file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cgegd-;h4htm or #cgegd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cgegd_/pg#cgegd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cgeg d_/cgegd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/great9 v5tionsd#jjpi] ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,%eet ,,f ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press ,grad$ ,supplem5t>y ,read+ ,s]ies ,,great ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,discov]ies by ,,willis ,,duff ,,pi]cy ,new ,york ,*>les ,e4 ,m]rill ,company ,copyright1 #aiaa ,by ,*>les ,e4 ,m]rill ,co4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,introduction #g ,,ii4 ,! ,pr9t+ ,press #ae ,,iii4 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e #cj ,,iv4 ,electricity3 ,! ,telegraph & ! ,telephone #ef ,v4 ,electricity3 ,light+1 ,transportation1 & ,o!r ,uses #gh ,,vi4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica #ib ,,vii4 ,weapons & ,gunp[d] #ajh ,,viii4 ,a/ronomical ,discov]ies & ,inv5tions #abg ,,ix4 ,! ,cotton-g9 #ach ,x4 ,anae/hetics #adg ,,xi4 ,/eel & ,rubb] #aed ,,xii4 ,/5ography & ! ,typewrit] #afd ,,xiii4 ,! ,friction ,mat* #afi ,,xiv4 ,photography #agg ,,xv4 ,clocks #ahb ,,xvi4 ,"s ,ma*9es #ahh ,! ,sew+ ,ma*9e #ahh ,! ,reap] #aib ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ ,ma*9es #aig ,,xvii4 ,a]onautics #bjc ,,great ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,discov]ies ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 :5 ! _w 0 ev5 !n old1 primitive man came into exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ m5 liv$ 9 ! bran*es ( trees or 9 _! holl[ trunks1 & sometimes 9 caves4 ,= food !y *as$ horses or caught fi% f ! /reams along ^: %ores !y liv$4 ,if !y _h clo?+1 x 0 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s4 ,life 0 simple1 sl[1 & crude4 ,!re 7 no cities1 books1 railroads1 clocks1 newspap]s1 s*ools1 *ur*es1 judges1 tea*]s1 automobiles1 or elections4 ,man liv$ ) o!r animals & 0 little sup]ior to !m4 ,^! primitive m5 are call$ cave-dwell]s4 ,a resid5t ( mod]n ,new ,york sits d[n to a breakfa/ ga!r$ f di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,he spreads out be=e him 8 daily newspap]1 :i* tells him :at has happ5$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs all ov] ! _w4 ,telegraph wires & ocean cables h fla%$ ^! ev5ts across ?\s&s ( miles into ! newspap] (fices & !re great pr9t+ presses h record$ !m ^u pap]4 ,aft] breakfa/ he gets into an electric /reet c> or automobile & is c>ri$ ?r\gh miles ( space 9 a v %ort "t to a great /eel build+ hundr$s ( feet high4 ,he /eps into an electric elevator & is :irl$ rapidly up to 8 (fice on ! tw5tie? floor4 ,! po/man br+s a package ( lett]s :i* fa/-fly+ mail tra9s h br\ght him dur+ ! night f f>-away places4 ,he reads !m & !n speaks rapidly to a "y woman :o makes "s crook$ m>ks on pap]4 ,aft] runn+ h] f+]s rapidly ov] ! keybo>d ( a little ma*9e1 %e h&s him type-writt5 replies to ! lett]s he has receiv$4 ,a boy br+s him a little yell[ envelope4 ,9 x he f9ds a message f ,seattle or ,london or ,hong ,kong or ,bu5os ,ayres s5t only a few mom5ts ago4 ,he wi%es to talk ) a bus9ess associate 9 ,bo/on or ,/4 ,l\is4 ,/ill sitt+ at 8 desk1 he applies a small tube to 8 e> & speaks to ! man z di/9ctly & z in/antane\sly z if he 7 9 ! next room4 ,he f9ds x important to be 9 ,*icago4 ,aft] lun*eon1 he bo>ds a tra9 equipp$ ) ! conv5i5ces ( 8 own home1 sleeps !re com=tably1 & flies ?r\gh ! ?\s& miles ( di/ance 9 "t to h breakfa/ 9 ,*icago ! next morn+4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! life ( ! cave-dwell] & ! life ( ! mod]n ,new ,york]8 ,we call x civilization4 ,x is n at "o b\nd or at "o ?\s& t we pass f ! primitive cave to ,new ,york ,city4 ,civilization is ! accumulation ( c5turies ( a*ievem5t4 ,x is build$1 9 ! language ( ,isaiah1 l9e ^u l9e1 l9e ^u l9e2 "h a little1 & !re a little4 ,diff]5t nations h accompli%$ diff]5t ?+s & h scatt]$ ! se$s ( ^! accompli%m5ts among o!r nations4 ,c]ta9 individuals h se5 f>!r 9 c]ta9 directions ?an _! fell[s & h contribut$ to civilization ! results ( _! vision4 ,:oev] has add$ to ! safety1 ! happ9ess1 ! p[]1 or ! conv5i5ce ( society2 :oev] discov]s a /> or a microbe2 :oev] pa9ts a picture or plants a tree1 builds a bridge or fights a righte\s battle2 :oev] makes two e>s ( corn gr[ :]e !re grew b "o be=e2 :oev] lets ! light %9e 9 ^u a d>k5$ /reet or a d>k5$ _s is an ag5t ( civilization4 ,! hi/ory ( civilization is l>gely a hi/ory ( man's /ruggle aga9/ ! =ces ( nature & ( 8 victory ov] !m4 ,nature is always say+ to man1 ,?\ %alt n2 & man is always reply+1 ,i w4 ,if diseases lurk 9 air & wat]1 cures are ready 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,nature %oves m5 ap>t ) l(ty m\nta9s2 b man drives 8 iron horse ov] ! m\nta9s or ?r\gh !m4 ,va/ oceans roll & mighty w9ds bl[ betwe5 cont95ts2 b /eam laughs at /ormy seas4 ,! moon's light is n suffici5t = man's purposes & he makes a bright] "o4 ,:5 w9t] bl[s 8 icy brea?1 man w>ms himself ) coal & fire4 ,! ,s\? p\rs d[n ^u him h] scor*+ summ]2 b he has le>n$ h[ to freeze wat] into ice4 ,"t & space conspire toge!r = human isolation2 man conjures ) electricity & ) x de/roys bo?4 ,! />s seek to hide _! secrets beh9d immeasurable di/ances2 b an ,italian gives man a glass t br+s ! heav5s clos] be=e 8 vision4 ,hi/ory tries to conceal itself 9 ! rubbi% ( ages2 b ) ink man pres]ves ! pa/4 ,8 asylums1 hospitals1 *ur*es1 s*ools1 libr>ies1 & univ]sities are lights along ! %ore guid+ ! human race 9 its voyage d[n ! ev] wid5+ /ream ( gr[? & possibility4 ,! c5turies d n yield to man equal advancem5t4 ,"s are v f]tile2 o!rs are almo/1 if n q1 b>r54 ,! entire p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s /ret*+ f ! fall ( ,rome to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 z /]ile z a hea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! greate/ 9 hi/ory 9 po9t ( human progress1 especially 9 ! field ( inv5tions4 ,x alone gave to man f> m ( civilization ?an ! :ole t5 c5turies be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica or inde$ any o!r p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0 n a mile ( railroad1 ocean cable1 or telegraph wire 9 ! _w2 n a telephone1 automobile1 electric light1 or typewrit]4 ,! p 7 !n d]id+ ! new-born idea ( ! /eamboat1 & wireless telegraphy _h n be5 dream$ (4 ,ev5 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 less ?an "o hundr$ fifty ye>s ago1 no man 9 ,am]ica _h ev] se5 an envelope1 a mat*1 a /ove1 a piece ( coal1 a daily newspap]1 a sew+ ma*9e1 a reap]1 a drill1 a m[+ ma*9e1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 galvaniz$ iron1 ,india-rubb]1 or /eam-driv5 ma*9]y4 ,we :o are alive to-day are =tunate m ?an any o!r g5]ation ?us f> 9 ! _w's population4 ,we are liv+1 we are dwell+ ,9 a gr& & awful "t2 ,9 an age on ages tell+-- ,to be liv+ is sublime4 ,! horse & ! dog ( to-day are n v diff]5t f ! horses & ! dogs ( a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,f ! beg9n+ !y h done ab\t all !y c ev] d4 ,n s ) man4 ,he is a progressive animal4 ,he is always rea*+ outw>d & upw>d = broad] & high] ?+s4 ,t5nyson s+s1 ,= ,i d\bt n ?ro' ! ages "o increas+ purpose runs1 ,& ! ?\ghts ( m5 are wid5'd ) ! process ( ! suns4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lives ( ! primitive cave-dwell] & ! mod]n ,am]ican is unspeakably va/4 ,b look+ f> d[n ! vi/a ( future ages1 :o %all say t ! =tie? c5tury may n z f> surpass ! tw5tie? z ! tw5tie? does ! sleepy dawn ( man's exi/5ce on ! e>?8 ,we are pack+ m ( life into a day ?an our ance/ors c\ld put into a mon?4 ,& ! h\rs ( ! c5turies to come hold a full] exp]i5ce ?an our days4 ,?omas ,c>lyle calls man a tool-us+ animal4 ,?r\gh\t all "t man has made & us$ tools4 ,^! tools are ! be/ measure ( 8 civilization4 ,accord+ to ! mat]ial out ( :i* !y h be5 made1 man's progress has be5 divid$ into epo*s or ages4 ,primitive man made a few implem5ts ( bone1 horn1 & /one4 ,!y 7 few & crude4 ,?is p]iod is call$ ! ,/one ,age4 ,dur+ x m5 dwelt 9 caves or huts1 dress$ !mselves 9 sk9s1 & liv$ by cat*+ fi%1 *as+ wild animals1 & ga!r+ wild fruits4 ,by & by man le>n$ h[ to make tools out ( bronze1 an alloy compos$ ( copp] & t94 ,^! bronze implem5ts 7 m num]\s & m effici5t ?an ! /one tools & gave man a high] degree ( p[] & workman%ip4 ,) !m he cut d[n trees or c>v$ /one = 8 dwell+s & acquir$ g5]ally a high] ord] ( life4 ,?is era is nam$ ! ,bronze ,age4 ,f9ally ! use ( iron 0 discov]$4 ,?is metal af=d$ _m tools t c\ld n be made ( /one or bronze--tools t 7 mu* /rong] & m effici5t4 ,man became correspond+ly m p[]ful & 8 life m complex4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* iron 0 us$ is call$ ! ,iron ,age4 ,inv5tion is ! mak+ ( "s new ?+ n previ\sly exi/+4 ,discov]y is ! f9d+ ( some?+ already 9 exi/5ce b n kn[n be=e4 ,!re 0 no electric telegraph until ,samuel ,morse made or inv5t$ x2 ,am]ica has always exi/$1 b 0 n kn[n until ,*ri/oph] ,columbus f\nd or discov]$ x4 ,among all ! build]s ( civilization1 n ! lea/ are ! inv5tors & discov]]s4 ,high up on ! page ( ^? :o h made ! _w great w always /& ! names ( ,gut5b]g or ,co/]1 ,watt1 ,/eph5son1 ,morse1 ,edison1 ,fulton1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,columbus1 ,morton1 ,bell1 ,m>coni1 & o!rs :o h inv5t$ new ma*9es & discov]$ new processes = mak+ life m happy1 safe1 & p[]ful4 ,reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( inv5tions ^u civilization1 ,"l ,salisbury says3 ,! inv5tors & ev5 ! fir/ us]s ( ! great discov]ies 9 appli$ sci5ce _h nev] realiz$ :at influ5ce _! "w 0 to h ^u indu/ry1 politics1 society1 & ev5 religion4 ,! discov]y ( gunp[d] simply annihilat$ feudalism1 ?us effect+ an entire *ange 9 ! /ructure ( gov]nm5t 9 ,europe4 ,z to ! discov]y ( pr9t+1 x n only made religi\s revolutions possible1 b 0 ! basis on :i* mod]n democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t re/$4 ,! /eam eng9e n only *ang$ all =ms ( indu/ry & ! conditions "u :i* indu/ries 7 prosecut$1 b x made practically contigu\s ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 r$uc+ its va/ness to a relatively contract$ area4 ,& n[ ! introduction ( electricity z a =m ( =ce seems de/9$1 z its developm5t proce$s1 to br+ ab\t results q z important 9 _! way1 ?\gh b yet dimly se5 by ! mo/ f>-sight$4 ,secret>y ,sew>d pays ?is tribute to inv5tion3 ,! ex]cise ( ! inv5tive faculty is ! ne>e/ ak9 to ! ,creator ( any faculty possess$ by ! human m9d2 = :ile x does n create 9 ! s5se t ! ,creator did1 yet x is ! ne>e/ approa* to x ( any?+ kn[n to man4 ,& ,"l ,bacon tells u3 ,! introduction ( new inv5tions seeme? to be ! v *ief ( all human actions4 ,! b5efits ( new inv5tions may ext5d to all mank9d univ]sally2 :ile ! good ( political a*ievem5ts c respect b "s p>ticul> cantons ( m52 ^! latt] d n endure above a few ages1 ! =m] =ev]4 ,inv5tions make all m5 happy1 )\t injury to any "o s+le p]son4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are1 z x 71 new creations1 & imitations ( ,god's own works4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press ,bless+s be on ! head ( ,cadmus1 ! ,pho5icians1 or :oev] x is1 t fir/ inv5t$ books4 ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,except a liv+ man1 says ,*>les ,k+sley1 !re is no?+ m wond]ful ?an a book--a message to u f ! dead--f human s\ls :om we nev] saw1 :o liv$ p]haps ?\s&s ( miles away2 & yet ^!1 on ^? little %eets ( pap]1 speak to u1 amuse u1 vivify u1 tea* u1 com=t u1 op5 _! he>ts to u z bro!rs4 ,we ought to rev]5ce books1 to look at !m z useful & mighty ?+s4 ,milton calls a good book ! preci\s life blood ( a ma/] _s1 embalm$ & treasur$ up on purpose to a life beyond life4 ,cic]o lik5s a room )\t books to a body )\t a s\l4 ,rusk9 says1 ,bread ( fl\r is good2 b !re is bread1 sweet z honey1 if we w\ld eat x1 9 a good book4 ,& ,?omas ,c>lyle exclaims3 ,wondr\s1 inde$1 is ! virtue ( a true book6 ,o ?\ :o art able to write a book1 :i* once 9 two c5turies or (t5] !re is a man gift$ to d1 envy n him :om !y "n city-build]1 & inexpressibly pity him :om !y "n conqu]or or city-burn]6 ,is x n wond]ful t a record ( all ! _w has ?\ght & said & felt & done c be deposit$ 9 a corn] ( my room1 & t !re ,i may sit & commune ) ! ma/] spirits ( all ! c5turies8 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,hom]1 ,cic]o1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,paul1 ,david1 ,moses1 ,buddha1 ,confucius1 ,goe!1 ,dante1 ,%akespe>e1 ,hugo1 ,wordswor?1 ,t5nyson1 ,c>lyle1 & ,em]son1 all 9 "o room at ! same "t6 ,great z books are1 h[ev]1 ! _w has n long _h !m4 ,= _m g5]ations aft] man's adv5t1 he _h no language4 ,he communicat$ ) 8 fell[s by means ( ge/ures or gave v5t to 8 feel+s 9 rude grunts or cries1 mu* z ! l[] animals d n[4 ,b ,god gave to man some?+ ,he did n be/[ ^u ! o!r animals--! p[] ( articulate spee*4 ,c]ta9 s\nds came to repres5t c]ta9 ideas & a k9d ( oral language grew up4 ,?is became m & m highly develop$ z "t w5t by4 ,= c5turies ! traditions1 /ories1 & songs ( m5 7 h&$ d[n orally f fa!r to son & 7 pres]v$ only 9 ! memory4 ,! poems ( ,hom]1 ! great ,greek b>d1 7 recit$ by read]s to l>ge audi5ces1 "s ( !m numb]+ probably tw5ty ?\s&4 ,by & by m5 felt ! ne$ ( pres]v+ _! ?\ghts 9 "s m p]man5t way ?an by memory1 & !re grew up a rude sy/em ( writ+4 ,at fir/ pictures or rude imitations ( objects 7 us$2 a circle or a disc might repres5t ! sun1 & a cresc5t ! moon4 ,! idea ( a tree 0 d5ot$ by ! picture ( a tree4 ,! e>ly ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 among ! peoples :o us$ a sy/em ( picture writ+4 ,9 process ( "t1 z m5 grew 9 k & culture1 c]ta9 fix$ signs began to d5ote c]ta9 s\nds1 & a phonetic sy/em ( writ+ 0 develop$4 ,= ! fir/ phonetic alphabet x is g5]ally suppos$ t we are indebt$ to ! ,pho5icians1 an active1 comm]cial p1 :o liv$ along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,!y 7 a m>itime nation & scatt]$ _! alphabet :]ev] !y sail$1 s t "s k9d ( phonetic alphabet f9ally exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,books among ! anci5ts 7 v diff]5t f ! books ( ! pres5t4 ,pap] has n be5 kn[n long1 nor1 inde$1 has ! art ( pr9t+4 ,:5 man began to pres]ve 8 ?\ghts & de$s 9 m p]man5t =m ?an 9 ! memory1 v>i\s sub/ances 7 us$ to write ^u4 ,josephus1 an hi/orian ( ! ,jews1 m5tions two columns1 "o ( /one & ! o!r ( brick1 ^u :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,se? wrote acc\nts ( _! inv5tions & a/ronomical discov]ies4 ,tablets ( lead conta9+ ! works ( ,hesiod1 a ,greek writ]1 7 deposit$ 9 ! temple ( ! ,muses 9 ,boeotia4 ,accord+ to ! ,bible1 ! t5 comm&m5ts :i* ! ,"l gave to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 engrav$ on two tablets ( /one2 & ! laws ( ,solon1 ! great ,grecian law-giv]1 7 c>v$ on planks ( wood4 ,sixty c5turies ago on ! banks ( ! ,nile 9 nor!rn ,africa fl\ri%$ ! civilization ( ! ,egyptians4 ,!re grew abundantly 9 ,egypt a m>% re$ call$ ! papyrus4 ,f ! "n ( ?is plant is d]iv$ our ^w pap]4 ,! ,egyptians made _! books f ! papyrus plant4 ,) a %>p in/rum5t !y cut l5g?wise /rips ?r\gh ! /alk1 put ^! /rips toge!r edge to edge1 & on !m at "r angles1 plac$ ano!r lay] ( %ort] /rips4 ,! two lay]s 7 !n moi/5$ ) ,nile wat]1 press$ toge!r1 & left to dry4 ,a leaf ( writ+ mat]ial 0 ?us produc$4 ,any r\ghness on ! surface ( ! %eet 0 poli%$ away ) "s smoo? in/rum5t4 ,a numb] ( leaves 7 !n glu$ toge!r s z to =m a long piece ( ! mat]ial4 ,! ,egyptians took re$s1 dipp$ !m 9 gum wat] color$ ) *>coal or ) a k9d ( res9\s soot1 & wrote on ! long papyrus /rip4 ,sometimes ink 0 made ( ! cuttle fi% or f lees ( w9e4 ,aft] ! papyrus _h be5 writt5 ^u1 x 0 roll$ up & became an ,egyptian book4 ,papyrus 0 us$ = writ+ mat]ial n only by ! ,egyptians b by ! ,greeks & ! ,romans also1 & = a long "t x 0 ! *ief sub/ance us$ = writ+ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x cont9u$ 9 use to a great] or less ext5t till ab\t ! sev5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,on ! pla9s ( ,asia liv$ ! ,*aldeans1 ^: civilization 0 ab\t z old z t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,b _! books 7 v diff]5t4 ,m5 use = _! purposes ! ?+s t are close at h&4 ,9 ,egypt ! papyrus plant 0 utiliz$ = mak+ books4 ,9 ,*aldea1 in/ead ( ?is m>% re$1 !re 7 great /ores ( clay & ( ?is mat]ial ! anci5t ,*aldeans1 & ! ,babylonians & ! ,assyrians :o foll[$ !m1 made _! books4 ,! ,*aldeans took bricks or masses ( smoo? clay &1 :ile !y 7 yet s(t1 made impressions on !m ) a metal /iletto %ap$ at ! end l ! side ( a w$ge4 ,9 ,lat9 ! ^w = w$ge is cuneus4 ,h5ce ?is old writ+ ( ! ,*aldeans is call$ cunei=m or w$ge-%ap$4 ,"s ( ^! w$ge-%ap$ impressions /ood = :ole words1 o!rs = syllables4 ,aft] ! clay tablets _h be5 writt5 ^u1 !y 7 burn$ or dri$ h>d 9 ! sun4 ,a ,*aldean book 0 ?us made v durable & la/$ = ages4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s _m ( !m h be5 dug up 9 anci5t ,babylonia & deciph]$4 ,!y consi/ ( gramm>s1 diction>ies1 religi\s books & hymns1 laws1 public docum5ts1 & records ( private bus9ess transactions4 ,! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans us$ = _! books tablets ( ivory or metal or1 m commonly1 tablets ( wood tak5 f ! bee* or fir tree4 ,! inn] sides ( ^! tablets 7 coat$ ) wax4 ,on ?is wax coat+ ! lett]s 7 trac$ ) a po9t$ metallic p5 or /iletto call$ ! /ylus4 ,our ,engli% ^w /yle1 z us$ 9 rhetoric1 comes f ! "n ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,! o!r end ( ! /ylus 0 us$ = eras+4 ,two ( ^! wax$ tablets1 jo9$ at ! edges by wire h+es1 7 ! e>lie/ specim5s ( bookb9d+4 ,wax tablets ( ?is k9d cont9u$ 9 p>tial use 9 ,europe ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,lat] ! leaves ( ! palm tree 7 us$2 !n ! inn] b>k ( ! lime1 a%1 maple1 or elm4 ,! next mat]ial t came into g5]al use = writ+ purposes 0 p>*m5t4 ,?is 0 made f ! sk9s ( animals1 p>ticul>ly %eep or lambs4 ,next came vellum1 ! prep>$ sk9 ( ! calf4 ,p>*m5t & vellum 7 writt5 ^u ) a metallic p54 ,z ^! sub/ances 7 v co/ly1 sometimes "o book 0 writt5 ov] ano!r on ! same piece ( p>*m5t or vellum4 ,( c\rse ?is made ! read+ ( ! manuscript v difficult4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! n9? c5tury or ! beg9n+ ( ! t5?1 aft] ,*ri/1 p>*m5t & vellum z mat]ial = books gave way to pap]4 ,at fir/ pap] 0 made ( cotton1 b dur+ ! twelf? c5tury x 0 produc$ f l954 ,x is n kn[n :o inv5t$ l95 pap]1 b its introduction gave ! fir/ great impulse to book mak+4 ,9 ! e>ly ,greek books ! l9es ran 9 opposite directions alt]nately4 ,t is1 !re w\ld be a l9e f left to "r across ! page1 & !n ! next l[] l9e w\ld beg9 at ! "r & run t[>ds ! left4 ,among "s ( ! ,ori5tals ! l9es ran f "r to left4 ,9 ! old ,*9ese books ! l9es 7 v]tical d[n ! page1 z !y are /ill4 ,among ,we/]n & ,nor!rn peoples ! l9es ran f left to "r z 9 our mod]n books4 ,! old civilizations ( ,egypt & ,babylonia1 9 :i* ! art ( book-mak+ orig9at$1 sprang up1 fl\ri%$1 & decay$1 bury+ f ! sight ( m5 preci\s secrets 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! beautiful fl[] ( ,greek culture budd$1 bloom$1 & )]$4 ,pass+ on f ea/ to we/1 civilization knock$ at ! door ( ,rome & awak5$ !re su* milit>y & legal g5ius z ! _w _h n yet se54 ,!n a horde ( wild b>b>ians p\r$ ov] ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,italy & ov]?rew ! mighty city on ! ,tib]4 ,! sun ( civilization 0 sett+1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,night 0 com+ on1 ! night ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 a night )\t a /> ( human ?\ght or a*ievem5t1 a night full ( ! noxi\s vapors ( ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ !re came ov] ! _w a great intellectual awak5+4 ,! human intellect began to awake1 to /ret* itself1 to g =? & conqu]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ signs & causes ( ?is intellectual awak5+ 0 an ev5t t happ5$ at ,ma9z 9 ,g]many or at ,ha>lem 9 ,holl&1 or possibly 9 bo? places at ! same "t4 ,( all ! ev5ts t h made = civilization & h influ5c$ ! progress ( ! human race1 ?is ev5t at ,ha>lem or ,ma9z is ! mo/ important4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,be=e ?is "t1 ev] s9ce man began to record 8 ?\ghts1 :e!r on plank1 /one1 or papyrus1 on b>k ( tree1 sk9 ( animal1 or tablet ( wax or pap]1 e lett] 0 made by h&4 ,! process 0 necess>ily sl[1 books 7 r>e & co/ly1 & only ! few c\ld h !m4 ,b ) ! adv5t ( a process t w\ld multiply books & make !m *eap1 le>n+ 0 made accessible to ! multitude4 ,! clang ( ! fir/ pr9t+ press 0 ! dea? knell ( ignorance & tyranny4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,adv]tisem5t ,,( ,,caxton1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t] ,,9 ,,engl& ,be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable1 metal types1 a k9d ( block pr9t+ 0 us$4 ,! words or lett]s 7 c>v$ on a block ( wood2 ! block 0 appli$ to pap]1 silk1 clo?1 or vellum1 & ?us impressions 7 made4 ,x has always be5 a matt] ( dispute z to :o inv5t$ pr9t+4 ,x is fairly cle> t pr9t+1 bo? ) blocks & ) movable types1 0 practis$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan long be=e x 0 9 ,europe4 ,!re is a tradition t z f> back z #age ,a4,d4 ,*9ese classics 7 cut ^u tablets ( /one1 t ^! tablets 7 plac$ outside ! univ]sity1 & t impressions 7 made f !m4 ,h[ev]1 we are n indebt$ to ,*9a or ,japan = ! art ( pr9t+4 ,! real inv5tion ( pr9t+1 s f> z ! civiliz$ _w is conc]n$1 occurr$ 9 ,europe 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! inv5tor is (t5 said to be ,johann ,gut5b]g1 ( ,ma9z1 ,g]many4 ,ano!r /rong claimant = ?is honor is ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 :o liv$ at ,ha>lem1 9 ,holl&4 ,conc]n+ ! lives ( ,co/] & ,gut5b]g little is kn[n4 ,co/] 0 born at ,ha>lem1 ,holl&1 ab\t #acgj ,a4,d4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,ha>lem ,c\ncil1 assessor & treasur]4 ,he probably p]i%$ 9 ! plague t visit$ ,ha>lem 9 #adci-dj4 ,gut5b]g 0 born ( noble p>5ts at ,ma9z1 ,g]many1 9 #adaj4 ,he _h an active m9d & gave att5tion to ! manufacture ( money1 ! poli%+ ( /ones1 & ! mak+ ( look+-glasses1 besides 8 ef=ts 9 pr9t+4 ,he di$ 9 ,febru>y1 #adfh1 poor1 *ildless1 & almo/ fri5dless4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ book1 s f> z c be det]m9$1 0 made at ,ma9z1 ,g]many1 & be>s ! date ( #aded ,a4,d4 ,f c]ta9 legal records x is suppos$ t ,gut5b]g 0 ! mak] ( ?is book & ! inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a /ory t ,co/]1 :ile walk+ 9 ! woods "o autumn aft]noon1 *anc$ to make = 8 little gr&*ild "s lett]s f ! b>k ( a tree2 t ^! lett]s sugge/$ to him ! idea ( metallic types2 & t he1 & n ,gut5b]g1 0 ! inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,z ! /ory goes1 a slave /ole ,co/]'s types & ran away ) !m f ,ha>lem to ,ma9z2 & ! books :i*1 x is suppos$1 7 made at ! latt] place came really f ,co/]'s types1 n ,gut5b]g's4 ,! fact _c be kn[n4 ,x has hopelessly gone ) ! ye>s4 ,?is fir/ book1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 two diff]5t editions1 consi/$ ( c]ta9 lett]s writt5 by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v 9 behalf ( ! k+dom ( ,cyprus4 ,by ab\t #adgg ,a4,d4 pr9t+ _h ext5d$ f ,ma9z to all ! *ief t[ns ( ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,spa91 & ,engl&4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury x _h spread to all ! pr9cipal places ( ,europe4 ,9 ! type ( ! e>ly books ! v>i\s lett] =ms 7 n fix$ z !y are 9 mod]n books1 b ! type = ea* book 0 made z mu* z possible l ! writ+ ( ! orig9al manuscript4 ,z pr9t]s mov$ f place to place introduc+ _! art1 x seems t n "o c>ri$ away ! types ( 8 ma/] b ea* made 8 own anew4 ,type 0 orig9ally made & set up by h&1 piece by piece1 s t ev5 ! production ( pr9t$ books 0 v sl[4 ,v>i\s me*anical devices h be5 inv5t$ f "t to "t1 quick5+ & *eap5+ ! mak+ ( books & o!r pr9t$ matt]1 s t to-day pr9t]s turn out books & pap]s 9 l>ge quantities 9 an amaz+ly %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press ,,9 ,,bo/on ,,at ,,:i* ,,frankl9 ,,work$ ,! fir/ newspap] 9 ! _w is believ$ to h be5 ! ,frankfurt] ,j\rnal1 publi%$ ab\t #afae ,a4,d4 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 9 ,g]many4 ,b ( ?is !re is no c]ta9ty4 ,newspap]s1 h[ev]1 _h _! beg9n+s 9 ,g]many & ,italy "s "t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? or ! fir/ "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is believ$ t ! ,weekly ,news1 />t$ 9 ,london 9 #afbb1 0 ! fir/ newspap] publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 a pr9t+ press atta*$ to ,h>v>d ,college1 at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 z e>ly z #afch1 two ye>s aft] ! college 0 f\nd$1 & only six ye>s aft] ! settlem5t ( ,bo/on4 ,) ?is "o exception1 = a long "t !re 7 no pr9t+ presses 9 ! colonies4 ,a newspap] call$ ,publick ,occurr5ces 0 />t$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #afij1 b x 0 soon aft]w>d suppress$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! fir/ p]man5t newspap] 9 ,am]ica 0 ! ,bo/on ,news ,lett]1 e/abli%$ at ,bo/on 9 #agjd4 ,"o ( ! greate/ wond]s & triumphs ( civilization is ! great mod]n daily newspap]4 ,x occupies a giant sky-scrap] z its home1 employs a small army ( workm51 sp5ds va/ sums ( money 9 obta9+ & pr9t+ ! news1 & is sold = a c5t p] copy4 ,! head ( a newspap] /aff is ! editor-9-*ief4 ,he is 9 a g5]al way responsible to ! publi%]s = ! pap]4 ,next 9 comm& is ! manag+ editor :o has *>ge ( ! actual "w ( publication4 ,subord9ate to ! manag+ editor are o!r editors :o h control ov] v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! pap]4 ,! telegraph editor looks aft] news s5t by telegraph2 ! city editor has *>ge ( happ5+s 9 ! city ( publication2 ! ex*ange editor clips items f o!r pap]s2 ! religi\s editor att5ds to affairs ( religion2 ! sport+ editor collects & arranges news ( sports & games2 ! comm]cial editor works ) ! m>kets & matt]s ( comm]ce & bus9ess2 ! society editor gives att5tion to social functions2 & ! dramatic editor takes note ( ! !at]s4 ,! city editor comm&s a company ( p]haps half a hundr$ report]s1 :o are s5t scurry+ daily ?r\gh\t ! city to br+ 9 ! news f its v>i\s s\rces4 ,"o goes to ! ball game1 ano!r to a fun]al1 ano!r to ! c\rts1 ano!r to a hotel to int]view "s prom95t p]son1 & /ill ano!r goes to a political conv5tion4 ,!re are also photograph]s1 illu/rators1 & editorial writ]s4 ,at ! close ( ! day1 special correspond5ts & repres5tatives ( press associations 9 e nook & corn] ( ! e>? s5d ! _w's news = ! day by telegraph & ocean cable direct into ! newspap] (fice4 ,a k+ has di$2 a battle has be5 f\ght2 /orm1 e>?quake1 or fire has de/roy$ a city2 or !re has be5 "s a*ievem5t 9 sci5ce or art4 ,! local report]s h br\ght 9 ! news ( ! city4 ,aft] all has be5 quickly writt51 exam9$1 & edit$1 ! reports are s5t to ! compos+ room to be put into type4 ,! =eman ( ! compos+ room di/ributes ! manuscript1 call$ copy1 among skill$ op]ators1 :o by means ( type-sett+ ma*9es put x into type4 ,impressions are !n made f ?is type on /rips ( pap]4 ,^! impressions are call$ pro(s4 ,pro( read]s comp>e ^! pro(s ) ! orig9al copy = ! purpose ( correct+ errors4 ,aft] ! correction ( errors ! columns ( type1 call$ galleys1 are lock$ up 9 a =m :i* is ! size ( a page4 ,! =m is next s5t to ! /]eotyp+ room1 :]e an exact reproduction is made 9 metal4 ,! metal plates are put 9 place on ! presses4 ,! ma*9]y is />t$4 ,tons ( :ite pap] are f$ into ! presses at "o end4 ,out at ano!r 9 an in/ant comes ! f9i%$ newspap]1 pr9t$1 cut1 & fold$4 ,^! pap]s are c\nt$ & deliv]$ automatically to ! mail+ room1 at ! rate ( ab\t #ajj1jjj copies 9 an h\r1 = ! improv$1 mod]n press4 ,aft] _! arrival at ! mail+ room1 pap]s t are = out-(-t[n subscrib]s are wrapp$ 9 packages1 address$1 & c>ri$ 9 express wagons to fa/ mail tra9s1 :i* c>ry ?is record ( :at man did ! previ\s day to read]s hundr$s ( miles away4 ,?is aft]noon at five o'clock a prom95t man dies sudd5ly 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,to-night at midnight ! newspap]s ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,*icago1 & ,new ,york w come f ! press ) 8 picture & a long sket* ( 8 life4 ,h[ is ?is possible 9 s %ort a "t8 ,! pap]s h on file1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 photographs ( prom95t p]sons & places & biographical sket*es ( great m51 kept up to date4 ,:5ev] any not$ p]son1 place1 or ?+ is made conspicu\s by any ev5t1 ! picture & sket* are tak5 f ! files & us$4 ,x is ! electric telegraph t makes possible ! mod]n daily newspap]4 ,be=e its inv5tion1 pap]s resort$ to v>i\s devices = transmitt+ news4 ,= "s ye>s mess5g]s rid+ ponies br\ght news f ,wa%+ton to ! ,new ,york pap]s4 ,^! pap]s also utiliz$ small1 swift-sail+ vessels to meet incom+ %ips be>+ news f =eign c\ntries4 ,a rec5t bullet9 on pr9t+ & publi%+ issu$ by ! ,c5sus ,bureau ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t %[$ t !re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ba1cid newspap]s & p]iodicals1 pr9t$ 9 tw5ty-sev5 diff]5t languages4 ,( ^!1 #b1deb 7 daily2 #ae1jdf weekly2 #b1ejj mon?ly2 #cec qu>t]ly2 #eh tri-weekly2 #fde semi-weekly2 & #cdj ( all o!r k9ds4 #bj1ahd ( ^! pap]s 7 ,engli%2 #fai ,g]man2 #aeh ,sc&9avian2 #eh ,italian2 #da ,fr5*2 #dd ,bohemian2 #ca ,spani%2 #ah ,hebrew2 #ba ,dut*2 #g ,*9ese2 #i ,japanese2 #e ,greek2 #df ,poli%2 #e ,hung>ian2 #c ,arabic2 & two ea* 9 ! ,wel%1 ,syrian & ,gaelic languages4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 pr9t+ & publi%+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a little m ?an #che1jjj1jjj4 ,x w\ld take "o p]son twelve h\rs a day e day = six ?\s& ye>s1 or f ! beg9n+s ( ,egyptian & ,babylonian civilization to ! dawn ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 to read at an av]age rate all ! pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ a s+le ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,/eam ,,by ,,george ,,wa%+ton ,,cutt] ,h>ness me d[n ) y\r iron b&s2 ,be sure ( y\r curb & re92 ,= ,i scorn ! p[] ( y\r puny h&s1 ,z ! tempe/ scorns a *a94 ,h[ ,i laugh$ z ,i lay conceal$ f sight ,= _m a c\ntless h\r1 ,at ! *ildi% boa/ ( human might1 ,& ! pride ( human p[]4 ,:5 ,i saw an army ^u ! l&1 ,a navy ^u ! seas1 ,creep+ along1 a snail-l b&1 ,or wait+ ! wayw>d breeze2 ,:5 ,i m>k$ ! peasant fa9tly reel ,) ! toil :i* he daily bore1 ,z he feebly turn$ ! t>dy :eel1 ,or tugg$ at ! we>y o>2 ,:5 ,i measur$ ! pant+ c\rs]'s spe$1 ,! flight ( ! c\ri] dove1 ,z !y bore ! law a k+ decre$1 ,or ! l9es ( impati5t love1-- ,i c\ld n b ?9k h[ ! _w w\ld feel1 ,z ^! 7 out/ripp$ af>1 ,:5 ,i %\ld be b\nd to ! ru%+ keel1 ,or *a9$ to ! fly+ c>2 ,ha1 ha6 !y f\nd me out at la/2 ,!y invit$ me =? at l5g?2 ,& ,i ru%$ to my ?rone ) a ?und]-bla/1 ,& ,i laugh$ 9 my iron /r5g?4 ,oh1 !n ye saw a wondr\s *ange ,on ! e>? & ! ocean wide1 ,:]e n[ my fi]y armies range1 ,nor wait = w9d & tide4 ,hurrah6 hurrah6 ! wat]s o'er2 ,! m\nta9's /eep decl9e2 ,"t--space--h yield$ to my p[]2 ,! _w--! _w is m9e6 ,! riv]s ! sun ha? e>lie/ ble/1 ,or ^? :]e 8 beams decl9e2 ,! giant /reams ( ! que5ly ,we/1 ,& ! ,ori5t floods div9e4 ,! ocean pales :]e'er ,i sweep1 ,i 9 my /r5g? rejoice2 ,& ! mon/]s ( ! br9y deep ,c[]1 trembl+1 at my voice4 ,i c>ry ! weal? & ! "l ( e>?1 ,! ?\ghts ( 8 god-l m9d2 ,! w9d lags aft] my go+ =?1 ,! lightn+ is left beh9d4 ,9 ! d>ksome dep?s ( ! fa?omless m9e ,my tireless arm do? play1 ,:]e ! rocks nev] saw ! sun decl9e1 ,or ! dawn ( ! glori\s day4 ,i br+ e>?'s glitt]+ jewels up ,f ! hidd5 caves bel[1 ,& ,i make ! f\nta9's granite cup ,) a cry/al gu% o'erfl[4 ,i bl[ ! bell[s1 ,i =ge ! /eel1 ,9 all ! %ops ( trade2 ,i hamm] ! ore1 & turn ! :eel1 ,:]e my arms ( /r5g? are made2 ,i manage ! furnace1 ! mill1 ! m9t2 ,i c>ry1 ,i sp91 ,i weave2 ,& all my do+s ,i put into pr9t ,on e ,saturday eve4 ,i've no muscle to we>y1 no brea/ to decay1 ,no bones to be laid on ! %elf1 ,& soon ,i int5d y may g & play1 ,:ile ,i manage ?is _w myself4 ,b h>ness me d[n ) y\r iron b&s1 ,be sure ( y\r curb & re92 ,= ,i scorn ! p[] ( y\r puny h&s1 ,z ! tempe/ scorns a *a96 ,! mo/ p[]ful & important mass ( matt] on ! e>? is ! /eam eng9e4 ,x is ! ?robb+ he>t ( civilization1 ev5 z ! pr9t+ press is its bra94 ,x w\ld be difficult = man to compute 8 debt to /eam4 ,^u x he relies = food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 ! ?ree necessities = :i* ! race has always /riv52 & )\t x he c\ld h sc>cely any ( life's com=ts & luxuries4 ,/eam is ! mi/ress ( comm]ce1 manufactur+1 & m9+1 & ! s]vant ( agriculture4 ,/eam gives employm5t to millions ( m54 ,x plants cities & t[ns 9 wa/e places4 ,x enables man to leave ! little valley or hillside :]e 8 fa!rs liv$1 & makes ( him a citiz5 ( ! _w4 ,x less5s ! p[] ( "t & space1 & makes neighbors ( ocean-divid$ cont95ts4 ,x w\ld n be easy = m5 liv+ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury to imag9e a society un9flu5c$ by ! use ( /eam2 b ne>ly all ( man's life on ! e>? has be5 pass$ )\t its help4 ,fire & wat]1 ! two productive factors ( /eam1 h always exi/$2 b x 0 n until a few score ( ye>s ago t man le>n$ to put !m toge!r successfully1 & to produce ! greate/ =ce kn[n to civilization4 ,9 ! few ye>s s9ce its discov]y x has spread to e nook & corn] ( civilization4 ,suppose y c\ld asc5d to "s great height :5ce y c\ld see work+ at "o "t all ! /eam driv5 ma*9]y 9 ! _w4 ,:at a sight x w\ld be6 ,:at if ! noise f all ?is ma*9]y--! scree* ( ! spe$+ locomotive1 ! hum & ro> ( factory & mill1 ! ho>se yell ( %ips1 & ! puff+ ( m9e-eng9es--%\ld rea* y\r e> at once8 ,:at a s\nd x w\ld be6 ,! idea ( us+ /eam = driv+ /ation>y ma*9]y orig9at$ 9 ! e>ly c5turies4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ use to :i* /eam 0 put4 ,= a long "t no "o seems to h ?\ght ( us+ x = transportation purposes4 ,z f> back z #acj ,b4,c41 we f9d m5tion ( heat eng9es1 :i* employ$ /eam z _! motive p[]1 & 7 us$ = organ bl[+1 ! turn+ ( spits1 & l purposes4 ,b f ?is e>ly date till ! sev5te5? c5tury practically no progress 0 made 9 ! use ( /eam4 ,?\gh m5 _h exp]im5t$ ) /eam up to ?is "t ) m or less success1 ! _w is *iefly indebt$ = ! develop$ type ( ! /eam eng9e to ,james ,watt & ,george ,/eph5son4 ,watt 0 born 9 ,gre5ock1 ,scotl&1 ,janu>y #ai1 #agcf4 ,he 0 a poor boy & e>ly 9 life he 0 ?r[n ^u 8 own res\rces4 ,dur+ 8 y\? he /ruggl$ aga9/ ill heal?2 = days at a "t he 0 pro/rat$ ) sev]e heada*es4 ,b he 0 bright1 det]m9$1 & _h a g5ial disposition t made him _m fri5ds4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 he secur$ a position z mak] ( sci5tific in/rum5ts = ! univ]sity 9 ,glasg[4 ,he began discuss+ ) "s sci5tific fri5ds at ! univ]sity ! possibility ( improv+ ! /eam eng9e1 :i* at t "t 0 us$ only = pump+ wat]1 *iefly 9 ! dra9age ( m9es4 ,he ent]$ ^u a sci5tific /udy ( ! prop]ties ( /eam & tri$ to devise means = mak+ ! /eam eng9e m useful4 ,"o ,sunday aft]noon e>ly 9 #agfe1 :ile walk+ 9 ,glasg[1 ! idea he _h /udi$ s long to evolve sudd5ly fla%$ into 8 m9d4 ,)\t delay ,watt put 8 plan to ! te/ & f\nd t x work$4 ,= a long "t1 ow+ to a lack ( money1 he _h difficulty 9 e/abli%+ ! m]its ( 8 improvem5ts4 ,f9ally he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,mat!w ,b\lton1 a weal?y & en]getic man :o liv$ at ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,!y began ! manufacture ( /eam eng9es at ,birm+ham1 "u ! firm "n ( ,b\lton & ,watt4 ,?is p>tn]%ip 0 v successful4 ,watt suppli$ ! inv5tions2 ,b\lton furni%$ ! money & att5d$ to ! bus9ess4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,watt1 ! /eam eng9e 0 exclusively a /eam pump--sl[1 cumbr\s1 wa/eful ( fuel1 & v little us$4 ,watt made x a quick1 p[]ful1 & effici5t eng9e1 requir+ only a f\r? z mu* fuel z be=e4 ,"u 8 fir/ pat5t ! eng9e 0 /ill us$ only z a /eam pump2 b 8 lat] improvem5ts adapt$ x = driv+ /ation>y ma*9]y ( all k9ds &1 save 9 a few respects1 left x ess5tially :at x is to-day4 ,prior to ,watt's inv5tions1 ! m9es ( ,great ,brita9 7 f> f ?riv+4 ,_m 7 ev5 on ! po9t ( be+ ab&on$1 ?r\gh ! difficulty ( remov+ ! l>ge quantities ( wat] t collect$ 9 !m4 ,8 improvem5ts made x possible to remove ?is wat] at a mod]ate co/1 & ?is gave _m ( ! m9es a new lease ( life4 ,! comm]cial success ( 8 eng9e 0 soon fully e/abli%$4 ,watt paid practically no att5tion to ! use ( /eam = purposes ( transportation4 ,9 "o ( 8 pat5ts he describ$ a /eam locomotive2 b he (f]$ little enc\ragem5t :5 8 *ief assi/ant1 ,murdo*1 :o 0 ! inv5tor ( gas light+1 made exp]im5ts ) /eam = locomotion4 ,! notion !n 0 to use a /eam c>riage on ord9>y roads4 ,railroads _h n be5 ?\ght (4 ,:5 ! idea ( us+ /eam on railways began to take %ape 9 ! lat] days ( ,watt1 he refus$ to enc\rage ! plan4 ,x is said t he ev5 put a clause 9 a lease ( 8 h\se1 provid+ t no /eam c>riage %\ld ev] approa* x "u any pretext :atev]4 ,besides develop+ ! /eam eng9e1 ,watt made o!r inv5tions1 includ+ a press = copy+ lett]s4 ,he also probably discov]$ ! *emical composition ( wat]4 ,he di$ at ,hea?field1 ,engl&1 on ! n9ete5? ( ,augu/1 #ahai4 ,x is d5i$ _m m5 to see ! magnitude ( _! a*ievem5ts4 ,moses di$ on ,pisgah1 9 sight ( ! ,promis$ ,l&1 t[>d :i* = =ty ye>s he _h l$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,wolfe gave up 8 life on ! pla9s ( ,quebec j z ! fir/ %\ts ( ! r\t$ ,fr5* greet$ 8 e>s4 ,columbus 0 s5t home 9 *a9s f ! ,am]ica he _h discov]$1 n dream+ he _h giv5 to civilization ano!r _w4 ,l9coln's eyes 7 clos$ =ev] at ! v dawn ( peace1 aft] he _h wat*$ 9 pati5ce ?r\gh ! long & fe>ful night ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x nev] appe>$ to ,james ,watt t ! idea :i* fla%$ into 8 m9d t ,sunday aft]noon :ile he 0 walk+ 9 ! /reets ( ,glasg[1 w\ld trans=m human life2 t l a mighty multipli] x w\ld increase ! product ( man's p[] & give him dom9ion1 n ov] ! bea/s ( ! field & ! f[ls ( ! air1 b ov] tide & w9d1 space & "t4 ,victor ,hugo calls locomotives ^! giant draft horses ( civilization4 ,b man nev] h>ness$ ^! wond]ful iron animals until ! "t ( ,george ,/eph5son1 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,/eph5son 0 born at ,wylam1 ne> ,newca/le1 ,engl&1 ,june #i1 #agha4 ,8 fa!r 0 a fireman ( a coal-m9e eng9e at t place4 ,9 boyhood ,george 0 a c[h]d1 b he sp5t 8 sp>e "t mak+ clay models ( eng9es & o!r objects ( a me*anical nature4 ,:5 he 0 f\rte5 ye>s old1 he became assi/ant to 8 fa!r 9 fir+ ! eng9e at ! colli]y1 & ?ree ye>s lat] he 0 advanc$ to eng9e driv+4 ,at ?is "t he c\ld n ev5 read2 b1 /imulat$ by a /rong desire to "k m ( ! eng9es made by ,b\lton & ,watt1 he began 9 8 eighte5? ye> to att5d a night s*ool4 ,he le>n$ rapidly4 ,dur+ mo/ ( ?is "t he /udi$ v>i\s exp]im5ts ) a view to mak+ a successful /eam locomotive4 ,mod]n railways _h _! orig9 9 roads call$ tramways1 :i* 7 us$ = haul+ coal f ! m9es ( ,engl& to ! sea4 ,at fir/ ord9>y dirt roads 7 us$ = ?is purpose2 b z ! heavy traffic wore ^! roads away1 x become ! practice to place planks or timb]s at ! bottoms ( ! ruts4 ,aft]w>ds wood5 rails 7 laid /raight & p>allel on ! level surface4 ,! rails 7 oak scantl+s held toge!r ) cross timb]s ( ! same mat]ial1 fa/5$ by means ( l>ge oak p9s4 ,lat] /rips ( iron 7 nail$ on ! tops ( ! wood5 rails4 ,ov] ^! rails1 bulky1 f\r-:eel$ c>ts load$ ) coal 7 pull$ by horses4 ,/eph5son made :at he call$ a travel+ eng9e = ! tramways lead+ f ! m9es :]e he work$ to ! sea1 n9e miles di/ant4 ,he nam$ 8 eng9e ,my ,"l4 ,on ,july #be1 #ahad1 he made a successful trial trip ) x4 ,! successful use ( /eam 9 haul+ coal f ! m9es l$ ?\ghtful p]sons to consid] its use = c>ry+ m]*&ise & pass5g]s4 ,at ?is "t freight 0 transport$ inl& by means ( canals4 ,?is me?od 0 sl[2 ?irty-six h\rs 7 requir$ = travel+ fifty miles4 ,pass5g]s 7 convey$ by coa*es drawn by horses4 ,9 #ahba a railroad = ! transportation ( m]*&ise & pass5g]s 0 op5$ betwe5 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton 9 ,engl&4 ,! l9e1 includ+ ?ree bran*es1 0 ?irty-eight miles long4 ,! plan 0 to use animal p[] on ?is road1 b ,george ,/eph5son secur$ p]mission to try on x 8 /eam locomotive4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahbe1 ! fir/ tra9 pass$ ov] ! road4 ,x consi/$ ( ?irty-f\r c>s weigh+1 all told1 n9ety tons4 ,! tra9 0 pull$ by ,/eph5son's eng9e1 op]at$ by ,/eph5son himself1 ) a signalman rid+ on horseback 9 advance4 ,! tra9 mov$ (f at ! rate ( t5 or twelve miles an h\r1 & on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! road x rea*$ a spe$ ( fifte5 miles p] h\r4 ,! trial 0 a complete success4 ,! road _h be5 built *iefly = ! transportation ( freight1 b f ! fir/ pass5g]s insi/$ on be+ c>ri$1 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahbe1 ! ,company began to run a daily pass5g] coa* call$ ! ,exp]im5t4 ,?is coa* c>ri$ six p]sons inside & f fifte5 to tw5ty outside4 ,! r\nd trip betwe5 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton 0 made 9 two h\rs4 ,a f>e ( "o %ill+ 0 *>g$1 & ea* pass5g] 0 all[$ f\rte5 p\nds ( baggage free4 ,! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton 0 ! fir/ railway 9 ! _w ov] :i* pass5g]s & freight 7 haul$ by /eam4 ,/eph5son 0 next employ$ to help con/ruct a railway betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,! mo/ em95t eng9e]s ( ! day pr$ict$ t ! road c\ld n be built4 ,b x 0 built4 ,on ! fifte5? ( ,septemb]1 #ahcj1 ,/eph5son made a trial trip ov] ! road ) an improv$ locomotive nam$ ! ,rocket4 ,on ! trial trip ! ,rocket made tw5ty-n9e miles an h\r4 ,?is trip firmly prov$ ! possibilities ( /eam z motive p[] on railways & />t$ ! mod]n era ( railroad build+4 ,o!r railways 7 quickly built & soon !y radiat$ f ,london to ne>ly e ,engli% seaport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,railroad ,,tra9 ,,9 ,,engl&an ,,e>ly ,,railroad ,,tra9 ,,9 ,,engl& ,/eph5son's son1 ,rob]t1 assi/$ him 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,rocket & lat] atta9$ consid]able reputation z an eng9e]4 ,x is claim$ t ,george ,/eph5son 0 ! inv5tor ( ! safety lamp = use 9 m9es1 an inv5tion usually accr$it$ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,he 0 (t5 consult$ 9 ! build+ ( subsequ5t railroads1 b he sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 f>m+ & g>d5+ at 8 home at ,*e/]field1 ,engl&1 :]e he di$ ,augu/ #ab1 #ahdh4 ,be=e ! days ( railroads 9 ,am]ica1 freight 0 haul$ on canals & pass5g]s rode 9 /age coa*es or on horseback4 ,a coa* made ! trip f ,bo/on to ,new ,york twice a week & ! j\rney requir$ six days4 ,a trip f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia took two days4 ,f ,philadelphia to ,baltimore ! roads 7 good1 b s\? ( ,baltimore !y 7 bad & ev5 dang]\s4 ,s\? ( ! ,james ,riv] ! travel] 0 compell$ to make 8 j\rney on horseback4 ,a coa* f ,*>le/on to ,savannah 0 ! only public conveyance s\? ( ! ,potomac ,riv]4 ,9 ! days ( ! old colonial /agecoa*1 if a travel] wi%$ to g f ,bo/on to ,new ,york1 he w\ld h to be ready to beg9 ! j\rney at ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! /age _h no glass w9d[s1 no door or /ep1 & pass5g]s 7 oblig$ to climb 9 at ! front4 ,"o pair ( horses pull$ ! /age eighte5 miles1 & !n !y 7 reliev$ by ano!r pair4 ,at ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 aft] a day's j\rney ( =ty miles1 ! /age drew up at an inn = ! night4 ,at ?ree o'clock ! next morn+1 aft] dress+ by ! light ( a horn lant]n1 ! travel] mu/ resume 8 j\rney4 ,if ! roads 7 bad1 he might h to alight f ! /age & help ! driv] pull ! :eels out ( ! mud4 ,riv]s 7 cross$ on clumsy flat-boats4 ,:5 ! /reams 7 swoll5 ) ra9s or fill$ ) float+ ice1 ! passage across 0 (t5 dang]\s4 ,! trip f ,bo/on to ,philadelphia1 :i* w\ld h tak5 eight days ( ,wa%+ton's "t1 c easily be made n[ by tra9 9 z _m h\rs4 ,9 ^! days ( ! mod]n railroad1 ,san ,francisco is ne>] 9 "t to ,new ,york ?an ,wa%+ton 0 sc>cely a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ railway 9 ,am]ica 0 built 9 #ahbf4 ,x connect$ a granite qu>ry at ,qu9cy1 ,massa*usetts1 ) ! t[n ( ,milton 9 ! same /ate4 ,x 0 only two or ?ree miles long1 & 0 op]at$ ) horses4 ,9 ,may1 #ahbi1 ?ree ,engli% locomotives--! fir/ ev] se5 9 ,am]ica--7 unload$ at ,new ,york ,city4 ,on ,augu/ #i ( ! same ye>1 "o ( ^! eng9es 0 tri$ at ,honesdale1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t t a locomotive ev] turn$ a :eel on a railway 9 ,am]ica4 ,a canal :i* ! bus9ess m5 ( ,philadelphia propos$ to con/ruct f _! city to ,pittsburg1 9 ord] to give !m access to ! trade c5t]s ( ! ,we/1 ?reat5$ ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ,baltimore4 ,to (fset ! advantages :i* ?is canal w\ld give ,philadelphia1 at a great public meet+ 9 ,baltimore x 0 decid$ to build a railway f ,baltimore to "s po9t on ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! road 0 nam$ ! ,baltimore & ,ohio4 ,9 #ahcj x 0 f9i%$ f ,baltimore z f> z ,ellicott's ,mills1 a di/ance ( fifte5 miles4 ,! ,baltimore & ,ohio 0 ! fir/ railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates built = ! express purpose ( c>ry+ pass5g]s & freight4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 to pull c>s ov] ?is road ) horses4 ,b ,pet] ,coop] p]suad$ ! railroad (ficials to try 8 eng9e ,tom ,?umb1 :i* he _h built 9 #ahbi4 ,! trial 0 successful1 = ,tom ,?umb drew a c>-load ( pass5g]s at ! rate ( fifte5 to eighte5 miles p] h\r4 ,?is eng9e 0 ! fir/ locomotive built 9 ,am]ica1 & its trial 0 ! fir/ trip ev] made by an ,am]ican locomotive4 ,! fir/ railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/ruct$ ) ! orig9al purpose ( us+ /eam z motive p[] 0 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a railroad1 a l9e "o hundr$ ?irty-six miles long betwe5 ,*>le/on & ,hamburg4 ,a locomotive built 9 ,new ,york ,city1 call$ ! ,be/ ,fri5d1 made its fir/ trip ov] ?is road 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcj4 ,x 0 ! fir/ locomotive to run regul>ly on a railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,railroad build+ spread rapidly 9 ,am]ica1 z x _h 9 ,engl&4 ,by #ahce !re 7 tw5ty-two railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 two ( !m be+ we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies1 ?\gh no road 0 m ?an "o hundr$ =ty miles 9 l5g?4 ,!re 0 no railroad we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] prior to #ahec1 & 9 t ye> a l9e only ?irty-eight miles long 0 built4 ,dur+ #aijf alone1 #eeaf miles ( railroad 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! end ( t ye>1 !re 0 a total 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( #bbb1fce miles1 or ne>ly en\gh to rea* n9e times ar\nd ! entire globe4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ has ?irty p] c5t4 m miles ( railway ma9 track ?an all ( ,europe1 & conta9s two fif?s ( ! railroad mileage ( ! _w4 ,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates repres5t a value ( ab\t fifte5 billion doll>s1 & give employm5t to a million & a half p]sons4 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad 0 orig9ally own$ by ! /ate4 ,any "o c\ld use x by pay+ c]ta9 *>ges1 & ea* p]son op]at+ ! road furni%$ 8 own c>s1 horses1 & driv]s4 ,!re 7 frequ5t blockades2 :5 two c>s go+ 9 opposite directions met1 "o _h to turn back4 ,if rival %ipp]s came toge!r & nei!r 0 will+ to yield to ! o!r1 a fight probably settl$ ! rights ( prec$5ce4 ,aft] a "t /eam became ! sole motive p[]1 & ! locomotives 7 own$ by ! /ate4 ,! railroad j\rneys ( our gr&fa!rs 7 v diff]5t f our own4 ,9 _! day ! rails 7 wood5 beams or /r+]s laid on horizontal blocks ( /one4 ,/rips ( iron 7 fa/5$ ) spikes to ! tops ( ! wood5 rails4 ,! c>s 7 small1 ea* seat+ only a few pass5g]s4 ,! locomotive 0 crude4 ,its greate/ spe$ 0 ab\t fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,x c\ld n climb a hill1 & :5 a grade 0 rea*$1 ! c>s _h to be pull$ up or let d[n ) ropes manag$ by a /ation>y eng9e4 ,no cab %elt]$ ! eng9e]2 no brake *eck$ ! spe$4 ,sometimes ! spikes fa/5+ ! iron /rips to ! tops ( ! wood5 rails work$ loose1 & ^! /rips curl$ up & p5etrat$ ! bottoms ( ! c>s1 greatly to ! annoyance & fright ( ! travel]4 ,! bridges 9 ^? days 7 ro($4 ,! smoke/ack ( ! locomotive1 be+ too tall to pass "u ! ro(1 0 made 9 two jo9ts or sections fa/5$ toge!r ) h+es4 ,:5 ! tra9 approa*$ a bridge1 ! top section ( ! /ack 0 l[]$4 ,z wood only 0 us$ = fuel1 ! /ack emitt$ a %[] ( sp>ks1 smoke1 & hot c9d]s4 ,! pass5g]s c\gh$ & sputt]$1 & cov]$ _! eyes1 m\?s1 & noses ) h&k]*iefs4 ,! trip f ,*icago to ,new ,york is ab\t a ?\s& miles1 ov] prairie1 riv]1 & m\nta94 ,%\ld y make ! j\rney betwe5 ^! cities ov] ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ( to-day1 !re w\ld be little dang] ( conflict because two rival tra9s might want ! track at ! same "t4 ,nor w\ld y h to wait :ile ropes pull$ ! tra9 up a grade1 = ! locomotive c climb ! hills4 ,in/ead ( ! old wood5 rails ) _! /rips ( iron1 !re is a d\ble track ( solid /eel rails all ! way4 ,! l&scape w\ld fly pa/ y at ! rate ( a mile a m9ute1 in/ead ( fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,let u suppose t y leave ,*icago at #b4de o'clock ,p4,m41 c5tral "t4 ,be=e ! tra9 />ts y c\ld telephone to a fri5d )\t leav+ ! c>4 ,y might sit d[n1 9 an elegant d9+-c>1 to a d9n] ( all ! delicacies ! m>ket c\ld af=d4 ,y might occupy y\r own exclusive comp>tm5t 9 a luxuri\sly equipp$ ,pullman c>1 lit by electric bulbs1 or y c\ld sp5d ! ev5+ read+ ! magaz9es1 newspap]s1 & books provid$ 9 ! tra9 libr>y4 ,y might write at a com=table desk ) tra9 /ation]y1 or dictate lett]s & telegrams to ! tra9 /5ograph]4 ,y are provid$ ) hot & cold wat]1 ba?+ facilities1 & a b>b] %op4 ,a maid c\ld be summon$ to ! s]vice ( wom5 & *ildr52 & a valet w\ld be 9 att5dance to sponge & press clo?+ ov] night4 ,y w\ld arrive 9 ,new ,york ! next morn+ at #i4de o'clock1 hav+ travel$ ! ?\s& miles 9 eighte5 h\rs4 ,simple z ! idea ( ! sleep+-c> is 9 reality1 x 0 n introduc$ until #aheh1 :5 ! ,lake ,%ore ,railroad ran ! fir/ crude & uncom=table night-c>s4 ,george ,m4 ,pullman 9 #ahei set = himself ! task ( produc+ a palace c> :i* %\ld be us$ = cont9u\s & com=table travel ?r\gh long di/ances by day & night4 ,he remodell$ into sleep+-c>s two pass5g] coa*es belong+ to ! ,*icago & ,alton ,railroad4 ,?\gh ^! c>s fell f> bel[ ! inv5tor's ideal1 !y 7 f> 9 advance ( ! fir/ make-%ifts & 9 consequ5ce creat$ a dem& = m & bett] c>s ( ! same k9d4 ,9 #ahfc1 at 8 factory 9 ,*icago1 ,pullman began ! con/ruction ( ! ,pione]1 ! fir/ ( ! ,pullman palace c>s4 ,?is c> 0 built at a co/ ( #ah1jjj4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! fun]al tra9 :i* convey$ ! body ( ,presid5t ,l9coln to 8 burial place 9 ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois4 ,few inv5tions h be5 f9ancially s remun]ative to ! inv5tors z ! ,pullman palace c>4 ,x br\ght ,mr4 ,pullman an imm5se =tune4 ,! ,pullman ,palace ,c> ,company1 f\nd$ by ,pullman 9 #ahfg1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ successful manufactur+ conc]ns 9 ,am]ica4 ,x employs a capital ( #dj1jjj1jjj1 gives "w to f\rte5 ?\s& p]sons1 furni%es sleep+-c> s]vice = #abj1jjj miles ( railway1 & op]ates ov] #b1jjj c>s4 ,mr4 ,pullman adopt$ plans = ! ve/ibule c> 9 #ahhg4 ,he di$ at 8 home 9 ,*icago1 ,octob] #ai1 #ahig4 ,! idea ( ! /eamboat did n orig9ate 9 ! bra9 ( ,rob]t ,fulton4 ,x is claim$ t1 z e>ly z #aedc1 ,blasco de ,g>ay propell$ a boat by /eam1 & t 9 #agjg1 j a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,fulton's ,cl]mont1 ,pap9 ran a boat ) /eam on a riv] 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #agfc ,william ,h5ry exp]im5t$ ) a /eamboat on ! ,coni/oga ,riv] 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,james ,rumsey1 a ,scot*man liv+ 9 ,m>yl&1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ ,am]ican to discov] a me?od = runn+ a vessel ) /eam aga9/ w9d & tide4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea 9 ,augu/1 #aghc4 ,dur+ #aghe he made 8 boat1 & 9 #aghf he navigat$ x on ! ,potomac ,riv] at ,%eph]d/[n1 ,virg9ia1 9 ! pres5ce ( hundr$s ( spectators4 ,he wrote to ,g5]al ,wa%+ton ( 8 inv5tion1 & ,wa%+ton wrote conc]n+ x to ,gov]nor ,johnson ( ,m>yl&4 ,9 #ahci ,congress vot$ a gold m$al to ,james ,rumsey1 ,jr41 son & only surviv+ *ild ( ! inv5tor1 9 recognition ( ! eld] ,rumsey's a*ievem5t4 ,9 #aghg ,john ,fit* exhibit$ on ! ,delaw>e ,riv] a vessel to be propell$ by /eam1 & 9 #agij1 f ,june to ,septemb]1 he ran a /eamboat on t riv] betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,tr5ton4 ,b he c\ld n induce ! public to patronize 8 boat1 & = lack ( bus9ess x _h to be )drawn4 ,"s ,briti% au?orities claim t ! fir/ practical /eamboat 9 ! _w 0 ! tug ,*>lotte ,dundas1 built by ,william ,symm+ton1 & tri$ 9 #ahjb on ! ,clyde & ,=? ,canal 9 ,scotl&4 ,! trial 0 successful1 b /eam t[+ 0 ab&on$ = fe> ( injur+ ! banks ( ! canal4 ,symm+ton _h built a small /eamboat t travel$ five miles an h\r 9 #aghh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,,fulton ,to ,rob]t ,fulton1 an ,am]ican1 belongs ! cr$it = plac+ ! /eamboat on a successful comm]cial basis4 ,fulton 0 born at ,little ,brita91 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #agfe4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 he adopt$ ! pr(ession ( portrait & l&scape pa9t]4 ,at tw5ty-two he w5t to ,engl& to /udy art4 ,!re he met ,james ,watt1 ! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e1 & soon he began to give att5tion to me*anics4 ,9 #agic he />t$ to "w on ! idea ( propell+ boats by /eam4 ,he made an unsuccessful exp]im5t ) a /eamboat on ! ,se9e ,riv] 9 ,france4 ,! vessel sank because its con/ruction 0 faulty4 ,fulton return$ to ,am]ica & 9 ,new ,york h>bor began to build ano!r boat :i* he nam$ ! ,ka!r9e ( ,cl]mont1 %ort5$ to ! ,cl]mont4 ,h] eng9e 0 procur$ f ,b\lton & ,watt 9 ,engl&4 ,! boat 0 "o hundr$ feet long & tw5ty feet wide1 weigh$ "o hundr$ sixty tons1 & 0 equipp$ ) side paddle :eels & a %eet-iron boil]4 ,z ! inv5tor work$ pati5tly at 8 task1 ! newspap]s gave him b little notice & ! public ridicul$ him4 ,! ,new ,york legislature _h pass$ a bill grant+ to ,fulton & to ,*ancellor ,liv+/on ! exclusive "r to navigate ) /eam boats ! wat]s ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,?is bill 0 a /&+ subject ( ridicule among ! legislators at ,albany4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahjg1 ! ,cl]mont 0 ready = h] trial trip4 ,a l>ge cr[d ( spectators l9$ ! banks ( ! ,hudson z ! boat sl[ly /eam$ out into ! riv]4 ,! cr[d je]$ & hoot$ & %\t$ at ! vessel _! nick-"n ( ,fulton's ,folly4 ,z ! ,cl]mont mov$ up ! riv]1 mak+ sl[ headway aga9/ ! curr5t1 ! cr[d *ang$ _! je]s to expressions ( wond] & f9ally to *e]s4 ,! dry p9e wood us$ = fuel s5t out a cl\d ( ?ick1 black smoke1 flames1 & sp>ks1 :i* spread t]ror among ! wat]m5 ( ! h>bor4 ,! ,cl]mont made ! voyage f ,new ,york up ! ,hudson to ,*ancellor ,liv+/on's c\ntry e/ate ne> ,albany1 a di/ance ( a hundr$ t5 miles1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! trip 0 )\t mi%ap & x ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ! practicability ( /eam = purposes ( navigation4 ,conc]n+ ?is voyage ,fulton wrote to a fri5d 9 ,p>is3 ,my /eamboat voyage to ,albany & back has turn$ out r m favorably ?an ,i _h calculat$4 ,! voyage 0 p]=m$ :olly by p[] ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,i ov]took _m sloops & s*oon]s beat+ to w9dw>d1 & p>t$ ) !m z if !y _h be5 at an*or4 ,! p[] ( propell+ boats by /eam is n[ fully prov$4 ,! morn+ ,i left ,new ,york !re 7 n ?irty p]sons 9 ! city :o believ$ t ! boat w\ld ev] move a mile an h\r1 or be ( ! lea/ utility4 ,:ile we 7 putt+ (f f ! :>f1 ,i he>d a numb] ( s>ca/ic rem>ks4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ignorant m5 complim5t :at !y call philosoph]s & projectors4 ,i feel inf9ite pleasure 9 reflect+ on ! imm5se advantages my c\ntry w d]ive f ! inv5tion4 ,! ,cl]mont 0 soon runn+ z a regul> packet betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany4 ,! own]s ( sail+ craft on ! riv] hat$ h] & tri$ to s9k h]4 ,! ,new ,york legislature pass$ a bill decl>+ t any attempt to de/roy or injure ! ,cl]mont %\ld be a public (f5se puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,!n ! enemies ( ! boat appli$ to ! c\rts = an injunction re/ra9+ ,fulton f navigat+ ! ,hudson ) 8 /eamboat4 ,daniel ,web/] appe>$ z ,fulton's attorney4 ,he won ! case & secur$ = ! ,cl]mont ! full rights ( ! riv]4 ,fulton aft]w>d built o!r /eamboats1 includ+ a sy/em ( /eam f]ries = ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 #ahad he con/ruct$ ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates w> /eam]4 ,be=e con/ruct+ ! ,cl]mont1 ,fulton 0 int]e/$ 9 canals & 9 ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y = sp9n+ flax & twi/+ rope4 ,he also made exp]im5ts ) sub-m>9e explosives 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ^! 7 consid]$ failures4 ,he di$ ,febru>y #bd1 #ahae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cl]mont ,,on ,,! ,,hudson ,! fir/ /eamboat 9 ! ,we/ 0 built at ,pittsburg 9 #ahaa1 & )9 a few ye>s aft] ! fir/ trip ( ! ,cl]mont1 /eamboats 7 be+ us$ on all ! lead+ riv]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ! e>lie/ times m5 _h sail$ ! seas1 b _! %ips 7 small & sl[ & subject to w9d1 tide1 & curr5t4 ,! success ( ! riv] /eamboat l$ to ! use ( /eam 9 ocean navigation4 ,! fir/ /eam%ip to cross ! ,atlantic 0 ! ,savannah1 9 #ahah4 ,! vessel reli$ almo/ z mu* ^u w9d z ^u /eam = motive p[]1 b dur+ ! voyage ( tw5ty-five days /eam 0 us$ on eighte5 days4 ,! wood requir$ = fuel left little room 9 ! vessel = freight4 ,) ! adv5t ( coal = fuel1 & bett] ma*9]y1 /eam%ips grew 9 importance1 & 9 #ahcg two %ips1 ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n1 cross$ ! ,atlantic f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york ) ! use ( /eam alone4 ,by #ahej ! av]age "t = a trans-,atlantic voyage _h be5 r$uc$ to elev5 or twelve days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lusitania ,,( ,,! ,,cun>d ,,l9e ,if ! old ,savannah c\ld be plac$ beside ! ,lusitania1 ! giantess ( ! ,cun>d l9e ( ocean /eam]s1 a comp>ison w\ld demon/rate ! triumphs ( ! c5tury 9 ocean navigation4 ,if y 7 to cross ! ocean on ! ,lusitania or h] si/]-%ip ! ,mauretania1 y w\ld ent] a va/ float+ mansion sev5 hundr$ n9ety feet long1 eighty-eight feet wide1 eighty-"o feet high f keel to boat deck1 & weigh+ ?irty-two ?\s& five hundr$ tons4 ,h] height to ! ma/heads is two hundr$ sixte5 feet2 ea* ( h] ?ree an*ors weighs t5 tons2 & h] funnels are s l>ge t a trolley c> c\ld easily run ?r\gh !m4 ,! ,lusitania has accommodation = ?ree ?\s& pass5g]s1 (fic]s1 & crew1 & is driv5 by mighty turb9e eng9es ( sixty-eight ?\s& horse p[]4 ,! /eam] 0 built at a co/ ( #g1ejj1jjj4 ,%e has travel$ ! ?ree ?\s& miles across ! ,atlantic 9 ab\t f\r & a half days--! quicke/ trans-,atlantic voyage ev] made4 ,%e moves ?r\gh ! great waves ( ! ocean ) su* /ead9ess t pass5g]s c sc>cely tell :e!r !y are on wat] or l&4 ,a telephone sy/em connects all p>ts ( ! %ip2 !re are electric elevators1 a special nurs]y 9 :i* *ildr5 may play2 a gymnasium = ex]cise1 %[] ba?s1 & an acre & a half ( upp] deck4 ,!re are five ?\s& electric lights1 requir+ two hundr$ miles ( wire4 ,wireless telegraphy fla%es messages to ! mov+ %ip f di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 & be>s back greet+s f h] pass5g]s4 ,a daily illu/rat$ newspap] ( ?irty-two pages is publi%$ on bo>d %ip4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,electricity3 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,! ,,telephone ,! great miracle ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is electricity4 ,if ! pr9t+ press is ! bra9 ( civilization & ! /eam eng9e is its he>t1 electric wires are its n]v\s sy/em4 ,/eam is a giant2 electricity is a wit*4 ,!re is some?+ uncanny ab\t x4 ,man writes volumes ab\t electricity2 calls x positive & negative & measures x 9 ohms & volts2 gives c\rses to expla9 x 9 8 s*ools & univ]sities2 kills crim9als1 cures ! sick1 & scatt]s d>kness ) x2 makes x :irl him ?r\gh space2 compels x to be> 8 :isp] ?r\gh hundr$s ( miles1 & c make x fly ar\nd ! entire e>? ) 8 writt5 ^w--& yet no man kn[s :at electricity is4 ,electricity exi/s1 & has always exi/$1 f ! back ( a cat to ! inf9ite ar* ( ! sky4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago practically no?+ 0 kn[n ( electricity4 ,p]sons n[ liv+ 7 born into a _w t _h nev] se5 an electric telegraph1 a telephone1 an electric c>1 or an electric light4 ,we are liv+ 9 ! morn+ ( electrical k1 & :at ! day may br+ no "o c imag9e4 ,am]icans h giv5 ! _w _m ( ! greate/ inv5tions1 & 9 ! field ( electricity !y h giv5 x ne>ly ev]y?+ ( value4 ,x is to ,am]ican +5uity t civilization is indebt$ = ! electrical telegraph1 ! sub-m>9e cable1 ! telephone1 ! electric light1 & ! electric c>4 ,! names ( ,morse1 ,vail1 ,field1 ,bell1 ,bru%1 ,gray1 ,edison1 & ,sprague--all ,am]ican electrical inv5tors--w always be prom95t 9 ! li/ ( ! _w's great b5efactors4 ,if y w rub a /ick ( seal+ wax briskly ) a wool5 clo?1 y w f9d t ! /ick ( wax w attract to itself bits ( bran1 small %r$s ( pap]1 & ! l4 ,?is is ! simple/ exp]im5t 9 electricity4 ,9 ! same way1 by rubb+ amb] ) silk1 ,?ales1 a ,greek philosoph] :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 is ?\ght to h discov]$ electricity4 ,! ,greek ^w = amb] is elektron4 ,because ( ! suppos$ discov]y ( electricity 9 amb] by ,?ales1 ! ,engli% ^w electricity 0 co9$ & us$ = ! fir/ "t by ,william ,gilb]t1 a ,briti% physician & sci5ti/1 :o liv$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james4 ,= ne>ly tw5ty-five c5turies1 rea*+ f ! "t ( ,?ales to ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! _w le>n$ practically no?+ ab\t electricity4 ,! />t 9 mod]n electrical k 0 made by ,galvani1 an ,italian sci5ti/1 born 9 #agcg1 :o j be=e ! la/ c5tury dawn$ %[$ t electricity c be produc$ by ! contact ( metals ) fluids4 ,! t]m galvanic1 us$ 9 connection ) electricity1 comes f ! "n ( ?is inve/igator4 ,galvani's exp]im5ts sugge/$ ! electric batt]y to ,volta1 ano!r ,italian sci5ti/ :o 0 born 9 #agde4 ,! electrical ^w voltaic is 9 honor ( ,volta4 ,9 #ageb ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 flew 8 kite into ! ?und]/orm & prov$ t lightn+ is electricity4 ,a little lat] ,hans ,*ri/ian ,o]/$1 a ,dani% inve/igator1 po9t$ out ! relation betwe5 electricity & magnetism4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 an em95t ,engli% physici/1 discov]$ ! possibility ( produc+ electric curr5ts ?r\gh ! motion ( a magnet4 ,f>aday's discov]y l$ to ! electric dynamo ma*9e1 ! s\rce ( mod]n p[] ov] electricity4 ,! olde/ & greate/ ( electrical inv5tions is ! telegraph4 ,tele is a ,greek adv]b mean+ af>4 ,graph comes f ! ,greek v]b to write4 ,telegraph !re=e means to write af>4 ,! idea ( telegraphic communication is m ?an two & a half c5turies old4 ,9 #afcb ,galileo ref]r$ to a secret art ( communicat+ at great di/ances by means ( magnetic ne$les4 ,9 #agec !re appe>$ 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e an article sign$ ,c4 ,m4 7s9ce asc]ta9$ to h be5 ,*>les ,morrison1 ( ,gre5ock 9 ,scotl&7 sett+ =? a fairly cle> idea ( ! electric telegraph4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 9 #ahca signal$ ?r\gh an electrical circuit a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! fir/ comm]cially successful telegraph 0 devis$ 9 #ahcg by ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 an ,am]ican4 ,samuel ,f9ley ,breese ,morse 0 born 9 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 ,april #bg1 #agia4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ! common s*ools ( 8 native t[n & 9 ,yale ,univ]sity1 :]e he 0 graduat$ 9 #ahaj4 ,aft] graduation1 l ,fulton1 ! inv5tor ( ! /eamboat1 he w5t to ,europe to /udy art1 & became successful z an arti/4 ,on 8 return to ,am]ica 9 #ahcb1 "o ( 8 fell[ pass5g]s on ! %ip 0 ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson1 :o _h be5 /udy+ electricity 9 ,p>is4 ,jackson told ,morse ( "s exp]im5ts 9 electricity :i* ! ,fr5* _h be5 mak+1 & rem>k$ t x w\ld be a good ?+ if news c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh long di/ances by electricity4 ,morse repli$1 ,:y c't x be done8 ,f t h\r he gave 8 "t & en]gy to ! inv5tion ( ! electric telegraph4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! voyage he drew plans = app>atus & tri$ to devise an electric alphabet4 ,9 #ahcg he put two in/rum5ts at ! ends ( a %ort l9e ?r\gh :i* he s5t & receiv$ messages4 ,ab\t ?is "t he met a man :o 0 de/9$ to be ( great s]vice to him 9 promot+ 8 inv5tion1 & "o :o des]ves almo/ z mu* cr$it = x z ,morse himself4 ,?is 0 ,alfr$ ,vail4 ,vail 0 born at ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,septemb] #be1 #ahjg4 ,he 0 a son ( ,/eph5 ,vail1 ! weal?y own] ( ! ,spe$well iron works4 ,"o day 9 ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 aft] ,morse _h complet$ 8 app>atus1 he 0 invit$ to exhibit x at ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,alfr$ ,vail 0 a /ud5t 9 ! univ]sity at ! "t & 0 "o ( ! spectators to :om ! app>atus 0 exhibit$4 ,he 0 mu* impress$ ) x4 ,morse ne$$ money1 & ,alfr$ ,vail's fa!r _h x4 ,morse 0 invit$ to ! home ( ! ,vails 9 ,spe$well1 :]e ! matt] ( ! inv5tion 0 talk$ ov]4 ,! sum ( two ?\s& doll>s 0 necess>y to get ! inv5tion />t$4 ,/eph5 ,vail agre$ to furni% ! money4 ,alfr$ ,vail 0 to con/ruct app>atus & exhibit x to ,congress4 ,= ?is he 0 to h "o-f\r? ( ! proce$s aris+ f ! pat5t4 ,alfr$ ,vail set to "w to con/ruct ! app>atus4 ,a room 9 8 fa!r's factory 0 set ap>t = ?is purpose4 ,william ,baxt]1 a bright me*anic employ$ 9 ! iron %ops1 0 *os5 to assi/ him4 ,z secrecy 0 requir$ = ! "w1 ! room 0 kept lock$4 ,= sev]al mon?s ,vail & ,baxt] occupi$ toge!r ! lock$ room1 %>+ ea* o!r's confid5ce & ea* o!r's elation or disappo9tm5t z ! "w w5t well or ill4 ,on ,janu>y #f1 #ahch1 ,baxt]1 )\t hat or coat1 ru%$ to ! eld] ,vail's resid5ce to ann\nce t ! app>atus 0 complet$4 ,mr4 ,vail _h become disc\rag$4 ,h[ev]1 he w5t to see ! trial ( ! app>atus4 ,he f\nd 8 son at "o end ( ! ?ree miles ( wire t 0 /ret*$ ar\nd ! room1 & ,morse at ! o!r4 ,aft] a %ort explanation _h be5 made to him1 he wrote on a piece ( pap]1 ,a pati5t wait] is no los]4 ,he !n said to 8 son1 ,if y c s5d ?is1 & ,mr4 ,morse c read x at ! o!r end1 ,i %all be conv9c$4 ,! message 0 s5t & read at ! o!r end ( ! wire4 ,! app>atus 0 tak5 to ,wa%+ton1 :]e x creat$ n only wond] b excitem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 ,morse fil$ an application = a pat5t on 8 inv5tion4 ,9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye> he fail$ 9 8 ef=t to secure f ,congress an appropriation = an exp]im5tal l9e :i* he propos$ to build betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,9 ,may1 #ahch1 he w5t to ,europe seek+ aid4 ,! gov]nm5ts !re refus$ him funds or pat5ts4 ,9 ,may1 #ahci1 he return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & began an h]oic /ruggle = recognition4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he (t5 suff]$ = ! b>e/ necessities ( life4 ,sometimes he c\ld af=d b a s+le meal 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,f9ally1 aft] repeat$ disappo9tm5ts1 :5 ,morse himself _h almo/ giv5 up hope1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,tw5ty-sev5? ,congress1 on ! la/ night ( its session1 ,m>* #c1 #ahdc1 by a vote ( n9ety to eighty-two1 appropriat$ ?irty ?\s& doll>s = build+ a trial l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,aft] ! bill _h pass$ ! ,h\se1 ! outlook = its passage 9 ! ,s5ate 0 n bright4 ,"o ,s5ator :o 0 favorable to ! bill advis$ ,morse to give x up1 return home1 & ?9k no m ( x4 ,! bill _h be5 made ! object ( opposition & ridicule2 "o prom95t (ficial1 to %[ 8 contempt = ! project1 propos$ t half ! am\nt ask$ = %\ld be us$ 9 mesm]ic exp]im5ts4 ,morse1 believ+ t ! ,s5ate w\ld defeat ! appropriation1 w5t to 8 lodg+ place to retire = ! night4 ,he f\nd t aft] pay+ ! am\nt he ow$ at ! hotel1 he w\ld h less ?an =ty c5ts left4 ,e>ly ! next morn+ in=mation rea*$ him t a little be=e midnight ! ,s5ate _h pass$ ! bill4 ,app>5t failure _h turn$ into victory2 ! fight 0 won4 ,"w 0 begun at once4#a ,on ,april #cj ! l9e rea*$ ,annapolis ,junction1 tw5ty-two miles f ,wa%+ton1 & 0 op]at$ ) satisfactory results4 #a ,f an acc\nt by ,/eph5 ,vail us$ 9 ,grad$ ,lit]ature ,read]s1 by p]mission ( ,tru?4 ,may #a1 #ahdd1 0 ! date ^u :i* ! ,:ig conv5tion 0 to assemble 9 ,baltimore1 to nom9ate ! c&idates ( t p>ty = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t4 ,x 0 arrang$ betwe5 ,morse & ,vail t ! latt] %\ld obta9 f ! pass5g]s ^u ! aft]noon tra9 f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton1 :5 x /opp$ at ,annapolis ,junction1 in=mation ( ! proce$+s ( ! conv5tion & transmit x at once to ,morse at ! ,capitol 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! tra9 arriv$ at half-pa/ ?ree o'clock1 & f ! pass5g]s1 among :om 7 _m ( ! delegates to ! conv5tion1 ,mr4 ,vail asc]ta9$ t ! conv5tion _h assembl$1 nom9at$ ! c&idates1 & adj\rn$4 ,?is in=mation he at once dispat*$ to ,morse1 ) :om 0 ga!r$ a numb] ( prom95t m5 :o _h be5 invit$ to be pres5t4 ,morse sat await+ ! pre>rang$ signal f ,vail1 :5 sudd5ly !re came f ! in/rum5t ! und]/ood click+1 & z ! me*anism />t$1 unw9d+ ! ribbon ( pap] ^u :i* came ! emboss$ dots & da%es1 ! complete success ( ! telegraph ov] tw5ty-two miles ( wire 0 e/abli%$4 ,sl[ly came ! message4 ,:5 x _h end$1 ,morse rose & said3 ',g5tlem51 ! conv5tion has adj\rn$4 ,! tra9 be>+ t in=mation has j left ,annapolis ,junction = ,wa%+ton1 & ,mr4 ,vail has telegraph$ me ! ticket nom9at$1 & x is--' he hesitat$1 hold+ 9 8 h& ! f9al pro( ( victory ov] space1 'x is--x is ,clay & ,frel+huys54' ',y are quizz+ u1' 0 ! quiet rem>k4 ',x's easy en\gh = y to guess t ,clay is at ! head ( ! ticket1 b ,frel+huys5--:o is ,frel+huys58' ',i only "k1' 0 ! dignifi$ answ]1 't x is ! "n ,mr4 ,vail has s5t to me f ,annapolis ,junction1 :]e he _h ! news five m9utes ago f ! tra9 b\nd ?is way be>+ ! delegates4' ,at t "t ! tw5ty-two miles f ! ,junction to ,wa%+ton requir$ an h\r & a qu>t] = ! fa/e/ tra9s1 & long be=e ! tra9 rea*$ ,wa%+ton ! newsboys--ent]pris+ ev5 9 ^? days--_h _! 'extras' ^u ! /reets1 _! head+s ',by ,telegraph' tell+ ! /ory1 & be+ ! fir/ "t t su* a leg5d _h ev] appe>$ ^u a pr9t$ %eet4 ,a great & en?usia/ic cr[d greet$ ! delegates z !y alight$ f ! tra9 at ! /ation4 ,!y 7 /ruck dumb ) a/oni%m5t :5 !y he>d ! p hurrah+ = ',clay & ,frel+huys51' & saw 9 cold type be=e _! v eyes ! in=mation :i* !y suppos$ 0 exclusively _! own1 b :i* _h prec$$ !m 'by telegraph4' ,!y _h ask$ ,mr4 ,vail at ! ,junction :at he 0 do+ :5 !y saw him work+ ! telegraph key1 & :5 he told !m1 !y jok$ ab\t x mo/ glibly1 = no "o _h any belief 9 ! success ( ! telegraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,message ,,by ,,telegraph ,by ,may #bc ! entire l9e 0 complet$ f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,on ! next day1 ,may #bd1 #ahdd1 ,morse f ,wa%+ton s5t to ,vail at ,baltimore ! fir/ message ev] s5t ov] ! complet$ wire1 ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght8 ,?is fam\s message 0 dictat$ by ,miss ,ellswor?1 daught] ( ! commission] ( pat5ts at t "t4 ,%e _h tak5 a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! success ( ! bill appropriat+ ! ?irty ?\s& doll>s = ! exp]im5t1 & 0 ! fir/ to convey to ,morse ! news t ! bill _h pass$4 ,morse !reupon gave ,miss ,ellswor? 8 promise t ! fir/ message to pass ov] ! l9e %\ld be dictat$ by h]4 ,a bit ( ! orig9al wire & ! receiv] t ,vail us$ at ,baltimore are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! transmitt] us$ by ,morse at ! ,wa%+ton end ( ! l9e has be5 lo/4 ,morse liv$ to see 8 sy/em ( telegraphy adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 & ,au/ralia4 ,n9ety-five p] c5t ( all telegraphy is by 8 sy/em4 ,he f9ally receiv$ a l>ge =tune f 8 inv5tion4 ,unlike ,columbus1 ,morse 0 honor$ 9 8 lifetime = 8 a*ievem5t4 ,=eign nations be/[$ ^u him honors & m$als1 & 9 ,augu/1 #aheh1 a conv5tion ( ,european p[]s call$ by ,napoleon ,,iii at ,p>is gave ,morse f\r hundr$ ?\s& francs 7ab\t #hj1jjj7 z a te/imonial ( 8 s]vices to civilization4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahdb1 he laid ! fir/ sub-m>9e telegraph l9e4 ,x 0 across ! h>bor ( ,new ,york4 ,lat] he assi/$ ,pet] ,coop] & ,cyrus ,w4 ,field 9 _! ef=ts to lay ! fir/ ,atlantic cable4 ,honor$ by all ! civiliz$ _w1 he di$ 9 ,new ,york ,city ,april #b1 #ahgb4 ,?irte5 ye>s e>li] ,vail _h di$ at 8 home 9 ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 ! ,morse sy/em ! alphabet is repres5t$ by comb9ations ( dots & da%es4 ,! dots d5ote %ort curr5ts ( electricity fl[+ ?r\gh ! wire2 ! da%es1 long] ones4 ,cr$it = ! alphabet really belongs to ,vail2 ,morse _h devis$ a some:at complicat$ sy/em1 b ,vail inv5t$ ! dots & da%es4 ,he discov]$ t e & t are ! mo/ frequ5tly us$ lett]s4 ,he d5ot$ e by "o dot1 or "o %ort curr5t2 t he indicat$ by "o da%1 or "o long curr5t4 ,! o!r lett]s are d5ot$ by dots & da%es1 z a1 "o dot & "o da%2 b1 "o da% & ?ree dots1 etc4 ,9 #ahch ,/e9heil1 a ,g]man inve/igator1 contribut$ an important elem5t to ! practical op]ation ( ! electric telegraph by discov]+ t ! e>? c\ld take ! place ( ! return wire1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 deem$ necess>y to complete ! circuit4 ,at fir/ only "o message c\ld be s5t ov] a wire at a "t4 ,n[ sev]al messages may be transmitt$ 9 opposite directions ov] ! same wire at ! same "t4 ,wireless telegraphy is bas$ on ! pr9ciple discov]$ & ann\nc$ by ! ,engli% sci5ti/ ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 t heat1 light1 & electricity are transmitt$ by e!r waves1 & t ^! e!r waves p]meate all space4 ,! fir/ to demon/rate ! practical op]ation ( wireless telegraphy 0 ,guglielmo ,m>coni1 an ,italian4 ,9 #ahij he und]took exp]im5ts to prove 8 !ory t ! electric curr5t readily passes ?r\gh any sub/ance1 & :5 once />t$ 9 a giv5 direction foll[s a direct c\rse )\t ! aid ( a conductor4 ,m>coni made ! fir/ practical demon/ration ( wireless telegraphy 9 #ahif4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahii1 he s5t a wireless message across ! ,engli% *annel f ,france to ,engl&4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 be began 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 wireless telegraphy across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ,decemb] ( ! foll[+ ye> ! fir/ (ficial trans-,atlantic wireless message 0 s5t4 ,n[ wireless telegraphic messages are s5t regul>ly to & f mov+ %ips 9 mid-ocean1 & across ! ?ree ?\s& miles ( ! ,atlantic betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations ( ! p[] ( p]sev]ance is ! successful /ruggle ( ,cyrus ,we/ ,field 9 lay+ ! ,atlantic cable4 ,mr4 ,field 0 born 9 ,/ockbridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahai4 ,8 s*ool+1 :i* 0 slight1 0 secur$ 9 8 native t[n4 ,:5 he 0 fifte5 ye>s old1 he secur$ a position 9 a bus9ess h\se 9 ,new ,york ,city at a sal>y ( fifty doll>s a ye>4 ,he subsequ5tly f\nd$ a prosp]\s bus9ess 9 ! manufacture & sale ( pap]4 ,9 #ahed ,mr4 ,field's att5tion 0 direct$ to an attempt to lay an electric cable at ,newf\ndl&1 :i* _h fail$ = want ( funds4 ,! idea ( lay+ a cable across ! ,atlantic occurr$ to him4 ,he laid 8 plans be=e a numb] ( prom95t citiz5s ( ,new ,york4 ,on f\r successive ev5+s !y met at 8 home to /udy ! project1 & !y f9ally decid$ to und]take x4 ,on ,may #f1 #ahed1 a company 0 organiz$ to lay ! cable1 ) ,pet] ,coop] z presid5t4 ,! next twelve ye>s ,field devot$ exclusively to ! cable4 ,he w5t to ,engl& ?irty times4 ,! fir/ cable 0 br\ght f ,engl& & 0 to be laid across ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,=ty miles _h be5 successfully laid1 :5 a /orm arose & ! cable 0 cut 9 ord] to save ! %ip4 ,!n came a ye>'s delay4 ,meantime ! bottom ( ! sea 0 be+ explor$ & a va/ tablel& 0 discov]$ /ret*+ f ,newf\ndl& to ,irel&4 ,field w5t to ,engl&1 :]e he _h little difficulty 9 organiz+ a company1 & "w 0 !n begun on ! con/ruction ( a new cable4 ,next he laid 8 ent]prise be=e ,congress1 & ask$ = money4 ,an appropriation bill 0 f9ally pass$ 9 ! ,s5ate by a majority ( "o1 & 0 sign$ by ,presid5t ,pi]ce on ,m>* #c1 #aheg1 ! day be=e he retir$ f (fice4 ,field return$ to ,engl& to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( ! cable & to make prep>ations = lay+ x4 ,at la/ x 0 ready1 te/$1 & coil$ on ! %ip4 ,on ,augu/ #aa1 #aheg1 ! six? day out1 aft] ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five miles _h be5 laid1 ! cable p>t$4 ,"l ,cl>5don1 9 an int]view ) ,field1 _h rem>k$3 ,b1 suppose y don't succe$8 ,suppose y make ! attempt & fail--y\r cable is lo/ 9 ! sea--!n :at w y d8 ,! reply came promptly1 ,*>ge x to pr(it & loss1 & g to "w to lay ano!r4 ,"l ,cl>5don 0 s well pleas$ ) ! reply t he pl$g$ 8 aid4 ,! loss ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five miles ( cable 0 ! loss ( half a million doll>s4 ,field came back to ,am]ica & secur$ f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy ! vessels ne$$ = ano!r trial4 ,on ,june #aj1 #aheh1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam frigate ,niag>a1 !n ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 & ! ,briti% %ip ,agamemnon set out f opposite %ores1 b\nd = mid-ocean4 ,! vessels met1 & ! two sections ( ! cable 7 splic$2 !n !y began lay+ x t[>d bo? %ores at ! same "t4 ,aft] a little m ?an a hundr$ miles _h be5 laid1 ?is cable p>t$ 9 mid-ocean1 & ,field hurri$ to ,london to meet ! disc\rag$ directors4 ,on ,july #ag1 ! %ips set sail aga9 = mid-ocean4 ,! cable 0 splic$ 9 fifte5 hundr$ fa?oms ( wat] & aga9 ! %ips />t$ = opposite %ores4 ,field 0 on ! ,niag>a head$ t[>d ,newf\ndl&4 ,sc>cely any "o look$ = success4 ,field 0 ! only man :o kept up c\rage ?r\gh ?is try+ p]iod4 ,on ,augu/ #e1 #aheh1 he telegraph$ ! safe arrival ( ! %ip at ,newf\ndl&4 ,! %ore ends ( ! cable 7 laid & on ,augu/ #af a message f ,que5 ,victoria ( ,engl& to ,presid5t ,bu*anan fla%$ "u ! sea4 ,!re 0 great excitem5t ev]y:]e4 ,! two worlds _h be5 ti$ toge!r ) a /range electric n]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyrus ,w4 ,,field ,on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ( ,septemb] a great ovation 0 t5d]$ ,field 9 ,new ,york4 ,national salutes 7 fir$2 processions 7 =m$2 !re 0 an address by ! mayor1 & late at night a great banquet4 ,:ile ! banquet 0 9 progress1 ! cable p>t$4 ,ev]yone except ,field 0 di%e>t5$4 ,he w5t to "w aga91 & dur+ ! next five ye>s1 ! long ye>s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 he labor$ unceas+ly4 ,a l>g] cable ) a great] resi/+ =ce 0 made4 ,on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,july1 #ahfe1 ! /eam%ip ,great ,ea/]n began ano!r attempt to lay ! cable4 ,:5 x 0 )9 six hundr$ miles ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! cable p>t$ aga94 ,= n9e days attempts 7 made1 9 two & a half miles ( wat]1 to grapple ! cable1 splice x1 & cont9ue ! "w ( lay+ x4 ,?ree times ! cable 0 grappl$1 b ! app>atus on ! %ip 0 n /rong en\gh to hoi/ x abo>d4 ,/ill ,field nev] falt]$4 ,ano!r ,briti% company 0 =m$ & ano!r cable 0 con/ruct$4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n 0 aga9 load$ & on ,july #ac1 a ,friday1 set sail we/w>d lay+ ! cable4 ,aft] an unc]ta9 voyage ( two weeks ! ,great ,ea/]n arriv$ at ,newf\ndl&1 & ! und]tak+ _h aga9 be5 successfully accompli%$4 ,field telegraph$ 8 arrival z foll[s3 ,he>ts ,cont5t1 ,july #bg1 #ahff4 ,we arriv$ "h at n9e o'clock ?is morn+4 ,all well4 ,?ank ,god1 ! cable is laid1 & is 9 p]fect work+ ord]4 ,,cyrus ,w4 ,,field4 ,twelve ye>s ( unfalt]+ p]sev]ance _h won4 ,honors 7 heap$ ^u ,field4 ,congress vot$ him a gold m$al & ! ?anks ( ! nation4 ,! prime m9i/] ( ,great ,brita9 decl>$ t only ! fact ( 8 be+ ! citiz5 ( ano!r nation prev5t$ 8 receiv+ ! highe/ honors 9 ! p[] ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to be/[4 ,! ,p>is ,exposition ,univ]selle ( #ahfg honor$ him ) ! ,gr& ,m$al1 ! highe/ prize x _h to give4 ,mr4 ,field 0 aft]w>d int]e/$ 9 ! lay+ ( cables connect+ ,europe1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahhj-ha he made a trip ar\nd ! _w1 full ( satisfaction 9 8 own "p 9 mak+ a new era ( ! _w's civilization4 ,he di$ at 8 home 9 ,new ,york on ,july #aa1 #ahib4 ,! effect ( ! electric telegraph on gov]nm5t1 intellig5ce1 & civilization 9 g5]al c sc>cely be ov]/at$4 ,sydney ,smi?1 writ+ to ,e>l ,grey aft] ! admission ( ,cali=nia into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 said t ?is m>k$ an end to ! great ,am]ican republic2 = h[ c\ld p ) su* div]sifi$ int]e/s1 ) su* natural b>ri]s1 hold toge!r8 ,he did n =esee h[ /rongly a f9e copp] wire c\ld b9d toge!r ! two seabo>ds & ! great pla9s ( ! int]ior4 ,)\t ! electric telegraph1 nei!r ! great daily newspap] nor ! mod]n op]ation ( railroads w\ld be possible4 ,x wipes away ! natural b\nd>ies ( nations & makes neighbors ( all m54 ,9 #ahai ,sir ,*>les ,:eatsone1 an ,engli% physici/1 inv5t$ an in/rum5t popul>ly kn[n z ! magic lyre1 b :i* he call$ ! telephone4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is ^w is ! same ,greek adv]b tele t is f\nd 9 telegraph4 ,! phone is f ano!r ,greek ^w mean+ to s\nd4 ,to telephone1 !re=e1 means to s\nd af>4 ,! use ( ! ,engli% ^w telephone by ,:eatsone is hi/orically ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ^w 9 our language4 ,8 device did no?+ b reproduce music by means ( s\nd+ bo>ds4 ,! inv5tor ( ! mod]n telephone is ,alex&] ,graham ,bell4 ,mr4 ,bell 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 ,m>* #c1 #ahdg4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,alex&] ,melville ,bell1 a ,scot* educator1 inv5tor ( a sy/em ( visible spee*1 & au?or ( "s text-books on elocution4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 ,alex&] ,bell1 not$ = 8 ef=ts to remove imp$im5ts ( spee*4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell 0 !re=e well fitt$ by h]$ity = ! inv5tion ( an in/rum5t to transmit spee*4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh high s*ool & 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & 9 #ahfg he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,h>d /udy broke d[n 8 heal? & he mov$ to ,canada4 ,!nce he mov$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 becom+ fir/ a tea*] ( deaf mutes1 & aft]w>d pr(essor ( vocal physiology 9 ,bo/on ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahgd1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,bo/on ,bo>d ( ,education1 he began "s exp]im5ts to %[ to ! eye ! vibrations ( s\nd1 = ! use ( ! deaf & dumb4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts conv9c$ ,bell t articulate spee* c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh space4 ,e>ly 9 #ahgf he complet$ ! fir/ telephone4 ,! same ye> he exhibit$ x at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,philadelphia1 :]e x 0 pron\nc$ ! wond] ( wond]s4 ,he fil$ application = a pat5t on 8 inv5tion at ! ,pat5t ,(fice 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,febru>y #ad1 #ahgf4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ano!r application = a pat5t on ! telephone 0 receiv$ at ! ,pat5t ,(fice a few h\rs lat] on ! same day f ,eli%a ,gray1 an electrical inv5tor ( ,*icago4 ,! pat5t 0 issu$ to ,bell1 n because 8 inv5tion 0 sup]ior 9 m]it to ,gray's1 b on ! gr\nd t 8 application 0 receiv$ fir/4 ,?is is a case :]e ! e>ly bird cat*es ! worm1 = ! pr(its aris+ f ! pat5t h made ,mr4 ,bell v weal?y1 & high honors h come to him z ! inv5tor ( "o ( ! _w's greate/ & mo/ m>vel\s inv5tions4 ,! ,bell ,telephone ,company 0 organiz$ 9 #ahgg1 & 9 #ahgh ! fir/ telephone ex*anges 7 con/ruct$4 ,by ! foll[+ ye> ! telephone 0 firmly e/abli%$ z a social & comm]cial necessity4 ,x has gr[n ) great rapidity4 ,x is n[ f\nd 9 e city ( ! _w2 hotels1 l>ge build+s1 & %ips h _! private ex*anges1 & x has f\nd its way rec5tly into ?\s&s ( f>mh\ses4 ,bell _h to fight h>d 9 ! c\rts to su/a9 8 pat5t4 ,suit aft] suit 0 br\ght by rival claimants1 attack+ 8 "r to ! pat5t4 ,! litigation 0 bitt] & protract$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! suits 0 br\ght by a ,p5nsylvania me*anic nam$ ,drawbaugh4 ,he claim$ t ab\t #ahgb he _h made a work+ telephone out ( a cig> box1 a glass tumbl]1 a t9 c1 & "s o!r crude mat]ials2 & t ) ! app>atus ?us con/ruct$ he _h talk$ ov] a wire sev]al hundr$ feet long4 ,_m p]sons te/ifi$ t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ,drawbaugh's app>atus1 "s ( !m hav+ us$ x4 ,"s in/rum5ts1 said to be ! orig9al ones :i* ,drawbaugh _h con/ruct$1 7 br\ght into c\rt & exhibit$4 ,x 0 %[n t spee* c\ld be transmitt$ ) !m 9 a crude way4 ,drawbaugh claim$ t he 0 too poor at ! "t ( mak+ ! app>atus to take out ! necess>y pat5t4 ,! ,c\rt decid$ 9 favor ( ,bell4 ,eli%a ,gray1 ^: application = a pat5t _h be5 receiv$ ! same day t ,bell's 01 also br\ght suit aga9/ ,bell4 ,be=e mak+ 8 application1 ,gray _h fil$ "s prelim9>y pap]s look+ =w>d to a pat5t on ! telephone4 ,9 8 suit aga9/ ,bell he *>g$ t ! pat5t exam9] _h fraudul5tly & secretly convey$ to ,bell ! cont5ts ( ^? pap]s4 ,b ,bell won ?is suit1 & he f9ally e/abli%$ ov] all rivals 8 legal title z ! inv5tor ( ! telephone4 ,rec5tly a wireless sy/em ( telephon+ has be5 9 process ( developm5t1 & x w n be /range if1 )9 a few ye>s1 we %all be talk+ ?r\gh space )\t wires1 s b\ndless seem ! possibilities ( ! age4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,electricity3 ,,light+1 ,,transportation1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,uses ,man mu/ h discov]$ artificial light z soon z he discov]$ fire1 = ! two exi/ toge!r4 ,! fir/ light 0 probably produc$ by burn+ /icks or pieces ( wood4 ,9 8 se>* = m light1 man le>n$ h[ to make ! tall[ c&le4 ,lights made 9 "o =m or o!r f ! fats ( animals p]si/$ almo/ to ! ?re%old ( ! pres5t4 ,! next /ep =w>d 0 to ! use ( oil2 & ! next1 to ! use ( gas4 ,! fir/ practical use ( gas = purposes ( illum9ation 0 9 #agib4 ,9 t ye> ,william ,murdo*1 an ,engli% eng9e]1 produc$ gas artificially f coal1 & ) x light$ 8 h\se 9 ,cornwall1 a c\nty ( ,engl&4 ,n9e ye>s aft]w>d a ,fr5*man nam$ ,lebon illum9at$ 8 h\se & g>d5 9 ,p>is ) gas produc$ f wood4 ,/reet light+ by gas 0 introduc$ 9 #ahjg by an ,engli%man nam$ ,f4 ,a4 ,w9z] or ,w9dsor1 9 ,pall ,mall1 "o ( ! f9e /reets ( ,london4 ,! fir/ gas lights 9 ,am]ica 7 in/all$ 9 #ahjf by ,david ,melville1 ( ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1 9 8 resid5ce & 9 ! /reets adjac5t4 ,baltimore 0 ! fir/ city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to adopt gas light+ = its /reets4 ,?is 0 9 #ahag4 ,:5 gas 0 fir/ us$1 !re 0 mu* opposition to x1 z !re usually has be5 to improvem5ts 9 g5]al4 ,! citiz5s ( ,philadelphia prote/$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s aga9/ ! introduction ( gas into t city = purposes ( illum9ation4 ,"s ( ! newspap]s ( ! "t call$ gas a folly & a nuisance2 & "o ( ! pr(essors 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania decl>$ t ev5 if gas 7 ! good ?+ its support]s 7 decl>+ x to be1 tall[ c&les & oil lamps 7 good en\gh = him4 ,b gas triumph$1 & to-day ! _w c\ld sc>cely d )\t x1 ei!r = illum9ation or = fuel4 ,! electric light _h its beg9n+ ab\t #ahjj 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 a ,briti% inve/igator4 ,he discov]$ t if two pieces ( c>bon are br\ght into contact1 complet+ a circuit ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t fl[s1 & if ! c>bon po9ts are sep>at$ by a %ort di/ance1 ! po9ts w become int5sely hot & emit a brilliant light4 ,! ^w arc1 us$ 9 connection ) ! arc lamp or light1 ref]s to ! gap or arc betwe5 ! two c>bon po9ts1 across :i* ! electric curr5t leaps 9 creat+ ! light4 ,foll[+ ,sir ,humphry ,davy's exp]im5ts1 sev]al arc lights 7 inv5t$1 ) great] or less degree ( success1 & ab\t #ahfj electricity 0 tri$ successfully = light+ 9 "s ligh?\ses along ! ,briti% coa/4 ,! widespread usage & ! usefulness ( ! arc electric light1 h[ev]1 are due to ,*>les ,francis ,bru%1 an electrical inv5tor ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 :o 9 #ahgf simplifi$ ! arc light s z to br+ x into g5]al use = light+ /reets1 l>ge rooms1 halls1 & outdoor spaces4 ,bru% 0 also ! inv5tor ( an electric-dynamo ma*9e t has add$ to 8 fame4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( ! arc light1 he took out m ?an fifty o!r pat5ts4 ,! inc&esc5t electric light1 = light+ resid5ces & small rooms1 came a little lat] z ! inv5tion ( ,edison4 ,?omas ,alva ,edison is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( all times & places4 ,alex&]1 ,caes>1 & ,napoleon toge!r did n b5efit mank9d z has ?is quiet ,am]ican inv5tor4 ,he 0 born at ,milan1 ,ohio1 ,febru>y #aa1 #ahdg4 ,8 fa!r 0 ( ,dut* desc5t & 8 "m 0 ,scot*4 ,! "m1 :o _h be5 a tea*]1 gave him all ! s*ool+ he receiv$4 ,e>ly 9 life he %[$ great m5tal vigor & +5uity4 ,:5 he 0 twelve ye>s old1 he is said to h read ! hi/ories ( ,hume & ,gibbon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,edison ,:5 ,?omas 0 sev5 ye>s old1 ! ,edison family mov$ to ,port ,huron1 ,mi*igan4 ,he soon became a newsboy on ! ,gr& ,trunk railway runn+ into ,detroit4 ,he also became proprietor ( a news /&1 a book /ore1 & a vegetable m>ket1 ea* a sep>ate ent]prise 9 ,port ,huron1 employ+ elev5 boys 9 all4 ,8 sp>e h\rs 9 ,detroit1 betwe5 ! arrival & dep>ture ( 8 tra91 he sp5t read+ 9 ! ,free ,libr>y4 ,be=e long he _h b\ght a small h& pr9t+ press1 "s old type1 & plates = pat5t insides f ! proprietor ( a ,detroit newspap]1 & us+ ! baggage c> = an (fice1 he />t$ ! ,gr& ,trunk ,h]ald1 ! fir/ & only newspap] ev] publi%$ on a railway tra94 ,8 inquir+ m9d l$ him "o day to make "s *emical exp]im5ts 9 ! c>4 ,he ov]turn$ a bottle ( phosphorus1 set ! c> on fire1 & z a result 0 n p]mitt$ to use x long] = a newspap] (fice4 ,"o day "y ,edison snat*$ ! *ild ( ! /ation ag5t at ,m\nt ,clem5s1 ,mi*igan1 f b5ea? ! :eels ( a locomotive4 ,9 gratitude = ?is act1 ! /ation ag5t taught him telegraphy4 ,9 a few mon?s 8 +5uity1 "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! great inv5tor1 l$ him to /r+ a private telegraph wire f ! depot to ! t[n4 ,ov] ?is wire he =w>d$ messages1 *>g+ t5 c5ts = ea* message4 ,next he w5t to ,/rat=d1 ,canada1 z night op]ator = ! ,gr& ,trunk railway4 ,"o night he receiv$ an ord] to hold a tra94 ,he /opp$ to reply be=e signal+ ! tra91 & :5 he rea*$ ! plat=m ! tra9 _h pass$4 ,a collision result$1 ?\gh n a s]i\s "o1 & ,edison 0 ord]$ to report at ! (fice ( ! g5]al manag]4 ,edison ha/ily climb$ on a freight tra91 w5t to ,port ,huron1 & probably has n yet call$ on ! g5]al manag]4 ,edison work$ z telegraph op]ator at v>i\s places4 ,al?\gh he 0 a brilliant & rapid telegraph]1 8 fondness = play+ pranks & mak+ fun lo/ him sev]al positions4 ,aft] mak+ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts ) a telegraph repeat]1 he left ,indianapolis = ,c9c9nati1 :]e he e>n$ sixty doll>s p] mon?1 besides some?+ extra = night "w4 ,he ,work$ next 9 ,l\isville & ,memphis4 ,he 0 poor 9 purse1 = all 8 money w5t to defray ! exp5ses ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,8 fondness = ,victor ,hugo's great "w1 ,les ,mis]ables1 ga9$ = him ! nicknames ( ,victor & ,hugo4 ,at ,memphis he p]fect$ 8 telegraph repeat] & 0 ! fir/ to br+ ,new ,orleans into direct communication ) ,new ,york4 ,h[ev]1 ! manag] at ,memphis 0 jeal\s ( him & dismiss$ him4 ,%abby & de/itute1 he made 8 way back to ,l\isville1 walk+ a hundr$ miles ( ! way1 & resum$ 8 old position4 ,aft] he _h work$ 9 ! ,l\isville (fice = two ye>s1 8 exp]im5t+ aga9 got him into tr\ble4 ,he upset "s sulphuric acid1 "p ( :i* trickl$ ?r\gh ! floor & spoil$ ! c>pet 9 ! manag]'s room bel[4 ,= ?is he 0 dis*>g$4 ,he next w5t to ,new ,orleans1 int5d+ to sail = ,brazil2 b ! %ip _h gone & an old ,spani% sailor advis$ him to /ay 9 ,am]ica4 ,he w5t back to ,c9c9nati1 :]e he made "s ( 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 duplex telegraphy1 a sy/em :]eby two messages may be s5t ov] ! same wire at ! same "t4 ,a little :ile aft]w>d1 z poor z ev] & z unattractive 9 dress1 he walk$ into ! telegraph (fice 9 ,bo/on1 :]e he _h procur$ "w4 ,8 co-work]s !re1 ?9k+ !y w\ld h "s fun at 8 exp5se1 set him to receiv+ messages f ! mo/ rapid op]ators 9 ,new ,york4 ,in/ead ( ?r[+ up 8 h&s 9 defeat1 z 8 companions expect$1 he receiv$ ! messages easily1 ) a good m>g9 to sp>e1 & ask$ ! op]ator s5d+ at ! o!r end ( ! l9e to please s5d ) ! o!r foot4 ,he 0 at once plac$ regul>ly on ! ,new ,york wire4 ,:ile 9 ,bo/on1 ,edison op5$ a small work%op1 put _m ( 8 ideas into def9ite %ape1 & took out 8 fir/ pat5t4 ,x 0 ^u a *emical app>atus to record votes4 ,he tri$ to introduce ?is into ,congress1 b fail$1 al?\gh he prov$ t x w\ld "w4 ,he left ,bo/on n only )\t money1 b 9 debt1 & w5t to ,new ,york4 ,?is 0 9 #ahga :5 he 0 tw5ty-f\r ye>s old4 ,at t "t an app>atus call$ a gold indicator 0 9 use 9 ! (fices ( ab\t six hundr$ brok]s1 to %[ fluctuations 9 ! prices ( gold4 ,! sy/em 0 op]at$ f a c5tral (fice ne> ,wall /reet4 ,"o day ?is c5tral (fice 0 fill$ ) six hundr$ mess5g] boys1 ea* br++ ! compla9t t ! ma*9]y _h brok54 ,no "o knew h[ to repair x4 ,a /rang] walk$ up1 look$ at ! app>atus1 & said to ! manag]1 ,mr4 ,law1 ,i ?9k ,i c %[ y :]e ! tr\ble is4 ,! ma*9]y 0 repair$1 ! (fice 0 cle>$1 & ord] 0 re/or$4 ,:at is y\r "n1 sir8 ask$ ! delight$ manag]4 ,edison1 0 ! reply4 ,he 0 engag$ z sup]9t5d5t at a sal>y ( #bjj p] mon?1 & f t h\r 8 =tunes 7 assur$4 ,edison at once busi$ himself ) inv5t+4 ,he improv$ & inv5t$ v>i\s ma*9es us$ 9 ! /ock m>kets1 & 9 #ahgb p]fect$ 8 sy/em ( duplex telegraphy4 ,two ye>s lat] he br\ght out ! wond]ful quadruplex sy/em1 by :i* f\r messages may be s5t ov] ! same wire at ! same "t4 ,?is sy/em sav$ millions ( doll>s & disp5s$ ) ?\s&s ( miles ( poles & wires4 ,he />t$ a l>ge factory at ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 employ+ "s ?ree hundr$ m54 ,sometimes he 0 work+ on z _m z =ty-five improvem5ts & orig9al inv5tions at once4 ,9 #ahgf he /opp$ manufactur+ & turn$ all 8 att5tion to inv5t+4 ,9 t ye> he e/abli%$ a laboratory at ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 tw5ty-five miles f ,new ,york ,city4 ,:5 ?is laboratory 0 outgr[n1 he f\nd$ a new "o at ,orange1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! l>ge/ laboratory ev] e/abli%$ by "o man = sci5tific rese>* & inv5tion4 ,x comprises "o build+ #bej feet long & ?ree /ories high1 & f\r small] build+s1 ea* "o hundr$ feet long & "o /ory high4 ,! pr9cipal build+ conta9s a libr>y ( ?irty ?\s& ref]5ce books1 a lecture room1 & an exhibition room1 :]e a rem>kable collection ( in/rum5ts ( almo/ e k9d is to be se54 ,:5 ,edison began work+ to produce an inc&esc5t electric light = illum9at+ resid5ces & small rooms1 mo/ ( ! sci5ti/s ( ,engl& said t su* a light c\ld n be produc$4 ,= n9e ye>s he work$ on ?is inv5tion4 ,! *ief problem 0 to f9d1 = ! horse%oe ?read or filam5t us$ to give (f ! light1 a mat]ial t %\ld gl[ ) suffici5t int5sity & yet n be consum$ by ! great heat necess>y to produce ! light4 ,9 8 se>* = ?is mat]ial he tri$ all k9ds ( rags & textiles /eep$ 9 v>i\s *emicals1 diff]5t k9ds ( pap]1 wood1 inn] & out] b>k1 corn/alks1 etc4 ,f9ally he s5t "o ( 8 assi/ants to ! ,ea/1 & 9 ,japan a k9d ( bamboo 0 f\nd answ]+ ! requirem5ts4 ,p]sev]ance won1 & ! inc&esc5t electric light became a reality ab\t #ahhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,inc&esc5t ,,light ,?omas ,edison is "o ( ! mo/ sy/ematic ( work]s1 & ne>ly all 8 inv5tions h be5 ! result ( intellig5t & me?odical labor direct$ t[>d a def9ite aim4 ,he reads c>efully :at o!r inve/igators h f\nd out1 s z n to wa/e "t 9 go+ ov] fruitless gr\nd4 ,he also keeps copi\s note books ( 8 own op]ations1 s t !re may be no loss ( "t & en]gy4 ,8 inv5tion ( ! phonograph1 h[ev]1 0 accid5tal4 ,:ile he 0 work+ to improve ! telephone1 ! idea ( ! phonograph sudd5ly came into 8 m9d4 ,a little :ile aft]w>d ! fir/ phonograph1 crude b successful1 0 f9i%$4 ,at fir/ ?is in/rum5t 0 reg>d$ z a toy1 b lat] ! inv5tion 0 sold = a million doll>s4 ,edison is a man ( rem>kable p]sonality4 ,once :5 someone ref]r$ to him z a g5ius & said t he suppos$ a g5ius work$ only :5 ! _s mov$ him1 ! inv5tor repli$1 ,g5ius is two p] c5t inspiration & n9ety-eight p] c5t p]spiration4 ,he c]ta9ly possesses great native tal5t = inv5t+4 ,?is 0 app>5t 9 8 e>ly boyhood4 ,b mu* ( 8 m>vel\s success is due to ! intellig5t direction ( ef=t1 to tireless p]sev]ance1 & to long h\rs ( "w4 ,9 #ahig he devot$ 8 att5tion exclusively to ! inv5tion ( a new /orage batt]y1 ^u :i* he _h be5 work+ = five ye>s4 ,= m ?an a ye> he work$ h>d] ?an a day labor]4 ,he 0 9 8 laboratory by half pa/ sev5 9 ! morn+2 8 lun*eon 0 s5t to him !re2 he w5t home to d9n]1 b he return$ by eight o'clock4 ,at half pa/ elev5 8 c>riage call$ = him1 b (t5 ! coa*man 0 compell$ to wait ?ree or f\r h\rs be=e ! inv5tor 0 will+ to susp5d 8 "w4 ,:ile ! fir/ inc&esc5t electric light+ plant 0 be+ prep>$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,edison himself work$ "p ( ! "t 9 ! tr5*es1 to be sure t ! "w w\ld be prop]ly done4 ,!re is sc>cely an electrical app>atus or an electrical process 9 exi/5ce to-day t does n be> ! m>k ( "s great *ange = ! bett] com+ f ?is mo/ +5i\s ( ,am]ican inv5tors4 ,he has tak5 out m ?an f\r hundr$ pat5ts on orig9al inv5tions & improvem5ts4 ,mr4 ,edison is /ill liv+ 9 8 beautiful home at ,we/ ,orange1 ,new ,j]sey1 ne> 8 laboratory4 ,he is frequ5tly call$ ! ,wiz>d ( ,m5lo ,p>k4 ,! idea ( us+ electricity z motive p[] on railroads is ne>ly z old z ! railroads !mselves4 ,9 #ahcg1 :5 ! utility ( /eam = purposes ( transportation 0 d\bt$1 ,rob]t ,davidson propell$ a c> ) an electric eng9e on ! ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[ road4 ,9 ! fifties ,?omas ,dav5port1 a ,v]mont blacksmi?1 con/ruct$ an electric eng9e conta9+ all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! mod]n electric motor4 ,little progress1 h[ev]1 0 made 9 ! use ( electricity = motive p[]1 because ! co/ ( produc+ ! electric curr5t 0 s great4 ,9 #ahhg ,lieut4 ,sprague1 ov]com+ mo/ ( ! difficulties !n exi/+1 in/all$ at ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 ! fir/ successful electric railway 9 ! _w4 ,manag]s ( /reet railways 9 o!r cities visit$ ,ri*mond1 & aft] an inspection ( :at ,sprague _h done !re1 decid$ to sub/itute electricity = animal p[]4 ,no o!r con/ruction has _h a m rapid gr[? s9ce ! "t ( its inv5tion ?an ! electric railway4 ,9 #ahij !re 7 only ?irte5 unimportant electric roads4 ,n[ !re is h>dly a city ( ! civiliz$ _w :]e ! hum ( ! electric /reet c> is n he>d at all h\rs ( day & night4 ,mod]n urban life c\ld sc>cely exi/ )\t x4 ,x is rapidly pu%+ its way into ! c\ntry & giv+ ! f>m] ! privilege ( rapid & *eap transit4 ,! uses ( electricity are by no means exhau/$ 9 ! f\r major inv5tions ( ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 ! electric light1 & ! electric /reet c>4 ,x has be5 put to _m m9or uses4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( ^! are ! ,ro5tg5 or ,x-rays1 discov]$ by ,wilhelm ,konrad von ,ro5tg51 a ,g]man physici/1 9 #ahie4 ,!y 7 nam$ ,x-rays by _! discov]]1 because ! ultimate nature ( _! radiation 0 unkn[n1 ! lett] ,x be+ commonly us$ 9 algebra to repres5t an unkn[n quantity4 ,! ,x-rays are peculi> electric rays hav+ ! p[] to p5etrate wood1 fle%1 & o!r opaque sub/ances4 ,!y are ( mu* value to surg]y 9 disclos+ ! location ( bullets1 =eign sub/ances ( v>i\s k9ds1 & o!r objective po9ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! human body4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has demon/rat$ ?r\gh its ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture t electricity appli$ to ! soil w quick5 & help ! gr[? ( c]ta9 vegetables4 ,x has also %[n t c]ta9 crops are =w>d$ by ! application ( electric light4 ,! ,new ,york legislature 9 #ahhh pass$ a law provid+ t crim9als %\ld be execut$ 9 t /ate !reaft] by electrocution1 t is1 by s5d+ ?r\gh ! body ( ! condemn$ p]son1 a curr5t ( electricity /rong en\gh to produce dea?4 ,execution 9 ?is way makes dea? quick] & app>5tly less pa9ful ?an by hang+1 ! me?od us$ previ\sly1 & subsequ5tly sev]al o!r /ates h pass$ laws = electrical execution1 foll[+ ! example ( ,new ,york4 ,eli%a ,gray1 :o conte/$ ) ,bell ! inv5tion ( ! telephone1 0 ! inv5tor ( a peculi> ma*9e call$ ! telautograph4 ,tele & graph h be5 previ\sly expla9$4 ,auto is f a ,greek ^w mean+ itself4 ,! mean+ ( telautograph1 !re=e1 is to write af> by itself4 ,by means ( ! telautograph1 :i* is op]at$ ) electric curr5ts1 if a p]son writes ) an ord9>y lead p5cil on pap]1 say 9 ,wa%+ton or any o!r place1 at ! same "t ! writ+ w be reproduc$ ) p5 & pap] at ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 9 ,new ,york or :]ev] ! message may be s5t4 ,"o ( ! important uses ( electricity is 9 connection ) ! electric block signal4 ,?is is a device = prev5t+ railroad collisions4 ,! signals are op]at$ ) electricity1 & %[ eng9e]s :e!r or n a c]ta9 section ( ! track ahead ( !m is cle>4 ,electricity is us$ also 9 ! production ( c]ta9 *emical sub/ances2 9 cov]+ base metals ) a coat+ ( a preci\s metal1 z gold or silv]1 call$ electroplat+2 9 produc+ a solid metal page f r[s ( type1 call$ an electrotype1 :i* is us$ 9 pr9t+2 9 ! navigation ( small boats & ! propulsion ( automobiles2 9 play+ organs & pianos2 9 driv+ electric fans2 9 draw+ elevators 9 high build+s2 9 call-bells & door-bells2 9 police-al>ms & fire-al>ms2 9 ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 diseases2 & 9 _m o!r useful ways4 ,:at electricity may d = ! future _c ev5 be guess$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,am]ica ,! bir?place ( mank9d is suppos$ to h be5 some:]e 9 ,asia1 untold ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! race is ?\ght to h spread !nce to ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa & to ! p59sulas t jut d[n f ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,! travel]s ( anci5t times 7 ! ,pho5icians4 ,!y occupi$ a n>r[ /rip ( l& along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,_! c\ntry 0 small & ) difficulty support$ an increas+ population4 ,to ! ea/ ( !m 7 b>b>ic hordes1 :o p\r$ ov] ! m\nta9s & pu%$ ! ,pho5icians to ! sea1 mak+ ( !m trad]s & coloniz]s4 ,z e>ly z twelve c5turies be=e ,*ri/ !y 7 f\nd+ colonies1 explor+ /range l&s1 trad+ all ov] ! kn[n _w1 & leav+ _! alphabet :]ev] !y w5t4 ,arriv+ at a favorable place1 !y w\ld pull _! %ips a%ore1 plant a crop1 wait till x _h matur$1 reap x1 & g on4 ,!y f\nd$ _m colonies on su* sites4 ,h]odotus1 a ,greek1 born 9 ,asia ,m9or ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 is call$ ! fa!r ( hi/ory & geography4 ,he tells u t 9 8 "t ! e>? 0 ?\ght to consi/ ( ! coa/ regions ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ext5d+ r vaguely nor? & s\?1 & b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! ,atlantic ,ocean & on ! ea/ by ! great ,p]sian ,empire4 ,! ^w ,m$it]ranean is made up ( two ,lat9 words mean+ ! middle ( ! e>?4 ,erato/h5es1 a ,greek geograph] :o 0 born on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa ab\t ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 wrote a geographical treatise 9 :i* he ann\nc$ 8 belief t ! e>? 0 9 ! =m ( a sph]e revolv+ on its own axis4 ,he succe$$ 9 conv9c+ only a few1 h[ev]1 t 8 !ory 0 "r4 ,! next great geograph] 0 ,/rabo1 born 9 ! nor!a/ "p ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ye> #fd ,b4,c4 ,he 0 a great travel] & obs]v]1 & wrote a "w on geography t has come d[n to u4 ,! p>ts deal+ ) 8 own obs]vations are especially valuable4 ,! great travel] ( m$iaeval times 0 ,m>co ,polo1 an ,italian1 born 9 ,v5ice 9 #abed ,a4,d4 ,he travel$ widely1 _h _m adv5tures1 & publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 travels4 ,8 exp]i5ces 7 a great /imulus to geographical inquiry & discov]y4 ,ab\t ?is "t also ! m>9]s' compass 0 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,civilization seems to be indebt$ to ! ,*9ese = ! compass1 = x is m5tion$ by !m z an in/rum5t ( navigation z e>ly z ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! compass1 seam5 7 no long] compell$ to hug ! %ore2 !y acquir$ m d>+ to sail ! op5 sea1 & geographical exploration 0 correspond+ly wid5$4 ,geographical k grew v sl[ly4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 explor]s _h become famili> ) ! range ( ! ocean1 ! outl9e ( ! cont95ts1 & ) _m isl&s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 f\r fif?s ( ! l& area ( ! entire globe 0 unkn[n4 ,africa1 except a n>r[ rim ( coa/1 0 almo/ z little kn[n z ! planet ,m>s is to-day4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! la/ c5tury m5 knew little m ab\t ,asia ?an did ,m>co ,polo1 ?ree or f\r c5turies e>li]4 ,9 ,am]ica ! :ole va/ area we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] 0 unkn[n 9 #ahjj4 ,! coa/ ( ,au/ralia _h n yet be5 trac$1 & no?+ 0 kn[n ( its int]ior4 ,at t "t ,s\? ,am]ica 0 bett] kn[n ?an any o!r ( ! cont95tal l& masses1 except ,europe2 n[ x is ! lea/ explor$ ( all4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 wond]ful = advancem5t 9 _m fields ( human endeavor1 0 a m>vel\s "o = ! gr[? ( geographical k4 ,z we /& 9 ! doorway ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 !re is sc>cely "o elev5? ( ! l& area ( ! :ole e>? t rema9s unexplor$4 ,lewis & ,cl>k pu%$ _! way ?r\gh ! unkn[n va/ness ( ! ,am]ican ,nor?we/2 ,liv+/one & ,/anley p5etrat$ ! d>k cont95t ( ,africa2 & 9 ,septemb]1 #aiji1 ,lieut4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,pe>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy />tl$ civilization by ann\nc+ 8 discov]y ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,) ! exception ( a few int]ior tracts to-day1 ! only portions ( ! e>? unkn[n & unmapp$ lie ar\nd ! poles1 & ^! are be+ rapidly s\ght out & br\ght to k4 ,( all geographical conque/s1 by f> ! greate/ is ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 9 #adib ,a4,d4 ,! /ory ( ,columbus is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & pa!tic 9 hi/ory4 ,x is a /ory ( toil1 h>d%ip1 p]sev]ance1 & great success1 requit$ ) disappo9tm5t & disgrace4 ,*ri/ophoro ,colombo 0 born 9 ,g5oa1 ,italy1 ab\t #adce or #adcf ,a4,d4 ,foll[+ ! cu/om ( ^? times 9 giv+ names ,lat9 =ms1 8 "n became ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,9 ,lat9 ! ^w columba means dove4 ,8 fa!r 0 a wool-comb] :o 0 weal?y en\gh to s5d 8 son to a univ]sity1 :]e he /udi$ ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,on leav+ ! univ]sity1 he work$ a few mon?s at 8 fa!r's trade1 b :5 he 0 fifte5 ye>s old he det]m9$ to be a sailor4 ,( ! late boyhood & e>ly manhood ( ,columbus little is kn[n4 ,he seems to h travel$ mu*1 & x is c]ta9 t he /udi$ mu*4 ,x 0 popul>ly suppos$ 9 ! "t ( ,columbus t ! e>? 0 flat2 t x 0 surr\nd$ by a great _w-riv] call$ ,oceanus or ! ocean1 & t if "o %\ld come to ! edge he w\ld plunge d[n into illimitable space4 ,f ! "t ( ,erato/h5es & ,ari/otle1 ,greek ?9k]s & s*ol>s :o liv$ sev]al hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ _h kn[n t ! e>? 0 r\nd1 & ,columbus believ$ ?is fact too4 ,he ma/]$ ! books1 bo? anci5t & contempor>y1 on geography & navigation1 le>n$ to draw *>ts & to con/ruct sph]es1 & fitt$ himself to be a practical seaman & navigator4 ,9 #adgj he arriv$ at ,lisbon1 ,portugal1 aft] he _h be5 %ipwreck$ 9 a sea fight & _h escap$ to l& on a plank4 ,9 ,portugal he m>ri$ ! daught] ( an old sea capta94 ,he por$ ov] ! logs & pap]s ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 & talk$ ) old seam5 ( _! voyages & ( ! my/]ies ( ! we/]n sea4 ,ab\t ?is "t he seems to h arriv$ at ! conclusion t mu* ( ! _w rema9$ undiscov]$4 ,!re 7 /range rumors ab\t ! we/]n sea4 ,navigators _h se5 que] pieces ( wood & "s canes 9 ! ocean1 & ! bodies ( two /range m5 _h be5 wa%$ a%ore1 v broad-fac$1 & diff]+ 9 aspect f ,*ri/ians4 ,european comm]ce 0 9 ne$ ( a %ort] r\te to ,asia ?an ! ov]l& r\te !n 9 use4 ,columbus hop$ t he c\ld rea* ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia by sail+ we/4 ,he did n believe ! e>? z l>ge z x really is1 & he ov]-e/imat$ ! size ( ,asia1 s t he did n realize ! bread? ( ! ,atlantic or ! magnitude ( ! task be=e him4 ,columbus 0 poor1 & money 0 requir$ = s huge an und]tak+ z a voyage to ,asia4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 = him to seek aid 9 ! ent]prise4 ,he ask$ help fir/ f ! s5ate ( 8 native t[n1 ,g5oa2 b ,g5oa turn$ to him an unhe>+ e>4 ,he appli$ next to ,k+ ,john ( ,portugal4 ,! k+ ref]r$ ! matt] to a c\ncil ( geograph]s1 :o report$ aga9/ x4 ,) ! lurk+ hope t !re might be some?+ 9 ! plan1 ! k+ 0 di%onorable en\gh to s5d out an exp$ition secretly to te/ x4 ,! sailors :o made ! attempt soon lo/ he>t & return$ )\t hav+ accompli%$ any?+4 ,:5 ,columbus le>n$ ( ! k+'s secret attempt1 he 0 s outrag$ t he left ,portugal = ,spa94 ,at ab\t ! same "t he s5t 8 bro!r ,b>?olomew to ,engl& to enli/ ! assi/ance ( ! ,briti% sov]eign1 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,aft] mu* wait+ & mu* vexation1 ,columbus at la/ ga9$ ! int]e/ ( ! ,spani% k+1 ,f]d9&1 :o ref]r$ ! proposition to a c\ncil ( 8 a/ronom]s & geograph]s4 ,!y f9ally decid$ t ! project 0 va9 & vision>y & t !y c\ld h no?+ m to d ) x4 ,9 great disc\ragem5t ,columbus began prep>ations to g to ,france4 ,at ! door ( a mona/]y 9 ! little m>itime t[n ( ,palos1 he knock$ & ask$ = bread & wat] = 8 son1 ,diego1 :o 0 accompany+ him4 ,he 0 receiv$ at ! mona/]y1 & !re he met "s p]sons ( influ5ce :o int]c$$ = him ) ! ,spani% que51 ,isabella4 ,he w5t to ! ,c\rt aga91 8 plan 0 once m inve/igat$1 & once m ,columbus 0 refus$ ! aid he 0 seek+4 ,he set out = ,france & _h j\rney$ "s di/ance on ! way4 ,9 ! meantime an (ficial won ! que5's cons5t to ! ent]prise1 & !re is a /ory t 9 h] en?usiasm %e (f]$ to pl$ge h] jewels to raise money = ! exp$ition4 ,a mess5g] :o 0 s5t to ov]take ,columbus br\ght him back1 & on ! sev5te5? ( ,april1 #adib1 ! =mal agreem5t betwe5 him & ! k+ & que5 ( ,spa9 0 ent]$ into1 sign$1 & seal$4 ,columbus's aim 0 to f9d ! ea/ coa/ ( ,asia4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ?is he _h a numb] ( motives4 ,he want$ to w9 weal? & fame = himself1 to provide a %ort] & *eap] r\te = comm]ce ) ! ,ea/1 & to conv]t to ,*ri/ianity ! ,gr& ,khan1 a great ,asiatic rul]1 to :om he bore a lett] ( introduction f ! rul]s ( ,spa94 ,great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ sailors = s unc]ta9 & t]rify+ a trip4 ,fre$om 0 (f]$ to convicts & bankrupts if !y w\ld accompany ! exp$ition4 ,at la/ seam5 7 secur$ to man ?ree small %ips1 /ores 7 provid$1 & ev]y?+ 0 made ready = ! voyage4 ,! adv5tur]s numb]$1 all told1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,! %ore pres5t$ a /range spectacle on ! morn+ ( dep>ture4 ,! fri5ds ( ! sailors /ood on %ore weep+ & wr++ _! h&s1 confid5t 9 ! belief t _! lov$ ones w\ld be swall[$ up by "s fabul\s mon/] ( ! we/]n deep1 or 9 "s way be =ev] lo/ to !m4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,friday1 ,augu/ #c1 #adib1 at eight o'clock1 ! little fleet ( ?ree %ips weigh$ an*or at ! port ( ,palos1 ,spa91 & set out on ! mo/ unc]ta9 & ! greate/ ( all ocean voyages4 ,! %ips _h be5 on ! sea ?ree weeks1 & no l& _h yet be5 sight$4 ,! compass no long] po9t$ due nor?4 ,a meteor fell into ! ocean n f> f ! %ips4 ,! sailors lo/ c\rage4 ,!y decl>$ t !y mu/ p]i% if !y w5t on1 & t _! comm&] ought to be compell$ to return4 ,"s ( !m propos$ to ?r[ him into ! sea4 ,columbus kept two reckon+s2 a correct "o = himself1 & an incorrect "o to appease ! sailors4 ,he plead$ ) 8 m5 to be c\rage\s1 z long z mild me?ods avail$4 ,he !n grew h>% & comm&$ !m4 ,?r\gh all ! unc]ta9ty & ! mutt]+s ( ! sailors1 he clung unwav]+ly to 8 purpose--to pu% =w>d4 ,he _h no ?\ght ( go+ back4 ,fly+ birds & float+ objects promis$ l&1 b "t w5t on & no l& appe>$4 ,! sailors grew m & m viol5t4 ,on ! night ( ! elev5? ( ,octob]1 ,columbus himself saw a light 9 ! di/ance1 :i* sometimes flick]$ & sometimes disappe>$1 z if x might be a tor* borne by "s "o walk+4 ,all 7 n[ 9 eag] expectancy4 ,at two o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,friday1 ,octob] twelf?1 a cannon fir$ f "o ( ! vessels ann\nc$ t a sailor _h actually discov]$ l&4 ,:5 daylight came1 ,columbus l&$4 ,! fir/ ?+ he did ^u rea*+ ! %ore 0 to fall ^u 8 knees1 kiss ! e>?1 & ) te>s ( joy ?ank ,god = deliv]ance f ! p]ils ( su* a voyage4 ,8 m51 a%am$ ( _! mut9y & di/ru/1 ?rew !mselves at 8 feet1 implor+ 8 =giv5ess4 ,columbus next drew 8 sword1 plant$ ! royal bann]1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,spani% sov]eigns took possession ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 honor ( 8 deliv]ance he nam$ ! place ,san ,salvador1 :i* means ,sa9t ,savior1 or ,holy ,savior4 ,"o ( 8 ?ree vessels 0 wreck$ by a /orm ne> ! isl& ( ,santo ,dom+o1 call$ also ,hayti & ,hispaniola4 ,columbus built a =t on ?is isl& f ! wreck$ %ip1 & left 9 x a colony ( ab\t =ty ( ! crew4 ,desir\s ( return+ to ,spa9 ) an acc\nt ( 8 voyage1 he set sail 9 ,janu>y1 #adic1 on ! return trip4 ,a t]rific /orm 0 enc\nt]$4 ,columbus1 fe>+ t 8 %ips might s9k1 & wi%+ to pres]ve a record ( :at he _h done1 wrote an acc\nt ( ! voyage on a piece ( p>*m5t & plac$ x 9 a cask1 :i* he ?rew ov]bo>d 9 ! hope t x might be c>ri$ to %ore & f\nd4 ,! /orm abat$1 h[ev]1 & on ! fifte5? ( ,m>* he sail$ ) two ( 8 vessels into ! port ( ,palos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbus ,,on ,,! ,,deck ,,( ,,! ,,santa ,,m>ia4 ,f ! pa9t+ by von ,piloty ,he ent]$ ! city amid ! %\ts ( ! p1 ! boom+ ( cannons1 & ! r++ ( bells4 ,ha/5+ to ,b>celona1 :]e ! k+ & que5 7 !n hold+ c\rt1 he 0 receiv$ ) a triumphal procession4 ,seat$ next to ! ?rone1 he gave an acc\nt ( 8 discov]ies & exhibit$ ! new c\ntry's products :i* he _h br\ght back--gold1 cotton1 p>rots1 curi\s weapons1 /range plants1 unkn[n birds & bea/s1 & ! n9e ,indians :om he _h br\ght ) him = baptism4 ,great honors 7 p\r$ ^u him4 ,! k+ & que5 c\ld sc>cely d en\gh = him4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #adic1 ,columbus sail$ we/w>d on 8 second voyage4 ,! =t :i* he _h built on ,santo ,dom+o 0 f\nd burn$1 & ! colony 0 scatt]$4 ,he decid$ to build a second =t1 & coa/+ =ty miles ea/ ( ,cape ,hayti5 he select$ a site :]e he f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,isabella1 nam$ 9 honor ( ! ,spani% que54 ,he discov]$ & explor$ a numb] ( ! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 includ+ ,porto ,rico1 :i* has belong$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ! rec5t w> ) ,spa94 ,! second voyage clos$ ) 8 return to ,spa9 9 ,june1 #adif4 ,on next to ! la/ day ( ,may1 #adih1 ) six %ips ,columbus set out on 8 ?ird voyage4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,augu/ he discov]$ ! ,cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,he ?\ght x 0 only an isl&4 ,sail+ along ! %ore1 he believ$ t ! v>i\s capes :i* he pass$ 7 isl&s1 & n until he rea*$ ! m\? ( ! great ,or9oco ,riv] did he conclude t :at he _h discov]$ 0 n an isl& b a great cont95t4 ,on 8 return to ! new t[n ( ,isabella1 he f\nd t matt]s _h n gone well !re :ile he 0 away4 ,! natives _h ris5 9 revolt aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! gov]nor :om ,columbus left to rule ! isl& 9 8 abs5ce4 ,= "s "t ,columbus's enemies1 :o _h become jeal\s ( him1 _h be5 try+ to poison ! m9ds ( ! ,spani% k+ & que5 aga9/ him4 ,f9ally ! ,spani% rul]s s5t an (fic] to inquire into ! affairs ( ! new colony4 ,:5 ?is (fic] arriv$1 he took possession ( ,columbus's h\se1 put ,columbus 9 *a9s1 & s5t him back to ,spa94 ,^! *a9s ,columbus kept to ! day ( 8 dea?1 & 8 son ,h]n&o says 8 fa!r reque/$ t !y might be buri$ ) him4 ,aft] he arriv$ 9 ,spa91 he 0 re/or$ to ! good w ( ! k+ & que5 :o soon s5t him on ano!r voyage4 ,9 ,may1 #aejb1 ,columbus set sail on 8 f\r? & la/ voyage1 dur+ :i* he endur$ v great dang]s4 ,two ( 8 vessels 7 de/roy$ by a /orm & ! o!r two 7 wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,jamaica4 ,sep>at$ f all ! re/ ( ! _w1 a numb] ( 8 companions revolt$1 ?reat5$ 8 life1 des]t$ him1 & settl$ on ano!r "p ( ! isl&4 ,! natives ceas$ to br+ him food1 & dea? seem$ imm95t4 ,9 ?is extremity he took advantage ( an approa*+ eclipse ( ! moon4 ,he told ! natives t 8 ,god w\ld de/roy ! moon z a tok5 ( ! puni%m5t to be inflict$ ^u !m1 if !y did n br+ ! :ite m5 food4 ,:5 ! eclipse came1 ! natives implor$ ,columbus to int]c$e = !m ) 8 ,god1 & !y br\ght him food 9 abundance4 ,aft] ! %ipwreck1 ! navigator s5t "s ( 8 bolde/ m5 9 canoes to ask relief ( ! gov]nor ( ! colony 9 ,hispaniola4 ,! mess5g]s rea*$ ! colony 9 safety1 b ! gov]nor w\ld n und]take ! rescue ( ,columbus4 ,!y b\ght a vessel1 took x to ,jamaica1 & aft] a ye> ( dang] & anxiety on ! isl&1 9 ,june1 #aejd1 ,columbus />t$ on 8 homew>d voyage4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ?is ye> he l&$ on ,spani% soil = ! la/ "t4 ,?is f9al voyage 0 n productive ( any important results4 ,soon aft] 8 return ,que5 ,isabella di$1 & ab\t two ye>s lat]1 on ,may #ab1 #aejf1 ,columbus himself di$ at ,valladolid1 ,spa94 ,he 0 buri$ fir/ at ,valladolid1 b 8 rema9s 7 soon transf]r$ to a mona/]y 9 ,seville1 ,spa94 ,!y 7 exhum$ 9 #aecf & tak5 across ! sea to ! city ( ,santo ,dom+o1 on ! isl& ( ,hayti1 :i* he _h discov]$4 ,9 #agif ! rema9s 7 tak5 to ,havana1 ,cuba1 :]e !y rema9$ until ! close ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>4 ,9 #ahih1 aft] ! isl& ( ,cuba _h pass$ f ,spa9 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! body ( ! great admiral 0 tak5 across ! ,atlantic aga9 to ,spa91 :]e x n[ re/s4 ,9 p]son ,columbus 0 tall & well =m$4 ,e>ly 9 life he _h auburn hair1 b by ! "t he 0 ?irty ye>s old 8 hair _h be5 turn$ :ite ) c>e1 h>d%ip1 & tr\ble4 ,8 face 0 long1 & he _h gray eyes & an aquil9e nose4 ,he 0 mod]ate 9 all 8 habits1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ religi\s ( m54 ,he 0 ( a poetic temp]am5t & ?us lack$ "s ( ! ess5tial qualities ( great lead]%ip4 ,he 0 broad 9 8 outlook1 noble 9 8 aspirations1 & b5evol5t 9 _s4 ,columbus di$ ignorant ( ! fact t he _h discov]$ a new _w4 ,he believ$ t ! great cont95t :i* he gave to civilization 0 ,asia1 & t he _h only f\nd a new way to t c\ntry4 ,he call$ ! natives :om he f\nd ,indians1 ?9k+ t !y 7 inhabitants ( ,india4 ,:5 x 0 kn[n t a new c\ntry _h actually be5 discov]$1 x 0 nam$ ,am]ica 9 honor ( ,am]igo ,vespucci1 an ,italian geograph] & navigator1 :o visit$1 x seems1 ! ma9l& ( ?is c\ntry 9 #adig4 ,! l& discov]$ by ,columbus on ! night ( ,octob] #ab1 #adib1 is believ$ to h be5 ,watl+'s isl&1 "o ( ! gr\ps ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,eighte5 ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus conceiv$ 8 ent]prise & t ,augu/ morn+ 9 #adib :5 he set sail on 8 fir/ voyage ( discov]y4 ,he _h gone ab\t f place to place seek+ aid1 b spurn$ ev]y:]e4 ,^! ye>s 7 sp5t 9 almo/ hopeless anxiety1 9 pov]ty1 & 9 neglect4 ,! p ( 8 day ?\ght him crazy4 ,:5 he pass$ by1 !y po9t$ to _! =eheads & smil$4 ,he brav$ ! dang]s ( unkn[n wat]s1 ( mut9\s crews1 ( ho/ile natives1 & ( />vation4 ,:at is worse1 he endur$ ! arr[s ( jeal\sy1 sl&]1 & misrepres5tation4 ,he _h a contract ) ! ,spani% cr[n :]eby he 0 to receive c]ta9 honors & weal? z a result ( 8 discov]ies4 ,he c\ld n get ,k+ ,f]d9& to fulfill ! contract4 ,he 0 s5t home 9 *a9s f ! great hemisph]e he _h discov]$1 & ev5 ! honor ( its "n w5t to ano!r :o _h no claim to x4 ,?r\gh ! c>e] ( e successful man !re runs a grim det]m9ation to d ! ?+ 9 h&4 ,columbus _h ?is det]m9ation & ) x he triumph$4 ,! />s hid !mselves beh9d /orms2 ! compass refus$ to act normally2 a /range & t]rible ocean ro>$2 mut9y h[l$ & jeal\sy hiss$1 b on "o ?+ he 0 det]m9$--he w\ld d 8 be/ to accompli% ! ?+ he _h set himself to accompli%2 & he did x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ inspir+ poems 9 ,am]ican lit]ature is ,joaqu9 ,mill]'s ,columbus3-- ,beh9d him lay ! gray ,azores1 ,beh9d ! ,gate ( ,h]cules2 ,be=e him n ! gho/ ( %ores1 ,be=e him only %oreless seas4 ,! good mate said3 ,n[ mu/ we pray1 ,= lo6 ! v />s are gone4 ,brave ,adm'r'l1 speak1 :at %all ,i say8 ,:y1 say3 ',sail on6 sail on6 & on6' ,my m5 gr[ mut9\s day by day2 ,my m5 gr[ gha/ly wan & weak4 ,! /\t mate ?\ght ( home2 a spray ,( salt wave wa%$ 8 sw>?y *eek4 ,:at %all ,i say1 brave ,adm'r'l1 say1 ,if we sight naught b seas at dawn8 ,:y1 y %all say at break ( day3 ',sail on6 sail on6 sail on6 & on6' ,!y sail$ & sail$1 z w9ds might bl[1 ,until at la/ ! blan*$ mate said3 ,:y1 n[ n ev5 ,god w\ld "k ,%\ld ,i & all my m5 fall dead4 ,^! v w9ds =get _! way1 ,= ,god f ^! dread seas is gone4 ,n[ speak1 brave ,adm'r'l1 speak & say-- ,he said3 ,sail on6 sail on6 & on6 ,!y sail$4 ,!y sail$4 ,!n spake ! mate3 ,?is mad sea %[s 8 tee? to-night4 ,he curls 8 lips1 he lies 9 wait1 ,) lift$ tee? z if to bite6 ,brave ,adm'r'l1 say b "o good ^w3 ,:at %all we d :5 hope is gone8 ,! ^w leapt l a leap+ sword3 ,sail on6 sail on6 sail on6 & on6 ,!n1 pale & worn he kept 8 deck ,& pe]$ ?r\gh d>kness4 ,ah1 t night ,( all d>k nights6 ,& !n a speck-- ,a light6 a light6 a light6 a light6 ,x grew1 a />lit flag unfurl$6 ,x grew to be "t's bur/ ( dawn4 ,he ga9$ a _w2 he gave t _w ,its gr&e/ lesson3 ,oh6 sail on6 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,weapons ,,& ,,gunp[d] ,man's weapons ( w>f>e1 (f5sive & def5sive1 h be5 _m & curi\s4 ,david slew ,golia? ) a /one f a sl+4 ,! ,scriptures tell u t ,samson1 ! mighty man ( ! ,bible1 kill$ a ?\s& ,phili/9es at "o "t ) ! jaw-bone ( an ass4 ,! /udy ( ! developm5t ( arms makes "o ( ! mo/ significant *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,! use ( /one weapons seems to h be5 univ]sally *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] races ( mank9d1 z x /ill is di/9ctive ( ! rud] races4 ,! weapons made f /one 7 necess>ily few & simple4 ,! mo/ common 0 an ax1 made f v>i\s k9ds ( /one & ) v>y+ degrees ( skill4 ,spe>-po9ts & arr[-heads 7 made ( fl9t4 ,^! %[ a comp>atively high type ( workman%ip4 ,! highe/ ef=ts ( ! anci5t /one-work]s culm9at$ 9 a leaf-%ap$ dagg] or knife ( fl9t1 v>i\s 9 =m b uni=m 9 type4 ,^! fl9t dagg]s diff]$ also 9 size1 b seldom exce$$ a foot 9 l5g?4 ,!y 7 nev] gr\nd or poli%$1 b delicately *ipp$ to a f9e1 /raight edge1 & 7 (t5 beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atues ,,%[+ ,,knights ,,9 ,,armor ,9 ! ,bronze ,age sev]al k9ds ( bronze dagg]s 7 made4 ,! *>act]i/ic weapon ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 0 ! leaf-%ap$ bronze sword4 ,no w>like weapon ( any p]iod is m graceful 9 =m or m beautifully f9i%$4 ,?is sword _h a v ?9 edge on bo? sides runn+ f hilt to po9t1 & ! h&le 0 ( bone1 horn1 or wood4 ,! ?9ness ( ! edge seems to h be5 produc$ )\t ! aid ( hamm] or file4 ,! weapon 0 bett] fitt$ = /abb+ & ?ru/+ ?an = cutt+ ) ! edge4 ,bronze spe>-po9ts h be5 f\nd1 b ?r\gh\t ! ,bronze ,age arr[-heads 7 made ( fl9t4 ,!re 7 also %ields ( bronze1 held 9 ! h& by a h&le fa/5$ to ! c5t]4 ,! p]iod ( transition betwe5 ! ,bronze ,age & ! ,iron ,age is m>k$ by an iron sword1 :i* 0 simil> 9 =m to ! leaf-%ap$ bronze sword4 ,hom]1 ! great ,greek b>d :o is suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 9 speak+ ( ! w>s ( ! ,greeks1 describes _! weapons some:at fully4 ,!y us$ a d\ble-edg$1 bronze-blad$ sword1 ! hilt & scabb>d ( :i* 7 adorn$ ) gold & silv]4 ,9 ! combats ( ! ,hom]ic age1 h[ev]1 ! spe>1 lance1 or javel9 play$ ! pr9cipal "p2 swords 7 us$ only = fight+ at close range4 ,b[s & arr[s also 7 us$4 ,! only iron weapon specifically m5tion$ is ! arr[-head4 ,?is 0 ins]t$ 9 a split %aft1 precisely l ! fl9t arr[-heads ( ! e>ly ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & o!r mod]n savages4 ,! def5sive armor ( ! h]oic age ( ,greece 0 entirely ( bronze4 ,x consi/$ ( a helmet = ! head1 cuirass = ! *e/1 greaves = ! legs1 & a %ield4 ,! bronze cuirass 0 (t5 ornam5t$ ) gold4 ,! %ield 0 r\nd or oval 9 %ape1 v l>ge1 & cov]$ ) hide4 ,! ,greeks ( ! lat] or hi/oric age f\ght *iefly ) long1 heavy spe>s4 ,lat] ! %ield 0 r$uc$ 9 size & ! sword increas$ 9 l5g?4 ,! light-arm$ troops 7 furni%$ ) a light javel9 hav+ a /rap or ?ong fa/5$ to ! middle to assi/ 9 hurl+4 ,a l95 corselet came into use in/ead ( ! heavy metal cuirass4 ,! m\nt$ troops 7 suppli$ ) a long] sword1 a javel91 & a %ort dagg]4 ,! milit>y /r5g? ( e>ly ,egypt lay 9 h] ar*]s1 :o f\ght ei!r on foot or f *>iots4 ,! ,egyptian b[ 0 a little %ort] ?an a man's height4 ,! /r+ 0 ( hide or cord2 ! arr[s 7 ( re$1 w+$ ) ?ree fea!rs & po9t$ ) bronze heads1 & 7 f two to ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,egyptian ar*]s c>ri$ a curv$1 broad-blad$ sword1 & a dagg] or a battle-axe = combat at close qu>t]s4 ,_! def5sive armor consi/$ ( a quilt$ head-piece & coat4 ,!y us$ no %ield1 z ?is w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! use ( ! b[4 ,! infantry 7 classifi$ accord+ to ! weapons ) :i* !y f\ght--z spe>m51 swordsm51 clubm51 & sl+]s4 ,! spe>s 7 five or six feet long & _h triangul> or leaf-%ap$ heads ( bronze4 ,! spe>m5 c>ri$ %ields %ap$ l a door ) a curv$ top1 hav+ a hole 9 ! upp] portion ?r\gh :i* !y c\ld look4 ,^! %ields 7 ab\t half z high z a man & 7 cov]$ ) hairy hide1 ) ! hair atta*$4 ,! e>ly swords ( ,egypt 7 ( bronze1 /raight1 d\ble-edg$1 tap]+ f hilt to po9t1 & measur+ f two & a half to ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,! anci5t ,assyrians f\ght ) swords some:at l ^? ( ,egypt4 ,!y us$ also b[s1 lances1 spe>s1 & javel9s4 ,_! %ields 7 r\nd & convex2 & _! cuirass 0 a close-fitt+ g>m5t made ( _m lay]s ( flax1 plait$ toge!r or int]wov51 & cem5t$ & h>d5$ ) glue4 ,?is l95 corselet 0 f\nd also among ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans4 ,! *>act]i/ic weapon ( ! ,romans1 ! greate/ w>riors ( anci5t times1 0 :at ! ,romans !mselves call$ ! pilum4 ,?is weapon 0 a pike hav+ a /\t iron head c>ri$ on a rod ( iron4 ,! iron rod 0 ab\t tw5ty in*es long & t]m9at$ 9 a socket = ! ins]tion ( ! wood5 %aft1 :i* 0 a little m ?an ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,! entire weapon 0 !re=e ab\t five feet long4 ,! pilum c\ld be hurl$ z a javel9 ) great effect4 ,pi]c+ ! %ield ( ! enemy1 ! sl5d] iron rod b5t "u ! weight ( ! %aft1 :i* trail$ along ! gr\nd1 mak+ ! %ield useless = purposes ( def5se4 ,:5 us$ at close qu>t]s1 ! pilum _h some?+ ( ! effici5cy ( ! mod]n bayonet2 & :5 wield$ firmly 9 bo? h&s1 x s]v$ to w>d (f sword-/rokes1 :i* fell h>mlessly ^u ! long & /rong iron neck ( ! weapon4 ,no w>rior ( anci5t times 0 m =midable ?an ! ,roman ) 8 pilum4 ,! ,romans _h also swords ( bronze & bronze armor1 resembl+ ! armor & ! swords ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! prosp]\s days ( ,rome1 h] legions1 "u "o ( ! greate/ milit>y comm&]s ( all "t1 ,julius ,caes>1 br\ght ne>ly all ! _w ( t day to ! feet ( _! g5]al4 ,! ,franks1 a ,g]manic p :o liv$ e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era & :o gave _! "n to ,france1 us$ ! battle-ax z _! *ief weapon4 ,x _h a broad blade & a %ort h&le & 0 us$ z a missile4 ,x is said t a bl[ ( an ax1 :5 hurl$1 w\ld pi]ce an enemy's %ield or kill him1 & t ! ,franks r>ely miss$ _! aim4 ,!y wore no armor1 n ev5 helmets1 ?\gh !y c>ri$ swords1 r\nd %ields1 & d>ts ) b>b$ iron heads1 :i* 7 us$ = ?r[+ or ?ru/+4 ,:5 ?is d>t became fix$ 9 an adv]s>y's %ield1 x 0 ! habit ( ! ,frank to b\nd =w>d1 place a foot ^u "o end ( ! trail+ d>t1 &1 compell+ ! enemy to l[] 8 %ield1 slay him ) ! battle-ax4 ,! ,franks us$ also a %ort1 /raight1 broad-blad$ sword1 d\ble-edg$ & obtuse at ! po9t4 ,! milit>y organization ( ! lat] ,franks *ang$ f infantry to cavalry1 & ?is *ange gave way 9 "t to ! era ( *ivalry4 ,! sup]ior soldi]s ( ! "t ( ,*>lemagne _h add$ to _! equipm5t ! celebrat$ coat ( mail4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,knight ,,9 ,,action ,our e>ly ,anglo-,saxon fa!rs f\ght ) swords1 spe>s1 axes1 & a heavy1 s+le-edg$ knife4 ,! sword 0 especially ! weapon ( ! horseman1 & 0 n c>ri$ by anyone "u ! rank ( ?ane4 ,! infantry bore ! o!r weapons4 ,! e>ly ,anglo-,saxons d n appe> to h us$ ! b[ & arr[1 ?\gh 9 lat] times ! long b[ 0 an important weapon 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons ( old5 times 7 n /rong 9 cavalry4 ,saxon w>riors c>ri$ r\nd or oval %ields made ( wood & cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,suits ( metal armor 7 worn = def5se4 ,! gallant knights ( ! ,middle ,ages f\ght on horseback1 z !y w5t ab\t protect+ ! weak1 r$ress+ ! wrongs ( ! injur$1 & uphold+ "r aga9/ might4 ,!y 7 clad 9 armor ( metal1 ) swords buckl$ to _! sides4 ,mail armor ( int]l9k$ metallic r+s 0 us$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,f ?is "t to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 armor 0 made ( solid plates ( metal4 ,aft] #afjj1 armor 0 gradually replac$ by a new ag5t ( w>f>e1 aga9/ :i* x 0 no protection4 ,likewise ! %ield1 ! dagg]1 & ! b[ gave way1 ?\gh ! long b[ cont9u$ 9 use z an ,engli% weapon until ! close ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,ar*] ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 0 "o ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ev5ts ( all hi/ory4 ,?is t]rific sub/ance has n only revolutioniz$ w>f>e1 b has *ang$ ! curr5t ( human hi/ory itself4 ,x is n kn[n :o inv5t$ gunp[d]1 or :5 x 0 fir/ us$4 ,x is a comp\nd ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur2 ! proportions 9 :i* ^! ?ree +r$i5ts are mix$ v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t k9ds ( p[d]s4 ,x seems likely t p[d] 0 inv5t$ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 p]haps 9 ,*9a4 ,saltpetre comes1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ,*9a & ,india1 on ^: va/ pla9s x is f\nd mix$ ) ! soil4 ,an ord9>y wood fire k9dl$ on gr\nd conta9+ saltpetre w\ld br+ ! saltpetre into contact ) *>coal1 & !reby practically produce p[d]4 ,x is probable t ! discov]y ( ! explosive occurr$ 9 ?is accid5tal way4 ,fireworks 7 us$ 9 ,*9a f a v e>ly date1 b x is d\btful if ! ,*9ese1 or any o!r nation ( ,asia1 us$ gunp[d] z a propell+ =ce4 ,x 0 left = ! ,we/]n nations to develop & give practical value to ! discov]y ( ! ,*9ese4 ,our fir/ k ( p[d] z an ag5cy ( w> dates f ab\t ! ye> #gjj ,a4,d41 :5 x 0 us$ by ! ,byzant9e emp]ors 9 def5d+ ,con/ant9ople aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s4 ,x 0 employ$ !re1 h[ev]1 n z a propell+ =ce1 b 9 ! =m ( rockets or a fi]y liquid call$ ,greek fire4 ,its fir/ real use 9 ,europe z a p[] = propulsion 0 9 ,spa91 :]e ! ,moors & ! ,*ri/ians bo? us$ "s k9d ( artill]y z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,gunp[d] 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& by ,rog] ,bacon1 a ,briti% sci5ti/1 :o 0 born e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,he probably did n discov] its prop]ties indep5d5tly1 b by read+ anci5t manuscripts4 ,ow+ to ! crude & unc]ta9 me?ods ( mak+ gunp[d]1 x did n atta9 mu* value until ,b]?old ,s*w>z1 a ,g]man monk1 at ab\t #acbj ,a4,d4 introduc$ an improv$ me?od ( manufacture4 ,! improv$ p[d] ?us made 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,engl& by ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii 9 8 w> aga9/ ! ,scot* 9 #acbg4 ,x 0 p]haps us$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe e>li] ?an ?is1 b ! occasions are unc]ta94 ,! tubes f :i* ! missiles 7 propell$ 7 call$ crakeys ( w>4 ,sp5s] call$ cannon ^? devili% iron eng9es4 ,!y 7 probably us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 field w>f>e by ! ,engli% 9 ! battle at ,crecy1 a small t[n 9 ,france1 :]e on ,augu/ #bf1 #acdf1 ! ,engli% defeat$ ! ,fr5*4 ,! artill]y seem$ to h be5 us$ 9 ?is battle m]ely to fright5 ! horses ( ! enemy1 & ! cannon 7 laugh$ at z +5i\s toys4 ,f ! ,battle ( ,crecy onw>d1 ! use ( gunp[d] spread rapidly ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ! ,russians be+ ! la/ to adopt x4 ,saltpetre1 at fir/ us$ 9 its natural /ate1 began to be produc$ artificially1 & !n ! manufacture ( p[d] ext5d$ among ! nations4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 accord+ to ,c>lyle1 ! revolutioni/s 7 driv5 to su* extremities = want ( p[d] t !y scrap$ old cell>s seek+ mat]ial = its manufacture4 ,_m rec5t improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! production ( gunp[d]1 ! mo/ important result+ 9 ! smokeless p[d]4 ,be=e ! introduction ( cannon us+ gunp[d] z a propell+ =ce1 v>i\s ma*9es 7 us$ 9 w>f>e = hurl+ missiles4 ,l>ge /ones & heavy d>ts or arr[s 7 ?r[n by means ( tightly twi/$ ropes1 l ! action ( a b[1 or ?r\gh ! aid ( a lev] & sl+4 ,v>i\s names 7 appli$ to ^! weapons1 ! *ief ( :i* 7 ! balli/a & ! catapult4 ,! balli/a hurl$ /ones by means ( a twi/$ cord or a lev]2 ! catapult by d>ts or arr[s c\ld ?r[ a projectile half a mile4 ,bo? ma*9es 7 us$ by ! ,romans ) great effect1 9 bo? def5sive & (f5sive w>f>e4 ,9 de/roy+ ! wall ( a besieg$ t[n1 ! ,romans us$ a batt]+-ram4 ,x consi/$ ( a beam ( wood ) a mass ( bronze or iron on ! end resembl+ a ram's head4 ,9 its e>lie/ =m1 ! batt]+-ram 0 beat5 aga9/ ! wall by ! soldi]s2 lat] x 0 susp5d$ 9 a frame & made to sw+ ) ropes4 ,ano!r k9d mov$ on roll]s1 ! sw++ movem5t be+ giv5 to x also by means ( ropes4 ,! beam ( ! ram 0 f sixty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet long1 ! head sometimes weigh$ m ?an a ton1 & z _m z a hundr$ m5 7 necess>y to sw+ x4 ,= ! protection ( ! soldi]s us+ x1 a wood5 ro( cov]$ x1 & ! :ole 0 m\nt$ on :eels4 ,sc>cely any wall c\ld resi/ ! cont9u$ bl[s ( ! batt]+-ram4 ,! ,romans 7 ! mo/ effective 9 ! use ( ?is eng9e1 ?\gh !y borr[$ x f ! ,greeks4 ,! fir/ cannon 7 clumsy & comp>atively ineffici5t4 ,!y 7 made ( wood5 b>s held toge!r ) iron hoops1 & !y %ot balls ( /one4 ,cannon ( bronze 7 next made1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury iron cannon came into use4 ,! next improvem5t 0 ! production ( cannon ( /eel1 & = "s ye>s pa/ ! be/ artill]y has be5 made ( ?is mat]ial4 ,aft] /one balls ceas$ to be us$1 r\nd balls ( iron 7 utiliz$4 ,^! 9 "t gave way to cyl9drical projectiles ( /eel4 ,orig9ally cannon 7 load$ at ! muzzle1 b 9 rec5t ye>s bree*-load+ devices h be5 develop$1 s t n[ all ( ! be/ mod]n guns are load$ f ! re>4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 rapid-fire guns h be5 develop$4 ,^! h a me*anism by :i* ! bree* is op5$ & clos$ aga9 by a s+le motion ( a lev]4 ,! load+ ) projectile & p[d] is also done ) "o motion4 ,! rapidity ( fir+ v>ies f two hundr$ %ots p] m9ute 9 ! smalle/ guns to "o %ot 9 two m9utes 9 ! l>ge/4 ,! l>ge/ ,briti% cannon are ne>ly eighte5 in*es 9 calibre 7diamet] ( bore71 weigh a hundr$ tons1 are ?irty-five feet long1 %oot a %ell weigh+ ne>ly a ton1 consume at ea* *>ge #dej p\nds ( p[d]1 & h ! p[] ( p5etrat+ solid iron armor plate to ! dep? ( almo/ two feet1 at a di/ance ( "o ?\s& y>ds4 ,at lea/ a ye> & a qu>t] is requir$ = mak+ "o ( ! great1 heavy guns1 & (t5 a long] "t4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ "o ( ! l>ge/ ,engli% cannon is ab\t #aag1jjj1 & x co/s ab\t #age to fire ! gun once4 ,"s ( ! mo/ p[]ful cannon may be reli$ ^u to hit an object t5 feet high at a di/ance ( ab\t n9e ?\s& y>ds4 ,9 battle1 h[ev]1 ow+ to conditions ( atmosph]e & ! limitations ( human vision1 fire w\ld r>ely be op5$ at a great] di/ance ?an ?ree ?\s& y>ds1 or n q two miles4 ,guns dis*>g$ by ma*9]y h be5 introduc$ )9 ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,! fire f ma*9e guns is practically cont9u\s4 ,sev]al k9ds h be5 inv5t$ & improv$ by v>i\s p]sons4 ,"o ( ! be/ types ( ?is k9d ( ordnance is ! ,gatl+ gun1 inv5t$ 9 #ahfj by ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,gatl+1 ( ,indianapolis4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( p>allel b>rels1 usually t51 gr\p$ ar\nd & fa/5$ to a c5tral %aft4 ,ea* b>rel has its own me*anism = fir+4 ,z ! b>rels revolve1 load$ c>tridges are f$ into !m by ma*9]y & ! empty c>tridges are eject$4 ,by means ( an automatic me*anism1 ! bullets may be scatt]$ ov] su* an arc 9 front z may be desir$1 or conc5trat$ ^u a n>r[] range4 ,! ,gatl+ gun c fire at ! rate ( #abjj %ots p] m9ute2 x lit]ally hails bullets4 ,! greate/ "n connect$ ) ! manufacture ( mod]n cannon is t ( ,h]r ,alfr$ ,krupp1 ( ,g]many1 :o 0 born at ,ess5 9 #ahab 9 humble circum/ances4 ,he erect$ ! fir/ ,bessem] /eel works 9 ,g]many 9 ! city ( 8 bir?1 & 0 ! pione] 9 ! introduction ( /eel = ! manufacture ( heavy guns4 ,he believ$ 9 ! utility ( /eel :5 ! great gov]nm5ts ( ! e>? _h no fai? 9 x4 ,! works at ,ess5 cov] 9 all ab\t "o ?\s& acres1 & 9 !m tw5ty ?\s& p]sons f9d employm5t4 ,to ,krupp ,g]many ow$ mu*1 & 0 n neglig5t 9 pay+ him honor4 ,8 factory suppli$ artill]y to ne>ly all ! nations ( ,europe4 ,he di$ 9 ,july1 #ahhg1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! works by 8 son ,alfr$1 :o also di$ rec5tly4 ,! plant /ill cont9ues 9 op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,muskete] ,,& ,,pikeman ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,! fir/ portable or h& gun consi/$ ( a simple iron or brass tube fa/5$ to a /raight /ock ( wood4 ,horsem5 us$ ! fir/ guns1 & fir$ !m by plac+ ! end ( ! /ock aga9/ ! brea/ & lett+ ! b>rel re/ on a =k fa/5$ to ! saddle4 ,! gun 0 dis*>g$ by apply+ a light$ mat* to a t\*-hole 9 ! top ( ! b>rel4 ,"o k9d ( p[d] 0 us$ = prim+2 ano!r = fir+4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( c>tridges1 ! p[d] & bullets 7 load$ sep>ately at ! muzzle1 ) "s k9d ( pack+ betwe54 ,! colonial rifles 9 ,am]ica 7 load$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 a fight at close qu>t]s1 aft] a gun _h be5 once dis*>g$1 ! soldi] _h to fight ) 8 sword4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! bayonet 0 inv5t$1 tak+ its "n f ! t[n ( ,bayonne1 9 ,france1 :]e ! inv5tor liv$4 ,! light$ mat* :i* soldi]s orig9ally c>ri$ = ignit+ _! guns gave way to ! fl9t & /eel2 & 9 #ahjg a ,scot* cl]gyman nam$ ,=sy? obta9$ a pat5t :i* l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! p]cussion cap4 ,?is improvem5t revolutioniz$ ! me*anism ( fire>ms4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 made rec5tly 9 arms1 s t c>tridges conta9+ cap1 p[d]1 & projectile are f$ automatically into guns s delicately con/ruct$ t !y h great c>ry+ p[]1 precision1 & rapidity4 ,f ! dawn ( human exi/5ce man has s\ght by "s me?od or o!r to ov]come natural b>ri]s ( wat]4 ,! idea ( ! %ip is z old almo/ z ! race itself4 ,! mo/ primitive =m ( vessel 0 ! raft4 ,9 prehi/oric ages m5 made vessels by holl[+ out ! trunks ( trees1 ei!r ) fire or ) su* crude tools z !y possess$4 ,! ,lat9 poet ,virgil m5tions holl[$ ald]s us$ = boats1 & inde$ canoes 7 made f holl[$ tree trunks z long ago z ! ,/one ,age4 ,! next /ep =w>d 9 ! art ( %ipbuild+ 0 ! b>k canoe4 ,9 c\ntries :]e b>k is sc>ce1 small vessels 7 made ( sk9s1 felt1 or canvas cov]$ ) pit*4 ,9 process ( "t1 boats 7 made by fa/5+ timb]s toge!r1 & 9 ?is me?od ! basic pr9ciple ( mod]n %ipbuild+ 0 rea*$4 ,x is ! relation ( %ips to purposes ( w> t int]e/s u "h4 ,:5 ! curta9 rose = ! drama ( civilization 9 ,egypt five ?\s& ye>s ago1 m5 7 fight+ at sea4 ,! olde/ %ips ( :i* we h k 7 ,egyptian4 ,! vessels ( w> 7 !n propell$ by o>sm51 :o 7 protect$ f ! missiles ( ! enemy by planks4 ,on ! ,egyptian w>-galleys !re 0 (t5 a project+ b[ to :i* 0 atta*$ a metal head = ramm+ ! vessels ( ! enemy4 ,our k ( ,greek fight+ %ips--?anks to ,greek lit]ature--is fairly full4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 ab\t t5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 ,greek m5-(-w> c>ri$ crews ( f fifty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty m51 ne>ly all ( :om took "p 9 ! labor ( r[+4 ,a milit>y boat call$ ! bireme came into use 9 ,greece ab\t six or sev5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ^w means a vessel ) two r[s or banks ( o>sm5 on ea* side1 "o r[ above ! o!r4 ,?is disposition ( r[]s 0 evid5tly = ! purpose ( secur+ ! l>ge/ possible numb] 9 ! lea/ possible space4 ,x is probable t ! ,greeks did n orig9ate ! bireme1 b borr[$ ! idea f ! ,pho5icians or possibly f ,egypt4 ,:5 ,a!ns 0 at ! z5i? ( h] glory1 ! pr9cipal w> vessel 0 ! trireme1 a %ip ) ?ree r[s ( o>sm5 to ! side1 ea* ris+ above ano!r4 ,l>g] %ips 7 subsequ5tly con/ruct$ ) f\r1 five1 & ev5 sixte5 banks ( r[]s to a side1 ti] above ti]4 ,! ,romans1 al?\gh !y 7 s p[]ful 9 l& w>f>e1 7 n /rong 9 naval a*ievem5t until aft] ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>4 ,9 ?is w> !y le>n$ ! art ( naval con/ruction f _! enemies1 ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,a ,c>?ag9ian qu9qu]eme1 or boat ) five banks ( o>s1 drift$ to ! ,roman coa/4 ,! ,romans copi$ x1 set up frames on dry l& 9 :i* crews 7 taught to r[1 & 9 sixty days f ! "t ! trees 7 fell$ !y _h built & mann$ a fleet4 ,lat] ! ,romans us$ grappl+ hooks ) :i* !y b\nd toge!r _! own & an oppos+ %ip4 ,!y !n bo>d$ ! enemy's vessel & c>ri$ on ! fight at close qu>t]s4 ,^! tactics gave ! ,romans comm& ( ! sea1 & _! w> galley came to be ! supreme object ( t]ror 9 ! naval hi/ory ( ,roman days4 ,sails & w9d sup]s$$ r[]s z ! motive =ce ( %ips4 ,!n came /eam4 ,b aft] gunp[d] & /eam _h work$ a revolution 9 ! modes ( naval combat1 vessels ( w> cont9u$ to be made ( wood4 ,! fir/ fight betwe5 iron %ips 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 f\ght on ! n9? ( ,m>*1 #ahfb1 9 ,hampton ,roads1 ne> ,norfolk1 ,virg9ia1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,am]ica4 ,! battle 0 ! combat betwe5 ! ,m]rimac & ! ,monitor4 ,?is engagem5t m>k$ ! end ( wood5 navies4 ,!nce=? ! nations ( e>? 7 to make _! w>%ips ( iron & /eel4 ,among ! l>ge/ battle%ips built = ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy are ! ,delaw>e & ! ,nor? ,dakota4 ,ea* ( ^! battle%ips is five hundr$ & t5 feet long1 a little m ?an eighty-five feet wide1 s9ks to ! dep? ( ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 feet 9 ! wat]1 & travels at ! rate ( tw5ty-"o knots p] h\r4 ,ea* vessel weighs tw5ty ?\s& tons1 & is arm$ ) t5 great guns a foot 9 diamet] at ! m\?4 ,! ,nor? ,dakota requir$ #dfhh tons ( /eel armor at a co/ ( m ?an f\r hundr$ doll>s p] ton4 ,ea* ( its great twelve-in* guns co/ ne>ly #aaj1jjj1 weighs fifty-two tons1 & hurls a projectile weigh+ #hej p\nds a di/ance ( twelve miles4 ,?ree hundr$ & eighty-five p\nds ( p[d] are consum$ at a s+le dis*>ge4 ,at a di/ance ( m ?an a mile & a half ! projectiles ( ! ,nor? ,dakota w p5etrate /eel armor to a dep? ( ne>ly tw5ty in*es4 ,:5 ^! projectiles leave ! guns1 !y fly ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #b1hjj feet 9 a second4 ,:5 "o hundr$ %ots h be5 fir$ f "o ( ^! guns1 x is worn s t x w be useless until repair$4 ,! co/ ( a s+le dis*>ge f "o ( ^! guns is ab\t #cej4 ,sub-m>9e navigation has always be5 att5d$ by ! mo/ woeful cata/rophes1 b 9 spite ( num]\s accid5ts ! developm5t ( ! subm>9e boat has progress$ un9t]rupt$ly4 ,ea* new model pres5ts new prev5tive devices4 ,flasks ( oxyli?ic p[d] are c>ri$ = purify+ ! air 9 ! wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 9 :i* ! crews live :ile ! boat is bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!re is also a special app>atus = signall+ o!r vessels or ! %ore1 9 case ( dang]4 ,9 #aijd ?ree vessels1 designat$ ,x1 ,y1 & ,z1 7 complet$1 :i* c\ld a*ieve subm]sion 9 ! %ort space ( two m9utes4 ,! boats 7 arm$ ) six torp$oes ea*4 ,france owns ! l>ge/ fleet ( "u-wat] w>%ips 9 ! _w4 ,engl& /&s next1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t is ?ird4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,a/ronomical ,,discov]ies ,,& ,,inv5tions ,:5 ,i consid] ?y heav5s1 ! "w ( ?y f+]s1 ! moon & ! />s1 :i* ?\ ha/ orda9$1 :at is man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 ,! ,hebrew psalmi/ feels ! insignificance ( man comp>$ ) ! inf9itude ( ! heav5s4 ,victor ,hugo expresses ! opposite ?\ght3 ,!re is "o spectacle gr&] ?an ! sea--t is ! sky2 !re is "o spectacle gr&] ?an ! sky--t is ! int]ior ( ! s\l4 ,!re is no?+ m dignifi$1 m sublime1 m awful1 ?an a contemplation ( ! heav5s4 ,9 po9t ( gr&eur1 a/ronomy may be reg>d$ z k+ ( ! sci5ces4 ,x is also _! patri>*4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ! prie/s ( ,*aldea1 f ! tops ( _! flat-ro($ temples1 /udi$ ! />s & laid ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,! heav5s1 ) _! teem+1 :irl+1 circl+ congregation1 obey+ laws t h no v>iabl5ess nei!r %ad[ ( turn+ d1 inde$1 decl>e ! glory ( ,god4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! />s 7 suppos$ to influ5ce = good & ill ! lives ( m54 ,!re 7 suppos$ to be />s ( good luck & ( bad om54 ,! cool1 calculat+ ,cassius tells ,brutus1 ,! fault1 de> ,brutus1 is n 9 our />s1 ,b 9 ourselves1 t we are und]l+s4 ,:5 y look up into ! heav5s at ! flick]+ dots ( light :i* we call ! />s1 y are look+ at worlds1 _m ( !m f> l>g] ?an our e>?4 ,!y seem small because ( va/ di/ances f u4 ,our own sol> sy/em1 great z x is1 9 comp>ison ) ! cele/ial univ]se is b a clod 9 an acre4 ,at ! c5t] ( our sy/em is ! sun1 a huge ball ( fi]y matt] #ic1jjj1jjj miles f ! e>?1 & z l>ge z #ccj1jjj worlds l ours4 ,circl+ ar\nd ! sun l madd5$ horses ar\nd a race c\rse are eight planets4 ,^! planets1 ) ! sun & "s comets1 con/itute our sol> sy/em2 our sy/em1 = h[ _m sol> sy/ems !re are 9 space no "o kn[s4 ,^! planets1 9 _! ord] outw>d f ! sun1 are ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 our ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,( ^!1 ,m]cury is ! smalle/ & ,jupit] is ! l>ge/4 ,! foll[+ table %[s "s int]e/+ facts ab\t ! planets3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,numb] ( ,"t planets ,di/ance requir$ ,velocity ,"n ,diamet] requir$ to f sun = "o 9 orbit1 9 miles equal sun 9 millions revolution miles p] 9 size ( miles ar\nd sun h\r 9 days ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,m]cury #c1jjh #e1jjj1jjj #cf #hh #ajg1jab ,v5us #g1dhj #dbe1jjj #ff #bbe #gh1bhd ,e>? #g1ibf #ccb1bfj #ib #cfe-a_/d #ff1egi ,m>s #d1iii #c1jic1ejj #ada #fhg #ec1ich ,jupit] #hh1dci #a1jdh #dhc #d1ccb #bi1bjc ,saturn #ge1jcf #c1ejb #hhf #aj1gei #ba1efj ,uranus #cj1hge #bb1fjj #a1ghc #cj1fhg #ae1bjb ,neptune #cg1bje #ai1djj #b1gid #fj1abg #ab1aef ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! moon is #bdj1jjj miles f ! e>?1 & x w\ld require ne>ly #bd1ejj1jjj moons to equal ! sun 9 size4 ,o!r planets h moons1 "s ( !m sev]al4 ,if y liv$ on ! planet ,m]cury1 y\r annual bir?day w\ld come ar\nd ab\t once 9 ?ree ( our mon?s4 ,if y _h y\r home out on ! bord] l& ( ! sol> sy/em1 on ! planet ,neptune1 y w\ld h a bir?day once 9 ab\t #afe ye>s1 z we c\nt "t on ! e>?4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! clos] ! planet is to ! sun1 ! fa/] x travels 9 its orbit4 ,?is fact is due to ! p[] ( gravitation t[>d ! sun4 ,?is /range influ5ce drives ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 & ! ne>] ! planet is to ! sun ! great] is ! p[] & consequ5tly ! fa/] ! revolution4 ,! law ( gravitation 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,newton 0 born 9 #afdb 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ,engl&4 ,8 fa!r 0 a f>m]1 & ! f>mh\se 9 :i* ! son 0 born is /ill pres]v$4 ,he 0 educat$ at a gramm> s*ool 9 ,l9coln%ire1 & lat] ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 f :i* he 0 graduat$ 9 #affe4 ,e>ly 9 life he display$ a great lik+ = ma!matics4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] he ent]$ college1 he _h ma/]$ ! lead+ ma!matical works ( ! day & _h begun to make "s progress 9 orig9al ma!matical inve/igation4 ,newton's great life "w--! a*ievem5t :i* insur$ to 8 "n a place among ! immortals--0 sugge/$ to him by accid5t4 ,z ! /ory goes1 :ile he 0 walk+ "o day 9 a g>d51 he saw an apple fall f a tree4 ,he speculat$ ^u ! reasons = its fall+1 & ultimately conclud$ t ! same =ce :i* causes an apple to fall f a tree holds ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! places4 ,fur!r inve/igation br\ght him to ! unfold+ ( ?is g5]al law ( gravitation3 ,e body 9 nature attracts e o!r body ) a =ce directly z its mass1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( its di/ance4 ,?is law is ! greate/ law ( nature4 ,x is ! c5tral fact ( ! physical univ]se1 ! cem5t ( ! mat]ial _w1 ! mighty1 my/ic %eph]dess ( space1 t keeps ! planets f w&]+ (f alone4 ,x is ?is awful1 sil5t p[] rea*+ out f ! enorm\s mass ( ! sun1 t la%es ! planets 9 _! furi\s race1 & yet holds !m tightly re9$ 9 _! orbits4 ,newton 0 "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians1 sci5ti/s1 & ?9k]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,he di$ at ,k5s+ton1 ,engl&1 on ,m>* #bj1 #agbg1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ) ! illu/ri\s dead ( ,great ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,! op]ation ( ?is law ( gravitation po9t$ ! way to ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune1 :i* is consid]$ ! greate/ triumph ( ma!matical a/ronomy s9ce ! days ( ,newton4 ,prior to ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 ,uranus 0 ! out]mo/ kn[n planet ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x 0 notic$ t ,uranus 0 be+ pull$ out ( its prop] pa?4 ,x 0 be+ tugg$ away by "s /range =ce beyond ! edge ( ! kn[n planet>y sy/em4 ,z ! result ( a skilful & labori\s inve/igation1 ,lev]ri]1 a "y ,fr5* a/ronom]1 wrote 9 sub/ance to an assi/ant 9 ! obs]vatory at ,b]l93 ,direct y\r telescope to a po9t on ! ecliptic 9 ! con/ellation ( ,aqu>ius 9 longitude #cbf deg41 & y w f9d )9 a degree ( t place a new planet1 look+ l a /> ( ! n9? magnitude1 & hav+ a p]ceptible disk4 ,lev]ri] did n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a planet4 ,he calculat$ its exi/5ce1 location1 & mass f ! fact t "s su* body mu/ be !re1 to acc\nt = ! di/urbance caus$ to ,uranus4 ,! telescope 9 ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory 0 direct$ to ! place designat$ by ,lev]ri]1 & on ! night ( ,septemb] #bc1 #ahdf1 9 exact accordance ) 8 pr$iction & )9 half an h\r aft] ! a/ronom]s _h begun look+1 ,neptune 0 discov]$ )9 less ?an "o degree f ! exact spot :]e ,lev]ri] _h calculat$ x mu/ be4 ,su* are ! triumphs ( ! human m9d4 ,su* are ! failures ( nature to hide h] secrets f ! inquiry ( man1 ev5 beh9d untold millions ( miles4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( gravitation z unfold$ by ,newton1 ! p[] ( attraction decreases directly z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! sun & a planet4 ,neptune1 be+ on ! out] rim ( ! sy/em & h5ce f>!/ away f ! sun1 moves 9 its orbit ar\nd ! sun m sluggi%ly ?an any o!r planet4 ,life su* z we "k x on ! e>? c\ld n exi/ on ,neptune2 x w\ld be too cold4 ,! light & heat f ! sun on ,neptune are only "o n9e hundr$? "p ( :at we get on ! e>?4 ,b ev5 s1 ! sunlight fall+ ^u ,neptune is equal 9 p[] to sev5 hundr$ ( our full moons4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,uranus 0 ! la/ planet ( ! sol> sy/em until ,neptune 0 f\nd4 ,:e!r ,neptune is ! la/1 or :e!r o!r worlds are roam+ ar\nd beyond x1 is n kn[n4 ,ptolemy1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ a/ronom]s ( e>li] times1 0 born 9 ,egypt ab\t a c5tury & a half aft] ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy1 :i* ,ptolemy exp\nd$ b did n orig9ate1 ! e>? 0 consid]$ ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & ar\nd x ! o!r planets & ! sun 7 believ$ to revolve4 ,a passage 9 ! ,bible 9 :i* ,jo%ua comm&$ ! sun to /& /ill indicates t ! old ,hebrews believ$ ! sun circl$ ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! ,ptolemaic !ory did n acc\nt = all ! facts obs]v$ by a/ronom]s1 b = ne>ly fifte5 c5turies x held practically univ]sal sway ov] ! belief ( m51 until ano!r ?9k] set ! matt] "r4 ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus 0 born 9 ,prussia1 ,febru>y #ai1 #adgc4 ,he /udi$ ma!matics1 m$ic9e1 !ology1 & pa9t+1 b 8 greate/ a*ievem5ts 7 9 a/ronomy4 ,he made holes 9 ! walls ( 8 room1 ?r\gh :i* he might obs]ve ! />s4 ,cop]nicus did n believe 9 ! !ory ( ,ptolemy t ! e>? 0 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 b held t ! sol> sy/em _h = its c5t] ! sun1 & t ar\nd x ! planets1 includ+ ! e>?1 revolv$4 ,9 work+ out ?is belief1 :i* sci5ce has subsequ5tly %[n to be correct1 he laid ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n sy/em ( a/ronomy4 ,! book 9 :i* ,cop]nicus exp\nd$ 8 !ory 0 begun 9 #aejg & 0 complet$ 9 #aecj4 ,he c\ld n be induc$ to publi% x1 h[ev]1 until %ortly be=e 8 dea?4 ,on ,may #bd1 #aedc1 he lay dy+ 9 ,frau5burg4 ,a few h\rs be=e 8 dea?1 :5 reason1 memory1 & life 7 slipp+ away f him1 ! fir/ pr9t$ copy ( 8 book 0 borne to ,frau5burg & plac$ 9 ! great a/ronom]'s h&s4 ,he t\*$ ! book1 look$ at x = a "t1 & seem$ consci\s ( :at x 04 ,quickly aft]w>d he laps$ into ins5sibility & 0 gone4 ,johann ,kepl]1 :o 0 born 9 ,g]many 9 #aega1 contribut$ sev]al important facts to a/ronomy4 ,he /udi$ ! motions & laws ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,cop]nicus taught t ! planets revolv$ ar\nd ! sun 9 circul> orbits1 b ,kepl] discov]$ t _! pa?s are ellipses4 ,he also f\nd t ! ne>] ! planets are to ! sun ! fa/] !y travel4 ,kepl]'s discov]ies 7 embodi$ 9 ?ree great laws ( a/ronomy kn[n z ,kepl]'s laws4 ,^! furni%$ ! f\ndation = ,newton's discov]ies & are ! basis ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,kepl] di$ 9 ,novemb]1 #afcj4 ,_m ( ! wond]ful discov]ies t h be5 made 9 ! field ( a/ronomy c\ld n h be5 possible )\t ! telescope1 ! mo/ important in/rum5t us$ by a/ronom]s4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ^w is ! same ,greek adv]b mean+ af>1 f\nd 9 telegraph & telephone2 ! la/ "p is d]iv$ f a ,greek v]b mean+ to see4 ,! telescope1 !re=e1 is an in/rum5t = see+ objects t are f> (f4 ,x is a long tube ,) l5ses s arrang$ z to make objects appe> mu* l>g] ?an !y w\ld to ! nak$ eye4 ,! telescope 0 inv5t$ by a ,dut* optician nam$ ,hans ,lipp]%ey ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,italian sci5ti/ ,galileo1 :o 0 born at ,pisa 9 ,febru>y1 #aefd1 he>d ( ! inv5tion1 began /udy+ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x dep5ds1 & greatly improv$ x4 ,galileo 0 ! fir/ to use ! telescope = a/ronomical purposes4 ,) x he discov]$ ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! spots on ! sun1 & ! hills & valleys ( ! moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,galileo ,at ! pres5t "t ! l>ge/ telescopes 9 ! _w are made & own$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! l>ge/ is ! ,y]kes telescope1 belong+ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago & locat$ on ! %ores ( ,lake ,g5eva1 ,wiscons94 ,microscopes1 op]a glasses1 & o!r magnify+ in/rum5ts dep5d ^u ! same pr9ciples z ! telescope4 ,"o ( ! mo/ a/\nd+ ( man's tools is ! spectroscope1 an in/rum5t us$ = analyz+ light4 ,?r\gh a k ( *emi/ry sci5ti/s c e/abli% sci5tific relations betwe5 diff]5t sub/ances & ! light :i* !y emit4 ,by analyz+ ! light f ! heav5ly bodies ) ! aid ( ! spectroscope1 & comp>+ ?is result ) ! light s5t out f diff]5t kn[n k9ds ( matt]1 man c /& on ?is little fly+ speck ( matt] we call ! e>? & discov] ( :at sub/ances ! />s are made4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions aris+ 9 a /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies is :e!r or n any ( !m besides ! e>? are inhabit$4 ,is !re any good reason = suppos+ t our pigmy planet1 s insignificant comp>$ ) _m cele/ial bodies1 is ! only "o conta9+ life8 ,on ! o!r h&1 life su* z we "k x c\ld n exi/ on "s ( ! o!r planets4 ,m]cury w\ld be too hot2 ,neptune too cold4 ,climatic conditions on ,m>s are mo/ ne>ly l ^? ( ! e>?4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! telescope has reveal$ on ! surface ( ,m>s a numb] ( peculi>1 regul> l9es4 ,_m sci5ti/s hold t ^! are artificial canals or irrigation dit*es1 & t ! planet mu/ be inhabit$4 ,! !ory does n seem at all unreasonable4 ,b ! mo/ t c be safely said is t if any ( ! o!r planets are inhabit$1 ! mo/ likely "o is ,m>s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,cotton-,,g9 ,ano!r great inv5tion is ! cotton-g94 ,x is great because ( ! comm]cial prosp]ity :i* x br\ght to ! ,s\!rn /ates2 because x *eap5$ & ext5d$ ! use ( an almo/ necess>y article ( life2 & because ( its effect on ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! inv5tor 0 an ,am]ican1 ,eli ,:itney4 ,! ^w g9 is an abbreviation ( eng9e1 & 9 =m] days 0 (t5 us$ to d5ote a h&y me*anical device ( any k9d4 ,! cotton-g9 is a ma*9e = remov+ ! se$ f ! fib] ( ! cotton-plant4 ,its ess5tial p>ts are a numb] ( saws :i* te> ! fib] f ! se$s1 "s /iff bru%es us$ to remove ! fib] f ! saws1 & a revolv+ fan :i* bl[s ! light] sub/ance ( ! cotton away f ! saws & bru%es4 ,! orig9al cotton-g9 has be5 little *ang$ by improvem5t s9ce its inv5tion4 ,x seems to be "o ( ^? inv5tions :i* h be5 p]fect$ by ! inv5tor himself4 ,eli ,:itney 0 born 9 ,we/bor\gh1 ,worce/] ,c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 ,decemb] #h1 #agfe4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ?rifty f>m]4 ,nature be/[$ ^u ! son m>k$ ability 9 ! use ( tools4 ,:ile he 0 yet a *ild1 8 inv5tive g5ius manife/$ itself4 ,be=e he 0 t5 ye>s old1 he c\ld use e tool 9 ! f>m work%op ) ! ease & skill ( an old workman4 ,he made a viol9 be=e he 0 twelve & lat] he came to be not$ 9 ! neighborhood z a skilful m5d] ( fiddles4 ,he also turn$ 8 att5tion to mak+ nails1 :i* 9 ,revolution>y days 7 made by h&1 & became ! be/ nail-mak] 9 ,worce/] ,c\nty4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 a desire = a college education possess$ him4 ,8 fa!r agre$ to furni% ! money to pay = 8 s*ool+1 ) ! /ipulation t ! son %\ld pay x back4 ,he ent]$ ,yale1 :]e he 0 graduat$ 9 #agib4 ,aft] graduation ,:itney w5t ,s\? to act z tutor 9 a private family4 ,^u arrival at 8 de/9ation1 he f\nd t ! position 0 already fill$4 ,at t "t ! wid[ ( ,g5]al ,na?anael ,gre5e1 :o f\ght 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 liv$ ne> ,savannah1 ,georgia4 ,%e _h become int]e/$ 9 "y ,:itney & invit$ him to make h] plantation 8 home4 ,%e not$ 8 inv5tive skill1 & "o day :5 a gr\p ( ,georgia plant]s 0 discuss+ at h] home ! desirability ( a ma*9e = remov+ cotton-se$s f ! fib]1 ,mrs4 ,gre5e said3 ,g5tlem51 apply to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,:itney2 he c make any?+4 ,:itney 0 call$ 9 & ! plant]s laid ! matt] ( ! ma*9e be=e him4 ,at ?is "t he _h nev] ev5 se5 cotton fib]4 ,b he made up 8 m9d to try :at he c\ld d t[>d solv+ ! problem4 ,he w5t to ,savannah & se>*$ among ! w>eh\ses & flat-boats = samples ( cotton4 ,mrs4 ,gre5e enc\rag$ him 9 8 und]tak+ & gave him a room 9 ! basem5t ( h] h\se = 8 work%op4 ,"h he %ut himself up ) 8 task1 & 0 he>d e>ly & late hamm]+1 saw+1 & fil+4 ,no "o 0 admitt$ to ! room b ,mrs4 ,gre5e & ,ph9eas ,mill]1 ! tutor ( ,mrs4 ,gre5e's *ildr54 ,at ! outset ,:itney _h nei!r money nor tools4 ,! money 0 suppli$ by an old college fri5d2 ! tools ,:itney made himself4 ,he c\ld procure no wire 9 ,savannah = con/ruct+ 8 ma*9e1 & 0 compell$ to make 8 own1 :i* he did ) mu* p]sev]ance & skill4 ,9 #agic ! g9 0 suffici5tly complet$ to conv9ce ! inv5tor t x w\ld be a complete success4 ,mrs4 ,gre5e invit$ a numb] ( di/+ui%$ plant]s & m]*ants to witness ! work+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! spectators 7 n sl[ 9 realiz+ ! success & ! significance ( ! inv5tion4 ,!y saw t ) ?is little ma*9e "o man c\ld sep>ate z mu* cotton f ! se$ 9 "o day z he c\ld sep>ate by h& 9 a :ole w9t]4 ,) ! g9 ! cotton gr[n on a l>ge plantation c\ld be sep>at$ 9 a few days2 by h&1 ! sep>ation w\ld require a hundr$ workm5 = sev]al mon?s4 ,"o d>k night "s unscrupul\s p]sons broke op5 ! %$ 9 :i* ! unf9i%$ ma*9e _h be5 plac$ & c>ri$ x away4 ,fill$ ) rage & despair at ! wrong :i* _h be5 done him1 ,:itney left ,georgia & w5t to ,connecticut to complete 8 inv5tion4 ,b he _h sc>cely left ,savannah :5 two o!r claimants = ! honor ( ! inv5tion appe>$ 9 ,georgia4 ,a few weeks lat] a g9 v closely resembl+ ,:itney's came out4 ,8 /ol5 g9 0 d\btless us$ z a model by ^! false claimants4 ,on ,m>* #ad1 #agid1 ,:itney receiv$ a pat5t on 8 g94 ,ph9eas ,mill]1 :o _h become ! husb& ( ,mrs4 ,gre5e1 ent]$ into a p>tn]%ip ) ,:itney = manag+ ! new inv5tion4 ,:itney 0 to manufacture ! g9s 9 ! ,nor? & ,mill] 0 to furni% ! capital & att5d to ! int]e/s ( ! bus9ess 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!y plann$ n to sell ma*9es or pat5t rights1 b to make & own ! g9s1 loan+ !m to plant]s = a r5tal ( "o p\nd 9 e ?ree p\nds ( cotton g9n$4 ,!y w\ld h be5 wis] if !y _h manufactur$ & sold ! ma*9es outright4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x requir$ a l>g] capital ?an ! firm _h to manufacture ! necess>y numb] ( ma*9es4 ,9 ! second place1 no "o firm c\ld make g9s fa/ en\gh to supply ! rapidly increas+ dem&1 & consequ5tly great enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to infr+em5ts on ! pat5t rights4 ,un5d+ tr\bles beset ! new firm4 ,:itney himself 0 a victim to sev]e illness 9 ! w9t] ( #agid4 ,sc>let fev] rag$ t ye> 9 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 :]e ! manufactur+ 0 be+ done1 & _m ( ! workm5 9 ! g9 factory 7 unable to "w4 ,9 #agie ,:itney 0 aga9 seiz$ ) sev]e sickness1 & to add to ! vexations ( ! bus9ess1 ! books1 pap]s1 & ma*9]y 7 de/roy$ by fire4 ,besides all ?is1 rival claimants circulat$ a report t ,:itney's g9 ru9$ ! fib] ( ! cotton1 & t = ?is reason cotton g9n$ by ! pat5t process 0 discrim9at$ aga9/ 9 ! m>kets ( ,engl&4 ,ano!r g9 :i* did its "w by cru%+ ! se$s betwe5 roll]s & leav+ ! cru%$ se$s 9 ! fib] 0 repres5t$ z sup]ior to ,:itney's ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eli ,,:itney ,9 speak+ ( 8 tr\bles ,:itney said3 ,! difficulties ) :i* ,i h _h to cont5d h orig9at$ pr9cipally 9 ! want ( a disposition 9 mank9d to d ju/ice4 ,my inv5tion 0 new & di/9ct f e o!r2 x /ood alone4 ,x 0 n int]wov5 ) any?+ be=e kn[n2 & x c seldom happ5 t an inv5tion or improvem5t is s /rongly m>k$1 & c be s cle>ly & specifically id5tifi$2 & ,i h always believ$ t ,i %\ld h _h no difficulty 9 caus+ my rights to be respect$1 if x _h be5 less valuable & be5 us$ only by a small portion ( ! community4 ,b ! use ( ?is ma*9e be+ imm5sely pr(itable to almo/ e plant] 9 ! cotton di/ricts1 all 7 int]e/$ 9 trespass+ on ! pat5t "r1 & ea* kept ! o!r 9 c\nt5ance4444 ,at "o "t b few m5 9 ,georgia d>$ to come into c\rt & te/ify to ! mo/ simple facts )9 _! k relative to ! use ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i _h great difficulty 9 prov+ t ! ma*9e _h be5 us$ 9 ,georgia1 al?\gh at ! same mom5t !re 7 ?ree sep>ate sets ( ?is ma*9]y 9 motion )9 fifty y>ds ( ! build+ 9 :i* ! c\rt sat1 & all s ne> t ! rattle ( ! :eels 0 di/9ctly he>d on ! /eps ( ! c\rt h\se4 ,:itney nev] receiv$ fair & prop] comp5sation = 8 inv5tion4 ,! ma*9e itself 0 /ol52 o!rs s\ght to rob him ( 8 honor2 he 0 oppos$ by an unlimit$ tra9 ( vexations2 & aft] ! expiration ( 8 pat5t he 0 nev] able to secure a r5ewal4 ,! effect ( ! inv5tion ( ! cotton-g9 0 f>-rea*+1 indu/rially & hi/orically4 ,9 #ahjg1 at a session ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt held 9 ,savannah1 ,georgia1 ! inv5tor f9ally obta9$ judgm5t aga9/ ! p]sons :o _h /ol5 8 inv5tion4 ,9 ! op9ion r5d]$ 9 favor ( ,:itney1 ,judge ,johnson said ( ! cotton-g93 ,is !re a man :o he>s u :o has n exp]i5c$ its utility8 ,! :ole int]ior ( !1 ,s\!rn /ates 0 langui%+1 & its inhabitants 7 emigrat+ = ! want ( "s object to engage _! att5tion & employ _! indu/ry1 :5 ! inv5tion ( ?is ma*9e at once op5$ new views to !m :i* set ! :ole c\ntry 9 active motion4 ,individuals :o 7 depress$ ) pov]ty & sunk 9 idl5ess h sudd5ly ris5 to weal? & respectability4 ,our debts h be5 paid (f1 our capitals h increas$1 & our l&s h trebl$ !mselves 9 value4 ,we _c express ! weight ( ! obligation ! c\ntry owes to ?is inv5tion4 ,! ext5t ( x _c n[ be se54 ,"s fa9t pres5tim5t may be =m$ f ! reflection t cotton is rapidly supplant+ wool1 flax1 silk1 & ev5 furs1 9 manufactures1 & may "o day pr(itably supply ! use ( specie 9 our ,ea/ ,india trade4 ,our si/] /ates also p>ticipate 9 ! b5efits ( ?is inv5tion2 = besides af=d+ ! raw mat]ial = _! manufactures1 ! bulk9ess & quantity ( ! article af=d a valuable employm5t = _! %ipp+4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,cotton is k+4 ,! rise ( ! cotton indu/ry dates f ! inv5tion ( ,eli ,:itney's cotton-g94 ,be=e its inv5tion ! labor ( remov+ ! se$ f ! fib] 0 s t$i\s t ! gr[? ( ! cotton 0 n pr(itable4 ,p>tly because ( ?is fact & p>tly because ! ,revolution>y ,w> 0 j ov]1 ! ,s\? lay dormant2 its plantations 7 heavily mortgag$1 its p 7 mov+ away 9 /reams4 ,!n came a little ma*9e t awoke ! ,s\? f its sleep & made x r\se itself4 ,x br\ght en]gy1 hope1 & prosp]ity1 :]e be=e 7 languor1 indiff]5ce1 & /agnation4 ,x increas$ ! exportation ( ,am]ican cotton f less ?an #aij1jjj p\nds 9 #agia to #da1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #ahjc4 ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( view ! inv5tion ( ! cotton-g9 0 trem5d\s 9 its influ5ce4 ,?is ma*9e multipli$ by _m times ! dem& 9 ! ,s\? = slave labor & made slaves f> m pr(itable4 ,"o writ] has said ( ,:itney3 ,he 01 ?r\gh 8 inv5tion1 probably "o ( ! mo/ pot5t ag5cies = ! ext5sion ( slav]y & ! t]rible /ruggle t m>k$ ! fir/ half-c5tury ( our nation's exi/5ce4 ,:ile he 0 quietly sleep+ 9 8 grave1 ! v e>? 0 %ak5 ) ! tread ( cont5d+ armies t he _h done m ?an any o!r "o man to call =? to battle2 = !re is little d\bt t b = ! inv5tion ( ! cotton-g9 slav]y w\ld n h liv$ out ! c5tury ( ! ,revolution4 ,macaulay says3 ,:at ,pet] ! ,great did to make ,russia dom9ant1 ,eli ,:itney's inv5tion ( ! cotton-g9 has m ?an equal$ 9 its relation to ! p[] & progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! light ( ! wond]ful1 widespread mat]ial gr[? & prosp]ity t h come to ! :ole ( our c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s1 ,macaulay's /atem5t is ov]drawn4 ,b z matt]s 7 :5 x 0 writt5 by ! great ,engli%man1 x 0 probably true4 ,:itney a*iev$ mu* success z ! inv5tor ( improv$ me?ods ( manufactur+ fire>ms4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to conceive ! plan ( mak+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( fire>ms by ma*9]y1 s t any "p ( a weapon w\ld fit any o!r l weapon equally well4 ,?is pr9ciple has made possible ! production ( *eap wat*es1 clocks1 & sew+ ma*9es4 ,he di$ 9 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 ,janu>y #h1 #ahbe4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,anae/hetics ,if ^? inv5tions & discov]ies out ( :i* h come widespread safety1 happ9ess1 or prosp]ity to mank9d are to be consid]$ great1 !n ,dr4 ,morton's discov]y ( anae/hetics & its application to surg]y is entitl$ to a high place among ! _w's discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,! pa9 t has be5 de/roy$1 ! lives t h be5 sav$1 ! sorr[ t has be5 av]t$1 give _! te/imony to ! value ( ?is discov]y to humanity4 ,an anae/hetic is adm9i/]$ to produce tempor>y ins5sibility to pa94 ,at lea/ some?+ ( anae/hetics 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,hom] m5tions nep5!1 a potion :i* 0 said to make p]sons =get _! pa9s & sorr[s4 ,! ^w appe>s occasionally 9 lit]ature4 ,9 ,evangel9e ,longfell[ ref]s to x 9 ?is l9e3 ,cr[n u ) asphodel fl[]s1 t are wet ) ! dews ( nep5!4 ,virgil & o!r classical writ]s m5tion a my?ical riv] ,le! :i* 0 suppos$ to surr\nd ,hades4 ,s\ls pass+ ov] to ! happy fields ( ,elysium fir/ drank f ?is riv]1 ^: wat]s caus$ !m to =get _! sorr[s4 ,milton speaks ( ! my?ical /ream 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,p>adise ,lo/3 ,f> (f f ^! a sl[ & sil5t /ream1 ,le!1 ! riv] ( oblivion1 rolls h] wat]y labyr9?4 ,h]odotus wrote t x 0 ! practice ( ! ,scy?ians to inhale ! vapors ( a c]ta9 k9d ( hemp to produce intoxication4 ,! use ( ! m&rake plant z an anae/hetic is spok5 ( z f> back z ,pl9y1 ! ,roman hi/orian4 ,! sleep-produc+ effects ( ! m&ragora or m&rake are allud$ to by ,%akespe>e4 ,he also frequ5tly m5tions 9 a g5]al way draughts t act z anae/hetics1 )\t mak+ cle> _! specific natures4 ,an old ,*9ese manuscript indicates t a physician ( t c\ntry nam$ ,hoa-?o 9 ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/ us$ a prep>ation ( hemp z an anae/hetic 9 surgical op]ations4 ,al?\gh ! anci5ts _h k ( anae/hetics ( "o k9d or o!r1 ! practice ( anae/hesia nev] became g5]al1 & surgeons ( ! anci5t _w appe> to h look$ ^u x ) disfavor4 ,:5 9 mod]n times ,joseph ,prie/ley1 ! ,engli% sci5ti/ 7born 9 #agcc1 di$ #ahjd7 gave great impetus to *emical rese>* by 8 discov]ies 9 t sci5ce1 ! nature ( gases & vapors 0 m & m closely /udi$4 ,! belief soon sprang up t _m gases & vapors w\ld ultimately become ( great value 9 m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,9 #ahjj ,sir ,humphry ,davy exp]im5t$ ) nitr\s oxide gas1 call$ laugh+ gas1 & discov]$ its anae/hetic qualities4 ,he sugge/$ its use 9 surg]y1 b = practically half a c5tury 8 sugge/ion pass$ unhe$$4 ,o!r sci5ti/s exp]im5t$ ) great] or less success1 seek+ to f9d some?+ t w\ld alleviate physical pa92 b to ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,g4 ,morton1 an ,am]ican1 belongs ! cr$it = ! practical introduction ( anae/hetics into mod]n surg]y4 ,dr4 ,morton 0 born 9 ,*>lton1 ,massa*usetts1 ,augu/ #i1 #ahai4 ,8 ance/ors 7 ( ,scot* extraction4 ,he pass$ 8 e>ly ye>s 9 f>m "w4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 he ent]$ an academy at ,ox=d1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e he rema9$ only a few mon?s1 att5d+ s*ool !reaft] at ,nor?field & ,leice/]4 ,8 fa!r's f9ancial condition caus$ him to leave s*ool 9 #ahcf & ent] ! employ ( a publi%+ firm 9 ,bo/on4 ,decid+ to engage 9 ! practice ( d5ti/ry1 9 #ahdj he took a c\rse 9 ! ,baltimore ,college ( ,d5tal ,surg]y4 ,two ye>s aft]w>d he began ! practice ( 8 pr(ession 9 ,bo/on4 ,z d5ti/ry at t "t 0 9 its beg9n+s z a di/9ct pr(ession1 ,dr4 ,morton took up1 9 addition to x1 ! /udy ( g5]al m$ic9e & surg]y 9 ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,9 ! days prior to ! use ( anae/hetics1 ! op]ations ( d5tal surg]y 7 att5d$ by mu* pa94 ,dr4 ,morton began seek+ "s means = alleviat+ x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations he became acqua9t$ ) ! effects ( sulphuric e!r z a local anae/hetic1 & frequ5tly us$ ?is drug 9 m9or op]ations4 ,on "o occasion he appli$ x ) unusual fre$om 9 ! treatm5t ( a v s5sitive too?4 ,obs]v+ h[ completely ! tissues 7 b5umb$ by ! e!r1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( br++ ! entire sy/em "u its influ5ce1 !reby produc+ tempor>y ins5sibility 9 all ! s5sory n]ves4 ,! mo/ s]i\s problem ) :i* he _h to deal 0 ! mann] ( apply+ ! e!r4 ,al?\gh ! soporific t5d5cies ( bo? e!r & nitr\s oxide gas 7 well kn[n1 x _h n be5 prov$ t !y c\ld be inhal$ 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities1 or1 if s1 t !y w\ld produce p]fect ins5sibility4 ,aft] a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) v>i\s animals1 ,dr4 ,morton succe$$ 9 fully e/abli%+ ! n>cotic p[] ( e!r4 ,on ,octob] #af1 #ahdf1 he made 8 fir/ public demon/ration ( ! new discov]y 9 ! op]at+ room ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital1 9 ,bo/on1 :5 he pa9lessly remov$ a tumor f ! jaw ( a pati5t4 ,?is op]ation 0 :olly conv9c+ to ! m$ical pr(ession1 & creat$ pr(\nd public int]e/4 ,dr4 ,morton 0 br\ght into imm$iate prom95ce4 ,a meet+ ( ! lead+ physicians ( ,bo/on 0 held to *oose an appropriate "n = ! new process4 ,a long li/ ( words 0 pres5t$1 f :i* ,dr4 ,morton select$ ! t]m le!on1 relat$ to ! ,le! ( ,virgil & ! classical writ]s4 ,! words anae/hetic & anae/hesia 7 co9$ f ! ,greek by ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ! ,am]ican poet & physician1 :o 0 !n liv+ 9 ,bo/on4 ,! words propos$ by ,dr4 ,holmes h become ! e/abli%$ t]ms ( ! subject1 sup]s$+ ! le!on ( ! discov]]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,t4 ,g4 ,,morton ,dr4 ,morton secur$ a pat5t on 8 discov]y1 b d]iv$ little pecuni>y pr(it f x4 ,al?\gh he p]mitt$ ! free use ( 8 anae/hetic 9 *>itable in/itutions1 8 pat5t 0 frequ5tly infr+$4 ,he va9ly appli$ to ,congress = comp5sation 9 #ahdf & #ahdi4 ,a bill to give him "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s z a national te/imonial ( 8 contribution to ! welf>e ( ! race 0 introduc$ into ,congress 9 #aheb & defeat$4 ,measures 9 8 behalf at sessions ( ,congress 9 #ahec & #ahed 7 likewise vot$ d[n4 ,! only money t ev] came to ,dr4 ,morton = 8 discov]y 0 a small prize f ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces & ! sum ( "o ?\s& doll>s f ! tru/ees ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,russia & ( ,norway & ,sw$5 conf]r$ ^u him c]ta9 aw>ds ( honor 9 recognition ( 8 great contribution to sci5ce4 ,he di$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,july #ae1 #ahfh1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,m\nt ,auburn ,cemet]y1 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful & illu/ri\s ( ,am]ican burial places4 ,! monum5t ( ,dr4 ,morton 9 ,m\nt ,auburn be>s ?is inscription3 ,william ,t4 ,g4 ,morton1 inv5tor & reveal] ( anae/hetic inhalation1 by :om pa9 9 surg]y 0 av]t$ & annull$2 be=e :om1 9 all "t1 surg]y 0 agony2 s9ce :om1 sci5ce has control ( pa94 ,he is includ$ among ! fifty-?ree illu/ri\s sons ( ,massa*usetts ^: names are inscrib$ ^u ! dome ( ! new ,hall ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate ,h\se at ,bo/on2 & is among ! five hundr$ not$ m5 ^: names adorn ! facade ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 ,! news ( ,morton's discov]y rea*$ ,engl& ,decemb] #ag1 #ahdf4 ,)9 five days e!r 0 9 use z an anae/hetic by ! ,engli% d5ti/s & surgeons4 ,a ye> lat] ,sir ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh discov]$ ! anae/hetic prop]ties ( *lor(orm1 :i* has s9ce t "t be5 ! pref]r$ anae/hetic 9 ,europe4 ,e!r has cont9u$ 9 g5]al use 9 ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,/eel ,,& ,,rubb] ,x has be5 %[n already 9 ?is volume t ! mat]ials f :i* man has made 8 tools1 & ^? tools !mselves1 are ! be/ means ( det]m9+ 8 advance 9 civilization4 ,man pass$ f ! ,/one ,age ) its few1 crude implem5ts into ! ,bronze ,age1 & f ?is into ! ,iron ,age1 ) ea* succe$+ /ep increas+ ! numb] & effici5cy ( 8 tools4 ,! race has lately pass$ into an age :i* might well be nam$ ! ,age ( ,/eel4 ,! discov]y or inv5tion ( ?is metal--= !re is 9 x ! nature ( bo? inv5tion & discov]y--is suffici5tly important to m>k a di/9ct era 9 human progress4 ,/eel is n f\nd native1 b is a comp\nd ( iron & c>bon & is produc$ artificially4 ,! great value ( /eel lies 9 ! fact t x c be made s h>d t x c cut & %ape almo/ e o!r sub/ance kn[n to man1 & yet ?is v quality ( h>dness c be s modifi$ z to make ! metal capable ( cutt+ & o!rwise %ap+ itself4 ,/eel c be made ne>ly z h>d z ! diamond1 or s s(t t x c be cut1 b5t1 or hamm]$ into ?is %ape or t1 roll$ into %eets1 or drawn out into ! f9e/ wire4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! comp\nd is iron1 ! c>bon rang+ f "o-f\r? ( "o p] c5t to two & "o half p] c5t4 ,ord9>y /eel conta9s c]ta9 o!r *emicals1 su* z silicon1 manganese1 sulphur1 & phosphorus1 b ^! are m]e natural impurities exi/+ 9 ! metal4 ,! ess5tial +r$i5ts are iron & c>bon4 ,/eel is h>d5$ by be+ heat$ to a high temp]ature & !n sudd5ly cool$ by contact ) cold wat]1 or 9 o!r l ways4 ,fix+ ! degree ( h>dness 9 a piece ( /eel is call$ temp]+4 ,! degree ( h>dness is dep5d5t ^u ! sudd5ness ( cool+4 ,! widespread use ( /eel & its importance 9 ! life ( to-day are due to ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 an ,engli% inv5tor1 :o 0 born ,janu>y #ai1 #ahac1 & di$ ,m>* #ae1 #ahih4 ,! sub/ance 0 kn[n1 made1 & us$ be=e ! "t ( ,bessem]1 b its production 0 s co/ly t x 0 little us$4 ,by 8 process ( production ! co/ 0 greatly r$uc$ & /eel consequ5tly came into mu* wid] usage4 ,by ! ,bessem] process molt5 iron is p\r$ into a vessel ) holes 9 ! bottom4 ,air at a p[]ful pressure is =c$ ?r\gh ^! op5+s1 s t ! pressure ( ! air prev5ts ! melt$ metal f runn+ out4 ,! air removes ! c>bon f ! molt5 iron4 ,aft]w>d ! requir$ am\nt ( c>bon is admitt$ to ! iron1 & ! result ( ! union is a piece ( /eel4 ,! process ( ,bessem] 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahef4 ,/eel is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( great mod]n build+s1 bridges1 & battle%ips2 & 9 mak+ cannon1 railroad c>s & rails1 pipe1 wire1 bolts & nails1 swords1 knives1 saws1 wat*-spr+s1 ne$les1 & innum]able tools & articles ( e-day usage4 ,manife/ly a mat]ial t is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( articles rang+ f a ne$le to a great city sky-scrap] or a battle%ip mu/ be ( prime importance to ! human race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eel ,,framework ,,( ,,! ,,flatiron ,,build+1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation is ! l>ge/ comb9ation ( capital 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 organiz$ 9 ,m>*1 #aija1 "u ! laws ( ,new ,j]sey1 = ! manufacture & sale ( /eel products4 ,?is giant corporation 0 =m$ by ! union ( t5 l>ge corporations1 ea* ( :i* 01 9 turn1 made up ( small] companies4 ,its total capitalization is #a1djd1jjj1jjj1 or "o half ( all ! money 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its prop]ty consi/s ( #adi /eel works1 ) an annual capacity ( #i1jjj1jjj tons2 #ah1jjj coke furnaces2 ov] #ajj1jjj acres ( l&2 & #abe lake vessels & sev]al small railroads4 ,! ,corporation employs ov] #aej1jjj m51 to :om x pays 9 ,wages annually ov] #abj1jjj1jjj4 ,:5 on a wet morn+ "o puts on rubb]s & a ra9 coat1 "o sc>cely wond]s ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! articles t give s mu* protection & com=t4 ,! /ory ( rubb] is an int]e/+ "o4 ,! sub/ance at fir/ 0 call$ ela/ic gum4 ,ab\t #aggj x 0 discov]$ t ! gum w\ld rub out lead p5cil m>ks4 ,x 0 import$ into ,great ,brita9 & sold = ?is purpose1 & because ( ?is prop]ty its "n 0 *ang$ to rubb]4 ,! correct "n ( ! mat]ial n[ is ca\t*\c1 ?\gh its common "n is ,india-rubb] or simply rubb]4 ,x is obta9$ f ! sap ( c]ta9 tropical trees & %rubs4 ,! be/ quality ( rubb] comes f ,brazil1 ?\gh supplies are procur$ f o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & p>ts ( tropical ,asia4 ,! details ( collect+ ! sap & prep>+ x = m>ket v>y some:at accord+ to locality & ! nature ( ! trees or %rubs f :i* x comes4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,amazon1 :5 ! sap is to be obta9$ f a tree1 cuts are made ea* morn+ 9 ! b>k4 ,! milky sap t exudes is collect$ 9 little t9 or clay cups fa/5$ to ! trunk4 ,at ! end ( ab\t t5 h\rs ^! cups are empti$ into l>g] ones1 & on ! morn+ ( ! foll[+ day new incisions are made 9 ea* tree1 ab\t eight in*es bel[ ! old ones4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until incisions h be5 made 9 ! b>k f a height ( ab\t six feet d[n to ! gr\nd2 ! l[] d[n on ! trunk ( ! tree1 ! bett] is ! quality ( ! sap4 ,= ! evaporation ( ! sap1 a fire is built ( mat]ial yield+ d5se volumes ( smoke4 ,workm5 dip wood5 paddles into ! liquid & hold !m 9 ! smoke until ! sap solidifies & acquires a slightly yell[ t+e4 ,!y repeat ! process ( dipp+ ! paddle into ! sap & hold+ x 9 ! smoke1 until ! paddle is cov]$ ) a lay] ( ! dri$ gum ab\t an in* & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,?is lay] is !n remov$ f ! paddle & hung up to dry2 & ! process ( evaporation is comm5c$ anew4 ,! raw mat]ial1 :i* is an ela/ic1 yell[i%1 gum-l sub/ance1 is s5t away to be vulcaniz$4 ,f ! vulcaniz$ product are made ! rubb] goods ( comm]ce4 ,z f> back z #afae ,a4,d4 ! ,spani>ds us$ rubb] = wax+ canvas cloaks s z to make !m wat]-pro(4 ,b x 0 n until two c5turies lat] t ca\t*\c began to attract g5]al att5tion4 ,*>les ,goodye>1 an ,am]ican inv5tor1 f\nd a way = mak+ x commonly useful1 & br\ght ab\t its practical & widespread utility4 ,! /ory ( ,goodye>'s life is pa!tically int]e/+4 ,he 0 born 9 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahjj4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,amasa ,goodye>1 a pione] h>dw>e manufactur]1 f :om ! son inh]it$ mu* ( 8 inv5tive ability4 ,*>les ,goodye> 0 educat$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,new ,hav51 & sp5t mu* ( 8 "t on 8 fa!r's f>m & 9 ! factory1 :]e ! fa!r manufactur$ /eel implem5ts & pe>l buttons1 ! fir/ ev] made 9 ,am]ica4 ,! son int5d$ to become a prea*]1 b ob/acles arose & he ab&on$ 8 purpose4 ,?\gh he 0 n to m9i/] to man's spiritual ne$s1 yet he 0 to br+ to ! race a mat]ial bless+ ( great value4 ,goodye> ent]$ into ! h>dw>e bus9ess ) 8 fa!r 9 ,connecticut & at ,philadelphia1 b _! bus9ess fail$4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s ext5d+ f #ahcj to #ahdj he 0 frequ5tly imprison$ = debt4 ,all ?is "t he 0 work+ to p]fect unf9i%$ inv5tions 9 ord] t 8 cr$itors might be paid4 ,:ile a boy on 8 fa!r's f>m1 he "o day pick$ up a scale ( rubb] peel$ f a bottle1 & conceiv$ ! notion t ?is sub/ance c\ld be turn$ into a mo/ useful mat]ial if x 7 made uni=mly ?9 & prep>$ 9 su* way z to prev5t its melt+ & /ick+ toge!r 9 a solid mass4 ,:5 he 0 fir/ imprison$ = debt1 ! use ( rubb] 0 attract+ g5]al att5tion4 ,he became /rongly int]e/$ 9 f9d+ a way = mak+ ! article m useful4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 treat+ rubb] lay 9 its susceptibility to extremes ( temp]ature2 x melt$ 9 summ] & became /iff5$ 9 w9t]4 ,/r5u\s ef=t _h be5 exp5d$ 9 attempt+ to ov]come ?is difficulty1 b )\t success4 ,goodye> d$icat$ 8 en]gies to a solution ( ! problem4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 ,philadelphia1 9 ,new ,york1 & 9 ,massa*usetts t[ns4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he & 8 family liv$ lit]ally f h& to m\?1 & m ?an once subsi/$ ^u :at 0 virtually ! *>ity ( fri5ds4 ,sometimes x 0 necess>y to sell ! *ildr5's books & articles ( h\sehold furniture to drive ! wolf ( hung] f ! door4 ,mu* ( 8 exp]im5tation 0 c>ri$ on 9 prison1 ) no enc\ragem5t f any s\rce to *e] him on4 ,at times 8 hopes arose z victory seem$ ne>2 !y soon fell1 z :at he _h mi/ak5 = triumph prov$ to be defeat4 ,he became ! butt ( ^? :o did n %>e 8 own con/ant fai? 9 ! ultimate success ( 8 labors4 ,he 0 calm 9 defeat1 pati5t 9 ridicule1 & always bore himself ) magnific5t =titude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,goodye> ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahci ,goodye> c\ld %\t ) ! old ,syracusan ma!matician1 ,eureka6--,i h f\nd x6 ,he _h discov]$ t rubb] coat$ ) sulphur & !n heat$ to a high degree ( heat is r5d]$ uni=mly ela/ic 9 all temp]atures4 ,he _h solv$ ! problem1 b x 0 two long ye>s be=e he c\ld conv9ce any "o ( ! fact4 ,william ,rid]1 ( ,new ,york1 f9ally furni%$ capital = c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ rubb] goods accord+ to ! new process4 ,! firm 0 successful & ,goodye> _h soon paid (f ?irty-five ?\s& doll>s ( indebt$ness ow$ to cr$itors ( 8 old bus9ess t _h fail$ t5 or fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,! new process 0 call$ vulcaniz+4 ,vulcan 0 ! old ,roman god ( fire & metal work+1 & 0 patron ( h&icrafts g5]ally4 ,! ^w volcano is d]iv$ f vulcan1 & melt$ sulphur is associat$ ) volcanoes4 ,! t]m vulcanize1 !re=e1 is traceable ei!r directly or indirectly1 ?r\gh ! fire or ! sulphur employ$ 9 ! process1 to ! "n ( ! ,roman god4 ,accord+ to ! relative am\nt ( sulphur us$ & ! temp]ature to :i* ! comp\nd is rais$1 ei!r s(t or h>d rubb] may be produc$4 ,h>d rubb] conta9s a great] quantity ( sulphur & is heat$ to a high] temp]ature4 ,! heat us$ 9 vulcanization rea*es z mu* z ?ree hundr$ degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,goodye>'s fir/ pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 #ahdd1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse inv5t$ ! telegraph4 ,ab\t ?is "t he 0 imprison$ = debt = ! la/ "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh he suff]$ a jail s5t5ce = debt 9 ,france lat]4 ,8 pat5ts 7 repeat$ly infr+$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & he c\ld n secure any pat5ts 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,france4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,pat5ts said ( ,goodye>1 ,no inv5tor1 probably1 has ev] be5 s h>ass$1 s trampl$ ^u1 s plund]$ by pirates z he1 _! spoliations ^u him hav+ unque/ionably am\nt$ to millions ( doll>s4 ,daniel ,web/] 0 ! lawy] employ$ 9 ! trial 9 :i* ,goodye>'s legal "r to ! honor & pr(its ( 8 inv5tion 0 e/abli%$4 ,= 8 s]vices 9 ?is case ,web/] receiv$ a fee ( tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s4 ,goodye> himself made no v l>ge sum ( money f 8 inv5tion1 ?\gh he add$ to life n m]ely a new mat]ial b a new class ( mat]ials1 applicable to _m cases4 ,be=e 8 dea? he _h se5 rubb] put to m ?an five hundr$ diff]5t uses1 & ?\s&s ( p]sons engag$ 9 manufactur+ ! v>i\s articles fa%ion$ f x4 ,goodye> di$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,july #a1 #ahfj4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,/5ography ,,& ,,! ,,typewrit] ,x is difficult to see h[ man c\ld n[ disp5se ) any ( ! great inv5tions & discov]ies t give him p[] ov] "t & space4 ,n "o ( !m c\ld be sacrific$ )\t correspond+ loss ( p[]4 ,among ! great devices t economize "t are /5ography & ! typewrit]4 ,/5ography is ! _w's bus9ess alphabet2 ! typewrit]1 its comm]cial pr9t+ press4 ,! ^w /5ography is d]iv$ f ! ,greek adjective /5os mean+ n>r[ or close1 & ! ,greek v]b graphe9 signify+ to write4 ,/5ography1 !re=e1 is ! art ( close or n>r[ writ+1 s nam$1 p]haps1 f ! great am\nt ( mean+ t by its use is pack$ into a n>r[ compass4 ,x is a phonetic sy/em 9 :i* brief signs are us$ to repres5t s+le s\nds1 gr\ps ( s\nds1 :ole words1 or gr\ps ( words4 ,! idea ( /5ography or %or?& writ+ orig9at$ 9 anci5t times4 ,antiqu>ians h tri$ to %[1 ) m or less plausibility1 t x 0 practis$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ by ! ,p]sians1 ,egyptians1 & ,hebrews4 ,abbreviat$ writ+1 = tak+ d[n lectures & pres]v+ poems recit$ at ! ,olympic & o!r games1 0 us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,! fir/ kn[n practition] ( ! art ( %or?& writ+ 0 ,tiro1 :o liv$ 9 ,rome #fc ,b4,c41 & :o 0 ! /5ograph] ( ! great orator ,cic]o4 ,he took d[n 9 %or?& ! spee*es ( 8 ma/]1 by :om !y 7 aft]w>d revis$4 ,plut>* says t :5 ! ,roman ,s5ate 0 vot+ on ! *>ge :i* ,cic]o _h pref]r$ aga9/ ,catil9e1 ,cic]o di/ribut$ %or?& report]s ?r\gh\t ! ,s5ate ,h\se = ! purpose ( tak+ d[n ! spee*es ( "s ( ! lead+ ,s5ators4 ,at ! close ( ,/4 ,paul's lett] to ! ,colossians !re is a note to ! effect t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 f ,rome by ,ty*icus & ,onesimus4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,ty*icus act$ z %or?& writ] & ,onesimus z transcrib]4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs employ$ a sy/em ( %or?& writ+4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e ref]s to a *ur* meet+ held at ,c>?age 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 at :i* eight %or?& writ]s 7 employ$1 two work+ at a "t4 ,*>lemagne1 ! great k+ ( ! ,franks1 :o di$ 9 #had ,a4,d41 delv$ deep into ! art ( %or?& writ+ z practis$ by ,tiro1 ,cic]o's /5ograph]4 ,9 ,*apt] xxxviii ( ,david ,copp]field1 ,*>les ,dick5s describes 8 own exp]i5ce ) %or?& ?us3 ,i b\ght an approv$ s*eme ( ! noble art & my/]y ( /5ography 7:i* co/ me t5 & sixp5ce71 & plung$ into a sea ( p]plexity t br\ght me1 9 a few weeks1 to ! conf9es ( di/raction4 ,! *anges t 7 rung ^u dots1 :i* 9 su* a position meant su* a ?+1 & 9 su* ano!r position some?+ else1 entirely diff]5t2 ! wond]ful vag>ies t 7 play$ by circles2 ! unacc\ntable consequ5ces t result$ f m>ks l flies' legs2 ! trem5d\s effects ( a curve 9 a wrong place--n only tr\bl$ my wak+ h\rs1 b reappe>$ be=e me 9 my sleep4 ,:5 ,i _h grop$ my way1 bl9dly1 ?r\gh ^! difficulties1 & _h ma/]$ ! alphabet1 :i* 0 an ,egyptian temple 9 itself1 !re !n appe>$ a procession ( new horrors1 call$ arbitr>y *>act]s1 ! mo/ despotic *>act]s ,i h ev] kn[n2 :o insi/$1 = in/ance1 t a ?+ l ! beg9n+ ( a cobweb meant expectation1 & t a p5-&-ink sky-rocket /ood = disadvantage\s4 ,:5 ,i _h fix$ ^! wret*es 9 my m9d1 ,i f\nd t !y _h driv5 ev]y?+ else out ( x2 !n1 beg9n+ aga91 ,i =got !m2 :ile ,i 0 pick+ !m up1 ,i dropp$ ! o!r fragm5ts ( ! sy/em2 9 %ort1 x 0 almo/ he>t-break+4 ,till ne> ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury all sy/ems ( %or?& writ+ 7 m or less crude & illogical4 ,ab\t #ahcg ,isaac ,pitman1 an ,engli%man1 put /5ography ^u a phonetic basis & !re=e a sci5tific basis4 ,z !re are 9 ! ,engli% language =ty-?ree diff]5t s\nds repres5t$ by tw5ty-six lett]s1 ,pitman adopt$ a %or?& alphabet 9 :i* consonants 7 repres5t$ by simple /raight or curv$ /rokes1 ! light s\nds d5ot$ by light /rokes & ! heavy s\nds by heavy /rokes4 ,! lead+ heavy v[els are repres5t$ by six heavy dots & a l numb] ( heavy da%es1 plac$ at ! beg9n+1 middle1 or end ( ! /rokes1 & be=e or aft] z !y prec$e or foll[ ! consonants4 ,! same c\rse is foll[$ ) ! light v[els4 ,diph?ongs are provid$ = by a comb9ation ( da% =ms1 & by a small semicircle1 diff]5tly =m$ & plac$ 9 diff]5t positions4 ,circles1 hooks1 & loops are employ$ 9 di/9ct (fices4 ,pitman's inv5tion ( a phonographic alphabet = %or?& 0 ! beg9n+ ( v]batim report+ t has spread to e l& :i* ,anglo-,saxon civilization has t\*$4 ,!re is sc>cely a legislative body1 a c\rt ( importance1 or a great conv5tion ( any k9d1 ^: proce$+s are n tak5 d[n on ! spot 9 %or?&1 accurately & at once1 to say no?+ ( ! v wide use ( /5ography 9 private bus9ess4 ,9 ?is bewild]+ comm]cial :irl ( ! tw5tie? c5tury "t is money1 & /5ography is "t4 ,! typewrit]1 inv5t$ ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 is p>allel to /5ography 9 importance4 ,! daily volume ( ! _w's bus9ess c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t x4 ,&1 z 9 ! case ( all ! great inv5tions1 m5 d n see h[ !y got on be=e x came4 ,! _w owes ! typewrit] to two ,am]icans1 ,john ,pratt & ,*ri/oph] ,l4 ,%oles4 ,pratt 0 born 9 ,unionville1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,april #ad1 #ahca4 ,9 #ahfg1 :ile 9 ,engl&1 he produc$ ! fir/ work+ typewrit] t ev] secur$ a sale4 ,a description ( 8 ma*9e 9 "o ( ! ,engli% p]iodicals attract$ ! att5tion ( ,%oles1 :o 0 born 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahai1 b :o at t "t 0 liv+ 9 ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons94 ,he began work+ at ! idea ( ! typewrit] borr[$ f ,pratt1 & 9 ! same ye> t ,pratt's ma*9e 0 fir/ made1 ,%oles produc$ a typewrit] t 0 practically successful & />t$ ! manufacture ( a ma*9e t 0 to become increas+ly useful1 & f9ally indisp5sable4 ,no bus9ess 9 rec5t ye>s has gr[n m rapidly ?an ! typewrit] indu/ry4 ,f no?+ =ty ye>s ago1 x has gr[n into an indu/ry produc+ ne>ly a qu>t] ( a million ma*9es a ye> & employ+ ?\s&s ( workm54 ,am]ican manufactur]s n only supply ! home trade ) _! output1 b export ma*9es to e "p ( ! civiliz$ _w1 mak+ ?is c\ntry ! home & c5t] ( ! _w's typewrit] indu/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,friction ,,mat* ,! bigge/ ?+s are n always ! mo/ important4 ,a little article1 us$ _m times 9 ! c\rse ( e day & famili> to e p]son1 is "o ( ! _w's great inv5tions4 ,x is ! friction mat*4 ,fire is "o ( man's absolute necessities4 ,)\t x civilization w\ld h be5 impossible1 & life c\ld sc>cely cont9ue4 ,! /ory ( man's p[] to produce & use fire is practically ! /ory ( civilization itself4 ,s f> z hi/ory c reveal !re has nev] be5 9 any "t a p :o 7 )\t ! k & use ( fire2 :i*1 on its b5efic5t side1 is man's indisp5sable fri5d2 & 9 its wra?1 a t]rible de/roy]4 ,a mass ( my?ological /ories has come d[n f ! days ( antiquity reg>d+ ! orig9 ( fire4 ,! ,p]sian tradition is t fire 0 discov]$ by "o ( ! h]o dragon-fight]s4 ,he hurl$ a huge /one at a dragon1 b miss$ 8 aim4 ,! /one /ruck ano!r rock4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1 ! he>t ( ! rock fla%$ out 9 glory1 & fire 0 se5 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w4 ,! ,dakota ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica believ$ t _! ance/ors produc$ fire f ! sp>ks :i* a fri5dly pan!r /ruck ) its claws 9 scamp]+ ov] a /ony hill4 ,f9ni% poems describe h[ fire1 ! *ild ( ! sun1 came d[n f heav51 :]e x 0 rock$ 9 a tube ( yell[ copp]1 9 a l>ge pail ( gold4 ,"s ( ! ,au/ralian tribes h a my? t fire came f ! break+ ( a /aff held 9 ! h&s ( an old man's daught]4 ,9 ano!r ,au/ralian leg5d fire 0 /ol5 by a hawk & giv5 to man2 9 /ill ano!r a man held 8 spe> to ! sun & ?us procur$ fire4 ,accord+ to ,greek my?ology1 fire 0 /ol5 f heav5 by ,prome!us1 fri5d ( m51 & br\ght to !m 9 a holl[ /alk ( f5nel4 ,z ! leg5d runs1 he took away f mank9d ! evil gift ( =esee+ ! future1 & gave !m in/ead ! bett] gifts ( hope & fire4 ,= ! be/[+ ( ^! gifts ^u ! human race1 ,prome!us 0 sorely puni%$ by ,zeus1 k+ ( ! gods4 ,! my? t fire 0 /ol5 f heav5 by a h]o is n conf9$ to ! ,greeks2 x is scatt]$ among ! traditions ( all nations4 ,x is n /range t primitive man %\ld ascribe ! orig9 ( fire to sup]natural causes4 ,be=e he le>n$ h[ to use & control x1 he mu/ h be5 /rangely impress$ ) its v>i\s manife/ations--! fla% ( ! lightn+1 ! hiss+ eruption ( ! volcano1 ! burn+ heat ( ! sun1 & p]haps ! wild deva/ation ( =e/ & prairie fires caus$ by spontane\s combu/ion4 ,because ( its my/]i\s orig9 & its uncontrollable p[] = good or ill1 fire 0 suppos$ f ! e>lie/ times to be div9e4 ,! ,bible tells u t ! ,"l w5t be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 _! j\rney f ,egypt to ! ,promis$ ,l& 9 a pill> ( fire by night4 ,f ! e>lie/ h\rs ( religi\s hi/ory ! sun has be5 wor%ip$ z a god4 ,all ! tribes ( antiquity _h a fire god4 ,x 0 ,agni 9 anci5t ,india2 ,molo* among ! ,pho5icians2 ,hephae/us 9 ,greece2 ,vulcan among ! ,romans2 ,osiris 9 ,egypt2 & ,loki among ! ,sc&9avians4 ,9 anci5t religi\s belief fire & ! human s\l 7 suppos$ to be "o & ! same 9 sub/ance4 ,9 "s in/ances fire 0 held to be ! v s\l ( nature1 ! ess5ce ( ev]y?+ t _h %ape4 ,f ,jupit] to ! fly1 f ! w&]+ /> to ! t9ie/ blade ( grass1 all be+s ow$ exi/5ce to ! fi]y elem5t4 ,?is !ory 0 believ$ by ! ,aztecs1 :o invok$ 9 _! pray]s fire ! mo/ anci5t div9ity1 ! fa!r & "m ( all gods4 ,( ^! anci5t fire-div9ities "s 7 good & "s evil2 j z fire itself is bo? b5efic5t & malignant4 ,among "s peoples fire 0 us$ = purification f s9 & ! cure ( disease4 ,x also burn$ ^u ! tombs ( ! dead to dispel evil spirits4 ,greek coloni/s1 9 sett+ out f ! "m c\ntry = ! purpose ( f\nd+ new homes1 took fire f ! home alt> ) :i* to k9dle fires 9 _! new homes4 ,^u "s alt>s fires 7 kept con/antly burn+1 & _! ext+ui%m5t 0 consid]$ a matt] ( great al>m4 ,if by *ance ! fire t burn$ 9 ! ,roman temple ( ,ve/a w5t out1 all tribunals1 all au?ority1 all public & private bus9ess _h to /op imm$iately until ! fire %\ld be relight$4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,aztecs receiv$ ambassadors ( =eign c\ntries 9 _! temples ( fire1 :]e at ! national he>? !y prep>$ fea/s = _! gue/s4 ,9 "s cases ambassadors 7 n receiv$ until !y _h /ood close to fire 9 ord] t any impurities !y might h br\ght %\ld be s+$ away4 ,no ,greek or ,roman army cross$ a fronti] )\t tak+ an alt> :]eon burn$ night & day fire br\ght f ! public c\ncil hall & temple at home4 ,! ,egyptians _h a fire burn+ night & day 9 e temple1 & ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,p]sians _h su* a fire 9 e t[n & village4 ,among our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors ! ordeal by fire 0 "o ( ! modes ( try+ cases ( law4 ,! accus$ 0 compell$ to walk bl9dfold$ ov] r$-hot pl[%>es4 ,if ^! burn$ him1 he 0 adjudg$ guilty2 if n1 he 0 acquitt$1 = x 0 suppos$ t ! purity ( fire w\ld n p]mit an innoc5t man to suff]4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 0 to discuss important tribal affairs ar\nd ! c\ncil fire4 ,ea* sa*em m>*$ ar\nd x ?rice1 turn+ to x all sides ( 8 p]son4 ,among peoples 9 bo? hemisph]es x has be5 ! practice to free fields f ! demons ( b>r5ness by light+ huge fires4 ,! fields 7 suppos$ to be made f]tile z f> z ! flames c\ld be se54 ,9 ,bav>ia se$s 7 pass$ ?r\gh fire be=e !y 7 s[n to insure f]tility4 ,9 "s places *ildr5 7 held ov] ! flame ( an alt> fire = purposes ( purification4 ,no?+ has play$ a m important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race ?an fire4 ,human culture began ) ! use ( x1 & increas$ 9 proportion z its use increas$4 ,= ages man felt 8 helplessness be=e fire2 he did n "k h[ to produce x1 or to turn x to good acc\nt4 ,by & by ! secret 0 discov]$2 m9d began to ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ?is great =ce4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od ( produc+ fire artificially 0 by rubb+ two /icks toge!r4 ,?is me?od 0 probably discov]$ by accid5t4 ,fire f friction 0 caus$ also by pu%+ ! end ( a /ick along a groove 9 ano!r piece ( wood1 or by twirl+ rapidly a /ick :i* _h its end plac$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 a hole made 9 ano!r piece ( wood4 ,focus+ ! rays ( ! sun p[]fully ^u a giv5 po9t by means ( a l5s or concave mirror1 0 ano!r me?od us$ = />t+ fire4 ,! /ory is told t :5 ! anci5t city ( ,syracuse 9 ,sicily 0 be+ besieg$1 ! great ma!matician ,ar*im$es1 :o 0 a resid5t ( t city1 set on fire ! enemy's %ips by focus+ ! sun's rays ^u !m ) a mirror4 ,9 ,*9a ! burn+-glass 0 widely us$ n v long ago4 ,:5 iron came into use1 x 0 employ$ = mak+ fire4 ,a piece ( fl9t 0 /ruck aga9/ an iron object4 ,! concussion produc$ a sp>k1 :i* fell into a box conta9+ *>r$ cotton call$ t9d]4 ,! t9d] took fire b did n bur/ into flame4 ,! flame came by t\*+ ! burn+ t9d] ) a /rip ( wood tipp$ ) sulphur4 ,?is fl9t-&-/eel me?od 0 us$ = produc+ fire until less ?an a c5tury ago4 ,no attempt 0 made to produce fire by *emical means until #ahje4 ,9 t ye> ,m4 ,*ancel1 a ,p>is pr(essor1 inv5t$ an app>atus consi/+ ( a small bottle conta9+ asbe/os1 saturat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & wood5 spl9ts or mat*es coat$ ) sulphur1 *lorate ( pota%1 & sug>4 ,! wood5 spl9t1 :5 dipp$ into ! bottle1 0 ignit$4 ,! fir/ really successful friction mat*es 7 made 9 #ahbg by ,john ,walk]1 an ,engli% druggi/4 ,!y consi/$ ( wood5 spl9ts coat$ ) sulphur & tipp$ ) antimony1 *lorate ( pota%1 & gum4 ,!y 7 sold at a %ill+ or tw5ty-f\r c5ts p] box1 ea* box conta9+ eighty-f\r mat*es4 ,! mod]n phosphorus friction mat* came into use ab\t #ahcc4 ,x is n possible to asc]ta9 precisely :o ! inv5tor 04 ,b 9 t ye> ,pres*el _h a factory 9 ,vi5na1 ,au/ria1 = ! manufacture ( friction mat*es ) phosphorus z ! *ief *emical4 ,= ye>s ,au/ria & ! ,/ates 9 ! s\? ( ,g]many 7 ! c5t] ( ! mat* indu/ry4 ,phosphorus is /ill us$ z ! pr9cipal *emical +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es4 ,! fir/ pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a friction mat* 0 issu$ ,octob] #bd1 #ahcf1 to ,alonzo ,d4 ,phillips1 ( ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! safety mat*1 :i* w n ignite unless br\ght into contact ) ! side ( ! box 9 :i* x is pack$1 0 inv5t$ by ,lund/rom ( ,sw$51 9 #ahee4 ,! mat* indu/ry 9 ,norway & ,sw$5 has develop$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ) great rapidity4 ,ab\t sixty factories are 9 op]ation 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,"o t[n alone conta9s six ?\s& mat*mak]s4 ,9 ,france ! gov]nm5t has ! sole "r to manufacture mat*es4 ,phosphorus is v poison\s1 & ! e>ly manufacture ( phosphorus mat*es 0 att5d$ ) loss ( life & great suff]+4 ,inhalation ( phosphorus fumes produc$ necrosis1 or decay ( ! bone1 usually ( ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( phosphorus mat* mak+1 ! bus9ess 0 *iefly c>ri$ on by ! poor] p 9 l>ge cities4 ,! "w 0 done 9 damp1 f\l cell>s2 & ! peculi> disease ( ! bone caus$ by ! phosphorus fumes became s widespread t ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts drove ! mat* factories out ( ! cell>s & ord]$ t ! bus9ess be conduct$ 9 bett] v5tilat$ build+s4 ,b ! discov]y ( r$ phosphorus1 :i* nev] produces ! disease1 ! use ( less5$ quantities ( ! ord9>y phosphorus1 & bett] v5tilation h all comb9$ to make ! malady n[ v r>e4 ,! fir/ mat*es 7 made by h&1 "o by "o1 & 7 ( necessity few & co/ly4 ,mat*es are n[ made & box$ by ma*9]y4 ,"o million spl9ts c be cut 9 an h\r ) ! ma*9]y 9 use4 ,"s s+le manufactur+ firms make z _m z "o hundr$ millions ( mat*es 9 a day4 ,) dim9i%$ co/ ( production h come decreas$ prices1 s t n[ a l>ge box c be pur*as$ = a v few c5ts4 ,until ab\t #ahfj railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld n receive mat*es = transportation1 ow+ to ! dang] involv$4 ,! di/ribution be=e t ye> 0 ma9ly by canal or wagon4 ,a mat* is a little ?+1 b x is "o ( ! _w's really great inv5tions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,photography ,photography is "o ( ! _m triumphs ( ! human m9d ov] "t & space4 ,?\s&s ( miles are betwe5 y & ! wond]ful ,taj ,mahal4 ,y may nev] be able to g to x4 ,b z ! m\nta9 w\ld n g to ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$ !re=e w5t to ! m\nta91 s photography br+s ! ,taj ,mahal to y4 ,! *ief /ruggle = civilization is ) ^! two ab/ract antagoni/s--"t & space4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ! a*ievem5ts ( photography are su* z to w9 x a place among ! _w's great inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,"h1 aga91 we borr[ words f ! ,greeks4 ,photography comes f ! ,greek n\n phos mean+ light & ! ,greek v]b graphe9 signify+ to write1 already ref]r$ to sev]al times 9 ?is volume4 ,photography is !re=e ! sci5ce & ! art ( writ+ or reproduc+ objects by means ( light4 ,! sci5ce ( photography dep5ds ^u ! action ( light on c]ta9 *emicals1 usually comp\nds ( silv]4 ,^! *emicals are spread ^u a delicately s5sitiz$ metallic plate1 :i* is expos$ to light4 ,! action ( light fixes ! object desir$ ^u ?is plate1 f :i* copies ( ! picture are made on pap] ( suitable k9d4 ,l mo/ ( ! great discov]ies & inv5tions1 photography is n old4 ,x _h its beg9n+ 9 #aggg1 :5 ! ,sw$i% *emi/ ,s*eele began to inquire sci5tifically into ! reason & effect ( ! d>k5+ ( silv] *loride by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! fir/ picture ev] made by ! use ( light on a s5sitive surface 0 made 9 #agia by ,?omas ,w$gewood1 an ,engli%man4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! photograph]'s cam]a 0 discov]$ 9 #aefi by ,della ,porta1 ( ,naples4 ,to ,nicephore ,niepce1 a ,fr5*man1 belongs ! honor ( produc+ ! fir/ cam]a picture4 ,?is 0 9 #ahbg aft] ?irte5 ye>s ( exp]im5t+4 ,he call$ 8 process heliography1 helios be+ ! ,greek ^w = sun4 ,8 process consi/$ ( coat+ a piece ( plat$ silv] or glass ) asphaltum or bitum51 & expos+ ! plate 9 ! cam]a = a "t v>y+ 9 l5g? f f\r to six h\rs4 ,! light act$ on ! asphaltum 9 su* a way z to leave ! image on ! plate4 ,! pr$ecessor ( ! mod]n photograph 0 ! dagu]reotype4 ,x 0 nam$ = its inv5tor1 ,l\is ,dagu]re1 a ,fr5* sc5e-pa9t]1 :o 0 born 9 #aghi4 ,9 #ahbi he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,niepce1 & toge!r !y labor$ to advance ! art ( photography4 ,! discov]y ( ! dagu]reotyp+ process 0 ann\nc$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahci4 ,! process ( ,dagu]re consi/$ 9 expos+ a metal plate cov]$ ) iodide ( silv] = a suitable "t 9 a photographic cam]a1 ! plate be+ aft]w>ds transf]r$ to a d>k room1 & expos$ to ! vapor ( m]cury1 :i* develops ! lat5t image1 x be+ aft]w>ds fix$4 ,al?\gh ?is process has become almo/ obsolete1 x 0 really ! fir/ :i* 0 ( any practical value1 & exp]ts all agree t no o!r kn[n process reproduces "s subjects--= example1 ! human face--) su* fidelity & beauty4 ,a little :ile be=e ! dagu]reotyp+ process 0 ann\nc$1 ,fox ,talbot1 a ,briti% inve/igator1 discov]$ a me?od ( mak+ pictures by means ( ! action ( light on *emically prep>$ pap] in/ead ( metal1 z 9 ! case ( ,dagu]re4 ,talbot orig9at$ ! t]ms negative & positive :i* are /ill us$ 9 photography4 ,dagu]re 9 ,france & ,talbot 9 ,great ,brita9 _h indep5d5tly a*iev$ success 9 produc+ pictures1 b nei!r _h discov]$ a way to make photographs p]man5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! pictures fad$4 ,9 #ahci ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ( ,engl& f\nd a *emical process = mak+ photographs p]man5t1 by remov+ ! cause = _! fad+4 ,! fir/ sunlight photograph ( a human face 0 t ( ,miss ,doro?y ,ca!r9e ,drap]1 made by h] bro!r1 ,pr(4 ,john ,william ,drap]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 e>ly 9 #ahdj4 ,v>i\s *emical discov]ies = improv+ photographs h be5 made by diff]5t p]sons f "t to "t1 until ! art ( photography has n[ rea*$ a high /ate ( developm5t4 ,an important improvem5t is 9 ! less5+ ( ! "t ( exposure to light necess>y = produc+ a photograph4 ,=m]ly h\rs 7 requir$1 b "u improv$ conditions only ! %orte/ in/ant ( "t is requisite4 ,9 #aijf a photographic pap] = produc+ pr9ts 9 color f an ord9>y negative 0 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,?is pap] is coat$ ) ?ree lay]s ( pigm5t$ gelat91 color$ respectively r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,aft] be+ expos$ to ! daylight 9 ! usual way1 ! pap] is plac$ 9 hot wat]1 :]e ! image is develop$4 ,! grays & blacks ( ! negative are translat$ into ! colors !y repres5t 9 ! object4 ,! bro!rs ,lumi]e ( ,p>is h f\nd a me?od ( produc+ a photograph on a s5sitive plate :i*1 view$ z a transp>5cy1 %[s ! object 9 its orig9al colors4 ,no pr9ts c be tak5 f ?is plate1 & ! picture _c be view$ by reflect$ light1 b ! colors are true & brilliant4 ,! c9ematograph is an in/rum5t by :i* ab\t fifte5 photographs p] second c be receiv$ on a film1 ea* repres5t+ ! photograph$ gr\p at a diff]5t in/ant f ! o!rs4 ,! advantages ( ?is mode ( photograph+ & ( ?r[+ pictures on a scre5 ov] ! old] me?ods are obvi\s4 ,by controll+ ! rate at :i* ! pictures are repres5t$ on ! scre51 movem5ts too rapid to be analyz$ by ! eye may be made sl[ en\gh to p]mit obs]vation2 &1 simil>ly1 movem5ts too sl[ = compreh5sion or rapid obs]vation may (t5 be quick5$4 ,! busy life ( a city /reet1 ! progress ( races or o!r competitions1 _m sc5es 9 nature1 & ev5 ! gr[? ( a plant f se$ to maturity1 may be %[n by means ( a mov+ picture4 ,photography is a noble s]vant ( m9d & s\l4 ,x br+s to u lik5esses ( em95t p]sons & objects ( nature & art :i* p]haps we %\ld nev] be able to see o!rwise4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 measur+ ! velocity ( bullets & 9 %[+ ! true positions ( animals 9 motion4 ,photography has creat$ ! new a/ronomy4 ,imm$iately aft] its discov]y1 photography 0 appli$ to ! sci5ce ( ! />s1 & x has be5 ev] s9ce ( incalculable s]vice 9 ?is field ( inquiry4 ,photographs ( ! moon 7 made z e>ly z #ahdj1 & mu* t is kn[n to-day ( ! sun has be5 reveal$ by photography4 ,s s5sitive is ! mod]n photographic plate to ! influ5ce ( light1 t photography has discov]$ & locat$ />s :i* are invisible ?r\gh a /rong telescope4 ,a/ronom]s are n[ engag$ 9 mak+ a photographic *>t ( ! sky4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,clocks ,! matt]s ( e-day life1 mu* less ! affairs ( a complex civilization1 c\ld sc>cely be c>ri$ on )\t "s accurate & uni=m sy/em ( measur+ "t4 ,nature h]self furni%es measurem5ts = c]ta9 divisions ( "t4 ,! two great lights t ,god made1 z ! ,bible tells u1 7 design$ = signs1 & = seasons1 & = days & = ye>s4 ,! revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun m>ks ! ye>2 ! revolution ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>? det]m9es ! mon?2 ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis causes & measures day & night4 ,b no object ( nature di/+ui%es ! h\rs ( ! day or ! divisions ( ! h\r4 ,man requires a small] unit ( "t ?an ! day4 ,he mu/ divide ! day into h\rs2 ! h\rs into m9utes2 ! m9utes into seconds4 ,! division ( ! day into tw5ty-f\r h\rs is z old z au!ntic hi/ory4 ,b ! means = det]m9+ ! h\rs & _! subdivisions 7 at fir/ q crude & ineffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sun ,,dial ,p]haps ! mo/ primitive ( all "t-measur+ devices 0 a /ick or pole plant$ upright 9 a sunny place4 ,! position ( ! %ad[ :i* x ca/ m>k$ "t4 ,! sun-dial 0 a developm5t ( ?is simple device4 ,x consi/$ ess5tially ( two p>ts3 a flat plate ( metal m>k$ (f mu* l ! dial ( a mod]n clock or wat*1 & an upright piece1 usually also ( metal1 fa/5$ to ! c5t] ( ! dial4 ,to make ! direction ( ! %ad[ uni=m = any giv5 h\r ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! upright piece 0 made p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>?4 ,z ! e>? rotat$ on its axis ! %ad[ ca/ by ! upright piece mov$ f po9t to po9t on ! dial1 measur+ ! flight ( "t4 ,! sun-dial 0 9 use among ! e>lie/ nations4 ,h]odotus is au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! ,greeks borr[$ x f ! ,babylonians4 ,! sun-dial 0 obvi\sly ( no use on cl\dy days or d>k nights1 & ev5 9 sunny wea!r x c\ld n accurately or delicately indicate ! passage ( "t4 ,h[ev]1 x cont9u$ 9 use s long t to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! art ( diall+ 0 consid]$ a necess>y elem5t ( e c\rse 9 ma!matics4 ,ano!r anci5t inv5tion = measur+ "t 0 ! wat]-clock4 ,wat] 0 p]mitt$ to drop f a small orifice 9 a conta9+ vessel4 ,! p]iod requir$ = empty+ ! vessel m>k$ a unit ( "t4 ,its pr9ciple 0 ! same z ! common h\r-glass1 accord+ to :i* "t is measur$ by ! sl[ dropp+ ( s& f "o receptacle into ano!r4 ,! wat]-clock 0 us$ by ! anci5t ,*aldeans & ! ,h9doos1 & also by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,demo/h5es m5tions its use 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice at ,a!ns4 ,9 ord] to m>k ! h\rs ( ! day1 ! ,saxon ,k+ ,alfr$ ! ,great is said to h made wax c&les twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 ea* m>k$ at equal di/ances4 ,! burn+ ( six ( ^! c&les 9 succession consum$1 r\ghly1 j tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,to prev5t ! w9d f ext+ui%+ !m !y 7 inclos$ 9 cases ( ?91 :ite1 transp>5t horn4 ,! c&les ?us inclos$ 7 ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n lant]n4 ,our ^w clock comes f ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b clocean mean+ to /rike1 to give out a s\nd4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 by :om clocks 7 inv5t$1 or :5 or :]e4 ,x is fairly cle>1 h[ev]1 t a ,b5$ict9e ,monk nam$ ,g]b]t1 :o aft]w>d became ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii1 made a clock = ! ,g]man city ( ,magdeburg a little be=e ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,clocks may h be5 made be=e ?is1 b if s x w\ld be h>d to e/abli% ! fact4 ,9 ,g]b]t's clock weights 7 ! motive p[] = ! me*anism4 ,weight clocks 7 us$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,europe 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 b x is probable t ^! e>ly clocks /ruck a bell at c]ta9 int]vals z a call to pray]1 & did n h dials = %[+ ! "t ( day4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr&fa!r',s ,,clock1 ,,belong+ ,,to ,,william ,,p5n ,! fir/ clocks 7 comp>atively by l>ge & 7 /ation>y4 ,portable ones appe>$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! inv5tor is n kn[n1 nor ! exact "t or place ( inv5tion4 ,:5 portable clocks 7 inv5t$1 ! motive p[] mu/ h be5 *ang$ f weights to ma9-spr+s1 & ?is *ange 9 motive =ce m>ks an era 9 ! developm5t ( ! clock4 ,! introduction ( ! p5dulum z a regulat+ ag5t 01 h[ev]1 ! greate/ ev5t 9 clock developm5t4 ,?is inv5tion has be5 cr$it$ to ,huyg5s1 a ,dut* philosoph]1 :o 0 c]ta9ly1 if n ! discov]] ( ! p5dulum1 ! fir/ to br+ x into practical use1 ab\t #afeg4 ,cr$it = inv5t+ ! p5dulum is also claim$ = ,h>ris1 a ,london clockmak]2 = ,hooke1 ! great ,engli% philosoph]2 = a son ( ,galileo1 ! celebrat$ ,italian sci5ti/2 & = o!rs4 ,! mod]n wat* is 9 reality b a develop$ type ( ! clock4 ,wat*es 7 made possible by ! introduction ( ! coil$ spr+ z motive p[]1 in/ead ( ! weight4 ,! coil$ spr+ came into use ne> ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?\gh x is n kn[n :]e or by :om x 0 inv5t$4 ,wat*es 7 n introduc$ into g5]al use 9 ,engl& until ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 & !n on acc\nt ( ! co/ !y 7 conf9$ to ! weal?y4 ,at fir/ wat*es 7 comp>atively l>ge & /ruck ! h\rs l clocks4 ,aft] ! /rik+ me*anism 0 ab&on$1 !y 7 r$uc$ 9 size & = a "t 7 consid]$ ornam5tal r ?an useful4 ,!y 7 ri*ly adorn$ ) pictures 9 enamel & ) co/ly jewels4 ,!y 7 set 9 ! heads ( canes1 9 bracelets1 & 9 f+]-r+s4 ,wat*es & clocks _h orig9ally only "o h&1 :i* indicat$ ! h\r4 ,m9ute & second h&s 7 add$ lat]4 ,devices h be5 introduc$ to c\nt]act ! effect ( temp]ature on ! me*anism ( "t-pieces1 s t !y run uni=mly 9 all k9ds ( wea!r4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s clocks op]at$ ) electricity h be5 inv5t$4 ,) ! adv5t ( clock & wat* manufacture by ma*9]y1 ! co/ has be5 s r$uc$ t practically any "o may own an accurate "t-piece4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is "o ( ! =emo/ c\ntries ( ! _w 9 ! manufacture & sale ( clocks & wat*es4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,"s ,,ma*9es ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ,civilization owes ! inv5tion ( ! sew+ ma*9e to ,elias ,h[e1 an ,am]ican4 ,h[e 0 born at ,sp5c]1 ,massa*usetts1 ,july #i1 #ahai4 ,8 fa!r 0 a mill]1 & "w 9 ! mills gave ! son's m9d a b5t t[>d ma*9]y4 ,"o day 9 #ahci :ile ,h[e 0 work+ 9 a ma*9e-%op 9 ,bo/on1 he ov]he>d a conv]sation among "s m5 reg>d+ ! inv5tion ( a knitt+ ma*9e4 ,:at are y bo!r+ y\rselves ) a knitt+ ma*9e =8 ,:y don't y make a sew+ ma*9e8 ask$ "o4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld1 0 ! reply1 b x c't be done4 ,oh1 yes x c1 said ! fir/1 ,i c make a sew+ ma*9e myself4 ,well1 y d x1 repli$ ! second1 & ,i'll insure y an indep5d5t =tune4 ,?is conv]sation impress$ ,h[e ) ! idea ( produc+ a sew+ ma*9e4 ,! hope ( reliev+ 8 extreme pov]ty set him to "w on ! inv5tion 9 e>ne/ 9 ! ye> #ahdc4 ,george ,fi%]1 a coal & wood deal] ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 :o 0 a =m] s*oolmate ( ,h[e1 =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) him = produc+ ! inv5tion4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahdd1 ,h[e mov$ into ,fi%]'s h\se1 set up 8 %op 9 ! g>ret1 & w5t to "w4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,april he sew$ ! fir/ seam ) 8 new ma*9e1 & by ! middle ( ,may he _h sew$ all ! seams ( two suits ( clo!s1 "o = himself & "o = 8 p>tn]4 ,on ,septemb] #aj1 #ahdf1 a pat5t on ! sew+ ma*9e 0 issu$ to ,h[e f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice at ,wa%+ton4 ,! tailors ( ,bo/on1 believ+ t a sew+ ma*9e w\ld de/roy _! bus9ess1 wag$ fi]ce w>f>e aga9/ x4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahdf1 see+ no prospect ( rev5ue f 8 inv5tion1 ,h[e took employm5t z a railroad eng9e] on "o ( ! roads ent]+ ,bo/on1 b ?is labor prov$ too h>d = him & he soon gave x up4 ,h[e's p>tn]1 ,fi%]1 c\ld see no pr(it 9 ! ma*9e & became :olly disc\rag$4 ,h[e !n det]m9$ to try to m>ket 8 inv5tion 9 ,engl&1 & s5t a ma*9e to ,london4 ,an ,engli% ma*9i/ exam9$ x1 approv$ x1 & paid #bej = x1 toge!r ) ! "r to use z _m o!rs 9 8 own bus9ess z he might desire4 ,h[e 0 aft]w>d ( ! op9ion t ! inve/m5t ( ?is #bej by ! ,engli% ma*9i/ br\ght ultimately to t man a pr(it ( "o million doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elias ,,h[e ,dur+ all ?is "t ,h[e 0 extremely poor4 ,he & 8 wife & *ildr5 _h gone to ,engl&1 b on acc\nt ( pov]ty he 0 compell$ to s5d 8 family back to ,am]ica4 ,8 f\r? ma*9e1 :i* he _h con/ruct$ 9 ,engl&1 he 0 oblig$ to sell = #e p\nds 7ab\t #be71 al?\gh x 0 wor? t5 times z mu*1 9 ord] to procure money en\gh to pay 8 return passage to ,am]ica4 ,he also pawn$ 8 fir/-made ma*9e & 8 pat5t on ! inv5tion4 ,9 ,april1 #ahdi1 he l&$ at ,new ,york ) only an ,engli% half-cr[n 9 8 pocket4 ,procur+ employm5t 9 a ma*9e-%op1 ! inv5tor took up 8 abode 9 "o ( ! *eape/ emigrant bo>d+-h\ses4 ,at ?is "t 8 wife lay dy+ 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 & 8 fa!r _h to s5d him t5 doll>s to enable him to g to h]4 ,f9ally ! sew+ ma*9e began to succe$ comm]cially4 ,! inv5tor's long night ( disc\ragem5t 0 break+ on a day ( assur$ prosp]ity4 ,9 #ahej ,h[e 0 9 ,new ,york sup]9t5d+ ! manufacture ( f\rte5 sew+ ma*9es4 ,8 (fice 0 equipp$ ) a five-doll> desk & two fifty-c5t *airs4 ,a few ye>s lat] he 0 ri*4 ,isaac ,m]ritt ,s+] became acqua9t$ ) 8 ma*9e1 & submitt$ to him ! sket* ( an improv$ "o4 ,x 0 ,s+] :o fir/ =c$ ! sew+ ma*9e ^u ! att5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[e *>g$ t ,s+] 0 infr++ 8 pat5t rights4 ,litigation ensu$4 ,judge ,sprague ( ,massa*usetts decid$ 9 favor ( ,h[e4 ,9 8 op9ion he /at$ t !re is no evid5ce 9 ?is case t leaves a %ad[ ( d\bt t1 = all ! b5efit conf]r$ ^u ! public by ! introduction ( a sew+ ma*9e ! public are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h[e4 ,f ?is "t ,h[e began to reap ! f9ancial rew>d ( 8 labors4 ,8 rev5ues f ! sew+ ma*9e am\nt$ ultimately to m ?an #bjj1jjj a ye>4 ,he sp5t va/ sums1 h[ev]1 9 def5d+ 8 pat5t rights1 & _m o!rs ( ! sew+ ma*9e k+s 7 weal?i] ?an he4 ,h[e di$ at ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 ,octob] #c1 #ahfg4 ,! sew+ ma*9e is us$ n only = sew+ clo? into all k9ds ( g>m5ts1 b = mak+ lea!r into boots1 %oes1 h>ness1 & o!r necess>y articles ( daily life4 ,great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! sew+ ma*9e s9ce its inv5tion1 b its ess5tial pr9ciples to-day are = ! mo/ "p ^? t ! inv5tor discov]$ & br\ght into successful op]ation 9 8 fir/ ma*9e4 ,x is agre$ by dis9t]e/$ & compet5t p]sons t ,h[e c>ri$ ! inv5tion ( ! sew+ ma*9e fur!r t[>d its complete & f9al utility ?an any o!r inv5tor be=e him _h ev] br\ght a fir/-rate inv5tion at ! fir/ trial4 ,,! ,,reap] ,9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ fam\s pa9t+s ( mod]n art1 pur*as$ "s ye>s ago at a co/ ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& francs4 ,x is ,! ,glean]s f ! bru% ( ! ,fr5* arti/ ,jean ,francois ,millet4 ,x pictures ?ree peasant wom5 :o h gone out into ! fields to glean at ! end ( ! h>ve/4 ,!y are pick+ up ! gra9 left by ! reap]s1 seek+ ! little t is left on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are ! field1 ! gr\ps ( reap]s1 ! load$ wagons & ! horses br++ ! g>n]$ %eaves to ! rick1 ! f>m] on horseback among 8 m51 & ! home/ead among ! trees4 ,! transp>5t atmosph]e ( ! summ] day1 ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 & ! %ort yell[ /ubble are all z if !y 7 nature & n art4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are ! ?ree glean]s1 h]oic types ( labor fulfill+ its task until '! night come? :5 no man c "w4' ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful /ories ( ! ,bible is ! tale ( ,ru?1 ! ,moabitess1 :o w5t out into ! fields ( ,pale/9e to glean4 ,& %e w5t1 & came1 & glean$ 9 ! field aft] ! reap]s2 & h] hap 0 to light on a "p ( ! field belong+ unto ,boaz1 :o 0 ( ! k9dr$ ( ,elimile*4 ,accord+ to ! old ,engli% law1 glean]s _h ! "r to g into ! fields & glean4 ,& ^? ne$y ones :o w5t = ! leav+s ( ! reap]s c\ld n be su$ = trespass4 ,b x is n ) reap+ 9 art1 lit]ature1 or law t we are "h conc]n$1 b ) ! reap] z a ma*9e1 a concrete ?+1 a tool1 an in/rum5t ( civilization4 ,f ! e>lie/ times until ne>ly ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ! cutt+ ( gra9 0 done by means ( a h& sickle or curv$ reap+-hook4 ,! sickles us$ by ! anci5t ,jews1 ,egyptians1 & ,*9ese diff]$ v little f ^? ( our own ance/ors4 ,?is tool 0 only slightly improv$ z ! c5turies w5t by1 & to ?is day ! sickle may be se5 9 use4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles ! reap+-hook gave place to ! scy! 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,an attempt to trace ! idea ( a ma*9e = reap+ w\ld c>ry u f> back into ! e>ly /ages ( agriculture2 ,pl9y1 ! ,roman writ]1 born e>ly 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 f\nd a crude k9d ( reap] 9 ! fields ( ,gaul4 ,= ! great mod]n inv5tion ( ! reap+ ma*9e1 civilization is indebt$ to ,cyrus ,hall ,mc,cormick1 an ,am]ican4 ,mc,cormick 0 born 9 ,rockbridge ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahji4 ,8 fa!r1 ,rob]t ,mc,cormick1 a f>m] ( inv5tive m9d1 work$ long to produce a reap]4 ,9 #ahca he put a reap+ ma*9e 9 ! field = trial1 b x fail$ to "w & its inv5tor 0 completely disc\rag$4 ,aga9/ ! c\nsel ( 8 fa!r1 ,cyrus ,mc,cormick began a /udy ( ! ma*9e t _h fail$1 to det]m9e & to ov]come ! causes ( failure4 ,he produc$ ano!r reap]1 & 9 ! late h>ve/ ( #ahca he te/$ x 9 ! :eat fields ( 8 fa!r's f>m & 9 "s fields ( oats belong+ to a neighbor4 ,! ma*9e 0 a success4 ,mc,cormick's inv5tion1 soon de/9$ to revolutionize agriculture1 0 combat$ = ! alleg$ reason t x w\ld de/roy ! occupation ( f>m labor]s dur+ ! h>ve/ season4 ,x 0 "s ye>s be=e ,mc,cormick himself realiz$ ! importance ( 8 inv5tion1 & he did n take out a pat5t on x until ,june #ba1 #ahcd4 ,x 0 n until #ahdj t he began manufactur+ reap]s = ! m>ket4 ,9 t ye> he con/ruct$ "o & sold x to a neighbor4 ,= ! h>ve/ ( #ahdc he made & sold tw5ty-n9e ma*9es4 ,^! _h all be5 built ^u ! home f>m by h&1 ! workm5 be+ himself1 8 fa!r1 & 8 bro!rs4 ,9 #ahdd he travel$ ) 8 reap] f ,virg9ia to ,new ,york ,/ate1 & f !re ?r\gh ! :eat fields ( ,wiscons91 ,ill9ois1 ,ohio1 & ,miss\ri1 %[+ ! ma*9e at "w 9 ! gra9 & enli/+ ! int]e/ ( agricultural m54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,reap] ,?is ma*9e cuts1 ?re%es1 w9n[s1 & sacks ! :eat ,9 #ahdg & #ahdh ,*icago 0 b a trad+ village4 ,mc,cormick1 =esee+ its future gr[?1 locat$ 8 reap] factory !re4 ,9 t factory he con/ruct$ ab\t n9e hundr$ reap]s = ! h>ve/ ( #ahdh4 ,9 #ahea he exhibit$ 8 inv5tion at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,london4 ,! ,london ,times faceti\sly call$ x a cross betwe5 a :eel-b>r[ & a fly+ ma*9e4 ,lat] ! same pap] said ( ! reap] t x 0 ! mo/ valuable contribution to ! ,exposition1 & wor? to ! f>m]s ( ,engl& m ?an ! entire co/ ( ! ,exposition4 ,9 #ahdh ,mc,cormick's pat5t on ! reap] expir$4 ,al?\gh 8 claim z ! inv5tor 0 cle>ly e/abli%$1 & ! commission] ( pat5ts paid him ! highe/ complim5ts 9 words = 8 inv5tion1 a r5ewal ( ! pat5t 0 d5i$4 ,o!r reap]s _h be5 made 9 ! meantime1 & o!rs h be5 br\ght out subsequ5tly4 ,x is an hi/orical fact1 h[ev]1 & "o n[ seldom que/ion$1 t e h>ve/+ ma*9e :i* has ev] be5 con/ruct$ is 9 its ess5tial p>ts ! inv5tion ( ,cyrus ,hall ,mc,cormick4 ,besides be+ a great inv5tor & successful bus9ess man1 ,mc,cormick 0 a lib]al philan?ropi/4 ,he gave freely to educational & religi\s in/itutions4 ,he di$ at 8 home 9 ,*icago1 ,may #ac1 #ahhd4 ,an improv$ type ( ! ord9>y reap] ( ,mc,cormick is ! self-b9d]1 n[ 9 common use1 a ma*9e :i* n only reaps ! /alks ( gra9 b b9ds !m toge!r 9 %eaves4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od ( ?re%+ gra9 f ! /raw 0 d\btless by beat+ x ) a /ick4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians & ,israelites spread out _! loos5$ %eaves ^u a circul> plot ( e>? & ?re%$ out ! gra9 by driv+ ox5 back & =? ov] x4 ,lat] a ?re%+-sl$ge 0 dragg$ ov] ! %eaves4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans beat out gra9 ) a /ick1 trod x out ) m5 or horses1 or us$ ! ?re%+-sl$ge4 ,! primitive implem5t = ?re%+ 9 nor!rn ,europe 0 ! /ick4 ,a modification ( ?is 0 ! flail1 made ( two /icks loosely fa/5$ toge!r at "o end by means ( /\t ?ongs4 ,?is implem5t 0 us$ by our ance/ors 9 ,am]ica & has n yet entirely disappe>$ f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ?re%+ ma*9e 0 inv5t$ 9 #aghg by ,&rew ,meikle1 a ,scot*man4 ,only a few ye>s ago ?re%+ ma*9es 7 drawn by horses1 b ( late ye>s !y h be5 mov$ ) self-propell+ /eam eng9es1 commonly call$ traction eng9es4 ,a rem>kable comb9ation ma*9e has come into use rec5tly1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! va/ :eat fields ( ,cali=nia1 ea/]n ,wa%+ton1 & ! ,we/4 ,?is ma*9e is drawn by z _m z ?irty-two horses4 ,at "o op]ation x cuts ! gra91 ?re%es x1 w9n[s x1 & puts x into bags ready = ! m>ket4 ,,sp9n+ ,,& ,,weav+ ,,ma*9es ,! l[1 monoton\s hum ( ! sp9n+-:eel 9 ! old f>mh\se on w9t] ev5+s1 z ! h\sewife spun ! y>n :i* %e 0 aft]w>d to knit into w>m /ock+s = ! family1 has n entirely pass$ away f ! memory ( ! old] g5]ation ( to-day4 ,?omas ,bu*anan ,read has a pa!tic allusion to ! old sp9n+-:eel 9 "o ( 8 be/ poems1 ,! ,clos+ ,sc5e4 ,& :o has n felt ! *>m ( ! sp9n+-:eel sc5e 9 ,longfell['s ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%1 :i* pictures ,john ,ald5 z he sits clumsily hold+ on 8 h&s ! ske9 :i* ,priscilla w9ds = knitt+4 ,!re are two ess5tial pr9ciples 9 ! art ( sp9n+3 fir/1 ! draw+ out ( uni=m quantities ( fib] 9 a cont9u\s mann]2 & second1 ! twi/+ ( ! fib] s z to give x coh]5cy & /r5g?4 ,! e>lie/ sp9n+ app>atus1 & = ages ! only "o1 0 ! di/aff & sp9dle4 ,! =m] 0 a /aff ^u :i* 0 loosely b\nd a bundle ( ! fib] to be spun4 ,x 0 held 9 ! left h& or 0 fa/5$ 9 ! belt4 ,! sp9dle1 a tap]+ rod small] ?an ! di/aff1 0 held 9 ! "r h&4 ,! rotation ( ! sp9dle gave ! necess>y twi/ to ! ?read1 & ar\nd ! sp9dle ! ?read 0 w\nd z x 0 twi/$4 ,! next developm5t 9 sp9n+ ma*9]y 0 ! sp9n+-:eel1 :i* has cont9u$ 9 use 9 "s rural p>ts ( ! _w practically to ! pres5t day4 ,! s]ies ( inv5tions t ov]?rew h& sp9n+1 & made ?is indu/ry possible on a l>ge scale1 really began 9 #agch :5 ,lewis ,paul1 an ,engli% inv5tor1 discov]$ a process = draw+ out & att5uat+ ?reads ( wool or cotton by pass+ ! fib] ?r\gh successive pairs ( roll]s4 ,to-day ?is pr9ciple =ms a fundam5tal feature ( all sp9n+ ma*9]y4 ,9 #agfd ,james ,h>greaves1 an illit]ate weav] & c>p5t] ( ,lanca%ire1 ,engl&1 inv5t$ ! sp9n+-j5ny1 a device by :i* eight ?reads c\ld be spun at once4 ,) a little improvem5t 9 ?is inv5tion1 eighty ?reads 7 produc$ z easily z eight4 ,! idea ( ! sp9n+-j5ny is said to h be5 accid5tally sugge/$ to its inv5tor by wat*+ ! motions ( a common sp9n+-:eel :i* "o ( 8 *ildr5 _h un9t5tionally upset4 ,h>greaves is ano!r 9 ! long li/ ( ^? :o h suff]$ p]secution because ( hav+ done some?+ to make ! _w bett]4 ,8 fell[-sp9n]s1 fill$ ) prejudice t[>d 8 inv5tion because !y fe>$ x might rob !m ( employm5t1 broke into 8 h\se & de/roy$ 8 ma*9e4 ,he !n mov$ to ,nott+ham1 :]e he erect$ a sp9n+ mill4 ,9 #aggj ,h>greaves took out a pat5t on 8 inv5tion1 b ! pat5t 0 subsequ5tly annull$ on ! gr\nd t he _h sold a few ma*9es be=e pat5t+ ! inv5tion4 ,valuable z 0 ! sp9n+-j5ny ( ,h>greaves1 x 0 adapt$ only to produc+ ! transv]se ?reads1 or ! wo(4 ,x c\ld n produce suffici5t firmness & h>dness = ! longitud9al ?reads1 or ! w>p4 ,9 #agfg ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 ano!r native ( ,lanca%ire1 inv5t$ ! sp9n+-frame1 :i* 0 able to yield a ?read f9e en\gh & firm en\gh to make ! w>p4 ,at ! "t ( 8 inv5tion ,arkwright 0 s poor t he _h to be furni%$ ) a suit ( clo!s be=e he look$ respectable en\gh to appe> at an election4 ,l ,h>greaves1 he also 0 p]secut$4 ,bo? 7 driv5 out ( ,lanca%ire to ,nott+ham to escape popul> rage4 ,arkwright's pat5t 0 annull$1 & at "o "t 8 factory 0 de/roy$ by ! populace 9 ! pres5ce ( a p[]ful milit>y & police =ce1 :o did no?+ to re/ra9 x4 ,& :y 7 ,h>greaves & ,arkwright driv5 out ( ,lanca%ire8 ,!y _h inv5t$ ma*9es t w\ld produce m & *eap] clo?+2 t w\ld give p[]ful impetus to ! cotton & ! wool5 indu/ries2 t w\ld lift ! race high] 9 ! pa?-way ( civilization4 ,:at 0 ! reason8 ,misund]/&+1 prejudice1 & selfi%ness4 ,! int]e/s ( ! few 7 %utt+ out ! int]e/s ( ! _w4 ,& ^! int]e/s ( ! few 7 imag9>y4 ,9 spite ( all opposition1 h[ev]1 ,arkwright succe$$1 & may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n factory sy/em4 ,9 #aggi ,samuel ,crompton1 ano!r ,lanca%ire inv5tor1 produc$ an improv$ sp9n+ ma*9e call$ ! sp9n+-mule4 ,?is inv5tion comb9$ ! good qualities ( ! sp9n+-j5ny ( ,h>greaves & ! sp9n+-frame ( ,arkwright4 ,its *ief po9t ( excell5ce lay 9 ! f95ess ( ! ?reads :i* x spun2 f ?is k9d ( ?read c\ld be made f9] fabrics ?an 7 possible ) ! ma*9es ( ,h>greaves & ( ,arkwright4 ,crompton 0 v poor4 ,by day he work$ at ! loom or on ! f>m to e>n bread = himself1 8 "m1 & 8 two si/]s1 & at night he toil$ away on 8 inv5tion4 ,no soon] _h he p]fect$ 8 ma*9e ?an he 0 beset by p]sons seek+ to rob him ( its b5efits4 ,all k9ds ( devices 7 employ$ = le>n+ ! secret4 ,ladd]s 7 plac$ aga9/ 8 w9d[s 9 ord] t unscrupul\s spectators might get a view ( ! ma*9e4 ,he did n d>e to leave ! h\se1 le/ 8 secret be /ol5 f him4 ,he _h sp5t 8 la/ f>?+ ^u ! inv5tion & _h no funds = secur+ a pat5t4 ,a manufactur] p]suad$ him to disclose to ! trade ! nature ( 8 inv5tion "u promise ( a lib]al subscription2 b ,crompton receiv$ only a paltry sum am\nt+ to less ?an #cej4 ,he f9ally sav$ up en\gh money to beg9 manufactur+ on a small scale1 b 8 rivals _h already out-di/anc$ him4 ,he di$ 9 ,june1 #ahbg1 disspirit$ at ! ill treatm5t he _h receiv$1 b n until he _h se5 8 inv5tion a p[]ful ag5cy 9 ,briti% clo? manufactur+4 ,an int]e/+ glimpse ( ! days :5 weav+ 0 done by h& 9 ,engl& may be f\nd 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,george ,eliot's ,silas ,m>n]1 ! ,weav] ( ,raveloe4 ,! h&-loom 9 weav+ 0 sup]s$$ by ! p[]-loom e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! loom 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,rev4 ,edmund ,c>twright1 an ,engli% cl]gyman1 poet1 & inv5tor4 ,! date ( ! inv5tion 0 #aghe4 ,c>twright's fir/ loom 0 v crude1 b he subsequ5tly improv$ x4 ,! idea = ! inv5tion ( 8 p[]-loom came to ,c>twright aft] a visit to ! sp9n+ mills ( ,arkwright4 ,he too 0 subject$ to opposition f ! weav]s on acc\nt ( 8 inv5tion4 ,at "o "t he 0 associat$ ) ,rob]t ,fulton 9 8 exp]im5ts 9 apply+ /eam to navigation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,a]onautics ,to fly 9 ! air has be5 ! dream ( all peoples 9 all ages4 ,oh t ,i _h w+s l a dove6 ,!n w\ld ,i fly away & be at re/6 sang ! ,psalmi/4 ,x w\ld seem f ! rec5t inv5tions 9 ! sci5ce ( a]onautics t ?is dream is to become 9 ! ne> future a practical exp]i5ce ( our e-day lives4 ,a balloon is an app>atus ) an envelope fill$ ) gas1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is less ?an t ( ! atmosph]e ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is practically at ! m]cy ( air-curr5ts4 ,! sci5ce ( balloon a]onautics dates def9itely f #aghc1 :5 ! ,montgolfi] bro!rs at ,angonay 9 ,france con/ruct$ _! fir/ balloons4 ,^! ,fr5*m5 & _! successors develop$ ! sph]ical balloons to a /ate ( effici5cy :i* has sc>cely be5 improv$ ^u to ?is day4 ,! balloon 9 "t came to be adopt$ ?r\gh\t ,europe = milit>y uses1 ma9ly = ! purpose ( spy+ out ! enemy's position & def5ses4 ,a dirigible balloon usually has an elongat$ envelope & is equipp$ ) a motor & a rudd] by :i* x c be /e]$ at w aga9/ a mod]ate w9d4 ,balloon a]onautics became popul> 9 #ahih1 :5 ,santos-,dumont1 a weal?y "y ,brazilian1 p]=m$ a s]ies ( spectacul> feats ) 8 dirigible balloon4 ,imm$iately balloon+ became ! sport+ fad 9 ,france & ! craze spread rapidly ov] ! ,cont95t & to ,engl&4 ,num]\s air%ips ( ! dirigible type made _! appe>ance & _m balloon factories 7 e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,wright ,,biplane ,by ,c\rtesy ( ,brooks ,bro!rs ,9 ,g]many e community has its a]o club4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are ab\t #cjj1jjj club memb]s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! l& :o individually or collectively own ov] #bjj balloons4 ,all ( ! great nations own "o or m a]ial w>%ips ( ! dirigible type1 z well z num]\s sph]ical balloons4 ,an a]oplane1 z commonly kn[n1 is a ma*9e :i* is su/a9$ 9 ! air by "o1 two1 or ?ree sets ( rigid surfaces or planes4 ,unlike ! balloon1 x is heavi] ?an air1 & x mu/ !re=e ma9ta9 its position 9 ! air by "s =m ( me*anical propulsion4 ,x mu/1 9 o!r words1 fly l a bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bl]iot ,,monoplane ,! fir/ a]oplane 0 inv5t$ by ,h5son1 an ,engli%man1 :o 9 #ahdc flew 8 ma*9e1 us+ a two-horse-p[] /eam eng9e4 ,9 #ahhh & 9 #aijj two o!r practically successful models appe>$1 "o made by a ,fr5* & ! o!r by an ,engli% inv5tor4 ,langley1 an ,am]ican1 :o began exp]im5t+ 9 #ahhe1 manag$ to fly ov] ! ,potomac 9 #ahif4 ,! ,wright bro!rs made _! initial flights "u motor p[] 9 #aijc4 ,dur+ ! ye>s s9ce #aijc innum]able types ( a]oplanes h be5 develop$1 all bas$ ^u ! l9es laid d[n by ,langley1 ,h5son1 ,maxim1 & o!r pione]s4 ,among ! mo/ successful exp]im5t]s h be5 ,f>man1 ,delagrange1 ,bl]iot1 ,curtiss1 & ! ,vois9s4 ,! flapp+-w+ ma*9e is call$ an or?opt] 7or?os1 /raight1 pt]a1 w+7 & is suppos$ to copy bird flight4 ,screw-fly]s1 call$ helicopt]s1 lift !mselves f ! gr\nd by ! ?ru/ ( v>y+ numb]s ( rapidly mov+ propell]s1 revolv+ horizontally4 ,"s />tl+ feats h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! field ( a]onautics4 ,on ,augu/ #g1 #aiaj1 ,john ,b4 ,moisant1 an ,am]ican1 flew 9 a ,bl]iot monoplane across ! ,engli% ,*annel1 a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles1 9 ?irty-two m9utes4 ,he c>ri$ "o pass5g]4 ,on ,septemb] #ab1 #aiaj1 ,claude ,grahame-,:ite1 an ,engli%man1 flew 9 a ,f>man biplane ?irty-?ree miles 9 ?irty-f\r m9utes1 ne> ,bo/on1 w9n+ a prize ( t5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,e day new ideas take %ape & are develop$ 9 "s =m t promotes ! pleasure1 com=t1 or safety ( mank9d4 ,!re seems to be lit]ally no limit to man's inv5tive p[]4 ,8 bra9 teems ) ?\ghts & 8 h&s labor incessantly to =ce 8 ?\ghts into mat]ial =ms4 ,he m\nts high] & high] on ! scale ( civilization1 ca/+ away old ideas1 ineffici5t me?ods1 & worn-out ma*9es1 & sub/itut+ ! new & wond]ful ?+s :i* he has a*iev$4 ,grad$ ,supplem5t>y ,read+ ,s]ies ,classic ,fables4 ,= ,fir/ & ,second ,grades4 ,select$ & edit$ by ,edna ,h5ry ,lee ,turp94 #abg pages1 #abmo1 clo? #cj c5ts ,grimm's ,fairy ,tales4 ,= ,second & ,?ird ,grades4 ,select$ & edit$ by ,edna ,h5ry ,lee ,turp94 #bjg pages1 #abmo1 clo? #dj c5ts ,&]s5's ,fairy ,tales4 ,= ,?ird & ,f\r? ,grades4 ,select$ & edit$ by ,edna ,h5ry ,lee ,turp94 #bec pages1 clo? #dj c5ts ,/ories f ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,= ,f\r? & ,fif? ,grades4 ,select$ & edit$ by ,edna ,h5ry ,lee ,turp94 #aia pages1 #abmo1 clo? #dj c5ts ,/ories f ,greek ,hi/ory4 ,= ,f\r? & ,fif? ,grades4 ,by ,l\ise ,diman4 #bci pages1 #abmo1 clo? #dj c5ts ,h]oes ( ,hi/ory4 ,= ,fif? & ,six? ,grades4 ,by ,ida ,pr5tice ,:itcomb4 #ddh pages1 #abmo1 clo? #fj c5ts ,brief ,biographies f ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,= ,fif? & ,six? ,grades4 ,by ,edna ,h5ry ,lee ,turp94 #bii pages1 #abmo1 clo? #ej c5ts ,"p ,i4 ,= ,fif? ,grade4 #adb pages1 #abmo1 clo? #ce c5ts ,"p ,,ii4 ,= ,six? ,grade4 #afc pages1 #abmo1 clo? #ce c5ts ,engli% ,hi/ory ,/ories4 ,= ,six? & ,sev5? ,grades4 #cbj pages1 #abmo1 clo? #ej c5ts ,! ,"y ,am]ican4 ,a ,civic ,read]4 ,= ,six?1 ,sev5? & ,eight ,grades4 ,pratt ,judson1 ,,ll4,d4 #bei pages1 #abmo1 clo? #ej c5ts