file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cgehi-;h4htm or #cgehi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cgehi_/pg#cgehi-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cgeh i_/cgehi-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/?r\ghm agicglas#jj;buck ,illu/ration3 ,= ,description see ,page #aeb ,frontispiece ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,( ,,orion ,f a photograph tak5 on ,febru>y #d?1 #ahhi by ,mr ,isaac ,rob]ts4 ,,?r\gh ,,magic ,,glasses ,,& ,,o!r ,,lectures ,a ,sequel to ,! ,fairyl& ( ,sci5ce by ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley 7,mrs4 ,fi%]7 ,au?or ( ,life & ,h] ,*ildr51 ,w9n]s 9 ,life's ,race1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 ,etc4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations ,new ,york ,d4 ,appleton & ,company #ahij ,au?oriz$ ,edition4 ,,preface4 ,! pres5t volume is *iefly int5d$ = ^? ( my "y fri5ds :o h read1 & be5 int]e/$ 91 ! ,fairyl& ( ,sci5ce4 ,x travels ov] a wide field1 po9t+ out a few ( ! m>vell\s facts :i* c be /udi$ & enjoy$ by ! help ( optical in/rum5ts4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t any "o ( ! subjects dealt ) might be made ! /udy ( a lifetime1 & t ! little in=mation giv5 9 ea* lecture is only en\gh to make ! read] long = m4 ,9 ^! days1 :5 mod]ate-pric$ in/rum5ts & good books & lectures are s easily accessible1 ,i hope "s eag] m9ds may be ?us l$ to take up "o ( ! bran*es ( sci5ce op5$ out to u by magic glasses2 :ile ^? :o g no fur!r w at lea/ und]/& some?+ ( ! hi!rto unse5 _w :i* is n[ be+ /udi$ by _! help4 ,! two la/ lectures w&] away f ?is pa?1 & yet =m a natural conclusion to ! ,magician's lectures to 8 "y ,devon%ire lads4 ,!y h be5 publi%$ be=e1 "o 9 ! ,y\?'s ,companion ( ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 & ! o!r 9 ,atalanta1 9 :i* ! essay on ,fungi also appe>$ 9 a %ort] =m4 ,all ?ree lectures h1 h[ev]1 be5 revis$ & fully illu/rat$1 & ,i tru/ t ! volume1 z a :ole1 may prove a pleasant ,*ri/mas companion4 ,= ! magnific5t photograph ( ,orion's nebula1 =m+ ! ,frontispiece1 ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,isaac ,rob]ts1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 :o mo/ k9dly l5t me ! plate = reproduction2 & ,i h _h ! great good =tune to obta9 p]mission f ,,mm4 ,h5ri ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory to copy ! illu/ration ( ! ,lun> ,ap5n9es f a mo/ beautiful & p]fect photograph ( "p ( ! moon1 tak5 by !m only la/ ,m>*4 ,my cordial ?anks are also due to ,mr4 ,a4 ,cottam1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 = prep>+ ! plate ( col\r$ d\ble />s1 & to my fri5d ,mr4 ,knobel1 ,hon4 ,sec4 ( ! ,r4,a4,s41 = mu* valuable assi/ance2 to ,mr4 ,james ,geikie = ! loan ( "s illu/rations f 8 ,geology2 & to ,messrs4 ,longman = p]mission to copy ,h]s*el's f9e draw+ ( ,cop]nicus4 ,) ! exception ( ^! illu/rations & a few o!rs1 ?ree ( :i* 7 k9dly giv5 me by ,messrs4 ,macmillan1 all ! woodcuts h be5 drawn & execut$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,c>r]as1 jun41 :o has made my task easi] by ! skill & pati5ce he has ex]cis$ "u ! difficulties incid5tal to receiv+ in/ructions f a di/ance4 ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley4 ,,upcott ,,av5el1 ,oct4 #ahij4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,magician',s ,,*amb] ,,by ,,moonlight #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,magic ,,glasses ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,!m #bg ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fairy ,,r+s ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made #ee ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,li*5s ,,& ,,mosses #ge ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,lava ,,/ream #if ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,an ,,h\r ,,) ,,! ,,sun #aag ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,an ,,ev5+ ,,among ,,! ,,/>s #ade ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,little ,,be+s ,,f ,a ,,m9iature ,,ocean #agb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,d>tmoor ,,ponies #aie ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,magician',s ,,dream ,,( ,,anci5t ,,days #bji ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,nebula ,,( ,,orion ,frontispiece ,,table ,,( ,,col\r$ ,,spectra ,plate ,i4 fac+ p4 #abg ,,col\r$ ,,d\ble ,,/>s ,plate ,,ii4 fac+ p4 #afg ,,woodcuts ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,page ,,p>tial ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,initial lett] #a ,a ,,boy ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,moon #f ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,9 ,,! ,,heav5s #h ,,*>t ,,( ,,! ,,moon #aj ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,full ,,moon #aa ,,ty*o ,,& ,,8 ,,surr\nd+s 7f a photograph by ,de la ,rue7 #ac ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,peak ,,( ,,t5]iffe #ae ,,! ,,crat] ,,cop]nicus #ag ,,! ,,lun> ,,app5n9es 7f a photograph by ,m4,m4 ,h5ri7 #ai ,,! ,,crat] ,,plato ,,se5 ,,soon ,,aft] ,,sunrise #bj ,,diagram ,,( ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon #bc ,,boy ,,& ,,microscope ,initial lett] #bg ,,eye-,,ball ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,front #cj ,,section ,,( ,,an ,,eye ,,look+ ,,at ,a ,,p5cil #ca ,,image ,,( ,a ,,c&le-,,flame ,,?r[n ,,on ,,pap] ,,by ,a ,,l5s #cc ,,arr[ ,,magnifi$ ,,by ,a ,,convex ,,l5s #ce ,,/ud5t',s ,,microscope #cf ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,microscope #cg ,,fossil ,,diatoms ,,se5 ,,"u ,,! ,,microscope #ci ,,an ,,a/ronomical ,,telescope #da ,,two ,,skeletons ,,( ,,telescopes #dd ,,! ,,photographic ,,cam]a #dg ,,kir*h(f',s ,,spectroscope #ea ,,passage ,,( ,,rays ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,spectroscope #eb ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,fairy-,,r+ ,,mu%rooms ,initial lett] #ee ,,?ree ,,=ms ,,( ,,vegetable ,,m\ld ,,magnifi$ #fa ,,mucor ,,muc$o ,,greatly ,,magnifi$ #fc ,,yea/ ,,cells ,,gr[+ ,,"u ,,! ,,microscope #fe ,,e>ly ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,mu%room #fg ,,lat] ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,mu%room #fh ,,microscopic ,,/ructure ,,( ,,mu%room ,,gills #fi ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,cup ,,li*5s ,initial lett] #ge ,,examples ,,( ,,li*5s ,,f ,,life #gg ,,s+e-,,cell$ ,,plants ,,gr[+ #gh ,,sections ,,( ,,li*5s #ha ,,fructification ,,( ,a ,,li*5 #hc ,a ,,/em ,,( ,,fea!ry ,,moss ,,f ,,life #he ,,moss-,,leaf ,,magnifi$ #hg ,,polytri*um ,,commune1 ,a ,,l>ge ,,hair-,,moss #hh ,,fructification ,,( ,a ,,moss #hi ,,sphagnum ,,moss ,,f ,a ,,devon%ire ,,bog #ic ,,surface ,,( ,a ,,lava-,,fl[ ,initial lett] #if ,,vesuvius ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,eruption #ig ,,top ,,( ,,vesuvius ,,9 #ahfd #ajj ,,diagrammatic ,,section ,,( ,,an ,,active ,,volcano #aje ,,section ,,( ,a ,,lava-,,fl[ #ajh ,,volcanic ,,glass ,,) ,,cry/allites ,,& ,,microli?s #aji ,,volcanic ,,glass ,,) ,,well-,,develop$ ,,microli?s #aaj ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,d>tmoor ,,granite #aab ,,volcanic ,,glass ,,%[+ ,,l>ge ,,includ$ ,,cry/als #aae ,a ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,initial lett] #aag ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,project$ ,,on ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,c>dbo>d #abj ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,face1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,selwyn 7,sec*i1 ,le ,soleil7 #abb ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,%[+ ,,corona ,,& ,,prom95ces 7,guillem91 ,le ,ciel7 #abd ,,kir*h(f',s ,,exp]im5t ,,on ,,! ,,d>k ,,sodium ,,l9e #abh ,,! ,,spectroscope ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,telescope ,,= ,,sol> ,,"w #acb ,,sun-,,spectrum ,,& ,,prom95ce ,,spectrum ,,comp>$ #acd ,,r$ ,,prom95ces1 z drawn by ,mr4 ,locky] #ahfi #acf ,a ,,quiet ,,sun-,,spot #adj ,a ,,tumultu\s ,,sun-,,spot #ada ,a ,,/>-,,clu/] ,initial lett] #ade ,,"s ,,con/ellations ,,se5 ,,on ,,look+ ,,s\? ,,9 ,,m>* ,,f ,,six ,,to ,,n9e ,o',,clock #adh ,,! ,,*ief ,,/>s ,,( ,,orion1 ,,) ,,aldeb>an #adi ,,! ,,trapezium ,greek3 ? ,,orionis #aej ,,spectrum ,,( ,,orion',s ,,nebula ,,& ,,sun-,,spectrum ,,comp>$ #aea ,,"s ,,con/ellations ,,se5 ,,on ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,9 ,,m>* ,,f ,,six ,,to ,,n9e ,o',,clock #aef ,,! ,,great ,,be>1 ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,b9>y ,,/> #aeg ,,drift+ ,,( ,,! ,,sev5 ,,/>s ,,( ,,*>les',s ,,wa9 #aei ,,cassiopeia ,,& ,,! ,,heav5ly ,,bodies ,,ne> #afb ,greek3 e ,,lyrae1 ,a ,,d\ble-,,b9>y ,,/> #aff ,a ,,seaside ,,pool ,initial lett] #agb ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,seawe$s 7natural size7 #age ,,ulva ,,lactuca1 a piece greatly magnifi$ #agf ,,seawe$s1 magnifi$ to %[ fruits #agg ,a ,,corall9e ,,& ,,s]tul>ian ,,comp>$ #agi ,,s]tul>ia ,,t5ella ,,hang+ ,,9 ,,wat] #ahj ,,?uricolla ,,folliculata ,,& ,,*ilomonas ,,amygdalum #ahb ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,liv+ ,,diatoms #ahd ,a ,,diatom ,,gr[+ #ahe ,,cydippe ,,pileus1 ,,animal ,,& ,,/ructure #ahg ,,! ,,sea-,,mat1 ,,flu/ra ,,foliacea #aia ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,flu/ra ,,animal #aib ,,d>tmoor ,,ponies ,initial lett] #aie ,,equus ,,hemionus1 ,,! ,,horse-,,ass ,,( ,,t>t>y ,,& ,,tibet #bja ,,przevalsky',s ,,wild ,,horse #bjb ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,horse-,,tribe #bjf ,,palaeoli?ic ,,man ,,*ipp+ ,,fl9t ,,tools ,initial lett] #bji ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,palaeoli?ic ,,times #bab ,,palaeoli?ic ,,relics--,,ne$le1 ,,too?1 ,,implem5t #bac ,,mammo? ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,ivory #baf ,,neoli?ic ,,implem5ts--,,hat*et1 ,,celt1 ,,sp9dle ,,:orl #bai ,a ,,burial ,,9 ,,neoli?ic ,,times #bba ,,briti% ,,relics--,,co91 ,,bronze ,,celt1 ,,& ,,bracelet #bbc ,,britons ,,tak+ ,,refuge ,,9 ,,! ,,cave #bbd ,,?r\gh ,,magic ,,glasses ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,magician',s ,,*amb] ,,by ,,moonlight ,illu/ration ,! full moon 0 %9+ 9 all its spl5d\r "o lovely ,augu/ night1 z ! magician sat 9 8 turret *amb] ba!d 9 h] pure :ite beams1 :i* /ream$ ^u him ?r\gh ! op5 %utt] 9 ! wood5 dome above4 ,x is true a fa9t gleam ( w>m] light %one f bel[ ?r\gh ! op5 door1 = ?is room 0 b an (f%oot at ! top ( ! build+1 & on look+ d[n ! turret /airs a lecture-room might be se5 bel[ :]e a bright light 0 burn+4 ,v little1 h[ev]1 ( ?is w>m gl[ rea*$ ! magician1 & ! implem5ts ( 8 art ar\nd him look$ l weird gaunt skeletons z !y ca/ _! long %ad[s across ! floor 9 ! moonlight4 ,! small obs]vatory1 = su* x 01 0 a circul> build+ ) f\r w9d[s 9 ! walls1 & ro($ ) a wood5 dome1 s made t x c\ld be %ift$ r\nd & r\nd by pull+ c]ta9 cords4 ,"o section ( ?is dome 0 a %utt]1 :i* n[ /ood op51 & ! /rip1 ?us laid b>e to ! night1 0 s turn$ z to face t "p ( ! sky along :i* ! moon 0 mov+4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 ) its long tube direct$ t[>ds ! op5+1 /ood ! l>ge/ magic glass1 ! ,,telescope1 & 9 ! dead /illness ( ! night1 c\ld be he>d di/9ctly ! tick-tick ( ! clockwork1 :i* kept ! in/rum5t po9t+ to ! face ( ! moon1 :ile ! room1 & all 9 x1 0 be+ c>ri$ sl[ly & /eadily onw>ds by ! e>?'s rotation on its axis4 ,x 0 only a mod]ate-siz$ in/rum5t1 ab\t six feet long1 m\nt$ on a solid iron pill> firmly fix$ to ! floor & fitt$ ) ! clockwork1 ! s\nd ( :i* we h m5tion$2 yet x look$ l a giant z ! pale moonlight ?rew its huge %ad[ on ! wall beh9d & ! ro( above4 ,f> away f ?is in/rum5t 9 "o ( ! w9d[s1 all ( :i* 7 n[ clos$ ) %utt]s1 ano!r in/rum5t 0 dimly visible4 ,?is 0 a r\nd iron table1 ) claw$ feet1 & ^u x1 fa/5$ by screws1 7 ?ree tubes1 s arrang$ t !y all po9t$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! table1 :]e six glass prisms 7 arrang$ 9 a semicircle1 ea* "o fix$ on a small brass tripod4 ,a /range uncanny-look+ in/rum5t ?is1 especially z ! prisms caught ! edge ( ! gl[ /ream+ up ! turret /air1 & %ot =? fa9t beams ( col\r$ light on ! table bel[ !m4 ,yet ! magician's pupils ?\ght x /ill m uncanny & my/]i\s :5 _! ma/] us$ x to read ! alphabet ( light1 & to discov] by vivid l9es ev5 ! fa9te/ trace ( a metal o!rwise invisible to mortal eye4 ,= ?is in/rum5t 0 ! ,,spectroscope1 by :i* he c\ld break up rays ( light & make !m tell him f :at sub/ances !y came4 ,ly+ ar\nd x 7 o!r curi\s prisms m\nt$ 9 metal rims & fitt$ ) tubes & _m /range devices1 n to be und]/ood by ! un9itiat$1 b magical 9 _! effect :5 fix$ on to ! telescope & us$ to break up ! light ( di/ant />s & nebulae4 ,comp>$ ) ^! my/]i\s glasses ! ,,photographic ,,cam]a1 /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 ) its tall black cov]+ clo?1 l a hood$ monk1 look$ comp>atively natural & famili>1 yet x1 too1 _h puzzl+ plates & app>atus on ! table ne> x1 :i* c\ld be fitt$ on to ! telescope1 s t by _! means pictures might be tak5 ev5 9 ! d>k night1 & />s1 invisible ) ! /ronge/ l5s1 might be =c$ to write _! own /ory1 & leave _! image on ! plate = aft] /udy4 ,all ^! in/rum5ts told ( ! magician's p[] 9 unveil+ ! secrets ( di/ant space & explor+ realms unkn[n1 b 9 ano!r w9d[1 n[ almo/ hidd5 9 ! %ad[1 /ood a f\r? & highly-priz$ helpmate1 :i* belong$ 9 "o s5se m to our e>?1 s9ce ev]y?+ exam9$ by x _h to be br\ght ne>1 & lie close "u its magnify+-glass4 ,yet ! ,,microscope too c\ld c>ry its ma/] into an unse5 _w1 hidd5 to mortal eye by m9ut5ess in/ead ( by di/ance4 ,if 9 ! /illness ( night ! telescope 0 8 mo/ *]i%$ s]vant & famili> fri5d1 ! microscope by day op5$ out to him ! fairyl& ( nature4 ,z he sat on 8 high p$e/al /ool on ?is summ] night ) ! moonlight full ^u him1 8 :ole att5tion 0 c5tr$ on ! telescope1 & 8 m9d 0 f> away f t turret-room1 w&]+ into ! di/ant space br\ght s ne> to him2 = he 0 wait+ to wat* an ev5t :i* br\ght "s new int]e/ e "t x took place--a total eclipse ( ! moon4 ,to-night he look$ =w>d to x eag]ly1 = x happ5$ t1 j z ! moon w\ld pass into ! %ad[ ( our e>?1 x w\ld also cross directly 9 front ( a />1 caus+ :at is kn[n z an occultation ( ! />1 :i* w\ld disappe> sudd5ly beh9d ! rim ( ! d>k moon1 & aft] a %ort "t fla% out on ! o!r side z ! satellite w5t on its way4 ,h[ he wi%$ z he sat !re t he c\ld h %[n ?is sight to all ! eag] lads :om he 0 tea*+ to h&le & love 8 magic glasses4 ,= ?is magician 0 n only a /ud5t himself1 he 0 a ri* man & ! ,f\nd] & ,pr9cipal ( a l>ge public s*ool = boys ( ! artisan class4 ,he _h erect$ a well-plann$ & h&some build+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! op5 c\ntry1 & receiv$ !re1 on t]ms )9 ! means ( _! p>5ts1 work+-lads f all p>ts ( ,engl&1 :o1 besides ! usual book-le>n+1 receiv$ a good te*nical education 9 all its bran*es4 ,&1 :ile he left to o!r ma/]s ! regul> s*ool lessons1 he kept = himself ! int5se pleasure ( op5+ ! m9ds ( ^! lads to ! wond]s ( ,god's univ]se ar\nd !m4 ,y _h only to pass d[n ! turret /airs1 into ! l>ge sci5ce class-room bel[1 to see at once t a lov+ h& & he>t _h furni%$ x4 ,n only 0 !re e implem5t necess>y = sci5tific "w1 b num]\s r\gh diagrams cov]+ ! walls %[$ t lab\r z well z money _h be5 sp5t 9 decorat+ !m4 ,x 0 a l>ge oblong room1 ) f\r w9d[s to ! nor?1 & f\r to ! s\?1 9 ea* ( :i* /ood a microscope ) all ! tubes1 ne$les1 =ceps1 knives1 etc41 necess>y = dissect+ & prep>+ objects2 & betwe5 ! w9d[s 7 op5 %elves1 on :i* 7 rang$ *emicals ( v>i\s k9ds1 besides _m /range-look+ objects 9 bottles1 :i* w\ld h amus$ a tra9$ naturali/1 = ! lads collect$ & pres]v$ :atev] took _! fancy4 ,on "s ( ! tables 7 photographic plates laid ready = pr9t+ (f2 on o!rs might be se5 draw+s ( ! spectrum1 made f ! small spectroscope fix$ at "o end ( ! room2 on o!rs lay small direct spectroscopes :i* ! lads c\ld use = !mselves4 ,b n[h]e 0 a telescope to be se54 ,?is 0 n because !re 7 none1 = ea* table _h its small h&-telescope1 *eap b good4 ,! tru? is t ea* ( ^! in/rum5ts _h be5 spirit$ away into ! dormitories t night1 & _m heads 7 ly+ awake on _! pill[s1 li/5+ = ! /rike ( ! clock to spr+ out & see ! eclipse beg94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a boy illu/rat+ ! phases ( ! moon4 ,a m]e glance r\nd ! room %[$ t ! moon _h be5 mu* /udi$ lately4 ,on ! black-bo>d 0 drawn a r\gh diagram1 %[+ h[ a boy c illu/rate = himself ! moon's j\rney r\nd ! e>?1 by tak+ a ball & hold+ x a little above 8 head at arm's l5g?1 :ile he turns sl[ly r\nd on 8 heel 9 a d>k5$ room be=e a light$ lamp1 or bett] /ill be=e ! l5s ( a magic lant]n 7,fig4 #a74 ,! lamp or l5s !n repres5ts ! sun1 ! ball is ! moon1 ! boy's head is ! e>?4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ball betwe5 him & ! s\rce ( light1 b ei!r a little above1 or a little bel[ ! direct l9e betwe5 8 eye & x1 he w see only ! d>k side ( ! ball1 & ! moon w be on ! po9t ( be+ new4 ,!n z he turns sl[ly1 a ?9 cresc5t ( light w creep ov] ! side ne>e/ ! sun1 & by degrees encroa* m & m1 s t :5 he has turn$ ?r\gh "o qu>t] ( ! r\nd half ! disc w be light4 ,:5 he has turn$ ano!r qu>t]1 & has 8 back to ! sun1 a full moon w face him4 ,!n z he turns on ?r\gh ! ?ird qu>t] a cresc5t ( d>kness creeps sl[ly ov] ! side away f ! sun1 & gradually ! bright disc is eat5 away by %ad[ till at ! end ( ! ?ird qu>t] half ! disc aga9 only is light2 !n1 :5 he has turn$ ?r\gh ano!r qu>t] & complet$ ! circle1 he faces ! light aga9 & has a d>k moon be=e him4 ,b he mu/ take c>e to keep ! moon a little above or a little bel[ 8 eye at new & full moon4 ,if he br+s x exactly on a l9e ) himself & ! light at new moon1 he w %ut (f ! light f himself & see ! d>k body ( ! ball aga9/ ! light1 caus+ an eclipse ( ! sun2 :ile if he does ! same at full moon 8 head w ca/ a %ad[ on ! ball caus+ an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,!re 7 o!r diagrams %[+ h[ & :y su* eclipses d really happ5 at diff]5t times 9 ! moon's pa? r\nd ! e>?2 b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all 0 "o he _h made to expla9 :at s few p und]/&1 namely1 t ?\gh ! moon describes a complete circle r\nd our e>? e mon?1 yet %e does n describe a circle 9 space1 b a wavy l9e inw>ds & outw>ds across ! e>?'s pa? r\nd ! sun4 ,?is is because ! e>? is mov+ on all ! :ile1 c>ry+ ! moon ) x1 & x is only by see+ x drawn be=e our eyes t we c realise h[ x happ5s4 ,?us suppose1 9 ord] to make ! dates z simple z possible1 t !re is a new moon on ! #a/ ( "s mon?4 ,!n by ! #i? 7or r\ghly speak+ 9 #g-c_/d days7 ! moon w h describ$ a qu>t] ( a circle r\nd ! e>? z %[n by ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #b71 :i* m>ks h] position night aft] night ) reg>d to u4 ,yet because %e is c>ri$ onw>ds all ! :ile by ! e>?1 %e w really h pass$ along ! int]rupt$ l9e - - - - betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,dur+ ! next week h] qu>t] ( a circle w c>ry h] r\nd beh9d ! e>?1 s t we see h] on ! #ag? z a full moon1 yet h] actual movem5t has be5 onw>ds along ! int]rupt$ l9e on ! f>!r side ( ! e>?4 ,dur+ ! ?ird week %e creeps r\nd ano!r qu>t] ( a circle s z to be 9 advance ( ! e>? on its ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun1 & rea*es ! end ( h] ?ird qu>t] on ! #bd?4 ,9 h] la/ qu>t] %e gradually passes aga9 betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun2 & ?\gh1 z reg>ds ! e>?1 %e appe>s to be go+ back r\nd to ! same place :]e %e 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?1 & on ! #ca/ is aga9 a d>k new moon1 yet %e has travell$ onw>ds exactly z mu* z we h1 & !re=e has really n describ$ a circle 9 ! heav5s b a wavy l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,diagram %[+ ! moon's c\rse dur+ "o mon?4 ,! moon & ! e>? are bo? mov+ onw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s4 ,! e>? moves along ! d>k l9e1 ! moon along ! int]rupt$ l9e - - - -4 ,! dott$ curv$ l9e 4444 %[s ! circle gradually describ$ by ! moon r\nd ! e>? z !y move onw>ds4 ,ne> to ?is la/ diagram hung ano!r1 well lov$ by ! lads1 = x 0 a l>ge map ( ! face ( ! moon1 t is ( ! side :i* is always turn$ t[>ds u1 because ! moon turns once on h] axis dur+ ! mon? t %e is travell+ r\nd ! e>?4 ,on ?is map 7 m>k$ all ! diff]5t crat]s1 m\nta9s1 pla9s & %9+ /reaks :i* appe> on ! moon's face2 :ile r\nd ! *>t 7 pictures ( "s ( ^! at sunrise & sunset on ! moon1 or dur+ ! long day ( ne>ly a =tnight :i* ea* "p ( ! face enjoys 9 its turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,*>t ( ! moon4 ,crat]s-- #a ,ty*o4 #d ,ari/>*us4 #g ,plato4 #aj ,petavius4 #b ,cop]nicus4 #e ,erato/h5es4 #h ,eudoxus4 #aa ,ptolemy4 #c ,kepl]4 #f ,ar*im$es4 #i ,ari/otle4 ,grey pla9s =m]ly believ$ to be seas-- ,a ,m>e ,crisium4 ,o ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,c ---- ,frigoris4 ,q ,oceanus ,procell>um4 ,g ---- ,tranquillitatis4 ,x ,m>e ,foecunditatis4 ,h ---- ,s]5itatis4 ,t ---- ,humorum4 ,by /udy+ ?is map1 & ! pictures1 !y 7 able1 ev5 9 _! small telescopes1 to recognise ,ty*o & ,cop]nicus1 & ! m\nta9s ( ! moon1 aft] !y _h once gr[n accu/om$ to ! /range *anges 9 _! appe>ance :i* take place z daylight or d>kness creeps ov] !m4 ,!y c\ld n h[ev] pick out m ?an "s ( ! *ief po9ts4 ,only ! magician himself knew e crat] & ridge "u all its v>y+ lights1 & n[1 z he wait$ = ! eclipse to beg91 he turn$ to a lad :o /ood beh9d him1 almo/ hidd5 9 ! d>k %ad[--! "o =tunate boy :o _h e>n$ ! "r to %>e ?is night's "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c;a4 ,! full moon4 7,f ,ball's ,/>l&47 ,we h /ill half an h\r1 ,alwyn1 said he1 be=e ! eclipse w beg91 & ,i c %[ y ! moon's face well to-night4 ,take my place "h & look at h] :ile ,i po9t out ! *ief features4 ,see fir/1 !re are ! grey pla9s 7,a1 ,c1 ,g1 etc47 ly+ *iefly 9 ! l[] half ( ! moon4 ,y c (t5 see ^! on a cle> night ) ! nak$ eye1 b y mu/ rememb] t !n !y appe> m 9 ! upp] "p1 because 9 ! telescope we see ! moon's face inv]t$ or upside d[n4 ,^! pla9s 7 once ?\ght to be oceans1 b are n[ prov$ to be dry flat regions situat$ at diff]5t levels on ! moon1 & mu* l :at des]ts & prairies w\ld appe> on our e>? if se5 f ! same di/ance4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! telescope1 is x n difficult to imag9e h[ p c\ld ev] h pictur$ !m z a man's face8 ,b n s difficult to und]/& h[ "s anci5t nations ?\ght ! moon 0 a k9d ( mirror1 9 :i* our e>? 0 reflect$ z 9 a look+-glass1 ) its seas & riv]s1 m\nta9s & valleys2 = x does look some?+ l a di/ant e>?1 & z ! light ^u x is really reflect$ f ! sun x 0 v natural to comp>e x to a look+-glass4 ,next ca/ y\r eye ov] ! hundr$s ( crat]s1 "s l>ge1 o!rs q small1 :i* cov] ! moon's face ) pitt$ m>ks1 l a man ) small-pox2 :ile a few ( ! l>g] r+s look l holes made 9 a w9d[-pane1 :]e a /one has pass$ ?r\gh1 = brilliant %9+ /reaks radiate f !m on all sides l ! rays ( a />1 cov]+ a l>ge "p ( ! moon4 ,brighte/ ( all ^! />r$ crat]s is ,ty*o1 :i* y w easily f9d ne> ! top ( ! moon 7,i1 ,fig4 #c71 = y h (t5 se5 x 9 ! small telescope4 ,h[ gr& x looks to-night 9 ! full moon 7,fig4 #c;a76 ,x is true y see all ! crat]s bett] :5 ! moon is 9 h] qu>t]s1 because ! light falls sideways ^u !m & ! %ad[s are m %>ply def9$2 yet ev5 at ! full ! bright ray ( light on ,ty*o's rim m>ks out ! huge cavity1 & y c ev5 see fa9tly ! magnific5t t]races :i* run r\nd ! cup )91 "o bel[ ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,ty*o & 8 surr\nd+s4 7,f a photograph ( ! moon tak5 by ,mr4 ,de la ,rue1 #ahfc47 ,?is cavity measures fifty-f\r miles across1 s t if x c\ld be mov$ d[n to our e>? x w\ld cov] by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ,devon%ire1 or t portion f ,bide=d on ! nor?1 to ! sea on ! s\?1 & f ! bord]s ( ,cornwall on ! ea/1 to ,exet] on ! we/1 & x is #ag1jjj feet or ne>ly ?ree miles 9 dep?4 ,ev5 9 ! brilliant light ( ! full moon ?is enorm\s cup is d>k comp>$ to ! bright rim1 b x is mu* bett] se5 9 ab\t ! middle ( ! second qu>t]1 :5 ! ris+ sun beg9s to light up "o side :ile ! o!r is 9 black night4 ,! draw+ on ! wall 7,fig4 #d71 :i* is tak5 f an actual photograph ( ! moon's face1 %[s ,ty*o at ?is "t surr\nd$ by ! num]\s o!r crat]s :i* cov] ?is "p ( ! moon4 ,y may recognise him by ! gleam+ peak 9 ! c5tre ( ! cup1 & by 8 bright rim :i* is s mu* m p]fect ?an ^? ( 8 companions4 ,! gleam+ peak is ! top ( a /eep cone or hill ris+ up #fjjj feet1 or m ?an a mile f ! base ( ! crat]1 s t ev5 ! summit is ab\t two miles bel[ ! rim4 ,!re is "o v int]e/+ po9t 9 ,ty*o1 h[ev]1 :i* is se5 at its v be/ at full moon4 ,look outside ! bright rim & y w see t f ! %ad[ :i* surr\nds x !re spr+ on all sides ^? /range brilliant /reaks 7see ,fig4 #c;a7 :i* ,i spoke ( j n[4 ,!re are o!rs q z bright1 or ev5 bright]1 r\nd o!r crat]s1 ,cop]nicus 7,fig4 #f71 ,kepl]1 & ,ari/>*us1 l[] d[n on ! "r-h& side ( ! moon2 b ^! ( ,ty*o are f> ! mo/ widely spread1 cov]+ almo/ all ! top ( ! face4 ,:at are ^! /reaks8 ,we d n "k4 ,dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ! moon1 :5 ! sun is ris+ sl[ly ^u ,ty*o1 light+ up 8 peak & %[+ ! crat] beautifully divid$ into a bright cup 9 ! curve to ! "r1 :ile a d5se %ad[ lies 9 ! left holl[1 ^! /reaks are only fa9t1 & among ! _m crat]s ar\nd 7see ,fig4 #d7 y might ev5 h "s difficulty at fir/ 9 f9d+ ! well-kn[n giant4 ,b z ! sun rises high] & high] !y beg9 to appe>1 & g on increas+ 9 brightness till !y %9e ) t wond]fully silv]y light y see n[ 9 ! full moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,plan ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 %[+ h[ x resembles a lun> crat]4 7,a4 ,geikie47 ,"h is a problem = y "y a/ronom]s to solve1 z we le>n m & m h[ to use ! telescope ) all its new appliances4 ,! crat] itself is n s difficult to expla91 = we h _m l x on our e>?1 only n ne>ly s l>ge4 ,9 fact1 we might almo/ say t our e>?ly volcanoes diff] f ^? 9 ! moon only by _! small] size & by =m+ m\nta9s ) ! crat] or cup on ! top2 :ile ! lun> crat]s lie flat on ! surface ( ! moon1 ! holl[ ( ! cup =m+ a depression bel[ x4 ,! peak ( ,t5]iffe 7,fig4 #e71 :i* is a dormant volcano1 is a good copy 9 m9iature on our e>? ( _m crat]s on ! moon4 ,! l>ge pla9 surr\nd$ by a high rocky wall1 brok5 9 places by lava /reams1 ! small] crat]s ne/l+ 9 ! cup1 & ! high peak or c5tral crat] ris+ up f> above ! o!rs1 are s l :at we see on ! moon t we _c d\bt t ! same causes h be5 at "w 9 bo? cases1 ev5 ?\gh ! space enclos$ 9 ! rocky wall ( ,t5]iffe measures only eight miles across1 :ile t ( ,ty*o measures fifty-f\r4 ,b ( ! /reaks we h no satisfactory explanation4 ,!y pass alike ov] pla9 & valley & m\nta91 cutt+ ev5 across o!r crat]s )\t sw]v+ f _! c\rse4 ,! a/ronom] ,nasmy? ?\ght !y 7 ! rema9s ( cracks made :5 ! volcanoes 7 active1 & fill$ ) molt5 lava f bel[1 z wat] oozes up ?r\gh ice-cracks on a pond4 ,b ?is explanation is n q satisfactory1 = ! lava1 =c+ its way ?r\gh1 w\ld cool 9 ridges :i* ought to ca/ a %ad[ 9 sunlight4 ,^! /reaks1 h[ev]1 n only ca/ no %ad[1 z y c see at ! full moon b :5 ! sun %9es sideways ^u !m 9 ! new or wan+ moon !y disappe> z we h se5 altoge!r4 ,?us ! /reaks1 s brilliant at full moon 9 ,ty*o1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,ari/>*us1 rema9 a puzzle to a/ronom]s /ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! crat] ,cop]nicus4 7,z giv5 9 ,h]s*el's ,a/ronomy1 f a draw+ tak5 9 a reflect+ telescope ( #bj feet focal l5g?47 ,we _c exam9e ^! ?ree la/-nam$ crat]s well to-night ) ! full sun ^u !m2 b m>k _! positions well1 = ,cop]nicus1 at lea/1 y mu/ exam9e on ! fir/ opportunity1 :5 ! sun is ris+ ^u x 9 ! moon's second qu>t]4 ,x is l>g] ev5 ?an ,ty*o1 measur+ fifty-six miles across1 & has a hill 9 ! c5tre ) _m peaks2 :ile outside1 great spurs or ridges /ret* 9 all directions sometimes = m ?an a hundr$ miles1 & betwe5 ^! are scatt]$ innum]able m9ute crat]s4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 x is ! r+1 :i* is compos$ inside ! crat] ( magnific5t t]races divid$ by deep rav9es4 ,^! t]races are 9 "s ways v l ^? ( ! great crat] ( ,t5]iffe1 & a/ronom]s c be/ acc\nt = !m by suppos+ t ?is imm5se crat] 0 once fill$ ) a lake ( molt5 lava ris+1 cool+ at ! edges1 & !n fall+ aga91 leav+ ! solid ridge beh9d4 ,! /reaks are also beautifully %[n 9 ,cop]nicus 7see ,fig4 #f71 b1 z 9 ,ty*o1 !y fade away z ! sun sets on ! crat]1 & only reappe> gradually z midday approa*es4 ,& n[1 look+ a little to ! left ( ,cop]nicus1 y w see t gr& range ( m\nta9s1 ! ,lun> ,ap5n9es 7,fig4 #g71 :i* /ret*es #djj miles across ! face ( ! moon4 ,o!r m\nta9 ranges we c\ld f9d1 b none s l m\nta9s on our own globe z ^!1 ) _! g5tle sunny slope d[n to a pla9 on ! left1 & /eep p]p5dicul> cliffs on ! "r4 ,! highe/ peak 9 ?is range1 call$ ,huygh5s1 rises to ! height ( #ba1jjj feet1 high] ?an ,*imborazo 9 ! ,&es4 ,o!r m\nta9s on ! moon1 su* z ^? call$ ! ,caucasus1 s\? ( ! ,ap5n9es1 are compos$ ( disconnect$ peaks1 :ile o!rs aga9 /& z solit>y pyramids ^u ! pla9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! ,lun> ,ap5n9es4 7,copi$ by k9d p]mission ( ,,mm4 ,h5ri f "p ( a magnific5t photograph tak5 by !m1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahij1 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory47 ,b we mu/ ha/5 on1 = ,i want y to obs]ve ^? huge wall$ crat]-pla9s :i* h no hill 9 ! middle1 b smoo? /eel-grey c5tres %9+ l mirrors 9 ! moonlight4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ,ar*im$es1 y w f9d j bel[ ! ,lun> ,ap5n9es 7,figs4 #c & #g71 & ano!r call$ ,plato1 :i* is sixty miles broad1 is /ill l[] d[n ! moon's face 7,figs4 #c & #h74 ,! c5tres ( ^! broad circles are curi\sly smoo? & %9+ l quicksilv]1 ) m9ute dots "h & !re :i* are m9iature crat]s1 :ile ! walls are rugg$ & cr[n$ ) turret-%ap$ peaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! crat] ,plato z se5 soon aft] sunrise4 7,aft] ,neison47 ,x is easy to picture to oneself h[ ^! may once h be5 va/ seas ( lava1 n surg+ z 9 ,cop]nicus1 & heav+ up z x cool$ into "o great c5tral cone1 b see?+ z molt5 lead does 9 a crucible1 little bubbles bur/+ "h & !re into m9ute crat]s2 & ?is is ! explanation giv5 ( !m by a/ronom]s4 ,& n[ t y h se5 ! curi\s rugg$ face ( ! moon & its crat]s & m\nta9s1 y w want to "k h[ all ?is has come ab\t4 ,we c only =m !ories on ! po9t1 except t ev]y?+ %[s t heat & volcanoes h 9 "s way done ! "w1 ?\gh no "o has ev] yet cle>ly prov$ t volcanic eruptions h tak5 place 9 our "t4 ,we mu/ look back to ages long gone by = ^? mighty volcanic eruptions :i* hurl$ out /ones & a%es f ! great crat] ( ,ty*o1 & =m$ ! va/ seas ( lava 9 ,cop]nicus & ,plato4 ,& :5 ^! 7 ov]1 & ! globe 0 cool+ d[n rapidly1 s t m\nta9 ranges 7 =m$ by ! wr9kl+ & r5d+ ( ! surface1 0 !re !n any life on ! moon8 ,:o c tell8 ,our magic glasses c reveal :at n[ is1 s f> z di/ance w all[2 b :at has be51 except :]e ! rugg$ traces rema91 we %all probably nev] "k4 ,:at we n[ see is a dead worn-out planet1 on :i* we _c c]ta9ly trace any activity except t ( heat 9 ! pa/4 ,t !re is no life !re n[1 at any rate ( ! k9d on our own e>?1 we are almo/ c]ta92 fir/1 because we c n[h]e f9d traces ( wat]1 cl\ds1 nor ev5 mi/1 & )\t moi/ure no life l ours is possible2 & secondly1 because ev5 if !re is1 z p]haps !re may be1 a ?9 ocean ( gas r\nd ! moon !re is c]ta9ly no atmosph]e su* z surr\nds our globe4 ,"o fact :i* proves ?is is1 t !re are no half-%ad[s on ! moon4 ,if y look "s night at ! m\nta9s & crat]s dur+ h] fir/ & second qu>t]s1 y w be />tl$ to see :at heavy %ad[s !y ca/1 n ) fa9t edges dy+ away into light1 b %>p & h>d 7see ,figs4 #f-h71 s t y pass1 z x 7 by "o /ep1 f %ad[ to sun%9e4 ,?is 9 itself is en\gh to %[ t !re is no air to scatt] ! sunlight & spread x into ! edges ( ! %ade z happ5s on our e>?2 b !re are o!r & bett] pro(s4 ,"o ( ^! is1 t dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun !re is no reflection ( 8 light r\nd ! d>k moon z !re w\ld be if ! moon _h an atmosph]e2 ano!r is t ! spectroscope1 t wond]ful in/rum5t :i* %[s u invisible gases1 gives no h9t ( air ar\nd ! moon2 & ano!r is ! sudd5 disappe>ance or occultation ( a /> beh9d ! moon1 su* z ,i hope to see 9 a few m9utes4 ,see "h6 take ! small h& telescope & turn x on to ! moon's face :ile ,i take my place at ! l>ge "o1 & ,i w tell y :at to look =4 ,y "k t at sunset we see ! sun = "s "t aft] x has dipp$ bel[ ! horizon1 because ! rays ( light :i* come f x are b5t 9 our atmosph]e & br\ght to our eyes1 =m+ 9 !m ! image ( ! sun :i* is already gone4 ,n[ 9 a %ort "t ! moon :i* we are wat*+ w be d>k5$ by our e>? com+ betwe5 x & ! sun1 & :ile x is q d>k x w pass ov] a little bright />4 ,9 fact to u ! /> w appe> to set beh9d ! d>k moon z ! sun sets bel[ ! horizon1 & if ! moon _h an atmosph]e l ours1 ! rays f ! /> w\ld be b5t 9 x & rea* our eyes aft] ! /> 0 gone1 s t x w\ld only disappe> gradually4 ,a/ronom]s h always obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! /> is lo/ to sight q sudd5ly1 %[+ t !re is no ocean ( air r\nd ! moon to b5d ! light-rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,diagram ( total eclipse ( ! moon4 ,s1 ,sun4 ,e1 ,e>?4 ,m1 ,moon pass+ into ! e>?'s %ad[ & pass+ out at ,m'4 ,r1 ,r'1 ,l9es meet+ at a po9t ,u1 ,u' beh9d ! e>? & enclos+ a space )9 :i* all ! direct rays ( ! sun are int]cept$ by ! e>?1 caus+ a black d>kness or umbra4 ,r1 ,p & ,r'1 ,p'1 ,l9es m>k+ a space )9 :i*1 beh9d ! e>?1 "p ( ! sun's rays are cut (f1 caus+ a half-%ad[ or p5umbra1 ,p1 ,p'4 a1 a1 ,po9ts :]e a few ( ! sun's rays are b5t or refract$ 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 s t !y pass along ! pa? m>k$ by ! dott$ l9es & %$ a lurid light on ! sun's face4 ,"h ! magician paus$1 = a slight dimness on ! l[] "r-h& side ( ! moon w>n$ him t %e 0 ent]+ into ! p5umbra or half-%ad[ 7see ,fig4 #i7 caus$ by ! e>? cutt+ (f "p ( ! sun's rays2 & soon a deep black %ad[ creep+ ov] ,ari/>*us & ,plato %[$ t %e 0 pass+ into t d>k] space or umbra :]e ! body ( ! e>? is completely betwe5 h] & ! sun & cuts (f all 8 rays4 ,all1 did ,i say8 ,no6 n all4 ,= n[ 0 se5 a beautiful sight1 :i* w\ld prove to any "o :o saw our e>? f a great di/ance t x has a deep ocean ( air r\nd x4 ,x 0 a cle> night1 ) a cl\dless sky1 & z ! deep %ad[ crept sl[ly ov] ! moon's face1 cov]+ ! ,lun> ,ap5n9es & ,cop]nicus1 & /eal+ gradually across ! brilliant /reaks ( ,ty*o till ! crat] itself 0 swall[$ up 9 d>kness1 a /range lurid light began to appe>4 ,! "p ( ! moon :i* 0 eclips$ 0 n :olly d>k1 b t9t$ ) a v fa9t blui%-gre5 light1 :i* *ang$ almo/ imp]ceptibly1 z ! eclipse w5t on1 to rose-r$1 & !n to a fi]y copp]-col\r$ gl[ z ! moon crept entirely into ! %ad[ & became all d>k4 ,! lad wat*+ ?r\gh 8 small telescope not$ ?is weird light1 & wond]$1 z he saw ! outl9es ( ! ,ap5n9es & ( sev]al crat]s dimly visible by x1 ?\gh ! moon 0 totally eclips$4 ,he not$1 b 0 sil5t4 ,he w\ld n di/urb ! ,pr9cipal1 = ! important mom5t 0 at h&1 z ?is d>k copp]-col\r$ moon1 n[ almo/ invisible1 drew ne> to ! /> ov] :i* x 0 to pass4 ,?is little />1 really a glori\s sun billions ( miles away beh9d ! moon1 0 p]haps ! c5tre ( ano!r sy/em ( worlds z unkn[n to u z we to !m1 & ! fact ( our t9y moon cross+ betwe5 x & our e>? w\ld matt] z little z if a gra9 ( s& 0 bl[n across ! heav5s4 ,yet to ! wat*]s x 0 a great matt]--w\ld ! /> give any fur!r clue to ! "q ( an atmosph]e r\nd ! moon8 ,w\ld its light l+] ev5 = a mom5t1 l ! light ( ! sett+ sun8 ,ne>] & ne>] came ! d>k moon2 ! /> %one brilliantly aga9/ its d>kness2 "o second & x 0 gone4 ,! long look$-= mom5t _h pass$1 & ! magician turn$ f 8 in/rum5t ) a sigh4 ,i h le>nt no?+ new1 ,alwyn1 said he1 b at lea/ x is satisfactory to h se5 = ourselves ! pro( t !re is no p]ceptible atmosph]e r\nd ! moon4 ,we ne$ wait no long]1 = be=e ! /> reappe>s on ! o!r side ! eclipse w be pass+ away4 ,b1 ma/]1 bur/ =? ! lad1 n[ ! sil5ce 0 brok51 tell me :y did t /range light ( _m t9ts %9e ^u ! d>k moon8 ,did y notice x1 ,alwyn8 said ! ,pr9cipal1 ) a pleas$ smile4 ,!n our ev5+'s "w is n lo/1 = y h made a real obs]vation = y\rself4 ,t light 0 caus$ by ! few rays ( ! sun :i* graz$ ! edge ( our e>? pass+ ?r\gh ! ocean ( air r\nd x 7see ,fig4 #i74 ,!re !y 7 refract$ or b5t1 & s 7 ?r[n )9 ! %ad[ ca/ by our e>?1 & fell ^u ! moon4 ,if !re 7 su* a p]son z a 'man 9 ! moon1' t lurid light w\ld prove to him t our e>? has an atmosph]e4 ,! cause ( ! t9ts is ! same :i* gives u our sunset col\rs1 because z ! diff]5t col\r$ waves :i* make :ite light are absorb$ "o by "o1 pass+ ?r\gh ! d5s] atmosph]e1 ! blue are cut (f fir/1 !n ! gre51 !n ! yell[1 till only ! orange & r$ rays rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! %ad[1 :]e ! moon 0 d>ke/4 ,b ?is is too difficult a subject to beg9 at midnight4 ,s say+1 he light$ 8 lamp1 & cov]+ ! object-glass ( 8 telescope ) its pa/ebo>d cap1 deta*$ ! in/rum5t f ! clockwork1 & ! ma/] & 8 pupil w5t d[n ! turret /airs & pa/ ?r\gh ! room bel[4 ,z !y did s !y he>d 9 ! di/ance a scuffl+ noise l t ( rats 9 ! wall4 ,a smile pass$ ov] ! face ( ! ,pr9cipal1 = he knew t 8 "y pupils1 :o _h be5 mak+ _! obs]vations 9 ! gall]y above1 7 hurry+ back to _! b$s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,magic ,,glasses1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,!m ,illu/ration ,! sun %one brightly into ! sci5ce class-room at mid-day4 ,no gaunt %ad[s nor gho/ly moonlight n[ ?rew a spell on ! magic *amb] above4 ,! in/rum5ts look$ bright & bus9ess-l1 & ! ,pr9cipal1 mov+ among/ !m1 he>d ! subdu$ hum ( fifty or m voices ris+ f bel[4 ,x 0 ! lecture h\r1 & ! subject = ! day 01 ,magic glasses1 & h[ to use !m4 ,z ! l>ge clock 9 ! hall s\nd$ twelve1 ! ,pr9cipal ga!r$ up a few /ray l5ses & prisms he _h select$1 & pass$ d[n ! turret /air to 8 plat=m4 ,beh9d him 7 arrang$ 8 diagrams1 be=e him on ! table /ood v>i\s in/rum5ts1 & ! r[s ( bright faces beyond look$ up ) "o cons5t z ! hum quiet$ d[n & he began 8 lecture4 ,i h (t5 told y1 boys1 h ,i n8 t ,i am a ,magician4 ,9 my *amb] ne> ! sky ,i "w spells z did ! magicians ( old1 & by ! help ( my magic glasses ,i pe] into ! secrets ( nature4 ,?us ,i read ! secrets ( ! di/ant />s2 ,i cat* ! light ( w&]+ comets1 & make x reveal its orig92 ,i p5etrate into ! :irlpools ( ! sun2 ,i map out ! crat]s ( ! moon4 ,nor c ! t9ie/ be+ on e>? hide itself f me4 ,:]e o!rs see only a drop ( muddy wat]1 t wat] br\ght into my magic *amb] teems ) ?\s&s ( active bodies1 d>t+ "h & :irl+ !re amid a mead[ ( t9y gre5 plants float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,nay1 my inquisitive glass sees ev5 f>!r ?an ?is1 = ) x ,i c wat* ! eddies ( wat] & gre5 atoms go+ on 9 ea* ( ^! t9y be+s z !y fe$ & gr[4 ,aga91 if ,i want to break into ! secrets ( ! rock at my feet1 ,i h only to put a ?9 slice ( x "u my microscope to trace e cry/al & gra92 or1 if ,i wi% to le>n /ill m1 ,i subject x to fi]y heat1 & ?r\gh ! magic prisms ( my spectroscope ,i read ! hi/ory ( ! v sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$4 ,if ,i wi% to /udy ! treasures ( ! wide ocean1 ! slime f a rock-pool teems ) fairy =ms d>t+ ab\t 9 ! live box imprison$ 9 a cry/al home4 ,if "s di/ant />s are invisible ev5 9 ! giant glasses ( my telescope1 ,i set ano!r p[] to "w1 & make !m pr9t _! own image on a photographic plate & s reveal _! pres5ce4 ,all ^! ?+s y h se5 ?r\gh my magic glasses1 & ,i promis$ y t "o day ,i w\ld expla9 to y h[ !y "w & d my bidd+4 ,b ,i mu/ w>n y t y mu/ give all y\r att5tion2 !re is no royal road to my magician's p[]4 ,e "o c atta9 to x1 b only by tak+ tr\ble4 ,y mu/ op5 y\r eyes & e>s1 & use y\r intellig5ce to te/ c>efully :at y\r s5ses %[ y4 ,we h only to consid] a little to see t we dep5d entirely ^u our s5ses = our k ( ! outside _w4 ,all k9ds ( ?+s are go+ on ar\nd u1 ab\t :i* we "k no?+1 because our eyes are n ke5 en\gh to see1 & our e>s n %>p en\gh to he> !m4 ,mo/ ( all we enjoy & /udy nature ?r\gh our eyes1 ^? w9d[s :i* let 9 to u ! light ( heav51 & ) x ! lovely sights & sc5es ( e>?2 & :i* are no ord9>y w9d[s1 b mo/ wond]ful /ructures adapt$ = convey+ images to ! bra94 ,!y are ( v diff]5t p[] 9 diff]5t p1 s t a long-sight$ p]son sees a lovely l&scape :]e a %ort-sight$ "o sees only a confus$ mi/2 :ile a %ort-sight$ p]son c see m9ute ?+s close to ! eye bett] ?an a long-sight$ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,eye-ball se5 f ! front4 7,aft] ,le ,gros ,cl>k47 w1 ,:ite ( eye4 i1 ,iris4 p1 ,pupil4 ,let u try to und]/& ?is be=e we g on to artificial glasses1 = x w help u to expla9 h[ ^! glasses %[ u _m ?+s we c\ld nev] see )\t !m4 ,"h are two pictures ( ! human eyeball 7,figs4 #aj & #aa71 "o z x appe>s f ! front1 & ! o!r z we %\ld see ! p>ts if we cut an eyeball across f ! front to ! back4 ,f ^! draw+s we see t ! eyeball is r\nd2 x only looks oval1 because x is se5 ?r\gh ! oval slit ( ! eyelids4 ,x is really a h>d1 %9+1 :ite ball ) a ?ick n]ve cord 7on1 ,fig4 #aa7 pass+ out at ! back1 & a d>k glassy m\nd c1 c 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite 9 front4 ,9 ?is m\nd we c easily di/+ui% two p>ts--fir/1 ! col\r$ iris or ela/ic curta9 7i1 ,fig4 #aj72 & secondly1 ! d>k spot or pupil p 9 ! c5tre4 ,! iris is ! "p :i* gives ! eye its col\r2 x is compos$ ( a numb] ( fibres1 ! out] ones radiat+ t[>ds ! c5tre1 ! inn] ones =m+ a r+ r\nd ! pupil2 & beh9d ^! fibres is a coat ( d>k pigm5t or col\r+ matt]1 blue 9 "s p1 grey1 br[n1 or black 9 o!rs4 ,:5 ! light is v /rong1 & w\ld pa9 ! n]ves inside if too mu* ent]$ ! pupil or w9d[ ( ! eye1 !n ! r+ ( ! iris contracts s z p>tly to close ! op5+4 ,:5 !re is v little light1 & x is necess>y to let 9 z mu* z possible1 ! r+ exp&s & ! pupil gr[s l>ge4 ,! be/ way to obs]ve ?is is to look at a cat's eyes 9 ! dusk1 & !n br+ h] ne> to a bright light2 = ! iris ( a cat's eye contracts & exp&s mu* m ?an ours does4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,section ( an eye look+ at a p5cil4 7,adapt$ f ,kirke47 c1 c1 ,cornea4 w1 ,:ite ( eye4 cm1 ,cili>y muscle4 a1 a1 ,aque\s hum\r4 i1 i1 ,iris4 l1 l1 ,l5s4 r1 r1 ,ret9a4 on1 ,optic n]ve4 #a1 #b1 ,p5cil4 #a'1 #b'1 ,image ( p5cil on ! ret9a4 ,n[ look at ! second diagram 7,fig4 #aa7 & notice ! *ief po9ts necess>y 9 see+4 ,fir/ y w obs]ve t ! pupil is n a m]e hole2 x is protect$ by a curv$ cov]+ c4 ,?is is ! cornea1 a h>d1 p]fectly transp>5t membrane1 look+ mu* l a curv$ wat*-glass4 ,beh9d ?is is a small *amb] fill$ ) a wat]y fluid a1 call$ ! aque\s hum\r1 & ne> ! back ( ?is *amb] is ! d>k r+ or iris i1 :i* y saw f ! front ?r\gh ! cornea & fluid4 ,close beh9d ! iris aga9 is ! natural 'magic glass' ( our eye1 ! cry/all9e l5s l1 :i* is compos$ ( p]fectly transp>5t fibres & has two r\nd$ or convex surfaces l an ord9>y magnify+ glass4 ,?is l5s re/s on a cu%ion ( a s(t jelly-l sub/ance v1 call$ ! vitre\s hum\r1 :i* fills ! d>k *amb] or cavity ( ! eyeball & keeps x 9 %ape1 s t ! ret9a r1 :i* l9es ! *amb]1 is kept at a prop] di/ance f ! l5s4 ,?is ret9a is a transp>5t film ( v s5sitive n]ves2 x =ms a scre5 at ! back ( ! *amb]1 & has a coat+ ( v d>k pigm5t or col\r+ matt] beh9d x4 ,la/ly1 ! n]ves ( ! ret9a all meet 9 a bundle1 call$ ! optic n]ve1 & pass+ out ( ! eyeball at a po9t on1 g to ! bra94 ,^! are ! *ief p>ts we use 9 see+2 n[ h[ d we use !m8 ,suppose t a p5cil is held 9 front ( ! eye at ! di/ance at :i* we see small objects com=tably4 ,light is reflect$ f all p>ts ( ! surface ( ! p5cil1 & z ! rays spread1 a c]ta9 numb] ent] ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,we w foll[ only two cones ( light com+ f ! po9ts #a & #b on ! diagram ,fig4 #aa4 ,^! y see ent] ! eye1 ea* widely spread ov] ! cornea c4 ,!y are b5t 9 a little by ?is curv$ cov]+1 & by ! liquid beh9d x1 :ile ! iris cuts (f ! rays ne> ! edges ( ! l5s1 :i* w\ld be too mu* b5t to =m a cle> image4 ,! re/ ( ! rays fall ^u ! l5s l4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is l5s !y are v mu* b5t 7or refract$7 t[>ds ea* o!r1 s mu* s t by ! "t !y rea* ! end ( ! d>k *amb] v1 ea* cone ( light has come to a po9t or focus #a'1 #b'1 & z rays ( ?is k9d h come f e po9t all ov] ! p5cil1 exactly simil> po9ts are =m$ on ! ret9a1 & a real picture ( ! p5cil is =m$ !re betwe5 #a' & #b'4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,image ( a c&le-flame ?r[n on pap] by a l5s4 ,we w make a v simple & pretty exp]im5t to illu/rate ?is4 ,d>k5+ ! room ,i light a c&le1 take a squ>e ( :ite pap] 9 my h&1 & hold a simple magnify+ glass betwe5 ! two 7see ,fig4 #ab7 ab\t ?ree in*es away f ! c&le4 ,!n ,i %ift ! pap] ne>] & f>!r beh9d ! l5s1 till we get a cle> image ( ! c&le-flame ^u x4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 our eye4 ,i h drawn a dott$ l9e c r\nd ! l5s & ! pap] on ! diagram to repres5t ! eyeball 9 :i* ! image ( ! c&le-flame w\ld be on ! ret9a in/ead ( on ! piece ( pap]4 ,! fir/ po9t y w notice is t ! c&le-flame is upside d[n on ! pap]1 & if y turn back to ,fig4 #aa y w see :y1 = x is pla9 t ! cones ( light cross 9 ! l5s l1 #a go+ to #a' & #b to #b'4 ,e picture made on our ret9a is upside d[n4 ,b x is n !re t we see x4 ,z soon z ! po9ts ( light f ! p5cil /rike ^u ! ret9a1 ! ?rill passes on along ! optic n]ve on1 ?r\gh ! back ( ! eye to ! bra92 & our m9d1 foll[+ back ! rays exactly z !y h come ?r\gh ! l5s1 sees a p5cil1 outside ! eye1 "r way upw>ds4 ,?is is h[ we see ) our eyes1 :i* adju/ !mselves mo/ beautifully to our ne$s4 ,= example1 n only is ! iris always ready to exp& or contract accord+ z we ne$ m or less light1 b !re is a special muscle1 call$ ! cili>y muscle 7cm1 ,fig4 #aa71 :i* alt]s ! l5s = u to see ?+s f> or ne>4 ,9 all1 or ne>ly all1 p]fect eyes ! l5s is flatt] 9 front ?an beh9d1 & ?is enables u to see ?+s f> (f by br++ ! rays f !m exactly to a focus on ! ret9a4 ,b :5 we look at ne>] ?+s ! rays require to be m b5t or refract$1 s )\t any consci\s ef=t on our "p ?is cili>y muscle contracts & all[s ! l5s to bulge out slightly 9 front4 ,in/antly we h a /rong] magnifi]1 & ! rays are br\ght to ! "r focus on ! ret9a1 s t a cle> & full-size image ( ! ne> object is =m$4 ,h[ little we ?9k1 z we turn our eyes f "o ?+ to ano!r1 & obs]ve1 n[ ! di/ant hills1 n[ ! %eep fe$+ close by2 or1 z night draws on1 gaze into limitless space & see ! />s millions ^u millions ( miles away1 t at e mom5t ! focus ( our eye is alt]+1 ! iris is contract+ or exp&+1 & myriads ( images are be+ =m$ "o aft] ! o!r 9 t little d>k *amb]1 ?r\gh :i* pass all ! sc5es ( ! out] _w6 ,yet ev5 ?is wond]ful eye _c %[ u ev]y?+4 ,"s see f>!r ?an o!rs1 "s see m m9utely ?an o!rs1 accord+ z ! l5s ( ! eye is flatt] 9 "o p]son & m r\nd$ 9 ano!r4 ,b ! mo/ long-sight$ p]son c\ld nev] h discov]$ ! planet ,neptune1 m ?an #bgjj millions ( miles di/ant f u1 nor c\ld ! ke5e/-sight$ h kn[n ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? m9ute & beautiful little plants1 call$ diatoms1 :i* live ar\nd u :]ev] wat] is f\nd1 & =m delicate fl9t skeletons s inf9itesimally small t ?\s&s ( millions g to =m "o cubic in* ( ! /one call$ tripoli1 f\nd at ,bil9 9 ,bohemia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,arr[ magnifi$ by a convex l5s4 a1 b1 ,real arr[4 ,c1 ,d1 ,magnify+-glass4 ,a1 ,b1 ,enl>g$ image ( ! arr[4 ,x is "h t our 'magic glasses' come to our assi/ance1 & reveal to u :at 0 be=e invisible4 ,we le>nt j n[ t we see ne> ?+s by ! l5s ( our eye becom+ m r\nd$ 9 front2 b !re comes a po9t beyond :i* ! l5s _c bulge any m1 s t :5 a ?+ is v t9y1 & w\ld h to be held v close to ! eye = u to see x1 ! l5s c no long] collect ! rays to a focus1 s we see no?+ b a blur4 ,m ?an #hjj ye>s ago an ,arabian1 nam$ ,alhaz51 expla9$ :y r\nd$ or convex glasses make ?+s appe> l>g] :5 plac$ be=e ! eye4 ,?is glass :i* ,i hold 9 my h& is a simple magnify+-glass1 su* z we us$ = focus+ ! c&le-flame4 ,x b5ds ! rays inw>ds f any small object 7see ! arr[ a1 b1 ,fig4 #ac7 s t ! l5s ( our eye c use !m1 & !n1 z we foll[ out ! rays 9 /raight l9es to ! place :]e we see cle>ly 7at ,a1 ,b71 e po9t ( ! object is magnifi$1 & we n only see x mu* l>g]1 b e m>k ^u x is mu* m di/9ct4 ,y all "k h[ ! little %ill+ magnify+-glasses y c>ry %[ ! mo/ lovely & delicate /ructures 9 fl[]s1 on ! w+s ( butt]flies1 on ! head ( a bee or fly1 &1 9 fact1 9 all m9ute liv+ ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,/ud5t's microscope4 ep1 ,eye-piece4 o1 g1 ,object-glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,skeleton ( a microscope1 %[+ h[ an object is magnifi$4 o1 l1 ,object-l5s4 e1 g1 ,eye-glass4 s1 s1 ,spicule4 s'1 s'1 ,magnifi$ image ( same 9 ! tube4 ,s1 ,s1 ,image aga9 enl>g$ by ! l5s ( ! eye-piece4 ,b ?is is only our fir/ /ep4 ,^? diatoms we spoke ( j n[ w only look l m9ute specks "u ev5 ! /ronge/ magnify+-glass4 ,s we pass on to use two extra l5ses to assi/ our eyes1 & come to ?is comp\nd microscope 7,fig4 #ad7 ?r\gh :i* ,i h be=e n[ %[n y ! delicate m>k+s on %ells :i* 7 !mselves s m9ute t y c\ld n see !m ) ! nak$ eye4 ,n[ we h to discov] h[ ! microscope p]=ms ?is feat4 ,go+ back aga9 = a m9ute to our c&le & magnify+-glass 7,fig4 #ab71 y w f9d t ! ne>] y put ! l5s to ! c&le ! f>!r away y w h to put ! pap] to get a cle> image4 ,:5 9 a microscope we put a p[]ful l5s o1 l close d[n to a v m9ute object1 say a spicule ( a fl9t sponge s1 s1 q invisible to ! unaid$ eye1 ! rays f ?is spicule are br\ght to a focus a long way beh9d x at s'1 s'1 mak+ an enl>g$ image because ! l9es ( light h be5 div]g+ ev] s9ce !y cross$ 9 ! l5s4 ,if y c\ld put a piece ( pap] at s' s'1 z y did 9 ! c&le exp]im5t1 y w\ld see ! actual image ( ! magnifi$ spicule ^u x4 ,b z ^! po9ts ( light are only 9 an empty tube1 !y pass on1 spread+ out aga9 f ! image1 z !y did be=e f ! spicule4 ,!n ano!r convex l5s or eye-glass e1 g is put at ! top ( ! microscope at ! prop] di/ance to b5d ^! rays s t !y ent] our eye 9 ne>ly p>allel l9es1 exactly z we saw 9 ! ord9>y magnify+-glass 7,fig4 #ac71 & our cry/all9e l5s c !n br+ !m to a focus on our ret9a4 ,by ?is "t ! spicule has be5 twice magnifi$2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! rays ( light com+ f x h be5 twice b5t t[>ds ea* o!r1 s t :5 our eye foll[s !m out 9 /raight l9es !y are widely spread1 & we see e po9t ( light s cle>ly t all ! spots & m>k+s on ?is m9ute spicule are z cle> z if x 7 really z l>ge z x looks to u4 ,?is is simply ! pr9ciple ( ! microscope4 ,:5 y come to look at y\r own in/rum5ts1 ?\gh !y are v ord9>y ones1 y w f9d t ! object-glass o1 l is made ( ?ree l5ses1 flat on ! side ne>e/ ! tube1 & ea* l5s is compos$ ( two k9ds ( glass 9 ord] to correct ! unequal refraction ( ! rays1 & prev5t fr+es ( col\r appe>+ at ! edge ( ! l5s4 ,!n aga9 ! eye-piece w be a %ort tube ) a l5s at ea* end1 & halfway betwe5 !m a black l$ge w be se5 inside ! tube :i* acts l ! iris ( our eye 7i1 ,fig4 #aa7 & cuts (f ! rays pass+ ?r\gh ! edges ( ! l5s4 ,all ^! are devices to correct faults 9 ! microscope :i* our eye corrects = itself1 & !y h enabl$ opticians to make v p[]ful l5ses4 ,look n[ at ! diagram 7,fig4 #af7 %[+ a gr\p ( diatoms :i* y c see "u ! microscope aft] ! lecture4 ,notice ! lovely patt]ns1 ! delicate trac]y1 & ! f9e l9es on ! diatoms %[n !re4 ,yet ea* ( ^! m9ute fl9t skeletons1 if laid on a piece ( glass by itself1 w\ld be q invisible to ! nak$ eye1 :ile hundr$s ( !m toge!r only look l a fa9t mi/ on ! slide on :i* !y lie4 ,nor are !y ev5 "h %[n z mu* magnifi$ z !y might be2 "u a /rong] p[] we %\ld see ^? delicate l9es on ! diatoms brok5 up into m9ute r\nd cups4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,fossil diatoms se5 "u ! microscope4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is an almo/ imp]ceptible speck to ! nak$ eye4 ,is x n wond]ful & delightful to ?9k t we are able to add 9 ?is way to ! p[] ( our eyes1 till x seems z if !re 7 no limit to ! hidd5 beauties ( ! m9ute =ms ( our e>?1 if only we c discov] !m8 ,b our globe does n /& alone 9 ! univ]se1 & we want n only to le>n all ab\t ev]y?+ we f9d ^u x1 b also to look out into ! va/ space ar\nd u & discov] z mu* z we c ab\t ! myriads ( suns & planets1 comets & meteorites1 />-mi/s & nebulae1 :i* are to be f\nd !re4 ,ev5 ) ! nak$ eye we c admire ! gr& planet ,saturn1 :i* is m ?an #hjj millions ( miles away1 & ?is 9 itself is v m>vell\s4 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t our t9y cry/all9e l5s w\ld be able to cat* & focus rays1 s5t all ?is enorm\s di/ance1 s z actually to make a picture on our ret9a ( a planet1 :i*1 l ! moon1 is only s5d+ back to u ! light ( ! sun8 ,=1 rememb]1 ! rays :i* come to u f ,saturn mu/ h travell$ twice #hjj millions ( miles--#hhd millions f ! sun to ! planet1 & less or m f ! planet back to u1 accord+ to our position at ! "t4 ,b ?is is z no?+ :5 comp>$ to ! enorm\s di/ances ov] :i* light travels f ! />s to u4 ,ev5 ! ne>e/ /> we "k (1 is at lea/ tw5ty millions ( millions ( miles away1 & ! light f x1 ?\gh travell+ at ! rate ( #ahf1cjj miles 9 a second1 takes f\r ye>s & f\r mon?s to rea* u1 :ile ! light f o!rs1 :i* we c see )\t a telescope1 is betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ye>s on its road4 ,does n ! ?\ght fill u ) awe1 t our little eye %\ld be able to span su* va/ di/ances8 ,b we are n yet ne>ly at ! end ( our wond]1 = ! same p[] :i* devis$ our eye gave u also ! m9d capable ( inv5t+ an in/rum5t :i* increases ! /r5g? ( t eye till we c actually see />s s f> (f t _! light takes two ?\s& ye>s com+ to our globe4 ,if ! microscope delights u 9 help+ u to see ?+s invisible )\t x1 because !y are s small1 surely ! telescope is fasc9at+ beyond all o!r magic glasses :5 we ?9k t x br+s heav5ly bodies1 ?\s&s ( billions ( miles away1 s close to u t we c exam9e !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,an a/ronomical telescope4 ep1 ,eye-piece4 og1 ,object-glass4 f1 ,f9d]4 ,a ,telescope 7,fig4 #ag7 c1 l ! microscope1 be made ( only two glasses3 an object-glass to =m an image 9 ! tube & a magnify+ eye-piece to enl>ge x4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t ! object l5s ( a microscope is put close d[n to a m9ute object1 s t ! rays fall ^u x at a wide angle1 & ! image =m$ 9 ! tube is v mu* l>g] ?an ! object outside4 ,9 ! telescope1 on ! contr>y1 ! ?+ we look at is f> (f1 s t ! rays fall on ! object-glass at su* a v n>r[ angle z to be practically p>allel1 & ! image 9 ! tube is ( c\rse v1 v mu* small] ?an ! h\se1 or *ur*1 or planet x pictures4 ,:at ! object-glass ( ! telescope does = u1 is to br+ a small real image ( an object v f> (f close to u 9 ! tube ( ! telescope s t we c exam9e x4 ,?9k = a mom5t :at ?is means4 ,imag9e t /> we spoke ( 7p4 #da71 ^: light1 travell+ #ahf1cjj miles 9 "o second1 /ill takes #bjjj ye>s to rea* u4 ,picture ! t9y waves ( light cross+ ! c\ntless billions ( miles ( space dur+ ^? two ?\s& ye>s1 & rea*+ u s widely spread out t ! few fa9t rays :i* /rike our eye are q useless1 & = u t /> has no exi/5ce2 we _c see x4 ,!n g & ask ! giant telescope1 by turn+ ! object-glass 9 ! direction :]e t /> lies 9 inf9ite space4 ,! widespread rays are collect$ & come to a m9ute bright image 9 ! d>k tube4 ,y put ! eye-piece to ?is image1 & !re1 "u y\r eye1 is a %9+ po9t3 ?is is ! image ( ! />1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be lo/ to y 9 ! mighty di/ance4 ,c any magic tale be m m>vell\s1 or any ?\ght gr&]1 or m sublime ?an ?is8 ,f my little *amb]1 by mak+ use ( ! laws ( light1 :i* are ! same :]ev] we turn1 we c p5etrate into dep?s s va/ t we are n able ev5 to measure !m1 & br+ back unse5 />s to tell u ! secrets ( ! mighty univ]se4 ,z f> z ! />s are conc]n$1 :e!r we see !m or n dep5ds entirely ^u ! numb] ( rays collect$ by ! object-glass2 = at su* enorm\s di/ances ! rays h no angle t we c measure1 & magnify z y w1 ! brighte/ /> only rema9s a po9t ( light4 ,x is 9 ord] to collect en\gh rays t a/ronom]s h tri$ to h l>g] & l>g] object-glasses2 s t :ile a small good h& telescope1 su* z y use1 may h an object-glass measur+ only an in* & a qu>t] across1 "s ( ! giant telescopes h l5ses ( two & a half feet1 or ?irty in*es1 diamet]4 ,^! enorm\s l5ses are v difficult to make & manage1 & h _m faults1 !re=e a/ronomical telescopes are (t5 made ) curv$ mirrors to reflect ! rays1 & br+ !m to a focus in/ead ( refract+ !m z curv$ l5ses d4 ,we see1 !n1 t "o v important use ( ! telescope is to br+ objects into view :i* o!rwise we w\ld nev] see2 =1 z ,i h already said1 ?\gh we br+ ! />s into sight1 we _c magnify !m4 ,b :5ev] an object is ne> en\gh = ! rays to fall ev5 at a v small p]ceptible angle on ! object-glass1 !n we c magnify !m2 & ! long] ! telescope1 & ! /rong] ! eye-piece1 ! m ! object is magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,skeletons ( telescopes4 ,a1 ,a "o-foot telescope ) a ?ree-in* eye-piece4 ,b1 ,a two-foot telescope ) a ?ree-in* eye-piece4 e1 p1 ,eye-piece4 o1 g1 ,object-glass4 r1 r1 ,rays :i* ent] ! telescopes & cross+ at x =m an image at i1 i1 :i* is magnifi$ by ! l5s e1 p4 ,! angles r1 x1 r & i1 x1 i are ! same4 ,9 ,a ! angle i1 o1 i is f\r times great] ?an t ( i1 x1 i4 ,9 ,b x is eight times great]4 ,i want y to und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is1 = x is really v simple1 only x requires a little ?\ght4 ,"h are skeleton draw+s ( two telescopes 7,fig4 #ah71 "o d\ble ! l5g? ( ! o!r4 ,let u suppose t two p are us+ !m to look at an arr[ on a wea!rcock a long di/ance (f4 ,! rays ( light r1 r f ! two ends ( ! arr[ w ent] bo? telescopes at ! same angle r1 x1 r1 cross 9 ! l5s1 & pass on at exactly ! same angle into ! tubes4 ,s f> all is alike1 b n[ comes ! diff]5ce4 ,9 ! %ort telescope ,a ! object-glass mu/ be ( su* a curve z to br+ ! cones ( light 9 ea* ray to a focus at a di/ance ( "o foot beh9d x1#a & !re a small image i1 i ( ! arr[ is =m$4 ,b ,b be+ twice ! l5g?1 all[s ! l5s to be less curv$1 & ! image to be =m$ two feet beh9d ! object-glass2 & z ! rays r1 r h be5 div]g+ ev] s9ce !y cross$ at x1 ! real image ( ! arr[ =m$ at i1 i is twice ! size ( ! same image 9 ,a4 ,nev]!less1 if y c\ld put a piece ( pap] at i1 i 9 bo? telescopes1 & look ?r\gh ! object-glass 7:i* y _c actually d1 because y\r head w\ld block out ! rays71 ! arr[ w\ld appe> ! same size 9 bo? telescopes1 because "o w\ld be twice z f> (f f y z ! o!r1 & ! angle i1 x1 i is ! same 9 bo?4 #a ,9 our ,fig4 #ah ! di/ances are in*es in/ead ( feet1 b ! proportions are ! same4 ,b by go+ to ! prop] end ( ! telescope y c get q ne> ! image1 & c see & magnify x1 if y put a /rong l5s to collect ! rays f x to a focus4 ,?is is ! use ( ! eye-piece1 :i* 9 our diagram is plac$ at a qu>t] ( a foot or ?ree in*es f ! image 9 bo? telescopes4 ,n[ t we are close to ! images1 ! div]g5ce ( ! po9ts i1 i makes a great diff]5ce4 ,9 ! small telescope1 9 :i* ! image is only "o foot beh9d ! object-glass1 ! eye-piece be+ a qu>t] ( a foot f x1 is f\r times ne>]1 s ! angle i1 o1 i is f\r times ! angle i1 x1 i1 & ! man look+ ?r\gh x sees ! image magnifi$ f\r times4 ,b 9 ! long] telescope ! image is two feet beh9d ! l5s1 :ile ! eye-piece is1 z be=e1 a qu>t] ( a foot f x4 ,?us ! eyepiece is n[ eight times ne>]1 s ! angle i1 o1 i is eight times ! angle i1 x1 i1 & ! obs]v] sees ! image magnifi$ eight times4 ,9 real telescopes1 :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! focal l5g? ( ! object-glass & t ( ! eye-glass c be made enorm\sly great]1 ! magnify+ p[] is q />tl+1 only ! object-glass mu/ be l>ge1 s z to collect en\gh rays to be> spread+ widely4 ,ev5 9 y\r small telescopes1 ) a focus ( eighte5 in*es1 & an object-glass measur+ "o & a qu>t] in* across1 we c put on a qu>t] ( an in* eye-piece1 & s magnify sev5ty-two times2 :ile 9 my obs]vatory telescope1 eight feet or n9ety-six in*es long1 an eye-piece ( half an in* magnifies #aib times1 & ,i c put on a #a_/h-;in* eye-piece & magnify #gfh times6 ,& s we c g on l5g!n+ ! focus ( ! object-glass & %ort5+ ! focus ( ! eye-piece1 till 9 ,"l ,rosse's gigantic fifty-six-foot telescope1 9 :i* ! image is fifty-f\r feet 7#fdh in*es7 beh9d ! object-glass1 an eye-piece "o-eigh? ( an in* f ! image magnifies #eahd times6 ,^! giant telescopes1 h[ev]1 require an enorm\s object-glass or mirror1 = ! po9ts ( light are s spread out 9 mak+ ! l>ge image t x is v fa9t unless an enorm\s numb] ( rays are collect$4 ,"l ,rosse's telescope has a reflect+ mirror measur+ six feet across1 & a man c walk upright 9 ! telescope tube4 ,! mo/ p[]ful telescope yet made is t at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 on ,m\nt ,hamilton1 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is fifty-six & a half feet long1 ! object-l5s measures ?irty-six in*es across4 ,a /> se5 ?r\gh ?is telescope appe>s #bjjj times z bright z :5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,y ne$ n1 h[ev]1 wait = an opportunity to look ?r\gh giant telescopes1 = my small /ud5t's telescope1 only f\r feet long1 :i* we c>ry out on to ! lawn1 w %[ y endless unse5 wond]s2 :ile y\r h& telescopes1 & ev5 a common op]a-glass1 w %[ _m features on ! face ( ! moon1 & enable y to see ! cresc5t ( ,v5us1 ,jupit]'s moons1 & ,saturn's r+s1 besides hundr$s ( />s unse5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,( c\rse y w und]/& t ,fig4 #ah only %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! telescope4 ,9 all good in/rum5ts ! l5ses & o!r p>ts are m complicat$2 & 9 a t]re/rial telescope1 = look+ at objects on ! e>?1 ano!r l5s has to be put 9 to turn !m "r way up aga94 ,9 look+ at ! sky x does n matt] :i* way up we see a planet or a />1 s ! second glass is n ne$$1 & we lose light by us+ x4 ,we h n[ ?ree magic glasses to "w = u--! magnify+-glass1 ! microscope1 & ! telescope4 ,besides ^!1 h[ev]1 we h two o!r help]s1 if possible ev5 m wond]ful4 ,^! are ! ,photographic cam]a & ! ,spectroscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,photographic cam]a4 l1 l1 ,l5ses4 s1 s1 ,scre5 cutt+ (f div]g+ rays4 c1 c1 ,slid+ box4 p1 p1 ,picture =m$4 ,n[ t we ?or\ghly und]/& ! use ( l5ses1 ,i ne$ sc>cely expla9 ?is photographic cam]a 7,fig4 #ai71 = x is cle>ly an artificial eye4 ,9 place ( ! cry/all9e l5s 7comp>e ) ,fig4 #aa7 ! photograph] uses "o1 or g5]ally two l5ses l1 l1 ) a black l$ge or /op s betwe5 !m1 :i* acts l ! iris 9 cutt+ (f ! rays too ne> ! edge ( ! l5s4 ,! d>k cam]a c answ]s to ! d>k *amb] ( ! eyeball1 & ! plate p1 p at ! back ( ! *amb]1 :i* is made s5sitive by *emicals1 answ]s our ret9a4 ,! box is =m$ ( two p>ts1 slid+ "o )9 ! o!r at c1 s z to place ! plate at a prop] di/ance f ! l5s1 & !n a screw adju/s ! focus m exactly by br++ ! front l5s back or =w>d1 in/ead ( alt]+ ! curve z ! cili>y muscle does 9 our eye4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two in/rum5ts is t 9 our eye ! message goes to ! bra91 & ! image disappe>s :5 we turn our eyes away f ! object2 b 9 ! cam]a ! waves ( light "w ^u ! *emicals1 & ! image c be fix$ & rema9 = ev]4 ,b ! cam]a has at lea/ "o weak po9t4 ,! scre5 at ! back is n curv$ l our ret9a1 b mu/ be flat because ( pr9t+ (f ! pictures1 & !re=e ! p>ts ( ! photograph ne> ! edge are a little out ( proportion4 ,9 _m ways1 h[ev]1 ?is photographic eye is a m fai?ful obs]v] ?an our own1 & helps u to make m accurate pictures4 ,= in/ance1 in/antane\s photographs h be5 tak5 ( a gallop+ horse1 & we f9d t ! movem5ts are v diff]5t f :at we ?\ght we saw ) our eye1 because our ret9a does n ?r[ (f "o impression aft] ano!r quickly en\gh to be q c]ta9 we see ea* curve truly 9 succession4 ,aga91 ! photograph ( a face gives m9ute curves & l9es1 lights & %ad[s1 f> m p]fectly ?an ev5 ! be/ arti/ c see !m1 & :5 ! picture is magnifi$ we see m & m details :i* escap$ u be=e4 ,b x is especially :5 atta*$ to ! microscope or ! telescope t ! photographic app>atus tells u su* m>vell\s secrets2 giv+ u1 = in/ance1 an accurate picture ( ! mo/ m9ute wat]-animal q invisible to ! nak$ eye1 s t :5 we enl>ge ! photograph any "o c see ! beautiful m>k+s1 ! f9e/ fibre1 or ! t9ie/ granule2 or af=d+ u accurate pictures1 su* z ! "o at p4 #ai ( ! face ( ! moon1 & br++ />s into view :i* we _c o!rwise see ev5 ) ! /ronge/ telescope4 ,our own eye has _m weaknesses4 ,= example1 :5 we look ?r\gh ! telescope at ! sky we c only fix our att5tion on "o "p at once1 & aft]w>ds on ano!r2 & ! picture :i* we see 9 ?is way1 bit by bit1 we mu/ draw z be/ we c4 ,b if we put a s5sitive photographic plate into ! telescope j at ! po9t 7i1 i1 ,fig4 #ah71 :]e ! image ( ! sky is focus$1 ?is plate gives att5tion1 s to speak1 to ! :ole picture at once1 & regi/]s e po9t exactly z x is2 & ?is picture c be kept & enl>g$ s t e detail c be se54 ,!n1 aga91 if we look at fa9t />s1 !y d n gr[ any bright] z we look4 ,ea* ray s5ds its message to ! bra91 & t is all2 we _c heap !m up 9 our eye1 &1 inde$1 aft] a "t we see less1 because our n]ves gr[ tir$4 ,b on a photographic plate 9 a telescope1 ea* ray 9 its turn does a little "w ^u ! *emicals1 & ! long] ! plate rema9s1 ! /rong] ! picture becomes4 ,:5 wet plates 7 us$ !y c\ld n be left long1 b s9ce dry plates h be5 inv5t$1 ) a film ( *emically prep>$ gelat9e1 !y c be left = h\rs 9 ! telescope1 :i* is kept by clockwork accurately opposite to ! same objects4 ,9 ?is way ?\s&s ( fa9t />s1 :i* we _c see ) ! /ronge/ telescope1 creep into view z _! feeble rays "w ov] & ov] aga9 on ! same spot2 &1 z ! bright] />s z well z ! fa9t ones are all ! "t mak+ _! impression /rong]1 :5 ! plate comes out ea* "o appe>s 9 its prop] /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v bright objects (t5 become blurr$ by a long exposure1 s t we h sometimes to sacrifice ! cle>ness ( a bright object 9 ord] to pr9t fa9t objects cle>ly4 ,we n[ come to our la/ magic glass--! ,spectroscope2 & ! h\r has slipp$ by s fa/ t ,i h v little "t left to speak ( x4 ,b ?is matt]s less z we h /udi$ x be=e4#a ,i ne$ n[ only rem9d y ( "s ( ! facts4 ,y w rememb] t :5 we pass$ sunlight ?r\gh a ?ree-sid$ piece ( glass call$ a prism1 we broke up a ray ( :ite light into a l9e ( beautiful col\rs gradually pass+ f r$1 ?r\gh orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & indigo1 to violet1 & t ^! foll[ 9 ! same ord] z we see !m 9 ! ra9b[ or 9 ! ?9 film ( a soap-bubble4 ,by v>i\s exp]im5ts we prov$ t ^! col\rs are sep>at$ f ea* o!r because ! _m waves :i* make up :ite light are ( diff]5t sizes1 s t because ! waves1 ( r$ light are sl[ & heavy1 !y lag beh9d :5 b5t 9 ! ?ree-sid$ glass1 :ile ! rapid violet waves are b5t m out ( _! road & run to ! f>!r end ( ! l9e1 ! o!r col\rs rang+ !mselves betwe54 #a ,fairyl& ( ,sci5ce1 ,lecture ,,ii42 & ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 *apt] xxxiv4 ,n[ :5 ! light falls ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[1 or ?r\gh a r\nd hole or l>ge slit1 ! images ( ! hole made by ea* col\r$ wave ov]lap ea* o!r v mu*1 & ! col\rs 9 ! spectrum or col\r$ b& are cr[d$ toge!r4 ,b :5 9 ! spectroscope we pass ! ray ( light ?r\gh a v n>r[ slit1 ea* col\r$ image ( ! upright slit ov]laps ! next upright image only v little4 ,by us+ sev]al prisms "o aft] ! o!r 7see ,fig4 #ba71 ^! upright col\r$ l9es are sep>at$ m & m till we get a v long b& or spectrum4 ,yet1 z y "k f our exp]im5ts ) ! light ( a gl[+ wire or ( molt5 iron1 h[ev] mu* y spread out ! light giv5 by a solid or liquid1 y c nev] sep>ate ^! col\r$ l9es f ea* o!r4 ,x is only :5 y ?r[ ! light ( a gl[+ gas or vap\r into ! slit t y get a few bright l9es /&+ out alone4 ,?is is because all ! rays ( :ite light are pres5t 9 gl[+ solids & liquids1 & !y foll[ ea* o!r too closely to be sep>at$4 ,b a gas1 su* z gl[+ hydrog5 = example1 gives out only a few sep>ate rays1 :i*1 p\r+ ?r\gh ! slit1 ?r[ r$1 gre5i%-blue1 & d>k blue l9es on ! scre54 ,?us y h se5 ! d\ble1 orange-yell[ sodium l9e 7#c1 ,plate ,i47 :i* />ts out at once :5 salt is held 9 a flame & its light ?r[n into ! spectroscope1 & ! r$ l9e ( potassium vap\r "u ! same treatm5t2 & we %all obs]ve ^! aga9 :5 we /udy ! col\r$ lights ( ! sun & />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,kir*h(f's spectroscope4 ,a1 ,! telescope :i* receives ! ray ( light ?r\gh ! slit 9 ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,passage ( rays ?r\gh ! spectroscope4 ,s1 ,s'1 ,slit ?r\gh :i* ! light falls on ! prisms4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,prisms 9 :i* ! rays are disp]s$ m & m4 a1 b1 ,scre5 receiv+ ! spectrum1 ( :i* ! sev5 pr9cipal col\rs are m>k$4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! "w ( our magic glass1 ! spectroscope1 is simply to sift ! waves ( light1 & t ^! waves1 f _! col\r & _! position 9 ! long spectrum1 actually tell u :at gl[+ gases h />t$ !m on _! road4 ,is n ?is l magic8 ,i take a sub/ance made ( ,i "k n :at2 ,i break x up1 &1 melt+ x 9 ! int5se heat ( an electric sp>k1 ?r[ its light into ! spectroscope4 ,!n1 z ,i exam9e ?is light aft] x has be5 spread out by ! prisms1 ,i c actually read by unmi/akable l9es :at metals or non-metals x conta9s4 ,nay1 m2 :5 ,i cat* ! light ( a />1 or ev5 ( a fa9t nebula1 9 my telescope1 & pass x ?r\gh ^! prisms1 !re1 writt5 up on ! magic-col\r$ b&1 ,i read (f ! gases :i* are gl[+ 9 t />-sun or />-du/ billions ( miles away4 ,n[1 boys1 ,i h let y into ! secrets ( my five magic glasses--! magnify+-glass1 ! microscope1 ! telescope1 ! photographic cam]a1 & ! spectroscope4 ,) ^! & ! help ( *emi/ry y c le>n to "w all my spells4 ,y c peep into ! my/]ies ( ! life ( ! t9ie/ be+ :i* moves unse5 "u y\r feet2 y c pe] into t va/ univ]se1 :i* we c nev] visit s long z our bodies hold u d[n to our little e>?2 y c make ! unse5 />s pr9t _! spots ( light on ! pap] y hold 9 y\r h&1 by means ( light-waves1 :i* left !m hundr$s ( ye>s ago2 or y c sift ?is light 9 y\r spectroscope1 & make x tell y :at sub/ances 7 gl[+ 9 t /> :5 !y 7 />t$ on _! road4 ,all ?is y c d on "o condition1 namely1 t y seek pati5tly to "k ! tru?4 ,/ories ( days long gone by tell u ( true magicians & false magicians1 & ! good or evil !y wr\ght4 ,( ^! ,i "k no?+1 b ,i d "k ?is1 t ! value ( ! spells y c "w ) my magic glasses dep5ds entirely ^u :e!r y "w pati5tly1 accurately1 & hone/ly4 ,if y make c>eless1 inaccurate exp]im5ts1 & draw ha/y conclusions1 y w only d bad "w1 :i* x may take o!rs ye>s to undo2 b if y "q y\r in/rum5ts hone/ly & c>efully1 !y w answ] truly & fai?fully4 ,y may make _m mi/akes1 b "o exp]im5t w correct ! o!r2 & :ile y are /or+ up 9 y\r own m9d k :i* lifts y f> above ?is little _w1 or enables y to look deep bel[ ! outw>d surface ( life1 y may add y\r little gr\p ( facts to ! g5]al /ore1 & help to pave ! way to su* gr& discov]ies z ^? ( ,newton 9 a/ronomy1 ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f 9 spectrum analysis1 & ,d>w9 9 ! _w ( life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fairy ,,r+s ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made ,illu/ration ,x 0 a lovely w>m day 9 ,septemb]1 ! gold5 corn _h be5 cut & c>t$1 & ! waggons ( ! f>m]s ar\nd 7 free = ! use ( ! college lads 9 _! ye>ly autumn holiday4 ,!re !y /ood 9 a long r[1 "o beh9d ! o!r 9 ! drive r\nd ! gr\nds1 ea* ) a pair ( sleek1 p[]ful f>m-horses1 & ! waggon]s beside !m ) _! long :ips ornam5t$ ) col\r$ ribbons2 & z ea* waggon drew up be=e ! door1 x fill$ rapidly ) its m]ry load & w5t on its way4 ,!y _h a long drive ( sev5 miles be=e !m1 = !y 7 go+ to cross ! wild moor1 & !n desc5d gradually along a fairly good road to ! m wood$ & f]tile c\ntry4 ,_! object t day 0 to rea* a c]ta9 fairy dell kn[n to a few only among ! p>ty z "o ( ! lovelie/ spots 9 ,devon4 ,x 0 a p]fect day = a picnic4 ,z !y drove ov] ! wide /ret*es ( moorl&1 ) tors to "r & tors to ! left1 ! /unt$ furze bu%es gr[+ "h & !re gli/5$ ) spid]s' webs f :i* ! dew _h n yet disappe>$1 & mosses 9 great v>iety c>pet$ ! gr\nd1 f ! lovely ?read-mosses1 ) _! sc>let caps1 to ! pale sphagnum ( ! bogs1 :]e a halt 0 made = "s ( ! botani/s ( ! p>ty to se>* = ! little ,sundew 7,dros]a rotundifolia74 ,?\gh ?is little plant _h n[ almo/ ceas$ to fl[]1 x 0 n difficult to recognise by its rosette ( leaves gli/5+ ) /icky gl&s :i* x spreads out 9 _m ( ! ,d>tmoor bogs to cat* ! t9y flies & suck out _! life's blood1 & sev]al specim5s 7 uproot$ & c>efully pack$ away to plant 9 moi/ moss at home4 ,f ?is bog onw>ds ! road ran ne> by "o ( ! lovely /reams :i* fe$ ! riv]s bel[1 &1 pass+ across a bridge cov]$ ) ivy1 l$ ?r\gh a small =e/ ( /unt$ trees r\nd :i* ! woodb9e clung1 hang+ d[n its crimson b]ries1 & ! brack5 f]n1 already putt+ on its br[n & yell[ t9ts1 grew tall & ?ick on ei!r side4 ,!n1 z !y pass$ out ( ! wood1 !y came ^u ! dell1 a piece ( wild moorl& ly+ 9 a holl[ betwe5 two granite ridges1 ) l>ge blocks ( granite /rewn ov] x "h & !re1 & furze bu%es gr[+ "u _! %elt]1 /ill cov]$ ) yell[ blossoms toge!r ) c\ntless se$-be>+ pods1 :i* ! y\ng/]s soon ga!r$ = ! %9y-black se$s )9 !m4 ,"h ! waggons 7 unspann$1 ! horses te!r$ out1 ! food unpack$1 & prep>ations = ! picnic soon 9 full sw+4 ,j at ?is mom5t1 h[ev]1 a l\d %\t f "o "p ( ! dell call$ e "o's att5tion4 ,! fairy r+s6 ! fairy r+s6 we h f\nd ! fairy r+s6 & !re truly on ! br[n sw>d might be se5 ?ree delicate gre5 r+s1 ! fre% spr\t+ grass gr[+ "y & t5d] 9 p]fect circles measur+ f six feet to ne>ly ?ree y>ds across4 ,:at are !y8 ,! "q came f _m voices at once1 b x 0 ! ,pr9cipal :o answ]$4 ,:y1 d y n "k t !y are pixie circles1 :]e ! 'elves ( hills1 brooks1 /&+ lakes1 & groves' hold _! revels1 :irl+ 9 giddy r\nd1 & mak+ ! r+s1 ':]e( ! ewe n bites'8 ,h y =gott5 h[ ,mrs4 ,quickly1 9 ! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 tells u t 'nightly1 mead[-fairies1 look y s+1 ,l to ! ,g>t]'s compass1 9 a r+3 ,! expressure t x be>s1 gre5 let x be1 ,m f]tile-fre% ?an all ! field to see'8 ,if we are magicians & "w spells "u magic glasses1 :y %\ld n ! pixies "w spells on ! grass8 ,i br\ght y "h to-day on purpose to see !m4 ,:i* ( y n[ c "n ! pixie :o makes !m8 ,a deep sil5ce foll[$4 ,if any knew or guess$ ! tru? ( ! matt]1 !y 7 too %y to risk mak+ a mi/ake4 ,be (f ) y !n1 said ! ,pr9cipal1 & keep well away f ^! r+s all day1 t y may n di/urb ! spell4 ,b come back to me be=e we return at night1 & p]haps ,i may %[ y ! wond]-work+ pixie1 & we may take him home to exam9e "u ! microscope4 ,! day pass$ z su* happy days d1 & ! glori\s h>ve/ moon _h ris5 ov] ! di/ant tors be=e ! horses 7 spann$ & ! waggons ready4 ,b ! ,pr9cipal 0 n at ! />t+ place1 & look+ r\nd !y saw him at ! f>!r end ( ! dell4 ,g5tly1 g5tly1 he cri$1 z !re 0 "o g5]al ru% t[>ds him2 look :]e y tread1 = ,i /& )9 a r+ ( fairies6 ,& !n !y saw t j outside ! gre5 circle 9 :i* he /ood1 =m+ "h & !re a brok5 r+1 7 pat*es ( a beautiful t9y mu%room1 ea* ( :i* rais$ its pale br[n umbrella 9 ! bright moonlight4 ,"h are our fairies1 boys4 ,i am go+ to take a few home :]e !y c be sp>$ f ! r+1 & to-morr[ we w le>n _! hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ day saw ! class-room full1 & f ! b5*es eag] eyes 7 turn$ to ! eight w9d[s1 9 ea* ( :i* /ood "o ( ! eld] boys at 8 microscope ready = "w4 ,= "u ^? microscopes ! ,pr9cipal always arrang$ "s object ref]r$ to 9 8 lecture & figur$ 9 diagrams on ! walls1 & x 0 ! duty ( ea* boy1 aft] ! lecture 0 ov]1 to %[ & expla9 to ! class all ! po9ts ( ! specim5 "u 8 c>e4 ,^! boys 7 always specially envi$1 = ?\gh ! o!rs c\ld1 x is true1 foll[ all ! descriptions f ! diagrams1 yet ^! _h ! plant or animal always "u _! eye4 ,discussion 0 at ?is mom5t runn+ high1 = !re 0 a great unc]ta9ty ( op9ion z to :e!r a mu%room c\ld be really call$ a plant :5 x _h no leaves or fl[]s4 ,all at once ! hu% came1 z ! ,pr9cipal /epp$ into 8 desk & began3-- ,life is h>d "w1 boys1 & !re is no be+ 9 ?is _w :i* has n to "w = its liv+4 ,y all "k t a plant gr[s by tak+ 9 gases & wat]1 & work+ !m up into sap & liv+ tissue by ! help ( ! sun%9e & ! gre5 matt] 9 _! leaves2 & y "k1 too1 t ! _w is s full ( gre5 plants t hundr$s & ?\s&s ( "y se$l+s c nev] get a liv+1 b are /ifl$ 9 _! babyhood or de/roy$ be=e !y c gr[ up4 ,n[ !re are _m d>k1 dank places 9 ! _w :]e plants _c get en\gh sunlight & air to make gre5 col\r+ matt] & manufacture _! own food4 ,& s x comes to pass t a c]ta9 class ( plants h f\nd ano!r way ( liv+1 by tak+ _! food ready made f o!r decay+ plants & animals1 & s avoid+ ! necessity ( manufactur+ x = !mselves4 ,^! plants c live hidd5 away 9 d>k cell>s & damp cupbo>ds1 9 dra9s & pipes :]e no light ev] ent]s1 "u a ?ick cov]+ ( dead leaves 9 ! =e/1 "u fall5 trunks & mossy /ones2 9 fact1 :]ev] decay+ matt]1 :e!r ( plant or animal1 c be f\nd = !m to fe$ ^u4 ,x is to ?is class1 call$ fungi1 :i* includes all mu%rooms & m\lds1 mildews1 smuts1 & f]m5ts1 t ! mu%room belongs :i* we f\nd ye/]day mak+ ! fairy r+s4 ,&1 9 tru?1 we 7 n s f> wrong :5 we call$ !m pixies or imps1 = _m ( !m are inde$ imps ( mis*ief1 :i* play sorry pranks 9 our /ores at home & 9 ! fields & =e/ abroad4 ,!y gr[ on our damp bread1 or *eese1 or pickles2 !y de/roy fruit & corn1 hop & v9e1 & ev5 take ! life ( insects & o!r animals4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are useful 9 cle>+ out unheal?y nooks & corn]s1 & purify+ ! air2 & !y c be made to d good "w by ^? :o "k h[ to use !m2 = )\t f]m5ts we c\ld h nei!r w9e1 be]1 nor v9eg>1 nor ev5 ! yea/ :i* light5s our bread4 ,i am go+ to-day to introduce y to ?is l>ge vagabond class ( plants1 t we may see h[ !y live1 gr[1 & spread1 :at good & bad "w !y d1 & h[ !y d x4 ,& be=e we come to ! mu%rooms1 :i* y "k s well1 we mu/ look at ! small] =ms1 :i* d all _! "w above gr\nd1 s t we c obs]ve !m4 ,= ! fungi are to be f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,! film gr[+ ov] manure-heaps1 ! yea/ plant1 ! w9e fungus1 & ! v9eg> plant2 ! m\lds & mildews cov]+ our cell>-walls & cupbo>ds1 or gr[+ on decay$ leaves & wood1 on /ale fruit1 bread1 or jam1 or mak+ black spots on ! leaves ( ! rose1 ! hop1 or ! v9e2 ! potato fungus1 eat+ into ! potato 9 ! d>k gr\nd & produc+ disease2 ! smut fill+ ! gra9s ( :eat & oats ) disease1 ! ergot fe$+ on ! rye1 ! ru/ :i* de/roys beetroot1 ! rank toad/ools & puffballs1 ! mu%room we eat1 & ! truffles :i* =m ev5 _! fruit und]gr\nd1--all ^! are fungi1 or l[ly plants :i* h giv5 up mak+ _! own food 9 ! sunlight1 & take x ready made f ! dung1 ! decay+ m\ld1 ! root1 ! leaf1 ! fruit1 or ! g]m on :i* !y gr[4 ,la/ly1 ! diseases :i* kill ! silkworm & ! common h\se-fly1 & ev5 "s ( ! wor/ sk9 diseases 9 man1 are caus$ by m9ute plants ( ?is class fe$+ ^u _! ho/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,?ree =ms ( vegetable m\ld magnifi$4 #a1 ,mucor ,muc$o4 #b1 ,asp]gillus glaucus4 #c1 ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,9 fact1 ! fungi are s widely spread ov] all ?+s liv+ & dead1 t !re is sc>cely any?+ free f !m 9 "o %ape or ano!r4 ,! m9ute spores1 n[ ( "o k9d1 n[ ( ano!r1 float 9 ! air1 & settl+ d[n :]ev] !y f9d suitable food1 h no?+ m to d ?an to fe$1 fatt51 & increase1 :i* !y d ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,let u take z an example "o ( ! m\lds :i* cov]s damp leaves1 & ev5 ! pa/e & jam 9 our cupbo>d4 ,i h "s "h gr[+ ^u a bas9 ( pa/e1 & y see x =ms a k9d ( d5se :ite fur all ov] ! surface1 ) "h & !re a blui%-gre5 t+e ^u x4 ,?is :ite fur is ! common m\ld1 ,mucor ,muc$o 7#a1 ,fig4 #bb71 & ! gre5 m\ld happ5s 9 ?is case to be ano!r m\ld1 ,p5icillium glaucum 7#c1 ,fig4 #bb72 b ,i mu/ w>n y t ^! m9ute m\lds look v mu* alike until y exam9e !m "u ! microscope1 & ?\gh !y are call$ :ite1 blue1 or gre5 m\lds1 yet any "o ( !m may be col\r$ at diff]5t times ( its gr[?4 ,ano!r v common & beautiful m\ld1 ,asp]gillus glaucus 7#b1 ,fig4 #bb71 (t5 gr[s ) ,mucor on ! top ( jam4 ,all ^! plants beg9 ) a spore or m9ute col\rless cell ( liv+ matt] 7s1 ,fig4 #bc71 :i* sp5ds its en]gy 9 s5d+ out tubes 9 all directions into ! leaves1 fruit1 or pa/e on :i* x fe$s4 ,! liv+ matt]1 fl[+ n[ ?is way n[ t1 lays d[n ! walls ( its tubes z x fl[s1 & by & by1 "h & !re1 a tube1 in/ead ( work+ into ! pa/e1 gr[s upw>ds into ! air & swells at ! tip into a col\rless ball 9 :i* a numb] ( m9ute se$-l bodies call$ spores are =m$4 ,! ball bur/s1 ! spores fall out1 & ea* "o beg9s to =m fre% tubes1 & s little by little ! m\ld gr[s d5s] & ?ick] by new plants />t+ 9 all directions4 ,"u ! fir/ microscope y w see a slide %[+ ! tubes :i* spread ?r\gh ! pa/e1 & :i* are call$ ! mycelium 7m1 ,fig4 #bc71 & among/ x are ?ree upright tubes1 "o j />t+ a1 ano!r ) ! fruit ball =m+ b1 & a ?ird c1 :i* is bur/+ & ?r[+ out ! spores4 ,! ,asp]gillus & ! ,p5icillium diff] f ! ,mucor 9 hav+ _! spores nak$ & n enclos$ 9 a spore-case4 ,9 ,p5icillium !y gr[ l ! beads ( a necklace "o above ! o!r on ! top ( ! upright tube1 & c v easily be sep>at$ 7see ,fig4 #bb72 :ile ,asp]gillus1 a mo/ lovely silv]y m\ld1 is m complicat$ 9 ! gr[? ( its spores1 = x be>s !m on _m r[s bran*+ out f ! top ( ! tube l ! rays ( a />4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,mucor ,muc$o1 greatly magnifi$4 7,aft] ,sa*s & ,brefeld47 m1 ,mycelium1 or tangle ( ?reads4 a1 b1 c1 ,upright tubes 9 diff]5t /ages4 c1 ,spore-case bur/+ & s5d+ out spores4 s1 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,a gr[+ spore1 9 diff]5t /ages1 />t+ a new mycelium4 ,i want y to look at ea* ( ^! m\lds c>efully "u ! microscope1 = few p :o ha/ily scrape a m\ld away1 vex$ to f9d x on food or damp clo?+1 h any idea :at a delicate & beautiful /ructure lies "u _! h&4 ,^! m\lds live on decay+ matt]1 b _m ( ! mildews1 ru/s1 & o!r k9ds ( fungus1 prey ^u liv+ plants su* z ! smut ( oats 7,u/ilago c>bo71 & ! bunt 7,tilletia c>ia7 :i* eats away ! inside ( ! gra9s ( :eat1 :ile ano!r fungus attacks its leaves4 ,!re is sc>cely a tree or h]b :i* has n "o fungus to prey ^u x1 & _m h sev]al1 z1 = example1 ! common lime-tree1 :i* is infe/$ by sev5ty-f\r diff]5t fungi1 & ! oak by no less ?an #bjj4 ,s ^! col\rless food-tak+ plants prey ^u _! neighb\rs1 :ile !y take _! oxyg5 = brea?+ f air4 ,! 'f]m5ts1' h[ev]1 :i* live inside plants or fluids1 take ev5 _! oxyg5 = brea?+ f _! ho/s4 ,if y g into ! g>d5 9 summ] & pluck an ov]ripe gooseb]ry1 :i* is bur/+ l ?is "o ,i h "h1 y w probably f9d t ! pulp looks unheal?y & rott5 ne> ! split1 & ! gooseb]ry w ta/e t>t & disagreeable4 ,?is is because a small fungus has gr[n inside1 & work$ a *ange 9 ! juice ( ! fruit4 ,at fir/ ?is fungus spread its tubes outside & m]ely f$ ^u ! fruit1 us+ oxyg5 f ! air 9 brea?+2 b by & by ! sk9 gave way1 & ! fungus crept inside ! gooseb]ry :]e x c\ld no long] get any fre% air4 ,9 ?is dilemma x 0 =c$ to break up ! sug> 9 ! fruit & take ! oxyg5 out ( x1 leav+ beh9d only alcohol & c>bonic acid :i* give ! f]m5t$ ta/e to ! fruit4 ,s ! fungus-imp fe$s & gr[s 9 nature1 & :5 man gets hold ( x he =ces x to d ! same "w = a useful purpose1 = ! grape-fungus gr[s 9 ! vats 9 :i* grapes are cru%$ & kept away f air1 & te>+ up ! sug>1 leaves alcohol beh9d 9 ! grape-juice1 :i* 9 ?is way becomes w9e4 ,s1 too1 ! yea/-fungus gr[s 9 ! malt & hop liquor1 turn+ x into be]2 its spores float+ 9 ! fluid & increas+ at a m>vell\s rate1 z any h\sewife kn[s :o1 gett+ yea/ = h] bread1 tries to keep x 9 a cork$ bottle4 ,! yea/ plant has nev] be5 f\nd wild4 ,x is only kn[n z a cultivat$ plant1 gr[+ on prep>$ liquor4 ,! brew] has to s[ x by tak+ "s yea/ f o!r be]1 or by leav+ ! liquor expos$ to air 9 :i* yea/ spores are float+2 or x w s[ itself 9 ! same way 9 a mixture ( wat]1 hops1 sug>1 & salt1 to :i* a h&ful ( fl\r is add$4 ,x increases at a m>vell\s rate1 "o cell budd+ out ( ano!r1 :ile f "t to "t ! liv+ matt] 9 a cell w break up into f\r p>ts in/ead ( two1 & s f\r new cells w />t & bud4 ,a drop ( yea/ w v soon cov] a glass slide ) ?is t9y plant1 z y w see "u ! second microscope1 :]e !y are n[ at "w 7,fig4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,yea/ cells gr[+ "u ! microscope4 a1 ,s+le cells4 b1 ,two cells =m+ by division4 c1 ,a gr\p ( cells :]e division is go+ on 9 all directions4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ curi\s ( all ! m9ute fungi are ^? :i* gr[ inside insects & de/roy !m4 ,at ?is "t ( ye> y may (t5 see a dead fly /ick+ to ! w9d[-pane ) a cl\dy :ite r+ r\nd x2 ?is poor fly has be5 kill$ by a little fungus call$ ,empusa muscae4 ,a spore f a =m] plant has fall5 p]haps on ! w9d[-pane1 or "s o!r spot ov] :i* ! fly has crawl$1 & be+ /icky has fix$ itself "u ! fly's body4 ,once settl$ on a fav\rable spot x s5ds out a tube1 & pi]c+ ! sk9 ( ! fly1 beg9s to gr[ rapidly inside4 ,!re x =ms little r\nd cells "o aft] ! o!r1 some?+ l ! yea/-cells1 till x fills ! :ole body1 fe$+ on its juices2 !n ea* cell s5ds a tube1 l ! upright tubes ( ! ,mucor 7,fig4 #bc7 out aga9 ?r\gh ! fly's sk91 & ?is tube bur/s at ! end1 & s new spores are set free4 ,x is ^! tubes1 & ! spores ?r[n f !m1 :i* y see =m+ a k9d ( halo r\nd ! dead fly z x cl+s to ! pane4 ,o!r fungi 9 ! same way kill ! silkworm & ! cat]pill>s ( ! cabbage butt]fly4 ,nor is x only ! l[] animals :i* suff]4 ,:5 we once realise t fungus spores are float+ ev]y:]e 9 ! air1 we c und]/& h[ ! t]rible microscopic fungi call$ bact]ia w settle on an op5 w\nd & cause x to fe/] if x is n prop]ly dress$4 ,?us we see t ^! m9ute fungi are almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,! l>g] ones1 on ! contr>y1 are conf9$ to ! fields & =e/s1 damp walls & holl[ trees2 or :]ev] rott+ wood1 leaves1 or manure provide !m ) suffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,few p h any cle> ideas ab\t ! gr[? ( a mu%room1 except t ! "p we pick spr+s up 9 a s+le night4 ,! real fact is1 t a :ole mu%room plant is no?+ m ?an a gigantic m\ld or mildew1 only t x is =m$ ( _m diff]5t %ap$ cells1 & spreads its tubes und]gr\nd or ?r\gh ! trunks ( trees in/ead ( 9 pa/e or jam1 z 9 ! case ( ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,e>ly /ages ( ! mu%room4 7,aft] ,sa*s47 m1 ,mycelium4 b#a-c1 ,mu%room buds ( diff]5t ages4 b#d1 ,button mu%room4 g1 ,gills =m+ inside be=e l[] atta*m5t ( ! cap gives way at v4 ,! "p :i* we ga!r & call a mu%room1 a toad/ool1 or a puffball is only ! fruit1 answ]+ to ! r\nd balls ( ! m\ld4 ,! re/ ( ! plant is a ?ick network ( tubes1 :i* y w see "u ! ?ird microscope4 ,^! tubes spread und]gr\nd & suck 9 decay$ matt] f ! e>?2 !y =m ! mycelium 7m1 ,fig4 #be7 su* z we f\nd 9 ! m\ld4 ,! mu%room-gr[]s call x 'mu%room spawn' because !y use x to spread ov] ! gr\nd = new crops4 ,out ( ^! und]gr\nd tubes !re spr+s up f "t to "t a swoll5 r\nd body no bigg] at fir/ ?an a mu/>d se$ 7b#a1 ,fig4 #be74 ,z x increases 9 size x comes above gr\nd & gr[s into ! mu%room or spore-case1 answ]+ to ! r\nd balls :i* conta9 ! spores ( ! m\ld4 ,at fir/ ?is swoll5 body is egg-%ap$1 ! top half be+ l>ge/ & broade/1 & ! fruit is !n call$ a 'button-mu%room' b#d4 ,inside ?is ball are n[ =m$ a s]ies ( folds made ( long cells1 "s ( :i* are soon to be> spores j z ! tubes 9 ! m\ld did1 & :ile ^! are =m+ & rip5+1 a way out is prep>+ = !m4 ,= z ! mu%room gr[s1 ! sk9 ( ! l[] "p ( ! ball 7v1 b#d7 is /ret*$ m & m1 till x c be> ! /ra9 no long] & breaks away f ! /alk2 !n ! ball exp&s into an umbrella1 leav+ a piece ( torn sk91 call$ ! veil 7v1 ,fig4 #bf71 cl++ to ! /alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,lat] /ages ( ! mu%room4 7,aft] ,gauti]47 #a1 ,button mu%room /age4 c1 ,cap4 v1 ,veil4 g1 ,gills4 #b1 ,full-gr[n mu%room1 %[+ veil v aft] ! cap is q free1 & ! gills or lamellae g1 ( :i* ! /ructure is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,all ?is happ5s 9 a s+le night1 & ! mu%room is complete1 ) a /em up ! c5tre & a broad cap1 "u :i* are ! folds :i* be> ! spores4 ,?us mu* y c see = y\rselves at any "t by f9d+ a place :]e mu%rooms gr[ & look+ = !m late at night & e>ly 9 ! morn+ s z to get ! diff]5t /ages4 ,b n[ we mu/ turn to ! microscope1 & cutt+ (f "o ( ! folds1 :i* bran* out "u ! cap l ! spokes ( a :eel1 take a slice across x 7#a1 ,fig4 #bg7 & exam9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 #a1 ,"o ( ! gills or lamellae ( ! mu%room slightly magnifi$1 %[+ ! cells r\nd ! edge4 c1 ,cells :i* d n be> spores4 fc1 ,f]tile cells4 #b1 ,a piece ( ! edge ( ! same p[]fully magnifi$1 %[+ h[ ! spores s gr[ out ( ! tip ( ! f]tile cells fc4 ,fir/1 "u a mod]ate p[]1 y w see ! cells =m+ ! c5tre ( ! fold & ! lay] ( long cells 7c & fc7 :i* are closely pack$ all r\nd ! edge4 ,"s ( ^! cells project beyond ! o!rs1 & x is !y :i* be> ! spores4 ,we see ?is pla9ly "u a v /rong p[] :5 y c di/+ui% ! /]ile cells c & ! f]tile cells fc project+ beyond !m1 & ea* be>+ f\r spore-cells s on f\r little horns at its tip4 ,^! spores fall (f v easily1 & y c make a pretty exp]im5t by cutt+ (f a l>ge mu%room head 9 ! e>ly morn+ & putt+ x flat ^u a piece ( pap]4 ,9 a few h\rs1 if y lift x v c>efully1 y w f9d a numb] ( d>k l9es on ! pap]1 radiat+ f a c5tre l ! spokes ( a :eel1 ea* l9e be+ compos$ ( ! spores :i* h fall5 f a fold z x grew ripe4 ,!y are s m9ute t _m ?\s&s w\ld be requir$ to make up ! size ( ! head ( an ord9>y p91 yet if y ga!r ! spores ( ! sev]al k9ds ( mu%room1 & exam9e !m "u a /rong microscope1 y w f9d t ev5 ^! specks ( matt] assume diff]5t %apes 9 ! v>i\s species4 ,y w be a/oni%$ too at ! imm5se numb] ( spores conta9$ 9 a s+le mu%room head1 = !y are reckon$ by millions2 & :5 we rememb] t ea* "o ( ^! is ! />t+ po9t ( a new plant1 x rem9ds u =cibly ( ! :olesale de/ruction ( spores & se$s :i* mu/ g on 9 nature1 o!rwise ! mu%rooms & _! companions w\ld soon cov] e in* ( ! :ole _w4 ,z x is1 !y are spread abroad by ! w9d1 & :]ev] !y escape de/ruction !y lie wait+ 9 e nook & corn] till1 aft] ! hot summ]1 %[]s ( ra9 ha/5 ! decay ( plants & leaves1 & !n ! mu%rooms1 toad/ools1 & puffballs1 gr[ at an a/\nd+ pace4 ,if y g into ! woods at ?is season y may see ! enorm\s deep-r$ liv] fungus 7,fi/ul9a hepatica7 gr[+ on ! oak-trees1 9 pat*es :i* weigh f tw5ty to ?irty p\nds2 or ! glori\s orange-col\r$ fungus 7,tremella mes5t]ica7 gr[+ on b>e /icks or /umps ( furze2 or among dead leaves y may easily *ance on ! little caps ( ! crimson1 sc>let1 sn[y :ite1 or orange-col\r$ fungi :i* gr[ 9 almo/ e wood4 ,f :ite to yell[1 yell[ to r$1 r$ to crimson & purple black1 !re is h>dly any col\r y may n f9d among ?is gaily-deck$ tribe2 & :o c wond] t ! small bright-col\r$ caps h be5 suppos$ to cov] t9y imps or elves1 :o us$ ! l>ge mu%rooms to s]ve = _! /ools & tables8 ,!re !y "w1 ?ru/+ _! tubes into twigs & dead bran*es1 rott+ trunks & decay+ leaves1 break+ up ! h>d wood & t\gh fibres1 & build+ !m up into delicate cells1 :i* by & by die & leave _! rema9s z food = ! e>ly gr[+ plants 9 ! spr+4 ,s we see t 9 _! way ! mu%rooms & toad/ools are good imps aft] all1 = ! t5d] %oot ( a "y se$l+ plant c\ld take no food out ( a h>d tree-trunk1 b x f9ds ! "w done = x by ! fungus1 ! ri* n\ri%m5t be+ spread ar\nd its "y roots ready to be imbib$4 ,to f9d our fairy-r+ mu%rooms1 h[ev]1 we mu/ leave ! wood & g out into ! op5 c\ntry1 especially on ! d[ns & moors & r\gh mead[s1 :]e ! l& is poor & ! grass co>se & sp>e4 ,!re gr[ ! n\ri%+ k9ds1 mo/ ( :i* we c eat1 & among ^! is ! delicate little *ampignon or ',scot*-bonnet' mu%room1 ,m>asmius ,oreades1#a :i* makes ! fairy-r+s4 ,:5 a spore ( ?is mu%room beg9s to gr[1 x sucks up vegetable food out ( ! e>? & spreads its tubes und]gr\nd1 9 all directions f ! c5tre1 s t ! mycelium =ms a r\nd pat* l a ?ick und]gr\nd circul> cobweb4 ,9 ! summ] & autumn1 :5 ! wea!r is suitable1 x s5ds up its delicate pale-br[n caps1 :i* we may ga!r & eat )\t /opp+ ! gr[? ( ! plant4 #a ,%[n 9 initial lett] ( ?is *apt]4 ,?is goes on ye> aft] ye> und]gr\nd1 new tubes always travell+ outw>ds till ! circle wid5s & wid5s l ! r+s ( wat] on a pond1 only t x spreads v sl[ly1 mak+ a new r+ ea* ye>1 :i* is (t5 compos$ ( a mass ( tubes z mu* z a foot ?ick 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! t5d] tubes 9 ! c5tre die away z ! new ones =m a l>g] hoop outside4 ,b all ?is is bel[ gr\nd2 :]e !n are our fairy r+s8 ,"h is ! secret4 ,! tubes1 z we h se51 take up food f ! e>? & build x up into delicate cells1 :i* decay v soon1 & z !y die make a ri* manure at ! roots ( ! grass4 ,s ea* season ! cells ( la/ ye>'s r+ make a ri* fe$+-gr\nd = ! "y grass1 :i* spr+s up fre% & gre5 9 a fairy r+1 :ile outside ?is em]ald circle ! mu%room tubes are /ill gr[+ & increas+ und]nea? ! grass1 s t next ye>1 :5 ! pres5t r+ is no long] ri*ly f$1 & has become fad$ & br[n l ! re/ ( ! moor1 ano!r r+ w spr+ up outside x1 fe$+ on ! prep>$ food bel[4 ,9 bad seasons1 ?\gh ! tubes g on spread+ & gr[+ bel[1 ! mu%room fruit does n always appe> above gr\nd4 ,! plant w only fruit freely :5 ! gr\nd has be5 well w>m$ by ! summ] sun1 foll[$ by damp wea!r to moi/5 x4 ,?is gives u a ri* crop ( mu%rooms all ov] ! c\ntry1 & x is !n y c be/ see ! r+ ( fairy mu%rooms circl+ outside ! gre5 hoop ( fre% grass4 ,9 any case ! e>ly morn+ is ! "t to f9d !m2 x is only 9 v %elt]$ spots t !y sometimes la/ ?r\gh ! day1 or come up t[>ds ev5+1 z ,i f\nd !m la/ night on ! w>m damp side ( ! dell4 ,?is is ! true hi/ory ( fairy r+s1 & n[ g & look = y\rselves "u ! microscopes4 ,"u ! fir/ ?ree y w f9d ! ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( m\ld ( our diagram 7,fig4 #bb74 ,"u ! f\r? ! spores ( ! m\ld are %[n 9 _! fir/ gr[? putt+ out ! tubes to =m ! mycelium4 ,! fif? %[s ! m\ld itself ) its fruit-be>+ tubes1 "o ( :i* is bur/+4 ,"u ! six? ! yea/ plant is gr[+2 ! sev5? %[s a slice ( "o ( ! folds ( ! common mu%room ) its spore-be>+ horns2 & "u ! eigh? ,i h put "s spores f diff]5t mu%rooms1 t y may see :at curi\s %apes !y assume4 ,la/ly1 let me rem9d y1 n[ t ! autumn & w9t] are com+1 t y w f9d mu%rooms1 toad/ools1 puffballs1 & m\lds 9 pl5ty :]ev] y g4 ,le>n to "k !m1 _! diff]5t %apes & col\rs1 & above all ! special nooks ea* "o *ooses = its home4 ,look ar\nd 9 ! fields & woods & take note ( ! decay+ plants & trees1 leaves & b>k1 insects & dead rema9s ( all k9ds4 ,^u ea* ( ^! y w f9d "s fungus gr[+1 break+ up _! tissues & dev\r+ ! n\ri%+ food !y provide4 ,wat* ^! spots1 & note ! s(t spongy soil :i* w collect !re1 & !n :5 ! spr+ comes1 notice :at t5d] plants fl\ri% ^u ^! ri* fe$+ gr\nds4 ,y w ?us see = y\rselves t ! fungi1 ?\gh !y fe$ ^u o!rs1 are n entirely mis*ief-work]s1 b also p]=m _! "p 9 ! g5]al "w ( life4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,li*5s ,,& ,,mosses ,illu/ration ,! autumn has pass$ away & we are 9 ! mid/ ( w9t]4 ,9 ! long w9t] ev5+s ! />s %9e bright & cle>1 & tempt u to "w ) ! telescope & its helpmates ! spectroscope & photographic plates4 ,b at fir/ sight x w\ld seem z ?\gh our microscopes w\ld h to /& idle s f> at lea/ z plants are conc]n$1 or be us$ only to exam9e dri$ specim5s & m\nt$ sections4 ,yet ?is is n ! fact1 z ,i rememb]$ la/ week :5 walk+ ?r\gh ! b>e & leafless wood4 ,a />tl$ pheasant ris+ ) a :irr at ! s\nd ( my foot/eps among ! dead leaves r\s$ me f my ?\ghts1 & z a "y rabbit scudd$ across ! pa? & ,i wat*$ x disappe> among ! bu%es1 ,i 0 sudd5ly /ruck ) ! great mass ( plant life fl\ri%+ und]foot & ov]head4 ,c y guess :at plants ^! 78 ,i d n mean ! ev]gre5 p9es & firs1 nor ! few h>dy f]ns1 nor ! lovely ivy clo?+ ! trunks ( ! trees4 ,su* plants z ^! live & rema9 gre5 9 ! w9t]1 b !y d n gr[4 ,if y wi% to f9d plant life revell+ 9 ! cold damp days ( w9t]1 fe>+ nei!r fro/ nor sn[ & welcom+ mi/ & ra91 y mu/ g to ! mosses1 :i* z autumn passes away beg9 to cov] ! wood-pa?s1 to creep ov] ! roots ( ! trees1 to suck up ! wat] 9 ! bogs1 & ev5 to clo! dead walls & /ones ) a s(t gre5 c>pet4 ,& ) ! mosses come ! li*5s1 ^? curi\s grey & gre5i% oddities :i* no "o b a botani/ w\ld ?9k ( class+ among plants4 ,! wood is full ( !m n[3 ! hairy li*5s hang f ! bran*es ( _m ( ! trees1 mak+ !m look l old greybe>d$ m52 ! leafy li*5s encircle ! bran*es1 _! pale gray1 gre51 & yell[ pat*es look+ z if !y 7 made ( crumpl$ pap] cut into wavy plates2 & ! cru/y li*5s1 sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! b>k ( ! trees1 cov] e available space :i* ! mosses h left free4 ,z ,i look$ at ^! li*5s & ?\ght ( _! curi\s hi/ory ,i det]m9$ t we w\ld /udy !m to-day1 & ga!r$ a basketful ( specim5s 7see ,fig4 #bh74 ,b :5 ,i _h collect$ ^! ,i f\nd ,i _h n ! he>t to leave ! mosses beh9d4 ,i c\ld n ev5 break (f a piece ( b>k ) li*5 ^u x )\t "s little moss com+ too1 especially ! small ?read-mosses 7,bryum7 :i* make a home = !mselves 9 e nook & corn] ( ! bran*es2 :ile ! fea!r-mosses1 hair-mosses1 cord-mosses1 & _m o!rs made su* a lovely c>pet "u my feet t ea* seem$ too beautiful to pass by1 & !y f\nd _! way into my basket1 cr[n$ at ! top ) a l>ge mass ( ! pale-gre5 ,sphagnum1 or bog-moss1 into :i* ,i sank m ?an ankle-deep z ,i cross$ ! bog 9 ! c5tre ( ! wood on my way home4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,examples ( ,li*5s4 7,f life47 #a1 ,a hairy li*54 #b1 ,a leafy li*54 #c1 ,a cru/ace\s li*54 f1 f1 ! fruit4 ,s "h !y all are1 & ,i hope by ! help ( our magic glass to let y into "s ( ! secrets ( _! lives4 ,x is true we mu/ /udy ! /ructure ( li*5s *iefly by diagrams1 = x is too m9ute = beg9n]s to foll[ "u ! microscope1 s we mu/ tru/ to draw+s made by m5 m skilful 9 microscopic botany1 at any rate = ! pres5t4 ,b ! mosses we c exam9e = ourselves & admire _! delicate leaves & wond]ful t9y spore-cases4 ,n[ ! fir/ "q :i* ,i hope y want to ask is1 h[ x is t ^! l[ly plants fl\ri% s well 9 ! dep? ( w9t] :5 _! l>g] & /rong] companions die d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,we w answ] ?is fir/ z to ! li*5s1 :i* are su* /range uncanny-look+ plants t x is almo/ difficult to imag9e !y are alive at all2 & inde$ !y h be5 a great puzzle to botani/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,s+le-cell$ gre5 plants gr[+ & divid+ 7,pleurococcus74 7,aft] ,?uret & ,bornet47 ,be=e we exam9e !m1 h[ev]1 look = a m9ute at a small drop ( ?is gre5i% film :i* ,i h tak5 f ! ra9-wat] tak5 outside4 ,i h put "s "u ea* microscope1 & ^? :o c look into !m w see ! slide almo/ cov]$ ) small r\nd gre5 cells v mu* l ! yea/ cells we saw :5 /udy+ ! ,fungi1 only t in/ead ( be+ col\rless !y are a bright gre54 ,"s ( ^! cells w ,i suspect be long] ?an o!rs1 & ^! long cells w be mov+ ov] ! slide v rapidly1 swimm+ hi!r & ?i!r1 & y w see1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 t v l[ plants c swim ab\t 9 wat]4 ,^! gre5 cells are1 inde$1 ! simple/ ( all plants1 & are m]ely bags ( liv+ matt] :i*1 by ! help ( ! gre5 granules 9 !m1 are able to "w up wat] & gases into n\ri%+ food1 & s to live1 gr[1 & multiply4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( ^! s+le-cell$ plants 9 ! _w4 ,y may f9d !m on damp pa?s1 9 almo/ any ra9-wat] butt1 9 ponds & dit*es1 9 sp>kl+ wat]falls1 along ! banks ( fl[+ riv]s1 & 9 ! cold cle> spr+s on ! bleak m\nta9s4 ,"s ( !m take ! =m ( tangl$ ?reads#a compos$ ( long /r+s ( cells1 & ^! sometimes =m long /ream]s 9 fl[+ wat]1 & at o!r times are ga!r$ toge!r 9 a %apeless film only to be dis5tangl$ "u a microscope4 ,o!r k9ds#b wave to & fro on ! wat]1 =m+ d5se pat*es ( violet1 orange-br[n1 or glossy gre5 scum %9+ 9 ! bright sunlight1 & ^! fl\ri% equally 9 ! ponds ( our g>d5s & 9 pools 9 ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 #ah1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,o!rs aga9#c seize on e damp pat* on tree trunks1 rocks1 or moi/ walls1 cov]+ !m ) a gre5 p[d] =m$ ( s+le plant cells4 ,o!r species ( ?is family turn a bright r$ col\r :5 ! cells are /ill2 & "o1 "u ! "n ( ,gory ,dew1#d has (t5 fright5$ ! peasants ( ,italy1 by gr[+ v rapidly ov] damp walls & !n turn+ ! col\r ( blood4 ,ano!r#e =ms ! r$ sn[ ( ! ,arctic regions1 :]e x cov]s wide surfaces ( sn[ ) a deep r$ col\r4 ,o!rs#f =m a %9y jelly ov] rocks & /ones1 & ^! may be f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e1 f ! g>d5 pa? to ! w>m spr+s ( ,india1 f ! m>%es ( ,new ,zeal& up to ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ocean1 & ev5 on ! surface ( float+ iceb]gs4 #a ,conf]vae4 #b ,oscill>iae4 #c ,protococcus4 #d ,palmella cru5ta4 #e ,protococcus nivalis4 #f ,no/oc4 ,! reason :y ^! plants c live 9 su* v diff]5t regions is t !y d n take _! food ?r\gh roots out ( ! gr\nd1 b suck 9 wat] & gases ?r\gh ! ?9 membrane :i* cov]s _! cell1 & ea* cell does its own "w4 ,s x matt]s v little to !m :]e !y lie1 s long z !y h moi/ure & sunlight to help !m 9 _! "w4 ,:]ev] !y are1 if !y h ^!1 !y c take 9 c>bonic acid f ! air & "w up ! c>bon ) o!r gases :i* !y imbibe ) ! wat]1 & s make liv+ mat]ial4 ,9 ?is way !y gr[1 & z a cell gr[s l>g] ! cov]+ is /ret*$ & "p ( ! dige/$ food goes to build up m cov]+ membrane1 & by & by ! cell divides into two & ea* membrane closes up1 s t !re are two s+le-cell$ plants :]e !re 0 only "o be=e4 ,?is w sometimes g on s fa/ t a small pond may be cov]$ 9 a few h\rs ) a gre5 film =m$ ( new cells4 ,n[ we h se51 :5 /udy+ mu%rooms1 t ! "o diff]5ce betwe5 ^! gre5 plants & ! s+le-cell$ ,fungi is t :ile ! gre5 cells make _! own food1 col\rless cells c only take x 9 ready-made1 & !re=e prey ^u all k9ds ( liv+ matt]4 ,?is is j :at happ5s 9 ! li*5s2 & botani/s h discov]$ t ^! curi\s gr[?s are really ! result ( a p>tn]%ip betwe5 s+le-cell$ gre5 plants & s+le-cell$ fungi4 ,! grey "p is a fungus2 b :5 x is exam9$ "u ! microscope we f9d x is n a fungus only2 a numb] ( gre5 cells c be se5 scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 :i*1 :5 c>efully /udi$1 prove to be "s species ( ! gre5 s+le-cell$ plants4 ,"h are two draw+s ( sections cut ?r\gh two diff]5t li*5s1 & enorm\sly magnifi$ s t ! cells are cle>ly se54 #a1 ,fig4 #cj is "p ( a hairy li*5 7#a1 ,fig4 #bh71 & #b is "p ( a leafy li*5 7#b1 ,fig4 #bh74 ,! hairy li*5 z y see has a r[ ( gre5 cells all r\nd ! t9y bran*1 ) fungus cells on all sides ( !m4 ,! leafy li*51 :i* only pres5ts "o surface to ! sun & air :ile ! o!r side is aga9/ ! tree1 has only "o lay] ( gre5 cells ne> ! surface1 b protect$ by ! fungus above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,sections ( ,li*5s4 7,sa*s47 #a1 ,section ( a hairy li*51 ,usnea b>bata4 #b1 ,section ( a leafy li*51 ,/icta fulig9osa4 #c1 ,e>ly gr[? ( a li*54 gc1 ,gre5 cells4 f1 ,fungus4 ,! way ! li*5 has gr[n is ?is4 ,a gre5 cell 7gc #c1 ,fig4 #cj7 fall+ on "s damp spot has begun to gr[ & spread1 work+ up food 9 ! sunlight4 ,to x comes ! spore ( ! fungus f1 fir/ ?ru/+ its tubes into ! tree-b>k1 or wall1 & !n spread+ r\nd ! gre5 cells1 :i* rema9 always 9 su* a position t sunlight1 air1 & moi/ure c rea* !m4 ,f ?is "t ! two classes ( plants live z fri5ds1 ! fungus us+ "p ( ! food made by ! gre5 cells1 & giv+ !m 9 return ! advantage ( be+ spread out to ! sunlight1 :ile !y are also protect$ 9 fro/y or sultry wea!r :5 !y w\ld dry up on a b>e surface4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! fungus probably ga9s ! mo/1 = x has be5 f\nd1 z we %\ld expect1 t ! gre5 cells c live & gr[ if sep>at$ out ( ! li*51 b ! fungus cells die :5 _! indu/ri\s companions are tak5 f !m4 ,at any rate ! p>tn]%ip succe$s1 z y w see if y g into ! wood1 or into an or*>d :]e ! apple-trees are neglect$1 = e in* ( ! bran*es is cov]$ by li*5s if n already tak5 up by mosses or toad/ools4 ,!re is h>dly any "p ( ! _w except ! tropics :]e li*5s d n ab\nd4 ,9 ! ,alps ( ,sc&9avia close to ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 9 ! s&y wa/es ( ,arctic ,am]ica1 & ov] ! dre>y ,tundras ( ,arctic ,sib]ia1 :]e ! gr\nd is froz5 h>d dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 !y fl\ri% :]e no?+ else c live4 ,! little gre5 cells multiply by divid+1 z we saw !m do+ 9 ! gre5 film f ! wat]-butt4 ,! fungus1 h[ev]1 has _m diff]5t modes ( se$+ itself4 ,"o ( ^! is by =m+ little pockets 9 ! li*51 out ( :i*1 :5 !y bur/1 small r\nd bodies are ?r[n1 :i* cov] ! li*5 ) a m9ute gre5 p[d]4 ,!re is pl5ty ( ?is p[d] on ! leafy li*5 :i* y h by y4 ,y c see x ) ! magnify+-glass1 )\t putt+ x "u ! microscope4 ,z long z ! li*5 is dry ^! r\nd bodies d n gr[1 b z soon z moi/ure rea*es !m !y />t away & become new plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,fructification ( a li*54 7,f ,sa*s & ,oliv]47 ,apo!cium or spore-*amb] ( a li*54 #a1 ,clos$4 #b1 ,op54 #c1 ,! spore-cases & filam5ts enl>g$1 %[+ ! spores4 f1 ,filam5ts4 sc1 ,spore-cases4 s1 ,spores4 ,a m complicat$ & beautiful process is %[n 9 ?is diagram 7,fig4 #ca74 ,if y look c>efully at ! leafy li*5 7#b1 ,fig4 #bh7 y w f9d "h & !re "s little cups f1 :ile o!rs gr[ ^u ! tips ( ! hairy li*54 ,^! cups1 or fruits1 7 once clos$1 flask-%ap$ *amb]s 7#a1 ,fig4 #ca7 inside :i* are =m$ a numb] ( oval cells sc1 :i* are spore-cases1 ) f f\r to eight spores or se$-l bodies s#c inside !m4 ,:5 ^! *amb]s1 :i* are call$ apo!cia1 are ripe1 moi/ or ra9y wea!r causes !m to swell at ! top1 & !y bur/ op5 & ! spore-cases ?r[ out ! spores to gr[ into new fungi4 ,9 "s li*5s ! *amb]s rema9 clos$ & ! spores escape ?r\gh a hole 9 ! top1 & !y are !n call$ p]i!cia1 :ile 9 o!rs1 z ^! :i* we h "h1 !y op5 out into a cup-%ape4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! curi\s hi/ory ( li*5s2 ! gre5 cells & fungi fl\ri%+ toge!r 9 ! damp w9t] & be>+ ! h>de/ fro/ f> bett] ?an ! summ] dr\ght1 s t !y h _! good "t :5 mo/ o!r plants are dead or asleep4 ,yet ?\gh "s ( !m1 su* z ! hairy li*5s1 almo/ disappe> 9 ! summ]1 !y are by no means dead1 =1 l all ^! v l[ plants1 !y c be> be+ dri$ up = a long "t1 & !n1 :5 moi/ure visits !m aga91 ea* gre5 cell sets to "w1 & !y revive4 ,!re is mu* m to be le>nt ab\t !m1 b ?is w be suffici5t to make y feel an int]e/ 9 _! simple lives1 & :5 y look = !m 9 ! wood y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ _m diff]5t k9ds !re are1 = x is mo/ wond]ful t su* l[ly plants %\ld build up su* an imm5se v>iety ( curi\s & grotesque =ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& yet1 :5 we turn to ! mosses1 ,i am half afraid !y w soon attract y away f ! dull grey li*5s1 = ( all plant hi/ories x appe>s to me t ! hi/ory ( ! moss-plant is mo/ fasc9at+4 ,z ?is hi/ory is complicat$ by ! moss hav+1 z x 71 two lives1 y mu/ give me y\r :ole att5tion1 & ,i w expla9 x fir/ f diagrams1 ?\gh y c see all ! /eps "u ! microscope4 ,take 9 y\r h&s1 9 ! fir/ place1 a piece ( ?is gre5 moss :i* ,i h br\ght4 ,h[ ?ick x is1 l a ri* felt$ c>pet6 & yet1 if y pull x ap>t c>efully1 y w f9d t ea* leafy /em is sep>ate1 & c be tak5 away f ! o!rs )\t break+ any?+4 ,9 ?is d5se moss ea* /em is s+le & clo!d ) leaves wrapp$ closely r\nd x 7see ,fig4 #cc72 9 "s mosses ! /em is bran*$1 & 9 o!rs ! leaves gr[ on side /alks1 z 9 ?is fea!ry moss 7,fig4 #cb74 ,b 9 ea* case e /em is l a sep>ate plant1 ) its own tuft ( t5d] roots r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a /em ( fea!ry moss4 7,f life47 l1 ,leaves4 s1 ,/em4 r1 ,roots4 ,:at a delicate gr[? x is6 ,! /em is sc>cely m ?an a f9e ?read1 ! leaves m9ute1 transp>5t1 & t5d]4 ,9 ?is pale sphagnum or bog-moss 7,fig4 #cf1 p4 #ic71 :i* is mu* l>g] & /\t]1 y c see bett] h[ ea* "o ( ^! leaves1 ?\gh !y are s ?ickly pack$1 is plac$ s t x c get ! utmo/ light1 air1 & moi/ure4 ,yet s closely are ! leaves ( ea* /em entangl$ 9 ^? ( ! next t ! :ole =ms a ?ick spr+y gre5 c>pet "u our feet4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t ^! moss /ems1 ?\gh ea* indep5d5t1 gr[ 9 su* a d5se mass8 ,p>tly because moss multiplies s rapidly t new /ems are always ?ru/+ !mselves up to ! light1 b *iefly because ! /ems 7 n always sep>ate1 b 9 v e>ly life sprang f a common s\rce4 ,if1 in/ead ( br++ ! moss home & te>+ x ap>t1 y w5t to a spot 9 ! wood :]e fre% moss 0 gr[+1 & look$ v c>efully on ! surface ( ! gr\nd or among ! wat] ( a m>%1 y w\ld f9d a spongy gre5 mass bel[ ! gr[+ moss1 v mu* l ! gre5 scum on a pond4 ,?is film1 "s ( :i* ,i h br\ght home1 is se5 "u ! microscope to be a mass ( tangl$ gre5 ?reads 7t1 ,fig4 #cd1 p4 #hh7 l ^? ( ! ,conf]vae 7see p4 #gi71 compos$ ( r[s ( cells1 :ile "h & !re ^u ^! ?reads y w\ld f9d a bud 7mb1 ,fig4 #cd7 ris+ up into ! air4 ,?is tangl$ mass ( gre5 ?reads1 call$ ! protonema1 is ! fir/ gr[?1 f :i* ! moss /ems spr+4 ,x has itself orig9at$ f a moss-spore2 z we %all see by & by4 ,z soon z x has />t$ x gr[s & spreads v rapidly1 dr9k+ 9 wat] & air ?r\gh all its cells & s5d+ up ! moss buds :i* swell & gr[1 giv+ out roots bel[ & f9e /ems above1 :i* soon become cr[d$ ) leaves1 =m+ ! velvety c>pet we call moss4 ,mean:ile ! s(t ?reads bel[ die away1 giv+ up all _! n\ri%m5t to ! moss-/ems1 & ?is is :y1 :5 y take up ! moss1 y f9d ea* /em sep>ate4 ,b n[ comes ! "q1 ,h[ does ea* /em live aft] ! n\ri%+ ?reads bel[ h di$8 ,x is true ea* /em has a few hairy roots1 b ^! are v feeble1 & n at all l ! roots ( high] plants4 ,! fact is1 ! moss is built up entirely ( t5d] cells1 l ! gre5 cells 9 ! li*51 or 9 ! film ^u ! pond4 ,^! cells are n %ut 9 beh9d a ?ick sk9 z 9 ! leaves ( high] plants1 b h e "o ( !m ! p[] to take 9 wat] & gases ?r\gh _! t5d] membrane4 ,i made la/ night a r\gh draw+ ( ! leaf ( ! fea!ry moss put "u ! microscope1 b y w see x f> bett] by putt+ a leaf ) a little wat] on a glass slide "u ! cov]+ glass & exam9+ x = y\rself4 ,y w see t x is compos$ ( a numb] ( oval-%ap$ cells pack$ closely toge!r 7c ,fig4 #cc71 ) a few long n>r[ ones mr 9 ! middle ( ! leaf =m+ ! midrib4 ,e cell is z cle> & di/9ct z if x 7 float+ 9 ! wat]1 & ! t9y gre5 gra9s :i* help x to "w up its food are cle>ly visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,moss-leaf magnifi$4 7,f life47 ,%[+ ! cells c1 ea* ( :i* c take 9 & "w up its own food4 mr1 ,long cells ( ! mid-rib4 ,ea* ( ^! cells c act z a sep>ate plant1 dr9k+ 9 ! wat] & air x ne$s1 & fe$+ & gr[+ q indep5d5tly ( ! roots bel[4 ,yet at ! same "t ! moss /em has a great advantage ov] s+le-cell$ plants 9 hav+ root-hairs1 & be+ able to gr[ upright & expose its leaves to ! sun & air4 ,n[ y w no long] wond] t moss gr[s s fa/ & s ?ick1 & ano!r curi\s fact foll[s f ! indep5d5ce ( ea* cell1 namely1 t new gr[?s c />t f almo/ any "p ( ! plant4 ,= example1 pieces w (t5 break (f f ! tangl$ mass or protonema bel[1 &1 />t+ on _! own acc\nt1 =m o!r ?read masses4 ,!n1 aft] ! moss /ems h gr[n1 a new mass ( ?reads may gr[ f "o ( ! t9y root-hairs ( a /em & make a fre% tangle2 nay1 a ?read w sometimes ev5 spr+ out ( a damp moss leaf & make a new beg9n+1 :ile ! moss /ems !mselves (t5 put =? buds & bran*es1 :i* gr[ root-hairs & settle d[n on _! own acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,polytri*um commune4 ,a l>ge hair-moss4 t1 t1 ,?reads ( gre5 cells =m+ ! protonema out ( :i* moss-buds spr+4 mb1 ,buds ( moss-/ems4 a1 ,m9ute gre5 fl[] 9 :i* ! an!rozoids are =m$ 7enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #ce74 p1 p#a1 p#b1 p#c1 ,m9ute gre5 fl[] 9 :i* ! ovules are =m$1 & urn-plant spr++ out ( x 7enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #ce74 u1 ,urn /ems4 c1 ,cap4 u1 ,urn aft] cap has fall5 (f1 /ill protect$ by its lid4 ,all ?is comes f ! simple nature ( ! plants1 ea* cell do+ its own "w4 ,nor are ! mosses 9 any difficulty z to soil1 = z ! matt$ ?reads decay !y =m a ri* manure1 & ! dy+ moss-/ems !mselves1 be+ s fragile1 turn back v readily into food4 ,?is is :y mosses c spread ov] ! poore/ soil :]e ev5 t\gh grasses _c live1 & clo! walls & ro(s ) a ri* gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fructification ( a moss4 ,a1 ,male moss-fl[] /ripp$ ( its out] leaves1 %[+ jo9t$ filam5ts & oval sacs os & an!rozoid cells zc sw>m+ out ( a sac4 zc'1 ,an!rozoid cell enl>g$4 z1 ,free an!rozoid4 ,p1 ,female fl[] ) bottle-%ap$ sacs bs4 bs-c1 ,bottle-%ap$ sac1 ) cap be+ pu%$ up4 u1 ,urn ( ,fun>ia hygrometrica1 ) small cap4 u'1 ,urn1 f :i* ! cap has fall51 %[+ ! tee? t :i* keep 9 ! spores4 ,s f>1 !n1 we n[ und]/& ! gr[? ( ! mossy-leaf /ems1 b ?is is only half ! life ( ! plant4 ,aft] ! moss has gone on ?r\gh ! damp w9t] spread+ & gr[+1 !re appe> 9 ! spr+ or summ] t9y moss fl[]s at ! tip ( "s ( ! /ems4 ,^! fl[]s 7a1 p1 ,fig4 #cd7 are =m$ m]ely ( a few gre5 leaves %ort] & /\t] ?an ! re/1 enclos+ "s oval sacs surr\nd$ by jo9t$ hairs or filam5ts 7see ,a & ,p1 ,fig4 #ce74 ,^! sacs are ( two diff]5t k9ds1 "o set be+ %ort & /\t os1 ! o!rs hav+ long necks l bottles bs4 ,sometimes ^! two k9ds ( sac are 9 "o fl[]1 b m (t5 !y are 9 sep>ate fl[]s1 z 9 ! hair-moss1 ,polytri*um commune 7a & p1 ,fig4 #cd74 ,n[ :5 ! fl[]s are ripe ! %ort sacs 9 ! fl[] ,a op5 & fl+ out myriads ( cells zc1 & ^! cells bur/1 & =? come t9y wriggl+ bodies z1 call$ by botani/s an!rozoids1 "o out ( ea* cell4 ,^! f9d _! way along ! damp moss to ! fl[] ,p1 & ent]+ ! neck ( "o ( ! bottle-%ap$ sacs bs1 f9d out ea* ano!r cell or ovule inside4 ,! two cells toge!r !n =m a plant-egg1 :i* answ]s to ! g]m 9 ! se$s ( high] plants4 ,n[ let u be sure we und]/& :]e we are 9 ! life ( ! plant4 ,we h _h its gre5-gr[+ "t1 its fl[]+1 & ! =mation ( :at we may r\ghly call its se$1 :i* la/ 9 ord9>y high] plants w\ld fall d[n & gr[ into a new gre5 plant4 ,b ) ! moss !re is m to come4 ,! egg does n %ake out ( ! bottle-neck$ sac1 b beg9s to gr[ inside x1 s5d+ d[n a little tube into ! moss /em1 & us+ x z o!r plants use ! gr\nd to gr[ 94 ,z soon z x is root$ x beg9s to =m a delicate /em1 & z ?is gr[s x pu%es up ! sac bs1 /ret*+ ! neck tight] & tight] till at la/ x te>s away bel[1 & ! sac is c>ri$ up & hangs l an ext+ui%] or cap 7c ,figs4 #cd1 #ce7 ov] ! top ( ! /em4 ,mean:ile1 "u ?is cap ! top ( ! /alk swells into a knob :i*1 by degrees1 becomes a lovely little cov]$ urn u1 some?+ l a poppy head1 :i* has )9 x a numb] ( spores4 ,! gr[? ( ?is t9y urn-plant (t5 occupies sev]al mon?s1 = y mu/ rememb] t x is n m]ely a fruit1 ?\gh x is (t5 call$ s1 b a real plant1 tak+ 9 food ?r\gh its tubes bel[ & work+ = its liv+4 ,:5 x is f9i%$ x is a mo/ lovely little object 7u1 ,fig4 #cd71 ! f9e hairlike /alk be+ cov]$ ) a gre51 yell[1 or brilliant r$ fool's cap on ! top1 yet ! :ole 9 mo/ mosses is n bigg] ?an an ord9>y p94 ,y may easily see !m 9 ! spr+ or summ]1 or ev5 sometimes 9 ! w9t]4 ,i h only be5 able to br+ y "o v little "o to-day1 ! ,fun>ia hygrometrica1 :i* fruits e>ly 9 ! ye>4 ,?is moss has only a %ort cap1 b 9 _m mosses !y are v conspicu\s4 ,i h (t5 pull$ !m (f z y w\ld pull a cap f a boy's head4 ,9 nature !y fall (f aft] a "t1 leav+ ! urn1 :i*1 ?\gh s small1 is a mo/ complicat$ /ructure4 ,fir/ x has an out] sk91 ) holes or m\?s 9 x :i* op5 & close to let moi/ure 9 & out4 ,!n come two lay]s ( cells1 !n an op5 space full ( air1 9 :i* are ! gre5 *lorophyll gra9s :i* are work+ up food = ! t9y plant z ! moi/ure comes 9 to !m4 ,la/ly1 )9 ?is aga9 is a mass ( tissue1 r\nd :i* gr[ ! spores :i* are soon to be s[n1 & :i* 9 ,polytri*um commune are protect$ by a lid4 ,ev5 aft] ! ext+ui%] & ! lid h bo? fall5 (f1 ! spores _c fall out1 = a ?ick r[ ( tee? 7t1 ,fig4 #ce7 is clos$ ov] !m l ! t5tacles ( an anemone4 ,s long z ! air is damp ^! tee? rema9 clos$2 x is only 9 f9e dry wea!r t !y op5 & ! spores are scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,fun>ia hygrometrica has no lid "u its cap1 & aft] ! cap falls ! spores are only protect$ by ! tee?4 ,:5 ! spores are gone1 ! life ( ! t9y urn-plant is ov]4 ,x %rivels & dies1 leav+ t51 fifte51 or ev5 m spores1 :i*1 aft] ly+ = "s "t on ! gr\nd1 spr\t & gr[ into a fre% mass ( s(t ?reads4 ,s n[ we h complet$ ! life-hi/ory ( ! moss & come back to ! po9t at :i* we />t$4 ,i am afraid x has be5 r a difficult hi/ory to foll[ /ep by /ep1 & yet x is p]fectly cle> :5 once we ma/] ! succession ( gr[?s4 ,/>t+ f a spore1 ! ?read-mass or protonema gives rise to ! moss-/ems =m+ ! d5se gre5 c>pet1 !n ! gre5 fl[]s on "s ( ! leaf-/ems give rise to a plant-egg1 :i* roots itself 9 ! /em1 & gr[s into a p]fect plant )\t leaves1 be>+ m]ely ! urn 9 :i* fre% spores are =m$1 & s ! r\nd goes on f ye> to ye>4 ,!re are a great numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties ( moss1 & !y diff] 9 ! %ape & arrangem5t ( _! /ems & leaves1 & v mu* 9 ! =mation ( _! urns1 yet ?is sket* w enable y to /udy !m ) und]/&+1 & :5 y f9d 9 ! wood ! nodd+ caps ( ! fruit+ plants1 "s r$1 "s gre51 "s yell[1 & "s a brilliant orange1 y w feel t !y are acqua9tances1 & by ! help ( ! microscope may soon become fri5ds4 ,among !m "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! sphagnum or bog-moss 7,fig4 #cf71 :i* spreads its ?ick c>pet ov] all ! bogs 9 ! woods4 ,y _c miss its little orange-col\r$ spore-cases if y look closely1 = !y contra/ /rongly ) its pale gre5 leaves1 out ( :i* !y /& on v %ort /alks4 ,i wi% we c\ld exam9e x1 = x diff]s mu* f o!r mosses1 bo? 9 leaves & fruit1 b x w\ld take u too long4 ,at lea/1 h[ev]1 y mu/ put "o ( its lovely transp>5t leaves "u ! microscope1 t y may see ! l>ge air-cells :i* lie betwe5 ! gr[+ cells1 & admire ! lovely gli/5+ b&s :i* run across & across _! cov]+ membrane1 = ! sphagnum leaf is s extremely beautiful t y w nev] =get x :5 once se54 ,x is ?r\gh ^! l>ge cells 9 ! edge ( ! /em & leaf t ! wat] rises up f ! swamp1 s t ! :ole moss is l a wet sponge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,sphagnum moss f a ,devon%ire bog4 7,f life47 ,& n[1 be=e we "p1 we _h bett] sum up ! hi/ory ( li*5s & mosses4 ,) ! li*5s we h se5 t ! secret ( success seems to be mutual help4 ,! gre5 cells provide ! food1 ! fungus cells =m a surface ov] :i* ! gre5 cells c spread to f9d sunlight & moi/ure1 & protection f extremes ( heat or cold4 ,) ! mosses ! secret lies 9 _! /&+ on ! bord]l& betwe5 two classes ( plant life4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y are /ill t5d]-cell$ plants1 ea* cell be+ able to live its own life & make its own food2 on ! o!r h&1 !y h ris5 into %apely plants ) ! beg9n+s ( feeble roots1 & hav+ /ems along :i* _! leaves are arrang$ s t !y are spread to ! light & air4 ,bo? li*5s & mosses keep "o great advantage common to all t5d]-cell$ plants2 !y c be dri$ up s t y w\ld ?9k !m dead1 & yet1 because !y c "w all ov] _! surface :5ev] heat & moi/ure rea* !m1 ea* cell dr9ks 9 food aga9 & ! plant revives4 ,s :5 a scor*+ sun1 or a dry season1 or a bit+ fro/ kills o!r plants1 ! mosses & li*5s bide _! "t till moi/ure comes aga94 ,9 our own c\ntry !y gr[ almo/ ev]y:]e--on walls1 on brok5 gr\nd1 on s&-heaps1 on ro(s & walls1 on trees liv+ & dead1 & ov] all pa/ures :i* are all[$ to gr[ poor & worn out4 ,!y gr[1 too1 9 all damp1 m>%y spots2 especially ! bog-mosses =m+ ! peat-bogs :i* cov] a l>ge "p ( ,irel& & _m regions 9 ,scotl&2 & ^! same bog-mosses occur 9 ,am]ica1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! tropics mosses are less abundant1 probably because o!r plants fl\ri% s luxuriantly2 b 9 ,arctic ,sib]ia & ,arctic ,am]ica bo? li*5s & mosses live on ! va/ ,tundras4 ,!re1 dur+ ! ?ree %ort mon?s ( summ]1 :5 ! surface ( ! gr\nd is s(t1 ! li*5s spread f> & wide :]e all else is lifeless1 :ile 9 moi/] p>ts ! ,polytri*ums or hair-mosses cov] ! gr\nd1 & 9 swampy regions /unt$ ,sphagnums =m peat-bogs only a few in*es 9 dep? ov] ! froz5 soil b5ea?4 ,if1 !n1 ! li*5s & mosses c fl\ri% ev5 9 su* dre>y latitudes z ^!1 we c und]/& h[ !y defy ev5 our colde/ w9t]s1 appe>+ fre% & gre5 :5 ! sn[ melts away f ov] !m1 & leave _! cells ba!d 9 wat]1 s t ^! l[ly plants clo! ! wood ) _! beauty :5 o!rwise all w\ld be b>e & lifeless4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,lava ,,/ream ,illu/ration ,x is n[ j tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 boys1 s9ce ,i saw a wond]ful sight1 :i* is /ill s fre% 9 my m9d t ,i h to look r\nd & rememb] t x 0 be=e any ( y 7 born1 9 ord] to p]suade myself t x c be ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ,i /ood ) my feet close to a fl[+ /ream ( r$-hot lava4 ,x happ5$ 9 ?is way4 ,i 0 sp5d+ ! w9t] ) fri5ds 9 ,naples1 & we 7 walk+ quietly "o lovely aft]noon 9 ,novemb] along ! ,villa ,reale1 ! public g>d5 on ! sea-%ore1 :5 "o ( our p>ty exclaim$1 ,look at ,vesuvius6 ,we did s1 & saw 9 ! bright sunlight a d5se d>k cl\d ris+ up out ( ! cone4 ,! m\nta9 _h be5 s5d+ out puffs ( smoke1 ) a boom+ noise1 = sev]al days1 b we ?\ght no?+ ( t1 = x _h be5 common en\gh = slight eruptions to take place at int]vals ev] s9ce ! great eruption ( #ahfg4 ,?is cl\d1 h[ev]1 0 f> l>g] & wid]-spread ?an usual1 & z we 7 look+ at x we saw a ?9 r$ l9e beg9 "s way d[n ! side ( ! m\nta9 & creep onw>ds t[>d ! valley :i* lies beh9d ! ,h]mitage ne> :]e ! ,obs]vatory is built 7see ,fig4 #cg74 ,a crat] has brok5 out on ! slope1 said our ho/2 x w be a gr& sight to-night4 ,%all we g up & see x8 ,no soon] propos$ ?an settl$1 & "o ( ! p>ty />t$ (f at once to secure horses & m5 be=e o!rs engag$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,somma4 ,vesuvius4 ,vesuvius1 z se5 9 eruption by ! au?or1 ,novemb] #ahfh4 ,x 0 ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+ :5 we />t$ 9 a c>riage = ,res9a1 & alight+ !re1 ) buri$ ,h]culaneum "u our feet1 m\nt$ our horses & set =w>d ) ! guides4 ,!n foll[$ a long asc5t ( ab\t two h\rs & a half ?r\gh ! d>k night4 ,sil5tly & c>efully we travell$ on ov] ! broad masses ( slaggy lava ( =m] ye>s1 along :i* a n>r[ horse-pa? _h be5 worn2 & ev] & anon we he>d ! di/ant boom+ 9 ! crat] at ! summit1 & caught sight ( fre% gleams ( light z we took "s turn+ :i* br\ght ! gl[+ peak into view4 ,our object 0 to get z close z possible to ! newly-op5$ crat] 9 ! m\nta9-side1 & :5 we arriv$ on a small rugg$ pla9 n f> f ! spot1 we alight$ f our horses1 :i* 7 gr[+ fright5$ ) ! gl>e1 & walk$ "s di/ance on foot till we came to a ridge runn+ d[n ! slope1 & ^u ?is ridge ! lava /ream 0 fl[+4 ,above our heads hung a va/ cl\d ( vap\r :i* reflect$ ! bright light f ! r$-hot /ream1 & ?rew a p9k gl[ all ar\nd1 s t1 :]e ! cl\d 0 brok5 & we c\ld see ! d>k sky1 ! />s look$ :ite z silv] 9 contra/4 ,we c\ld n[ trace cle>ly ! outl9e ( ! summit t[]+ above u1 & ev5 wat* ! %[]s ( a%es & du/ :i* bur/ =? f "t to "t1 fall+ back into ! crat]1 or on to ! /eep slopes ( ! cone4 ,if ! night _h n be5 calm1 & su* a breeze z !re 0 bl[+ away f u1 our position w\ld sc>cely h be5 safe2 & inde$ we 7 aft]w>ds told we _h be5 ra%4 ,b ,i w\ld h fac$ ev5 a great] risk to see s gr& a spectacle1 & :5 ! guide help$ me to scramble up on to ! l$ge1 s t ,i /ood ) my feet )9 a few y>ds ( ! lava fl[1 my he>t b\nd$ ) excitem5t4 ,i c\ld n /ay m ?an a few seconds1 = ! gases & vap\r *ok$ me2 b = t %ort "t x felt l a dream to be /&+ close to a riv] ( molt5 rock1 :i* a few h\rs be=e _h be5 ly+ deep 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,glanc+ upw>ds to :]e ?is riv] issu$ f ! cone 9 ! m\nta9-side1 ,i saw x fir/ :ite-hot1 !n gradually fad+ to a gl[+ r$ z x crept pa/ my feet2 & !n look+ d[n ! slope ,i saw x turn black & gloomy z x cool$ rapidly at ! top1 :ile ?r\gh ! cracks :i* op5$ "h & !re z x mov$ on1 puffs ( gas & vap\r rose into ! air1 & ! r$ lava b5ea? gleam$ ?r\gh ! *9ks4 ,we did n /ay long1 = ! air 0 suffocat+1 b took our way back to ! ,h]mitage1 :]e ano!r glori\s sight await$ u4 ,"s way above & beh9d ! hill on :i* ! ,obs]vatory /&s !re is1 or 01 a /eep cliff1 & ov] ?is ! lava /ream1 n[ d5sely black1 fell 9 its way to ! valley bel[1 & z x fell x broke into huge masses1 :i* heel+ ov] expos$ ! r$-hot lava "u ! cru/1 ?us =m+ a magnific5t fi]y cascade 9 :i* black & r$ 7 m+l$ 9 wild confusion4 ,?is is h[ ,i saw a fre% r$-hot lava /ream4 ,i _h asc5d$ ! m\nta9 "s ye>s be=e1 :5 x 0 comp>atively quiet1 ) only two small cones 9 its c5tral crat] s5d+ out m9iature fl[s ( lava 7see ,fig4 #ch74 ,b ! crat] 0 too hot = me to cross ov] to ^! cones1 & ,i c\ld only m>vel at ! mass ( a%es ( :i* ! top ( ! m\nta9 0 compos$1 & plunge a /ick into an old lava /ream to see h[ hot x /ill rema9$ bel[4 ,peaceful & quiet z ! m\nta9 seem$ !n1 ,i c\ld nev] h imag9$ su* a glori\s outbur/ z t ( ,novemb] #ahfh unless ,i _h se5 x1 & yet ?is 0 q a small eruption comp>$ to ^? ( #ahfg & #ahgb1 :i* 9 _! turn 7 no?+ to "s ( ! old] eruptions 9 e>li] c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! top ( ,vesuvius 9 #ahfd4 7,aft] ,nasmy?47 ,n[ x is ! hi/ory ( ?is lava /ream :i* ,i saw1 t we are go+ to consid] to-day1 & y w fir/ want to "k :]e x came f1 & :at caus$ x to break out on ! m\nta9-side4 ,! tru? is1 t ?\gh we "k n[ a good deal ab\t volcanoes !mselves1 we "k v little ab\t ! mighty cauldrons deep d[n 9 ! e>? f :i* !y come4 ,our deepe/ m9es only rea* to a dep? ( a little m ?an half a mile1 & no bor+s ev5 h be5 made beyond ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 s t aft] ?is dep? we are left v mu* to guesswork4 ,we d "k t ! temp]ature increases z we g f>!r d[n f ! surface1 b ! increase is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t di/ricts--9 "s places be+ five times great] ?an x is 9 o!rs at an equal dep?1 & x is always greate/ 9 localities :]e volcanoes h be5 active n long be=e4 ,n[ if !re 7 an ocean ( melt$ rock at a c]ta9 di/ance d[n bel[ ! cru/ all ov] ! globe1 !re c\ld sc>cely be su* a great diff]5ce betwe5 "o place & ano!r1 & = ?is & _m o!r reasons geologi/s are incl9$ to ?9k t1 f "s unkn[n cause1 great heat is develop$ at special po9ts bel[ ! surface at diff]5t times4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = our f9d+ volcanic rocks 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! _w1 ev5 v f> away f :]e !re are any active volcanoes n[4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 we d n cle>ly "k :y great res]voirs ( melt$ rock occur f "t to "t deep "u our feet4 ,we may p]haps "o day f9d ! clue f ! fact t ne>ly all1 if n all1 volcanoes occur ne> to ! wat]'s edge1 ei!r on ! coa/ ( ! great oceans or ( "s enorm\s inl& sea or lake4 ,b at pres5t all we c say is1 t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! globe !re mu/ be f "t to "t great masses ( rock heat$ till !y are :ite-hot1 & hav+ :ite-hot wat] m+l$ ) !m4 ,^! great masses ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be liquid1 = we "k t "u enorm\s pressure :ite-hot metals rema9 solid1 & wat] in/ead ( fla%+ into /eam is kept liquid1 press+ ) trem5d\s =ce ^u :atev] keeps x conf9$4 ,b n[ suppose t = "s reason ! mass ( solid rock & gr\nd above "o ( ^! heat$ spots %\ld crack & become weak1 or t ! pressure f bel[ %\ld become s great z to be m p[]ful ?an ! weight above1 !n ! :ite-hot rock & wat] quiv]+ & pant+ to exp&1 w\ld upheave & bur/ ! walls ( _! prison4 ,_c y picture to y\rselves h[ :5 ?is happ5$ ! rock w\ld swell into a liquid /ate1 & h[ ! wat] w\ld =ce its way upw>ds into cracks & fissures exp&+ into /eam z x w5t4 ,!n w\ld be he>d /range rumbl+ noises und]gr\nd1 z all ^! heavily oppress$ :ite-hot sub/ances upheav$ & r5t ! cru/ above !m4 ,& aft] a "t ! c\ntry r\nd1 or ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! sea1 w\ld quake & tremble1 till by & by a way out w\ld be f\nd1 & ! wat] fla%+ into vap\r w\ld break & fl+ up ! masses ( rock imm$iately above ! passage x _h made = itself1 & foll[+ aft] ^! w\ld come ! molt5 rock p\r+ out at ! new op5+4 ,su* outbur/s z ^! h be5 se5 at sea _m times ne> volcanic isl&s4 ,9 #ahaa a new isl& call$ ,sabr9a 0 ?r[n up (f ,/4 ,mi*ael's 9 ! ,azores1 & aft] rema9+ a %ort "t 0 wa%$ away by ! waves4 ,9 ! same way ,graham's ,isl& appe>$ (f ! coa/ ( ,sicily 9 #ahca1 & z late z #ahhe ,mr4 ,%ipley saw a magnific5t eruption 9 ! ,pacific ne> ! ,tonga ,isl&s :5 an isl& ab\t ?ree miles long 0 =m$4 ,ano!r v extraord9>y outbur/1 ?is "t on l&1 took place 9 #aech on ! opposite side ( ! ,bay ( ,naples to :]e ,vesuvius /&s4 ,!re1 on ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,baiae1 a m\nta9 #ddj feet high 0 built up 9 "o week1 :]e all _h be=e be5 quiet 9 ! memory ( man4 ,= two ye>s be=e ! outbur/ came1 rumbl+s & e>?quakes _h al>m$ ! p1 & at la/ "o day ! sea drew back f ! %ore & ! gr\nd sank ab\t f\rte5 feet1 & !n on ! night ( ,sunday1 ,septemb] #bi1 #aech1 x 0 hurl$ up aga91 & /eam1 fi]y gases1 /ones1 & mud bur/ =?1 driv+ away ! fright5$ p f ! village ( ,puzzuoli ab\t two miles di/ant4 ,= a :ole week jets ( lava1 fragm5ts ( rock1 & %[]s ( a%es 7 p\r$ out1 till !y =m$ ! hill n[ call$ ,monte ,nuovo1 #ddj feet high & measur+ a mile & a half r\nd ! base4 ,& !re x has rema9$ till ! pres5t day1 p]fectly quiet aft] ! "o great outbur/ _h calm$ d[n1 & is n[ cov]$ ) ?ickets ( /one-p9e trees4 ,^! sudd5 outbur/s %[ t "s great *ange mu/ occur 9 ! /ate ( ! e>?'s cru/ "u ! spots :]e !y take place1 & we "k t eruptions may cease = c5turies 9 any p>ticul> place & !n beg9 afre% q unexpect$ly4 ,vesuvius 0 a peaceable m\nta9 ov]gr[n ) trees & v9es 9 ! "t ( ! ,greeks till 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gi occurr$ ! t]rific outbur/ :i* de/roy$ ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 %att]+ old ,vesuvius to pieces1 s t only ! cliffs on ! nor?we/ rema9 & are call$ ,somma 7see ,fig4 #cg71 :ile ! new ,vesuvius has gr[n up 9 ! lap1 z x 71 ( its old self4 ,yet :5 we visit ! cliffs ( ,somma1 & exam9e ! old lava /reams 9 !m1 we see t ! anci5t peaceful m\nta9 0 itself built up by volcanic outbur/s ( molt5 rock1 & %[]s ( cl9k]s or scoriae1 long be=e man liv$ to record x4 ,mean:ile1 :5 once an op5+ is made1 we c und]/& h[ aft] an eruption is ov]1 & ! /eam & lava are exhau/$1 all quiets d[n = a:ile1 & ! melt$ rock 9 ! crat] ( ! m\nta9 cools & h>d5s1 %utt+ 9 once m ! see?+ mass bel[4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ! crat] :5 ,i saw x 9 #ahfd1 ?\gh small /reams /ill fl[$ out ( two m9ute cones2 b s9ce !n at lea/ "o great outbur/ _h tak5 place 9 #ahfg1 & n[ on ?is ,novemb] night1 #ahfh1 ! imprison$ gases rebell$ once m & =c$ _! way ?r\gh ! m\nta9-side4 ,at ?is po9t we c leave (f =m+ conjectures & really /udy :at happ5s2 = we d "k a great deal ab\t ! /ructure ( volcanoes !mselves1 & ! hi/ory ( a lava-fl[ has be5 made v cle> dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 *iefly by ! help ( ! microscope & *emical exp]im5ts4 ,if we imag9e !n t on ! day ( ! eruption we c\ld h se5 ! inside ( ! m\nta91 ! diagram 7,fig4 #ci7 w fairly repres5t :at 0 tak+ place !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,diagrammatic section ( an active volcano4 a1 ,c5tral pipe or funnel4 b1 b1 ,walls ( ! crat] or cup4 c1 c1 ,d>k turbid cl\d =m$ by ! asc5d+ globul> cl\ds d1 d4 e1 ,ra9-%[] f escap$ vap\r4 f1 f1 ,%[] ( blocks1 cool$ bombs1 /ones1 & a%es fall+ back on to ! cone4 g1 ,lava escap+ ?r\gh a fissure1 & p\r+ out ( a cone op5$ 9 ! m\nta9 side4 ,9 ! funnel a :i* passes d[n f ! crat] or cup b1 b1 :ite-hot lava 0 surg+ up1 hav+ a l>ge quantity ( wat] & /eam entangl$ 9 x4 ,! lava1 or melt$ rock1 w\ld be 9 mu* ! same /ate z melt$ iron-slag is1 9 ! huge bla/-furnaces 9 :i* iron-rock is fus$1 only x w\ld h float+ 9 x great blocks ( solid rock1 & r\nd$ /ones call$ bombs :i* h be5 =m$ f pieces ( half-melt$ rock :irl$ 9 air & fall+ back into ! crat]1 toge!r ) cl9k]s or scoriae1 du/ & s&1 all torn (f & gr\nd d[n f ! walls ( ! funnel up :i* ! ru% 0 com+4 ,& 9 ! pipe ( melt$ rock1 =c+ ! lava upw>ds1 enorm\s bubbles ( /eam & gas d1 d w\ld be ris+ up "o aft] ano!r z bubbles rise 9 any ?ick boil+ sub/ances1 su* z boil+ sug> or t>4 ,9 ! morn+ be=e ! eruption1 :5 only a little smoke 0 issu+ f ! crat]1 ^! bubbles rose v sl[ly ?r\gh ! load$ funnel & ! half-cool$ lava 9 ! bas91 & ! boom+ noise1 l t ( heavy cannon1 he>d f "t to "t1 0 caus$ by ! bur/+ ( "o ( ^! globes ( /eam at ! top ( ! funnel1 z x br\ght up ) x a feeble %[] ( /ones1 du/1 & scoriae4 ,mean:ile ! lava surg+ bel[ 0 =c+ a passage g = itself 9 a weak "p ( ! m\nta9-side &1 j at ! "t :5 our att5tion 0 call$ to ,vesuvius1 ! viol5t pressure f bel[ r5t op5 a m\? or crat] at h1 s t ! lava began to fl[ d[n ! m\nta9 9 a /eady /ream4 ,?is1 reliev+ ! funnel1 enabl$ ! huge /eam bubbles d1 d to rise m quickly1 & to =m ! l>ge :iti%-grey cl\d c1 into :i* f "t to "t ! r$-hot blocks1 scoriae1 & pumice 7 ?r[n up by ! escap+ /eam & gases4 ,^! blocks & fragm5ts !n fell back aga9 9 a fi]y %[] f1 f ei!r into ! cup1 to be ?r[n up aga9 by ! bur/+ ( ! next bubble1 or on to ! sides ( ! cone1 mak+ x bo? broad] & high]4 ,only "o feature 9 ! diagram 0 =tunately abs5t ! ev5+ we w5t up1 namely1 ! ra9-%[] e4 ,! night1 z ,i said1 0 calm1 & ! air dry1 & ! /eam float$ peacefully away4 ,! next night1 h[ev]1 :5 _m p hurri$ d[n f ,rome to see ! sight !y 7 woefully disappo9t$1 = ra9-%[]s fell heavily f ! cl\d1 br++ d[n ) !m ! du/ & a%es1 :i* cov]$ ! un=tunate sight-se]s4 ,?is 0 :at happ5$ dur+ ! eruption1 & ! result aft] a few days 0 t ! cone 0 a little high]1 ) a fre% lay] ( r\gh slaggy scoriae on its slopes1 & t on ! side ( ! m\nta9 beh9d ! ,h]mitage a new lava /ream 0 add$ to ! _m :i* h fl[$ !re ( late ye>s4 ,:at !n c we le>n f ?is /ream ab\t ! mat]ials :i* come up out ( ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* volcanic rocks are =m$8 ,! lava z ,i saw x :5 com+ fir/ out ( ! newly-op5$ crat] is1 z ,i h said1 l :ite-hot iron slag1 b v soon ! top becomes black & solid1 a h>d c9d]y mass full ( holes & cavities ) r\gh edges1 caus$ by ! /eam & sulphur & o!r gases break+ ?r\gh x4#a ,9 fact1 !re are s _m holes & bubbles 9 x t x is v light & floats on ! top ( ! heavi] lava bel[1 fall+ ov] x on to ! m\nta9-side :5 x comes to ! end ( ! /ream4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! great mass moves on1 s t ! /ream slides ov] ^! fall5 cl9k]s or scoriae4 ,?us aft] an eruption a new fl[ consi/s ( ?ree lay]s2 at ! top ! cool$ & brok5 cru/ ( cl9k]s1 !n ! m solid lava1 :i* (t5 rema9s hot = ye>s1 & la/ly ano!r c9d]y lay] b5ea?1 =m$ ( ! scoriae :i* h fall5 f above 7see ,fig4 #dj74 #a ,= ! c9d]y nature ( ! surface ( su* a /ream see ! initial lett] ( ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,section ( a lava-fl[4 7,j4 ,geikie47 #a1 ,slaggy cru/1 =m$ *iefly ( scoriae ( a glassy nature4 #b1 ,middle portion :]e cry/als =m4 #c1 ,slaggy cru/ :i* has slipp$ d[n & be5 cov]$ by ! fl[4 ,y w\ld be surpris$ to see h[ quickly ! top h>d5s1 s t y c actually walk across a /ream ( lava a day or two aft] x comes out f ! m\nta94 ,b y mu/ n /& /ill or y\r %oes w\ld soon be burnt1 & if y break ! cru/ ) a /ick y w at once see ! r$-hot lava bel[2 :ile aft] a few days ! cavities become fill$ ) cry/als ( common salt1 sulphur or soda1 z ! vap\r & gases escape4 ,!n z "t goes on ! h>d] m9]als gradually cry/allise out ( ! melt$ mass1 & iron-pyrites1 copp]-sulphate1 & num]\s o!r =ms ( cry/al appe> 9 ! l[] "p ( ! /ream4 ,9 ! cl9k]s above1 :]e ! cool+ goes on v rapidly1 ! lavas =m$ are semi-transp>5t & look mu* l common bottle-glass4 ,9 fact1 if y take ?is piece ( obsidian or volcanic glass 9 y\r h&1 y might ?9k t x _h come out ( an ord9>y glass manufactory & _h no?+ rem>kable 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,a slice ( volcanic glass %[+ ! l9es ( cry/allites & microli?s :i* are ! beg9n+s ( cry/als4#a 7,j4 ,geikie47 #a ,?is arrangem5t 9 l9es is call$ fluidal /ructure 9 lava4 ,b ! microscope tells ano!r tale4 ,i h put a ?9 slice "u ! fir/ microscope1 & ?is diagram 7,fig4 #da7 %[s :at y w see4 ,no?+1 y say1 b a few black specks & "s t9y d>k rods4 ,true1 b ^! specks & rods are ! fir/ beg9n+s ( cry/als =m+ out ( ! gr\nd-mass ( glassy lava z x cools d[n4 ,!y are n real cry/als1 b ! fir/ /ep t[>d !m1 & by a c>eful exam9ation ( glassy lavas :i* h cool$ at diff]5t rates1 !y h be5 se5 "u ! microscope 9 all /ages ( gr[?1 gradually build+ up diff]5t cry/all9e =ms4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ rapidly ! top ( _m glassy lavas cool d[n we c und]/& t !y h (t5 only "t to gr[ v small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,a slice ( volcanic glass "u ! microscope1 %[+ well-develop$ microli?s4 7,aft] ,coh547 ,! small] specks are call$ cry/allites1 ! rods are call$ microli?s4#a ,"u ! next microscope y c see ! microli?s mu* m di/9ctly 7,fig4 #db7 & obs]ve t !y gr[ 9 v regul> %apes4 #a ,micros1 little2 li?os1 /one4 ,our fir/ slice1 h[ev] 7,fig4 #da71 tells u some?+ m ( _! hi/ory1 = ! fact t !y are arrang$ 9 l9es %[s t !y h gr[n :ile ! lava 0 fl[+ & c>ry+ !m along 9 /reams4 ,y w notice t ea* "o has its greate/ l5g? 9 ! direction ( ! l9es1 j z pieces ( /ick are c>ri$ along l5g?ways 9 a riv]4 ,9 ! second specim5 7,fig4 #db7 ! microli?s are mu* l>g] & ! /ream has evid5tly n be5 fl[+ fa/1 = !y lie 9 all directions4 ,?is is :at we f9d 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /ream1 b if we look at a piece ( und]ly+ lava we f9d t x is mu* m co>se-gra9$1 & ! magnify+-glass %[s _m cry/als 9 x1 z well z a numb] ( microli?s4 ,= ?is lava1 cov]$ by ! cru/ above1 has rema9$ v hot = a long "t1 & ! cry/als h _h "t to build !mselves up out ( ! microli?s & cry/allites4 ,/ill !re is mu* glassy gr\ndwork ev5 9 ^! lavas4 ,if we want to f9d really /ony masses su* z porphyry & granite made up entirely ( cry/als we mu/ look inside ! m\nta9 :]e ! molt5 rock is kept int5sely hot = long p]iods1 z = example 9 ! fissure g1 ,fig4 #ci4 ,su* fissures sometimes op5 out on ! surface l ! "o ,i saw1 & sometimes only p5etrate "p ( ! way ?r\gh ! hill2 b 9 ei!r case :5 ! lava 9 !m cools d[n1 x =ms solid walls call$ dykes :i* help to b9d ! loose mat]ials ( ! m\nta9 toge!r4 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 exam9e ^! 9 an active volcano1 b !re are _m ext9ct volcanoes :i* h be5 worn & wa%$ by ! wea!r = c5turies1 s t we c see ! inside4 ,! dykes laid b>e 9 ! cliffs ( ,somma are old fissures fill$ ) molt5 rock :i* has cool$ d[n1 & !y %[ u _m /ony lavas2 & ,mr4 ,judd tells u ( "o beautiful example ( a ru9$ volcano :i* composes ! :ole isl& ( ,mull 9 ! ,hebrides1 :]e su* dykes c be trac$ "r back to a c5tre4 ,?is c5tre mu/ once h be5 a mass ( melt$ matt] f> d[n 9 ! e>?1 & z y trace ! dykes back deep] & deep] into x1 ! rocks gr[ m & m /ony1 till at la/ !y are compos$ entirely ( l>ge cry/als closely cr[d$ toge!r )\t any glassy matt] betwe5 !m4 ,y "k ?is cry/all9e /ructure well1 = we h pl5ty ( blocks ( granite scatt]$ ab\t on ,d>tmoor1 %[+ t at "s "t long ago molt5 matt] mu/ h be5 at "w 9 ! dep?s "u ,devon%ire4 ,we see !n t we c trace ! melt$ rock ( volcanoes "r back--f ! surface ( ! lava /ream :i* cools quickly at ! top1 hurry+ ! cry/allites & microli?s along ) x--d[n ?r\gh ! volcano to ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 :]e ! p]fect cry/als =m sl[ly & delib]ately 9 ! und]gr\nd lakes ( :ite-hot rock :i* are kept 9 a melt$ /ate at an int5se heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,a piece ( ,d>tmoor ,granite1 drawn f a specim54 ,b ,i promis$ y t we w\ld h no guesswork "h1 & y w p]haps ask h[ ,i c be c]ta9 :at 0 go+ on 9 ! dep?s :5 ^! cry/als 7 =m$4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i c\ld n h answ]$ y1 b n[ *emi/s1 & especially two em95t ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,,mm4 ,f\que & ,levy1 h actually made lavas & %[n u h[ x is done 9 ,nature4 ,by us+ p[]ful furnaces & bell[s !y h succe$$ 9 gett+ temp]atures ( all degrees1 f a dazzl+ :ite heat d[n to a dull r$1 & to keep any temp]ature !y l = a long "t1 s z to imitate ! /ate ( a mass ( melt$ rock at diff]5t dep?s 9 ! e>?1 & 9 ?is way !y h actually made lavas 9 _! crucibles4 ,= example1 !re is a c]ta9 :iti% rock common 9 ,vesuvius call$ leucotephrite1#a :i* is made up *iefly ( cry/als ( ! m9]als call$ leucite1 ,labrador felsp>1 & augite4 ,?is !y propos$ to make artificially1 s !y took prop] quantities ( silica1 alum9a1 oxide ( iron1 lime1 pota%1 & soda1 & putt+ !m 9 a crucible1 melt$ !m by keep+ !m at a :ite heat4 ,!n !y l[]$ ! temp]ature to an orange-heat1 t is a heat suffici5t to melt /eel4 ,!y kept ?is heat = =ty-eight h\rs1 aft] :i* !y took out "s ( ! mixture &1 lett+ x cool1 exam9$ a slice "u ! microscope4 ,)9 x !y f\nd cry/als ( leucite already =m$1 %[+ t ^! are ! fir/ to gr[ :ile ! melt$ rock is /ill int5sely hot4 ,! re/ ( ! mixture !y kept r$-hot1 or at ! melt+-po9t ( copp]1 = ano!r =ty-eight h\rs1 & :5 !y took x out & exam9$ x !y f\nd t ! :ole ( x _h be5 trans=m$ into microli?s ( ! two o!r =ms ( cry/als1 ,labrador felsp> & augite1 except "s small eight-sid$ cry/als ( magnetite & picotite :i* are also f\nd 9 ! natural rock4 #a ,leucos1 :ite2 tephra1 a%es4 ,!re is no ne$ = y to rememb] all ^! names4 ,:at ,i d want y to rememb] is1 t1 at ! diff]5t temp]atures1 ! "r cry/als & beg9n+s ( cry/als grew up to =m ! rock :i* is f\nd 9 ,vesuvius4 ,& :at is /ill m int]e/+1 !y grew exactly to ! same /ages z 9 ! natural rock1 :i* is compos$ ( cry/als ( leucite & microli?s ( ! two o!r m9]als4 ,?is is only "o among num]\s exp]im5ts by :i* we h le>nt h[ volcanic rocks are =m$ & at :at heat ! cry/als ( diff]5t sub/ances gr[4 ,we are only z yet at ! beg9n+ ( ?is new /udy1 & !re is pl5ty = y boys to d by & by :5 y gr[ up4 ,_m exp]im5ts h fail$ z yet to imitate c]ta9 rocks1 & x is rem>kable t ^! are usually rocks ( v anci5t eruptions1 :5 p]haps our globe may h be5 9 a diff]5t /ate to :at x is n[2 b ?is rema9s = u to f9d out4 ,mean:ile ,i h /ill ano!r v int]e/+ slide to %[ y :i* tells u some?+ ( :at is go+ on bel[ ! volcano4 ,"u ! ?ird microscope ,i h put a slice ( volcanic glass 7,fig4 #dd7 9 :i* y w see really l>ge cry/als ) d>k b&s curv+ r\nd !m4 ,^! cry/als h cle>ly n be5 =m$ 9 ! glass :ile ! lava 0 fl[+1 fir/ because !y are too l>ge to h gr[n up s rapidly1 & secondly because !y are brok5 at ! edges 9 places & sometimes p>tly melt$4 ,!y h evid5tly come up ) ! lava z x fl[$ out ( ! m\nta91 & ! d>k b&s curv+ r\nd !m are compos$ ( microli?s :i* h be5 =m$ 9 ! fl[ & h swept r\nd !m1 z float+ /raws ga!r r\nd a block ( wood 9 a /ream4 ,su* cry/als z ^! are (t5 f\nd 9 lava /reams1 & 9 fact !y make a great diff]5ce 9 ! rate at :i* a /ream fl[s1 = a ?or\ghly melt$ lava %oots along at a great pace & (t5 travels sev]al miles 9 a v %ort "t2 b an imp]fectly melt$ lava full ( cry/als creeps sl[ly along1 & (t5 does n travel f> f ! crat] out ( :i* x fl[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,slice ( volcanic glass "u ! microscope1 %[+ l>ge includ$ cry/als br\ght up f inside ! volcano 9 ! fluid lava4 ,! d>k b&s are l9es ( microli?s =m$ z ! lava cool$4 7,j4 ,geikie47 ,s y see we h pro( 9 ?is slice ( volcanic glass ( two sep>ate p]iods ( cry/allisation--! p]iod :5 ! l>ge cry/als grew 9 ! liquid mass "u ! m\nta91 & ! p]iod :5 ! microli?s 7 =m$ aft] x 0 p\r$ out above gr\nd4 ,& z we "k t diff]5t sub/ances =m _! cry/als at v diff]5t temp]atures1 x is n surpris+ t "s %\ld be able to take up ! mat]ial !y require & gr[ 9 ! und]gr\nd lakes ( melt$ matt]1 ev5 ?\gh ! re/ ( ! lava 0 suffici5tly fluid to be =c$ up out ( ! m\nta94 ,& "h we mu/ leave our lava /ream4 ,! microscope c tell u yet m1 ( m>vell\s t9y cavities inside ! cry/als1 millions 9 a s+le in*1 & ( o!r cry/als inside ^!1 all ( :i* h _! hi/ory2 b ?is w\ld lead u too f>4 ,we mu/ be cont5t = ! pres5t ) hav+ r\ghly trac$ a fl[ ( lava f ! dep?s bel[1 :]e l>ge cry/als =m 9 subt]ranean d>kness1 to ! op5 air above1 :]e we cat* ! t9y beg9n+s ( cry/als h>d5$ into glassy lava be=e !y h "t to gr[ fur!r4 ,if y w ?9k a little = y\rselves ab\t ^! wond]ful discov]ies made ) ! magic-glass1 y w see h[ _m que/ions !y sugge/ to u ab\t ! m9]als :i* we f9d buri$ 9 ! e>? & runn+ ?r\gh x 9 ve9s1 & y w want to "k some?+ ab\t ! m preci\s cry/als1 su* z rubies1 diamonds1 sapphires1 & g>nets1 & _m o!rs :i* ,nature =ms f> away out ( our sight4 ,all ^! dep5d1 ?\gh indirectly1 ^u ! /range effects ( und]gr\nd heat1 & if y h once =m$ a picture 9 y\r m9ds ( :at mu/ h be5 go+ on be=e t magnific5t lava /ream crept d[n ! m\nta9-side & add$ its small contribution to ! surface ( ! e>?1 y w /udy eag]ly all t comes 9 y\r way ab\t cry/als & m9]als1 & :ile y ask que/ions ) ! spectroscope ab\t :at is go+ on 9 ! sun & />s millions ( miles away1 y w also ask ! microscope :at x has to tell ( ! "w go+ on at dep?s _m miles "u y\r feet4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,an ,,h\r ,,) ,,! ,,sun ,illu/ration ,be=e beg9n+ ^u ! subject ( our lecture to-day ,i want to tell y ! /ory ( a great puzzle :i* pres5t$ itself to me :5 ,i 0 a v "y *ild4 ,i happ5$ to come across a little book--,i c see x n[ z ?\gh x 7 ye/]day--a small squ>e gre5 book call$ ,_w )\t ,end1 :i* _h ^u ! cov] a little gilt picture ( a /ile ) trees on ea* side ( x4 ,t 0 all4 ,i d n "k :at ! book 0 ab\t1 inde$ ,i am almo/ sure ,i nev] op5$ x or saw x aga91 b t /ile & ! title ,_w )\t ,end puzzl$ me t]ribly4 ,:at 0 on ! o!r side ( ! /ile8 ,if ,i c\ld cross ov] x & g on & on %\ld ,i be 9 a _w :i* _h no end+1 & :at w\ld be on ! o!r side8 ,b !n !re c\ld be no o!r side if x 0 a _w )\t any end4 ,i 0 v "y1 y mu/ rememb]1 & ,i grew confus$ & bewild]$ z ,i imag9$ myself rea*+ onw>ds & onw>ds beyond t /ile & nev]1 nev] re/+4 ,at la/ ,i consult$ my greate/ fri5d1 an old man :o did ! we$+ 9 my fa!r's g>d51 & :om ,i believ$ to be v wise4 ,he look$ at fir/ almo/ z bewild]$ z ,i 01 b at la/ light dawn$ ^u him4 ,i tell y :at x is1 ,ma/] ,ar?ur1 said he1 ,i d n rightly "k :at happ5s :5 !re is no end1 b ,i d "k t !re is a mighty lot to be f\nd out 9 ?is _w1 & ,i'm ?9k+ we _h bett] le>n fir/ all ab\t t1 & p]haps x may tea* u some?+ :i* w help u to und]/& ! o!r4 ,i d>esay y w wond] :at ?is anecdote c h to d ) a lecture on ! sun--,i w tell y4 ,la/ night ,i /ood on ! balcony & look$ out f> & f>!r away into ! />-dep?s ( ! midnight sky1 m>vell+ :at c\ld be ! hi/ory ( ^? c\ntless suns ( :i* we see ev] m & m z we increase ! p[] ( our telescopes1 or cat* ! fa9t beams ( ^? we _c see & make !m pr9t _! image on ! photographic plate4 ,&1 z ,i grew oppress$ at ! ?\ght ( ?is nev]-end+ expanse ( suns & at my own littl5ess1 ,i rememb]$ all at once ! little squ>e book ( my *ildi% days ) its gilt /ile1 & my old fri5d's advice to le>n fir/ all we c ( t :i* lies ne>e/4 ,s to-day1 be=e we travel away to ! />s1 we _h bett] inquire :at is kn[n ab\t ! "o /> 9 ! heav5s :i* is comp>atively ne> to u1 our own glori\s sun1 :i* s5ds u all our light & heat1 causes all ! movem5ts ( our atmosph]e1 draws up ! moi/ure f ! gr\nd to return 9 refre%+ ra91 rip5s our h>ve/s1 awak5s ! se$s & sleep+ plants into vigor\s gr[?1 & 9 a ^w su/a9s all ! en]gy & life ^u our e>?4 ,yet ev5 ?is />1 :i* is m ?an a million times z l>ge z our e>?1 & b\nd s closely to u t a convulsion on its surface s5ds a ?rill "r ?r\gh our atmosph]e1 is /ill s f> (f t x is only by que/ion+ ! sunbeams x s5ds to u1 t we c "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,y h already le>nt#a a good deal z to ! size1 ! int5se heat & light1 & ! photographic p[] ( ! sun1 & also h[ 8 :ite beams ( light are compos$ ( c\ntless col\r$ rays :i* we c sep>ate 9 a prism4 ,n[ let u pass on to ! m difficult problem ( ! nature ( ! sun itself1 & :at we "k ( ! *anges & commotions go+ on 9 t blaz+ globe ( light4 #a ,fairyl& ( ,sci5ce1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,we w try fir/ :at we c see = ourselves4 ,if y take a c>d & make a p9-hole 9 x1 y c look ?r\gh ?is hole /raight at ! sun )\t injur+ y\r eye1 & y w see a r\nd %9+ disc on :i*1 p]haps1 y may detect a few d>k spots4 ,!n if y take y\r h& telescopes1 :i* ,i h %ad$ by putt+ a piece ( smok$ glass inside ! eye-piece1 y w f9d t ?is %9+ disc is really a r\nd globe1 & moreov]1 al?\gh ! object-glass ( y\r telescopes measures only two-&-a-half in*es across1 y w be able to see ! d>k spots v di/9ctly & to obs]ve t !y are %ad$1 hav+ a deep spot 9 ! c5tre ) a pal] %ad[ r\nd x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,face ( ! sun project$ on a %eet ( c>dbo>d ,c4 ,t1 ,telescope4 f1 ,f9d]4 og1 ,object-glass4 ep1 ,eye-piece4 ,s1 ,scre5 %utt+ (f ! diffus$ light f ! w9d[4 ,z1 h[ev]1 y _c all use ! telescopes1 & ^? :o c w f9d x difficult to po9t !m truly on to ! sun1 we w adopt /ill ano!r plan4 ,i w turn ! object-glass ( my portable telescope full ^u ! sun's face1 & br++ a l>ge piece ( c>dbo>d on an easel ne> to ! o!r end1 draw x sl[ly backw>d till ! eye-piece =ms a cle> %>p image ^u x 7see ,fig4 #de74 ,?is y c all see cle>ly1 especially z ,i h pass$ ! eye-piece ( ! telescope ?r\gh a l>ge scre5 s1 :i* %uts (f ! light f ! w9d[4 ,y h n[ an exact image ( ! face ( ! sun & ! few d>k spots :i* are ^u x1 & we h br\ght1 z x 71 into our room t great globe ( light & heat :i* su/a9s all ! life & vig\r ^u our e>?4 ,?is small image c1 h[ev]1 tell u v little4 ,let u next see :at photography c %[ u4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #df7 %[s a photograph ( ! sun tak5 by ,mr4 ,selwyn 9 ,octob] #ahfj4 ,let me describe h[ ?is is done4 ,y w rememb] t !re is a po9t 9 ! telescope tube :]e ! rays ( light =m a real image ( ! object at :i* ! telescope is po9t$ 7see p4 #dd74 ,n[ an a/ronom] :o wi%es to take a photograph ( ! sun takes away ! eye-piece ( 8 telescope & puts a photographic plate 9 ! tube exactly at ! place :]e ?is real image is =m$4 ,he takes c>e to black5 ! frame ( ! plate & %uts up ?is end ( ! telescope & ! plate 9 a completely d>k box1 s t no diffus$ light f outside c rea* x4 ,!n he turns 8 telescope ^u ! sun t x may pr9t its image4 ,b ! sun's light is s /rong t ev5 9 a second ( "t x w\ld pr9t a great deal too mu*1 & all w\ld be black & confus$4 ,to prev5t ?is he has a /rip ( metal :i* slides across ! tube ( ! telescope 9 front ( ! plate1 & 9 ! upp] "p ( ?is /rip a v f9e slit is cut4 ,be=e he beg9s1 he draws ! metal up s t ! slit is outside ! tube & ! solid portion )91 & he fa/5s x 9 ?is position by a ?read drawn ?r\gh & ti$ to a b> outside4 ,!n he turns 8 telescope on ! sun1 & z soon z he wi%es to take ! photograph he cuts ! ?read4 ,! metal slides across ! tube ) a fla%1 ! slit pass+ across x & out aga9 bel[ 9 ! hundr$? "p ( a second1 & 9 t "t ! sun has pr9t$ ?r\gh ! slit ! picture be=e y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,photograph ( ! face ( ! sun1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,selwyn1 ,octob] #ahfj1 %[+ spots1 faculae1 & mottl$ surface4 ,9 x y w obs]ve at lea/ two ?+s n visible on our c>d-image4 ,! spots1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t position f :]e we see !m to-day1 look mu* ! same1 b r\nd !m we see also "s bright /reaks call$ faculae1 or tor*es1 :i* (t5 appe> 9 any region :]e a spot is =m+1 :ile ! :ole face ( ! sun appe>s mottl$ ) bright & d>k] spaces int]mix$4 ,^? ( y :o h ! telescopes c see ?is mottl+ q di/9ctly ?r\gh !m if y look at ! sun4 ,! bright po9ts h be5 call$ by _m names1 & are n[ g5]ally kn[n z light granules1 z good a "n1 p]haps1 z any o!r4 ,?is is all our photograph c tell u1 b ! r\nd disc !re %[n1 :i* is call$ ! photosph]e1 or light-giv+ sph]e1 is by no means ! :ole ( ! sun1 ?\gh x is all we see daily ) ! nak$ eye4 ,:5ev] a total eclipse ( ! sun takes place--by ! d>k body ( ! moon com+ betwe5 u & x1 s z to %ut out ! :ole ( ?is disc--a brilliant :ite halo1 call$ ! cr[n or corona1 is se5 to ext5d = _m ?\s&s ( miles all r\nd ! d>k5$ globe4 ,x v>ies v mu* 9 %ape1 sometimes =m+ a k9d ( irregul> squ>e1 sometimes a circle ) (f-%oots1 z 9 ,fig4 #dg1 :i* %[s :at ,major ,t5nant saw 9 ,india dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfh1 & at o!r times x %oots out 9 long pe>ly :ite jets & %eets ( light ) d>k spaces betwe54 ,on ! :ole x v>ies p]iodically4 ,at ! "t ( few sun-spots its ext5sions are equatorial2 b :5 ! sun's face is mu* cov]$ ) spots1 !y are diagonal1 /ret*+ away f ! spot-zones1 b n ne>ly s f>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,total eclipse ( ! sun1 z drawn by ,major ,t5nant at ,guntoor 9 ,india1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfh1 %[+ corona & ! protub]ances se5 at ! beg9n+ ( totality4 ,& besides ?is corona !re are se5 v curi\s flam+ projections on ! edge ( ! sun1 :i* beg9 to appe> z soon z ! moon cov]s ! bright disc4 ,9 our diagram 7,fig4 #dg7 y see !m on ! left side :]e ! moon is j creep+ ov] ! limits ( ! photosph]e & %utt+ out ! /rong light ( ! sun z ! eclipse becomes total4 ,a v little lat] !y are bett] se5 on ! o!r side j be=e ! bright edge ( ! sun is uncov]$ z ! moon passes on its way4 ,^! projections 9 ! real sun are ( a bright r$ col\r1 & !y take on all mann]s ( /range %apes1 sometimes look+ l ranges ( fi]y hills1 sometimes l gigantic spikes & scimit>s1 sometimes ev5 l bran*+ fi]y trees4 ,!y 7 call$ prom95ces be=e _! nature 0 well und]/ood1 & w probably always keep t "n4 ,x w\ld be f> bett]1 h[ev]1 if "s o!r "n su* z gl[+ cl\ds or r$ jets c\ld be us$1 = !re is n[ no d\bt t !y are jets ( gases1 *iefly hydrog51 con/antly play+ ov] ! face ( ! sun1 ?\gh only se5 :5 8 bright] light is qu5*$4 ,!y h be5 f\nd to %oot up #bj1jjj1 #hj1jjj1 & ev5 z mu* z #cej1jjj miles beyond ! edge ( ! %9+ disc2 & ?is la/ means t ! flames 7 s gigantic t if !y _h />t$ f our e>? !y w\ld h rea*$ beyond ! moon4 ,we %all see pres5tly t a/ronom]s are n[ able by ! help ( ! spectroscope to see ! prom95ces ev5 :5 !re is no eclipse1 & we "k !m to be p]man5t p>ts ( ! bright globe4 ,?is gives u at la/ ! :ole ( ! sun1 s f> z we "k4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a /range fa9t zodiacal light1 a k9d ( pe>ly gl[ se5 aft] sunset or be=e sunrise ext5d+ f> beyond ! region ( ! corona2 b we und]/& s little ab\t ?is t we _c be sure t x actually belongs to ! sun4 ,& n[ h[ %all ,i be/ give y an idea ( :at little we d "k ab\t ?is great surg+ mon/] ( light & heat :i* %9es d[n ^u u8 ,y mu/ give me all y\r att5tion1 = ,i want to make ! facts q cle>1 t y may take a firm hold ^u !m4 ,our fir/ /ep is to "q ! sunlight :i* comes to u2 & ?is we d ) ! spectroscope4 ,let me rem9d y h[ we read ! /ory ( light ?r\gh ?is in/rum5t4 ,tak+ 9 a n>r[ beam ( light ?r\gh a f9e slit1 we pass ! beam ?r\gh a l5s to make ! rays p>allel1 & !n ?r[ x ^u a prism or r[ ( prisms1 s t ea* set ( waves ( col\r$ light com+ ?r\gh ! slit is b5t on its own road & makes an upright image ( ! slit on any scre5 or telescope put to receive x 7see ,fig4 #ba1 p4 #eb74 ,n[ :5 ! light we exam9e comes f a gl[+ solid1 l :ite-hot iron1 or a gl[+ liquid1 or a gas "u su* enorm\s pressure t x behaves l a liquid1 !n ! images ( ! slit always ov]lap ea* o!r1 s t we see a cont9u\s unbrok5 b& ( col\r4 ,h[ev] mu* y spread out ! light y c nev] break up or sep>ate ! spectrum 9 any "p4#a ,b :5 y s5d ! light1 ( a gl[+ gas su* z hydrog5 ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 or ( a sub/ance melt$ into gas or vap\r1 su* z sodium or iron vaporis$ by great heat1 !n x is a diff]5t /ory4 ,su* gases give only a c]ta9 numb] ( bright l9es q sep>ate f ea* o!r on ! d>k backgr\nd1 & ea* k9d ( gas gives its own peculi> l9es2 s t ev5 :5 sev]al are gl[+ toge!r !re is no confusion1 b :5 y look at !m ?r\gh ! spectroscope y c detect ! pres5ce ( ea* gas by its own l9es 9 ! spectrum4 #a ,two r>e e>?s1 ,erbia & ,didymium1 =m an exception to ?is1 b !y d n conc]n u "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,table ,,( ,,spectra4 ,plate ,i4 ,to make q sure ( ?is we w close ! %utt]s & put a p9* ( salt 9 a _s-flame4 ,salt is *loride ( sodium1 & 9 ! flame ! sodium gl[s ) a bright yell[ light4 ,look at ?is light ?r\gh y\r small direct-vision spectroscopes#a & y see at once ! bright yell[ d\ble-l9e ( sodium 7,no4 #c1 ,plate ,i47 />t into view across ! fa9t cont9u\s spectrum giv5 by ! _s-flame4 ,next ,i w %[ y gl[+ hydrog54 ,i h "h a glass tube conta9+ hydrog51 s arrang$ t by connect+ two wires fa/5$ to x ) ! induction coil ( our electric batt]y x w soon gl[ ) a bright r$ col\r4 ,look at ?is ?r\gh y\r spectroscopes & y w see ?ree bright l9es1 "o r$1 "o gre5i% blue1 & "o indigo blue1 /&+ out on ! d>k backgr\nd 7,no4 #d1 ,plate ,i47 #a ,a direct-vision spectroscope is l a small telescope ) prisms arrang$ inside ! tube4 ,! object-glass end is cov]$ by two pieces ( metal1 :i* slide backw>ds & =w>ds by means ( a screw1 s t a n>r[ or broad slit c be op5$4 ,?9k = a mom5t :at a gr& p[] ?is gives y ( read+ z 9 a book ! diff]5t gases :i* are gl[+ 9 ! sky ev5 billions ( miles away4 ,y w\ld nev] mi/ake ! l9es ( hydrog5 = ! l9e ( sodium1 b :5 look+ at a nebula or any mass ( gl[+ gas y c\ld say at once sodium is gl[+ !re1 or t cl\d mu/ be compos$ ( hydrog54 ,n[1 op5+ ! %utt]s1 look at ! sunlight ?r\gh y\r spectroscopes4 ,"h y h some?+ diff]5t f ei!r ! cont9u\s spectrum ( solids1 or ! bright sep>ate l9es ( gases1 = :ile y h a bright-col\r$ b& y h also "s d>k l9es cross+ x 7,no4 #b1 ,plate ,i47 ,x is ^? d>k l9es :i* enable u to guess :at is go+ on 9 ! sun be=e ! light comes to u4 ,9 #ahei ,pr(essor ,kir*h(f made an exp]im5t :i* expla9$ ^? d>k l9es1 & we w repeat x n[4 ,take a good look at ! sunlight spectrum1 to fix ! l9es 9 y\r memory1 & !n close ! %utt]s aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,kir*h(f's exp]im5t1 expla9+ ! d>k l9es 9 sunlight4 ,a1 ,limelight disp]s$ ?r\gh a prism4 s1 ,slit ?r\gh :i* ! beam ( light comes4 l1 ,l5s br++ x to a focus on ! prism p4 sp1 ,cont9u\s spectrum ?r[n on ! wall4 ,b1 ,! same light1 ) ! flame f conta9+ gl[+ sodium plac$ 9 front ( x4 ,d1 ,d>k sodium l9e appe>+ 9 ! spectrum4 ,i h "h our magic-lant]n ) its lime-light1 9 :i* ! solid lime gl[s ) a :ite heat1 9 consequ5ce ( ! jets ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 burn+ r\nd x4 ,?is 0 ! light ,kir*h(f us$1 & y "k x w give a cont9u\s bright b& 9 ! spectroscope4 ,i put a cap ) a n>r[ slit 9 x ov] ! lant]n tube1 s z to get a n>r[ beam ( light2 9 front ( ?is ,i put a l5s l1 & 9 front ( ?is aga9 ! prism p4 ,! slit & ! prism act exactly l y\r spectroscopes1 & y c all see ! cont9u\s spectrum on ! scre5 7sp1 ,a1 ,fig4 #dh74 ,next ,i put a light$ lamp ( v weak _s 9 front ( ! slit1 & f9d t x makes no diff]5ce1 = :atev] light x gives only /r5g!ns ! spectrum4 ,b n[ notice c>efully4 ,i am go+ to put a little salt into ! flame1 & y w\ld expect t ! sodium 9 x1 :5 turn$ to gl[+ vap\r1 caus+ x to look yell[1 w\ld /r5g!n ! yell[ "p ( ! spectrum & give a bright l9e4 ,?is is :at ,kir*h(f expect$1 b to 8 int5se surprise he saw z y d n[ a d>k l9e ,d />t out :]e ! bright l9e %\ld h be54 ,:at c h happ5$8 ,x is ?is4 ,! oxyhydrog5 light is v hot inde$1 ! _s flame ) ! sodium is comp>atively weak & cool4 ,s :5 ^? special col\r$ waves ( ! oxyhydrog5 light :i* agree ) ^? ( ! sodium light rea*$ ! flame1 !y sp5t all _! en]gy 9 heat+ up ^? waves to _! own temp]ature1 & :ile all ! o!r col\r$ rays travell$ on & rea*$ ! scre51 ^! waves 7 /opp$ or absorb$ on ! way1 & consequ5tly !re 0 a blank1 black space 9 ! spectrum :]e !y %\ld h be54 ,if ,i c\ld put a hydrog5 flame cool] ?an ! orig9al light 9 ! road1 !n !re w\ld be ?ree d>k l9es :]e ! bright hydrog5 l9es %\ld be1 & s ) e o!r gas4 ,! cool vap\r 9 front ( ! hot light cuts (f f ! :ite ray exactly ^? waves :i* x gives out itself :5 burn+4 ,?us ea* black l9e ( ! sun-spectrum 7,no4 #b1 ,plate ,i471 tells u t "s p>ticul> ray ( sunlight has be5 absorb$ by a cool] vap\r ( its own k9d some:]e betwe5 ! sun & u1 & x mu/ be 9 ! sun itself1 = :5 we exam9e o!r />s we (t5 f9d d>k l9es 9 _! spectrum diff]5t f ^? 9 ! sun1 & ?is %[s t ! miss+ rays mu/ h be5 /opp$ close at home1 = if !y 7 /opp$ 9 our atmosph]e !y w\ld all be alike4 ,!re are1 by ! bye1 "s l9es :i* we "k are caus$ by our atmosph]e1 especially :5 x is full ( invisible wat] vap\r1 & ^! we easily detect1 because !y %[ m di/9ctly :5 ! sun is l[ & %9es ?r\gh a ?ick] lay] ( air ?an :5 he is high up & %9es ?r\gh less4 ,b to return to ! sun4 ,9 y\r small spectroscopes y see v few d>k l9es1 b 9 l>g] & m p]fect ones !y c be c\nt$ by ?\s&s1 & c be comp>$ ) ! bright l9es ( gl[+ gases burnt "h on e>?4 ,9 ! spectrum ( gl[+ iron vap\r #dfj l9es are f\nd to agree ) d>k l9es 9 ! sun-spectrum1 & o!r gases h ne>ly z _m4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ?\s&s ( l9es c n[ be expla9$1 by mat*+ !m ) ! bright l9es ( kn[n gases1 ! :ole secret ( sunlight is n yet solv$1 = ! l>g] numb] ( l9es /ill rema9 a riddle to be read4 ,we see !n t ! spectroscope tea*es u t ! r\nd light-giv+ disc or photosph]e ( ! sun consi/s ( a bright & int5sely hot light %9+ beh9d a lay] ( cool] ?\gh /ill v hot vap\rs1 :i* =m a k9d ( %ell ( lum9\s cl\ds ar\nd x1 & 9 ?is %ell1 or rev]s+ lay]--z x is (t5 call$1 because x turns light to d>kness--we h prov$ t iron1 lead1 copp]1 z9c1 alum9um1 magnesium1 potassium1 sodium1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & _m o!r sub/ances common to our e>?1 exi/ 9 a /ate ( vap\r = a dep? ( p]haps #ajjj miles4 ,y w easily und]/& t :5 ! spectroscope _h told s mu*1 a/ronom]s 7 eag] to le>n :at x w\ld reveal ab\t ! prom95ces or r$ jets se5 dur+ eclipses1 & !y got an answ] 9 ,india dur+ t same eclipse ( ,augu/ #ahfh :i* is %[n 9 our diagram 7,fig4 #dg74 ,mak+ use ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! prom95ces 7 se51 !y turn$ ! telescope ^u !m ) a spectroscope atta*$ to x1 & saw a numb] ( bright l9es />t out1 ( :i* ! *ief 7 ! ?ree bright l9es ( hydrog51 %[+ t ^! curi\s appe>ances are really flames ( gl[+ gas4 ,9 ! same ye> ,pr(essor ,janns5 & ,mr4 ,locky] succe$$ 9 see+ ! bright l9es ( ! prom95ces 9 full sunlight4 ,?is 0 done 9 a v simple way1 :5 once x 0 discov]$ to be possible1 & ?\gh my app>atus 7,fig4 #di7 is v primitive comp>$ ) "s n[ made1 x w s]ve to expla9 ! me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,! spectroscope atta*$ to ! telescope = ! exam9ation ( ! sun4 7,locky]47 ,p1 ,pill> ( ,telescope4 ,t1 ,telescope4 ,s1 ,f9d] or small telescope = po9t+ ! telescope 9 position4 a1 a1 b1 ,supports fa/5+ ! spectroscope to ! telescope4 d1 ,collimator or tube c>ry+ ! slit at ! end ne>e/ ! telescope1 & a l5s at ! o!r end to r5d] ! rays p>allel4 c1 ,plate on :i* ! prisms are fix$4 e1 ,small telescope ?r\gh :i* ! obs]v] exam9es ! spectrum aft] ! ray has be5 disp]s$ 9 ! prisms4 h1 ,micromet] = measur+ ! relative di/ance ( ! l9es4 ,:5 an a/ronom] wi%es to exam9e ! spectrum ( any special "p ( ! sun1 he takes (f ! eye-piece ( 8 telescope & screws ! spectroscope ^u ! draw-tube4 ,! spectroscope is made exactly l ! l>ge "o = ord9>y "w4 ,! tube d 7,fig4 #di7 c>ries ! slit at ! end ne>e/ ! telescope1 & ?is slit mu/ be s plac$ z to /& precisely at ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s :]e ! sun's image is =m$ 7see i1 i1 p4 #dd74 ,?is comes to exactly ! same ?+ z if we c\ld put ! slit close aga9/ ! face ( ! sun1 s z to %[ only ! small /rip :i* x cov]s1 & by mov+ x to "o "p or ano!r ( ! image we c see any po9t t we wi% & no o!r4 ,! light !n passes ?r\gh ! tube d into ! r\nd ( prisms /&+ on ! tray c1 & ! obs]v] look+ ?r\gh ! small telescope e sees ! spectrum z x em]ges f ! la/ prism4 ,9 ?is way a/ronom]s c exam9e ! spectrum ( a spot1 or "p ( a spot1 or ( a bright /reak1 or any o!r m>k on ! sun's face4 ,n[ 9 look+ at ! prom95ces we h se5 t ! difficulty is caus$ by ! sunlight1 betwe5 u & !m1 ov]p[]+ ! bright l9es ( ! gas1 nor c\ld we ov]come ?is if x 7 n = a diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two k9ds ( light4 ,! m y disp]se or spread out ! cont9u\s sun-spectrum ! fa9t] x becomes1 b 9 spread+ out ! bright l9es ( ! gas y only s5d !m f>!r & f>!r ap>t2 !y !mselves rema9 almo/ z bright z ev]4 ,s1 :5 ! telescope =ms an image ( ! r$ flame 9 front ( ! slit1 ?\gh ! gl[+ gas & ! sunlight bo? s5d rays into ! spectroscope1 y h only to use en\gh prisms & arrange !m 9 su* a way t ! sunlight is disp]s$ into a v long fa9t spectrum1 & !n ! bright l9es ( ! flames w /& out bright & cle>4 ,( c\rse only a small "p ( ! long spectrum c be se5 at once1 & ! l9es mu/ be /udi$ sep>ately4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y want to comp>e ! /rong light ( ! sun ) ! bright l9es ( ! prom95ces1 y place ! slit j at ! edge ( ! sun's image 9 ! telescope1 s t half ! slit is on ! sun's face & half on ! prom95ce4 ,! prisms !n disp]se ! sunlight betwe5 y & ! prom95ces1 :ile !y only less5 ! /rong light ( ! sun itself1 :i* /ill %[s cle>ly4 ,9 ?is way ! two spectra are se5 side by side & ! d>k & bright l9es c be comp>$ accurately toge!r 7see ,fig4 #ej74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,bright l9es ( prom95ces4 ,sun-spectrum ) d>k l9es4 ,:]ev] ! telescope is turn$ all r\nd ! sun ! l9es ( lum9\s gas are se51 %[+ t !y =m a complete lay] outside ! photosph]e1 or light-giv+ mass1 ( ! sun4 ,?is lay] ( lum9\s gases is call$ ! *romosph]e1 or col\r$ sph]e4 ,x lies betwe5 ! photosph]e & ! corona1 & is suppos$ to be at lea/ #ejjj miles deep1 :ile1 z we h se51 ! flames %oot up f x to fabul\s heights4 ,! quiet r$ flames are f\nd to be compos$ ( hydrog5 & ano!r new metal call$ helium2 b l[] d[n1 ne> ! sun's edge1 o!r bright l9es are se51 %[+ t sodium1 magnesium1 & o!r metals are !re1 & :5 viol5t eruptions occur ^! (t5 surge up & m+le ) ! pur] gas above4 ,at o!r times ! eruptions bel[ fl+ ! r$ flames al(t ) m>vell\s =ce1 z :5 ,pr(essor ,"y saw a long l[-ly+ cl\d ( hydrog51 #ajj1jjj miles long1 bl[n into %r$s & flung up to a height ( #bjj1jjj miles1 :5 ! fragm5ts /ream$ away & vani%$ 9 two h\rs4 ,yet all ^! viol5t commotions & /orms are unse5 by u on e>? unless we look ?r\gh our magic glasses4 ,y w wond] no d\bt h[ ! spectroscope c %[ ! height & ! %ape ( ! flames4 ,i w expla9 to y1 & ,i hope to %[ !m y "o day4 ,y mu/ rememb] t ! telescope makes a small real image ( ! flame at its focus1 j z 9 "o ( our e>li] exp]im5ts y saw ! exact image ( ! c&le-flame upside d[n on ! pap] 7see p4 #cc74 ,! reason :y we only see a /rip ( ! flame 9 ! spectroscope is because ! slit is s n>r[4 ,b :5 once ! sunlight 0 disp]s$ s z no long] to int]f]e1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s f\nd t x is possible to op5 ! slit wide en\gh to take 9 ! image ( ! :ole flame1 & !n1 by turn+ ! spectroscope s z to br+ "o ( ! bright hydrog5 l9es into view1 ! actual %ape ( ! prom95ce is se51 only x w look a diff]5t col\r1 ei!r r$1 gre5i%-blue1 or indigo-blue1 accord+ to ! l9e *os54 ,z ! image ( ! :ole sun & its app5dages 9 ! telescope is s v small1 y w und]/& t ev5 a v n>r[ slit w really take 9 a v l>ge prom95ce sev]al ?\s& miles 9 l5g?4 ,fig #ea %[s a draw+ by ,mr4 ,locky] ( a gr\p ( flames he obs]v$ v soon aft] ,dr4 ,hugg9s sugge/$ ! op5 slit1 & ^! %apes did n la/ long1 = 9 ano!r picture he drew t5 m9utes lat] _! appe>ance _h already *ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,r$ prom95ces1 z drawn by ,mr4 ,locky] dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,m>* #ad1 #ahfi4 ,^! !n are "s ( ! facts reveal$ to u by our magic glasses4 ,i sc>cely expect y to rememb] all ! details ,i h giv5 y1 b y w at lea/ und]/& n[ h[ a/ronom]s actually p5etrate into ! secrets ( ! sun by br++ its image into _! obs]vatory1 z we br\ght x to-day on ! c>d-bo>d1 & !n mak+ x tell its own tale ?r\gh ! prisms ( ! spectroscope2 & y w reta9 "s idea ( ! c5tral light ( ! sun ) its surr\nd+ atmosph]e ( cool] gases & its lay] ( lum9\s lamb5t gases play+ r\nd x beyond4 ,( ! corona ,i _c tell y mu*1 except t x is f> m subtle ?an any?+ we h spok5 ( yet2 t x is always /ronge/ :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$2 t x is p>tly made up ( self-lum9\s gases ^: bright l9es we c see1 especially an unkn[n gre5 ray2 :ile x also %9es p>tly by reflect$ light f ! sun1 = we c trace 9 x fa9t d>k l9es2 la/ly x fades away into ! my/]i\s zodiacal light1 & s ! sun ends 9 my/]y at its out] fr+e z x began at its c5tre4 ,& n[ at la/1 hav+ le>nt some?+ ( ! mat]ial ( ! sun1 we c come back to ! spots & ask :at is kn[n ab\t !m4 ,z ,i h said1 !y are n always ! same on ! sun's face4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y v>y v mu* bo? 9 numb] & size4 ,9 "s ye>s ! sun's face is q free f !m1 at o!rs !re are s _m t !y =m two wide belts on ea* side ( ! sun's equator1 ) a cle> space ( ab\t six degrees betwe54 ,no spots ev] appe> ne> ! poles4 ,h]r ,s*wabe1 :o wat*$ ! sun's face pati5tly = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 has %[n t x is mo/ spott$ ab\t e elev5 ye>s1 !n ! spots disappe> v quickly & reappe> sl[ly till ! full-spot "t comes r\nd aga94 ,"s spots rema9 a v %ort "t & !n break up & disappe>1 b o!rs la/ = days1 weeks1 & ev5 mon?s1 & :5 we wat* ^!1 we f9d t a spot appe>s to travel sl[ly across ! face ( ! sun f ea/ to we/ & !n r\nd ! we/]n edge s t x disappe>s4 ,x is :5 x rea*es ! edge t we c conv9ce ourselves t ! spot is really "p ( ! sun1 = !re is no space to be se5 betwe5 !m1 ! edge & ! spot are "o1 z ! la/ trace ( ! d>k blot* passes out ( sight4 ,9 fact1 x is n ! spot :i* has cross$ ! sun's face1 b ! sun itself :i* has turn$1 l our e>?1 ^u its axis1 c>ry+ ! spot r\nd ) x4 ,z "s spots rema9 long en\gh to reappe>1 aft] ab\t twelve or ?irte5 days1 on ! opposite edge1 & ev5 pass r\nd two or ?ree times1 a/ronom]s c reckon t ! sun takes ab\t tw5ty-five days & five h\rs 9 p]=m+ "o revolution4 ,y w wond] :y ,i say only ab\t tw5ty-five1 b ,i d s because all spots d n come r\nd 9 exactly ! same "t1 ^? f>!/ f ! equator lag r m ?an a day beh9d ^? ne>] to x1 & ?is is expla9$ by ! lay] ( gases 9 :i* !y are =m$1 drift+ back 9 high] latitudes z ! sun turns4 ,x is by wat*+ a spot z x travels across ! sun1 t we are able to obs]ve t ! c5tre p>tlies deep] 9 ! sun's face ?an ! out] rim4 ,!re are _m ways ( te/+ ?is1 & y c try "o y\rselves ) a telescope if y wat* day aft] day4 ,i w expla9 x by a simple exp]im5t4 ,i h "h a r\nd lump ( /iff d\gh1 9 :i* ,i h made a small holl[ & black5$ ! bottom ) a drop ( ink4 ,z ,i turn ?is r\nd1 s t ! holl[ fac+ y moves f "r to left1 y w see t aft] x passes ! middle ( ! face1 ! hole appe>s n>r[] & n>r[] till x disappe>s1 & if y obs]ve c>efully y w note t ! d>k c5tre is ! fir/ ?+ y lose sight (1 :ile ! edges ( ! cup are /ill se51 till j be=e ! spot disappe>s altoge!r4 ,b n[ ,i w /ick a waf] on1 & a pea half into1 ! d\gh1 m>k+ ! c5tre ( ea* ) ink4 ,!n ,i turn ! ball aga94 ,?is "t y lose sight ( ! =emo/ edge fir/1 & ! d>k c5tre is se5 almo/ to ! la/ mom5t4 ,?is %[s t if ! spots 7 ei!r flat m>ks1 or hillocks1 on ! sun's face1 ! d>k c5tre w\ld rema9 to ! la/1 b z a fact x disappe>s be=e ! rim4 ,fa!r ,sec*i has tri$ to measure ! dep? ( a spot-cavity1 & ?9ks !y v>y f #ajjj to #cjjj miles deep4 ,b !re are _m difficulties 9 int]pret+ ! effects ( light & %ad[ at su* an enorm\s di/ance1 & "s a/ronom]s /ill d\bt :e!r spots are really depressions4 ,= _m c5turies n[ ! spots h be5 wat*$ =m+ & disp]s+1 & ?is is r\ghly speak+ :at is se5 to happ54 ,:5 ! sun is fairly cle> & !re are few spots1 ^! g5]ally =m quietly1 sev]al black dots appe>+ & disappe>+ ) bright /reaks or faculae r\nd _! edge1 till "o gr[s bigg] ?an ! re/1 & =ms a l>ge d>k nucleus1 r\nd :i*1 aft] a "t1 a half-%ad[ or p5umbra is se5 & we h a sun-spot complete1 ) bright edges1 d>k %ad[1 & deep black c5tre 7,fig4 #eb74 ,?is la/s = a c]ta9 "t & !n x becomes bridg$ ov] ) light /reaks1 ! d>k spot breaks up & disappe>s1 & la/ ( all ! half-%ad[ dies away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,a quiet sun-spot4 7,sec*i47 ,b ?+s d n always take place s quietly4 ,:5 ! sun's face is v tr\bl$ & full ( spots1 ! bright faculae1 :i* appe> ) a spot1 seem to heave & wave1 & g5]ally sev]al d>k c5tres =m ) :irl+ masses ( light r\nd !m1 :ile 9 "s ( !m tongues ( fire appe> to leap up f bel[ 7,fig4 #ec74 ,su* spots *ange quickly f day to day1 ev5 if !y rema9 = a long "t1 until at la/ by degrees ! d>k c5tres become less di/9ct1 ! half-%ad[s disappe>1 leav+ only ! bright /reaks1 :i* gradually settle d[n into lum9\s po9ts or light granules4 ,^! light granules are 9 fact suppos$ by a/ronom]s to be ! tips ( gl[+ cl\ds heav+ up ev]y:]e1 :ile ! d>k spaces betwe5 !m are cool] curr5ts pass+ d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,a tumultu\s sun-spot4 7,langley47 ,bel[ ^! cl\ds1 no d\bt1 ! great mass ( ! sun is 9 a viol5t /ate ( heat & commotion1 & :5 f "t to "t1 :e!r sudd5ly or /eadily1 great upheavals & eruptions take place1 bright flames d>t up & lum9\s cl\ds ga!r & swell1 s t long /reaks or faculae surge ^u ! face ( ! sun4 ,n[ ^! hot gases ris+ up ?us on all sides w\ld leave room bel[ = cool] gases to p\r d[n f above1 & ^!1 z we "k1 w\ld cut (f1 or absorb1 mu* ( ! light com+ f ! body ( ! sun1 s t ! c5tre1 :]e ! d[n curr5t 0 ! /ronge/1 w\ld appe> black ev5 ?\gh "s light w\ld pass ?r\gh4 ,?is is ! be/ explanation we h z yet ( ! =mation ( a sun-spot1 & _m facts %[n 9 ! spectroscope help to confirm x1 z = example ! ?ick5+ ( ! d>k l9es ( ! spectrum :5 ! slit is plac$ ov] ! c5tre ( a spot1 & ! fla%+ out ( bright l9es :5 an upru% ( /reaks occurs ei!r across ! spots or r\nd x4 ,& n[1 be=e y g1 ,i mu/ tell y ( "o ( ^! wond]ful upru%es1 :i* s5t su* a ?rill ?r\gh our own atmosph]e1 z to tell u v pla9ly ! p[] :i* ! sun has ov] our globe4 ,! ye> #ahei 0 rem>kable = sun-spots1 & on ,septemb] #a1 :5 two a/ronom]s _m miles ap>t 7 exam9+ !m1 !y bo? saw1 all at once1 a sudd5 cl\d ( light f> bright] ?an ! g5]al surface ( ! sun bur/ out 9 ! mid/ ( a gr\p ( spots4 ,! outbur/ began at eight m9utes pa/ elev5 9 ! =5oon1 & 9 five m9utes x 0 gone aga91 b 9 t "t x _h swept across a space ( #ce1jjj miles on ! sun6 ,n[ bo? be=e & aft] ?is viol5t outbur/ took place a magnetic /orm rag$ all r\nd ! e>?1 brilliant auroras 7 se5 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 sp>ks fla%$ f ! telegraph wires1 & ! telegraphic signalm5 at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia receiv$ sev]e electric %ocks4 ,messages 7 int]rupt$1 = ! /orm took possession ( ! wires & s5t messages ( its own1 ! magnetic ne$les d>t+ to & fro z ?\gh seiz$ ) madness4 ,at ! v in/ant :5 ! bright outbur/ 0 se5 9 ! sun1 ! self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts at ,kew m>k$ h[ ?ree ne$les j]k$ all at once wildly aside2 & ! foll[+ night ! skies 7 lit up ) wondr\s lights z ! /orm ( electric agitation play$ r\nd ! e>?4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ! /eady gl[ ( sun%9e p\r+ d[n ^u u t we pay v little he$ to daylight1 ?\gh ,i hope none ( u are q s ignorant z ! man :o prais$ ! moon above ! sun1 because x %one 9 ! d>k night1 :]eas ! sun came 9 ! daytime :5 !re 0 light en\gh already6 ,yet probably _m ( u d n actually realise h[ close are ! l9ks :i* b9d u to our brilliant /> z he c>ries u along ) him ?r\gh space4 ,x is only :5 an unusual outbur/ occurs1 su* z ,i h j describ$1 t we feel h[ e ?rill :i* passes ?r\gh our atmosph]e1 ?r\gh ! life-curr5t ( e plant1 & ?r\gh ! fibre & n]ve ( e animal has "s relation to ! huge s\rce ( light1 heat1 electricity1 & magnetism at :i* we are n[ gaz+ across a space ( m ?an #ic1jjj1jjj miles4 ,yet x is well to rememb] t ! sudd5 /orm & ! viol5t eruption are ! exceptional occurr5ces1 & t _! use to u z /ud5ts is *iefly to lead u to und]/& ! /eady & con/ant ?rill :i*1 nev] ceas+1 nev] falt]+1 fulfils ! great purpose ( ! unse5 ,lawgiv] 9 su/a9+ all movem5t & life 9 our little _w4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,an ,,ev5+ ,,among ,,! ,,/>s ,illu/ration ,d y love ! />s8 ask$ ! magician ( 8 lads1 z !y cr[d$ r\nd him on ! college gre51 "o ev5+ 9 ,m>*1 to look ?r\gh 8 portable telescope4 ,h y ev] sat at ! w9d[ on a cle> fro/y night1 or 9 ! g>d5 9 summ]1 & look$ up at ^? wondr\s lights 9 ! sky1 pond]+ :at !y are1 & :at purpose !y s]ve8 ,i w confess to y t :5 ,i liv$ 9 ,london ,i did n ?9k mu* ab\t ! />s1 = 9 ! /reets v few c be se5 at a "t ev5 on a cle> night2 & dur+ ! long ev5+s 9 summ]1 :5 t[n p visit ! c\ntry1 y mu/ /ay up late to see a brilliant display ( />light4 ,x is :5 driv+ or walk+ across c\ntry on a w9t]'s ev5+ week aft] week1 & look+ all r\nd ! sky1 t ! glori\s suns ( heav5 =ce y to take notice ( !m2 & ,orion becomes a companion ) 8 sev5 brilliant />s & 8 magnific5t nebula1 :i* appe>s z a small pale blue pat*1 to eyes accu/om$ to look = x1 :5 ! night is v bright & cle>4 ,x is !n t ,*>les's ,wa9 becomes q a /udy 9 all its diff]5t positions1 its horses n[ c>e]+ upw>ds1 n[ plung+ d[nw>ds1 :ile ! waggon1 :e!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 po9ts ev] true1 by ! two />s ( its tail-bo>d1 to ! /eadfa/ pole-/>4 ,x is on su* nights z ^! t1 look+ s\?w>d f ,orion1 we recognise ! dog-/> ,sirius1 bright long be=e o!r />s h conqu]$ ! twilight1 & fea/ our eye ^u 8 glori\s :ite beams2 & !n1 turn+ nor?w>ds1 are />tl$ by ! s(t lu/r\s %e5 ( ,vega j appe>+ above ! horizon4 ,b /op1 ,i mu/ rememb] t ,i h n yet introduc$ y to ^! gr\ps ( />s2 & moreov] t1 ?\gh we %all f9d !m n[ 9 ! positions ,i m5tion1 yet if y look = !m a few h\rs lat] to-night1 or at ! same h\r lat] 9 ! ye>1 y w n f9d !m 9 ! same places 9 ! sky4 ,= z our e>? turns daily on its axis1 ! />s appe> to alt] _! position h\r by h\r1 & 9 ! same way z we travel ye>ly on our j\rney r\nd ! sun1 !y appe> to move 9 ! sky mon? by mon?4 ,yet ) a little practice x is easy to recognise ! pr9cipal />s1 =1 z x is our movem5t & n !irs :i* makes u see !m 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky1 !y always rema9 9 ! same position ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,9 a v %ort "t1 ) ! help ( su* a book z ,proctor's ,/> ,atlas2 y c\ld pick out all ! *ief con/ellations & mo/ conspicu\s />s = y\rselves4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways is to take note ( ! />s ea* night z !y creep out "o by "o aft] sunset4 ,if y take y\r place at ! w9d[ to-morr[ night z ! twilight fades away1 y w see !m gradually appe>1 n[ 9 "o "p1 n[ 9 ano!r ( ! sky1 z ,"o by "o ea* little /> ,sits on its gold5 ?rone4 ,! fir/ to appe> w be ,sirius or ! dog-/> 7see ,fig4 #ed71 t pure :ite /> :i* y c obs]ve n[ r l[ d[n to ! s\?1 & :i* belongs to ! con/ellation ,canis ,major4 ,z ,sirius is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant />s 9 ! sky1 he c be se5 v soon aft] ! sun is gone at ?is "t ( ye>4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y _h any d\bt z to :at /> he 01 y w\ld n d\bt long1 = 9 a little :ile two beautiful />s />t into view above him m to ! we/1 & betwe5 !m ?ree small] ones 9 a close r[1 =m+ ! cross 9 ! con/ellation ( ,orion1 :i* is always v easy to recognise4 ,n[ ! ?ree />s ( ,orion's belt :i* make ! %ort piece ( ! cross always po9t to ,sirius1 :ile ,betelgeux 9 8 "r %\ld]1 & ,rigel 9 8 left foot 7see ,figs4 #ed & #ee71 complete ! long piece1 & ^! all %[ v e>ly 9 ! twilight4 ,y w\ld h to wait long] = ! o!r two lead+ />s1 ,bellatrix 9 ! "r %\ld] & ,greek3 k ,orionis 9 ! "r leg1 = ^! />s are feebl] & only se5 :5 ! light has fad$ q away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,"s ( ! con/ellations se5 :5 look+ s\? 9 ,m>* f six to n9e o'clock4 ,by t "t y w\ld see t !re are an imm5se numb] ( />s 9 ,orion visible ev5 to ! nak$ eye1 besides ! veil ( mi/y1 t9y />s call$ ! ,milky ,way :i* passes ov] 8 arm & club4 ,yet ! figure ( ! huntsman is v difficult to trace1 & ! sev5 bright />s1 ! five ( ! cross & ^? 9 ! left arm & knee1 are all y ne$ rememb]4 ,no6 n altoge!r all1 = on a bright cle> night l ?is y c detect a fa9t gre5i% blue pat* 7,n1 ,fig4 #ed7 j bel[ ! belt1 & hav+ a bright /> 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is is call$ ! ,great ,nebula or mi/ ( ,orion 7see ,frontispiece74 ,) y\r telescopes x looks v small inde$1 = only ! c5tral & brighte/ "p is se54 ,really1 h[ev]1 x is s widespread t our :ole sol> sy/em is z no?+ comp>$ to x4 ,b ev5 y\r telescopes w %[1 some:]e ne> ! c5tre1 :at appe>s to be a bright & v beautiful /> 7see ,fig4 #ee7 surr\nd$ by a d>k] space ?an ! re/ ( ! nebula1 :ile 9 my telescope y w see _m />s scatt]$ ov] ! mi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,*ief />s ( ,orion1 ) ,aldeb>an4 7,aft] ,proctor47 ,n[ fir/ let me tell y t ^! la/ />s d n1 s f> z we "k1 lie 9 ! nebula1 b are scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! heav5s betwe5 u & x1 p]haps millions ( miles ne>] our e>?4 ,b ) ! bright /> 9 ! c5tre x is diff]5t1 = ! spectroscope tells u t ! mi/ passes ov] x1 s t x is ei!r beh9d or 9 ! nebula4 ,moreov]1 ?is /> is v int]e/+1 = x is n really "o />1 b six arrang$ 9 a gr\p 7see ,fig4 #ef74 ,y c see f\r di/9ctly ?r\gh my telescope1 =m+ a trapezium or f\r-sid$ figure1 & m p[]ful in/rum5ts %[ two small] ones4 ,s ,greek3 ? ,orionis1 or ! ,trapezium ( ,orion1 is a multiple />1 probably ly+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! nebula4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! trapezium1 ,greek3 ? ,orionis1 9 ! nebula ( ,orion4 7,h]s*el47 ,! next "q is1 ,:at is ! mi/ itself compos$ (8 ,= a long "t telescopes c\ld give u no answ]4 ,at la/ "o night ,"l ,rosse1 look+ ?r\gh 8 giant telescope at ! d5se/ "p ( ! nebula1 saw myriads ( m9ute />s :i* _h nev] be5 se5 be=e4 ,!n1 y w say1 x is aft] all only a clu/] ( />s too small = our telescopes to di/+ui%4 ,wait a bit2 x is always dang]\s to draw ha/y conclusions f s+le obs]vations4 ,:at ,"l ,rosse said 0 true z to t p>ticul> "p ( ! nebula1 b n ! :ole tru? ev5 !re1 & n at all true ( o!r p>ts1 z ! spectroscope tells u4 ,= ?\gh ! light ( nebulae1 or lum9\s mi/s1 is s fa9t t a spectrum c only be got by mo/ delicate op]ations1 yet ,dr4 ,hugg9s has succe$$ 9 exam9+ sev]al4 ,among ^! is ! nebula ( ,orion1 & we n[ "k t :5 ! light ( ! mi/ is spread out x gives1 n a cont9u\s b& ( col\r su* z w\ld be giv5 by />s1 b fa9t col\r$ l9es on a d>k gr\nd 7see ,fig4 #eg74 ,su* l9es z ^! we h already le>nt are always giv5 by gases1 & ! p>ticul> bright l9es ?r[n by ,orion's nebula answ] to ^? giv5 by nitrog5 & hydrog51 & "s o!r unkn[n gases4 ,s we le>n at la/ t ! true mi/ ( ! nebula is =m$ ( gl[+ gas1 :ile p>ts h probably a great numb] ( m9ute />s 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,nebula-spectrum4 ,sun-spectrum4 ,spectrum ( ,orion's ,nebula1 %[+ bright l9es1 ) sun-spectrum bel[ = comp>ison4 ,till )9 a v %ort "t ago only ^? p :o _h access to v p[]ful telescopes c\ld see ! real appe>ance ( ,orion1 = draw+s made ( x 7 necess>ily v imp]fect2 b n[ t telescopes h be5 made expressly = c>ry+ photographic appliances1 ev5 ^! fa9t mi/s pr9t _! own image = u4 ,9 #ahhj ,pr(essor ,drap] ( ,am]ica photograph$ ! nebula ( ,orion1 9 ,m>* #ahha ,mr4 ,common got a /ill bett] effect1 & la/ ye> ,mr4 ,isaac ,rob]ts succe$$ 9 tak+ ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful photograph#a yet obta9$1 9 :i* ! true beauty ( ?is wond]ful mi/ /&s out cle>ly4 ,i h m>k$ on ! edge ( our copy two po9ts ,greek3 ? & ,greek3 ?'1 & if y foll[ out /raight l9es f ^! po9ts till !y meet1 y w arrive at ! spot :]e ! multiple /> lies4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be se5 "h1 because ! plate 0 expos$ = ?ree h\rs & a half1 & aft] a "t ! mi/ pr9ts itself s d5sely z to smo!r ! light ( ! />s4 ,look well at ?is photograph :5 y g indoors & fix x on y\r memory1 & !n on cle> nights accu/om y\r eye to f9d ! nebula bel[ ! ?ree />s ( ! belt1 = x tells a wond]ful /ory4 #a ,reproduc$ 9 ! ,frontispiece ) ,mr4 ,rob]ts's k9d p]mission4 ,! />-halo at ! top ( ! plate is caus$ by diffraction ( light 9 ! telescope1 & comes only f an ord9>y />4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago ! great ,g]man philosoph] ,kant sugge/$ t our sun1 our e>?1 & all ! heav5ly bodies might h begun z gases1 & ! a/ronom] ,laplace taught ?is z ! mo/ likely hi/ory ( _! =mation4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 :5 p[]ful telescopes %[$ t _m ( ! nebulae 7 only clu/]s ( v m9ute />s1 a/ronom]s ?\ght t ,laplace's tea*+ _h be5 wrong4 ,b n[ ! spectroscope has reveal$ to u gl[+ gas actually fill+ l>ge spaces 9 ! sky1 & e ye> accurate obs]vations & exp]im5ts tell u m & m ab\t ^! m>vell\s di/ant mi/s4 ,"s day1 ?\gh p]haps n :ile y or ,i are "h to "k x1 ,orion's nebula1 ) its gl[+ gas & m9ute />-du/1 may give "s clue to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & = ?is reason ,i wi% y to recognise & pond] ov] x1 z ,i h (t5 done1 :5 x %9es d[n on ! rugg$ moor 9 ! /illness ( a cle> fro/y w9t]'s night4 ,b we mu/ pass on =1 :ile ,i h be5 talk+1 ! :ole sky has become bespangl$ ) hundr$s ( />s4 ,t glori\s "o to ! we/1 :i* y c f9d by foll[+ 7,fig4 #ed7 a curv$ l9e upw>ds f ,betelgeux1 is ! beautiful r$ /> ,aldeb>an or ! h9dmo/2 s call$ by ! ,arabs1 because he drives be=e him t well-kn[n clu/]1 ! ,pleiades1 :i* we rea* by cont9u+ ! curve we/w>ds & upw>ds4 ,/op to look at ?is clu/] ?r\gh y\r telescopes1 = x w delight y2 ev5 ) ! nak$ eye y c c\nt f six to t5 />s 9 x1 & an op]a-glass w %[ ab\t ?irty1 ?\gh !y are s scatt]$ y w h to move ! glass ab\t to f9d !m4 ,yet ?\gh my telescope %[s a great _m m1 y _c ev5 c\nt all ! *ief ones ?r\gh x1 = 9 p[]ful telescopes m ?an #fjj />s h be5 se5 9 ! s+le clu/]6 :ile a photograph tak5 by ,mr4 ,rob]ts %[s also f\r lovely pat*es ( nebula4 ,& n[ f ! ,pleiades let u pass on directly ov]head to ! beautiful /> ,capella1 :i* once 0 r$ b n[ is blue1 & drop d[n g5tly to ! s\?-ea/1 :]e ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ! two mo/ prom95t />s 9 ! con/ellation ,gem9i or ! tw9s1 %[ brilliantly aga9/ ! black sky4 ,pause "h a mom5t1 = ,i want to tell y some?+ ab\t ,ca/or1 ! "o ne>e/ to ,capella4 ,if y look at ,ca/or ?r\gh y\r telescopes1 "s ( y may possibly guess t x is really two />s1 b y w h to look ?r\gh m9e to see x cle>ly4 ,^! two />s h be5 wat*$ c>efully = _m ye>s1 & !re is n[ no d\bt t "o ( !m is mov+ sl[ly r\nd ! o!r4 ,su* />s z ^! are call$ b9>y1 to di/+ui% !m f />s t m]ely appe> d\ble because !y /& ne>ly 9 a l9e "o beh9d ! o!r 9 ! heav5s1 al?\gh !y may be millions ( miles ap>t4 ,b b9>y />s are actually mov+ 9 "o sy/em1 & revolve r\nd ea* o!r z our e>? moves r\nd ! sun4 ,i wond] if x /rikes y :at a gr& discov]y ?is is8 ,y w rememb] t x is gravitation :i* keeps ! moon held to ! e>? s t x moves r\nd 9 a circle1 & :i* keeps ! e>? & o!r planets mov+ r\nd ! sun4 ,b till ^! b9>y />s 7 discov]$ we _h no means ( guess+ t ?is law _h any =ce beyond our own sol> sy/em4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we le>n t ! same law & ord] :i* reigns 9 our small gr\p ( planets is 9 action billions ( miles away among di/ant suns1 s t !y are held toge!r & move r\nd ea* o!r z our e>? moves r\nd our sun4 ,i w repeat to y :at ,sir ,r4 ,ball1 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal ( ,irel&1 says ab\t ?is1 = 8 words h rema9$ 9 my m9d ev] s9ce ,i read !m1 & ,i %\ld l !m to l+] 9 y\rs till y are old en\gh to feel _! =ce & gr&eur4 ,?is discov]y1 he writes1 gave u k we c\ld h ga9$ f no o!r s\rce4 ,f ! b9>y />s came a :isp] across ! va/ abyss ( space4 ,t :isp] told u t ! law ( gravitation is n peculi> to ! sol> sy/em4 ,x gives u gr\nds = believ+ t x is obey$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g?1 ! bread?1 ! dep?1 & ! height ( ! entire univ]se4#a #a ,! ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s4 ,& n[1 leav+ ,ca/or & go+ r\nd to ! ea/1 we pass ?r\gh ! con/ellation ,leo or ! ,lion1 & ,i want y p>ticul>ly to notice six />s 9 ! %ape ( a sickle1 :i* =m ! front "p ( ! lion1 ! brighte/1 call$ ,regulus1 be+ ! end ( ! h&le4#a ,?is sickle is v int]e/+1 because x m>ks ! "p ( ! heav5s f :i* ! brilliant %[] ( ,novemb] meteors radiates once 9 ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 too long a /ory to be told to-night1 s we w pass ?r\gh ,leo1 & turn+ nor?w>ds1 look high up 9 ! nor?-ea/ 7,fig4 #eh71 :]e ,*>les's ,wa9 /ret*es f> across ! sky4 ,i ne$ n po9t ?is out to y1 = e c\ntry lad kn[s & delights 9 x4 ,y c\ld n h se5 x 9 ! twilight :5 ,sirius fir/ %one out1 = ^! />s are n s p[]ful z he is4 ,b !y come out v soon aft] him1 & :5 once fairly bright1 ! f\r />s :i* =m ! waggon1 wid] at ! top ?an at ! bottom1 c nev] be mi/ak51 & ! ?ree />s 9 front1 ! la/ b5d+ bel[ ! o!rs1 are j 9 ! "r position = ! horses4 ,= ?is reason ,i pref] ! c\ntry p's "n ( ,*>les's ,wa9 or ,waggon to t ( ! ,pl\gh1 :i* a/ronom]s g5]ally give to ^! sev5 />s4 ,!y really =m "p ( an enorm\s con/ellation call$ ! ,great ,be> 7,fig4 #ei71 b1 z 9 ! case ( ,orion1 x is v difficult to make out ! :ole ( ,bru9 9 ! sky4 #a ,9 ,fig4 #ed ! sickle alone comes )9 ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,"s ( ! con/ellations se5 :5 look+ nor? 9 ,m>* f six to n9e o'clock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! ,great ,be>1 %[+ ! position ( ,*>les's ,wa91 & also ! small b9>y /> ,greek3 x 9 ! h9d foot1 ^: p]iod has be5 det]m9$4 ,n[1 al?\gh mo/ p "k ,*>les's ,wa9 :5 !y see x1 we may /ill le>n a good deal ab\t x4 ,look c>efully at ! second /> f ! waggon & y w see ano!r /> close to x1 call$ by c\ntry p ,jack by ! second horse1 & by a/ronom]s ,alcor4 ,ev5 9 y\r small telescopes y c see t ,jack or ,alcor is n s close z he appe>s to ! nak$ eye1 b a long way (f f ! horse1 :ile 9 my telescope y w f9d ?is second horse 7call$ ,miz>7 split up into two />s1 "o a brilliant :ite & ! o!r a pale em]ald gre54 ,we d n "k :e!r ^! two =m a b9>y1 = !y h n yet be5 obs]v$ to move r\nd ea* o!r4 ,take c>e 9 look+ t y d n confuse ! />s "o ) ano!r1 = y mu/ rememb] t y\r telescope makes objects appe> upside d[n1 & ,alcor w !re=e appe> 9 x bel[ ! two />s =m+ ! horse4 ,b ?\gh we d n "k :e!r ,miz> is b9>y1 !re is a little /> a long way bel[ ! waggon1 9 ! left h9d paw ( ! ,great ,be> 7,greek3 x1 ,figs4 #eh & #ei71 :i* has taught u a great deal1 = x is compos$ ( two />s1 "o :ite & ! o!r grey1 :i* move "r r\nd ea* o!r once 9 sixty ye>s1 s t a/ronom]s h obs]v$ m ?an "o revolution s9ce p[]ful telescopes 7 inv5t$4 ,y w h to look 9 my telescope to see ! two />s divid$1 b y c make an int]e/+ obs]vation = y\rselves by comp>+ ! light ( ?is b9>y /> ) ! light ( ,ca/or1 = ,ca/or is su* an imm5se di/ance f u t 8 light takes m ?an a hundr$ ye>s to rea* u1 :ile ! light ( ?is small] /> comes 9 sixty-"o ye>s1 yet see h[ incomp>ably bright] ,ca/or is ( ! two4 ,?is proves t brilliant />s are n always ! ne>e/1 b t a ne> /> may be small & fa9t & a f>-(f "o l>ge & bright4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! sev5 />s ( ,*>les's ,wa91 %[+ ! directions 9 :i* !y are travell+4 7,aft] ,proctor47 ,!re is ano!r v int]e/+ fact kn[n to u ab\t ,*>les's ,wa9 :i* ,i %\ld l y to rememb] :5 y look at x4 ,?is is t ! sev5 />s are travell+ onw>ds 9 ! sky1 & n all 9 ! same direction4 ,x 0 already suspect$ c5turies ago t1 besides ! app>5t motion ( all ! />s 9 ! heav5s caus$ by our own movem5ts1 !y h ea* also a real motion & are travell+ 9 space1 ?\gh !y are s inconceivably f> (f t we d n notice x4 ,x has n[ be5 prov$1 by v accurate obs]vations ) p[]ful in/rum5ts1 t ?ree ( ! />s =m+ ! waggon & ! two horses ne>e/ to x1 toge!r ) ,jack1 are drift+ =w>ds 7see ,fig4 #fj71 :ile ! top /> ( ! tailbo>d ( ! waggon & ! lead] ( ! horses are drift+ ! o!r way4 ,?us1 ?\s&s ( ye>s h5ce ,*>les's ,wa9 w mo/ likely h q alt]$ its %ape1 ?\gh s v sl[ly t ea* g5]ation w ?9k x is un*ang$4 ,"o m exp]im5t ) ,*>les's ,wa91 be=e we leave x1 w help y to imag9e ! endless millions ( />s :i* fill ! univ]se4 ,look up at ! waggon & try to c\nt h[ _m />s y c see inside x ) ! nak$ eye4 ,y may1 if y\r eye is ke51 be able to c\nt twelve4 ,n[ take an op]a-glass & ! twelve become two hundr$4 ,) y\r telescopes !y w increase aga9 9 numb]4 ,9 my telescope up/airs ! two hundr$ become hundr$s1 :ile 9 "o ( ! giant telescopes1 su* z ,"l ,rosse's 9 ,irel&1 or ! great telescope at ,wa%+ton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\s&s ( />s are br\ght into view )9 t f\r-sid$ space6 ,n[ ?is "p ( ! sky is n full] ( />s ?an _m o!rs2 yet at fir/1 look+ up z any "o might on a cle> ev5+1 we ?\ght only twelve 7 !re4 ,ca/ y\r eyes all r\nd ! heav5s4 ,on a cle> night l ?is y may p]haps1 ) ! nak$ eye1 h 9 view ab\t #cjjj />s2 !n consid] t a p[]ful telescope c multiply ^! by ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s1 s t we c reckon ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj :]e y see only #cjjj4 ,if y add to ^! ! />s t rise lat] at night1 & ^? ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e :i* nev] rise 9 our latitude1 y w\ld h 9 all ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj />s1 :i* we are able to see f our t9y _w ?r\gh our mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,b we c g f>!r yet4 ,:5 our telescopes fail1 we turn to our o!r magic se]1 ! photographic cam]a1 & trapp+ rays ( light f />s invisible 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescope1 make !m pr9t _! image on ! photographic plate1 & at once our numb]s are s enorm\sly increas$ t if we c\ld photograph ! :ole ( ! heav5s z visible f our e>?1 we %\ld h impressions ( at lea/ #agj1jjj1jjj />s6 ,^! numb]s are s difficult to grasp t we _h bett] pass on to some?+ easi]1 & our next /ep br+s u to ! "o /> 9 ! heav5s :i* nev] appe>s to move1 z our _w turns4 ,to f9d x we h only to draw a l9e upw>ds ?r\gh ! two />s 9 ! tailbo>d ( ! waggon & on into space4 ,inde$ ^! two />s are call$ ! ,po9t]s1 because a l9e prolong$ onw>ds f !m w1 ) a v slight curve1 br+ u to ! ,pole-/> 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,?is />1 ?\gh n "o ( ! l>ge/1 is important1 because x is v ne> t spot 9 ! sky t[>ds :i* ! ,nor? ,pole ( our e>? po9ts4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ?\gh all ! o!r />s appe> to move 9 a circle r\nd ! heav5s1 & to be 9 diff]5t places at diff]5t seasons1 ?is /> rema9s always 9 ! same place1 only appe>+ to describe a v t9y circle 9 ! sky r\nd ! exact spot to :i* our ,nor? ,pole po9ts4 ,mon? aft] mon? & ye> aft] ye> x %9es exactly ov] t ?at*$ cottage yond]1 :i* y see n[ imm$iately bel[ x2 & :]ev] y are 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 if y once note a c]ta9 tree1 or *imney1 or /eeple :i* po9ts upw>ds to ! ,pole-/>1 x w guide y to x at any h\r on any night ( ! ye>1 ?\gh ! o!r con/ellations w be n[ on "o side1 n[ on ! o!r side ( x4 ,! ,pole-/> is really ! front horse ( a small imitation ( ,*>les's ,wa91 :i*1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 call$ by any special "n1 b only "p ( ! ,little ,be>4 ,^? two h9d />s ( ! t9y waggon1 :i* are s mu* ! brighte/1 are call$ ! ,gu>ds1 because !y appe> to move 9 a circle r\nd ! ,pole-/> night aft] night & ye> aft] ye> l s5tries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia1 & ! heav5ly bodies :i* c be f\nd by means ( x4#a #a ,= ,alma* see ,fig4 #eh1 x has be5 accid5tally omitt$ f ?is figure4 ,opposite to !m1 on ! f>!r side ( ! ,pole-/>1 is a well-m>k$ con/ellation1 a widespread ,w writt5 9 ! sky by five l>ge />s2 ! second ,v ( ! ,w has r a long] po9t ?an ! fir/1 & z we see x n[ ! lett] is almo/ upside d[n 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,^! are ! five brighte/ />s 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia1 ) a six? n q s bright 9 ! ?ird /roke ( ! ,w4 ,y c nev] miss !m :5 y h once se5 !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y lie 9 ! mid/ ( a d5se lay] ( ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 & if y h any difficulty at fir/1 y h only to look z f> on ! "o side ( ! ,pole-/> z ! top h9d /> ( ,*>les's ,wa9 is on ! o!r1 & y mu/ f9d !m4 ,i want to use !m to-night *iefly z guides to f9d two rem>kable objects :i* ,i hope y w look at aga9 & aga94 ,! fir/ is a small r\nd mi/y pat* n easy to see1 b :i* y w f9d by foll[+ out ! second /roke ( ! fir/ ,v ( ! ,w4 ,beg9n+ at ! top1 & foll[+ ! l9e to ! po9t ( ! ,v1 cont9ue on across ! sky1 & !n se>* ) y\r telescope till y cat* a glimpse ( ?is fa9t mi/ 7c1 ,fig4 #eh2 />-clu/]1 ,fig4 #fa74 ,y w see at once t x is sp>kl+ all ov] ) />s1 = 9 fact y h actually be=e y 9 t t9y clu/] m />s ?an y c see ) ! nak$ eye all ov] ! heav5s6 ,?9k = a mom5t :at ?is means4 ,"o fa9t mi/y spot 9 ! con/ellation ,p]seus1 :i* we %\ld h pass$ ov] unhe$$ )\t a telescope1 proves to be a gr\p ( m ?an #cjjj suns6 ,! second object y w f9d m easily1 = x is l>g] & bright]1 & appe>s z a fa9t dull spot to ! nak$ eye4 ,go+ back to ,cassiopeia1 foll[ out ! second ,v 9 ! ,w f ! top to ! po9t ( ! ,v & onw>ds till y\r eye re/s ^u ?is mi/y cl\d1 :i* is call$ ! ,great ,nebula ( ,&rom$a1 & has sometimes be5 mi/ak5 = a comet 7,figs4 #eh & #fa74 ,y w1 h[ev]1 be disappo9t$ :5 y look ?r\gh ! telescope1 = x w /ill only appe> a mi/1 & y w be able to make no?+ ( x1 except t in/ead ( be+ ( an irregul> %ape l ,orion1 x is elliptical2 & 9 a p[]ful telescope two d>k rifts c be se5 sep>at+ ! /reams ( nebul\s matt]4 ,^! rifts are n[ %[n 9 a photograph tak5 by ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 #a/ ,octob] #ahhh1 to be two va/ dusky r+s ly+ betwe5 ! spiral /ream ( light1 :i* w9ds 9 an ellipse till x ends 9 a small nucleus at ! c5tre4 ,ah6 y w say1 ?is mu/ be a cl\d ( gas l ,orion's nebula1 only w9d+ r\nd & r\nd4 ,no6 ! spectroscope /eps 9 "h & tells u t ! light %[s some?+ v mu* l a cont9u\s spectrum1 b n z long z x ought to be at ! r$ end4 ,n[1 s9ce gases give only bright l9es1 ?is nebula _c be entirely gase\s4 ,!n x mu/ be made ( />s too f> (f to see8 ,if s1 x is v /range t ?\gh x is s d5se & bright 9 "s p>ts1 & s spread out & cle> 9 o!rs1 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes _c break x up into />s4 ,9 fact1 ! composition ( ! great nebula ( ,&rom$a is /ill a my/]y1 & rema9s = "o ( y boys to /udy :5 he has become a great a/ronom]4 ,/ill "o m /range /> we w notice be=e we leave ?is "p ( ! heav5s4 ,y w f9d x1 or at lea/ g v ne> x1 by cont9u+ nor?w>ds ! l9e y drew f ,cassiopeia to ! ,/> ,clu/] 7c1 ,fig4 #eh71 & z x is a bright />1 y w n miss x4 ,t is to say1 x is bright to-night & w rema9 s till to-morr[ night1 b if y come to me ab\t n9e o'clock to-morr[ ev5+ ,i w %[ y t x is gr[+ dim1 & if we _h pati5ce to wat* ?r\gh ! night we %\ld f9d1 ?ree or f\r h\rs lat] /ill1 t x looks l "o ( ! small] />s4 ,!n x w beg9 to bright5 aga91 & 9 f\r h\rs m w be z bright z at fir/4 ,x w rema9 s = ne>ly ?ree days1 or1 to speak accurately1 #b days1 #bj h\rs1 #dh m9utes1 & #ee seconds1 & !n w beg9 to gr[ dull aga94 ,?is /> is call$ ,algol ! ,v>iable4 ,!re are sev]al su* />s 9 ! heav5s1 & we d n "k :y !y v>y1 unless p]haps "s d>k globe passes r\nd !m1 cutt+ (f "p ( _! light = a "t4 ,& n[1 if y\r eyes are n we>y1 let u g back to ! ,pole-/> & draw a l9e f x /raight d[n ! horizon due nor?4 ,%ortly be=e we arrive !re y w see a v brilliant blui%-:ite /> a little to ! ea/ ( ?is l9e4 ,?is is ,vega1 "o ( ! brighte/ />s 9 ! heav5s except ,sirius4 ,x _h n ris5 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ev5+1 b n[ x is well up & w appe> to g on1 /eadily m\nt+ z x circles r\nd ! ,pole-/>1 till at f\r o'clock to-morr[ morn+ x w be "r ov]head t[>ds ! s\?4 ,b beautiful z ,vega is1 a /ill m int]e/+ /> lies close to x 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,?is small />1 call$ ,greek3 e ,lyrae by a/ronom]s1 looks a little long] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r1 & ev5 ) ! nak$ eye "s p c see a division 9 ! middle divid+ x into two />s4 ,y\r telescopes w %[ !m easily1 & a p[]ful telescope tells a wond]ful /ory1 = x reveals t ea* ( ^! two />s is aga9 compos$ ( two />s1 s t ,greek3 e ,lyrae 7,fig4 #fb7 is really a d\ble-d\ble />4 ,!re is no d\bt t ea* pair is a b9>y />1 t is1 ! two />s move r\nd ea* o!r v sl[ly1 & possibly bo? pairs may also revolve r\nd a common c5tre4 ,!re are at lea/ #aj1jjj d\ble />s 9 ! heav5s2 ?\gh1 z we h se51 !y are n all b9>y4 ,! li/ ( b9>y />s1 h[ev]1 increases e ye> z !y are c>efully exam9$1 & probably ab\t "o /> 9 ?ree ov] ! :ole sky is made up ( m ?an "o sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,greek3 e ,lyrae4 ,a d\ble-b9>y />4 ,ea* c\ple revolves1 & ! c\ples probably also revolve r\nd ea* o!r4 7,aft] ,*amb]s47 ,let u turn ! telescope = a %ort "t ^u a few ( ! d\ble />s & we %all h a great treat1 = "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts ab\t !m is t bo? />s are r>ely ( ! same col\r4 ,x seems /range at fir/ to speak ( />s z col\r$1 b !y d n by any means all give out ! same k9d ( light4 ,our sun is yell[1 & s are ! ,pole-/> & ,pollux2 b ,sirius1 ,vega1 & ,regulus are dazzl+ :ite or blui%-:ite1 ,arcturus is a yell[i%-:ite1 ,aldeb>an is a bright yell[-r$1 ,betelgeux a deep orange-r$1 z y may see n[ 9 ! telescope1 = he is full 9 view2 :ile ,ant>es1 a /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,scorpion1 :i* at ?is "t ( ye> _c be se5 till f\r 9 ! morn+1 is an int5se ruby r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,col\r$ ,,d\ble ,,/>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek3 g ,&rom$ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek3 e ,booetis4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek3 d ,gem9orum4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek3 a ,h]culis4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek3 b ,cygni4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek3 e ,cassiopeiae4 ,x appe>s to be almo/ a rule ) d\ble />s to be ( two col\rs4 ,look up at ,alma* 7,greek3 g ,&rom$ae71 a bright /> /&+ next to ,algol ! ,v>iable 9 ! sweep ( f\r bright />s beh9d ,cassiopeia 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,ev5 to ! nak$ eye he appe>s to fla% 9 a /range way1 & 9 ! telescope he appe>s z two lovely />s1 "o a deep orange & ! o!r a pale gre51 :ile 9 p[]ful telescopes ! gre5 "o splits aga9 into two 7,plate ,,ii47 ,!n aga91 ,greek3 e ,cassiopeae1 ! six? /> ly+ betwe5 ! two l>ge ones 9 ! second ,v ( ,cassiopeia1 divides into a yell[ /> & a small ri* purple "o1 & ,greek3 d ,gem9orum1 a bright /> n f> f ,pollux 9 ! con/ellation ,gem9i1 is compos$ ( a l>ge gre5 /> & a small purple "o4 ,ano!r v fam\s d\ble /> 7,greek3 b ,cygni71 :i* rises only a little lat] 9 ! ev5+1 lies bel[ ,vega a little to ! left4 ,x is compos$ ( two lovely />s2 "o an orange yell[ & ! o!r blue2 :ile ,greek3 e ,booetis1 j visible above ! horizon1 is compos$ ( a l>ge yell[ /> & a v small gre5 "o4#a #a ,! plate ( col\r$ />s has be5 mo/ k9dly drawn to scale & col\r$ = me by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,cottam1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,!re are _m o!r />s ( two col\rs ev5 among ! few con/ellations we h pick$ out to-night1 z1 = example1 ! /> at ! top ( ! tailbo>d ( ,*>les's ,waggon & ! second horse ,miz>4 ,rigel 9 ,orion1 & ! two out] />s ( ! belt1 ,greek3 a ,h]culis1 :i* w rise lat] 9 ! ev5+1 & ! beautiful triple /> 7,greek3 z ,canc]7 ne> ! ,beehive 7see ,fig4 #ed71 are all compos$ ( two or m />s ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,:y d ^! suns give out su* beautiful col\r$ light8 ,! telescope _c tell u1 b ! spectroscope aga9 reveals ! secrets s long hidd5 f u4 ,by a s]ies ( v delicate exp]im5ts1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s has %[n t ! light ( all />s is sift$ be=e x comes to u1 j z ! light ( our sun is2 & ^? rays :i* are lea/ cut (f play mo/ /rongly on our eyes1 & give ! col\r to ! />4 ,! "q is a difficult "o b ,i w try to give y "s idea ( x1 t y may =m "s picture 9 y\r m9d ( :at happ5s4 ,we le>nt 9 our la/ lecture 7p4 #aca7 t ! light f our sun passes ?r\gh ! great atmosph]e ( vap\rs surr\nd+ him be=e x goes out into space1 & t _m rays are 9 ?is way cut (f2 s t :5 we spread out 8 light 9 a long spectrum !re are d>k l9es or spaces :]e no light falls4#a ,n[ 9 sunlight ^! d>k l9es are scatt]$ pretty ev5ly ov] ! spectrum1 s t ab\t z mu* light is cut (f 9 "o "p z 9 ano!r1 & no "o col\r is /rong] ?an ! re/4 #a ,see ,no4 #a 9 ,table ( ,spectra1 ,plate ,i4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 col\r$ />s ! d>k spaces are (t5 cr[d$ into p>ticul> p>ts ( ! long b& ( col\r =m+ ! spectrum2 %[+ t _m ( ^? light-rays h be5 cut (f 9 ! atmosph]e r\nd ! />1 & ?us _! p>ticul> col\rs are dimm$1 leav+ ! o!r col\r or col\rs m vivid4 ,9 r$ />s1 = example1 ! yell[1 blue1 & gre5 p>ts ( ! spectrum are mu* l9$ :ile ! r$ end is /rong & cle>4 ,) blue />s x is j ! opposite1 & ! violet end is mo/ free f d>k l9es4 ,s !re are really brilliantly col\r$ suns %9+ 9 ! heav5s1 & 9 _m cases two or m ( ^! revolve r\nd ea* o!r4 ,& n[ ,i h kept y\r att5tion & /ra9$ y\r eyes long en\gh1 & y h objects to /udy = _m a long ev5+ be=e y w le>n to see !m pla9ly4 ,y mu/ n expect to f9d !m e night1 = ! lighte/ cl\d or ! fa9te/ moonlight w hide _m ( !m f view2 &1 moreov]1 ?\gh y may le>n to use ! telescope fairly1 y w (t5 n "k h[ to get a cle> view ) x4 ,/ill1 y may le>n a great deal1 & be=e we g 9 ,i want to put a ?\ght into y\r m9ds :i* w make a/ronomy /ill m int]e/+4 ,we h se5 t ! /rong] our telescopes ! m />s1 />-clu/]s1 & nebulae we see1 & we _c d\bt t !re are /ill c\ntless heav5ly bodies q unkn[n to u4 ,"s ye>s ago ,bessel ! a/ronom] f\nd t ,sirius1 9 its real motion ?r\gh ! heav5s1 moves irregul>ly1 travell+ sometimes a little m sl[ly ?an at o!r times1 & he sugge/$ t "s unse5 companion mu/ be pull+ at him4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s lat]1 9 #ahfb1 two celebrat$ opticians1 fa!r & son1 bo? nam$ ,alvan ,cl>k1 7 try+ a new telescope at ,*icago ,univ]sity1 :5 sudd5ly ! son1 :o 0 look+ at ,sirius1 exclaim$1 ,:y1 fa!r1 ! /> has a companion6 ,& s x 04 ,! p[]ful telescope %[$ :at ,bessel _h =etold1 & prov$ ,sirius to be a b9>y />--t is1 z we h se51 a /> :i* has ano!r mov+ r\nd x4 ,x has s9ce be5 prov$ t ?is companion is tw5ty-eight times f>!r f ,sirius ?an we are f our sun1 & moves r\nd him 9 ab\t =ty-n9e ye>s4 ,x is sev5 times z heavy z our sun1 & yet gives out s little light t only ! ke5e/ telescopes c br+ x into view4 ,n[ if su* a l>ge body z ?is c give s v fa9t a light t we c sc>cely see x1 ?\gh ,sirius1 :i* is close to x1 %9es brighte/ ( any /> 9 ! heav5s1 h[ _m m bodies mu/ !re be :i* we %all nev] see1 ev5 among ^? :i* give out light1 :ile h[ _m !re are d>k l our e>?1 :o c tell8 ,n[ t we "k ea* ( ! />s to be a brilliant sun1 _m ( !m f>1 f> bright] ?an ours1 yet s l 9 _! nature & laws1 we c sc>cely help speculat+ :e!r r\nd ^! glori\s suns1 worlds ( "s k9d may n be mov+4 ,if s1 & !re are p 9 !m1 :at a /range effect ^? d\ble col\r$ suns mu/ produce ) r$ daylight "o day & blue daylight ano!r6 ,surely1 z we look up at ! myriads ( />s bespangl+ ! sky1 & rememb] t our />-sun has sev5 planets mov+ r\nd x ( :i* "o at lea/--our own e>?--is full ( liv+ be+s1 we mu/ picture ^! glori\s suns z ! c5tres ( unse5 sy/ems1 s t ^? tw9kl+ specks become z sugge/ive z ! fa9t lights ( a great fleet f> out at sea1 :i* tell u ( mighty %ips1 toge!r ) frigates & gunboats1 full ( liv+ be+s1 ?\gh we _c see !m1 nor ev5 guess :at !y may be l4 ,h[ insignificant we feel :5 we look ^u t />lit sky & rememb] t ! :ole ( our sol> sy/em w\ld be b a t9y speck ( light if se5 z f> (f z we see ! />s6 ,if our little e>? & our %ort life ^u x 7 all we c\ld boa/ ( we %\ld be mites inde$4 ,b our v /udy to-night lifts u above ^! & rem9ds u t !re is a _s )9 u :i* ev5 n[ c travel beyond ! n>r[ b\nds ( our globe1 measure ! va/ di/ances betwe5 u & ! />s1 gauge _! brightness1 e/imate _! weight1 & disc]n _! movem5ts4 ,z we gaze into ! dep?s ( ! />lit sky1 & travel onw>ds & onw>ds 9 imag9ation to ^? di/ant />s :i* photography alone reveals to u1 d n our he>ts leap at ! ?\ght ( a day :i* mu/ surely come :51 fett]$ & b\nd no long] to e>?1 ?is _s %all w&] =? & p5etrate "s ( ! my/]y ( ^? mighty suns at :i* we n[ gaze 9 sil5t awe4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,little ,,be+s ,,f ,a ,,m9iature ,,ocean ,illu/ration ,9 our la/ lecture we so>$ f> away into b\ndless space1 & lo/ ourselves = a "t among se5 & unse5 suns4 ,9 ?is lecture we w come back n m]ely to our little _w1 nor ev5 to "o ( ! widespread oceans :i* cov] s mu* ( x1 b to "o s+le pool ly+ j above ! limits ( l[ tide1 s t x is only uncov]$ = a v %ort "t e day4 ,?is pool is to be f\nd 9 a seclud$ bay )9 an h\r's j\rney by tra9 f ?is college1 & only a few miles f ,torquay4 ,x has no "n1 s f> z ,i "k1 nor d _m p visit x1 o!rwise ,i %\ld n h kept my little pool s long undi/urb$4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 = _m ye>s pa/ ,i h _h only to make sure z to ! "t ( l[ tide1 & put myself 9 ! tra92 & !n1 unless ! sea 0 v r\gh & /ormy1 ,i c\ld exam9e ! little inhabitants ( my m9iature ocean 9 peace4 ,! pool lies 9 a deep holl[ among a gr\p ( rocks & b\ld]s1 close to ! entrance ( ! cove1 :i* c only be ent]$ at l[ wat]2 x does n measure m ?an two feet across1 s t y c /ep ov] x1 if y take c>e n to slip on ! masses ( gre5 & br[n seawe$ gr[+ ov] ! rocks on its sides1 z ,i h done _m a "t :5 collect+ specim5s = our salt-wat] aqu>ium4 ,i f9d n[ ! only way is to lie flat d[n on ! rock1 s t my h&s & eyes are free to obs]ve & h&le1 & !n1 br++ my eye d[n to ! edge ( ! pool1 to lift ! seawe$s & let ! sunlight ent] into ! *9ks & crannies4 ,9 ?is way ,i c cat* sight ( _m a small be+ ei!r on ! seawe$ or ! rocky l$ges1 & ev5 creatures transp>5t z glass become visible by ! ?9 outl9e gleam+ 9 ! sunlight4 ,!n ,i pluck a piece ( seawe$1 or *ip (f a fragm5t ( rock ) a %>p-edg$ collect+ knife1 br++ away ! specim5 un9jur$ ^u x1 & place x c>efully 9 its own sep>ate bottle to be c>ri$ home alive & well4 ,n[ ?\gh ?is little pool & ,i are old fri5ds1 ,i f9d new treasures 9 x almo/ e "t ,i g1 = x is almo/ z full ( liv+ ?+s z ! heav5s are ( />s1 & ! tide z x comes & goes br+s _m a "m !re to f9d a safe home = h] little ones1 & _m a waif & /ray to seek %elt] f ! tr\bl\s life ( ! op5 ocean4 ,y w p]haps f9d x difficult to believe t 9 ?is rock-b\nd bas9 !re c be millions ( liv+ creatures hidd5 away among ! f9e fea!ry we$s2 yet s x is4 ,n t !y are always ! same4 ,at "o "t x may be ! home ( myriads ( infant crabs1 n an eigh? ( an in* long1 at ano!r ( baby sea-ur*9s only visible to ! nak$ eye z m9ute spots 9 ! wat]1 at ano!r ( "y jelly-fi% gr[+ on _! t9y /alks1 & splitt+ (f "o by "o z transp>5t bells to float away ) ! ris+ tide4 ,or x may be t ! :elk has *os5 ?is quiet nook to deposit h] lea!ry eggs2 or "y b>nacles1 p]iw9kles1 & limpets are gr[+ up among ! gre5 & br[n tangles1 :ile ! f>-sail+ velella & ! /ay-at-home sea-squirts1 toge!r ) a v>iety ( o!r sea-animals1 f9d a nurs]y & %elt] 9 _! y\? 9 ?is quiet h>b\r ( re/4 ,& besides ^! casual visitors !re are numb]less creatures :i* h liv$ & multipli$ !re1 ev] s9ce ,i fir/ visit$ ! pool4 ,t5d] r$1 olive-col\r$1 & gre5 seawe$s1 /ony corall9es1 & acorn-b>nacles l9+ ! floor1 sea-anemones cl++ to ! sides1 sponges t9y & _m-col\r$ hid+ "u ! l$ges1 & limpets & mussels w$g$ 9 ! cracks4 ,^! c be easily se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b !y are n ! mo/ num]\s inhabitants2 = ^! we mu/ se>* ) a magnify+-glass1 :i* w reveal to u wond]ful fairy-=ms1 delicate cry/al vases ) t9y creatures 9 !m ^: transp>5t la%es make :irlpools 9 ! wat]1 liv+ cry/al bells s t9y t :ole bran*es ( !m look only l a fr+e ( hair1 jelly globes ris+ & fall+ 9 ! wat]1 pat*es ( liv+ jelly cl++ to ! rocky sides ( ! pool1 & a hundr$ o!r =ms1 "s s m9ute t y mu/ exam9e ! f9e s& 9 :i* !y lie "u a p[]ful microscope be=e y c ev5 guess t !y are !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,gr\p ( seawe$s 7natural size74 #a1 ,ulva ,l9za4 #b1 ,sphacel>ia filic9a4 #c1 ,polysiphonia urceolata4 #d1 ,corall9a (fic9alis4 ,s x has prov$ a ri* hunt+-gr\nd1 :]e summ] & w9t]1 spr+ & autumn1 ,i f9d "s =m to put "u my magic glass4 ,!re ,i c wat* x = weeks gr[+ & multiply+ "u my c>e2 mov$ only f ! aqu>ium1 :]e ,i keep x suppli$ ) heal?y sea-wat]1 to ! t9y transp>5t tr\gh 9 :i* ,i place x = a few h\rs to see ! *anges x has und]gone4 ,i c\ld tell y endless tales ( trans=mations 9 ^! t9y lives1 b ,i want to-day to %[ y a few ( my fri5ds1 mo/ ( :i* ,i br\ght ye/]day fre% f ! pool1 & h prep>$ = y to exam9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,ulva lactuca1 a gre5 seawe$1 greatly magnifi$ to %[ /ructure4 7,aft] ,o]/$47 s1 ,spores 9 ! cells4 ss1 ,spores swimm+ out4 h1 ,holes ?r\gh :i* spores h escap$4 ,let u beg9 ) seawe$s4 ,i h said t !re are ?ree lead+ col\rs 9 my pool--gre51 olive1 & r$--& ^! t9ts m>k r\ghly ?ree k9ds ( we$1 ?\gh !y occur 9 an endless v>iety ( %apes4 ,"h is a piece ( ! beautiful pale gre5 seawe$1 call$ ! ,lav] or ,sea-lettuce1 ,ulva ,l9za 7#a1 ,fig4 #fc71 :i* gr[s 9 long ribbons 9 a sunny nook 9 ! wat]4 ,i h plac$ "u ! fir/ microscope a piece ( ?is we$ :i* is j s5d+ out "y seawe$s 9 ! %ape ( t9y cells1 ) la%es v l ^? we saw com+ f ! moss-fl[]1 & ,i h press$ !m 9 ! position 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally leave ! plant 7ss1 ,fig4 #fd474a ,y w also see on ?is slide sev]al cells 9 :i* ^! t9y spores s are =m+1 ready to bur/ out & swim2 = ?is gre5 we$ is m]ely a collection ( cells1 l ! s+le-cell$ plants on l&4 ,ea* cell c "w z a sep>ate plant2 x fe$s1 gr[s1 & c s5d out its own "y spores4 #a ,! slice giv5 9 ,fig4 #fd is f a broad]-leav$ =m1 ,u4 lactuca1 because ?is species1 be+ compos$ ( only "o lay] ( cells1 is bett] se54 ,ulva l9za is compos$ ( two lay]s ( cells4 ,?is deep olive-gre5 fea!ry we$ 7#b1 ,fig4 #fc71 ( :i* a piece is magnifi$ "u ! next microscope 7#b1 ,fig4 #fe71 is v diff]5t4 ,x is a high] plant1 & works h>d] = its liv+1 us+ ! d>k] rays ( sunlight :i* p5etrate into %ady p>ts ( ! pool4 ,s x comes to pass t its cells divide ! "w4 ,^? ( ! fea!ry ?reads make ! food1 :ile o!rs1 gr[+ on %ort /alks on ! %afts ( ! fea!r make & s5d out ! "y spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,?ree seawe$s ( ,fig4 #fc mu* magnifi$ to %[ fruits4 7,h>vey47 #b1 ,sphacel>ia filic9a4 #c1 ,polysiphonia urceolata4 #d1 ,corall9a (fic9alis4 ,la/ly1 ! lovely r$ ?readlike we$s1 su* z ?is ,polysiphonia urceolata 7#c1 ,fig4 #fc71 c>ry actual urns on _! /ems l ^? ( mosses4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( ^! urns 7see ,no4 #c1 ,fig4 #fe7 is mu* ! same 9 ! two classes ( plants1 only t in/ead ( ! urn be+ pu%$ up on a ?9 /alk z 9 ! moss1 x rema9s on ! seawe$ close d[n to ! /em1 :5 x gr[s out ( ! plant-egg1 & ! t9y plant is %ut 9 till ! spores are ready to swim out4 ,! /ony corall9es 7#d1 ,figs4 #fc & #fe71 :i* build s mu* c>bonate ( lime into _! /ems1 are ne> relations ( ! r$ seawe$s4 ,!re are pl5ty ( !m 9 my pool4 ,"s ( !m1 ( a deep purple col\r1 gr[ upright 9 /iff gr\ps ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es high2 & o!rs1 :i* =m cru/s ov] ! /ones & we$s1 are a pale rose col\r2 b bo? k9ds1 :5 ! plant dies1 leav+ ! /ony skeleton 7#a1 ,fig4 #ff71 are a pure :ite1 & us$ to be mi/ak5 = corals4 ,!y belong to ! same ord] ( plants z ! r$ we$s1 :i* all live 9 %ady nooks 9 ! pools1 & are ! highe/ ( _! race4 ,my pool is full ( diff]5t =ms ( ^! f\r we$s4 ,! gre5 ribbons float on ! surface root$ to ! sides ( ! pool &1 z ! sun %9es ^u x1 ! glitt]+ bubbles ris+ f !m %[ t !y are work+ up food out ( ! air 9 ! wat]1 & giv+ (f oxyg54 ,! br[n we$s lie *iefly "u ! %elves ( rocks1 = !y c manage ) less sunlight1 & use ! d>k] rays :i* pass by ! gre5 we$s2 & la/ ( all1 ! r$ we$s & corall9es1 small & delicate 9 =m1 l9e ! bottom ( ! pool 9 its d>ke/ nooks4 ,& n[ if ,i h& r\nd two specim5s--"o a corall9e1 & ! o!r some?+ y d n yet "k--,i am sure y w say at fir/ sight t !y belong to ! same family1 &1 9 fact1 if y buy at ! seaside a gr\p ( seawe$s gumm$ on pap]1 y w mo/ likely get bo? ^! among !m4 ,yet ! tru? is1 t :ile ! corall9e 7#a1 ,fig4 #ff7 is a plant1 ! o!r specim5 7#b7 :i* is call$ ,s]tul>ia filicula1 is an animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,corall9e & ,s]tul>ia1 to %[ lik5ess betwe5 ! animal ,s]tul>ia & ! plant ,corall9e4 #a1 ,corall9a (fic9alis4 #b1 ,s]tul>ia filicula4 ,?is special s]tul>ian gr[s upright 9 my pool on /ones or (t5 on seawe$s1 b ,i h "h 7,fig4 #fg7 ano!r & mu* small] "o :i* lives lit]ally 9 millions hang+ its cups d[nw>ds4 ,i f9d x n only "u ! n>r[ l$ges ( ! pool %elt]$ by ! seawe$1 b =m+ a fr+e along all ! rocks on ea* side ( ! cove ne> to l[-wat] m>k1 & = a long "t ,i pass$ x by ?9k+ x 0 ( no int]e/4 ,b ,i h long s9ce giv5 up ?9k+ ?is ( any?+1 especially 9 my pool1 = my magic glass has taught me t !re is n ev5 a liv+ speck :i* does n op5 out into some?+ m>vell\s & beautiful4 ,s ,i *ipp$ (f a small piece ( rock & br\ght ! fr+e home1 & f\nd1 :5 ,i hung x up 9 cle> sea wat] z ,i h done ov] ?is glass tr\gh 7,fig4 #fg7 & look$ at x ?r\gh ! l5s1 t ea* ?read ( ! d5se fr+e1 9 itself n a qu>t] ( an in* deep1 turns out to be a t9y s]tul>ian ) at lea/ tw5ty m\?s4 ,y c see ?is ) y\r pocket l5s ev5 z x hangs "h1 & :5 y h exam9$ x y c by & by take (f "o ?read & put x c>efully 9 ! tr\gh4 ,i promise y a sight ( ! mo/ beautiful little be+s :i* exi/ 9 nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,s]tul>ia t5ella1 hang+ f a spl9t ( rock ov] a wat] tr\gh4 ,also piece enl>g$ to %[ ! animal protrud+4 ,come & look at x aft] ! lecture4 ,x is a horny bran*$ /em ) a d\ble r[ ( t9y cups all along ea* side 7see ,fig4 #fg74 ,out ( ^! cups !re appe> f "t to "t sixte5 m9ute transp>5t t5tacles z f9e z spun glass1 :i* wave ab\t 9 ! wat]4 ,if y %ake ! glass a little1 9 an in/ant ea* cry/al /> vani%es into its cup1 to come out aga9 a few m9utes lat]2 s t n[ "h1 n[ !re1 ! delicate animal-fl[]s spread out on ea* side ( ! /em1 & ! tree is cov]$ ) mov+ be+s4 ,^! t5tacles are feel]s1 :i* la% food into a m\? & /oma* 9 ea* cup1 :]e x is dige/$ & pass$1 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom1 along a jelly ?read :i* runs d[n ! /em & jo9s all ! m\?s toge!r4 ,9 ?is way ! food is di/ribut$ all ov] ! tree1 :i* is1 9 fact1 "o animal ) _m fe$+-cups4 ,"s day ,i w %[ y "o ( ^! cups ) ! t5tacles /ret*$ out & m\nt$ on a slide1 s t y c exam9e a t5tacle ) a v /rong magnify+ p[]4 ,y w !n see t x is dott$ ov] ) cells1 9 :i* are coil$ f9e ?reads4 ,! animal uses ^! ?reads to p>alyse ! creatures on :i* x fe$s1 = at ! base ( ea* ?read !re is a poison gl&4 ,9 ! l>g] ,s]tul>ia 7#b1 ,fig4 #ff7 ! :ole bran*$ tree is connect$ by jelly ?reads runn+ ?r\gh ! /em1 & all ! ?\s&s ( m\?s are spread out 9 ! wat]4 ,"o l>ge =m call$ ! sea-fir ,s]tul>ia cupress9a gr[s sometimes ?ree feet high1 & be>s z _m z a hundr$ ?\s& cups1 ) liv+ m\?s1 on its bran*es4 ,! next ( my m9ute fri5ds ,i c only %[ to ! class 9 a diagram1 b y w see x "u ! f\r? microscope by & by4 ,i _h great tr\ble 9 f9d+ x ye/]day1 ?\gh ,i knew its haunts ^u ! gre5 we$1 = x is s m9ute & transp>5t t ev5 :5 ! we$ is 9 a tr\gh a magnify+-glass w sc>cely detect x4 ,& ,i mu/ w>n y t if y want to "k any ( ! m9ute creatures we are /udy+1 y mu/ visit "o place con/antly4 ,y may 9 a casual way f9d _m ( !m on seawe$1 or 9 ! damp ooze & mud1 b x w be by *ance only2 to look = !m ) any c]ta9ty y mu/ take tr\ble 9 mak+ _! acqua9tance4 ,turn+ !n to ! diagram 7,fig4 #fh7 ,i w describe x z ,i hope y w see x "u ! microscope--a curi\s t9y1 p]fectly transp>5t op5-m\!d vase /&+ upright on ! we$1 & hav+ an equally transp>5t be+ ris+ up 9 x & wav+ its t9y la%es 9 ! wat]4 ,?is is really all "o animal1 ! vase hc be+ ! horny cov]+ or c>apace ( ! body1 :i* la/ /&s up l a tube 9 ! c5tre4 ,if y wat* c>efully1 y may ev5 see ! m9ute atoms ( food twi/+ r\nd inside ! tube until !y are dige/$1 aft] !y h be5 swept 9 at ! wide op5 m\? by ! :irl+ la%es4 ,y w see ?is m cle>ly if y put a little rice-fl\r1 v m9utely p[d]$ & col\r$ by c>m9e1 into ! wat]2 = y c trace ^! r$ atoms into "s r\nd spaces call$ vacuoles :i* are dott$ ov] ! body ( ! animal1 & are really globules ( wat]y fluid 9 :i* ! food is probably p>tly dige/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,?uricolla folliculata & ,*ilomonas amygdalum4 7,saville ,k5t47 #a1 ,?uricolla erect2 #b1 retract$2 #c1 divid+4 #d1 ,*ilomonas amygdalum4 hc1 ,horny c>apace4 cv1 ,contractile vesicle4 v1 ,clos+ valves4 ,y w notice1 h[ev]1 "o r\nd cle> space 7cv7 into :i* !y d n g1 & aft] a "t y w be able to obs]ve t ?is r\nd spot closes up or contracts v quickly1 & !n exp&s aga9 v sl[ly4 ,z x exp&s x fills ) a cle> fluid1 & naturali/s h n yet decid$ exactly :at "w x does4 ,x may s]ve ! animal ei!r = brea?+1 or z a v simple he>t1 mak+ ! fluids circulate 9 ! tube4 ,! next int]e/+ po9t ab\t ?is little be+ is ! way x retreats into its %elt]+ vase4 ,ev5 :ile y are wat*+1 x is q likely x may all at once draw itself d[n to ! bottom z 9 ,no4 #b1 & fold+ d[n ! valves v1 v ( horny tee? :i* gr[ on ea* side1 %ut itself 9 f "s fanci$ dang]4 ,ano!r v curi\s po9t is t1 besides s5d+ =? "y ones1 ^! creatures multiply by divid+ 9 two 7see ,no4 #c1 ,fig4 #fh71 ea* "o clos+ its own "p ( ! vase into a new home4 ,!re are hundr$s ( ^! ,infusoria1 z !y are call$1 9 my pond1 "s ) vases1 "s )\t1 "s fix$ to we$s & /ones1 o!rs swimm+ ab\t freely4 ,ev5 9 ! wat]-tr\gh 9 :i* ?is ,?uricolla /&s1 ,i saw sev]al small] =ms1 & ! next microscope has a tr\gh fill$ ) ! m9ute/ =m ( all1 call$ a ,monad 7,no4 #d1 ,fig4 #fh74 ,^! are s small t #bjjj ( !m w\ld lie side by side 9 an in*2 t is1 if y c\ld make !m lie at all1 = !y are ! mo/ re/less little be+s1 d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r1 sc>cely ev5 halt+ except to turn back4 ,& yet ?\gh !re are s _m ( !m1 & z f> z we "k !y h no organs ( sight1 !y nev] run up aga9/ ea* o!r1 b glide pa/ m clev]ly ?an any cle>-sight$ fi%4 ,^! creatures are mo/ly to be f\nd among decay+ seawe$1 & ?\gh !y are s t9y1 y c /ill see di/9ctly ! cle> space 7cv7 contract+ & exp&+ )9 !m4 ,b if !re are s _m ?\s&s ( m\?s to fe$1 on ! tree-l ,s]tul>iae z well z 9 all ^! ,infusoria1 :]e does ! food come f8 ,p>tly f ! num]\s atoms ( decay+ life all ar\nd1 & ! m9ute eggs ( animals & spores ( plants2 b besides ^!1 ! pool is full ( m9ute liv+ plants--small jelly masses ) solid coats ( fl9t :i* are m\ld$ into mo/ lovely %apes4 ,plants =m$ ( jelly & fl9t6 ,y w ?9k ,i am jok+1 b ,i am n4 ,^! plants1 call$ ,diatoms1 :i* live bo? 9 salt & fre% wat]1 are s+le cells fe$+ & gr[+ j l ^? we took f ! wat]-butt 7,fig4 #bi1 p4 #gh71 only t in/ead ( a s(t cov]+ !y build up a fl9ty skeleton4 ,!y are s small1 t _m ( !m mu/ be magnifi$ to fifty times _! real size be=e y c ev5 see !m di/9ctly4 ,yet ! skeletons ( ^! almo/ invisible plants are c>v$ & *isell$ 9 ! mo/ delicate patt]ns4 ,i %[$ y a gr\p ( ^! 9 our lecture on magic glasses 7p4 #ci71 & n[ ,i h br\ght a few liv+ ones t we may le>n to "k !m4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #fi7 %[s ! *ief =ms y w see on ! diff]5t slides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,liv+ diatoms4 a1 ,cocconema lanceolatum4 b1 ,bacill>ia p>adoxa4 c1 ,gomphonema m>9um4 d1 ,diatoma hyal9a4 ,! fir/ "o1 ,bacill>ia p>adoxa 7b1 ,fig4 #fi71 looks l a numb] ( rods cl++ "o to ano!r 9 a /r+1 b ea* "o ( ^! is a s+le-cell$ plant ) a jelly cell surr\nd+ ! fl9ty skeleton4 ,y w see t !y move to & fro ov] ea* o!r 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,a diatom 7,diatoma vulg>e7 gr[+4 a1 b1 ,fl9t skeleton inside ! jelly-cell4 a1 c & d1 b1 ,two fl9t skeletons =m$ by new valves1 c & d1 =m+ )9 ! fir/ skeleton4 ,! next two =ms1 a & c1 look mu* m l plants1 = ! cells arrange !mselves on a jelly /em1 :i* by & by disappe>s1 leav+ only ! sep>ate fl9t skeletons su* z y see 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! la/ =m1 d1 is some?+ midway betwe5 ! o!r =ms1 ! sep>ate cells hang on to ea* o!r & also on to a /raight jelly /em4 ,ano!r species ( ,diatoma 7,fig4 #gj7 call$ ,diatoma vulg>e1 is a v simple & common =m1 & w help to expla9 h[ ^! plants gr[4 ,! two fl9ty valves a1 b inside ! cell are n q ! same size2 ! old] "o a is l>g] ?an ! y\ng] "o b & fits ov] x l ! cov] ( a pill-box4 ,z ! plant gr[s1 ! cell enl>ges & =ms two m valves1 "o c fitt+ into ! cov] a1 s z to make a complete box ac1 & a second1 d1 back to back ) c1 fitt+ into ! valve b1 & mak+ ano!r complete box bd4 ,?is goes on v rapidly1 & 9 ?is plant ea* new cell sep>ates z x is =m$1 & ! free diatoms move ab\t q actively 9 ! wat]4 ,if y consid] = a mom5t1 y w see t1 z ! new valves always fit into ! old ones1 ea* mu/ be small] ?an ! la/1 & s !re comes a "t :5 ! valves h become too small to g on increas+4 ,!n ! plant mu/ beg9 afre%4 ,s ! two halves ( ! la/ cell op51 & ?r[+ out _! fl9ty skeletons1 cov] !mselves ) a ?9 jelly lay]1 & =m a new cell :i* gr[s l>g] ?an any ( ! old ones4 ,^!1 :i* are spore-cells1 !n =m fl9ty valves inside1 & ! :ole ?+ beg9s aga94 ,n[ ?\gh ! plants !mselves die1 or become ! food ( m9ute animals1 ! fl9ty skeletons are n de/roy$1 b g on accumulat+ 9 ! wat]s ( ponds1 lakes1 riv]s1 & seas1 all ov] ! _w4 ,untold millions h no d\bt crumbl$ to du/ & gone back into ! wat]s1 b untold millions also h surviv$4 ,! t[ns ( ,b]l9 9 ,europe & ( ,ri*mond 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are actually built ^u gr\nd call$ infusorial e>?1 compos$ almo/ entirely ( valves ( ^! m9ute diatoms :i* h accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( m ?an eighty feet6 ,^? "u ,b]l9 are fre%-wat] =ms1 & mu/ h liv$ 9 a lake1 :ile ^? ( ,ri*mond belong to salt-wat] =ms4 ,e in* ( ! gr\nd "u ^? cities repres5ts ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( liv+ plants :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ages long gone by1 & 7 no l>g] ?an ^? y w see pres5tly "u ! microscope4 ,^! are a v few ( ! microscopic inhabitants ( my pond1 b1 z y w confuse !m if ,i %[ y too _m1 we w conclude ) two r l>g] specim5s1 & exam9e !m c>efully4 ,! fir/1 call$ ! ,cydippe1 is a lovely1 transp>5t liv+ ball1 :i* ,i want to expla9 to y because x is s wondr\sly beautiful4 ,! second1 ! ,sea-mat or ,flu/ra1 looks l a crumpl$ drab-col\r$ seawe$1 b is really compos$ ( _m ?\s&s ( grottos1 ! homes ( t9y sea-animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,cydippe ,pileus4 #a1 ,animal ) t5tacles t1 be>+ small t5drils t'4 #b1 ,body ( animal enl>g$4 m1 ,m\?4 c1 ,dige/ive cavity4 s1 ,sac into :i* ! t5tacles are )drawn4 p1 ,b&s ) comb-l plates4 #c1 ,portion ( a b& enl>g$ to %[ ! mov+ plates p4 ,let u take ! ,cydippe fir/ 7#a1 ,fig4 #ga74 ,i h six "h1 ea* 9 a sep>ate tumbl]1 & c\ld h br\ght _m m1 = :5 ,i dipp$ my net 9 ! pool ye/]day su* numb]s 7 caught 9 x t ,i believe ! retreat+ tide mu/ j h left a %oal beh9d4 ,put a tumbl] on ! desk 9 front ( y1 & if ! light falls well ^u x y w see a transp>5t ball ab\t ! size ( a l>ge pea m>k$ ) eight bright b&s1 :i* beg9 at ! l[] end ( ! ball & rea* ne>ly to ! top1 divid+ ! outside into sections l ! ribs ( a melon4 ,! creature is s p]fectly transp>5t t y c c\nt all ! eight b&s4 ,at ! top ( ! ball is a slight bulge :i* is ! m\? 7m #b1 ,fig4 #ga71 & f x1 inside ! ball1 hangs a long bag or /oma*1 :i* op5s bel[ into a cavity c1 f :i* two canals bran* out1 "o on ea* side1 & ^! divide aga9 into f\r canals :i* g "o into ea* ( ! tubes runn+ d[n ! b&s4 ,f ?is cavity ! food1 :i* is dige/$ 9 ! /oma*1 is c>ri$ by ! canals all ov] ! body4 ,! small] tubes :i* bran* out ( ^! canals _c be se5 cle>ly )\t a v /rong l5s1 & ! only o!r p>ts y c disc]n 9 ?is transp>5t ball are two long sacs on ea* side ( ! l[] end4 ,^! are ! t5tacle sacs1 9 :i* are coil$ up ! t5tacles1 :i* we %all describe pres5tly4 ,la/ly1 y c notice t ! b&s outside ! globe are broad] 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends1 & are /rip$ across by a numb] ( ridges4 ,9 mov+ ! tumbl]s ! wat] has naturally be5 %ak51 & ! creature be+ al>m$ w probably at fir/ rema9 motionless4 ,b v soon x w beg9 to play 9 ! wat]1 ris+ & fall+1 & swimm+ gracefully f side to side4 ,n[ y w notice a curi\s effect1 = ! b&s w glitt] & become t+$ ) prismatic col\rs1 till1 z x moves m & m rapidly ^! col\rs1 reflect$ 9 ! jelly1 seem to t+e ! :ole ball ) col\rs l ^? on a soap-bubble1 :ile f ! two sacs bel[ come =? two long transp>5t ?reads l spun glass4 ,at fir/ ^! appe> to be simple ?reads1 b z !y gradually op5 out to ab\t f\r or five in*es1 small] ?reads uncoil on ea* side ( ! l9e till !re are ab\t fifty on ea* l9e4 ,^! %ort t5drils are nev] /ill = long2 z ! ma9 ?reads wave to & fro1 "s ( ! %ort] ones coil up & hang l t9y beads1 !n ^! uncoil & o!rs roll up1 s t ^! graceful float+ l9es are nev] two seconds alike4 ,we d n really "k _! use4 ,sometimes ! creature an*ors itself by !m1 ris+ & fall+ z !y /ret* out or coil up2 b m (t5 !y float idly beh9d x 9 ! wat]4 ,at fir/ y w\ld p]haps ?9k t !y s]v$ to drive ! ball ?r\gh ! wat]1 b ?is is done by a special app>atus4 ,! cross ridges :i* we notic$ on ! b&s are really flat comb-l plates 7p1 ,fig4 #ga71 ( :i* !re are ab\t tw5ty or ?irty on ea* b&2 & ^! vibrate v rapidly1 s t two hundr$ or m paddles drive ! t9y ball ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! prismatic col\rs2 = iridesc5t t9ts are produc$ by ! play ( light ^u ! glitt]+ plates1 z !y incessantly *ange _! angle4 ,sometimes !y move all at once1 sometimes only a few at a "t1 & x is evid5t ! creature controls !m at w4 ,?is lovely fairy-l globe1 ) its long float+ t5tacles & ra9b[ t9ts1 0 = a long "t class$ ) ! jelly-fi%2 b x really is mo/ ne>ly relat$ to sea-anemones1 z x has a true c5tral cavity :i* acts z a /oma*1 & _m o!r po9ts 9 common ) ! ,act9ozoa4 ,we _c help wond]+1 z ! little be+ glides hi!r & ?i!r1 :e!r x c see :]e x is go+4 ,x has n]ves ( a l[ k9d :i* />t f a little d>k spot 7ng71 exactly at ! s\? pole ( ! ball1 & at t po9t a s5se-organ ( "s k9d exi/s1 b :at impression ! creature ga9s f x ( ! _w outside we _c tell4 ,i am afraid y may ?9k x dull to turn f su* a beautiful be+ z ?is1 to ! grey leaf :i* looks only l a dead dry seawe$2 yet y w be wrong1 = a m wond]ful hi/ory atta*es to ?is crumpl$ dead-look+ leaf ?an to ! lovely jelly-globe4 ,fir/ ( all ,i w pass r\nd pieces ( ! dry leaf 7r1 ,fig4 #gb71 & :ile y are gett+ !m ,i w tell y :]e ,i f\nd ! liv+ ones4 ,great masses ( ! ,flu/ra1 z x is call$1 l9e ! bottom & sides ( my pool4 ,!y gr[ 9 tufts1 /&+ upright on ! rock1 & look+ exactly l h>d grey seawe$s1 :ile !re is no?+ to lead y to suspect t !y are any?+ else4 ,ye/]day ,i *ipp$ (f v c>efully a piece ( rock ) a tuft ^u x1 & h kept x s9ce 9 a glass globe by itself ) sea-wat]1 = ! little creatures liv+ 9 ?is m>9e city require a v good supply ( heal?y wat] & air4 ,i h call$ x a m>9e city1 & n[ ,i w tell y :y4 ,take ! piece 9 y\r h& & run y\r f+] g5tly up & d[n x2 y w glide q com=tably f ! l[] to ! high] "p ( ! leaf1 b :5 y come back y w feel y\r f+] cat* slightly on a r\gh surface4 ,y\r pocket l5s w %[ :y ?is is1 = if y look ?r\gh x at ! surface ( ! leaf y w see x is n smoo?1 b compos$ ( hundr$s ( t9y alcoves ) ar*$ tops2 & on ea* side ( ^! tops /& two %ort blunt sp9es 7see #b1 ,fig4 #gb71 mak+ f\r 9 all1 po9t+ upw>ds1 s z p>tly to cov] ! alcove above4 ,z y\r f+] w5t up x glid$ ov] ! sp9es1 b on com+ back x met _! po9ts4 ,?is is all y c see 9 ! dead specim52 ,i mu/ %[ y ! re/ by diagrams1 & by & by "u ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! ,sea-mat or ,flu/ra 7,flu/ra foliacea47 #a1 ,natural size4 #b1 ,mu* magnifi$4 s1 ,slit caus$ by draw+ 9 ( ! animal a4 ,fir/1 !n1 9 ! liv+ specim5 :i* ,i h "h1 ^? alcoves are n op5 z 9 ! dead piece1 b cov]$ ov] ) a transp>5t sk91 9 :i*1 ne> ! top ( ! alcove j :]e ! curve beg9s1 is a slit 7s #b1 ,fig4 #gb74 ,un=tunately ! membrane cov]+ ?is alcove is too d5se = y to di/+ui% ! p>ts )94 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 if y are wat*+ a piece ( ?is liv+ leaf 9 a flat wat]-cell "u ! microscope1 y w see ! slit sl[ly op51 & beg9 to turn z x 7 inside out1 exactly l ! f+] ( a glove1 :i* has be5 pu%$ 9 at ! tip1 gradually rises up :5 y put y\r f+] inside x4 ,z ?is goes on1 a bundle ( ?reads appe>s1 at fir/ clos$ l a bud1 b gradually op5+ out into a cr[n ( t5tacles 7a1 ,fig4 #gb71 ea* "o clo!d ) hairs4 ,!n y w see t ! slit 0 n exactly a slit aft] all1 b ! r\nd edge :]e ! sac 0 pu%$ 94 ,ah6 y w say1 y are n[ %[+ me a polyp l ^? on ! s]tul>ian tree4 ,n s fa/1 my fri5d2 y h n yet /udi$ :at is /ill "u ! cov]+ sk9 & hidd5 9 ! liv+ animal4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 prep>$ a slide ) ?is membrane remov$ 7see ,fig4 #gc71 & !re y c obs]ve ! diff]5t p>ts1 & le>n t ea* "o ( ^! alcoves conta9s a complete animal1 & n m]ely "o among _m m\?s1 l ! polyp on ! ,s]tul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,diagram ( ! animal 9 ! ,flu/ra or ,sea-mat4 #a1 ,animal protrud+4 #b1 ,animal retract$ 9 ! %ea?4 %1 ,cov]+ %ea?4 s1 ,slit4 t1 ,t5tacles4 m1 ,m\?4 ?1 ,?roat4 /1 ,/oma*4 i1 ,inte/9e4 r1 ,retractor muscle4 e1 ,egg-=m+ p>ts4 g1 ,n]ve-ganglion4 ,ea* ( ^! little be+s 7a1 ,fig #gb7 liv+ 9 its alcove has a m\?1 ?roat1 /oma*1 inte/9e1 muscles1 & n]ves />t+ f ! ganglion ( n]v\s matt]1 besides all t is necess>y = produc+ eggs & s5d+ =? "y ones4 ,y c trace all ^! "u ! microscope 7see #b1 ,fig4 #gc7 z ! creature lies curi\sly d\bl$ up 9 its b$1 ) its body b5t 9 a loop2 ! inte/9e i1 out ( :i* ! refuse food passes1 com+ back close up to ! slit4 ,:5 x is at re/1 ! top ( ! sac 9 :i* x lies is pull$ 9 by ! retractor muscle r1 & looks1 z ,i h said1 l ! f+] ( a glove ) ! top pu%$ 94 ,:5 x wi%es to fe$1 ?is top is drawn out by muscles runn+ r\nd ! sac1 & ! t5tacles op5 & wave 9 ! wat] 7#a1 ,fig4 #gc74 ,look n[ at ! alcoves1 ! homes ( ^! animals2 see h[ t9y !y are & h[ closely !y fit toge!r4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 ! naturali/1 has reckon$ t !re are #fgbj alcoves 9 a squ>e in*2 !n if y turn ! leaf ov] y w see t !re is ano!r set1 fix$ back to back ) ^!1 on ! o!r side1 mak+ 9 all #ac1ddj alcoves4 ,n[ a mod]ate-siz$ leaf ( flu/ra measures ab\t ?ree squ>e in*es1 tak+ all ! r\nd$ lobes into acc\nt1 s y w see we get #dj1cbj z a r\gh e/imate ( ! numb] ( be+s on ?is "o leaf4 ,b if y look at ?is tuft ,i h br\ght1 y w f9d x is compos$ ( twelve su* leaves1 & ?is aft] all is a v small "p ( ! mass gr[+ r\nd my pool4 ,0 ,i wrong1 !n1 :5 ,i said t my m9iature ocean conta9s z _m millions ( be+s z !re are />s 9 ! heav5s8 ,y w want to "k h[ ^! leaves grew1 & x is 9 ?is way4 ,fir/ a little free swimm+ animal1 a m]e liv+ sac provid$ ) la%es1 settles d[n & gr[s into "o little horny alcove1 ) its live creature inside1 :i* 9 "t s5ds (f f x ?ree to five buds1 =m+ alcoves all r\nd ! top & sides ( ! fir/ "o1 gr[+ on to x4 ,^! aga9 bud out1 & y c ?us easily und]/& t1 9 ?is way1 9 "t a good-siz$ leaf is =m$4 ,mean:ile ! creatures also s5d =? new swimm+ cells1 :i* settle d[n ne> to beg9 new leaves1 & ?us a tuft is =m$2 & long aft] ! be+s 9 e>li] p>ts ( ! leaf h di$ & left _! alcoves empty1 ^? r\nd ! m>g9 are /ill alive & spread+4 ,) ?is hi/ory we mu/ /op = to-day1 & ,i expect x w be _m weeks be=e y h ?or\ghly exam9$ ! specim5s ( ea* k9d :i* ,i h put 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,if y c trace ! spore-cells & urns 9 ! seawe$s1 obs]ve ! polyps 9 ! ,s]tul>ia1 & c\nt ! numb] ( m\?s on a bran* ( my animal fr+e 7,s]tul>ia t5ella72 if y make acqua9tance ) ! ,?uricolla 9 its vase1 & are =tunate en\gh to see "o divide 9 two2 if y le>n to "k "s ( ! beautiful =ms ( diatoms1 & c picture to y\rselves ! life ( ! t9y inhabitants ( ! ,flu/ra2 !n y w h us$ y\r microscope ) "s effect1 & be prep>$ = an exp$ition to my pool1 :]e we w g toge!r "s day to seek new treasures4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,d>tmoor ,,ponies1 ,,or ,,! ,,w&]+s ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,tribe ,illu/ration ,put away ! telescopes & microscopes to-day1 boys1 ! holidays are close at h&1 & we w take a re/ f peep+ & pe]+ till we come back 9 ! autumn lad5 ) specim5s = ! microscope1 :ile ! rapidly d>k5+ ev5+s w tempt u aga9 on to ! lawn />-gaz+4 ,on ?is our la/ lecture-day ,i want y to take a j\rney ) me :i* ,i took 9 imag9ation a few days ago1 z ,i lay on my back on ! sunny moor & wat*$ ! ,d>tmoor ponies4 ,x 0 a calm mi/y morn+ "o day la/ week1 giv+ promise ( a bright & sunny day1 :5 ,i />t$ (f = a long walk across ! moor to visit ! fam\s /one-circles1 _m ( :i* are to be f\nd n f> (f ! track1 call$ ,abbot's ,way1 lead+ f ,buckfa/ ,abbey1 on ! ,d>t1 to ! ,abbey ( ,tavi/ock1 on ! ,tavy4 ,my m9d 0 full ( ! old5 times z ,i pictur$ to myself h[1 sev5 hundr$ ye>s or m ago1 "s ,b5$ict9e monk f ,tavi/ock ,abbey1 9 8 black robe & c[l1 pac$ ?is n>r[ pa? on 8 way to 8 ,ci/]cian bre?r5 at ,buckfa/1 meet+ "s ( !m on 8 road z !y w&]$ ov] ! desolate moor 9 _! :ite robes & black scapul>ies 9 se>* ( /ray %eep4 ,= ! ,ci/]cians 7 %eph]ds & wool-weav]s1 :ile ! ,b5$ict9es devot$ !mselves to le>n+1 & ! track ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles f "o abbey to ! o!r1 :i* /ill rema9s1 0 worn by ! memb]s ( ! two communities & _! dep5d5ts1 ! only v>iety 9 ^: lives consi/$ probably 9 ^! occasional visits "o to ! o!r4 ,yet ev5 ^! monks belong$ to mod]n times comp>$ to ! anci5t ,britons :o rais$ ! /one-circles1 & buri$ _! dead 9 ! b>r[s scatt]$ "h & !re ov] ! moor2 & my m9d drift$ back to ! days :51 long be=e t pa?way 0 worn1 m5 clad 9 ! sk9s ( bea/s hunt$ wild animals ov] ! gr\nd on :i* ,i 0 tread+1 & liv$ 9 caves & holes ( ! gr\nd4 ,i wond]$1 z ,i ?\ght ( !m1 :e!r ! cultur$ monks & ! uncivilis$ ,britons delight$ z mu* 9 ! rugg$ sc5]y ( ! moor z ,i did t morn+4 ,= _m miles 9 front ( me ! moor /ret*$ out wild & treeless2 ! sun 0 %9+ brightly ^u ! mass ( yell[ furze & deep-r$ hea!r1 draw+ up ! moi/ure f ! gr\nd1 & caus+ a k9d ( wat]y haze to %imm] ov] ! l&scape2 :ile ! e>ly mi/ 0 ris+ (f ! tors1 or hill-tops1 9 ! di/ance1 curl+ 9 fanciful wrea?s ar\nd ! rugg$ & /ony summits1 z x disp]s$ gradually 9 ! increas+ heat ( ! day4 ,! cattle :i* 7 scatt]$ 9 gr\ps "h & !re fe$+ on ! dewy grass 7 enjoy+ ! happie/ "t ( ! ye>4 ,! moor1 :i* 9 w9t] af=ds !m sc>cely a b>e subsi/5ce1 is n[ ri*ly cov]$ ) fre% "y grass1 & ! /urdy ox5 f$ solemnly & delib]ately1 :ile ! wild ,d>tmoor ponies & _! colts scamp]$ joy\sly along1 %ak+ _! manes & long fl[+ tails1 & neigh+ to ea* o!r z !y w5t2 or clu/]$ toge!r on "s v]dant spot1 :]e ! colts teas$ & bit ea* o!r = fun1 z !y gamboll$ r\nd _! mo!rs4 ,x 0 a pleasure1 !re on ! op5 moor1 ) ! l>k so>+ ov]head1 & ! butt]flies & bees hov]+ among ! sweet-smell+ furze blossoms1 to see horses free & joy\s1 ) no ?\ght ( bit or bridle1 h>ness or saddle1 ^: ho(s _h nev] be5 h&l$ by ! %oe+-smi?1 nor _! coats t\*$ ) ! s+e+ iron4 ,^? little colts1 ) _! ?ick heads1 %aggy coats1 & fl[+ tails1 w h at lea/ two ye>s m fre$om be=e !y "k :at x is to be driv5 or beat54 ,only once a ye> are !y ga!r$ toge!r1 claim$ by _! own]s & br&$ ) an initial1 & !n left aga9 to w&] :]e !y w4 ,true1 x is a fre$om :i* sometimes has its drawbacks1 = if ! w9t] is sev]e ! only food !y c get w be ! furze-tops1 (f :i* !y scrape ! sn[ ) _! feet2 yet x is v preci\s 9 itself1 = !y c gallop :5 & :]e !y *oose1 ) head erect1 sniff+ at ! w9d & cry+ to ea* o!r = ! v joy ( life4 ,n[ z ,i /roll$ across ! moor & wat*$ _! gambols1 ?9k+ h[ l free wild animals !y seem$1 my ?\ghts roam$ f> away1 & ,i saw 9 imag9ation sc5es :]e o!r untam$ animals ( ! horse tribe are liv+ unfett]$ all _! lives long4 ,fir/ !re rose be=e my m9d ! level grass-cov]$ pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e wild horses %>e ! b\ndless pla9s ) troops ( ! rhea1 or ,am]ican o/ri*1 & w&]1 ea* horse ) z _m m>es z he c collect1 9 companies ( hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s 9 a troop4 ,^! horses are n[ truly wild1 & live freely f y\? to age1 unless !y are un=tunate en\gh to be caught 9 ! m inhabit$ regions by ! lasso ( ! hunt]4 ,9 ! broad pampas1 ! home ( h]ds ( wild cattle1 !y dread no?+4 ,!re1 z !y roam ) "o bold /allion z _! lead]1 ev5 bea/s ( prey hesitate to approa* !m1 =1 :5 !y =m into a d5se mass ) ! mo!rs & "y 9 _! c5tre1 _! heels deal bl[s :i* ev5 ! fi]ce jagu> does n c>e to enc\nt]1 & !y trample _! enemy to dea? 9 a v %ort "t4 ,yet ^! are n ! orig9al wild horses we are seek+1 !y are ! desc5dants ( tame animals1 br\ght f ,europe by ! ,spani>ds to ,bu5os ,ayres 9 #aece1 ^: desc5dants h rega9$ _! fre$om on ! b\ndless pampas & prairies4 ,z ,i 0 pictur+ !m c>e]+ ov] ! pla9s1 ano!r sc5e pres5t$ itself & took _! place4 ,n[ ,i no long] saw ar\nd me tall pampas-grass ) ! long necks ( ! rheas appe>+ above x1 = ,i 0 on ! edge ( a dre>y scantily cov]$ pla9 betwe5 ! ,aral ,sea & ! ,balka% ,lake 9 ,t>t>y4 ,to ! s\? lies a b>r5 s&y des]t1 to ! nor? ! f]tile pla9s ( ! ,kirghiz /eppes1 :]e ! ,t>t> fe$s 8 flocks1 & h]ds ( antelopes gallop ov] ! fre% gre5 pa/ure2 & betwe5 ^! is a k9d ( no-man's l&1 :]e l[ scanty %rubs & /unt$ grass seem$ to promise b a poor fe$+-gr\nd4 ,yet "h ! small long-legg$ b p[]ful ,t>pans1 ! wild horses ( ! treeless pla9s ( ,russia & ,t>t>y1 7 pick+ _! morn+ meal4 ,/urdy wick$ little fell[s !y are1 ) _! %aggy light-br[n coats1 %ort wiry manes1 erect e>s1 & fi]y wat*ful eyes4 ,!y might well be suppos$ to be true wild horses1 ^: ance/ors _h nev] be5 tam$ by man2 & yet x is m probable t ev5 !y escap$ 9 e>ly times f ! ,t>t>s1 & h held _! own ev] s9ce1 ov] ! grassy /eppes ( ,russia & on ! conf9es ( ! pla9s ( ,t>t>y4 ,sometimes !y live almo/ alone1 especially on ! b>r5 wa/es :]e !y h be5 se5 9 w9t]1 scrap+ ! sn[ (f ! h]bage z our ponies d on ,d>tmoor4 ,at o!r times1 z 9 ! s\? ( ,russia1 :]e !y w&] betwe5 ! ,dniep] & ! ,don1 !y ga!r 9 va/ h]ds & live a free life1 n fe>+ ev5 ! wolves1 :i* !y beat to ! gr\nd ) _! ho(s4 ,f "o gre5 oasis to ano!r !y travel ov] miles ( gr\nd4 ,a ?\s& horse--& none to ride6 ,) fl[+ tail1 & fly+ mane1 ,wide no/rils--nev] /ret*'d by pa91 ,m\?s bloodless to ! bit or re91 ,& feet t iron nev] %od1 ,& flanks unsc>r'd by spur or rod4 ,a ?\s& horse1 ! wild1 ! free1 ,l waves t foll[ o'er ! sea4#a #a ,byron's ,mazeppa4 ,z ,i foll[$ !m 9 _! c\rse ,i fanci$ ,i saw troops ( yet ano!r animal ( ! horse tribe1 ! ,kulan1 or ,equus hemionus1 :i* is a k9d ( half horse1 half ass 7,fig4 #gd71 liv+ on ! ,kirghiz /eppes ( ,t>t>y & spread+ f> beyond ! range ( ! ,t>pan into ,tibet4 ,"h at la/ we h a truly wild animal1 nev] probably br\ght into subjection by man4 ,! numb] ( names he possesses %[s h[ widely he has spread4 ,! ,t>t>s call him ,kulan1 ! ,tibetans ,kiang1 :ile ! ,mongolians give him ! unpron\nceable "n ( ,ds*iggetai4 ,he w n submit to any ( !m1 b if caught & conf9$ soon breaks away aga9 to 8 old life1 a free & fett]less creature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,equus hemionus1 ,kiang or ,kulan1 ! ,horse-ass ( ,t>t>y & ,tibet4 7,brehm47 ,no "o has ev] yet settl$ ! "q :e!r he is a horse or an ass1 probably because he repres5ts an animal truly betwe5 ! two4 ,8 head is graceful1 8 body light1 8 legs sl5d] & fleet1 yet 8 e>s are long & ass-l2 he has n>r[ ho(s1 & a tail ) a tuft at ! end l all ! ass tribe2 8 col\r is a yell[ br[n1 & he has a %ort d>k mane & a long d>k /ripe d[n 8 back z a donkey has1 ?\gh ?is la/ "* y may also see 9 _m ( our ,devon%ire ponies4 ,liv+ (t5 on ! high plateaux1 sometimes z mu* z #aejj feet above ! sea1 ?is *ild ( ! /eppes travels 9 l>ge companies ev5 z f> z ! ri* mead[s ( ,c5tral ,asia2 9 summ] w&]+ 9 gre5 pa/ures1 & 9 w9t] seek+ ! hung]-/eppes :]e /urdy plants gr[4 ,& :5 autumn comes ! "y /e$s g (f alone to ! m\nta9 heights to survey ! c\ntry ar\nd & call wildly = mates1 :om1 :5 f\nd1 !y w keep close to !m ?r\gh all ! next ye>1 ev5 ?\gh !y m+le ) ?\s&s ( o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,przevalsky's ,wild ,horse1 ! ,k]tag or ,/atur4 ,till ab\t t5 ye>s ago ! ,equus hemionus 0 ! only truly wild horse kn[n1 b 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgi-hj ! ,russian travell] ,przevalsky br\ght back f ,c5tral ,asia a mu* m horse-l animal1 call$ by ! ,t>t>s ,k]tag & by ! ,mongols ,/atur4 ,x is a clumsy1 ?ick-set1 :iti%-gray creature ) /rong legs & a l>ge1 heavy1 r$di%-col\r$ head2 its legs h a r$ t9t d[n to ! knees1 beyond :i* !y are blacki% d[n to ! ho(s4 ,b ! e>s are small1 & x has ! broad ho(s ( ! true horse1 & w>ts on 8 h9d legs1 :i* no animal ( ! ass tribe has4 ,?is horse1 l ! ,kiang1 travels 9 small troops ( f five to fifte51 l$ ?r\gh ! wilde/ p>ts ( ! ,dsung>ian des]t1 betwe5 ! ,altai & ,tians*an ,m\nta9s1 by an old /allion4 ,!y are extremely %y1 & see1 he>1 & smell v quickly1 s t !y are (f l lightn+ :5ev] any?+ approa*es !m4 ,s hav+ travell$ ov] ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,asia1 0 my que/ end$8 ,no2 = f ! dre>y ,asiatic des]ts my ?\ghts w&]$ to a f> w>m] & m f]tile l&1 :]e betwe5 ! ,blue ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea rise ! l(ty highl&s ( ,abyss9ia1 among :i* ! ,african wild ass 7,as9us ta5iopus71 ! probable ance/or ( our donkeys1 fe$s 9 troops on ! ri* grasses ( ! slopes1 & !n onw>ds to ! bank ( a riv] 9 ,c5tral ,africa :]e on ! edge ( a =e/1 ) ri* pa/ures beyond1 elephants & rh9oc]oses1 antelopes & buffaloes1 lions & hya5as1 creep d[n 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+ to slake _! ?ir/ 9 ! fl[+ /ream4 ,!re ,i saw ! h]ds ( ,zebras 9 all _! /rip$ beauty com+ d[n f ! m\nta9 regions to ! nor?1 & m+l+ ) ! d>k]-col\r$ b graceful quaggas f ! s\!rn pla9s1 & ,i half-griev$ at ! ?\ght h[ ^! untam$ & free rov]s are be+ sl[ly b surely surr\nd$ by man clos+ 9 ^u !m on e side4 ,i might n[ h travell$ /ill f>!r 9 se>* ( ! ,onag]1 or wild ass ( ! ,asiatic & ,indian des]ts1 b at ?is po9t a m int]e/+ & f> wid] "q pres5t$ itself1 z ,i flung myself d[n on ! moor to pond] ov] ! e>ly hi/ory ( all ^! tribes4 ,:]e h !y all come f8 ,:]e %all we look = ! fir/ ance/ors ( ^! wild & graceful animals8 ,= ! answ] to ?is "q ,i _h to travel back to ,am]ica1 to ^? ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ,pr(essor ,m>% has made su* gr& discov]ies 9 horse hi/ory4 ,= !re1 9 ! v c\ntry :]e horses 7 suppos$ nev] to h be5 be=e ! ,spani>ds br\ght !m a few c5turies ago1 we h n[ f\nd ! true bir?place ( ! equ9e race4 ,come back ) me to a "t s remote t we _c measure x ev5 by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & let u visit ! t]ritories ( ,utah & ,wyom+4 ,^? highl&s 7 v diff]5t !n f :at !y are n[4 ,j ris5 out ( ! seas ( ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 !y 7 !n clo!d ) d5se =e/s ( palms1 tree-f]ns1 & screw-p9es1 magnolias & laurels1 int]sp]s$ ) wide-spread+ lakes1 on ! m>g9s ( :i* /range & curi\s animals f$ & fl\ri%$4 ,!re 7 l>ge bea/s ) tee? l ! tapir & ! be>1 & feet l ! elephant2 & o!rs f> m dang]\s1 half be>1 half hya5a1 pr[l+ ar\nd to attack ! clumsy paleo!rium or ! anoplo!rium1 some?+ betwe5 a rh9oc]os & a horse1 :i* graz$ by ! wat]side1 :ile graceful antelopes f$ on ! ri* grass4 ,& among ^! 7 "s little animals no bigg] ?an foxes1 ) f\r toes & a spl9t = ! fif?1 on _! front feet1 & ?ree toes on ! h9d ones4 ,^! clumsy little animals1 ^: bones h be5 f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ,utah & ,wyom+1 h be5 call$ ,eohippus1 or horses ( ! dawn1 by naturali/s4 ,!y 7 animals ) real toes1 yet _! bones & tee? %[ t !y belong$ to ! horse tribe1 & already ! fif? toe common to mo/ o!r to$ animals 0 beg9n+ to disappe>4 ,?is 0 9 ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 & be=e x pass$ away ) its screw-p9es & tree-f]ns1 ano!r r l>g] animal1 call$ ! ,orohippus1 _h tak5 ! place ( ! small "o1 & he _h only f\r toes on 8 front feet4 ,! spl9t _h disappe>$1 & z "t w5t on /ill o!r animals foll[$1 always ) few] toes1 :ile !y ga9$ sl5d] fleet legs1 toge!r ) an increase 9 size & 9 gracefulness4 ,fir/ "o z l>ge z a %eep 7,mesohippus7 _h only ?ree toes & a spl9t4 ,!n ! spl9t aga9 disappe>$1 & "o l>ge & two dw9dl+ toes only rema9$1 till f9ally ^! two became m]e spl9ts1 leav+ "o l>ge toe or ho( ) almo/ imp]ceptible spl9ts1 :i* may be se5 on ! fetlock ( a horse's skeleton4 ,! diagram 7,fig #gf7 %[s ^! spl9ts 9 ! horse's or ass's foot ( to-day4 ,= y mu/ notice t a horse's foot really beg9s at ! po9t w :i* we call 8 knee 9 ! front legs1 & at 8 hock h 9 ! h9d legs4 ,8 true knee k & elb[ e are close up to ! body4 ,:at we call 8 foot or ho( is really ! end ( ! /rong1 broad1 middle toe t cov]$ ) a ho(1 & f>!r up 8 foot at s & s we c feel two small spl9ts1 :i* are rema9s ( two o!r toes4 ,mean:ile dur+ ^! long succe$+ ages :ile ! foot 0 l5g!n+ out into a sl5d] limb ! animals became l>g]1 m p[]ful1 & m swift1 ! neck & head became long] & m graceful1 ! bra9-case l>g] 9 front & ! tee? decreas$ 9 numb]1 s t !re is n[ a l>ge gap betwe5 ! bit+ tee? i & ! gr9d+ tee? g ( a horse4 ,_! sl5d] limbs too became m flexible & fit = runn+ & gallop+1 till we f9d ! :ole skeleton ! same 9 %ape1 ?\gh n 9 size1 z 9 our own horses & asses n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,skeleton ( ,horse or ,ass4 i1 ,incisor tee?4 g1 ,gr9d+ tee?1 ) ! gap betwe5 ! two z 9 all grass-fe$]s4 k1 ,knee4 h1 ,hock or heel4 f1 ,foot4 s1 ,spl9ts or rema9s ( ! two lo/ toes4 e1 ,elb[4 w1 ,wri/4 ha1 ,h&-bone4 t1 middle toe ( ?ree jo9ts1 #a1 #b1 #c =m+ ! ho(4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 dur+ all ?is "t rema9 conf9$ to ,am]ica1 =1 f ! "t :5 !y arriv$ at an animal call$ ,miohippus1 or less] horse1 :i* came aft] ! ,mesohippus & _h only ?ree toes on ea* foot1 we f9d _! rema9s 9 ,europe1 :]e !y liv$ 9 company ) ! giraffes1 opossums1 & monkeys :i* roam$ ov] ^! p>ts 9 ^? anci5t times4 ,!n a little lat] we f9d !m 9 ,africa & ,india2 s t ! horse tribe1 repres5t$ by creatures ab\t z l>ge z donkeys1 _h spread f> & wide ov] ! _w4 ,& n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 !y began to =sake1 or to die out 91 ! l& ( _! bir?4 ,:y !y did s we d n "k2 b :ile 9 ! old _w z asses1 quaggas1 & zebras1 & probably horses1 !y fl\ri%$ 9 ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,africa1 !y c]ta9ly di$ out 9 ,am]ica1 s t ages aft]w>ds1 :5 t l& 0 discov]$1 no animal ( ! horse tribe 0 f\nd 9 x4 ,& ! true horse1 :]e did he arise8 ,born & br$ probably 9 ,c5tral ,asia f "s animal l ! ,kulan1 or ! ,k]tag1 he prov$ too useful to savage tribes to be all[$ 8 fre$om1 & x is d\btful :e!r 9 any "p ( ! _w he escap$ subjection4 ,9 our own c\ntry he probably roam$ z a wild animal till ! savages1 :o f$ ^u him1 le>n$ 9 "t to put him to "w2 & :5 ! ,romans came !y f\nd ! ,britons ) f9e & well-tra9$ horses4 ,yet ?\gh tam$ & made to "k 8 ma/] he has1 z we h se51 brok5 loose aga9 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! _w--9 ,am]ica on ! prairies & pampas1 9 ,europe & ,asia on ! /eppes1 & 9 ,au/ralia 9 ! bu%4 ,& ev5 9 ,great ,brita91 :]e s few pat*es ( uncultivat$ l& /ill rema91 ! "y colts ( ,d>tmoor1 ,exmoor1 & ,%etl&1 ?\gh born ( dome/icat$ mo!rs1 seem to ass]t _! desc5t f wild & free ance/ors z !y ?r[ out _! heels & toss up _! heads ) a %rill neigh1 & fly aga9/ ! w9d ) /ream+ manes & out/ret*$ tails z ! ,kulan1 ! ,t>pan1 & ! ,zebra d 9 ! wild des]t or grassy pla94 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,magician',s ,,dream ,,( ,,anci5t ,,days4 ,illu/ration ,! magician sat 9 8 arm*air 9 ! "o little room 9 ! h\se :i* 0 81 & 8 only1 besides ! obs]vatory4 ,& a /range room x 04 ,! walls 7 hung ) skulls & bones ( m5 & animals1 ) swords1 dagg]s1 & %ields1 coats ( mail1 & bronze spe>-heads4 ,! draw]s1 _m ( :i* /ood op51 conta9$ fl9t-/ones *ipp$ & worn1 arr[heads ( /one1 jade hat*ets beautifully poli%$1 bronze buckles & iron armlets2 :ile scatt]$ among ^! 7 pieces ( brok5 pott]y1 "s r\gh & only half-bak$1 o!rs beautifully f9i%$1 z ! ,romans knew h[ to f9i% !m4 ,r\gh ne$les made ( bone lay beside bronze knives ) ri*ly-ornam5t$ h&les &1 mo/ preci\s ( all1 on ! table by ! magician's side lay a re9de] antl]1 on :i* 0 r\ghly c>v$ ! figure ( ! re9de] itself4 ,he _h be5 enjoy+ a six weeks' holiday1 & he _h employ$ x 9 visit+ "s ( ! bone caves ( ,europe to le>n ab\t ! m5 :o liv$ 9 !m long1 long ago4 ,he _h be5 to ! s\? ( ,france to see ! fam\s caves ( ! ,dordogne1 to ,belgium to ! caves ( ,engis & ,engih\l1 to ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s & to ,hung>y4 ,!n ha/5+ home he _h visit$ ! *ief ,engli% caves 9 ,york%ire1 ,wales1 & ,devon%ire4 ,n[ t he _h return$ to 8 college1 8 m9d 0 s full ( facts1 t he felt p]plex$ h[ to lay be=e 8 class ! wond]ful /ory ( ! life ( man be=e hi/ory began4 ,& z ! day 0 hot1 & ! v breeze :i* play$ ar\nd him made him feel languid & sleepy1 he fell into a rev]ie--a wak+ dream4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ ! room fad$ f 8 sight1 !n ! trim villages disappe>$2 ! home/eads1 ! corn-fields1 ! graz+ cattle1 all 7 gone1 & he saw ! :ole ( ,engl& cov]$ ) ?ick =e/s & r\gh uncultivat$ l&4 ,f ! m\nta9s 9 ! nor?1 glaci]s 7 to be se5 creep+ d[n ! valleys betwe5 d5se masses ( fir & oak1 p9e & bir*2 :ile ! wild horse1 ! bison1 & ! ,iri% elk 7 fe$+ on ! pla9s4 ,z he look$ s\?w>d & ea/w>d he saw t ! sea no long] wa%$ ! %ores1 = ! ,engli% & ,iri% ,*annels 7 n yet scoop$ out4 ,! ,briti% ,isles 7 /ill "p ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 s t animals c\ld migrate ov]l& f ! f> s\?1 up to :at is n[ ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 ,_m ( ^! animals1 too1 7 v diff]5t f any n[ liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 = 9 ! l>ge riv]s ( ,engl& he saw ! hippopotamus play+ ) h] calf1 :ile elephants & rh9oc]oses 7 dr9k+ at ! wat]'s edge4 ,yet ^! /range creatures did n h all ! c\ntry to !mselves--wolves1 be>s1 & foxes pr[l$ 9 ! woods1 l>ge beav]s built _! dams across ! /reams1 & "h & !re ov] ! c\ntry human be+s 7 liv+ 9 caves & holes ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 ^! m5 *iefly :o attract$ ! magician's att5tion1 & be+ curi\s to "k h[ !y liv$1 he turn$ t[>ds a cave1 at ! m\? ( :i* 0 a gr\p ( nak$ *ildr5 :o 7 knock+ pieces ( fl9t toge!r1 try+ to /rike (f spl9t]s & make r\gh fl9t tools1 su* z !y saw _! fa!rs use4 ,n f> (f f !m a woman ) a wild bea/'s sk9 r\nd h] wai/ 0 ga!r+ firewood1 ano!r 0 grubb+ up roots1 & ano!r1 v5tur+ a little way into ! =e/1 0 se>*+ = honey 9 ! holl[s ( ! tree trunks4 ,all at once 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+ a l[ gr[l & a fright5$ cry 7 he>d1 & ! wom5 ru%$ t[>ds ! cave z !y saw ne> ! edge ( ! =e/ a huge tig] ) sabre-%ap$ tee? /ruggl+ ) a p[]ful /ag4 ,9 va9 ! de] tri$ to /amp on 8 savage foe or to w\nd him ) 8 antl]s2 ! /rong tee? ( ! tig] _h p5etrat$ 8 ?roat1 & !y fell /ruggl+ toge!r z ! /ag utt]$ 8 dea?-cry4 ,j at t mom5t l\d %\ts 7 he>d 9 ! =e/1 & ! fright5$ wom5 knew t help 0 ne>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,palaeoli?ic times4 ,"o aft] ano!r1 sev]al m51 clo!d 9 sk9s hung ov] "o %\ld] & secur$ r\nd ! wai/1 ru%$ out ( ! ?icket1 _! hair /ream+ 9 ! w9d1 & ran t[>ds ! tig]4 ,!y held 9 _! h&s /range weapons made ( r\gh po9t$ fl9ts fa/5$ into h&les by ?ongs ( sk91 & z ! tig] turn$ ^u !m ) a cry ( rage !y met him ) a rapid %[] ( bl[s4 ,! fight rag$ fi]cely1 = ! bea/ 0 /rong & ! weapons ( ! m5 7 rude1 b ! tig] lay dead at la/ by ! side ( 8 victim4 ,8 sk9 & tee? 7 ! rew>d ( ! hunt]s1 & ! /ag he _h kill$ became _! prey4 ,h[ skilfully !y hack$ x to pieces ) _! /one axes1 & !n load+ x ^u _! %\ld]s set (f up ! hill t[>ds ! cave1 :]e !y 7 welcom$ ) %\ts ( joy by ! wom5 & *ildr56 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,palaeoli?ic relics4 #a1 ,bone ne$le1 f a cave at ,la ,madele9e1 #a_/b size4 #b1 ,too? ( ,ma*airodus or sabre-too!d tig]1 f ,k5t's ,cav]n1 #a_/b size4 #c1 ,r\gh /one implem5t1 f ,k5t's ,cav]n1 #a_/d size4 ,!n began ! fea/4 ,fir/ fires 7 k9dl$ sl[ly & ) difficulty by rubb+ a %>p-po9t$ /ick 9 a groove ( s(t] wood till ! wood-du/ bur/ into flame2 !n a huge pile 0 light$ at ! m\? ( ! cave to cook ! food & keep (f wild bea/s4 ,h[ ! food 0 cook$ ! magician c\ld n see1 b he guess$ t ! fle% 0 cut (f ! bones & ?ru/ 9 ! gl[+ emb]s1 & he wat*$ ! m5 aft]w>ds splitt+ op5 ! uncook$ bones to suck out ! raw m>r[ :i* savages love4 ,aft] ! fea/ 0 ov] he notic$ h[ !y left ^! split bones scatt]$ ^u ! floor ( ! cave m+l+ ) ! sabre-%ap$ tee? ( ! tig]1 & ?is rem9d$ him ( ! bones ( ! /ag & ! tig]'s too? :i* he _h f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n 9 ,devon%ire only a few days be=e4 ,by ?is "t ! m5 _h la9 d[n to sleep1 & 9 ! d>kness /range cries 7 he>d f ! =e/4 ,! ro> ( ! lion1 m+l$ ) ! h[l+ ( ! wolves & ! %rill laugh ( ! hya5as1 told t !y _h come d[n to fe$ on ! rema9s ( ! tig]4 ,b none ( ^! animals v5tur$ ne> ! gl[+ fire at ! m\? ( ! cav]n1 beh9d :i* ! m5 slept 9 security till ! sun 0 high 9 ! heav5s4 ,!n all 0 a/ir aga91 = weapons _h be5 brok5 9 ! fight1 & "s ( ! m5 sitt+ on ! gr\nd outside ! cave plac$ "o fl9t betwe5 _! knees1 & /rik+ ano!r %>ply aga9/ x drove (f spl9t]s1 leav+ a po9t$ end & cutt+ edge4 ,!y spoil$ _m be=e !y made "o to _! lik+1 & ! entrance to ! cave 0 /rewn ) spl9t]$ fragm5ts & spoilt fl9ts1 b at la/ sev]al useful /ones 7 ready4 ,mean:ile ano!r man1 tak+ 8 rude /one axe1 set to "w to hew bran*es f ! trees to =m h&les1 :ile ano!r1 *oos+ a piece rema9+ ( ! body ( ! /ag1 tore a s9ew f ! ?igh1 & ?read+ x ?r\gh ! l>ge eye ( ! bone ne$le1 /it*$ ! tig]'s sk9 r\ghly toge!r into a g>m5t4 ,?is1 !n1 said ! magician to himself1 is h[ anci5t man liv$ 9 ! summ]-"t1 b h[ w\ld he f>e :5 w9t] came8 ,z he mus$ ! sc5e gradually *ang$4 ,! glaci]s crept f> l[] d[n ! valleys1 & ! hills1 & ev5 ! l[] gr\nd1 lay ?ick 9 sn[4 ,! hippopotamus _h w&]$ away s\?w>d to w>m] climes1 z animals n[ migrate ov] ! cont95t ( ,am]ica 9 w9t]1 & ) him _h gone ! lion1 ! s\!rn elephant1 & o!r summ] visitors4 ,9 _! place l>ge h]ds ( re9de] & %aggy ox5 _h come d[n f ! nor? & 7 spread ov] ! pla9s1 scrap+ away ! sn[ ) _! feet to fe$ on ! grass b5ea?4 ,! mammo?1 too1 or hairy elephant1 ( ! same ext9ct species z ^? :i* h be5 f\nd froz5 9 solid ice "u a s&bank 9 ,sib]ia1 _h come d[n to fe$1 accompani$ by ! woolly rh9oc]os2 & scatt]$ ov] ! hills 7 ! curi\s horn$ musk-%eep1 :i* h long ago disappe>$ (f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,/ill1 bitt]ly cold z x 01 ! hunt] clad 9 8 wild-bea/ sk9 came out f "t to "t to *ase ! mammo?1 ! re9de]1 & ! ox5 = food1 & cut wood 9 ! =e/ to fe$ ! cav]n fires4 ,?is "t ! magician's ?\ghts w&]$ d[n to ! s\?-we/ ( ,france1 :]e1 on ! banks ( a riv] 9 t "p n[ call$ ! ,dordogne1 a numb] ( caves n f> f ea* o!r =m$ ! home ( savage man4 ,"h he saw _m new ?+s1 = ! m5 us$ arr[s ( de]-horn & ( wood po9t$ ) fl9t1 & ) ^! !y %ot ! birds1 :i* 7 hov]+ ne> 9 hopes ( f9d+ food dur+ ! bitt] wea!r4 ,by ! side ( ! riv] a man 0 ?r[+ a small d>t ( de]-horn fa/5$ to a cord ( s9ews1 ) :i* f "t to "t he spe>$ a l>ge fi% & drew x to ! bank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,mammo? engrav$ on ivory by ,palaeoli?ic man4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s sight ( all1 among su* a rude p1 0 a man sitt+ by ! gl[+ fire at ! m\? ( "o ( ! caves scrat*+ a piece ( re9de] horn ) a po9t$ fl9t1 :ile ! *ildr5 ga!r$ r\nd him to wat* 8 "w4 ,:at 0 he do+8 ,see6 gradually ! rude scrat*es began to take %ape1 & two re9de] fight+ toge!r c\ld be recognis$ ^u ! horn h&le4 ,?is he laid c>efully aside1 & tak+ a piece ( ivory1 "p ( ! tusk ( a mammo?1 he work$ away sl[ly & c>efully till ! *ildr5 grew tir$ ( wat*+ & w5t (f to play beh9d ! fire4 ,!n ! magician1 glanc+ ov] 8 %\ld]1 saw a true figure ( ! mammo? scrat*$ ^u ! ivory1 8 hairy sk91 long mane1 & up-curv$ tusks di/+ui%+ him f all elephants liv+ n[4 ,ah1 exclaim$ ! magician al\d1 t is ! draw+ on ivory f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,la ,madele9e 9 ,dordogne1 prov+ t man exi/$ ages ago1 & ev5 knew h[ to draw figures1 at a "t :5 ! mammo?1 or hairy elephant1 long s9ce ext9ct1 0 /ill liv+ on ! e>?6 ,) ^! words he />t$ f 8 rev]ie1 & knew t he _h be5 dream+ ( ,palaeoli?ic man :o1 ) 8 tools ( r\gh fl9ts1 _h liv$ 9 ,europe s long ago t 8 date _c be fix$ by ye>s1 or c5turies1 or ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,only ?is is kn[n1 t1 s9ce he liv$1 ! mammo?1 ! sabre-too!d tig]1 ! cave-be>1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! cave-hya5a1 ! musk-%eep1 & _m o!r animals h di$ out f (f ! face ( ! e>?2 ! hippopotamus & ! lion h left ,europe & retir$ to ,africa1 & ! sea has fl[$ 9 :]e l& once 01 cutt+ (f ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& f ! cont95t4 ,h[ long all ^! *anges 7 9 tak+ place no "o kn[s4 ,:5 ! magician drift$ back aga9 into 8 dream ! l& _h long be5 desolate1 & ! hya5as1 :i* _h always tak5 possession ( ! caves :5ev] ! m5 des]t$ !m = a:ile1 _h n[ be5 undi/urb$ = a long "t1 & _h left on ! floor ( ! cave gnaw$ skulls & bones1 & jaws ( animals1 m or less scor$ ) ! m>ks ( _! tee?1 & ^! _h become buri$ 9 a ?ick lay] ( e>?4 ,! magician knew t ^! tee? m>ks _h be5 made by hya5as1 bo? because liv+ hya5as leave exactly su* m>ks on bones 9 ! pres5t day1 & because ! hya5a bones alone 7 n gnaw$1 %[+ t no animals prey$ ^u _! fle%4 ,he knew too t ! hya5as _h be5 !re long aft] man _h ceas$ to use ! caves1 because no fl9t tools 7 f\nd among ! bones4 ,b n[ ! age ( hya5as1 too1 0 pa/ & gone1 & ! caves _h be5 left s long undi/urb$ t 9 _m ( !m ! wat] dripp+ f ! ro( _h left film aft] film ( c>bonate ( lime ^u ! floor1 :i* z ! c5turies w5t by became a lay] ( /alagmite _m feet ?ick1 seal+ d[n ! secrets ( ! pa/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! face ( ! c\ntry 0 n[ entirely *ang$4 ,! glaci]s 7 gone1 & s1 too1 7 all ! /range animals4 ,true1 ! re9de]1 ! wild ox1 & ev5 "h & !re ! ,iri% elk1 7 /ill fe$+ 9 ! valleys2 wolves & be>s /ill made ! c\ntry dang]\s1 & beav]s built _! dams across ! /reams1 :i* 7 n[ mu* small] ?an =m]ly1 & fl[$ 9 deep] *annels1 c>v$ out by wat] dur+ ! int]val2 b ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 lions1 & tig]s 7 gone nev] to return1 & ne> ! caves 9 :i* "s ( ! p liv$1 & ! rude und]gr\nd huts :i* =m$ ! homes ( o!rs1 tame %eep & goats 7 ly+ ) dogs to wat* !m4 ,also1 ?\gh ! l& 0 /ill cov]$ ) d5se =e/s1 yet "h & !re small cle>+s _h be5 made1 :]e pat*es ( corn & flax 7 gr[+4 ,nak$ *ildr5 /ill play$ ab\t z be=e1 b n[ !y 7 m\ld+ cups ( clay l ^? 9 :i* food 0 be+ cook$ on ! fire outside ! caves or huts4 ,"s ( ! wom51 dress$ p>tly 9 sk9s ( bea/s1 p>tly 9 r\gh wov5 l951 7 sp9n+ flax into ?read1 us+ z a sp9n+-:orl a small r\nd /one ) a hole 9 ! middle ti$ to ! end ( ! flax1 z a weight to enable !m to twirl x4 ,o!rs 7 gr9d+ corn 9 ! holl[ ( a l>ge /one by rubb+ ano!r /one )9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,neoli?ic implem5ts4 #a1 ,/one hat*et m\nt$ 9 wood4 #b1 ,jade celt1 a poli%$ /one weapon1 f ,liv]more 9 ,suffolk1 #a_/d size4 #c1 ,sp9dle :orl1 #a_/b size4 ,! m51 :ile !y /ill sp5t mu* "t 9 hunt+1 _h n[ o!r duties 9 t5d+ ! %eep & goats1 or look+ aft] ! hogs z !y turn$ up ! gr\nd 9 ! =e/ = roots1 or s[+ & reap+ _! crops4 ,yet /ill all ! tools 7 made ( /one1 no long] r\gh & m]ely *ipp$ l ! old /one weapons1 b neatly cut & poli%$4 ,/one axes ) h&les ( de]-horn1 /one spe>s & javel9s1 /one arr[heads beautifully f9i%$1 sl+-/ones & scrap]s1 7 among _! weapons & tools1 & ) !m !y made _m delicate implem5ts ( bone4 ,on ! broad lakes :i* "h & !re broke ! monotony ( ! =e/s1 canoes1 made ( ! trunks ( trees holl[$ out by fire1 7 be+ paddl$ by "o man1 :ile ano!r ?rew out 8 fi%+ l9e arm$ ) delicate bone-hooks2 & on ! banks ( ! lakes1 nets weight$ ) drill$ /ones ti$ on to ! me%es 7 dragg$ up full ( fi%4 ,= ^! ,neoli?ic m51 or m5 ( ! ,new ,/one ,p]iod1 :o us$ poli%$ /one weapons1 7 f>m]s & %eph]ds & fi%]m54 ,!y knew h[ to make rude pott]y1 & kept dome/ic animals4 ,moreov]1 !y ei!r came f ! ea/ or ex*ang$ goods by b>t] ) tribes liv+ m to ! ea/w>d1 n[ t canoes enabl$ !m to cross ! sea2 = _m ( _! weapons 7 made ( gre5/one or jade1 & ( o!r k9ds ( /one n to be f\nd 9 ,europe1 & _! %eep & goats 7 animals ( ea/]n orig94 ,!y und]/ood h[ to unite to protect _! homes1 = !y made und]gr\nd huts by digg+ d[n sev]al feet into ! gr\nd & ro(+ ! hole ov] ) wood coat$ ) clay2 & (t5 long passages und]gr\nd unit$ ^! huts1 :ile 9 _m places on ! hills1 camps1 made ( ramp>ts ( e>? surr\nd$ by dit*es1 s]v$ z /rongholds = ! wom5 & *ildr5 & ! flocks & h]ds1 :5 "s neighb\r+ tribe attack$ _! home/eads4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 :]e caves 7 ready to h& !y us$ !m = h\ses1 & ! same %elt] :i* _h be5 ! home ( ! anci5t hunt]s1 n[ res\nd$ ) ! voices ( ! %eph]ds1 :o1 tread+ on ! seal$ floor1 little dreamt t "u _! feet lay ! rema9s ( a bygone age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a burial 9 ,neoli?ic times4 ,& n[1 z our dream] wat*$ ?is new race ( m5 fa%ion+ _! weapons1 fe$+ _! ox51 & hunt+ ! wild /ag1 8 att5tion 0 arre/$ by a long tra9 ( p cross+ a neighb\r+ pla91 weep+ & wail+ z !y w5t4 ,at ! head ( ?is procession1 ly+ on a /ret*] made ( tree-b\ghs1 lay a dead *iefta91 & z ! l9e mov$ on1 m5 ?rew d[n _! tools1 & wom5 _! sp9n+1 & jo9$ ! ?rong4 ,on !y w5t to :]e two upright slabs ( /one ) ano!r laid across !m =m$ ! op5+ to a long m\nd or *amb]4 ,into ?is ! be>]s pass$ ) light$ tor*es1 & 9 a ni*e ready prep>$ plac$ ! dead *iefta9 9 a sitt+ po/ure ) ! knees drawn up1 plac+ by 8 side 8 fl9t spe> & poli%$ axe1 8 necklace ( %ells1 & ! b[l f :i* he _h f$4 ,!n foll[$ ! fun]al fea/1 :51 ) %\ts & wail+1 fires 7 light$1 & animals slaught]$ & cook$1 :ile ! *iefta9 0 n =gott51 b portions 7 left = 8 use1 & !n ! e>? 0 pil$ up aga9 ar\nd ! m\? ( ! *amb]1 till x %\ld be op5$ at "s future "t to place ano!r memb] ( 8 family by 8 side1 or till 9 aft] ages ! antiqu>y %\ld rifle 8 re/+-place to /udy ! mode ( burial 9 ! ,neoli?ic or ,poli%$ ,/one ,age4 ,"t pass$ on 9 ! magician's dream1 & little by little ! caves 7 entirely des]t$ z m5 le>nt to build huts ( wood & /one4 ,& z !y advanc$ 9 k !y began to melt metals & p\r !m into m\lds1 mak+ bronze knives & hat*ets1 swords & spe>s2 & !y fa%ion$ broo*es & bracelets ( bronze & gold1 ?\gh !y /ill also us$ _! necklaces ( %ells & _! poli%$ /one weapons4 ,!y began1 too1 to keep ducks & f[ls1 c[s & horses2 !y knew h[ to weave 9 looms1 & to make cloaks & tunics2 & :5 !y buri$ _! dead x 0 no long] 9 a cr\*+ position4 ,!y laid !m dec5tly to re/1 z if 9 sleep1 9 ! b>r[s :]e !y are f\nd to ?is day ) bronze weapons by _! side4 ,!n z "t w5t on !y le>nt to melt ev5 h>d iron1 & to beat x into swords & pl\gh-%>es1 & !y liv$ 9 well-built huts ) /one f\ndations4 ,_! cu/om ( burial1 too1 0 aga9 *ang$1 & !y burnt _! dead1 plac+ ! a%es 9 a fun]al urn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,briti% relics4 #a1 ,a co9 ( ! age ( ,con/ant9e4 #b1 ,bronze weapon f a ,suffolk b>r[4 #c1 ,bronze bracelet f ,liss 9 ,hamp%ire4 ,by ?is "t ! ,britons1 z !y 7 n[ call$1 _h begun to ga!r toge!r 9 villages & t[ns1 & ! ,romans rul$ ov] !m4 ,n[ :5 m5 pass$ ?r\gh ! wild c\ntry !y 7 (t5 f9ely dress$ 9 clo? tunics1 we>+ arm r+s ( gold1 "s ev5 driv+ 9 w>-*>iots1 c>ry+ %ields made ( wick]work cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,/ill _m ( ! c\ntry p :o lab\r$ 9 ! field kept _! old clo?+ ( bea/ sk9s2 !y grew _! corn & /or$ x 9 cavities ( ! rocks2 !y made basket-"w boats cov]$ ) sk91 9 :i* !y v5tur$ out to sea4 ,s ?+s w5t on = a long p]iod till at la/ a tr\bl$ "t came1 & ! quiet valleys 7 di/urb$ by w&]+ p :o fl$ f ! t[ns & took refuge 9 ! =e/s2 = ! ,romans aft] ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( rule _h gone back home to ,italy1 & a new & b>b>\s p call$ ! ,jutes1 ,angles1 & ,saxons1 came ov] ! sea f ,jutl& & drove ! ,britons f _! homes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,britons tak+ refuge 9 ! ,cave4 ,& s once m ! caves became ! abode ( man1 = ! h>ass$ ,britons br\ght :at few ?+s !y c\ld c>ry away f _! h\ses & hid !mselves !re f _! enemies4 ,h[ little !y ?\ght1 z !y lay d[n to sleep on ! cav]n floor1 t b5ea? !m lay ! rema9s ( two ages ( m56 ,!y knew no?+ ( ! woman :o _h dropp$ h] /one sp9dle-:orl into ! fire1 on :i* ! food ( ,neoli?ic man _h be5 cook+ 9 r\gh pots ( clay2 !y nev] dug d[n to ! lay] ( gnaw$ bones1 nor did !y ev5 9 _! dreams picture ! hya5a haunt+ 8 anci5t d51 = a hya5a 0 an animal !y _h nev] se54 ,/ill less w\ld !y h believ$ t at "o "t1 c\ntless ages be=e1 _! isl& _h be5 "p ( ! cont95t1 & t m51 liv+ 9 ! cave :]e !y n[ lay1 _h cut d[n trees ) r\gh fl9ts1 & f\ght ) su* unkn[n animals z ! mammo? & ! sabre-too!d tig]4 ,b ! magician saw x all pass+ be=e him1 ev5 z he also saw ^! ,britons c>ry+ into ! cave _! broo*es1 bracelets1 & f+] r+s1 _! iron spe>s & bronze dagg]s1 & all _! little h\sehold treasures :i* !y _h sav$ 9 _! flight4 ,& among ^!1 m+l+ 9 ! heap1 he recognis$ ,roman co9s be>+ ! inscription ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 & he knew t x 0 by ^! co9s t he _h1 a few days be=e 9 ,york%ire1 be5 able to fix ! date ( ! ,briti% occupation ( a cave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ) ?is 8 dream end$1 & he f\nd himself clut*+ firmly ! horn on :i* ,palaeoli?ic man _h engrav$ ! figure ( ! re9de]4 ,he rose1 & /ret*+ himself cross$ ! sunny grass plot ( ! quadrangle & ent]$ 8 classroom4 ,! boys wond]$ z he began 8 lecture at ! f>-away look 9 8 eyes4 ,!y did n "k h[ he _h pass$ ?r\gh a vision ( c\ntless ages2 b t aft]noon1 = ! fir/ "t1 !y realis$1 z he unfold$ sc5e aft] sc5e1 ! hi/ory ( ,! ,m5 ( ,anci5t ,days4 ,,index ,abbot's ,way across ,d>tmoor1 #aif ,absorption ( rays ( sunlight1 #abi ,abyss9ia1 wild ass (1 #bjc ,act9ozoa1 ,cydippe alli$ to !1 #aij ,ages1 lapse ( betwe5 old & new /one age1 #bag ,alcor1 or ,jack1 #aeh ,aldeb>an1 #adi2 call$ s by ! ,arabs1 #aec2 col\r (1 #afg ,algol ! ,v>iable1 #afb1 #afe ,alma*1 ,greek3 g ,&rom$ae1 #aef2 a col\r$ d\ble />1 #afg ,am]ica1 ext9ction ( orig9al horse 91 #bjg ,&rom$a1 ! great nebula (1 #afb1 #afd2 d\ble col\r$ /> 91 #afg ,animal ( ! ,sea-mat1 #aia2 numb] 9 "o leaf1 #aic ,animal-trees & /ony plants1 #agh ,animals1 ext9ct1 liv+ ) man1 #baa ,ant>es1 a ruby-r$ />1 #afg ,an!rozoids ( mosses1 #hi ,apo!cia ( li*5s1 #hc ,ap5n9es1 ,lun>1 figur$1 #ai ,ar*im$es1 a lun> crat]1 #aj2 smoo? c5tre (1 #ai ,arctic l&s1 li*5s 91 #hb ,arcturus1 col\r (1 #aff ,ari/>*us1 a lun> crat]1 #aj1 #bd2 /reaks ar\nd1 #ag ,ari/otle1 a lun> crat]1 #aj ,arr[s1 old /one1 #bae ,asia1 horse ( ,c5tral1 #bja ,as9us ta5iopus1 #bjc ,asp]gillus glaucus1 #fa2 gr[? (1 #fc ,ass tribe1 =ms alli$ to !1 #bja ,ass1 wild ( ,africa1 #bjc ,atmosph]e1 abs5ce ( 9 ! moon1 #ba ,au/ralia1 wild horses (1 #bjg ,bacill>ia ,p>adoxa1 a diatom1 #ahe ,bact]ia gr[+ on w\nds1 #ff ,baiae1 hill ?r[n up on ,bay (1 #ajc ,ball1 ,sir ,r41 on b9>y />s1 #aed ,beehive1 triple /> ne> !1 #afh ,be]1 f]m5tation (1 #fe ,bellatrix1 a /> 9 ,orion1 #adh ,b]l91 gr\nd b5ea?1 =m$ ( diatoms1 #ahf ,bessel1 on movem5ts ( ,sirius1 #afi ,betelgeux1 a /> 9 ,orion1 #adh ,b9>y /> 9 ,great ,be>1 #aeg1 #aeh ,b9>y />s1 #aed1 #aff1 #agj ,bog-moss or ,sphagnum1 #ic ,bog-mosses1 di/ribution (1 #id ,bombs1 volcanic1 #aje ,booetis ,greek3 e1 a col\r$ d\ble />1 #afg ,britons inhabit+ caves1 #bbd2 ornam5ts & cu/oms (1 #bbc ,britons ( ,d>tmoor1 #aif ,bronze weapon & bracelet1 #bbc ,bryum or ?read moss1 #gg ,buckfa/ ,abbey1 monks (1 #aif ,bunt1 a fungus1 #fd ,burial 9 ,neoli?ic times1 #bba ,cassiopeia1 ! con/ellation1 #afb2 col\r$ d\ble /> 91 #afg ,ca/or1 a b9>y />1 #aed ,cam]a1 photographic1 #dg2 atta*$ to ! telescope1 #aba ,canc] ,greek3 z1 a triple col\r$ />1 #afh ,c&le-flame1 image (1 =m$ by l5s1 #cc ,canis ,major1 con/ellation (1 #adh ,capella1 col\r ( ! />1 #aec ,ca/or1 light ( comp>$ ) a ne> />1 #aeh ,cat]pill>s de/roy$ by fungus1 #ff ,caucasus ,m\nta9s on ! ,moon1 #ah ,cave1 ! ?ree p]iods ( a1 #bbe ,caves1 ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic1 #baj2 ,palaeoli?ic life 91 #baa2 hya5as roam$ 91 #bag2 ,neoli?ic life 91 #bah2 ,britons took refuge 91 #bbd ,cells1 f]tile ( mu%room1 #fi2 ( moss-plant1 #hi ,celt1 jade1 f ,suffolk1 #bai ,*amb]s1 ,mr41 8 draw+ ( ,greek3 e ,lyrae1 #aff ,*>les's ,wa91 #aee2 "p ( ,great ,be>1 #aeg2 />s ( drift+1 #aei2 />s visible 9 waggon (1 #afj2 d\ble col\r$ /> 91 #aeh1 #afg ,*ilomonas amygdalum1 a monad1 #ahb ,cili>y muscle1 action ( !1 #cd ,cl>k1 ,alvan1 on companion ( ,sirius1 #afi ,clockwork ( telescope1 #b ,cocconema lanceolatum1 a diatom1 #ahd ,co9 ( age ( ,con/ant9e1 #bbc ,conf]vae1 gr[? (1 #gi ,commons1 ,mr41 photograph$ ,orion's nebula1 #aeb ,con/ant9e1 co9 ( age (1 #bbc ,con/ellations1 maps (1 #adh1 #aef ,cop]nicus1 a lun> crat]1 #aj1 #bd2 figur$1 #ag2 bright /reaks ar\nd1 #ah ,copp]-sulphate 9 lava1 #ajh ,corall9a1 a /ony seawe$1 #age2 fruit (1 #agg2 appe>ance l ,s]tul>ia1 #agi ,cornea ( ! eye1 #ca ,corona1 nature ( ! sun's1 #abc1 #acg ,cottam1 ,mr4 ,a41 8 plate ( col\r$ />s1 #afg ,crat]1 lava fl[+ f a1 #ih2 int]ior ( ,vesuvius1 #ajj ,crat]-pla9s1 #ai-ba ,crat]s on ! moon1 #aj1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj2 ( e>? & moon comp>$1 #af ,cry/allites 9 volcanic glass1 #aji ,cry/allisation1 two p]iods (1 9 lava1 #aae ,cry/als =m+ 9 artificial lavas1 #aad2 preci\s1 #aaf ,cydippe pileus1 a liv+ jelly-ball1 #ahg2 /ructure (1 #ahh-aij ,cygni ,greek3 b1 a col\r$ d\ble />1 #afg ,d>tmoor1 fairy r+s on1 #eg1 #eh2 ! ,sundew on1 #ef2 granite figur$1 #aab2 ponies1 #aie ,de la ,rue1 8 photograph ( moon1 #ac ,devon%ire ponies1 black /ripe on1 #bja ,diatom1 a gr[+1 #ahe ,diatoma hyal9a1 #ahd ,diatoms1 magnifi$ fossil1 #ci2 liv+ m>9e1 #ahd ,didymium1 giv+ a brok5 spectrum1 #abf ,dordogne1 caves ( !1 #baj1 #bae ,drap]1 ,pr(41 photograph$ ,orion's nebula1 #aeb ,dros]a rotundifolia on ,d>tmoor1 #ef ,ds*iggetai1 horse-ass ( ,tibet1 #bjj ,dsung>ian des]t1 wild horse ( !1 #bjc ,dykes1 nature ( volcanic1 #aaa ,e>?1 pa? 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(1 #bac ,madele9e1 ,la1 c>v+s f cave (1 #baf ,magic glasses & h[ to use !m1 #bg2 :at c be done by1 #bh1 #ec ,magician's *amb]1 #a2 8 pupils1 #d2 spells1 #bh2 8 dream ( anci5t days1 #bji ,magnetic connection ( sun & e>?1 #adb ,magnify+-glass1 action ( a1 #ce ,mammo? engrav$ on ivory1 #baf ,maps ( con/ellations1 #adh1 #aef ,m>asmius orea/es1 fairy-r+ mu%room1 #ee1 #gb ,mazeppa1 quotation f ,byron's1 #bja ,m5 ( old] /one age1 #bab2 ( ,neoli?ic age1 #bah ,mesohippus1 a to$ horse1 #bje ,microli?s 9 volcanic glass1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aae2 =m$ 9 artificial lava1 #aac ,microscope1 #c2 action ( !1 #cf-ch ,mildews are fungi1 #fj ,milky ,way1 #adi2 ,cassiopeia 9 !1 #afc ,m9]als cry/allis+ 9 lava1 #ajh ,m9es1 increase ( temp]ature 91 #aja ,miohippus1 or less] to$ horse1 #bjf ,miz>1 a d\ble-col\r$ /> 9 ! ,great ,be>1 #aeh1 #afh ,monads1 size & activity (1 #ahc ,monks1 anci5t1 ( ,d>tmoor1 #aif ,monte ,nuovo ?r[n up 9 #aech1 #ajc ,moon1 phases ( !1 #f2 c\rse 9 ! heav5s1 #h2 map ( !1 #aj2 crat]s ( !1 #aj1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj2 face ( full1 #aa2 a worn-out planet1 #ba2 no atmosph]e 9 !1 #ba2 diagram ( eclipse (1 #bc2 lurid light on dur+ eclipse1 #bd ,moss-leaf magnifi$1 #hg ,moss1 life-hi/ory ( a1 #hd1 #ib2 a /em ( fea!ry1 #he2 protonema ( a1 #hf2 modes ( new gr[? 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"w =ms a *>m+ introduction to ! /udy ( zoology--! sci5ce ( liv+ ?+s--:i*1 we tru/1 w f9d its way into _m h&s4--,nature4 ,,w9n]s ,,9 ,,life',s ,,race2 or1 ! ,great ,backbon$ ,family4 ,by ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 gilt1 #a4ej4 ,we c conceive no bett] gift-book ?an ?is volume4 ,miss ,buckley has sp>$ no pa9s to incorporate 9 h] book ! late/ results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! illu/rations 9 ! book des]ve ! highe/ praise--!y are num]\s1 accurate1 & /rik+4--,spectator4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ce2 & ( ! ,progress ( ,discov]y f ! ,"t ( ! ,greeks to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,by ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley4 ,new edition1 revis$ & re>rang$4 ,) #gg ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,! "w1 ?\gh ma9ly int5d$ = *ildr5 & "y p]sons1 may be mo/ advantage\sly read by _m p]sons ( rip] age1 & may s]ve to implant 9 _! m9ds a full] & cle>] conception ( '! promises1 ! a*ievem5ts1 & claims ( sci5ce4'--,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,a ,,_w ,,( ,,wond]s2 or1 ,m>vels 9 ,animate & ,inanimate ,nature4 ,a ,book = ,"y ,read]s4 ,) #cbb ,illu/rations on ,wood4 ,l>ge #abmo4 ,clo?1 illum9at$1 #b4jj4 ,,cont5ts4--,wond]s ( ,m>9e ,life2 ,curiosities ( ,vegetable ,life2 ,curiosities ( ! ,insect & ,reptile ,_w2 ,m>vels ( ,bird & ,bea/ ,life2 ,ph5om5al ,=ces ( ,nature4 ,,ar\nd ,,& ,,ab\t ,,s\? ,,am]ica3 ,tw5ty ,mon?s ( ,que/ & ,qu]y4 ,by ,,frank ,,v9c5t1 au?or ( ,! ,l& ( ! ,:ite ,elephant1 etc4 ,) ,maps1 ,plans1 & #ed full-page ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 xxiv-#dgc pages4 ,ornam5tal clo?1 #e4jj4 ,no =m] travel] has made s compreh5sive & ?or\gh a t\r ( ,spani% & ,portuguese ,am]ica z did ,mr4 ,v9c5t4 ,he visit$ e capital1 *ief city1 & important seaport1 made sev]al exp$itions into ! int]ior ( ,brazil & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 & asc5d$ ! ,p>ana1 ,p>aguay1 ,amazon1 ,or9oco1 & ,magdal5a ,riv]s2 he visit$ ! crat] ( ,pi*9*as1 #af1jjj feet above ! sea-level2 he explor$ falls 9 ! c5t] ( ! cont95t1 :i*1 ?\gh m]it+ ! title ( ,niag>a ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are all b unkn[n to ! outside _w2 he sp5t mon?s 9 ! picturesque capital ( ,rio ,janeiro2 he visit$ ! c(fee di/ricts1 /udi$ ! slaves1 desc5d$ ! gold-m9es1 view$ ! greate/ rapids ( ! globe1 ent]$ ! isolat$ ,guianas1 & s on4 ,,brazil3 ,its ,condition & ,prospects4 ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,,&rews1 ex-,consul-,g5]al to ,brazil4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,i hope ,i may be able to pres5t "s facts 9 respect to ! pres5t situation ( ,brazil :i* w be bo? in/ructive & ent]ta9+ to g5]al read]s4 ,my means ( acqua9tance ) t empire are pr9cipally d]iv$ f a resid5ce ( ?ree ye>s at ,rio de ,janeiro1 its capital1 :ile employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 dur+ :i* p]iod ,i made a few j\rneys into ! int]ior4--,f ! ,preface4 ,,five ,,?\s& ,,miles ,,9 ,a ,,sl$ge3 ,a ,mid-,w9t] ,j\rney across ,sib]ia4 ,by ,,lionel ,f4 ,,g[+4 ,) ,map & #cj ,illu/rations 9 ,text4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,! book is mo/ c]ta9ly "o to be read1 & w be welcom$ z an addition to ! scant lit]ature on a s+ul>ly int]e/+ c\ntry4--,c\ri]4 ,,*9a3 ,travels & ,inve/igations 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom4 ,a ,/udy ( its ,civilization & ,possibilities4 ,) a ,glance at ,japan4 ,by ,,james ,,h>rison ,,wilson1 late ,major-,g5]al ,unit$ ,/ates ,volunte]s & ,brevet ,major-,g5]al ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,! book pres5ts ,*9a & ,japan 9 all ^! aspects2 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p2 ! in/itutions1 t5d5cies1 & social ideas2 ! gov]nm5t & lead+ m54--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,,! ,,g>d5',s ,,/ory2 or1 ,pleasures & ,trials ( an ,amateur ,g>d5]4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,ellwang]4 ,) ,head & ,tail ,pieces by ,rhead4 #abmo4 ,clo? extra1 #a4ej4 ,mr4 ,ellwang]'s in/9ct r>ely errs 9 matt]s ( ta/e4 ,he writes out ( ! fullness ( exp]im5tal k1 b 8 k diff]s f t ( _m a tra9$ cultivator 9 t 8 skill 9 g>d5 practice is guid$ by a ref9$ ae/hetic s5sibility1 & 8 appreciation ( :at is beautiful 9 nature is heal?y1 he>ty1 & ca?olic4 ,8 record ( ! g>d5 ye>1 z we h said1 beg9s ) ! e>lie/ violet1 & x foll[s ! season ?r\gh until ! wit*-hazel is blossom+ on ! bord] ( ! w9try woods4444 ,?is little book c n fail to give pleasure to all :o take a g5u9e int]e/ 9 rural life4 ,!y w sympa?ize ) mo/ ( ! au?or's robu/ & positive judgm5ts1 & ) 8 /rong av]sions z well z 8 t5d] atta*m5ts4--,! ,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,,?iselton ,,dy]1 ,m4,a4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,! ,folk-,lore ( ,plants traces ! sup]/itions & fancies connect$ ) plants 9 fairy-lore1 9 wit*craft & demonology1 9 religion1 9 *>ms1 9 m$ic9e1 9 plant language1 etc4 ,! au?or is an em95t ,engli% botani/1 & sup]9t5d5t ( ! g>d5s at ,kew4 ,a h&some & deeply int]e/+ volume4444 ,9 all respects ! book is excell5t4 ,its arrangem5t is simple & intelligible1 its /yle bright & allur+2 au?orities are cit$ at ! foot ( ! page1 & a full index is app5d$4444 ,to all :o seek an introduction to "o ( ! mo/ attractive bran*es ( folk-lore1 ?is delightful volume may be w>mly comm5d$4--,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,_! ,,p$igrees4 ,by ,,grant ,,all51 au?or ( ,vignettes ( ,nature1 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,no writ] treats sci5tific subjects ) s mu* ease & *>m ( /yle z ,mr4 ,grant ,all54 ,8 sket*es 9 ! magaz9es h well be5 call$ fasc9at+1 & ! pres5t volume1 be+ a collection ( v>i\s pap]s1 w fully su/a9 8 reputation z an em95tly ent]ta9+ & sugge/ive writ]4 ',fl[]s & _! ,p$igrees1' by ,grant ,all51 ) _m illu/rations1 is n m]ely a description ( ,briti% wild fl[]s1 b a discussion ( :y !y are1 :at !y are1 & h[ !y come to be s2 9 o!r words1 a sci5tific /udy ( ! migration & trans=mation ( plants1 illu/rat$ by ! daisy1 ! /rawb]ry1 ! cleav]s1 :eat1 ! m\nta9 tulip1 ! cuckoo-p9t1 & a few o!rs4 ,! /udy is a delightful "o1 & ! book is fasc9at+ to any "o :o has ei!r love = fl[]s or curiosity ab\t !m4--,h>t=d ,c\rant4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,civilization4 ,a ,h&-book bas$ ^u ,m4 ,gu/ave ,duc\dray's ,hi/oire ,sommaire de la ,civilisation4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,v]s*oyle1 ,m4,a4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,) ,m4 ,duc\dray's "w z a basis1 _m additions hav+ be5 made1 d]iv$ f special writ]s1 ,mr4 ,v]s*oyle has produc$ an excell5t "w1 :i* gives a compreh5sive view ( e>ly civilization4444 ,z to ! _w ( ! pa/1 ! volume "u notice treats ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ( ,greece & ,rome 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive mann]4 ,x is n ! arts alone :i* are fully illu/rat$1 b ! lit]ature1 laws1 mann]s1 & cu/oms1 ! beliefs ( all ^! c\ntries are contra/$4 ,if ! book gave alone ! hi/ory ( ! monum5ts ( ! pa/ x w\ld be valuable1 b x is its all-ar\nd "* :i* r5d]s x s useful4 ,a great _m volumes h be5 produc$ treat+ ( a pa/ civilization1 b we h se5 none :i* 9 ! same space gives su* v>i$ in=mation4--,! ,new ,york ,times4 ,,great ,,lead]s3 ,hi/oric ,portraits f ! ,great ,hi/orians4 ,select$1 ) ,notes & ,brief ,biographical ,sket*es1 by ,g4 ,t4 ,,f]ris4 ,) sixte5 engrav$ ,portraits4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,! ,hi/oric ,portraits ( ?is "w are eighty 9 numb]1 drawn f ! writ+s ( ,,plut>*1 ,,grote1 ,,gibbon1 ,,curtius1 ,,momms51 ,,fr\de1 ,,hume1 ,,macaulay1 ,,lecky1 ,,gre51 ,,?i]s1 ,,ta9e1 ,,prescott1 ,,motley1 & o!r hi/orians4 ,! subjects ext5d f ,!mi/ocles to ,well+ton4 ,e "o p]us+ ! pages ( ! hi/orians mu/ h be5 impress$ ) ! graphic & s+ul>ly p5etrative "* ( _m ( ! sket*es ( ! di/+ui%$ p]sons ^: do+s =m ! /aple ( hi/ory4 ,^! p5-portraits (t5 /& out f ! n>rative ) lum9\s & vivid effect1 ! writ]s seem+ to h conc5trat$ ^u !m all _! p[]s ( p5etration & all _! skill 9 graphic del9eation4 ,few ?+s 9 lit]ature are m>k$ by analysis s close1 disc]nm5t s ke51 or effects s brilliant & dramatic4--,f ! ,preface4 ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans1 describ$ f ,anci5t ,monum5ts4 ,by ,e4 ,,guhl & ,w4 ,,kon]4 ,translat$ f ! ?ird ,g]man edition by ,f4 ,,hueff]4 ,) #edc ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,! result ( c>eful & unwe>i$ rese>* 9 e nook & cranny ( anci5t le>n+4 ,n[h]e else c ! /ud5t f9d s _m facts 9 illu/ration ( ,greek & ,roman me?ods & mann]s4--,dr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,adams's ,manual ( ,hi/orical ,lit]ature4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #a1 #c1 #e ,bond ,/reet4