,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/sp5c]s philosop#jjmorgri* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by curly brackets is subscript$ 7example3 ,h#b,o7 unless prec$$ by a c>at "*1 9 :i* case x is sup]script$ 7example3 #b74 ,,sp5c]',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,sci5ce ,! ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ,lecture ,deliv]$ at ! ,museum #g ,novemb]1 #aiac by ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,price ,two ,%ill+s net ,ox=d ,at ! ,cl>5don ,press ,,mcmxiii ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ,london ,ed9burgh ,glasg[ ,new ,york ,toronto ,melb\rne ,bombay ,humphrey ,mil=d ,m4,a4 ,publi%] to ! ,univ]sity ,,sp5c]',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,sci5ce ,t[>ds ! close ( #ahgj1 :ile ,i 0 /ill 9 my te5s1 my y\?ful en?usiasm 0 fir$ by read+ ,tyndall's ,disc\rse on ,! ,sci5tific ,use ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,! vision ( ! conque/ ( nature by physical sci5ce--a vision :i* _h b lately begun to op5 up to my wond]+ gaze--0 r5d]$ cle>] & m ext5sive4 ,( ! !ory ( evolution ,i knew b little2 b ,i none ! less felt assur$ t x _h come to /ay & to prevail4 ,0 x n accept$ by all ( u--! enlight5$ & emancipat$ m5 ( sci5ce ^: ranks ,i _h jo9$ z a raw recruit8 ,believ+ t ,i 0 indep5d5tly break+ free ( all au?ority1 to ! au?ority t appeal$ to my fancy1 & to a new loyalty1 ,i 0 a will+ slave4 ,& "h 9 "o gl[+ s5t5ce ! inn] core ( evolution lay reveal$4 ',/rip x nak$ & y /& face to face ) ! notion t n alone ! m ignoble =ms ( animalcul> & animal life1 n alone ! nobl] =ms ( ! horse & ! lion1 n alone ! exquisite & wond]ful me*anism ( ! human body1 b t ! human m9d itself--emotion1 intellect & all _! ph5om5a--7 once lat5t 9 a fi]y cl\d4'#a ,) sp>kl+ eyes ,i quot$ ^! brave words to a fri5d ( my fa!r's1 ^: comm5ts 7 (t5 z cau/ic z 8 sympa?y 9 my int]e/s 0 k9dly4 ,) a grave smile he ask$ :e!r ! notion 0 n p]haps /ripp$ too nak$ to pres]ve ! dec5cies ( mode/ ?\ght2 he inquir$ :e!r ,i _h n le>nt f ,s>tor ,res>tus t ! philosophy ( nature is a ,philosophy ( ,clo!s2 & he bade me devote a little "t to quiet & c>eful consid]ation ( :at ,tyndall really meant--meant 9 t]ms ( ! exact sci5ce he pr(ess$--by ! phrase 'lat5t 9 a fi]y cl\d'4 ,i dimly suspect$ t ! old g5tleman--old 9 ! s5se ( be+ my fa!r's contempor>y--0 ignorant ( ^? rec5t developm5ts ( mod]n sci5ce ) :i* ,i _h be5 acqua9t$ = weeks1 nay m = mon?s4 ,p]haps he _h nev] ev5 he>d ( ! nebul> hypo!sis6 ,b ,i felt t ,i _h done him an inju/ice :51 next morn+1 he s5t r\nd a volume ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review ) a slip ( pap] indicat+ an article on ',progress3 its ,law & ,cause'4 ,su* 0 my introduction to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 "s ( ^: works ,i read ) admiration dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,i h no v di/9ct recollection ( ! impression produc$ on my m9d by ! g]m9al essay ( #aheg1 save t x s]v$ to quick5 t crav+1 :i* is1 ,i suppose1 *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o h "s natural b5t t[>ds philosophy--! imp]ative crav+ to seek &1 if x may be1 to f9d ! "o 9 ! _m4 ,9 any case ,tyndall's sugge/ive s5t5ce 0 "h amplifi$ & ! und]ly+ law 0 disclos$4 ',:e!r x be 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! developm5t ( ,life ^u its surface1 9 ! developm5t ( ,society1 ( ,gov]nm5t1 ( ,manufacture1 ( ,comm]ce1 ( ,language1 ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 ! same evolution ( ! simple into ! complex1 ?r\gh successive diff]5tiations1 holds ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! e>lie/ traceable cosmical *anges d[n to ! late/ results ( civilisation1 we %all f9d t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 is t 9 :i* ,progress ess5tially consi/s4'#b ,"h 0 j :at ,i want$--on ! "o h& ! :ole wide univ]se ( exi/5ce2 & on ! o!r h& a brief =mula ) :i* to label its pott$ ess5ce4 ,h[ brea?lessly "o 0 l$ on1 ) only su* brea*es ( cont9uity z sep>ate p>agraphs inevitably impose1 "r away f ! primitive fire-mi/ to "o ( ,ba*'s fugues or ! critical doctr9es ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 guid$ ?r\gh\t by ! magic ( diff]5tiation4 ,:at if ! modes ( exi/5ce1 dealt ) 9 successive sections1 7 some:at />tl+ly div]se6 ,0 n ?is itself a supreme example ( ! evolution ( t div]sity :i* ! =mula enables u to int]pret8 ,= if !re 7 a passage f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 ! m het]og5e\s ! products--inorganic1 organic1 & sup]organic1 z ,i le>nt to call !m--! /rong] ! evid5ce = ! law4 ,only by %utt+ "o's eyes to ! light t _h be5 %$ on ! _w by evolution c\ld "o fail to see h[ simple & yet h[ inevitable 0 ! :ole bus9ess4 ,if !n diff]5tiation be ! c>d9al law ( evolution--= ! correlative concept ( integration receives no emphasis 9 ?is e>ly essay--does n ! univ]sality ( ! law imply a univ]sal cause8 ,j z gravitation 0 assignable z a cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a :i* ,kepl] =mulat$2 s might "s equally simple attribute ( ?+s be assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a =mulat$ 9 t]ms ( diff]5tiation4 ,n[ ! only obvi\s respect 9 :i* all k9ds ( ,progress are alike1 is1 t !y are modes ( *ange2 & h5ce 9 "s *>act]i/ic ( *anges 9 g5]al1 ! desir$ solution mu/ be f\nd4 ,?us we are l$ up to ! /atem5t ( ! all-p]vad+ pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ! all-p]vad+ process ( diff]5tiation4 ,x is ?is3 ,e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange--e cause produces m ?an "o effect4#c ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,essay _m & v>i$ facts are adduc$ to %[ t e k9d ( progress is f ! simple to ! complex4 ,! aim ( ! second "p is to %[ :y ?is is s3 x is 'because ea* *ange is foll[$ by _m *anges'4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ! decomposition ( e exp5d$ =ce into sev]al =ces has be5 p]petually produc+ a high] complication1 & ?us ,progress is n an accid5t b a b5efic5t necessity4 ,9 a brief ?ird "p we are bidd5 to rememb] t 'aft] all t has be5 said ! ultimate my/]y rema9s j z x 04 ,! explanation ( t :i* is explicable does b br+ out into great] cle>ness ! inexplicabl5ess ( t :i* rema9s beh9d4444 ,! s9c]e man ( sci5ce1 cont5t to foll[ :]ev] ! evid5ce leads him becomes by ea* new enquiry m pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! ,univ]se is an insoluble problem4444 ,9 all directions 8 inve/igations br+ him face to face ) ! unkn[able2 & he ev] m cle>ly p]ceives x to be ! unkn[able'4#d ,!re is ,i ?9k a gr[+ cons5sus ( op9ion t ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree p>ts1 subsequ5tly exp&$ & illu/rat$ ) a/oni%+ weal? ( detail 9 ! volumes ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 conta9s ! g]m ( all t is be/ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 & t x 0 amid ph5om5a :i* admitt$ ( int]pretation f ! biological1 or quasi-biological1 po9t ( view t he f\nd 8 mo/ cong5ial sph]e ( "w & ! "o 9 :i* 8 me?od 0 mo/ effectively employ$4 ,! /ory ( evolution is ! /ory ( int]-relat$ *anges4 ,9 any organic :ole !re are c]ta9 sali5t features ( ! hi/orical sequ5ce4#e ,! p>ts get m diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & !y also get m effectively connect$ ) ea* o!r2 ! individual :ole gets m diff]5t f its environm5t1 & x also pres]ves & ext5ds its connexion ) ! environm5t2 ! sev]al individuals get m diff]5t f o!rs1 :ile _! connexion ) o!rs is reta9$ & new connexions are e/abli%$4 ,n[adays ^! c5tral ideas may seem famili> en\gh2 b t is j because ,sp5c]'s ?\ght has be5 s completely assimilat$4 ,& !n we mu/ rememb] t ^! ma9 pr9ciples are supplem5t$ by a great numb] ( ancill>y g5]alizations1 _m ( :i* h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! sci5tific doctr9e :i* is curr5t to-day4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ( ! ,biology ,*>les ,d>w9 wrote3#f ',i am a/oni%$ at its prodigality ( orig9al ?\ght4' ,( ! ,psy*ology ,william ,james says#g t ( ! sy/ematic treatises x w rank z ! mo/ orig9al4 ,^! are ! op9ions ( exp]ts4 ,no discussion ( sociology or e?ics is complete if x ignores ,sp5c]'s contributions to ^! subjects4 ,! ,e?ics1 says ,james#h is a mo/ vital & orig9al piece ( attitude-tak+ 9 ! _w ( ideals4 ,x 0 8 firm & (t5 inflexible 'attitude' :i* 0 a s\rce ( /r5g? 9 ,sp5c]1 ?\gh x 0 ! /r5g? ( rigidity r ?an t ( s9ewy suppl5ess4 ,?is 0 "p ( a c]ta9 'n>r[ness ( int5t & va/ness ( ext5t' :i* *>act]iz$ 8 m5tal vision4 ,he 0 s obsess$ ) ! p>am\nt importance ( biological relation%ips t 9 8 ,sociology1 8 ,e?ics1 8 ,psy*ology1 he fail$ to d ju/ice to1 or ev5 to realize ! pres5ce (1 o!r & high] relation%ips--high]1 t is1 9 ! evolution>y scale4 ,b x 0 8 signal m]it to "w biological int]pretation = all1 & p]haps m ?an1 x 0 wor?4 ,x 0 on ^! l9es t he 0 l$ to f9d a clue to ^? social & political developm5ts1 ! discussion ( :i*1 9 ! ,noncon=mi/ ( #ahdb1 con/itut$ ! fir/ /ep f ! life ( an eng9e] to t o!r k9d ( life :i* l$ to ! elaboration ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy4#i ,9 8 lat] ye>s he 0 sadd5$ to see t _m ( ! social & political doctr9es1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* he _h /riv5 s /r5u\sly1 7 n accept$ by a new] g5]ation ( ?9k]s4 ,/ill1 to h tak5 a def9ite &1 = all 8 detractors may say1 an hon\r$ position 9 ! l9e ( ^? :o make hi/ory 9 ! philosophy ( life & m9d--t c\ld nev] be tak5 away f him4 ,x w p]haps be said t ?is emphasis on ! philosophy ( life & m9d does scant ju/ice to ! range & sweep ( ,sp5c]'s philosophy z a :ole2 & no d\bt o!rs w cont5d t ! emphasis %\ld be laid else:]e2 on ! me*anical f\ndations2 on evolution z a univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,x w be urg$ t ,sp5c] wid5$ to m5's view ! scope ( sci5tific explanation4 ,he proclaim$ '! gradual gr[? ( all ?+s by natural processes out ( natural antec$5ts'4#aj ,ev5 9 ! ,noncon=mi/ lett]s '!re is'1 he himself says1#aa 'def9itely express$ a belief 9 ! univ]sality ( law--law 9 ! realm ( m9d z 9 t ( matt]--law ?r\gh\t ! life ( society z ?r\gh\t ! individual life4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ! correlative idea ( univ]sal causation4' ,& if !re be law x mu/ at bottom be "o law4 ,?us 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ,sp5c] prop\nd$ a sweep+ & sonor\s =mula1 :i* e disciple kn[s by he>t1 embody+ ! fundam5tal traits ( t unceas+ r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion :i* *>act]izes evolution z contra/$ ) dissolution4 ,0 x n ?is t he himself reg>d$ z 8 ma9 contribution to philosophy8 ,did he n himself provide a summ>y1 sett+ =? ! sixte5 articles ( ! ,sp5c]ian cre$2 & is n ?is summ>y giv5 a prom95t position 9 ! ,preface he wrote to ,h[>d ,coll9s's ,epitome ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy8 ,d n ^! fundam5tal articles ( 8 fai? deal ) ubiquit\s causes1 ) ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s & ! multiplication ( effects1 ) segregation & equilibration1 & ) ! basal conception ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce8 ,!re is "h1 x may be said1 no special ref]5ce to ! organic & ! sup]organic4 ,& :y8 ,j because ,sp5c]'s int]pretation is all-inclusive2 because biology1 psy*ology1 sociology1 e?ics are1 broadly consid]$1 conc]n$ only ) incid5ts ( ! lat] sc5es ( ! great me*anical drama ( evolution4 ,are we n aga9 & aga9 bidd51 n[ 9 =eca/1 n[ 9 retrospect1 to look bel[ ! surface1 & con/antly to be> 9 m9d t ! aim ( philosophy1 z completely unifi$ k1 is '! int]pretation ( all ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce'8#ab ,x is true t ! affairs ( ! m9d give pause & seem to pres5t some?+ ( a difficulty4 ,b ev5 "h 'specifically /at$1 ! problem is to int]pret m5tal evolution 9 t]ms ( ! r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion'4#ac ,an adequate explanation ( n]v\s evolution involves an adequate explanation ( ! concomitant evolution ( m9d4 ,x is true t ! anti!sis ( subject & object is nev] to be transc5d$ ':ile consci\sness la/s'4#ad ,b if all exi/5ce1 di/+ui%able z subjective1 is resolvable into units ( consci\sness1 :i* 9 _! obv]se or objective aspect are oscillations ( molecules1#ae :at m is requir$ to r\nd (f ! explanation ( e ?+1 save ! ,unkn[able--save ! ,ultimate ,reality 9 :i* subject & object are unit$8 ,9 ! end we are baffl$ by my/]y2 let u1 !re=e1 make ! be/ ( x & rejoice4 ',we c ?9k ( ,matt] only 9 t]ms ( ,m9d4 ,we c ?9k ( ,m9d only 9 t]ms ( ,matt]4 ,:5 we h pu%$ our explorations ( ! fir/ to its utt]mo/ limit we are ref]r$ to ! second = a f9al answ]2 & :5 we h got ! f9al answ] to ! second we are ref]r$ back to ! fir/ = an int]pretation ( x4'#ad ,& s nei!r answ] is f9al4 ,f9ality is only rea*$ :5 bo? are swall[$ up1 n 9 victory1 b 9 defeat4 ,%all we n !n glory 9 defeat & s+ its praises (t58 ,i mu/ leave to "s future ,h]b]t ,sp5c] lectur] ! discussion ( 8 doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able & ! critical consid]ation ( its place & value 9 philosophy4 ,i w\ld fa9 leave x altoge!r on "o side2 b t is impossible4 ,al?\gh ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples is divid$ into two ,p>ts1 deal+ respectively ) ! ,unkn[able & ! ,kn[able1 we h n by any means done ) ! =m] :5 we turn f ! ,fir/ ,"p to ! ,second4 ,) ,sp5c] we h nev] done ) ! ,unkn[able1 ! ,uncondition$ ,reality & ! o!r aliases by :i* x goes4 ,8 p]si/5ce ( =ce is ! p]si/5ce ( ,unkn[able ,=ce4 ,9 a lead+ passage1 at any rate1 x is av[$ly '! p]si/5ce ( "s ,cause :i* transc5ds our k & conception4 ,9 ass]t+ x we ass]t an ,uncondition$ ,reality )\t beg9n+ or end'4#af ,!re mu/1 he holds1 be some?+ at ! back ( ! evolution>y drama :i* we /udy--some?+ t is bo? a pr9ciple ( activity & a p]man5t nexus4#ag ,! pity ( x is t we "k n1 & c nev] "k1 :at on e>? 7or 9 heav567 x is4 ,we only "k t x exi/s1 & someh[ produces ! :ole %[4 ,n[ x w\ld mu* conduce to cle>ness ( ?\ght & ( /atem5t if we c\ld agree to elim9ate ^? t]ribly ambigu\s words '=ce' & 'cause' :5 we are deal+ ) ! fundam5tal po/ulate 7if su* x be7 t !re mu/ be some?+ at ! back ( evolution to make x :at x is2 & ! ^w ,s\rce seems ready to our h& & might well be giv5 ?is special significance4 ,b ,sp5c] uses ,ag5cy1 ,p[]1 ,cause1 ,=ce1 9 ?is connexion4 ,9 h[ _m s5ses he uses ! ^w '=ce' ,i am n prep>$ to say4 ,x is (t5 a synonym = cause2 x /&s alike = matt] & en]gy2#ah x is ! objective correlate ( our subjective s5se ( ef=t4#ai ,!re is a 'correlation & equival5ce betwe5 ext]nal =ces & ! m5tal =ces g5]at$ by !m "u ! =m ( s5sations'4#bj ,& :5 we pass to human life 9 society1 :atev] 9 any way facilitates or imp$es social1 political1 or economic *ange1 is spok5 ( 9 t]ms ( =ce4#ba ,) an app>5t vagu5ess & laxity almo/ unp>allel$1 =ce is us$ 9 wellnigh e conceivable s5se ( ?is ambigu\s ^w--except1 p]haps1 t :i* is n[ sanction$ by def9ition 9 ma!matical physics4 ,i say app>5t vagu5ess & laxity because1 subtly und]ly+ all ?is v>i$ usage1 is ! unify+ conception ( ,s\rce z ! ultimate basis ( all en=cem5t4 ,f ?is fl[s all necessity :e!r 9 ?+s or ?\ghts or any comb9ation ( ! two4 ,?us p]si/5ce ( =ce is ,sp5c]'s fav\rite expression = uni=m det]m9ism at or ne> its ,s\rce4 ,n[1 z ,i und]/& ! position1 sci5ce has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,s\rce or ,s\rces ( ph5om5a4 ,by a wise self-d5y+ ord9ance x rules all que/ions ( ultimate orig9 out ( c\rt4 ,x reg>ds !m z beyond its special sph]e ( jurisdiction4 ,x deals ) ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( connexion )9 an ord]ly s*eme1 & x does n pr(ess to expla9 :y ! connexions are su* z !y are f\nd to be4 ,9 any discussion ( ?is or t sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* may fall "u ! wide & r vague head+ ( evolution1 x is j a consi/5t /ory ( ! ev5ts 9 _! total relat$ness t sci5ce endeav\rs to tell4 ,! "q3 ,b :at evolves ! evolv$8 is = sci5ce 7or %\ld ,i say = ^? :o accept ?is delimitation ( ! prov9ce ( sci5ce87 n s mu* unansw]able 9 any t]ms1 z unansw]able 9 sci5tific t]ms4 ,= ! t]ms 9 :i* an answ] mu/ be giv5 are incomm5surable ) ! concepts ) :i* sci5ce has elect$ to c>ry on its bus9ess z int]pret] ( nature4 ,to ?is "q !re=e ! man ( sci5ce1 speak+ = 8 ord]1 simply replies3 ,we d n "k4 ,is ?is1 !n1 ,sp5c]'s answ]8 ,f> f x4 ,! man ( sci5ce "h makes1 or %\ld make1 no positive ass]tion1 save 9 respect ( ! limits ( 8 field ( inquiry4 ,if y beg him to tell y :at t :i* he kn[s n is1 or does1 he reg>ds su* a "q z mean+less4 ,b ,sp5c]'s ,unkn[able1 not)/&+ its negative prefix1 is ! ,ultimate ,reality1 & does all t is 9 any way done4 ,we may n "k :at x is2 b t x is1 is ! mo/ assur$ ( all assur$ c]ta9ties4 ,& :5 x comes to do+1 :at c be m dramatically positive ?an t :i* be>s a "n ( negation8 ,:atev] x may n be1 x is ! ,p[] t drives all ! ma*9]y 9 ?is work%op ( a _w2 x is ! ,p[] :i* lies at ! back ( su* wit z man has to int]pret x1 &1 9 "s measure1 to utilize its me*anism4 ,x seems pla9 en\gh t ,sp5c] di/+ui%es1 or seeks to di/+ui%1 betwe5 ^? kn[able effects :i* we call natural ph5om5a & _! ,unkn[able ,cause or ,s\rce4 ,& ?is seems to be 9 l9e ) ! di/9ction :i* 8 critic1 ,m4 ,b]gson1 draws betwe5 '! evolv$ :i* is a result' & 'evolution itself1 :i* is ! act by :i* ! result is obta9$'4#bb ,an act implies an ag5t1 & ! ag5cy ( :i* ! evolv$ is a manife/ation is = ,m4 ,b]gson ,life1 :ile = ,sp5c] x is t v vigor\s ag5cy--! ,unkn[able4 ,n[ 9 criticiz+ ,sp5c]1 ,m4 ,b]gson says3 ',! usual device ( ! ,sp5c]ian me?od consi/s 9 recon/ruct+ evolution ) ! fragm5ts ( ! evolv$4444 ,x is n h[ev] by divid+ ! evolv$ t we %all rea* ! pr9ciple ( t :i* evolves4 ,x is n by recompos+ ! evolv$ ) itself t we %all reproduce ! evolution ( :i* x is ! t]m4'#bc ,b does ,sp5c] ev] sugge/ t we %all ?us rea* ! pr9ciple ( t :i* evolves--by :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,m4 ,b]gson means ! ,s\rce ( evolution8 ,does he n urge t we c nei!r rea* x 9 ?is way1 nor 9 any o!r way8 ,= ,m4 ,b]gson1 z = ,sp5c]1 x is unkn[able by ! intellect--x c only be kn[n by :at ,m4 ,b]gson calls intuition4 ,= bo? ?9k]s1 ! intellect provides only a _w ( symbols2 & ,sp5c]'s transfigur$ realism may be mat*$ by :at ,dr4 ,wildon ,c>r calls ,m4 ,b]gson's trans=m$ realism4#bd ,s long z we are deal+ ) ! evolv$--:i* is t ) :i* alone sci5ce attempts to deal--,sp5c]1 ,m4 ,b]gson1 & ! re/ ( u are 9 l case4 ,we mu/ /umble on intellectually ) our symbols z be/ we may4 ',:e!r we posit ! pres5t /ructure ( m9d or ! pres5t subdivision ( matt] 9 ei!r case we rema9 9 ! evolv$3 we are told no?+ ( :at evolves1 no?+ ( evolution4'#be ,no?+ ( :at evolves6 ,sp5c] might exclaim ) a groan4 ,h ,i !n writt5 all ^? pages & pages on ! ,unkn[able = n\ght8 ,is x n a fundam5tal t5et ( my philosophy t !re mu/ be1 & !re=e is1 a ,s\rce ( ! evolv$--( ! ph5om5al _w :i* is m]ely an expression 9 t]ms ( intellectual symbolism1 ( t ultimate ,p[] :i*1 ?\gh its nature may baffle ! intellect1 is none ! less ! mo/ real ( all realities8 ,x w\ld take u too f> f ! l9e ( ,sp5c]'s ?\ght to consid] ,m4 ,b]gson's doctr9e t x is ! intellect t portions ! _w into lots2#bf t cuts ! facts out ( ! int]p5etrat+ :ole ( reality1 & r5d]s !m artificially di/9ct )9 ! cont9uity ( becom+4 ,x suffices to note t on su* a presupposition '! c>d9al error ( ,sp5c] is to take exp]i5ce already allott$ z giv51 :]eas ! true problem is to "k h[ ! allotm5t 0 work$'4#bg ,i am n prep>$ to give--inde$ ,i h be5 unable to f9d--,m4 ,b]gson's own solution ( ! problem4 ,i ga!r t x 0 ,life itself t someh[ allott$ concepts & objects 9 su* correspond5ce z %\ld be practically useful ?\gh metaphysically false & illusory4 ,b j h[ x 0 done ,i h /ill to le>n4 ',! orig9al activity 0'1 we are told1 'a simple ?+ :i* became div]sifi$ ?r\gh ! v con/ruction ( me*anisms su* z ^? ( ! bra91'#bh :i*1 z ,life's tool1 has facilitat$ ! *opp+ up ( a cont9u\s int]p5etrat+ reality into m9ce-meat = intellectual assimilation4 ,su* a conception 0 =eign to ,sp5c]'s ?\ght4 ,b "s ( u may f9d x h>d to di/+ui% ,m4 ,b]gson's 'orig9al activity' f ,sp5c]'s ,unkn[able1 :i*1 s f> z "o c make out1 someh[ produc$ precisely ! same results4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,m4 ,b]gson seems to put into ,life1 z ,sp5c] put into ! ,unkn[able1 ! pot5tiality ( produc+ all t actually exi/s4 ,= ,sp5c]1 z = ,m4 ,b]gson1 we live 9 a _w ( *ange4 ,b nei!r is cont5t to accept *anges z facts to be l9k$ up )9 a s*eme ( sci5tific int]pretation4 ,bo? mu/ seek _! ,s\rce4 ,n[ to inquire into ! ,s\rce or ,s\rces ( ph5om5a is *>act]i/ic ( man z ?9k]4 ,& if1 9 common ) ^? :om ,i foll[1 ,i reg>d ?is que/ z beyond ! limits ( sci5ce1 ,i am well aw>e t su* delimitation ( fields ( inquiry is by no means univ]sally accept$4 ,m4 ,b]gson1 = example1 reg>ds metaphysics z ! ,sci5ce#bi :i* claims to disp5se ) symbols1 :i* turns its back on analysis1 :i* es*ews logic1 :i* disp5ses ) relativity & pi]ces to ! absolute1 :i*1 app>5tly1 uses ! intellect only to e/abli% its utt] incompet5ce 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( 'sci5ce'4 ,m]ely say+ t ?is1 :atev] else x may be1 is n :at ,i1 = "o1 und]/& by sci5ce--& n1 by ! way1 :at ,m4 ,b]gson 9 o!r passages seems to mean by sci5ce#cj--;,i pass on to ,sp5c]'s treatm5t ( ! philosophy ( sci5ce :i*1 = him1 is 'completely unifi$ k'1 '! tru?s ( philosophy be>+ ! same relation to ! highe/ sci5tific tru?s t ea* ( ^! be>s to l[] sci5tific tru?s4' ,i suppose "o ( ! basal tru?s 9 8 philosophy ( sci5ce is = ,sp5c] ! univ]sality ( connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,n[ let u elim9ate ,s\rce z ! ,ultimate ,cause 7s f> z t is possible 9 ,sp5c]72 let u re/rict our att5tion to cause & effect 9 ! realm ( ! kn[able4 ,:5 we try to d ?is we f9d 8 /atem5ts conc]n+ !m sc>cely less puzzl+ ?an ^? t ref] to =ce1 ) :i* cause is s (t5 id5tifi$4 ,?us we are told#ca t 'motion set up 9 any direction is itself a cause ( fur!r motion 9 t direction s9ce x is a manife/ation ( a surplus =ce 9 t direction'2 & else:]e#cb t '! mom5tum ( a body causes x to move 9 a /raight l9e & at a uni=m velocity'4 ,a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 cause & conditions4 ,b bo? produce effects1 & only on ^! t]ms c !re be t 'proportionality or equival5ce betwe5 cause & effect' on :i* ,sp5c] insi/s4#cc ,!re is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely a h9t ( :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 cause & conditions1 save 9 s f> z he speaks#cd ( '^? conspicu\s antec$5ts :i* we call ! causes' & '^? accompany+ antec$5ts :i* we call ! conditions'4 ,_m ( ! details ( 8 treatm5t ,i f9d mo/ p]plex+2 b to recite examples w\ld be we>isome4 ,& !n1 9 ! n9? & t5? articles ( ! ,sp5c]ian cre$1 cause plays a some:at diff]5t "p4 ,=1 !re1 ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s & ! multiplication ( effects are giv5 z ! *ief causes :i* 'necessitate' t r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion ( :i* evolution is "o phase4 ,simil>ly1 z ,i h not$ above1 9 ',progress3 its ,law & ,cause'1 ! fundam5tal attribute ( all modes ( *ange--t e cause produces m ?an "o effect--is itself spok5 ( z a cause1 & lik5$ to 'gravitation z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a :i* ,kepl] =mulat$'4 ,9 ^! cases a g5]alization is reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! ph5om5a f :i* ! g5]alization is drawn4 ,b sometimes x is spok5 ( z ! reason = ! ph5om5a4#ce ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 z ?r\gh\t 8 "w1 ref]5ce to ,s\rce is close at h&4 ,h5ce1 9 place ( ! words cause & =ce1 ! ^w ag5cy#cf sometimes /&s = t :i* produces effects2 or ! ^w factor may be us$4 ,?us we are told#cg ( ph5om5a cont9ually complicat+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! same orig9al factors'2 & we meet ) ! argum5t 7contra ,huxley7 t /ates ( consci\sness are factors1 t is1 !y 'h ! p[] ( work+ *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em & sett+ up motions'4#ch ,always close at h&1 con/antly und]ly+ ,sp5c]'s ?\ght1 is ! notion ( p[] :i* works *anges4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( ! philosophy ( sci5ce we are nev] f> f ! n\m5al ,s\rce ( ph5om5a4 ',= t int]pretation ( ?+s :i* is alone possible = u ?is is all we require to "k--t ! =ce or en]gy manife/$1 n[ 9 "o way n[ 9 ano!r1 p]si/s or rema9s un*ang$ 9 am\nt4 ,b :5 we ask :at ?is en]gy is1 !re is no answ] save t x is ! n\m5al ,cause impli$ by ! ph5om5al effect4'#ci ,0 x p>tly ) ,sp5c] 9 view t ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell rec5tly urg$#dj t ! ^w cause 'is s inextricably b\nd up ) mislead+ associations z to make its complete extrusion f ! philosophical vocabul>y desirable'8 ,pr(essor ,ma*#da _h previ\sly express$ ! hope 't ! sci5ce ( ! future w disc>d ! use ( cause & effect z =mally obscure'4 ,& z long ago z #ahgj ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d#db tri$ to %[ 9 ':at sort ( way an exact k ( ! facts w\ld sup]s$e an enquiry aft] ! causes ( !m'2 & urg$ t ! hypo!sis ( cont9uity 'involves su* an int]dep5d5ce ( ! facts ( ! univ]se z =bids u to speak ( "o fact or set ( facts z ! cause ( ano!r fact or set ( facts'4 ,su* views may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z extreme2 & ! ^w cause is n likely to be extrud$ f ! vocabul>y ( curr5t spee*1 ( ! less exact bran*es ( sci5ce1 or ( g5]al discussions ( _w-processes4 ,/ill1 a philosophy ( sci5ce mu/ take note ( ?is criticism ( ! use ( a t]m :i* is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 ambigu\s4 ,we mu/ at any rate try to get rid ( ambiguity4 ,n[ we live 9 a _w ( :at1 9 a v broad & inclusive s5se1 may be call$ ?+s2 & ^! ?+s are 9 v>i$ ways relat$ to ea* o!r4 7,i mu/ beg leave to assume1 )\t discussion1 t ! relat$ness ( ?+s is no less con/itutive ( ! _w ) :i* a philosophy ( sci5ce has to deal ?an ! ?+s :i* are 9 relation47 ,& :5 ?+s /& 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( relat$ness to ea* o!r *anges take place4 ,! tr\ble is t ! k9ds ( relat$ness are s _m & ! k9ds ( *ange are also s _m6 ,sp5c] tri$ to r$uce all k9ds ( relat$ness to "o quasi-me*anical type2 & he signally fail$--or %all ,i say t he succe$$ only by ignor+ all ! specific diff]5ces on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by s smudgy an ext5sion ( ! mean+ ( me*anical & physical t]ms z to make !m d duty 9 e conceivable connexion8 ,s long z we c deal ) simple types ( relat$ness1 su* z t :i* we call gravitative1 9 any giv5 sy/em ( ?+s reg>d$ z isolat$1 we c express 9 =mulae n only ! rate ( *ange )9 ! sy/em1 b also ! rate at :i* ! rate ( *ange itself *anges4 ,& ^! =mulae are f\nd to be g5]ally applicable :]e l ?+s are 9 a l field ( relat$ness4 ,s t ,sp5c]'s p]si/5ce ( =ce 7at lea/ 9 "o ( its _m mean+s7 is replac$ 9 su* cases by sam5ess ( diff]5tial equations4 ,& 9 su* cases we h no ne$ = ! ^w cause4 ,( c\rse ! value ( ! con/ants 9 any su* =mula dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! field ( relat$ness & ( ! ?+s !re92 & only c]ta9 sy/ems1 9 :i* ! relations are simple1 or are susceptible ( simplification1 c be dealt )1 at pres5t1 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is imp]ative to rememb] t n only ! rate ( *ange b ! k9d ( *ange diff]s 9 diff]5t relational fields--a fact ( :i* ,sp5c] took too little cognizance1 s b5t 0 he on "s sort ( unification at all haz>ds4 ,rev]t n[ to a field ( gravitative relat$ness1 9 :i* ! motion ( ?+s is ! k9d ( *ange1 :ile ! rate ( *ange is expressible 9 a =mula2 may we n say t ! co-pres5ce ( ?+s 9 ?is relation%ip does imply c]ta9 motions & *anges ( motion )9 ! sy/em to :i* ! t]m gravitative applies8 ,!re seems little room = ambiguity if we call :at is ?us impli$ ! effect1 & if we t]m ^? modes ( relat$ness :i* c>ry ?is k9d ( implication1 effective4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t x s\nds some:at /range to speak ( relations z effective4 ,h[ c m]e relat$ness z su* d any?+8 ,:at is impli$ by ! effect is surely1 x w be urg$1 a cause 9 ! full & ri* s5se ( ! ^w--a cause :i* produces ! effect4 ,= :at is "h sugge/$ is no?+ m ?an a g5]aliz$ /atem5t ( ! tru? t ! relational con/itution ( ! sy/em be+ :at x is1 ! *anges are :at !y are6 ,& s we come back to ! conception ( an ag5cy :i* 9 "s way produces ! obs]vable *ange--( a p[] :i* is active beh9d ! ph5om5al sc5e--( =ce & cause 9 ! ,sp5c]ian s5se4 ,b1 s f> z sci5tific int]pretation is conc]n$1 ?is ref]5ce to ,s\rce--= su* x really is--is useless4 ,! gravitative sy/em c be dealt ) sci5tifically j z well )\t x z ) x4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ! sci5tific conception ( en]gy8 ,is n en]gy t :i* produces obs]vable *ange8 ,is x n active 9 ! s5se requir$8 ,& c we say t ?is conception is useless = sci5tific int]pretation8 ,i suppose mo/ ( u1 9 our /ud5t days1 h pass$ ?r\gh ! phase ( reg>d+ en]gy z an active demon :i* plays a notori\s "p 9 ! physical drama4 ,sp5c] lov$ x de>ly4 ,b "s ( u1 "u :at we consid] wis] guidance1 hold t :at we %\ld und]/& by k9etic en]gy is no?+ ( ?is sort4 ,x is a con/ant ratio ( v>iables1 conv5i5tly express$ z #a_/bmv#b4 ,t1 h[ev]1 x may be said1 is absurd4 ,en]gy is n m]ely a ratio or a =mula2 x is some?+ mu* m real2 p]haps ! mo/ real ( all ! realities ! be+ ( :i* has be5 disclos$ by physical sci5ce4 ,grant$ 9 a s5se1 & a v true s5se4 ,b :at is ?is reality8 ,x is ! reality ( ! *anges !mselves 9 ^? fields ( relat$ness to :i* ! =mula has ref]5ce4 ,!re is no?+1 ,i conceive1 9 ! mod]n treatm5t ( en]gy t af=ds any sci5tific ju/ification ( ! ,sp5c]ian view#dc t en]gy is an ag5t ?r\gh ! activity ( :i* ! con/ant ratio ( v>iables is ma9ta9$ 9 ! physical _w4 ,i feel sure t x w /ill be said t *ange mu/ inevitably imply t :i* produces *ange1 & t1 ev5 if en]gy be only a ratio ( v>iables )9 a *ang+ field1 !re is /ill ! implication ( ,=ce z ! real ,cause ( :i* ! *ange itself1 h[ev] =mulat$1 is ! effect4 ,no d\bt ?is is "o ( ! mean+s :i* ! ambigu\s words =ce & cause may c>ry4 ,x is to remove ?is ambiguity t ,i h sugge/$ t ! ^w ,s\rce %\ld be sub/itut$ = cause 9 ?is s5se4 ,& :at ab\t =ce8 ,9 "o ( its mean+s x n[ g5]ally /&s = a measure ( *ange4 ,= ^? :o accept ,s\rce z a sci5tific concept x may well /& = ! measure or degree ( its activity gaug$ by ! ph5om5al effect2 = ^? :o d n accept x1 ! measure or degree ( ! *ange itself#dd--to be dealt ) 9 me*anics 9 t]ms ( mass & accel]ation4 ,?is leaves out/&+1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ! ^w =ce 9 ! phrase--! =ces ( nature--gravitative =ce1 cohesive =ce1 electromotive =ce1 & s on4 ,x 01 ,i take x1 ) ?is usage 9 view t ,sp5c] spoke ( vital1 m5tal1 & social =ces4 ,n[ ! ref]5ce 9 ea* ( ^! cases is to "s specific mode ( relat$ness among ! ?+s conc]n$4 ,we ne$ to "n x 9 "s way2 & ?is is ! way t is1 r un=tunately1 sanction$ by cu/om & long usage4 ,:5 we say t a ?+ is 9 a field ( electromotive =ce we mean 7d we n87 t ! relat$ness is ( t p>ticul> k9d nam$ electromotive1 & n ( ano!r k9d4 ,:5 ,sp5c] spoke ( social =ces he _h 9 view *anges :i* take place )9 a field ( social relation%ips4 ,we d n really ne$ ! ^w =ce 9 ?is s5se1 s9ce ! t]m relat$ness w\ld suffice1 & has no mislead+ associations4 ,b !re x is3 our bus9ess %\ld be to und]/& cle>ly :at x means4 ,x does n1 or %\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 mean m1 9 ?is connexion1 ?an a p>ticul> k9d ( relat$ness 9 virtue ( :i* an obs]vable k9d ( *ange occurs4 ,we may n[ pass to cause & conditions4 ,:5 ,sp5c] di/+ui%es betwe5 ^? conspicu\s antec$5ts :i* we call ! causes & ^? accompany+ antec$5ts :i* we call ! conditions1 he invites ! "q3 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m8 ,if ! accompany+ antec$5ts are di/+ui%$ z inconspicu\s1 we surely ne$ "s crit]ion ( ! di/9ction4 ,fur!rmore1 inconspicu\s conditions are1 9 sci5ce1 e :it z important z ^? :i* are conspicu\s4 ,n[ we all "k t ,mill reg>d$ ! cause z '! sum total ( ! conditions positive & negative tak5 toge!r4'#de ,b he expressly di/+ui%es betwe5 ev5ts & /ates4#df ,discuss+1 = example1 ! case ( a man :o eats ( a p>ticul> di% & dies 9 consequ5ce1 he says3 ',! v>i\s conditions1 except ! s+le "o ( eat+ ! food1 7 n ev5ts b /ates possess+ m or less ( p]man5cy1 & might !re=e h prec$$ ! effect by an indef9ite l5g? ( duration1 = want ( t ev5t :i* 0 requisite to complete ! requir$ concurr5ce ( conditions4' ,aga9 he says3 ',:5 sulphur1 *>coal1 & nitre are put toge!r 9 c]ta9 proportions & 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 ! effect is1 n an explosion1 b t ! mixture acquires a prop]ty by :i* 9 giv5 circum/ances x w explode4 ,! +r$i5ts ( ! gunp[d] h be5 br\ght into a /ate ( prep>$ness = explod+ z soon z ! o!r conditions ( an explosion %all h occurr$4' ,& he tells u t physiological processes '(t5 h = ! *ief "p ( _! op]ation to pr$ispose ! con/itution to "s mode ( action'4 ,?is di/9ction may pr(itably be c>ri$ fur!r & emphasiz$ 9 our t]m9ology4 ,take any ?+1 or any integrat$ gr\p ( ?+s1 reg>d$ z t high] ord] ( ?+ :i* we call a self-conta9$ sy/em4 ,process occurs !re91 & process involves *ange4 ,9 s f> z ! sy/em is self-conta9$ its *anges & /ates are inh]5t 9 its con/itution4 ,we ne$ a t]m by :i* to designate t :i* is ?us inh]5t & con/itutional4 ,! t]m gr\nd might be res]v$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ^w gr\nd has its natural home 9 logic4 ,x is "h ext5d$ 7if x be an ext5sion7 to t to :i* ! logic has ref]5ce 9 ! exi/+ _w4 ,"o is "h foll[+ ,sp5c]1 :o claims#dg t ',logic is a sci5ce p]ta9+ to objective exi/5ce'4 ,on ^! t]ms ! con/itution ( any sy/em is ! gr\nd ( ! prop]ties1 /ates1 & happ5+s 9 t sy/em reg>d$ z isolat$4 ,b ! *anges or prop]ties w be also 9 relation to surr\nd+ ?+s or sy/ems4 ,^! *anges1 or modifications ( *ange1 9 relation to ext]nal ?+s or ev5ts1 may prop]ly be said to be condition$2 & we may well re/rict ! t]m conditions to influ5ces outside ! con/itution z gr\nd4 ,( c\rse1 if we accept ?is usage1 we mu/ n speak1 ) ,mill1 ( ! con/itution ( any sy/em z ! condition ( its inh]5t *anges or prop]ties4 ,t is :y we ne$ "s su* ^w & concept z gr\nd4 ,n[ we may fix our att5tion on any con/itu5t "p ( "s natural sy/em & make t "p ! c5tre ( our int]e/4 ,t "p may be *ang+ 9 virtue ( its con/itution2 & ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 reg>d$ z ext]nal to ?is select$ "p1 mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z condition+4 ,x is a matt] ( conv5i5ce = purposes ( sci5tific int]pretation :e!r we select a l>g] or a small] sy/em-gr\p & discuss its con/itutional "*4 ,?us we may ?9k ( ! con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em1 or ( t ( ! sun's corona2 ( ! con/itution ( an organism or ( t ( "o ( its cells2 ( ! con/itution ( a complex molecule or ( t ( an atom !re94 ,we h "h rea*$1 or ne>ly rea*$1 ! limit+ case 9 "o direction--t ( re/rict+ our field ( inquiry4 ,! limit+ case 9 ! o!r direction is1 ,i suppose1 ! univ]se4 ,b c\ld we s exp& our ?\ght z to embrace1 if t 7 possible1 ! :ole univ]se1 !n !re are no conditions2 = ex hypo!si !re is no?+ = sci5ce outside ! univ]se4 ,we h rea*$ ! limit+ concept4 ,h5ce1 = sci5ce1 ! con/itution ( nature is ! ultimate gr\nd ( all t is or happ5s4 ,let u n[ see h[ we /&4 ,consid] ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 #a4 ,! ,unkn[able is ! cause ( all ! ph5om5a we obs]ve4 #b4 ,! con/itution ( gunp[d] is ! cause ( its explosiv5ess4#dh #c4 ,! fall ( a sp>k 0 ! cause ( ! actual explosion ( ! p[d]4#di ,or ^!3 #a4 ,life is ! cause ( all vital manife/ations4 #b4 ,! inh]it$ nature ( a h5's egg is ! cause ( its produc+ a *ick & n a duckl+4 #c4 ,! cause ( ! developm5t ( ! *ick embryo is ! w>m? suppli$ by ! incubat+ "m4#ej ,9 ea* case ! ref]5ce "u 7#a7 is to a transc5d5t cause :i* produces ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation4 ,i sugge/ t ! ^w ,s\rce %\ld "h be us$ in/ead ( cause4 ,9 ea* case ! ref]5ce "u 7#b7 is to ! nature or con/itution ( t )9 :i* "s process occurs4 ,i sugge/ t ! ^w gr\nd %\ld "h be us$ in/ead ( cause4 ,9 ea* case ! ref]5ce "u 7#c7 is to "s ext]nal influ5ce4 ,i sugge/ t ! ^w condition %\ld "h be us$ in/ead ( cause4 ,we ?us elim9ate ! ^w cause altoge!r4 ,b s9ce1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! conditions1 or "s sali5t condition1 is :at is meant by cause 9 popul> spee*1 & 9 ! less exact sci5ces1 ! ^w cause may p]haps be !re reta9$ ) ?is p>ticul> mean+4 ,^! are ( c\rse m]ely sugge/ions t[>ds ! avoidance ( puzzl+ ambiguity4 ,"o c\ld wi% t ,sp5c] c\ld h ?\ght out "s su* di/9ctions to help 8 sorely p]plex$ read]s4 ,"o c\ld wi%1 too1 t he _h devot$ 8 great p[]s ( ?\ght to a se>*+ discussion ( ! diff]5t types ( relat$ness :i* are f\nd 9 nature1 & to a full] consid]ation ( a syn!tic s*eme ( _! int]-relat$ness4 ,x is imp]ative t our ?\ght ( relations %\ld h a concrete back+4 ',e act ( kn[+'1 says ,sp5c]1 'is ! =mation ( a relation 9 consci\sness answ]+ to a relation 9 ! environm5t4' ,b ! k-relations are ( s v special a type2 & ! relations 9 ! environm5t are s _m & v>i$4 ,mu* m analysis ( natural relations is requir$ ?an ,sp5c] provides4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t !re is any lack ( analysis--& ( v p5etrat+ analysis--9 ! ,psy*ology1 ! ,biology1 ! ,sociology1 & ! ,e?ics4 ,i mean t 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z 8 g5]al survey ( ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 !re is no se>*+ analysis ( ! sali5t types ( relation%ip :i* ent] into ! texture ( ?is v complex _w4 ,su* omnibus words z diff]5tiation1 integration1 segregation1 d duty 9 v>i\s connexions ) conv5i5t ela/icity ( mean+ to suit ! occasion4 ,b ap>t f qualify+ adjectives1#ea su* z a/ronomic1 geologic1 & s on up to arti/ic & lit]>y1 !re is too little attempt at ei!r a di/+ui%+ ( ! types ( relat$ness or at a relation+ ( ! relations s di/+ui%$4 ,"o j jumps f "o to ano!r aft] a break 9 ! text1 & f9ds oneself 9 a :olly new field ( inquiry4 ,little b ! omnibus t]m9ology rema9s ! same4 ,nor does ! ,essay on ! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces1 ) all its tabulation1 furni% :at is really requir$4 ,:at "o seeks to "k is h[ ^? specific k9ds ( relat$ness :i* *>act]ize ! successive phases ( evolution>y progress1 inorganic1 organic1 & sup]organic1 diff] f "o ano!r & h[ !y are connect$4 ,?is "o does n f9d4 ,! impression "o gets1 "h & else:]e1 is t all =ms ( relat$ness mu/ someh[1 by ! omission ( all o!r specific *>act]s1 be r$uc$ to ! me*anical type4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is unification ( a sort4 ,b is x ! sort ( unification ) :i* a philosophy ( sci5ce %\ld re/ cont5t8 ,x may be said t unification c only be rea*$ by digg+ d[n to "s ubiquit\s type ( relation :i* is common to all processes ?r\gh\t ! univ]se at any /age ( evolution4 ,b :at1 on ^! t]ms1 becomes ( evolution itself z a problem to be solv$8 ,surely any solution ( t problem mu/ r5d] an acc\nt ( j ^? specific modes ( relat$ness :i* h be5 ignor$ 9 digg+ d[n to ! f\ndations4 ,surely !re mu/ be unification ( ! sup]/ructure z well z ( ! sub/ructure4 ,"h & n[ is our _w1 )9 ! texture ( :i* ?+s /& to ea* o!r 9 su* v>i$ relations1 ?\gh !y may be r$ucible to a few ma9 types4 ,!re1 9 ! f>away "p1 0 ! primitive fire-mi/1 de> to ,sp5c]'s imag9ation1 9 :i* ! modes ( relation%ip 7 s few & s simple1 & all seem+ly ( "o ma9 type4 ,h[ d we get 9 sci5tific int]pretation f ! "o to ! o!r8 ,w x suffice to brea! ov] ! sc5e ! magic words diff]5tiation & integration8 ,sp5c] appe>s to ?9k s4 ,( c\rse he did exceptionally f9e "w 9 elucidat+ ! modes ( diff]5tiation & integration )9 c]ta9 relational fields--?\gh he sometimes uses ! latt] ^w = m]e %r9kage 9 size4#eb ,b :at "o asks1 & asks ( him 9 va91 is j h[1 )9 a connect$ s*eme1 ! sev]al relational fields 9 ! doma9 ( nature are !mselves relat$1 & h[ !y 7 !mselves diff]5tiat$4 ,h[1 = in/ance1 did ! specific relation%ips exhibit$ 9 ! fabric ( cry/als arise out ( ! primitive fire-mi/ relations8 ,at "s /age ( evolution ?is specific =m ( relat$ness came into be+1 :]eas be=e t /age 0 rea*$ x 0 n 9 be+4 ,no d\bt we may say t ! prop]ties ( ! pre-exi/+ molecules 7 su* t ^! molecules c\ld 9 due c\rse become ?us relat$1 & ent] into ! lattic$ ar*itecture ( ! cry/al4 ,!y already possess$ ! pot5tiality ( s do+4 ,& if we h resort to pot5tialities1 all subsequ5tly develop$ types & modes ( relat$ness 7 pot5tially 9 exi/5ce ab initio--!y 71 z ,tyndall said1 'once lat5t 9 a fi]y cl\d4' ,b x is difficult to see h[ ! specific modes ( relat$ness :i* obta9 )9 ! cry/al1 c be said to exi/ prior to ! exi/5ce ( ! cry/al )9 :i* !y s obta94 ,pres]v+ ! _s ( ,sp5c]'s tea*+ we mu/ reg>d all modes ( relat$ness :i* are disclos$ by sci5tific rese>* z "p & p>cel ( ! con/itution ( nature1 f :atev] ,s\rce1 kn[able or unkn[able1 t con/itution be d]iv$4 ,( ^! modes !re are _m2 inde$1 if we deal ) all concrete cases1 _! numb] is legion4 ,= purposes ( illu/ration1 h[ev]1 we may r$uce !m1 r dra/ically1 to ?ree ma9 types4 ,!re are relations ( ! physico-*emical type1#ec :i* we may provisionally foll[ ,sp5c] 9 reg>d+ z ubiquit\s2 !re are ^? ( ! vital type1 :i* are re/rict$ to liv+ organisms2 !re are ^? ( ! cognitive type1 :i* seem to be mu* m n>r[ly re/rict$4 ,h[ we deal ) ^! is ( crucial importance4 ,d5ot+ !m by ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c we f9d t !re are progressively asc5d+ modes ( relat$ness )9 any giv5 type4 ,!re is evolution )9 ea* type4 ,)9 ! physico-*emical type ,a1 = example1 atoms1 molecules1 & syn!tic gr\ps ( molecules foll[ 9 logical ord] ( evolution4 ,n[ ! successive products1 9 :i* ?is physico-*emical type ( relat$ness obta9s1 h c]ta9 new & di/9ctive prop]ties :i* are n m]ely ! algebraic sum ( ! prop]ties ( ! compon5t ?+s prior to syn!sis4 ,we may speak ( !m z con/itutive ( ! products 9 a high] /age ( relat$ness1 ?us di/+ui%+ con/itutive f additive prop]ties4#ed ,simil>ly :5 ,b1 ! vital relations1 are evolv$1 ! liv+ products1 9 :i* ^! specific relations obta91 h new con/itutive prop]ties1 on ! importance ( :i* vitali/s are "r 9 insi/+1 ?\gh ,i emphatically diss5t f "s ( ! conclusions !y draw f _! pres5ce4 ,= if1 beyond ! physico-*emical1 a special ag5cy be invok$ to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( new con/itutive prop]ties1 !n1 9 ! "n ( logical consi/5cy1 let u invoke special ag5cies to acc\nt = ! con/itutive prop]ties )9 ! physico-*emical--= radio-active prop]ties = example4 ,if a ,s\rce ( ph5om5a be po/ulat$1 :y n po/ulate ,"o ,s\rce ( all ph5om5a f ! v meane/ to ! v highe/8 ,!re rema9s ! case ( ,c--! syn!tic :ole 9 :i* cognitive relat$ness obta9s4 ,?is is unque/ionably m difficult ( sci5tific int]pretation4 ,b ,i believe t l /atem5ts may be made 9 ?is case also4 ,:at we h1 ,i conceive1 is j a new & high] type ( relat$ness ) specific *>act]s ( its own4 ,b ( ?is m 9 ! sequel4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,a1 ,b1 ,c /& = relation%ips & t ! relat$ ?+s are progressively m complex )9 m complex relational :oles4 ,relation%ips are e :it z real z are ! t]ms !y hold 9 _! grasp4 ,i d n say m real2 b ,i say emphatically z real4 ,& if ?is be s1 !n !y ought someh[ to be introduc$ into our =mulae1 in/ead ( be+ tak5 = grant$4 ,we give ,h#b,o z ! =mula = a molecule ( wat]4 ,b t molecule is some?+ v mu* m ?an two atoms ( hydrog5 "o atom ( oxyg54 ,! absolutely di/9ctive feature ( ! molecule is ! specific relat$ness ( ^! atoms4 ,?is con/itutive mode ( relat$ness is1 h[ev]1 j tak5 = grant$4 ,& x is sc>cely matt] = surprise t1 :5 we f9d n less specific modes ( vital relat$ness 9 ! liv+ organism1 !y are too apt to be j ignor$6 ,rev]t n[ to ! empirical outcome ( sci5tific rese>*1 = z su* ,i reg>d x1 t new con/itutive prop]ties em]ge :5 new modes & types ( relat$ness occur1 & :5 new products are successively =m$ 9 evolutional syn!sis4 ,?is1 x w be said1 involves ! acceptance ( :at is n[ commonly call$ creative evolution4 ,i am f> f d5y+ t1 9 ! univ]se ( disc\rse :]e ,s\rce is "u consid]ation1 ! adjective is ju/ifiable4 ,b1 9 ! univ]se ( disc\rse ( sci5ce1 ,i reg>d x z inappropriate4 ,:at we h is j pla9 evolution2 & we mu/ simply accept ! tru?--if1 z ,i conceive1 x be a tru?--t 9 all true evolution !re is m 9 ! conclusion ?an is giv5 9 ! premises2 :i* is only a logical way ( say+ t !re is m 9 ! _w to-day ?an !re 0 9 ! primitive fire-mi/4 ,n m 'matt] & en]gy'1 b m v>i$ relation%ips & new prop]ties1 q unpr$ictable f :at "o may p]haps speak ( z ! fire-mi/'s po9t ( view4 ,?is is no new doctr9e1 ?\gh x has receiv$ ( late a new emphasis4 ,mill1 deal+ ) causation1#ee speaks ( a 'radical & important di/9ction'4 ,!re are1 he says 9 sub/ance1 "s cases 9 :i* ! jo9t effect ( ! sev]al causes is ! algebraical sum ( _! sep>ate effects4 ,he speaks ( ?is z ! 'composition ( causes'1 & illu/rates x f ! 'composition ( =ces' 9 dynamics4 ',b 9 ! o!r description ( cases'1 he says1 '! ag5cies :i* are br\ght toge!r cease entirely1 & a totally diff]5t set ( ph5om5a arise4' ,9 ^! cases 'a concurr5ce ( causes takes place :i* calls into action new laws be>+ no analogy to any t we c trace 9 ! sep>ate op]ation ( ! causes'4 ,!y might1 he sugge/s1 be t]m$ 'het]opa?ic laws'4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 too1#ef 9 8 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 drew ! di/9ction betwe5 prop]ties :i* are resultant & ^? :i* are em]g5t4 ,^! sugge/ions 7 op5 to ,sp5c]'s consid]ation long be=e ! la/ edition ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples appe>$4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 too =eign to ! e/abli%$ l9es ( 8 ?\ght to call = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,b if new relation%ips & new prop]ties appe> 9 ! c\rse ( evolution>y progress1 :]e is ! opportunity = t unification ( sci5tific k :i*1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 is ! goal ( philosophy8 ,to be frank1 ,i am by no means sure t ?is "q c be answ]$ 9 a mann] t is o!r ?an t5tative4 ,p]haps we h n yet rea*$ ! /age at :i* m ?an provisional unification is possible4 ,su* provisional unification z is sugge/$ by a survey ( ! facts is t ( seem+ly uni=m correlation 9 a hi]>*y ( logical implication4 ,!re are c]ta9 modes ( relat$ness :i* belong to ! cognitive type4 ,x w\ld seem t :5ev] ^! obta9 !y may be correlat$ ) o!r modes ( relat$ness :i* are ( ! vital or physiological type2 & t ^!1 9 turn1 may be correlat$ ) ^? t are physico-*emical4 ,?us ,c implies ,b1 & ,b implies ,a4 ,! ord] _c be rev]s$4 ,physico-*emical relations1 z a class1 d n imply ^? t are physiological4#eg ,! implication is n symmetrical4 ,sp5c] 0 )9 sight ( ?is :5 he spoke#eh ( ! ab/ract-concrete sci5ces z 'in/rum5tal' ) respect to ! concrete sci5ces1 ?\gh ! latt] are n 'in/rum5tal' 9 ! same s5se ) respect to ! =m]4 ,b un=tunately he reg>d$ ! '*asm' betwe5 ! two gr\ps z 'absolute'4 ,& = him ! prop] home ( prop]ties--( all prop]ties x w\ld appe>--is ! ab/ract-concrete gr\p--me*anics1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 ,?is seem+ly leaves no place = a specific type ( prop]ties connect$ ) vital relat$ness z su*4 ,9 fact ,sp5c]'s me?od ( treatm5t r$uces all modes ( relat$ness to ! ,a type1 ! laws ( :i* are1 = him1 ! prim>y 'causes' ( all k9ds ( diff]5tiation & integration4 ,h5ce ! laws ( biology & psy*ology c ultimately be express$ & expla9$1 he ?9ks1 9 me*anical or me*ani/ic t]ms4 ,b 9 ! doctr9e ( implication !y are j ! laws ( ,b & ,c respectively1 ?\gh laws ( ,a may und]lie !m 9 a logical s5se4 ,& z we asc5d ! evolution>y plane f ,a to ,,ab & !nce to ,,abc--f ! physico-*emical to ! vital & !nce to ! cognitive--we f9d new modes ( relat$ness1 new =ms ( m complex integration & syn!sis1 new prop]ties successively appe>+ 9 s]ial ord]4 ,?is seems to me simply to express1 9 outl9e1 ! net result ( int]pretation bas$ on empirical obs]vation--?\gh mu*1 v mu*1 requires to be fill$ 9 by future rese>*4 ,& ! new prop]ties are n m]ely additive ( prec$+ prop]ties2 !y are con/itutive1 & *>act]ize ! high] evolution>y products z su*4 ,:y !y are ?us con/itutive1 sci5ce is unable to say4 ,sp5c]1 ( c\rse1 calls 9 ! ,unkn[able to supply ! requir$ nexus4#ei ,o!rwise1 9 ea* case1 he confesses t 'we c le>n no?+ m ?an t "h is "o ( ! uni=mities 9 ! ord] ( ph5om5a'4#fj ,none ! less we may be able "s day to e/abli% an ord9al correlation#fa ( cognitive processes ) physiological processes1 & an ord9al correlation ( ^! physiological processes ) ^? ( ! physico-*emical type4 ,t ,i conceive to be ! ideal ( /rictly sci5tific int]pretation if x is to be rais$ progressively to a level approa*+ t ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,x c]ta9ly is n yet atta9$4 ,b ,i see no reason :y we %\ld n reg>d x z atta9able4 ,x w involve ! v difficult det]m9ation ( _m correlation coeffici5ts & con/ants--& = "s ( ^! our data are1 x mu/ be confess$1 bo? scanty & unreliable4 ,we mu/ "h note a mu*-discuss$ dep>ture on ,sp5c]'s "p f 8 e>li] position4 ,on ! fir/ page ( ! ,biology 9 ! e>li] editions1 & 9 ! la/1 we are told3 ',! prop]ties ( sub/ances1 ?\gh de/roy$ to s5se by comb9ation are n de/roy$ 9 reality4 ,x foll[s f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce t ! prop]ties ( a comp\nd are resultants ( ! prop]ties ( its compon5ts1 resultants 9 :i* ! prop]ties ( ! compon5ts are sev]ally 9 full action1 ?\gh mutually obscur$4' ,!re is no h9t "h ( ,mill's het]opa?ic laws nor ( ,lewes's em]g5ts4 ,b 9 ! la/ edition a special *apt] is ins]t$ on ! ,dynamic ,elem5t 9 ,life4 ,we "h f9d a t>dy recognition ( ! pres5ce ( specific vital *>act]s4 ',! processes :i* g on 9 liv+ ?+s are incompreh5sible z ! results ( any physical actions kn[n to u4444 ,9 brief1 !n1 we are oblig$ to confess t ,life 9 its ess5ce _c be conceiv$ 9 physico-*emical t]ms4'#fb ,i speak ( ?is z a t>dy recognition2 b x is "o t does hon\r to ! man2 x is a frank admission t 8 previ\s treatm5t 0 9 "s measure inadequate1 :i* a small] man w\ld n h _h ! hone/y or ! /r5g? ( "* to make4 ,( c\rse x is trac$ d[n to ! ,unkn[able4 ',life z a pr9ciple ( activity is unkn[n & unkn[able2 :ile ph5om5a are accessible to ?\ght ! impli$ n\m5on is inaccessible4'#fc ,/ill1 c]ta9 specific *>act]i/ics ( liv+ organisms are explicitly recogniz$ z among ! accessible ph5om5a2 & ^! _c be conceiv$ 9 physico-*emical t]ms4 ,b did ,sp5c] fully realize h[ big a hole ?is knocks 9 ! bottom ( ! purely me*anical int]pretation ( nature he _h = s long *ampion$8 ,!re rema9s = consid]ation ! place ( ! cognitive relation 9 ,sp5c]'s philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,we ne$ n "h discuss 8 transfigur$ realism4 ,ap>t f ! cu/om>y ref]5ces to ! ,unkn[able1 ( :i* :at is kn[able is said to be symbolic1 x comes to little m ?an lay+ special emphasis on ! truism t :at is kn[n 9 ! s-call$ objective _w involves ! process ( kn[+2 f :i* x foll[s t1 ap>t f kn[+ x ! objective _w _c be kn[n4 ,f ?is ,sp5c] draws ! conclusion t t]ms 9 cognitive relat$ness h _! v nature det]m9$ 9 & ?r\gh t relat$ness1 & _c 9 !mselves be :at !y are1 & z !y are1 9 ! field ( cognitive symbolism4 ,?is may or may n be true4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o "q ! validity ( ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is conclusion4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! philosophy ( sci5ce deals only ) ! kn[able--( :i* ! s-call$ appe>ances ) :i* we h direct acqua9tance are ! prim>y data--we ne$ n "h tr\ble ourselves ) ! controv]sy betwe5 reali/s & symboli/s4 ,ev5 on ,sp5c]'s view ! _w z symboliz$ is ! real _w = sci5ce4 ,n[ "o way ( express+ ! fact t ! cognitive relation is always pres5t :]e k is conc]n$ is to proclaim '! tru? t our /ates ( consci\sness are ! only ?+s we c "k'4#fd ,b x is a t]ribly ambigu\s way ( express+ ! fact4 ,:at is "h meant by a /ate ( consci\sness8 ,s f> z cognition is conc]n$ x is1 or at any rate x involves1 a relation%ip betwe5 some?+ kn[n & ! organism1 z kn[+--= ,sp5c] assur$ly ! organism1 ?\gh a s-call$ inn] aspect !re94 ,( c\rse x is a v complex relation%ip4 ,x comprises relations 9 :at is kn[n1 & relations 9 ! organism z kn[+4 ,h5ce ,sp5c] def9es life1 psy*ical z well z physical1 z '! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations'4#fe ',t :i* di/+ui%es ,psy*ology is t ea* ( its propositions takes acc\nt bo? ( ! connect$ int]nal ph5om5a & ( ! connect$ ext]nal ph5om5a to :i* !y ref]4 ,x is n only ! "o1 nor only ! o!r1 t *>act]ises cognition4 ,x is ! connexion betwe5 ^! two connexions4'#ff ,s f> well4 ,cognition is a v complex network ( relat$ness involv+ _m t]ms4 ,:at are ^! t]ms8 ,= ,sp5c] ! int]nal t]ms are ultimately n]v\s 7psy*ic7 %ocks 9 highly integrat$ aggregates2 & ! ext]nal t]ms are1 proximately at lea/1 ?+s 9 ! environm5t4 ,b bo? alike are spok5 ( z /ates ( consci\sness4 ,!re is surely an op5+ = ambiguity "h4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! words subjective affections are us$ 9 place ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ',?us we are br\ght to ! conclusion t :at we are consci\s ( z prop]ties ( matt]1 ev5 d[n to its weight & resi/ance1 are b subjective affections4'#fg ,well1 ^! /ates ( consci\sness1 ^! subjective affections1 fall into two great classes--! vivid & ! fa9t4 ,! =m]1 :i* we "k z s5sations1 accompany direct & !re=e /rong excitations ( ! n]ve-c5tres2 ! latt]1 :i* we "k z rememb]$ s5sations1 or ideas ( s5sations1 accompany indirect & !re=e weak excitations ( ! same n]ve-c5tres4#fh ,& !n we are told t ! aggregate ( ! fa9t is :at we call ! m9d1 ! subject1 ! ego2 ! aggregate ( ! vivid is :at we call ! ext]nal _w1 ! object1 ! non-ego4#fi ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! aggregate ( vivid subjective affections is ! objective _w s f> z kn[able4 ,to say ! lea/ ( x1 ?is t]m9ology is some:at p]plex+4 ,no d\bt our k ( ! ext]nal _w involves a subtle & intricate int]-relation ( :at is exp]i5c$ vividly & :at is exp]i5c$ fa9tly--( :at is actually pres5t$ & :at is ideally re-pres5t$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !m is a valid "o4 ,b :5 ,sp5c] equates ?is di/9ction ) t betwe5 ! ext]nal _w & ! m9d1 z he does 9 ! passages to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ! validity ( 8 proc$ure is s]i\sly op5 to "q4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t an adequate analysis ( cognitive relat$ness on sci5tific l9es is n to be f\nd 9 ,sp5c]'s works4 ,i am n sure t x is yet to be f\nd 9 ! works ( any o!r philosoph]1 ?\gh !re are _m signs t ! difficult problems x involves are receiv+ s]i\s att5tion4 ,?is mu* seems c]ta91 = ^? :o accept ! _s1 ?\gh n p]haps ! lett]1 ( ,sp5c]'s tea*+3 t !re x is z a con/itutive mode ( relat$ness 9 ! realm ( nature1 & t1 if x =ms "p ( ! evolution>y s*eme1 if x is pres5t 9 ! conclusion1 s f> rea*$1 ?\gh x 0 abs5t 9 ! physico-*emical premises1 if x is to be includ$ 9 a philosophy ( sci5ce x mu/ be dealt ) by t philosophy on l9es /rictly analog\s to ^? on :i* any o!r relational problem is treat$4 ,firmly z we may believe 9 ! reality ( ,s\rce1 we mu/ n call to our aid "s psy*ic entity1 "s entele*y1 "s elan vital1 to help u out ( our difficulties2 = "o & all ( ^! lie :olly outside ! univ]se ( disc\rse ( sci5ce2 & n "o ( !m af=ds ! smalle/ help 9 solv+ a s+le sci5tific problem 9 a mann] t is itself sci5tific4 ,we h se5 t ,sp5c] believ$ t ! task ( psy*ology is to inve/igate ! correlation ( ext]nal & int]nal relations1 &1 9 t s5se1 itself to correlate !m )9 a sci5tific int]pretation4 ,n[ ! outcome ( ! =m] correlation is "s =m ( behavi\r or conduct on ! "p ( ! organism4 ,no d\bt su* behavi\r af=ds data to be dealt ) 9 subsequ5t cognition4 ,b x implies ! prior cognition :i* leads up to x2 & x is ?is prior cognition1 ab/ract$ f ! behavi\r to :i* x leads1 t we h to consid]4 ,x is s t]ribly complex t x is difficult to deal ) x compreh5sibly 9 a brief space4 ,let me1 h[ev]1 try to d s1 at lea/ 9 t5tative outl9e4 ,!re occurs1 let u say1 an ext]nal ev5t 9 ! physical _w1 su* z ! motion ( a billi>d-ball across ! table2 & :5 dur+ its progress ?is /imulates ! ret9a1 !re is an int]nal physico-*emical process :i* runs its c\rse 9 ret9a1 optic n]ves1 & ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,we may reg>d ^! two processes1 ext]nal & int]nal1 z s f>1 ( l physical ord]4 ,) adequate k ! two c\ld1 9 "s measure1 be s]ially correlat$ z su*4 ,b ! physico-*emical processes 9 ! organism are n only ( ?is physical type4 ,!y are vital or physiological z well4 ,& ?is makes a real diff]5ce4 ,( c\rse ?is /atem5t is op5 to "q4 ,b ,i1 = "o1 believe t !re are specific relations pres5t 9 physiological processes1 qua vital1 o!r ?an ^? ( ! physico-*emical type--relations :i* are effective & :i* require a di/9ctive "n4 ,s f> ,i am a vitali/4 ,at "s /age ( evolution ^! new modes ( effective relat$ness came into be+1 :]eas 9 ! fire-mi/ & = long aft]w>ds !y 7 n 9 be+4 ,none ! less :5 !y did actually come into be+1 "u conditions ( :i* we are at pres5t ignorant--?\gh n s ignorant z we 7--!y 7 dep5d5t ^u1 &1 = our int]pretation1 !y logically imply1 ! physico-*emical relations :i* are also pres5t4 ,9 any giv5 case !y fur!r imply1 ?r\gh h]$ity-relat$ness1 ! evolution>y hi/ory ( ! organism 9 :i* !y obta94 ,?is s-call$ hi/orical elem5t 9 biology no d\bt involves a *>act]i/ic vital relation%ip4 ,b1 ,i take x1 ! physico-*emical con/itution ( any inorganic comp\nd1 & ( any molecule !re91 has also its hi/ory--has relation%ip to pa/ occurr5ces )9 its type1 :i* h help$ to make x :at x is4 ,/ill1 9 ! organism ! relation to pa/ happ5+s has a q di/9ctive =m :i* we deal ) 9 t]ms ( h]$ity4 ,see1 !n1 h[ we /& s f>4 ,! int]nal physiological process implies a long *a9 ( h]$ity-relation%ips ?r\gh :i* ! organism is prep>$ = its occurr5ce4 ,x also implies a physico-*emical basis1 an und]ly+#gj physico-*emical process4 ,& ?is implies z a condition ( its occurr5ce1 ! ext]nal ev5t1 ! passage ( ! billi>d-ball across ! table4 ,9 a broad s5se we may say t ! inn] process kn[s ! ext]nal ev5t :i* is a condition ( its occurr5ce4 ,b we h n yet rea*$ cognition ( ! psy*ological type4 ,be=e pass+ on to indicate1 9 t5tative outl9e1 ! nature ( ?is high] mode ( relat$ness1 ,i pause to note two po9ts4 ,! fir/ is t kn[+ 9 t ext5d$ s5se :i* ,i h borr[$1#ga is ess5tially selective 9 its nature4 ,! physiological process1 9 ! case ,i h tak51 kn[s only t ext]nal ev5t :i* is directly be=e ! eyes & :i* is s]ially correlat$ ) *anges 9 ! ret9al images ?r\gh ! /imulation ( specializ$ receptors4 ,( o!r ext]nal ev5ts x has no su* k4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! gravitative k--if a yet wid] ext5sion ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w be p]mitt$--:i* ! e>? has ( ! sun & all ! o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em--nay m1 9 degrees p]haps inf9itesimal1 ( all o!r mat]ial bodies 9 ! univ]se4 ,! motion ( ! e>? 9 its orbit implies ! :ole ( ?is va/ field ( gravitative relat$ness4 ,! exi/+ orbital motion at any mom5t implies1 too1 ! prec$+ motion :i* x has1 9 a s5se1 inh]it$ f ! pa/4 ,aboli% ! re/ ( ! univ]se at ?is mom5t & ! e>?'s motion w\ld cease to be orbital4 ,9 virtue ( its 'inh]itance f ! pa/'1 x w\ld cont9ue at uni=m velocity 9 "o direction4 ,! cont9u\s *ange ( direction & velocity we obs]ve1 is a response :i* implies gravitative k4 ,9 a s5se1 !n1 ! :ole sol> sy/em is kn[n by ! e>? z x sw+s 9 its orbit4 ,! second po9t may be introduc$ by a "q4 ,grant$ t we may say1 9 a v lib]al s5se1 t ! e>? 9 its motion has ?is gravitative k--is su* k accompani$ by aw>5ess8 ,we d n "k4 ,b ! po9t ,i h 9 m9d is ?is1 t ! "q itself is vague4 ,aw>5ess ( :at8 ,!re mu/ be aw>5ess ( some?+2 & a def9ite "q %\ld be direct$ t[>ds ! nature ( t some?+4 ,= example3 is ! e>? aw>e ( its own motion8 ,or is x aw>e ( ! sol> sy/em8 ,or is x aw>e ( ! relation ( ! "o to ! o!r8 ,if x be said t ! second ( ^! is meant :5 we ask :e!r ! k is accompani$ by aw>5ess1 well & good4 ,! answ] w s]ve to def9e ! "q4 ,take n[ a case ( biological k4 ,are ! plants 9 ! cottag]'s w9d[1 :5 !y gr[ t[>ds ! light1 aw>e ( a process 9 _! own tissues8 ,or are !y aw>e ( ! sun%9e8 ,or are !y 9 "s measure aw>e ( ! connexion betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r8 ,to all ^! que/ions we mu/ answ]1 ,i suppose1 t we d n "k4 ,b x may h be5 wor? :ile to ask !m 9 a def9ite way4 ,we pass1 !n1 to cognition 9 ! usual acceptation ( ! t]m--to :at we speak ( z k 9 ! prop] & n>r[] s5se4 ,my cont5tion is t ?is is a mode ( relat$ness :i* sci5ce mu/ endeav\r to treat on precisely ! same l9es z x deals ) any o!r natural k9d ( relat$ness4 ,at "s /age ( evolution x came into be+1 :]eas 9 ! fire-mi/1 & = long aft]w>ds1 x 0 n 9 be+4 ,none ! less :5 x did come into be+1 x 0 dep5d5t on1 & = our int]pretation x logically implies1 und]ly+ physiological processes1 z !y 9 turn imply physico-*emical processes1 9 ea* case s]ially correlat$4 ,x is pre-em95tly selective4 ,& j z any physiological process1 h[ev] ext]nally condition$1 is gr\nd$ 9#gb ! con/itution ( ! organism1 z su*1 s too is any cognitive process gr\nd$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! organism z "o 9 :i* ?is high] type ( relat$ness has sup]v5$4 ,aga91 j z ! physiological con/itution implies a prolong$ racial prep>ation1 describable 9 t]ms ( t mode ( relat$ness we "n h]$ity1 s1 too1 does any cognitive process imply1 n only ?is racial prep>ation ( ! biological k9d1 b also an individual prep>ation ( ! psy*ological k9d--implies relat$ness to :at we call1 r loosely1 prior exp]i5ce--:i* itself implies a concurr5t physiological prep>ation4 ,n[ !re c be no d\bt t aw>5ess is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! k ( cognition1 :e!r x be pres5t or abs5t 9 k 9 ! m ext5d$ s5se4 ,we mu/ j accept ?is z :at appe>s to be a fact4 ,9 sci5ce we d n pret5d to say :y facts are :at !y are & z !y are4 ,we take !m z !y are giv51 & endeav\r to trace _! connexions & _! implications4 ,accept+1 !n1 aw>5ess z giv51 we mu/ ask3 ,aw>5ess ( :at8 ,x is sometimes said t cognition is aw>e ( itself4 ,i am n sure t ,i und]/& :at ?is means4 ,if we are speak+ ( ! cognitive relation1 :i* is an aw>5ess relation1 ! "q seems to be :e!r a relation ( aw>5ess is relat$ to itself4 ,b ( c\rse if a field ( cognitive relat$ness be reg>d$ z a complex :ole1 any "p may be relat$ to ! re/1 & ! re/ to any "p4 ,t k9d ( self-aw>5ess--if we mu/ s call x6--is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( cognition 9 ! high] =ms ( its developm5t4 ,on ^! t]ms cognition is aw>e ( itself--?\gh ! mode ( /atem5t sav\rs ( ambiguity4 ,let u next ask :e!r !re is aw>5ess ( ! und]ly+ cortical process4 ,if we are speak+ ( direct aw>5ess1 app>5tly n4 ,! correlation betwe5 ! two is only discov]able ?r\gh a v elaborate & complex#gc application ( fur!r cognition 9 int]pretative k4 ,we only "k ! correlat$ cortical process by description1 z ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell w\ld say1#gd & nev] by direct acqua9tance4 ,p>5!tic ref]5ce mu/ "h1 ,i suppose1 be made to psy*o-physical p>allelism4 ,b x %all be v brief4 ,! soon] ?is cumbr\s t]m ) its mislead+ sugge/ions is altoge!r elim9at$ f ! vocabul>y ( sci5ce ! bett]4 ,! locus ( ! s-call$ p>allelism is1 we are told1 ! cortex ( ! bra94 ,b ! cortical process is only an incid5t--no d\bt a v important "o1 b /ill an incid5t--9 a mu* wid] physiological process1 ! occurr5ce ( :i*1 9 :at we may speak ( z prim>y cognition1 implies ev5ts 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,x is ( ^! ev5ts t !re is direct physical1 physiological1 & cognitive k4 ,( c\rse !re are also int]-cortical relations :i* und]lie ! relations ( ^? ideal cognita 7,sp5c]'s fa9t class7 t supplem5t ! prim>y cognita :i* imply direct /imulation ( s5sory receptors 7,sp5c]'s vivid class74 ,x is que/ionable :e!r any =m ( cognition1 prop]ly s call$1 is possible 9 _! abs5ce4 ,n[ ,i see no objection to labell+ ! fact 7if x be a fact7 t ! cognitive process implies a physiological process 9 :i*1 z 9 a l>g] :ole1 ! cortex plays its appropriate "p1 by ! use ( "s su* conv5i5t correlation-^w z psy*o-physical2 b only s long z ?is does n involve a doctr9e ( p>allelism2 s long z x m]ely means t cognition implies1 let u say1 c]ta9 und]ly+ cortical *anges4 ,( c\rse x implies a great deal m ?an cortical process only2 b ?is may p]haps be tak5 = grant$4 ,my *ief objection to ! ^w 'p>allelism' is t x sugge/s two sep>ate ord]s ( be+1 & n two types ( relation%ip )9 "o ord] ( be+ = sci5tific /udy4#ge ,we d n speak ( p>allelism betwe5 physiological & physico-*emical processes4 ,we j say t sci5tific int]pretation proce$s on ! work+ hypo!sis t !re is a correlation ( su* a k9d t physiological process implies a physico-*emical basis4 ,s too1 ,i urge1 we %\ld be cont5t to say t sci5tific int]pretation proce$s on ! work+ hypo!sis t !re is a correlation ( su* a k9d t cognitive process implies a physiological basis4 ,x may be said t ,sp5c] accept$ ! s-call$ id5tity hypo!sis :i* does n lie op5 to ! objection t x sugge/s two ord]s ( be+4 ,he believ$#gf 't m9d & n]v\s action are ! subjective & objective faces ( ! same ?+'1 ?\gh 'we rema9 utt]ly incapable ( see+ or ev5 imag9+ h[ ! two are relat$'4 ,well1 we may call !m 9 "o passage ! same ?+1 we may speak1 9 ano!r passage1 ( ! anti!sis betwe5 !m z nev] to be transc5d$1 & we may try to save ! situation by ref]5ce to duality ( aspect4 ,b ?is k9d ( treatm5t does n help z mu* t[>ds a sci5tific int]pretation4 ,x is true t1 9 yet ano!r passage1 speak+ ( ! correlation ( ! physical & ! psy*ical1 ,sp5c] says3#gg ',we c le>n no?+ m ?an t "h is "o ( ! uni=mities 9 ! ord] ( ph5om5a4' ,!n :y n leave x at t8 ,& if !re be a con/ant & uni=m correlation :i* is '9 a c]ta9 indirect way quantitive'1 x w\ld seem t we d see1 z f> z sci5ce ev] pr(esses to see1 'h[ ! two are relat$4' ,we see1 or conceive1 h[ !y are relat$ 9 mu* ! same way z we d 9 ! case ( ! connexion betwe5 ! physiological & ! physico-*emical1 & 9 numb]less o!r cases4 ,bo? p>allelism & id5tity w h to g by ! bo>d 9 a philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,!y mu/ be replac$ by ! f> m mode/ hypo!sis1 :i* seems to express all t !y really mean = sci5ce1 t cognition always implies c]ta9 physiological processes 9 ! organism4 ,if we d speak ( m9d & n]v\s action z two faces ( ! same ?+1 x seems pretty c]ta9 t ! "o face is n directly aw>e ( ! o!r4 ,:5 we speak ( aw>5ess 9 cognition we mu/ !re=e1 x appe>s1 exclude any direct aw>5ess ( concurr5t physiological processes4 ,( :at1 !n1 is !re aw>5ess8 ,prim>ily p]haps ( "s occurr5ce 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,b ! difficulty "h is t1 9 ! simple/ case ( human cognition !re is aw>5ess ( s _m ?+s & 9 su* v>y+ degrees4 ,!re may be prim>y aw>5ess ( ev5ts 9 ! ext]nal _w 7,sp5c]'s vivid s]ies71 aw>5ess ( ! relations involv$ 9 ^! occurr5ces z su*1 ( ! relations ( ^! to ideal re-pres5tations ( l k9d 7,sp5c]'s fa9t s]ies71 ( ! relations ( any or all ( ^! to behavi\r z actually tak+ place or z ideally re-pres5t$2 & all 9 diff]5t degrees )9 a relational me%work ( bewild]+ complexity1 :i* we h n1 z yet1 adequately unravell$4 ,! ess5tial po9t to be> 9 m9d is t ! cognitive relation always involves relat$ness ( _m t]ms1 & t its discussion involves ! analysis ( :at1 9 ! high] phases ( its exi/5ce1 is probably ! mo/ complex natural occurr5ce 9 ?is complex _w4 ,i _c "h foll[ up fur!r ! difficult problem ( cognition#gh--save to add "o or two supplem5t>y rem>ks4 ,fir/3 x is1 ,i suppose1 fairly obvi\s t any giv5 field ( cognitive relat$ness comprises all t is !n & !re selectively cogniz$4 ,j z1 9 ! v ext5d$ s5se ( ! ^w 'k'1 ! e>? kn[s1 9 gravitative fa%ion1 ! :ole sol> sy/em1 z does also any "o ( ! planets1 s1 9 ! re/rict$ s5se1 is k co-ext5sive ) all t is1 selectively1 9 cognitive relation%ip ) ! organism or t "p ( ! organism :i* is ! locus ( aw>5ess4 ,i speak "h ( ! locus ( aw>5ess 9 j ! same s5se z ,i might speak ( ! e>? z a locus ( gravitative k ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! locus ( aw>5ess is j a specializ$ portion ( ! :ole relational web4 ,9 o!r words1 ! relat$ness is ( ! "p-:ole k9d1 :]e :ole means re/ ( ! :ole o!r ?an ! specific "p4 ,9 any su* integrat$ sy/em ! "p implies ! :ole--:i*1 by ! way1 is q a diff]5t matt] f say+ t ! "p includes ! :ole1 or1 z ,i und]/& ! words1 is equival5t to ! :ole4 ,b1 :]eas gravitative k is reciprocal--! sun kn[+ ! e>? 9 ! same fa%ion z ! e>? kn[s ! sun--cognitive k is n reciprocal4 ,my cognitive aw>5ess ( a sp9n+-top does n imply t ! sp9n+-top is 9 l mann] aw>e ( me4 ,! "p kn[s ! :ole 9 a way t ! :ole does n "k ! "p4 ,! relation%ip ( ! "p to ! re/ ( ! :ole is n reciprocal or symmetrical4 ,?is we mu/ j accept z a giv5 feature ( cognitive relat$ness4#gi ,ano!r v important po9t is t cognitive relat$ness is effective4 ,by ?is ,i mean t j z1 :5 ! e>? is 9 gravitative relation to ! sun & ! o!r planets 7! con/itution ( nature be+ :at x is71 *anges take place because ! p>ts ( ! sy/em z a :ole are 9 ?is field ( effective relat$ness2 s too1 :5 ! organism is 9 cognitive relation to its environm5t1 *anges 9 ?is sy/em also take place j because a "p ( ! :ole sy/em is 9 cognitive relat$ness to ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,t means t ! cognitive relation really c\nts--t x is n m]ely an epiph5om5al accompanim5t ( *anges :i* w\ld be precisely ! same if x 7 abs5t4 ,! 'sum ( en]gy' presumably rema9s con/ant4 ,!re is no necess>y int]f]5ce ) physical pr9ciples4 ,b we "k ( s _m cases 9 :i* ! direction ( *ange may be *ang$ )\t any alt]ation ( ! 'am\nt ( en]gy'1 z ! phrase goes1 t ,i see no reason1 bas$ on physical sci5ce1#hj = d5y+ ?is k9d ( effectiv5ess1 )9 a field ( cognitive relat$ness1 if ! facts seem indubitably to po9t to its exi/5ce4 ,to ass]t t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( cognitive relat$ness makes absolutely no diff]5ce appe>s to me1 ,i confess1 little %ort ( prepo/]\s2 to urge t x may be br\ght "u ! rubric ( physico-*emical relat$ness surely involves ! ignor+ ( diff]5tiat+ features1 :i* sci5ce %\ld n ignore4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 to invoke an immat]ial psy*ic entity#ha--unless ?is m]ely names ! relat$ness itself#hb z gravitation names ! gravitative relat$ness--appe>s to me q unw>rant$ 9 ! sci5tific univ]se ( disc\rse4#hc ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 draw to a conclusion4 ,i _c b ?9k t ,sp5c] fail$ to br+ cognition & ! consci\s aw>5ess x involves into really close t\* ) ! re/ ( 8 philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,no su* d\ble-aspect !ory z he accept$ af=ds a satisfactory av5ue ( sci5tific approa*4 ,b :]e ,sp5c] fail$1 :o has come )9 measurable sight ( success8 ,we are only j beg9n+ to see our way to /at+ ! problem 9 su* a =m z to br+ x )9 ! purview ( sci5ce4 ,:at we mu/ insi/ on1 z foll[]s1 at a di/ance1 ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 is ! treatm5t ( ?is type ( relat$ness on l9es simil> to our treatm5t ( o!r types ( relat$ness )9 "o ord] ( nature4 ,survey+ 8 "w z a :ole1 we may confid5tly ass]t t ,sp5c] br\ght to a conclusion a great task1 & 0 himself great 9 its execution4 ,! pres5t g5]ation c1 p]haps1 h>dly realize h[ pot5t 8 influ5ce 0 on ! ?\ght ( ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,_m ( 8 conclusions ran c\nt] to ^? :i* 71 9 8 day1 widely accept$4 ,if only !y seem$ to him to be true1 h[ev]1 he held to !m ) a t5acity :i* 8 oppon5ts br&$ z ob/9acy4 ,b z he himself said3 ',x is n = no?+ t a man has 9 him sympa?ies ) "s pr9ciples & repugnance to o!rs4 ,he1 ) all 8 capacities1 & aspirations1 & beliefs1 is n an accid5t b a product ( 8 "t4 ,:ile he is a desc5dant ( ! pa/ he is a p>5t ( ! future2 & 8 ?\ghts are z *ildr5 born to him1 :i* he may n c>elessly let die4 ,n z adv5titi\s !re=e w ! wise man reg>d ! fai? t is 9 him4 ,! highe/ tru? he sees he w fe>lessly utt]2 kn[+ t1 let :at may come ( x1 he is ?us play+ 8 "r "p 9 ! _w4'#hd ,,notes #a ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii1 p4 #acb4 #b ,essays1 vol4 i 7,am]ican repr9t71 p4 #c4 #c ,op4 cit41 p4 #cb4 #d ,op4 cit41 p4 #eh4 #e ,cf4 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 vol4 i1 p4 #ie4 #f ,m ,lett]s1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bce4 #g ,memories & ,/udies1 p4 #aci4 #h ,ibid41 p4 #adj4 #i ,autobiography1 vol4 i1 p4 #bab4 #aj ,james1 op4 cit41 p4 #abd4 #aa ,autobiography1 vol4 i1 p4 #baa4 #ab ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,six? 7,popul>7 ,edition1 p4 #ddf 7h]eaft] ,f4 ,p474 #ac ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,?ird ,edition1 vol4 i1 p4 #ejh 7h]eaft] ,ps474 #ad ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #fbg4 #ae ,ibid41 p4 #aeh4 #af ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aee4 #ag ,ps41 vol4 ii1 p4 #dhd4 #ah ,!re is 'intr9sic =ce by :i* a body manife/s itself z occupy+ space1 & t extr9sic =ce di/+ui%$ z en]gy'4 ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aej4 #ai ',dive/ ! conceiv$ unit ( matt] ( ! objective correlate to our subjective s5se ( ef=t & ! entire fabric ( physical conceptions disappe>s4' ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aea note4 ,cf4 ,ps41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bcg1 #bci4 #bj ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aga4 #ba e4g4 ',social *anges take directions t are due to ! jo9t actions ( citiz5s det]m9$ z are ^? ( all o!r *anges wr\ght by ! composition ( =ces4' ',! fl[ ( capital into bus9ess yield+ ! l>ge/ returns1 ! buy+ 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell+ 9 ! de>e/1 ! introduction ( m economical modes ( manufacture1 ! developm5t ( bett] ag5cies = di/ribution1 exhibit movem5ts tak+ place 9 directions :]e !y are met by ! smalle/ totals ( oppos+ =ces4' ,f4 ,p41 pp4 #aic-f4 #bb ,creative ,evolution1 ,engli% translation1 p4 #ec4 #bc ,op4 cit41 pp4 #che1 #f4 #bd ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,c>r's int]pretation ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 ',! :ole _w1 z x is pres5t$ to u & ?\ght ( by u1 is an illusion4 ,our sci5ce is n unreal1 b x is a trans=m$ reality4 ,! illusions may be useful1 may1 inde$1 be necess>y & indisp5sable1 b nev]!less x is illusion4' ,problem ( ,tru?1 p4 #ff4 #be ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #chi4 #bf ',b1 :5 ,i posit ! facts ) ! %ape !y h = me to-day1 ,i suppose my faculties ( p]ception & intellection su* z !y are 9 me to-day2 = x is !y t portion ! real into lots1 !y t cut ! facts out ( ! :ole ( reality4' ,c4 ,e41 p4 #chi4 #bg ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #chi4 #bh ,op4 cit41 p4 #chg4 #bi ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 ,engli% translation1 p4 #h & passim4 #cj e4g4 ',organisation c only be /udi$ sci5tifically if ! organis$ body has fir/ be5 lik5$ to a ma*9e4' ,c4 ,e41 p4 #ih4 ,sci5ce is1 ,i ?9k1 g5]ally us$ by ,m4 ,b]gson = intellectual k 9 contradi/9ction to intuitional k4 #ca ,f4 ,p41 p4 #ahd4 #cb ,essays1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ad4 #cc ,essays1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cff4 #cd ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aef4 #ce ',!re rema9$ to assign a reason = t increas+ly-di/9ct dem>kation ( p>ts1 c4444 ,?is reason we discov]$ to be ! segregation1 c4444 ,?is cause ( ! def9it5ess ( local integrations1 c4' ,f4 ,p41 p4 #ddj4 #cf ,f4 ,p41 p4 #dc4 #cg ,essays1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dg4 #ch ,f4 ,p41 p4 #agf4 #ci ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aed4 #dj ,proce$+s ,ari/otelian ,society1 #aiab-ac1 p4 #a4 #da ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures1 ,engli% translation1 p4 #bed4 #db ,lectures & ,essays1 vol4 i1 p4 #aaa4 #dc ',b :5 we ask :at ?is en]gy is1 !re is no answ] save t x is ! n\m5al cause impli$ by ! ph5om5al effect4' ,f4 ,p41 p4 #aed4 ,x is t[>ds ?is & l /atem5ts t my criticism is direct$4 ,!re c be no objection to ! treatm5t1 by physici/s1 ( en]gy z an entity 9 ! s5se giv5 bel[ 9 note #hb4 ,^? ph5om5a to :i* #a_/b mv#b has ref]5ce are fundam5tal realities = physical sci5ce4 #dd ,9 a /atem5t ( ! law ( gravitation we may sub/itute ! words '9 a degree' = ') a =ce'2 we may speak ( '! measure ( attraction' in/ead ( '! =ce ( attraction'4 #de ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v1 ,sec4 #c1 ,eigh? ,edition1 vol4 i1 p4 #chc4 #df ,ibid41 ,sec4 #c & ,sec4 #e1 pp4 #cgi & #chi4 #dg ,ps41 vol4 ii1 p4 #ic2 cf4 p4 #ig4 ,"o has n[1 h[ev]1 to add ! realm ( subsi/5ce4 #dh ,z a m te*nical example ! foll[+ may be giv53--,! diff]5ce 9 prop]ties ( isom]s is caus$ by diff]5ce ( int]nal molecul> /ructure not)/&+ id5tity ( *emical composition4 #di ,if we take sp>k z cause & explosion z effect !re is obvi\sly no proportionality betwe5 ! cause & its effect4 ,?us ,m4 ,b]gson speaks ( ! sp>k z 'a cause t acts by releas+'2 & he adds t 'nei!r quality nor quantity ( effect v>ies ) quality or quantity ( ! cause3 ! effect is inv>iable'4 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #gg4 ,comp>e :at ,sp5c] introduc$ into ! ,six? edition ( ,f4 ,p4 7pp4 #agb-c71 conc]n+ 'trigg] action :i* does n produce ! p[] b lib]ates x'4 ,accord+ to ! treatm5t 9 ! text !re c be no 'proportionality' unless bo? gr\nd & conditions are tak5 into acc\nt4 #ej ,sp5c] says 7,f4 ,p41 pp4 #afi-gj7 t '! trans=mation ( ! unorganis$ cont5ts ( an egg into ! organis$ *ick is a "q ( heat' 'altoge!r a "q ( heat'1 9 ! ,?ird ,edition1 & tells u t '! g]m9ation ( plants pres5ts l relations ( cause & effect z e season %[s'4 ,b he also says t '! proclivities ( ! molecules det]m9e ! typical /ructure assum$'4 ,obvi\sly "h ! 'heat suppli$' falls "u 7#c7 ( ! text1 & '! proclivities ( ! molecules' is 8 notion ( :at %\ld fall "u 7#b74 #ea ,see ,index to ,f4 ,p41 sub v]bo 'integration'4 #eb e4 g4 ',dim9i% ! velocities ( ! planets & _! orbits w less5--! sol> sy/em w contract1 or become m integrat$4' ,essays1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bh4 ,m]e cond5sation is (t5 spok5 ( z integration4 ,b !n ! t]m is us$ ) bewild]+ laxity4 ,cf4 ,james1 ,memories & ,/udies1 p4 #acd4 #ec ,i reta9 9 ?is connexion ! curr5t t]m physico-*emical4 ,x seems t ! basal type ( relat$ness "h is electrical4 ,x may be said t :5 we come d[n to ! atom ! ?+s 9 relation are electrical1 are electrons1 are positive & negative *>ges4 ,s be x4 ,b is x n ! electrical relat$ness t is con/itutive ( ! atom z su*8 #ed ',a l>ge numb] ( physical prop]ties'1 says ,n]n/1 'h be5 %[n to be cle>ly additive2 t is1 ! value ( ! prop]ty 9 "q c be calculat$ z ?\gh ! comp\nd 7 su* a mixture ( its elem5ts t !y exp]i5ce no *ange 9 _! prop]ties4' ,b o!r prop]ties are n additive4 ',! k9d ( influ5ce ( ! atom 9 a comp\nd is prim>ily dep5d5t on ! mode ( its union1 t is1 ^u ! con/itution & configuration ( ! comp\nd4 ,su* non-additive prop]ties may be call$ con/itutive4' ,quot$ by ,e4 ,g4 ,spauld+ 9 ,! ,new ,realism1 p4 #bch4 #ee ,sy/em ( ,logic1 vol4 i1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 vi4 #ef ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 ,s]ies ,,ii1 p4 #bab4 #eg ,( c\rse if a p>ticul> physico-*emical *ange 7a7 is correlat$ ) a p>ticul> physiological or vital *ange 7b71 !n 7b7 implies 7a7 z 7a7 implies 7b74 ,! /atem5t 9 ! text ref]s to ! implications ( classes ( *ange4 ,!re may be physico-*emical relat$ness )\t any correlat$ vital relat$ness2 b !re does n appe> to be any vital relat$ness :i* is n correlat$ ) physico-*emical relat$ness4 #eh ,essays1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #ca1 #ee4 #ei ,ps41 vol4 ii1 p4 #dhd4 #fj ,f4 ,p41 p4 #agh4 #fa ,an ord9al correlation is "o t c\ples e t]m ( a s]ies 7a7 ) a specific t]m ( ano!r s]ies 7b7 & vice v]sa 9 ! same ord] 9 ea*4 ,cf4 ,spauld+ 9 ,! ,new ,realism1 p4 #age4 ,i %all sometimes speak ( su* correlation z s]ial4 #fb ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,edition ( #ahih1 pp4 #aag1 #abj4 #fc ,op4 cit41 p4 #abb4 #fd ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #bjh4 #fe ,f4 ,p41 p4 #fa4 ,cf4 ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #acd4 #ff ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #acb4 ,james well says ',sp5c] broke new gr\nd "h 9 insi/+ t1 s9ce m9d & its environm5t h evolv$ toge!r1 !y mu/ be /udi$ toge!r4 ,he gave to ! /udy ( m9d 9 isolation a def9ite quietus1 & t c]ta9ly is a great ?+ to h a*iev$'4 ,memories & ,/udies1 p4 #adj4 #fg ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #bjf4 #fh ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #abd4 #fi ,f4 ,p41 p4 #abj4 ,ps41 vol4 ii1 p4 #dgb4 ,cf4 ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #ih4 #gj ,! ^w und]ly+ is us$ 9 ! s5se ( occupy+ a l[] position 9 ! logical hi]>*y above indicat$4 ,if any "o likes to speak ( ! physico-*emical & ! vital z two aspects ( "o process1 he is free to d s4 ,& if he likes to say t ! vital is caus$ by ! physico-*emical1 let him d s2 b he mu/ def9e ! exact s5se 9 :i* he uses ! ambigu\s ^w cause4 ,! ^w inn] 9 ! text means )9 ! organism4 #ga ,see ,s4 ,alex&]1 ',on ,relations3 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,cognitive ,relation4' ,m9d41 vol4 xxi1 ,n4 ,s41 ,no4 #hc1 p4 #cah4 #gb ,i h avoid$ ! use ( ! ^w det]m9e4 ,x w\ld be well to di/+ui% betwe5 t :i* is det]m9$ f )\t1 t is1 condition$1 & t :i* is det]m9ate1 t is1 gr\nd$ 9 ! con/itution4 ,i am "h1 ,i ?9k1 9 l9e ) ,bosanquet4 7,see ,pr9ciple ( ,individuality & ,value1 e4 g4 pp4 #cda1 #ceb47 ,i h also avoid$ all ref]5ce to teleology4 ,)\t committ+ myself to ! acceptance ( all t ,mr4 ,bosanquet says 9 ! f\r? lecture ( ! s]ies to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 8 treatm5t1 !re1 appe>s to be on "r l9es4 ,!re is no opposition 9 teleology1 s treat$1 to :at is det]m9ate4 ,inde$1 su* teleology is ! expression ( ! logical /ructure ( ! _w1 or1 z ,sp5c] w\ld say1 ! univ]sality ( law4 ,= j z high] types ( relat$ness imply a sub/ratum ( physico-*emical processes1 s d all ev5ts imply ! und]ly+ logic ( ev5ts4 ,cf4 ,w4 ,t4 ,m>v91 ,a ,fir/ ,book ( ,metaphysics1 *4 xiii1 ',on ! logical /rata ( reality4' #gc ,cf4 ,ps41 vol4 i1 pp4 #ii & #adj4 #gd ,problems ( ,philosophy1 *4 v2 cf4 ,proc4 ,ari/otelian ,soc41 #aiaj-aa1 p4 #ajh4 #ge ,x %\ld be di/9ctly und]/ood t ,i "h speak ( "o ord] ( be+ 9 ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a dealt ) by sci5ce1 includ+ ! cognitive ph5om5a discuss$ 9 ! text4 ,:e!r we %\ld speak ( ! ,s\rce ( ph5om5a z con/itut+ a sep>ate ord] ( be+ is a "q ,i _c discuss 9 a note4 ,does ! logic ( ev5ts imply a ,logos8 ,t is ! "q 9 brief4 ,b1 s9ce ! implication 9 "q is n ( ! sci5tific k9d1 ,i may leave x on "o side 9 consid]+ a philosophy ( sci5ce4 #gf ,ps41 vol4 i1 p4 #adj4 #gg ,f4 ,p41 p4 #agh4 #gh ,i h conf9$ my att5tion to ! cognitive type ( relat$ness4 ,o!r high] modes sup]v5e :5 ! c\rse ( evolution is trac$ fur!r upw>ds4 ,inde$1 cognition is only "p ( ! und]ly+ basis impli$ by ! ri*] =ms ( di/9ctively human relational life4 ,sp5c] has mu* to say ( !m 9 8 ,sociology & 8 ,e?ics1 ?\gh he fails to realize t ! ph5om5a he is deal+ ) involve ess5tially new con/itutive features 9 man & 9 society4 ,c music or any =m ( art be discuss$ 9 t]ms ( cognition only8 ,i m]ely add ?is note to %[ t ,i am n unaw>e ( ! pat5t fact t :5 we h rea*$ ! cognitive type ( relat$ness1 we are n[h]e ne> ! top ( ! evolutional tree4 #gi ,! "p :i* is ! c5tre ( aw>5ess1 may be spok5 ( z exp]i5c+1 9 contradi/9ction to :at is exp]i5ced4 ,x is cle> t su* exp]i5c+ is always correlative to :at is exp]i5c$ actually or ideally 7,sp5c]'s vividly or fa9tly74 ,! c5tre ( aw>5ess is ei!r ! cortex1 or "s specific "p ( ! cortex1 or 7m g5]ally7 ! organism z own+ ! cortex1 9 ea* case 9 accordance ) ! univ]se ( disc\rse4 #hj ,few physici/s w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be prep>$ to d5y t1 )9 a field ( effective relat$ness1 !re may be1 & v (t5 is1 guidance )\t "w done or any *ange 9 ! 'am\nt ( en]gy'4 ,:at physici/s are conc]n$ to insi/ on is _! c>d9al pr9ciple t e physical *ange involves physical t]ms 9 physical relat$ness4 ,?is c be fully & freely accept$ 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( implication sket*$ 9 ! text4 ,x is :5 ,life or ,consci\sness is invok$ to play ! "p ( a non-physical t]m1 or ?+1 :i* acts & reacts z if x 7 a physical t]m or ?+1 t physici/s ent] an emphatic prote/4 ,cognitive relat$ness among physical ?+s may well be effective 9 guidance4 ,to claim its pres5ce mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se equival5t to a d5ial ( und]ly+ physico-*emical relat$ness4 #ha ,until ^? :o seek to furni% evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( disc>nate spirits c make "s plausible sugge/ions z to ! nature ( a compreh5sible s*eme ( correlation :i* %all s]ve to l9k ! disc>nate ) ! inc>nate1 "o is =c$ to ent] _! results 9 a susp5se acc\nt4 ,x is ( little use to proclaim ! exi/5ce ( 'facts scorn$ by or?odox sci5ce'4 ,! s-call$ facts mu/ be incorporat$ )9 a consi/5t s*eme1 be=e !y c claim a place 9 ! fabric ( sci5tific tru?4 #hb ,z ! ^w entity is n[ (t5 us$1 = example by ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 cognitive relat$ness may be t]m$ an entity4 ',:5 ,i speak ( an entity ,i %all mean to imply absolutely no?+ m ) reg>d to t :i* ,i s call1 ?an t x is or 0--t x is or 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,univ]se2 & ( any?+ :atev] :i* is or 01 ,i %all take ! lib]ty to say t x is an entity4' ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ,proc4 ,ari/otelian ,soc41 #aiji-aj1 p4 #cf4 #hc ,i h no space to discuss ! physiological diff]5tiation :i* is impli$ by ! effectiv5ess ( ! cognitive relation4 ,x involves1 ,i believe1 ! diff]5tiation ( a sup]ior cortical sy/em f an inf]ior sy/em ( n]v\s arcs4 ,i h dealt ) x 9 "s detail else:]e4 ,see ,in/9ct & ,exp]i5ce4 #hd ,f4 ,p41 pp4 #ia-b4 ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,m4,a4 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity