,v]4#jg_/bg_/ja99;,,end99 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,beauty by ,e!l ,d4 ,puff] ,,preface ,,! human be+ :o ?rills to ! exp]i5ce ( beauty 9 nature & 9 art does n =ev] re/ ) t exp]i5ce unque/ion$4 ,! day comes :5 he ye>ns to pi]ce ! secret ( 8 emotion1 to discov] :at x is1 & :y1 t has s /ung him--to def5d & to ju/ify 8 transport to himself & to o!rs4 ,he seeks a reason = ! fai? t is 9 him4 ,& s h aris5 ! speculative !ories ( ! nature ( beauty1 on ! "o h&1 & ! /udies ( concrete beauty & our feel+s ab\t x1 on ! o!r4 ,speculative !ory has tak5 its own way1 h[ev]1 z a "p ( philosophy1 9 relat+ ! ,beautiful to ! o!r great concepts ( ! ,true & ! ,good2 build+ up an ar*itectonic ( ab/ract ideas1 f> f ! imm$iate facts & problems ( ! enjoym5t ( beauty4 ,!re has gr[n up1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! la/ ye>s1 a great lit]ature ( special /udies 9 ! facts ( ae/hetic production & enjoym5t4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ae/hetic elem5ts2 inve/igations into ! physiological psy*ology ( ae/hetic reactions2 /udies 9 ! g5esis & developm5t ( art =ms1 h multipli$ apace4 ,b ^! are /ill m]e gr\ps ( facts = psy*ology2 !y h n be5 tak5 up into a s+le au?oritative pr9ciple4 ,psy*ology _c d ju/ice to ! imp]ative ( beauty1 by virtue ( :i*1 :5 we say ?is is beautiful1 we h a "r to imply t ! univ]se mu/ agree ) u4 ,a syn!sis ( ^! t5d5cies 9 ! /udy ( beauty is ne$$1 9 :i* ! results ( mod]n psy*ology %all help to make intelligible a philosophical !ory ( beauty4 ,! *ief purpose ( ?is book is to seek to effect su* a union4 ,a way ( def9+ ,beauty :i* gr\nds x 9 g5]al pr9ciples1 :ile all[+ x to rea* ! concrete case1 is set =? 9 ! essay on ! ,nature ( ,beauty4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s aim to exp&1 to te/1 & to confirm ?is c5tral !ory1 by %[+1 p>tly by ! aid ( ! a=esaid special /udies1 h[ x acc\nts = our pleasure 9 pictures1 music1 & lit]ature4 ,! :ole field ( beauty is ?us br\ght "u discussion2 & !re=e1 ?\gh x n[h]e seeks to be exhau/ive 9 treatm5t1 ! book may fairly claim to be a m or less consi/5t & complete ae/hetic !ory1 & h5ce to address itself to ! /ud5t ( ae/hetics z well z to ! g5]al read]4 ,! *apt] on ! ,nature ( ,beauty1 inde$1 w d\btless be f\nd by ! latt] some:at te*nical1 & %\ld be omitt$ by all :o def9itely object to pr(essional phraseology4 ,! g5]al conclusions ( ! book are suffici5tly /at$ 9 ! less ab/ract pap]s4 ,( ! essays :i* compose ! foll[+ volume1 ! fir/1 ?ird1 & la/ are repr9t$1 9 m or less revis$ =m1 f ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly & ! ,int]national ,mon?ly4 ,al?\gh writt5 z indep5d5t pap]s1 x is ?\ght t !y d n unduly repeat ea* o!r1 b t !y s]ve to v]ify1 9 ea* ( ! sev]al realms ( beauty1 ! tru? ( ! c5tral !ory ( ! book4 ,! v>i\s influ5ces :i* h s]v$ to %ape a "w ( ?is k9d become evid5t 9 ! read+2 b ,i _c refra9 f a ^w ( ?anks to ! tea*]s ^: inspiration & enc\ragem5t fir/ made x possible4 ,i owe mu* gratitude to ,pr(essor ,m>y ,a4 ,jordan & ,pr(essor ,h4 ,norman ,g>d9] ( ,smi? ,college1 :o 9 lit]ature & 9 philosophy fir/ set me 9 ! way ( ae/hetic int]e/ & inquiry1 & to ,pr(essor ,hugo ,mun/]b]g ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ^: philosophical !ories & sci5tific guidance h l>gely influ5c$ my ?\ght4 ,,wellesley ,,college1 ,april #bd1 #aije4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,ae/hetics44444444444444444444444444444 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,beauty44444444444444444444444444444444 #bg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,repose44444444444444444444444444444444 #eg ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,f9e ,,art444444444444444444444444444444#hi ,a4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,visual ,,=m444444444444444444444#ia ,b4 ,,space ,,composition ,,among ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s444444#abh ,v4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,music44444444444444444444444444444444# adi ,,vi4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,lit]ature444444444444444444444444444#b jc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,,( ,,! ,,drama444444444444#bbi ,,viii4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,ideas44444444444444444444444444444444# bfc ,i ,,criticism ,,& ,,ae/hetics ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,beauty ,i ,,criticism ,,& ,,ae/hetics ,,x is n s long ago t ! field ( lit]>y criticism 0 divid$ into two oppos+ camps4 ,france be+ ! only c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e criticism is a s]i\s matt]1 ! battle wag$ mo/ fi]cely !re1 & d\btless greatly s]v$ to br+ ab\t ! pres5t g5]al int]e/ & und]/&+ ( ! !oretical que/ions at issue4 ,! combatants 71 ( c\rse1 ! impressioni/ic & sci5tific s*ools ( criticism1 & p>ticul>ly enlight5+ 7 ! m or less rec5t controv]sies betwe5 ,,mm4 ,anatole ,france & ,jules ,lemaitre z repres5tatives ( ! fir/1 & ,m4 ,bruneti]e z ! *ief expon5t ( ! second4 ,!y h plant$ _! /&>ds2 & we see t !y /& = t5d5cies 9 ! critical activity ( e nation4 ,! ideal ( ! impressioni/ is to br+ a new piece ( lit]ature into be+ 9 "s exquisitely happy *>act]ization1-- to create a lyric ( criticism out ( ! unique pleasure ( an ae/hetic h\r4 ,! /ronghold ( ! sci5ti/1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! doctr9e ( lit]>y evolution1 & 8 aim is to %[ ! hi/ory ( lit]ature z ! hi/ory ( a process1 & ! "w ( lit]ature z a product2 to expla9 x f its prec$+ causes1 & to detect !reby ! g5]al laws ( lit]>y metamorphosis4 ,su* are ! two great l9es ( mod]n criticism2 _! purposes & ideals /& diametrically oppos$4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 !re h n be5 want+ signs ( a _s ( reconciliation1 & ( a t5d5cy to conc$e ! value1 ea* 9 its own sph]e1 ( diff]5t b complem5t>y activities4 ,n[ & aga9 ! lion & ! lamb h la9 d[n toge!r2 "o might almo/ say1 on read+ a delightful pap] ( ,mr4 ,lewis ,e4 ,gates on ,impressionism & ,appreciation1#a t ! lamb _h assimilat$ ! lion4 ,= ! heir ( all lit]>y /udies1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,gates1 is ! appreciative critic2 & he x is :o %all fulfill ! true function ( criticism4 ,he is to consid] ! "w ( art 9 its hi/orical sett+ & its psy*ological orig91 z a *>act]i/ic mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( human _s1 & z a delicately transp>5t illu/ration ( ae/hetic law4 ,b1 9 reg>d+ ! "w ( art "u all ^! aspects1 8 aim is1 prim>ily1 n to expla91 & n to judge or dogmatize1 b to enjoy2 to realize ! manifold *>ms ! "w ( art has ga!r$ unto itself f all s\rces1 & to int]pret ?is *>m imag9atively to ! m5 ( 8 own day & g5]ation4 #a ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,july1 #aijj4 ,?us x w\ld seem t if ! report ( 8 p]sonal reactions to a "w ( lit]>y art is ! int5tion ( ! impressioni/1 & its explanation t ( ! sci5ti/1 ! purpose ( ! appreciative critic is fairly nam$ z ! illum9at+ & int]pret+ reproduction ( t "w1 f mat]ial furni%$ by ^? o!r =ms ( critical activity4 ,mu/1 !n1 ! me?od ( appreciation1 z comb9+ & reconcil+ ! two oppos$ views1 =?) claim our adh]5ce8 ,to put to use all ! devices ( sci5ce & all ! treasures ( s*ol>%ip = ! s+le end ( imag9ative int]pretation1 = ! sake ( giv+ ) ! orig9al melody all ! h>monies ( subtle association & pr(\nd mean+ ! ages h add$1 is1 inde$1 a great und]tak+4 ,b is x z valuable z x is va/8 ,m4 ,bruneti]e has p\r$ out 8 irony ^u ! critics :o believe t _! own reactions ^u lit]ature are any?+ to u 9 ! pres5ce ( ! works to :i* !y h ?rill$4 ,may x n also be ask$ ( ! int]pret] if its function is a necess>y "o8 ,d we require s mu* enlight5m5t1 only to enjoy8 ,appreciative criticism is a salt to give ! dull palate its full savor2 b :at lit]>y epicure1 :at real boo-lov]1 w ackn[l$ge 8 own ne$ ( x8 ,if ! :ole aim ( appreciative criticism is to reproduce 9 o!r arrangem5t ! cont5ts1 express$ & impli$1 & ! emotional value1 orig9al & d]iv$1 ( a piece ( lit]ature1 ! value ( ! end1 at lea/ to ! intellig5t read]1 is out ( all proportion to ! labori\sness ( ! means4 ,s+1 read+'s a joy6 ,= me1 ,i read4 ,b a feel+ ( ?is k9d is1 aft] all1 n a reason to be urg$ aga9/ ! me?od4 ,! real weakness ( appreciative criticism lies else:]e4 ,x tea*es u to enjoy2 b are we to enjoy ev]y?+8 ,s9ce its only aim is to reveal ! intricate implications ( a "w ( art2 s9ce x (f]s1 & pr(esses to (f]1 no lit]>y judgm5ts1--hav+ inde$ no explicit /&>d ( lit]>y value1--x mu/1 at lea/ on its own !ory1 take its objects ( appreciation ready-made1 s to speak1 by popul> acclaim4 ,x possesses no crit]ion2 x likes :ate'er x looks on2 & x c nev] tell u :at we are n to l4 ,t is unsatisfactory2 & x is worse1-- x is self-de/ructive4 ,=1 n be+ able to reject1 appreciation _c1 9 logic1 *oose ! objects ( its att5tion4 ,b a me?od :i* _c limit on its own pr9ciples ! field )9 :i* x is to "w is condemn$ f ! beg9n+2 x be>s a fallacy at its core4 ,9 ord] to make criticism !oretically possible at all1 ! p[] to *oose & reject1 & s ! pron\nc+ ( judgm5t1 mu/ be an integral "p ( x4 ,to su* a task ! critic may l5d himself )\t ar\s+ our antagonism4 ,we h no press+ ne$ to "k ! lat5t possibilities ( emotion = u 9 a book or a poem2 b :e!r x is excell5t or ! rev]se1 :e!r we 7 "r 9 be+ mov$ by x1 we are inde$ will+ to he>1 = we desire to ju/ify ! fai? t is 9 u4 ,if1 !n1 ! (fice ( ! judge be an ess5tial "p ( ! critical function1 ! appreciative critic1 :atev] 8 o!r m]its1--& we %all exam9e !m lat]1--fails at lea/ ( p]fection4 ,8 s*eme is n ! ideal "o2 & we may turn back1 9 our se>* = x1 to a clos] view ( ^? :i* 8 0 to sup]s$e4 ,impressionism1 h[ev]1 is at once out ( ! runn+2 x has always vigor\sly repudiat$ ! notion ( ! /&>d1 & we "k1 !re=e1 t no m ?an appreciation c x *oose its mat]ial & /& alone4 ,b sci5tific criticism pr(esses1 at lea/1 ! true fai? ,m4 ,bruneti]e holds t 8 own me?od is ! only "o by :i* an imp]sonal & /able judgm5t c be r5d]$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! evolution ( lit]>y species is m or less expla9$ 9 nam+ x4 ,lit]>y species1 ,m4 ,bruneti]e ma9ta9s1 d exi/4 ,!y develop & are trans=m$ into o!rs 9 a way m or less analog\s to ! evolution ( natural types4 ,x rema9s to see on :at basis an objective judgm5t c be giv54 ,al?\gh ,m4 ,bruneti]e seems to make classification ! disposal ( a "w 9 ! hi]>*y ( species1 & judgm5t ! disposal ( x 9 relation to o!rs ( its own species1 he has nev] %>ply di/+ui%$ betwe5 !m2 s t we %all n be wrong 9 tak+ 8 ?ree pr9ciples ( classification1 sci5tific1 moral1 & ae/hetic1 z ?ree pr9ciples by :i* he e/imates ! excell5ce ( a "w4 ,8 own examples1 inde$1 prove t to him a ?+ is already judg$ 9 be+ classifi$4 ,! "w ( art is judg$1 !n1 by its relation to ! type4 ,is ?is position t5able8 ,i hold t1 on ! contr>y1 x precludes ! possibility ( a critical judgm5t2 = ! judgm5t ( any?+ always means judgm5t ) ref]5ce to ! end = :i* is exi/s4 ,a bad k+ is n ! less a bad k+ = be+ a good fa!r2 & if 8 k+%ip is 8 ess5tial function1 he mu/ be judg$ ) ref]5ce to t alone4 ,n[ a piece ( lit]ature is1 ) ref]5ce to its end1 fir/ ( all a "w ( art4 ,x repres5ts life & x enjo9s morality1 b x is only z a "w ( art t x atta9s consid]ation2 t1 9 ! words ( ,m4 ,lemaitre1 x exi/s = u at all4 ,its aim is beauty1 & beauty is its excuse = be+4 ,! type belongs to natural hi/ory4 ,! "o pr9ciple at ! basis ( sci5tific criticism is1 z we h se51 ! conception ( lit]>y hi/ory z a process1 & ( ! "w ( art z a product4 ,! "w ( art is1 !n1 a mom5t 9 a necess>y succession1 gov]n$ by laws ( *ange & adaptation l ^? ( natural evolution4 ,b h[ c ! conception ( values ent] "h8 ,excell5ce c be attribut$ only to t :i* atta9s an ideal end2 & a necess>y succession has no end 9 itself4 ,! type1 9 ?is s5se1 is p]fectly holl[4 ,to say t ! mod]n *rysan!mum is bett] ?an t ( our =be>s because x is m *rysan!mum-l is true only if we make ! latt] =m ! arbitr>y /&>d ( ! *rysan!mum4 ,if ! horse ( ! ,eoc5e age is inf]ior to ! horse ( to-day1 x is because1 on ,m4 ,bruneti]e's pr9ciple1 he is less horse-l4 ,b :o %all decide :i* is m l a horse1 ! orig9al or ! latt] developm5t8 ,no species :i* is con/itut$ by its own hi/ory c be said to h an end 9 itself1 & c1 !re=e1 h an excell5ce to :i* x %all atta94 ,9 %ort1 good & bad c be appli$ to ! mom5ts 9 a necess>y evolution only by imput+ a fictiti\s sup]iority to ! la/ t]m2 & s "o type _c logically be pref]r$ to ano!r4 ,z = ! individual specim5s1 s9ce ! conception ( ! type does n admit ! pr9ciple ( excell5ce1 con=mity !reto means no?+4 ,! "w ( art1 on ! o!r h&1 z a ?+ ( beauty1 is an atta9m5t ( an ideal1 n a product1 &1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is relat$ n at all to ! o!r t]ms ( a succession1 its causes & its effects1 b only to ! ab/ract pr9ciples ( t beauty at :i* x aims4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! :ole pr9ciple ( ?is cont5tion has be5 admitt$ by ,m4 ,bruneti]e 9 a casual s5t5ce1 ( :i* he does n appe> to recognize ! full significance4 ,we ackn[l$ge1 ( c\rse1 he says1 t !re is 9 criticism a c]ta9 diff]5ce f natural hi/ory1 s9ce we _c elim9ate ! subjective elem5t if ! capacity works ( art h ( produc+ impressions on u makes a "p ( _! def9ition4 ,x is n 9 ord] to be eat5 t ! tree produces its fruit4 ,b ?is is giv+ away 8 :ole position6 ,z little z ! con=mity ( ! fruit to its species has to d ) our pleasure 9 eat+ x1 j s little has ! con=mity ( a lit]>y "w to its g5re to d ) ! quality by virtue ( :i* x is def9$ z art4 ,! ,greek temple is a product ( ,greek religion appli$ to geographical conditions4 ,to compreh5d x z a type1 we mu/ "k t x 0 an adaptation ( ! op5 hilltop to ! purpose ( ! wor%ip ( images ( ! gods4 ,b ! mo/ p5etrat+ /udy ( ! sl[ m\ld+ ( ?is type w nev] reveal h[ & :y j ^? proportions 7 *os5 :i* make ! joy & ! despair ( all behold]s4 ,e>ly ,italian art 0 purely ecclesia/ical 9 its orig94 ,! exig5cies ( adaptation to alt>s1 conv5t walls1 or ca!dral domes expla9 ! *oice ( subjects1 ! composition1 ev5 p]haps ! color s*emes 7z ( frescoes1 = in/ance72 & yet all t makes a ,giotto great] ?an a ,pictor ,ignotus is q unacc\nt$ = by ^! consid]ations4 ,! quality ( beauty is n evolv$4 ,all t comes "u ! category ( mat]ial & practical purpose1 ( idea or ( moral attitude1 belongs to ! succession1 ! evolution1 ! type ,b ! def9+ *>act]s ( ! "w ( art are indep5d5t ( "t4 ,! temple1 ! fresco1 & ! symphony1 9 ! mom5t !y become objects ( ! critical judgm5t1 become also qualities ( beauty & transp>5t examples ( its laws4 ,if ! true critical judgm5t1 !n1 belongs to an ord] ( ideas ( :i* natural sci5ce c take no cognizance1 ! self-/yl$ sci5tific criticism mu/ %[ ! /range p>adox ( ignor+ ! v qualities by virtue ( :i* a giv5 "w has any value1 or c come at all to be ! object ( ae/hetic judgm5t4 ,9 two words1 ! _w ( beauty & ! _w ( natural processes are incomm5surable1 & sci5tific criticism ( lit]>y art is a logical impossibility4 ,b ! citadel ( sci5tific criticism has yet "o m /ronghold4 ,grant$ t beauty1 z an ab/ract quality1 is timeless2 grant$ t1 9 ! judgm5t ( a piece ( lit]>y art1 ! /&>d ( value is ! canon ( beauty1 n ! type2 yet ! old ord] *ange?4 ,primitive & civiliz$ man1 ! ,hott5tot & ! ,lapl&]1 ! ,ori5tal & ! ,slav1 h desir$ diff]+ beauties4 ,may x1 !n1 /ill be said t al?\gh a giv5 embodim5t ( beauty is to be judg$ ) ref]5ce to ! idea ( beauty alone1 yet ! concrete ideal ( beauty mu/ we> ! manacles ( space & "t1-- t ! metamorphoses ( ta/e preclude ! notion ( an objective beauty8 ,& if ?is is true1 are we n ?r[n back aga9 on que/ions ( g5esis & developm5t1 & a /udy ( ! evolution1 n ( p>ticul> types ( art1 b ( g5]al ae/hetic feel+2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ^u a =m ( criticism :i* is sci5tific 9 ! s5se ( be+ bas$ on succession1 & n on absolute value8 ,x is inde$ true t ! v possibility ( a criticism :i* %all judge ( ae/hetic excell5ce mu/ /& or fall ) ?is o!r "q ( a beauty 9 itself1 z an objective f\ndation = criticism4 ,if !re is an absolute beauty1 x mu/ be possible to "w out a sy/em ( pr9ciples :i* %all embody its laws1--an ae/hetic1 9 o!r words2 & on ! basis ( t ae/hetic to deliv] a well-f\nd$ critical judgm5t4 ,is !re1 !n1 a beauty 9 itself8 ,& if s1 9 :at does x consi/8 ,we c approa* su* an ae/hetic canon 9 two ways3 f ! /&po9t ( philosophy1 :i* develops ! idea ( beauty z a factor 9 ! sy/em ( our absolute values1 side by side ) ! ideas ( tru? & ( morality1 or f ! /&po9t ( empirical sci5ce4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 we may conf9e ourselves to ! empirical facts ( psy*ology & physiology4 ,:5 ,i feel ! rhy?m ( poetry1 or ( p]fect prose1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 9 its own way1 no less rhy?mical1 e s5sation ( s\nd s5ds ?r\gh me a diffusive wave ( n]v\s en]gy4 ,i am ! rhy?m because ,i imitate x 9 myself4 ,i m>* to noble music 9 all my ve9s1 ev5 ?\gh ,i may be sitt+ decor\sly by my own he>?/one2 & :5 ,i sweep ) my eyes ! outl9es ( a great picture1 ! curve ( a ,greek vase1 ! ar*es ( a ca!dral1 e l9e is liv$ ov] aga9 9 my own frame4 ,& :5 rhy?m & melody & =ms & colors give me pleasure1 x is because ! imitat+ impulses & movem5ts t h aris5 9 me are su* z suit1 help1 height5 my physical organization 9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul>4 ,x may seem some:at trivial to say t a curv$ l9e is pleas+ because ! eye is s hung z to move be/ 9 x2 b we may take x z "o in/ance ( ! numb]less conditions = heal?y action :i* a beautiful =m fulfills4 ,a well- compos$ picture calls up 9 ! spectator j su* a balanc$ relation ( impulses ( att5tion & incipi5t movem5ts z suits an organism :i* is also balanc$--bilat]al--9 its own impulses to movem5t1 & at ! same "t /able2 & x is ! correspond5ce ( ! sugge/$ impulses ) ! natural movem5t t makes ! composition good4 ,besides ! pleasure f ! tone relations1--:i* d\btless c be ev5tually r$uc$ to some?+ ( ! same k9d1--x is ! balance ( n]v\s & muscul> t5sions & relaxations1 ( ye>n+s & satisfactions1 :i* are ! subjective side ( ! beauty ( a /ra9 ( music4 ,! basis1 9 %ort1 ( any ae/hetic exp]i5ce--poetry1 music1 pa9t+1 & ! re/-- is beautiful ?r\gh its h>mony ) ! conditions (f]$ by our s5ses1 prim>ily ( sight & he>+1 & ?r\gh ! h>mony ( ! sugge/ions & impulses x ar\ses ) ! :ole organism4 ,b ! s5su\s beauty ( art does n exhau/ ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,:at ( ! special emotions--! gayety or triumph1 ! sadness or peace or agitation--t hang ab\t ! "w ( art1 & make1 = _m1 ! great] "p ( _! delight 9 x8 ,^? among ^! special emotions :i* belong to ! subject-matt] ( a "w--l our horror at ! picture ( an execution--ne$ n "h be discuss$4 ,to und]/& ! re/ we may v5ture = a mom5t into ! realm ( pure psy*ology4 ,we are told by psy*ology t emotion is dep5d5t on ! organic excitations ( any giv5 idea4 ,?us fe> at ! sight ( a be> is only ! rev]b]ation 9 consci\sness ( all n]v\s & vascul> *anges set up in/9ctively z a prep>ation = flight4 ,?9k away our bodily feel+s1 & we ?9k away fe>1 too4 ,& set up ! bodily *anges & ! feel+ ( !m1 & we h ! emotion t belongs to !m ev5 )\t ! idea1 z we may see 9 ! unmotiv$ panics t sometimes accompany c]ta9 he>t di/urbances4 ,! same ?+1 on ano!r level1 is a famili> exp]i5ce4 ,a glass ( w9e makes m]rim5t1 simply by br++ ab\t ^? organic /ates :i* are felt emotionally z *e]fulness4 ,n[ ! application ( all ?is to ae/hetics is cle>4 ,all ^! t5sions1 relaxations1--bodily imitations ( ! =m1--h ea* ! emotional tone :i* belongs to x4 ,& s if ! music ( a ,/rauss waltz makes u gay1 & ,h&el's ,l>go s]i\s1 x is n because we are rem9d$ ( ! ballroom or ( ! ca!dral1 b because ! physical response to ! /imulus ( ! music is itself ! basis ( ! emotion4 ,:at makes ! s5se ( peace 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries8 ,only ! t5d5cy1 on foll[+ ^? level l9es ( l&scape1 to assume ourselves ! horizontal1 & ! re/fulness :i* belongs to t po/ure4 ,if ! crimson ( a picture by ,bockl91 or ! gold5 gl[ ( a ,giorgione1 or ! fanta/ic gleam ( a ,rembr&t speaks to me l a human voice1 x is n because x expresses to me an idea1 b because x impresses t s5sibility :i* is deep] ?an ideas1--! region ( ! emotional response to color & to light4 ,:at is ! beauty ( ! ,ulalume1 or ,kubla ,khan1 or ,ueb] all5 ,gipfeln8 ,x is ! way 9 :i* ! =m 9 its exquisite fitness to our s5ses1 & ! emotion belong+ to t p>ticul> =m z organic rev]b]ation !refrom1 9 its exquisite fitness to ?\ght1 create 9 u a delight q unacc\nt$ = by ! ideas :i* !y express4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( beauty1--! possession ( a quality :i* excites ! human organism to function+ h>moni\s ) its own nature4 ,we c see 9 ?is def9ition ! possibility ( an ae/hetic :i* %all h objective validity because f\nd$ 9 ! et]nal prop]ties ( human nature1 :ile x yet all[s u to und]/& t 9 ! limits )9 :i*1 by education & environm5t1 ! empirical man *anges1 8 norms ( beauty mu/ v>y1 too4 ,ideas c *ange 9 int]e/ & 9 value1 b ^! en]gies lie mu* deep] ?an ! idea1 9 ! orig9al con/itution ( mank9d4 ,!y belong to ! in/9ctive1 involunt>y "p ( our nature4 ,!y are *angeless1 j z ! et]nal man is *angeless2 & z ! basis ( ae/hetic feel+ !y c be ga!r$ into a sy/em ( laws :i* %all be subject to no ess5tial metamorphosis4 ,s long z we laugh :5 we are joyful1 & weep :5 we are sick & sorry2 s long z we flu% ) ang]1 or gr[ pale ) fe>1 s long %all we ?rill to a gold5 sunset1 ! cad5ce ( an air1 or ! gloomy spaces ( a ca!dral4 ,! /udy ( ^! =ms ( h>moni\s function+ ( ! human organism has its roots1 ( c\rse1 9 ! sci5ce ( psy*ology1 b comes1 nev]!less1 to a diff]5t fl[]1 because ( ! graft+ on ( ! elem5t ( ae/hetic value4 ,x is ! /udy ( ! dis9t]e/$ human pleasures1 &1 al?\gh z yet sc>cely well begun1 capable ( a mo/ detail$ & def9itive treatm5t4 ,?is is n ! "* ( ^? /udies s casually allud$ to by ! au?or ( ,impressionism & ,appreciation1 :5 he enjo9s on ! appreciative critic n to neglect ! lit]ature ( ae/hetics3 ,! *>act]i/ics ( 8 ! arti/'s temp]am5t h be5 not$ ) ! nice/ loyalty2 & p>ticul>ly ! play ( 8 special faculty1 ! imag9ation1 z ?is faculty ?r\gh ! use ( s5sations & images & moods & ideas creates a "w ( art1 has be5 foll[$ out ) ! utmo/ delicacy ( obs]vation4 ,b ^! are n prop]ly /udies 9 ae/hetics at all4 ,to f9d out :at is beautiful1 & ! reason = its be+ beautiful1 is ! ae/hetic task2 to analyze ! work+s ( ! poet's m9d1 z 8 conception gr[s & ramifies & bright5s1 is no "p ( x1 because su* a /udy takes no acc\nt ( ! ae/hetic value ( ! process1 b only ( ! process itself4 ,! same fallacy lurks "h1 inde$1 z 9 ! confusion ( ! sci5tific critic betwe5 lit]>y evolution & poetic a*ievem5t1 & ! te/ ( ! fallacy is ?is s+le fact3 ! psy*ological process 9 ! developm5t ( a dramatic idea1 = in/ance1 is1 & q prop]ly %\ld be1 f ! po9t ( view ( su* analysis1 exactly ! same = a ,%akespe>e & = ! ,hoyt ( our ,am]ican f>ces4 ,! cause ( ! production ( a "w ( art may inde$ by f\nd by trac+ back ! /ream ( ?\ght2 b ! cause ( its beauty is ! desire & ! s5se ( beauty 9 ! human he>t4 ,if a giv5 comb9ation ( l9es & colors is beautiful1 !n ! anticipation ( ! comb9ation z beautiful is :at has br\ght ab\t its inc>nation4 ,! arti/'s attitude t[>d 8 vision ( beauty1 & ! art lov]'s t[>d t vision realiz$1 are ! same4 ,! only legitimate ae/hetic analysis is1 !n1 t ( ! relation betwe5 ! ae/hetic object & ! lov] ( beauty1 & all ! /udies 9 ! psy*ology ( inv5tion--be x lit]>y1 sci5tific1 or practical inv5tion--h no "r to ! o!r "n4 ,ae/hetics1 !n1 is ! sci5ce ( beauty4 ,x w be develop$ z a sy/em ( laws express+ ! relation betwe5 ! object & ae/hetic pleasure 9 x2 or z a sy/em ( conditions to :i* ! object1 9 ord] to be beautiful1 mu/ con=m4 ,x is h>d to say :]e ! task ( ! ae/hetician ends1 & t ( ! critic beg9s2 & = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 !y mu/ (t5 be comm+l$4 ,b !y are def9$ by _! purposes3 ! end & aim ( "o is a sy/em ( pr9ciples2 ( ! o!r1 ! disposal ( a giv5 "w ) ref]5ce to ^? pr9ciples2 & :5 ! sci5ce ( ae/hetics %all h tak5 %ape1 criticism w conf9e itself to ! analysis ( ! "w into its ae/hetic elem5ts1 to ! explanation 7by means ( ! laws already =mulat$7 ( its especial p[] 9 ! realm ( beauty1 & to ! judgm5t ( its comp>ative ae/hetic value4 ,! o!r =ms ( critical activity w !n f9d _! true place z prelim9>ies or supplem5ts to ! ess5tial function ( criticism4 ,! /udy ( hi/orical conditions1 ( au?ors' p]sonal relations1 ( ! lit]>y mom5t1 w be means to %[ ! "w ( art z 9 itself x really is4 ,%all we !n say t ! me?od ( appreciation1 be+ an unusually exhau/ive pres5tm5t ( ! object z 9 itself x really is1 is !re=e an indisp5sable prep>ation = ! critical judgm5t8 ,! mod]n appreciator1 aft] ! model limn$ by ,pr(essor ,gates1 0 to /rive to get1 z x 71 ! a]ial p]spective ( a ma/]piece1--to pres5t x z x looks across ! blue dep?s ( ! ye>s4 ,?is is )\t d\bt a fasc9at+ /udy2 b x may be que/ion$ if x does n d>k5 ! m important issue4 ,= x is n ! object z 9 itself x really is t we at la/ behold1 b ! object disguis$ 9 new & /range trapp+s4 ,su* appreciation is to ae/hetic criticism z ! s5tim5tal to ! naive poet 9 ,s*ill]'s fam\s anti!sis4 ,! virtue ( ! s5tim5tal g5ius is to complete by ! elem5ts :i* x d]ives f itself an o!rwise defective object4 ,s ! ae/hetic critic takes 8 natural ne$ ( beauty f ! object2 ! appreciative critic seeks a fur!r beauty outside ( ! object1 9 8 own reflections & fancies ab\t x4 ,b if we c>e greatly = ! associations ( lit]ature1 we ,are 9 dang] ( disreg>d+ its quality4 ,a va/ deal ( pretty s5tim5t may hang ab\t & all b transmute ! mo/ prosaic object4 ,a s$an *air1 an old scre51 a sundial1--to quote only ,au/9 ,dobson1--ne$ n be lovely 9 !mselves to s]ve z pegs to hang a poem on2 & all ! atmosph]e ( ! eighte5? c5tury may be waft$ f a j> ( potp\rri4 ,read a lyric in/ead ( a rose j>1 & ! rule holds z well4 ,! man ( feel+ _c b f9d all ,ranelagh & ,vauxhall 9 "s icily regul> effusion ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & w take a deep] retrospective ?rill f an old playbill ?an f ! play itself4 ,& s9ce ?is is s1--s9ce ! int]e/ 9 ! ov]tones1 ! add$ value giv5 by "t1 ! value = u1 is n necess>ily relat$ to ! value z lit]ature ( ! fundam5tal note1--to make ! /udy ( ! ov]tones an ess5tial "p ( criticism is to be guilty ( ! ,pa!tic ,fallacy2 t is1 ! falsification ( ! object by ! intrusion ( ourselves1--! typical s5tim5tal crime4 ,x seems to me1 inde$1 t in/ead ( c\rt+ a s5se = ! aromatic 9 lit]ature1 ! critic %\ld r gu>d himself aga9/ its insidi\s approa*es4 ,disport+ himself 9 su* pleasures ( ! fancy1 he f9ds x easy to believe1 & to make u believe1 t a piece ( lit]ature ga9s 9 intr9sic value f its p[] to /imulate 8 hi/orical s5se4 ,! mod]n appreciative critic1 9 %ort1 is too likely to be ! dupe ( 8 sophi/icat$ rev]ie1--l an epicure :o %\ld n ta/e ! meat = ! sauces4 ,a ma/] "w1 once beautiful accord+ to ! great & g5]al laws1 nev] becomes1 prop]ly speak+1 ei!r m or less s4 ,if a piece ( art c take u ) its own beauty1 !re is no po9t 9 sup]impos+ ^u x %ades ( s5tim5t2 if x _c s *>m1 all ! rose-color$ lights ( ?is k9d ( appreciative criticism are unavail+4 ,! lit]>y treatm5t ( art1 z ! emotional treatm5t ( lit]ature1--= t is :at appreciation & int]pretation really are1--c completely ju/ify itself only z ! cr[n+ t\* ( a detail$ ae/hetic analysis ( ^? ord] ( impression di/9ct 9 k9d :i* are ! prim>y elem5ts 9 our pleasure 9 ! beautiful4 ,x is ! abs5ce--& n only ! abs5ce1 b ! ignor+ ( ! possibility--( su* analysis :i* tempts "o to rebel aga9/ su* phrases z ^? ( ,pr(essor ,gates3 ! spl5did & victori\s womanhood ( ,titian's ,madonnas1 ! g5tle & t]re/rial grace ( mo!rhood 9 ^? ( ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! sweetly ord]$ comel9ess ( ,van ,dyck's4 ,"o is mov$ to ask if ! only diff]5ce betwe5 a ,madonna ( ,titian & "o ( ,&rea is a diff]5ce ( temp]1 & if ! important matt] = ! critic ( art is ! moral conception r ?an ! visible beauty4 ,i _c ?9k ( any?+ = :i* ,i w\ld ex*ange ! en*ant+ volumes ( ,walt] ,pat]1 & yet ev5 he is n ! ideal ae/hetic critic ^: duties he made cle>4 ,:at he has done is to give u ! mo/ exquisite & delicate ( int]pretations4 ,he has n fail$ to dis5gage ! subtle & peculi> pleasure t ea* picture1 ea* poem or p]sonality1 has 9 /ore = u2 b ( analysis & explanation ( ?is pleasure--( :i* he speaks 9 ! ,introduction to ,! ,r5aissance--!re is no m4 ,9 ! fir/ l9es ( 8 pap] on ,botticelli1 ! au?or asks1 ,:at is ! peculi> s5sation :i* 8 "w has ! prop]ty ( excit+ 9 u8 ,& to :at does he f9ally come8 ,! peculi> "* ( ,botticelli is ! result ( a bl5d+ 9 him ( a sympa?y = humanity 9 its unc]ta9 conditions444) 8 consci\sness ( ! %ad[ ^u x ( ! great ?+s f :i* x s9ks4 ,b ?is is n ae/hetic analysis6 ,x is n ev5 ! record ( a peculi> s5sation1 b a complex intellectual int]pretation4 ,:]e is ! pleasure 9 ! irrepressible outl9e1 fasc9at+ 9 its fals5ess1--9 ! /range color1 l ! ta/e ( olives1 ( ! ,spr+ & ! ,pallas8 ,s1 also1 8 great passage on ! ,mona ,lisa1 8 ,w9ckelmann1 ev5 8 ,giorgione itself1 are m]ely wond]ful del9eations ( ! mood ( response to ! creations ( ! art 9 "q4 ,su* int]pretation z we h f ,pat] is a priceless treasure1 b x is none ! less ! f9al cornice1 & n ! corn] /one ( ae/hetic criticism4 ,! t5d5cy to int]pretation )\t any basis 9 ae/hetic explanation is especially se5 9 ! subject ( our orig9al discussion1--lit]ature4 ,x is inde$ rem>kable h[ scanty is ! space giv5 9 contempor>y criticism to ! /udy ( an au?or's means to ^? results :i* we ourselves exp]i5ce4 ,does no "o really c>e h[ x is done8 ,or are !y all 9 ! secret1 & int]e/$ only 9 ! temp]am5t express$ or ! aspect ( life envisag$ 9 a giv5 "w8 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t z ! pa9t] turn$ critic 9 ,from5t9 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t s\ght out & dealt ) ! hidd5 work+s ( 8 art1 s ! romanc] or ! poet-critic might also h told (f = u ! v pulse ( ! ma*9e4 ,! la/ ^w has n be5 said on ! my/]ies ( ! writ]'s art4 ,we "k1 x may be1 h[ ! l9ks ( ,%akespe>e's magic *a9 ( words are =g$1 b ! same _c be said ( any o!r poet4 ,we h /udi$ ,dante's philosophy & 8 ideal ( love2 b h we f\nd out ! secrets ( 8 inv5tive h&l+ ( rhy?mical language8 ,if ,flaub]t is univ]ally ackn[l$g$ to h creat$ a ma/]piece 9 ,madame ,bov>y1 %\ld !re n be an int]e/ = criticism 9 foll[+ out1 *apt] by *apt]1 p>agraph by p>agraph1 ^w by ^w1 ! mean+ ( :at x is to be a ma/]piece8 ,b su* seems n to be ! case4 ,ta9e recon/ructs ! ,engli% temp]am5t out ( ,field+ & ,dick5s2 ,mat!w ,arnold1 al?\gh he deals m ?an o!rs 9 fir/ pr9ciples1 nev] c>ries 8 analysis beyond ! wide/ g5]alizations1 l ! requirem5t = pr(\nd tru? & high s]i\sness1 = great poetry4 ,& z we run ! gamut ( contempor>y criticism1 we f9d ev] preoccupation ) ! p]sonality ( ! writ]s & ! ideas ( _! books4 ,i recall only "o example--! critical essays ( ,h5ry ,james--:]e ! craftsman has dropp$ "s h9ts on ! ideals ( ! lit]>y art2 & ev5 t1 if ,i maybe all[$ ! bull1 9 8 novels r ?an 9 8 essays1 = 9 critical !ory he is ! mo/ ard5t ( impressioni/s4 ,:atev] ! cause1 we _c b all[ ! de>? ( k (1 & int]e/ 91 ! peculi> subject-matt] ( criticism1-- ! elem5ts ( beauty 9 a "w ( lit]ature4 ,b al?\gh ! pres5t body ( criticism consi/s r ( prelim9>ies & supplem5ts to :at %\ld be its real accompli%m5t1 ^! %\ld n !re=e receive ! less reg>d4 ,! impressioni/ has set himself a def9ite task1 & he has succe$$4 ,if n ! true critic1 he is an arti/ 9 8 own "r1 & he has some?+ to say to ! _w4 ,! sci5tific critic has tak5 all k = 8 prov9ce2 & al?\gh we hold t x has ru%$ 9 ^u & swamp$ 8 di/9ctly critical function1 s long z we may call him by 8 o!r "n ( natural hi/orian ( lit]ature1 we c only ackn[l$ge 8 great a*ievem5ts4 ,= ! appreciative critic we h less sympa?y z yet1 b ! developm5t ( ! luxuri\s intricacy & ! manifold implications ( our enjoym5t may fully cr[n ! edifice ( ae/hetic explanation & appraisal ( ! art ( e age4 ,b all ^!1 we feel1 d n fulfill ! ess5tial function2 ! ,idea ( ,criticism is n "h4 ,:at ! idea ( criticism is we h tri$ to "w out3 a judgm5t ( a "w ( art on ! basis ( ! laws ( beauty4 ,t su* laws !re are1 t !y exi/ directly 9 ! relation betwe5 ! mat]ial =m & ! sugge/$ physical reactions1 & t !y are practically *angeless1 ev5 z ! human in/9cts are *angeless1 we h s\ght to %[4 ,& if !re c be a sci5ce ( ! beautiful1 !n an objective judgm5t on ! basis ( ! laws ( ! beautiful c be r5d]$4 ,! true end ( criticism1 !re=e1 is to tell u :5ce & :y ! *>m ( a "w ( art3 to dis5gage1 to expla91 to measure1 & to c]tify x4 ,& ?is explanation ( *>m1 & ?is /amp+ x ) ! seal ( approval1 is possible by ! help1 & only by ! help1 ( ! sci5ce ( ae/hetics1--a sci5ce n[ only 9 its beg9n+1 b greatly to be desir$ 9 its full developm5t4 ,h[ greatly to be desir$ we realize 9 div9+ t ! pres5t de>? ( con/ructive & de/ructive criticism1 ( all1 inde$1 except int]pretations & reports1 is responsible = ! mod]n m\nta9s ( ma*9e-made lit]ature4 ,w n ! ae/hetic critic be = u a new ,h]cules1 to cle> away ! ev] gr[+ heap ( =mless ?+s 9 book cov]s8 ,if he w tea* u only :at great art means 9 lit]ature2 if he w give u nev] s little discussion ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( beauty1 & po9t ! moral ) "s sell+ books1 he w at lea/ h turn$ ! flood4 ,!re are /ories n[adays1 b few novels1 & pl5ty ( spectacles1 b no plays2 & h[ %\ld we "k ! diff]5ce1 nev] hav+ he>d :at a novel ought to be8 ,b let ! ae/hetic critic give u a firm f\ndation = criticism1 a real und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( lit]>y art2 let him tea* u to "k a novel or a play :5 we see x1 & we %all n always m+le ! :eat & ! *aff4 ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,beauty ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,beauty ,,e introduction to ! problems ( ae/hetics beg9s by ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce & claims ( two me?ods ( attack1--! g5]al1 philosophical1 d$uctive1 :i* />ts f a complete metaphysics & in/alls beauty 9 its place among ! o!r great concepts2 & ! empirical1 or inductive1 :i* seeks to dis5gage a g5]al pr9ciple ( beauty f ! objects ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce & ! facts ( ae/hetic enjoym5t3 ,fe*n]'s ae/hetics f above & f bel[4 ,! fir/ 0 ! me?od ( ae/hetics p> excell5ce4 ,x 0 inde$ only ?r\gh ! desire ( an eighte5?-c5tury philosoph]1 ,baumg>t51 to r\nd out 8 ar*itectonic ( metaphysics t ! sci5ce receiv$ its "n1 z designat+ ! !ory ( k 9 ! =m ( feel+1 p>allel to t ( cle>1 logical ?\ght4 ,kant1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 aga91 made use ( ! concept ( ! ,beautiful z a k9d ( key/one or cornice = _! respective philosophical edifices4 ,ae/hetics1 !n1 came into be+ z ! philosophy ( ! ,beautiful1 & x may be ask$ :y ?is philosophical ae/hetics does n suffice--:y beauty %\ld ne$ = its und]/&+ also an ae/hetics von unt54 ,! answ] is n t no sy/em ( philosophy is univ]sally accept$1 b t ! g5]al ae/hetic !ories h n1 z yet at lea/1 succe$$ 9 answ]+ ! pla9 que/ions ( ! pla9 man 9 reg>d to concrete beauty4 ,kant1 inde$1 frankly d5i$ t ! explanation ( concrete beauty1 or ,doctr9e ( ,ta/e1 z he call$ x1 0 possible1 :ile ! v>i\s def9]s ( beauty z ! union ( ! ,real & ! ,ideal ! expression ( ! ,ideal to ,s5se1 h done no m ?an he4 ,no "o ( ^! ae/hetic sy/ems1 9 spite ( volumes ( s-call$ application ( _! pr9ciples to works ( art1 has be5 able to furni% a crit]ion ( beauty4 ,! criticism ( ! g5]ations is summ$ up 9 ! mild rem>k ( ,fe*n]1 9 8 ,vors*ule d] ,ae/hetik1 to ! effect t ! philosophical pa? leaves "o 9 conceptions t1 by reason ( _! g5]ality1 d n well fit ! p>ticul> cases4 ,& s x 0 t empirical ae/hetics arose1 :i* does n seek to answ] ^? pla9 que/ions z to ! enjoym5t ( concrete beauty d[n to its simple/ =ms1 to :i* philosophical ae/hetics _h be5 inadequate4 ,b x is cle> t nei!r has empirical ae/hetics said ! la/ ^w conc]n+ beauty4 ,criticism is /ill 9 a *aotic /ate t w\ld be impossible if ae/hetic !ory 7 firmly gr\nd$4 ,?is situation appe>s to me to be due to ! inh]5t inadequacy & inconclusiv5ess ( empirical ae/hetics :5 x /&s alone2 ! gr\nds ( ?is inadequacy ,i %all seek to e/abli% 9 ! foll[+4 ,grant+ t ! aim ( e ae/hetics is to det]m9e ! ,nature ( ,beauty1 & to expla9 our feel+s ab\t x1 we may say t ! empirical treatm5ts propose to d ?is ei!r by describ+ ! ae/hetic object & extract+ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ,beauty1 or by describ+ ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce & extract+ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ae/hetic feel+1 !reby indicat+ ! elem5ts ( ,beauty z ^? :i* effect ?is feel+4 ,n[ ! b>e description & analysis ( beautiful objects _c1 logically1 yield any result2 = ! selection ( cases w\ld h to be arbitr>y1 & w\ld be at ! m]cy ( any objection4 ,to any "o :o %\ld say1 ,b ?is is n beautiful1 & %\ld n be includ$ 9 y\r inv5tory1 answ] c\ld be made only by %[+ t x _h su* & su* qualities1 ! v1 by hypo!sis1 unkn[n qualities t 7 to be s\ght4 ,moreov]1 ! field ( beauty conta9s s _m & s het]og5e\s objects 1 t ! retreat to _! only common gr\nd1 ae/hetic feel+1 appe>s inevitable4 ,a /atue & a symphony c be r$uc$ to a common d5om9ator mo/ easily if ! /ates ( m9d :i* !y induce are comp>$4 ,?us ! analysis ( objects passes naturally ov] to ! analysis ( m5tal /ates--! po9t ( view ( psy*ology4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a me?od subsidi>y to ! prec$+1 :i* seeks ! elem5ts ( ,beauty 9 a /udy ( ! g5esis & ! developm5t ( art =ms4 ,b ?is leaves ! ess5tial ph5om5on absolutely unt\*$4 ,! g5]al types ( ae/hetic expression may inde$ h be5 %ap$ by social =ces1-- religi\s1 comm]cial1 dome/ic1--b z social products1 n z ae/hetic ph5om5a4 ,su* /udies reveal to u1 z x 71 ! excuse = ! fact ( music1 poetry1 pa9t+--b !y tell u no?+ ( ! reason :y beautiful r ?an ugly =ms 7 *os51 z :o %\ld %[ t ! bird s+s to attract its mate1 ignor+ ! relation & sequ5ce ( ! notes4 ,! decorative art ( mo/ savage tribes1 = in/ance1 is ne>ly all ( totemic orig91 & ! decay$ & degrad$ =ms ( snake1 bird1 be>1 fi%1 may be trac$ 9 ! mo/ app>5tly empty geometric patt]ns2--b :at does ?is discov]y tell u ( ! ess5tially decorative quality ( su* patt]ns or ( ! nature ( beauty ( =m8 ,! /udy ( ! ,go?ic ca!dral reveals ! s\rce ( its g5]al plan & ( its :ole s*eme ( ornam5t 9 detail$ religi\s symbolism4 ,yet a complete k ( ! "* ( ! religi\s feel+ :i* impell$ to ?is monum5tal expression1 & ( ! g5esis ( e elem5t ( /ructure1 fails to acc\nt = ! ess5tial beauty ( rhy?m & proportion 9 ! f9i%$ "w4 ,^! rese>*es1 9 %ort1 expla9 ! reason = ! exi/5ce1 b n = ! quality1 ( works ( art4 ,?us x is 9 psy*ology t empirical ae/hetics f9ds its la/ resort4 ,& inde$1 our pla9 man might say1 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce itself is inescapable & und5iable4 ,y "k t ! sight or ! he>+ ( ?is ?+ gives y a ?rill ( pleasure4 ,y may n be able to def5d ! beauty ( ! object1 b ! fact ( ! exp]i5ce y h4 ,! psy*ologi/1 seek+ to analyze ! vivid & unmi/akable ,ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 w\ld !re=e proce$ some:at z foll[s4 ,he w\ld select ! sali5t *>act]i/ics ( 8 m5tal /ate 9 pres5ce ( a giv5 "w ( art4 ,he w\ld !n /udy1 by exp]im5t & introspection1 h[ ! p>ticul> s5se-/imulations ( ! "w ( art 9 "q c\ld become ! psy*ological conditions ( ^! sali5t *>act]i/ics4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce to h be5 describ$ z ! consci\s happ9ess 9 :i* "o is absorb$1 &1 z x 71 imm]s$ 9 ! s5se-object1#a ! fur!r special aim1 9 connection ) a picture1 = in/ance1 w\ld be to %[ h[ ! s5sations & associat$ ideas f color1 l9e1 composition1 & all ! o!r elem5ts ( a picture may1 on g5]al psy*ological pr9ciples1 br+ ab\t ?is /ate ( happy absorption4 ,su* elem5ts z c be %[n to h a direct relation to ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce are !n c\nt$ z elem5ts ( ! beauty ( ! ae/hetic object1 & su* z are inv>iable 9 all art =ms w\ld belong to ! g5]al =mula or concept ( ,beauty4 #a ,m4,w4 ,calk9s3 ,an ,introduction to ,psy*ology1 #aijb1 p4 #bgh4 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is z favorable a way z possible ( /at+ ! possibilities ( an indep5d5t ae/hetic psy*ology4 ,yet ?is me?od1 z x works out1 does n exhau/ ! problem ! solution ( :i* 0 affirm$ to be ! aim ( e ae/hetics4 ,! ae/hetic exp]i5ce is v complex1 & ! !oretical consequ5ces ( emphasiz+ ?is or t elem5t v great4 ,?us1 if x 7 held t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce c\ld be giv5 by ! complete analysis ( a s+le well-m>k$ case1--say1 our impressions be=e a ,doric column1 or ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres1 or ! ,giorgione ,v5us1--x c\ld be object$ t = su* a psy*ological exp]i5ce ! ess5tial elem5ts are h>d to isolate4 ,! ca!dral is /one r ?an /aff2 x is ?ree hundr$ r ?an fifty feet high4 ,our reaction ^u ^! facts may or may n be ess5tials to ! ae/hetic mom5t1 & we c "k :e!r !y are ess5tials only by comp>ison & exclusion4 ,x might be said1 !re=e1 t ! analysis ( a s+le1 ?\gh typical1 ae/hetic exp]i5ce is insuffici5t2 a wide induction is necess>y4 ,bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( _m p1 9 face ( ! same object8 ,b to _m !re w\ld be no ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,on t ( "o p]son1 ov] an ext5sive field ( objects8 ,h[1 !n1 det]m9e ! limits ( ?is field8 ,half ( ! dispute ( mod]n ae/hetics is ov] ! "r to include 9 ! mat]ial = ?is induction v>i\s k9ds ( enjoym5t :i* are vivid1 n directly utilit>ian1 b traditionally exclud$ f ! field4 ,guyan1 = in/ance1 9 a *>m+ passage ( 8 ,problemes de l',e/hetique ,contempora9e1 argues = ! ae/hetic quality ( ! mom5t :51 exhau/$ by a long m\nta9 tramp1 he quaff$1 among ! slopes ( ! ,pyr5ees1 a b[l ( foam+ milk4 ,! same dispute appe>s1 9 m complicat$ =m1 9 ! conflict+ dicta ( ! critics4 ,if we d n "k :at "p ( our feel+ is ae/hetic feel+1 h[ c wee g f>!r8 ,if ! introspect+ subject _c say1 ,?is is ae/hetic feel+1 x is logically impossible to make 8 /ate ( m9d ! basis = fur!r advance4 ,x is cle> t ! great "q is ( :at "o has a "r to include 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,b t "o %\ld h su* a "r implies t !re is an imp]ative elem5t 9 ! situation1 an absolute /&>d some:]e4 ,x seems to me t ! secret ( ! difficulty lies 9 ! nature ( ! situation1 ) :i* an empirical treatm5t mu/ necess>ily fail to deal4 ,:at we h call$ ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce is really a positive ton+ ( ! g5]al ae/hetic attitude4 ,?is positive ton+ corresponds to ae/hetic excell5ce 9 ! object4 ,b :]ev] ! concept ( excell5ce ent]s1 !re is always ! implication ( a /&>d1 value1 judgm5t4 ,b :]e !re is a /&>d !re is always an implicit a priori1--a philosophical f\ndation4 ,if1 !n1 a philosophical me?od is ! la/ resort & ! fir/ condition ( a true ae/hetics1 :at is ! secret ( its failure8 ,= t x has fail$ seems to be /ill ! cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,simply1 ,i believe & ma9ta91 ! unreasonable & illogical dem& :i*1 = in/ance1 ,fe*n] makes 9 ! words ,i h quot$1 = j ?is imm$iate application ( a philosophical def9ition to concrete cases4 ,:o b an ,hegelian philosoph]1 cries ,pr(essor ,james1 ev] pret5d$ t reason 9 action 0 p] se a suffici5t explanation ( ! political *anges 9 ,europe8 ,:o b an ,hegelian philosoph]1 he might add1 ev] pret5d$ t ! expression ( ! ,idea to ,s5se 0 a suffici5t explanation ( ! ,si/9e ,madonna8 ,b ,i ?9k ! ,hegelian--or o!r--philosoph] might answ] t he _h no ne$ s to pret5d4 ,su* a philosophical def9ition1 z ,i hope to %[1 _c possibly apply to p>ticul> cases1 & %\ld n be expect$ to d s4 ,beauty is an excell5ce1 a /&>d1 a value4 ,b value is 9 its nature teleological2 is ( ! nature ( purpose4 ,any?+ ha value because x fulfills an end1 because x is good = some?+ 9 ! _w4 ,a ?+ is n beautiful because x has value1--o!r ?+s h t1--x has value because x is beautiful1 because x fulfills ! end ( ,beauty4 ,?us ! metaphysical def9ition ( ,beauty mu/ set =? :at ?is end ( ,beauty is1--:at x s]ves 9 ! univ]se4 ,b to det]m9e :at any?+ does1 or fulfills1 or exemplifies1 is n ! same z to det]m9e :at x is 9 itself4 ,! mo/ t c be said is t ! end1 or function1 %apes ! means or con/itution4 ,! end is a logical imp]ative4 ,beauty does1 & mu/ d1 su* ?+s4 ,to ask h[1 is at once to indicate an ultimate dep>ture f ! philosophical po9t ( view2 = ! means to an end are diff]5t1 & to be empirically det]m9$4 ,n[ ! con/itution ( ,beauty c be only ! means to ! end ( ,beauty1--t comb9ation ( qualities 9 ! object :i* w br+ ab\t ! end fix$ by philosophical def9ition4 ,! end is g5]al2 ! means may be diff]5t k9ds4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! philosophical def9ition _c be appli$ directly to ! object until ! possibilities1 conditions1 & limitations ( t object's fitness = ! purpose assign$ are kn[n4 ,we _c ask1 ,does ! ,si/9e ,madonna express ! ,idea ( ,s5se8 until we "k all possibilities & conditions ( ! visual = atta9+ t expression4 ,b1 inde$1 ! consid]ation ( causes & effects sugge/s at once t natural sci5ce mu/ guide fur!r inve/igation4 ,philosophy mu/ lay d[n :at ,beauty has to d1 b s9ce x is 9 our exp]i5ce ( ,beauty t its end is accompli%$1 s9ce ! analysis ( su* exp]i5ce & ! /udy ( its contribut+ elem5ts is a "w ( ! natural sci5ce ( su* exp]i5ce--x w\ld foll[ t psy*ology mu/ deal ) ! v>i\s means ?r\gh :i* ?is end is to be rea*$4 ,?us we see t ,fe*n]'s reproa* is unju/ifi$4 ,^? concepts :i* are too g5]al to apply to p>ticul> cases are n meant to d s4 ,if a g5]al concept expresses1 z x %\ld1 ! place ( ,beauty 9 ! hi]>*y ( metaphysical values1 x is = ! psy*ologi/ ( ae/hetics to develop ! means by :i* t end c be rea*$ 9 ! v>i\s realms 9 :i* works ( art are f\nd4 ,nor c we agree ) ,santayana's dictum#a t philosophical ae/hetics confuses ! import ( an exp]i5ce ) ! explanation ( its cause4 ,x ne$ n4 ,! ae/hetic exp]i5ce is inde$ caus$ by ! beautiful object1 b ! beautiful object itself is caus$ by ! possibility ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1-- beauty z an end "u ! conditions ( human p]ception4 ,?us ! ,nature ( ,beauty is relat$ to its import1 or mean+1 or end1 z means to t end2 & !re=e ! import ( an exp]i5ce may well po9t out to u ! con/itution ( ! cause ( t exp]i5ce4 ,a "w ( art1 a piece ( nature1 is judg$ by its degree ( atta9m5t to t end2 ! explanation ( its beauty--( its degree ( atta9m5t1 t is--is f\nd 9 ! effect ( its elem5ts1 accord+ to psy*ological laws1 on ! ae/hetic subject4 #a ,! ,s5se ( ,beauty1 #ahih4 ,intro4 ,su* a psy*ological /udy ( ! means by :i* ! end ( ,beauty is atta9$ is ! only me?od by :i* we c come to an explanation ( ! weal? ( concrete beauty4 ,! concept ( explanation1 inde$1 is valid only )9 ! realm ( causes & effects4 ,! aim ( ae/hetics be+ conc$$1 z above1 to be ! det]m9ation ( ! ,nature ( ,beauty & ! explanation ( our feel+s ab\t x1 x is evid5t at ?is po9t t ! ,nature ( ,beauty mu/ be det]m9$ by philosophy2 b ! g5]al def9ition hav+ be5 fix$1 ! mean+ ( ! "w ( art hav+ be5 made cle>1 ! only possible explanation ( our feel+s ab\t x--! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 9 o!r words--mu/ be ga9$ f psy*ology4 ,?is me?od is n op5 to ! logical objections aga9/ ! prec$+4 ,no long] ne$ we ask :at has a "r to be includ$ 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,t has be5 fix$ by ! def9ition ( ,beauty4 ,b h[ ! beautiful object br+s ab\t ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* are already kn[n1 is cle>ly matt] = psy*ology4 ,! fir/ /ep mu/ !n be to w9 ! philosophical def9ition ( ,beauty4 ,x 0 ,kant1 says ,hegel1 :o spoke ! fir/ rational ^w conc]n+ ,beauty4 ,! /udy ( 8 successors w reveal1 ,i believe1 t ! ae/hetic ( ! great sy/em ( idealism =ms1 on ! :ole1 "o id5tical doctr9e4 ,x is wor? :ile to dwell some:at on ?is po9t1 because ! traditional view ( ! relation ( ! ae/hetic ( ,kant1 ,s*ill]1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel is o!rwise4 ,kant's />t+-po9t 0 ! discov]y ( ! normative1 ov]-individual nature ( ,beauty1 :i* we h j f\nd to be ! secret ( ! contradictions ( empirical ae/hetics4 ,yet he came to x at ! bidd+ ( q o!r motives4 ,kant's ae/hetics 0 meant to s]ve z ! key/one ( ! ar* betwe5 s5se & reason4 ,! discov]y ( all t is implicit 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses _h l$ him to d5y ! possibility ( k beyond ! matt] ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,yet ! reason has an inevitable t5d5cy to press beyond ?is limit1 to seek all-embrac+1 absolute unities1--to conceive an uncondition$ totality4 ,?us ! reason pres5ts u ) ! ideas--beyond all possibility ( k--( ! ,s\l1 ! ,_w1 & ,god4 ,9 ! words ( ,kant1 ! ,ideas ( ,reason lead ! und]/&+ to ! consid]ation ( ,nature accord+ to a pr9ciple ( complet5ess1 al?\gh x c nev] atta9 to ?is4 ,c !re be a bridge across ?is abyss betwe5 s5se & reason8 !n asks ,kant2 :i* bridge he believes himself to h f\nd 9 ! ae/hetic faculty4 ,= on inquir+ :at is involv$ 9 ! judgm5t1 ,?is is beautiful1 he discov]s t su* a judgm5t is univ]sal & necess>y1 inasmu* z x implies t e normal spectator mu/ ackn[l$ge its validity1 t x is dis9t]e/$ because x re/s on ! appe>ance ( ! object )\t dem&+ its actual exi/5ce1 & t x is imm$iate or free1 z x ackn[l$ges ! object z beautiful )\t def9ite purpose1 z ( adaptation to use4 ,b h[ does ?is judgm5t con/itute ! desir$ bond betwe5 s5se & reason8 ,simply 9 t1 ?\gh appli$ to an object ( ! s5ses1 x has yet all ! m>ks ( ! ,idea ( ,reason1--x is univ]sal1 necess>y1 free1 uncondition$2 x is judg$ z if x 7 p]fect1 & s fulfills ^? dem&s ( reason :i* else:]e 9 ! _w ( s5se are unsatisfi$4 ,! two important factors1 !n1 ( ,kant's ae/hetics are its reconciliation ( s5se & reason 9 beauty1 & its ref]5ce ( ! purposiv5ess ( beauty to ! cognitive faculty4 ,s*ill] has be5 giv5 ! cr$it ( transc5d+ ,kant's subjective ae/hetic ?r\gh 8 emphasis on ! significance ( ! beautiful object4 ,x is n b\nd by a conception to :i* x mu/ atta91 s t x is p]ceiv$ z if x 7 free4 ,nor d we desire ! reality ( x to use = ourselves or = o!rs2 s t we are free 9 relation to x4 ,x1 ! object1 is ?us ! v9dication ( fre$om 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 t _w :i* is o!rwise a b9d+ necessity4 ,b x w\ld seem t ?is _h be5 already taught by ,kant himself1 & t ,s*ill] has b enliv5$ ! subject by 8 two illum9at+ phrases1 ae/hetic semblance & ! play-impulse1 to d5ote ! real object ( ! ae/hetic desire & ! true nature ( t desire2 =m in/ead ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 & a free attitude in/ead ( s]i\s purpose4 ,/ill1 8 insi/5ce on ,beauty z ! realization ( fre$om may be said to h pav$ ! way = ,s*ell+'s !ory1 9 :i* ! ae/hetic rea*es its maximum ( importance4 ,! c5tral ?\ght ( ! ,absolute ,idealism ( ,s*ell+ is ! und]ly+ id5tity ( ,nature & ! ,self4 ,9 ,nature1 f matt] up to ! organism1 ! objective factor pr$om9ates1 or1 9 ,s*ell+'s phrase1 ! consci\s self is det]m9$ by ! unconsci\s4 ,9 morality1 sci5ce1 ! subjective factor pr$om9ates1 or ! unconsci\s is det]m9$ by ! consci\s4 ,b ! "w ( art is a natural appe>ance & s unconsci\s1 & is yet ! product ( a consci\s activity4 ,x gives1 !n1 ! equilibrium ( ! real & ideal factors1--j t repose ( reconciliation or indiff]5ce :i* alone c %[ ! ,absolute4 ,b-- & ?is is ( imm5se importance = our !ory--9 ord] to expla9 ! id5tity ( subject & object1 ! ,ego mu/ h an intuition1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 "o & ! same appe>ance1 x is 9 itself at once consci\s & unconsci\s1 & ?is condition is giv5 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,! beautiful is ?us ! solution ( ! riddle ( ! univ]se1 = x is ! possibility ( ! explicit consci\sness ( ! unity ( ,nature & ! ,self--or ! ,absolute4 ,s ,beauty is aga9 ! pivot on :i* a sy/em turns4 ,its place is n ess5tially diff]5t f t :i* x held 9 ! sy/ems ( ,kant & ,s*ill]4 ,z ! objective possibility = ! bridge betwe5 s5se & reason1 z ! v9dication ( fre$om 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 & z v9dication ( ! possible unity ( ! real & ! ideal1 or nature & self1 ! _w-elem5ts1 its philosophical significance is ne>ly ! same4 ,) ,hegel ,beauty loses little ( its comm&+ position4 ,! univ]se is 9 its nature rational2 ,?\ght & ,be+ are "o4 ,! _w-process is a logical process2 & nature & hi/ory1 9 :i* _s ( ! _w realizes itself1 are b appli$ logic4 ,! completely fulfill$ or express$ ,tru? is !n ! concrete _w-sy/em2 at ! same "t ! life or self ( ! univ]se2 ! ,absolute4 ,?is ,hegel calls ! ,idea1 & he def9es ,beauty z ! expression ( ! ,idea to s5se4 ,?is def9ition w\ld seem to be z to ! lett] 9 accord ) ! g5]al t5d5cy z h already outl9$4 ,x might be said t x is b ano!r phras+ ( ,s*ell+'s ?\ght ( ! ,absolute z pres5t$ to ! ,ego 9 ,beauty4 ,b n s4 ,= ,s*ell+1 ! ae/hetic is a s*ema or =m1--t is1 ! =m ( balance1 equilibrium1 reconciliation ( ! rational ideal1--n a cont5t4 ,b ,hegel's ,beauty expresses ! ,idea by ! way ( in=mation or association4 ,t ?is is true any "o ( 8 traditional examples makes evid5t4 ,correggio's ,madonna ( ! ,/4 ,seba/ian is f\nd by him inf]ior to ! ,si/9e ,madonna4 ,:y8 ,9 ! fir/ picture we h ! de>e/ & lovelie/ ( human relations consecrat$ by contra/ ) :at is ,div9e4 ,9 ! second picture we h ! ,div9e relation itself1 %[+ itself "u ! limitations ( ! human4#a ,dut* pa9t+1 he tells u1 ought n to be despis$2 = x is ?is fre% & wakeful fre$om & vitality ( m9d 9 appreh5sion & pres5tation t =ms ! highe/ aspect ( ^! pictures4 ,& a comm5tator adds1 ,! spontane\s joy ( ! p]fect life is figur$ to ?is l[] sph]e4 ,8 :ole treatm5t ( ,art z a symbol confirms ?is view1 z d all 8 criticisms4 ,art or ,beauty %all reveal to our und]/&+ ! et]nal ,ideal4 #a ,k$ney's ,hegel's ,ae/hetics1 #ahib1 p4 #aeh4 ,on comp>+ ?is ) :at we h won f ,kant1 ,s*ill]1 & ,s*ell+1 ! div]g5ce becomes app>5t4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ^! ?ree ei!r 9 _! g5]al view ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 or 9 ! degree ( objectivity ( _! doctr9e ( ,beauty4 ,!y d n contradict "o ano!r4 ,!y m]ely emphasize n[ ! unity1 n[ ! reconciliation ( opposites1 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! beautiful con/itutes a reconciliation ( ! w>r+ elem5ts ( exp]i5ce1 9 a _w 9 :i* ! dem&s ( ,reason seem to conflict ) ! logic ( ev5ts1 & ! beautiful object is su* t x con/itutes ! p]man5t possibility = ?is reconciliation4 ,b ! attempt to include ,hegel )9 ?is circle reveals at once ! ne$ ( fur!r delimitation4 ,! beautiful is to reveal1 & to v9dicate 9 reveal+1 ! union ( ! _w-elem5ts1 t is1 ! _s ( ! _w4 ,on ,hegel's own pr9ciples1 ! ,idea %\ld be express$ to s5se4 ,n[ if ?is expression is n1 aft] all1 directly to s5se1 b ! s5se gives m]ely ! occasion = pass+ ov] to ! ?\ght ( ! ,div9e1 x w\ld seem t ! ,beauty is n aft] all 9 ! "w ( art1 b out ( x4 ,! ,inf9ite1 or ! ,idea1 or ! fusion ( real & ideal1 mu/ be %[n to s5se4 ,is !re any way 9 :i* ?is is conceivable8 ,we _c completely express to s5se ,niag>a ,falls or ! ,jungfrau1 = !y are inf9itely beyond ! possibilities ( imitation4 ,yet ! p>ticul> cont\r ( ! ,jungfrau is nev] mi/ak5 9 ! smalle/ picture4 ,9 mak+ a model ( ,niag>a we %\ld h to reproduce ! relation betwe5 body ( wat]1 wid? ( /ream1 & height ( fall1 & we might succe$ 9 gett+ ! peculi> effect ( volum9\sness :i* m>ks t wond] ( ,nature4 ,! so>+ ( a l>k is n l ! po9t+ upw>d ( a sl5d] ,go?ic spire1 yet !re is a lik5ess 9 ! attitudes ) :i* we foll[ !m4 ,all ^! cases h c]ta9 =m-qualities 9 common1 by virtue ( :i* !y resemble ea* o!r4 ,n[ x is ^! v =m-qualities :i* ,kant is us+ :5 he takes ! ae/hetic judgm5t z repres5tative ( reason 9 ! _w ( s5se because x %[s ! qualities ( ! ideas ( reason1--t is1 unconditional totality or fre$om4 ,& we might1 inde$1 hope to express ! ,idea to s5se if we c\ld f9d = x a =m-quality1 or subjectively1 9 ! phrase ( ,kant1 a =m ( reflection4 ,:at is ! =m ( reflection = ! ,absolute1 ! ,idea8 ,x w\ld appe> to be a comb9ation ( ,unity & ,totality-- self-complet5ess4 ,an object1 !n1 :i* %\ld be self- complete f all possible po9ts ( view1 to :i* c\ld be appli$ ! =m ( reflection = ! ,absolute1 w\ld1 !re=e1 alone truly express x1 & s alone fulfill ! end ( ,beauty4 ,! ,idea w\ld be !re 9 its =m2 x w\ld be %[n to s5se1 & s fir/ full express$4 ,) ?is important modification ( ,hegel's def9ition ( ,beauty1 :i* br+s x into l9e ) ! po9t ( view already won1 ,i believe ! way is at la/ op5$ f ! traditional philosophy ( ae/hetics to a heal?y & concrete psy*ological !ory4 ,b mu/ e self-complete object give rise to ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce8 ,an object is absolutely self-complete only = ! p]ceiv+ subject2 x is s1 9 o!r words1 only :5 x produces a self-complete exp]i5ce = t subject4 ,if reconciliation ( ! w>r+ elem5ts ( ! univ]se is ! end ( ,beauty x mu/ take place n =1 b 91 ! human p]sonality2 x mu/ n be und]/ood1 b imm$iately1 completely exp]i5c$2 x %\ld be realiz$ 9 ! subject ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 ! lov] ( beauty4 ,! beautiful object w\ld be n t :i* %\ld %[ 9 outl9e =m1 or rem9d (1 ?is ,unity ( ! ,_w1 b :i* %\ld create = ! subject ! mom5t ( self- complet5ess2 :i* %\ld in=m ! ae/hetic subject ) t unity & self-complet5ess :i* are ! =ms ( reflection ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,! subject %\ld be n a mirror ( p]fection1 b a /ate ( p]fection4 ,only 9 ?is s5se does ! concept ( reconciliation come to its full mean+4 ,n because ,i see fre$om1 b because ,i am free2 n because ,i ?9k ( ,god1 or ! ,inf9ite1 or ! "o1 b because ,i am = ! mom5t complete1 at ! highe/ po9t ( en]gy & unity1 does ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce con/itute su* a reconciliation4 ,n because ,i behold ! ,inf9ite1 b because ,i h1 myself1 a mom5t ( p]fection4 ,h]e9 x is t our !ory con/itutes a complete contradiction to all expression or significant !ories ( ! ,beautiful1 & does away ) ! necessity ^? !ories are "u ( read+ s]mons into /ones4 ,! yell[ primrose ne$s n to rem9d u ( ! h>mony ( ! univ]se1 or to h ult]ior significance :atev]1 if x gives by its own direct simple /imulation a mom5t ( ,unity & ,self- complet5ess4 ,t imm$iate exp]i5ce inde$ conta9s 9 itself ! =m ( reflection ( ! ,absolute1 & x is ?r\gh ?is t we s (t5 pass1 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,beauty1 to ! ?\ght ( ! div9e4 ,b t ?\ght is a coroll>y1 a second>y effect1 n an ess5tial "p ( ! ae/hetic mom5t4 ,!re is a wond]ful bit ( unconsci\s ae/hetics 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,s5anc\r1 t\*+ ! secret ( relation we h j analyz$4 ,x 0 d>k & r cold4 ,i 0 gloomy1 & walk$ because ,i _h no?+ to d4 ,i pass$ by "s fl[]s plac$ brea/- high ^u a wall4 ,a jonquil 9 bloom 0 !re4 ,x is ! /ronge/ expression ( desire3 x 0 ! fir/ p]fume ( ! ye>4 ,i felt all ! happ9ess de/9$ = man4 ,?is unutt]able h>mony ( s\ls1 ! phantom ( ! ideal _w1 arose 9 me complete4 ,i nev] felt any?+ s great or s in/antane\s4 ,i "k n :at %ape1 :at analogy1 :at secret ( relation x 0 t made me see 9 ?is fl[] a limitless beauty4444 ,i %all nev] inclose 9 a conception ?is p[]1 ?is imm5sity t no?+ w express2 ?is =m t no?+ w conta92 ?is ideal ( a bett] _w :i* "o feels1 b :i* x w\ld seem t nature has n made4#a #a ,translation by ,c>leton ,noyes3 ,! ,enjoym5t ( ,art1 #aijc1 p4 #fe4 ,our philosophical def9ition ( ,beauty has ?us tak5 f9al %ape4 ,! beautiful object possesses ^? qualities :i* br+ ! p]sonality into a /ate ( unity & self-complet5ess4 ,lightly to case aside su* a def9ition z ab/ract1 vague1 ,empty1 is no less %ort sight$ ?an to treat ! idea ( ! ,absolute ,w1 ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,reason1 ( ! ,et]nal ,love1 z m]e intellectual factors 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,x %\ld n be criticis$ z giv+ no objective acc\nt ( ! nature & orig9 ( ,beauty4 ,! nature ( ,beauty is indicat$ 9 ! def9ition2 ! orig9 ( ,beauty may be /udi$ 9 its hi/orical developm5t2 its reason = be+ is simply ! desire ( ! human he>t = ! p]fect mom5t4 ,beauty is to br+ unity & self-complet5ess into ! p]sonality4 ,by :at means8 ,:at causes c br+ ab\t ?is effect8 ,:5 we ent] ! realm ( causes & effects1 h[ev]1 we h already left ! gr\nd ( philosophy1 & x is fitt+ t ! concepts :i* we h to use %\ld be adapt$ to ! empirical po9t ( view4 ,! p]sonality1 z dealt ) 9 psy*ology1 is b ! psy*ophysical organism2 & we ne$ to "k only h[ to translate unity & self-complet5ess into psy*ological t]ms4 ,! psy*ological organism is 9 a /ate ( unity ei!r :5 x is 9 a /ate ( virtual congealm5t or empt9ess1 z 9 a trance or ec/asy2 or :5 x is 9 a /ate ( repose1 )\t t5d5cy to *ange4 ,secondly1 ! organism is self-complete :5 x is at ! highe/ possible po9t ( tone1 ( functional effici5cy1 ( enhanc$ life4 ,!n a comb9ation ( favorable /imulation & repose w\ld *>act]ize ! ae/hetic feel+4 ,b x may be said t /imulation & repose are contradictory concepts1 & we mu/ inde$ admit t ! absolute repose ( ! hypnotic trance is n ae/hetic1 because empty ( /imulus4 ,! only ae/hetic repose is t 9 :i* /imulation result+ 9 impulse to movem5t or action is *eck$ or comp5sat$ = by its antagoni/ic impulse2 inhibition ( action1 or action return+ ^u itself1 comb9$ ) height5+ ( tone4 ,b ?is is ,,t5sion1 ,,equilibrium1 or ,,balance ,,( ,,=ces1 :i* is ?us se5 to be ,a ,,g5]al ,,condition ,,( ,,all ,,ae/hetic ,,exp]i5ce4 ,! concept is famili> 9 pictorial composition & to "s ext5t also 9 music & poetry1 b "h fir/ appe>s z gr\nd$ 9 ! v dem& = ! union ( repose ) activity4 ,moreov]1 ?is requirem5t1 :i* we h d]iv$ f ! logical concepts ( unity & totality1 z translat$ into psy*ological t]ms1 receives confirmation f ! nature ( organic life4 ,x 0 ! p]fect mom5t t we s\ght1 & we f\nd x 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( unity & self-complet5ess2 & unity = a liv+ be+ ,,c only be equilibrium4 ,n[ x appe>s t an au?oritative def9ition ( ! g5]al nature ( an organism makes x s built1 :e!r on me*anical pr9ciples or n1 t e deviation f ! equilibrium po9t sets up a t5d5cy to return to x4#a ,equilibrium1 9 great] or less excursions f ! c5tre1 is ?us ! ultimate nature ( organic life4 ,! p]fect equilibrium1 t is1 equilibrium ) height5$ tone1 w !n give ! p]fect mom5t4 #a ,l4,t4 ,hobh\se1 ,m9d 9 ,evolution4 ,! fur!r /eps ( ae/hetics are !n t[>d analysis ( ! psy*ological effect ( all ! elem5ts :i* ent] into a "w ( art1 ) ref]5ce to _! effect 9 produc+ /imulation or repose4 ,:at colors1 =ms1 tones1 emotions1 ideas1 favorably /imulate8 ,:at comb9ations ( ^! br+ to repose8 ,all ! mod]n /udies 9 s-call$ physiological ae/hetics1 into ! emotional & o!r--especially motor-- effects ( color1 tone-s5sation1 melodic sequ5ce1 simple =ms1 etc41 f9d "h !re prop] place4 ,a fur!r important "q1 z to ! fitt+ psy*ological designation ( ! ae/hetic /ate1 is n[ sugge/$4 ,"s au?orities speak ( ! ae/hetic attitude or activity1 describ+ x z sympa!tic imitation or absorption2 o!rs ( ! ae/hetic pleasure4 ,b1 accord+ to our def9ition ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce z a comb9ation ( favorable /imulation ) repose1 ?is /ate1 z involv+ a di/9ctive feel+-tone & a *>act]i/ic tr5d ( activity ar\s$ by a c]ta9 situation1#a c be no o!r ?an an emotion4 ,?is view is confirm$ by introspection2 we speak ( ae/hetic activity & ae/hetic pleasure1 b we are consci\s ( a complete arre/1 & sometimes ( a v di/9ct div]g5ce f pure pleasure4 ,! exp]i5ce is unique1 x seems to defy description1 to be int5se1 vivid1 & yet--l itself alone4 ,any attempt to dis5gage special1 already kn[n emotions1 ev5 at ! play or 9 he>+ music1 is (t5 9 va91 9 j ^? mom5ts :5 our excitem5t is mo/ int5se4 ,b ! hypo!sis ( a unique emotion1 p>allel to ^? ( joy1 fe>1 etc41 & ) a psy*ological basis z outl9$1 w\ld acc\nt = ^! facts4 ,! positive ton+ ( ! exp]i5ce--:at we call ae/hetic pleasure--is due n only to ! favorable /imulation1 b also to ! fact t ! v antagonism ( impulses :i* con/itutes repose height5s tone :ile x inhibits action4 ,?us ! conditions ( bo? factors ( ae/hetic emotion t5d to induct pleasure4 #a ,baldw9's ,dict4 ,( ,phil4 ,& ,psy*ol4 ,art4 ,emotion4 ,x is1 !n1 cle> t no specific ae/hetic pleasure ne$ be s\ght4 ,! v phrase1 inde$1 is a misnom]1 s9ce all pleasure is qualitatively ! same1 & diff]5tiat$ only by ! specific activities :i* x accompanies4 ,x is also to be not$ t ^? writ]s on ae/hetics :o h dwelt mo/ on ae/hetic pleasure h come 9 conclusion only to specific activities1 l ! imitation ( ,groos1 = in/ance4 ,9 ! light ( ! j-won def9ition ( ae/hetic emotion1 x is int]e/+ to exam9e "s ( ! well-kn[n mod]n ae/hetic !ories4 ,lipps def9es ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce z a ?rill ( sympa!tic feel+1 ,groos z sympa!tic imitation1 evid5tly assum+ t pleasure accompanies ?is4 ,b !re are _m feel+s ( sympa?y1 & joyful ones1 :i* d n belong to ! ae/hetic realm4 ,9 ! same way1 n all imitation is accompani$ by pleasure1 & n all ( t falls )9 ! g5]ally accept$ ae/hetic field4 ,if ^! def9itions 7 accept$ z !y /&1 all our rejoic+s ) fri5ds1 all our inspiration f a heal?y1 magnetic pres5ce mu/ be includ$ 9 x4 ,x is cle> t fur!r limitation is necess>y2 b if to ?is sympa!tic imitation1 ?is liv+ ?r\gh 9 sympa?y1 we add ! dem& = repose1 ! necess>y limitation is made4 ,physical ex]cise 9 g5]al1 or ! in/9ctive imitation ( en]getic1 or easy 79 g5]al ,,favorable7 movem5ts1 is pleasurable1 inde$1 b ! exp]i5ce is n ae/hetic1--z is q cle>1 inde$1 to common s5se1--& x is n ae/hetic because x is ! contradiction ( repose4 ,a p>ticul> case ( ! trans=mation ( pleasurable physical ex]cise into an ae/hetic activity is se5 9 ! exp]i5ce ( symmetrical or balanc$ =m2 any mod]ate1 smoo? ex]cise ( ! eye is pleasurable1 b ?is alone induces a /ate ( ! :ole organism comb9+ repose ) /imulation4 ,! !ories ( ,kulpe & ,santayana1 :ile !y def9itely m>k out ! gr\nd1 seem to me 9 ne$ ( addition4 ,absorption 9 ! object 9 respect to its b>e quality & con=mation does n1 ( c\rse1 give ! ne$$ in=mation1 = objective beauty1 ( ! "* ( ?is con=mation or =m4 ,b yet1 x might be said t ! cont5t ( beauty might conceivably be d$uc$ f ! psy*ological conditions ( absorption4 ,9 ! same way1 ,santayana's ,beauty z objectifi$ pleasure1 or pleasure z ! quality ( a ?+1 is nei!r a det]m9ation ( objective beauty nor a suffici5t description ( ! psy*ological /ate4 ,yet analysis ( ^? qualities 9 ! ?+ t cause u to make our pleasure a quality ( x w\ld supplem5t ! def9ition suffici5tly & completely 9 ! s5se ( our own =mula4 ,:y d we reg>d pleasure z ! quality ( a ?+8 ,because !re is some?+ 9 ! ?+ t makes u spread1 z x 71 our pleasure ^u x4 ,?is is t :i* fixates u1 arre/s u1 ^u x1--:i* c be only ! elem5ts t make = repose4 ,guyau1 h[ev]1 comes ne>e/ to our po9t ( view4 ,! beautiful is a p]ception or an action :i* /imulates life )9 u "u its ?ree =ms simultane\sly 7i4e41 s5sibility1 intellig5ce1 & w7 & produces pleasure by ! swift consci\sness ( ?is g5]al /imulation4#a ,x is f ?is g5]al /imulation t ,guyau expla9s ! ae/hetic effect ( 8 fam\s dr9k ( milk among m\nta9 sc5es4 ,b su* g5]al /imulation might accompany successful action ( any k9d1 & ?us ! moral & ! ae/hetic w\ld fall toge!r4 ,t ,m4 ,guyau is s successful 9 8 analysis is due r to ! fact t j ?is diffus$ /imulation is likely to come f su* ex]cise z is *>act]iz$ by ! mutual *eck+ ( antagoni/ic impulses produc+ an equilibrium4 ,! diffusion ( /imulation w\ld be our =mula = ! ae/hetic /ate only if int]pret$ z /imulation arre/+ action4 #a ,problemes de l',e/hetique ,contempora9e #aijb1 p4 #gg4 ,! diffusion ( /imulation1 ! equilibrium ( impulses1 life- enhancem5t ?r\gh repose6--?is is ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,b h[1 !n1 x w be ask$1 are we to int]pret ! temporal arts8 ,a picture or a /atue maybe und]/ood ?r\gh ?is =mula1 b h>dly a drama or a symphony4 ,if ! =m ( ! "o is symmetry1 hidd5 or n1 w\ld n ! =m ( ! o!r be repres5t$ by a /raight l9e8 ,t :i* has beg9n+1 middle1 & end is n /atic b dynamic4 ,let u consid] once m ! concept ( equilibrium4 ,inhibition ( action ?r\gh antagoni/ic impulses1 or action return+ ^u itself1 we h def9$ x2 & ! l9e _c be drawn %>ply betwe5 ^! types4 ,! visual analogue = equilibrium may be ei!r symmetrical figure or circle2 ! excursion f ! c5tre may be ei!r ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum or ! sweep ( ! planet4 ,! ,,return is ! ess5tial4 ,n[ x is a commonplace ( criticism--?\gh ! significance ( ! dictum has nev] be5 suffici5tly se5--t ! great drama1 novel1 or symphony does return ^u itself4 ,! excursion is m]ely long]1 ( a diff]5t ord] ( impulses f t ( ! picture4 ,! la/ note is ! only possible answ] to ! fir/2 x conta9s ! fir/4 ,! la/ sc5e has mean+ only z ! satisfaction ( ! fir/4 ,! measure ( ! p]fection ( a "w ( temporal art is ?us its ,,implicit "*4 ,! end is conta9$ 9 ! beg9n+--t is ! mean+ ( inevitabl5ess4 ,t ! con/ra9+ p[] ( drama or symphony is j ?is s5se ( urg5cy1 ( compulsion1 f "o po9t to ano!r1 is b confirmation ( ?is view4 ,! temporal art tries ev] to pass f fir/ to la/1 :i* is fir/4 ,x ye>ns = unity4 ,! dynamic movem5t ( ! temporal arts is cyclic1 :i* is ultimately /atic1 ( ! nature ( equilibrium4 ,x is only 9 ! wid5ess ( ! sweep t ! dynamic repose ( poetry & music diff]s f ! /atic activity ( picture & /atue4 ,?us ! ,nature ( ,beauty is 9 ! relation ( means to an end2 ! means1 ! possibilities ( /imulation 9 ! motor1 visual1 auditory1 & purely ideal fields2 ! end1 a mom5t ( p]fection1 ( self-complete unity ( exp]i5ce1 ( favorable /imulation ) repose4 ,beauty is n p]fection2 b ! beauty ( an object lies 9 its p]man5t possibility ( creat+ ! p]fect mom5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is mom5t1 ! union ( /imulation & repose1 con/itutes ! unique ae/hetic emotion4 ,,iii ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,repose ,,iii ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,repose ,,! popul> int]e/ 9 sci5tific tru? has always _h its hidd5 spr+ 9 a desire = ! m>vel\s4 ,! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one has done z mu* = *emi/ry z ! leg5d ( ! elixir ( life = exploration & geographical discov]y4 ,f ! excitem5ts ( ^! sugge/ions ( ! occult1 ! _w settl$ d[n into a reasonable und]/&+ ( ! facts ( :i* !y 7 b ! enl>g$ & grotesque %ad[s4 ,s x has be5 ) physics & physiology1 & s also1 preem95tly1 ) ! sci5ce ( m5tal life4 ,mesm]ism1 hypnotism1 ! facts ( ! alt]ation1 ! multiplicity1 & ! annihilation ( p]sonality h ea* br\ght u _! mom5ts ( pleasurable t]ror1 & pass$ ?us into ! field ( g5]al int]e/4 ,b sci5ce c accept no brok5 *a9s4 ,= all ! ?rill ( my/]y1 we may n =get t ! hypnotic /ate is b highly /rung att5tion1--at ! la/ turn ( ! screw1--& t ! alt]nation ( p]sonality is aft] all no m ?an ! highe/ p[] ( v>iability ( mood4 ,9 reg>d to ! annihilation ( ! s5se ( p]sonality1 x may be said t no connection ) daily exp]i5ce is at fir/ app>5t4 ,sci5ti/s1 z well z ! _w at l>ge1 h be5 incl9$ to look on ! loss ( ! s5se ( p]sonality z pa?ological2 & yet x may be ma9ta9$ t x is nev]!less ! typical =m ( ^? exp]i5ces we ourselves reg>d z ! mo/ valuable4 ,! loss ( p]sonality6 ,9 t dread ?\ght !re lies1 to mo/ ( u1 all ! /+ ( dea? & ! victory ( ! grave4 ,x seems1 ) su* a fate 9 /ore1 t immortality 7 futile1 & life itself a mock]y4 ,yet ! idea1 :5 dwelt ^u1 assumes an aspect ( /range famili>ity2 x is an old fri5d1 aft] all4 ,c we d5y t all our sweete/ h\rs are ^? ( self-=getfulness8 ,! language ( emotion1 religi\s1 ae/hetic1 intellectually creative1 te/ifies cle>ly to ! fad+ ( ! consci\sness ( self z feel+ ne>s ! :ite heat4 ,n only 9 ! spee*less1 />k immobility ( ! pa?ological case1 b 9 all ! /ages ( religi\s ec/asy1 ae/hetic pleasure1 & creative inspiration1 is to be trac$ :at we "k z ! loss ( ! feel+ ( self4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux dwells on t ec/asy ( deification 9 :i* ! individual disappe>s 9 ! et]nal ess5ce z ! drop ( wat] 9 a cask ( w9e4 ,says ,mei/] ,eckh>t1 ,?\ %alt s9k away f !y selfhood1 ?\gh %alt fl[ into ,8 self- possession1 ! v ?\ght ( ,?9e %all melt into ,8 ,m9e2 & ,/4 ,t]esa1 ,! s\l1 9 ?us se>*+ = its ,god1 feels ) a v lively & v sweet pleasure t is is fa9t+ almo/ quiet away4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! language ( ae/hetic emotion4 ,philosoph] & poet h b "o expression = ! univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,says ,keats 9 ! ,ode to a ,night+ale3-- ,my he>t a*es1 & a dr[sy numbness pa9s ,my s5se z ?\gh ( hemlock ,i _h drunk1 ,or empti$ "s dull opiate to ! dra9s ,"o m9ute pa/1 & ,le!w>ds _h sunk3 ',tis n ?r\gh envy ( ?y happy lot1 ,b be+ too happy 9 ?y happ9ess4 ,& 9 ,s*op5hau] we read t he :o contemplates ! beautiful =gets ev5 8 individuality1 8 w1 & only cont9ues to exi/ z ! pure subject1 ! cle> mirror ( ! object4 ,b n only ! religi\s en?usia/ & ! wor%ip] ( beauty lose !mselves 9 ec/asy4 ,! f9e fr5zy ( ! ?9k] is typical4 ,f ,ar*im$es1 ^: life paid ! =feit ( 8 imp]sonal absorption2 f ,socrates1 mus+ 9 "o spot f dawn to dawn1 to ,newton & ,goe!1 !re is b "o =m ( ! highe/ ef=t to p5etrate & to create4 ,em]son is "r 9 say+ ( ! g5ius1 ,8 greatness consi/s 9 ! fullness 9 :i* an ec/atic /ate is realiz$ 9 him4 ,! tempor>y evaporation ( ! consci\sness ( "o's own ,p]sonality is !n decid$ly n a pa?ological exp]i5ce4 ,x seems ! condition1 inde$1 & recogniz$ z su* 9 popul> judgm5t1 ( ! deepe/ feel+ & ! highe/ a*ievem5t4 ,p]haps x is ! v assumption ( ?is condition 9 our daily ?\ghts t has veil$ ! psy*ological problem x pres5ts4 ,we op9e1 easily en\gh1 t great de$s are done 9 =getfulness ( self4 ,b :y %\ld we =get ourselves 9 do+ great de$s8 ,:y n z well feel 9 e act its rev]b]ation on ! self1--! r5ew$ assurance t x is ,i :o c8 ,:y n1 9 ea* ae/hetic ?rill1 awake anew to ! consci\sness ( myself z rul] 9 a realm ( beauty8 ,:y n1 9 ! ru% ( intellectual production1 glory t my m9d to me a k+dom is8 ,& yet ! facts are o!rwise3 9 proportion to ! int5sity & value ( ! exp]i5ce is its approa* to ! objective1 ! imp]sonal1 ! ec/atic /ate4 ,!n h[ expla9 ?is anomaly8 ,:y %\ld religi\s1 ae/hetic1 & intellectual emotion be accompani$ 9 v>y+ degrees by ! loss ( self-consci\sness8 ,:y %\ld ! s5se ( p]sonality play u s /range a trick z to vani%1 at ! mom5t ( seem+ly greate/ p[]1 9 ! v %ad[ ( its own glory8 ,if n[ we put ! mo/ obvi\s "q1 & ask1 9 explanation ( its escapades1 :at ! true nature ( ?is p]sonality is1 we %all f9d ourselves q out ( our reckon+ on ! va/ sea ( metaphysics4 ,to "k :at p]sonality ,,is1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 is to "k :at ,god & man is4 ,=tunately1 our problem is mu* m simple4 ,x is n ! p]sonality1 its reality1 its mean+1 t vani%es2 no1 nor ev5 ! psy*ological sy/em ( dispositions4 ,we rema91 9 su* a mom5t ( ec/asy1 z p]sons1 :at we 7 be=e4 ,x is ! ,,feel+ ( p]sonality t has fad$2 & to f9d out 9 :at ?is w-o'-!-wisp feel+ ( p]sonality resides is a task :olly )9 ! p[]s ( psy*ological analysis4 ,let no "o object t ! dep? & value ( exp]i5ce seem to dis9tegrate "u ! psy*ologi/'s microscope4 ,! place ( ! full-orb$ p]sonality 9 a _w ( noble ends is n affect$ by ! possibility t ! c5tre ( its consci\s cry/allization may be f\nd 9 a s+le s5sation4 ,! explanation1 !n1 ( ?is app>5t inconsi/5cy--! fad+ away ( self 9 ! mid/ ( c]ta9 mo/ important exp]i5ces-- mu/ lie 9 ! nature ( ! feel+ ( p]sonality4 ,:at is t feel+8 ,on :at is x bas$8 ,h[ c x be describ$8 ,! difficulties ( introspection h l$ _m to d5y ! possibility ( su* self-fixation4 ,! fleet+ mom5t passes1 & we grasp only an idea or a feel+2 ! ,ego has slipp$ away l a drop ( m]cury "u ! f+]s4 ,l ! h]o ( ! ,g]man poet1 :o want$ 8 queue 9 front1 ,!n r\nd & r\nd1 & out & 91 ,all day t puzzl$ sage did sp92 ,9 va92 x matt]$ n a p92 ,! pigtail hung beh9d him1 :5 ,i turn r\nd ^u myself to cat* myself 9 ! act ( ?9k+1 ,i c nev] lay hold on any?+ b a s5sation4 ,i may peel (f1 l ! leaves ( an arti*oke1 my social self1-- my possessions & positions1 my fri5ds1 my relatives2 my active self1--my books & implem5ts ( "w2 my clo!s2 ev5 my fle%1 & sit 9 my bones1 l ,sydney ,smi?1--! ,i 9 me retreat+ ev] to an inn] citadel2 b ,i mu/ /op ) ! feel+ t some?+ moves 9 !re4 ,t is n :at my self ,,is1 b :at ! elusive sprite feels l :5 ,i h got my f+] on him4 ,9 daily exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 x is unnecess>y to proce$ to su* extremities4 ,! self1 at a giv5 mom5t ( consci\sness1 is felt z "o gr\p ( elem5ts :i* =m a =egr\nd4 ,! second gr\p is1 we say1 be=e ! att5tion1 & is n at t mom5t felt z self2 :ile ! fir/ gr\p is vague1 undiff]5tiat$1 n att5d$ to1 b felt4 ,any elem5t 9 ?is backgr\nd c deta* itself & come into ! =egr\nd ( att5tion4 ,i become consci\s at ?is mom5t1 = in/ance1 ( ! weight ( my %\ld]s z !y re/ on ! back ( my *air3 t s5sation1 h[ev]1 belongs to my self no m ?an does ! s5sation ( ! smoo?ness ( ! pap] on :i* my h& re/s4 ,i "k ,i am a self1 because ,i c pass1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! =egr\nd & ! backgr\nd ( my consci\sness4 ,x is ! feel+ ( transition t gives me ! negative & positive ( my circuit2 & ?is feel+ ( transition1 hunt$ to its lair1 reveals itself z no?+ m nor less ?an a motor s5sation felt 9 ! s5se organs :i* adapt !mselves to ! new conditions4 ,i look on t picture & on ?is1 & "k t !y are two1 because ! *ange 9 ! adaptation ( my s5se organs to _! objects has be5 felt4 ,i close my eyes & ?9k ( ne> & f>1 & x is ! *ange 9 ! s5sations f my eye muscles t tells me ,i h pass$ betwe5 ! two2 or1 to express x o!rwise1 t x is 9 me ! two h succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,:ile ! self 9 its wide/ s5se1 !re=e1 is co-ext5sive ) consci\sness1 ! di/9ctive feel+ ( self z oppos$ to ! elem5ts 9 consci\sness :i* repres5t ! out] _w is bas$ on ^? bodily s5sations :i* are connect$ ) ! relations ( objects4 ,my _w--! =egr\nd ( my consci\sness--w\ld fall 9 on me & cru% me1 if ,i c\ld n hold x (f by j ?is p[] to feel x diff]5t f my backgr\nd2 & x is felt z diff]5t ?r\gh ! motor s5sations involv$ 9 ! *ange ( my s5se organs 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,! condition ( ! feel+ ( transition1 & h5ce ( ! feel+ ( p]sonality1 is !n ! pres5ce 9 consci\sness ( at lea/ two possible objects ( att5tion2 & ! =mal consci\sness ( self might be s*ematiz$ z a /raight l9e connect+ two po9ts1 9 :i* "o po9t repres5ts ! =egr\nd1 & ! o!r ! backgr\nd1 ( consci\sness4 ,if we n[ accept ?is view1 & ask "u :at conditions ! s5se ( self may be lo/1 ! answ] is at once sugge/$4 ,x w happ5 :5 ! twoness disappe>s1 s t ! l9e connect+ & sep>at+ ! two objects 9 our s*eme drops out or is indef9itely decreas$4 ,:5 backgr\nd or =egr\nd t5ds to disappe> or to m]ge ei!r into ! o!r1 or :5 backgr\nd or =egr\nd makes an indissoluble unity or unbreakable circle1 ! cont5t ( consci\sness approa*es absolute unity4 ,!re is no relat+ to be done1 no transition to be made4 ,! condition1 !n1 = ! feel+ ( p]sonality is no long] pres5t1 & !re results a feel+ ( complete unity ) ! object ( att5tion2 & if ?is object ( att5tion is itself )\t p>ts or diff]5ces1 !re results an empty void1 ,nirvana4 ,suppose t ,i gaze1 motionless1 at a s+le bright light until all my bodily s5sations h fad$4 ,!n "o ( ! po9ts 9 our s*eme has dropp$ out4 ,9 my m9d !re reigns b "o ?\ght4 ,! transition feel+ goes1 = !re is no?+ to be relat$4 ,n[ x is "o blaze1 ab\t me & )9 me2 ,i am t light1 & myself no long]4 ,my consci\sness is a unit or a blank1 z y please4 ,if y say t ,i am self- hypnotiz$1 ,i may reply t ,i h simply ceas$ to feel myself diff]5t f ! cont5t ( my consci\sness1 because t cont5t has ceas$ to all[ a transition betwe5 its t]ms4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! only possible =m ( ! disappe>ance ( our twoness1 & ! result+ loss ( ! self-feel+4 ,:5 ! sequ5ce ( objects 9 consci\sness is s rapid t ! feel+ ( transition1 express$ 9 motor t]ms1 drops bel[ ! ?re%old ( s5sation1 ! feel+ ( self aga9 fades4 ,?9k1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,bac*anal orgies4 ,! vot>y ( ,dionysus1 danc+1 %riek+1 te>+ at 8 hair & at 8 g>m5ts1 lo/ 9 ! lightn+ *ange ( 8 s5sations all p[] ( relat+ !m4 ,8 m9d 0 r+$ 9 a :irl+ circle1 e po9t ( :i* m]g$ into ! next )\t possibility ( diff]5tiation4 ,& s9ce he c\ld feel no transition p]iods1 he c\ld feel ,,himself no long]2 he 0 "o ) ! cont5t ( 8 consci\sness1 :i* consci\sness 0 no less a unit ?an our bright light a=esaid1 j z a circle is z truly a unit z a po9t4 ,! prie/ ( ,dionysus mu/ h felt himself only a danc+1 %\t+ ?+1 "o ) ! _w )\t1 :irl$ r\nd 9 e>?'s diurnal c\rse ) rocks & /ones & trees4 ,& h[ p]fectly ! anci5t belief fits our psy*ophysical analysis6 ,! ,bac*ic en?usia/ believ$ himself possess$ ) ! v ec/asy ( ! _s ( nature4 ,8 inspir$ madness 0 ! pres5ce ( ! god :o desc5d$ ^u him1--! god ( ! v9e1 ( spr+2 ! ris+ sap1 ! ru%+ /ream1 ! bur/+ leaf1 ! rippl+ song1 all ! life ( fl[+ ?+s1 !y 7 he6 ,autika ga pasa zoreusei1 0 ! cry1--soon ! :ole e>? w dance & s+6 ,yes1 ?is break+ d[n ( b>ri]s1 ?is melt+ ( ! p]sonality into its surr\nd+s1 ?is /range & sweet self- ab&onm5t mu/ h its s\rce 9 j ! disappe>ance ( ! s5sation ( adju/m5t1 on :i* ! feel+ ( p]sonality is bas$4 ,b h[ c x be1 we h to ask1 t a pr9ciple s b>r5 ( emotional significance %\ld acc\nt = ! ec/asy ( religi\s emotion1 ( ae/hetic delight1 ( creative inspiration8 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 religion or beauty or g5ius t is ! object ( our inquiry at ?is mom5t1 b simply ! common elem5t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ea* ( ^! :i* we "k z ! disappe>ance ( self-feel+4 ,h[ ! circum/ances peculi> to religi\s wor%ip1 ae/hetic appreciation1 & intellectual creation br+ ab\t ! =mal conditions ( ! loss ( p]sonal feel+ mu/ be s\ght 9 a m detail$ analysis1 & we %all !n be able to trace ! s\rce ( ! int5sity ( emotion 9 ^! exp]i5ces4 ,:at1 !n1 fir/ ( all1 are ! /eps by :i* prie/ & poet & ?9k] h pass$ into ! exaltation ( selfless emotion8 ,=tunately1 ! passionate pilgrims ( all ?ree realms ( deep exp]i5ce h be5 ev] prodigal ( _! confessions4 ,! religi\s ec/asy1 h[ev]1 embodies ! mo/ complete case1 & all[s ! cle>e/ insight into ! nature ( ! exp]i5ce2 & w !re=e be dealt ) at greate/ l5g?4 ,! typical religi\s en?usia/ is ! my/ic4 ,f ,plot9us to ,buddha1 f ,mei/] ,eckh>t to ,em]son1 ! same doctr9e has br\ght ! same fruits ( religi\s rapture4 ,!re is "o ,god1 & 9 contemplation ( ,him ! s\l becomes ( 8 ess5ce4 ,:e!r x is held1 z by ! ,neoplatoni/s1 t ,be+ & ,k are "o1 t ! proc$ure ( ! _w out ( ,god is a process ( self-revelation1 & ! return ( ?+s into ,god a process ( high] & high] intuition1 & s ! my/ic exp]i5ce an appreh5sion ( ! highe/ r ?an a =m ( wor%ip2 or :e!r x is express$ z by ! humble ,begu9e1 ,me*?ild1--,my s\l swims 9 ! ,be+ ( ,god z a fi% 9 wat]1'--! k]nel ( ! my/ic's cre$ is ! same4 ,9 ec/atic contemplation ( ,god1 &1 9 ! high] /ates1 9 ec/atic union ) ,him1 9 s9k+ ! individuality 9 ! div9e ,be+1 is ! only true life4 ,n all1 x is true1 :o hold ! doctr9e h _h ! exp]i5ce2 n all c say ) ,eckh>t or ) ,madame ,guyon1 ,i h se5 ,god 9 my own s\l1 or ,i h become "o ) ,god4 ,x is f ! n>ratives & ! c\nsels ( p]fection ( ^!1 ! *os51 ! initiate1 :o h pass$ beyond ! veil1 t light may be ?r[n on ! psy*ological conditions ( my/ic ec/asy4 ,! mo/ illum9at+ acc\nt ( h] actual my/ical exp]i5ces is giv5 by ,madame ,guyon1 ! fir/ ( ! sect or s*ool ( ! ,quieti/s4 ,?is g5tle ,fr5*woman _h a gift = psy*ological obs]vation1 & ?\gh h] /yle is nei!r poetic nor philosophical1 ,i may be p>don$ = quot+ at "s l5g? h] naive & lucid revelations4 ,! foll[+ passages1 beg9n+ ) an e>ly religi\s exp]i5ce1 are tak5 almo/ at r&om f ! pages ( h] autobiography3-- ,^! s]mons made su* an impression on my m9d1 & absorb$ me s /rongly 9 ,god1 t ,i c\ld n op5 my eyes nor he> :at 0 said4 ,to he> ,?y "n1 ,o my ,god1 c\ld put me into a pr(\nd pray]4444,i c\ld n see any long] ! sa9ts nor ! ,holy ,virg9 outside ( ,god2 b ,i saw !m all 9 ,him1 sc>cely be+ able to di/+ui% !m f ,him4444,i c\ld n he> ,god nor our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ spok5 ( )\t be+1 z x 71 outside ( myself hors de moi4444,love seiz$ me s /rongly t ,i rema9$ absorb$1 9 a pr(\nd sil5ce & a peace t ,i _c describe4 ,i made ev] new ef=ts1 & ,i pass$ my life 9 beg9n+ my pray]s )\t be+ able to c>ry !m ?r\gh4444,i c\ld ask no?+ = myself nor = ano!r1 nor wi% any?+ b ?is div9e w4444,i d n believe t !re c\ld be 9 ! _w any?+ m simple & m unifi$4444,x is a /ate ( :i* "o c say no?+ m1 because x evades all expression1--a /ate 9 :i* ! creature is lo/1 engulf$4 ,all is ,god1 & ! s\l p]ceives only ,god4 ,x has to /rive no m = p]fection1 = gr[?1 = approa* to ,him1 = union4 ,all is consummat$ 9 ! unity1 b 9 a mann] s free1 s natural1 s easy1 t ! s\l lives f ! air :i* x brea!s4444,! _s is empty1 no m trav]s$ by ?\ghts2 no?+ fills ! void1 :i* is no long] pa9ful1 & ! s\l f9ds 9 itself an imm5se capacity t no?+ c ei!r limit or de/roy4 ,c we fail to trace 9 ^! simple words ! %ad[ ( all religi\s exaltation t is bas$ on fai? alone8 ,madame ,guyon is /rung to a high] key ?an mo/ ( ?is dull & relax$ _w2 b %e has /ruck ! et]nal note ( contemplative wor%ip4 ,su* is ! s5se ( union ) ! div9e ,_s4 ,su* are ! ?\ghts & ev5 ! words ( ,dante1 ,eckh>t1 ,/4 ,t]esa1 ! c\ntless my/ics ( ! ,middle ,age1 & ( ! foll[]s ( ,buddhism 9 its v>i\s %ades1 f ! ,ganges to ! ,*>les4 ,two *>act]i/ics dis5gage !mselves to view3 ! insi/5ce on ! unity ( ,god--,,9 :om alone ! ,holy ,virg9 & ! sa9ts are se5--f a psy*ological po9t ( view only2 & ! m9d's empt9ess ( ?\ght 9 a /ate ( religi\s ec/asy4 ,b )\t fur!r analysis1 we may ask1 z ! disciples ( ! my/ics h always done1 h[ ?is /ate ( blissful union is to be rea*$4 ,!y h always be5 m9ute 9 _! prescriptions1 & x is possible to d]ive !refrom :at may be call$ ! te*nique ( ! my/ic proc$ure4 ,! ^w my/ic1 to quote ,walt] ,pat]1 has be5 d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w :i* signifies to %ut1 z if "o %ut "o's lips1 brood+ on :at _c be utt]$2 b ! ,platoni/s !mselves d]ive x r f ! act ( %utt+ ! eyes1 t "o may see ! m1 inw>dly4 ,( su* is ! c\nsel ( ,/4 ,luis de ,granada1 ,imitate ! sportsman :o hoods ! falcon t x be made subs]vi5t to 8 rule2 & ( ano!r ,spani% my/ic1 ,p$ro de ,alcant>a3 ,9 m$itation1 let ! p]son r\se himself f ?+s temporal1 & let him collect himself )9 himself 4444,"h let him he>k5 to ! voice ( ,god444z ?\gh !re 7 no o!r 9 ! _w save ,god & himself4 ,/4 ,t]esa f\nd happ9ess only 9 %utt+ h]self up )9 h]self4 ,vocal pray] c\ld n satisfy h]1 & %e adopt$ m5tal pray]4 ,! f\r /ages ( h] exp]i5ce--:i* %e nam$ recollect$ness1 quietude 7li/5+ r ?an speak+71 union 7blissful sleep ) ! faculties ( ! m9d /ill71 ec/asy or rapture--are b progressive /eps 9 ! seal+ ( ! s5ses4 ,! yoga ( ! ,brahm9s1 :i* is ! same z ! union ( ! ,cabali/s1 is made to dep5d ^u ! same conditions1--passivity1 p]sev]ance1 solitude4 ,! novice mu/ arre/ 8 brea?+1 & may m$itate on my/ic symbols alone1 by way ( rea*+ ! =mless1 ineffable ,buddha4 ,b x is useless to heap up evid5ce2 ! inf]5ce is suffici5tly cle>4 ,! body is fir/ br\ght into a /ate ei!r ( n]v\s in/ability or irritability by ascetic practices1 or ( n]v\s ins5sibility by ! p]si/5t )drawal ( all out] di/urbance2 & ! m9d is fix$ ^u a s+le object1--! "o ,god1 ! ,god et]nal1 absolute1 indivisible4 ,recall+ our =m] s*eme = ! conditions ( ! s5se ( p]sonality1 we %all see t we h "h ! two poles ( consci\sness4 ,!n1 z ! t5sion is %>p5$1 :at happ5s8 ,"u ! artificial conditions ( weak5$ n]ves1 ( blank surr\nd+s1 ! self-backgr\nd drops4 ,! feel+ ( transition disappe>s ) ! abs5ce ( relat$ t]ms2 & ! rema9+1 ! positive pole ( consci\sness1 is an undiff]5tiat$ ,unity1 ) :i* ! p]son mu/ feel himself "o4 ,! feel+ ( p]sonality is gone ) t on :i* x re/s1 & its loss is jo9$ ) an ov]:elm+ s5se ( union ) ! ,"o1 ! ,absolute1 ,god6 ,! object ( my/ic contemplation is ! ,"o indivisible4 ,b we c also ?9k ! ,"o z ! unity ( all diff]5ces1 ! ,circle ( ! ,univ]se4 ,^? natures also :i*1 l ,amiel's1 are b$azzl$ ) ! ,inf9ite & ?ir/ = totality atta9 9 _! rev]ies to ! same imp]sonal ec/asy4 ,amiel writes ( a night on ! s&y %ore ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 /ret*$ at full l5g? ^u ! bea*1 my eyes w&]+ ov] ! ,milky ,way4 ,w !y ev] return to me1 ^? gr&iose1 immortal1 cosmogonic dreams1 9 :i* "o seems to c>ry ! _w 9 "o's brea/1 to t\* ! />s1 to possess ! ,inf9ite6 ,! rev]ie ( ,s5anc\r1 on ! bank ( ! ,lake ( ,bi5ne1 quot$ by ,mat!w ,arnold1 reveals ! same emotion3 ,va/ consci\sness ( a nature ev]y:]e great] ?an we are1 & ev]y:]e imp5etrable2 all-embrac+ passion1 rip5$ wisdom1 delici\s self-ab&onm5t4 ,9 ! co9cid5ce ( out] circum/ance-- ! lake1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 night1 ! attitude ( repose--may we n trace a dissolution ( ! self-backgr\nd1 simil> to t ( ! my/ic wor%ip]8 ,& 9 ! ,inf9ite1 no less ?an 9 ! ,"o1 mu/ ! s\l s9k & melt into union ) x1 because )9 x !re is no det]m9ation1 no pause1 & no *ange4 ,! contemplation ( ! ,"o1 h[ev]1 is n ! only type ( my/ic ec/asy4 ,t intoxication ( emotion :i* seizes ^u ! negro camp meet+ ( to-day1 z x did ^u ! ,delphic prie/esses two ?\s& ye>s ago1 seems at fir/ glance to h no?+ 9 common psy*ologically ) ! bless$ no?+ness ( ,gautama & ,mei/] ,eckh>t4 ,b ! loss ( ! feel+ ( p]sonality & ! s5se ( possession by a div9e _s are ! same4 ,h[1 !n1 is ?is /ate rea*$8 ,by means1 ,i believe1 :i* recall ! g5]al =mula = ! ,disappe>ance ( self-feel+4 ,to repeat ! monosyllable ,,om 7,brahm7 t5 ?\s& times2 to circle int]m9ably1 *ant+ ! :ile1 ab\t a sacr$ ire2 to li/5 to ! monoton\s magic drum2 to :irl ! body ab\t2 to rock to & fro on ! knees1 vocif]at+ pray]s1 are me?ods :i* enable ! memb]s ( ! respective sects 9 :i* !y are practic$ ei!r to ent]1 z !y say1 into ! ,et]nal ,be+1 or to become in=m$ ) x ?r\gh ! negation ( ! self4 ,! s5se ( p]sonality1 at any rate1 is m or less completely lo/1 & ! ec/asy takes a =m m or less passionate1 accord+ z ! wor%ip] dep5ds on ! rapidity r ?an on ! monotony ( 8 excitations4 ,"h1 aga91 ! self- backgr\nd drops1 inasmu* z e rhy?mical movem5t t5ds to become automatic1 & !n unconsci\s4 ,?us :at we are wont to call ! inspir$ madness ( ! ,delphic prie/esses 0 less ! expression ( ec/asy ?an ! means ( its excitation4 ,p]petual motion1 z well z et]nal re/1 may br+ ab\t ! engulfm5t ( ! self 9 ! object4 ,! mo/ div]se types ( religi\s emotions1 ,,9 ,,s ,,f> ,,z ,,!y ,,pres5t ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,self-,,consci\sness1 are ?us se5 to be r$ucible to ! same psy*ological basis4 ,! circle1 no less ?an ! po9t1 is ! symbol ( ! ,"o1 & ! dev\r+ unity t lays hold on consci\sness f ! loss ( ! feel+ ( transition comes 9 ! unre/ ( en?usiasm no less ?an 9 ! blissful no?+ ( ,nirvana4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,i am sure1 ! read] w int]pose a prote/4 ,is1 !n1 ! my/]y ( self-ab&onm5t to ! highe/ to be %>$ ) ! meane/ ( fanatics8 ,are ! rapture ( ,dante & ! trance ( ! ,omphalopsy*i sprung f ! same root8 ,!re is no occasion1 h[ev]1 = ! revolt ( s5tim5t because we fail to emphasize "h ! important diff]5ces 9 ! emotional "* & value ( ! /ates 9 "q4 ,:at int]e/s u is only "o aspect :i* !y h 9 common1 ! surr5d] ( ! s5se ( p]sonality4 ,t is bas$ on =mal relations ( ! elem5ts ( consci\sness1 & ! explanation ( its disappe>ance applies z well to ! :irl+ d]vi% z to ! conv]ts ( a revivali/ prea*]4 ,! my/ic1 !n1 ne$ only %ut 8 s5ses to ! _w1 & contemplate ! ,"o4 ,subject fuses ) object1 & he feels himself melt into ! ,inf9ite4 ,b ea* exp]i5ce is n ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! religi\s en?usia/4 ,! wor%ip] ( beauty has giv5 evid5ce ( ! same feel+s4 ,& yet1 9 8 ae/hetic rapture1 ! latt] dwells ) delib]ation on 8 delights1 & :ile luxuriat+ 9 ! inf9ite labyr9?s ( beauty c sc>cely be describ$ z mus+ on an undiff]5tiat$ ,unity4 ,s f>1 at lea/1 x does n appe> t our =mula applies to ae/hetic feel+4 ,ae/hetic feel+ arises 9 ! contemplation ( a beautiful object4 ,b :at makes an object beautiful8 ,to g /ill fur!r back1 j :at1 psy*ologically1 does contemplation mean8 ,to contemplate an object is to dwell on ! idea or image ( x1 & to dwell ^u an idea means to c>ry x out incipi5tly4 ,we may g ev5 fur!r1 & say x is ! c>ry+ out by virtue ( :i* we grasp ! idea4 ,h[ d we ?9k ( a tall p9e-tree8 ,by sweep+ our eyes up & d[n its l5g?1 & out to ! ends ( its bran*es2 & if we are =bidd5 to use our eye muscles ev5 inf9itesimally1 !n we _c ?9k ( ! visual image4 ,9 %ort1 we p]ceive an object 9 space by c>ry+ out its motor sugge/ions2 m te*nically express$1 by virtue ( a complex ( motor impulses ar\s$ by x2 m briefly1 by incipi5tly imitat+ x4 ,contemplation is inn] imitation4 ,n[ a beautiful object is fir/ ( all a unifi$ object2 :y ?is mu/ be s has be5 consid]$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 x all impulses ( s\l & s5se are b\nd to react ^u "o ano!r1 & to lead back to "o ano!r4 ,& all ! elem5ts1 :i* 9 contemplation we reproduce 9 ! =m ( motor impulses1 are b\nd to make a clos$ circle ( ^! sugge/$ en]gies4 ,! symmetrical picture calls out a set ( motor impulses :i* balance1--a sy/em ( en]gies react+ on "o c5tre2 ! sonnet takes u out on "o wave ( rhy?m & ( ?\ght1 to br+ u back on ano!r to ! same po9t2 ! sonata does ! same 9 melody4 ,9 ! :irl+ circle ( ! drama1 n a ^w or an act t is n indissolubly l9k$ ) be=e & aft]4 ,?us ! unity ( a "w ( art makes ( ! sy/em ( sugge/$ en]gies :i* =m ! =egr\nd ( att5tion an impregnable1 an invuln]able circle4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 are we held 9 equilibrium 9 ! object ( att5tion2 we _c connect ) x our self-backgr\nd1 = ! w _c act on ! object ( ae/hetic feel+4 ,we _c eat ! grapes ( ,apelles or embrace ! ,galatea ( ,pygmalion2 we _c rescue ,ophelia or enlight5 ,juliet2 & ( impulse to int]f]e1 to connect ! sc5e ) ourselves1 we h none4 ,b ?is is a less important factor 9 ! situation4 ,t ! h\se is d>k1 ! audi5ce sil5t1 & all motor impulses outside ( ! ae/hetic circle /ifl$1 is1 too1 only a sup]ficial1 &1 s to speak1 a negative condition4 ,! real gr\nd ( ! possibility ( a mom5t>y self- annihilation lies 9 ! fact t all incitem5ts to motor impulse--except ^? :i* belong to ! indissoluble r+ ( ! object itself--h be5 %ut out by ! p]fection ( unity to :i* ! ae/hetic object 7"h ! drama7 has be5 br\ght4 ,! backgr\nd fades2 ! =egr\nd satisfies1 incites no movem5t2 & ) ! disappe>ance ( ! possibility ( action :i* w\ld connect ! two1 fades also t :i* dwells 9 ?is feel+ ( transition1--! s5se ( p]sonality4 ,! dep? ( ae/hetic feel+ lies n 9 ! wor?y c\ntryman :o int]rupts ! play ) cries = ju/ice on ! villa91 b 9 him :o creates ! drama aga9 ) ! poet1 :o lives ov] aga9 9 himself ea* ( ! ?rills ( emotion pass+ be=e him1 & loses himself 9 _! web4 ,! object is a unity or our :irl+ circle ( impulses1 z y l to phrase x4 ,at any rate1 out ( t unity ! s\l does n return ^u itself2 x rema9s "o ) x 9 ! true/ s5se4 ,! loss ( ! s5se ( p]sonality is an integral "p ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce2 & we h se5 h[ x is a necess>y psy*ological effect ( ! unity ( ! object4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view x may be said t ! unity ( ! object is con/itut$ j by ! inhibition ( all t5d5cy to movem5t ?r\gh ! balance or c5trality ( impulses sugge/$ by x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! balance ( impulses makes u feel ! object a unity4 ,& ?is balance ( impulses1 ?is inhibition ( movem5t1 correspond+ to unity1 is :at we "k z ae/hetic repose4 ,?us ! conditions ( ae/hetic repose & ( ! loss ( self-feel+ are ! same4 ,9 fact1 x might be said t1 )9 ?is realm1 ! two conceptions are id5tical4 ,! true ae/hetic repose is j t p]fect re/ 9 ! beautiful object :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! loss ( ! s5se ( p]sonality4 ,subtl] & r>]1 aga91 ?an ! raptures ( my/icism & ( beauty wor%ip is ! ec/asy ( intellectual production2 yet ! clean1 cle> joy ( creation1 z ,kipl+ names x1 is n less to be gr\p$ ) ^? preci\s exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! self is sl\gh$ away1 & ! s\l at "o ) its cont5t4 ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( intellectual production 9 full sw+1 9 ! mom5tum ( success4 ,! travail ( s\l ov] app>5tly hopeless difficulties or 9 ! work+ out ( indiff]5t details takes place n only 9 full self- consci\sness1 b 9 self-disgu/2 !re we c take ,c>lyle to witness4 ,b 9 ! high] /ages ! fixation ( tru? & ! appreciation ( beauty are accompani$ by ! same ext9ction ( ! feel+ ( individuality4 ,( te/imony we h en\gh & to sp>e4 ,i ne$ n fill ^! pages ) confessions & anecdotes ( ! ec/atical /ate 9 :i* all great de$s ( art & sci5ce are done4 ,! "q is r to und]/& & expla9 x on ! basis ( ! =mal s*eme to :i* we h f\nd ! religi\s & ! ae/hetic attitudes to con=m4 ,jean ,paul says some:]e t1 h[ev] labori\s ! completion ( a great "w1 its conception came z a :ole1--9 "o fla%4 ,we rememb] ! dreams ( ,s*ill] 9 front ( 8 r$ curta9 & ! result+ musikalis*e ,/immung1--=mless1 undirect$1 out ( :i* 8 poem %ap$ itself2 ! half-somnambulic /ate ( ,goe! & 8 frantic ha/e 9 fixation ( ! vision1 9 :i* he d>$ n ev5 /op to put 8 pap] /raight1 b wrote ov] ! corn]s q ru?lessly4 ,h5n] once said to a pa9t] :o m\rn$ t he _h done no?+ on 8 picture = ! ,salon1 ?\gh he saw x be=e him1 ,:at6 ,y see y\r picture6 ,!n x is done4 ,y c pa9t x 9 an h\r4 ,if all ^! traditions be true1 !y are significant2 & ! necess>y conditions ( su* composition seem to be highly analog\s to ^? ( ! ae/hetic emotion4 ,we h1 fir/ ( all1 a lack ( outw>d /imulation1 & !re=e possible disappe>ance ( ! backgr\nd4 ,h[ mu* bett] h mo/ poets writt5 9 a g>ret ?an 9 a b\doir6 ,goe!'s b>e little room 9 ! g>d5 h\se at ,weim> te/ifies to ! sev]e conditions 8 g5ius f\nd necess>y4 ,tranquillity ( ! backgr\nd is ! condition ( self-absorption1 or-- & ?is po9t seems to me wor? emphasiz+--a clos$ circle ( out] activities4 ,i h nev] believ$1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! old tale ( ,walt] ,scott & ! button1 t x 0 ! surprise ( 8 loss t ti$ ! tongue ( ! future au?or's rival4 ,! poor head s*ol> _h simply made = himself a transitionless exp]i5ce ) t twirl+ button1 & c\ld !n s9k 8 consci\sness 9 its object1-- at t mom5t ! ma/]'s que/ions4 ,x is ) _m ( u a famili> exp]i5ce1 t ( n be+ able to ?9k unless 9 con/ant motion4 ,translat$ into our psy*ological s*eme1 ! effici5cy ( ^! movem5ts w\ld be expla9$ ?us3 ,giv5 ! :irl+ circles1--! backgr\nd ( cont9u\s movem5t s5sations1 :i* f9ally dropp$ out ( consci\sness1 & ! =egr\nd ( cont9u\s ?\ght1--! fir/ protect$1 s to speak1 ! second1 s9ce !y 7 mutually exclusive1 & :at broke ! "o de/roy$ ! o!r4 ,b to return f ?is digression1 a backgr\nd fad+ into no?+ness1 ei!r z re/ or z a clos$ circle ( automatic movem5ts1 is ! fir/ condition ( ! ec/asy ( m5tal production4 ,! second is giv5 9 ! "* ( its object4 ,! object ( high intellectual creation is a unity1-- a p]fect :ole1 reveal$1 z ,jean ,paul says1 9 a s+le movem5t ( g5ius4 ,)9 ! en*ant$ circle ( 8 creation1 ! ?9k] is absorb$1 because "h too all 8 impulses are turn$ to "o end1 9 relation to :i* no?+ else exi/s4 ,i am aw>e t _m w see a %>p di/9ction "h betwe5 ! "w ( ! creator or discov]] 9 sci5ce & ! arti/4 ,!y may ma9ta91 9 ,s*op5hau]'s phrase1 t ! aim & end ( sci5ce is j ! connection ( objects 9 ! s]vice ( ! w ( ! individual1 & h5ce transition betwe5 ! v>i\s t]ms is con/ant2 :ile art1 on ! o!r h&1 inde$ isolates its object1 & s drops transitions4 ,b ,i ?9k :]e we speak ( connection ?us1 we mean ! l>g] sweep ( law4 ,if ! ?9k] looks beyond 8 special problem at all1 x is1 l ,buddha1 to fix 8 eyes ^u ! *a9 ( causation4 ,! sci5ti/ ( imag9ation sees 8 "w "u ! =m ( et]nity1 z "o l9k ( t endless *a91 "o atom 9 t vortex ( almighty purposes1 :i* sci5ce w ne$ all "t to reveal4 ,= him x is ei!r "o "q1 clos$ )9 itself by its own answ]1 or x is ! ,inf9ite ,law ( ! ,univ]se1--! po9t or ! circle4 ,f all po9ts ( view1 !n1 ! object ( creation 9 art or sci5ce is a girdle ( impulses f :i* ! m9d may n /ray4 ,! two conditions ( our =mal s*eme are giv53 a t]m :i* disappe>s1 & "o :i* is a p]fect :ole4 ,transition betwe5 backgr\nd & =egr\nd has dropp$4 ,betwe5 ! objects ( att5tion 9 ! =egr\nd x has no mean+1 because ! =egr\nd is an indissoluble unity4 ,) t object ! self mu/ feel itself "o1 s9ce ! di/9ctive self-feel+ has disappe>$ ) ! opportunity = transition4 ,we h ?us swung ar\nd ! circle ( my/ical1 ae/hetic1 & creative emotion1 & we h f\nd a s+le =mula to apply1 & a s+le explanation to avail = ! loss ( p]sonality4 ,! conditions ( su* exp]i5ces br+ ab\t ! disappe>ance ( "o t]m1 & ! impregnable unity ( ! o!r4 ,)\t transition betwe5 two t]ms 9 consci\sness1 two objects ( att5tion1 ! loss ( ! feel+ ( p]sonality takes place accord+ to natural psy*ological laws4 ,x is no long] a my/]y t 9 int5se exp]i5ce ! feel+ ( p]sonality dissolves4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 does rema9 /ill unexpla9$1--! bliss ( self-ab&onm5t4 ,:5ce are ! def9it5ess & int5sity ( ! religi\s & ae/hetic emotions8 ,! surr5d] ( ! s5se ( p]sonality1 x seems1 is bas$ on purely =mal relations ( ! elem5ts ( consci\sness1 common to all ?ree gr\ps ( ! analyz$ emotions4 ,yet x is precisely ) a fad+ ( self-feel+ t int5sity & def9it5ess deep54 ,b h[ c diff]5t & emotionally significant feel+s arise f a s+le =mal process8 ,h[ c ! wor%ip ( ,god become ec/atic joy ?r\gh ! loss ( p]sonality8 ,! solution ( ?is app>5t p>adox is dem&$ n only 9 logic1 b also by ^? :o w\ld wi% to see ! religi\s trance di/+ui%$ also 9 its orig9 f ^? ( bas] cont5t4 ,b x is1 aft] all1 ! =mal nature ( ! ph5om5on t gives u light4 ,if v>iation 9 ! degree ( self-feel+ is ! common factor1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! transition- feel+ its cause1 !n ! l[e/ memb] ( ! scale1 9 :i* ! loss ( self-feel+ takes place ) ma!matical complet5ess1 mu/ be includ$4 ,t is ! hypnotic trance4 ,x is n necess>y at ?is place to emphasize ! fact t our !ory1 if accept$1 w\ld con/itute a !ory & a def9ition also ( hypnotism4 ,( int]e/ to our inquiry is m]ely a *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! hypnotic /ate1--its trem5d\s sugge/ibility4 ,:y is ?is8 ,our !ory w\ld answ] t all impulses are held 9 equilibrium1 & t an ext]nal sugge/ion has ?us no rivals4 ,:atev] ! cause1 ?is la/ is at any rate ! fact4 ,all sugge/ions seem to d\ble 9 emotional value4 ,tell ! hypnotic subject t he is sail+ up ! ,rh9e1 & ! mo/ vivid admiration is 9 8 aspect2 he gazes 9 he>t-felt devotion if x is a pretty girl he is bid to look at2 he quaffs a glass ( wat] ) liveli] delight ?an he w\ld %[ = ! draught ( ,*ateau ,yquem ( :i* he is l$ to ?9k4 ,n[ 9 religi\s & ae/hetic exp]i5ce !re is br\ght ab\t ! same equilibrium or unity ( impulses1 result+ 9 analog\s loss ( self-feel+4 ,b x is a mo/ int]e/+ fact t ! ,,=m ( ! contemplat$ object is ! cause ( ?is arre/ & repose4 ,god1 ! circle ( ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,et]nal ,"o1 ent] into play z unity alone4 ,:at1 !n1 ( ! cont5t8 ,aft] ! analogy ( ! extreme case1 ! cont5t--t is1 emotional value & def9ite emotional tone--takes ! place ( ! ext]nal sugge/ion4 ,"u j ! conditions ( ! religi\s trance1 ! elem5t ( rev]5ce1 ( joy\s s5tim5t1 is able sudd5ly to take on a m vivid aspect4 ,x may n be t ! emotion itself is great]1 b x n[ holds ! field4 ,x may n be t x is m int5se1 b ! int5sity ( conc5tration :i* takes on its color makes x seem s4 ,! rapture is j ! s5se ( be+ caught up into union ) ! highe/2 ! joy ( ! rapture is ! joy ( e ?\ght ( ,god1 "h left free to bright5 into ec/asy2 & its revelation-value is aga9 ! s5se ( imm$iate union ) a ,be+ ! intellectual concept ( :om is imm5sely vivifi$4 ,s may be analyz$ ! ae/hetic ec/asy4 ,! t5sion ( ^? mutually antagoni/ic impulses :i* make balance1 & s unity1 & s ! conditions = loss ( s5se ( self1 cle>s ! way = ta/+ ! full savor ( pleasure 9 bright color1 fl[+ l9e1 exquisite tone-sequ5ce1 mov+ ?\ght4 ,_m a commonplace exp]i5ce1 says ,m4 ,s\riau1 sudd5ly takes on a *>m :5 se5 9 ! arre/$ ae/hetic vision4 ,e "o c h obs]v$ t an object 9 itself agreeable to look on1 l a b\quet ( fl[]s1 or ! fre% face ( a "y girl1 takes on a sort ( magic & sup]natural beauty if we reg>d x me*anically :ile li/5+ to music4#a ,! int5sity ( conc5tration caus$ by ! unity ( =m fuses ) ?is sugge/$ vividness ( feel+ f cont5t & mat]ial1 & ! :ole is felt z int5sity ( ae/hetic emotion4 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna w\ld n /rike s deep 9 feel+ 7 x less cry/all9e 9 its unity1 less trance-l 9 its repose1 & s less en*ant+ 9 its sugge/ion4 #a ,p4 ,s\riau1 ,la ,sugge/ion en l',art4 ,s x is n only ! man ( a*ievem5t :o sees b "o ?+ at a "t4 ,to ent] int5sely into any ideal exp]i5ce means to be bl9d to all o!rs4 ,"o mu/ lose "o's own s\l to ga9 ! _w1 & none :o ent] & return f ! p>adise ( selfless ec/asy w "q t x is ga9$4 ,x may be t p]sonality is a h9drance & a b>ri]1 & t we are only truly 9 h>mony ) ! secret ( our own exi/5ce :5 we cease to set ourselves ov] aga9/ ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 ! s5se ( individuality is a possession = :i* ! mo/ ( mank9d w\ld pay ! price1 if x mu/ be paid1 ev5 ( et]nal suff]+4 ,! delici\s h\r ( fusion ) ! univ]se is preci\s1 s x seems to u n[1 j because we c return f x to our own ne/1 &1 close & w>m !re1 c\nt up our happ9ess4 ,! fragm5t>9ess & multiplicity ( life are1 !n1 ! sav+ ( ! s5se ( selfhood1 & we mu/ inde$ ,rejoice t man is hurl$ ,f *ange to *ange unceas+ly1 ,8 s\l's w+s nev] furl$4 ,,iv ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,iv ,a4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,visual ,,=m ,i ,,9 :at consi/s ! ,beauty ( ,visual ,=m8 ,! old] writ]s on :at we n[ "k z ! sci5ce ( art did n ask !mselves ?is "q4 ,al?\gh we are accu/om$ to he> t ord]1 symmetry1 unity 9 v>iety1 0 ! ,greek1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,platonic1 =mula = beauty1 we obs]ve1 on exam9+ ! passages cit$ 9 evid5ce1 t x is r ! moral quality app]ta9+ to ^! *>act]i/ics t det]m9es !m z beautiful2 symmetry is beautiful1 because h>moni\s1 & induc+ ord] & self-re/ra9t4 ,ari/otle's s+le pron\ncem5t 9 ! s5se ( our "q is ! dictum3 !re is no beauty )\t a c]ta9 magnitude4 ,less+1 9 8 ,laocoon1 really ! fir/ mod]n treatise 9 ae/hetics1 discusses ! excell5ces ( pa9t+ & poetry1 b deals ) visible beauty z if x 7 a fix$ quality1 und]/ood :5 ref]r$ to1 l color4 ,?is is und\bt$ly due to 8 unconsci\s ref]5ce ( beauty to ! human =m alone2 a ref]5ce :i* he w\ld h d5i$1 b :i* influ5ces 8 :ole ae/hetic !ory4 ,9 speak+ ( a beautiful picture1 = in/ance1 he w\ld h meant fir/ ( all ! repres5tation ( beautiful p]sons 9 x1 h>dly at all t ess5tial beauty ( ! picture z pa9t+1 to :i* e in* ( ! canvas is alike preci\s4 ,x is cle> to u n[1 h[ev]1 t ! beauty ( ! human =m is ! mo/ obscure ( all possible cases1 complex 9 itself1 & ov]laid & involv$ z x is ) innum]able int]e/s & motives ( extra-ae/hetic "*4 ,beauty 9 simple =ms mu/ be our fir/ /udy2 & great cr$it is due to ,hog>? = hav+ prop\nd$ 9 8 ,analysis ( ,beauty ! simple "q1--:at makes ! quality ( beauty to ! eye8 ,b 9 visible beauty1 ! ae/hetic value ( pure =m is n ! only elem5t involv$3 or at lea/ is mu/ be settl$ :e!r or n x is ! only elem5t involv$4 ,if 9 a "w ( art1 z we believe1 :at belongs to its excell5ce belongs to its beauty1 we may n applaud "o pa9t]1 = in/ance1 = 8 m>vel\s color-s*emes1 ano!r = 8 expression ( emotion1 ano!r = 8 del9eation ( "*1 )\t ackn[l$g+ t expression ( "* & emotion come )9 our concept ( visible beauty4 ,franz von ,l5ba* 0 once ask$ :at he ?\ght likely to be ! fate ( 8 own "w4 ,z = t1 he repli$1 ,i ?9k ,i may possibly h a *ance ( liv+2 b ,,only if ,individualization or ,*>act]ization be deem$ to con/itute a quality ( p]man5t value 9 a picture4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i %all nev] "k1 = x c only be adjudg$ by po/]ity4 ,if t v]dict %\ld prove unfavorable1 !n my "w1 too1 w p]i% ) ! re/1--= x _c comp>e on _! l9es ) ! great ma/]s ( ! pa/4 ,t ?is is inde$ an issue is %[n by ! contra/+ op9ion ( ! critic :o exclaim$ be=e a portrait1 ,?9k away ! head & face1 & y w h a wond]ful effect ( color6 ,! analysis ( visible beauty accord+ly resolves itself into ! explanation ( ! beauty ( =m 7includ+ %ape & color7 & ! fix+ 9 relation !reto ( o!r factors4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( our task is inde$ beh9d u4 ,we h already def9$ ,beauty 9 g5]al3 we h outl9$ 9 a prec$+ essay ! ab/ract ae/hetic dem&s1 & we h n[ only to ask ?r\gh :at psy*ological means ^! dem&s c be & are 9 fact met4 ,9 o!r words we h to %[ t :at we int5sely feel z ,beauty c & does exemplify ^! pr9ciples1 & ?r\gh !m is expla9$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,beauty has be5 def9$ z t comb9ation ( qualities 9 ! object :i* br+s ab\t a union ( /imulation & repose 9 ! enjoy]4 ,h[ mu/ ?is be int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> facts ( visual =m8 ,! mo/ imm$iate ref]5ce is naturally to ! s5se organ itself2 & ! fir/ "q is !re=e z to ! favorable /imulations ( ! eye4 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 does ! eye dem& ( its object8 ,,ii ,! simple/ elem5t ( visual exp]i5ce is ( c\rse f\nd 9 light & color1 ! s5sation ( ! eye z su*4 ,yet !re is no bran* ( ae/hetic :i* is s incomplete4 ,we "k t ! s5sation ( light or color1 if n too weak or too viol5t1 is 9 itself pleas+4 ,! bright1 ! glitt]+1 %9+ object1 s long z x is n pa9ful1 is pleasantly /imulat+4 ,gems1 t9sel1 lacqu]1 poli%1 te/ify to ?is ta/e1 f ! mo/ primitive to ! mo/ civiliz$ man4 ,color1 too1 if di/9ct1 n ov]-bright1 nor too mu* ext5d$ 9 field1 is 9 itself pleas+4 ,! s+le colors h be5 ! object ( comp>atively little /udy4 ,exp]im5t seems to %[ t ! colors conta9+ mo/ brightness--:ite1 r$1 & yell[--are pref]r$4 ,baldw91 9 8 dynamog5ic exp]im5ts1#a bas$ on ! view t ! infant's h& movem5ts 9 rea*+ or grasp+ are ! be/ index ( ! k9d & int5sity ( its s5sory exp]i5ces1 f9ds t ! colors range !mselves 9 ord] ( attractiv5ess1 blue1 :ite1 r$1 gre51 br[n4 ,fur!r corrections lay m emphasis ^u ! :ite4 ,yell[ 0 n includ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,cohn's results1 :i* %[ a relative dislike ( yell[1 are contradict$ by o!r obs]v]s1 notably ,major & ,bak]1#b & 7unpubli%$7 exp]im5ts ( my own1 includ+ ! ae/hetic pref]5ces ( sev5 or eight diff]5t sets ( /ud5ts at ,radcliffe & ,wellesley colleges4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are p>ticul>ly difficult1 inasmu* z ! mat]ial1 usually color$ pap]1 v>ies consid]ably f ! spectral color1 & diff]5ces 9 saturation1 hue1 & brightness make great diff]5ces 9 ! results1 :ile ! feel+-tone ( association1 individual or racial1 v (t5 intrudes4 ,b o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! bright1 ! cle>1 ! saturat$ color is relatively m pleas+1 & :ite1 r$1 & yell[ seem especially pref]r$4 #a ,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race1 #ahie1 pp4 #ci1 #ej1 ff4 #b ,e4 ,s4 ,bak]1 ,univ4 ( ,toronto ,/udies1 ,psy*ol4 ,s]ies1 ,no4 #d2 ,j4 ,cohn1 ,philos4 ,/udi51 vol4 ,x2 ,major1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,psy*ol41 vol4 vii4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ,h]+ !ory ( color1 :ite1 r$1 & yell[ are ! s-call$ dissimilat+ colors 9 ! ?ree pairs1 :ite-black1 r$-gre51 & yell[-blue1 correspond+ to ?ree hypo!tical visual sub/ances 9 ! ret9a4 ,^! sub/ances1 t is1 9 und]go+ a k9d ( *emical dis9tegration "u ! action ( light-rays1 are suppos$ to give ! s5sations :ite1 r$1 or yell[ respectively1 & 9 r5ew+ !mselves aga9 to give ! s5sations ( black1 gre51 & blue4 ,! dissimilat+ process seems to br+ ab\t /rong] reactions on ! physiological side1 z if x 7 a m excit+ process4 ,?us x is f\nd#a t z measur$ by ! increase 9 /r5g? ( ! h& grip "u ! /imulation ( ! respective colors1 r$ has p>ticul>ly excit+ qualities1 b ! o!r colors h an analog\s effect1 less5+1 h[ev]1 ) ! desc5t f r$ to violet4 ,! pleasure 9 bright r$1 or yell[1 = in/ance1 may ?us well be ! feel+-tone aris+ 9 ! purely physiological effect ( ! color4 ,if r$ works l a trumpet call1 :ile blue calms & cools1 & if r$ is pref]r$ to blue1 x is because a %>p /imulation is s felt1 & s pref]r$4 #a ,*4 ,f]e1 ,s5sation et ,m\vem5t1 #ahhg1 p4 #hj4 ,! "q ( ! dem&s ( ! eye 9 color comb9ation is /ill m complicat$4 ,x has be5 traditional to consid] ! complem5t>ies black-:ite1 r$-gre51 blue-yell[1 & ! o!r pairs result+ f ! mixtures ( ^! z ! be/ comb9ations4 ,! physiological explanation is ( c\rse f\nd 9 ! relief & refre%m5t to ! organs 9 successive alt]nation ( ! processes ( assimilation & dissimilation1 & objectively 9 ! re9=cem5t1 ?r\gh ?is /rong] function+ ( ! ret9a1 ( ! complem5t>y colors !mselves4 ,?is t5d5cy to mutual aid is %[n 9 ! famili> exp]im5t ( fixat+ = "s mom5ts a color$ object1 say r$1 & !n transf]r+ ! gaze to a :ite or gray expanse4 ,! image ( ! object appe>s !reon 9 ! complem5t>y gre54 ,p] contra1 ! mo/ complete lack ( contra/ makes ! mo/ unpleas+ comb9ation1 because in/ead ( a refre%+ alt]nation ( processes 9 ! ret9a1 a fatigu+ repetition results4 ,r$ & orange 7r$-yell[71 or r$ & purple 7r$-blue71 successively /imulate ! r$- process ) mo/ evil effect4 ,?is contra/ !ory %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be int]pret$ too n>r[ly4 ,!re are pairs ( s-call$ complem5t>ies :i* make a v crude1 h>%1 ev5 pa9ful impression4 ,! !ory is happily supplem5t$ by %[+#a t ! ideal comb9ation involves all ?ree contra/ factors1 hue1 saturation1 & brightness4 ,contra/ ( saturation or brightness )9 ! same hue is also pleasant4 ,= any two qualities ( ! color circle1 9 fact1 !re c be f\nd degrees ( saturation & brightness 9 :i* !y w =m an agreeable comb9ation1 & ?is pleas+ effect w be bas$ on "s =m ( contra/4 ,b ! absolute & relative ext5sion & ! space-=m ( ! compon5ts h also a great influ5ce on ! pleasurabl5ess ( comb9ations4 #a ,a4 ,kirs*mann1 ,die psy*ol4-ae/het4 ,b$eutung des ,li*t und ,f>b5contra/es1 ,philos4 ,/udi51 vol4 vii4 ,fur!r rules c h>dly be giv52 b ! results ( v>i\s obs]v]s#a seem to %[ t ! be/ comb9ations lie1 z already said1 among ! complem5t>ies1 or among ^? pairs ne>] toge!r 9 ! color circle ?an complem5t>ies1 :i* are w>m]4 ,! reason = ?is la/ is t1 9 ,*evreul's phraseology1 comb9ations ( cold colors *ange ea* o!r's peculi> hue ! mo/1 & ( w>m colors ! lea/2 because ! complem5t>ies ( ^! cold colors are w>m1 i4e4 bright1 & ea*1 appe>+ on ! field ( ! neighbor+ cold color1 seems to fade x out2 :ile ! complem5t>ies ( ! juxtapos$ w>m colors are n bright1 & d n h suffici5t /r5g? to affect _! neighbors at all4 ,) a comb9ation ( blue & gre5 = in/ance1 a yell[ %ade w\ld appe> 9 ! gre5 & a r$ 9 ! blue4 ,su* a result fails to satisfy ! dem&1 already t\*$ on1 = purity & homog5eity ( color1--t is1 = unimp$$ see+ ( color4 #a ,*evreul1 ,de la ,loi du ,contra/e ,simultane des ,c\leurs4 ,e4,s4 ,bank]1 op4 ,cit4 ,:at significance h ^! ab/ract pr9ciples ( beauty 9 ! comb9ation ( colors = repres5tative art8 ,9 ! *oice ( objects ) a def9ite local color1 ( c\rse1 ^! laws w be f\nd op]ative4 ,a s*eme ( blues & yell[s is likely to be m effective ?an "o ( r$s & violets4 ,if we analyze ! ma/]piece ( color+1 we %all f9d t :at we at fir/ suppos$ to be ! wond]ful s+le effects ( color is really ! result ( juxtapositions :i* br+ out ea* color to its highe/ p[]4 ,,iii ,:ile all ?is may be true1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important "q has n yet be5 ask$4 ,is tru? ( color 9 repres5tative art ! same ?+ z beauty ( color8 ,x might be said t ! :ole proc$ure ( ! s-call$ ,impressioni/ s*ool1 9 fact ! :ole tr5d ( ! mod]n treatm5t ( color1 took _! id5tity = grant$4 ,yet we mu/ discrim9ate4 ,tru? ( color may be tru? to ! local color ( ! giv5 objects1 alone or toge!r2 9 ?is case we %\ld h to say t beauty did or did n exi/ 9 ! picture1 accord+ z x did or did n exi/ 9 ! orig9al comb9ation4 ,a r$ hat on a purple *air w\ld set "o's tee? on edge1 9 model or picture4 ,secondly1 tru? ( color may be tru? to ! modifications ( ! envelop+ light1 & 9 ?is case tru? w\ld make = beauty4 ,= ! colors ( any giv5 sc5e are 9 g5]al n colors :i* ! objects !mselves1 if isolat$1 w\ld h1 b ! colors :i* ! eye itself is =c$ to see4 ,! blui% %ad[ ( an object 9 bright sunlight 7yell[i% light7 is only an expression ( ! law t 9 ! neighborhood ( a color$ object we see its complem5t>y color4 ,if su* an effect is reproduc$ 9 a picture1 x gives ! same relief to ! eye :i* ! orig9al effect %[$ ! ne$ (4 ,! eye fatigu$ ) yell[ sees blue2 s if ! blue is really suppli$ 9 ! picture1 x is n only true1 b on ! road to beauty1 because met+ ! eye's dem&4 ,! old] me?ods ( pa9t+ gave ! local color ( an object1 ) an admixture ( :ite = ! lights1 & a w>m d>k = ! %ad[s2 ! mod]n--:i* _h be5 t\*$ on1 inde$1 sporadically1 by ,p]ug9o & ,v]me]1 = in/ance1--gives 9 ! %ad[ ! complem5t>y color ( ! object comb9$ ) t ( ! light fall+ ^u x--all conditions ( favorable /imulation4 ,fur!r favorable /imulation ( ! eye is giv5 9 ! me?od ( ! ,impressioni/s 9 treat+ values1 t is1 comp>ative relations ( light & %ade4 ,! real tones ( objects includ+ ! sky1 light1 etc41 c nev] be reproduc$4 ,! old] s*ools1 consci\s ( ?is1 7 satisfi$ to pa9t 9 a scale ( correspond5ce1 9 :i* ! relative values 7 fairly kept4 ,b ev5 by t means1 ! great diff]5ces ( int5sity c\ld n be giv51 = ! brighte/ spot ( any pa9t+ is nev] m ?an sixty-six times bright] ?an ! d>ke/1 :ile ! gray sky on a dull ra9y day is f\r hundr$ & tw5ty times bright] ?an a :ite pa9t$ cross-b> ( a w9d[ se5 aga9/ ! sky z backgr\nd4#a ,!re 7 v>i\s ways ( combat+ ?is difficulty4 ,rembr&t1 = in/ance1 z ,kirs*mann tells u1 *ose ! sombre br[n tone1 n out ( caprice or an incl9ation = my/ic dream+ 7,from5t971 b because ! yell[ & orange side ( ! color-manifold admits ( ! greate/ numb] ( int]vals betwe5 full saturation & ! d>ke/ %ade4 ,! precursors ( ! ,impressioni/s1 on ! o!r h&1 succe$$ 9 pa9t+ absolute values1 conf9+ !mselves to a v limit$ gamut2 = ?is reason ! fir/ l&scapes ( ! s*ool 7 all gray-gre51 dull1 cl\dy4 ,b ,monet did n /op !re4 ,he pa9t$ ! ,,absolute ,,values ( objects ,,9 ,,%ade on a sunny day1 :i* ( c\rse dem&s ! brighte/ possibilities ( ! palette1 & got ! light$ objects !mselves z ne>ly z he c\ld1--?us de/roy+ ! relative values1 b gett+ an extraord9>y joy\s & gl[+ effect2 & "o1 too1 ( unexpect$ v]isimilitude1 = x w\ld seem t 9 a sunlit sc5e we are really att5tive to ! %ad$ objects alone1 & :at becomes ( ! o!rs does n s mu* matt]4 ,?is effect 0 made /ill m possible by ! s-call$ dissociation ( colors1--i4e4 ! juxtapos+ ( t9ts1 ! bl5d+ ( :i* by ! eye gives ! desir$ color1 )\t ! loss ( brightness :i* a mix+ ( pigm5ts w\ld involve4 ,?us by putt+ t\*es ( black & :ite side by side1 = in/ance1 a gray results mu* bright] ?an c\ld h be5 o!rwise rea*$ by mix+2 or blue & r$ spots are bl5d$ by ! eye to an extraord9>ily vivid purple4 ,?us1 by ^! me?ods1 us+ ! tru? ( color 9 ! s5se ( foll[+ ! nature ( ret9al function+1 ,monet & 8 foll[]s rais$ ! color scale _m degrees 9 brightness4 ,n[ we h se5 t ! eye loves light1 w>m?1 /rong color-effects1 relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! way t ! eye mu/ see !m4 ,impressionism1 z ! "n ( ! me?od j describ$1 makes x m possible ?an x _h be5 be=e to meet ! dem&s ( ! eye = light & color1 to recov] ! innoc5ce ( ! eye1 9 ,rusk9's phrase4 ,tru? to ! local color ( objects is relatively indiff]5t1 unless t color is beautiful 9 itself2 tru? to ! reciprocal relations & *anges ( hue is beauty1 because x all[s = ! eye's own adaptations ( its surr\nd+s 9 ! int]e/ ( its own function+4 ,?us 9 ?is case1 & to sum up1 tru? is synonym\s ) beauty1 9 s f> z beauty is con/itut$ by favorable /imulation ( an organ4 ,! fur!r "q1 h[ f> ?is vivid treatm5t ( light is ( importance = ! realization ( dep? & di/ance1 is n "h ent]$ on4 #a ,kirs*mann1 ,univ4 ( ,toronto ,/udies1 ,psy*ol4 ,s]ies ,no4 #d1 p4 #bj4 ,,iv ,! mom5t we t\* ^u l9e-=m we are already1 9 /rictness1 beyond ! elem5ts4 ,= ) =m ent]s ! motor factor1 :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! motor inn]vations ( ! :ole body4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to ab/ract = ! mom5t f ! =m z a unit1 & to consid] "h only :at may be call$ ! quality ( l9e4 ,a l9e may be /raight or brok51 & if curv$1 curv+ cont9u\sly or brok5ly1 etc4 ,t ?is quality ( l9e is di/9ct f =m may be %[n by ! simple exp]im5t ( turn+ a spiral--a log>i?mic spiral1 let u say--9 diff]5t ways ab\t its focus4 ,! ae/hetic effect ( ! figure is absolutely diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t positions1 & yet ! feel+ ab\t ! "* ( ! l9e itself seems to rema9 ! same4 ,9 :at s5se1 & = :at reasons1 does ?is curv$ l9e satisfy ! dem&s ( ! eye8 ,! discussion ( ?is "q precipitates u at once into "o ( ! burn+ controv]sies ( ae/hetics1 :i* may p]haps be/ be dealt ) at ?is po9t4 ,an e>ly answ] to ! "q w\ld h be51 t ! eye is s hung 9 its muscles z to move mo/ easily 9 curv$ l9es1 & ?is easy action 9 foll[+ ! curve is felt z favorable /imulation4 ,b rec5t exp]im5t#a has %[n t ! eye 9 fact moves by mo/ irregul>1 angul> leaps f po9t to po9t ( ! figure4 ,! !ory is !re=e remodel$ by sub/itut+ = ! movem5t s5sations ( ! eye1 ! t5d5cies correspond+ to ^? e>ly movem5ts ( t\*+ imitative ( ! =m1 by :i* we le>n$ to "k a =m = :at x is1 & ! reproduction ( feel+-tones belong+ to ! "* ( su* movem5t4 ,! movem5ts ( t\*+ & feel+ = a smoo? cont9u\s curv$ object are !mselves pleasant4 ,?is complex ( psy*ical factors makes a pleasurably /imulat+ exp]i5ce4 ,! great] ! t5d5cy to complete reproduction ( ^! movem5ts1 t is1 ! /rong] ! bodily resonance1 ! m vivid ! pleasure4 ,:e!r we 7) ,groos7 designate ?is z sympa!tic reproduction1 or 7) ,lipps7 attribute to ! figure ! movem5ts & ! feel+s :i* res\nd 9 u aft] ?is fa%ion1 or ev5 7) ,witasek7 insi/ on ! purely ideal "* ( ! reproduction1 seems to me n ess5tial to ! explanation ( ! pleas+ "* ( ! exp]i5ce1 & h5ce ( ! beauty ( ! object4 ,n ,,t we sympa!tically reproduce 7,mit]leb571 or feel ourselves into a =m 7,e9fuhl571 b ,,h[ we d s1 is ! "q4 #a ,g4,m4 ,/ratton1 ,philos4 ,/udies1 xx4 ,all t ,hog>? says ( ! beauty ( ! s]p5t9e l9e1 z lead+ ! eye a k9d ( *ase1 is fully 9 h>mony ) ?is view1 if we add to ! exploit+ movem5ts ( ! eyes ^? o!r m important motor inn]vations ( ! body4 ,b we %\ld /ill h to ask1 ,,:at k9d ( *ase8 ,%>p1 brok51 />t+ l9es might be ! basis ( a mu* m vivid exp]i5ce1 --b x w\ld be ae/hetically negative4 ,! complete s5su\s exp]i5ce ( ! spatial is n en\gh1 unless t exp]i5ce is positively1 t is1 favorably ton$4 ,cle> or vivid see+ made possible by ! =m ( ! object is n en\gh4 ,only z ,,favorably /imulat+1 t is1 only z call+ up ideal reproductions1 or physical imitations1 ( movem5ts :i* 9 !mselves 7 suit$ to ! functions ( ! organs involv$1 c =ms be f\nd positively ae/hetic1 t is1 beautiful4 ,moreov]1 we h to note "h1 & to emphasize1 t ! organs involv$ are m ?an ! eye1 z has already be5 made pla94 ,we _c sep>ate eye innv]vations f bodily inn]vations 9 g5]al4 ,& !re=e ! dem&s ( ! eye c nev] alone decide ! "q ( ! beauty ( visual =m4 ,if x 7 n s1 ! favorable /imulation comb9$ ) repose ( ! eye w\ld alone make ! conditions ( beauty4 ,! dem&s ( ! eye mu/ be int]pret$ z ! dem&s ( ! eye plus ! dem&s ( ! motor sy/em1--! :ole psy*ophysical p]sonality1 9 %ort4 ,x is 9 ^! two pr9ciples1--bodily resonance1 & favorable z oppos$ to en]getic function+1--& ^! alone1 t we h a complete refutation ( ! claim made by _m arti/s to-day1 t ! phrase dem&s ( ! eye embodies a complete ae/hetic !ory4 ,! sculptor ,adolph ,hildebr&1 9 8 ,problem ( ,=m 9 ! ,pla/ic ,art fir/ set x =? z ! task ( ! arti/ to f9d a =m :i* appe>s to h aris5 only f ! dem&s ( ! eye2#a & ?is doctr9e is to-day s widely held1 t x mu/ "h be consid]$ at "s l5g?4 #a ,das ,proablem d] =m 9 d4 bild5d5 ,kun/1 #ahig4 ,x is ! space-=m1 all t is se51 & n ! object itself1 t is ! object ( vision4 ,n[ 9 view+ a pla/ic object ne> at h&1 ! focus ( ! eye mu/ be con/antly *ang$ betwe5 ! ne>] & fur!r po9ts4 ,9 a m di/ant view1 on ! o!r h& 7,hildebr&'s ,f]nbild71 ! cont\r is d5ot$ by diff]5ces ( light & %ad[1 b x is nev]!less p]ceiv$ 9 a s+le act ( accommodation4 ,moreov]1 be+ di/ant1 ! muscles ( accommodation are relax$2 ! eye acts at re/4 ,! ,f]nbild ?us gives ! only unifi$ picture ( ! ?ree-dim5sional complex1 & h5ce ! only unity ( space- values4 ,9 ! p]ception ( ?is unity1 ! au?or holds1 consi/s ! ess5tial pleasure :i* ! "w ( art gives u4 ,hildebr&'s treatm5t is difficult1 & l5ds itself to v>y+ int]pretations1 :i* h laid /ress n[ on unity z ! ess5tial ( art1#a n[ on ! joy 9 ! complete s5su\s exp]i5ce ( ! spatial4#b ,! latt] seems 9 h>mony ) ! passage 9 :i* ,hildebr& says all pleasure 9 ,=m is pleasure 9 our n be+ oblig$ to create ?is cle>ness = ourselves1 9 its be+ creat$ = u1 nay1 ev5 =c$ ^u u1 by ! =m itself4 #a ,a4 ,riehl1 ,vi]teljahrs*r4 f4 wiss55s*4 ,philos41 xxi1 xxii4 #b ,k4 ,groos1 ,d] ,ae/hetis*e ,g5uss1 #aijb1 p4 #ag4 ,b suppos+ ! fir/ int]pretation correct3 suppos+ space-unity1 condition$ by ! unifi$ & reposeful act ( see+1 to be ! beauty we seek--x is at once cle> t ! r$uction ( ?ree dim5sions to two does n con/itute unity ev5 = ! eye alone2 h[ mu* less = ! motor sy/em ( ! :ole body1 :i* we h se5 mu/ be involv$4 ,hildebr&'s dem&s ( ! eye resolves itself into ! /imulation plus repose ( ! cili>y muscle1--! organ ( accommodation4 ,a real unity ev5 = ! eye alone w\ld h to include n only space relations 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 b relations ( l9e & mass & color 9 ! flat4 ,z = ! complete s5su\s exp]i5ce ( ! spatial 7:i* w\ld seem to be equival5t to ,b]5son's tactile values71 ! cle>ness ( ,hildebr&'s s5t5ce above quot$1 x is evid5t t complet5ess ( ! exp]i5ce does n necess>ily involve ! positive or pleasurable ton+ ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,! di/9ction is t betwe5 a beautiful & a completely reali/ic picture4 ,a fur!r ext5sion or re/atem5t ( ?is !ory1 9 a rec5t article1#a seems to me to express x 9 ! mo/ favorable way4 ,beauty is aga9 connect$ ) ! function+ ( our organs ( p]ception 7,auffassungorgane74 ,we wi% to be put into a fre%1 lively1 en]getic & yet at ! same "t ef=tless activity4444 ,! pleasure 9 =m is a pleasure 9 ?is1 t ! con=mation ( ! object makes possible or r compels a natural purposeful function+ ( our appreh5d+ organs4 ,b purposeful = :at8 ,= visual =m1 evid5tly to ! end ( see+ cle>ly4 ,! elem5t ( repose1 ( unity1 h9t$ at 9 ! ef=tless ( ! fir/ s5t5ce1 disappe>s 9 ! second4 ,! organs ( appreh5sion are evid5tly limit$ to ! eye alone4 ,x is n ! p]fect mom5t ( /imulation & repose = ! :ole organism :i* is aim$ at1 b ! complete s5su\s exp]i5ce ( ! spatial1 aga94 #a ,?4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,das ,=mpr9zip des ,s*\51 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,phil41 ,bd4 x4 ,hildebr&1 to return to ! m fam\s !ori/1 0 writ+ prim>ily ( sculpture1 & w\ld naturally conf9e himself to consid]ation ( ! pla/ic1 :i* is an additional reason aga9/ mak+ ?is int]e/+ bro*ure1 z "s h done1 ! f\ndation ( an ae/hetics4 ,x is r ! f\ndation ( ! sculptor's1 p]haps ev5 ( ! pa9t]'s te*nique1 ) ref]5ce to pla/ic elem5ts alone4 ,:at x conta9s ( univ]sal significance1 ! dem& = space-unity1 bas$ on ! /ate ( ! eye 9 a union ( re/ & action1 ignores all b "o ( ! possible s\rces ( re/ & action = ! eye1 t ( accommodation1 & all ! alli$ activities completely4 ,on ! basis ( ! favorable /imulations ( all ^! activities tak5 toge!r1 mu/ we judge z pleas+ ! s- call$ quality ( l9e4 ,b x is cle> t we _c really sep>ate ! "q ( quality ( l9e f t ( =m1 figure1 & arrangem5t 9 space4 ,! motor inn]vations ent] ) ! fir/1 & ! mom5t we h =m at all1 we h space-composition also4 ,b space-composition means unity1 & unity is ! objective quality :i* mu/ be translat$1 9 our inve/igations1 into ae/hetic repose4 ,x is ?us ) ! /udy ( composition t we pass f ! /udy ( ! elem5ts z favorably /imulat+1 to ! /udy ( ! beauty ( visual =m4 ,v ,we may beg9 by ask+ :at1 z a matt] ( fact1 has be5 ! arrangem5t ( spaces to give ae/hetic pleasure4 ,! primitive art ( all nations %[s t x has tak5 ! direction ( symmetry ab\t a v]tical l9e4 ,x might be said t ?is is ! result ( non-ae/hetic influ5ces1 su* z conv5i5ce ( con/ruction1 te*nique1 etc4 #a;,x is cle> t mu* ( ! symmetry appe>+ 9 primitive art is due 7#a7 to ! conditions ( con/ruction1 z 9 ! =m ( dwell+s1 b9d+ patt]ns1 weav+ & textile patt]ns g5]ally2 7#b7 to conv5i5ce 9 use1 z 9 ! %apes ( spe>s1 arr[s1 knives1 two-h&l$ baskets or j>s2 7#c7 to ! imitation ( animal =ms1 z 9 ! %apes ( pott]y1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7#a7 a v great deal ( symmetrical ornam5t ma9ta9s itself ,,aga9/ ! sugge/ions ( ! %ape to :i* x is appli$1 z ! ornam5ts ( baskets1 pott]y1 & all r\nd$ objects2 & 7#b7 all di/ortion1 dis9tegration1 degradation ( patt]n- motives1 (t5 s m>k$ z all b to de/roy _! mean+1 is 9 ! direction ( geometrical symmetry4 ,! e>ly art ( all civiliz$ nations %[s ! same *>act]i/ic4 ,n[ x might be said t1 z !re exi/s an in/9ctive t5d5cy to imitate visual =ms by motor impulses1 ! impulses sugge/$ by ! symmetrical =m are 9 h>mony ) ! sy/em ( en]gies ( our bilat]al organism1 :i* is a sy/em ( d\ble motor inn]vations1 & ?us fulfill our dem& = a set ( reactions correspond+ to ! organism z a :ole4 ,b we %\ld !n expect t all space arrangem5ts :i* deviate f complete symmetry1 & ?us sugge/ motor impulses :i* d n correspond to ! natural bilat]al type1 w\ld fail to give ae/hetic pleasure4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,non-symmetrical arrangem5ts ( space are (t5 extremely pleas+4 #a ,! foll[+ is adapt$ f ! au?or's ,/udies 9 ,symmetry1 ,h>v>d ,psy*4 ,/udies1 vol i1 #aijb4 ,?is contradiction disappe>s if we are able to %[ t ! app>5tly non-symmetrical arrangem5t conta9s a hidd5 symmetry1 & t all ! elem5ts ( t arrangem5t contribute to br+ ab\t j t bilat]al type ( motor impulses :i* is *>act]i/ic ( geometrical symmetry4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 arrang$1 9 :i* "o ( two unequal l9es ( :ite on a black backgr\nd be+ fix$ 9 an upright position a c]ta9 di/ance f ! c5tre1 ! o!r 0 %ift$ until ! arrangem5t 0 felt to be pleas+4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 two l9es ( diff]5t sizes 7 oppos$1 _! relative positions correspond$ to ! relation ( ! arms ( a balance1 t is1 a small l9e f> f ! c5tre 0 oppos$ by a l>ge "o ne> ! c5tre4 ,a l9e po9t+ out f ! c5tre fitt$ ?is =mula if tak5 z heavy1 & po9t+ 91 if tak5 z light4 ,simil>ly1 objects ( intr9sic int]e/ & objects sugge/+ dep? 9 ! ?ird dim5sion 7 heavy 9 ! same int]pretation4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 did n g beyond ! pro( t all pleas+ space- arrangem5ts c be describ$ 9 t]ms ( me*anical balance4 ,b :at 0 ?is me*anical balance8 ,a metaphor expla9s no?+1 & no "o w ma9ta9 t ! visual repres5tation ( a long l9e weights m ?an a %ort "o4 ,moreov]1 ! elem5ts 9 ! balance 7 s f> het]og5e\s4 ,! movem5t sugge/$ by an idea _h be5 treat$ z if equival5t to ! movem5t actually made by ! eye 9 foll[+ a long l9e2 ! intr9sic int]e/--t is1 ! ideal int]e/--( an object insignificant 9 =m 0 equat$ to ! attractive p[] ( a p]spective1 :i* has1 presumably1 a m]ely physiological effect on ! visual me*anism4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ! ju/ification ( ?is app>5t het]og5eity1 & ! basis = explanation1 is giv5 9 ! r$uction ( all elem5ts to _! l[e/ t]m1--z objects = ! exp5diture ( att5tion4 ,a l>ge object & an int]e/+ object are heavy = ! same reason1 because !y call out ! att5tion4 ,& exp5diture ( ef=t is exp5diture ( att5tion2 ?us1 if an object on ! outskirts ( ! field ( vision requires a wide sweep ( ! eye to take x 91 x dem&s ! exp5diture ( att5tion1 & s is felt z heavy4 ,b :at is ! exp5diture ( att5tion 9 physiological t]ms8 ,x is no?+ m ?an ! measure ( ! motor impulses direct$ to ! object ( att5tion4 ,& :e!r ! motor impulse appe>s z ! t5d5cy to foll[ out ! sugge/ions ( motion 9 ! object1 all r$uces to ! same physiological basis4 ,x may "h be object$ t our motor impulses are1 nev]!less1 /ill het]og5e\s1 inasmu* z "s are t[>d ! object ( int]e/1 & "s along ! l9e ( movem5t4 ,b x mu/ be said1 fir/1 t ^! are n felt 9 ! body1 b transf]r$ z values ( weight to po9ts 9 ! picture1--x is ! am\nt & n ! direction ( excitem5t t is c\nt$2 & secondly1 t ev5 if x 7 n s1 ! sugge/$ movem5t along a l9e is felt z weight at a p>ticul> po9t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ju/ification ( ! metaphor ( me*anical balance is q cle>4 ,giv5 two l9es1 ! mo/ pleas+ arrangem5t makes ! l>g] ne>] ! c5tre1 & ! small] f> f x4 ,?is is balanc$ because ! spontane\s impulse ( att5tion to ! ne>1 l>ge l9e equals 9 am\nt ! involunt>y exp5diture to appreh5d ! small1 f>!r "o4 ,we may ?us ?9k ( a space to be compos$ z a k9d ( t>get1 9 :i* c]ta9 spots or t]ritories c\nt m or less1 bo? accord+ to _! di/ance f ! c5tre & accord+ to :at fills !m4 ,e elem5t ( a picture1 9 :atev] way x ga9s p[] to excite motor impulses1 is felt z express+ t p[] 9 ! flat patt]n4 ,a noble vi/a is und]/ood & enjoy$ z a vi/a1 b x is ,,c\nt$ 9 ! motor equation1 our balance1 z a spot ( s mu* intr9sic value at su* & su* a di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,! skillful arti/ w fill 8 t>get 9 ! way to give ! maximum ( motor impulses ) ! p]fection ( balance betwe5 !m4 ,x is ?us 9 a k9d ( sub/itutional symmetry1 or balance1 t we h ! objective condition or c\nt]p>t ( ae/hetic repose1 or unity4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is cle>ly se5 9 :at respect ! unity ( ,hildebr& fails4 ,he dem&s 9 ! /atue1 especially1 b also 9 ! picture1 ! flat surface z a unity = ! ?ree dim5sions4 ,b x is only ) ! flat space1 won1 if y w1 by ,hildebr&'s me?od1 t ! problem beg9s4 ,e po9t 9 ! ?ird dim5sion c\nts1 z has be5 said1 9 ! flat4 ,! ,f]nbild is ! beg9n+ ( beauty1 b )9 ! ,f]nbild favorable /imulation & repose mu/ /ill be s\ght4 ,& repose or unity is giv5 by symmetry1 subjectively ! balance ( att5tion1 inasmu* z ?is balance is a t5sion ( antagoni/ic impulses1 an equilibrium1 & ?us an inhibition ( movem5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 we are 9 a position to refute ,s\riau's int]e/+ analysis#a ( =m z ! condition = ! appreciation ( cont5t4 ,he says t =m1 9 a picture = in/ance1 has its value 9 its p[] to produce 7?r\gh its fixation & conc5tration ( ! eye7 a mild hypnosis1 9 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 all sugge/ions come to u ) bewild]+ vividness4 ,?is is1 !n1 j ! /ate 9 :i* ! cont5ts ( ! picture c mo/ vividly impress !mselves4 ,=m1 !n1 z ! means to cont5t1 by giv+ ! conditions = sugge/ion1 is ,s\rieau's acc\nt ( x4 ,9 s f> z =m--9 ! s5se ( unity--gives1 ?r\gh balance & equilibrium ( impulses1 ! arre/ ( ! p]sonality1 x may inde$ be comp>$ ) hypnotism4 ,b ?is arre/ is n only a means1 b an end 9 itself2 t ae/hetic repose1 :i*1 z ! unity ( ! p]sonality1 is an ess5tial elem5t ( ! ae/hetic emotion z we h describ$ x4 #a ,la ,sugge/ion en l',art4 ,,vi ,!re is no po9t ( light or color1 no cont\r1 no l9e1 no dep?1 t does n contribute to ! inf9ite complex :i* gives ! maximum ( exp]i5ce ) ! m9imum ( ef=t & :i* we call beauty ( =m4 ,b yet !re is ano!r way ( view+ ! beautiful object1 on :i* we t\*$ 9 ! introduction to ?is *apt]4 ,s f>1 :at we see is only ano!r "n = ,,h[ we see2 & ! way ( see+ has prov$ to conta9 en\gh to br+ to /imulation & repose ! psy*ophysical me*anism4 ,b n[ we mu/ ask1 :at relation has mean+ to beauty8 ,is x an elem5t1 coord9ate ) o!rs1 or some?+ sup]pos$8 or is x an end 9 itself1 ! supreme end8 ,:at relation to ! beauty ( =m has t quality ( _! works by virtue ( :i* ,rembr&t is call$ a dream]1 & ,rod9 a poet 9 /one8 ,:at d we mean :5 we speak ( ,s>g5t z a psy*ologi/8 ,is x a virtue to be a poet 9 /one8 ,if x is1 we mu/ someh[ include 9 our concept ( ,beauty ! elem5t ( expression1 by %[+ h[ x s]ves ! inf9ite complex4 ,or is x n an ae/hetic virtue1 & ,rod9 is great arti/ & poet comb9$1 & n great arti/ because poet1 z "s w\ld say8 ,:at is ! relation ( ! objective cont5t to beauty ( =m8 ,9 %ort1 :at place has ! idea 9 ,beauty8 ,9 ! prec$+ ! place ( sep>ate objects :i* h only an ideal importance has be5 made cle>4 ,! gold-embroid]$ gauntlet 9 a picture c\nts z a pat* ( light1 a tr5d ( l9e1 9 a c]ta9 spot2 b x c\nts m !re1 because x is ( int]e/ = itself1 & by ?us c\nt+ m1 ! idea has ent]$ into ! spatial balance1--! idea has become itself =m4 ,n[ x is ! "q :e!r all idea1 :i* seems s het]og5e\s 9 its relation to =m1 does n und]go ?is transmutation4 ,x is at lea/ ( int]e/ to see :e!r ! facts c be s int]pret$4 ,we h spok5 ( ideas a p>ts ( an ae/hetic :ole4 ,:at ( ! idea ( ! :ole8 ,corot us$ to say he pa9t$ a dream1 & x is ! dream ( an autumn morn+ we see 9 8 pictures4 ,millet portrays ! sad maje/y & sweetness ( ! life ne> ! soil4 ,h[ mu/ we relate ^! facts to ! views already won8 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! view :i* makes ! elem5t ( =m = ! eye alone1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 is errone\s1 because !re is no =m = ! eye alone4 ,! v process ( appreh5d+ a l9e involves n only motor memories & impulses1 b numb]less ideal associations1 & ^! associations con/itute ! l9e z truly z d ! o!rs4 ,! impression ( ! l9e involves expression1 a mean+ :i* we _c escape4 ,! =ms ( ?+s con/itute a k9d ( dialect ( life1--& ?us x is t ! !ory ( ,e9fuhlung 9 its deepe/ s5se is gr\nd$4 ,! ,doric column causes 9 u1 no d\bt1 motor impulses1 b x means1 & mu/ mean1 to u1 ! expression ( int]nal en]gy ?r\gh ^? v impulses x causes4 ,we ourselves are contract+ our muscles1 b we feel z if ! l9es 7 pull+ & pi]c+1 b5d+ & lift+1 press+ d[n & pu%+ up2 9 %ort1 z soon z ! visual impression is really isolat$1 & all o!r ideas really exclud$1 !n ! motor impulses d n awake actions :i* are tak5 z actions ( ourselves1 b feel+s ( en]gy :i* are tak5 z en]gies ( ! visual =ms & l9es4#a ,s ! idea belong+ to ! object1 & ! psy*ophysical effect ( ! object are only obv]se & inv]se ( ! same ph5om5on4 ,& our pleasure 9 ! =m ( ! column is r our appreciation ( en]gy ?an our feel+ ( favorable /imulation4 ,admitt+ ?is reason+1 ! mean+ ( a picture w\ld be ! same z its beauty1 x is said4 ,! h]oic art ( ,j4-,f4 ,millet1 = example1 w\ld be beautiful because x is ! p]fect expression ( ! simplicity & suff]+ ( labor4 #a ,h4 ,mun/]b]g1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,art ,education1 p4 #hg4 ,let u exam9e ?is app>5tly reasonable !ory4 ,x is true t e visual elem5t is und]/ood z expression too4 ,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t expression & impression are p>allel & mutually correspond+ beyond ! elem5ts4 ,suppose a conc\rse ( columns cov]$ by a ro(1--! ,p>!non4 ,^? psy*ophysical *anges induc$ by ! sight n[ mutually *eck & modify ea* o!r4 ,c we say t !re is a mean+1 l ! en]gy ( ! column1 correspond+ to t complex8 ,x is at lea/ n en]gy itself4 ,ask ! same z reg>ds ! l9es & masses ( a picture by ,corot4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* we h tak5 mean+1 ! only psy*ologically possible "o1 our reactions c\ld be int]pret$ only by "s mood4 ,if ! column means en]gy because x makes u t[]1 !n ! picture mu/ mean :at x makes u d4 ,t is1 a comb9ation ( fea!ry fronds & horizontal l9es ( wat]1 ba!d 9 a gray- gre5 silv]y mi/1 c mean only a repose light5$ by a grave yet *e]ful _s4 ,9 %ort1 ?is !ory ( expressiv5ess _c g beyond ! mood or moral quality4 ,9 ! s5se ( ,,in=mation1 ! !ory ( ,e9fuhlung contributes no?+4 ,n[1 9 ?is limit$ s5se1 we h inde$ no reason to contradict x1 b simply to po9t out t x holds only 9 ?is extremely limit$ s5se4 ,:5 we see broad sweep+ l9es we int]pret !m by sympa!tic reproduction z /r5g?1 en]gy4 ,:5 ^? sweep+ l9es are made "p ( a ,titan's frame1 we get ! same effect plus ! associations :i* belong to di/9ctively muscul> en]gy4 ,^? same l9es might def9e ! sweep ( a drap]y1 or ! curve ( an infant's limbs4 ,n[ all t "p ( ! mean+ :i* belongs to ! l9es !mselves rema9s con/ant "u :atev] circum/ances2 & x is q true t a c]ta9 feel+-tone1 a c]ta9 moral quality1 z x 71 belongs1 say1 to ,raphael's pictures1 9 :i* ?is k9d ( outl9e is to be f\nd4 ,b z belong+ to a ,titan1 ! additional elem5ts ( und]/&+ are n due to sympa!tic reproduction4 ,!y are n p>allel ) ! motor sugge/ions2 !y are simply an associational addition1 due to our in=mation ab\t ! p[] ( m5 ) muscles l t4 ,t !re are second>y motor elem5ts z a rev]b]ation ( ^! ideal elem5ts ne$ n be d5i$4 ,b !y are n directly due to ! =m4 ,n[ su* "p ( our response to a picture z is directly induc$ by ! =m1 we h a "r to include 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 9 e "w ( art ( ev5 ! lea/ complexity1 be expressible only z a mood1 v indef9ite1 (t5 indescribable4 ,to make ?is mean+1 !n1 ! ess5tial aim ( a picture seems unreasonable4 ,x is evid5t t 9 exp]i5ce we d n1 z a matt] ( fact1 sep>ate ! mood :i* is due to sympa?y f ! ideal cont5t ( ! picture4 ,corot pa9t a summ] dawn4 ,we _c sep>ate our pleasure 9 ! sight f our pleasure 9 ! und]/&+2 yet x is ! visual complex t gives u ! mood1 & ! mean+ ( ! sc5e is due to factors ( association4 ,! s]5e & happy dream1 ! conviction ( a solemn & radiant ,arcadia1 are n expression 9 t inevitable s5se 9 :i* we agre$ to take x1 b ! result ( a mo/ ext5d$ upbuild+ ( ideal 7t is1 associational7 elem5ts4 ,! idea1 !n1 z we h prop\nd$ x1 is n1 z 0 ?\ght possible1 an integral & ess5tial "p1 b an addition to ! visual =m1 & we h /ill to ask :at is its value4 ,b 9 s f> z x is an addition1 its effect may be 9 conflict ) :at we may call ! feel+-tone produc$ by sympa!tic reproduction4 ,9 t case1 "o mu/ yield to ! o!r4 ,n[ x is n probably t ev5 ! mo/ conv9c$ adh]5ts ( ! expression !ory w\ld hold t if expression or beauty ,,mu/ g1 expression %\ld be kept4 ,!y only say t expression ,,is beauty4 ,b ! mom5t x is admitt$ t !re is a beauty ( =m indep5d5t ( ! ideal elem5t1 ?is !ory c no long] /&4 ,if !re is a conflict1 ! palm mu/ be giv5 to ! direct1 r ?an ! indirect1 factor4 ,inde$1 :5 !re is su* a conflict1 ! primacy mu/ always be ) ! m$ium suit$ to ! organ1 ! s5su\s factor4 ,= if x 7 n s1 & expression ,,7 beauty1 !n t w\ld h to be mo/ beautiful :i* 0 mo/ expressive4 ,& ev5 if we disreg>d ! extraord9>y conclusions to :i* ?is w\ld lead1--! /ory pictures pref]r$ to ^? )\t a /ory1 ! photographic reproductions pref]r$ to ! symphonies ( color & =m1--we %\ld be oblig$ to admit some?+ /ill m inc5di>y4 ,expression is always ( an ideal cont5t1 is ( some?+ to express2 & x is unque/ion$ t 9 words1 & 9 words alone1 c we get ne>e/ to ! inexpressible4 ,!n lit]ature1 z be+ ! mo/ expressive1 w\ld be ! highe/ art1 & we %\ld be confront$ ) a hi]>*y ( arts1 f t d[n4 ,n[1 9 tru?1 ! real lov] ( beauty kn[s t no "o art is sup]ior to ano!r4 ,ea* 9 8 sep>ate />1 !y reign alone4 ,9 ord] to be equal1 !y mu/ dep5d on _! mat]ial1 n on t common quality ( imag9ative ?\ght :i* ea* has 9 a diff]+ degree1 & all less ?an lit]ature4 ,! idea1 we conclude1 is !n inde$ subord9ate1--a by-product1 unless by *ance x c ent] into1 melt into1 ! =m4 ,?is case we h cle>e/ 9 ! example1 already ref]r$ to1 ( ! gold-embroid]$ gauntlet1 or ! jewel$ *alice1--say ! ,holy ,grail 9 ,abbey's pictures1--:i* c\nts m or less1 9 ! spatial balance1 accord+ to its intr9sic int]e/4 ,we h se5 t ?r\gh sympa!tic reproduction a c]ta9 mood is produc$1 :i* becomes a k9d ( emotional envelope = ! picture1--a favorable /imulation ( ! :ole1 a rais+ ( ! :ole h>mony "o tone1 z x 74 ,n[ ! fur!r ideal cont5t ( ! picture may s closely belong to ?is basis t x helps x along4 ,?us all t we "k ab\t dawn--n only ( a summ] morn+--helps u to see1 & see+ to rejoice1 9 ,corot's silv]y mi/ or ,monet's iridesc5t %imm]s4 ,all t we "k & feel ab\t ! pati5t maje/y ( labor 9 ! fields1 next ! e>?1 helps u to get ! sl[1 l>ge rhy?m1 ! ri* gloom ( ,millet's pictures4 ,b x is ! rhy?m & ! gloom t are ! beauty1 & ! idea re9=ces our consci\sness !re(4 ,! idea is a s\nd+-bo>d = ! beauty1 & s c be truly said to ent] into ! =m4 ,b !re are /ill "s lions 9 ! pa? ( our !ory4 ,! greate/ ( mod]n sculptors is reput$ to h rea*$ 8 pres5t altitude by ! passionate pursuance ( ,nature1 & ( ! expressions ( ,nature4 ,& few c see ,rod9's "w )\t be+ at once 9 ! grip ( ! emotion or fact he has *os5 to depict4 ,a great deal ( contempor>y criticism on mod]n t5d5cies 9 art re/s on ! int5tion ( expression1 & expression alone1 attribut$ to him4 ,x is said ( him3 ,! solicitude = ard5t expression ov]ma/]s e ae/hetic consid]ation4444 ,he is a poet ) /one z 8 in/rum5t ( expression4 ,he makes x express emotions t are nev] f\nd save 9 music or 9 psy*ological & lyric lit]ature4#a #a ,c4 ,mauclair1 ,! ,decorative ,sculpture ( ,augu/ ,rod91 ,int]national ,mon?ly1 vol iii4 ,n[ :ile ! la/ is und\bt$ly true1 ,i believe t ! fir/ is n only n true1 b t x is prov$ to be s by ,rod9's own proc$ure & utt]ances1 & t1 if we und]/& 8 case aright1 x is = beauty alone t he lives4 ,he has relat$ 8 se>* = ! secret ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's design1 & h[ he f\nd x 9 ! rhy?m ( two planes r ?an f\r1 ! ,greek composition4 ,?is sy/em ( torm5t$ =m is "o way ( ref]r+ ! body to ! geometry ( an imag9$ rectangul> block inclos+ ! :ole4 #a,! ord9>y ,greek composition ( ! body1 he puts x1 dep5ds on a rhy?m ( f\r l9es1 f\r volumes1 f\r planes4 ,if ! l9e ( ! %\ld]s & pectorals slopes f "r to left 7! man re/+ on 8 "r leg7 ! l9e across ! hips takes ! rev]se slope1 & is foll[$ by t ( ! knees1 :ile ! l9e ( ! fir/ e*oes t ( ! %\ld]s4 ,?us we get ! rhy?m ,,abba1 & ! balanc+ volumes set up a correspond+ play ( planes4 ,mi*ael ,angelo s turns ! body on itself t he r$uces ! f\r to two big planes1 "o fac+1 ! o!r swept r\nd to ! side ( ! block4 ,t is1 he gets geometrical envelop+ l9es = 8 design4 ,&1 9 fact1 !re is no sculpture :i* is m wond]ful 9 design ?an ,rod9's4 ,i quote ,mr4 ,mac,coll aga94 ,x has be5 said t ! ',b\rgeois de ,calais' is a gr\p ( s+le figures1 possess+ no unity ( design1 or at be/ af=d+ only a s+le po9t ( view4 ,^? :o say s h nev] exam9$ x ) att5tion4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! figures move among !mselves1 z ! spectator walks r\nd1 s z to produce f e fre% angle sweep+ comm&+ l9es1 ea* ( !m ?us play+ a doz5 p>ts at once1 is surely "o ( ! mo/ a/\nd+ feats ( ! g5ius ( design4 ,no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( art is exactly comp>able ) x4 #a ,d4 ,s4 ,mac,coll1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,art1 #aijb1 p4 #aja4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! design1 = all 8 words1 t ,rod9 c>es =4 ,he calls x ,nature1 because he sees1 & c see ,nature only t way4 ,b z he said to "s "o :o sugge/$ t !re might be a dang] 9 too close devotion to ,nature1 ,yes1 = a m$iocre arti/6 ,x is = ! sake ( ! /range new beauty1 ! un$it$ poses1 ! odd beautiful huddle#a ( l9es1 9 a /opp+ or squatt+ =m1 t all ^! wild & subtle mom5ts are portray$4 ,! limbs mu/ be adju/$ or surpris$ 9 "s patt]n beyond _! own4 ,! ideas are ! occasion & ! excuse = new outl9es1--t is all4 #a ,said ( ,degas4 ,mac,coll4 ,?is is all sc>cely less true ( ,millet1 :om we h kn[n above all z ! pa9t] :o has %[n ! simple common lot ( labor z div9e4 ,b he1 too1 is arti/ = ! sake ( beauty fir/4 ,he sees two peasant wom51 "o lad5 ) grass1 ! o!r ) fagots4 ,f f> (f1 !y are sup]b1 !y balance _! %\ld]s "u ! weight ( fatigue1 ! twilight swall[s _! =ms4 ,x is beautiful1 x is great z a my/]4#a #a ,s5si]1 ,vie et ,oeuvre de ,j4-,f4 ,millet4 ,! idea is1 z ,i said1 f ?is po9t ( view1 a means to new beauty2 & ! /rang] & subtl] ! idea1 ! m orig9al ! =ms4 ,! m unre/ra9$ ! expression ( emotion 9 ! figures1 ! m *ance to surprise !m 9 "s new lovely patt]n4 ,x is ?us1 ,i believe1 t we may int]pret ! seem+ tr5d ( mod]n sculpture1 & s mu*1 inde$1 ( all mod]n art1 to ! expressive beauty pa?4 ,! m$iocre arti/ w lose beauty 9 seek+ expression1 ! great arti/ w pursue 8 idea = ! sake ( ! new beauty x w yield4 ,?us x seems t ! /umbl+ blocks 9 ! way ( our !ory are n insurm\ntable aft] all4 ,f e po9t ( view1 x is se5 to be possible to transmute ! idea into a helpmeet to ! =m4 ,visual beauty is fir/ beauty to ! eye & to ! frame1 & ! m9d *]i%es & enri*es ?is beauty ) all its own /or$ treasures4 ,! /imulation & repose ( ! psy*ophysical organism alone c make "o ?rill to visual =m2 b ! ?rill is deep] & m satisfy+ if x engage ! :ole man1 & be re9=c$ f all s\rces4 ,,vii ,b we ought to note a bord]l& 9 :i* ! conc]n is pr(ess$ly n ) beauty1 b ) ideas ( life4 ,ari/otle's lov] ( k1 :o rejoic$ to say ( a picture ,?is is t man1 is ! inspir] ( draw+ z oppos$ to ! art ( visual =m4 ,x is n beauty we seek f ! ,rembr&t & ,dur] ( ! et*+s & woodcuts1 f ,hog>?1 ,goya1 ,kl+]1 d[n to ,lee* & ,ke5e & ,du ,mauri]2 x is n beauty1 b ideas1-- in=mation1 irony1 satire1 life-philosophy4 ,:]e !re is a conflict1 beauty1 z we h def9$ x1 goes to ! wall4 ,we may trace1 p]haps1 ! gr\nd ( ?is 9 ! highly increas$ am\nt ( symbolic1 associative p[] giv51 & requir$1 9 ! black & :ite4 ,ev5 to und]/& su* a picture dem&s su* an enorm\s am\nt ( unconsci\s m5tal supplem5tation t x is natural to f9d ! ae/hetic c5tre ( gravity 9 t elem5t4 ,! fir/ conditions ( ! "w1 t is1 det]m9e its tr5d & aim4 ,! "p play$ by imag9ation 9 our vision ( an et*+ is & mu/ be s important1 t x is1 aft] all1 ! imag9ative "p :i* outweighs ! giv54 ,nor d we desire ! giv5 to infr+e ^u ! ideal field4 ,?us d we und]/& t = mo/ draw+s a backgr\nd vague & =mless is ! desid]atum4 ,su* a tone is ! foil = psy*ological mom5ts1 z !y are h&l$ by ,goya1 = in/ance1 ) b>b>ically magnific5t nak$ness4 ,on a backgr\nd :i* is sc>cely indicat$1 ) few /rokes1 :i* b>ely sugge/ space1 he impales l a butt]fly ! human type1 mo/ly 9 a mom5t ( folly or wick$ness4444 ,! lea/ def9ition ( surr\nd+ w\ld blunt 8 7! arti/'s7 ke5ness1 & make 8 vehem5ce absurd4#a #a ,max ,kl+]1 ,mal]ei u4 ,zei*nung1 #aijc1 p4 #db4 ,?is !ory ( ! aim ( black & :ite is confirm$ by ! fact t :ile a pa9t+ is compos$ = ! size 9 :i* x is pa9t$1 & becomes ano!r picture if reproduc$ 9 ano!r measure1 ! size ( draw+s is relatively indiff]5t2 r$uc$ or enl>g$1 ! effect is approximately ! same1 because :at is giv5 to ! eye is su* a small proportion ( ! :ole exp]i5ce4 ,! picture is only ! cue = a complete /ructure ( ideas4 ,"h is a true case ( ,&]s-,/reb51 t p>tial ali5ation f its own limitations1 by :i* ! arts are able1 n inde$ to supply ! place ( ea* o!r1 b reciprocally to l5d ea* o!r new =ces4#a ,x is by its success z repres5tation t ! art ( ! bur9 & ne$le--,griffelkun/1 z ,kl+] names x--ought fir/ to be judg$4 ,?is is n say+ t x may n also possess beauty ( =m to a high degree1--only t ?is beauty ( =m is n its *>act]i/ic excell5ce4 #a ,w4 ,pat]1 ,! ,r5aissance3 ,essay on ,giorgione4 ,9 :at consi/s ! beauty ( visual =m8 ,if ?is "q c\ld be answ]$ 9 a s5t5ce our :ole discussion ( ! ab/ract =mula = beauty w\ld h be5 unnecess>y4 ,b s9ce we "k :at ! elem5ts ( visual =m mu/ d to br+ ab\t ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 x has be5 ! aim ( ! prec$+ pages to %[ h[ ^? elem5ts mu/ be det]m9$ & relat$4 ,! eye1 ! psy*ophysical organism1 mu/ be favorably /imulat$2 ^!1 & su* colors1 comb9ations1 l9es z we h describ$1 are fitt$ to d x4 ,x mu/ be br\ght to repose2 ^!1 & su* relations betwe5 l9es & colors z we h set =?1 are fitt$ to d x1 = reasons we h giv54 ,x is to ! eye & all t waits ^u x t ! fir/ & ! la/ appeal ( f9e art mu/ be made2 & 9 s f> z ! emotion or ! idea belong+ to a picture or a /atue waits ^u ! eye1 9 s f> does x ent] into ! *>act]i/ic excell5ce1 t is1 ! beauty ( visual =m4 ,b4 ,,space ,,composition ,,among ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s ,i ,,! prec$+ pages h set =? ! concrete facts ( visible beauty1 & ! explanation ( our feel+s ab\t x4 ,x is also int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to see h[ ^! pr9ciples are illu/rat$ & confirm$ 9 ! ma/]pieces ( art4 ,a /ati/ical /udy1 und]tak5 "s ye>s ago ) ! purpose ( deal+ ?us ) ! hypo!sis ( sub/itutional symmetry 9 pictorial composition1 has giv5 abundance ( mat]ial1 :i* ,i %all set =?1 at o!rwise disproportionate l5g?1 z to a c]ta9 ext5t illu/rative ( ! me?ods ( su* /udy4 ,x is cle> t ?is is b "o ( _m possible inve/igations 9 :i* ! prec$+ psy*ological !ories may be fur!r illum9at$4 ,! text conf9es itself to pictures2 b ! functions ( ! elem5ts ( visual =m are valid z well = all visual art de/9$ to fill a b\nd$ area4 ,! discussion w !n be se5 to be only o/5sibly limit$ 9 its ref]5ce4 ,= picture might always be read space arrangem5t )9 a frame4 ,9 ! orig9al exp]im5tal /udy ( space arrangem5ts1 ! results ( :i* 7 giv5 at l5g? on page #aaa1 ! elem5ts ( =m 9 a picture 7 r$uc$ to ,,size or ,,mass1 ,,dep? 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 ,,direction1 & ,,int]e/4 ,direction 0 fur!r analyz$ into direction ( ,,motion or ,,att5tion 7( p]sons or objects 9 ! picture71 an ideal elem5t1 t is2 & direction ( ,,l9e4 ,= ! /ati/ical /udy1 a giv5 picture 0 !n divid$ 9 half by an imag9>y v]tical l9e1 & ! elem5ts appe>+ on ea* side ( ?is l9e 7 set (f aga9/ ea* o!r to see h[ f> !y l5t !mselves to description by sub/itutional symmetry4 ,?us3 9 ,b4 van d] ,hel/'s ,portrait ( ,paul ,pott]1 ! head ( ! subject is entirely to left ( ! c5tral l9e1 z also 8 full face & frontw>d glance4 ,8 easel is "r1 8 body turn$ %>ply to "r1 & bo? h&s1 "o hold+ palette & bru%es1 are /ret*$ d[n to "r4 ,?us ! great] mass is to ! left1 & ! g5]al direction ( l9e is to ! "r2 elem5ts ( int]e/ 9 ! head1 left2 9 implem5ts1 "r4 ,?is may be s*ematiz$ 9 ! equation 7,lt47,m4,i47,rt47,i4,l4 ,piet] de ,hoo*1 ,! ,c>d-,play]s1 9 ,buck+ham ,palace1 portrays a gr\p completely on ! "r ( ! c5tral l9e1 all fac+ 9 to ! table betwe5 !m4 ,directly beh9d !m is a high light w9d[1 scre5$1 & high on ! wall to ! extreme "r are a picture & hang+ cloaks4 ,all goes to emphasize ! height1 mass1 & int]e/ ( ! "r side4 ,on ! left1 :i* is o!rwise empty1 is a door half ! height ( ! w9d[1 giv+ on a brightly light$ c\rty>d1 f :i* is ent]+ a woman1 also 9 light clo?+4 ,! light /reams 9 diagonally across ! floor4 ,?us1 ) all ! weight on ! "r1 ! effect ( ?is deep vi/a on ! left & ( its brightness is to give a complete balance1 :ile ! sugge/ion ( l9e f doorway & light makes1 toge!r ) ! c5tral figure1 a r\ghly outl9$ ,v1 :i* s]ves to b9d toge!r all ! elem5ts4 ,equation1 7,lt47,v4,i4 7,rt47,m4,i4 ,! ?\s& pictures on :i* ! /udy 0 bas$#a 7 classifi$ = conv5i5ce into gr\ps1--,religi\s1 ,portrait1 ,g5re1 & ,l&scape4 ,x 0 f\nd on analysis t ! functions ( ! elem5ts came out cle>ly1 some:at z foll[s4 #a ,"o ?\s& reproductions ( old ma/]s f ,f4 ,bruckmann's ,classis*] ,bild]s*atz1 ,muni*1 omitt+ frescoes & pictures ( :i* less ?an ! :ole 0 giv54 ,( ! religi\s pictures1 only ! ,madonnas ,en?ron$ & o!r alt>-pieces are consid]$ at ?is po9t z pres5t+ a simple type1 9 :i* x is easy to %[ ! v>iations f symmetry4 ,9 all ^! pictures ! balance comes 9 betwe5 ! int]e/ 9 ! ,infant ,*ri/1 sometimes toge!r ) direction ( att5tion to him1 on "o side1 & o!r elem5ts on ! o!r4 ,:5 ! fir/ side is especially heavy ! numb] ( oppos+ elem5ts increases1 & especially takes ! =m ( vi/a & l9e1 :i* h be5 exp]im5tally f\nd to be p[]ful 9 attract+ att5tion4 ,:]e !re are no surr\nd+ wor%ip]s1 we notice rem>kable frequ5cy 9 ! use ( vi/a & l9e1 &1 9 g5]al1 balance is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! disposition ( =m r ?an ( int]e/s4 ,! reason = ?is w\ld appe> to be t ! lack ( accessories 9 ! p]sons ( sa9ts1 wor%ip]s1 etc41 & ! consequ5t increase 9 ! size ( ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ! picture1 height5s ! effect ( any giv5 outl9e1 & s makes ! v>iations f symmetry great]4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! comp5sations w\ld be /rong]2 & z we h le>n$ t vi/a & l9e are ( ?is "*1 we see :y !y are ne$$4 ,! portrait class is an especially int]e/+ object = /udy1 inasmu* z :ile its g5]al type is v simple & con/ant1 = ?is v reason ! slighte/ v>iations are %>ply felt1 & h _! v /ronge/ *>act]i/ic effect4 ,! g5]al type ( ! portrait composition is1 ( c\rse1 ! triangle ) ! head at ! apex1 & ?is po9t is also g5]ally 9 ! c5tral l9e2 nev]!less1 great ri*ness ( effect is br\ght ab\t by emphasiz+ v>iations4 ,= in/ance1 ! body & head are1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 turn$ 9 ! same way1 giv+ ! /ronge/ possible emphasis to ! direction ( att5tion1--especially p[]ful1 ( c\rse1 :]e all ! int]e/ is 9 ! p]sonality4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t ! v /ronge/ sugge/ion ( direction is giv5 by ! direction ( ! glance2 & 9 no case1 :5 mo/ ( ! o!r elem5ts are direct$ 9 "o way1 does ! glance fail to come backw>d4 ,) ! head on "o side ( ! c5tral l9e1 ( c\rse ! greate/ int]e/ is remov$ to "o side1 & ! elem5t ( direction is br\ght 9 to balance4 ,aga91 ) ?is decrease 9 symmetry1 we see a significant increase 9 ! use ( ! especially effective elem5ts1 vi/a & l9e4 ,9 fact1 ! use ( ! small deep vi/a is almo/ conf9$ to ! class ) heads n 9 ! middle4 ,! direction ( ! glance also plays an important "p4 ,v (t5 ! direction ( movem5t alone is n suffici5t to balance ! p[]ful ,m4,i4 ( ! o!r side1 & ! eye has to be attract$ by a def9ite object ( int]e/4 ,?is is usually ! h&1 ) or )\t an implem5t1--l ! palette1 etc41 ( our fir/ examples1--or a jewel1 vase1 or bit ( embroid]y4 ,?is is v *>act]i/ic ( ! portraits ( ,rembr&t & ,van ,dyck4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t 7#a7 portraits ) ! head 9 ! c5tre ( ! frame %[ a balance betwe5 ! direction ( sugge/$ movem5t on "o side1 & mass or direction ( att5tion1 or bo? toge!r1 on ! o!r2 :ile 7#b7 portraits ) ! head n 9 ! c5tre %[ a balance betwe5 mass & int]e/ on "o side1 & direction ( att5tion1 or ( l9e1 or vi/a1 or comb9ations ( ^!1 on ! o!r4 ,/ill m unsymmetrical 9 _! framework ?an portraits1 9 fact ! mo/ unfett]$ type ( all1 are ! g5re pictures4 ,z ^! are pictures ) a human int]e/1 & full ( action & p>ticul> po9ts ( int]e/1 x 0 to be expect$ t int]e/ w\ld be ! elem5t mo/ frequ5tly appe>+4 ,9 compositions %[+ great v>iations f geometrical symmetry1 x 0 also to be expect$ t vi/a & l9e1 elem5ts :i* h be5 not$ comp>atively seldom up to ?is po9t1 %\ld sudd5ly appe> /rongly2 =1 z be+ ! mo/ /rik+ly heavy ( ! elem5ts1 !y s]ve to comp5sate = o!r v>iations comb9$4 ,! l&scape is ano!r type ( unfett]$ composition4 ,x 0 ( c\rse to be expect$ t 9 pictures )\t action !re %\ld be little sugge/ion ( att5tion or ( direction ( movem5t4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable po9t is ! pres5ce ( vi/a 9 practically e example4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 natural t some:]e 9 almo/ e picture !re %\ld be a break to %[ ! horizon l9e1 = ! sake ( v>iety1 if = no?+ else2 b :at is significant is ! "p play$ by ?is break 9 ! balanc+ ( ! picture4 ,9 ab\t two ?irds ( ! examples ! vi/a is inclos$ by l9es1 or masses1 & :5 ne> ! c5tre1 z be+ at ! same "t ! heavie/ "p ( ! picture1 x s]ves z a fulcrum or c5tre to b9d ! p>ts--always h>d] to br+ toge!r ?an 9 ! o!r types ( pictures--into a close unity4 ,! mo/ frequ5t =m ( ?is arrangem5t is a diagonal1 :i* j saves itself by turn+ up at its f> end4 ,?us ! mass1 & h5ce usually ! special int]e/ ( ! picture1 is on ! "o side1 on ! o!r ! vi/a & ! slop+ l9e ( ! diagonal4 ,9 v few cases is ! vi/a beh9d an attractive or noticeable "p ( ! picture1 ! fact %[+ t x acts 9 opposition to ! latt]1 lead+ ! eye away f x1 & ?us s]v+ at once ! v>iety & ri*ness ( ! picture1 & its unity4 ,a complete diagonal w\ld h l9e & vi/a bo? work+ at ! extreme out] edge ( ! picture1 & ?us too /rongly1-- unless1 inde$1 balanc$ by v /rik+ elem5ts ne> ! out] edge4 ,?is function ( ! vi/a z a unify+ elem5t is ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! !ory ( ,hildebr&1#a t ! l&scape %\ld h a n>r[ =egr\nd & wide backgr\nd1 s9ce t is mo/ 9 con=mity ) our exp]i5ce4 ,he adduces ,titian's ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love z an example4 ,b ( ! g5]al pr9ciple x may be said t n ! reproduction ( nature1 b ! production ( beauty1 is ! aim ( composition1 & t ?is aim is be/ rea*$ by focus+ ! eye by a n>r[ backgr\nd1 i4e4 vi/a4 ,no matt] h[ mu* x w&]s1 x returns to t c5tral spot & is held !re1 keep+ hold on all ! o!r elem5ts4 ,( ,hildebr&'s example x may be said t ! pyramidal composition1 ) ! d>k & tall tree 9 ! c5tre1 effectually accompli%es ! b9d+ toge!r ( ! two figures1 s t a vi/a is n ne$$4 ,a wide backgr\nd )\t t tree w\ld leave !m r disjo9t$4 #a ,op cit41 p4 #ee4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t balance 9 l&scape is effect$ betwe5 mass & int]e/ on "o side & vi/a & l9e on ! o!r2 & t union is giv5 especially by ! use ( vi/a4 ,,ii ,! exp]im5tal treatm5t ( ! isolat$ elem5ts detect$ ! p>ticul> function ( ea* 9 di/ribut+ att5tion 9 ! field ( view4 ,b :ile all are possibly op]ative 9 a giv5 picture1 "s are giv51 z we h se51 mu* m importance ?an o!rs1 & 9 pictures ( diff]5t types diff]5t elem5ts pr$om9ate4 ,9 ^? classes ) a g5]al symmetrical framework1 su* z ! alt> & ,madonna pieces1 ! elem5ts ( int]e/ & direction ( att5tion det]m9e ! balance1 = !y appe> z v>iations 9 a symmetry :i* has already1 s to speak1 dispos$ ( mass & l9e4 ,!y give :at action !re is1 & :]e !y are v /rongly op]ative1 !y are oppos$ by sali5t l9es & deep vi/as1 :i* act m /rongly on ! att5tion ?an does mass4 ,int]e/ keeps its pr$om9ance ?r\gh\t ! types1 except 9 ! portraits1 :]e ! head is usually 9 ! c5tral l9e4 ,b ev5 among ! portraits x has a respectable repres5tation1 z jewels1 embroid]ies1 beautiful h&s1 etc41 c\nt l>gely too 9 composition4 ,! direction ( att5tion is mo/ op]ative among ! portraits4 ,s9ce ^! pictures repres5t no action1 x mu/ be giv5 by ^? elem5ts :i* move & di/ribute ! att5tion2 9 accordance ) :i* pr9ciple we f9d l9e also unusually influ5tial4 ,z rem>k$ above1 alt>-pieces & ,madonna pictures1 also l>gely )\t action1 dep5d l>gely = x on ! direction ( att5tion4 ,! vi/a1 z said above1 rivets & conf9es ! att5tion4 ,we c1 !re=e1 und]/& h[ x is t 9 ! g5re pictures x appe>s v num]\s4 ,! active "* ( ^! pictures naturally requires to be modifi$1 & ! vi/a introduces a p[]ful balanc+ elem5t1 :i* is yet quiet2 or1 x might be said1 inasmu* z en]gy is c]ta9ly exp5d$ 9 plung+ d[n ! ?ird dim5sion1 ! vi/a introduces an elem5t ( action ( c\nt]balanc+ "*4 ,9 ! l&scape x introduces ! pr9cipal elem5t ( v>iety4 ,x is always to be f\nd 9 ^? p>ts ( ! picture :i* are oppos$ to o!r p[]ful elem5ts1 & ! heavi] ! o!r side1 ! deep] ! vi/a4 ,also 9 pictures ) two gr\ps x s]ves z a k9d ( fulcrum1 or unify+ elem5t1 inasmu* z x rivets ! att5tion betwe5 ! two deta*$ sides4 ,! direction ( sugge/ion by means ( ! indication ( a l9e1 q naturally is m frequ5t 9 ! ,madonna picture & portrait classes4 ,bo? ^! types are ( l>ge simple outl9e1 s t l9e w\ld be expect$ to tell4 ,9 a decid$ majority ( cases1 comb9$ ) vi/a--! %ape be+ m or less a diagonal slope--x is cle> t x acts z a k9d ( bond betwe5 ! two sides1 c>ry+ ! att5tion )\t a break f "o to ! o!r4 ,! elem5t ( mass requires less comm5t4 ,x appe>s 9 greate/ numb] 9 ^? pictures :i* h little action1 i4e4 portraits & l&scapes1 & :i* are n yet symmetrical1-- 9 :i* la/ case mass is1 ( c\rse1 already balanc$4 ,9 fact1 x mu/ ( necessity ex]t a c]ta9 influ5ce 9 e unsymmetrical picture1 & s its p]c5tage1 ev5 = g5re pictures1 is l>ge4 ,?us we may reg>d ! elem5ts z bo? attract+ att5tion to a c]ta9 spot & disp]s+ x ov] a field4 ,^? types :i* are ( a /atic "* 7l&scapes1 alt>-pieces7 ab\nd 9 elem5ts :i* disp]se ! att5tion2 ^? :i* are ( a dynamic "* 7g5re picture71 9 ^? :i* make x /able4 ,! ideal composition seems to comb9e ! dynamic & /atic elem5ts1--to animate1 9 %ort1 ! :ole field ( view1 b 9 a g5]ally bilat]al fa%ion4 ,! elem5ts1 9 sub/itutional symmetry1 are !n simply means ( introduc+ v>iety & action4 ,z a dance 9 :i* !re are complicat$ /eps gives ! actor & behold] a v>i$ & ?us vivifi$ balance1 & is ?us m beautiful ?an ! simple walk1 s a picture compos$ 9 sub/itutional symmetry is m ri* 9 its sugge/ions ( motor impulse1 & ?us m beautiful1 ?an an example ( geometrical symmetry4 ,,iii ,! p>ticul> functions ( ! elem5ts :i* are sub/itut$ = geometrical symmetry h be5 made cle>2 _! pres5ce l5ds v>iety & ri*ness to ! balance ( motor impulses4 ,b ?is quality ( repose1 or unity1 giv5 by balance1 is also enri*$ by a unity = intuition1--a l>ge outl9e 9 :i* all ! elem5ts are held toge!r4 ,n[ ?is way ( hold+ toge!r v>ies2 & ,i believe t x be>s a v close relation to ! subject & purpose ( ! picture4 ,examples ( ^! types ( composition may be/ be f\nd by analyz+ a few well-kn[n pictures4 ,we may beg9 ) ! class fir/ /udi$1 ! ,alt>-piece1 *oos+ a picture by ,botticelli1 9 ! ,flor5ce ,academy4 ,"u an ar* is drap$ a canopy held up by angels2 "u ?is1 aga91 sits ! ,madonna ) ! ,*ild on h] lap1 on a ?rone1 at ! foot ( :i*1 on ea* side1 /& ?ree sa9ts4 ,! outl9e ( ! :ole is m>k$ly pyramidal2 9 fact1 !re are1 broadly speak+1 ?ree pyramids1 --( ! ar*1 ! canopy1 & ! gr\p+4 ,a second1 mu* less symmetrical example ( ?is type1 is giv5 by ano!r ,botticelli 9 ! ,academy1--,spr+4 ,"h ! c5tral female figure1 topp$ by ! float+ ,cupid1 is slightly rais$ above ! o!rs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 b5d slightly inw>d1 s t a triangle1 or pyramid ) v obtuse angle at ! apex1 is sugge/$2 & ! :ole1 :i* at fir/ glance seems a little scatt]$1 is at once felt1 :5 ?is is grasp$1 z closely b\nd toge!r4 ,closely alli$ to ?is is ! type ( ! ,holbe9 ,madonna ( ,burgoma/] ,mey]1 9 ! ,gr& ,ducal ,ca/le1 ,d>m/adt4 ,x is true t ! same pyramid is giv5 by ! head ( ! ,madonna aga9/ ! %ell-l backgr\nd1 & h] spread+ cloak :i* envelops ! kneel+ donors4 ,b /ill m sali5t is ! diamond =m giv5 by ! desc5d+ r[s ( ^! wor%ip+ figures1 especially aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! ,madonna's dress4 ,a second example1 )\t ! pyramid back+1 is f\nd 9 ,rub5s's ,rape ( ! ,daught]s ( ,leucippus1 9 ! ,alte ,p9ako!k at ,muni*4 ,"h ! diamond %ape =m$ by ! horses & /ruggl+ figures is mo/ rem>kable1--an effect ( lightness :i* w be discuss$ lat] 9 int]pret+ ! types4 ,a ?ird type1 ! diagonal1 is giv5 9 an ,ev5+ ,l&scape by ,cuyp1 9 ! ,buck+ham ,palace1 ,london4 ,high trees & cliffs1 horsem5 & o!rs1 occupy "o side1 & ! m\nta9s 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! gr\nd & ! cl\ds1 all slope gradually d[n to ! o!r side4 ,x is a natural transition f ?is type to ! ,v-%ape ( ! l&scapes by ,a>t van d] ,ne]1 ,dut* ,villages1 9 ! ,london ,national ,gall]y & 9 ! ,rudolph9um at ,prague1 respectively4 ,"h are trees & h\ses on ea* side1 gradually slop+ to ! c5tre to %[ an op5 sky & deep vi/a4 ,o!r examples1 ( c\rse1 %[ ! op5+ n exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 ! ,conc]t by ,giorgione1 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce1 is se5 ! less frequ5t type ( ! squ>e4 ,! ?ree figures turn$ t[>d ea* o!r ) heads on ! same level make almo/ a squ>e space-%ape1 al?\gh x might be said t ! c5tral play] gives a pyramidal f\ndation4 ,?is la/ may also be said ( ,v]roc*io's ,tobias & ! ,ar*angels 9 ! ,flor5ce ,academy1 = ! squ>e1 or o!r rectangle1 is aga9 l5g!n$ by ! pyramidal %ape ( ! two c5tral figures4 ,! unreliev$ squ>e1 x may "h be int]polat$1 is n (t5 f\nd except 9 some:at primitive examples4 ,/ill less (t5 obs]v$ is ! oval type ( ,samson's ,w$d+ ,fea/1 ,rembr&t1 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y1 ,dresd54 ,"h "o might1 by press+ ! int]pretation1 see an obtuse-angl$ d\ble-pyramid ) ! figure ( ,delilah = an apex1 b a few v irregul> pictures seem to fall be/ "u ! giv5 classification4 ,la/ ( all1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! great majority ( pictures %[ a comb9ation ( two or ev5 ?ree types2 b ^! are usually subord9at$ to "o dom9ant type4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! case ) _m portraits1 :i* are m>k$ly pyramidal1 ) ! d\ble-pyramid sugge/$ by ! position ( ! arms1 & ! inv]t$ pyramid1 or ,v1 9 ! l&scape backgr\nd4 ,! diagonal sometimes j passes ov] into ! ,v-%ape1 or into ! pyramid2 or ! squ>e is comb9$ ) bo?4 ,:at types are *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( pictures8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q we mu/ ask fir/1 ,:at are ! diff]5t k9ds ( pictures8 ,"o answ]1 at lea/1 is at once sugge/$ to ! /ud5t on a comp>ison ( ! pictures ) _! gr\p+s accord+ to subjects4 ,all ^? :i* repres5t ! ,madonna en?ron$1 ) all v>iations1 ) or )\t sa9ts1 %eph]ds1 or ,holy ,family1 are v quiet 9 _! action2 t is1 x is n really an action at all :i* !y repres5t1 b an attitude1--! attitude ( contemplation4 ,?is is no less true ( ! pictures we may call ,adorations1 9 :i*1 inde$1 ! contemplative attitude is /ill m m>k$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* pictures z ! ,desc5ts1 ! ,annunciations1 & v _m ( ! miscellane\s religi\s1 allegorical1 & g5re pictures1 portray a def9ite action or ev5t4 ,n[ ! pyramid type is *>act]i/ic ( ! contemplative pictures 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,a class :i* might be suppos$ to sugge/ ! same treatm5t 9 composition is t ( ! portraits1 --absolute lack ( action be+ ! rule4 ,& we f9d1 inde$1 t no s+le type is repres5t$ )9 x except ! pyramid & d\ble-pyramid1 ) eighty-six p] c5t4 ( ! =m]4 ,?us x is evid5t t = ! type ( picture :i* expresses ! highe/ degree ( quietude1 contemplation1 conc5tration1 ! pyramid is ! *>act]i/ic type ( composition4 ,among ! s-call$ active pictures1 ! diagonal & ,v-%ap$ types are mo/ num]\s4 ,! l&scape picture pres5ts a some:at diff]5t problem4 ,x _c be describ$ z ei!r active or passive1 inasmu* z x does n express ei!r an attitude or an ev5t4 ,!re is no def9ite idea to be set =?1 no po9t ( conc5tration1 z ) ! alt>-pieces & ! portraits1 = in/ance2 & yet a unity is dem&$4 ,an exam9ation ( ! proportions ( ! types %[s at once ! *>act]i/ic type to be "h also ! diagonal & ,v-%ap$4 ,x is n[ necess>y to ask :at mu/ be ! int]pretation ( ! use ( ^! types ( composition4 ,mu/ we consid] ! pyramid ! expression ( passivity1 ! diagonal or ,v-%ape1 ( activity8 ,b ! greatly pr$om9at+ use ( ! second = l&scapes w\ld rema9 unexpla9$1 = at lea/ no?+ c be m reposeful ?an ! latt]4 ,x may aid ! solution ( ! problem to rememb] t ! composition tak5 z a :ole has to meet ! dem& = unity1 at ! same "t t x all[s free play to ! natural expression ( ! subject4 ,! alt>-piece has to br+ ab\t a conc5tration ( att5tion to express or induce a feel+ ( rev]5ce4 ,?is is evid5tly accompli%$ by ! sugge/ion ( ! conv]g+ l9es to ! fixation ( ! high po9t 9 ! picture1--! small area occupi$ by ! ,madonna & ,*ild1--& by ! subord9ation ( ! free play ( o!r elem5ts4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! broad base & ! apex gives a feel+ ( solidity1 ( repose2 & x seems n unreasonable to suppose t ! t5d5cy to re/ ! eyes above ! c5tre ( ! picture directly induces ! associat$ mood ( rev]5ce or wor%ip4 ,?us ! pyramidal =m s]ves two ends2 prim>ily t ( giv+ unity1 & second>ily1 by ! peculi>ity ( its %ape1 t ( induc+ ! feel+-tone appropriate to ! subject ( ! picture4 ,apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! s-call$ active pictures1 we see t ! natural movem5t ( att5tion betwe5 ! diff]5t actors 9 ! picture mu/ be all[$ =1 :ile yet unity is secur$4 ,& x is cle> t ! diagonal type is j fitt$ = ?is4 ,! att5tion sweeps d[n f ! high side to ! l[1 f :i* x returns ?r\gh "s backw>d sugge/ion ( l9es or int]e/ 9 ! objects ( ! high side4 ,action & reaction--movem5t & return ( att5tion--is inevitable "u ! conditions ( ?is type2 & ?is x is :i* all[s ! free play1--:i*1 inde$1 ,,con/itutes & expresses ! activity belong+ to ! subject1 j z ! fixation ( ! pyramid con/itutes ! quietude ( ! religi\s picture4 ,?us x is t ! diagonal composition is p>ticul>ly suit$ to portray sc5es ( gr&eur1 & to induce a feel+ ( awe 9 ! spectator1 because only "h c ! eye rove 9 "o l>ge sweep f side to side ( ! picture1 recall$ by ! mass & int]e/ ( ! side f :i* x moves4 ,! sw+ ( ! p5dulum is "h wide/1 s to speak1 & all ! feel+-tones :i* belong to wide1 free movem5t are call$ into play4 ,if1 at ! same "t1 ! elem5t ( ! deep vi/a is introduc$1 we h ! extreme ( conc5tration comb9$ ) ! extreme ( movem5t2 & ! result is a picture 9 ! gr& /yle --comp>able to high trag$y--9 :i* all ! feel+-tones :i* wait on motor impulses are1 z x 71 :ile yet 9 ! same reciprocal relation1 tun$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,su* a picture is ! ,f9d+ ( ! ,r+1 ,p>is ,bordone1 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy4 ,all ! mass & ! int]e/ & ! sugge/ion ( ! d[nw>d l9es & ( ! magnific5t p]spective t[>d ! left1 & ! effect ( ! :ole space composition is ( sup]b l>g5ess ( life & feel+4 ,comp>e ,titian's ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg91 also ! two great compositions by ,v]onese1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,m>k1 etc41 9 ! ,doge's ,palace1 ,v5ice1 & ,e/h] be=e ,ahaseurus1 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 ,9 ^! la/ two1 ! mass1 direction ( int]e/1 movem5t1 & att5tion are t[>d ! left1 :ile all ! l9es t5d diagonally to ! "r1 :]e a vi/a is also sugge/$1--! diagonal mak+ a ,v j at ! end4 ,"h1 too1 ! effect is ( magnific5ce & vigor4 ,if1 !n1 ! pyramid belongs to contemplation1 ! diagonal to action1 :at ca be said ( l&scape8 ,x is )\t action1 x is true1 & yet does n express t positive quality1 t ,,w n to act1 ( ! rapt contemplation4 ,! l&scape uncompos$ is negative1 & x dem&s unity4 ,its type ( composition1 !n1 mu/ give x some?+ positive besides unity4 ,x lacks bo? conc5tration & action2 b x c ga9 !m bo? f a space composition :i* %all comb9e unity ) a t5d5cy to movem5t4 ,& ?is is giv5 by ! diagonal & ,v-%ap$ type4 ,?is type m]ely all[s free play to ! natural t5d5cy ( ! active picture2 b x con/ra9s ! neutral1 inanimate l&scape4 ,! %ape itself imp>ts motion to ! picture3 ! sweep ( l9e1 ! conc5tration ( ! vi/a1 ! unify+ p[] ( ! inv]t$ triangle betwe5 two masses1 act1 z x 71 ext]nally to ! sugge/ion ( ! object itself4 ,!re is always en\gh quiet 9 a l&scape1-- ! ov]:elm+ sugge/ion ( ! horizontal suffices = t2 x is movem5t t is ne$$ = ri*ness ( effect1 &1 z ,i h %[n1 no type imp>ts ! feel+ ( movem5t s /rongly z ! diagonal & ,v-%ap$ type ( composition4 ,l&scapes ne$ en]gy to produce /imulation1 n repression1 & s ! diagonal type is proportionately m num]\s4 ,! rigid squ>e is f\nd only at an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( composition4 ,moreov]1 all ! examples are /ory pictures1 = ! mo/ "p sc5es f ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 etc4 ,_m ( !m are d\ble-c5tre1--squ>e1 t is1 ) a slight break 9 ! middle1 ! gr\p+ purely logical1 to br+ out ! relations ( ! *>act]s4 ,?us1 9 ! ,dream ( ,sa9t ,m>t91 ,simone ,m>t9i1 a fresco at ,assisi1 ! sa9t lies /raight across ! picture ) 8 head 9 "o corn]4 ,beh9d him on "o side /& ! ,*ri/ & angels1 gr\p$ closely toge!r1 _! heads on ! same level4 ,^! are all1 ( c\rse1 9 "o s5se symmetrical1-- 9 ! weight ( int]e/1 at lea/1--b !y are completely amorph\s f an ae/hetic po9t ( view4 ,! =ms1 t is1 d n c\nt at all1--only ! mean+s4 ,! /ory is told by a cle> sep>ation ( ! p>ts1 & z1 9 mo/ /ories1 !re are two pr9cipal actors1 x m]ely happ5s t !y fall into ! two sides ( ! picture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a rigid geometrical symmetry is also *>act]i/ic ( e>ly composition1 & ^! two facts seem to contradict ea* o!r4 ,b x is to be not$1 fir/1 t ! rigid geometrical symmetry belongs only to ! ,madonna ,en?ron$1 & g5]al ,adoration pieces2 & secondly1 t ?is v rigidity ( symmetry 9 details c coexi/ ) v>iations :i* de/roy balance4 ,?us1 9 a ,madonna ,en?ron$ ( ,giotto1 :]e absolute symmetry 9 detail is kept1 ! ,*ild sits f> out on ! "r knee ( ! ,madonna4 ,x w\ld seem t ! symmetry ( ^! e>ly pictures 0 n dictat$ by a consci\s dem& = symmetrical arrangem5t1 or r = real balance1 else su* failures w\ld h>dly occur4 ,! pres5ce ( geometrical symmetry is m easily expla9$ z ! product1 9 l>ge "p1 ( te*nical conditions3 ( ! fact t ^! pictures 7 pa9t$ z alt>-pieces to fill a space def9itely symmetrical 9 "*--(t51 inde$1 ) ar*itectural elem5ts intrud+ into x4 ,we may ev5 connect ! ,madonna pictures ) ! temple images ( ! classic p]iod1 to expla9 :y x 0 natural to pa9t ! object ( wor%ip seat$ exactly fac+ ! wor%ip]4 ,?us we may sep>ate ! two classes ( pictures1 ! "o giv+ an object ( wor%ip1 & ?us tak+ naturally1 z has be5 said1 ! pyramidal1 symmetrical %ape1 & be+ m\ld$ to symmetry by all o!r sugge/ions ( te*nique2 ! o!r aim+ at no?+ except logical cle>ness4 ,?is anti!sis ( ! symbol & ! /ory has a mo/ int]e/+ p>allel 9 ! two great classes ( primitive art--! "o symbolic1 m]ely sugge/ive1 %ap$ by ! space x _h to fill1 & s deg5]at+ into ! slavi%ly symmetrical2 ! o!r descriptive1 /ory-tell+1 & )\t a trace ( space composition4 ,on nei!r side is !re evid5ce ( direct ae/hetic feel+4 ,only 9 ! c\rse ( arti/ic developm5t d we f9d ! rigid1 yet (t5 unbalanc$1 symmetry relax+ into a free sub/itutional symmetry1 & ! =mless n>rative cry/alliz+ into a really unifi$ & balanc$ space-=m4 ,! two anti!ses approa* ea* o!r 9 ! balance ( ! ma/]pieces ( civiliz$ art--9 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 a real feel+ = space composition makes itself felt4 ,v ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,music ,v ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,music ,i ,,!re is a /ory1 9 ,max ,mull]'s amus+ rem9isc5ces1 ( h[ ,m5delssohn & ,david once play$1 9 8 he>+1 ,bee?ov5's lat] sonatas = piano & viol91 & ( h[ !y %rugg$ _! %\ld]s1 & op9$ ! old man _h n be5 q himself :5 he wrote !m4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( music x seems to be a rule almo/ )\t exceptions1 t ! works ( g5ius are greet$ ) contumely4 ,! same is no d\bt true1 ?\gh to a mu* less degree1 ( o!r arts1 b 9 music x seems t ! critics propos$ also excell5t reasons = _! vehem5ce4 ,& x is in/ructive to obs]ve t ! objections1 & ! reasons = ! objections1 recur1 aft] ! orig9al object ( wra? has pass$ into acceptance1 nay1 into dom9ance ( ! musical _w4 ,"o may also descry "o basic controv]sy runn+ ?r\gh all ^! utt]ances1 ev5 :5 n explicitly set =?4 ,x 0 made a reproa* to ,bee?ov51 z x has be5 made a reproa* to ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 t he sacrific$ ! beauty ( =m to expression2 & x 0 rejo9$1 p]haps less 9 ! old "t ?an n[1 t expression 0 itself ! end & mean+ ( music4 ,n[ ! works ( g5ius1 z we h se51 aft] all take c>e ( !mselves4 ,b x is ( greate/ significance = ! !ory ( music1 z ( all art1 t 9 ! circle ( ! ye>s1 ! same contra/+ views1 gr[n to ev] %>p] opposition1 /ill greet ! appe>ance ( new "w4 ,x 0 ) ,wagn]1 z all ! _w kn[s1 t ! "q came fir/ to complete =mulation4 ,8 inv5tion ( ! music-drama re/$ on 8 fam\s !ory ( music z ! height5$ m$ium ( expression1 glorifi$ spee*1 :i* accord+ly dem&s fre$om to foll[ all ! v>y+ nuances ( feel+ & emotion4 ,music has always be5 call$ ! language ( ! emotions1 b ,wagn] bas$ 8 views n only on ! popul> notion1 b on ! metaphysical !ories ( ,s*op5hau]2 9 p>ticul>1 on ! view t music is ! objectification ( ! w4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] foll[$ ) ! !sis t music has its ess5tial s\rce 9 ! cad5ces ( emotional spee*4 ,9 opposition prim>ily to ,wagn]1 ! s-call$ =mali/s 7 repres5t$ by ,hanslick1 :o wrote 8 well-kn[n ,! ,beautiful 9 ,music to %[ t ?\gh music ha a limit$ capacity ( expression1 its aim is =mal or logical p]fection alone4 ,! expressioni/ s*ool c\ld n contradict ! und\bt$ fact t *ords & int]vals :i* are h>moni\s %[ c]ta9 def9ite physical & ma!matical relation%ips1 t1 9 o!r words1 our musical pref]5ces appe> to be closely relat$ to1 if n det]m9$ by1 ^! relation%ips4 ,?us ea* s*ool seem$ to be back$ by sci5ce4 ,! emotional-spee* !ory has be5 held 9 a vague way1 inde$1 by mo/ ( ^? !ori/s ^: natural cons]vatism w\ld h drawn !m 9 ! o!r direction1 & is d\btless responsible = ! attempts at m$iation1 fir/ made by ,ambros1#a & n[ met 9 almo/ all musical lit]ature4 ,music may be1 & is1 expressive1 x is said1 s long z ea* detail all[s itself to be entirely d]iv$ f & ju/ifi$ by ! m]e =mal elem5t4 ,! c5tre ( gravity lies 9 ! =mal relations4 #a ,! ,b\nd>ies ( ,music & ,poetry4 ,to ?is1 aft] all1 ,hanslick himself might subscribe4 ,o!r writ]s seek to balance =m & expression1 insi/+ on ! dual nature ( music1 :ile re/+ ultimately on ! emotional-spee* !ory4 ,! mo/ univ]sal compos]s1 recogniz+ ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! two elem5ts1 produce ! highe/ type ( pure music1 music 9 :i* beauty is bas$ ^u expression1 & expression transfigur$ by beauty4#a #a ,d4,g4 ,mason1 ,f ,grieg to ,brahms1 #aijb1 p4 #cj4 ,?is usual type ( reconciliation1 h[ev]1 is a p]fectly me*anical b9d+ toge!r ( two possibly conflict+ ae/hetic dem&s4 ,! "q is ( ! ess5tial nature ( music1 n :e!r music may be1 b :e!r x mu/ be1 expressive2 n :e!r is has expressive p[]1 b :e!r x is1 9 its ess5ce1 expression1--a "q :i* is only obscur$ by insi/+ on ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! two elem5ts4 ,if music has its ess5tial s\rce 9 ! cad5ces ( spee*1 !n x mu/ develop & mu/ be judg$ accord+ly4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is p]fectly logical 9 say+ ,x may be %[n t music is b an idealization ( ! natural language ( emotion1 & t1 consequ5tly1 music mu/ be good or bad accord+ z x con=ms to ! laws ( ?is natural language4#a ,b :at1 !n1 ( music :i*1 accord+ to ,ambros1 is ju/ifi$ by its =mal relations8 ,is music good because x is v expressive1 & bad because x is too little expressive8 or is its goodness & badness indep5d5t ( its expressiv5ess8 ,su* a "q is n to be answ]$ by recogniz+ two k9ds ( goodness4 ,only by an attempt to decide ! fundam5tal nature ( ! musical exp]i5ce1 & an adju/m5t ( ! o!r factors 9 /rict subord9ation to x1 c ! g5]al pr9ciple be settl$4 #a ,on ,educaiton1 p4 #da4 ,! excuse = ?is artificial yok+ toge!r ( two oppos+ pr9ciples is app>5t :5 x is se5 t =m & expression are tak5 z address+ !mselves to two diff]5t m5tal faculties4 ,x seems to be ! view ( mo/ musical !ori/s t ! exp]i5ce ( musical =m is a p]ception1 :ile ! exp]i5ce ( musical expression1 disreg>d+ = ! mom5t ! sugge/ion ( facts & ideas1 is an emotion4 ,?us ,mr4 ,mason3 ,9 music we are capable ( le>n+1 & k ( ! pr9ciples ( musical effect c help u to le>n1 t ! balance & proportion & symmetry ( ! :ole is f> m ess5tial ?an any poignancy1 h[ev] great1 9 ! p>ts4 ,he be/ appreciates music444:o und]/&s x intellectually z well z feels x emotionally2#a & aga91 ,we feel 9 ! music ( ,haydn its lack ( emotional dep?1 & its lack ( intellectual subtlety4 #a ,op4 ,cit41 p4 #f4 ,x is j ?is contra/ & p>allelism ( /ructure z balance1 proportion1 symmetry1 address$ to ! m9d1 ) expression z emotional cont5t1 t a true view ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce w\ld lead u to *all5ge4 ,if !re is "o ?+ t our /udy ( ! g5]al nature ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce has %[n1 x is t ae/hetic emotion is unique-- nei!r a p]ception nor an intellectual grasp ( relations1 nor an emotion )9 ! accept$ rubric--joy1 desire1 triumph1 etc4 ,:e!r or n music is an exception to ?is pr9ciple1 rema9s to be se52 b ! presumption is at lea/ 9 favor ( a direct1 imm$iate1 unique emotion ar\s$ by ! true beauty ( music1 :atev] t may prove to be4 ,) a great lit]ature 9 ! =m ( special /udies1 we mu/ yet1 on ! :ole1 admit t we possess no g5]al =mula 9 ! philosophy or psy*ology ( music :i* cov]s ! :ole gr\nd4 ,s*op5hau] has said t music is ! objectification ( ! w--n a copy or a picture ( x1 b ! w itself2 a doctr9e :i* h[ev] illum9at+ :5 x is modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways is obvi\sly no explanation ( our exp]i5ce4 ,hanslick has b %[n :at music is n2 ,edmund ,gurney's eloqu5t book1 ,! ,p[] ( ,s\nd1 is completely agno/ic 9 its conclusion t music is a unique1 indef9able1 indescribable ph5om5on1 :i* possesses1 inde$1 c]ta9 analogues ) o!r physical & psy*ical facts1 b is coext5sive ) none4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( music z glorifi$ spee* is n only 9 a yet unexpla9$ conflict ) _m facts1 b has nev] be5 =mulat$ s t x c\ld apply to concrete cases4 ,! same is true ( ,wagn]'s music z ! utt]ance ( feel+4 ,b !re is a body ( sci5tific facts respect+ ! elem5ts ( music1 9 :i* we may well seek = clues4 ,z facts alone !y are ( no value4 ,!y mu/ be expla9$ z completely z possible2 & x is probable t if we are able to rea* ! ultimate nature & orig9 ( ^! elem5ts ( music !y w prove significant1 & a way w be op5$ to a !ory ( ! :ole musical exp]i5ce4 ,! ne$ ( su* int5sive und]/&+ mu/ excuse ! m or less te*nical discussions 9 ! foll[+ pages1 )\t :i* no firm f\ndation = a !ory ( music c\ld be atta9$4 ,,ii ,! two great factors ( music are rhy?m & tone-s5sation1 ( :i* rhy?m appe>s to be ! m fundam5tal4 ,rhy?m is def9$ 9 g5]al z a repeat+ s]ies ( "t int]vals4 ,ev5ts :i* occur 9 su* a s]ies are said to h rhy?m4 ,9 ae/hetics1 x is ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( /ress1 emphasis1 or acc5t 9 ! movem5ts ( danc+1 ! s\nds ( music1 ! language ( poetry4 ,subjectively x is ! quality ( /imulation due to a succession ( impressions 7tactual & auditory are mo/ favorable7 :i* v>y regul>ly 9 objective int5sity4 ,we desire to und]/& ! nature1 & ! s\rce ( ! pleas+ quality1 ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,x is only by a complete psy*ological description1 h[ev]1 ev5 a physiological explanation1 t we c hope to fa?om ! trem5d\s significance ( rhy?m 9 music & poetry4 ,^? treatm5ts :i* expose its developm5t 9 ! dance & song really beg ! "q2 !y assume ! v fact = :i* we h to f9d ! gr\nd1 namely1 ! natural impulse to rhy?m4 ,ev5 ^? !ories :i* expla9 x z a helpful social ph5om5on1 z regulat+ "w1 etc41 fail to acc\nt = its peculi> psy*ological "*--t compell+1 intimate =ce1 ! ,zwang ( :i* ,nietsz*e speaks1 :i* we all feel1 & :i* makes x helpful4 ,?is compell+ quality ( rhy?m w\ld lead u to look beh9d ! sociological influ5ces1 = ! explanation 9 "s fundam5tal condition ( consci\sness1 "s dem& ( ! organism4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ f9d sup]ficial ! views :i* connect rhy?m ) ! symmetry ( ! body z mak+ rhy?mical ge/ure necess>y2 or m p>ticul>ly ) ! conditions ( "w1 :i*1 if x is skill$ & well c>ri$ out1 proce$s 9 equal recurr+ p]iods1 l ! sw++ ( a hamm] or an axe4 ,b x appe>s t primitive ef=t is n c>ri$ on 9 ?is way1 & proce$s1 n f regul>ity to rhy?m1 b r1 ?r\gh1 by means ( rhy?m1 :i* is made a help1 to regul>ity4 ,aga91 x is said t "w c be well c>ri$ out by a l>ge numb] ( p1 only 9 unison1 only by simultane\s action1 & t rhy?m is a condition ( ?is4 ,! "w 9 ! cotton fields1 ! "w ( sailors1 etc4 requires some?+ to give notice ( ! mom5t = beg9n+ action4 ,rhy?m w\ld !n h aris5 z a social function4 ,aga9/ ?is x may be said t signals ( ?is k9d might assi/ common action )\t recurr+ at regul> int]vals1 :ile p]iodicity is ! fundam5tal quality ( rhy?m4 ,?us ?is !ory w\ld expla9 a natural t5d5cy by its effect4 ,look+ !n1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple /at$ above1 = deep] conditions1 we f9d rhy?m expla9$ 9 connection ) su* rhy?mical ev5ts z ! he>t beat & pulse1 ! d\ble rhy?m ( ! brea?2 b ^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 unfelt2 & moreov]1 !y w\ld h>dly expla9 ! pr$om9ance ( rhy?ms q o!r ?an ! physiological ones4 ,ano!r !ory1 closely alli$1 connects rhy?m ) ! conditions ( activity 9 g5]al1 b atta*es itself r to ! effect ( rhy?m ?an to its cause4 ,?us we are rem9d$ ( ! height5$ s5se ( expansion1 or life1 connect$ ) ! augm5tation ( muscul> movem5ts induc$ by ! m ext5sive n]v\s dis*>ges foll[+ rhy?mic /imulation4#a ,b :y %\ld x be j rhy?mic /imulation t produces ?is effect8 ,we are f9ally ?r[n back on physiology = ! answ] t 9 rhy?mical /imulation !re are involv$ recurr5t activities ( organs refre%$ by imm$iately prec$+ p]iods ( repose4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 we mu/ ask1 :y on ?is hypo!sis ! p]iods !mselves mu/ be exactly equal4 ,= )9 ! p]iods ! greate/ v>iety obta9s4 ,"o measure ( a s+le note may be succe$$ by ano!r conta9+ eight2 )9 ! p]iods1 t is1 ! m9or mom5ts ( activity & repose are q unequal4 #a ,h4,r4 ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & ,ae/hetics4 ,la/ ( all1 we mu/ note ! view ( rhy?m z a ph5om5on ( expectation 7,wundt74 ,b :ile we c und\bt$ly describe rhy?m 9 t]ms ( expectation & its satisfaction1 rhy?m is rhy?m j ?r\gh its diff]5ce f o!r k9ds ( expectation4 ,all ^! explanations seem ei!r m]ely to describe ! facts we seek to expla91 or to fail to notice ! peculi> intimate nature ( ! rhy?mical exp]i5ce4 ,b if x c\ld be %[n n only t 9 all /imulation !re mu/ be involv$ an alt]nation ( activity & repose1 b also t an equality ( su* p]iods 0 highly favorable to ! organism1 we %\ld h ! conditions = a physiological !ory ( rhy?m4 ,n[ ! important psy*ological facts ( s-call$ subjective rhy?miz+ seem to supply j ?is ne$4 ,x has be5 %[n#a t we c nei!r receive objectively equal s5se-/imuli1 nor produce regul> movem5ts1 )\t inject+ into ^! a rhy?mical elem5t4 ,a s]ies ( objectively equal s\nd-/imuli--! tick+ ( a clock1 = in/ance--is he>d 9 gr\ps1 )9 ea* ( :i* "o elem5t is ( great] int5sity4 ,a s]ies ( movem5ts are nev] objectively equal1 b gr\p$ 9 ! same way4 ,n[ ?is subjective rhy?m1 s5sory & motor1 is expla9$ z foll[s f ! g5]al physiological basis ( att5tion4 #a ,t4,l4 ,bolton1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,( ,psy*ol41 vol4 vi4 ,! classical hi/orical /udy ( !ories ( rhy?m rema9s t ( ,meumann1 ,phil4 ,/udi51 vol4 x4 ,att5tion itself is ultimately a motor ph5om5on4 ,?us3 ! s5sory aspect ( att5tion is vividness1 & vividness is expla9$ physiologically z a bra9-/ate ( read9ess = motor dis*>ge2#a 9 ! case ( a visual /imulus1 = in/ance1 a /ate ( read9ess to c>ry out movem5ts ( adju/m5t to ! object2 9 %ort1 ! motor pa? is op54 ,n[ att5tion1 or vividness1 is f\nd to fluctuate p]iodically1 s t 9 a s]ies ( objectively equal /imuli1 c]ta9 ones1 regul>ly recurr+1 w\ld be m vividly s5s$4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! well-kn[n facts ( ! fluctuation ( ! ?re%old ( s5sation1 ( ! s-call$ ret9al rivalry1 & ( ! subjective rhy?miz+ ( auditory /imuli1 already m5tion$4 ,!re is a natural rhy?m ( vividness4 ,"h1 !re=e1 9 ! v conditions ( consci\sness itself1 we h ! conditions ( rhy?m too4 ,! case ( subjective motor rhy?m w\ld be /ill cle>]1 s9ce vividness is only ! psy*ical side ( read9ess = motor dis*>ge2 9 o!r words1 increas$ read9ess = motor dis*>ge occurs p]iodically1 giv+ motor rhy?m4 #a ,mun/]b]g1 ,grundzuge d4 ,psy*ologie1 #aijb14 ,p4 #ebe4 ,x has be5 said#a t ?is p]iodicity ( ! bra9-wave _c furni% ! necess>y condition = rhy?m1 inasmu* z x is itself a con/ant1 & c\ld at mo/ be appli$ to a s]ies :i* 0 adapt$ to its own "t4 ,b ?is objection does n fit ! facts4 ,! bra9-wave1 or vividness1 or att5tion p]iod1 is n a con/ant1 b atta*es itself to ! cont5ts ( consci\sness4 ,9 o!r words1 x does n function )\t mat]ial4 ,x is itself condition$ by its occasion4 ,9 ! case ( a regul>ly repeat$ /imulus1 x is simply adju/$ to :at is !re1 & out ( ! s]ies *ooses1 z x 71 "o at regul> p]iods4#b #a ,j4,b4 ,m9]1 ,motor1 ,visual1 & ,appli$ ,rhy?ms1 ,psy*ol4 ,rev41 ,mon4 ,suppl41 ,no4 #ba4 #b ,facts1 too te*nical = reproduction "h1 quot$ by ,r4,h4 ,/etson 7,h>v>d ,psy*ol4 ,/udies1 vol4 i1 #aijb7 f ,cleghorn's & ,h(bau]'s exp]im5ts seem to be 9 h>mony ) ?is view4 ,closely connect$ ) ^! facts1 p]haps only a some:at diff]5t aspect ( !m1 is ! ph5om5on ( motor me*anization4 ,any movem5t repeat$ t5ds to become a circul> reaction1 z x is call$2 t is1 ! end ( "o repetition s]ves z a cue = ! beg9n+ ( ! next4 ,n[1 9 regul>ly recurr+ /imuli1 giv+ rise1 z w be lat] %[n1 to motor reactions1 :i* are diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh ! natural p]iodicity ( ! att5tion 7physiologically ! t5d5cy to motor dis*>ge71 we h ! be/ condition = ?is me*anization4 ,9 o!r words1 a rhy?mical gr\p+ once set up naturally t5ds to p]si/4 ,! organism prep>es itself = %ocks at def9ite times1 & %ocks com+ at ^? times are pleasant because !y fulfill a ne$4 ,moreov]1 e fur!r /imulus re9=ces ! orig9al activity2 s t rhy?mical gr\p+ t5ds n only to p]si/1 b to gr[ m di/9ct1--z1 inde$1 all ! facts ( introspection %[4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is true ( ! repetition ( objectively equal /imuli4 ,x %[s h[ an impulse to rhy?m w\ld arise & p]si/ subjectively1 b does n ( itself expla9 ! pleasure 9 ! exp]i5ce ( objective rhy?m4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 t *anges :i* w\ld occur naturally 9 an objectively undiff]5tiat$ cont5t give direct pleasure :5 !y are artificially introduc$1--:51 t is1 ! natural disposition is satisfi$4 ,?is we h se5 to be true 9 ! ( color contra/2 & x is p]haps ev5 m valid 9 ! realm ( motor activity4 ,:atev] 9 s5se /imulation gives ! condition =1 helps1 fur!rs1 enhances ! natural function1 is felt bo? z pleas+ & z fur!r+ ! p>ticul> activity 9 "q4 ,n[1 ! objective /ress 9 rhy?m is b emphasis on a /ress t w\ld be 9 any case to "s degree subjectively suppli$4 ,rhy?m 9 music1 ab/ract+ f all o!r pleasure-giv+ factors1 is !n pleasurable because x is 9 e s5se a favorable /imulation4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple t complete explanation ( psy*ical facts is possible only ?r\gh ! physiological sub/rate1 we h s f> kept r to t field 9 deal+ ) ! f\ndations ( our pleasure 9 rhy?m4 ,b fur!r description ( ! rhy?mical exp]i5ce is mo/ natural 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,!re seems1 inde$1 on pr9ciple no gr\nd = ! curr5t anti!sis1 s mu* emphasiz$ ( late1 ( psy*ical & motor !ories ( rhy?m4 ,att5tion & expectation are n psy*ical z oppos$ to motor4 ,grant+1 z no d\bt mo/ psy*ologi/s w\ld grant1 t att5tion is ! psy*ical analogue ( ! physiological t5d5cy to motor dis*>ge1 !n a motor automatism ( :i* "o is fully consci\s c\ld be describ$ z expectation & its satisfaction4 ,inde$1 ! impossibility ( a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ideas ( movem5t & movem5t s5sations confirms ?is view4 ,:5 expectation has ref]5ce to an exp]i5ce ) a movem5t elem5t 9 x1 ! expectation itself conta9s movem5t s5sations ( ! k9d 9 "q4#a ,to say1 !n1 t rhy?m is expectation bas$ on ! natural function+ ( ! att5tion p]iod1 is simply to clo! our physiological explanation 9 t]ms ( psy*ological description4 ,! usual motor !ory is m]ely "o :i* neglects ! prim>y disposition to rhy?m ?r\gh att5tion v>iations1 9 favor ( ! s5sations ( muscul> t5sion 7k9ae/hetic s5sations7 :i* arise ,,9 rhy?m1 b d n cause x4 ,to say t ! impression ( rhy?m arises only 9 k9ae/hetic s5sations begs ! "q 9 ! way previ\sly not$4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! p]iod once e/abli%$1 ! rhy?mic gr\p is held toge!r1 felt z a unit1 by means ( ! coord9at$ movem5t s5sations2 b ! ma9 problem1 ! possibility ( ?is fir/ e/abli%m5t1 is n solv$ by su* a motor !ory4 ,9 o!r words1 ! att5tion !ory is ! real motor !ory4 #a ,c4,m4 ,hit*cock1 ,! ,psy*ol4 ,( ,expectation1 ,psy*ol4 ,rev41 ,mon4 ,suppl41 ,no4 #bj4 ,expectation is ! set ( ! att5tion4 ,automatism is ! set ( ! motor c5tres4 ,n[ z att5tion is p>allel to ! condition ( ! motor c5tres1 we are able to equate expectation & automatic movem5t4 ,rhy?m is lit]ally embodi$ expectation1 fulfill$4 ,x is !re=e easily to be und]/ood t :atev] o!r emotions connect !mselves ) satisfi$ expectation are at _! ideal poignance 9 ! case ( rhy?m4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t we mu/ und]/& ! helpfulness ( rhy?m 9 "w4 ,t all def9ite /imulus1 & especially s\nd /imulus1 rhy?mical or n1 sets up a diffusive wave ( en]gy1 increas+ blood circulation1 dynamog5ic ph5om5a1 etc41 is ano!r matt]1 :i* has lat] to be discuss$4 ,b ! ess5tial is t ?is additional /imulus is rhy?mical1 & !re=e a re9=cem5t ( ! n]v\s activity1 & !re=e a light5+ & favorable condition ( "w itself4 ,s x is1 too1 t we c und]/& ! trem5d\s influ5ce ( rhy?m j among primitive peoples1 & ^? ( a l[ degree ( culture4 ,"w is h>d = savages1 n because bodily ef=t is h>d1 b because ! necess>y conc5tration ( att5tion is = !m almo/ impossible2 & ! m1 t 9 "w !y are unskill$1 & )\t good tools1 s t g5]ally e movem5t has to be especially att5d$ to4 ,n[ rhy?m 9 "w is especially direct$ to light5 t ef=t :i* !y feel z h>de/2 x re/s1 r5ews1 & frees ! att5tion4 ,rhy?m is helpful n prim>ily because x enables _m to "w toge!r by mak+ ef=t simultane\s1 b rhy?m re/s & enc\rages ! individual1 & work+ toge!r is mo/ naturally c>ri$ out 9 rhy?m4 ,to ?is explanation all ! o!r facts ( life-enhancem5t1 etc41 c be atta*$4 ,rhy?m is und\bt$ly favorable /imulation4 ,c x be br\ght "u ! full ae/hetic =mula ( favorable /imulation ) repose8 ,a rhy?m once e/abli%$ has bo? retrospective & prospective ref]5ce4 ,x looks be=e & aft]1 x b9ds toge!r ! fir/ & ! la/ mom5ts ( activity1 & c !re=e truly be said to return ^u itself1 s z to give a s5se ( equilibrium & repose4 ,b :5 we turn f ! fundam5tal facts ( simple rhy?m to ! ph5om5a ( art we f9d /raightway _m o!r problems4 ,x is safe to say t no s+le phrase ( music or l9e ( poetry is )\t v>iation2 m1 t a rhy?m )\t v>iation w\ld be highly disagreeable4 ,h[ mu/ we und]/& ^! facts8 ,x is impossible )9 ! natural limitations ( ?is *apt] to d m ?an glance at a few ( !m4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ ab\t ! rhy?mical exp]i5ce is t ! p]iod1 or gr\p1 is felt z a unit4 ,( ! numb] & relation ( individual beats con/itut+ a rhy?mical sequ5ce !re is no aw>5ess :atev] on ! "p ( ! ae/hetic subject4444,ev5 ! quality ( ! organic units may lapse f di/9ct consci\sness1 & only a feel+ ( ! =m ( ! :ole sequ5ce rema9s4#a ,yet ! slighte/ deviation f its =m is rem>k$4 ,secondly1 e v>iation creates n only a *ange 9 its own unit1 b a wave ( di/urbance all along ! l9e4 ,also1 e v>iation f ! type indicates a po9t ( acc5tual /ress2 ! syncopat$ measure1 = in/ance1 is always /rongly acc5t$4 ,all ^! facts w\ld seem to be connect$ ) ! view ( ! importance ( movem5t s5sations 9 build+ up ! gr\p feel+4 ,! end ( ea* rhy?m p]iod gives ! cue = ! beg9n+ ( ! next1 & ! muscle t5sions are coord9at$ )9 ea* gr\p2 s t ea* gr\p is really cont9u\s1 & w\ld naturally be felt z "o1--b be+ automatic1 w\ld n be p]ceiv$ 9 its sep>ate elem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is j automatic reaction1 a deviation f :i* is felt mo/ /rongly4 ,! syncopat$ measure has to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ pressure1 z x 71 & ?us by mak+ its pres5ce 9 consci\sness felt m /rongly1 x emphasizes ! fundam5tal rhy?m =m4 #a ,r4 ,mac,dougall1 ,! ,/ructure ( ,simple ,rhy?m ,=ms1 ,h>v4 ,psy*ol4 ,/udies1 vol4 i1 p4 #ccb4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! foll[+ passage f a te*nical treatise on expression 9 ! play+ ( music4 ,! ef=ts :i* feel+ makes to hold to444! %ape ( ! fir/ rhy?m1 ! =ce :i* x is necess>y to use to make x lose its desires & its habits1 & to impose o!rs on x1 are naturally express$ by an agitation1 t is1 by a cresc5do or great] int5sity ( s\nd1 by an accel]ation 9 movem5t4#a ,if a purely te*nical expression may be p>don$ "h1 x c\ld be said t ! motor image1#b t is1 ! coord9at$ muscul> t5sions :i* make ! gr\p feel+ ( ! fundam5tal rhy?m1 is always lat5t1 & becomes consci\s :5ev] any?+ conflicts ) x4 ,?us x is t we c und]/& ! trem5d\s rhy?mical consci\sness 9 t music :i* seems mo/ to contradict ! fundam5tal rhy?m1 z 9 negro melodies1 & rag-"t g5]ally2 & 9 g5]al1 ! liv5+ effect ( v>iation4 ,! motor t5sion1 ! set becomes felt ! mom5t !re is objective int]f]5ce--j z we feel ! rhy?m ( our go+ d[n/airs only :5 we fail to get ! s5sation we expect4 #a ,m4 ,lussy1 ,traite de l',expression ,musicale1 ,p>is1 #ahgd1 p4 #g4 #b ,ge/altsqualitat1 lit]ally =m-quality4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! motor image is ( trem5d\s significance1 z we %all see1 = ! :ole !ory ( music4 ,let x be suffici5t to note "h t expression1 9 ! =m ( ,ge/altsqualitat1 or motor image1 is1 z a pr9ciple1 suffici5t = ! explanation ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! exp]i5ce ( rhy?m4 ,,iii ,b we h dwelt too long on ! g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,al?\gh our examples h be5 drawn mo/ly f ! field ( music1 ! prec$+ pr9ciples apply to all k9ds ( rhy?m1 tactual & visual z well z auditory4 ,x is "t to %[ :y ! rhy?m out ( all comp>ison ! /ronge/1 mo/ compell+1 mo/ full ( emotional quality1 is ! rhy?m ( music4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t !re is especially close connection betwe5 s\nds & motor inn]vations4 ,all sorts ( s5sorial /imuli produce reflex contractions1 b ! auditory1 app>5tly1 to a mu* high] degree4 ,animals are excit$ to all sorts ( outbreaks by noise2 *ildr5 are less al>m$ by visual ?an by auditory impressions4 ,! fact t we dance to s\nd r ?an to ! wav+ ( a baton1 or rhy?mical fla%es ( light = in/ance--! fact t ?is second proposition is felt at once to be absurd1 %[s h[ intimately ! two are b\nd toge!r4 ,! irresi/ible effects ( dance1 m>tial music1 etc41 are trite commonplaces2 & ,i %all !re=e n heap up in/ances :i* c be suppli$ by e read] f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,n[ all ?is is n h>d to und]/&1 biologically4 ,! eye m$iat$ ! in=mation ( :at 0 f> en\gh away to be fl$ f1 or prep>$ =2 ! e> :at 0 likely to be ne>]1 unse51 & s m om9\s4 ,z m om9\s1 x w\ld h to be respond$ to 9 action m quickly4 ,s t if any s5se 0 to be 9 especially close connection ) ! motor c5tres1 x w\ld naturally be he>+4 ,! developm5t ( ! auditory functions po9ts to ! same close connection ( s\nd & movem5t4 ,s\nds affect u z tone1 & z impulse4 ,! primitive s5sation 0 "o ( impulse alone1 m$iat$ by ! %ake-organs4 ,^! %ake- organs at fir/ only gave in=mation ab\t ! attitude & movem5ts ( ! body1 & 7 connect$ ) motor c5tres s z to be able to ree/abli% equilibrium by means ( reflexes4 ,! orig9al %ake-organ develop$ into ! organs ( he>+ & ( equilibrium 7t is1 ! co*lea & ! semicircul> canals respectively71 b ^! 7 /ill side by side 9 ! inn] e>1 & ! close connection ) ! motor c5tres 0 n lo/4 ,anatomically1 ! auditory n]ve n only goes to ^? p>ts ( ! bra9 :5ce ! motor inn]vation emanates1 & to ! reflex c5tres 9 ! c]ebellum1 b passes close by ! vagus or pneumoga/ric n]ve1 :i* rules ! he>t & ! vasomotor functions4 ,we h !n multipli$ reasons = ! s+ul> effect ( s\nd on motor reactions1 & on ! o!r organic functions :i* h s mu* to d ) feel+ & emotion4 ,e s\nd-/imulus is !n mu* m ?an s\nd-s5sation4 ,x causes reflex contractions 9 ! :ole muscul> sy/em2 x sets up "s sort ( c>diac & vascul> excitation4 ,?is reaction is 9 g5]al 9 ! direction ( increas$ amplitude ( respiration1 b dim9ution ( ! pulse1 dep5d+ on a p]iph]al vaso-con/riction4 ,moreov]1 ?is vasomotor reaction is giv5 9 a melody or piece ( music1 n by its cont9uity1 b = e "o ( ! v>iations ( rhy?m1 key1 or int5sity1--:i* is ( int]e/ 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said ( ! lat5t motor image4 ,! ob/acle 9 syncopat$ rhy?m is physiologically translat$ z vaso-con/riction4 ,9 g5]al1 music induces c>diac accel]ation4 ,all ?is is ( value 9 %[+ h[ completely ! att5tion- motor !ory ( rhy?m applies to ! rhy?m ( s\nds4 ,s9ce s\nd is mu* m ?an s\nd1 b s\nd-s5sation1 movem5t1 & visc]al *ange toge!r1 we c see t ! rhy?mical exp]i5ce ( music is1 ev5 m lit]ally & completely ?an at fir/ appe>$1 an ,,embodi$ expectation4 ,no s5sorial rhy?m c\ld be s completely induc$ 9 ! psy*ological organism z ! s\nd-rhy?m4 ,9 li/5+ to music1 we see h[ x is t we ourselves1 body & s\l1 seem to be ,,9 ! rhy?m4 ,we make x1 & we wait to make x4 ,! satisfaction ( our expectation is l ! satisfaction ( a bodily desire or ne$2 no1 n l x1 x ,,is t4 ,! conditions & causes ( rhy?m & our pleasure 9 x are m deeply seat$ ?an language1 cu/om1 ev5 in/9ct2 !y are 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal functions ( life4 ,?is elem5t ( music1 at lea/1 seems n to h aris5 z a natural language4 ,,iv ,! facts ( ! relations ( tones1 ! elem5ts1 t is1 ( melody & h>mony1 are z foll[s4 ,we _c avoid ! obs]vation t c]ta9 tones g toge!r1 z ! phrase is1 :ile o!rs d n4 ,?is peculi> impression ( belong+ toge!r is kn[n z consonance1 or h>mony4 ,! int]vals ( ! octave1 ! fif?1 ! ?ird1 = in/ance1 t is1 ,c-,c'1 ,c-,g1 ,c-,e1 9 ! diatonic scale1 are h>moni\s2 :ile ! int]val ( ! second1 ,c-,d1 is said to be dissonant4 ,consonance1 h[ev]1 is n id5tical ) pleas+ness1 = diff]5t comb9ations are sometimes pleas+1 sometimes displeas+4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( music we "k t ! octave 0 to ! ,greeks ! mo/ pleas+ comb9ation1 to m$ieval musicians ! fif?1 :ile to u1 ! ?ird1 :i* 0 once a =bidd5 *ord1 is p]haps mo/ delightful4 ,yet we %\ld nev] d\bt t ! octave is ! mo/ consonant1 ! fif? & ! ?ird ! less] consonant ( comb9ations4 ,we see1 ?us1 t consonance1 :atev] its nature1 is indep5d5t ( hi/ory2 & we mu/ seek = its explanation 9 ! nature ( ! auditory process4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 propos$4 ,t ( ,helmholtz has held ! field s long t1 al?\gh weighty objections h be5 rais$ to x1 x mu/ /ill be treat$ ) respect4 ,9 introduc+ x a %ort review ( ! famili> facts ( ! physics & physiology ( he>+ may n be out ( place4 ,! vibration rates p] second ( ! vibrat+ bodies1 /r+s1 /eel rods1 etc41 :i* produce ^? musical tones :i* are consonant1 are 9 def9ite & small ma!matical ratios to ea* o!r4 ,?us ! rates ( ,c-,c' are z #a3b2 ( ,c-,g1 ,c-,e1 z #b3c1 #d3e4 ,9 g5]al1 ! simpl] ! fraction1 ! great] ! consonance4 ,b no sonor\s body vibrates 9 "o s+le rate2 a taut /r+ vibrates z a :ole1 :i* gives its fundam5tal tone1 b also 9 halves1 9 f\r?s1 etc41 ea* giv+ out a weak] p>tial tone1 9 h>mony ) ! fundam5tal4 ,& accord+ to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* a sonor\s body divides1 t is1 accord+ to ! diff]5t comb9ation ( p>tial tones peculi> to x1 is its especial quality ( tone1 or timbre4 ,! :ole complex ( fundam5tal & p>tial tones is :at we popul>ly speak ( z a tone1--m te*nically a clang4 ,^! physical agitations or vibrations are transmitt$ to ! air4 ,omitt+ ! acc\nt ( ! anatomical pa? by :i* !y rea* ! inn] e>1 we f9d !m at la/ sett+ up vibrations 9 a _m-fibr$ membrane1 ! basil> membrane1 :i* is 9 direct connection ) ! ends ( ! auditory n]ve4 ,x is suppos$ t to e possible rate ( vibration1 t is1 e possible tone1 or p>tial tone1 !re corresponds a fibre ( ! basil> membrane fitt$ by its l5g? to vibrate syn*ron\sly ) ! orig9al wave-elem5ts4 ,! complex wave is ?us analyz$ into its con/itu5ts4 ,n[ :5 two tones1 :i* we w = cle>ness suppose to be simple1 unaccompani$ by p>tial tones1 s\nd+ toge!r1 h vibration rates 9 simple ratios to ea* o!r1 ! air- waves set 9 motion d n int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 b comb9e into a complex b homog5e\s wave4 ,if !y h to ea* o!r a complicat$ ratio1 su* z #ejj3ejd1 ! air- waves w n only n coalesce1 b f\r times 9 ! second ! ?r\gh ( "o wave w meet ! cre/ ( ! o!r1 ?us mak+ ! algebraic sum z]o1 & produc+ ! s5sation ( a mom5t>y /oppage ( ! s\nd4 ,:5 ^! /oppages1 or beats1 z !y are call$1 are too num]\s to be he>d sep>ately1 z 9 ! int]val1 say1 #ejj3edg1 ! effect is ( a disagreeable r\ghness ( tone1 & ?is we call discord4 ,9 o!r words1 any tones :i* d n produce beats are h>moni\s1 or h>mony is ! abs5ce ( discord4 ,9 ! words ( ,helmholtz1#a consonance is a cont9u\s1 dissonance an int]mitt5t1 tone-s5sation4 #a ,lehre v4d4 ,tonempf9dung51 p4 #cgj1 9 #d? edition4 ,aside f ! fact t consonance1 z a psy*ological fact1 seems positive1 :ile ?is det]m9ation is negative1 two v important facts c be set up 9 opposition4 ,z a result ( exp]im5tal inve/igation1 we "k t ! impression ( consonance c accompany ! int]mitt5t or r\gh s\nd- s5sations we "k z beat+ tones2 &1 conv]sely1 tones c be dissonant :5 ! possibility ( beats is remov$4 ,briefly1 x is possible to make beats )\t dissonance1 & dissonance )\t beats4 ,! o!r explanation makes consonance due to ! id5tity ( p>tial tones4 ,:5 two tones h "o or m p>tial tones 9 common !y are said to be relat$2 ! am\nt ( id5tity gives ! degree ( relation%ip4 ,physiologically1 "o or m basil> membrane fibres are excit$ by bo?1 & ?is fact gives ! positive feel+ ( relation%ip or consonance4 ,( c\rse ! obvi\s objection to ?is view is t ! two tones %\ld be felt z diff]5tly consonant :5 /ruck on in/rum5ts :i* give diff]5t p>tial tones1 su* z organ & piano1 :ile 9 fact !y are n s felt4 ,b x is n aft] all ess5tial to ! ae/hetics ( music t ! physiological basis ( h>mony %\ld be fully und]/ood4 ,! po9t is t c]ta9 tones d inde$ seem to be preorda9$ to congruity1 preorda9$ ei!r 9 _! physical con/itution or _! physiological relations1 & n to h a*iev$ congruity by use or cu/om4 ,consonance is an imm$iate & fundam5tal impression1--psy*ologically an ultimate fact4 ,t x is ultimate is emphasiz$ by ,/umpf#a 9 8 !ory ( ,fusion4 ,consonance is fusion1 t is1 unit>y impression4 ,fusion is n id5tical ) inability to di/+ui% two tones f ea* o!r 9 a *ord1 al?\gh ?is may be us$ z a measure ( fusion4 ,consonance is ! feel+ ( unity1 & fusion is ! mutual relation ( tones :i* gives t feel+4 #a ,beitrage zur ,aku/ik u4 ,musikwiss5s*aft1 ,heft ,i1 ,konsonanz u4 ,dissonanz1 #ahih4 ,! /rik+ fact ( mod]n music is ! pr9ciple ( tonality4 ,tonality is said to be pres5t 9 a piece ( music :5 e elem5t 9 x is ref]r$ to1 gets its significance f its relation to1 a fundam5tal tone1 ! tonic4 ,! tonic is ! beg9n+ & l[e/ note 9 ! scale 9 "q1 & all notes & *ords are und]/ood accord+ to _! place 9 t scale4 ,b ! conception ( ! scale ( c\rse does n cov] ! gr\nd1 x m]ely furni%es ! po9t ( dep>ture1-- ! ess5tial is 9 ! ref]5ce ( e elem5t to ! fundam5tal tone4 ,! tonic is ! c5tre ( gravity ( a melody4 ,! feel+ ( tonality grew up z foll[s4 ,e "o 0 ref]r$ to a fundam5tal1 :e!r or n x made ) x an h>moni\s int]val4 ,! fundam5tal 0 imag$ ,,toge!r ,,) e o!r note1 & :5 a gr\p ( su* ref]5ces (t5 appe>$ toge!r1 ! feel+s b\nd up ) ! s+le ref]5ce 7int]val-feel+s7 fus$ into a s+le feel+1-- ! tonality-feel+4 ,:5 ?is po9t is once rea*$1 x is cle> t e tone is he>d n z itself alone1 b 9 its relations2 x is n t we judge ( tonality1 x is a direct impression1 bas$ on a psy*ological pr9ciple t we h already t\*$ on 9 ! !ory ( rhy?m4 ,! tonality- feel+ is a feel+ ( =m1 or motor image1 j z ! %ape ( objects is a motor image4 ,we d n n[ ne$ to g ?r\gh all possible exp]i5ces 9 relation to ^! objects1 we ,,possess _! =m 9 a sy/em ( motor images1 :i* are !mselves only motor cues = coord9at$ movem5ts4 ,s e tone is felt z some?+ at a c]ta9 di/ance f1 ) a c]ta9 relation to1 ano!r tone :i* is dimly imag9$4 ,9 foll[+ a melody1 ! notes are able to belong toge!r = u by virtue ( ! backgr\nd ( ! tone to :i* !y are relat$1 & 9 t]ms ( :i* !y are he>d4 ,! tonality is inde$ lit]ally a fund$ cont5t1--t is1 a fund$ capital ( relation4 ,^! are ! g5]al facts ( tonality4 ,b :at is its mean+ = ! nature ( music8 ,:y %\ld all notes be ref]r$ to "o8 ,is ?is1 too1 an ultimate psy*ological fact8 ,9 answ] !re may be po9t$ out ! orig9al basic quality ( c]ta9 tones1 & ! desire we h to return to !m4 ,( two successive tones1 x is always ! "o :i* is1 9 ! ratio ( _! vibration rates1 a p[] ( two1 ) :i* we wi% to end4#a ,:5 nei!r ( two successive tones conta9s a p[] ( two1 we h no pref]5ce z to ! end+4 ,?us d5ot+ any tone by #a1 x is always to #a or #b1 or #bn t we wi% to return1 f any o!r possible tone2 :ile #c & #e1 #e & #g1 leave u indiff]5t z to _! succession4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 two tones are relat$1 z #bn3#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #ae--;9 :i* #bn d5otes e p[] ( two1 includ+ #bo#a1 ) ! progression f ! fir/ to ! second1 !re is b\nd up a t5d5cy to return to ! fir/4 ,?us ! fundam5tal fact ( melodic sequ5ce may be said to be ! primacy ( #b 9 vibration rates4 ,b #bn1 9 a scale conta9+ #c1 #e1 etc41 is always :at we "k z ! tonic4 ,! tonic1 !n1 gives a s5se ( equilibrium1 ( re/1 ( f9ality1 :ile to end on ano!r tone gives a feel+ ( re/lessness or /riv+4 ,n[ tone-relation%ip alone1 x is cle>1 w\ld n ( itself involve ?is imm$iate impulse to end a sequ5ce ( notes on "o r ?an on ano!r4 ,nor is tonality1 9 ! all- p]vasive s5se 9 :i* we und]/& x1 a *>act]i/ic ( anci5t1 or ( m$iaeval music1 :ile ! t5d5cy to end on a c]ta9 tone1 :i* we %\ld to-day call ! tonic1 0 always felt4 ,?us1 s9ce complete tonality 0 develop$ late 9 ! hi/ory ( music1 :ile ! clos+ on ! tonic 0 c]ta9ly prior to x1 ! f9ality ( ! tonic w\ld seem to be ! prim>y fact1 out ( :i* ! o!r has be5 develop$4 ,we speak to-day1 = in/ance1 ( dissonant *ords1 :i* call = a resolution--& are incl9$ to int]pret !m z dissonant j because !y d s call4 ,b ! desire = resolution is hi/orically mu* lat] ?an ! di/9ction betwe5 consonance & dissonance4444 ,:at we call resolution is n *ange f dissonant to consonant ,,9 ,,g5]al1 b ! transition ( def9ite tones ( a dissonant int]val into ,,def9ite ,,tones ( a consonant4#a ,! dissonance comes f ! device ( gett+ v>iety1 9 polyphonic music1 by lett+ "s p>ts lag beh9d1 & ! discords :i* arose :ile !y 7 cat*+ up 7 resolv$ 9 ! f9al com+ toge!r2 b ! ,,/eps 7 all ,,pr$et]m9$4#b ,resolution 0 inevitably impli$ by ! v pr9ciple on :i* ! device is f\nd$4 ,t is1 ! und]/&+ ( a *ord z some?+ ,,to ,,be ,,resolv$1 is inde$ "p ( ! feel+ ( tonality2 b ! end+ on ! tonic 0 t out ( :i* ?is resolution- feel+ grew4 #a ,/umpf1 op4 ,cit41 p4 #cc4 #b ,grove1 ,dict4 ,( ,music & ,musicians4 ,art4 ,resolution4 ,mu/ we1 !n1 say t ! f9ality ( ! tonic is a unique1 inexplicable ph5om5on8 giv+ up ! nature ( melody z a problem if n insoluble1 at lea/ unsolv$8 ,! feel+ ( f9ality 9 ! return to #bn is expla9$ by ,lipps & 8 foll[]s1 f ! fact t ! two-division is mo/ natural1 & s tones ( #bn vibrations w\ld h ! "* ( re/ & equilibrium4 ,?is explanation might hold if we 7 ev] consci\s ( ! two-division z su*1 9 tones --:i* we are n2 s t x w\ld seem to dep5d on ! re/ful "* ( a p]ception :i* by hypo!sis is nev] pres5t to ! m9d at all4 ,! exp]i5ce is1 on ! contr>y1 imm$iate1--an impression1 n a p]ception2 & ?is imm$iacy po9ts to ! "o ultimate fact 9 musical feel+ we h s f> discov]$4 ,! :ole developm5t ( ! scale1 & ! complex feel+ ( tonality1 is an expression ( ! desire = consonance4 ,e *ange & correction 9 ! scale has gone to make e note m consonant ) its neighbors4 ,& naturally ! tonic is ! tone ) :i* all o!r tones h ! mo/ unity4 ,n[ ?is return ph5om5on is a simpl] case ( ! desire = ! feel+ ( unity4 ,! tonic is ! epitome ( all ! mo/ p]fect feel+s ( consonance or unity :i* are possible 9 any p>ticul> sequ5ce ( tones1 & is !re=e ! goal or re/+-place aft] an excursion4 ,! und\bt$ feel+ ( equilibrium or repose :i* we h 9 end+ on ! tonic is ?us expla9$4 ,n t consonance itself1 ! feel+ ( unity1 is expla9$4 ,b at any rate consonance is ! root ( ! return1 & ( its developm5t into complete tonality4 ,! hi/ory ( music is !n ! explicit developm5t ( ac\/ic laws implicit 9 e /age ( musical feel+4 ,t feel+ cov]s an ev] wid] field4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,had[ says t ! t]ms concord & discord are :olly relative to ! e> ( ! li/5]1#a & t ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is n to be expla9$ on any ma!matical basis1 or by any a priori law ( ac\/ics1--t x is n because a m9or second is ugly t we dislike x1 = x w be a concord "s day1--he is only p>tly "r4 ,! m9or second may be a concord1 t is1 we may l x1 "s day2 b t w be because w h ext5d$ our feel+ ( tonality to include ! m9or second4 ,:5 t day comes ! m9or second w be s closely l9k$ ) o!r fully consonant comb9ations t we %all he> x 9 t]ms ( !m1 j z to-day we he> ! *ord ( ! dom9ant sev5? 9 t]ms ( its resolution4 ,b ! basis w n be conv5tion or cu/om1 except 9 s f> z cu/om is ! unfold+ ( natural law4 ,! c\rse ( music1 l t ( e o!r art1 is away f arbitr>y--?\gh simple--conv5tion1 to a complexity :i* satisfies ! natural dem&s ( ! organism4 ,! natural p]suasion ( ! e> is omnipot5t4 #a ,w4,h4 ,had[1 ,/udies 9 ,mod]n ,music1 #ahic4 ,v ,x has be5 said t ! feel+ ( tonality is a motor image or =m-quality & t ! image ( ! tonic p]si/s ?r\gh\t e sequ5ce ( tones 9 a melody4 ,n[ ^! are n only felt z hav+ a c]ta9 relation to ! tonic2 t relation is an active "o4 ,x 0 said t we _h a positive desire to end on a c]ta9 tone1 & t a t5d5cy to pass to t tone 0 b\nd up ) ! he>+ ( ano!r tone4 ,! degree ( ?is t5d5cy is det]m9$ by _! relation4 ,! key1 ! tonality1 is det]m9$ by ! cons5sus ( int]vals :i* h be5 felt z m or less consonant4 ,!n /eps 9 ?is scale :i* come ne> to ! great sali5t po9ts--t is1 ! po9ts ( greate/ consonance1 :i* is unity1 :i* is re/--are felt z sugge/+ !m4 ,?is is ! reason :y a semitone progression is felt z s compell+4 ,9 tak+ ! scale upw>d1 ,c to ,c'1 t elem5t 9 ! tone- ,space already cle>ly =e%ad[$ by ! previ\s tones is ,c'2 ,b is s ne> t x is almo/ ,c'--x seems to cry al\d to be complet$ by ,c'4 ,!n ! t5d5cy to move f ,b to ,c' is especially /rong4 ,9 ! same way a *romatic note sugge/s mo/ /rongly ! sali5t po9t 9 ! s*eme to :i* x is ne>e/--& t5ds to x z to a po9t ( comp>ative re/4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! major & m9or scales may be f\nd 9 ! less] def9it5ess#a ) :i* ! t5d5cy to progression1 9 ! latt]1 is felt--a condition ( hov]+1 a k9d ( ambiguity1 ( d\bt1 to :i* side ! movem5t %all proce$4 ,we may !n und]/& a melody z ev] t5d+ ) v>i\s degrees ( urg5cy1 ( /ra91 to its c5tre ( gravity1 ! tonic4 #a ,f4 ,we9mann1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,psy*ol41 ,bd4 #ce1 p4 #cfj4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t we c see ! cog5cy ( ,gurney's rem>k1 t :5 music seems to be ye>n+ = unutt]able ?+s1 x is really ye>n+ only = ! next note4 ,9 ?is /ep f ! /ate ( re/ into movem5t & return1 ! com+ aga9 to re/2 on :at circuit\s ways1 ) :at reluctances & hesitations2 :e!r quick & decisively or gradually & unnotic$--!re9 consi/s ! nature ( melody4#a #a ,we9mann1 op4 cit4 ,or 9 ,gurney's m eloqu5t description1 ,! melody may beg9 by press+ its way ?r\gh a sweetly yield+ resi/ance to a gradually =ese5 climax2 :5ce aga9 fre% expectation is br$1 p]haps = ano!r excursion1 z x 71 r\nd ! same c5tre b ) a bold] & fre] sweep1444to a po9t :]e aga9 ! motive is susp5d$ on ano!r tempor>y goal2 till aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( su* involutions & evolutions1 & ( delicately pois$ lean+s & reluctances & yield+s1 ! =ces s accurately measur$ j suffice to br+ x home1 & ! s5se ( pot5tial & com+ integration :i* has und]la9 all our provisional adju/m5ts ( expectation is triumphantly ju/ifi$4#a #a ,op4 cit41 p4 #afe4 ,?is %\ld n be tak5 z a m or less poetical acc\nt "u ! metaphor ( motion4 ,^! lean+s are lit]al 9 ! s5se t "o note does imply ano!r z its natural complem5t & satisfaction & we seek to rea* or make x4 ,! /riv+ is an intr9sic elem5t1 n a by-product = our und]/&+4 ,!re is ano!r po9t to note4 ,! s5se ( pot5tial & com+ integration is a /rong factor ( melody4 ,if x _c be said t ! fir/ note implies ! la/1 x is at lea/ true t f po9t to po9t ! next /ep is dimly =ese51 & ?is effect is cumulative4 ,if melody is an ev]-h9d]$ /riv+ = ! goal1 at lea/ ! h9drances !mselves are /ations on ! way1 ea* "o z ov]come add+ to ! f9al mom5tum ) :i* ! goal is rea*$4 ,x is l an accumulation ( evid5ce1 a con/ellation ( associations4 ,,ab =etells ,c2 b ,,abcdef ru%es yet m /rongly ^u ,g4 ,s x is t ! irresi/ibl5ess1 ! unalt]able rightness ( a piece ( music increases f beg9n+ to end4 ,! significance ( ?is ess5tial int]nal necessity ( progression _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,! unalt]able rightness ( music is f\nd$ on natural ac\/ic laws1 & ?is rightness is fundam5tal4 ,a melody is n "r because x is beautiful1 x is beautiful because x is "r4 ,! natural t5d5cies po9t out diff]5t pa?s to ! goal2 & ?us diff]5t ways ( be+ beautiful2 b ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 po9t & po9t1 ! nature ( ! progression1 t is1 ! nature ( melody1 is ! same4 ,up to ?is po9t we h consi/5tly ab/ract$ f ! elem5t ( rhy?m 9 melody4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to d s4 ,! individuality ( a melody is absolutely dep5d5t on its rhy?m1 t is1 on ! relative "t-value ( its tones4 ,gurney has devot$ "s amus+ pages to %[+ ! trivial1 dragg+1 lu/reless tunes t result f ev] s slight a *ange 9 ! rhy?m ( noble !mes1 or ev5 9 ! di/ribution ( rhy?mical elem5ts )9 ! b>4 ,! reason = ?is is evid5t4 ,! nature ( melody 9 ! s5se ( sequ5ce consi/s 9 ! v>i$ answ]s to ! dem&s ( ! e> z felt at ea* successive po9t4 ,n[ x is cle> t su* answ] c be emphasiz$1 giv5 indiff]5tly1 held 9 susp5se1 9 %ort1 subject$ to all k9ds ( v>iation z well by ! rhy?mical =m into :i* x is ca/1 z by ! diff]5t *oice ( possibilities = ! tone itself4 ,! rhy?m helps out ! melody n only by add+ to x an indep5d5tly pleas+ elem5t1 b1 & ?is is inde$ ! ess5tial1 by re9=c+ ! intr9sic relations ( ! notes !mselves4 ,?us x is 9 ! highe/ degree true t 9 melody & rhy?m we d n h cont5t & =m1 b t1 /rictly speak+1 ! melody is tone-sequ5ce 9 rhy?m4 ,! intimate bondage ( tone-sequ5ce & rhy?m is gr\nd$ 9 ! id5tity ( _! inn] nature2 bo? are v>ieties ( ! objective conditions ( embodi$ expectation4 ,x is n ( ! ess5ce ( music to satisfy explicit & consci\s expectation--to satisfy ! und]/&+4 ,x meets on ! contr>y a subconsci\s1 automatic ne$ :i* becomes consci\s only 9 ! mom5t ( its cont5t+4 ,e mom5t ( progress 9 a beautiful melody is hail$ l an in/9ctive action p]=m$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,rhy?m is ! ideal satisfaction ( att5tion 9 g5]al ) all its bodily concomitants & expressions4 ,tone-sequ5ce is ! satisfaction ( att5tion direct$ to auditory dem&s4 ,b ! =m-quality ( rhy?m1 ! =m-quality ( tonality1 is an all b subconsci\s possession4 ,toge!r1 re9=c+ ea* o!r 9 melody1 !y furni% ! ideal arrangem5t ( ! mo/ poignant ( s5se- /imulations4 ,,vi ,x is /range t ^? :o w\ld accept ! g5]al facts ( musical logic z outl9$ above d n p]ceive t !y h !reby cut away ! gr\nd f "u ! feet ( ! natural language argum5t4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( *oice 9 ! progress ( a melody is tone-relation%ip1 ! pr9ciple ( *oice _c also be ! cad5ces ( ! speak+ voice4 ,t musical int]vals (t5 ,,recall ! speak+ voice is ano!r matt]1 z we h said1 & to ?is x may be add$ t !y mu* m (t5 d n4 ,! "q "h is only ( ! primacy ( ! pr9ciple4 ,?us x w\ld seem t ! facts ( musical /ructure con/itute 9 !mselves a refutation ( ! view we h disput$4 ,to say t music arose 9 height5$ spee* is irrelevant2 = ! occasion ( an ae/hetic ph5om5on is nev] its cause4 ,x might z well be said t music arose 9 economic conditions1-- z inde$ ,grosse1 9 8 ,anfange d] ,kun/1 conclusively %[s1 )\t attempt+ to make ?is social occasion intrude into ! nature ( ! ph5om5on4 ,primitive decorative art arose 9 ! imitation ( ! totemic or clan symbols1 mo/ly animal =ms2 b we h se5 t ! ae/hetic quality ( ! decoration is due to ! dem&s ( ! eye1 & appe>s fully only 9 ! comp>ative degradation ( ! repres5tative =m4 ,9 exactly ! same way might we consid] ! degradation ( spee* cad5ces into real music1--suppos+ ?is 7 really ! orig9 ( music4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! be/ au?orities seem to be agre$ t ! primitive dance-song 0 r a monoton\s1 mean+less *ant1 & t ! orig9al pit*- elem5ts 7 me*anically suppli$ by ! fir/ musical in/rum5ts2 ^! be+ at fir/ m]ely = noise1 & becom+ truly vibrat+1 sonor\s bodies because !y 7 m easily /ruck if !y 7 h>d or taut4 ,! musical tones :i* ^! h>d vibrat+ bodies gave out 7 ! fir/ det]m9ations ( pit*1 & ( ! elem5ts ( ! scale1 :i* correspond to ! natural p>tial vibrations ( su* bodies4 ,! human voice1 ,wallas*ek#a tells u1 equally admits ( any p5tatonic or heptatonic int]vals1 & v likely we %\ld nev] h got regul> scales if we _h dep5d$ ^u ! e> & voice only4 ,! fir/ unique cause to settle ! type ( a regul> scale is ! in/rum5t4 ,to ?is mat]ial we h to apply only t natural p]suasion ( ! e> :i* we h already expla9$1 to acc\nt = ! full developm5t ( music4 #a ,primitive ,music1 #ahic1 p4 #aef4 ,! beauty ( music1 9 s f> z beauty is id5tical ) pleasantness1 consi/s 9 its satisfaction ( ! dem&s ( ! e>1 & ( ! :ole psy*ophysical organism z connect$ ) ! e>4 ,x is n[ "t to return to a ?read dropp$ at ! beg9n+4 ,x 0 said t a common way ( settl+ ! musical exp]i5ce 0 to make musical beauty ! object ( p]ception1 & musical expression ! object1 or s\rce1 ( emotion4 ,?is view seems to atta* itself to all %ades ( !ory4 ,hanslick always contra/s intellectual activity z atta*+ to ! =m1 & emotion z atta*+ to ! s5su\s mat]ial 7t is1 ! physical effects ( motion1 l\d or s(t s\nd1 tempo1 etc474 ,he speaks ( ! ae/hetic crit]ion ( ,,intellig5t gratification4 ,! truly musical li/5] has 8 att5tion absorb$ by ! p>ticul> =m & "* ( ! composition1 ! unique position :i* ! ,,intellectual ,,elem5t 9 music occupies 9 relation to ,,=ms & ,,sub/ance 7subject74 ,m4 ,dauriac 9 ! same way sep>ates ! emotion ( music#a z a product ( n]v\s excitations1 f ! appreciation ( x z beautiful4 ,x is probably t ! pleasure caus$ by rhy?m & color prevails ) a pretty l>ge numb]1 ) ! greate/ numb]1 ov] ! pleasure 9 ! musical =m1 pleasure too exclusively ,,psy*ological = "o to be cont5t ) x alone4444,! musical s5se implies ! intellig5ce4444,! !ory444applies to a great numb] ( sonor\s s5sations1 & n at all to any musical p]ceptions4 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,had[#b tells u t x is ! duty ( ! musician n to flatt] ! s5se ) an empty complim5t ( s\nd1 b to rea* ?r\gh s5sation to ! m5tal faculties )94 ,& aga9 we read ! art ( ! compos] is 9 a s5se ! discov]y & exposition ( ! ,,intelligible relations 9 ! multif>i\s mat]ial at 8 comm&4#c #a ,le ,plaisir et l',emotion ,musicale1 ,rev4 ,philos41 ,tome #db1 ,no4 #g4 #b ,op4 cit41 p4 #dg4 #c ,grove's ,dict4 ,art4 ,relation%ip4 ,n[ x is n h>d to see h[ ?is anti!sis has come ab\t4 ,b t ! "w ( a ma/] is always capable ( logical analysis does n prove t our appreh5sion ( x is a logical act4 ,& ! prec$+ discussion has :olly fail$ to make its po9t1 if x is n n[ cle> t ! musical exp]i5ce is an impression & n a judgm5t2 t ! feel+ ( tonality is n a judgm5t ( tonality1 & t ?\gh ! ae/hetic enjoym5t ( music ext5ds only to ^? limits )9 :i* ! feel+ ( tonality is active1 t feel+ is m likely ?an n to be q un9telligible to ! li/5]4 ,inde$1 if x 7 n s1 we %\ld h to re/rict1 by hypo!sis1 ! enjoym5t ( music to ^? able to give a te*nical report ( :at !y he>1--:i* is notori\sly at odds ) ! facts4 ,t psy*ologi/ is q "r :o holds#a t psy*ology1 9 lay+ d[n a pr9ciple expla9+ ! actual effect ( a musical piece1 is n ju/ifi$ 9 conf9+ itself to skill$ musicians & tak+ no notice ( m ?an n9e t5?s ( ^? :o li/5 to ! piece4 ,b on ! und]/&+ t ! tonality-feel+ acts subconsci\sly1 t our satisfaction ) ! progression ( notes is unexpla9$ by ! laws ( ac\/ics & association1 we are enabl$ to br+ )9 ! circle ( ^? :o h ! musical exp]i5ce ev5 ^? n9e t5?s ^: intellects are n actively p>ticipant4 #a ,laz>us1 ,das ,leb5 d] ,seele1 ii1 p4 #cbc4 ,! fact is t musical =m1 9 ! s5se ( /ructure1 balance1 symmetry1 & proportion 9 ! arrangem5t ( phrases1 & 9 ! contra/+ ( h>monies & keys1 is diff]5t f ! musical =m :i* is felt intimately1 intr9sically1 z ! desir$1 ! dem&$ progress f "o note to ano!r4 ,/ructure is inde$ p]ceiv$1 und]/ood1 enjoy$ z an ord]ly unifi$ arrangem5t4 ,=m is felt z an imm$iate joy4 ,/ructure x is :i* _m critics h 9 m9d :5 !y speak ( =m1 & x is ! confusion betwe5 ! two :i* makes su* an anti!sis ( musical beauty & s5su\s mat]ial possible4 ,! real musical beauty1 x is cle>1 is 9 ! melodic idea2 9 ! sequ5ce ( tones :i* are indissolubly "o1 :i* are felt toge!r1 "o ( :i* _c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,musical beauty is 9 ! intr9sic musical =m4 ,& yet "h1 too1 we mu/ admit1 t1 9 ! la/ analysis1 /ructure & =m ne$ n be diff]5t4 ,! p]fect /ructure w be su* a unity t x1 too1 w be ,,felt z "o--n only ! ord]ly di/ribution ( h>monies & keys 9 su* a mann] t ! m9d c realize ! concat5ation z a complete & di/9ct "w ( art4 ,! ideal musical consci\sness w\ld h an ideally great range2 x w\ld n only realize ! concat5ation1 b x w\ld take x 9 z "o takes 9 a s+le phrase1 a simple tune1 reta9+ x f fir/ n to la/4 ,! ord9>y musical consci\sness has m]ely a mu* %ort] brea?4 ,x c feel an air1 a movem5t2 x _c feel a symphony1 x c only p]ceive ! relation ( keys & h>monies !re94 ,) repeat$ he>+1 /udy1 exp]i5ce1 ?is span ( beauty may be indef9itely ext5d$--9 ! individual1 z 9 ! race4 ,b no "o w d5y t ! direct exp]i5ce ( beauty1 ! s+le ae/hetic ?rill1 is measur$ exactly by ! l5g? ( ?is span4 ,x is only g5ius--he>] or compos]--:o c op]ate a longue hale9e4 ,s x is t we mu/ und]/& ! developm5t 9 musical =m f ! cut & dri$ sonata =m to ! wayw>d yet inf9itely great] beauty ( ,bee?ov52 & !nce to ! free =ms ( mod]n music4 ,inf9ite melody is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 because :5 ! fir/ t]m _c be pres5t 9 consci\sness ) ! la/ !re is no?+ to control & direct ! progression2 & our musical memory is limit$4 ,yet we c conceive1 !oretically1 ! possibility ( an indef9ite wid5+ ( ! memory4 ,x 0 on "s su* gr\nds z ^! t ,poe laid d[n 8 fam\s ,poetic ,pr9ciple1--t a long poem does n exi/2 t a long poem is simply a flat contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,he says1 inde$1 t because elevat+ excitem5t1 ! end ( a poem1 is ?r\gh a psy*ical necessity transi5t1 !re=e no poem %\ld be long] ?an ! natural t]m ( su* excitem5t4 ,x is cle>ly possible to sub/itute = elevat+ excitem5t1 imm$iate musical feel+ ( ! individual4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( feel+1 impression1 "h8 ,x is ! p[] ( ent]+ into a ,ge/altsqualitat-- a motor gr\p1 a s*eme 9 :i* e elem5t is ! me*anical cue to ! foll[+4 ,beauty ceases = ! he>] :]e ?is c>ry+ p[]1 ! fund$ capital ( tone- l9k+s ceases4 ,9 j ! same way1 if rhy?m 7 a p]ception r ?an an impression1 we ought to be able to appreh5d a rhy?m ( :i* ! unit p]iods 7 h\rs4 ,yet we may s bridge ov] ! mom5ts ( beauty 9 exp]i5ce t we are enabl$1 )\t /ret*+ to a break+-po9t1 to speak ( a symphony or an op]a z a s+le beautiful "w ( art4 ,,vii ,b :at ( ! difficulties :i* su* a !ory mu/ meet8 ,! mo/ obvi\s "o is ! %ort life ( musical works4 ,if musical beauty is f\nd$ 9 natural laws1 :y does music s quickly gr[ old8 ,! answ] is t music is a ph5om5on ( expectation z f\nd$ on ^! natural laws4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( "o note to progress to ano!r :i* is ! basis ( ! vividness ( our exp]i5ce4 ,we expect1 inde$1 :at belongs objectively to ! developm5t ( a melody1 b only t p>ticul> v>iety ( progression to :i* we h become accu/om$4 ,s x is t music :i* pres5ts only ! old1 simple progressions gives ! greate/ s5se ( ease1 b ! lea/ s5se ( ef=t--! ideal motion n be+ h9d]$ on its way4 ,int5sity1 vividness1 w\ld be felt :]e ! progression is less obvi\s1 b felt z fitt+ 9 :5 x is once made2 & :]e x is n obvi\s at all--:]e ! l9k is n felt1 a s5se ( dissatisfaction & re/lessness arises4 ,s x is ) music :i* we "k by he>t4 ,x is n t we "k ea* note1 & s expect x1 b t x is felt z necess>ily issu+ out ( ! prec$+4 ,a piece ( poor music1 really het]og5e\s & unconnect$1 might be ?or\ghly famili>1 & yet nev]1 9 ?is s5se1 felt z ,,satisfy+ expectation4 ,9 ! same way1 music 9 :i* ! progressions 7 g]mane to ! exi/+ tonality-feel+1 :ile /ill n absolutely obvi\s1 w\ld n be less quick5+ to ! musical s5se1 ev5 if le>n$ by he>t4 ,x is cle> t !re is an ext]nal & an int]nal expectation--"o1 impos$ by memory1 = ! p>ticul> piece2 ! o!r con/itut$ p>tly by intr9sic int]nal relations1 p>tly by ! degree to :i* ^! int]nal relations h be5 exploit$4 ,t is1 ! possibility ( musical expectation1 & pleasure 9 its satisfaction1 is condition$ by ! possession ( a tonality- feel+ :i* cov]s ! con/itu5ts ( ! piece ( music1 b :i* has n become absolutely me*anical 9 its action4 ,j z rhy?m ne$s an ob/acle to make ! /ructure felt1 s melody ne$s "s v>iation f ! obvi\s set ( relations already won & possess$4 ,if t possession is too complete1 ! melody becomes z /ale & un9t]e/+ z w\ld a #c-d rhy?m )\t a *ange or a break4 ,! te/ ( g5ius 9 music1 ( ! wid? & dep? ( ma/]y1 is to be able to become famili> )\t ceas+ to be /range4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 9 music to be great is always to be misund]/ood1 x is no less true1 "h z else:]e1 t to be misund]/ood is n always to be great4 ,& music may be m]ely /range1 & pass into oblivion1 )\t ev] hav+ pass$ t /age ( surpris$ & delight$ acceptance :i* is ! te/ ( its tru? to fundam5tal laws4 ,b h[ %all music advance8 ,h[ %all x set out to w9 new relations8 ,x is at lea/ conceivable t x takes ! me?od ( ano!r art :i* we h j /udi$4 ,to get new beauties1 x does n say1--,g to1 ,i w add to ! beauties ,i already h6 ,x makes new occasions1 & by way ( ^! f9ds ! impulse x seeks4 ,r5oir pa9ts ! baigneuse ( ,montm>tre1 & f9ds ! odd1 beautiful huddle ( l9es 9 s do+2 ,rod9 portrays ev] new subtleties ( situation & mood1 & by way ( ^! comes mo/ naturally to ! un$it$ poses4 ,s a musician1 we may imag9e1 comes to new & /range utt]ances by way ( a new & /range motion or cry t he imitates4 ,out ( ! v>i\s b5ts & impulses t ^! give him he *ooses ! ones t *ance to be beautiful4 ,& 9 "t ^! new beauties h become worn away l ! trite metaphors t are n[ no long] metaphors1 b "p ( ! fund$ capital4 ,t 0 a ridicul\s device ( ,s*umann's1 :o f\nd a motif = "o ( 8 lovelie/ ?+s by us+ ! lett]s ( 8 tempor>y fair "o's "n--,a ,b ,e ,g ,g2 b x may n be s utt]ly unlike ! proc$ure by :i* music gr[s4 ,,viii ,b :at provision mu/ be made = ! emotions ( music8 ,x _c be t ! majority ( musicians1 :o are /rangely en\gh ! v ones to insi/ t music is m]ely ! language ( emotion1 are utt]ly & ess5tially wrong4 ,nor has x be5 attempt$ to prove !m s4 ,! beauty ( music1 we h s\ght to %[1 gr[s & fl[]s out ( tone-relations alone1 consi/s 9 tone-sequ5ces alone4 ,b x has n be5 said t music did n ar\se emotion1 nor t x might n on occasion ev5 express x4 ,x is 9 fact n[ r a commonplace 9 musical !ory1 to %[ ! emotional means :i* music has at its comm&2 & ,i %all !re=e be v brief 9 my ref]5ce to !m4 ,!y may be %ortly class$ z expressive by association & by direct induction4 ,expressive by association are passages ( direct imitation3 ! toll+ ( bells1 ! cla% ( arms1 ! ro> ( w9d1 ! hum ( sp9n+ :eels1 ev5 to ! bleat+ ( %eep & ! :irr ( w9dmills2 ! cad5ce ( ! voice 9 plead+1 laught]1 love2 f su* imitations we are ,,rem9d$ ( a fact or an emotion4 ,m intimate is ! expression by induction2 emotion is ar\s$ by activities :i* !mselves =m "p ( ! emotions 9 "q4 ,?us ! diff]5ces 9 tempo1 reproduc$ 9 n]v\s response1 call up ! gayety1 sadness1 hesitation1 firmness1 ha/e1 gr[+ excitem5t1 etc41 ( :i* :ole exp]i5ces ^! movem5t types =m a "p4 ,^! emotions1 z has (t5 be5 %[n1 are absolutely g5]al & indef9ite 9 _! "*1 & are1 on ! :ole1 ev5 9 _! int5sity1 no measure ( ! beauty ( ! music :i* ar\ses !m4 ,inde$1 we c get int5se emotion f s\nd :i* is entirely unmusical4 ,s1 too1 l\dness1 s(tness1 cresc5do1 dim9u5do1 volume1 pi]c+ness1 h _! emotional accompanim5ts4 ,x is to ,hanslick t we owe ! g5]al summ+ up ( ^! possibilities ( expression z ! dynamic figures ( occurr5ces4 ,h[ ?is dynamic skeleton is fill$ out ?r\gh association1 or t special =m ( association :i* we "k z direct induction1 is n h>d to und]/& on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,x is n necess>y to repeat "h ! reasons = ! lit]ally mov+ appeal ( s\nd-/imulations1 :i* h be5 already detail$ "u ! subject ( rhy?m4 ,yet !re /ill rema9s a residue ( emotion n entirely acc\nt$ =4 ,x has be5 said t ^!1 ! emotions express$1 or ar\s$1 are m or less indep5d5t ( ! intr9sic musical beauty4 ,b x _c be d5i$ t !re is an int5se emotion :i* gr[s ) ! measure ( ! beauty ( a piece ( music1 & :i* music lov]s are yet lo? to id5tify ) ! s-call$ g5]al ae/hetic emotion1 or ) ! satisfaction ( expectation1 diff]5t v>ieties ( :i*1 9 fusion1 we h tri$ to %[ z ! basis ( ! musical exp]i5ce4 ,! ae/hetic emotion f a picture is n l ?is1 !y say1 & a m]e satisfaction ( expectation is unutt]ably tame4 ,?is is unique1 ae/hetic1 individual6 ,i believe t ! clue to ?is objection 9 ! natural impulse ( mank9d to confuse ! int5sity ( an exp]i5ce ) a diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,b fir/ ( all1 !re mu/ be add$ to our li/ ( def9ite emotions f music1 ^? :i* atta* !mselves to ! int]nal relations ( ! notes4 ,gurney has said t :5 we feel ourselves ye>n+ = ! next unutt]able1 we are really ye>n+ = ! next note4 ,t is ! secret6 ,ea* "o ( ^? t5d5cies1 dem&s1 lean+s1 /riv+s1 returns1 z betwe5 tone & tone 9 a melody1 is necess>ily accompani$ by ! feel+-tone :i* belongs to su* an attitude4 ,& x is to be not$ t all ! m poignant emotions we get f music are always /at$ 9 t]ms ( urg5cy1 ( /ra91 ( ef=t4 ,t is because ^! emotions1 & ^! alone1 are inescapable 9 music s9ce !y are f\nd$ on ! intr9sic relations ( ! notes !mselves4 ,x is j = ?is reason1 too1 t music1 j 9 proportion to its beauty1 is felt1 z "s "o says1 l v9eg> on a w\nd1 by ^? 9 grief or anxiety4 ,i %all loa! sweet tunes1 :]e a note gr[n /rong ,rel5ts & recoils1 & climbs & closes4 ,x is ! ye>n+ t is felt mo/ /rongly1 ! m vividly are ! real musical relations ( ! notes br\ght out4 ,music expresses & causes t5sion1 /ra91 ye>n+1 ?r\gh its inn]1 its absolute nature4 ,b x does m2 x satisfies ^! ye>n+s4 ,x n only creates an expectation to satisfy x1 b ! expectation itself is ( a poignant1 emotional1 p]sonal "*4 ,:at is ! emotion t is ar\s$ by su* a satisfaction8 ,! answ] to ?is "q takes u back aga9 to t old picturesque !ory ( ,s*op5hau]--t music is ! objectification ( ! w4 ,s*op5hau] meant ?is 9 a metaphysical1 & to u an inadmissible s5se2 b ,i believe t ! psy*ological analysis ( ! musical exp]i5ce :i* we h j complet$ %[s t !re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* x is absolutely true4 ,! be/ psy*ological !ory ( ! exp]i5ce ( volition makes x ! imag+ ( a movem5t or action1 foll[$ by feel+s ( /ra91 & !n ( ! movem5t c>ri$ out4 ,! anticipation is ! ess5tial4 ,)\t anticipation1 z 9 ! reflex1 w9k+1 ! action appe>s involunt>y4 ,)\t ! feel+ ( ef=t or /ra91 z 9 simply rais+ ! empty h&1 ! self-feel+ is weak]4 ,:5 all ^! ?ree elem5ts1 ,,image1 ,,ef=t1 ,,success1 are pres5t mo/ vividly1 ! feel+ is ( triumphant volition4 ,n[ my !sis is--! !sis t[>d :i* e ?\gh ( ! prec$+ has po9t$--t ! fundam5tal facts ( ! musical exp]i5ce are supremely fitt$ to br+ ab\t ! illusion & ! exaltation ( ! triumphant w4 ,! image1 dimly =e%ad[$1 is giv5 9 ! half-consci\sness ( ea* note z x appe>s1 & 9 t s5se ( com+ integration already recogniz$4 ,! pro( is ! %ock & disappo9tm5t :5 ! wrong note is s\nd$2 if we _h n "s anticipation ( ! "r1 ! wrong "o w\ld n %ock4 ,! /ra9 we h 9 ! ef=t ( ! organism to rea* ! note1 ! t5d5cy to :i* is implicit 9 ! prec$+4 ,! success is giv5 9 ! com+ ( ! note itself4 ,all ?is is no less true ( rhy?m--b !re ! expectation is m me*anical1 less consci\s1 z has be5 fully %[n4 ,! m beautiful1 t is1 ! m inevitably1 irresi/ibly "r ! music1 ! m p[]ful ! influ5ce to ?is illusion ( ! triumphant w4 ,! exaltation ( musical emotion is ?us ! direct measure ( ! p]fection ( ! relations--! beauty ( ! music4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! only intimate1 imm$iate1 intr9sic emotion ( music--! illusion ( ! triumphant w6 ,"o ^w m on ! int]pretation ( music 9 g5]al ae/hetic t]ms4 ,all t has be5 said goes to %[ t music possesses to ! v highe/ degree ! p[] ( /imulation4 ,c we attribute to x repose 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( satisfy+ a desire t x ar\ses8 ,we c d s 9 po9t+ out t music ev] returns ^u itself--t its motion is cyclic4 ,music is ! art ( auditory implications2 b m ?an ?is1 its la/ note returns to its fir/4 ,x is z truly a unity z if x 7 /atic4 ,we may say t ! beauty ( a picture is only ent]$ into :5 ! eye has rov$ ov] ! :ole canvas1 & holds all ! elem5ts indirectly :ile x is fixat$ ^u "o po9t4 ,9 exactly ! same way music is n beauty unless x is ,,all !re2 at e po9t a fusion ( ! he>d tone ) ! once he>d tones 9 ! ord] ( _! he>+4 ,! melody1 z a set ( implications1 is z ,,ess5tially timeless z ! picture4 ,by melody too1 !n1 is giv5 ! p]fect mom5t1 ! mom5t ( unity & complet5ess1 ( /imulation & repose4 ,! ae/hetic emotion = music is !n ! favorable /imulation ( ! s5se ( he>+ & ^? o!r s5ses t are b\nd up ) x1 toge!r ) ! repose ( p]fect unity4 ,x has a ri*] color1 a m int5se exaltation 9 ! illusion ( ! triumphant w1 :i* is inde$ ! peculi> mom5t = ! self 9 action4 ,,vi ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,vi ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,lit]ature ,i ,,t 9 ! practice & pleasure ( art = art's sake !re lurks an unwor?y elem5t1 is a sup]/ition t recurs 9 e g5]ation ( critics4 ,a mo/ accompli%$ & mod]n disciple ( ! gay sci5ce b ye/]day made x a reproa* to ! greate/ liv+ ,engli% noveli/1 t he1 too1 0 all = beauty1 all = art1 & _h no great in=m+ purpose4 ,art = art's sake is cle>ly1 to ?is critic's m9d1 compatible ) ! lack ( some?+ all desirable = novels4 ,yet if !re is inde$ a *>act]i/ic excell5ce ( ! novel1 if !re is some?+ ! lack ( :i* 9 a novel is rightly deplor$1 !n ! real art = art's sake is b\nd to include ?is *>act]i/ic excell5ce4 ,if an in=m+ purpose is ne$$1 no true arti/ c disp5se ) x4 ,o!rwise art = art's sake is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! critic ,i h quot$ m]ely voices ! l+]+ ,puritan di/ru/ ( beauty z an end 9 itself1 & s repudiates ! conception ( beauty z conta9+ all ! excell5ces ( a "w ( art4 ,he ?9ks ( beauty z cut up into small snips & %r$s ( mom5t>y s5sations2 z ! sweet s\nd ( melodi\s words & cad5ces2 or z some?+ ab/ract1 patt]n-l1 impos$ f )\t1--a ,procru/es-b$ ( symmetry & proportion2 or z a view ( life ,circe-l1 insidi\s1 a gold5 languor1 made ( ! selfi% s]5ities ( wild-wood & dream-palace4 ,all ^!1 ap>t or toge!r1 are ?\ght ( z ! beauty1 at :i* ! arti/ = art's sake aims1 & to t is oppos$ ! nobl] in=m+ purpose4 ,b ! tru] view ( beauty makes x simply ! epitome ( all :i* a "w ( art ought to be1 & ?us ! only end & aim ( e "w ( art4 ,! beauty ( lit]ature receives into itself all ! precepts ( lit]ature3 !re is no ought beyond x4 ,& art = art's sake is b art consci\s ( its aim1 ! production ( t all-embrac+ beauty4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! beauty ( lit]ature8 ,h[ may we "k its *>act]i/ic excell5ces8 ,x is /range h[1 9 all s]i\s discussion1 to ! conf\nd+ ( "s curr5t ideas ( criticism1 we are ?r[n back1 inevitably1 on ?is concept ( excell5ce6 ,! mo/ ard5t ( impressioni/s wakes up soon] or lat] to ! idea t he has be5 talk+ values all 8 life4 ,! excell5ces ( lit]ature6 ,!y mu/ lie )9 ! g5]al =mula = beauty1 yet !y mu/ be condition$ by ! possibilities ( ! special m$ium ( lit]ature4 ,! g5]al =mula1 ab/ract & metaphysical z x mu/ be1 may n be appli$ directly2 = ab/ract ?\ght w fit only t art :i* c convey x2 h5ce ! /ruggle ( !ori/s ) pa9t+1 music1 & ar*itecture1 & ! failure ( ,hegel1 = in/ance1 to %[ h[ beauty z ! expression ( ! ,idea resides 9 ^! arts4 ,b if ! g5]al =mula is always translat$ relatively to ! s5se-m$ium ?r\gh :i* beauty mu/ rea* ! human be+1 x may be pres]v$1 :ile yet affirm+ all ! special dem&s ( ! p>ticul> art4 ,beauty is a con/ant function ( ! v>y+ m$ium4 ,! end ( ,beauty is always ! same1 ! p]fect mom5t ( unity & self-complet5ess1 ( repose 9 excitem5t4 ,b ?is end is atta9$ by diff]5t means furni%$ by diff]5t m$ia3 ?r\gh vision & its accompany+ activities2 ?r\gh he>+ & its accompany+ activities2 & = lit]ature1 ?r\gh he>+ 9 ! special s5se ( communication by ^w4 ,x is ! nature ( ?is m$ium t we mu/ fur!r discov]4 ,,ii ,n[ ! ^w is no?+ 9 itself2 x is n s\nd prim>ily1 b ?\ght4 ,! ^w is b a sign1 a negligible quantity 9 human int]c\rse--a c\nt] 9 :i* ! co9s are ideas & emotions--m]ely legal t5d]1 ( no value save 9 ex*ange4 ,:at we really exp]i5ce 9 ! s\nd ( a s5t5ce1 9 ! sight ( a pr9t$ page1 is a complex sequ5ce ( visual & o!r images1 ideas1 emotions1 feel+s1 logical relations1 swept along 9 ! /ream ( consci\sness1 --diff]+1 inde$1 9 c]ta9 ways f daily exp]i5ce1 b yet prim>ily ( ! web ( life itself4 ,! words 9 _! nuances1 m>*1 tempo1 melody add c]ta9 elem5ts to ?is flood--ha/51 ret>d1 undulate1 or calm x2 b x is ! ,,?\ght1 ! und]/ood exp]i5ce1 t is ! /uff ( lit]ature4 ,words are fir/ ( all mean+s1 & mean+s are to be und]/ood & liv$ ?r\gh4 ,we c h>dly ev5 speak ( ! mean+ ( a ^w1 b r ( :at x is1 directly1 9 ! m5tal /ate t is call$ up by x4 ,e def9ition ( a ^w is b a feeble & di/ant approximation ( ! unique fla% ( exp]i5ce belong+ to t ^w4 ,x is n ! s\nd s5sation nor ! visual image evok$ by ! ^w :i* c\nts1 b ! :ole ( ! m5tal exp]i5ce1 to :i* ! ^w is b an occasion & a cue4 ,!re=e1 s9ce lit]ature is ! art ( words1 x is ! /ream ( ?\ght itself t we mu/ consid] z ! mat]ial ( lit]ature4 ,9 %ort1 lit]ature is ! dialect ( life--z ,/ev5son said2 x is by lit]ature t ! bus9ess ( life is c>ri$ on4 ,"s "o1 h[ev]1 may "h demur3 visual signs1 too1 are ! dialect ( life4 ,we und]/& by :at we see1 & we live by :at we und]/&4 ,! curve ( a l9e1 ! cresc5do ( a note1 s]ve also = wordless messages4 ,:y are n1 !n1 pa9t+ & music ! vehicles ( exp]i5ce1 & to be judg$ fir/ z evocation ( life1 & only aft]w>d z sight & he>+8 ,?is conc$$1 we are ?r[n back on t view ( art z ! fix$ quantity ( imag9ative ?\ght supplem5t$ by c]ta9 te*nical qualities1--( color 9 pa9t+1 ( s\nd 9 music1 ( rhy?mical words 9 poetry1 f :i* is has be5 ! "o aim ( ! prec$+ argum5ts ( ?is book to free u4 ,! hold]s ( ?is view1 h[ev]1 ignore ! hi/ory & significance ( language4 ,our sight & he>+ are giv5 to u prior to our und]/&+ or use ( !m4 ,9 a way1 we submit to !m--!y are always ) u4 ,we dwell 9 !m ?r\gh passive /ates1 ?r\gh seasons ( indiff]5ce2 moreov] :5 we see to und]/&1 we d n ,,see1 & :5 we he> to und]/& we d n he>4 ,only %r$s ( s5sation1 caught up 9 our flight f "o action to ano!r1 s]ve z signals = ! mean+s :i* conc]n u4 ,9 proportion z action is prompt & effective1 does ! cue z su* t5d to disappe>1 until1 9 all matt]s ( skill1 piano-play+1 f5c+1 billi>d-play+1 ! sight or s\nd :i* s]ves z cue drops almo/ toge!r out ( consci\sness4 ,s f> z x is vehicle ( in=mation1 x is no long] sight or s\nd z su*--int]e/ has dev\r$ x4 ,b language came into be+ to supplem5t ! lacks ( sight & s\nd4 ,x 0 creat$ by ourselves1 to embody all active outrea*+ m5tal exp]i5ce1 & x comes into p>ticul> exi/5ce to meet an insi/5t em]g5cy--a lit]ally cry+ ne$4 ,9 %ort1 x is ,,con/itut$ by mean+s--its ess5ce is communication4 ,sight & s\nd h a relatively indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & may h5ce claim a realm ( art t is l>gely indep5d5t ( mean+s4 ,n s ! art ( words1 :i* c be b ! art ( mean+s1 ( human exp]i5ce alone4 ,& yet aga91 7 ! evocation ( life ! means & mat]ial ( all art1 t art 9 :i* ! level ( imag9ative ?\ght 0 l[1 ! range ( human exp]i5ce n>r[1 w\ld take a l[ place 9 ! scale4 ,:at1 !n1 ( music & ar*itecture8 ,inf]ior arts1 !y c\ld n *all5ge comp>ison ) ! poignant1 pr(\nd1 all-embrac+ art ( lit]ature4 ,b ?is is pat5tly n ! fact4 ,!re is no hi]>*y ( ! arts4 ,we may n rank ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral bel[ ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,yet is ! mat]ial ( all exp]i5ce is ! mat]ial ( all art1 !y mu/ n only be comp>$1 b ,p>adise ,lo/ mu/ be admitt$ incomp>ably ! great]4 ,no--we may n admit t all ! arts alike deal ) ! mat]ial ( expression4 ,! excell5ce ( music & ar*itecture1 :atev] x may be1 _c dep5d on ?is mat]ial4 ,yet by hypo!sis x mu/ be ?r\gh ! use ( its mat]ial t ! end ( beauty is rea*$ by e art4 ,a picture has l9es & masses & colors1 :]e) to play ) ! faculty ( vision1 to weave a spell = ! :ole man4 ,beauty is ! p[] to en*ant him ?r\gh ! eye & all t waits ^u x1 into a mom5t ( p]fection4 ,lit]ature has all ?\ghts1 all passions1 all delights--! treasury ( life--to play )1 to weave a spell = ! :ole man4 ,beauty 9 lit]ature is ! p[] to en*ant him1 ?r\gh ! m9d & he>t1 across ! dialect ( life1 into a mom5t ( p]fection4 ,,iii ,! art ( lett]s1 !n1 is ! art ^: mat]ial is life itself4 ,su*1 inde$1 is ! implication ( ! approval !ories ( /yle4 ,words1 phrases1 s5t5ces1 *apt]s1 are excell5t 9 s f> z !y are id5tical ) ?\ght 9 all its %ades ( feel+4 ,economy ( att5tion1 ,sp5c]'s famili> phrase = ! philosophy ( /yle1 8 explanation ( ev5 ! mo/ ornate & extravagant =ms1 is b ano!r "n = ?is desir$ lucidity ( ! m$ium4 ,pat]1 himself1 an arti/ 9 ! ov]lay+ ( phrases1 has ! same tea*+4 ,all ! laws ( good writ+ aim at a simil> unity or id5tity ( ! m9d 9 all ! processes by :i* ! ^w is associat$ to its import4 ,! t]m is "r1 & has its ess5tial beauty1 :5 x becomes1 9 a mann]1 :at x signifies1 z ) ! names ( simple s5sations4#a ,he quotes !re) ,de ,maupassant on ,flaub]t3 ,among all ! expressions 9 ! _w1 all =ms & turns ( expression1 !re is b ,,"o--"o =m1 "o mode--to express :at ,i want to say4 ,& adds1 ,! "o ^w = ! "o ?+1 ! "o ?\ght1 amid ! multitude ( words1 t]ms1 t might j d3 ! problem ( /yle 0 !re6--! unique ^w1 phrase1 s5t5ce1 p>agraph1 essay1 or song1 absolutely prop] to ! s+le m5tal pres5tation or vision )94444 #a ,appreciations3 ,an ,essay on ,/yle4 ,?\ght 9 words is ! matt] ( lit]ature2 & words exi/ b = ?\ght1 & get _! excell5ce z ?\ght2 yet1 z ,flaub]t says1 ! idea only exi/s by virtue ( ! =m4 ,! =m1 or ! ^w1 ,,is ! idea2 t is1 x c>ries along ) x ! fr+e ( sugge/ion :i* cry/allizes ! float+ possibility 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( language %[s h[ ?is mu/ h be5 s4 ,words 9 _! fir/ =mation 7 d\btless con/itut$ by _! imitative p[]4 ,z ,ta9e has said1#a at ! fir/ !y arose 9 contact ) ! objects2 !y imitat$ !m by ! grimaces ( m\? & nose :i* accompani$ _! s\nd1 by ! r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 l5g?1 or %ortness ( ?is s\nd1 by ! rattle or :i/le ( ! ?roat1 by ! inflation or contraction ( ! *e/4 #a ,h4 ,ta9e1 ,la ,fonta9e et ses ,fables1 p4 #bhh4 ,?is primitive imitative p[] ( ! ^w survives 9 ! s-call$ onomatapoetic words1 :i* aim simply at reproduc+ ! s\nds ( nature4 ,a second ord] ( imitation arises ?r\gh ! associations ( s5sations4 ,! diff]5t s5sations1 auditory1 visual1 olfactory1 tactile1 motor1 & organic h common qualities1 :i* !y %>e ) o!r m complex exp]i5ces2 ( =m1 z =ce or feebl5ess2 ( feel+1 z h>%ness1 sweetness1 & s on4 ,x is1 inde$1 ano!r case ( ! =m-qualities to :i* we recurr$ s (t5 9 ! *apt] on music4 ,cle> & smoo? v[els w give ! impression ( volatility & delicacy2 op51 broad ones ( elevation or ext5sion 7airy1 flee2 l>ge1 f>74 ,! consonants :i* are h>d to pron\nce w give ! impression ( ef=t1 ( %ock1 ( viol5ce1 ( difficulty1 ( heav9ess1--! r\nd squat turret1 black z ! fool's he>t2 ^? :i* are easy ( pronunciation express ease1 smoo?ness1 fluidity1 calm1 lightness1 7facile1 suave1 r\lade72--luc5t syrops1 t9ct ) c9namon1 a l9e l honey on ! tongue1 ( :i* physical organ1 inde$1 "o becomes1 ) ! ^w t9ct1 def9itely consci\s4 ,9 fact1 ! ma9 po9t to notice 9 ! enum]ation ( ! expressive qualities ( s\nds1 is t x is ! movem5t 9 utt]ance :i* *>act]izes !m4 ,t movem5t t5ds to reproduce itself 9 ! he>]1 & c>ries ) x its feel+- tone ( ease or difficulty1 explosiv5ess or sweetness long drawn out4 ,x is ?us by a k9d ( sympa!tic induction r ?an by ext]nal imitation t ^! words ( ! second type become expressive4 ,f9ally1 ! two mom5ts may be comb9$1 z 9 su* a ^w z ro>+1 :i* is directly imitative ( a s\nd1 & by ! muscul> activity x calls into play sugge/s ! ext5d$ en]gy ( ! action itself4 ,! /age 9 :i* ! ^w becomes a m]e colorless1 algebraic sign ( object or process nev] occurs1 practically1 = 9 any case x has accumulat$ 9 its hi/ory & vicissitudes a fr+e ( sugge/iv5ess1 z a %ip accumulates b>nacles4 ,words c>ry ) !m all ! mean+s !y h worn1 says ,walt] ,raleigh 9 8 ,essay on ,/yle4 ,a slight te*nical implication1 a fa9t t+e ( ar*aism 9 ! common turn ( spee* t y employ1 & 9 a mom5t y h %ak5 (f ! mob t sc\rs ! rutt$ highway1 & are address+ a select audi5ce ( ticket-hold]s ) clos$ doors4 ,manifold may be ! implications & sugge/ions ( ev5 a s+le lett]4 ,?us a *>m+ anonym\s essay on ! ^w ,grey4 ,gray is a quiet color = daylight ?+s1 b !re is a t\* ( diff]5ce1 ( romance1 ev51 ab\t ?+s t are grey4 ,gray is a color = fur1 & ,quak] g[ns1 & brea/s ( doves1 & a gray day1 & a g5tlewoman's hair2 & horses mu/ be gray4444,n[ grey is = eyes1 ! eyes ( a wit*1 ) gre5 lights 9 !m & mu* wick$ness4 ,gray eyes w\ld be z t5d] & yield+ & true z blue ones2 a coquette mu/ h eyes ( grey4 ,words d n h mean+s1 !y ,,are mean+s ?r\gh _! p[] ( direct sugge/ion & induction4 ,!y may become :at !y signify4 ,nor is ?is p[] conf9$ to words alone2 on its possession by ! phrase1 s5t5ce1 or v]se re/s ! :ole !ory ( /yle4 ,! %ort1 %>p /accato1 ! bell[+ turbul5t1 ! swimm+ melodi\s circl+ s5t5ce ,,are truly :at !y mean1 9 _! =m z 9 ! objective s5se ( _! words4 ,! s\nd-values ( rhy?m & pace h be5 9 o!r *apt]s fully dwelt ^u2 ! expressive p[] ( breaks & v>iations is wor? not+ also4 ,( ! irresi/ible significance ( rhy?m1 ev5 aga9/ cont5t1 we h an example amus+ly comm5t$ on by ,mr4 ,g4,k4 ,*e/]ton 9 8 ,twelve ,types4 ,he 7,byron7 may arraign exi/5ce on ! mo/ deadly *>ges1 he may condemn x ) ! mo/ desolat+ v]dict1 b he _c alt] ! fact t on "s walk 9 a spr+ morn+ :5 all ! limbs are sw++ & all ! blood alive 9 ! body1 ! lips may be caught repeat+3 ',oh1 !re's n a joy ! _w c give l t x takes away1 ,:5 ! gl[ ( e>ly y\? decl9es 9 beauty's dull decay4' ,t automatic recitation is ! answ] to ! :ole pessimism ( ,byron4 ,,iv ,su*1 !n1 are "s ( ! means by :i* language becomes id5tical ) ?\ght1 & mo/ truly ! dialect ( life4 ,! g5ius w h ways1 to :i* ^! briefly outl9$ ones w seem crude & obvi\s1 b !y w be none ! less ( ! same nature4 ,%all we !n conclude t ! beauty ( lit]ature is "h8 t1 9 ! words ( ,pat]1 f ! essay ,i h quot$1 ,9 t p]fect ju/ice 7( ! unique ^w7444omnipres5t 9 good "w1 9 function at e po9t1 f s+le epi!ts to ! rhy?m ( a :ole book1 lay ! specific1 indisp5sable1 v intellectual beauty ( lit]ature1 ! possibility ( :i* con/itutes x a f9e art4 ,9 its la/ analysis1 su* a conception ( lit]ature am\nts to ! unimp$$ int]c\rse ( m9d ) m9d4 ,lit]ature w\ld be a language :i* disp5ses ) ge/ure1 facial expression1 tone ( voice2 :i* is1 9 its halts1 accel]ations & ret>dations1 emphases & concessions1 ! apo!osis ( conv]sation4 ,b ?is cle>ness1--9 ! sublime s5se1 includ+ ! ornate & ! subtle1--?is lum9\s lucidity1-- is x n q indet]m9ate8 ,cle>ness is said ( a m$ium4 ,,:at is x t %9es ?r\gh8 ,7 ?is cle>ness ! beauty we are seek+1 :atev] 9 ! _w t want$ to get itself said1 w\ld1 if x 7 p]fectly said1 become a f9al a*ievem5t ( lit]ature4 ,all t ! pla9 man looks =1 we mu/ ?9k rightly1 9 poetry & prose1 might be abs5t1 & yet we %\ld h to ackn[l$ge its excell5ce4 ,let u !n consid] ?is quality by :i* ! words become :at !y signify z ! specific beauty r ( /yle ?an ( lit]ature2 ! m]e ref9+ ( ! gold f :i* ! "w ( art has yet to be made4 ,language is ! dialect ( life2 & ! mo/ p]fect language c be no m ?an ! mo/ p]fect tru? ( int]c\rse4 ,x mu/ !n be ?r\gh ! treatm5t ( life1 or ! s5se ( life itself1 t we are someh[ to atta9 ! p]fect mom5t ( beauty4 ,! s5se ( life6 ,9 :at mean+ are ^! words to be tak58 ,n ! complete/ s5se ( all1 because ! ess5ce ( life is 9 p]sonal responsibility to a situation1 & ?is is exactly :at 9 our exp]i5ce ( lit]ature disappe>s4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 be=e ask+ h[ ! mom5t ( beauty is to be atta9$1 we mu/ see h[ x is psy*ologically possible to h a s5se ( life t is yet purg$ ( ! w to live4 ,all exp]i5ce ( life is a complication ( ideas1 emotions1 & attitudes or impulses to action 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! s5tim5t ( reality is con/itut$ by our t5d5cy to int]f]e1 to take a h&4 ,sometimes ! /age ( our consci\sness is s fully occupi$ by ! images ( o!rs t our own reaction is less vivid4 ,f9ally1 all conditions & possibilities ( reaction may be s m9imiz$ t ! only attitude possible is our acceptance or rejection ( a _w 9 :i* su* ?+s c be4 ,:at does x matt] to me :e!r or n ! old1 unhappy1 f>-(f ?+s really happ5$8 ,! worlds ( ! ,borgias1 ( ,don ,juan1 & ( ! ,russian w> /& on ! same level ( reality4 ,aucass9 & ,nicolette are z ne> to me z ,abel>d & ,heloise4 ,= 9 relation to ^! p]sons my impulse is ,,nil4 ,i submit to !m1 ,i _c *ange or help !m2 & because ,i h no impulse to int]f]e1 !y are n vividly real to me4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 9 s f> z ,i am l$ to contemplate or to dwell on any?+ 9 idea1 9 s f> does my p]sonal attitude t5d to p>allel ?is imp]sonal "o t[>d real p]sons temporally or geographically out ( rea*4 ,n[ 9 lit]ature all conditions t5d to ! enorm\s prepond]ance ( ! ideal elem5t 9 exp]i5ce4 ,my m9d 9 read+ is completely fill$ ) ideas ( ! appe>ance1 ways1 mann]s1 & situation ( ! p conc]n$4 ,i leave !m a cle> field4 ,my emotions are enli/$ only z ! inevitable fr+e ( association belong+ to vivid ideas-- ! ideas ( _! emotions4 ,s f> z all ! possibilities ( und]/&+ are fulfill$ = me1 s f> z ,i am 9 possession ( all ! conditions1 s f> d ,i realize ! *>act]s1 b realize !m z ideas t+$ ) feel+4 ,"h !re w be assev]ations to ! contr>y4 ,:at6 feel no real emotion ov] ,little ,nell1 or ,colonel ,newcome8 no emotion 9 t great sc5e ( passion & despair1 ! p>t+ ( ,ri*>d ,fev]el & ,lucy1--a sc5e :i* none c read save ) tight ?roat & burn+ eyes6 ,ev5 s4 ,x is n real emotion4 ,y h ! vivid ideas1 s vivid t a fr+e ( emotional association accompanies !m1 z y might %udd] rememb]+ a bad dream4 ,b ! real emotion arises only f ! real impulse1 ! real responsibility4 ,! s5se ( life t lit]ature gives might be describ$ z life 9 its aspect z idea4 ,t ?is fact is ! cause ( ! peace & pa9lessness ( lit]ature--s9ce x is by 8 actions1 z ,ari/otle says1 t man is happy or ! rev]se-- ne$ n conc]n u "h4 ,= ! beauty ( lit]ature1 & our joy 9 x1 lie n prim>ily 9 its lack ( p[] to hurt u4 ,! po9t is t lit]ature gives none ! less truly a s5se ( life because x happ5s to be "o extreme aspect ( life4 ,! lit]>y way is only "o ( ! ways 9 :i* life c be met4 ,to give ! s5se ( life p]fectly--to create ! illusion ( life--is ?is1 !n1 ! beauty ( lit]ature8 ,b we are seek+ = ! p]fect mom5t ( /imulation & repose4 ,:y %\ld ! p]fect illusion ( life give ?is1 any m ?an life itself does8 ,s ! vision ( a picture might be int5sely cle>1 & yet ! picture itself unbeautiful4 ,su* a complete s5se ( life1 su* cle> vision1 w\ld %[ ! arti/'s ma/]y ( te*nique1 b n 8 p[] to create beauty4 ,9 ! art ( lit]ature1 z 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 ! normal function is b ! fir/ condition1 ! /ate ( p]fection is ! end at :i* to aim4 ,x is j ?is di/9ction t we c prop]ly make betwe5 ! *>act]i/ic or typical 9 ! s5se ( diff]5tiat$1 & ! great or excell5t 9 lit]ature4 ,9 ! !ory ( "s writ]s1 p]fect fidelity to ! type is ! only orig9ality4 ,to pa9t ! ,russian peasant or ! ,fr5* b\rgeois z he is1 to cat* ! exact %ade ( exquisite s\llessness 9 ,ori5tal loves1 to reproduce ! ,b]s]k] rage or ! dull horror ( battle1 is inde$ to give ! p]fect s5se ( life4 ,b ! p]fect1 or ! complete1 s5se ( life is n ! mom5t ( p]fect life4 ,yet to ?is ass]tion two answ]s might be made4 ,! au?ors ( ,bel-,ami1 or ,madame ,*rysan!me1 or ,! ,triumph ( ,dea?1 might claim to be sav$ by _! =m4 ,! m>* ( ev5ts1 ! r\nd+ climax1 ! cry/al-cle> unity ( ! f9i%$ "w1 !y might say1 gives ! indisp5sable union1 = ! p]fect mom5t ( /imulation & repose4 ,no syllable 9 ! sl[ unfold+ ( exquisite cad5ces b is supremely plac$ f ! fir/ page to ! la/4 ,z note calls to note1 s ?\ght calls to ?\ght1 & feel+ to feel+1 & ! la/ ^w is an answ] to ! fir/ ( ! inevitable procession4 ,a writ]'s donnee1 !y w\ld say1 is 8 own4 ,! read] may only b$--,make me some?+ f9e aft] y\r own fa%ion6 ,& !y w\ld h to be ackn[l$g$ p>tly 9 ! "r4 ,9 t inevitable unity ( =m !re is inde$ a necess>y elem5t ( ! p]fect mom5t2 b x is n a p]fect unity4 ,= ! matt] ( _! art %\ld be1 9 ! la/ analysis1 life itself2 & ! unity ( life itself1 ! "o basic unity ( all1 !y h miss$4 ,x is a holl[ sph]e !y pres5t1 & no?+ solid4 ,h5ry ,james has sp5t ! :ole ( a rem>kable essay on ,d',annunzio's creations 9 det]m9+ ! mean+ ( ! fact t _! total beauty someh[ extraord9>ily fails to m>* ) _! beauty ( p>ts1 & t some?+ is all ! :ile at "w und]m9+ t bulw>k aga9/ ugl9ess :i* x is _! obvi\s !ory ( _! own (fice to ?r[ up4 ,! secret is1 he av]s1 t ! !mes1 ! anecdotes1 c\ld f9d _! ext5sion & consummation only 9 ! re/ ( life4 ,%ut out1 z !y are1 f ! re/ ( life1 %ut out f all fruition & assimilation1 & s f all hope ( dignity1 !y lose absolutely _! p[] to sway u4 ,x might be simpl] to say t ^! works lack ! fir/ beauty :i* lit]ature z ! dialect ( life c h--!y lack ! repose ( c5trality2 !y h no id5tity ) ! mean+ ( life z a :ole4 ,x c\ld n be said ( !m1 z ,bagehot said ( ,%akespe>e3 ,he puts ?+s toge!r1 he ref]s ?+s to a pr9ciple2 r1 !y gr\p !mselves 9 8 intellig5ce ins5sibly ar\nd a pr9ciple2444a cool on5ess1 a pois$ p]sonality1 p]vades him4 ,b 9 ^! m5 !re is no cool on5ess1 no reasonable s\l1 & s !y miss ! c5tral unity ( life1 :i* c give unity to lit]ature4 ,ev5 ! app>5t /ructural unity fails :5 look$ at closely2 ! actions ( ! *>act]s are se5 to be me*anical--_! mean+ is n inevitable4 ,! second answ] to our ass]tion t ! s5se ( life is n ! beauty ( lit]ature might call att5tion to ! fact t ,,s5se ( life may be tak5 z und]/&+ ( life4 ,a complete s5se ( life mu/ include ! conditions ( life1 & ! conditions ( life involve ?is v en]getic id5tity on :i* we h insi/$4 ,& ?is cont5tion we mu/ admit4 ,s long z ! s5se ( life is tak5 z ! illusion ( life1 our words hold good4 ,b if to t is add$ und]/&+ ( life1 ! door is op5 to ! pr(\nde/ excell5ces ( lit]ature4 ,h5ry ,james has glimps$ ?is tru? 9 say+ t no good novel w ev] proce$ f a sup]ficial m9d4 ,/ev5son has gone fur!r4 ,b ! tru? is :5 books are conceiv$ "u a great /ress1 ) a s\l ( n9efold p[]1 n9e "t heat$ & electrifi$ by ef=t1 ! conditions ( our be+ seiz$ ) su* an ample grasp1 t ev5 %\ld ! ma9 design be trivial or base1 "s tru? & beauty _c fail to be express$4 ,v ,! conditions ( our be+6 ,if we accept1 affirm1 pr(\ndly re/ 9 :at is pres5t$ to u1 we h ! fir/ condition ( t repose :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,& f ?is highe/ dem& c be view$ ! hi]>*y ( ! less] p]fections :i* g to make up ! p]fect mom5t ( lit]ature4 ,in/ead ( rea*+ ?is po9t by successive elim9ations1 we might inde$ h rea*$ x 9 "o /ride4 ,! p]fect mom5t across ! dialect ( life1 ! mom5t ( p]fect life1 mu/ be 9 tru? t 9 :i* we t\* ! conf9es ( our be+1 look ^u our _w1 all 9 all1 z reveal$ 9 "s great mom5t1 & see t x is good--t we grasp x1 possess x1 t x is ak9 to u1 t x is id5tical ) our deepe/ wills4 ,! "w t grasps ! conditions ( our be+ gives ourselves back to u complet$4 ,9 ! conditions ( our be+ 9 a less pr(\nd s5se may be f\nd ! fur!r means to ! p]fect mom5t4 ,?us ! progress ( ev5ts1 ! developm5t ( feel+s1 mu/ be 9 h>mony ) our natural processes4 ,! developm5t1 ! rise1 complication1 expectation1 gratification1 ! susp5se1 climax1 & drop ( ! great novel1 correspond to ! natural function+ ( our m5tal processes4 ,x is an exp]i5ce t we seek1 multipli$1 p]fect$1 exp&$--! life mom5t ( a man great] ?an we4 ,?is1 too1 is ! ultimate mean+ ( ! dem&s ( /yle4 ,lucidity1 inde$1 !re mu/ be1-- id5tity ) ! ?\ght2 b besides ! value ( ! ?\ght 9 its approximation to ! conditions ( our be+1 we seek ! vividness ( t ?\ght1--! p]fect mom5t ( appreh5sion1 z well z ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is ! beauty ( /yle to be lucid2 b ! beauty ( lucidity is to re9=ce ! spr+s ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 to ! m9or elem5ts ( /yle1 ! tone-color+1 ! rhy?m1 ! melody1--! ess5ce ( beauty1 t is1 ( ! p]fect mom5t1 is giv5 by ! p]fect+ ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,! beauty ( liquids is _! ease & happ9ess ( utt]ance4 ,! beauty ( rhy?m is its aid+ & compell+ p[]1 on utt]ance & ?\ght4 ,!re is a s5su\s pleasure 9 a great /yle2 we love to m\? x1 = x is made to m\?4 ,z ,flaub]t says some:at brutally1 ,je ne said qu'une phrase e/ bonne qu'apres l'avoir fait pass] p> mon gueuloir4 ,9 ! end x might be said t lit]ature gives u ! mom5t ( p]fection1 & is ?us possess$ ( beauty1 :5 x reveals ourselves to ourselves 9 a bett] _w ( exp]i5ce2 9 ! conditions ( our moral be+1 9 ! conditions ( our utt]ance & our brea?+2--all ^!1 conc5tric circles1 9 :i* ! c5tre ( repose is giv5 by ! und]ly+ id5tity ( ourselves ) ?is _w4 ,because x goes to ! roots ( exp]i5ce1 & seeks to give ! conditions ( our be+ z !y really are1 lit]ature may be truly call$ a criticism ( life4 ,yet ! end ( lit]ature is n ! criticism ( life2 r ! appreciation ( life--! full sav\r ( life 9 its entirety4 ,! f9al def9ition ( lit]ature is ! art ( exp]i5ce4 ,,vi ,b !n lit]ature w\ld give only ! p]fect mom5ts ( exi/5ce1 w\ld ignore ! trag$ies1 ironies1 pett9ess ( life6 ,su* an int]pretation is a q mi/ak5 "o4 ,z ! great pa9t+ uses ! vivid reproduction ( an ugly face1 a squalid hovel1 to create a beautiful picture1 beautiful because all ! conditions ( see+ are made to contribute to our be+ made :ole 9 see+2 s great lit]ature c atta9 ?r\gh any giv5 set ( facts to ! deep] h>mony ( life1 c t\* ! "o pois$1 unconqu]able s\l1 & c re9=ce ! mom5t ( self-complet5ess by e p>allel device ( /imulation & conc5tration4 ,& because x is mo/ (t5 9 ! trag$ies t ! conditions ( our be+ are laid b>e1 & ! /r+s :i* rev]b]ate to ! emotions mo/ easily play$ ^u1 x is likely t ! greate/ books ( all w be ! trag$ies !mselves4 ,! art ( exp]i5ce ne$s contra/s no less ?an does ! visual or auditory art4 ,?is beauty ( lit]ature1 because x is a hi]>*y ( beauties m & less ess5tial1 exi/s 9 all v>ieties & 9 all %ades4 ,if ! old comp>ison & contra/ ( idealism & realism is ref]r$ to "h1 x is because t anci5t controv]sy seems n ev5 yet entirely outworn4 ,if realism means close obs]vation ( facts & neglect ( ideas1 & idealism1 neglect ( prosaic facts & devotion to ideas1 !n we mu/ admit t realism & idealism are ! names ( two defective types4 ,/rictly speak+1 :atev] goes deep en\gh to ! tru? ( ?+s1 gets ne>] reality1 is realism2 yet to get ne>] reality is to atta9 true ideas1 & t is idealism too4 ,! great "w ( lit]ature is reali/ic because x does n lose sight ( ! ideal4 ,our popul> use ( ideali/ic ref]s1 inde$1 to ! _w se5 ?r\gh rose- color$ glasses2 b = t possible v>iety ( lit]>y ef=t x is bett] to use ! ^w ,romance4 ,romance is ! _w ( our y\?ful dreams ( ?+s1 n z !y d happ51 b z1 )\t any special deep] mean+1 we %\ld wi% !m to happ54 ,t is ! _w ( ! gold-hair$ maid51 ! lov] ) ! r$-roan /e$ ( /e$s1 ! purse ( ,=tunatus1 ! treasure-trove1 ! villa9 confront$ ) 8 guilt4 ,nev] ! "t & ! place & ! lov$ "o all toge!r6 ,b 9 ,romance !y come toge!r4 ,! total depravity ( inanimate ?+s has become ! />s 9 _! c\rses fight+ = u4 ,/ev5son calls x ! poetry ( circum/ance--= ! dreams ( y\? are prop]ly heal?y & mat]ial4 ,! salvage f ! wreck 9 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 he tells u1 satisfies ! m9d l ?+s to eat4 ,romance gives u ! p]fect mom5t ( ! mat]ial & human--) ! div9e left out4 ,x has sometimes be5 made a reproa* to critics--m (t51 ,i fe>1 by ^? :o hold1 l myself1 t beauty & excell5ce 9 art are id5tical--t !y disc\rse too little ( =m 9 lit]ature1 & too mu* ( cont5t4 ,b all our tak+ ?\ght w h be5 va91 if x is n n[ pat5t t ! fir/ beauty ( lit]ature is1 & mu/ be1 its id5tity ) ! c5tral flame ( life1--! primal conditions ( our be+4 ,?us x is t ! critic is ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ fir/ ( all1 ,h[ does ?is man look on life8 ,has he reveal$ a new--or bett]--! et]nal old mean+8 ,! ,weltans*auung is ! critic's fir/ consid]ation1 & aft] t he may prop]ly take up t second>y grasp ( ! conditions ( our be+ 9 m5tal processes1 reveal$ 9 ! /ructure1 m>* ( incid5ts1 susp5se1 & climaxes1 & ! beauty or idiosyncracy ( /yle4 ,x is !n lit]ally false t x does n matt] :at a man says1 b only h[ he says x4 ,:at he says is all t matt]s1 = x w n be great ?\ght )\t "s greatness 9 ! say+4 ,art = art's sake 9 lit]ature is !n art = life's sake1 & ! in=m+ purpose1 9 s f> z t means ! vision ( our deepe/ selves1 is its fir/ condition4 ,& because ! ,beauty ( ,lit]ature is con/itut$ by its quality z life itself1 we may def] detail$ consid]ation ( ! species & v>ieties ( lit]ature4 ,prose & poetry1 drama & novel1 h ea* _! own special excell5ces spr++ f ! respective situations !y _h1 & h1 to meet4 ,yet ^! b add elem5ts to ! "o great p[] !y all mu/ h z lit]ature1--! p[] to give ! p]fect exp]i5ce ( life 9 its fullness & vividness1 & 9 its id5tity ) ! c5tral mean+s ( exi/5ce1--unity & self-complet5ess toge!r1--9 a =m :i* (f]s to our m5tal functions ! p]fect mom5t ( /imulation & repose4 ,,vii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,,( ,,! ,,drama ,,vii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,,( ,,! ,,drama ,i ,,t psy*ologi/ :o1 writ+ on ! problems ( dramatic art1 call$ 8 bro*ure ,! ,dispute ov] ,trag$y1 gave ! "r "n to a s+ul> situation4 ,( all ! riddles ( ae/hetic exp]i#h;ence1 none has be5 s e>ly prop\nd$1 s indefatigably attempt$1 s v>i\sly & unsatisfactorily solv$1 z ?is4 ,:at is dramatic8 ,:at con/itutes a trag$y8 ,h[ c we take pleasure 9 pa9ful exp]i5ces8 ,^! que/ions are l ,banquo's gho/1 & w n d[n4 ,! +5i\s ,b]nays has said t x 0 all ! fault ( ,ari/otle4 ,! la/ phrase ( ! fam\s def9ition 9 ! ,poetics1 :i* %\ld relate ! nature1 end1 & aim ( trag$y1 is left1 9 8 works z we h !m1 probably ?r\gh ! suppression or loss ( context1 )\t elucidat+ comm5t>y4 ,& ! writ]s on trag$y h ev] s9ce s /riv5 to guess 8 mean+1 & to make _! answ]s squ>e ) contempor>y drama1 t !y h giv5 comp>atively slight att5tion to ! imm$iate1 unbias$ inve/igation ( ! ph5om5on itself4 ,ari/otle's def9ition is z foll[s3#a ,trag$y1 !n1 is an imitation ( an action t is s]i\s1 complete1 & ( a c]ta9 magnitude2 9 language embelli%$ ) ea* k9d ( arti/ic ornam5t1 ! sev]al k9ds be+ f\nd 9 sep>ate p>ts ( ! play3 9 ! =m ( action1 n ( n>rative2 ?r\gh pity & fe> effect+ ! prop] purgation ( ^! emotions4 ,9 :at foll[s1 he takes up & expla9s ?is def9ition1 phrase by phrase1 until ! v la/4 ,:at is meant by ! ,purgation 7,ka?>sis7 ?r\gh pity & fe>8 ,x is at lea/ :at trag$y effects1 & is ?us evid5tly ! function ( trag$y4 ,b a ?+ is det]m9$1 con/ruct$1 judg$1 accord+ to its function2 ! function is1 s to speak1 its g5etic =mula4 ,) a cle> view ( t1 ! re/ ( ! def9ition c\ld conceivably h be5 con/ruct$ )\t fur!r explanation2 )\t x1 ! key to ! :ole fails4 ,purgation ( ^! emotions2 did x mean purification ( ! emotions1 or purgation ( ! s\l ,,f ! emotions8 ,& :at emotions8 ,pity & fe>1 or ^! & su*like1 ?us includ+ all emotions t trag$y c\ld br+ to expression8 #a ,s4,h4 ,but*]1 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art1 #ahie4 ,our k ( ! sev]ely moral b5t ( ! explicit art criticism ( ! ,greeks has incl9$ _m to accept ! fir/ int]pretation2 & mod]n int]e/s impel 9 ! same direction4 ,x is natural to ?9k ( ! g5]ally elevat+ & s(t5+ effects ( great art z a k9d ( moral cl>ify+1 & ! "q h[ ?is %\ld be effect$ j by pity & fe> 0 n press$4 ,s ,less+ 9 ! ,hamburgis*e ,dramaturgie takes ,ka?>sis z ! conv]sion ( ! emotions 9 g5]al into virtu\s dispositions4 ,be=e we ask ourselves s]i\sly h[ f> ?is repres5ts our exp]i5ce ( ! drama1 we mu/ "q its fidelity to ! ?\ght ( ,ari/otle2 & t "q seems to h receiv$ a f9al answ] 9 ! exhau/ive discussion ( ,b]nays4#a ,)\t go+ into 8 argum5ts1 suffice x to say t ,ari/otle1 sci5ti/ & physician's son z he 01 _h 9 m9d 9 us+ ?is /rik+ metaphor ( ! ,ka?>sis ( ! emotions1 a p]fectly def9ite proc$ure1 famili> 9 ! treatm5t1 by excit+ music1 ( p]sons ov]come by ! ec/asy or en?usiasm *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 religi\s rites4 ,b]nays quotes ,milton's preface to ,samson ,agoni/es3 ,trag$y is said by ,ari/otle to be ( p[]1 by rais+ pity & fe>1 or t]ror1 to purge ! m9d ( ^? & su* l passions2 t is1 to temp] & r$uce !m to j measure ) a k9d ( delight1 /irr$ by read+ or see+ ^? passions well imitat$4 ,nor is ,nature want+ 9 h] own effects to make good 8 ass]tion2 = s 9 physic1 ?+s ( melan*olic hue & quality are us$ aga9/ melan*oly1 s\r aga9/ s\r1 salt to remove salt hum\rs1 add+ ! homoeopa?ic comp>ison %[s h[ ne> he 0 to ! correct notion4 ,b]nays concludes t by ,ka?>sis is d5ot$ ! alleviat+ dis*>ge ( ! emotions !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 pity & fe> are bad1 & x is a good ?+ to get rid ( !m 9 a h>mless way1 z x is bett] to be vacc9at$ ?an to h small pox4 #a ,zwei adh&lung5 ub] d4 ,ari/otelis*e ,!ories d4 ,drama1 #ahhj4 ,n[ ?is alleviat+ dis*>ge is pleasurable 7me? h$ones71 & ! pleasure seems1 f alli$ passages1 to arise n 9 ! accompli%$ relief f oppression1 b 9 ! process itself4 ,?is becomes intelligible f ! po9t ( view ( ,ari/otle's def9ition ( pleasure z an ec/atic condition ( ! s\l4 ,= e emotion conta9s1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 be x ev] s pa9ful1 an ec/atic degree w\ld effect1 at ! same "t ) an alleviat+ dis*>ge1 a pleasure also4 ,pity & fe> are ar\s$ to be allay$1 & to give pleasure 9 ! ar\s+ & ! relief4 ,su*1 approximately1 is ,ari/otle's view ( ! ,tragic ,emotion1 or ,ka?>sis4 ,is x also our own8 ,to cle> ! field = ?is inquiry1 x w be well fir/ ( all to insi/ on a di/9ction :i* is mo/ly disc\nt$ 9 significance because tak5 = grant$4 ,we speak o ,ari/otle's ,ka?>sis z ! ,tragic ,emotion1 =gett+ t to-day ,trag$y & ! ,tragic are no long] id5tical4 ,ari/otle conceives himself to be deal+ ) ! peculi> emotion ar\s$ by a c]ta9 dramatic =m1 ! "n ( :i* ha no?+ to d ) its cont5t4 ,= ,trag$y is lit]ally goat-song1 p]haps f ! goat-sk9s worn by ! fir/ p]=m]s ( trag$y disguis$ z satyrs4 ,s9ce !n we h borr[$ ! "n ( t dramatic =m to apply to ev5ts :i* h ! same type or issue z 9 t =m4 ,9 popul> spee* to-day ! ^w tragic atta*es itself r to ! cata/rophe ?an to ! /ruggle1 & !re=e1 ,i _c b ?9k1 mod]n discussion ( ! tragic is wrong 9 attempt+ to comb9e ! ,ari/otelian & ! mod]n %ades ( mean+1 & to embody !m bo? 9 a s+le def9ition4 ,ari/otle is deal+ ) ! :ole effect ( ! dramatic repres5tation ( :at we %\ld call a tragic occurr5ce4 ,x is really ! !ory ( ! dramatic exp]i5ce & n ( ! tragic1 9 our s5se1 :i* occupies him4 ,!re=e1 z ,i say1 we mu/ n assume1 ) _m mod]n critics1 ?an an analysis ( ! tragic 9 exp]i5ce w solve ! problem ( ! ,ka?>sis4 ,our tragic ev5t1 x is true1 is ( ! k9d :i* dramatically treat$ help$ to br+ ab\t ?is peculi> effect4 ,b ! "q ( ,ari/otle & our problem ( ,ka?>sis is ! problem ( ! emotion ar\s$ by ! ,tragic ,drama4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! nature ( dramatic emotion8 ,,ii ,! analogy ( ,ari/otle's conception ( ! emotion ( trag$y ) c]ta9 mod]n views is evid5t4 ,to feel pa9 is to live int5sely1 x is said2 to be absorb$ 9 great1 ev5 ?\gh ov]:elm+1 ev5ts is to make u realize our own puls+ life4 ,! criticism to be made on ?is !ory is1 h[ev]1 no less simple3 x consi/s m]ely 9 d5y+ ! fact4 ,x does n give u pleasure to h pa9ful emotions or to see o!r p's sorr[s1 9 spite ( ! rema9s ( ! gorille f]oce 9 u1 to :i* ,ta9e & ,m4 ,faguet attribute ?is imput$ pleasure4 ,& if we feel pleasure1 excitem5t1 elevation 9 ! repres5tation ( ! tragic1 x mu/ be due to "s o!r elem5t 9 ! exp]i5ce ?an ! m]e self-realization involv$ 9 suff]+4 ,x is inde$ our fir/ impulse to say t ! pa9ful quality vani%es :5 ! excit+ ev5ts are kn[n to be unreal2 pity & fe> are pa9ful because too int5se1 & 9 ! drama are j suffici5tly mod]at$4 ,! rejo9d] is easy1 t pity & fe> are nev] any?+1 b pa9ful d[n to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,! slight pity = a *ild's bruis$ f+] is n m pleasurable because less ke52 :ile our feel+1 :atev] x is1 = ,ophelia or ,gret*51 becomes m pleasurable 9 proportion to its int5sity4 ,x is cle> t ! matt] is n s simple z ,ari/otle's psy*ology w\ld make x4 ,pity & fe> d n 9 !mselves produce pleasure1 relief1 & repose4 ,^! emotions z ar\s$ by trag$y are ei!r n :at we "k z pity & fe> 9 real life1 or ! mann] ( _! und]go+ br+s 9 an entirely new elem5t1 on :i* ,ari/otle has n t\*$4 ,9 "s way or o!r ! pity & fe> ( trag$y are n l ! pity & fe> ( real life1 & 9 ?is di/9ction lies ! :ole my/]y ( ! dramatic ,ka?>sis4 ,b !re is an ext5sion ( ,ari/otle's !ory1 l9eally desc5d$ f t ( ,less+1 :i* pr(esses to elucidate ?is diff]5ce & mu/ be tak5 acc\nt (1 inasmu* z x repres5ts ! mod]n popul> view4 ,pr(essor ,but*]1 9 8 edition ( ! ,poetics1 concludes1 on ! basis ( a ref]5ce 9 ! ,politics imply+ t ! ,ka?>sis ( en?usiasm is n id5tical ) ! ,ka?>sis ( pity & fe>1 t ! ^w is to be tak5 less lit]ally1 z an expulsion ( ! morbid elem5ts 9 ! emotions1--& ^! he takes to be ! selfi% elem5ts :i* cl+ to !m 9 real life4 ,?us ! spectator1 :o is br\ght face to face ) gr&] suff]+s ?an 8 own1 exp]i5ces a sympa!tic ec/asy1 a li/+ out ( himself4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is transport ( feel+1 :i* c>ries a man outside 8 individual self1 t ! di/9ctive tragic pleasure resides4 ,pity & fe> are purg$ ( ! impure elem5t :i* cl+s to !m 9 life4 ,9 ! gl[ ( tragic excitem5t ^! feel+s are s trans=m$ t ! net result is a noble emotional satisfaction4 ,9 spite ( our feel+ t ! lit]al & naive read+ ( ! analogy 0 probably aft] all ne>] ,ari/otle's mean+1 we may accept ! words ( ,pr(essor ,but*] z its mod]n =mulation4 ,!y s\nd1 inde$1 all b a truism3 yet !y are se5 on exam9ation to glide lightly ov] "s psy*ological difficulties4 ,fir/ly1 ! /ep is a long "o f ! pity & fe> felt by ! ,greek t[>d or ab\t ! actors1 to a %>+ ( _! emotion4 ,! "o is a def9ite ext]nal relation1 limit$ to two emotions2 ! o!r1 ! sympa!tic ec/asy1 op5s ! door to all conceivable emotions1 & ne$s at lea/ to be ju/ifi$4 ,b1 secondly1 ev5 suppose ! /ep tak52 suppose ! sympa!tic imitation conc$$ z a fact3 ! objections to ,ari/otle's int]pretation are equally applicable to ?is4 ,:y %\ld ?is transport ( sympa!tic feel+ n take ! =m ( a transport ( pa98 ,:y %\ld ! net result be a noble emotional satisfaction8 ,if pity & fe> rema9 pity & fe>1 :e!r selfi% or unselfi%1 x do? n yet appe> :y !y are emotionally satisfactory4 ,! s trans=m$ ( ! passage quot$ assumes ! po9t at issue & begs ! "q4 ,t is1 if ?is trans=mation ( feel+ does inde$ take place1 !re is at lea/ no?+ 9 ! nature ( ! situation1 z yet expla9$1 to acc\nt = x4 ,b explanation !re mu/ be4 ,to ?is1 ! lo/ passage on ! ,ka?>sis mu/ h be5 devot$2 ?is1 e ?or\gh-go+ /udy ( ! !ory ( ! drama mu/ make an indisp5sable prelim9>y4 ,:at !re is 9 ! nature ( tragic art capable ( trans=m+ pa9ful to pleasurable emotion mu/ be made cle>4 ,be=e we c accept ,pr(essor ,but*]'s view ( ! function ( ,trag$y1 its possibility z a psy*ological exp]i5ce mu/ be demon/rat$4 ,= ! imm$iately pleasurable ae/hetic effect ( ,trag$y1 a c]ta9 k9d ( pity & fe>1 op]at+ 9 a special way1 are requir$4 ,x mu/ be ?us only 9 ! peculi> "* ( ! emotions ar\s$ t ! di/9ctive nature ( ! tragic exp]i5ce consi/s4 ,:at is ?is peculi> "*8 ,,iii ,a necess>y /ep to ! explanation ( our pleasure 9 suppos$ly pa9ful emotions is to make cle> h[ we c feel any emotion at all 9 wat*+ :at we "k to be unreal1 & to %[ h[ ?is emotion is sympa!tic1 t is1 imitative1 r ?an ( an objective ref]5ce4 ,9 brief1 :y d we feel ,,)1 r ?an t[>d or ab\t1 ! actors8 ,! answ] to ?is "q requires a ref]5ce to ! curr5t !ory ( emotion4 ,accord+ to mod]n psy*ologi/s1 emotion is con/itut$ by ! in/9ctive response to a situation2 x is ! feel+ accompany+ v complicat$ physical reactions1 :i* h _! roots 9 actions once useful 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,?us ! famili> expression ( ang]1 ! flu%$ face1 dilat$ no/ril1 cl5*$ fi/1 are rema9s or m>ks ( reactions s]viceable 9 mortal combat4 ,b ^!1 ! co>s] bodily *anges prop] to ang]1 are accompani$ by numb]less organic reactions1 ! feel ( all ( :i* toge!r is an indisp5sable elem5t ( ! emotion ( ang]4 ,! po9t to be not$ 9 all ?is is t ^! reactions are ,,actions1 call$ up by some?+ ) :i* we lit]ally ,,h ,,to ,,d4 ,a p]son involv$ 9 real exp]i5ce does n reproduce ! emotions ab\t him1 = 9 real life he mu/ respond to ! situation1 take an attitude ( help1 consolation1 w>n+2 & ! "* ( ^! reactions det]m9es = him an emotion ( 8 own4 ,ev5 ?\gh he really d no?+1 ! multitud9\s m9or impulses to action go+ to make up 8 attitude appreciably int]f]e ) ! reproduction ( ! reactions ( ! object ( 8 int]e/4 ,9 an exactly opposite way ! artificial conditions ( ! spectator at a play1 :i* re9=ce ! vivid reproduction ( ideas1 & *eck action1 /ifle ^? emotions direct$ t[>d ! play]s1 ! objective emotions ( :i* we h spok54 ,! spectator is completely cut (f f all possibilities ( influ5ce on ev5ts4 ,betwe5 8 _w & t across ! footlights an inexpressible gulf is fix$4 ,he _c take an attitude1 he c h no?+ to d 9 ?is gal]e4 ,s9ce he may n act1 ev5 ^? beg9n+s ( action :i* make ! basis ( emotion are inhibit$ 9 him4 ,! spectator at a play exp]i5ces mu* m cle>ly & %>ply ?an ! sympa!tic obs]v]2 only ! proportions ( 8 m5tal cont5ts are diff]5t4 ,?is1 ,i say1 acc\nts = ! abs5ce ( ! real pity & fe>1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be direct$ t[>d ! p]sons 9 ! play4 ,b s f> z yet appe>s !re is e reason to expect ! sympa!tic reproduction ( ! emotions ( ! p]sons !mselves4 ,let u briefly recall ! situation4 ,! h\se is d>k5$ & quiet2 all l9es conv]ge to ! /age1 :i* is brightly light$1 & height5$ 9 visual effect by e device kn[n to art4 ,! onlook]'s m9d is empti$ ( its cont5t2 all feel+ ( self is pu%$ d[n to its v l[e/ level4 ,he has be=e him a situation :i* he und]/&s ?r\gh sight & he>+1 & 9 :i* he foll[s ! action n only by compreh5sion1 b by in/9ctive imitation4 ,?is is ! great vehicle ( sugge/ion4 ,we _c see te>s rise )\t moi/ure 9 our own eyes2 we reproduce a yawn ev5 aga9/ our w2 ! sudd5 or ! regul> movem5t ( a companion we are =c$ to foll[1 at lea/ incipi5tly4 ,n[ ! expression :i* we imitate br+s up 9 u to a c]ta9 ext5t ! :ole complex ( ideas & feel+-tones belong+ to t expression4 ,moreov]1 ! m closely we att5d to x1 ! m explicitly d we imitate x1 by an evid5t psy*ological pr9ciple4 ,?us 9 ! artificially contriv$ situation ( ! spectator at a play1 he is =c$1 n only to und]/& intellectually1 b also to ,,foll[1 q lit]ally1 ! emotional movem5ts ( ! actors4 ,! process ( und]/&+1 rais$ to ! highe/ pit*1 involves by its v nature also reproduction ( :at is und]/ood4 ,! complex ( ! ideas & associations ( ! p]sons ( ! play is ideally reproduc$4 ,are n ! organic reactions belong+ to ^! set up too8--n directly1 9 response to a situation 9 :i* ! spectator may act1 b directly1 by reproduction ( ! m5tal cont5ts ( "o :o may act1 ! p]son ( ! drama4 ,! f9al answ] to ?is "q conta9s1 to my m9d1 ! :ole k]nel ( ! dramatic my/]y1 & ! />t+-po9t = an ae/hetic !ory ( trag$y4 ,,iv ,e play conta9s at lea/ two actors4 ,! sugge/ion ( /ates ( m9d does n come f ! h]o alone1 b is giv5 by two p]sons1 or gr\ps ( p]sons1 at once4 ,^! p]sons are1 normally1 9 conflict4 ,o!llo m5aces1 ,desdemona %r9ks2 ,nora ass]ts h] "r1 ,hilm> 8 claim2 ,l',aiglon vaunts 8 inh]it$ p]sonality1 ,mett]ni*--holds ! c&le to ! mirror6 ,b :at ( ! spectator8 ,he _c at once %r9k & m5ace1 ass]t & d5y1 z ! conditions ( sympa!tic reproduction w\ld seem to dem&4 ,real emotion implies a def9ite set ( reactions ( ! nature ( movem5ts2 & two oppos$ movem5ts _c take place at ! same "t4 ,ideas1 h[ev]1 c dwell toge!r 9 amity4 ,! spectator has a vivid picture ( ,o!llo & ,desdemona toge!r2 b 8 reactions h neutraliz$ ea* o!r1 & 8 emotions1 lack+ _! organic conditions1 are 9 abeyance4 ,?is is ! typical dramatic mom5t1 = x is ! "o :i* is alone *>act]i/ic ( ! drama4 ,only 9 ! simultane\s realization ( two oppos+ =ces is ! full mutual *eck+ ( emotional impulses possible1 & x is only 9 ?is simultane\s realization t ! drama diff]s f all o!r =ms ( art4 ,:5 ! two antagoni/ic purposes are actually pres5t$ to ! onlook] 9 ! same mom5t ( "t1 !n alone c be felt ! vividness ( realization1 ! t5sion ( conflict1 ! balance ( emotion1 ! alleviation ( ! true ,ka?>sis6 ,b :at is ?is8 ,no emotion aft] all1 :5 ! v traditional te/ ( our enjoym5t ( a play is ! am\nt ( feel+ x ar\ses6--:5 he>ts beat1 h&s cl5*1 te>s fl[6 ,emotion !re is1 x may n be d5i$2 b n ! sympa!tic emotions ( ! traditional !ory4 ,:at emotion8 ,! mutual *eck+ ( impulses 9 a balance1 a t5sion1 a conflict :i* is yet a bond2 & ?is x is :i* is ! clue to ! excitem5t or exaltation :i* 9 ! dramatic exp]i5ce usurps ! place ( def9ite feel+4 ,we h met ?is ph5om5on be=e4 ,ae/hetic emotion 9 g5]al1 we h he>d1 consi/s j 9 ! union ( a k9d ( /imulation or enhanc$ life1 ) repose2 a height5+ ( ! vital en]gies unaccompani$ by any t5d5cy to movem5t1--9 %ort1 t ga!r+ ( =ces :i* we connect ) action1 & :i* is felt ! m because action is *eck$4 ,j su* a repose ?r\gh equilibrium ( impulses is giv5 by ! dramatic conflict4 ,introspection makes assurance d\bly sure4 ,! t5se exaltation ( ! typical ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 undirect$1 unlimit$1 pure ( p]sonal or p>ticul> ref]5ce1 is reproduc$ 9 ?is nameless ec/asy ( ! tragic drama4 ,! my/]i\s ,ka?>sis1 ! emotion ( trag$y1 is1 !n1 a special type ( ! unique ae/hetic emotion4 ,& x is ! s+ul> peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! drama-- ! face to face confrontation ( =ces--:i* furni%es ^! conditions4 ,z we might h =ese51 ! peculi> ,ka?>sis1 or pleasurable disappe>ance or alleviation ( emotion 9 trag$y1 is bas$ on j ^? elem5ts 9 :i* ! drama diff]s f o!r =ms ( art4 ,confrontation1 & n action1 z ! dramatic pr9ciple1 is ! important d$uction f our !ory2--is1 inde$1 b ! objective aspect ( x4 ,! view ( confrontation z ! dramatic pr9ciple is confirm$ by dramatic lit]ature4 ,we emphasize 9 our /udy ( ,greek plays _! simplicity ( plot1 _! abs5ce ( intrigue1 _! sculptural1 bas-relief quality4 ,! ,greek drama makes ( a poem a crisis1 says ,m4 ,faguet4 ,a trag$y is a well-compos$ gr\p1 a f9e contra/1 a beautiful effect ( impos+ symmetry--z 9 ! ,antigone1 on "o side civil law 9 all its bl9d rigor1 on ! o!r moral law 9 all its spl5dor4 ,! only elem5t 9 common ) ! mod]n type is f\nd 9 ! conflict ( wills4 ,c\ld su* a play z ! ,suppliants ( ,eurip$es f9d any ae/hetic ju/ification1 save t x has ! "o dramatic ess5tial--confrontation1 balance ( emotions8 ,! v sc5es ( %ort spee*es1 ( objurgation or s5t5ti\s rep>tee1 :i* _c b h = u an elem5t ( ! grotesque1 mu/ h be5 z pleas+ z !y 7 to ! ,greek audi5ce1 f ! fact t !y br\ght to %>pe/ vision ! confrontation ( ! two antagoni/s4 ,! m$iaeval drama1 :i* has become popul>ly kn[n 9 ,ev]yman1 is no?+ b a succession ( duels1 mat]ial or spiritual4 ,x is inde$ ! two pr(iles confront+ "o ano!r1 our sympa?y balanc$1 & susp5d$1 z x 71 betwe5 !m1 :i* *>act]ize our recollections ( ?is :ole great field4 ,! mod]n critics & comp>]s ( ,engli% & ,fr5* drama are fond ( contra/+ ! full1 ri*1 ev5 prodigal *>act]ization1 rhetorical & lyrical beauty ( ! ,%akespe>ean drama ) ! cold1 cle>1 logical1 b resi/less movem5t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,yet ! contra/ is n q t betwe5 *>act]ization & =m2 ! ess5tial =m is common to bo?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,elizabe?an drama 0 plat=m drama--t is1 by ! te/imony ( contempor>ies1 little conc]n$ ) any?+ b ! succession ( m or less unconnect$ sc5es betwe5 two or ?ree p]sons4 ,& we see cle>ly t ! great dramatic p[] ( ,hamlet1 = in/ance1 mu/ lie1 n 9 ! movem5t ( a wav]+ purpose1 b 9 ! sep>ate sc5es ( 8 /ruggle1 ea* "o wond]fully ri*1 vivid1 balanc$1 b almo/ a unit 9 itself4 ,on ! !ory t ! true dramatic =m is logical progress1 dramatic--z contra/$ ) lit]>y--p[] w\ld h to be d5i$ to ,hamlet4 ,! ae/hetic mean+ ( ,le> is n 9 ! t]rible retribution ( pride & self-w1 b 9 ! cruel confrontation ( fa!r & daught]s4 ,?is is no less true ( ! fir/ great ,fr5* plays4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! resi/less movem5t ( ! intrigue :i* makes ! ,misan?rope1 ,t>tufe1 ! ,precieuses ,ridicules1 ma/]pieces ( com$y z well z ( lit]ature4 ,_! dramatic value lies 9 _! piquancy ( confrontation4 ,! tug-(-w> betwe5 ,alce/e & ,celim5e1 betwe5 ,rodrigue & ,*im5e 9 ,le ,cid1 is :at we ?9k ( z dramatic2 & x is ?is same elem5t :i* is f\nd z well 9 ! complicat$ & ov]fl[+ ,engli% plays4 ,& 9 mod]n ,fr5* drama1 = all its logic1 ! dom9at+ factor is ! sc5e a faire1--:at ,i h call$ ! sc5e ( confrontation4 ,! notori\sly successful sc5e 9 ! ,engli% drama ( to-day1 ! duel ( ,sophy & ,"l ,quex-- tol]ably empty ( real feel+ or significance ?\gh x is-- becomes successful m]ely ?r\gh ! consummate h&l+ ( ! face-to-face elem5t4 ,only by admitt+ ?is ae/hetic mom5t ( arre/ c we all[ dramatic value to su* a play z ,les ,affaires sont les ,affaires--a truly /atic drama4 ,! h]o ( ?is is1 9 ! words ( a review]1 ess5tially ! same =ce 9 magnitude & direction f ! rise to ! fall ( ! curta94 ,x does n move2 x is we :o are tak5 ar\nd x s t we may see its v>i\s facets4 ,x is n m\ld$ by ! successive incid5ts ( ! play1 b only disclos$ by !m2 sibi con/at4 ,yet we _c d5y to ! play dramatic p[]2 & ! reason = ?is is1 z ,i believe1 because x does1 aft] all1 possess ! dramatic ess5tial--n action1 b t5sion4 ,v ,x w be dem&$1 h[ev]1 :at place !re is !n = a temporal factor1 if ! typical dramatic exp]i5ce dep5ds ^u ! great sc5e8 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! drama is a "w ( art develop$ 9 "t1 l music & poetry4 ,x comes to a climax & a resolution2 x evolves its h>monies l ! symphony1 9 irrevocable ord]4 ,we _c af=d to neglect1 9 su* an ae/hetic analysis1 :at is an und\bt$ elem5t 9 dramatic effect1 ! s-call$ inevitable m>* ( ev5ts4 ,9 answ] to ?is objection we may hold t ! temporal factor is a coroll>y ( ! prim>y dem& = confrontation4 ,x is necess>y t ! confrontation or conflict %\ld be vividly imag9$1 ) all possible associative re9=cem5ts--t x %\ld be br\ght up to ! turn ( ! screw1 z x 74 ,= ?is1 !n1 motivation is absolutely necess>y4 ,an attitude is only cle>ly realiz$ :5 x is made to seem inevitable4 ,x takes complete possession ( our m9ds only :5 x inhibits all o!r possibilities4 ,at any giv5 sc5e1 ! p[] ( a "p to reproduce itself 9 u is measur$ by ! conv9c+ quality giv5 x by motivation1 & = ?is !re mu/ be a full body ( associations to draw on1 to r\nd out & complete und]/&+4 ,! villa9 ( ! play is1 = in/ance1 less completely sugge/$ to u1 because our associations are suppos$ly less ri* = su* *>act]s2 z a begg> hypnotiz$ & made to feel himself a k+ has meagre m5tal equipm5t = ! "p4 ,n[1 ?is inn] possession c come ab\t only ?r\gh ! compell+ =ce ( a long c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,9 provid+ su* an accumulation ( impulses1 none 0 great] ?an ! y\ng] ,dumas--& none _h to be great]6 ,to make 8 audi5ce accept--t is1 id5tify itself )--! action ( ! h]o 9 ,d5ise1 or ! "m's decision 9 ,les ,idees de ,mms4 ,aubray1 s subv]sive ( g5]al social feel+1 & !reby to exp]i5ce fully ! great dramatic mom5t 9 ea* play1 !re _h to g ! effect ( innum]able small impulses4 ,& to realize "s situations is ev5 beyond ! scope ( a play's developm5t4 ,x is an acute rem>k ( ,mr4 ,g4,k4 ,*e/]ton's1 t _m plays n[adays turn on problems ( m>riage3 :i* subject is "o = sl[ ye>s ( adju/m5t1 pati5ce1 adaptation1 endeavor2 :ile ! drama requires quick decisions1 b\lev]sem5ts1 etc41 & w\ld d wisely to conf9e itself to fields 9 :i* su* b\lev]sem5ts c be made cr$ible4 ,at any rate1 motivation is desirable = ! dramatic confrontation1 & "t--! work+-out--is an ess5tial condition ( motivation4 ,to make ! dramatic conflict ev] %>p] & deep]1 until x ei!r melts into h>mony1 or ceases ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( "o elem5t1 is ! :ole duty ( ! developm5t1 & makes x necess>y4 ,t developm5t is temporal1 is1 dramatically1 only a device = damm+ ! flood t x may break at la/ ) great] =ce4 ,?is1 too1 is an answ] to ! objection t if confrontation is ! dramatic ess5tial1 b>e opposition1 because ! cle>e/ confrontation1 w\ld be ! greate/ drama1 & ! ,suppliants ( ,eurip$es be inde$ an example ( x4 ,b>e opposition is nev] real confrontation 9 our s5se1 = t mu/ be an arre/1 a mutual antagonism ( all impulses ( s\l & s5se4 ,x mu/ possess ! :ole man4 ,x ne$s to take 9 all ?\ghts1 all passions1 all delights1 to be complete1 & ! measure ( its complet5ess is ! measure ( its ae/hetic value4 ,9 ! same way1 ! dem& = pr(\nd tru? & significance 9 ! drama is cle>ly to be rea*$ f ! purely dramatic ne$4 ,inn] possession1 ! condition = our dramatic t5sion1 dep5ds n alone on ! cumulation ( sugge/ions-- sugge/ion 9 its1 s to speak1 quantitative aspect4 ,! attitude ( a "* mu/ be necess>y 9 itself3 t is1 x mu/ be true to ! great & g5]al laws ( life4 ,if x is fundam5tally false1 ev5 ) ! longe/ & complete/ prep>ation1 x r+s holl[4 ,we _c completely ent] into x4 ,?us we see t ! "o c5tral requirem5t1 ! dramatic g]m1 leads to ! mo/ f>-rea*+ dem&s = logic1 sanity1 & morality 9 ! ideas ( a play4 ,?is %\ld n be int]pret$ z exhau/+ ! ae/hetic value ( logic & morality 9 ! drama4 ,! drama is a species ( lit]ature3 & ^! qualities1 ap>t f ! fact t !y are necess>y to ! full dramatic mom5t1 h also an ae/hetic effect prop] to !mselves4 ,?us ! developm5t ha ! beauty :i* lies 9 a necess>y progress2 b ?is beauty is common to ! epic1 ! novel1 & ! symphony1 :ile ! unity giv5 by ! confrontation & t5sion ( simultane\s =ces belongs to ! drama alone4 ,x is !re=e developm5t z s]v+ ! dramatic end t ,i h d$uc$4 ,yet we may well recall "h ! o!r aspect ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,analog\s to ! pleasure 9 rhy?m & 9 music1 9 :i* ! await$ beat or tone slips1 z x 71 into a place already prep>$ = x1 ) ! satisfaction ( h>moni\s n]v\s adju/m5t1 is ! pleasure 9 an inevitable & irrevocable progress4 ,= x is n felt z inevitable unless ! :ole cry/allization ( ! situation makes su*1 & only su*1 an action or ?\ght necess>y at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! /ructure1 makes x to a c]ta9 ext5t anticipat$1 & s recogniz$ ) acclaim on its appe>ance4 ,we w an ev5t 9 anticipat+ & accept+ x2 & we realize x z x comes4 ,no?+ m is to be f\nd 9 ! psy*ological analysis ( ! w itself--!oretically1 ! two /ates are ne>ly id5tical4 ,?us ?is cont9ual anticipation & com+ true takes on ! feel+-tone ( all volition2 & s 9 music1 z ,i h %[n at l5g?1 & 9 drama1 & to a degree 9 all =ms ( lit]ature1 we h ! illusion ( ! triumphant w4 ,?is is ! secret ( t creative joy felt by ! spectator at a drama1 :i* has be5 s (t5 not$4 ,x is ?is illusion ( ! triumphant w1 too1 :i* ent]s l>gely into our acceptance ( ! tragic end4 ,mu* has be5 said1 9 ! dispute ov] trag$y1 ( ! s-call$ ,resignation ( ! tragic h]o1 & ( ! audi5ce 9 relation to 8 fate4 ,b ,i believe t ^! writ]s are wrong 9 connect+ ?is resignation prim>ily ) a moral attitude4 ,:at is =ese5 z p]fectly inevitable1 is suffici5tly accept$ 9 ! psy*ological s5se--t is1 vividly imag9$ & await$1--to contribute to ?is illusion ( volition4 ,h5ce arise1 = ! cata/rophe ( drama1 t exaltation & /]n joy :i* are indissolubly connect$ ) ! exp]i5ce ( w 9 real life4 ,,vi ,we h spok5 ( ! dramatic1 & h desir$ to %[ t its peculi> ae/hetic exp]i5ce arises out ( ! t5sion or balance ( emotion 9 ! confrontation ( oppos+ =ces4 ,if ?is is a fruitful !ory1 x %\ld ?r[ light on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t =ms ( ! drama1 & on ! pr9cipal issues ( t ,dispute ov] ,trag$y :i* is always ) u4 ,! possible results ( a meet+ ( two =ces are ^!4 ,bo? =ces1 or "o =ce1 may be de/roy$2 or1 %ort ( de/ruction1 ! two may melt into h>mony1 or "o may give way be=e ! o!r4 ,i ?9k x may be said t ^! alt]natives repres5t ! di/9ctions ( ,trag$y & ,com$y4 ,:5 two aims are absolutely irreconcilable1 & :5 ! =ces t5d+ to !m are important1--t is1 p[]ful1--!re mu/ be some:]e de/ruction1 & we h trag$y4 ,:5 !y are reconcilable1 if !y are important1 we h s]i\s com$y2 :5 n important1 or n envisag$ z important1 we h light com$y4 ,?us ,trag$y & ,com$y are closely relat$1-- m closely ?an we are prone to ?9k4 ,9 ! words ( ! late ,pr(essor ,ev]ett1 9 ,poetry1 ,com$y1 & ,duty3 ,! tragic is1 l ! comic1 simply ! incongru\s4 ,! great ,trag$y ( ,nature1 :i* is call$ ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 results simply f a great] or less incongru\sness betwe5 any =m ( life & its surr\nd+s4444,! comic is f\nd 9 an incongru\s relation consid]$ m]ely z to its ,,=m1 :ile ! tragic is f\nd 9 an incongru\s relation tak5 z to its reality4 ,= ?is ^w incongruity ,i w\ld sub/itute collision or conflict4 ,:5 !re is no way out1 we h ,trag$y2 :5 !re is a way out1 we h ,com$y4 ,& :5 ?+s are tak5 sup]ficially en\gh1 !re always is a way out1 = we c at lea/ always agree to disagree4 ,9 any case1 ! end ( ! conflict is a p]iod1 repose1 unity4 ,?is seems to be borne out by imm$iate introspection4 ,! feel+s ) :i* we come f a great trag$y or a great com$y are inde$ almo/ id5tical4 ,! excitem5t1 t5sion1 sunk into repose1 are common to bo?2 ! satisfaction ) a good end+ is /rangely p>allel$ by our resignation to a bad "o1-- significant ( our real indiff]5ce to ! fact1 s long z ! ,ae/hetic ,unity is rea*$4 ,9 ,george ,m]$i?'s wond]ful little essay on ! ,comic ,_s1 ?is view is r rem>kably confirm$4 ,he has def9$ ,com$y z ! contra/ ( ! middle way1 ! way ( common s5se1 ) our human vag>ies1 ,comme un po9t fixe fait rem>qu] l'emportem5t des autres4 ,com$y1 he says1 tea*es ! _w to und]/& :at ails x4444,com$y is ! f\nta9 ( s\nd s5se1 & aga91 ! use ( ! true com$y is to awak5 ?\ghtful laught]4 ,m5's future ^u e>? does n attract x2 _! hone/y & %apel9ess 9 ! pres5t does2 & :5ev] !y wax out ( proportion1 ov]bl[n1 affect$1 pret5ti\s1 bomba/ical1 hypocritical1 p$antic1 fanta/ically delicate2 :5ev] x sees !m self-deceiv$ or hoodw9k$1 giv5 to run riot 9 idolatries1 drift+ into vanities1 congregat+ 9 absurdities1 plann+ %ortsight$ly1 plott+ dem5t$ly2 :5ev] !y are at v>iance ) _! pr(essions1 & violate ! unwritt5 b p]ceptible laws b9d+ !m 9 consid]ation "o to ano!r2 :5ev] !y (f5d s\nd reason1 fair ju/ice2 are false 9 humility or mov$ ) conceit1 individually or 9 ! bulk--! ,_s ov]head w look humor\sly malign & ca/ an oblique light on !m1 foll[$ by volleys ( silv]y laught]4 ,t is ! ,comic ,_s4 ,! ,comic ,_s is ! j common s5se1 ! subconsci\s wisdom ( ! ages4 ,!re ,,is a gold5 mean1 ! ,comic ,_s %[s x to u 9 ! light ( our fla%+ laught] at ! deviation !refrom4 ,& because !re is1 ev5 ! unreconcil$--reconcilable--diff]5ce or conflict is n s]i\s4 ,t is :y true ,com$y seems to f9d its be/ field 9 a develop$ social life4 ,! incongruities ( human nature hurt is !y are press$ too deep1 because !y are irreconcilable2 !y too quickly edge ! tragic gulf4 ,b ! incongruities ( ! conv5tional life d n hurt :5 press$4 ,to *ange our metaphor1 adju/m5t to ! middle way is "h s easily cr$ible & possible1 t x is ! v hunt+-gr\nd = ! ,comic ,_s4 ,! reput$ ma/]piece ( ,moli]e %[s u ,alce/e & ,celim5e 9 ! end /ill at odds4 ,b light-he>t$ness & s9c]ity are n to common s5se incompatible1 & ?us we are rightly l$ up to ! impasse by pa?s ( laught]4 ,:]ev] ! middle way is div9$1 !re is ! possible entrance ( ! ,_s ( ,com$y4 ,x is c]ta9ly a detrim5t to ! purely ,tragic effect ( ,p9]o's greate/ play1 t ! middle way1 ! possibility ( reconciliation1 is %ad[$ =? 9 ! la/ ^w1--! cry ( ! /epdaught] ( ! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 ,if ,i _h only be5 m m]ciful6 ,dumas fils w\ld nev] h all[$ t4 ,he w\ld h writt5 8 play ar\nd t ?\ght1 & made x inde$ a reconcil+ drama-- or he w\ld h suppress$ ! cry4 ,! end ( ,romeo & ,juliet--date ,i confess x8--has always hov]$ = me close to t bord] :i* is n sublime4 ,= ! hapless lov]s miss$ all = want ( a little common s5se4 ,!re 0 naught inevitable 9 _! plight4 ,i see ! ,comic ,_s lean+ across to /ay ! h& ( ! impetu\s ,romeo4 ,:y n take a mom5t's sob] ?\ght8 %e murmurs4 ,trag$y ensues :5 !re is no way out4 ,x is n t ru9 or dea? = ^? 9 :om ^! =ces are embodi$ is ( ! ess5ce ( ! situation2 only t 9 ! complete de/ruction ( a =ce or purpose :5 x has be5 embodi$ 9 a /rong desp]ate "*1 ! dea? ( t "* is usually involv$4 ,!re is no solution b to cut ! knot4 ,! tragic has be5 def9$ z t quality ( exp]i5ce :]eby1 9 & ?r\gh "s s]i\s collision1 foll[$ by fatal cata/rophe or inn] ru91 some?+ valuable 9 p]sonality becomes manife/1 ei!r z sublime or admirable 9 ! h]o1 or z triumph ( an idea4 ,b ,le>1 ,macbe?1 ,hamlet1 ,o$ipus ,k+1 ,o!llo1 exi/ to contrav5e ?is view4 ,no1 ! tragic 79 its fir/ s5se1 9 ! s5se d]iv$ f ! dramatic =m f :i* x is nam$7 is 9 ! collision itself2 x is ! pr(\nd &1 to our vision1 ! irreconcilable antagonism ( diff]5t elem5ts 9 life4 ,& 9 life we accept x because we mu/2 we transc5d x because1 z moral be+s1 we may4 ,! sublime 9 actual tragic exp]i5ce is ! reaction ( ! unconqu]able ,s\l4 ,9 tragic lit]ature ano!r appe>s4 ,we are help$ 9 transc5d+ ! ess5tial contradictions ( life pres5t$ to u1 because ! conditions ( lit]ature 9 prep>+ an ev5t create = u ! illusion ( volition1 ! acceptance ( fate4 ,& 9 ! tragic drama1 to all ^! elem5ts ( ! complex exp]i5ce1 !re is add$ ! exaltation ( ! ae/hetic arre/1 ! t5sion ( confrontations4 ,! "q ( ! highe/ or mo/ tragic =m ( trag$y seems to h be5 settl$ by g5]al agreem5t4 ,x has be5 held t ! tragic ( ! ju/ifi$ oppos+ =ce is ! m full ( mean+ & importance1 = ! reason t m int]e/+ & complex feel+s are call$ into play on ea* side ?an 9 ! case ( ! unju/ifi$ oppos+ =ce4 ,b ! def9ition ( ! tragic drama we h won seems fur!r to illum9ate our und\bt$ pref]5ce = ?is type4 ,we dem& ae/hetically all t w make ! confrontation1 ! dramatic t5sion1 m cle>ly felt2 & we _c realize fully a side :i* %\ld be unju/ifi$4 ,9 su* a play z ,maet]l9ck's ,aglava9e & ,selysette !re is no movem5t1 & ev5 ! conflict is subt]ranean2 yet1 z all ! *>act]s are 9 _! way noble1 & 9 _! way ju/ifi$1 we f9d x among ! mo/ poignant ( 8 plays4 ,nay1 m1 9 any situation ! m ne>ly ! conflict is %[n to be absolutely inevitable1 aris+ out ( ! v nature ( life z we "k x1--completely ju/ifi$1 or at lea/ ,,felt z inevitable on bo? sides1--! m are we %ak5 by ! di/9ctive tragic emotion4 ,! conflict ( duties to "o's self & to ! _w is ! %>pe/ ( trag$ies4 ,lu!r1 z ,freytag well %[s1 is a really tragic figure f ! mom5t :5 we conceive ( ! inn] connection ( 8 intol]ance ) all t is good & great 9 8 nature4 ,z ! expression ( su* a conflict ( impulses good 9 !mselves1 ,magda is a great trag$y ?an ! ,joy ( ,liv+2 ,gho/s ?an ,h$da ,gabl]2 ! /ory ( ,francesca ,da ,rim9i 7,i d n mean ,d',annunzio's play7 ?an ,la ,citta ,morta4 ,:at1 !n1 %all be said ( ! s-call$ tragic ,guilt1 9 :i* ! h]o ru%es on impi\sly to 8 doom8 ,x is cle> t ?is "q is closely relat$ to ! mu*-debat$ ,greatness ( ! tragic h]o4 ,if !re is guilt1 !re mu/ be also greatness1 to impress t side ( ! canvas on our vision4 ,x is1 inde$1 almo/ a quantitative problem4 ,/r5g?1 en]gy1 dep? ( passion1 bread? ( vision1 p[] & place1 ravi% our att5tion & our unconsci\s imitation4 ,:at is lack+ 9 ext5sity ( associative reproduction mu/ be add$ 9 int5sity4 ,&1 9 fact1 we f9d t x is ! giants :o be> ! tragic ,s*uld4 ,hamlet is n guilty2 r "o l ourselves1 9 ,ari/otle's phrase1 & !re=e he ne$ n be great4 ,i agree ) ,volkelt's view t ev5 ! traditional trem5d\s w ( ! tragic h]o may be disp5s$ )4 ,no d\bt x is mo/ (t5 /r5g? ( w :i* br+s out ! orig9al conflict4 ,b t conflict once giv51 z x is giv51 = example1 9 ,hamlet1 ! ma9 po9t is to increase ! weight ( ea* side1 :i* c inde$ be done by o!r elem5ts ( greatness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i disagree ) ,volkelt's reason = ?us exempt+ w1 :i* is1 t ! contra/ feel+ ( h[ great a fall 0 !re may be giv5 by o!r qualities 9 ! h]o ?an t ( w4 ,z ,i h urg$1 x is n ! cata/rophe :i* is ( ! tragic ess5ce1 & !re=e n = ! sake ( ! cata/rophe t we %\ld m>%al our elem5ts4 ,! climax ( trag$y & ( our feel+ is 9 ! deadlock ( =ces1 & :atev] is n absolutely ess5tial !reto may be done )\t4 ,,vii ,! ph5om5on ( our ae/hetic reaction on ! s-call$ pa9ful exp]i5ces ( ! drama has !n be5 discuss$ at l5g? & acc\nt$ =4 ,!re is an und\bt$ emotional exp]i5ce ( great int5sity2 & yet t emotion turns out to be n ! emotion ,,9 ! drama1 b r ! emotion ,,f ! drama1--a unique indep5d5t emotion ( t5sion1 o!rwise a =m ( ! *>act]i/ic ae/hetic emotion ) :i* we h be5 be=e engag$4 ,! playwright :o scornfully rejects ! spectator suppos$ to be ae/hetic1 ideally contemplative & emotionally indiff]5t1 is v9dicat$4 ,!re mu/ be a vivid emotional effect1 b x is ! spectator's v own1 & n a copy ( ! h]o's emotion1 because x is ! product ( ! ess5tial =m ( ! drama itself1 ! confrontation ( =ces4 ,secondly1 t confrontation ( =ces has reveal$ itself z inde$ ess5tial4 ,?is is n ! "t-honor$ view ( trag$y z collision1 :i* has be5 arriv$ at simply by obs]v+ t great tragic dramas are mo/ly collisions1 mak+ ! drama a picture !re(1 b n expla9+ :y x mu/ be su*4 ,i h tri$1 on ! contr>y1 to %[ t confrontation is a necess>y product ( ! b>e =m ( dramatic repres5tation1--two p face to face4 ,b if ?is b>e =m or s*eme ( confrontation is und]/ood & int]pret$ z pr(\ndly z possible1 !n all ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! tragic drama are se5 to fl[ f x2 & ?us = ! fir/ "t to be really expla9$ by be+ acc\nt$ =4 ,! tragic drama n only is1 b mu/ be1 collision1 because confrontation1 und]/ood z ri*ly z possible1 mu/ be collision4 ,x mu/ be inevitable1 & x mu/ h movem5t1 because only s is ! confrontation re9=c$4 ,9 brief1 o!rs h said t ! drama1 or trag$y1 is conflict1 ! p]fect opposition ( two =ces4 ,we %\ld r say t ! drama is fir/ ( all picture1 liv+ repres5tation ( colloquy2 z su*1 x is balance1 confrontation2 & confrontation to its ideal degree ( int5sity is conflict4 ,no drama c disp5se ) picture2 & s no drama is free f ! obligation to add unto itself ^! o!r qualities also4 ,! act+ play is ! play ( confrontations4 ,,viii ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,ideas ,,viii ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,ideas ,i ,,! ,idea ( ,beauty has be5 greatly wid5$ s9ce ! age ( ,plato4 ,!n1 x 0 only 9 ord]1 proportion1 unity 9 v>iety1 t beauty 0 admitt$ to consi/2 to-day we hold t ! mod]ns h caught a pr(\nd] beauty1 ! beauty ( mean+s1 & we make x matt] = rejoic+ t no?+ is too small1 too /range1 or too ugly to ent]1 ?r\gh its p[] ( sugge/ion1 ! realm ( ! ae/hetically valuable2 & t ! def9ition ( beauty %\ld h be5 ext5d$ to include1 "u ! "n ( ,romantic1 ,symbolic1 ,expressive1 or ,ideal ,beauty1 all ( ! elem5ts ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 all t emotionally /irs u 9 repres5tation4 ,b :ile ?is view is a natural developm5t1 x is n ( necessity unassailable2 & x is op5 to "q :e!r ! addition ( an indep5d5t elem5t ( expression to ! old] def9ition ( beauty c be ju/ifi$ by its consequ5ces = art4 ,su* an inquiry1 h[ev]1 _c /op ) ! relation ( ! deep] mean+s ( mod]n art to ! conception ( beauty4 ,x mu/ g fur!r & f9d out :at elem5ts1 ! s5su\s =m or ! ideas t are b\nd up ) x1 9 a "w ( art1 ( ! classical z well z ( ! ideali/ic type1 really con/itute its ae/hetic value4 ,:at is x t makes ! beauty ( ! ,v5us ( ,milo8 ,is x ! pose & ! model+1 or ! idea ( ! et]nal fem99e t x expresses to u8 ,:at is x t makes ! beauty ( ,/4 ,m>k's or ( ,giotto's t[]8 ! relation ( ! l9es & masses or ! sacr$ significance ( ! edifices !y g to =m8 ,:at is x t makes ! beauty ( ! ,n9? ,symphony8 ! p]fection ( ! melodic sequ5ce1 or ! ,hymn ( ,joy1 ! message f ! ,inf9ite :i* !y are meant to utt]8 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ^! two po9ts ( view is1 ( c\rse1 n ! same z t o!r anti!sis betwe5 art = art's sake & art 9 ! light ( its moral mean+s & effects4 ,:at we n[ call romantic or expressive art c c]ta9ly be made ! m fruitful 9 moral sugge/ions2 b ?is fact be>s n at all on ! "q ( :at belongs fundam5tally to ! nature ( beauty4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t on ?is matt] ! camps ( ! =mali/s & ! romantici/s are divid$4 ,! ,greeks1 ! lov]s ( =mal beauty1 7 s alive to ! moral effects ( art t _! !ories 7 9 dang] ( be+ q ov]:elm$ by ?is view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lov]s ( ideas 9 art1 ! natural enemies1 z "o w\ld h ?\ght1 ( art = art's sake1 h be5 mo/ (t5 impati5t ( any consid]ation ( its moral elem5ts or effects4 ,?is second "q1 !n1 ( art z pleasure or z moral influ5ce c be once = all exclud$ f ! discussion4 ,s f> z yet appe>s1 ! issue is betwe5 =m & expression4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 "s po9t ( common agreem5t f :i* to survey & di/+ui% m exactly ^! two div]g+ t5d5cies4 ,su* a coign ( vantage is (f]$ by ! nature ( ! ae/hetic attitude1--= s9ce ,kant !re has be5 among ae/heticians no ess5tial diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,! ae/hetic attitude1 all agree1 is dis9t]e/$4 ,we c>e = ! image or appe>ance ( ! object1 = ! way its =m affects u1 & n = ! actual exi/5ce ( ! object itself4 ,if ,i delight ae/hetically 9 a clu/] ( grapes1 ,i d n want to eat !m1 b only to enjoy _! image1 & my feel+ ( pleasure1 z ae/hetic1 w\ld n be *ang$ if be=e me 7 only a mirage1 an halluc9ation1 or a picture4 ,x is j ! pleasure 9 p]ception t appeals to me1-- !re9 bo? s*ools agree1--& ! only matt] at issue is ! "q ( :at ?is dis9t]e/$ pleasure ( p]ception includes4 ,is t pleasure b\nd up ) ! me*anisms ( p]ception itself1 or does x come f ! end ( ! process & ! ease ) :i* x is rea*$1--f ! ,,idea1 9 ! contemplation ( :i* we delight8 ,"o s*ool ass]ts t ! real pleasure 9 p]ception comes only f =m4 ,! giv5 object is beautiful1 ?r\gh its orig9al qualities ( l9e1 color1 or s\nd1 :i* /rike ! special s5ses 9 a way t is pleas+ to !m2 & ?r\gh its comb9ations ( ^! qualities1 :i* affect ! :ole human organism 9 a directly pleasurable way4 ,:at is outside ( ! giv5 object ( art--is meant1 sugge/$1 or recall$ by x--belongs1 x is said1 to absolutely unae/hetic processes1 z is %[n by ! fact t _m ?+s1 :i* we are ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge z ugly1 are ! excit+ cause ( great ?\ghts & delightful associations4 ,! oppos$ s*ool ma9ta9s t ! mean+s ( a "w ( art are all t x exi/s =4 ,! pres5tation ( an idea1 by :atev] s5su\s means1 s only t !y be transp>5t1 & ! joy ( ! s\l 9 contemplat+ ?is idea1 mu/ be ! object & ! end ( art4 ,! lat] ideali/s admit value to ! =m only 9 s f> a x may express1 convey1 symbolize1 or sugge/ ! cont5t1 :e!r z pure idea1 or z a %ad[+ =? ( ! ,div9e ,_w-,mean+4 ,^! !ories are c]ta9ly intelligible2 b ! results ( apply+ !m ) logical consi/5cy are r t]rify+4 ,&rew ,lang says some:]e t ! logical consequ5ce ( ! =mal !ory ( art 9 all its nak$ness w\ld make ,t5nyson ! y\?1 ,sw9burne1 & ,edg> ,poe ! greate/ poets ( ! _w1 & ^? delici\s effusions ( ,edw>d ,le>1 ,! ,jumblies & ,on ! ,coa/ ( ,corom&el1 ma/]pieces4 ,yet if we all[ ! ideali/s to pass s5t5ce1 :at %all become ( our treasures 9 ,kubla ,khan1 or ,ueb] all5 ,gipfeln1 or ,la ,nuit de ,decembre8 ,! results ( su* a judgm5t day w\ld be ev5 m appall+ to ! true lov] ( poetry4 ,moreov]1 if ! idea1 ! end ( art1 ne$ n reside 9 ! object itself1 b may arise !refrom by subtle sugge/ion1 ! complications ( poetry or pa9t+ are unnecess>y4 ,a geometric figure may rem9d u ( ! con/itution ( ! _w ( space1 a sundial1 ( ! transitor9ess ( human exi/5ce1 & ) a *orus-end+ f ,eurip$es1 ! :ole sweep ( ! cosmic mean+s is ^u u4 ,9 ! words ( ,fra ,lippo ,lippi3-- ,:y1 = ?is1 ,:at ne$ ( art at all8 ,a skull & bones1 ,two bits ( /ick nail$ crosswise1 or :at's be/1 ,a bell to *ime ! h\rs )1 does z well4 ,,ii ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 a place = ideas mu/ cle>ly be f\nd 9 our def9ition ( beauty2 & yet x mu/ be s limit$ & b\nd to ! beautiful =m t coroll>ies su* z we h j drawn w be impossible4 ,an int]e/+ attempt to reconcile ^! two po9ts ( view--to e/abli% an organic relation betwe5 =m & idea--is f\nd 9 ,! ,s5se ( ,beauty by ,pr(essor ,george ,santayana4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ?is writ]'s !ory is 8 def9ition ( beauty z ! objectification ( pleasure4 ,ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 he says1 is bas$ p>tly on =m1 p>tly on expression1 b ! pleasure felt is always project$ into ! object1 & is felt z a quality ( x4 ,all k9ds ( ext]nal associations may connect !mselves ) ! "w ( art1 b s long z !y rema9 ext]nal1 & keep1 s to speak1 _! values = !mselves1 !y _c be said to add beauty to ! object4 ,b :5 !y are pres5t only 9 _! effect1-- a diffus$ feel+ ( pleasure1--t diffus$ feel+ is attribut$ directly to ! object1 is felt z if x inh]es !re91 & s ! object becomes m beautiful1 = beauty is objectifi$ pleasure4 ,pr(essor ,santayana designates =m z beauty 9 ! fir/ t]m1 & expression z beauty 9 ! second t]m4 ,beauty 9 ! fir/ t]m c exi/ alone1--n s beauty 9 ! second t]m4 ,x mu/ h a little beauty ( ! fir/ t]m to graft itself ^u4 ,a map1 = in/ance1 is n usually ?\ght ( z an ae/hetic object1 & yet1 let ! t9ts ( x be a little subtle1 let ! l9es be a little delicate1 & ! masses ( l& & sea some:at balanc$1 & we really h a beautiful ?+1 ! *>m ( :i* consi/s almo/ entirely 9 its mean+4 ,n[ "h1 x seems to me1 is a weak po9t 9 ,pr(essor ,santanaya's armor4 ,if su* wond]ful elem5ts ( beauty c be project$ into a fairly colorless object by virtue ( its fr+e ( sugge/iv5ess1 :y %\ld n beauty ( ! second t]m be felt 9 objects )\t t little bit ( intr9sic wor? ( =m8 ,is n su* inde$ ! fact8 ,:at else is ! mean+ ( ! /ory ( ,beauty & ! ,bea/8 ,! squat & hide\s ,indian idol1 ! sc>abaeus1 ! bit ( ,aztec pott]y1 become attractive & desir$ = !mselves by virtue ( _! halo ( pleasure f dim associations4 ,& all ^! values are felt z completely ,,objectifi$1 & s fulfill ! requirem5ts = beauty 9 ! second t]m4 ,t small am\nt ( intr9sic beauty on :i* to graft ! beauty ( ! second t]m is1 !re=e1 n a necess>y condition1 s t we are left1 on ,pr(essor ,santayana's !ory1 ) ! /range p>adox ( s-call$ beautiful objects :i* are1 nev]!less1 confess$ly ugly4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! flaw 9 ?is def9ition8 ,:ile we conc$e ! objectification ( pleasure 9 all ^! cases1 we _c1 x w\ld seem1 admit a correspond+ *ange f non-ae/hetic to ae/hetic feel+s4 ,! p]sonal attitude t[>ds an object1 bas$ on s5tim5ts objectifi$ 9 x1 & ! ae/hetic attitude are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,! tru? is1 t all ?is objectifi$ tone-feel+ is directly dep5d5t on ! orig9al real exi/5ce ( ! object t calls x up1 & on our practical p]sonal relation to x1 & is ?us1 by univ]sal agreem5t1 def9itely non-ae/hetic4 ,i enjoy ! ca/ ( ! great ,v5us v ne>ly z mu* z ! orig9al1--b :o c>es = ca/s ( ! ,aztec gods1 or ( ! prehi/oric c>v+s ( ! re9de] p]iod8 ,:o wants an imitation sc>abaeus8 ,to h ! real ?+1 to see x1 to t\* x1 to "k t x has _h real exp]i5ces t w\ld fill me ) wond] & ) awe1 to love x = ! dang] x has pass$1--to feel t ,i myself am ?r\gh x actually l9k$ ) its my/]i\s hi/ory1--t is ! value x has = me2 n a pleasure ( p]ception at all1 b a v def9ite1 practical int]e/ 9 my own p]sonality4 ,if ! pleasure lay only 9 dis9t]e/$ p]ception1 any repres5tation ( ! object ought to h ! same value4 ,:at1 !n1 ! au?or ( ,! ,s5se ( ,beauty calls ! beauty ( ! second t]m1--! p[] to sugge/ feel+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( associat$ ideas1--we may d5y to imp>t any ae/hetic "* :atev]4 ,pr(essor ,santayana has1 inde$1 m$iat$ betwe5 ! =mali/s & ! ideali/s2 b 8 !ory w\ld lead u to attributions ( beauty f :i* common s5se revolts2 & we h se5 ! secret ( its defici5cy to lie 9 ! confusion ( ! p]sonal ) ! ae/hetic attitude4 ,if n[ we am5d 8 def9ition1 ,beauty is objectifi$ pleasure1 to ,beauty is objectifi$ ae/hetic pleasure1 we are advanc$ no fur!r4 ,,iii ,! problem /&s1 !n3 h[ to provide = ! pres5ce ( ideas 9 ! "w ( art1 & ! def9ite emotions ar\s$ by x1 ei!r by br++ !m someh[ into ! def9ition ( beauty 9 itself1 or by %[+ h[ _! pres5ce is relat$ to ! full ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 we h to ask h[ ! ae/hetic pleasure ev5 9 =mal beauty is con/itut$1 & to :at ext5t expression belongs to ! beauty ( pure =m4 ,=m is impressive1 or directly beautiful1 ?r\gh its h>mony ) ! conditions (f]$ by our s5ses1 prim>ily ( sight & he>+1 & ?r\gh ! h>mony ( its comb9ations ( sugge/ions & impulses ) ! entire organism4 ,i enjoy a well-compos$ picture l ,titian's ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love1 because ! good composition means su* a balanc$ relation ( impulses ( att5tion1 ( incipi5t movem5ts1 z h>monizes ) su* an organism z m9e1 t5d+ to move t[>d bo? sides1 & yet unifi$ & /able2 & because ! comb9ation ( colors is at once /imulat+ & soo?+ to my eyes4 ,s mu* = ,,impression1 beauty ( ! fir/ t]m4 ,b x is n only t h>moni\s /ate ( my visual & motor functions t ,i get out ( ! =m ( a picture4 ,no1 ,i h1 besides all ?is pleasure1 a real exhil>ation or emotion1 a def9ite mood ( repose or gayety or triumph1 )\t any fr+e ( association1 :i* yet c]ta9ly contributes to my feel+ ( ! beauty ( ! exp]i5ce1 & s ( ! "w ( art4 ,h[ did x come out ( ! =m8 ,well1 ?is v h>moni\s excitation ( ! organism has br\ght ) x j su* an organic rev]b]ation z1 ! curr5t !ory ( emotion ass]ts1 mu/ be at ! bottom ( all our emotional /ates4 ,a c]ta9 sequ5ce ( n]v\s %ocks & ( vasomotor *anges1 c]ta9 /imulations & relations & contractions ( ! int]nal organs h be5 set up z ! diffusive wave f ! s5se-/imulations1 & a p>ticul> emotional t+e is ! result4 ,t is a direct impression1 b an expression too4 ,take ! same case on a mu* l[] level4 ,a glass ( w9e makes me *e]ful1 n because x ar\ses *e]ful ideas directly1 b because ! organic *anges x sets up are su* z belong to ! ,,motivat$ expression ( joy1 & h ! same effect4 ,a deep1 sl[ movem5t play$ by an or*e/ra c affect me 9 two ways4 ,x may be t ,i h usually connect$ t sort ( music ) religi\s exp]i5ces1 & all ! pr(\nd & inspir+ feel+s belong+ !reto2 & s ,i transf] ^? feel+s to ! music & give x ^? adjectives4 ,or ! sl[ness ( ! rhy?mic pulse t is set up 9 me1 ! l>g5ess1 ! volume1 ! dep? ( s\nd1 all br+ ab\t 9 me ! k9d ( n]v\s /ate t belongs to a reposeful & yet deeply mov$ feel+4 ,! second exp]i5ce is expression ?r\gh impression1 ?r\gh ! inw>d *anges t ! =m itself sets up4 ,! fir/ is expression ?r\gh ! m$ium ( some?+ ext]nal1--an idea :i* br+s ) x a feel+1--some?+ t does n belong to ! music itself1 b to my own individual exp]i5ces4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal expressiv5ess is p]fectly cle> = music1 & also = ar*itecture4 ,9 pa9t+1 too1 x c easily be trac$4 ,we "k ! effect t is produc$ by brok5 l9es1 by upw>d mov+ ones1--l ! always aspir+ ( ! ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,! l[-ly+1 wide expanses ( "s ( ! old ,dut* l&scapi/s give u repose1 n because !y rem9d u ( ! peaceful happ9ess ( ! l&1 b because we _c melt ourselves into all ^? horizontal l9es )\t t re/ful feel+ :i* accompanies su* relaxation2 & our emotion is read into ! picture z ,,ae/hetic pleasure1 because x came out ( ! ab/ract =ms1--! ,,pa9t+ 9 ! picture4 ,! beauty ( =m is ?us se5 to be insep>ably alli$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( emotional expressiv5ess 9 a way t does n di/ract1 l ! association ( ideas1 f ! pure ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,?is quality ( expressiv5ess %\ld n1 h[ev]1 become a "p ( ! def9ition ( beauty1 s t x %\ld be said t ! great] ! emotional expressiv5ess1 ! m beautiful ! object4 ,= if t 7 true1 su* music1 = in/ance1 z all ackn[l$ge q m$iocre1 w\ld be felt z mo/ beautiful by ^? :o f9d 9 x a /rong & def9ite emotion2 & a ,/rauss waltz1 :i* makes u m m]ry ?an "o by ,m5delssohn1 %\ld be 9 s f> m beautiful4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 we are n ready to conc$e2 & x seems1 !re=e1 mo/ logical to reg>d ! special emotional effects ( =mal beauty r z a coroll>y to1 ?an z a "p (1 ! ess5tial ae/hetic mood4 ,b if we give ! "n emotion to t p]fectly vague b unmi/akable excitem5t ) :i* we respond to purely =mal beauty1--t indescribable exaltation ) :i* we li/5 to absolute music1--!n we mu/ say t t emotion is b ano!r "n = ae/hetic pleasure4 ,objectively1 we h =mal beauty2 subjectively1 on ! physiological side1 a h>moni\s action ( ! organism1 & on ! m5tal side ! undef9$ exaltation :i* is kn[n z ae/hetic pleasure4 ,,iv ,up to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we h consid]$ only ! relation betwe5 purely =mal beauty & ! v>i\s %ades ( emotional response to x2 n[ we may turn to ! orig9al "q :i* we set ourselves1 h[ to provide1 9 our def9ition ( beauty1 = ! pres5ce ( ideas 9 ! "w ( art4 ,no "o w d5y t ! full ae/hetic exp]i5ce _c be dismiss$ ) ! treatm5t ( =mal beauty2 &1 al?\gh ,pr(essor ,santayana's beauty 9 ! second t]m may be reject$ z a pure individual1 arbitr>y1 int]e/$1 & h5ce unae/hetic elem5t1 ! explicit cont5t ( a "w ( art _c be ignor$4 ,! sugge/$ ideas ar\s$ by an old rose g>d5 may be no addition to its beauty1 b ! same _c be said ( ! great ideas conta9$ directly 9 ,%akespe>e's poetry4 ,yet great ideas alone d n make great art1 else we mu/ c\nt ,ari/otle & ,sp9oza & ,kant great poets too4 ,mu/ we !n be satisfi$ to re/ 9 ! dualism ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t great creations ( art are ! expression ( great tru?s "u ! laws ( poetic =m8 ,is ! ae/hetic expression inde$ ! recognition ( tru? plus ! feel+ ( beauty ( =m1 or is x a fusion ( ^! into a ?ird undivid$ pulse ( ae/hetic emotion8 ,is !re no way ( ov]com+1 = ^? arts :i* d express ideas1 ?is dualism ( =m & cont5t 9 our !ory ( ! beautiful8 ,let u analyze a little m closely ?is notion ( ! cont5t4 ,music & ar*itecture _c prop]ly be said to h any cont5t1 al?\gh !y h a mean+ accord+ to _! uses1 l a fun]al dirge & a hymn ( joy1 a prison & a temple4 ,b ?is mean+ is extrane\s4 ,x is giv5 by ! "w itself only 9 s f> z ! =m induces ! emotion :i* belongs to ! idea1--z ! dirge1 sadness2 ! temple1 awe4 ,! idea ( burial or ( wor%ip is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( art4 ,9 ! hi]>*y ( arts1 pa9+ & sculpture %[ ! fir/ trace ( a cont5t4 ,?is cont5t1 h[ev]1 is at once se5 to be susceptible ( f>!r analysis4 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna pictures a "m & *ild wor%ip$1 :i* may be call$ ! subject1--b ?is does n exhau/ ! cont5t4 ,! real mean+ ( ! picture1 to :i* may be giv5 ! "n ( ,,!me1 is ! div9e elem5t 9 mat]nal love4 ,! subjects ( ,donatello's ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,sa9t ,george1 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david & ,moses1 c be describ$ only z m5 ( ,diff]5t types 9 diff]5t attitudes2 _! !mes1 h[ev]1 are moral ideas1 express+ ! moral significance ( ea* p]sonality4 ,! subject ( ,! ,angelus is giv5 9 its "n2 its !me is humble piety4 ,f ! inf9ite numb] ( possible examples "o m w suffice1--! well-kn[n ,w> by ,franz ,/uck1 9 ! ,neue ,p9aco!k1--! subject a y\?1 "u a lurid sky1 trampl+ "u 8 horse's feet ! bodies ( ! sla94 ,! !me is aga9 a moral idea1--! horrors ( w>4 ,if we n[ ask :e!r we c attribute beauty to ! ideas ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 a negative answ] is at once sugge/$4 ,x is manife/ly impossible to e/abli% an ord] ( ae/hetic excell5ce betwe5 ^! subjects4 ,! idea ( peasants tell+ _! beads is m beautiful ?an ! idea ( a ru?less de/roy] only 9 s f> z x is morally high]2 & ?is di/9ction1 !re=e1 has ref]5ce to ! !me & n to ! subject4 ,h[ f>1 h[ev]1 moral & ae/hetic excell5ce are co9cid5t is a "q = :i* we are n yet ready4 ,at ?is po9t we c>e only to po9t out t ! m]e idea ( a picture is nei!r ae/hetic nor ! rev]se4 ,b1 x may be object$1 is n our fir/ ?\ght 9 /opp+ be=e a picture l ! ,w>1 ,:at a wond]ful idea8 ,x is ! idea & n ! =m :i* /rikes u1 x may be said1 ev5 ?\gh we may be q unimpress$ by ! value ( its moral significance4 ,nev]!less1 ?is view ( our own m5tal processes may be held to ! illusory4 ,:at really /rikes u is ! ,,unity ( ! conception4 ,! lurid sky1 ! d>k1 livid faces ( ! dead--! :ole color s*eme1 9 %ort1 is s contriv$ z to impress directly1 z previ\sly expla9$1 )\t ! m$ium ( an idea1 ) t p>ticul> t+e ( emotional tone :i* ought to be also ! accompanim5t ( ! idea ( ! horrors ( w>4 ,! emotion is ?us ! envelop+ unity :i* b9ds ! subject & !me & ! pictorial =m toge!r4 ,9 ?is s5se1 :5 we say1 ,:at a wond]ful idea6 we really mean1 :at a wond]ful fitness ( =m to idea1-- :i* is ! same z say+1 :at a wond]ful =m1 or m te*nically1 :at a wond]ful unity4 ,t "p ( ! effect ( beauty 9 a picture :i* is due to ! idea is ?us ! fundam5tal b m]ely ab/ract elem5t ( unity1 contribut+ to ! complex ae/hetic /ate only ! simple/ condition4 ,! case ( lit]ature pres5ts an entirely new problem1 = ! mat]ial ( lit]ature is itself1 fir/ ( all1 idea4 ,lit]ature deals ) words1 & words exi/ only by virtue ( _! mean+s4 ,ev5 ! s\nd ( words is ( importance prim>ily = ! additional mean+s :i* x sugge/s1 z ! ^w liquid fir/ means a fluid sub/ance1 & !n by its s\nd sugge/s ease & smoo?ness1 & only la/ ( all is not$ z melodi\s4 ,?us s9ce mean+s1 ideas1 are ! mat]ial ( lit]ature1 we c speak ( ! beauty ( ideas 9 lit]ature only by an artificial sund]+ ( elem5ts t are prop]ly 9 fusion4 ,yet z we may speak ( a motive or musical idea & its work+ out1 al?\gh /rictly ! idea involves its own work+ out1 s we may conceive ( ! c5tral ?\ght ( a lit]>y "w1 & ( its developm5t4 ,b ! relation "h is n ( cont5t & =m1 l ! cont5t & =m ( a picture2 r t ( conc5trat$ & dilut$ =m4 ,s1 too1 z 9 music1 we may di/+ui% =m & /ructure4 ,/ructure is (f]$ to ! intellect--x cle>s & vivifies und]/&+2 x is n felt1 x is p]ceiv$4 ,any?+ :i* is made up ( p>ts--beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 climax & resolution--possesses /ructure4 ,b =m 9 ! intimate s5se is ! intr9sic1 inevitable relation ( cause & effect2 9 ?is s5se1 x is se5 to be truly cont5t also4 ,9 lit]ature1 z to /ructure1 x is ! relation ( p>ts3 z to =m1 x is ! succession ( ev5ts1 ! movem5t1 comb9ation & resolution ( sep>ate ideas & emotions1 :i* give u ae/hetic pleasure or ! rev]se4 ,z action mu/ foll[ excitem5t1 or despair satiety1 s ! relation ( p>ts1 ! ord] ( pres5tation1 mu/ be adapt$ to mutual re9=cem5t4 ,?us ! port]'s sc5e 9 ,macbe? is relat$ to ! neighbor+ sc5es1 z ,de ,qu9cey has %[n 9 8 fam\s essay4 ,& j z 9 music ! feel+ ( rightness ensues :5 ! await$ note slips into place1 s ! feel+ ( rightness comes :5 ! inevitable consequ5ces foll[ ! premise ( a plot4 ,! p>ticul> sep>ate ideas ( su* a developm5t p>take ( beauty1 !n1 9 s f> z !y m9i/] to ! movem5t ( ! :ole1 j z ! sep>ate l9es 9 a sway+1 swirl+ robe ( "o ( ,botticelli's wom5 m9i/] to ! :ole conception4 ,! cata/rophe1 9 o!r words1 mu/ be z inevitably relat$ to ! sequ5ce ( ideas z ! f9al *ords ( a symphony to ! sequ5ce ( notes4 ,! attitude ( m9d ) :i* we welcome x is ! same1 :e!r on ! plane ( ! responses ( ! psy*ological organism or ( ! ideal und]/&+4 ,v ,b be=e f9ally relegat+ ! idea to its place 9 ! ae/hetic s*eme1 we mu/ ask :e!r ! specific emotional cont5t c claim indep5d5t ae/hetic value2 = we c sc>cely ignore ! fact t almo/ all naive response to lit]ature1 & inde$ to all =ms ( art1 is1 or is believ$ to be1 specifically emotional4 ,maupassant1 9 8 introduction to ,pi]re et ,jean1 di/+ui%es ?us betwe5 ! dem& ( ! critic--,make me some?+ f9e accord+ to y\r temp]am5t1 --& ! cry ( ! public--,move me1 t]rify me1 make we weep6 ,& yet to ! ass]tion ( common s5se t ! desire ( ! naive enjoy] ( art is def9ite emotional excitem5t1 we may v5ture to oppose a negative4 ,! av]age p]son :o weeps at ! !atre1 or ov] a novel1 w\ld no d\bt repudiate ! sugge/ion t x is n prim>ily ! emotion ( t]ror1 or pity1 t he feels4 ,b a clos] int]pretation %[s t x is almo/ impossible to dis5gage1 9 su* an exp]i5ce1 ! p>ticul> emotions4 ,:at is felt is r pleasurable excitem5t1 pleasure rais$ to ! pit* ( exaltation1 ) a fr+e ( emotional association4 ,! notion ( specific emotions is illusory 9 ! same s5se t our notion ( pleasure f specific emotions 9 li/5+ to music is illusory4 ,! ord9>y descriptions ( music are all c\*$ 9 emotional or ev5 ideational t]ms1--f ! musical adv5tures ( ,*>les ,au*e/] d[n1--& yet we "k1 z ,gurney says1 t :51 9 li/5+ to music1 we ?9k we are ye>n+ aft] ! unutt]able1 we are really ye>n+ aft] ! next note2 & :5 we ?9k x is ! ye>n+ t gives u pleasure1 x is really ! triumphant acceptance ( ! melodic rightness ( t next note4 ,s ! mu*-discuss$ ,ka?>sis1 or emotion ( ,trag$y1 is n ! exp]i5ce ( emotions & pleasure 9 t exp]i5ce1 b r pleasure 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ideas1 t+$ ) emotion1 :i* belong to ea* o!r ) precisely t musical rightness4 ,ka?>sis is inde$ n ! m>k ( ,trag$y alone1 al?\gh 9 ,trag$y x has a v great relative int5sity2 x is ultimately only a designation = ! specific ae/hetic pleasure1 to :i* ,i c give no bett] "n ?an ! (t-repeat$ "o ( triumphant acquiesc5ce 9 ! rightness ( relations4 ,we ?9k we feel a situation directly1 b :at we really feel is pleasure 9 ! rightness ( ! mann] ( ! ev5t1 & 9 ! mom5t ( p]fect exp]i5ce x gives u4 ,su* specific emotion z may be detect$ 9 any ae/hetic exp]i5ce is1 !n1 cov]$ by ! def9ition ( beauty only 9 s f> z x has become =m r ?an cont5t1 --is valuable only 9 its relations r ?an 9 itself4 ,! exp]i5ce ( pity or fe>1 ev5 ?\gh g5]aliz$1 unselfi%1 etc41--aft] ! v>i\s =mulas ( ! exp\nd]s ( dramatic emotion1--does n imp>t ae/hetic "* ( itself2 x becomes ae/hetic only if x appe>s at su* a po9t 9 ! trag$y1 l9k$ 9 su* a way to ! develop+ plot1 t x belongs to ! unifi$ & reciprocally h>moni\s circle ( exp]i5ces4 ,,vi ,b we h up to ?is "t consi/5tly neglect$ ! c5tral idea ( ! "w ( art1 & its claim to be includ$ 9 ! ae/hetic =mula4 ,we h def9$ beauty z t :i* br+s ab\t a /ate ( h>moni\s complet5ess1 ( repose 9 activity1 9 ! psy*ophysical & psy*ological realms4 ,?is h>moni\s repose c exi/ only ) a dis9t]e/$ attitude t[>d ! objects :i* h br\ght ?is /ate ab\t4 ,:e!r ! ,melian ,v5us or ,hamlet or ,loh5gr9 live1 we c>e n2 only t if !y live1 x %all be ,,s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 our attitude is int]e/$1 our w is active1 b only t[>d ! exi/5ce ( ! =m4 ,b ) ! introduction ( ! c5tral !me1 we cease to be dis9t]e/$1--our hypo!tical is *ang$ to an affirmative4 ,! moral idea we mu/ accept or reject1 = x be>s a direct relation to our p]sonality4 ,we w1 or d n w1 t1 9 ! real _w 9 :i* we ourselves h to live & /ruggle1 c]ta9 =ces %all be op]ative1--t !re %all be ! beauty ( heal?1 z 9 ! ,discobolus2 mat]ial love :i* is div9e1 z 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna2 t w> %all be horrible2 t slo? un/riv5 aga9/ %all triumph ov] love1 z 9 ,! ,/atue & ! ,bu/2 t defiance ( ! social organism %all involve self-de/ruction1 z 9 ,anna ,k>59a4 ,! p]son or ! comb9ation ( ev5ts express+ ?is idea we d n seek 9 our p]sonal exp]i5ce1 b we d dem& = our own a _w 9 :i* ?is idea rules4 ,?us x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is1 /rictly speak+1 at ! core ( e ae/hetic response to a "w ( art conta9+ an idea1 a non-ae/hetic elem5t1 an elem5t ( p]sonal & int]e/$ judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is affirmation or acceptance ( a moral idea implies ! quietude ( ! w2 j t /ate ( h>mony1 ( repose1 :i* we h f\nd to be ! m>k ( ! ae/hetic on ! l[] planes ( be+4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z we accept ! moral idea :i* a "w ( art pres5ts1 9 s f> t idea has ! p[] ( br++ u to ! /ate ( h>mony1 & 9 s f> x is beautiful4 ,& vice v]sa1 works ( art :i* leave u 9 a /ate ( moral rebellion are unbeautiful1 n because !y are immoral1 b because !y are di/urb+ to ! moral s5se4 ,lit]ature :i* ignores ! fundam5tal moral pr9ciple ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 l ! works ( ,flaub]t1 ,maupassant1 mu* ( ,zola1 ,loti1 & ,?omas ,h>dy1 fails ( beauty1 inasmu* z x fails ( ! p]fect reposeful h>mony ( human nature 9 its entirety4 ,?us a ?or\ghgo+ analysis ( ! nature ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce 9 its simple/ & mo/ s5su\s =m has giv5 u a pr9ciple1--! pr9ciple ( unity 9 h>moni\s function+1-- :i* has enabl$ u to foll[ ! track ( beauty into ! m complex realms ( ideas & ( moral attitudes1 & to discov] t !re also ! law ( int]nal relation & ( fitness = imitative response holds = all embodim5ts ( beauty4 ,t h>moni\s1 imitative response1 ! psy*ophysical /ate kn[n on its feel+ side z ae/hetic pleasure1 we h se5 to be1 fir/1 a k9d ( physiological equilibrium1 a coexi/5ce ( oppos+ impulses :i* height5s ! s5se ( be+ :ile x prev5ts action1 l ! impulses to movem5t correspond+ to geometrical symmetry2 secondly1 a psy*ological equilibrium1 9 :i* ! fl[ ( ideas & impulses is a circle r\nd+ ^u itself1 all associations1 emotions1 expectations indissolubly l9k$ ) ! c5tral ?\ght & lead+ back only to x1 & proce$+ 9 an irrevocable ord]1 :i* x yet adapt$ to ! possibilities ( human exp]i5ce2 & ?irdly1 a quietude ( ! w1 9 ! acceptance ( ! giv5 moral attitude = ! :ole s*eme ( life4 ,?us is giv51 9 ! fusion ( ^! ?ree ord]s ( m5tal life1 ! p]fect mom5t ( unity & self-complet5ess4