,,! ,,pragmatic ,,!ory ,,( ,,tru? ,,z   
,,develop$ ,,by ,,peirce1 ,,james1 ,,&  
,,dewey   ,,by   ,,d5ton ,,lor+ ,,gey]  
,b4,a4 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 #aiaj    
,m4,a4 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 #aiaa    
,,!sis  ,submitt$ 9 ,p>tial ,fulfillm5t 
( ! ,requirem5ts = ! ,degree (  ,,doctor
 ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,philosophy  ,,9 
,,! ,,graduate ,,s*ool ,,( ,,!          
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois  #aiad        
,,cont5ts     ,,introduction   ,,*apt]  
,i4     ,,! ,,pragmatic ,,doctr9e ,,z   
,,orig9ally ,,propos$ ,,by ,,peirce     
,,*apt] ,,ii4     ,,! ,,int]pretation   
,,giv5 ,,to ,,pragmatism ,,by ,,james   
,,james' ,,exposition ,,( ,,peirce      
,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pragmatic    
,,doctr9e ,,?r\gh ,,!           ,,e>li] 
,,writ+s ,,( ,,james       ,,! ,,!ory   
,,( ,,tru? ,,9 ',,pragmatism' ,,& ',,!  
,,mean+ ,,( ,,tru?'         ,!          
,ambiguity ( ',satisfaction'         ,! 
,relation ( ,tru? to ,utility         ,!
 ,relation ( ,satisfaction to ,agreem5t 
& ,consi/5cy   ,,*apt] ,,iii4     ,,!   

,,pragmatic ,,doctr9e ,,z ,,set ,,=?    
,,by ,,dewey       ,,! ,,exp]im5tal     
,,!ory ,,( ,,k       ,,contra/ ,,betwe5 
,,james ,,& ,,dewey   ,,*apt] ,,iv4     
,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion               
,,bibliography     ,,! ,,pragmatic      
,,!ory ,,( ,,tru? ,,z ,,develop$ ,,by   
,,peirce1 ,,james1 ,,& ,,dewey4         
,,introductory4   ,?is !sis attempts to 
trace ! gr[? ( ! pragmatic doctr9e (    
tru? ?r\gh ! works ( its ?ree mo/ fam\s 
advocates 9 ,am]ica4  ,an exam9ation (  
,peirce's initial /atem5t ( pragmatism  
is foll[$ by a discussion ( 8 objections
 to ! mean+ put ^u 8 doctr9e by 8       
w\ld-be disciples1 & 8 resort1 9 ord] to
 save himself f ^! 'p]v]sions'1 to a    
r5am+ ( 8 !ory4 ,"s evid5t              
contradictions 9 8 diff]5t pr9ciples are
 po9t$ out4  ,! *ang+ position (        
,william ,james is !n foll[$ ?r\gh      
magaz9e articles & books appe>+         
successively dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t ?irty  
ye>s4 ,"o f9ds "h a gradually b         
cont9ually wid5+ div]g5ce f !           

rationali/ic !ories1 :i* culm9ates      
f9ally 9 ! mu*-quot$ extreme /atem5ts ( 
! book ',pragmatism'4 ,! few subsequ5tly
 publi%$ ref]5ces to tru? seem to consi/
 l>gely ( def5ses or retractions ( !    
t5ets !re set =?4 ,z has be5 s (t5 said1
 ,william ,james 0 too sympa!tic t[>d ! 
doctr9es ( o!r m5 to ma9ta9 a consi/5t  
doctr9e ( 8 own4 ,8 be/ "w1 l t ( !     
high] lit]>y type to :i* he approa*$1 0 
to transcribe & int]pret ! feel+s ( o!r 
m54 ,8 g5ius lay 9 ! cle>ness ) :i* he  
c\ld translate ^! ideas & ! lucid fa%ion
 9 :i* he c\ld cut to ! he>t (          
ambiguities 9 !m4 ,) ! highe/ & mo/     
s9c]e admiration = ! _s ( ,james' labors
 9 philosophy & psy*ology1 ! writ] is   
unable to f9d !re p]man5t contributions 
to ! solution ( ! p>ticul> problem :i*  
we h be=e u "h1 ! problem ( tru?4 ,9 8  
spl5did prote/ aga9/ all /atic !ories1  
he seems to h accept$ pragmatism = :at x
 0 n r ?an = :at x 04 ,x 0 n a          
cut-&-dri$ sy/em leav+ no room =        
individuality1 & t ?is 0 "o ( 8 /ronge/ 

reasons = accept+ x is %[n by 8 ask+    
aga9 & aga93 ,if ?is 7pragmatism7 is n  
tru?1 :at is8 ,he 0 attempt+ to f9d a   
!ory--almo/ any !ory1 "o ?9ks           
sometimes--:i* w\ld s]ve z an alt]native
 to ! old] doctr9es s incompatible ) 8  
temp]am5t4  ,x is int]e/+ to note t !   
frequ5t prote/s made by ,peirce aga9/ ! 
turn giv5 8 ideas by 8 foll[]s are      
always direct$ aga9/ ! "w ( ,james &    
,s*ill]1 & nev]1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to
 asc]ta91 aga9/ t ( ,dewey4 ,x !re=e    
seems wor? :ile to und]take a direct    
comp>ison betwe5 ! views ( ,peirce &    
,dewey4 ,?is comp>ison1 !n1 occupies !  
latt] "p ( ! !sis1 ) ! result1 x may be 
said at once1 t ,dewey's "w is f\nd to  
be v closely relat$ to ! orig9al        
=mulation ( pragmatism z made by        
,peirce4  ,! excell5t hi/orical sket*es 
( pragmatism :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! la/    
five ye>s#a h be5 some:at broad] 9 scope
 ?an ! pres5t treatise1 = !y h usually  
describ$ ! developm5t ( all ! pragmatic 
doctr9es 9 ! mass :ile ! emphasis "h is 

plac$ on ! int5sive treatm5t ( a s+le   
doctr9e1 & ?is doctr9e is foll[$1       
moreov]1 ?r\gh a limit$ numb] ( its     
exp\nd]s4 ,fur!r1 almo/ all su* sket*es 
are tak5 up = ! mo/ "p 9 %[+ h[         
pragmatism grew out ( ! old] doctr9es or
 9 contra/+ x ) v>i\s alt]native !ories 
:ile ! ?+ attempt$ "h is1 aga91 a c>eful
 comp>ison ( ! views ( ?ree ?9k]s )9 !  
,s*ool itself--) ( c\rse ! writ]'s own  
reaction to ^! views4 ,x has ?us seem$  
be/ to und]take no 7necess>ily          
fragm5t>y7 treatm5t ( tru? z 'intuition'
 or 'coh]5ce' or 'correspond5ce' or !   
re/4      #a ,see = example an article  
by ,alfr$ ,lloyd on         ,con=mity1  
,consi/5cy1 & ,tru? 9 ! ,j\rnal (       
,philosophy = ,may #bb1 #aiac2 also     
,bood9's ,tru? &         ,reality1      
,caldwell's ,pragmatism & ,idealism1 ,de
 ,laguna's         ,dogmatism &         
,evolution1 ,murray's ,pragmatism1      
,moore's         ,pragmatism & ,its     
,critics1 & o!rs4  ,g5]al criticism ( ! 
pragmatic !ory ( tru?1 z is evid5t to   

anyone :o has foll[$ ! controv]sy1 has  
be5 pr9cipally direct$ aga9/ ! m        
'radical' /atem5ts ( ,james & ,s*ill]4  
,:e!r ?is is m]ely because ^! *ampions (
 ! !ory are m extreme1 or :e!r !y are   
really m prone to errors 9 _! reason+1  
we ne$ n det]m9e "h4 ,b x is wor? po9t+ 
out t1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,peirce & ,dewey 
7 to be tak5 z ! tru] repres5tatives (  
pragmatism a l>ge "p ( ! flood ( rec5t  
criticism w\ld be irrelevant4 ,?is is by
 no means to say t ! "w ( ,peirce &     
,dewey is above criticism2 x is m]ely to
 call att5tion to ! fact t mo/ ( !      
criticism ( pragmatism is direct$ aga9/ 
pr9ciples :i* ^! two m5 d n happ5 to    
hold4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! doctr9e 9 its m   
cons]vative t]ms1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly on !
 increase1 & we are seldom n[adays      
burd5$ ) refutations ( su* alleg$       
pragmatism z t any?+ is true :i* x is   
pleasant to believe or t any !ory (     
proc$ure is true :i* happ5s to turn out 
well4     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,pragmatic  
,,doctr9e ,,z ,,orig9ally ,,propos$ ,,by

 ,,peirce4   ,pragmatism has be5        
describ$ z an attitude ( m9d1 z a me?od 
( inve/igation1 & z a !ory ( tru?4 ,!   
attitude is t ( look+ =w>d to outcomes r
 ?an back to orig9s4 ,! me?od is ! use (
 actual or possible outcomes ( our ideas
 to det]m9e ^! ideas' real mean+4 ,!    
!ory ( tru? def9es ! tru? ( our beliefs 
9 t]ms ( ! outcome ( ^! beliefs4        
,pragmatism z a pr9ciple ( me?od1 l !   
,m5delian laws ( h]$ity1 lay = decades 9
 oblivion4 ,x 0 br\ght to light & to !  
_w's notice 9 #ahih by ,william ,james1 
:o by 8 wond]ful lit]>y /yle imm$iately 
gave x ! wide/ curr5cy4 ,! doctr9e 0    
orig9ally propos$ 9 #ahgh by ,c4 ,s4    
,peirce 9 a pap] = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce    
,mon?ly entitl$ ,h[ ,to ,make ,our      
,ideas ,cle>4 ,?is article 0 ! second ( 
six on ! g5]al topic4 ,illu/rations ( ! 
,logic ( ,sci5ce4 ,! o!r articles ( !   
s]ies 7 respectively call$ ,! ,fixation 
( ,belief1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,*ances1 ,!    
,probability ( ,induction1 ,! ,ord] (   
,nature1 & ,induction1 ,d$uction1 &     

,hypo!sis4  ,9 ! fam\s discussion ( ,h[ 
,to ,make ,our ,ideas ,cle>1 ,peirce    
po9t$ out t by a cle> idea is meant1    
accord+ to ! logicians1 "o :i* w be     
recogniz$ :]ev] x is met )1 s t no o!r w
 be mi/ak5 = x4 ,b s9ce to d ?is )\t    
exception is impossible to human be+s1 &
 s9ce to h su* acqua9tance ) ! idea z to
 h lo/ all hesitancy 9 recogniz+ x 9    
ord9>y cases am\nts only to a subjective
 feel+ ( ma/]y :i* may be entirely      
mi/ak51 !y supplem5t ! idea ( 'cle>ness'
 ) t ( 'di/9ctness'4 ,a di/9ct idea is  
def9$ z "o t conta9s no?+ :i* is n cle>4
 ,by ! cont5ts ( an idea logicians      
und]/& :atev] is conta9$ 9 its          
def9ition1 s t an idea is di/9ctly      
appreh5d$1 accord+ to !m1 :5 we c give a
 precise def9ition ( x1 9 ab/ract t]ms4 
,"h ! pr(essional logicians leave !     
subject1 b x is easy to %[ t ! doctr9e t
 famili> use & ab/ract di/9ctness make !
 p]fection ( appreh5sion1 has its only  
true place 9 philosophies :i* h long be5
 ext9ct1 & x is n[ "t to =mulate a me?od

 ( atta9+ a m p]fect cle>ness ( ?\ght   
su* z we see & admire 9 ! ?9k]s ( our   
own "t4  ,! action ( ?\ght is excit$ by 
! irritation ( a d\bt1 & ceases :5      
belief is atta9$2 s t ! production (    
belief is ! sole function ( ?\ght4 ,z   
?\ght appeases ! irritation ( a d\bt1   
:i* is ! motive = ?9k+1 x relaxes &     
comes to re/ = a mom5t :5 belief is     
rea*$4 ,b belief is a rule = action1 &  
its application requires fur!r ?\ght &  
fur!r d\bt1 s t at ! same "t t x is a   
/opp+ place x is also a new />t+ place =
 ?\ght4 ,! f9al up%ot ( ?9k+ is !       
ex]cise ( volition4  ,! ess5ce ( belief 
is ! e/abli%m5t ( a habit1 & diff]5t    
beliefs are di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t modes 
( action to :i* !y give rise4 ,if       
beliefs d n diff] 9 ?is respect1 if !y  
appease ! same d\bt by produc+ ! same   
rule ( action1 !n no m diff]5ces 9 !    
mann] ( consci\sness ( !m c make !m     
diff]5t beliefs1 any m ?an play+ a tune 
9 diff]5t keys is play+ a diff]5t tune4 
,imag9>y di/9ctions are made v          

frequ5tly1 x is true1 betwe5 beliefs :i*
 diff] only 9 _! mode ( expression4 ,su*
 false di/9ctions d z mu* h>m z !       
confusion ( beliefs really diff]5t4 ,"o 
s+ul> deception ( ?is sort1 :i* (t5     
occurs1 is to mi/ake ! s5sation produc$ 
by our own uncle>ness ( ?\ght = a "* ( !
 object we are ?9k+4 ,in/ead ( p]ceiv+ t
 ! obscurity is purely subjective1 we   
fancy t we contemplate a quality ( !    
object :i* is ess5tially my/]i\s2 & if  
our conception be aft]w>ds pres5t$ to u 
9 a cle> =m we d n recognize x z ! same1
 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! feel+ (            
un9telligibility4444 ,ano!r su*         
deception is to mi/ake a m]e diff]5ce 9 
! grammatical con/ruction ( two words = 
a di/9ction betwe5 ! ideas !y           
express4444 ,f all ^! sophisms we %all  
be p]fectly safe s long z we reflect t !
 :ole function ( ?\ght is to produce    
habits ( action2 & t :atev] is connect$ 
) a ?\ght1 b irrelevant to its purpose1 
is an accretion to x1 b no "p ( x4  ,to 
develop a mean+ we h1 !re=e1 simply to  

det]m9e :at habits x produces1 = :at a  
?+ means is simply :at habits x         
involves4 ,n[ ! id5tity ( a habit dep5ds
 on h[ x might lead u to act1 n m]ely "u
 su* circum/ances z are likely to arise1
 b "u su* z might possibly occur1 no    
matt] h[ improbable4444 ,?us we come d[n
 to :at is tangible & practical z ! root
 ( e real di/9ction ( ?\ght1 no matt] h[
 subtle x may be2 & !re is no di/9ction 
s f9e z to consi/ 9 any?+ b a possible  
diff]5ce 9 practice4  ,z an example1    
consid] ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation4  
,are ! elem5ts ( ! sacram5t fle% & blood
 'only 9 a tropical s5se' or are !y     
lit]ally j t8 ,n[ we h no conception (  
w9e except :at may ent] into a belief   
ei!r1 7#a7 t ?is1 t1 or ! o!r is w9e1 or
 7#b7 t w9e possesses c]ta9 prop]ties4  
,su* beliefs are no?+ b                 
self-notifications t we %\ld1 ^u        
occasion1 act 9 reg>d to su* ?+s z we   
believe to be w9e accord+ to ! qualities
 :i* we believe w9e to possess4 ,!      
occasion ( su* action w\ld be "s s5sible

 p]ception1 ! motive ( x to produce "s  
s5sible result4 ,?us our action has     
exclusive ref]5ce to :at affects our    
s5ses1 our habit has ! same be>+ z our  
action1 our belief ! same z our habit1  
our conception ! same z our belief2 & we
 c consequ5tly mean no?+ by w9e b :at   
has c]ta9 effects1 direct or indirect1  
^u ! s5ses2 & to talk ( some?+ z hav+   
all ! s5sible *>act]s ( w9e1 yet be+ 9  
reality blood1 is s5seless j>gon4444    
,our idea ( any?+ is our idea ( its     
s5sible effects2 & if we fancy t we h   
any o!r1 we deceive ourselves1 & mi/ake 
a m]e s5sation accompany+ ! ?\ght = a "p
 ( ! ?\ght itself4  ,x appe>s1 !n1 t !  
rule = atta9+ 444 cle>ness ( appreh5sion
 is z foll[s3 ,consid] :at effects1 :i* 
might conceivably h practical be>+s1 we 
conceive ! object ( our conception to h4
 ,!n1 our conception ( ^! effects is !  
:ole ( our conception ( ! object4       
7,italics m9e74  ,an application ( ?is  
me?od to a conception :i* p>ticul>ly    
conc]ns logic occupies ! la/ section ( !

 article1--a use ( ! me?od to make cle> 
our conception ( reality4 ,consid]+     
cle>ness 9 ! s5se ( famili>ity1 no idea 
c\ld be cle>] ?an ?is1 = ev]yone uses x 
) p]fect confid5ce4 ,cle>ness 9 ! s5se (
 def9ition is only slightly m           
difficult1--we may def9e ! real z t ^:  
*>act]s are indep5d5t ( :at anybody may 
?9k !m to be4 ,b h[ev] satisfactory ?is 
is z a def9ition1 x does n by any means 
make our idea ( reality p]fectly cle>4  
,"h1 !n1 let u apply our rules4 ,accord+
 to !m1 reality1 l e o!r quality1       
consi/s 9 ! peculi> s5sible effects :i* 
?+s p>tak+ ( x produce4 ,! only effect  
:i* real ?+s h is to cause belief1 = all
 ! s5sations :i* !y excite em]ge into   
consci\sness 9 ! =m ( beliefs4 ,! "q    
!re=e is1 h[ is true belief 7or belief 9
 ! real7 di/+ui%$ f false belief 7belief
 9 fiction74 ,briefly ?is may be answ]$ 
by say+ t ! true belief is ! "o :i* w be
 arriv$ at aft] a complete exam9ation ( 
all ! evid5ce4 ,t op9ion :i* is fat$ to 
be ultimately agre$ to by all :o        

inve/igate1 is :at we mean by ! tru?1 & 
! object repres5t$ 9 ?is op9ion is !    
real4 7,note3 ,fate means m]ely t :i* is
 sure to come true1 & c noh[ be avoid$47
 ,! real ?us dep5ds inde$ ^u :at is     
ultimately ?\ght ab\t x1 b n ^u :at any 
p>ticul> p]son ?9ks ab\t x4 ,?is is     
cle>ly br\ght out 9 contra/ to          
non-sci5tific inve/igation1 :]e p]sonal 
equation c\nts = a great deal m4 ,x is  
h>d to conv9ce a foll[] ( ! a priori    
me?od by adduc+ facts2 b %[ him t an    
op9ion t he is def5d+ is inconsi/5t )   
:at he has laid d[n else:]e1 & he w be v
 apt to retract x4 ,^! m9ds d n seem to 
believe t disputation is ev] to cease2  
!y seem to ?9k t ! op9ion :i* is natural
 = "o man is n s = ano!r1 & t belief w1 
consequ5tly1 nev] be settl$4 ,9 cont5t+ 
!mselves ) fix+ _! own op9ions by a     
me?od :i* w\ld lead ano!r man to a      
diff]5t result1 !y betray _! feeble hold
 ^u ! conception ( :at tru? is4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 all ! foll[]s ( sci5ce are fully
 p]suad$ t ! processes ( inve/igation1  

if only pu%$ f> en\gh1 w give "o c]ta9  
solution to e "q to :i* !y c be appli$4 
,"o man may inve/igate ! velocity (     
light by /udy+ ! transits ( ,v5us & !   
ab]ration ( ! />s2 ano!r by ! opposition
 ( ,m>s & eclipses ( ,jupit]'s          
satellites2 a ?ird by ! me?od (         
,fizian4444 ,!y may at fir/ obta9       
diff]5t results1 b z ea* p]fects 8 me?od
 & 8 processes1 ! results w move /eadily
 toge!r t[>d a de/9$ c5t]4 ,s ) all     
sci5tific rese>*4 ,diff]5t m9ds may set 
out ) ! mo/ antagoni/ic views1 b !      
process ( inve/igation c>ries !m by a   
=ce outside ( !mselves to "o & ! same   
conclusion4 ,?is conclusion1 to be sure1
 may be long po/pon$1 & might inde$ be  
prec$$ by a false belief :i* %\ld be    
accept$ univ]sally4 ,b ! op9ion :i* w\ld
 f9ally result f inve/igation does n    
dep5d on h[ anybody may actually ?9k4444
 ,! reality ( t :i* is real does dep5d  
on ! real fact t ! inve/igation is de/9$
 to lead1 at la/1 if cont9u$ long en\gh1
 to a belief 9 x4  ,x w be se5 t ?is    

article does n int5d to put =w>d any new
 !ory ( tru?4 ,x is simply an attempt at
 exp\nd+ a new !ory ( cle>ness4 ,peirce 
desires to describe a new way ( cle>+ up
 metaphysical disputes1 ! me?od1 namely1
 ( f9d+ ! mean+ ( ea* "q by r$uc+ x to  
its exp]im5tal consequ5ces4  ,= ,peirce 
a doctr9e c\ld be p]fectly cle> & yet   
false4 ,?is w\ld be ! case :]e "o _h a  
vivid idea ( all ! outcomes 9 exp]i5ce  
involv$ by ! idea1 b yet 0 unable to    
prophesy any outcome t %\ld be v]ifi$ by
 future fact4 ,our idea ( ! object w\ld 
n 9 t case 'correspond to ! reality' 9 !
 s5se ( giv+ u a belief :i* c\ld be     
'v]ifi$ by all inve/igators'4  ,peirce1 
!n1 in/ead ( hav+ a radical & />tl+ !ory
 ( tru? to propose1 w\ld consid] himself
 an ultra-cons]vative on ! "q ( :at %all
 be call$ tru?4 ,approa*+ ! matt] f !   
/&po9t ( a sci5ti/1 7= he says 9 ano!r  
connection t he _h at ?is "t sp5t mo/ ( 
8 life 9 a laboratory71 he is conc]n$   
only ) an attempt to apply ! fruitful   
me?ods ( sci5ce to ! b>r5 field (       

metaphysics4 ,= metaphysics seems to him
 v mu* 9 ne$ ( outside help4 ,8 diff]5t 
conception ( ! two discipl9es may be se5
 f ! foll[+ passage4 ,9 contra/ to      
philosophy1 he is eulogiz+ ! natural    
sci5ces1 :]e inve/igators1 in/ead (     
condemn+ ea* ! "w ( ! o!rs z misdirect$ 
f beg9n+ to end1 co-op]ate1 /& ^u "o    
ano!r's %\ld]s1 & multiply inconte/able 
results2 :]e e obs]vation is repeat$1 & 
isolat$ obs]vations c\nt = little2 :]e e
 hypo!sis t m]its att5tion is subject$  
to sev]e b fair exam9ation1 & only aft] 
! pr$ictions to :i* x leads h be5       
rem>kably borne out by exp]i5ce is tru/$
 at all1 & !n only provisionally2 :]e a 
radically false /ep is r>ely tak51 ev5 !
 mo/ faulty ( ^? !ories :i* ga9 cr$5ce  
be+ true 9 _! ma9 exp]i5tial pr$ictions4
  ,x is 9 a desire to elevate           
metaphysics to some:]e ne> ?is level t  
,peirce proposes 8 new !ory ( cle>ness1 
believ+ t mu* ( ! useless disputation ( 
philosophy1 z he sees x1 w end :5 we "k 
exactly :at we are talk+ ab\t accord+ to

 ?is te/4  ,on ! "q ( tru? he might     
inde$ h ref]r$ to ano!r ( 8 e>ly        
articles1 :]e ! same idea ( ! indep5d5ce
 ( tru? f individual op9ion is br\ght   
out4 ,! mu*-quot$ pap] on ,h[ ,to ,make 
,our ,ideas ,cle> 01 z we h not$1 !     
second ( a s]ies call$ ,illu/rations ( !
 ,logic ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ord] to get 8     
doctr9e ( tru? m adequately be=e u1 we  
may turn = a mom5t to ! fir/ article ( !
 s]ies1 ! pap] call$ ,! ,fixation (     
,belief4  ,"h ,peirce beg9s by po9t+ out
 f\r me?ods = fix+ belief4 ,9 ! fir/1 or
 'me?od ( t5acity'1 "o simply picks out 
! belief :i* = "s reason he desires1 &  
holds to x by clos+ 8 eyes to all       
evid5ce po9t+ ! o!r way4 ,! second1 or !
 'me?od ( au?ority'1 is ! same except t 
! individual is replac$ by ! /ate4 ,!   
?ird1 or 'a priori me?od'1 makes a ?+   
true :5 x is 'agreeable to reason'4 ,b  
?is sort ( tru? v>ies betwe5 p]sons1 =  
:at is agreeable to reason is m or less 
a matt] ( ta/e4  ,9 contra/ ) ^!1 &     
especially ) ! a priori me?od1 a me?od  

mu/ be discov]$ :i* w det]m9e tru?      
entirely ap>t f individual op9ion4 ,?is 
is ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,t is1 ,to satisfy 
our d\bt 444 x is necess>y t a me?od    
%\ld be f\nd by :i* our beliefs may be  
caus$ by no?+ human1 b by "s ext]nal    
p]man5cy--by some?+ ^u :i* our ?9k+ has 
no effect4444 ,x mu/ be some?+ :i*      
affects1 or might affect1 e man4 ,&1    
?\gh ^! affections are necess>ily z     
v>i\s z are individual conditions1 yet !
 me?od mu/ be su* t ! ultimate          
conclusion ( e man %all be ! same4 ,su* 
is ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,its fundam5tal    
hypo!sis1 re/at$ 9 m famili> language1  
is ?is3 ,!re are real ?+s ^: *>act]s are
 entirely indep5d5t ( our op9ions ab\t  
!m2 ^? realities affect our s5ses       
accord+ to regul> laws1 &1 ?\gh our     
s5sations are z diff]5t z our relations 
to ! objects1 yet1 by tak+ advantage ( !
 laws ( p]ception1 we c asc]ta9 by      
reason+ h[ ?+s really are1 & any man1 if
 he h suffici5t exp]i5ce1 & reason en\gh
 ab\t x1 w be l$ to "o true conclusion4 

,! new conception "h involv$ is t (     
reality4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ,i "k t !re  
are any realities4 ,if ?is hypo!sis is !
 sole support ( my me?od ( inquiry1 my  
me?od ( inquiry mu/ n be us$ to support 
my hypo!sis4 ,! reply is ?is3 #a4 ,if   
inve/igation _c be reg>d$ z prov+ t !re 
are real ?+s1 x at lea/ does n lead to a
 contr>y conclusion2 b ! me?od &        
conception on :i* x is bas$ rema9 ev] 9 
h>mony4 ,no d\bts ( ! me?od1 !re=e1     
arise ) its practice1 z is ! case ) all 
! o!rs4 #b4 ,! feel+ :i* gives rise to  
any me?od ( fix+ belief is a            
dissatisfaction at two repugnant        
propositions4 ,b "h already is a vague  
concession t !re is "s "o ?+ to :i* a   
proposition %\ld con=m4444 ,nobody1     
!re=e1 c really d\bt t !re are          
realities1 or1 if he did1 d\bt w\ld n be
 a s\rce ( dissatisfaction4 ,! hypo!sis1
 !re=e1 is "o :i* e m9d admits4 ,s t !  
social impulse does n cause me to d\bt  
x4 #c4 ,ev]ybody uses ! sci5tific me?od 
ab\t a great _m ?+s1 & only ceases to   

use x :5 he does n "k h[ to apply x4 #d4
 ,exp]i5ce ( ! me?od has n l$ me to d\bt
 x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 sci5tific          
inve/igation has _h ! mo/ wond]ful      
triumphs 9 ! way ( settl+ op9ion4 ,^!   
af=d ! explanation ( my n d\bt+ ! me?od 
or ! hypo!sis :i* x supposes4 7p4#ab7   
,! me?od ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 is proc$ure   
bas$ on ! hypo!sis t !re are realities  
indep5d5t ( :at we may ?9k !m to be4    
,?is1 x seems1 is :at ,peirce reg>ds z !
 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! 'logic (       
sci5ce'4 ,?is pr9ciple1 /at$ "h 9 ! fir/
 pap]1 is aga9 /at$ z we h se51 t[>ds ! 
close ( ! second pap]4 ,!re he says     
aga91 ,all ! foll[]s ( sci5ce are fully 
p]suad$ t ! processes ( inve/igation1 if
 only pu%$ f> en\gh1 w give "o c]ta9    
solution to e "q to :i* !y c be         
appli$4444 ,diff]5t m9ds may set out ) !
 mo/ antagoni/ic views1 b ! progress (  
inve/igation c>ries !m by a =ce outside 
( !mselves to "o & ! same conclusion4444
 ,?is great law is embodi$ 9 !          
conception ( tru? & reality4 ,t op9ion  

:i* is fat$ to be ultimately agre$ to by
 all :o inve/igate1 is :at we mean by   
tru?1 & ! object repres5t$ 9 ?is op9ion 
is ! real4 ,?is is ! way ,i w\ld expla9 
reality4 7p4#cjj74  ,x is well at ?is   
po9t to call att5tion to a di/9ction4 ,x
 is to be notic$ t 9 ! fir/ pap] & 9 !  
latt] "p ( ! second he is talk+ ( a     
me?od = atta9+ tru?4 ,b 9 ! body ( !    
second pap] he is talk+ ( a me?od =     
atta9+ cle>ness4 ,^! two %\ld be kept   
di/9ct 9 our m9ds4 ,! use ( ! v>i\s     
me?ods describ$ = f9d+ ! velocity (     
light 7 endeavors to f9d ! tru?1 n to   
make our ideas cle>4 ,cle>ness & tru?   
,peirce believes to h no inv>iable      
connection4 ,he says 9 end+ ! article on
 ,h[ ,to ,make ,our ,ideas ,cle>1 ,x is 
c]ta9ly important to "k h[ to make our  
ideas cle>1 b !y may be ev] s cle> )\t  
be+ true4 7p4#cjb1 italics m9e47 ,!re   
are1 !n1 two me?ods "u consid]ation3 !  
sci5tific me?od = rea*+ tru?1 ) its     
po/ulate t !re are indep5d5t realities1 
& ! logical me?od = secur+ cle>ness1 :i*

 z he has j /at$1 has no necess>y       
connection ) tru?4  ,n[ ,i %\ld l to    
po9t out1 9 criticism1 t ^! two me?ods  
_c be us$ toge!r1 or r t ! po/ulate ( ! 
'sci5tific me?od' w n endure ! te/      
propos$ by ! 'me?od = cle>ness'4 ,!     
sci5tific me?od po/ulates a reality     
unaffect$ by our op9ions ab\t x4 ,b :5  
we apply ! me?od = cle>ness to ?is      
reality x seems to vani%4  ,! process is
 ?is3 ,peirce1 z we w rememb]1 beg9s 8  
discussion ( ! real by def9+ x z t ^:   
*>act]s are indep5d5t ( :at anybody may 
?9k !m to be4 ,!n pass+ on to apply 8   
me?od = cle>ness he f9ds t reality1 l e 
o!r quality1 consi/s 9 ! peculi> s5sible
 effects :i* ?+s p>tak+ ( x produce1 &  
adds t ! only effects :i* real ?+s h is 
to cause belief1 = all ! s5sations :i*  
!y excite em]ge into consci\sness 9 ! =m
 ( beliefs4 ,reality is ! sum ( its     
s5sible effects1 its s5sible effects are
 beliefs1 s reality is a sum ( beliefs4 
,n[1 reality _c be ! sum ( all beliefs  
reg>d+ ! real1 because reality is def9$ 

9 ano!r connection z ! object repres5t$ 
by a true op9ion1 & a true op9ion is t  
:i* is fat$ to be agre$ to aft] an      
inve/igation is complete4 ,reality !n c 
consi/ only 9 c]ta9 select$ beliefs4 ,b 
if reality is ?is set (                 
ultimately-adopt$ beliefs1 :at is tru?  
itself8 ,= tru? has be5 def9$ z !       
beliefs :i* w be ultimately adopt$4  ,9 
o!r words1 :5 ,peirce applies 8 me?od = 
cle>ness to ! concept ( reality1 he     
r$uces reality to tru?4 ,he id5tifies ! 
two4 ,!n !re rema9s no indep5d5t realty 
:i* /&s z a *eck on tru?4 ,& ?is 0 !    
po/ulate ( 8 me?od ( sci5ce4  ,s9ce !   
application ( 8 own me?od = cle>ness    
elim9ates reality1 x looks z ?\gh       
,peirce mu/ ab&on ei!r ?is me?od or !   
po/ulate ( sci5ce4 ,he _c use bo? !     
me?od = cle>ness & ! po/ulate ( ! me?od 
( sci5ce4  ,we mu/ rememb] t ,peirce 0 a
 pione] 9 ?is movem5t4 ,& 9 mak+ !      
transition f ! old] =m ( ?\ght1 he      
occasionally uses a ^w bo? 9 ! old s5se 
& 9 ! new4 ,su* w\ld seem to be 8       

difficulty ) ! ^w 'reality'1 :i* he uses
 bo? 9 ! new] s5se :i* ! me?od =        
cle>ness w\ld %[ x to h1 & 9 ! old      
or?odox s5se ( some?+ absolute4 ,:5 he  
says reality 444 consi/s ( ! peculi>    
s5sible effects :i* ?+s p>tak+ ( x      
produce1 he seems to h ! two s5ses ( !  
^w 9 "o s5t5ce4 ,reality consi/s 9      
s5sible effects1 or x is t :i* is       
produc$ someh[ by means ( our s5ses4 ,b1
 :5 ?+s p>take ( reality1 reality exi/s 
9 advance & produces ^? effects4        
,reality is conceiv$ bo? z ! ?+s produc$
 & z ! produc] ( ^! ?+s4  ,a some:at    
simil> difficulty occurs1 z ,i may po9t 
out aga9 9 criticism1 9 ! use ( ! words 
'mean+' & 'belief'4 ,"h ! confusion is  
caus$1 n by us+ a ^w 9 two s5ses1 z 9 ! 
case ( 'reality'1 b by us+ bo? ! words  
'mean+' & 'belief' 9 ! same s5se4       
,peirce def9es bo? 'mean+' & 'belief' z 
a sum ( habits1 & indicates no diff]5ce 
betwe5 !m4  ,?us he says ( mean+1 ,!re  
is no di/9ction ( mean+ s f9e z to      
consi/ 9 any?+ b a possible diff]5ce 9  

practice4 7#bic7 ,to develop its mean+1 
we h1 !re=e1 simply to det]m9e :at      
habits x produces1 = :at a ?+ means is  
simply :at habits x involves4 7p4 #bib74
  ,b he says simil>ly ( belief1 ,belief 
involves ! e/abli%m5t 9 our nature ( a  
rule ( action1 or1 say = %ort1 ( a      
habit4 ,s9ce belief is a rule = action1 
x is a new />t+ po9t = ?\ght4 ,! ess5ce 
( belief is ! e/abli%m5t ( a habit1 &   
diff]5t beliefs are di/+ui%$ by !       
diff]5t modes ( action to :i* !y give   
rise4 7p4 #bia74  ,n[ x w be agre$ t    
in/ead ( def9+ belief & mean+ 9 t]ms ( !
 same ?+ & ?us id5tify+ !m1 we ought    
%>ply to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,to h !     
mean+ ( a ?+ is n at all ! same z to    
believe 9 x4 ,?us "o may h cle>ly 9 m9d 
! mean+ ( c5taurs or ( fairies or ( any 
( ! *>act]s ( my?ology )\t 9 ! slighte/ 
degree believ+ 9 !m4 ,def9+ ^! ?+s 9    
t]ms ( s5sible effects1 we c\ld say t we
 "k _! mean+ 9 ! s5se t we und]/& :i*   
s5sible effects w\ld be involv$ if !y   
did exi/4 ,b to h a belief ab\t !m w\ld 

mean t we w\ld expect ^! s5sible        
effects4 ,9 o!r words1 a belief involves
 ! possibility ( fulfillm5t or          
fru/ration ( expectation4 ,to believe 9 
any?+ is !re=e a di/9ct /ep beyond      
und]/&+ x4  ,9 ins]t+ ^! !ories (       
reality & ( belief 9 ?is discussion ( a 
me?od = cle> appreh5sion1 ,peirce is    
pass+ beyond a doctr9e ( cle>ness &     
involv+ himself 9 a doctr9e ( tru?4 ,we 
h se5 t he does n seem to be able to    
ma9ta9 ! po/ulat$ reality und]ly+ 8     
description ( ! sci5tific me?od = atta9+
 tru?4 ,& x n[ seems t he is 9 equal    
difficulty ) belief4 ,if mean+ is simply
 a sum ( habits1 belief is n simply a   
sum ( habits1 = ! two are n ! same4 ,&  
if1 z we h said1 ! quality t di/+ui%es  
belief f mean+ is ! fact t x involves   
expectation1 !n we appe> to be on ! v]ge
 ( a new !ory ( tru?1--a !ory say+ t    
tru? is simply ! fulfillm5t ( ^!        
expectations4  ,su*1 we may note1 is !  
int]pretation t ,dewey puts ^u !        
pragmatic me?od1--su* is ! !ory ( tru? t

 he f9ds involv$ 9 x4  ,! int]pretations
 ( pragmatism :i* came p>ticul>ly to !  
notice ( ,peirce1 h[ev]1 7 ^? made by   
,james & ,s*ill]1 & aga9/ ^!1 we may say
 "h1 he made vigor\s prote/4 ,^! he     
reg>d$ z p]v]sions ( 8 doctr9e4 ,& he 0 
s desir\s ( indicat+ t 8 own !ory (     
cle>ness involv$ = himself no su*       
developm5ts z ^!1 t1 9 ord] to make !   
di/9ctions cle>1 he r5am$ 8 own doctr9e4
  ,8 fir/ article ( diss5t1 appe>+ 9 ,! 
,moni/ 9 #aije1 0 direct$ ma9ly1 h[ev]1 
aga9/ ! loos5ess ( popul> usage4 ,he    
traces briefly ! doctr9e's gr[?4 ,ref]r+
 back to 8 orig9al /atem5t 9 #ahgh1 he  
says ( himself t he fram$ ! !ory t a    
conception1 t is1 ! rational purpose ( a
 ^w or o!r expression1 lies exclusively 
9 its conceivable be>+ ^u ! conduct (   
life2 s t1 s9ce obvi\sly no?+ t might n 
result f exp]im5t c h any direct be>+ ^u
 conduct1 if "o c def9e accurately all !
 conceivably exp]im5tal ph5om5a :i* !   
affirmation or d5ial ( a concept c\ld   
imply1 "o w h !re9 a complete def9ition 

( ! concept1 & !re is absolutely no?+ m 
9 x4 ,= ?is doctr9e he ,peirce1 n[      
speak+ ( himself inv5t$ ! "n (          
pragmatism4444 ,8 ^w 'pragmatism' has   
ga9$ g5]al recognition 9 a g5]aliz$ s5se
 t seems to argue p[] ( gr[? & vitality4
 ,! fam$ psy*ologi/1 ,james1 fir/ took x
 up1 see+ t 8 'radical empiricism'      
sub/antially answ]$ to ! writ]'s        
def9ition1 albeit ) a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9  
po9t ( view4 ,next ! admirably cle> &   
brilliant ?9k]1 ,mr4 ,f]d9& ,c4 ,s4     
,s*ill]1 ca/+ ab\t = a m attractive "n =
 ! 'an?ropomorphism' ( 8 ,riddle ( !    
,sph9x1 lit1 9 t mo/ rem>kable pap] ( 8 
on ,axioms z ,po/ulates1 ^u !           
designation 'pragmatism'1 :i* 9 its     
orig9al s5se 0 9 g5]ic agreem5t ) 8 own 
doctr9e1 = :i* he has s9ce f\nd ! m     
appropriate specification 'humanism'1   
:ile he /ill reta9s pragmatism 9 a      
some:at wid] s5se4 ,s f> all w5t        
happily4 ,b at pres5t ! ^w beg9s to be  
met ) occasionally 9 ! lit]>y j\rnals1  
:]e x gets abus$ 9 ! m]ciless way t     

words h to expect :5 !y fall into lit]>y
 clut*es4 ,sometimes ! mann]s ( !       
,briti% h effloresc$ 9 scold+ at ! ^w z 
ill-*os5--ill-*os51 t is1 to express "s 
mean+ t x 0 r design$ to exclude4 ,s1   
!n1 ! writ]1 f9d+ 8 bantl+ 'pragmatism' 
s promot$1 feels t x is "t to kiss 8    
*ild good-by & rel9qui% x 9 its high]   
de/9y2 :ile to s]ve ! precise purpose ( 
express+ ! orig9al def9ition1 he begs to
 ann\nce ! bir? ( ! ^w 'pragmaticism'1  
:i* is ugly en\gh to be safe f          
kidnapp]s4 7pp4 #afe-f74  ,?ree ye>s    
lat] ,peirce publi%$ an article ( mu* m 
outspok5 prote/1 ?is "t includ+ 9 8     
repudiation ! pr(essional philosoph]s z 
well z ! popul>i/s4 ,writ+ = ! ,hibb]t  
,j\rnal 7v4#g7 he /ates 8 case z foll[s3
  ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago my /udies ( ,kant1 
,b]keley1 & o!rs l$ me1 aft] conv9c+    
myself t all ?9k+ is p]=m$ 9 signs1 & t 
m$iation takes ! =m ( dialogue1 s t x is
 prop] to speak ( ! 'mean+' ( a concept1
 to conclude t to acquire full ma/]y ( t
 mean+ x is requisite1 9 ! fir/ place1  

to le>n to recognize t concept "u e     
disguise1 ?r\gh ext5sive famili>ity )   
in/ances ( x4 ,b ?is1 aft] all1 does n  
imply any true und]/&+ ( x2 s t x is    
fur!r requisite t we %\ld make an       
ab/ract logical analysis ( x into its   
ultimate elem5ts1 or z complete an      
analysis z we c compass4 ,b ev5 s1 we   
may /ill be )\t any liv+ compreh5sion ( 
x2 & ! only way to complete our k ( its 
nature is to discov] & recognize j :at  
habits ( conduct a belief 9 ! tru? ( !  
concept 7( any conceivable subject1 & "u
 any conceivable circum/ances7 w\ld     
reasonably develop2 t is to say1 :at    
habits w\ld ultimately result f a       
suffici5t consid]ation ( su* tru?4 ,x is
 necess>y to und]/& ! ^w 'conduct'1 "h1 
9 ! broade/ s5se4 ,if1 = example1 !     
pr$ication ( a giv5 concept 7 to lead to
 our admitt+ t a giv5 =m ( reason+      
conc]n+ ! subject ( :i* x 0 affirm$ 0   
valid1 :5 x w\ld n o!rwise be valid1 !  
recognition ( t effect 9 our reason+    
w\ld decid$ly be a habit ( conduct4     

7p4#ajh74  ,aft] ref]r+ to 8 own        
expositions he cont9ues1 444 ,b 9 #ahig 
,pr(essor ,james remodell$ ! matt]1 &   
transmogrifi$ x into a doctr9e (        
philosophy1 "s p>ts ( :i* ,i highly     
approv$1 :ile o!r & m prom95t p>ts ,i   
reg>d$1 & /ill reg>d1 z oppos$ to s\nd  
logic4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,pr(essor        
,papirie discov]$1 to ! delight ( !     
,pragmati/ s*ool1 t ?is doctr9e 0       
incapable ( def9ition1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly 
seem to di/+ui% x f e o!r doctr9e 9     
:atev] bran* ( sci5ce1 ,i 0 com+ to !   
conclusion t my poor little maxim %\ld  
be call$ by ano!r "n2 & ,i accord+ly1 9 
,april #aije1 r5am$ x ,pragmaticism4    
7p4#aji74  ,my orig9al essay1 hav+ be5  
writt5 = a popul> mon?ly1 assumes1 = no 
bett] reason ?an t real inquiry _c beg9 
until a /ate ( real d\bt arises1 & ends 
z soon z a real ,belief is atta9$1 t a  
'settlem5t ( belief'1 or 9 o!r words1 a 
/ate ( satisfaction1 is all t ,tru?1 or 
! aim ( inquiry1 consi/s 94 ,! reason ,i
 gave = ?is 0 s flimsy1 :ile ! inf]5ce 0

 s ne>ly ! gi/ ( ,pragmaticism1 t ,i mu/
 confess ! argum5t ( t essay might be   
said ) "s ju/ice to beg ! "q4 ,! fir/ "p
 ( ! essay is occupi$1 h[ev]1 ) %[+ t1  
if ,tru? consi/s 9 satisfaction1 x _c be
 any actual satisfaction1 b mu/ be !    
satisfaction t w\ld ultimately be f\nd  
if ! inquiry 7 pu%$ to its ultimate &   
indefeasible issue4 ,?is1 ,i beg to po9t
 out1 is a v diff]5t position f t ( ,mr4
 ,s*ill] & ! pragmati/s ( to-day4444 ,_!
 av[$ly undef9able position1 if x be n  
capable ( logical *>act]ization1 seems  
to me to be *>act]iz$ by an angry hatr$ 
( /rict logic1 & ev5 a disposition to   
rate any exact ?\ght :i* int]f]es ) _!  
doctr9e z all humbug4 ,at ! same "t x   
seems to me cle> t _! approximate       
acceptance ( ! ,pragmatici/ic pr9ciple1 
& ev5 t v ca/+ aside ( difficult        
di/9ctions 7al?\gh ,i _c approve ( x71  
has help$ !m to a mightily cle>         
disc]nm5t ( "s fundam5tal tru?s t o!r   
philosoph]s h se5 b ?r\gh a mi/1 or mo/ 
( !m n at all4 ,among su* tru?s1--all ( 

!m old1 ( c\rse1 yet ackn[l$g$ by       
few--,i reckon _! d5ial (               
necessit>ianism2 _! rejection ( any     
'consci\sness' diff]5t f a visc]al or   
o!r ext]nal s5sation2 _! ackn[l$gm5t t  
!re are1 9 a ,pragmati/ical s5se1 ,real 
habits 444 & _! insi/5ce ^u int]pret+   
all hypo/atic ab/ractions 9 t]ms ( :at  
!y w\ld or might 7n actually w7 come to 
9 ! concrete4 ,x seems to me a pity t !y
 %\ld all[ a philosophy s in/9ct ) life 
to become infect$ ) se$s ( dea? 9 su*   
notions z t ( ! unreality ( all ideas ( 
inf9ity & t ( ! mutability ( tru?1 & 9  
su* confusions ( ?\ght z t ( active     
will+ 7will+ to control ?\ght1 to d\bt1 
& to weigh reasons7 ) will+ n to ex]t ! 
w 7will+ to believe74 7pp4#aaa1 #aab74  
,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! position ( ,peirce 
& ( ,james may be /at$ 9 ano!r way z    
con/itut$ by ! fact t ,james introduces 
! factor ( value z a crit]ion = mean+ & 
= tru?1 :ile = ,peirce ^! elem5ts did n 
ent] ! "q at all4 ,= ,james ! value ( a 
belief is an app>5t evid5ce = its tru?1 

:ile = ,peirce value _h no relation to  
tru?4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is developm5t ( ! 
pragmatic doctr9e we pass on n[ to a    
discussion ( ,james4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  
,,! ,,int]pretation ,,giv5 ,,to         
,,pragmatism ,,by ,,james4   ,james fir/
 uses ! t]m 'pragmatism'1 z ,peirce _h  
done1 to ref] to a me?od = atta9+       
cle>ness4 ,:51 9 #ahih1 he br\ght aga9  
be=e ! public ! orig9al article by      
,peirce1 he 0 simply exp\nd+ ! ,peircian
 doctr9e )\t mak+ any attempt to pass   
beyond x4 ,b1 z we h j se51 he lat] gave
 x a con/ruction1 an int]pretation z a  
!ory ( tru?1 ) :i* its orig9ator c\ld n 
agree4 ,9 ?is *apt] we may1 !re=e1 look 
fir/ at 8 exposition ( ! doctr9e (      
cle>ness1 & aft] t1 9 ord] to und]/&    
,james' developm5t ( ! doctr9e into a   
!ory ( tru?1 we may turn back = a mom5t 
to "s ( 8 previ\s publications on ! "q (
 tru?4 ,x w !n be possible to trace     
*ronologically 8 develop+ attitude t[>d 
! tru? controv]sy4 ,f ?is we may pass   
f9ally to an indication ( "s ( !        

difficulties 9 :i* he becomes involv$4  
,! mo/ important ( ^!1 x may be said    
aga91 is t he con/rues ! te/ ( tru? ( an
 idea to be1 n m]ely t ! idea leads to  
expect$ consequ5ces1 b t x leads to     
pr$om9antly desirable consequ5ces4 ,!   
outcomes :i* /& z evid5ce = tru? are !n 
n m]ely outcomes br++ fulfill$          
expectations b outcomes br++ happ9ess4  
,,james' ,,exposition ,,( ,,peirce4     
,james 9 exp\nd+ ! doctr9e ( ,peirce    
expla9s ! pragmatic pr9ciple z a me?od (
 inve/igat+ philosophic controv]sies1   
r$uc+ !m to ess5tials 7cle> mean+s71 &  
select+ ^? wor?y ( discussion4#b        
,suppose1 he says1 t !re are two diff]5t
 philosophical def9itions1 or           
propositions1 or maxims1 or :at n1 :i*  
seem to contradict ea* o!r1 & ab\t :i*  
m5 dispute4 ,if1 by assum+ ! tru? ( !   
"o1 y c =esee no practical consequ5ce to
 anybody1 at any "t or place1 :i* is    
diff]5t f :at y w\ld =esee if y assum$ !
 tru? ( ! o!r1 :y !n ! diff]5ce betwe5 !
 two propositions is no real diff]5ce--x

 is only a speci\s & v]bal diff]5ce1    
unwor?y ( future cont5tion4444 ,!re c be
 no diff]5ce :i* does n make a          
diff]5ce--no diff]5ce 9 ! ab/ract tru?  
:i* does n express itself 9 a diff]5ce (
 concrete fact1 & ( conduct consequ5t ^u
 t fact1 impos$ ^u somebody1 someh[1    
some:]e & some:54444 ,! :ole function ( 
philosophy ought to be to f9d out :at   
def9ite diff]5ce x w\ld make to y & me1 
at def9ite in/ants ( our life1 if ?is   
_w-=mula or t _w-=mula be ! "o :i* is   
true4 7p4#fge74      #b ,! ,pragmatic   
,me?od1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia          
,*ronicle #ahih4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,j\rnal (   
,philosophy1 #aijd1         v4 #a1 p4   
#fgc4 ,page ref]5ces are to ! latt]4    
,?is doctr9e is illu/rat$ by us+ x to   
secure ! ess5ce ( two philosophical     
que/ions1 mat]ialism vs4 !ism & ! "o vs4
 ! _m4 ,if we suppose = an in/ant1 he   
sugge/s1 t ?is mom5t is ! la/ mom5t ( ! 
univ]se's exi/5ce1 !re w be no diff]5ce 
betwe5 mat]ialism & !ism4 ,all ! effects
 t might be ascrib$ to ei!r h come ab\t4

  ,^! facts are 91 are bagg$1 are       
captur$2 & ! good t's 9 !m is ga9$1 be !
 atom or be ! ,god _! cause4 7p4 #fgg74 
,! ,god1 if !re1 has be5 do+ j :at !    
atom c\ld d--appe>+ 9 ! "* ( atoms1 s to
 speak1 & e>n+ su* gratitude z is due to
 atoms1 & no m4 ,future good or ill is  
rul$ out by po/ulate4 ,tak5 ?us         
retrospectively1 !re c\ld be no diff]5ce
 betwe5 mat]ialism & !ism4  ,b tak5     
prospectively1 !y po9t to :olly diff]5t 
consequ5ces4 ,=1 accord+ to ! !ory (    
me*anical evolution1 ! laws (           
r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion1 ?\gh !y  
are c]ta9ly to ?ank = all ! good h\rs   
:i* our organisms h ev] yield$ u & all !
 ideals :i* our m9ds n[ frame1 are yet  
fatally c]ta9 to undo _! "w aga91 & to  
r$issolve ev]y?+ t !y h evolv$4444 ,we  
make compla9t ( mat]ialism = :at x is   
n--n a p]man5t w>rant = our m ideal     
int]e/s1 n a fulfill] ( our remote/     
hopes4444 ,mat]ialism means simply !    
d5ial t ! moral ord] is et]nal1 & !     
cutt+ (f ( ultimate hopes2 !ism means ! 

affirmation ( an et]nal moral ord] & !  
lett+ loose ( hope4 ,surely "h is an    
issue g5u9e en\gh = anyone :o feels     
x4444  ,& if !re be a ,god1 x is n      
likely t he is conf9$ solely to mak+    
diff]5ces 9 ! _w's latt] end2 he        
probably makes diff]5ces all along its  
c\rse4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( practicalism    
says t t v mean+ ( ! conception ( ,god  
lies 9 ! diff]5ces :i* mu/ be made 9    
exp]i5ce if ! conception be true4 ,god's
 fam\s inv5tory ( p]fections1 z         
elaborat$ by dogmatic !ology1 ei!r means
 no?+1 says our pr9ciple1 or x implies  
c]ta9 def9ite ?+s t we c feel & d at    
c]ta9 def9ite mom5ts ( our lives1 ?+s t 
we c\ld n feel & %\ld n d 7 no ,god     
pres5t & 7 ! bus9ess ( ! univ]se c>ri$  
on by mat]ial atoms in/ead4 ,s f> z our 
conceptions ( ! ,deity involve no su*   
exp]i5ces1 !y are mean+less &           
v]bal1--s*ola/ic entities & ab/ractions1
 z ! positivi/s say1 & fit objects = _! 
scorn4 ,b s f> z !y d involve su*       
def9ite exp]i5ces1 ,god means some?+ =  

u1 & may be real4 7pp4#fgh-fhj74  ,!    
second illu/ration ( ! pragmatic        
pr9ciple--! suppos$ opposition betwe5 ! 
,"o & ! ,_m--may be treat$ m briefly4   
,james sugge/s c]ta9 def9ite & practical
 sets ( results 9 :i* to def9e 'on5ess'1
 & tries out ! conception to see :e!r   
?is result or t is :at on5ess means4 ,he
 f9ds ?is me?od to cl>ify ! difficulty  
"h z well z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,9        
summ>iz+ he says3 ,i h little d\bt      
myself t ?is old qu>rel might be        
completely smoo!d out to ! satisfaction 
( all claimants1 if only ! maxim (      
,peirce 7 me?odically foll[$ "h4 ,!     
curr5t monism on ! :ole /ill keeps talk+
 9 too ab/ract a way4 ,x says t ! _w mu/
 ei!r be pure disconnect$ness1 no       
univ]se at all1 or absolute unity4 ,x   
insi/s t !re is no /opp+-place half-way4
 ,any connection :atev]1 says ?is       
monism1 is only possible if !re be /ill 
m connection1 until at la/ we are driv5 
to admit ! absolutely total connection  
requir$4 ,b ?is absolutely total        

connection ei!r means no?+1 is ! m]e ^w 
'"o' spelt long1 or else x means ! sum (
 all ! p>tial connections t c possibly  
be conceiv$4 ,i believe t :5 we ?us     
attack ! "q1 & set ourselves to se>* =  
^! possible connections1 & conceive ea* 
9 a def9ite & practical way1 ! dispute  
is already 9 a fair way to be settl$    
beyond ! *ance ( misund]/&+1 by a       
compromise 9 :i* ! ,_m & ! ,"o bo? get  
_! lawful rights4 7p4 #fhe74  ,9        
conclud+1 ,james relates ,peirce to !   
,engli% ,empirici/s1 ass]t+ t x 0 !y :o 
fir/ introduc$ ! cu/om ( int]pret+ !    
mean+ ( conceptions by ask+ :at         
diff]5ces !y make = life4444 ,! great   
,engli% way ( inve/igat+ a conception is
 to ask y\rself "r (f1 ',:at is x kn[n  
z8 ,9 :at facts does x result8 ,:at is  
its ca%-value 9 t]ms ( p>ticul>         
exp]i5ce8 ,& :at special diff]5ce w\ld  
come into ! _w accord+ z x 7 true or    
false8' ,?us does ,locke treat !        
conception ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,:at y    
mean by x is j y\r *a9 ( memories1 says 

he4444 ,s ,b]keley ) 8 'matt]'4 ,!      
ca%-value ( matt] is j our physical     
s5sations4444 ,hume does ! same ?+ )    
causation4 ,x is kn[n z habitual        
antec$5ce4444 ,/ew>t & ,br[n1 ,james    
,mill1 ,john ,mill1 & ,ba91 h foll[$ m  
or less consi/5tly ! same me?od2 &      
,%adwor? ,hodgson has us$ x almo/ z     
explicitly z ,mr4 ,peirce4444 ,!        
%ort-com+s & negations & ! baldnesses ( 
! ,engli% philosoph]s 9 "q come1 n f _! 
eye to m]ely practical results1 b solely
 f _! failure to track ! practical      
results completely en\gh to see h[ f> !y
 ext5d4 7pp4 #fhe-f74         99        
99       99       99       99  ,x w be  
at once obs]v$ t ,james1 z well z       
,peirce1 is at ?is po9t say+ no?+ ab\t a
 new doctr9e ( tru?1 b is conc]n+       
himself only ) a new doctr9e ( cle>ness4
 ,mean+ & cle>ness ( mean+s are 8 only  
topics 9 ?is pap]4 ,?us he /ates1 ,!    
only mean+ ( ! conception ( ,god lies 9 
! diff]5ces :i* mu/ be made 9 exp]i5ce  
if ! conception be true4 ,god's fam\s   

inv5tory ( p]fection 444 ei!r means     
no?+1 says our pr9ciple1 or x implies   
c]ta9 def9ite ?+s t we c feel & d at    
c]ta9 def9ite mom5ts 9 our lives4 ,&    
aga9 9 speak+ ( ! pluralism-monism      
controv]sy1 ,any connection :atev]1 says
 ?is monism1 is only possible if !re be 
/ill m connection1 until at la/ we are  
driv5 to admit ! absolutely total       
connection requir$4 ,b ?is absolutely   
total connection ei!r means no?+1 is !  
m]e ^w '"o' spelt long1 or else x means 
! sum ( all ! p>tial connections4444  ,b
 z we all "k1 ,james did aft]w>d embrace
 ! new pragmatic !ory ( tru?4 ,:ile he  
did n 9 #ahih use ! ^w pragmatism to    
designate any?+ except a new me?od =    
secur+ cle>ness1 yet x c be %[n t he _h 
be5 develop+ ano!r l9e ( ?\ght1 s9ce a  
mu* e>li] date1 :i* did lead q directly 
t[>d ! pragmatic !ory ( tru?4 ,x may be 
well at ?is po9t !n to g back & trace ! 
gr[? ( ?is idea ( tru? ?r\gh su* writ+ z
 he _h done be=e ?is "t4 ,x w be f\nd1  
,i ?9k1 t ,james' :ole philosophic      

t5d5cy to move away f ! transc5d5tal &  
unit>y t[>d ! p>ticul> 0 influ5c+ him   
t[>ds ?is new conception4   ,,developm5t
 ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,e>li]  
,,writ+s ,,( ,,james4  ,! fir/ article  
:i* ,james wrote on tru?1 z he lat]     
/ates1#c 0 entitl$ ,! ,function (       
,cognition1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ,m9d 9 #ahhe4 
,comm5t+ on ?is article 9 #aiji he      
ass]ts t _m ( ! ess5tial !ses ( ! book  
,pragmatism1 publi%$ tw5ty-two ye>s     
lat]1 7 already to be f\nd "h1 & t !    
diff]5ce is ma9ly "o ( emphasis4#d      
#c ,! ,mean+ ( ,tru?1 ,preface1 p4 viii4
      #d ,same1 p4 #acg4  ,?is article  
attempts to give a description ( kn[+ z 
x actually occurs1--n h[ x orig9at$ nor 
h[ x is antec$5tly possible4 ,! !sis is 
t an idea kn[s an ext]nal reality :5 x  
po9ts to x1 resembles x1 & is able to   
affect x4 ,! plan ( exposition is to />t
 ) ! simple/ imag9able mat]ial & !n     
gradually introduce additional matt] z x
 is ne$$ until we h cognition z x       
actually occurs4 ,james po/ulates a     

s+le1 mom5t>ily-exi/+1 float+ feel+ z ! 
entire cont5t1 at ! in/ant1 ( ! univ]se4
 ,:at1 !n1 c ?is mom5t>y feel+ "k8      
,call+ x a 'feel+ ( q'1 x c be made any 
p>ticul> feel+ 7fragrance1 pa91 h>dness7
 t ! read] likes4 ,we see1 fir/1 t !    
feel+ _c prop]ly be said to "k itself4  
,!re is no inn] duality ( ! kn[] on ! "o
 h& & cont5t or kn[n on ! o!r4 ,if !    
cont5t ( ! feel+ occurs n[h]e else 9 !  
univ]se outside ( ! feel+ itself1 & p]i%
 ) ! feel+1 common usage refuses to call
 x a reality1 & br&s x z a subjective   
feature ( ! feel+'s con/itution1 or at  
mo/ z ! feel+'s dream4 ,= ! feel+ to be 
cognitive 9 ! specific s5se1 !n1 x mu/  
be self-transc5d5t4 ,& we mu/ !re=e     
create a reality outside ( x to         
correspond to ! intr9sic quality q4 ,?is
 c /& z ! fir/ complication ( t univ]se4
 ,agree+ t ! feel+ _c be said to "k     
itself1 "u :at conditions does x "k !   
ext]nal reality8 ,james replies1 ,if !  
newly-creat$ reality resemble ! feel+'s 
quality q1 ,i say t ! feel+ may be held 

by u to be cognizant ( t reality4 ,x may
 be object$ t a mom5t>y feel+ _c prop]ly
 "k a ?+ because x has no "t to become  
aw>e ( any ( ! relations ( ! ?+4 ,b ?is 
rules out only "o ( ! k9ds ( k1 namely k
 ab\t ! ?+2 k z direct acqua9tance      
rema9s4 ,we may !n ass]t t if !re be 9 !
 univ]se a q o!r ?an ! q 9 ! feel+ !    
latt] may h acqua9tance ) an entity     
ejective to itself2 an acqua9tance      
moreov]1 :i*1 z m]e acqua9tance x w\ld  
be h>d to imag9e susceptible ei!r (     
improvem5t or increase1 be+ 9 its way   
complete2 & :i* w\ld oblige u 7s long z 
we refuse n to call acqua9tance k7 to   
say n only t ! feel+ is cognitive1 b t  
all qualities ( feel+1 s long z !re is  
any?+ outside ( !m :i* !y resemble1 are 
feel+s ( qualities ( exi/5ce1 &         
p]ceptions ( outw>d fact4 ,b ?is w\ld be
 true1 z unexceptional rule1 only 9 our 
artificially simplifi$ univ]se4 ,if !re 
7 a numb] ( diff]5t q's = ! feel+ to    
resemble1 :ile x meant only "o ( !m1 !re
 w\ld obvi\sly be some?+ m ?an          

resemblance 9 ! case ( ! "o :i* x did   
"k4 ,?is fact1 t resemblance is n en\gh 
9 itself to con/itute k1 c be se5 also f
 rememb]+ t _m feel+s :i* d resemble ea*
 o!r closely1--e4 g41 too?a*es--d n on t
 acc\nt "k ea* o!r4 ,really to "k a ?+1 
a feel+ mu/ n only resemble ! ?+1 b mu/ 
also be able to act on x4 ,9 brief1 !   
feel+ ( q kn[s :atev] reality x         
resembles1 & ei!r directly or indirectly
 op]ates on4 ,if x resemble )\t op]at+1 
x is a dream2 if x op]ates )\t resembl+1
 x is an error4 ,su* is ! =mula =       
p]ceptual k4 ,concepts mu/ be r$uc$ to  
p]cepts1 aft] :i* ! same rule holds4 ,we
 may say1 to make ! =mula complete1 ,a  
p]cept kn[s :atev] reality x directly or
 indirectly op]ates on & resembles2 a   
conceptual feel+1 or ?\ght1 kn[s a      
reality1 :5ev] x actually or pot5tially 
t]m9ates 9 a p]cept t op]ates on1 or    
resembles t reality1 or is o!rwise      
connect$ ) x or ) its context4  ,! latt]
 p]cept ! "o to :i* ! concept has be5   
r$uc$ may be ei!r s5sation or s5sorial  

idea2 & :5 ,i say ! ?\ght mu/ t]m9ate 9 
su* a p]cept1 ,i mean t x mu/ ultimately
 be capable ( lead+ up !reto1--by way ( 
practical exp]i5ce if ! t]m9al feel+ be 
a s5sation2 by way ( logical or habitual
 sugge/ion1 if x be only an image 9 !   
m9d4 ,^! p]cepts1 ^! t]m9i1 ^! s5sible  
?+s1 ^! m]e matt]s ( acqua9tance1 are ! 
only realities we ev] directly "k1 & !  
:ole hi/ory ( our ?\ght is ! hi/ory (   
our sub/itution ( "o ( !m = ! o!r1 & !  
r$uction ( ! sub/itute to ! /atus ( a   
conceptual sign4 ,condemn$ ?\gh !y be by
 "s ?9k]s1 ^! s5sations are ! "m-e>?1 ! 
an*orage1 ! /able rock1 ! fir/ & la/    
limits1 ! t]m9us a quo & ! t]m9us ad    
quem ( ! m9d4 ,to f9d su* s5sational    
t]m9i %\ld be our aim ) all our high]   
?\ght4 ,!y end discussion2 !y de/roy !  
false conceit ( k2 & )\t !m we are all  
at sea ) ea* o!r's mean+s4444 ,we c nev]
 be sure we und]/& ea* o!r till we are  
able to br+ ! matt] to ?is te/4 ,?is is 
:y metaphysical discussions are s mu* l 
fight+ ) ! air2 !y h no practical issue 

( a s5sational k9d4 ,sci5tific !ories1  
on ! o!r h&1 always t]m9ate 9 def9ite   
p]cepts4 ,y c d$uce a possible s5sation 
f y\r !ory &1 tak+ me into y\r          
laboratory prove t y\r !ory is true ( my
 _w by giv+ me ! s5sation !n & !re4  ,at
 ?is po9t ,james quotes1 9              
sub/antiation1 ! foll[+ passage f       
,peirce's article ( #ahgh3 ,!re is no   
di/9ction 9 mean+ s f9e z to consi/ 9   
any?+ b a possible diff]5ce 9           
practice4444 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! rule =  
atta9+ ! highe/ grade ( cle>ness (      
appreh5sion is z foll[s3 ,consid] :at   
effects1 :i* might conceivably h        
practical be>+s1 we conceive ! object ( 
our conception to h4 ,!n our conception 
( ^! effects is ! :ole ( our conception 
( ! object4  ,9 ?is e>ly pap] ( ,james' 
are to be f\nd =e%ad[+s ( pragmatism bo?
 z a me?od & z a !ory ( tru?4           
,pragmatism z a me?od is %[n 9 ! :ole   
discussion ( ! primacy ( s5sations & ( !
 necessity = r$uc+ conceptions to       
p]ceptions4 ,?is is exactly 9 l9e ) !   

pragmatism propos$ by ,peirce 9 #ahgh & 
"h quot$ f by ,james4 ,pragmatism z a   
!ory ( tru? is anticipat$ by ! proposal 
t ! idea kn[s1 & kn[s truly1 ! reality  
:i* x is able to make *anges 94 ,! idea 
proves its ref]5ce to a giv5 reality by 
mak+ ^! specifi$ *anges4 ,x is          
antec$5tly true only if x c br+ ab\t ^! 
*anges4 ,! next /ep is to say t its tru?
 consi/s 9 its ability to =eca/ & br+ to
 pass ^! *anges4 ,!n we h pragmatism z a
 !ory ( tru?4 ,james did n take ?is /ep1
 z we %all see1 until aft] #aijd4  ,!re 
is also a sugge/ion ( ! 'subjectivity' (
 ,james' lat] !ory ( tru?1 :i* w\ld     
diff]5tiate him ev5 at ?is "t f ,peirce 
on ! "q ( tru?4 ,he has said t a true   
idea mu/ inde$ resemble reality1 b :o1  
he asks1 is to det]m9e :at is real8 ,he 
answ]s t an idea is true :5 x resembles 
some?+ :i* ,i1 z critic1 ?9k to be      
reality4 ,:5 ! enquir] f9ds t ! feel+ t 
he is /udy+ contemplates :at he himself 
reg>ds z a reality he mu/ ( c\rse admit 
! feel+ itself to be truly cognitive4   

,peirce w\ld say t ! idea is n true     
unless x po9ts to a reality t w\ld be   
f\nd by all inve/igators1 q irrespective
 ( :at ! "o p]son act+ z critic may ?9k4
 ,james & ,pi]ce w\ld !re=e1 beg9 to    
div]ge ev5 at ?is e>ly date on ! tru?   
"q4 ,z to :at con/itutes cle>ness1 !y   
are 9 agreem5t4  ,some?+ ( ! same idea  
is /at$ aga9 f\r ye>s lat] 9 an article 
:i* appe>$ 9 ,m9d#e & :i* 0 republi%$ ! 
foll[+ ye> z a *apt] ( ! ,pr9ciples (   
,psy*ology4#f ,"o passage w %[ ! g5]al  
tr5d2 ,a conception to prevail1 mu/     
t]m9ate 9 a _w ( ord]ly exp]i5ce4 ,a r>e
 ph5om5on1 to displace frequ5t ones1 mu/
 belong ) o!rs m frequ5t /ill4 ,! hi/ory
 ( sci5ce is /rewn ) wrecks & ru9s (    
!ory--ess5ces & pr9ciples1 fluids &     
=ces--once fondly clung to1 b f\nd to   
hang toge!r ) no facts ( s5se4 ,!       
exceptional ph5om5a solicit our belief 9
 va9 until su* "t z we *ance to conceive
 ( !m z ( k9ds already admitt$ to exi/4 
,:at sci5ce means by 'v]ification' is no
 m ?an ?is1 t no object ( conception    

%all be believ$ :i* soon] or lat] has n 
"s p]man5t object ( s5sation = its      
t]m4444 ,s5sible vividness or pung5cy is
 !n ! vital factor 9 reality :5 once !  
conflict betwe5 objects1 & ! connect+ ( 
!m toge!r 9 ! m9d1 has begun4 7,italics 
m9e74      #e ,! ,psy*ology ( ,belief1  
,m9d #ahhi1 v4 #ad1 p4 #ca4      #f     
,vol4 ,,ii1 *apt] ,,xxi4  ,& 9 ano!r    
connection he expresses ! idea z foll[s3
 ,conceptual sy/ems :i* nei!r began nor 
left (f 9 s5sations w\ld be l bridges   
)\t pi]s4 ,sy/ems ab\t fact mu/ plunge  
!mselves into s5sations z bridges plunge
 !mselves into ! rock4 ,s5sations are ! 
/able rock1 ! t]m9us a quo & ! t]m9us ad
 quem ( ?\ght4 ,to f9d su* t]m9i is our 
aim ) all our !ories---to conceive fir/ 
:5 & :]e a c]ta9 s5sation may be _h & !n
 to h x4 ,f9d+ x /ops discussion4       
,failure to f9d x kills ! false conceit 
( k4 ,only :5 y d$uce a possible        
s5sation = me f y\r !ory1 & give x to me
 :5 & :]e ! !ory requires1 d ,i beg9 to 
be sure t y\r ?\ght has any?+ to d )    

tru?4 7#aa3g74  ,9 #aijb ,james         
contribut$ to ! ,diction>y ( ,philosophy
 & ,psy*ology publi%$ by ,j4 ,m>k       
,baldw9 ! foll[+ def9ition =            
,pragmatism4  ,! doctr9e t ! :ole       
'mean+' ( a conception expresses itself 
9 practical consequ5ces1 consequ5ces    
ei!r 9 ! %ape ( conduct to be recomm5d$1
 or 9 t ( exp]i5ce to be expect$1 if !  
conception be true2 :i* consequ5ces w\ld
 be diff]5t if x 7 untrue1 & mu/ be     
diff]5t f ! consequ5ces by :i* ! mean+ (
 o!r conceptions is 9 turn express$4 ,if
 a second conception %\ld n appe> to h  
ei!r consequ5ces1 !n x mu/ really be    
only ! fir/ conception "u a diff]5t "n4 
,9 me?odology x is c]ta9 t to trace &   
comp>e _! respective consequ5ces is an  
admirable way ( e/abli%+ ! diff]5t      
mean+s ( diff]5t conceptions4  ,x w be  
seem t ,james has n 9 #aijb diff]5tiat$ 
betwe5 pragmatism z a me?od & z a !ory (
 tru?4 ,leav+ out ! "o ref]5ce to tru?1 
! def9ition is an excell5t /atem5t ( !  
,peircian doctr9e ( cle>ness4 ,?is is   

especially to be notic$ 9 ! la/ two     
s5t5ces1 :i* are p]fectly 'or?odox'     
/atem5ts ( me?od alone4  ,9 #aijd &     
#aije ,james publi%$ two pap]s 9 ,m9d on
 ! tru? "q4 ,! fir/1 ,humanism & ,tru?1 
may be call$ 8 'bord]-l9e' article4 ,9  
?is he is attempt+ to give a sympa!tic  
int]pretation ( ! humani/ic !ory (      
tru?--:i* he lat] said is exactly l 8   
own--b is /ill mak+ ! int]pretation z an
 outsid]4 ,9 ! second article he has    
def9itely embrac$ ! humani/ic !ory & is 
def5d+ x4  ,! fir/ article beg9s z      
foll[s3#g ,receiv+ f ! editor ( ,m9d an 
advance pro( ( ,mr4 ,bradley's article =
 ,july on ',tru? & ,practice'1 ,i und]/&
 ?is z a h9t to me to jo9 9 ! controv]sy
 ov] ',pragmatism' :i* seems to h       
s]i\sly begun4 ,z my "n has be5 c\pl$ ) 
! movem5t1 ,i deem x wise to take ! h9t1
 ! m s z 9 "s qu>t]s great] cr$it has   
be5 giv5 me ?an ,i des]ve1 & probably   
undes]v$ discr$it 9 o!r qu>t]s falls    
also to my lot4      #g ,m9d1 ,n4 ,s4   
#ac1 p4 #deg4  ,fir/1 z to ! ^w         

'pragmatism'4 ,i myself h only us$ ! t]m
 to indicate a me?od ( c>ry+ on ab/ract 
discussion4 ,! s]i\s mean+ ( a concept1 
says ,mr4 ,peirce1 lies 9 ! concrete    
diff]5ce to someone :i* its be+ true w  
make4 ,/rive to br+ all debat$ que/ions 
to t 'pragmatic' te/1 & y w escape va9  
wrangl+3 if x c make no practical       
diff]5ce :i* ( two /atem5ts be true1 !n 
!y are really "o /atem5t 9 two v]bal    
=ms2 if x c make no practical diff]5ce  
:e!r a giv5 /atem5t be true or false1 !n
 ! /atem5t has no real mean+4 ,9 nei!r  
case is !re any?+ fit to qu>rel ab\t2 we
 may save our brea?1 & pass to m        
important ?+s4  ,all t ! pragmatic me?od
 implies1 !n1 is t tru?s %\ld h         
practical consequ5ces4 ,9 ,engl& ! ^w   
has be5 us$ m broadly1 to cov] ! notion 
t ! tru? ( any /atem5t consi/s 9 !      
consequ5ces1 & p>ticul>ly 9 _! be+ good 
consequ5ces4 ,"h we get beyond affairs (
 me?od altoge!r2 & s9ce ?is pragmatism &
 ! wid] pragmatism are s diff]5t1 & bo? 
are important en\gh to h diff]5t names1 

,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,s*ill]'s proposal to call
 ! wid] pragmatism by ! "n ( ',humanism'
 is excell5t & ought to be adopt$4 ,!   
n>r[] pragmatism may /ill be spok5 ( z !
 'pragmatic me?od'4  ,if fur!r egotism  
be 9 ord]4 ,i may say t ! acc\nt ( tru? 
giv5 by ,messrs4 ,/urt & ,s*ill] & by   
,pr(essor ,dewey & 8 s*ool 444 goes     
beyond any !oriz+ :i* ,i p]sonally _h   
ev] indulg$ 9 until ,i read _! writ+s4  
,aft] read+ ^!1 ,i feel almo/ sure t ^! 
au?ors are "r 9 _! ma9 cont5tions1 b !  
orig9ality is :olly !irs1 & ,i c h>dly  
recognize 9 my own humble doctr9e t     
concepts are teleological in/rum5ts     
any?+ consid]able en\gh to w>rant my be+
 call$1 z ,i h be51 ! 'fa!r' ( s        
important a movem5t =w>d 9 philosophy4#h
 7,italic m9e74      #h ,?is p>agraph   
appe>s z a footnote4  ,i ?9k t a decid$ 
ef=t at a sympa!tic m5tal play )        
humanism is ! provisional attitude to be
 recomm5d$ to ! read]4  ,:5 ,i f9d      
myself play+ sympa!tically ) humanism1  
some?+ l :at foll[s is :at ,i end by    

conceiv+ x to mean4 7,italics m9e74     
,su* is ! cons]vative tone 9 :i* !      
article is begun4 ,yet be=e x is end$ we
 f9d ^! passages3 ,x seems obvi\s t !   
pragmatic acc\nt ( all ?is r\t9e (      
ph5om5al k is accurate4 7p4#dfh74 ,!    
humanism1 = in/ance1 :i* ,i see & try s 
h>d to def5d1 is ! complete/ tru? atta9$
 f my po9t ( view up to date4 7p4#dgb74 
,9 a supplem5t>y article1 ,humanism &   
,tru? ,once ,m1 publi%$ a few mon?s lat]
 9 answ] to que/ions prompt$ by ?is "o1 
! acceptance ( humanism is entirely     
def9ite4 ,& "h ,james f9ds t he has be5 
advocat+ ! doctr9e = sev]al ye>s4 ,he   
says1 ,i myself put =? on sev]al        
occasions a radically pragmati/ acc\nt (
 k4 7,m9d1 v4 #ad1 p4 #aif74 ,& aga9 he 
rem>ks1 ,:5 foll[+ ,s*ill] & ,dewey1 ,i 
def9e ! true z t :i* gives ! maximal    
comb9ation ( satisfaction 4444 7p4#aif74
   ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,tru? ,,9            
',,pragmatism' ,,& ',,! ,,mean+ ,,(     
,,tru?'4  ,9 #aijg :5 he publi%$ 8 book 
,pragmatism1 ,james1 z we all "k1 0     

will+ to accept ! new !ory ( tru?       
unres]v$ly4 ,! hesitat+ on ! m>g91 ! m]e
 int]pret+ ( o!r's views1 are ?+s ( !   
pa/4 ,f #aijg ,james' position t[>d     
pragmatism z a tru?-!ory is unequivocal4
  ,?r\gh\t ! book1 z ,i %\ld l to po9t  
out1 ,james is us+ 'pragmatism' 9 two   
s5ses1 & 'tru?' 9 two s5ses4 ,! two     
mean+s ( pragmatism he recognizes       
himself1 & po9ts out cle>ly ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 pragmatism z a me?od = atta9+    
cle>ness 9 our ideas & pragmatism z a   
!ory ( ! tru? or falsity ( ^? ideas4 ,b 
! two mean+s ( 'tru?' he does n di/+ui%4
 ,& x is "h t he diff]s f ,dewey1 z we  
%all pres5tly see4 ,he diff]$ f ,peirce 
on ! "q ( ! mean+ ( pragmatism--z to    
:e!r x c\ld be develop$ to include a    
doctr9e ( tru? z well z ( cle>ness4 ,he 
diff]s f ,dewey on ! "q ( 'tru?'--z to  
:e!r tru? %all be us$ 9 bo? ( ! two     
specifi$ s5ses or only 9 "o ( !m4  ,!   
,ambiguity ( ',satisfaction'--,! d\ble  
mean+ ( tru? 9 ,james' writ+ at ?is date
 may be indicat$ 9 ?is way3 ,:ile tru?  

is to be def9$ 9 t]ms ( satisfaction1   
:at is satisfaction8 ,does x mean t ,i  
am to be satisfi$ ( a c]ta9 quality 9 ! 
idea1 or t ,i am to be satisfi$ by x8 ,9
 o!r words1 is ! crit]ion ( tru? ! fact 
t ! idea leads z x promis$ or is x !    
fact t its lead+1 :e!r j z x promis$ or 
n1 is desirable8 ,:i*1 9 %ort1 are we to
 take z tru?1--fulfill$ expectations or 
value ( results8  ,x is 9 fail+ to      
di/+ui% betwe5 ^! two t ,james involves 
himself1 ,i believe1 9 mo/ ( 8          
difficulties1 & x is 9 ! recognition &  
explicit indication ( ?is diff]5ce t    
,dewey diff]5tiates himself f ,james4   
,we may pass on to cite specific        
in/ances 9 :i* ,james uses ea* ( ^!     
crit]ia4 ,we w f9d1 ( c\rse1 t !re are  
passages :i* c be int]pret$ z mean+ ei!r
 value or fulfillm5t1 b !re are _m 9 :i*
 ! use ( value z a crit]ion seems       
unmi/akable4  ,! foll[+ quotations may  
be in/anc$3 ,if !ological views prove to
 h value = concrete life1 !y w be true1 
= pragmatism1 9 ! s5se ( be+ good = s   

mu*4 ,= h[ mu* m !y are true1 w dep5d   
entirely on _! relation to ! o!r tru?s t
 h also to be ackn[l$g$4 ,= example1 9 s
 f> z ! ,absolute af=ds com=t1 x is n   
/]ile2 x has t am\nt ( value2 x p]=ms a 
concrete function4 ,i myself ought to   
call ! ,absolute true '9 s f> =?'1 !n2 &
 ,i unhesitat+ly n[ d s4 7p4#gb74  ,on  
pragmatic pr9ciples1 if ! hypo!sis (    
,god works satisfactorily 9 ! wide/ s5se
 ( ! ^w1 x is true4 ,n[ :atev] its      
residual difficulties may be1 exp]i5ce  
%[s t x c]ta9ly does "w1 & t ! problem  
is to build out & det]m9e x s t x w     
comb9e satisfactorily ) all ! o!r work+ 
tru?s4 7p4 #bii74  ,! true is ! "n =    
:atev] proves itself to be good 9 ! way 
( belief1 & good1 too1 = def9ite1       
assignable reasons4 7p4 #gf74           
,empirical psy*ologi/s 444 h d5i$ ! s\l1
 save z ! "n = v]ifiable cohesions 9 our
 inn] life4 ,!y r$esc5d into ! /ream (  
exp]i5ce ) x1 & ca% x into s mu*        
small-*ange value 9 ! way ( 'ideas' & _!
 connections ) ea* o!r4 ,! s\l is good  

or 'true' = j s mu*1 b no m4 7p4 #ib1   
italics m9e74  ,s9ce almo/ any object   
may "s day become tempor>ily important1 
! advantage ( hav+ a /ock ( extra tru?s1
 ( ideas t %all be true ( m]ely possible
 situations1 is obvi\s4444 ,:5ev] su*   
extra tru?s become practically relevant 
to "o ( our em]g5cies1 x passes f cold  
/orage to d "w 9 ! _w & our belief 9 x  
gr[s active4 ,y c say ( x !n ei!r t 'x  
is useful because x is true' or t x is  
'true because x is useful'4 ,bo? ^!     
phrases mean exactly ! same ?+4444 ,f   
?is simple cue pragmatism gets h] g5]al 
notion ( tru? z some?+ ess5tially b\nd  
up ) ! way 9 :i* "o mom5t 9 our exp]i5ce
 may lead u t[>ds o!r mom5ts :i* x w be 
wor? :ile to h be5 l$ to4 ,prim>ily1 &  
on ! common-s5se level1 ! tru? ( a /ate 
( m9d means ?is function ( a lead+ t is 
wor? :ile4 7pp4 #bjd-bje1 italics m9e74 
,to 'agree' 9 ! wide/ s5se ) reality c  
only mean to be guid$ ei!r /raight up to
 x or into its surr\nd+s1 or to be put  
into su* work+ t\* ) x z to h&le ei!r x 

or some?+ connect$ ) x bett] ?an if we  
disagre$4 ,bett] ei!r intellectually or 
practically6444 ,an idea t helps u to   
deal1 :e!r practically or               
intellectually1 ) ei!r reality or its   
belong+s1 t doesn't entangle our        
progress 9 fru/rations1 t fits1 9 fact1 
& adapts our life to ! reality's :ole   
sett+1 w----hold true ( t reality4 7pp4 
#bab-bac74  ',! true'1 to put x v       
briefly1 is only ! exp$i5t 9 ! way ( our
 ?9k+1 j z ! '"r' is only ! exp$i5t 9 ! 
way ( our behav+4 ,exp$i5t 9 almo/ any  
fa%ion2 & exp$i5t 9 ! long run & on !   
:ole ( c\rse4 7p4 #bbb74  ,we may add a 
passage ) ! same be>+1 f ,! ,mean+ (    
,tru?4 ,9 ?is quotation ,james is       
retract+ ! /atem5t made 9 ! ,univ]sity (
 ,cali=nia ,address t )\t ! future !re  
is no diff]5ce betwe5 !ism & mat]ialism4
 ,he says3 ,ev5 if matt] c\ld d e outw>d
 ?+ t ,god does1 ! idea ( x w\ld n "w z 
satisfactorily1 because ! *ief call = a 
,god on mod]n m5's "p is = a be+ :o w   
inw>dly recognize !m & judge !m         

sympa!tically4 ,matt] disappo9ts ?is    
crav+ ( our ego1 & s ,god rema9s = mo/  
m5 ! tru] hypo!sis1 & inde$ rema9 s =   
def9ite pragmatic reasons4 7p4 #ahi1    
notes74  ,! contra/ betwe5              
'intellectual' & 'practical' seems to   
make 8 position c]ta94 ,if tru? is te/$ 
by practical work+s1 z contra/$ )       
intellectual work+s1 x _c be said to be 
limit$ to fulfill$ expectation4  ,!     
/atem5t t ! s\l is good or true %[s !   
same ?+4 ,! relation ( tru? to extrane\s
 values is "h beyond "q4 ,! o!r passages
 all be>1 m or less obvi\sly1 9 ! same  
direction4  ,z ,james keeps re/at+ 8    
position1 !re are _m ( ! def9itions t   
c\ld be int]pret$ to mean ei!r values or
 fulfillm5ts1 & ev5 a few :i* seem to   
ref] to fulfillm5t alone4 ,! two foll[+ 
examples c be tak5 to mean ei!r3        
',tru?' 9 our ideas & beliefs means 444 
t ideas 7:i* !mselves are b p>ts ( our  
exp]i5ce7 become true j 9 s f> z !y help
 u to get into satisfactory relation )  
o!r p>ts ( our exp]i5ce1 to summ>ize !m 

& get ab\t among !m by conceptual       
%ort-cuts in/ead ( foll[+ ! int]m9able  
succession ( p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,any idea
 ^u :i* we c ride1 s to speak2 any idea 
t w c>ry u prosp]\sly f "o "p ( our     
exp]i5ce to any o!r "p1 l9k+ ?+s        
satisfactorily1 work+ securely1         
simplify+1 sav+ labor1 is true = j s    
mu*1 true 9 s f> =?1 true in/rum5tally4 
7p4#eh74  ,a new op9ion c\nts z true j 9
 proportion z x gratifies ! individual's
 desire to assimilate ! novel 9 8       
exp]i5ce to 8 beliefs 9 /ock4 ,x mu/ bo?
 lean on old tru? & grasp new fact2 &   
its success 444 9 do+ ?is1 is a matt] = 
individual appreciation4 ,:5 old tru?   
gr[s1 !n1 by new tru?'s addition1 x is =
 subjective reasons4 ,we are 9 ! process
 & obey ! reasons4 ,! new idea is true/ 
:i* p]=ms mo/ felicit\sly its function (
 satisfy+ ?is d\ble urg5cy4 ,x makes    
itself true1 gets itself class$ z true1 
by ! way x works4 7p4#fd74  ,b we c turn
 f ^! to a p>agraph 9 :i* tru? seems to 
be limit$ to fulfill$ expectations      

alone4  ,true ideas are ^? :i* we c     
assimilate1 validate1 corroborate1 &    
v]ify4 ,false ideas are ^? :i* we _c4 ,t
 is ! practical diff]5ce x makes to u to
 h true ideas2 t1 !re=e1 is ! mean+ (   
tru?1 = x is all t tru? is kn[n z4444   
,b :at d validation & v]ification       
!mselves pragmatically mean8 ,!y aga9   
signify c]ta9 practical consequ5ces ( ! 
v]ifi$ & validat$ idea4444 ,!y head u   
444 ?r\gh ! acts & o!r ideas :i* !y     
in/igate1 into or up to1 or t[>ds1 o!r  
p>ts ( exp]i5ce ) :i* we feel all ! :ile
 444 t ! orig9al ideas rema9 9 agreem5t4
 ,! connections & transitions come to u 
f po9t to po9t z be+ progressive1       
h>moni\s1 satisfactory4 ,?is function ( 
agreeable lead+ is :at we mean by an    
idea's v]ification4 7pp4#bja-bjb74  ,!  
,relation ( ,tru? to ,utility--,x seems 
c]ta9 f ! =ego+ t ,james means1 at lea/ 
at c]ta9 times1 to def9e ! true 9 t]ms (
 ! valuable4 ,satisfaction he is us+ z  
satisfaction by r ?an satisfaction (4 ,z
 we h po9t$ out1 "o may be satisfi$ ( ! 

correctness ( "o's idea )\t be+ at all  
satisfi$ by x4 ,?is di/9ction has be5   
mo/ cle>ly set =? by ,bood91 9 8        
discussion ( ',:at pragmatism is n'1 9 !
 foll[+ words3 ,! tru? satisfaction may 
run c\nt] to any moral or e/hetic       
satisfaction 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,x may  
consi/ 9 ! discov]y t ! fri5d we _h     
back$ _h involv$ u 9 f9ancial failure1 t
 ! picture we _h b\ght f ! catalogue    
description is any?+ b beautiful4 ,b we 
are no long] unc]ta9 z reg>ds ! tru?4   
,our re/lessness1 s f> z t p>ticul>     
curiosity is conc]n$1 has come to an    
end4#i      #i ,bood93 ,tru? & ,reality1
 pp4 #aic-d4  ,x is cle> !n1 t !        
discov]y ( tru? is n to be id5tifi$ ) a 
pr$om9antly satisfactory /ate ( m9d at !
 mom5t4 ,our /ate ( m9d at ! mom5t may h
 only a gra9 ( satisfaction1 yet ?is is 
( s unique a k9d & s entirely           
di/+ui%able f ! o!r cont5ts ( ! m9d t x 
is p]fectly practicable z a crit]ion4 ,x
 is simply ! cessation ( ! irritation ( 
a d\bt1 z ,peirce puts x1 or ! feel+ t  

my idea has l$ z x promis$4 ,! feel+ (  
fulfill$ expectation is ?us a v di/9ct &
 recognizable "p ( ! :ole g5]al feel+   
commonly describ$ z 'satisfaction'4 ,:5 
'utility' 9 our ideas1 !re=e1 means a   
mom5t>y feel+ ( dom9ant satisfaction1   
tru? _c be id5tifi$ ) x4  ,& nei!r1 z ,i
 wi% n[ to po9t out1 c tru? be id5tifi$ 
) utility :5 utility means a long-run   
satisfactor9ess1 or satisfactor9ess ( ! 
idea = a consid]able numb] ( p ?r\gh a  
consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,! same         
objection arises "h :i* we not$ a mom5t 
ago--t ! satisfaction may be q indiff]5t
 to ! special satisfaction aris+ f te/s4
 ,z has be5 (t5 %[n1 _m ideas are       
satisfactory = a long p]iod ( "t simply 
because !y are n subject$ to te/s4 ,a   
hope is n a hope1 a fe> is n a fe>1 once
 ei!r is recogniz$ z unf\nd$4444 ,a     
delusion is delusion only s long z x is 
n kn[n to be "o4 ,a mi/ake c be built ^u
 only s long z x is n suspect$4  ,"s    
actual delusions :i* 7 n readily        
subject$ to te/s h be5 long useful 9 ?is

 way4 ,= in/ance1 bas+ ourselves on     
,lafcadio ,he>n1 we might q admit t !   
op9ions summ$ up "u ! title             
',ance/or-,wor%ip' _h be5 444 'exactly  
:at 0 requir$' by ! =m] inhabitants (   
,japan4 ,x 0 good = primitive man to    
believe t dead ance/ors requir$ to be f$
 & honor$ 444 because x induc$ savages  
to br+ up _! (fspr+ in/ead ( lett+ x    
p]i%4 ,b al?\gh x 0 useful to hold t    
op9ion1 ! op9ion 0 false4 ,mank9d has   
always want$1 p]haps always requir$1 &  
c]ta9ly made itself1 a /ock ( delusions 
& sophisms4#aj     #aj ,lee3 ,vital     
,lies1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aa1 #ca1 #cc1 #gb4 
,p]haps we w\ld all agree t ! belief t  
',god is on our side' has be5 useful to 
! tribe hold+ x4 ,if has increas$ zeal &
 fight+ effici5cy trem5d\sly4 ,b s9ce   
,god c't be on bo? sides1 ! belief ( "o 
p>ty to ! conflict is untrue1 no matt]  
h[ useful4 ,to believe t 7b5eficial7    
tribal cu/oms are en=c$ by ! tribal gods
 is useful1 b if ! tribal gods are      
non-exi/5t ! belief is false4 ,!        

beautiful imag9+s ( poets are sometimes 
useful 9 m9imiz+ & disguis+ ! h>d & ugly
 reality1 b :5 !y w n te/ out !y _c be  
said because ( _! beauty or desirability
 to be true4  ,we mu/ conclude !n1 t "s 
delusions are useful4 ,& we may g on &  
"q ,james' id5tification ( tru? &       
utility f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,in/ead (  
agree+ t true ideas & useful ideas are !
 same1 we h %[n t "s useful ideas are   
false3 b ! conv]se is also demon/rable1 
t "s true ideas are useless4  ,!re are  
=mulas 9 pure sci5ce :i* are ( no use to
 anyone outside ! sci5ce because _!     
practical be>+s1 if su* !re be1 h n yet 
be5 discov]$1 & are ( no use to !       
sci5ti/ himself because1 !mselves !     
products ( d$uction1 !y z yet sugge/    
no?+ t c be develop$ f>!r f !m4 ,:ile ^!
 =mulas may lat] be f\nd useful 9 ei!r (
 ^! s5ses--= 'practical dem&s' outside !
 sci5ce1 or z a means to some?+ else )9 
! sci5ce--!y are n[ already true q ap>t 
f utility1 because !y w te/ out by      
fulfill+ expectations4  ,k t is n useful

 is mo/ /rik+ 9 relation to 'vice'4 ,"o 
may h a true idea z to h[ to lie & *eat1
 may "k :at *eat+ is & h[ x is done1 &  
yet involve bo? himself & o!rs 9 mo/    
unsatisfactory consequ5ces4 ,! p]son :o 
is attempt+ to /op ! use ( liquor1 & :o 
to ?is end has locat$ 9 a 'dry' di/rict1
 may receive correct in=mation z to !   
location ( a 'bl9d-tig]'--in=mation :i* 
:ile true may br+ ab\t 8 d[nfall4 ,k    
ab\t any =m ( vice1 true k t c be te/$  
out1 may ^u occasion be h>mful to any   
ext5t we l4  ,we may conclude ?is       
section by cit+ a p>agraph :i* w %[ !   
fallaci\s reason+ by :i* ,james came to 
id5tify ! tru? & ! utility ( ideas4 ,at 
"o po9t 9 reply+ to a criticism he says3
 ,i c conceive no o!r objective cont5t  
to ! notion ( an ideally p]fect tru? ?an
 t ( p5etration into a completely       
satisfactory t]m9us1 nor c ,i conceive t
 ! notion w\ld ev] h gr[n up1 or t true 
ideas w\ld ev] h be5 sort$ out f false  
or idle ones1 save = ! great] sum (     
satisfactions1 intellectual or          

practical1 :i* ! tru] ones br\ght ) !m4 
,c we imag9e a man absolutely satisfi$ )
 an idea & ) all 8 relations to 8 o!r   
ideas & to 8 s5sible exp]i5ces1 :o %\ld 
yet n take its cont5t z a true acc\nt ( 
reality8 ,! matt] ( ! true is ?us       
absolutely id5tical ) ! matt] ( !       
satisfactory4 ,y may put ei!r ^w fir/ 9 
y\r way ( talk+2 b leave out t :ole     
notion ( satisfactory work+ or lead+    
7:i* is ! ess5ce ( my pragmatic acc\nt7 
& call tru? a /atic1 logical relation1  
indep5d5t ev5 ( possible lead+s or      
satisfactions1 & x seems to me t y cut  
all gr\nd f "u y4 7,mean+ ( ,tru?1 p4   
#afj74aa     #aa ,x is int]e/+ to see t 
,peirce _h !         foll[+ comm5t to   
make 9 #ahgh ^u ! utility ( tru?4       
,logicality 9 reg>d to practical matt]s 
is ! mo/         useful quality an      
animal c possess1 & might1 !re=e1       
result f ! action ( natural selection2 b
 outside (         ^! x is probably ( m 
advantage to ! animal to h         8 m9d
 fill$ ) pleas+ & enc\rag+ visions1     

indep5d5tly ( _! tru?2 & ?us ^u         
impractical         subjects1 natural   
selection might occasion a fallaci\s    
t5d5cy ( ?\ght4 7,f ! fir/ article 9 !  
s]ies         ,illu/rations ( ! ,logic (
 ,sci5ce1 ,popul> ,sci5ce               
,mon?ly1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #c74  ,n[ x is to 
be obs]v$ t ?is p>agraph conta9s at lea/
 ?ree logical fallacies4 ,9 ! fir/      
s5t5ce !re is a false assumption1 namely
 t 'all t survives is valuable'4 ',!n'1 
we are giv5 to und]/&1 's9ce true ideas 
survive1 !y mu/ be valuable'4 ,no       
biologi/ w\ld agree to ?is major        
premise4 ',correlation' pres]ves _m ?+s 
t are n valuable1 z also d o!r factors4 
,9 ! second s5t5ce !re is an impli$     
false conv]sion4 ,! second s5t5ce says1 
9 sub/ance1 t all true ideas are        
satisfactory 7valuable74 ,?is is suppos$
 to prove ! ass]tion ( ! fir/ s5t5ce1   
namely1 t all satisfactory 7valuable7   
ideas are true4  ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce !re is 
a false disjunction4 ,tru?1 x is /at$1  
mu/ ei!r be satisfactory 7valuable7     

work+1 or a /atic logical relation4 ,we 
h tri$ to %[ t x may simply mean        
reliable work+ or work+ t leads z x     
promis$4 ,?is may be nei!r pr$om9antly  
valuable work+ nor a /atic logical      
relation4  ,! ,relation ( ,satisfaction 
to ,agreem5t & ,consi/5cy4--,james      
cont9ually reass]ts t he has 'rema9$ an 
epi/emological reali/'1 t he has 'always
 po/ulat$ an indep5d5t reality'1 t ideas
 to be true mu/ 'agree ) reality'1      
etc4#ab     #ab ,= example1 9 ! ,mean+ (
 ,tru?1 pages #aie & #bcc4  ,reality he 
def9es mo/ cle>ly z foll[s3  ',reality' 
is 9 g5]al :at tru?s h to take acc\nt   
(4444  ,! fir/ "p ( reality f ?is po9t (
 view is ! flux ( our s5sations4        
,s5sations are =c$ ^u u4444 ,ov] _!     
nature1 ord] & quantity we h z good z no
 control4444  ,! second "p ( reality1 z 
some?+ t our beliefs mu/ also take      
acc\nt (1 is ! relations t obta9 betwe5 
_! copies 9 our m9ds4 ,?is "p falls into
 two sub-p>ts3 7#a7 ! relations t are   
mutable & accid5tal1 z ^? ( date &      

place2 & 7#b7 ^? t are fix$ & ess5tial  
because !y are gr\nd$ on ! inn] nature (
 _! t]ms4 ,bo? sorts ( relation are     
matt]s ( imm$iate p]ception4 ,bo? are   
'facts'4444  ,! ?ird "p ( reality1      
additional to ^! p]ceptions 7?o l>gely  
bas$ ^u !m71 is ! previ\s tru?s ( :i* e 
new inquiry takes acc\nt4 7,pragmatism1 
p4 #bdd74  ,an idea's agreem5t )        
reality1 or bett] ) all ^? p>ts (       
reality1 means a satisfactory relation (
 ! idea to !m4 ,relation to ! s5sational
 "p ( reality is f\nd satisfactory :5 ! 
idea leads to x )\t j> or discord4 444  
,:at d ! words v]ification & validation 
!mselves pragmatically mean8 ,!y aga9   
signify c]ta9 practical consequ5ces ( ! 
v]ifi$ & validat$ idea4 ,x is h>d to f9d
 any "o phrase t *>act]izes ^!          
consequ5ces bett] ?an ! ord9>y          
agreem5t-=mula--j su* consequ5ces be+   
:at we h 9 m9d :5 we say t our ideas    
'agree' ) reality4 ,!y lead u1 namely1  
?r\gh ! acts & o!r ideas :i* !y         
in/igate1 into & up to1 or t[>ds1 o!r   

p>ts ( exp]i5ce ) :i* we feel all ! :ile
 444 t ! orig9al ideas rema9 9 agreem5t4
 ,! connections & transitions come to u 
f po9t to po9t z be+ progressive1       
h>moni\s1 satisfactory4 ,?is function ( 
agreeable lead+ is :at we mean by an    
idea's v]ification4 7,pragmatism1 pp4   
#bja-b74  ,an idea's relation to ! o!r  
p>ts ( reality is conceiv$ m broadly4   
,?us pragmatism's only te/ ( probable   
tru? is :at works be/ 9 ! way ( lead+ u1
 :at fits e "p ( life be/ & comb9es ) ! 
collectivity ( life's dem&s1 no?+ be+   
omitt$4 ,if !ological ideas %\ld d ?is1 
if ! notion ( ,god1 9 p>ticul>1 %\ld    
prove to d x1 h[ c\ld pragmatism        
possibly d5y ,god's exi/5ce8 ,%e c\ld   
see no mean+ 9 treat+ z 'n true' a      
notion t 0 pragmatically s successful4  
,:at o!r k9d ( tru? c\ld !re be1 = h]1  
?an all ?is agreem5t ) concrete reality8
 7,pragmatism1 p4 #hj1 italics m9e74    
,agreem5t ) reality "h means ability to 
satisfy ! sum ( life's dem&s4  ,james   
consid]s t ?is leaves little room =     

lic5se 9 ! *oice ( our beliefs4 ,betwe5 
! co]cions ( ! s5sible ord] & ^? ( !    
ideal ord]1 our m9d is ?us w$g$ tightly4
 ,our 7any7 !ory mu/ m$iate betwe5 all  
previ\s tru?s & c]ta9 new exp]i5ces4 ,x 
mu/ d]ange common s5se & previ\s belief 
z little z possible1 & x mu/ lead to "s 
s5sible t]m9us or o!r t c be v]ifi$     
exactly4 ,to '"w' means bo? ^! ?+s2 & ! 
squeeze is s tight t !re is little loose
 play = any hypo!sis4 ,our !ories are   
?us w$g$ & controll$ z no?+ else is4    
,p5t 91 z ! pragmati/ m ?an anyone else 
sees himself to be1 betwe5 ! :ole body (
 fund$ tru?s squeez$ f ! pa/ & !        
co]cions ( ! _w ( s5se ab\t him1 :o s   
well z he feels ! imm5se pressure (     
objective control "u :i* our m9ds p]=m  
_! op]ations4 7,pragmatism1 pp4 #baa1   
#bag1 #bcc74  ,n[ on ! contr>y x        
imm$iately occurs to a read] t if       
reality be simply :at tru?s h to take   
acc\nt (1 & if tak+-acc\nt-( m]ely means
 agree+ 9 su* a way z to satisfy !      
collectivity ( life's dem&s1 !n !       

proportion 9 :i* ^! p>ts ( reality w    
c\nt w v>y enorm\sly4 ,"o p]son may f9d 
! 'previ\s-tru?s' "p ( reality to make  
su* a /rong 'dem&' t he w disreg>d      
'pr9ciples' or reason+ almo/ entirely4  
,ano!r may disreg>d ! 's5sational' "p ( 
reality1 & give no consid]ation :atev]  
to 'sci5tific' results4 ,^! ?+s1 9 fact1
 are exactly ! ?+s t d take place4 ,!   
op9ionat$ p]son1 ! crank1 ! fanatic1 z  
well z ! m]ely prejudic$1 all refuse to 
op5 _! m9ds & give any p>ticul>         
consid]ation to su* k9ds ( evid5ce4 ,!re
 is !re=e a great deal ( room = lic5se1 
& a great deal ( lic5se practic$1 :5 !  
agreem5t ( our ideas ) reality means    
no?+ m ?an _! satisfactor9ess to our    
lives' dem&s4  ,h[ ,james fell into ?is 
error is %[n1 ,i believe1 by 8          
ov]e/imation ( ! common man's reg>d =   
tru?1 & especially = consi/5cy4 ,?us he 
rem>ks3 ,z we humans are con/itut$ 9    
po9t ( fact1 we f9d t to believe 9 o!r  
m5's m9ds1 9 indep5d5t physical         
realities1 9 pa/ ev5ts1 9 et]nal logical

 relations1 is satisfactory4444 ,above  
all we f9d consi/5cy satisfactory1      
consi/5cy betwe5 ! pres5t idea & !      
entire re/ ( our m5tal equipm5t4444     
,aft] man's int]e/ 9 brea?+ freely1 !   
greate/ ( all 8 int]e/s 7because x nev] 
fluctuates or remits1 z mo/ ( 8 physical
 int]e/s d71 is 8 int]e/ 9 consi/5cy1 9 
feel+ t :at he n[ ?9ks goes ) :at he    
?9ks on o!r occasions4 7,mean+ ( ,tru?1 
pp4 #aib1 #baa74  ,! g5]al me?od (      
,james on ?is po9t1 !n1 is to def9e tru?
 9 t]ms ( satisfaction & !n to try to %[
 t ^! satisfactions _c be secur$        
illegitimately4 ,t is1 t we mu/ def] to 
exp]im5tal f9d+s1 to consi/5cy1 & to o!r
 *ecks on op9ion4 ,consi/5cy mu/ be     
satisfactory because p are s con/itut$ z
 to f9d x s4 ,agreem5t ) reality1 :]e   
reality means epi/emological reality1 is
 satisfactory = ! same reason4 ,&       
agreem5t ) reality1 :]e reality includes
 9 addition pr9ciples & previ\s tru?s1  
mu/ be satisfactory because agreem5t 9  
?is case m]ely means su* tak+-acc\nt-( z

 w satisfy ! great] proportion ( ! dem&s
 ( life4 ,9 o!r words1 by def9+ agreem5t
 9 ?is case 9 t]ms ( satisfactions1 he  
makes x c]ta9 t agreem5t & satisfaction 
w co9cide by ! device ( argu+ 9 a       
circle4 ,x turns out t1 f ov]-anxiety to
 assure ! co9cid5ce ( agreem5t &        
satisfaction1 he entirely loses !       
possibility ( us+ reality & agreem5t )  
reality 9 ! usual s5se ( *ecks on       
satisfactions4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,!  
,,pragmatic ,,doctr9e ,,z ,,set ,,=?    
,,by ,,dewey4   ,! position ( ,dewey is 
be/ repres5t$ 9 8 pap] call$ ,!         
,exp]im5tal ,!ory ( ,k4#ac ,9 ! me?od ( 
pres5tation1 ?is article is mu* l       
,james' acc\nt ,! ,function (           
,cognition4 ,bo? assume "s simple type (
 consci\sness & /udy x by gradually     
introduc+ m & m complexity4 ,9 aim1     
also1 ! two are simil>1 = ! purpose (   
ea* is simply to describe4 ,dewey       
attempts "h to tell ( a kn[+ j z "o     
describes any o!r object1 conc]n1 or    
ev5t4 ,:at we want1 he ann\nces is j    

some?+ :i* takes itself = k1 rightly or 
wrongly4     #ac ,m9d1 ,n4 ,s4 #ae1     
,july #aijf4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,! ,influ5ce    
( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy & ,o!r ,essays1  
p4 #gg4         ,page ref]5ces are to ! 
latt]4  ,let u suppose1 !n1 t we h      
simply a float+ odor4 ,if ?is odor />ts 
*anges t end 9 pick+ & enjoy+ a rose1   
:at sort ( *anges mu/ ^! be to involve  
"s :]e )9 _! c\rse t :i* we call k8  ,n[
 x c be %[n1 fir/1 t !re is a diff]5ce  
betwe5 kn[+ & m]e pres5ce 9             
consci\sness4 ,if ! smell is simply     
displac$ by a felt movem5t1 & ?is 9 turn
 is displac$ by ! enjoym5t ( ! rose1 9  
su* a way t !re is no exp]i5ce (        
connection betwe5 ! ?ree /ages ( !      
process1--t is1 )\t ! appe>ance ( memory
 or anticipation1--!n su* an exp]i5ce   
nei!r is1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 a k4          
,acqua9tance is pres5ce honor$ by an    
escort2 pres5ce is introduc$ z famili>1 
or an association spr+s up to greet x4  
,acqua9tance always implies a little    
fri5dl9ess2 a trace ( re-kn[+1 (        

anticipatory welcome or dread ( ! trait 
to foll[4444 ,to be a smell 7or any?+   
else7 is "o ?+1 to be kn[n z a smell1   
ano!r2 to be a 'feel+' is "o ?+1 to be  
kn[n z a 'feel+' is ano!r4 ,! fir/ is   
?+hood2 exi/5ce indubitable1 direct2 9  
?is way all ?+s are t are 9             
'consci\sness' at all4 ,! second is     
reflect$ be+1 ?+s indicat+ & call+ = o!r
 ?+s--some?+ (f]+ ! possibility ( tru? &
 h5ce ( falsity4 ,! fir/ is g5u9e       
imm$iacy2 ! second 79 ! in/ance         
discuss$7 a pseudo-imm$iacy1 :i* 9 !    
same brea? t x proclaims its imm$iacy   
smuggles 9 ano!r t]m 7& "o :i* is       
unexp]i5c$ bo? 9 itself & 9 its         
relation7 ! subject ( 'consci\sness'1 to
 :i* ! imm$iate is relat$4444 ,to be    
acqua9t$ ) a ?+ is to be assur$ 7f !    
/&po9t ( ! exp]i5ce itself7 t x is ( su*
 & su* a "*2 t x w behave1 if giv5 an   
opportunity1 9 su* & su* a way2 t !     
obvi\sly & flagrantly pres5t trait is   
associat$ ) fell[ traits t w %[ !mselves
 if ! lead+ ( ! pres5t trait is foll[$  

out4 ,to be acqua9t$ is to anticipate to
 "s ext5t1 on ! basis ( previ\s         
exp]i5ce4 7pp4 #ha1 #hb74  ,besides m]e 
exi/5ce1 !re is ano!r type ( exp]i5ce   
:i* is (t5 confus$ ) k1--a type :i*     
,dewey calls ! 'cognitive' z di/9ct f   
g5u9e k or ! 'cognitional'4 ,9 ?is      
exp]i5ce we retrospectively attribute   
intellectual =ce & function to ! smell4 
,?is involves memory b n anticipation4  
,z we look back f ! enjoym5t ( ! rose1  
we c say t 9 a s5se ! odor meant ! rose1
 ev5 ?\gh x l$ u "h bl9dly4 ,t is1 if ! 
odor sugge/s ! f9d+ ( its cause1 )\t    
specify+ :at ! cause is1 & if we !n se>*
 ab\t & f9d ! rose1 we c say t ! odor   
meant ! rose 9 ! s5se t x actually l$ to
 ! discov]y ( x4 ,yet ! smell is n      
cognitional because x did n kn[+ly int5d
 to mean ?is1 b is f\nd1 aft] ! ev5t1 to
 h meant x4 7p4 #hd74  ,n[1 be=e !      
category ( confirmation or refutation c 
be introduc$1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i*     
means to mean some?+4 ,let u !re=e      
introduce a fur!r complexity into !     

illu/ration4 ,let u suppose t ! smell   
occurs at a lat] date1 & is !n aw>e (   
some?+ else :i* x means1 :i* x int5ds to
 effect by an op]ation incit$ by x & )\t
 :i* its own pres5ce is abortive1 &1 s  
to say1 unju/ifi$1 s5seless4 ,"h we h   
some?+ :i* is contemporane\sly aw>e (   
mean+ some?+ beyond itself1 in/ead (    
hav+ ?is mean+ ascrib$ to x by ano!r at 
a lat] p]iod4 ,! odor kn[s ! rose1 !    
rose is kn[n by ! odor1 & ! import ( ea*
 t]m is con/itut$ by ! relation%ip 9 :i*
 x /&s to ! o!r4 7p4 #hh74 ,?is is !    
g5u9e 'cognitional' exp]i5ce4  ,:5 !    
odor recurs 'cognitionally'1 bo? ! odor 
& ! rose are pres5t 9 ! same exp]i5ce1  
?\gh bo? are n pres5t 9 ! same way4 ,?+s
 c be pres5t$ z abs5t1 j z !y c be      
pres5t$ z h>d or s(t4 ,! enjoym5t ( !   
rose is pres5t z go+ to be !re 9 ! same 
way t ! odor is4 ,! situation is        
inh]5tly an uneasy "o--"o 9 :i* ev]y?+  
hangs ^u ! p]=mance ( ! op]ation        
indicat$2 ^u ! adequacy ( movem5t z a   
connect+ l9k1 or real adju/m5t ( ! ?+   

mean+ & ! ?+ meant4 ,g5]aliz+ f ?is     
in/ance1 we get ! foll[+ def9ition3 ,an 
exp]i5ce is a k1 if 9 its quale !re is  
an exp]i5c$ di/9ction & connection ( two
 elem5ts ( ! foll[+ sort3 "o means or   
int5ds ! pres5ce ( ! o!r 9 ! same fa%ion
 9 :i* x itself is already pres5t1 :ile 
! o!r is t :i*1 :ile n pres5t 9 ! same  
fa%ion1 mu/ become pres5t if ! mean+ or 
int5tion ( its companion or yoke-fell[  
is to be fulfill$ ?r\gh ! op]ation x    
sets up4 7p4 #ij74  ,n[ 9 ! trans=mation
 f ?is t5sional situation into a        
h>moni\s situation1 !re is an exp]i5ce  
ei!r ( fulfilm5t or disappo9tm5t4 ,if   
!re is a disappo9tm5t ( expectation1 ?is
 may ?r[ "o back 9 reflection ^u !      
orig9al situation4 ,! smell1 we may say1
 seem$ to mean a rose1 yet x did n 9    
fact lead to a rose4 ,!re is some?+ else
 :i* ent]s 94 ,we !n beg9 an            
inve/igation4 ,smells may become !      
object ( k4 ,!y may take1 pro tempore1 !
 place :i* ! rose =m]ly occupi$4 ,"o    
may1 t is1 obs]ve ! cases 9 :i* ! odors 

mean o!r ?+s ?an j roses1 may volunt>ily
 produce new cases = ! sake ( fur!r     
inspection2 & ?us acc\nt = ! cases :]e  
mean+s _h be5 falsifi$ 9 ! issue2       
discrim9ate m c>efully ! peculi>ities ( 
^? mean+s :i* ! ev5t v]ifi$1 & ?us      
safegu>d & bulw>k to "s ext5t ! employ+ 
( simil> mean+s 9 ! future4 7p4 #ic74   
,:5 we reflect ^u ^! fulfilm5ts or      
refusals1 we f9d 9 !m a quality q lack+ 
to !m 9 _! imm$iate occurr5ce z j       
fulfilm5ts & disappo9tm5ts1--! quality (
 af=d+ assurance & correction4 ,tru? &  
falsity are n prop]ties ( any exp]i5ce  
or ?+1 9 & ( itself or 9 its fir/       
int5tion2 b ( ?+s :]e ! problem (       
assurance consci\sly ent]s 94 ,tru? &   
falsity pres5t !mselves z significant   
facts only 9 situations 9 :i* specific  
mean+s & _! already exp]i5c$ fulfilm5ts 
& non-fulfilm5ts are int5tionally comp>$
 & contra/$ ) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! wor?1 
z to ! reliability ( mean+1 ( ! giv5    
mean+ or class ( mean+s4 ,l k itself1   
tru? is an exp]i5c$ relation ( ?+s1 & x 

has no mean+ outside ( su* relation4 7p4
 #ie74  ,?\gh ?is pap] is by title a    
discussion ( a !ory ( k1 we may f9d 9   
?is la/ p>agraph a v cle> relat+ ( !    
:ole to a !ory ( tru?4 ,if we attempt to
 diff]5tiate 9 ?is article betwe5 k &   
tru?1 we f9d t :ile ,dewey uses 'k' to  
ref] ei!r to ! prospective or to !      
retrospective end ( ! exp]im5tal        
exp]i5ce1 he evid5tly int5ds to limit   
tru? to ! retrospective or confirmatory 
end ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,:5 he says1 ,tru? &  
falsity are n prop]ties ( any exp]i5ce  
or ?+ 9 & ( itself or 9 its fir/        
int5tion1 b ( ?+s :]e ! problem (       
assurance consci\sly ent]s 94 ,tru? &   
falsity pres5t !mselves z significant   
facts only 9 situations 9 :i* specific  
mean+s & _! already exp]i5c$ fulfilm5ts 
are int5tionally comp>$ & contra/$ )    
ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! wor?1 z to          
reliability ( mean+1 ( ! giv5 mean+ or  
class ( mean+s1 x seems t tru? is to be 
conf9$ to retrospective exp]i5ce4 ,!    
tru? ( an idea means t x all[s "o at its

 fulfilm5t to look back at its =m] mean+
 & ?9k ( x z n[ confirm$4 ,! diff]5ce   
betwe5 k & tru? is !n a diff]5ce 9 ! "t 
at :i* ! develop+ exp]i5ce is exam9$4   
,if "o takes ! exp]i5ce at ! appe>ance (
 ! kn[+ odor1 he gets acqua9tance2 if "o
 takes x at ! /age at :i* x has develop$
 into a confirmation1 he gets tru?4 ,k  
may be ei!r /age ( ! exp]i5ce (         
v]ification1 b tru? is conf9$ to ! lat]1
 confirmatory1 /age4  ,tru?1 !n1 is     
simply a matt] ( confirmation (         
pr$iction or ( fulfilm5t ( expectation4 
,an idea is made true by lead+ z x      
promis$4 ,& an idea is made false :5 x  
leads to refutation ( expectation4 ,!re 
seems to be no necessity "h = an        
absolute reality = ! ideas to con=m to1 
or 'correspond' to1 = tru? is a c]ta9   
k9d ( relation betwe5 ! ideas           
!mselves--! relation1 namely1 ( lead+ to
 fulfilm5t ( expectations4   ,,contra/  
,,betwe5 ,,james ,,& ,,dewey4  ,if1 n[1 
we wi% to br+ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 !   
acc\nt ( tru? :i* we h j exam9$ & !     

acc\nt t is giv5 by ,james1 we w f9d !  
di/9ction q evid5t4 ,tru?1 = ,dewey1 is 
t relation :i* arises :51 at an exp]i5ce
 ( fulfilm5t1 "o looks back to ! =m]    
exp]i5ce & ?9ks ( its lead+ z n[        
confirm$4 ,an idea is true1 !re=e1 :5 we
 c ref] back to x 9 ?is way & say1 ,t   
po9t+ l$ me to ?is exp]i5ce1 z x said x 
w\ld4 ,! po9t+1 by br++ a fulfilm5t1 is 
made true--at ?is po9t ( confirmation x 
becomes true4  ,s9ce a true idea is     
def9$1 !n1 z "o :i* leads z x promis$1 x
 is obvi\s t tru? w n be conc]n$ 9 any  
way ) incid5tal or accid5tal values :i* 
might be l$ to by ! idea4 ,x has no     
relation to :e!r ! goal is wor? :ile be+
 l$ to or n4 ,james speaks ( tru? z a   
lead+ t is wor? :ile4 ,= ,dewey ! goal  
may be valuable1 useless1 or ev5        
p]nici\s1--^! are entirely irrelevant to
 tru?1 :i* is det]m9$ solely by ! fact t
 ! idea leads z x promis$4  ,! exi/5ce (
 ?is di/9ction 0 po9t$ out1 aft] !      
appe>ance ( ,james' ,pragmatism1 by     
,dewey himself4#ad ,aft] a c>eful       

discussion ( "s o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce1 he
 says ( ?is matt] ( ! place ( ! value ( 
an idea 9 ref]5ce to its tru?3 ,we h !  
!ory t ideas z ideas are always work+   
hypo!ses conc]n+ atta9+ p>ticul>        
empirical results1 & are t5tative       
programs 7or sket*es ( me?od7 = atta9+  
!m4 ,if we /ick consi/5tly to ?is notion
 ( ideas1 only consequ5ces :i* are      
actually produc$ by ! work+ ( ! idea 9  
coop]ation )1 or application to1 prior  
realities are good consequ5ces 9 !      
specific s5se ( good :i* is relevant to 
e/abli%+ ! tru? ( an idea4 ,?is is1 at  
times1 unequivocally recogniz$ by ,mr4  
,james4444 ,b at o!r times any good t   
fl[s f acceptance ( a belief is treat$ z
 if x 7 an evid5ce1 9 s f>1 ( ! tru? ( !
 idea4 ,?is holds p>ticul>ly :5         
!ological notions are "u consid]ation4  
,light w\ld be ?r[n ^u h[ ,mr4 ,james   
conceives ?is matt] by /atem5ts f him on
 su* po9ts z ^!3 ,if ideas t]m9ate 9    
good consequ5ces1 b yet ! goodness ( !  
consequ5ce 0 no "p ( ! int5tion ( !     

idea1 does ! goodness h any v]ify+ =ce8 
,if ! goodness ( consequ5ces arises f ! 
context ( ! idea r ?an f ! idea itself1 
does x h any v]ify+ =ce8 ,if an idea    
leads to consequ5ces :i* are good 9 ! "o
 respect only ( fulfill+ ! int5t ( !    
idea1 7z :5 "o dr9ks a liquid to te/ !  
idea t x is a poison71 does ! badness ( 
! consequ5ces 9 e o!r respect detract f 
! v]ify+ =ce ( ^! consequ5ces8     #ad  
,:at ,does ,pragmatism ,mean by         
,practical81         ,j\rnal (          
,philosophy1 etc41 #aijh1 v4 #e1 p4 #he4
  ,s9ce ,mr4 ,james has ref]r$ to me z  
say+ 'tru? is :at gives satisfaction'   
7p4 #bcd71 ,i may rem>k 444 t ,i nev]   
id5tifi$ any satisfaction ) ! tru? ( an 
idea1 save t satisfaction :i* arises :5 
! idea z work+ hypo!sis or t5tative     
me?od is appli$ to prior exi/5ces 9 su* 
a way z to fulfil :at x int5ds4444  ,:5 
he says 444 ( ! idea ( an absolute1 's  
f> z x af=ds su* com=t x surely is n    
/]ile1 x has t am\nt ( value2 x p]=ms a 
concrete function4 ,z a good pragmati/  

,i ought to call ! absolute true 9 s f> 
=? !n2 & ,i unhesitat+ly n[ d s'1 !     
doctr9e seems to be unambigu\s3 t any   
good1 consequ5t ^u acceptance ( belief1 
is1 9 s f> =?1 a w>rant = tru?4 ,( c\rse
 ,mr4 ,james holds t ?is '9 s f>' goes a
 v small way4444 ,b ev5 ! slighte/      
concession1 is1 ,i ?9k1 non-pragmatic   
unless ! satisfaction is relevant to !  
idea z int5t4 ,n[ ! satisfaction 9 "q   
comes n f ! idea z idea1 b f its        
acceptance z true4 ,c a satisfaction    
dep5d5t ^u an assumption t an idea is   
already true be relevant to te/+ ! tru? 
( an idea8 ,& c an idea1 l t ( !        
absolute1 :i*1 if true1 'absolutely'    
precludes any appeal to consequ5ces z   
te/ ( tru?1 be confirm$ by use ( !      
pragmatic te/ )\t %e]                   
self-contradiction8#ae ,an explicit     
/atem5t z to :e!r ! c>ry+ function1 !   
l9k+ ( ?+s1 is satisfactory & prosp]\s &
 h5ce true 9 s f> z x executes ! int5t (
 ! idea2 or :e!r ! satisfaction &       
prosp]ity reside 9 ! mat]ial consequ5ces

 on _! own acc\nt & 9 t aspect make !   
idea true1 w\ld1 ,i am sure1 locate !   
po9t at issue & economize & fructify    
future discussion4 ,at pres5t pragmatism
 is accept$ by ^? ^: own notions are    
?or\ghly rationali/ic 9 make-up z a     
means ( refurbi%+1 galvaniz+1 & ju/ify+ 
^? v notions4 ,x is reject$ by          
non-rationali/s 7empirici/s &           
naturali/ic ideali/s7 because x seems to
 !m id5tifi$ ) ! notion t pragmatism    
holds t ! desirability ( c]ta9 beliefs  
ov]rides ! "q ( ! mean+ ( ! idea involv$
 9 !m & ! exi/5ce ( objects d5ot$ by !m4
 ,o!rs 7l myself7 :o believe ?or\ghly 9 
pragmatism z a me?od ( ori5tation z     
def9$ by ,mr4 ,james1 & :o w\ld apply ! 
me?od to ! det]m9ation ( ! mean+ (      
objects1 ! int5t & wor? ( ideas z ideas1
 & to ! human & moral value ( beliefs1  
:5 ^! problems are c>efully di/+ui%$ f  
"o ano!r1 d n "k :e!r !y are pragmati/s 
or n1 because !y are n sure :e!r !      
'practical'1 9 ! s5se ( ! desirable     
facts :i* def9e ! wor? ( a belief1 is   

confus$ ) ! practical z an attitude     
impos$ by objects1 & ) ! practical z a  
p[] & function ( idea to effect *anges 9
 prior exi/5ces4 ,h5ce ! importance (   
kn[+ :at pragmatism means by            
practical4444     #ae ,! la/ f\r s5t5ces
 appe> 9 a footnote4  ,i w\ld d ,mr4    
,james an inju/ice1 h[ev]1 to /op "h4 ,8
 real doctr9e1 ,i ?9k1 is t a belief is 
true :5 x satisfies bo? ! p]sonal ne$s &
 ! requirem5ts ( objective ?+s4 ,speak+ 
( pragmatism1 he says1 ',h] only te/ (  
probable tru? is :at works be/ 9 ! way (
 lead+ u1 :at fits e "p ( life be/ &    
comb9es ) ! collectivity ( exp]i5ce's   
dem&s1 no?+ be+ omitt$'4 ,& aga91 ',t   
new idea is true/ :i* p]=ms mo/         
felicit\sly its function ( satisfy+ our 
d\ble urg5cy'4 7p4 #fd74 ,x does n appe>
 c]ta9 f ! context t ?is 'd\ble urg5cy' 
is t ( ! p]sonal & ! objective dem&s1 b 
x is probable4444 ,on ?is basis1 ! '9 s 
f> =?' ( ! tru? ( ! absolute because ( !
 com=t x supplies1 means t "o ( ! two   
conditions :i* ne$ to be satisfi$ has   

be5 met1 s t if ! absolute met ! o!r "o 
also x w\ld be q true4 ,i h no d\bt t   
?is is ,mr4 ,james' mean+1 & x          
suffici5tly safegu>ds him f *>ges t     
pragmatism means t any?+ t is agreeable 
is true4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i d n ?9k1 9   
logical /rictness1 t satisfy+ "o ( two  
te/s1 :5 satisfaction ( bo? is requir$1 
c be said to con/itute a belief true ev5
 '9 s f> =?'4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4         
,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4   ,writ+ z a 
sci5ti/ & publi%+ 8 "w 9 a sci5tific    
j\rnal1 ,peirce propos$ 9 #ahgh a new   
me?od = mak+ our ideas cle>4 ,he 0      
attempt+ a description ( ! logic ( !    
sci5ces4 ,he believ$ himself to be %[+  
h[ ! greate/ ( our mod]n ?9k]s d make   
cle> to !mselves _! ideas ( ! objects ) 
:i* !y "w4 ,! mean+ ( any?+1 said       
,peirce1 consi/s 9 ! actual or possible 
effects :i* x might produce4 ,our idea (
 ! ?+ is cle> :5 we h 9 m9d ^! s5sible  
effects4 ,?is !ory ( cle>ness he call$  
pragmatism4  ,no "o1 x seems1 paid any  
especial att5tion to ?is !ory at ! "t4  

,b tw5ty ye>s lat] ,james br\ght !      
subject to ! =efront ( discussion by    
expla9+ x anew 9 8 exceptionally lucid  
way & by mak+ a p>ticul> application ( x
 to religion4 ,b = ,james ! me?od =     
cle>ness v soon grew into a new !ory (  
tru?1 & 9 ?is way1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! 
me?od _h be5 propos$ by a sci5ti/ z a   
description ( ! proc$ure ( sci5ce1 he   
seems to h lo/ = x ! support ( sci5ce4  
,! reason = ?is outcome 0 8 introduction
 ( value z a crit]ion = tru?4 ,?is1     
,james recognizes1 0 c\nt] to all !     
sci5tific ideals ( _m ( ! work]s 9      
sci5ce1 = ! ess5ce ( _! proc$ure1 z !y  
saw x1 0 to put all desire z to outcomes
 beh9d !m & to try to f9d out h[ ?+s    
actually prove or te/ out to be1 q ap>t 
f h[ we w\ld l !m to be4 ,to introduce !
 g5]al value ( an outcome1 !n1 z a      
crit]ion = tru?1 seems to de/roy :at !  
sci5ti/ _h be5 ?9k+ ( z 'pure rese>*'1 &
 to involve control by an outside       
influ5ce t w\ld det]m9e :i* ?+s are or  
are n valuable & wor? inve/igat+4 ,x 0  

suffici5tly well kn[n to ! sci5ti/ t mo/
 ( ! greate/ sci5tific discov]ies 7 made
 by m5 :o _h no appreciation or int]e/ 9
 ! g5]al utility ( ! outcome1 & ^:      
results 7 appli$ only mu* lat] &1 z x 71
 by accid5t4 ,to say1 !n1 t ! tru? ( an 
idea 0 influ5c$ by its g5]al value 0 to 
run af\l ( all ! sorely s5sitive ideals 
:i* ! sci5ti/ _h acquir$ 9 8 rec5t      
conte/ ) ! dom9ation ( ! *ur*4 ,x is    
h>dly to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t !       
int]pretation ( pragmatism giv5 by      
,james 0 n popul> ) p]sons ( a sci5tific
 temp]am5t4  ,fur!r1 if ! value or      
desirability ( an idea has an influ5ce  
^u its tru?1 !n tru? w v>y f p]son to   
p]son1 = desirability v>ies ) ! ta/e ( !
 p]son conc]n$4 ,peirce _h w>n$ aga9/   
individual /&>ds ( tru? 9 8 discussion (
 ! ,me?ods ( ,fix+ ,belief4 ,! sci5tific
 conception1 z x _h diff]5tiat$ itself f
 o!r conceptions ( tru?1 _h attempt$ to 
secure a k9d ( tru? n det]m9$ by :at we 
w\ld l or by :at c be made to seem      
desirable by oratory or by :at c be made

 to w9 out ov] o!r op9ions by skill 9   
debate1 b by "s crit]ion q ap>t f desire
 & op9ion4 ,peirce _h attempt$ su* a    
crit]ion 9 8 po/ulate ( an un*ang+      
et]nal reality4 ,in/ead1 t is1 (        
consult+ ) ea* o!r1 ( debat+ ) ea* o!r  
to f9d ! tru?1 we ought to consult ?is  
reality4 ,9 o!r words1 to und]take      
sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,su* _h be5         
,peirce's description ( ! sci5tific &   
mod]n me?od ( atta9+ tru? z contra/$1 z 
he says1 ) t ( ! m$ievali/s4  ,n[ !     
difficulty 9 ,peirce's me?od1 z we h    
se51 0 t ?is po/ulate ( an ext]nal      
reality unaffect$ by our op9ions w\ld n 
endure ! te/ = cle>ness4 ,e object1 says
 ,peirce1 r$uces to ! sum ( its effects4
 ,! only effect ( real ?+s1 he says     
aga91 is to produce belief4 ,f ^! two   
propositions x w\ld seem to foll[ t     
reality is a sum ( beliefs4 ,b ?is1 (   
c\rse1 elim9ates any un*ang+ reality    
indep5d5t ( our op9ions ab\t x4  ,we saw
 fur!r t ,peirce def9$ bo? belief &     
mean+ z habit & made no di/9ction betwe5

 !m4 ,n[ z belief & mean+ are obvi\sly n
 ! same1 we are 9 ne$ ( new def9itions =
 ^! t]ms4  ,at ?is po9t we turn$ to !   
int]pretation ( ,dewey4 ,= ,dewey !     
di/9ction w\ld seem to be t :ile mean+  
may well be def9$ z habit1 belief is to 
be def9$ z expectation4 ,if we believe 9
 any?+1 ?is means t we expect c]ta9     
results f x4 ,to believe is to suppose t
 if we 7 to come into relation ) ! ?+ we
 w\ld f9d c]ta9 effects to come ab\t4   
,f ?is conception ! ,deweyan !ory ( tru?
 w\ld seem to foll[ imm$iately4 ,if     
belief means a sum ( expectations1 !    
tru? ( a belief w\ld mean ! v]ification 
( ^! expectations4 ,a true belief simply
 means "o t fulfils expectations4  ,!   
,deweyan developm5t ( ! pragmatic me?od 
is obvi\sly v mu* m 9 h>mony ) !        
proc$ure ( sci5ce ?an t ( ,james4 ,james
 seems to h 'left ! track' 9 8          
int]pretation ( ! pragmatic me?od :5 he 
relat$ tru? to ! pr$om9antly valuable4  
,tru? we h f\nd to h no necess>y or     
inv>iable connection ) g5]al value1 = _m

 ideas w\ld be ackn[l$g$ to be p]fectly 
true :ile at ! same "t be+ ei!r useless 
or h>mful4 ,= ,dewey ?is matt] ( value  
has no place 9 relation to ! te/ ( !    
tru? ( an idea1 = its tru? means no?+ m 
?an its ability to lead z x promises4   
,we seem1 !n1 x may be said 9           
conclusion1 to be confront$ ) some?+ l !
 foll[+ alt]natives3  ,if we believe t  
,dewey c\ld n h made a correct d$uction 
f ! pragmatic me?od :5 he develop$ x    
into a !ory ( tru? mak+ tru? dep5d5t ^u 
fulfill$ expectations alone1 !n v       
obvi\sly ! next /ep 9 ?is inve/igation  
is to f9d ! po9t at :i* 8 inf]5ce w5t   
wrong4 ,?is means a re-exam9ation ( ea* 
/ep 9 8 reason+4  ,if we believe t      
,dewey does make a correct d$uction f ! 
pragmatic me?od 9 ?is developm5t t[>d   
tru?1 !n we are confront$ ) ! alt]native
 ( ei!r accept+ ! ,deweyan !ory ( tru?  
or ( reject+ ! ,peircian !ory (         
cle>ness4 ,t is1 if we beg9 ) ,peirce on
 me?od1 we mu/ !n g cle> ?r\gh to ,dewey
 on tru?4 ,& if we reject ,dewey1 :ile  

believ+ t ,peirce gave a correct        
description ( ! me?od ( sci5ce1 !n x    
seems t we mu/ conclude t ! me?od (     
sci5ce & ! me?od ( philosophy are n !   
same4     ,,bibliography   ,,! ,,works  
,,( ,,*>les ,,s&]s ,,peirce  #ahfe4 ,on 
an improvem5t ( ,boole's calculus (     
logic4 ,proc4 ,am4 ,acad4               
,arts & ,sci41 v4 #g1 p4 #bej4  #ahfg4  
,logical ,pap]s4  #ahfh4 ,que/ions      
conc]n+ c]ta9 faculties claim$ = man4   
,j\r4           ,spec4 ,phil4 #b3ajc4   
,nom9alism & realism4 ,j\r4 ,spec4      
,phil4 #b3eg4        ,on ! mean+ (      
'det]m9$'4 ,j\r4 ,spec4 ,phil4 #b3aij4  
,"s consequ5ces ( f\r incapacities4     
,j\r4 ,spec4 ,phil4 #b3adj4             
,gr\nds = ! validity ( ! laws ( logic4  
,j\r4 ,spec4           ,phil4 #b3aic4   
#ahga4 ,review & discussion ( ,fras]'s  
,works ( ,b]keley4 ,no4 ,am4            
,rev4 #aac3ddi4  #ahgh4 ,illu/rations ( 
! logic ( sci5ce4         ,i--,!        
fixation ( belief4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4     
#ab3a4         ,,ii--,h[ to make our    

ideas cle>4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ab3bhf4   
,,iii--,! doctr9e ( *ances4 ,pop4 ,sci4 
,mo4 #ab3fjd4         ,,iv--,!          
probability ( induction4 ,pop4 ,sci4    
,mo4 #ab3gje4  #ahgi4 ,illu/rations ( ! 
logic ( sci5ce4         ,v--,! ord] (   
nature4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ac3bjc4       
,,vi--,d$uction1 induction1 & hypo!sis4 
,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ac3dgj4        ,la    
logique de la sci5ce4 ,rev4 ,philos4    
#f3eec1 #g3ci4  #ahhj4 ,on ! algebra (  
logic4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,ma?4 #c3ae4 ,also1   
,rev4           ,philos4 #ab3fdf4       
#ahhc4 7,editor7 ,/udies 9 ,logic4      
#ahhd4 ,num]ical measure ( success (    
pr$ictions4 ,sci5ce #d3dec4        ,old 
/one mill at ,newport4 ,sci5ce #d3eab4  
#ahhh4 ,logical ma*9es4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,psy4
 #a3afe4  #ahij4 ,! ar*itecture (       
!ories4 ,moni/ #a3afa4  #ahia4 ,!       
doctr9e ( necessity exam9$4 ,moni/      
#b3cba4        ,! law ( m9d4 ,moni/     
#b3ecc4  #ahib4 ,man's glassy ess5ce4   
,moni/ #c3a4        ,evolution>y love4  
,moni/ #c3agf4        ,reply to !       

necessit>ians4 ,moni/ #c3ebf4  #ahif4 ,!
 reg5]at$ logic4 ,moni/ #g3ai4        ,!
 logic ( relatives4 ,moni/ #g3afa4      
#aijj4 ,inf9itesimals4 ,sci5ce #aa3dcj4 
,dec5nial celebration ( ,cl>k           
,univ]sity4 ,sci5ce #aa3fbj4            
,c5tury's great m5 ( sci5ce4 ,smi?sonian
 ,in/itute ,reports1           #aijj1 p4
 #fgc4        ,annotations on ! fir/    
?ree *apt]s ( ,pe>son's ,gramm> (       
,sci5ce4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #eh3bif4      
#aija4 ,campanus4 ,sci5ce #ac3hji4      
#aije4 ,:at pragmatism is4 ,moni/       
#ae3afa4        ,! issues (             
pragmaticism4 ,moni/ #ae3dha4  #aijf4   
,mr4 ,pet]son's propos$ discussion4     
,moni/ #af3adg4        ,prolegom5a to an
 apology = pragmaticism4 ,moni/ #af3dib4
  #aijh4 ,"s amaz+ mazes4 ,moni/        
#ah3bbg1 #daf1 #ai3cf4        ,a        
neglect$ argum5t = ! reality ( ,god4    
,hib4 ,j\r4 #g3ij4  #aiaj4 ,on          
non-,ari/otelian logic4 ,moni/ #bj3aeh4 
,,! ,,works ,,( ,,william ,,james  ,a   
,li/ ( ! ,publi%$ ,writ+s ( ,william    

,james w be f\nd 9 ! ,psy*ological      
,review = ,m>* #aiaa1 v4 #ah1 p4 #aeg4  
,,! ,,works ,,( ,,john ,,dewey  ,on     
,logic & ,metaphysics3  #ahhb4 ,!       
metaphysical assumptions ( mat]ialism4  
,j\r4 ,spec4           ,phil4 #af3bjh4  
,! pan!ism ( ,sp9oza4 ,j\r4 ,spec4      
,phil4 #af3bdi4  #ahhc4 ,k & !          
relativity ( feel+4 ,j\r4 ,spec4 ,phil4 
#ag3ef4  #ahhd4 ,kant & philosophic     
me?od4 ,j\r4 ,spec4 ,phil4 #ah3afb4     
#ahhf4 ,! psy*ological /&po9t4 ,m9d     
#aa3a4        ,psy*ology z philosophic  
me?od4 ,m9d #aa3aec4  #ahhg4 ,illusory  
psy*ology4 ,m9d #ab3hc4        ,k z     
idealization4 ,m9d #ab3chb4  #ahhh4     
,leibniz's ,new ,essays ,conc]n+ ,human 
,und]/&+4  #ahij4 ,on "s curr5t         
conceptions ( ! t]m 'self'4 ,m9d #ae3eh4
  #ahia4 ,! pres5t position ( logical   
!ory4 ,moni/ #b3a4  #ahib4 ,! sup]/ition
 ( necessity4 ,moni/ #c3cfb4  #ahid4 ,! 
ego z cause4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #c3ccg4       
#ahie4 ,int]e/ z ,relat$ ,to ,w4  #aijj4
 ,"s /ages ( logical ?\ght4 ,phil4 ,rev4

 #i3dfe4  #aijc4 ,logical ,conditions ( 
a ,sci5tific ,treatm5t ( ,morality4     
7,& o!rs7 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory4     
#aijd4 ,notes ^u logical topics4        
,i--,a classification ( contempor>y     
t5d5cies4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #a3eg4           
,,ii--,! mean+ ( ! t]m idea4 ,j\r4      
,phil4 #a3age4  #aije4 ,imm$iate        
empiricism4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #b3eig4        
,! k exp]i5ce & its relation%ips4 ,j\r4 
,phil4 #b3feb4        ,! k exp]i5ce     
aga94 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #b3gjg4        ,!    
po/ulate ( imm$iate empiricism4 ,j\r4   
,phil4 #b3cic4        ,! realism (      
pragmatism4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #b3cbd4  #aijf4
 ,reality z exp]i5ce4 ,j\r4 ,phil4      
#c3bec4        ,! t]ms 'consci\s' &     
'consci\sness'4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #c3ci4     
,beliefs & realities4 ,phil4 ,rev4      
#ae3aac4        ,exp]i5ce & objective   
idealism4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #ae3dfe4         
,! exp]im5tal !ory ( k4 ,m9d #ae3bic4   
#aijg4 ,! control ( ideas by facts4     
,j\r4 ,phil4 #d3aig1 #bec1 #cji4        
,pure exp]i5ce & reality3 a disclaim]4  

,phil4 ,rev4 #af3dai4        ,reality & 
! crit]ion = tru? ( ideas4 ,m9d #ae3cag4
  #aijh4 ,:at does pragmatism mean by   
practical8 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #e3he4          
,logical "* ( ideas4 ,j\r4 ,phil4       
#e3cge4  #aiji4 ,objects1 data1 &       
exi/5ce3 ,reply to ,pr(essor            
,mc,gilvary4           ,j\r4 ,phil4     
#f3ac4        ,dilemma ( !              
intellectuali/ic !ory ( tru?4 ,j\r4     
,phil4 #f3dcc4        ,d>w9's influ5ce  
on philosophy4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ge3ij4 
#aiaj4 ,"s implications (               
anti-intellectualism4 ,j\r4 ,phil4      
#g3dgg4        ,%ort cuts to realism    
exam9$4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #g3eec4            
,valid k & ! subjectivity ( exp]i5ce4   
,j\r4           ,phil4 #g3afi4          
,sci5ce z subject-matt] & z me?od4      
,sci5ce n4 s4 #ca3aba4        ,h[ ,we   
,?9k4        ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on       
,philosophy1 & ,o!r ,essays4  #aiaa4    
,rejo9d] to ,dr4 ,spauld+4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 
#h3gg4        ,brief /udies 9 realism4  
,j\r4 ,phil4 #h3cic1 #edf4        ,jo9t 

discussion ) ,dr4 ,spauld+4 ,j\r4 ,phil4
 #h3egd4  #aiab4 ,reply to ,pr(essor    
,mc,gilvary's que/ions4 ,j\r4 ,phil4    
#i3ai4        ,9 response to ,pr(essor  
,mc,gilvary4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #i3edd4       
,p]ception & organic action4 ,j\r4      
,phil4 #i3fde4        ,reply to         
,pr(essor ,royce's critique (           
in/rum5talism4 ,phil4           ,rev4   
#ba3fi4   ,on ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1       
,education1 etc43  #ahij4 ,moral !ory & 
practice4 ,int4 ,j\r4 ,e?ics #a3ahf4    
#ahia4 ,psy*ology4        ,outl9e ( a   
,critical ,!ory ( ,e?ics4  #ahib4       
,gre5's !ory ( ! moral motive4 ,phil4   
,rev4 #a3eic4  #ahic4 ,tea*+ e?ics 9    
high s*ool4 ,ed4 ,rev4 #f3cac4          
,self-realization z ! moral ideal4      
,phil4 ,rev4 #b3feb4  #ahid4 ,!         
psy*ology ( infant language4 ,psy4 ,rev4
 #a3fc4        ,! !ory ( emotion4       
,i--,emotional attitudes4 ,psy4 ,rev4   
#a3eec4  #ahie4 ,! !ory ( emotion4      
,,ii--,! significance ( ! emotions4     
,psy4 ,rev4 #b3ac4  #ahif4 ,!           

metaphysical me?od 9 e?ics4 ,psy4 ,rev4 
#c3aha        ,! reflex arc concept 9   
psy*ology4 ,psy4 ,rev4 #c3ceg4          
,influ5ce ( ! high s*ool ^u educational 
me?ods4           ,ed4 ,rev4 #d3a4      
#ahig4 ,! psy*ology ( ef=t4 ,phil4 ,rev4
 #f3dc4        7,& ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,lellan7  
,psy*ology ( ,numb] & its ,application  
to           ,me?ods ( ,tea*+           
,ari?metic4        ,evolution & e?ics4  
,moni/ #h3cba4        ,psy*ological     
aspects ( s*ool curriculums4 ,ed4 ,rev4 
#ac3cef4  #ahih4 ,"s rem>ks on !        
psy*ology ( numb]4 ,p$4 ,sem4 #e3dbf4   
,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris's ,psy*ological          
,f\ndation ( ,education4 ,ed4 ,rev4     
#af3a4        ,social int]pretations4   
,phil4 ,rev4 #g3fca4  #aijj4 ,psy*ology 
& social practice4 ,psy4 ,rev4 #g3aje4  
#aija4 ,psy*ology & ,social ,practice4  
,are ! s*ools do+ :at ! p want !m to d8 
,ed4           ,rev4 #ba3dei4        ,! 
situation z reg>ds ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,ed4 
,rev4 #bb3bf4  #aijb4 ,! evolution>y    
me?od z appli$ to morality4             

,i--,its sci5tific necessity4 ,phil4    
,rev4 #aa3ajg4         ,,ii--,its       
significance = conduct4 ,phil4 ,rev4    
#aa3cec4        ,int]pretation ( !      
savage m9d4 ,psy4 ,rev4 #i3bag4         
,academic fre$om4 ,ed4 ,rev4 #bc3a4     
,problems 9 second>y education4 ,s*4    
,rev4 #ai3ac4        ,syllabus ( c\rses4
 ,el4 ,s*4 #gc3bjj4        ,! s*ool z a 
social c5t]4 ,el4 ,s*4 #gc3efc4  #aijc4 
,em]son3 ,! philosoph] ( democracy4     
,int4 ,j\r4 ,e?ics #ac3dje4             
,%ort5+ ! ye>s ( elem5t>y s*ool+4 ,s*4  
,rev4 #aa3ag4        ,! psy*ological & !
 logical 9 tea*+ geometry4 ,ed4         
,rev4 #be3chf4  #aijd4 ,! philosophical 
"w ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,phil4 ,rev4        
#ac3aei4  #aijf4 ,culture & indu/ry 9   
education4 ,ed4 ,bi-,mon?ly #a3a4       
,! ,educational ,situation4  #aijg4 ,!  
life ( reason4 ,ed4 ,rev4 #cd3aaf4      
#aijh4 7,& ,tufts7 ,e?ics4              
,religion & our s*ools4 ,hib4 ,j\r4     
#f3gif4  #aiji4 ,is nature good8 ,hib4  
,j\r4 #g3hbg4        ,moral ,pr9ciples 9

 ,education4  #aiaj4 ,h[ ,we ,?9k4      
,william ,james4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #g3eje4   
#aiaa4 ,is co$ucation injuri\s to girls8
 ,ladies ,home ,j\r4 #bh3bb4            
,maet]l9ck's philosophy ( life4 ,hib4   
,j\r4 #i3gfe4  #aiac4 ,int]e/ & ,ef=t 9 
,education4        ,an undemocratic     
proposal4 ,vocational ,ed4 #b3cgd4      
,indu/rial education & democracy4       
,survey #bi3hgj4  #aiad4 ,report on !   
,fairhope exp]im5t 9 organic education4 
,survey #cb3aii4        ,national policy
 ( indu/rial education4 ,new ,republic1 
v4 ,i4        ,nature & reason 9 law4   
,int4 ,j\r4 ,e?4 #be3be4   ,,works ,,on 
,,tru?  7,see also ! li/ "u             
',pragmatism'74  #afbd4 ,h]b]t de       
,cl]bury1 ,e4--,de ,v]itate ,pr\t       
,di/+uitur a           ,revelatione1 a  
,possibiliti et a ,falso4  #afgd4       
,malbran*e1 ,n4--,de la ,re*]*e de la   
,v]ite4  #afij4 ,locke1 ,j4--,essay     
,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+4  #aghj4     
,beattie1 ,james4--,an ,essay on !      
,nature & ,immutability ( ,tru?4  #agha4

 ,kant1 ,im4--,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 
#ahjj4 ,kant1 ,im4--,logik4  #ahaa4     
,fries1 ,j4--,sy/em d] ,logik1 p4 #ddh  
ff4  #ahag4 ,hegel1 ,f4--,encyclopa$ie4 
,sec4 #ba4  #ahbf4 ,hume1 ,d4--,treatise
 on ,human ,nature4 iv1 sec4 #b4  #ahdj4
 ,ab]combie1 ,j4--,an ,inquiry ,conc]n+ 
! ,intellectual ,p[]s &           !     
,inve/igation ( ,tru?4  #ahdb4 ,?omson1 
,w4--,outl9es ( ! ,necess>y ,laws (     
,?\ght4  #ahed4 ,bailey1 ,s4--,essays on
 ! ,pursuit ( ,tru?4  #ahfb4 ,tib]ghi51 
,g4--,logique4 v4 #b1 pp4 #cbb-cee4     
#ahff4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,wm4--,logic4    
,lectures #bh-ca4  #ahge4 ,=/]1         
,w4--,wahrheit und ,wahrs*le9li*keit4   
#ahgg4 ,jevons1 ,w4 ,s4--,! ,pr9ciples (
 ,sci5ce4 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cgd-cif4       
#ahgh4 ,s*uppe1 ,w4--,logik4 v4 #a1 pp4 
#fbb-fif4  #ahhj4 ,wundt1 ,w4--,logik4  
#ahhb4 ,b]gmann1 ,j4--,die              
,grundprobleme d] ,logik4 p4 #if;ff4    
#ahhd4 ,s*ulb]t-,sold]n1 ,r4            
von4--,grundlag5 e9] ,erk5ntnis/heorie4 
p4 #aef;ff4  #ahhe4 ,royce1 ,j4--,!     

,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy4  #ahhi4
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,/eph51 ,l4--,on "s k9ds ( necess>y     
tru?4 ,m9d #ad3ej1 #ahh4  #ahij4 ,c>us1 
,paul--,! crit]ion ( tru?4 ,moni/       
#a3bbi4  #ahib4 ,rick]t1 ,h4--,d]       
,geg5/& d] ,erk5ntniss4 ,freib4 pp4     
#fc-fd4  #ahic4 ,bradley1 ,f4           
,h4--,appe>ance & ,reality4 ,*apt]s #af1
 #bd4        ,c\s91 ,victor--,lectures  
on ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good4    
,soy51 ,%akn--,univ]sality ( tru?4      
,moni/ #d3afa4        ,mill]1 ,d4       
,s4--,! mean+ ( tru? & error4 ,phil4    
,rev4 #b3djh4        ,smi?1             
,w4--,c]titude4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #b3ffe4    
#ahid4 ,gordy1 ,j4 ,p4--,! te/ ( belief4
 ,phil4 ,rev4 #c3beg4  #ahie4 ,j]usalem1
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        ,bosanquet1 ,b4--,ess5tials (   
,logic4 pp4 #fi-gi4        ,sigw>t1     
,c4--,logic4 v4 #a1 pp4 #bie-cbf4       
#ahif4 ,hodd]1 ,a4--,tru? & ! te/s (    
tru?4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #e3a4        ,wundt1 
,w4--,ueb] naiv5 und kritis*5           

,realismus4 ,phil4           ,/udi5     
#ab3ccb4  #ahig4 ,bro*>d1 ,victor--,de  
,l',erreur4        ,jordan1 ,d4 ,s4--,! 
/ability ( tru?4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4       
#d3fdb1 #gdi4        ,/ruempell1        
,ludw4--,unt]*i$e d] ,wahrheit5 und     
irrtuem]4 p4 #eh4  #ahih4 ,baillie1 ,j4 
,b4--,tru? & hi/ory4 ,m9d #g3ejf4       
,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w4--,tru? & ,error4  #ahii4
 ,eisl]1 ,w4--,wo]t]bu* d] philosophis*5
 ,begriffe4  #aijj4 ,sidgwick1          
,h4--,crit]ia ( tru? & error4 ,m9d #i3h4
  #aija4 ,creighton1 ,j4                
,e4--,me?odology & tru?4 ,phil4 ,rev4   
#aj3djh4        ,fr5*1 ,f4 ,c4--,!      
doctr9e ( ! tw(old tru?4 ,phil4         
,rev4 #aj3dgg4        ,royce1 ,j4--,!   
,_w & ! ,individual4        ,smy?1      
,j4--,tru? & ,reality4  #aijb4 ,baldw91 
,j4 ,m4--,developm5t & ,evolution4      
,*apt] #ag4        ,prit*ett1 ,h4       
,s4--,:at is tru?8 ,outlook #gj3fbj4    
#aijc4 ,duprat1 ,guillaume ,l4--,le     
,mesonge4 ,etude de psy*o-sociologie    
pa?ologique et normale4        ,pilate's

 ,:at is tru?4 ,ca?olic ,_w #gg3gje4    
#aijd4 ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h4--,on tru? &    
practice4 ,m9d #ac3cji4                 
,glas5app1 ,g4 v4--,d] ,w]t d]          
,wahrheit4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,philos4 u4      
phil4 ,kr4 #abc3ahf1 #abd3be4           
,rog]s1 ,a4 ,k4--,james on humanism &   
tru?4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #a3fic4  #aije4      
,alex&]1 ,h4 ,b4--,ph5om5alism & !      
problem ( k4           ,j\r4 ,phil4     
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,b4--,quantity1 quality1 & ! function ( 
k4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #b3dei4        ,hyslop1 
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tru?'4           ,m9d #ad3bh4           
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complet5ess & ab/ract tru?4             
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,phil4 #b3ddi4        ,taylor1 ,a4      
,e4--,tru? & practice4 ,phil4 ,rev4     
#ad3bfe4  #aijf4 ,gore1                 
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,phil4 #c3edi4        ,taylor1 ,a4      
,e4--,tru? & consequ5ces4 ,m9d #ae3ha4  
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#aijh4 ,bakewell1 ,c4 ,m4--,on ! mean+ (
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crit]ion ( tru?4 ,phil4           ,rev4 
#ag3eib4        ,g>d9]1 ,h4 ,n4--,!     
problems ( tru?4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #ag3aac4  
,moore1 ,a4 ,w4--,tru? value4 ,j\r4     
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crit]ion ( ! absolute tru? (            

"s propositions4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #e3gja4   
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coh]5ce4 ,m9d #ah3cbb4        ,bradley1 
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#ah3dhi4        ,buckham1 ,j4           
,w4--,organization ( tru?4 ,int4 ,j\r4  
,e?4 #bj3fc4        ,c>ritt1 ,e4        
,f4--,tru? 9 art & religion4 ,hib4 ,j\r4
 #h3cfb4        ,knox1 ,h4 ,v4--,!      
evolution ( tru?4 ,qu>t]ly ,rev4 ,no4   
#dai4  #aiaj4 ,alex&]1 ,h4 ,b4--,tru? & 
nature4 ,moni/ #bj3ehe4        ,bood91  
,j4 ,e4--,! nature ( tru?4 ,phil4 ,rev4 
#ai3cie4        ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h4--,on  
appe>ance1 error1 & contradiction4      
,m9d #ai3aec4        ,jacobson1         
,edmund--,relational acc\nt ( tru?4     
,j\r4 ,phil4 #g3bec4        ,russell1   
,b4--,philosophical ,essays4 ,essays #e1
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!ory ( tru?4 ,moni/ #bj3dde4            
,tsan(f1 ,r4 ,a4--,pr(essor ,bood9 on ! 
nature ( tru?4 ,phil4           ,rev4   
#ai3fcb4        ,plea = ! half-tru?4    
,atlantic #aje3egf4        ,tru? z once 

= all deliv]$4 ,bib4 ,_w #ce3bai4       
#aiaa4 ,alex&]1 ,h4 ,b4--,goodness &    
beauty ( tru?4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #e3bi4      
,bood91 ,j4 ,e4--,! div9e five-fold     
tru?4 ,moni/ #ba3bhh4        ,bood91 ,j4
 ,e4--,! nature ( tru?3 a reply4 ,phil4 
,rev4 #bj3ei4        ,bood91 ,j4        
,e4--,tru? & ,reality4        ,bradley1 
,f4 ,f4--,on "s aspects ( tru?4 ,m9d    
#bj3cje4        ,c>us1 ,paul--,tru? on  
,trial4        ,mc,gilvary1 ,e4 ,b4--,! 
'fr+e' ( ,william ,james's psy*ology z  
! basis ( logic4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #bj3acg4  
,ro!r1 ,a4 ,j4--,c]titude4              
,royce1 ,j4--,william ,james1 & ,o!r    
,essays4        ,self-suffici5cy ( tru?4
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,e4 ,d4--,tru?'s 'orig9al object'4 ,m9d 
#ba3hi4        ,l>son1 ,c4 ,d4--,:at ,is
 ,tru?8        ,leuba1 ,j4              
,h4--,religion & ! discov]y ( tru?4     
,j\r4           ,phil4 #i3djf4          
,review ( ,jordan's ,/ability ( ,tru?4  
,int4 ,j\r4 ,e?4 #bc3ib4                
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erlaubt8 ,ar*iv4 f4 sy/em4              
,philos4 #ah3bda4  #aiac4 ,alex&]1      
,s4--,collective will+ & tru?4 ,m9d     
#bb3ad1 #afa4        ,g]\ld1 ,k4        
,f4--,b\nd>ie ( tru?4 ,atlantic         
#aab3ded4        ,lloyd1 ,a4            
,h4--,con=mity1 consi/5cy1 & tru?4 ,j\r4
           ,phil4 #aj3bha4              
,moore1 ,a4 ,w4--,! avi>y !ory ( tru? & 
error4 ,j\r4           ,phil4 #aj3edb4  
,wright1 ,w4 ,k4--,g5esis ( !           
categories4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #aj3fde4       
,wright1 ,h4 ,w4--,practical success z !
 crit]ion ( tru?4           ,phil4 ,rev4
 #bb3fjf4  #aiad4 ,b[man1 ,a4 ,a4--,!   
problem ( k f ! /&po9t (                
validity4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #bc3a1 #adf1     
#bii4        ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h4--,essays 
on ,tru? & ,reality4        ,broad1 ,c4 
,d4--,mr4 ,bradley on tru? & reality4   
,m9d #bc3cdi4        ,capron1 ,f4       
,h4--,anatomy ( ,tru?4        ,leighton1
 ,j4 ,a4--,tru?1 reality1 & relation4   
,phil4 ,rev4 #bc3ag4        ,ro!r1 ,a4  
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,a4--,tru? & work+4 ,m9d #bc3ii4        
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error4 ,m9d #bc3dhi4   ,,works ,,on     
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,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--',useless' k4 ,m9d
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,s4--,axioms ,z ,po/ulates4  #aijc4 ,k+1
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me?od4 ,phil4           ,rev4 #ab3eaa4  
,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,humanism3        
,philosophical ,essays4  #aijd4 ,bawd51 
,hea?--,:at is pragmatism8 ,j\r4 ,phil4 
#a3dba4        ,creighton1 ,j4          
,e4--,purpose z a logical category4     
,phil4 ,rev4 #ac3bhd4        ,leighton1 
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#a3adh4  #aije4 ,bode1 ,b4 ,h4--,pure   
exp]i5ce & ! ext]nal _w4 ,j\r4          
,phil4 #b3abh4        ,bode1 ,b4 ,h4--,!
 cognitive exp]i5ce & its object4 ,j\r4 
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 concept ( pure exp]i5ce4 ,phil4 ,rev4  
#ad3fhd4        ,ho]nle1 ,r4 ,f4        

,a4--,pragmatism v]sus absolutism4 ,m9d 
#ad3big1 #dda4        ,k+1              
,irv+--,pragmatic int]pretation ( !     
,*ri/ian dogma4           ,moni/        
#ae3bdh4        ,moore1 ,a4             
,w4--,pragmatism & its critics4 ,phil4  
,rev4 #ad3bhd4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4  
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'humanism'4 ,m9d #ad3bce4  #aijf4 ,bode1
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,russell1 ,j4 ,e4--,pragmatism's mean+ (
 tru?4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #c3eii4             
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epi/emology (           pragmatism &    
radical empiricism4 ,phil4 ,rev4        
#ae3djf4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4        
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( ,ox=d ,?\ght &           ,?9k]s f !   
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logic4 ,moni/       #af3dha4  #aijg4    
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on pragmatism4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #d3efg4     
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,mo4 #ga3cea4        ,p]ry1 ,r4 ,b4--,a 
review ( pragmatism z a philosophical   
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its v]ification4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #d3cbj4   
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#hd3dcf4        ,review ( ,pap9i's      

,tragico ,quotidiano4 ,nation #he3eba4  
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,ind4 #fc3fcj4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4  
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,phil4 #d3db4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4   
,s4--,cure ( d\bt4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #d3bce4 
,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,pragmatism v]sus 
skepticism4 ,j\r4           ,phil4      
#d3dhb4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4         
,s4--,/udies 9 ,humanism4               
,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,review ( ,james's
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,sell>s1 ,r4 ,w4--,dewey's view (       
agreem5t4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #d3dcb4          
,%orey1 ,p4--,equivocation ( pragmatism4
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,e4--,:at is pragmatism8 ,ind4 #fb3dbb4 
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,fi*te 9 its relation to                
pragmatism4 ,phil4 ,rev4 #af3dhh4       
,fasc9ation ( ! pragmatic me?od4 ,cur4  
,lit4 #dc3ahf4        ,a new philosophy4
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philosophy4 ,cur4 ,lit4 #db3feb4        
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,pragmatism1 a new philosophy4 ,ed4     
,rev4 #cd3bbg4        ,:]e pragmatism   
fails4 ,cur4 ,lit4 #df3dae4  #aijh4     
,arm/rong1 ,a4 ,c4--,evolution (        
pragmatism4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #e3fde4        
,bawd51 ,h4 ,h4--,new philosophy call$  
pragmatism4 ,pop4 ,sci4           ,mo4  
#gc3fa4        ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h4--,on ! 
ambiguity ( pragmatism4 ,m9d #ag3bbf4   
,burke1 ,j4 ,b4--,fa%ionable philosophy 
at ,ox=d & ,h>v>d4 ,liv4           ,age 
#beg3eei4        ,bu%1 ,w4              
,t4--,provisional & et]nal tru?4 ,j\r4  
,phil4 #e3aha4        ,c>us1            
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,heb]t1 ,m4--,le ,pragmatisme4 ,etude de
 ses ,div]se ,=mes4        ,hibb51 ,j4  
,b4--,! te/ ( pragmatism4 ,phil4 ,rev4  
#ag3cfe4        ,lovejoy1 ,a4           
,o4--,?irte5 pragmatisms4 ,j\r4 ,phil4  
#e3e1 #bi4        ,lovejoy1 ,a4         
,o4--,pragmatism & !ology4 ,am4 ,j\r4   
,!ol4 #ab3aaf4        ,mc,gilvary1 ,e4  

,b4--,briti% expon5ts ( pragmatism4     
,hib4           ,j\r4 #f3fcb4           
,mc,taggart1 ,j4 ,e4--,review ( ,james's
 ,pragmatism4 ,m9d #ag3ajd4             
,salt]1 ,w4 ,m4--,a4 new philosophy4    
,atlantic #aja3feg4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 
,c4 ,s4--,is ,mr4 ,bradley a pragmatism8
 ,m9d #ag3cgj4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4  
,s4--,briti% expon5ts ( pragmatism4     
,hib4           ,j\r4 #f3ijc4           
,s*9z1 ,a4--,dewey's pragmatism4 ,j\r4  
,phil4 #e3fag4        ,sidgwick1 ,a4--,!
 ambiguity ( pragmatism4 ,m9d #ag3cfh4  
,/rong1 ,a4 ,l4--,religi\s aspects (    
pragmatism4 ,am4 ,j\r4           ,!ol4  
#ab3bca4        ,/rong1 ,c4             
,a4--,pragmatism & its def9ition ( tru?4
 ,j\r4           ,phil4 #e3bef4         
,vialiti1 ,g4--,a pragmatic zoologi/4   
,moni/ #ah3adb4  #aiji4 ,agnew1 ,p4     
,g4--,:at is pragmatism8 ,=um #da3gj4   
,c>us1 ,paul--,a ,g]man critic (        
pragmatism4 ,moni/ #ai3acf4             
,c>us1 ,paul--,a po/script on           
pragmatism4 ,moni/ #ai3he4        ,c>us1

 ,paul--,pr(essor ,john ,hibb5 on '! te/
 ( pragmatism'4           ,moni/        
#ai3cai4        ,corrance1 ,h4          
,c4--,review ( ,heb]t's ,le             
,pragmatisme4 ,hib4           ,j\r4     
#g3bah4        ,cox1 ,j4 ,w4--,concepts 
( tru? & reality4 ,am4 ,ca?4 ,q4        
#cd3aci4        ,huiz+a1 ,a4 ,v4--,!    
,am]ican philosophy pragmatism4 ,bib4   
,sac4 #ff3gh4        ,kall51 ,h4        
,m4--,affiliations ( pragmatism4 ,j\r4  
,phil4 #f3fee4        ,kall51 ,h4       
,m4--,dr4 ,montague & ! pragmatic notion
 ( value4           ,j\r4 ,phil4 #f3edi4
        ,knox1 ,h4 ,v4--,pragmatism3 !  
evolution ( tru?4 ,qu>t]ly              
,rev4 #baj3cgi4        ,ladd1 ,g4       
,t4--,! confusion ( pragmatism4 ,hib4   
,j\r4 #g3ghd4        ,mc,gilvary1 ,e4   
,b4--,briti% expon5ts ( pragmatism 7,a  
rejo9d]74           ,hib4 ,j\r4 #g3ddc4 
,montague1 ,w4 ,p4--,! true1 ! good1 & !
 beautiful f a           pragmatic      
/&po9t4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #f3bcc4            
,montague1 ,w4 ,p4--,may a reali/ be a  

pragmati/8 ,j\r4           ,phil4       
#f3dfj1 #dhe1 #edc1 #eja4        ,moore1
 ,a4 ,w4--,anti-pragmatisme4 ,j\r4      
,phil4 #f3bia4        ,moore1 ,t4       
,v4--,pragmatism ( ,william ,james4     
,ca?olic ,_w #ij3cda4        ,moore1 ,a4
 ,w4--,pragmatism & solipsism4 ,j\r4    
,phil4 #f3cgh4        ,m1 ,p4 ,e4--,new 
/age ( pragmatism4 ,nation #hh3def4     
,murray1 ,d4 ,l4--,pragmatic realism4   
,m9d #ah3cgg4        ,pratt1 ,j4        
,b4--,:at ,is ,pragmatism8              
,pratt1 ,j4 ,b4--,:at is pragmatism8    
,am4 ,j\r4 ,!ol4 #ac3dgg4               
,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c ,s4--,humanism &        
intuition4 ,m9d #ah3abe4        ,s*ill]1
 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,logic z psy*ology4 ,m9d  
#ah3djj4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4        
,s4--,humanism1 intuitionism1 &         
objective           reality4 ,m9d       
#ah3egj4        ,s*9z1                  
,a4--,anti-pragmatisme4        ,s*9z1   
,a4--,r\sseau a =]unn] ( pragmatism4    
,moni/ #ai3dha4        ,s*9z1 ,a4--,a   
few words 9 reply to ,pr(essor ,moore's 

criticism           (                   
',anti-pragmatism'4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #f3dcd4
        ,%ackle=d1 ,t4 ,m4--,:at        
pragmatism is1 z ,i und]/& x4           
,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ge3ega4               
,taylor1 ,a4 ,e4--,review ( ,james's    
,plurali/ic ,univ]se4           ,m9d    
#ah3egf4        ,taus*1 ,edw9--,william 
,james ! pragmati/4 ,moni/ #ai3a4       
,orig9 ( pragmatism4 ,nation #hh3ceh4   
,philosophy 9 ! op54 ,bookman #bi3ffa4  
,pragmatism z a /rangl] ( lit]ature4    
,cur4 ,lit4 #df3fcg4  #aiaj4 ,bood91 ,j4
 ,e4--,pragmatic realism4 ,moni/        
#bj3fjb4        ,c>us1 ,paul--,pragmati/
 view ( tru?4 ,moni/ #bj3aci4           
,c>us1 ,paul--,tru?4 ,moni/ #bj3dha4    
,cockrell1 ,t4 ,d4 ,a4--,is pragmatism  
pragmatic8 ,dial #dh3dbb4        ,de    
,laguna1 ,t4--,dogmatism & ,evolution4  
,fite1 ,w4--,o',sullivan's ,old         
,criticism & ,new ,pragmatism4 ,j\r4    
,phil4 #g3dii4        ,gillespie1 ,c4   
,m4--,! tru? ( ,protagoras4 ,m9d        
#ai3dgj4        ,jacoby1 ,gun!r--,d]    

,pragmatismus4        ,kall51 ,h4       
,m4--,james1 ,b]gson1 & ,mr4 ,pitk94    
,j\r4           ,phil4 #g3cec4          
,lee1 ,v4--,two pragmatisms4 ,no4 ,am4  
#aib3ddi4        ,lloyd1 ,a4            
,h4--,possible idealism ( a plurali/4   
,am4 ,j\r4           ,!ol4 #ad3djf4     
,mac9to%1 ,d4 ,c4--,pragmatic elem5t 9 !
 tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,am4           ,j\r4    
,!ol4 #ac3cfa4        ,mc,giffert1 ,a4  
,c4--,! pragmatism ( ,kant4 ,j\r4 ,phil4
 #g3aig4        ,mill]1 ,d4 ,s4--,"s ( !
 t5d5cies ( ,pr(essor ,james's "w4      
,j\r4 ,phil4 #g3fde4        ,moore1 ,a4 
,w4--,pragmatism & ,its ,critics4       
,moore1 ,a4 ,w4--,h[ ideas "w4 ,j\r4    
,phil4 #g3fag4        ,o',sullivan1 ,j4 
,m4--,old ,criticism & ,new ,pragmatism4
        ,russell1 ,b4--,philosophical   
,essays4 ,*apt]s #d1 #f4        ,reviews
 ( ,james's ,mean+ ( ,tru?4 ,nation     
#ij3hh4 ,hib4 ,j\r4           #h3ijd4   
,ed4 ,rev4 #dj3bja4        ,russell1 ,j4
 ,e4--,review ( ,james's ,mean+ ( ,tru?4
 ,j\r4           ,phil4 #g3bb4          

,s*9z1 ,a4--,anti-pragmatism4           
,%ackel=d1 ,t4 ,m4--,:at is pragmatism8 
,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #gj3gh4        ,sidgwick1
 ,a4--,! ,application ( ,logic4         
,/et!im]1 ,e4--,r[l&'s ,"r ,to ,believe4
 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #g3ccj4        ,walk]1 ,l4
 ,j4--,!ory ( ,k3 ,absolutism1          
,pragmatism1 &           ,realism4      
#aiaa4 ,br[n1 ,h4 ,c4--,de ,laguna's    
,dogmatism & ,evolution4 ,j\r4          
,phil4 #h3eef4        ,cock]ell1 ,t4 ,d4
 ,a4--,reality & tru?4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 
#gh3cga4        ,ea/man1 ,max--,dewey's 
,h[ ,we ,?9k4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #h3bdd4      
,fawcett1 ,e4 ,d4--,a note on           
pragmatism4 ,m9d #bj3cii4        ,jacks1
 ,l4 ,p4--,william ,james & 8 message4  
,contemp4 ,rev4 #ii3bj4        ,kall51  
,h4 ,m4--,b\tr\x's ,william ,james4     
,j\r4 ,phil4 #h3ehc4        ,kall51 ,h4 
,m4--,pragmatism & its 'pr9ciples'4     
,j\r4 ,phil4 #h3fag4        ,m1 ,p4     
,e4--,! ,pragmatism ( ,william ,james4  
,patt51 ,s4 ,n4--,pragmatism & social   
sci5ce4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #h3fec4            

,pratt1 ,j4 ,b4--,! religi\s philosophy 
( ,william ,james4 ,hib4           ,j\r4
 #aj3bbe4        ,riley1 ,i4            
,w4--,cont95tal critics ( pragmatism4   
,j\r4           ,phil4 #h3bbe1 #bhi4    
,russell1 ,j4 ,e4--,tru? z value & !    
value ( tru?4 ,m9d #bj3ech4             
,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,article          
'pragmatism' 9 ,encyclop$ia ,brittanica4
        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,review ( 
,james's ,"s ,problems (                
,philosophy4 ,m9d #bj3ega4              
,turn]1 ,w4--,pragmatism3 :at does x    
mean8 ,ca?4 ,_w #id3agh4        ,vibb]t1
 ,c4 ,b4--,moore's ,pragmatism & its    
,critics4 ,j\r4           ,phil4 #h3dfh4
  #aiab4 ,b]keley1 ,h4--,! k]nel (      
pragmatism4 ,m9d #ba3hd4                
,ceulemans1 ,j4 ,b4--,metaphysics (     
pragmatism4 ,am4 ,ca?4 ,q4 #cg3caj4     
,jacoby1 ,gun!r--,b]gson1 pragmatism1 & 
,s*op5hau]4           ,moni/ #bb3eic4   
,kall51 ,h4 ,m4--,royce's ,william      
,james4 ,j\r4 ,phil4 #i3edh4            
,lee1 ,v]non--,vital ,lies4 v4 #a1 "p   

#a4        ,lee1 ,v]non--,:at is tru?8 a
 criticism ( pragmatism4 ,yale          
,rev4 n4 s4 #a3fjj4        ,loew5b]g1   
,j4--,vaih+]'s ,die ,philosophie des    
,als ,ob4 ,j\r4           ,phil4 #i3gag4
        ,mac9to%1 ,d4                   
,c4--,repres5tational pragmatism4 ,m9d  
#ba3afg4        ,montague1 ,w4          
,p4--,review ( ,james's ,"s ,problems ( 
,philosophy4           ,j\r4 ,phil4     
#i3bb4        ,murray1 ,d4              
,l4--,pragmatism4        ,reviews (     
,moore's ,pragmatism & ,its ,critics4   
,nation #ib3ac4 ,int           ,j\r4    
,e?4 #bb3bbb4        ,riley1 ,i4        
,w4--,huiz+a's ,! ,am]ican ,philosophy  
,pragmatism4           ,j\r4 ,phil4     
#i3bdh4        ,russell1 ,b4--,review ( 
,james's ,essays 9 ,radical ,empiricism4
           ,m9d #ba3ega4                
,russell1 ,j4 ,e4--,b]gson's            
anti-intellectualism4 ,j\r4             
,phil4 #i3abi4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4  
,s4--,=mal ,logic1 ,a ,sci5tific &      
,social           ,problem4             

,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,! 'work+' (      
'tru?'4 ,m9d #ba3ecb4  #aiac4 ,alex&]1  
,s4--,collective will+ & tru?4 ,m9d     
#bb3ad1 #afa4        ,bood91 ,j4        
,e4--,pragmatic realism4--,! five       
attributes4           ,m9d #bb3eji4     
,c>r1 ,h4 ,w4--,logic & life4 ,m9d      
#bb3dhd4        ,c>r1 ,h4 ,w4--,!       
,problem ( ,tru?4        ,caldwell1     
,w4--,pragmatism & ,idealism4           
,knox1 ,h4 ,v4--,william ,james & 8     
philosophy4 ,m9d #bb3bca4        ,moore1
 ,a4 ,w4--,pragmatism1 sci5ce1 & tru?4  
,p]ry1 ,r4 ,b4--,realism & pragmatism4  
,m9d #bb3edd4        ,review ( ,v]non   
,lee's ,vital ,lies4 ,nation #if3dad4   
,royce1 ,j4--,psy*ological problems     
emphasiz$ by pragmatism4 ,pop4          
,sci4 ,mo4 #hc3cid4        ,s*ill]1 ,f4 
,c4 ,s4--,! 'work+' ( tru?s & _!        
'crit]ion'4 ,m9d #bb3ecb4               
,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4--,humanism4        
,/ebb+1 ,l4 ,s4--,! 'work+' ( 'tru?s'4  
,m9d #bb3bej4        ,wright1 ,w4       
,k4--,practical success z ! crit]ion (  

tru?4           ,phil4 ,rev4 #bb3fjf4   
#aiad4 ,knox1 ,h4 ,v4--,philosophy (    
,william ,james4        ,moore1 ,j4     
,s4--,value 9 its relation to mean+ &   
purpose4           ,j\r4 ,phil4 #aa3ahd4
        ,ross1 ,g4 ,r4 ,t4--,ari/otle & 
ab/ract tru?--,a reply to ,mr4          
,s*ill]4 ,m9d #bc3cif4        ,sidgwick1
 ,a4--,tru? & work+4 ,m9d #bc3ii4       
,/ebb+1 ,l4 ,s4--,pragmatism & ,fr5*    
,volunt>ism4        ,wilde1 ,n4--,!     
pragmatism ( ,pascal4 ,phil4 ,rev4      
#bc3edj4        ,c socialism be id5tifi$
 ) pragmatism8 ,cur4 ,op9ion #ef3de4    
,,vita4   ,! writ] 0 born 9 #ahhd at    
,pom]oy1 ,ohio1 & receiv$ 8 e>li]       
education 9 ! c\ntry s*ools ne> t city4 
,8 college prep>atory "w 0 done 9 ! high
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#aiaa4 ,f #aiaa to #aiad1 :ile act+ z   
fell[ or z assi/ant1 he /udi$ 9 !       

graduate s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity (         
,ill9ois4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes3     
,page numb]s h be5 remov$ f ! ,table (  
,cont5ts      ,footnotes h be5          
sequ5tially numb]$ & plac$ aft] !       
p>agraph :]e !y are not$4   ,o!r *anges 
to ! text3      ,,james' ,,exposition   
,,( ,,peirce4 79 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts7   
7,remov$ 's 9 ,,james',s to mat* ! title
 ( ,section 9     ,*apt] #b1 :i* is     
consi/5t ) au?or's usage ?r\gh\t7       
consid] ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation   
7transub/antiation 0 transsub/antiation7
      true 9 _! ma9 exp]i5tial          
pr$ictions     7exp]i5tial 0 exp]i5tal7 
multiply inconte/able results           
7inconte/able 0 inconte/ible7      false
 belief 7belief 9 fiction74     74 0 17 
& !n only provisionally2     7!n 0 :57  
t[>ds ! close (     7! 0 ?7      _c be  
us$ toge!r     7toge!r 0 toge!hr7       
if "o c def9e accurately all            
7accurately 0 acurately7      or false8'
 ,?us does ,locke     7miss+ clos+ quote
 add$7      only an image 9 ! m9d       

7m9d 0 m&7      try s h>d to def5d      
7s 0 to7      ,9 ,footnote #ab1 ! ^w    
pages 0 pagges      ,yet ! smell is n   
cognitional     7smell is 0 small 07    
,let u suppose t ! smell occurs         
7smell 0 small7      ?us acc\nt = !     
cases :]e mean+s     7cases 0 cses7     
_! imm$iate occurr5ce z     7occurr5ce 0
 occur5ce7      :i* ! develop+ exp]i5ce 
is exam9$     7exp]i5ce 0 exp]9ce7      
if "o takes x at ! /age     7at 0 t7    
= tru? is a c]ta9     7c]ta9 0 c]tian7  
! collectivity ( exp]i5ce's dem&s       
7exp]i5ce's 0 exp]i5ces7      ,i h no   
d\bt t ?is is     7?is 0 87      true   
ev5 '9 s f> =?'4     70 miss+ clos+ s+le
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     7reason 0 reasons7      ,!         
sci5tific conception1 z x _h diff]5tiat$
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diff]5ciat$7   ,typographic errors 9 !  
bibliography h be5 repair$ )\t note1 ) !
 foll[+ exceptions4      #ahed4 ,bailey1
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7,s4 0 orig9ally miss+7      #aghj4     

,beattie1 ,james4--,an ,essay on !      
,nature & ,immutability           (     
,tru?4     7duplicate entry remov$7     
#aijb4 ,prit*ett1 ,h4 ,s4--,:at is tru?8
 ,outlook #gj3fbj4     7,h4 ,s4         
orig9ally miss+7      ,wright1 ,h4      
,w4--,practical success z ! crit]ion (  
tru?4     70 ,w4 ,k47      #ahgi4       
,illu/rations ( ! logic ( sci5ce4       
7add$ second head] = cl>ity7      #ahie4
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head] = cl>ity7