ex-,king ,joseph1 which has been thrown into the ,ditch of ,styx4 ,death is poising his spear with fatal aim1 warningly holding up at the same time his hour-glass with the sand exhausted2 flames follow in his course4 ,from the smoke rise the figures of ,junot and ,dupont1 the beaten generals4 ,the papal tiara is descending as a ,roman meteor1 charged with lightnings to blast the ,corsican4 ,the ,turkish ,new ,moon is seen rising in blood4 ,the ,spirit of ,charles ,,xii4 rises from the flames to avenge the wrongs of ,sweden4 ,the ,imperial ,german ,eagle is emerging from a cloud2 the ,prussian bird appears as a scarecrow1 making desperate efforts to fly and screaming revenge4 ,from the ,lethean ,ditch the ,american ,rattlesnake is thrusting forth a poisoned tongue4 ,the ,dutch ,frogs are spitting out their spite2 and the ,rhenish ,confederation is personified as a herd of starved ,rats1 ready to feast on the ,corsican4 ,the great ,russian ,bear1 the only ally ,napoleon has secured1 is shaking his chain and growling--a formidable enemy in the rear4 ,gillray's caricature entitled ,john ,bull ,taking a ,luncheon2 or1 ,british ,cooks ,cramming ,old ,grumble-,gizzard with ,bonne ,chere1 shows the strange-appearing ,john of the caricature of that day sitting at a table1 overwhelmed by the zealous attentions of his cooks1 foremost among whom is the hero of the ,nile1 who is offering him a ,fricassee a la ,nelson1 a large dish of battered ,french ships of the line4 ,john is swallowing a frigate at a mouthful4 ,through the window we see ,fox and ,sheridan1 representative of the ,broad ,bottom administration1 running away in dismay at ,john ,bull's voracity4 ,illustration3 ,napoleon in the ,valley of the ,shadow of ,death4 ,from ,james ,gillray's caricature4 ,as ,gillray retires from the field several other clever artists stand ready to take his place1 and chief among them ,rowlandson4 ,the latter had a distinct advantage over ,gillray in his superior artistic training4 ,he was educated in the ,french schools1 where he gave especial attention to studies from the nude4 ,in the opinion of such capable judges as ,reynolds1 ,west1 and ,lawrence1 his gifts might have won him a high place among ,english artists1 if he had not turned1 through sheer perversity1 to satire and burlesque4 ,rowlandson's ,napoleonic cartoons began in ,july1 #ahjh4 ,these initial efforts are neither especially characteristic nor especially clever1 but they certainly were duly appreciated by the public4 ,joseph ,grego1 in his interesting and comprehensive work upon ,rowlandson1 says of them3 ,illustration3 ,the ,spider's ,web4 ,from a ,german caricature commemorating ,german success in #ahad4 ,it is certain that the caricaturist's travesties of the little ,emperor1 his burlesques of his great actions and grandiose declarations1 his figurative displays of the mean origin of the imperial family1 with the cowardice and depravity of its members1 won popular applause 444 ,and when disasters began to cloud the career of ,napoleon1 as army after army melted away1 444 the artist bent his skill to interpret the delight of the public4 ,the ,city competed with the ,west ,end in buying every caricature1 in loyal contest to prove their national enmity for ,bonaparte4 ,in too many cases1 the incentive was to gratify the hatred of the ,corsican rather than any remarkable merit that could be discovered in the caricatures4 ,very few of these mock-heroic sallies imprint themselves upon the recollection by sheer force of their own brilliancy1 as was the case with ,gillray1 and frequently with ,john ,tenniel4 ,rowlandson and ,cruikshank are risible1 but not inspired4 ,illustration3 ,the ,partition of the ,map4 ,from the collection of ,john ,leonard ,dudley1 ,jr4 ,on ,july #h ,rowlandson began his series with ,the ,corsican ,tiger at ,bay4 ,napoleon is depicted as a savage tiger1 rending four ,royal ,greyhounds1 quite at his mercy4 ,but a fresh pack appears in the background and prepares for a fierce charge4 ,the ,russian bear and ,austrian eagle are securely bound with heavy fetters1 but the eagle is asking3 ,now1 ,brother ,bruin1 is it time to break our fetters8 ,illustration3 ,the ,chief of the ,grand ,army in a ,sad ,plight4 ,from a ,french cartoon of the period4 ,the ,beast as ,described in the ,revelations followed within two weeks4 ,the beast1 of ,corsican origin1 is represented with seven heads1 and the names of ,austria1 ,naples1 ,holland1 ,denmark1 ,prussia1 and ,russia are inscribed on their respective crowns4 ,napoleon's head1 severed from the trunk1 vomits forth flames4 ,in the distance1 cities are blazing1 showing the destruction wrought by the beast4 ,spain is represented as the champion who alone dares to stand against the monster4 ,the ,political ,butcher bears date ,september #ab of the same year4 ,in this print the ,spanish ,don1 in the garb of a butcher1 is cutting up ,bonaparte for the benefit of his neighbors4 ,the body of the late ,corsican lies before him and is being cut up with professional zeal4 ,the ,don holds up his enemy's heart and calls upon the other ,powers to take their share4 ,the double-headed eagle of ,austria is swooping upon ,napoleon's head3 ,i have long wished to strike my talons into that diabolical head-piece2 the ,british bulldog has been enjoying portions of the joints1 and thinks that he would like to have the picking of that head4 ,the ,russian bear is luxuriously licking ,napoleon's boots1 and remarks1 ,this licking is giving me a mortal inclination to pick a bone4 ,the final failure of the ,spanish campaign is signalized1 ,september #bj1 in a cartoon labeled ,napoleon the ,little in a ,rage with his ,great ,french ,eagle4 ,the ,emperor1 with drawn sword and bristling with rage1 threatens the ,french imperial eagle1 larger than himself4 ,the bird's head and one leg are tied up--the result of damage inflicted by the ,spaniards4 ,confusion and destruction6 thunders ,napoleon1 what is this ,i see8 ,did ,i not command you not to return until you had spread your wing of victory over the whole of ,spain8 ,aye1 it's fine talking1 rejoins the bird1 but if you had been there1 you would not much have liked it4 ,the ,spanish cormorants pursued me in such a manner that they set me molting in a terrible way4 ,i wonder that ,i have not lost my feathers4 ,besides1 it got so hot ,i could not bear it any longer4 ,illustration3 ,the ,signature ,symbol of ,abdication4 ,from a caricature in color by ,george ,cruikshank4 ,in ,august1 #ahji1 ,rowlandson published ,the ,rising ,sun4 ,bonaparte is surrounded by the ,continental powers1 and is busy rocking to sleep in a cradle the ,russian bear1 securely muzzled with ,french promises4 ,but the dawn of a new era is breaking3 the sun of ,spain and ,portugal is rising with threatening import4 ,the ,emperor is disturbed by the new light3 ,this rising sun has set me upon thorns4 ,the ,prussian eagle is trussed2 ,denmark is snuffed out4 ,but ,austria has once more taken heart3 ,tyrant1 ,i defy thee and thy cursed crew6 ,the victories of the ,peninsular war1 and later of the disastrous ,russian campaign1 called forth an ever-increasing number of cartoons1 which showed little mercy or consideration to a fallen foe4 ,a sample of the titles of this period show the general tendency2 he is the ,corsican ,bloodhound1 the ,carcass-,butcher2 he is a jail-bird doing the ,rogues' ,march to the ,island of ,elba4 ,an analysis of a few of the more striking cartoons will serve to close the survey of the ,napoleonic period4 ,death and ,bonaparte is a grewsome cartoon by ,rowlandson1 dated ,january #a1 #ahad4 ,napoleon is seated on a drum with his head clasped between his hands1 staring into the face of a skeleton ,death1 who is watching the baffled general1 face to face4 ,death mockingly parodies ,napoleon's attitude4 ,a broken eagle1 the imperial standard1 lies at his bony feet4 ,in the background the ,russian1 ,prussian1 ,austrian1 and other allied armies are streaming past in unbroken ranks1 routing the dismayed legions of ,france4 ,bloody ,boney1 the ,corsican ,butcher1 ,left off ,trade and ,retiring to ,scarecrow ,island is the title of still another of ,rowlandson's characteristic cartoons4 ,in it ,napoleon is represented as riding on a rough-coated donkey and wearing a fool's cap in place of a crown4 ,his only provision is a bag of brown bread4 ,his consort is riding on the same beast1 which is being unmercifully flogged with a stick labeled ,baton ,marechal4 ,illustration3 ,the ,oven of the ,allies4 ,from an anonymous ,french cartoon4 ,napoleon's escape from ,elba was commemorated by ,rowlandson in ,the ,flight of ,bonaparte from ,hell ,bay4 ,in it the foul fiend is amusing himself by letting his captive loose1 to work fresh mischief in the world above4 ,he has mounted the ,corsican upon a bubble and sends him careering upward back to earth1 while hissing dragons pour forth furious blasts to waft the bubble onward4 ,illustration3 ,the ,new ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,from a ,german caricature4 ,hell ,hounds ,rallying around the ,idol of ,france is the title of still another of ,rowlandson's designs1 which appeared in ,april1 #ahae4 ,the head and bust of the ,emperor drawn on a colossal scale1 a hangman's noose around his throat1 is mounted on a vast pyramid of human heads1 his decapitated victims4 ,demons are flying through the air to place upon his brow a crown of blazing pitch1 while a ring of other excited fiends1 whose features represent ,marechal ,ney1 ,lefebre1 ,davoust and others1 with horns1 hoofs1 and tails1 are dancing in triumph around the idol they have replaced4 ,closely resembling this cartoon of ,rowlandson is the ,german cartoon1 which is reproduced in these pages1 showing a double-faced ,napoleon topping a monument built of skulls4 ,rowlandson's ,hell ,hounds ,rallying around the ,idol of ,france was the last ,english cartoon directed against ,napoleon when he was at the head of ,france4 ,two months later the ,emperor's power was finally broken at ,waterloo4 ,illustration3 ,napoleon caged by the ,allies4 ,from a ,french cartoon of the period4 ,,part ,,ii ,,from ,,waterloo ,,through ,,the ,,crimean ,,war ,,chapter ,,vii ,,after ,,the ,,downfall ,illustration3 ,restitution3 ,or1 to ,each his ,share4 ,from a colored stamp of the period4 ,with the downfall of ,napoleon the ,gillray school of caricature came to an abrupt and very natural close4 ,it was a school born of fear and nurtured upon rancor--a school that indulged freely in obscenity and sacrilege1 and did not hesitate to stoop to kick the fallen hero1 to heap insult and ignominy upon ,napoleon in his exile4 ,only during a great world crisis1 a death struggle of nations1 could popular opinion have tolerated such wanton disregard for decency4 ,and when the crisis was passed it came to an end like some malignant growth1 strangled by its own virulence4 ,the truth is that ,gillray and ,rowlandson led caricature into an impasse2 they deliberately perverted its true function1 which is1 to advance an argument with the cogent force of a clever orator1 to sum up a political issue in terms so simple that a child may read1 and not merely to echo back the blatant rancor of the mob4 ,in the hands of a master of the art it becomes an incisive weapon1 like the blade with which the matador gives his coup-de-grace4 ,gillray's conception of its office seems to have been that of the red rag to be flapped tauntingly in the face of ,john ,bull2 and ,john ,bull obediently bellowed in response4 ,it would be idle to deny that for the purpose of spurring on public opinion1 the ,napoleonic cartoons exercised a potent influence4 ,they kept popular excitement at fever heat2 they added fuel to the general hatred4 ,but when the crisis was passed1 when the public pulse was beating normally once more1 when virulent attacks upon a helpless exile had ceased to seem amusing1 there really remained no material upon which caricature of the ,gillray type could exercise its offensive ingenuity4 ,what seemed justifiable license when directed against the arch-enemy of ,european peace would have been insufferable when applied to ,british statesmen and to the milder problems of local political issues4 ,another and quite practical reason helps to explain the dearth of political caricature in ,england for a full generation after the battle of ,waterloo1 and that is the question of expense4 ,a public which freely gave shillings and even pounds to see its hatred of ,little ,boney interpreted with ,gillray's vindictive malice hesitated to expend even pennies for a cartoon on the corn laws or the latest ministerial changes4 ,in ,england1 as well as on the ,continent1 caricature as an effective factor in politics remained in abeyance until the advent of an essentially modern type of periodical1 the comic weekly1 of which ,la ,caricature1 the ,london ,punch1 the ,fliegende ,blaetter1 and in this country ,puck and ,judge1 are the most famous examples4 ,the progress of lithography made such a periodical possible in ,france as early as #ahcj1 when ,la ,caricature was founded by the famous ,philipon2 but the oppressive laws of censorship throughout ,europe prevented any wide development of this class of journalism until after the general political upheaval of #ahdh4 ,illustration3 ,adjusting the ,balance of ,power after ,napoleon4 ,it would be idle1 however1 to deny that ,gillray exerted a lasting influence upon all future caricature4 ,his license1 his vulgarity1 his repulsive perversion of the human face and form1 have found no disciples in later generations2 but his effective assemblage of many figures1 the crowded significance of minor details1 the dramatic unity of the whole conception which he inherited from ,hogarth1 have been passed on down the line and still continue to influence the leading cartoonists of to-day in ,england1 ,germany1 and the ,united ,states1 although to a much less degree in ,france4 ,even at the time of ,napoleon's downfall the few cartoons which appeared in ,paris were far less extreme than their ,english models1 while the ,german caricaturists1 on the contrary1 were extremely virulent1 notably the ,berliner1 ,schadow1 who openly acknowledged his indebtedness to the ,englishman by signing himself the ,parisian ,gillray2 and ,volz1 author of the famous true portrait of ,napoleon--a portrait in which ,napoleon's face1 upon closer inspection1 is seen made up of a head of inextricably tangled dead bodies1 his head surmounted by a bird of prey1 his breast a map of ,europe overspread by a vast spider web1 in which the different national capitals are entangled like so many luckless flies4 ,had there been more liberty of the press1 an interesting school of political cartoonists might have arisen at this time in ,germany4 ,but they met with such scanty encouragement that little of real interest is to be gleaned from this source until after the advent of the ,berlin ,kladderadatsch in #ahdh1 and the ,fliegende ,blaetter1 but a short time earlier4 ,illustration3 ,john ,bull making a new ,batch of ,ships to send to the ,lakes4 ,this cartoon by ,william ,charles1 a ,scotchman who was forced to leave ,great ,britain1 and who came to the ,united ,states1 and wielded his pencil against his renounced country1 is in many ways an imitator of ,gillray's famous ,tiddy ,do1 the ,great ,french ,gingerbread-,baker1 making a new ,batch of ,kings4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,illustration3 ,russia as ,mediator between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,illustration3 ,the ,cossack ,bite4 ,an american cartoon of the war of #ahab4 ,illustration3 ,john ,bull and the ,alexandrians4 ,illustration3 ,john ,bull's ,troubles4 ,a caricature of the war of #ahab4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,poire ,throughout the ,napoleonic period ,england practically had a monopoly in caricature4 ,during the second period1 down to the year #ahdh1 ,france is the center of interest4 ,prior to #ahcj1 ,french political cartoons were neither numerous nor especially significant4 ,indeed they present a simplicity of imagination rather amusing as compared with the complicated ,english caricatures4 ,a hate of the ,jesuits1 a mingling of liberalism1 touched with ,bonapartism1 and the war of newspapers furnished the theme4 ,the two symbols constantly recurring are the girouette1 or weather-cock1 and the eteignoir1 or extinguisher4 ,many of the ,french statesmen who played a prominent part during the ,french ,empire and after the ,restoration changed their political creed with such surprising rapidity that it was difficult to keep track of their changes4 ,they were accordingly symbolized by a number of weathercocks proportioned to the number of their political conversions1 ,talleyrand leading the procession1 with not less than seven to his credit4 ,the eteignoir was constantly used in satire directed against the priesthood1 the most famous instance appearing in the ,minerva in #ahai4 ,it took for the text a refrain from a song of ,beranger4 ,in this cartoon the ,church is personified by the figure of the ,pope holding in one hand a sabre1 and1 in the other1 a paper with the words ,bulls1 crusades1 ,sicilian vespers1 ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,beside the figure of the ,church1 torch in hand1 is the demon of discord4 ,from the smoke of the torch of the demon various horrors are escaping4 ,we read the restoration of feudal rights1 feudal privileges1 division of families4 ,monks are trying to snuff out the memory of ,fenelon1 ,buffon1 ,voltaire1 ,rousseau1 ,montaigne1 and other philosophers and thinkers4 ,for ten years the caricaturists played with this theme4 ,a feeble forerunner of ,la ,caricature1 entitled ,le ,nain ,jaune1 depended largely for its wit upon the variations it could improvise upon the girouette and upon the eteignoir4 ,yet it would be a mistake to suppose that ,french art was quite destitute of humorists at the beginning of the century4 ,m4 ,armand ,dayot1 in a monograph upon ,french caricature1 mentions among others the names of ,isabey1 ,boilly1 and ,carle ,vernet as rivaling the ,english cartoonists in the ingenuity of their designs1 and surpassing them in artistic finish and harmony of color4 ,but1 he adds1 they were never able to go below the surface in their satire4 ,it would be a mistake to enroll in the hirsute cohort of caricaturists these witty and charming artists1 who were more concerned in depicting the pleasures of mundane life than in castigating its vices and irregularities4 ,the #dth of ,november1 #ahcj1 is a momentous date in the history of ,french caricature4 ,prior to that time1 ,french cartoons1 such as there were1 were studiously1 even painfully1 impersonal4 ,thackeray1 in his delightful essay upon ,caricatures and ,lithography1 in the ,paris ,sketch ,book1 describes the conditions of this period with the following whimsical allegory3 ,illustration3 ,the ,order of the ,extinguishers4 ,a typical ,french cartoon of the ,restoration4 ,as for poor caricature and freedom of the press1 they1 like the rightful princess in a fairy tale1 with the merry fantastic dwarf1 her attendant1 were entirely in the power of the giant who rules the land4 ,the ,princess1 the press1 was so closely watched and guarded 7with some little show1 nevertheless1 of respect for her rank7 that she dared not utter a word of her own thoughts2 and1 as for poor ,caricature1 he was gagged and put out of the way altogether4 ,illustration3 ,proudhon4 ,illustration3 ,digging the ,grave4 ,on this famous #dth of ,november1 however1 there appeared the initial number of ,philipon's ,la ,caricature1 which was destined to usher in a new era of comic art1 and which proved the most efficacious weapon which the ,republicans found to use against ,louis ,philippe--a weapon as redoubtable as ,la ,lanterne of ,henri ,rochefort became under the ,second ,empire4 ,like several of his most famous collaborators1 ,charles ,philipon was a ,meridional4 ,he was born in ,lyons at the opening of the century4 ,he studied art in the atelier of ,gros4 ,he married into the family of an eminent publisher of prints1 ,m4 ,aubert1 and was himself successively the editor of the three most famous comic papers that ,france has had1 ,la ,caricature1 ,charivari1 and the ,journal pour ,rire4 ,the first of these was a weekly paper4 ,the ,charivari appeared daily1 and at first its cartoons were almost exclusively political4 ,philipon had gathered around him a group of artists1 men like ,daumier1 ,gavarni1 ,henry ,monnier1 and ,travies1 whose names afterward became famous1 and they united in a veritable crusade of merciless ridicule against the king1 his family1 and his supporters4 ,their satire took the form of bitter personal attacks1 and a very curious contest ensued between the government and the editorial staff of the ,charivari4 ,as ,thackeray sums it up1 it was a struggle between half a dozen poor artists on the one side and ,his ,majesty ,louis ,philippe1 his august family1 and the numberless placemen and supporters of the monarchy on the other2 it was something like ,thersites girding at ,ajax4 ,time after time were ,philipon and his dauntless aids arrested4 ,more than a dozen times they lost their cause before a jury1 yet each defeat was equivalent to a victory1 bringing them new sympathy1 and each time they returned to the attack with cartoons which1 if more covert in their meaning1 were even more offensive4 ,perhaps the most famous of all the cartoons which originated in ,philipon's fertile brain is that of the ,pear1 which did so much to turn the countenance of ,louis ,philippe to ridicule--a ridicule which did more than anything else to cause him to be driven from the ,french throne4 ,the ,pear was reproduced in various forms in ,la ,caricature1 and afterward in ,le ,charivari4 ,by inferior artists the ,pear was chalked up on walls all over ,paris4 ,the most politically important of the ,poire series was produced when ,philipon was obliged to appear before a jury to answer for the crime of provoking contempt against the ,king's person by giving such a ludicrous version of his face4 ,in his own defense ,philipon took up a sheet of paper and drew a large ,burgundy pear1 in the lower parts round and capacious1 narrower near the stalk1 and crowned with two or three careless leaves4 ,is there any treason in that8 he asked the jury4 ,then he drew a second pear like the first1 except that one or two lines were scrawled in the midst of it1 which bore somehow an odd resemblance to the features of a celebrated personage2 and1 lastly1 he produced the exact portrait of ,louis ,philippe2 the well-known toupet1 the ample whiskers--nothing was extenuated or set down maliciously4 ,gentlemen of the jury1 said ,philipon1 can ,i help it if ,his ,majesty's face is like a pear8 ,thackeray1 in giving an account of this amusing trial1 makes the curious error of supposing that ,philipon's naive defense carried conviction with the jury4 ,on the contrary1 ,philipon was condemned and fined1 and immediately took vengeance upon the judge and jury by arranging their portraits upon the front page of ,charivari in the form of a ,pear4 ,in a hundred different ways his artists rang the changes upon the pear1 and each new attack was the forerunner of a new arrest and trial4 ,one day ,la ,caricature published a design representing a gigantic pear surmounting the pedestal in the ,place de la ,concorde1 and bearing the legend1 ,le monument expia-poire4 ,this regicidal pleasantry brought ,philipon once more into court4 ,the prosecution sees in this a provocation to murder6 cried the accused4 ,it would be at most a provocation to make marmalade4 ,finally1 after a picture of a monkey stealing a pear proved to be an indictable offense1 the subject was abandoned as being altogether too expensive a luxury4 ,illustration3 ,facsimile of the ,famous ,defense presented by ,philipon when on ,trial for ,libeling the ,king4 ,is it my fault1 gentlemen of the jury1 if his ,majesty's face looks like a pear8 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,baiting ,,of ,,louis ,,philippe ,illustration3 ,the ,pious ,monarch4 ,caricature of ,charles ,x4 ,but although the ,pear was forced to disappear1 ,philipon continued to harass the government1 until ,louis ,philippe1 who had gained his crown largely by his championship of the freedom of the press1 was driven in desperation to sanction the famous ,september laws1 which virtually strangled its liberty4 ,yet1 in spite of the obstacles thrown in their way1 the work of ,philipon and of the remarkable corps of satirical geniuses which he gathered round him1 forms a pictorial record in which the intimate history of ,france1 from ,charles ,x4's famous coup d'etat down to the revolution of #ahdh1 may be read like an open book4 ,the adversaries of the government of #ahcj were of two kinds4 ,one kind1 of which ,admiral ,carrel was a type1 resorted to passionate argument1 to indignant eloquence4 ,the other kind resorted to the methods of the ,fronde2 they made war by pin-pricks1 by bursts of laughter1 with all the resources of ,french gayety and wit4 ,in this method the leading spirit was ,philipon1 who understood clearly the power that would result from the closest alliance between la presse et l'image4 ,even before ,la ,caricature was founded the features of the last of the ,bourbons became a familiar subject in cartoons4 ,invariably the same features are emphasized2 a tall1 lank figure1 frequently contorted like the india-rubber man of the dime museums2 a narrow1 vacuous countenance1 a high1 receding forehead1 over which sparse locks of hair are straggling2 a salient jaw1 the lips drawn back in a mirthless grin1 revealing huge1 ungainly teeth1 projecting like the incisors of a horse4 ,in one memorable cartoon he is expending the full crushing power of these teeth upon the famous charter of #ahcj1 but is finding it a nut quite too hard to crack4 ,illustration3 ,charles ,x4 ,in the ,role of the ,great ,nutcracker4 ,in this caricature ,charles ,x4 is attempting to break with his teeth a billiard ball on which is written the word ,charter4 ,the cartoon is entitled ,the ,great ,nutcracker of ,july #beth1 or the ,impotent ,horse-jaw 7ganache7--a play upon words4 ,from the very beginning ,la ,caricature assumed an attitude of hostile suspicion toward ,louis ,philippe1 the pretended champion of the bourgeoisie1 whose veneer of expedient republicanism never went deeper than to send his children to the public schools1 and to exhibit himself parading the streets of ,paris1 umbrella in hand4 ,two cartoons which appeared in the early days of his reign1 and are labeled respectively ,ne vous y frottez pas and ,il va bon train1 le ,ministere6 admirably illustrate the public lack of confidence4 ,the first of these1 an eloquent lithograph by ,daumier1 represents a powerfully built and resolute young journeyman printer standing with hands clinched1 ready to defend the liberty of the press4 ,in the background are two groups4 ,in the one ,charles ,x41 already worsted in an encounter1 lies prone upon the earth2 in the other ,louis ,philippe1 waving his ubiquitous umbrella1 is with difficulty restrained from assuming the aggressive4 ,the second of these cartoons is more sweeping in its indictment4 ,it represents the sovereign and his ministers in their chariot of state1 one and all lashing the horses into a mad gallop toward a bottomless abyss4 ,general ,soult1 the ,minister of ,war1 is flourishing and snapping a military flag1 in place of a whip4 ,at the back of the chariot a ,jesuit has succeeded in securing foothold upon the baggage1 and is adding his voice to hasten the forward march1 all symbolic of the violent momentum of the reactionary movement4 ,illustration3 ,louis ,philippe at the ,funeral of ,lafayette4 ,enfonce ,lafayette6444 ,attrape1 mon vieux6 ,illustration3 ,the ,ship of ,state in ,peril--,its ,sailors know not to what ,saints to commend ,themselves4 ,illustration3 ,the ,people thrown into the ,pit held by the ,monsters of ,various ,taxes4 ,illustration3 ,once more1 ,madame1 do you wish divorce1 or do you not wish divorce8 ,you are perfectly free to choose8 ,it was not likely that the part which ,louis ,philippe played in the revolution of #aghi1 his share in the republican victories of ,jemappes and of ,valmy1 would be forgotten by those who saw in him only a pseudo-republican1 a citizen king in name only1 and who seized eagerly upon the opportunity of mocking at his youthful espousal of republicanism4 ,the names of these battles recur again and again in the caricature of the period1 in the legends1 in maps conspicuously hung upon the walls of the background4 ,an anonymous cut represents the public gazing eagerly into a magic lantern1 the old ,poire officiating as showman3 ,you have before you the conqueror of ,jemappes and of ,valmy4 ,you see him surrounded by his nobles1 his generals1 and his family1 all ready to die in his defense4 ,see how the jolly rascals fight4 ,they are not the ones to be driven in disgrace from their kingdom4 ,oh1 no6 ,of all the cartoons touching upon ,louis ,philippe's insincerity1 probably the most famous is that of ,daumier commemorating the death of ,lafayette4 ,the persistent popularity of this veteran statesman had steadily become more and more embarrassing to a government whose reactionary doctrines he repudiated1 and whose political corruption he despised4 ,enfonce ,lafayette6444 ,attrape1 mon vieux6 is the legend inscribed beneath what is unquestionably one of the most extraordinary of all the caricatures of ,honore ,daumier4 ,it represents ,louis ,philippe watching the funeral cortege of ,lafayette1 his hands raised to his face in the pretense of grief1 but the face behind distorted into a hideous leer of gratification4 ,m4 ,arsene ,alexandre1 in his remarkable work on ,daumier1 describes this splendid drawing in the following terms3 ,under a grey sky1 against the somber and broken background of a cemetery1 rises on a little hillock the fat and black figure of an undertaker's man4 ,below him on a winding road is proceeding a long funeral procession4 ,it is the crowd that has thronged to the obsequies of the illustrious patriot4 ,through the leafage of the weeping willows may be seen the white tombstones4 ,the whole scene bears the mark of a profound sadness1 in which the principal figure seems to join1 if one is to judge by his sorrowful attitude and his clasped hands4 ,but look closer4 ,if this undertaker's man1 with the features of ,louis ,philippe1 is clasping his hands1 it is simply to rub them together with joy2 and through his fingers1 half hiding his countenance1 one may detect a sly grin4 ,the obsequious attitude of the members of ,parliament came in for its share of satirical abuse4 ,this is not a ,chamber1 it is a ,kennel1 is the title of a spirited lithograph by ,grandville1 representing the ,french statesmen as a pack of hounds fawning beneath the lash of their imperious keeper1 ,casimir ,perier4 ,another characteristic cartoon of ,grandville's represents the legislature as an ,infernal laboratory for extracting the quintessence of politics--a composition which1 in its crowded detail1 its grim and uncanny suggestiveness1 and above all its bizarre distortions of the human face and form1 shows more plainly than the work of any other ,french caricaturist the influence of ,gillray4 ,a collection of grinning skulls are labeled ,analysis of ,human ,thought2 state documents of ,louis ,philippe are being cut and weighed and triturated1 while in the foreground a legislator with distended cheeks is wasting an infinite lot of breath upon a blowpipe in his effort to distill the much-sought-for quintessence from a retort filled with fragments of the words ,bonapartism1 anarchy1 equality1 republic1 etc4 ,one of the palpable results of the political quintessence of ,louis ,philippe's government took the form of heavy imposts1 and these also afforded a subject for ,grandville's graphic pencil4 ,the ,public ,thrown to the ,imposts in the ,great ,pit of the ,budget first appeared in ,la ,caricature4 ,it represented the various taxes under which ,france was suffering in the guise of strange and unearthly animals congregated in a sort of bear pit1 somewhat similar to the one which attracts the attention of all visitors to the city of ,berne4 ,the spectacle is one given by the government in power for the amusement of all those connected in any way with public office3 in other words1 the salaried officials who draw their livelihood from the taxes imposed upon the people4 ,it is for their entertainment that the tax-paying public is being hurled to the monsters below--monsters more uncouth and fantastic than even ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells's fertile brain conceived in his ,war of the ,worlds1 or ,first ,men in the ,moon4 ,daumier in his turn had to have his fling at the ministerial benches of the government of ,july--the prostituted ,chamber of #ahcd4 ,at the present day1 when the very names of the men whom he attacked are half forgotten1 his famous cartoon1 ,le ,ventre ,legislatif1 is still interesting2 yet it is impossible to realize the impression it must have made in the days when every one of those ventrigoulus1 those rotund1 somnolent1 inanely smiling old men1 with the word bourgeoisie plainly written all over them1 were familiar figures in the political world1 and ,daumier's presentment of them1 one and all1 a masterly indictment of complacent incapacity4 ,as between ,daumier and ,grandville1 the two leading lights of ,la ,caricature1 there is little question that the former was the greater4 ,balzac1 who was at one time one of the editors of ,la ,caricature1 writing under pseudonym of ,comte ,alexandre de ,b41 and was the source of inspiration of one of its leading features1 the curious ,etudes de ,genre1 once said of ,daumier3 ,ce gaillard-la1 mes enfants1 a du ,michel-,ange sous la peau4 ,balzac took ,daumier under his protection from the beginning4 ,his first counsel to him was3 ,if you wish to become a great artist1 faites des dettes6 ,grandville has been defined by later ,french critics as un nevrose1 a bitter and pessimistic soul4 ,it was he who produced the cruelest compositions that ever appeared in ,la ,caricature4 ,he had1 however1 some admirable pages to his credit1 among others his interpretation of ,sebastian's famous ,l',ordre regne a ,varsovie4 ,fearfully sinister is the field of carnage1 with the ,cossack1 with bloody pique1 mounting guard1 smoking his pipe tranquilly1 on his face the horrible expression of satisfaction over a work well done4 ,grandville also conceived the idea1 worthy of a great cartoonist1 of ,processions and ,corteges4 ,these enabled him to have pass before the eye1 under costumes1 each conveying some subtle irony or allusion1 all the political men in favor4 ,every occasion was good4 ,a religious procession1 and the men of the day appeared as choir boys1 as acolytes1 etc4 ,un vote de budget1 and then it was une marche de boeuf gras1 with savages1 musketeers1 clowns forming the escort of ,m4 ,gros1 gras et bete4 ,it is easy to guess who was the personage so designated4 ,nothing is more amusing than these pages1 full of a verve1 soutenue de pince sans rire4 ,illustration3 ,the ,resuscitation of the ,french ,censorship4 ,by ,grandville4 ,illustration3 ,louis ,philippe as ,bluebeard4 ,sister ,press1 do you see anything8 ,nothing1 but the ,july sun beating on the dusty road4 ,sister ,press1 do you see anything8 ,two ,cavaliers1 urging their horses across the plain1 and bearing a banner4 ,it is one of the many little ironies of ,louis ,philippe's reign that1 after having owed his election to his supposed advocacy of freedom of the press1 he should in less than two years take vigorous measures to stifle it4 ,some of the best known cartoons that appeared in ,la ,caricature deal with this very subject4 ,one of these1 which bears the signature of ,grandville and is marked by all the vindictive bitterness of which that artist was the master1 represents ,louis ,philippe in the role of ,bluebeard1 who1 dagger in hand1 is about to slay his latest wife4 ,the wife1 the ,constitution1 lies prostrate1 hound with thongs4 ,the corpses of this political ,bluebeard's other victims may be seen through the open door of the secret chamber4 ,leaning over the balcony and scanning the horizon is the figure of ,sister ,anne1 in this case symbolic of the ,press4 ,the unfortunate ,constitution1 feeling that her last minute has come1 calls out3 ,sister ,press1 do you see nothing coming8 ,the ,press replies3 ,i see only the sun of ,july beating down1 powdering the dusty road and parching the green fields4 ,again the ,constitution cries3 ,sister ,press1 do you see nothing coming8 ,and this time the ,press calls back3 ,i see two cavaliers urging their horses across the plain and carrying a banner4 ,below the castle of ,bluebeard may be seen the figures of the two cavaliers4 ,the banner which they carry bears the significant word1 ,republic6 ,another cartoon bearing upon the same subject represents ,liberty wearing a ,phrygian cap1 driving the chariot of the sun4 ,the ,king and his ministers and judges1 above whom a crow hovers ominously1 flapping its black wings1 are seeking to stop the course of liberty by thrusting between the spokes of the wheels sticks and rods inscribed ,lawsuits against the ,press1 while ,talleyrand comes to their aid by throwing beneath the wheels stones symbolizing standing armies1 imposts1 holy alliance1 and so forth4 ,this cartoon is inscribed3 ,it would be easier to stop the course of the sun1 and is the work of ,travies1 who is best known as the creator of the grotesque hunchback figure1 ,mayeux4 ,illustration3 ,barbarism and the ,cholera invading ,europe in #ahca4 ,illustration3 ,raid on the ,workshop of the ,liberty of the ,press4 ,,chapter ,x ,,mayeux ,,and ,,robert ,,macaire ,a peculiar feature of ,french caricature1 especially after political subjects were largely forbidden1 was the creation of certain famous types who soon became familiar to the ,french public1 and whose reappearances from day to day in new and ever grotesque situations were hailed with growing delight4 ,such were the ,mayeux of ,travies and the ,macaire and ,bertrand of ,daumier1 who in course of time became as celebrated1 in a certain sense1 as the heroes of ,the ,three ,musketeers4 ,in his ,curiosites ,esthetiques ,beaudelaire has told the story of the origin of ,mayeux4 ,there was1 he says1 in ,paris a sort of clown named ,le ,claire1 who had the run of various low resorts and theaters4 ,his specialty was to make tetes d'expression1 that is1 by a series of facial contortions he would express successively the various human passions4 ,this man1 a clown by nature1 was very melancholy and possessed with a mad desire for friendship4 ,all the time not occupied in practice and in giving his grotesque performances he spent in searching for a friend1 and when he had been drinking1 tears of solitude flowed freely from his eyes4 ,travies saw him4 ,it was a time when the great patriotic enthusiasm of ,july was still at its height4 ,a luminous idea entered his brain4 ,mayeux was created1 and for a long time afterward this same turbulent ,mayeux talked1 screamed1 harangued1 and gesticulated in the memory of the people of ,paris4 ,illustration3 ,travies's ,mayeux4 ,adam destroyed us by the apple2 ,lafayette by the pear4 ,in a hundred different guises1 in the blue blouse of the workman1 the apron of the butcher1 the magisterial gown of judge or advocate1 this hunchback ,mayeux1 this misshapen parody upon humanity1 endeared himself to the ,parisian public4 ,virulent1 salacious1 corrupt1 he was a sort of ,french ,mr4 ,hyde--the shadow of secret weaknesses and vices1 lurking behind the ,dr4 ,jekyll of smug bourgeois respectability2 and the ,french public recognized him as a true picture of their baser selves4 ,they laughed indulgently over the broad1 ,rabelaisian jests that unfailingly accompanied each new cartoon--jests which ,m4 ,dayot has admirably characterized as seasoned with coarse salt1 more ,german than ,gallic1 and forming a series of legends which might be made into a veritable catechism of pornography4 ,this ,mayeux series is not1 strictly speaking1 political in its essence4 ,it touches upon all sides of life1 without discrimination and without respect4 ,it even trespasses upon the subject of that forbidden fruit1 ,le ,poire4 ,in an oft-cited cartoon1 ,mayeux with extended arms1 his head sunken lower than usual between his huddled shoulders1 is declaiming3 ,adam destroyed us with the apple2 ,lafayette has destroyed us with the pear6 ,and later1 when repeated arrests1 verdicts1 fines1 edicts had banished politics from the arena of caricature1 ,mayeux was still a privileged character4 ,like ,chicot1 the jester1 who could speak his mind fearlessly to his ,henriquet1 while the ordinary courtier cringed obsequiously1 ,mayeux shared the proverbial privilege of children and buffoons1 to speak the truth4 ,and oftentimes it was not even necessary for his creator1 ,travies1 to manifest any overt political significance2 the public were always more than ready to look for it below the surface4 ,in such a picture as that of ,mayeux1 in ,napoleonic garb striking an attitude before a portrait of the ,little ,corporal and exclaiming1 ,comme je lui ressemble6 they inevitably discovered a hint that there were other hypocrites more august than ,mayeux who fancied themselves worthy of filling ,napoleon's shoes4 ,illustration3 ,messieurs ,macaire and ,bertrand have found it expedient to make a hurried departure for ,belgium for the purpose of evading ,french justice4 ,the eloquent ,macaire1 on reaching the frontier1 declaims as follows3 ,hail to thee1 ,o land of hospitality6 ,hail1 fatherland of those who haven't got any6 ,sacred refuge of all unfortunates proscribed by human justice1 hail6 ,to all drooping hearts ,belgium is dear4 ,even more famous than ,mayeux are the ,macaire and ,bertrand series1 the joint invention of ,philipon1 who supplied the ideas and the text1 and of ,daumier1 who executed the designs4 ,according to ,thackeray1 whose analysis of these masterpieces of ,french caricature has become classic1 they had their origin in an old play1 the ,auberge des ,adrets1 in which two thieves escaped from the galleys were introduced1 ,robert ,macaire1 the clever rogue1 and ,bertrand1 his friend1 the butt and scapegoat on all occasions of danger4 ,the play had been half-forgotten when it was revived by a popular and clever actor1 ,frederick ,lemaitre1 who used it as a vehicle for political burlesque4 ,the play was suppressed1 but ,le ,charivari eagerly seized upon the idea and continued it from day to day in the form of a pictorial puppet show1 of which the public never seemed to weary4 ,thackeray's summary of the characters of these two illustrious rascals can scarcely be improved upon3 ,illustration3 ,extinguished6 ,m4 ,robert ,macaire he says is a compound of ,fielding's ',blueskin' and ,goldsmith's ',beau ,tibbs4' ,he has the dirt and dandyism of the one1 with the ferocity of the other3 sometimes he is made to swindle1 but where he can get a shilling more1 ,m4 ,macaire will murder without scruple2 he performs one and the other act 7or any in the scale between them7 with a similar bland imperturbability1 and accompanies his actions with such philosophical remarks as may be expected from a person of his talents1 his energies1 his amiable life and character4 ,bertrand is the simple recipient of ,macaire's jokes1 and makes vicarious atonement for his crimes1 acting1 in fact1 the part which pantaloon performs in the pantomime1 who is entirely under the fatal influence of clown4 ,he is quite as much a rogue as that gentleman1 but he has not his genius and courage4444 ,thus ,robert ,macaire and his companion ,bertrand are made to go through the world2 both swindlers1 but the one more accomplished than the other4 ,both robbing all the world1 and ,robert robbing his friend1 and1 in the event of danger1 leaving him faithfully in the lurch4 ,there is1 in the two characters1 some grotesque good for the spectator--a kind of ',beggars' ,opera' moral4444 ,and with these two types of clever and stupid knavery1 ,m4 ,philipon and his companion ,daumier have created a world of pleasant satire upon all the prevailing abuses of the day4 ,illustration3 ,louis ,philippe as ,cain with the ,angels of ,justice in ,pursuit4 ,the ,macaire and ,bertrand series were less directly political in their scope than that of ,travies's hunchback2 at least1 their political allusions were more carefully veiled4 ,yet the first of the series had portrayed in ,macaire's picturesque green coat and patched red trousers no less a personage than the old ,poire himself1 and the public remembered it4 ,when politics were banished from journalism they persisted in finding in each new escapade of ,macaire and ,bertrand an allusion to some fresh scandal1 if not connected with the ,king himself1 at least well up in the ranks of governmental hypocrites4 ,and1 although the specific scandals upon which they are based1 the joint-stock schemes for floating worthless enterprises1 the thousand-and-one plausible humbugs of the period1 are now forgotten1 to those who take the trouble to read between the lines1 these masterpieces of ,daumier's genius form a luminous exposition of the morale of the government and the court circles4 ,illustration3 ,laughing ,john--,crying ,john4 ,july1 #ahcj4 ,february1 #ahdh4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,from ,,cruikshank ,,to ,,leech ,in contrast with the brilliancy of the ,french artists1 the work in ,england during these years1 at least prior to the establishment of ,punch1 is distinctly disappointing4 ,the one man who might have raised caricature to an even higher level than that of ,gillray and ,rowlandson was ,george ,cruikshank1 but he withdrew early in life from political caricature1 preferring1 like ,hogarth1 to concentrate his talent upon the dramatic aspects of contemporary social life4 ,yet at the outset of his career1 just as he was coming of age1 ,cruikshank produced one cartoon that has remained famous because it anticipated by thirty years the attitude of ,mill and ,cobden in #ahdf4 ,it was in #ahae1 just after the battle of ,waterloo had secured an era of peace for ,europe1 that he produced his protest against the laws restricting the importation of grain into ,england4 ,he called it ,the ,blessings of ,peace2 or1 the ,curse of the ,corn ,bill4 ,a cargo of foreign grain has just arrived and is being offered for sale by the supercargo3 ,here is the best for fifty shillings4 ,on the shore a group of ,british landholders wave the foreigner away3 ,we won't have it at any price4 ,we are determined to keep up our own to eighty shillings1 and if the poor can't buy it at that price1 why1 they must starve4 ,in the background a storehouse with tight-shut doors bulges with home-grown grain4 ,a starving family stand watching while the foreign grain is thrown overboard1 and the father says3 ,no1 no1 masters1 ,i'll not starve1 but quit my native land1 where the poor are crushed by those they labor to support1 and retire to one more hospitable1 and where the arts of the rich do not interpose to defeat the providence of ,god4 ,after ,cruikshank1 until the advent of the men who made ,punch famous1--,richard ,doyle1 ,john ,leech1 ,john ,tenniel1 and their successors1--there are no cartoonists in ,england whose work rises above mediocrity4 ,when the death of ,canning brought ,wellington and ,peel into power1 a series of colored prints bearing the signature ,h4 ,heath1 and persistently lampooning the new ministry1 enjoyed a certain vogue4 ,they scarcely rose above the level of the penny comic valentine1 which they much resembled in crudeness of color and poverty of invention4 ,one set1 entitled ,our ,theatrical ,celebrities1 depicted the ,premier as stage manager1 the other members of the cabinet as leading man1 premiere danseuse1 prompter1 etc4 ,another series depicts the same statesmen as so many thoroughbreds1 to be auctioned off to the highest bidder1 and describes the good points of each in the most approved language of the turf4 ,lot ,no4 #a is the ,duke of ,wellington1 described as the famous charger1 ,arthur2 ,lot ,no4 #b is ,peel1 the ,good ,old ,cobb1 ,bobby1 and the rest of the series continue the same vein of inane witticism4 ,somewhat more point is to be found in the portrayal of ,wellington buried up to his neck in his own boot--one of the universal ,wellington boots of the period4 ,the cartoonist's thought1 quite obviously1 was that the illustrious hero of ,waterloo had won his fame primarily in boots and spurs1 and that as a statesman he became a very much shrunken and insignificant figure4 ,in its underlying thought this cartoon suggests comparison with the familiar ,grandpa's ,hat cartoons of the recent ,harrison administration4 ,very rarely ,heath broke away from home politics and touched upon international questions of the day4 ,a print showing the ,premier engaged in the task of making a rushlight1 which he is just withdrawing cautiously from a large tub labeled ,greece1 is an allusion to the part played by ,great ,britain in helping to add the modest light of ,greek independence to the general illumination of civilized ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,duke of ,wellington in ,caricature4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,another man whose work enjoyed a long period of shop-window popularity1 and who nevertheless did not always rise above the comic-valentine level1 was ,john ,doyle1 who owes his memory less to his own work than to the fact that he was the father of a real master of the art1 ,richard ,doyle4 ,parton1 in his history of ,caricature and ,other ,comic ,art1 notes the elder ,doyle's remarkable prolificness1 estimating his collected prints at upward of nine hundred2 and he continues3 ,it was a custom with ,english print-sellers to keep portfolios of his innocent and amusing pictures to let out by the evening to families about to engage in the arduous work of entertaining their friends at dinner4 ,he excelled greatly in his portraits1 many of which1 it is said by contemporaries1 are the best ever taken of the noted men of that day1 and may safely be accepted as historical4 ,brougham1 ,peel1 ,o',connell1 ,hume1 ,russell1 ,palmerston1 and others appear in his works as they were in their prime1 with little distortion or exaggeration1 the humor of the pictures being in the situation portrayed4 ,thus1 after a debate in which allusion was made to an ancient egg anecdote1 ,doyle produced a caricature in which the leaders of parties were drawn as hens sitting upon eggs4 ,the whole interest of the picture lies in the speaking likeness of the men4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,punch ,what the advent of ,la ,caricature did for ,french comic art was done for ,england by the birth of ,punch1 the ,london ,charivari1 on ,july #ag1 #ahda4 ,it is not surprising that this veteran organ of wit and satire1 essentially ,british though it is in the quality and range of its humor1 should have inspired a number of different writers successively to record its annals4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,spielmann1 whose admirable volume is likely to remain the authoritative history1 points out that the very term cartoon in its modern sense is in reality a creation of ,punch's4 ,in the reign of ,charles ,i41 he says1 the approved phrase was1 a mad designe2 in the time of ,george ,,ii4 it was known as a hieroglyphic2 throughout the golden age of ,gillray and ,cruikshank caricature was the epithet applied to the separate copperplate broadsides displayed in the famous shops of ,ackermann1 ,mrs4 ,humphrey1 and ,mc,clean4 ,but it was not until ,july1 #ahdc1 when the first great exhibition of cartoons for the ,houses of ,parliament was held--gigantic designs handling the loftiest subjects in the most elevated artistic spirit--that ,punch inaugurated his own sarcastic series of cartoons1 and by doing so permanently enriched the language with a new word1 or rather with new meaning for an old word4 ,punch1 however1 did far more than merely to change the terminology of caricature1 he revolutionized its spirit2 he made it possible for ,gladstone to say of it that in his early days1 when an artist was engaged to produce political satires1 he nearly always descended to gross personal caricature1 and sometimes to indecency4 ,to-day the humorous press showed a total absence of vulgarity and a fairer treatment1 which made this department of warfare always pleasing4 ,as in the case of other famous characters of history1 the origin and parentage of ,punch have been much disputed1 and a variety of legends have grown up about the source of its very name1 the credit for its genesis being variously assigned to its original editors1 ,henry ,mayhew1 ,mark ,lemon1 the printer ,joseph ,last1 the writer ,douglas ,jerrold1 and a number of obscurer literary lights4 ,one story cited by ,mr4 ,spielmann1 although clearly apocryphal1 is nevertheless worthy of repetition4 ,according to this story1 somebody at one of the preliminary meetings spoke of the forthcoming paper as being like a good mixture of punch1 good for nothing without ,lemon1 when ,mayhew caught up the idea and cried1 ,a capital idea6 ,we'll call it ,punch6 ,in marked contrast to its ,french prototype1 the ,london ,charivari was from the beginning a moderate organ1 and a stanch supporter of the ,crown4 ,in its original prospectus its political creed was outlined as follows3 ,punch has no party prejudices2 he is conservative in his opposition to ,fantoccini and political puppets1 but a progressive whig in his love of small change and a repeal of the union with public ,judies4 ,and to this day this policy of hitting all around1 of avoiding any bitter and prolonged partisanship1 is the keynote of ,punch's popularity and prestige4 ,how this attitude has been consistently maintained in its practical working is well brought out by ,mr4 ,spielmann in his chapter dedicated to the periodic ,punch dinners1 where the editorial councils have always taken place3 ,illustration3 ,the ,land of ,liberty4 ,when the meal is done and cigars and pipes are duly lighted1 subjects are deliberately proposed in half a dozen quarters1 until quite a number may be before the ,staff4 ,they are fought all round the ,table1 and unless obviously and strikingly good1 are probably rejected or attacked with good-humored ridicule or withering scorn4444 ,and when the subject of a cartoon is a political one1 the debate grows hot and the fun more furious1 and it usually ends by ,tories and ,radicals accepting a compromise1 for the parties are pretty evenly balanced at the ,table2 while ,mr4 ,burnand assails both sides with perfect indifference4 ,at last1 when the intellectual tug-of-war1 lasting usually from half-past eight for just an hour and three-quarters by the clock1 is brought to a conclusion1 the cartoon in all its details is discussed and determined2 and then comes the fight over the title and the 'cackle1' amid all the good-natured chaff and banter of a pack of boisterous1 high-spirited schoolboys4 ,illustration3 ,what8 ,you young ,yankee-,noodle1 strike your own ,father6 ,illustration3 ,louis ,philippe as ,the ,napoleon of ,peace4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,down to the close of the period covered in the present chapter1 the cartoon played a relatively small part in the weekly contents of ,punch1 averaging barely one a week1 and being omitted altogether from many numbers4 ,during these years the dominating spirit was unquestionably ,john ,leech1 who produced no less than two hundred and twenty-three cartoons out of a total of three hundred and fourteen1 or more than twice as many as all the other contributors put together4 ,he first appeared with a pageful of ,foreign ,affairs in the fourth issue of ,punch--a picture of some huddled groups of foreign refugees--a design remembered chiefly because it for the first time introduced to the world the artist's sign-manual1 a leech wriggling in a water bottle4 ,of ,doyle's political plates during these early years1 none is more interesting to the ,american reader than the few rare occasions upon which he seeks to express the ,british impression of the ,united ,states4 ,one of these1 ,the ,land of ,liberty1 appeared in #ahdg4 ,a lean and lanky1 but beardless1 ,uncle ,sam tilts lazily back in his rocking-chair1 a six-shooter in his hand1 a huge cigar between his teeth4 ,one foot rests carelessly upon a bust of ,washington1 which he has kicked over4 ,the other is flung over the back of another chair in sprawling insolence4 ,in the ascending clouds of smoke appear the ,stars and ,stripes1 surrounded by a panorama of outrages1 duels1 barroom broils1 lynch law1 etc41 and above them all1 the contending armies of the ,mexican war1 over whom a gigantic devil hovers1 his hands extended in a malignant benediction4 ,a closely analogous cartoon of this same year by ,richard ,doyle sharply satirized ,louis ,philippe as the ,napoleon of ,peace1 and depicted in detail the unsatisfactory condition of ,european affairs as seen from the ,british vantage ground4 ,as a consequence of this cartoon ,punch was for some time excluded from ,paris4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,sea ,serpent of #ahdh4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,from #ahdh onward the cartoons in ,punch look upon the world politics from a constantly widening angle4 ,indeed1 the same remark holds good for the comic organs not only of ,england1 but of ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy1 and the other leading nations as well4 ,throughout the second half of the nineteenth century the international relations of the leading powers may be followed almost without a break in the cartoons of ,punch and ,judy1 of the ,fliegende ,blaetter and the ,kladderadatsch1 of ,don ,pirlone1 of the ,journal pour ,rire1 of ,life and ,puck and ,judge1 and the countless host of their followers and imitators4 ,illustration3 ,a ,bird's ,eye ,view of ,europe in #ahcj4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,retrospective ,illustration3 ,daumier4 ,daumier fut le peintre ordinaire ,des pairs1 des deputes et des ,robert-,macaire4 ,son rude crayon fait l'histoire de nos jours4 --,o l'etonnante boule6 o la bonne figure6 --,je le crois pardieu bien1 car ,daumier est toujours ,excellent en caricature4 ,the close of the first half of the nineteenth century marks a convenient moment for a backward glance4 ,these fifty years1 which began with the consulship of the first ,napoleon and closed on the eve of the third ,napoleon's coup d'etat1 witnessed the rise and fall of more than one ,napoleonic spirit in the realm of comic art4 ,it was essentially a period of individualism1 of the one-man power in caricature4 ,existing conditions forbade a logical and unbroken development of the political cartoon2 it evolved only by fits and starts4 ,it was often less an expression of the popular mood than a vehicle for personal enthusiasm or personal rancor2 at the hands of just a few masters1 it verged upon the despotic4 ,at intervals1 first in one country and then in another1 a ,gillray1 a ,rowlandson1 a ,daumier1 would blaze forth1 brilliant1 erratic1 meteor-like1 leaving behind them a trail of scintillating suggestion1 destined to fire some new fuse1 to start caricature along some new curve of eccentricity4 ,the importance of these fifty years1 the lasting influence of these forerunners of the modern cartoonists1 must not be underrated4 ,without the inspiration of their brilliant successes1 and1 it may also be added1 the useful lessons of their errors and failures1 the cartoon of to-day would be radically different1 and probably greatly inferior to what it is4 ,above all1 they taught1 by two tremendous object lessons1 the potent force that lies in pictorial satire--by the share which ,english cartoonists had in the overthrow of ,napoleon ,i41 and which ,french cartoonists had in the downfall of ,louis ,philippe4 ,but it was only with the advent of the modern comic weekly of the high type represented by ,punch that it became possible to develop schools of caricature with definite aims and established traditions--schools that have tended steadily to eliminate and reject the old-time elements of vulgarity and exaggeration1 to gain the increased influence that comes from sobriety of method and higher artistic excellence1 and to hold erratic individuality in check4 ,few people who are not directly concerned in its making ever realize how essentially the modern caricature is a composite production4 ,take1 for example1 the big1 double-page cartoon which has become such a familiar weekly feature in ,puck or ,judge1 with its complicated group of figures1 its suggestive background1 its multitude of clever minor points2 the germ idea has been picked out from perhaps a dozen others1 as the result of careful deliberation1 and from this starting point the whole design has been built up1 detail by detail1 representing the joint cleverness of the entire editorial staff4 ,but the collaboration reaches further back than this4 ,a political cartoon resembles in a way a composite photograph1 which embodies not merely the superimposed features of the men who sat before the camera1 but something also of the countless generations before them1 who have made their features what they are by transmitting from father to son something of their own personality4 ,in the same way1 the political cartoon of to-day is the product of a gradual evolution1 mirroring back the familiar features of many a cartoon of the past4 ,it is not merely an embodiment of the ideas of the satirists who suggested it and the artist who drew it1 but also of many a traditional and stereotyped symbol1 bequeathed from generation to generation by artists dead and gone4 ,the very essence of pictorial satire1 its alpha and omega1 so to speak1 is symbolism1 the use of certain established types1 conventional personifications of ,peace and ,war1 ,death and ,famine and ,disease1 ,father ,time with his scythe1 the ,old ,year and the ,new2 the ,russian ,bear1 the ,british ,lion1 and the ,american ,eagle2 ,uncle ,sam and ,columbia1 ,britannia and ,john ,bull4 ,these figures1 as we have them to-day1 cannot point to any one creator4 ,they are not an inspiration of the moment1 a stroke of genius1 like ,daumier's ,macaire or ,travies's ,mayeux4 ,they are the product of a century of evolution1 a gradual survival of the fittest1 resulting from the unconscious natural selection of popular approval4 ,no better specific instance can be taken than that of the familiar figure of ,john ,bull as he appears from week to week in the contemporary pages of ,punch1 for his descent may be traced in an unbroken line--there are no missing links4 ,no single ,british caricaturist1 from ,gillray to ,du ,maurier1 can claim the credit for having invented him2 yet each in his turn has contributed something1 a touch here1 a line there1 toward making him what he is to-day4 ,as ,mr4 ,spielmann has pointed out1 the earliest prototype of ,punch's ,john ,bull is to be sought in ,gillray's conception of ,farmer ,george1 that figured in a long series of malevolent caricatures depicting ,george ,,iii41 as a gaping country lout1 a heavy1 dull-witted yokel4 ,there is no more curious paradox in the history of caricature than that this figure of ,farmer ,george1 conceived in pure malice as a means of inspiring resentment against a king popularly believed to care more for his farmyard than for the interests of his subjects1 should by gradual transition have come to be accepted as the symbolic figure of the nation4 ,yet the successive steps are easy enough to understand4 ,when ,gillray's point of attack had shifted from the throne of ,england to the throne of ,france1 his type of ,farmer ,george needed but slight modification to become a huge1 ungainly ogre1 the incarnation of ,british wrath against ,little ,boney--shaking a formidable fist at the coast of ,calais1 wading knee-deep across the channel1 or greedily opening a cavernous jaw to take in a soul-satisfying meal of ,french frigates4 ,but beneath the exaggerated ferocity of ,gillray's extreme type1 the idea of a farmer as the national figure is never quite lost sight of4 ,in ,gillray's later cartoons the conception of ,john ,bull had already taken on a more consistent and definite form4 ,at the hands of ,rowlandson and ,woodward he lost much of his uncouthness and began to assume a mellower and more benignant aspect2 a cartoon by the latter1 entitled ,genial ,rays1 pictures him reclining luxuriously upon a bed of roses1 basking in the sun of patriotism1 the image of agricultural contentment4 ,a certain coarseness and vulgarity1 however1 clung to him until well down into the forties1 when the refining touch of ,leech and ,tenniel gradually idealized him into the portly1 choleric1 well-to-do rural gentleman who is to-day such a familiar figure the world over4 ,this type of ,john ,bull as the representative ,briton once called forth some thoroughly characteristic comments from ,john ,ruskin4 ,is it not surely1 he asks1 some overruling power in the nature of things1 quite other than the desire of his readers1 which compels ,mr4 ,punch1 when the squire1 the colonel1 and the admiral are to be at once expressed1 together with all that they legislate or fight for1 in the symbolic figure of the nation1 to present the incarnate ,mr4 ,bull always as a farmer--never as a manufacturer or shopkeeper8 ,such a view on the part of ,mr4 ,ruskin is consistent with his life-long insistence upon literal truth in art4 ,but he was obviously mistaken when he questioned that ,john ,bull is the deliberate choice of the ,british public4 ,the average ,englishman1 whether soldier or sailor1 statesman1 merchant1 or manufacturer1 approves and enjoys the pleasant fiction that the representative type is a good1 old-fashioned country gentleman1 conservative and rather insular1 a supporter of landed interests1 a patron of country sports2 in short1 one who lives his life close to his native soil1 who seems to personify the rolling down1 the close-clipped hedge1 the trim gardenplot1 the neat thatched roof1 things which typify ,england the world over4 ,illustration3 ,the ,evolution of ,john ,bull4 ,illustration3 ,henri ,monnier in the ,role of ,joseph ,prudhomme4 ,never shall my daughter become the wife of a scribbler4 ,by ,daumier ,not only are most of the accepted symbolic figures--,john ,bull1 ,uncle ,sam1 and the rest--what they are because they meet with popular approval1 but no cartoonist to-day could venture upon any radical departure from the established type--a bearded ,john ,bull1 a smooth-shaven ,uncle ,sam--without calling down public disfavor upon his head4 ,if one stops to think of it1 our own accepted national type1 the tall1 lank1 awkward figure1 the thin1 angular ,yankee face with a shrewd and kindly twinkle in the eye1 is even less representative of the average ,american than ,john ,bull is of the average ,briton4 ,it is interesting to recall that before the ,civil ,war our national type frequently took the form of a ,southerner--regularly in the pages of ,punch4 ,to-day1 in ,england and in ,america1 there is but one type of ,uncle ,sam1 and we would not tolerate a change4 ,it may be that in the gaunt1 loose-knit frame1 the strong and rugged features we recognize a kinship to that sterling and essentially ,american type of man which found its best exponent in ,lincoln1 and that this is the reason why ,uncle ,sam has become the most universally accepted and the best beloved of all our conventional types4 ,,chapter ,,xiv '#dh ,,and ,,the ,,coup ,d',,etat ,it was only natural that caricature1 like every other form of free expression of opinion1 should feel the consequences of the general political upheaval of #ahdh2 and these consequences differed widely in the different countries of ,europe1 according to the degree of civic liberty which that revolutionary movement had effected4 ,in ,germany1 for example1 it resulted in the establishment of a whole group of comic weeklies1 with a license for touching upon political topics quite unprecedented in that land of imperialism and censorship4 ,in ,france1 on the contrary1 political caricature came to an abrupt close just at a time when it had begun to give promise of exceptional interest4 ,louis ,napoleon1 who owed his elevation to the presidency of the republic chiefly to the popular belief in his absolute harmlessness1 developed a most unexpected and disconcerting strength of character4 ,his capacity for cunning and unscrupulousness was yet to be learned2 but a feeling of distrust was already in the air1 and the caricaturists were quick to reflect it4 ,louis ,napoleon1 however1 was keenly alive to the deadly harm wrought to his predecessor by ,philipon's pictorial sharp-shooters1 and he did not propose to let history repeat itself by holding him up to public ridicule1 after the fashion of the poor old ,poire1 the citizen king4 ,accordingly the coup d'etat was hardly an accomplished fact when press laws were passed of such a stringent nature that the public press1 and pictorial satire along with it1 was reduced to a state of vassalage1 dependent upon the imperial caprice1 a condition that lasted upward of fifteen years4 ,consequently1 the few cartoons satirizing ,napoleon ,,iii41 that emanate from ,french sources1 either belong to the closing years of his reign or else antedate the law of #ahea1 which denied trial by jury to all cases of infringement of the press laws4 ,the latter cartoons1 however1 are of special interest1 for they serve to throw important light upon the popular state of mind just prior to the famous coup d'etat4 ,illustration3 ,the only ,lamps authorized to light the ,path of the ,government4 ,by ,vernier in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,an ,italian ,cartoon of '#dh4 ,the majority of these cartoons appeared in the pages of ,charivari1 and some of the best are due to the caustic pencil of ,charles ,vernier4 ,a good specimen of this artist's work is a lithograph entitled ,the ,only ,lamps ,authorized for the ,present to ,light up the ,path of the ,government1 showing ,louis ,napoleon marching along sedately1 his hands clasped behind his back and his way illuminated by three lantern-bearers4 ,the lanterns are1 respectively1 ,la ,patrie du ,soir1 ,le ,moniteur du ,soir and ,la ,gazette de ,france1 newspapers then in favor with the government4 ,just in front of ,louis ,napoleon1 however1 may be seen a dark and ominous manhole4 ,another of ,vernier's cartoons is called ,the ,shooting ,match in the ,champs ,elysees4 ,the target is the head of the ,constitution surmounting a pole4 ,napoleon is directing the efforts of the contestants4 ,the man who knocks the target over completely1 he is saying1 ,i will make my ,prime ,minister4 ,the contrast between the great ,napoleon and the man whom ,victor ,hugo liked so to call ,napoleon the ,little suggested another pictorial effort of ,vernier4 ,a veteran of the ,grand ,army is watching the coach of the state passing by1 ,napoleon holding the reins4 ,what6 ,that my ,emperor6 exclaims the veteran1 shading his eyes4 ,those rascally ,englishmen1 how they have changed my vision6 ,the methods by which ,louis ,napoleon obtained his election first as ,president for ten years1 and secondly as ,emperor of the ,french1 were satirized in ,charivari by ,daumier in a cartoon called ,les ,aveugles 7,the ,blind74 ,in the center of this cartoon is a huge ballot jar marked ,universal ,suffrage4 ,around this the sightless voters are laboriously groping4 ,illustration3 ,napoleon ,le ,petit4 ,by ,vernier4 ,many were the designs by which ,daumier in ,charivari satirized ,louis ,napoleon's flirtation with the ,french republic4 ,in one of them the ,prince1 bearing a remote resemblance in manner and in dress to ,robert ,macaire1 is offering the lady his arm4 ,belle dame1 he is saying1 will you accept my escort8 ,to which she replies coldly3 ,monsieur1 your passion is entirely too sudden4 ,i can place no great faith in it4 ,illustration3 ,the ,new ,siamese ,twins4 ,illustration3 ,louis ,napoleon and ,madame ,france4 ,pictorial expressions of opinion regarding the great crime of #ahea1 which once more replaced a republic with an empire1 must be sought for outside of ,france4 ,but there was one subject at this time upon which even the strictest of edicts could not enforce silence1 and that was the subject of ,napoleon's marriage to ,eugenie4 ,the ,emperor's ,spanish bride was never popular1 not even during the first years of the ,second ,empire1 before she began to meddle with affairs of state2 and in many incisive ways the ,parisians heaped ridicule upon her4 ,a curious little pamphlet1 with text and illustrations1 about the new ,empress was sold in ,paris at the time of the marriage4 ,this pamphlet was entirely complimentary and harmless4 ,the biting humor of it was on the title-page1 which the vendors went about crying in the streets3 ,the portrait and virtues of the ,empress1 all for two sous6 ,but for a frank expression of what the world thought of the new master of the destinies of ,france1 it is necessary to turn to the contemporary pages of ,punch4 ,the ,london ,charivari was at this time just entering upon its most glorious epoch of political caricature4 ,john ,leech1 one of the two great ,english cartoonists of the past half century1 had arrived at the maturity of his talent2 the second1 ,john ,tenniel1 was destined soon to join the staff of ,punch in place of ,richard ,doyle1 who resigned in protest against the editorial policy of attacking the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,both of these artists possessed a technical skill and a degree of artistic inspiration that raised them far above the level of the mere caricaturist4 ,and as it happened1 the world was entering upon a long succession of stormy scenes1 destined to furnish them with matter worthy of their pencils4 ,after forty years of peace1 ,europe was about to incur an epidemic of war4 ,the clash between ,turkey and ,russia in #ahec was destined to assume international proportions in the ,crimean ,war2 ,england's troubles were to be augmented by the revolt of her ,indian mercenaries2 the ,russian war was to be closely followed by another between ,france and ,austria2 by the enfranchisement of ,italy from the ,alps to the ,adriatic2 the bitter struggle between ,prussia and ,austria2 and the breaking up of the ,confederation of the ,rhine1 with the ,franco-,prussian ,war looming up in the near future4 ,it was on the threshold of such troublous times1 and as if prophetic of the end of ,european tranquillity1 that ,leech signalized the accession of ,napoleon ,,iii4 as ,emperor with the significant cartoon1 ,france is ,tranquil666 ,poor ,france cannot well be otherwise than tranquil1 for ,mr4 ,leech depicts her bound hand and foot1 a chain-shot fastened to her feet and a sentry standing guard over her with a bayonet4 ,the artist soon followed this up with another cartoon1 evidently suggested by the initial plate of ,hogarth's famous series of ,the ,rake's ,progress4 ,the ,prince ,president1 in the character of the ,rake1 has just come into his inheritance1 and has cast aside his former mistress1 ,liberte1 to whom he is offering money1 her mother 7,france7 standing by1 an indignant witness to the scene4 ,his military tailor is measuring him for a new imperial uniform1 while behind him a priest 7in allusion to the financial aid which the ,papal party was receiving from ,napoleon7 is helping himself from a plate of money standing beside the ,president4 ,on the floor is a confused litter of swords1 knapsacks1 bayonets1 crowns1 crosses of the ,legion of ,honor1 the ,code ,napoleon1 and other miscellaneous reminders of ,louis' well-known craze on the subject of his uncle and his uncle's ideas4 ,mr4 ,tenniel's early cartoons of ,louis ,napoleon are scarcely more kindly4 ,the ,emperor's approaching marriage is hit off in one entitled ,the ,eagle in ,love1 in which ,eugenie1 represented with the most unflattering likeness1 is employed in paring the imperial eagle's talons4 ,in #ahec ,tenniel depicts an ,international ,poultry ,show1 where we see among the entries a variety of eagles--the ,prussian eagle1 the ,american eagle1 the two-headed ,russian and ,austrian eagles--and among them a wretched mongrel1 more closely akin to a bedraggled barn-door fowl than to the ,french ,eagle which it claims to be4 ,queen ,victoria1 who is visiting the show1 under escort of ,mr4 ,punch1 remarks3 ,we have nothing of that sort1 ,mr4 ,punch2 but should there be a lion show1 we can send a specimen66 ,illustration3 ,louis ,napoleon's ,proclamation4 ,illustration3 ,split ,crow in the ,crimea4 ,from ,punch4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,struggle ,,in ,,the ,,crimea ,illustration3 ,bursting of the ,russian ,bubble4 ,illustration3 ,general ,fevrier turned ,traitor4 ,the grim struggle of the ,crimean ,war for a time checked ,mr4 ,punch's attacks upon ,napoleon ,,iii41 and turned his attention in another direction4 ,although the war cloud in the ,east was assuming portentous dimensions1 there were many in ,england1 the ,peace ,society1 the members of the peace-at-any-price party1 with ,messrs4 ,bright and ,cobden at their head1 and most conspicuous of all the ,prime ,minister1 ,lord ,aberdeen1 who deliberately blinded themselves to the possibility of war4 ,it was for the enlightenment of these gentlemen that ,mr4 ,leech designed his cartoon ,no ,danger1 representing a donkey1 eloquent in his stolid stupidity1 tranquilly braying in front of a loaded cannon4 ,in still another cartoon ,lord ,aberdeen himself is placidly smoking ,the ,pipe of ,peace over a brimming barrel of gunpowder4 ,john ,bull1 however1 has already become wide-awake to the danger1 for he is nailing the ,russian eagle to his barn door1 remarking to his ,french neighbor that he won't worry the ,turkies any more4 ,at this time ,england had begun to watch with growing jealousy the cordial entente between ,russia and ,austria1 for the ,emperor ,nicholas was strongly suspected of having offered to ,austria a slice of his prospective prize1 ,turkey4 ,this rumor forms the basis of an effective cartoon by ,leech1 ,the ,old ',un and the ,young ',un1 in which the ,russian and ,austrian ,emperors are seated at table1 genially dividing a bottle of port between them4 ,now then1 ,austria1 says ,nicholas1 just help me finish the ,port7e74 ,meanwhile1 hostilities between ,turkey and ,russia had begun1 and the latter had already received a serious setback at ,oltenitza1 an event commemorated by ,tenniel in his cartoon of ,a ,bear with a ,sore ,head4 ,in spite of his blind optimism1 ,lord ,aberdeen was by this time finding it decidedly difficult to handle the reins of foreign affairs4 ,one of the best satires of the year is by ,tenniel1 entitled ,the ,unpopular ,act of the ,courier of ,st4 ,petersburg1 depicting ,aberdeen performing the dangerous feat of driving a team of vicious horses4 ,the mettlesome leaders1 ,russia and ,turkey1 have already taken the bit between their teeth1 while ,austria1 catching the contagion of their viciousness1 is plunging dangerously4 ,this cartoon was soon followed by another still more notable1 entitled ,what ,it ,has ,come ,to1 one of those splendid animal pictures in which ,john ,tenniel especially excelled4 ,it shows us the ,russian bear1 scampering off in the distance1 while in the foreground ,lord ,aberdeen is clinging desperately to the ,british lion1 which has started in mad pursuit1 with his mane erect and his tail stiffened like a ramrod2 the lion plunges along1 dragging behind him the terrified premier1 who is gasping out that he can no longer hold him and is forced to let him go4 ,at the same time ,mr4 ,leech also represented pictorially ,lord ,aberdeen awakening to the necessity of war in his ,bombardment of ,odessa4 ,the cartoon is in two parts1 representing respectively the ,english ,premier and the ,russian ,emperor reading their morning paper4 ,bombardment of ,odessa1 says ,aberdeen4 ,dear me1 this will be very disagreeable to my imperial friend4 ,bombardment of ,odessa1 says ,nicholas2 confound it6 ,this will be very annoying to dear old ,aberdeen6 ,in the following ,november the ,british victory of ,inkerman1 won against almost hopeless odds1 was witnessed by two members of the ,russian imperial family4 ,leech promptly commemorated this fact in his picture of ,the ,russian ,bear's ,licked ,cubs1 ,nicholas and ,michael4 ,the cartoon entitled the ,bursting of the ,russian ,bubble appeared in ,punch1 ,october #ad1 #ahed1 just after the battle of the ,alma had taken place and part of the ,russian fleet had been destroyed by the ,english and ,french ships at ,sebastopol4 ,this cartoon is by the hand of ,leech4 ,the ,russian ,emperor1 ,nicholas ,i41 had boasted of the irresistible power which was to enable him to overthrow the allied forces gathered in the ,crimea1 and here the artist shows very graphically the shattering of this irresistible power and of the unlimited means4 ,of all the cartoons which ,leech produced there is none which enjoys a more enduring fame than the one entitled ,general ,fevrier ,turned ,traitor4 ,certainly no other in the whole series of ,crimean ,war cartoons appearing in ,punch compares with it in power4 ,yet splendid and effective as it is1 there is in it a cruelty worthy of ,grandville or ,gillray1 and when it appeared it caused a shudder to run through all ,england4 ,the ,russian ,emperor had boasted in a speech on the subject of the ,crimean ,war that1 whatever forces ,france and ,england might be able to send to the front1 ,russia possessed two generals on whom she could always rely1 ,general ,janvier and ,general ,fevrier4 ,in other words1 ,nicholas ,i4 cynically alluded to the hardship of the ,russian winter1 on which he counted to reduce greatly by death the armies of the ,allies in the ,crimea4 ,but toward the end of the winter1 the ,emperor himself died of pulmonary apoplexy1 after an attack of influenza4 ,in a flash1 ,leech seized upon the idea4 ,general ,fevrier had turned traitor4 ,under this title1 the cartoon was published by ,punch in its issue of ,march #aj1 #ahee4 ,general ,fevrier 7,death in the uniform of a ,russian general7 is placing his deadly hand on the breast of ,nicholas1 and the icy cold of the ,russian winter--the ally in whom the ,emperor had placed his trust--has recoiled upon himself4 ,the tragic dignity and grim significance of this cartoon made a deep impression upon ,ruskin1 who regarded it as representing in the art of caricature what ,hood's ,song of the ,shirt represents in poetry4 ,the reception of the last-named woodcut1 he says1 was in several respects a curious test of modern feeling 444 ,there are some points to be regretted in the execution of the design1 but the thought was a grand one2 the memory of the word spoken and of its answer could hardly in any more impressive way have been recorded for the people2 and ,i believe that to all persons accustomed to the earnest forms of art it contained a profound and touching lesson4 ,the notable thing was1 however1 that it offended persons not in earnest1 and was loudly cried out against by the polite journalism of ,society4 ,this fate is1 ,i believe1 the almost inevitable one of thoroughly genuine work in these days1 whether poetry or painting2 but what added to the singularity in this case was that coarse heartlessness was even more offended than polite heartlessness4 ,illustration3 ,henri ,rochefort and his ,lantern4 ,illustration3 ,brothers in ,arms4 ,the ,french and ,english ,troops in ,crimea4 ,as was but natural1 the ,anglo-,french alliance against ,russia is alluded to in more than one of ,mr4 ,punch's ,crimean ,war cartoons4 ,one of the earliest is a drawing by ,tenniel of ,england and ,france typified by two fine specimens of ,guards of both nations standing back to back in friendly rivalry of height1 and ,mr4 ,spielmann records in his ,history of ,punch that the cut proved so popular that under its title of ,the ,united ,service3 it was reproduced broadcast on many articles of current use and even served as a decoration for the backs of playing cards4 ,still another cartoon1 entitled ,the ,split ,crow in the ,crimea1 represents ,england and ,france as two huntsmen1 hard on the track of a wounded and fleeing two-headed bird6 ,he's hit hard6--follow him up6 exclaimed the huntsmen4 ,in a ,french reproduction of this cartoon1 which is to be found in ,armand ,dayot's ,le ,second ,empire1 ,crow is amusingly translated as couronne 7crown71 and the publishers of ,punch are given as ,,mm4 ,breadburg1 ,agnew1 et ,cie4 ,another cartoon of the same period is called ,brothers in ,arms4 ,it shows a ,british soldier carrying on his back a wounded ,french soldier1 and a ,french soldier carrying on his back a wounded ,englishman4 ,the two wounded men are clasping hands4 ,there is no better evidence of the utter dearth of ,french caricature at this period than the fact that ,m4 ,dayot1 whose indefatigable research has brought together a highly interesting collection of pictorial documents of all classes upon this period of ,french history1 could find nothing in the way of a cartoon in his own country and was forced to borrow from ,punch the few that he reproduces4 ,on the other side the ,russian cartoonists were by no means backward in recording the events of the war and holding up the efforts of the ,allies to pictorial derision4 ,the ,russian point of view has come down to us in a series of excellent prints published in ,st4 ,petersburg during the months of the conflict4 ,in this warfare the ,russians may be said to have borrowed from their enemies1 for this series is essentially ,french in method and execution4 ,all through this series ,england and ,france are shown buffeted about from pillar to post by the ,conquering ,bear4 ,a description of one of these cartoons will give a fair general idea of the entire series4 ,sir ,charles ,napier1 at a dinner given in his honor in ,london just before the departure of the ,allied fleet for ,kronstadt1 has made the foolish boast that he would soon invite his hosts to dine with him in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,of course the fleet never reached ,st4 ,petersburg1 and the ,russian artist satirically summed up the situation by depicting ,sir ,charles at the top of the mast1 endeavoring by the aid of a large spy-glass to catch a sight of the ,czar's capital4 ,illustration3 ,turkey1 ,john ,bull ,monsieur ,frog-,eater in a ,bad ,fix4 ,an ,american ,cartoon on the ,crimean ,war4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,among the crude ,american lithographs of this period the ,crimean ,war was not forgotten4 ,a rather rare cartoon1 entitled ,turkey1 ,john ,bull and ,m4 ,frog-,eater in a ,bad ,fix1 is especially interesting as an evidence that ,american sympathy during the war was in a measure on the ,russian side4 ,the ,russian ,general ,menshikoff is standing on the heights of ,sebastopol looking down smilingly and serenely on the discomfited allies1 saying3 ,how do you do1 gentlemen8 ,very happy to see you4 ,you must be tired4 ,won't you walk in and take something8 ,john ,bull1 seriously wounded1 is lying prostrate1 bawling out3 ,come1 come1 ,turk1 no dodging4 ,hulloa there6 ,is that the way you stick to your friends8 ,the coat of my stomach is ruined1 my wind nearly gone4 ,i won't be able to blow for a month4 ,pull me out of this at any price6 ,the devil take one party and his dam the other4 ,i am getting sick of this business4 ,by his side is the figure of a ,frenchman just hit by a cannon-ball from one of the ,russian guns1 and crying out3 ,o6 ,by damn6 ,i not like such treat4 ,i come tousand mile and spend ver much money to take someting from wid you1 and you treat me as ,i vas van ,villin6 ,scoundrel6 ,robbare66 ,in closing the subject of the ,crimean ,war1 it is worth while to call attention to one curious phase of the war as contained in the programme of a theatrical entertainment given by the ,french soldiers in the trenches of ,sebastopol1 ,december #bc1 #ahee4 ,the programme is headed ,the ,little ,comic ,review of the ,crimea4 ,it contains the announcement of the ,tchernaia ,theater1 which four days later is to present three dramatic pieces4 ,the drawing is by ,lucien ,salmont4 ,illustration3 ,programme of a ,theatrical ,performance given by the ,french ,soldiers in the ,trenches before ,sebastopol4 ,illustration3 ,the ,british ,lion's ,vengeance on the ,bengal ,tiger4 ,one final echo of the struggle in the ,crimea is found in another of ,tenniel's graphic animal pictures1 ,the ,british ,lion ,smells a ,rat1 which depicts an angry lion sniffing suspiciously at the crack of a door1 behind which is being held the conference which followed the fall of ,sebastopol4 ,but by far the most famous instance of ,tenniel's work is his series of ,cawnpore cartoons1 the series bearing upon the ,indian mutiny of #aheg2 and one of the finest1 if not the very finest1 of them all is that entitled ,the ,british ,lion's ,vengeance on the ,bengal ,tiger4 ,it represents in the life work of ,tenniel what ,general ,fevrier ,turned ,traitor stands for in the life work of ,john ,leech4 ,the subject was suggested to ,tenniel by ,shirley ,brooks4 ,it summed up all the horror and thirst for revenge which animated ,england when the news came of the treacherous atrocities of the ,sepoy rebels4 ,the ,cawnpore massacre of women and children ordered by the infamous ,nana ,sahib had taken place in ,june1 and when this cartoon appeared in ,punch1 ,august #bb1 #aheg1 ,england had just sent thirty thousand troops to ,india4 ,in the picture the ,british lion is springing at the throat of the ,bengal tiger1 which is standing over the prostrate bodies of a woman and a child4 ,the tiger1 fearful of being robbed of its prey1 is snarling at the avenging lion4 ,another of the famous ,cawnpore cartoons of ,tenniel is descriptive of ,british vengeance on the ,sepoy mutineers4 ,the ,english troops were simply wild for revenge when the stories came to them of the atrocities which had been perpetrated on ,english women and children1 and their vengeance knew no bounds4 ,the ,sepoys were blown from the mouths of the ,english cannon4 ,it was the custom of the ,english soldiers to pile up a heap of ,sepoys1 dead or wounded1 pour oil over them1 and then set fire to the pile4 ,the ,tenniel cartoon1 entitled ,justice1 published ,september #ab1 #aheg1 shows the figure of ,justice with sword and shield cutting down the mutineers1 while behind her are the ,british troops working destruction with their bayonets4 ,illustration3 ,the ,french ,porcupine4 ,he may be an ,inoffensive ,animal1 but he ,don't ,look like it4 ,no sooner had the ,english-,french alliance against ,russia come to an end than ,punch once more began to give expression to his disapproval of ,napoleon4 ,a hostile spirit toward ,frenchmen was ingrained in the very nature of ,john ,leech1 and he vented it freely in such cartoons as his celebrated ,cock-a-doodle-doo6 in which the ,french cock1 clad in the uniform of a colonel1 is crowing lustily over the results of a war of which ,great ,britain had borne the brunt4 ,or again1 in ,some ,foreign ,produce that ,mr4 ,bull can very well ,spare1 a cut which includes ,french conspirators1 vile ,frenchwomen1 organ-grinders 7,mr4 ,leech was abnormally sensitive to street noises71 and other objectionable foreign refuse4 ,it is interesting in this connection to note that ,leech's hostility to ,louis ,napoleon was the direct cause of ,thackeray's resignation from the staff of ,punch in the winter of #ahed4 ,in the letter written in the following ,march1 ,thackeray explains that he had had some serious differences regarding the editorial policy of ,punch1 and more specifically about the abuse of ,louis ,napoleon which1 he says1 ,i think and thought was writing unjustly at that time1 and dangerously for the welfare and peace of the country3 and he then adds the specific instance which prompted him to sever his connections3 ,coming from ,edinburgh1 ,i bought a ,punch containing a picture of a beggar on horseback1 in which the emperor was represented galloping to hell with a sword reeking with blood4 ,as soon as ever ,i could1 after my return1 ,i went to ,bouverie ,street and gave in my resignation4 ,thackeray's act had no influence upon the policy of ,punch4 ,leech's cartoons grew steadily more incisive in character4 ,one of the most extraordinary is that known as ,the ,french ,porcupine4 ,it represents ,napoleon ,,iii4 as a porcupine1 bristling with ,french bayonets in place of quills4 ,one of ,napoleon's favorite sayings was ,l',empire c'est la paix4 ,but this saying was very often contradicted by events1 and the first ten years of his occupation of the ,french throne showed ,france embroiled in the ,crimean ,war and the war with ,austria4 ,in preparation for the latter conflict a large increase was being made in the ,french military armament2 and ,leech seized upon the emperor's dictum only to express his skepticism4 ,the cartoon appeared in ,march1 #ahei4 ,as a matter of fact1 the idea in this cartoon had previously been used in another called ,the ,puppet ,show1 published in ,june1 #ahed1 depicting the ,czar ,nicholas in a manner closely similar2 yet ,mr4 ,spielmann1 who notes this fact1 adds that ,mr4 ,leech had probably never seen1 or else had forgotten1 the earlier caricature4 ,this ,french ,porcupine is cited as an instance of ,leech's extraordinary speed in executing a cartoon directly upon the wooden block4 ,the regular ,punch dinner had that week been held a day late4 ,every moment was precious1 and ,leech proposed the idea for the cartoon1 drew it in two hours1 and caught his midday train on the following day1 speeding away into the country with ,john ,tenniel for their usual ,saturday hunt4 ,it was during this same year1 #ahei1 at the close of the war which humbled ,austria and forced her to surrender ,venetia to ,sardinia1 that ,leech voiced the suspicion that ,louis was casting longing eyes upon ,italian territory in a cartoon entitled ,a ,scene from the ,new ,pantomime4 ,napoleon ,,iii1 here figures as a clown1 a revolver in his hand1 a goose labeled ,italy protruding from his capacious pocket4 ,he is earnestly assuring ,britannia1 represented as a stout1 elderly woman1 eyeing him suspiciously1 that his intentions are strictly honorable4 ,,part ,,iii ,,the ,,civil ,,and ,,franco-,,prussian ,,wars ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,mexican ,,war ,,and ,,slavery ,in this country the political cartoon1 which practically began with ,william ,charles's parodies upon ,gillray1 developed in a fitful and spasmodic fashion until about the middle of the century4 ,their basis was the ,gillray group of many figures1 and they had also much of the ,gillray coarseness and indecency1 with a minimum of artistic skill4 ,they were mostly lithographs of the crudest sort1 designed to pass from hand to hand1 or to be tacked up on the wall4 ,it was not until the first administration of ,andrew ,jackson that a school of distinctly ,american political caricature can be said to have existed4 ,it was in #ahdh that the firm of ,currier ,ives1 with an office in ,nassau ,street1 in ,new ,york ,city1 began the publication of a series of campaign caricatures of sufficient merit to have been a serious factor in influencing public opinion4 ,crude as they are1 these lithographs are exceedingly interesting to study in detail4 ,they tell their story very plainly1 even apart from the legends inclosed in the huge balloon-like loops issuing from the lips of each member of the group--loops that suggest a grotesque resemblance to a soap-bubble party on a large scale4 ,there is an amusing stiffness about the figures4 ,they stand in such painfully precise attitudes that at a little distance they might readily be mistaken for some antiquated fashion plates4 ,the faces1 however1 are in most cases excellent likenesses2 they are neither distorted nor exaggerated4 ,the artists1 while sadly behind the times in retaining the use of the loop which ,continental cartoonists discarded much earlier1 were in other respects quite up-to-date1 especially in adopting the method of the elder ,doyle1 whose great contribution to caricature was that of drawing absolutely faithful likenesses of the statesmen he wished to ridicule1 relying for the humor of the cartoon upon the situation in which he placed them4 ,it was only natural that the events of the ,mexican ,war should have inspired a number of cartoons4 ,one of these is entitled ,uncle ,sam's ,taylorifics1 and shows a complacent ,yankee coolly snipping a ,mexican in two with a huge pair of shears4 ,one blade bears the inscription ,volunteers1 and the other ,general ,taylor4 ,the ,yankee's left arm is labeled ,eastern ,states1 the tail of his coat ,oregon1 his belt ,union1 his left leg ,western ,states1 and his right leg1 which he is using vigorously on the ,mexican1 ,southern ,states1 and the boot ,texas4 ,below the discomfited ,mexican yawns the ,rio ,grande4 ,behind the ,yankee's back ,john ,bull--a ,john ,bull of the type introduced by ,william ,charles during the ,war of #ahab--;is looking on enviously4 ,illustration3 ,new ,edition of ,macbeth--,bank-,oh's ,ghost6 #ahcg4 ,one of the caricatures inspired by the ,united ,states ,bank ,case4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,illustration3 ,balaam and ,balaam's ,ass4 ,one of the caricatures inspired by the ,united ,states ,bank ,case4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,illustration3 ,a ,new ,map of the ,united ,states with the ,additional ,territories on an improved ,plan4 #ahbh4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,american ,steeplechase for #ahdd4 ,among the various candidates for the ,presidency shown in this cartoon are ,general ,scott1 ,henry ,clay1 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun1 ,daniel ,webster1 ,james ,buchanan and ,martin ,van ,buren4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,american national feeling on the subject of the ,european ,powers deriving benefit from the discovery of gold in ,california is illustrated by a cartoon which shows the ,united ,states ready to defend her possessions by force of arms4 ,the various ,powers have crossed the sea and are very near to our coast4 ,queen ,victoria1 mounted on a bull1 is in the lead4 ,she is saying3 ,oh1 dear ,albert1 don't you cry for me4 ,i'm off for ,california with my shovel on my knee4 ,behind her is the figure of ,russia1 saying3 ,as something is ,bruin1 ,i'll put in my paw1 while the nations around me are making a ,jaw4 ,louis ,napoleon1 who at the time had just been elected ,president of the ,french1 is drawn in the form of a bird4 ,he is flying over the heads of ,victoria and ,russia1 and singing3 ,as you have gold for all creation1 den please give some to ,la ,grand ,nation4 ,i have just become de ,president1 and back ,i shall not like to went4 ,in the distance may be seen ,spain1 and beyond the ,united ,states fleet4 ,along the shore stretch the tents of an ,american army4 ,ominously coiled up on the rocks is the ,american rattlesnake with the head of ,president ,taylor4 ,back of the camp is a battery of ,american guns directed by the ,american eagle1 which wears the head of ,general ,scott1 saying3 ,retreat1 you poor d----s6 ,nor a squabble engender1 for our ,gold unto you we will never surrender4 ,right about face6 ,double quick to the rear6 ,and back to your keepers all hands of you steer4 ,illustration3 ,uncle ,sam's ,taylorifics4 ,illustration3 ,the ,mexican ,commander enjoying the prospect opposite ,matamoras4 ,can ,i believe my spectacles8 ,dare these ,northern ,barbarians thus insult the magnanimous ,mexican ,natian8 ,they have taken ,texas--,they grasp at ,oregon--,now they lay their rapacious hand on ,mexico6 ,god ,liberty6--where is my friend1 ,john ,bull8 ,american cartoons of the war with ,mexico4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,the ,presidential election of #aheb was cartooned under the title ,great ,foot ,race for the ,presidential ,purse 7#ajj1jjj and ,pickings7 ,over the ,union ,course1 #aheb4 ,the ,whigs1 encouraged by their success with ,general ,taylor1 put forth another military officer1 ,general ,scott1 as their candidate1 but in this cartoon ,daniel ,webster is shown to be well in the lead and receiving the plaudits of most of the spectators4 ,behind him is ,scott1 and a little way back is ,franklin ,pierce1 who proved the ultimate winner4 ,i can beat you both1 and walk in at that1 although you had a hundred yards the start of me1 is ,webster's conviction4 ,confound ,webster6 cries ,scott4 ,what does he want to get right in my way for8 ,if he don't give out1 or ,pierce don't faint1 ,i shall be beaten4 ,no1 no1 old ,fuss and ,feathers1 retorts ,pierce1 you don't catch this child fainting now4 ,i am going to make good time6 ,whether ,i win or not1 ,legs1 do your duty4 ,illustration3 ,defence of the ,california ,bank4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,great ,footrace for the ,presidential ,purse #ajj1jjj and ,pickings over the ,union ,course #aheb4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,the ,presidential ,campaign of '#ef4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,no ,higher ,law4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,caricature dealing with the ,presidential campaign of #ahef is represented by the cartoon called ,the ,presidential ,campaign of '#ef4 ,buchanan1 who proved the successful candidate1 is mounted on a hideous monster resembling a snake1 and marked ,slavery4 ,the monster is being wheeled along on a low1 flat car drawn by ,pierce1 ,douglas1 and ,cass4 ,a star bearing the word ,kansas is about to disappear down the monster's throat4 ,in the distance ,fremont1 on horseback1 is calling out3 ,hold on6 ,take that animal back6 ,we don't want it this side of the fence4 ,buchanan is saying1 ,pull down that fence and make way for the ,peculiar ,institution4 ,the fence in question is the ,mason and ,dixon's line4 ,the faces of ,cass1 ,douglas1 and ,pierce1 who are drawing along the monster1 are obliterated--they are absolutely formless4 ,the evils of slavery from a ,northern point of view are shown in a cartoon called ,no ,higher ,law4 ,king ,slavery is seated on his throne holding aloft a lash and a chain4 ,under his left elbow is the ,fugitive ,slave ,bill1 resting on three human skulls4 ,daniel ,webster stands beside the throne1 holding in his hand the scroll on which is printed1 ,i propose to support that bill to the fullest extent--to the fullest extent4 ,a runaway slave is fighting off the bloodhounds that are worrying him1 and in the distance1 on a hill1 the figure of ,liberty is toppling from her pedestal4 ,illustration3 ,practical ,illustration of the ,fugitive ,slave ,law4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,disunion ,serpent4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,the cartoon ,practical ,illustration of the ,fugitive ,slave ,law sums up very completely ,abolitionist sentiment on the subject4 ,the slaveholder1 with a noose in one hand and a chain in the other1 a cigar in his mouth and his top-hat decorated with the single star1 which was the sign of the ,southern ,confederacy1 is astride of the back of ,daniel ,webster1 who is crawling on all-fours4 ,in ,webster's left hand is the ,constitution4 ,don't back out1 ,webster1 says the slaveholder4 ,if you do1 we're ruined4 ,the slave-woman who is being pursued has taken refuge with ,william ,lloyd ,garrison1 of the ,boston ,liberator1 who is saying3 ,don't be alarmed1 ,susanna1 you're safe enough4 ,one of ,garrison's arms is encircling the negress's waist1 at the end of the other is a pistol4 ,in the back of the picture is the ,temple of ,liberty1 over which two flags are flying4 ,on one flag we read3 ,all men are born free and equal2 on the other1 ,a day1 an hour1 of virtuous ,liberty is worth an ,age of servitude4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,neglected ,,opportunities ,down to the last quarter of the nineteenth century1 the history of ,american political caricature is a history of lost opportunities4 ,revolution and war have always been the great harvest times of the cartoonist4 ,gillray and ,rowlandson owe their fame to the ,napoleonic wars2 ,philipon and ,daumier1 to the overthrow of ,louis ,philippe2 ,leech and ,tenniel reached their zenith in the days of the ,crimean ,war and the ,sepoy ,mutiny4 ,it is not the election cartoon1 or the tariff cartoon1 or the cartoon of local politics1 it is the war cartoon that is most widely hailed and longest remembered4 ,yet of all the wars in which the ,united ,states has been engaged1 not one has given birth to a great satiric genius1 and none but the latest1 our recent war with ,spain1 has received comprehensive treatment in the form of caricature4 ,it is not strange that the ,revolutionary ,war and that of #ahab failed to inspire any worthier efforts than ,william ,charles's crude imitations of ,gillray4 ,the mechanical processes of printing and engraving1 the methods of distribution1 the standards of public taste1 were all still too primitive4 ,the ,mexican ,war was commemorated in a number of the popular lithographs of the day2 but it was not a prolonged struggle1 nor one calculated to stir the public mind profoundly4 ,with the ,civil ,war the case was radically different4 ,here was a struggle which threatened not only national honor1 but national existence--a struggle which prolonged itself grimly1 month after month1 and was borne home to a great majority of ,american families with the force of personal tragedy1 arraying friend against friend1 and father against son1 and offering no brighter hope for the future than the vista of a steadily lengthening death-roll4 ,there was never a time in the history of the nation when the public mind1 from one end of the country to the other1 was in such a state of tension2 never1 since the days of ,napoleon1 had there been such an opportunity for a real master of satiric art4 ,it seems amazing1 as one looks back over the pictorial records of these four years1 that the magnitude of the events did not galvanize into activity some unknown genius of the pencil1 and found then and there a new school of ,american caricature commensurate with the fever-heat of public sentiment4 ,the existing school of caricature seems to have been absurdly inadequate4 ,the prevailing types were a sort of fashion-plate lithograph--groups of public men in mildly humorous situations1 their features fixed in the solemn repose of the daguerreotypes upon which they were probably modeled2 or else the conventional election steeplechase1 in which the contestants1 with long1 balloon-like loops trailing from their mouths1 suggest an absurd semblance to the cowboys of a ,wild ,west show1 all engaged in a vain attempt to lasso and pull in their own idle words4 ,many of the cartoons actually issued at the outbreak of the ,civil ,war impress one with a sense of indecorum1 of ill-timed levity4 ,what was wanted was not the ineptitude of feeble humor1 but the rancor and venom of a ,gillray1 the stinging irony of a ,daumier1 the grim dignity of a ,tenniel4 ,and it was not forthcoming4 ,the one living ,american who might have produced work of a high order was ,thomas ,nast2 but although ,nast's pencil was dedicated to the cause of the ,union from the beginning to the end1 in the series of powerful emblematic pictures that appeared in ,harper's ,weekly1 his work as a caricaturist did not begin until the close of the war4 ,illustration3 ,rough and ,ready ,locomotive against the ,field4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,it is interesting to conjecture what the great masters of caricature would have made of such an opportunity4 ,the issues of the war were so clear-cut1 their ethical significance so momentous1 that an ,american ,gillray1 a ,unionist ,gillray1 would have found material for a series of cartoons of eloquent and grewsome power4 ,it is easy to imagine what form they would have taken3 an ,uncle ,sam1 writhing in agony1 his limbs shackled with the chains of slavery1 his lips gagged with the ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 slowly being sawn asunder1 while ,abolition and ,secession guide the opposite ends of the saw1 or else the ,american ,eagle being worried and torn limb from limb by ,southern bloodhounds and stung by copperheads1 while the ,british ,lion and the rest of the ,european menagerie look on1 wistfully licking their chops and with difficulty restraining themselves from participating in the feast4 ,such a cartoonist would have found a mine of suggestion in ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin2 he would have crowded his plates with ,legrees and ,topsies1 ,uncle ,toms and ,sambos and ,quimbos1 fearful and wonderful to look upon1 brutal1 distorted1 and unforgettable4 ,illustration3 ,what's ,sauce for the ,goose is ,sauce for the ,gander4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,it is equally easy to imagine what a ,daumier might have done with the material afforded by the ,civil ,war4 ,some types of faces seem to defy the best efforts of the caricaturist--smooth1 regular-featured faces1 like that of ,lord ,rosebery1 over which the pencil of satire seems to slip without leaving any effective mark4 ,other faces1 strong1 rugged1 salient1 seem to invite the caricaturist's efforts2 and these were the types that predominated among the leaders of the struggle for the ,union4 ,daumier's genius lay in his ability to caricature the human face1 to seize upon a minimum of lines and points1 to catch some absurd semblance to an inanimate object1 some symbolic suggestion4 ,and when once found1 he would harp upon it1 ringing all possible changes1 keeping it insistently1 mercilessly before the public4 ,one can fancy with what avidity he would have seized upon the stolid1 indomitable figure of ,grant1 intrenched behind his big1 black1 ubiquitous cigar4 ,that cigar would have become the center of interest1 the portentous symbol of ,grant's dogged1 taciturn persistence4 ,gradually that cigar would have grown and grown1 its thickening smoke spreading in a dense war cloud over the whole series of cartoons1 until finally it became the black1 shining muzzle of a cannon1 belching forth the powder and fire and ammunition that was to decide the issue of the war4 ,what ,tenniel would have done is evidenced by what he actually did in ,punch4 ,the great tragedies of those four years1 ,gettysburg and ,bull ,run and the ,battle of the ,wilderness1 would have been pictured with the tragic dignity that stamps his famous cartoon in which he commemorated the assassination of ,lincoln4 ,illustration3 ,nast's ,famous ,cartoon ,peace4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,south ,,secedes ,illustration3 ,virginia ,pausing4 ,in view of what might have been done1 it is somewhat exasperating to look over the actual cartoons of the war as they have come down to us4 ,even when a clever idea was evolved none seemed to have the cleverness or the enterprise to develop it4 ,as all the modern cartoonists realize1 nothing is more effective than a well-planned series4 ,it is like the constant dropping that wears away the stone4 ,the most potent pictorial satire has always been the gradual elaboration of some clever idea--the periodic reappearance of the same characters in slightly modified environment1 like the successive chapters of a serial story4 ,the public learn to look forward to them1 and hail each reappearance with a renewed burst of enthusiasm4 ,the cartoonists of the ,civil ,war do not seem to have grasped this idea4 ,a single example will serve as an illustration4 ,a clever cartoon1 entitled ,virginia ,pausing1 appeared just at the time that ,virginia1 the last of the ,states to secede1 joined the ,confederacy4 ,the several ,southern ,states1 represented as young rats1 are gayly scampering off1 in the order in which they seceded1 ,south ,carolina heading the procession4 ,virginia straggling in the rear finds herself under the paw of ,uncle ,abe1 represented as a watchful and alert old mouser1 and has paused1 despite herself1 to consider her next step4 ,the ,union1 personified as the mother rat of the brood1 lies stark and stiff on her back1 with the ,stars and ,stripes waving over her corpse1 and underneath1 the legend1 ,the ,union must and shall be preserved4 ,now this idea of the ,southern ,states as a brood of ,secession rats was capable of infinite elaboration4 ,it might have been carried on throughout the entire four years of the struggle1 the procession preserving the same significant order1 with ,south ,carolina in the lead1 ,virginia bringing up the rear1 and ,lincoln1 as a wise and resourceful mouser1 ever in pursuit4 ,it could have shown the rats at bay1 cornered1 entrapped--in short1 the whole history of the war in a form of genial allegory4 ,but if the initial cartoon1 ,virginia ,pausing1 ever had a sequel1 it perished in the general wreckage of the ,confederacy4 ,illustration3 ,some ,envelopes of the ,time of the ,war4 ,illustration3 ,long ,abe4 ,the welcome which awaited caricature1 even of the crudest sort1 at the outbreak of the war is illustrated by the curious vogue enjoyed by envelopes adorned with all sorts of patriotic and symbolic devices--an isolated tombstone inscribed ,jeff ,davis alone1 a ,confederate ,mule1 blanketed with the ,stars and ,bars--a slave-owner vainly brandishing his whip and shouting to a runaway slave1 ,come back here1 you black rascal4 ,the latter1 safe within the shadow of ,fortress ,monroe1 defiantly places his thumb to his nose1 and in allusion to ,general ,butler's famous decision1 retorts3 ,can't come back1 nohow1 massa4 ,dis chile's ,,contraban'4 ,it is not surprising to find that ,lincoln throughout the struggle was a favorite subject for the caricaturist4 ,his tall1 ungainly1 loose-knit figure1 his homely features1 full of noble resolve1 seemed to offer a standing challenge to the cartoonist1 who usually treated him with indulgent kindness4 ,the exceptions are all the more conspicuous4 ,a case in point is the cartoon commemorating ,lincoln's first call for volunteers for three months--a period then supposed to be ample for crushing out the rebellion4 ,the artist has represented ,lincoln as the image of imbecilic dismay1 while a ,union soldier with a sternly questioning gaze relentlessly presents to him a promissory note indorsed1 ,i promise to subdue the ,south in #ij days4 ,abe ,lincoln4 ,a much more typical and kindly cartoon of ,lincoln is the one representing him as emulating the feat of ,blondin and crossing the rapids of ,niagara on a tight-rope1 bearing the negro problem on his shoulders1 and sustaining his equipoise with the aid of a balancing pole labeled ,constitution4 ,illustration3 ,the ,promissory ,note4 ,the really clever cartoons of this period are so few in number1 and stand out so prominently from a mass of second-rate material1 that there is real danger of attaching undue importance to them4 ,such a plate as ,the ,southern ,confederacy a ,fact6 ,acknowledged by a ,mighty ,prince and ,faithful ,ally1 which was issued by a ,philadelphia publisher in #ahfa1 although crudely drawn1 is one of the very few that show the influence of the early ,english school4 ,it represents the ,devil and his assembled ,cabinet in solemn conclave1 receiving the envoys of the ,southern ,confederacy4 ,the latter includes1 among others1 ,jeff ,davis1 ,general ,beauregard1 and a personification of ,mr4 ,mob ,law1 ,chief ,justice4 ,they are bearers of credentials setting forth the fundamental principles of the government1 as ,treason1 ,rebellion1 ,murder1 ,robbery1 ,incendiarism1 ,theft1 etc4 ,satan1 interested in spite of himself1 is murmuring to his companions1 ,i am afraid in ,rascality they will beat us4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,tight ,rope ,feat4 ,illustration3 ,at the ,throttle4 ,an effective allegorical cartoon1 which appeared at a time when the cause of the ,union seemed almost hopeless1 pictures ,justice on the rock of the ,constitution dressed in the ,stars and ,stripes and waving an ,american flag toward a happier scene1 where the sun of ,universal ,freedom is brightly shining4 ,behind her are hideous scenes of disorder and national disaster4 ,a loathsome serpent1 of which the head is called ,peace ,compromise1 the body1 ,mason and ,dixon's ,line1 and the tail ,copperhead1 is crawling up the rock seeking to destroy her4 ,in one of its coils it is crushing out the lives of a number of black women and children4 ,in one corner of the cartoon the figure of a winged ,satan is hovering gleefully over a mob which is hanging a negro to a lamp-post--an allusion to the ,draft ,riots in ,new ,york4 ,some of the mob are bearing banners with the words ,black ,men have no ,rights4 ,in the shadowy background of the picture a slaveholder is lashing his slave1 tied to a post1 with a whip called ,lawful ,stimulant4 ,an unctuous capitalist is talking with a group of ,secessionists1 seated on a rock called ,state ,rights4 ,in contrast with the dark picture on which ,justice has turned her back is the bright vista of the future1 ,the ,union as it will be1 into which she is looking4 ,there we see a broad river and a prosperous city4 ,a negress1 free and happy1 is sewing by her cabin door1 her child reading a book upon her knee4 ,illustration3 ,the ,expert ,bartender4 ,illustration3 ,the ,southern ,confederacy a ,fact666 ,acknowledged by a mighty prince and faithful ally4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,the ,brighter ,prospect4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,four-,,years' ,,struggle ,illustration3 ,why don't ,you take it8 ,many of the best cartoons of the period revolve around the rivalry between ,general ,mc,clellan and ,general ,grant1 and the incidents of the ,mc,clellan-,lincoln campaign of #ahfd4 ,the ,old ,bull-dog on the ,right ,track is one of the best products of the war cartoonists4 ,it represents ,grant as a thoroughbred bulldog1 seated in dogged tenacity of purpose on the ,weldon ,railroad1 and preparing to fight it out on that line1 if it takes all summer4 ,at the end of the line is a kennel1 labeled ,richmond1 and occupied by a pack of lean1 cowardly hounds1 ,lee1 ,davis1 and ,beauregard among the number1 who are yelping3 ,you aint got the kennel yet1 old fellow6 ,a bellicose little dwarf1 ,mc,clellan1 is advising the bulldog's master3 ,uncle ,abraham1 don't you think you had better call the old dog off now8 ,i'm afraid he'll hurt these other dogs1 if he catches hold of them6 ,to which ,president ,lincoln serenely rejoins3 ,why1 little ,mac1 that's the same pack of curs that chased you aboard of the gunboat two years ago4 ,they are pretty nearly used up now1 and ,i think it's best to go in and finish them4 ,illustration3 ,the ,old ,bull ,dog on the ,right ,track4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,the conservative policy which marked the military career of ,general ,mc,clellan and his candidacy for the ,presidency in #ahfd is ridiculed in a cartoon entitled ,little ,mac1 in ,his ,great ,two-,horse ,act1 in the ,presidential ,canvass of #ahfd4 ,here ,mc,clellan is pictured as a circus rider about to come to grief1 owing to the unwillingness of his two steeds to pull together in harmony4 ,a fiery and stalwart horse represents war2 while peace is depicted as a worthless and broken-down hack4 ,little ,mac is saying1 ,curse them balky horses--,i can't manage the ,act nohow4 ,one threw me in ,virginia1 and the other is bound the wrong way4 ,in the background is the figure of ,lincoln attired as a clown4 ,you tried to ride them two horses on the ,peninsula for two years1 ,mac1 he calls out1 but it wouldn't work4 ,another striking cartoon of this ,presidential campaign depicts the ,republican leaders burying the ,war ,democracy4 ,the cartoon is called ,the ,grave of the ,union1 and was drawn by ,zeke4 ,the hearse is being driven by ,secretary ,stanton1 who commenced1 ,my jackasses had a load1 but they pulled it through bravely4 ,in harness and attached to the bodies of jackasses are the heads of ,cochrane1 ,butler1 ,meagher1 and ,dickinson4 ,at the head of the grave1 a sort of master of ceremonies1 is the familiar figure of ,horace ,greeley1 saying1 ,i guess we'll bury it so deep that it will never get up again4 ,by his side is ,lincoln1 who is inquiring1 ,chase1 will it stay down8 to which ,chase replies1 ,my ,god1 it must stay down1 or we shall go up4 ,the funeral service is being conducted by ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 who is carrying a little negro in his arms4 ,not thy will1 ,o ,lord1 but mine be done4 ,beecher is reading from the book before him4 ,the coffins about to be lowered into the grave are marked respectively ,free ,speech and ,free ,press1 ,habeas ,corpus1 and ,union4 ,illustration3 ,little ,mac1 in his ,great ,two ,horse ,act1 in the ,presidential ,canvass of #ahfd4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,one of the most striking caricatures suggested by the contest between ,lincoln and ,mc,clellan for the ,presidency of #ahfd is entitled ,the ,abolition ,catastrophe2 or1 the ,november ,smash-up4 ,it is really nothing more than the old hackneyed idea of the ,presidential ,steeplechase presented in a new guise4 ,the artist1 however1 proved himself to be a false prophet4 ,it shows a race to the ,white ,house between two trains1 in which the one on which ,lincoln is serving as engineer has just come to destruction on the rocks of ,emancipation1 ,confiscation1 and #djj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,public ,debt4 ,the train in the charge of ,general ,mc,clellan1 its locomotive flying the flag ,constitution1 is running along smoothly and rapidly and is just turning the curve leading up to the door of the ,white ,house4 ,mc,clellan1 watching from his cab the discomfiture of his foe1 calls derisively1 ,wouldn't you like to swap horses now1 ,lincoln8 ,in the coaches behind are the elated passengers of the ,democratic train4 ,in striking contrast is the plight in which the ,republican ,party is shown4 ,lincoln1 thrown up in the air by the shock of the collision1 calls back to his rival1 ,don't mention it1 ,mac1 this reminds me of a--an allusion to the ,president's fondness for illustrating every argument with a story4 ,from the debris of the wreck of the locomotive peer out the faces of the firemen--two very black negroes4 ,one is calling1 ,war's de rest ob dis ole darky8 ,dis wot yer call 'mancipation8 ,and the other1 ,lor' ,a'mighty6 ,massa ,lincum1 is dis wot yer call ,elewating de ,nigger8 ,the passengers behind are in an equally unhappy strait4 ,secretary ,stanton1 pinned under the wheels of the first coach1 is crying1 ,oh1 dear6 ,if ,i could telegraph this to ,dix ,i'd make it out a victory4 ,among the passengers may be recognized the countenances of ,beecher1 ,butler1 and ,seward1 while blown up in the air is ,horace ,greeley1 calling out to ,lincoln that the disaster only verifies the prediction which had been printed in the ,tribune4 ,popular discontent at the unreliability of news of the war found utterance in a skit representing ,lincoln as a bartender occupied in concocting a mixed drink1 called ,new ,york ,press1 which he is dexterously pouring back and forth between two tumblers1 labeled respectively ,victory and ,defeat4 ,the ingredients are taken from bottles of ,bunkum1 ,bosh1 ,brag1 and ,soft ,sawder4 ,illustration3 ,the ,grave of the ,union4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,the ,abolition ,catastrophe4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,the ,blockade on the ,connecticut ,plan4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,in the same series as the ,abolition ,catastrophe is a cartoon entitled ,miscegenation2 or1 the ,millennium of ,abolition1 intended to depict the possible alarming consequences of proclaiming the whole colored race free and equal4 ,it humorously depicts a scene in which there is absolute social equality between the whites and the blacks4 ,at one end of the picture ,mr4 ,lincoln is receiving with great warmth and cordiality ,miss ,dinah ,arabella ,aramintha ,squash1 a negress of unprepossessing appearance1 who has as her escort ,henry ,ward ,beecher4 ,at a table nearby ,horace ,greeley is treating another gorgeously attired negress to ice cream4 ,two repulsive looking negroes are making violent love to two white women4 ,a passing carriage in charge of a white coachman and two white footmen contains a negro family4 ,in the background1 ,englishmen1 ,frenchmen1 and others are expressing their astonishment at the condition in which they find ,american society4 ,illustration3 ,miscegenation4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,the ,confederacy in ,petticoats4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,the attempt at escape1 the apprehension and the incarceration of the ,president of the ,confederacy are illustrated in a long series of cartoons4 ,two of the best are ,the ,confederacy in ,petticoats and ,uncle ,sam's ,menagerie4 ,the first deals with the capture of ,jefferson ,davis at ,irwinsville by ,general ,wilson's cavalry4 ,davis1 attired in feminine dress1 is climbing over a fence in order to escape his pursuers4 ,he has dropped his handbag1 but he still holds his unsheathed knife4 ,i thought your government was too magnanimous to hunt down women and children1 he calls out to the ,union soldiers1 one of whom has caught him by the skirts and is trying to drag him back4 ,mrs4 ,davis1 by her husband's side1 is entreating1 ,don't irritate the ,president4 ,he might hurt somebody4 ,illustration3 ,uncle ,sam's ,menagerie4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,the cartoon ,uncle ,sam's ,menagerie shows ,davis in captivity at ,fortress ,monroe4 ,the ,confederate president is depicted as a hyena in a cage1 playing with a human skull4 ,an ,uncle ,sans of the smooth-faced type in which he at first appeared is the showman4 ,round ,davis's neck is a noose connecting with a huge gallows and the rope is about to be drawn taut1 while from an organ below the cage a musician is grinding out the strain1 ,yankee ,doodle4 ,in the shape of birds perched on little gallows of their own above the ,president's cage1 each with a noose around his neck1 are the figures of the other leaders of the ,confederacy4 ,a crow is pecking at a grinning skull under which is written ,booth4 ,to this skull ,uncle ,sam is playfully pointing with his showman's cane4 ,illustration3 ,protecting ,free ,ballot4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,alleged ,republican intimidation at the poles in the election of #ahfd is assailed in a cartoon representing a ,union soldier about to cast his vote for ,mc,clellan4 ,a thick-lipped negro stands guard over the ballot box1 rifle in hand4 ,he presents the point of the bayonet at the soldier's decorated breast4 ,hallo1 dar6 he calls out threateningly1 you can't put in dat1 you copper-head traitor1 nor any odder1 'cept for ,massa ,lincoln4 ,to which the soldier sadly replies1 ,i am an ,american citizen and did not think ,i had fought and bled for this4 ,alas1 my country6 ,a corrupt election clerk is regarding the scene with disquiet4 ,i'm afraid we shall have trouble if that soldier is not allowed to vote1 he says4 ,to which a companion cynically replies1 ,gammon him1 just turn round2 you must pretend you see nothing of the kind going on1 and keep on counting your votes4 ,illustration3 ,the ,nation ,mourning at ,lincoln's ,bier4 ,by ,tenniel in ,punch4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,nations ,,and ,,men ,,in ,,caricature ,in looking over the historical and political caricature of the nineteenth century1 one very naturally finds several different methods of treatment and subdivision suggesting themselves4 ,first1 there is the obvious method of chronological order1 which is being followed in the present volume1 and which commended itself as being at once the simplest and the most comprehensive4 ,it is the one method by which the history of the century may be regarded as the annals of a family of nations--a grotesque family of ill-assorted quadrupeds and still more curious bipeds1 stepping forth two by two from the pages of comic art as from the threshold of some modern ,noah's ark--,britannia and the ,british lion1 ,columbia and ,uncle ,sam1 ,india and the ,bengal tiger1 ,french ,liberty and the imperial eagle4 ,it is the one method which focuses the attention upon the inter-relation1 the significant groupings of these symbolic figures1 and disregards their individual and isolated actions4 ,what the ,russian bear1 the ,british lion1 are doing in the seclusion of their respective fastnesses is of vastly less interest than the spectacle of the entire royal menagerie of ,europe uniting in an effort to hold ,napoleon at bay4 ,in other words1 this method enables us to pass lightly over questions of purely national interest and home policy--the ,corn ,laws of ,england1 the tariff issues in the ,united ,states--and to keep the eye centered upon the really big dramas of history1 played upon an international stage4 ,it subordinates caricature itself to the sequence of great events and great personages4 ,it is the ,emperor ,napoleon1 his reign and his wars1 and not the ,english caricaturist ,gillray2 it is ,louis ,philippe1 the bourgeois king1 and not ,philipon and ,daumier1 who form the center of interest4 ,in other words1 from the present point of view1 the caricature itself is not so much the object looked at as it is a powerful and clairvoyant lens through which we may behold past history in the curiously distorted form in which it was mirrored back by contemporary public opinion4 ,illustration3 ,figures from a ,triumph4 ,illustration3 ,the ,diagnosis4 ,a bad regime during ten years4 ,all your trouble comes from that4 ,you will soon become convalescent with a good constitution and fewer leeches4 ,other methods1 however1 might be used effectively1 each offering some special advantage of its own4 ,for instance1 the whole history of the nineteenth century might be divided1 so to speak1 geographically4 ,the separate history of each nation might have been followed down in turn--the changing fortunes of ,england1 typified by ,john ,bull2 of ,russia in the guise of the bear2 of the ,united ,states under the forms of the swarthy1 smooth-faced ,jonathan of early days1 and the pleasanter ,uncle ,sam of recent years2 and of ,france1 typified at different times as an eagle1 as a ,gallic cock1 as an angry goddess1 and as a plump1 pleasant-faced woman in a tricolored petticoat4 ,again1 if it were desirable to emphasize the development of comic art rather than its influence in history1 one might group the separate divisions of the subject around certain schools of caricature1 dealing first with ,gillray1 ,rowlandson1 and their fellows among the allied ,continental nations2 passing thence to the caricaturists of #ahcj1 and thence carrying the sequence through ,leech1 ,cham1 ,tenniel1 ,nast1 down to the caricaturists who in the closing years of the century developed the scope of caricature to a hitherto unparalleled extent4 ,still again1 the history of the century in caricature might be traced along from some peculiarity1 greatly exaggerated1 of some great man to another personal peculiarity of some other great man3 leaping from the tri-cornered hat of the ,emperor ,napoleon to the great nose of the ,iron ,duke1 then on to the toupet and pear-shaped countenance of ,louis ,philippe1 the emaciation of ,abraham ,lincoln1 the grandpa's hat of the ,harrison administration1 the forehead curl of ,disraeli1 the collar of ,gladstone1 the turned-up moustaches of the ,emperor ,william1 and the prominent teeth of ,mr4 ,roosevelt4 ,this feature of the caricature seems important enough to justify a brief digression4 ,it forms one of the foundation stones of the art1 second only in importance to the conventionalized symbols of the different nations4 ,from the latter the cartoonist builds up the century's history as recorded in its great events4 ,from the former he traces that history as recorded in the personality of its great men4 ,illustration3 ,the ,egerean ,nymph4 ,illustration3 ,paul and ,virginia4 ,the cartoons in which these different peculiarities of personal appearance are emphasized cover the whole range of caricature1 and the whole gamut of public opinion which inspired it4 ,here we may find every degree of malice1 from the fierce goggle eyes and diabolical expression which ,gillray introduced into his portraits of the hated ,bonaparte down to the harmless exaggeration of the collar points by which ,furniss good-naturedly satirized the appearance of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,again1 in this respect caricature varies much1 because all the great men of the century did not offer to the caricaturists the same opportunities in the matter of unusual features or personal eccentricities4 ,illustration3 ,the ,first ,conscript of ,france4 ,the authentic portraits and contemporary descriptions of the first ,napoleon show us that he was a man whose appearance was marred by no particular eccentricity of feature1 and that the cartoons of which he is the principal subject are largely allegorical1 or inspired by the artist's intensity of hatred4 ,one ,german caricaturist1 by a subtle distortion and a lengthening of the cheeks and chin1 introduced a resemblance to a rapacious wolf while preserving something of the real likeness4 ,but in the goggle-eyed monsters of ,gillray there is nothing save the hat and the uniform which suggests the real ,napoleon4 ,it was a sort of incarnation of ,beelzebub which ,gillray wished to draw and did draw1 a monstrosity designed to rouse the superstitious hatred of the ignorant and lower classes of ,england1 and to excite the nation to a warlike frenzy4 ,the caricature aimed at ,bonaparte's great rival1 the conqueror of ,waterloo1 was produced in more peaceful times1 was the work of his own countryman1 was based mainly on party differences1 and1 naturally enough1 it was in the main good-natured and kindly4 ,wellington in caricature may be summed up by saying that it was all simply an exaggeration of the size of his nose4 ,the poire drawn into resemblance of the countenance of ,louis ,philippe was originally innocent enough1 and had it been entirely ignored by the monarch and his ministers1 would probably have had no political effect1 and in the course of a few years been entirely forgotten4 ,but being taken seriously and characterized as seditious1 it acquired an exaggerated significance which may almost be said to have led to the revolution of #ahdh and the establishment of the ,second ,republic4 ,from the rich material offered by our ,war of ,secession the caricaturists drew little more than the long1 gaunt figure and the scraggy beard of ,lincoln1 and the cigar of ,general ,grant4 ,the possibilities of this cigar1 as they probably would have been brought out by an artist like ,daumier1 have been suggested in an earlier chapter4 ,it was the goatee of ,louis ,napoleon that was exaggerated to give a point to most of the cartoons in which he was a figure1 although during the days of his power there were countless caricatures which drew suggestions from the misadventures of his early life1 his alleged experiences as a waiter in ,new ,york and a policeman in ,london1 his escape from prison in the clothes of the workman ,badinguet 7a name which his political enemies applied to him very freely71 and the fiasco at ,strasburg4 ,no men of their time were more freely caricatured than ,disraeli in ,england and ,thiers in ,france1 for no men offered more to the caricaturist1 ,disraeli being at once a ,jew and the most exquisite of affected dandies1 and ,thiers being1 with the exception of ,louis ,blanc1 the smallest man of note in ,france4 ,in one cartoon in ,punch1 ,disraeli was figured as presiding over ,fagin's ,political ,school4 ,in another he was represented as a hideous ,oriental peri fluttering about the gates of ,paradise4 ,thiers's large head and diminutive stature are subjects of countless cartoons1 in which he is shown emerging from a wineglass or concealed in a waistcoat pocket1 although ,punch once humorously depicted him as ,gulliver bound down by the ,lilliputians4 ,illustration3 ,the ,situation4 ,by ,gill4 ,if one were to attempt to draw a broad general distinction between ,french and ,english caricature throughout the century1 it would be along the line of ,english superiority in the matter of satirizing great events1 ,french superiority in satirizing great men4 ,the ,english cartoonists triumphed in the art of crowded canvases and effective groupings2 the ,french in seizing upon the salient feature of face or form1 and by a grotesque distortion1 a malicious quirk1 fixing upon their luckless subject a brand of ridicule that refused to be forgotten4 ,although the fashion of embodying fairly recognizable portraits of prominent statesmen in caricatures became general in ,england early in the century1 for a long time the effect was marred by their lack of facial expression4 ,from situations of all sorts1 ranging from high comedy to deadly peril and poignant suffering1 the familiar features of ,british statesmen look forth placid1 unconcerned1 with the fixed1 impersonal stare of puppets in a ,punch-and-,judy show4 ,no ,french artist ever threw away his opportunities in such a foolish1 spendthrift manner4 ,even where the smooth1 regular features of some especially characterless face gave little or nothing for a satiric pencil to seize upon1 a ,daumier or a ,gill would manufacture a ludicrous effect through the familiar device of a giant's head on a dwarf's body1 or the absurdly distorted reflection of a cylindrical mirror4 ,but by the time hostilities broke out between ,france and ,prussia facial caricature had become an important factor in the ,british school of satire1 as exemplified in the weekly pages of ,punch4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,the ,,outbreak ,,of ,,the ,,franco-,,prussian ,,war ,illustration3 ,louis ,blanc4 ,illustration3 ,rival ,arbiters4 ,napoleon and ,bismarck at the time of the ,austro-,prussian ,war4 ,by ,tenniel in ,punch4 ,this was very natural1 because the history of these years was largely a history of individuals4 ,during the years between the close of the ,civil ,war and the outbreak of war between ,france and ,prussia the three dominant figures in ,european political caricature were the ,french ,emperor1 ,prince ,bismarck1 and ,benjamin ,disraeli4 ,since #ahdh1 ,louis ,napoleon had been the most widely caricatured man in ,europe2 and the outcome of the ,war of #ahff had raised ,bismarck1 as the pilot of the ,prussian ship of state1 to an importance second only to ,napoleon himself4 ,the caricature of which ,disraeli was the subject was necessarily much narrower in its scope1 and confined to a great extent to ,england4 ,it was not until the century's eighth decade that he received full recognition at the hands of the ,continental caricaturists1 and his prominence in the cartoons preceding the ,franco-,prussian ,war was due to the prestige of ,punch1 and to the opportunity which his own peculiar personality and striking appearance offered to the caricaturists4 ,it was not long after the fall of ,richmond and the end of the war that the agitation over the claims of the ,united ,states against ,england on account of the damage done by the warship ,alabama1 a question which was not settled until a number of years later1 began4 ,the two powers for a time could not agree on any scheme of arbitration1 and the condition of affairs in the autumn of #ahfe was summed up by ,tenniel in ,punch1 in a cartoon entitled ,the ,disputed ,account1 in which the ,united ,states and ,england are represented as two haggling women and ,madame ,britannia is haughtily saying3 ,claim for damages against me8 ,nonsense1 ,columbia6 ,don't be mean over money matters4 ,but ,england1 as well as ,america1 had other matters besides the ,alabama claims to disturb her and to keep busy the pencils of her cartoonists4 ,besides purely political issues at home1 there were the ,jamaica troubles and ,fenianism3 and the ,french ,emperor was very urgent that stronger extradition treaties should be established between the two countries4 ,this last issue was cleverly hit off by ,punch in a cartoon which pictures ,britannia showing ,napoleon the ,third a portrait of himself as he appeared in #ahdh and saying3 ,that1 ,sire1 is the portrait of a gentleman whom ,i should have had to give up to the ,french ,government had ,i always translated 'extradition' as your ,majesty's lawyers now wish4 ,the agitation over the ,jamaica troubles died out1 the threatened ,fenian invasion of ,canada came to nothing1 ,louis ,napoleon withdrew the ,french troops from ,mexico1 and the eyes of ,europe were directed toward the war cloud hovering over ,prussia and ,austria4 ,early in ,june1 #ahff1 there was a cessation of diplomatic relations between the two countries1 followed immediately by a declaration of war on the part of ,prussia1 whose armies straightway entered ,saxony and ,hanover4 ,the attitude of ,england and ,france toward the belligerents was the subject of ,punch's cartoon that week4 ,it was called ,honesty and ,policy1 and shows ,britannia and ,napoleon discussing the situation1 while in the background the ,prussian ,king and the ,austrian ,emperor are shaking their fists in each other's faces4 ,britannia confides regretfully to ,napoleon3 ,well1 ,i've done my best4 ,if they must smash each other1 they must4 ,and the ,french ,emperor says in a gleeful aside3 ,and someone may pick up the pieces6 ,the same figure of speech is further developed in a later cartoon which appeared in ,august1 during the negotiations for peace4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 in the guise of a ragpicker1 is being warned off the ,koenigstrasse by ,bismarck3 ,pardon1 mon ami1 but we really can't allow you to pick up anything here2 and ,nap4 the ,chiffonnier rejoins3 ,pray1 don't mention it1 ,m'sieu6 ,it's not of the slightest consequence4 ,illustration3 ,the ,man who ,laughs4 ,by ,andre ,gill4 ,illustration3 ,the ,man who ,thinks4 ,by ,andre ,gill4 ,illustration3 ,to be or not to be4 ,by ,gill4 ,illustration3 ,achilles in ,retreat4 ,by ,gill4 ,after the battle of ,sadowa1 ,austria accepted readily the offer of the ,french ,emperor to bring about a suspension of hostilities1 the ,emperor of ,austria agreeing to cede ,venetia1 which was handed over to ,france1 as a preliminary to its cession to ,italy4 ,tenniel pictured this event in a cartoon showing ,napoleon acting as the temporary keeper of the ,lion of ,st4 ,mark's4 ,bismarck was now becoming a conspicuous figure in ,european politics1 and his rivalry to ,napoleon is shown in a ,punch cartoon entitled ,rival ,arbiters1 which appeared about this time4 ,illustration3 ,the ,president of ,rhodes4 ,by ,daumier4 ,the growing spirit of discontent in ,france during the year or two immediately preceding the ,franco-,prussian ,war was made the subject of some excellent ,punch cartoons4 ,one of these1 called ,easing the ,curb1 appeared in ,july1 #ahfi4 ,the imperial rule was gradually becoming unpopular1 and the opposition gaining in strength and boldness4 ,the ,emperor found it prudent to announce that it was his intention to grant to the ,french ,chamber a considerable extension of power4 ,in ,easing the ,curb1 ,punch depicts ,france as a horse drawing the imperial carriage4 ,within are the ,empress and the ,prince ,imperial1 evidently greatly alarmed4 ,napoleon is standing at the horse's head1 calling out3 ,have no fear1 my dears4 ,i shall just drop ze curb a leetel4 ,in another cartoon a few months later1 ,napoleon the ,third is shown wearing the crown of ,king ,john1 and surrounded by a group of persistent barons1 signing a magna charta for ,france4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tempest in a ,glass of ,water4 ,by ,gill4 ,in the pages of ,punch from ,july1 #ahgj1 until the spring of #ahga1 one may follow very closely the history of the ,franco-,prussian ,war and of the ,commune4 ,the first of the cartoons on this subject1 published just before the declaration of war1 is entitled ,a ,duel to the ,death4 ,in it the ,king of ,prussia and the ,french ,emperor are shown as duellists1 sword in hand1 while ,britannia is endeavoring to act as mediator4 ,pray stand back1 madam1 says ,napoleon4 ,you mean well1 but this is an old family quarrel and we must fight it out4 ,punch seemed to have an early premonition of what the result of the war would be1 for1 before any decisive battle had been fought1 it published a striking cartoon entitled ,a ,vision on the ,way1 representing the shade of the great ,napoleon confronting the ,emperor and his son on the warpath1 and bidding them ,beware6 ,the departure of the ,prince ,imperial to the front is made the subject of a very pretty and pathetic cartoon called ,two ,mothers4 ,it shows the ,empress bidding farewell to her son1 while ,france1 as another weeping mother1 is saying3 ,ah1 madam1 a sure happiness for you1 sooner or later2 but there were dear sons of mine whom ,i shall never see again4 ,illustration3 ,a ,duel to the ,death4 ,by ,tenniel in ,punch4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,debacle ,illustration3 ,france1 ,september #d1 #ahgj4 ,aux armes1 citoyens1 ,formez vos bataillons4 ,after the unimportant engagement at ,saarbrueck disaster began falling thick and fast on the ,french arms1 and soon we find ,punch taking up again the idea of the two monarchs as rival duelists4 ,by this time the duel has been decided4 ,louis ,napoleon1 sorely wounded and with broken sword1 is leaning against a tree4 ,you have fought gallantly1 sir1 says the ,king4 ,may ,i not hear you say you have had enough8 ,to which the ,emperor replies3 ,i have been deceived about my strength4 ,i have no choice4 ,with ,sedan1 the downfall of the ,empire1 and the establishment of the ,republic1 ,france ceased to be typified under the form of ,louis ,napoleon4 ,henceforth she became an angry1 blazing-eyed woman1 calling upon her sons to rise and repel the advance of the invader4 ,the cartoon in ,punch commemorating ,september #d1 #ahgj1 when the ,emperor was formally deposed and a ,provisional ,government of ,national ,defense established under the ,presidency of ,general ,trochu1 with ,gambetta1 ,favre1 and ,jules ,ferry among its leading members1 shows her standing erect by the side of a cannon1 the imperial insignia trampled beneath her feet1 waving aloft the flag of the ,republic1 and shouting from the ,marseillaise3 ,aux armes1 citoyens1 ,formez vos bataillons6 ,illustration3 ,her ,baptism of ,fire4 ,by ,tenniel in ,punch4 ,illustration3 ,andre ,gill4 ,the announcement that the ,german royal headquarters was to be removed to ,versailles1 and that the palace of ,louis ,,xiv4 was to shelter the ,prussian ,king surrounded by his conquering armies1 drew from ,tenniel the cartoon in which he showed the ,german monarch seated at his table in the palace studying the map of ,paris1 while in the background are the ghosts of ,louis ,,xiv4 and the great ,napoleon4 ,the ghost of the ,grand ,monarque is asking sadly3 ,is this the end of 'all the glories'8 ,the sufferings of ,paris during the siege are summed up in a cartoon entitled ,germany's ,ally1 in which the figure of ,famine is laying its cold1 gaunt hand on the head of the unhappy woman typifying the stricken city4 ,the beginning of the bombardment was commemorated in a cartoon entitled ,her ,baptism of ,fire1 showing the grim and bloody results of the falling of the first shells4 ,the whole tone of ,punch after the downfall of the ,emperor shows a growing sympathy on the part of the ,english people toward ,france1 and the feeling in ,england that ,germany1 guided by the iron hand of ,bismarck1 was exacting a cruel and unjust penalty entirely out of proportion4 ,this belief that the terms demanded by the ,germans were harsh and excessive is shown in the ,punch cartoon ,excessive ,bail1 where justice1 after listening to ,bismarck's argument1 says that she cannot sanction a demand for exorbitant securities4 ,illustration3 ,le ,marquis aux ,talons ,rouges4 ,by ,willette4 ,the ,marquis de ,galliffet will be remembered as the ,french ,minister of ,war during the second ,dreyfus trial4 ,it was ,willette's famous cartoon of ,queen ,victoria which stirred up so much ill feeling during the ,boer ,war4 ,illustration3 ,the ,history of a ,reign4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,this has killed ,that4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,french caricature during the terrible year which saw ,gravelotte1 ,sedan1 and the downfall of the ,empire was necessarily somber and utterly lacking in ,french gayety4 ,it was not until the tragic days of the ,siege and the ,commune that the former strict censorship of the ,french press was relaxed1 and the floodgates were suddenly opened for a veritable inundation of cartoons4 ,m4 ,armand ,dayot1 in his admirable pictorial history of this epoch1 which has already been frequently cited in the present volume1 says in this connection3 ,it has been said with infinite justice that when art is absent from caricature nothing remains but vulgarity4 ,in proof of this1 one needs only to glance through the albums containing the countless cartoons that appeared during the ,siege1 and more especially during the ,commune4 ,aside from those signed by ,daumier1 ,cham1 ,andre ,gill1 and a few other less famous artists1 they are unclean compositions1 without design or wit1 odious in color1 the gross stupidity of their legends rivaling their lamentable poverty of execution4 ,but under the leadership of ,daumier1 the small group of artists who infused their genius into the weekly pages of ,charivari1 made these tragic months one of the famous periods in the annals of ,french caricature4 ,of the earlier generation1 the irrepressible group whose mordant irony had hastened the down fall of ,louis ,philippe1 ,daumier alone survived to chronicle by his pencil the disasters which befell ,france1 with a talent as great as he had possessed thirty-odd years before1 when engaged in his light-hearted and malicious campaign against the august person of ,louis ,philippe4 ,then there were the illustrious ,cham 7,comte de ,noe71 and ,andre ,gill 7a caricaturist of striking wit71 ,hadol1 ,de ,bertall1 ,de ,pilopel1 ,faustin1 ,draner1 and a number of others not so well known4 ,but1 above all1 it was ,daumier who1 after twenty years of the ,empire1 during which his pencil had been politically idle1 returned in his old age to the fray with all the vigor of the best days of ,la ,caricature4 ,illustration3 ,the ,mouse-,trap and its ,victims4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,prussia ,annexes ,alsace4 ,by ,cham in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,oh1 no6 ,prussia has not completely slain her4 ,it is not yet time to go to her aid4 ,by ,cham in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,adieu6 ,no1 'au revoir4' ,visits must be returned4 ,by ,cham4 ,yet to those whose sympathies were with ,france during the struggle of #ahgj-ga1 there is a distinct pathos in the change that is seen in the later work of ,daumier--not a personal pathos1 but a pathos due to the changed condition of the country which it reflects4 ,the old dauntless audacity1 the trenchant sarcasm1 the mocking1 light-hearted laughter1 is gone4 ,in its place is the haunting bitterness of an old man1 under the burden of an impotent wrath--a man who1 for all that he dips his pencil in pure vitriol1 cannot do justice to the nightmare visions that beset him4 ,there is no better commentary upon the pervading feeling of helpless anger and outraged national pride of this epoch than in these haunting designs of ,daumier's4 ,they are the work of a man tremulous with feverish indignation1 weird and ghastly conceptions1 such as might have emanated from the caldron of ,macbeth's witches4 ,the backgrounds are filled in with solid black1 like a funeral pall2 and from out the darkness the features of ,bismarck1 of ,von ,moltke1 of ,william ,i41 leer malevolently1 distorted into hideous1 ghoulish figures--vampires feasting upon the ruin they have wrought4 ,french liberty1 in the guise of a wan1 emaciated1 despairing figure1 the personification of a wronged and outraged womanhood1 haunts ,daumier's pages4 ,at one time she is standing1 bound and gagged1 between the gaping muzzles of two cannon marked1 respectively1 ,paris1 #ahea1 and ,sedan1 #ahgj1 and underneath the laconic legend1 ,histoire d'un ,regne4 ,illustration3 ,souvenirs and ,regrets4 ,by ,aranda4 ,another cartoon shows ,france as a female ,prometheus bound to the rock1 her vitals being torn by the ,germanic vulture4 ,a number of these cartoons1 all of which appeared in ,la ,charivari1 treat bitterly of the disastrous results of the twenty years during which ,louis ,napoleon was the ,emperor of the ,french4 ,the sketch called ,this ,has ,killed ,that has allusion to the popular ballot which elected the ,prince-,president to the throne4 ,a gaunt1 angry female figure is pointing with one hand to the ballot-box1 in which repose the ,ours which made ,louis ,napoleon an ,emperor1 and with the other to the corpses on the battlefield where the sun of his empire finally sets4 ,this1 she cries1 has killed that4 ,the same idea suggested a somewhat similar cartoon1 in which a ,french peasant1 gazing at the shell-battered ruins of his humble home1 exclaims in the peasant's ungrammatical patois3 ,and it was for this that ,i voted ',yes4' ,still more grim and ominous is the cartoon showing a huge mouse-trap with three holes4 ,the mouse-trap represents the ,plebiscite4 ,two of the holes1 marked respectively1 #ahea and #ahgj1 have been sprung1 and each has caught the throat of a victim4 ,the third1 however1 still yawns open warningly1 with the date not completely filled in4 ,illustration3 ,the ,show of the ,napoleonic ,mountebanks4 ,from a caricature by ,hadol4 ,illustration3 ,prussia introducing the ,new ,national ,assembly to ,france4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,let ,us eat the ,prussian4 ,by ,andre ,gill4 ,still another cartoon1 thoroughly characteristic of ,daumier's later manner1 is ,the ,dream of ,bismarck1 one which touches upon the idea which has been used allegorically in connection with every great conqueror whose wake is marked by the strewn corpses of fallen thousands4 ,in it ,bismarck1 frightfully haggard and ghastly of countenance1 is sleeping in his chair1 while at his side is the grim figure of ,death bearing a huge sickle and pointing out over the bloody battlefield4 ,of the younger group of cartoonists none is more closely connected with the events of the annee terrible than ,cham1 the ,comte de ,noe4 ,the name ,noe1 it will be remembered1 is ,french for ,noah1 just as ,cham is the ,french equivalent of ,ham1 second son of the patriarch of ,scripture4 ,the ,comte de ,noe was also second son of his father1 hence the appropriateness of his pseudonym4 ,as a caricaturist1 ,cham was animated by no such seriousness of purpose as formed the inspiration of ,daumier2 and this was why he never became a really great caricaturist4 ,it was the humorous side of life1 even of the tragedies of life1 that appealed to him1 and he reflected it back with an incisive drollery which was irresistible4 ,he was one of the most rapid and industrious of workers1 and found in the events of l'annee terrible the inspiration of a vast number of cartoons4 ,the looting propensities of the ,prussians were satirized in a sketch showing two ,prussian officers looking greedily at a clock on the mantelpiece in a ,french chateau4 ,let us take the clock4 ,but peace has already been signed4 ,no matter4 ,don't you see the clock is slow8 ,the ,german acquisition of the ,rhenish provinces is summed up in a picture which shows a ,german officer attaching to his leg a chain1 at the end of which is a huge ball marked ,alsace4 ,the siege having turned every ,parisian into a nominal soldier1 this condition of affairs is hit off by ,cham in a cartoon underneath which is written3 ,everybody being soldiers1 the officers will have the right to put through the paces anyone whom they meet in the streets4 ,the sketch shows a cook in the usual culinary costume1 and bearing on his head a flat basket filled with kettles and pans1 marking time at the command of an officer4 ,the attitude of ,england during the war seemed to the caricaturist perfidious1 after the practical aid which ,france had rendered ,albion in the ,crimea4 ,cham hits this off by representing the two nations as women1 ,britannia looking ironically at prostrate ,france and saying3 ,oh1 no6 ,prussia has not yet entirely killed her6 ,so it is not yet time to go to her aid4 ,illustration3 ,new ,design for a ,hand ,bell proposed by ,charivari for the ,purpose of ,reminding the ,assembly that ,prussian ,troops still hold ,french ,territory4 ,illustration3 ,germany3 ,farewell1 ,madame1 and if-- ,france3 ,ha6 ,we shall meet again6 ,the statesmen and warriors of that period were very happily caricatured in a series of cartoons1 most of which appeared in ,l',eclipse4 ,gill excelled in his caricature of individual men rather than in the caricature of events or groups4 ,his real name was ,louis ,alexandre ,gosset4 ,he was born at ,landouzy-li-,ville1 ,october #ai1 #ahdj1 and died in ,paris1 ,december #bi1 #ahhe4 ,thiers1 ,gambetta1 ,louis ,blanc1 all the men of the time1 were hit off by his pencil4 ,his method in most cases consisted of the grotesque exaggeration of the subject's head at the expense of the body4 ,he was especially happy in his caricature of ,thiers1 whose diminutive size1 as well as his great importance1 made him a favorite subject for the cartoonist4 ,thiers as ,hamlet soliloquizing1 ,to be or not to be2 ,thiers as ,the ,man ,who ,laughs2 the head of ,thiers peering over the rim of a glass1 ,a tempest in a glass of water2 ,thiers as the first conscript of ,france2 ,thiers as ,achilles in retreat--all these and countless others are from the pencil of ,gill4 ,illustration3 ,bismarck the ,first4 ,illustration3 ,trochu--#ahgj4 ,a striking satirical sketch by ,hadol1 entitled ,la ,parade1 sums up all the buffooneries of the ,second ,empire4 ,in it the ,duc de ,morny as the barking showman is violently inviting the populace to enter and inspect the wonders of the ,theatre ,badinguet4 ,badinguet1 as said before1 was the name of the workman in whose clothes ,louis ,napoleon was said to have escaped from his imprisonment at ,ham2 and throughout the ,second ,empire it was the name by which the ,parisians maliciously alluded to the ,emperor4 ,behind ,de ,morny in the cartoon are the ,emperor and ,empress1 seated at the cashier's desk at the entrance of the theater to take in the money of the dupes whom ,de ,morny can persuade to enter4 ,to the right and left1 in grotesque attire1 are the actors of the show1 representing the various statesmen and soldiers whose names were connected with the reign4 ,illustration3 ,bazaine4 ,by ,faustin4 ,illustration3 ,rochefort4 ,popular hatred of ,marshal ,bazaine after the surrender of ,metz1 based on the prevalent belief that he had sold the city and the army under his command to the ,germans1 finds pictorial expression in the grim cartoon by ,faustin1 reproduced here4 ,the artist has cunningly drawn into the features of the ,marshal an expression of unutterable craft and treachery4 ,round his neck there has been flung what at the first glance seems like a decoration of honor1 an impression strengthened by the cross and inscription on his breast4 ,but as you look more closely you perceive that this decoration is suspended from the noose of the hangman's rope1 and that the words ,au ,marechal ,bazaine--,la ,france ,reconnaissante have another and a deeper significance4 ,the defender of the city of ,paris1 ,general ,trochu1 was genially caricatured by ,andre ,gill in ,l',eclipse as a blanchisseuse industriously ironing out the dirty linen of ,france4 ,however great his popularity was at the time1 ,trochu has by no means escaped subsequent criticism4 ,to him the resistance of ,paris seemed nothing but an heroic folly1 and he had no hesitation about proclaiming his opinion4 ,another exceedingly happy caricature by ,andre ,gill was that representing ,henri ,rochefort1 the implacable enemy of ,louis ,napoleon1 as a member of the ,government of the ,national ,defense4 ,here ,rochefort's head is shown peering out of the mouth of a cannon projecting through a hole in the city's fortifications4 ,illustration3 ,entree ,solennelle de l',empereur d',allemagne a ,paris4 7,caricature de ,felix ,regamey47 ,,part ,,iv ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,century ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,american ,,caricature ,during the period covered by the present chapter the foundation of the two leading ,american comic weeklies1 ,puck and ,judge1 the former in #ahgg and the latter in #ahha1 led to a distinct advance in political caricature in this country4 ,it also made it possible for the first time to draw an intelligent comparison between the tendencies of caricature in ,england and in ,america4 ,no one can look over the early files of ,puck and ,judge and compare them with ,punch for the corresponding years without being struck with the contrast1 not merely in methods of drawing and printing1 but in the whole underlying spirit4 ,for the past half century ,punch has adhered faithfully to its original attitude of neutrality upon questions of party politics4 ,its aim has been to represent the weight of public opinion in a sober and conservative spirit2 to discountenance and rebuke the excesses of whichever party is in power2 to commemorate the great national calamities1 as well as the occasions of national rejoicings4 ,if it somewhat overstepped its established bounds in its repeated attacks upon ,lord ,beaconsfield because his foreign policy was regarded with distrust1 it made amends with an eloquent tribute at the time of that statesman's death4 ,and if on one occasion it cartooned him in the guise of the melancholy ,dane1 with broad impartiality it travestied his great rival1 ,gladstone1 a month or two later1 in precisely the same character4 ,taken as a whole1 the ,english cartoons are not so distinctly popular in tone as those in this country4 ,the underlying thought is apt to be more cultured1 more bookish1 so to speak2 to take the form of parodies upon ,shakspere and ,dante1 ,dickens and ,scott4 ,and yet1 taking them all in all1 it would be difficult to point out any parallel series of cartoons which1 after the lapse of years1 require so little explanation to make them intelligible1 or which cover in so comprehensive a manner the current history of the world4 ,illustration3 ,caran d',ache4 ,illustration3 ,gulliver ,crispi4 ,from ,il ,papagallo 7,rome74 ,on the other hand1 the typical ,american cartoon of a generation ago concerned itself but little with questions of international interest1 while in its treatment of domestic affairs it was largely lacking in the dignity and restraint which characterized the ,british school4 ,being founded upon party politics1 its purpose was primarily not to reflect public opinion1 but to mold it2 to make political capital2 to win votes by fair means1 if possible1 but to win them4 ,from their very inception ,puck and ,judge1 as the mouthpieces of their respective parties1 have exerted a formidable power1 whose far-reaching influence it would be impossible to gauge1 especially during the febrile periods of the ,presidential campaigns4 ,at these times the animosity shown in some of the cartoons seems rather surprising1 when looked at from the sober vantage ground of later years4 ,political molehills were exaggerated into mountains1 and even those elements of vulgar vituperation and cheap personal abuse--features of political campaigns which we are happily outgrowing--were eagerly seized upon for the purpose of pictorial satire4 ,the peculiar bitterness which marked the memorable campaign between ,mr4 ,cleveland and ,mr4 ,blaine in #ahhd was strongly mirrored in the political caricature of the time4 ,it marked the highwater line of the element of purely personal abuse in comic art4 ,in the end the extreme measures to which each of the rival parties resorted during that year had very beneficial effects1 for after the election the nation1 in calmer mood1 grew ashamed at the thought of its violence and bitterness1 and subsequent campaigns have consequently been much more free from these objectionable features4 ,mr4 ,harrison1 ,mr4 ,bryan1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley1 and ,mr4 ,roosevelt have all been assailed from many different points4 ,but we are no longer in the mood to tolerate attempts to rake up alleged personal scandals and to use them in the pamphlet and the cartoon4 ,enough of this was done by both parties in #ahhd to last us for at least a generation4 ,there are cartoons which appeared in ,puck and ,judge which even at this day we should not think of reprinting1 and which the publications containing them and the artists who drew them would probably like to forget4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,caricature de ,gill4 7,eclipse1 #ai octobre #ahgc47 ,nevertheless1 to the close student of political history there is in the ,american cartoon of this period1 with all its flamboyant colorings1 its reckless exaggeration1 its puerile animosity1 material which the more sober and dignified ,british cartoon does not offer4 ,it does not sum up so adequately the sober second thought of the nation1 but it does keep us in touch with the changing mood of popular opinion1 its varying pulse-beat from hour to hour4 ,to glance over the old files throughout any one of the ,presidential campaigns is the next best thing to living them over again1 listening once more to the daily heated arguments1 the inflammable stump speeches1 the rancorous vituperation which meant so much at the time1 and which seemed so idle the day after the election4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,third ,,french ,,republic ,illustration3 ,poor ,france6 ,the ,branches are broken1 but the ,trunk still holds4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,it is not strange that during these years ,american cartoonists concerned themselves but little with matters outside of their own country4 ,for more than a decade after the close of the ,franco-,prussian ,war there were very few episodes which assumed international importance1 and still fewer in which the ,united ,states had any personal interest4 ,france was amply occupied in recovering from the effects of her exhaustive struggle2 ,united ,germany was undergoing the process of crystallizing into definite form4 ,europe1 as a whole1 had no more energy than was needed to attend to domestic affairs and to keeping a jealous eye upon ,english ambition in ,egypt and ,russian aggression in the ,balkan ,states4 ,for some little time after the ,french ,commune echoes of that internecine struggle were still to be found in the work of caricaturists1 both in ,france and ,germany4 ,before taking final leave of that veteran ,french artist1 ,honore ,daumier1 it seems necessary to allude briefly to a few of the cartoons of that splendidly tragic series of his old age dealing with the ,france which1 having undergone the horrors of the ,germanic invasion and of the ,commune1 is shattered but not broken1 and begins to look forward with wistful eyes to a time when she shall have recovered her strength and her prosperity4 ,one of the most striking of these cartoons represents ,france as a deep-rooted tree which has been bent and rent by the passing whirlwind4 ,poor ,france6 ,the branches are broken1 but the trunk holds always4 ,simple as the design is1 the artist by countless touches of light and of shadow has given it a somber significance which long remains in the memory4 ,it was to ,napoleon that ,daumier bitterly ascribed the misfortunes of ,la ,patrie1 and in these cartoons he lost no opportunity of attacking ,napoleonic legend4 ,stark and dead1 nailed to the ,book of ,history is the ,imperial eagle4 ,you will remain outside1 nailed fast on the cover1 a hideous warning to future generations of ,frenchmen1 is ,daumier's moral4 ,of brighter nature is the cartoon called ,the ,new ,year4 ,it represents the dawning of #ahgb1 and portrays ,france sweeping away the last broken relics of her period of disaster4 ,illustration3 ,you shall stay there1 nailed to the ,cover1 a ,warning to ,future ,generations of ,frenchmen4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,in ,germany1 also1 one finds a few tardy cartoons bearing upon ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,even in the ,fliegende ,blaetter1 a periodical which throughout its history has confined itself1 with few exceptions1 to social satire1 perennial skits upon the dignified ,herr ,professor1 the self-important young lieutenant1 the punctilious university student1 one famous cartoon appeared late in the year #ahga1 entitled ,the ,root of ,all ,evil4 ,it portrayed ,napoleon ,,iii41 as a gigantic1 distorted vegetable of the carrot or turnip order1 his flabby features distended into tuberous rotundity1 the familiar hall-mark of his sweeping mustache and imperial lengthened grotesquely into the semblance of a threefold root4 ,still better known is a series of cartoons which ran through half a dozen numbers of the ,fliegende ,blaetter1 entitled ,the ,franco-,prussian ,war3 ,a ,tragedy in ,five ,acts1 in which the captions are all clever applications of lines from ,schiller's ,maid of ,orleans4 ,as compared with the work of really great cartoonists1 this series has little to make it memorable4 ,but as an expression of a victorious nation's good-natured contempt1 its tendency to view the whole fierce struggle of #ahgj-ga as an amusing farce enacted by a company of grotesque marionettes1 it is not without significance and interest4 ,illustration3 ,the ,new ,year brings ,new ,hope for ,france4 ,by ,daumier in ,charivari4 ,illustration3 ,the ,root of all ,evil4 ,from the ,fliegende ,blaetter in #ahga4 ,almost as ,germanic in sentiment and in execution as the ,maid of ,orleans series in the ,fliegende ,blaetter was the curious little volume entitled ,the ,fight at ,dame ,europa's ,school1 written and illustrated by ,thomas ,nast4 ,this skit1 which was printed in ,new ,york after the close of the ,war1 contained thirty-three drawings which are remarkable chiefly in that they are comparatively different from anything else that ,nast ever did and bear a striking resemblance to the war cartoons of the ,german papers4 ,the ,louis ,napoleon of this book is so much like the ,louis ,napoleon of the ,fliegende ,blaetter that one is bound to feel that one was the direct inspiration of the other4 ,the text of the book1 though nothing astonishing1 serves its purpose in elucidating the drawings4 ,it tells of the well-ordered educational establishment kept by ,dame ,europa in which the five largest boys acted as monitors1 to keep the unruly pupils in order4 ,these boys were ,louis1 ,william1 ,aleck1 ,joseph1 and ,john4 ,if a dispute arose among any of the smaller boys1 the monitors had to examine into its cause1 and1 if possible1 to settle it amicably4 ,should it be necessary to fight the matter out1 they were to see fair play1 stop the encounter when it had gone far enough1 and at all times to uphold justice1 and to prevent tyranny and bullying4 ,in this work ,master ,louis and ,master ,john were particularly prominent4 ,there was a tradition in the school of a terrific row in times past1 when a monitor named ,nicholas attacked a very dirty little boy called ,constantine4 ,john and ,louis pitched in1 and gave ,nicholas such a thrashing that he never got over it1 and soon afterward left the school4 ,now each of the upper boys had a little garden of his own in which he took great pride and interest4 ,in the center of each garden there was an arbor1 fitted up according to the taste and means of its owner4 ,louis had the prettiest arbor of all1 while that of ,john was a mere tool-house4 ,when the latter wished to enjoy a holiday he would punt himself across the brook and enjoy himself in the arbor of his friend ,louis4 ,by the side of ,louis's domain was that of ,william1 who1 though proud of his own garden1 never went to work in it without casting an envious glance on two little flower beds which now belonged to ,louis1 but which ought by rights he thought to belong to him4 ,over these flower beds he often talked with his favorite fag1 a shrewd lad named ,mark1 full of deep tricks and dodges4 ,illustration3 ,the whole spirit of these pictures1 which appeared in the ,fliegende ,blaetter after the ,napoleonic downfall in #ahga1 is a travesty on the splendid lines of ,schiller in the ,maid of ,orleans 7,jungfrau von ,orleans74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,la situation politique en ,france4 7,novembre #ahgc47 ,caricature de ,felix ,regamey1 publiee dans le ,harper's ,weekly de ,new-,york4 ,there is only one way to do it1 said ,mark4 ,if you want the flower beds1 you must fight ,louis for them1 and ,i believe you will lick him all to smash2 but you must fight him alone4 ,how do you mean8 replied ,william4 ,i mean1 you must take care that the other monitors don't interfere in the quarrel4 ,if they do1 they will be sure to go against you4 ,remember what a grudge ,joseph owes you for the licking you gave him not along ago2 and ,aleck1 though to be sure ,louis took little ,constantine's part against him in that great bullying row1 is evidently beginning to grow jealous of your influence in the school4 ,you see1 old fellow1 you have grown so much lately1 and filled out so wonderfully that you are getting really quite formidable4 ,why1 ,i recollect the time when you were quite a little chap6 ,thereupon the astute ,mark designs a plan by which ,william may provoke the encounter while making ,louis seem the aggressor4 ,and so on1 under the guise of fistfight between two schoolboys1 ,nast tells of all the events of the struggle of #ahga2 the outbreak of hostilities1 the ,baptism of ,fire1 ,sedan1 the ,german march on ,paris1 the ,siege1 and the different attitudes assumed by the other monitors4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,general ,,european ,,affairs ,illustration3 ,new ,crowns for ,old4 ,disraeli offering ,victoria the ,imperial crown of ,india4 ,punch1 however1 is really the most satisfactory and comprehensive source for the history of political caricature during the years following the siege of ,paris down to #ahhf4 ,from the indefatigable pencil of ,tenniel and ,sambourne we get an exhaustive and pungent record of the whole period of ,disraeli's ascendency1 the fruits of his much-criticised foreign policy1 ,england's attitude regarding the ,suez ,canal1 her share in the ,turco-,russian conflict1 her acquisition of the island of ,cyprus1 the fall of ,khartoum1 the ,fenian difficulties of #ahhe1 and the history of ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,home ,rule policy4 ,illustration3 ,tightening the ,grip4 ,throughout the cartoons of this period there is no one figure which appears with more persistent regularity than that of ,lord ,beaconsfield1 and with scarcely an exception he is uniformly treated with an air of indulgent contempt4 ,of course1 his strongly marked features1 the unmistakably ,semitic cast of nose and lips1 the closely curled black ringlets clustering above his ears1 all offered irresistible temptation to the cartoonist1 with the result that throughout the entire series1 in whatever guise he is portrayed1 the suggestion of charlatan1 of necromancer1 of mountebank1 of one kind or another of the endless genus fake1 is never wholly absent4 ,even in ,tenniel's cartoon1 ,new ,crowns for ,old1 which commemorates the passage of the ,royal ,titles ,bill1 conferring upon the ,queen the title of ,empress of ,india1 the scene is confessedly adapted from ,aladdin1 and ,dizzy is portrayed as a slippery ,oriental with an oily smile1 in the act of trading a gaudy-looking piece of tinsel headgear for the more modest1 but genuine1 regal crown topped with the cross of ,malta4 ,the bestowal of the title of ,earl of ,beaconsfield upon ,mr4 ,disraeli1 which followed within a very few weeks1 was too good a chance for satire for ,mr4 ,tenniel to let pass1 and he hit it off in a page entitled ,one ,good ,turn ,deserves ,another1 in which ,victoria1 with the ,imperial crown of ,india upon her head1 is conferring a coronet upon ,dizzy1 kneeling obsequiously at her feet4 ,illustration3 ,a,eolus--,ruler of the ,storms4 ,the ,easterly ,wind too much for ,bismarck4 ,illustration3 ,l',etat ,c'est ,moi6 ,at this time the one international question which bade fair to assume any considerable importance was that of ,russia's attitude in the ,balkan peninsula4 ,already in ,june1 #ahhf1 we find ,punch portraying the ,czar of ,russia as a master of the hounds1 just ready to let slip the leash from his dogs of war4 ,servia1 ,montenegro1 ,bosnia1 and ,herzegovina1 in pursuit of the unsuspecting ,sultan of ,turkey1 while ,john ,bull in the guise of a policeman1 is cautiously peering from behind a fence1 evidently wondering whether this is a case which calls for active interference4 ,it is only a few days later that the outbreak of an insurrection in ,bosnia and ,herzegovina hastens a decision on the part of ,europe to keep the ,ring and let the ,sultan ward off the dogs of war single-handed--an incident duly commemorated in ,punch on ,june #ai4 ,the ,turkish atrocities in ,bulgaria1 however1 aroused public sentiment throughout the ,continent to such a degree that the ,powers united in demanding an armistice4 ,tenniel's interpretation of this incident takes the form of a sick-chamber1 in which the ,sick ,man of ,europe is surrounded by a corps of illustrious physicians1 ,drs4 ,bull1 ,william ,i41 ,francis ,joseph and ,company1 who are firmly insisting that their patient shall swallow a huge pill labeled ,armistice--or else there's no knowing what might happen6 ,the protocol on ,turkish affairs which soon after this was proposed by ,russia and supported by ,disraeli1 forms the subject of two suggestive cartoons in ,punch4 ,the first1 entitled ,pons ,asinorum1 depicts the protocol as a make-shift bridge supported on the docile shoulders of ,john ,bull and the other ,european ,powers1 and spanning a lagoon entitled ,eastern ,question4 ,over this bridge the ,russian bear is stealthily crawling to his desired goal1 his eye half closed in a sly wink1 his sides bristling like a veritable arsenal with weapons4 ,the second cartoon1 alluding to the ,porte's rejection of the protocol1 represents ,disraeli looking disconsolately upon a smoldering pile of powder kegs and ammunition1 over which he has placed the protocol1 twisted into the shape of a candle-snuffer4 ,confound the thing6 ,it is all ablaze6 he ejaculates1 while ,lord ,hartington reminds him1 ,ah1 my dear ,d41 paper will burn1 you know6 ,illustration3 ,the ,hidden ,hand4 ,illustration3 ,the ,irish ,frankenstein4 ,the next significant caricature in the ,punch series belongs to the period of actual hostilities between ,turkey and ,russia1 after ,plevna had been completely invested and the ,turks were at all points being steadily beaten back4 ,this caricature1 entitled ,tightening the ,grip1 showing the struggling ,turk being slowly crushed to death in the relentless hug of the gigantic bear1 may safely be left to speak for itself without further description4 ,meanwhile1 ,england was watching with growing disquiet ,russia's actions in the ,balkans4 ,in one cartoon of this period1 ,mr4 ,bull is bluntly refusing to be drawn into a game of ,blind ,hookey with the other ,european ,powers4 ,now then1 ,mr4 ,bull1 we're only waiting for you1 says ,russia2 and ,john ,bull rejoins3 ,thank you1 ,i don't like the game4 ,i like to see the cards6 ,prince ,bismarck at this time was doing his best to bring about an understanding between ,england and ,russia1 but the difficulties of the situation threatened to prove too much even for that veteran diplomat4 ,punch cleverly hit off the situation by representing ,bismarck ,a,eolus1 the wind-god1 struggling desperately with an unmanageable wind-bag1 which is swelling threateningly in the direction of the ,east and assuming the form of a dangerous war-cloud4 ,eventually all misunderstandings were peacefully smoothed away at the ,berlin ,congress1 which ,tenniel commemorates with a cartoon showing ,dizzy in the guise of a tight-rope performer triumphantly carrying the ,sultan on his shoulders along a rope labeled ,congress1 his inherent double-dealing being suggested by his balancing pole1 which he sways back and forth indifferently1 and the opposite ends of which are labeled peace and war4 ,illustration3 ,the ,daring ,duckling4 ,june1 #ahhc4 ,an early appearance of ,mr4 ,chamberlain in caricature4 ,comparatively few cartoons of this period touch upon ,american matters4 ,all the more noteworthy is the one which ,mr4 ,tenniel dedicated to the memory of ,president ,garfield at the time of the latter's assassination4 ,it is a worthy example of the artist's most serious manner1 at once dignified and impressive4 ,it bears the inscription1 ,a ,common ,sorrow1 and shows a weeping ,columbia clasped closely in the arms of a sorrowing and sympathetic ,britannia4 ,illustration3 ,settling the ,alabama ,claims4 ,m4 ,gambetta seldom received attention at the hands of ,english caricaturists2 but in #ahha1 when the resignation of ,jules ,ferry and his colleagues resulted in the formation of a new ministry with ,gambetta at the head1 and both ,english and ,german newspapers were sarcastically saying that the ,gambetta ,cabinet represented only himself1 ,punch had to have his little fling at the ,french statesman1 portraying him as beaming with self-complacence1 and striking an attitude in front of a statue of ,louis ,,xiv41 while he echoes the latter's famous dictum1 ,l',etat c'est moi6 ,illustration3 ,mirage4 ,gordon ,waiting at ,khartoum4 ,two cartoons which tell their own story are devoted to ,fenianism4 ,the first commemorates the ,phoenix ,park outrage in which ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish1 the newly appointed ,chief ,secretary1 lost his life4 ,the cartoon is called ,the ,irish ,frankenstein1 and is certainly baleful enough to do full justice to the hideousness of the crime it is intended to symbolize4 ,the second cartoon1 entitled ,the ,hidden ,hand1 shows the ,fenian monster receiving a bag of gold from a mysterious hand stretched from behind a curtain4 ,the reference is to a supposed inner circle of assassins1 directed and paid by greater villains who kept themselves carefully behind the scenes4 ,the tragedy of ,khartoum formed the subject of several grim and forceful pages4 ,mirage was almost prophetic in its conception1 representing ,general ,gordon gazing across the desert1 where1 by the tantalizing refraction of the air1 he can plainly see the advancing ,british hosts1 which in reality are destined to arrive too late4 ,too late1 in fact1 are the very words which serve as a caption of the next cartoon4 ,khartoum has fallen1 and ,britannia1 having come upon a fruitless mission1 stands a picture of despair1 her face buried upon her arm1 her useless shield lying neglected upon the ground4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,thomas ,,nast ,it was not until late in the '#fj's1 when ,thomas ,nast began his pictorial campaign in the pages of ,harper's ,weekly against the ,ring which held ,new ,york in its clutches1 that ,american caricature could claim a pencil which entitled it to any sort of consideration from the artistic point of view4 ,some of the cartoons which have been reproduced in earlier papers of this series have possessed unquestionable cleverness of invention and idea2 for instance1 many of those dealing with ,president ,jackson's administration and his relations with the ,united ,states ,bank1 and some of the purely allegorical cartoons treating of slavery and of the ,civil ,war4 ,but in all these there was so much lacking2 so many artistic shortcomings were covered up by the convenient loops4 ,the artists felt themselves free from any obligation to give expression to the countenances of their subjects so long as the fundamental idea was there1 and the loops offered an easy vehicle for the utterance of thoughts and feelings which a modern artist would feel obliged to express in the drawing itself--by a skillful quirk of the pencil1 an added line1 an exaggerated smile or frown4 ,it was a thoroughly wooden school of caricature1 in which one can find no trace of the splendid suggestion which the caricaturists should at that time have been drawing from contemporary masters of the art in ,france and ,england4 ,illustration3 ,the ,gratz ,brown ,tag to ,greeley's ,coat4 ,illustration3 ,thomas ,nast4 ,although during the years of his fecundity ,thomas ,nast drew many cartoons bearing on events of international importance1 his name will always be remembered1 first of all1 in connection with the series through which he held up the extravagances and iniquities of the ,tweed ,ring in the pillory of public opinion4 ,he had decided convictions on other subjects4 ,to the end of his life it was his nature to feel intensely1 even in small matters4 ,but his scorn and hatred of the corrupt organization that was looting ,new ,york became a positive mania1 which was reflected in the cartoons which he literally hurled week after week against ,tweed and his satellites4 ,i don't care what they write about me1 said ,tweed1 but can't you stop those terrible cartoons8 and in the end they1 more than anything else1 led to his downfall1 his flight and his capture in ,spain1 where he was recognized by the police through the likeness ,nast had drawn of him as a kidnaper4 ,but in recognizing ,nast's services in behalf of ,new ,york ,city it is not fair to overlook his work as a political caricaturist on broader issues4 ,to him we owe also the ,gratz ,brown tag to ,greeley's coat in the campaign of #ahgb1 the ,rag ,baby of ,inflation1 the ,jackass as emblematic of the ,democratic ,party1 the ,labor ,cap and the ,full ,dinner ,pail1 which in later years were so much developed by the cartoonists of ,judge4 ,and if to-day1 at the beginning of the twentieth century1 we have a school of caricature which for scope and craftsmanship is equal1 if not superior1 to that of any nation of ,europe1 it is only just to recognize that it was ,thomas ,nast who first gave ,american caricature a dignity and a meaning4 ,illustration3 ,first ,appearance of the ,cap and ,dinner ,pail as ,emblematic of ,labor4 ,illustration3 ,the ,first ,rag ,baby4 ,the earliest ,presidential election which falls within the scope of the present chapter1 that of #ahgb1 antedates the establishment of ,american comic weeklies4 ,the central figure in the few caricatures which have survived from that year was1 of course1 ,horace ,greeley1 whose candidacy at one time was thought seriously to threaten the fortunes of the ,republican ,party4 ,the caricatures themselves1 with the exception of those drawn by ,thomas ,nast1 show little improvement over the caricatures which were executed during the ,civil ,war4 ,the artists relied entirely upon the traditional loops to make them intelligible to the public1 and the features of the political characters portrayed were expressionless and wooden4 ,one of the best of this series was drawn in support of the ,horace ,greeley candidacy4 ,uncle ,sam is represented as a landlord and ,president ,grant as his tenant1 a shiftless widow with a dog at her heels and a bottle of rum in the basket on her arm4 ,the ,widow ,grant has come to ask for a new lease4 ,well1 ,uncle ,sam1 she says1 ,i've called to see if you will let me have the ,white ,house for four years longer1 as ,i find the place suits me very well4 ,no1 ,marm ,grant1 retorts ,uncle ,sam1 shaking his head1 ,i reckon ,i'll do no such thing4 ,i've had too many complaints about you from the neighbors during the last four years4 ,i'm just sick of you and your tobacco smoke and bull pups1 so ,i've given the lease to ,honest ,horace ,greeley1 who will take better care of the place than you have4 ,illustration3 ,the ,donkey4 ,first used to ridicule the ,inflation ,tendency4 ,in another of this series ,horace ,greeley is represented as the entering wedge that is splitting the rock of the ,republican ,party4 ,greeley1 with a paper hearing the words ,free ,trade in one hand and one bearing ,protection in the other1 is being hammered into the cleft in the ,republican rock by a huge mallet--,democratic ,nomination--wielded by ,carl ,schurz4 ,this is rather a novel position for a stanch old ,republican like me1 he says4 ,i begin to feel as if ,i was in a tight place4 ,president ,grant1 with a cigar in his hand1 is looking on complacently4 ,my friend1 he calls out to ,schurz1 you've got a soft thing on your wedge1 but your mallet will kill the man4 ,to which ,schurz replies3 ,i don't care who's killed1 if we succeed in defeating your election4 ,below1 creeping furtively about the rock1 are the figures of ,dana1 ,sumner1 ,gratz ,brown1 ,trumbull1 ,hall1 ,sweeny1 ,tweed1 and ,hoffman of the ,ring4 ,anything to beat ,grant6 is the cry of these conspirators4 ,honesty is the word to shout1 there are so many rogues about1 mutters ,tweed4 ,oh1 how freely we'll win with ,greeley1 says ,hall4 ,anything to beat ,grant4 ,he wouldn't make me ,collector for ,new ,york1 are the words of ,dana4 ,the cartoon is a belated specimen of the school of ,american caricature which was in vogue in the days of ,president ,jackson4 ,illustration3 ,the ,brains of ,tammany4 ,as has already been stated1 ,puck was not founded until #ahgg1 too late to take part in the ,tilden-,hayes campaign4 ,when we speak of ,puck1 however1 we refer1 of course1 to the edition printed in ,english1 for1 as a matter of fact1 twenty-four numbers of a ,german ,puck were published during the year #ahgf4 ,illustration3 ,a ,popular ,verdict4 ,as that year was an important one in ,american history1 these numbers can by no means he ignored1 and despite their crude appearance when contrasted with the ,puck of later days1 they contain some of ,keppler's most admirable work4 ,for instance1 there is the figure of the tattooed ,columbia1 the precursor of ,gillam's famous ,tattooed ,man4 ,this figure appeared in ,november1 #ahgf1 and was the idea of ,charles ,hauser1 a member of the first editorial staff of the young weekly4 ,the artist's idea of the unhappy condition of our nation is shown in the hideous tattooed designs with which ,columbia's body is scarred from head to foot4 ,we can read ,whisky ,ring1 ,black ,friday1 ,secession1 ,tammany1 ,election ,frauds1 ,corruption1 ,civil ,war1 ,credit ,mobilier1 and ,taxes4 ,the figure is as repulsive as that which eight years later drove ,mr4 ,blaine to frenzy4 ,illustration3 ,the ,tattooed ,columbia4 ,by courtesy of the ,puck ,company4 ,illustration3 ,splitting the ,party4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,you pays your ,money and you takes your ,choice4 ,by courtesy of the ,puck ,company4 ,a familiar device in the caricature of the later '#gj's was that of representing political figures as being headless and placing their heads in another part of the picture1 so that you might adjust them to suit yourself4 ,in this way the artist did not commit himself to prophecy and was enabled to please both parties4 ,for instance1 an excellent example of this is shown in the cartoon called ,you ,pays ,your ,money and ,you ,takes ,your ,choice1 drawn by ,keppler during the campaign of #ahgf4 ,of the two headless figures one is seated in the window of the ,white ,house gesticulating derisively at his beaten opponent4 ,the other1 thoroughly crushed and with a nose of frightfully exaggerated length--both ,mr4 ,tilden and ,mr4 ,hayes were rather large-nosed men--is leaning helplessly against the wall of the cold outside4 ,at the bottom of the picture are the heads of the two candidates1 which one might cut out and adjust as pleased himself4 ,illustration3 ,the ,radical ,party on a ,heavy ,grade4 ,from the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,the ,,american ,,political ,,campaigns ,,of #ahhj ,,and #ahhd ,probably no cartoon dealing with the ,garfield-,hancock campaign of #ahhj was more widely discussed than that called ,forbidding the ,banns1 drawn for ,puck by ,keppler4 ,it was a cartoon which an ,american comic paper would publish to-day only after considerable hesitation1 for there was in it the spirit of a less delicate age1 a coarseness which was pardonable only when the genuine strength and humor of the complete work are taken into consideration4 ,forbidding the ,banns shows a political wedding party at the altar with ,uncle ,sam as the reluctant and uncomfortable groom1 ,general ,garfield as the eager bride1 and the figure of the ballot box as the officiating clergyman4 ,the bridesmaids are ,mr4 ,whitelaw ,reid and ,carl ,schurz1 with ,murat ,halstead bringing up the rear4 ,the ceremony is well along and the contracting parties are about to be united when ,w4 ,h4 ,barnum1 the chairman of the ,democratic ,national ,committee1 rushes in shouting1 ,i forbid the banns6 and waving frantically the figure of a little baby marked ,credit ,mobilier4 ,the faces of all the bridal party show consternation at the unexpected interruption1 while the bride protests coyly3 ,but it was such a little one4 ,illustration3 ,forbidding the ,banns4 ,a ,famous ,cartoon of the ,garfield-,hancock ,campaign4 ,by courtesy of the ,puck ,company4 ,the defeat of ,general ,hancock in #ahhj was commemorated by ,keppler in ,puck with the cartoon called ,the ,wake over the ,remains of the ,democratic ,party4 ,the ludicrous corpse of the defunct is stretched on a rough board and covered with a loose sheet4 ,the lighted candles at the four corners protrude from the necks of bottles1 and the mourners are indulging in a protracted carouse which seems destined to end in a free fight4 ,in the center of the picture ,kelly1 with ,ben ,butler as a partner1 is doing a dance in the most approved manner of ,donnybrook ,fair4 ,all about there is the general atmosphere of turmoil and unnatural excitement1 but the figures of ,hewitt1 ,davis1 ,belmont1 and ,english are stretched out in a manner indicating that the festivities of the night have proved too much for them4 ,as has already been pointed out1 the political caricature commemorating the ,cleveland-,blaine campaign of #ahhd was chiefly remarkable for its extraordinary rancor4 ,there was little1 if any1 really good-natured satire underlying these cartoons2 they were designed and executed vindictively1 and their main object was to hurt4 ,mr4 ,cleveland's official record in ,buffalo1 and as ,governor of ,new ,york1 had been such as to cause many of the more liberal ,republicans to support his candidacy and offered little to the political cartoonist1 so the opponents of ,republican caricature found it expedient to base their attacks on matters of purely personal nature4 ,illustration3 ,the ,wake over the ,remains of the ,democratic ,party after the ,election of #ahhj4 ,by courtesy of the ,puck ,company4 ,even in later years the cartoonist did not entirely refrain from this method of belittling ,mr4 ,cleveland's capabilities4 ,it was sneeringly said that much of the success of his administration was due to the charm1 the tact1 and the personal magnetism of ,mrs4 ,cleveland1 and this idea was the inspiration of a number of cartoons which were far from being in the best of taste4 ,one of these which was not particularly offensive was that entitled ,mr4 ,cleveland's ,best ,card4 ,it was simply a huge playing card bearing the picture of ,mrs4 ,cleveland4 ,another much more obnoxious was a curious imitation of the famous ,french cartoon ,partant pour la ,syrie1 which was published in ,paris after the flight of the ,empress ,eugenie4 ,illustration3 ,a ,common ,sorrow4 ,the ,democratic cartoonists1 besides their use of the ,tattooed ,man idea and the alleged scandals in ,mr4 ,blaine's political career1 made a strong point of the soundness and cleanness of ,mr4 ,cleveland's official record4 ,a typical caricature of this nature was that drawn by ,gillam called ,why ,they ,dislike ,him4 ,it represents ,mr4 ,cleveland as a lion lying on the rock of ,civil ,service ,reform4 ,perched on the limb of a tree overhead are a group of chattering monkeys1 his political enemies1 who are hurling at him imprecations and abuse because he will not consent to serve as the cats-paw to pluck the chestnuts for them out of the political fire4 ,familiar faces among the group of noisy bandar-log are those of ,croker1 ,butler1 and ,dana4 ,prostrate and helpless under the paw of the lion is a monkey with the face of ,grady4 ,illustration3 ,why ,they dislike ,him4 ,by courtesy of the ,puck ,company4 ,illustration3 ,the ,first ,tattooed ,man ,cartoon4 ,by courtesy of the ,puck ,company4 ,the most terrible and effective series of cartoons published during the ,cleveland-,blaine campaign was that in which the ,republican candidate appeared as the ,tattooed ,man in the political show4 ,for many weeks during the summer and autumn of #ahhd ,mr4 ,blaine was assailed through this figure in the pages of ,puck4 ,the story of the origin of this historic cartoon is as follows3 ,mr4 ,bernard ,gillam1 the artist1 had conceived the idea of a cartoon in which each of the ,presidential possibilities should appear as some sort of freak in a political side-show4 ,one of these freaks was to be the ,tattooed ,man1 but ,mr4 ,gillam at first hit upon ,david ,davis as the person to be so represented4 ,he was describing the proposed cartoon one day in the office of ,puck when ,mr4 ,bunner1 who was at that time the editor1 turned suddenly and said3 ,david ,davis8 ,nonsense6 ,blaine is the man for that4 ,the cartoon so conceived was splendidly executed1 and became one of the great pictorial factors in turning the scale of the election4 ,it stirred ,mr4 ,blaine himself to a point where he resolved to prosecute the publishers of ,puck1 and was persuaded from this course only by the very strongest pressure4 ,the tattoo marks which were most obnoxious to him were those which spelled out the word ,bribery4 ,a curious feature of this series was that ,mr4 ,bernard ,gillam was an ardent ,republican1 voting for ,mr4 ,blaine on election day1 and at the same time that he was executing the ,tattooed ,man cartoon in ,puck was suggesting equally vindictive caricatures of ,mr4 ,cleveland and the ,democratic party for the rival pages of ,judge4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,journalism ,illustration3 ,a ,german ,idea of ,irish ,home ,rule4 ,in looking backward over a century of caricature1 it is interesting to ask just what it is that makes the radical difference between the cartoon of to-day and that of a hundred years ago4 ,that there is a wide gulf between the comparative restraint of the modern cartoonist and the unbridled license of ,gillray's or ,rowlandson's grotesque1 gargoyle types1 is self-evident2 that comic art1 as applied to politics1 is to-day more widespread1 more generally appreciated1 and in a quiet way more effective in molding public opinion than ever before1 needs no argument4 ,and yet1 if one stops to analyze the individual cartoons1 to take them apart and discover the essence of their humor1 the incisive edge of their irony and satire1 one finds that there is nothing really new in them2 that the basic principles of caricature were all understood as well in the eighteenth century as in the nineteenth1 and that1 in many cases1 the successful cartoon of to-day is simply the replica of an old one of a past generation1 modified to fit a new set of facts4 ,when ,gilbert ,stuart drew his famous ,gerrymander cartoon1 he was probably not the first artist to avail himself of the chance resemblance of the geographical contour of a state or country to some person or animal4 ,he certainly was not the last4 ,again and again the map of the ,united ,states has been drawn so as to bring out some significant similarity1 as recently when it was distorted into a ludicrous semblance of ,mr4 ,cleveland1 bending low in proud humility1 the living embodiment of the principle1 ,l',etat c'est ,moi2 or again1 just before our war with ,spain1 when it was so drawn as to present a capital likeness of ,uncle ,sam1 the ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states forming his nose and mouth1 the latter suggestively opened to take in ,cuba1 which is swimming dangerously near4 ,puck's famous ,tattooed ,man was only a new application of an idea that had been used before2 while the representation of a group of leading politicians as members of a freak show1 a circus1 or a minstrel troop1 is as old as minstrels or dime museums themselves4 ,few leading statesmen of the past half century have not at some time in their career been portrayed as ,hamlet1 or ,macbeth1 or ,richard ,,iii42 while as for the conventional use of animals and symbolic figures to represent the different nations1 the ,british ,lion and the ,russian ,bear1 ,uncle ,sam and ,french ,liberty1 these belong to the raw materials of caricature1 dating back to its very inception as an art4 ,and yet1 while the means used are essentially the same as in the days of ,hogarth and ,cruikshank1 the results are radically different4 ,illustration3 ,the ,world 7,newspaper74 ,illustration3 ,horatius ,cleveland at the ,bridge4 ,from ,new ,york ,life4 ,illustration3 ,bernard ,gillam of ,judge4 ,the reason for this difference may be summed up in a single word--,journalism4 ,the modern cartoon is essentially journalistic1 both in spirit and in execution4 ,the spasmodic single sheets of ,gillray's period1 huge lithographs that found their way to the public through the medium of ,london print shops1 were long ago replaced by the weekly comic papers1 while to-day these in turn find formidable rivals in the cartoons which have become a feature of most of the leading daily journals4 ,the celerity with which a caricature is now conceived and executed1 thanks to the modern mechanical improvements and the prevailing spirit of alertness1 makes it possible for the cartoonist to keep pace with the news of the day1 to seize upon the latest political blunder1 the social fad of the moment1 and hit it off with a stroke of incisive irony1 without fear that it will be forgotten before the drawing can appear in print4 ,the consequences of all this modern haste and enterprise are not wholly advantageous4 ,real talent is often wasted upon mediocre ideas under the compulsion of producing a daily cartoon1 and again a really brilliant conception is marred by overhaste in execution1 a lack of artistic finish in the detail4 ,besides1 the tendency of a large part of contemporary cartoons is toward the local and the ephemeral4 ,this is especially true of the caricatures which appear during an ,american political campaign1 in which every petty blunder1 every local issue1 every bit of personal gossip1 is magnified into a vital national principle1 a world-wide scandal4 ,and when the morning after the election dawns1 the business settles down into its wonted channel1 these momentous issues1 and the flamboyant cartoons which proclaimed them1 suddenly become as trivial and as empty as a spent firecracker or ,roman candle4 ,illustration3 ,joseph ,keppler of ,puck4 ,but another change which the spirit of journalism has wrought in the contemporary cartoon1 and a more vital change than any other1 is due to the definite editorial policy which lies behind it4 ,the dominant note in all the work of the great cartoonists of the past1 in the ,english ,gillray and the ,french ,daumier1 was the note of individualism4 ,take away the personal rancor1 the almost irrational hatred of ,little ,boney from ,gillray1 take away ,daumier's mordant irony1 his fearless contempt for ,louis ,philippe1 and the life of their work is gone4 ,the typical cartoon of to-day is1 to a large extent1 not a one-man production at all4 ,it is frequently built up1 piecemeal1 one detail at a time1 and in the case of a journal like ,punch or ,judge or ,life often represents the thoughtful collaboration of the entire staff4 ,in the case of the leading dailies1 the cartoon must be in accord with the settled political policy of the paper1 as much as the leading articles on the editorial page4 ,the individual preferences of the cartoonist do not count4 ,in fact1 he may be doing daily violence to his settled convictions1 or he may find means of espousing both sides at once1 as was the case with ,mr4 ,gillam1 who throughout the ,cleveland-,blaine campaign was impartially drawing ,democratic cartoons for ,puck and suggesting ,republican cartoons for ,judge at the same time4 ,what the political cartoon will become in the future1 it is dangerous to predict4 ,there is1 however1 every indication that its influence1 instead of diminishing1 is likely to increase steadily4 ,what it has lost in ceasing to be the expression of the individual mind1 the impulsive product of erratic genius1 it has more than gained in its increased timeliness1 its greater sobriety1 its more sustained and definite purpose4 ,at certain epochs in the past it has served as a vehicle for reckless scandal-mongering and scurrilous personal abuse4 ,but this it seems to have happily outgrown4 ,that pictorial satire may be made forceful without the sacrifice of dignity was long ago demonstrated by ,tenniel's powerful work in the pages of ,punch4 ,and there is no doubt that a serious political issue1 when presented in the form of a telling cartoon1 will be borne home to the minds of a far larger circle of average every-day men and women than it ever could be when discussed in the cold black and white of the editorial column4 ,illustration3 ,the ,john ,bull ,octopus in ,egypt4 ,from ,il ,papagallo 7,rome74 ,illustration3 ,a ,hand against every ,man4 ,from ,london ,judy1 ,april #ac1 #ahib4 ,illustration3 ,the ,stability of the ,triple ,alliance4 ,from ,il ,papagallo 7,rome74 ,another interesting effect of the growing conservative spirit in caricature is seen in the gradual crystallization of certain definite symbolic types4 ,allusion has already been made1 in earlier chapters of this work1 to the manner in which the conception of ,john ,bull and ,uncle ,sam and other analogous types1 has been gradually built up by almost imperceptible degrees1 each artist preserving all the essential work of his predecessor1 and adding a certain indefinable something of his own1 until a certain definite portrait has been produced1 a permanent ideal1 whose characteristic features the cartoonists of the future could no more alter arbitrarily than they could the features of ,bismarck or ,gladstone4 ,and not only have these crystallized types become accepted by the nation at large1--not only is ,uncle ,sam the same familiar figure1 tall and lanky1 from the ,new ,york ,puck to the ,san ,francisco ,wasp1--but gradually these national types have migrated and crossed the seas1 and to-day they are the common property of comic artists of all nations4 ,john ,bull and the ,russian ,bear1 ,columbia and the ,american ,eagle1 are essentially the same1 whether we meet them in the press of ,canada1 ,australia1 ,cape ,colony1 or the ,united ,states4 ,and for the very reason that there is so little variety in the obvious features1 the mere physical contour1 the subtler differences due to race prejudice and individual limitations are all the more significant and interesting4 ,there are cases1 and comparatively recent cases1 too1 where race-prejudice has found expression in such rampant and illogical violence as prompted many of the ,spanish cartoons during our recent war over ,cuba1 in which ,americans were regularly portrayed as hogs--big hogs and little hogs1 some in hog-pens1 others running at large--but one and all of them as hogs4 ,the cartoonists of the ,continent1 ,frenchmen1 ,germans1 and ,italians alike1 have difficulty in accepting the ,anglo-,saxon type of ,john ,bull4 ,instead1 they usually portray him as a sort of sad-faced travesty upon ,lord ,dundreary1 a tall1 lank1 much bewhiskered milord1 familiar to patrons of ,continental farce-comedy4 ,but it is not in cases like these that race prejudice becomes interesting4 ,there is nothing subtle or suggestive in mere vituperation1 whether verbal or pictorial1 any more than in the persistent representation of a nation by a type which is no sense representative4 ,on the other hand1 the subtle variations of expression in the ,john ,bull of contemporary ,american artists1 or the ,uncle ,sam of ,british caricature1 will repay careful study4 ,they form a sort of sensitive barometer of public sentiment in the two countries1 and excepting during the rare periods of exceptional good feeling there is always in the ,englishman's conception of ,uncle ,sam a scarce-concealed suggestion of crafty malice in place of his customary kindly shrewdness1 while conversely1 our portrayal of ,john ,bull is only too apt to convert that bluff1 honest-hearted country gentleman into a sort of arrogant blusterer1 greedy for gain1 yet showing the vein of cowardice distinctive of the born bully4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,years ,,of ,,turbulence ,in marked contrast to the preceding lengthy period of tranquillity1 the closing decade of the nineteenth century witnessed a succession of wars and international crises well calculated to stimulate the pencils of every cartoonist worthy of the name4 ,one has only to recall that to this period belong the conflict between ,china and ,japan1 the brief clash between ,greece and ,turkey1 the beginning of our policy of expansion1 with the annexation of ,hawaii1 our own war with ,spain1 and ,england's protracted struggle in the ,transvaal1 to realize how rich in stirring events these few years have been1 and what opportunities they offer for dramatic caricature4 ,illustration3 ,i4 ,absolute ,monarchy4 ,,ii4 ,constitutional ,government4 ,,iii4 ,middle ,class ,republic4 ,,iv4 ,social ,republic4 ,a ,present ,day ,lesson4 ,from the ,revue ,encyclopedique4 ,illustration3 ,a ,punch slip3 a cartoon published in anticipation of an event which did not occur--viz4 the meeting of ,general ,gordon and ,general ,stewart at ,khartoum4 ,by ,tenniel1 ,february #g1 #ahhe4 ,illustration3 ,telegram1 ,thursday morning1 ,feb4 #e4--,khartoum taken by the ,mahdi4 ,general ,gordon's fate uncertain4 ,by ,tenniel1 ,february #ad1 #ahhe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,london ,times and the ,spurious ,parnell ,letters4 ,a cartoon produced in an earlier chapter1 entitled ,waiting1 showed ,general ,gordon gazing anxiously across the desert at the mirage which was conjured up by his fevered brain1 taking the clouds of the horizon to be the guns of the approaching ,british army of relief4 ,early in #ahhe the relief expedition started under the command of ,general ,henry ,stewart1 and on ,february #g there was published in ,punch the famous cartoon ,at ,last1 showing the meeting between ,gordon and the relieving general4 ,this was a famous ,punch slip4 ,that meeting never occurred4 ,for on ,february #e1 two days before the appearance of the issue containing the cartoon1 ,khartoum had been taken by the ,mahdi4 ,the following week ,tenniel followed up ,at ,last with the cartoon ,too ,late1 which showed the ,mahdi and his fanatic following pouring into ,khartoum1 while stricken ,britannia covers her eyes4 ,illustration3 ,tenniel's ,famous ,cartoon at the ,time of ,bismarck's ,retirement4 ,the ,times challenge to ,charles ,stewart ,parnell was1 of course1 recorded in the caricature of ,punch4 ,the ,thunderer1 it will be remembered1 published letters1 which it believed to be genuine1 involving ,parnell in the murders of ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish and ,mr4 ,burke in ,phoenix ,park1 ,dublin1 in #ahhb4 ,when these letters were proved to have been forged by ,pigot1 ,punch published a cartoon showing the ,times doing penance4 ,both of these cartoons were by ,tenniel4 ,the ,challenge appeared in the issue of ,april #cj1 #ahhg1 and ,penance almost two years later1 ,march #i1 #ahhi4 ,illustration3 ,l'enfant ,terrible4 ,the ,baccarat ,scandal at ,tranby ,croft in #ahia4 ,from ,puck4 ,a cartoon which marked ,tenniel's genius at its height1 a cartoon worthy of being ranked with that which depicted the ,british ,lion's vengeance on the ,bengal ,tiger after the atrocities of the ,sepoy rebellion1 was his famous ,dropping the ,pilot1 which was published on ,march #bi1 #ahij1 after ,william ,,ii4 of ,germany had decided to dispense with the services of the ,iron ,chancellor4 ,over the side of the ship of state the young ,emperor is leaning complacently looking down on the grim old pilot1 who has descended the ladder and is about to step into the boat that is to bear him ashore4 ,the original sketch of this cartoon was finished by ,tenniel as a commission from ,lord ,rosebery1 who gave it to ,bismarck4 ,the picture is said to have pleased both the ,emperor and the ,prince4 ,illustration3 ,william ,bluebeard4 ,my first two wives are dead4 ,take care1 ,hohenlohe1 lest the same fate overtake you4 ,from ,la ,silhouette 7,paris74 ,the baccarat scandal at ,tranby ,croft and the subsequent trial at which the then ,prince of ,wales was present as a witness was a rich morsel for the caricaturist in the early summer of #ahia4 ,not only in ,england1 but on the ,continent and in this country1 the press was full of jibes and banter at the ,prince's expense4 ,the ,german comic paper1 ,ulk1 suggested pictorially a new coat-of-arms for his ,royal ,highness in which various playing cards1 dice1 and chips were much in evidence4 ,in another issue the same paper gives a ,german reading from ,shakspere in which it censures the ,prince in much the same manner that ,falstaff censured the wild ,harry of ,henry ,,iv4 ,the ,london cartoonists all had their slings with varying good nature4 ,fun represented the ,prince as the ,prodigal ,son being forgiven by the paternal ,british nation4 ,point to this cartoon was given by the fact that the pantomime ,l',enfant ,prodigue was being played at the time in the ,prince of ,wales' ,theater4 ,the ,pall ,mall ,budget showed the ,queen and the ,heir ,apparent enjoying a quiet evening over the card table at home4 ,the ,prince is saying3 ,ah1 well6 ,i must give up baccarat and take to cribbage with mamma4 ,illustration3 ,christianity and the ,bible in ,china4 ,an exact copy of a ,chinese native cartoon4 ,reproduced in the ,san ,francisco ,wasp1 ,jan4 #b1 #aihb4 ,moonshine1 in a cartoon entitled ,aren't they ,rather ,overdoing it8 took a kindlier and a more charitable view of the whole affair4 ,his ,royal ,highness is explaining the matter to a most horrible looking ,british ,pharisee4 ,don't be too hard on me1 ,mr4 ,stiggins1 he says4 ,i am not such a bad sort of a fellow1 on the whole4 ,you mustn't believe all that you read in the papers4 ,the nature of the ,american caricature of the scandal may be understood from the cartoon which we reproduce from ,puck4 ,this cartoon speaks for itself4 ,illustration3 ,japan--,does it hurt up ,there8 ,from ,kladderadatsch4 ,illustration3 ,business at the ,death-,bed--,uncle ,sam as ,undertaker4 ,from ,kladderadatsch 7,berlin74 ,illustration3 ,the ,start for the ,china ,cup4 ,from ,moonshine 7,london74 ,the ,emperor ,william and his chancellors inspired ,la ,silhouette1 of ,paris1 to a very felicitous cartoon entitled ,william ,bluebeard4 ,william is warning ,hohenlohe and pointing to a closet in which are hanging the bodies of ,bismarck and ,caprivi1 robed in feminine apparel4 ,my first two wives are dead1 says ,bluebeard4 ,take care1 ,hohenlohe1 lest the same fate overtake you6 ,the increase in ,european armament in #ahib suggested to ,tenniel the idea of the cartoon ,the ,road to ,ruin1 which appeared ,november #e of that year4 ,it shows the figures of two armed horsemen1 ,france and ,germany1 each burdened with armies of four million men1 riding along ,the ,road to ,ruin4 ,their steeds1 weighed down by the burdens they bear1 are faltering in their strides4 ,a cartoon published shortly afterwards in the ,london ,fun shows the figure of ,peace welcoming the emperors of ,germany and ,austria1 and urging them hospitably to lay aside their sword-belts4 ,thanks1 ,madam1 rejoins ,kaiser ,wilhelm1 but we would rather retain them--in your behalf6 ,illustration3 ,tableau4 ,end of the ,chinese-,japanese ,war4 ,from ,toronto ,grip4 ,the brief war between ,china and ,japan was necessarily of a nature to suggest cartoons of infinite variety4 ,it was the quick1 aggressive bantam against a huge but unwieldy opponent1 and one of the earliest cartoons in ,punch utilized this idea in ,the ,corean ,cock ,fight4 ,the big and clumsy ,shanghai is warily watching his diminutive foe1 while the ,russian bear1 contentedly squatting in the background1 is saying softly to himself3 ,hi6 whichever wins1 ,i see my way to a dinner4 ,every feature of ,chinese life offered something to the caricaturists4 ,for instance1 in a cartoon entitled ,the ,first ,installment1 ,london ,fun shows the ,jap slashing off the ,chinaman's pigtail4 ,now this idea of the pigtail in one form or another was carried through to the end of the war4 ,for example the ,berlin ,ulk offers a simple solution of the whole controversy in a picture entitled ,how the ,northern ,alexander ,might ,cut the ,corean ,knot4 ,china and ,japan1 with their pigtails hopelessly tangled in a knot labeled ,corea1 are tugging desperately in opposite directions1 while ,russia1 knife in one hand and scissors in the other1 is preparing to cut off both pigtails close to the heads of his two victims4 ,illustration3 ,the ,chinese ,exclusion ,act4 ,from ,the ,san ,francisco ,wasp4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,republican ,circus4 ,this is considered by ,mr4 ,opper as one of his most effective political cartoons4 ,illustration3 ,to the ,rescue6 ,punch characteristically represented the contending nations as two boys engaged in a street fight1 while the various powers of ,europe are looking on4 ,john ,chinaman has obviously had very much the worst of the fray2 his features are battered2 he is on the ground1 and bawling lustily1 ,boo-hoo6 he hurtee me welly much6 ,no peacey man come stoppy him6 ,the end of the war was commemorated by ,toronto ,grip in a tableau showing a huge ,chinaman on his knees1 while a little ,jap is standing on top of the ,chinaman's head toying with the defeated man's pigtail4 ,kladderadatsch1 of ,berlin1 printed a very amusing and characteristic cartoon when the war was at an end3 ,business at the death-bed--,uncle ,sam as ,undertaker4 ,this pictorial skit alludes to the proposition from the ,united ,states that ,china pay her war indemnity to ,japan in silver4 ,it shows a stricken ,chinaman tucked in a ludicrous bed and about to breathe his last4 ,uncle ,sam1 as an enterprising undertaker1 has thrust his way in and insists on showing the dying man his handsome new style of coffin4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,gladstone in the ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,the ,boulanger ,excitement4 ,the ,noisy ,boy in the ,european ,lodging ,house4 ,from ,judge4 ,illustration3 ,yes1 ,citizens1 since the ,disarmament ,this has been made into a ,telescope4 ,fortunately it was not a ,muzzle-loader1 so they have been able to put a ,lens at both ,ends4 ,a ,french cartoon aimed at the ,peace ,conference4 ,illustration3 ,a ,fixture4 ,illustration3 ,a ,group of modern ,french ,caricaturists4 ,still another clever cartoon in which the ,kladderadatsch summed up the situation at the close of the war shows a map of the eastern hemisphere1 distorted into a likeness of a much-perturbed lady1 the ,british ,isles forming her coiffure1 ,europe her arms and body1 and ,asia the flowing drapery of her skirts4 ,japan1 saw in hand1 has just completed the amputation of one of her feet--,formosa--and has the other--,corea--half sawn off4 ,does it hurt you up there8 he is asking1 gazing up at the ,european portion of his victim4 ,the same periodical a few months later forcibly called attention to the fact that while ,france and ,russia were both profiting by the outcome of the war1 ,germany was likely to go away empty-handed4 ,it is entitled ,the ,partition of the ,earth3 an ,epilogue to the ,chinese ,loan4 ,china1 represented as a fat1 overgrown mandarin1 squatting comfortably on his throne1 serene in the consciousness that his financial difficulties are adjusted for the time being1 is explaining the situation to ,prince ,hohenlohe1 who is waiting1 basket in hand1 for a share of the spoils4 ,on one side ,russia is bearing off a toy engine and train of cars1 labeled ,manchuria1 and on the other ,france is contentedly jingling the keys to a number of ,chinese seaports4 ,the world has been given away1 ,china is saying2 ,kwangtung1 ,kwangsi1 and ,yuennan are no longer mine4 ,but if you will live in my celestial kingdom you need not feel any embarrassment2 your uselessness has charmed us immensely4 ,the ,boulanger excitement1 which so roused ,france until the bubble was effectually pricked by the lawyer ,floquet's fencing sword1 was satirized by ,judge in a cartoon entitled ,the ,noisy ,boy in the ,european ,lodging ,house4 ,the scene is a huge dormitory in which the various ,european powers have just settled down in their separate beds for a quiet night's rest when ,boulanger1 with a paper cap on his head1 comes marching through1 loudly beating a drum4 ,in an instant all is turmoil4 ,king ,humbert of ,italy is shown in the act of hurling his royal boot at the offending intruder4 ,the ,czar of ,russia has opened his eyes and his features are distorted with wrath4 ,bismarck is shaking his iron fist4 ,the ,emperor of ,austria is getting out of bed1 apparently with the intention of inflicting dire punishment on the interrupter of his slumbers4 ,even the ,sultan of ,turkey1 long accustomed to disturbances from all quarters1 has joined in the popular outcry4 ,the lodgers with one voice are shouting1 ,drat that ,boy6 ,why doesn't he let us have some rest8 ,the old allegorical ideal of ,christian passing through the dangers of the ,valley of the ,shadow of ,death in ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 which has been appearing in caricature every now and then since ,gillray used it against ,napoleon1 was employed by ,tenniel in a cartoon of ,mr4 ,gladstone and ,home ,rule published in ,punch1 ,april #ae1 #ahic4 ,the old warrior1 sword in hand1 is making his way slowly along the narrow and perilous wall of ,home ,rule4 ,on either side are the bogs of disaster1 suggestive of his fate in case his foot should slip4 ,the ,panama scandals in ,france and the ensuing revelations of general political trickery suggested one of ,sambourne's best cartoons1 that depicting ,france descending into the maelstrom of corruption4 ,this cartoon appeared in the beginning of #ahic4 ,it shows ,france in the figure of a woman going supinely over the rapids1 to be hurled into the whirlpool below4 ,illustration3 ,the ,anglo-,french ,war ,barometer4 ,fashoda666 ,fashoda66 ,,fashoda6 ,fashoda4 ,from ,kladderadatsch 7,berlin74 ,british feeling on the ,fashoda affair was summed up by ,tenniel in two cartoons which appeared in ,october and ,november1 in #ahih4 ,the first of these called ,quit-,pro ,quo8 was marked by a vindictive bitterness which appeared rather out of place in the ,punch of the last quarter of the century4 ,but it must be remembered that for a brief time feeling ran very high in both countries over the affair4 ,in this cartoon ,france is represented as an organ-grinder who persists in grinding out the obnoxious ,fashoda tune to the intense annoyance of the ,british householder4 ,the second cartoon represents the ,sphinx with the head of ,john ,bull4 ,john ,bull is grimly winking his left eye1 to signify that he regards himself very much of a fixture in ,egypt4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,american ,,parties ,,and ,,platforms ,the dangerous condition in which the ,united ,states found itself about the time we began the building of our new and greater navy was depicted in ,judge by the cartoon entitled1 ,rip ,van ,winkle ,awakes at ,last4 ,it shows a white-bearded1 white-haired ,uncle ,sam seated on a rock about which the tide is rapidly rising1 looking round at the great modern armaments of ,england and ,france and ,germany and ,italy1 and murmuring1 as he thinks of his own antiquated wooden ships of war and brick forts1 ,why1 ,i'm twenty years behind the age4 ,in his old hat1 with the broken crown1 are the feathers of ,farragut1 ,perry1 ,paul ,jones1 and ,lawrence1 but these alone are not enough1 nor will even the ,spirit of '#gf1 which hovers over him in the shape of an eagle1 quite suffice4 ,he has his musket of #ahab and his muzzle-loading gun of #ahfd1 but in the background are those huge cannon of ,european foes and above them is the gaunt1 grim figure of a helmeted ,death4 ,a little more and it would have been too late4 ,now there is yet time4 ,rip ,van ,winkle awakes at last4 ,an interesting variant upon the old type of ,presidential ,steeplechase cartoons appeared in ,puck during the summer of #ahib1 after the ,republican convention at ,minneapolis and the ,democratic convention at ,chicago had respectively nominated ,mr4 ,harrison and ,mr4 ,cleveland4 ,the cartoon is entitled ,they're ,off6 and is drawn with admirable spirit4 ,the scene is a ,roman amphitheater1 and the two ,presidential candidates1 in the guise of charioteers1 are guiding their mettlesome steeds in a mad gallop around the arena4 ,mr4 ,cleveland's horses1 ,tariff ,reform and ,economy1 are running steadily1 and seem to be slowly forging to the front1 while those of ,mr4 ,harrison1 ,high ,protection and ,force ,bill1 are not pulling well together1 and with ears pointed forward1 look as though they might at any moment become unmanageable4 ,illustration3 ,rip ,van ,winkle wakes at last4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,illustration3 ,they're off6 ,the ,presidential race between ,harrison and ,cleveland in #ahib4 ,from ,puck4 ,illustration3 ,where am ,i at8 ,the famous redrawn cartoon which in its original form depicted ,mr4 ,cleveland and the ,democratic ,party disastrously routed at the polls in #ahib4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,in connection with this campaign of #ahib1 there was no cartoon of more interest than that entitled ,where ,am ,i ,at8 which ,bernard ,gillam drew for ,judge1 and this interest lies less in the cartoon itself than in the amusing story of its conception and execution4 ,right up to election day not only ,gillam1 but the entire staff of ,judge1 were perfectly confident of ,republican success at the polls4 ,to them the election seemed to be a mere formality which had to be gone through with1 in order that ,general ,harrison might remain in the ,white ,house for four years more4 ,so a conference was held1 after which ,mr4 ,gillam began work on the cartoon which was to commemorate the ,republican victory4 ,the idea used was that of a general smash-up1 with ,mr4 ,cleveland in the middle of the debacle and the ,republican elephant marching triumphantly over the ruins4 ,along these lines a double-page cartoon was drawn with an immense variety of detail1 reproduced1 and made ready for the press4 ,election ,day came around1 and a few hours after the polls had been closed it became evident1 to the consternation of ,mr4 ,gillam and his associates1 that instead of the expected ,republican victory1 ,mr4 ,cleveland had swept the country by overwhelming majorities4 ,what was to be done8 ,it was too late to prepare another cartoon1 so that the plate already made was taken from the press1 and the cartoonist set to work4 ,to the discomfited countenance of ,mr4 ,cleveland ,gillam attached a beard which transformed the face into a likeness to that of the defeated ,republican candidate4 ,a huge patch drawn over one of the eyes of the ,republican elephant changed its appearance of elation to one of the most woe-begone depression4 ,other slight changes in the legends here and there throughout the picture transformed its nature to such an extent that only the most practiced eye could detect anything that was not wholly spontaneous and genuine4 ,to cap it all1 in a corner of the picture ,gillam drew a likeness of himself in the form of a monkey turning an uncomfortable somersault4 ,with a knowledge of these facts the reader by a close examination of this cartoon1 which is reproduced in this volume1 will undoubtedly detect the lines along which the lightning change was made4 ,nevertheless1 it will be impossible for him to deny that the transformation was cleverly done4 ,illustration3 ,the ,political ,columbus who will not land in #ahib4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,besides being the year of the ,presidential campaign1 #ahib was a year when the thoughts of ,americans were turned backward four centuries to the time when ,christopher ,columbus first landed on the shore of the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,the original ships of ,columbus's fleet were being brought over the water from ,spain2 the ,columbus idea was being exploited everywhere in topical song and light opera2 and it would have been strange indeed if it had failed to play some part in political caricature4 ,gillam in ,judge made use of it in the cartoon entitled ,the ,political ,columbus ,who ,will ,,not ,land in '#ib4 ,it represents the ship of the ,democracy with ,mr4 ,cleveland as ,columbus gazing anxiously and uneasily at the horizon4 ,at the bow of the ship is the lion's head and the shield of ,britannia1 in allusion to ,mr4 ,cleveland's alleged pro-,english sympathies4 ,the sail upon which the ship is relying for its progress is marked ,free ,trade and is a woefully patched and weather-beaten bit of canvas4 ,the crew of the ship is a strange assortment which suggests all sorts of mutiny and piracy4 ,in the front of the vessel and close behind the captain are ,dana1 ,croker1 ,sheehan1 and ,hill4 ,beyond them we see the figures of ,cochran1 ,carlisle1 ,crisp1 ,brice1 and ,mills and ,flower4 ,in the far aft are ,blackburn and ,gorman4 ,evidently crew and captain are animated by despair1 although the gull1 bearing the features of ,mr4 ,pulitzer1 of the ,new ,york ,world1 that is circling around the ship1 shows that land is not so many miles away4 ,i don't see land1 cries ,cleveland-,columbus4 ,and the despairing crew1 pointing to the ,free ,trade sail1 calls back1 ,and you never will with that rotten canvas4 ,illustration3 ,map of the ,united ,states4 ,in contrast with the vindictive and malicious character of the cartoons which heralded ,mr4 ,cleveland's first election1 there was a marked absence of unpleasant personalities in those which belong to the period of his second term4 ,there was no disposition1 however1 to spare him in regard to the growing difficulty he had in holding his party together or his assumption of what ,republicans regarded as an entirely unwarranted degree of authority4 ,this autocratic spirit was cleverly satirized by a cartoon in ,judge1 to which allusion has already been made4 ,it consists simply of a map of the ,united ,states so drawn as to form a grotesque likeness of the ,president4 ,he is bending low in an elaborate bow1 in which mock-humility and glowing self-satisfaction are amusingly blended1 his folded hands forming the ,florida peninsula1 his coat-tails projecting into lower ,california4 ,beneath is inscribed the following paraphrase3 ,my country1 'tis of ,,me1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of ,,me ,i sing6 ,mr4 ,cleveland's troubles with his party began early in his second administration4 ,as early as ,april we find him depicted by ,judge as the ,political ,bull in the ,democratic ,china-,shop4 ,the bull has already had time to do a vast amount of havoc4 ,the plate-glass window1 commanding a view of the national capitol1 is a wreck1 and the floor is strewn with the remains of delicate cups and platters1 amidst which may still be recognized fragments of the ,baltimore ,machine1 ,rewards for ,workers1 ,wishes of the ,leaders1 etc4 ,an elaborate vase1 marked ,n4 ,y4 ,machine1 and bearing a portrait of ,senator ,hill1 is just toppling over1 to add its fragments to the general wreckage4 ,illustration3 ,return of the ,southern ,flags4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,illustration3 ,the ,champion ,masher of the ,universe4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,the general depression of trade and the much-debated issue of tariff reform recur again and again in the caricatures of the second ,cleveland administration1 especially after the ,republican landslide of #ahic4 ,thus1 in ,december of that year1 a significant cartoon in ,judge represents the leading statesmen of each party engaged in a game of ,national ,football1 the two goals being respectively marked ,protection and ,free ,trade4 ,halfback ,hill is saying1 ,brace up1 ,cap2 we've got the ball1 and ,captain ,grover1 nursing a black eve1 rejoins disconsolately1 ,that's all very well1 boys1 but they've scored against us1 and we've got to put up the game of our lives to beat them4 ,in ,january the same periodical published a pessimistic sketch1 showing ,uncle ,sam1 shivering with cold1 and his hands plunged deep into his pockets1 gloomily watching the mercury in the ,industrial ,thermometer sinking steadily lower from protection and plenty1 through idleness1 misery1 and starvation1 to the zero point of free trade4 ,durn the ,democratic weather1 anyway1 says ,uncle ,sam4 ,a more hopeful view of the situation found expression in ,puck1 in a cartoon entitled ,relief at ,hand4 ,labor1 in the guise of an ,alpine traveler1 has fallen by the wayside1 and lies half buried beneath the snows of the ,mc,kinley ,tariff4 ,help1 however1 has come1 in the form of a ,st4 ,bernard1 named ,wilson ,tariff ,bill1 while ,cleveland1 in the guise of a monk1 is hastening from the neighboring monastery1 drawn in the semblance of the national capitol4 ,still another cartoon harping on the need of tariff reform represents ,mc,kinley and the other leading ,republicans as ,ponce de ,leon and ,his ,followers1 gathered around a pool labeled ,high ,protection ,doctrine4 ,they think it is the fountain of political youth and strength1 but it is only a stagnant pool that is almost dried up4 ,among the many caricatures in which ,judge supported the opposite side1 and heaped ridicule on the ,wilson ,bill1 one of the best shows ,uncle ,sam retiring for the night1 and examining with disgust and wrath the meager crazy quilt 7the ,wilson ,bill7 with which he has been provided in lieu of blankets4 ,i'll freeze to death1 he is grumbling1 and yet some of those idiots call this a protective measure4 ,illustration3 ,the ,harrison ,platform4 ,by ,keppler in ,puck4 ,mr4 ,cleveland's determination to return to the ,south the flags captured in the ,war of ,secession1 in the hopes of putting an end to sectional feeling1 brought down upon his head the wrath of the more extreme ,republican element1 a wrath which was reflected strongly1 editorially and pictorially1 in the papers of the day4 ,this suggested to ,judge the cartoon entitled ,halt1 in which ,mr4 ,cleveland1 in the act of handing back the captured flags1 is restrained by the spirit of ,lincoln1 which says1 ,had you fought for those flags you would not be so quick to give them away6 ,to which ,mr4 ,cleveland is made to reply1 ,great ,scott6 ,i thought you were dead and forgotten long ago4 ,i only meant to please ,mr4 ,solid ,south4 ,they're rubbish1 anyhow4 ,this is another cartoon from the hand of the prolific ,gillam4 ,the movement for the annexation of the ,hawaiian ,islands1 which occurred in the spring of #ahic1 and which many ,americans were inclined to regard with suspicion and disfavor1 was commemorated in a great variety of cartoons1 both in this country and abroad4 ,it was only natural that a movement which owed its inception to a ,republican administration1 should receive the cordial approval and indorsement of ,judge4 ,a cartoon1 dated ,february #ah1 represents ,columbia in the guise of an exemplary modern school-mistress1 serenely holding in order her turbulent class of mingled ,chinese1 negroes1 ,indians1 ,italian organ-grinders1 and ,russian anarchists1 while she gives a cordial welcome to the small1 half-naked new scholar from the ,pacific1 who is timidly begging to be admitted4 ,canada1 represented as a demure little maiden1 stands just behind ,hawaii1 an interested spectator1 apparently more than half inclined to follow his example4 ,in much the same spirit was a design that appeared in the ,wasp1 representing ,uncle ,sam in the character of ,st4 ,peter1 holding the key to ,america's political paradise4 ,poor little imp1 he is saying to the ,hawaiian applicant1 ,i don't see why ,i should shut you out1 when ,i've let in all the tramps of the world already4 ,another cartoon which appeared in ,judge was entitled1 ,the ,champion ,masher of the ,universe4 ,this represents ,hawaii under the form of a dusky but comely damsel1 being borne off complacently by a gorgeously attired ,uncle ,sam1 while his discomfited rivals are looking on in chagrin and disgust4 ,these rivals are ,england1 under the form of ,john ,bull2 ,france1 shown under the features of ,president ,sadi ,carnot2 ,germany1 the ,emperor ,william2 and ,italy1 ,king ,humbert4 ,this cartoon was drawn by ,gillam4 ,illustration3 ,the ,end of the ,chilian ,affair4 ,from ,judge4 ,the ,toronto ,grip saw the matter in quite a different aspect4 ,hawaii1 a badly frightened savage1 is bound to a stake1 while ,uncle ,sam1 in the guise of a missionary1 is whetting the knife of annexation1 preparing to give him the coup-de-grace1 and at the same time waving off ,john ,bull1 who holds his knife1 ,protectorate1 with similar intent4 ,hold up1 says ,hawaii1 didn't you say it was wrong to eat man8 and ,uncle ,sam rejoins benevolently1 ,yes--but--well1 circumstances alter cases1 and the interests of civilization and commerce1 you know ---- ,you keep off1 ,john2 he's my meat4 ,the suggestion that ,england was merely waiting for a good excuse to step in and take possession of ,hawaii1 while the ,american administration and ,congress were trying to reach an understanding1 was eagerly seized upon by other journals as well as ,grip1 especially in ,germany4 ,the ,berlin ,ulk portrayed ,queen ,liliuokalani1 armed with a broom1 angrily sweeping ,uncle ,sam from his foothold in ,honolulu1 while ,john ,bull1 firmly established on two of the smaller islands1 laughs to his heart's content1 so the legend runs1 but the ,yankee is mad with rage4 ,in similar spirit the ,kladderadatsch depicts ,john ,bull and ,uncle ,sam as ,two ,good ,old ,friends1 trying to balance their interests in the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,with clasped hands the two rivals are see-sawing backwards and forwards1 each striving to retain a precarious foothold1 as they straddle the ,pacific from ,samoa to ,hawaii1 and each quite oblivious of the discomfort of the squirming little natives that they are crushing under heel4 ,the fiasco of ,mr4 ,cleveland's attempt to restore ,queen ,liliuokalani to her throne was hit off in ,judge by a cartoon portraying him as ,don ,quixote1 physically much the worse for wear1 as a result of his latest tilt at the ,hawaiian windmill4 ,the knight's spirit1 however1 is unbroken1 and he is receiving philosophically the well-meant consolation of ,sancho ,panza ,gresham4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,mckinley as a ,political ,tam o' ,shanter4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,illustration3 ,don ,quixote ,bryan meets ,disaster in his ,encounter with the full ,dinner ,pail4 ,by ,victor ,gillam in ,judge4 ,illustration3 ,outing of the ,anarchists4 ,another cartoon of sterling literary flavor is that representing ,mr4 ,mc,kinley as a political ,tam o' ,shanter1 which appeared during the exciting election of #ahif4 ,the countenance of ,tam in this cartoon shows none of the anxiety and mental perturbation of the hero of ,burns' poems4 ,you can see that he has full confidence in his good mare1 ,national ,credit1 and is perfectly convinced that she will carry him unscathed over the road to ,good ,times1 ,prosperity1 and ,protection4 ,the carlins have been close at his mare's heels1 however1 and as he passes the bridge over which they dare not cross1 the foremost of his pursuers has caught and pulled away as a trophy the tail of the steed4 ,the tail1 however1 is something with which he can well part1 for it typifies four years of business depression4 ,the leaders of the pursuing carlins are ,free ,trade1 ,anarchy1 ,sectionalism1 and ,popocracy4 ,illustration3 ,to the ,death4 ,mr4 ,bryan's appeal to the farmer in #ahif was hit off by ,hamilton in a powerful1 but exceedingly blasphemous1 cartoon entitled ,the ,temptation4 ,bryan in the form of a huge angel of darkness has taken the farmer to the top of a high mountain to show him the riches of the world4 ,as far as the eye can see stretch oceans and cities and hills and rivers and mountains of silver4 ,it is a great pity that so grim and powerful a cartoon should have been marred by that display of bad taste which has been too frequent in the history of caricature4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,weyler ,ape4 ,the caricature produced by the campaign between ,mr4 ,mc,kinley and ,mr4 ,bryan in #aijj offers few1 if any1 cartoons more admirable than that by ,mr4 ,victor ,gillam1 representing ,don ,quixote ,bryan meeting disaster in his fight against the full dinner pail4 ,this cartoon has that literary flavor which has been too much lacking in ,american caricature1 and which raises this particular cartoon far above the average in the same school4 ,the idea1 of course1 is based on ,don ,quixote's disastrous encounter with the windmill1 which that poor crack-brained gentleman took to be a giant4 ,the body of the windmill is a huge dinner pail and its arms are a crossed knife and fork4 ,don ,quixote1 incased in armor from head to foot1 and mounted on the ,democratic donkey with free silver for a saddle1 has tilted against the solid structure with disastrous results4 ,his lance is shattered1 and he and his faithful steed lie prostrate and discomfited on opposite sides of the road4 ,the ,sancho ,panza needed to complete the picture appears under the familiar features of ,mr4 ,richard ,croker1 who1 leading the ,tammany ,tiger by a rope1 is hurrying to his master's assistance4 ,in the distance may be seen the ,white ,house1 but the road in that direction is completely barred by the stanch windmill that has so successfully resisted the mad knight's onslaught4 ,illustration3 ,we are the ,people4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,the ,,spanish-,,american ,,war ,the pent-up feeling throughout the ,united ,states1 which reached a dangerous degree of tension during the weeks preceding the declaration of war against ,spain1 was forcibly symbolized in the ,minneapolis ,herald4 ,the dome of the ,national ,capitol is portrayed1 surmounted by a ,congressional safety-valve4 ,mc,kinley1 clinging to the cupola1 is anxiously listening to the roar of the imprisoned steam1 which is escaping in vast war clouds1 in spite of all the efforts of ,speaker ,reed1 who is freely perspiring in his effort to hold down the valve4 ,illustration3 ,be ,careful6 ,it's ,loaded6 ,by ,victor ,gillam in ,judge4 ,one of those cartoons which are not to be forgotten in a day or a week or a month2 one which stirs the blood and rouses the mind to a new patriotism even when seen years after the events which inspired it1 is ,victor ,gillam's ,be ,careful6 ,it's ,loaded6 which appeared a few weeks before the outbreak of the ,spanish-,american ,war and which we deem worthy of being ranked among the twenty-five or thirty great cartoons which the nineteenth century has produced4 ,to realize to-day its full force and meaning one has to recall the peculiar tension under which the ,american people were laboring during the months of ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 #ahih4 ,the ,maine had been destroyed in ,havana ,harbor1 and although1 now that anger has died down1 we can no longer cling implacably to the belief1 which was then everywhere expressed1 that it was an act emanating from the ,spanish ,government1 at the time it was too much for our overwrought nerves2 the condition of ,cuba was growing every day more deplorable1 and everyone felt that the inevitable conflict was hourly at hand4 ,in the picture ,american patriotism is symbolized by a huge cannon4 ,a diminutive ,spaniard has climbed to the top of a mast of a ,spanish vessel and monkey-like is shaking his fist down the muzzle4 ,uncle ,sam1 standing by the gun and realizing the ,spaniard's imminent peril calls out1 excitedly1 ,be ,careful6 ,it's ,loaded6 a warning to which the latter seems little inclined to pay any attention4 ,in its very simplicity this cartoon differs greatly from most of those of the school of ,puck and ,judge4 ,there is none of that infinite variety of detail which makes an elaborate study necessary in order to arrive at a full comprehension of the meaning of a cartoon4 ,be ,careful6 ,it's ,loaded6 like the most striking ,english and ,french cartoons1 may be understood at a glance4 ,illustration3 ,speaker ,reed to ,mc,kinley--,you've got to bank the fire some way or other3 ,i can't hold in this steam much longer4 ,minneapolis ,tribune4 ,illustration3 ,the ,latest ,war ,bulletin4 ,by ,hamilton in ,judge4 ,a cartoon like ,grant ,e4 ,hamilton's ,the ,latest ,war ,bulletin we find amusing at the present time4 ,we did not find it so a little over five years ago4 ,this latest war bulletin1 printed in asbestos1 is supposed to have been just received from the infernal regions4 ,his ,satanic majesty1 with a sardonic grin upon his face1 has just composed it to his own entire satisfaction4 ,marked up on the burning furnace of ,hades it reads3 ,only ,spanish will be spoken here until further notice--,p4,s4 ,guests will please leave their crowns and ,spanish #d's in charge of the night clerk4 ,illustration3 ,a ,knife for the ,american ,pigs4 ,,piratical--7,spain accused an ,american ship of flying the ,spanish flag in order to cut the cable7 ,the result of the war--defeats4 ,,sampson--,where is ,cervera's fleet8 ,mc,kinley and ,england4 ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y--,i wonder what he holds8 ,the ,minister of ,revenue has a spoon for the war kettle4 ,spanish ,cartoons of the ,spanish-american ,war4 ,from ,don ,quijote 7,madrid74 ,another equally hideous cartoon by ,hamilton is that entitled ,the ,spanish ,brute ,adds ,mutilation to ,murder4 ,it shows a hideous ape-like monster representing ,spain1 one blood-dripping hand smearing the tombstones erected to the sailors of the ,maine and the other clutching a reeking knife4 ,all about him under the tropical trees are the bodies of his mutilated victims4 ,the expression of the monster's countenance is a lesson in national prejudice4 ,it shows how far a well-balanced nation may go in moments of bitterness and anger4 ,illustration3 ,the ,spanish ,brute--,adds ,mutilation to ,murder4 ,by ,hamilton in ,judge4 ,one of the most striking and amusing of all the cartoons evoked by the results of the ,spanish-,american ,war appeared in ,punch at a time when our departure from our traditional policy began to cause comment in ,europe4 ,there are two figures1 that of ,dame ,europa and that of ,uncle ,sam4 ,dame ,europa is a lady of frigid aspect1 with arms folded1 and who has drawn herself up to full height as she gazes scornfully at the complacent and unruffled ,uncle ,sam4 ,to whom do ,i owe the honor of this intrusion8 she asks icily4 ,marm1 my name is ,uncle ,sam4 ,any relation of the late ,colonel ,monroe8 is the scathing retort4 ,no less interesting than the ,american cartoons of the ,spanish ,war are those contributed by ,spain herself1 although in the light of subsequent events they are chiefly amusing for their overweening confidence and braggadocio insolence4 ,among the more extravagant flights of ,spanish imagination1 which later news turned into absurdities1 may be cited ,dewey's ,situation1 in which the victor of ,manila is represented as a disconsolate rat1 caught in the ,philippine mouse-trap2 ,cervera bottles up ,schley1 a situation which the sober facts of history afterwards reversed2 and ,mc,kinley's ,condition1 in which the ,president is represented as swathed in bandages1 and suffering severely from apocryphal injuries received at ,porto ,rico and ,cienfuegos4 ,all of these cartoons appeared at different times in the ,madrid ,don ,quijote1 which did not always keep on this level of empty boasting1 but occasionally produced some really clever caricature4 ,a regular feature of the ,spanish ,war cartoons was the ,american ,hog as a symbol of the ,united ,states1 and some of the applications of this idea in the ,don ,quijote were distinctly amusing4 ,for instance1 in reference to ,spain's accusation that an ,american ship flew the ,spanish flag at ,guantanamo in order to approach near enough to cut the cable1 ,america is shown as a fat hog1 triumphantly strutting along on its hind legs and ostentatiously waving the ,spanish colors4 ,again1 the ,sampson-,schley controversy is hit off in a picture showing ,sampson surrounded by a number of naval hogs1 each armed with gigantic shears and bent upon obtaining the ,admiral's scalp4 ,still another cartoon seeks to explain the real purpose in getting ,cuba away from ,spain4 ,a drove of pigs have clustered around a huge barrel of ,cuban molasses and are eagerly sucking the contents through tubes4 ,of a more dignified type are the caricatures representing ,spain as a beautiful and haughty ,senorita1 boldly showing how she keeps beneath her garter a knife for the ,american pigs2 or pointing to her shoe on which ,cuba serves as a buckle1 and arrogantly challenging a diminutive ,mc,kinley1 you can't unbuckle that shoe6 ,illustration3 ,you can't unbuckle that shoe4 ,cervera bottles up ,schley4 ,mc,kinley's condition4 ,dewey's situation4 ,after ,sampson's scalp4 ,america's ,real ,desire4 ,castelar writes a letter4 ,this is for you if you don't behave4 ,spanish ,cartoons of the ,spanish-,american ,war4 ,from the ,don ,quijote 7,madrid74 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,the ,,boer ,,war ,,and ,,the ,,dreyfus ,,case ,a cartoon which was a forerunner of the ,transvaal ,war and the railway between ,capetown and ,cairo was that entitled ,the ,rhodes ,colossus1 which appeared in ,punch ,december #aj1 #ahib4 ,it was by the hand of ,linley ,sambourne4 ,it shows a colossal figure of ,cecil ,rhodes standing on a map of ,africa with one foot planted in ,egypt and the other at the ,cape4 ,in his hands he holds a line suggesting the telegraph wire connecting the two places4 ,illustration3 ,the ,rhodes ,colossus4 ,by ,linley ,sambourne4 ,illustration3 ,the ,situation in ,south ,africa4 ,by ,gillam in ,judge4 ,illustration3 ,the ,english ,world ,kingdom1 or ,bloody ,cartography4 ,from the ,lustige ,blaetter4 ,although the ,german ,government refused to interfere in the protracted struggle in the ,transvaal1 the sympathy of ,germany with the ,boers found expression in a host of cartoons1 bitterly inveighing against ,british aggression4 ,thoroughly characteristic is one which appeared in the ,lustige ,blaetter entitled ,english ,world-,kingdom2 or1 ,bloody ,cartography4 ,a grossly distorted caricature of ,victoria is standing before a map of the world1 and dipping her pen in a cup of blood1 held for her by an army officer4 ,chamberlain1 at her elbow1 is explaining that the lowest corner down yonder1 must be painted red6 ,another of the ,lustige ,blaetter's grim cartoons1 alluding to the terrible price in human life that ,england paid for her ultimate victory in the ,transvaal1 depicts ,britannia1 as ,lady ,macbeth1 vainly trying to wash the stain from her bloody hands4 ,out1 damned spot6 ,in lighter vein is the cartoon which is here reproduced from the ,wiener ,humoristische ,blaetter showing ,oom ,paul at ,his ,favorite ,sport4 ,kruger1 rakishly arrayed in tennis garb1 is extracting infinite enjoyment from the congenial exercise of volleying ,english soldiers1 dressed up as shuttlecocks1 over the ,transvaal net into the watery ditch beyond4 ,illustration3 ,britannia as ,lady ,macbeth trying to wash away the ,stains of the ,boer ,war4 ,from the ,lustige ,blaetter4 ,illustration3 ,the ,flying ,dutchman4 ,minneapolis ,journal4 ,judged by the manner it was mirrored in the caricature of ,europe and ,america1 the ,dreyfus ,case assumed the magnitude of a great war or a crisis in national existence4 ,during the last two or three years that the degraded ,captain of ,artillery was a prisoner at ,devil's ,island1 when ,zola was furiously accusing1 and the ,general ,staff was talking about the ,honor of the ,army1 and ,france was divided into two angry camps1 one had only to glance at the current cartoons to realize that ,dreyfus was1 as the late ,g4 ,w4 ,steevens called him1 the most famous man in the world4 ,for a time the great personages of the earth were relegated to the background4 ,the monarchs and statesmen of ,europe were of interest and importance only so far as their careers affected that of the formerly obscure ,jewish officer4 ,illustration3 ,oom ,paul's ,favorite ,pastime4 ,from the ,wiener ,humoristische ,blaetter4 ,illustration3 ,up against the ,breastworks4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,rhodes--,the ,napoleon of ,south ,africa4 ,from the ,westminster ,budget 7,london74 ,perhaps the most famous of all the admirable cartoons dealing with l',affaire was the ,design for a ,new ,french ,bastile1 which was of ,german origin and which caused the paper publishing it to be excluded from ,french territory4 ,it appeared just after ,colonel ,henry had cut his throat with a razor in his cell in the ,fortress of ,vincennes1 when suspicions of collusion were openly expressed1 and some went so far as to hint that the prisoner's death might be a case of murder and not suicide4 ,the ,design for a ,new ,french ,bastile showed a formidable fortress on the lines of the famous prison destroyed in the ,french ,revolution with a row of the special cells beneath4 ,in one of these cells a loaded revolver was placed conspicuously on the chair2 in the next was seen a sharpened razor2 from a stout bar in a third cell dangled a convenient noose4 ,the inference was obvious1 and the fact that the cells were labeled for ,picquart1 for ,zola1 for ,labori and the other defenders of ,dreyfus gave the cartoon an added and sinister significance4 ,in caricature the ,dreyfus case was a battle between a small number of ,anti-,dreyfussard artists on the one hand1 and the ,dreyfus press with all the cartoonists of ,europe and the ,united ,states as its allies on the other4 ,the opportunity to exalt the prisoner1 to hold him up as a martyr1 to interpret pictorially the spirit of ,zola's ringing la verite est en marche1 et rien ne l'arretera6 offered a vast field for dramatic caricature4 ,on the other hand the cartoon against ,dreyfus and his defenders was essentially negative1 and the wonder is that the rout of the minority was not greater--it should have been a veritable sauve qui peut4 ,illustration3 ,fire6 ,from ,psst 7,paris74 ,illustration3 ,the last ,phase of the ,dreyfus ,case4 ,justice takes ,dreyfus into her car4 ,from ,amsterdammer4 ,the spirit of anti-,dreyfussard caricature was ,anti-,semitism4 ,one of the most striking of the cartoons on this side purported to contrast ,france before #aghi and ,france at the end of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,in the first picture we were shown a peasant toiling laboriously along a furrow in the ground1 bearing on his shoulders a beribboned and beplumed aristocrat of the old regime1 whose thighs grip the neck of the man below with the tenacity of the ,old ,man of the ,sea4 ,that was ,france before the ,revolution came with its bloody lesson4 ,in the picture showing ,france at the end of the ,nineteenth ,century there was the same peasant toiling along at the bottom1 but the burden under which he tottered was fivefold4 ,above him was the petty merchant1 who in turn carried on his shoulders the lawyer1 and so on until riding along1 arrogantly and ostentatiously1 at the top was the figure of the foreign-born ,jew1 secure through the possession of his tainted millions4 ,illustration3 ,toward ,freedom4 ,,madame ,,la ,,republique--,welcome1 ,m4 ,le ,capitaine4 ,let me hope that ,i may soon return you your sword4 ,from ,punch 7,london74 ,illustration3 ,a ,dutch ,view4 ,the present condition of the ,french general staff4 ,from ,amsterdammer4 ,illustration3 ,between ,scylla and ,charybdis4 ,,waldeck-,,rousseau--,forward1 dear friends1 look neither to the right nor the left1 and we will win through at last4 ,from ,humoristische ,blaetter 7,berlin74 ,the dangerous straits through which the ,waldeck-,rousseau ministry was obliged to pass were hit off in a cartoon appearing in the ,humoristische ,blaetter of ,berlin1 entitled ,between ,scylla and ,charybdis4 ,on one side of the narrow waterway a treacherous rock shows the yawning jaws of the ,army4 ,on the other side1 equally hideous and threatening1 gleam the sharpened teeth of the face typifying the ,dreyfus ,party4 ,waldeck-,rousseau1 appreciating the choppiness of the sea and the dangerous rocks1 calls to his gallant crew3 ,forward1 dear friends1 look neither to the right nor to the left1 and we will win through at last4 ,many of the cartoons dealing with the ,dreyfus case were mainly symbolic in their nature2 full of figures of ,justice with her ,scales1 ,justice ,blindfolded and with ,unsheathed ,sword1 ,swords of ,damocles and so on4 ,a ,dutch cartoon in ,amsterdammer1 entitled ,the ,last ,phase of the ,dreyfus ,case1 showed ,justice taking the unfortunate captain into her car4 ,the horses drawing the car were led by ,scheurer-,kestner and ,zola1 while following the chariot1 to which they are linked by ignominious chains1 were the discredited ,chiefs of the ,army4 ,the same paper humorously summed up the condition of the ,french ,general ,staff in a picture showing a falling house of which the occupants1 pulling at cross-purposes1 were accelerating the downfall4 ,the decision upon ,revision and the dispatching of the ,spax to ,cayenne to bring ,dreyfus back to ,france was commemorated in ,london ,punch in a dignified cartoon called ,toward ,freedom4 ,madame la ,republique greeted ,dreyfus3 ,welcome1 ,m4 le ,capitaine4 ,let me hope ,i may soon return you your sword4 ,the same phase of the case was more maliciously interpreted by ,lustige ,blaetter of ,berlin in a cartoon entitled ,at ,devil's ,island1 which showed the ,master of the ,island studying grinningly a number of officers whom he held in the hollow of his hand1 and saying3 ,they take away one captain from me3 but look here1 a whole handful of generals6 ,oh1 after all1 the arrangement is not so bad4 ,illustration3 ,at ,devil's ,island4 ,,the ,,master ,,of ,,the ,,island4--,they take away one captain from me2 but look here1 a whole handful of generals6 ,oh1 after all1 the arrangement is not so bad4 ,from ,lustige ,blaetter 7,berlin74 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,men ,,of ,,to-,,day ,with the ,spanish-,american ,war1 the ,affaire ,dreyfus in ,france1 and ,england's long struggle for supremacy in the ,transvaal1 the period arbitrarily chosen as the scope of this book comes to a brilliant and dramatic close4 ,but the cartoonist's work is never done4 ,nimble pencils are still busy1 as in the days of ,rowlandson and ,gillray1 in recording and in influencing the trend of history4 ,and although1 now and again during the past century1 there has been some individual cartoonist whose work has stood out more boldly and prominently than the work of any one of our contemporaries in ,europe or in this country stands out to-day1 there has never been a time in the whole history of comic art when ,caricature has held such sway and maintained such dignity1 and has enlisted in her service so many workers of the first talent and rank4 ,without alluding to the men of ,france and ,england1 what an array it is that contemporary ,american caricature presents6 ,c4 ,g4 ,bush of the ,new ,york ,world1 ,charles ,nelan of the ,new ,york ,herald1 ,frederick ,burr ,opper and ,homer ,davenport of the ,new ,york ,american and ,journal1 ,mahoney of the ,washington ,star1 ,bradley of the ,chicago ,evening-,news1 ,may of the ,detroit ,journal1 ,bart of the ,minneapolis ,journal1 ,mayfield of the ,new ,orleans ,times-,democrat1 ,victor ,gillam1 carrying on the traditions of his brother--,rogers1 ,walker1 ,hedrick1 ,bowman1 ,mc,cutcheon1 ,lambdin1 ,wallace1 ,leipziger1 ,berryman1 ,holme1 ,bartholemew1 ,carter1 ,steele1 ,powers1 ,barritt--and to name these men does not nearly exhaust the list of those artists whose clever work has amused and unconsciously influenced hundreds of thousands of thinking ,american men and women4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,g4 ,bush of ,the ,world4 ,the ,dean of ,active ,american ,cartoonists4 ,illustration3 ,willie and his ,papa4 ,what on earth are you doing in there1 ,willie8 ,teddy put me in4 ,he says it's the best place for me during the campaign4 ,there are interest and significance in the fact that a majority of the ablest caricaturists of to-day are devoting their talents almost exclusively to the daily press4 ,it is an exacting sort of work1 exhaustive both physically and mentally4 ,the mere idea of producing a single daily cartoon1 week in and week out1--thirty cartoons a month1 three hundred and sixty-five cartoons a year1 with the regularity of a machine1--is in itself appalling4 ,and yet a steadily growing number of artists are turning to this class of work1 and one reason for this is that they realize that through the medium of the daily press their influence is more far-reaching than it possibly can be in the pages of the comic weeklies1 and that at the same time the exigencies of journalism allow more scope for individuality than do the carefully planned cartoons of papers like ,puck or ,judge4 ,speed and originality are the two prime requisites of the successful newspaper cartoon of to-day1 a maximum of thought expressed in a minimum of lines1 apposite1 clear-cut1 and incisive1 like a well-written editorial4 ,indeed1 our leading cartoonists regard their art as simply another and especially telling medium for giving expression to editorial opinion4 ,mr4 ,bush1 the dean of ,american caricaturists1 may be said to have spoken for them all when he said1 in a recent interview1 that he looks upon a cartoon as an editorial pure and simple4 ,to be a success it should point a moral4 ,exaggeration and a keen sense of humor are only adjuncts of the cartoonist1 for he must deal with real people4 ,he must also be a student4 ,i am obliged not only to use my pencil1 but to study hard1 and read everything ,i can lay my hands on4 ,the features of ,roosevelt1 ,bryan1 ,hanna1 and ,croker may be familiar to me1 but ,i must know what these men are doing4 ,i must also know what the masses behind these popular characters think and believe4 ,illustration3 ,homer ,davenport1 of the ,new ,york ,american and ,journal4 ,another direct result of the influence of journalism upon caricature1 in addition to that of compelling the artist to keep in closer touch than ever before with contemporary history1 is the growing popularity of the series method--a method which dates back to the ,macaire of ,philipon and the ,mayeux of ,travies1 and which consists in portraying day by day the same more or less grotesque types1 ever undergoing some new and absurd adventure4 ,it is a method which suits the needs of artist and public alike4 ,to the former1 his growing familiarity with every line and detail of the features and forms of his pictorial puppets minimizes his daily task1 while the public1 even that part of the public which is opposed to comic art in general1 or is out of sympathy with the political attitude of a certain series in particular1 finds itself gradually becoming familiar with the series1 through fugitive and unexpected glimpses1 and ends by following the series with amusement and interest and a growing curiosity as to what new and absurd complications the artist will next introduce4 ,this employment of the series idea is as successful in social as political satire4 ,mr4 ,outcault's ,yellow ,kid and ,buster ,brown1 ,mr4 ,opper's ,happy ,hooligan and ,alphonse and ,gaston1 ,gene ,carr's ,lady ,bountiful1 and ,carl ,schultze's ,foxy ,grandpa are types that have won friends throughout the breadth of the continent4 ,in the domain of strictly political caricature1 however1 there is no series that has attracted more attention than ,homer ,davenport's familiar conception of the ,trusts1 symbolized as a bulky1 overgrown1 uncouth figure1 a primordial giant from the ,stone ,age4 ,and since there have been a number of apocryphal stories regarding the source of ,mr4 ,davenport's inspiration1 it will not be without interest to print the artist's own statement4 ,as a matter of fact1 he says1 ,i got the idea in ,st4 ,mark's ,square in ,venice4 ,seeing a flock of pigeons flying about in that neighborhood ,i immediately1 with my love of birds and beasts1 determined by fair means or foul to purloin a pair4 ,i watched them fly hither and thither1 and in following them came across a statue of ,samson throwing some man or other--,i forget his name--to the ground4 ,the abnormal size of the muscles of the figure struck me at once1 and turning round to my wife1 who was with me1 ,i said with a sudden inspired thought1 ',the ,trusts6' ,illustration3 ,davenport's ,conception of the ,trusts4 ,of equal importance are the various series in lighter vein through which ,mr4 ,opper aims to lead people to the same way of thinking politically as the paper which he serves4 ,long years of labor and constant production do not seem to have in any way drained his power of invention1 for no sooner has one series done its work1 and before the public has become sated with it1 than an entirely new line of cartoons is introduced4 ,mr4 ,opper1 as well as ,mr4 ,davenport1 has had his fling at and drawn his figure of the ,trusts1 and to place the two figures side by side is to contrast the methods and work of the men4 ,mr4 ,opper's purpose seems to be1 first of all1 to excite your mirth1 and consequently he never fails to produce a certain effect4 ,when you take up one of his cartoons in which the various stout1 sturdy1 and well-fed gentlemen typifying the different ,trusts are engaged in some pleasant game the object of which is the robbing1 or abusing of the pitiable1 dwarfish figure representative of the ,common ,people1 your first impulse is a desire to laugh at the ludicrous contrast4 ,it is only afterwards that you begin to think seriously how badly the abject little victim is being treated1 and what a claim he has upon your sympathy and indignation4 ,in those series which are designed entirely along party lines1 such as ,willie and his ,papa1 this method is even more effective1 since it begins by disarming party opposition4 ,of such men1 and the younger draughtsmen of to-day1 much more might be written with sympathetic understanding and enthusiasm4 ,but most of them belong rather to the century that has just begun rather than that which has lately closed1 and a hundred years from now1 whoever attempts to do for the twentieth century a service analogous to that which has here been undertaken for the nineteenth1 will find an infinitely ampler and richer store of material1 thanks to this group of younger satirists in the full flood of their enthusiasm1 who are valiantly carrying on the traditions of the men of the past--of ,leech and ,tenniel1 of ,daumier1 and ,philipon1 and ,cham and ,andre ,gill1 of ,nast and ,keppler and ,gillam1 and who have already begun to record with trenchant pencil the events that are ushering in the dawn of the new century4 ,,the ,,end