file was produced from images produced by ,core ,historical ,literature in ,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell ,university7 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved4 ,bolded text has been marked like so4 ,greek text has been marked like so4 ,a ,table of ,contents has been added for the reader's convenience4 ,there is no ,chapter #ac4 ,in the classification chapter the author uses different sizes for the ,class and ,order headers1 the smaller ,order headers are delineated like so4 ,and inconsistant illustration placement has been regularized4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,for a complete list1 please see the end of this document4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,american ,,pomology4 ,,apples4 ,,by ,,doct4 ,,john ,a4 ,,warder1 ,,president ,,ohio ,,pomological ,,society2 ,,vice-,,president ,,american ,,pomological ,,society1 ,,etc4 #bij ,,illustrations4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,orange ,,judd ,,and ,,company4 #bde ,,broadway4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahfg1 by ,,orange ,,judd ,,co41 ,at the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states for the ,southern ,district of ,new ,york4 ,,lovejoy ,,son1 ,electrotypers and ,stereotypers1 #ae ,vandewater ,st41 ,n4,y4 ,,preface4 ,all patriots may realize a sense of pride1 when they consider the capabilities of the glorious country in which we are favored to live2 and while fostering no sectional feelings1 nor pleading any local interests1 yet1 as ,americans and as men1 we may be allowed to love our own homes1 our own neighborhoods1 our ,states and regions2 and we may be permitted to think them the brightest and best portions of the great ,republic to which we all belong4 ,therefore the writer asks to be excused for expressing a preference for his own favored ,northwest1 and while claiming all praise for this noble expanse1 he wishes still to be acknowledged as most devotedly an ,,american ,,citizen1 who feels the deepest interest in the prosperity of the whole country4 ,his fellow-laborers in the extensive field of ,horticulture1 who are scattered over the great ,northwest1 having called upon him for a work on fruits which should be adapted to their wants1 the author has for several years devoted himself to the task of collecting materials from which he is preparing a work upon ,,american ,,pomology1 of which this is to be the first volume4 ,the title has been adopted as the most appropriate1 because the book is intended to be truly ,american in its character1 and1 though it may be especially adapted to the wants of the ,western ,states1 great pains have been taken to make it a useful companion to the orchardists of all portions of our country4 ,when examining this volume1 his friends are asked to look gently upon the many faults they may find1 and they are requested also to observe the peculiarities by which this fruit book is characterized4 ,much to his regret1 the author found that it was considered necessary to the completeness of the volume1 that the general subject of fruit-growing should be treated in detail1 and1 therefore1 introductory chapters were prepared2 whereas1 he had set out simply to describe the fruits of our country4 ,to this necessity1 as it was considered by his friends1 the author yielded reluctantly1 because he felt that this labor had already been thoroughly done by his predecessors1 whose volumes were to be seen in the houses of all intelligent fruit-growers4 ,from them he did not wish to borrow other men's ideas and language1 and therefore undertook to write the whole anew1 without any reference to printed books4 ,but1 of course1 it is impossible to be original in treating such familiar and hackneyed topics as those which are discussed at every meeting of horticulturists all over the country1 and which form the subject of the familiar discourse of the green-house and nursery1 the potting-shed and the grafting-room1 the garden and the orchard4 ,after the introductory chapters upon the general or leading topics connected with fruit-culture and orcharding1 the reader will find that especial attention has been paid to the classification of the fruits under consideration in this volume4 ,classification is the great need of our pomology1 and1 indeed1 it is almost a new idea to many ,american readers4 ,the author has fully realized the difficulties attendant upon the undertaking1 but its importance1 and its growing necessity1 were considered sufficient to warrant the attempted innovation4 ,it is hoped that ,american students of pomology will appreciate the efforts which have been made in their behalf4 ,the formul which have been adopted may not prove to be the best1 but it is believed that they will render great assistance to those who desire to identify fruits2 and that1 at least1 they may lead to a more perfect classification in the future4 ,on the contrary1 with these simple formul1 under which the fruits are arranged1 the student has only to decide as to which of the sub-divisions his specimen must be referred1 and then seek among a limited number for the description that shall correspond to his fruit1 and the identification is made out4 ,in the systematic descriptions of fruits1 the alphabetical succession of the names is used in each sub-division4 ,an earnest endeavor has been made to be minute in the details without becoming prolix4 ,a regular order is adopted for considering the several parts1 and some new or unusual characters are brought into requisition to aid in the identification4 ,some of these characters appear to have been strangely overlooked by previous pomologists1 though they are believed to be permanent and of considerable value in the diagnosis4 ,in deciding upon the selection of the names of fruits1 the generally received rules of our ,pomological ,societies have been departed from in a few instances1 where good reasons were thought to justify differing from the authorities4 ,thus1 when a given name has been generally adopted over a large extent of country1 though different from that used by a previous writer1 it has been selected as the title of the fruit in this work4 ,to avoid incumbering the pages1 authorities for the nomenclature have not been cited1 except in a few instances1 nor have numerous synonyms been introduced4 ,such only as are in common use have been given1 and those of foreign origin have been dropped4 ,the attention of the reader is particularly directed to the catalogue of fruits near the close of the volume1 which also answers as the index to those which are described in detail4 ,this portion of the work has cost an immense amount of labor and time1 and1 though making little display1 will1 it is hoped1 prove very useful to the orchardist4 ,in it the names of fruits are presented in their alphabetical order1 followed by information as to the average size1 the origin of the variety1 its classification1 from which are deduced its shape1 flavor and modes of coloring2 next is noted its season1 and then its quality4 ,this last character is1 of course1 but the result of private judgment1 and the estimate may differ widely from that of others2 the quality1 too1 it should be remembered1 is here intended to be the result of a consideration of many properties besides that of mere flavor4 ,this catalogue will furnish a great deal of information respecting the fruits it embraces4 ,unfortunately1 it is not so full nor so complete as it should be1 but it is offered as the result of many years' observations1 and is submitted for what it is worth4 ,,acknowledgments4--,it is but an act of common justice for an author to acknowledge his indebtedness to those who have aided him in his labors1 especially where1 from the nature of the investigations1 so much material has to be drawn from extrinsic sources4 ,upon the present occasion1 instead of an extended parade of references to the productions of other writers1 which might be looked upon as rather pedantic1 it is preferred to make a general acknowledgment of the important assistance derived from many pomological authors of our own country and of ,europe4 ,quotations are credited on the pages where they occur4 ,but the writer is also under great obligations to a host of co-laborers for the assistance they have kindly rendered him in the collecting1 and in the examination and identification of fruits4 ,such friends he has happily found wherever he has turned in the pursuit of these investigations1 and there are others whom it has never been his good fortune to meet face to face4 ,to name them all would be impossible4 ,the contemplation of their favors sadly recalls memories of the departed1 but it also revives pleasant associations of the bright spirits that are still usefully engaged in the numerous pomological and horticultural associations of our country1 which have become important agencies in the diffusion of valuable information in this branch of study4 ,to all of his kind friends the author returns his sincere thanks4 ,with a feeling of hesitation in coming before the public1 but satisfied that he has made a contribution to the fund of human knowledge1 this volume is presented to the ,horticulturists of our country1 for whom it was prepared by their friend and fellow-laborer1 ,,jno4 ,a4 ,,warder4 ,,aston1 ,january #a1 #ahfg4 ,,contents ,,introduction4 #i ,,chapter ,,ii4 #bf ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,apple4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 #eb ,,propagation4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 #add ,,dwarfing4 ,,chapter ,v4 #afj ,,diseases4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 #aih ,,the ,,site ,,for ,,an ,,orchard4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 #bac ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,soil ,,for ,,an ,,orchard4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 #bbi ,,selection ,,and ,,planting4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 #bdb ,,culture1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,x4 #bea ,,philosophy ,,of ,,pruning4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 #bfc ,,thinning4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 #bge ,,ripening ,,and ,,preserving ,,fruits4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 #bid ,,insects4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 #cej ,,characters ,,of ,,fruits ,,and ,,their ,,value4 ,,terms ,,used4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 #cff ,,classification4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 #fih ,,fruit ,,lists4 ,,introduction4 ,,importance ,,of ,,orchard ,,products4 ,,government ,,statistics4 ,,great ,,value ,,of ,,orchard ,,and ,,garden ,,products4 ,,delights ,,of ,,fruit ,,culture4 ,,temperate ,,regions ,,the ,,proper ,,field ,,for ,,fruit ,,culture1 ,,as ,,for ,,mental ,,development4 ,,plants ,,of ,,culture1 ,,plants ,,of ,,nature4 ,,nomadic ,,condition ,,unfavorable ,,for ,,terra-,,culture4 ,,necessities ,,of ,,an ,,increasing ,,population ,a ,,spur4 ,,high ,,civilization ,,demands ,,high ,,culture4 ,,horticulture ,a ,,fine ,,art1 ,,the ,,poetry ,,of ,,the ,,farmer',s ,,life4 ,,moral ,,influences ,,of ,,fruit-,,culture4 ,,singular ,,legislation ,,respecting ,,property ,,in ,,fruit4 ,,influence ,,upon ,,health4 ,,apples ,,in ,,bread-,,making2 ,,as ,,food ,,for ,,stock4 ,,sources ,,and ,,routes ,,of ,,introduction4 ,,agency ,,of ,,nurserymen4 ,,indian ,,orchards4 ,,french ,,settlers4 ,,johnny ,,apple-,,seed4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,fruits1 ,,like ,,man1 ,,follow ,,parallels ,,of ,,latitude4 ,,local ,,varieties ,,of ,,merit ,,to ,,be ,,cherished4 ,,ohio ,,purchase4 ,,silas ,,wharton4 ,,the ,,putnam ,,list4 ,few persons have any idea of the great value and importance of the products of our orchards and fruit-gardens4 ,these are generally considered the small things of agriculture1 and are overlooked by all but the statist1 whose business it is to deal with these minuti1 to hunt them up1 to collocate them1 and when he combines these various details and produces the sum total1 we are all astonished at the result4 ,our government wisely provides for the gathering of statistics at intervals of ten years1 and some of the ,states also take an account of stock and production at intermediate periods1 some of them1 like ,ohio1 have a permanent statistician who reports annually to the ,governor of the ,state4 ,our ,boards of ,trade publish the amounts of the leading articles that arrive at and depart from the principal cities1 and thus they furnish us much additional information of value4 ,besides this1 the county assessors are sometimes directed to collect statistics upon certain points of interest1 and now that we all contribute toward the extinction of the national debt1 the ,united ,states ,assessors in the several districts are put in possession of data1 which should be very correct1 in regard to certain productions that are specified by act of ,congress as liable to taxation4 ,by these several means we may have an opportunity of learning from time to time what are the productions of the country1 and their aggregate amounts are surprising to most of us4 ,when they relate to our special interests1 they are often very encouraging4 ,this is particularly the case with those persons who have yielded to the popular prejudice that cotton was the main agricultural production of the ,united ,states2 to such it will be satisfactory to learn that the crop of corn1 as reported in the last census1 is of nearly equal value1 at the usual market prices of each article4 ,fruit-growers will be encouraged to find that the value of orchard products1 according to the same returns1 was nearly twenty millions1 that of ,ohio being nearly one million2 of ,new ,york1 nearly three and three-quarters millions2 that the wine crop of the ,united ,states1 an interest that is still in its infancy1 amounted to nearly three and one-quarter millions2 and that the valuation of market garden products sums up to more than sixteen millions of dollars' worth4 ,it is to be regretted that for our present purpose1 the data are not sufficiently distinct to enable us to ascertain the relative value of the productions of our orchards of apples1 pears1 peaches1 quinces1 and the amount and value of the small fruits1 as they are termed1 since these are variously grouped in the returns of the census takers1 and cannot now be separated4 ,of their great value1 however1 we may draw our conclusions from separate records that have been kept and reported by individuals1 who assert the products of vineyards in some cases to have been as high as three thousand dollars per acre2 of strawberries1 at one thousand dollars2 of pears1 at one hundred dollars per tree1 which would be four thousand dollars per acre2 of apples1 at twenty-five bushels per tree1 or one thousand bushels per acre1 which1 at fifty cents per bushel1 would produce five hundred dollars4 ,but1 leaving this matter of dollars and cents1 who will portray for us the delights incident to fruit-culture8 ,they are of a quiet nature1 though solid and enduring4 ,they carry us back to the early days of the history of our race1 when the ,lord ,god planted a garden eastward in ,eden 444 and out of the ground made the ,lord ,god to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight1 and good for food 444 and the ,lord ,god took the man and put him into the garden of ,eden1 to dress it and to keep it4 ,we are left to infer that this dressing and keeping of the garden was but a light and pleasant occupation1 unattended with toil and trouble1 and that in their natural condition the trees and plants1 unaided by culture1 yielded food for man4 ,those were paradisean times1 the days of early innocence1 when man1 created in the image of his ,maker1 was still obedient to the divine commands2 but1 after the great transgression1 everything was altered1 the very ground was cursed1 thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee1 and thou shalt eat of the herb of the field4 ,in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread4----,from that day to the present hour it has been the lot of man to struggle with difficulties in the cultivation of the soil1 and he has been driven to the necessity of constant watchfulness and care to preserve and to improve the various fruits of the earth upon which he subsists4 ,in the tropics1 it is true1 there are many vegetable productions which are adapted for human food1 even in a state of nature1 and there we find less necessity for the effort of ingenuity and the application of thought and labor to produce a subsistence4 ,amid these productive plants of nature1 the natives of such regions lead an idle life1 and seldom rise above a low scale of advancement2 but in the temperate regions of the globe1 where the unceasing effort of the inhabitants is required to procure their daily food1 we find the greatest development of human energies and ingenuity--there man thinks1 and works2 there1 indeed1 he is forced to improve the natural productions of the earth--and there we shall find him progressing4 ,as with everything else1 so it is with fruits1 some of which were naturally indifferent or even inedible1 until subjected to the meliorating influences of high culture1 of selection1 and of improvement4 ,here we find our plants of culture1 which so well repay the labor and skill bestowed upon them4 ,in the early periods of the history of our race1 while men were nomadic and wandered from place to place1 little attention was paid to any department of agricultural improvement1 and still less care was bestowed upon horticulture4 ,indeed1 it can scarcely be supposed that1 under such conditions1 either branch of the art could have existed1 any more than they are now found among the wandering hordes of ,tartars on the steppes of ,asia4 ,so soon1 however1 as men began to take possession of the soil by a more permanent tenure1 agriculture and horticulture also1 attracted their chief attention1 and were soon developed into arts of life4 ,with advancing civilization1 this has been successively more and more the case2 the producing art being obliged to keep pace with the increased number of consumers1 greater ingenuity was required and was applied to the production of food for the teeming millions of human beings that covered the earth1 and1 as we find1 in ,china1 at the present time1 the greatest pains were taken to make the earth yield her increase4 ,high civilization demands high culture of the soil1 and agriculture becomes an honored pursuit1 with every department of art and science coming to its assistance4 ,at the same time1 and impelled by the same necessities1 supported and aided by the same co-adjutors1 horticulture also advances in a similar ratio1 and1 from its very nature1 assumes the rank of a fine art1 being less essential than pure agriculture1 and in some of its branches being rather an ornamental than simply a useful art4 ,it is not admitted1 however1 that any department of horticulture is to be considered useless1 and many of its applications are eminently practical1 and result in the production of vast quantities of human food of the most valuable kind4 ,this pursuit always marks the advancement of a community4--,as our western pioneers progress in their improvements from the primitive log cabins to the more elegant and substantial dwelling houses1 we ever find the garden and the orchard1 the vine-arbor and the berry-patch taking their places beside the other evidences of progress4 ,these constitute to them the poetry of common life1 of the farmer's life4 ,the culture of fruits1 and gardens also1 contributes in no small degree to the improvement of a people by the excellent moral influence it exercises upon them4 ,everything that makes home attractive must contribute to this desirable end4 ,beyond the sacred confines of the happy hearthstone1 with its dear familiar circle1 there can be no more pleasant associations than those of the garden1 where1 in our tender years1 we have aided loved parents1 from them taking the first lessons in plant-culture1 gathering the luscious fruits of their planting or of our own2 nor of the rustic arbor1 in whose refreshing shade we have reclined to rest and meditate amid its sheltering canopy of verdure1 and where we have gathered the purple berries of the noble vine at a later period of the rolling year2 nor of the orchard1 with its bounteous supplies of golden and ruddy apples1 blushing peaches1 and melting pears4 ,with such attractions about our homes1 with such ties to be sundered1 it is wonderful1 and scarcely credible1 that youth should ever be induced to wander from them1 and to stray into paths of evil4 ,such happy influences must have a good moral effect upon the young4 ,if it be argued that such luxuries will tend to degrade our morals by making us effeminate and sybaritic1 or that such enjoyments may become causes of envy and consequent crime on the part of those who are less highly favored1 it may be safely asserted that there is no better cure for fruit-stealing1 than to give presents of fruit1 and especially of fruit-trees1 to your neighbors1 particularly to the boys--encourage each to plant and to cherish his own tree1 and he will soon learn the meaning of meum and tuum1 and will appreciate the beauties of the moral code1 which he will be all the more likely to respect in every other particular4 ,some of the legislation of our country is a very curious relic of barbarism4 ,according to common law1 that which is attached to the soil1 may be removed without a breach of propriety1 by one who is not an owner of the fee simple2 thus1 such removal of a vegetable product does not constitute theft or larceny1 but simply amounts to a trespass3 whereas the taking of fruit from the ground beneath the tree1 even though it be defective or decaying1 is considered a theft4 ,an unwelcome intruder1 or an unbidden guest1 may enter our orchard1 garden1 or vineyard1 and help himself at his pleasure to any of our fruits1 which we have been most carefully watching and nursing tor months upon trees1 for the fruitage of which we may have been laboring and waiting for years1 and1 forsooth1 our only recourse is to sue him at the law1 and our only satisfaction1 after all the attendant annoyance and expense1 is a paltry fine for trespass upon our freehold1 which1 of course1 is not commensurate with our estimate of the value of the articles taken3 fruits often possess1 in the eyes of the devoted orchardist1 a real value much beyond their market price4 ,were ,i asked to describe the location of the fabled fountain of ,hygeia1 ,i should decide that it was certainly situated in an orchard2 it must have come bubbling from earth that sustained the roots of tree and vine2 it must have been shaded by the umbrageous branches of the wide-spreading apple and pear1 and it was doubtless approached by alleys that were lined by peach trees laden with their downy fruit1 and over-arched by vines bearing rich clusters of the luscious grape1 and they were garnished at their sides by the crimson strawberry4 ,such at least would have been an appropriate setting for so valued a jewel as the fountain of health1 and it is certain that the pursuit of fruit-growing is itself conducive to the possession of that priceless blessing4 ,the physical as well as the moral qualities of our nature are wonderfully promoted by these cares4 ,the vigorous exercise they afford us in the open air1 the pleasant excitement1 the expectation of the results of the first fruits of our plants1 tending1 training and cultivating them the while1 are all so many elements conducive to the highest enjoyment of full health4 ,the very character of the food furnished by our orchards should be taken into the account1 in making up our estimate of their contributions to the health of a community4 ,from them we procure aliment of the most refined character1 and it has been urged that the elements of which they are composed are perfected or refined to the highest degree of organization that is possible to occur in vegetable tissues4 ,such pabulum is not only gratefully refreshing1 but it is satisfying--without being gross1 it is nutritious4 ,the antiscorbutic effects of ripe fruits1 especially those that are acid1 are proverbial1 and every fever patient has appreciated the relief derived from those that are acidulous4 ,then as a preventive of the febrile affections peculiar to a miasmatic region1 the free use of acid fruits1 or even of good sound vinegar made from grapes or apples1 is an established fact in medical practice--of which1 by the by1 prevention is always the better part4 ,apples were esteemed an important and valuable article of food in the days of the ,romans1 for all school boys have read in the ore rotundo of his own flowing measures1 what ,virgil has said1 so much better than his tame translator3 ,new cheese and chestnuts are our country fare1 ,with mellow apples for your welcome cheer4 ,but in more modern times1 beside their wonted use as dessert fruit1 or evening feast1 or cooked in various modes1 a ,french economist has invented and practiced with great success a method of making bread with common apples1 which is said to be very far superior to potato-bread4 ,after having boiled one-third part of peeled apples1 he bruised them while quite warm into two-thirds parts of flour1 including the proper quantity of yeast1 and kneaded the whole without water1 the juice of the fruit being quite sufficient2 he put the mass into a vessel in which he allowed it to rise for about twelve hours4 ,by this process he obtained a very excellent bread1 full of eyes1 and extremely light and palatable4#a ,nor is this class of food desirable for man alone4 ,fruits of all kinds1 but particularly what may be called the large fruits1 such as are grown in our orchards1 may be profitably cultivated for feeding our domestic animals4 ,sweet apples have been especially recommended for fattening swine1 and when fed to cows they increase the flow of milk1 or produce fat according to the condition of these animals4 ,think of the luxury of eating apple-fed pork6 ,why1 even the strict ,rabbi might overcome his prejudices against such swine flesh6 ,and then dream of enjoying the luxury of fresh rich milk1 yellow cream1 and golden butter1 from your winter dairy1 instead of the sky-blue fluid1 and the pallid1 or an anotto-tinted1 but insipid butter1 resulting from the meager supplies of nutriment contained in dry hay and fibrous1 woody cornstalks4 ,now this is not unreasonable nor ridiculous4 ,orchards have been planted with a succession of sweet apples that will sustain swine in a state of most perfect health1 growing and fattening simultaneously from ,june to ,november2 and the later varieties may be cheaply preserved for feeding stock of all kinds during the winter1 when they will be best prepared by steaming1 and may be fed with the greatest advantage4 ,our farmers do not appreciate the benefits of having green food for their animals during the winter season4 ,being blessed with that royal grain1 the ,indian corn1 they do not realize the importance of the provision of roots which is so great a feature in ,british husbandry2 but they have yet to learn1 and they will learn1 that for us1 and under our conditions of labor and climate1 they can do still better1 and produce still greater results with a combination of hay or straw1 corn meal and apples1 all properly prepared by means of steam or hot water4 ,besides1 such orchards may be advantageously planted in many places where the soil is not adapted to the production of grain4--,the reader is referred to the chapter on select lists in another part of this volume1 in which an attempt will be made to present the reader with the opinions of the best pomologists of various parts of the country4 ,it were an interesting and not unprofitable study to trace the various sources and routes by which fruits have been introduced into different parts of our extended country4 ,in some cases we should find that we were indebted for these luxuries to the efforts of very humble individuals1 while in other regions the high character of the orchards is owing to the forethought1 knowledge1 enterprise1 and liberality of some prominent citizen of the infant community1 who has freely spent his means and bestowed his cares in providing for others as well as for his own necessities or pleasures4 ,but it is to the intelligent nurserymen of our country that we are especially indebted for the universal diffusion of fruits1 and for the selection of the best varieties in each different section4 ,while acting separately1 these men were laboring under great disadvantages1 and frequently cultivated certain varieties under a diversity of names1 as they had received them from various sources4 ,this was a difficulty incident to their isolation1 but the organization of ,pomological ,societies in various parts of the country1 has enabled them in a great measure to unravel the confusion of an extended synonymy1 and also by comparison and consultation with the most intelligent fruit-growers1 they have been prepared to advise the planter as to the best and most profitable varieties to be set out in different soils and situations4 ,most of our first orchards were planted with imported trees4 ,the colonists brought plants and seeds4 ,even now1 in many parts of the country1 we hear many good fruits designated as ,english1 to indicate that they are considered superior to the native2 and we are still importing choice varieties from ,europe and other quarters of the globe4 ,the roving tribes of ,indians who inhabited this country when discovered and settled by the whites1 had no orchards--they lived by the chase1 and only gathered such fruits as were native to the soil4 ,among the earliest attempts to civilize them1 however1 those that exerted the greatest influence1 were efforts to make them an agricultural people1 and of these the planting of fruit-trees was one of the most successful4 ,in many parts of the country we find relics of these old ,indian orchards still remaining1 and it is probable that from the apple seeds sent by the general government for distribution among the ,cherokees in ,georgia1 we are now reaping some of the most valuable fruits of this species4 ,the early ,french settlers were famous tree-planters1 and we find their traces across the continent1 from the ,st4 ,lawrence to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,these consist in noble pear and apple trees1 grown from seeds planted by them1 at their early and scattered posts or settlements4 ,these were made far in advance of the pioneers1 who have1 at a later period1 formed the van of civilization1 that soon spread into a solid phalanx in its march throughout the great interior valley of the continent4 ,on the borders of civilization we sometimes meet with a singular being1 more savage than polished1 and yet useful in his way4 ,such an one in the early settlement of the northwestern territory was ,johnny ,apple-seed--a simple-hearted being1 who loved to roam through the forests in advance of his fellows1 consorting1 now with the red man1 now with the white1 a sort of connecting link--by his white brethren he was1 no doubt1 considered rather a vagabond1 for we do not learn that he had the industry to open farms in the wilderness1 the energy to be a great hunter1 nor the knowledge and devotion to have made him a useful missionary among the red men4 ,but ,johnny had his use in the world4 ,it was his universal custom1 when among the whites1 to save the seeds of all the best apples he met with4 ,these he carefully preserved and carried with him1 and when far away from his white friends1 he would select an open spot of ground1 prepare the soil1 and plant these seeds1 upon the principle of the old ,spanish custom1 that he owed so much to posterity1 so that some day1 the future traveler or inhabitant of those fertile valleys1 might enjoy the fruits of his early efforts4 ,such was ,johnny ,apple-seed--did he not erect for himself monuments more worthy1 if not more enduring1 than piles of marble or statues of brass8 ,in tracing the progress of fruits through different portions of our country1 we should very naturally expect to find the law that governs the movements of men1 applying with equal force to the fruits they carry with them4 ,the former have been observed to migrate very nearly on parallels of latitude1 so have1 in a great degree1 the latter2 and whenever we find a departure from this order1 we may expect to discover a change1 and sometimes a deterioration in the characters of the fruits thus removed to a new locality4 ,it is true1 much of this alteration1 whether improvement or otherwise1 may be owing to the difference of soil4 ,western ,new ,york received her early fruits from ,connecticut1 and ,massachusetts2 ,michigan1 ,northern ,illinois1 and later1 ,wisconsin and ,iowa received theirs in a great degree from ,new ,york4 ,ohio and ,indiana received their fruits mainly from ,new ,jersey1 and ,pennsylvania1 and we may yet trace this in the prevalence of certain leading varieties that are scarcely known1 and very little grown on different parallels4 ,the early settlement at the mouth of the ,muskingum river1 was made by ,new ,england-men1 and into the ,ohio-purchase1 they introduced the leading varieties of the apples of ,massachusetts4 ,among these1 the ,boston or ,roxbury ,russet was a prominent favorite1 but it was so changed in its appearance as scarcely to be recognized by its old admirers1 and it was christened with a new name1 the ,putnam ,russet1 under the impression that it was a different variety4 ,most of the original ,putnam varieties have disappeared from the orchards4 ,kentucky received her fruits in great measure from ,virginia2 ,tennessee from the same source and from ,north ,carolina1 and these younger ,states sent them forward on the great western march with their hardy sons to southern ,indiana1 southern ,illinois1 to ,missouri1 and to ,arkansas1 in all which regions we find evident traces in the orchards1 of the origin of the people who planted them4 ,of course1 we shall find many deflections from the precise parallel of latitude1 some inclining to the south1 and many turning to the northward4 ,to the latter we of the ,west are looking with the greatest interest1 since we so often find that the northern fruits do not maintain their high characters in their southern or southwestern migrations1 and all winter kinds are apt to become autumnal in their period of ripening1 which makes them less valuable2 and because1 among those from a southern origin1 we have discovered many of high merit as to beauty1 flavor1 and productiveness--and1 especially where they are able to mature sufficiently1 they prove to be long keepers1 thus supplying a want which was not filled by fruits of a northern origin4 ,there may be limits beyond which we cannot transport some sorts to advantage in either direction1 but this too will depend very much upon the adaptability of our soils to particular varieties4 ,in every region where fruit has been cultivated we find local varieties grown from seed1 many of these are of sufficient merit to warrant their propagation1 and it behooves us to be constantly on the look out for them2 for though our lists are already sufficiently large to puzzle the young orchardist in making his selections1 we may well reduce the number by weeding out more of the indifferent fruit1 at the same time that we are introducing those of a superior character4 ,it has been estimated that there may be as many as one in ten of our seedling orchard trees that would be ranked as good1 but not one in a hundred that could be styled best4#b ,certain individuals have devoted themselves to the troublesome though thankless office of collecting these scattered varieties of decided merit1 and from their collections our pomological societies will1 from time to time1 select and recommend the best for more extended cultivation4 ,such devoted men as ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 ,lewis ,jones1 ,reuben ,ragan1 ,a4,h4 ,ernst1 who have been industriously engaged in this good work for a quarter of a century1 are entitled to the highest commendation2 but there are many others who have contributed their full share of benefits by their labors in the same field1 to whom also we owe a debt of gratitude4 ,two of the chief foci in the ,ohio valley from which valuable fruits have been distributed most largely1 were the settlement at the mouth of the ,muskingum1 with its ,putnam list given below2 and a later1 but very important introduction of choice fruits1 brought into the ,miami country by ,silas ,wharton1 a nurseryman from ,pennsylvania1 who settled among a large body of the religious ,society of ,friends1 in ,warren ,co41 ,ohio4 ,the impress of this importation is very manifest in all the country1 within a radius of one hundred miles1 and some of his fruits are found doing well in the northwestern part of the ,state of ,ohio1 in northern ,indiana1 and in an extended region westward4 ,there are1 no doubt1 many other local foci1 whence good fruits have radiated to bless regions more or less extensive1 and in every neighborhood we find the name of some early pomologist attached to the good fruits that he had introduced1 thus adding another synonym to the numerous list of those belonging to so many of our good varieties4 ,a4,w4 ,putnam commenced an apple nursery in #agid1 a few years after the first white settlement at ,marietta1 ,ohio1 the first grafts were set in the spring of #agif2 they were obtained from ,connecticut by ,israel ,putnam1 and were the first set in the ,state1 and grafted by ,w4 ,rufus ,putnam4 ,most of the early orchards of the region were planted from this nursery4 ,these grafts were taken from the orchard of ,israel ,putnam 7of wolf-killing memory7 in ,pomfret1 ,connecticut4 ,in the ,ohio ,cultivator for ,august #ast1 #ahdf1 may be found the following authentic list of the varieties propagated3-- #a4 ,putnam ,russet1 7,roxbury47 #b4 ,seek-no-further1 7,westfield47 #c4 ,early ,chandler4 #d4 ,gilliflower4 #e4 ,pound ,royal1 7,lowell74 #f4 ,natural1 7a seedling74 #g4 ,rhode ,island ,greening4 #h4 ,yellow ,greening4 #i4 ,golden ,pippin4 #aj4 ,long ,island ,pippin4 #aa4 ,tallman ,sweeting4 #ab4 ,striped ,sweeting4 #ac4 ,honey ,greening4 #ad4 ,kent ,pippin4 #ae4 ,cooper4 #af4 ,striped ,gilliflower4 #ag4 ,black1 do4 #ah4 ,prolific ,beauty4 #ai4 ,queening1 7,summer ,queen87 #bj4 ,english ,pearmain4 #ba4 ,green ,pippin4 #bb4 ,spitzenberg1 7,esopus87 ,many of these have disappeared from the orchards and from the nurserymen's catalogues4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,companion for the ,orchard4--,phillips4 #b ,elliott--,western ,fruits4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,apple4 ,,difficulties ,,in ,,the ,,outset4 ,,apple ,a ,,generic ,,term1 ,,as ,,corn ,,is ,,for ,,different ,,grains2 ,,bible ,,and ,,historic ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,word ,,therefore ,,uncertain4 ,,etymology ,,of ,,the ,,word4 ,,botanical ,,characters4 ,,improvability ,,of ,,the ,,apple4 ,,native ,,country4 ,,crude ,,notions ,,of ,,early ,,varieties4 ,,pliny',s ,,account ,,explained4 ,,charlatan ,,grafting4 ,,introduction ,,into ,,britain4 ,,original ,,sorts ,,there4 ,,gerard',s ,,list ,,of ,,seven4 ,,he ,,urges ,,orchard ,,planting4 ,,recipe ,,for ,,pomatum4 ,,derivation ,,of ,,the ,,word4 ,,virgil',s ,,advice ,,as ,,to ,,grafting4 ,,pliny',s ,,eulogy ,,of ,,the ,,apple3 ,,will ,,ours ,,survive ,,as ,,long8 ,,pliny',s ,,list ,,of #bi4 ,,accidental ,,origin ,,of ,,our ,,fruits4 ,,crossing4 ,,lord ,,bacon',s ,,guess4 ,,bradley',s ,,account4 ,,success ,,in ,,the ,,netherlands4 ,,mr4 ,,knight',s ,,experiments4 ,,hybrids ,,infertile4 ,,limits1 ,,none ,,natural4 ,,limits ,,of ,,species4 ,,herbert',s ,,views4 ,,difficulties ,,attend ,,crossing ,,also4 ,,no ,,mules4 ,,kirtland',s ,,experiments ,,and ,,results ,,of4 ,,van ,,mons' ,,theory4 ,,illinois ,,results4 ,,running ,,out ,,of ,,varieties4 ,in attempting to trace out the history of any plant that has long been subjected to the dominion of man1 we are beset with difficulties growing out of the uncertainty of language1 and arising also from the absence of precise terms of science in the descriptions or allusions which we meet respecting them4 ,as he who would investigate the history of our great national grain crop1 the noble ,indian maize1 which1 in our language1 claims the generic term corn1 will at once meet with terms apt to mislead him in the ,english translation of the ,bible1 and in the writings of ,europeans1 who use the word corn in a generic sense1 as applying to all the edible grains1 and especially to wheat--so in this investigation we may easily be misled by meeting the word apple in the ,bible and in the translations of ,latin and ,greek authors1 and we may be permitted to question whether the original words translated apple may not have been applied to quite different fruits1 or perhaps we may ask whether our word may not originally have had a more general sense1 meaning as it does1 according to its derivation1 any round body4 ,the etymology of the word apple is referred by the lexicographers to abhall1 ,celtic2 avall1 ,welsh2 afall or avall1 ,armoric2 aval or avel1 ,cornish2 and these are all traceable to the ,celtic word ball1 meaning simply a round body4 ,worcester traces the origin of apple directly to the ,german apfel1 which he derives from pl1 apel1 or appel4 ,webster cites the ,saxon appl or appel2 ,dutch1 appel2 ,german1 apfel2 ,danish1 ble2 ,swedish1 aple2 ,welsh1 aval2 ,irish1 abhal or ubhal2 ,armoric1 aval2 ,russian1 yabloko4 ,its meaning being fruit in general1 with a round form4 ,thus the ,persian word ubhul means ,juniper berries1 and in ,welsh the word used means other fruits1 and needs a qualifying term to specify the variety or kind4 ,hogg1 in his ,british ,pomology1 quoting ,owen1 says1 the ancient ,glastonbury was called by the ,britons ,ynys avallac or avallon1 meaning an apple orchard1 and from this came the ,roman word avallonia1 from this he infers that the apple was known to the ,britons before the advent of the ,romans4 ,we are told1 that in #igc1 ,king ,edgar1 when fatigued with the labors of the chase1 laid himself down under a wild apple tree1 so that it becomes a question whether this plant was not a native of ,england as of other parts of ,europe1 where in many places it is found growing wild and apparently indigenous4 ,thornton informs us in his history of ,turkey1 that apples are common in ,wallachia1 and he cites among the varieties one1 the domniasca1 which is perhaps the finest in ,europe1 both for its size1 color1 and flavor4 ,it were hard to say what variety this is1 and whether it be known to us4 ,the introduction of this word apple in the ,bible is attributable to the translators1 and some commentators suggest that they have used it in its general sense1 and that in the following passages where it occurs1 it refers to the citron1 orange1 or some other subtropical fruit4 ,stay me with flagons1 comfort me with apples4--,songs of ,solomon ii1 #e4 ,as the apple-tree 7citron7 among the trees of the wood1 99 99 99 ,i sat me down under his shadow with great delight1 and his fruit was sweet to my taste4--,sol4 ii1 #b4 99 99 99 ,i raised thee up under the apple-tree4--,solomon viii1 #e4 ,a word fitly spoken1 is like apples of gold in pictures of silver4--,prov4 xxv1 #aa4 ,the botanical position of the cultivated apple may be stated as follows3--,order1 ,rosace2 sub-order1 ,pome2 or the apple family and genus1 ,pyrus4 ,the species under our consideration is the ,pyrus ,malus1 or apple4 ,it has been introduced into this country from ,europe1 and is now found in a half-wild state1 springing up in old fields1 hedge-rows1 and roadsides2 but1 even in such situations1 by their eatable fruit and broad foliage1 and by the absence of spiny or thorny twigs1 the trees generally give evidence of a civilized origin4 ,it is not that the plant has changed any of its true specific characters1 but that it has been affected by the meliorating influences of culture1 which it has not been able entirely to shake off in its neglected condition4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 trees are found in these neglected and out-of-the-way situations1 which produce fruits of superior quality--and the sorts have been gladly introduced into our nurseries and orchards4 ,very early in the history of horticulture the apple attracted attention by its improvability1 showing that it belonged to the class of culture-plants4 ,indeed it is a very remarkable fact in the study of botany1 and the pivot upon which the science and art of horticulture turns1 that while there are plants which show no tendency to change from their normal type1 even when brought under the highest culture1 and subjected to every treatment which human ingenuity can suggest1 there are others which are prone to variations or sports1 even in their natural condition1 but more so when they are carefully nursed by the prudent farmer or gardener4 ,these may be called respectively the plants of nature and the plants of culture4 ,some of the former furnish human food1 and are otherwise useful to man2 but the latter class embraces by far the larger number of food-plants1 and we are indebted to this pliancy1 aided by human skill1 for our varieties of fruits1 our esculent vegetables1 and the floral ornaments of our gardens4 ,the native country of the apple1 though not definitively settled1 is generally conceded to be ,europe1 particularly its southern portions1 and perhaps ,western ,asia3 that is1 the plant known and designated by botanists as ,pyrus ,malus1 for there are other and distinct species in ,america and ,asia which have no claims to having been the source of our favorite orchard fruits4 ,our own native crab is the ,pyrus coronaria1 which1 though showing some slight tendency to variation1 has never departed from the strongly marked normal type4 ,the ,p4 baccata1 or ,siberian crab1 is so distinctly marked as to be admitted as a species4 ,it has wonderfully improved under culture1 and has produced some quite distinct varieties2 it has even been hybridized by ,mr4 ,knight1 with the cultivated sorts of the common ,wilding or ,crab of ,europe1 the ,p4 ,malus4 ,pallas1 who found it wild near ,lake ,baikal and in ,daouria1 says1 it grows only #c or #d feet high1 with a trunk of as many inches diameter1 and yields pear-shaped berries as large as peas4 ,the ,p4 rivularis1 according to ,nuttall1 is common in the maritime portions of ,oregon1 in alluvial forests4 ,the tree attains a height of #ae to #be feet4 ,it resembles the ,siberian ,crab1 to which it has a close affinity4 ,the fruit grows in clusters1 is purple1 scarcely the size of a cherry1 and of an agreeable flavor2 sweetish and sub-acid when ripe1 not at all acid and acerb as the ,p4 coronaria4#c ,among the early writers upon the subject of pomology1 we find some very crude notions1 particularly in regard to the wonderful powers of the grafter1 for this art of improving the ,wilding by inserting buds or scions of better sorts1 and thus multiplying trees of good kinds1 was a very ancient invention4 ,pliny1 the naturalist1 certainly deserves our praise for his wonderful and comprehensive industry in all branches of natural history4 ,in regard to grafting1 which seems to have been well understood in his day1 he says1 that he had seen near ,thuli a tree bearing all manner of fruits1 nuts and berries1 figs and grapes1 pears and pomegranates2 no kind of apple or other fruit that was not to be found on this tree4 ,it is quaintly noted1 however1 that this tree did not live long1--is it to be wondered that such should have been the case8 ,now some persons may object to the testimony of this remarkable man1 and feel disposed to discredit the statement of what appears so incredible to those who are at all acquainted with the well-known necessity for a congenial stock into which the graft should be inserted4 ,but a more extended knowledge of the subject1 would explain what ,pliny has recorded as a marvel of the art4 ,the same thing has been done in our own times1 it is a trick1 and one which would very soon be detected now-a-days by the merest tyro in horticulture1 though it may have escaped the scrutiny of ,pliny1 whose business it was to note and record the results of his observations1 rather than to examine the modus of the experiment4 ,by the ,french1 the method is called ,charlatan grafting1 and is done by taking a stock of suitable size1 hollowing it out1 and introducing through its cavity several stocks of different kinds1 upon each of which may be produced a different sort of fruit1 as reported by ,pliny4 ,the needed affinity of the scion and stock1 and the possible range that may be successfully taken in this mode of propagation1 with the whole consideration of the influence of the stock upon the graft1 will be more fully discussed in another chapter4 ,though it be claimed and even admitted that the wild apple or crab was originally a native of ,britain1 and though it be well known that many varieties have originated from seed in that country1 still it appears from their own historians that the people introduced valuable varieties from abroad4 ,thus we find in ,fuller's account1 that in the #afth year of the reign of ,henry ,,viii1 ,pippins were introduced into ,england by ,lord ,maschal1 who planted them at ,plumstead1 in ,sussex4 ,after this1 the celebrated ,golden ,pippin was originated at ,perham ,park1 in ,sussex1 and this variety has attained a high meed of praise in that country and in ,europe1 though it has never been considered so fine in this country as some of our own seedlings4 ,evelyn says1 in #afhe1 at ,lord ,clarendon's seat1 at ,swallowfield1 ,berks1 there is an orchard of one thousand golden and other cider ,pippins4#d ,the ,ribston ,pippin1 which every ,englishman will tell you is the best apple in the world1 was a native of ,ribston ,park1 ,yorkshire4 ,hargrave says3 ,this place is remarkable for the produce of a delicious apple1 called the ,ribston ,park ,pippin4 ,the original tree was raised from a ,pippin brought from ,france4#e ,this apple is well-known in this country1 but not a favorite4 ,at a later period1 #aeig1 ,john ,gerard issued in an extensive folio his ,history of ,plants1 in which he mentions seven kinds of ,pippins4 ,the following is given as a sample of the pomology of that day3-- ,the fruit of apples do differ in greatnesse1 forme1 colour1 and taste1 some covered with red skin1 others yellow or greene1 varying infinitely according to soil and climate2 some very greate1 some very little1 and many of middle sort2 some are sweet of taste1 or something soure1 most be of middle taste between sweet and soure2 the which to distinguish1 ,i think it impossible1 notwithstanding ,i heare of one who intendeth to write a peculiar volume of apples and the use of them4 ,he further says3 ,the tame and grafted apple trees are planted and set in gardens and orchards made for that purpose2 they delight to growe in good fertile grounds4 ,kent doth abounde with apples of most sortes2 but ,i have seen pastures and hedge-rows about the grounds of a worshipful gentleman dwelling two miles from ,hereford1 so many trees of all sortes1 that the seruantes drinke for the moste parte no other drinke but that which is made of apples4 99 99 99 ,like as there be divers manured apples1 so is there sundry wilde apples or crabs1 not husbanded1 that is1 not grafted4 ,he also speaks of the ,paradise1 which is probably the same we now use as a dwarfing stock4 ,dr4 ,gerard fully appreciated the value of fruits1 and thus vehemently urges his countrymen to plant orchards3 ,gentlemen1 that have land and living1 put forward1 99 99 99 99 99 graft1 set1 plant1 and nourish up trees in every corner of your grounds2 the labor is small1 the cost is nothing1 the commoditie is great1 yourselves shall have plentie1 the poor shall have somewhat in time of want to relieve their necessitie1 and ,god shall reward your good minde and diligence4 ,the same author gives us a peculiar use of the apple which may be interesting to some who never before associated pomatum with the products of the orchard4 ,he recommends apples as a cosmetic4 ,there is made an ointment with the pulp of apples1 and swine's grease and rose water1 which is used to beautify the face and to take away the roughness of the skin2 it is called in shops pomatum1 of the apples whereof it is made4#f ,when speaking of the importance of grafting to increase the number of trees of any good variety1 ,virgil advises to ,graft the tender shoot1 ,thy children's children shall enjoy the fruit4 ,so high an estimate did ,pliny have of this fruit1 that he asserted that there are apples that have ennobled the countries from whence they came1 and many apples have immortalized their first founders and inventors4 ,our best apples will immortalize their first grafters forever2 such as took their names from ,manlius1 ,cestius1 ,matius1 and ,claudius4--,of the ,quince apple1 he says1 that came of a quince being grafted upon the apple stock1 which smell like the quince1 and were called ,appiana1 after ,appius1 who was the first that practiced this mode of grafting4 ,some are so red that they resemble blood1 which is caused by their being grafted upon the mulberry stock4 ,of all the apples1 the one which took its name from ,petisius1 was the most excellent for eating1 both on account of its sweetness and its agreeable flavor4 ,pliny mentions twenty-nine kinds of apples cultivated in ,italy1 about the commencement of the ,christian ,era4#g ,alas6 for human vanity and apple glory6 ,where are now these boasted sorts1 upon whose merits the immortality of their inventors and first grafters was to depend8 ,they have disappeared from our lists to give place to new favorites1 to some of which1 perhaps1 we are disposed to award an equally high meed of praise1 that will again be ignored in a few fleeting years1 when higher skill and more scientific applications of knowledge shall have produced superior fruit to any of those we now prize so highly2 and this is a consummation to which we may all look forward with pleasure4 ,in this country the large majority of our favorite fruits1 of whatever species or kind1 seem to have originated by accident1 that is1 they have been discovered in seedling orchards1 or even in hedge-rows4 ,these have no doubt1 however1 been produced by accidental crosses of good kinds1 and this may occur through the intervention of insects in any orchard of good fruit1 where there may chance to be some varieties that have the tendency to progress4 ,the discoveries of ,linnus1 and his doctrine of the sexual characters of plants1 created quite a revolution in botany1 and no doubt attracted the attention of ,lord ,bacon1 who was a close observer of nature1 for he ventured to guess that there might be such a thing as crossing the breeds of plants1 when he says3--,the compounding or mixture of kinds in plants is not found out1 which1 nevertheless1 if it be possible1 is more at command than that of living creatures2 wherefore it were one of the most noteable experiments touching plants to find it out1 for so you may have great variety of new fruits and flowers yet unknown4 ,grafting does it not1 that mendeth the fruit or doubleth the flowers1 etc41 but hath not the power to make a new kind1 for the scion ever overruleth the stock4 ,in which last observation he shows more knowledge and a deeper insight into the hidden mysteries of plant-life than many a man in our day1 whose special business it is to watch1 nurse1 and care for these humble forms of existence4 ,bradley1 about a century later1 in #agah1 is believed to have been the first author who speaks of the accomplishment of cross-breeding1 which he describes as having been effected by bringing together the branches of different trees when in blossom4 ,but the gardeners of ,holland and the ,netherlands were the first to put it into practice4#h ,the following extract is given to explain the manner in which ,mr4 ,knight conducted his celebrated experiments on fruits1 which rewarded him with some varieties that were highly esteemed3--,many varieties of the apple were collected which had been proved to afford1 in mixtures with each other1 the finest cider4 ,a tree of each was then obtained by grafting upon a ,paradise stock1 and these trees were trained to a south wall1 or if grafted on ,siberian crab1 to a west wall1 till they afforded blossoms1 and the soil in which they were planted was made of the most rich and favorable kind4 ,each blossom of this species of fruit contains about twenty chives or males 7stamens17 and generally five pointals or females 7pistils17 which spring from the center of the cup or cavity of the blossom4 ,the males stand in a circle just within the bases of the petals1 and are formed of slender threads1 each of which terminates in an anther4 ,it is necessary in these experiments that both the fruit and seed should attain as large a size and as much perfection as possible1 and therefore a few blossoms only were suffered to remain on each tree4 ,as soon as the blossoms were nearly full-grown1 every male in each was carefully extracted1 proper care being taken not to injure the pointals2 and the blossoms1 thus prepared1 were closed again1 and suffered to remain till they opened spontaneously4 ,the blossoms of the tree which it was proposed to make the male parent of the future variety1 were accelerated by being brought into contact with the wall1 or retarded by being detached from it1 so that they were made to unfold at the required period2 and a portion of their pollen1 when ready to fall from the mature anthers1 was during three or four successive mornings deposited upon the pointals of the blossoms1 which consequently afforded seeds4 ,it is necessary in this experiment that one variety of apple only should bear unmutilated blossoms2 for1 where other varieties are in flower at the same time1 the pollen of these will often be conveyed by bees to the prepared blossoms1 and the result of the experiment will in consequence be uncertain and unsatisfactory4 99 99 99 ,in his ,pomona ,herefordiensis1 he says3--,it is necessary to contrive that the two trees from which you intend to raise the new kind1 shall blossom at the same time2 therefore1 if one is an earlier sort than the other1 it must be retarded by shading or brought into a cooler situation1 and the latest forwarded by a warm wall or a sunny position1 so as to procure the desired result4 ,we must distinguish between hybrids proper and crosses1 as it were between races or between what may have been erroneously designated species1 for there has been a great deal of looseness in the manner of using these terms by some writers4 ,a true hybrid#i is produced only when the pollen of one species has been used to fertilize the ovules of another1 and as a general rule these can only be produced between plants which are very nearly allied1 as between species of the same genus4 ,even such as these1 however1 cannot always be hybridized1 for we have never found a mule or hybrid between the apple and pear1 the currant and gooseberry1 nor between the raspberry and blackberry1 though each of these1 respectively1 appear to be very nearly related1 and they are all of the order ,rosace4 ,in hybrids there appears to be a mixture of the elements of each1 and the characters of the mule or cross will depend upon one or the other1 which it will more nearly resemble4 ,true hybrids are mules or infertile1 and cannot be continued by seed1 but must be propagated by cuttings1 or layers1 or grafting4 ,if not absolutely sterile at first1 they become so in the course of the second or third generation4 ,this is proved by several of our flowering plants that have been wonderfully varied by ingenious crossing of different species4 ,but it has been found that the hybrid may be fertilized by pollen taken from one of its parents1 and that then the offspring assumes the characters of that parent4#aj ,natural hybrids do not often occur1 though in dioecious plants1 this seems to have been the case with willows that present such an intricate puzzle to botanists in their classification1 so that it has become almost impossible to say what are the limits and bounds of some of the species4 ,hybrids are1 however1 very frequently produced by art1 and particularly among our flowering plants1 under the hands of ingenious gardeners4 ,herbert thinks1 from his observations1 that the flowers and organs of reproduction partake of the characters of the female parent1 while the foliage and habit1 or the organs of vegetation1 resemble the male4 ,simply crossing different members of the same species1 like the crossing of races in animal life1 is not always easily accomplished2 but we here find much less difficulty1 and we do not produce a mule progeny4 ,in these experiments the same precautions must be taken to avoid the interference of natural agents in the transportation of pollen from flower to flower2 but this process is now so familiar to horticulturists1 that it scarcely needs a mention4 ,in our efforts with the strawberry1 some very curious results have occurred1 and we have learned that some of the recognized species appear under this severe test to be well founded1 as the results have been infertile4 ,where the perfection of the fruit depends upon the development of the seed1 this is a very important matter to the fruit-grower2 but fortunately this is not always the case1 for certain fruits swell and ripen perfectly1 though containing not a single well developed seed4 ,it would be an interesting study to trace out those plants which do furnish a well developed fleshy substance or sarcocarp1 without the true seeds4 ,such may be found occasionally in the native persimmon1 in certain grapes1 and in many apples2 but in the strawberry1 blackberry1 and raspberry1 the berry which constitutes our desirable fruit1 never swells unless the germs have been impregnated and the seeds perfect4 ,in the stone-fruits the stone or pit is always developed1 but the enclosed seed is often imperfect from want of impregnation or other cause--and yet the fleshy covering will sometimes swell and ripen4 ,one of the most successful experimenters in this country is ,doctor ,j4,p4 ,kirtland1 near ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 whose efforts at crossing certain favorite cherries1 were crowned with the most happy results1 and all are familiar with the fruits that have been derived from his crosses4 ,the details of his applying the pollen of one flower to the pistils of another are familiar to all intelligent readers1 and have been so often set forth1 that they need not be repeated in this case--great care is necessary to secure the desired object1 and to guard against interference from causes that would endanger or impair the value of the results4 ,van ,mons' theory was based upon certain assumptions and observations1 some of which are well founded1 others are not so firmly established4 ,he claimed correctly that all our best fruits were artificial products1 because the essential elements for the preservation of the species in their natural condition1 are vigor of the plant and perfect seeds for the perpetuation of the race4 ,it has been the object of culture to diminish the extreme vigor of the tree so as to produce early fruitage1 and at the same time to enlarge and to refine the pulpy portion of the fruit4 ,he claimed1 as a principle1 that our plants of culture had always a tendency to run back toward the original or wild type1 when they were grown from seeds4 ,this tendency is admitted to exist in many cases1 but it is also claimed1 that when a break is once made from the normal type1 the tendency to improve may be established4 ,van ,mons asserted that the seeds from old trees would be still more apt to run back toward the original type1 and that the older the tree1 the nearer will the seedlings raised from it approach the wild state1 though he says they will not quite reach it4 ,but the seeds from a young tree1 having itself the tendency to melioration1 are more likely to produce improved sorts4 ,he thinks there is a limit to perfection1 and that1 when this is reached1 the next generation will more probably produce bad fruit than those grown from an inferior sort1 which is on the upward road of progression4 ,he claims that the seeds of the oldest varieties of good fruit yield inferior kinds1 whereas those taken from new varieties of bad fruit1 and reproduced for several generations1 will certainly give satisfactory results in good fruit4 ,he began with seeds from a young seedling tree1 not grafted upon another stock2 he cared nothing for the quality of the fruit1 but preferred that the variety was showing a tendency to improvement or variation4 ,these were sowed1 and from the plants produced1 he selected such as appeared to him to have evidence of improvement1 7it is supposed by their less wild appearance71 and transplanted them to stations where they could develop themselves4 ,when they fruited1 even if indifferent1 if they continued to give evidence of variation1 the first seeds were saved and planted and treated in the same way4 ,these came earlier into fruit than the first1 and showed a greater promise4 ,successive generations were thus produced to the fourth and fifth1 each came into bearing earlier than its predecessor1 and produced a greater number of good varieties1 and he says that in the fifth generation they were nearly all of great excellence4 ,he found pears required the longest time1 five generations2 while the apple was perfected in four1 and stone fruits in three4 ,starting upon the theory that we must subdue the vigor of the wilding to produce the best fruits1 he cut off the tap roots when transplanting and shortened the leaders1 and crowded the plants in the orchard or fruiting grounds1 so as to stand but a few feet apart4 ,he urged the regenerating in a direct line of descent as rapidly as possible an improving variety1 taking care that there be no interval between the generations4 ,to sow1 re-sow1 to sow again1 to sow perpetually1 in short to do nothing but sow1 is the practice to be pursued1 and which cannot be departed from2 and1 in short1 this is the whole secret of the art ,i have employed4 7,arbres ,fruitiers47 ,who else would have the needed patience and perseverance to pursue such a course8 ,very few1 indeed--especially if they were not very fully convinced of the correctness of the premises upon which this theory is founded4 ,mr4 ,downing thinks that the great numbers of fine varieties of apples that have been produced in this country1 go to sustain the ,van ,mons doctrine1 because1 as he assumes1 the first apples that were produced from seeds brought over by the early emigrants1 yielded inferior fruit which had run back toward the wild state1 and the people were forced to begin again with them1 and that they most naturally pursued this very plan1 taking seeds from the improving varieties for the next generations and so on4 ,this may have been so1 but it is mere assumption--we have no proof1 and1 on the contrary1 our choice varieties have so generally been conceded to have been chance seedlings1 that there appears little evidence to support it--on the contrary1 some very fine varieties have been produced by selecting the seeds of good sorts promiscuously1 and without regarding the age of the trees from which the fruit was taken4 ,mr4 ,downing himself1 after telling us that we have much encouragement to experiment upon this plan of perfecting fruits1 by taking seeds from such as are not quite ripe1 gathered from a seedling of promising quality1 from a healthy young tree 7quite young17 on its own root1 not grafted1 and that we must avoid #ast1 the seeds of old trees2 #b;d1 those of grafted trees2 #c;d1 that we must have the best grounds for good results--still admits what we all know1 that in this country1 new varieties of rare excellence are sometimes obtained at once by planting the seeds of old grafted varieties2 thus the ,lawrence ,favorite and the ,columbia ,plums were raised from seeds of the ,green ,gage1 one of the oldest ,european varieties4 ,let us now look at an absolute experiment conducted avowedly upon the ,van ,mons plan in our own country1 upon the fertile soil of the ,state of ,illinois1 and see to what results it led3-- ,the following facts have been elicited from correspondence with ,h4,p4 ,brayshaw1 of ,du ,quoin1 ,illinois4 ,the experiments were instituted by his father many years ago1 to test the truth of the ,van ,mons' theory of the improvement of fruits by using only the first seeds4 ,thirty-five years ago1 in #ahbg1 his father procured twenty-five seedling trees from a nursery1 which may be supposed to have been an average lot1 grown from promiscuous seed4 ,these were planted1 and when they came into bearing1 six of them furnished fruit that might be called good and of these1 four were considered fine4 ,one of the six is still in cultivation1 and known as the ,illinois ,greening4 ,of the remainder of the trees1 some of the fruits were fair1 and the rest were worthless1 and have disappeared4 ,second ,generation4--,the first fruits of these trees were selected1 and the seeds were sown4 ,of the resulting crop1 some furnished fruit that was good1 but they do not appear to have merited much attention4 ,third ,generation4--,from first seeds of the above1 one hundred trees were produced1 some of which were good fruit1 and some even fine1 while some were very poor1 four or five only merited attention4 ,so that we see a retrogression from the random seedlings1 furnishing twenty-five per cent1 of good fruit1 to only four or five per cent4 in the third generation1 that were worthy of note4 ,fourth ,generation4--,a crop of the first seed was again sown1 producing a fourth generation2 of these many were good culinary fruits1 none1 or very few being of the poorest class of seedlings1 none of them1 however1 were fine enough for the dessert4 ,fifth ,generation4--,this crop of seedlings was destroyed by the cut-worms1 so that only one tree now remains1 but has not yet fruited4 ,but ,mr4 ,brayshaw appears to feel hopeful of the results1 and promises to continue the experiment4 ,crops have also been sown from some of these trees1 but a smaller proportion of the seedlings thus produced were good fruits1 than when the first seeds were used--this ,mr4 ,brayshaw considers confirmatory evidence of the theory1 though he appears to feel confidence in the varieties already in use1 most of which had almost an accidental origin4 ,he thinks the result would have been more successful had the blossoms been protected from impregnation by other trees1 and recommends that those to be experimented with should be planted at a distance from orchards1 so as to avoid this cross-breeding1 and to allow of what is called breeding in-and-in4 ,if this were done1 he feels confident that the seedlings would more nearly resemble the parent1 and to a certain extent would manifest the tendency to improvement1 and that from the earliest ripened fruits1 some earlier varieties would be produced1 from those latest ripening1 later varieties1 from those that were inferior and insipid1 poor sorts would spring1 and that from the very best and most perfect fruits we might expect one in one thousand1 or one-tenth of one per cent41 to be better than the parent4 ,this diminishes the chance for improvement to a beautifully fine point upon which to hang our hopes of the result of many generations of seedlings occupying more than a lifetime of experiments4 ,mr4 ,brayshaw1 citing some of the generally adopted axioms of breeders of animals1 assumes that crosses1 as of distinct races1 will not be so likely to produce good results1 as a system of breeding in-and-in1 persistently carried out4 ,this plan he recommends1 and alludes to the quince and mulberry as suitable species to operate upon1 because in them there are fewer varieties1 and therefore less liability to cross-breeding1 and a better opportunity for breeding in-and-in4 ,he also reminds us of the happy results which follow the careful selection of the best specimens in garden flowers and vegetables1 combined with the rejection of all inferior plants1 when we desire to improve the character of our garden products1 and he adopts the views of certain physiologists1 which1 however1 are questioned by other authorities1 to the effect that violent or decided crosses are always followed by depreciation and deterioration of the offspring4 ,the whole communication referring to these experiments1 which are almost the only ones1 so far as ,i know1 which have been conducted in this country to any extent1 to verify or controvert the ,van ,mons' theory1 is very interesting1 but it is easy to perceive that the experimenter1 though apparently very fair1 and entirely honest1 has been fully imbued with the truth and correctness of the proposition of ,van ,mons1 that the first ripened seed of a natural plant was more likely to produce an improved variety1 and that this tendency to improvement would ever increase1 and be most prominent in the first ripened seeds of successive generations grown from it4 ,the theory of ,van ,mons ,i shall not attempt in this place to controvert1 but will simply say that nothing which has yet come under my observation has had a tendency to make me a convert to the avowed views of that great ,belgian ,pomologist1 while1 on the contrary1 the rumors of his opponents1 that he was really attempting to produce crosses from some of the best fruits1 as our gardeners have most successfully done in numerous instances1 in the beautiful flowers and delicious vegetables of modern horticulture1 have always impressed me with a color of probability1 and if he were not actually and intentionally impregnating the blossoms with pollen of the better varieties1 natural causes1 such as the moving currents of air1 and the ever active insects1 whose special function in many instances appears to be the conveyance of pollen1 would necessarily cause an admixture1 which1 in a promiscuous and crowded collection1 like the school of ,van ,mons1 would at least have an equal chance of producing an improvement in some of the resulting seeds4 ,the whole subject of variation in species1 the existence of varieties1 and also of those partial sports1 which may perhaps be considered as still more temporary variations from the originals1 than those which come through the seeds1 is one of deep interest1 well worthy of our study1 but concerning which we must confess ourselves as yet quite ignorant1 and our best botanists do not agree even as to the specific distinctions that have been set up as characters of some of our familiar plants1 for the most eminent differ with regard to the species of some of our common trees and plants4 ,,running ,,out ,,of ,,varieties4 ,it has been a very generally received opinion among intelligent fruit-growers1 that any given variety of fruit can have but a limited period of existence1 be that longer or shorter4 ,reasoning from the analogies of animal life this would appear very probable1 for it is well known that individuals of different species all have a definite period of life1 some quite brief1 others quite extended1 beyond which they do not survive4 ,but with our modern views of vegetation1 though we know that all perennial plants do eventually die and molder away to the dust from whence they were created1 and that many trees of our own planting come to an untimely end1 while we yet survive to observe their decay1 still1 we can see no reason why a tree or parts of a tree taken from it1 and placed under circumstances favorable to its growth from time to time1 may not be sempiternal4 ,harvey has placed this matter in a correct light1 by showing that the true life and history of a tree is in the buds1 which are annual1 while the tree itself is the connecting link between them and the ground4 ,any portion of such a compound existence1 grafted upon another stock1 or planted immediately in the ground itself and established upon its own roots1 will produce a new tree like the first1 being furnished with supplies of nourishment it may grow indefinitely while retaining all the qualities of the parent stock--if that be healthy and vigorous so will this--indeed new life and vigor often seem to be imparted by a congenial thrifty stock1 and a fertile soil1 so that there does not appear to be any reason why the variety should ever run out and disappear4 ,the distinguished ,thomas ,andrew ,knight1 ,president of the ,london ,horticultural ,society1 was one of the leading advocates of the theory that varieties would necessarily run out and disappear as it were by exhaustion4 ,in his ,pomona ,herefordiensis1 he tells us that those apples1 which have been long in cultivation1 are on the decay4 ,the ,redstreak and ,golden ,pippin can no longer be propagated with advantage4 ,the fruit1 like the parent tree1 is affected by the debilitated old age of the variety4 ,and in his treatise on the culture of the apple and pear1 he says3 ,the ,moil and its successful rival1 the ,redstreak1 with the ,must and ,golden ,pippin1 are in the last stage of decay1 and the ,stire and ,foxwhelp are hastening rapidly after them4 ,in noticing the decay of apple trees1 ,pliny probably refers to particular trees1 rather than the whole of any variety1 when he says that apples become old sooner than any other tree1 and the fruit becomes smaller and is subject to be cankered and worm-eaten1 even while on the trees4--,lib4 ,,xvi1 ,chap4 #bg4 ,speechly combated the views of ,mr4 ,knight1 and says3 ,it is much to be regretted that this apparently visionary notion of the extinction of certain kinds of apples should have been promulgated by authors of respectability1 since the mistake will1 for a time at least1 be productive of several ill consequences4 ,some of the old ,english varieties that were supposed to be worn out or exhausted1 appear to have taken a new lease of life in this country1 but we have not yet had a long enough experience to decide this question4 ,many of the earlier native favorites of the orchard have1 for some reason1 disappeared from cultivation--whether they have run out1 were originally deficient in vigor1 or have merely been superseded by more acceptable varieties1 does not appear4 ,mr4 ,phillips1 in his ,companion1 states that in #ahai1 he observed a great quantity of the ,golden ,pippin in ,covent ,garden ,market1 which were in perfect condition1 and was induced to make inquiries respecting the health of the variety1 which resulted in satisfactory replies from all quarters1 that the trees were recovering from disease1 which he thought had been induced by a succession of unpropitious seasons4 ,he cites ,mr4 ,ronald's opinion1 that there was then no fear of losing this variety2 and ,mr4 ,lee1 who thought that the apparent decay of some trees was owing to unfavorable seasons4 ,mr4 ,harrison informed him that this variety was very successfully grown on the mountains of the island of ,madeira1 at an elevation of #cjjj feet1 and produced abundantly4 ,also that the variety was quite satisfactory in many parts of ,england1 and concludes that the ,golden ,pippin only requires the most genial situation1 to render it as prolific is formerly4 ,it is quite probable1 as ,phillips suggests1 that ,mr4 ,knight had watched the trees during unfavorable seasons which prevailed at that period1 and as he found the disease increase1 he referred it to the old age of the variety1 and based his theory to that effect upon partial data4 ,mr4 ,knight's views1 though they have taken a strong hold upon the popular mind1 have not been confirmed by physiologists4 ,for though the seed would appear to be the proper source whence to derive our new plants1 and certainly our new varieties of fruits1 many plants have1 for an indefinite period1 been propagated by layers1 shoots or scions1 buds1 tubers1 etc41 and that the variety has thus been extended much beyond the period of the life of the parent or original seedling4 ,strawberries are propagated and multiplied by the runners1 potatoes by tubers1 the ,tiger ,lily by bulblets1 some onions by proliferous bulbs1 sugarcane by planting pieces of the stalk1 many grapes by horizontal stems1 and many plants by cuttings1 for a very great length of time4 ,the grape vine has been continued in this way from the days of the ,romans4 ,a slip taken from a willow in ,mr4 ,knight's garden pronounced by him to be dying from old age1 was planted in the ,edinburgh ,botanic ,garden many years ago1 and is now a vigorous tree1 though the original stock has long since gone to decay4#aa ,,footnotes3 #c ,north ,american ,sylva1 ,nuttall ,,ii1 p4 #be4 #d ,diary4 #e ,history of ,knaresborough1 p4 #baf4--;,companion of the ,orchard1 p4 #cd4 #f ,our lexicographers give it a similar origin1 but refer it to the shape in which it was put up4 ,others derive it from poma1 ,spanish1 a box of perfume4 #g ,phillips' ,companion1 p4 #cb4 #h ,phillips' ,companion1 p4 #da4 #i ,balfour's ,manual4 #aj ,balfour's ,manual4 #aa ,balfour's ,manual1 p4 #bhd4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,propagation4--,,section ,i4 ,,all ,,growth ,,is ,,dependant ,,upon ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,cells4 ,,the ,,seed ,,and ,,the ,,bud2 ,,their ,,resemblance4 ,,the ,,individuality ,,of ,,buds4 ,,the ,,basis ,,of ,,all ,,propagation4 ,,buds ,,are ,,developed ,,into ,,twigs2 ,,have ,,power ,,of ,,emitting ,,roots4 ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,cell-,,growth4 ,,by ,,cuttings3 ,,preparation ,,and ,,selection4 ,,heel-,,cuttings4 ,,soft ,,wood4 ,,hard ,,wood4 ,,seasons ,,for ,,each4 ,,fall ,,planting4 ,,the ,,callus1 ,,or ,,development ,,of ,,cell-,,growth4 ,,bottom ,,heat2 ,,why ,,beneficial4 ,,why ,,spring ,,cuttings ,,fail4 ,,stimulus ,,of ,,light ,,upon ,,the ,,buds1 ,,causes ,,them ,,to ,,expand1 ,,and ,,the ,,leaves ,,evaporate ,,too ,,freely4 ,,root ,,cuttings2 ,,different ,,fruits ,,thus ,,propagated4 ,,by ,,suckers3 ,,objections ,,to ,,answered4 ,,sucker ,,orchards2 ,,bear ,,early4 ,,sucker ,,trees ,,apt ,,to ,,sucker ,,again4 ,,by ,,layers3 ,a ,,natural ,,method4 ,,how ,,performed4 ,,the ,,raspberry ,,and ,,the ,,grape4 ,,illustrations ,,of ,,natural ,,and ,,artificial ,,methods4 ,,quince ,,stocks4 ,,adjuvants ,,to ,,layering1 ,,notching1 ,,etc4 ,,by ,,seeds3 ,,how ,,it ,,differs ,,from ,,the ,,others4 ,,apple ,,seedlings4 ,,their ,,treatment1 ,,separating1 ,,and ,,preparing ,,the ,,seed4 ,,apparatus4 ,,sprouting4 ,,sowing4 ,,cultivation4 ,,seedlings4 ,,treatment4 ,,sorting4 ,,packing4 ,all propagation of plants must depend upon the development of seeds or of buds1 and all will arise from the growth and extension of cells4 ,the seed and the bud are much more nearly related than a casual observer would at first sight suppose4 ,the early phylologists thought they discovered that in the seed was enwrapped the image of the future tree--a dissection of the seed would appear to demonstrate this4 ,it is composed of separate parts which are capable of being developed into the root1 stem1 and appendages1 but they have yet to be so developed2 the several parts that we find in the seed are merely the representative parts4 ,but the seed has the future of the tree within itself1 it has certain qualities of the future tree impressed upon it in its primary organization1 within the capsule of the fruit of the parent plant1 so that in a higher sense the image of the future tree does exist within the seed4 ,within the bud1 still more plainly and more distinctly visible1 is the future tree manifest1 and we may produce a tree from a bud as certainly as we do from a seed4 ,subjected to circumstances favorable for growth1 the bud1 as well as the seed1 will emit roots1 will form its stem1 branches and appendages1 and will become a tree2 differing from the product of the seed only in this1 that in the latter the resulting organism constitutes a new individual which may vary somewhat from its parent1 in the former it is only a new development of a part of a previously existing organization4 ,the similarity existing between the two is exceedingly close1 and is a matter of great importance in horticultural operations4 ,dr4 ,lindley1 in the ,gardener's ,chronicle1 says very truly1 that every bud of a tree is an individual vegetable1 and a tree1 therefore1 is a family or swarm of individual plants1 like the polype with its young growing out of its sides1 or like the branching cells of the coral insect4 ,similar opinions1 more or less modified1 have been expressed by subsequent physiologists1 and are familiar to men of science in every country and1 we may add1 are also universally accepted as true by all who claim a right to express an opinion upon the subject4--,men of science recognize the individuality of buds4--,nobody doubts the individuality of buds4--,in a gardening aspect1 the individuality of buds is the cardinal point upon which some of our most important operations turn2 such1 for example1 as all modes of propagation whatever1 except by seed4 ,if this be not fully understood1 there is no possible explanation of the reasons why certain results are sure to follow the attachment of a bud1 or the insertion of a graft1 or the planting of a cutting1 or the bending of a layer1 or the approach of a scion1 or the setting of an eye--our six great forms of artificial multiplication4 ,in his ,elements of ,botany1 the same writer says3 ,an embryo is a young plant produced by the agency of the sexes1 and developed within a seed--a leaf bud is a young plant1 produced without the agency of the sexes1 enclosed within the rudimentary leaves called scales1 and developed on a stem4 ,an embryo propagates the species1 leaf-buds propagate the individual4 ,he shows each to be a young plant developing itself upwards1 downwards and horizontally1 into stem1 root1 and medullary system4 ,dr4 ,schleiden thus beautifully expresses his views of their individuality3 ,now the bud essentially is nothing more than a repetition of the plant on which it is formed4 ,the foundation of a new plant consists equally of a stem and leaves1 and the sole distinction is that the stem becomes intimately blended at its base with the mother plant in its growth1 and has no free radical extremity like that exhibited by a plant developed from a seed4 ,however1 this distinction is not so great as at the first glance it appears4 ,every plant of high organization possesses the power of shooting out adventitious roots from its stem1 under the favoring influences of moisture2 and very frequently1 even plants that have been raised from seed1 are forced to content themselves with such adventitious roots1 since it is the nature of many plants1 for instance the grasses1 never to develop their proper root1 although the radicle is actually present4 ,we are1 it is true1 accustomed to look upon the matter as though the buds must always be developed into twigs and branches1 on and in connection with the plant itself2 and thus in common life1 we regard them as parts of a plant1 and not as independent individuals1 which they are in fact1 although they1 like children who remain in their paternal home1 retain the closest connection with the plant on which they were produced4 ,that they are at least capable of becoming independent plants1 is shown by an experiment frequently successful when the necessary care is taken1 namely the breaking off and sowing of the buds of our forest trees4 ,the well-known garden operations of grafting and budding are also examples of this1 and layering only differs from the sowing of the buds1 in that the buds on the layers are allowed to acquire a certain degree of maturity before they are separated from the parent plant4 ,all here depends upon the facility with which these bud plants root as it is called1 that is develop adventitious roots1 when they are brought in contact with moist earth4 99 99 99 ,nature herself very often makes use of this method to multiply certain plants in incalculable numbers4 ,in a few cases1 the process resembles the artificial sowing of buds1 as when the plant spontaneously throws off the perfect buds at a certain period2 an instance of this is afforded by some of our garden ,lilies1 which throw off the little bulb-like buds which appear in the axils of the lower leaves4 ,the more common mode of proceeding is as follows3 ,those buds which have been formed near the surface of the soil1 grow up into shoots provided with leaves2 but the shoots are long1 slender and delicate1 the leaves too are stunted into little scales2 in their axils1 however1 they develop strong buds1 which either in the same or in the following year take root1 and the slender shoot connecting them with the parent plant1 dying and decaying1 they become free independent plants4 ,in this manner the strawberry soon covers a neglected garden4#ab ,upon the development of a cell in any living tissue1 and its power of reproducing other cells1 and upon its function of communicating by endosmosis and exosmosis with other like cells1 depend all our success in propagating vegetables1 whether from seeds or buds1 and parts containing these4 ,we must study the circumstances that favor the development of cells1 if we would be successful in propagating plants4 ,each bud being considered an individual1 and capable1 under favorable circumstances1 of taking on a separate existence1 we can multiply any individual variety indefinitely1 and be sure of having the same qualities of foliage and fruit that we admire in the original1 and that we may desire to propagate4 ,this applies equally to a group of buds1 as in cuttings1 grafts and layers1 etc42 but1 more wonderful still1 there are cells capable of developing buds where none existed before1 and even in tissues or parts of a plant where we do not usually find buds--hence we have a mode of propagation of many woody plants1 by root cuttings1 and by leaves1 and even parts of leaves4 ,,propagation ,,by ,,cuttings4--,many fruits are multiplied by this means4 ,healthy shoots of the previous year's growth are usually selected and taken when the parent is in a dormant state1 or still better1 when it is approaching this condition4 ,sometimes a small portion of the previous year's growth is left with the cutting1 making a sort of heel2 when this is not to be had1 or not preferred1 the slip is to be prepared for planting by cutting it smoothly just below a bud1 as this seems to be the most favorable point in many plants for the emission of roots4 ,some plants will throw out radicles at any point indifferently along the internodes or merithallus4 ,the preference for heel-cuttings depends upon the fact1 that near the base of the annual shoot there are always a great number of buds1 many of which1 however1 being imperfectly developed1 are inconspicuous1 but though dormant1 they seem to favor the emission of rootlets4 ,cuttings may be made to grow if taken at any period of their development1 but when green and soft1 they require particular conditions of heat and moisture in the soil1 and atmosphere1 that are only under the control of the professional gardener4 ,they are usually taken in the dormant state1 because they are then susceptible of being made to grow under the ordinary conditions of out-door gardening4 ,if cut early in the season1 on the approach of autumn1 after the wood-growth has been perfected1 they may be planted at once with good prospect of success1 or they may be put into the soil1 out of doors1 in the cellar1 or in a cold frame or pit1 and a very important step in the progress of their growth will commence at once4 ,the leafless sticks are not dead1 and whenever the temperature will admit of the quiet interchange of fluids among their cells1 this curious function will go on1 and will be accompanied by the development or generation of new cells that soon cover the cut surfaces1 constituting what the gardeners call the callus4 ,this is the first step toward growth1 and it most readily occurs when the earth is warmer than the air2 hence the value of fall planting1 whether of trees or of cuttings1 if done before the earth has been chilled1 and hence also1 the importance of bottom heat in artificial propagation4 ,if on the contrary the air be warm and the ground cold1 the buds are often stimulated to burst forth1 before the rootlets can have started4 ,the expanding foliage which so delights the tyro in propagation1 offers an extended surface for evaporation1 the contained juices of the cutting itself are soon exhausted1 no adequate supply is furnished1 and the hopeful plant soon withers1 or damps off1 and dies4#ac ,the cutting1 like the seed1 must have first the root1 then the blade4 ,the length of time that is allowed for cuttings to prepare for rooting1 if they are designed for spring planting1 should be as great as possible1 and the circumstances under which they are kept should be such as to favor the development of the cells1 so that roots may form freely with the breaking of the buds1 if not before4 ,root-cuttings should be made in the spring1 just before the usual period of the bursting of the buds in the plant to be propagated4 ,the tendency to develop buds appears to be then most active4 ,gentle bottom heat1 though not essential1 is still very desirable1 and will conduce to the success of the operation4 ,some plants are best propagated by this means1 and those too1 which never naturally produce suckers1 may often be successfully grown by sections of the roots4 ,all plants do not equally admit of propagation by division as cuttings1 some woody tissues refusing to emit roots under almost any circumstances4 ,nobody thinks of propagating the stone fruits1 such as the cherry1 plum1 peach1 or apricot1 by attempting to plant cuttings1 and yet some of these will emit roots very freely1 as we may often observe when the shoots or trimmings are used as supports for plants in the green-house4 ,the plum tree is exceedingly apt to form new roots when planted too deeply1 and upon this fact depends the success or failure of the finer varieties when worked upon certain varieties of the wild stock4 ,if the young trees are earthed up in the nursery1 and set rather deeply in the orchard1 they will soon establish a good set of roots of their own1 emitted above the junction of the scion and stock1 which is very preferable to the imperfect union and consequent enlargement that often results from using uncongenial stocks4 ,the raspberry and blackberry do not grow so well from cuttings of the wood1 which is always biennial in this genus1 as they do from root-cuttings4 ,in some parts of the country1 peaches are mainly produced1 or the favorite varieties are multiplied1 by planting the sprouts that come from the base of the trunk of the trees2 these have little or no roots when taken off with the mattock1 but they soon establish themselves and make good trees1 bearing fruit like their parents1 in soils and climate that are well adapted to this fruit4 ,refined and scientific horticulture has been extensively applied to the multiplication of the grape1 which is now produced in immense numbers1 from single eyes1 or buds4 ,formerly our vineyards were formed by planting long cuttings at once in the field in the stations to be occupied by the vines1 or by setting them first in a nursery1 whence they were transplanted to the vineyard1 when one or two years old4 ,only the most refractory kinds1 which would not grow readily in the field1 or such as were yet rare1 were propagated from cuttings1 by using the single eye and artificial bottom heat4 ,now1 however1 the appliances of our propagators are called upon for the production of grape-vines by the million1 and they find it advisable to multiply all the varieties in this manner4 ,the propagation of the grape by using single eyes affords the most beautiful illustration of the subject of the individuality of buds1 and though denounced by some as an unnatural1 steam-forcing process1 it is really an evidence of the advance of horticulture1 since every step is supported by a philosophical reason1 and the whole process1 to be successful1 is dependent upon the application to practice of well established scientific truths4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,french ,,and ,,common ,,modes ,,of ,,setting ,,cuttings4 ,it has already been stated that the first effect of cell-growth upon a cutting1 is the production of a callus4 ,this callus may form upon any cut surface1 or even where the bark has been abraded4 ,it is the first effort of nature to repair an injury by the reproduction of new parts2 it is most generally found at the base of the cutting1 but under favorable circumstances1 it will be seen also at the upper end of the shoot if this has been placed in contact with the earth4 ,cuttings will sometimes be set up-side down1 when we find the callus upon the smaller end1 and roots will be emitted from that portion whence we should have expected to see the branches issue4 ,upon this fact1 and to multiply the chances of living1 has been based the ,french method1 as it is called1 or that of inserting both ends of the cuttings4 ,the common mode1 7fig4 #a71 is to set the cuttings in a slanting direction in the ground1 so placed that the upper eye or bud only shall reach the surface4 ,formerly there was a preference for long cuttings1 and these were often made eighteen inches or more in length4 ,the practice with most of our cultivators has been modified in this particular1 and they have reduced the length of the slips to six and eight inches1 so as to have in grape wood about three or four eyes4 ,some have gone still further1 and use but two1 even for out-door planting of the grape1 and some have been very successful when using but a single joint4 ,the ,germans have advocated longer cuttings1 upon the theory that there was a retroaction in the pith of the internodes and in all the buds of the cutting1 upon the lower point1 enabling it to push roots more strongly from a long than from a short cutting4 ,this theory has for its support the fact1 that there is in such a cutting a larger amount of organizable matter to be developed into the new parts to be produced1 and certainly1 if neglected1 short cuttings will be very apt to suffer from drought1 but in practice1 it is found that the short cutting plants have better roots1 which are near the surface1 and even those plants1 grown from single eyes1 are better burnished than long cuttings produced upon the old plan1 which placed the roots deep in the soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,one-,,eye ,,cuttings ,,of ,,the ,,grape4 ,there are various methods of preparing the single-eye cuttings1 some of which are represented in fig4 #b4 ,among our cultivated fruits there is but a limited number that need to be propagated by cuttings1 though1 where it becomes necessary1 many of them may be grown in this manner1 to which procedure there are no serious objections1 though there are some of a theoretical nature4 ,the currant and the gooseberry are increased almost exclusively from cuttings1 they strike root very readily1 and are multiplied to any extent2 their seeds are sown only to produce new varieties4 ,the grape is propagated very extensively by cuttings2 the slips are often planted in the field and in the stations where the vines are wanted for the vineyard2 but some varieties are so unsatisfactory in their results1 that other more elaborate and scientific means must be taken for their propagation4 ,among the larger fruits1 those constituting our trees1 we do not depend upon cuttings1 except in the quince1 which is not only grown for its fruit1 but is also largely produced as a stock for the dwarfed pear1 and is extensively propagated from cuttings4 ,the ,paradise apple1 a dwarf stock1 is multiplied in the same way4 ,pears and apples may be grown from cuttings1 but this plan is not pursued with them to any extent4 ,those that are root-grafted1 or budded very low1 especially the pear on quince stocks1 will often produce roots if favorably situated1 but there is a great difference in varieties1 some rarely produce a root1 while others are very prone to do it2 from observations of this fact1 a new phase of dwarf-pear culture has been inaugurated4 ,,suckers4--,one of the simplest methods of multiplying varieties consists of increasing and encouraging the suckers thrown up by the roots2 these are separated and set out for trees4 ,we have been told by some physiologists that there was an absolute difference in structure between the root and the stem1 that they could not be substituted the one for the other2 and yet the oft quoted marvel of the tree which was planted upside down1 and which produced flowers and leaves from its roots1 while its branches emitted fibres1 and became true roots1 is familiar to every one4 ,here1 as in other cases1 our teachers have led us into error by attempting to trace analogy with animal anatomy and physiology1 and by directing our attention to the circulation of plants1 as though they1 like the higher animals1 possessed true arterial and venous currents of circulating fluids4 ,the cell circulation is quite a different affair1 and can be conducted in either direction1 as every gardener knows who has ever layered a plant1 or set a cutting upside down4 ,so with the roots--they are but downward extensions of the stem2 under ordinary circumstances they have no need for buds1 but these may be1 and often are developed1 when the necessity for their presence arises4 ,buds do exist on roots1 especially upon those that are horizontal and near the surface1 and from them freely spring suckers1 which are as much parts of the parent tree as its branches1 and may be planted with entire certainty of obtaining the same fruit1 just as the twigs when used as cuttings1 or scions1 when grafted1 will produce similar results4 ,whole orchards are planted1 in some sections of the country1 with the suckers from old trees2 apples1 pears1 plums1 and even peaches1 as well as raspberries and blackberries1 are multiplied in this primitive way4 ,there are some varieties of apples that have been so propagated for half a century1 and extended for hundreds of miles in this way by the pioneer emigrants1 without ever having been grafted1 until their merits have at length accidentally become known to the ,pomological ,societies and nurserymen1 when the propagation of them by grafting soon supercedes the more primitive method4 ,sucker trees are objected to upon the grounds that they are not healthy and thrifty1 that they do not have good roots4 ,inherent disease of the parent tree will of course be transmitted with its other peculiarities1 but ,i cannot imagine that this would be any more likely to occur in a sucker than in a layer1 or cutting1 or graft4 ,as to the roots1 they may be more developed upon one side than another in the young tree1 and this state of things may continue in the adult2 we often observe the same condition in the stumps of the monarchs of our forests1 which were never suspected in the day of their glory and pride of having such a fault4 ,but such a condition of roots is not essential to the sucker1 which may be made to have as fine a system of lateral roots1 and as evenly and regularly distributed as those of a seedling tree4 ,another objection to this mode of propagation has much truth and some force2 that is1 that suckers are very apt to produce suckers again4 ,this is particularly the case with the ,morello cherry1 which is a favorite stock1 upon which to work many of the choice varieties4 ,as an offset to this it may be urged1 that the small fibrous roots1 which are supposed to conduce to early fruitfulness1 abound in trees propagated by this means1 and this may be the reason why the fruit trees that have been thus multiplied1 are very generally remarkable for their precocious fruiting4 ,some of the apples that have been long increased in this manner1 bear so early1 and so bountifully1 as to prevent them from ever forming very large trees2 they often have a stunted appearance1 and not infrequently present a peculiar inequality upon the bark1 portions being swollen or enlarged like warts--from which1 in some cases1 it is easy to force out shoots or sprouts2 they are indeed true gemmules like those of the old olive trees1 and like them might be used for the propagation of the variety2 a similar condition1 no doubt1 exists in the roots1 whence the tendency to sucker4 ,the common ,morello cherry2 the ,damson2 the ,chickasas1 and other varieties of plum2 the blackberry1 and many raspberries1 are multiplied almost exclusively in a similar manner4 ,,layers are portions of the branches of a plant that have been induced to throw out roots1 and which can thus set up an independent existence if removed from the parent tree4 ,this mode of propagation is a very natural one1 and was probably an accidental discovery4 ,in its traits1 it is the reverse of the mode we have just been considering4 ,here the branch emits roots1 instead of the root emitting branches1 as in the case of the sucker4 ,layering is frequently resorted to as a mode of propagation1 it is very simple1 easily performed1 and1 with some species1 very certain in its results4 ,some plants will root readily if merely placed in contact with the ground1 or very slightly covered with soil2 others require some artificial interference1 such as ringing1 or twisting1 or slitting4 ,the raspberry1 known as the ,rubus occidentalis or ,black-cap1 belongs to the first class1 and it even places itself in contact with the soil by recurving its branches so as to bring the tips to the earth1 where they strike root1 and make new plants4 ,the grape comes under the second category1 needing only a little assistance1 and it is multiplied to a considerable extent in this manner4 ,in the spring1 the vines are laid out in a little shallow trench1 and pegged down closely2 as the buds burst1 they throw up shoots which are trained vertically by tying them to sticks1 and as soon as these shoots have acquired a certain degree of maturity and firmness1 the mellow earth is drawn up to them and they emit a beautiful system of roots1 and by the fall they form very fine plants1 7fig4 #c74 ,the layered branch is then taken up and the several plants are separated1 when it will be found that the best roots are chiefly from the lower joints of the new wood1 rather than from the old canes that were laid down in the spring4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,,propagating ,,the ,,grape ,,by ,,layering4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,,layering ,,the ,,quince4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,,stool ,,layering ,,the ,,quince4 ,quinces are considerably increased by a sort of layering1 as the twigs emit roots very freely2 they are often bent down1 slightly twisted1 or not1 as the case may be1 and covered with mellow soil1 when they readily emit roots1 become firmly established1 and may be set out by themselves1 7fig4 #d74 ,there is1 however1 another method of layering1 much practiced in the multiplication of the quince2 that called propagation by stools4 ,the plants are set in open rows1 four feet wide1 and three or four feet apart in the rows2 they should be so planted as to stand below the general surface1 that is in trenches4 ,when cut off at the ground in the spring1 they throw up a great number of shoots1 and the earth is gradually worked up to these to encourage their rooting1 7see figure #e71 which is often sufficient for removal the first season2 if1 on inspection1 the roots are not found to be sufficiently large or abundant1 the earthing is continued until the autumn of the next year1 when they are removed1 the stools trimmed of their lower roots1 and reset in new trenches4 ,the plants1 thus raised from stools1 are cut back severely1 and are then ready to set out in nursery rows for budding4 ,with the quince1 cultivated in this manner1 nothing is required but to accumulate the mellow earth about the shoots2 but in many plants it is necessary to notch the wood by splitting1 or cutting it for an inch or two1 7as in fig4 #f71 making a tongue that separates from the lower portion of the shoot1 and from which the roots are emitted4 ,this slit should be commenced just below a bud1 and the knife is drawn upward1 cutting halfway through the wood4 ,if commenced at one side instead of at the depending portion1 the tongue is more sure to be separated from the stock1 to which it might otherwise reunite4 ,to insure rooting1 some persons insert a little stick or chip between the separated portions1 to prevent a re-union of the parts4 ,the shoot1 after being notched1 is fastened down1 and fine soil or compost is brought about it to encourage the development of roots4 ,few of the hard wooded fruit trees have been extensively propagated by means of layers2 they might be so produced1 but it has not been found profitable nor necessary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,,manner ,,of ,,cutting ,,and ,,pegging ,,down ,a ,,layer4 ,a very common opinion prevails that layering exhausts the mother plant1 or vine1 which is used in this mode of propagating4 ,if properly conducted1 there is no reason why this should be2 but if the whole top of any plant is bent down and made to take root1 and to form independent roots1 there can be little or no return from the branches to the original stock to strengthen it4 ,a certain amount of healthy growing wood should always be left in its natural position1 and no danger to the plant need be apprehended4 ,the wood growth of the strawberry1 when allowed to take its natural bent1 is directed into the stolons or runners1 which form natural layers4 ,their production detracts from the central wood-growth of the plant1 and exhausts its strength to such a degree1 that it often dies1 whereas1 by a constant removal of the runners1 as fast as they appear1 we practice a sort of summer pruning or pinching1 which results in the production of a large branching stool1 with many points or centers for the production of foliage and flowers1 and thus insure the greatest abundance of fruit4 ,the strawberry1 like one species of the raspberry1 and many other of our native plants1 offers illustrations of natural layering4 ,,seeds4--,the most common as well as the most natural mode of multiplying the individual plants of most of our fruit trees1 is by sowing the seed2 from this source we procure stocks upon which are worked1 by budding or grafting1 the several varieties we may desire to propagate4 ,as an illustration of this process1 ,i propose to speak of apple seedlings4 ,the almost universal means of increasing the number of apple trees1 is by sowing the seed4 ,this is generally selected and separated from the fresh pomace left on the press in cider-making4 ,the old and slow process of hand-washing has given way1 in this age of labor-saving machinery1 to more economical methods4 ,the most approved apparatus is constructed upon the principle of separating the seeds from the pulp by means of their greater specific gravity2 it is1 indeed1 much like a gold washer1 being a series of boxes or troughs through which a current of water is made to flow2 this carries the lighter portions away from the seeds1 the contents of the boxes being agitated from time to time4 ,at the close of the process1 the clean seed is found in the bottoms of the boxes1 whence it is removed and carefully dried1 by putting it in an airy place1 and stirring it frequently to prevent mildew and fermentation4 ,well prepared seed is plump and bright1 and should feel cold to the hand4 ,when the pips are broken1 they should be white and clear within2 but the best test of their quality1 is to sprout a portion1 and count the plants produced by a given number of seeds4 ,,sowing4--,the seeds may be put into the ground1 either in the fall1 or spring4 ,the soil having been well prepared1 and deeply pulverized1 is thrown up in beds a few feet wide1 and the seed sown in close drills across2 or without the beds1 it may be sown in broad drills1 by hand1 or with a machine1 the rows at such a distance as to allow of culture by horse-power4 ,it is desirable1 in either case1 to get an early start and a good stand2 the weeds must be kept under from the very first1 and not allowed to have the mastery for a single day4 ,thorough culture during the season1 upon a deeply tilled soil1 of such a character as to retain moisture1 will be found highly advantageous in the production of this crop1 and will insure immunity from leaf-blight and other adversities4 ,some recommend sprouting the seed a little before planting4 ,if it have been kept during the winter mixed with its bulk of sand1 which is a good plan1 the whole may be subjected to a gentle heat as in a hot-bed1 for a few days1 just before planting4 ,during this time the mass must be stirred and turned every day1 to prevent fermentation and to secure an even start4 ,whenever the germ makes its appearance at the points of the seeds1 which is called pipping1 the sowing must begin1 and should be done as quickly as possible2 the covering is to be slight1 and the earth should be friable and not disposed to bake4 ,the depth at which the apple seed is to be covered will depend upon the present and prospective state of the weather1 lighter if moist1 heavier if dry1 for a continued drouth might be fatal to sprouted seed1 if it were planted too near the surface2 but when the weather is not dry1 it is advised that the shallower the seed is sown1 the better4 ,the objection has been made to sprouting1 that if the process have advanced too far1 the seedlings will be apt to have a crook at or near the collar1 instead of the straight fusiform appearance they should possess when presented to the grafter4 ,these seedlings furnish the stocks upon which to work the finer varieties of the apple4 ,they are taken up in the autumn with their long clean roots1 which are often longer than their tops1 the leaves are stripped off1 and they are assorted2 the larger are packed away in earth or saw-dust in the grafting department1 or heeled-in out of doors1 and covered in such a way as to be accessible at any time they may be needed during the winter4 ,the smaller stocks are heeled-in for spring planting in nursery rows for budding1 or they may be left in the original rows for another year's growth as seedlings4 ,if the plants have been well grown and not too thick1 so that the majority are of sufficient size1 it will be better to take them all up at once and assort them as just indicated1 otherwise the largest only may be drawn separately when the ground is soft with autumnal rains1 leaving the smaller seedlings for another year's growth4 ,in assorting and selling the stocks1 nurserymen make about three classes4 ,the very largest1 as thick as a lead-pencil1 are called extra1 or two-year old1 and command a higher price4 ,the next size1 called #ast class stocks1 are large enough for co-aptation to the average scions1 and long enough to make two cuts each for grafting2 and those that fall below this requisition are considered second class1 and are either thrown aside or set out for budding1 and for stock or collar-grafting in the rows4 ,,propagation4--,,section ,,ii4--,,grafting4 ,a ,,modification ,,of ,,cuttings4 ,,success ,,dependant ,,upon ,,cell-,,growth4 ,,forming ,a ,,union ,,with ,,the ,,stock4 ,,limits ,,to ,,grafting ,,dependant ,,upon ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,plant4 ,,physiological ,,bounds4 ,,success ,,is ,,in ,,proportion ,,to ,,the ,,affinity4 ,,several ,,species ,,as ,,stocks4 ,,distinct ,,genera4 ,,narrow ,,limits4 ,,requisites4 ,,effects ,,of ,,uncongenial ,,stocks4 ,,natural ,,grafting ,,is ,,inarching4 ,,grafting ,,by ,,approach4 ,,various ,,methods ,,of ,,grafting4 ,,whip1 ,,cleft1 ,,saddle1 ,,side1 ,,etc4 ,,illustrations4 ,,tying1 ,,waxing1 ,,etc4 ,,re-,,grafting ,,old ,,orchards4 ,,renew ,,successive ,,portions ,,of ,,the ,,tree2 ,,top ,,first4 ,,grafting ,,machines4 ,,root-,,grafting4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,scions4 ,,of ,,the ,,roots4 ,,preservation ,,of ,,the ,,grafts4 ,,division ,,of ,,labor4 ,,different ,,portions ,,or ,,sections ,,of ,,the ,,roots4 ,,stock-,,grafting4 ,,grafting-,,wax4 ,,seasons ,,for4 ,,prolonged4 ,,selection ,,of ,,scions4 ,,time ,,for ,,cutting4 ,,mode ,,of ,,preserving4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,grafts4 ,grafting is but a modification of propagation by cuttings4 ,the scion is a cutting of the variety we wish to propagate1 which1 instead of being committed to the ground to emit its own roots1 is placed in contact with tissues of a nature similar to its own1 through which it is to form a connection with the roots and the soil4 ,the success of the operation depends upon the formative cell in this instance also1 as in the cutting2 new cells are formed upon the cut surface1 and the intercommunication takes place through them4 ,hence we have anatomical limits to grafting2 there are physiological bounds beyond which we cannot pass1 in our combinations of scion and stock4 ,our success is in the direct ratio of the affinity that exists between them2 thus apple grows best on apple1 and even among these we find the closest union and the best results1 where there is a similarity between the style of growth1 and probably in the character of the cells4 ,we say1 as a general rule1 that stone fruits must be grafted upon stone fruits1 those bearing seeds1 upon seed fruit2 but there are limits even here which confine us upon one hand1 and give us more latitude upon the other4 ,thus the cherry may be worked upon the wild cherry 7,prunus ,virginiana7 but it forms a very poor union2 the pear will grow upon the thorn1 which has a very different seed1 but the union is very imperfect and the tree is short-lived2 the apple would appear to be much nearer of kin1 since it belongs to the same genus1 but though the pear will grow vigorously upon this stock1 it is no more permanent than upon the thorn3 either of them will answer when grafted low1 or in the root1 to start the cutting1 as the scion may then be considered1 and to sustain it until it shall have supplied itself with roots4 ,in top-grafting the pear upon a tree of either species1 it is found essential to success1 and it conduces to the greater durability of the tree1 for some branches of the original stock to be left intact to secure the circulation of the trunk1 as the union of the dissimilar cells is so imperfect that it does not furnish sufficient vent for the sap4 ,in the case of the cherry we find that the varieties appear to have a greater affinity for those of their own race2 thus the ,dukes and ,morellos do well when grafted upon the ,morello stocks1 whereas the ,hearts and ,bigarreau sorts do not make a good union upon these stocks1 but prefer the ,mazzard1 which has a freer growth more like their own4 ,most varieties will do well upon the ,mahaleb stock1 which is used as a means of dwarfing this fruit1 though not a dwarf4 ,upon the wild cherry1 which belongs to quite a different section of the genus1 the cultivated varieties will grow1 but they form a very imperfect union4 ,the peach may be worked upon the plum stock1 and is claimed to be somewhat dwarfed by it1 and to produce superior fruit4 ,this stock is more congenial to the apricot1 which is frequently propagated upon it4 ,both plums and apricots may be worked upon the peach stock1 and they will grow very vigorously1 as they will upon the wild plum1 but they soon over-grow1 and are very apt to break off4 ,when either of these species is used as a stock for the plum or apricot1 they should be considered merely as a nursing mother1 like the apple or thorn to the pear1 which may be wanted to help the cutting until it shall be prepared to stand alone1 and feed itself from its own roots4 ,in other words1 they should be grafted1 not budded1 into these uncongenial stocks1 and the operation should be performed in the collar or below it1 in the root1 so that the growing scion may be earthed up1 and encouraged to furnish itself with a good system of roots of its own4 ,the success will then depend upon the ability of the scion to emit roots freely4 ,we must never forget that in grafting1 we are confined to very narrow limits4 ,our scion must be of a similar nature with the stock1 each must have cells of a similar character1 capable of transmitting their nutritious fluids from one to the other4 ,we must recollect likewise1 that the parts must be so co-apted that the cells of wood growth shall be brought into as close connection as possible1 in both scion and stock2 these cells are found in the layer1 called the cambium1 which is between the wood and the bark4 ,the crude sap from below will often pass from cell to cell1 when the elaborated sap of the cells in the scion is wholly unfitted for the formation of wood cells in the stock below it2 of course the union in such a case must be very imperfect1 and the product of such a grafting will be subject to accident1 and will be short-lived1 though the result in fruit1 while the union continues1 may be very precocious1 abundant1 and of superior flavor4 ,natural grafting may often be observed by the student of nature when wandering among his favorites of the sylvan shades4 ,there can be no doubt that the first hint was thus communicated to the early gardeners4 ,in nature we always find the grafting to be inarching1 or grafting by approach2 two limbs or even two trees approximating closely1 have abraded one another1 and have afterward united their tissues most firmly together4 ,this is generally a union of two trees of the same variety or species2 but such is not always the case2 sometimes trees of very dissimilar natures unite in this manner1 but when we examine them we find only a dove-tailing1 only a mechanical union1 but no vital action subsists between them4 ,the ancients give us some fancy sketches of the unions by grafting of very dissimilar trees1 and some moderns who have no higher claim to poetry than their romancing1 tell us that we may graft the peach upon the ,willow and ,buttonwood1 and form other equally impossible unions4 ,the different methods of performing the operation of grafting vary with the character and size1 and condition of the stocks to be worked2 thus we have splice grafting1 whip1 cleft1 saddle1 and side grafting with modifications1 and also grafting by approach1 which is generally called inarching--though sometimes also practiced where we desire to renew the roots of a tree that are unhealthy1 or to restore those that have been removed by accident or by the erosion of some rodent animals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,splice ,,grafting is the simplest process1 and is applicable only where the size of the stock and of the scion correspond pretty nearly2 the two are cut with a sloping curve1 each of which being made at the same angle1 will coincide with the other when they are applied together1 as represented in the engraving1 fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,,whip ,,grafting4 ,,whip ,,grafting is a modification of the above4 ,each portion is cut in a sloping manner as in the splice grafting1 but each is also split with a thin-bladed knife1 as represented in fig4 #h4 ,the object in this is to give a firmer union to the two portions1 and also to present a more extended surface for the effusion of the new cell tissue that is to form the bond of union in cementing them together4 ,in both these methods1 but especially in the first1 the parts must be held together in co-aptation by some kind of bandage2 this is generally composed of grafting wax1 spread upon cloth or paper1 or even1 as now extensively practiced1 upon fine thread4 ,cotton yarn ,no4 #c is drawn through melted grafting wax1 and as it cools1 it is wound upon a reel at the other side of the room1 whence it is drawn as wanted by the grafter or tyer4 ,tying or wrapping is always a good precaution1 and when the splice or cleft graft is not very close1 it becomes necessary2 but thousands of grafts will unite equally well where the parts are covered with earth1 without any such appliance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,,different ,,steps ,,in ,,cleft ,,grafting4 ,a1 ,,scion ,,prepared ,,for ,,setting4 ,b1 ,,the ,,cleft ,,opened ,,by ,a ,,wedge4 ,c1 ,,the ,,scion ,,inserted4 ,d1 ,,section ,,of ,,stock ,,and ,,scion ,,to ,,show ,,the ,,co-,,aptation ,,of ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,two4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,cleft ,,grafting ,,with ,,both ,,scions ,,inclined ,,inward4 ,,cleft ,,grafting is generally done when the stock is larger than the scion1 and also where the operation is performed at a point above the ground4 ,the stock is split downward1 after having been cut off at the point where the grafting is to be done4 ,the knife should be sharp1 and the bark should be cut through first1 to avoid its being torn1 and so that the sides of the cleft shall be smooth4 ,a wedge is inserted to keep the cleft open for the insertion of the scion1 which is cut on each side like a fine wedge2 but the two planes not being parallel1 the bark will be left on one side to the very point of the wedge1 while on the other it will be removed a part of the way1 making a feather edge1 ,a1 fig4 #i4 ,the object of this is to have the pressure of the cleft greatest upon the outer side1 where the union is to be effected4 ,it is well to have a bud on the strip of bark left between the two cuts used in forming the graft1 this should be near the top of the cleft4 ,one or two grafts may be inserted into a cleft1 or more clefts may be made1 in large stocks1 or in re-grafting the large limbs of an old tree1 but usually one is sufficient to leave growing2 and in the young tree1 only one should ever be allowed to remain4 ,when the scion is nicely set into the cleft1 so that the inner bark of the stock and graft shall coincide1 or rather cross a very little1 7see fig4 #aj17 the wedge1 whether of hard wood1 or of iron1 should be gently withdrawn1 and then the elasticity of the stock will hold the scion firmly to its place2 this pressure should not be too severe4 ,in this kind of grafting1 if the pressure be sufficiently firm1 and if the operation have been performed below the surface of the ground1 it may not be necessary to make any other application than to press the moist earth about the parts1 and cover all but the top of the graft with soil1 and place a stick to indicate the plant and protect it from injury4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the pressure of the cleft be not sufficient to hold the scion firmly1 as in small stocks1 the graft must be tied4 ,for this a piece of bass matting1 or cotton twine1 may be used2 and if the operation has been performed above ground1 the whole must be covered with grafting wax1 applied1 either hot with a brush1 or cold1 after having been worked with the hands1 or by wrapping with strips of muslin or paper previously spread with the wax4 ,in old times grafting clay was used1 and applied with the hands as a lump around the junction2 but this disagreeable and clumsy appliance has given way to more elegant and convenient arrangements4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa--,,side ,,grafting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab--,,side ,,grafting--,,the ,,stock ,,not ,,cut ,,back4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,,two ,,forms ,,of ,,side ,,grafting4--,a1 ,b1 ,,the ,,scion ,,and ,,stock ,,for ,,the ,,richard ,,side ,,graft4 ,c1 ,,stock ,,for ,,the ,,girardin ,,side ,,graft4 ,d1 ,,scion1 ,,and ,e1 ,,fruit ,,bud ,,for ,,the ,,same4 ,,side ,,grafting is performed in two ways4 ,in one it is a modification of cleft grafting in which there is no cleft1 but the bark is started from the wood1 and the scion1 cut as shown in figure #aa1 is pressed down between the wood and bark4 ,this can only be done late in the spring1 after the sap has begun to flow in the stock1 so that the bark will run2 it is indeed more like budding than grafting4 ,the other modification is done without cutting off the stock4 ,the knife is applied to the side of a stock of medium size1 and a cut is made downward and extending to one-third the diameter1 fig4 #ab2 the scion is cut as for cleft grafting1 and inserted so as to have the parts well co-apted1 and then secured as usual4 ,this plan is useful where there is danger of too free a flow of sap from the roots4 ,two other kinds of side graft are shown in fig4 #ac4 ,the left-hand figures show the ,richard side graft1 in which an arched branch1 ,a1 is used4 ,this is inserted under the bark of the stock1 ,b2 above the graft an incision is made in the stock down to the wood1 to arrest the flow of sap4 ,after the insertion1 the wound is covered with grafting wax4 ,the ,girardin side graft is illustrated at the three right-hand figures4 ,a fruit bud1 ,e1 or a graft with a terminal fruit bud1 ,d1 is inserted under the bark of the stock1 ,c1 in ,august1 or whenever suitable buds can be obtained and the bark will run4 ,the wound is tied and covered with wax1 as before4 ,the object of this grafting is to secure immediate fruitage4 ,another kind of side grafting consists in plunging a dirk-shaped knife directly through the tree1 inclining the point downward1 into this opening the graft is inserted2 the object being to establish a limb on a naked portion of the trunk4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,,saddle ,,grafting4 ,,saddle ,,grafting is used only with stocks of small size2 it is performed by making a double slope upon the stock1 and by opening a corresponding space in the graft1 by cutting two slopes in the scion1 from below upwards1 so that they shall meet in the centre1 as seen in fig4 #ad4 ,some merely split the scion4 ,,grafting ,,by ,,approach1 or as it is generally termed1 inarching1 is often practiced where there is difficulty in making the scion unite with the stock2 it is not often needed in the culture of our orchard fruits1 but may be here described4 ,the stock upon which we wish to graft the scion1 must be planted near the variety or species to be increased4 ,a small twig of the latter1 which can be brought close to the stock1 is selected for the operation2 a slice of bark and wood is then removed from the twig1 and another of equal size from the stock1 so managed1 that these cut surfaces can be brought together and secured in that position until they have united1 after which the twig1 that has been used as a scion1 is cut from its parent tree1 and the top of the stock is carefully reduced until the scion has sufficiently developed itself to act as the top of the ingrafted tree1 which may afterward be transplanted to its proper station4 ,a modification of this grafting by approach1 is1 however1 sometimes of great service1 where we have a valuable tree that has suffered from disease in the roots1 or from injury to them4 ,it consists in planting some thrifty young stocks1 with good roots1 about the base of the tree1 after having prepared the ground by thorough digging1 and by the addition of good soil if necessary4 ,these stocks are then inserted upwards into the healthy portion of the trunk1 by the process of side grafting reversed or inverted1 or by the usual method of inarching4 ,,ring ,,grafting ,,or ,,bark ,,grafting is not much used1 and in small stocks it is rather a kind of budding1 for then a ring of bark is removed at the proper season of year1 generally about midsummer1 and it is replaced by a similar ring of bark from a shoot of the same size1 taken from a tree of the variety to be propagated2 this ring of bark must be furnished with a healthy bud4 ,this method has little to recommend it1 and can only be applied when both the stock and the scion are in a growing condition1 so that the bark will run freely2 care also must be exercised to avoid injuring the eye of the bud1 in peeling off the ring4 ,a modification of bark grafting may be applied with great advantage1 however1 to an old tree1 that has met with an injury to a portion of its bark4 ,the injured part should be pared smoothly to the sound bark and wood4 ,this may be done with a sloping cut1 or the edge may be made abrupt and square with a chisel and mallet2 a piece of fresh wood and bark is then to be cut from a healthy tree and fitted precisely to the fresh wound1 and secured in its place with bandages1 and grafting clay or wax is then applied1 thus making what the surgeons would call a sort of taliacotian operation4 ,instead of a single piece of wood and bark1 a number of young shoots may be used to make the communication complete2 these are set close together and secured in the usual manner2 see fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,,bark ,,grafting1 ,,to ,,repair ,,an ,,injured ,,tree4 ,,re-,,grafting ,,old ,,orchards4--,old orchards of inferior fruit may be entirely re-made and re-formed by grafting the limbs with such varieties as we may desire4 ,a new life is by this process often infused into the trees1 which is due to the very severe pruning which the trees then receive2 they are consequently soon covered with a vigorous growth of young healthy wood1 which replaces the decrepid and often decaying spray that accumulates in an old orchard1 and the fruit produced for several years by the new growth is not only more valuable in kind1 according to the judgment used in the selection of grafts1 but it is more fair1 smooth and healthy1 and of better size than that which was previously furnished by the trees4 ,certain varieties are brought at once into bearing when thus top-grafted1 which would have been long in developing their fruitful condition if planted as nursery trees4 ,others are always better and finer when so worked1 than on young trees4 ,some of the finest specimens of the ,northern ,spy apple1 exhibited at the fairs1 have been produced by grafts inserted into the terminal branches of old bearing trees4 ,there is a theory held by some orchardists1 that the further the junction of the graft with the stock is removed from the root1 the better will be the fruit4 ,this1 however1 is not well supported1 and the circumstance1 when observed1 is probably dependent upon other causes4 ,in renewing an old orchard by grafting its head1 it will not be a good plan to attempt the whole tree at once2 the pruning would be too severe1 and would be followed by a profusion of succulent shoots breaking out from the large branches1 such as are called water-sprouts4 ,those who have practiced most1 prefer at first1 to remove about one-third of the limbs for grafting1 and those should be selected at the top of the tree4 ,the new growth thus has an open field for its development1 and the lower limbs will be invigorated1 while they tend also to preserve the equilibrium of the tree in a double sense1 physically and physiologically4 ,the next year another third of the limbs may be grafted1 and the remainder the year following1 as practiced by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,olmstead1 of ,connecticut1 who1 on the sixth year from the first grafting1 harvested #bh- bushels of choice apples from a single tree that was #ge years old1 and which before only produced inferior fruit4 ,j4,j4 ,thomas recommends1 to give a well-shaped head to such newly formed trees1 and to prevent the branches from shooting upward in a close body near the centre of the tree2 that the old horizontal boughs should be allowed to extend to a distance in each direction1 while the upright ones should be lopped2 see fig4 #af4 ,the same writer also advises1 instead of cutting off large branches and grafting them at once1 it is better to prune the top in part1 which will cause an emission of vigorous shoots4 ,these are then budded1 or grafted4 99 99 99 ,and as the grafts gradually extend by growth1 the remainder of the top may1 by successive excisions1 be entirely removed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,,renewal ,,of ,,the ,,top ,,of ,,an ,,old ,,tree4 ,,grafting ,,in ,,the ,,nursery is either done at or near the collar of the stock1 or it is performed in-doors upon the roots or sections of roots of young stocks4 ,the latter may be first described1 as it constitutes the most extensive means of multiplying fruit trees4 ,it is a sort of machinery1 with division of labor1 and appliances1 that enable the operators to turn out immense numbers4 ,machinery has indeed been applied to the business2 we have grafting apparatus to facilitate the work4 ,the ,minkler machine consists of a frame or gauge which regulates the angle of the slope1 which is cut with a broad chisel that reduces the roots and scions to a condition for putting them together2 by its use an immense number of grafts can be cut1 and another hand binds them together with the waxed thread1 without any tie4 ,mr4 ,robey's machine consists of a complicated shears to cut the slope and tongue at one operation1 preparing the pieces for whip grafting4 ,mr4 ,s4,s4 ,jackson1 of ,cincinnati1 has also invented an apparatus for this purpose1 which proves to be very useful4 ,,root ,,grafting4--,the methods of performing the operation vary somewhat1 but all agree in the object to be attained3 the co-aptation of the scion with a piece of root4 ,some grafters use only the upper portion of the root1 thinking the original collar of the seedling stock the only point at which the most perfect and successful union between the arial and terrestrial portions of trees should or can be effected--theoretically this may be very well1 but the practice constantly pursued1 in myriads of cases1 abundantly proves that the grafting need not be restricted to this part1 and that a perfect union may be effected at any point of the root1 and that this may even be inverted4 ,the very common practice has been to take two or more cuts from the root1 when it is of sufficient size and length2 and though some of our best propagators restrict themselves to two cuts from each1 others1 who have experimented carefully1 insist that the third section will average as well as the others4 ,a lot of trees1 worked especially for a test in this matter1 gave the following results4 ,in #ahei an average lot of roots and scions1 about fifty in each lot1 were treated as follows1 ,white ,pippin and ,willow-leaf being used as scions3-- ,white ,pippin--,no4 #a1 being on the first cut of the root1 had made a fair growth4 ,no4 #b1 being on the second cut1 were quite as good or better4 ,no4 #c1 being on the third cut1 were not quite so good as the others1 the ground being partially shaded by a large tree4 ,another1 of ,willow-leaf--,no4 #a1 on the #c;d cut of root1 very good growth4 ,no4 #b1 on very slender roots1 nearly as good4 ,no4 #c1 only #a inch of root to #a inch of scion2 not so good growth nor so good a strike1 but shaded by a tree4 ,no4 #d1 on #b;d cut of root1 not so good as the third4 ,no4 #e1 on average lot1 not waxed1 as good as any4 ,no4 #f1 roots worked upside-down1 mostly failed4 ,d4,o4 ,reeder exhibited some #b-year old apple trees1 worked on the root inverted1 they were of very good growth4 ,for root grafting1 thrifty stocks are wanted of one or two years' growth1 the smoother and straighter the roots1 the better4 ,these should be taken up from the seed-bed in the fall1 selected1 tied in bundles1 and stored in the cellar or cave1 or buried in the soil where they shall be accessible at any time1 and where they will be kept fresh and plump4 ,the roots and scions having been prepared and under shelter1 the work of grafting may proceed at any time during the winter4 ,the stocks1 if not clean1 should be washed1 and one hand trims off the side rootlets4 ,the grafter cuts a hundred scions of the appropriate length1 which he puts into a shallow box on the table2 he takes up a stock1 cuts the slope near the collar1 and a dextrous hand will at the same time make the sloping cut to receive the first graft and also the tongue1 if that style of grafting is to be done1 as is usually practised4 ,he then picks up a scion1 from a lot which himself or another hand has already prepared with a slope and tongue1 and adapts it to the root1 the tongue keeping the two together2 a portion of the root is then cut off with the graft1 and the process is repeated upon the next section4 ,two or three or more grafts1 are thus made from one seedling root2 the length of the sections vary from two to four inches1 according to the fancy of the operator1 or of his employer4 ,some persons recommend a long scion with a short root1 and others prefer to reverse those terms4 ,the whole root graft should not be more than six or seven inches long4 ,when any given number of scions are fitted to the roots1 a boy completes the process of grafting1 by applying melted wax with a brush1 in which case they are dropped into water to harden the wax1 or they are wrapped with waxed strips of muslin or paper1 or1 better still1 they are tied with waxed thread4 ,no4 #c cotton yarn is drawn through a pan of melted wax1 and wound upon a reel placed at the other side of the room1 so that the wax may harden4 ,this waxed thread is a very convenient tie2 the graft being held in the left hand1 the thread is wound about it two or three turns2 as the wax causes the bandage to adhere to itself where it crosses1 no knot is needed1 and the thread is broken off with a quick jerk4 ,in splice grafting1 whether performed with any of the machines1 or if the slopes of root and scion be cut with the thin grafting knife1 the tying must be done by the same hand that selects and places the scion upon the root4 ,this does not admit of the same division of labor1 and the fingers1 becoming sticky from the wax1 cannot be so nimble1 and are unfit for cutting4 ,when the lot is tied1 they are set into the box1 which should be inclined at an angle1 and interspersed with earth or saw-dust2 for transportation4 ,saw-dust1 just as it comes from the mill1 neither wet nor dry1 is preferred by some as a packing material1 and it has been found very efficacious1 excluding and admitting the air just in the right proportions to prevent desiccation1 and to promote the union1 which very soon takes place between the graft and the root1 if the boxes be stored in the cellar4 ,in an ice-house root grafts have been kept in saw-dust more than a year1 and then planted and grown successfully4 ,the boxes should be deep enough to receive the whole graft--say from #aj to #ab inches--and then they can be packed upon one another without injuring the scions2 these should be distinctly marked with the name and number1 so as to be ready for planting out in the spring4 ,much discussion has been had upon the merits and demerits1 or disadvantages of root grafting1 and much theoretical argument has been brought against the practice2 but beautiful trees are thus made in immense numbers in the extensive nurseries of our country1 and until better arguments can be produced against the practice1 nurserymen will continue to graft on sections of root1 such varieties1 as are suitable for this procedure--especially apples1 in a large proportion of the varieties cultivated1 some pears1 some peaches1 grapes1 and other fruits4 ,root grafting is now of almost universal application with the apple4 ,it has many advantages1 which may be summed up as follows3 ,two or more plants may be produced from the root of one stock2 these may be made with great rapidity2 the work may all be performed in-doors and during the whole winter season1 when nothing can be done outside2 they are of small bulk1 and great numbers may be stowed away in little space1 they may be transported to any distance in this condition1 and are ready for planting with the opening of spring1 when they may be set in the nursery rows at once2 or1 they may be bedded out in a small space and mulched1 to protect them from drouth1 and the weeds can easily be kept under4 ,another advantage of bedding out the root-grafts is1 that they may be assorted according to their size the next season1 when transplanted into the nursery rows4 ,this very transplanting too is a great advantage1 for the roots will be much improved by the process4 ,the theoretical objections to root grafts have yielded to sound philosophy1 based on and supported by practical observation4 ,the very many advantages of this more economical and convenient and agreeable process1 will necessarily sustain root-grafting in this fast age1 when so many millions of trees are needed for the rapidly extending wants of this nation of tree planters4 ,we may1 however1 consider some of the practical objections which have been brought forward against this plan of multiplying the apple4 ,in our very changeable climate1 and particularly in the ,north-west1 upon the prairies1 the cold of winter often supervenes with great suddenness1 after the young trees have made a prolonged and vigorous growth in the fertile soil1 and produces terrible devastation among those that are there exposed1 without protection of any kind1 to the rude blasts of the storm-king3 in a less degree1 injury is very frequent with many such late-growing kinds1 at the first access of a severe frost2 this is manifested in the bursting of the bark near the base of the stem4 ,the same thing is not so often seen in the same varieties1 when they have been budded or stock grafted a foot or more from the ground upon hardy seedling stocks1 hence judicious propagators have selected the tender varieties for this kind of working1 and confine their root-grafting to those less liable to the injury4 ,there are other varieties which do not readily and promptly form a strong upright growth1 so as to be profitable trees to the nurseryman if root grafted2 these are selected for stock working1 either on strong seedlings1 or upon hardy upright sorts that have been root grafted for the purpose of being thus double-worked4 ,this plan has been pursued to a limited extent only1 but its advantages in the production of good trees of the slender growing varieties1 begin to be appreciated1 and as the demand increases1 our intelligent nurserymen will very soon furnish the requisite supply4 ,planting4--,when the weather is fine1 and the soil in good condition1 the root-grafts are to be set out with a dibble1 by the line2 they should be planted rather deeply1 one bud projecting above the surface of the ground4 ,the culture must be thorough1 the plants should be kept perfectly clean1 but it is questionable whether the growth should be pushed1 late in the season2 indeed1 it is preferable to check the vegetation at mid-summer4 ,for this purpose it has been recommended to cease cultivating the soil1 or even to sow the ground with a heavy seeding of oats1 so as to check the growth before winter4 ,in good soils1 with good culture1 the average hight in the rows will be two feet1 but there is a great difference in the kinds2 some will considerably exceed this hight4 ,intelligent nurserymen no longer endeavor to have an excessive growth in the first year1 and many prefer the bedding plan above alluded to4 ,trimming1 ,pinching1 or ,heading4--,the growth during the first year is generally a single shoot1 sometimes two4 ,if there be a second1 it should be subordinated by pinching off its extremity1 never by trimming it off2 indeed1 laterals should always be encouraged1 and this will be more and more the case1 since the demand for low-headed trees is increasing1 as the laws of physiology are better understood4 ,a young tree1 well furnished with laterals1 is always more stocky1 and every way better1 though not so tall as that which has been drawn up to a single stem4 ,to encourage this condition1 some advise the pinching out the terminal bud in the midst of the growing season1 which will cause the swelling and subsequent breaking of the lower buds1 so as to furnish plenty of laterals4 ,if done later in the season1 especially with strong-growing varieties1 a branching head may be formed higher up1 during the first season1 making very pretty trees4 ,this is1 however1 seldom attempted with root-grafts the first season1 though it is very common for collar-grafted trees1 and for buds on strong stocks to make a fine branching growth the first year4 ,the second season the trees should all be headed-in1 and the laterals spurred-in early in the spring1 or in mild weather during the winter1 if the scions are wanted4 ,this method of making stocky plants cannot be too highly commended1 nor can the opposite plan1 of trimming off all the side branches1 and even of stripping the leaves from the lower part of the shoots1 during the first summer1 be too severely condemned4 ,,stock ,,grafting has many advocates1 and for some varieties this plan is preferable4 ,the union may be effected at any point from the collar upward4 ,formerly1 the place was selected to suit the convenience of the grafter1 and many old orchards show very plainly where they were worked1 the stock or the scion having overgrown1 and it is very curious that some varieties may be indicated as good feeders of the stock below them1 and the contrary4 ,at present1 tree planters are more fastidious1 and object to these irregularities in the stems of their trees4 ,they will purchase nothing that shows the point of union above ground1 hence the more common use of collar grafting1 as it has been called1 or the insertion of the scion at or near the surface of the ground4 ,stocks that have been cultivated one or two years in the nursery row1 are selected for this purpose2 the earth is removed from them1 they are cut off and grafted as they stand1 and with their fine strong roots undisturbed1 the result of one summer's growth is very satisfactory1 making beautiful trees fit for the orchard4 ,older trees1 especially those with straight clean stems1 are often grafted standard high1 so as to produce a fine salable tree at once1 or in one season4 ,this is a very good plan with some of the slender and straggling varieties1 such as are called poor growers1 and which are unprofitable to the nurseryman when propagated in the usual manner4 ,grafting or budding upon such stocks is also resorted to very often1 when it is desirable at once to furnish large1 or salable trees of new varieties4 ,in grafting upon a large stock1 or upon the tops of an old tree1 the process called cleft grafting is generally used4 ,here1 as in all forms of this process1 the object to be attained1 is the co-aptation of the inner bark of both stock and scion4 ,the latter is held in its place by the clasping of the former1 and is also covered by some material that is pliant1 and which will exclude the air and moisture4 ,the advantages of stock-grafting are the changing of an old tree from bad to good fruit1 which is produced in a few years2 it is also applicable to large stocks1 and produces an immediate result1 making salable trees in one year4 ,it is also desirable for some poor-growing varieties1 which are slow in making a tree from the ground2 but it has its disadvantages also4 ,the nurseryman must wait until his stocks have been grown one or more years in the nursery1 his trees will sometimes be larger than he desires1 they will be apt to have the mark of the grafting as a blemish upon the stalk sometimes during the life of the tree2 and worse than all1 he is restricted to a brief period in the spring1 when he is obliged to perform the operation out of doors1 and often in very unpleasant weather4 ,as a result of all the discussions upon this subject1 it is found that stock-grafting1 whether at the collar or at some distance above the ground1 is still practiced1 and has many warm advocates1 as a better means of making the best trees4 ,the only objections are the greater expense of culture of the stocks1 and greater labor in grafting2 the limited period at which the work can be performed1 and the exposure of the workman during its performance1 which is often at a stormy season1 and always during a busy portion of the year4 ,the trees too1 in the orchard1 are often somewhat deformed by an irregularity of growth1 and have an enlargement either above or below the union1 which is unsightly4 ,the kind of grafting will depend upon the size of the stocks2 splice and whip-grafting on the smaller1 and cleft-grafting on the larger ones1 must be practiced4 ,the waxing may be done by any of the methods indicated1 according to the fancy2 but it must always be more thoroughly done in aerial1 than in underground grafting1 whether this be in the collar or upon sections of the root2 in the former the whole of the cut surfaces must be covered1 to prevent desiccation by the winds1 or the inroads of insects1 or of wet from rains4 ,,wax4--,various combinations of the materials used in the preparation of grafting-wax1 have been recommended by different operators4 ,the desideratum being to have a material that shall be sufficiently pliant1 and at the same time firm enough to withstand the elevated temperatures to which it may be exposed4 ,a mean is preferred1 neither too hard nor too soft1 and the proportions of the ingredients are varied according as it is proposed to use it out of doors1 or in the house1 in cold weather or warm4 ,a favorite recipe1 with a practical nurseryman of great experience1 is3 ,rosin1 six parts1 ,bees-wax1 one part1 melted together4 ,tallow1 one part1 ,this is to be used warm1 when grafting in the house4 ,for out-door work he used the following3 ,rosin1 four or five parts4 ,bees-wax1 one and one-half to two parts4 ,linseed oil1 one to one and one-half4 ,this is made into a mass to be applied by hand4 ,a very pleasant and neat mode of using the wax is to pour it when melted1 upon thin muslin or strong paper1 and spread it thin with a spatula4 ,the tissue is then cut into strips of convenient size4 ,the application to cotton yarn for root-grafting1 has already been mentioned4 ,the ,french use the preparation given below1 sufficiently warm to be liquid1 but not so hot as to injure the tissues of the tree1 and apply it with a brush3 ,black pitch #bh parts4 ,burgundy pitch #bh parts4 ,bees-wax #af parts4 ,grease #ad parts4 ,yellow ochre #ad parts4 ------------ ,making #ajj parts4#ad ,mr4 ,du ,breuil also refers to ,leport's liquid mastic in terms of commendation1 but speaks of it as a secret composition4 ,downing recommends melting together3 ,bees-wax #c parts4 ,rosin #c parts4 ,tallow #b parts4 ,he says1 the common wax of the ,french is ,pitch one-half pound4 ,bees-wax one-half pound4 ,cow-dung one pound4 ,to be boiled together1 and laid on with a brush1 and for using cold or on strips of muslin1 equal parts of tallow1 bees-wax1 and rosin1 some preferring a little more tallow4 ,j4,j4 ,thomas1 whose practical knowledge is proverbial1 recommends for its cheapness ,linseed oil one pint4 ,rosin six pounds4 ,bees-wax one pound4 ,melted together1 to be applied warm with a brush1 or to be put on paper or muslin1 or worked with wet hands into a mass and drawn out into ribbons4 ,the season for grafting is quite a prolonged one1 if we include the period during which it may be done in the house1 and the ability we have of retarding the scions by cold1 using ice4 ,it should be done while the grafts are dormant1 which is at any time from the fall of the leaf until the swelling of the buds4 ,as the grafts would be likely to suffer from prolonged exposure1 out-door grafting is done just before vegetation commences in the spring1 but may be prolonged until the stocks are in full leaf1 by keeping back the scions1 in which case1 however1 there is more danger to the stock unless a portion of its foliage is allowed to remain to keep up the circulation2 under these circumstances1 too1 side-grafting is sometimes used with the same view4 ,the stone fruits are worked first2 cherries1 plums1 and peaches1 then pears and apples4 ,with regard to grafting grapes1 there is a diversity of opinion4 ,some operators prefer very early in the season1 as in ,february1 and others wait until the leaves have appeared upon the vine to be grafted4 ,,scions ,,or ,,grafts are to be selected from healthy plants of the variety we wish to propagate4 ,they should be the growth of the previous year1 of average size1 well developed1 and with good buds1 those having flower buds are rejected4 ,if the shoots be too strong1 they are often furnished with poor buds1 and are more pithy1 and therefore they are more difficult to work and are less likely to grow4 ,grafts1 cut from young bearing orchards1 are the best1 and being cut from fruiting trees1 this enables us to be certain as to correctness of the varieties to be propagated2 but they are generally and most rapidly collected from young nursery trees1 and as an orchardist or nurseryman should be able to judge of all the varieties he cultivates by the appearance of their growth1 foliage1 bark1 dots1 etc41 there is little danger in taking the scions from such untested trees4 ,time for cutting ,scions4--,the scions may be cut at any time after the cessation of growth in the autumn1 even before the leaves have fallen1 until the buds burst in the spring1 always avoiding severely cold or frosty weather1 because of the injury to the tree that results from cutting at such a time1 though the frost may not have injured the scion4 ,the best nurserymen prefer to cut them in the autumn1 before they can have been injured by cold4 ,they should be carefully packed in fine earth1 sand1 or sawdust1 and placed in the cellar or cave4 ,the leaves stripped from them1 make a very good packing material2 moss is often used1 where it can be obtained1 but the best material is saw-dust4 ,this latter is clean1 whereas the sand and soil will dull the knife4 ,if the scions should have become dry and shriveled1 they may still be revived by placing them in soil that is moderately moist1 not wet--they should not1 by any means1 be placed in water1 but should be so situated that they may slowly imbibe moisture4 ,when they have been plumped1 they should be examined by cutting into their tissues2 if these be brown1 they are useless1 but if alive1 the fresh cut will look clear and white1 and the knife will pass as freely through them as when cutting a fresh twig4 ,the after-treatment of the grafts consists in removing the sprouts that appear upon the stock below the scion1 often in great numbers4 ,these are called robbers1 as they take the sap which should go into the scion4 ,it is sometimes well to leave a portion of these as an outlet for excess4 ,when the graft is tardy in its vegetation1 and in late grafting1 it is always safest to leave some of these shoots to direct the circulation to the part1 and thus insure a supply to the newly introduced scion2 all should eventually be removed1 so as to leave the graft supreme4 ,it may sometimes be necessary to tie up the young shoot which pushes with vigor1 and may fall and break with its own weight before the supporting woody fibre has been deposited2 but a much better policy is to pinch in the tip when but a few inches long1 and thus encourage the swelling and breaking of the lateral buds1 and produce a more sturdy result4 ,this is particularly the case in stock-grafts and in renewing an orchard by top-grafting4 ,,propagation4--,,section ,,iii4--,,budding4 ,,advantages ,,of4 ,,long ,,period ,,for4 ,,claims ,,of ,,greater ,,hardiness ,,examined4 ,,late ,,growers ,,apt ,,to ,,burst ,,the ,,bark4 ,,bud ,,tender ,,sorts4 ,,stocks ,,not ,,always ,,hardy4 ,,philosophy ,,of ,,budding1 ,,like ,,grafting1 ,,depends ,,upon ,,cell-,,growth4 ,,the ,,cambium1 ,,or ,,pulp4 ,,the ,,bud1 ,,its ,,individuality4 ,,thomson ,,quoted4 ,,union ,,depends ,,upon ,,the ,,bud4 ,,season ,,for ,,budding4 ,,conditions ,,requisite4 ,,spring ,,budding4 ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,buds4 ,,bud ,,sticks4 ,,selection ,,of4 ,,their ,,treatment4 ,,restoration ,,when ,,dry4 ,,the ,,weather4 ,,rains ,,to ,,be ,,avoided4 ,,usual ,,period ,,of ,,growth ,,by ,,extension4 ,,succession ,,of ,,varieties4 ,,cherry1 ,,plum1 ,,pear1 ,,apple1 ,,quince1 ,,peach4 ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it4 ,,different ,,methods4 ,,age ,,of ,,stocks4 ,,preparation ,,of4 ,,the ,,knife4 ,,cutting ,,the ,,buds4 ,,removal ,,of ,,the ,,wood4 ,,the ,,american ,,method4 ,,division ,,of ,,labor ,,tying4 ,,ring ,,budding4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,scions ,,for ,,early ,,budding4 ,,improvements ,,in ,,tying4 ,,bast1 ,,preparation ,,of4 ,,substitutes4 ,,novel ,,tie4 ,,when ,,to ,,loosen ,,the ,,bandage4 ,,how ,,done4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,buds4 ,,sign ,,of ,,their ,,having ,,united4 ,,knight',s ,,two ,,bandages4 ,,why ,,leave ,,the ,,upper ,,one ,,longer4 ,,heading ,,back ,,the ,,stocks4 ,,resume4 ,,budding1 or inoculating1 is the insertion of eyes or buds4 ,this is a favorite method of propagation1 which is practiced in the multiplication of a great variety of fruits4 ,the advantages of budding consist in the rapidity and facility with which it is performed1 and the certainty of success which attends it4 ,budding may be done during a long period of the growing season1 upon the different kinds of trees we have to propagate4 ,using but a single eye1 it is also economical of the scions1 which is a matter of some importance1 when we desire to multiply a new and scarce variety4 ,it has been claimed on behalf of the process of budding1 that trees1 which have been worked in this method1 are more hardy and better able to resist the severity of winter than others of the same varieties1 which have been grafted in the root or collar1 and also that budded trees come sooner into bearing4 ,their general hardiness will probably not be at all affected by their manner of propagation2 except perhaps1 where there may happen to be a marked difference in the habit of the stock1 such for instance as maturity early in the season1 which would have a tendency to check the late growth of the scion placed upon it--the supplies of sap being diminished1 instead of continuing to flow into the graft1 as it would do from the roots of the cutting or root-graft of a variety which was inclined to make a late autumnal growth4 ,practically1 however1 this does not have much weight1 nor can we know1 in a lot of seedling stocks1 which will be the late feeders1 and which will go into an early summer rest4 ,certain varieties of our cultivated fruits are found to have a remarkable tendency to make an extended and very thrifty growth1 which1 continuing late into the autumn1 would appear to expose the young trees to a very severe trial upon the access of the first cold weather1 and we often find them very seriously injured under such circumstances2 the bark is frequently split and ruptured for several inches near the ground4 ,the twigs1 still covered with abundant foliage1 are so affected by the frost1 that their whole outer surface is shriveled1 and the inner bark and wood are browned2 the latter often becomes permanently blackened1 and remains as dead matter in the centre of the tree1 for death does not necessarily ensue4 ,now intelligent nurserymen have endeavored to avoid losses from these causes1 by budding such varieties upon strong well-established stocks1 though they are aware that these are not more hardy than some of the cultivated varieties3 a given number of seedling stocks has been found to suffer as much from the severity of winter1 as do a similar amount of the grafted varieties taken at random4#ae ,that the serious difficulty of bark-bursting occurs near the surface of the ground1 does seem to be an argument of some weight in favor of budding or stock-grafting at a higher point4 ,the earlier fruiting of budded trees than those which have been root-grafted1 does not appear to be a well established fact1 and therefore need not detain us2 except to observe that the stocks1 upon which the buds were inserted1 might have been older by some years than the slip of root upon which the graft was set1 so that the fruiting of the former tree should count two or three or more years further back than from the period of the budding4 ,there are so many causes which might have contributed toward this result of earlier bearing1 that we should not be too hasty in drawing conclusions in this matter4 ,the philosophy of budding is very similar to that of grafting4 ,the latter process is performed when the plant-life is almost dormant1 and the co-apted parts are ready to take the initiative steps of vegetation1 and to effect their union by means of new adventitious cells1 before the free flow of sap in the growing season4 ,budding1 on the contrary1 is done in the hight of that season and toward its close1 when the plants are full of well matured and highly organized sap1 when the cell circulation is most active1 and the union between the parts is much more immediate than in the graft2 were it not so1 indeed1 the little shield1 with its actively evaporating surface of young bark1 must certainly perish from exposure to a hot dry atmosphere4 ,the cambium1 or gelatinous matter1 which is discovered between the bark and the wood when they are separated1 is a mass of organizable cells4 ,mr4 ,paxton1 using the gardener's expression1 calls it the pulp4 ,budding is most successfully performed when this matter is abundant1 for then the vitality of the tree is in greatest degree of exaltation4 ,the individuality of the bud was sufficiently argued in the first section of this chapter1 it need not now be again introduced1 except as appropriately to remind us of the fact where the propagation depends upon this circumstance--the future tree must spring from the single bud which is inserted4 ,mr4 ,a4,t4 ,thomson1 in his ,lectures on the ,elements of ,botany1 page #cif1 says3--,the individuality of buds must have been suspected as early as the discovery of the art of budding1 and it is fully proved by the dissection of plants4 99 99 ,budding is founded on the fact1 that the bud1 which is a branch in embryo1 is a distinct individual4 ,it is essential that both the bud and the tree into which it is inserted should not only be analogous in their character1 as in grafting with the scion1 but both must be in a state of growth at the time the operation is performed4 ,the union1 however1 depends much more upon the bud than upon the stock--the bud may be considered a centre of vitality--vegetative action commences in the bud1 and extends to the stock1 connecting them together4--,the vital energy1 however1 which commences the process of organization in the bud1 is not necessarily confined to the germ1 nor distinct from that which maintains the growth of the entire plant2 but it is so connected with organization1 that when this has proceeded a certain length1 the bud may be removed from the parent and attached to another1 where it will become a branch the same as if it had not been removed4 ,the season for budding has already been indicated in general terms1 it is usually done in mid-summer and the early part of autumn1 reference being had to the condition of the plants to be worked2 these should be in a thrifty growing state1 the woody fibre should be pretty well advanced1 but growth by extension must still be active1 or the needful conditions will not be found4 ,the pulp must be present between the bark and the wood of the stock1 so that the former can be easily separated from the latter2 in the language of the art1 the bark must run2 this state of things will soon cease in most stocks1 after the formation of terminal buds on the shoots4 ,the success of spring budding1 however1 would appear to indicate that the cambium layer is formed earlier in the season than is usually supposed2 for whenever the young leaves begin to be developed on the stock1 the bark will run1 and the buds may be inserted with a good prospect of success4 ,in this case we are obliged to use dormant buds that were formed the previous year1 and we have to exercise care in the preservation of the scions1 to keep them back by the application of cold1 until the time of their insertion4 ,the condition of the bud is also important to the success of the operation4 ,the tree from which we cut the scions should be in a growing state1 though this is not so essential as in the case of the stock1 as has been seen in spring budding--still1 a degree of activity is desirable4 ,the young shoot should have perfected its growth to such an extent as to have deposited its woody fibre1 it should not be too succulent2 but the essential condition is1 that it should have its buds well developed4 ,these1 as every one knows1 are formed in the axils of the leaves1 and1 to insure success1 they should be plump and well grown4 ,in those fruits which blossom on wood shoots of the previous year's growth1 as the peach and apricot1 the blossom buds should be avoided2 they are easily recognized by their greater size and plumpness4 ,in cutting scions1 or bud-sticks1 the most vigorous shoots should be avoided1 they are too soft and pithy2 the close jointed firm shoots1 of medium size1 are much to be preferred1 as they have well developed buds1 which appear to have more vitality4 ,such scions are found at the ends of the lateral branches4 ,these need immediate attention1 or they will be lost4 ,the evaporation of their juices through the leaves would soon cause them to wither and wilt1 and become useless4 ,these appendages are therefore immediately removed by cutting the petioles from a quarter to half an inch from the scion2 a portion of the stem is thus left as a convenient handle when inserting the shield1 and this also serves afterward as an index to the condition of the bud4 ,so soon as trimmed of their leaves1 the scions are tied up1 and enveloped loosely in a damp cloth1 or in moss1 or fresh grass1 to exclude them from the air4 ,if they should become wilted1 they must not be put into water1 as this injures them2 it is better to sprinkle the cloth and tie them up tightly1 or they may be restored by burying them in moderately moist earth4 ,the early gardeners were very particular as to the kind of weather upon which to do their budding4 ,they recommended a cloudy or a showery day1 or the evening1 in order to avoid the effects of the hot sunshine4 ,this might do in a small garden1 where the operator could select his opportunity to bud a few dozen stocks2 but even there1 wet weather should be avoided1 rather than courted4 ,but in the large commercial nurseries1 where tens of thousands of buds are to be inserted1 there can be no choice of weather2 indeed1 many nurserymen prefer bright sunshine and the hottest weather1 as they find no inconvenience arising to the trees from this source4 ,some even aver that their success is better under such circumstances1 and argue that the pulp is richer4 ,most trees in their mature state make all their growth by extension or elongation very early in the season1 by one push1 as it were2 with the first unfolding of the leaves1 comes also the elongation of the twig that bears them4 ,in most adult trees in a state of nature1 there is no further growth in this way1 but the internal changes of the sap continue to be effected among the cells during the whole period of their remaining in leaf1 during which there is a continual flow of crude sap absorbed by the roots1 and taken up into the organism of the tree to aid in the perfection of all the various parts1 and in the preparation of the proper juice and the several products peculiar to the tree1 as well as its wood and fruits4 ,when all this is transpiring within its economy1 the tree is said to be in its full flow of sap2 at this stage the young tree is in the best condition for budding1 but it continues also1 if well cultivated1 to grow by extension for a greater or shorter portion of the season1 and this is essential to the success of the operation as already stated4 ,after the perfecting of the crop of fruit1 the main work of the tree seems to have been done for the year1 and we often observe1 particularly with the summer fruits1 that the trees appear to go to rest after this period1 and begin to cast their foliage4 ,now1 to a certain extent1 this is true of the young trees4 ,the varieties that ripen their fruit early1 make their growth in the nursery in the earlier portion of the summer1 they stop growing1 and their terminal bud is formed and is conspicuous at the top of the shoots4 ,very soon the supply of sap appears to be diminished1 there is no longer so much activity in the circulation1 the bark cleaves to the wood1 it will no longer run1 and the season of budding for those stocks has reached its terminus2 hence the nurseryman must be upon the look-out for the condition of his trees4 ,fortunately1 those species which have the shortest season1 are also the first to be ready1 the first to mature their buds1 and they must be budded first4 ,we may commence with the cherry1 though the ,mahaleb stock1 when it is used1 continues in condition longer than other varieties1 and may be worked late4 ,the plum and pear stocks also complete their growth at an early period in the season2 the apple continues longer in good condition1 and may be worked quite late4 ,grapes1 if worked in this way1 should be attended to about mid-season1 while they are still growing2 but quinces and peaches may be kept in a growing state much later than most other stocks1 and can be budded last of all4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,,budding1 ,,with ,,the ,,wood ,,removed4 b1 ,,the ,,inside ,,of ,,the ,,shield ,,showing ,,the ,,base ,,of ,,the ,,bud4 ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it4--,the stocks being in a suitable condition as above described1 they should be trimmed of their lateral shoots for a few inches from the ground4 ,this may be done immediately in advance of the budder1 or it may have been done a few days before the budding4 ,the stock may be one year old1 or two years2 after this period they do not work so well4 ,the usual method is to make a ,t incision through the bark of the stock1 as low down as possible1 but in a smooth piece of the stem2 some prefer to insert the shield just below the natural site of a bud4 ,the knife should be thin and sharp1 and if the stock be in good condition1 it will pass through the bark with very little resistance2 but if the stock be too dry1 the experienced budder will detect it by the different feeling communicated through his knife1 by the increased resistance to be overcome in making the cut4 ,the custom has been to raise the bark by inserting the haft of the budding knife gently1 so as to start the corners of the incision1 preparatory to inserting the bud2 but our best budders depend upon the shield separating the bark as it is introduced4 ,the bud is cut from the scion by the same knife1 which is entered half an inch above the bud1 and drawn downward about one-third the diameter of the scion1 and brought out an equal distance below the bud2 this makes the shield1 or bud4 ,the authorities direct that the wood should be removed from the shield before it is inserted2 this is a nice operation1 requiring some dexterity to avoid injuring the base of the bud1 which constitutes its connection with the medulla or pith within the stick4 ,the base of the bud is represented by b1 figure #ag4 ,various appliances have been invented to aid in this separation1 some use a piece of quill1 others a kind of gouge2 but if the bark run freely on the scion1 there will be little difficulty in separating the wood from the shield with the fingers alone4 ,all this may be avoided by adopting what is called the ,american method of budding1 which consists in leaving the wood in the shield1 7fig4 #ah1 b7 that should be cut thinner1 and is then inserted beneath the bark without any difficulty1 and may be made to fit closely enough for all practical purposes4 ,like everything else ,american1 this is a time-saving and labor-saving plan1 and therefore readily adopted by the practical nurseryman1 who will insert two thousand in a day4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,,american ,,budding4 b1 ,,the ,,bud ,,with ,,the ,,wood ,,remaining4 ,a division of labor is had generally1 so far as the tying is concerned2 for this is done by a boy who follows immediately after the budder1 and some of these require two smart boys4 ,s4,s4 ,jackson has carried this principle of division of labor still further1 and1 as appears1 with advantage2 one hand cuts the shields for another who inserts them4 ,he never uses the haft of his knife to raise the bark1 but1 after having made the longitudinal cut through the bark1 he places the knife in position to make the transverse incision1 and as he cuts the bark1 the edge of the blade being inclined downward1 the shield is placed on the stock close above the knife1 which is then still further inclined toward the stock1 resting upon the shield as a fulcrum2 thus started1 the bark will readily yield to the shield1 which is then pressed down home into its place4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,,mr4 ,,jackson',s ,,method ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,incision4 ,j4,w4 ,tenbrook1 of ,indiana1 has invented a little instrument with which he makes the longitudinal and transverse incisions1 and raises the bark1 all at one operation1 and inserts the bud with the other hand4 ,on these plans1 two persons may work together1 one cutting1 the other inserting the buds2 these may change work occasionally for rest4 ,in all cases it is best to have other hands to tie-in the buds1 two or three boys will generally find full occupation behind a smart budder4 ,it will be apparent that the above processes can only be performed when the stock is in the most perfect condition of growth1 so that the bark can be pressed away before the bud2 a good workman will not desire to bud under any other circumstances4 ,in budding1 it is found that the upper end of the shield is the last to adhere to the stock2 it needs to be closely applied and pressed by the bandage1 and if too long1 so as to project above the transverse incision1 it should be cut off4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,,stick ,,of ,,buds4 ,another expedient for facilitating the operation of budding is made use of by some of the nurserymen who grow peach trees extensively4 ,it consists in1 preparing the stick of buds1 as shown in the engraving1 figure #bj4 ,a cut is made1 with a sharp knife1 through the bark1 around each bud1 as in the figure4 ,the budder then removes the buds as they are wanted1 with a slight sidewise pull1 and has the shield in the right condition to insert1 without the trouble of removing the wood4 ,when working in this manner1 the stick of buds must not be allowed to dry1 and the work must be done at a time when the bark parts with the greatest ease4 ,among the modifications of the process of budding1 that1 called ring-budding1 fig4 #ba1 may be mentioned1 rather as a curiosity however1 though preferred by some1 especially for the grape1 which is said to be very easily budded1 though we seldom see the operation practiced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,,ring ,,budding4 ,those who are anxious to commence budding early in the season1 prepare the scions they expect to use1 by pinching the ends and cutting off a portion of the leaves2 the effect of this check to the wood growth is to hasten the ripening or development of the buds1 which rapidly swell1 preparatory to breaking1 in their attempt to reproduce the foliage that had been removed4 ,,tying should be done as soon as convenient after the buds have been inserted2 though under very favorable circumstances the bud may adhere and do well without any bandaging1 no one thinks of leaving the work without carefully tying in the buds1 and most budders lay a great deal of stress upon the necessity for covering the whole shield and cut with a continuous bandaging1 that shall exclude the light1 and air1 and moisture4 ,the material most used is bass matting1 brought from ,russia1 as a covering to the packages of sheet iron for which that country is famous4 ,this is the inner bark of the ,tilia ,europea1 but our own ,bass-wood1 ,t4 ,americana1 furnishes an excellent bass1 and is procured by our nurserymen directly from the trees1 by stripping the bark in ,june1 and after it has lain a few days in water1 the inner portion separates easily1 is dried1 and put away for future use4 ,those who have not provided the bass1 are content to apply woolen yarn to tie in the buds2 its elasticity adapts it well to the purpose4 ,the ingenious budder1 without bass1 often finds a substitute for it1 and a very good tie1 in the soft husks of corn ears1 the inner husks are torn into strips and used a little damp1 when they are pliant and easily tied1 answering a very good purpose4 ,many nurserymen1 who have tried the corn-husk1 prefer it to all other material1 because it saves them the trouble of removing the bandages1 as it decays rapidly1 and yielding to the growth of the stock1 it falls off before it cuts the bark1 which a firmer bandage is apt to do4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,mr4 ,,jackson',s ,,manner ,,of ,,tying ,,the ,,bud4 ,s4,s4 ,jackson1 whose improvements in budding have already been mentioned1 also adopts another in tying4 ,he holds that it is not at all necessary to hide the bud with the tie1 the only requisite being to retain the parts in contact4 ,he uses ,no4 #c cotton yarn1 cut in lengths of a few inches1 more or less1 according to the size of the stocks2 a couple of strands are pulled out from the cut bundles2 the first turn around the stock secures the end of the string by its own pressure1 one turn more is taken below the bud and one or two above it1 when the free end is passed into a cleft made through the bark above the point where the bud is inserted4 ,this is found to secure the string sufficiently1 and is easily loosened when necessary to relieve the tension caused by the continued growth1 7fig4 #bb74 ,all ties should be loosened in the course of a couple of weeks1 if the stocks be growing freely2 otherwise they will injure the tree by strangulation4 ,sometimes it will be necessary to replace the bandage to prevent the effects of desiccation upon the bud1 this is particularly the case with the cherry1 and other fruits1 that are budded early2 but the tie is often left on the stock all winter1 as a sort of protection to the bud4 ,when loosening the ties1 the buds are inspected and their condition ascertained2 if they have failed1 they may be replaced1 if the stocks continue in a suitable condition4 ,it is very easy to tell the success of the budding2 the portion of the petiole left upon the shield is a very good index2 if the bud has withered1 this will also be brown and will adhere firmly to the shield2 but1 on the contrary1 the bud and its shield having formed a union with the stock1 the leaf-stalk remains plump1 but changes color4 ,like a leaf-stem in the autumn1 it assumes the tint of ripeness1 and it will separate with a touch1 and soon falls off4 ,the common method of removing the ties is to cut them with a single stroke of a sharp knife1 when the bandage is left to fall off4 ,mr4 ,knight recommended two distinct ligatures1 and left the one above the bud for a longer time uncut4 ,when the buds have not been very fully developed1 and when the stocks are very thrifty1 it sometimes happens that the excessive growth about the incisions made for the insertion of the bud1 completely cover up this little germ of a future tree1 which is then said to be drowned4 ,judicious pinching and shortening of the stock will prevent this effect1 but care is needed not to pursue such treatment too far4 ,the stocks are generally headed back to within an inch or more of the bud1 just as vegetation starts the next spring2 but early set buds may be headed back so soon as they have taken1 and will often make a nice growth the same season4 ,this1 however1 is not generally preferred1 and a late start in the growing weather of our autumns is particularly to be avoided1 as the young shoot will not become matured before winter1 and may be lost4 ,the advantages of propagating by budding may be summed up in the following remarks1 which are presented even at the risk of some repetition4 ,this favorite method of multiplying varieties has some advantages over grafting1 and is by many preferred on account of the facility with which it can be performed1 and because it affords a means of increasing sorts in the nursery that have not been grafted1 and of filling up gaps in the rows where grafts have missed2 and it has been reported1 that budded trees of certain varieties were more hardy than those which had been root-grafted4 ,the objections1 if such they can be called1 are1 that the period of performing the operation is limited1 and that the young shoots from the buds generally have a curve that makes a crook or blemish in the tree when it goes from the nursery--neither of these objections constitute any real difficulty2 on the contrary1 the advantages quite over-balance them3 as already suggested1 it is a good plan for double-working certain varieties4 ,the season for budding is at the period when the longitudinal growth of the stock is nearly completed1 and when the wood-forming process is most active1 so that the bark will part most freely from the wood--in other words1 while the stock is still quite active in its circulation1 but has1 in a measure1 made its growth4 ,the scions used must have so far completed their growth for the season as to have filled their buds handsomely1 but yet be so young as to allow the wood to part freely from the bark of the shields when they are cut4 ,those who desire to bud early1 may accelerate the development of the buds by nipping off the points of the shoots to be used1 this1 in a few days1 causes the buds to swell4 ,the season of budding will thus depend upon the high culture of the nursery1 and upon the condition of the trees from which the scions of buds are to be cut4 ,budding should never be done unless the stock is in perfectly good condition1 if otherwise1 it is labor lost4 ,the old writers recommended damp1 cloudy1 or even showery weather2 but under our bright summer skies our large establishments would never be able to dispose of their work1 were they to wait for such suitable weather4 ,fortunately it is not found necessary to select such a season1 but the greatest success attends the budding that is done in fine bright and even hot weather4 ,the scions should be kept wrapped in a damp cloth1 excluded from the rapid evaporation to which they would be subjected if exposed--this is better than to keep them in water1 which exhausts them by dilution of the sap they contain4 ,the scions should have their leaves removed1 so soon as they are cut from the tree2 this is done with a knife or the thumb nail1 leaving a short piece of the leaf-stalk for convenience when inserting the buds4 ,spring budding is sometimes desirable1 either to fill up gaps in the nursery-rows1 or to secure varieties1 the scions of which may have been received too late for grafting1 or when it is desirable to multiply them as much as possible1 by making every bud grow4 ,when the operation is to be performed in the spring1 the scions must be kept back1 by placing them in the ice-house until the stocks are in full leaf1 when the bark will peel readily1 and the buds may be inserted with a pretty fair prospect of success2 of course1 the ,american method must be used in this case1 as the wood and bark of the dormant scion will not separate4 ,the stocks should be cut down as early in the spring as the buds begin to swell1 with a sharp knife1 applied just above the bud1 and on the same side2 the whole upper portion of the stock must be removed by a clean cut2 this is better than to leave a stump of three or four inches1 as is often recommended1 as a support to which to tie up the buds in their tender growth4 ,all shoots from the stock should be rubbed out while young2 this may need repeating a second time4 ,if the stocks were strong1 the buds will make handsome sturdy trees the first season2 the branched form may be assisted by pinching the points when a few inches high1 as recommended with the grafts4 ,two year old stocks should make pretty trees1 at one year old from the bud4 ,,propagation4--,,sect4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,nursery4 ,,apology4 ,,nurserymen ,,need ,,not ,,be ,,jealous4 ,,site ,,and ,,soil4 ,,roots ,,affected ,,by ,,soil4 ,,fibrous ,,roots ,,desirable4 ,,root ,,pruning4 ,,the ,,plow ,,pruner4 ,,digging ,,trees4 ,,high ,,manuring4 ,,objections4 ,,crowding ,,the ,,rows ,,is ,,still ,,worse4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,nursery ,,soil4 ,,draining4 ,,laying ,,out4 ,,distances4 ,,bedding ,,apple ,,grafts4 ,,mulching4 ,,the ,,roller ,,as ,a ,,cultivator4 ,,laying ,,by ,,trees ,,for ,,winter ,,with ,,the ,,plow4 ,,the ,,subsoil ,,lifter4 ,,the ,,pronged ,,hoe4 ,,thorough ,,preparation ,,of ,,cutting ,,beds4 ,,management ,,of ,,cuttings4 ,,autumnal ,,planting4 ,,winter ,,mulching4 ,,grape ,,cuttings4 ,,fall ,,planting4 ,,long ,,cuttings4 ,,short ,,cuttings4 ,,trimming4 ,,value ,,of ,,the ,,leaves4 ,,stocky ,,trees4 ,,side ,,branches4 ,,shortening-,,in4 ,,when ,,to ,,remove4 ,,heading-,,in ,,the ,,trees4 ,,when ,,to ,,do ,,it4 ,,age ,,of ,,trees ,,for ,,planting4 ,,maiden ,,trees4 ,,disadvantages ,,of ,,large ,,trees4 ,,benefited ,,by ,,root ,,pruning4 ,,the ,,home ,,nursery4 ,,field',s ,,plan4 ,,the ,,nursery ,,orchard ,,of ,,whitney4 ,,winter ,,killing4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,by ,,early ,,ripening ,,the ,,wood4 ,,injurious ,,animals4 ,,moles4 ,,mice4 ,,rabbits4 ,,preventives4 ,,insects4 ,,the ,,nursery4--,be not alarmed1 brother nurseryman1 think not that all the arcana of your craft are to be exposed to the public2 one small chapter cannot injure you1 even were it wise and proper to retain knowledge exclusively in the hands of the guild2 on the other hand1 ye need not be afraid that one who owes you so much would turn tell-tale1 and expose all your weaknesses to the gaze of the multitude4 ,from my friends in the craft1 the many intelligent men and keen observers1 who have ever been foremost in the ranks of our country's pomologists1 no censure is apprehended for attempting to dash off a few brief directions for the amateur1 or even the nurseryman1 who is just beginning to pursue as a business the pleasant occupation of growing trees4 ,any censure from others1 if such there be1 who would feel afraid to trust their knowledge to the world1 and who might think in this enlightened age that such a thing as secrets of the trade could be long retained in their own hands1--any censure1 from such a source1 would fall harmless--it is not dreaded4 ,indeed1 though not of the trade1 it would be easy to expose the ignorance that is sure to be found among those who might claim to be the exclusive conservators of knowledge1 such however is not the object in view1 it is rather to extend useful knowledge1 to popularize it and to bring it within the reach of those who may need it1 that this chapter is undertaken2 and the labor is the more willingly entered upon1 in the firm conviction that the more the knowledge of plants and the love for them is diffused among the masses of our population1 the greater will be the success of those who are engaged as professional nurserymen and gardeners1 who need not fear the competition of amateurs1 but should rather encourage it1 upon the score of such persons being and continuing to be their best customers--if not from any higher and more noble sentiments of affiliation with men of congenial tastes and pursuits4 ,,site ,,and ,,soil ,,for ,,the ,,nursery4--,a somewhat elevated position should be selected for the ground that is to be appropriated for the production of trees2 the surface water should be able to escape rapidly1 instead of standing in the paths1 and furrows1 and trenches4 ,the fresh air should be able to blow freely over the young trees1 swaying them about1 trying their fibres1 and at the same time giving them new strength and vigor3 not that they should be too much exposed to the rude blasts1 as they might be upon the vast savannas of the ,west1 where a protecting belt of deciduous and evergreen trees1 to a moderate extent1 will be found of service1 and conducive to the healthy development of young trees in the nursery4 ,but even the naked prairie1 exposed for miles in every direction1 would offer a better location for the nursery1 than a few acres cleared out among the heavy timber4 ,here the little trees1 if crowded together1 must be drawn up to meet the light1 and will be poorly furnished with lateral branches1 and unprepared to meet the rude battle with the elements that awaits them in their future orchard homes1 which1 indeed1 too often become rather their graves1 into which they are thrust1 buried1 not planted1 and whence they rise no more1 but after a fruitless struggle1 dwindle and die4 ,a somewhat elevated situation is also valuable1 on account of its greater probable immunity from frost1 than a lower level2 and this is often a matter of great importance in the successful cultivation of fruit trees4 ,the soil should be a good strong sandy loam1 one that contains the needful elements for the growth of trees1 and at the same time has a composition that will freely permit the passage of water through it1 and be easily worked by the cultivator4 ,heavy soils1 abounding in clay1 are strong2 but they are more retentive of water1 they require more labor to keep them in a friable condition1 and they are sometimes objectionable on account of the character of the roots produced in them4 ,these are less abundantly furnished with fibres1 as a general rule1 when the tree has been grown in a stiff clay1 than when it has been produced in a lighter and more porous soil4 ,mucky soils are too light1 and should not be used for permanent nurseries1 though valuable for seedlings1 cuttings1 and newly transplanted forest evergreens for a short period2 unless the muck be underlaid by clay1 and that it is near enough to the surface to be reached in the preparation of the soil1 and to become mixed with its staple in cultivating it4 ,trees1 for the orchard1 should never be grown upon a mucky or peaty soil4 ,the different character of the roots formed by trees growing in particular soils1 should not be overlooked by the propagator1 since much of his reputation as a nurseryman1 and the success attendant upon the labors of his customers1 will depend upon the healthy development of these important organs1 which have been called the mouths of plants4 ,as elsewhere observed1 peaty and mucky soils do not produce roots of a character well adapted to transplanting into upland soil4 ,very stiff clays furnish trees with long straggling roots that have feeble and scattered fibres2 such roots do not present themselves in a good condition1 nor are they easily separated from the soil1 the tenacity of which often injures the slender fibrous portions1 which it is desirable to preserve in transplanting4 ,sandy soils and sandy loams produce the very best roots1 most evenly distributed1 and also most easily preserved and removed when the trees are dug from the earth4 ,much may be done by the intelligent cultivator1 in any kind of land1 to make good roots by proper treatment of his soil and trees4 ,a thorough preparation of the ground1 and disintegration of the soil1 will conduce to this result2 and thorough culture will maintain the good condition thus produced4 ,frequent transplanting will encourage the production of new roots from the cut ends of those that were ruptured in digging1 and these will be within reach at the next removal4 ,when taking up young trees1 or when setting out seedlings in the nursery rows1 the tap roots1 and indeed all long straggling roots1 should be cut back1 with a view to producing the same result4 ,when trees have remained for three or four years in the nursery rows1 the fibres will have extended so far in search of food and moisture1 that in digging them1 the best portions of the roots will be left in the ground1 and the young trees will suffer upon being transplanted in this mutilated condition4 ,such should be root pruned the season previous to their removal4 ,this process is performed by removing the earth on either side of the row1 until the roots are exposed1 when they are cut off at from ten inches to a foot1 from the tree1 and the earth replaced upon them1 the object being the formation of new fibres that shall be within the reach of the spade when they come to be dug for the orchard4 ,another plan for root pruning is1 to use a very sharp spade1 which is set down and pressed deeply into the ground1 a few inches from the tree1 so as to cut all roots that pass that limit4 ,this1 though a ruder method1 is followed by good results4 ,,digging ,,the ,,trees1 is a process that should be conducted upon very different principles from those exercised in grubbing a thicket4 ,the nurseryman wishes to clear his block1 but the purchaser hopes to save his trees1 and to have them live1 he wants a good share of their roots with them4 ,no one need expect1 however1 to have anything like a large proportion of the roots of a tree removed from the ground2 that is out of the question1 unless they have been grown in walled stations1 confining the roots1 like those of green-house plants in their flowerpots4 ,in open culture1 they will have spread through the soil in every direction1 and cannot be preserved and removed4 ,repeated root pruning will be of the greatest service in furnishing a great many fine roots within reach2 but at the best1 a great deal of damage is necessarily inflicted upon the roots by digging1 and the older and larger the tree1 the greater will be the injury1 and the smaller the proportion of roots to the branches4 ,in digging trees1 it is important to remove the soil very carefully on each side of the row to expose the roots1 always holding the spade in such a position that its side and edge shall be in the direction of a radius1 from the stem of the tree as a centre4 ,never stand facing the tree to be dug1 but keep it next the elbow1 at one side4 ,on finding a root1 withdraw the spade1 and try again2 and1 having ascertained its direction1 endeavor to loosen the outer extremities first4 ,proceed all around in this manner1 and by gently swaying the trunk1 the points of resistance will be indicated2 these should be loosened and freed until all appear to be free1 when1 by grasping the collar as low down as possible1 the tree is to be lifted gently and freed from the soil2 no force should be used beyond that which is absolutely necessary1 to lift the plant from its bed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,,harkness' ,,tree ,,digger4 ,in the great commercial nurseries1 all this care cannot be exercised2 everything must be done in the large way1 and labor-saving appliances1 the valuable results of human thought1 but still not thinking nor observing intelligences1 must be used4 ,one of this class is the tree-digger1 which1 in the prairie soils1 is used with very good success4 ,it consists of a very large deep plow1 without any mold-board1 but with a wide sharp steel share1 which is turned up at the edges1 so as to cut the lateral roots at some distance from the trees4 ,it is drawn on each side of the row1 by four horses1 hitched ad tandem4 ,the trees may then easily be lifted from the loose prairie soil4 ,the accompanying engraving shows the tree digger of ,mr4 ,e4 ,harkness1 which is much used in the nurseries of ,illinois and other ,western ,states4 ,the figure is sufficiently clear1 without much explanation4 ,the broad steel blade runs under the rows and is drawn by four horses1 two working one before the other1 or tandem1 each side of the row4 ,some of our ,western nurserymen find great advantage from the use of this digger in their free soils1 and also for root pruning trees that are to remain in the rows4 ,in the sandy loams of ,new ,jersey1 a similar tool is used for digging peach trees1 which is drawn by a span of heavy horses that are attached to the two separate beams1 one being on each side of the trees4 ,this implement is found to be entirely satisfactory in its operations4 ,high manuring in the nursery has been objected to by some orchard planters1 who say that trees1 which have been forced into a too luxuriant growth in their infancy1 receive so severe a shock upon being transplanted to the open field1 that they never recover4 ,with the neglect which is so commonly accorded to young trees in the orchard1 it is really wonderful how they ever survive at all1 whether they had been stimulated in their culture or not4 ,the large majority of purchasers at the nursery always select those trees which are most vigorous1 notwithstanding the prejudice against stimulating the trees1 and then with mutilated roots1 they probably omit cutting back the limbs sufficiently1 and when their neglected orchard fails1 they complain of the forced trees4 ,the change from the good cultivation of the nursery to the careless culture and even neglect of the farm1 is certainly hard for the poor things to bear4 ,late growth1 encouraged by high manuring1 is injurious4 ,there is a much more serious fault of the nursery than stimulating with manure and high cultivation1 and that is the too common error of crowding the trees2 but even this has its origin partly with the purchaser1 who too often wishes to have his trees drawn up as high as possible2 instead of demanding low heads he asks for high ones1 and will sometimes offer a premium for trees that have grown in one season1 the second from the root graft1 eight or ten feet in a single shoot1 so that he may at once calculate upon forming the head where he wants it1 out of the reach of his horse2 a calculation1 however1 which he will not realize4 ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,soil for a nursery should be as deep and as thorough as possible1 for some things it is best even to trench the ground2 but generally1 the thorough plowing1 with a deep-tiller1 or a trench-plow1 will be sufficient1 and if followed by the subsoil lifter1 so much the better4 ,one of the most intelligent horticulturists1 and most successful nurserymen in the country1 finds that he can produce a better result in depth and fineness of tilth1 by using the ,double ,michigan plow1 than he can with the spade4 ,a piece of clover-sod thus plowed in the fall1 and subsoiled at the same time1 will be in fine order for nursery purposes1 after a thorough cross-plowing and harrowing in the following spring4 ,if the land has been under-drained1 so much the better4 ,there is little good land that would not be much improved for nursery purposes by tile draining4 ,if manure is to be applied1 it may be spread upon the clover-sod before plowing1 or it may be thrown upon the plowed ground at once or at any time during the winter1 to be worked into the soil by the spring plowing2 if composted1 it may be spread just before the spring stirring4 ,,laying ,,out4--,in laying out the nursery1 some taste may be exercised by the planter2 the sections and blocks should be distinct1 and alleys should be located at convenient distances1 so that all parts may be easily accessible with the wagon4 ,the rows should be laid out straight1 and they ought to be far enough apart--four feet might be a good average for nursery trees2 cuttings and seedlings may1 of course1 be nearer4 ,the trees should not be set too closely in the rows1 one foot apart is plenty close enough for most kinds1 and that is little enough room for the development of good lateral branches1 or for those which have to remain three or four years before transplanting4 ,for peaches1 for dwarf pears1 and indeed for any of the varieties that are to be taken from the nursery as maiden trees1 a less space may be allowed--say eight inches apart4 ,apple stocks for budding1 or for collar grafting1 may be set ten inches apart1 and they will have room to make very good plants1 even should they remain until two years old4 ,most nurserymen set out their apple grafts in the rows where they are to be grown to full size1 and cultivate them from two to three years2 while this saves the trouble of transplanting1 the trees will not be as well assorted for size1 nor will they have the benefit of the transplanting1 7which will enhance their value much more than it costs1 in the improved character of their roots71 as have those that have been treated on the bedding plan1 practiced by some nurserymen4 ,this consists in setting the root grafts closely together1 in a bed of very well prepared ground2 they are covered at once with a good mulching of sawdust1 which keeps the ground moist1 and insures the growth of almost all the plants1 while for the first season they occupy very little space1 and are readily kept clean1 as the mulching prevents the growth of weeds4 ,in the fall1 or in the following spring1 they are taken up1 assorted for size1 and re-planted in the nursery-rows where they are to stand4 ,this transplanting improves the character of their roots1 which are more fibrous and shorter than in those trees which have stood three or four years without being disturbed4 ,purchasers1 now-a-days1 begin to look at the roots of their trees1 as well as the tops2 and it may become necessary for the nurserymen to gratify this fancy for low-headed1 stocky trees1 that have abundant fibres to insure their growth1 and their early fruitfulness4 ,,culture of the nursery should be thorough2 the soil should be frequently stirred1 and kept mellow and loose1 to insure cleanliness and thriftiness1 and to make handsome trees4 ,the mellow soil upon the surface1 is1 by some persons1 considered equal to a good mulching1 and indeed it answers the indications of one4 ,cultivation1 to kill the weeds as fast as they appear1 will admit both air and moisture2 a share of both of these is retained by the mellow earth1 which1 thus treated1 is indeed a very good mulch4 ,the cultivation may be done with the small turning plow1 with the double shovel1 or with any of the many approved cultivators in use everywhere throughout the country4 ,the surface should be kept as level and even as possible4 ,in some soils the roller1 made short enough to pass between the rows1 is highly esteemed1 and is considered a most valuable implement in the nursery4 ,as a general rule1 cultivation should not be continued too late in the season1 but should be suspended about mid-summer1 so as to prevent a late growth and to encourage the plants to finish their summer's work in time to ripen their wood thoroughly before the advent of winter4 ,this is particularly necessary where the climate is severe1 especially on new lands1 where the trees are very vigorous4 ,upon the approach of winter1 it is a good practice to plow a light furrow against the trees on each side2 this protects the collar from cold1 prevents heaving by the frost1 and gives a good surface drainage to excess of water4 ,for deeply loosening the ground between the rows1 the one-horse subsoil lifting plow is a very valuable instrument2 this can be used in very narrow spaces4 ,this plow prepares the ground admirably for the pronged hoe1 and it may be used between rows of cuttings and seedlings4 ,,the ,,pronged ,,hoe4--,one of the most valuable implements in the nursery to clean out the weeds from between the trees1 and also to work among cuttings1 and other plants1 that are set too closely for the use of the horse1 is the pronged hoe2 it makes the best shallow culture1 prevents the soil from becoming hard1 and it is the best destroyer of small weeds that can be used4 ,the flat hoe is never sharp enough to cut all of the weeds effectually1 it produces little tilth1 and the result of its use is too often a disappointment1 but half killing the weeds1 in some places1 and dragging them out by the roots in others1 and often leaving the ground hard and in miserable condition4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,,the ,,pronged ,,hoe4 ,,planting ,,cuttings4--,some of the small fruits1 as currants1 gooseberries1 as well as the quince1 are propagated1 to a great extent1 by cuttings4 ,the ground for growing them1 should be very well prepared by trenching or trench-plowing2 the difference in the growth between cuttings set on well or on poorly prepared ground is astonishing1 and the advantage in favor of trenched land is sufficient to pay for the extra expense bestowed upon the preparation4 ,the soil should be rather sandy1 decidedly loose and mellow1 and rather moist than dry4 ,in setting the cuttings1 the rows may be quite close1 as horse labor is seldom employed among them2 but they are tended by hand1 or the ground is mulched4 ,they may also be set quite thickly in the row1 as they are to remain but a short time in the cutting bed1 from which they are transplanted at one year old1 though sometimes alternate rows may be left over another season4 ,when the trench is opened for them1 the cuttings are set1 three or four inches apart1 next the line1 so that only the top bud shall reach the surface2 a little mellow soil is thrown upon them1 and they are tramped firmly at the base1 when the remainder of the earth is thrown in and the next trench is opened for another row4 ,if they be planted in the autumn1 it is well to cover them with a mulch1 and for this leaves from the forest are an excellent material4 ,some propagators insist very strongly upon the necessity for removing all the buds from the lower portion of the cutting1 particularly in the currant and gooseberry1 so as to prevent suckering and to grow the bush as a miniature tree1 with a single stem4 ,this is not desirable when the bushes are liable to have the stems destroyed by the currant borer4 ,indeed1 the nature of the currant appears to require a renewal of the wood by these shoots1 which come to replace the old exhausted branches4 ,the grape is grown in immense quantities from cuttings1 which are either planted in a nursery1 or set at once in the vineyard4 ,in the former they are planted closely in rows1 that are about twenty inches apart4 ,sometimes the ground is trenched1 and the cuttings set at the same operation4 ,when the first trench is opened in a rich mellow loam1 which may be sod or clover lea1 the edge of the dug soil is dressed to the line with the spade1 then the cuttings are placed so as to have one eye at or above the surface1 and soil is thrown in and tramped closely to the base of the cuttings4 ,then the next trench is made with the spade1 digging the ground as you proceed4 ,grape cuttings are generally made eighteen or twenty inches long2 and those which have a heel of old wood are preferred1 and command a higher price4 ,the earlier these are taken from the vines1 after the fall of the leaves1 the better success will attend the plantation2 provided they are not too long exposed to the air4 ,fall planting is very desirable1 but if not then planted1 the cuttings should be put into the ground and covered as soon as convenient1 and they will be better prepared for spring planting4 ,a deep trench is opened1 into which the bundles are set in a vertical position1 and loose earth filled in about them1 and slightly covered over them2 they will then be ready for planting by the spring4 ,the length of the cuttings has latterly been much reduced1 with advantage2 some of the most successful planters make them from six to eight inches long3 these are much more easily dug than the longer slips1 and are better provided with roots4 ,,trimming should be practiced in the nursery with a definite object in view1 and not at random2 much less with any expectation of increasing the hight of the trees by trimming them up4 ,the object in pruning nursery trees should be to develop them in every part1 to produce a stout stocky sturdy little tree1 one that may be turned out upon the bleak prairie1 and be able to withstand the blasts4 ,to produce this result1 the leaves should never be stripped from the shoots to make them extend their growth1 for the sake of making more leaves2 the nurseryman should know the value of leaves1 as constituting the great evaporating surface that plays a most important part in causing the ascent of the crude sap1 and also in its elaboration after it has been taken up into the organization of the plant4 ,leaves should be carefully preserved1 and in the trimming1 which is necessary1 this should be borne in mind4 ,to make vigorous1 stocky trees1 the side branches should be encouraged rather than pruned off4 ,the tops may sometimes need to be pinched1 to force out the laterals1 and to encourage their growth2 if two shoots start together as rivals1 one of them should be topped or cut back1 or twisted and broken1 but not cut off at its origin1 unless there be plenty of lateral branches or twigs to furnish the tree4 ,when these become too long1 they may be spurred-in1 either in the fall and winter when cutting grafts1 or in the summer1 during the growing season4 ,whenever it becomes necessary to trim off any of these laterals1 it is best to do it at mid-summer1 as the healing of the wounds made at this period is very rapid4 ,heading off the nursery trees is done to force them to branch out uniformly the second year1 to form their heads at the right place2 this is to be done toward spring1 and is applicable especially to those varieties that are prone to make a single shoot the first year without branching1 and which have not been pinched-in or headed during the previous summer to force out side branches4 ,cherries1 plums1 and pears1 and some apples1 are very apt to make this kind of growth4 ,it should have been premised that all nursery trees ought to be grown to one main stem1 or leader1 from which all the branches arise1 and to which they should all be made to contribute their quota of woody fibre4 ,it has been asserted that the wood of a tree1 instead of being a cone1 as its stem appears to be and is1 it should be a column of nearly equal size from the bottom to the top2 that is1 the mass of all the branches taken together1 should equal the diameter of the trunk at any point below4 ,a well-grown stocky nursery tree1 with its abundance of lateral branches approximates this idea2 but the main stem of such an one is very perceptibly a cone1 rapidly diminishing in diameter from the collar upwards4 ,,age ,,of ,,trees ,,for ,,planting4--,this depends so much upon the views of planters1 that the nurseryman cannot always control the period at which he shall clear a block of trees4 ,peaches should always be removed at one year from the bud4 ,plums and dwarf pears will be ready to go off at two years from the bud or graft2 so with apples and cherries4 ,but many persons1 purchasers and sellers1 prefer larger trees1 and they recommend that the trees should remain one1 two1 or even three years longer in the nursery4 ,others1 a new school of planters1 prefer to set out the maiden tree1 in most of the species above named1 except some very feebly growing varieties1 that will scarcely have attained sufficient size to risk in the orchard4 ,the nurseryman should beware of keeping his trees too long on his hands2 they may become unprofitable stock1 and are sure to require much more labor in the digging and handling4 ,the purchaser is his own master1 and his tastes and wishes must be consulted2 if he wants large trees1 by all means1 let him be indulged2 he will have to pay in proportion1 he will have more wood for his money1 more weight to carry1 or more transportation to pay for1 more labor in planting1 and vastly increased risk of the life of his trees2 but1 let him be indulged with his five year old trees1 while his neighbor1 for a smaller sum invested1 with less freight1 less wood1 less labor1 and infinitely less risk1 will plant his maiden trees1 and five years hence will market more fruit4 ,the risk of transplanting large or old trees from the nursery1 may be greatly diminished1 and their value will be vastly enhanced1 by judicious root pruning in the nursery-row4 ,this may be done by digging1 on either side1 on alternate years1 and cutting off the straggling roots1 and particularly those that run deeply2 this will be followed by the production of a multitude of fibrous roots that put the tree into a good condition for transplanting4 ,in the great nurseries of the ,west1 there is a peculiar plow1 which is used for root pruning the nursery rows4 ,,the ,,home ,,nursery has been recommended by ,mr4 ,field in his ,pear ,culture as a means of enabling the orchardist to amuse himself1 and to grow his trees in such style as he may prefer4 ,he advises to select trees of two or three years' growth1 and prepare a piece of ground for the home nursery4 ,for this a rich1 deep1 dry soil should be spaded and thoroughly pulverized to the depth of two feet1 7trenched74 ,in it plant the trees in rows four feet distant1 and three feet apart in the rows4 ,two hundred trees would thus occupy a space fifty feet square4 ,the roots having been carefully examined1 and1 as before mentioned1 the laterals pruned to six or eight inches1 are spread out horizontally1 and gently covered with earth4 ,it will be seen that the labor of pinching1 pruning1 and cultivating1 will be much less on so small a spot1 than when the cultivator is obliged to travel over three or four acres upon which they are ultimately to be planted4 ,if at the end of two years it is still desirable to allow them to remain1 a sharp spade should be thrust down around them1 at a distance of fifteen or eighteen inches1 in order to cut the long straggling roots1 and thus induce the formation of fibres nearer home4 ,this will fit them for transplanting at an advanced stage of growth4 ,in this case1 if at the end of two or three years1 they are removed at the proper season1 and with care1 they will suffer scarcely any check4 ,by pursuing this plan1 they receive better care1 grow faster1 and are not liable to damage2 and as only the good trees will1 in this case1 be set in the fruit grounds1 none of those unseemly breaks in the rows1 caused by the injury or death of a tree1 need occur4 ,where1 however1 older trees1 at least once transplanted1 cannot be obtained1 and it is desirable to set out the orchard at once1 stout two-year old trees are decidedly preferable4 ,such trees have not stood sufficiently long to send their roots beyond a limit whence they can be removed2 and with careful digging1 removal and planting1 the purchaser need not fear a loss of more than two per cent4 ,,the ,,nursery ,,orchard1 as practiced by ,a4,r4 ,whitney1 of ,lee ,co41 ,ill41 now one of the largest orchardists of the country1 is well worthy of imitation by all those nurserymen1 who desire also to become fruit-growers4 ,in laying off the blocks of nursery stock1 the varieties that are wanted for the orchard1 should be planted in such a manner1 that they shall be in every fourth row1 so that the orchard trees will stand in rows sixteen to twenty feet apart1 according as the nursery-rows are four or five feet wide4 ,in cultivating and trimming these rows in the nursery1 a plant is selected1 every twelve or sixteen feet1 which is to remain as the orchard tree when the block shall be cleared4 ,a good tree is selected1 and special care in the pruning is bestowed upon it to secure the desired form1 and low branches2 if necessary1 the tree on either side of it is removed1 to give it room4 ,by the time the block is cleared1 these orchard trees are often in bearing1 and while his customers are struggling to save their trees1 and nursing them after their transplanting1 the nurseryman will have become an orchardist1 and is enjoying his fruits4 ,the nursery will have become an orchard--one rather closely planted to be sure--but the trees can be dwarfed by root pruning with the plow1 they shelter one another from the prairie blasts1 and when too thick1 alternate trees may be removed to the wood-pile1 and thus cheer the owner on a winter's day4 ,,winter-,,killing is a serious evil in the nursery1 as by it whole rows and blocks of certain varieties are sometimes destroyed1 or very seriously injured4 ,it has been observed to be most marked in its effects upon those sorts of trees that make the most vigorous and sappy growth1 and those which continue to grow late in the season4 ,such varieties have very naturally acquired the epithet of tender especially as orchard trees of the same kinds1 even in a bearing state1 have been similarly affected2 in some sections of the country1 these kinds have been thrown out of cultivation4 ,the bark looks shriveled and withered1 the twigs seem dry when cut1 and resist the knife2 when thawed by the fire1 or on the return of spring weather1 the bark seems loose1 and the inner bark1 instead of being greenish-white1 becomes brown1 and the whole tree looks as though it was dead4 ,in old trees1 large portions of the bark start from the stem and large limbs1 and hang loosely for awhile and then fall off4 ,the buds alone retain their vitality1 and upon the return of spring they sometimes succeed in establishing the necessary connection with the soil1 and restore the circulation of the sap2 the results are the deposit of the usual annular layer of woody matter1 which encases the dead portions within1 that become like a sequestrum of dead bone in an animal4 ,the best treatment for the trees that have been winter-killed1 is to cut them back very severely1 in the hope of producing a vigorous wood-growth the next season1 to repair the injury4 ,a partial winter-killing often affects small nursery trees1 especially on low and wet1 undrained soils2 the plants recover1 but for years they have a black point in the heart which embraces all of the wood-growth that was affected--all their wood at the period of the disaster4 ,this is enclosed and surrounded by clear1 healthy wood2 but such trees are not desirable1 they are so fragile1 as to be easily broken4 ,the best preventive for winter-killing in the nursery1 is to encourage early ripening of the wood1 and to drain the land1 is one of the best means of producing this effect2 another is the cessation of culture at mid-summer1 and the sowing of oats very thick at the last cultivation1 has been practiced1 and1 it is thought1 with excellent effects4 ,the rank growth absorbs the superfluous moisture1 robbing the trees1 and afterwards forms a good protective mulch during the winter4 ,the objections to it are1 that it encourages the mice1 which1 by girdling the trees1 effectually winter-kills them4 ,many nursery and orchard trees often present a black discoloration of the bark1 which is quite unsightly1 and excites alarm for the health of the tree4 ,this is often caused by trimming at unfavorable periods2 in the spring pruning of bearing trees1 the large stumps sometimes bleed1 but in the nursery trees it arises from cutting them1 and especially in the barbarous trimming up1 during severely cold weather1 when they are frozen4 ,,injurious ,,animals ,,and ,,insects4--,the nurseryman sometimes suffers from the depredations of some of the smaller animals1 which cause him great annoyance4 ,the mole1 though highly recommended by the naturalists as a harmless beast1 who is an aid to horticulture by his insectivorous habits1 is nevertheless injurious in his ways2 for he often makes his run in the seed bed1 or along a row of root grafts1 and raising them from their stations break their tender rootlets1 when the sun and air soon destroy them4 ,mice1 of different kinds1 are still more destructive1 particularly in the winter1 when they will often girdle young trees near the collar1 and do much mischief4 ,they also devour many seeds after they have been committed to the ground1 particularly those sown in the autumn4 ,for both of these animals1 the best preventive is to catch them1 which may be done with traps4 ,they may also be poisoned4 ,the young trees may be protected from the mice by keeping them clear of rubbish1 that would shelter these animals1 and when snow falls1 it should be trodden down closely about the trees4 ,owls and cats will do their share in the destruction also1 but they will also take the friendly little birds4 ,rabbits are also very apt to bite off young shoots1 and to bark trees of larger growth in the nursery1 as well as those that have been set out in the orchard4 ,various methods have been suggested to prevent their injuries4 ,wrapping the stems with strips of rags or with ropes of hay1 was formerly the method practiced by those who wished to save their young trees2 the process is tedious and troublesome4 ,a few pieces of corn-stalk have been placed by the stem of the tree and tied to it2 this1 too1 is a troublesome procedure1 though1 like the others1 it is efficacious4 ,a still better plan in this class of preventives1 is a half sheet of common brown wrapping paper1 made to encircle the stem1 like an inverted funnel2 this need be fastened only at the top1 by a little thin grafting wax applied with a brush at the instant1 or the paper may be tied with some common white cotton string4 ,this envelope keeps off the rabbits1 and lasts through the winter2 the string will decay before the growing season returns1 so there is no danger of strangulation4 ,all the other wrappings must be removed1 or they will injure the trees and afford harbor for insects4 ,it will be observed that all applications of this class1 are adapted only to trees that have a clean hole without branches1 but are not suited for those which are made to branch at or near the ground4 ,besides1 in countries where snow abounds1 these little marauders are elevated above the wrappings1 and have fair play at the unprotected parts of the tree--on this account another class of preventives has been adopted4 ,these consist in applications that are obnoxious to rabbits1 which1 being nice feeders1 are easily disgusted4 ,white-wash1 and white-wash made with tobacco water1 soap1 whale-oil soap1 grease1 blood1 and especially the dead rabbit itself1 freshly killed1 have all been used with happy results1 in that they have driven these animals to seek their food elsewhere4 ,a very good application1 and one that may be used upon a low-branched tree as well as to the smooth clear stem of one that is higher1 is blood4 ,this is put on with a swab2 a few corn husks tied to a stick1 answers very well4 ,dipping this into the vessel of blood1 the swab is struck gently against the stem or the branches1 as the case may be1 and the fluid is spattered over it4 ,a very little will answer to keep the rabbits away1 and the effect will continue all winter1 notwithstanding the rains4 ,certain insects also prove injurious in the nursery1 among these the most numerous are the aphides1 which are found upon the roots of some fruit trees1 especially the apple4 ,others of this disagreeable insect appear upon the foliage1 among these one of the most disgusting is the one which causes the black curl1 on young cherry trees4 ,the pear tree slug1 7,selandria cerasi71 destroys the foliage of many young trees in the nursery2 caterpillars also do their share of mischief4 ,a serious trouble in old nursery grounds1 especially where manure is used1 is the grub of the ,may beetles1 of which there are several species4 ,these grubs are whitish1 nearly as thick as the little finger1 with a brownish head4 ,they cut off the young nursery trees at three or four inches below the surface4 ,we have seen two-year old stocks cut in this manner1 and the work of destruction was so complete1 that the proprietor of the nursery was a long time in attributing it to such an apparently inadequate cause as this sluggish1 soft-bodied grub4 ,all of these1 with other insects injurious to fruit1 will be considered in their appropriate place4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,the ,plant1 a ,biography3 ,m4,j4 ,schleiden1 p4 #fh4 #ac ,because it had no root1 it withered away4 ,mat4 #ac1 #f4 #ad ,du ,breuil1 ,culture of ,fruit ,trees2 ,english ,translation4 #ae ,a4,r4 ,whitney1 ,franklin ,grove ,nurseries1 ,lee ,co41 ,ill4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,dwarfing4 ,,definition ,,of4 ,,objects4 ,,early ,,fruitage4 ,,definition ,,of ,,terms4 ,,dwarfing ,,stocks4 ,,other ,,means ,,of ,,dwarfing4 ,,dwarfs ,,and ,,standards4 ,,pyramids ,,or ,,conical4 ,,espaliers4 ,,laying ,,bare ,,the ,,main ,,roots ,,in ,,summer1 ,,to ,,diminish ,,the ,,vigor ,,of ,,the ,,trees4 ,,removing ,a ,,portion ,,of ,,them4 ,,root-,,pruning4 ,,transplanting4 ,,european ,,espaliers ,,and ,,wall ,,fruits4 ,,du ,,breuil',s ,,cordons4 ,,crowding1 ,,as ,a ,,means ,,of ,,dwarfing4 ,,pinching1 ,,twisting1 ,,and ,,fracture4 ,,field',s ,,pear ,,hedges4 ,,our ,,climate ,,does ,,not ,,require ,,these ,,means ,,of ,,torture4 ,,facility ,,of ,,protection ,,may ,,render ,,them ,,desirable4 ,,general ,,introduction ,,of ,,quince-,,dwarfed ,,pears ,,in ,,this ,,country4 ,,many ,,failures4 ,,success ,,depends ,,upon ,,care4 ,,french ,,success4 ,,chinese4 ,,uncongenial ,,stocks4 ,,imperfect ,,union4 ,,pinching4 ,,highest ,,perfection ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,horticulture4 ,,equalize ,,the ,,flow ,,of ,,sap4 ,,naturally ,,flows ,,to ,,higher ,,parts ,,at ,,expense ,,of ,,lower1 ,,may ,,be ,,regulated ,,by ,,trimming4 ,,by ,,disbudding4 ,,bending ,,down4 ,,pinching ,,the ,,stronger1 ,,and ,,encouraging ,,the ,,weaker4 ,,illustration ,,in ,,the ,,strawberry4 ,,dwarfing ,,the ,,apple4 ,,paradise ,,stock4 ,,the ,,doucin2 ,,unfit ,,for ,,orchards4 ,,root-,,pruning4 ,,how ,,it ,,operates4 ,,time ,,to ,,begin4 ,,how ,,to ,,be ,,pursued4 ,,season ,,for4 ,,expense4 ,,root-,,pruning ,,plow4 ,dwarfing consists in so controlling the growth of plants as to reduce the natural size of any of our fruit trees1 and bring them within comparatively narrow bounds4 ,the objects of dwarfing are to enable us to plant a large number of specimen trees1 or of varieties upon a small piece of ground1 or to have small trees beside the alleys of our gardens4 ,such plants are also well adapted for growing in pots1 or in the borders of an orchard-house4 ,it is claimed for dwarfed trees1 that they are more prolific than those which are worked on free stocks1 which are often erroneously called standards1 and it is also asserted that these dwarfed trees will bear sooner and produce finer and larger fruit4 ,the terms used may as well be explained at once4 ,when we speak of dwarfing stocks1 we mean such as are so uncongenial as to check the wood-growth2 and thus1 while producing smaller trees1 they have a tendency to early fruitfulness if properly managed4 ,but this condition may be superinduced by other means than these4 ,hence in speaking of dwarf pear trees1 it does not follow that they have been worked on the quince or other uncongenial stock4 ,a dwarf tree1 of whatever kind1 is simply one that has been caused to assume diminutive proportions4 ,dwarfing stocks are contrasted with free stocks1 or those which would have attained the full size of the species1 and which1 when grafted1 produce large trees4 ,these are often mis-called standards1 when contrasted with those that have been worked on the quince1 or other dwarfing stock4 ,whereas1 the trees propagated on free stocks1 may also be dwarfed1 by means that will be presently detailed2 and the term standard refers really to the mode in which the training of the specimens has been performed4 ,those which are trimmed up as orchard trees are usually treated as standards1 and are said to be trimmed to standard hight4 ,those branching at a lower point are called half standards4 ,those which are branched so low as to conceal the stem of the tree1 and in which the limbs are so well managed that the lower ones are always the longest1 and those above them gradually contracted to the point at the top1 are called pyramids1 or more properly conical trees4 ,whether dwarfed or not1 trees may be trained in a variety of forms1 such as the columnar1 sometimes called the quenouille2 the vase or goblet form may be given them1 or the parasol shape1 and they may be made to assume the form of a fan or other mode of extension laterally1 when trained upon a wall or espalier frame1 as may be seen in the illustrations given by ,du ,breuil2 but it is seldom that our gardeners are willing to bestow the care and attention necessary to produce these results4 ,the vertical and oblique cordons represented and recommended by ,du ,breuil are very attractive1 and admirable methods of training and dwarfing fruit trees1 and of crowding a great many into a small space4 ,his method of making an edging to the fruit-border with dwarf apples1 inarched together so as to form a connected tree for its whole length1 is a capital illustration of the control we may exercise upon vegetation4 ,standards and pyramids are often trained as weeping trees1 for the sake of gratifying the fancy of the cultivator1 and with a view of bringing on that early productiveness which results from the check of the upward current of sap that is incident to such a mode of treatment4 ,this is really a kind of dwarfing so far as it goes1 and if commenced early in the life of the tree1 it may become very effective1 especially when combined with other means of reducing the growth4 ,these are formed by arching the branches1 tying their tips to a ring of wire or hoop secured near the ground1 or simply by fastening weights to them sufficient to keep them in the desired position1 and by tying the upper limbs to the lower ones4 ,as is well known1 the sap flows most readily toward the shoots that occupy a vertical line2 it will be seen that its ascent will be seriously retarded in those that are bent1 and their vigor will be diminished1 and fruit-bearing will be promoted4 ,this process must not be continued too perseveringly1 lest the tree become exhausted by over-production4 ,du ,breuil recommends laying bare the principal roots of the tree in the spring of the year1 so as to expose them for the most of their length1 and leaving them in this condition during the summer4 ,this exposure of roots to the sun and air diminishes the vigor of the tree1 and hence it tends to the production of fruit4 ,he also recommends the removal of a part of the roots in the spring1 and replacing the earth2 considering this a more energetic operation than the preceding1 he advises caution1 lest we injure the tree4 ,this is simply root-pruning1 a plan that has been pretty thoroughly tested in this country1 where1 perhaps1 its beneficial effects are more needed than in any other1 and where we shall even find it advantageous to have recourse to mechanical means for its performance in large orchards by horse-power1 as will be set forth in another place4 ,a very successful method of obtaining the desired effect of dwarfing1 which is early and abundant fruiting1 consists in transplanting the trees in the autumn2 this should be done very carefully1 so as to preserve the roots from mutilation as much as possible4 ,the effect of this will be to check the wood-growth the ensuing summer1 and fruit-buds will be formed1 for it is well known that these two opposite conditions of plant life are complementary the one to the other1 and while we always desire to see them both proceeding together in a healthy tree1 the wood-growth must have been moderated before we can expect to receive any fruit4 ,the ,french and ,english excel us in training upon walls and espaliers1 and we may willingly yield them the palm2 since1 in this country1 it is rarely necessary to incur so great expense for the production of good fruits1 and as a means of dwarfing our trees1 it is more expensive and requires more skill1 care1 and watchfulness1 than other methods of producing this effect4 ,espalier training1 however1 affords the most beautiful opportunity for the illustration of many of the important principles of vegetable physiology1 but it should never be undertaken by any one who is not familiar with these1 and at the same time willing to exercise great patience and perseverance in their application to the subjects under his control4 ,no blind pursuance of the abstract rules of the art can enable the mere routine gardener to become a successful grower of espalier trees4 ,the modes of training are various1 to suit the whims and necessities of the artist4 ,trees are fastened directly to the walls1 or to trellises of wood or of iron1 that are placed at a little distance from the masonry1 or they may be entirely independent of any such structures1 and exposed to the air and light freely on both sides4 ,the trellises may be either vertical1 or inclined4 ,the limbs may be made to issue nearly opposite to one another1 and be trained horizontally in two directions1 with successive stages to the top of the wall or trellis1 or they may be trained in a fan shape1 with various modifications of what ,m4 ,du ,breuil calls the palmette form4 ,and a simple modification of this method of dwarfing may be made with some varieties of fruit1 by training a single stem horizontally within a foot of the ground1 as a border or edging between the path-ways and the cultivated ground4 ,the favorite method of training in ,france1 at the present day1 appears to be that called the cordon4 ,this may be either the vertical or inclined4 ,in this kind of espalier1 the trees are dwarfed by crowding them closely together1 and by successive pinching and other mutilation1 such as bending and even breaking the shoots1 which results in early productiveness4 ,the trees are planted sixteen inches apart1 and are trained to single stems1 and so treated as to be furnished with the requisite number of fruit-spurs on their whole extent4 ,this is quite a new application of principles1 and one which is rudely imitated by ,mr4 ,field's pear hedges1 which1 however1 bear but little resemblance to the elegant cordons of ,du ,breuil beyond that of dwarfing by crowding and pinching4 ,we are told that among the many advantages of this method1 are the diminished time required to cover a wall or trellis with fruit1 and the greater facility of replacing a dead or defective tree1 which1 in the usual espalier methods1 is a very serious matter1 requiring several years for its restoration and the production of a crop4 ,we are so blessed1 in most parts of this country1 with soil and climate that are well adapted to the production of fruit in the open field1 upon sturdy orchard trees1 that there is less necessity for introducing these elegant methods of pursuing the fine art of horticulture2 and yet there are reasons in the uncertain climate of our winters1 why these plans of training and dwarfing should be pursued by those who have the talent and the means for doing it4 ,until within a few years1 there were not many dwarfed pear or apple trees in this country1 and they were confined chiefly to ,french gardens and to the establishments of the wealthy4 ,but since their more general introduction1 immense numbers have been propagated and planted1 and extensive orchards1 particularly of dwarfed pears1 have been set out with a view to profit4 ,some of these have been eminently successful1 others are failures2 the results will very much depend upon the amount of care which may be bestowed upon them4 ,the ,french have long practiced the dwarfing of certain varieties of fruits1 and have been very successful in their results2 but that wonderful people1 the ,chinese1 excel all others in this branch of horticulture1 for which they display a remarkable talent4 ,,dwarfing ,,by ,,uncongenial ,,stocks4--,the usual mode1 which is literally a partial starvation of the tree by limiting the supplies of crude sap1 consists in the use of uncongenial and dwarf-growing stocks1 upon which the desired varieties are budded or grafted4 ,these are1 for the dwarfed pear1 either ,quinces1 ,thorns1 the ,mountain ,ash1 or the ,amelanchiers2 for the apple1 the ,paradise and the ,doucin varieties of apple stocks2 for the peach and plum1 the ,chickasas1 or other dwarf plum stock may be used4 ,the free-growing cherries are worked on the ,mahaleb or the ,morello varieties2 but it must be confessed1 that some of these do not produce a perfect dwarf without other treatment4 ,to produce a dwarf by grafting on an uncongenial stock1 this should be so uncongenial as to form an imperfect union1 which checks the downward circulation2 the sap that has been elaborated by the organs of the scion is thus kept above the junction of the two woods1 and1 being so checked1 the result is the early formation of fruit-buds1 and a premature fruitage of the trees results in a direct proportion to the incompleteness of the union of scion and stock4 ,this is often so very imperfect as to be very easily ruptured1 the grafts are often broken out by a very small force being applied to them1 sometimes even the weight of the fruit is sufficient to effect a separation1 and an examination of the rupture will show how very slight or imperfect the union between the parts has been2 in other cases1 however1 it is difficult to trace the fibres of wood-growth that belong respectively to the stock and to the scion1 even when these have been so different as pear and quince1 or plum and peach4 ,it is also considered desirable that the roots of the stock should be small and fibrous1 and not long1 naked1 and straggling2 the former will furnish the crude sap in more limited amounts1 and are less likely to produce an excessively rampant or luxurious growth in the scion4 ,many persons have been disappointed in the ,mahaleb cherry1 which has been reputed to be a dwarfing stock4 ,it is found1 that without the application of other means1 the so-called dwarfed cherries grow as freely1 at least in their early years1 as those worked on the free stock1 known as the ,mazzard cherry4 ,they will never make such large trees1 however1 and those who would enjoy dwarf cherry trees1 should combine the different methods of producing the result4 ,,by ,,pinching4--,there are other means of producing the desired effects of dwarfing and early fruiting1 which should be mentioned4 ,these consist in systematic efforts to curtail the development of the wood-growth1 by judicious pinching1 of the tips or points of the branches1 and to prevent the rambling of the roots by root-pruning4 ,these it is designed now to examine4 ,pinching is practiced in the green-house with the happiest effects1 and it results in the production of the most perfect form of the plants1 and most abundant display of flowers4 ,the constant check which is thus given to the wood system1 causes the sap to seek new outlets1 and instead of the one limb into which it had been flowing1 and causing it to be developed2 its flow is now directed to the other buds along its course1 which presently burst out into lateral growths1 none of which are so strong as the first1 and these are induced to change the character of the buds so as to result in the production of flowers and fruit4 ,this system applied to fruit-trees has been most thoroughly carried out by the ,french1 and is admirably described and illustrated by ,du ,breuil1 in a work called ,scientific ,culture of ,fruit ,trees1 and reproduced in our own language by ,wm4 ,wardle1 an ,english gardener and orchardist of high reputation4 ,it is not to be expected that in this country1 where fruits are so easily produced1 we shall soon reach such a point of horticultural practice as to lead us to the adoption of the ,european system of walls and espalier training1 but we shall do well to watch the application of the very important principles involved in their practice1 since these may be applied to our orchards with manifest advantage4 ,in reference to the form and management of trained trees1 it is established as an axiom that their permanency is dependent upon an equal diffusion of the sap being kept up throughout the whole extent of their branches4 ,this occurs naturally in all trees1 because they develop themselves in the forms natural to them1 but in our gardens and orchards we make our trees assume unnatural forms4 ,the sap flows to the highest parts by a law which is well known1 though not so well understood2 as a consequence1 the lower branches do not receive their needed supplies1 and being smothered by those above them1 they eventually die and decay1 leaving a naked stem supporting a top1 or the common form of the natural tree4 ,to maintain the shape we desire--be this the pyramid1 the vase1 or the espalier of whatever kind--certain operations must be performed from time to time1 as the conditions of the tree may indicate4 ,among these1 ,du ,breuil advises to prune the strong branches short and allow the weaker ones to grow long1 and thus to restore the balance4 ,this may be done at the spring pruning1 and also at any time during the growing season1 when it may be necessary to check excessive growth at any one point3 and upon this principle depends some of the most important practice of the summer pruning of our vineyards4 ,the sap flows towards the leaves1 and by removing them from one part1 and leaving a preponderance upon another1 we change the direction of its flow4 ,as the strongest flow is toward those parts that are in a vertical direction1 we may also check this tendency1 or encourage it1 by altering the position of the branch1 as is done in the vineyard by tying up the canes we wish to have developed1 and depressing the laterals with their fruit2 so in a tree1 we may depress the shoots which are too strong1 and elevate those that are weak1 to produce the desired effect4 ,we may also greatly diminish the flow of sap to a strong branch by removing early all its useless buds2 this is a sort of premature pinching to be sure1 but when we consider the powerful influence exerted by these organs as centers of vitality1 we can realize their attractive force in drawing the sap towards them4 ,after the production of the full number of shoots upon the weaker branch1 if the foliage continue to predominate upon the stronger shoot1 it may be partially removed by early pinching1 or cutting through the petioles1 not by tearing them off2 and as late as possible1 remove the surplus and useless shoots from the weaker branches1 which were at first needed to encourage the flow of sap in that direction4 ,the true pinching of the young laterals1 or new shoots1 should also be done as early as possible to keep them in check on the strong branches1 while the same operation may be delayed on the weaker1 from which we should remove only those that will be supernumeraries4 ,m4 ,du ,breuil also recommends the stimulation of the weaker limbs1 by bathing all the green portions with a solution of sulphate of iron1 made by dissolving twenty-four grains in a pint of water4 ,this should be applied in the evening1 when it is absorbed by the leaves1 and acts as a powerful stimulant4 ,it is a well established principle1 that the chief growth by extension will be made by the terminal bud1 and this should either be removed by cutting back1 or left upon the limb1 according as we desire to grow our wood2 if extension of the shoot be our leading object1 all the lateral buds must be subordinated4 ,so also1 it is well known1 that all circumstances1 which retard the circulation1 are followed by a diminution of the wood-growth1 and by the development of flower buds4 ,the culture of the strawberry affords one of the best illustrations of the benefits and effects of pinching4 ,the runners of this plant may be viewed in the light of wood-growth1 or the increase of the plant by extension2 even though these slender threads are not permanent1 and they only serve to convey a bud to a distance from the parent plant1 and place it under favorable circumstances for the formation of a natural layer4 ,they are but annual productions1 and hence there is no considerable deposit of woody matter1 as in the limbs of trees1 but they are thrown out from the parent plant just like woody branches1 and are so much substance withdrawn from it1 which1 if retained or thrown back upon the plant1 would have resulted in an enlargement of the main stem of the strawberry plant1 and in the development of buds upon the crown1 which become stored with the proper juices that result in the production of more abundant blossom buds4 ,the result1 however1 is so admirable an illustration of this important element in the management of permanent and woody fruit-trees1 that we may well look at an herbaceous plant1 be it even so humble an individual as the prostrate earth-berry1 as our ancestors called the delicious ,fragaria4 ,,dwarfing ,,the ,,apple ,apples are generally dwarfed by working them upon the ,french ,paradise stock1 which is a very diminutive tree or bush1 seldom rising more than a few feet high4 ,this is the true stock for those who wish to indulge in the luxury of dwarf apple trees4 ,such are very appropriate for the small garden1 or for the specimen grounds of a nursery establishment1 and they sometimes make beautiful objects in the lawn or among the shrubbery1 but they are wholly unsuited for orchard planting1 as many a poor deluded purchaser has found out to his sorrow1 a few years after having been beguiled by the smooth-spoken tree peddlers1 who have sold many thousands through the country to farmers to plant as orchard trees4 ,there is a more vigorous stock which has been used for the same purpose1 but it possesses much less dwarfing power4 ,it is called the ,doucin1 or ,english dwarfing stock4 ,this1 however1 exerts so little of the dwarfing influence1 that at the end of eight or ten years the trees are generally about as large as those worked upon free stocks2 but it happens unfortunately that early fruitage1 the great object of dwarfing1 is not attained by their use1 for they will not have produced any more fruit than the common trees similarly treated4 ,,by ,,root ,,pruning4--,among the many valuable hints which horticulturists have received1 with the beautiful flowering and other plants1 from our antipodes in the ,flowery ,land1 none has been of greater value than the practice of root-pruning4 ,in this art of dwarfing even the large forest trees by mutilations of the roots and by other means1 this curious people excel all others1 as has frequently been stated4 ,in ,europe1 and in this country also1 root-pruning has been extensively practiced with the effect of partially dwarfing the trees1 but more especially with the object of inducing prematurely the fruitfulness we so much desire1 and which is a natural result of the diminished supplies of crude sap furnished by the contracted roots of a tree that has been treated in this manner4 ,the balance between the wood-growth by extension1 and that which results in fruitful spurs is sooner established1 and the sap is directed to the formation and support of the fruit4 ,we should not commence the application of this severe treatment until our trees have been allowed to establish themselves firmly in their stations1 unless we desire at the same time to produce decided dwarfs by means of root-pruning4 ,in this case the treatment may be commenced in the nursery itself2 the stocks should be transplanted once or oftener before being worked1 and the young trees should be moved annually1 which will so shorten the roots as to make them a mass of fibres1 occupying the whole soil close about their main divisions1 and the subsequent removals can then be easily effected1 with but a slight check to the tree1 which becomes furnished with fruit spurs at a very early period of its existence1 instead of its requiring years to reach its natural period of fruitfulness1 as is the case with some varieties1 particularly of the pear4 ,as generally practiced1 however1 root-pruning is postponed until the trees have made a free and vigorous growth1 and have become well established in their stations4 ,then if the growth be too vigorous1 and there do not appear any indications of the formation of fruit spurs1 as is often the case in the fertile soils of the ,west1 our impatient orchardists complain of the barrenness of their trees1 and seek a remedy in root-pruning4 ,this is generally performed with a sharp spade1 with which a trench is dug in a circle around the tree4 ,the excavation should be deep enough to reach all of the lateral roots2 these are generally within a foot of the surface4 ,the ditch need not be much wider than the spade1 and the soil can be thrown back at once1 but all the roots should be severed1 if we desire to produce the effect of checking the wood-growth4 ,the diameter of this circle will depend upon the size and vigor of the tree to be operated upon4 ,as a general rule1 it may be made in the proportion of one foot to each inch of the tree's diameter4 ,the work may be done at any time after the spring growth has begun to harden1 or during the autumn and winter1 and until the buds are about to break in the spring4 ,the operation is wonderfully conducive to the end we have in view1 and we often see a vigorously growing but barren subject1 transformed in a single season into a fruitful tree1 covered with blossom-bearing spurs that are full of promise of delicious fruits4 ,in some varieties1 however1 these fruit spurs require more than a single season for their perfection4 ,now it may be objected that this labor will be expensive1 and so it is1 as all hard work with the spade must be2 but what of that1 when we consider the happy results that ensue in golden harvests4 ,but it has been suggested that this labor may be performed by farm machinery1 using a strong plow1 or rather a sharp cutter attached to a plow beam1 and drawn by a powerful team at the requisite distance on either side of the rows of trees1 and in directions crossing each other at right angles4 ,this1 of course1 like all mere mechanical applications1 must be uniform1 whether the necessities of the trees be equal or not2 whereas1 by hand-labor1 we may vary the distance at which the roots are to be cut1 according to the vigor and size of the trees demanding the treatment4 ,this topic will be again referred to in the chapter on ,pruning1 where also it will be necessary to recur to the subject of ,training1 which was incidentally alluded to in connection with ,dwarfing4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,diseases4 ,,difficulties ,,in ,,the ,,outset4 ,,what ,,constitutes ,,diseased ,,action4 ,,no ,,analogy ,,to ,,animal ,,sicknesses4 ,,congenital ,,defects4 ,,debility4 ,,deficient ,,strength ,,of ,,fibres4 ,,defective ,,foliage4 ,,imperfect ,,and ,,redundant ,,blossoms4 ,,the ,,civilized ,,and ,,cultivated ,,plant ,,may ,,be ,,abnormal ,,altogether4 ,,unsatisfactory ,,accounts ,,of ,,diseases ,,in ,,plants4 ,,lankester',s ,,classification ,,considered4 ,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,excess ,,or ,,paucity ,,of ,,moisture1 ,,heat1 ,,and ,,light4 ,,mode ,,of ,,action ,,of ,,frost4 ,,injury ,,rather ,,referrible ,,to ,,the ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,circulation ,,than ,,to ,,the ,,degree ,,of ,,cold ,,in ,,many ,,hardy ,,plants4 ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,soil4 ,,light ,,the ,,great ,,stimulus1 ,,its ,,withdrawal ,,suspends ,,healthy ,,action4 ,,its ,,sudden ,,restoration ,,causes ,,death ,,by ,,sun ,,scald4 ,,injury ,,by ,,sunshine ,,in ,,winter4 ,,poisonous ,,gases4 ,,miasmata4 ,,poisons ,,in ,,the ,,soil4 ,,parasitic ,,plants1 ,,epiphites1 ,,fungi1 ,,pear ,,blight4 ,,various ,,theories4 ,,what ,,we ,,know1 ,,and ,,what ,,we ,,don',t ,,know4 ,,treatment4 ,,root ,,pruning ,,suggested4 ,,satisfactory ,,results4 ,,mildew ,,blight ,,in ,,peach ,,and ,,apple4 ,,twig ,,blight ,,in ,,apple ,,and ,,quince4 ,,the ,,apple ,,blight4 ,,bitter ,,rot4 ,,cracked ,,fruit4 ,,scab4 ,,mildews4 ,,kirtland',s ,,views ,,and ,,suggested ,,remedy4 ,,wounds ,,and ,,insects4 ,,needing ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,,surgery ,,rather ,,than ,,medicine4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,foliage ,,by ,,insects ,,impairs ,,the ,,healthy ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,plant4 ,,resume4 ,,select ,,healthy ,,trees ,,of ,,healthy ,,varieties4 ,,empirical ,,character ,,of ,,treatment ,,usually ,,recommended ,,for ,,diseased ,,trees4 ,,the ,,black ,,knot4 ,,the ,,rot ,,and ,,mildew ,,of ,,the ,,grape4 ,in opening a discussion upon the nosology of vegetation1 it may be expected that one who had spent many years of his life in the investigation of the diseases of the human family1 and at the same time was something of a student of comparative anatomy and physiology1 tracing analogies between the animal and vegetable kingdoms1 should be familiar also with the diseases of plants4 ,such an anticipation1 it is feared1 will not1 in the present instance1 be realized4 ,indeed1 the writer feels very much at a loss how to proceed in discussing this branch of the subject1 and hardly knows what departures from undoubted health and vigor should be considered worthy of the title of disease4 ,nor is it easy to trace the causes of the conditions that are generally viewed in the light of maladies4 ,we find the manifestations both in the tree or plant1 and in its several parts1 and also in the products which chiefly interest us2 the fruits themselves1 are often deteriorated by what is called diseased action of different kinds4 ,the analogy to diseases of animals is certainly not very distinct4 ,we do not find anything like fevers1 or gout1 or rheumatism1 in plants1 but we may consider some of their conditions somewhat in the light of dropsies1 and plethora or hypertrophy on the one hand1 and of anmia or atrophy upon the other2 we may consider canker and the death of some parts of a plant analogous to gangrene1 and mortification in the animal subject4 ,then again we find congenital defects in individuals among plants1 just as we do among animals4 ,some are always less vigorous than others1 and thus certain varieties seem possessed of a degree of inherent disease that perpetually prevents them from displaying the requisite strength and vigor which we so much desire in our plantations4 ,certain varieties that1 from the size and excellence of their fruits1 have attracted the attention of pomologists1 are so deficient in health and vigor as to be considered diseased1 and are therefore very properly condemned as unworthy a place in our orchards and gardens2 others appear simply deficient in the production of some one part1 as is illustrated by the inferior strength of the woody fibres of some trees1 which break easily under the weight of their own fruit1 and thus destroy the symmetry of the tree and diminish its productiveness4 ,others have defective foliage1 which is attended by the imperfect performance of the functions of growth1 both in the fruit and in the sustaining woody fibres2 others again produce defective blossoms with either a redundancy or deficiency of the parts that are necessary for the production of the seeds needed for the perpetuation of the species4 ,when the parts are deficient1 the flowers are called barren or infertile4 ,a redundancy or multiplication of parts is seen in double flowers of our gardens1 where they are much prized for their beauty1 though considered monstrosities by the botanist1 and perhaps properly referred to diseased action by the nosologist4 ,it is evident1 that very often the conditions of a plant and its products1 which we most highly prize1 and towards which all our efforts in its culture are directed1 are really departures from the natural and healthful status2 in other words1 what we covet1 is really a state of diseased and abnormal action4 ,with the other secondary objects of occupying and ornamenting the barren wastes of the earth with plants1 and thus supplying food to hosts of insects1 and to the higher animals1 nature also has primarily in view1 the production of perfect seeds for the perpetuation of their species1 by the plants that are profusely scattered over the globe4 ,man1 on the contrary1 often rejects the true seeds as worthless when compared to their juicy fleshy envelopes that constitute his favorite fruits1 or the enlarged and succulent roots1 tubers1 stalks1 and leaves1 that characterize his garden vegetables and field crops2 while in the grains proper he seeks sustenance in the true seeds1 which become the object of his greatest care and ingenuity to enlarge1 to increase1 and to develop1 particularly in regard to their nutritive qualities4 ,most writers upon the diseases of plants have given us very indistinct notions upon the subject1 and have done very little to enlighten their readers2 while they have written voluminously upon the unhealthy and unsatisfactory condition of certain vegetables1 and have given us most extensive accounts of the treatment by which they propose to remedy the evils complained of1 we gather little of the information needed to enable us to understand the true state of the case1 or of the causes of the disease1 if it is to be considered such4 ,the reader need not expect that he will be more enlightened by this chapter than he has been by the essays to which reference is here made1 but he will be led to a consideration of some of the causes of those departures from health and vigor which are considered diseased action1 and in this way he may possibly be put upon the track which will lead him to the avoidance of disastrous results4 ,more than this will not be attempted4 ,perhaps the most satisfactory account of diseases of plants is that given by ,lankester1 in which he divides them according to their causes1 as follows3 #ast--,those produced by changes in the external conditions of life1 such as redundancy or deficiency of the ingredients of soil1 of light1 of heat1 air1 and moisture4 #b;d--,those produced by poisonous agencies1 as by injurious gases1 miasmata in the air1 or by poisons in the soil4 #c;d--,those arising from the growth of parasitic plants1 such as the various ,fungi1 ,dodder1 ,mistletoe1 etc4 #dth--,such as are caused by mechanical injuries or wounds1 and by the attacks of insects4 ,these may be considered separately3 #ast--,it may be assumed1 and has been already well established by botanists1 that every plant has its own peculiar constitution1 adapting it to certain atmospheric conditions1 and that for its healthful and successful culture1 these must be understood and adhered to1 within comparatively narrow limits4 ,tropical plants1 as is well known1 cannot be cultivated beyond their natural limits1 except under circumstances where their natural conditions are nearly imitated by the gardener2 and even in our stoves and hot-houses1 these plants do not compare in vigor with their fellows that luxuriate in the hot and steaming atmosphere of the tropics1 under the stronger light of such a clime as is natural to them4 ,on the contrary1 the plants of northern latitudes will not grow and produce seeds where temperature is too elevated4 ,those from a humid atmosphere suffer in an arid clime1 and those which thrive in dry sandy regions suffer equally when introduced into a humid atmosphere4 ,thus we find1 that where there is too much moisture for some of our cultivated plants1 they are inclined to be too succulent1 and this very excess may produce a dropsical condition that is really a state of disease4 ,thus we suffer in a loss of fruit1 which will fall badly before its period of maturity1 and that which remains its full time is found to be thin and watery1 deficient in the high spicy aromatic flavor which is so highly appreciated by the connoisseur of these choice products4 ,when1 on the other hand1 the arid character of the soil and climate prevail to an extent that is uncongenial to any particular fruit1 we shall find that its growth is arrested1 and that its highest qualities are not adequately developed3 this is frequently observed in an unusually dry season--and in ,california1 where irrigation is required to enable the orchardist to produce some of the succulent fruits1 the most remarkable size and beauty have been attained1 but we are told that it was often at the expense of the desired flavor that the same varieties acquire1 under circumstances more advantageous to the development of their superior qualities4 ,so in many of our fruits1 the successful results depend upon the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere1 and ,liebig suggests that a very prolific source of diseased action in plants1 arises from the suppressed evaporation and transpiration consequent upon such atmospheric conditions4 ,too much moisture prevailing at the time of the blossoming of our fruits1 especially moisture precipitated in the form of rain during this period1 is sometimes disastrous to our crops1 both of cereals and of orchard fruits4 ,continuous showers prevent the development of the pollen-grains1 and their transfer to the stigmas of the blossoms1 so that the fruit does not set well4 ,fortunately this does not often occur in our glorious climate1 which is so highly favored by an abundance of light and sunshine1 which are the great and essential stimuli of the higher orders of plants4 ,the loss of our fruit crops in some parts of the ,ohio ,valley in the years #ahfb1 #ahfe1 and #ahff1 was fairly attributed to this cause4 ,we must not overlook the unhealthy influences produced by an excess of moisture in the earth4 ,many plants that naturally delight in a dry porous soil1 become weak1 unfruitful1 or even seriously diseased when they are planted in low wet grounds1 or upon such as are underlaid by a very tenacious sub-soil1 while an opposite condition is equally unfavorably to those that are naturally more aquatic in their tastes and habits4 ,in the former case we learn to avoid such soils and situations1 unless we are able to change their character in this respect by thorough under-draining1 which will completely remove the evil1 and the remedy becomes merely a question of expense4 ,a certain amount of temperature may be assumed as requisite to every plant1 or rather it may be affirmed that some plants cannot exist and thrive except within a certain range1 and it has been asserted that each class of plants requires a mean temperature for the year that shall not vary many degrees3 the range of this variation has perhaps never been satisfactorily ascertained4 ,but it is well known1 that both heat and frost act injuriously upon vegetation4 ,mr4 ,lindley tells us that the extreme limits of temperature which vegetables are capable of bearing1 without destruction of their vitality1 have not been determined with precision4 ,when the temperature is maintained at a higher point than is natural1 the plant is excited to undue activity of growth2 but this is attended with an enfeebled condition1 often seen in badly managed green-houses4 ,mr4 ,knight found that certain plants were rendered abortive by the production of male flowers only1 when exposed to too great heat1 and by an opposite treatment1 when subjected to a low temperature for a long time1 others produced only female flowers4 ,in some plants a high degree of heat1 with moisture1 results in the production of leaves only1 and ,humboldt found that wheat was grown about ,xalapa1 ,mexico1 as a fodder plant1 because it produced an abundance of grass1 but did not form ears nor grain4 ,a diminished temperature1 on the contrary1 removes the stimulus of growth1 and leads to the suspension of all vital action in proportion to its reduction4 ,at the freezing point it is probable that all such action ceases1 though in this regard there is great difference among plants2 the mosses and lichens will flourish1 and the ,chickweed will vegetate and blossom at a temperature very little above freezing4 ,the access of frost1 after vegetation has somewhat advanced1 often proves very disastrous1 and we not unfrequently lose our crops of fruit by such an occurrence during the period of blossoming1 or even afterward4 ,some plants in a dormant condition1 will endure uninjured a great depression of temperature1 while others will be destroyed by the slightest approach of frost4 ,according to ,de ,candolle1 this may depend upon the greater or less amount of water they contain1 upon the greater or less viscidity of their fluids1 or the rapidity with which these fluids circulate4 ,those with larger cells he thinks most easily injured by frost1 and those which contain a great deal of air are able to resist it best4 ,the freezing point will vary according to the quality of the sap1 for we know that different vegetable juices congeal at different temperatures4 ,the manner in which cold acts upon plants depends upon their physical structure4 ,lindley says1 freezing is attended with the following effects3--,the fluids contained within the cells of tissue are congealed and expanded--this produces a laceration of the cell-walls1 and impairs excitability by the unnatural extension to which the cells are subjected2 the air is expelled from the air-vessels and introduced into parts naturally intended to contain only fluid2 the green coloring matter and other secretions are decomposed1 and the vital fluid or latex is destroyed1 and the action of its vessels is paralyzed4 ,the interior of the tubes1 in which fluid is conveyed1 is obstructed by a thickening of their sides4 ,so we have as a result1 both mechanical1 chemical1 and vital changes4#af ,our hardy fruit trees are woody perennials that hybernate during the winter4 ,yet we find that even these suffer upon some occasions from a great depression of temperature2 it has been asserted that a certain degree of cold would inevitably destroy the blossom buds at least1 and we often find that the bark is burst off from the wood1 and in some instances the wood itself is so injured as to suffer from a kind of decomposition1 and to become affected with a change generally known as the dry rot1 losing its elasticity and hardness1 and acquiring a whitish color1 which is supposed may arise from the introduction of the mycelia of fungous growths4 ,now it is believed that these injuries do not arise so directly from the degree of cold to which the tree has been exposed1 as to the condition of its circulation at the time of the exposure4 ,if the sap have been excited by mild or warm weather1 as is so apt to be the case in our changeable climate1 the sudden depression of temperature will produce disastrous effects1 even when the cold has not been very severe4 ,this is manifested by the bursting of the bark in young trees in the early part of winter1 while they are yet holding their leaves1 and of course having a circulation somewhat active4 ,hence the importance1 now very well understood by our nurserymen1 of checking the growth of young trees in time to have their terminal buds thoroughly ripened before the approach of frost4 ,this1 to a certain extent1 is subject to our control2 but we cannot foresee the character of the seasons upon which the safety of our orchard trees will1 in a great measure1 depend1 and they are less easily managed4 ,when the autumn is dry1 and continued late into winter1 as sometimes happens1 we see a perfect ripening of the wood1 with a great development of blossom buds1 and then we may confidently calculate upon the safety of our fruits1 provided they be not exposed to a warm period at mid-winter1 that shall excite some activity in their circulation1 which would suffer terribly from any sudden and great depression of temperature such as frequently occurs1 carrying the mercury from summer heat to a point below zero1 in a few hours4 ,such a change has amounted to #fh degrees in nine hours4#ag ,the influence exerted by the soil upon the healthiness or unhealthiness of our trees has already been alluded to incidentally1 but it is an important subject of inquiry whether this may arise from a redundancy or a paucity of some particular ingredients necessary to sustain the plants we desire to cultivate4 ,liebig has pointed out how chemistry may be brought to our assistance in solving such a question4 ,as all the inorganic elements found in a tree and its fruits1 must have been derived from the soil in which it grew1 he suggested that the ashes of the plant would show us exactly what it needed1 and then an examination of the soils would inform us whether they contained all the necessary elements1 and in the right proportion4 ,hence arose the doctrine and the practice of applying special manures1 which has been so fashionable in our day4 ,though there be many doubters as to the efficacy of such investigations and practices1 most sensible and enlightened agriculturists admit the truths which ,liebig has propounded4 ,light is the great stimulus of vegetation1 an essential element to its existence3 its withdrawal is followed by an arrest of some of the most important functions of vitality1 and yet we find that there is a great difference among different species1 as to their requirements of this element1 and also that various parts and several products of vegetation require very different degrees of light for their perfection4 ,it is also found that a sudden exposure of parts from which it had been withheld1 is often attended with disastrous consequences4 ,its withdrawal does not so immediately destroy the plant1 being attended with the etiolation of the parts that are usually colored1 but a sudden re-exposure to the sun's rays will now destroy the plant4 ,so the removal of a portion of the foliage from a tree1 or the exposure of the bare stem of one that had been previously sheltered1 is often attended with severe effects1 known as sun-scald--for which there is no remedy1 but very easy modes of prevention4 ,the best of these is to provide against the evil by reserving the lower branches to shade the stem4 ,there are other excellent reasons for this practice1 which will be brought forward in the chapter on ,pruning4 ,frequently1 however1 the nurseryman1 or perhaps the injudicious efforts of the planter himself1 may have removed all the side branches of the young tree1 and as these cannot be replaced1 we may substitute for them a shelter from the scorching sun to which the newly planted tree is exposed4 ,this may be done by tacking two narrow boards together at their edges1 like a gutter spout1 and setting them upright on the south side of the tree to shade it4 ,a wisp of straw1 tied loosely to the stem1 will answer a very good purpose2 but both of these appliances are objectionable1 because they furnish a shelter for insects1 and thus they fall short of the natural shading of the stem by the foliage of its own branches4 ,it is not only the scorching suns of summer that damage our young trees that are thus exposed by injudicious trimming4 ,even the bright rays of a mid-winter sun1 falling upon the frozen stem1 will often effect the most serious damage1 and should be guarded against with equal care2 but here the natural protection will answer1 for the shade of the naked spray of the laterals is found all-sufficient in the well-trained tree4 #b;d--,to resume the consideration of ,lankester's causes of disease1 it must be admitted that some diseased conditions may be produced by poisonous gases1 but the usual result will be the death of plants confined in such an atmosphere4 ,the natural power of diffusion of all gases among one another in the open air1 prevents the danger that would ensue in a confined situation4 ,the accidental production of sulphurous and other poisonous gas1 or the escape of smoke from the flues or from the tobacco-pan in the green-house1 sometimes produces the most disastrous effects upon the plants subjected to their action4 ,so1 in crowded cities1 it often happens that the effects of coal smoke and other gases1 generated in the furnaces and manufactories1 are very injurious to vegetation4 ,the coal soot falls in flakes like lamp-black1 which covers the surface and obstructs the transpiration of the stomata1 and thus seriously affects the health of plants in such situations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the action of miasmata1 suggested by ,lankester1 is as obscure in the effects produced upon plants as in those upon animals4 ,the presence of these atmospheric conditions cannot be detected by any of our tests1 nor can their effects be prevented by any means in our power2 we know little or nothing about their characters1 yet we cannot deny their existence3 finally1 they serve as a very convenient explanation1 though a very unsatisfactory one1 for the incursions of maladies that are of an obscure or unknown character4 ,whether of a miasmatic nature or not1 no one can deny the existence of certain atmospheric conditions1 which appear to produce disastrous effects upon some of our vegetable productions whether these be inherent to the air itself1 or are only conveyed by it from one place to another4 ,the inexplicable potato disease may owe its origin and diffusion to such a cause1 and the grape malady1 which appears to be dependent upon atmospheric causes1 may at least be carried from one vine to another upon this medium1 in the form of the minute spores or seeds of the fungi that are believed to be the cause of the trouble4#ah ,poisons in the soil are frequently very deleterious to vegetation1 and we often find extensive injuries to our plants produced by this class of agents4 ,when these are of a chemical nature1 as is usually the case1 they may be satisfactorily treated by applications that will neutralize their effects4 ,in cities the escape of the illuminating gas1 that is carried in subterranean pipes1 has often so poisoned the soil as to destroy the shade trees by the side of the streets4 ,an excess of certain saline and alkaline ingredients often produces barrenness in the soil1 by a sort of poisoning1 even with those articles that in smaller quantities are used as manures with the happiest effects4 #c;d--,the influence exerted upon vegetation by the growth of parasitic plants1 cannot be observed without forcing us to the conclusion that they are prejudicial to the health of the plants they infest--since they either cover and smother the foliage by twining upon it1 as is the case with the ,dodder2 or fasten themselves upon a limb1 appropriating the sap that was intended for its support1 and thus starve it1 as does the ,mistletoe2 or attaching themselves to the bark1 they interfere with its functions1 as is done by the lichens and mosses2 or1 following the descending scale1 in the size of these parasites1 but meeting in them foes of much greater importance1 we find the minute but innumerable fungi attacking the wood1 the bark1 the foliage1 and the fruits1 of our gardens and orchards1 and committing incalculable damage--thus entailing serious disease4 ,a very important question has arisen1 however1 as to whether the inroads of fungi were the cause or the consequence only of disease4 ,a question which it will be necessary to leave to wiser heads1 only observing that these epiphytes do appear1 under certain atmospheric conditions1 to invade some plants that had previously seemed to be in perfect health4 ,that they are transported upon the air1 in the form of very minute sporules1 is unquestioned1 and that their growth is dependent upon certain atmospheric conditions1 is equally admitted1 but whether they induce disease1 or are only able to take possession of a plant that is not in a perfectly healthy condition1 does not yet appear so clear4 ,the very eminent ,mr4 ,solly is of the opinion1 that in the potato at least1 the existence of parasitic fungi is a secondary result of previous disease4 ,so it may be with our fruits1 and there is considerable testimony to favor such a belief in many cases1 where we find1 with the appearance of these fungi1 other causes of unhealthiness4 ,the leaves of the apple trees in some seasons become coated with a black efflorescence1 that gives the tree a very sombre appearance1 and seems to affect its health4 ,i am not aware that any one has yet made any microscopical investigations of this condition of the foliage1 which looks as though it were dusted with coal-smoke4 ,it has been supposed1 however1 to be the result of a fungous growth4 ,,pear ,,blight4--,this is a subject upon which so much has been said and written1 that any one may well shrink from its discussion4 ,the condition in which the invasion of the malady finds the tree has been pretty thoroughly ascertained1 and the sad state in which it is left after the attack1 is too well known to need any learned description4 ,it is well called the blight1 for nothing short of scorching by fire can more effectually destroy the life of the tree and blight our hopes of its usefulness4 ,the varied theories and suggestions that have been advanced in attempted explanation of this state of things are altogether unsatisfactory so that it may be said we know nothing about the disease1 nor whether it be occasioned by frozen sap1 by fungous invasion1 or by insect attacks1 all of which have been set forward as causes of the difficulty4 ,none of these explanations have been clearly proved1 and they seem rather guesses than established facts in the history of the disease1 which breaks out in the midst of the season of growth1 and attacks those trees that are in the midst of the most vigorous production of succulent shoots2 but it is not confined to the young wood2 on the contrary1 it appears first in the hard bark of limbs1 that are two or more years old4 ,this turns brown1 becomes desiccated1 and thus the circulation is arrested1 and the foliage as well as the bark is affected4 ,the outer extremities of the leaves wilt1 die1 and turn suddenly brown and then black1 and often remain adhering by their petioles for months--sad testimonials of the destruction caused by the blight4 ,the disease appears to extend in some instances1 but it is not proved that there is any poisonous matter generated by a blighted limb that could have entered the circulation1 and then have been transmitted to other parts of the tree4 ,the apparent extension of the disease is rather believed to have been the successive development of the trouble from different foci1 which had successively invaded so much of the bark as to have more or less completely arrested the flow of the sap4 ,in some limbs of small size1 a patch of dead tissue of moderate dimensions would entirely arrest healthy action early in the season1 and destroy the portion of the branch beyond it2 in other branches of greater size1 quite a large patch of the dead bark might exist for a long time without entirely surrounding them1 and arresting the circulation1 which would thus be kept up until a later period1 when at length this occurred1 the symptoms of blight would appear4 ,the treatment of this malady is quite unsatisfactory1 and gives us no clue to the cause of the trouble4 ,various plans have been suggested1 the most satisfactory is the removal of the affected limbs--not that it cures the disease1 but because it takes from us the sad mementos of our loss4 ,we have been advised to pare away the diseased portion of old bark with a spoke-shave1 or some similar instrument2 but it is apprehended that few persons would ever find this patch of dead bark until they have the fatal evidence of the blighted foliage1 and no possible good can result from its removal at that time4 ,this trouble is connected1 in many instances1 with an excessively vigorous growth of shoots2 indeed1 some of those varieties which are most thrifty1 suffer the most1 while those which make firm and moderately short shoots1 seldom blight4 ,hence it has been inferred by some1 that if we can check this excessive vigor1 and reduce the wood growth to a moderate amount1 not exceeding ten or twelve inches1 annual extension1 we shall be able to prevent the occurrence of blight4 ,this object is easily attained by root-pruning the trees severely in the spring of the year4 ,so far1 we can only say that trees so treated1 have not blighted2 but it does not follow that they would have suffered if let alone4 ,another form of blight may often be seen in the peach and in the apple2 it consists in a loss of vitality of small twigs and their foliage in several parts of the tree1 especially in the inner portions that are not freely exposed to the air and light4 ,in the peach1 this disease is accompanied with the decay of the fruit upon these twigs1 which rots and becomes moldy4 ,this trouble is usually attributed to mildew1 and it is probably owing to some form of fungus invasion4 ,quite a different affection of the twigs is that known as the blight in apples and quinces4 ,this attacks only the young shoots of the current season's growth1 which suddenly wither and become brown at mid-summer4 ,the same condition occurs also in the shoots of the ,italian mulberry4 ,the cause of this malady is not very apparent2 by some persons it is attributed to the punctures of minute insects1 but they have escaped the scrutiny of other observers1 who attribute this blight to atmospheric causes4 ,the true apple blight is a malady of very serious character1 that invades many orchards in the ,western ,states4 ,in its nature1 and in the mode of its invasion1 it very much resembles the dreaded fire-blight of the pear1 with which most orchardists have unfortunately become already but too familiar4 ,like it too1 all the guesses which ,solons have offered for the explanation of its cause1 appear equally unsatisfactory4 ,a whole branch or limb of the tree becomes simultaneously affected2 sometimes one quarter or even one half of the top is destroyed by the disease1 and the removal of the dead portions is not followed by the reproduction of healthy branches4 ,certain varieties are more subject to this blight than others1 and they seem to poison the grafts that are inserted into them1 to produce a new top to the tree with a more healthy variety4 ,,bitter ,,rot4--,our excellent and observing friend1 ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 of ,lawrence ,co41 ,ohio1 furnishes the following description of this disease to the ,ohio ,cultivator3 ,the disease generally presents itself on the skin of the apple in very minute brown spots1 from one to a dozen or more in number1 generally after the fruit is pretty well grown4 ,these gradually spread and penetrate the flesh of the apple1 producing a black rot1 almost as bitter as aloes1 but this taste is confined to the discolored portion4 ,the fruit ceases growing1 and falls prematurely4 ,the rot occasionally begins at the center1 and extends outward1 so that the fruit appears perfectly sound for some time1 on which account he advises against too early gathering of the fruit4 ,the late ,dr4 ,barker1 of ,mc,connellsville1 ,ohio1 who was one of our most observing pomologists1 referring to this disease as peculiar to certain varieties1 concludes in an article in the paper above quoted1 vide ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #bhc1 that this malady is different from what is called ,bitter ,rot in other places1 and which affects other varieties with a discoloration of the flesh and a bitter taste4 ,he thinks this malady is different from that described by ,mr4 ,gillett1 and that it1 the true ,bitter ,rot1 is caused by a fungous growth1 the spores of which are carried on the air from tree to tree1 like a similar fungus producing mold in the cherry1 plum1 and peach4 ,he also traces a resemblance of this disease to the vaccination in the human subject1 except that the scab does not separate and fall off4 ,hence he suggested the name of pock1 instead of ,bitter ,rot4 ,high culture1 manure1 lime1 trimming1 and pasturing hogs in the orchard1 have all been recommended as remedies4 ,,cracked ,,fruit--,,mildew4--,certain fruits become partially covered with what appears to be a fungous growth1 which occupies the skin in such a manner as to prevent the development of the succulent tissues beneath it4 ,this may result in a deformity consequent upon the irregular growth1 and the fruit is called scabby1 or it may strike deeper into the tissues1 which become dry and corky and crack open1 being thus utterly worthless4 ,some varieties1 which formerly produced the most beautiful fruits1 have been so severely affected by this malady as to yield absolutely nothing in certain localities1 and are only rendered profitable by top grafting with other sorts that are not affected with the cracking4 ,that this is not caused by the wearing out of the variety1 as has been suggested1 it may be added that the same fruit ripens perfectly and is quite fair in other regions of the country4 ,the trouble1 however1 is extending1 and it is hardly safe to plant largely of those varieties that have proved subject to the malady4 ,no explanation has been satisfactory as to the cause1 nor has any treatment been successful4 ,dr4 ,kirtland addressed the ,ohio ,pomological ,society upon this subject1 and an abstract of his remarks is here given3-- ,the disease known as the blight or the fire-blight1 is at this day proving the most serious obstacle to the successful cultivation of the pear1 in many sections of the country4 ,early in the present century it prevailed extensively in ,new ,england1 coincidently with the spotted fever1 and other disorders of a low grade of action1 which at that period swept epidemically over that region of the country4 ,it was a popular opinion that all these diseases1 both of the human family and vegetable kingdom1 arose from one cause2--an opinion not1 however1 tolerated by medical men and men of science in that day4 ,various theories have been advanced to account for the origin of this blight4 ,insects1 frozen sap1 electricity1 excessive evaporation1 and exhaustion of the soil1 have1 at different times1 been assigned as the cause4 ,investigation of each fails to meet and explain the phenomena attendant on the rise1 progress1 and results of that disease4 ,it is time they all should be abandoned1 and that researches for a cause be extended in some other direction4 ,as a starting point in this undertaking1 ,i will suggest another hypothesis1 which may perhaps explain the pathology of the blight1 and call into use an effectual remedy or preventive4 ,pathology1 ,dr4 ,webster defines to be 'the doctrine of the causes and nature of diseases4' #a4 ,the ,pear-tree blight is produced by the poisonous impression of the seeds 7sporules7 of a microscopic fungus4 #b4 ,several combinations of iron1 especially the sulphate 7copperas71 will1 to some extent1 counteract that impression4 ,it will be understood that these two propositions are merely hypothetical4 ,if sustained by analogies1 subsequent observations1 and experience1 they will be accepted as truths2 if not thus sustained1 they will of course be rejected4 ,the extensive prevalence of the cholera1 over large portions of the globe1 commencing in the year #ahah1 led medical men to seek for its cause4 ,dr4 ,cowdell1 of ,london1 in #ahdh1 published ',a ,disquisition on ,pestilential ,cholera1 being an attempt to explain its phenomena1 nature1 cause1 prevention and treatment1 by reference to an extrinsic fungous origin4' ,in #ahdi1 ,prof4 ,j4,k4 ,mitchell1 of ,philadelphia1 issued a more elaborate work1 ',on the ,cryptogamous ,origin of ,malarious and ,epidemic ,fevers4' ,it abounds in numerous facts and correct reasoning1 and should be consulted by every investigator of disease1 animal and vegetable4 ,these publications attracted the attention of the medical profession1 both in ,america and ,europe1 so long as that epidemic continued its ravages1 and the theories they advanced gained extensive credence during that time4 ,they were1 however1 lost sight of when that epidemic subsided4 ,recently they have been substantiated as plain matters of fact1 so far as malarious diseases are concerned1 by the labors and investigations of ,prof4 ,j4,h4 ,salisbury1 of ,cleveland4 ,it is well established1 then1 that a number of diseases of the animal system are produced by fungi4 ',under this name botanists comprehend not only the various races of mushrooms1 toadstools1 and similar productions1 but a large number of microscopic plants1 forming the appearances called mouldiness1 mildew1 smut1 rust1 brand1 dry rot1 etc4' ,they are universally diffused in nature4 ,it is difficult to conceive of a place where they do not exist4 ,they are among the most numerous of all plants1 in regard to genera and species1 and with very few exceptions are deleterious in their impressions on the animal system4 ,even the palatable mushroom is always poisonous to some persons1 and may become so to all under certain circumstances4 ,it is equally evident that fungi frequently occasion diseases in the vegetable kingdom4 ,the smut of wheat and maize1 the rust of wheat1 ergot of rye and grass-seeds1 and specks1 cracks1 and discoloration of the skin of the apple and pear are of this nature4 ,the microscopical examinations of ,prof4 ,salisbury and others have detected the presence of certain species1 infesting extensively pear trees about the period of attack by the blight4 ,they have made similar discoveries that lead to the conclusion that the curl of the peach leaf1 the potato disease1 and the blight of pear trees1 all have their origin from the cause assigned in my second proposition4 ,under this head still another disease of our fruit should be noticed4 ,i have watched carefully the sudden and premature decay of our plum crop1 at the period of its ripening1 for the last fifteen years4 ,from hints afforded by the work of ,prof4 ,mitchell1 and several microscopic observations of my own1 ,i was induced to publish an article in ',the ,florist1' of ,philadelphia1 in the year #ahee1 in which ,i imputed the origin of the disease to the ,torula or some analagous species of parasitic fungi4 ,the disease still prevails among us1 and it is sure to destroy all the plums which escape puncture by the curculio4 ,it is1 however1 generally overlooked by pomologists1 and its effects are charged to the depredations of that insect4 ,similar disease occasionally impairs our peach and apple crops1 to a less extent4 ,whenever it occurs on either of these varieties of fruit1 the spurs and young wood blight or canker1 and cease to be fruitful for several years4 ,if these discoveries and analogies establish1 with any degree of certainty1 the hypothesis of the cryptogamous origin of the pear tree blight1 we have made important progress in laying down true indications for its cure or prevention4 ,among the means suggested for effecting that end1 certain combinations of iron have already been named4 ,the authority for such practice is founded on the following facts3 #a4 ,it is a popular belief that iron exerts a favorable influence over the health of fruit trees4 ,hence arises the practice of driving nails into the body of such trees1 and loading their limbs with scraps of iron4 ,both the belief and the practice may be visionary1 yet in such instances of popular belief1 investigation usually discovers them to be founded on some shadow of truth4 #b4 ,an intelligent and observing gentleman of ,cleveland informs me that he prevents the curl of the peach leaf by depositing in the earth1 about the bodies of the trees1 fragments of rusty stove pipe and worthless pieces of iron4 #c4 ,twenty-four years since ,i called the attention of the public to the isolated fact1 without reference to any theory1 that a large pear tree in ,columbiana county1 ,ohio1 with its body surrounded with many wagon loads of boulders1 scoria1 scales of iron and accumulations from a blacksmith shop1 retained its health1 vigor1 and fruitfulness1 while all other pear trees in that region of country had either died1 or were suffering from blight4 ,vide ,new ,england ,farmer1 ,december #c1 #ahdj1 page #aec4 ,at this late day this tree still continues healthy4 #d4 ,i recollect reading in that reliable journal1 ,hovey's ,magazine of ,horticulture1 some years since1 a statement that the finest prize pears seen in the ,parisian market1 were produced by investing the growing fruits with folds of cotton or linen cloth1 and daily1 or oftener1 moistening them with a solution of sulphate of iron4 ,this treatment was said to result in developing the size1 beauty1 and quality of the fruits to a high degree1 and especially to free them from parasitic blotches4 #e4 ,four years since1 ,mrs4 ,weller ,dean1 of ,rockport1 ,ohio1 informed me that blight might not only be prevented in healthy pear trees1 but might be successfully arrested1 in many trees1 after it had made considerable progress1 by means of repeatedly washing the bodies of the trees with a saturated solution of sulphate of iron 7copperas71 at a time when the sap is in active circulation4 ,this was a confidential communication1 with the condition annexed that ,i should thoroughly test the plan1 and if it should prove successful1 ,i was to publish it2 and furthermore1 if any merit or more substantial reward should be deemed due to any one by the public1 she was to be the recipient4 ,this plan has yet been only imperfectly tried4 ,age and infirmities will probably prevent its completion by me4 ,i will therefore report that ,i have tested it on a number of my partially blighted pear trees1 while a greater numbers has been left to die unmedicated4 ,of the former1 not one has yet perished1 while of the latter very few survive4 ,it has appeared1 in every instance1 to arrest the progress of the disease1 and to impart a healthy condition to the bark wherever applied4 ,the apparent results may have been coincidences and not the effect of the remedy4 ,there is much false experience in horticulture and agriculture1 as well as in medicine4 ,these views suggest the expediency of extensively applying a solution of the sulphate of iron by means of a green-house syringe or garden engine to the tops and foliage of trees1 laboring under any of the diseases suspected of a cryptogamous origin4 ,it also becomes a query whether the same agent may not be successfully employed at some period to counteract the potato disease1 either by watering with it the growing plant1 or washing the tubers in it in autumn1 after they are dug4 ,no injury has ever arisen to pear trees by a free use of a saturated solution of copperas4 ,in conclusion1 ,i would observe that the discovery of the cryptogamous origin of the many disorders of the human system is effecting important changes in their treatment4 ,may we not hope that an extension of these discoveries to the vegetable kingdom1 may result as favorably in shaping the practice in diseases of fruits and fruit trees8 #dth--,wounds1 and the attacks of insects1 may be considered more in the light of mechanical injuries by a loss of substance1 hence they belong rather to the department of surgery1 and can scarcely be considered as disease4 ,the breaking of a branch1 or the removal of a portion of the bark1 may inflict a serious injury1 but it is one which1 under ordinary circumstances1 will be recovered from1 without any impairment of the health of the tree--unless where the wound is so large that the new growth will not soon cover it over1 in which case exposure to the moisture of the atmosphere may result in decay of the woody tissues1 or1 if the sap exudes1 at certain seasons1 it may produce canker and fungous growths4 ,in some varieties of our cultivated fruits1 wounds of this character are often attended by an effusion of gummy matter2 this is particularly the case with those that are known as stone-fruits1 and in these the excision of a large limb is seldom followed by a deposit of woody matter in the way of healing over the wound1 which is always desirable2 hence in such cases particularly1 it is well to cover the exposed surface with something to exclude atmospheric moisture1 whether this be paint1 varnish1 of shellac1 or common grafting wax4 ,insects1 by eating the foliage extensively1 very materially injure the healthy condition of a tree--even the minute aphides that suck the sap from the leaves and tender bark1 will seriously impair the health of our plants2 but the borers that mine under the bark1 extensively consuming the vital cambium1 and even burrow into the solid wood1 reducing it to a honeycomb1 cannot fail to affect the healthy condition of the tree materially1 and often cause its premature death4 ,some knowledge of the habits of these little creatures is considered of so great importance1 that the subject will be brought before the reader's notice more at length in another part of this volume4 ,there is no doubt1 however1 that many unhealthy conditions of our trees1 that might be traced to other causes1 but which are not manifestly dependent upon a want of care on the part of the orchardist1 nor upon a deficiency in the constitution of the soil1 are often attributable to the inroads of these minute foes1 which1 in some cases at least1 are made the scape-goats upon which is laid the blame that should be applied to our own neglect1 or want of forethought and care4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after having reviewed the whole subject1 it may be safe for us to conclude that what is called disease in our cultivated vegetables of whatever kind1 is a departure from full health and productiveness of sound fruits4 ,and further that this may arise from a lack of the necessary ingredients in the soil1 from a want of proper conditions as to its quality and constitution1 particularly with regard to the important elements of moisture1 heat1 and light2 and especially1 that this condition of unhealthiness and unproductiveness1 when not an inherent failing of the variety1 may in many instances be attributable to want of proper care on our part1 and to our allowing the trees to injure themselves by overbearing1 while we neglect to keep up the proper supply of nourishment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in making selections of trees for planting1 it is important that all weak or unhealthy varieties should be avoided4 ,secure healthy and vigorous stocks1 that appear to be possessed of a sound constitution1 even though the fruit should not be quite so fine and beautiful as that produced by some of the sickly and less vigorous varieties4 ,there is more difference apparent1 in this respect1 among pears than among apples2 but of the latter there are varieties that should be avoided on account of their deficient vigor4 ,there are others that might be considered as coming under the ban1 because the trees are not long-lived2 and yet some of these appear to be perfectly healthy in every other respect1 and seem literally to wear themselves out by excessive bearing1 producing annual crops of large and handsome fruit1 until1 utterly exhausted1 they reach a premature end4 ,some varieties1 that for many years yielded very fine crops of the most beautiful fruit1 and of the highest character for flavor1 have afterward ceased to furnish any perfect specimens--the whole crop being covered and deformed with the black scab or fungus1 that prevents their development1 or else ruined by the disagreeable bitter-rot which entirely spoils them for any use4 ,various remedies have been suggested for these maladies1 all of which are more or less unsatisfactory1 because from our ignorance of the causes of the troubles2 these applications are wholly empirical4 ,the ,black-knot1 which has become very common in some parts of the country1 is well discussed by ,benjamin ,d4 ,walsh1 in the ,practical ,entomologist1 for ,march1 #ahff1 page #dh4 ,this essay is the more valuable because of the absence of the empiricism just complained of3-- ,it is a black1 puffy1 irregular swelling on the twigs and smaller limbs of plum and cherry trees1 and1 in one instance that came under my personal observation of peach trees1 making its first appearance in the latitude of ,new ,york early in ,june1 and attaining its full growth by the end of ,july4 ,usually a tree1 that is attacked in this manner1 is affected worse and worse every year1 until it is finally killed2 and wherever one tree of a group is affected1 the malady usually spreads to them all in process of time4 ,in #ahfe whole cherry orchards were destroyed in ,western ,new ,york by this disease1 and ,i have myself seen many groups of wild plum trees in ,illinois that were gradually perishing by it2 but in ,southern ,ohio1 as ,i am told1 the ,black-knot is never met with4 ,in the ,eastern ,states it has been observed from time immemorial1 and various contradictory opinions have been broached as to its real nature and origin4 ,in #ahfe ,i watched the ,black-knot carefully through all its stages1 from its earliest commencement to its complete maturity1 experimenting at the same time on numerous specimens collected week after week1 so as to ascertain what insects bred in it4 ,the practical conclusion ,i have arrived at1 is simply this3--,if the diseased twigs are all cut off and destroyed early in ,july in the latitude of ,new ,york1 or a little earlier or later according to the latitude1 taking care to cut a few inches below the affected part1 the ,black-knot can be checked and probably entirely eradicated2 but if this operation is delayed till ,august1 it will be of no benefit whatever4 ,hence we can easily account for a circumstance which has puzzled many men wonderfully1 viz43 ,that cutting off and burning the diseased twigs is pronounced by some to be a sovereign remedy1 and by others to be a delusive humbug4 ,those that do this early enough1 find it effectual2 those that delay it till too late1 find it of no use4 ,this perhaps will be sufficient for some few impatient souls1 who take everything upon trust that they see in print1 and care nothing about the rationale of a mode of treatment1 so long as it be practically available4 ,but for the benefit of that large class of intelligent agriculturists1 who have been deluded by too many quack prescriptions to place much faith in any man's ipse dixit1 and who in any case like to understand the principle of a remedy before they apply it1 ,i subjoin a full account of all that is at present known on this subject1 and of the different theories respecting it entertained by different writers4 ,three radically different theories have been broached as to the nature and origin of ,black-knot3 #ast1 that it is a mere disease of the tree1 like the cancer or the gout in the human race1 which is the view maintained by ,dr4 ,fitch1 the ,state ,entomologist of ,new ,york2 #b;d1 that it is what naturalists term a gall1 produced by some unknown insect depositing its eggs in the twig--just as the well-known oak-apples are produced by a ,gall-fly1 7,cynips71 depositing its egg in the bud of the oak--which is the opinion that ,i myself formerly held and maintained1 before ,i had fully examined into the subject2 7,proceedings ,ent4 ,soc41 ,phil41 ,,iii1 p4p4 #fac-fah27 and #c;d1 that it is what botanists term an epiphytous fungus1 growing on the tree as a mushroom or toad-stool grows on the ground1 which is the opinion of the botanist ,schweinitz1 and which has recently been re-asserted by ,mr4 ,glover1 the ,entomologist of the ,bureau of ,agriculture at ,washington1 7,ag'l ,rep41 #ahfc1 p4 #egb47 ,this last is the opinion which1 upon full inquiry1 ,i have now adopted4 ,before discussing these theories1 the facts arrived at by myself in the summer of #ahfe1 must first be briefly noticed4 ,it should be premised that the old1 dry ,black-knot remains on the tree for many years1 and that the place to look for the new ,black-knot is on such trees as have been already attacked and are loaded with old ,black-knot1 without being as yet completely killed by it4 #ast4 ,by the middle of ,june the new ,black-knot is pretty well developed1 and may then be readily distinguished from the old by its dull1 opaque1 brown-black color1 while the old is coal-black and more or less glossy4 ,when cut into1 it is found to be fleshy inside1 like an apple1 but not juicy1 and of a pale greenish-yellow color1 with fibres radiating from the axis of the twig1 while the old ,black-knot is internally hard and woody1 and of a reddish-brown or rust-red color4 ,the brown-black color of the external surface is retained till the last week in ,july1 when the surface of the new ,black-knot becomes gradually covered all over with little1 coal-black1 hemispherical plates1 appearing when viewed through a pocket glass1 about the size of the head of a pin1 each of these is a distinct fungus1 named long ago by ,schweinitz ',sphria morbosa4' ,even on the old ,black-knot this fungus may be readily seen1 at any time of the year1 covering its entire surface4 ,so far ,i have added little to the information already published on this subject1 except by the specification of dates4 ,but in addition to these facts1 ,i discovered that about the last of ,july or the first week in ,august1 there grows from each fungus on the surface of the ,black-knot a little cylindrical filament about one-eighth of an inch long1 which no doubt bears the seed or spores1 as they are technically termed1 of the fungus1 and that these filaments very shortly afterwards fall off and disappear1 leaving behind them the hemispherical plates1 which alone had been hitherto noticed by the botanists4 ,in another ,epiphytous fungus1 which grows commonly and abundantly in ,illinois on the ,red ,cedar1 but which differs from the ,black-knot in being attached to the twig by a very short stalk or peduncle1 and in being roundish and externally of a reddish-brown color instead of elongate and black1 there is a precisely similar phenomenon2 except that the plates and filaments are very much larger1 and that each filament1 when it falls off1 leaves a ragged scar behind it4 ,in a single specimen of ,black-knot noticed ,august #fth1 ,i discovered that the filaments not only covered the entire surface of the ,black-knot itself1 except where a few of them had already fallen off1 but that they were thinly studded over the twig for an inch or two above and below the swollen black part2 thus proving that the fungus sometimes extends rather further than on a cursory view it would appear to do4 ,towards the middle of ,august1 the new ,black-knot1 having perfected its seed1 gradually dries up and becomes internally of a reddish-brown color4 ,in other words1 like so many other annual plants1 it dies shortly after it has perfected its seed1 just as a stalk of wheat or of corn dies shortly after the grain is ripe4 #b;d4 ,during the months of ,june and ,july ,i collected from time to time very numerous specimens of ,black-knot1 some of which ,i cut into to see what larv they contained1 and some ,i preserved to see what perfect insects could be bred from them4 ,besides seven specimens of the common ,curculio1 which many persons had previously bred from ,black-knot1 ,i bred for the first time therefrom no less than five distinct species of insects1 none of which can be considered as gall-makers1 but not a single true gall-maker2 and ,i can confirm ,dr4 ,fitch's assertion1 that some specimens are wholly free from larv of any kind when cut into4 ,we will now take up in order the three different theories respecting the nature and origin of ,black-knot1 which1 as already stated1 have been maintained by different writers4 #ast4 ,that ,black-knot is a mere disease like the cancer4--,dr4 ,fitch1 who maintains this opinion1 allows that the black granules found on the ,black-knot are a true fungus1 'that the surface of these excrescences1 when mature1 is always covered with this plant1' and that 'this plant never grows1 or at least has never been found1 in any other situation4' 7,address ,n4,y4 ,state ,ag'l ,soc41 #ahfj1 p4 #ba47 99 99 99 #b;d4 ,that ,black-knot is a gall4--,as already stated1 there is no true gall-making insect that inhabits the ,black-knot1 so far as ,i can discover on the fullest and most extensive investigation that ,i have been able to give to the subject4 ,the minute holes commonly found in the old dry ,black-knot1 which are too large either for the ',curculio' or for the small moths bred by myself from ,black-knot1 are of a suitable size for either of the two dipterous' insects which ,i have enumerated in a note as bred by myself from ,black-knot4 ,consequently the argument which ,i based upon the existence of these minute holes 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,phil4 ,,iii1 p4 #fad7 falls to the ground2 and although ,i found on one occasion the larva of a ,gall-gnat embedded in a cell in a ,black-knot1 yet this was most probably that of the ,guest ,gall-gnat which ,i actually bred from ,black-knot1 as stated in the note1 and not of a true gall-making ,gall-gnat4 #c;d4 ,that ,black knot is a fungus4--,just as ,dr4 ,fitch1 having proved to his own satisfaction that ,black-knot is neither a gall nor a fungus1 infers by the method of exhaustion that it must be a disease2 so1 having proved that it is neither a disease nor a gall1 we may infer by the method of exhaustion that it must be a fungus1 or rather an assemblage of funguses4 ,in confirmation of this theory may be adduced the very remarkable analogies between the structure of the ,black-knot and that of the fungus1 described above as occurring on ,red ,cedar4 ,that this last is really and truly a fungus and not a gall1 is shown by the fact1 that it is scarcely ever inhabited by insects2 for out of hundreds of specimens that ,i have cut into1 both green and dry1 not more than two or three contained the larv of the moths1 but one contained what was probably the larva of an ,ichneumon-fly1 and all the rest were perfectly solid and unbored4 ,on the other hand1 ,black-knot is so infested by insects1 that it is almost impossible to find a mature specimen that is not all bored up by them4 ,the cause of this remarkable difference may be attributed to the well-known repugnance of almost all kinds of insects for ,red ,cedar4 ,if1 then1 ,black-knot is a fungus1 and if1 as ,i think ,i have shown1 it is an annual plant propagating itself by seed or the so-called 'spores1' and the 'spores' make their appearance about the end of ,july in latitude #da #cj'1 then it must be obvious that if all the ,black-knot on a particular tree is cut off and destroyed in the fore-part of ,july1 or a little earlier or later as you go further south or further north1 an effectual stop will be put to its further propagation4 ,it is true that the 'spores' are in the form of an impalpable powder1 so that they may be carried some considerable distance from other infected trees by the wind2 and it may possibly be further true1 that certain 'spores' may lie dormant in the bark for over a year1 as the seeds of weeds will often lie dormant in the ground4 ,still1 with all these possible drawbacks1 ,i have little doubt that the above remedy will1 as a general rule1 if applied according to directions1 be found effectual4 ,the foregoing is interesting as giving the conclusions of an entomologist who had investigated the subject1 and arrived at the same result that had been reached by a botanist many years before4 ,schweinitz1 in #ahcb1 published the correct history of the ,black-knot in the ,transactions of the ,american ,philosophical ,society4 ,in the ,american ,agriculturist1 ,april1 #ahfc1 p4 #aac1 ,mr4 ,c4,f4 ,austin confirmed ,schweinitz's observations1 and gave a popular account of the botany of this fungus1 with figures4 ,it may be considered as fully established that the knot is of vegetable origin2 and whenever insects or larv are found in it1 it is only because they find a diseased portion of the tree suited to their necessities4 ,,rot ,,and ,,mildew upon the grape both destroy our crops1 and render the vines unhealthy4 ,would that ,i were able to give the reader some encouragement as to its cause and prevention1 or cure2 but some of our oldest and most experienced vine-planters have come to the conclusion1 as to treatment1 that the more they find out1 the more they don't know4 ,it is now generally conceded that it is caused by a fungus growth4 ,that on the leaves is probably the ,oidium ,tuckeri1 and it is generally supposed that the mildew and rot of the berries is owing to the same cause4 ,the microscope clearly indicates its fungoid character4 ,as to the causes1 it must be admitted that the weather favors or prevents its access1 and that so far it is a proximate cause1 but that the spores are the true origin of the trouble4 ,the ,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society1 whose members have long had opportunities of studying this malady1 have come to the following conclusions1 which1 it will be seen1 are not very satisfactory4 ,to the ,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society3--,we have been appointed by you to discharge a certain function4 ,having examined the premises and considered the subject1 we do now report3 ,that1 notwithstanding the discouragements attendant upon the experience of most vine-dressers during the past season1 we are determined to persevere in viticulture1 for the following among other reasons3 ,we have our capital invested in a way which has been profitable1 and we believe will be so again4 ,our lands are occupied with a growth that has required time and labor to produce1 and which we are unwilling to sacrifice4 ,we do not believe that the diseases to which the vines and fruit have been subjected1 are dependent upon long pruning or short pruning1 upon deep culture or shallow1 nor any of the causes to which it has been attributed1 that are under the immediate control of man1 but that the cause is ,,climatic4 ,we do not believe that the rot and mildew can be warded off by leaving the wood upon the vines1 nor that the usual vineyard method called short pruning1 will render our vineyards more subject to this disease4 ,we do believe1 however1 that we have yet much to learn in regard to the philosophy of pruning which it were well for us to study1 and that by so doing we may gather some useful hints in relation to this very important part of a vine-grower's duties4 ,we do believe1 as a result of our observations1 that some varieties of grapes are more healthy and vigorous than others2 and1 on the other hand1 that some are peculiarly subject to the inroads of these maladies which have so terribly affected the fruit1 the foliage1 and the green wood of our vines4 ,we do firmly believe1 that our societies should avoid recommending the extensive planting of any trees or vines that have not proved themselves general healthy1 and free from the maladies in question1 for a number of years1 after trial in different situations4 ,we do believe that systematic efforts should be made with different remedial and preventive agents1 to avert the disasters that have overtaken our vine-crops of late years1 and1 with this view1 as we have reason to believe that the difficulty depends upon the existence of some epiphytic plant1 and as we are informed that sulphur and sulphate of iron exert an obnoxious influence upon the whole class of fungi1 we recommend our brother vine-dressers to take courage1 and to make vigorous and systematic efforts to ward off the difficulty the coming season1 by the regular and persevering applications of these substances to their grape vines4 ,for your encouragement1 we will also refer you to the history of the vineyards of ,europe1 which have suffered in like manner1 and which have at length recuperated their energies and become productive4 ,why may not the same good fortune await us8 ,very respectfully submitted1 by ,r4 ,,buchanan1 ,chairman4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,trans4 ,horticultural ,society1 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cjh2 and ,am4 ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 ,march1 #ahdj4 #ag ,trans4 ,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society1 #ahfe4 #ah ,cincinnati ,hort4 ,soc4 ,report4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,site ,,for ,,an ,,orchard4 ,a ,,matter ,,of ,,importance1 ,,not ,,of ,,mere ,,convenience4 ,,low ,,valleys ,,least ,,desirable4 ,,basins1 ,,even ,,if ,,elevated1 ,,subject ,,to ,,frosts4 ,,local ,,differences ,,of ,,temperature1 ,,often ,,fatal ,,to ,,tender ,,vegetation4 ,,the ,,frost ,,line ,,not ,,dependent ,,upon ,,mere ,,elevation1 ,,but ,,upon ,,relative ,,altitude4 ,,moderate ,,bluffs ,,beside ,,valleys1 ,,or ,,ridges ,,in ,a ,,prairie1 ,,are ,,better ,,than ,,high ,,valleys ,,among ,,mountains4 ,,drift ,,formations1 ,,present ,,inequalities ,,of ,,surface4 ,,favorable ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,water ,,of ,,rivers ,,and ,,lakes ,,upon ,,the ,,climate4 ,,insular ,,positions ,,and ,,lacustrine ,,situations ,,have ,a ,,peculiar ,,climate4 ,,fogs4 ,,latent ,,heat ,,becoming ,,sensible4 ,,meteorology ,,will ,,furnish ,,aid ,,to ,,the ,,orchardist4 ,,cold ,,storms4 ,aspect4 ,,protection ,,from ,,winds1 ,,especially ,a ,,prairie ,,question4 ,,effects ,,of ,,agitation ,,in ,,the ,,atmosphere4 ,,belts ,,and ,,screens ,,of ,,timber ,,desirable4 ,,winter ,,killing ,,often ,,dependent ,,upon ,,the ,,conditions ,,of ,,the ,,tree4 ,,varieties ,,most ,,subject ,,to ,,this4 ,,lists4 ,,soils1 ,,permeable ,,and ,,tenacious4 ,,adaptation ,,of ,,sorts ,,to ,,soils4 ,,geological ,,formations ,,to ,,be ,,observed ,,in ,,making ,,selections4 ,,site4--,the selection of a suitable site for an orchard is a matter of no small moment to him who would be a successful grower of fine fruits4 ,without1 at this time1 pausing to inquire into the characters of the soil1 let us examine more particularly the aspect of the field to be appropriated to this important crop2 for the orchard is a permanent investment1 and so much depends upon the site1 that we should make some sacrifice of our convenience1 rather than commit any error in this particular4 ,in the first place1 then1 let it be understood that the orchard should be well exposed to the sun and air4 ,the least desirable positions for orchard planting are narrow valleys1 particularly limestone valleys in a mountainous country1 traversed by a small brook1 or where the surface is spouty from springs or subjacent water4 ,even if such depressions are considerably elevated1 but surrounded by higher and abrupt elevations1 they will be found obnoxious to late and early frosts in spring and fall1 especially the former1 which are often disastrous in such situations1 after the fruit-buds have expanded in these sheltered nooks4 ,every one at all conversant with meteorological observations made in a broken country1 is aware of the different range of temperature that will be indicated by instruments suspended at different elevations4#ai ,when the cooling influence of radiation has lowered the temperature of the surface of the earth and of objects near it1 the stratum of air in immediate contact will be chilled1 and growing heavier1 will flow down into the most depressed situations1 and1 accumulating there1 will cause a difference of several degrees of temperature4 ,this1 when near the freezing point1 will be of the greatest consequence to tender vegetation1 which may be preserved in perfect safety at forty degrees1 but will be destroyed at thirty degrees1 or even at a higher point1 in some cases4 ,the frost line becomes a very important subject of inquiry in the selection of an orchard site1 and in some countries we find that its position may be definitely settled within a limited range of elevation2 not that a certain level can be indicated1 above which there will always be an immunity from frost1 while all below will suffer1 but we may approximate1 in certain situations1 so nearly as to indicate that certain sites are safe or unsafe4 ,nor is it the absolute elevation alone that is to be taken into the account2 in any given locality1 we may assume that the higher the orchard is situated above the water levels1 the safer it will be1 and that the lowest depressions are the most unsafe or frosty4 ,it is not always the mere elevation1 but rather the relative elevation of the site1 that renders it more desirable than another in the same region4 ,there are many orchards that are situated upon a moderate bluff1 with a rapid descent of only a few feet or yards1 into a swale or valley of moderate extent2 these we find to be uninjured1 when another at a greater elevation1 but in a depressed basin surrounded by higher lands1 will be found to have suffered from the influence of frost4 ,in the one case1 the cold air could flow off rapidly into the adjoining depression1 while in the other1 the cold air from adjoining slopes would collect1 and accumulate in the situations described4 ,in the great plateaus of the world1 we often find immense tracts of land so nearly of the same level as scarcely to afford sufficient drainage for the surplus water2 of course1 we should expect to find1 in such places1 little variation of temperature arising from difference in elevation4 ,but even in such situations1 whether we examine the table-lands of our timbered regions1 or the extended areas of the prairie country1 we shall find that the drift formation which covers these vast tracts1 has not been distributed evenly1 but that there are successive rolls or swells frequently recurring1 which give1 in some instances1 considerable variations of level4 ,a bold ridge1 of fifty feet or more in hight1 rises abruptly from the level prairie1 stretching along for miles1 and affording admirable exposures for orchard sites4 ,such places are observed to be free from late and early frosts4 ,in other places1 there is an abrupt depression of the surface1 answering the same purpose--drawing off the cold air4 ,these may be very moderate in their extent1 as the prairie sloughs1 or they may be small vales1 the courses of the minor streams1 or of larger extent1 the valleys of rivers1 or the depressions of lakes4 ,in these latter cases1 the modifying influences of considerable bodies of water enter into the frost problem as an element of no mean value4 ,it may be asked3 ,how do these masses of water affect the frost8 ,science answers3 ,by their evaporated moisture influencing the atmosphere4 ,this may save us from the blighting influence of frost1 by enveloping the frozen vegetation in a wet blanket of fog2 enabling it to be thawed in the dark1 as it were1 by which we avoid the influence of a bright sunshine1 that would have destroyed the tissues had they been suddenly exposed to it when frozen4 ,an equally important result is derived from the direct influence of the humidity of the atmosphere1 which modifies the temperature remarkably1 as in the immediate vicinity of large bodies of water4 ,insular situations especially1 even when low1 are known to have a more genial climate in consequence of this condition of the atmosphere1 which depends upon the large amount of caloric that is present in the latent form1 in the vapor1 and which becomes sensible heat as fast as the moisture is condensed2 as well as by the sensible caloric1 the absolute warmth of the water1 affecting the temperature of the atmosphere4 ,we thus see that very opposite situations1 in regard to mere elevation1 may both be recommended for orchards2 but the latter are the exceptions rather than the rule1 for we can not always count upon the saving influence of a fog1 nor are the modifying effects of a moderate sheet of water always to be depended upon at the time when most needed4 ,still1 we may find a few favored spots1 where an insular position1 in a lacustrine situation1 receives a double influence--acting at both extremities of the season of vegetation1 in quite an opposite way1 but in both acting favorably4 ,in such places we shall discover that the spring opens late1 being retarded by the cold atmosphere flowing over the chilled waters1 that may be even icy1 when inland places in the same latitude are rejoicing in a mild and genial temperature1 tempting the expansion of the flower-buds4 ,vegetation on an island thus situated is retarded until all danger of frost has passed1 and the air has received the full benefit of warmth from the water4 ,then1 again1 in the autumn1 when we are in danger from the access of an early frost1 such as sometimes1 north of latitude forty degrees1 destroys the whole crop of corn1 almost universally1 over hundreds of miles1 these favored spots have really a warmer atmosphere1 from the influence of a great extent of water1 that has enjoyed a summer's sunshine1 and which warms the air by giving off its heat very steadily1 but slowly2 and besides1 as the surface of the land cools by radiation and condenses the watery vapor1 it receives accessions of temperature that had been locked up1 or was insensible in the vapor4 ,hence we find that in these places1 though the opening of spring was retarded a month1 the approach of winter and autumnal frosts is warded off for two months1 making the season really one month longer than in the same latitude inland4 ,it must be confessed1 however1 that the subject of meteorology is not fully understood4 ,we have but a glimmering of the light that we hope is to be shed upon the subject when the deductions from millions of observations1 long continued and systematically conducted1 shall have been wrought out for the benefit of the orchardist and the general agriculturist4 ,we also have storms accompanied by a low temperature1 passing across the country1 in which1 at times1 the greatest intensity of cold is at the southern border4 ,such a one passed from the west to the east in ,january1 #aheb1 in which the mercury1 near ,marietta1 ,o41 sank to thirty degrees below zero2 at ,zanesville1 ,o41 on the same river1 it was twenty-seven degrees2 at ,lancaster1 ,o41 thirty-two degrees2 while at ,cleveland1 ,o41 it was only fifteen degrees below1 and at ,aurora1 on ,cayuga ,lake1 ,n4,y41 influenced by the unfrozen water1 its greatest depression was only four degrees below zero4#bj ,,aspect4--,when considering the orchard site1 the best aspect of the ground becomes a matter of interesting inquiry4 ,to all vegetation1 the morning sun is a welcome visitant after the night's repose2 for plants1 as well as animals1 rest from their functions at night1 and all nature rejoices in the return of day2 hence an eastern or a southeastern exposure is generally preferred1 but we find that practically there is little difference in the different parts of an orchard that can be fairly referred to this cause4 ,some planters prefer a southern slope1 thinking that the fullest exposure to the sun is essential2 others select a northern aspect1 in the hope that they may there avoid a too early excitation of vegetable life1 and also that the heats of summer may be thus moderated4 ,in my own opinion1 the aspect is a matter of little consequence to the success of an orchard1 though my predilections are in favor of an easterly exposure4 ,the danger of a southern aspect in summer1 and the advantages of the northern slope1 may1 in a great degree1 be obtained or obviated by judicious planting and pruning1 as will be set forth in another place4 ,a theory has been started by those who are opposed to a northerly slope1 that vegetation continues later in the season in such situations1 especially with young trees1 and that hence they are not in so good a condition to resist the access of very severe weather at the sudden setting in of winter4 ,the hypothesis is not sustained by long-continued observation1 although many facts noted in the autumn and winter of #ahei induced persons to embrace the theory2 these were particularly the killing of the peach-buds1 upon northern slopes1 by the ,december frosts4 ,there is no evidence that there was any want of perfect ripening of the wood in these situations2 on the contrary1 it is well known that1 long before ,december1 the growth of these very trees had been checked1 the wood had been well ripened1 and the foliage had been cast to the ground4 ,the warmer exposure of a southern slope may1 and often does1 favor the premature swelling of the buds and starting of the sap during mild1 pleasant1 and bright weather in the winter1 and vegetation is often seriously injured from this cause4 ,in many parts of the country1 it is much more important to consider the exposure to the prevailing winds of the region1 and to select the site and aspect that shall enjoy the benefit of protection4 ,this1 ,i am aware1 is a proposition that has had opponents2 as well as advocates1 in the broad savannas of the ,west1 where1 especially1 it becomes a question of the greatest importance4 ,there are benefits as well as evils attendant upon the motions of the atmosphere4 ,the swaying of the limbs1 when agitated by the breeze1 gives them tone and strength1 and may assist in the circulation of the sap within their cells2 and the constant agitation of the atmosphere1 commingling the warmer with the colder portions1 will often modify the temperature to such an extent as to give an immunity from the frost in the open prairie1 at the same moment that the more tranquil air1 within a limited clearing of forest lands1 has been cooled down1 by radiation1 to the frost point4 ,on every account1 therefore1 the moderate and reasonable exposure to the influences of a mobile atmosphere is rather to be courted than shunned4 ,the views that have been advanced by the advocates of protection for orchards on the prairies1 have been somewhat modified since they were first promulgated4 ,we are now told1 by those who have opposed protection1 that narrow timber-belts of evergreens and deciduous trees1 should be planted on the windward sides of orchards1 to moderate1 not to cut off1 the aerial currents2 in this all will agree1 and those who have any sympathy for a tree will surely prefer to have the blasts1 that sweep over miles of open country1 somewhat checked and tempered before reaching either themselves or their orchards4 ,the testimony as to the effects of cold in sheltered and in exposed situations1 it must be confessed1 appears somewhat contradictory2 but this is because we have not all the elements of a complex problem4 ,,winter-,,killing4--,a most serious evil1 both to the nurseryman and orchardist1 is the severe injury sometimes done to the trees by frost4 ,this is commonly known by the term winter-killing1 which has1 at times1 destroyed millions of trees1 and thus blighted the hopes of long-continued labor and large investments of capital4 ,some orchardists have been disheartened1 and have given up in despair4 ,the investigation of the causes of this disaster1 and the conditions under which it occurs1 will be of great value to future planters2 and though1 perhaps1 we have not yet at command sufficient data for the full explanation of the phenomenon1 it may be well to look into the attendant circumstances that have been observed2 and as some of the most important considerations depend upon the soil and exposure1 they may be well introduced in this place4 ,i have already alluded to the theory1 that the north hillsides maintain a later growth than other situations1 and have stated that the facts do not sustain the position4 ,the warm exposures on southern slopes and sheltered nooks1 are apt to favor the premature starting of the sap in the mild weather that often occurs during the winter1 in our changeable climate4 ,on the prairies1 and on flat lands elsewhere1 an excess of humidity in the soil will contribute to this disaster2 and in such situations we may often observe the most terrible destruction following a great and sudden change of temperature4 ,exposure to long-continued cold1 with severe winds1 seems to dry up the juices of the plants1 in some instances1 and thus effect their destruction4 ,this1 in the far ,north1 is believed to be a frequent cause of the evil4 ,the condition of the tree upon the access of severe cold is too important a subject to be lost sight of1 and has already been alluded to4 ,of any given variety1 the more perfectly dormant the plant1 and the more complete its condition of hybernation1 the greater will be its immunity from this evil4 ,the atmospheric changes and conditions we can not control1 and we can modify them only in a very limited degree1 by hedges1 by timber-belts1 and by evergreen screens1 the value of which begins to be appreciated4 ,the state of the soil1 as to its moisture1 is under our control1 and by thorough and surface-drainage1 we may obviate one very important condition that conduces largely to the injury under consideration--the excess of moisture in and upon the soil4 ,the more perfect ripening of the wood1 is likewise a matter of great moment1 and this is also subject to our control1 particularly in young trees in the nursery and orchard4 ,certain varieties are much more subject to injury from cold than others4 ,among these are some of the most thrifty and free growing sorts4 ,there appears to be an inherent quality of hardiness in others1 that enables them to resist the most trying alternations of temperature4 ,why some should be thus hardy1 and others tender1 we do not know1 but it is not their ,northern or ,southern origin2 some having the former are most tender4 ,sad experience has taught us the fact1 and since the dreadful winters of the past decade1 in some parts of the ,west1 the first question asked1 respecting a new variety of fruit1 is that regarding its hardiness4 ,pomological societies have endeavored to collate the names of the hardy and tender kinds1 and have thus1 by their united experience1 been enabled to present lists of a few of the known hardy apples1 for the guidance of planters4 ,,soils4--,it will be proper1 in this place1 to say something about the soils best adapted to orcharding4 ,the apple is a gross feeder1 but a good-natured one1 and1 like a good citizen and a cosmopolite1 it submits to surrounding circumstances4 ,in our own country1 it flourishes alike on the granite hills of ,new ,england1 or the mountain ranges stretching thence to the southwest1 in the limestone valleys amid these ridges1 on the sandstones and shales that form the southeastern rim of the great valley of the ,west1 upon the vast drift formations that overlie the rocks from the tide-waters of the ,st4 ,lawrence to the sources of the ,missouri1 upon the rich diluvial and alluvial deposits of our river bottoms1 and our vast prairies4 ,i have said that the apple flourishes alike upon these various soils and under these so different circumstances2 perhaps this expression should be somewhat modified2 there are varieties that appear peculiarly adapted by their nature for all of these different situations2 there are1 perhaps1 none that will thrive equally well in all4 ,the orchardists of each section of the country must ascertain for themselves what varieties are best adapted to the peculiarities of their soil and climate2 hence1 no one region can furnish lists of varieties to be taken as a guide for the planting of others differently situated4 ,hence1 too1 the importance of local organizations for pomological study1 and the great value of the labors of those who are engaged in the prosecution of these investigations in the ,american ,pomological ,society1 which will1 it is fondly hoped1 ultimately give us corrected lists of fruits that are adapted to all the varying circumstances of soil and climate1 in each of the great geological regions of our country4 ,this has already been proposed by the excellent general chairman of ,fruit ,committees1 as an important work for the ,national ,society2 and so soon as the subject receives a fair consideration1 its merits will be appreciated1 and a union of the best minds1 and the best experience of the pomologists of each district1 will be concentrated upon this labor4 ,let me not be misapprehended in the statement1 just made1 with regard to the wide distribution of which the apple appears to be capable4 ,there are soils and situations1 in all of the widely-separated regions alluded to1 that are wholly unfitted to orchard culture1 upon which it were folly to plant an apple-tree2 and yet1 many of those may be rendered entirely suitable1 if subjected to treatment1 suggested by science1 and executed by human ingenuity and industry2 the missing element may be supplied1 the compactness of the soil may be overcome by mechanical comminution1 and by that effected by aeration2 the excessive moisture may be removed by surface and thorough drainage2 other disqualifications1 such as those of situation and climate1 may not be so readily overcome2 they have already been alluded to2 and even in them we may hope for improvement with the advance of science4 ,different soils may be designated as porous and compact4 ,leaving out of view for the present1 their chemical composition1 let us look to their mechanical structure4 ,porous soils are composed of materials that always allow of the escape of superabundant moisture2 they are generally underlaid by beds of diluvial gravels1 or by rocks of a porous character4 ,such lands are peculiarly adapted to orchard planting4 ,the compact soil1 on the contrary1 is made up of the finest materials1 among which alumina largely predominates4 ,such are called clayey soils or clays1 and are among the most valuable upon the surface of the earth1 not because alumina is a component of vegetation1 but because the elements associated with it1 are all of them in a state of extreme comminution4 ,clays are compact soils1 not only by reason of the fineness of their particles1 but because the predominating alumina swells and becomes pasty when it is wet1 and thus prevents the passage of water through them4 ,on this account1 soils that are too compact1 especially if they be underlaid by stiff clay subsoils1 are not so well adapted to orcharding as those that are more porous4 ,this is especially true of level lands1 upon which water accumulates1 to the great injury of the fruit-trees planted upon them2 but even in hilly situations1 with good natural surface drainage1 the excess of clay is indicated by a spouty condition of the surface4 ,so many varieties succeed in clayey lands1 however1 and some are so superior in their products when planted upon clays1 that we need not be discouraged by this apparent difficulty2 it may be overcome by the ingenuity of the skillful farmer4 ,thorough or under-drainage will remedy all the evils of clay soils1 and bring out their superior advantages4 ,this will be more fully explained in another place4 ,much may be done toward removing the redundant moisture1 even in the flat clay lands of the prairies and other extended plateaus1 by the simple means of ridging up the lands with the plow4 ,what is familiarly called back-furrowing enables the plowman to raise a ridge upon which to plant his trees1 and at the same time he opens a furrow for the escape of surface water4 ,while a portion of the redundant moisture is thus removed1 another great object of drainage is not attained3 ,i allude to the aeration of the soil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from what has been said upon a previous page1 it might be inferred1 that as the apple may be cultivated upon soils of such great diversity as those that occur over the range of territory indicated1 as well as upon the western coast of this continent1 and in the temperate regions of the ,old ,world1 the peculiar soils that are characterized by their underlying rocks would be equally acceptable1 whether these were granites1 shales1 sandstones1 or limestones4 ,such is not the fact1 however1 and we have found1 in this utilitarian age1 that geology has much to do with the planting of an orchard4 ,there are varieties that succeed better upon one rock than upon another1 and there are those that fail to be remunerative when transplanted to a rock1 which to them is obnoxious1 though it may be a very paradise to other varieties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these observations are becoming a matter of great importance to orchardists1 and we may hope that the study of this subject will be developed into some certain data1 and that the future discussions of our pomological societies will furnish reliable information to orchard planters4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,see ,lawrence ,young's ,experiments1 in ,western ,horticultural ,review1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #aij1 in ,report of ,kentucky ,state ,fruit ,committee to ,american ,pomological ,congress1 for #ahej4 #bj ,western ,horticultural ,review2 also1 ,statistics of ,storm1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahfd4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,soil ,,for ,,an ,,orchard4 ,,drainage4 ,,its ,,advantages4 ,,surface ,,drains4 ,,made ,,with ,,the ,,plow4 ,,may ,,be ,,followed ,,by ,,tiles1 ,,or ,,mole ,,plow4 ,,thorough ,,plowing4 ,,trenching4 ,,trench ,,plowing4 ,,subsoil ,,plowing4 ,,manuring ,,not ,,often ,,needed ,,in ,a ,,new ,,country4 ,,character ,,of ,,manures4 ,,lime1 ,,alkalies4 ,,clover4 ,,how ,,clover ,,acts4 ,,exhausted ,,fields ,,to ,,be ,,improved ,,before ,,planting4 ,,digging ,,the ,,holes4 ,,done ,,with ,,the ,,plow4 ,,stakes4 ,,their ,,function ,,and ,,objects4 ,,not ,,to ,,tie ,,to4 ,,how ,,to ,,tie ,a ,,tree ,,when ,,necessary4 ,,planting4 ,,preparing ,,the ,,trees4 ,,trimming1 ,,branches ,,and ,,roots4 ,,puddling4 ,,set ,,to ,,the ,,north ,,of ,,the ,,stakes4 ,,depth ,,to ,,plant4 ,,leaning ,,trees ,,to ,,the ,,southwest4 ,,season ,,for ,,planting4 ,,fall ,,or ,,spring ,,banking ,,up ,,after ,,fall ,,planting4 ,,mulching1 ,,its ,,objects4 ,,material ,,to ,,be ,,used4 ,,clover ,,mulch4 ,the more thoroughly the preparation of the soil1 the greater will be the success of the orchardist4 ,good results1 fair crops amply remunerating all outlay1 often follow the most careless or almost accidental orchard planting2 but trees that are properly set1 in well-prepared land1 upon a judiciously selected orchard site1 and for a few years subjected to proper culture1 are infinitely more satisfactory in their results1 and much more profitable to their owner4 ,the importance of drainage can not be too often reiterated1 not merely for the sake of leading away the excess of water that at some seasons prevails in much of our best lands1 but on account of the more thorough admission of the beneficial air to the soil and the roots2 this1 of course1 can only be had by thorough under-draining of the land4 ,spouty or springy land is not to be selected for an orchard1 and yet we often find spots of this character in fields that we wish to appropriate to orcharding2 these should certainly be drained4 ,mere surface drainage may be cheaply effected by the plow1 and should always be done in level lands1 especially where the subsoil is compact and tenacious4 ,the expense of thorough drainage is so great1 and the success of our orchards1 as commonly planted1 even on ill-prepared ground1 is so generally good1 that we can not expect the majority of farmers to use drain tile at present4 ,still1 the importance of draining can not be doubted3 the best results follow its use1 and he who would reap the best harvests1 and attain the highest success1 will underdrain his land4 ,for the most of us1 surface drainage alone1 is all that we can do2 this should never be neglected1 for no crop can be successful in land that is subject to an occasional drenching with a surplus of water that stands for days1 filling it to the surface1 causing the fermentation and souring of the organic matter it contains4 ,the fruit tree1 certainly1 will not thrive in such a situation1 and is as sure to fall into a decline1 or consumption1 if condemned to wet feet1 as would a delicate girl under similar exposure4 ,the expense of under-draining is the only objection that can possibly be urged against it2 even this is no real objection1 for it has been repeatedly proved that the outlay1 whatever it be1 insures such increase of crops as to pay a good interest upon the investment1 except where the natural under-drainage of the soil1 by a porous stratum of rock or gravel1 already provides a ready discharge of the superabundant water4 ,it is thus only a question of the cash capital to be invested in the business1 for most of our orchard sites are of such a character of soil as to be immensely benefited by the process4 ,with many of us1 in this country1 the capital is not to be had1 or can not be spared1 to put underground2 our means are limited1 and we do not drain our farms1 as we should4 ,surface drainage may be more cheaply effected1 and1 on land at all flat and retentive of moisture1 it should never be neglected4 ,it may be done while preparing the soil for planting--done with the plow4 ,it has already been premised that the orchard site should be elevated2 such land is generally somewhat undulating2 indeed1 the flattest field that should ever be planted1 will always present some inequalities of surface4 ,let these be noted before laying off the lands for the plow2 calculate to have the furrows cross these inequalities of surface1 and gather the furrows in narrow lands1 lapping them together just where the row of trees is to be placed4 ,this process may be repeated1 and thus quite a ridge will be thrown up for the trees1 and a corresponding depression will be left in the middle of the space between the rows1 which will serve as a gutter to carry off an excess of surface water2 thus1 a cheap method of superficial drainage may be effected by the mere plowing of the land judiciously2 and this will be found of great advantage in level lands with a stiff subsoil4 ,when such fields are selected for the orchard1 this plan should always be pursued2 nor does it preclude the subsequent use of tile1 which is the best draining material1 at any period afterward4 ,these gutters being at a distance from the tree rows1 can be deepened1 and the tile laid1 without disturbing the roots2 or the mole drain plow may be drawn through these furrows1 if the subsoil be of a suitably tenacious character to admit of the use of this implement4 ,very satisfactory preparation of the soil is done with the plow and a good team2 indeed1 except for the limited surface of a small fruit garden1 no other and no better implement need be desired4 ,with it we can produce a very thorough disintegration and perfect subversion of the soil2 these are the objects we have in view4 ,but here we have a choice of instruments1 in which we must be guided by the character of the soil to be dealt with4 ,if this be shallow1 or thin1 and underlaid by a sterile subsoil that would be unfit for the surface1 we must plow more shallow1 but there are few sites1 in the ,western country1 where we do not find a sufficient depth of soil to satisfy the most thorough plowman1 and beneath it a subsoil that will be benefited by aeration1 and which will become good surface soil if subjected to the influences of the atmosphere4 ,we have few soils that may not be trenched with the plow or spade to any depth that is attainable4 ,and here let me explain what is meant by trenching3 it is the transposition of two layers of the soil more thoroughly1 and to a greater depth1 than is done by simply digging or plowing1 in which a limited amount1 only a thin layer of the soil1 is inverted4 ,in trenching with the spade1 a narrow strip of land is excavated across one end of the piece to be trenched1 eighteen or twenty inches wide1 and as deep as the spade can take it out at two diggings4 ,the earth thus removed is thrown aside1 to be used at the end of the work4 ,the trench being now open1 a similar space is laid off1 and the surface soil1 to the depth of the spade1 is dug and thrown into the bottom of the first trench1 after which the subsoil is dug to the same depth1 the length of the space1 and thrown on top of the surface soil that was put into the bottom of the first trench4 ,a second trench is thus opened1 and a third strip being then marked off1 the same processes are continued1 until the whole piece is trenched1 when the pile of earth first excavated is brought into requisition to complete the work1 by filling up the last trench4 ,this is common trenching1 which reverses the two layers of soil1 and stirs the whole to the depth of eighteen or twenty inches4 ,it is an expensive operation1 but very desirable in a small fruit-garden--not at all applicable for extensive orchard planting1 though often applied to the preparation of extensive vineyards4 ,trench plowing is conducted upon the same principle1 and is done by using two plows in the same furrow1 the first taking off the surface soil and throwing it into the deep furrow of the second plow1 which is so constructed as to lift the lower soil and throw it high up over the furrow slice laid by the first1 and at the same time1 leaving a deep furrow open behind it to receive the next cut of surface soil4 ,the two layers are thus inverted and reversed at the same time1 and with a proper plow1 the whole soil is finely comminuted and reduced to a perfect seed-bed1 suitable for a garden4 ,to perform this work1 the ,double ,michigan plow is the favorite implement4 ,it should be properly constructed1 for much depends upon having the plow well made2 the mold-boards should be formed upon the best models for their respective offices of reversing the surface soil1 and of upheaving and comminuting that which lies below it2 and these mold-boards should be made of steel4 ,such plows are manufactured at several points1 but all the ,double ,michigan patterns are not equally good1 and some are quite unsatisfactory4 ,the ,deep ,tiller plows will do very good work in certain soils1 and may often be used to advantage in the preparation of the orchard grounds1 either alone1 or to follow another plow when trench plowing is desired1 and the trench plow is not at hand4 ,these plows1 as made at ,moline1 ,illinois1 are much used1 and give great satisfaction in that ,state4 ,subsoiling is a very useful addendum to deep plowing2 its object is to stir the deep layers of the soil without bringing the earth to the surface4 ,this aerates and loosens the subsoil1 and thus effects the combined objects of increasing the fertility of the land1 of retaining moisture for the crops1 and1 to a certain extent1 of allowing any excess of moisture to percolate away4 ,subsoiling is most efficacious when combined with draining1 but it is of great use without1 unless where permanent water is found near the surface4 ,there is a great improvement in the subsoil plows4 ,those first made were provided with a share on one side1 and this wing1 as it was called1 was tilted up several inches1 thus increasing the draft unnecessarily4 ,we now use a sharp steel share1 of diamond shape1 cutting on both edges1 right and left1 and very slightly elevated in the centre1 only two inches1 or two and a half at the most4 ,if the soil is stirred with this implement1 the hard earth at the bottom of the furrow1 made by the turning plow1 is thoroughly broken up1 and it does not fall directly back into its place1 but the crumbled portions support one another1 and the furrow appears to be filled with loose earth4 ,the result is astonishing1 when we consider the flat1 diamond-shaped plow sole that has done the work4 ,the depth to which this implement may be made to disintegrate the soil1 depends upon its strength1 the power of the team1 and the character of the subsoil4 ,i have seen it tear up several inches of the shales and other rocks1 and aid in making a good soil of them4 ,i have seen it sink to the beam in the alluvium of our river bottoms1 and ,i have seen it almost refuse to do its office in some of the hard white clay subsoils1 when drawn by a heavy team1 while in more yielding but tenacious clays ,i have seen it trembling under the strain of three yoke of good cattle1 that were scarcely able to pull it through the adhesive soil4 ,,manuring4--,the importance of the application of manures to the orchard1 as a part of the preparation of the soil1 will depend entirely upon its strength and condition4 ,trees are great feeders2 they need a reasonably fertile soil1 for though their roots run wide and deep1 in search of nourishment1 if the necessary food be not in the soil1 they will certainly fail to thrive as they should4 ,the analysis of the ashes of our fruit trees1 which contain the elements they have derived from the soils on which they grew1 enables us to ascertain what kinds of plant-food should be present in the soil we are about to use1 or what materials we may safely and judiciously add to it as manures4 ,lime1 and the alkalies1 are generally safe and useful additions1 in connection with clover as a green manure2 these may be applied to almost any worn soils with great advantage4 ,clover is an invaluable assistant4 ,its long roots pierce deeply into the soil1 bringing up from below hidden treasures1 which are left in the upper layers1 modified by the digestion of the plant1 and by new chemical changes and combinations1 rendered fit food for succeeding crops4 ,the mere disintegration of the soil produced by the roots of clover1 is1 in itself1 a valuable mechanical preparation1 quietly performed1 without plow or team4 ,the clover lea may be limed with great advantage2 an application of twenty-five to fifty bushels of slacked lime to the acre will improve the growth of clover1 and will exert its appropriate influence upon the soil1 with very happy results for the succeeding crop of orchard trees4 ,alkalies may be applied1 in the form of wood ashes1 either at the preparation of the soil1 or at any subsequent period1 as may be found most convenient4 ,stable manure1 and composts1 will seldom be required in lands that have not been nearly exhausted1 and therefore unfit for an orchard4 ,in case it becomes necessary to use such a field1 the manuring should be done all over the surface1 and a crop of clover should be grown and plowed in before planting the trees2 upon no account should fresh stable manure be brought into immediate contact or close proximity with the roots of the young tree4 ,if the necessity for planting on such a piece of land impel immediate action1 very thoroughly decomposed composts may be applied1 mixed with the soil about the tree1 but successive applications of manures will be needed over the entire surface1 for the roots are destined to occupy the whole extent of soil between the trees4 ,the next step in the preparation is the digging of the holes for planting the trees4 ,some persons lay great stress upon the importance of having these made large and deep1 which may be very well in a grass lawn with a few trees1 but it is a very expensive matter for the orchard of thousands or even of hundreds4 ,the holes should be prepared as wide as the field1 and as deep as the plow can stir it1 as already directed2 that is the kind of holes that should be dug2 if the land have been prepared in this manner1 the opening of the holes and planting the orchard1 either deep or shallow1 becomes a very simple matter4 ,having determined the distance at which the trees shall stand from one another1 and the order or plan of planting1 flag poles are to be set in the line to be occupied by the first row of trees1 and a deep furrow is then opened with a large plow1 drawn by a pair of steady horses4 ,the poles are moved and set for the next row of trees1 and so on1 until the whole is laid off1 making the furrows as straight as possible4 ,this done1 a single horse with a lighter plow is driven across these deep furrows at the proper distance1 so that the intersections shall indicate the stations for the trees4 ,strong stakes1 about four or five feet long1 are then driven firmly at these intersections1 and if the marking-out has been well done1 they will range in six directions--,n4 and ,s4--,e4 and ,w4--,n4-,e4 and ,s4-,w4--,n4-,w4 and ,s4-,e41 or to corresponding points of the compass2 for it is not a matter of much consequence in what direction the rows of trees stand4 ,the holes are the deep furrows1 and tree stations are the spaces beside the stakes1 always maintaining the same relative position throughout the orchard2 the northern side is to be preferred1 on account of the partial shade of the stake4 ,by adopting this plan1 there need be no trouble1 as is often experienced1 in sighting the trees to have them straight1 for if the stakes have been correctly placed1 the trees will also be right1 and will range in every direction1 when planted4 ,before dismissing the subject of stakes1 let us understand their object and function3 it is not to tie up the trees1 and to force them to attain an erect posture2 no1 that is not to be effected by staking1 as will be set forth in another place4 ,rather than tie a tree to a stake1 it were better to cut it down to the ground1 and grow it over again4 ,the real objects of the stakes are1 first1 to show the planter where to set a tree2 second1 to show where the tree has been planted2 third1 to indicate to the plowman and to his horse where to exercise care in passing the infant tree during the first years' culture1 for an intelligent animal will very soon learn what objects it is intended for him to avoid injuring during his labors in the field2 a fourth function of the stake is to ward off the single-tree which the careless laborer may allow to strike the tree to its manifest injury1 tearing the bark1 and even breaking the stem4 ,the passage of the wagon through the field will also be directed1 by these stakes1 to the interspaces1 instead of passing over the trees4 ,here are reasons enough for the use of stakes1 but tying the trees to them is not among the number2 indeed1 it might be called the abuse of the stakes rather than their use1 except in rare cases4 ,even in the windy prairie country1 no stakes should be used1 as supports1 in a properly regulated orchard4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,manner ,,of ,,staking ,a ,,tree4 ,when necessary to support a tree with stakes1 after an injury or accident1 the plan of ,c4 ,rosenstiel1 ,freeport1 ,ill41 is the best ,i have seen4 ,he adopts it as a means of keeping his trees from being inclined by the wind4 ,he drives a stake firmly into the ground1 about a foot to the southwest of his tree2 a band of rye straw is cast about the tree a few feet from the ground2 the two ends are twisted and entwined together1 forming a stiff rope from the tree to the stake1 about which it is then cast1 and the ends are secured with a piece of twine4 ,by this appliance1 the tree is maintained in an erect position without chafing2 it can only yield to the wind by waving to the right or left2 the band1 by its tension1 prevents it from leaving the stake1 and1 by its stiffness1 holds it at a proper distance1 and prevents its approach4 ,,planting comes next in order to the marking out1 or hole-digging1 for these are synonymous2 it should be done as soon as possible after the plow1 on account of the fresh furrow with its mellow soil4 ,it is really a simple matter and upon this method may be executed with great rapidity4 ,the trees now receive their necessary trimming1 which consists in a liberal shortening of the branches1 a careful inspection of the roots1 and a removal with a sharp knife of such as may have been bruised or torn1 and cutting away any mat of fibres2 after this1 they should be puddled1 and then carried out to their stations by a boy4 ,the planter follows2 with a bright spade he removes any excess of soil at the station1 scraping away such portions of earth as he may find in the way of the roots when the tree is placed by the stake4 ,if the furrow has not been recently made1 it will be well always to remove a portion of the surface1 so as to have fresh soil next the roots4 ,the tree being placed near the stake1 the roots are carefully spread out in their natural direction1 and the moist mellow earth is filled in among them1 using the fingers when necessary1 and gently shaking the tree so as to leave no empty cavities among the fibres4 ,pretty firm pressure should now be made with the foot1 especially upon the fine earth placed above the ends of the roots2 this excludes the air1 by bringing the particles of soil in close proximity to the roots1 ready to receive the new fibres that will soon be emitted from them4 ,it also secures the tree in its place better than tying to the stake1 for each root acts as a guy rope4 ,in this manner the work may progress very rapidly1 and1 at the same time1 may be well done4 ,some planters always pour a liberal supply of water upon the mellow earth1 instead of pressing it with the foot4 ,this will settle the fine soil about the roots very effectually2 fresh earth should always be thrown on after the water1 to prevent the surface from being caked and cracked4 ,the depth at which the tree should be planted is a question of interest4 ,most authorities and most successful planters endeavor to regulate this1 so that1 when settled1 the original collar of the young tree may be at the surface of the ground2 deep planting has few advocates4 ,the position of the tree as to the points of the compass1 is now believed to be a matter of very little moment1 although there are still those who insist that the north side of the tree in the nursery row should be made to occupy the same position in the orchard4 ,with low-headed trees this can make no difference2 no others are recommended2 on the contrary1 if1 unfortunately1 none but tall trees with naked stems can be procured1 it is advised to cut them back severely at planting time1 so as to form a new head where wanted4 ,those who have not the heart to cut back a fine tree1 may attempt and will sometimes succeed in bringing out branches below1 by nicking the bark with a large sharp pruning-knife1 at several points along the stem1 on all sides1 but especially to the southwest1 where the shelter of the branches is most needed4 ,this1 however1 requires us to wait at least one season1 and that the most trying one to the young tree1 during which the naked bark is exposed to the sun and insects2 and the winds may add to the difficulty1 by inclining the stem from the southwest4 ,all this may be avoided by planting trees with low branches1 which are becoming more and more common as their merits are more highly appreciated4 ,some of the most judicious planters1 especially in windy districts1 have adopted the plan of inclining all their trees to the southwest at the time of planting1 expecting thus to overcome the difficulty so commonly observed everywhere with tall trees--their leaning to the northeast1 and then becoming scorched and injured by the frost and sun1 and damaged by the borers4 ,the season for planting is a question of some importance1 and must be settled by the attendant circumstances4 ,fall planting has many advocates and many advantages1 but the fewest practice it4 ,in the far north1 with a long1 trying winter approaching1 it can not be recommended2 but1 as the spring advances1 there is a great press of work2 everything is to be done at once1 and all is hurry2 hence1 for the milder latitudes1 with our charming autumnal weather1 comparative leisure1 and the soil in good condition1 everything invites us to plant in the autumn1 and with those south of latitude forty degrees1 the planting season will often continue until mid-winter4 ,if we commence this work before the fall of the leaves1 care should be taken to strip these appendages from the trees in the nursery1 before digging them4 ,instead of leaving the soil about the tree at or a little above the general level1 it should be heaped up in a little mound1 which will shed off the rains1 support the stem1 and1 to some extent1 protect the roots from frost4 ,this last suggestion is a matter of much importance1 for one of the great advantages of autumnal planting1 depends upon the fact that1 except in the most severe weather1 the tree is not dormant--the hybernation is not complete2 in mild weather there is some action in the buds and branches1 and considerable activity exists in the roots2 new fibres are emitted1 and1 with the first opening of spring1 the young tree is ready for its summer's growth4 ,such is not the case with trees that have been badly planted in the fall1 in a wet1 tenacious soil1 where their roots have been immersed in mud and water for months1 and the swaying top has strained them in every direction4 ,for such a soil1 draining is needed2 but1 even then1 the mound will be of material advantage in fall planting4 ,,mulching is a process about which much has been said and written1 but of which1 it is to be feared1 very little is known and understood4 ,the very objects of mulching do not appear to be properly appreciated by many persons4 ,its uses are two-fold3 primarily1 to keep the surface of the earth moist by preventing evaporation1 and to maintain that open1 friable condition we always find in the forest1 under the natural mulching of the leaves4 ,mulching keeps the earth cooler in summer and warmer in winter2 the first1 by shading from the burning rays of the sun1 the second1 by protecting from frost2 the material itself1 and the confined air among it1 being bad conductors of heat4 ,now1 what material shall we use for producing these results8 ,almost anything that will fulfill these indications will answer--either stones1 chips1 boards1 twigs1 saw-dust1 tan-bark1 weeds1 straw1 either long or cut1 coarse manure1 hay1 freshly-cut grass1 or1 perhaps the very best for all the purposes of mulching1 leaves themselves1 except that they are difficult to retain in their place4 ,a combination of leaves and twigs1 small branches or weeds1 may be made to answer a very good purpose1 for winter mulching especially4 ,for summer mulching there is another material which has been found to answer an admirable purpose1 though not mentioned in the above list2 it is mellow earth--yes1 mellow earth admirably fulfills most of the conditions of a good mulching material1 but it must be kept mellow by constant stirring4 ,the air is thus admitted1 and deposits its moisture whenever the earth is cooler than the atmosphere2 the presence of the air among the particles of the soil makes it a worse conductor of heat than when it is compacted together4 ,mulching the newly-planted trees is a very valuable application1 whether in summer or winter1 and should be practiced wherever it is possible1 always remembering that we can not well combine with it culture1 which1 for the summer treatment1 is most essential to the successful growth of trees1 and in winter we shall present a harbor to the mice if the mulch be placed too near the tree4 ,he who may have been induced1 by the recommendations of high authority1 to plant an orchard in a stiff blue-grass sod1 or who may allow such sod to surround his trees1 in the belief that this constitutes a good mulch1 will be sadly disappointed2 for1 though the surface is shaded1 the grass will absorb the moisture from the soil at the expense of the young trees4 ,clover1 on the contrary1 makes a denser shade1 and seeking its supplies more deeply1 is less injurious1 while its abundant broad foliage attracts ample supplies of dew to irrigate the soil4 ,in this respect it resembles the ,indian corn1 which is considered the best crop to put among young trees1 as it produces shade1 attracts the dew1 and1 more than all1 it demands and receives the thorough culture which the trees also require4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,selection ,,and ,,planting4 ,,importance ,,of ,,judicious ,,selection4 ,,large ,,trees ,,not ,,desirable4 ,,thrifty ,,young ,,trees ,,preferred4 ,,reasons ,,for ,,the ,,preference4 ,,advantages ,,of ,,smaller ,,trees4 ,,low ,,heads ,,and ,,the ,,protection ,,by ,,lateral ,,branches4 ,,personal ,,inspection ,,and ,,selection ,,recommended4 ,,digging ,,the ,,trees4 ,,carefully ,,avoid ,,mutilation ,,of ,,the ,,roots4 ,,puddling4 ,,tying ,,and ,,labeling4 ,,packing4 ,,avoid ,,exposure ,,to ,,sun ,,and ,,wind1 ,,and ,,frost4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,frozen ,,trees ,,in ,,cold ,,weather4 ,,heeling-,,in4 ,,mulching4 ,,making ,,record4 ,,dried ,,trees1 ,,how ,,restored4 ,,season ,,for ,,planting4 ,,banking ,,the ,,trees4 ,,mulching4 ,,distance ,,between ,,trees4 ,,dependent ,,upon ,,the ,,habit ,,of ,,the ,,variety4 ,,assorting ,,the ,,varieties ,,according ,,to ,,size4 ,,close ,,planting4 ,,combination ,,planting4 ,,different ,,crops4 ,,apples ,,and ,,peaches1 ,,or ,,cherries4 ,,small ,,fruits ,,between4 ,,order ,,of ,,plantation4 ,,quincunx4 ,,assorting ,,varieties4 ,,convenience ,,in ,,harvesting ,,to ,,have ,,each ,,kind ,,grouped ,,together4 ,we now come to the consideration of a matter of great importance to the success of the future orchard--the selection of the plants we are to set therein4 ,no matter how favorable the site1 how good the soil1 nor how thorough the preparations may have been2 all may be spoiled by a bad selection of trees1 and subsequent disappointment will be the consequence4 ,formerly1 and in some sections of the country even now1 very erroneous notions prevailed upon this subject4 ,large trees1 of several years' growth in the nursery1 were preferred by those who were planting orchards3 trees1 ready to bear fruit1 were eagerly inquired for1 and preferred2 even if they had been crowded together so as to be drawn up to a great hight without any lateral branches1 and had formed their heads at the hight of seven or eight feet1 so as to be out of the way of browsing by cattle and horses1 they were the more admired by the purchasers4 ,now-a-days there is a great change in the sentiment of tree-planters as to the age1 size1 and shape of the trees that are to be set out4 ,thrifty young trees are preferred to older and larger ones on many accounts4 ,they are more vigorous and will endure the disturbance of digging1 transportation1 and change of locality from the nursery to the orchard1 much better than larger and older trees4 ,they are more easily dug1 and will have a larger proportion of roots removed with them than those which have stood longer in the nursery-rows1 so as to have pushed their fibres beyond the reach of the spade4 ,such trees are more stocky1 and are furnished with lateral branches1 or they should be so furnished1 but these would be smothered and removed from older trees in crowded rows1 as they are usually found in the nurseries4 ,if these younger trees be not already furnished with laterals and elements for the formation of low heads1 by the judicious treatment of the nurserymen who produced them1 the orchardist can at least bend them to his will4 ,he may make of them just what he pleases by his own manipulations at the time of planting or afterwards1 without feeling that he is sacrificing to his fancy and judgment the growth of two or three years1 by freely using the knife and saw1 in the removal of the surplus and overgrown top1 leaving him only a bare and mutilated stock to set out at the beginning of his orchard4 ,another advantage of selecting small trees1 especially to those at a distance from the nursery1 is1 that they are so much more easily transported1 and freight bills are a serious item in the expense account of a large orchard plantation--these may be reduced to a minimum by the selection of small instead of large trees4 ,as to forming the heads of our trees1 if we cannot get the nurserymen to do this for us1 since we are unwilling to remunerate them for the extra labor1 and greater space required to form such stocky specimens as we prefer1 the difficulty is obviated by planting out young trees upon which we may form the heads where we please4 ,as already suggested1 there is a great revolution going on in the minds of tree-planters as to the proper age for planting4 ,instead of the inquiry for huge and cumbrous1 overgrown trees1 that had stood four or five years or more in the nursery1 we now find a growing demand for small1 stocky trees1 of two or three years1 or even less4 ,of many thriftily growing kinds1 good yearlings are much better for the orchard than large trees1 especially such as have been crowded in the nursery and are devoid of side branches1 and whose tall naked stems are exposed to the burning heats and blasting cold of their new homes in the open field1 and to the depredations of hosts of insects4 ,those purchasers1 who seek after the tall trees1 with bare stems1 running up like fishing poles1 they who desire to buy their trees by the running yard and to get as great a length as possible for their money1 can be accommodated by the nurseryman1 who will produce the article to order2 but such planters will soon find that their orchards are much less satisfactory than those set with short and stocky trees1 and which have been encouraged to branch out so as to form low heads4 ,as set forth in the chapter upon ,the ,nursery1 such trees can be produced1 and they are greatly to be preferred on many accounts1 but their production by the nurserymen must depend upon the intelligence of the orchardists producing a demand for trees of such a character1 and a willingness on their part to pay the grower a liberal price for the increased labor and expense1 7in space at least71 requisite for their production4 ,this no one should object to1 for there is economy in planting good trees2 the successful orchardist will purchase the best2 he will not have the refuse or trash that may be offered him at a low figure1 for he well knows that it is dear at any price4 ,where it is practicable and within reach1 it is best for the planter to visit the nursery and make his own selection of the trees1 especially if the demand be for a limited number2 but he may generally depend upon the judgment and honesty of the nurseryman1 if he has given his order distinctly as to the shape of the trees he desires to purchase4 ,in a common nursery1 he will often observe at the ends of the rows1 and where there may have been a gap or break in the continuous line of any variety1 so that the trees are less crowded1 some trees that are better furnished with lateral branches1 and are consequently more stocky than where the rows are crowded4 ,here he will be likely to find the specimens that suit his fancy1 and he will mark them for removal4 ,,digging4--,at the proper season1 and for most kinds this is at the fall of the leaf1 the trees should be dug from the ground4 ,this operation1 as usually and necessarily conducted in large establishments1 has to be done expeditiously and with less care than the amateur will be disposed to bestow upon this very important operation2 and it sometimes happens that he will offer to pay the nurseryman a bonus for the privilege of digging his own trees with his own hands4 ,in performing this operation he will be very careful to avoid mutilating the roots with the spade1 or by using more force than is absolutely necessary in lifting the loosened tree from its bed after the roots have been pretty thoroughly liberated from the soil4 ,he will follow the directions given under this head in the appropriate section of the chapter on ,the ,nursery4 ,the importance of puddling the roots as soon as the trees are dug1 cannot be too forcibly impressed upon the planter and nurseryman2 its value to the trees is so great as a protection of the tender covering of the roots from exposure to the blighting influences of light1 wind1 and frost1 that the trifling labor and expense involved in the operation1 should not receive a moment's consideration4 ,a puddle hole should be within convenient reach of the nursery-rows where the digging is in progress1 and each sort should be taken to it as soon as dug4 ,the excavation should be about a foot deep1 or more1 for large plants1 and as wide as is necessary to receive all the roots of the trees to be puddled4 ,a plentiful supply of water should be at hand to put into the hole1 and fine dry loamy soil should be sifted into this1 or simply thrown in from the shovel1 and thoroughly mixed1 so as to bring the fluid to the consistency of thick cream4 ,into this mud the roots are dipped1 until every fibre is endued with a coating of the fine material2 the trees then are ready for tying snugly together1 and a little dry dirt may be sprinkled or sifted upon the roots while they are still wet1 so as to give them a further protection from the elements4 ,they are then securely bound1 each kind by itself1 and each carefully labeled1 if not already done2 and as soon as all are grouped together1 they are ready for transportation to their new homes4 ,if the distance be short1 so that the trees may be carried on the farm-wagon1 no packing is used1 unless the weather proves very inclement1 but it is always safer to guard against both wind and sun1 by covering the roots from their influence4 ,for distant transportation1 too much care cannot be taken to have the trees well packed to protect the roots from drying and freezing4 ,in our uncertain climate1 it not unfrequently happens that we receive an invoice of trees in the midst of a severe storm of cold1 when the ground is frozen hard1 and we have reason to suppose that the roots in the cases are frozen4 ,this need not discourage nor alarm us1 if the packing be good1 for we have only to be patient and allow them time to thaw out thoroughly in the dark1 and we shall find our trees all right4 ,the packages should be placed at once in a dark cellar1 and allowed to thaw gradually--if no such convenience be at hand1 the boxes may be buried in the soil1 or covered heavily with straw or hay1 materials which are generally abundant in a prairie country1 where commodious cellar room is not always at command4 ,,heeling-,,in1 as it is called1 is a very important operation to be performed so soon as possible after the receipt of the trees4 ,it consists in placing the fibrous roots in immediate and close contact with the fresh and mellow soil1 at some point convenient to the future planting4 ,a ditch is dug with the spade1 or a deep furrow is opened with the plow1 in a sheltered1 but elevated and dry situation1 and in light mellow soil2 into this the trees are placed as fast as they are removed from the packages1 each kind being separated from the next by a distinct marking stick1 and it is well to place the labeled tree first1 as taken from bundles when untied4 ,the trees are inclined at an angle1 generally leaning towards the south1 so as to have the stems shaded by their own branches4 ,they are carefully placed separately and held in this position by one person1 while the fine mellow earth is thrown upon the roots by another1 who should take great care to see that all the interstices are filled with soil1 so as to exclude the air from the fibres4 ,this is especially necessary where the trees are to remain in this situation during the winter1 when they will be alternately frozen and thawed4 ,to secure them from injury1 the earth should be banked up against them several inches2 and it is well also to cover this with a heavy coating of leaves or some other mulching material1 if it can be safely used without danger of attracting the field mice1 which might ruin the trees4 ,it is well at once to make a record of the trees as they stand1 so soon as they are heeled-in1 beginning at one end of the ditches or rows1 and pursuing a definite order4 ,this record will prove of great value1 and very convenient in selecting the different kinds at the time of planting1 and will enable us to restore the names in case of accidental loss of labels during the winter4 ,the heeling-in of trees as they are received is recommended1 even if everything is ready for immediate planting1 unless the number be very small2 but if the weather and our convenience permit us to place them at once in their permanent stations1 the trees need not be heeled-in with so much care as when they are to remain for a longer period4 ,it sometimes happens that1 from accident1 detention by the way1 bad packing1 or exposure1 we receive our trees in bad condition2 they are dried1 and the bark appears to be shriveled and shrunken--they seem to be dead4 ,such trees may often be entirely restored by a little care1 and will grow as well as any4 ,the best treatment for such is to bury them at once4 ,opening a sufficiently large trench1 a layer of trees is placed flat upon the bottom1 fine mellow earth is sifted upon1 and among their roots and branches1 another layer of trees is spread down and covered in the same way1 and so on until they are all secured1 when they are left to quietly and slowly absorb the moisture from the soil4 ,in a few days they will be found to be well plumped1 and will look as fresh as ever1 and should be exhumed1 trimmed1 and planted1 selecting a moist or showery day for the operation4 ,,season ,,for ,,planting4--,this topic has already been discussed1 and the advantages of fall planting have been presented3 but it is well to bear in mind that there are reasons for preferring the spring1 and for some fruits the latter season is generally preferred4 ,when planting an orchard in the fall1 it has been recommended to raise an embankment of earth about the stem1 for the double purpose of protecting the roots from the frost1 and also of preventing the action of the wind swaying the tree and straining the roots4 ,a copious mulching is sometimes applied to keep out the frost1 or at least to prevent the frequent thawing and freezing of the surface in our variable winters2 but whenever loose material is left near the base of a young tree1 we must expect damage from the mice1 which are attracted and sheltered1 and may commit sad devastations upon the bark before spring4 ,the banking and mulching may be combined with advantage1 and with less danger from the mice1 which only work under cover and are often more injurious upon older trees1 surrounded with grass and weeds in neglected orchards1 than upon those newly planted and mulched1 if a little care has been taken to remove the straw or tramp it down near the stem4 ,,distance4--,the distance between the trees is a matter that should be carefully determined4 ,their habit should be considered1 and their size1 when fully developed1 must be studied4 ,some varieties will be more crowded at forty feet apart1 than others at fourteen4 ,if possible1 the larger and widely spreading sorts should be assorted and planted by themselves1 and the more compact1 upright and smaller ones should be grouped together4 ,it is difficult to do this1 however1 for want of the necessary data2 we can only make an approximation to the desired result4 ,thus1 the ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,summer ,queen1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,king of ,tompkins ,county1 ,talman's ,sweet1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,pennock1 ,northern ,spy1 and several others1 are of the largest kind of trees1 and may be allowed as much as forty feet of space between them1 while the upright character and moderate growth of the ,lady1 ,bullock's ,pippin1 ,red ,june1 ,benoni1 ,early ,joe1 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,summer ,rose1 ,red ,astrachan1 and others1 of similar habit1 would enable us to crowd them into half as much space without serious injury--and there are trees of intermediate size and vigor1 such as the ,winesap1 ,rambo1 ,greening1 ,russet1 ,early ,harvest1 ,fall ,wine1 ,autumn ,strawberry1 ,hubbardston1 ,jonathan1 and a host of others that1 at the same ratio1 should have thirty feet spaces between them4 ,there is also a great diversity of opinion among orchardists as to the proper allowance of space for each tree1 and many western planters are advocates of close planting of the apple1 which ,i have seen placed as near as sixteen feet1 occupying the whole space in a very few years1 and bearing luxuriantly4 ,the advocates of such crowding urge1 that they protect one another1 and that alternate trees can easily be removed whenever they become too much crowded4 ,in other places1 the old rule1 of allowing two rods 7#cc feet71 or even forty feet1 between the trees1 is still followed and considered the best4 ,a favorite method with some planters of fruits is1 to make a combination of different kinds in the same orchard1 so as to have the whole surface occupied from the first4 ,in this way1 by introducing a temporary crop of another variety which will make speedy returns1 and will soon be ready to come away and make room for the permanent plantation1 the ground may be rendered productive of remunerative crops from the first4 ,it is a very common plan to combine in this way the apple and the peach--the latter come into bearing rapidly1 and are generally ready to be removed by the time the apple trees need the whole space4 ,alternate rows and alternate trees are usually planted with peaches1 and the small growing cherries1 such as the ,early ,may1 often called the ,early ,richmond1 can be planted in the same way4 ,i have seen a still further combination of fruits made by the introduction of the raspberry1 or even of the blackberry1 the currant1 and the gooseberry1 in alternate rows1 so that1 by setting the apple trees at forty feet1 with alternating cherry trees1 and the cherry rows in the middle space1 or twenty feet each way from the apple and cherry rows1 and in the intermediate strips of twenty feet the berries1 which were also set between the trees1 the whole ground was laid off in rows of fruit separated by strips of ten feet wide4 ,nothing is then needed for the full occupation of the ground1 and to yield a return of fruit the next year1 but to plant a single row of strawberries in each of these ten feet spaces2 these1 if well treated1 would make four beds in the spaces between every two of the apple tree rows1 or each ten feet1 which is nearly half as much as would be planted in the open field2 and these would yield a half crop the next year after planting1 and as much the next season1 when they should be plowed up to give cultivation to the berry bushes that would then also bear a crop of fruit1 and continue to do so until the larger trees needed the ground for their support4 ,the peaches or cherries would commence bearing the third or fourth year1 and some of the apples would follow quickly afterward1 yielding partial crops4 ,by such a combination1 as has been represented1 the land is made to yield a succession of paying fruit crops from the second year of the foundation of the orchard4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,,diagram ,,of ,,planting ,,quincunx4 ,the order of planting is a matter of some consequence1 and should be settled upon before commencing the work4 ,the simplest form1 and that most usually adopted1 is the square2 furrows are drawn across the field1 at whatever distance the plants may be desired to stand1 and crossed by others equally distant and at right angles to the first4 ,these will1 by their intersections1 indicate the stations to be occupied by the trees4 ,some planters introduce a tree at the centre point between each four1 and this has been called quincunx1 but erroneously--for the true quincunx is constituted by one central tree surrounded by six1 and all are equidistant1 as illustrated by the diagram1 figure #bf4 ,this gives as many trees as possible upon the ground1 all equidistant1 at twenty feet apart1 or at any other distance4 ,it will be seen1 that1 in laying off this ground1 whether with the plow or simply with stakes to indicate the stations which the trees are to occupy1 we may first strike our furrows or set our sight poles1 all in one direction1 parallel1 and at seventeen feet four inches apart4 ,crossing these at right angles1 we may draw parallel furrows every ten feet1 and by setting our stakes at each alternate intersection of these furrows1 the proper stations will be found for planting trees in the true quincunx order1 in which every tree will occupy the corner of an equilateral triangle1 and will be equidistant from six surrounding trees4 ,if any one prefers to dig holes with the spade1 instead of the more economical method proposed1 by using the plow1 the stakes may be set in parallel rows1 in such a manner1 that in every alternate row the first stakes shall be advanced one-half of the desired distance from the base line4 ,it will be desirable in this1 as in every other system1 to have a measuring-line at hand to prove the work from time to time1 and make corrections2 for1 otherwise1 the most careful planter will soon get out of range4 ,when the stakes are set properly1 on level ground1 they should range correctly in all directions4 ,if the plantation be upon an uneven or hilly surface1 it will be found almost impossible to lay off the ground with absolute precision2 but this is a matter of very little consequence1 as the growth of the trees will soon conceal any slight defects1 particularly if they be trained with low heads4 ,in the small fruit garden greater precision is desirable1 and should be attempted1 but in the commercial orchard1 containing hundreds or thousands of trees1 such exactitude is scarcely attainable if it were desired4 ,sometimes the aid of the civil engineer1 with his instruments1 is called in by the very precise planter4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,culture1 ,,etc4 ,,thorough ,,culture ,,should ,,follow ,,thorough ,,preparation4 ,,hoed ,,crops ,,recommended4 ,,no ,,white ,,straw ,,crops1 ,,nor ,,grasses ,,allowed4 ,,how ,,long ,,shall ,,we ,,cultivate ,,the ,,orchard8 ,,limits4 ,,the ,,spade ,,and ,,fork1 ,,and ,,mulching ,,substituted4 ,,horse ,,cultivators ,,necessary ,,in ,,large ,,orchards4 ,,these ,,should ,,not ,,be ,,deep ,,tillers1 ,,but ,,shallow1 ,,to ,,avoid ,,disturbing ,,the ,,roots4 ,,seeding ,,with ,,clover4 ,,mulching ,,impracticable ,,on ,a ,,large ,,scale4 ,,clover ,,mulch4 ,,the ,,mellow ,,earth ,,as ,a ,,mulch4 ,,pasturing ,,an ,,orchard4 ,,objections4 ,,damage ,,done ,,by ,,horses ,,and ,,mules4 ,,by ,,cattle1 ,,by ,,goats4 ,,sheep4 ,,their ,,advantages4 ,,swine ,,and ,,poultry ,,may ,,be ,,admitted4 ,,how ,,they ,,may ,,be ,,useful4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,insects4 ,,poultry ,,and ,,curculio4 ,in a previous chapter1 reference has been made to the necessity of thorough cultivation of the soil among young trees2 but the importance of the proper attention to orchard culture is so great1 that it deserves separate consideration4 ,the thorough preparation of the soil before committing the roots of our trees to its embraces1 which was fully impressed upon the orchardist1 might have induced some to think that this was to be sufficient for them2 but it ought rather to be inferred that any crop for which these preliminary labors were recommended1 should receive continuous attentions of a similar character4 ,it is with the desire that these views should obtain1 and to indicate and specify1 some of the most suitable modes of procedure1 that the following remarks are presented in this place4 ,if the ground1 which has been appropriated to the orchard1 be also occupied as farming land1 as is usually done for a few years after planting1 while the trees are small1 it should be exclusively devoted to hoed crops2 by which is meant those that require constant cultivation and stirring of the soil4 ,indian corn is a favorite on account of the thorough culture which is bestowed upon it1 but there are some objectors to its use2 by such it is considered too rank a grower2 it is thought to absorb too much of the moisture of the soil1 and too greatly to over-shadow the young trees if they be so small as has been recommended under the head of ,selection and ,planting4 ,to this objection1 however1 it is urged by others that the partial shade during the latter part of summer is a benefit rather than an injury4 ,if the stalks be left standing upon the ground during the winter1 they modify the force of the winds1 and may even be of benefit1 by the protection they furnish to the stems of the young trees2 and when they fall to the ground1 with their abundant foliage1 these materials constitute a winter mulching of considerable value4 ,even if the fodder has been cut up1 as is usually done by prudent farmers1 the shocks scattered through the fields must exercise a considerable protecting influence4 ,melons1 cucumbers1 cabbages1 potatoes1 turnips1 and other root crops1 which require frequent cultivation1 are preferred by some orchardists1 because of their being lower1 and thus they will shade only the surface of the ground1 without affecting the trees themselves4 ,let it ever be remembered1 particularly in respect to soils that are of poor or of moderate fertility1 that all these crops will remove their full share of plant-food from the land that we have already appropriated to another object1 and that the main crop which we desire to draw its sustenance from the earth for a long series of years may thus be robbed of its proper nourishment4 ,under such circumstances we must meet the emergency by applications of fertilizing materials4 ,i am aware that it may be urged by the theorists of agriculture1 that these crops call upon the soil for different elements1 and that1 according to the customary views of the objects attained by a rotation1 they may even be of advantage to those which are to follow4 ,others will make the practical observation that the fertilizing materials of common use in modern agriculture1 may so readily be applied to compensate for these abstractions from the soil1 that this is a matter of little moment1 and not worthy of serious consideration4 ,but it should be observed that1 while men will often be induced to apply fertilizers to the temporary crop1 counting upon an immediate return for their outlay1 they seldom feel willing to make any return to the soil in compensation for what they have already removed from it1 and rather wait until the necessity for such enrichment becomes painfully apparent in the diminished productiveness of their fields4 ,hoed crops1 such as those above mentioned1 should alone be allowed to occupy the space between the young trees1 and on no account should any white straw crops1 or grasses be introduced1 at least for several years1 nor until the orchard shall have become well established4 ,in many species of fruits1 it is undoubtedly better to keep up the surface cultivation continuously1 at least wherever the characters of the site and soil will permit it2 but there are many situations where the abruptness of the declivities appropriated to fruit-growing1 and often admirably adapted to such purpose1 absolutely forbid continued cultivation4 ,in such places it will be necessary soon to withdraw the plow1 and to depend upon loosening the soil about the trees with the spade or fork1 and upon the mellowing and meliorating effects of mulching4 ,the expense of all the operations that are performed by human labor renders them inapplicable1 except in small orchards and gardens2 and in all large plantations we must depend upon the common earth-workers that are drawn by horses4 ,among these1 a preference should be given to such as stir and pulverize the soil near the surface only2 shallow culture of the upper layers of earth effects the objects in view better than that which is deeper4 ,the intruding weeds are subdued and a mellow condition of the earth is the result1 while the roots are not torn and bruised1 but are encouraged to turn their feeding fibres into the stratum of mellow soil above them4 ,when the trees have become well established1 or when the nature of the soil and the broken character of the surface of the orchard require it1 we may seed down the ground with clover1 which is preferred to any of the grasses3 the broad foliage will shade the ground1 and may remain on the surface as a mulch1 or be moderately pastured by suitable stock4 ,mulching the young orchard has some advantages over cultivation1 but except in the proximity of the salt-marshes of the ,east1 or near the great straw piles on the vast grain fields of the ,western prairies1 it is almost impossible to procure mulching materials for extensive orchards2 so that1 unless we consider the clover and other legumes as a living mulch1 or grow such crops upon the land itself1 to be used in this way1 we shall be thrown back upon culture of the surface1 which1 in the mellow soil thus produced1 furnishes a most admirable mulching1 that fills all the indications1 at least in the season when it is most needed4 ,this is a matter of the greatest importance1 especially during the first year after planting1 when our trees so imperatively demand the protection of a mulch2 and it is found that when the usual applications of straw or similar material cannot be obtained1 or are unsuitable for the situation1 especial attention to the condition of the upper layer of earth about the trees is of the greatest importance2 this should be kept thoroughly loosened and finely disintegrated for the admission of air and moisture4 ,mulching1 even of an old and apparently exhausted orchard1 has been found to exercise a most happy effect upon its health and productiveness4 ,such a one growing upon a tenacious clay1 which had ceased to yield any crops for years1 was restored to abundant fruitfulness by covering the ground with a couple of inches of spent bark from an adjoining tannery1 and similar effects have been produced by the application of straw1 and of the bagasse from sorghum1 where those materials could be procured2 but these were necessarily limited to a small number of trees1 and they can never be adopted in the treatment of large orchards4 ,fortunately1 for us1 however1 in some kinds the trees themselves provide us shade for the ground1 when they are properly trained and closely planted1 which will prevent the intrusion of weeds and grasses1 and the falling leaves and spray will also yield a mulching of no mean value4 ,indeed1 the trimmings from the orchard1 as well as the decaying foliage that annually falls to the ground1 belong to the soil1 and might be left upon it with great advantage to keep up its fertility by their decay1 and even to increase it1 as they do in the natural forest1 were it not for the slovenly appearance they produce4 ,dr4 ,ward1 of ,new ,jersey1 has practiced mulching rather extensively1 and with excellent results4 ,he uses salt hay from the marshes2 after plowing the ground in the spring1 he applies the mulching in a heavy layer1 which keeps down the weeds1 preserves the moisture of the soil1 and exerts a very happy influence upon the trees4 ,from what has preceded1 the reader may infer that the orchard is not to be used for a pasture field1 and yet this is a very common appropriation of the inclosure that contains our fruit trees--at least after they have attained sufficient size to be considered out of the way of serious injury4 ,let it not be supposed that the indiscriminate pasturing of an orchard is advocated2 on the contrary1 it is wholly deprecated1 except as will be indicated below4 ,all stock will trample and harden the soil4 ,low-headed trees will be sadly injured by live stock of all kinds4 ,horses and mules will often ruin the trees by destroying the bark1 and trimming off the twigs1 as high as they can reach4 ,horned cattle will browse the spray1 and where within reach they will also break and twist branches of considerable size4 ,though much smaller1 goats are entirely inadmissable1 since they not only trim off all the foliage within their reach1 but they will also greedily devour the bark from the trees1 and thus commit sad havoc among them4 ,sheep1 on the contrary1 may often be introduced into an orchard with advantage1 as they will eat off a great many weeds1 and thus clear the land of such intruders2 but they will also spoil low-headed young trees by eating all the leaves within their reach1 and they should never be allowed access to the orchard in winter1 at least not while there are any trees remaining with smooth bark1 as they will often attack such and strip off all that they can get at3 sheep are often very desirable in cider orchards when used to crop off the herbage closely1 just before the ripening and fall of the fruit4 ,the only domestic animals which should ever be allowed free range in the orchard1 are swine1 and the different sorts of poultry4 ,all of these will prove really useful in the destruction of vast numbers of the insects that are particularly injurious to our cultivated fruits1 and which are often enormously multiplied in our old orchards4 ,swine1 it is true1 will sometimes learn to climb small trees that have very low branches1 which they break off in their attempts to help themselves to the fruit--this has been observed particularly in peach and cherry orchards4 ,these animals are of use too as earth-workers1 when they have not been mutilated1 for with their peculiarly formed snouts they will turn over a large extent of the surface1 while in pursuit of the larv and pup of many of the destructive insects1 that in such stages of their existence occupy the soil beneath our fruit trees2 in this manner1 swine are valuable adjuvants to the practical entomologist4 ,the hog is a most useful scavenger1 and also a great economist in the orchard1 for1 being omnivorous1 after feeding upon the luxuriant herbage of the red clover1 he takes his dessert from the fallen fruit1 which1 being defective1 would otherwise be wasted3 but we must remember that most of these wind-falls are occupied by the larv of insects which are thus put out of the way of doing further harm1 while contributing variety to the porcine diet4 ,the additions of manure to the soil1 which are distributed over the orchard by these animals1 are also found to be of service4 ,trees1 which are frequented by swine1 are generally healthy1 and the bitter-rot is reported to have disappeared from orchards that were badly affected with that malady before the swine were admitted4 ,the advantages resulting from keeping both swine and poultry1 but particularly the latter1 confined among plum trees1 is a matter of general notoriety2 nor need we inquire whether this depends upon the far-reaching instinct of the insect1 which warns her against depositing her eggs where the progeny must surely be destroyed1 or upon the actual destruction of the larv by these animals1 to such an extent as to diminish the number of depredators the following season4 ,we must not1 however1 depend upon these and other valuable aids1 to the exclusion of personal efforts1 if we desire to secure good crops of the delicious fruits that usually fall a prey to their attacks4 ,in conclusion1 the orchardist cannot be too strongly impressed with the importance of cultivating his young trees in the most thorough manner2 nor can he exercise too much care in avoiding injury to the stems and roots1 in practising this constant culture of the soil4 ,in collections of dwarf fruit trees1 he will have less difficulty on this score1 because he will be restricted to hand-labor2 but the spade and fork will be found much more expensive in their use than the plow and cultivator4 ,,plowing ,,up ,,old ,,orchards4--,a question frequently arises as to the best course to be pursued with an old neglected orchard1 which has become covered with a dense sod of grass1 and this often of an inferior character1 and full of disagreeable weeds4 ,orchards that have been widely planted1 and which have gaps from the decay of trees1 especially when these have been trimmed up with high stems and long naked branches1 do not cast sufficient shade upon the ground to prevent the growth of grass and weeds4 ,these intruders occupy the surface soil to the disadvantage of the roots of the fruit trees1 and we may wonderfully improve the health of such orchard by plowing the ground1 and at the same time severely pruning the branches and cleansing the bark of these old trees4 ,these good results may be continued by shallow culture of the soil1 with suitable applications of manure where needed4 ,by giving a dose of lime1 or of marl1 and ashes1 we shall infuse a new life and growth and productiveness that will astonish and delight us1 and reward us for our labors and outlay4 ,it may be urged as an objection to breaking up the sod1 that the most careful plowman will unavoidably damage some of the roots that approach the surface1 but this is an injury that must be submitted to2 and after all it is not such a serious affair1 and is overbalanced by the advantages of renewing the productiveness of the exhausted orchard4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,philosophy ,,of ,,pruning4 ,,pruning1 ,,nature',s4 ,,we ,,prune1 ,,first1 ,,for ,,shape ,,and ,,comeliness2 ,,second1 ,,for ,,fruit4 ,,pruning ,,young ,,trees ,,in ,,the ,,nursery4 ,,rules ,,for4 ,,season ,,for4 ,,pruning ,,for ,,fruit ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,done ,,chiefly ,,in ,,summer4 ,,thinning ,,out4 ,,shortening-,,in4 ,,root ,,pruning4 ,,philosophy ,,of4 ,,advantages ,,of4 ,,character ,,of ,,roots ,,produced ,,by ,,it4 ,,in ,,the ,,vine4 ,,severe ,,in ,,winter ,,to ,,produce ,,wood ,,and ,,diminish ,,blossoms4 ,,adapt ,,to ,,varieties4 ,,in ,,summer ,,to ,,diminish ,,excessive ,,fruitage1 ,,and ,,to ,,direct ,,sap ,,into ,,new ,,canes4 ,,trimming ,,in ,,gardenesque1 ,,requiring ,a ,,correct ,,eye ,,and ,,good ,,taste4 ,,pruning ,,should ,,be ,,conducted ,,upon ,,truly ,,philosophical ,,principles1 ,,or ,,not ,,at ,,all4 ,,qualifications ,,required ,,in ,,those ,,who ,,prune4 ,,the ,,operation ,,seldom ,,well ,,performed4 ,,pruning ,,of ,,the ,,grape1 ,,short ,,and ,,long4 ,,reasons ,,for ,,and ,,objections ,,to ,,each4 ,,seasons ,,for ,,pruning ,,the ,,vine4 ,pruning is one of the most important operations that we perform upon plants1--especially woody plants4 ,pruning1 in some sort1 has to be performed at all periods of their existence and growth1 and upon all plants1 from the noble forest tree1 or the fruit trees of the orchard1 of whatever kind1 to the humble bushes and brambles that yield us their abundant and most welcome fruits3 the trailing vine that adorns our arbors and covers our trellises with its rich and tempting clusters of grapes1 also needs to be pruned4 ,many herbaceous plants are also submitted to judicious pruning1 and yield in consequence an increased product of fruit4 ,our ornamental gardeners and plant-growers practice pruning most admirably upon their house-plants1 and by their successful practice1 they produce the most wonderful effects1 which are manifested in the vigor1 thrift1 symmetry1 and blossoming of their specimens4 ,and yet1 when we come to travel about the country1 and to see the shrubberies1 the parks1 the orchards1 fruit-gardens1 and vineyards1 as they are1 we shall be struck with the great amount of ignorance or neglect manifested by what we everywhere behold6 ,still more shall we be surprised1 when we hear nurserymen and orchardists1 men who have had opportunities for extended observation1 and those too1 who are considered successful cultivators1 advocate the idea that trees should not be pruned at all4 ,an apology may be found for them in the many instances of bad pruning that may frequently be met with4 ,they may say that no pruning is better than such mutilation1 and with some varieties of fruit1 they may have a show of reason on their side1 as there are many sorts that will very naturally produce an open head1 every where provided with abundant fruit-spurs1 which are the great desiderata of the fruit-grower4 ,we prune our plants for the most opposite purposes2 we prune to make them assume some desired form1 we prune to produce symmetry1 and we prune to torture them as much as possible from their natural habit4 ,again1 we prune to make them grow vigorously1 and we perform other pruning operations1 in order to dwarf and stunt our specimens1 and to make them as diminutive as possible4 ,the experienced orchardist will tell you to prune a barren but thrifty tree1 in order to make it productive of fruit2 and he will also tell you to prune one that has expended all its energies in fruit-bearing1 and appears likely to exhaust itself to its own destruction4 ,upon very high authority1 supported by universal and annual practice1 the vine dresser will tell you to prune your vine in order to make it fruitful2 the same authority will advise you to prune in such a manner as to prevent an over-production--and he will insist that you shall prune again during the season of growth1 to promote the same objects4 ,thus it appears that the ends to be attained by this important operation are exceedingly diverse1 and apparently contradictory3 nor is it any wonder that the novice should feel bewildered in the midst of directions so opposite1 nor even that those who have grown gray in the orchard1 should have arrived at the strange conclusions just mentioned1 not to prune at all4 ,and yet1 notwithstanding these apparent contradictions1 there is a reason for each of these various modes1 as well as for the different seasons that have been recommended for performing the several operations of pruning4 ,it may be said that in natural trees1 whether standing alone in the midst of a prairie1 thinly grouped in the opening1 or crowded together in the dense forest1 we may behold the most perfect models of beauty and fruitfulness2 yet these have never been subjected to the action of the knife1 the saw1 nor the hatchet4 ,true1 and yet they have all been pruned by nature4 ,she prunes and trains magnificently1 and gives us the finest models for imitation1 whether for park scenery1 as in the lone tree of the prairie1 or in the scattered groups of the island groves that are so often seen in the broad savannas of the ,west1 or in forests of noble shafts1 gazed at with admiration1 then felled by the ruthless ax1 and converted to man's economic uses4 ,she also shows us the pattern in the dense pineries1 and other timber tracts of our country4 ,all these have been pruned into their present condition by the hand of nature4 ,in the single specimen1 free access of air and light have enabled it to assume its full proportions1 developing itself on every side1 and giving us the grand and beautiful object we behold4 ,the winds have tossed the branches and some have been broken1 the lower ones have quietly and gradually yielded to the smothering influence of those above them1 which1 in turn1 have swept downward toward the ground4 ,in the groves1 the scattering trees have for a while enjoyed the same opportunities for development2 but at length their branches have met together1 and interlocked in friendly embrace4 ,those that were nearest the ground had already begun to suffer from the denser canopy above them but the great sturdy boughs that had shot upward so as to form a part of the crown1 were able to retain their vantage ground1 and continue as important members of the trees4 ,in these illustrations1 we have seen more of nature's training than of her pruning2 but it must be remembered that training is one of the objects1 and indeed1 a leading element of pruning1 and is very properly a matter for our consideration4 ,in the dense primeval forest we see nature's pruning exhibited upon a grand and perfect scale2 tall1 straight1 and noble trunks rise majestically on every hand2 not a twig nor limb breaks the symmetry of the gradually tapering shafts1 that are clothed in bark which does not indicate that they had ever been furnished with branches2 and yet they have borne branches from their base to their summit1 and nature has so neatly removed them that we cannot detect the marks of her pruning-saw4 ,how this has been effected1 may be seen in any dense thicket of young forest growth4 ,it is simply a smothering of the lower branches by those next above them1 which has destroyed their vitality1 and their decay has soon followed2 while a new growth of branches at a higher point1 in turn1 performs the same office of destruction upon those next below them4 ,as there is no outlet for the wood-growth but in an upward direction1 upwards they must needs go1 and as there is no light nor air for lateral branches under such a canopy of shade1 death and decay ensue1 and down they perforce must come4 ,if it be asked why we prune at all1 it may be answered in general terms that in the orchard1 our objects in performing this operation1 are two-fold4 #ast--,we prune for shape and comeliness1 and for the removal of dead and dying branches1 in aid of nature1 but working in sympathy with her4 #b;d--,we prune for the sake of inducing fruitfulness4 ,let us consider some of the principles that are to guide us in these operations4 ,the first object1 that of producing the desired shape of the future tree1 is chiefly done upon the young subject1 even in the nursery-row4 ,the judicious pruner1 being well aware of the upward tendency of young growth1 and that this is increased by the crowded condition of the trees in the nursery square1 seeks to overcome the evil by proper pruning4 ,if the growth be altogether upward1 with no side branches the first season1 the stem will be slender1 often so much so as to bend over with its own weight4 ,the wise nurseryman carefully avoids disturbing the leaves or lateral branches1 well knowing their importance in forming the woody trunk4 ,at the proper season he trims his trees down1 instead of trimming them up--this he does by heading them back to the hight at which he desires them to form their branches--at the same time1 he shortens in the laterals2 his object in both instances being to check the upward tendency of growth by removing the strong terminal buds1 which would naturally have formed the new shoots the coming season4 ,the result of this treatment is to call into action several buds at the upper part of the stock4 ,these are to form the arms of the tree1 and hence a very important part of the pruning and training of the plant is thus performed at once by this simple operation of heading-back the young nursery tree4 ,but further attention is needed1 as these arms develop themselves during the next season of growth2 they should not be too numerous1 nor too much crowded together2 they should not be too nearly matched in strength1 and one should be kept as a leader1 stronger than the rest4 ,never allow two shoots to remain contending for the mastery2 one of them should be subordinated by cutting1 breaking1 or twisting1 as soon as it is observed2 for how beautifully developed1 a tree grown in this way1 may appear when well balanced1 there is always danger of its splitting down when heavily laden with fruit4 ,this very common error of our orchards used to be quaintly illustrated by a dear old friend on the prairies of ,illinois1 who cited the advice of a ,scotch jockey to whom he had applied for counsel in the purchase of a piece of horse-flesh4 ,ne'er buy a horse whose twa fore-legs cum oot frae ae hole1 said he1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,stewart applied the same principle to his young fruit trees1 by never allowing them to have two equal leaders1 branching from one point4 ,it is also important to have the lateral branches regularly distributed on different sides4 ,the precise point or elevation point at which this heading-back should be done1 will depend very much upon the object of the cultivator1 and whether he desires to produce a high or a low head1 a standard1 half standard1 or a dwarf1 or conical tree--such as are often called pyramids4 ,he will study the wants and fancies of his customers in this matter1 but we of the ,west1 have learned the importance for us1 at least1 of trimming our trees down1 and not trimming them up1 as is often done by those who anticipate plowing and planting crops under the shade of their orchards4 ,the proper point for forming the branches to make the head1 will very much depend1 however1 upon the habit of the variety2 whether it be drooping1 spreading1 or upright4 ,the former will require the branches to be started at a higher point4 ,the proper season for performing this kind of pruning is in the early spring1 or after the severe frosts of winter have passed2 and with some kinds of orchard trees1 it may be done at the time of transplanting them1 when they need a severe pruning4 ,the second object of pruning being done with a view to the production of fruitfulness in the tree1 is to be practised chiefly in the summer4 ,at the same time1 or during the growing season1 much may be done to advantage1 both in thinning-out and shortening-in such parts of the tree1 as may need these plans of treatment4 ,various methods are pursued to produce fruitfulness1 all of them depending upon the fact that this condition arises from the natural habit of a tree to make its wood-growth freely for a series of years4 ,after it has built up a complicated structure of limbs and branches1 with some consequent obstruction to the flow of sap1 depending upon the hardening of the woody tissues1 and the tortuous course of its circulation1 it then appears to have reached its maturity1 or its fruit-bearing condition4 ,it then ceases to make such free wood-growth1 and prepares a set of buds1 which develop flowers and fruit4 ,now this period of growth and unfruitfulness may continue for a longer or shorter time in different varieties of fruits2 and the shortening of this1 is the great object of summer pruning1 and of other methods of producing fruitfulness that may be classed under this second head of the objects of pruning4 ,to appreciate their importance and the mode in which the effect is produced1 we must ever bear in mind the two great acts of vegetable life1 that of wood-growth or growth by extension1 and the wonderful morphological change of this growth into flowers and fruit4 ,these are1 in some sense1 antagonistic4 ,the first is essential to the production of timber1 to the building up of the tree1 and should be encouraged to do its work undisturbed1 up to a certain point1 that we may have a substantial frame-work by which our fruits can be supported4 ,the latter1 however1 is the ultimate desideratum with fruit-growers1 and in our impatience to reap a quick reward1 we often resort to measures that tend to curtail the usefulness1 size1 and beauty1 as well as the permanence of our trees4 ,this is an illustration of the axiom1 that whatever threatens the vitality of a plant1 tends to make it fruitful2 it calls into activity the instinctive effort to perpetuate the species by the production of seed1 that may be separated from the parent1 and establish a separate and independent existence1 to take the place of that1 the life of which is threatened4 ,summer pruning and pinching interferes with the growth by extension1 and threatens the very life of the tree2 the entire removal of all new shoots and their foliage1 and the removal of the successive attempts by the tree at their reproduction1 will cause its death in a little while4 ,their partial abstraction1 as practiced in summer pruning and pinching1 being an attack of the same kind1 results in the formation of fruit-buds4 ,the operations of budding and grafting upon an uncongenial stock1 interrupting the circulation by ringing1 by ligatures1 by hacking1 twisting1 and bending downward1 all tend to check the growth by extension1 and are attended by similar results1 since they are antagonistic to the mere production of wood4 ,shortening-in the branches of some species1 which form their fruit-buds upon the shoots of the current year1 has the effect to give them a fuller development1 if performed during the summer1 but if deferred until the following spring1 it will have the directly opposite result1 and will cause the production of woody shoots at the expense of the fruit4 ,the season for pruning has been made the subject of much discussion1 and different periods have been very confidently advised by different authorities1 from which it may safely be inferred that all are somewhat right1 or may be supported by good reasons4 ,this refers of course to pruning in its general sense1 of trimming1 and applies to the removal of limbs of greater or less size4 ,we always desire to avoid the removal of large limbs1 and should endeavor to provide against the necessity of such removal1 by trimming our orchards sufficiently when they are young1 and while the branches are small2 but when such removal becomes absolutely necessary1 it should be performed late in the autumn1 when vegetation is at rest1 because it is found that such large wounds1 which cannot be soon healed over by the new growth1 will at this season dry in1 and resist the action of the elements better than if the section had been made when the wood was full of sap in active circulation4 ,early spring is a favorite period for pruning1 chiefly because it is comparatively a period of leisure2 the weather is less inclement than in winter1 and the absence of foliage affords us an opportunity to see our work and to anticipate its effects upon the tree4 ,so soon as the buds begin to swell and the foliage to expand1 pruning should be arrested1 unless in small trees1 because the sap is in active motion1 and the material called cambium is not yet developed1 hence the wounds will bleed1 and are not so readily healed over2 besides1 the bark at this season is very readily separated from the wood1 and bad wounds are thus frequently produced by the pruner1 which may seriously damage the tree4 ,then follows a period when pruning had better be suspended until the time that the trees have completed their growth by extension1 and formed the terminal bud at the ends of their shoots4 ,the date cannot be given1 but it is sufficiently indicated by this mark in nature's calendar2 the formation and full development of the terminal bud1 and by the copious deposits of woody matter throughout the tree4 ,the annual layer of fibres is then being produced1 and the tissues are in the formative stage2 the tree now possesses within its own organism the best of all plasters to cure and cover the wounds made by the saw and knife1 now the tree possesses the true vis medicatrix natur in the highest degree4 ,a few intelligent nurserymen have learned this very important lesson1 and have applied it in the preparation of their trees1 for the exposure incident to their removal from the nursery to the orchard4 ,a very few practice it systematically2 ,i knew one1 7alas1 for the lamented ,beeler1 of ,indiana71 who acted upon the suggestion made to him by observations and experiments in vegetable physiology4 ,he left the side branches1 though subordinated by shortening when necessary1 in order to give stocky stems to his trees1 and then removed them with the knife during the summer before they were to be sold and planted1 instead of waiting until they were dug and sent to the packing house in the fall or spring4 ,the result was1 that while his stems were stout and stocky1 they were also smooth1 the wounds neatly healed over with new bark1 instead of being open from the fresh cuts and liable to crack or bleed1 as they would have done had this pruning been deferred until after digging1 either in the fall or spring4 ,this may be considered a small matter1 but it is an illustration of the principle involved in selecting the period for pruning4 ,for the removal of small limbs from young trees1 hardly any time can come amiss--better to do it out of season than to neglect it1 and it is a good rule to have a sharp pruning knife always at hand when passing through our young orchards4 ,there is but one time when pruning is absolutely interdicted1 and that is when the wood is frozen4 ,when so circumstanced1 it should never be cut nor disturbed in any manner--not even to gratify your best friend1 by helping him to a few grafts from your proved tree of some coveted variety4 ,let him wait for a thaw1 or go away without the grafts1 rather than commit such an outrage upon your tree3 as to approach it with a knife when frozen4 ,while considering the question of the proper season for pruning1 there is one axiom of great importance which should be firmly impressed upon the mind of the orchardist4 ,much will depend upon which of the two leading objects1 above indicated1 he may have in view--vigor of growth and symmetry of form1 or simply fruitfulness1 as the result of his labors in pruning his trees4 ,pruning at one season will induce the former result1 at a different period of the year the same work will conduce to the latter2 hence the postulate ,prune in winter for wood2 in summer for fruit4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,thinning4 ,,profusion ,,of ,,fruit-,,buds4 ,,wise ,,provision ,,against ,,accidents4 ,,period ,,of ,,maturity ,,of ,,plants4 ,,morphology4 ,,the ,,young ,,plant ,,grows ,,by ,,development ,,of ,,stem ,,and ,,branches4 ,,leaf ,,buds ,,all ,,pointed4 ,,the ,,period ,,of ,,adolescence ,,varies4 ,,the ,,century ,,plant4 ,a ,,definite ,,period ,,for ,,each ,,variety4 ,,how ,,diminished ,,or ,,extended4 ,,starving4 ,,crowding4 ,,cutting ,,the ,,roots4 ,,old ,,or ,,uncongenial ,,stocks4 ,,at ,,maturity ,,an ,,accumulation ,,of ,,nutritive ,,matter4 ,,preserving ,,the ,,balance ,,between ,,growth ,,and ,,fruitage4 ,,we ,,do ,,not ,,thin ,,fruit ,,enough4 ,,trees ,,exhaust ,,themselves4 ,,biennial ,,bearers4 ,,annual ,,bearers ,,desirable4 ,,disbudding4 ,,field',s ,,hedges ,,of ,,pears4 ,,remove ,,portions ,,of ,,fruit4 ,,cutting-,,in ,,the ,,shoots ,,to ,,reduce ,,fruit4 ,,dr4 ,,hull ,,and ,,others4 ,,thinning ,,the ,,strawberry4 ,,gooseberry4 ,,grape4 ,,thinning ,,apples ,,by ,,threshing ,,the ,,trees4 ,,by ,,severe ,,winter ,,pruning4 ,every person who has looked at a bearing fruit tree in the winter season1 must have been struck with wonder at the great profusion of fruit-buds with which it was clothed2 they are crowded along the slender spray of some varieties as thickly as a necklace of beads1 or still more abundantly1 like clusters of pearls1 they are crowded together upon the little fruit-spurs4 ,we are inclined to cavil at this profusion of nature1 and to ask why this waste of vegetative effort4 ,but we may rest assured that it is only another evidence of the unerring wisdom of ,him who doeth all things well4 ,all blossoming and fruiting is but a changed condition of those buds that would otherwise have produced leaves and wood-growth4 ,every tree1 sooner or later1 reaches a point which we call its period of maturity1 when some of its buds are thus modified4 ,the same elemental parts are still present2 but those that were arranged for the production of an elongated shoot1 with leaves set around it in some definite manner1 and destined for the formation of woody growth1 are now so constituted as to have a growth of very short extension1 and furnished with modified leaves1 so changed1 that we scarcely recognize them thus crowded together upon this shortened and modified axis4 ,we here take our first lesson in the very interesting study of morphology1 or the science of the changes of form to which the parts of a plant are subjected1 in the production of flowers and fruit1 from what were otherwise the source of shoots and leaves4 ,this will be found one of the most interesting branches of the study of botany1 as it leads us to the investigation of one of the most beautiful displays of ,divine power1 and1 like all such studies1 gives us more and more elevated views of the exalted wisdom and benevolence of an ,all-wise ,creator1 who has produced nothing in vain1 and who1 while creating worlds and systems of the greatest magnificence1 has condescended to prepare the most tiny flower1 and its previous bud1 in the most perfect manner4 ,the study of morphology which gives us such an insight into the mechanism of the plant1 and which leads us into such mazes of wonder and admiration1 cannot now detain us further than to be named and referred to as the explanation of the formation of what we call fruit or blossom buds4 ,the reader is referred to the full explanations of this subject by the famous philosopher and poet1 ,goethe2 or1 if more conveniently accessible1 to his ,english translators1 or to the appropriate chapters in any of the modern text books of botany4 ,when the plant is young1 its chief object is to grow2 it must acquire size and development1 to enable it to produce and bear up the enormous crop it is destined one day to yield4 ,hence in the early years of a tree there is none1 or very little of this transformation of the buds1 which are all of the pointed character1 and when excited into growth1 they all produce shoots and leaves only1 which result in the formation of an increase of the woody fabric1 that we call the tree4 ,this period of adolescence is longer or shorter in different species and varieties--in some it may extend through many years4 ,thus1 the ,american ,aloe is called the ,century ,plant1 from the common belief that it must survive a hundred summers before this stage of maturity and blossoming is reached2 whereas this plant only needs a period of thirty years or less to produce its blossoms1 when it is favorably situated as to soil and climate4 ,there is1 it is probable1 a definite period at which each kind of plant will have these changes occur in the buds1 when they will begin to flower and to produce fruit4 ,this period may be accelerated or retarded1 to some extent1 by human means2 for we have observed1 that whatever produces excessive vigor1 is attended with the formation of leaf buds2 whereas1 all those conditions and circumstances that check the vigorous growth by extension1 provided they do not too greatly impair the vitality of the plant1 will conduce to the formation of flower-buds4 ,some of these conditions consist in starving the tree1 or by planting it in a sterile soil1 that has deficient moisture2 by severely crowding the roots1 or by cutting them1 as in root pruning2 in grafting a portion of the young plant upon an old or an uncongenial stock1 or one that is naturally dwarfish2 in ringing the bark2 in frequent transplanting1 or in continued summer pinching2 in short1 almost any circumstances which appear to threaten the life of the tree1 seem to excite within it an effort for the preservation and perpetuation of the species1 by changing the bud plants1 attached to the parent1 into seed plants1 that may and will be separated from it to reach the soil eventually1 and there to establish an independent existence4 ,as the tree advances in growth1 and approaches toward its natural period of maturity1 it is supposed that there is an accumulation of nutritive matter within it1 and at the same time the roots will have exhausted the soil1 to some extent1 of the elements that contributed to the production of wood-growth1 and the result is the formation of flower-buds4 ,now it becomes a nice matter to preserve the proper balance between these two systems of growth1 the wood producing and the fruit forming4 ,two opposite systems of production have become established in the tree1 the one infertile1 the other producing the desired fruits2 the one preserving the health and vigor of the tree1 the other tending to preserve the species at the same time that it satisfies our demands for fruit1 but also meanwhile tending to the destruction of the tree1 for all old trees are apt to overbear4 ,young trees1 on the contrary1 in which the vigor of wood-growth remains in full activity1 very often produce fruit-buds and blossoms1 but do not perfect their fruit1 which either fails to set1 from some imperfection of the organs of reproduction1 or falls prematurely1 in consequence of the wood system absorbing the nutriment1 or failing to prepare the proper juices for their support4 ,trees1 in these different conditions1 require an entirely opposite treatment4 ,the younger need summer pruning and pinching1 to check their too great vigor1 and to develop the laterals or spurs with their blossom buds2 the older need winter pruning1 for the double purpose of reducing the amount of fruit1 and also to excite renewed vigor in the production of wood growth that shall take the place of that which has been removed4 ,this subject will be more appropriately discussed in another chapter1 to which the reader is referred2 while we proceed to the legitimate topic of thinning fruit4 ,thinning fruit is not practiced as it should be1 particularly on the apple2 old trees are often too fruitful1 so much so as not only to deteriorate the fruit1 but to injure the tree itself4 ,this is so much the case with certain varieties1 as to constitute a serious objection to planting them2 other sorts so exhaust themselves by over-production in one season1 as to be barren1 or nearly so1 the next year1 during which period of rest they are able to recuperate their energies and to provide a new set of flower-buds4 ,these are called biennial bearers1 and such are quite numerous in our orchards4 ,those kinds that are prone to overbear every year1 are often objectionable on account of the diminished size and inferior character of their fruits1 which result from this cause1 particularly when the trees have become old4 ,the great desideratum1 especially with those who object to the trouble of thinning the fruit1 is to find a variety that will produce an even or well distributed1 continuous1 and moderate yield--an annual bearer1 that does not exhaust itself by the production of one enormous crop so as to require it to rest and recuperate4 ,such varieties are to be found in our collections1 and should be highly prized4 ,but to return to our topic1 the bold method of reducing the crop by winter pruning1 has already been alluded to1 and is highly recommended for such old trees as have ceased producing thrifty shoots of wood-growth at their tips1 and have taken on an excessive tendency to fruitage4 ,there are other methods of producing this desired effect1 diminishing the amount of fruit when excessive1 and thereby greatly enlarging the size1 and improving the flavor of that which is left behind3 some of these will now be mentioned4 ,,disbudding4--,one of these consists in the removal of alternate buds1 or even a greater proportion than one half2 this may be performed either in the end of winter or in early spring1 or even after the buds have pushed1 still later in the season4 ,this work may be done with the fingers1 a knife1 or by using the shears1 when the buds are terminal1 as in old bearing apples and pears1 or on some cherries4 ,this plan has been practiced with very good success upon the ,duchesse pear1 by ,t4,w4 ,field1 who accidentally had his attention directed to the feasibility of making this variety very productive4 ,he had observed that certain trees1 which were rubbed so by the cart-wheels as to be stripped of a portion of their buds in the winter season1 instead of being injured thereby1 were more productive than those which retained all of their abundant spurs and blossoms1 and which1 nevertheless1 often bore sparsely4 ,improving upon this hint1 he has since planted some such varieties in close rows or hedges1 which he trims annually with the shears to keep them within bounds1 and at the same time to diminish the amount of blossoms4 ,disbudding is systematically pursued in the ,european fruit-gardens1 and we have elaborate directions for the season and mode of performing the operation1 which is extensively practiced1 particularly on the trees that are grown as espaliers1 and those kept in orchard houses4 ,if neglected1 the trees become exhausted by over-production2 and the failure of production by the fruit-spurs which results1 causes vacant spaces upon the tree1 which are afterward1 with difficulty1 restored to a profitable condition4 ,another method1 and the one usually pursued by those who practice thinning1 is1 to go over their trees after blossoming1 while the fruit is still small1 and systematically remove such a proportion as they may deem sufficient to relieve them of the surplus2 and while so doing1 they select for removal all the inferior specimens4 ,this is found to pay very well in the increased size1 appearance1 and flavor of those that remain1 and is practiced by all good horticulturists4 ,it is found in some varieties that the thinning may be done when the fruit has attained to one-half its usual size1 so that it may be marketed1 and yet those which are left1 will swell out to their full proportions after this removal1 and will realize1 when harvested1 more money1 and will even be of greater weight than if the whole crop had been left upon the tree until its natural period of maturity4 ,the reason is obvious1 and depends upon the greater size and fuller development of the fruit1 which remains after thinning4 ,,summer ,,pruning has already been alluded to as one of the methods of producing fruitfulness4 ,when it is here introduced as a means of thinning the fruit1 the recommendation may appear somewhat paradoxical--yet it is not so4 ,neither is this cutting a parallel operation to that in which we seek to check the excessive vigor of young shoots by pinching and heading-in1 with a view to directing the sap to the lateral buds so as to cause their development for the formation of fruit-spurs1 which will insure a greater production of fruit3 whereas this summer pruning removes a portion of the crop to be supported by the tree4 ,this plan is most successfully practiced by judicious orchardists1 among whom may be named ,dr4 ,hull1 of ,alton1 ,ill41 who has thus treated his peaches1 nectarines1 and plums4 ,this process consists in cutting off the ends of the shoots that are laden with fruit1 while these are yet quite small2 the superabundance is thus removed in a great degree by the knife1 and the excess of foliage is also diminished so as to expose the fruit freely to the sun and air1 which insures an increased size and heightened color1 particularly to the peaches and nectarines4 ,the remaining fruit is also suitably thinned so that no specimens shall crowd one another4 ,the exact distances between them must be determined by the judgment of the operator2 some have decided that peaches should not be nearer than nine inches2 plums and nectarines may be separated by a smaller distance2 but it is not easy to lay down a precise rule4 ,thinning is not often practiced upon the strawberry crop1 which appears able upon suitable soils to produce a great abundance of fine fruit1 but it may be done by the curious1 and enormous show specimens1 such as are often exhibited at fairs1 are produced by special care and high manuring1 aided greatly by judicious thinning2 not only by cutting back a portion of the crowns1 so as to throw the whole force of the plant into one or two trusses1 but still further1 by removing with the scissors a portion of the blossoms or fruit1 so that the few which are left may become enormously distended with the nutriment that had been stored up in the plant for a much greater number4 ,some may consider this one of the tricks of the trade1 and so it is when merely done for the sake of deceiving the public1 who are asked to purchase the variety by the sample of fruit1 without detailing the arts by which the results were accomplished3 but there can be no objection raised against such practices when pursued by the amateur for the sake of producing unusually large fruits of any variety4 ,the ,english pursue a similar method with their show gooseberries2 by means of thinning and high feeding1 with great attention to watering1 these fruits are made to assume gigantic proportions that are little dreamed of by cultivators of the smaller varieties1 which are chiefly grown in this country4 ,the grape is very prone to over-production1 and the crop1 as well as the vine itself1 is often much injured by a want of attention to this particular4 ,so avaricious is man1 that few persons will exert the needed firmness and perseverance to remove the excess which the beautiful vine annually affords4 ,the result of this neglect is apparent at the vintage1 especially when from any fault of the season1 or from the invasion of insects or of mildew1 the foliage may have been damaged1 as it frequently is1 to a considerable extent4 ,then we find large quantities of the grapes so deficient in color and flavor as to be worthless2 in some varieties whole bunches will hang flaccid1 withered1 and insipid--while perhaps a few1 more favorably situated1 will have their proper flavor4 ,the grape vine is well called beautiful1 and it is capable of sustaining most wonderful amounts of fruit2 but on young vines1 especially1 it is very bad policy to allow of this over-production4 ,the tendency to fruitage may be met in different ways1 a few of which will now be pointed out1 and all planters are urged to observe and to practice some of these plans for reducing the exuberance of this kind of fruit4 ,in the first place we practice winter pruning1 regardless of its established and well-known effect of producing an increase of wood-growth1 for this is what we desire to obtain in the vine1 on account of its habit of yielding its fruit on wood of the previous year's growth2 by this means we are able to pursue the renewal system1 which is so generally preferred1 and thus we may keep our vines perpetually clothed with new wood1 or canes as they are technically called4 ,by this winter pruning we can reduce the amount of wood that is of a bearing character1 to any point which may be deemed desirable1 according to the strength and age of the vine1 and thus the crop is thinned by a wholesale process of lopping off the superabundance of buds1 that would have produced an excess of fruit4 ,another method of thinning is1 to rub out a portion of the shoots1 this may be every alternate branch in close jointed varieties of the vine3 this is to be done soon after the buds have burst1 and while the branches are yet quite small1 so that the vital forces may be directed to those that remain4 ,wherever double shoots appear1 the weaker should always be removed4 ,still another method of reducing the superabundance1 remains to be noticed2 this consists in thinning the grapes themselves1 the separate berries1 which1 in some varieties1 are often so crowded upon the bunch1 as to prove a serious injury to one another4 ,in hardy out-door culture this is seldom practiced1 being less necessary than in the large varieties of foreign grapes that are grown under glass4 ,these are systematically thinned with the scissors1 so that none shall crowd together2 and this process1 repeated from time to time1 is found to produce much finer and larger berries and heavier bunches than when all are left4 ,a very rude method has sometimes been pursued in thinning the superabundance of fruit upon apple trees4 ,it appears so very ,gothic that its description may only excite a smile1 when it is stated that it consists in threshing the tree with a long slender pole1 by which a portion of the fruit is cast to the ground4 ,rude and primitive as this method may appear1 it is surely better than no thinning at all1 and is attended with this good result1 for which it deserves some commendation2 the threshing removes portions of the excessive twiggy spray that always abounds upon such trees as those under consideration1 and thus1 in a degree1 it prevents the recurrence of so heavy a crop the following year4 ,whenever an old orchard has reached this condition of over-fruitfulness1 however1 the best method of thinning is to give a severe winter pruning2 removing portions of the spray and encouraging the free growth of young wood in various parts of the top1 to replace the older portions that were removed4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,ripening ,,and ,,preserving ,,fruits4 ,,changes ,,during ,,the ,,process ,,of ,,ripening4 ,,annuals ,,ripen ,,their ,,fruit ,,and ,,die4 ,,perennials ,,have ,,an ,,accumulation ,,of ,,strength4 ,,young ,,plants ,,often ,,fail ,,to ,,perfect ,,their ,,fruit4 ,,the ,,necessity ,,for ,,thinning4 ,,alternate ,,crops ,,of ,,fruit ,,favor ,,the ,,accumulation4 ,,changes ,,in ,,condition ,,of ,,pericarp4 ,,green ,,fruits ,,appropriate ,,carbon4 ,,give ,,off ,,carbonic ,,acid ,,as ,,they ,,ripen4 ,,composition ,,of ,,ripe ,,succulent ,,fruits4 ,,formation ,,of ,,sugar4 ,,influence ,,of ,,light1 ,,of ,,excessive ,,moisture4 ,,tests ,,of ,,ripeness4 ,,changes ,,after ,,separation ,,depend ,,upon ,,oxidation4 ,,time ,,required ,,for ,,ripening4 ,,from ,,blossoming ,,blossoms ,,rendered ,,abortive ,,by ,,too ,,high ,,temperature4 ,,trees ,,are ,,abortive ,,from ,,excessive ,,wood-,,growth4 ,,experience ,,required ,,to ,,judge ,,of ,,ripeness4 ,,practical ,,test4 ,,gathering4 ,,some ,,mature ,,on ,,the ,,tree2 ,,others1 ,,plucked ,,prematurely1 ,,will ,,ripen4 ,,effects ,,on ,,keeping ,,qualities4 ,,select ,,fine ,,weather4 ,,handling4 ,,packing4 ,,the ,,gathering ,,bag4 ,,why ,,red ,,apples ,,are ,,preferred4 ,,preservation4 ,,low ,,temperature ,,and ,,dryness1 ,,but ,,avoiding ,,frost ,,and ,,desiccation4 ,,covering ,,in ,,piles4 ,,the ,,rail ,,pen ,,with ,,straw4 ,,the ,,cider ,,house4 ,,the ,,cellar4 ,,packing ,,in ,,barrels4 ,,sweating4 ,,waxy ,,coating ,,to ,,be ,,preserved4 ,,fruit-,,rooms4 ,,plans4 ,,nyce',s ,,patent4 ,,ripening ,,fruits4--,having succeeded in bringing our trees into a productive condition1 we now come to a period of their history which is possessed of great interest to the orchardist4 ,while he is contemplating the rich returns for his capital and labor expended upon the orchard1 however1 he will find many circumstances in the functions of his plants that will amply repay him for their careful study4 ,nor should he consider these only as matters of philosophical interest1 for they will often lead him into courses of treatment that will enable him to secure richer returns than he would otherwise attain4 ,a few of these will be presented in the commencement of this chapter1 nor need any apology be offered for quoting one of the highest authorities in the language upon this branch of botanical study4 ,balfour gives the following account of the changes which occur in the vegetable economy during the formation and ripening of fruits1 under which term he includes1 in botanical language1 all seeds1 whether the dry pericarps1 or the pulpy drupes1 and other appendages1 which are recognized as fruits proper in pomological language4 ,while the fruit enlarges1 the sap is drawn towards it1 and a great exhaustion of the juices of the plant takes place4 ,in annuals1 this exhaustion is such as to destroy the plants2 but if they are prevented from bearing fruit1 they may be made to live for two or more years4 ,perennials1 by acquiring increased vigor1 are able better to bear the demand made upon them during fruiting4 ,if large and highly flavored fruit is desired1 it is of importance to allow an accumulation of sap to take place before the plant flowers4 ,when a very young plant is permitted to blossom1 it seldom brings fruit to perfection4 ,when a plant produces fruit in very large quantities1 gardeners are in the habit of thinning it early1 in order that there may be an increased supply of sap for that which remains4 ,in this way1 peaches1 nectarines1 apricots1 etc41 are rendered larger and better flavored4 ,when the fruiting is checked for one season1 there is an accumulation of nutritive matter which has a beneficial effect upon the subsequent crop4 ,the pericarp is at first of a green color1 and performs the same functions as the other green parts of plants1 decomposing carbonic acid under the agency of light and liberating oxygen4 ,saussure asserts that all fruits1 in a green state1 are adequate to perform this process of deoxidation4 ,as the pericarp advances to maturity1 it either becomes dry or succulent4 ,in the former case it changes into a brown or white color1 and has a quantity of ligneous matter deposited in its substance1 so as to acquire great hardness1 where it is incapable of performing any process of vegetable life2 in the latter it becomes fleshy in its texture1 and assumes various bright tints4 ,in fleshy fruits1 however1 there is frequently a deposition of ligneous cells in the endocarp1 forming the stone of the fruit2 and even in the pulpy matter of the sarcocarp1 there are found isolated cells of a similar nature1 as in some varieties of pear1 where they cause a peculiar grittiness4 ,the contents of the cells near the outside of succulent fruits are thickened by exhalation1 and a process of endosmose goes on1 by which the thinner contents of the inner cells pass outward1 and thus cause swelling of the fruit4 ,as the fruit advances to maturity1 however1 this exhalation diminishes1 the water becoming free and entering into new combinations4 ,in all pulpy fruits1 which are not green1 there are changes going on by which carbon is separated in combination with oxygen4 99 99 99 ,succulent fruits contain a large quantity of water along with cellulose or lignine1 sugar1 gummy matter or dextrine1 albumen1 coloring matter1 various organic acids1 as citric1 malic and tartaric1 combined with lime and alkaline substances1 beside a pulpy gelatinous matter1 which is converted by acids into pectine1 whence pectic acid is formed by the action of albumen4 ,pectine is soluble in water1 and exists in the pulp of fruits1 as apples1 gooseberries1 currants1 strawberries1 etc4 ,pectic acid is said to consist of ,c4#ad1 ,h4#c1 ,o4#ab ,h4,o4 ,it absorbs water1 and is changed into a jelly-like matter1 hence its use in making preserves4 ,each kind of fruit is flavored with a peculiar aromatic substance4 ,starch is rarely present in the pericarp of the fruit1 although it occurs commonly in the seed4 99 99 99 ,during the ripening much of the water disappears1 while the cellulose or lignine and the dextrine are converted into sugar4 ,berard is of opinion that the changes in fruits are caused by the action of the oxygen of the air4 ,freney found that fruits1 covered with varnish1 did not ripen4 ,as the process of ripening becomes perfected1 the acids combine with alkalies1 and thus the acidity of the fruit diminishes1 while its sweetness increases4 ,the formation of sugar is by some attributed to the action of organic acids on the vegetable constituents1 gum1 dextrine1 and starch2 others think that the cellulose and lignine are similarly changed1 by the action of acids4 ,the formation of sugar is said to be prevented by watering the tree with alkaline solutions4 99 99 99 ,in seasons1 when there is little sun1 but a great abundance of moisture1 succulent fruits become watery and lose their flavor4 ,the same thing frequently takes place in young trees with abundance of sap1 and in cases where a large supply of water has been given artificially4 ,travelers1 who have eaten the magnificent specimens of fruits produced by irrigation1 in ,california1 tell us that they are deficient in flavor1 and the same thing is sometimes observed as a result of an unusually wet season4 ,it is not easy in all cases to determine the exact time when the fruit is ripe4 ,in dry fruits1 the period immediately before dehiscence1#ba is considered as that of maturation2 but in pulpy fruits1 there is much uncertainty4 ,it is usual to say that edible fruits are ripe when their ingredients are in such a state of combination as to give the most agreeable flavor4 ,after such are ripe1 in the ordinary sense1 so as to be capable of being used for food1 they undergo further changes by the oxidation of their tissues1 even after being separated from the plant4 ,in some cases these changes improve the quality of the fruit1 as in the case of the medlar1 the austerity of which is thus still further diminished4 ,in the pear1 this process renders it soft1 but still fit for food1 while in the apple it causes a decay which acts injuriously on its qualities4 ,by this process of oxidation1 the whole fruit is ultimately reduced to a putrescent mass1 which probably acts beneficially in promoting the germination of the seeds when the fruit drops on the ground4 ,the periods of time required for ripening the fruit1 varies in different plants4 ,most fruits ripen within a year from the expansion of the flower1 some come to maturity within a few days1 others require months4 ,certain plants1 as some ,conifer1 require more than a year1 and in the ,metrosideros the fruit remains attached to the branch for several years4 ,the following is a general statement of the usual time required for the maturation of fruits3-- ,grasses and ,grains #ac to #ae days4 ,raspberry1 ,strawberry1 ,cherry #b months4 ,bird-cherry1 ,lime-tree #c months4 ,roses1 ,white ,thorn1 ,horsechestnut #d months4 ,vine1 ,pear1 ,apple1 ,walnut1 ,beech1 ,plum1 ,nut1 ,almond #e to #f months4 ,olive1 ,savin #g months4 ,colchicum1 ,mistletoe #h to #i months4 ,conifer #aj to #ab months4 ,some ,conifer1 certain ,oaks1 and ,metrosideros above #ab months4 ,the ripening of fruits may be accelerated by the application of heat1 the placing of dark-colored bricks below it1 and by removing a ring of bark1 so as to lead to an accumulation of sap4 ,it has been observed that plants1 subjected to a high temperature1 not unfrequently prove abortive2 this seems to result from the over stimulation1 causing the production of uni-sexual flowers alone4 ,trees are sometimes made to produce fruit by checking their roots when too luxuriant1 and by preventing the excessive development of branches4#bb ,here we have the explanation of the processes of root pruning and of summer pinching1 and shortening-in1 which have been more extensively introduced upon another page2 as well as the plan for inducing fruitfulness in such trees as are tardy from excessive wood-growth1 by hacking the bark to interrupt the flow of sap from the buds to the roots2 by this1 some of the former are changed to flower-buds4 ,we may learn to judge of the condition of ripeness of our larger succulent fruits1 such as apples and pears1 by a little experience4 ,when ready to be picked1 they will have attained their maximum size1 their color will have changed somewhat from its greenness1 and they will assume a sort of translucency that indicates the approach of maturity2 but the best practical test for the fruit-gatherer1 is the ready separation of the stem from its attachment4 ,in those fruits1 which are suspended by a stem of considerable length1 and in which this organ belongs to the fruit itself1 and is intimately connected with its tissues1 we shall find that it will part easily from the branch at that period of ripeness when it is best to separate it4 ,such fruits are often much improved by a continuation of the process of ripening after they are gathered1 but this more properly belongs to another division of the subject4 ,there is another class of fruits which are found to attain their greatest excellence and most perfect ripening upon the tree itself1 and these can never be enjoyed elsewhere in so great perfection as in close proximity to the place of their production2 because1 so soon as they are separated from their connection with the plant1 a process of decomposition commences1 they begin to decay1 and many of them soon become really unwholesome4 ,most of those that are called stone-fruits are of this character1 such as peaches1 nectarines1 apricots1 plums1 and cherries--all of which have a very transitory period of excellence4 ,the same is still more remarkably the case with most of the berries1 hence all of these classes of fruits are better adapted to a near than to a distant market4 ,with apples and pears1 however1 the case is quite different4 ,some of these1 it is true1 especially some of the summer varieties1 will attain a perfect state of ripeness while yet attached to the tree1 and some of them will even remain hanging to the twig1 until they reach that condition of over-ripeness in which they lose a portion of their fine juices and become mealy1 or incipient decay may set in1 so as to make them rotten at the core4 ,hence1 in nearly all varieties1 it is found best to pluck the fruit a little prematurely1 and we are guided by the natural indication of the falling of a portion of the crop4 ,by this means we can1 in a degree1 control the final ripening of our fruits2 and we have the great advantage of being able to ship them in a firm condition to distant markets1 so as to arrive at the end of a long journey in prime order2 whereas1 if thoroughly ripe1 they could only be transported a few miles1 and then needing the greatest care in their handling4 ,our summer varieties always require to be near their ultimate ripeness when gathered2 for1 if plucked too soon1 they will wither1 and be worthless4 ,among these1 there are some varieties1 particularly of the apple1 which continue ripening for a long period4 ,in the limited family orchard this quality is a great desideratum in the summer fruits1 but it is quite otherwise in the orchards1 which are planted for profit in the market1 because of the increased expense of gathering only a few at a time repeatedly1 instead of clearing the tree at once4 ,it is also found to be an advantage in shipping1 to have a considerable quantity of a kind to send off at one time4 ,,gathering4--,we now come to the important matter of harvesting our crops of fruits that have been the cause of so much care and anxiety1 as well as of pleasure4 ,this will require new considerations as to its disposition and preservation to the best advantage1 and will call for a discussion of the best modes of packing1 storing1 ripening1 and transportation to market4 ,from what has already been said with regard to the process of ripening of fruits in the natural way upon the tree1 it will be understood that we must gather some kinds before they have reached their perfect condition of maturity4 ,there is a point at which they have obtained1 from their connection with the parent tree1 all the elements that are necessary to the development of their highest qualities4 ,they may now be separated1 not only with safety1 but with decided advantage in many instances1 as they are improved by the further process of maturation under different circumstances from those supplied by nature1 and when properly treated1 they will acquire a much finer condition as to delicacy and flavor than is ever reached by ripening upon the tree exposed to the light and air4 ,this1 it will be remembered1 is not the case with all fruits2 for1 as has already been stated1 there are those which must remain upon the tree until they acquire their most perfect ripeness1 and which begin to depreciate in quality so soon as they are separated from their connection with the fruit-bearing twig4 ,these need to be at once disposed of1 and the consideration of the best means of transportation1 is a question of more importance than any plans for their temporary preservation4 ,they must be sold or used at once1 and should be handled with the greatest care1 packed in suitable boxes or baskets in the most judicious manner for a good display of their beauties1 for their preservation from bruising and decay1 and for sending them forward to their destination with the least possible delay3 the details of these several parts of the business will be left for the exercise of the ingenuity of the parties most deeply interested4 ,in the class of fruits which are so constituted as to bear and indeed to require picking1 before they have reached the period of perfect ripeness we shall find several particulars that need consideration4 ,first1 it will be found that the proper time for gathering them varies considerably4 ,thus1 with early apples and pears1 a few days only embrace the best period1 during which they may be gathered without becoming wilted if plucked too soon1 or decaying if left too late4 ,even with winter fruits1 we find that1 to have them in perfection1 some varieties require to be gathered much earlier than the time usually assigned for harvesting the general crop4 ,it is somewhat singular also1 that this course very considerably extends their time of keeping1 and that some of those varieties which would become dry1 mealy1 and insipid1 early in the winter1 if gathered too late1 will remain sound1 firm1 plump1 and juicy1 and retain all their fine flavor through the winter1 if they have been taken from the tree at an earlier period of the season4 ,they must be left upon the tree until properly developed1 however1 and then be carefully kept in a cool apartment4 ,the usual season for gathering winter fruits is ,october1 before the access of severe frosts1 and at a time when the wood-growth for the season has been completed1 and the foliage is nearly ready to separate from its attachment to the tree4 ,the fruits will then generally part readily from the twigs1 without either breaking them or rupturing the fruit-stem1 which should always be preserved1 and from the apple especially1 it should never be pulled out1 as is apt to happen in certain varieties1 when proper care is not exercised in picking them4 ,some of the apples that require to be gathered early1 are1 the ,rambo1 ,pryor's ,red1 ,hubbardston1 ,westfield1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 several ,russets1 and all those which evince a tendency to fall prematurely4 ,there are others which may be left to a later period with impunity1 some of these will even bear a little freezing without serious damage1 but we should always endeavor to anticipate the exposure of our fruits to any great depression of temperature while they remain attached to the trees4 ,an early and severe frost has often proved disastrous to a fine crop of apples1 thus left too long upon the trees4 ,for all fruits it is essential that the weather should be fine at the time they are gathered4 ,they should be perfectly dry when plucked1 and they must be handled with the greatest care to avoid bruising in the slightest degree4 ,each specimen must be taken separately in the hand and turned to one side1 when1 if it do not part readily from the twig1 the thumb and finger must be applied to the stem1 to aid the separation at the proper point2 each is then to be placed in a gathering basket1 which should be shallow1 and for delicate sorts should be lined loosely with fresh leaves or with soft moss1 or a little wilted grass4 ,from the baskets1 the fruit should be transferred to its permanent winter quarters1 by a careful and judicious hand1 who should select them and reject all that are bruised1 specked1 or otherwise defective1 and place them on the shelves1 or pack them in the boxes or barrels into which they are placed for preservation1 or transportation to market4 ,in packing1 it is best to use no material but the fruit itself1 which should be so closely placed that they shall not jostle and bruise one another when moved4 ,some persons use a bag1 slung around the neck1 when gathering the fruits from the tree2 into this they are placed as fast as they are plucked1 and successively transferred to the barrels1 or poured in piles upon the ground4 ,with very firm varieties1 this may be done without serious damage1 but the bruising that necessarily ensues will be very prejudicial to all the more delicate fruits1 and will materially depreciate the value of such as are also of a pale color4 ,a want of care in this matter of handling fruit is1 no doubt1 the chief reason for the popular preference of red apples in our markets1 since those1 that are well covered with a deep color1 do not show the bruises that are so unseemly upon the fair cheek of the lighter colored varieties4 ,the modes of keeping winter fruits are exceedingly various1 and some of them are quite primitive4 ,the desiderata are coolness and dryness1 which should not be carried to the extent of freezing1 nor of desiccation4 ,the simplest method is to place the fruit in a pile upon a dry piece of ground1 to cover it thickly with clean dry straw1 and1 as the winter approaches1 to apply a heavy layer of earth1 sufficient to keep out the frost4 ,sometimes this is kept from the straw by a simple roof of boards1 which support the earth from pressing upon the fruit1 and leave it in a sort of cave1 which can be entered occasionally during the winter4 ,this plan is only recommended for those who have no cellars or other suitable apartments1 for many fruits acquire an earthy flavor from this near contact with the soil4 ,another primitive plan1 and one which is well adapted to the preservation of cider apples1 and might be used for the keeping of those needed for stock feeding1 is to build a rail-pen1 four square1 like a field corn-crib1 into which the fruit is put upon straw1 and a lining of the same material is placed at the sides and upon the top1 which may also be sheltered with boards to shed off the rain4 ,in our mild winters1 many varieties of fruits can be sufficiently well preserved in this manner for the purposes mentioned4 ,in a proper establishment for cider-making1 large bins and rooms are provided within the building1 which afford sufficient protection from the frost1 so that cider-making may be carried on during the winter2 and in well arranged farm-steads1 the feeding barns should be provided with suitable compartments for the safe storage of fruits or roots1 that are to be fed to the stock during the inclement season1 when they are so much needed4 ,all farm-houses should be provided with good deep and dry cellars1 which will prove the best place for the storage of fruits4 ,these may be placed in bins1 or1 still better1 upon shelves1 as it is not desirable to have too great a bulk together4 ,when but one1 or at most1 but two layers of fruit are deposited upon each shelf1 and when each of these is placed at a sufficient distance from those above or below it1 the whole may be easily inspected from time to time1 and defective specimens can be removed without disturbing the rest4 ,these shelves should be made of narrow strips1 separated from one another by a space that will admit of thorough ventilation4 ,the whole apartment devoted to fruit1 should be kept cool and dark1 and free from moisture or dampness4 ,many large orchardists prefer to select their fruit from the picking baskets1 and pack at once in new barrels1 which are made for this special purpose1 and are not so tight as those used for flour4 ,in packing these1 it is desirable to place the fruit carefully in layers1 filling the space completely as the work proceeds1 putting each specimen down by hand1 and when the vessel is filled to about an inch above the chine1 the heads are put on1 a follower placed upon them1 and the whole brought under the pressure of a lever1 which forces the mass together so that there shall be no possibility of motion among the fruit4 ,it is better that the outer layers should be somewhat indented by the barrel heads1 than that the whole should be spoiled by the bruising that would follow from loose packing4 ,these barrels are often left under the trees for some time1 or they may be placed under an open shed for protection1 prior to transportation4 ,it is a common practice1 before barreling1 to deposit the fruit in piles as it is gathered1 giving it only a covering of straw to allow it to throw off a part of its moisture1 a process generally termed sweating4 ,now it cannot be gainsaid that there may be an escape of the fluids by transpiration through the pores of the skin1 and we know that there is a loss of weight and even of plumpness1 in many varieties1 by exposure in a dry atmosphere2 but the excessive moisture observed upon the surface of fruits that have been exposed to a low temperature1 when they are brought into a warmer apartment1 is unquestionably the simple precipitation of atmospheric moisture1 and entirely independent of the juices of the fruit itself4 ,the advantages of this method of treatment are1 that more time is given for the careful selection of the fruits before placing them in the barrels1 and a better opportunity for selection1 and the rejection from the packages of all those which are in any way defective4 ,the disadvantages are the increased labor and the greater amount of handling to which the fruits are subjected4 ,the surface of our seed-fruits1 7pepins71 is endued with a peculiar coating of a waxy nature1 which is of great value for their preservation1 and should not be removed1 hence the less fruit is handled1 the better it will keep1 and it should never be rubbed nor wiped2 if too wet1 or sweating1 it should be exposed to a dry atmosphere1 until the surplus moisture shall have quietly evaporated before it is transferred or handled4 ,it is often observed of particular varieties that they are more prone to wilt than other kinds3 this is particularly the case with ,russet apples1 and is believed to result from a deficiency of this protecting outer covering or waxy exudation1 which appears most plentiful in those that retain their plumpness4 ,in packing for market1 besides the directions already given as to prevent motion1 it is very desirable to have the packages1 of whatever form1 whether boxes or barrels1 of a neat appearance and uniform full size4 ,the fruits should be well selected1 and of a like average quality throughout1 and not fixed up for market with the best only at the ends or sides that are to be first opened1 while the inferior fruit is concealed within4 ,honesty is the best policy everywhere1 and dealers soon learn to discriminate in favor of the brands of honest packers4 ,it is believed that any orchardists1 who will take pains in the selection of their fruits1 and in the excellence and honest measure of their packages1 will soon establish a reputation that will be of great value to them in their future offerings4 ,,fruit-,,rooms4--,for those who wish to reap the highest rewards and the greatest profits from a near and convenient market1 as well as those who desire to preserve their fruits1 prolong their enjoyment of them1 and to bring them to the highest perfection1 the fruit-room or fruit-house becomes indispensable4 ,these should be so constructed as to meet the required conditions of an equable and cool temperature1 with darkness1 and a sufficient amount of dryness to insure freedom from mold and damp4 ,to avoid the precipitation of atmospheric moisture1 the apartment should be tight1 and seldom opened1 particularly in damp weather4 ,to absorb the exhalations from the fruit itself1 and that emitted from the burning candle or the breathing of the visitor1 the introduction of certain chemical absorbents has been suggested2 among these1 freshly burned lime has been recommended and used1 but ,mr4 ,du ,breuil advises the introduction of dry chloride of calcium1 which has so great an affinity for moisture as to absorb it completely from the atmosphere4 ,this is the material used by ,b4,m4 ,nyce1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 in his patent fruit preserving establishments2 and this mode of preserving a dry atmosphere is a leading1 and indeed1 the chief feature and element of his success4 ,in the construction of fruit-houses1 the fluctuations of the outer atmospheric temperature must be guarded against by making double walls1 and by filling the spaces with non-conducting materials4 ,the floors and the ceiling should be similarly arranged--unless where the cooling is effected by a layer of ice above the fruit-room1 when the ceiling should be metallic1 so as to enable the caloric to be rapidly abstracted from the space below4 ,the house1 patented by ,prof4 ,nyce1 is essentially a large refrigerator1 with the ice at the top1 and provided with absorbents for removing from the air the moisture it has received from the fruit4 ,its construction will be understood from the accompanying diagrams and description4 ,the lettering of similar parts is the same in all three diagrams2 the description is that of the inventor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,,nyce',s ,,fruit ,,preserving ,,house4 7,,cross ,,section47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,,nyce',s ,,fruit ,,preserving ,,house4 7,,longitudinal ,,section47 7,a7 ,foundation walls4 ,the ground floor is leveled off1 and made solid1 and even with the foundation walls4 7,b7 ,a covering of tar and pitch1 one-half inch thick1 put over the ground and foundation walls1 to prevent the entrance of moisture4 ,the tar and pitch should be mixed so as to be only moderately hardened by the temperature of the ground4 7,d7 ,the filling between the walls is composed of short dry shavings1 chaff1 or other poor conductors1 #c- feet thick1 on the bottom and sides4 7,c7 ,joist for plank floor1 #c- feet above the ground4 ,the floor is made level throughout4 7,f7 ,chloride of calcium1 or dried waste-bittern1 from salt works1 spread on every part of the floor of the preserving room1 to absorb moisture4 7,i ,i7 ,air-tight casings1 made of common sheet-iron1 ,no4 #bf2 the edges thickly painted1 and nailed to upright studding4 ,the outer casing in some houses is made of brick4 ,the inside of the brick wall is covered with roofing cement1 or pitch1 or some other air-tight coating4 7,k ,k7 doors #f or #h inches thick1 filled with chaff or shavings1 and fitted tightly to the door-frames1 by listing or cloth nailed over thin layers of cotton4 7,x7 ,the ice-chamber4 7,l7 ,joists to support the ice floor1 resting #b inches on the posts at ,q4 7,n7 ,iron bars1 #a- inches wide1 and inch thick1 gained inch into the joists1 and placed crosswise to them4 ,a bar must always be put directly under the seams and rivets4 ,three bars are enough to be under a sheet #cj inches wide4 7,m7 ,the galvanized-iron ice floor1 ,no4 #ah or #bj2 the edges joined with rivets not more than #a inch apart1 and very carefully soldered4 ,the ice floor is put on the edges of the iron bars so as to expose every part of its surface1 on which ice directly rests1 to the air of the room below4 7,s7 ,sides of ice room made of upright planks4 ,better have it lined with zinc or galvanized-iron1 inside of the plank4 ,scantling1 #b by #f inches1 are placed on the ice1 #d feet apart1 made even with the ice4 ,wide plank 7,p7 are placed loose across the scanting1 the edges as close as may be put together1 to prevent the filling falling on the ice4 ,saw-dust1 #f inches thick1 is placed on the plank 7,p74 ,shavings are not compact enough on the top to keep the air from the ice4 7,o7 ,a discharge pipe to conduct the water from the ice4 7,w7 ,an ante-room with an ice-water trough1 7,y71 in which canned fruit is kept1 in large stone crocks1 for retailing by small measure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,,nyce',s ,,fruit ,,preserving ,,house4 7,,ground ,,plan47 ,the following estimates are given by the inventor1 for a house1 with room #ae ft4 square1 #h ft4 high1 #bb ft4 square on outside1 with capacity for holding #ejj bushels4 ,the cost would be about as follows3 ,common iron1 at #g- cts4 per lb41 cost in the house #baj #jj ,galvanized iron1 ,no4 #bf1 at #bj cts4 per lb4 #aje #jj ,galvanized iron1 ,no4 #bj1 at #ah cts4 per lb4 #hj #jj ,whole cost1 probably #hjj #jj ,the frame and roof being simple1 their cost need not exceed that of similar structures4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,bursting open of the pods1 or of the hulls of nuts4 #bb ,balfour's ,manual4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,insects4 ,when the preparation of this work was undertaken1 the author desired to make it as perfect as possible in all its parts4 ,he very soon discovered1 from his own observations in the orchard1 that one of the greatest difficulties we all have to contend against in fruit-growing1 was the ravages committed upon our fruits and fruit-trees by hosts of noxious insects4 ,here then was a new branch of investigation1 a new field of study to be entered4 ,he was not an entomologist1 nor could he gain any assistance from his friends who were such1 because1 though they were scientific1 and able to assist him in names and descriptions of the insects presented1 still they were not practical entomologists2 their knowledge of these creatures was purely scientific1 and while they could descant learnedly upon the systems set up by the great masters of the science1 for the most perfect classification of insects1 they could render us practical men but little aid in combatting our insect foes4 ,great assistance they have rendered1 however1 in providing names for all these wonderful creatures1 in describing their habits and their economy1 and in assigning them places in the beautiful classification that has been provided for them4 ,on turning from men to books1 but little more assistance or encouragement was met with2 these too would only give the names1 the places1 and the descriptions1 in the most approved language of the science1 but they are not attractive nor intelligible to the unlearned4 ,any person can soon acquire the language of the science1 with a little study1 but these scientific books do not give us directions how to rid ourselves of the pests4 ,among the books that are accessible and that are adapted to the general reader1 and to the student of practical entomology1 two were found of eminent utility as far as they went4 ,these are the excellent reports to the ,massachusetts and the ,new ,york ,agricultural ,societies1 by ,messrs4 ,harris and ,fitch1 which are clothed in popular language1 and which treat particularly of the insects injurious to vegetation1 and they put us in the way of combating our foes4 ,the former1 which has been reprinted and illustrated in beautiful style1 is worthy of a place in every farmer's library1 and will prove a valuable aid in the study3 the latter is printed in connection with the ,society's reports4 ,to both of these1 the author acknowledges his indebtedness1 and from both has he drawn liberally4 ,other popular treatises1 though attractive1 have proved of very little practical value1 and the student will find even the reports above referred to imperfect1 as they were prepared for a limited region1 and do not mention several insects that are common in other parts of the country than the ,states for which these reports were prepared4 ,it were much to be desired1 that every ,state ,society would have similar reports1 respecting the insects1 peculiar to its state4 ,thus the author found himself compelled to investigate this broad field of study for himself--it became necessary to grasp the elements of the classification1 and to go into the field and the orchard1 to use his eyes1 and to observe for himself4 ,this was a labor of time1 and required considerable effort2 but it brought its own reward in the pleasure attendant upon this delightful study4 ,at the same time there was great satisfaction in the thought that all these facts1 gathered from the works of men of science1 confirmed by personal observation1 and rendered useful and applicable in practice by his fellow laborers in the garden and orchard1 would be a valuable contribution to them1 and would constitute a useful portion of the ,american ,pomology he was then preparing4 ,unfortunately for himself1 he has discovered that his collections1 in this department1 covered several hundred pages of manuscript1 and that1 if printed1 they would render his volume too cumbrous4 ,upon consulting with his publishers1 it was concluded best to lay the matter aside1 for the present at least1 and to prepare anew a brief account of some of the insects most injurious to the orchard1 with short suggestions as to the best methods of combating their ravages4 ,this conclusion has been the more readily yielded to1 because the public now have a medium of communication with the scientific entomologists1 which well supplies the great want we had begun to experience4 ,i refer to a monthly publication1 issued by the ,entomological ,society of ,philadelphia1 in which the questions1 that are constantly occurring to farmers1 are answered in the most simple1 clear1 and satisfactory manner4#bc ,besides this1 we find in our best agricultural journals1 a page or a column1 devoted to the consideration of insects injurious to vegetation4#bd ,for the sake of convenience and system1 these notes will be presented in the order of the approved classification of insects4 ,omitting further introduction or discourse upon the wonderful instincts and habits of insects1 and explanation of their metamorphoses and the principles of classification1 and confessing my poor qualification for the task1 let us proceed at once to the catalogue4 ,,coleoptera4--,,beetles4 ,in this class of insects we find both1 friends and foes4 ,the former assist us by their voracious appetites1 that can only be satisfied with gourmandizing upon other insects1 particularly the juicy bodies of their larv4 ,the latter embrace some of our most troublesome pests1 especially as they consume vegetable matters1 in the perfect as well as in the larval condition1 and in both stages are exceedingly voracious4 ,moreover1 they generally commit their depredations under cover1 or at night4 ,some live in the soil and consume the roots of our plants1 and others mine their way into the solid wood of the stems of our finest trees2 while some only affect the twigs and smaller branches1 and others devour the foliage1 flowers1 and fruits4 ,a few of the most familiar and troublesome of these will now be introduced2 and allusion will also be made to some of those which befriend us by their destruction of other insects4 ,saperda bivittata4 7,say47--,the ,apple ,tree ,borer4--,this is a nocturnal insect1 which has been found very destructive to our orchards4 ,the female deposits one egg in a place1 generally low down on the stem of the tree2 this hatches1 and enters the tissues of the bark1 where it feeds for a time1 a footless grub4 ,as it grows1 it burrows deeper1 and upward1 until it reaches the sap wood1 upon which it feeds4 ,when half grown1 it burrows still deeper1 and upwards into the heart of the tree1 and then outward through the sap wood to the bark1 but retires again toward the centre1 as to a place of safety1 to undergo its transformation1 after packing the hole with shreds of wood and with its castings to make its retreat secure4 ,in the spring1 the perfect insect opens its way outward1 and emerges to the light of day4 ,,remedy4--,observe the bark of young trees very closely during the summer1 to discover the castings that are ejected2 notice the discolored or depressed portions of bark1 and cut into them to find and destroy the worm--if it has penetrated the solid wood1 pursue it with a piece of stout but flexible wire4 ,,preventives4--,alkaline washes have been highly recommended1 as a means of driving away the mother beetle2 soft soap may be used1 and a portion of soft or hard soap1 placed in the forks of the branches1 will dissolve with the rains1 and wash down on the bark4 ,these applications1 to be efficacious1 should be made in ,may or ,june4 ,in ,august1 the bark should be examined1 and when the worms are cut out1 the soap suds may be injected with advantage1 especially if the larv have not been reached4 ,birds should be encouraged1 particularly the ,pic tribe1 which destroy many grubs of the wood-boring insects4 ,chrysobothris femorata1 or the ,thick-legged ,buprestris1 is another kind of apple-tree borer1 very common in some parts of the ,west4 ,the perfect insect may be seen running up and down the stems of our trees1 in ,june and ,july4 ,it is a blackish beetle1 about half an inch long4 ,the hole1 bored by the grub1 is flat1 and not cylindrical like that of the ,saperda4 ,this beetle attacks the stem higher up than the ,saperda1 but burrows under the bark1 and then sinks into the wood much in the same way4 ,,remedies and ,,preventives are similar to those above mentioned4 ,seek for the young worms in their shallow burrows in ,august1 before they have gone deeply into the tree4 ,dicerca divaricata1 7,say471 or the ,cherry-tree ,borer1 is similar in its habit of boring in the sap wood under the bark1 and may be combated in the same way4 ,the perfect insect appears in ,june and ,july4 ,prenocerus supernotatus1 or the ,american ,currant ,borer1 feeds upon the pith of the stalk4 ,the larva is a small1 white grub1 which changes into a slender1 long-horned beetle2 black1 edged with chestnut-brown4 ,the wing covers are marked with two small grey dots1 anteriorly1 and a crescent-shaped one behind the middle4 ,it is very injurious to the currant bushes in many parts of the country1 and constitutes a serious obstacle to growing the plants to a single stem1 tree fashion4 ,in the bush form of this plant1 the constant reproduction of new shoots compensates for the destruction caused by the borer4 ,there is another currant borer1 an ,european1 which is confined to young shoots2 as it is not the larva of a beetle1 but of a butterfly1 it will be treated in its proper place4 ,bostrichus bicaudatus1 or the ,apple-twig ,borer1 affects the small twigs1 and when numerous1 will produce an effect like that called twig-blight1 by causing the death of the part and the withering of the leaves1 at mid-summer4 ,a small hole will be found near the axil of a leaf2 this turns with the twig1 and often extends several inches along the pith4 ,the insect is a small1 chestnut-brown beetle1 #j4be to #j4ce of an inch long1 and is characterized by two projections or horns at the hinder end4 ,has been found rather common from ,michigan to ,kansas4 ,,remedy4--,kill1 when found4 ,scolytus pyri1 or the ,pear-blight ,beetle1 affects twigs of pear1 apple1 and other fruits1 which wither and die at mid-summer4 ,small perforations1 like pin holes1 will be found1 and issuing from them small cylindrical beetles of a deep brown or black color4 ,,remedy4--not known4 ,lucanus dama1 or ,horn-beetle1 is a large insect1 the larv of which are said to feed upon the trunk and roots of old apple and other trees4 ,the perfect insects are of a dark mahogany color1 smooth1 and polished4 ,like other ,stag-beetles1 they fly at night1 are not very harmful1 and are believed to be several years in reaching the perfect state4 ,leptostylus aculiferus1 bores under the bark of apple trees4 ,it is a short1 thick1 brownish-gray beetle1 with thorns upon its wing-covers2 hence1 the scientific name of needle-bearer4 ,length1 #j4ce inch2 season1 ,august4 ,the larv are small worms1 occurring in multitudes under the bark1 and making long-winding burrows4 ,tomicus mali1 or the ,apple-bark ,beetle1 is described by ,dr4 ,fitch as new4 ,he says1 it is a small1 smooth1 black or chestnut-red1 cylindrical beetle2 the larv feed under the bark1 and then enter the wood1 killing the young tree4 ,conotrachelus ,nenuphar1 7,herbst71 is the noted and notorious and yet little known ,plum ,weevil1 that is such an abomination to plum planters1 and which has proved very injurious to our peaches and is even accused of producing deformities in our pears and apples4 ,the egg is deposited in the fruit1 where it soon hatches and feeds1 approaching the stone4 ,this causes the fruit to fall1 and when the grub has attained its full size it descends into the ground to perform its transformation4 ,the perfect insect1 a small1 dark-gray beetle1 either crawls up the stem1 or flies to the trees4 ,mr4 ,walsh reminds us that ,dr4 ,trimble has found these insects hybernating in sheltered places4 ,,remedies4--,it is lamentable that we have been able to do so little to prevent the ravages of this insect4 ,the plan of shaking off1 and destroying the affected fruits1 promises the best results1 by diminishing the next crop4 ,it was suggested by ,david ,thomas1 of ,new ,york1 but is most successfully practised by ,dr4 ,e4,s4 ,hull1 of ,illinois1 who has invented an inverted umbrella on wheels1 which receives the insects1 as well as the defective fruits1 when it is bumped against the trees4 ,by the use of this1 he is enabled to harvest splendid crops of stone-fruits4 ,pomphopoea ,sayi1 7or ,cantharis pyrivora1 of ,fitch71 is called by him the ,pear ,blister-fly4 ,he describes it as a long blistering beetle1 of a green-blue color2 found on a pear tree about the first of ,june1 eating the young fruit voraciously4 ,euryomia ,inda1 or the ,indian ,cetonia1 is a beetle about six-tenths of an inch long4 ,the head and thorax dark1 copper-brown1 thickly covered with short1 greenish-yellow hairs2 wing-cases light yellowish-brown1 changeable1 with metallic tints4 ,these are called flower-beetles1 because they consume the pollen1 and bury themselves in our flowers2 but in the autumn1 they consume our choicest fruits1 especially peaches4 ,lachnosterna fusca1 7,froelich71 is the ,white ,grub1 or ,may ,beetle4 ,a heavy brown insect1 an inch or more in length1 which makes its appearance with the first warm evenings1 when the ,black ,locust begins to open its fragrant blossoms1 to which these beetles are attracted4 ,they also attack the foliage of other trees1 particularly the cherry1 which they entirely strip of leaves and fruit4 ,though very destructive in the perfect form1 these insects are most to be dreaded while in the larval condition1 which is supposed to continue for some years4 ,they then work under cover1 and can only be traced by the ravages they commit4 ,every strawberry grower is familiar with the large ,white ,grub that so often destroys his hopes of a crop1 by killing the plants when in full growth and fruitage1 by cutting off all the fibres4 ,,remedy4--,the full-grown insects are very busy in the evening1 but become stupid and lethargic before morning1 clinging to the leaves and twigs1 when they may be shaken down1 caught on sheets1 gathered1 and destroyed4 ,if let alone1 they will fall to the ground toward day break1 and secrete themselves in the grass and soil until night4 ,all that can be killed in this stage of their existence1 the better1 as this will prevent the deposition of innumerable eggs4 ,the ,white ,grubs must be destroyed one at a time in cultivated grounds2 kill them whenever found4 ,encourage chickens and birds to follow the plow and spade1 as they will consume great numbers4 ,hogs will find and eat them greedily1 and may be allowed to root them out even from a meadow1 if badly affected2 for1 though a harsh remedy1 it is not so bad as the disease4 ,pelidnota punctata1 or the ,spotted ,pelidnota1 is a large yellowish insect1 with a black dot on each side of the thorax1 and three others on the outer side of each wing-cover4 ,it is found in the day time1 upon the leaves of the grape vine4 ,like the rest of the tribe1 these insects are voracious1 and the grubs may also feed upon the roots of the grape2 therefore they had better be destroyed1 though as their numbers are seldom large they are not found to be very injurious4 ,haltica chalybea1 or the ,grape ,vine ,flea-beetle1 appears early in the season1 and eats holes in the buds and leaves4 ,it is small1 #j4af inch long1 oval2 shining1 deep greenish-blue1 or deep green1 or purple4 ,this insect spends the winter in the earth about the roots of the vine1 and feeds upon them4 ,anomala lucicola1 or the light-loving ,anomala1 is found on the grape vine in ,july4 ,it resembles the ,may ,beetle1 but is smaller1 being #j4ce inch long4 ,these are not all the beetles that feed upon the grape vine4 ,macrodactylus subspinosa1 or the ,rose-chafer1 is another melolonthian beetle1 which is exceedingly destructive to grapes and various other plants in many parts of the country1 in ,may and ,june4 ,this insect is smaller than the others of its group1 but is equally destructive as a leaf-eater1 on account of its numbers4 ,on the grape1 it cuts off the young bunch of buds and blossoms1 and thus seriously diminishes the crop1 as well as by destroying the foliage4 ,it is of a buff-yellow1 with black feet1 about #j4cc inch long4 ,they continue to ravage vegetation about a month1 and then retire into the ground1 an inch deep1 and deposit their eggs1 which hatch in about twenty days1 and the young grubs feed upon tender roots1 attaining their full size1 three-quarters of an inch1 before winter1 when they descend deeper to hybernate4 ,the ,rose-beetle has many natural enemies1 among which are the ,dragon-flies2 but we must depend upon human efforts for their destruction1 an almost hopeless task1 for their name is legion1 but so much the greater necessity for the effort1 and as they are sluggish1 they may easily be caught and thrown into hot water1 or otherwise destroyed4 ,tree ,pruners are the larv of beetles that excavate a burrow in small limbs of trees1 so as to make a section almost across their substance2 most of them then bore upward into the limb1 and await the action of the winds to break off the part and waft them to the ground1 where they pass through their change to the perfect insect4 ,they exercise a wonderful instinct in leaving just fibres enough to support the branch until they are ready for their descent1 but it often happens that the twig breaks off partially and hangs by a thread1 dying1 of course2 we see the brown leaves on the trees1 and this is the first indication of the presence of the insects4 ,if we examine the fallen spray1 we shall be surprised to observe the cause of its falling4 ,in the case of the oak tree1 the damage is done by the ,elaphidion villosum1 7,fabricius71 a long-horned beetle4 ,the larva remains in these twigs until the next season1 hence the importance of gathering and burning all that fall to the ground4 ,an insect of somewhat similar habits often cuts off stout shoots of the ,hickory1 making a very neat section of a small limb1 leaving only the bark1 so that it readily breaks off with the wind2 and a similar effect has been observed in strong annual shoots of the pear1 toward the end of summer4 ,the fallen piece and the stump are cut as neatly as by the shears1 but no perforation is discovered along the axis1 in which the larva could be concealed2 hence we have but to suffer the trimming thus performed without our will1 and look upon it as a sort of natural shortening-in of our trees4 ,blister-flies1 or ,beetles4--,there are several species of these insects1 each of which appears to have its favorite pasturage4 ,they are exceedingly voracious1 but confine themselves chiefly to the destruction of herbaceous vegetation1 and are therefore obnoxious to the farmer and gardener1 who know them as the potato insects1 than to the fruit-grower4 ,their appetites are not very discriminating1 however1 and when they are abundant they may consume the foliage of our trees4 ,these ,blister-flies belong to the genus ,lytta1 and are used as a substitute for the ,spanish-fly of ,europe1 as they are possessed of blistering qualities in no mean degree4 ,they are wholly different from the new potato destroyer of the ,west1 the ,doryphora #aj-lineata1 which is hemispherical1 and is a leaf-eater1 in the larval as well as in the perfect state4 ,,remedy4--,catch and kill all that can be found in the garden1 or potato field2 scald1 dry1 and sell to the apothecary4 ,before closing this section1 it is but due to our many insect friends in this order1 to introduce a few of them to the reader4 ,there are several large families that are really serviceable to man2 some of these are called ,scavengers1 because they consume large quantities of decaying matter that might prove noxious to us1 were it allowed to decay upon the surface of the ground4 ,among these are the ,dung-beetles1 and the ,carrion-beetles3 others are carnivorous1 and some of these are called ,cicindelid1 or ,tiger-beetles1 from their voracious consumption of other insects1 which they devour in great numbers1 both in their larval and in their perfect form4 ,these day beetles are large1 brightly colored1 and very active in their movements1 as they run about in the sunny paths and roads1 and cannot fail to attract attention4 ,few persons are aware1 however1 of the valuable aid they are rendering to man1 nor of the credit that is due to them for the preservation of our crops from the invasion of other insect foes4 ,too often they are either unobserved and overlooked1 or even treated with the aversion and cruelty of men who ignorantly attempt to stamp out all insect life1 as though these creatures were intruders upon their preemption4 ,the intelligent observer of nature will soon learn to respect each aid1 which has been so wisely furnished to assist him in his labors as a cultivator of the soil1 and all may admire the ,wisdom that has provided at the same time such beautiful and such useful creatures for the work4 ,calosoma scrutator1 is well named the handsome1 for it is one of our most beautiful insects of this class4 ,this1 and the red-spotted ,c4 calidum1 may be seen upon trees1 seeking caterpillars1 upon which they feed4 ,one of our most intelligent horticulturists has so high an appreciation of these insects1 that he will not allow them to be disturbed1 and whenever he sees any caterpillars in his orchard1 he takes these beetles to the tree1 and gives himself no further concern1 knowing that the ,calosoma will soon destroy every worm4 ,coccinelid1 or ,lady-birds1 are most valuable aids to the cultivator1 who is constantly liable to have his crops destroyed by the various species of ,aphides4 ,these little hemispherical beetles are familiar to every one1 and known to the children as ,lady-birds2 but all may not know their value1 nor be so well acquainted with the larv of these insects1 which are the chief agents in the destruction of our troublesome plant-lice4 ,most persons would be very apt to crush these curious1 diminutive1 lizard-looking creatures1 even at the time they were attacking the ,aphides1 instead of leaving them to carry on the warfare more effectually without our aid4 ,these little friends have had a superstitious regard shown to them in many countries1 which indicates that a glimmering idea prevailed respecting their usefulness4 ,the ,germans call them the ,marienkaefer1 or ,lady-beetles1 of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the ,french call them ,vaches de ,dieu1 the ,lord's cows1 and our own children are all familiar with the nursery rhyme about the ,lady-birds4 ,these insects find their way to trees or plants that are infested with their proper food1 the ,aphides4 ,these beetles hide under the leaves that cluster in sheltered nooks about or between the large roots of forest trees1 where they can be found on any mild winter day1 and may be carried to the green-house or to the window plants that are infested with plant-lice4 ,they will not only devour these pests1 but will soon lay eggs that hatch and produce the larv which are so voracious as to clear the plants in a short-time4 ,a little attention to the habits of these insects may spare us great losses from the plant-lice4 ,,orthoptera4--,,grasshoppers4 ,the insects of this order have an imperfect transformation4 ,the eggs hatch at once into young insects1 that resemble their parents in form and habits1 excepting that they do not get their wings till they approach the adult state4 ,the young consume food voraciously1 and the perfect insects are not only still more hungry1 but1 having increased powers of locomotion1 they are more widely destructive4 ,these are the true ,locusts1 and though chiefly injurious to the farm and garden1 infesting the meadows and corn-fields1 the grasshoppers1 when winged1 often attack the foliage of our young orchard trees toward the end of summer4 ,but when we contemplate the invasion of the great western plague1 belonging to this order1 which rivals that terrible scourge1 the ,locust of the eastern continent1 in numbers and voracity1 we may well dread their increase and appearance in other parts of the country4 ,the grasshoppers that have invaded ,kansas and other ,western ,states are1 like all the rest of this group of ,orthoptera1 true ,locusts4 ,this order is called ,orthoptera1 from their straight wings2 it embraces several groups1 cockroaches1 crickets1 grasshoppers1 or locusts1 etc41 which are all injurious1 except the ,mantis1 which is predacious1 and therefore useful4 ,,hemiptera4--,,bugs ,,and ,,harvest-,,flies4 ,this order contains many insects that are injurious to the nurseryman1 to the orchardist1 and to the gardener4 ,they are characterized by having a proboscis instead of a mouth with jaws2 they can suck1 but they cannot bite4 ,the proboscis is often horny1 and armed with two pair of bristles1 when it becomes a more formidable weapon for attack4 ,bugs have four wings2 they do not pass through the usual metamorphoses of insect life2 but are born with legs and feeding apparatus like the perfect insects1 except that some have no wings4 ,bugs are all injurious to man1 excepting such as are predacious1 which are serviceable by destroying other insects4 ,many are very small2 and yet their countless numbers and wonderful fecundity enable them to do immense damage1 as is true of the ,aphides and ,coccid1 the ,tingis1 the ,tettigonia vitis1 called the ,thrips by our vine-dressers2 and still more so of the ,chinch-bug of the ,western prairies1 which destroys whole crops of our most important cereals4 ,the colored juice of some bugs is used in the arts4 ,the coccus of the prickly pear1 in ,central ,america1 is gathered and dried to form the cochineal of the shops4 ,hemipterous insects are divided into two groups4 ,true bugs1 called ,hemiptera heteroptera1 having the wing-covers opaque at the base1 and laid horizontally1 and crossing each other obliquely at the end1 overlapping2 and the ,harvest-flies1 such as ,plant-lice and ,bark-lice4 ,these1 the ,hemiptera homoptera1 have the wing-covers of one texture throughout1 not horizontal1 but more or less sloping1 and not crossing one another behind4 ,among these1 which all feed upon plants1 some very troublesome pests will here be noticed4 ,,coccidians4--,,bark-,,lice4 ,aspidiotus conchiformis1 or the ,apple ,bark-louse1 is very numerous in many parts of our country1 particularly north of latitude #dj degrees4 ,it commits sad devastations in some sections4 ,individually1 it is but a little scale2 but these animals are wonderfully prolific and soon cover every twig of the tree1 obstructing its transpirations1 and abstracting its vital juices2 the leaves1 and even the fruit are overrun with these miserable scales1 but the twigs are their favorite resort4 ,these scales are oblong1 shaped like an oyster shell2 flat and brown1 often crowding upon one another4 ,in the winter and spring1 they contain or cover a number of small1 round1 white eggs1 which hatch out in the spring1 in ,may1 attach themselves to the bark1 and absorb the juices3 various remedies have been suggested1 and more or less thoroughly tested4 ,the restoration of the thrifty growth of the tree is considered essential to success2 and without this1 all remedies are looked upon as unavailing4 ,some orchardists think that thorough drainage and cultivation of the land would alone banish the lice1 but this can hardly be hoped4 ,strong lye1 or solutions of potash1 or soda1 white-wash1 and sulphur1 have been used1 and tobacco boiled in lye1 soft-soap and tar mixed with linseed oil1 which makes a kind of varnish4 ,mr4 ,walsh tells us that applications1 to destroy this insect1 are better made in ,may or ,june1 as the eggs are protected by the scale in winter1 and it is impermeable to watery solutions4 ,this pest has been imported from ,europe4 ,walsh recommends the use of ,lady-birds to check the ,bark-lice4#be ,lecanium pyri1 7,fitch71 or the ,pear ,bark-louse1 is a hemispherical brown scale1 as large as a split pea4 ,they may be found in summer on the under side of the limbs1 and are the remains of dead females1 which cover the eggs and young brood4 ,this insect would be very injurious1 were it to increase in numbers considerably4 ,let young trees be examined in ,june1 when the scales may easily be found1 removed1 and destroyed4 ,lecanium persici1 or the ,peach ,bark-louse1 is described1 by ,fitch1 as similar in size to the above1 found on smooth bark near a bud2 it is blackish1 uneven1 shining1 with a pale margin4 ,another pear tree bark-louse was described by the lamented ,a4,o4 ,moore1 of ,new ,york1 as a white1 papery scale1 giving a claret-colored juice when scraped4 ,this1 in the winter1 consists of a defunct mother and her brood of eggs1 the breaking of which gives the color4 ,alkaline washes are recommended to be applied in the spring4 ,mr4 ,walsh thinks this insect cannot be the same as that mentioned by ,dr4 ,harris1 on p4 #bbb of his report1 under the name of ,coccus cryptogamus1 7,dalman71 who found it upon the ,aspen1 and therefore he has named it ,coccus8 ,harrisii4#bf ,lecanium vitis1 7,linn471 or the ,vine ,bark-louse1 is mentioned by ,fitch as having been found on grape vines in ,june4 ,it is hemispherical and brown4 ,a cottony substance was extruded from one end of the scale1 and this increased until ,july1 when minute insects crept out and scattered over the bark1 upon which they fixed themselves4 ,this insect is not very common1 but its first appearance should be closely watched1 and its destruction promptly effected4 ,,aphides4--,,plant-,,lice4 ,these are the most extraordinary insects1 being found upon almost all parts of plants1 and there is scarcely a species which does not support one or more kinds peculiar to itself4 ,then they are so exceedingly prolific6 ,reaumur proved that one individual1 in five generations1 may become the progenitor of nearly six thousand millions of descendants4 ,most of these insects1 which we find so abundant upon our trees1 are wingless females4 ,winged insects1 both male and female1 appear later in the season1 and after laying their eggs1 they soon perish4 ,some lay in the fall1 others wait till spring4 ,when these eggs hatch1 the brood consists wholly of females1 which are wingless1 and do not lay eggs1 but are viviparous and produce from fifteen to twenty young lice in the course of a day4 ,this second generation are also wingless1 and at maturity produce their young1 and so on to the seventh generation1 without the approach of a single male1 until the autumn1 when a brood of males and females appears1 which are both winged at maturity1 and then the eggs are laid for the next year's brood1 and the parents die4#bg ,the injuries occasioned by plant-lice1 are much greater than would at first be expected1 from an observation of the small size and extreme weakness of the insects2 but these make up by their numbers what they lack in strength individually1 and thus become formidable enemies to vegetation4 ,by their punctures and the quantity of sap they draw from the leaves1 the functions of these important organs are deranged1 or interrupted1 the sap is withdrawn or contaminated1 and unfitted to supply the wants of vegetation4 ,plants are differently affected2 some wither and cease to grow1 their leaves and stems become sickly1 and die from exhaustion4 ,others1 not killed1 are greatly impeded in their growth2 the tender parts1 which are attacked1 become stunted and curled4 ,the punctures of the lice appear to poison some plants1 producing warts or swellings1 which are sometimes solid1 sometimes hollow1 containing within them a swarm of lice1 descendants of a single individual4#bh ,these last are often seen upon the leaves of the ,elm1 and upon some ,poplars1 and other trees2 but ,i have not found any upon the foliage of our cultivated fruits1 unless it be those on the grape4 ,aphis mali1 or the ,apple ,leaf-louse1 is a small1 green insect without wings1 accompanied by a few black and green ones having wings4 ,these are all crowded together upon the green tips of twigs1 and under the leaves1 sucking the sap4 ,the eggs remain in deep cracks of the bark during the winter1 and hatch as soon as the buds expand in the spring4 ,the most successful treatment is to scrape off the loose bark1 and to apply to the stems of the trees alkaline or lime washes4 ,many of our familiar little winter birds consume these eggs4 ,in the spring and summer1 alkaline solutions may be used with advantage1 syringed or sprinkled upon the affected shoots and foliage4 ,the smell of these insects is peculiar1 which1 indeed1 is generally characteristic with bugs4 ,each sort seems to derive a special flavor from the tree or plant upon which it feeds4 ,most insects of this family secrete copiously a sweetish fluid1 called the honey dew1 which is ejected from two little horns or nectaries1 that project1 one on each side of their bodies4 ,this sweet material attracts a great many flies1 and other insects1 particularly ants1 which are the constant attendants of these creatures1 and are said to protect them from their enemies in order to obtain their sweet secretion4 ,some entomologists have called ,aphides the ,ants' cows4 ,no one1 who is acquainted with the ,aphides1 and the various insects which prey upon them1 will ever permit a valuable plant to suffer injury from these pests4 ,he will collect some of the ,aphis' enemies alive1 carry them to the affected plant1 and set them free to do their work2 there they will remain while the food lasts4 ,the ,aphides have more numerous1 more active1 and more inveterate enemies than insects of any other group--these are the means by which their wonderful fecundity is kept in check4 ,among them are the ,aphis-lions1 which are the larv of the ,golden-eyed and ,lace-wing flies1 belonging to the order ,neuroptera4 ,they are reddish-brown1 with a dark stripe down the middle1 and a cream-colored one on each side2 bodies long1 narrow1 and wrinkled transversely4 ,their jaws are long1 curved like sickles1 projecting forward from their heads horizontally4#bi ,the ,coccinellid1 mentioned as useful members of the order ,coleoptera1 on a previous page1 are among the most active enemies of the ,aphides4 ,the eggs are laid in clusters of twenty to forty on the under side of a leaf1 to which they are closely glued2 they are oval1 and light yellow4 ,they hatch into small blackish larv1 which are active1 and which boldly attack an ,aphis much larger than themselves1 leaving only the empty skin4 ,they consume hundreds while in the larval state1 about two weeks1 when they attach themselves by the tail1 and go into the pupa state4 ,one of the largest of these ,lady-birds is the ,mysia #ae-punctata2 the larva is a clear white1 the middle of the back tinged with red1 and two or three black spots on each segment--nearly a hundred species of ,lady-birds are found in this country4 ,the perfect insect1 as well as the larv1 feed upon ,aphides1 and instead of being destroyed1 they should be cherished and encouraged4 ,besides these1 there are other inveterate enemies of the plant-lice in the ,syrphid1 which are two-winged flies1 resembling the common house-fly1 but handsomer4 ,they deposit their eggs where ,aphides exist2 the maggot1 which hatches from these1 seizes upon the first ,aphis that comes within his reach1 and sucks its fluids4 ,a medium-sized worm will consume a hundred lice in an hour4 ,they are always found in a colony of ,aphides4#cj ,aphis prunifoli1 or the ,plum ,leaf-louse1 is black1 with pale green abdomen4 ,it is found on the under side of the leaves1 which become wrinkled and distorted4 ,it is not so abundant as some other species1 but its habits are similar4#ca ,aphis cerasi1 7,fabric471 or the ,cherry ,plant-louse1 is very common1 very numerous1 and very black4 ,they appear with the first expansion of the leaves1 and continue or are renewed when destroyed1 and remain until mid-summer1 when they generally disappear4 ,their numbers are almost incredible1 and they give a young cherry tree a wretched appearance4 ,on the under surface of a small leaf1 three-fourths of an inch long1 ,mr4 ,fitch counted one hundred and ninety lice1 on one side only of the midrib4 ,their natural enemies come to the rescue to check their wonderful increase1 and sometimes will utterly rout the ,aphides in a single week4#cb ,the remedies advised for the apple tree ,aphides1 are equally applicable to those of the cherry1 and their natural enemies are the same and equally efficacious2 but ,aphides have internal foes likewise1 that may be named here4 ,the ,ichneumon-flies are parasitic1 their larv feed upon the substance of the ,aphides4 ,the genus ,aphidius is particularly provided to furnish parasites to these insects1 in which they deposit a single egg selecting a louse of the proper size to sustain their progeny3 the egg hatches to a larva1 which exhausts the ,aphis by the time it has attained its growth1 when the poor creature fastens itself securely to the leaf1 and dies1 leaving its carcase a secure resting place for the pupa of the ,ichneumon4 ,these parasitic-insects1 which feed internally upon the ,aphides1 are as effective in their destruction as the ,aphis-lions1 or any other class of their enemies4#cc ,aphis persic1 or the ,peach ,tree-louse1 punctures the leaves of this plant1 and ,dr4 ,fitch#cd thinks1 is the common though not the only cause of the curl in the peach tree leaves4 ,our intelligent orchardists have found these insects occasionally in the curled leaves of the peach1 but do not agree with this distinguished entomologist1 in considering them a cause of that malady4 ,aphis vitis81 or the ,vine ,aphis1 is often quite troublesome on vigorous young shoots of the grape vine1 both wild and cultivated1 particularly the former4 ,these insects soon cripple the growth of the shoot4 ,the species is not known to be different from that of ,europe4 ,this insect is briefly mentioned by ,t4 ,glover1 in ,patent ,office ,rept4 for #ahed1 p4 #gi4 ,dr4 ,fitch describes as a grape leaf-louse1 the ,pemphigus vitifolia1 which inhabits the gall-like excrescences upon the foliage of some varieties1 particularly those with thin leaves4 ,aphis ribis1 7,linn471 is the ,aphis of the currant4 ,it causes the leaves to present a blistered appearance above2 the lice are found on the under side2 the wingless are pale yellow1 the others have glossy wings1 mostly black1 with abdomen light green4#ce ,aphis lanigera1 now called ,eriosoma1 or the ,woolly ,aphis1 was first described in #ahja as infesting the apple trees in ,germany4 ,it has been noticed in ,england in #aghg1 and has since acquired the name of ,american ,blight1 from the erroneous supposition that it had been imported from this country2 but it was known to ,french gardeners for a long time previous4 ,the eggs of this insect are microscopic1 and are enveloped in a cottony substance4 ,they are deposited in chinks of bark1 and crotches of limbs1 at or near the surface of the ground4 ,when first hatched1 the insects are covered with short down2 as they grow1 the down increases in length4 ,when fully grown1 they are one-tenth of an inch long2 the head1 antenn1 sucker1 and skins1 are blackish1 the abdomen of a honey-yellow color4 ,their punctures produce warty excrescences1 the limbs become sickly1 the leaves turn yellow and drop off1 and the whole tree perishes as the insects spread over it4 ,the remedies appear futile on badly affected trees4 ,young trees were treated by painting over the affected parts with a mixture of melted resin and fish oil1 in equal parts1 applied warm4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks removed them with a stiff brush4 ,spirits of tar1 turpentine1 oil1 and soft soap1 have been recommended4 ,after scraping off the rough bark1 wash the tree with alkaline solution1 apply the same to the main roots after laying them bare of earth4#cf ,phemphigus pyri1 ,eriosoma pyri1 7,fitch71 or ,pemphigus ,americanus81 7,walker71 is the ,apple-root ,blight4 ,it produces a similar condition in the roots1 and was also called the ,american ,blight in ,england4 ,it is composed of warty excrescences upon the roots1 containing in their crevices minute lice1 having their bodies covered with a white cottony substance4 ,removal of the earth1 and the application of soapsuds1 has been recommended as a probable remedy for the injuries done by this insect4#cg ,psylla ,pyri4--,some ,aphides have the power of leaping1 like the leaf-hoppers1 but they differ from those insects in having very large transparent upper wings1 which cover the sides of the body like a steep roof4 ,the genus embracing these insects1 is called ,psylla4 ,one of the species was observed by ,dr4 ,harris1 upon a pear tree4 ,they live by suction1 and having gorged themselves1 the juice runs down on the bark1 producing a blackish color2 young trees suffered excessively4 ,as ,dr4 ,phumb1 of ,salisbury1 ,conn41 had observed them in #ahcc on some imported pear trees1 of which he lost several hundred in a few years1 ,dr4 ,harris suspected the insect to be the ,psylla pyri1 of ,europe4 ,kollar recommends brushing off the insects1 and crushing them under foot2 and also advises to destroy the winged females in the spring4 ,this being tedious and uncertain1 it is recommended to wash the twigs with a brush1 dipped in a mixture of strong soapsuds and flowers of sulphur1 before the buds expand1 to deter the insects from laying their eggs4 ,a weaker solution1 or the whale oil soap1 might kill the young insects after they have fastened upon the bark1 if applied with a syringe4#ch ,cicada septendecim1 or the ,seventeen-year ,locust1 as it is erroneously called1 is no ,locust at all1 but should be called ,cicada1 because1 as already stated1 when considering the order ,orthoptera1 the true ,locusts1 are1 what we call ,grasshoppers4 ,this insect is remarkable for the long period of its pupal existence1 which is subterranean1 and during which it feeds upon the juices of roots4 ,in its perfect state1 it does not eat1 and is neither able to bite nor to sting4 ,the injury it does to our orchards is effected by its piercer in depositing its eggs1 causing twigs to break and fall off4 ,there are several ,harvest-flies that belong to this order4 ,tree ,hoppers1 being members of the same order1 feed upon the juices of plants1 through their suckers1 and are thus injurious2 but their numbers are not sufficient to render them of much consequence4 ,palothrips mali1 7,fitch71 is the name of an insect described by ,dr4 ,fitch#ci as infesting apple trees in the month of ,august1 where they were attacking the fruit4 ,they excavated a little hollow near the blossom end of the apple about the size of a pea1 which was occupied by small insects4 ,until the habits of the insect are more thoroughly understood1 it will be difficult to advise any remedies4 ,there is quite a number of insects in this class that affect the grape vine1 some of which may become troublesome1 and we should watch their habits4 ,the following accounts are condensed from ,dr4 ,fitch's ,report3 ,raphigaster sarpinus1 or the large ,green ,tree-bug1 is grassy-green1 edged with yellow1 and a black point at every joint of the abdomen2 found in ,september4 ,pentatoma ligata1 or the ,bound ,tree-bug1 is also grassy-green1 but more widely bordered all round1 except the head1 with pale red1 and has a pale red spot on the middle of its back and on the apex of its scutel2 antenn green4 ,arma modesta1 or the ,modest ,tree-bug1 is tawny1 yellowish-gray1 thickly dotted with brown punctures2 the wing-covers are red at the apex of their leathery portion1 and have a brown spot at the tip of the hyaline portion2 the under side is whitish1 with a row of black dots along the middle1 and another on each side4 ,thelia univittata1 7,harris71 or the ,single-striped ,treehopper1 is chestnut-brown1 shaped like a beech-nut1 with a perpendicular protuberance on the fore part of its back1 higher than wide4 ,it is tawny white in front1 a white stripe along the back to the tip2 length #j4cg inch2 ,july and ,august4 ,ceresa bubalus1 or ,buffalo ,treehopper1 is of a light grass-green1 freckled with whitish dots2 with a sharp short point on each side1 projecting like horns4 ,ceresa taurina1 is like the preceding1 but the space between the horns is concave4 ,acutalis dorsalis1 is a small1 triangular1 shining ,treehopper1 with a smooth round back2 it is greenish-white1 with a large black spot1 from the anterior corners of which a line runs off to each eye4 ,plentiful about the last of ,july1 a few remaining until ,october4 ,erythroneura vitis1 7,harris71 or the ,vine-leaf hopper1 is pale yellow1 with two broad blood-red bands1 and a third dusky one on the apex4 ,swarms of these small insects occur in ,august1 and often bleed the foliage so as to injure it seriously4 ,erythroneura tricincta1 or the ,three-banded ,leaf-hopper1 is like the preceding species1 but the bands are narrower4 ,erythroneura vitifex1 or the ,vine-destroying ,leaf-hopper1 is yellowish-white2 the wing-covers have oblique confluent1 blood-red bands1 and a short1 oblique1 black line on the middle of their outer margin4 ,the thorax commonly has three red stripes1 the middle one forked anteriorly and confluent1 with two red stripes on the crown of the head4 ,when the wing-covers are closed1 they look red1 with a cream-colored spot1 shaped like a heart placed anteriorly1 and on the middle1 a large diamond-shaped spot1 with a small red spot in its centre4 ,these insects are sometimes seen in such numbers upon the grape vines in ,september1 that1 when the leaves are disturbed1 they fly out and resemble a shower of snowflakes4 ,the young resemble their parents1 but are destitute of wings4 ,a ,,remedy is much needed4 ,erythroneura vulnerata1 7,fitch71 or the ,wounded ,treehopper1 is tawny yellowish1 sometimes tinged with red2 the wing-covers have white spots and veins1 and on the middle of the outer margin an oblique black streak1 between two creamy white spots2 the hind one smaller1 and an oblique blood-red line at its end2 tips smoky-blackish2 length #j4ab inch2 ,september4 ,otiocerus ,coquebertii1 is a slim fly of yellowish-white color1 with a bright carmine-red stripe along each side of the body and wings1 which are widely forked behind4 ,length #j4db inch2 ,july until autumn1 on the wild grape vine4 ,there are a great many insects of this order1 which are familiar to most country residents on account of their unpleasant smell4 ,these are the true bugs1 and belong to the sub-division called ,heteropterous ,hemiptera4 ,the ,squash-bug is a familiar illustration of these insects2 it is called the ,coreus tristis1 from its sad dull color2 they are quite destructive to all plants of the ,squash family4 ,reduvius trinotatus1 is one of this order1 which is a valuable aid to the horticulturists1 because its sucker is armed with sharp instruments1 that enable it to pierce and consume other insects1 many of which are destroyed by it4 ,this insect has been introduced into the ,west for the sake of its valuable services4 ,,order ,,lepidoptera4 ,the insects of this order are very numerous1 and in their larval or caterpillar state they are often very destructive4 ,in the perfect form of butterflies and moths1 they commit little or no depredations1 because their jaws have been transformed into a sucking apparatus4 ,they consume1 in their perfect state1 little else than honey4 ,the order has been divided into three great sections3 ,butterflies1 ,papiliones2 ,hawk-moths1 ,sphinges2 and ,moths1 or ,nocturnes4 ,of these1 the gerid constitute a very distinct family1 resembling bees and wasps rather than butterflies2 their caterpillars also differ1 being borers1 and nearly naked4 ,butterflies are produced from caterpillars that are not generally very injurious to our crops4 ,hawk-moths are large insects1 and have great power of flight2 their caterpillars are large and voracious4 ,it is the moths proper1 a very numerous family1 which do us the most harm1 and which will demand the largest share of our attention4 ,they vary much in size and appearance4 ,some of the females are destitute of wings4 ,the ,arctians or ,woolly ,bears1 are a very numerous division of the tribe of ,bombyces or ,spinners1 so called from the name of the ,silk-worm2 some of these will be mentioned4 ,orgyia leucostigma1 or the ,vaporer ,moth1 is a very beautiful caterpillar1 frequently seen upon our fruit trees1 though not confined to them4 ,they feed separately1 and therefore we can best destroy them in the egg4 ,fortunately1 these may easily be found during the winter1 for the female1 being wingless1 never quits her cocoon1 but deposits the eggs in a mass upon the outside of it4 ,the whole contrivance is one of the many illustrations of the wonderful instinct of insects4 ,when about to spin1 the worm secures two or more leaves1 by entwining her silk about their stems1 and also around the woody twig upon which they grow2 she then attaches them together by bands of silk1 and spins her cocoon between them4 ,she thus secures a winter resting place for her eggs1 and her progeny1 when they hatch the next summer1 are upon the tree that furnishes them their appropriate food4 ,these dead leaves will attract our attention during the winter1 and should be gathered and burned4 ,many of the caterpillars are destroyed by a little ,ichneumon-fly4 ,orgyia antiqua1 or the ,rusty ,vaporer ,moth1 of ,europe1 has been introduced into this country1 and has been quite destructive to thorn-hedges in ,rhode ,island4 ,they may become troublesome to our orchards4 ,several of these ,arctians1 or ,tiger-moths1 may be seen about our houses on a summer evening1 as they are chiefly nocturnal4 ,one of the most common is ,arctia phalerata1 or the ,harnessed ,moth1 so called from the markings on its wings4 ,another distinctly marked one is ,callimorpha militaris1 now called ,c4 ,lecontei4 ,beautiful illustrations of these are given in ,dr4 ,harris' ,report4 ,spilosoma ,virginica1 is the beautiful ,white ,moth1 or ,miller1 that we see in ,may2 it is the imago or perfect insect of a large hairy caterpillar1 of a yellowish color1 frequently seen in our gardens1 and quite destructive to vegetation4 ,hyphantria textor1 or the ,fall ,web-worm1 is very troublesome upon shrubs and trees during the summer and fall4 ,they are called the ,web-worms from their habit of feeding gregariously in large numbers1 and spinning a web that envelopes the leaves and the whole branch1 as they devour the foliage4 ,this insect commits sad ravages upon our cultivated trees of various kinds1 for it is not a choice feeder1 consuming but one species1 like many other insects4 ,their most common pasture is the mulberry1 and the related ,osage ,orange is frequently attacked4 ,the ,elder bushes appear very attractive to them1 and are often covered with their unsightly webs4 ,elms suffer very much2 our favorite fruit trees are attacked2 apples1 pears1 cherries1 quinces1 and1 occasionally1 even the peach trees are eaten by them4 ,even the repulsive ,ailantus1 which has often been recommended as a wormless tree1 is greedily devoured by these caterpillars1 notwithstanding its disagreeable odor4 ,the eggs1 from two to three hundred in number1 are deposited on the under side of a leaf1 near the end of a twig4 ,these soon hatch1 and the larv commence feeding on the upper surface1 spinning their threads from side to side1 and then1 attaching two or three leaves together1 they soon make a web4 ,they continue feeding and spinning along the twig1 as they consume the tender portion of the leaf1 leaving the mere skeleton4 ,the caterpillars are small1 of a pale yellow color1 with a broad blackish stripe on the back1 and another beneath4 ,they are thickly clothed with whitish hair2 the head and feet are black4 ,worms of the same nest vary in size and colors4 ,when about an inch long1 they disperse1 and spin their cocoons4 ,the moth is milk white1 without any markings on its wings1 and is #a4be to #a4ce inch in width4 7,vide ,harris1 p4 #ceh74 ,though called the ,fall ,web-worm1 these caterpillars appear about ,cincinnati in the end of ,may quite abundantly1 and from that time until ,october1 they are more or less frequent2 most so in ,august4 ,in the ,north1 they may be later2 ,i have seen large tracts of forest defoliated on the lake shore1 in ,august1 #ahfe4 ,,remedies4--,for the destruction of these pests we must resort to hand-picking1 when they are in the caterpillar state4 ,the twig or branch should be taken off1 and the worms crushed or burned4 ,it is fortunate for us that they are gregarious and that they spin a web1 for we can detect them while they are yet young1 and when confined to one or two leaves1 so that the whole brood may be destroyed with very little effort4 ,birds1 and some insects1 aid us in keeping them in check4 ,clisiocampa decipiens1 7,walker71 or ,c4 ,americana1 7,harris71 is commonly known as the ,tent-caterpillar1 or ,nest-caterpillar4 ,the larv are not indiscriminate feeders1 but prefer the foliage of certain members of the ,rosaceous family of plants4 ,their natural food appears to be the common wild cherry1 but they attack the apple so vigorously1 that they are often called the apple tree worm4 ,mr4 ,fitch thinks they do not feed upon the peach2 but ,i have frequently found them upon this tree since #ahee4 ,the moth appears to be endowed with wonderful instinct in depositing her eggs2 selecting a terminal shoot that has completed its growth1 they are placed to the number of #bjj or #cjj around it in a broad ring or sheath1 and covered with a sort of varnish that protects them4 ,very early in the spring1 when the buds of the apple have just begun to swell1 the eggs hatch1 and the little worms traverse the twig1 spinning a slender thread2 when they reach another branch1 they halt in the bifurcation1 and1 moving about1 soon create a slight web with the silken threads1 and from this they emerge in search of food1 spinning a thread along their route1 and when they return1 they travel about1 and thus enlarge their web4 ,,remedies4--,these insects may be attacked in the egg or in the larval state4 ,the former are so arranged as to be conspicuous on the naked spray at any time during the winter--whenever seen1 they should be broken or cut off1 and carried to the fire4 ,in the early spring1 we must watch for the little tents in the bifurcations of the limbs1 and remove the nests with all the worms2 this may be done when they are small1 by using the thumb and finger2 if larger1 it is a disagreeable task1 but no orchardist should hesitate when he recollects that six hundred leaves is a day's ration for one colony4 ,they can easily be gathered in their web1 thrown upon the ground1 and crushed with the foot4 ,mr4 ,needham1 of ,massachusetts1 has invented1 what he calls1 a caterpillar scourge2 it is a little cone of wood1 clothed with a piece of wool-card4 ,this is attached to a pole3 when thrust into the web1 the whole nest is gathered by the card-teeth and brought down4 ,an old dry mullein stalk has often been used for the same purpose1 and some recommend burning the nest1 or shooting it2 but ,i have more faith in thumb and finger work1 believing it to be more thorough4 ,among the natural enemies of these caterpillars are the ,tiger-beetles1 which a successful orchardist of ,illinois uses systematically for their destruction4 ,he catches a beetle1 and puts it upon a tree containing a nest of the ,tent-caterpillar1 after which he finds the worms soon disappear4 ,gastrophaca ,americana1 7,harris74--,the ,lappet-caterpillars are found on apple trees4 ,the worms are flat1 and when at rest on a limb1 they often escape observation from their gray color resembling the bark4 ,a fringe of hairs1 along their sides1 gives them this flat appearance4 ,they feed only at night4 ,dr4 ,harris found some in ,september that measured two and one-half inches in length1 and above half an inch in breadth4 ,,saturnians1 ,,ceratocampians1 ,,zeuzerians4 ,platysamia 7,attacus7 cecropia1 7,linn471 the ,cecropia ,emperor ,moth1 is found as a large cylindrical1 pale green worm1 three or four inches long1 and as thick as one's thumb1 and having two rows of pale blue1 projecting points along each side1 and two rows of pale yellow ones upon the back1 with four larger1 bright orange1 or red ones anteriorly1 all ending in little black prickles4 ,the moth is large2 its wings dark gray2 each has a large white1 crescent like spot in the centre1 margined with red1 and a red band crossing both wings4 ,appears in ,june2 width five to seven inches4 ,there are others of this family of noble moths whose names have been indicated above1 but they are not very destructive to the orchard4 ,then come1 in ,dr4 ,harris' classification1 the ,zeuzerians1 a group of moths which1 like gerians among the ,sphinges1 pierce the roots and stems of trees4 ,among these is ,xyleutes 7,cossus7 robini1 or the ,locust-tree ,boring-moth4 ,the ,saturnians are a group of large1 naked caterpillars1 which are generally short1 thick1 clumsy1 and cylindrical2 they are leaf eaters1 and some of them1 when young1 keep together in families1 but separate as they become older1 when they spin large silky cocoons sometimes among leaves1 which they secure by silk to the twigs1 sometimes attaching them to the stems and limbs1 and at others at1 or beneath1 the surface of the ground4 ,this group contains some of the largest and most beautiful moths1 with large woolly bodies1 and widely extended1 highly colored and ornamented wings4 ,they lay a great many eggs2 some females deposit several hundreds4 ,still they are seldom so numerous as to commit serious devastations4 ,among these are the ,telea ,polyphemus1 ,trop aluna1 ,callosamia ,promethea1 ,platysamia cecropia1 7formerly known under the genus ,attacus1 which is now restricted to the immense ,a4 ,atlas1 and another species of ,china71 and the ,euchronia ,maia1 and ,hyperchiria varia1 7formerly known under the genus ,saturnia1 which is now retained for several ,european species74 ,the latter species1 7,h4 varia71 has been generally known among us under the name of ,saturnia ,io1 but according to ,dr4 ,packard1 7who published 'a ,synopsis of the ,bombycid of the ,united ,states1' in the ,third ,volume of the ,proceedings of the ,entomological ,society of ,philadelphia71 our species has been confounded by authors with ,cramer's species ',io1' from ,south ,america1 and which belongs to a different genus4--,e4,t4 ,cresson1 ,mss4 ,these moths may yet become valuable for the production of a kind of silk1 as they are enclosed in large cocoons1 the fibres of which surpass those of the ,silk-worm in strength1 and might be employed in the formation of fabrics1 similar to those manufactured in ,india from the ,tusseh and ,arrindy ,silk-worms1 the strength and durability of which are proverbial4 ,mr4 ,pullein1 who experimented with the cocoons of the ,cecropia found that twenty threads of this silk1 twisted together1 would sustain nearly an ounce more in weight than the same number of common silk4--7,vide ,harris1 pp4 #bie-cjc47 ,psychid are curious caterpillars1 which1 being naked1 cover themselves during the larva state with a case that protects their bodies1 though open at both ends1 and which they carry about with them2 these cases are made up of fragments of leaves1 generally the stems and veins1 which they connect together by threads of silk4 ,the ,germans call them ,sack-bearers4 ,huebner called them ,canphor1 or ,basket-carriers1 because the cases1 often made of little sticks1 resemble a basket4 ,one genus is called ,oeceticus1 or ,house-insect2 and the common species1 which1 in some parts of the country1 commits great devastation upon the leaves of trees1 is called the ,drop-worm1 or the ,basket-worm1 in many places4 ,we have several genera and species belonging to this sub-family1 the most common of which are the ,thyridopteryx ephemeraformis1 and ,oeceticus coniferarum4 ,the best means for the destruction of this pest consist in persevering efforts for their individual destruction2 each case should be cut or torn off in the winter1 when they show very plainly upon deciduous trees2 they may be crushed1 but had better be committed to the flames4 ,the ,notodontians are so called from a hump or horn1 which rises from the top of the fourth ring of the caterpillar2 the tail is always raised when the insect is at rest4 ,one of these is called1 from its horn1 ,coelodasys 7,notodonta7 unicornis4 ,some species consume the foliage of our fruit trees1 particularly the apple and quince2 one of these1 the ,datana ministra1 7the ,eumetopona ministra of ,fitch1 or the ,pygra ministra of ,harris71 will be noticed below4 ,eudryas grata1 and ,e4 unio4--,the ,beautiful ,wood-nymph1 and the ,pearl ,wood-nymph4--,the worms are very much alike1 and resemble the ,spotted ,forrester4 ,the moths come forth in ,july2 the fore-wings are milk white1 bordered behind and on the outer side1 from the base to the middle1 with rusty brown1 edged on the inner side with greenish olive2 hind-wings nankeen yellow1 with a blackish-brown border4 ,these worms are best removed by hand-picking4 ,datana ministra1 or the ,hand-maid ,moth4--,the moths are troublesome visitors to the evening student in ,june2 they are brown1 hairy1 thick-bodied1 and measure rather more than an inch across the wings4 ,this creature is destined to give us a great deal of trouble by her progeny1 for she deposits her numerous eggs on the under side of the leaf on a twig of quince1 apple1 and cherry trees1 where they hatch into worms1 that1 during their existence of about four weeks1 consume immense quantities of foliage1 often stripping the trees bare4 ,the worms feed gregariously1 lying side by side in solid phalanx4 ,they are of a dark brown in their younger state1 but become lighter and more clearly marked at each successive moulting1 so that they are distinctly striped with black and yellow4 ,the peculiar character of this worm is1 that when at rest1 the head and tail are carried up in the air1 or recurved over the body1 which is supported by the six prop legs placed near the middle4 ,when disturbed1 these caterpillars often throw their heads from side to side1 as though in anger4 ,they are sparingly furnished with hairs1 and they spin but little2 though when young1 the worms will sometimes drop from the leaves when disturbed1 and hang suspended by a fine strand of silk4 ,at full size1 these creatures are an inch and three-quarters to two inches long1 and as thick as a goose quill1 so that we can readily imagine the amount of destruction which may be committed by one of these armies or family groups of one to two hundred worms4 ,,treatment4--,constant vigilance is required on the part of the orchardist1 and unremitting efforts while the insect is in the larval condition4 ,fortunately for us1 their habits are such as to aid us in a remarkable way4 ,they may be looked for in ,july1 but they become numerous only about the end of ,august1 and in ,september4 ,some late broods may be seen on the access of early frosts1 but by the end of ,september1 the worms generally perfect their growth1 and descend into the earth to undergo their changes for the next season1 when the moths will again appear4 ,when we may be inspecting our orchards1 in the summer and autumn1 we should observe any defective foliage1 as this is often an indication of the inroads of insects4 ,if our trees have been neglected1 we may be alarmed by observing some of the thriftiest shoots and branches quite stripped of their leaves2 and1 lying along the stems1 or crowded together1 we shall see these unpleasant worms1 unless they be foraging upon an adjoining1 or sometimes upon quite a distant branch2 for1 in changing their pasture1 they descend one twig and pass out upon another1 which may diverge considerably from the first4 ,in the early stages of their existence1 however1 the little worms consume only the upper surface of the leaves1 and it is at this period that we may most advantageously attack them4 ,the leaves that have thus had their substance eroded become dry and whitish1 and attract our attention4 ,they are generally found upon a single twig or spray1 usually a lateral1 and it should at once be examined1 as we may now easily destroy the whole brood by rolling a single leaf between the thumb and finger4 ,,noctu1 ,,or ,,owlet-,,moths1 ,,cut-,,worms4 ,the perfect insects are thick-bodied1 and of dull colors2 they fly at night4 ,the caterpillars are naked1 live in the soil1 and feed above ground at night1 when they do considerable damage4 ,the common ,cut-worm1 ,agrotis1 is an illustration4 ,there are several sorts1 which have received different names1 but the worms all have very similar habits4 ,the moths are supposed to lay their eggs in ,july1 when they soon hatch and feed during the season2 they attain considerable size and hybernate in the soil4 ,,remedies4--,fall and winter plowing has been recommended1 as it exposes the worms to the birds1 and to the weather1 but especially because it destroys the vegetation upon which they might subsist in the early spring4 ,the only safe way1 is to watch their traces among our plants1 and dig down beside them1 find the worm1 and destroy it4 ,though this does not restore the plant already killed1 we prevent further damage1 and may hope to thus diminish the pest in future years1 which is no small matter4 ,a knowledge of their nocturnal habits has induced some gardeners to go among their young plants with a lamp or candle at night1 when they may find the caterpillars feeding4 ,a few choice plants may be protected by wrapping their stems with a strip of paper1 or a stout leaf1 7hickory71 at the time of transplanting into infested grounds2 this will save them4 ,tobacco water has been found very effective1 applied to the plants1 which it does not injure4 ,mamestra arctica1 7,hadena amica1 of ,harris1 and ,h4 amputatrix1 of ,fitch71 is a ,cut-worm of a brownish color1 about one and a half inch long4 ,it is sometimes quite destructive in the nursery and garden1 ascending woody plants1 and cutting them off where succulent1 in the month of ,may4 ,it can only be checked by seeking for it1 in the soil1 near the base of the plants affected4 ,all these ,cut-worms are eaten by birds1 among which the crow is a valuable aid to the farmer1 and should be cherished for his services instead of being condemned as a bird of ill-omen4 ,predacious insects also consume numbers of them2 one of these is the larva of a beetle1 ,harpalus calaginosus4 ,a large ,ichneumon-fly has been found hunting after the worms1 and is considered their natural enemy4 ,,geometers1 ,,span-,,worms1 ,,canker-,,worms4 ,the measuring worms take their name from their peculiar method of locomotion2 having their legs at each end of their long bodies1 they walk by progressive leaps1 arching up their backs by bringing their hind-legs forward1 and then thrusting their heads out to their full length4 ,many of them drop from the trees1 and hang suspended by a thread of silk1 when disturbed1 or when seeking the earth to undergo their transformations4 ,some of them are naked1 or have few hairs2 most are smooth1 often striped1 or of an uniform color1 like the bark of the trees on which they feed4 ,the moths are slender-bodied2 the wings large2 of some the females have no wings4 ,these are the ,hybernians1 including the ,canker-worm1 ,anisopterix vernata4 ,these caterpillars are very numerous and destructive2 they do not feed gregariously1 and are difficult to combat in that form4 ,the pup are under ground1 and1 as the female moths are wingless1 and must ascend the trees to deposit their eggs1 we can destroy them in the perfect form by meeting them on the highway they have to pass4 ,ingenious devices have been invented for this purpose2 among the most effective of these are vessels of oil1 fastened closely around the bole of the tree4 ,the moths emerge from the ground in early spring1 but many come out during pleasant mild days in the winter1 and some even in the autumn2 so the remedies must be applied early to be of any use4 ,harris describes a smaller species as the ,anisopterix pometaria4 ,hybernia tiliaria1 or the ,span-worm of the ,linden1 is abundant in ,june1 growing to the length of an inch and a half4 ,a belt of tar1 applied to the trees1 has been found effective in preventing the ascent of the wingless females2 this needs renewing daily1 until the season of their rising has passed4 ,ellopia ribearia1 or the ,currant-moth1 was figured and described by ,fitch as the ,abraxas8 ribearia1 in ,new ,york ,reports for #ahef4 ,the worm is light yellow1 with black dots4 ,it eats the leaves of currants and gooseberries1 in ,june4 ,the moth ascends from the ground in ,july2 it is nankeen-yellow2 quite a common insect in some parts of the country4 ,it must have some natural enemies1 for1 where very abundant one year1 it sometimes disappears altogether the next4 ,hand-picking is the only remedy known1 and this is quite a tedious process4 ,,tortrices1 ,,delta ,,moths1 ,,or ,,leaf-,,rollers4 ,the ,leaf-rollers are a numerous tribe1 and some of them are troublesome upon our cultivated trees and vines4 ,they curl up the edge of the leaf upon which they feed1 and fasten it with little bands of silk1 and thus shelter themselves from the weather and from their enemies4 ,they are naked worms1 and generally light colored1 and exceedingly active4 ,some live in the unfolding leaves and flower-buds1 fastening them together so they cannot expand1 while they devour the tender tissues4 ,some enter the young fruit1 which they cause to ripen and fall prematurely4 ,the moths are generally small1 often prettily marked1 and fly only in the evening4 ,loxotnia rosaceana1 7,harris71 is found soon after the buds of the apple begin to expand4 ,they curl up and fasten them together1 and do considerable damage4 ,penthina oculana1 7,harris71 has similar habits1 and preys upon the apple2 both must be killed by hand4 ,brachytoenia melania1 or the ,many-dotted ,apple ,leaf-worm1 is mentioned by ,fitch#dj as eating holes in the leaves1 in ,june and ,september4 ,it is rather thick1 light green1 an inch and a quarter long1 with five white lines and numerous white dots2 the worms spin their cocoons in a leaf4 ,there are two crops4 ,loxotnia cerasivorana1 7,fitch71 or the ,cherry ,tortrix1 is a deep yellow worm1 with black head and feet4 ,found in ,july1 fastening the leaves together and living in families1 forming a large nest4#da ,desmia maculalis1 or the ,spotted-winged ,sable1 or ,grape ,leaf-folder1 is a slender1 active green worm1 that feeds upon and disfigures the leaves of our grape vines1 rolling them with great regularity1 and fastening them with strong bands of beautiful white silk4 ,the pupa is formed within the rolled leaf4 ,these worms begin in ,june1 but continue to fold the leaves during the season of growth4 ,they can be destroyed by hand-picking1 but it requires quickness and dexterity1 as the worm escapes from either end of the open pipe when disturbed4 ,the warblers are very fond of them1 and destroy a great many4 ,carpocapsa pomonella1 or the ,codling-moth1 is one of these ,tortrices1 which gives great trouble4 ,it has been introduced from ,europe1 but is steadily increasing as our orchards grow older1 until we now have few perfect fruit4 ,the moth appears early in the summer to lay the eggs of the first crop of worms4 ,this insect is figured and described by different authors1 among whom ,dr4 ,trimble1 of ,new ,jersey1 has paid it especial attention in his recent work4 ,the eggs are dropped singly upon the blossom end of the apple1 that affords an entrance to the young worm1 which passes to the core1 about which it consumes the pulp and the seeds4 ,the worm is whitish1 becoming flesh-colored4 ,in warm weather it attains its growth in three or four weeks1 and makes its exit by gnawing through the side of the fruit4 ,it instinctively seeks the stem of the tree to secrete itself under the scales of bark1 and this affords us an opportunity to destroy it in the pupa state1 for it will creep under any shelter that may be put in its way4 ,the ,,remedies will depend upon the habits of the insect4 ,the moth1 being nocturnal1 may be destroyed by burning lamps or fires in the orchard during ,june1 when they are first at work2 cheap coal-oil may be used for the purpose4 ,the pup can be entrapped in large numbers1 by putting a piece of old rag in the crotch of the tree1 beneath which the worms will crawl to spin their cocoons1 when they may easily be destroyed4 ,dr4 ,trimble has used a trap1 made by twisting a hay rope and fastening it about the trunk of the tree2 under the rope immense numbers will be found4 ,this trap should be examined fortnightly1 as the moths hatch out during hot weather in a shorter time than later in the season1 when some remain over winter in the pupal state4 ,all wormy fruit should be gathered as soon as it falls from the trees1 and either be boiled1 or at once fed to swine4 ,hogs and sheep1 kept in the orchard1 will generally consume the fruit as fast as they fall to the ground2 and this is the simplest and cheapest method of destroying the worms4 ,chtochilus pometellus1 7,harris71 is commonly called the ,palmer-worm4 ,it feeds upon the leaves of our orchard and forest trees in ,june4 ,sometimes it appears in immense numbers1 and1 coming after the period for the production of new leaves1 great damage is done to the trees2 old trees1 and limbs of younger ones1 are sometimes killed4 ,there have been two celebrated invasions of this insect in the ,eastern ,states1 those of #agia and of #ahec4db ,,grape ,,vine ,,feeders4 ,grape vines are subject to the attacks of many lepidopterous insects4 ,dr4 ,harris gives the history of seven ,american larv1 mostly of large moths1 which feed upon grape leaves4 ,pterophorus periscelidactylus1 or the ,gartered ,grape vine ,plume1 is a pale green worm1 half an inch long1 which hides itself in a hollow ball of leaves1 fastened together with silken threads4 ,it is described at length by ,dr4 ,fitch1 in the ,new ,york ,agricultural ,transactions4 ,ohis myron1 7,chrocampa pampinatrix1 of ,harris71 called also the ,vine ,dresser1 is somewhat troublesome in the vineyards1 as it eats the leaves1 and cuts off the bunches of grapes when half grown4 ,this worm is thick1 cylindrical1 tapering anteriorly1 pale green1 freckled with pale yellow dots1 and1 when mature1 a pale dusky olive2 #b4be inches long4 ,the pupa is found under leaves on the ground2 the moth emerges in ,june4 ,philampelus satellita1 and ,p4 ,achemon1 the ,satellite and ,achemon ,sphinges1 are large green worms that feed upon the vine4 ,they bury themselves in the ground when going into the pupa state1 and remain until the next ,july4 ,the worms are seen in ,august and ,september4 ,procris ,americana1 or the ,american ,forrester1 is found feeding upon the grape leaves at mid-summer1 7,june #bb74 ,the worms feed gregariously on the surface of a leaf1 some twenty side by side1 leaving only a skeleton behind them when small1 and consuming the leaf when older4 ,they are small1 #j4fj inch long2 yellowish4 ,the moth is blue-black1 with a bright orange neck4 ,alypia #h-maculata1 or the ,eight-spotted ,forrester1 is a light blue worm1 #a4be inches in length4 ,they leave the vines in ,july1 and spin a web on the ground2 the moth appears in ,may2 it is black1 with orange shanks2 each of the fore-wings has two large1 light yellow spots2 the hind-wings have two white ones4 ,width #a1 to #a4ej inch4 ,,gerians4 geria exitiosa1 7,say71 or ,trochilium exitiosum1 is well known in its larval state as the ,peach tree ,borer1 and is often so destructive as to kill the trees4 ,the habits of the worm as a borer1 and its situation at the base of the tree1 are somewhat similar to those of the apple tree borer2 but while that is the footless grub of a beetle1 this is a true caterpillar1 the larva of a butterfly or moth1 with feet4 ,the females deposit their eggs from ,june to ,october1 placing them upon the bark at the surface of the ground1 sometimes in the forks of the large limbs4 ,the larva enters1 and works downward2 first consuming the bark1 but afterwards eroding the wood also4 ,gum exudes from the wound1 mixed with their castings1 and indicates their presence4 ,when ready to enter the pupa form1 the worms come to the surface1 excavate a hollow in the wood1 and prepare a tough leathery follicle or pod1 three-fourths of an inch long1 in which they repose as pup4 ,this1 or an analagous insect1 attacks the plum tree1 and behaves in a similar manner4 ,the double-flowering ,almond of our shrubberies is also attacked by the borer4 ,the perfect insect looks more like a wasp than a butterfly1 for the wings of all this group are partially clear of feathers1 and transparent4 ,it varies in size from a half to three-quarters of an inch in length1 and from eight-tenths to one and three-tenths of an inch across4 ,the female varies more than the male1 and her wings are larger in proportion to the body1 which is heavier4 ,the male is of a deep steel-blue color1 with sulphur-yellow marks1 and glossy luster4 ,the wings are transparent and glossy2 the veins margined and fringed steel-blue4 ,,remedies will depend upon the habits of the insect1 and must be directed to the pupa and larva1 though valuable preventives are applicable to the perfect insect4 ,the worms may be sought out by scraping away the gum and cutting the dead bark until we find them1 often along the main roots2 the follicles with the pup should also be sought4 ,this work can be done in the autumn and spring2 if at the former season1 the removed earth should be left away from the stem1 when coal tar may be applied to destroy any worms left in the tree and to act as a preventive against future attacks1 but this substance should be used with great caution4 ,if applied1 the earth should be thrown back to the tree4 ,boiling soap-suds has been used with good effects4 ,,preventives are sometimes better than cures1 and in this case they have been very successfully used4 ,they all consist in means to keep the moth from depositing her eggs in the part of the tree where1 alone1 the borers can be harmful4 ,some raise a little mound of earth about the tree in the spring1 and allow it to remain there all summer4 ,the first application of this principle consisted in placing a chimney crock about the base of the young tree when planted2 into this coal ashes1 cinders1 or even gravel was placed1 which protected the base of the tree4 ,in the autumn the crock was lifted1 and the materials scattered4 ,an open box1 made of four bits of board1 tacked together1 answered the same purpose4 ,a cone of coarse brown paper1 tied about the tree with grocers' string1 or pasted upon the tree itself1 when applied1 will answer a very good purpose in keeping off the fly4 ,a small portion of sulphur thrown about the tree is said to have the desired effect1 but the statement has not been confirmed by trial4 ,it has been recommended to plant ,tansy with every peach tree1 but doubt attaches itself to this suggestion also4 ,in the ,american ,agriculturist1 for ,february1 #ahfe1 is a notice of a peach tree protector made of sheet-iron1 like a stove-pipe2 and in the ,april number1 ,mr4 ,bouthorpe1 of ,massachusetts1 says1 he had used a similar apparatus made of zinc1 eight inches long1 and twice the size of the tree1 which was of easy application2 the contained space next the tree was to be filled with loose dirt4 ,they were found to be a perfect protection4 geria tipuliformis1 7,linn471 or the ,currant ,borer1 has been imported from ,europe4 ,the eggs are laid near a bud2 when hatched1 the worms penetrate the pith of young shoots1 killing them4 geria pyri is mentioned by ,dr4 ,harris#dc as having done a good deal of damage to pear trees1 by boring under the bark4 ,the perfect insect resembles that of the ,currant ,borer1 and makes its appearance near the end of summer1 leaving its chrysalis skin projecting from the hole in the bark1 whence it had escaped4 geria polistformis1 or ,grape ,vine ,borer1 is mentioned by ,mr4 ,glover in the ,patent ,office ,report for #ahed1 p4 #hj4 ,he had received it from ,north ,carolina1 where it was very destructive to all vines1 except the ,scuppernong4 ,this insect has become rather common in the vineyards about ,cincinnati1 and its depredations1 in consequence of the large size of the caterpillar1 are very serious4 ,the eggs are laid near the roots of the vine1 and the larv bore into the bark and wood during the summer1 consuming them so completely1 that the vine sickens and dies1 and often breaks off at the ground1 or just below the surface4 ,when fully grown1 they measure from an inch to an inch and three-quarters in length1 are thick and whitish1 and they form a pod-like chrysalis1 similar to that of the ,peach ,tree ,borer1 but within or beside the injured roots4 ,the moths are of a dark brown color1 tinged with tawny-orange1 and banded with bright yellow on the edge of the second ring of the body2 the fore-wings are dusky1 and the hind ones transparent4 ,,remedies4--,no effectual methods of prevention are known2 but it is well to inspect the vines1 and when the presence of the insects is suspected1 examine the roots1 to find and destroy the worms4 ,,neuroptera1 ,,hymenoptera1 ,,and ,,diptera4 ,these several orders will be introduced together for convenience1 as they may be disposed of in a briefer mention than some of their predecessors2 because they do not contain so many species that are noxious by preying upon our cultivated plants4 ,some are even of advantage to us by their carnivorous propensities4 ,among the ,neuroptera are several which are aquatic in their larval condition1 but when winged1 they devour many insects2 among these are the ,dragon-flies1 commonly called ,devil's-needles by the children1 who dread them1 but they are harmless creatures4 ,the ,ant-lions were referred to under the head of ,aphids1 in the consideration of the order ,hemiptera1 as most voracious destroyers of ,plant-lice4 ,reference was also made to the ,lace-winged ,flies1 ,hemerobius1 which1 in the larval state1 consume immense numbers of the same pests4 ,a few of these insects are injurious2 among them are the ,white-ants1 ,wood-lice1 and the ,wood-ticks1 which are annoying1 though they do not affect our crops4 ,of the ,hymenoptera there are many which1 in a perfect state1 consume the juices of our choice fruits1 as well as the pollen and honey of flowers4 ,their services among these last1 as aids in fertilizing the germs1 is often of great importance to the fruit-grower4 ,but1 while acknowledging our gratitude to many for this service1 and to the industrious bee for gathering abundant stores of the nectared sweets1 we have a serious charge to bring against the family for their depredations4 ,the wasps especially are often troublesome1 particularly in the vineyard1 and their stings are annoying4 ,some ants are quite injurious4 ,the larv of some species are destructive as wood borers and as leaf-eaters1 and others cause an excrescence or warty growth upon the twigs and leaves where the eggs have been deposited2 these are called ,gall-flies4 ,the great benefits rendered by a very large class of insects in this order1 however1 may compensate for all the evil done by the others4 ,i refer to the tribe of ,ichneumon-flies of several genera4 ,some of these are very small1 and deposit their eggs within other insects1 where they hatch and destroy them by feeding upon their juices4 ,many of the wasps are predaceous1 and destroy numerous insects to feed their larv4 ,some of these exercise a wonderful instinct in preparing and securing this food for their young1 which is stored up in safe caskets with the egg1 and are ready to serve as food to the young larv4 ,the ,diptera1 or two-winged insects1 form an extensive order1 containing many species1 and these are composed of very numerous individuals4 ,flies and mosquitos are exceedingly annoying to man and animals1 and many species1 in the larval state1 consume vegetable matters2 but even here they are often of use in consuming decayed vegetation1 and like many others of the order may be considered scavengers1 consuming1 as they do1 immense quantities of filth and carrion1 that would otherwise continue to taint the air and produce disease4 ,some of the most destructive insects of this order are the ,gall-gnats1 among which are the ,wheat-fly and the ,hessian-fly1 which often sadly interfere with the farmer's prospects4 ,a few insects will now be noticed more in detail4 ,selandria cerasi1 or ,blennocampa cerasi1 is the common ,slug of the cherry and pear trees1 and quite a troublesome hymenopterous insect4 ,in some parts of the ,united ,states these little creatures are so numerous as to strip the substance from the foliage of pears and cherries4 ,our ,slug resembles the ,selandria oethiops of ,europe1 but is declared to be different4 ,the larv are at first white1 but the slimy substance that oozes from their bodies covers them with an olive coating4 ,they have twenty very short legs2 when fully grown1 the largest are about nineteen-twentieths of an inch long4 ,the head is concealed under the fore part of the body1 which is largest before1 and tapers behind4 ,they attain their growth in twenty days1 casting their skins five times1 eating them until the last time1 after which they remain free from viscidity1 and are of a clear yellow color4 ,they leave the tree and enter the ground to the depth of one or three inches1 to form their chrysalids4 ,in three days they come up as flies1 in ,july and ,august1 to lay eggs for a second brood1 the pup of which remain in the ground during the winter4 ,another insect of this genus is very destructive to our rose bushes2 it is called ,selandria ros4 ,selandria vitis1 is a species that appears upon our grape vines1 and is quite troublesome in some vineyards in ,july4 ,they feed in companies of a dozen or more4 ,,remedies4--,shaking them off the leaves has been recommended1 but does not promise to be effectual4 ,when few1 they should be sought for and crushed1 to prevent their increase4 ,though troublesome1 this may be effectually done1 and their ravages leave traces that will direct us to the leaves which contain them4 ,when more numerous1 the foliage may be syringed with common soapsuds1 or with the whale oil soap1 two pounds to fifteen gallons of water4 ,air-slaked lime has been dusted upon them with good effect2 ashes1 and even dry dust from the road1 will destroy them1 by adhering to the slimy surface4 ,these applications are best made when the foliage is wet after a shower1 or with the dew4 ,the great difficulty consists in their habit of going under the leaves1 and thus being protected4 ,mr4 ,parkman1 the noted rose fancier1 has found a mixture of soap and petroleum of great service1 as it kills the slugs without injuring the buds and foliage4 ,to a gallon of soft soap he adds two-thirds of a pint of petroleum1 mixes them thoroughly1 and dissolves in half a barrel of water2 to be applied with a syringe4 ,diptera4--,dr4 ,fitch describes as a new species ,malobrus mali4 ,he found them in a fruit that had been perforated by the ,codling-moth4 ,the larv are transparent2 the flies resemble the ,hessian-fly1 that destroys the wheat plant4#dd ,cecidomyia grossulari1 or ,gooseberry ,midge1 attacks the fruit1 giving it the appearance of ripening prematurely4 ,considerable fruit is lost in this way4#de ,in closing this chapter1 the author feels obliged to express his regrets that no more space could have been appropriated to this important subject4 ,he could only indicate some of the most troublesome insects of our orchards and vineyards1 and he hopes that the reader will be induced to pursue the investigation for himself4 ,he knows1 by experience1 that the study will bring its own reward in the information that is received1 and which is absolutely necessary to enable us to combat these troublesome pests successfully4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,practical ,entomologist1 #eah ,south #acth street1 ,philadelphia1 fifty cents a year1 in advance4 #bd ,vide ,prairie ,farmer1 ,american ,agriculturist1 ,country ,gentleman1 etc4 #be ,see ,practical ,entomologist1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cb4 #bf ,see ,practical ,entomologist1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ca4 #bg ,harris1 p4 #bje4 #bh ,harris' ,report1 p4 #caj4 #bi ,for further details of these insects1 the reader is referred to ,fitch's ,report1 pp4 #hb to #ih4 #cj ,rept4 cit41 p4 #ajj4 #ca ,rept4 cit41 p4 #abb4 #cb ,rept4 cit41 p4 #abe4 #cc ,rept4 cit41 p4 #acd4 #cd ,trans4 ,n4,y4 ,ag'l ,soc41 #ahef1 p4 #cei4 #ce ,lib4 cit4 p4 #dce4 #cf ,harris' ,rept4 p4 #baa4 #cg ,for further particulars respecting these insects1 consult ,dr4 ,fitch's ,rept41 p4 #e1 and ,harris's ,rept41 p4 #bda4 #ch ,vide ,harris' ,rept41 p4 #bcb4 #ci ,rept41 p4 #djc4 #dj ,rept41 p4 #bda4 #da ,vide ,fitch1 in ,n4,y4 ,trans4 #ahef1 p4 #chb4 #db ,for interesting details vide ,fitch's ,rept41 p4 #bba4 #dc ,rept41 p4 #bef4 #dd ,see ,fitch's ,report1 p4 #agf4 #de ,see ,fitch's ,report1 p4 #beb4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,characters ,,of ,,fruits ,,and ,,their ,,value4 ,,terms ,,used4 ,,importance ,,of ,,seizing ,,the ,,strong ,,marks4 ,,external2 ,,weight1 ,,shape1 ,,size1 ,,surface4 ,,basin ,,and ,,eye4 ,,cavity ,,and ,,stem4 ,,internal2 ,,flesh1 ,,core1 ,,axis1 ,,seeds1 ,,flavor4 ,,these ,,considered ,,separately ,,and ,,illustrated4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,terms ,,used4 ,,shape ,,referred ,,to ,,relations ,,of ,,the ,,diameters2 ,,axial ,,and ,,transverse4 ,,leading ,,forms ,,described ,,and ,,illustrated4 ,,size1 ,a ,,comparative ,,term4 ,,skin ,,characters1 ,,color2 ,,its ,,use ,,in ,,classifying4 ,,permanence ,,of ,,stripes4 ,,lines4 ,,dots ,,and ,,specks4 ,,fungous ,,spots4 ,,forms ,,of ,,basin ,,and ,,eye1 ,,of ,,cavity ,,and ,,stem1 ,,are ,,valuable2 ,,terms ,,used4 ,,the ,,interior1 ,,axis1 ,,core1 ,,seeds1 ,,flesh4 ,,flavor ,,uncertain4 ,,sweet ,,and ,,sour ,,good ,,characters4 ,,quality1 ,,terms ,,expressive ,,of4 ,in the description of a fruit1 it is very desirable for the writer to catch the strong characters1 so that he1 who reads1 may the more readily identify the specimen he holds in his hand4 ,among these several characters there is considerable difference as to their permanence and value2 some are evanescent1 some variable1 while others are found to be more reliable and constant4 ,let us consider some of these in the systematic order by which they will be taken in the descriptions that are to follow4 ,in describing a fruit1 the firmness1 weight1 and external characters1 first claim our attention1 then the internal2 these are taken up in the following order3 externally1 its shape1 size1 surface1 color1 and dots are examined4 ,in the apple and pear the basin is next observed and its characters noted1 with any peculiarities connected with the eye1 by which term the triangular space is designated that is embraced by the calyx1 as shown in an axial section of the fruit2 at the same time the length and breadth and shape of the calyx segments are noted4 ,the other end of the fruit is then explored as to the form and markings of the cavity1 and the length1 size1 and peculiarities of the stem4 ,having thus disposed of the externals1 we are now to investigate the nature of the internal structure2 to do this1 a section is made vertically through the middle of the fruit from the eye to the stem1 which exposes the flesh1 the axis with its core and the seeds1 and which enables us to investigate some very important characters1 such as the length of the axis1 its form and that of its carpels1 and the manner of their union1 whether they form an open core or otherwise4 ,the number1 color1 and shape of the seeds are noted4 ,the color of the flesh1 its texture and juiciness are examined2 the latter qualities are always tested by the teeth1 and then the palate gives us an account of the degree of richness1 acidity1 or sweetness and flavor4 ,the investigator is now prepared to render judgment2 having the testimony of his organs of touch1 sight1 taste and smell1 he can pronounce his decision as to quality1 and is prepared to specify the particular uses to which the fruit is especially adapted2 whether for the table as a dessert1 for the kitchen1 as in baking and stewing1 or for drying1 or whether it be valuable for cider-making4 ,a good judge will now be able to decide whether the fruit be especially adapted for the market or for the amateur4 ,the season of ripening should be noted in this place1 with any remark as to qualities not already provided for4 ,,form is one of our most permanent characters2 though subject to modifications1 the general shape of the specimens is always characteristic of the variety4 ,even a novice will soon learn the peculiar outline of a variety of fruit4 ,before commencing the study of these varieties of form1 it will be well to explain some of the leading terms introduced4 ,by referring to the illustrations1 it will be observed that the outlines are inscribed in circles to which they are compared2 these are drawn with dotted lines1 and they are bisected with cross lines representing the two diameters referred to in the classification by form3 the vertical or axial diameter1 ,,aa1 passing through the axis of the fruit1 and the transverse diameter1 ,,bb1 at right angles to the vertical4 ,the ,,form may be round or globular when it is nearly spherical2 the two diameters1 the axial and transverse1 being nearly equal2 fig4 #cj4 ,globose is another term of about the same meaning4 ,conic1 or conical1 indicates a decided contraction toward the blossom end1 fig4 #ca2 ,ob-conic implies that the cone is very short or flattened4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,,round4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,,conical4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,,oblong ,,or ,,truncate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,,oblong ,,conic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,,ovate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,,oblate4 ,oblong means that the axial diameter is the longer1 or that it appears so1 for an oblong apple may have equal diameters2 fig4 #cb4 ,oblong-conic1 that the outline also tapers rapidly toward the eye2 fig4 #cc4 ,oblong-ovate1 that it is fullest in the middle2 and like ,ovate1 which means egg-shaped1 that it tapers to both ends2 fig4 #cd4 ,oblate1 or flattened1 when the axial diameter is decidedly the shorter2 fig4 #ce4 ,obtuse is applied to any of these figures that is not very decided4 ,cylindrical and truncate are dependent upon one another1 thus a globular1 or still more remarkably1 an oblong fruit1 which is abruptly truncated or flattened at the ends1 appears cylindrical in its form4 ,depressed is an unusually flattened oblate form4 ,turbinate or top-shaped1 and pyriform or pear-shaped1 are especially applicable to pears1 and seldom to apples4 ,when these forms are described evenly about a vertical axis1 as shown by a section of the fruit made transversely1 or across the axis1 the specimen may be called regular or uniform1 fig4 #cf2 if otherwise1 it is irregular1 fig4 #cg1 unequal1 fig4 #ch1 oblique or lop-sided1 fig4 #ci1 in which last cases the axis is inclined to one side4 ,if the development at the surface is irregular1 as in the ,duchesse d',angouleme and ,bartlett pears1 the fruit is termed uneven4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,,regular4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,,irregular4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,,unequal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,,lop-,,sided4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,,compressed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--,,quadrangular4 ,when a transverse section of the fruit1 made at right angles to the axis1 gives the figure of a circle1 the fruit is regular2 if otherwise1 it may be compressed or flattened at the sides1 fig4 #dj2 angular1 quadrangular1 fig4 #da2 sulcate or furrowed1 fig4 #db1 when marked by sulcations2 or ribbed1 fig4 #dc1 when the intervening ridges are abrupt4 ,heart-shaped is a form that applies more especially to the cherry1 than any other kind of fruit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--,,sulcate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,,ribbed4 ,,size is a character of but second rate importance1 since it is dependent upon the varying conditions of soil1 climate1 overbearing1 etc4 ,it has its value1 however1 when it is considered as comparative or relative4 ,the expressions employed in this work to indicate size1 are3 very large1 large1 medium1 small1 very small1 making five grades4 ,the characters of the ,,skin and surface are generally very reliable1 though the smoothness of the skin as well as the coloring depend upon both soil and climate4 ,we find1 however1 that a striped apple which has been shaded1 though pale1 will always betray itself by a splash or stripe1 be it ever so small or rare1 nor will any exposure so deepen and exaggerate its stripes as to make it a self-colored fruit2 and no circumstances will introduce a true stripe upon a self-colored variety4 ,hence we may consider this kind of marking a reliable character1 and apply it as an element of our classification4 ,we sometimes find lines on self-colored fruits that are as distinctive as the stripes1 but entirely distinct from them4 ,the skin itself may be either thick or thin1 smooth1 rough1 or polished1 and it is sometimes uneven2 it may be covered with a bloom1 it may be russeted in whole or in part1 and this may be thickly or thinly spread over the surface1 or only net-veined4 ,a sort of russeting occurs about the stem only in some varieties1 and is never seen in others1 making a pretty good character1 but in the same variety it is often much increased or diminished4 ,this character1 russet on the skin1 has been very puzzling to young pomologists in the study of pears1 owing to its liability to exaggeration in some varieties1 under the influence of certain climatic conditions that have even produced it in varieties in which it had not been previously suspected4 ,some pears are characterized by this russeting of the skin1 either generally spread over the surface or confined to a limited area at either end of the fruit1 particularly about the insertion of the stem2 others have never shown any disposition to put on this character1 but1 under certain circumstances some varieties1 which should have been smooth and fair1 become thickly spread with this russeting1 that seems even to thicken the skin and which deteriorates the qualities of the fruit4 ,in some cases this appearance is local1 occupying one end of the fruit1 or making a band around the middle and contracting it like a cincture1 as though its presence prevented the proper growth and development of the sarcocarp or fleshy mass of the fruit4 ,the colors themselves being as various almost as the hues of the rainbow1 will be designated by their appropriate or customary names2 the manner of their laying on will require the use of certain definite terms1 which should be understood to comprehend the classification1 which1 in part1 depends upon this circumstance4 ,thus a fruit is called self-colored when it is not striped1 though it may be blushed or bronzed1 and the coloring may be so broken1 without stripes1 as to be mixed or curdled1 blotched1 marbled1 mottled1 clouded1 spotted1 stained1 shaded or dappled2 but some of these characters are often found associated with striping also1 or they are observed in those kinds of fruit that are always devoid of stripes4 ,striped fruits are often so deeply colored that the separate stripes do not appear so distinctly1 as when there are fewer of them on a lighter ground and they can scarcely be perceived4 ,when the stripes are long and distinct1 they are called streaks2 when short and broken abruptly at their ends1 the surface is said to be splashed4 ,certain pears are striped by a paleness or faintness of color1 these are called panache1 and are considered sports of their namesake varieties which they resemble in other respects4 ,a few peaches are distinctly striped2 some plums and cherries obscurely so4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another class of surface or skin characters consists in the ,,dots and ,,specks1 which appear to be very valuable distinctive markings1 on account of their uniformity in different varieties4 ,these may be large or small1 numerous or scattered1 darker or lighter colored1 prominent or indented4 ,in shape they are round or elongated1 and this last is a valuable character because quite rare4 ,sometimes the dots are characterized by having a green base or areola around them1 which is very noticeable1 and in some varieties these marks1 which are perhaps the stomata of the skin1 are surrounded by distinct rings of a gray color1 that resemble ocellations or eyes4 ,no reliance can be placed upon the delicate coloring that is often to be seen upon the surface of certain light colored fruits1 making rose1 red1 or purplish tints about these dots1 as they are accidental only and not distinctive markings4 ,no one should confound these pores1 that are designated as the dots1 with the superficial and extraneous marks that appear to be the accidental growth of some fungus or lichen1 and which are very commonly found upon the surface of many fruits1 often giving them a quite pretty appearance that would be seized upon by the fruit painter as a special beauty1 unless when so abundant as to produce an unpleasant smutchiness or cloudiness1 such as is often found in the product of apple orchards that are situated in low bottom lands1 and which peculiarity is attributed to the influence of fogs4 ,the ,,basin or ,,apex of a fruit consists of that portion most distant from the stem4 ,in the apple and pear it is commonly called the blossom end1 and is often more or less depressed2 hence the term basin4 ,in other fruits it is called the point or apex4 ,both are characterized by peculiarities of form that serve as distinctive marks in the description of fruits1 and these are characters of considerable value on account of their permanence4 ,in respect to its form1 the basin1 according to its depth1 is called deep1 fig4 #dd2 shallow1 fig4 #de2 very shallow1 or medium4 ,it is abrupt1 fig4 #dd1 when the edges are steep2 it is narrow and pointed1 fig4 #df1 or wide2 it is regular1 or wavy1 wrinkled1 plaited1 folded1 ribbed or angular1 fig4 #df--when these peculiarities exist4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,,deep ,,and ,,abrupt4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--,,shallow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--,,narrow ,,and ,,folded4 ,some fruits are russeted at this part of their surface only1 but this marking is a variable character and is found in greater or less degree in different localities2 thus the ,rhode ,island ,greening1 to which it belongs1 is sometimes almost entirely divested of the russeting1 and in other localities the surface is thickly spread with it half way to the stem2 the ,westfield ,seek-no-further1 which is slightly marked with this character in the ,north1 often becomes a russet apple in more southern latitudes4 ,the basin of some fruits is very apt to crack into irregular fissures1 and this appears to be peculiar to certain varieties1 though it is not esteemed a very reliable mark2 the term cracked is used to express this4 ,in some fruits1 however1 we find a very peculiar cracking that forms a permanent character1 upon which great dependence may be placed3 all the rim of the basin in these is marked with a slightly cracked appearance that does not rupture the skin1 and which resembles the incipient breaking of the surface of a piece of dry leather2 it has1 therefore1 received the name of leather-crack4 ,this is characteristic of a few sorts1 and hence a valuable mark4 ,within the basin is the ,,eye1 which furnishes characters of great value4 ,this ,i consider to mean the meeting of the segments of the calyx1 and more particularly in the apple1 the triangular space enclosed by these parts1 in which the remains of the stamens and pistils are found4 ,hence the ,eye can only be displayed by making a vertical section of the fruit4 ,there are but a limited number of expressions used in its description2 thus the eye is said to be large1 small1 long or short1 and it may be open or closed4 ,the segments of the calyx may be converging or reflexed1 persistent or obsolete1 according to their condition in the ripe fruit1 and these several characters are quite reliable2 but the simple fact that the eye is open or closed1 may depend upon the accidental breaking away of the segments of the calyx1 and is of little value as a sign4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,,deep1 ,,stem ,,long4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,,wide1 ,,stem ,,stout4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--,,wavy1 ,,stem ,,clubbed4 ,the next character to be considered is the attachment of the stem1 which1 in some fruits1 is so depressed as to constitute what is called the ,,cavity4 ,in the apple this portion has many variations that are quite characteristic of certain varieties of fruit4 ,in form the cavity may be either deep1 fig4 #dg1 or shallow2 regular or irregular2 wide1 fig4 #dh2 or narrow1 and acute1 wavy1 fig4 #di2 and uneven1 folded1 and even lipped1 fig4 #ej2 as when a portion of the flesh protrudes against the stem1 as in ,pryor's ,red1 ,roman ,stem1 and other apples1 and in some pears4 ,this portion is sometimes defaced by cracks that separate the skin2 it is occasionally green1 and this is a good and distinguishing character of a limited number of fruits1 both apples and pears4 ,the cavity is also brown or russeted in some fruits1 and1 though this character is quite variable in its depth1 amount and extent1 we may consider the brown or russeting about the stem quite reliable in both pears and apples4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,,cavity ,,lipped4 ,the stem has its place of insertion in the region we have just been considering4 ,it is the peduncle of botanists1 and in some species it separates from the fruit by a joint--in others it remains attached and separates from the twig1 when it is considered a part of the fruit itself1 as in the apple and pear4 ,the shape1 average length1 thickness1 and other characters1 and especially its mode of attachment to the carpos#df in the pear1 give us some important characters1 but these are always somewhat uncertain and variable2 hence they are rather relative than positive traits4 ,in apples1 stems may be long1 fig4 #dg1 short1 fig4 #dh1 or medium1 according to their projection beyond or concealment within the cavity1 being called medium when they simply reach the contour of the outline4 ,they are slender1 fig4 #dg2 medium or thick1 fleshy1 knobby or clubbed1 fig4 #di1 according to the amount of their substance and its arrangement4 ,they are curved or straight1 and direct and axial1 or inclined1 according to their direction and relation to the axis of the fruit2 and in pears1 they often have a peculiarity of the insertion dependent upon their being more or less fleshy2 in both plums and pears1 this fullness is often arranged in rings surrounding the base of the stem4 ,some pomologists have taken great pains to measure the length of the stems1 which they report in inches and lines4 ,as above stated1 this is an uncertain quantity1 and therefore of little value1 except when taken in relation to other measurements by way of comparison2 hence ,i have preferred to use the above-mentioned terms only in their relation to the axial diameter in describing the apples1 unless where their extension is unusual4 ,the variable length of this organ in some varieties is remarkable1 and we often find the smallest fruits having the longest stems4 ,when we come to examine the interior portions of a fruit1 if it be an apple or pear1 we make a vertical section through the axis from basin to cavity4 ,this exposes the internal structure and enables us to judge of the color and other characters of the fleshy pericarp1 the length of the axis1 the size of the core and carpels1 and the number and appearance of the seeds4 ,these characters are possessed of value1 and are quite reliable2 in many fruits the seeds furnish distinctive indications1 and this is particularly the case with the stone fruits1 many of which are readily identified by the form and markings of the stones or pits1 the endocarps of botany4 ,in the apple particularly1 we first have our attention drawn to the ,,axis1 which is sometimes very short1 so that in some decidedly oblate specimens1 with deep basin and cavity1 there is scarcely room between them for the core1 which is shortened to correspond with the oblate character of the fruit4 ,this is illustrated by many of the outlines given in ,class ,i4 ,it is well also to observe and note whether the axis be inclined4 ,the form of the core is not very reliable1 but it has characters that are permanent and peculiar to certain varieties4 ,thus it is always open in some1 and always closed in other sorts of the apple4 ,in the pear it is gritty in some varieties1 and surrounded with fine grained flesh in others4 ,the core is large1 medium1 or small1 and these distinctions are permanent4 ,its outline1 embracing the group of carpels1 may be regular or irregular1 long or short1 cordate1 wide or compressed2 it may reach the eye or otherwise1 and it frequently clasps that portion4 ,the ,,seeds are numerous or otherwise2 they are long or short1 acuminate or rounded1 flat1 angular1 imperfect1 or plump1 large or small2 they may be pale1 even yellow1 or brown1 dark1 and nearly black2 and these shades are distinctive1 often enabling the pomologist to decide upon the variety when other characters are less marked4 ,the peculiarities of the stones of peaches1 plums and cherries1 and of the seeds of the grape1 had better be described in immediate connection with those species of fruit4 ,in the ,,flesh of fruits we find characters that most pomologists1 even the amateurs1 are generally pleased to have under practical consideration4 ,they are also very reliable1 for if the fruits be in good condition1 they are always the same in any given variety4 ,in its consistency1 this tissue is either firm and compact1 or spongy2 it is fine grained1 granular1 gritty1 fibrous1 or breaking1 on the one hand1 or tender1 buttery and melting1 on the other2 the flesh is either dry or juicy1 and tinted with various shades of color4 ,in some we find a satisfying richness1 while others are thin and poor4 ,some have a fine aroma1 while others have an unpleasant flavor or are scentless4 ,so intimately associated are our organs of taste and smell1 that it is difficult to separate and distinguish the impressions we receive through these senses4 ,for our present purpose it will be best to consider all under this head1 whether really belonging to one or the other sensation2 and the lexicographers themselves admit the commonalty of taste and smell in the word flavor4 ,these qualities of a fruit depend upon so many accidents of season1 culture1 and especially of the condition of ripeness1 that they are of comparatively little value in descriptions1 except in their broadest expressions of acidity and its opposite1 which indeed are sufficiently pronounced to be used in the classification of fruits4 ,with regard to their ,,flavor1 fruits may be said to be vinous1 sub-acid1 acid1 and very acid1 or sugary1 sweet1 very sweet1 and honey sweet2 they may be flat and insipid1 or highly flavored1 mild1 or astringent2 and as to fragrance1 in which they may remind us of many other agreeable odors1 they may be said to be perfumed and aromatic1 or otherwise4 ,in deciding upon the quality of the fruit that has thus been subjected to this series of tests1 and to this thorough examination1 we shall find that the decision will depend upon the individual tastes1 the likes and dislikes of those who are called upon to render judgment1 and that1 at best1 the result must be arbitrary4 ,the terms expressive of this division are inferior1 good1 very good1 and best4 ,,footnotes3 #df ,from karpos1 ,greek1 for fruit4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,classification4 ,,necessity ,,for4 ,,basis ,,of4 ,,characters4 ,,shape4 ,,its ,,regularity4 ,,flavor4 ,,color4 ,,their ,,several ,,values4 ,,thomas' ,,classification4 ,,german ,,writers4 ,,diel',s ,,seven ,,classes4 ,,modifications ,,by ,,dochnahl4 ,,robert ,,hogg',s ,,modification ,,based ,,upon ,,season4 ,,diel',s ,,conspectus ,,of ,,classification4 ,,dochnahl',s4 ,,the ,,author',s ,,classification ,,explained4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,terms4 ,,topics ,,combined4 ,,conspectus ,,of ,,classification ,,used ,,in ,,this ,,work4 ,the need of some classification grows more and more pressing1 as our fruit lists have become more extended1 and they now reach many hundreds4 ,a good and reliable systematic classification has become absolutely necessary1 and has received a great deal of consideration4 ,upon what principle shall this classification be founded8 ,the common alphabetical arrangement of most text books may be very convenient for a mere dictionary of fruits1 but is utterly useless to the novice who does not know the name of his specimen4 ,the arrangement by season and size has its difficulties in the uncertainty and variation of these characters in the different soils and climates of our extended country1 and a sub-division and grouping of fruits by their quality of excellence is not only unreliable1 but is altogether arbitrary1 and subject to the greatest diversity of opinion arising from the various tastes of different individuals4 ,we must look to some marked and reliable characters that are always present1 easily recognized1 and permanent or fixed4 ,among these shape or figure stands pre-eminent1 notwithstanding the acknowledged fact that some varieties are almost protean4 ,the shape of the general outline appears to be the best character for the broad divisions of a classification4 ,a sub-division may again be made1 which is to be based upon the regularity or irregularity of the shape4 ,the next character1 and one of considerable value1 is that dependent upon flavor in its broadest characters of sweet and sour1 which1 though sometimes giving rise to a puzzling question1 is1 in most varieties1 sufficiently marked to constitute the basis of a minor sub-division4 ,color1 which is notoriously the poorest character and least esteemed by botanists in their descriptions1 on account of its liability to variation1 is1 however1 of sufficient importance in pomology to take a high rank and to appear very prominently in fruit nomenclature4 ,still it should be reserved for the lowest sub-divisions of a classification4 ,among our ,american writers1 who deservedly stand prominent as pomologists1 the most satisfactory attempt at classification is found in the little work prepared by ,j4,j4 ,thomas4 ,no one who has realized the advantages to be derived from the simple and clear sub-divisions made by this author1 will ever be satisfied with a fruit-book that is not arranged upon the basis of some classification4 ,thomas1 in his excellent work1 makes three great divisions of apples according to their period of ripening1 as the ,summer1 ,autumn1 and ,winter fruits1 to which some of us would desire to add ,spring1 or long-keepers4 ,each of these he has divided into two classes--those characterized by their flavor as sweet apples1 and those possessed of more or less acidity2 and each of these classes is subdivided into two sections1 according to their color1 as striped with red and not striped2 so that in this arrangement we have eighteen groups1 and1 with specimen in hand1 this synopsis enables us at once to decide in which of these groups of moderate dimensions we may look for the description we desire2 and1 if it be contained in the book1 it may readily be found4 ,the labor of searching through the whole list is thus obviated4 ,the ,germans have made many attempts at the classification of fruits4 ,christ1 ,diel1 ,dochnahl1 ,manger and ,sickler1 have been engaged in this work2 and ,diel's ,synopsis1 though far from perfect1 has been generally adopted4 ,he makes seven classes1 with orders under each4 ,dochnahl1 a later writer1 has modified this by making two sections according to the shape1 whether angular or spherical1 and four classes also based upon their form4 ,robert ,hogg1 in his ,british ,pomology1 which is an excellent account of the apples cultivated in ,england1 has given a modification which answers a good purpose for classification4 ,he makes three great sections1 according to season1 ,summer1 ,autumn1 and ,winter4 ,each of these is divided into two classes1 according to shape3 #ast1 ,round1 roundish1 or oblate2 and #bnd1 ,oblong1 conical1 oval1 or ovate4 ,these again are grouped according to their colors3 ,a1 pale2 ,b1 striped2 ,c1 red2 and ,d1 russet4 ,as a matter of interest ,i will give ,diel's classification4 ,,class ,i4--,,ribbed ,,apples4 #a4 ,they are furnished with very prominent1 but regular ribs around the eye1 extending also over the fruit1 but which do not render it irregular4 #b4 ,having wide1 open1 and very irregular cells4 ,,order ,i4--,,true ,,calvilles4 #a4 ,they taper from about the middle of the fruit toward the eye4 #b4 ,they are covered with bloom when on the tree4 #c4 ,they have1 or acquire1 by keeping1 an unctuous skin4 #d4 ,they are not distinctly and purely striped4 #e4 ,they have light1 spongy1 delicate flesh4 #f4 ,they have a strawberry or raspberry flavor4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,schlotter ,,pfel4 #a4 ,the skin does not feel unctuous4 #b4 ,they are not covered with bloom4 #c4 ,they are either of a flat1 conical1 cylindrical1 or tapering form4 #d4 ,they have not a balsamic1 but mostly a sweetish or sourish flavor4 #e4 ,they have a granulous1 loose1 and coarse-grained flesh4 ,,order ,,iii4--,,guelderlinge4 #a4 ,they are not balsamic1 like ,order ,i41 but of an aromatic flavor4 #b4 ,they have a fine flesh1 almost like that of the ,reinettes4 #c4 ,they are either of a conical or flat shape4 #d4 ,they are most prominently ribbed around the eye4 ,,class ,,ii--,,rosen,,pfel--,,rose ,,apples4 #a4 ,they are covered with blue bloom when on the tree4 #b4 ,they have not unproportionally large1 but often only regular cells4 #c4 ,they emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed4 #d4 ,the skin does not feel unctuous4 #e4 ,they are handsomely and regularly ribbed around the eye1 and often also over the fruit4 #f4 ,they have a tender1 loose1 spongy1 and mostly fine grained flesh4 #g4 ,they have a fine rose1 fennel1 or anise flavor4 #h4 ,they are mostly of short duration1 and are often only summer or autumn apples4 #i4 ,they are mostly striped like a turnip4 ,,order ,i4--,,fruit ,,tapering ,,or ,,oblong4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,fruit ,,round ,,or ,,flat4 ,,class ,,iii4--,,rambours4 #a4 ,they are all large apples1 and comprise the largest sorts4 #b4 ,they have mostly1 or almost always1 two unequal halves--namely1 one side lower than the other4 #c4 ,they are constantly furnished with ribs around the eye which are broad1 rising irregularly1 one above the other1 and extending over the fruit so as to render it irregular in its shape2 they are also compressed1 and have one side higher than the other4 #d4 ,they are constantly broader than high1 and only sometimes elongated4 #e4 ,they have all a loose1 coarse grained and often very pleasant flesh4 ,,order ,i4--,,with ,,wide ,,cells4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,with ,,narrow ,,cells4 ,,class ,,iv4--,,reinettes4 #a4 ,they have a fine grained1 delicate1 crisp1 firm flesh4 #b4 ,they are mostly the ideal of a handsomely shaped apple2 in them the convexity or bulge of the middle of the apple towards the eye is the same as that towards the stalk1 or not much different4 #c4 ,they are all gray dotted1 or have russety patches1 or completely covered with russet4 #d4 ,they have rarely an unctuous skin4 #e4 ,they have all the rich1 aromatic1 sugary1 and brisk flavor1 which is called the ,reinette flavor4 #f4 ,they decay very readily1 and must1 of all apples1 hang longest on the tree4 #g4 ,the really sweet and at the same time aromatic apples belong to the ,reinettes1 only as regards their shape1 their character1 and their fine and firm flesh4 #h4 ,apples with fine1 firm1 crisp flesh1 which cannot of themselves form a distinct class2 for instance1 the ,pippins belong to this class4 ,,order ,i4--,,self-,,colored ,,reinettes4 #a4 ,having a uniform green ground color1 which changes to the most beautiful golden yellow4 #b4 ,having no lively colors or marks of russet on the side next the sun1 except those that are very much exposed1 and which assume a slight tinge of red4 #c4 ,having no covering of russet1 but only slight traces of russety stripes4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,red ,,reinettes4 ,having all the properties of the self-colored ,reinettes1 but of a pure red on the side next the sun1 without any mixture of russet4 ,,order ,,iii4--,,gray ,,reinettes4 #a4 ,the ground color is green1 changing to dingy dull yellow4 #b4 ,the coating of russet1 or the russety patches1 spread over the greater part of the fruit1 are very conspicuous4 #c4 ,the side next the sun is often dull brownish or ochreous red4 ,,order ,,iv4--,,golden ,,reinettes4 #a4 ,on the side next the sun they are washed or striped with beautiful crimson4 #b4 ,the ground color changes by keeping to a beautiful deep yellow4 #c4 ,over the ground color1 and the crimson of the exposed side1 are spread light thin patches1 or a complete coat of russet4 ,,class ,v4--,,streiflinge--,,striped ,,apples4 #a4 ,they are all1 and almost always1 marked with broken stripes of red4 #b4 ,these stripes are found either over the whole fruit1 or only very indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun4 #c4 ,the stripes may be distinct--that is to say1 truly striped2 or between these stripes on the side next the sun the fruit is dotted1 shaded1 or washed with red2 but on the shaded side the stripes are well defined4 #d4 ,the cells are regular4 #e4 ,they are of a purely sweet1 vinous1 or acid flavor4 #f4 ,they have not the same flavor as the ,rose apples4 #g4 ,they do not decay1 except when gathered before maturity4 ,,order ,i4--,,flat ,,streiflinge4 #a4 ,they have the bulge at the same distance from the eye as from the stalk1 and are broadly flattened4 #b4 ,they are constantly half an inch broader than high4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,tapering ,,streiflinge4 #a4 ,they are broader than high4 #b4 ,they diminish from the middle of the apple towards the eye1 so that the superior half is conical or pyramidal1 and not at all similar to the inferior half4 ,,order ,,iii4--,,oblong ,,or ,,cylindrical ,,streiflinge4 #a4 ,the hight and breadth are almost equal4 #b4 ,they diminish gradually from the base to the apex4 #c4 ,or from the middle of the fruit they gradually diminish toward the base and apex equally4 ,,order ,,iv4--,,round ,,streiflinge4 #a4 ,the convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the same4 #b4 ,the breadth does not differ from the hight1 except only about a quarter of an inch4 #c4 ,laid in the hand1 with the eye and stalk sidewise1 they have the appearance of a roundish grape4 ,,class ,,vi4--,,tapering ,,apples4 #a4 ,they have the cells regular4 #b4 ,they are not covered with bloom4 #c4 ,they are not striped1 and are either of a uniform color1 or washed with red on the side next the sun4 #d4 ,constantly diminishing to a point towards the eye4 #e4 ,they are sweet or vinous1 approaching a pure acid4 #f4 ,they do not readily decay4 ,,order ,i4--,,oblong1 ,,cylindrical ,,or ,,conical4 ,characters the same as ,order ,,iii4 of the ,streiflinge4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,tapering ,,to ,a ,,point4 ,characters the same as ,order ,,ii4 of the ,streiflinge4 ,,class ,,vii4--,,flat ,,apples4 #a4 ,they are constantly broader than high4 #b4 ,they are never striped4 #c4 ,they are either of a uniform color1 or1 on the side exposed to the sun1 more or less washed or shaded with red4 #d4 ,they have regular cells4 #e4 ,they are not unctuous when handled4 #f4 ,they do not readily decay4 #g4 ,flavor purely sweet1 or purely sour4 ,,order ,i4--,,purely ,,flat ,,apples4 #a4 ,the difference is obvious to the eye4 #b4 ,the breadth is constantly half an inch more than the hight4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,round-,,shaped ,,flat ,,apples4 #a4 ,the eye cannot easily detect a distinction between the breadth and hight4 #b4 ,the breadth rarely exceeds the hight by a quarter of an inch4 #c4 ,the fruit1 cut transversely1 exhibits almost or quite two equal halves4 ,,dochnahl',s ,,classification4 ,,section ,i4--,,pleuroidea4--,,angular ,,or ,,ribbed4 ,having sharp or flat ribs1 which extend over the length of the fruit and are most prominent around the eye1 where they are most generally situated4 ,,class ,i4--,,mala ,,cydonaria--,,quince-,,shaped4 ,,order ,i4--,,calvilles4 #a4 ,they have large heart-shaped cells1 open towards the axis1 or often entirely torn2 the cells extend very often from the stalk even to the tube of the calyx4 #b4 ,they diminish from about the middle of the fruit1 or a little above it1 towards the eye4 #c4 ,they are regular1 and provided generally with fine ribs1 which do not disfigure the fruit4 #d4 ,on the tree1 the fruit is covered with bloom4 #e4 ,they are never distinctly striped4 #f4 ,their flesh is soft1 loose1 fine and light1 of a balsamic flavor1 similar to that of strawberries or raspberries4 #g4 ,the eye is frequently closed4 #h4 ,many of them acquire by keeping an oily or unctuous skin4 ,,group ,i4--,fruit red1 almost entirely covered with red4 ,,group ,,ii4--,fruit parti-colored2 yellow2 very much striped or washed with red4 ,,group ,,iii4--,fruit yellow2 of a whitish1 greenish1 or golden yellow4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,pseudo-,,calvilles4 #a4 ,the cells are almost the same as the true ,calvilles--very large and open4 #b4 ,the calycinal tube is wide and generally very short4 #c4 ,they are slightly narrowed toward the eye1 and flattened toward the stalk4 #d4 ,their ribs are very prominent1 especially around the eye4 #e4 ,they are aromatic1 and have not the balsamic flavor of the true ,calvilles4 #f4 ,their flesh is fine1 opaque1 a little succulent1 and almost equal to the ,reinettes4 ,,groups ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 as above4 ,,class ,,ii4--,,mala ,,pyraria--,,pear-,,shaped4 ,their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic2 they are purely sweet or acid2 their flesh is granulous and loose4 ,,order ,i4--,,tremaria--,,seeds ,,loose4 #a4 ,they are almost always large apples1 the skin of which is neither unctuous nor covered with bloom4 #b4 ,they are also furnished with ribs2 but they are not so regular as in the ,calvilles4 #c4 ,the cells are very large1 irregular1 widened1 and generally open4 #d4 ,the calycinal tube is most generally widely conical1 and does not extend to the cells4 #e4 ,they are of a flattened1 conical1 cylindrical or pointed shape4 #f4 ,their flesh is loose1 more often a little coarse1 and of a slightly balsamic flavor4 #g4 ,the leaves of these trees are very large1 rather deeply dentated1 and less downy than those of the ,calvilles4 ,,group ,i4--,unicolores--,green1 greenish1 yellow1 or golden yellow1 and slightly tinged with red4 ,,group ,,ii4--,bicolores--,yellow or green1 and distinctly striped or washed with red4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,rambures4 #a4 ,they are all very large4 #b4 ,they have almost always the two halves unequal4 #c4 ,they are constantly broader than high1 and appear sometimes higher than they are4 #d4 ,they are not furnished with ribs1 except around the eye2 these are often irregular in numbers1 and frequently form broad projections on the fruit4 #e4 ,they do not decay1 but shrivel when they have passed maturity4 #f4 ,the flesh is coarsely granulous1 rarely aromatic1 nevertheless often very agreeable4 ,,group ,i4--,capsulis amplis--,wide cells4 ,,group ,,ii4--,capsulis angustis--,narrow cells4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,sph,,roid--,,spherical4 ,they have sometimes prominences on the fruit and around the eye1 but never true ribs4 ,,class ,,iii4--,,mala ,,mespilaria--,,medlar ,,shaped4 ,their flavor is sweet1 aromatic1 similar to that of the ,rose1 fennel or anise4 ,,order ,i4--,,apiana1 ,,or ,,rose ,,apples4 ,their flesh is soft1 loose1 marrowy1 very fine grain1 and of a snow white color4 #b4 ,the cells are almost always regular and closed4 #c4 ,they are regularly ribbed around the eye1 and often also over the fruit1 but sometimes not at all ribbed4 #d4 ,they have a balsamic flavor1 accompanied with a very agreeable odor4 #e4 ,they emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed4 #f4 ,when on the tree they are frequently covered with a blue bloom1 and striped like a ,tulip4 #g4 ,the fruit is mostly small1 or middle sized4 #h4 ,they are mostly of short duration1 and lose their good flavor the same year4 ,,group ,i4--,oblongi--,oblong fruit4 ,,group ,,ii4--,sphrici--,round or flattened4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,reinetta--,,reinettes4 #a4 ,these are apples which generally have the most regular and handsome shape1 having the bulge in the middle1 at the same distance from the eye as from the stalk4 #b4 ,all are dotted1 clouded1 or entirely covered with russet4 #c4 ,they are very rarely inclined to be unctuous1 but generally rough when handled4 #d4 ,they all decay very readily2 7they must therefore be left as long as possible on the tree47 #e4 ,their flesh is fine grained1 crisp1 firm1 or fine and delicate4 #f4 ,they are all charged with only a balsamic1 sugary acid1 which is called ,reinette-flavored4 ,,group ,i4--,unicolores4--#a4 ,having uniform green ground color1 which changes to the most beautiful golden yellow4 #b4 ,having no lively colors or marks of russet on the side next the sun1 except those that are very much exposed1 and are slightly tinged with red4 #c4 ,having no covering of russet1 but only slight traces of russety stripes4 ,,group ,,ii4--,rubri--,fruit red2 having all the properties of the self-colored ,reinettes2 but on the side next the sun they are of a red color1 with a mixture of russet4 ,,group ,,iii4--,ravi--,russeted4 #a4 ,their ground color is green1 changing to dingy1 dull yellow4 #b4 ,the coatings of russet are very conspicuous4 #c4 ,the side next the sun is often dingy1 brownish1 or ochreous red4 #d4 ,they all decay very readily4 ,,group ,,iv4--,aurei--,yellow or golden fruit1 ,golden ,reinettes4 #a4 ,on the side next the sun they are washed or striped with beautiful crimson4 #b4 ,the ground color changes1 by keeping1 to beautiful deep yellow4 #c4 ,over the crimson there is a light thin trace1 or a complete covering of russet4 ,,class ,,iv4--,,mala ,,malaria--,,perfect ,,or ,,pure ,,apple-,,shaped4 ,they are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor1 approaching to pure acid4 ,,order ,i4--,,striola1 ,,or ,,striped4 #a4 ,they are almost always marked with broken stripes of red4 #b4 ,these are either over the whole fruit1 or only indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun4 #c4 ,the stripes may all be distinct--that is1 clearly and finely striped2 or between these stripes1 on the side next the sun1 the fruit is dotted1 shaded or washed with red2 but on the shaded side the stripes are well defined4 #d4 ,the cells are regular4 #e4 ,the fruit does not decay1 except when gathered before maturity1 or after the period when it has been properly ripened4 ,,group ,i4--,depressa--,flat4 #a4 ,they have the bulge at the same distance from the eye as from the stalk1 and are broadly flattened4 #b4 ,they are always half an inch broader than high4 ,,group ,,ii4--,acuminati--,pointed4 #a4 ,they are broader than high4 #b4 ,they diminish from the middle of the apple toward the eye1 so that the superior half is conical1 and is not at all similar to the inferior half4 ,,group ,,iii4--,oblongi--,oblong or cylindrical4 #a4 ,the hight and breadth are almost equal4 #b4 ,they diminish gradually from the base to the apex4 #c4 ,or1 from the middle of the fruit they gradually diminish toward the base and apex equally4 ,,group ,,iv4--,sphrici--,round4 #a4 ,the convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the same4 #b4 ,the breadth does not differ from the hight1 except only about a quarter of an inch4 #c4 ,when laid on their side they present a spherical shape4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,contubernalia--,,storing ,,apples4 #a4 ,having the cells regular4 #b4 ,they are not striped1 and are either of a uniform color or washed with red on the side next the sun4 #c4 ,they do not readily decay4 #d4 ,they are not unctuous when handled4 #e4 ,they are never covered with bloom4 ,,group ,i4--,acuminati--,tapering1 diminishing toward the eye4 ,,group ,,ii4--,depressi--,flat4 ,these are constantly broader than high4#dg ,after a long and careful consideration and study of this subject1 ,i have prepared the following formula for the ,,classification ,,of ,,apples4 ,it consists of four classes that are based upon the general figure of the fruit2 with two orders1 that are distinguished by a modification of the form1 causing the fruit to be regular1 or irregular1 and angular4 ,the characters upon which the classes are founded are exemplified by a vertical section through the length of the axis of the fruit4 ,those by which the ,orders are distinguished are shown by a transverse section1 made at right angles to the axis1 or by holding the fruit with the blossom end toward the eye4#dh ,each of these ,orders may contain two ,sections1 characterized by their flavor as sweet and sour2 and each of these may again be sub-divided into three ,sub-sections1 that are based upon color4 ,,class ,i4--,,oblate ,,or ,,flat1 having the axis shorter than the transverse diameter4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,sweet4 ,,section #b4--,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,pale or blushed1 more or less1 but self-colored and not striped4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,striped or ,splashed4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,russeted4 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical1 tapering decidedly toward the eye1 and becoming ,,ovate when larger in the middle and tapering to each end1 the axial diameter being the shorter4 ,,orders ,i and ,,ii4 ,,sections #a and #b4 ,,sub-,,sections #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round1 ,,globular or nearly so1 having the axial and transverse diameters about equal1 the former often shorter by less than one-quarter of the latter4 ,the ends are often so flattened as to look truncated1 when the fruit appears to be cylindrical or globular-oblate4 ,,orders1 ,,sections1 and ,,sub-,,sections1 as above4 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong1 in which the axis is longer than the transverse diameter1 or appears so4 ,these may also be truncate or cylindrical4 ,,orders1 ,,sections1 and ,,sub-,,sections1 as above4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,as translated for ,r4 ,hogg's ,british ,pomology4 #dh ,figures #cf to #df1 pp4 #cee to #cef4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,apples4 ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,their ,,classification ,,alphabetically1 ,,under ,,each ,,division4 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular ,,in ,,form4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored1 ,,not ,,striped4 ,camack ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,,camack ,,sweet4 ,this newly introduced sort is said to have originated in ,north ,carolina or ,georgia4 ,the trees cultivated in the ,northern ,states are yet too young for us to judge of their characteristics1 but they appear to be healthy and vigorous4 ,fruit medium to large1 flat1 regular4 ,surface smooth1 greenish-white1 rarely blushed with red4 ,basin broad1 shallow1 and regular or wavy2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity deep1 acute2 ,stem rather long2 ,flesh yellowish1 firm1 rather tough1 but juicy1 rich and sweet4 ,this variety keeps well1 lasting until ,may4 ,not yet sufficiently tested in the ,north4 ,campfield4 ,,newark ,,sweeting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,,campfield4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,this fruit is especially valuable for cider1 but it may be used also in the kitchen2 being a long keeper and often beautifully colored at maturity in the spring1 it is often exposed on the fruit-stands1 where it attracts purchasers by the great beauty of its brilliant colors4 ,fruit always fair1 but its figure is variable1 being sometimes globular or conical4 ,the characteristic form is round-oblate1 regular2 ,size medium4 ,surface very smooth1 of a dull green1 often suffused with a faint blush on the exposed side2 but at maturity1 bright lemon yellow1 shaded with carmine2 ,dots minute1 gray and indented4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye rather large1 closed2 ,segments of medium length4 ,cavity regular1 with medium width and depth2 ,stem medium1 rather stout4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh white1 firm1 tough2 ,juice very sweet and rich at maturity1 making excellent cider4 ,season1 ,december until ,march4 ,dillingham4 ,this variety was found in an old orchard of ,d4,c4 ,richmond1 near ,sandusky1 ,ohio4 ,tree productive1 and sufficiently vigorous4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,,dillingham4 ,fruit round-oblate rather than flat1 generally regular and of medium size2 ,surface rough1 yellowish-green1 and bronzed1 or shaded with a purplish tint2 ,dots numerous russet4 ,basin wide1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity rather deep1 wide1 regular1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem sometimes long1 of medium size1 red4 ,core small and closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 brown4 ,flesh yellow2 ,flavor sweet1 juicy2 ,use1 good for baking2 ,season1 ,november to ,february4 ,not highly esteemed nor largely cultivated1 though its productiveness and sweetness would render it desirable for stock-feeding4 ,ene's ,winter ,sweet4 ,from ,j4,s4 ,downer1 ,elkton1 ,kentucky2 a southern fruit of some merit4 ,fruit medium1 flat1 regular2 ,surface roughish1 uneven1 greenish-yellow1 blushed and russeted2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 russet veined4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core round1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained2 ,flavor very sweet1 rich2 ,quality quite good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december4 ,green ,sweet4 ,,honey ,,greening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,,green ,,sweet4 ,tree vigorous and productive in most situations where cultivated1 but is not much planted in the ,west4 ,fruit rather small1 regular1 and usually flat1 though sometimes conical2 ,surface smooth1 green2 ,dots whitish1 with green bases4 ,basin rather shallow and wavy2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular and brown2 ,stem long and stout4 ,core closed1 regular1 meeting the eye1 containing numerous angular1 acuminate brown seeds2 ,flesh greenish-white1 breaking1 tender1 juicy and fine grained2 very sweet1 and valued for baking and market2 those who do not admire sweet apples would hardly consider it second rate4 ,season from ,december to ,february1 or ,march4 ,haskell's ,sweet4 ,found in the orchard of ,dr4 ,geo4 ,haskell1 at ,rockford1 ,illinois4 ,fruit large1 flat1 regular2 ,surface green1 bronzy2 ,dots numerous1 large1 white4 ,basin deep2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem short4 ,core closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 baking2 ,season ,august1 ,september4 ,a practical test at the table of mine host must convince any one that either the apple or the cook1 or both1 are eminently deserving4 ,this is supposed to be the ,massachusetts variety of the same name4 ,hay ,boys4 ,i do not know where this summer apple was produced1 or christened with its peculiar cognomen2 ,specimens received from ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 ,lawrence ,co41 ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 regular or slightly angular2 ,surface pale yellow2 ,dots numerous1 dark1 prominent4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 wavy2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 folded1 green2 ,stem long4 ,core very wide1 flat1 open1 clasping the eye2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 breaking2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good1 to very good2 ,use1 table and baking2 ,season1 ,august4 ,lancaster ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,,lancaster ,,sweet4 ,origin unknown1 grown in ,central ,ohio1 where it is much admired for baking and apple butter4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate1 slightly conical2 ,surface green2 ,dots scattered1 dark1 minute4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments of calyx long and reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem very short and small4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 dark1 plump2 ,flesh greenish-white1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy1 rich2 very sweet4 ,quality not first rate1 except for cooking2 ,season ,september and ,october4 ,london ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,,london ,,sweet4 ,this vigorous1 upright1 and productive tree is supposed to have had its origin near ,dayton1 ,ohio1 whence it has been largely disseminated1 giving entire satisfaction to all of its planters4 ,foliage abundant1 and quite dark colored4 ,fruit always fair1 regular1 flat1 and of large size2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 with scattered dots that are often colored4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 often having concentric cracks2 ,eye small and closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short1 rather thick4 ,core medium width and closed1 clasping the eye2 ,axis very short2 ,seeds variable1 some being plump and some imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 rather dry1 but very sweet2 ,quality good2 and considered by some persons the very best baking apple of its season1 which is from ,november to ,january or later4 ,mountain ,sweet4 ,,mountaineer4 ,from ,pennsylvania2 exhibited by ,joel ,wood1 before the ,ohio ,pomological ,society4 ,fruit large1 beautiful1 but too delicate for transportation1 oblate2 ,surface smooth1 light1 yellow2 ,dots minute4 ,basin wide1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem short1 slender4 ,core wide1 open1 dark1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 very tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 baking2 ,season1 ,december4 ,a rival of ,broadwell or ,ladies' ,sweeting4 ,munson ,sweet4 ,,orange ,,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,,munson ,,sweet4 ,this ,new ,england variety is considered quite promising in its new western homes1 where1 however1 it is not yet widely known or tested4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 and productive when established2 said to be a regular bearer4 ,fruit medium1 flat2 ,surface smooth1 green1 becoming yellow2 ,dots minute4 ,basin small1 abrupt1 often folded or plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium or short4 ,core small1 closed2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality nearly first rate2 ,valuable for baking2 ,season early winter4 ,snepps'4 ,,jno4 ,,snepps'4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,,snepps'4 ,this fine apple is believed to have originated at ,edinburgh1 ,indiana1 and was brought to the notice of the ,state ,society by the orchardist whose name it bears1 and by whom it has been distributed4 ,as it appears to be distinct from any known fruit1 it is here described4 ,tree vigorous and sufficiently productive4 ,fruit above medium1 almost large1 flat1 generally regular4 ,surface nearly smooth1 of a dull green1 becoming pale yellow1 with numerous dark dots1 that often give it a gray appearance4 ,basin rather shallow1 sometimes folded or wavy2 ,eye large and closed2 ,segments of the calyx coarse4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 rather deep2 ,stem medium to short1 stout4 ,core large but closed2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh yellowish1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very rich1 and agreeably sweet when ripe2 ,use1 fine dessert fruit1 and good for cooking2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,superb ,sweet4 ,this variety is worthy of more attention than it has received2 native of ,massachusetts1 where it is a vigorous and productive tree4 ,its period of maturity makes it less valuable than it would otherwise be4 ,fruit above medium1 roundish2 ,surface smooth1 of a pale yellow color1 often shaded with red4 ,basin rather shallow1 broad2 ,calyx large1 open4 ,cavity regular1 deep2 ,stalk long4 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor rich1 sweet4 ,cole gives its season as ,september and ,october1 in ,massachusetts4 ,trumbull ,sweet4 ,,fenton ,,sweet4 ,this is another fine white sweet apple1 originating in ,ohio1 which1 notwithstanding its beauty1 is less esteemed on account of its season1 but its productiveness makes it valuable for stock-feeding4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive1 and an early bearer4 ,fruit above medium1 regular1 flat2 ,surface very smooth1 pale yellow1 or white1 resembling ivory2 ,dots scattering1 minute4 ,basin deep1 regular2 ,eye large1 rather open4 ,cavity deep2 ,stem short4 ,core closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season ,september and ,october4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,baltimore4--,of ,elliott4 ,,flushing ,,spitzenberg1 ,,of ,,northwest4--,,cable',s ,,gilliflower4--,,royal ,,pippin ,,in ,,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,,baltimore4 ,the origin of this very satisfactory second rate fruit is unknown1 though it is extensively cultivated in western orchards1 especially in the lake country1 for it is scarcely known within the ,ohio river fruit region4 ,tree thrifty1 sufficiently vigorous but with slender growth1 very productive1 spreading4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate1 almost round in some specimens1 ,surface smooth1 red1 striped with deep red and often covered with whitish or gray markings that give it a blue appearance like a bloom2 ,dots scattered1 large1 yellow or fawn color4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core large1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 juicy1 almost sweet1 aromatic1 lacking character2 ,of second quality1 but valuable for market2 ,december and ,january2 ,not disposed to rot1 does not show bruises4 ,butter4 ,,fulkerson',s4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,,butter4 ,the origin of this fruit has not been definitely traced1 and though not very widely diffused1 it is a prime favorite with its acquaintances1 and the lovers of rich apple-butter4 ,fruit small1 very regular1 oblate2 ,surface very smooth1 and so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yellow ground color2 upon this are laid darker stripes of deep red2 ,dots minute and inconspicuous4 ,basin medium1 regular1 or folded2 ,eye rather large1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem of medium thickness1 rather long4 ,core wide1 large1 closed2 with large1 plump1 pointed seeds2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 with a sweet1 rich and aromatic flavor4 ,valuable for stock and for apple-butter2 ,season1 ,october to ,january4 ,conant's ,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,,conant',s ,,red4 ,this variety is cultivated in southern ,ohio and adjacent regions1 to which it has been distributed by the venerable ,pomologist1 ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 of ,quaker ,bottom1 to whom the author is under many obligations for valuable information connected with the fruits of that productive region4 ,fruit full medium1 regular1 oblate1 and sometimes nearly round4 ,in appearance this apple is not very prepossessing1 as the surface is rough1 the yellow ground is obscured by mixed red1 upon which are red stripes and streaks of russet2 dots are numerous1 minute1 indented1 yellow or fawn colored4 ,basin rather deep1 abrupt1 regular or wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy or regular1 green2 ,stem medium to long1 slender4 ,core large1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 some are imperfectly developed2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 juicy2 flavor sub-acid to sweet1 very aromatic1 agreeable1 fitting it admirably for a dessert fruit1 as which it is nearly first rate4 ,season from ,september to ,december4 ,connett ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,,connett ,,sweet4 ,the tree grows vigorously1 is upright and productive1 bearing early4 ,its origin ,i have not learned1 but procured the specimens from my valued friend1 ,jno4 ,c4 ,teas1 of ,raysville1 ,indiana4 ,fruit of good size1 regular1 flat2 ,surface rather rough1 dull red1 with indistinct stripes2 ,dots few1 dark1 sunken4 ,basin not deep1 wide1 regular2 ,eye rather large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core wide1 closed2 ,seeds of medium size2 ,flesh compact1 yellow1 fine grained2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality very good2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,granniwinkle4 ,this is supposed to be the famous cider apple of ,new ,jersey1 described by ,coxe1 except that the form is different2 it has as good qualities for making a rich cider2 specimens obtained from ,w4,c4 ,hampton4 ,fruit small1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface dull red1 striped purple2 ,dots numerous1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core medium1 round1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 firm1 tough2 ,flavor sweet2 ,use1 cider2 ,season1 winter4 ,jersey ,sweet4 ,,american4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,,jersey ,,sweet4 ,in some parts of the country this is a favorite baking apple1 but its great productiveness renders it small1 and makes it rather a stock apple4 ,tree vigorous1 round-headed2 ,shoots short-jointed and red2 ,foliage abundant4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 globular-oblate1 sometimes rather conical1 7according to ,elliott ,downing1 roundish-ovate1 but the drawing given by the latter is globular72 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 nearly covered with red1 mixed1 striped and splashed carmine1 more or less distinctly2 ,dots generally minute4 ,basin medium to wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 generally closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular or wavy1 rather deep1 brown1 and in ,michigan often green2 ,stem medium to long1 green4 ,core wide1 regular1 partially open in some specimens1 but generally closed2 ,seeds numerous1 wide1 pointed1 plump2 flesh pale yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 aromatic and rich2 ,use1 the dessert1 for those who like sweet apples1 but especially valued for baking and for feeding stock4 ,season ,august to ,october4 ,moore's ,sweeting4 ,,red ,,sweet ,,pippin4--,,black ,,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,,moore',s ,,sweeting4 ,this valuable winter sweet apple is much cultivated throughout the ,west on account of its productiveness1 and the amount of nutriment it furnishes to both man and animals4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 spreading1 round1 with branches sufficiently open2 ,shoots dark olive2 ,foliage large1 dark green4 ,fruit medium to large1 globular-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 covered with dull red in confused stripes and shaded with gray that gives the fruit a purple hue2 ,dots minute and few2 ,skin thick4 ,basin wide1 wavy or folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide or acute1 deep1 green or brown2 ,stem short1 rather stout4 ,core small1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 pale2 ,flesh yellow1 dry1 firm2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality inferior1 for the dessert2 ,use1 baking1 market1 stock1 cider2 ,season from ,december to ,march and later1 keeping very sound4 ,putnam ,sweet4 ,originated near ,marietta1 ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 flat1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed1 splashed and striped deep red2 ,dots numerous1 large4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core roundish1 flattened1 open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 pale2 ,flesh tender2 ,flavor sweet2 quality very good2 ,use1 kitchen1 stock2 ,season ,august1 ,september4 ,richmond4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,,richmond4 ,described by ,f4,r4 ,elliott1 author of ,american ,fruit ,growers' ,guide1 and named for our mutual friend1 ,d4,c4 ,richmond1 near ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 who found it in an old seedling orchard with several other good varieties4 ,the seeds were supposed to have been brought from the old ,french orchards of ,canada4 ,tree large1 vigorous1 productive1 and would appear to have been hardy4 ,mr4 ,elliott says3 ,fruit large2 ,form roundish1 occasional specimens have one side a little enlarged2 ,color light yellow ground1 mostly or quite overspread with light and dark red stripes1 many dots or specks of light russet2 ,stem varying1 mostly short1 slender2 ,cavity deep1 open1 regular1 a little brownish at bottom2 ,calyx large1 segments long2 ,basin deep1 open1 uniformly furrowed2 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy1 delicate1 sweet2 ,core medium2 ,seeds large1 full2 ,season ,october to ,december4 ,sweet ,vandervere4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,,sweet ,,vandervere4 ,this is another western favorite with the admirers of sweet apples4 ,tree sufficiently vigorous1 healthy1 and productive2 twigs slender1 like those of the true ,vanderveres4 ,fruit of good size1 from full medium to large1 regular1 oblate1 and resembling the ,pennsylvania ,vandervere2 surface very smooth1 yellow1 shaded with mixed red1 and striped with dull or dark red2 ,dots yellow1 scattered1 indented4 ,basin abrupt1 wide1 deep1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity sometimes wide and regular1 or acute2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 heart-shaped1 closed2 ,seeds medium to long1 angular2 ,flesh firm1 breaking1 yellow2 ,flavor sweet1 pleasant2 ,quality not first rate1 valued for baking and for stock2 ,season ,december and ,january4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,,none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,better ,than ,good4 ,,juicy ,,bite4 ,like our standard authority1 ,i am obliged to quote from the ,american ,pomological ,society's ,transactions4 ,origin uncertain1 7,elliott says from ,pennsylvania72 ,tree thrifty1 rather slender1 very productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate2 ,skin pale yellow1 with a few brown dots4 ,basin large and open2 ,calyx closed4 ,cavity broad2 ,stem short4 ,flesh yellowish1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor mild1 pleasant1 sub-acid2 ,november to ,january4 ,bohanon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,,bohanon4 ,this apple was brought into notice by ,lewis ,sanders1 that veteran agriculturist of ,kentucky1 who was equally remarkable as a planter of choice fruits1 and breeder of fine cattle4 ,mr4 ,elliott thinks this variety may have had its origin in ,virginia4 ,tree moderately vigorous and productive4 ,fruit full medium1 regular1 oblate1 rarely inclined to be angular1 sometimes slightly conical2 ,surface very smooth1 whitish1 or waxen1 occasionally blushed with pale carmine1 making it very beautiful2 ,dots minute4 ,basin abrupt1 narrow1 folded1 wavy and irregular2 ,eye closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 brown2 ,stem rather long4 ,core regular1 small1 pyriform1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds small1 compressed2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy1 sub-acid2 ,quality very good and preferred as a dessert fruit to the ,maiden's ,blush which it much resembles without having the peculiar flavor of that variety4 ,cornfield4 ,a southern variety received from ,j4,s4 ,downer ,son4 ,fruit medium1 roundish-oblate or cylindrical1 truncate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with mixed deep red1 striped2 ,dots numerous1 minute4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity wide1 acute2 ,stem short4 ,core round1 regular1 closed1 hardly clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 rather dry2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december4 ,cracking4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,,cracking4 ,this variety had its origin in the eastern part of ,ohio4 ,the tree is a strong grower and productive4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 somewhat uneven and irregular1 but handsome2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow until ripe1 when it is often tinged with red2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 indented and green4 ,basin wide1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short1 rather stout4 ,core wide1 open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds large1 pointed1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 quality nearly first rate2 ,use1 kitchen and table2 ,season ,september and ,october4 ,cranberry ,pippin4 ,this is a beautiful apple which originated near ,hudson1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1 very productive4 ,fruit large1 flat1 regular2 ,surface very smooth1 bright1 clear yellow1 with a shining scarlet cheek2 ,dots minute4 ,basin wide1 regular or wavy2 ,eye small1 short1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem medium4 ,core small1 oval1 just meeting the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 long2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor mild1 sub-acid2 ,quality very good for cooking1 not for dessert2 ,season ,november to ,february in ,new ,york4 ,dalton4 ,specimens from ,mr4 ,warren1 of ,massachusetts4 ,origin and history unknown4 ,fruit medium1 flat1 uneven2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 becoming greasy2 ,dots scattered1 green4 ,basin medium1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 pointed2 ,stem medium4 ,core medium1 wide1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds large2 ,flesh1 greenish-white1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use kitchen1 table2 ,season ,september4 ,not particularly desirable4 ,early ,harvest4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,,early ,,harvest4 ,this ,american apple has long been a prime favorite in the orchard1 especially when planted for family use1 since it is of excellent quality for table as well as in the kitchen4 ,for the commercial orchard1 however1 it is falling into disfavor with the market men1 because of its uncertainty1 and its proneness to be defective on some soils4 ,tree spreading1 healthy and vigorous2 the limbs are very strongly attached to the trunk by a woody enlargement at their base1 and the pale olive twigs are remarkable for their peculiar mode of production in twos and threes from a common origin4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate1 sometimes almost round1 as described by ,downing1 but this is rare in the ,west1 where the oblate form prevails4 ,surface smooth1 clear1 waxy yellow1 very rarely blushed2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 green4 ,basin regular1 narrow1 abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core round1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds large1 pointed2 ,flesh tender1 breaking1 juicy1 acid to sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,of first quality for table or kitchen during the month of ,july4 ,faust4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,,faust4 ,this very nice apple1 received from ,s4,w4 ,westbrooke1 of ,greensboro1 ,n4,c41 deserves the commendation of its southern admirers4 ,fruit regular1 globular-oblate1 of medium size2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 with a white bloom and sunken white dots4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 green2 ,stem medium1 to long4 ,core wide1 closed1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,seeds angular2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 and first quality for table or dessert use1 in ,november or later4 ,finley4 ,,abbott8 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,,finley4 ,this fine fruit originated in ,kentucky and is cultivated to some extent in ,southern ,indiana1 where it is considered entitled to the meed of excellence1 and preferred to the ,early ,harvest on the one hand1 and to the ,maiden's ,blush on the other2 and in its season1 it competes with both1 being useful in ,july for the kitchen1 and ripening gradually until ,september4 ,tree large1 spreading1 vigorous and productive4 ,fruit large to very large1 regular1 globular-oblate1 slightly conical2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 becoming a clear lemon yellow at maturity2 ,dots minute1 gray1 scattering4 ,basin rather wide1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 medium to deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 yellow4 ,core heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds few1 large1 plump1 and some imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy1 acid1 almost first quality2 ,valuable for kitchen and market2 ,season ,august and ,september4 ,fink4 ,,fink',s ,,seedling4 ,this long keeper was brought before the notice of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society many years ago by ,mr4 ,clarke1 of ,somerset1 ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,elliott considered it the same as ,tewksbury ,winter ,blush1 and introduces ,fink's ,seedling as a synonym of that variety4 ,others think it a different fruit1 among whom is that practical ,pomologist1 the ,secretary of that association1 ,m4,b4 ,bateham1 ,esq41 who has propagated and planted the trees extensively4 ,it was described as ,fink's ,seedling in the ,ohio ,cultivator1 ,may1 #ahdg4 ,at the meeting of #ahed1 the merits and claims of this variety were freely discussed1 and the ,society named it the ,fink1 after admitting that it was an original seedling1 as stated by ,mr4 ,fink1 in whose seedling orchard it had originated4 ,tree of strong upright growth1 a profuse and annual bearer4 ,fruit small1 regular1 roundish-oblate2 ,surface very smooth1 polished1 greenish-yellow1 blushed with brownish-red2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 juicy1 mild sub-acid2 remarkable for its keeping qualities1 remaining sound until the second season1 and has been shown in ,may after having been kept over two winters4 ,fulton4 ,illustration3 ,fig #gb4--;,,fulton4 ,origin1 ,canton ,county1 ,illinois4 ,tree large1 vigorous1 productive1 annual bearer4 ,fruit large1 globular-oblate1 often oblique or unsymmetrical2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 with a carmine blush2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 folded2 ,eye medium to large1 open4 ,cavity deep1 narrow or acute1 green and brown2 ,stem rather long and slender4 ,core small1 round1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 short and plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 line grained1 juicy2 flavor sub-acid and aromatic2 ,first quality for table2 ,in ,november and ,december4 ,our ,illinois orchardists do not commend it so highly as when first introduced2 not fully satisfactory where planted in ,ohio on limestone clays4 ,golden ,seedling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,,golden ,,seedling4 ,said to have originated with ,mr4 ,riehl1 of ,st4 ,louis1 cultivated and distributed by ,geo4 ,husmann1 of ,hermann1 ,mo41 in whose orchard ,i gathered it4 ,fruit large1 handsome1 regular1 and oblate2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 and blushed2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem short4 ,core medium1 regular1 meeting the eye1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pale2 ,flesh yellow1 juicy1 rich2 ,very good4 ,green ,crank4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,,green ,,crank4 ,i have received this southern apple from ,kentucky1 ,tenn41 and also from ,georgia1 but have not yet fruited it4 ,tree moderately thrifty2 ,shoots brown2 ,foliage small4 ,fruit medium to large1 flattened somewhat1 conical1 regular2 ,surface green to yellow1 sometimes bronzed2 dots small1 gray4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem medium1 green1 thick4 ,core wide1 medium1 closed1 not clasping the eye2 seeds numerous1 plump1 short1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use table1 kitchen2 ,season ,december to ,march4 ,hawley4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,,hawley4 ,originated in ,columbia ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1 with a round spreading head2 ,shoots stout1 olive4 ,fruit large1 regular1 oblate or slightly conic2 ,surface waxy yellow1 rarely shaded or blushed1 becomes oily or greasy when kept4 ,basin rather wide1 wavy2 ,cavity wide1 sometimes folded2 ,stem short1 medium and long4 ,core regular1 closed1 scarcely clasping the eye2 ,seeds generally imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 very tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very pleasant1 mild sub-acid1 rich2 ,season ,august to ,september2 an amateur's fruit4 ,hawthornden4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,,hawthornden4 ,this famous ,scotch fruit appears to do very well in this country1 but it must yield the palm to its ,american cousin and representative1 the ,maiden's ,blush1 which possesses all its good qualities as a market and kitchen fruit1 with attractive appearance4 ,tree spreading1 vigorous and productive2 an early bearer4 ,fruit large1 regular1 and very flat2 ,surface perfectly smooth1 always fair1 and of a beautiful white1 very rarely and faintly blushed2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 narrow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium4 ,core wide1 regular1 somewhat open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect1 brown2 ,flesh greenish-white1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic2 of second quality for table1 but first rate for cooking2 ,uses1 kitchen and market2 ,season ,october4 ,junaliska4 ,this apple originated in the ,cherokee country1 where it is highly esteemed1 and fruited in ,ohio and ,kentucky this year4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 or flattened1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 with some russet1 chiefly about the apex2 sometimes blushed2 ,dots minute1 gray4 ,basin rather small1 regular2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem quite short1 knobby4 ,core wide1 heart-shaped1 regular1 closed2 ,axis short2 seeds few1 short1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 granular2 flavor sub-acid1 spicy1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season ,november1 and through the winter4 ,it may be destined to supply the place of the ,rhode ,island ,greening1 where that variety does not succeed4 ,kane4 ,,cain4 ,origin1 ,delaware4 ,tree upright1 sufficiently vigorous4 ,has been confounded with the ,bohanon1 but is distinct4 ,fruit small1 regular1 oblate1 somewhat conic2 ,beautiful for the dessert2 ,surface very smooth1 waxen yellow1 blushed with bright crimson2 ,flesh whitish1 crisp1 juicy1 acid and pleasant2 ,october and ,november4 ,lady4 ,,api ,,petit1 ,,etc4 ,this beautiful little ,french apple has been fully naturalized in our country1 and has received the enthusiastic admiration of the ,american people4 ,the fruit needs to be entirely perfect to meet with favor as an ornament to the table1 for which use it is especially adapted2 unfortunately it is often overgrown and irregularly developed4 ,wherever produced in proper size and color1 it is one of the most profitable varieties1 commanding fancy prices at the period of ,christmas decorations4 ,in the rich soils of the ,west it is apt to be too large1 and has generally failed to meet the requisitions2 but it succeeds well in ,michigan1 and the neighboring region of ,indiana4 ,tree of medium size1 very close and upright1 healthy and productive2 ,shoots very dark2 the foliage small1 crowded1 curled1 and very dark4 ,fruit very small1 quite flat1 very regular2 ,surface very smooth1 shining or polished1 of a pale waxen yellow1 nearly covered with bright carmine1 which contrasts finely with the ground color1 wherever the fruit has been shaded by a leaf2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 rather abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core regular1 wide1 closed2 ,seeds numerous2 ,axis very short2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 tender and juicy when ripe2 with a mild sub-acid flavor2 ,use ornament and dessert2 ,season ,december until ,march4 ,maiden's ,blush4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,,maiden',s ,,blush4 ,this beautiful and profitable fruit has received the unqualified approbation of thirteen out of the eighteen ,states that have reported to the ,american ,pomological ,society4 ,it is a native of ,new ,jersey1 and is still held in high repute there as a market apple4 ,the tree is hardy1 vigorous1 spreading and productive1 beginning to bear quite early4 ,fruit medium1 to large1 regular1 flat and very handsome2 ,surface very smooth1 polished1 of a pale waxen yellow and blushed with bright carmine2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 regular or wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 brown2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic1 and to most palates not agreeable at the dessert1 but very good when cooked1 and requiring but a short time to be reduced to a delicious pulp of light color4 ,this apple is also used for drying and makes a very light colored product1 that is much admired by dealers4 ,season ,september and ,october1 but may be used in the kitchen during ,august4 ,bachelor's ,blush appears to be a variety of the above2 found in ,burlington ,county1 ,new ,jersey1 and exhibited before the ,american ,pomological ,society at the ,rochester meeting in #ahfd1 by ,wm4 ,parry1 as a valuable1 and distinct variety4 ,having examined the trees as they grew together in the orchard1 the resemblance to ,maiden's ,blush was very apparent4 ,the fruit is larger1 and for market purposes is considered more profitable4 ,the two may be different1 but are very much alike4 ,pickard's ,reserve4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,,pickard',s ,,reserve4 ,grown in ,parke ,county1 ,indiana1 from seed brought from ,north ,carolina4 ,this apple was first brought to my notice by ,jno4 ,c4 ,teas1 of ,raysville1 ,indiana4 ,considerably grown in that ,state4 ,tree hardy2 the original is still standing in ,rockville4 ,fruit large1 flat1 somewhat unequal2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 rather deep2 ,eye quite small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core irregular1 closed1 scarcely clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 dark brown2 ,flesh whitish-yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy1 with a sub-acid1 aromatic flavor1 making this a fruit of first quality for table or kitchen use2 ,season ,december and ,january4 ,rhode ,island ,greening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,,rhode ,,island ,,greening4 ,from its name this apple would appear1 like the ,peck's ,pleasant1 to have come from the sea-girt ,state4 ,it is a universal favorite1 and is found to succeed well in a great many situations2 but there are some portions of the ,west where it has failed to give satisfaction1 being slow to come into bearing1 becoming an autumn instead of a winter fruit1 and falling badly from the trees before picking time4 ,in sandstone soils1 however1 even in ,southern ,indiana and ,illinois1 it does better than on the limestone clays2 the fruit attains an enormous size1 but matures too early for a winter apple4 ,tree very vigorous1 crooked1 spreading1 productive2 ,shoots stout1 dark1 with dark foliage4 ,fruit large to very large1 varying in shape from globular or round to flat1 which is the prevailing and characteristic form4 ,surface smooth in the ,north1 somewhat rough and often quite russeted in the ,south1 a dull green1 becoming yellow at maturity2 ,dots grey1 irregular1 numerous4 ,basin regular1 small and russeted to a greater or less extent1 sometimes extending half way down the sides of the fruit2 ,eye small to medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem medium to long1 curved1 often reddish4 ,core roundish-oval1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 seeds numerous1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh very yellow1 breaking1 tender1 juicy1 with a rich1 acid flavor1 making it a superior cooking apple1 and very fine for the dessert when fully ripe2 ,quality almost first rate2 ,season ,october to ,december--in the ,north1 keeping until ,march4 ,tewksbury ,winter ,blush4 ,this long-keeping variety was described by ,coxe as having its origin in ,new ,jersey4 ,it has already been named in connection with the ,fink1 which resembles it very closely1 and1 like it1 the chief excellence of this variety consists in its superior keeping qualities4 ,the tree is vigorous1 upright1 productive1 and holds the apples well4 ,fruit small1 regular1 flat2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 blushed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy1 well flavored1 and retains its characters for a long time4 ,virginia ,greening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,,virginia ,,greening4 ,this apple is supposed from its name to have originated in ,virginia4 ,it is cultivated chiefly in the ,southern ,states1 and in those parts of the ,northwest to which ,southerners have migrated4 ,its chief merit is its long keeping4 ,tree large1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit large1 regular1 flat to roundish1 generally the former2 ,surface smooth1 dull green and often bronzy1 never blushed2 ,dots scattered1 large1 white or gray1 with whitish rings around them4 ,basin regular1 wide1 shallow2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green2 ,stem long to medium4 ,core regular1 turbinate1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long2 ,flesh white1 firm1 breaking1 sub-acid2 ,fit only for the kitchen2 ,a long keeper2 ,march and ,april2 often subject to ,bitter-rot4 ,white ,fall ,pippin4 ,,fall ,,pippin ,,of ,,louisville4 ,this handsome fruit is seen in quantities in the ,louisville market every fall4 ,its cultivation does not appear to have been widely extended1 nor has its origin been traced4 ,it has been thought to resemble the ,spanish ,reinette1 with which ,i have not had an opportunity to compare it4 ,fruit very large1 slightly uneven1 roundish-flattened or globular-oblate2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 not bronzed or blushed1 but having a whitish striping toward the stem end2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 dark4 ,basin abrupt1 narrow1 deep and folded2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem very short4 ,core wide1 regular1 somewhat open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic and rich2 ,useful for cooking1 drying1 and table2 ,season ,october4 ,white ,juneating4 ,,juneating1 ,coxe4--,,yellow ,,june4--,,early ,,may8 ,downing thinks this a very old variety1 mentioned by ,evelyn in #affj1 and by ,ray in #afhh4 ,it has long been known in the ,west and ,south as a very early apple1 and valued on this account1 though quite small4 ,the tree resembles that of the ,early ,harvest in the color and arrangement of its twigs4 ,fruit flat1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow4 ,basin not deep1 slightly folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 shallow2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,flesh breaking1 whitish1 juicy till over-ripe1 when it is dry2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,use table and market2 ,season ,june4 ,winter ,pippin4 ,,winter ,,pippin ,,of ,,geneva4 ,this very handsome fruit was received from ,t4,t4 ,lyon1 of ,plymouth1 ,michigan1 marked as having been received from ,western ,new ,york4 ,the same fruit was a very strong competitor for the ,greeley prize before the ,committee of the ,american ,institute1 and is believed to be the same as that described by ,downing as the ,winter ,pippin of ,geneva4 ,tree thrifty1 branches spreading2 ,said to be productive4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 regular1 or slightly unequal2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 with a bright crimson cheek2 ,dots numerous1 minute4 ,basin wide1 wavy1 or plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 green1 rather deep2 ,stem long4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 fine grained1 juicy1 sub-acid2 ,season ,january until ,may4 ,a limited acquaintance does not justify me in giving such high praises as those bestowed upon this fruit by ,mr4 ,downing4 ,yellow ,foster4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,,yellow ,,foster4 ,this apple is a favorite with that worthy pioneer ,pomologist of ,southern ,ohio1 ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 of ,lawrence ,county1 to whom ,i am under obligations for this and many other varieties4 ,fruit medium to large1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow2 ,dots scattered1 minute green4 ,basin of medium depth and size1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem of medium size and length4 ,core medium1 wide1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds not numerous1 medium2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid and aromatic2 ,of first quality for table2 ,during ,october4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,abram4 ,,father ,,abraham1 of ,illinois1 not that of ,coxe4 ,this little southern favorite is not extensively cultivated in the ,north1 except where southern settlers have introduced it4 ,it is found in ,illinois1 ,indiana and ,missouri4 ,origin believed to have been in ,virginia1 whence ,i have received specimens and trees4 ,in ,kentucky it is found to be a hardy drooping tree1 holding the fruit well2 annually productive1 valued for cider1 and keeping till ,july of next year4 ,fruit medium1 globular-oblate1 uneven2 ,surface not smooth1 yellowish green1 mixed1 red1 with stripes and splashes2 the whole presenting a gray appearance2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin shallow1 wide1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 pale2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 fine grained1 juicy2 flavor mild sub-acid1 rich2 almost first quality2 keeping until ,may or later4 ,american ,pippin4 ,,grindstone4 ,this fruit is chiefly valued for keeping very late into the summer4 ,coxe commends it for its cider1 rating it as nearly equal to the ,grey-,house2 he says that fourteen bushels are required to make a barrel of cider4 ,the apples hang well to the tree1 and will bear a considerable amount of freezing4 ,they are so firm as to suffer little from bruising1 and are not disposed to rot when thus injured4 ,a fruitman once said of their ability to withstand rough usage1 that the apples might be whipped off the tree with a hoop-pole1 shoveled into a cart1 dumped upon the ground1 and have some dirt thrown upon them1 and that they would keep until next ,july2 but1 he added1 they are then as good as dried apples2 so lightly are they esteemed for table use4 ,the tree is thrifty1 with a low1 spreading head and depending branches2 very productive2 notwithstanding the fruit is dry and deficient in flavor1 it is considered profitable1 because so easily kept until ,may and ,june1 when it commands the highest price1 because of the rarity of green fruit at that season4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 very flat2 ,surface rough1 sometimes vein-russeted1 dull green1 covered with mixed red1 and shaded with stripes of brick-dust color2 ,dots numerous1 large1 gray4 ,basin very shallow1 wide1 regular or plaited2 ,eye quite small1 open4 ,cavity regular1 brown1 this color extending over the base of the fruit2 ,stem medium1 often thick and knobby4 ,core wide1 irregular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 dry1 very firm2 ,flavor mild sub-acid2 ,quality poor2 ,uses kitchen and market1 which last means that it may be sold to those who do not appreciate the summer fruits of ,may and ,june4 ,baldwin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,,baldwin4 ,this celebrated apple of ,new ,england has been widely distributed over the country1 but has not met with universal favor in the ,west and ,south2 first1 because it is apt to become a fall or early winter fruit1 instead of a keeping apple2 and secondly1 because it is not well adapted to our palates2 moreover1 the tree has been considered tender1 having suffered extensively during the cold winters2 this is especially true in the nursery4 ,its productiveness and fair quality will1 however1 always make the ,baldwin a favorite over a large portion of our country1 and the ,new ,england settlers must have this variety4 ,tree robust1 spreading1 very productive2 ,foliage large1 dark1 on shoots that are stout and have a rich brown bark4 ,fruit large1 frequently round1 and sometimes almost conical1 but generally inclined to be flattened1 so as to be classed by measurement as oblate2 large specimens in southern latitudes are very apt to be unequal1 and to have their axis inclined1 or to be what is called lop-sided2 surface smooth1 rich yellow where shaded1 but the exposed parts quite covered with deep red1 which is mixed so as to conceal the ground color1 and also to obscure the stripes of deeper red that prevail2 this fruit is also frequently marked with veined russet1 overlying the red color1 or excluding it2 ,dots minute1 and yellow1 or gray where the red prevails4 ,basin deep1 often abrupt and narrow1 generally waved1 folded or plaited1 and these marks are quite characteristic2 ,eye large and open1 from the shortness of the calyx4 ,on this account the variety is considered very subject to the attacks of the ,codling-moth4 ,cavity wide1 regular or wavy1 generally brown2 ,stem medium to long1 often curved or inclined1 sufficiently stout4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 meeting1 sometimes clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 angular1 imperfect2 flesh yellow1 breaking1 frequently coarse-grained1 juicy1 sub-acid1 rich2 some northern specimens are fine-grained and almost first quality2 those from the ,south are coarse1 poor and scarcely second-rate for table use1 but are good for cooking2 ,season ,october to ,january1 occasionally keeping later4 ,bethlemite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,,bethlemite4 ,this apple has frequently been exhibited before the ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 by friends ,lipsey1 ,morris and ,benedict1 of ,morrow ,county1 to which region its cultivation appears to have been confined4 ,the origin of the fruit is obscure4 ,tree thrifty1 hardy1 productive1 upright4 ,fruit medium1 flat1 or oblate-globular1 regular2 surface smooth1 dull red or bright red1 mixed1 on yellow1 with broken splashes of crimson2 ,dots distinct1 large1 gray and yellow4 ,basin wide1 deep1 regular or folded1 leather-cracked2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity rather wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core regular1 neat1 closed1 just meeting the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 very plump1 pale2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 juicy1 sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good1 for table and cooking2 ,season ,december4 ,blondin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,,blondin4 ,this fine fruit originated with the veteran ,pomologist of ,indiana1 ,reuben ,ragan4 ,fruit very large1 oblate1 unequal2 ,surface rough1 greenish-yellow1 splashed and striped with red2 ,dots numerous1 large1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 brown2 ,stem short1 rather slender inclined4 ,core medium or small1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds plump1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 almost first rate for table and market2 ,season ,october and ,november4 ,blooming ,orange4 ,mr4 ,waring considers this the handsomest apple4 ,in #ahci he brought a large number of sorts from the famous ,herefordshire apple orchards of ,england1 of which this is the only one he retains as fully adapted to the mountain region of ,pennsylvania4 ,tree a very strong1 free1 handsome grower1 and an immense bearer1 after six or eight years' growth4 ,fruit very large1 fair1 beautiful1 roundish-oblate1 regular2 surface dark1 richly clouded with claret and mahogany1 on yellow ground2 ,eye open2 ,flesh crisp1 juicy1 acid at first1 but this merges into a rich1 penetrating1 very agreeable flavor4 ,it is of the ,ribston ,pippin1 or ,dutch ,mignonne type of fruit4--,mr4 ,g4 ,waring's ,,ms4 ,bonum4 ,,magnum ,,bonum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,,bonum4 ,this delicious southern fruit originated in ,davidson ,county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,the tree is vigorous1 very productive and bears early4 ,i received specimens from ,s4,w4 ,westbrooke1 ,greensboro'1 ,north ,carolina4 ,introduced to the ,american ,pomological ,society at the ,philadelphia meeting1 #ahfj1 by ,walter ,steele1 of ,rockingham ,county1 ,north ,carolina1 and highly recommended4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with mixed red1 and striped2 ,dots distinct1 large1 yellow4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 not thick1 green4 ,core oval1 small1 closed1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds large1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor rich1 sub-acid2 first quality for the dessert2 in ,september4 ,brandywine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,,brandywine4 ,this apple was found on the edge of the prairie1 east of ,quincy1 ,illinois1 in the orchard of ,k4,k4 ,jones1 ,esq41 where it was supposed to have been brought from the ,state of ,delaware4 ,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading and productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 roundish1 slightly conic1 regular2 surface smooth1 greenish1 covered with confused stripes of dull red2 ,dots scattered1 white4 ,basin shallow1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 green2 ,stem very short4 ,core small1 round1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds imperfect2 ,flesh greenish-white1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality only good2 ,use table1 kitchen2 ,season ,january1 ,february4 ,buchanan's4 ,origin near ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 in the orchard of ,robert ,buchanan1 ,esq41 a gentleman long devoted to pomology4 ,it also closely resembles the ,brandywine1 as grown in ,illinois1 already described4 ,this variety is much like the ,minkler1 which originated in ,illinois1 and both may have come from seeds of the ,gilpin1 which they resemble4 ,tree vigorous and productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with mixed red and striped bright red2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin medium1 folded or plaited2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green2 ,stem short or medium4 ,core flattened1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality scarcely second rate1 but useful for cooking1 and keeps sound until ,may4 ,carolina ,baldwin4 ,this nice southern apple was received from ,s4,w4 ,westbrooke1 of ,greensboro'4 ,of the tree ,i know nothing4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface yellow-green1 with mixed red and stripes2 ,dots numerous1 large1 white4 ,basin abrupt1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem1 medium to long4 ,core small1 regular1 heart-shaped1 closed2 ,seeds pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor1 sub-acid2 good for table in ,november4 ,cheese4 ,this fruit was received from ,lewis ,sanders1 of ,grass ,hills1 ,gallatin ,county1 ,kentucky1 by whom it was grown and esteemed4 ,fruit medium to small1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 striped purple red1 splashed deep red2 dots scattered1 gray and purple4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 or abrupt and deep1 in different specimens2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,axis long2 ,seeds plump1 pointed1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good for the table in ,december and ,january4 ,colvert4 ,fruit large1 roundish-oblate1 slightly conic1 regular1 often unequal2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 mixed1 striped1 light red2 ,dots scattered1 distinct1 white4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular1 folded2 ,eye medium4 ,cavity rather deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core round1 flattened1 slightly open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed1 imperfect2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,use1 market chiefly2 ,season ,october1 ,november4 ,cooper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4--;,,cooper4 ,this delicious apple was introduced into the ,west with the scions that were brought to the early ,putnam nursery at the mouth of the ,muskingum river in #agif4 ,though a general favorite from its beauty1 its fine texture1 and exquisite flavor1 this variety does not appear to have been so widely spread as others very inferior to it4 ,though occurring on the original ,putnam list1 and therefore an eastern variety1 it does not appear to have been recognized by cultivators in the older ,states1 and there are those in the ,west who claim that it is of ,french origin4 ,the tree has a stout1 upright growth1 which becomes spreading with age1 when the limbs stand at a right angle with the trunk2 they are frequently defaced with marks of diseased action that are called canker4 ,the twigs are reddish and rather slender2 the leaves are pale green1 large1 broad4 ,fruit large1 globular-oblate1 regular1 sometimes unequal1 light2 ,surface smooth1 pale waxen-yellow1 with a little mixed scarlet and very distinctly marked carmine2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin regular1 abrupt1 deep2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium1 green4 ,core small1 closed1 just meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 short1 dark2 ,flesh pale yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 almost melting1 juicy2 very mild sub-acid1 aromatic2 of first quality for table1 kitchen or market 7too good for drying1 but makes a superior article of snits72 ,season ,september and ,october4 ,dr4 ,watson4 ,,autumn ,,seek-,,no-,,further ,,of ,,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4--;,,dr4 ,,watson4 ,this delicious and beautiful dessert apple is much grown in ,central and ,eastern ,indiana1 particularly among the ,friends4 ,it was for a long time a puzzle to the pomologists4 ,in the meanwhile it must have a name1 and without waiting for the decision of the learned1 the people in different sections1 without consultation1 called it the ,autumn ,seek-no-further4 ,finally the ,horticultural ,societies decided that it was an old sort named ,doctor ,watson1 though upon what authority does not appear4 ,the fruit has not been recognized by our ,eastern friends1 nor by the ,american ,pomological ,society1 to which it was referred in #ahfj4 ,tree large1 spreading1 very productive2 ,twigs slender1 foliage small1 pale green2 in the nursery it is a poor grower4 ,fruit medium to large1 unless when too crowded1 regular1 oblate1 sometimes unequal2 ,surface smooth1 mixed pale and red on waxen-yellow1 beautifully splashed with scarlet2 ,dots minute4 ,basin abrupt1 rather deep1 wide1 regular1 sometimes cracked2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity wide1 regular or wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 just meeting the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 very tender and juicy1 almost melting1 with a rich1 aromatic1 sub-acid flavor2 ,quality best1 for table and kitchen1 from ,september to ,november2 also valuable for stock feeding4 ,domine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,,domine4 ,supposed to be a native of this country2 origin unknown4 ,tree very thrifty1 making long1 stout1 brown shoots1 which branch from the ends1 and form spurs along their sides1 so that the tree has a straggling1 open head1 and bears its fruit crowded along the smaller branches4 ,it is hardy1 upright1 vigorous and productive4 ,foliage large and long1 with a peculiar curl or folding upwards1 so as to show the underside of the leaves4 ,fruit large1 flat1 regular1 sometimes unequal2 ,surface yellowish-green1 nearly covered with mixed red1 and striped indistinctly with carmine1 often vein-russeted2 ,dots scattered1 yellow and gray1 large4 ,basin rather shallow1 folded or plaited2 ,eye medium to small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 slender at its insertion into the fruit1 and easily separated from it1 but holding firmly to the tree2 hence care is needed in picking the fruit4 ,core regular1 somewhat open1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,axis often short2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 plump2 ,flesh light yellow1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 flavor slightly sub-acid1 rich2 good1 for table1 kitchen1 or market2 ,season ,december and ,january1 keeping until spring in the ,north4 ,duchess of ,oldenburgh4 ,this very beautiful striped apple is from ,russia1 and has proved one of the hardiest apples in our trying climate4 ,reports from the ,northwest are entirely satisfactory as to its hardiness4 ,tree medium size1 round-headed1 sufficiently vigorous and perfectly hardy4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 roundish-oblate2 ,surface smooth1 waxen-yellow1 partially covered with distinct and regular stripes and splashes of brilliant red and carmine2 often having a light bloom1 such as is found on most ,russian apples4 ,basin regular1 pretty wide2 ,eye large and closed4 ,cavity regular1 acute2 ,stem medium to long1 rather slender4 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy2 ,sour and suitable for cooking4 ,though attractive to the eye1 it is unsuited for the dessert4 ,by ,dr4 ,jno4 ,a4 ,kennicott1 the pioneer cultivator of ,northern ,illinois1 this apple was considered the ne plus ultra for that and higher latitudes4 ,equinetelee4 ,,bachelor--,,byers--,,iola 7,berckmans' ,m4,s47 ,,sol4 ,,cartee 7,downing47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,,equinetelee4 ,this fine southern apple has its origin traced to ,yancey ,county1 in ,north ,carolina4 ,it has not yet been sufficiently tested in the ,northern ,states1 but is considered one of the best in the ,south1 and is looked upon as having great promise in our northern orchards1 where it is somewhat introduced4 ,berckmans says3 ,the finest of the late fall and winter apples4 ,the trees bear a strong resemblance to those of the ,buckingham4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 sometimes oblique2 ,surface light yellow1 mostly covered with bright crimson1 obscurely striped2 ,dots small1 white4 ,basin deep1 narrow1 irregular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 deep2 ,stem short4 ,flesh pale yellow1 very tender1 juicy1 melting2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 making it a very superior table fruit1 from ,november to ,january in ,georgia1 according to ,berkmans4 ,evening ,party4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4--;,,evening ,,party4 ,this excellent dessert fruit originated in ,berks ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 and was brought into notice by the late lamented ,dr4 ,brinkle1 of ,philadelphia1 in his ad-interim reports1 and also in ,hoffy's ,fruits4 ,it has been tested with entire satisfaction by ,j4,d4,g4 ,nelson1 ,president of the ,indiana ,horticultural ,society1 who always has admirers of the fruit exhibited by him at the winter meetings4 ,this apple takes the place at mid-winter which is occupied in summer by the ,early ,joe1 and in autumn by the ,jefferies1 ,dr4 ,watson and ,cooper4 ,fruit medium to small1 regular1 quite flat2 ,surface smooth1 mixed red1 and carmine stripes on waxen-yellow ground2 ,dots numerous1 distinct1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 regular deep2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments long4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium1 green1 slender4 ,core small1 regular1 closed1 touching the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds short1 wide1 dark2 ,flesh light yellow1 very fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 first quality1 or very best1 for the dessert1 or the evening party1 during ,december and ,january4 ,fall ,wine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,,fall ,,wine4 ,origin unknown4 ,a great favorite in the ,west as a table fruit2 little grown in the ,eastern ,states1 whence it was brought4 ,downing supposes this is because the fruit is there defective4 ,in virgin soil it is remarkably fair and handsome4 ,tree of medium size1 rather slender1 but healthy1 spreading1 and annually productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 handsome2 inclined to crack open if left on the tree till ripe2 ,surface very smooth1 waxen-yellow1 almost completely covered with bright1 and often deep red1 upon which it is indistinctly striped2 ,dots minute4 ,basin abrupt1 wide1 regular or wavy2 eye small1 closed2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 uniformly green2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular or plump2 flesh yellow1 breaking1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 flavor mild sub-acid1 and very aromatic2 ,quality best1 for table and market1 during ,september and ,october or later4 ,garden4 ,,garden ,,royal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,,garden4 ,this fine apple has been received from quite distant points1 ,chillicothe1 ,ohio1 and ,salem1 ,indiana4 ,it is quite distinct in season from the ,beefsteak or ,garden of ,downing1 but in description corresponds very closely with the ,garden-,royal of ,elliott1 which fruit ,i have not seen4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit pretty large1 roundish1 flat1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 slightly shaded red1 scattered stripes1 carmine2 ,dots minute1 black4 ,basin wide1 regular1 small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 green2 stem short to medium1 sometimes knobby4 ,core wide1 closed or open1 regular1 clasping the eye2 seeds small1 pointed1 brown2 flesh pale yellow or whitish1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 saccharine1 agreeable2 ,quality very good to best2 ,use dessert1 kitchen1 market2 ,season ,august to ,october2 worthy of cultivation4 ,golay4 ,this fruit originated near ,vevay1 ,indiana1 and is supposed to be a seedling of the ,janet1 which it somewhat resembles4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 somewhat conic1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed1 striped1 purplish-red2 ,dots minute1 gray1 scattered1 indented4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core very small1 pyriform1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,january to ,may4 ,harvest ,redstreak4 ,this old variety is valued only as an early cooking apple1 for which it has been found very profitable1 by those who attend market4 ,origin unknown4 ,introduced into the ,west by ,silas ,wharton1 from the neighborhood of ,philadelphia1 where it was cultivated largely4 ,not recognized among the varieties described by ,coxe4 ,tree spreading1 open1 round-headed2 ,twigs stout2 ,leaves small1 mealy4 ,fruit medium1 roundish-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 striped and splashed with red1 more or less mingled2 ,dots minute1 dark1 and a light bloom4 ,basin medium1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 often brown2 ,stem medium1 thick4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds angular2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 coarse1 juicy1 becoming dry2 ,quality inferior1 except for cooking2 ,season ,july4 ,high-,top4--,,lewis ,,jones4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,,high-,,top4 ,this handsome apple is supposed to have originated in ,wayne ,county1 ,indiana1 and was brought into notice by ,lewis ,jones4 ,fruit large1 flat1 roundish1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed dull red1 striped carmine2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin wide1 medium1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wavy1 brown1 acute2 ,stem short1 green4 ,core regular1 closed1 or wide and open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 pale2 ,flesh pale yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january2 reminds one somewhat of ,domine4 ,hocking4 ,this variety has only been found in western orchards1 and has not been mentioned by name in any fruit book with which ,i have met4 ,at the second meeting of the ,northwestern ,fruit ,growers' ,convention1 it was reported as having been brought from ,fairfield ,county1 ,ohio2 its resemblance to ,townsend was also observed1 but it was declared to be different in wood and buds4 ,these apples may yet prove to be identical1 but as the question is not settled1 both will be described4 ,tree thrifty1 vigorous1 productive--an early bearer4 ,fruit medium to large1 globular-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with mixed red1 and splashed carmine2 ,dots minute1 yellow4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium to large1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core small1 closed2 ,seeds large1 brown2 ,flesh light yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,market and kitchen2 ,september4 ,hunt4 ,another of ,lewis ,jones' apples1 supposed to be a seedling of ,eastern ,indiana2 productive4 ,fruit medium1 roundish-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed1 striped bright red2 ,dots numerous1 yellow4 ,basin rather wide1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem medium1 slender4 ,core small1 roundish1 flattened1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use table1 market2 ,season ,december and ,january4 ,indiana ,favorite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,,indiana ,,favorite4 ,this fruit resembles the ,pennsylvania ,vandervere1 from which it may have sprung4 ,origin believed to be ,fayette ,county1 ,indiana4 ,it is considerably cultivated in the eastern part of the ,state1 where ,i procured specimens exhibited at the ,richmond ,horticultural ,society4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 globular-oblate1 regular2 ,surface very smooth1 bright red1 striped with darker red2 ,dots numerous1 star-shaped1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 regular1 abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 green or brown2 ,stem medium to long1 red4 ,core regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh pale yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,mild sub-acid2 ,good to very good1 for table and market1 from ,january to ,march4 ,jarminite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,,jarminite4 ,this new fruit originated on the farm of ,jarmin ,ballard1 in ,highland ,county1 ,ohio1 where it was grown from the seed of ,gilpin4 ,the tree is very vigorous1 and only too productive4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate1 or roundish2 ,surface smooth1 green1 partially covered with mixed and striped dull red4 ,basin regular1 wide2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 acute2 ,stem slender1 medium to short4 ,core regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds few1 large1 dark2 flesh breaking1 firm2 ,mild sub-acid1 almost sweet2 ,december until ,march4 ,jefferies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,,jefferies4 ,this delicious autumn apple originated in ,chester ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 and was first described by the ad-interim committee of the ,pennsylvania ,horticultural ,society2 also in the ,farm ,journal1 for #ahec1 by ,david ,townsend1 of ,westchester1 ,pa4 ,tree healthy1 sufficiently vigorous1 shoots slender1 foliage bright green2 productive1 early bearer4 ,fruit full medium1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed and splashed crimson2 ,dots large1 scattered1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core small1 closed1 regular1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 delicious2 ,quality very good1 for table and market1 during ,august1 ,september and ,october4 ,kentucky ,king4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,,kentucky ,,king4 ,received from ,j4,s4 ,downer ,son1 ,elkton1 ,kentucky4 ,further history not known4 ,fruit above medium1 flat1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 with mixed and striped carmine2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 brown and green2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core medium1 round1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pointed1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use table1 kitchen2 ,season ,december1 ,february4 ,klaproth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,,klaproth4 ,another ,pennsylvania apple1 introduced by my friend ,dr4 ,j4,k4 ,eshleman4 ,tree vigorous1 large1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface dull yellow1 more or less covered with red stripes2 ,dots numerous1 light4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye closed1 small2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short to medium4 ,flesh white1 breaking1 tender1 very juicy2 ,flavor acid1 to sub-acid when ripe2 ,good2 ,august till ,october4 ,lewis4--,of ,ragan4 ,originated in ,putnam ,county1 ,indiana1 as one of the many seedlings produced by my old friend ,reuben ,ragan4 ,tree thrifty and productive4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface smooth1 deep red on yellow2 ,dots1 numerous1 large1 yellow4 ,basin medium1 regular1 not deep2 ,eye small1 closed ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality nearly first-rate for table2 ,season1 ,october4 ,lacker4 ,this old ,pennsylvania apple is cultivated to some extent in the ,western ,states for its beauty4 ,specimens from ,henry ,myers1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana1 from his beautiful collections shown at the ,state ,fairs4 ,fruit full medium to large1 very handsome1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 highly polished1 bright red on pale yellow1 striped dark red2 ,dots numerous1 pale4 ,basin wide1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments short4 ,cavity deep1 narrow1 wavy2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core small1 roundish or oval1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 aromatic1 fine2 ,quality good2 use table1 market2 ,season ,january to ,march4 ,mc,daniel4 ,this is a seedling of ,green ,county1 ,ohio1 to which was awarded a premium at the ,state ,fair in #ahee4 ,fruit full medium1 regular1 oblate2 surface very smooth1 yellow1 well covered with rich1 crimson1 indistinct stripes2 dots scattered1 light gray4 ,basin medium1 regular2 eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity narrow1 regular2 stem short4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed2 seeds plump1 dark2 flesh rich yellow1 solid1 juicy2 flavor sub-acid1 rich1 piquant1 like a ,spitzenberg2 ,october1 ,november4 ,minkler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,,minkler4 ,produced by ,s4,g4 ,minkler1 of ,kendall1 ,illinois4 ,this variety very closely resembles that described as ,buchanan1 though their origin is entirely distinct4 ,the ,minkler also bears a very close resemblance to an apple found at ,quincy1 ,illinois1 and known as the ,brandywine4 ,tree very thrifty1 spreading1 branches strong1 forming a large angle with the stem4 ,fruit medium to large1 regular1 globular-ovate2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 covered with mixed red1 and stripes of dark dull red2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 rather deep1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core large1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 or greenish-yellow1 fine-grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,sub-acid2 ,second quality2 ,use market and cooking2 from ,march until ,may4 ,newtown ,spitzenberg4--,,coxe4 ,,vandervere1 ,,of ,,new ,,york 7,downing7--,,ox-,,eye--,,joe ,,berry1 ,,etc4 ,origin1 ,newtown1 ,long ,island4 ,tree sufficiently vigorous1 not of the largest size1 spreading1 compact1 round head1 foliage rather small1 curled1 showing the whitish underside4 ,productive4 ,fruit medium to large1 regular1 globular-oblate1 often inclined or lop-sided when overgrown in young orchards1 apt to be scabby and defective on old trees1 and falls badly2 ,surface smooth1 deep red1 mixed and striped1 on rich yellow ground1 often over-spread with whitish1 giving the fruit a gray appearance2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 fawn color on dark specimens4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 medium1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,core regular1 wide1 somewhat open1 meeting and sometimes clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh rich1 yellow1 very fine-grained1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor rich sub-acid and saccharine1 aromatic1 eminently satisfying2 ,quality best1 for table and kitchen1 in ,december4 ,nickajack4 ,,summerour--,,jackson ,,red--,,big ,,hill--,,carolina1 ,,and ,,many ,,others4#di ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,,nickajack4 ,this southern apple1 which has extended more widely northward than most of its congeners1 is believed to be a native of ,macon ,county1 ,georgia4 ,tree robust1 spreading1 large1 very productive1 young shoots stout and red4 ,the following description is that of a specimen sent by my friend1 ,r4 ,peters1 of ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 but it corresponds in all important particulars with those of fruits obtained from a dozen different sources in our own latitude3 ,fruit large1 globular-oblate1 regular1 not handsome2 surface even but not smooth1 mostly covered with mixed brick-dust red1 striped indistinctly with dark red1 some stripes very distinct2 dots scattered1 yellow4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 even2 eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 yellow and brown2 ,stem medium slender4 ,core closed2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 plump2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking1 firm1 coarse2 ,flavor sub-acid1 not rich2 ,quality only good1 a market fruit1 keeping well2 ,season ,march until ,may4 ,nyack4 ,,nyack ,,pippin4 ,origin ,new ,york2 specimen obtained from ,mr4 ,e4,h4 ,warren1 of ,chelmsford1 ,massachusetts4 ,fruit medium1 flat1 uneven2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 mixed1 striped1 splashed bright red2 ,dots numerous1 distinct1 yellow1 indented4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,axis short4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short1 thick1 knobby4 ,core rather wide1 closed1 rather clasping2 ,seeds large2 ,flesh white1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 rich2 ,quality pretty good2 ,use table1 market2 ,season ,december4 ,ohio ,nonpareil4 ,,myer',s ,,nonpareil--,,western ,,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,,ohio ,,nonpareil4 ,this fine fruit originated with ,mr4 ,myers1 near ,massillon1 ,ohio4 ,it was described in the ,western ,horticultural ,review for ,february1 #ahec4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 spreading1 limbs straight1 stout and compact1 not liable to break with the weight of fruit4 ,the original tree had borne annual crops of even sized fruit for twenty years4 ,fruit large to very large1 regular1 oblate1 very handsome2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with bright red2 ,dots scattered1 gray4 ,basin medium1 wide1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem short1 small4 ,core regular1 somewhat open2 ,seeds numerous1 medium2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 sub-acid1 rich2 ,first quality1 for table1 market1 cooking or drying2 ,season ,september to ,december4 ,compared with some of the best dessert apples of the season1 such as ,hawley1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,fall ,wine1 ,rambo1 and others1 this variety was declared to be better than the best4 ,osceola4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,,osceola4 ,originated in ,indiana1 brought into notice by that earnest horticulturist1 ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 who did much to stimulate the culture of fine fruits when a resident of that ,state4 ,fruit medium1 flattened1 sometimes unequal1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 slightly colored red1 and striped with the same2 ,dots scattered1 irregular1 more frequent and minute about the apex1 few and larger at base of the fruit4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 round1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish1 firm1 rich1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 mild2 ,quality good2 ,use table and market2 ,season ,january to ,march4 ,this variety does not seem to have won its way into public favor to the extent that was expected for it some years ago4 ,pennock4 ,,pennock',s ,,red ,,winter--,,romanite--,,big ,,romanite4 ,this fruit1 of ,pennsylvania origin1 is not introduced into this collection on account of its excellence1 but because it is so universally cultivated in nearly all parts of the country4 ,tree vigorous1 large1 spreading1 very productive1 bearing some fruit every year4 ,fruit large to very large1 form variable1 but characteristically it is conic-oblate1 often unequal1 and lop-sided2 ,surface greenish-yellow1 covered with mixed and striped red2 ,dots large1 irregular and round1 gray4 ,basin wide1 rather deep1 uneven or wavy2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core irregular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 coarse-grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 poor2 third quality2 for cooking and market only2 ,season ,december2 very much disposed to bitter rot4 ,pennsylvania ,vandervere4 ,,vandervere 7,coxe and ,downing7--,,little ,,vandervere--,,gray ,,vandervere--,,staalcubs1 ,,etc4 ,this old kitchen favorite1 of ,pennsylvania1 has migrated westward until it has reached every ,state and county on its appropriate parallels of latitude1 #ci to #db4 ,mr4 ,downing gives ,delaware as its origin1 on the authority of ,coxe4 ,in accordance with common acceptance in the regions where it is best known1 ,i have adopted the above name1 which was given to distinguish it from several other ,vanderveres1 and especially from the ,newtown ,spitzenberg1 to which the name ,vandervere had been applied in ,new ,york and westward on that parallel4 ,coxe describes the fruit in question under the name ,vandervere4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 large1 spreading1 very twiggy and drooping1 with abundant fruit on the ends of the spray2 ,foliage bright yellowish-green1 shining1 pointed1 the whole aspect of the tree peculiar and characteristic in summer or winter4 ,fruit medium or less1 oblate1 or globular-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 but having raised hemispherical warts of a yellow russet color1 yellow1 mottled1 and striped light red1 often a gray appearance over the whole exterior2 ,dots large1 yellow1 indented4 ,basin wide1 regular1 not deep2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 closed1 meeting and clasping the eye2 seeds numerous1 pointed1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor highly aromatic1 acid2 ,quality for table third1 for kitchen first1 for cider ,coxe says very good1 yielding a heavy must2 ,season ,december and ,january4 ,the fruit is subject to bitter rot1 and does not keep well1 but may be used for cooking as soon as any other apple1 making good sauce in ,july1 when not half grown4 ,pottinger4 ,,big ,,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,,pottinger4 ,this large market fruit is found chiefly in regions settled by immigrants from the ,south1 and it may prove to be the same as some other southern apple4 ,specimens first received from my friend ,j4,b4 ,orange1 in ,southern ,illinois1 afterwards from several other points4 ,tree vigorous1 large1 branches upright1 shoots purple1 warty1 buds long1 pointed4 ,fruit large1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface not smooth1 dull red1 shaded and striped1 covering the yellow ground2 ,dots small1 prominent1 with some roughness4 ,basin regular1 wide1 not deep2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green and brown2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core closed1 or nearly so1 meeting and partially clasping the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality only good2 ,useful for kitchen and drying2 ,season ,december and ,january2 keeps well4 ,press ,ewing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,,press ,,ewing4 ,this ,kentucky apple was sent me by ,j4,s4 ,downer1 from whom trees were also procured which have already borne fruit4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 and early productive4 ,fruit resembles ,smokehouse1 medium1 roundish-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 bright red1 mixed1 striped1 and splashed1 on greenish yellow2 ,dots numerous1 brown and yellow4 ,basin wide1 wavy1 regular1 rather deep2 ,eye medium1 open2 calyx reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 melting1 juicy2 ,flavor rich sub-acid2 ,quality nearly first rate2 ,use for table in ,december and ,january4 ,powers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,,powers4 ,this beautiful table apple was first brought to public notice by ,geo4 ,powers1 of ,perrysburgh1 ,ohio4 ,he exhibited specimens at the ,toledo meeting of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society in ,january1 #ahfd1 but the fruit was over ripe2 at the ,state ,fair at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ,october #afth1 it was shown in perfection of beauty and excellence1 and was then examined by the ,society1 who commended it highly1 and being satisfied that it was an original seedling1 its local name1 ,miller's ,apple1 was then changed to ,powers1 in honor of the pomologist who had brought it into notice4 ,the tree appears to have been an accidental seedling1 which sprang up in the town of ,perrysburgh1 where it grew almost without care until it fruited a few years ago1 and attracted the attention of ,mr4 ,powers4 ,the fruit is large and fair1 round1 somewhat flattened1 and sometimes rather conic1 generally regular1 but large specimens are slightly angular2 the surface is very smooth1 a greenish waxen yellow1 more or less shaded with mixed light red1 upon which are laid numerous stripes and broken splashes of rich1 dark carmine2 ,dots minute1 scattered1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 sometimes brown2 ,stem medium or short4 ,core medium or wide1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 sometimes imperfect2 ,flesh white1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 quite aromatic1 very agreeable2 ,use especially for the table1 as a highly ornamental dessert fruit1 for which its extreme delicacy adapts it1 while the same quality unfits it for general market purposes2 ,quality very good2 in its season of ripening1 in its beautifully white and tender flesh1 and in its perfumed flavor1 this fruit resembles the ,fameuse1 from which it may have been produced4 ,prolific ,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--,,prolific ,,beauty4 ,this showy fruit is one of the original ,putnam list of ,washington ,county1 ,ohio2 it is somewhat singular that so few choice sorts are traceable to the seeds of these first good orchards of the ,west4 ,rome ,beauty is almost the only one of great notoriety that is referable to this source4 ,fruit large1 sometimes quite large1 oblate1 somewhat conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 partially covered with stripes of red2 ,dots minute1 gray4 ,basin medium1 wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium4 ,core large1 regular1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh whitish-yellow1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 quality scarcely good2 ,use kitchen1 market2 ,season ,september to ,december4 ,rambo4 ,,romanite ,,of ,,new ,,jersey--,,bread-,,and-,,cheese1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,,rambo4 ,this standard ,eastern ,pennsylvania variety is universally popular1 and through the ,western ,states it marks the progress of emigration from the ,keystone ,state1 though its admirers are not confined to that class of our population4 ,it is a fall and early winter fruit1 and some pomologists on the southern borders of its culture object to it that it will not keep long1 and that it soon becomes dry and mealy when put away4 ,when grown further north it is smaller1 but more solid1 and remains juicy until spring4 ,it should be gathered early1 even before it is well colored1 and kept cool to make it retain its flavor and juiciness4 ,tree upright1 very thrifty1 very productive2 shoots dark1 foliage large1 light green1 and thus the variety may easily be distinguished in the orchard4 ,not very hardy2 whole nurseries and orchards were destroyed1 in #ahef1 throughout the ,northwest4 ,fruit medium to small1 when crowded upon the limbs as they generally are upon old trees1 regular1 oblate1 or roundish-oblate1 but sometimes unequal when overgrown2 large specimens are flattened at the ends so as to appear truncate2 ,surface striped and splashed scarlet on greenish-yellow1 in some the stripes coalesce so as to make the skin red1 the ground color being covered2 ,dots numerous1 small1 prominent1 rich bloom4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 regular or plaited1 sometimes quite shallow2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 always green2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 closed1 meeting and clasping the eye2 seeds numerous1 large1 angular2 ,flesh greenish-white1 tender1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 vinous2 ,quality almost first rate for table1 excellent for the kitchen2 ,season ,october to ,december1 and if gathered early in the ,north1 until spring4 ,red ,astrachan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,,red ,,astrachan4 ,this ,russian fruit has been perfectly adopted by our countrymen1 and has proved itself a great favorite1 particularly in the ,north1 by its hardiness and productiveness1 beauty and good qualities4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 productive1 hardy2 ,shoots reddish brown1 foliage large1 rich green4 ,fruit medium to large1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface smooth1 mottled1 marbled and striped crimson on greenish-yellow2 ,dots minute1 heavy bloom4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity shallow1 regular2 ,stem long1 yellow4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds angular1 small1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor quite acid1 not rich2 ,quality first rate for market and cooking1 poor for table2 ,season ,july4 ,richard's ,graft4 ,,red ,,spitzenberg--,,strawberry--,,wine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,,richard',s ,,graft4 ,supposed to have originated in ,ulster ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 very productive4 ,fruit medium to large1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 mixed and splashed red2 ,dots numerous1 white4 ,basin medium1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem long1 red4 ,core small1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor rich1 sub acid2 ,quality best2 ,use for the dessert2 ,season ,september and ,october4 ,downing says3 ,one of the best dessert apples of its season4 ,rome ,beauty4 ,,gillett',s ,,seedling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,,rome ,,beauty4 ,this handsome market fruit was originated in ,southern ,ohio1 by that sterling pioneer pomologist1 ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 to whose contributions ,i acknowledge myself under many obligations4 ,tree thrifty1 hardy1 round headed1 very productive2 shoots slender1 red2 ,foliage healthy2 ,blossoms open late1 and thus it often escapes a late frost2 early productive4 ,fruit large to very large1 regular1 handsome1 fair1 said to be scabby on old trees1 regular oblate1 roundish-oblate1 and sometimes rather conical2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 striped and mixed bright red2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin wide1 deep1 regular2 ,eye quite small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 coarse-grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 not rich2 ,quality scarcely good2 valuable for market1 on account of its productiveness1 size and beauty1 as well as for its certain bearing2 ,season ,december to ,february4 ,shiawassee ,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,,shiawassee ,,beauty4 ,this ,michigan apple may well be called ,beauty4 ,it was introduced at the meeting of the ,american ,pomological ,society in #ahfb1 by ,t4,t4 ,lyon1 of ,plymouth1 ,mich41 who stated that it was a seedling of the ,fameuse1 the faults of which it does not inherit1 though possessing all the good qualities of its parent1 with a healthy and productive tree4 7,see ,michigan ,farmer1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahei47 ,fruit medium1 very handsome1 very regular1 quite flat2 ,surface very smooth1 pale yellow1 mixed and distinctly striped carmine2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin wide1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem short4 ,core wide1 regular1 somewhat open1 meeting the eye2 seeds plump1 short1 dark2 ,flesh very white1 fine-grained1 tender1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use dessert and market2 ,season ,october to ,january4 ,summer ,limbertwig4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,,summer ,,limbertwig4 ,southern2 obtained from ,s4 ,westbrooke1 ,greensboro'1 ,north ,carolina4 ,fruit medium1 flat1 regular2 ,surface pale yellow1 mixed pink1 striped dark red2 ,dots minute1 gray1 indented4 ,basin shallow1 wide1 regular2 ,eye wide1 open4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 agreeable2 ,quality very good1 if not best2 ,use table2 ,season ,august1 ,september4 ,townsend4 ,having been disappointed in my trees obtained for this variety1 which proved to be ,rawle's ,janet1 ,i prefer to quote from ,mr4 ,downing4 ,what ,i have fruited and described as the ,hocking may prove to be the same4 ,origin ,pennsylvania4 ,tree healthy1 vigorous1 very productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 slightly conic4 ,skin pale yellow1 striped and splashed with red1 and covered with a thin bloom4 ,stalk rather long1 slender1 inserted into a medium cavity4 ,calyx closed1 set in a basin of moderate depth4 ,flesh white1 tender1 very mild1 agreeable1 sub-acid flavor4 ,ripe middle of ,august to middle of ,september4 ,hocking of the ,west may prove to be the same4 ,trader's ,fancy4 ,this peculiar looking apple originated in ,washington ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 spreading1 round-headed1 very productive1 bears regularly4 ,as a long keeper1 with dark skin1 that does not show bruises1 it became a favorite with shippers on the ,ohio river1 hence its name1 the flat-boats that stop from port to port to dispose of their cargoes being called trading boats1 and their masters traders4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate2 ,surface very smooth1 greenish yellow1 almost completely obscured with deep purple red1 mixed and striped1 and covered with a white bloom4 ,basin wide1 sometimes folded or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem medium1 slender4 ,core medium1 closed2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 fine-grained2 ,flavor mild sub-acid2 ,quality only good2 ,use market and kitchen2 ,season ,january to ,may4 ,twenty-,ounce ,pippin4 ,origin unknown1 and the variety never should have been distributed2 it is here named to put people on their guard against it when they desire to purchase the ,cayuga ,red ,streak1 also called the ,twenty-ounce apple4 ,fruit large1 flat1 regular2 ,surface greenish1 more or less mottled and striped dull red4 ,basin1 wide1 regular1 or wavy2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,core large1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh yellow-white1 breaking2 ,flavor acid1 with a peculiar aroma1 not agreeable2 ,quality poor2 ,use kitchen only2 ,season ,november to ,january4 ,there are many better apples of its season4 ,vance's ,harvest4 ,a pretty little early apple grown in some parts of the ,west4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit small1 flat1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 rich yellow1 shaded and splashed bright red2 ,dots small1 scattered1 yellow4 ,basin small1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long4 ,core wide1 regular1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 not very juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid2 ,quality pretty good2 ,use kitchen and market2 ,season ,august4 ,vandervere ,pippin4 ,,large ,,vandervere--,,watson',s ,,vandervere--,,vandervere 7,elliott7--,,yellow ,,vandervere--and several others in the books4 ,there appears to have been much confusion in the minds of authors who have written of this fruit1 which1 in some parts of the country is very well known and much cultivated4 ,i have taken the name by which it is almost universally recognized by cultivators1 though it is adopted only as a synonym by ,mr4 ,elliott1 who seems to have confounded this apple with the ,pennsylvania ,vandervere or ,staalcubs described by ,coxe4 ,origin believed to have been ,pennsylvania1 but this is not well established4 ,tree very vigorous1 large1 spreading1 productive1 bearing annually2 ,twigs and leaves much like the ,pennsylvania ,vandervere4 ,fruit large to very large1 regular1 oblate2 surface smooth1 yellow1 more or less covered with marbled red1 and scarlet stripes2 ,dots large1 yellow1 indented1 sometimes irregularly net-veined1 making it less smooth4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem long1 medium size4 ,core regular1 closed1 meeting and clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 granular1 juicy1 heavy2 ,flavor rich1 acid2 ,quality poor for table1 excellent for cooking2 ,season ,december4 ,does not keep well1 rather subject to bitter rot1 but a great favorite with house-keepers1 and a useful shade tree near the kitchen door4 ,vaughan's ,winter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,,vaughan',s ,,winter4 ,this ,kentucky variety was sent to me by my friend ,j4,s4 ,downer1 of ,fairview1 ,kentucky1 with several other new southern apples of merit4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy and productive1 bearing fruit early4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 round-oblate2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 mixed and splashed with bright red and splashes of carmine2 ,dots small1 gray and yellow4 ,basin regular1 abrupt1 medium1 and leather-cracked2 ,eye large1 open2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity medium1 yellow and brown2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds few1 large1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 good2 ,december4 ,western ,beauty4 ,,musgrove',s ,,cooper--,,big ,,rambo--,,ohio ,,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,,western ,,beauty4 ,a valuable fall and early winter fruit1 the origin of which is not known2 it is considerably grown in ,central ,ohio1 and has attracted attention under its synonyms as given4 ,it was at one time thought to be the ,cooper4 ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,english1 of ,auglaize ,county1 ,ohio1 carried grafts into that region from ,pickaway ,county1 and in a most disinterested manner exerted himself to distribute the variety4 ,in a communication to the ,western ,horticultural ,review1 for ,february1 #ahec1 he says3 ,the tree is vigorous1 leaves upon young shoots are often three to three and a half inches broad1 and four or five1 and even six inches long2 shoots stout1 being often as large as your little finger at the end of the summer's growth4 ,the form of the tree is peculiar1 and its appearance beautiful2 once seen1 it may be recognized anywhere by its habit4 ,having fruited this variety in my own orchard1 ,i can confirm the above1 and add3 ,tree vigorous1 large1 spreading1 open head1 productive1 an early bearer4 ,fruit large1 sometimes very large1 beautiful1 regular1 oblate1 not disposed to rot1 except when attacked by the birds1 which are very fond of it2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 partially covered with mixed red1 striped and often distinctly splashed with bright red2 ,dots numerous1 gray1 prominent2 ,skin quite thin4 ,basin wide1 regular1 sometimes cracked open2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green1 and partly brown2 ,stem either short or long4 ,core large1 nearly closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 medium1 pointed2 ,flesh light yellow1 almost white1 brittle1 tender1 juicy1 almost melting1 never water-cored2 ,flavor sub-acid1 vinous1 delicious1 satisfying2 ,quality best2 either for table or cooking1 for the latter purpose they may be taken when half grown in the beginning of ,july4 ,in ,august they may be house-ripened and found good1 but the proper season is ,september to ,christmas2 if properly cared for they may be preserved plump until ,march1 but lose some of their refreshing flavor4 ,wilson4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,,wilson4 ,this very nice little apple was sent to me with this name from ,western ,virginia1 by ,julius ,brace1 who found it abundant on ,paint ,creek4 ,i have not yet been able to identify it1 but it may prove to be the same as some of our new southern varieties4 ,an outline and description are here given with its local name1 in the hope that if it should prove to be the same as the ,black ,annette1 of the ,clinch river region of ,virginia1 or some other variety1 the identity may be the more readily traced4 ,fruit small1 regular1 oblate1 or globular-oblate2 ,surface smooth1 nearly covered with very deep red1 in which the stripes are almost obscured2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 white4 ,basin1 deep1 regular1 plaited or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 acute2 ,stem long1 red4 ,core regular1 closed1 meeting1 not clasping the eye2 ,seeds small1 plump2 ,flesh white1 fine-grained1 crisp1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use table2 ,season ,january4 ,this is different from ,wilson's of ,michigan1 which is yellow4 ,wine4--,coxe4 ,,hays' ,,winter--,,pennsylvania ,,red ,,streak4 ,this handsome large apple is another index of the source of population in a western county4 ,it is a favorite fruit with those who know it1 either for market or the kitchen1 for which its size and form render it peculiarly attractive4 ,tree very large and handsome1 spreading and very open head2 leaves small1 curled1 and mealy1 making the foliage appear rather meagre1 and displaying the splendid fruit1 which is evenly distributed4 ,fruit large1 globular-oblate1 flattened or truncate1 regular1 occasionally unequal and lop-sided2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 more or less covered with mixed and broken stripes of red1 splashed with crimson2 ,dots scattered1 large1 gray4 ,basin rather shallow1 wide1 abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed1 or open from breaking of the calyx4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good1 for market and kitchen2 ,season1 ,november and ,december4 ,winter ,queen4--,coxe4 ,,fall ,,queen--,,kentucky ,,queen--,,robertson',s ,,superb 7of ,ga47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,,winter ,,queen4 ,this is a favorite1 of southern origin1 and has many synonyms4 ,an excellent apple for drying1 for family use and for market4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 productive1 early bearer2 limbs long and parallel while young2 shoots dark1 stout2 foliage large1 broad1 rather pale4 ,fruit large1 often very large1 globular-oblate1 somewhat conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 often polished1 yellow1 almost wholly obscured with marbled dull red1 and darker stripes that are often lost in the depth of tint2 ,dots generally small1 indented2 often a slight bloom covers the fruit1 but it is easily removed1 when the skin appears to be polished4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 narrow1 often wavy or even ribbed2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wide1 green1 wavy or regular2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 closed1 meeting1 not clasping the eye axis is sometimes very short2 ,seeds large1 plump2 ,flesh greenish-white1 tender1 almost melting1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use dessert1 kitchen and drying2 ,season ,october to ,january4 ,yost4 ,having been disappointed in receiving this apple1 ,i give ,dr4 ,w4,d4 ,brinckle's ad interim report3 ,fruit rather large1 roundish-oblate1 beautifully striped1 and delicately mottled with crimson on yellow ground2 ,stem short2 ,cavity wide1 deep2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor pleasant2 ,quality very good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,perry ,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,,perry ,,russet4 ,this variety is grown to some extent in the ,north-west4 ,the specimen from which the description is made1 was exhibited by ,mr4 ,utters1 at a meeting of the ,north-western ,fruit ,growers1 in #ahej4 ,fruit medium to large1 oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with fine russet2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin medium1 regular1 wavy2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular or wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium size and length4 ,core small1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds few1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 rich2 ,quality almost best1 for table or kitchen2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,pomme ,grise4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,,pomme ,,grise4 ,supposed to be of ,french or ,canadian origin4 ,tree sufficiently vigorous1 productive2 shoots slender4 ,fruit small1 roundish-oblate1 regular2 ,surface even but hardly smooth1 yellow1 overspread with fine russet1 rarely blushed4 ,basin wide1 regular1 sometimes abrupt2 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short or medium4 ,core full heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,seeds plump1 angular2 ,flesh firm1 yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic1 delicious2 ,quality best1 for dessert2 ,season1 ,january to ,march2 ,one of the very best of the ,russets4 ,willis ,russet4 ,this apple was brought from ,massachusetts1 by my friend and neighbor ,b4,f4 ,sanford1 without any history of its origin4 ,the quality of the fruit has induced me to give its description4 ,fruit medium to small1 roundish-oblate2 ,surface rough1 yellow1 shaded with light red1 covered with russet4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem long4 ,core large1 wide1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid or sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality almost first rate1 for the table2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,regular ,,in ,,form4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,autumnal ,sweet ,swaar4 ,,sweet ,,swaar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,,autumnal ,,sweet ,,swaar4 ,the fruit is highly commended by ,j4,j4 ,thomas1 who thinks it one of the finest autumnal sweet apples4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit large1 roundish-oblate1 somewhat angular2 ,surface smooth1 waxen yellow1 sometimes blushed2 ,dots rare1 minute4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 plaited or folded2 ,eye medium1 long1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long1 inclined1 yellow and red4 ,core regular1 globular1 somewhat open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 pale2 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality best1 for baking and market2 ,season1 ,september and ,october4 ,challenge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,,challenge4 ,this is another of the apples introduced by ,mr4 ,elliott1 from the orchard of ,d4,c4 ,richmond1 near ,sandusky1 ,o4 ,tree productive1 hardy4 ,fruit medium1 globular-oblate2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots black1 minute1 scattered1 and russet spots1 becoming a rich vermillion where exposed4 ,basin shallow1 wide1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core small1 oval1 regular1 sometimes open1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds large1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality almost first rate1 for table2 ,season1 ,october4 ,delight4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,,delight4 ,this variety is grown in the southwestern part of ,ohio2 origin unknown4 ,fruit medium to large1 round-oblate1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 bronzed2 ,dots minute4 ,basin narrow1 folded uneven2 ,eye medium1 closed2 ,segments short4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,core small1 oval1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality pretty good2 ,use1 market and baking2 ,season1 ,january to ,june4 ,maverack ,sweet4 ,origin ,south ,carolina4 ,fruit large1 roundish-oblate1 angular2 ,skin yellow1 mostly shaded with crimson1 sprinkled with gray or greenish dots2 ,stalk short1 inserted into a large cavity surrounded by russet2 ,calyx open1 set in a deep1 irregular basin2 ,flesh rich1 pleasant1 vinous1 almost saccharine4--,downing4 ,spice ,sweeting4 ,the specimens described were from ,mr4 ,warren1 of ,massachusetts4 ,others1 found in ,ohio and ,illinois under this name1 have a deep1 abrupt basin1 large or long eye1 and yellow flesh2 they must be different fruits4 ,an old variety2 ,tree vigorous1 productive4 ,fruit full medium to large1 handsome1 flat1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 bronzy1 crimson2 ,dots numerous1 green4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy2 ,stem thick1 knobby4 ,core very wide1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds pointed1 long1 dark2 ,flesh very white1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen1 baking1 stock2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4 ,sweet and ,sour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,,sweet ,,and ,,sour4 ,this variety is interesting as a curiosity1 rather than valuable for its good qualities4 ,it has been suggested that it might be a sport2 no educated nurseryman will now believe the old story of its having been produced by the combination of the buds of two varieties1 a sweet and a sour4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 often unequal and lop-sided1 ribbed1 and deeply furrowed4 ,surface yellow and green1 the ribs being developed and ripening have flavor1 but the furrows not being developed are flavorless and called sweet4 ,sweet ,sponge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,,sweet ,,sponge4 ,from ,h4,n4 ,gillett2 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish white2 ,dots minute4 ,basin none or extremely shallow1 folded2 ,eye long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 irregular2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,core wide1 closed1 scarce meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh white1 tender2 ,flavor sweet2 ,season1 ,july4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,angle ,sweet4 ,fruit medium1 round-oblate1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with stripes and splashes of red1 some darker2 ,dots white4 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 sweet1 and good1 fair and handsome2 ,season1 first of ,september4--,downing4 ,peach ,pond ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,,peach ,,pond ,,sweet4 ,origin ,dutchess ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit small to medium1 round-oblate1 pentangular1 slightly conical2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 lightly covered with mixed and striped red1 and beautifully splashed crimson4 ,basin narrow1 regular or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 green1 sometimes knobby4 ,core regular1 heart-shaped1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds small1 short2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality almost first rate1 very good2 for table or baking2 ,season ,september4 ,phillips' ,sweet4 ,origin believed to be ,ohio2 ,downing says1 ,chotocton ,county1 ,ohio4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 growth upright1 very productive4 ,elliott thinks it may prove to be the same with ,richmond4 ,fruit roundish1 flattened1 slightly conical1 obscurely angular or flattened on the sides2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 more or less covered with red1 striped crimson2 ,dots numerous4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 closed2 ,eye closed1 segments of calyx long4 ,cavity large2 ,stem medium length1 rather slender4 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 spicy1 rich2 ,season1 ,november to ,march4 ,wing ,sweet4 ,tree very productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 angular2 ,surface very smooth1 yellow1 mostly covered with red1 indistinctly striped darker red4 ,basin wide1 deep1 regular or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute2 ,stem long4 ,core small1 regular1 closed1 scarcely touching the eye2 ,seeds ovate2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 dry2 ,flavor sweet and rich2 ,quality good2 baking2 early winter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--;,,acid4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,blockley4 ,,blockley ,,pippin1 ,o4 ,,pom4 ,,soc4 ,originated near ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 upright1 productive4 ,fruit large1 round-oblate1 flattened at the ends1 five-sided1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 blushed2 ,dots numerous1 small1 distinct1 dark4 ,basin wide1 rather deep1 wavy or folded2 ,eye small1 closed1 or partly open4 ,cavity acute1 narrow1 uneven1 brown2 ,stem quite short1 rather thick4 ,core medium1 heart-shaped2 ,seeds numerous1 angular and imperfect1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 compact1 almost melting1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor rich sub-acid1 sprightly2 ,quality almost best1 for table2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,bracken4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,,bracken4 ,this variety has caused much discussion among the ,western ,pomologists1 on account of its resemblance to the ,early ,harvest4 ,the late ,dr4 ,barker1 one of the most intelligent fruit-growers of the country1 said it was introduced as a seedling from ,kentucky in #ahab4 ,elliott does not mention it in his work1 but in the discussions of the ,society he is reported as having declared it the same as ,early ,harvest1 with which it agrees in peculiar growth of twigs4 ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 and others1 familiar with the fruits of southern ,ohio1 consider it a distinct seedling of ,kentucky4 ,the specimen described was from that gentleman4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 somewhat conical1 irregular and angular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots scattered1 dark4 ,basin abrupt1 medium1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 irregular1 brown2 ,stem large1 knobby4 ,core irregular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh white1 very tender1 fine grained2 ,flavor mild sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,june1 ,july2 earlier than ,early ,harvest4 ,canada ,reinette4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,,canada ,,reinette4 ,this fine fruit does not appear to be well known to our orchardists1 and some of our writers have given the ,white ,pippin among its numerous synonyms1 and have suggested that they might be the same1 which is not so2 they are very distinct4 ,i have omitted the synonyms1 as they can be of little interest to our planters2 they are not used in this country4 ,the origin of this variety is uncertain1 probably ,european4 ,downing says that ,merlet1 a ,french writer1 described the fruit in the #agth century4 ,tree vigorous1 robust1 tall spreading1 productive4 ,the following outline and description of a specimen presented by ,irvin ,jessup1 of ,laporte1 ,indiana1 was kindly made for me by my lamented friend1 ,geo4 ,m4 ,beeler1 a short time before his death4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 angular2 ,surface not smooth1 yellow1 blushed and spotted red2 ,dots numerous1 small1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 angular2 ,eye small1 nearly closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute2 ,stem medium1 inclined4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds plump1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh breaking1 fine grained1 very juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table and cooking2 ,season1 ,december to ,february1 in northern ,indiana4 ,culp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,,culp4 ,origin ,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio2 exhibited at the meetings of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society as early as #ahee1 by ,s4,b4 ,marshall1 of ,massillon1 whose friend1 ,s4 ,wood1 had cultivated it several years2 my specimens and trees are from the ,massillon nursery4 ,tree vigorous1 thrifty1 symmetrical1 spreading1 very productive1 not an early bearer4 ,fruit fair1 sound1 large1 somewhat angular1 oblate1 inclined to conic1 hangs well on the tree2 ,surface smooth1 green with bronze blush2 ,dots minute1 with green bases4 ,basin narrow1 rather abrupt1 regular2 ,eye rather large1 closed4 ,cavity rather deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long or short4 ,core long heart-shaped1 regular1 nearly closed1 clasping2 seeds numerous1 very large1 dark brown2 ,flesh yellowish1 compact1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 slightly perfumed2 ,quality good2 excellent for cooking1 compared to ,rhode ,island ,greening2 ,season1 ,december until ,april4 ,fall ,harvey4 ,origin ,essex ,county1 ,massachusetts4 ,specimen from ,zanesville1 ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow or pale yellow2 ,dots minute1 gray1 distinct4 ,basin wide1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long to medium4 ,core wide or globular1 regular1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds medium1 pointed and defective2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking2 ,flavor rich1 acid2 ,quality only good1 but valuable for the kitchen2 ,season1 ,october4 ,garretson's ,early4 ,origin supposed to be ,new ,jersey4 ,tree vigorous2 an early and abundant bearer4 ,fruit medium1 globular-oblate1 somewhat angular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots whitish4 ,basin small1 abrupt1 furrowed2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity shallow2 ,stem short1 inclined4 ,flesh white1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor pleasant sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,harris4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,,harris4 ,this variety was received from ,north ,carolina1 and fruited for the first time in the ,north during #ahff4 ,it was first described and figured1 among other new apples1 in the ,horticultural ,annual for #ahfg4 ,in the ,south it is considered a summer and fall variety1 being in season from ,august1 and continuing for a long time4 ,for specimens1 ,i am indebted to ,doctor ,e4 ,taylor1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,fruit medium to large1 oblate1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 faintly blushed2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 with rosy spots4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye medium1 rather open4 ,cavity deep1 wavy1 clear yellow2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core small1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,axis very short2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh light yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 spicy1 agreeable2 ,use table and kitchen2 ,season ,october2 ,quality good to very good4 ,loudon ,pippin4 ,,lady ,,washington8 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,,loudon ,,pippin4 ,origin ,loudon ,county1 ,virginia4 ,exhibited before the ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 by ,joseph ,sigler1 of ,mc,connellsville1 ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 conic1 angular2 ,surface beautiful1 very smooth1 waxy yellow1 handsomely blushed1 and bright red spots2 ,dots scattering1 gray4 ,basin wide1 regular or folded2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 not deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium1 red4 ,core heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 medium2 ,flesh yellowish1 compact1 tender1 breaking2 ,flavor rich sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality very good2 ,dessert2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,a fine fruit from ,washington ,county1 shown at the same time as the ,lady ,washington2 was thought to be the same4 ,ohio ,pippin4 ,,ernst',s ,,apple4--,,buchanan1 ,,etc4--,,shannon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,,ohio ,,pippin4 ,we owe our acquaintance with this fine large fruit to the late ,mr4 ,a4,h4 ,ernst1 long ,president of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 who furnished trees to ,mr4 ,robert ,buchanan1 an enthusiastic ,pomologist of ,cincinnati4 ,both these gentlemen were too modest to permit their names to be attached to a fruit which they did not originate1 but which they have aided to distribute4 ,another focus of distribution was the orchard and nursery of ,r4,w4 ,todd1 at ,madison1 ,indiana1 and the fruit has been received under the name of ,shannon1 from ,doctor ,j4,a4 ,dibrell1 of ,van ,buren1 ,arkansas4 ,origin ,dayton1 ,ohio1 from whence it was procured personally by ,mr4 ,todd1 many years ago1 and the grafts set by him are the oldest trees known4 ,tree healthy1 vigorous1 large1 spreading2 ,shoots stout1 dark2 ,leaves large4 ,fruit large1 often very large1 oblate1 somewhat conic1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 sometimes blushed faintly near the base2 ,dots small gray4 ,basin wide1 deep1 folded2 ,eye large or very large1 open2 ,segments short4 ,cavity wide1 wavy or regular1 brown2 ,stem short1 stout4 ,core medium to large1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 medium1 plump1 sometimes imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,market and kitchen1 too large for dessert2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,western ,spy4 ,origin ,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio4 ,tree healthy but medium growth1 very productive2 exhibited by ,joel ,wood4 ,fruit large1 roundish-oblate1 uneven2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 blushed2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 with white bases4 ,basin abrupt1 uneven2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 wavy2 ,stem short4 ,core wide1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking2 ,flavor acid2 quality pretty good2 ,use1 kitchen1 table2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--;,,acid4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,berry4 ,not having enjoyed an opportunity of examining this fruit1 ,i quote from my friend ,chas4 ,downing4 ,origin ,virginia or ,north ,carolina4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 very productive1 and a valuable market fruit4 ,fruit rather above medium1 obliquely depressed2 ,skin striped and splashed with red1 on greenish-yellow ground1 with large dots1 having a dark center2 ,stem short1 in a generally broad1 deep cavity2 ,calyx open2 ,basin shallow1 and uneven2 ,flesh rather coarse1 juicy1 with a pleasant sub-acid flavor2 ,november to ,march4 ,buff4 ,for description of this fruit ,i take ,downing's quotation from ,white's ,gardener3 ,origin uncertain2 ,tree vigorous1 erect2 ,fruit very large1 irregular1 roundish flattened and slightly irregular2 ,skin thick1 yellow1 striped1 and shaded with red1 very dark next the sun1 marked with a few greenish russet spots2 ,stem three-fourths of an inch long1 in a medium cavity2 ,calyx in a large1 irregular basin2 ,flesh white1 and when fully ripened1 tender and excellent1 sometimes indifferent2 ,november to ,march4 ,dana4 ,from ,gabriel ,sleath1 near ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,the origin of this pleasant dessert apple is not known4 ,tree large1 productive4 ,fruit small1 flat1 somewhat angular2 ,surface smooth1 rich yellow partially covered mixed red1 distinctly striped carmine2 ,dots pale fawn or yellow2 heavy white bloom4 ,basin shallow1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular2 ,stem quite long1 slender4 ,core wide1 regular1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 very fine grained1 very juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 sprightly1 agreeable2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,august4 ,gravenstein4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,,gravenstein4 ,this fine ,european apple is said to have originated at ,gravenstein1 ,holstein4 ,it has long been in this country1 where it succeeds very well4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive2 ,shoots vigorous2 ,leaves long1 rolled1 showing the white underside4 ,fruit large1 globular-oblate1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 partially covered with mixed and splashed scarlet2 ,dots rare4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core regular1 globular1 or pointed toward the eye1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds small1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality best2 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,august1 ,september4 ,keiser4 ,origin ,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio2 not widely distributed4 ,tree thrifty1 upright4 ,the following description was made from fruit obtained of my friend ,t4,s4 ,humrickhouse1 of ,coshocton4 ,fruit full medium to large1 oblate1 uneven2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 mixed and striped red2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin wide1 deep1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep2 ,stem quite short4 ,core very small1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,quality good to best2 for table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december to ,january4 ,mangum4 ,a first rate southern fruit4 ,tree thrifty1 and very productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 slightly conic1 angular2 skin yellowish1 striped and mostly shaded with red1 thickly sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots2 ,stem short and small1 inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet2 ,calyx partially closed2 ,basin slightly corrugated2 ,flesh yellow1 very tender1 juicy1 mild sub acid1 excellent1 highly prized in ,georgia and the ,south2 ,october and ,november4 ,carter of ,alabama may prove the same4--,c4 ,downing4 ,melon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,,melon4 ,origin ,east ,bloomfield1 ,new ,york4 ,tree sufficiently vigorous1 spreading1 round-headed4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 somewhat conical1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 waxen yellow1 nearly covered with marbled and mixed scarlet1 striped distinctly with darker shade2 ,dots minute4 ,basin1 wide1 medium depth2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 green and brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 heart-shaped1 wide1 partially open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 medium1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality almost best2 ,use1 table1 market and kitchen2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,muster4 ,this very nice apple was introduced to my attention by my very good friend ,calvin ,fletcher1 ,jr41 of ,indianapolis1 in which neighborhood it grows4 ,its origin and history are unknown1 nor do any satisfactory responses come to the oft-repeated question--,what is this delicious apple8 ,fruit large1 oblate1 angular2 ,surface yellow1 mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of crimson2 ,dots scattering1 large1 yellow and gray4 ,basin moderately deep1 folded2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core small1 closed2 ,seeds plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality best for dessert2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,pennsylvania ,winesap4--,local ,name4 ,origin unknown2 ,grown in ,wayne ,county1 ,indiana4 ,fruit large1 conical-oblate1 truncated1 angular4 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 blushed1 very little splashed2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin medium1 folded1 wavy2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 wavy2 ,stem medium or short1 stout1 fleshy4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds few1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,wagener4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,,wagener4 ,this beautiful and useful apple originated at ,penn ,yan1 ,yates ,county1 ,new ,york2 was described and figured in the ,transactions of the ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 productive1 and very early bearer4 ,fruit large1 oblate or globular-oblate1 pentangular2 ,surface very smooth1 yellow1 well covered with mixed bright red1 stripes not distinct2 ,dots scattered1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 brown2 ,stem medium1 green4 ,core regular1 wide1 heart-shaped1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 angular2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,uses1 market1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,november and ,december4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,i4--,,flat ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--;,,acid4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,cranberry ,russet4 ,this apple was introduced to the notice of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society by its ,vice-,president1 ,j4 ,austin ,scott1 of ,toledo1 ,ohio4 ,fruit medium to large1 oblate1 flattened at the sides1 irregular2 ,surface rough1 russeted1 blushed carmine1 uneven2 ,dots numerous1 large1 gray1 prominent4 ,basin shallow1 uneven2 ,eye small1 partially open4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 green2 ,stem long1 slender1 knobby4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds long1 angular1 brown2 ,flesh breaking1 tender1 not very juicy2 ,flavor quite acid2 ,quality second rate1 but said to be superior for cooking2 ,season1 ,november and ,december4 ,roxbury ,russet4 ,,boston ,,russet4--,,putnam ,,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,,roxbury ,,russet4 ,this standard apple is perhaps as widely known and as much admired as any other in the catalogue4 ,it was brought to the ,west by different routes--by the ,ohio ,river and by the lakes--and has been universally distributed4 ,those brought to the mouth of the ,muskingum ,river1 and propagated by ,mr4 ,putnam1 had the name changed to that of the ,marietta and the ,putnam ,russet2 and at the same time the appearance of the fruit was so altered by increase in the russeting1 that it was long thought to be a different variety1 until the question was at length settled by interchange of grafts2 and when these fruited the identity was proved4 ,it is claimed that more money has been realized from this than from any other variety1 though1 on the ,ohio ,river1 the ,rome ,beauty is considered to be equally profitable4 ,the popularity of this ,russet is on the wane1 however1 as it is very subject to attacks of the ,codling-moth1 which makes it fall1 and because it is apt to ripen too early in the season in southern locations and on limestone soils4 ,hence its value as a keeping apple is diminished4 ,tree robust1 vigorous1 spreading2 ,shoots stout1 straggling1 dark2 ,foliage gray-green4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 often lop-sided at the ,west1 frequently angular1 sometimes conic and truncated2 ,surface overspread with heavy brown russet in the ,south1 but green1 often bronzed1 and with partial light russet at the north of latitude #da2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin regular or wavy1 green1 often folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 pointed2 ,stem medium1 curved4 ,core regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking1 granular1 often coarse1 juicy2 ,flavor decidedly acid2 ,quality second rate2 ,use1 market and cooking2 ,season1 ,november to ,january2 a better keeper in the ,north4 ,whitney ,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,,whitney ,,russet4 ,of uncertain or accidental origin in the extensive nurseries and orchards of my friend ,a4,r4 ,whitney1 of ,franklin ,grove1 ,lee ,county1 ,illinois1 where my specimens and trees were procured4 ,fruit medium or small1 roundish-oblate1 truncated1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 rather thinly russeted2 ,dots minute1 prominent4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 green2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 wavy2 ,stem medium to long1 slender4 ,core medium1 regular1 heart-shaped1 rarely open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds very numerous1 medium1 plump2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking1 very fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich1 spicy2 ,quality best2 especially a dessert apple2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,large ,bough4 ,,large ,,yellow ,,bough1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,,large ,,bough4 ,a native fruit1 much admired as an early sweet apple4 ,tree vigorous1 compact head1 rather productive4 ,fruit round-conic1 regular1 very light2 ,surface smooth1 white or pale yellow2 ,dots minute1 dark1 indented1 few4 ,basin rather shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 deep1 sometimes brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 nearly closed1 clasping2 ,seeds medium1 dark2 ,flesh white1 very soft1 light1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet when ripe1 somewhat bitter when green2 ,quality only good--by some called best2 ,use1 market1 stock and dessert--tasteless when cooked2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,fallawater4 ,,tulpehocken1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,,fallawater4 ,a native of ,pennsylvania1 where it is a great favorite2 extensively cultivated through the ,west4 ,this is essentially a market apple1 having little to recommend it but its size1 appearance and productiveness4 ,tree very vigorous1 spreading1 productive1 not long-lived2 ,shoots very stout1 dark2 ,leaves large4 ,fruit large1 round or oblate-conic1 regular2 ,surface sometimes smooth1 greenish-yellow1 often blushed crimson--large specimens covered with whitish veined marks2 ,dots numerous1 gray1 large1 and having whitish bases4 ,basin rather deep1 regular2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short1 stout4 ,core medium1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh whitish1 often greenish-white1 light1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 or sweet1 with little character2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,use1 market and stock2 ,season1 ,november1 ,december1 and may be kept longer if desired4 ,michael ,henry4 ,,michael ,,henry ,,pippin4--,coxe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,,michael ,,henry4 ,origin ,monmouth ,county1 ,new ,jersey4 ,extensively cultivated in the ,western ,states1 where it has many admirers4 ,tree vigorous1 not large1 spreading1 very productive1 early bearer2 ,shoots dark1 foliage medium and healthy4 ,fruit fair1 medium to large1 conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 dull green1 whitish stripes1 pale yellow when ripe1 rarely a faint blush2 ,dots scattered1 prominent4 ,basin abrupt1 or shallow1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core regular1 heart-shaped1 clasping1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 black2 ,flesh pale yellow1 breaking1 tender1 light1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 slightly aromatic1 little character2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december and ,january2 keeps well4 ,premium of #aheh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4--,,premium ,,of #aheh4 ,found in a seedling orchard near ,springfield1 ,ohio1 and awarded the premium in #aheh4 ,fruit medium1 roundish-conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 white4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 folded2 ,eye large1 closed or open4 ,cavity wide1 shallow1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core rather large1 regular1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 line grained1 tender2 ,flavor very sweet1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,shockley4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,,shockley4 ,origin ,jackson ,county1 ,georgia4 ,this long-keeper from the ,south promises to be an acquisition of value for market orchards1 unless its small size may make an objection4 ,tree vigorous1 very productive4 ,fruit medium to small1 conic1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface very smooth1 waxen yellow1 marbled or blushed scarlet and crimson2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 gray4 ,basin shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 regular2 ,stem slender1 long4 ,core long heart-shaped1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained2 ,flavor mildly sub-acid1 rich1 saccharine1 agreeable2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,march to ,june2 a good keeper4 ,sweet ,pear4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,,sweet ,,pear4 ,the origin of this fruit is uncertain2 the specimens were obtained in the orchard of ,h4,p4 ,kimball1 and his father-in-law1 ,dr4 ,george ,haskell--zealous pomologists at ,rockford1 ,illinois4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 somewhat conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 blushed2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 gray1 indented2 red spots4 ,basin quite shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 but long1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long1 rather slender1 green4 ,core small1 round1 somewhat open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 medium1 pointed2 ,flesh greenish-white1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 aromatic2 ,quality good to best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,october4 ,victuals and ,drink4 ,,green ,,sweet ,,of ,,indiana4--,,pompey4--,,fall ,,green ,,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,,victuals ,,and ,,drink4 ,this old variety has met with great favor in its western home1 though not esteemed or much cultivated in the ,eastern ,states1 unless about ,newark1 ,new ,jersey1 where it originated about #agej1 according to ,downing4 ,tree spreading1 large2 ,branches twiggy1 slender1 moderately productive4 ,fruit large1 conical1 regular1 but uneven2 ,surface somewhat rough1 dull green to dull yellow1 often veined russet2 ,dots numerous1 minute4 ,basin medium1 sometimes abrupt1 regular or folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 regular1 oval1 clasping1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect1 dark2 ,flesh greenish-white or yellowish1 very tender1 fine-grained1 light2 ,flavor very sweet1 very rich2 ,quality best2 ,use1 baking1 table and stock2 ,season1 ,september and ,october--in the ,north later1 but is not a housing apple4 ,virginia ,june4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4--,,virginia ,,june4 ,presented by ,w4,p4 ,putnam1 of ,ohio1 as brought from ,adams ,county1 ,mississippi4 ,fruit medium to large1 oblate-conical1 regular2 ,surface greenish-yellow2 ,dots scattered1 prominent4 ,basin medium1 regular1 abrupt2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity very wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem very short4 ,core heart-shaped1 regular1 meeting the eye1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow2 ,flavor rich1 sweet2 ,quality good2 ,september to ,october1 in ,ohio4 ,this may prove to be some known variety1 but it has not yet been recognized4 ,the ,virginia ,june1 grown in ,kentucky and ,indiana1 is quite different1 being round1 striped and sub-acid4 ,it is esteemed1 where known1 as a household apple1 but becomes rather dry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,i--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,kentucky ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,,kentucky ,,sweet4 ,this is an apple of ,kentucky or southern origin1 found in many parts of the western country among the emigrants from ,dixie ,land1 with whom it is a great favorite on account of abundant fruitage and rich sweetness4 ,specimens1 under name1 were received from the intelligent southern pomologist1 ,j4,s4 ,downer1 of ,fairview1 ,kentucky1 also from ,j4,w4 ,dodge1 of ,pomona1 ,tennessee1 from which the description and drawing are taken4 ,it has also been seen frequently in ,southern ,illinois4 ,fruit medium1 conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 deep red1 stripes obscured and scarcely visible1 the yellow ground color rarely seen2 ,dots scattered1 large1 yellow4 ,basin regular1 narrow1 not deep1 leather-cracked2 ,eye medium1 long1 open2 ,segments short4 ,cavity acute1 not deep1 brown2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core oval1 regular1 not meeting the eye1 somewhat open2 ,seeds numerous1 large and imperfect1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 rich1 slightly perfumed2 ,quality very good to best2 ,use1 baking1 market and stock2 ,season ,november to ,january4 ,keeps well4 ,milam4 ,,blair4--7,rarely47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,,milam4 ,this is another little southern favorite1 to be found by almost every cabin in parts of the ,west4 ,whole orchards have been planted with sprouts from the mother trees1 among the people to whom the art of grafting was an unheard of mystery4 ,now distributed by nurserymen all over the country4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 round-headed1 twiggy2 shoots reddish2 foliage rather dark4 ,annually productive and an early bearer4 ,fruit small to medium1 conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with marbled red1 indistinct stripes2 ,dots small1 gray1 scattered1 prominent4 ,basin narrow1 wavy1 leather-cracked2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 acute1 brown2 ,stem long4 ,core ovate1 covering the eye1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 some imperfect2 ,flesh white1 tender1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid or sweet1 agreeable and refreshing1 but without any decided character2 ,quality good2 ,use1 dessert1 in cooking it lacks flavor2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,pumpkin ,sweet4 ,,sweet ,,russet1 of ,ohio4 ,fruit was exhibited at the ,ohio ,state ,fair at ,zanesville4 ,fruit large1 regular1 roundish1 conical2 ,surface dull green1 covered with a rough coat of russet4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 narrow1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 regular2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 plump2 ,flesh spongy1 light2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,use1 baking1 stock2 ,season1 autumn4 ,this apple has never commended itself very highly to my notice in the limited opportunities ,i have had for its examination1 but it is esteemed in some parts of the country for baking and for stock-feeding4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,august ,tart4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4--;,,august ,,tart4 ,origin unknown4 ,specimens procured from ,marietta1 ,ohio4 ,fruit medium to large1 regular1 conical1 truncated2 ,surface smooth1 yellow-green2 ,dots numerous1 large1 yellow4 ,basin medium1 wavy or folded2 ,eye medium or small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality poor1 except for cooking2 ,season ,august4 ,democrat4 ,origin unknown4 ,specimens obtained from ,george ,powers1 of ,perrysburgh1 ,ohio4 ,fruit medium1 handsome1 roundish-conic1 regular2 ,surface yellow1 blushed scarlet2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity rather deep1 very acute2 ,stem medium to short1 slender4 ,core heart-shaped1 rather open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds large2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use dessert2 ,season ,october to ,december4 ,holland ,pippin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,,holland ,,pippin4 ,there is a strange confusion existing in some of the books1 by which this fruit has been associated with the ,fall ,pippin4 ,the ,holland1 as grown in ,western ,new ,york1 and through the ,west1 as derived from the former ,state1 is entirely different2 and as that is extensively known1 its description is here given1 that it may be compared with the other1 which belongs to a different class4 ,fruit large1 regular1 conic1 rather oblate2 ,surface dull yellowish-green1 rarely bronzed2 ,dots minute4 ,basin narrow1 medium depth1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 sometimes imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish-white or greenish-white1 breaking1 coarse-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor quite acid1 not rich1 not agreeable2 ,quality only fair2 ,use cooking only2 ,season1 ,october to ,december at the ,north4 ,not seen in the southern counties of the ,states north of the ,ohio ,river4 ,middle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,,middle4 ,a comparatively new fruit1 from ,herkimer ,county1 ,new ,york1 found in a division fence between two neighbors2 hence its name4 ,considerably cultivated in the neighborhood1 where it is highly esteemed4 ,introduced into ,ohio by ,mr4 ,john ,ludlow1 of ,springfield1 in #ahed1 and propagated at the ,oakland ,nurseries near by4 ,tree thrifty and productive4 ,fruit medium to large1 conical or oblate-conic1 regular2 ,surface rather smooth1 green to pale greenish-yellow2 ,dots small1 irregular1 rather abundant1 gray1 somewhat prominent4 ,basin shallow1 nearly regular1 russeted1 like ,rhode ,island ,greening2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 sometimes lipped1 wavy2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core small1 oval1 regular1 closed1 just meeting the eye2 ,seeds small1 very light colored2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic2 ,quality nearly first rate2 ,use dessert2 ,season ,december and ,january1 but is said to keep until ,may in ,new ,york4 ,white ,winter ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,,white ,,winter ,,pearmain4 ,this favorite fruit was brought to ,indiana by some of the early pomologists1 in the days of saddle-bag transportation4 ,in a lot of grafts1 two varieties1 having lost their labels1 were propagated and fruited without name4 ,being considered ,pearmain-shaped1 they were called respectively ,red and ,white ,winter ,pearmains4 ,the former proved to be the ,esopus ,spitzenberg2 the latter has never yet been identified1 though believed to be an old eastern variety4 ,mr4 ,downing suggests that it may be ,winter ,harvey1 a description of which ,i have not seen4 ,at one time this apple was confounded with the ,michael ,henry by many of us1 and ,mr4 ,elliott gives it as a synonym of that variety1 but they are very distinct4 ,tree spreading1 vigorous1 productive1 the bark often marked by a kind of canker or crack4 ,foliage large1 rather light green4 ,fruit medium to large1 handsome when fair1 but often scabby on rich limestone soils and on old trees1 conical1 regular1 sometimes obscurely angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 often bronzy2 ,dots scattered1 small1 dark4 ,basin abrupt1 regular or shallow and folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 often knobby and clubbed4 ,core regular1 closed1 slightly clasping the eye2 ,seeds few1 pointed1 pale or yellow2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 very rich2 ,quality best2 ,uses table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season ,december to ,march4 ,woolfolks4 ,this is supposed to be a ,kentucky seedling4 ,it was received from my friend ,ormsby ,hite1 of ,louisville4 ,fruit full1 medium1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface very smooth1 yellow-green2 ,dots scattered1 gray1 white bases4 ,basin medium1 wavy1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short1 green4 ,core small1 heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds pointed1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh white1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,alexander4 ,this ,russian apple1 so much admired for its size and beauty1 is not a favorite in the orchard1 though some persons have found it profitable in the markets4 ,tree medium size1 spreading1 moderately productive1 early bearer4 ,fruit large to very large1 fair and handsome1 conical1 truncated1 sometimes obscurely angular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 striped and splashed distinctly bright red1 sometimes shaded mixed red2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity rather deep1 narrow1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to short1 stout4 ,core wide1 regular1 nearly closed1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds large2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 not fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 not rich2 ,quality scarcely good1 except for cooking2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,fruit falls badly from the tree4 ,cayuga ,red ,streak4 ,,twenty ,,ounce1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,,cayuga ,,red ,,streak4 ,i have preferred to adopt the above name for this old ,connecticut apple1 to avoid the confusion arising from another and very indifferent fruit that is still considerably cultivated upon the same parallels with this1 and known as the ,twenty ,ounce ,pippin4 ,the ,cayuga is a very great favorite as a market and family fruit in many parts of the country north of latitude #dj--;being large1 handsome and productive4 ,tree thrifty1 healthy1 early productive1 round-headed1 twiggy2 ,shoots medium or slender1 reddish brown1 leaves large4 ,fruit large to very large1 regular1 globular-conic2 ,surface generally smooth1 yellow-green1 nearly covered with mixed red1 striped and splashed scarlet2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin regular1 abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,calyx long4 ,cavity wide1 folded1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,core wide1 large1 irregular1 open1 meeting or slightly clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 pale2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor sour1 not rich2 ,quality good1 only for its special uses1 market1 cooking and drying2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,clarke's ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,,clarke',s ,,pearmain4 ,origin ,north ,carolina4 ,specimens from ,w4,s4 ,westbrook4 ,tree grows slowly1 but very productive4 ,fruit medium1 roundish-conic1 truncated2 ,surface yellow1 covered bright red and bronzed2 ,dots numerous1 large1 yellow4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments short1 reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 sometimes lipped2 ,stem long1 red4 ,core small1 pyriform1 regular1 closed1 scarcely clasping2 ,seeds1 some imperfect2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 fine grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use dessert and kitchen2 ,season ,december4 ,clayton4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aec4--;,,clayton4 ,believed to have originated in ,central ,indiana4 ,brought to my notice by ,z4,s4 ,ragan1 of ,clayton1 ,indiana2 also exhibited by the ,plainfield ,horticultural ,society at the meetings of the ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,fruit large1 conical1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 covered with dull red1 striped and splashed darker2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin narrow1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 deep1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium1 stout4 ,core wide1 regular1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular1 short1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 not fine grained2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 all winter until ,march4 ,cooper's ,market4 ,,cooper',s ,,redling4 ,fruit medium1 oblong-conic2 ,skin yellowish1 shaded with red1 and striped with crimson2 ,stem short1 cavity deep1 narrow2 ,calyx closed1 basin small2 ,flesh white1 tender1 with a brisk sub-acid flavor2 ,december to ,may4--7,downing47 ,early ,joe4 ,this delicious summer apple originated in ,ontario ,county1 ,new ,york2 ,tree moderately vigorous1 bushy when young1 early bearer1 very productive4 ,fruit small to medium1 flat-conic1 regular2 ,surface yellow or waxen1 mixed red1 splashed carmine2 ,dots minute1 with yellow bases4 ,basin abrupt1 regular2 ,eye medium1 long1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium1 thick4 ,core wide1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds plump1 brown2 ,flesh light yellow1 breaking1 very fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 spicy1 rich1 very satisfying2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert only2 ,season1 ,july4 ,early ,strawberry4 ,,american ,,red ,,juneating4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aed4--;,,early ,,strawberry4 ,origin ,new ,york2 ,tree thrifty1 very upright1 while young1 spreading and large when older2 ,shoots dark colored2 ,foliage abundant on long stems1 bright green1 almost shining1 rather narrow1 long1 erect4 ,fruit small to medium1 round-conic1 regular or rarely angular2 ,surface smooth1 often shining1 yellow1 mostly covered with mixed red1 striped crimson2 ,dots rare1 very minute2 ,surface sticky or greasy when house-ripened4 ,basin shallow1 folded or plaited2 ,eye medium1 long2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity medium1 regular2 ,stem long1 rather slender1 sometimes short1 knobby4 ,core regular1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 broad1 plump2 ,flesh whitish-yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 dessert1 market2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,family4 ,this new southern variety is not yet sufficiently known to enable me to give a full description4 ,my trees have not borne4 ,fruit medium1 conic1 striped red2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,flushing ,spitzenberg4 ,as some doubt has existed in the minds of many pomologists in respect to this variety1 and as many have had this name applied to the ,baltimore of ,elliott1 ,i quote that author's description3 ,american4 ,tree vigorous1 strong brown shoots2 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 slightly conical1 greenish-yellow1 mostly covered with warm yellowish-red2 russet dots1 with suffused fawn shade surrounding2 ,stem slender2 ,cavity narrow2 ,calyx small2 ,basin shallow2 ,core rather large2 ,flesh white1 tinged yellow1 juicy1 crisp1 mild1 nearly sweet2 'very good4' ,november to ,february4 ,gabriel4 ,,ladies' ,,blush4--,,garden ,,of ,,indiana4 ,this is thought to be a southern apple1 but the origin is unknown4 ,it may yet prove to be a known variety in cultivation4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 mixed and striped pale red2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 green2 ,stem medium1 slender4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds medium2 ,flesh tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid to sweet1 aromatic2 ,quality almost best1 for dessert2 ,august and ,september1 or later4 ,limbertwig4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,,limbertwig4 ,this well known southern apple is much cultivated in many parts of the ,west as a long keeping winter variety4 ,it is a favorite with the southern immigrants1 and found most abundant in regions occupied by them1 but it has been carried pretty far to the north4 ,the synonym ,james ,river1 as given by ,downing1 is not met with among the people as applied to this apple1 but the ,willow ,twig is often so named4 ,tree thrifty1 exceedingly productive2 ,shoots slender and drooping with the heavy crops4 ,fruit medium to small1 roundish conic1 regular2 ,surface rather smooth1 mixed dull purplish red1 on green1 stripes scarcely to be traced2 ,dots numerous1 large1 irregular1 brown4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem medium1 curved4 ,core rather large1 regular1 turbinate1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 plump1 long2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 firm2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,march and ,april4 ,keeps very well1 but wilts if exposed to the air--preserved very well in the ground4 ,long ,island ,seek-no-,further4 ,,westchester ,,seek-,,no-,,further4 ,this old variety still has its admirers in the ,eastern ,states1 but is not often seen in the ,west4 ,i describe specimens from ,wm4 ,s4 ,carpenter1 of ,westchester ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,the tree is vigorous and productive4 ,fruit rather large1 oblate1 conic1 regular2 ,surface greenish-yellow1 splashed bright red2 ,dots numerous1 scattered1 russet4 ,basin shallow1 wavy2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds pointed1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh greenish-white1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 cooking2 ,season1 ,october1 ,november4 ,polly ,bright4 ,origin ,virginia4 ,considerably cultivated in ,eastern ,ohio4 ,fruit elongated1 conic2 ,skin light yellow1 shaded carmine1 obscurely striped2 ,stalk of medium length1 in an acute cavity1 russeted2 ,calyx in a small furrowed basin4 ,flesh tender1 juicy1 with a pleasant sub-acid flavor2 ,september1 ,october4--7,downing47 ,rawle's ,janet4 ,,janetting ,,or ,,geneton--,,never ,,fail--,,rock ,,rimmon1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,,rawle',s ,,janet4 ,this famous southern apple has been spread throughout the ,west1 and even the ,northwest where1 however1 it has not proved hardy4 ,it also has the fault of over-bearing1 when the fruit is often small and insipid4 ,in suitable soils it is very fine and deservedly a favorite with planters1 some of whom recommend fifty trees of this variety in an orchard of one hundred4 ,origin ,virginia4 ,tree thrifty1 not large1 spreading2 ,twigs brownish1 foliage medium1 rather whitish4 ,blossoms appear later than other sorts1 and thus they sometimes escape a spring frost4 ,fruit medium1 sometimes large when thinned1 flattened1 conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed and striped crimson on yellow and green2 ,dots numerous1 small4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 curved4 ,core regular1 heart-shaped1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish1 crisp1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 vinous1 refreshing2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 dessert1 kitchen1 market and cider2 ,season1 ,february1 ,march1 and later4 ,red ,winter ,pearmain4 ,,red ,,gilliflower--,,red ,,lady ,,finger--,,buncombe8 ,,etc4 ,this favorite southern apple is widely diffused through the ,south and ,west1 and its good qualities have made it many admirers4 ,origin uncertain4 ,tree sufficiently vigorous1 upright1 productive1 annual bearer4 ,fruit medium to large1 conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 deep red1 almost purplish on yellow1 stripes nearly lost in the depth of coloring1 whitish shading exteriorly1 not a bloom2 ,dots numerous1 minute4 ,basin regular1 plaited or folded2 ,eye long or large1 open4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium length1 thick1 knobby4 ,core medium1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 almost sweet1 rich1 satisfying2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,rosy ,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,,rosy ,,red4 ,this is one of the valuable fruits which we owe to the indefatigable efforts1 of that earnest pomologist and thus philanthropist1 ,lewis ,jones1 of ,cambridge1 ,indiana4 ,found in a seedling orchard4 ,fruit medium1 conical1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 bright red1 generally diffused1 indistinctly striped2 ,dots scattered1 medium1 yellow4 ,basin medium1 shallow1 regular or folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 narrow1 deep1 brown2 ,stem medium1 slender1 yellow4 ,core wide1 indistinct1 partly open1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,seeds few1 plump and imperfect2 ,flesh pale yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market and table2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,westfield ,seek-no-,further4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,,westfield ,,seek-,,no-,,further4 ,this favorite ,connecticut apple has been widely disseminated throughout the country1 and is universally admired by those who come from the ,northern ,states2 on lower parallels it is less known1 and not so highly appreciated1 nor is it so fine a fruit1 being larger1 but less compact1 more spongy1 less beautifully colored and sometimes almost a russet4 ,tree vigorous1 thrifty1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 roundish-conic2 ,surface smooth dull red1 mixed and striped on yellow1 in the ,north clear bright red2 ,dots scattered1 large1 yellow2 leather-cracked and russeted about the apex4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed or open4 ,cavity pointed1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 meeting and clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 pointed2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 tender1 breaking2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 aromatic1 satisfying1 not high flavored nor spicy2 ,quality only good in my estimation2 ,use1 table and market2 ,season1 ,december4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,american ,golden ,russet4 ,,bullock',s ,,pippin1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aei4--;,,american ,,golden ,,russet4 ,this delicious table apple is a universal favorite with all who can appreciate delicacy of flavor and fineness of flesh in an apple1 and yet it is not a profitable variety for orchard planting1 because the fruit is very apt to be imperfect4 ,the best ,i have seen were from the ,south1 and sandstone soils4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 round-headed1 small2 ,foliage large1 healthy4 ,fruit small to medium1 round-conic1 regular when perfect2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with thin russet1 sometimes faintly blushed2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh yellowish1 very fine grained1 tender1 when fully ripe almost melting1 like a pear1 juicy1 becoming dry when over ripe2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic2 ,quality very best2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,november and ,december4 ,cheesborough4 ,this is one of the largest and one of the poorest of the ,russet apples1 and unworthy of cultivation2 on that account put upon record to be avoided4 ,fruit large and fair1 conical1 regular2 ,surface dull green1 overspread with thin russet1 or more southward4 ,basin irregular1 green2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity pointed1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core large1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds long1 pointed1 angular2 ,flesh green1 breaking1 coarse1 often dry2 ,flavor acid or sub-acid1 not rich2 ,quality poor2 ,use1 kitchen only2 ,season1 ,november and ,december4 ,egyptian ,russet4 ,,bagby ,,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,,egyptian ,,russet4 ,this capital dessert fruit was found in ,southern ,illinois and introduced to his fellow pomologists of the ,state ,society by ,jno4 ,m4 ,hunter1 nurseryman1 of ,ashley4 ,its origin is unknown1 but supposed1 like the pioneers of the region1 to have come from ,tennessee1 or some other ,southern ,state4 ,tree symmetrical1 moderately vigorous1 productive2 ,twigs slender4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 conical1 truncated2 ,surface smooth1 light yellow1 covered with fine russet1 obscurely striped gray4 ,basin wide1 wavy1 plaited1 green2 ,eye medium to large1 open4 ,cavity acute1 wavy2 ,stem medium4 ,core irregular1 closed1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,seeds large1 plump2 ,flesh very tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich1 pear-like2 ,quality very best2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,december and ,january1 until ,march4 ,like other russets disposed to wilt if too much exposed to the air4 ,poughkeepsie ,russet4 ,,english ,,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,,poughkeepsie ,,russet4 ,origin ,new ,york2 ,tree tender1 vigorous1 upright1 productive2 ,shoots brown1 slender2 ,foliage healthy4 ,fruit medium1 conical or globular-conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 almost polished1 dull yellowish-green1 often bronzed near the base1 more or less covered with fine russet4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity pointed1 wavy2 ,stem long4 ,core closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds imperfect2 ,flesh greenish1 firm1 inclined to be tough2 ,flavor acid1 poor2 ,quality third rate2 ,use1 market and cooking only1 and valued because it keeps soundly for a long time2 ,season1 ,december until ,june4 ,ross' ,nonpareil4 ,,spice ,,russet8 ,,of ,,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,,ross' ,,nonpareil4 ,the delicious fruit about to be described is believed to be the celebrated ,irish apple mentioned by ,thompson1 ,lindley1 and others2 if not1 we have found another choice fruit1 which deserves to be better known4 ,it is frequently found at the exhibitions in ,ohio and ,indiana4 ,often shown as ,spice ,russet1 flatter and irregular3 ,vide conspectus4 ,fruit medium1 regular1 oblate-conical2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish1 thin russet1 rarely blushed dull carmine2 ,dots minute1 gray4 ,basin wide1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core regular1 open1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 medium1 plump2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 fine grained1 tender2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality almost best2 for table2 ,season ,december4 ,spafford ,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,,spafford ,,russet4 ,this apple is supposed to have originated near old ,fort ,miami1 in ,northern ,ohio1 and was introduced to the notice of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society by its ,vice-,president1 ,j4 ,austin ,scott1 of ,toledo1 who cultivates the variety on the banks of the ,maumee1 near the place of its supposed origin4 ,fruit medium1 flattened-conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 lightly russeted1 rarely bronzed2 ,dots minute1 green4 ,basin medium1 abrupt1 narrow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium4 ,core small1 open1 regular1 meeting the eye2 ,axis short4 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic1 agreeable2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december until ,march4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular ,,or ,,angular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,belden ,sweet4 ,grown in ,connecticut1 very prolific2 ,fruit medium or below1 conic1 angular2 ,skin light yellow1 with a warm cheek4 ,stem medium1 in an acute deep cavity2 ,calyx closed1 in a small basin2 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy1 saccharine1 with a pleasant aromatic flavor2 ,december to ,march4--7,downing47 ,lyman's ,pumpkin ,sweet4 ,,pound ,,sweet4 ,origin1 the orchard of ,s4 ,lyman1 ,manchester1 ,connecticut4 ,a very handsome1 large1 sweet apple1 valued for baking and for stock-feeding4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 drooping1 rather productive4 ,fruit large to very large1 roundish-conical1 angular2 ,surface very smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots minute4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium or short4 ,core large1 closed2 ,seeds angular1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish1 breaking1 juicy1 often water-cored and heavy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 baking and stock-feeding2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,,none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,sweet ,russet of ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,,sweet ,,russet ,,of ,,kentucky4 ,this fruit was received from ,j4,s4 ,downer ,son1 ,elkton1 ,kentucky4 ,fruit small1 conical1 truncated1 angular2 ,surface rough1 dark russet2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 white1 prominent4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity very shallow1 acute2 ,stem short1 slender4 ,core large1 regular1 nearly closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pale2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 fine-grained1 not tender2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,sweet ,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afe4--,,sweet ,,russet4 ,fruit medium1 conical1 uneven2 ,surface yellow1 thin russet2 ,dots numerous1 small1 prominent4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem short4 ,core oval1 open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking2 ,season1 ,august4 ,s4,b4 ,parsons of ,flushing1 ,long ,island1 considers it the best baking apple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored ,,or ,,blushed4 ,belmont4 ,,gate--,,mamma ,,bean1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aff4--;,,belmont4 ,this beautiful apple is believed to be of ,virginia origin1 but was brought into public notice and notoriety in ,belmont ,county1 ,ohio1 whence its name4 ,it is supposed to be the same as the ,waxen of ,coxe1 which that author refers to ,virginia4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive1 not hardy2 ,twigs light olive4 ,fruit large1 fair1 oblate-conic1 often angular2 ,surface very smooth1 waxen-yellow1 often faintly blushed orange1 and spotted red2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin regular or wavy1 not deep2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long4 ,core wide1 regular1 somewhat open1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 flat2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 refreshing1 very agreeable2 ,quality nearly best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,celestia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,,celestia4 ,this fine amateur fruit1 which appears destined to take the place of the ,dyer1 being more handsome1 is a seedling from the ,stillwater ,sweet1 and was produced by ,l4,s4 ,mote1 of ,miami ,county1 ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 conical1 truncated1 angular2 ,surface somewhat uneven1 smooth1 waxen-yellow2 ,dots scattered1 distinct1 gray1 with green bases4 ,basin narrow1 folded2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 shallow1 angular2 ,stem long or medium1 sometimes knobby4 ,core small1 oval1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 very fine grained1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 very sprightly1 and spicy1 aromatic2 ,quality very best2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,september4 ,this is essentially an amateur's fruit1 as its texture and color disqualify it for market1 while its delicious flavor renders it very attractive4 ,detroit ,black4 ,,detroit ,,red8--,,grand ,,sachem4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,,detroit ,,black4 ,supposed to be of ,canadian origin1 in the neighborhood of ,detroit1 ,michigan4 ,i have put these two names together1 because the fruits presented as ,black and as ,red ,detroit are so very much alike in all respects that it is not worth while to consider them distinct4 ,fruit large to very large1 conic1 angular2 ,surface very smooth1 shining1 deep red shaded1 almost black in some specimens1 no striping2 ,dots1 numerous1 minute1 indented1 gray4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 stem very short4 ,core wide1 closed or open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 brown2 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 poor2 ,quality second to third rate2 ,use1 kitchen and drying2 ,season1 ,september and ,october4 ,the ,red variety may be distinct1 as it keeps later4 ,fall ,geneting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afi4--;,,fall ,,geneting4 ,elliott says this is an old ,connecticut variety4 ,tree vigorous and productive4 ,fruit large1 flattened-conic1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 blushed2 ,dots rare1 minute4 ,basin shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump or imperfect1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 juicy1 crisp2 ,flavor sub-acid1 not very rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,october4 ,ferdinand4 ,i procured my trees from ,virginia1 where it originated4 ,tree vigorous1 upright4 ,fruit large1 flattened-conic1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 pale green or yellow4 ,basin shallow2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity medium2 ,stem stout4 ,flesh yellow1 tender2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,season1 ,november to ,march1 according to ,mr4 ,summer1 ,south ,carolina4 ,harrison4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,,harrison4 ,this famous ,jersey cider apple1 from ,essex ,county in that ,state1 has been carried westward over a great extent of territory1 where it succeeds admirably well1 and where the necessities of the people have brought to light its good properties for the kitchen as well as for the cider mill4 ,tree vigorous1 large1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit small1 round-conical1 somewhat angular and irregular2 ,surface not smooth1 yellow1 rarely blushed2 frequent rose-colored spots1 and marks radiating from the cavity over the base of the fruit2 ,dots small1 distinct1 gray4 ,basin none1 or very shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments long4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 red1 knobby4 ,core regular1 heart-shaped1 closed1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 small2 ,flesh yellow1 compact1 dry till ripe1 then juicy2 flavor acid to sub-acid1 very rich1 saccharine2 ,quality good2 ,use1 especially for cider1 also for cooking and for dessert in ,april4 ,keeps well4 ,pound ,royale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,,pound ,,royale4 ,this fine summer apple1 received from ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 of ,lawrence ,county1 ,ohio1 has long been considered one of the very best summer apples along the ,ohio ,river4 ,tree a pretty good grower1 an early and constant bearer1 very productive2 ,shoots dark1 foliage dark4 ,fruit large1 conical1 slightly angular2 ,surface smooth1 glossy1 greenish2 ,dots small1 green1 indented4 ,basin medium1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed2 ,segments long1 reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium1 sometimes knobby4 ,core small1 closed or slightly open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 dark2 ,flesh white1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 delicious2 ,quality very good to best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,august4 ,different from ,pound ,royal of ,downing1 which is a winter-keeping fruit4 ,ridge ,pippin4 ,this fruit appears to be quite a favorite market apple in the neighborhood of ,philadelphia1 where it originated4 ,fruit rather large1 round-conic1 very irregular1 ribbed2 ,surface yellow1 lightly shaded and blushed with red1 and sprinkled with russet and crimson spots4 ,basin abrupt1 furrowed and folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 rich4 ,season1 until ,march and ,april4 ,the ,cook's ,favorite4 ,this nice autumn apple comes to me from ,oliver ,albertson1 a prominent and intelligent cultivator in ,washington ,county1 ,indiana1 marked ,best4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit medium1 flattish-conical1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 whitish-yellow2 ,dots minute4 ,basin deep1 folded1 ribbed2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 roundish1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 tender2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality quite good2 ,use1 kitchen especially--cooks very well2 ,season1 ,september4 ,trenton ,early4 ,this fine autumn apple has been thought to be the ,english ,codling4 ,of its origin and history we know little1 except that it was one of ,silas ,wharton's varieties1 and that it has been a great favorite wherever known4 ,it was introduced to the notice of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 #aheb1 by ,r4,w4 ,steele1 ,esq41 of ,dayton1 ,ohio1 with the following notes3 ,a large1 white apple1 of excellent flavor1 and is highly esteemed both for eating and cooking4 ,it ripens in ,august4 ,the tree is a vigorous grower and an abundant bearer4 ,it was introduced here many years ago by ,silas ,wharton1 of ,warren ,county1 to whom this portion of the ,miami ,valley is largely indebted for the introduction of many excellent varieties of apples and pears4 ,fruit large1 conical1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 very pale yellow or white2 ,dots rare1 minute4 ,basin narrow1 folded2 ,eye medium or small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core large1 rather open2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh white1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 pleasant2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 dessert and kitchen2 ,season1 ,august1 ,september4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,angular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,buckingham4 ,,byer',s ,,red--,,fall ,,queen 7of some7--,,blackburn 7erroneously47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,,buckingham4 ,this favorite southern apple1 from ,louisa ,county1 ,virginia1 has worked its way northward into public favor at rapid rate1 under the influence of railways and ,pomological ,societies4 ,it was first presented to the ,american ,society at the ,philadelphia meeting1 in #ahfj1 when it was figured and reported on by the ,committee on ,native ,fruits1 to some of whom1 as to thousands of others in the ,west1 it was familiar as household words4 ,this fruit was brought by settlers to ,southern ,illinois1 and thence distributed1 by taking up the sprouts that formed about the base of the stocks1 and setting them out for an orchard4 ,i have some of these growing1 and they make nice plants4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 compact while young1 spreading with the weight of fruit1 never large2 the shoots rather slender1 red1 dark2 ,leaves medium1 rather narrow1 wider towards the end1 dark1 footstalks red4 ,the stems of these trees are characterized by curious enlargements of an irregular1 mammellar form1 and reddish color1 and appear to be like the knaurs of the olive tree4 ,when this apple was first brought to the notice of the ,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society1 twenty years ago1 it was thought to resemble the ,winter ,queen of ,kentucky so closely that it was considered only a variety or sport1 and called the ,striped ,fall ,queen1 but it has since been deemed a distinct sort4 ,fruit large to very large1 variable in form1 but generally conical1 or oblate-conic1 truncated1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 mixed and striped pale purplish-red2 ,dots scattered1 prominent1 yellow4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 wavy2 ,eye large1 long1 open4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,core large1 regular1 closed2 ,axis very short2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 rich1 agreeable2 ,quality best1 or nearly so2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 drying2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,esopus ,spitzenberg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agc4--;,,esopus ,,spitzenberg4 ,origin ,new ,york1 on the ,hudson4 ,this fruit has changed its character in progressing westward and southward1 becoming larger and more irregular1 less brilliantly colored1 less highly flavored1 and less productive4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 thrifty1 but in some regions subject to blight and unprofitable2 ,shoots slender4 ,fruit medium to large1 conical1 ribbed1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with bright red1 marbled and mixed1 striped more or less distinctly2 ,dots numerous1 large1 irregular1 gray1 always elongated near the base4 ,basin deep1 ribbed or folded1 often leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 or wavy2 ,stem long4 ,core large1 closed2 ,seeds long1 pointed2 ,flesh rich1 yellow1 breaking1 juicy at the ,north1 more fibrous than crisp at the ,south2 ,flavor quite acid till ripe1 when it is rich1 saccharine1 highly aromatic1 giving the idea of the ,spitzenberg flavor2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,lansingburgh4 ,the origin of this long-keeper has not been traced4 ,it has been common about ,cincinnati1 and along the ,ohio ,river1 for many years4 ,tree upright1 vigorous1 brushy and thorny1 looking like a wilding4 ,fruit medium1 conical1 angular1 oblique1 often unequal2 ,surface smooth1 green and yellow1 bronzed and blushed1 becoming very rich yellow and carmine--an indistinct gray-striping makes the ripe fruit appear to be striped yellow2 ,dots minute1 indented1 gray1 with green bases4 ,basin deep1 plaited or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 irregular1 rough with brown2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 oval1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 large2 ,flesh firm1 compact2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 negative2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,use1 market1 ornamental1 cooking2 ,season in the kitchen all winter--ornamental and eatable ,march to ,may1 or later4 ,late ,strawberry4 ,,autumn ,,strawberry4 ,the origin of this choice fruit appears to be unknown4 ,tree upright1 productive1 thrifty1 leaves serrate4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 conical1 angular1 furrowed2 ,surface smooth1 waxen-yellow1 mixed and striped scarlet2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin folded1 irregular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 irregular2 ,stem slender1 long4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 ,seeds large2 ,flesh yellow1 very tender1 fine-grained1 very juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 refreshing1 vinous2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert especially2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,there is another similar fruit--the ,frank or ,chenango ,strawberry1 which is by some preferred to this4 ,northern ,spy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,,northern ,,spy4 ,origin near ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,tree very vigorous1 large1 upright1 spreading1 when older2 shoots reddish1 leaves healthy1 large1 dark4 ,tree productive when old1 but not an early bearer2 needs trimming to admit light and air to the fruit4 ,fruit large1 flattened-conical1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed1 and splashed1 scarlet1 or crimson2 ,dots scattered1 small4 ,basin abrupt1 regular1 or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular or wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core large1 irregular1 open2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 pointed1 pale2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 becoming sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich1 with the spiciness of a ,spitzenberg2 ,quality considered best1 but rather coarse in texture2 ,use1 table1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 ,december until ,may1 and in the ,north longer4 ,red ,canada4 ,,steel',s ,,red4 ,origin ,new ,england4 ,tree thrifty1 healthy1 but slender1 twiggy1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 globular-conic1 indistinctly angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with mixed and striped bright red2 ,dots numerous1 gray1 indented1 elongated near the stem1 as in ,esopus4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core regular1 closed1 large2 ,seeds imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 crisp1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 delicious2 ,quality best1 for table2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,red ,stripe4 ,,early ,,red ,,margaret 7incorrectly7--,,rockhill',s ,,summer ,,queen 7,indiana74 ,this handsome and productive early apple has been extensively propagated in parts of ,indiana1 under the names above presented4 ,it was introduced at ,fort ,wayne by ,mr4 ,rockhill1 who is reported to have made more money from the trees of this variety than from twice as many of any other early apple4 ,recommended for general cultivation in that ,state4 ,tree hardy in nursery and orchard1 productive2 ,shoots very downy4 ,fruit medium to small1 long1 conical1 furrowed or ribbed2 ,surface polished1 pale yellow1 mixed and splashed crimson4 ,basin very shallow1 plaited2 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 browned2 ,stem medium4 ,core long1 oval1 embracing the eye2 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good2 ,table or kitchen2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,scalloped ,gilliflower4 ,this is supposed to be an old ,european variety4 ,its peculiarly irregular form makes it quite a remarkable fruit4 ,it is sometimes called ,red ,gilliflower2 but that name is also very commonly applied to quite another fruit--the ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 described on a previous page1 in ,class ,,ii41 ,order ,i41 ,section #b41 ,sub-section #b4 ,fruit large1 round-conic1 very irregular1 furrowed and ribbed2 ,surface yellow1 marbled and splashed scarlet4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 folded or ribbed2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 irregular1 wavy2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 round1 very open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 tender2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,november1 ,december4 ,chiefly grown northward4 ,seager4 ,this large1 handsome fruit was exhibited at the ,american ,pomological ,society's meeting at ,philadelphia1 in #ahfj1 by ,chas4 ,p4 ,davis1 of ,phillipsburgh1 ,new ,jersey4 ,the ,committee reported it ,good4 ,fruit large1 roundish-conic1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 striped1 splashed and mixed carmine2 ,dots scattered1 yellow4 ,basin abrupt1 narrow1 folded1 plaited2 ,eye medium1 large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown and yellow2 ,stem medium1 knobby4 ,core roundish1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,september4 ,stanard4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #age4--,,stanard4 ,from ,erie ,county1 ,new ,york1 this fruit has made its way westward1 by the ,lakes1 having been distributed by ,col4 ,hodge1 of ,buffalo1 and brought to the notice of his western friends by ,hon4 ,m4,l4 ,dunlap1 of ,champaign1 ,illinois1 who esteems it very highly4 ,i quote from his account of it3 ,this proves one of our most profitable winter apples2 the tree bears young and constantly1 but fuller on alternate years2 fruit large and showy1 shoots large and downy2 buds prominent1 fruit buds large1 and the earliest in the orchard to swell2 but they do not open as soon as others4 ,tree spreading1 trunk generally crooked4 ,very hardy4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 conical1 ribbed1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 somewhat red1 mixed and striped indistinctly2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 white4 ,basin medium1 folded and plaited2 ,eye large1 closed2 ,segments long4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core small1 globular1 regular1 closed or open2 ,seeds numerous1 brown1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 rather coarse1 tender2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market and table2 ,season1 ,november to ,february4 ,summer ,queen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agf4--,,summer ,,queen4 ,american4 ,tree vigorous1 large1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 round-conic1 angular2 ,surface yellow1 covered mixed red1 striped1 splashed scarlet2 ,dots minute1 yellow4 ,basin none or very shallow1 folded or plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 regular1 open2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh firm1 yellow1 breaking2 ,flavor acid1 very aromatic1 spicy2 ,quality first rate2 ,use1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,july1 ,august4 ,winesap4--,coxe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agg4--,,winesap4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1 productive1 early bearer2 ,branches open1 straggling2 ,shoots strong1 dark reddish-brown2 ,foliage curled1 glaucous1 sparse4 ,fruit medium1 conical1 often obscurely angular1 or slightly ribbed2 ,surface rather smooth1 bright or dark red1 mixed and obscurely striped on yellow1 which is mostly covered1 often veined russet2 ,dots few1 minute1 indented4 ,basin narrow1 shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 reddish brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 somewhat open2 ,seeds large1 rather light2 ,flesh firm1 yellow2 ,flavor rich1 acid to sub-acid2 ,use1 market1 kitchen1 cider2 ,season1 ,january to ,march4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,ii4--,,conical ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,angular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,fort ,miami4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agh4--;,,fort ,,miami4 ,this is another of the seedling russets of the ,maumee1 brought to the notice of the ,state ,society by its ,vice-,president1 ,j4 ,austin ,scott1 of ,toledo4 ,mr4 ,elliott describes it from notes taken in #ahdf1 when he received specimens from ,a4 ,spafford1 ,esq41 ,perrysburgh1 ,ohio4 ,tree upright and spreading1 healthy1 thrifty2 ,shoots dark2 not an early bearer1 but productive when older4 ,fruit medium1 roundish or oblong-conic1 truncated1 angular1 often unequal2 ,surface rich yellow russet1 often bronzed2 ,dots scattered1 netted russeting4 ,basin medium or shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium4 ,core oval1 clasping the eye1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds often imperfect2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 firm2 ,flavor acid1 rich2 quality nearly best2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,february to ,april4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,bluff ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agi4--;,,bluff ,,sweet4 ,this apple was found by ,g4,m4 ,beeler on the banks of the ,white river1 upon a farm devoted to pomology4 ,fruit medium to small1 regular1 round2 ,surface smooth1 green2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity shallow1 regular2 ,stem long4 ,core small1 oval1 pointed2 ,seeds plump1 brown2 ,flesh greenish-white2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market2 ,season1 ,july4 ,rather too small4 ,broadwell4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--;,,broadwell4 ,this delicious winter sweet apple originated near ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,tree thrifty1 vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit large1 varies from globular toward oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow or whitish1 thinly blushed with carmine1 often bronzed2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 dark4 ,basin abrupt1 rarely folded or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular brown2 ,stem short4 ,core round1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds short1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish1 fine-grained1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 agreeable2 ,quality best winter sweet2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december4 ,caleb4 ,a ,pennsylvania fruit4 ,tree vigorous and productive2 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 flattened1 skin yellow2 ,flesh rather fine1 very sweet1 excellent for cooking4 ,last of ,august and first of ,september4--,downing4 ,danvers' ,winter ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aha4--;,,danvers' ,,winter ,,sweet4 ,origin ,danvers1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree very thrifty1 very productive4 ,fruit large1 globular1 truncate1 sometimes globular-oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 uneven1 greenish-yellow2 ,dots numerous1 medium1 prominent1 with white and green bases4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments long4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender1 knobby4 ,core round1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 brown1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,fancher4 ,this new fruit was obtained from ,mr4 ,thomson1 at the ,state ,fair at ,zanesville1 ,ohio4 ,origin unknown4 ,not identified nor recognized4 ,fruit large to very large1 globular1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 blushed2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 green2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core wide1 round1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh white1 fine-grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking2 ,season1 ,september and ,october4 ,golden ,sweet4 ,,orange ,,sweeting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--;,,golden ,,sweet4 ,from ,connecticut4 ,tree very robust1 vigorous1 spreading1 round-head1 early--productive2 ,shoots stout1 dark1 foliage large1 dark4 ,fruit large1 globular1 regular2 ,surface very smooth1 waxen to rich yellow2 ,dots scattered1 indented1 green4 ,basin shallow1 wide regular2 ,eye medium1 closed2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender1 yellow4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 pointed1 light brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 aromatic1 like sassafrass2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking and market2 ,season1 ,august4 ,higby ,sweet4 ,,lady ,,blush4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--;,,higby ,,sweet4 ,origin ,trumbull ,county1 ,ohio2 introduced by ,dr4 ,kirtland4 ,fruit large1 round1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 blushed2 ,dots scattered1 distinct1 white and dark4 ,basin abrupt1 wavy1 deep2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core small1 regular1 heart-shaped1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 baking2 ,season1 ,october4 ,hightop ,sweet4 ,,sweet ,,june4 ,from ,plymouth1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree vigorous1 very upright1 exceedingly productive and profitable4 ,fruit small to medium1 round1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow2 ,dots minute1 black4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 narrow2 ,stem medium4 ,core very small1 oval1 separate from the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 yellow2 ,flesh white1 or greenish-white1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,june and ,july4 ,holston ,sweet4 ,origin unknown4 ,not identified as any other variety2 received from my brother1 ,j4,t4 ,warder1 ,springfield1 ,ohio4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 regular2 ,surface smooth greenish-yellow1 bronzy2 ,dots scattered4 ,basin regular1 small2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity shallow1 wide2 ,stem long to medium4 ,core small1 oval1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds short1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh whitish-yellow1 very fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 baking2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,one of the best sweet table apples--better than ,higby ,sweet4 ,may4 ,,may 7of ,myers7--,,rhenish ,,may 7of ,illinois47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,,may4 ,this long-keeping apple has been widely disseminated throughout the ,west1 and yet ,i do not find its history nor origin4 ,it has been exhibited at all our winter meetings1 and finds favor on account of its productiveness and its long-keeping properties4 ,tree healthy1 vigorous and productive--believed to be hardy4 ,its reputed foreign origin is discredited4 ,fruit medium1 round1 inclined to conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 often shining1 pale greenish-yellow1 often faintly blushed1 or bronzed4 ,basin shallow1 generally regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 narrow1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 rather slender4 ,core large1 regular1 heart-shaped1 reaching the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 compact1 fine1 sufficiently juicy2 ,quality fair2 ,use market and kitchen2 ,season spring and into summer4 ,morton4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,,morton4 ,this undescribed fruit appears to have originated in ,clermont ,county1 ,ohio4 ,my specimens and trees came from my worthy friend1 ,wm4 ,e4 ,mears1 of ,milford1 ,ohio4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 round top1 spreading1 productive2 ,shoots rather slender2 ,leaves rich green1 abundant4 ,fruit large1 round1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 green1 becoming yellow1 with a dull bronzy blush2 ,dots gray and brown4 ,basin shallow1 or deep and abrupt1 regular or plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem rather slender1 often long4 ,core very small1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds not numerous1 flat1 angular2 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor rather sweet1 rich1 agreeable2 ,season ,december to ,january4 ,worthy of cultivation4 ,paradise ,summer ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,,paradise ,,summer ,,sweet4 ,origin ,eastern ,pennsylvania4 ,tree upright1 vigorous1 productive4 ,fruit large1 oblate-globular1 regular2 ,surface greenish-yellow2 ,dots numerous1 large1 white4 ,basin shallow1 wide1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 acute1 green2 ,stem long1 inclined1 yellow4 ,core medium1 regular1 round1 clasping2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh yellow1 melting1 juicy2 ,flavor rich1 sweet2 ,quality best2 ,use table and kitchen2 ,season ,august1 ,september4 ,paradise ,winter ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,,paradise ,,winter ,,sweet4 ,origin believed to be similar to its predecessor--,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit large1 globular1 often unequal2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-white2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core large1 wide1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds plump and dark2 ,flesh white1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,tallman's ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--,,tallman',s ,,sweet4 ,this favorite baking apple of ,new ,england has traveled from ,rhode ,island wherever her hardy sons have gone westward4 ,tree hardy1 very productive4 ,fruit medium to large1 nearly round1 somewhat flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow2 ,dots minute1 dark2 frequently a distinct line on one side from stem to eye4 ,basin wide1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity rather wide1 regular2 ,stem medium size1 long4 ,core heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 pointed1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 firm2 ,flavor very sweet1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,bentley ,sweet4 ,this long-keeping sweet apple was received in ,eastern ,ohio from some part of ,virginia1 where it is supposed to have originated4 ,tree quite vigorous1 upright while young1 spreading1 productive--an early bearer4 ,fruit medium to large1 globular1 truncated1 slightly flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 or greenish1 covered1 mixed1 blotched1 striped and splashed dull red1 becoming brighter when ripe2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye medium1 open2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem slender1 long4 ,core round1 flattened1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 long2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 firm1 breaking1 fine-grained2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,season spring and all summer until ,september4 ,keeps sound4 ,bowling ,sweet4 ,from ,spottsylvania ,county1 ,virginia4 ,tree vigorous1 very productive4 ,fruit medium roundish1 dull red on yellow2 ,flesh rich1 juicy1 sweet2 ,entirely free from acid2 ,october to ,january4--,h4,r4 ,robey1 in ,downing4 ,cullasaga4 ,origin ,macon ,county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,good grower2 a standard winter fruit for the ,south4 ,fruit medium or large1 roundish1 inclining to oval1 flattened at base and crown1 skin yellowish1 mostly shaded and striped with dark crimson1 and sprinkled with whitish dots2 ,stem small and short1 inserted in a deep cavity1 surrounded by russet2 ,calyx open1 set in a shallow1 corrugated basin2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy1 with a very mild1 rich1 almost saccharine flavor4 ,january to ,april4--,downing4 ,gilpin4 ,,carthouse--,,little ,,red ,,romanite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,,gilpin4 ,this valuable ,virginia apple was cultivated and distributed by ,coxe1 and has found its way into the orchards and into favor all over the country1 on account of its productiveness and early bearing4 ,tree remarkably vigorous1 strongly branched1 spreading1 open1 round head1 very productive2 shoots stout1 dark2 foliage rather sparse1 somewhat curled and glaucous4 ,fruit medium1 small on old trees1 round1 truncated at the ends1 making it look cylindrical1 mostly symmetrical1 but large specimens often somewhat irregular2 ,surface very smooth1 often polished1 deep red all over1 stripes indistinct2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin wide1 regular1 or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem very short4 ,core medium1 round1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds few1 large1 plump2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 rich2 ,quality poor for dessert1 though it is eatable in the spring--valuable for its cider from the richness of the must4 ,keeps sound until ,may--bruises do not rot as in other apples4 ,valuable also for stock4 ,its early bearing makes it very desirable in a new country1 and in the prairies it has received the soubriquet of ,dollars and ,cents4 ,hall4 ,,hall',s ,,seedling--,,hall',s ,,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,,hall4 ,from ,franklin ,county1 ,north ,carolina1 and now being spread throughout the ,western ,states as a fruit of great promise4 ,tree medium size1 sufficiently thrifty1 upright1 hardy1 very productive2 ,shoots long1 rather slender1 reddish1 wood firm4 ,introduced into the ,west by the venerable ,r4 ,ragan1 of ,fillmore1 ,indiana4 ,the specimens from which the following description was made were sent by ,j4,s4 ,downer1 of ,elkton1 ,kentucky1 from whom also my trees were obtained4 ,mr4 ,j4,p4 ,wilson1 of ,olney1 ,ill41 says1 it originated in ,saline ,county1 of that ,state1 with ,jonathan ,hall1 about forty years ago4 8 ,fruit small1 round1 slightly conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered with bright red1 mixed and striped2 ,dots numerous1 large1 yellow4 ,basin shallow1 wavy or plaited1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core pyriform1 regular1 slightly open1 clasping2 ,seeds large1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 agreeable2 ,quality almost best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december to ,april4 ,ladies' ,sweeting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aia4--,,ladies' ,,sweeting4 ,this prime favorite of ,chas4 ,downing originated near ,newburgh1 ,new ,york4 ,though having many admirers1 it finds strong competitors in the ,broadwell1 ,paradise ,winter1 and some others of the same season4 ,tree thrifty1 productive4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat conic1 occasionally angular2 ,surface smooth1 light yellow1 striped and splashed with bright red2 ,dots distinct1 large1 gray4 ,basin medium1 often abrupt1 folded2 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,cavity medium or wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short1 or long and slender4 ,core medium1 round1 closed or open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous 7#af71 angular2 ,flesh white1 crisp1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 agreeable2 ,quality only good 7to my taste72 ,use1 table1 baking and stock feeding2 ,season1 ,december4 ,scarlet ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aib4--,,scarlet ,,sweet4 ,this delicate fruit was received from my good friend ,jas4 ,edgerton1 of ,barnesville1 ,ohio1 who had exhibited it at the ,state ,pomological ,society at different times4 ,fruit medium1 round1 somewhat flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 striped and blushed scarlet2 ,dots minute4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye medium1 open2 segments short4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium1 slender4 ,core rather wide1 regular1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,uses1 table1 baking and market2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,this is different from the ,scarlet ,sweeting of ,sigler1 of ,morgan ,county1 ,ohio--more like ,hampton's ,scarlet ,sweet1 of ,m4,s4 notes4 ,sweet ,janet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,,sweet ,,janet4 ,this is another of the fine fruits originated by ,reuben ,ragan1 of ,indiana1 from seed of ,rawle's ,janet4 ,tree large1 healthy1 vigorous1 spreading2 ,shoots rather stout1 brown2 foliage rich green4 ,annually productive of fine1 fair fruits1 which are well distributed and hold well4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 covered with rich red or crimson1 mixed and striped2 ,dots numerous1 rather large1 yellow1 indented4 ,basin regular or plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity rather deep1 very narrow1 wavy2 ,stem quite short4 ,core medium1 turbinate1 regular1 slightly open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking1 market2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,very profitable4 ,sweet ,romanite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aid4--,,sweet ,,romanite4 ,origin unknown4 ,grown in ,illinois2 introduced at the ,state ,society by the lamented ,cyrus ,r4 ,overman1 ,president--much esteemed by him4 ,fruit medium1 round1 sometimes flattened or truncate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 blushed1 mixed bright red and dull red1 stripes indistinct2 ,dots scattered1 irregular1 brown or fawn on the deeper colors4 ,basin medium1 or deep and abrupt1 folded1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 green4 ,core roundish1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking1 cider1 table and stock2 ,season1 ,december to ,april4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,orange ,sweeting or ,russet4 ,an eastern variety--not much cultivated4 ,fruit large1 very round1 regular2 ,surface greenish-yellow1 bronzy-orange1 russeted2 ,dots numerous1 white1 green bases4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 lipped1 wavy2 ,stem short1 green4 ,core very large1 turbinate1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 pale2 ,flesh green1 rather tough1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good--for baking especially2 ,season1 ,december4 ,pumpkin ,russet4 ,fruit large1 globular1 regular2 ,surface covered with coarse russeting2 ,flesh spongy1 light1 very sweet2 ,used for baking and apple butter2 ,season1 autumn4 ,not valuable1 except for stock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored ,,or ,,blushed4 ,ashmore4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,,ashmore4 ,the origin of this fine dessert fruit is not known4 ,though not commonly cultivated1 it is considerably scattered1 and has come to me from several points in the ,west with different local names4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 with long parallel branches that become spreading4 ,shoots rather slender1 foliage rich green4 ,fruit rather large1 handsome1 round1 frequently flattened1 regular1 rarely angular2 ,surface smooth1 polished1 very light waxen yellow1 almost wholly covered with brilliant lively carmine1 very rarely an indistinct stripe2 ,dots minute1 gray1 indented4 ,basin medium1 often wavy or even folded2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity narrow1 acute1 regular or wavy2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core indistinct1 closed2 ,seeds plump2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 crisp1 tender1 very fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 very agreeable2 ,quality best1 though not rich2 ,uses1 table1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 ,september and ,october2 ,may be kept into winter4 ,there is also a ,striped ,ashmore1 resembling this in every respect1 except in the distinct stripe4 ,it is supposed to be a sport from the above4 ,both varieties have been propagated to some extent by suckers or sprouts4 ,bledsoe4 ,from ,carroll ,county1 ,kentucky2 ,sent to ,ohio by ,lewis ,sanders4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat conical1 flattened at the base1 regular2 ,surface greenish-yellow4 ,basin sometimes folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,flesh white1 fine-grained1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good--,kentucky ,horticultural ,society say very good2 ,season1 ,september to ,april4 ,bush4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aif4--;,,bush4 ,received from ,w4,g4 ,waring1 ,tyrone1 ,pennsylvania4 ,supposed to be a seedling of ,centre ,county4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy1 thrifty1 regularly productive4--,w4,g4,w4 ,fruit large1 fair1 round1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 waxy yellow1 occasionally a faint blush2 ,dots minute1 rare4 ,basin wavy2 ,eye medium to small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wavy1 brownish2 ,stem long1 slender1 yellow4 ,core medium1 round1 rather open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds few1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality very good2 ,season ,august and ,september4 ,mr4 ,waring considers it one of the best of the season1 in which opinion ,i unite4 ,cornish ,aromatic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aig4--;,,cornish ,,aromatic4 ,this foreign variety was imported and tested at ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 by ,mr4 ,george ,heinsohn1 to whom ,i am indebted for specimens of other ,european varieties4 ,fruit medium to large1 roundish1 a little flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 washed rich red2 ,dots and spots yellow russet4 ,basin medium1 abrupt1 regular or furrowed2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium depth1 narrow2 ,stem medium to long1 slender4 ,core medium1 somewhat open1 clasping2 ,seeds large1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 spicy2 ,season ,november to ,february4 ,duffield ,pippin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aih4--;,,duffield ,,pippin4 ,specimens from my friend ,t4,t4 ,lyon1 of ,michigan1 who says it is a seedling that originated in ,pennsylvania1 at the beginning of the present century1 with the ancestors of ,geo4 ,duffield1 ,d4,d41 for whom it was named1 when it received a first premium at the ,michigan ,state ,fair1 as a valuable winter variety4 ,fruit large1 handsome1 round1 sometimes conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 blushed2 ,dots scattered2 minute1 indented4 ,basin abrupt1 narrow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 narrow1 acute2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core closed1 clasping2 ,seeds plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,uses table1 kitchen and market2 ,season ,january to ,april4 ,fall ,pippin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aii4--;,,fall ,,pippin4 ,it is unfortunate that since the days of ,coxe there should have been a confounding of this noble and delicious ,american apple with the inferior foreign kitchen variety3 the ,holland ,pippin4 ,tree exceedingly vigorous1 large1 wide-branching1 open head1 not early bearer1 moderately productive when old2 ,shoots stout1 dark2 ,leaves large1 broad4 ,fruit large to very large1 handsome1 globular1 truncated1 making it cylindrical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 rich yellow1 rarely blushed ,south1 frequently so ,north1 with skin finer2 ,dots minute1 gray4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular1 marked with concentric rings which often crack open in large southern specimens2 ,eye large1 open2 ,segments short4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 or narrow1 deep2 ,stem long4 ,core large1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds pointed1 often imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 compact1 very fine-grained2 ,flavor acid1 becoming sub-acid1 aromatic1 delicious2 ,quality best for dessert1 kitchen1 market and drying2 ,season ,september to ,december4 ,fall ,swaar4--,,of ,,the ,,west4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--;,,fall ,,swaar4 ,the origin of this apple is unknown4 ,like many others of our ,western fruits1 which have been received from various sources1 and often from unreliable persons1 and with wrong names1 we have been obliged to re-christen this4 ,fruit full medium to large1 round1 somewhat flattened1 regular1 handsome2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 with a bronzy blush2 ,dots numerous1 large1 gray4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium to long1 knobbed4 ,core rather small1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,uses table and kitchen2 ,season ,september4 ,gloucester ,white4 ,this ,virginia apple was highly prized by ,coxe for its qualities as a cider fruit4 ,not having seen it1 his description is quoted3 ,this apple is of middling size1 of a shape not very uniform1 varying from oblong to flat2 the color when ripe is a bright yellow1 with clouds of black spots2 the flesh is yellow1 rich1 breaking1 and juicy2 of a fine flavor as a table apple1 and producing cider of an exquisite taste4 ,the stalk is of the ordinary length1 inserted in a cavity of medium depth2 the crown is moderately deep4 ,the time of ripening is about the first of ,october1 after which the fruit soon falls and is fit for cider4 ,it does not keep long1 but while in season is a delicious table apple4 ,the tree is very thrifty1 hardy and vigorous1 of a regular and beautiful form1 and very productive4 ,it is much cultivated in the lower counties of ,virginia1 from whence ,i procured it1 as an apple of high reputation4 ,horse4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,,horse4 ,another southern favorite1 much liked by its western cultivators1 especially as a useful family apple4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat conical1 truncated1 uneven2 ,surface yellow2 ,dots scattered1 indented1 large1 gray and greenish4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core large1 somewhat open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 medium1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen1 market and drying2 ,season1 ,august1 ,september4 ,hunge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,,hunge4 ,this southern apple was received from ,mr4 ,s4,w4 ,westbrooke1 ,greensboro'1 ,north ,carolina4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 blushed2 ,dots scattered1 white4 ,basin regular1 abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed1 very long2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem short1 slender4 ,core large1 wide1 irregular1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump2 ,flesh white1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 mild2 ,quality pretty good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 drying2 ,season1 ,september4 ,knickerbocker4 ,specimens from ,w4,s4 ,carpenter1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit above medium1 roundish1 conic1 unequal2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 distinct1 whitish1 indented4 ,basin abrupt1 wavy1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender1 green4 ,core very wide1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,axis short2 ,seeds angular1 pale2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,october4 ,long ,island ,pippin4 ,origin unknown4 ,specimens received from ,t4,t4 ,lyon1 ,plymouth1 ,michigan4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth yellowish-green2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core large1 oval1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 angular1 pale2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality almost best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,january4 ,lowell4 ,,tallow ,,pippin1 ,,queen ,,anne1 ,c4 ,origin unknown4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 round-headed2 ,foliage yellowish green4 ,fruit large1 round1 slightly conic1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 waxy yellow1 not blushed or bronzed1 becoming greasy when kept indoors2 ,dots numerous1 green4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 green2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 oval1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pointed1 pale2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table1 cooking1 drying1 market2 ,season1 ,august1 ,september4 ,mc,adow's ,june4--,local ,name4 ,specimens received from ,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,thought at one time to be ,tetofski1 but the descriptions do not correspond4 ,fruit medium to small1 globular1 slightly conical1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish1 yellow1 blushed2 ,dots numerous1 large1 white4 ,basin medium1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity rather wide1 regular2 ,stern long1 stout4 ,core small1 round1 closed1 not meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,use1 kitchen1 table2 ,quality good2 ,season1 ,june1 ,july2 one of the earliest4 ,pomologists have been in doubt whether this may not be the ,tetofski4 ,comparison should be made of the tree characters4 ,michigan ,golden4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--,,michigan ,,golden4 ,this beautiful apple was received from the accurate pomologist1 ,t4,t4 ,lyon1 of ,plymouth4 ,fruit large1 globular1 slightly conic1 truncated and somewhat angular2 ,surface smooth1 becoming greasy1 greenish yellow2 ,dots minute1 prominent4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core medium1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality nearly best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,september to ,november4 ,monmouth ,pippin4 ,,red ,,cheek4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--,,monmouth ,,pippin4 ,fruit rather large1 handsome1 roundish or flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish yellow1 blushed and marbled2 ,dots minute1 green4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular or wavy1 brown2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,core medium1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good for cooking only2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,newtown ,pippin4 ,,green ,,newtown4 ,this is probably the original ,newtown ,pippin1 but by no means the more common1 which is the ,yellow ,newtown ,pippin1 to be described in another place4 ,fruit medium to large1 globular1 flattened1 sometimes obscurely ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 green1 becoming yellowish green when fully ripe1 sometimes bronzy1 and always showing white irregular stri near the base when first gathered2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 dark4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core round1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds pointed1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh greenish white1 crisp1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic1 rich1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert1 cooking2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,roman ,stem4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bje4--,,roman ,,stem4 ,origin ,burlington1 ,new ,jersey4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 very productive4 ,fruit medium1 globular1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 often blushed2 ,dots minute1 dark4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 or wavy1 russet2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 lipped2 ,stem long4 ,core rather large1 heart-shaped1 regular1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish white1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,royal ,pearmain4 ,we have two different apples bearing this name1 both very promising and desirable sorts4 ,i shall1 in this place1 attempt to describe the one mentioned by ,coxe1 as my specimens are traced back to his nursery1 though coming to the ,west by way of ,georgia4 ,fruit full medium to large1 globular1 rather flattened1 regular2 ,surface not smooth1 of a rich yellow1 finely blushed1 with carmine more or less diffused over the fruit1 and overspread with a very thin russet2 ,dots medium1 prominent1 brown4 ,basin medium1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,flesh rich yellow1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 sprightly2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,october to ,february4 ,virginia ,quaker4 ,this very fine little apple was obtained from ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 ,lawrence ,county1 ,ohio4 ,origin not known4 ,fruit quite small1 globular1 flattened1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish yellow2 ,dots scattered1 minute1 black4 ,basin shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide2 ,stem medium4 ,core ovate1 closed2 ,seeds medium2 ,flesh yellowish white1 firm1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good1 ,mr4 ,gillett says1 best2 ,season1 mid-summer4 ,voss' ,winter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--,,voss' ,,winter4 ,southern4 ,the specimens were obtained from ,mr4 ,westbrooke1 of ,north ,carolina4 ,fruit medium to large1 globular1 unequal2 ,surface smooth1 white1 with leather-cracking1 and a heavy bloom2 ,dots minute1 irregular1 brown4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 curved4 ,core small1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds irregular2 ,flesh whitish yellow1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december4 ,white ,pippin4--,of ,kentucky4 ,fruit large1 globular1 somewhat oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 green1 becoming pale yellow1 sometimes faintly blushed2 ,dots numerous1 white1 rather large4 ,basin small1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye very small1 long1 slender1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium1 regular1 knobby4 ,core round1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed1 angular1 brown2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,wilson4--,of ,michigan4 ,fruit large1 round1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 golden yellow2 ,dots scattered1 dark4 ,basin small1 folded2 ,eye long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 very deep1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium or short1 crooked4 ,core small1 globular1 open1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 short2 ,flesh very yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality best2 ,use1 the dessert2 ,season1 ,january and ,february4 ,yellow ,ingestrie4 ,this old ,english variety has been propagated pretty extensively in the ,northwest1 and though too small for a profitable market fruit1 it has been found desirable on account of its early and abundant productiveness4 ,fruit small1 globular1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 lemon yellow2 ,dots minute4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 folded2 ,eye medium1 open2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 oval1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds few1 large1 pale2 ,flesh whitish yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality barely good2 ,use1 cooking2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section ,,ii4--,,striped4 ,american ,summer ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--;,,american ,,summer ,,pearmain4 ,this delicious apple is supposed to be of ,american origin4 ,it is essentially a fruit for the amateur2 being of slender and slow growth in the nursery1 it is not a favorite with the propagators1 and though making a large and productive tree in the orchard1 it is not profitable as a market variety4 ,fruit medium1 variable in form1 being oblong1 round1 conic and even oblate1 regular or unequal2 ,surface smooth1 greenish yellow1 more or less covered with dull purplish red1 marbled1 and made up of very short splashes1 with distinct stripes and splashes of brighter red2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye rather large1 nearly closed2 ,segments recurved4 ,cavity rather deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core small1 roundish1 closed2 ,seeds small1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 exceedingly tender1 almost melting1 crisp1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 aromatic1 deliciously refreshing2 ,quality best2 ,use1 the dessert2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,baccalinus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,,baccalinus4 ,fruited by ,j4,h4 ,crain1 ,pulaski ,county1 ,illinois1 on trees nine years old1 which produced ten bushels apiece1 showing its productiveness4 ,this valuable ,southern keeper bids fair to become a great favorite4 ,tree thrifty1 very productive2 ,fruit small1 globular1 truncated1 regular1 handsome2 ,surface smooth1 mixed bright red1 and splashed crimson on pale yellow2 ,dots few1 minute4 ,basin shallow1 wide1 regular2 ,eye small but long1 closed2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 slender4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 or slightly open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,december till ,march or longer2 ,quality very good4 ,beauty of ,kent4 ,a large ,english apple1 well adapted to the kitchen4 ,tree upright1 vigorous1 rather productive4 ,fruit large to very large1 roundish1 flattened1 somewhat conic1 regular2 ,surface greenish yellow1 more or less covered with bright red mixed1 and splashed with a darker hue2 ,dots small4 ,basin quite shallow1 regular2 ,eye very small closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium to short4 ,core regular1 medium1 ovate1 slightly open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh whitish yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 cooking and market1 for which it is well adapted by its size and appearance2 ,season1 ,september and ,october4 ,ben ,davis4 ,,new ,,york ,,pippin1 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,,ben ,,davis4 ,this handsome ,southern apple has attained a wonderful notoriety within a few years1 and its culture has been greatly extended1 not on account of its superlative excellence1 but because of its many good qualities as an orchard tree or market fruit4 ,it was long cultivated by ,verry ,aldrich1 in ,bureau ,county1 ,illinois1 and exhibited as ,new ,york ,pippin1 which name gave an idea of its eastern origin1 but in other localities its relations point clearly to its source in the ,south4 ,to ,mr4 ,j4,s4 ,downer we are indebted for a knowledge of its present name1 and for confirmation of its identity under its several synonyms4 ,this apple may be said to have succeeded as well in the northern parts of ,indiana and ,illinois as in their southern borders1 where it has long been planted2 though the northern orchards are still young1 they are very promising4 ,the fruit is modified somewhat by a cooler climate1 and will keep later than that grown in the ,south4 ,tree remarkably healthy and vigorous1 an upright1 rapid grower in the nursery1 and has numerous short spur-branches along the stem4 ,in the orchard the limbs are set very strongly1 and the stems are marked by little mammillar projections or knobs1 that are very characteristic4 ,tree large1 spreading1 productive1 bears early2 ,shoots long1 reddish brown1 smooth2 ,foliage large1 dark green4 ,fruit large1 variable in form1 round1 often apparently oblong1 tapering to the eye1 truncated1 regular1 sometimes inclined1 generally very true1 as though turned in a lathe2 ,surface smooth1 often polished1 yellow covered with mixed red1 splashed bright red2 ,dots minute1 scattered4 ,basin generally shallow1 in large developed specimens deep1 abrupt1 always regular2 ,eye large1 open2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core medium1 regular1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds large1 plump2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 not rich2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january and longer4 ,blackburn4 ,found in the markets at ,louisville1 ,kentucky2 not much seen elsewhere4 ,origin unknown1 probably ,southern4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat flattened2 ,surface dull looking1 dull green and gray1 with broken stripes of dark dull red2 ,dots large1 gray about the apex4 ,basin narrow1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity rather deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem medium1 curved1 rather stout4 ,core flattened1 open1 clasping2 ,flesh white1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 with a peculiar spicy1 wild1 rather astringent taste1 that diminishes with the maturity of the fruit2 ,quality considered good2 ,use1 family and market2 ,season ,september1 ,november4 ,blackburn is sometimes used as a synonym of ,fall ,queen1 a different fruit4 ,capital4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,,capital4 ,a seedling of ,z4,s4 ,ragan1 ,clayton1 ,indiana4 ,fruit small1 globular1 truncate at the ends1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 deep red on greenish yellow2 ,stripes and ,dots indistinct4 ,basin wide1 deep2 ,eye medium1 open1 elongated4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 regular2 ,stem medium4 ,core round1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 the dessert2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,carter4--,of ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baa4--;,,carter4 ,specimens from ,luke ,lincoln1 of ,leominster1 ,mass4 ,fruit medium1 round1 flattened1 slightly angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed and splashed scarlet2 ,dots rare1 minute4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem long4 ,core rather large1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds plump and imperfect1 pointed2 ,flesh yellowish white1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,cary's ,summer4 ,this is probably an old variety1 but it has not been identified4 ,specimens from ,c4,c4 ,cary1 near ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,fruit large1 round1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 rich yellow1 mixed1 splashed1 carmine2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin wide1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 narrow1 wavy brown2 ,stem short4 ,core medium1 roundish1 regular1 open2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,june to ,september4 ,cluster ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,,cluster ,,pearmain4 ,introduced by ,r4 ,ragan1 of ,indiana4 ,fruit full medium1 round1 flattened1 regular1 inclined2 ,surface yellowish green1 mixed and striped light red2 ,dots large1 numerous1 gray and yellow2 white bloom4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,core medium1 pyriform1 nearly closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish white1 breaking1 tender1 granular2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4 ,a most acceptable substitute for ,rambo1 as an amateur's fruit4 ,coggeswell4 ,origin near ,norwich1 ,connecticut4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 productive on alternate years4 ,fruit large1 uniform1 fair1 beautiful1 round1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 striped red on yellow4 ,basin shallow1 small2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 brown2 ,stem short4 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,this fruit has been thought to resemble the ,ohio ,nonpareil1 but ,i think it is different4 ,cropsey's ,favorite4 ,originated with ,d4,w4 ,cropsey1 ,plainfield1 ,will ,county1 ,illinois4 ,fruit full medium1 globular1 looking oblong1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed1 splashed carmine2 ,dots few4 ,basin medium1 regular1 russet2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core roundish1 heart-shaped1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds medium1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december4 ,daniel4 ,this delightful autumn dessert apple is grown in ,henry ,county1 ,indiana4 ,fruit medium to small1 round1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed scarlet on yellow1 splashed carmine2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,core wide1 regular1 open2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 very fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 delicious2 ,quality best2 ,use1 the dessert2 ,season1 ,september4 ,dan ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bac4--;,,dan ,,pearmain4 ,this very beautiful seedling was procured by ,reuben ,ragan from near the battle-field of ,tippecanoe1 ,indiana1 where it was found in a seedling orchard4 ,fruit medium to small1 round1 flattened1 regular1 fair and handsome2 ,surface yellow1 covered with bright red1 mixed1 striped and splashed2 ,dots numerous1 large1 yellow1 prominent4 ,basin deep1 regular or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 sometimes brown2 ,stem long1 slender1 red4 ,core small1 turbinate1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 tender2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality almost best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market2 on older trees too small for profit2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,day4 ,,royal ,,pippin4 ,from ,reuben ,ragan4 ,fruit large1 round1 somewhat conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 striped1 splashed1 mottled1 carmine2 ,dots numerous1 gray1 large4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 green2 ,stem medium1 clubbed4 ,core wide1 pyriform1 slightly open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish white1 firm1 breaking1 granular2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,january4 ,not destined to take a very high rank4 ,doctor ,fulcher4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bad4--;,,doctor ,,fulcher4 ,a ,southern apple of some merit4 ,originated in ,todd ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,tree thrifty1 an early and abundant bearer2 ,shoots slender2 ,foliage bright green4 ,received from ,j4,s4 ,downer1 of ,elkton1 ,kentucky4 ,fruit medium1 globular1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 marbled1 splashed carmine2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 wavy1 russeted1 cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity sometimes wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core large1 turbinate1 regular open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds large1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 melting1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good1 ,downer says best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,dutch ,mignonne4 ,,reinette ,,doree--,and ,several ,others in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bae4--;,,dutch ,,mignonne4 ,a fine large apple from ,holland4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 productive4 ,fruit large or very large1 roundish1 flattened1 sometimes conical1 truncated2 ,surface rough1 yellow1 covered with red1 splashed with bright red2 ,dots numerous1 prominent1 fawn-colored4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye short1 wide1 open2 ,segments short4 ,cavity medium1 acute1 regular2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core small1 turbinate1 regular1 clasping2 ,seeds few1 angular imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish white1 breaking1 coarse-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 kitchen1 market1 drying2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4 ,early ,pennock4 ,,shaker ,,yellow--,,homony1 of the ,south8 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baf4--;,,early ,,pennock4 ,origin unknown4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 early bearer1 productive1 not long-lived4 ,fruit large1 variable in form1 being sometimes oval1 and conical1 averaging roundish-conic1 regular1 handsome1 sometimes inclined in the axis2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 partially covered with mixed and striped scarlet1 splashed carmine--often the yellow prevails2 ,dots numerous1 dark4 ,basin shallow1 plaited or regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium or short4 ,core long1 tapering to both ends1 partially open in some1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds large1 numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 rather coarse2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality poor2 ,use1 market and kitchen2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,fameuse4 ,,snow--,,chimney--,,pomme ,,de ,,neige4 ,this is a favorite ,northern fruit of great beauty4 ,origin uncertain--whether ,canadian or ,french4 ,it is greatly valued in the ,north and ,northwest as an early winter apple4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2 ,shoots red2 ,foliage dark1 abundant4 ,fruit medium1 round1 regular2 ,surface pale waxen yellow1 almost wholly covered deep red1 made up of stripes and splashes that are not always traceable in the depth of color--absent where a portion of the apple has been shaded by a leaf2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 green2 ,stem short4 ,core medium1 heart-shaped1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 rich brown2 ,flesh snowy white1 very tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 mild1 delicately perfumed1 not rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 dessert1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,farley ,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,,farley ,,red4 ,a native of ,kentucky1 already somewhat extended northward4 ,tree healthy1 moderately thrifty1 very productive1 making it small4 ,fruit small1 round or oblong1 flattened or truncated at the ends1 barrel shaped2 ,surface dull red stripes on yellow2 ,dots minute1 indented1 purplish4 ,basin shallow1 folded or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 turbinate1 open1 clasping the point of the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh yellowish white1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,ragan finds it one of his best market fruits2 ,season1 ,march and ,april1 keeping sound and very salable4 ,glendale4 ,believed to have originated near ,glendale1 ,hamilton ,county1 ,ohio1 where ,i obtained it from ,a4,a4 ,mullet4 ,tree vigorous1 thrifty1 spreading1 well formed head1 productive4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 somewhat conical2 ,surface smooth1 bright yellow1 striped and clouded with bright red2 ,dots small1 russet4 ,basin deep1 abrupt2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long4 ,core open2 ,seeds numerous1 medium2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 almost saccharine1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4 ,hagloe4 ,this foreign variety has the general aspect of a ,russian apple both in tree and fruit4 ,excellent for cooking1 highly esteemed by the market gardeners of ,new ,jersey1 where it is much grown4 ,tree healthy1 vigorous1 round headed1 productive2 ,shoots stout1 blunt2 ,foliage large1 light green4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 somewhat flattened2 ,surface pale yellow1 distinctly striped and splashed bright red or carmine1 covered with white bloom4 ,basin small1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,flesh whitish1 not fine-grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen and market only2 ,season1 ,august4 ,hannah4 ,,aunt',s1 not ,,aunt ,,hannah of ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,,hannah4 ,this large and rather handsome fruit is found in many parts of the country1 but is not largely cultivated4 ,its occurrence among ,southern emigrants would lead us to suspect that they might have brought it with them4 ,fruit large1 showy1 round1 somewhat flattened1 regular1 sometimes unequal2 ,surface rather smooth1 pale yellow1 mixed1 distinctly striped and splashed crimson and carmine2 ,dots scattered1 large1 gray4 ,basin medium1 abrupt1 regular1 often slightly russeted2 ,eye medium but long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 acute1 deep1 brown or green2 ,stem short to very short4 ,core round1 flattened or wide1 regular1 open2 ,axis very short2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump2 ,flesh light1 yellowish white1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 peculiar1 not agreeable to some palates2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 kitchen1 market1 drying2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,herefordshire ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bai4--;,,herefordshire ,,pearmain4 ,this is supposed to be an old ,english variety which has reached certain portions of the ,western ,states from the ,east1 though now rarely seen there1 as its place has been taken by other ,pearmains of ,american origin and more vigor1 such as the ,long ,island ,pearmain1 described on another page4 ,tree slender and slow grower1 medium size1 very productive4 ,fruit small to medium1 roundish1 slightly conic1 truncated sharply2 ,surface smooth1 deep red1 splashes dark or maroon on rich yellow1 which only shows where the fruit has been shaded by a leaf2 ,dots numerous1 small1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 regular1 abrupt2 ,eye medium1 open1 reflexed4 ,cavity medium1 regular or wavy1 green2 ,stem mostly short1 stout1 sometimes quite thick4 ,core wide1 turbinate1 closed1 regular1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 pointed1 dark1 some imperfect2 ,flesh deep yellow1 firm1 breaking1 very fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor rich1 sub-acid1 aromatic1 vinous1 spicy1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,especially adapted to amateur collections4 ,hewes' ,crab4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,,hewes' ,,crab4 ,from ,virginia4 ,a famous cider apple1 found in all extensive and good cider orchards4 ,tree of slender growth1 but makes a large1 spreading top1 immensely productive alternate years1 long lived2 ,twigs slender2 ,foliage sparse4 ,fruit quite small1 round1 somewhat flattened1 regular2 ,surface mixed1 striped1 purplish red on yellow2 ,dots numerous1 large1 pale or fawn4 ,basin shallow2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 regular2 ,stem long1 red4 ,core round1 regular1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds large1 pointed2 ,flesh firm1 yellowish and greenish1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 rich2 the must is very heavy2 ,quality best for cider2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,also useful for cooking1 except on account of its small size2 the rich and piquant acid makes it a particularly desirable ingredient in mince-pies4 ,in ,kentucky there is a variety of this apple known as ,beeler's ,crab1 with fruit of similar characters1 but the tree is a better grower4 ,hubbardston4 ,,hubbardston ,,nonsuch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bba4--;,,hubbardston4 ,this fine apple originated in ,hubbardston1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 productive1 early bearer1 round-leaved1 branching4 ,at one time this and the ,baldwin were confounded and mixed in some ,western collections4 ,fruit large1 fair1 handsome1 round1 somewhat ovate1 tapering both ways from the middle1 regular2 ,surface often uneven1 yellow1 covered with mixed red and broken stripes1 presenting a rich brownish appearance2 ,dots scattered1 gray1 prominent4 ,basin abrupt1 wide1 regular1 leather-cracked1 or russeted1 or both2 ,eye medium or small1 open4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium or short4 ,core large1 heart-shaped1 regular1 sometimes partially open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds few1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 cooking early1 table when perfectly ripe2 ,season1 ,november1 ,december4 ,krowser4 ,origin ,berks ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 where ,i found it very popular as a productive winter apple for all purposes4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 large1 spreading1 and very productive4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface rather smooth1 pale yellow1 nearly covered with red1 and splashed carmine4 ,basin small1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium2 ,stem short to medium4 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 rich1 agreeable2 ,use1 a good market fruit2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,large ,striped ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--,,large ,,striped ,,pearmain4 ,this choice ,western apple is supposed to have originated in ,kentucky--possibly further ,south4 ,it is now to be found in ,eastern ,ohio1 ,southern ,indiana and ,illinois1 and in ,missouri4 ,much grown in ,kentucky4 ,in all places it seems to be doing well1 and giving entire satisfaction1 excepting that the bark bursts near the ground even in bearing trees1 root-grafted4 ,tree vigorous1 thrifty1 spreading1 productive2 ,shoots rather slender1 dark2 ,foliage dark green1 abundant on young trees4 ,fruit large1 round1 flattened1 regular1 fair1 handsome1 though not so beautifully colored as some others2 ,surface smooth1 mixed1 splashed and striped1 pale purplish red on yellow1 which shows through the shading2 ,dots minute1 indented1 gray1 so that the fruit has a general gray appearance4 ,basin medium1 regular1 sometimes cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 rather deep1 brown2 ,stem short1 medium1 or rather long4 ,core roundish1 medium1 regular1 open2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 angular1 some imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 somewhat coarse-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality quite good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen1 table2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,in the ,west it is more flattened than in ,ohio1 becoming in large specimens almost a flat or oblate apple4 ,highly recommended for commercial orchards1 whether for shipping ,north or ,south--particularly the latter4 ,lewis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--,,lewis4 ,this delicious apple originated in ,decatur ,county1 ,indiana1 near ,greensburgh1 and was introduced to my notice by one of the early pomologists of the region1 a nurseryman by the name of ,lewis1 from whom ,i obtained my trees after he had introduced me to the original1 which ,i found to be vigorous1 healthy1 upright1 spreading and productive4 ,the fruit was described in the ,western ,horticultural ,review for #aheb1 before ,i was aware that my friend ,reuben ,ragan had an apple of the same name2 nevertheless1 this1 by priority of publication1 will stand1 unless there should prove to be another ,lewis that can claim seniority of publication4 ,i distinguish the other apple by calling it ,lewis of ,ragan2 it is in another class4--,see ,downing1 p4 #afd4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 somewhat ovate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 striped and marbled scarlet2 ,dots scattered1 gray and yellow4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 oval1 heart-shaped1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 very tender1 crisp1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich1 delicious2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,august4 ,marked in my notes ,one of the very best of the new apples4 ,liberty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--,,liberty4 ,this valuable market variety originated near ,columbus1 ,ohio1 where it was brought into notice by ,m4,b4 ,bateham1 the excellent ,secretary of the ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 and founder of the ,columbus ,nurseries4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 large1 spreading and productive2 believed to be entirely hardy4 ,fruit full medium to large1 globular1 inclining to oblong in appearance1 turbinated or flattened at the ends1 regular2 ,surface not smooth1 yellow1 covered with dull red and scarlet1 mixed and splashed1 stripes indistinct2 ,dots minute1 gray1 prominent4 ,basin medium1 quite shallow1 regular1 indistinctly leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem medium1 inclined4 ,core small1 oval1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 rather coarse1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market and kitchen or table2 ,season1 ,january to ,march1 or later4 ,lyscom4 ,origin ,massachusetts4 ,this pleasant dessert apple is not generally known4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish1 striped and splashed with red4 ,basin large1 plaited2 ,eye large4 ,cavity deep1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,flesh whitish1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,september to ,november4 ,margil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--,,margil4 ,a famous old ,english dessert apple1 rarely seen in this country1 but much better adapted for the closing of a feast than many which are more pretentious in style and imposing in size4 ,certainly much more economical to him who provides even at a higher price per bushel than those which are too large to be eaten1 and are only cut to be left on the table and wasted4 ,tree of slender growth1 but very productive4 ,fruit quite small1 round1 somewhat conic1 abruptly truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 red1 mixed and striped2 ,dots yellow1 prominent4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 open2 ,calyx reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 not deep1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long4 ,core turbinate1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 long2 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,meach4 ,from ,vermont2 ,fruit large1 roundish1 conic2 ,skin greenish-yellow1 striped and mottled with light red1 and sprinkled with brown dots2 ,stalk long1 rather slender1 set in a pretty large cavity2 ,calyx closed in a corrugated basin2 ,flesh yellowish1 rather fine1 juicy1 rich1 mild1 sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,october and ,november4--,downing4 ,mc,kinley4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--,m',,kinley4 ,highly esteemed by ,reuben ,ragan1 of ,indiana1 who finds it profitable4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 flattened1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface1 smooth1 dull red on greenish-yellow1 stripes indistinct2 ,dots scattered1 large1 gray4 ,basin regular1 shallow2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem slender1 medium to short4 ,core medium1 ovate1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh breaking1 very fine-grained1 very juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 good2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,mexico4 ,origin ,canterbury1 ,connecticut4 ,tree hardy1 productive4 ,not much known in the ,west4 ,fruit--obtained from ,e4 ,newburg1 ,brooklyn1 ,connecticut--medium1 round1 regular2 ,surface bright crimson-red1 striped darker2 ,dots numerous1 yellow-green4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem long or medium1 slender4 ,core large1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pointed2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,monk's ,favorite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--,,monk',s ,,favorite4 ,this large1 showy apple originated in ,delaware ,county1 ,indiana1 and was introduced to the public by ,dr4 ,j4,c4 ,helme1 of the ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,it was described in the ,western ,horticultural ,review1 some years ago1 as a promising fruit1 and was favorably noticed at the time of its introduction1 but has not yet been sufficiently known for general recommendation4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit large1 globular1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 pretty well covered with stripes and splashes of bright red2 ,dots medium1 ragged1 gray1 scattering4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity wide1 wavy2 ,stem medium to long1 stout4 ,core wide1 heart-shaped1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds pointed2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen1 table1 and promising for market2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,neversink4 ,not having had an opportunity of examining this fruit1 ,i quote the ad interim report of the ,pennsylvania ,horticultural ,society3 ,origin ,berks ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 exterior of an exceedingly beautiful waxen orange-yellow color1 with a few russet dots1 and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek2 ,stem very short and rather stout1 cavity narrow1 acuminate1 shallow2 ,calyx large1 basin deep1 rather wide1 furrowed2 ,flesh yellowish1 somewhat tough1 owing to the fact of its being shriveled2 ,flavor approaches to that of a pineapple2 ,quality very good2 ,december to ,april4 ,newark ,king4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--,,newark ,,king4 ,an old apple1 supposed to have come from ,new ,jersey2 found in the oldest orchards of grafted fruits in ,southwestern ,ohio1 seldom elsewhere in the ,west that ,i have seen4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 spreading1 productive2 ,foliage dark4 ,fruit full medium to large1 roundish1 flattened or truncated conic1 mostly regular1 sometimes ribbed2 ,surface not very smooth1 rich yellow1 nearly covered with dull red mixed1 and darker stripes1 giving the fruit almost a mahogany color2 ,dots numerous1 gray1 elongated at the extremities1 and coalescing into russet about the blossom end4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded or plaited1 covered with fine russet2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 often lipped2 ,stem rather long1 slender4 ,core small1 oval1 closed1 not clasping but meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh rich yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 rich1 sprightly1 high-flavored2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 kitchen1 table and cider2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january1 or longer4 ,patton4 ,,carter of ,alabama--,,mangum--,,alabama ,,pearmain of ,peters4 ,this is a great favorite in the ,south1 and deservedly so1 on account of its good qualities4 ,specimens from ,dr4 ,jas4 ,s4 ,blair1 ,limestone ,county1 ,north ,alabama1 afford me data for the following description4 ,i have preferred the name ,patton because of the other ,carters3 ,fruit large1 roundish1 somewhat flattened2 ,surface smooth1 mixed1 marbled and splashed carmine on yellow2 ,dots scattered1 distinct1 yellow4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity deep1 acute2 ,stem long to medium1 inclined1 red4 ,core small1 regular1 closed1 half clasping2 ,seeds plump and imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,pomme ,water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,,pomme ,,water4 ,an apple by this name is found in ,northern ,illinois2 little is known of its origin or history4 ,fruit full medium1 globular truncate1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface mixed1 splashed scarlet on yellow2 ,dots minute1 numerous1 brown4 ,basin wavy1 medium2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular2 ,stem short1 thick1 green4 ,core medium1 round1 closed1 scarcely meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,september and ,october4 ,specimens obtained from ,henry ,kimball1 of ,rockford1 ,winnebago ,county1 ,illinois4 ,ragan's ,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--,,ragan',s ,,red4 ,origin ,putnam ,county1 ,indiana1 by ,r4 ,ragan4 ,tree vigorous1 productive4 ,fruit large1 round1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 bright red1 splashed darker2 ,dots numerous1 small4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem long4 ,core small1 pyriform1 regular1 nearly closed2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and market2 ,season1 ,october and ,november4 ,ribston ,pippin4 ,this famous ,english apple does not seem to have many admirers among our orchardists1 but on some accounts it merits a place in the amateur's collection4 ,tree productive1 early bearer4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface rough1 splashed and mixed dull red on yellow2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 prominent1 russet4 ,basin abrupt1 plaited or regular1 russeted2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wide1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 rich1 aromatic2 ,use1 kitchen--scarcely for table2 ,season1 ,october and later1 but apt to wilt4 ,sigler's ,red4 ,this very handsome apple1 from near ,mc,connellsville1 ,morgan ,county1 ,ohio1 was shown before the ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 at different times1 by ,jos4 ,sigler1 for whom it was named1 because it was not identified as any known variety4 ,fruit medium1 globular1 slightly flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed and splashed bright red2 ,dots minute1 rare4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy2 ,stem short to medium1 knobby4 ,core wide1 indistinct1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds pointed1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality almost best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,september4 ,a beautiful dessert fruit4 ,elliott gives it as synonym to ,autumn ,pearmain4 ,small ,black4 ,,black ,,apple of ,coxe and ,downing--,,american ,,black4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bca4--,,small ,,black4 ,this useful little apple is found in many collections where the ,jersey ,black is cultivated1 but it seems to be quite distinct4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit medium to small1 globular1 sometimes nearly oblate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 deep red1 sometimes purplish1 striping indistinct2 ,dots numerous1 indented1 minute1 pink or purple4 ,basin shallow1 abrupt1 regular or folded2 ,eye small to medium1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 sometimes lipped1 brown2 ,stem long1 inclined1 red or green4 ,core regular1 round1 slightly open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump and angular2 ,flesh yellowish1 often pink1 tender1 fine grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,smith's4 ,,smith',s ,,cider4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--,,smith',s4 ,origin ,bucks ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 where it still continues a favorite variety4 ,its cultivation has extended widely to the westward1 giving great satisfaction as a market fruit1 for culinary purposes1 but cannot be recommended for table4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy1 productive1 an early bearer2 ,limbs straggling1 shoots rather slender1 light olive2 ,foliage large1 light green4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 varying from flattened to elongated1 mostly regular1 sometimes lop-sided2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 covered with mixed light red1 splashed indistinctly with bright carmine1 beautiful2 ,dots distinct1 rather large1 light gray4 ,basin shallow1 wide1 or more often plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 variable4 ,core wide1 pyriform1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 pointed2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 sub-acid1 aromatic1 not rich1 peculiar1 not agreeable2 ,quality good for cooking only1 making very fine apple sauce--makes much cider1 but thin and watery2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january and later4 ,this is essentially a market fruit1 and is one of the most profitable apples planted in ,southwestern ,ohio and adjacent counties of ,indiana4 ,sops of ,wine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--,,sops ,,of ,,wine4 ,european4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit small to medium1 round1 slightly conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed red1 shaded dark red throughout2 ,dots small1 scattered1 yellow4 ,basin shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 wavy1 somewhat browned2 ,stem long1 red4 ,core distinctly marked with a red line1 wide1 oval1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,summer ,janet4 ,specimens received from ,mr4 ,johnson1 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,fruit medium1 round1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 mixed red1 striped darker red2 ,dots scattered1 gray4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity shallow1 regular1 yellow2 ,stem medium to long1 green4 ,core pyriform1 indistinct1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds pointed1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market2 ,season1 ,september4 ,summer ,rose4 ,origin ,new ,jersey4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 spreading1 productive1 early bearer2 ,shoots stout2 ,foliage large1 glaucous4 ,fruit small1 roundish1 flattened1 regular2 ,surface smooth polished1 very pale yellow1 striped and splashed distinctly bright red and carmine2 ,dots minute4 ,basin abrupt1 wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem medium4 ,core large1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump2 ,flesh white1 crisp1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 agreeable1 not rich2 ,quality1 one of the best early apples2 ,use1 family1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,june to ,august--ripening gradually4 ,sutton ,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--,,sutton ,,beauty4 ,an old ,massachusetts apple1 occasionally found in the ,west1 where it attains increased size and beauty4 ,my specimens were from ,w4 ,hampton1 with many other sorts of interest grown by him in ,northwestern ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 handsome1 globular1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mottled and splashed carmine2 ,dots scattered1 brown1 vein-reflexed4 ,basin wide1 regular1 russety2 ,eye large1 open2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity wide1 acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core medium to large1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4 ,thought by ,mr4 ,hampton to be a seedling brought from ,southern ,ohio4 ,sylvester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bce4--,,sylvester4 ,introduced by ,dr4 ,ware ,sylvester1 of ,lyons1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit small to medium1 round1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 white1 blushed and striped bright carmine2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin very shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem medium4 ,core indistinct1 slightly open2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular1 long2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table and cooking2 ,season1 ,september4 ,williams' ,favorite4 ,,williams' ,,early4 ,origin ,roxbury1 ,massachusetts4 ,fruit small to medium1 round1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 dark purplish red1 indistinctly striped2 ,dots none4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 shallow2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core large1 round1 closed2 ,seeds pointed1 brown2 ,flesh whitish-yellow1 streaked red1 breaking1 not juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 peculiar2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,willow4 ,,willow ,,twig--,,james ,,river1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,,willow4 ,this ,virginia fruit has obtained a wide spread notoriety as a valuable market apple throughout the ,west4 ,tree very vigorous1 healthy1 productive1 branching1 twiggy1 thorny while young2 ,shoots slender1 olive brown4 ,fruit globular1 truncated1 looking oblong from its cylindrical sides2 ,surface smooth1 dull greenish-yellow1 marbled and striped dull red2 ,dots minute1 gray4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide or acute1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender1 inclined4 ,core medium1 round1 regular1 closed1 meeting1 not clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality only good1 but valuable for market and culinary uses2 ,season1 ,december to ,april4 ,excellent for shipping ,south4 ,wilson's ,volunteer4 ,origin believed to be a seedling or ,volunteer on the banks of the ,ohio ,river4 ,received from ,george ,sibbald4 ,fruit large1 globular1 truncated or flattened1 regular2 ,surface yellow1 mostly covered with mixed red1 striped darker2 ,dots large1 gray and yellow4 ,basin deep1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core small1 round1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed2 ,flesh greenish-yellow1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,wright's ,janet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--,,wright',s ,,janet4 ,this fine keeping apple1 received from ,n4,j4 ,colman and other zealous pomologists of ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 is supposed to have originated in that region with ,mr4 ,w4,g4 ,wright4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 sometimes flat1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 waxen yellow1 mixed1 striped and splashed carmine2 ,dots minute1 prominent1 scattering4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye small1 acute1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 short1 or very short4 ,core medium1 regular1 somewhat open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 plump2 ,flesh deep yellow1 breaking1 very fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 very agreeable2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 ,january to ,june and keeps until ,august4 ,yadkin4 ,southern4 ,received from ,s4,w4 ,westbrooke1 of ,greensboro'1 ,north ,carolina4 ,fruit large1 round1 regular2 ,surface red1 striped dark red2 ,dots large1 scattered1 distinct1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 deep1 regular2 ,eye small1 open4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium1 brown4 ,core small1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds small1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh white1 breaking1 dry2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality only good2 ,season1 ,august--and on that account scarcely worth carrying to the ,north4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,beeler's ,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bch4--;,,beeler',s ,,russet4 ,origin not known4 ,found in an old orchard on the banks of ,white ,river1 in ,marion ,county1 ,indiana1 by my lamented young friend1 ,geo4 ,m4 ,beeler4 ,fruit medium to small1 round1 truncated or cylindrical1 inclined2 ,surface russeted2 ,dots minute1 prominent4 ,basin abrupt1 uneven1 green2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity regular2 ,stem long4 ,core large1 wide1 heart-shaped1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid to acid1 aromatic1 spicy1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,november1 ,december4 ,a choice dessert apple4 ,columbian ,russet4 ,the origin of this fine1 long-keeping russet is not known4 ,specimens were received from ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 ,lawrence ,county1 ,ohio4 ,if the tree be healthy and productive1 this variety will be a valuable addition to our orchards4 ,fruit medium to small1 round1 truncated1 lop-sided2 ,surface smooth1 russeted2 ,dots minute1 scattered1 prominent4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem1 long1 slender4 ,core medium1 closed1 pyriform1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 slender1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh very yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,february to ,april4 ,very like the ,golden ,pearmain1 from ,j4,s4 ,downer1 which see2 they may prove to be the same variety4 ,court of ,wyck4 ,this spicy ,english apple1 which has so many synonyms as evidences of its popularity1 has not been a favorite in this country1 but occasionally succeeds well2 it has little to recommend it in its looks4 ,fruit very small1 round1 truncated abruptly1 much flattened1 regular2 ,surface yellow1 covered russet4 ,basin wide1 very shallow2 ,eye small1 open2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity rather wide2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core small1 ovate1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 brown2 ,flesh rich yellow1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic1 rich1 spicy1 sharp2 ,quality good in its way2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,crownest4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bci4--;,,crownest4 ,originated at ,kelley's ,island1 ,ohio1 in the orchard of ,chas4 ,carpenter4 ,tree vigorous1 thrifty1 brushy1 productive4 ,fruit full medium1 round1 truncated or flattened1 often unequal and inclined2 ,surface greenish yellow1 thinly covered with russet4 ,basin regular1 wide2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity irregular1 lipped2 ,stem short1 curved1 fleshy4 ,core round1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds long1 pointed1 angular2 ,flesh green1 tender1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality only good for culinary uses2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,english ,golden4 ,,russet ,,golden1 of ,barry4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--;,,english ,,golden4 ,among the russets there has been much confusion1 which it is very difficult to clear up4 ,the apple about to be described came to the ,west from the nurseries about ,rochester2 a very superior variety to many others that resemble it1 and may be distinguished by the palate1 or by the character of the twigs4 ,tree thrifty1 vigorous1 spreading1 productive1 a rather early bearer2 ,shoots slender1 olive1 speckled4 ,fruit medium1 round1 large ones are oblate1 often cylindrical1 sometimes inclined1 regular2 ,surface greenish yellow1 covered with thick russet2 ,dots minute1 white1 scattered4 ,basin regular1 deep1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 rough2 ,stem short4 ,core wide1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds small1 flat2 ,flesh greenish yellow1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,january1 ,february4 ,a choice dessert fruit4 ,succeeds well in parts of ,kentucky4 ,english ,russet4 ,origin unknown4 ,procured from ,mr4 ,c4,c4 ,cary1 near ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,fruit large1 globular1 flattened1 somewhat one-sided2 ,surface uneven1 green2 ,dots minute1 russety and russet streaks4 ,basin medium1 uneven2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 russeted2 ,stem medium1 green4 ,core medium1 heart-shaped1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump and angular1 some imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,golden ,pearmain4--,of ,kentucky4 ,this is another very promising ,southern variety1 received from ,j4,s4 ,downer1 of ,kentucky2 ,origin unknown2 he procured it from ,tennessee4 ,tree vigorous1 but tardy and shy in bearing2 ,shoots stout1 dark2 ,foliage medium4 ,fruit small to medium1 globular1 rather conical1 truncated1 lop-sided2 ,surface yellow1 blushed and russeted4 ,basin abrupt1 wide1 regular2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem short to medium1 slender4 ,core somewhat open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds plump and imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic1 sprightly2 ,quality very good1 almost best2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,december1 ,february4--,see ,columbian ,russet4 ,green ,russet4--,n4,c4 ,specimens from ,reuben ,ragan4 ,fruit quite large1 globular1 slightly oblate1 regular2 ,surface yellow1 blushed dull red2 ,dots green1 indented1 russet veined4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 open4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem medium1 thick4 ,core regular1 wide1 closed1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish white1 breaking1 granular2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality only good1 for culinary use2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,hampton's ,russet4 ,fruit small1 globular-truncate1 to flat2 ,surface yellow russet1 bronzed1 broken russet stripes2 ,dots scattered1 large1 yellow4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye large1 open1 green4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 inclined4 ,core medium1 round1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 breaking1 fine-grained2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december4 ,knox ,russet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bda4--,,knox ,,russet4 ,a very nice little apple1 found in the orchard of ,j4 ,knox1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania2 trees obtained from near ,greensburgh1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree spreading1 very productive2 ,shoots slender4 ,fruit small to medium1 globular1 somewhat conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow green1 blushed1 covered with light russet4 ,basin shallow1 regular2 ,eye medium1 open2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem long1 red4 ,core round1 regular1 slightly open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 very fine-grained2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january4 ,pryor's ,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--,,pryor',s ,,red4 ,this southern apple1 probably from ,virginia1 has been carried through all the ,western ,states1 where it is a great favorite1 though there are some objectors1 on account of its having shown signs of failure in certain situations4 ,the fruit is singularly affected by change of soil and climate2 thus1 on the ,ohio ,river1 it is seen quite flat and regular1 with a dull green russeted skin1 becoming yellow and ruddy2 in one part of the ,state of ,indiana1 on limestone1 it is gibbous1 round1 often very large1 and covered with a rich cinnamon russet1 while on the coal measures1 west of the center of the ,state1 it is smaller1 regular1 and distinctly striped deep red on red1 with very little russet4 ,specimens from ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 have been shown with scarcely a trace of russet1 and having the stripes as distinct and almost as beautiful as those of a ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 so that no southern or western man would have recognized it for his home favorite4 ,the distinctive leather-cracking about the eye was present1 however1 in all4 ,tree thrifty1 growth upright1 twiggy1 attaining large size1 productive when old2 ,shoots slender1 reddish olive1 speckled2 ,foliage scattering1 folded1 grayish green2 ,subject to leaf-blight4 ,fruit large1 globular-oblate1 often unequal2 ,surface greenish1 or dull red1 striped1 russeted2 ,dots numerous1 large1 gray4 ,basin shallow1 regular or plaited1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity shallow1 acute1 often lipped2 ,stem medium4 ,core round1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 melting1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,december1 ,february4 ,red ,russet4 ,origin ,hampton ,falls1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,tree very vigorous and productive2 resembling ,baldwin in almost every particular4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 conic2 ,skin yellow1 shaded with dull red and deep carmine in the sun1 and thickly covered with gray dots1 and an appearance of rough russet on most of the surface2 ,stalk rather short and thick1 inserted in a medium cavity1 surrounded with thin russet2 ,calyx nearly closed2 ,segments long1 recurved1 in a narrow1 uneven basin2 ,flesh yellow1 solid1 crisp1 tender1 with an excellent1 rich1 sub-acid flavor1 somewhat resembling ,baldwin2 ,season1 ,january to ,april4--,downing4 ,this fruit is rarely seen in the ,west4 ,it has been thought by some to have originated as a sport from the ,baldwin4 ,rolen's ,keeper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--,,rolen',s ,,keeper4 ,received from ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 ,lawrence ,county1 ,ohio4 ,origin not given4 ,fruit medium1 round1 regular2 ,surface rough1 splashed red on russet2 ,dots scattered1 small1 white4 ,basin shallow1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core roundish-ovate1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds very numerous1 short1 plump2 ,flesh greenish yellow1 fine-grained2 ,flavor acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,march1 ,april4 ,very promising as a keeper4 ,rustycoat ,milam4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--,,rustycoat ,,milam4 ,fruit medium1 globular1 conic1 regular2 ,surface russeted2 ,dots minute1 prominent4 ,basin narrow1 abrupt1 shallow2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core medium1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 plump2 ,flesh greenish yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 tender2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored ,,or ,,blushed4 ,mote's ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bde4--,,mote',s ,,sweet4 ,this seedling from the ,stillwater ,sweet1 grown by ,l4,s4 ,mote1 of ,miami ,county1 ,ohio1 is quite an improvement upon its parent1 which has obtained a high reputation as a choice autumnal sweet apple4 ,tree round1 spreading1 vigorous2 ,shoots pale2 ,foliage large1 wide1 finely serrated1 and rather pale4 ,fruit large1 globular1 somewhat flattened1 or conic-truncated1 rather angular2 ,surface very smooth1 greenish yellow to whitish1 with a rare faint blush2 ,dots scattered1 gray1 often rosy1 whitish bases4 ,basin medium1 abrupt1 wavy2 ,eye medium1 long1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wide1 wavy2 ,stem long1 yellow1 curved4 ,core medium1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pale2 ,flesh yellow1 very fine-grained1 almost melting1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 pleasant2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,quality best2 ,season1 ,september4 ,one of the most delicious sweet apples4 ,northern ,sweet4 ,origin unknown2 supposed to be ,vermont4 ,tree sufficiently healthy and productive4 ,not generally nor extensively cultivated4 ,fruit large1 globular1 somewhat flattened1 angular or regular2 ,surface smooth1 very pale yellow1 rarely blushed2 ,dots minute1 with white bases4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye long1 closed4 ,cavity rather wide1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium4 ,core very small1 closed1 almost clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 short2 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality pretty good2 ,use1 baking2 ,season1 ,september1 in ,northern ,indiana and ,illinois4 ,downing says rich and excellent2 ,september and ,october4 ,swaar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--,,swaar4 ,origin on the banks of the ,hudson1 in ,new ,york ,state4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 productive2 ,shoots stout1 dark colored2 ,foliage large1 curled4 ,fruit large1 form variable1 being sometimes flat1 where unusually developed1 generally roundish1 somewhat flattened1 more or less angular or flattened on the sides1 but not ribbed2 ,surface not smooth1 often rough1 greenish yellow1 bronzed1 becoming a dead golden yellow when ripe2 ,dots large1 numerous4 ,basin medium1 wide1 regular2 ,eye small1 not long1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular or wavy1 green2 ,stem long1 curved1 pretty stout4 ,core medium1 regular1 heart-shaped1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pale2 ,flesh very heavy1 yellow1 fine-grained2 ,flavor very mild sub-acid1 or sweet1 very rich2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,march4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,bailey ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--;,,bailey ,,sweet4 ,from ,wyoming ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1 productive4 ,fruit large1 round1 sometimes flattened1 sometimes angular or ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 mottled1 mixed and striped deep red2 ,dots numerous1 large1 gray4 ,basin narrow1 abrupt1 regular or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity regular1 acute green2 ,stem long4 ,core rather large1 turbinate1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 kitchen1 table2 ,season1 ,october4 ,a very valuable variety also for stock4 ,brittle ,sweet4 ,origin unknown2 good grower1 and very productive4 ,fruit above medium1 roundish1 approaching conic1 sometimes elongated1 angular2 ,skin greenish yellow1 shaded and splashed with crimson1 sprinkled with gray dots2 ,stem short1 inserted in a broad1 shallow cavity2 ,calyx closed1 set in a small corrugated basin2 ,flesh yellowish1 crisp1 tender1 juicy1 sweet1 and excellent2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4--,downing4 ,hull ,blossom4 ,this is an ,eastern or ,european variety1 which ,i have not seen in the ,west4 ,specimens from ,massachusetts4 ,fruit small1 roundish-truncate1 or flattened1 uneven2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 mixed and striped1 carmine2 ,dots large1 yellow4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wavy2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 closed1 roundish1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds large1 pale2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,november4 ,sweet ,pearmain4 ,this variety1 according to ,downing and ,thomas1 is the ,english ,sweeting2 but1 according to ,manning1 the ,english ,sweeting is the ,ramsdell's ,sweeting of ,downing4 ,this fruit is extensively grown in ,central ,ohio1 and further ,west1 suiting well the rich soils2 keeping finely all winter2 highly valued for baking or eating4 ,fruit medium size or often above2 ,form roundish1 slightly angular2 ,color dull red1 rough russet dots1 and blueish bloom2 ,stem long1 slender2 ,cavity deep1 wide1 open2 ,calyx woolly2 ,basin medium2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 moderately juicy1 sweet2 ,core medium1 with outer or concentric lines2 ,seeds ovate1 pyriform1 dark brown2 ,season1 ,december to ,march4--,elliott4 ,i am not familiar with the above1 but find a very strong resemblance in the characters to those of my ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 ,class ,,ii1 ,i1 #b1 #b1 from which1 however1 ,elliott's outline would exclude it4 ,willis ,sweet4 ,this apple is supposed to have originated on ,long ,island1 where it is highly valued for baking4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2 ,fruit medium1 round1 somewhat angular1 striped red1 very sweet and rich2 ,use1 baking and stock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,,none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,american ,golden ,pippin4 ,,golden ,,pippin1 of ,downing4--,,new ,,york ,,greening1 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--;,,american ,,golden ,,pippin4 ,having mislaid my notes of this apple1 ,i am obliged to quote ,mr4 ,downing's description of this fine fruit1 which is believed to be ,american2 cultivated in parts of ,new ,york1 and found to be profitable4 ,growth strong1 similar to that of ,rhode ,island ,greening1 but less drooping1 making a round1 spreading head2 does not bear young1 but very productive when a little advanced1 and a popular fruit where known4 ,form variable1 oblate1 globular or conic1 angular or ribbed2 ,stem stout1 short1 inserted in a deep cavity2 ,calyx closed1 set in an irregular basin2 ,skin fine golden yellow1 thinly sprinkled with dots1 sometimes slightly netted with thin russet2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 juicy1 nearly melting1 with a rich1 refreshing1 almost vinous1 aromatic flavor2 ,core rather large2 ,november to ,february4 ,brooke's ,pippin4 ,origin1 ,essex ,county1 ,virginia4 ,the original tree is very large1 bears regular and large crops of fruit1 which is always fair1 of the largest size1 keeps well till ,may2 ,flesh fine1 yellow1 juicy and rich1 and of the finest flavor2 young trees grow very thriftily4--,h4,r4 ,robey1 ,fredericksburgh1 ,va4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 inclining to conical1 obscurely ribbed1 greenish yellow1 faintly blushed4 ,basin small1 shallow1 wavy1 sometimes furrowed2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short1 thick4 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 juicy1 fine-grained2 ,flavor acid1 spicy1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,season1 ,november to ,march4 ,as grown in ,indiana1 both tree and fruit resemble the ,newtown ,pippin in appearance1 and may prove identical after further trial4 ,champlain4--,downing4 ,,paper--,,paper-,,skin4 ,this very delicate fruit was exhibited before the ,ohio ,pomological ,society by ,a4,l4 ,benedict1 of ,morrow ,county1 as the ,paper apple4 ,he obtained the scions from the celebrated apple region1 ,grand ,isle1 ,vermont1 where it is sometimes called ,champlain1 and where it had been introduced from ,rhode ,island1 without a name1 by his friend ,macomber4 ,my friend ,benedict informs me that the growth of the tree is strong and stocky1 and that the fruit never scabs nor rots on the tree4 ,it is increasing in esteem as it becomes better known1 and is preferred to the ,red ,astrachan1 ripening with it4 ,when sent to ,j4,j4 ,thomas1 he thought it synonymous with the ,primate1 but ,jos4 ,newcomber1 having both varieties growing side by side1 assured me they were quite unlike1 and that the ,paper was much the better apple of the two4 ,tree medium size1 vigorous1 stocky4 ,fruit full medium1 globular1 rather conical1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish green1 slightly blushed2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin small1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 long1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 round1 slightly open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 dark2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 delicate2 ,quality best2 ,use1 the dessert especially2 ,season1 ,august1 ,september4 ,drap d',or4 ,,vrai ,,drap ,d',,or4--,dahamel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--;,,drap ,d',,or4 ,this is an old ,french variety1 respecting which there is some uncertainty among cultivators4 ,fruit large1 globular1 but variable1 being conical-truncate to oblate2 ,surface smooth1 pale waxen yellow1 rarely blushed4 ,basin wide1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem long1 inclined1 yellow or red1 angular4 ,core large1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 long2 ,flesh pale yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good to best2 ,use1 market1 kitchen1 table2 ,season1 ,august1 ,september4 ,for the table its place is supplanted by the ,primate1 ,dyer and others4 ,dyer1 or ,pomme ,royale4 ,,pommewater1 in ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bej4--;,,dyer1 ,,or ,,pomme ,,royale4 ,believed to be a ,french apple1 but named ,dyer by the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society1 in the belief that it was a seedling of ,rhode ,island4 ,tree of moderate vigor1 spreading1 not very productive4 ,fruit medium to large1 globular1 uneven1 somewhat angular2 ,surface not smooth1 pale yellow1 vein-russeted2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 dark4 ,basin medium1 shallow1 folded or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 lipped1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 round1 open or closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 short2 ,flesh yellowish1 very tender1 very fine-grained1 very juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich1 delicate2 ,quality best2 ,use1 the dessert2 ,season1 ,september1 ,october4 ,not attractive in appearance1 but very fine for the amateur4 ,ewalt4 ,origin ,pennsylvania4 ,introduced by ,dr4 ,brinckle in his ad-interim reports to the ,pennsylvania ,horticultural ,society4 ,mr4 ,waring considers it a valuable winter apple4 ,tree vigorous1 handsome grower in the nursery2 ,shoots erect1 dark colored2 an early1 regular bearer4 ,fruit large1 very handsome1 roundish1 rather angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 with clear bright red in the sun1 not striped2 ,dots numerous about the base1 greenish4 ,basin medium1 narrow1 plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 acute2 ,stem short4 ,flesh tender1 fine-grained2 ,flavor acid1 becoming mild1 aromatic1 sprightly2 ,quality very good2 ,season1 ,february to ,april4 ,golden ,ball4 ,a favorite ,maine apple4 ,tree vigorous1 productive1 hardy4 ,fruit large1 round1 ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 greenish yellow2 ,dots few1 distinct1 white bases4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity narrow2 ,stem medium4 ,core indistinct1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds defective2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,december to ,march in the ,north4 ,morgan ,white4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bea4--,,morgan ,,white4 ,origin unknown4 ,sent from ,morgan ,county1 ,illinois1 by ,professor ,j4,b4 ,turner1 of ,jacksonville4 ,fruit large1 globular1 somewhat flattened1 irregular1 ribbed1 uneven2 ,surface smooth1 greenish1 marked with gray stri1 rarely a faint blush2 ,dots white1 large4 ,basin abrupt1 ribbed2 ,eye small but long1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem short to medium4 ,core small1 very wide1 open1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 short2 ,flesh greenish white1 breaking1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen and table2 ,season1 ,september to ,january4 ,peck's ,pleasant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beb4--,,peck',s ,,pleasant4 ,this fine fruit is credited to ,rhode ,island4 ,the tree is healthy1 spreading1 moderately vigorous1 but productive1 and a regular bearer4 ,this apple is said to resemble the ,newtown ,pippin1 but ,i have never been able to trace any resemblance1 except that both are green2 at any rate there is no danger of the merest tyro in pomology confounding the two varieties4 ,there is1 however1 a remarkable diversity in the fruit arising from the different soils and climates in which it is cultivated1 ,north and ,south1 and while1 like many other varieties1 its size is greatly developed1 its texture and flavor are depreciated in the migrations southward4 ,fruit large1 flattened1 globular1 somewhat angular1 or flattened1 sometimes having a shallow sulcus or furrow on one side2 ,surface smooth1 yellow or orange1 being sometimes faintly blushed2 ,dots gray1 with white bases4 ,basin rather shallow and folded2 ,eye small and open1 calycinal segments being short4 ,cavity wide1 but often lipped1 brown2 ,stem short1 very thick1 clubbed or knobby4 ,core large1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 breaking1 fine-grained2 ,flavor sub-acid and somewhat aromatic2 of first quality in the ,north2 ,use1 table1 kitchen or market2 ,season1 ,december to ,january1 or later4 ,primate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bec4--,,primate4 ,this delicious table apple has strong claims upon our admiration1 on account of its good qualities as a dessert fruit1 for the extreme delicacy of its skin and flesh render it unfit for market2 it is therefore not profitable for the commercial orchard4 ,tree thrifty1 stocky1 vigorous1 strongly branched1 productive2 ,shoots stout1 short1 light olive2 ,buds prominent1 foliage pale green4 ,fruit full medium1 globular1 angular1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 becoming almost white1 sometimes faintly blushed2 ,dots minute4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small but long1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem medium to long1 thick4 ,core medium1 round1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 long1 dark2 ,flesh greenish-white1 very tender1 fine-grained2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use1 the dessert2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,progress4 ,not having had the good fortune to study this apple1 ,i quote the description given by ,downing3 ,a native of ,middletown1 ,connecticut4 ,tree a moderate grower and forms a handsome head1 bears early and very productive4 ,size above medium1 rather globular1 inclining to conic1 sometimes oblate1 somewhat angular2 ,stem short1 inserted into a round cavity1 surrounded by russet2 ,calyx large1 partially closed1 set in a shallow1 open basin2 ,skin smooth1 yellow1 with a sunny cheek1 sometimes a few scattered1 gray dots2 ,flesh solid1 tender1 crisp1 juicy1 with a very refreshing1 vinous flavor4 ,ripe ,october until ,april4 ,quince4 ,,cole',s ,,quince4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bed4--,,quince4 ,this does not appear to be exactly the same as that described by ,coxe1 and later by ,downing4 ,this fruit is not very extensively cultivated4 ,the specimens described are from that precise pomologist ,t4,t4 ,lyon1 of ,michigan4 ,fruit full medium1 globular1 angular1 ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow1 pale4 ,basin narrow1 folded1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy2 ,stem medium1 yellow4 ,core oval1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good for cooking2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,september4 ,this apple is highly esteemed by ,mr4 ,w4,g4 ,waring1 of ,center ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 where it originated4 ,tree hardy and vigorous1 a good and regular bearer4 ,fruit large1 globular1 somewhat depressed1 slightly conic1 angular2 ,skin yellow1 slightly shaded and thinly sprinkled with brown dots2 ,stalk short1 inserted in a deep1 abrupt cavity1 surrounded by thin russet2 ,calyx partially closed1 set in an open basin2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 juicy1 with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor2 ,october4--,downing4 ,sheepnose4--of ,mears4 ,this substantial little apple was presented by ,wm4 ,e4 ,mears1 a zealous horticulturist of ,clermont ,county1 ,ohio1 where it is considerably cultivated4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit medium1 round1 slightly conic1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish yellow1 white stri about the base1 like ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 which it resembles in some other respects2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 wavy2 ,eye long1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 narrow1 bronzed2 ,stem medium1 knobbed4 ,core roundish oval1 irregular1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,summer ,pippin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bee4--,,summer ,,pippin4 ,a favorite apple about ,new ,york--not known extensively4 ,tree vigorous1 forming a beautiful head1 a regular and good bearer4 ,fruit medium to large1 variable in form1 sometimes oblong-oval1 or inclining to conic1 angular and irregular2 ,skin pale waxen yellow1 shaded with a delicate crimson blush1 and sprinkled with green and grayish dots2 ,stalk varies in length and thickness1 inserted in a deep1 abrupt cavity2 ,calyx closed1 set in a deep1 abrupt1 corrugated basin2 ,flesh white1 tender1 moderately juicy1 with a pleasant1 refreshing sub-acid flavor2 ,valuable for culinary uses2 ,ripens in ,august and continues a month or more4--,downing4 ,transport4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bef4--,,transport4 ,another of ,reuben ,ragan's ,indiana seedlings4 ,tree poor in the nursery--good in the orchard4 ,very productive4 ,fruit large1 globular1 flattened1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 blushed carmine2 ,dots scattered1 green1 with white bases1 becoming purple where exposed2 ,bloom white4 ,basin medium1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core irregular1 closed1 clasping2 ,axis short2 ,seeds dark1 pointed1 imperfect2 ,flesh1 yellowish-white1 tender1 melting1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,not very profitable4 ,white ,pippin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beg4--,,white ,,pippin4 ,the origin of this valuable fruit is entirely unknown1 and its history can only be traced to the nursery of ,silas ,wharton1 who may have brought it with him from the ,east4 ,for a time some of our leading pomologists thought it was the ,canada ,reinette1 but this idea has long since been relinquished1 and all agree that it is sui generis1 though it may have had a different name4 ,in some of its external characters it more nearly resembles the ,yellow ,newtown ,pippin than any other fruit2 but1 while it lacks the high1 spicy flavor of that apple1 it is found to be much more profitable in the orchard4 ,the tree is remarkably thrifty1 vigorous and productive1 upright1 with very dark shoots1 covered with down1 bearing large leaves that are quite downy beneath1 and deep green above4 ,fruit large1 variable in form1 angular1 sometimes lop-sided1 generally fair1 free from scab2 ,surface smooth1 green or greenish-white to very pale yellow when ripe2 the skin toward the base is often marked on the unripe apple with indistinct wavy stripes of white1 the interspaces are sometimes colored by exposure1 and assume a pink or purplish hue1 making the fruit appear to be striped2 ,dots very minute1 and surrounded by green bases that are most distinct before the fruit is perfectly ripe2 these and the white stripes are very characteristic4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular1 wavy or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 wavy1 brown and green3 ,stem short1 sometimes thick4 ,core small1 pyriform1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 pale brown1 pointed2 ,flesh white or yellowish-white1 breaking1 granular1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 not spicy2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen rather than table1 cooks very well2 ,season1 ,december and ,january2 not a very good keeper2 may be preserved until ,march4 ,yellow ,newtown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beh4--,,yellow ,,newtown4 ,the origin of this variety of the ,newtown ,pippin1 which has obtained such a world-wide notoriety as the ,american ,apple1 is very uncertain4 ,the distinction between this and the ,green ,newtown1 as described under ,class ,,iii1 ,i1 #b1 #a1 was well known to ,coxe4 ,tree resembling that of the ,green variety1 slow grower in the nursery1 having rough bark when old1 not an early bearer1 but large1 spreading1 and productive1 and in suitable soils profitable4 ,from some cause1 however1 the orchards of both these apples are much less satisfactory in their results than formerly in many parts of the country4 ,still it is often seen in great perfection1 and ,i am compiling this description from outlines and notes of a large number that were very fine4 ,fruit large1 round1 more or less modified by being cylindrical1 truncated1 lop-sided1 ribbed1 and irregular1 sometimes even conic2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 sometimes bronzy1 becoming yellow when ripe1 like the ,white ,pippin1 it is marked with gray stri near the base while green2 ,dots minute1 scattered1 whitish bases4 ,basin large1 folded1 ribbed or plaited2 ,eye medium1 rather open4 ,cavity deep1 acute2 brown2 ,stem medium or short1 rarely long4 ,core medium1 oval1 regular1 closed1 meeting or clasping the eye2 ,seeds pointed1 brown1 sometimes imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 juicy1 not crisp like the ,green variety2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic1 rich1 very agreeable2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market and cider2 ,season1 ,march4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,benoni4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bei4--;,,benoni4 ,this handsome and delicious early apple is a native of ,dedham1 ,massachusetts4 ,its good qualities have caused its culture to be widely extended1 and it appears to give very general satisfaction2 though not so early as some other kinds1 for the dessert especially1 it is indispensable to the amateur4 ,tree small1 upright1 close1 productive1 early bearer2 ,shoots slender1 brown1 leaves thin1 long4 ,fruit small to medium1 round1 truncated1 somewhat angular1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered mixed red1 striped scarlet and carmine2 ,dots minute4 ,basin wide1 abrupt2 ,eye large1 open or closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium1 green1 often stout4 ,core small1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds angular1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor rich1 sub-acid1 spicy2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,delicious and profitable4 ,brennaman4 ,this fine apple1 from ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 was reported on by the ad interim ,committee of the ,pennsylvania ,horticultural ,society1 and was brought to my notice by ,dr4 ,j4,k4 ,eshleman1 of ,downingtown1 in whose beautiful orchard ,i had an opportunity of studying the variety4 ,tree large1 spreading1 vigorous1 productive1 said to be hardy4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 somewhat angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 nearly covered with stripes of bright rich red4 ,basin deep1 wavy2 ,eye closed4 ,cavity large1 brown2 ,stem short to medium4 ,flesh whitish1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 agreeable2 ,quality good1 especially for culinary use and market2 ,season1 ,august and ,september4 ,chronicle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--;,,chronicle4 ,this is a famous long keeper of ,indiana origin4 ,the honors of its discovery are divided between the ,sigersons and ,r4 ,ragan4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 productive1 said to be hardy4 ,fruit full medium to large1 globular1 truncated1 cylindrical1 irregular1 flattened at the sides or angular2 ,axis inclined in some2 ,surface yellowish-green to yellow1 mixed and striped dull red2 ,dots large1 scattered1 yellow1 indented4 ,basin1 wide1 deep1 regular or wavy2 ,eye small to medium1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy or acute1 sometimes lipped1 brown2 ,stem medium to long1 sometimes thick4 ,core small1 closed1 meeting2 ,seeds numerous1 pointed1 plump2 ,flesh greenish to yellow1 firm2 ,flavor sub-acid1 not spicy2 ,quality scarcely good1 except for culinary use and for market2 ,season1 ,march to ,may4 ,keeps sound even when bruised4 ,foundling4 ,from ,massachusetts4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 spreading1 productive4--,downing4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 flattened at the ends1 angular or uneven2 ,surface yellowish-green1 mixed red1 splashed deep red2 ,dots minute1 indented4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem short or medium4 ,core large1 wide1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 pointed2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,september4 ,specimens obtained from ,mr4 ,warren4 ,jersey ,black4 ,,black ,,apple of ,coxe8 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--;,,jersey ,,black4 ,this admirable but unpretending fruit has extended its way quietly through the country1 along the parallels #dj to #db1 without ever having had any extra puffing1 such as has given notoriety to some of its competitors for places in the orchard4 ,nobody speaks about this apple1 nor writes about it1 and yet it is everywhere to be found4 ,this cannot be the ,black ,apple of ,coxe and ,downing1 being quite different in some of its strong characters4 ,origin unknown1 supposed to have been introduced into the ,west by ,silas ,wharton1 of ,warren ,county1 ,ohio1 as it is found with the ,white ,pippin and other favorite sorts of his introduction1 and is in his published list4 ,tree sufficiently vigorous1 but does not grow large1 spreading1 often drooping when old1 branches open1 always fruitful1 either well distributed in a light crop1 or crowded in a full one4 ,fruit full medium1 round1 angular and irregular1 sometimes ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 completely covered with deep red1 striped darker1 giving a purple1 almost black hue to the fruit1 often covered with a thin bloom2 one variety is always lighter1 stripes more distinct1 and the flesh more stained2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 indented1 purple4 ,basin mostly shallow1 folded and plaited2 ,eye small to medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown1 often wavy or folded2 ,stem short1 medium or long1 usually stout1 sometimes knobbed4 ,core medium1 regular1 generally closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 pointed1 dark2 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 fine-grained1 juicy1 often stained pink or reddish2 ,flavor rich1 mild sub-acid1 aromatic1 not spicy1 satisfying2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 cider and for stock2 ,season1 ,december1 ,january2 keeps sound4 ,a good market apple4 ,king4 ,,king ,,of ,,tompkins ,,county4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,,king4 ,this splendid apple1 which has attracted so much attention of recent years1 had its origin1 as is supposed1 in ,tompkins ,county1 ,new ,york1 where it has been much cultivated4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 large and spreading1 an abundant annual bearer4 ,fruit large1 handsome1 globular1 irregular1 somewhat conic1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered deep red1 marbled and striped2 ,dots numerous1 gray1 large4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye large1 short1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 shallow1 wavy2 ,stem short or long1 thick or slender1 red4 ,core very large1 turbinate1 regular1 closed2 ,seeds imperfect1 angular2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 tender1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen and market2 ,season1 ,december and longer4 ,missouri ,keeper4 ,specimens from ,norman ,j4 ,colman1 ,esq41 ,editor of the ,rural ,world1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit medium to small1 round1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 shaded1 mixed1 striped red2 ,dots numerous1 large1 white1 distinct4 ,basin abrupt1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity narrow1 regular2 ,stem medium to short1 knobby1 thick4 ,core regular1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 plump1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table1 market and kitchen2 ,season1 ,january to ,july4 ,specimens cut and described on the #beth of ,june were in perfect condition4 ,nonpareil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--,,nonpareil4 ,the history and origin of this nice autumn fruit have not been ascertained1 and it may prove to be an old variety with a changed name--considerably grown in ,northern ,illinois4 ,specimens from ,dr4 ,geo4 ,haskell1 of ,rockford1 are here described4 ,fruit medium to large1 round1 somewhat conic1 angular1 ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 waxy-yellow1 splashed crimson2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 folded and plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy1 sometimes lipped2 ,stem long to medium1 thick1 green4 ,core wide1 regular1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 brown2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 aromatic2 ,quality quite good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,september and ,october4 ,stewart's ,nonpareil4--,local ,name4 ,this early apple is quite a favorite in ,clarke ,county1 ,ohio1 and may prove to be the ,tetofski1 or some other known variety1 when it comes to be more thoroughly examined4 ,fruits received from my brother1 ,j4,t4 ,warder4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 conical1 irregular1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish-green1 splashed carmine2 ,dots minute1 scattered1 indented4 ,basin small1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 narrow2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core large1 oval1 open1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 brown2 ,flesh white1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good to best2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,july and ,august1 in latitude #dj4 ,tetofski4 ,this little foreigner was brought from ,russia1 and seems as well adapted to our climate and tastes as are its companions from the same region4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy1 productive1 upright1 leaves broad1 pale or light green4 ,fruit small to medium1 round1 flattened1 somewhat conic1 angular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 striped1 splashed carmine1 white bloom4 ,basin shallow1 folded2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 or deep1 acute2 ,stem short1 yellow4 ,core large1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 fine grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,june1 ,july--before ,early ,harvest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iii4--,,round ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,golden ,harvey4 ,,brandy ,,apple4 ,this highly flavored ,english apple is often referred to1 but is rarely seen in ,american collections2 but as it may be interesting to some1 ,i quote ,downing's brief description3 ,fruit small1 irregularly round2 ,skin rather rough1 dull russet over a yellow ground1 with a russety red cheek2 ,flesh yellow1 of fine texture1 with a rich sub-acid flavor4 ,the fruit is apt to shrivel4 ,tree of slender growth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,downing's ,paragon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--;,,downing',s ,,paragon4 ,originated at ,canton1 ,illinois4 ,tree upright1 bears annually1 productive4 ,fruit large1 round1 but appearing oblong1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow to golden1 slightly bronzed or blushed when fully ripe2 this and the dots can scarcely be seen while the fruit is immature4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 irregular2 ,stem long4 ,core very small1 oval1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh very tender2 ,flavor sweet1 rich1 aromatic2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table2 ,september to ,december4 ,honey4 ,native of ,pennsylvania4 ,tree very erect and an excellent bearer4 ,fruit rather small1 oblong or oblong-conical1 greenish2 ,flesh tender1 juicy4 ,if this apple ripened in ,october 7apple butter season7 it would be more valuable4--,w4,g4 ,waring's ,,ms4 ,pennsylvania ,sweeting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfe4--,,pennsylvania ,,sweeting4 ,found in ,southern ,illinois4 ,origin and history unknown4 ,fruit large1 oblong1 regular2 ,surface dull greenish-yellow2 ,dots numerous1 dark1 distinct4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 irregular2 ,stem medium4 ,core irregular1 large1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 small2 ,flesh tender1 melting1 fine-grained2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season1 early winter4 ,wells' ,sweeting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bff4--,,wells' ,,sweeting4 ,origin and history unknown4 ,fruit medium1 round or oblong1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 white1 some blush2 ,dots scattered1 prominent4 ,basin wide1 regular1 leather-cracked2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium4 ,core pyriform1 closed2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump2 ,flesh white1 firm1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season1 ,october and ,december4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,black ,gilliflower4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--;,,black ,,gilliflower4 ,an old variety1 which cannot be very highly praised1 for it is but an indifferent fruit1 and yet1 on account of its productiveness and keeping properties1 it is considered profitable for orchard planting4 ,fruit rather large1 oblong-ovate1 regular2 ,surface nearly covered with stripes of very deep red that make it look nearly black4 ,basin very shallow1 often plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core very large1 oval1 regular1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump or imperfect2 ,flesh whitish1 dry2 ,flavor only sweet2 ,use1 essentially market1 may be valuable for stock2 ,season1 ,november to ,march4 ,mother4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--,,mother4 ,origin ,bolton1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree rather slender1 but productive4 ,fruit medium to full medium1 oblong1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 shaded red on yellow1 with close1 fine stripes of red2 ,dots minute4 ,basin medium1 regular or plaited2 ,eye long1 small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular or wavy2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 turbinate1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous2 ,flesh yellow1 crisp1 very fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet1 very rich1 vinous1 aromatic2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 ,october to ,january4 ,ramsdell's ,red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfi4--,,ramsdell',s ,,red4 ,origin ,connecticut4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 many branches1 productive1 early bearer2 ,shoots slender1 reddish2 ,foliage rather light green4 ,fruit medium to large1 oblong1 regular1 truncated2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 hidden by bright red1 mixed and striped2 ,dots numerous1 yellow1 distinct4 ,basin rather deep1 abrupt1 wavy2 ,eye small to medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem medium to long1 often red4 ,core large1 oval1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds large2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 baking and stock2 ,season1 ,september to ,december4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,mansfield ,russet4 ,brought into notice by ,dr4 ,joseph ,mansfield1 of ,groton1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree vigorous and very productive4 ,fruit small1 oblong1 inclining to conic2 ,skin cinnamon russet2 ,stem long1 inserted in a deep1 furrowed cavity2 ,calyx partially closed1 set in an open basin2 ,flesh not very juicy1 rich1 aromatic1 saccharine1 vinous2 ,keeps until ,april and ,may4--,downing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,bailey's ,golden4 ,origin ,kennebec ,county1 ,maine4 ,tree productive2 ,fruit large1 oblong1 flattened at base and crown2 ,skin yellowish1 slightly russeted1 with a warm cheek2 ,stem short1 surrounded by russet1 in a broad1 deep cavity2 ,calyx large and open1 basin shallow2 ,flesh white1 with a pleasant sub-acid flavor2 ,january to ,march4--,downing4 ,carolina ,red ,june4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--;,,carolina ,,red ,,june4 ,origin southern1 though long extensively grown in the ,north1 and everywhere in the ,west a favorite early fruit4 ,tree hardy1 vigorous1 healthy1 upright1 early bearer1 productive2 ,shoots slender1 dark2 ,foliage dark4 ,fruit small to medium1 form variable1 but generally oblong-ovate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 deep red on white1 nearly universal2 ,dots minute4 ,basin shallow1 folded1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity narrow1 acute2 ,stem medium or short4 ,core oval1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 plump2 ,flesh white1 very tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 not rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and market2 ,season1 ,june and ,july--one of the earliest4 ,there is a striped variety1 the ,striped ,june1 from ,virginia1 similar in every respect except the external markings4 ,it is1 of course1 quite different from the ,virginia ,june4--7,q4 vide p4 #ejj47 ,crawford ,keeper4 ,this fruit was received from ,h4,n4 ,gillett1 ,lawrence ,county1 ,ohio4 ,fruit large1 cylindrical1 oblong1 lop-sided2 ,surface smooth1 purplish red2 ,dots numerous1 fawn colored4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 rough1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core regular1 open2 ,seeds numerous1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 ,february to ,april4 ,very desirable4 ,cumberland ,spice4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bga4--;,,cumberland ,,spice4 ,origin ,new ,jersey2 not very extensively cultivated1 for1 though sometimes excellent1 it is not found to be a profitable sort4 ,fruit rather oblong1 contracted toward the eye1 or ovate1 regular2 sometimes the ,axis is inclined2 ,surface pale yellow2 ,dots large1 brown1 scattered4 ,basin shallow1 regular or folded2 ,eye large1 partially closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute2 ,stem generally long4 ,core large1 round1 very open1 not touching the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich1 aromatic2 ,quality good to best1 but uncertain2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 not profitable2 ,season1 ,october to ,december4 ,curtis ,greening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--;,,curtis ,,greening4 ,this fruit was found in ,illinois2 origin uncertain4 ,fruit medium to large1 cylindrical1 oblong1 truncated2 ,axis inclined2 ,surface yellow1 bronzy2 ,dots numerous1 dark1 indented4 ,basin abrupt1 wide1 regular2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular2 ,stem short4 ,core small1 fig-shaped1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 small1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table and kitchen2 ,season1 ,january and ,february4 ,dawson's ,cluster4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--;,,dawson',s ,,cluster4 ,from ,clark ,county1 ,ohio4 ,fruit full medium1 oblong-truncate or ovate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 blushed lightly with brown2 ,dots scattered1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 regular2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity very acute1 wavy2 ,stem long1 with a knob4 ,core medium1 heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 large2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality good2 ,use1 kitchen1 but chiefly recommended for cider2 ,season1 ,november4 ,an enormous bearer4 ,franklin ,golden4#ej ,,hughes' ,,american ,,golden ,,pippin4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 moderately productive2 ,fruit oblong1 cylindrical2 ,surface smooth1 yellow2 ,dots distinct1 gray1 not numerous4 ,basin wide1 shallow1 finely plaited2 ,eye long1 closed4 ,cavity medium1 greenish2 ,stem long4 ,core small1 pyriform1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds plump1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 rich2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table2 ,season1 mid-winter4 ,a choice dessert fruit4 ,grimes' ,golden4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--;,,grimes' ,,golden4 ,another apple of similar and equally high character4 ,origin1 ,brooke ,county1 ,virginia4 ,introduced to the ,state ,pomological ,society by our zealous fellow member ,s4,b4 ,marshall1 ,massillon1 ,ohio1 who obtained it from ,n4 ,wood1 of ,belmont ,county4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 spreading1 productive1 bears early2 ,shoots stout1 dark2 ,foliage abundant1 dark green4 ,fruit full medium1 cylindrical1 regular2 ,surface yellow1 vein-russeted2 ,dots numerous1 minute4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 regular1 green2 ,stem long1 curved4 ,core small1 pyriform1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking1 very fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 spicy1 rich1 refreshing2 ,quality very best2 ,use1 dessert1 too good for aught else2 those who have tried it say that it is excellent for cooking2 ,season1 ,january to ,march4 ,kirkbridge ,white4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bge4--,,kirkbridge ,,white4 ,this fruit has been pretty extensively cultivated in some parts of the ,western ,states1 and sometimes mistaken for the ,yellow ,june4 ,tree of moderate growth1 bears early1 productive4 ,fruit small1 oblong-conic1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow or white2 ,dots minute1 gray1 scattered4 ,basin small1 shallow or abrupt1 narrow1 regular2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender1 green4 ,core medium1 pyriform1 regular1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 pointed1 brown2 ,flesh white1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 table1 market2 ,season1 ,july1 ,august1 after ,early ,harvest4 ,ortley4 ,,white ,,bellflower1 ,and ,many ,others4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgf4--,,ortley4 ,this excellent ,new ,jersey apple has been cultivated very satisfactorily over a great extent of our country1 and is still seen in some ,western collections1 exhibiting all its peculiar beauty1 but in many places where it was a great favorite but a few years since1 it has become so defective from scab and bitter-rot that it is rapidly disappearing from the nurseries and orchards4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 upright1 becoming large and spreading1 very productive2 ,shoots stout1 dark1 bearing limbs brittle1 and often broken by the fruit4 ,fruit large1 oblong1 conic1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 rarely blushed light carmine1 and red spots2 ,dots minute1 indented1 white bases seen only in the unripe fruit4 ,basin medium1 regular1 plaited2 ,eye small1 very long1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 oval1 regular1 open1 meeting the very long eye2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 pointed1 dark1 easily loosened1 when they rattle in the large open capsules2 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 sprightly1 refreshing2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,november to ,january4 ,the threatened failure of this fine fruit is much to be regretted4 ,its tissue is so fine as to suit even the invalid or convalescent1 who could not safely partake of a more solid apple4 ,porter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--,,porter4 ,native of ,sherburne1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 productive4 ,fruit rather large1 oblong1 somewhat conic1 often truncated2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 often faintly blushed2 ,dots few1 sunken4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem medium4 ,core medium1 oval1 regular1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellowish white1 breaking1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 kitchen1 table1 market2 ,season1 ,august to ,october4 ,spark's4 ,,spark',s ,,late4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--,,spark',s4 ,fruited by ,jas4 ,h4 ,crain1 of ,undulation1 ,pulaski ,county1 ,illinois1 on trees received from ,j4,w4 ,felt ,co41 ,crystal ,springs1 ,mississippi4 ,special origin unknown1 but believed to be southern4 ,tree vigorous1 upright and productive2 ,shoots stout4 ,fruit full medium to large1 oblong1 conic1 regular1 handsome2 ,surface greenish-yellow2 ,dots numerous1 rather large1 gray and rough4 ,basin shallow1 small1 regular2 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 green2 ,stem medium to long4 ,core medium1 oval1 closed1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 rich1 very aromatic2 ,use1 dessert especially2 ,season1 ,december and ,january2 ,quality best4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,boalsburg4 ,a seedling of ,center ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,large1 oblong1 inclining to conical1 delicately mottled1 and striped with red on yellow ground2 ,stem short1 thick1 inserted in a deep1 acuminate1 russeted cavity2 ,basin deep1 moderately wide2 ,flesh yellow1 juicy1 sprightly1 refreshing2 ,very good2 ,february4--,ad interim ,reports4 ,mr4 ,waring1 of ,tyrone1 ,pennsylvania1 writes me that the ,boalsburg has not proved to be productive1 and that he has discontinued its propagation4 ,cannon ,pearmain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--;,,cannon ,,pearmain4 ,a southern apple2 probably from ,north ,carolina4 ,grown to some extent in parts of the ,west1 where it proves a substitute for the ,ben ,davis1 keeping longer4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy1 productive when old2 ,fruit medium1 round1 oblong or ovate1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 shaded red1 faintly striped2 ,dots large1 yellow1 gray4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 regular1 rarely wavy2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 often lipped2 ,stem long1 slender1 red4 ,core medium1 regular1 oval1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed2 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 breaking2 ,flavor mild sub-acid2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen1 table2 ,season1 ,january to ,april4 ,cooper's ,market4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 with long1 slender branches2 productive and a late keeper4 ,fruit medium1 oblong1 conic2 ,skin yellowish1 shaded with red1 striped crimson2 ,stem short2 ,cavity deep1 narrow2 ,calyx closed2 ,basin small2 ,flesh white1 tender1 with a brisk1 sub-acid flavor2 ,december to ,may4--,downing4 ,fall ,butter4--,l4 ,jones4#ea ,there are many apples with this name1 but my good friend ,lewis ,jones thinks this is the only genuine kind1 and deserving the name from its adaptation to the making of apple butter4 ,found in a seedling orchard of ,eastern ,indiana1 and a distinct sort4 ,fruit large1 handsome1 globular2 ,surface smooth1 greenish-yellow2 ,dots minute1 prominent4 ,basin regular1 abrupt1 brown2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 narrow1 green2 ,stem short4 ,core medium1 round1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 plump1 dark2 ,flesh yellowish-white1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sweet2 ,quality best for table1 baking and apple butter2 ,season1 ,december and ,january4 ,hague4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhj4--;,,hague4 ,introduced by ,lewis ,jones1 ,wayne ,county1 ,indiana4 ,believed to be a seedling4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 oblong1 cylindrical1 truncate2 ,surface smooth1 greenish yellow1 shaded more or less with red1 striped and splashed deep red2 ,dots numerous or scattered1 large1 distinct1 yellow4 ,basin medium1 regular2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem short to medium1 curved4 ,core large1 heart-shaped1 regular1 closed or open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 short1 pointed1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich2 ,quality very good to best2 ,use1 table1 market2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,worthy of attention4 ,herman4 ,from ,cumberland ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 quite prolific4 ,fruit medium1 oblong1 conic2 fine red1 striped on green1 ,flesh greenish white1 tender1 juicy1 sub-acid1 and high flavor2 ,november to ,april4--,saml4 ,miller1 in ,downing4 ,indiana ,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bha4--;,,indiana ,,beauty4 ,this beautiful ,indiana seedling always attracts attention by its external appearance1 but it is not destined to become a general favorite4 ,fruit large1 cylindrical1 oblong1 unequal2 ,axis inclined2 ,surface very smooth yellow1 partially covered mixed scarlet1 splashed carmine2 ,dots numerous1 small4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded2 ,eye medium to large1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy2 ,stem medium4 ,core small1 oval1 closed1 clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 pointed1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellowish1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,september1 ,november4 ,jonathan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--;,,jonathan4 ,origin1 ,kingston1 ,new ,york4 ,described by ,judge ,buell4 ,a very superior dessert fruit2 good for all purposes1 and seems to do well everywhere4 ,its excellence has caused it to be called1 particularly1 a gentleman's apple1 though quite acceptable to the farmers' boys4 ,tree of rather slender growth2 hence top-grafted in the orchard and stock-grafted in the nursery to produce early results2 ,spreading1 rather drooping1 productive2 ,shoots slender1 light brown1 buds small2 ,foliage rather sparse1 grayish4 ,fruit medium1 round or oblong1 conic1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface very smooth1 waxy yellow1 wholly covered brilliant dark red1 mixed and striped2 ,dots minute1 russet-veined4 ,basin deep1 regular1 russet-veined2 ,eye small1 closed1 green4 ,cavity acute1 deep1 regular1 reddish brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core medium1 roundish-oval1 regular1 closed1 scarcely clasping the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 angular2 ,flesh1 whitish yellow1 tender1 breaking1 very juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 equal to ,spitzenberg2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert1 cooking1 c42 ,december1 ,january4 ,should be in every orchard4 ,kaighn's ,spitzenberg4--,coxe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhc4--,,kaighn',s ,,spitzenberg4 ,from ,gloucester ,county1 ,new ,jersey4 ,tree spreading1 very productive2 ,shoots slender4 ,fruit large1 handsome1 oblong1 slightly conic1 truncated1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 striped crimson2 ,dots minute4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 folded or regular2 ,eye medium1 closed2 ,segments reflexed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 regular1 brown2 ,stem long1 slender1 red4 ,core large1 pyriform1 regular1 clasping1 generally open2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular1 loose2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rather rich2 ,quality good for culinary use2 ,market and drying2 ,season1 ,november1 ,december4 ,knowles' ,early4 ,a favorite early apple about ,philadelphia4 ,origin supposed to be ,bucks ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree medium1 thrifty1 very productive1 early bearer4 ,fruit small1 conical1 oblong1 striped dull red on yellow4 ,basin shallow1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular2 ,stem medium to long4 ,flesh yellowish1 very tender1 juicy2 ,flavor mild sub-acid1 aromatic1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,use1 table1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,july and ,august4 ,long ,island ,pearmain4--,coxe4 ,,autumn ,,pearmain1 ,thompson1 according to ,downing4--,,winter ,,pearmain1 ,western markets4 ,an old variety found in all the early orchards of ,ohio and ,indiana1 that were within the influence of ,silas ,wharton's nursery4 ,a good1 profitable variety that has been overlooked in the rage for novelties4 ,tree large1 spreading1 very productive2 ,fruit full medium1 round1 elongated1 tapering slightly from the base1 always truncated at the apex1 regular2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish green1 covered with dull red1 and striped maroon2 ,dots numerous1 minute1 gray2 russet-veined towards the base4 ,basin regular1 wide1 rather deep1 slightly leather-cracked2 ,eye medium1 open2 ,segments long4 ,cavity rather wide2 ,stem long4 ,core medium1 heart-shaped1 regular1 closed1 not clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 large1 plump1 brown24 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 firm1 not very juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich1 agreeable2 ,quality good2 ,use1 family and market2 ,season1 ,november till ,march4 ,marston's ,red ,winter4 ,as ,i have never seen this fruit1 ,i again quote from ,downing3 ,i received this beautiful apple from ,nathan ,norton1 of ,greenland1 ,new ,hampshire1 who said the original tree was more than a hundred years old1 and still standing4 ,tree hardy1 of moderate growth1 great bearer1 and keeps as well as ,baldwin1 and by many preferred to that variety1 and is a popular fruit in the neighborhood4 ,fruit above medium size1 oblong1 oval1 inclining to ovate2 ,stem three-quarters of an inch long1 rather slender1 in a narrow1 deep1 compressed1 slightly russeted cavity1 sometimes with a lip2 ,calyx partially closed2 ,segments long1 in a deep1 corrugated basin2 ,color whitish yellow1 shaded and striped with bright green and crimson1 thickly sprinkled with minute dots2 ,flesh whitish yellow1 very juicy1 tender1 sprightly1 sub-acid flavor2 ,december to ,march4 ,mifflin ,king4 ,origin ,mifflin ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit small1 color of ,rambo perhaps a trifle more red1 oblong2 ,flesh remarkably tender1 juicy and pleasant2 ,first rate4--,american ,pomological ,society's ,report4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,i4--,,regular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,,none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,sweet ,bellflower4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhd4--,,sweet ,,bellflower4 ,this apple is supposed to have originated in the neighborhood of ,dayton1 ,ohio1 and is cultivated chiefly in the adjacent regions1 and when found elsewhere is traceable to this source4 ,fruit large1 roundish oblong1 angular2 ,surface uneven1 greenish yellow1 becoming creamy yellow1 very rarely blushed or bronzed2 ,dots minute1 indented1 surrounded by green in the unripe fruit4 ,basin medium1 folded2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments long1 reflexed4 ,cavity acute1 wavy1 green2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core regular1 roundish1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 plump1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh white1 fine-grained1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good to very good2 ,use1 baking1 table2 ,season1 ,december4 ,not equal to ,broadwell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,harnish4 ,from ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit medium1 oblong1 oval1 slightly angular2 ,skin mostly shaded with dark red1 and sprinkled with grayish dots2 ,flesh compact1 tender1 not juicy1 almost sweet1 pleasant2 ,september to ,october4--,downing4 ,illinois ,pumpkin ,sweet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--;,,illinois ,,pumpkin ,,sweet4 ,this apple was found in ,illinois4 ,from the orchard of ,mr4 ,montagu1 who esteemed it very highly4 ,fruit medium1 oblong1 ovate1 angular2 ,surface mixed1 splashed and striped with dull red2 ,dots scattered1 distinct1 yellow4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 folded2 ,stem medium1 inclined4 ,core medium1 pyriform1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump2 ,flesh yellow1 rather tough in winter1 but becomes melting in ,june2 ,flavor very sweet2 ,quality good1 ,montagu says best2 ,use1 kitchen1 table2 ,season1 ,january till ,june4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #a4--,,sweet4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,,none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #a4--,,self-,,colored4 ,genesee ,chief4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhf4--;,,genesee ,,chief4 ,fruit large to very large1 roundish oblong1 ribbed or angular2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 sometimes bronzed2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin shallow1 medium2 ,eye small1 but very long1 closed4 ,cavity narrow1 pointed1 green2 ,stem medium1 knobby4 ,core very large1 round1 clasping1 very open2 ,seeds numerous1 defective1 angular1 brown2 ,flesh white1 tender1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid1 thin2 ,quality second rate--good only for cooking2 ,season1 ,august4 ,henwood4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhg4--;,,henwood4 ,a seedling of ,indiana4 ,brought into notice by ,lewis ,jones1 of ,wayne ,county1 who has frequently exhibited the fruit1 and distributed grafts of this excellent apple1 which may compensate for the failure of its reputed parent1 the ,ortley4 ,fruit large1 oblong1 conic or ovate1 often angular or ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow1 rarely blushed2 ,dots scattered1 dark4 ,basin shallow1 often abrupt1 folded or plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core rather small1 round1 regular1 open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 angular2 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality very good to best2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,keswick ,codling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhh4--,,keswick ,,codling4 ,an old ,english variety1 which has greatly pleased the people of our country1 who find it a valuable market and family fruit1 particularly desirable in the ,north and ,northwest4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy1 productive1 an early bearer2 ,shoots branching in a peculiar manner1 dark4 ,fruit medium1 oblong1 conical1 truncated1 ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 pale yellow2 ,dots scattered1 minute4 ,basin medium1 folded2 ,eye medium to large1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 regular1 browned2 ,stem long1 yellow4 ,core large1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular2 ,flesh greenish yellow1 fine-grained1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality good to very good for its use--cooking2 ,season1 ,august to ,october4 ,the fruit may be cooked in ,june4 ,newark ,pippin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhi4--,,newark ,,pippin4 ,origin1 ,new ,jersey4 ,tree not large1 brushy1 limbs crooked1 twiggy1 drooping1 not very productive or satisfactory4 ,fruit above medium1 oblong1 cylindrical1 truncated very abruptly1 slightly angular2 ,surface smooth1 rich yellow when ripe2 ,dots minute4 ,basin wide1 regular2 ,eye large1 open4 ,cavity wide1 regular2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,core large1 oval or pyriform1 regular1 closed1 clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 angular1 plump2 ,flesh deep yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic1 rich1 sprightly2 ,quality best2 ,use1 dessert1 cooking2 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,a delicious fruit for amateurs1 but its place is supplanted by ,grimes' ,golden1 which is a much better tree1 with fruit of similar good qualities1 and better4 ,rock ,pippin4 ,,ridge ,,pippin1 ,,lemon1 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bij4--,,rock ,,pippin4 ,this admirable long-keeper has claims upon the attention of the commercial orchardist1 on account of its soundness and beauty in the spring4 ,tree very thrifty1 large1 productive2 ,branches open1 spreading2 ,shoots stout1 dark2 ,foliage large1 scattered4 ,fruit full medium1 oblong1 ovate1 angular1 often ribbed1 truncate at the apex1 sometimes unequal2 ,surface very smooth1 very rich yellow1 blushed bright carmine when ripe2 ,dots few1 small1 dark4 ,basin shallow1 plaited or folded2 ,eye small1 short1 closed4 ,cavity acute1 often lipped2 ,stem medium4 ,core medium1 pyriform1 open1 somewhat clasping2 ,seeds numerous1 long1 brown2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 rather dry2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 rich2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 market and kitchen2 ,season1 ,december to ,may2 of most value to sell at the latter period4 ,cooks well all winter4 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bia4--,,yellow ,,bellflower4 ,this noble and valuable constituent of our orchards came from ,burlington ,county1 ,new ,jersey1 where it was first described by ,coxe4 ,this apple has succeeded in almost all parts of the country1 ,north and ,south1 and has proved remarkably hardy4 ,the quality of the fruit varies with the soil1 being best and most highly flavored and colored on exposed ridges of rather thin soil1 while those on rich low bottoms or prairies are slow in bearing1 and then produce very large fruit4 ,the crops1 however1 are not always satisfactory in such situations1 though the trees become very large2 the blossoms are often destroyed by spring frosts4 ,tree vigorous1 thrifty1 hardy1 large1 spreading1 drooping2 ,twigs slender1 brown2 ,foliage abundant1 long1 wavy2 ,blossoms very large1 on long stems1 exposed to the weather and not protected by the leaves4 ,fruit large to very large1 oblong1 ovate1 angular1 ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 rich yellow1 sometimes blushed2 ,dots scattered gray4 ,basin shallow or moderately deep1 plaited or folded2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute or wide1 wavy2 ,stem long1 curved4 ,core large1 oval1 open1 clasping2 ,seeds dark1 large1 angular1 imperfect2 ,flesh yellow1 breaking1 fine-grained1 juicy2 ,flavor acid to sub-acid1 aromatic1 very rich and satisfying2 ,quality best2 ,use1 table1 kitchen1 market2 ,season1 ,december4 ,one of the finest culinary apples in the catalogue4 ,york ,imperial4 ,from the neighborhood of ,york1 ,pennsylvania4 ,exhibited before the ,state ,society at the meeting in ,lebanon1 #ahee4 ,tree said to be healthy and productive4 ,fruit large1 rather oblong1 somewhat angular2 ,surface smooth1 mixed bright red on greenish yellow4 ,basin wide1 plaited2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 wide2 ,stem short4 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality quite good2 ,use1 market1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,january1 ,february4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #b4--,,striped4 ,clyde ,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bib4--;,,clyde ,,beauty4 ,origin1 ,wayne ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 very productive4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 conic1 angular2 ,skin greenish1 oily1 sprinkled and mottled with dull red1 and bright red in the sun2 ,stem short1 slender1 inserted in an acute cavity2 ,calyx closed1 set in a small corrugated basin2 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy with a brisk sub-acid flavor2 ,october to ,january4--,downing4 ,frank or ,chenango4 ,,chenango ,,strawberry4 ,this beautiful apple has been called also the ,late ,strawberry4 ,so1 to avoid confusion1 perhaps1 it were better to adopt its local name ,frank4 ,it is a native of ,new ,york4 ,fruit medium to large oblong1 tapering1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 beautifully striped on waxen yellow4 ,basin folded and plaited1 abrupt2 ,eye medium1 closed4 ,cavity acuminate2 ,stem medium4 ,flesh tender1 juicy2 ,flavor sub-acid1 aromatic2 ,quality very good2 ,use1 dessert2 ,season1 autumn4 ,minister4 ,this ,new ,england apple was introduced by ,mr4 ,manning2 when he brought it before the ,american ,pomological ,society1 it met with so much favor from the members of that body that it was adopted and recommended4 ,in the ,western ,states it has failed to give satisfaction and is generally discarded1 but further ,north it may do as well as in ,new ,england4 ,in ,ohio it becomes an autumn apple1 and is only used for cooking1 when we have plenty of others that are preferred4 ,tree healthy1 vigorous1 early bearer1 and constantly productive4 ,fruit full medium to large1 oblong1 tapering to the eye1 ribbed1 irregular2 ,surface smooth1 yellow1 covered bright red mixed1 splashed carmine1 often handsome2 ,dots minute4 ,basin very narrow1 folded1 plaited2 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 sometimes brown2 ,stem long1 slender4 ,flesh yellowish1 breaking1 juicy2 ,flavor acid2 ,quality only good2 ,use1 kitchen2 ,season1 ,september and later2 not a winter fruit in latitude forty4 ,striped ,gilliflower4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bic4--,,striped ,,gilliflower4 ,fruit quite large1 oblong1 conical1 truncated1 ribbed2 ,surface smooth1 yellowish white1 mixed red1 splashed carmine2 ,dots rare1 gray4 ,basin abrupt1 folded2 ,eye large1 closed4 ,cavity wide1 wavy1 brown2 ,stem short1 curved4 ,core large1 round1 very open1 meeting the eye2 ,seeds small1 plump1 black2 ,flesh yellowish white1 breaking2 ,flavor sub-acid2 ,quality scarcely good2 ,use1 market only2 ,season1 ,september4 ,less ribbed than the ,scalloped ,gilliflower4 ,toccoa4 ,from ,toccoa ,falls1 ,habersham ,county1 ,georgia4 ,fruit rather large1 conical1 irregular or oblong2 ,skin whitish yellow1 considerably shaded with carmine1 and sprinkled with a few brown dots2 ,stem short1 inserted in a deep cavity2 ,calyx partially closed1 set in a rather large basin2 ,flesh whitish1 juicy1 tender1 pleasant1 mild sub-acid2 ,november to ,february4--,downing4 ,perhaps not an early bearer2 my trees1 set six years1 have not yet fruited4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,class ,,iv4--,,oblong ,,apples4 ,,order ,,ii4--,,irregular4 ,,section #b4--,,sour4 ,,sub-,,section #c4--,,russet4 ,bourrassa4 ,foreign4 ,said to do well in the ,north2 have seen it handsome at ,detroit4 ,fruit medium1 oblong1 ovate1 somewhat angular and ribbed2 ,surface yellow1 covered lightly with a rich red russet1 giving it an orange hue4 ,basin small2 ,eye small1 closed2 ,segments very long4 ,cavity deep1 acute1 wavy2 ,stem long4 ,flesh white or stained1 tender2 ,flavor acid1 spicy1 aromatic2 ,quality pretty good1 but apt to be tough and wilted2 ,season1 ,november to ,december4 ,not worth trying in the ,south4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,vide ,horticulturist for #ahfa p4 #dj4 #ej ,fall ,butter1 on page #fgg1 belongs here4 #ea ,see page #fgj4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,fruit ,,lists4 ,,every ,,planter ,,must ,,judge ,,for ,,himself ,,and ,,observe ,,the ,,sorts ,,that ,,succeed ,,in ,,his ,,own ,,neighborhood4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,make ,,lists ,,for ,,general ,,cultivation ,,abortive4 ,,state ,,and ,,regional ,,lists ,,may ,,approximate ,,usefulness4 ,,so ,,many ,,elements ,,in ,,making ,a ,,decision4 ,,our ,,tastes ,,differ4 ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,lists ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,pomological ,,society ,,and ,,to ,,those ,,of ,,local ,,societies4 ,,present ,a ,,few ,,selected ,,lists4 ,,the ,,question ,,of ,,hardiness ,,is ,,of ,,great ,,interest4 ,,lists ,,of ,,hardy ,,and ,,tender ,,varieties4 ,,lists ,,for ,,cider4 ,every orchard planter who examines the extended variety of fruits presented to him in the books1 and by the nurserymen1 must feel greatly embarrassed when he comes to select the varieties for his own orchards4 ,almost every one of the long lists is recommended for some good quality1 and the number of best1 which he is apt to conclude means indispensable for him1 is wonderfully large4 ,some persons are bewildered by the array presented in the catalogue1 and fall back upon their own slender stock of information1 selecting only one well known variety2 but most persons commit a far greater fault by attempting to grasp all the varieties that are offered and commended1 which is very well for some one person in every region to do4 ,it is a labor of love for the benefit of his fellow townsmen2 but it is far better for him who is about to plant an orchard1 either large or small1 to determine which varieties are best adapted for his purposes4 ,for the small planter1 who is providing for the wants of his family1 a number of varieties that will ripen in succession will be best1 and the sorts should be selected with regard to their qualities for household uses4 ,the planter of extensive commercial orchards1 on the contrary1 will need but a limited number of varieties1 which should be selected with a view to the wants of the markets he intends to supply1 as well as to the productiveness of the fruit1 and its ability to bear transportation4 ,while it is desirable to have but a few well selected varieties in such an orchard1 it must be recollected that even when there is a general failure of the crop1 there are always some sorts that bear fruit1 and this is an argument against making the list too small4 ,all attempts to make out lists of fruits for general cultivation over the great extent of our country have been abortive4 ,state and regional lists are made by the ,pomological and other societies1 which are useful in rendering approximate information2 but1 at last1 every planter should observe the fruits that succeed in his own neighborhood1 and upon soil similar to his own1 and select his varieties for planting accordingly4 ,in making up our judgment of the excellence of a fruit1 there are many elements that enter into the question of what constitutes a good apple1 and so much depends upon the tastes of the individuals who have the question to decide1 that at last every one is left to make up his own mind as to what will be best for his particular case4 ,the ,american ,pomological ,society1 many years ago1 attempted to make out lists that would be applicable to the whole country1 but it was very soon discovered that their recommendations were by no means of universal application1 and that what was valuable in one section was worthless in another4 ,the ,state and local societies took up the work1 and the result of their labors has been of great value to persons similarly situated4 ,in some ,states1 regions1 with peculiar soils and different underlying rocks1 were found to be more or less fitted for the production of different varieties1 and partial or local lists have been made out upon this principle4 ,the greater value of the data thus obtained commended itself to the ,national ,society1 which has since collated these lists so far as possible in a tabular form1 which shows the relative appreciation in which many varieties are held in the several regions that have reported2 to these the reader is referred4#eb ,at present ,i propose to present a few lists which have been given by eminent pomologists1 in different parts of the country1 as the result of their extended observations1 and applicable in their several districts4 ,henry ,little and others recommend for ,maine3 ,baldwin1 ,blue ,pearmain1 ,bough1 ,danvers1 ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 ,fameuse1 ,golden ,ball1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,gravenstein1 ,hubbardston1 ,jewett's ,fine ,red1 ,minister1 ,mother1 ,northern ,spy1 ,porter1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,ribstone ,pippin1 ,roxbury ,russet1 ,sops of ,wine1 ,tallman ,sweet1 ,vandervere 7,newtown ,spitzenberg71 ,vermont1 ,williams' ,favorite1 ,winthrop4 ,the following list was furnished by ,c4 ,goodrich for ,vermont3 ,baldwin1 ,bough1 ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 ,early ,harvest1 ,esopus ,spitzenberg1 ,gravenstein1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,northern ,spy1 ,porter1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,roxbury ,russet4 ,recommended by ,thomas ,hancock for ,new ,jersey3 ,american ,golden ,russet1 ,bough1 ,early ,harvest1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,hagloe1 ,juneating1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,monmouth ,pippin1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,summer ,rose1 ,striped ,harvest1 ,tewksbury ,blush1 ,white ,seek-no-further4 ,wm4 ,parry1 of ,burlington ,county1 ,new ,jersey1 an excellent judge of market qualities1 recommends1 after thorough trial1 the following for profit3 ,bachelor's ,blush1 ,bough1 ,hagloe1 ,maiden's ,blush4 ,jno4 ,diehl gave this list as desirable for ,delaware3 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,baldwin1 ,bough1 ,caleb1 ,danvers' ,winter1 ,early ,harvest1 ,early ,red ,margaret1 ,early ,red ,streak1 ,english ,russet1 ,fallawater1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,gilpin1 ,greening1 ,herefordshire ,pearmain1 ,lady1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,rambo1 ,roman ,stem1 ,smokehouse1 ,summer ,golden ,pippin1 ,summer ,queen1 ,white ,juneating1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,mr4 ,robey1 of ,fredericksburgh1 recommends for that part of ,virginia3 ,abram1 ,baltimore ,pippin1 ,bowling ,sweet1 ,brooke's ,pippin1 ,carter1 ,garden1 ,gloucester ,white1 ,green ,newtown ,pippin1 ,hollady1 ,ladies' ,favorite1 ,leather ,coat1 ,limbertwig1 ,milam1 ,ogleby1 ,pryor's ,red1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,red ,cathead1 ,roberson's ,white1 ,russet 7871 ,spice 7,va471 ,strawn's ,seedling1 ,summer ,cheese1 ,summer ,golden ,pippin1 ,vandervere1 ,waugh's ,crab1 ,winesap1 ,winter ,cheese1 ,winter ,queen4 ,daniel ,k4 ,underwood1 ,michigan1 gives the following extended catalogue3 ,,summer4 ,early ,harvest1 ,early ,joe1 ,early ,strawberry1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,sweet ,bough1 ,sine-qua-non1 ,summer ,queen1 ,summer ,rose4 ,,autumn4 ,alexander1 ,daniel1 ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 ,dyer1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,fameuse1 ,gravenstein1 ,hawley1 ,jersey ,sweet1 ,keswick ,codling1 ,late ,strawberry1 ,porter1 ,rambo1 ,cayuga ,red ,streak1 ,fall ,wine4 ,,winter4 ,baldwin1 ,belmont1 ,black ,detroit1 ,blue ,pearmain1 ,bourrassa1 ,cornish ,gilliflower1 ,domine1 ,english ,russet1 ,esopus1 ,green ,newtown1 ,golden ,russet1 ,herefordshire1 ,hubbardston1 ,jonathan1 ,ladies' ,sweeting1 ,lady1 ,northern ,spy1 ,peck's ,pleasant1 ,red ,canada1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,roxbury1 ,swaar1 ,stone1 ,twenty ,ounce ,pippin1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,vandervere 7,newtown ,spitzenberg71 ,westfield1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,j4,d4,g4 ,nelson1 ,president of the ,indiana ,state ,society1 an extensive orchardist at ,fort ,wayne1 presented the following list as the result of long experience in ,northern ,indiana3 ,,summer4 ,red ,astrachan1 less profitable4 ,early ,harvest1 less profitable4 ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 more profitable4 ,keswick ,codling1 more profitable4 ,sweet ,bough4 ,high-top ,sweet1 for profit4 ,,fall4 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,porter1 ,rambo1 ,trenton ,early1 ,dyer1 ,lowell1 ,hawley1 ,golden ,sweet4 ,,winter ,,apples ,,for ,,extensive ,,cultivation ,,for ,,market4 ,,dark4--,ben ,davis1 #ejj trees4 ,smith's ,cider1 #cjj trees4 ,jersey ,black1 #bjj trees4 ,,light4--,belmont1 need careful handling ,wagener1 need careful handling ,yellow ,bellflower1 need careful handling ,,sweet4--,bentley ,sweet1 keeps well4 ,london ,sweet1 keeps well4 ,talman ,sweet1 keeps well4 ,,amateur ,,list4 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,american ,golden ,russet1 ,evening ,party1 ,king of ,tompkins ,county1 ,swaar1 ,newtown ,pippin4 ,dr4 ,cornett1 of ,versailles1 ,indiana1 advised to plant ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,bohanon1 ,carolina ,red ,june1 ,cooper1 ,early ,harvest1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,fall ,wine1 ,golden ,russet 7,american871 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,pryor's ,red1 ,rambo1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,messrs4 ,lawyer1 of ,south ,pass1 ,union ,county1 ,illinois1 recommends of #a1jjj trees for profit3 #bej ,ben ,davis1 #ajj ,early ,harvest1 #ej ,nickajack1 #ej ,pryor's ,red1 #aej ,rawle's ,janet1 #aej ,red ,astrachan1 #ej ,rome ,beauty1 #ej ,smith's ,cider1 #ej ,white ,pippin1 #ajj ,winesap4 ,parker ,earle1 ,president of the ,illinois ,state ,horticultural ,society1 an intelligent fruit cultivator in the ,southern portion of that ,state 7called ,egypt71 recommends the following list as being well adapted for profit3 ,ben ,davis1 ,buckingham1 ,carolina ,red ,june1 ,early ,harvest1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,jonathan1 ,keswick ,codling1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,rambo1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,white ,pippin1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,hampton1 ,hardin ,county1 ,ohio1 recommends for a select list of winter apples3 ,broadwell1 ,hubbardston1 ,michael ,henry1 ,ortley1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,seedling ,jersey ,sweet1 ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,yellow ,newtown ,pippin4 ,h4,b4 ,spencer1 of ,rockport1 ,cuyahoga ,county1 ,ohio1 recommends the following3 ,baldwin1 ,baltimore1 ,belmont1 ,esopus ,spitzenberg1 ,peck's ,pleasant1 ,red ,canada1 ,roxbury ,russet4 ,mr4 ,g4,w4 ,dean1 of ,welshfield1 ,geauga ,county1 ,ohio1 gives the following list of ten3 ,baldwin1 ,baltimore1 ,canada ,red1 ,hubbardston1 ,ladies' ,sweeting1 ,peck's ,pleasant1 ,rambo1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,swaar1 ,westfield ,seek-no-further4 ,recommended by ,m4,b4 ,bateham1 ,secretary ,ohio ,pomological ,society1 for the ,central and ,southern portion of the ,state3 ,,summer4 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,bough1 ,early ,harvest1 ,early ,pennock1 ,early ,strawberry1 ,golden ,sweeting1 ,high-top ,sweet1 ,keswick ,codling1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,summer ,queen1 ,tetofski4 ,,autumn4 ,cooper1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,gravenstein1 ,jersey ,sweet1 ,lowell1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,ohio ,nonpareil1 ,orange ,sweet1 ,rambo1 ,smokehouse4 ,,winter4 ,bullock's ,pippin1 ,domine1 ,fallawater1 ,london ,sweet1 ,milam1 ,mount ,pleasant ,sweet1 ,newtown ,spitzenberg1 ,pryor's ,red1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,tallman1 ,western ,spy1 ,white ,pippin1 ,willow1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,select lists from ,h4,n4 ,gillett for ,southern ,ohio1 ,western ,virginia and ,kentucky3 ,,summer ,,varieties4 ,benoni1 ,early ,harvest1 ,early ,chandler1 ,primate1 ,pound ,royal1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,summer ,rose1 ,summer ,queen1 ,summer ,seek-no-further1 ,sine-qua-non4 ,,fall ,,varieties4 ,corse's ,favorite1 ,cooper1 ,favorite1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,fall ,wine1 ,fallawater1 ,gravenstein1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,king of ,pippins1 ,porter4 ,,winter ,,varieties4 ,ben ,davis1 ,black ,coal1 ,broadwell1 ,buckingham ,autumn1 ,bullock's ,pippin1 ,carolina ,red ,nickajack81 ,defiance1 ,harrison1 ,hewes' ,crab1 ,lady1 ,pryor's ,red1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,red ,cedar1 ,rolen's ,keeper1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,roxbury ,russet1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,by ,henry ,hefflebower1 an extensive orchardist at ,montclovia1 ,lucas ,county1 ,ohio3 ,american ,golden ,russet1 ,baldwin1 ,bellflower1 ,belmont1 ,bough1 ,early ,harvest1 ,fallawater1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,king of ,tompkins1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,newtown ,spitzenberg1 ,none ,such1 ,porter1 ,primate1 ,rambo1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,seek-no-further1 ,smokehouse1 ,summer ,queen1 ,summer ,rose1 ,swaar1 ,sweet ,bellflower1 ,tallow ,pippin1 ,twenty ,ounce4 ,,hardy ,,and ,,tender4 ,after the sad experiences in many portions of the ,northwest1 where in some severe winters whole orchards of trees and extensive nurseries were ruined by the cold1 it has become a most important question for planters to ask whether the varieties recommended are hardy4 ,the testimony of some of our best observers has been collected1 and will be of value1 though it may be observed that there is some discrepancy as to certain sorts4 ,the following list of hardy and tender varieties was prepared by ,reuben ,ragan1 ,putnam ,county1 ,indiana1 and has since been carefully revised4 ,soil a rich argillaceous loam on lime stone3 ,,tender4 ,baldwin1 ,bullock's ,pippin1 ,early ,harvest1 ,esopus1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,gravenstein1 ,michael ,henry1 99,newtown ,spitzenberg1 ,ortley1 ,pryor's ,red1 ,rambo1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 99,roxbury ,russet1 99,summer ,queen4 99 ,these suffered in the nursery especially4 ,,hardy4 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,carolina ,june 7,red71 ,carolina ,june 7,striped71 ,chronicle1 ,danvers' ,winter ,sweet1 ,early ,strawberry1 ,fall ,queen1 ,fall ,wine1 ,farley ,red1 ,hannah1 ,hoops1 ,horse1 ,lewis 7of ,ragan71 ,mc,affee1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,northern ,spy1 ,pennock1 ,pottinger1 ,president1 ,priestley1 ,ragan's ,red1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,red ,streak1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,sine-qua-non1 ,transport1 ,vandervere ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,yellow ,juneating4 ,a4,l4 ,benedict1 of ,monroe ,county1 has taken great pains in making out lists of those that were entirely destroyed1 partially injured1 and slightly affected by the terribly severe winter of #ahee-f3 ,,entirely ,,destroyed4 ,baldwin ,sweet1 ,blue ,pearmain1 ,cheeseboro ,russet1 ,egg ,top1 ,english ,russet1 ,esopus ,spitzenberg1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,french ,pippin1 ,lowre ,queen1 ,newtown ,spitzenberg1 ,red ,juneating1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,robinson1 ,romanite1 ,spice ,sweeting1 ,wing ,sweet1 ,yellow ,vandervere4 ,,partially ,,injured4 ,american ,golden ,russet1 ,belmont1 ,black1 ,bough1 ,butter1 ,colvert1 ,detroit ,black1 ,early ,harvest1 ,fall ,wine1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,gray ,vandervere1 ,hoops1 ,kaighn's ,spitzenberg1 ,london ,winter ,sweet1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,ortley1 ,peck's ,pleasant1 ,pennock1 ,pine1 ,rambo1 ,raritan ,sweet1 ,roxbury ,russet1 ,scallop ,gilliflower1 ,streaked ,vandervere1 ,swaar1 ,sweet ,gilliflower1 ,tift's ,sweet1 ,tulpehocken1 ,white ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,,hardy ,,or ,,but ,,slightly ,,injured4 ,bethlemite1 ,black ,gilliflower1 ,blockley1 ,gloria ,mundi1 ,grindstone1 ,harrison 7,newark ,king71 ,jersey ,king1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,may1 ,molasses1 ,pennsylvania ,red ,streak1 ,pound ,pippin1 ,pumpkin ,sweet1 ,red ,winter ,sweet1 ,roman ,stem1 ,saint ,lawrence1 ,saner's ,early ,sweet1 ,summer ,queen1 ,summer ,rose1 ,sweet ,vandervere1 ,tallman ,sweet1 ,westfield ,seek-no-further1 ,white ,rambo1 ,whitmore's ,sweeting1 ,yellow ,newtown ,pippin4 ,m4,l4 ,comstock1 of ,iowa1 gives the following list of apples that are found to be tender in that region3 ,baldwin1 ,esopus ,spitzenberg1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,fameuse1 ,gravenstein1 ,golden ,russet1 ,hubbardston1 ,jonathan1 ,ladies' ,sweet1 ,newtown ,spitzenberg1 ,peck's ,pleasant1 ,pomme ,grise1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,red ,canada1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain4 ,f4,w4 ,landon1 ,janesville1 ,wisconsin1 thinking the hardy list would be too long1 gives the following as tender3 ,autumn ,strawberry1 ,baldwin1 ,cloth of ,gold1 ,early ,strawberry1 ,esopus ,spitzenberg1 ,lady1 ,newtown ,spitzenberg1 ,northern ,spy1 ,norton's ,melon1 ,westfield ,seek-no-further4 ,j4,c4 ,brayton1 ,azatlan1 ,wisconsin1 gives the following list of hardy and valuable fruits for the rich lands in the western part of the ,state3 ,,summer4 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 ,benoni1 ,early ,harvest1 ,early ,pennock1 ,early ,red1 ,fall ,stripe1 ,high-top ,sweet4 ,,autumn4 ,bailey ,sweet1 ,fall ,orange1 ,fall ,winesap1 ,fameuse1 ,late ,strawberry1 ,red ,streak1 ,roseau1 ,saint ,lawrence1 ,sweet ,pear1 ,trenton ,early1 ,utter's ,large1 ,white ,gilliflower4 ,,winter4 ,broadwell1 ,domine1 ,flushing ,spitzenberg1 ,golden ,russet1 ,hoops8 ,limbertwig1 ,northern ,spy1 ,perry ,russet1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,red ,spitzenberg1 ,tallman's ,sweet1 ,wagener1 ,westfield ,seek-no-further1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,winesap1 ,yellow ,bellflower4 ,,hardy1 ,,if ,,top-,,grafted4 ,autumn ,swaar1 ,belmont1 ,english ,russet1 ,fulton1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,herefordshire ,pearmain1 ,jonathan1 ,lowell1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,june1 ,sops of ,wine4 ,,sweet ,,apples ,,for ,,baking ,,and ,,for ,,stock ,,feeding4 ,with many persons the consumption of sweet apples becomes an important item of household economy2 for the feeding and fattening of stock sweet apples have deservedly attracted the attention of intelligent farmers1 and they may yet be much more extensively planted in many places where the land is not well adapted to the production of grain and other staple crops for the support of man and the animals under his care4 ,with a view to aid the planter the following lists have been collated3 ,sweet apples to be planted for stock feeding4 ,recommended by ,t4,s4 ,humrickhouse1 of ,coshocton1 ,ohio1 in ,ohio ,cultivator1 vol4 ,,vi1 page #bhc3 ,,summer4 99,duling ,sweet1 ,golden ,sweet1 99,jersey ,sweet1 ,pumpkin ,sweet1 ,red and ,green ,sweet1 ,summer ,sweet1 99,summer ,sweet ,paradise1 99,sweet ,bough4 99 ,my friends write that they would have preferred more of these sorts1 and that they planted such trees as were at hand at that time4 ,,autumn4 99,haskell ,sweet1 99,kinsey's ,sweet1 ,lyman's ,pumpkin1 ,ramsdell's1 ,spice ,sweet1 99,superb ,sweet4 99 ,my friends write that they would have preferred more of these sorts1 and that they planted such trees as were at hand at that time4 ,,winter4 ,baldwin ,sweet1 ,broadwell1 ,butter ,sweet1 99,danvers' ,winter1 ,honey ,sweeting1 99,ladies' ,sweeting1 ,late ,pound ,sweet1 ,may1 ,mc,kay's ,favorite1 99,phillips' ,sweeting1 99,tallman's ,sweeting1 ,wells' ,sweeting1 ,winter ,sweeting4 99 ,my friends write that they would have preferred more of these sorts1 and that they planted such trees as were at hand at that time4 ,,also1 ,,less ,,known1 ,acid ,sweet1 ,akeson's ,sweet1 ,beauty of the ,west1 ,cash ,sweet1 ,charlotte ,sweet1 ,climb ,sweet1 ,ling ,sweet1 ,london ,sweet1 ,merritt's ,sweet1 ,mt4 ,pleasant ,sweet1 ,morgan's ,favorite1 ,red ,sweet ,pippin1 ,stone ,sweet4 ,planted by ,a4,l4 ,benedict1 ,morrow ,county1 ,ohio1 in a lot to be devoted to hogs4 ,the numbers of each might be varied3 #b ,bough1 #c ,golden ,sweet199 #f ,jersey ,sweet199 #af ,may of ,myers1 #aj ,moore's ,sweeting1 #cb ,pumpkin ,sweet1 #h ,raritan ,sweet1 #ag ,spice ,sweet1 #a ,tift's ,sweet1 #ai ,tallman ,sweet1 #cj ,whitmore ,sweet1 #ad ,wing ,sweet4 99 ,my friends write that they would have preferred more of these sorts1 and that they planted such trees as were at hand at that time4 ,l4 ,hampton's list#ec for a succession through the year3 ,bentley ,sweet1 ,bough1 ,broadwell1 ,fall ,sweet1 ,federal ,sweet1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,hightop ,sweet1 ,honey ,greening1 ,kentucky ,sweet1 ,paradise ,winter1 ,scarlet ,sweet1 ,simpson's1 ,smith's ,sweet1 ,sweet ,favorite1 ,winter ,sweet4 ,for ,illinois1 by ,w4 ,cutter1 in ,prairie ,farmer3 ,broadwell1 ,golden ,sweet1 ,paradise ,winter1 ,ramsdell ,sweet1 ,sweet ,june1 ,sweet ,nonesuch4 ,sweet apples arranged in succession for stock4 ,those marked ,t4 are also fine for the dessert2 those marked ,b4 are superior for baking3 ,hightop1 ,b4 ,bough1 ,t4 ,golden ,sweeting1 ,b4 ,victuals and ,drink1 ,b4 ,t4 ,jersey ,sweet1 ,lyman's ,pumpkin1 ,b4 ,bailey ,sweet1 ,b4 ,t4 ,ramsdell's1 ,b4 ,mote's ,sweet1 ,b4 ,t4 ,stillwater ,sweeting1 ,b4 ,higby ,sweet1 ,b4 ,dr4 ,watson1 ,t4 ,molasses1 ,fall ,queen1 ,b4 ,t4 ,buckingham1 ,baltimore1 ,fallawater1 ,michael ,henry1 ,broadwell1 ,t4 ,b4 ,sweet ,bellflower1 ,sweet ,janet1 ,b4 ,london ,sweet1 ,b4 ,winter ,sweet ,paradise1 ,t4 ,b4 ,jersey ,black1 ,ladies' ,sweeting1 ,t4 ,b4 ,tallman's1 ,b4 ,holton's1 ,moore's ,sweeting1 ,gilpin1 ,campfield1 ,sweet ,vandervere1 ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 ,swaar1 ,black ,gilliflower4 ,in giving selections of ,cider ,apples ,i will begin with the veteran ,coxe's list3 ,american ,pippin1 ,campfield1 ,cooper's ,russeting1 ,gloucester ,white1 ,golden ,reinette1 ,hagloe ,crab1 ,harrison1 ,hewes' ,crab1 ,house1 or ,gray-,house1 ,red ,streak1 ,roane's ,white ,crab1 ,ruckman's ,pearmain1 ,styre1 ,winesap4 ,a select list of ,cider ,apples that may be found in many collections1 all good bearers3 ,campfield1 ,gilpin1 ,harrison1 ,hewes' ,crab1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,priestley1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,waugh's ,crab1 ,winesap4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,see ,reports of ,american ,pomological ,society4 #ec ,ohio ,cultivator1 vol4 ,,vi1 page #bfi4 ,,catalogue ,,and ,,index ,,of ,,apples4 ,,explanation4 ,the first column presents the name of the apple1 next its size1 then its origin2 or1 if in brackets1 the place where the variety is cultivated and was found4 ,the ,roman numerals indicate the ,class and ,order to which it is referred1 and the ,arabics1 the ,section and ,sub-section1 according to the classification adopted in this work4 ,after this comes the season of maturity1 ,summer1 ,autumn1 ,winter1 ,spring1 and the estimate of quality1 from very best1 best1 very good1 good2 good8 meaning almost good2 poor8 meaning rather so1 and last plainly poor1 when considered decidedly inferior4 ,the names of varieties described in this volume are given in full faced type1 with reference to the pages1 while synonyms are printed in ,italics4 ,abbreviations will explain themselves4 ,key3 small3 sm4 medium3 med4 f4 ,medium3 f4m4 large3 lg4 very large3 v4g4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,name4 ,size ,orig4 ,class4 ,season4 ,quality ,p4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,abbot ,sweet lg4 ,n4,h4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,abram sm4 ,va48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good #dai ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,adams lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,agnes sm4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,ailes lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,akeson's ,winter ,sweet ,south ,winter ,alabama ,winter ,ala4 ,winter ,albemarle lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,alexander lg4 ,russ4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #eaj ,alexander lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,allen's ,pippin med4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,allen's ,sweeting med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,all ,summer ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer ,all ,summer ,sweeting ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer ,allum med4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,alsace ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,amber ,crab sm4 ,eur4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,american ,beauty lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,american ,black sm4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,wint'r8 good ,american ,black med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,am4 ,golden ,pippin med4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fcf ,am4 ,golden ,russet med4 ,am4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,e4 ,wint4 ,best #eba ,american ,marygold ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn ,american ,pippin sm4 ,am4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor #dbj ,am4 ,sum4 ,pearmain med4 ,n4,j4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer best #ehb ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,angle ,sweet med4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #dgf ,anglo-,american med4 ,can4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,annette sm4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,apple ,butter sm4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,aromatic med4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,aromatic lg4 ,car4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,ashland lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,ashmore med4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #eff ,ashmore ,striped med4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,august ,ohio ,summer good ,augustine lg4 ,am4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,summer poor ,august ,stripe med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,august ,tart med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #ejd ,august ,vandervere lg4 7,ind47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer poor ,aunt ,anna med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,aunt ,hannah lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,aunt's ,apple lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,autumnal ,bough med4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,autumnal ,paradise ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,autumn ,seek-no-further1 ,synonym of ,dr4 ,watson4 ,autumn ,swaar1 see ,fall ,swaar of the ,west ,autumnal ,sweet lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,autumnal ,sw4 ,swaarlg4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #dga ,autumn ,pearmain med4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,autumn ,sweet ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,averill lg4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,baccalinus sm4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good #ehc ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,bachelor is ,equineteley4 ,bachelor's ,blush lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,badger's ,bellflower lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,baer sm4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring v4gd4 ,bagby ,russet1 ,synonym of ,egyptian ,russet4 ,bailey's ,golden lg4 ,maine ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good #ffe ,bailey's ,spice med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,bailey's ,sweet lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #fcc ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,bake ,apple sm4 7,n4,y47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,baker ,penn8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,baker's ,sweet med4 ,conn ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,baldwin lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dba ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,baldwin1 ,n4,c4 lg4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,baldwin ,sweet lg4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,baltimore1 ,synonym of ,mammoth ,pippin4 ,baltimore1 med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #cia 7,elliott7 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,baltzley ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,barbour med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 good ,barrett med4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,bars lg4 ,r4,i4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,bartlett1 ,synonym of ,priestley4 ,barton ,penn4 ,basom ,sweet ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,bassett ,sweet sm4 ,ohio4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,bastard ,geneton1 ,synonym of ,wright's ,janet4 ,battlefield ,south ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,beard's ,seedling med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,beaufin ,norfolk med4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,beauty of ,kent lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn only gd#ehd ,beauty of the ,west lg4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor ,bedfordshire ,foundling lg4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,beefsteak med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,beeler's ,russet med47,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter best #fba ,belle et ,bonne lg4 ,conn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,belden ,sweet sm4 ,conn8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #ebf ,bellflower ,pippin lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,belmont lg4 ,va4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 best #ebi ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,ben or ,eustis lg4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,ben ,davis lg4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #ehe ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,ben ,harris ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,benoni sm4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer best #fej ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,bentley ,sweet lg4 ,va48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,spring good #eeh ,berkely ,red ,south ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,berry lg4 ,va48 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #dhf ,bethlemite med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#dbc ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,betsey's ,fancy med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,better than ,good med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #djj ,bevan's ,favorite med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,beverley ,red ,big ,hill1 ,synonym of ,pryor's ,red4 ,big ,rambo1 ,synonym of ,western ,beauty4 ,big ,red ,sweet ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,bigger's ,late ,red ,south ,birmingham med4 ,penn8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,black1 ,synonym of ,jersey ,black4 ,black's ,annette med4 7,ky47 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer v4 good ,blackburn lg4 ,ky48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #ehf ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,black ,canada med4 ,can48 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint8 good ,black ,coal lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter8 good8 ,black ,detroit lg4 ,can4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,black ,eyes4 ,synonym of ,cheese4 ,black ,gilliflower lg4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring poor #ffb ,black ,jack sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter poor ,black ,lady ,apple sm4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,black of ,michigan med4 ,can48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,blackshear ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,black's ,late ,sweet ,south ,winter ,black ,tom med4 ,md4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,blakeley lg4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,bledsoe med4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 #efh ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,blenheim ,orange med4 ,eng4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,blockley lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4gd4 #dgh ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,blockley ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,blockley4 ,blondin lg4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #dbd ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,blooming ,orange lg4 ,eng4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#dbd ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,bloomington med4 ,ills4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,blue ,bloom med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,blue ,pearmain lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,bluff ,sweet med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #edh ,boalsburgh lg4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fge ,boas or ,kelter ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,bohanon med4 ,va48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#djj ,bonum med4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#dbd ,boravitski med4 ,russ4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer poor ,borsdorffer sm4 ,germ4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,boston ,russet1 ,synonym of ,roxbury4 ,bough lg4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer v4 good#dia ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,bourrassa lg4 ,eur48 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter poor #fig ,bowback ,sweet ,ohio ,bowker med4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,bowling ,sweet med4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #eei ,brabant ,bellflower lg4 ,holl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,brace's ,seek-no-further1 ,synonym of ,white ,seek-no-further4 ,bracken sm4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer v4 good#dgh ,bradford's ,best ,brandywine med4 ,del4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #dbe ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,brennaman lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#fea ,brigg's ,auburn med4 ,me4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good ,brittle ,sweet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#fcd ,broadwell lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter best #edi ,brooke's ,pippin lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fcg ,brown's ,superior lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,bruce lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,buchanan's med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good8 #dbf ,buckingham lg4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#ecg ,buck ,meadow lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,buck's ,county lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 8 good ,buff v4l4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 #dhf ,buffington's ,early sm4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer ,bush lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#efh ,bush's ,beauty med4 ,ohio8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,bullock's ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,american ,golden ,russet4 ,butter sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good #cib ,butter lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,butter med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,butter lg4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,butter ,sweet ,button ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,button ,core med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,byer's1 ,synonym of ,equinetelee4 ,cabashea lg4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,cabin med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,cache med47,ills7 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,cake med4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,caleb med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good #edi ,calville ,white ,winter med4 ,fr4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,camack ,sweet med4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring good8 #eha ,campfield med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring poor #chb ,canada ,black lg4 ,can48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor ,canada ,red lg4 ,can48 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best ,canada ,reinette lg4 ,eur48 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#dgi ,cane ,creek ,sweeting ,south ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,cann lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,canon med4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn ,canon ,pearmain med4 ,va4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good #fgf ,capital med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ehg ,capron's ,pleasant med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,carbage lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 poor ,carey's ,pippin lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,carmell ,sweet ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,carnahan's ,favorite lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,carnation med4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn best ,carolina ,baldwin lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dbg ,carolina ,greening ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,carolina ,horse lg4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,carolina ,pippin lg4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,carolina ,red ,june sm4 ,n4,c4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #fff ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,carolina ,russet med4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,l4 ,wint4v4 good ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,carolina ,striped sm4 ,n4,c48 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,june ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,caroline med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,caroline ,watson ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,carpenter's ,no4 #a med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,carter med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #ehg ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,carter1 ,synonym of ,patton4 ,carter ,n4,c4 ,winter ,carter's ,blue ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,carver ,cary's ,summer lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #ehh ,cash ,sweet med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,cataling ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,cathead ,sweet lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,catline sm4 ,md4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,cat's-head lg4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,cattel sm4 ,ohio ,autumn good ,cattell4 ,synonym of ,ohio ,nonpareil4 ,cayuga ,redstreak lg4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #eaj ,caywood med4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good8 ,celestia lg4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn best #ecj ,centers ,n4,c4 ,challenge med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#dgb ,champlain lg4 7,vt47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #fcg ,chandler lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,charlotte ,sweet ,chattahoochie ,greening ,ga4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,cheese med4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 #dbg ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,cheese lg4 7,ind47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,cheeseboro lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor #ebb ,cheltenham ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,cherokee ,red ,south ,cherry ,crab sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,chestatee ,south ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,chester med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4good ,chester ,red ,sou48 ,chillicothe lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,chillicothe ,redstreak lg4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,christiana med4 ,del4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4gd4 ,chronicle med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good8 #feb ,churchhill ,greening lg4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,clark's ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,clark's ,greening ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,clark's ,pearmain med4 ,n4,c4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eaa ,claybank med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good ,clayton lg4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eaa ,climb ,sweet ,close ,set1 7,lindsley7 med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,cloth of ,gold lg4 ,eur4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,cloud ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,cluster sm4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,cluster ,pearmain med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#ehi ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,clyde ,beauty lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fid ,codling ,keswick1 ,synonym of ,keswick4 ,coe ,coggswell lg4 ,mass8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#ehi ,cole lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer poor ,cole's ,quince med4 ,mass8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,columbia ,columbian ,russet sm4 ,sou48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#fbb ,columbus ,red med4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,colvert lg4 ,n4,y48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #dbg ,companion ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,conant's ,red med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #cic ,congress ,connett ,sweet med4 ,ind48 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #cid ,conrad's ,eating 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,conway med4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,cook's ,favorite med4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,cook's ,greening lg4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,cook's ,red ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,cooper lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn best #dbh ,cooper's ,early ,whitesm4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,cooper's ,market med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eac ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,cooper's ,redling1 ,synonym of ,cooper's ,market4 ,copper's ,russeting sm4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,cope's ,red ,sweet sm4 ,ohio ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,cope's ,sweet sm4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,cornell's ,fancy med4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,cornfield ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,cornfield med4 ,ohio ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #dja ,cornish ,aromatic med4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#efi ,cornish ,gilliflower med4 ,engl4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,corse's ,favorite ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,cos lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,court of ,wyck sm4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #fbc ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,court ,pendu ,plat med4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter gd4 ,cracking lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #dja ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,cranberry ,pippin lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 #djb ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,cranberry ,russet med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #dia ,crawford's ,keeper med4 ,son48 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter gd4 #ffg ,creighton sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,crib sm4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor8 ,crooked ,limb1 ,synonym of ,watson's ,dumpling4 ,cropsey's ,favoritemed4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eij ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,crow's ,egg med4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter poor8 ,crow's ,egg ,south ,crownest lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good #fbd ,cullasaga med4 ,s4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #eei ,cullawhee ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,culloden ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,culp lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 #dhj ,cumberland ,spice lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ffh ,curtis ,greening med4 ,ills4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ffh ,curtis ,pippin med4 ,ills4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,curtis ,sweet lg4 8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,dahlonega ,south ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,dalton ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 #djb ,dana sm4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #dhg ,daniel med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#eia ,dan4 ,pearmain med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eia ,danvers' ,wint4 ,sweet lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 #eej ,darby ,pippin lg4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,darlington ,penn8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,davis sm4 ,mich4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,davis ,ortley lg4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,davis ,miss4 ,dawson's ,cluster med4 ,ohio ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ffi ,day lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #eia ,deacon's ,pryor lg4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,deal's ,red med47,ind47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,dean's ,sweeting med47,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,defiance lg4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,degruchy ,south ,delasure ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,delight med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #dgc ,democrat med4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #eje ,demurry ,south ,derry ,nonsuch lg4 ,n4,h4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,detroit ,black lg4 ,can48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 #ecb ,detroit ,red lg4 ,can48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,devonshire ,quarrenden sm4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,dewees med4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,dewitt1 ,synonym of ,doctor ,dewitt4 ,dick's ,seedling 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,dillaways ,ohio ,dillingham med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good #chc ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,disharoon med4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,doctor ,dewitt lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,doct4 ,fulcher med4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eib ,doct4 ,watson med4 ,penn8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good#dbi ,dodge's ,crimson1 ,synonym of ,ashmore8 ,dodge's ,early med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,dole's ,red med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,domine lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#dcj ,downing's ,paragon lg4 ,ills4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #feh ,downton ,pippin sm4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,drap d',or lg4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#fch ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,drumore ,duchess of lg4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #dca ,oldenburg ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,duckett lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,duffield ,pippin lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#egj ,duling ,sweet ,dumelow lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,dumpling1 ,synonym of ,watson's ,dumpling4 ,dunlevy 7,o47 ,durable ,keeper lg4 7,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor8 ,durham ,winter ,pearmain ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,dutch ,codling lg4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,dutch ,mignonne lg4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #eic ,dyer lg4 ,fr4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn best #fci ,early ,chandler sm4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,early ,cider med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,early ,george1 ,synonym of ,george4 ,early ,harvest lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer best #djc ,early ,joe med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer best #eac ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,early ,longstem sm4 8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good8 ,early ,nonsuch sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,early ,pennock lg4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #eid ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,early ,greening med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer ,early ,red ,margaret med4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,early ,redstreak1 ,synonym of ,harvest ,redstreak4 ,early ,red ,stripe1 ,synonym of ,red ,stripe4 ,early ,ripe ,penn8 ,summer ,early ,strawberry med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer v4 good#ead ,early ,york ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer ,easter ,pippin med4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good8 ,eaton med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,egg ,top med4 8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor8 ,egypt ,red ,summer med47,ills7 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,egypt ,red ,winter med47,ills7 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,egyptian ,russet med47,ills7 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#ebc ,elarkee ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,eldorado ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,elgin ,pippin lg4 ,miss4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,elicke's ,winter med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,ellis sm4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good8 ,ellwill's ,late ,south ,winter ,emersine ,sweet med4 ,ohio8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,emperor1 see ,alexander4 ,emperor lg4 7,ill47 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,emperor1 7,dickson's7 ,scot4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,ene's ,winter ,sweetmed4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #chd ,enfield ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,enfield ,pearmain sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,english ,codling lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,english ,golden ,pippin ,engl4 ,,iii ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,english ,golden ,russet med4 ,engl8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c ,winter v4 good#fbd ,english ,pearmain lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,english ,redstreak lg4 7,ind47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,english ,redstreak lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,english ,red ,sweeting ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,english ,russet med4 ,engl8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter poor #fbe ,english ,sweeting ,engl4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,epse ,sweeting1 ,synonym of ,danvers4 ,epsy sm4 ,vt4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,equinetelee ,ga4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 #dcb ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,ernst's ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,ohio ,pippin4 ,esopus ,spitzenbergmed4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best #eci ,esten lg4 ,r4,i4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,eustis1 ,synonym of ,ben4 ,evening ,party med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best #dcc ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,ewalt lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 #fdj ,excel lg4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,exquisite sm4 ,ills4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,fairbanks med4 ,me4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,fair ,maid ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,fair ,winter ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,falder ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,fallawater lg4 ,penn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter poor8 #die ,fall ,butter lg4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fgg ,fall ,chandler ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn ,fall ,geneting lg4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #ecc ,fall ,greening 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn ,fall ,harvey lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #dhb ,fall ,orange lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,fall ,pearmain lg4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,fall ,pippin lg4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn best #ega ,fall ,pippin lg4 7,ky47 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,fall ,queen lg4 ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,fall ,seek-no-furtherlg4 7,con47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,fall ,swaar of ,westlg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #egb ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,fall ,vandervere lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,fall ,wine med4 ,am4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn best #dcd ,fall ,winesap med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,fameuse med4 ,can4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#eie ,family ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 #eae ,fancher lg4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #eej ,farley ,red sm4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eie ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,farrer's ,summer ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer ,father ,abraham med4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,faust sm4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring v4 good#djd ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,favorite sm4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,fay's ,russet sm4 ,vt4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,spring good ,fay's ,sweet ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,federal lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,felt's ,strawberry lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer v4gd4 ,fenley lg4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #dje ,fenouillet ,rouge med4 ,fr48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn ,fenton ,sweet1 ,synonym of ,trumbull ,sweet4 ,ferdinand lg4 ,va4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 #ecc ,fink sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good8 #djf ,fisk's med4 ,n4,h4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,flamingo ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,flat ,sweet lg4 ,am4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,fleiner lg4 ,eur4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer poor ,flora ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer ,flower of ,kent lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,flushing ,spitzenberg med4,l4 ,is4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eae ,focht lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,ford lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,forest ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,fort ,meigs med ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,fort ,miami med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#edg ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,foster med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,foundling lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fec ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,fourth of ,july1 supposed ,synonym of ,tetofski4 ,foxite lg4 7,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,frank or ,chenango lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fie ,franklin ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,franklin ,golden lg4 ,am4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fgj ,freeze and ,thaw ,penn8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,french 7,pa47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,french ,pippin lg4 7,pa487 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,french ,pippin lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,french ,pippin lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good ,french ,royal med4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,french's ,sweet lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,fronclin med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 good ,fuller -- ,sou48 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,fulton lg4 ,ills4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #djf ,fulton ,strawberry med4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,gabriel med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#eae ,gabriel ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,gallup's ,russet lg4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 ,garden lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#dce ,garden ,royal sm4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,garretson's ,early sm4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #dhb ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,gatch med4 ,ohio4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,genesee ,chief lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer poor #fhf ,george med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,germanite1 ,synonym of ,jarminite4 ,gewiss ,good med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,giles med4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4gd4 ,gillett's ,profusion ,ohio ,gillett's ,sweet ,bellflower ,ohio ,gillett's ,winesap ,ohio ,gilpin med4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring good8 #eei ,gilpin ,seedling med4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good8 ,giltner's med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,gladney ,red ,south ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,glendale lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #eif ,gloria ,mundi1 ,synonym of ,mammoth ,pippin4 ,gloucester ,white med4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #egc ,goff lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,golay med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dcf ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,golden ,ball lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fdj ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,golden ,drop1 ,synonym of ,court of ,wyck4 ,golden ,drop ,south ,golden ,harvey sm4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #feh ,golden ,pearmain sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,golden ,pearmain sm4 7,ky47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 or #c4 ,winter v4 good#fbe ,golden ,pippin sm4 ,eng48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,golden ,pippin-- ,am4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,american ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,golden ,reinette sm4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,golden ,rose ,sou8 ,golden ,russet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 ,golden ,russet of ,mass med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,golden ,seedling lg4 ,mo4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #djg ,golden ,sweet lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good #eea ,golden ,winter ,sweet 7,n4,y47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter ,good ,russet med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter poor8 ,gordon's ,seedling med4 ,n4,c4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,governor lg4 ,vt4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,gov4 ,morrow med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,grandfather lg4 ,n4,e4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,grand ,sachem1 ,synonym of ,black ,detroit4 ,granite ,beauty lg4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,granniwinkle med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #cid ,gravenstein lg4 ,germ4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer v4 good#dhg ,great ,keeper 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,spring ,green ,cheese med4 ,tenn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,green's ,choice med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,green ,crank lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #djh ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,green ,domine med4 ,pen48 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,green ,everlasting1 ,synonym of ,american ,pippin4 ,green ,flat 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,green ,flour ,penn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,green ,gilliflower ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,green ,horse ,south ,green ,mountain med4 ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,pippin ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,green ,newtown ,pippinlg4 ,l4,is4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,green ,pearmain ,sou48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,green ,pippin lg4 7,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,green ,russet lg4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter #fbf ,green ,seek-no-further lg4 ,l4,is4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,green ,skin med4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,green ,sweet med4 ,mass8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring good #che ,green ,winter lg4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,gregson1 ,synonym of ,catline4 ,greyhouse med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor8 ,griest's ,favorite ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,griffith1 ,synonym of ,clay ,bank4 ,grimes' ,golden med4 ,va4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter best #fgj ,grosh ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,grosser ,erdbeere med4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,gullett ,gully ,n4,c4 ,gully1 ,synonym of ,mangum4 ,gully sm4 ,penn4 good ,hagloe lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #eif ,hagloe ,crab sm4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,wint48 good8 ,hague lg4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fgg ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hain lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,n ,c48 ,halleck's ,favorite med4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,halliday ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter ,hall sm4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter ,best8 #efj ,hamilton ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,hamilton's lg4 7,ind7 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,hampton's ,honey med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,hampton's ,red ,winter ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,hampton's ,russet sm4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #fbf ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,hannah lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eig ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,harnish med4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #fhe ,harper ,sweet med4 ,ills4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,harris lg4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #dhb ,harrison med4 ,n4,j4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ecd ,hartford ,sweet med4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,harvest ,redstreak lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 #dcf ,haskell ,sweet lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good #che ,hawley lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer best #daj ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,hawthornden lg4 ,scot4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #daj ,hayboys lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good #che ,hays1 ,synonym of ,wine4 ,hector lg4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4gd4 ,heister ,penn4 ,helen's ,favorite med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4gd4 ,hemphill med8 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,henley ,sou48 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,henrick ,sweet med4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,henry lg4 ,vt4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint good ,henwood lg4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fhg ,hepler med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,herefordshire ,pearm4 med4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best8 #eih ,herman med4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fgh ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hersey ,keeper ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hess med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4gd4 ,hewes' ,crab sm4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best #eii ,hick's ,penn4 ,higby ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #eeb ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,highlander med4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,hightop1 7,jones7 lg4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dcg ,hightop ,sweet sm4 ,con48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good #eec ,hiker's med4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hill's ,favorite med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,hilton lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,hinesley lg4 7,ind47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter poor ,hoary ,morning lg4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,hockett ,sweet ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hocking lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 #dch ,hodge's ,limbertwig med4 ,west8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,hog ,island ,sweet med4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,hog ,snout med4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,holland ,pippin lg4 ,eur48 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 #ejf ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,holland's ,red ,winter 7,o47 ,winter ,holland's ,sweet med4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,hollow ,crown med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,holly ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,holman8 ,synonym of ,nickajack4 ,holston ,sweet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #eec ,hommacher lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,homony lg4 ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,hovey 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,honey ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 #fei ,honey ,greening lg4 ,west ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,honey ,pippin ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,honey ,sweet lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,honiker ,penn4 ,hooker med4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,hoopbole sm4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hoops med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring poor ,hoosier med4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,hoosier ,red med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,hoover lg4 ,s4,c4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,hopkin's ,red ,cheek1 ,synonym of ,monmouth ,pippin4 ,hopper ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,horn med4 ,ga4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,hornet lg4 ,penn4 ,autumn good ,horse lg4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #egc ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,horton ,sweet 7,o47 ,housum ,red lg4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4gd4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,howe's ,russet ,mass4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,hoyle's ,nonpareil ,sou48 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,hubbardston lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good #fjj ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,hubbardton lg4 ,n4,h48 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,hughes lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good ,hughes' ,am4 ,golden ,pippin lg4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,hull ,blossom sm4 ,n4,e4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #fce ,hunge lg4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 #egd ,hunt med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,hunter med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,hunter's ,sweet 7,o47 ,huntsman ,russet ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,hunt's ,russet sm4 ,mass4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,hurlbutt med4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,hutchings ,seedling1 ,synonym of ,sugar ,loaf ,pippin4 ,hyatt's ,wonderful ,sou48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,ice ,cream med4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,illinois ,greening med4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,illinois ,pippin med4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,ills4 ,pumpkin ,sweet med4 ,ills4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good #fhe ,imperial ,russet1 ,synonym of ,spice ,russet4 ,indiana ,beauty lg4 ,ind4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor #fgh ,indiana ,favorite med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dch ,indian ,prince med4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,indian ,winter ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,innes 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,iola1 ,synonym of ,equinetelec4 ,irish ,peach med4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good8 ,iron ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,iron ,mountain med4 ,mo4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,iron ,pippin med4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,isom 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,jabez med4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good4 ,jackman's ,sweet4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 ,jackson ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,jackson med4 ,penn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4gd4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,jacksonian ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,jarminite med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dci ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,jefferies med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer best #ddj ,jefferson ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,jefferson ,county med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,jenkins sm4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4v4gd4 ,jersey ,black med4 ,n4,j48 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fec ,jersey ,greening lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,jersey ,king med4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,jersey ,pippin med4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,jersey ,sweet med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,summer v4 good#cie ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,jewett's ,best lg4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,jewett's ,fine ,red med4 ,n4,h4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,john ,carter lg4 7,con47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,john ,snepp's1 ,synonym of ,snepps'4 ,john's ,sweet med4 ,n4,h4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good8 ,johnson lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,summer good ,johnson's ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,jonathan med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best #fgi ,julien med4 ,n4,c4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,july med4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor ,junaliska lg4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 #daa ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,june med4 ,va4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer ,kaighn's ,spitzenberg lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fha ,kane med4 ,del4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#daa ,keepwell sm4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring poor8 ,keim med4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,keiser med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #dhh ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,kelsey med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4v4 good ,kelter1 or ,boas ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,kennedy lg4 ,ga4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,kenrick's ,autumn lg4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,kentish ,fillbasket lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,kentucky lg4 ,ky4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,kentucky ,cream med4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,kentucky ,king ,ky4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter #dda ,kentucky ,streak 7,ark7 ,winter ,kentucky ,sweet med4 ,ky48 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #ejb ,kerry ,pippin med4,irel'd ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,keswick ,codling lg4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #fhh ,ketchum's ,favorite med4 ,vt4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,kilham ,hill lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,king lg4 7,ind47 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,king--,newark lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,king of ,pippins med4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,king of ,tompkins lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#fee ,king ,solomon ,south ,kingsley med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,king's ,winter ,king ,tom med4 ,mo4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,kinsey's ,sweet ,kirkbridge ,white sm4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #fga ,kirke's ,lord ,nelson lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,kitchen med4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,kitchmor's ,favorite med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,kittagesgee ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,klaproth med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good #ddb ,knickerbocker med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#ege ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,knights ,red ,june med4 ,ky4 ,summ'r good #ege ,knowles' ,early sm4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good #fhb ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,knox's ,russet sm4 ,penn4,i ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good #fbf ,kolb's ,winter ,sou48 ,winter ,kratz ,penn4 ,krowser med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fja ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,lacker med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #ddc ,ladies' ,ear ,drop med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,lady sm4 ,fr4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #daa ,lady ,blush ,south ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,lady ,finger ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,red ,winter ,pippin4 ,lady ,healy's ,nonsuchmed4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,lady ,washington lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,ladies' ,favorite1 ,synonym of ,fall ,queen4 ,ladies' ,sweeting lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#efa ,lake sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,lake med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,lancaster 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,lancaster 7,va47 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,lancaster ,greening med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good8 ,lancaster ,sweet med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #chf ,landon med4 ,vt4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,landrum med4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,lane's ,redstreak lg4 ,ills4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,lane's ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter poor ,langendorffer ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,lansingburgh med4 ,n4,y48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor #edj ,lar1 ,striped ,pearmain lg4 ,ky4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #fja ,large ,bough lg4 ,am4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summ'r good #did ,late ,chandler med4 8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,late ,golden ,sweet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good ,late ,pound ,sweet ,late ,strawberry med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn best #edj ,laurence lg4 ,ohio8 ,winter poor8 ,lawrens' ,greening ,south ,ledge ,sweet lg4 ,n4,h4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring good8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,leland ,spice lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,leming ,sweet lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summ'r good ,lemon1 ,synonym of ,rock ,pippin4 ,lemon ,pippin med4,engl4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,lester ,sweet lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,lever ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,levett's ,ky4 ,lewis med4,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r best #fjb ,lewis1 7,ragan's7 med4,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good #ddc ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,lewis ,jones' ,seedling lg4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,lexington ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,liberty lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good #fjd ,limber ,limb lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,limbertwig med4,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good #eaf ,limbertwig--,summer med4,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r v4 good ,ling ,sweet ,linsley's ,favorite ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,linsley's ,sweet ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring ,lippencott's ,early1 ,synonym of ,summer ,rose4 ,lipsey's ,russet med4 ,ohio ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #c ,winter v4 good ,little ,pearmain sm4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c ,winter v4 good ,locy med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,logan ,berry lg4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,london ,sweet lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #chg ,long ,island ,pearmain med4,l4,isl4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fhb ,long ,island ,pippinlg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ege ,long ,island ,russet med4,l4,isl4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,l4,i4 ,seek-no-further lg4 ,l4,isl4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#eag ,long ,limb lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,long ,stem med4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,long ,stem1 7,l4 ,jones7 med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,longstem med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,longstem sm4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,longville's ,kernel sm4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,lopside med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,lorick's ,cluster ,va4 ,loring's ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,loudon lg4 ,va4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#dhc ,loudon ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,loudon4 ,loure ,queen lg4 ,ohio8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,lovett's ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,lowell lg4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#egf ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,lucombe's ,seedling lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,lyman's ,pumpkin ,sweet v4l4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #ebg ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,lynn med4 7,ky47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,lyscom lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fje ,macomber med4 ,me4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,madison ,red 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,magnolia med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,magnum ,bonum1 ,synonym of ,bonum4 ,maiden's ,blush lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#dab ,maiden's ,favorite med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,major lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,malamuskeet lg4 ,south ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,male ,carle lg4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,mammoth ,june ,south ,summer ,mammoth ,pippin v4l4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor ,mangum med4 ,ala4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#dhh ,manomet med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,mansfield ,russet sm4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good8 #ffe ,margil sm4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fje ,maria ,bush lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,market ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,marks med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4v4 good ,marshall's ,sweet ,favorite 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter ,marston's ,red ,winter lg4 ,n4,h4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fhb ,mary ,chester ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,mary ,moyer ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,mary ,womack med4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,massey's ,winter ,south ,winter ,matthew ,stripe1 ,synonym of ,lyscom4 ,maverick ,sweet lg4 ,s4,c4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #dgc ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,may1 7of ,myers7 med4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring good #eec ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,mayberry ,seedling ,va48 ,maynard's ,no4 #a ,ky4 ,may ,queen sm4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,mc,adow's ,june sm4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #egf ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,mc,affee lg4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,mc,bride's ,waxen ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,mc,cloud's ,family ,south ,mc,cormack's lg4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,mc,daniel med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#ddc ,mc,dowell's ,red ,va8 ,mc,dowell's ,sweet ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,mc,henry med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,mc,henry's ,white med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,mc,kay's ,sweeting ,mc,kinley lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#fjf ,mc,lean ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,mc,lelan med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,meach lg4 ,vt4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fjf ,mead's ,keeper ,winter ,mear's ,seedling sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,meister sm4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,melon lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,melt in ,mouth med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,melville ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,menagere v4l4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,merritt's ,sweet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,summ'r good ,methodist med4 ,conn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,mexico med4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#fjg ,michael ,henry ,pippin med4 ,n4,j4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 #dif ,michenor's ,red ,sweetmed4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,michigan ,golden lg4 ,mich8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #egf ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,michigan ,winter ,pippin lg4 ,mich8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,middle med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#ejg ,mifflin ,king sm4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#fhc ,milam sm4 ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,miller lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,miller's ,apple lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,miller's1 ,synonym of ,powers4 ,milliken's ,sweet lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,milwood ,green ,minister lg4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #fie ,minkler med4 ,ills4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #ddd ,minkler's ,molasses med4 ,ills4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,missouri ,keeper sm4 ,mo4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good #fef ,molasses sm4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,molasses med4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,monarch med4 7,w7 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,monk's ,favorite lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #cjg ,monmouth ,pippin lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#egg ,monroe4 7,o7 ,monstrous ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,mammoth ,pippin4 ,moore's ,greening lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,moore's ,seedling lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,moore's ,sweeting lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring good #cif ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,morgan ,white med4 ,ills8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fda ,morgan's ,favorite ,morris lg4 ,ills4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,morrison ,red med4 ,mass4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,morton lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #eed ,moseley ,sweet ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,moses ,wood med4 ,me4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,mote ,sweet lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#fca ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,mother med4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#ffc ,mountain ,belle ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,mountaineer1 ,synonym of ,mount ,pleasant ,sweet1 or ,weaver ,sweet4 ,mountain ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,fallawater4 ,mountain ,sprout lg4 ,n4,c4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,mountain ,sweet lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #chh ,mount ,pleasant ,sweetlg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,mount ,swaager med4 ,mass ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,mouse lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 good8 ,mrs4 ,de ,caradeuc ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,mudd's ,market ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,mudd's ,no4 #a lg4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,munson ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 #hhh ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,murphy ,red lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,musgrave's ,cooper1 ,synonym of ,western ,beauty4 ,muskingum ,keeper med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,muster med ,ind4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#dhi ,myer's ,nonpareil1 ,synonym of ,ohio ,nonpareil4 ,nantahalee lg4 ,ala4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good ,neat ,russet sm4 7,w47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,ned ,penn4 ,ne ,plus ,ultra v4l4 ,ga4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,nequassa lg4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,neverfail 7of ,tenn47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,neverfail4 ,synonym of ,rawle's ,janet4 ,neversink lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#fjh ,newark ,king lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#fjh ,newark ,pippin lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fij ,newcomer 7,va47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,new ,england ,red lg4 7,ky47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,newtown ,pippin ,gr4lg4 ,l4,isl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter best #egh ,newtown ,pippin ,yell4 lg4 ,l4,isl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter best #fdi ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,newtown ,spitzenberg lg4 ,l4,isl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best #dde ,nickajack lg4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor8 #dde ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,nix's ,green ,winter ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,noble 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,nonpareil sm4 7,w47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,nonpareil--,old sm4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 ,nonpareil--,scarlet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,nonsuch med4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,norfolk ,beaufin lg4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,northern ,spy lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring v4 good#eda ,northern ,sweet f4m4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#fcb ,norton's ,melon1 ,synonym of ,melon4 ,nutmeg sm4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,nyack ,pippin lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,oats ,harvest sm4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good ,oconee ,greening v4l4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 best ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,ogleby ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,ohio ,beauty1 ,synonym of ,western ,beauty4 ,ohio ,nonpareil lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#ddg ,ohio ,pippin lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #dhd ,ohio ,redstreak v4l4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,ohio ,winter med47,ills7 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,ohlinger ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,old ,dapple med4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor ,old ,english ,codling lg4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,old ,field med4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,old ,house med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,oneida ,chief ,n4,y4 ,orange1 ,synonym of ,lowell4 ,orange lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,orange ,penn ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,orange lg4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,orange ,sweet1 ,synonym of ,golden ,sweet4 ,orange ,sweeting lg4 7,mas47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #c4 ,winter good8 #eff ,orndorff med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,orne's ,early lg4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,ortley lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fgc ,osborn's ,rambo med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,osburn ,sweet 8 ,osceola med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#ddh ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,oslin sm4 ,scot4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good ,overman's ,sweeting med4 ,ills4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b ,winter good ,paper1 ,synonym of ,champlain4 ,paradise ,summer lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summ'r good #eee ,paradise ,winter lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #eef ,parrot ,reinette lg4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,patterson ,sweet1 ,synonym of ,bailey's ,sweet4 ,patton med4 ,ala4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#faj ,pawpaw lg4 ,mich4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,peach ,pond ,sweet med4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#dgf ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,pearmain ,russet sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good ,pearson's ,plate sm4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter8v4good8 ,peck's ,pleasant lg4 ,r4,i4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fda ,pennington med4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,pennock lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,pennsylvania ,redstreak1 ,synonym of ,wine4 ,pennsylvania ,sweetg4 lg4 ,pen48 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter poor #fei ,penn4 ,vandervere med4 ,pen48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #ddi ,penn4 ,winesap med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dij ,people's ,choice med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,perkins sm4 ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,perry ,russet med47,ills7 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good #dfh ,peter med47,mas47 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,petit ,api ,noir sm4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,pfeiffer sm4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r 8 ,phillippi lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,phillip's ,sweet lg4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 #dgg ,pickard's ,reserve lg4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#dac ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,pickman med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,pie lg4 7,o47 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,pigeon ,hill ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,pigeon ,rouge sm4 ,eur4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,pine ,apple sm4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good ,pine ,apple ,russet med4 ,eur48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,autumn good8 ,pine ,strawberry ,south ,pink ,sweeting sm4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,pittsburgh ,pippin lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,polly ,bright lg4 ,va4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #eag ,pomme ,grise sm4 ,fr48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter best #dfi ,pomme ,royale lg4 ,fr'ch ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#fci ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,pomme ,water med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #eaj ,poplar ,bluff ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,poppy ,quamp lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,porter lg4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good#fgc ,porter ,spitzenberg lg4 ,conn48 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,pottinger lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #dej ,poughkeepsie ,russet med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter poor #ebd ,pound ,royal lg4 7,w47 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,aut4v4 good#ece ,pound ,royal lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,pound ,sweet lg4 ,mich8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,pound ,sweet lg4 7,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,powers lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#deb ,pownal ,spitzenberg med4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,premium med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #dig ,premium ,ala4 ,president lg4 7,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,president lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,president lg4 ,mich4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,press lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good8 ,press ,ewing med4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#dea ,price ,priestly med4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor ,priest's ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good8 ,primate med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer best #fdh ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,prince's ,fall ,pippinlg4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,prince lg4 ,eur4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,princely ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,prinz ,penn4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,progress lg4 ,con48 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fdd ,prolific ,beauty lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor #ded ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,prolific ,sweet med4 ,conn ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,prother's ,winter ,south ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,pryor's ,red lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#fbg ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,pumpkin ,russet lg4 ,n4,e4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #c4 ,autumn good8 #eff ,pumpkin ,sweet lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #c4 ,autumn good8 #ejd ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #c4 ,purple ,siberian ,crabsm4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,putnam ,keeper lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor ,putnam ,russet1 ,synonym of ,roxbury ,russet4 ,putnam ,sweet lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 #cig ,quaker ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,quaker ,harvest sm4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,quaker ,pippin med4 ,am4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn poor8 ,quaker--,virginia ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,quarrenden--,red1 ,synonym of ,devonshire ,quarrenden4 ,quince med4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #fde ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,quince--,coles med4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good ,rabum ,south ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,ragan's ,red lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#faa ,ragan's ,seedling ,ind4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,ralph ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,rambo med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good#ded ,rambour ,franc med4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,ramsdell ,red lg4 ,con48 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,randall's ,best med4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,raritan ,sweet lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,rasche lg4 ,mo4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,rawle's ,janet med4 ,va4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4v4 good#eag ,rebecca lg4 ,del4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,red and ,green ,sweet lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,red ,astrachan lg4 ,russ4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #dej ,red ,bellflower lg4 ,fr48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,red ,canada med4 ,mass4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter best #edb ,red ,cathead lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,red ,cedar med4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,red ,cheek ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,monmouth ,pippin4 ,red ,detroit lg4 ,can48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,red ,gilliflower lg4 ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,red ,ingestrie sm4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,red ,june sm4 ,car4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,red ,juneating1 ,synonym of ,early ,red ,margaret4 ,red ,ladyfinger1 ,synonym of ,red ,winter ,pearmain4 ,red ,ox ,penn ,red ,pound ,sweet v4l4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,red ,quarrenden1 ,synonym of ,devonshire ,quarrenden ,red ,rance sm4 8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,red ,republican lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor ,red ,robinson ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,red ,russet lg4 ,n4,h4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #fbh ,red ,seedling lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,red ,streak ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,red ,streak--,english lg4 ,eur48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,red ,stripe med47,ind47 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #edb ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,red ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,red ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good ,red ,sweet ,spice sm4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,red ,warrior ,south ,red ,winesap med4 ,penn ,winter good ,red ,wint4 ,pearmainmed4 ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #eai ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,reine des ,reinettes med4 ,eur4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,reinette du ,canada1 ,synonym of ,canada ,reinette4 ,reinette ,triomphantelg4 ,germ4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,reinette ,van ,mons sm4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter poor8 ,republican ,pippin lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,rhode ,isl4 ,greening lg4 ,r4,isl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good#dad ,ribston ,pippin med4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 #fab ,richard's ,graft lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #deg ,richardson lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,richardson ,winter ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,richmond lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#cig ,richmond's ,no4 #a med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,richmond's ,no4 #d ,ohio ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,richmond's ,no4 #e ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,richmond's ,no4 #f ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,richmond's ,red lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,rich ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,rock ,pippin4 ,ridge ,pippin lg4 ,penn4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ecf ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,riest lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer v4 good ,river med4 ,mass4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,roadstown ,pippin lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good ,robertson's ,red med4 ,ky4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,robertson's ,white med4 ,va4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,robey's lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good ,robinson ,stripe med4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,rock ,apple lg4 ,n4,h4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,rock ,pippin lg4 8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,spring poor #fia ,rock ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,rockhill ,summer1 ,synonym of ,red ,stripe4 ,rockport ,sweet med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,rolen's ,keeper med4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,spring good ,rollin med4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good ,romanite1 ,synonym of ,gilpin and of ,pennock4 ,roman ,stem med4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #egi ,rome ,beauty lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #deh ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,ross' ,green 7,va47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,ross' ,nonpareil sm4 ,irld8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#ebd ,rosy ,red med4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #ebj ,roxbury ,russet lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #dia ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,royal ,pearmain lg4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ehj ,royal ,pearmain lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,royal ,pippin1 ,synonym of ,day4 ,royal ,pippin lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring good ,royal ,red med4 ,ills4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,ruckman's ,pearmain med4 8 ,winter poor ,ruckman's med4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,rum ,apple med4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,russet ,pearmain med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 ,rusticoat ,milam sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 #fcj ,rymer lg4 ,eur4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor8 ,sailly ,autumn med4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,saint ,lawrence lg4 ,can48 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,st4 ,louis ,ortley lg4 ,mo4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,salem ,seedling ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,sam ,young sm4 ,ire'd4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good8 ,santa ,south ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,santauchee ,south ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,sassafrass ,sweet ,va48 ,summ'r ,sawyer ,sweet ,scalloped ,gilliflower med4 ,eur4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor #edc ,scarlet ,nonpareil sm4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r poor8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,scarlet ,pearmain med4 ,engl4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good4 ,scarlet ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good4 #efb ,seager med4 ,mass4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #edc ,seaver med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,secrist's lg4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,seedling ,janet med4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,seedling ,gilpin med4 ,ills4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint poor ,seedling ,neverfail med4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,seedling ,paul ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,seek-no-further--,autumn1 ,synonym of ,dr4 ,watson4 ,seek-no-further-- ,summer lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,summ'r good ,seek-no-further-- ,westchester lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,seek-no-further-- ,westfield med4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,seek-no-further-- ,white lg4 ,l4,isl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,seek-no-further-- ,white lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn v4 good ,selby ,bell flower lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,selma med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4v4gd4 ,selma lg4 ,ala4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4gd4 ,seneca ,favorite ,n4,y4 ,september lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #fde ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,shaker1 ,synonym of ,early ,pennock4 ,shaker ,redstreak lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,shannon1 ,synonym of ,ohio ,pippin4 ,sharke's ,greening ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,sheepnose1 7,sigerson7 ,mo4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,sheepnose1 7,mears7med4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fde ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,sheepnose1 7,ohio7 sm4 ,ohio8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,sheppard ,sweet med4 ,conn4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,shiawassee ,beauty med4 ,mich4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good#dei ,shipley's ,green med4 7,va47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor8 ,shockley med4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spring good ,shop ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,shreeve1 ,synonym of ,hannah4 ,siberian ,crabs3 ,cherry sm4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,double ,flowering sm4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,lady ,crab sm4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,siberian ,crabs3 ,large ,yellow sm4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,montreal ,beauty sm4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,powers' sm4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,yellow sm4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,sigerson's ,ortley lg4 ,mo4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,sigler's ,pound v4l4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,sigler's ,red med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fab ,sillix ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,sine qua non lg4 ,l4,isl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r4v4 good ,skumk lg4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,sleathe's ,ivory sm4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,slingerland ,pippin lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,slug ,sweeting med4 ,r4,i4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,small ,black sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #fac ,smalley med4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,small's ,pippin sm4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,smith's lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 #fad ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,smokehouse lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,smokytwig ,ky4 ,snepps' lg4 ,ind4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#chi ,somerton ,sweet 7,o47 #a4 ,sops-of-,wine med4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good ,sour ,rambo 7,o47 ,southern ,golden ,pippin ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,southern ,greening med4 ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,south ,mountain ,penn4 ,winter ,spafford ,russet med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good #ebe ,spark's lg4 ,south ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good#fgd ,speckled ,oley ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spice med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,spice ,va4 ,spice ,pippin lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,spice ,russet med4 7,o47 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good ,spice ,sweet med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,spice ,sweeting 7,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,spice ,sweeting med4 ,east4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #dgd ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,spiceland ,sweet med4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,spitzenberg-- ,flushing med4,l4,isl4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,spitzenberg--,red med47,ills7 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,sponge lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,spotted ,pippin lg4 7,ills7 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,sprague sm4 8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,spring ,pippin ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring ,springer's ,seedling sm4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring poor ,stack med4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,stannard lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #edd ,stanley's ,south ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,stansill ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,stark lg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,steele's ,red med4,mass48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,steele's ,sweet med4 ,conn4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,stehley lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,stevenson's ,winter med4 ,miss4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 ,stewart ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,stewart's ,nonpareil sm4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good #feg ,stillman's ,early sm4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good ,stillwater ,sweet lg4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,stockade ,sweet ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,spring ,stock ,sweet 7,o47 ,stone ,mich4 ,winter ,stone's ,sweet ,ohio ,stonewall ,ala4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,straat med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,strandt med4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,strawn's ,seedling ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,stribling ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,striped ,ashmore lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,striped ,bellflower lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,striped ,gilliflower lg4 ,eur4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor8 #fif ,striped ,june sm4 ,va4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good ,striped ,sweet med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn poor ,strode's ,birmingham sm4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,strother ,va4 ,sturmer ,pippin sm4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good8 ,styre med4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,sudbury ,sweeting lg4 7,mass7 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,suffolk ,beauty f4m4,l4,isl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,sugar sm4 8 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter poor8 ,sugar and ,water med4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,summer poor ,sugarloaf ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,sugarloaf ,pippin med4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good8 ,sugar ,sweet lg4 ,mass4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter poor8 ,summer ,bellflower med4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer ,bellflower lg4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer v4 good ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer ,cheese med4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,summer ,golden ,pippinsm4 ,engl4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good8 ,summer ,green med4 ,penn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer v4 good ,summer ,hagloe1 ,synonym of ,hagloe4 ,summer ,janet med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 #faf ,summer ,limbertwig med4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good #dfj ,summer ,pippin med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good #fdf ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summer ,queen med4,n4,y48 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summer v4 good#ede ,summer ,rambo ,sou48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer ,red ,south ,summer ,summer ,rose sm4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,sum4v4 good#faf ,summer ,russet sm4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,summer ,summer ,seek-no-further lg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,summer good ,summer ,sweet lg4 ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good8 ,summer ,sweet ,paradise lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,summer good #eee ,sumnum ,bonum1 ,synonym of ,bonum4 ,sunday ,sweet lg4 7,ills7 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,superb f4m4 ,n4,c4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good ,superb ,sweet lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #cij ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,surprise sm4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,susan ,spice ,penn4 ,sutton lg4 ,con48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,sutton ,beauty lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #faf ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,sutton's ,seedling ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,swaar lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#fcb ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,sweet and ,sour lg4 8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor #dge ,sweet ,bellflower lg4 ,ohio ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #fhc ,sweet ,bough1 ,synonym of ,bough4 ,sweet ,fall ,pippin lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,sweet ,gate med4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,sweet ,gilliflower med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,sweet ,gilliflower med4 ,mich4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter poor ,sweet ,janet lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #efc ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,sweet ,june1 ,synonym of ,hightop ,sweet4 ,sweet--,kentucky med4 ,ky4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good ,sweetmeats sm4 ,ind4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #c4 ,winter good ,sweet ,pear med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #dih ,sweet ,pearmain med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good8 #fce ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,sweet ,rambo med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,sweet ,romanite med4 ,west ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #efd ,sweet ,russet sm4 ,ky4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#ebg ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #c4 ,sweet ,russet med4 8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #c4 ,winter good #ebh ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #c4 ,sweet ,sponge med4 7,o47 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,summ'r good #dge ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,sweet ,vandervere med4 7,w47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter good #cih ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,sweet ,wine sm4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,sweet ,winesap med4 ,pen48 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,sweet ,winter ,pennocklg4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winter poor8 ,sylvester med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #fag ,symmes' ,harvest ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r ,tallman's ,sweet med4 ,r4,i4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good #eeg ,tart ,bough lg4 ,ohio8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good ,taunton ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,taylor ,red med4 ,ohio8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,tender ,skin sm4 ,s4,car4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,tennessee ,red med4 ,tenn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,tennessee ,wilding med4 ,tenn4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,terrall's ,late lg4 ,south ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,tetofski sm4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good #feg ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,tewksbury ,w4 ,blushsm4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,spring good #daf ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,the ,cook's ,favorite med47,ind47 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #ecf ,thos4 ,gatch med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r poor ,thomas' ,late ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,thurmond1 ,synonym of ,julien4 ,tift's ,sweeting med4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,tinmouth lg4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter poor8 ,titus ,pippin lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,toccoa lg4 ,ga4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good #fig ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,topal 7,va47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,townsend med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good #dfj ,trader's ,fancy med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dfa ,tranham ,south ,transparent ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,transport med4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fdg ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,trenton ,early lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn best #ecf ,trenton ,pippin ,ohio ,trippes' ,horse ,south ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,trippes' ,railroad ,south ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,trumbull ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #cij ,tucker ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter ,tudor ,sweeting ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,tuft's ,baldwin lg4 ,mass8 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good8 ,tulpehocken1 ,synonym of ,fallawater4 ,turkey ,greening lg4 ,conn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,turner's ,green med4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor ,turn-off-lane med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,tuscaloosa ,ala4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,twenty oz4 ,pippin lg4 7,w47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor #dfa ,twitchell ,sweet med4 ,n4,h4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,union med4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r poor ,uri ,manly med47,ills7 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,van ,buren lg4 ,ga48 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,vance's ,harvest sm4 ,ills48 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r v4 good#dfb ,vandervere1 ,synonym of ,newtown ,spitzenberg4 ,vandervere--,august lg4 7,ind47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r poor ,vandervere--,fall med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,vandervere-- ,pennsylvania med4 ,del4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,vandervere ,pippin lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dfb ,vandyne lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,vaughn's ,winter med4 ,ky4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dfc ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,veineal ,russet sm4 7,ills7 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,autumn poor ,vestal1 ,synonym of ,maiden's ,blush4 ,victuals and ,drinklg4 ,n4,j4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #dii ,vincent ,sweet med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,virginia ,greening lg4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 poor #daf ,virginia ,june med4 ,va48 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good #ejj ,virginia ,june med47,ind47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r ,virginia ,may sm4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,sum4 good ,virginia ,quaker sm4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good8 #ehj ,voss' ,winter lg4 7,va47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ehj ,waddell ,hall ,south ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,wagoner lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dij ,walker's ,greening ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,walker's ,pippin ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,walker's ,yellow lg4 ,ga4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,wall1 ,synonym of ,berry4 ,wallace's ,green ,pippin ,ky4 ,winter ,walpole med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good ,walworth ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,ward v4l4 ,ohio ,,vi4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,washington ,royal lg4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,water ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,wateree ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,watson's ,dumpling lg4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,waugh's ,crab sm4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,waxen1 ,synonym of ,belmont4 ,weaver ,sweet lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,webb's ,winter ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,wellford's ,yellow sm4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,wells med4 ,md4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,wells1 ,synonym of ,domine4 ,wells' ,sweeting sm4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #ffa ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,westbrooke ,va4 ,winter ,westchester ,seek-no-further lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good ,western ,beauty lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good#dfd ,western ,spy lg4 ,ohio ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter poor #dhe ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,westfield ,seek-no-fur4 med4 ,conn4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #ebj ,weston med4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,wetherill's ,white lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,wharton lg4 ,ohio8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,wharton's ,favorite lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,wheeler's ,sweeting ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 ,whig ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,white ,alexander med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good8 ,white ,apple sm4 ,ky4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter ,white ,astrachan med4 ,russ4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r poor ,white ,baldwin lg4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,white ,beauty ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,white ,doctor lg4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,white ,fall ,pippin lg4 7,ky47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good8 #dag ,white ,juneating sm4 ,engl4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summ'r good #dag ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,white ,paradise sm4 ,ky4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 poor ,white ,pippin lg4 8 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#dah ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 #fdg ,white ,pippin lg4 7,ky47 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 #eha ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,white ,rambo med4 ,ohio8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 ,white's ,long ,keeper lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,spring good8 ,white ,seek-no-further lg4 ,l4,i4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,white ,spitzenberg med4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,white ,sweet med4 ,me4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,white ,sweeting ,n4,j4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,whitewater ,sweet med4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,white ,winter sm4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,l4 ,wint4 good ,wh4 ,wint4 ,pearmainmed4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good#ejh ,whitmore med4 ,n4,y4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,autumn good ,whitney ,russet sm4 ,ills48 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,winter v4 good#dic ,wiley's lg4 8 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,willey's lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,summ'r good8 ,william ,penn lg4 ,penn8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4gd4 ,william ,penn lg4 ,vt4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter v4 good ,williams' ,favoritemed4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summ'r good #fah ,willis ,russet sm4 ,mass4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,winter good #dgj ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,willis ,sweet lg4 ,l4,i4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good #fce ,willow ,leaf lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,willow lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,l4 ,wint4 good #fai ,willson sm4 ,w4,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good#dfe ,wilson lg4 ,mich4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #ehb ,wilson ,pippin med47,ind47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,wilson's ,volunteerlg4 ,ohio ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good8 #fbj ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winchell ,seedling lg4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn v4 good ,wine1 or ,hays lg4 ,del4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,e4 ,wint4 good #dff ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,wine--,fall med4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn best ,winesap med4 ,n4,j4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #edf ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winfield ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,wing ,sweet med4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good8 #dgg ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #b4 ,winn's ,russet lg4 ,me4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #c4 ,spring good ,winslow lg4 ,va4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,winter ,bough lg4 ,n4,y4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,winter ,brook ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,winter ,cheese lg4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,winter ,green lg4 7,o47 ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4v4 good ,winter ,grixon1 ,synonym of ,catline4 ,winter ,harvey ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,winter ,janet med4 8 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,winter ,maiden ,blush ,,ii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter ,winter ,nonsuch lg4 7,ills7 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,winter ,pearmain med47,ills7 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,winter ,pippin lg4 ,n4,y4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,winter ,pippin lg4 ,ind4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,winter ,pippin of ,mich4 lg4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #dah ,winter ,pippin v4l4 ,vt4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,winter ,queen lg4 ,va4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn good #dfg ,winter ,rambo med4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter v4 good ,winter ,red med47,s4,il7 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,winter poor ,winter ,strawberry ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,winter ,sweet-- ,danvers' lg4 ,mass4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,winter ,sweet--,golden 7,n4,y47 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter ,winter ,sweet--7,milwads7 ,winter ,winter ,sweet ,paradise lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,winter good ,winter ,sweeting ,winthrop ,greening lg4 ,me4 ,autumn good ,winthrop ,pearmain lg4 ,me4 ,winter good ,wonder ,south ,woodburn ,spitzenberg 7,va47 ,,iv4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter ,woodland med4 ,n4,c4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,woodside ,cider med4 ,ohio ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good8 ,wood's ,greening med4 ,n4,j4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 ,wood's ,sweet lg4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 ,autumn good ,woolfolks med4 ,ky4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good8 #eji ,world's ,wonder ,south ,wormsly ,pippin med4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn poor ,wreston's ,prolific ,ky4 ,wright's ,apple med4 ,vt4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,wright's ,janet med4 ,mo4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #fbj ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,yacht lg4 ,penn4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good ,yadkin lg4 ,south ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,autumn poor #fba ,yahaula ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,yankee ,russet 7,o47 ,yates ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,yellow ,bellflower lg4 ,n4,j4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 best #fib ,yellow ,crank1 ,synonym of ,green ,crank4 ,yellow ,english ,crab ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,yellow ,foster med4 7,o47 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good #dah ,yellow ,horse lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,yellow ,ingestrie sm4 ,engl4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good8 #ehb ,yellow ,june sm4 8 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,summer good ,i4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,yellow ,meadow lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,e4 ,wint4 good ,yellow ,newtown lg4 ,l4,i4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter best #fdi ,yellow ,pearmain med4 ,south ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,yellow ,siberian ,crabsm4 ,eur4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,autumn good ,yellow ,vandervere med4 7,o47 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good ,yocomb's lg4 ,south ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,summer good8 ,yopp's ,favorite lg4 ,ga4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 v4 good ,,ii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 ,york ,imperial lg4 ,penn4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,winter good #fic ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,york ,russet1 ,synonym of ,pumpkin ,russet4 ,yost med4 ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #b4 #b4 ,winter good #dfh ,zieber sm4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #a4 poor ,ziesler's ,sweet ,penn4 ,i4 ,i4 #a4 #a4 ,zaar ,greening ,ohio ,,general ,,index4 ,for ,index to the ,varieties of ,apples see page #gaa4 ,the names1 given below in small caps1 refer to headings of chapters4 ,animals in the ,orchard1 #bdh ,apex1 ,definition of1 #cei ,apple1 ,botanical ,character of1 #bi ,etymology of1 #bg ,history of1 #bf ,native ,country of1 #cj ,original ,sorts of ,great ,britain1 #cj ,apples1 ,as ,food for ,stock1 #ah ,gerard's ,list of ,seven1 #cc ,how ,introduced1 #ai ,in ,bread ,making1 #ag ,the ,putnam ,list1 #be ,axis1 ,definition of1 #cfb ,bark ,grafting1 #hd ,basin1 ,definition of1 #cei ,budding1 ,advantages of1 #ajb ,american1 #aaa ,conditions ,requisite1 #ajg ,manner of ,operating1 #aaj ,philosophy of1 #ajc ,ring1 #aad ,s4,s4 ,jackson's ,method1 #aab ,season for1 #ajf ,buds1 ,after ,treatment1 #aaf ,growth from1 #ec ,individuality of1 #ec ,removing1 #aac ,tying1 #aad ,callus1 #eh ,calyx1 ,described1 #cfj ,cavity1 ,described1 #cfa ,cell ,growth1 #eb ,,characters ,,of ,,fruits1 #cej ,,classification ,,of ,,fruits1 #cff ,cleft ,grafting1 #gi ,clover in 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,lepidoptera1 #cbd ,leptostylus aculiferus1 #cja ,loxotnia cerasivorana1 #cch rosaceana1 #cch ,lucanus dama1 #cjj ,macrodactylus subspinosus1 #cfd ,mamestra arctica1 #cce ,may ,beetle1 #cjc ,miller1 #cbe ,modest ,tree-,bug1 #cba ,nest--,caterpillar1 #cbg ,neuroptera1 #cde ,noctu1 #ccd ,ohis myron1 #cdj ,orgyia antiqua1 #cbe leucostigma1 #cbd ,orthoptera1 #cfc ,otiocerus ,coquebertii1 #cbc ,owlet-,moth1 #ccd ,palothrips mali1 #cbj ,palmer-,worm1 #cdj ,peach ,bark-,louse1 #caa ,peach ,tree ,borer1 #cda ,peach ,tree-,louse1 #cag ,pear ,bark-,louse1 #caa ,pear-,blight ,beetle1 #cjj ,pear ,blister-,fly1 #cjb ,pear ,slug1 #cdg ,pearl ,wood-,nymph1 #ccb ,philampelus satellita1 #cda ,achemon1 #cda ,pelidnota punctata1 #cjc ,pemphigus pyri1 #cai ,pentatoma ligata1 #cba ,penthina oculana1 #cch ,plant-,lice1 #cab ,platysamia cecropia1 #cbi ,plum ,leaf-,louse1 #caf ,plum ,weevil1 #cja ,pomphopoea ,sayi1 #cjb ,procris ,americana1 #cda ,prenocerus supernotatus1 #bii ,psylla pyri1 #cai ,pterophorus 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,mulching1 #bbg ,in the ,orchard1 #bdf ,nursery1 #abj ,animals and ,insects in1 #adj ,culture of1 #acj ,grafting in1 #hg ,the ,home1 #acf ,laying out1 #abh ,manuring1 #abg ,orchard1 #ach ,preparation of ,soil1 #abh ,site and ,soil for1 #abc ,trimming in1 #acd ,winter killing in1 #ach ,nyce's ,fruit ,preserving ,house1 #bia ,ohio ,purchase1 #bb ,orchard1 ,aspect of1 #bjc ,belts and ,screens for1 #bje ,old1 ,re-grafting1 #he ,preparation of ,soil1 #bac ,site for1 #aih ,soils for1 #bjh ,packing ,fruit1 #bhh ,,philosophy ,,of ,,pruning1 #bea ,pinching ,root ,grafts1 #id ,planting1 #bbc ,age of ,trees for1 #ace ,cuttings1 #aca ,distance1 #bcg ,mixed1 #bch ,quincunx1 #bdj ,root-,grafts1 #ic ,season for1 #bbf-bcf ,plowing1 #baf ,in the ,orchard1 #bde ,old ,orchards1 #bej ,pomatum1 #cd ,poultry in the ,orchard1 #bdh ,,preparation ,,of ,,soil ,,for ,,an ,,orchard1 #bac ,preparing ,trees to ,plant1 #bbd ,pronged ,hoe1 #aca ,,propagation1 ,,sect4 ,i1 #eb ,,propagation1 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,,grafting1 #gd ,,propagation1 ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,,budding1 #ajb ,,propagation1 ,,sect4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,nursery1 #abj ,propagation by ,cuttings1 #eg ,suckers1 #fc ,layers1 #ff ,seeds1 #gj ,pruning1 ,objects of1 #beb ,season for1 #bfj ,summer1 #bei ,young ,trees1 #bef ,puddling1 #bcc ,quincunx ,planting1 #bdj ,re-grafting ,old ,orchards1 #he ,richard ,side ,graft1 #hb ,ring ,budding1 #aad ,ring ,grafting1 #hd ,,ripening ,,and ,,preserving ,,fruits1 #bge ,roots ,affected by ,soil1 #abc ,fibrous1 ,desirable1 #abd ,root ,cuttings1 #eh ,root-,grafting1 #hh ,root-,grafts1 ,planting1 #ic ,treatment of1 #id ,root-,pruning1 #abd-adg ,saddle ,grafting1 #hc ,scions1 #ajj ,time to ,cut1 #ajj ,preservation of1 #ajj ,season for ,planting1 #bcf ,seedlings1 ,treatment of1 #gb ,seeds1 ,forms of1 #cfd ,preserving1 #gj ,sowing1 #ga ,,selection ,,and ,,planting1 #bbi ,shriveled ,trees1 #bcf ,side ,grafting1 #ha ,silas ,wharton1 #bd ,,site ,,for ,,an ,,orchard1 #aih ,size of ,fruits1 #cef of ,trees1 #bcj ,skin of ,fruits1 ,characters of1 #cef ,small ,fruits in ,orchard1 #bch ,splice ,grafting1 #gh ,stakes1 #bba ,stem1 ,kinds of1 #cfb ,stocks1 ,dwarfing1 #ade ,stock-,grafting1 #ie ,stool-,layering1 #fh ,storing ,fruit1 #bhf ,subsoiling1 #bah ,suckers1 #fc ,swine in the ,orchard1 #bdh ,,thinning1 #bfc ,thomas' ,classification1 #cfg ,trees1 ,age for ,planting1 #ace ,tree ,digger1 ,harkness'1 #abf ,trenching1 #baf ,trimming in ,nursery1 #acd ,root ,grafts1 #id ,tying1 #gi ,value of ,orchard ,products1 #aj ,van ,mons' ,theory1 #dj ,varieties ,running ,out1 #dg ,warder's ,classification1 #cgi ,wax1 ,grafting1 #ig ,whip-,grafting1 #gh ,winter-,killing1 #bjf ,in ,nursery1 #ach 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors corrected in text3 ,page #aj3 statician replaced with statistician ,page #bb3 ,jersy replaced with ,jersey ,page #bb3 parellel replaced with parallel ,page #bg3 ,welch replaced with ,welsh ,page #ce3 ,chistian replaced with ,christian ,page #de3 beatifully replaced with beautifully ,page #eg3 merithalls replaced with merithallus ,page #ge3 similiarity replaced with similarity ,page #hh3 guage replaced with gauge ,page #ajc3 effected replaced with affected ,page #aac3 tranverse replaced with transverse ,page #aec3 develope replaced with develop ,page #afc3 develope replaced with develop ,page #aii3 sudjacent replaced with subjacent ,page #caj3 ,,coccidans replaced with ,,coccidians ,page #cai3 subtance replaced with substance ,page #cbg3 vigously replaced with vigorously ,page #ccd3 siderable replaced with considerable ,page #cei3 narow replaced with narrow ,page #cff3 ,,dochnal replaced with ,,dochnahl ,page #cff3 ,,dochnal',s replaced with ,,dochnahl',s ,page #cfh3 ,dochnal replaced with ,dochnahl ,page #dbh3 cions replaced with scions ,page #dfc3 ,figure #aae changed to ,figure #aad ,page #dfd3 ,figure #aaf changed to ,figure #aae ,page #dff3 ,figure #aag changed to ,figure #aaf ,page #dfg3 synonims replaced with synonyms ,page #dgi3 synonims replaced with synonyms 7two times7 ,page #dhb3 leather-craked replaced with leather-cracked ,page #ejc3 somewat replaced with somewhat ,page #edb3 nursey replaced with nursery ,page #eej3 unkown replaced with unknown ,page #efh3 sometimess replaced with sometimes ,page #eij3 ,nonpariel replaced with ,nonpareil ,page #eig3 ot replaced with to ,page #fjb3 shipding replaced with shipping ,page #fcg3 cions replaced with scions ,page #fci3 ,dochnal's replaced with ,dochnahl's ,page #fdj3 ,frut replaced with ,fruit ,page #ffe3 ,massachsetts replaced with ,massachusetts ,page #fhb3 ,ausust replaced with ,august ,page #gjd3 ,nonpariel replaced with ,nonpareil ,page #gjf3 ,russett replaced with ,russet ,page #gda3 ,euryomyia ,inda replaced with ,euryomia ,inda ,page #gdb3 ,appleseed replaced with ,apple-seed ,page #gbj3 ,catlin replaced with ,catline ,page #gci3 ,giradin replaced with ,girardin ,page #gdj3 poiistformis replaced with polistformis ,page #gdj3 ,aspidotus replaced with ,aspidiotus ,page #gdj3 ,clisocampa replaced with ,clisiocampa ,page #gda3 ,erythronenra replaced with ,erythroneura ,page #gda3 ,eilopia replaced with ,ellopia ,page #gda3 tilliaria replaced with tiliaria ,page #gda3 ,orygia replaced with ,orgyia ,page #gda3 ,paleothrips replaced with ,palothrips ,page #gda3 ,penthia replaced with ,penthina ,page #gda3 ,bupestris replaced with ,buprestris ,page #gdc3 ,progagation replaced with ,propagation ,the following words are correct3 ,page #gb3 drouth is a legitimate spelling for drought ,page #id3 hight is a legitimate spelling for height ,page #ccd3 hybernate is a legitimate spelling for hibernate ,page #cfe3 commonalty means ,the common people2 those classes and conditions of people who are below the rank of nobility2 the commons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99