,! ,gospel ,accord+ ,to ,pet] ,a ,/udy ,by ,walt] ,r4 ,cassels ,au?or ( 8,sup]natural ,religion0 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,& ,co4 #ahid ,,cont5ts ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,x ,,xi ,,xii ,app5dix ,footnotes 44444 ,=asmu* z _m took 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ! matt]s :i* h be5 fully believ$ among u4444 ,,luke i4 #a ,i ,egypt1 9 our days1 ceas+ to be any m ! l& ( bondage1 has1 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 become a v]itable ,l& ( ,promise4 ,x is a ri* m9e ( hi/orical & lit]>y weal?1 alas6 mo/ inadequately work$1 & 9 t f9e climate1 ) its cle> dry air1 ! footpr9ts ( ,"t1 leav+ sc>cely a trace1 ! treasures ( an anci5t civilisation1 ev5 ( ! mo/ delicate texture1 h be5 pres]v$ to u ) wond]ful p]fection4 ,! habits ( ! peoples t h occupi$ ! l& h happily comb9$ ) ! natural advantages ( ! climate1 9 transmitt+ to ! mod]n _w an inh]itance ( :i* we are n[ beg9n+ to take possession4 ,! dead h long be5 giv+ up _! secrets1 b x is only 9 rec5t times t we h be5 able to realise ! fact t ! tombs ( ,egypt may conta9 _m a preci\s "w1 n[ kn[n to u b 9 "n1 & _m a writ+ :i* may *ange ! curr5t ( controv]sy1 & /rangely modify _m a *]i%$ op9ion4 ,)\t ref]r+ "h to e>li] discov]ies 9 support ( ^! rem>ks1 we may at once pass to ! m rec5t1 ) :i* we h p>ticul>ly to d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( explorations c>ri$ on dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhf-hg by ! ord] ( ,m4 ,grbaut1 !n ,director ( ! ,museums ( ,egypt1 two ,greek manuscripts 7 discov]$ 9 ! necropolis ( ,akhmm1 ! anci5t ,panopolis1 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 a papyrus1 :i* 0 really f\nd by "s ,fellahs :o qu>rell$ reg>d+ ! p>tition ( _! preci\s booty & ?us all[$ ! secret to leak out4 ,x came to ! k ( ! ,m\dir1 or ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce1 :o promptly settl$ ! dispute by confiscat+ ! papyrus1 :i* he =w>d$ to ! ,museum ( ,gizeh at ,b\laq4 ,?is ,,ms4 is a collection ( problems 9 ari?metic & geometry1 c>efully writt5 out1 probably by a /ud5t1 & buri$ ) him z 8 highe/ & mo/ valu$ a*ievem5t4 ,! second manuscript 0 ( mu* high] int]e/4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! tomb ( a 8monk40 ,x consi/s ( ?irty-?ree pages 9 p>*m5t1 measur+ #f in*es 9 height by #d- in*es 9 bread?1 )\t numb]+1 b\nd toge!r 9 pa/ebo>d cov]$ ) lea!r1 :i* has become black ) "t4 ,!re is no date1 nor any o!r indication ( ! approximate age ( ! ,,ms4 ?an t :i* is furni%$ by ! *>act]i/ics ( ! writ+ & ! "p ( ! cemet]y 9 :i* x 0 discov]$4 ,^! lead to ! almo/ c]ta9 conclusion1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b\riant1 :o fir/ transcrib$ ! text1 t ! ,,ms4 _c be ant]ior to ! eigh? c5tury or po/]ior to ! twelf?4 ,! anci5t cemet]y ( ,akhmm /ret*es along to ! nor? & we/ ( ! hill on :i* h be5 discov]$ tombs ( ! eighte5? to ! tw5tie? dyna/ies1 & x has s]v$ z a burial-place = ! ,*ri/ian inhabitants ( ! neighb\rhood f ! fif? to ! fifte5? c5turies1 ! m anci5t "p ly+ at ! foot ( ! hill & ext5d+ gradually upw>d = ab\t #gjj metres4 ,! tomb 9 :i* ! ,,ms4 0 f\nd is 9 a position :i* approximately tallies1 z reg>ds age1 ) ! date indicat$ by ! ,,ms4 itself47#a7 ,( c\rse1 ^! indications ref] solely to ! date ( ! ,,ms4 itself1 & n to ! age ( ! actual works transcrib$ 9 its pages4 ,! ?irty-?ree %eets ( p>*m5t1 =m+ sixty-six pages1 comm5ce ) an o!rwise blank page1 be>+ a r\gh draw+ ( a ,coptic cross1 ^u ! arms ( :i* rise small] crosses ( ! same description1 & ! lett]s symbol & symbol /& ! "o on ! left1 ! o!r on ! "r ( ! l[] /em ( ! l>ge cross4 ,ov] ! page comm5ces a fragm5t ( ! 8,gospel ( ,pet]10 :i* cont9ues to ! end ( page #aj1 :]e x abruptly t]m9ates 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,pages #aa & #ab h be5 left blank4 ,pages #ac to #ai conta9 a fragm5t ( ! 8,apocalypse ( ,pet]10 beg9n+ & end+ abruptly1 & ^! h1 ei!r by accid5t or design1 be5 b\nd 9 ! volume upside d[n & 9 rev]se ord]1 s t1 z !y actually /&1 ! text comm5ces at page #ai & ends at page #ac4 ,page #bj is aga9 blank1 & ! re/ ( ! volume is made up ( two fragm5ts ( ! ',book ( ,eno*1' ! fir/ ext5d+ f ! #ba/ to ! #ej? page1 & ! second1 writt5 by a diff]5t h&1 f ! #ea/ to ! #ff? page4 ,f9ally1 on ! inside ( ! b9d+1 & atta*$ to x1 is a %eet ( p>*m5t on :i* is writt5 9 uncials a fragm5t ( ! ,greek 8,acts ( ,/4 ,julian10 ?\gh :i* ,/4 ,julian among/ ^? 9 ! ,cal5d> does n appe>4 ,! ,fr5* ,ar*eological ,mission publi%$ 9 #ahib7b7 ! ma!matical papyrus1 edit$ by ,m4 ,baillet1 b ! mu* m int]e/+ & important volume ( fragm5ts did n appe> until #ahic17c7 :5 !y 7 edit$ by ,m4 ,b\riant4 ,^! preci\s works rema9$1 !re=e1 practically hidd5 f ! _w = five or six ye>s aft] _! discov]y1 9 consequ5ce ( :at is vaguely1 b truly1 describ$ z 8vexati\s delays10 :il/ ! comp>atively un9t]e/+ ari?metical "w prec$$ !m by m ?an a ye>4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! 8,gospel0 & 8,apocalypse0 ( ,pet]1 long kn[n by ref]5ces or quotations by ! ,fa!rs1 make u acqua9t$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ) ! writ+s !mselves1 & ! fragm5ts ( ! 8,book ( ,eno*0 give u ! ,greek text ( "p ( an e>ly "w quot$ by ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 hi!rto only extant 9 an ,e?iopian v]sion4 ,( almo/ great] int]e/ ?an ! actual discov]y ( ^! & o!r preci\s ,,mss4 f "t to "t1 9 a simil> way1 is ! possibility & probability op5$ out to u t we may yet recov] f ! dead /ill m preci\s works ?an ^!4 ,! cemet]y ( ,akhmm /&s ne> ! anci5t & v important city ( ,panopolis1 & f a v e>ly p]iod x 0 ! c5tre ( a consid]able ,*ri/ian population4 ,! cu/om ( bury+ ) ! dead books :i* 7 a valu$ possession dur+ life 0 probably a survival ( ! same primitive cu/om 9 accordance ) :i* also a w>rior's horse & dog & 8 weapons 7 int]r$ ) him to s]ve him aga9 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,t books1 at a "t :5 _! multiplication 0 s sl[1 %\ld h be5 int]r$ ) _! dead possessor is n only curi\s b v =tunate = u1 & we may yet ?ank ! cemet]y ( ,akhmm = pres]v+ safely = u manuscripts :i* 9 no o!r way c\ld h escap$ ! effects ( "t & ! ravages ( b>b>ism4 ,! fragm5ts ) :i* we are deal+ pres5t "s peculi>ities :i* des]ve a mom5t's notice4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] comm5ces 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 b be+ at ! top ( a page x is probably only "p ( a manuscript ( :i* ! e>li] portion 0 ei!r lo/ or belong$ to "s "o else4 ,! fragm5t1 h[ev]1 ends abruptly 9 ! middle ( a phrase &1 be+ foll[$ by blank pages1 ! reasonable presumption is t ! scribe int5d$ to complete ! transcription1 b = "s reason did n d s4 ,x is curi\s t 9 a simil> way ! 8,apocalypse ( ,pet]0 is only a fragm5t1 beg9n+ & end+ abruptly1 ) a page left blank = cont9uation4 ,did ! scribe ha/ily copy /ray leaves ( ea* "w1 :i* _h =tuit\sly come 9 8 way1 leav+ room = m %\ld he be able to secure ! re/8 or did he break (f 8 copy ( ! "o to take up ! o!r1 & ) equal re/lessness leave x also unf9i%$8 ,we %all nev] "k exactly1 b consid]+ ! value ( books at t epo*1 ! probability seems to be t he ha/ily copi$ su* portions ( writ+s z _h come into 8 possession1 "t or accid5t prev5t+ ! completion ( 8 task4 ,! fragm5t ( ! 8,gospel0 ( c\rse does n be> any "n or sup]scription--nor1 inde$1 does ! 8,apocalypse0--b ! title is cle>ly d$uc$ f ! "w itself1 ! writ] say+ directly 8b ,i1 ,simon ,pet]10 & ?us prov+ t ! n>rative takes ! =m ( a composition by t ,apo/le4 ,x may be rem>k$1 m]ely 9 pass+1 t x is a curi\s--if n 9 any way a significant--fact t ! two ,*ri/ian fragm5ts 9 ?is little volume %\ld bo? pr(ess to h be5 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,are ! peculi>ities ( ! fragm5ts :i* we h describ$ due to ! passage ( "s "o hav+ 9 8 possession two works select$ z be+ believ$ to emanate f ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les1 f :i* !re 0 only "t to make ^! extracts8 ,!re is "s reason = ?9k+ t ! p>*m5t may h previ\sly be5 us$ = "s o!r writ+1 oblit]at$ to make way = ^! fragm5ts4 ,! little volume has n altoge!r escap$ injury 9 its long re/ by ! side ( ! dead1 & p>ts ( ! text h _h to be suppli$ by conjecture2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! writ+ is fairly legible &1 by ! invaluable aid ( photography1 x has be5 copi$ & publi%$ ) complete fidelity4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 t ! fir/ transcription by ,m4 ,b\riant %\ld h conta9$ errors & omissions :i* l$ s*ol>s into mi/ak5 conclusions is v intelligible1 b ! text may n[ be consid]$ fairly settl$1 & ! foll[+ is a r close & unpoli%$ translation ( ! 8,gospel accord+ to ,pet]40 ,,ii ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,pet]7#d7 7#a7 444 b ( ! ,jews no man wa%$ 8 h&s1 nei!r ,h]od nor any "o ( 8 judges2 & z !y 7 n m9d$ to wa%1 ,pilate rose4 7#b7 ,& !n ,h]od ! ,k+ comm&e? ! ,"l to be tak51 say+ unto !m3 8,:atsoev] ,i comm&$ t ye %\ld d1 t d unto him40 7#c7 ,b !re 0 !re ,joseph1 ! fri5d ( ,pilate & ( ! ,"l1 & kn[+ t !y are ab\t to crucify him1 he came to ,pilate & ask$ ! body ( ! ,"l = burial4 7#d7 ,& ,pilate s5t to ,h]od & ask$ = 8 body4 7#e7 ,& ,h]od said3 8,bro!r ,pilate1 ev5 if no "o _h begg$ = him1 we %\ld h buri$ him2 because ! ,sabba? is at h&2 = x is writt5 9 ! ,law3 #8,! sun mu/ n g d[n ^u "o put to dea?4' 0 7#f7 ,& he deliv]$ him to ! p be=e ! fir/ day ( ! ,unleav5$ bread ( _! fea/4 ,& tak+ ! ,"l !y pu%$ him hurry+ along1 & said3 8,let u drag along ! ,son ( ,god z we h p[] ov] him40 7#g7 ,& !y clad him ) purple & set him on a seat ( judgm5t1 say+3 8,judge ju/ly1 ,k+ ( ,israel40 7#h7 ,& "o ( !m br\ght a cr[n ( ?orns & set x ^u ! head ( ! ,"l4 7#i7 ,& o!rs /&+ by spat ^u 8 eyes1 & o!rs smote him on ! *eeks2 o!rs pi]c$ him ) a re$1 & "s sc\rg$ him1 say+3 8,) ?is hon\r hon\r we ! ,son ( ,god40 7#aj7 ,& !y br\ght two malefactors & crucifi$ betwe5 !m ! ,"l2 b he kept sil5ce z feel+ no pa94 7#aa7 ,& z !y set up ! cross !y wrote !reon3 8,?is is ! ,k+ ( ,israel40 7#ab7 ,& !y laid ! clo!s be=e him & di/ribut$ !m & ca/ lots = !m4 7#ac7 ,b "o ( ^! malefactors reprov$ !m1 say+3 8,we h suff]$ ?is = ! evil :i* we wr\ght1 b ?is man :o has become ! ,savi\r ( m51 :at wrong ha? he done y80 7#ad7 ,& !y 7 angry ) him1 & !y comm&$ t 8 legs %\ld n be brok51 9 ord] t he might die 9 torm5t4 7#ae7 ,n[ x 0 mid-day1 & a d>kness cov]$ all ,judaea1 & !y 7 tr\bl$ & anxi\s le/ ! sun %\ld h set :il/ he /ill liv$1 = x is writt5 = !m3 8,! sun mu/ n g d[n ^u "o put to dea?40 7#af7 ,& "o ( !m said3 8,give him to dr9k gall ) v9eg>20 & hav+ mix$1 !y gave him to dr9k4 7#ag7 ,& !y fulfill$ all ?+s & complet$ _! s9s ^u _! own head4 7#ah7 ,n[ _m w5t ab\t ) lights1 ?9k+ t x 0 night1 & "s fell4 7#ai7 ,& ! ,"l cri$ al\d1 say+2 8,p[]1 my ,p[]1 ?\ ha/ =sak5 me60 & hav+ spok51 he 0 tak5 up4 7#bj7 ,& ! same h\r ! veil ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem 0 torn 9 twa94 7#ba7 ,& !n !y took out ! nails f ! h&s ( ! ,"l1 & laid him ^u ! e>?2 & ! :ole e>? quak$1 & great fe> came ^u !m4 7#bb7 ,!n did ! sun %9e out1 & x 0 f\nd to be ! n9? h\r4 7#bc7 ,n[ ! ,jews 7 glad & gave 8 body to ,joseph1 t he might bury x1 = he _h beheld ! good works t he did4 7#bd7 ,& he took ! ,"l & wa%$ him1 & wrapp$ him 9 l951 & br\ght him into 8 own grave1 call$ 8,joseph's ,g>d540 7#be7 ,!n ! ,jews & ! eld]s & ! prie/s1 see+ ! evil !y _h done to !mselves1 began to beat _! brea/s & to say3 8,woe = our s9s3 judgm5t drawe? nigh & ! end ( ,j]usalem40 7#bf7 ,& ,i1 ) my companions1 0 m\rn+1 & be+ pi]c$ 9 _s we hid ourselves2 = we 7 s\ght = by !m z malefactors1 & z desir+ to burn ! temple4 7#bg7 ,ov] all ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 we 7 fa/+1 & sat m\rn+ & weep+ night & day until ! ,sabba?4 7#bh7 ,b ! scribes & ,ph>isees & eld]s assembl$ !mselves toge!r1 he>+ t all ! p murmur$ & beat _! brea/s1 say+3 8,if at 8 dea? ^! great signs h happ5$1 behold h[ j a "o he is40 7#bi7 ,! eld]s 7 afraid & came to ,pilate besee*+ him & say+3 7#cj7 8,give u soldi]s t we may wat* 8 grave = ?ree days1 le/ 8 disciples come & /eal him1 & ! p believe t he rose f ! dead & d u evil40 7#ca7 ,pilate1 !re=e1 gave !m ,petronius ! c5turion ) soldi]s to wat* ! tomb1 & ) !m came ! eld]s & scribes to ! grave4 7#cb7 ,& !y roll$ a great /one aga9/ ! c5turion & ! soldi]s & set x1 all :o 7 !re toge!r1 at ! door ( ! grave4 7#cc7 ,& !y put sev5 seals2 & sett+ up a t5t !re !y kept gu>d4 7#cd7 ,& 9 ! morn+1 at ! dawn ( ! ,sabba?1 came a multitude f ,j]usalem & ! neighb\rhood 9 ord] t !y might see ! seal$-up grave4 7#ce7 ,n[1 9 ! night be=e ! dawn ( ! ,"l's day1 :il/ ! soldi]s 7 keep+ gu>d ov] ! place1 two & two 9 a wat*1 !re 0 a great voice 9 ! heav54 7#cf7 ,& !y saw ! heav5s op5$ & two m5 come d[n f !nce ) great light & approa* ! tomb4 7#cg7 ,& ! /one :i* _h be5 laid at ! door roll$ ( itself away by ! side1 & ! tomb 0 op5$ & bo? ! "y m5 ent]$4 7#ch7 ,!n ^? soldi]s1 see+ ?is1 awak5$ ! c5turion & ! eld]s1 = !y also 7 keep+ wat*4 7#ci7 ,& :il/ !y 7 n>rat+ to !m :at !y _h se51 !y beheld aga9 ?ree m5 com+ out ( ! tomb & ! two 7 support+ ! "o1 & a cross foll[+ !m4 7#dj7 ,& ! heads ( ! two inde$ rea*$ up to ! heav51 b t ( him t 0 l$ by 7#da7 _! h&s rose above ! heav5s4 ,& !y he>d a voice f ! heav5s1 say+3 8,ha/ ?\ prea*$ to !m t are sleep+80 7#db7 ,& an answ] 0 he>d f ! cross3 8,yea40 7#dc7 ,^!1 !re=e1 took c\nsel toge!r :e!r !y %\ld g & decl>e ^! ?+s to ,pilate4 7#dd7 ,& :il/ !y 7 /ill consid]+1 ! heav5s aga9 appe>$ op5$1 & a c]ta9 man desc5d+ & go+ into ! grave4 7#de7 ,see+ ^! ?+s1 ! c5turion & 8 m5 ha/5$ to ,pilate by night1 leav+ ! tomb !y 7 wat*+1 & n>rat$ all ?+s !y _h se51 fe>+ greatly & say+3 7#df7 8,truly he 0 a ,son ( ,god40 ,pilate answ]$ & said1 8,i am pure ( ! blood ( ! ,son ( ,god1 b ?us x seem$ good unto y40 7#dg7 ,!n !y all came to him besee*+ & entreat+ him t he %\ld comm& ! c5turion & ! soldi]s to say no?+ ( :at !y _h se54 7#dh7 8,= x is bett]10 !y said1 8to lay ^u u ! greate/ s9s be=e ,god1 & n to fall into ! h&s ( ! p ( ! ,jews & be /on$40 7#di7 ,pilate1 !re=e1 comm&$ ! c5turion & ! soldi]s to say no?+4 7#ej7 ,9 ! morn+ ( ! ,"l's day1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 a disciple ( ! ,"l 7?r\gh fe> ( ! ,jews1 = !y burnt ) ang]1 %e _h n done at ! grave ( ! ,"l t :i* wom5 are accu/om$ to d = ^? t die & are lov$ by !m71 7#ea7 took h] wom5 fri5ds ) h] & came to ! grave :]e he 0 laid4 7#eb7 ,& !y fe>$ le/ ! ,jews %\ld see !m1 & said3 8,if we c\ld n on t day 9 :i* he 0 crucifi$ weep & lam5t1 let u d ^! ?+s ev5 n[ at 8 grave4 7#ec7 ,b :o w roll u away ! /one t is laid at ! door ( ! grave1 9 ord] t we may ent] & set ourselves by him & d ! ?+s t are due8 7#ed7 ,= great 0 ! /one1 & we fe> le/ "s "o %\ld see u4 ,& if we %\ld n be able to d x1 let u at lea/ lay d[n be=e ! door t :i* we br+ 9 8 memory1 & let u weep & lam5t till we come to our h\se40 7#ee7 ,& !y w5t & f\nd ! tomb op5$ &1 com+ ne>1 !y /oop$ d[n & see !re a c]ta9 "y man sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! tomb1 beautiful & clad 9 a %9+ g>m5t1 :o said to !m3 7#ef7 8,:y are ye come8 ,:om seek ye8 ,him :o 0 crucifi$8 ,he is ris5 & gone away4 ,b if ye d n believe1 /oop d[n & see ! place :]e he lay1 t he is n !re2 = he is ris5 & gone away ?i!r :5ce he 0 s5t40 7#eg7 ,!n ! wom51 fright5$1 fl$4 7#eh7 ,& x 0 ! la/ day ( ! ,unleav5$ bread1 & _m w5t =?1 return+ to _! homes1 ! fea/ be+ end$4 7#ei7 ,b we1 ! twelve disciples ( ! ,"l1 wept & m\rn$1 & ea* w5t to 8 home sorr[+ = t :i* _h happ5$4 7#fj7 ,b ,i1 ,simon ,pet]1 & ,&rew1 my bro!r1 took our nets & w5t to ! sea1 & !re 0 ) u ,levi1 ! son ( ,alphaeus1 :om ! ,"l4444 ,,iii ,no "o c h /udi$ ?is fragm5t ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 ) its analogy to1 & /ill m /rik+ div]g5ce f1 ! canonical ,gospels1 )\t p]ceiv+ t we h "h a mo/ int]e/+ "w1 well wor? s]i\s exam9ation4 ,! fir/ "q :i* naturally arises is connect$ ) ! date to be assign$ to ! fragm5t3 ,is ?is a "p ( ! "w us$ by _m ( ! ,fa!rs & well kn[n among/ !m z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]8 ,we mu/ fir/ endeav\r to =m a correct judgm5t on ?is po9t4 ,eusebius has pres]v$ to u ! e>lie/ detail$ notice ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] extant1 9 a quotation f ,s]apion1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,antio* ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij4 ,eusebius says3 ,!re is likewise ano!r "w writt5 by him ^u ! s-call$ ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 :i* he compos$ to refute ! untru?s conta9$ 9 x1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 9 ! community ( ,rhossus :o 7 l$ away by ?is writ+ to h]etical doctr9es4 ,x may be well to set =? "s passages ( ?is 9 :i* he expresses 8 op9ion ( ! book3 8,= we1 bre?r51 receive bo? ,pet] & ! o!r ,apo/les ev5 z ,*ri/4 ,b ! false writ+s pass+ "u _! names we f exp]i5ce reject1 kn[+ t su* ?+s we h n receiv$4 ,:5 ,i 0 ) y1 ,i 0 "u ! impression t all held to ! "r fai? &1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! ,gospel put =w>d by !m 9 ! "n ( ,pet]1 ,i said3 #8,if ?is is ! only cause ( diff]5ce among/ y1 let x be read4' ,b n[1 hav+ asc]ta9$ f in=mation giv5 to me t _! m9ds 7 9 "s mi/ ( h]esy1 ,i w ha/5 to come to y aga92 s1 bre?r51 expect me %ortly4 ,we1 !re=e1 bre?r51 kn[+ ( :at h]esy 0 ,m>cianus1 recognise h[ mu* he 0 9 contradiction ) himself17#e7 n compreh5d+ t :i* he 0 say+1 z y may p]ceive f :at has be5 writt5 unto y4 ,= we borr[$ ?is gospel f o!rs :o us$ x3 t is to say1 f ! foll[]s ( ^? :o introduc$ x be=e him1 :om we call ,docetae--= mo/ ( its ?\ghts are ( ?is sect--hav+ procur$ x f !m1 ,i 0 able to g ?r\gh x1 & to f9d1 inde$1 t mo/ 0 accord+ to ! "r tea*+ ( ! ,savi\r1 b c]ta9 ?+s 7 sup]add$1 :i* we subjo9 = y407#f7 ,!re is little or no d\bt t ! writ+ be=e u is a fragm5t ( ?is 8,gospel accord+ to ,pet]0 ( :i* ,s]apion writes47#g7 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$1 z we exam9e ! evid5ce = ! "w1 t we h "h only a %ort fragm5t1 & t x w\ld n be reasonable to expect to f9d 9 x mat]ials = a p]fect id5tification ( ! "w ) ref]5ces to x 9 writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,)9 ! few pages :i* we possess1 h[ev]1 !re is suffici5t ju/ification = conclud+ t !y =m$ "p ( ! ,gospel curr5t 9 ,rhossus4 ,only "o 8,gospel accord+ to ,pet]0 is m5tion$ by e>ly writ]s4 ,?is fragm5t di/9ctly pret5ds to be a n>rative ( ,simon ,pet]2 & its matt] is g5]ally su* z mu/ h satisfi$ ,s]apion's ideas ( or?odox doctr9e1 if suspicion ( ,docetic t5d5cies _h n made him believe t x conta9$ a sup]add$ leav5 ( h]esy4 ,?is may n appe> v cle>ly 9 ! fragm5t1 b we "k f o!r s\rces1 z we %all pres5tly see1 t !y exi/$ 9 ! ,gospel1 & ev5 "h ! repres5tation t ,jesus suff]$ no pa92 t he is always call$ 8! ,"l10 or ! 8,son ( ,god20 t 8 "o cry on ! cross 0 susceptible ( peculi> explanation1 & t he 0 imm$iately 8tak5 up10 :il/ 8 body subsequ5tly pres5ts aspects n common to ! canonical ,gospels1 may h seem$ to ! c>eful bi%op suffici5tly ,docetic to w>rant at lea/ 8 n v sev]e condemnation4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss m9utely ! details ( ,s]apion's lett]1 :i*1 if vague 9 p>ts & op5 to consid]able d\bt 9 "s important respects1 is at lea/ suffici5tly cle> = our purpose 9 its g5]al mean+4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! ,m>cianus to :om x ref]s4 ,! bi%op _h evid5tly previ\sly writt5 ( him1 b ! context has n be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,arm5ian v]sion1 made f a ,syriac text1 reads 8,m>cion0 = 8,m>cianus10 b x w\ld be premature on ?is au?ority to associate ! episode ) t ar*-h]etic ( ! second c5tury4 ,x is cle> f ! bi%op's words t on 8 previ\s visit to ,rhossus1 at ! desire ( "p ( ! community1 he sanction$ ! public read+ ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet] b1 aft] p]sonal acqua9tance ) its cont5ts1 he )drew t p]mission4 ,zahn7#h7 ma9ta9s t ! private read+ by memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 & n public read+ at ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 is dealt ) 9 ?is lett]1 b 9 ?is he /&s alone4 ,! ,index expurgatorius _h n be5 comm5c$ 9 ! second c5tury1 & x is impossible to ?9k t ! sanction ( a bi%op 0 ei!r s\ght or requir$ = ! private read+ ( individuals4 ,we h "h only an in/ance ( ! div]sity ( cu/om1 z reg>ds ! public read+ ( e>ly writ+s1 to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs & 9 ! ,muratorian & o!r ,canons4 ,9 ?is way ! ,epi/le ( ! ,roman ,clem5t1 z ,eusebius7#i7 m5tions1 0 publicly read 9 ! *ur*es2 z 7 ! ,epi/le ( ,sot] to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! 8,pa/or0 ( ,h]mas17#aj7 ! 8,apocalypse ( ,pet]107#aa7 & v>i\s ,gospels :i* did n p]man5tly secure a place 9 ! ,canon4 ,eusebius1 = in/ance1 /ates t ! ,ebionites made use only ( ! 8,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews407#ab7 ,eusebius7#ac7 m5tions a c]ta9 numb] ( works attribut$ to ! ,apo/le ,pet]3 ! fir/ ,epi/le1 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z g5u9e1 8b t :i* is call$ ! second10 he says1 8we h n und]/ood to be incorporat$ ) ! te/am5t0 774 ,! o!r works are1 ! 8,acts ( ,pet]10 ! 8,gospel accord+ to ,pet]10 ! 8,prea*+ ( ,pet]10 & ! 8,apocalypse ( ,pet]10 ! la/ be+ d\btless ! "w ( :i* a fragm5t has n[ be5 discov]$ 9 ! little volume :i* conta9s ! fragm5t ( ! ,gospel :i* we are consid]+4 ,( ^! ,eusebius says t he does n "k ( _! be+ h&$ d[n z ,ca?olic1 or univ]sally receiv$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! 8,gospel accord+ to ,pet]0 is directly ref]r$ to by ,orig5 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,mat!w4 ,he says3 8,"s say1 ) reg>d to ! bre?r5 ( ,jesus1 f a tradition 9 ! ,gospel entitl$ accord+ to ,pet]1 or ( ! ,book ( ,james1 t !y 7 sons ( ,joseph by a =m] wife407#ad7 ,al?\gh ?is /atem5t does n 9 itself necess>ily fav\r ,docetic views1 x is q intelligible t x might be us$ 9 support ( !m &1 !re=e1 might h be5 "o ( ! passages :i* excit$ ! suspicion ( ,s]apion1 m especially z a cle> /atem5t ( ?is family relation%ip is n to be f\nd 9 ! canonical ,gospels4 ,! "p ( ! ,gospel ref]r$ to by ,orig5 is n1 un=tunately1 conta9$ 9 ! fragm5t1 & consequ5tly _c be v]ifi$1 b x is q 9 accordance ) its g5]al _s1 & at lea/ we h "h a di/9ct m5tion ( ! ,gospel )\t any expression ( unfav\rable op9ion4 ,:at is m important /ill is ! fact t ,orig5 c]ta9ly made use ( ! ,gospel1 among/ o!rs1 himself47#ae7 ,j]ome7#af7 likewise ref]s to x1 aft] repeat+ ! tradition t ! ,gospel 0 said to be ,pet]'s1 :i* ,m>k compos$1 :o 0 8 he>] & int]pret]2 & to ! works ascrib$ to ,pet]1 :i* ,eusebius enum]ates1 he adds ano!r--! 8,judgm5t ( ,pet]10 ( :i* little or no?+ is kn[n4 ,!odoret says t ! ,naz>5es made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]47#ag7 ,zahn & "s o!rs7#ah7 argue aga9/ ! correctness ( ?is /atem5t2 b reason+ ( ?is k9d1 bas$ ^u suppos$ diff]5ces ( views1 is n v conv9c+1 :5 we consid] t inf]5ces to be drawn f peculi>ities 9 ! n>rative 9 ?is ,gospel are nei!r s di/9ct1 nor s inevitable1 z to be =c$ ^u a simple & uncritical community1 & probably t ! anti-,judai/ic t5d5cy ( ! :ole1 ! /ronge/ *>act]i/ic ( ! composition1 secur$ its acceptance1 & div]t$ att5tion f any less m>k$ t5d5cies4 ,a numb] ( passages h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! ,didascalia & ,apo/olical ,con/itutions1 ,orig51 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 & o!r anci5t writ]s1 %[+ ! use ( ?is ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]27#ai7 b into ^! lat] te/imonies x is n necess>y = u at pres5t to g4 ,t ! "w long cont9u$ to ex]cise consid]able influ5ce c sc>cely be d\bt$4 ,x is to ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! ,gospel & its use 9 ! second c5tury t we mu/ r turn our att5tion4 ,a probable ref]5ce to ! ,gospel ( ,pet] 9 ,polyc>p's 8,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians0 has be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e47#bj7 ,! writ] speaks ( 8! te/imony ( ! cross0 7 71 an expression :i* has puzzl$ critics a good deal4 ,no passage 9 our ,gospels has hi!rto expla9$ x1 b if x be ref]r$ to ! answ] made by ! cross1 9 our fragm5t1 to ! "q f ,heav53 8,ha/ ?\ prea*$ to !m t are sleep+8 ,& an answ] came f ! cross1 #8,yea1' 0 x becomes at once intelligible4 ,mr4 ,taylor7#ba7 sugge/s ! "q :e!r 8! ^w ( ! cross0 7 7 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #ah is n also connect$ ) ! same tradition ( ! speak+ cross &1 z ,mr4 ,conybe>e po9ts out1 ! context fav\rs ! idea1 al?\gh he himself is n incl9$ to admit ! int]pretation4 ,! words ( ,paul are wor? quot+3 ,= ! ^w ( ! cross is to !m t are p]i%+ fooli%ness2 b unto u :i* are be+ sav$ x is ! p[] ( ,god4 #ai4 ,= x is writt53 8,i w de/roy ! wisdom ( ! wise1 & ! prud5ce ( ! prud5t w ,i reject20 & s on4 ,b al?\gh he _c agree 9 ! sugge/ion t ,paul ref]s to ?is tradition1 because1 he says1 8,su* a view seems to me to be too bold & innovat+ 9 its "*10 ,mr4 ,conybe>e goes on to sugge/ t ! incid5t 9 ,pet]1 ) ?is reply to ! voice f heav51 may be "o ( ! 8?ree my/]ies ( cry+0 ref]r$ to by ,ignatius1 ad ,eph4 xix4 8,rits*l & ,lipsius10 says ,lightfoot1 ad locum 8agree t two ( ! ?ree 71 7#a7 ! voice at ! baptism1 7#b7 ! voice at ! transfiguration4 ,= ! ?ird 444 ,rits*l supposes t ,ignatius us$ "s o!r ,gospel conta9+ a ?ird proclamation simil> to ! two o!rs40 ,! ,pet] ,gospel seems "h to supply j :at is want$47#bb7 ,^! sugge/ions are quot$ "h1 9 deal+ ) ,polyc>p1 to %[ t ! supposition t he ref]s to ! answ] ( ! cross 9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet] is n )\t support 9 o!r e>ly writ+s4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! doctr9e ( a desc5t into ,hell has a place 9 ! ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom1 x is n surpris+ t x %\ld be dwelt on 9 e>ly writ+s1 & t a ,gospel :i* proclaims x by a voice f ,heav51 c\pl$ ) a miracul\s te/imony f ! cross1 %\ld be ref]r$ to4 ,( c\rse x is impossible1 9 ! abs5ce ( any explicit decl>ation1 to e/abli% by ! passage we are discuss+ t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 0 us$ by ,polyc>p1 b !re is "s probability ( x at lea/1 s9ce no o!r ,gospel conta9s ! episode to :i* ! writ] seems to ref]4 ,,iv ,we may n[ consid] :e!r ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 & "h aga9 x may be well to rem9d ! read] t we h only a small fragm5t ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] to comp>e ) ! allusions to be f\nd 9 writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,9 ^! e>ly works1 few quotations are made ) any direct m5tion ( ! s\rce f :i* !y 7 tak51 & z only ^? p>ts ( ,patri/ic writ+s :i* deal ) ! trial1 crucifixion & resurrection ( ,jesus c be expect$ to pres5t analogies ) our fragm5t1 x w readily be se5 h[ limit$ ! range ( te/imony mu/ naturally be4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is usually suppos$ to h di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #afc-afe17bc7 & 8 fir/ 8,apology0 may be dat$ ,a4,d4 #adg1 & ! 8,dialogue ) ,trypho0 some:at lat]4 ,9 ^! writ+s1 ,ju/9 v frequ5tly ref]s to facts1 & to say+s ( ,jesus1 mak+1 inde$1 "s hundr$ & fifty quotations ( ?is k9d f c]ta9 8,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les0 7 71 all ( :i* diff] m or less f our pres5t canonical ,gospels4 ,he nev] m5tions ! "n ( any au?or ( ^! ,memoirs1 if inde$ he 0 acqua9t$ ) "o1 unless x be ^u "o occasion1 :i* is ( peculi> int]e/ 9 connection ) our fragm5t4 ,! in/ance to :i* we ref] is ! foll[+4 ,ju/9 says3 8,! /atem5t also t he ,jesus *ang$ ! "n ( ,pet]1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 & t ?is is writt5 9 8 ,pet]'s ,memoirs z hav+ be5 done1 toge!r ) ! fact t he also *ang$ ! "n ( o!r two bro!rs1 :o 7 sons ( ,zeb$ee1 to ,boan]ges--t is1 sons ( ?und]10 c47#bd7 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 argu$ t ! "h does n ref] to ,pet] b to ,jesus2 or t ! ^w %\ld be am5d$ to & appli$ to ! ,apo/les2 b ! majority ( critics naturally decid$ aga9/ su* royal ways ( remov+ difficulties1 & 7 =c$ to admit a ref]5ce to 8,memoirs ( ,pet]40 ,hi!rto1 ! apologetic explanation has be5 t ! allusion ( ,ju/9 mu/ h be5 to ! second ,synoptic1 g5]ally ref]r$ to ,m>k1 :o 0 held by _m ( ! ,fa!rs to be ! m]e m\?piece & 8int]pret] ( ,pet]10 & t ?is ref]5ce is support$ by ! fact t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k is ! only "o ( ! f\r canonical works :i* n>rates ^! *anges ( "n4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is dispos$ ( by ! fact t our second ,synoptic _c possibly be consid]$ ! "w ref]r$ to 9 ! tradition ( ,papias47#be7 ,return+ to ,ju/91 we f9d t he designates ! s\rce ( 8 quotations t5 times z 8,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les20 five times he calls x simply 8,memoirs10 & ^u "o occasion only expla9s t !y 7 writt5 8by 8 ,apo/les & _! foll[]s40 ,he nev] speaks indef9itely ( 8,memoirs ( ,apo/les10 b always ( ! collective ,apo/les1 except 9 ! "o in/ance :i* has be5 quot$ above4 ,9 a s+le passage !re occurs an expression :i* mu/ be quot$4 ,ju/9 says3 8,= ! ,apo/les 9 ! ,memoirs compos$ by !m1 :i* are call$ ,gospels10 c47#bf7 ,! has v mu* ! appe>ance ( a gloss 9 ! m>g9 ( "s ,,ms41 :i* has aft]w>ds be5 transf]r$ to ! text by a scribe1 z s*ol>s h be=e n[ sugge/$2 b 9 any case x makes little diff]5ce 9 ! argum5t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! "n 8,memoirs0 _c ) any degree ( propriety be appli$ to our canonical ,gospels2 b ! discov]y ( ?is fragm5t1 :i* is di/9ctly writt5 z a p]sonal n>rative1 ?r[s fre% light ^u ! subject1 & ! title 8,memoirs ( ,pet]10 w\ld exactly describe ! =m 9 :i* ! ,gospel is writt54 ,x may fur!r be sugge/$ :e!r x does n give u reason = conjectur+ t ! e>li] docum5ts1 f :i* our ,gospels 7 compos$1 7 simil>ly p]sonal n>ratives or memoirs ( ^? :o took "p 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian developm5t4 ,! tradition pres]v$ to u by ,papias di/9ctly po9ts 9 ?is direction3 ,?is also ! ,presbyt] said3 ,m>k hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote accurately :atev] he rememb]$1 ?\gh he did n arrange 9 ord] ! ?+s :i* 7 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/4 ,= he nei!r he>d ! ,"l1 nor foll[$ him2 b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 accompani$ ,pet]1 :o adapt$ 8 tea*+ to ! occasion1 & n z mak+ a consecutive record ( ! ,"l's oracles47#bg7 ,!re c be v little d\bt t ! fir/ tea*+ ( ,apo/les & e>ly cate*i/s mu/ h tak5 ! =m ( p]sonal recollections ( v>i\s episodes ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory & reports ( disc\rses & p>ables1 ) an acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 deliv]$4 ,?is famili> & less impressive mode ( trac+ ,*ri/ian hi/ory mu/ gradually h be5 elim9at$ f successive =ms ( ! /ory drawn up = ! use ( ! gr[+ ,*ur*1 until1 9 ! ,gospels adopt$ into ! ,canon1 x _h entirely disappe>$4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 a slight trace ( x rema9s 9 ! ref]5ce 9 ! ?ird p]son to ! writ]1 & x is pres5t 9 p>ts ( ! ,apocalypse2 b a m m>k$ in/ance is to be f\nd 9 ! 8,acts ( ! ,apo/les20 n s mu* 9 ! prologue--:i*1 ( c\rse1 is n really "p ( ! book--:]e ! au?or di/9ctly speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son1 z 9 ! n>rative aft] ! call to ,mac$onia 7xvi4 #aj-ag71 :]e ! writ] falls into ! use ( ! fir/ p]son plural 771 resumes x aft] a break 7xx4 #e-ae71 & ab&ons x aga91 till x is recomm5c$ 9 xxi4 #a-ah1 xxvii4 #a1 xxviii4 #af4 ,z ! au?or d\btless made use ( writt5 s\rces ( in=mation1 l ! writ]s ( our ,gospels1 x is mo/ probable t1 9 ^! portions ( ! ,acts1 he simply ins]t$ portions ( p]sonal writt5 n>ratives :i* _h come into 8 possession4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 :i* escap$ ! successive revisals ( ! canonical ,gospels1 probably pres5ts ! m orig9al =m ( su* hi/ories4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 unable to say :e!r ! *ange ( names ref]r$ to by ,ju/9 0 record$ 9 e>li] portions ( ?is ,gospel :i* h n be5 recov]$1 b ! use ( ! d\ble "n1 8,i1 ,simon ,pet]10 fav\rs ! supposition t x 04 ,)\t atta*+ undue importance to x1 x may be well to po9t out--9 connection ) ,orig5's /atem5t t1 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 ! bre?r5 ( ,jesus are repres5t$ z be+ ( a previ\s m>riage--t ! only g5ealogy ( ,jesus :i* is recognis$ by ,ju/9 is trac$ ?r\gh ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & excludes ,joseph47#bh7 ,%e x is :o is desc5d$ f ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob1 & f ! h\se ( ,david4 ,! g5ealogy ( ,jesus 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 on ! contr>y1 is trac$ solely ?r\gh ,joseph1 :o alone is /at$ to be ( ! l9eage ( ,david4 ,! g5ealogies ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s1 at lea/ agree 9 exclud+ ,m>y4 ,9 ! ?ird ,gospel ,joseph goes to ,juda 8unto ! city ( ,david1 :i* is call$ ,be?lehem1 because he 0 ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david407#bi7 ,ju/9 simply /ates t ,joseph w5t 8to ,be?lehem 444 = 8 desc5t 0 f ! tribe ( ,judah1 :i* inhabit$ t region407#cj7 ,ju/9 c\ld n1 !re=e1 d]ive 8 g5ealogies f ! canonical ,gospels2 & 8 ,memoirs1 f :i* he le>ns ! ,davidic desc5t ?r\gh ,m>y only1 to :i* he ref]s no less ?an elev5 times1 diff]$ f !m di/9ctly on ?is po9t4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,orig51 conta9$ a /atem5t :i* sep>at$ ,jesus f 8 bre?r5 9 ! fle%1 9 all probability mu/ h trac$ ! ,davidic desc5t ?r\gh ,m>y4 ,! ,gospel ( ,james1 commonly call$ ! 8,protevangelium10 to a =m ( :i*1 at lea/1 ,orig5 ref]s at ! same "t z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 /ates t ,m>y 0 ( ! l9eage ( ,david47#ca7 ,!re are o!r peculi>ities 9 ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! angelic ann\ncem5t to ,m>y diff]+ di/9ctly f our canonical ,gospels17#cb7 reg>d+ "s ( :i* ,tis*5dorf 0 ( op9ion t !y 7 d]iv$ f ! 8,protevangelium20 b !re are reasons = suppos+ t !y may h come f a /ill old] "w1 & if x %\ld seem t ,ju/9 made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 ^! may also h be5 tak5 f x4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! re/ ( ! ,gospel1 h[ev]1 all ?is mu/ be left = ! pres5t z m]e conjecture4 ,! fragm5t beg9s ) a brok5 s5t5ce pres5t+ an obvi\sly diff]5t /ory ( ! trial ( ,jesus f t ( ! canonical ,gospels4 8444 b ( ! ,jews no man 7 7 wa%$ 8 h&s1 nei!r ,h]od 7 7 nor any ( 8 judges4444 ,pilate rose up 7 74 ,& !n ,h]od ! ,k+ 7 7 comm&e? ! ,"l to be tak510 c4 ,ju/9 9 "o place7#cc7 ref]s to ?is trial z =etold by ! prophetic _s1 & speaks ( :at 0 done aga9/ ! ,*ri/ 8by ,h]od ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 & ! ,jews !mselves1 & ,pilate :o 0 y\r gov]nor among !m1 & 8 soldi]s0 7 74 ,?is comb9ation agrees ) ! repres5tation ( ! fragm5t1 & ( c\rse diff]s f t ( ! ,gospels4 ,9 ,dial4 ciii4 ,ju/9 repeats ?is to "s ext5t1 add+ t he s5t ,jesus 8b\nd0 774 ,?is repres5tation does n exi/ 9 ,luke1 b nei!r is x f\nd 9 :at we h ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 ?\gh x may h occurr$ 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! sc5e to :i* we are s abruptly introduc$4 ,ju/9 says 9 ano!r place3 8,= z ! prophet said1 worry+ him7#cd7 7 71 !y set him 77 ^u a judgm5t seat 7 71 & said1 #8,judge = u' 7 7407#ce7 ,9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] we h3 8,!y said1 #8,let u drag along 77 ! ,son ( ,god' 444 & !y set ,him 7 7 ^u a seat ( judgm5t 7 71 say+1 #8,judge ju/ly 7 71 ,k+ ( ,israel4' 07#cf7 ,?is repres5tation is diff]5t f any 9 our ,gospels1 & x has "s s+ul> po9ts ( agreem5t ) our fragm5t4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 sugge/$ t ,ju/91 9 ?is passage1 makes use ( our canonical ,gospels ) a comb9ation ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ,isaiah lviii4 #b1 #c1 & t ?is is support$ by ! expression 8z said ! prophet40 ,?is does n suffici5tly expla9 ! passage1 h[ev]4 ,! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! "p ( ,isaiah lviii4 #b ref]r$ to reads3 --8,!y ask me n[ = j judgm5t40 ,ju/9 drops ! 8j10 :i* /&s bo? 9 ,isaiah & 9 ! fragm5t1 & !re=e ! omission may be consid]$ equally unfav\rable to bo? writ+s z ! s\rce4 ,9 o!r respects ,ju/9 is ne>] ! ,gospel ?an ! prophet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! propos$ use ( z a transitive v]b w\ld make ! f\r? ,gospel1 xix4 #ac1 read3 8,pilate 444 br\ght ,jesus out1 & set him 77 ^u a judgm5t seat 7 710 c42 & x is pret5d$ t ,ju/9 may h tak5 x 9 ?is s5se1 & t by ! use ( ! ^w he betrays 8 indebt$ness to ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,?is use ( ! v]b1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be ma9ta9$4 ,x is impossible to suppose t ,pilate himself set ,jesus on a judgm5t seat1 z ?is transitive use ( w\ld require u to receive2 & we mu/1 m especially 9 ! abs5ce ( a di/9ct object1 receive x z ! ,revis]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h rightly done--intransitively3 8,he br\ght ,jesus out & sat d[n407#cg7 ,9 ,ju/9 x is n ,pilate b ! ,jews :o drag ,jesus along1 & put him on a judgm5t seat1 & ! use ( ! ord9>y = ! expression ( ! fragm5t1 8a seat ( judgm5t0 7 71 is n surpris+ 9 a writ] l ,ju/91 :o is n directly quot+1 b m]ely giv+ ! s5se ( a passage4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! :ole repres5tation is peculi>1 & ! conclusion ( _m critics is t x proves ,ju/9's dep5d5ce on ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]47#ch7 ,ju/91 speak+ ( an incid5t ( ! crucifixion1 says3 8,& ^? :o 7 crucify+ him p>t$ 8 g>m5ts 7 7 among/ !mselves1 ca/+ lots 7 71 ea* tak+ :at pleas$ him1 accord+ to ! ca/ ( ! lot 7 7407#ci7 ,9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] x is said3 8,& !y laid ! clo!s 7 7 be=e him1 & di/ribut$ !m 771 & ca/ lots 7 7 = !m40 ,! use ( ! peculi> expression bo? by ! ,gospel & ,ju/9 is und\bt$ly /rik+1 especially1 z ,dr4 ,swete prop]ly po9ts out1 z its use 9 ?is connection is limit$1 s f> z we "k1 to ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 ,ju/91 & ,cyril47#dj7 ,x is r5d]$ m important by ! fact t1 bo? 9 ! ,gospel & ,ju/91 ! ca/+ ( lots is appli$ to all ! clo!s1 9 contradi/9ction to ! f\r? ,gospel1 9 :i* x is connect$ ) ! coat alone1 & t nei!r has any m5tion ( ! ,johann9e peculi>ity t ! coat 0 )\t seam4 ,ju/9 says t aft] he 0 crucifi$ all ! 8acqua9tances ( ,jesus =sook him0 7 727#da7 & 9 ano!r place t aft] 8 crucifixion 8! disciples :o 7 ) him disp]s$ 77 until he rose f ! dead407#db7 ,?is repres5tation is f\nd 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic only1 b agrees /ill bett] ) vv4 #bf1 #bg1 & #ei ( our fragm5t4 ,else:]e1 ,ju/91 9 agreem5t ) ! fragm5t1 speaks ( ,h]od1 8,k+ ( ! ,jews407#dc7 ,fur!r1 he says1 m ?an once1 t ! ,jews s5t p]sons ?r\gh\t ! _w to spread calumnies aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 among/ :i* 0 ! /ory t 88 disciples /ole him by night f ! grave 7 7 :]e he _h be5 laid :5 he 0 unloos$ f ! cross 7 7407#dd7 ,! fir/ ,synoptic alone has ! expression reg>d+ ! disciples /eal+ ! body1 us+ ! same v]b1 b our fragm5t alone uses = ! tomb & (f]s a p>allel = ! unloos+ f ! cross 9 v4 #ba4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 po9t out t ! /atem5t reg>d+ ^! emiss>ies f ! ,jews is n f\nd at all 9 our canonical ,gospels47#de7 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 9 ! fragm5t1 ! only cry f ! cross is3 8 #8,p[]1 my ,p[]1 ?\ ha/ =sak5 me1' & hav+ spok51 he 0 tak5 up40 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ v>iations f ! canonical ,gospels4 ,x is also claim$ z1 p]haps1 ! mo/ ,docetic repres5tation ( ! fragm5t1 = ! idea 0 t "o ,*ri/ suff]$ & rose1 & ano!r flew up & 0 free f suff]+47#df7 ,x 0 believ$ by ! ,docetae t ! ,holy ,_s only desc5d$ ^u ! human ,jesus1 at 8 baptism1 9 ! %ape ( a dove4 ,n[ "o ( ! /atem5ts ( ,ju/9 f 8 ,memoirs1 :i* has no exi/5ce 9 our ,gospels1 0 t1 :5 ,jesus w5t to be baptiz$ by ,john1 ,z ,jesus w5t d[n to ! wat]1 a fire 0 also k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan2 & :5 he came up f ! wat]1 ! ,holy ,_s l a dove fell ^u him1 z ! ,apo/les ( ?is v ,*ri/ ( ours wrote 444 & at ! same "t a voice came f ! heav5s 444 8,?\ art my son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e40 ,ju/9 repeats 8 v]sion ( ! words a second "t 9 ! same *apt]47#dg7 ,! ,synoptics make ! voice say3 8,?\ art my belov$ son2 9 !e ,i am well pleas$10 in/ead ( ! words f ,psalm ii4 #g4 ,n[1 al?\gh we h n ! "p ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 9 :i* ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,jesus is relat$1 x is n improbable t ,ju/9's v]sion1 agree+ z x does ) ! lat] episode 9 ! fragm5t & ) ! criticism ( ,s]apion1 0 tak5 f ?is ,gospel4 ,we ref] to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 = ! purpose ( introduc+ ano!r /atem5t ( ,ju/91 :i* may be wor? a little consid]ation 9 connection ) our fragm5t4 ,"o ( ! passages :i* are suppos$ mo/ cle>ly to betray ,docetic t5d5cies is ! expression1 v4 #aj1 t :5 ! ,"l 0 crucifi$ 8he kept sil5ce1 z feel+ no pa90 7 74 ,x is evid5t t ^! words may ei!r be tak5 z simply repres5t+ ! =titude ) :i* suff]+ 0 endur$1 or und]/ood to support ! view t no pa9 0 really suff]$1 ?\gh ?is is by no means actually said4 ,n[1 ,ju/91 9 ano!r *apt] ( 8 8,dialogue ) ,trypho10 9 :i* he aga9 ref]s to ! baptism & quotes ! words ( ! voice z above1 cites ! agony 9 ! g>d5 to prove t 8! ,fa!r wi%$ 8 ,son really to suff] 7 7 = our sakes1 & t we may n say t he1 be+ ! ,son ( ,god1 did n feel :at 0 happ5+ & be+ inflict$ ^u him407#dh7 ,he goes on to say t ! sil5ce ( ,jesus1 :o return$ no answ] to any "o 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pilate1 0 =etold 9 a passage :i* he quotes4 ,all ?is1 9 connection ) repres5tations n f\nd 9 our canonical ,gospels1 may =m ano!r l9k ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 z "o ( 8 ,memoirs4 ,ju/9 evid5tly made use ( passages l ! words at ! baptism1 to :i* he did n atta* any ,docetic int]pretation1 & x is q natural t he %\ld argue aga9/ ! view t ,jesus did n really suff] pa91 & yet read q naturally ! words we are discuss+1 )\t directly ref]r+ to !m4 ,x 0 ! practice ( ^! e>ly sects to twi/ passages1 n orig9ally int5d$ to fav\r !m1 into evid5ce = _! views1 & an ord9>y ,*ri/ian might possess a ,gospel conta9+ !m1 9 complete unconsci\sness t x t5d$ 9 ! slighte/ degree to enc\rage h]esy47#di7 ,x is evid5t f sev]al quotations :i* we h made1 & f o!rs :i* might be adduc$1 t ,ju/9 0 an example ( ?is v ?+4 ,a numb] ( small po9ts might be add$ to ^!1 b we d n g into !m "h4 ,a majority ( ! critics :o h discuss$ ! "q are ( op9ion t ,ju/9 made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]17#ej7 & ev5 apologi/s1 7:o z a body seem agre$ to depreciate ! fragm5t71 :il/ refus+ to admit its use by ,ju/91 are n g5]ally v decid$ 9 _! d5ial nor1 z we %all pres5tly see1 incl9$ to assign x a date :i* excludes ! possibility4 ,! case may be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,ju/9 und5iably quotes f 8 8,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les0 facts & passages :i* are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels2 he di/9ctly ref]s to /atem5ts z conta9$ 9 c]ta9 8,memoirs ( ,pet]207#ea7 "s ( ^! v>iations f ! canonical ,gospels h l+ui/ic & o!r p>allels 9 our fragm5t1 %ort z x is1 & !re is reason to suppose t o!rs w\ld h be5 f\nd 9 x _h ! entire ,gospel be5 extant = comp>ison2 ! /yle ( ! fragm5t precisely tallies ) ! peculi> "n ( 8,memoirs10 be+ a p]sonal n>rative 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>2 & f9ally1 !re is no?+ 9 its composition or "* :i* necessitates ! assignm5t ( su* a date to ! fragm5t z w\ld exclude ! possibility1 or probability1 ( its use by ,ju/94 ,v ,we may n[ consid] :e!r !re is any indication ( ! use ( ?is ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] by ! au?or ( ! 8,epi/le ( ,b>nabas40 ,! ,epi/le is v>i\sly dat$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #gj-acb1 apologi/s lean+ t[>ds ! e>li] date4 ,! %ortness ( ! fragm5t recov]$1 ( c\rse1 dim9i%es greatly ! probability ( f9d+ any trace ( its use 9 s comp>atively brief a "w z ?is ,epi/le1 b "s indications may be po9t$ out4 ,! fragm5t /ates t1 be+ anxi\s le/ ! sun %\ld set :il/ he 0 /ill liv+ & ! law reg>d+ "o put to dea? be transgress$1 8"o ( !m said3 #8,give him to dr9k gall ) v9eg>1' & hav+ mix$ !y gave him to dr9k 7 2 747#eb7 444 ,ov] all ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 we 7 fa/+ 7 77#ec7 444 ! :ole p 444 beat _! brea/s 7 444 7407#ed7 ,?is repres5tation n only diff]s f ! canonical ,gospels 9 8gall ) v9eg>0 be+ giv5 to dr9k1 b 9 ! view t x 0 n giv5 to relieve ?ir/1 b z a potion to ha/5 dea?17#ee7 & !re foll[ v>i\s /atem5ts reg>d+ fa/+ & m\rn+4 ,n[ 9 ,b>nabas precisely ! same repres5tation is made4 ,! ,epi/le says3 ,b also :5 crucifi$1 he _h v9eg> & gall giv5 him to dr9k 7 74 ,he> h[1 on ?is matt]1 ! prie/s ( ! temple h reveal$4 ,see+ t !re is a comm&m5t 9 ,scripture3 8,:osoev] %all n obs]ve ! fa/ %all surely die10 ! ,"l comm&$1 because he 0 9 8 own p]son ab\t to (f] ! vessel ( 8 _s = our s9s 444 8,s9ce ye are to give me1 :o am to (f] my fle% = ! s9s ( my new p1 gall ) v9eg> to dr9k1 eat ye alone1 :ile ! p fa/s & wails4444 7 444 7407#ef7 ,!re are ?ree suppositions z ! possible explanation ( ?is simil>ity3 7#a7 t ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le d]iv$ 8 /atem5t f ! ,gospel2 7#b7 t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel d]iv$ x f ! ,epi/le1 or 7#c7 t bo? drew x f a ?ird & e>li] s\rce4 ,assign+ z we d ! lat] date to ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! fir/ ( ^! hypo!ses seems to u ! mo/ natural & ! correct "o1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x is impossible to prove t bo? did n d]ive x f ano!r s\rce4 ,! second explanation we mu/ def9itely reject1 bo? because we consid] t priority ( date lies ) ! fragm5t1 & because x does n seem probable t ! repres5tation orig9at$ 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,to admit ?is w\ld be to suppose t ! au?or fir/ fabricat$ ! /atem5t t ,jesus 0 giv5 gall & v9eg> to ha/5 dea?1 & !n proce$$ imm$iately to expla9 ! circum/ance by means ( ! elaborate gnosis ) :i* ! ,epi/le is fill$4 ,x is q und5iable t ! :ole n>rative ( ! ,gospels grew out ( ! sugge/ions ( suppos$ prophetic passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le introduces ! /atem5t ^u :i* 8 explanation is bas$1 ) a simplicity :i* seems to exclude ! idea ( its be+ 8 own fabrication3 8,b also1 :5 crucifi$1 he _h v9eg> & gall giv5 him to dr9k40 ,!re is n ! r+ "h ( a /atem5t advanc$ = ! fir/ "t1 b if we suppose t ! au?or _h read x 9 su* a "w z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 x w\ld be q natural4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t we d\bt t ! acc\nt 9 ! fragm5t1 or 9 our ,gospels1 0 sugge/$ by passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b simply t we d n believe t ! repres5tation orig9at$ 9 ?is ,epi/le1 9 imm$iate connection ) ! elaborate explanation giv54 ,a tradition1 gradually influ5c$ by su* prophetic & o!r consid]ations1 may h be5 embodi$ by ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 9 8 n>rative1 & !n ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le may h seiz$ ^u x & enl>g$ ^u its typical signification1 b x is n probable t he orig9at$ x himself4 ,,vi ,we d n propose to ent] "h ^u an inquiry :e!r !re is any evid5ce )9 our %ort fragm5t t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 0 us$ by o!r e>ly writ]s4 ,! slight traces :i* alone we c\ld hope to f9d1 & :i* sev]al able critics d f9d17#eg7 _c be decisive ( any?+1 & :il/ !re may be a fa9t lit]>y int]e/ 9 pursu+ su* rese>*es1 !y ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,a %ort consid]ation may1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ,tatian4 ,"s critics1 impress$ app>5tly ) ! idea t no e>ly ,gospels c possibly be o!rwise ?an dep5d5t on our canonical works1 yet hav+ to expla9 ! cont9u\s div]g5ce f ! canonical n>ratives1 advance ! sugge/ion1 t ! writ] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] may h d]iv$ all ! po9ts :i* ! fragm5t conta9s1 9 common ) "o or m ( ! canonical ,gospels1 f a ,h>mony ( our ,gospels4 ,n[1 ! only ,h>mony ( ! second c5tury :i*1 !y ?9k1 has surviv$ is ! s-call$ 8,diatess>on0 ( ,tatian4 ,( c\rse1 !y f9d t ! 8,diatess>on0 8might h furni%$ ! writ] ( ! fragm5t ) all ! incid5ts :i* he %>es ) any ( ! ,f\r ,gospels40 ,dr4 ,swete cont9ues3 8,! ord] 9 ,pet] is n always ! same z x seems to h be5 9 ,tatian1 b diff]5ces ( ord] may be disreg>d$ 9 our inquiry1 s9ce !y are equally emb>rass+ if we assume t ! writ] _h rec\rse to ! ,gospels z sep>ate books407#eh7 ,n cont5t ) ! conclusion t ! ,gospels1 n>rat+ ! v same hi/ory1 might h furni%$ ! incid5ts :i* !y h 9 common1 ,dr4 ,swete proce$s 8to comp>e ! #8,diatess>on' ) our fragm5t1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ,tatian w\ld h provid$ ! ,petr9e writ] ) ! words :i* he seems to h adopt$ f ! ,f\r ,gospels407#ei7 ,?is is n ! place to discuss aga9 ! id5tity ( ! suppos$ 8,diatess>on10 b x w be suffici5t to po9t out t we h x only 9 an ,arabic v]sion1 publi%$ & translat$ by ,ciasca1 & a translation ( ! suppos$ ,arm5ian v]sion ( ! ,comm5t>y ^u x1 ascrib$ to ,ephraem1 :i* aga9 ,moes+]1 :o edit$ ! ,lat9 v]sion publi%$ 9 #ahgf1 decl>es to be itself translat$ f ! ,syriac4 ,9 ^! v>i$ trans=mations ( ! text1 any?+ l v]bal accuracy mu/ be reg>d$ z totally lo/4 ,! object 9 mak+ ! v]sions 0 n1 ( c\rse1 critical fidelity1 & v>iations f canonical texts w\ld1 no d\bt1 (t5 or always be reg>d$ z accid5tal & to be correct$4 ,su* translations c nev]1 9 textual criticism1 be accept$ z suffici5t repres5tations ( ! orig9al4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 by :i* ,dr4 ,swete proce$s to asc]ta9 :e!r ! au?or ( ! fragm5t d]ives f ,tatian ! words :i* he seems to h adopt$ f ! ,f\r ,gospels1 is to place side by side ) ! ,petr9e n>rative1 9 c]ta9 crucial passages1 ! correspond+ portions ( ! 8,diatess>on10 approximately repres5t$ 9 ,greek1 & he selects ! acc\nts ( ! mock]y1 ! ?ree h\rs1 ! burial1 & ! visit ( ! wom5 to ! tomb4 ,he ?us expla9s 8 sy/em3 8,! plan adopt$ has be5 to sub/itute = ,ciasca's translation ( ! ,arabic ,tatian ! correspond+ portions ( ! canonical ,gospels4 ,! text has be5 det]m9$ by a comp>ison ( ,ciasca's ,lat9 ) ,moes+]'s ,evangelii ,concordantis ,expositio1 & ! ,curetonian ,syriac ( ,luke xxiii41 xxiv4 ,x claims1 ( c\rse1 only to be an approximate & provisional repres5tation ( ! text ( ! orig9al "w407#fj7 ,h[ev] imp>tial ,dr4 ,swete may h tri$ to be--& )\t d\bt he did endeav\r to be s--su* a te/ is vitiat$ & r5d]$ useless by ! antec$5t manipulation ( ! texts4 ,! result at :i* he arrives is3 8,?is comp>ison does n ju/ify ! conclusion t ! writ] ( our fragm5t 0 limit$ to ! use ( ! #8,diatess>on' 0--! exact cont5ts ( :i*1 9 its orig9al %ape1 be x not$1 ,dr4 ,swete1 a few l9es fur!r on1 admits t we d n "k1 8s t x w\ld be unsafe to draw any negative inf]5ce0 f c]ta9 exceptions4 ,on ! :ole we may p]haps claim to h e/abli%$ a /rong presumption t ! ,petr9e writ] employ$ a ,h>mony :i*1 9 its g5]al selection ( extracts1 & 9 "s ( its m9ut] arrangem5ts1 v ne>ly resembl$ ! ,h>mony ( ,tatian4 ,?is is n equival5t to say+ t he us$ ,tatian1 because !re is "s reason to ?9k t !re may h be5 a ,h>mony or ,h>monies e>li] ?an ,tatian4444 ,?us ! relation ( ! ,petr9e writ] to ,tatian rema9s = ! pres5t an op5 "q2 b en\gh has be5 said to r5d] su* a relation probable1 if fur!r inquiries %\ld lead u to place ! ,gospel ( ,pet] aft] ! publication ( ! 8,diatess>on407#fa7 ,x mu/ frankly be ass]t$ t ! :ole ( ?is comp>ison ) ,tatian1 & ! views s curi\sly express$ reg>d+ ! result1 are ! outcome ( a preconceiv$ idea t ! ,petr9e au?or compil$ 8 ,gospel ma9ly f ! canonical4 ,! div]g5cies be+ s great1 h[ev]1 & ! actual contradictions s /rong1 x becomes necess>y to acc\nt = !m 9 "s way1 & ! !ory ( ! use ( a ,h>mony is advanc$ to see :e!r x may n ov]come "s ( ! difficulties4 ,x w\ld h be5 m to ! purpose to h inquir$ :e!r ! s-call$ 8,diatess>on0 did n make use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 among/ o!rs4 ,9 connection ) ?is x may be well to ref] to "s rem>kable obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris reg>d+ ! relation ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] & ,tatian's ,h>mony4 ,:5 ! fragm5t 0 fir/ discov]$1 he 0 naturally /ruck by its great importance4 8,! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 ev5 9 ! imp]fect =m 9 :i* x has come d[n to u1 is ! break+ ( a new seal1 ! op5+ ( a fre% door10 he said1 8to ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! problems pres5t$ by ,biblical & ,patri/ic criticism107#fb7 & he v rightly proce$$ to try to f9d out 8:e!r ,pet] has us$ ,tatian1 or ,tatian ,pet]1 or :e!r bo? ( !m are work+ ^u common s\rces407#fc7 ,he fir/ ref]s to 8a curi\s addition to ! /ory ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* c be %[n1 ) a v high probability1 to h once /ood 9 ! ,h>mony ( ,tatian40 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive "p ( ! ref]5ce is t ,mr4 ,h>ris _h made & publi%$1 "s ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ! fragm5t be=e u1 c]ta9 notes on ! ,h>mony ( ,tatian1 9 :i* he _h employ$ 8! me?od ( comb9ation ( passages 9 diff]5t writ]s :o 7 kn[n to h us$ ! ,h>mony1 or diff]5t texts :i* 7 suspect$ ( hav+ borr[$ f x1 to %[ t 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,crucifixion !re /ood a passage some?+ l ! foll[+3 8,!y beat _! brea/s & said1 ,woe unto u1 = ! ?+s :i* are done to-day = our s9s2 = ! desolation ( ,j]usalem ha? drawn nigh407#fd7 ,x is unnecess>y "h to quote ! way ,mr4 ,h>ris arriv$ at ?is passage1 :i* he frankly /ates1 b at once g on to comp>e x ) our fragm5t4 ,he sums up3 ,n[ ! read] w be int]e/$ to see t ! miss+ s5t5ce :i* ,i re/or$ to ,tatian's text has turn$ up 9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 = we read t3 8,! ,jews & ! eld]s & ! prie/s1 :5 !y saw :at an evil de$ !y _h done to !mselves1 began to beat _! brea/s & to say1 ,woe to our s9s1 = ! judgm5t & ! end ( ,j]usalem is at h&40 ,did ! false ,pet] take ?is f ,tatian1 or 0 x ! o!r way8 or did bo? ( !m use "s uncanonical writ+ or tradition87#fe7 8,!re is no?+ 9 :at foll[s 9 ! ,arabic ,h>mony10 ,mr4 ,h>ris po9ts out1 8:i* sugge/s an allusion to ! desolation ( ! city1 or an imprecation ^u1 or lam5tation ov]1 !mselves407#ff7 ,v few w feel any d\bt t ?is is tak5 f our ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or possibly--= ( c\rse !re is no absolute pro(--f ! tradition :i* ! writ] ( t ,gospel also us$1 & n by ! writ] f ! ,h>mony2 & x may be sugge/$ t ! omission ( ?is & simil> passages f v]sions ( ! ,h>mony may h be5 influ5c$ by ! fact t1 n =m+ "p ( our ,gospels1 & n agree+ ) ! preconceiv$ !ory ( a ,h>mony ( our f\r ,gospels1 su* passages 7 exclud$ z int]polations4 ,ano!r in/ance giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>ris is ! /atem5t 9 ! fragm5t3 8,!n ! sun %one out1 & x 0 f\nd to be ! n9? h\r10 :i* he comp>es ) ! language ( 8,tatian's0 comm5tator3 8,?ree h\rs ! sun 0 d>k5$1 & aft]w>ds x %one out aga9407#fg7 ,& fur!r3 ,ano!r case ( p>allelism is 9 ! spee* ( ! angel to ,m>y3 8,he is n "h1 = he is ris51 & has gone away to ! place f :5ce he 0 s5t40 ,at fir/ sight ?is looks l a wilful expansion on ! "p ( ! writ] ( ! ,gospel2 b on a ref]5ce to ! ,p]sian fa!r ,aphrahat1 :o is m ?an suspect$ ( hav+ us$ ! text ( ,tatian1 we f9d ! words1 8,& ! angels said to ,m>y1 ,he is ris51 & gone away to him t s5t him10 :i* is v ne>ly 9 co9cid5ce ) ! text ( ! false ,pet]47#fh7 ,nei!r ( ^! passages is f\nd 9 ! actual text ( 8,tatian40 ,f9ally1 we may quote ! o!r in/ance po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,h>ris3 ,! ,docetic quotation f ! ,psalm 8,my ,p[]1 my ,p[]1 ha/ ?\ =sak5 me80 is peculi> 9 ?is respect1 t ! second possessive pron\n is want+1 s t we ought to translate x 8,p[]1 my ,p[] 4440 ,n[1 x is curi\s t ,tatian's text _h a simil> peculi>ity1 = ,ephrem gives x z 8,god1 my ,god10 & ! ,arabic ,h>mony z ,yaiil1 ,yaiili1 :]e ! add$ suffix belongs to ! possessive pron\n4 ,?is is a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 & makes "o suspect t ,tatian _h 8,p[]1 my ,p[]0 9 8 text1 & t x has be5 correct$ away4 ,& x is significant t ,ephrem 9 comm5t+ on ! passage1 says3 8,! div9ity did n s f> dep>t f ! humanity z to be cut (f f x1 b only z reg>ds ! p[] ( ! div9ity1 :i* 0 hidd5 bo? f ! ,sla9 & ! slay]s40 ,?is looks v suspici\s t ,ephrem f\nd some?+ 9 8 text ( ,tatian diff]+ f ! words 8,god1 my ,god407#fi7 ,mr4 ,h>ris res]ves 8 f9al judgm5t on ?is relation betwe5 ,tatian & ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]2 b z 9 a lat] article7#gj7 he is n unwill+ to all[ ! date ( ,a4,d4 #acj to be assign$ to ! fragm5t1 x is sc>cely to be decid$ z ,pet] quot+ ,tatian4 ,mr4 ,h>ris ?r\gh\t ^! passages1 h[ev]1 /ates ! case 9 a mo/ imp>tial mann]1 & ! read] mu/ =m 8 own op9ion4 ,we may1 be=e leav+ 8,tatian10 po9t out ano!r in/ance ( agreem5t to :i* ,mr4 ,h>ris does n allude4 ,9 ! ,comm5t>y !re is ! foll[+ passage3 8,et d$]unt ei bib]e acetum et fel4 ,acetum ei porrex]unt1 pro felle autem magna ejus mis]atio am>itud9em g5tium dulcem fecit407#ga7 ,x w be rememb]$ t ?is agrees ) ! repres5tation ( ! fragm5t t !y gave ,jesus 8v9eg> & gall0 to dr9k4 ,all ^! in/ances may1 inde$1 ?r[ a new light ^u ! ,diap5te 9 ! text ( ,victor1 :i* has s ex]cis$ apologi/s1 & lead to ! op9ion t ,tatian's ,h>mony 0 n compos$ out ( f\r ,gospels1 b out ( five4 ,if x be agre$1 z x is by a majority ( critics1 t ,ju/9 made use ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 ! probability t 8 pupil ,tatian likewise possess$ ! same "w1 & us$ x = 8 ,h>mony1 is imm5sely increas$4 ,,vii ,we %all n attempt to fix any ev5 approximate date to ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 al?\gh we %all pres5tly h to consid] its relation to our canonical ,gospels 9 a way :i* w at lea/ assign x a position 9 "t relative to !m4 ,h>nack1 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( 8 article on ! fragm5t1 susp5ds 8 judgm5t on its relation to our ,gospels1 & w n ev5 und]take a suffici5t exam9ation ( ?is important "q1 s long z !re rema9s a hope ( /ill recov]+ m ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is dev\tly to be hop$ t ! ,cemet]y ( ,akhmm may /ill give u m ( ?is & o!r important e>ly works2 b !re is no reason :y we %\ld n1 ev5 n[1 endeav\r to d]ive :at in=mation we c f ?is in/alm5t1 & ! wor/--or ! be/--:i* c happ5 is t future acquisitions may enable u to correct ! errors--or confirm ! conclusions--( ! pres5t4 ,s long z we conf9e ourselves to ! legitimate inf]5ces to be drawn f ! actual fragm5t be=e u1 we _c g f> wrong4 ,x is frequ5tly possible to assign well-def9$ limits )9 :i* e>ly works1 ^: au?ors are unkn[n1 mu/ h be5 compos$1 :5 a m precise date _c ) c]ta9ty be fix$4 ,direct ref]5ces to ! writ+1 or its use1 by writ]s ! p]iod ( ^: lit]>y "w is kn[n1 may enable u to affirm t x 0 writt5 at lea/ be=e _! "t2 & sometimes c]ta9 allusions or quotations 9 ! "w itself may1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ t x mu/ h be5 compos$ aft] a c]ta9 date2 & ?us limits1 m or less n>r[1 become c]ta91 )9 :i* its production mu/ lie4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 z we might expect1 conta9s none ( ! allusions or quotations to :i* we ref]1 & we are !re=e r$uc$ to ! "o indication ( age--ref]5ce to1 or ! use ( x by1 e>ly writ]s1 leav+ ! approximate date to :i* x may be set back :olly to conjecture4 ,z we h already rem>k$ above1 ! "q :e!r x is dep5d5t on1 or indep5d5t (1 our canonical ,gospels has yet to be consid]$2 b !re is too mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! date ( ^! ,gospels !mselves to r5d] ?is m ?an a relative indication4 ,s f>1 ! op9ions ( critics assign ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] to dates rang+ f a p]iod antec$5t to our ,gospels1 9 _! pres5t =m1 to ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury47#gb7 ,! indications ( /yle & phraseology giv5 by ! fragm5t h ( c\rse to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & x may be well1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 to exam9e c]ta9 peculi>ities :i* h be5 po9t$ out by writ]s :o ass]t t ! composition is decid$ly lat] ?an our canonical ,gospels47#gc7 ,! writ] nev] speaks ( 8,jesus0 simply1 b always z 8! ,"l0 7 74 ,he likewise ref]s to him z ! 8,savi\r0 77 9 "o place1 & sev]al times z 8a ,son ( ,god0 7 74 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ^! expressions1 !y are 9 con/ant use ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 9 ! ,gospels !mselves1 z well z 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul & ! ,epi/les popul>ly ascrib$ to him4 ,= in/ance1 3 ,matt4 xxi4 #c1 xxviii4 #f27gd7 ,m>k xvi4 #ai27ge7 ,luke vii4 #ac1 x4 #a1 xi4 #ci1 xii4 #db1 xiii4 #ae1 xvii4 #e1 #f1 xviii4 #f1 xix4 #h1 #ca1 #cd1 xxii4 #fa1 xxiv4 #c1 #cd2 ,john vi4 #bc1 xi4 #b1 xiii4 #ac1 #ad1 xx4 #b1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #bh1 xxi4 #g1 #ab4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out passages 9 ! ,acts & ,epi/les1 = 8! ,"l10 8! ,"l ,jesus10 or 8! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/10 is ev]y:]e us$1 & inde$ no o!r =m1 x may be said1 is adopt$4 8,a ,son ( ,god0 7 7 is con/antly us$ 9 ! ,gospels & ,acts4 ,a few in/ances may be giv53 ,matt4 viii4 #bi1 xiv4 #cc1 xvi4 #af1 xxvi4 #fc1 xxvii4 #dj1 #dc1 #ed2 ,m>k i4 #a1 iii4 #aa1 v4 #g1 xv4 #ci2 ,luke i4 #ce1 ix4 #da1 viii4 #bh1 xxii4 #gj2 ,john i4 #cd1 #di1 v4 #be1 x4 #cf1 xi4 #d1 #bg1 xix4 #g1 xx4 #ca2 ,acts ix4 #bj4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! ,epi/les ! expression is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 z = in/ance1 ,rom4 i4 #d1 #i1 v4 #aj2 #a ,cor4 i4 #i2 #b ,cor4 i4 #ai2 ,gal4 ii4 #bj1 & else:]e4 ,x is n necess>y to %[ t 8,savi\r0 is us$1 b ! foll[+ may be po9t$ out3 ,luke ii4 #aa2 ,john iv4 #db2 ,acts v4 #ca1 xiii4 #bc2 & x m frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,all ( ^! expressions are commonly employ$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 su* z ! 8,dida*e10 ,ignatian ,epi/les1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,polyc>p1 8,pa/or0 ( ,h]mas1 & ! 8,apology0 ( ,ari/ides4 ,! pr9cipal phrase ^u :i* weight is laid by ^? :o assign to ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 f ?is fragm5t1 a lat] date ?an our canonical works1 is ! use ( )\t to designate 8! ,"l's day0--,sunday2 ,dr4 ,swete calls x 8! mo/ decisive indication ( ! relatively late composition ( our fragm5t407#gf7 ,aft] giv+ "s in/ances ( a simil> expression1 he /ates ! case z foll[s3 ,! "n 0 !re=e famili> among/ ,ea/]n ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ians f ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,b ,pet] n only uses x freely1 b seems to be unconsci\s t he is guilty ( an ana*ronism :5 he imports ?is exclusively ,*ri/ian t]m into ! ,gospel hi/ory4 has s completely supplant$ 1 t x is twice us$ to describe ! fir/ ,ea/] ,day1 9 a docum5t :i* usually manife/s precision 9 su* matt]s47#gg7 ,x is n q cle> :at ,dr4 ,swete means :5 he says t ,pet] 8uses x freely10 b x w\ld inde$ be s+ul> if he seem$ to be consci\s t he 0 guilty ( an ana*ronism 9 mak+ use ( ?is or any ^w4 ,! "q1 9 fact1 is :e!r x is an ana*ronism or n1 & t x is s is v f> f prov$ by any argum5ts yet br\ght =w>d4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 i4 #aj1 we h ! use ( ! t]m 8! ,"l's day0 7 71 ,a4,d4 #fh-fi4 ,9 ! 8,dida*e10 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot assigns to ! fir/ or ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 we meet ) 2 & 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 :i* ^? :o believe 9 !m date 89 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! second c5tury10 !re is 9 "o place7#gh7 4 ,s f> f its be+ surpris+ t !re %\ld n be m au?ority = su* an expression1 h[ev]1 x seems almo/ m rem>kable t we %\ld h any p>allels at all1 :5 we rememb] h[ few e>ly writ+s are extant1 & h[ few ( ^! actually ref] to ! day ?us designat$4 ,! ,epi/les1 = ?is reason1 may be set aside 9 a body1 = !y give no te/imony ei!r way1 ) ! exception ( #a ,cor4 xvi4 #b1 :]e 8! fir/ day ( ! week0 is ref]r$ to4 ,! ?ree ,synoptics1 foll[+ ea* o!r1 & a common tradition1 use ea* once1 & ! f\r? ,gospel has ! same phrase twice1 & ! ,acts once2 b ?is use ( ano!r expression does n--9 ! face ( ! use ( 9 ?is fragm5t1 & ( 1 9 ! ,apocalypse--at all %[ t1 at ! same p]iod1 ! latt] phrase 0 n also curr5t1 ?\gh x may n h supplant$ 8! fir/ day ( ! week40 ,! fact t ,melito ( ,s>dis1 8ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury10 wrote a treatise %[s h[ g5]al t expression _h become2 & ev5 ,dr4 ,swete1 z we h se5 above1 recognises t x 0 8famili> among/ ,ea/]n ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ians f ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury40 ,!re is no?+ :atev] to w>rant ! conclusion t its use at ! "t :5 our ,gospels 7 writt5 w\ld h be5 an ana*ronism1 b ! fact t a diff]5t expression happ5$ to be us$ 9 a few writ+s4 ,! au?or ( ! fragm5t employs ! phrase twice only1 & x is ?or\ghly consi/5t ) 8 impressive /yle ?r\gh\t ! episode1 t he %\ld apply to ! "t :5 ^! a/\nd+ ev5ts are said to h tak5 place ! appropriate t]m1 already sugge/$ by ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 ( 8! ,"l's day10 in/ead ( 8! fir/ day ( ! week40 ,!re is no?+ m difficult1 z is prov$ e day 9 our "t1 ?an to fix ! precise date at :i* words or expressions fir/ came into use1 & especially--9 ! abs5ce ( volum9\s lit]ature oppos+ ! presumption--! d5ial ( antiquity to a "w1 on ! gr\nd ( its employ+ an expression suppos$ only to h come into g5]al use a few ye>s lat] ?an its o!rwise probable date1 is bo? ra% & unju/ifiable4 ,,viii ,we n[ come to ! mo/ important "p ( our exam9ation ( ?is fragm5t1 :e!r 9 reg>d to its approximate date or to its intr9sic value z an e>ly ,*ri/ian docum5t--its relation to our canonical ,gospels4 ,! fragm5t beg9s & ends ) a brok5 s5t5ce1 b tak+ x z x /&s1 9 comp>ison ) ! same episodes 9 our f\r canonical ,gospels1 x conta9s ab\t a f\r? m matt]4 ,x w be se5 t x is v f> f a ,h>mony ( ! f\r n>ratives1 & /ill less an abridgm5t ( _! common tradition1 b x has m>k$ly ! "* ( an indep5d5t hi/ory drawn f simil>1 b v>y+1 s\rces4 ,! fragm5t comm5ces1 8b ( ! ,jews no man wa%$ 8 h&s1 nei!r ,h]od nor any ( 8 judges2 & z !y 7 n m9d$ to wa%1 ,pilate rose47#gi7 7#b7 ,& !n ,h]od ! ,k+ comm&e? ! ,"l to be tak51 say+ unto !m3 #8,:atsoev] ,i comm&$ t ye %\ld d1 t d unto him4' 0 ,x is cle> f ?is t ! tribunal be=e :i* x is repres5t$ t ,jesus 0 tak5 = trial 0 q diff]5t f t describ$ 9 ! canonical ,gospels4 ,h]od & o!r ,jewi% judges mu/1 accord+ to ! writ]1 h sat along ) ,pilate1 b ! ord] giv5 by 8,h]od ! ,k+0 8to take ! ,"l0 evid5tly %[s t he is repres5t$ z play+ ! lead+ "p4 ,al?\gh ! episode ( ! wa%+ ( ! h&s 7( :i* s mu* m is made by ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,synoptic1 :o alone ( ! canonical ,evangeli/s ref]s to x7 mu/ h be5 introduc$1 we h no means ( kn[+ h[ f> ! two acc\nts may h agre$4 ,bo?1 at lea/ 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 adopt a tradition s incr$ible z t repres5t+ a ,roman gov]nor co]c$ into condemn+ an innoc5t man1 & helplessly go+ ?r\gh su* a c]emony = ! purpose ( cle>+ himself f responsibility = gross inju/ice4 ,! ?ird ,synopti/ is ! only "o ( ! canonical ,evangeli/s :o prom95tly br+s =w>d ! %>e ( ,h]od 9 judg+ ,jesus 7xxiii4 #f-ae71 & he is 9 curi\s agreem5t ) ! _s ( ,pet]'s acc\nt :5 he repres5ts ,pilate 7xxiii4 #f-g71 on he>+ t ,jesus 0 a ,galilean1 recognis+ 8t he 0 ( ,h]od's jurisdiction10 & s5d+ him to ,h]od1 8:o himself also 0 at ,j]usalem 9 ^! days40 ,! /atem5t also 7xxiii4 #ab7 t ,h]od & ,pilate1 hav+ be=e be5 at enmity1 became fri5ds t day ?r\gh ?is v act recognis+ ,h]od's jurisdiction1 seems to po9t to a tradition c\pl+ ,h]od ) ! trial1 a =m ( :i* we h 9 ! fragm5t4 ,all ! o!r ,gospels are n only sil5t ^u ! po9t1 b exclude 8 p>ticipation 9 ! matt]4 ,:51 accord+ to our fragm5t1 8,pilate rose10 he seems to h pass$ out ( all connection ) ! trial & condemnation ( ,jesus4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,pet] repres5ts ! reque/ = ! body ( ,jesus z hav+ be5 made b1 be=e consid]+ ?is "p ( 8 n>rative1 we mu/ note ! portions ( ! canonical acc\nt :i* he altoge!r omits4 ,! fir/ ( ^! to :i* we mu/ ref] is ! pref]5ce ( ,b>abbas1 :i* all ( our f\r ,evangeli/s c>efully relate4 ,consid]+ t 8 ma9 object 9 writ+ ?is ,gospel1 accord+ to "s critics1 0 animosity to ! ,jews & a desire to ca/ ^u !m ! :ole guilt & responsibility ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 x is v rem>kable t he %\ld altoge!r exclude ?is picturesque episode1 & sacrifice s fav\rable an opportunity ( ?r[+ ^u !m ! odium ( cry+ 8,n ?is man1 b ,b>abbas40 ,!re is /rong presumptive evid5ce "h ( 8 entire indep5d5ce ( our f\r ,gospels1 = x is n reasonable to suppose t1 if he _h !m be=e him1 he c\ld delib]ately h pass$ ov] su* /rik+ mat]ial4 ,a fur!r indication ( ! same k9d is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t he app>5tly kn[s no?+ ( ! appeals made by ,pilate to ! p 9 fav\r ( ,jesus1 s furi\sly reject$ by !m4 ,x is di/9ctly a m]it 9 ! n>rative ( ,pet] t he does n1 l ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 give u ! v extraord9>y spectacle ( a ,roman ,gov]nor & ,judge feebly expo/ulat+ ) a noisy ,jewi% mob 9 fav\r ( an accus$ p]son br\ght = trial be=e him1 :om he repeat$ly decl>es to be innoc5t1 & at la/ all[+ himself to be co]c$ aga9/ 8 w into sc\rg+ & crucify+ him4 ,accord+ to ! f\r canonical ,gospels17#hj7 ! reque/ ( ,joseph = ! body ( ,jesus is made aft] he has expir$ on ! cross4 ,9 ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #eg f47 he is a ri* man f ,arima?aea nam$ ,joseph1 :o also himself 0 a disciple ( ,jesus1 & he goes to ,pilate & asks = ! body1 :i* ,pilate comm&s to be giv5 to him4 ,9 ,m>k 7xv4 #dc7 ,joseph ( ,arima?aea1 a c\ncillor ( hon\rable e/ate1 :o also himself 0 look+ = ! k+dom ( ,god1 boldly goes 9 unto ,pilate & asks = ! body ( ,jesus4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w x is 8,:5 ev5 0 come0 t he goes to ,pilate2 9 ,m>k x is 8,:5 ev5 0 n[ come1 because x 0 ! ,prep>ation1 t is1 ! day be=e ! ,sabba?40 ,9 ,mat!w1 ,pilate simply comm&s t ! body %\ld be giv52 b 9 ,m>k x is fur!r relat$ 7xv4 #dd73 8,& ,pilate m>vell$ if he 7 already dead3 & call+ unto him ! c5turion1 he ask$ him :e!r he _h be5 any :ile dead4 ,& :5 he le>n$ x ( ! c5turion he grant$ ! corpse to ,joseph40 ,9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #ej f473 8,a man nam$ ,joseph1 :o 0 a c\ncillor1 a good man & a righte\s 7he _h n cons5t$ to _! c\nsel & de$71 ( ,arima?aea1 a city ( ! ,jews1 :o 0 look+ = ! k+dom ( ,god3 ?is man w5t to ,pilate & ask$ = ! body ( ,jesus40 ,x is impli$1 b n said1 t x 0 grant$1 & ! "t is m5tion$ fur!r on 7v4 #ed73 8,& x 0 ! day ( ! ,prep>ation1 & ! ,sabba? drew on10--:i* recalls ,m>k4 ,9 ,john 7xix4 #ch73 8,aft] ^! ?+s ! crurifragium & pi]c+ ( ! side1 ,joseph ( ,arima?aea1 be+ a disciple ( ,jesus1 b secretly = fe> ( ! ,jews1 ask$ ( ,pilate t he might take away ! body ( ,jesus3 & ,pilate gave him leave40 ,9 ,pet]1 ! reque/ is made be=e ,jesus is actually s5t to be crucifi$1 & ! au?or is sometimes accus$ ( p]v]t+ ! n>rative by introduc+ x at ?is "t4 ,x is impossible to see any object = s alt]+ ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts z giv5 by ! f\r canonical ,gospels1 on ! supposition t he knew !m1 & x w be se5 t ! "t 9 ,pet]'s n>rative is 9 p]fect accord ) ! v]sion :i* he gives ( ! trial4 8,pilate rose10 & x is to be inf]r$ t he left ! ,praetorium4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t ,joseph seizes ! opportunity ( ask+ = ! body3 #c4 8,b !re 0 !re ,joseph ! fri5d ( ,pilate7#ha7 & ( ! ,"l1 & kn[+ t !y are ab\t to crucify 77 him1 he came to ,pilate & ask$ ! body ( ! ,"l = burial4 #d4 ,& ,pilate s5t to ,h]od & ask$ = 8 body2 #e4 & ,h]od said3 #8,bro!r ,pilate1 ev5 if no "o _h begg$ = him1 we %\ld h buri$ him1 because ! ,sabba? is at h&1 = x is writt5 9 ! ,law3 ,! sun mu/ n g d[n ^u "o put to dea?4' 0 ,x is to be not$ t1 :il/ 9 ! f\r canonical ,gospels ! reque/ = ! body is imm$iately foll[$ by ! entombm5t1 9 our fragm5t ! reque/ is made 9 anticipation1 :5 a fav\rable mom5t = ! reque/ pres5t$ itself1 & ! actual reception ( ! body foll[s lat]1 9 its prop] place4 ,x is possible t ! /atem5t1 9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #ej-ea71 t ,joseph 0 8a c\ncillor0 :o _h 8n cons5t$ to _! c\nsel & de$10 :i* is "h alone ref]r$ to1 may indicate ano!r tradition1 ( "p ( :i* ,pet] may h avail$ himself1 & t x includ$ 8 pres5ce at ! trial & consequ5tly pres5t$ ! opportunity ( at once go+ to ,pilate4 ,t ,pilate %\ld s5d on ! reque/ to ,h]od is only 9 keep+ ) ! repres5tation t he _h )drawn f ! trial1 & w\ld n himself fur!r int]f]e 9 ! matt]4 ,! mode ( c>ry+ on 8 n>rative1 by direct utt]ances put into ! m\?s ( 8 p]sonages1 is p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! writ]1 & =ms a rem>kable feature ( 8 /yle ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is no sign ( dep5d5ce ^u ! canonical ,gospels 9 all ?is3 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! almo/ complete dep>ture f _! repres5tations1 9 ord] & 9 sub/ance1 is only explicable on ! hypo!sis ( a sep>ate1 ?\gh analog\s1 tradition4 ,if we look at ! language1 we f9d t critics po9t out "o phrase :i* is common to ! ?ree ,synoptics3 8,he w5t 9 unto ,pilate & ask$ = ! body ( ,jesus0 7 17#hb7 ,mat!w & ,luke2 1 ,m>k74 ,9 ,pet] we h3 8,he came to ,pilate & ask$ = ! body ( ! ,"l0 7 74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! language ( ! ?ree ,synopti/s is almo/ exactly ! same1 & al?\gh _! int]dep5d5ce ?r\gh\t requires ano!r explanation1 :i* ne$ n be ent]$ into "h1 x is q unreasonable to inf] dep5d5ce on ! "p ( ,pet] f simil>ity 9 ^! few words4 ,x is ! description ( a p]fectly simple action1 9 ! mo/ simple & natural language1 & x is difficult to imag9e :at o!r words c\ld be us$ )\t inflation4 ,all ! re/ ( ! episode diff]s 9 e respect ( language1 ord] & sub/antial detail4 ,x is "r to add1 h[ev]1 t no great weight is atta*$ by anyone to ! po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be po9t$ out t 1 9 ,pet]1 is a mo/ uncommon ^w1 n us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t at all1 & t only occurs once 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ,matt4 xxvii4 #g4 ,! fragm5t cont9ues3 ,& he deliv]$ him to ! p be=e ! fir/ day ( ! ,unleav5$ bread ( _! fea/ 7 1 74 #f4 ,& tak+ ! ,"l !y pu%$ him hurry+ along1 & said3 8,let u drag along 77 ! ,son ( ,god z we h p[] ov] him40 #g4 ,& !y clad him ) purple 7 7 & set him on a seat ( judgm5t 7 71 say+3 8,judge ju/ly 7 71 ,k+ ( ,israel40 #h4 ,& "o ( !m br\ght a cr[n ( ?orns & set x ^u ! head ( ! ,"l4 #i4 ,& o!rs /&+ by spat 9 8 eyes1 & o!rs smote him on ! *eeks2 o!rs pi]c$ him ) a re$1 & "s sc\rg$ him1 say+3 8,) ?is hon\r hon\r we ! ,son ( ,god40 ,be=e proce$+ to comp>e ?is passage ) our ,gospels1 x may be well to det]m9e :o ! mock]s 9 ?is fragm5t really are4 ,x is argu$ by ,zahn7#hc7 & o!rs1 t ,h]od1 accord+ to ?is repres5tation1 h&s ,jesus ov] to ! ,jews1 & t ! p1 & n ! soldi]s1 z 9 ! ,gospels1 conduct ! mock]y :i* is "h describ$4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! words us$ are1 8he deliv]$ him to ! p0 7 71 b ! "q is1 :e!r ! mean+ is t he actually deliv]$ him into ! h&s ( ! mob1 & t ! subsequ5t mock]y1 sc\rg+1 crucifixion & p>t+ ( ! g>m5ts 7 p]=m$ by ! p1 or t1 9 deliv]+ ,jesus to ! p1 ! mean+ is n r t he gave him up to _! dem&s t he %\ld be crucifi$1 & t all ! re/ foll[$ betwe5 soldi]s & p1 z 9 ! o!r n>ratives4 ,we _c b affirm t ?is latt] int]pretation is ! true "o4 ,9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #be7 ! =m ( words us$ exactly expresses ?is3 8b ,jesus he deliv]$ up to _! w0 7 74 ,b a /ill m close repres5tation ( ! case occurs 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 :]e we read 7xix4 #af f473 8,!n1 !re=e1 he deliv]$ him unto !m ! p & ! *ief prie/s to be crucifi$4 ,!y took ,jesus1 !re=e 444 unto ! place call$1 c4 444 :]e !y crucifi$ him40 ,x is only 9 v]se #bc t ! n>rative goes back & expla9s3 8,! soldi]s1 !re=e1 :5 !y _h crucifi$ ,jesus10 c4 ,9 ! fragm5t1 moreov]1 !re is an important indication 9 ! portion previ\sly quot$1 :]e we read3 #b4 8,& !n ,h]od ! ,k+ comm&e? ! ,"l to be tak51 say+ unto !m3 #8,:atsoev] ,i comm&$ t ye %\ld d1 t d unto him4' 0 ,:o are indicat$ by ! pron\n 8!m087#hd7 ,d\btless ! context w\ld h expla9$ ?is & probably made cle> all t foll[s1 = ! ord]s giv5 mu/ h be5 reg>d+ ! crucifixion1 s9ce 9 ! foll[+ v]se 7#c7 x is said t ,joseph1 8kn[+ t !y are ab\t to crucify him10 came to ,pilate4 ,no?+ _h previ\sly be5 said1 9 ?is fragm5t1 ( crucifixion4 ,x is n possible to admit t ! writ] int5ds to repres5t t ! p !mselves c>ri$ out ! crucifixion1 or t ! ord]s giv5 by ,h]od 7 to ! cr[d4 ,h]od1 9 all probability1 is repres5t$ z comm&+ 8 own soldi]s1 :i* w\ld accord ) ! /atem5t 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic 7xxiii4 #aa71 t ,h]od 8) 8 soldi]s set him at n\ght & mock$ him10 & s on4 ,! d\bt only proce$s f indef9ite /atem5t on ! "p ( ! writ]1 & preconceiv$ ideas on ! "p ( critics4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! /atem5t t ,jesus 0 deliv]$ = crucifixion 8be=e ! fir/ day ( ! ,unleav5$ bread ( _! fea/10 t ! ,gospel ( ,pet] adopts ! same *ronology z ! f\r? ,gospel1 9 contradiction to t ( ! ?ree ,synoptics1 & repres5ts ,jesus z put to dea? on ! #ad? ,nisan4 ,8 agreem5t ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 is limit$ to ! m]e matt] ( date1 = on all o!r po9ts ! au?or takes a widely diff]5t view4 ,z ,hilg5feld po9ts out1 = him all ! fea/s prescrib$ by ! ,law are m]e ,jewi% in/itutions1 & he has none ( ! ,johann9e 7xix4 #cc f47 views z to ! dea? ( ,jesus repres5t+ ! ,pas*al (f]+1 nor does he associate ) t ! circum/ances reg>d+ ! break+ ( ! limbs1 & ! ?ru/ ( ! spe> 9 8 side1 :i* he altoge!r omits47#he7 ,! au?or ( ! fragm5t is reproa*$ ) ! loos5ess ( 8 n>rative ( ! mock]y1 on ! supposition t he repres5ts ! clo?+ 9 purple & ! sett+ on ! seat ( judgm5t z occurr+ :il/ ,jesus is be+ dragg$ along by ! ,jews2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,! hurry+ along comm5ces ! mock]y 9 v]se #f4 ,!n 9 v]se #g beg9s ano!r episode4 ,!y clo! ,jesus 9 purple & set him on ! judgm5t seat4 ,n[1 be=e go+ into ! details ( ?is mock]y1 x is necess>y to consid] h[ ! n>rative 9 g5]al accords ) ! acc\nt 9 ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,9 ,pet]1 ! :ole ( ! mock]y is repres5t$ z tak+ place aft] ,jesus is deliv]$ to be crucifi$4 ,he is hu/l$ along1 clo!d 9 purple & set ^u a seat ( judgm5t2 ! cr[n ( ?orns is put ^u 8 head1 !y spit 9 8 eyes & smite him on ! *eeks1 pi]ce him ) a re$ & sc\rge him4 ,9 ! ,synoptics1 especially1 ! ill-usage is z mu* z possible l5g!n$ & int5sifi$4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! mock]y beg9s :5 ,jesus is 9 ! h\se ( ,caiaphas 7xxvi4 #fg f473 8,!n did !y spit 9 8 face & buffet him2 & "s smote him ) ! palms ( _! h&s1 say+1 ,prophesy unto u1 ?\ ,*ri/3 :o is he t /ruck !e80 ,aft] ,pilate causes ,jesus to be sc\rg$1 & deliv]s him1 ! mock]y beg9s afre% 7xxvii4 #bg ff473 8,!n ! soldi]s ( ! gov]nor took ,jesus into ! ,palace & ga!r$ unto him ! :ole b&4 ,& !y /ripp$ him1 & put on him a sc>let robe4 ,& !y plait$ a cr[n ( ?orns & put x ^u 8 head1 & a re$ 9 8 "r h&2 & !y kneel$ d[n be=e him & mock$ him1 say+1 ,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews6 ,& !y spat ^u him & took ! re$ & smote him on ! head4 ,& :5 !y _h mock$ him !y took (f f him ! robe & put on him 8 g>m5ts1 & l$ him away to crucify him40 ,9 ,m>k1 ! mock]y also beg9s 9 ! h\se ( ! high prie/ 7xiv4 #fe ff473 8,& "s began to spit on him1 & to cov] 8 face & to buffet him1 & to say unto him3 ,prophesy3 & ! (fic]s receiv$ him ) bl[s ( _! h&s40 ,! mock]y recomm5ces aft] ,jesus is sc\rg$ & deliv]$ ov] to be crucifi$ 7xv4 #af ff473 8,& ! soldi]s l$ him away )9 ! c\rt1 :i* is ! ,praetorium2 & !y call toge!r ! :ole b&4 ,& !y clo! him ) purple1 & plait+ a cr[n ( ?orns1 !y put x on him2 & !y beg9 to salute him1 ,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews6 ,& !y smote 8 head ) a re$1 & did spit ^u him1 & b[+ _! knees1 wor%ipp$ him4 ,& :5 !y _h mock$ him1 !y took (f f him ! purple1 & put on him 8 g>m5ts1 & !y l$ him out to crucify him40 ,( c\rse x is unnecess>y to po9t out h[ ^! two acc\nts dep5d ^u ea* o!r4 ,! same repres5tation is made 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic 7xxii4 #ff ff473 8,& ! m5 t held him mock$ him & beat him4 ,& !y bl9dfold$ him1 & ask$ him1 say+1 ,prophesy3 :o is he t /ruck !e8 ,& _m o!r ?+s spake !y aga9/ him1 revil+ him40 ,?is passes1 z 9 ! o!r ,synoptics1 9 ! h\se ( ! high prie/1 b ! subsequ5t mock+ does n take place aft] ,pilate deliv]s ,jesus to be crucifi$1 b aft] he has be5 exam9$ by ,h]od 7xxiii4 #aa73 8,& ,h]od ) 8 soldi]s set him at n\ght1 & mock$ him1 & array+ him 9 gorge\s app>el s5t him back to ,pilate40 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel !re is only ! "o sc5e ( mock]y1 & t is plac$ :]e ,jesus is sc\rg$ by ! ord] ( ,pilate 7xix4 #b73 8,& ! soldi]s plait$ a cr[n ( ?orns & put x on 8 head1 & array$ him 9 a purple g>m5t2 & !y came unto him1 & said3 ,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews6 & !y /ruck him ) _! h&s40 ,9 _m respects ?is is ! mo/ incr$ible ( ! f\r n>ratives1 = ! sc5e is report$ z tak+ place 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pilate & be=e 8 f9al condemnation ( ,jesus2 & 9 ! v next v]se 7#d7 x is said3 8,& ,pilate w5t out aga91 & sai? unto !m1 ,behold1 ,i br+ him out to y1 t ye may "k t ,i f9d no crime 9 him4 ,jesus !re=e came out1 we>+ ! cr[n ( ?orns & ! purple g>m5t4 ,& ,pilate sai? unto !m2 ,behold ! man60 ,al?\gh ?is sc5e1 :i* has be5 ! delight ( arti/s ev] s9ce1 is s picturesque1 x is q evid5t t x is oppos$ to all t we h 9 ! ,synoptics1 z well z 9 our fragm5t1 & t ! repres5tation ( ,pilate all[+ 8 soldi]s 9 8 pres5ce to act 9 su* a way1 n to speak ( ! sc\rg+1 to a man accus$ be=e him1 ( :om he s /rongly decl>es1 8,i f9d no crime 9 him10 is q inadmissible4 ,! n>rative 9 ,pet] is at v>iance ) all ^! acc\nts1 :il/ reproduc+ a simil> tradition1 & n v>y+ m f our ,gospels ?an !y d f ea* o!r4 ,! v>iation1 h[ev]1 is n t ( a writ] compil+ a n>rative f ! canonical ,gospels1 b ! di/9ct repres5tation ( "o indep5d5tly mak+ use ( simil>1 b sep>ate1 mat]ials4 ,we h already discuss$1 9 connection ) ,ju/9's ref]5ce1 ! passage ( ,pet] 9 :i* x is said t 8!y clad him ) purple & set him on a seat ( judgm5t1 say+3 ,judge ju/ly1 ,k+ ( ,israel40 ,( c\rse x is argu$ by "s t ?is is d]iv$ f ! f\r? ,gospel1 on ! /r5g? ( ! words j quot$3 1 :i* are comp>$ ) ! ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is said t ,ar*bi%op ,:ately us$ to r5d] ^! words 8& set him on ! judgm5t seat10 und]/&+ ! v]b to be us$ transitively1 & ?us /at+ t ,pilate actually set ,jesus 9 mock]y ^u a judgm5t seat4 ,x is sugge/$ t bo? ,ju/91 z we h se51 & ,pet] may h misund]/ood ! passage1 & bas$ _! /atem5t ^u x4 ,n[1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,greek may be r5d]$ 9 ?is way1 yet x w\ld be necess>y to add to ju/ify su* use ( ! v]b4 ,9 connection ) ?is argum5t !y cite ! words ( ,isaiah lviii4 #b1 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 ref]r$ to by ,ju/93 8,= z ! prophet said1 !y dragg$ him1 & set him on ! judgm5t seat1 & said3 ,judge = u60 ,! ,septuag9t has3 444 4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! idea ( sett+ ,jesus on ! judgm5t seat came f ! passage ( ! f\r? ,gospel :i* is quot$ above1 und]/ood transitively4 ,! repres5tation t ,pilate actually set ,jesus on ! judgm5t seat1 if l+ui/ically def5sible1 is reject$ by mo/ critics &1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 among/ o!rs by ! ,revis]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! words us$ = 8seat ( judgm5t0 9 ! fragm5t1 1 diff] entirely f ! ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! analog\s 8,prophesy unto u1 ?\ ,*ri/3 :o is he t /ruck !e80 & ! 8,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews10 are1 ( c\rse1 widely diff]5t f ! repres5tation 9 ,pet]1 9 :i* ! 8,judge ju/ly60 is evid5tly 9 mock]y ( ! ,messianic claims ( ,jesus1 & ! 8,k+ ( ,israel0 a peculi>ity ( ?is ,gospel to :i* we %all h to ref] aga9 fur!r on4 ,! /atem5t t 8o!rs pi]c$ him ) a re$0 is also a v>iation f ! canonical ,gospels1 :i* only say1 8!y took ! re$ & smote him on ! head40 ,! f\r? ,gospel has alone ! repres5tation ( ! soldi] pi]c+ ! side ( ,jesus ) a spe> 8t ! ,scripture might be fulfill$4444 ,!y %all look on him :om !y pi]c$10 b 9 our fragm5t ! repres5tation is made casually & )\t any appe>ance ( dogmatic int5tion4 ,! cr[n ( ?orns is us$ m]ely incid5tally1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,synoptics1 & )\t ! arti/ic prom95ce giv5 to x 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,!re is no m5tion 9 ,pet] ( any "o be>+ ! cross1 & 9 ?is !re is a dep>ture f ! n>rative bo? ( ! ,synoptics & ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! ,synoptics h 9 common1 z usual1 ! /ory reg>d+ its be+ laid on ! %\ld]s ( ,simon ( ,cyr5e 7,matt4 xxvii4 #cb f41 ,m>k xv4 #ba f41 ,luke xxiii4 #bf f471 :om !y compell$ to c>ry x to ,calv>y4 ,! f\r? ,gospel n only omits ?is episode1 b contradicts x 9 good set t]ms 7xix4 #ag73 8,!y took ,jesus1 !re=e2 & he w5t out1 be>+ ! cross = himself1 unto ! place call$ #8,! place ( a skull4' 0 ,pet] does n ent] into any int]m$iate detail1 b at once says3 #aj4 8,& !y br\ght two malefactors & crucifi$ betwe5 !m ! ,"l2 b he kept sil5ce1 z feel+ no pa940 ,! canonical ,gospels all n>rate ! crucifixion ( ! two malefactors1 b ! v>i\s t]ms 9 :i* ?is is done mu/ be giv5 = comp>ison4 ,mat!w says 7xxvii4 #ch73 8,!n are !re crucifi$ ) him two robb]s1 "o on ! "r h&1 & "o on ! left40 ,m>k uses almo/ ! same words 7xv4 #bg74 ,luke1 ) "s ex]cise ( 8 usual con/ructive /yle1 says ! same ?+ 7xxiii4 #cb f473 8,& !re 7 also two o!rs1 malefactors1 l$ ) him to be put to dea?4 ,& :5 !y came unto ! place :i* is call$ #8,! skull1' !re !y crucifi$ him & ! malefactors1 "o on ! "r h& & ! o!r on ! left40 ,! f\r? ,gospel reads 7xix4 #ag f473 8,!y took ,jesus !re=e2 & he w5t out1 be>+ ! cross = himself1 unto ! place call$ #8,! place ( a skull1' :i* is call$ 9 ,hebrew ,golgo?a3 :]e !y crucifi$ him1 & ) him two o!rs1 on ei!r side "o1 & ,jesus 9 ! mid/40 ,! only rem>k necess>y "h is t 9 ,pet] ! common tradition is giv5 ) indep5d5ce & simplicity4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ words ( ! v]se t we h an important v>iation4 8,b he kept sil5ce1 z feel+ no pa940 ,we h already ref]r$ to ?is z "o ( ! recognis$ ,docetic passages ( ! fragm5t1 al?\gh !re is no necessity to read x 9 ?is s5se4 ,mr4 ,murray has po9t$ out a passage 9 ,orig5 9 :i* t writ] 8gives !m an innoc5t0 7t is1 n a ,docetic7 8int]pretation40 ,et 9 8 omnibus unig5ita virtus nocita non e/1 sicut nec passa e/ aliquid1 facta pro nobis mal$ictum1 cum naturalit] b5$ictio esset2 s$ cum b5$ictio esset1 consumpsit et solvit et dissipavit omnem mal$ictionem humanam4 ,orig4 9 ,mat4 #abe47hf7 ,al?\gh !re is no exact p>allel to ?is 9 our ,gospels1 x is wor? a mom5t's notice t ! sil5ce ( ,jesus dur+ ! trial is m5tion$ z rem>kable & z excit+ wond]4 ,we h n 9 our fragm5t1 un=tunately1 ! e>li] "p ( ! trial1 & _c1 !re=e1 see :e!r ! words us$ h any ref]5ce to previ\s repres5tations4 ,9 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ab f41 x is said3 8,& :5 he 0 accus$ by ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 he answ]$ no?+4 ,!n sai? ,pilate unto him1 ,he>e/ ?\ n h[ _m ?+s !y witness aga9/ !e8 ,& he gave him no answ]1 n ev5 to "o ^w3 insomu* t ! gov]nor m>vell$ greatly40 ,an almo/ id5tical acc\nt is giv5 9 ,m>k4 ,9 ,luke x is to ! que/ion+ ( ,h]od t ,jesus is sil5t 7xxiii4 #i73 8,& he ,h]od que/ion$ him 9 _m words2 b he answ]$ him no?+40 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel n only is no?+ said ( ! sil5ce ( ,jesus1 b he is repres5t$ z answ]+ freely--& 9 ! tone ( ! disc\rses :i* *>act]ise t ,gospel--! que/ions ( ,pilate4 ,n[1 9 ! ,synoptics1 we h a sil5ce describ$1 :i* causes ! gov]nor to m>vel greatly1 t is n1 h[ev]1 :5 we g into detail1 v m>k$ 9 !m1 & is exclud$ by ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,c a sil5ce h be5 ref]r$ to1 9 ! orig9al tradition1 :i* 0 connect$ ) ! trial1 in/ead ( ! cross1 because x began to receive a ,docetic application1 b :i* we h1 9 its e>li] =m1 9 ,pet]8 ,9 our fragm5t1 ! n>rative cont9ues3 #aa4 8,& z !y set up ! cross !y wrote !reon3 #8,?is is ! ,k+ ( ,israel4' 0 ,we h "h a cont9uation ( ! indef9ite 8!y10 :i* x becomes at e /ep m impossible to id5tify o!rwise ?an ) ! soldi]s4 ,x is a mo/ curi\s circum/ance1 frequ5tly po9t$ out1 t no two ( ! ,gospels agree ev5 9 s pla9 a matt] z %\ld be ! inscription on ! cross1 & t ! ,gospel ( ,pet] diff]s f !m all4 ,mat!w gives x 7xxvii4 #cg73 8,?is is ,jesus1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews20 ,m>k 7xv4 #bf73 8,! ,k+ ( ! ,jews20 ,luke 7xxiii4 #ch73 8,?is is ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews10 & ,john 7xix4 #ai73 8,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews40 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel adds ! /atem5t t ?is title 80 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 9 ,lat91 & 9 ,greek10 & fur!r gives a conv]sation betwe5 ! 8*ief prie/s ( ! ,jews0 & ,pilate1 9 :i* !y compla9 ( ?is sup]scription1 & wi% x to be put 8t he said1 ,i am ,k+ ( ! ,jews10 to :i* ,pilate answ]$ briefly1 8,:at ,i h writt51 ,i h writt540 ,) s _m =ms to select f1 is x reasonable to suppose t ,pet] w\ld h inv5t$ ano!r sup]scription1 if ^! f\r ,gospels _h actually be5 be=e him87#hg7 ,! au?or ( ! fragm5t cont9ues3 #ab4 8,& !y laid ! clo!s be=e him & di/ribut$ !m & ca/ lots 7 7 = !m40 ,9 ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #ce7 x is said3 8,& :5 !y _h crucifi$ him1 !y p>t$ 8 g>m5ts among !m1 ca/+ lots0 7 72 9 ,m>k 7xv4 #bd73 8,& !y crucify him1 & "p 8 g>m5ts among !m1 ca/+ lots 7 7 ^u !m1 :at ea* %\ld take40 ,9 ,luke !re is a simil> /atem5t 7xxiii4 #cd73 8,& p>t+ 8 g>m5ts among !m1 !y ca/ lots0 7 74 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 z usual1 we h fur!r details 7xix4 #bc f473 8,! soldi]s !re=e1 :5 !y _h crucifi$ ,jesus1 took 8 g>m5ts & made f\r p>ts1 to e soldi] a "p2 & also ! coat3 n[ ! coat 0 )\t seam1 wov5 f ! top ?r\gh\t4 ,!y said !re=e "o to ano!r1 ,let u n r5d x1 b ca/ lots 77 = x1 ^: x %all be3 t ! scripture might be fulfill$1 :i* sai?1 ,!y p>t$ my g>m5ts among !m1 & ^u my ve/ure did !y ca/ lots0 7 74 ,9 discuss+ ! connection ( ,ju/9 ) ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 we h already p>tly dealt ) ?is passage1 & n[ confront x ) all ! f\r ,gospels4 ,x is obvi\s t ! language ( ! ?ree ,synoptics is di/9ct f t ( ,pet]1 :o uses ! unusual ^w 1 n f\nd 9 any ( ! ,gospels4 ,! f\r? ,gospel has ! common v]b 1 :il/ ! quotation f ! ,psalm 7xxii4 #ah71 f :i* ! :ole episode emanates1 uses ! expression common to ! ?ree ,synoptics1 4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t ,pet] makes use ( our ,gospels "h1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r evid5ce1 ! is decisive pro( ( 8 indep5d5ce4 ,! au?or ( our fragm5t1 aft] ! crucifixion1 has none ( ! mock+ spee*es ( ! f\r ,gospels1 & he ignores ! episode ( ! p5it5t ?ief1 z x is told 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic1 b he relates1 in/ead1 h[ "o ( ! malefactors rebuk$ ! mock]s3 #ac4 8,b "o ( ^! malefactors reprov$ !m1 say+3 ,we h suff]$ ?is = ! evil :i* we wr\ght1 b ?is man :o has become ! savi\r ( m51 :at wrong ha? he done y8 #ad4 ,& !y 7 angry ) him1 & !y comm&$ t 8 legs %\ld n be brok51 9 ord] t he might die 9 torm5t40 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! episode ( ! p5it5t ?ief is giv5 9 ,luke only1 & t ! o!r ,gospels d n m5tion any utt]ance ( ! two malefactors said to h be5 crucifi$ ) ,jesus4 ,luke's n>rative reads 7xxiii4 #ci f473 8,& "o ( ! malefactors :i* 7 hang$ rail$ on him1 say+3 ,art n ?\ ! ,*ri/8 ,save ?yself & u4 ,b ! o!r answ]$1 & rebuk+ him said1 ,do/ ?\ n ev5 fe> ,god1 see+ ?\ art 9 ! same condemnation8 ,& we inde$ ju/ly3 = we receive ! due rew>d ( our de$s2 b ?is man ha? done no?+ amiss4 ,& he said1 ,jesus1 rememb] me :5 ?\ come/ 9 ?y k+dom4 ,& he said unto him1 ,v]ily1 ,i say unto !e1 ,to-day %alt ?\ be ) me 9 ,p>adise40 ,t all ! o!r ,gospels %\ld h exclud$ an incid5t l ?is1 suppos+ x to h really occurr$1 is v extraord9>y1 & ! only conclusion to :i* we c come is ei!r t x did n occur1 or t !y 7 ignorant ( x4 ,pet] has evid5tly got an e>li] =m ( ! /ory1 )\t ^? mu* lat] t\*es ) :i* ! ?ird ,synopti/ has embelli%$ x4 ,! malefactor rebukes ! ,jews & n 8 fell[1 & if he display a piety :i* is n v natural "u ! circum/ances1 he is n 9 ?is m rem>kable ?an 8 c\nt]p>t 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic4 ,t ! au?or 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! =m 9 ,luke1 & is q un9flu5c$ by x1 seems to u manife/4 ,?is is r5d]$ all ! m app>5t by ! cont9uation 9 ,pet]1 9 :i*1 in/ead ( any reply f ,jesus1 or any promise ( ,p>adise1 !re is connect$ ) ! rebuke ( ! malefactor on ! cross a view ( ! crurifragium :i* is q =eign to ! canonical ,gospels4 ,:5 ! malefactor _h spok51 in/ead ( _! be+ mollifi$1 ! fragm5t decl>es3 8,& !y 7 angry ) him1 & !y comm&$ t 8 legs %\ld n be brok51 9 ord] t he might die 9 torm5t40 ,n[1 "h1 !re is a po9t :i* dem&s exam9ation4 ,to :om does ?is s5t5ce ref]8 to ,jesus or ! malefactor8 ,x is at fir/ sight1 & ap>t f consid]ation ( ! /yle ( ! writ]1 a ref]5ce to ! latt]1 b on clos] exam9ation x seems to u m probable t ! writ] int5d$ x to apply to ,jesus4 ,9 any case1 x is a po9t 9 :i* s rem>kable a v]sion ( ! /ory is conc]n$ t x _c b be consid]$ z v s+ul> t mo/ apologetic critics h pass$ x ov] )\t any notice :atev]1 & app>5tly treat$ ! ord] n to break ! legs z apply+ to ! malefactor & n to ,jesus47#hh7 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 article on ! fragm5t1 ,h>nack took ! view t m probably ! malefactor 0 indicat$ "h1 b 9 8 second edition he )draws ?is1 & adopts ! conclusion t ! ref]5ce ( to ,jesus 8appe>s m acceptable1 bo? on acc\nt ( ,john xix4 #cb f41 & also on acc\nt ( ! context407#hi7 ,zahn consid]s ! :ole episode 9 ,pet] z a c>icature ( ! ,gospel tradition1 ?r\gh ! au?or's hatr$ ( ! ,jews1 & ref]s only indirectly to ! v]sion ( ! crurifragium z drawn by ! c>icaturi/ f ! 8,motive0 ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 b does n fur!r g into ! matt] ?an to say1 ) my/]i\s retic5ce3 8,:oev] is ( ano!r op9ion %\ld keep x to himself067#ij7 ,hilg5feld1 :o consid]s ! :ole passage z q indep5d5t ( our ,gospels1 regrets ,h>nack's *ange ( view1 & applies ! to ! malefactor27#ia7 b _m able critics1 ) equal decision1 und]/& x z a ref]5ce to ,jesus17#ib7 & ,h>nack himself1 ( c\rse1 sees t1 ev5 adopt+ 8 lat] view1 !re is a cle> contradiction 9 ! acc\nt 9 ,pet] to ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,to indep5d5t criticism1 ! result is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & we %all m]ely /ate ! reasons :i* seem to fav\r ! view t ! passage 0 int5d$ to apply to ,jesus1 & !n pres5t ! consequ5ce if x be ref]r$ to ! malefactor4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! fragm5t1 ! su/a9$ purpose ( ! au?or is to pres5t ,jesus 9 ! /ronge/ light1 & subord9ate ev]y?+ to ! repres5tation ( 8 suff]+s & resurrection4 ,at ! "p we are consid]+1 ! n>rative is ( ! close/ & mo/ cond5s$ "*3 ! crucifixion betwe5 ! two malefactors2 ! sil5ce z feel+ no pa92 ! sup]scription on ! cross1 & ! p>t+ ( ! g>m5ts1 are all told )\t wa/+ a ^w4 ,! reproa* ( ! malefactor1 app>5tly address$ to ^? :o are p>t+ ! g>m5ts1 is m int5d$ to increase our sympa?y = ,jesus ?an to excite x = ! speak]1 & x is c]ta9ly n ! writ]'s purpose to div]t our att5tion f ! suff]+s ( ,jesus by pres5t+ ^? ( ! g5]\s malefactor4 ,r x is to %[ t ! m ! high "* & mission ( ,jesus are set =?1 ! m bitt] becomes ! animosity & hatr$ ( ! ,jews2 s t1 to ! remon/rance ( ! malefactor1 !y reply by increas+ ! suff]+s ( ,jesus4 ,9 %ort1 ! s5se ( ! passage seems to be 8,& !y1 be+ ang]$ at :at 0 said1 comm&$ t ! legs ( ,jesus %\ld n be brok51 t he might die 9 torm5t40 ,h[ev]1 let u take ! view t ! comm& 0 giv5 t ! malefactor's legs %\ld n be brok51 t he might die 9 torm5t4 ,x cle>ly foll[s t1 if he 0 to be made to suff] m by n hav+ 8 legs brok51 ! legs ( ! o!r two mu/ on ! contr>y h be5 brok54 ,! comm& n to break 8 legs necess>ily implies t o!rwise ! legs ( all w\ld h be5 s brok54 ,!re is really no escape f ?is inf]5ce4 ,n[ ! crurifragium is "h repres5t$ z an act ( m]cy & to ha/5 dea?1 b 9 ! imm$iate context we are told t !y 7 tr\bl$ & anxi\s le/ ! sun %\ld h set :il/ ,jesus /ill liv$4 ,no anxiety ( ?is k9d is felt le/ ! malefactors %\ld /ill be alive1 & :y8 ,because if an exception to break+ ! legs _h be5 made 9 "o case1 & t exception _h be5 ,jesus1 ! malefactors w\ld be suppos$ to be already dead4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! legs ( ,jesus _h be5 brok51 !y w\ld n h fe>$ 8 be+ alive1 b r ! malefactor ^: legs _h n be5 brok54 ,jesus hav+ be5 left to l+] 9 torm5t is /ill alive1 & ! potion ( v9eg> & gall is giv5 to him to produce dea?1 & n to ! malefactor4 ,! :ole context1 !re=e1 %[s t no means su* z ! crurifragium _h be5 us$ ) ,jesus to ha/5 dea?1 & t ! potion 0 at la/ giv5 = ! purpose4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! legs ( ,jesus 7 actually brok51 & n ^? ( ! malefactor1 a mo/ complete contradiction ( ! acc\nt 9 ! f\r? ,gospel is giv51 & ( ! ,scripture :i* is said 9 x to h be5 fulfill$4 ,let u n[ see h[ ! acc\nt 9 ,pet] comp>es ) t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 on ! hypo!sis t ! writ] int5d$ to repres5t t1 9 ord] to l5g!n 8 suff]+s1 ! legs ( ,jesus 7 n brok54 ,x w\ld foll[ t ! crurifragium 0 appli$ to ! two malefactors1 & t ,jesus 0 left to a l+]+ dea? by ! cruel animosity ( 8 execution]s4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$ t ! f\r? ,gospel is ! only "o :i* rec\nts ! crurifragium4 ,9 ?is n>rative x is n repres5t$ z an act ( m]cy to %ort5 ! suff]+s ( ! crucifi$4 ,x is said 7xix4 #ca f473 8,! ,jews !re=e1 because x 0 ! ,prep>ation1 t ! bodies %\ld n rema9 on ! cross ^u ! ,sabba? 7= ! day ( t ,sabba? 0 a high day71 ask$ ( ,pilate t _! legs might be brok51 & t !y might be tak5 away4 ,! soldi]s !re=e came1 & brake ! legs ( ! fir/1 & ( ! o!r :i* 0 crucifi$ ) him2 b :5 !y came to ,jesus1 & saw t he 0 dead already1 !y brake n 8 legs 444 t ! ,scripture might be fulfill$1 ,a bone ( him %all n be brok540 ,! object ( ! au?or 9 relat+ ?is is obvi\sly dogmatic1 & to %[ ! fulfilm5t ( ,scripture1 b ! way 9 :i* he br+s ! matt] ab\t is awkw>d1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 & n s natural z t adopt$ by ,pet]4 ,! soldi]s brake ! legs 8( ! fir/10--& by ?is description !y imply t !y beg9 at "o end--& proce$ to ! second1 :o w\ld be ,jesus2 b n s1 = hav+ brok5 ! legs 8( ! fir/1 & ( ! o!r10 !y come to ,jesus1 :om !y mu/ h pass$ ov]4 ,is ?is pass+ ov] ( ,jesus 9 ! fir/ in/ance a slight indication ( a tradition simil> to t :i* has be5 reproduc$ 9 ,pet]8 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is q cle> t1 :ile ! f\r? ,gospel deals ) ! episode purely f a dogmatic po9t ( view1 ?is is completely abs5t f ,pet]1 :o ev5 leaves x 9 d\bt1 & z a problem = critics1 :e!r ! legs ( ,jesus 7 brok5 or n1 & evid5tly does n give a ?\ght to ! ,johann9e repres5tation ( ,jesus z ! ,pas*al lamb4 ,:i*ev] way ! passage 9 ,pet] is con/ru$1 ! entire indep5d5ce ( ! writ] f ! influ5ce ( ! f\r? ,gospel seems to be c]ta94 ,! fragm5t proce$s3 #ae4 ,n[ x 0 mid-day1 & a d>kness cov]$ all ,judaea1 & !y 7 tr\bl$ & anxi\s le/ ! sun %\ld h set :il/ he /ill liv$1 = x is writt5 = !m3 8,! sun mu/ n g d[n ^u "o put to dea?40 #af4 ,& "o ( !m said3 8,give him to dr9k gall ) v9eg>20 & hav+ mix$1 !y gave him to dr9k4 #ag4 ,& !y fulfill$ all ?+s1 & complet$ _! s9s ^u _! own head4 #ah4 ,n[ _m w5t ab\t ) lights1 ?9k+ t x 0 night1 & "s fell47#ic7 ,! ?ree ,synoptics h an acc\nt ( ?is d>kness 9 words :i* ne>ly repeat ea* o!r4 ,mat!w xxvii4 #de3 8,n[ f ! six? h\r !re 0 d>kness ov] all ! e>? 7 7 until ! n9? h\r40 ,m>k 7xv4 #cc73 8,& :5 ! six? h\r 0 come1 !re 0 d>kness ov] ! :ole e>? 7 7 until ! n9? h\r40 ,9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #dd f47 o!r details are1 z usual1 add$3 8,& x 0 n[ ab\t ! six? h\r1 & a d>kness came ov] ! :ole e>? 7 7 until ! n9? h\r1 ! sun fail+ or r #8be+ eclips$1' 407#id7 ,x is a v extraord9>y circum/ance t1 :e!r a miracul\s eclipse or n1 :e!r ?is d>kness came ov] ! :ole l& or ! :ole e>?1 ! f\r? ,gospel has ei!r n believ$ 9 x1 or ?\ght x unwor?y ( m5tion1 = no ref]5ce to ! a/oni%+ ph5om5on is f\nd 9 x4 ,pet]1 9 a mann] q diff]5t f ! ,synoptics1 & 9 full] detail1 describes ?is d>kness & its effect ^u ! p4 ,= ! second "t1 he ref]s to a portion ( ! ,jewi% law1 int]pret$ f ,deut4 xxi4 #bc1 to illu/rate ! anxiety :i* ! suppos$ go+ d[n ( ! sun _h excit$4 ,?is expression does n fav\r any !ory ( 8 be+ acqua9t$ ) ! ?ird ,synoptic4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! passage is t 9 v4 #af3 8,& "o ( !m said3 #8,give him to dr9k gall ) v9eg>2' & hav+ mix$ !y gave him to dr9k40 ,?is proce$+ is repres5t$ z ! result ( _! anxiety at ! sun go+ d[n :il/ ,jesus /ill liv$1 & ! gall & v9eg> are reg>d$ z a potion to ha/5 dea?4 ,?is view is =eign to all ( our ,gospels4 ,9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #dh1 :5 ,jesus gives ! l\d cry1 8,my ,god1 my ,god10 c41 we read3 8,& /raightway "o ( !m ran & took a sponge & fill$ x ) v9eg>1 & put x on a re$1 & gave him to dr9k4 ,& ! re/ said1 ,let be2 let u see :e!r ,elijah come? to save him40 ,9 ,m>k 7xv4 #cf7 ! repres5tation is almo/ ! same4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases dea? foll[s almo/ imm$iately4 ,9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #cf7 a v diff]5t repres5tation is made4 ,!re is no su* cry connect$ ) x1 b x is simply said3 8,& ! soldi]s also mock$ him1 com+ to him1 (f]+ him v9eg>1 & say+1 ,if ?\ art ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 save ?yself40 ,9 ,john ! episode has q ano!r1 & purely dogmatic1 t5d5cy 7xix4 #bh ff474 ,x comm5ces imm$iately aft] ! episode ( ! "m & ! belov$ disciple1 & )\t any previ\s cry3 8,aft] ?is ,jesus1 kn[+ t all ?+s are n[ f9i%$1 t ! ,scripture might be accompli%$1 sai?1 ,i ?ir/4 ,!re 0 set !re a vessel full ( v9eg>2 s !y put a sponge full ( v9eg> ^u hyssop1 & br\ght x to 8 m\?4 ,:5 ,jesus !re=e _h receiv$ ! v9eg>1 he said1 ,x is f9i%$2 & he b[$ 8 head & gave up 8 _s40 ,( c\rse ! ,scripture :i* is repres5t$ z be+ ?us fulfill$ is ,psalm lxix4 #ba3 8444 & 9 my ?ir/ !y gave me v9eg> to dr9k40 ,9 all ( ^! ,gospels1 ! potion is simply v9eg>1 & be+ evid5tly associat$ ) ?is ,psalm1 x is 9 no way connect$ ) any baleful int5tion4 ,! ,psalm1 h[ev]1 comm5ces3 8,!y gave me also gall = my meat10 & 9 connection ) ! comb9ation ( gall ) v9eg> 9 ,pet]1 z a potion to ha/5 dea?1 x may be m5tion$ t ! ^w :i* is 9 ! ,psalm translat$ 8gall0 may equally well be r5d]$ 8poison0--z1 inde$1 is also ! case ) ! ,lat9 8fel40 ,pet]1 by :at is said 9 v4 #ag--8;,& !y fulfill$ all ?+s1 & complet$ _! s9s ^u _! own head0--is m anxi\s to %[ t ! ,jews _h put ! f9al t\* to _! cruel "w1 9 ?us complet+ ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ?an to ref] to ! m]e fulfilm5t ( ! ,psalm4 ,! only ,gospel :i* m5tions gall is ! fir/ ,synoptic1 9 :i* x is said 7xxvii4 #cd7 t :5 !y _h br\ght ,jesus to ,golgo?a be=e ! crucifixion1 8,!y gave him w9e to dr9k m+l$ ) gall2 & :5 he _h ta/$ x1 he w\ld n dr9k40 ,?is is a v diff]5t repres5tation f t ( ,pet]1 & ! potion 0 obvi\sly t (t5 (f]$ to p]sons ab\t to suff]1 9 ord] to dull s5sation4 ,! passage might almo/ be repres5t$ z ,docetic1 f ! writ]'s int5tion to %[ t ,jesus refus$ to adopt a usual me?od ( dim9i%+ pa94 ,!re does n seem to be any w>rant = suppos+ t ! au?or ( ! fragm5t d]iv$ ! passage we are exam9+ f our ,gospels1 f :i* x is 9 all ess5tial po9ts di/9ct4 ,! n>rative ( ! fragm5t cont9ues1 v4 #ai3 8,& ! ,"l cri$ al\d1 say+1 #8,p[]1 my ,p[]1 ?\ ha/ =sak5 me6' 7 1 1 71 & hav+ spok51 he 0 tak5 up 7740 ,9 ?is passage !re is a v m>k$ dep>ture f ! tradition foll[$ by our f\r ,gospels4 ,be=e consid]+ ! actual words ( ! cry record$ "h1 x may be desirable to =m a g5]al idea ( ! repres5tations ( ! ,synopti/s & ( ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel reg>d+ ! words spok5 f ! cross4 ,x might naturally h be5 suppos$ t1 9 describ+ ! c\rse ( s solemn an ev5t z ! crucifixion1 unusual c>e1 secur+ unusual agreem5t1 w\ld h be5 ex]cis$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s1 & t ! ma9 facts--& /ill m ! la/ words--( ! great ,ma/] w\ld h be5 collect$4 ,z we h already se51 h[ev]1 9 no portion ( ! hi/ory is !re great] discrepancy 9 ! acc\nts 9 ! f\r ,gospels1 nor great] contradictions ^u e po9t4 ,! same is ! case ) reg>d to :at has /ill to be exam9$1 & notably 9 ! words & cries f ! cross4 ,9 ! fir/ two ,synoptics1 ) ! exception ( ! in>ticulate cry 8) a l\d voice0 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ej1 ,m>k xv4 #cg7 :5 yield+ up 8 _s1 ! only utt]ance record$ is "o resembl+ t 9 ,pet] 7,matt4 xxvii4 #df1 ,m>k xv4 #cd73 8,eloi1 ,eloi1 lama saba*?ani8 t is1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me807#ie7 7 8 2 1 1 874 ,x w be obs]v$ t "h !re is a demon/ration ( great accuracy1 9 actually giv+ ! orig9al words us$ & translat+ !m1 :i* is uncommon 9 ! ,gospels4 ,x is all ! m extraord9>y t nei!r ( ! o!r ,gospels gives ?is cry at all1 b t !y repres5t ,jesus z utt]+ q diff]5t words4 ,! ?ird ,synopti/ repres5ts ,jesus imm$iately aft] ! crucifixion z say+ 7,luke xxiii4 #cd73 8,fa!r1 =give !m2 = !y "k n :at !y d40 ,! o!r evangeli/s d n ev9ce any k ( ?is1 & z little ( ! episode ( ! p5it5t ?ief 7xxiii4 #ci ff47--:i* we h already consid]$--9 :i* ,jesus uses ! rem>kable words 7v4 #dc73 8,v]ily ,i say unto !e1 ,to-day %alt ?\ be ) me 9 ,p>adise40 ,9 ,luke1 fur!r1 ! in>ticulate cry is int]pret$ 7xxiii4 #df73 8,& :5 ,jesus _h cri$ ) a l\d voice1 he said1 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s2 & hav+ said ?is1 he gave up ! gho/40 ,( ?is ! o!r ,synopti/s d n say any?+4 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel has q a diff]5t acc\nt to give f any ( ! ,synopti/s4 ,he seems to be ignorant ( ! words :i* !y report1 & sub/itutes o!rs ( :i* !y seem to "k no?+4 ,! episode ( ! p5it5t ?ief is replac$ by ! sc5e betwe5 ,jesus & 8 "m & ! disciple 8:om he lov$0 7xix4 #be ff474 ,n only is ?is t\*+ episode app>5tly unkn[n to ! ,synopti/s1 b ! proximity ( ! wom5 to ! cross is 9 direct contradiction to :at we f9d 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 = 9 ! =m] 7xxvii4 #ee f47 x is said t _m wom51 8among :om 0 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,joses1 & ! "m ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee0 7 8behold+ af> (f20 & ! latt] 7xv4 #dj f47 reports3 8,& !re 7 also wom5 behold+ f af>3 among :om 7 bo? ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,m>y ! "m ( ,james ! less & ( ,joses1 & ,salome40 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xix4 #bh71 ,jesus is moreov] report$ to h said 8,i ?ir/10 9 ord] 8t ! ,scripture might be accompli%$0--a fact :i* is n record$ 9 any ( ! ,synoptics--& hav+ receiv$ v9eg> ^u hyssop1 8he said1 ,x is f9i%$1 & he b[$ 8 head & gave up 8 _s40 ,! la/ words ( ,jesus1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! f\r? ,gospel1 are diff]5t f any f\nd 9 ! ?ree ,synoptics4 ,! ,gospel ( ,pet] diff]s z completely f ! f\r canonical ,gospels z !y d f ea* o!r1 & ! :ole acc\nt ( ! agony on ! cross giv5 9 x is q indep5d5t ( !m4 ,! only words record$ by ,pet] z utt]$ on ! cross are ^? quot$ high] up3 8,p[]1 my ,p[]1 ?\ ha/ =sak5 me10 ! second 8my0 be+ omitt$1 & ! "q ( ! two ,synoptics1 8,:y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me80 be+ *ang$ into a decl>ation by ! omission ( 7or 1 ,m>k74 ,we h already discuss$ ! ,docetic nature ( ?is cry1 & are n[ only consid]+ x 9 relation to our ,gospels4 ,x is obvi\s t ! sub/itution ( 8,p[]1 my ,p[]0 = 8,my ,god1 my ,god0 introduces q a diff]5t ord] ( ideas1 especially foll[$ z x is by ! rem>kable /atem5t3 8,he 0 tak5 up40 ,eusebius tells u t ,aquila r5d]$ ! words ( ,psalm xxii4 #a--:5ce ! fir/ two ,synopti/s take _! cry--z 1 78,my /rong "o1 my /rong "o071 b t ! m exact s5se 0 1 78,my /r5g?1 my /r5g?0727#if7 b ?\gh ?is is int]e/+ z 9 "s degree connect+ ! cry ) ! ,psalm1 x does n less5 ! discrepancy betwe5 ,pet] & ! ,gospels1 or 9 ! lea/ degree fav\r ! !ory ( acqua9tance ) !m4 ,! expression us$ to describe :at foll[s ?is cry completes ! wide sep>ation betwe5 !m3 8,& hav+ spok51 he 0 tak5 up0 774 ,9 ! fir/ ,synoptic1 aft] 8 cry 7xxvii4 #ej71 8he yield$ up ! _s0 7 71 :il/ ! second & ?ird say 7,m>k xv4 #cg1 ,luke xxiii4 #df71 8he gave up ! gho/0 1 & ! f\r? ,gospel reads 7xix4 #cj71 8he deliv]$ up ! _s0 7 74 ,! repres5tation 9 ,pet] is und]/ood to be t ! div9e desc5d$ ^u ! human ,*ri/ 9 ! =m ( ! dove at baptism1 & imm$iately asc5d$ to ,heav5 aga9 at 8 dea?4 ,!re is n "h1 h[ev]1 any decl>ation ( a d\ble ,*ri/1 or any d5ial ( ! reality ( ! ,*ri/'s body1 su* z *>act]is$ ! lat] ,docetae2 inde$1 ! fact t ! dead body is /ill always spok5 ( z t ( 8! ,"l0 seems di/9ctly to exclude ?is1 z does ! :ole subsequ5t n>rative4 ,:atev] ,docetism !re may be 9 ?is fragm5t is ( ! e>lie/ type1 if inde$ its doctr9es c be cle>ly trac$ at all2 b und\bt$ly :5 ! sect _h become pron\nc$ h]etics1 or?odox ,*ri/ians detect$ _! subtle influ5ce 9 mu* t 0 9 itself v simple & h>mless4 ,! fragm5t cont9ues 7v4 #bj73 8,& ! same h\r ! veil ( ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem 0 torn 9 twa90 7 74 ,?is expression ! 8temple ( ,j]usalem0 is "o ( ^? :i* seem to indicate t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 away f ,pale/9e1 b 9 ?is x probably diff]s little f mo/ ( ! canonical ,gospels4 ,! /atem5t reg>d+ ! veil ( ! temple is almo/ ! same 9 ! fir/ two ,synoptics 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ea1 ,m>k xv4 #ch74 8,& behold1 ! veil ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 twa9 f ! top to ! bottom0 7 74 ,9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #de7 ! r5t is 89 ! mid/0 771 b o!rwise ! words are ! same4 ,! use ( in/ead ( ! ( ! ?ree ,synoptics is *>act]i/ic4 ,! f\r? ,gospel1 /range to say1 does n record at all ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on ( ! r5d+ 9 twa9 ( ! veil ( ! temple4 ,!re are "s fur!r peculi>ities :i* mu/ be po9t$ out4 ,! ?ird ,synopti/ sets ! r5d+ ( ! veil be=e ,jesus cri$ ) a l\d voice & gave up ! gho/2 :il/ 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k x is aft] ! cry & giv+ up ! _s4 ,moreov]1 9 ,mat!w1 x is associat$ ) an e>?quake1 & ! r5d+ ( ! rocks & op5+ ( tombs1 & ! a/\nd+ circum/ance t _m bodies ( ! sa9ts t _h fall5 asleep 7 rais$1 & com+ =? out ( ! tombs aft] 8 resurrection !y ent]$ into ! holy city1 & appe>$ unto _m3 ( all ( :i* ! o!r ?ree ,gospels make no m5tion1 nor does ,pet] 9 ?is connection4 ,! n>rative 9 ! fragm5t cont9ues3 #ba4 ,& !n !y took out ! nails f ! h&s ( ! ,"l1 & laid him ^u ! e>?2 & ! :ole e>? quak$1 & great fe> came ^u !m4 #bb4 ,!n ! sun %one out1 & x 0 f\nd to be ! n9? h\r4 #bc4 ,n[ ! ,jews 7 glad & gave 8 body to ,joseph1 t he might bury x1 = he _h beheld ! good works t he did47#ig7 #bd4 ,& he took ! ,"l & wa%$ him1 & wrapp$ him 9 l951 & br\ght him into 8 own grave1 call$ 8,joseph's ,g>d540 ,?is passage is full ( indep5d5t peculi>ities4 ,al?\gh none ( ! canonical ,gospels1 except ,mat!w1 says any?+ ( an e>?quake1 & ! fir/ ,synopti/ associates x ) ! mom5t :5 ,jesus 8gave up ! gho/10 ,pet] n>rates t :5 ! body ( ! ,"l 0 unloos$ f ! cross1 ! mom5t x 0 laid on ! gr\nd ! :ole e>? quak$ b5ea? ! awful burd53 a repres5tation almo/ gr&] ?an any?+ 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,! canonical ,gospels d n speak ( ! nails be+ tak5 out1 & al?\gh ,pet] /ates t !y 7 remov$ f ! h&s1 he does n ref] to ! feet4 ,! f\r? is ! only canonical ,gospel t speaks ( ! nails at all1 & !re x is n 9 connection ) ! crucifixion1 b ! subsequ5t appe>ance to ! disciples & ! incr$ulity ( ,?omas 7xx4 #bj1 #be1 #bg74 ,"h also1 only ! m>ks 9 ! h&s are ref]r$ to4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two repres5tations is s great t !re c really be no "q ( dep5d5ce1 & ^? :o are s eag] to claim ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel simply because x is ! only "o t speaks ( 8nails0 78! pr9t ( ! nails07 might p]haps consid] t ! idea ( crucifixion & ! cross might well be indep5d5tly associat$ ) a ref]5ce to ! nails by :i* ! victim 0 g5]ally atta*$4 ,9 ! ?ird ,synoptic 7xxiv4 #ci71 ! inf]5ce is inevitable t bo? h&s & feet 7 suppos$ to be nail$4 ,:5 ! report1 8,! ,"l is ris510 is br\ght to ! elev51 ,jesus is repres5t$ z /&+ 9 _! mid/ & assur+ !m t he 0 n a _s1 by say+3 8,see my h&s & my feet1 t x is ,i myself0--mean+ ( c\rse ! pr9ts ( ! nails 9 bo?4 ,! /atem5t 9 ,pet] t on ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake 8great fe> came ^u !m0 7 7 is n ev5 m5tion$ 9 ,mat!w :5 he n>rates ! e>?quake1 :i* he repres5ts z occurr+ :5 ,jesus expir$4 ,! expression is *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or1 :o uses x else:]e4 ,! repres5tation t ! sun %one out & t ! ,jews 7 glad :5 !y f\nd x 0 ! n9? h\r1 & t consequ5tly _! law1 twice quot$ by ! au?or1 w\ld n be brok51 is limit$ to ! fragm5t2 z is also ! /atem5t t !y gave 8 body to ,joseph t he might bury x1 8= he _h beheld ! good works t he did40 ,z we h already se51 ! canonical ,gospels repres5t ,joseph z go+ to ,pilate at ?is "t & begg+ = ! body ( ,jesus1 & x w be rememb]$ t1 9 ,m>k 7xv4 #dd71 x is said t 8,pilate m>vell$ if he 7 already dead10 & call$ ! c5turion to asc]ta9 ! fact be=e he grant$ ! body4 ,9 ,pet]1 ! body 0 ( c\rse giv5 9 consequ5ce ( ! previ\s ord]1 :5 ,pilate ask$ ,h]od = x4 ,joseph is repres5t$1 "h1 z only wa%+ ! body & wrapp+ x 9 l95 7 74 ,! fir/ ,synopti/ 7xxvii4 #ei7 says t ,joseph took ! body & 8wrapp$ x 9 a clean l95 clo?0 7 74 ,m>k simil>ly describes t 7xv4 #df71 br++ 8a l95 clo? & tak+ him d[n1 he w\nd him 9 ! l95 clo?0 7 74 ,! ?ird ,synopti/ has ne>ly ! same /atem5t & words4 ,! f\r? ,gospel has a mu* m elaborate acc\nt to give 7xix4 #ch ff474 ,joseph goes to ,pilate ask+ t he may take away ! body1 & ,pilate gives him leave4 ,he comes & takes away ! body4 8,& !re came also ,nicodemus 444 br++ a mixture ( myrrh & aloes1 ab\t a hundr$ p\nd weight4 ,s !y took ! body ( ,jesus & b\nd x 9 l95 clo!s 7 7 ) ! spices1 z ! cu/om ( ! ,jews is to bury40 ,?is acc\nt is q diff]5t f t 9 ! ,synoptics1 & equally s f ,pet]'s1 :i* approximates mu* m ne>ly to t 9 ! latt]4 ,pet] says t ,joseph !n 8br\ght him into 8 own grave1 call$ #8,joseph's ,g>d5' 0 7 74 ,! acc\nt ( ! tomb is mu* m m9ute 9 ! canonical ,gospels4 ,9 ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #fj71 ,joseph is said to lay ! body 89 8 own new tomb 771 :i* he _h hewn out 9 ! rock2 & he roll$ a great /one to ! door ( ! tomb 77 & dep>t$40 ,9 ,m>k 7xv4 #df71 he lays him 89 a tomb 77 :i* _h be5 hewn out ( a rock2 & he roll$ a /one aga9/ ! door ( ! tomb0 774 ,luke has a new detail to *ronicle 7xxiii4 #ec73 ,joseph lays him 89 a tomb 77 t 0 hewn 9 /one1 :]e nev] man _h yet la940 ,! fir/ two ,synopi/s1 x w be obs]v$1 say t ,joseph rolls a /one aga9/ ! entrance to ! tomb3 b nei!r ,luke nor ,pet] has ?is detail1 ?\gh ! =m] leaves x to be inf]r$ t x _h be5 done1 = 7xxiv4 #b7 ! wom5 :o came on ! fir/ day ( ! week f9d ! /one roll$ away f ! tomb4 ,9 ,pet]1 on ! contr>y1 ! /one is roll$ aga9/ ! tomb by ! gu>d & o!rs lat]1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! acc\nt has fur!r & diff]5t details1 agree+1 h[ev]1 ) ! peculi> /atem5t ( ,luke 7xix4 #da f473 8,n[ 9 ! place :]e he 0 crucifi$ !re 0 a g>d5 771 & 9 ! g>d5 a new tomb 77 :]e9 0 nev] man yet laid4 ,!re !n1 because ( ! ,jews' ,prep>ation 7= ! tomb 0 nigh at h&71 !y laid ,jesus40 ,"s /ress has be5 laid ^u ! po9t t bo? ,pet] & ! f\r? ,gospel use ! ^w 8g>d510 & t none ( ! ,synoptics h x1 & z ^! critics seem to g ^u ! pr9ciple t any /atem5t 9 ,pet] :i* happ5s to be 9 any canonical ,gospel1 ev5 al?\gh widely diff]5t 9 treatm5t1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f t ,gospel1 & n f any simil> writt5 or traditional s\rce1 f :i* t ,gospel d]iv$ x1 !y argue t ?is %[s dep5d5ce on ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no evid5ce ( dep5d5ce "h4 ,9 ,pet]1 ! grave 77 is simply said to be call$ 8,joseph's ,g>d50 7 717#ih7 & describ$ z 88 own grave40 ,! f\r? ,gospel does n id5tify ! g>d5 z ,joseph's at all1 b says t 89 ! place :]e he 0 crucifi$ !re 0 a g>d510 & 9 x 8a tomb0 771 & ! reason giv5 = tak+ ! body ?i!r is n t x belong$ to ,joseph1 b t ! tomb 80 nigh at h&10 & t on acc\nt ( ! ,jews' ,prep>ation !y laid x !re4 ,! :ole explanation seems to exclude ! idea t ! writ] knew t x belong$ to ,joseph4 ,pet] simply contributes a new detail to ! common tradition4 ,!re is no appe>ance ( 8 d]iv+ ?is f our canonical ,gospels1 f :i* he diff]s 9 sub/ance & 9 language4 ,nei!r ,pet] nor ! ,synoptics "k any?+ ( ! co-op]ation ( ,nicodemus4 ,! n>rative 9 ! fragm5t cont9ues3 #be4 ,!n ! ,jews & ! eld]s & ! prie/s1 see+ ! evil !y _h done to !mselves1 began to beat _! brea/s 7 7 & to say3 8,woe = our s9s2 judgm5t drawe? nigh & ! end ( ,j]usalem40 ,we h already discuss$ ?is passage 9 connection ) ! 8,diatess>on10 & h n[ only to consid] x z comp>$ ) our ,gospels4 ,!re is no equival5t 9 any ( !m1 except t ! ?ird ,synopti/ 7xxiii4 #dh7 says t :5 ,jesus gave up ! gho/3 8,all ! multitude t came toge!r to ?is sight1 :5 !y beheld ! ?+s t 7 done1 return$ smit+ _! brea/s 7 740 ,! reason = ?is *ange ( mood is1 ( c\rse1 ! eclipse & consequ5t d>kness 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic1 & ! e>?quake & d>kness 9 ,pet]2 b 9 ! =m] 8all ! multitude0 smite _! brea/s1 & 9 ! latt] 8! ,jews & ! eld]s & ! prie/s40 ,x may be sugge/$ :e!r ! words ins]t$ 9 ! anci5t ,lat9 ,codex ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 8,vae nobis1 quae facta sunt hodie propt] peccata no/ra1 approp9quavit enim desolatio ,hi]usalem107#ii7 may n h be5 tak5 f our ,gospel ( ,pet]1 = an expansion ( ! orig9al text ( ! ?ird ,synoptic1 by ! au?or ( ?is v]sion4 ,! common ref]5ce ( ! fragm5t is to 8! ,jews10 8! ,jews & ! eld]s & ! prie/s10 8! scribes & ,ph>isees & eld]s10 & 8! eld]s & scribes40 ,?r\gh\t ! same "p ( ! n>rative 9 ,mat!w1 we h 8! scribes & eld]s10 8*ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p0 7?is1 mo/ frequ5tly71 8*ief prie/s ) ! scribes & eld]s10 & 9 speak+ ( ! gu>d at ! sepul*re1 8! *ief prie/s & ! ,ph>isees40 ,9 ,m>k1 ! same lead]s are nam$1 :il/ 9 ,luke we h 8! *ief prie/s & capta9s ( ! ,temple & eld]s10 8! eld]s ( ! p & bo? ! *ief prie/s & scribes10 &1 repeat$ly1 ! 8*ief prie/s & rul]s40 ,! f\r? ,gospel usually cites 8! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees10 8*ief capta9s & (fic]s ( ! ,jews10 8! ,jews10 & 8! *ief prie/s ( ! ,jews40 ,!re is m analogy1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ! fragm5t & ! f\r? ,gospel ?an betwe5 x & ! ,synoptics4 ,we come n[ to an important & *>act]i/ic "p ( ! fragm5t3 #bf4 ,& ,i1 ) my companions1 0 m\rn+1 & be+ pi]c$ 9 _s we hid ourselves2 = we 7 s\ght = by !m z malefactors1 & z desir+ to burn ! temple4 #bg4 ,ov] all ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 we 7 fa/+1 & sat m\rn+ & weep+ night & day until ! ,sabba?4 ,!re is no p>allel to ?is passage 9 our ,gospels1 b 9 ! /atem5t t ! ,apo/les _h hidd5 !mselves 7&--tak5 9 connection ) v4 #ei1 :]e ! same fact is aga9 m5tion$--?is means all ! twelve7 we h "h agreem5t ) ! n>rative ( ! fir/ & second ,synoptics 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ef2 ,m>k xix4 #ej71 t on ! arre/ ( ,jesus 8all ! disciples left him & fl$40 ,?is passage seems to exclude ! incid5t ( ! sword & ,mal*us :i*1 z ,hilg5feld po9ts out17#ajj7 is also exclud$ by a passage 9 ,ju/92 ! d5ial ( ,pet]1 :i* ,ju/9 equally passes ov] unm5tion$2 & ! episode ( ! 8belov$ disciple0 by ! cross4 ,! reason giv5 = hid+ !mselves1 t !y 7 accus$ ( wi%+ to burn ! temple1 has "s connection ) ! tradition1 t te/imony _h be5 giv5 aga9/ ,jesus t he _h said he c\ld de/roy ?is temple & build x 9 ?ree days 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fj2 ,m>k xiv4 #eh747aja7 ,! passage is "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! writ] speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son & repres5ts himself z an ,apo/le1 :i* he /ill m cle>ly does1 v4 #fj1 :]e he di/9ctly calls himself ,simon ,pet]4 ,! acc\nt t ! ,apo/les 7 fa/+ & sat m\rn+ & weep+ 8night & day until ! ,sabba?0 7 7 op5s out an int]e/+ problem4 ,z a rule1 ! ,greek expression w\ld be 1 s if we are to take ! words actually us$ z delib]ately int5d$ to repres5t ! "t1 we %\ld h to c\nt at lea/ "o night & "o day betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jesus & ! ,sabba?1 or 9 o!r words1 t ! crucifixion took place1 n on ,friday1 b ^u ,?ursday1 :i*1 accord+ to ! /atem5t 9 v4 #e1 w\ld really be ! #ac? ,nisan4 ,a great deal might be said 9 support ( ?is view17#ajb7 b x ne$ n be ent]$ into "h4 ,x is probable t1 z ,h>nack sugge/s17#ajc7 ! au?or really ?9ks ( ! :ole "t f ! ,?ursday night1 :5 ! arre/ 0 made4 ,) ! next portion ( ! fragm5t ! n>rative ( ! resurrection may be said to beg93 #bh4 ,b ! scribes & ,ph>isees & eld]s assembl$ !mselves toge!r 7 71 he>+ t all ! p murmur$ & beat _! brea/s1 say+1 8,if at 8 dea? ^! great signs h happ5$1 behold h[ j a "o he is40 #bi4 ,! eld]s 7 afraid 77 & came to ,pilate 7 7 besee*+ him & say+1 #cj4 8,give u soldi]s t we may wat* 8 grave = ?ree days 7 71 le/ 8 disciples come & /eal him1 & ! p believe t he rose f ! dead & d u evil0 7 1 74 #ca4 ,pilate1 !re=e1 gave !m ,petronius ! c5turion ) soldi]s to wat* ! tomb 7 71 & ) !m came ! eld]s & scribes to ! grave 7 74 #cb4 ,& !y roll$ a great /one 7 7 aga9/ ! c5turion & ! soldi]s1 & set x1 all :o 7 !re toge!r1 at ! door ( ! grave 774 #cc4 ,& !y put sev5 seals 7 71 & sett+ up a t5t !re !y kept gu>d 774 #cd4 ,& 9 ! morn+1 at ! dawn ( ! ,sabba?1 came a multitude f ,j]usalem & ! neighb\rhood 9 ord] t !y might see ! seal$-up grave 7 74 ,!re is no p>allel to ?is n>rative 9 any ( our canonical ,gospels except ! fir/ ,synoptic1 :i* alone m5tions ! circum/ance t a wat* 0 set ov] ! sepul*re1 a fact ( :i* ! o!r ,gospels seem q ignorant1 & /ates t application 0 made to ,pilate = a gu>d = t purpose4 ,! acc\nt 9 ,mat!w is z foll[s 7xxvii4 #fb f473 ,n[ on ! morr[1 :i* is ! day aft] ! ,prep>ation1 ! *ief prie/s & ! ,ph>isees 7 ga!r$ toge!r 77 unto ,pilate1 say+1 ,sir1 we rememb] t t deceiv] said1 :ile he 0 yet alive1 ,aft] ?ree days ,i rise aga94 ,comm& !re=e t ! sepul*re be made sure until ! ?ird day1 le/ haply 8 disciples come & /eal him away1 & say unto ! p1 ,he rose f ! dead3 & ! la/ error w be worse ?an ! fir/ 7 2 1 1 2 74 ,pilate said unto !m1 ,ye h a gu>d3 g y\r way1 make x z sure z ye c4 ,s !y w5t1 & made ! sepul*re sure 7 71 seal+ ! /one 7 71 ! gu>d be+ ) !m 7 74 ,! fact t only "o ( ! f\r canonical ,gospels has any ref]5ce to ?is episode1 or betrays ! slighte/ k ( any precautions tak5 to gu>d ! tomb1 is rem>kable4 ,! analogies 9 ! n>rative 9 ,pet] ) ! g5]al acc\nt1 & ! simil>ity ( ! language 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 toge!r ) ! wide v>iation 9 details & language g5]ally1 po9t to ! conclusion t bo? writ]s d]ive ! episode f a simil> s\rce1 b indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,! casual agreem5t ) cont9u\s dissimil>ity ( /atem5t & /yle1 are evid5ce ( ! sep>ate treatm5t ( a common tradition1 & put ! fragm5t ^u a v diff]5t foot+ f ! ,synoptics 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,! abs5ce ( v]isimilitude is pretty ne>ly equal 9 bo? ,gospels1 b ^! traditions grew up1 & 7 unconsci\sly r\nd$ by ! contributions ( pi\s imag9ation4 ,9 ! fragm5t x is 8! scribes & ,ph>isees & eld]s0 7 7 :o meet toge!r1 b only ! 8eld]s0 g to ,pilate2 9 ! ,synoptic1 8! *ief ,prie/s & ! ,ph>isees0 7 7 meet & g to ,pilate4 ,pilate gives !m 8,petronius ! c5turion ) soldi]s0 to wat* ! tomb2 9 ,mat!w1 he gives !m 8a gu>d10 bidd+ !m make x sure2 s !y g & seal ! /one1 ! gu>d be+ ) !m4 ,9 ,pet]1 ! 8eld]s & scribes0 g to ! grave1 & !mselves ) ! soldi]s1 8all :o 7 !re toge!r10 roll a great /one & set x at ! door ( ! grave4 ,d\btless ?is trait is int5d$ to convey an impression ( ! great size ( ! /one4 ,a curi\s peculi>ity occurs 9 ! /atem5t1 8!y roll ! /one aga9/ ! c5turion & ! soldi]s10 ! int5tion ( ! words probably be+ t1 9 _! suspici\s mood1 !y ?us protect$ !mselves f possible fraud on ! "p ev5 ( ! soldi]s47#ajd7 ,! motive = ! application to ,pilate1 9 ! fragm5t1 is fe> on ! "p ( ! eld]s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! murmur+ & lam5tation ( ! p1 :o are repres5t$ z be+ conv9c$ by ! great signs occurr+ at ! dea? ( ,jesus 8h[ j a "o0 he 04 ,?is is q a v>iation f ! ,synoptic v]sion1 b bo? agree 9 ! explanation giv5 to ,pilate ( anxiety le/ ! disciples %\ld /eal ! body1 & say t ,jesus _h ris5 f ! dead4 ,9 ,mat!w1 !y simply 8seal ! /one10 b 9 ! fragm5t !y put or sme> 77 8sev5 seals0 ^u x4 ,"s important peculi>ities !n occur 9 ! n>rative ( ,pet]4 ,!y set up a t5t beside ! tomb & keep gu>d1 & 9 ! morn+ a multitude f ,j]usalem & ! neighb\rhood come out to see ! seal$-up grave4 ,!re is no?+ correspond+ to ?is 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospel4 ,! n>rative proce$s3 #ce4 ,n[1 9 ! night be=e ! dawn ( ! ,"l's day 7 71 :il/ ! soldi]s 7 keep+ gu>d ov] ! place1 two & two 9 a wat*1 !re 0 a great voice 9 ! heav54 #cf4 ,& !y saw ! heav5s op5$ & two m5 come d[n f !nce ) great light & approa* ! tomb4 #cg4 ,b ! /one :i* _h be5 laid at ! door roll$ ( itself away by ! side1 & ! tomb 0 op5$ & bo? ! "y m5 ent]$4 ,"h comm5ces an acc\nt ( ! resurrection v diff]5t 9 e respect f t 9 our canonical ,gospels1 & ! treatm5t ( a tradition 9 "s po9ts necess>ily common to all is evid5tly indep5d5t4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! sc5e comm5ces ) an e>?quake--e>?quakes are1 inde$1 peculi> to ! fir/ ,synopti/--7xxviii4 #b f473 8,& behold !re 0 a great e>?quake2 = an angel ( ! ,"l desc5d$ f heav51 & came & roll$ away ! /one & sat ^u x4 ,8 appe>ance 0 z lightn+1 & 8 raim5t :ite z sn[2 & = fe> ( him ! wat*]s did quake & become z dead m540 ,"h only "o angel comes d[n1 :il/ 9 ,pet] !re are two m51 :om "s critics--among/ :om may be m5tion$ ,ne/le1 ) :om ,h>nack is incl9$ to agree1 m especially z !y are nev] call$ angels1 b m]ely 8two m50--id5tify z ,moses & ,elias4 ,! angel rolls away ! /one1 :i* 9 ,pet] rolls away ( itself1 & sits ^u x1 :il/ 9 ,pet] ! two m5 ent] into ! tomb4 ,no acc\nt is giv5 9 ,m>k ( ! op5+ ( ! tomb1 ! wom5 simply f9d+ ! /one roll$ away1 & a "y man 77 sitt+ on ! "r side array$ 9 a :ite robe 7xvi4 #d f472 ! au?or does n m5tion any e>?quake4 ,9 ! ?ird ,synoptic 7xxiv4 #b f471 ! wom5 also f9d ! /one already roll$ away f ! tomb2 !re is no e>?quake4 ,:5 ! wom5 ent] ! tomb !y d n f9d 8! body ( ! ,"l ,jesus10 b :ile !y are p]plex$ two m5 /& by !m 9 dazzl+ app>el4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xx4 #ab f471 ,m>y1 com+ to ! sepul*re1 sees two angels 9 :ite sitt+--! "o at ! head1 ! o!r at ! foot--:]e ! body ( ,jesus _h la94 ,?us1 to sum up1 9 ,mat!w !re is "o angel1 9 ,m>k "o "y man1 9 ,luke two m51 9 ! f\r? ,gospel two angels1 & 9 ,pet] two m5 desc5d f heav5 to ! tomb4 ,pet] goes on3 #ch4 ,!n ^! soldi]s1 see+ ?is1 awak5$ ! c5turion & ! eld]s1 = !y also 7 keep+ wat*4 #ci4 ,& :il/ !y 7 n>rat+ to !m :at !y _h se51 !y beheld aga9 ?ree m5 com+ out ( ! tomb & ! two 7 support+ ! "o1 & a cross foll[+ !m4 #dj4 ,& ! heads ( ! two inde$ rea*$ up to ! heav51 b t ( him t 0 l$ by _! h&s rose above ! heav5s4 #da4 ,& !y he>d a voice f ! heav5s say+1 8,ha/ ?\ prea*$ to !m t are sleep+80 #db4 ,& an answ] 0 he>d f ! cross3 8,yea40 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ correspond+ to ?is 9 ! canonical ,gospels4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! wat*]s quake & become z dead m51 b no su* al>m is "h describ$4 ,! eld]s & soldi]s see ! two m5 :o _h ent]$ ! tomb come out lead+ a ?ird1 & ! /ately appe>ance ( ! ?ree is describ$ ) ,ori5tal extravagance47#aje7 ,foll[+ ! ?ree is a cross1 a v s+ul> repres5tation1 m especially z ! cross pres5tly speaks4 ,h>nack says t ,duhms1 :o supposes a ,hebraic orig9al1 conjectures t ! ,hebrew ^w1 :i* c\ld z well /& = 8crucifi$0 z 8cross10 0 misund]/ood by ! translator1 & he adds t1 if ! orig9al 0 ,aramaic1 ! matt] becomes /ill simpl]4 ,h[ev]1 ,h>nack does n seem dispos$ to adopt ! sugge/ion47#ajf7 ,x is well kn[n t 9 v e>ly works ! cross 0 id5tifi$ ) ! crucifi$1 & treat$ bo? z a type & z hav+ a c]ta9 p]sonality--! liv+ & eloqu5t symbol ( victory ov] dea?47#ajg7 ,! words ( ! voice f ! heav5s are3 8 #8,ha/ ?\ prea*$ to !m t are sleep+8' & an answ] 0 he>d f ! cross3 #8,yea' 0 7 8 74 ,?is is g5]ally und]/ood z a ref]5ce to ! 8desc5t into hell10 :i* 0 e>ly accept$ z a dogma by ! ,*ur* & has a place 9 ! ,cre$1 al?\gh its only cle> m5tion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t occurs 9 #a ,pet] iii4 #ah f43 8,because ,*ri/ 444 be+ put to dea? 9 ! fle%1 b quick5$ 9 ! _s1 9 :i* also he w5t & prea*$ 77 unto ! spirits 9 prison1 :i* a=etime 7 disob$i5t20 & 7iv4 #f73 8,= unto ?is end 0 ! ,gospel spok5 unto ! dead40 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! 8,gospel accord+ to ,pet]10 ! fragm5t ( :i* is fir/ discov]$ 9 a little volume along ) a fragm5t ( ! 8,apocalypse ( ,pet]10 %\ld ?us conta9 a ref]5ce to a doctr9e1 ! only allusion to :i* 9 any ( ! canonical writ+s is conta9$ 9 a s-call$ 8,epi/le ( ,pet]40 ,hilg5feld wi%es to read in/ead ( 1 & disputes ! r5d]+ ( z 8answ]10 al?\gh he admits t !re is "s support to ?is z a liturgical response47#ajh7 ,he w\ld r5d] ?is passage3 8,du v]kndigte/ d5 ,pr(anirt5 und e9em ,gehorsam47#aji7 ,von dem ,kreuze h] ers*allt3 ,ja40 ,he argues t !re c be no "q "h ( a desc5t into hell by "o com+ out ( ! grave :o _c ev5 hold himself upright1 b mu/ be l$2 t1 h[ev] mu* ! inanimate body ( ,jesus may /ill be call$ 8! ,"l10 8 8,self0 is already 9 dea? asc5d$ to heav52 ! selfless 7selb/lose7 body _c possibly 9 ! meantime h gone into ,hades47#aaj7 ,9 ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 he is at v>iance ) almo/ all critics1 :o g5]ally take ! view r5d]$ above47#aaa7 ,! passage :i* we h quot$ f ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #eb f47 mu/ be recall$1 9 :i* ! fir/ ,synoptic alone ( ! f\r canonical ,gospels has an acc\nt ( a/oni%+ ev5ts said to h occurr$ at ! dea? ( ,jesus3 an e>?quake :i* r5t ! rocks & op5$ ! tombs1 8& _m bodies ( ! sa9ts t 7 sleep+ 77 7 rais$2 & com+ =? out ( ! tombs aft] 8 resurrection1 !y ent]$ into ! holy city & appe>$ unto _m40 ,?is resurrection ( ! sa9ts 8t 7 sleep+0 is associat$ by ,eusebius ) ! desc5t into hell17#aab7 & x is n improbable t ! fir/ ,synopti/ _h x 9 8 m9d4 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out _m e>ly ref]5ces to ! desc5t into hell17#aac7 b an int]e/+ passage may be quot$ f ,ju/94 ,he accuses ! ,jews ( omitt+ f ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah 9 _! copies ( ! ,septuag9t ! foll[+ v]se3 8,! ,"l ,god1 ! ,holy "o ( ,israel1 rememb]$ 8 dead :o lay sleep+ 77 9 ! e>?1 & desc5d$ to !m to br+ to !m ! good news ( 8 salvation407#aad7 ,x is n kn[n t ! passage ev] really exi/$ 9 ,j]emiah b1 not)/&+1 ,ir5aeus quotes x no less ?an five times47#aae7 ,! writ] does n expla9 ! repres5tation ( ! ?ree :o came out ( ! tomb1 two ( :om 7 8support+10 or1 z is subsequ5tly said1 lead+ him1 or conduct+ him1 b ?is figure1 m /ately ?an ! o!rs1 ( c\rse1 is int5d$ to be recognis$ z ,jesus4 ,too mu* has be5 said z to ! weakness suppos$ to be "h describ$1 & ,zahn1 :o z mu* z possible ridicules ! :ole cont5ts ( ! fragm5t1 says t 8! rais$ ,laz>us1 9 comp>ison ) him1 is a h]o 9 /r5g? & life40 ,b is ! int5tion "h to depict weakness8 ,no ^w is us$ :i* really dem&s t int]pretation4 ,z ,dr4 ,swete rightly po9ts out1 8! support appe>s to be reg>d$ z nom9al only1 s9ce ,he is also said to be #8conduct$' 770 7p4 #ah74 ,x is true t is twice us$ 9 ,acts 7ix4 #h1 xxii4 #aa7 to express ,paul's helplessness :5 l$ by ! h& aft] 8 vision on ! way to ,damascus1 b x does n 9 itself imply weakness1 & no o!r h9t ( feebl5ess is giv5 9 ! fragm5t4 ,! 8t\* me n0 ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :5 ,m>y ,magdal5e /ret*es out h] h& to ,jesus1 is q z mu* a m>k ( weakness z ?is4 ,x may n unfairly1 on ! o!r h&1 be int]pret$ z a m>k ( hon\r1 & no?+ 9 ,pet] =bids ?is read+4 ,if weakness 7 indicat$1 x might be tak5 z a ,docetic repres5tation ( ! condition ( ! human body1 depriv$ ( ! div9e ,*ri/1 :o _h asc5d$ f ! cross4 ,! cont9uation ( ! n>rative 9 ,pet] is z diff]5t f t ( our canonical ,gospels z its comm5cem5t3 #dc4 ,^!1 !re=e1 took c\nsel toge!r :e!r !y %\ld g & decl>e ^! ?+s to ,pilate4 #dd4 ,& :il/ !y 7 /ill consid]+1 ! heav5s aga9 appe>$ op5$1 & a c]ta9 man desc5d+ & go+ into ! grave4 #de4 ,see+ ^! ?+s1 ! c5turion & 8 m5 ha/5$ to ,pilate by night1 leav+ ! tomb !y 7 wat*+1 & n>rat$ all ?+s !y _h se51 fe>+ greatly1 & say+3 8,truly he 0 a ,son ( ,god0 7 74 #df4 ,pilate answ]$ & said1 8,i am pure ( ! blood ( ! ,son ( ,god1 b ?us x seem$ good unto y0 7 1 74 #dg4 ,!n !y all came to him besee*+ & entreat+ him t he %\ld comm& ! c5turion & ! soldi]s to say no?+ ( :at !y _h se51 #dh4 8,= x is bett]10 !y said1 8to lay ^u u ! greate/ s9s be=e ,god1 & n to fall into ! h&s ( ! p ( ! ,jews & be /on$40 #di4 ,pilate1 !re=e1 comm&$ ! c5turion & ! soldi]s to say no?+4 ,z ! fir/ ,synoptic is ! only ,gospel :i* relates ! /ory ( ! application to ,pilate = a gu>d & ! wat* at ! sepul*re1 s ( c\rse x is ! only "o :i* gives ! sequel to t episode2 b ?is diff]s 9 e respect f ! acc\nt 9 ,pet]4 ,x is z foll[s 7xxviii4 #aa f473 ,"s ( ! gu>d came into ! city1 & told unto ! *ief prie/s all ! ?+s t 7 come to pass4 ,& :5 !y 7 assembl$ ) ! eld]s1 & _h tak5 c\nsel1 !y gave l>ge money unto ! soldi]s1 say+1 ,say ye1 ,8 disciples came by night & /ole him away :ile we slept4 ,& if ?is come to ! gov]nor's e>s1 we w p]suade him1 & rid y ( c>e4 ,s !y took ! money1 & did z !y 7 taught3 & ?is say+ 0 spread abroad among ! ,jews1 & cont9ue? until ?is day4 ,:5 ! c5turion & soldi]s 9 ,pet] g to ,pilate aft] witness+ ! ev5ts describ$ z occurr+ at ! resurrection1 8fe>+ greatly0 7 71 !y say1 8,truly he 0 a ,son ( ,god0 7 74 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic1 :5 ! c5turion & !y t 7 wat*+ ,jesus saw ! e>?quake & ! ?+s t 7 done :5 he expir$1 !y 8fe>$ exce$+ly0 7 71 & said1 8,truly ?is 0 a ,son ( ,god0 7 74 ,! tradition ( ! a/oni%$ c5turion be>+ su* te/imony to ,jesus is kn[n to bo? writ]s1 b "u diff]5t circum/ances1 & indep5d5tly treat$4 ,9 simil> fa%ion1 ! reply put into ! m\? ( ,pilate 9 ,pet]1 8,i am pure ( ! blood 7 7 ( ! ,son ( ,god1 b ?us x seem$ good unto y10 is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! same z ,pilate's decl>ation to ! multitude aft] wa%+ 8 h&s 7xxvii4 #bd f473 8,i am innoc5t ( ! blood ( ?is righte\s man 7 73 see ye to x20 b 9 ?is case1 z well z ! o!r1 ! details & ! language %[ an indep5d5t use ( a simil> s\rce4 ,9 ! ,synoptic1 ! c5turion & soldi]s d n g to ,pilate at all1 b are brib$ by ! *ief prie/s & eld]s to say t 8 disciples /ole him by night :5 !y slept4 ,!y are w>n$ by ,pilate to be altoge!r sil5t1 9 ,pet]4 ,z ! desire ( ! au?or is repres5t$ to be to remove responsibility f ,pilate & ?r[ x all ^u ! ,jews1 x is difficult to conceive t1 if he _h ?is acc\nt be=e him1 he c\ld delib]ately h left x unus$1 & pref]r$ 8 own acc\nt4 ,we n[ come to ! visit ( ! wom5 to ! sepul*re3 #ej4 ,9 ! morn+ ( ! ,"l's day1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 a disciple ( ! ,"l 7?r\gh fe> ( ! ,jews1 = !y burnt ) ang]1 %e _h n done at ! grave ( ! ,"l t :i* wom5 are accu/om$ to d = ^? t die & are lov$ by !m71 #ea4 took h] wom5 fri5ds ) h] & came to ! grave :]e he 0 laid4 #eb4 ,& !y fe>$ le/ ! ,jews %\ld see !m1 & said3 8,if we c\ld n on t day on :i* he 0 crucifi$ weep & lam5t1 let u d ^! ?+s ev5 n[ at 8 grave4 #ec4 ,b :o w roll away ! /one t is laid at ! door ( 8 grave 7 7 9 ord] t we may ent] & set ourselves by him & d ! ?+s t are due8 #ed4 ,= great 0 ! /one 7 71 & we fe> le/ "s "o %\ld see u4 ,& if we %\ld n be able to d x1 let u at lea/ lay d[n be=e ! door t :i* we br+ 9 8 memory1 & let u weep & lam5t till we come to our home40 #ee4 ,& !y w5t & f\nd ! tomb op5$ &1 com+ ne>1 !y /oop$ d[n & see !re a c]ta9 "y man sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! tomb1 beautiful & clad 9 a %9+ g>m5t 7 1 1 71 :o said to !m3 #ef4 8,:y are ye come8 ,:om seek ye8 ,him :o 0 crucifi$8 ,he is ris5 & gone away4 ,b if ye d n believe1 /oop d[n & see ! place :]e he lay1 t he is n !re2 = he is ris5 & gone away :5ce he 0 s5t0 7 8 8 8 2 1 1 2 74 ,!n ! wom51 fright5$1 fl$4 ,we ne$ n rem>k t 9 all ess5tial po9ts ! acc\nt giv5 "h is diff]5t f t 9 our ,gospels4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?ree ,synoptics1 x is said t ! wom5 saw :]e ,jesus 0 laid1 & ! fir/ two "n ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,m>y ! "m ( ,jesus 7,m>k 8! o!r ,m>y071 ,matt4 xxvii4 #fa1 ,m>k xv4 #dg1 ,luke xxiii4 #ee4 ,all f\r canonical ,gospels relate _! com+ to ! sepul*re3 ,mat!w 7xxviii4 #a71 8late on ! ,sabba? day1 z x began to dawn t[>d ! fir/ day ( ! week20 ,m>k 7xvi4 #a71 8:5 ! ,sabba? 0 pa/20 ,luke 7xxiv4 #a71 8on ! fir/ day ( ! week at e>ly dawn20 b only ! second & ?ird /ate t !y br+ spices to ano9t ,jesus2 9 ,mat!w ! purpose /at$ be+ m]ely 8to see ! sepul*re40 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 only ,m>y ,magdal5e comes1 & no reason is assign$4 ,9 ,pet]1 ,m>y ,magdal5e only is nam$1 b %e takes h] wom5 fri5ds1 & ?\gh spices are n directly nam$1 !y are di/9ctly impli$1 & ! object ( ! visit to ! tomb1 admirably describ$ z 8t :i* wom5 are accu/om$ to d = ^? :o die & are lov$ by !m10 :i* !y _h n be5 able to d on ! day ( ! crucifixion1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! ,jews4 ,ev5 n[ ! same fe> is ^u !m2 b no?+ is said ( x 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,! only "p ( ! words put into _! m\?s by ! au?or :i* at all corresponds ) any?+ 9 ! canonical n>ratives is t reg>d+ ! op5+ ( ! sepul*re4 8,b :o w roll u away ! /one t is laid at ! door ( ! grave80 7 1 874 ,9 ,mat!w1 an angel _h roll$ away ! /one1 b 9 ,m>k ! wom5 are repres5t$ z ask+ ! same "q among !mselves 7xvi4 #c71 8,:o %all roll u away ! /one f ! door ( ! grave80 7 87 practically 9 ! same words4 ,to appreciate ! relative importance ( ! simil>ity 9 ?is detail x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! same words are us$ ) slight grammatical *anges 9 ! o!r two ,synoptics3 ,matt4 xxviii4 #b1 ! angel 8roll$ away ! /one0 7 72 & ,luke xxiv4 #b1 !y f\nd 8! /one roll$ away f ! grave0 7 74 ,! privilege ( us+ a simil> s\rce ( tradition mu/ also be accord$ to ! au?or ( ! fragm5t4 ,! wom5 9 ,pet]1 aft] a few m words explanatory ( _! purpose 9 go+ to ! sepul*re1 use an expression to :i* s mu* importance has be5 atta*$ by ,zahn t1 to r5d] x intelligible1 x mu/ be connect$ ) ! context j discuss$4 8,b :o w roll away ! /one t is laid at ! door ( ! grave1 9 ord] t we may ent] & set ourselves by him1 & d ! ?+s t are due8 ,= great 0 ! /one 7 71 & we fe> le/ "s "o %\ld see u40 ,n[ 9 ! second ,synoptic 7xvi4 #d7 we read t ! wom51 look+ up1 8see t ! /one 77 is roll$ back2 = x 0 exce$+ great0 7 74 ,zahn says3 8,j z c]ta9ly c ! dep5d5ce ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet] on ,m>k be prov$4 ,a pro( sc>cely to be refut$ lies ev5 9 ! "o little ^w 1 :i* is me*anically tak5 f ,m>k xvi4 #c407aaf7 ,to "o s will+ to be conv9c$1 :at might n be prov$ by _m little words 9 ! canonical ,gospels8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t none ( our ,synoptics sprang full-fl$g$ f ! orig9al tradition1 b1 z is recognis$ by e critic compet5t to =m an op9ion1 is bas$ on previ\s works & records ( tradition1 :i* gradually grew into ?is m complete =m4 ,any "o :o wi%es to realise ?is %\ld exam9e ,ru%brooke's 8,synopticon10 :i*1 at a glance1 w %[ ! matt] & ! language common to our fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 & leave little d\bt z to ! common orig9 ( ^! works4 ,x may be useful t[>ds a prop] und]/&+ ( ! problem be=e u if we give a s+le illu/ration ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,synoptics tak5 f ! v "p ( ! n>rative at :i* we h arriv$4 ,we %all arrange x 9 p>allel columns = facility ( comp>ison4 ,,mat!w xxvii4 ,,m>k xv4 ,,luke xxiii4 #ee4 ,& _m wom5 #dj4 ,& !re 7 #di4 ,& all 8 7 !re behold+ also wom5 behold+ acqua9tance1 & f af>1 :i* _h f af>3 among ! wom5 t foll[$ ,jesus f :om 7 bo? ,m>y foll[$ him f ,galilee1 m9i/]+ ,magdal5e & ,m>y ,galilee1 /ood af> unto him3 #ef4 among ! "m ( ,james (f1 see+ ^! :om 0 ,m>y ! less & ( ?+s1 xxiv4 #aj4 ,magdal5e1 & ,m>y ,joses1 & ,salome2 ,n[ !y 7 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james #da4 :o1 :5 he 0 ,magdal5e & & ,joses1 & ! 9 ,galilee1 foll[$ ,joanna1 & ,m>y "m ( ! sons him1 & m9i/]$ ! "m ( ( ,zeb$ee4 unto him4444 ,james1 & o!r wom5 ) !m1 xxiii4 #ej4 #eg4 ,& :5 ev5 #db4 ,& :5 ev5 #ej4 ,& behold a man 0 come1 !re came 0 n[ come1 444 nam$ ,joseph1 :o a ri* man f #dc4 !re came 0 a c\ncillor1 a ,arima?aea1 :o also ,joseph ( good man & a himself 0 ,jesus' ,arima?aea1 a righte\s1 #ea4 444 disciple3 #eh4 ?is c\ncillor ( ( ,arima?aea1 a man w5t to ,pilate1 hon\rable e/ate1 city ( ! ,jews1 & ask$ = ! :o also himself 0 :o 0 look+ = body ( ,jesus4 look+ = ! ! k+dom ( ,god3 k+dom ( ,god3 & #eb4 ?is man w5t to he boldly w5t 9 ,pilate1 & ask$ unto ,pilate & = ! body ( ask$ = ! body ,jesus4 ( ,jesus4 #ee4 #dj4 #di4 1 1 1 1 1 4 7xxiv4 7#ef7 1 7#da7 #aj7 1 1 1 444 4 444 #eg4 #db4 #ej4 1 444 7#dc7 1 1 1 1 1 1 #ea4 444 2 #eh4 4 1 4 4 #eb4 4 4 4 ,or take1 = in/ance1 a few v]ses giv+ ! arre/ ( ,jesus z n>rat$ by ! ?ree ,synopti/s3 ,,mat!w xxvi4 ,,m>k xiv4 ,,luke xxii4 #dg4 ,& :ile he yet #dc4 ,& /raightway1 #dg4 ,:ile he yet spake1 lo1 ,judas1 :ile he yet spake1 spake1 lo1 a "o ( ! twelve1 come? ,judas1 "o ( multitude1 & he came1 & ) him a ! twelve1 & ) t 0 call$ great multitude ) him a multitude ) ,judas1 "o ( ! swords & /aves1 swords & /aves1 twelve1 w5t be=e f ! *ief f ! *ief !m2 prie/s & eld]s prie/s & ! ( ! p4 scribes & ! eld]s4 #dh4 ,n[ he t #dd4 ,n[ he t & he drew ne> betray$ him gave betray$ him _h unto ,jesus to kiss !m a sign1 say+1 giv5 !m a tok51 him4 ,:omsoev] ,i %all say+1 ,:omsoev] ,i kiss1 t is he3 %all kiss1 t is take him4 he2 take him1 #di4 ,& /raightway #de4 ,& :5 he 0 he came to ,jesus1 come1 /raightway he & said1 ,hail1 came to him & ,rabbi2 & kiss$ sai?1 ,rabbi2 & him4 kiss$ him4 #ej4 ,& ,jesus said #dh4 ,b ,jesus said unto him1 ,fri5d1 d unto him1 ,judas1 t = :i* ?\ betraye/ ?\ ! art come4 ,son ( man ) a kiss8 ,!n !y came & #df4 ,& !y laid 7#ed4 ,& !y seiz$ laid h&s on ,jesus h&s on him & him & l$ him & took him4 took him4 away47 #ea4 ,& lo1 "o ( #dg4 ,b a c]ta9 #ej4 ,& a c]ta9 !m t 7 ) "o ( !m t "o ( !m smote ,jesus /ret*$ out /ood by drew 8 ! s]vant ( ! 8 h&1 & drew sword1 & smote ! high prie/1 & 8 sword1 & smote s]vant ( ! high /ruck (f "r ! s]vant ( ! prie/1 & /ruck e>4 high prie/1 & (f 8 e>4 /ruck (f 8 e>4 #dg4 #dc4 #dg4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 #dh4 #dd4 4 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 4 #di4 #de4 3 1 3 1 4 4 #ej4 #df4 #dh4 3 1 3 1 1 4 8 7#ed4 4 47 #ea4 #dg4 #ej4 1 4 4 4 ,su* close simil>ity z ?is1 ) occasional a/oni%+ omissions ( matt] & flagrant contradictions :]e indep5d5t n>rative is attempt$1 runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ?ree ,synoptics4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] ^u any discussion ( ^! ph5om5a1 or any explanation ( ! orig9 ( our ,gospels1 b apologi/s may be invit$ to consid] ! fact be=e pass+ judgm5t on ! ,gospel ( ,pet]4 ,any co9cid5ce ( /atem5t 9 ! n>rative ( ! fragm5t ) any "o ( ! f\r ,gospels is promptly decl>$ to be decisive evid5ce ( dep5d5ce on t ,gospel2 & ev5 ! use ( a ^w :i* has a p>allel 9 !m is suffici5t reason = d5\nc+ ! au?or z a plagi>i/4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if su* critics _h nev] read ! prologue to ! ?ird ,synoptic1 & =gott5 ! to :i* its au?or ref]s1 :5 !y limit ! ,*ri/ian tradition to ^! ,gospels1 :i* aga91 ^u exam9ation1 mu/ !mselves be limit$ to two--! ,synoptic & ! ,johann9e1 :i* 9 s great a degree contradict ea* o!r4 ,to return n[ to ! passage :i* we h to exam9e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! second ,synoptic treats ! episode ( ! wom5 9 a mann] diff]5t f ! o!r two1 b 9 ! same /yle1 ?\gh ) v diff]+ details1 z ,pet]4 ,we %all %[ reason = believ+ t bo? h drawn f ! same s\rce1 b t ! fragm5t has probably adh]$ m closely to ! orig9al s\rce4 ,9 ,m>k 7xvi4 #c f47 ! wom5 are1 z 9 ,pet]1 repres5t$ z speak+3 8,& !y 7 say+ among !mselves1 #8,:o %all roll u away ! /one f ! door ( ! tomb8' 0 ,"h ! spok5 words /op1 & ! writ] cont9ues to n>rate3 8,& look+ up1 !y see t ! /one is roll$ back 773 = x 0 77 exce$+ great40 ,x is obvi\s t ! 800 "h is q out ( place1 & x seems impossible to avoid ! conclusion t1 orig9ally1 x mu/ h /ood ) a diff]5t context4 ,t diff]5t context we h 9 ,pet]4 ,! wom5 say among/ !mselves3 8,:o w roll u away ! /one t is laid at ! door ( ! grave1 9 ord] t we may ent]0--&1 ( c\rse1 9 say+ ?is !y are suppos$ to h 9 _! m9ds ! /one :i* !y _h se5 ! ev5+ be=e &1 naturally1 express _! recollection ( x 9 ! pa/ t5se--8= x 0 exce$+ great40 ,if ! phrase has be5 me*anically introduc$1 x has be5 s by ! second ,synopti/1 9 ^: text x is m out ( place ?an 9 ,pet]4 ,a prescriptive "r to e>ly traditions ( ?is k9d _c reasonably be claim$ = any writ]1 simply because 8 compilation has happ5$ to secure a place 9 ! ,canon4 ,:5 ! wom5 come to ! tomb1 !y /oop d[n 77 & see !re 7 7 a c]ta9 "y man 7 7 sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! tomb1 beautiful & clad 9 a %9+ g>m5t 7 74 ,?is is ! 8c]ta9 man0 :o desc5d$ :5 ! heav5s 7 aga9 op5$1 z describ$ 9 v4 #dd4 ,! reali/ic t\* ( ! wom5 /oop+ to look into ! l[ entrance ( ! tomb is repeat$ :5 ! 8"y man0 bids !m 8/oop d[n0 77 & conv9ce !mselves t ,jesus _h ris54 ,?is does n occur 9 any ( ! ,synoptics2 b 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xx4 #e71 ,pet]1 x is said1 8/oop+ d[n0 77 sees 77 ! clo!s4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! angel sits ^u ! /one :i* he has roll$ away1 & n 9 ! sepul*re1 & 8 description is 7xxviii4 #c73 8,8 appe>ance 0 z lightn+1 & 8 raim5t :ite z sn[0 7 1 74 ,9 ,m>k 7xvi4 #h71 !y see a 8"y man0 77 sitt+ on ! "r side1 & n 9 ! middle1 & he is 8clad 9 a :ite robe0 7 74 ,9 ,luke 7xxiv4 #d71 two m5 7 7 /& by ! wom5 89 dazzl+ app>el0 7 74 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xx4 #ab71 ,m>y sees two angels sitt+1 ! "o at ! head1 ! o!r at ! feet1 :]e ! body _h la91 b !y are simply said to be 89 :ite0 7 74 ,! 8"y man0 says to ! wom5 9 ,pet]3 8,:y are ye come8 7 87 ,:om seek ye8 7 87 ,him :o 0 crucifi$8 7 87 ,he is ris5 & gone away 7 74 ,b if ye d n believe1 /oop d[n1 & see ! place :]e he lay 7 71 t he is n !re1 = he is ris5 & gone away ?i!r :5ce he 0 s5t 7 740 ,9 ,mat!w 7xxviii4 #e f47 ! angel 8answ]$ & said unto ! wom50 7:o _h n spok5 to him1 app>5tly7 8,fe> n ye3 = ,i "k t ye seek ,jesus :i* ha? be5 crucifi$ 7 74 ,he is n "h1 = he rose 7 1 71 ev5 z he said4 ,come1 see ! place :]e ! ,"l lay 7 74 ,& g quickly1 & tell 8 disciples he rose f ! dead 7 72 & lo1 he goe? be=e y into ,galilee2 !re %all ye see him3 lo1 ,i h told y40 ,9 ,m>k 7xvi4 #f f471 ?is 8"y man0 9 ! tomb says3 8,be n amaz$2 ye seek ,jesus ! ,naz>5e :i* ha? be5 crucifi$ 7 74 ,he rose 772 he is n "h2 behold1 ! place :]e !y laid him6 7 2 74 ,b g tell 8 disciples & ,pet]1 ,he goe? be=e y into ,galilee3 !re %all ye see him1 z he said unto y40 ,! close resemblance ( ^! two acc\nts 9 ! fir/ & second ,gospels is /rik+1 & sc>cely less s is ! resemblance1 ) important v>iations1 ( ! ?ird ,synoptic 7xxiv4 #e ff474 ,! 8two m5 9 dazzl+ app>el0 say to ! wom51 :o /& ) _! faces b[$ d[n t[>ds ! e>?3 8,:y seek ye ! liv+ among ! dead8 ,he is n "h1 b he rose 7 1 747#aag7 ,rememb] h[ he spake unto y :5 he 0 yet 9 ,galilee1 say+1 t ! ,son ( man mu/ be deliv]$ up into ! h&s ( s9ful m51 & be crucifi$1 & ! ?ird day rise aga940 ,! complete *ange 9 ! ref]5ce to ,galilee "h w be obs]v$4 ,! peculi> end+ ( ! words ( ! 8"y man0 9 ,pet] is n[h]e f\nd 9 our ,gospels3 8,he is ris5 & gone away ?i!r :5ce he 0 s5t40 ,mr4 ,rob9son comp>es ) ?is a passage f ! #bj? ,homily ( ,aphrahat 7ed4 ,wright1 p4 #che73 8,& ! angel said to ,m>y1 he is ris5 & gone away to him t s5t him40 ,mr4 ,rob9son adds3 8,!re is reason to believe t ,aphrahat1 a ,syrian writ]1 us$ ,tatian's ,h>mony3 & ?us we seem to h a second l9k betwe5 our ,gospel & t important "w407#aah7 ,b is x n r a curi\s position 9 :i* to place ! suppos$ 8,diatess>on10 to argue t a passage :i* x does n n[ conta9 0 nev]!less 9 x because a ,syrian writ] :o is suppos$ to h us$ ! 8,diatess>on0 has quot$ ! passage8 ,x %[s h[ untru/wor?y are all argum5ts reg>d+ e>ly works l ! 8,diatess>on40 ,look+ at ! o!r in/ances :i* c\ld be po9t$ out1 & to "s ( :i* we h ref]r$1 we see t ev]y?+ n agree+ ) ! ,gospels ( ! ,*ur* has be5 gradually elim9at$ or correct$ into agreem5t1 & t ?us ! v probable use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] by ,tatian may be conceal$4 ,z ,mr4 ,rob9son fur!r po9ts out1 h[ev]1 ! words ( ! angel 9 ,pet] are 9 direct contradiction to ^? put into ! m\? ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xx4 #ag73 8,i am n yet asc5d$ to ! ,fa!r40 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole episode 9 ,pet] is ! %ort & compreh5sive phrase3 8,!n ! wom51 fright5$1 fl$0 7 74 ,9 ,mat!w1 9 ob$i5ce to ! ord] ( ! angel to g & tell 8 disciples1 none ( :i* is giv5 9 ,pet]1 x is said 7xxviii4 #h73 8,& !y dep>t$ quickly f ! tomb ) fe> & great joy0 7 71 8& ran to br+ 8 disciples ^w40 ,9 ,m>k 7xvi4 #h7 x is said3 8,& !y w5t out & fl$ f ! tomb2 = trembl+ & a/oni%m5t _h come ^u !m 7 2 74 ,& !y said no?+ to anyone3 = !y 7 afraid0 7 74 ,! runn+ to br+ ! disciples ^w1 9 ! fir/1 & ! say+ no?+ to any "o1 ( ! second1 ,synoptic1 is a case ( curi\s contradiction 9 details4 ,! ?ird ,gospel twice ov] repeats ! /atem5t t ! wom5 told :at !y _h he>d 8to ! elev5 & to all ! re/0 7xxiv4 #i1 #aj71 b says no?+ ( ! emotions excit$ by ! int]view1 except ! d\ble /atem5t 7xxiv4 #h71 8,& !y rememb]$ 8 words10 &1 #aa1 8,& ^! words appe>$ 9 _! sight z idle talk1 & !y disbeliev$ !m40 ,9 ! fir/ ,synoptic1 h[ev] 7xxviii4 #i f471 z ! wom5 g1 ! ris5 ,jesus himself meets !m & deliv]s ! same ord] to tell ! disciples to dep>t into ,galilee1 :]e !y %all see him4 ,! g5u9e portion ( ! second ,synoptic ends ) ! words quot$ above1 & x is only 9 ! add$ conclusion 7xvi4 #i4 #bj7 t we meet ) an acc\nt ( an appe>ance to ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 ! morn+4 ,! ?ird ,synoptic relates no appe>ance to ! wom5 or any "o t morn+2 b ! f\r? ,gospel has ! appe>ance ( ,jesus to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & a long int]view betwe5 !m4 ,n[ all ?is is q di/9ctly exclud$ f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 & ^? :o argue = ! dep5d5ce ( ! "w on our ,gospels h to expla9 ?is delib]ate omission4 ,! fragm5t proce$s3 #eh4 ,& x 0 ! la/ day ( ! ,unleav5$ bread1 & _m w5t =?1 return+ to _! homes1 ! fea/ be+ end$4 #ei4 ,b we1 ! twelve disciples ( ! ,"l1 wept & m\rn$1 & ea* w5t to 8 home sorr[+ = t :i* _h happ5$4 #fj4 ,b ,i1 ,simon ,pet]1 & ,&rew1 my bro!r1 took our nets & w5t to ! sea1 & !re 0 ) u ,levi1 ! son ( ,alphaeus1 :om ! ,"l4444 ,& s1 at a mo/ int]e/+ po9t1 ! fragm5t breaks (f1 9 ! middle ( a phrase4 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 di/9ctly excludes ! vision to ! two disciples 9 ! c\ntry1 m5tion$ ,m>k xvi4 #ab f41 suppos+ x to be t describ$ 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic 7xxiv4 #ac ff471 ( :i* long n>rative no h9t is giv5 9 ,pet]4 ,x also1 ( c\rse1 excludes ! appe>ance to ! disciples 9 ! room1 describ$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xix4 #bj ff471 & ! brea?+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u !m1 ( :i* v important episode ! ?ree ,synoptics are equally ignorant1 z well z ! second appe>ance to !m & ! conviction ( ! unbeliev+ ,?omas1 :i* only ?is ,gospel records4 ,we may add t ! appe>ance to ! elev5 z !y sat at meat1 relat$ 9 ! addition to ! second ,synoptic 7xvi4 #ad f471 ) ! mission ( ! apo/les 8into all ! _w10 ) miracul\s p[]s end[$1 :i* ! o!r ,gospels d n m5tion1 is likewise exclud$ by ,pet]4 ,?is is n all t is exclud$1 h[ev]1 = 9 ! fragm5t ref]5ce is di/9ctly made to ! 8twelve disciples10 :i* is an explicit confirmation ( ! /atem5t made 9 v4 #bf f41 8,i & my companions 444 7 fa/+ & m\rn+10 :i* makes no exception any m ?an ! simil> 8,we1 ! twelve disciples ( ! ,"l0 n[ quot$4 ,suppos+ ?is /atem5t to be delib]ately made1 & we h no reason :atev] f any?+ 9 ! re/ ( ! fragm5t to d\bt x1 ?is completely excludes ! :ole ( ! /ory ( a betrayal ( 8 ma/] by ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,v>i\s facts mu/ be rememb]$ 9 confirmation ( ! view t ! 8betrayal0 ( ,jesus by ,judas ,isc>iot 0 unkn[n to ! old] tradition4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse 7xxi4 #ad7 x is said t ^u ! twelve f\ndations ( ! ,holy ,city1 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 are writt5 8! twelve names ( ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb40 ,if1 z is g5]ally believ$1 ?is ,apocalypse 0 writt5 by ,john ! ,apo/le1 is x possible t1 if ,judas _h betray$ 8 ma/] 9 ! mann] describ$ by ! canonical ,gospels1 he c\ld delib]ately h writt5 ?is1 us+ twice ov] ! 8twelve10 :i* includes t ,apo/le8 ,aga91 9 ! fir/ epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7i4 xv4 #e71 9 relat+ ! suppos$ 8appe>ances0 ( ,jesus1 x is said t he fir/ appe>$ to ,cephas3 8,!n unto ! twelve407#aai7 ,if ! po9t be consid]$ on ! m]e gr\nd ( hi/orical probability1 !re is e reason to consid] t ! betrayal by ,judas is a lat] product ( ! 8evolv$ gnosis40 ,jesus is describ$ z go+ ab\t ev]y:]e ) 8 disciples1 & no?+ c\ld h be5 easi]1 "u ! circum/ances1 ?an to foll[ & quietly arre/ him1 )\t any betrayal at all4 ,9 fact1 !re is no real ne$ %[n = su* a betrayal1 & ! old] ,*ri/ian tradition probably did n conta9 x4 ,x 0 j ! trait :i* ! 8evolv$ gnosis0 w\ld add to ! picture f su* a passage z ,psalm xli4 #i3 8,yea1 m9e own famili> fri5d1 9 :om ,i tru/$1 :i* did eat ( my bread1 ha? lift$ up 8 heel aga9/ me10 & :i* 0 giv5 its lit]al fulfilm5t 9 ! detail m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ & second ,synoptics 7,matt4 xxvi4 #bc1 ,m>k4 xiv4 #bj71 8,he t dipp$ 8 h& ) me 9 ! di%1 ! same %all betray me40 ,x may be m5tion$ t ,ju/9 does n appe> to h kn[n any?+ ( a betrayal ( ,jesus1 & t1 9 places :]e1 if he _h be5 aw>e ( ! episode1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h ref]r$ to x1 he passes ov] x 9 total sil5ce4 ,accord+ to ! fragm5t1 ,simon ,pet]1 & at lea/ "s ( ! disciples1 mu/ h gone into ,galilee )\t any vision ( ! ris5 ,jesus2 & probably ! la/ v]se1 :i* is brok5 (f s abruptly1 prep>es ! acc\nt ( su* an appe>ance z is describ$ 9 ! mu*-que/ion$ la/ *apt] ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is wor? po9t+ out1 z p]haps an indication ( ! tradition :i* ,pet] foll[s1 t bo? 9 ! fir/ & second ,synoptic ! ord] is giv5 to ! disciples to g into ,galilee1 :]e !y are told t !y are to see ,jesus4 ,9 spite ( ?is di/9ct ord] & /atem5t1 ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,synoptic describes ,jesus z imm$iately aft] appe>+ to ! wom51 & giv+ ! same direction to g into ,galilee 7xxviii4 #g1 #aj71 :il/ 9 ! spuri\s v]ses ( ,m>k he nev]!less appe>s 9 ,j]usalem to ,m>y ,magdal5e & to ! ,apo/les4 ,! ?ird ,synopti/ gives a diff]5t turn to ! m5tion ( ,galilee2 b aft] ! direction to g into ,galilee1 !re to see ,jesus1 ! visions describ$ are a m]e aft]?\ght4 ,9 ,pet]1 )\t any ord]1 ! disciples app>5tly g to ,galilee1 & !re probably w\ld be plac$ ! fir/ vision ( ! ris5 ,jesus4 ,,ix ,we h n[ complet$ our comp>ison ( ! fragm5t ) ! canonical ,gospels1 & are able to =m "s op9ion ( its relative antiquity & relation%ip to our ,gospels4 ,is x1 z apologetic critics ass]t1 a m]e compilation f !m1 or c x take an indep5d5t position beside !m1 z a "w d]iv$ f simil> s\rces1 & giv+ its own v]sion ( e>ly ,*ri/ian tradition8 ,we h %[n t x is n a compilation f our ,gospels1 b pres5ts unmi/akable signs ( be+ an indep5d5t composition1 & consequ5tly a mo/ int]e/+ repres5tation ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght dur+ ! p]iod :5 our ,synoptic ,gospels 7 likewise giv+ def9ite %ape to ! same traditions4 ,e "p ( ?is fragm5t has be5 set side by side ) ! correspond+ n>rative 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 & x is simply surpris+ t a writ+1 deal+ ) a simil> epo* ( ! same /ory1 %\ld h %[n su* fre$om ( h&l+4 ,t !re %\ld be "s correspond5ce betwe5 !m 0 inevitable1 b ! wond] is n t !re %\ld be s mu* agreem5t1 b s mu* div]g5ce2 & ?is wond] increases 9 proportion z a lat] date is assign$ to ! fragm5t1 & ! au?ority ( ! canonical ,gospels _h become m e/abli%$4 ,! !ory ( 8t5d5cy0 0 sure to be advanc$ z an explanation ( diff]5ces ( treatm5t ( ! same /ory1 b ?is seems to u mu* exagg]at$ 9 :at is said ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]4 ,t e>ly ,docetic views might be suppos$ to be fav\r$ by its repres5tations is v possible2 b ^! are f> f be+ s pron\nc$ z to r5d] x unacceptable to ^? n hold+ su* op9ions1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ,ju/9 & ,orig5 make use ( its /atem5ts is pro( ( ?is4 ,z to its anti-,judai/ic tone1 a c]ta9 di/9ction has to be drawn4 ,! expressions reg>d+ 8! ,jews10 8_! fea/0 7us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,passov]71 & s on1 may be put 9 ! same category z ! def9ition ( ! veil ( ! ,temple 8( ,j]usalem10 z indicat+ m]ely a "w probably writt5 out ( ,judaea1 & = ,g5tile ,*ri/ians2 b 9 ?r[+ ^u ! ,jews1 mu* m ?an on ! ,roman p[]1 ! odium ( hav+ crucifi$ ,jesus1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pet] & ! canonical ,gospels is really inf9itesimal4 ,he c]ta9ly repres5ts ,pilate z retir+ e>ly f ! trial1 & leav+ x to ,h]od1 9 ^: 8jurisdiction0 x 01 aft] wa%+ 8 h&s ( ! :ole bus9ess2 b ?is is a mu* m probable acc\nt1 & p]haps an e>li] tradition1 ?an t :i* makes a ,roman gov]nor pres5t ! incr$ible & humiliat+ spectacle ( a judge condemn+ & crucify+ a man1 9 :om he f9ds no fault1 at ! dictation ( a ,jewi% mob4 ,! canonical ,gospels1 h[ev]1 only acc5tuate ! guilt ( ! ,jews by repres5t+ ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 z well z ! multitude1 ob/9ately clam\r+ = 8 crucifixion1 & f9ally ov]com+ ,pilate's scruples4 ,x is ! *ief prie/s & rul]s :o fir/ seize ,jesus & plot = 8 betrayal1 :o spit 9 8 face1 buffet & mock him1 :o pref] to him ,b>abbas1 & cry3 8,8 blood be on u & on our *ildr50 7,matt4 xxvii4 #be74 ,! expressions ( di/9ct antagonism to ! ,jews 9 ! f\r? ,gospel f> exce$ any 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no preconceiv$ purpose conceivable to acc\nt = ! *>act]i/ics ( ! n>rative 9 ?is fragm5t4 ,t a writ] :o _h our canonical ,gospels be=e him %\ld s dep>t f _! l9es1 alt] e repres5tation )\t dogmatic purpose1 ins]t contradictory /atem5ts1 & omit episodes ( absorb+ int]e/ & passages :i* w\ld h enri*$ 8 n>rative1 is a !ory :i* _c be e/abli%$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! feel+ ( ! writ] is "o ( int5se devotion & rev]5ce1 & x is unreasonable to suppose t he c\ld h pass$ ov]1 alt]$1 & contradict$ s _m po9ts 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,gospels1 _h he _h ^? works be=e him47#abj7 ,9 all probability he compos$ 8 "w f e>li] records & traditions1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* we h evid5ce 9 ,luke i4 #a1 & ! degree ( resemblance on ! "o h&1 & ( discrepancy on ! o!r1 proce$s f indep5d5t use ( ^! s\rces1 f :i* ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! canonical ,gospels may h be5 drawn4 ,x _h n ! good =tune ( ^! ,gospels1 h[ev]1 to be adopt$ by ! ,*ur* & subject$1 l !m1 to repeat$ revisal2 b1 drift+ ap>t on ! /ream ( "t1 x at la/ comes to u ) all its orig9al s9s & imp]fections on its head4 ,( c\rse1 any judgm5t n[ =m$ on ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] is subject to ! un=tunate limitation t we h only a fragm5t ( ! "w 9 our h&s2 b %\ld ! re/ be discov]$1 z we hope1 x w n affect conclusions n[ bas$ ^u ! "p be=e u1 :atev] may be ! f9al v]dict on ! :ole4 ,x ,we h /ill to consid] objections rais$ by ,mr4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ?is fragm5t & ! ,gospels accept$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 a long article 9 ! 8,contempor>y ,review0 he tries to e/abli% ! !sis t 8,! ,gospel ( ,pet] %[s ev]y:]e ! traces ( a highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis1 & 9 p>ticul> mo/ ( ! app>5tly new matt] :i* x conta9s is tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t407#aba7 ,x w\ld n be possible1 )\t we>y+ ! mo/ pati5t ( p>i%ion]s1 to illu/rate 9 any adequate mann] ! p]v]se & hair-splitt+ +5uity ) :i* ! 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 w5t to "w1 & :i*1 9 v p>l\s fa%ion1 ,mr4 ,h>ris applies to ,pet]2 b1 =tunately1 ?is w n be necess>y "h4 ,?is gnosis d\btless began its op]ation e>ly1 & rea*$ a climax t[>ds ! f\r? c5tury2 b !n x _h ceas$ to be creative1 & _h become wildly analytical4 ,no?+ !n rema9$ = x to d4 ,mr4 ,r5del ,h>ris quotes1 ) admirable c\rage1 a 8significant s5t5ce0 f ! 8,p]egr9atio ad ,loca ,sancta10 a "w ( ,/4 ,sylvia ( ,aquita9e1 or "s o!r lady travell] ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* has rec5tly be5 publi%$4 ,%e has be5 relat+ h[ ! p 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! fai? by read+s f ! ,scriptures1 imprimis2 ( ! ,psalms pr$ictive ( ! ,messianic suff]+s2 !n ( passages f ! ,acts & ,epi/les :i* be> ^u ! int]pretation ( su* pr$ictions2 fur!r1 ! evid5ce ( ! prophets2 &1 to cr[n all1 ! /ory ( ! ,passion itself f ! ,gospels4 8,! object ( ?is s]vice 01 z ,sylvia po9ts out1 t ! p might und]/& by ! ,gospel record t :atev] ! psalmi/s & prophets _h =etold conc]n+ ! ,passion ( ! ,"l _h actually tak5 place40 ,& n[ comes ! 8significant s5t5ce0 to :i* we ref]r$ above1 italicis$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris himself3 8,& s = ! space ( ?ree h\rs ! p is taught t no?+ took place :i* _h n be5 previ\sly =etold1 & no?+ _h be5 =etold :i* _h n obta9$ its fulfilm5t40 ,mr4 ,h>ris supports ! accuracy ( ,sylvia's description47#abb7 ,b1 :il/ frankly admitt+ ! application ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! prophetic gnosis1 m or less ?r\gh\t all e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 ,mr4 ,h>ris wi%es to limit its influ5ce ^u works receiv$ into ! canon1 into :i* ! two-edg$ weapon1 h[ev]1 pi]ces 9 spite ( him to ! sund]+ ap>t ( s\l & body4 ,he says3 ,n[ no hi/ory is1 9 its ultimate analysis1 s tru/wor?y z ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 b if we take ! :ole body ( e>ly lit]ature1 ( :i* ! canonical ,gospels =m ! c5tre & cr[n1 includ+ ,apocalypses1 p>ty-gospels1 & ! l1 we %all f9d t !re nev] 0 a body ( hi/ory :i* 0 s ov]gr[n ) leg5d1 & ! major "p ( ^! leg5ds result f ! irregul> /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 probably bas$ on ! synagogue me?ods ( ! "t ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,?is reaction ( ! prophecy ^u hi/ory col\rs ! /yle ( au?ors & affects _! /atem5ts2 & x is only by a close & c>eful /udy ( ! writ]s & _! me?ods1 t we are able to discrim9ate betwe5 :at is a bona fide allusion 9 ! ,prophets1 or :at is a trick ( /yle borr[$ f ! ,prophets1 or :at is a pure leg5d inv5t$ out ( ! ,prophets47#abc7 ,! imm$iate object "h1 ( c\rse1 is to lay ! basis ( an indictm5t aga9/ ! fragm5t2 b 9 ?is cle> & excell5t /atem5t1 a pr9ciple is enunciat$1 ! application ( :i* _c be direct$ z ! writ] pleases1 b is apt to be z deadly to fri5ds z to foes4 ,mr4 ,h>ris may attempt to satisfy 8 d\bts1 9 writ+ ) ! imp>tiality ( a s*ol>1 z he does1 ) ! res]vation t 8no hi/ory is1 9 its ultimate analysis1 s tru/wor?y z ,*ri/ian hi/ory10 b he has only to =mulate ! reasons = su* a /atem5t1 to recognise _! utt] inadequacy4 ,9 s f> z he gives u any glimpse ( !m "h1 !y are ( sad insuffici5cy4 ,he speaks1 a little fur!r on1 reg>d+ 8! real ne$ ( a critical me?od t c di/+ui% betwe5 /atem5ts t are g5u9e hi/ory1 & /atem5ts t are prophetic reflexes4 ,= ?is discrim9ation10 he says1 8our ma9 guide is ! ,canon1 :i* expresses ! judgm5t ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ^u its lit]>y mat]ials2 b ,i ?9k x w be g5]ally felt t we %all ne$ f9]-edg$ tools ?an ,*ur* cu/oms or decrees 9 ! m difficult p>ts ( ! problem2 & c]ta9ly we mu/ n assume a priori 9 a critical inve/igation1 t !re is no trace ( leg5d>y accretion 9 ! ,gospel1 & no elem5t ( g5u9e fact 9 :at are call$ ! ,apocrypha407#abd7 ,alas6 is n ! 8ma9 guide0 a m]e bl9d lead] ( ! bl9d 9 reg>d to 8! encroa*m5t ( prophetic int]pretation ^u ! hi/orical record08 ,we h no int5tion ( ma9ta9+ "h a v diff]5t view ( ! cr$ibility ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 ! argum5ts aga9/ :i* we h else:]e fully /at$1 b x is desirable1 = reasons :i* w pres5tly appe>1 t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is attack on ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,mr4 ,h>ris goes on to affirm t ! measure ( ?is encroa*m5t is1 9 ! fir/ two c5turies1 "o ( ! be/ indications ( docum5t>y date we possess3 8,z a te/1 x w settle ! p]iod ( _m a docum5t1 & p]haps ! measure ( ! appeal to prophecy w ev5 det]m9e ! *ronological ord] ( ! ,gospels !mselves3 ,m>k1 ,luke1 ,john1 & ,mat!w407#abe7 ,?is ord] w probably surprise a good _m read]s1 & %ake ! fai? !y might p]haps be dispos$ to repose 9 ! te/ :i* is suppos$ to h decid$ x4 ,mr4 ,h>ris applies ! te/ 9 v>i\s in/ances to ,pet]1 & we %all briefly exam9e 8 results4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 v4 #ce f4 :il/ ! soldi]s 7 keep+ wat* ov] ! sepul*re1 !re 0 a great voice 9 ! heav5s1 & !y saw ! heav5s op5$1 & 8two m50 7 7 came d[n f !nce ) great light1 & approa* ! tomb1 & ! /one :i* _h be5 laid at ! door roll$ away1 & !y ent]$ x1 b pres5tly !y beheld aga9 ?ree m5 7 7 com+ out1 & ! two 7 support+ or conduct+ ! o!r by ! h&1 & ! l(ty /ature ( ! ?ree is describ$4 ,n[ ! 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 by :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ?is repres5tation 0 compos$ is z foll[s1 ?\gh only ! ma9 l9es ( ! pa9ful process c be giv54 ,9 ! pray] ( ,habakkuk 7iii4 #b71 accord+ to ! ,septuag9t1 ! words :i* /& 9 our ,bible1 8,9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s make kn[n0 reads3 8,9 ! mid/ ( two lives0 7or ( two liv+ creatures7 8?\ %alt be kn[n40 ,?is is ref]r$ 9 two ways3 to 8,*ri/'s inc>nation0 & to 8 8,dea? & ,resurrection40 ,9 ! =m] case ! two animals are ! ox & ! ass at ! ,nativity4 ,! int]pretation 9 ! second case3 ! 8liv+ creatures0 are ! s]aphim1 two 9 numb]1 because 9 ,isaiah 7vi4 #c7 8"o call$ to ! o!r & said30 8& we h only to f9d a situation 9 :i* ,*ri/ is se5 betwe5 two angels1 & ! prophecy is fulfill$4 ,?is situation is made 9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet] by ,*ri/ ris+ betwe5 two support+ angels40 ,mr4 ,h>ris endeav\rs to /r5g!n ?is by ref]r+ to ,cyril ( ,alex&ria's comm5t on ! two liv+ creatures 79 ! f\r? c5tury74 ,cyril is 9 d\bt :e!r ! two liv+ creatures are ! ,fa!r & ! ,holy ,_s1 or ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 b recurs to ! e>li] int]pretation t !y are ! ,*]ubim4 ,mr4 ,h>ris also cites ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an ,b5 ,uzziel on ,ze*>iah iii4 #g3 8,if ?\ wilt keep ! obs]vation ( my ^w1 ,i w raise !e up 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & set ?y feet walk+ betwe5 ! two *]ubim40 ,!n1 z soon z ?is id5tification ( ! two liv+ creatures _h be5 made1 x 0 easy1 says ,mr4 ,h>ris1 to pass ov] to ! n9ety-n9? ,psalm1 :i* ,ju/97#abf7 affirms to be a pr$iction ( ,*ri/4 ,a little /udy ( ! op5+ words w %[ "s int]e/+ p>allels ) ,pet]4 8,! ,"l ha? reign$6 ,let ! p be enrag$6 ,sitt+ on ! ,*]ubim1 let ! e>? be %ak54 ,! ,"l 9 ,zion is great & high above all ! p40 ,"h we h a p>allel to ! 8,jews burn+ ) rage10 & to ! enorm\s /ature ( ! ris5 ,*ri/1 &1 p]haps to ! quak+ ( ! e>?4 ,nor is x )\t int]e/ t ,ju/91 hav+ spok5 ( ?is great & high ,*ri/1 %\ld turn imm$iately to ano!r ,psalm 7xix47 :]e ! sun is said to come =? z a bridegroom f 8 *amb]1 & to rejoice z a giant to run a race47#abg7 ,9 ord] to be z j z possible1 all ?is has be5 giv5 9 great] detail ?an p]haps ! case des]ves4 ,x seems r a heavy avalan*e ( conjecture to br+ d[n ^u ,pet]1 :o simply n>rates1 )\t ! mo/ di/ant ref]5ce to any prophetic texts2 & x is p]haps a little h>d t ,ju/91 :o 9 all probability _h ! ,gospel already writt5 & be=e him1 %\ld contribute 9 ?is casual way to ! au?or's discomfiture4 ,h[ev]1 let u see :at !re is to be said ^u ! o!r side4 ,! fir/ g5]al rem>k t may be made is1 t x c sc>cely be consid]$ evid5ce ( ! lat] date ( ,pet] to ascribe to him1 z ! s\rce ( ?is detail1 an elaborate twi/+ ( texts ?r\gh ! op]ation ( gnosis1 :i* has n be5 prov$ to h exi/$ 9 ?is =m be=e ! epo* at :i* he wrote4 ,?is is said )\t any int5tion ( ca/+ d\bt on ! g5]al op]ation ( suppos$ prophetic passages on ! evolution ( ,gospel hi/ory1 b m]ely z que/ion+ ?is p>ticul> explanation ( ! mode 9 :i* ?is repres5tation 0 orig9ally sugge/$1 & m especially = ! purpose ( add+ t1 :atev] reproa* ( ?is k9d is ca/ ^u ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 mu/ equally be direct$ aga9/ ! canonical gospels4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic1 8two m5 9 %9+ app>el0 assi/ at ! resurrection1 & t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel ,m>y sees 9 ! tomb 8two angels 9 :ite sitt+1 ! "o at ! head1 ! o!r at ! feet1 :]e ! body ( ,jesus _h la940 ,"h !re is an occasion = apply+ ) equal--or1 z we %all pres5tly see1 great]--propriety ! argum5t ( 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 to ! writ]s1 & s expla9+ _! repres5tation4 ,b !re is m to be sugge/$ 9 connection ) ! matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ & second ,synoptics1 only "o angel assi/s at ! sc5e1 :o 9 ! second ,synoptic is call$ 8a "y man0 774 ,n[ ! 8two m50 ( great /ature 9 ,pet] only g into ! tomb & come out aga9 ) ,jesus2 b subsequ5tly ! heav5s 7 aga9 op5$ 7v4 #dd71 & a c]ta9 man desc5ds & goes into ! tomb & rema9s !re1 = :5 ! wom5 come 7v4 #ee7 !y see !re 8a c]ta9 "y man0 77 8sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! tomb1 beautiful & clad 9 a %9+ g>m5t10 :o speaks to !m z 9 ! two ,synoptics1 & tells !m t 8,jesus is gone ?i!r :5ce he 0 s5t40 ,?is1 !n1 is ! angel :o appe>s 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ! two m5 ( v4 #cf h be5 id5tifi$ by "s critics z ,moses & ,elias4 ,! acc\nt ( ! transfiguration is giv5 9 all ! ,synoptics1 ?\gh x does n seem to h be5 kn[n to ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel--al?\gh 8,john0 0 an actor 9 ! sc5e--b t 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic is full] ?an ! re/ 7ix4 #bh ff74 ,jesus takes ) him ,pet] & ,john & ,james1 & goes up into ! m\nta9 to pray2 & z he prays 8 c\nt5ance 0 alt]$1 & 8 raim5t becomes :ite & dazzl+2 8& behold !re talk$ ) him two m5 7 71 :i* 7 ,moses & ,elijah2 :o appe>$ 9 glory1 & spake ( 8 decease :i* he 0 ab\t to accompli% at ,j]usalem40 ,:5 ,pet] & ! o!rs 7 fully awake1 8!y saw 8 glory & ! two m5 7 7 t /ood ) him4 ,& x came to pass1 z !y 7 p>t+ f him1 ,pet] said unto ,jesus1 ,ma/]1 x is good = u to be "h2 & let u make ?ree tab]nacles2 "o = !e1 & "o = ,moses1 & "o = ,elijah3 n kn[+ :at he said4 ,& :ile he said ^! ?+s !re came a cl\d1 & ov]%ad[$ !m 444 & a voice came out ( ! cl\d1 say+1 ,?is is my son1 my *os53 he> ye him40 ,to ?is episode ,mr4 ,h>ris might reasonably apply ! te/ ( ! 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis20 b 9 any case1 ! view t ! two m5 ( ! fragm5t are int5d$ to repres5t ,moses & ,elijah--! law & ! prophets--:o _h s %ort a "t be=e 8spok5 ( 8 decease :i* he 0 ab\t to accompli% 9 ,j]usalem10 & :o n[ came1 9 /ature rea*+ to ! heav5s1 b less ?an 8 :i* rose above ! heav5s1 & conduct$ ,jesus ! ,*ri/ =? f ! tomb1 9 :i* t decease _h be5 fulfill$1 is 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,mu* m might be said reg>d+ ?is1 b too mu* "t has already be5 devot$ to ! po9t4 ,! second application ( ,mr4 ,h>ris's te/ is to ! seal+ ( ! /one at ! sepul*re ) sev5 seals4 ,! ,gospel ( ,pet] simply /ates t ! /one 0 seal$ ) sev5 seals1 & ,mr4 ,h>ris endeav\rs to f9d "s ab/ruse mean+ 9 ! /atem5t1 :i* is peculi> to ! fragm5t 9 s f> z ! numb] ( seals is conc]n$4 ,:]e did ,pet] get ! idea8 ,mr4 ,h>ris says1 fir/ f ,ze*>iah iii4 #i3 8,= behold ! /one t ,i h set be=e ,jo%ua2 ^u "o /one are sev5 eyes2 behold ,i w engrave ! grav+ !re(1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s20 & ! "n ,jo%ua is ! ,hebrew equival5t ( ,jesus4 ,a ref]5ce is also made by ! ,fa!rs ( ! second c5tury to passages to prove t ,*ri/ 0 ! /one 7( /umbl+ to ! ,jews1 b ! corn] /one to believ]s74 8,ju/9 recognis$ ,*ri/ 9 ! /one cut out )\t h&s1 ( :i* ,daniel speaks2 9 ! /one :i* ,jacob set = 8 pill[1 & :i* he ano9t$ ) oil2 9 ! /one on :i* ,moses sat 9 ! battle ) ,amalek10 & ! l4 8,be>+ 9 m9d t !re 0 an e>ly t5d5cy to connect ! language ( ! #8,bran*' passage ) ! resurrection1 we c see t ! int]pretation took a second =m1 viz4 to reg>d ! /one be=e ! face ( ,jesus z a prophecy ( ! /one :i* clos$ ! tomb 9 ! evangelic /ory40 ,!re is evid5ce1 ,mr4 ,h>ris says1 t ! sev5 eyes 7 e>ly int]pret$ by ,biblical ,t>gumi/s to mean sev5 seals4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !n1 t ! ,pet] ,gospel speaks ( ! /one z seal$ ) sev5 seals2 x is an attempt to ?r[ ! /ory into clos] p>allelism ) ,ze*>iah1 no d\bt = polemic purposes aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,t he uses ! curi\s ^w 1 :i* we are oblig$1 f ! exig5cies ( language1 to translate 8!y sme>$0 or 8pla/]$0 sev5 seals1 b :i* to ! writ] meant mu* ! same z if he 7 to say1 8!y on-*ri/$ sev5 seals10 is due to ! lurk+ desire to make a p>allel ) ,*ri/ & ! /one directly1 & ) ! ano9t$ pill> ( ,jacob4 ,! /one has a *rism4444 ,b ?is is n all2 9 ,ze*>iah 7iv4 #aj7 !re is a passage1 8!y %all see ! plummet 9 ! h& ( ,z]ubbabel10 b 9 ! ,septuag9t x runs1 8!y %all see ! t9-/one40 ,h[ is ?is to be connect$ ) ! 8/one be=e ! face ( ,jo%ua or ,jesus08 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! pages ( ! ,pet] ,gospel3 8a great cr[d came f ,j]usalem & ! neighb\rhood to see ! tomb :i* _h be5 seal$40 ,x only rema9s to id5tify ! /one :i* !y saw ) ! t9-/one4 ,symma*us retranslat$ ! ,hebrew ^w = 8t90 z if x came f ! root :i* means 8to sep>ate or divide10 & 9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 8! /one :i* _h be5 laid on ! door ( ! tomb )drew 7or sep>at$7 gradually0 7 74 8,! #8plummet' ( ,z]ubbabel10 ,mr4 ,h>ris triumphantly concludes1 8is us$ by ,pet] to make hi/ory squ>e ) prophecy407#abh7 ,n[ aga9 ! g5]al rem>k has to be made t1 9 ord] to convict ,pet] ( a late date1 ,mr4 ,h>ris takes all ?is 8highly evolv$ gnosis0 :]ev] he c f9d x1 )\t consid]ation ( epo*s1 & 9 "s p>ts ^u m]e p]sonal conjecture4 ,he ev5 confesses t he does n "k ! date ( ! translation ( ,symma*us1 :i* he nev]!less uses z an argum5t4 ,he obs]ves1 himself1 t x is 8a little awkw>d0 t ! /one1 :i* at "o "t repres5ts ,jesus1 has to be treat$ 9 ! same brea? z be=e ! face ( ,jesus4 ,! t]ribly complicat$ & involv$ process1 by :i* x is sugge/$ t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] evolv$ a detail s app>5tly simple z ! seal+ ( ! sepul*re ) sev5 seals1 is difficult en\gh to foll[1 & mu/ h be5 /ill m difficult to inv5t1 b 9 8 anxiety to assign a late date to ! fragm5t1 ,mr4 ,h>ris =gets t1 if ! numb] sev5 is evid5ce ( x1 a l>ge "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ be mov$ back ) ! fragm5t4 ,! ,synoptics are full ( x17#abi7 b x is q suffici5t to po9t to ! ,apocalypse1 :i* has ?is typical numb] 9 almo/ e *apt]3 ! message to ! sev5 *ur*es2 ! sev5 spirits be=e ! ?rone2 ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks2 ! sev5 />s2 sev5 lamps ( fire burn+2 sev5 angels2 sev5 trumpets2 sev5 ?und]s2 ! dragon ) sev5 heads1 & sev5 diadems2 ! sev5 angels ) sev5 plagues2 ! woman ) sev5 heads1 & s on4 ,! mo/ /rik+ & apposite in/ance1 :i* ,mr4 ,h>ris inde$ does n pass ov]1 b m5tions z hav+ 8a curi\s & sugge/ive connection0 & 8e appe>ance ( be+ ultimately d]iv$ f ! language ( ,ze*>iah107#acj7 is ! ,book :i* is close seal$ ) sev5 seals1 & ! ,lamb /&+ z ?\gh x _h be5 sla91 hav+ sev5 horns & sev5 eyes1 :i* are sev5 spirits ( ,god1 :i* is f\nd wor?y to take ! book & op5 ! seals47#aca7 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! au?or ( ! fragm5t1 :o does n make ! slighte/ claim to x1 cr$it = s extraord9>y a feat ( syn!tic exegesis1 is x n m simple & probable t he us$ ! numb] sev5 z a m]e ord9>y symbol ( complet5ess8 b if m ?an ?is be deem$ requisite1 & ! detail has a deep] my/ical s5se1 he c only be accus$ ( 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis10 9 company ) ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse & o!r canonical books1 & ?is /ill gives him a position 9 ! same epo* ) !m1 m ?an :i*1 probably1 no "o dem&s4 ,ano!r in/ance may be rapidly dispos$ (4 ,! writ] ( ,pet]1 ,mr4 ,h>ris affirms1 0 n ignorant ( ! gnosis ( ! ,cross wr\ght out by ! ,fa!rs f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 on ! 8,wood0 & ! 8,tree40 ,"o passage at :i* !y lab\r$ heavily is 9 ,habakkuk ii4 #aa3 8,! /one cries out ( ! wall1 & ! cross-beam answ]s back to x40 ,mr4 ,h>ris proce$s3 ,n[ ! au?or ( ! ,pet] ,gospel has be5 at "w on ! passage2 he wi%es to make ! cross talk1 & n only talk1 b answ] back2 accord+ly1 he introduces a "q3 8,ha/ ?\ prea*$ to !m t are asleep80 & ! response is he>d f ! cross1 8,yea40 ,z f> z ,i c suspect1 ! fir/ speak] is ,*ri/1 ! ,/one2 & ! answ] comes f ! ,cross1 ! ,wood4 ,x is !n ! ,cross t has desc5d$ into ,hades4 ,b p]haps ?is is press+ ! writ]'s words a little too f>47#acb7 ,is x n also press+ ! writ]'s ?\ghts a little too f> to sugge/ su* tra9s ( *ildi% int]pretation z ! orig9 ( all 8 *>act]i/ic repres5tations8 ,mr4 ,h>ris1 by way ( br++ ! *>ge ne>] to ,pet]1 says t ! passage ( ,habakkuk 8is quot$ by ,b>nabas1 ?\gh no d\bt f a corrupt$ text1 ) a positive ass]tion t ! ,cross is "h intimat$ by ! prophet407#acc7 ,?is is n s4 ,! passage 9 ,b>nabas 7xii47 reads3 8,he def9e? conc]n+ ! ,cross 9 ano!r prophet1 :o sai?3 #8,& :5 %all ^! ?+s be accompli%$8 sai? ! ,"l4 ,:5soev] a tree %all be b5d$ & /& upright1 & :5soev] blood %all drop f a tree4' ,aga9 ?\ art taught conc]n+ ! cross & him t 0 to be crucifi$40 ,?is is n a quotation f ,habakkuk1 b f #d ,esdras v4 #e4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ( mu* importance4 ,x is ( great] mom5t to obs]ve t ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 apply+ ?is te/1 is only able to 8suspect0 t1 9 ?is episode 9 ,pet]1 ! speak] :o asks ! "q is ,*ri/ ! 8/one10 & ! answ] f ! cross1 ! 8wood20 b z ! fir/ 8speak]0 is a voice 8out ( ! heav5s10 x is difficult to connect x ) 8,*ri/ ! ,/one10 to :om ! "q is actually address$4 ,accord+ to ?is1 he puts ! "q to himself4 ,su* exegesis1 appli$ to almo/ any conceivable /atem5t1 might prove almo/ any conceivable hypo!sis4 ,! next in/ance requires u to turn to a passage 9 ,amos 7viii4 #i-aj1 ,,lxx73 8,& x %all come to pass 9 t day1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 t ! sun %all set at midday1 444 & ,i w turn y\r fea/s into wail+ & all y\r songs to lam5tation1 & ,i w lay sackclo? on all lo9s1 & baldness on e head2 & ,i w set him z ! wail+ = ! belov$1 & ^? t are ) him z a day ( grief40 ,) x1 we are told1 mu/ be tak5 ! p>allel v]se 9 :i* ,ze*>iah 7xiv4 #f1 #g7 pr$icts a day 9 :i* 8!re %all be no light1 b cold & fro/ 444 b t[>ds ev5+ !re %all be light40 ,?is 0 "o ( ! pro(s ) e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ at ! crucifixion1 & ,/4 ,cyprian1 = in/ance1 quotes x4 ,x is also quot$ 9 ! six? ,homily ( ! ,p]sian ,fa!r ,aphrahat aga9/ ! ,jews4 8,! ,gospel ( ,pet] did n app>5tly possess ! gnosis 9 su* a highly evolv$ =m z ?is10 b works on ! same l9es4 ,mr4 ,h>ris !n quotes passages f ! fragm5t1 :i* we %all give aft] him1 ) 8 ins]t$ comm5ts1 b z he does n m>k ! int]vals :i* occur betwe5 !m1 we %all take ! lib]ty ( ins]t+ ! v]ses f :i* !y are tak5 betwe5 brackets4 #ae4 ,x 0 mid-day & d>kness ov] all ! l& ( ,judaea4444 #bb4 !n ! sun %one out1 & x 0 f\nd to be ! n9? h\r at ev5+ "t x %all be light2 #bc4 & ! ,jews rejoic$4444 #be4 & ! ,jews began to wail ,i w turn y\r fea/s into m\rn+4444 #bf4 ,we also 7 fa/+ & sitt+ d[n 7i4e4 sitt+ on ! gr\nd 9 sackclo?7#acd772 ,i w lay sackclo? on all lo9s4 #ej4 ,m>y ,magdal5e _h n done at ! tomb z wom5 are wont to d ov] _! dead belov$s1 s %e took h] fri5ds ) h] to wail ,i w set him z ! ,wail+ = ! ,belov$4 ,! writ] is1 !re=e1 draw+ on ! details ( prophecy1 z sugge/$ by ! curr5t te/imonies aga9/ ! ,jews1 & mo/ likely on a writt5 gnosis involv+ ^! te/imonies4 ,t he veils 8 s\rces simply %[s t he is n "o ( ! fir/ brood ( anti-,jewi% prea*]s4 ,if he _h be5 e>ly1 he w\ld n h be5 artificial or occult47#ace7 ,n[1 z be=e1 ,mr4 ,h>ris uses ! ecc5tricities ( a gnosis :i* he does n prove to h exi/$ at ! "t ! fragm5t may h be5 writt5 &1 = in/ance1 he quotes ,/4 ,cyprian1 :o wrote 9 ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & ! ,p]sian ,fa!r ,aphrahat1 also a writ] long aft] ! ,gospel ( ,pet] 0 compos$1 & 8 rem>k t ! writ] 8did n app>5tly possess ! gnosis 9 s highly evolv$ a =m0 z ,aphrahat1 is n s mu* an admission 9 8 fav\r z to prep>e ! read] to be cont5t ) inf]ior evid5ce4 ,! te/1 h[ev]1 q z mu* applies to our ,gospels z to ! ,gospel ( ,pet]4 ,9 ! previ\s work+1 ( :i* ! fragm5t says no?+1 ^? :o pass 8wag _! heads0 & rail1 9 ea* ( ! ,synoptics1 9 a jubilant way4 ,! fir/ ,synoptic says 7xxvii4 #de f47 8,n[ f ! six? h\r !re 0 d>kness ov] all ! l& until ! n9? h\r40 ,! c5turion & ^? :o 7 wat*+ 8fe>$ exce$+ly40 ,9 ,m>k 7xv4 #cc7 !re also 80 d>kness ov] ! :ole e>? until ! n9? h\r10 b 9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #dd f47 ! resemblance is /ill m m>k$4 ,! d>kness comes ov] ! :ole e>? f ! six? until ! n9? h\r1 8! sun's light fail+40 7#dh7 8,& all ! multitudes t came toge!r to ?is sight1 :5 !y beheld ! ?+s t 7 done1 return$ smit+ _! brea/s40 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xx4 #aa71 ,m>y goes to ! tomb weep+4 ,we %all h m to say reg>d+ ! ,gospels pres5tly1 b "h we ne$ only rem>k t1 :e!r 9 exactly ! same way or n1 ! 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 has c]ta9ly done its "w 9 all ( !m4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,gospel ( ,pet] m]ely takes its place ) ! re/4 ,!re is only "o o!r in/ance to be notic$ "h4 ,x ref]s to "s ( ! details :i* ! writ] ( ! fragm5t introduces into ! mock]y :i* prec$es ! crucifixion4 ,"s ( ! mock]s 8prick0 ,jesus ) a re$2 o!rs spat on 8 eyes4 ,?is1 ,mr4 ,h>ris says1 is connect$ ) a view e>ly tak5 reg>d+ a *ange ( ,jewi% fea/s4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 !re is ! be/ exposition ( ! doctr9e t ! ,fea/ %\ld be turn$ into m\rn+ & ! ,passov] at :i* ,jesus suff]$ %\ld be treat$ z if x _h be5 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,9 ,b>nabas1 ! ritual ( ! great day is discuss$ 9 detail1 & ! rules ( proc$ure = ! ,prie/s & ! ,p1 app>5tly tak51 ,mr4 ,h>ris ?9ks1 f a ,greek h&book1 prove a v>iety ( local usage su* z w\ld n h be5 suspect$ f ! ,scripture1 read ap>t f ! re/ ( ! lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,! 8unwa%$ inw>ds0 ( "o goat1 (f]$ at ! fa/ = all s9s1 are to be eat5 by ! prie/s alone1 ) v9eg>1 :ile ! p fa/ & wail 9 sackclo? & a%es4 ,?is goat is "o ( two ov] :i* lot is ca/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t2 ! o!r is ! scape-goat1 ,azazel1 :i*1 accord+ to ,b>nabas1 0 to be treat$ ) contumely1 & s5t away into ! wild]ness3 8,all ( y spit on him1 & prick him1 & put ! sc>let wool on 8 head10 c4 ,n[ ! two goats bo? repres5t ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,b>nabas1 8:o twi/s ^! writt5 regulations into prophecies ( ! fir/ & second ,adv5ts1 & ( ! details ( ! ,passion40 ,! m5tion ( v9eg> to be eat5 ) ! bitt] portion ( ! goat1 sugge/$ ! words ( ! ,psalm3 8,gall = my meat & v9eg> = my dr9k20 ! comm& to spit on ! goat & prick 7or pi]ce7 him :i* ill-usage1 by ! way1 ! ,talmud admits to h be5 ! practice ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 is int]pret$ by ,b>nabas to be a type or a prophecy ( ,*ri/ 8set at naught & pi]c$ & spat on40 ,is !re any trace ( ! gnosis ( ! two goats 9 ,pet]8 ,if we may judge f ! conjunction ( ! words 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,mock]y1 !re is a decid$ trace3 8,o!rs /ood & spat on 8 eyes 444 o!rs prick$ him ) a re$20 x is ,*ri/ z ! goat ,azazel4 ,mr4 ,h>ris quotes 8an almo/ contempor>y ,sibylli/10 8,!y %all prick 8 side ) a re$1 accord+ to _! law20 & he cont9ues3 8,if ! ,sybilli/ is quot+ ,pet]1 he is also int]pret+ him1 & 8 int]pretation is1 !y %all prick him1 z is done to ! goat ,azazel40 ,to make ,pet] responsible = ! ideas or int]pretations ( ! ,sybilli/ is a little h>d4 ,h[ev]1 let u exam9e ?is matt]4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! only innovation 9 ,pet]1 reg>d+ ! spitt+1 is ! expression t !y 8spat ^u 8 eyes0 in/ead ( simply 8^u him10 or 89 8 face10 z 9 ! ,gospels2 b ^u ?is no?+ turns4 ,! po9t is n ev5 m5tion$2 s x may be dismiss$4 ,reg>d+ ! re$1 ,pet] says !y 8pi]c$0 him ) x1 in/ead ( 8smote him0 ) x4 ,let u leave ! 8pi]c+0 aside = ! mom5t4 ,9 all o!r respects1 ! contumely is ! same 9 ! ,gospels4 ,be=e ! high prie/1 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fg1 ,m>k xiv4 #fe71 !y spit 9 8 face & buffet him1 & smite him ) ! palms ( _! h&s2 & 9 ,luke 7xxii4 #fc f47 !y mock & beat him & revile him4 ,x is curi\s t1 accord+ to ! second ,synopti/1 all ?is 0 =etold1 = he makes ,jesus say 7x4 #cc f473 8,behold1 we g up to ,j]usalem2 & ! ,son ( man %all be deliv]$ unto ! *ief prie/s & ! scribes3 & !y %all condemn him to dea?1 & %all deliv] him unto ! ,g5tiles3 & !y %all mock him1 & %all spit ^u him1 & %all sc\rge him1 & %all kill him1 & aft] ?ree days he %all rise aga940 ,aft] ! trial be=e ,pilate1 9 ,m>k 7xv4 #ag ff471 !y put on him a purple robe1 & ! cr[n ( ?orns on 8 head1 & a re$ 9 8 h&1 & spit ^u him1 & take ! re$ & smite him on ! head4 ,9 ,pet]1 likewise1 !y clo! him 9 purple1 put on 8 head ! cr[n ( ?orns1 spit ^u 8 eyes1 smite him on ! *eeks1 & pi]ce him ) a re$4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re "h except ! m]e pi]c+8 ,yes6 !re is a diff]5ce1 = ,mr4 ,h>ris has =gott5 to ref] to ! sc>let wool put on ! goat ,azazel4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,pet] :i* corresponds ) ! sc>let wool4 ,! robe t is put ^u ,jesus is purple4 ,n[ ,b>nabas1 9 ! *apt] f :i* ,mr4 ,h>ris quotes all ^! passages1 f9ds ?is po9t ( ! 8sc>let wool0 fulfill$ 9 ,jesus3 8,= !y %all see him 9 t day we>+ ! long sc>let robe ab\t 8 fle%407#acf7 ,b if we look 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic we also f9d ?is1 = we read 7xxvii4 #bh73 8,& !y /ripp$ him1 & put on him a sc>let robe0 7 74 ,! m]e detail ( pi]c+ ) ! re$ in/ead ( smit+ ) x is trifl+ comp>$ ) ?is1 & 9 all ess5tial po9ts ,mr4 ,h>ris's te/ m fitly applies to ! fir/ ,synoptic ?an to ,pet]1 & equally s to ! o!r two4 ,z = ! pi]c+ ) ! re$1 h[ev]1 we h only to turn to ! f\r? ,gospel1 & we f9d its c\nt]p>t 7xix4 #cd7 :]e "o ( ! soldi]s ) a spe> pi]c$ ! side ( ,jesus4 ,:y8 7#cf7 8,t ! ,scripture might be fulfill$4444 #8,!y %all look on him :om !y pi]c$4' 0 ,"h is ! 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 )\t any disguise4 ,if "o writ] pref] to fulfil "o "p ( ,scripture1 ! o!r may select ano!r )\t mu* diff]5ce 9 /&+4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,h>ris admits t 8! gnosis on :i* ,b>nabas works is ultimately bas$ on ! same passage0 z t quot$ z fulfill$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel7#acg72 !n :at di/9ction ( date is possible :5 bo? apply ! same gnosis bas$ on ! same texts8 ,,xi ,we h n[ discuss$ practically all ! te/ in/ances advanc$ by ,mr4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 & ! result at :i* we arrive is1 t he has n succe$$ 9 prov+ t ! ,gospel ( ,pet] betrays su* traces ( a 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 z require u to assign to x a lat] date ?an ! canonical ,gospels4 ,if ?is sy/em ( elaborate & p]v]t$ +5uity 7 appli$ to ^! ,gospels1 z x has be5 to ! fragm5t1 & e k9d ( false exegesis1 *ildi% reason+1 & wild int]pretation1 su* z 0 curr5t among/ ! ,fa!rs1 br\ght =w>d to expla9 ! con/ruction ( ! f\r canonical works1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be t]ribly surpris+ to pi\s read]s4 ,t ?is exegesis began e>ly is q und5iable1 & x is n too mu* to say t x is palpably visible on ! v surface ( mo/ ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x _h1 z ,mr4 ,h>ris mu/ admit & does admit1 practical effect on ! composition ( ! ,gospels z !y h come d[n to u1 b x is fully display$ 9 "s ( ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 /ill m 9 ^? pass+ "u 8 "n1 is supreme 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & z = ! ,acts1 ! ,apo/les are1 f ! v op5+1 made to express ! highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis ( ! au?or4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 argue t ! writ] ( ! fragm5t is free f x1 b m]ely t he %>es x equally ) ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 h[ev] mu* _! canonicity1 d]iv$ f ! v ,fa!rs :o are /eep$ 9 ?is gnosis1 may protect !m f ,mr4 ,h>ris's dang]\s attack4 ,)\t go+ into an explanation ( ! g5esis ( v>i\s important po9ts 9 ! /ory1 :i* w\ld require a volume1 we may j glance at "s ( ! po9ts at :i* ! ,evangeli/s frankly decl>e ! s\rce ( ! gnosis1 & all[ ! process to be se54 ,let u take = in/ance ! fir/ ,synoptic4 ,! ev5ts previ\s to ! bir? ( ,jesus 7i4 #ah if47 take place 8t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! ,"l ?r\gh ! prophet1 say+1 ,behold1 ! virg9 %all be ) *ild1 & %all br+ =? a son1 ,& !y %all call 8 "n ,immanuel10 & x is only an illu/ration ( ! navet ( ! p]iod t two v]ses fur!r on !y call ! son1 n ,immanuel1 b ,jesus4 ,! *ief prie/s & scribes in=m ,h]od 7ii4 #e f47 t ! ,*ri/ %\ld be born 9 ,be?lehem ( ,judaea1 because x 0 writt5 by ! prophet3 8,& ?\ ,be?lehem1 l& ( ,judah1 ,art 9 no wise lea/ among ! pr9ces ( ,judah3 ,= out ( !e %all come =? a gov]nor1 ,:i* %all be %eph]d ( my p ,israel40 ,joseph takes ! "y *ild & 8 "m into ,egypt 7ii4 #ae f471 8t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! ,"l ?r\gh ! prophet1 say+1 ,out ( ,egypt did ,i call my son40 ,h]od slays all ! male *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem & 9 all ! bord]s !re( 7ii4 #af f47 & 8!n 0 fulfill$ t :i* 0 spok5 ?r\gh ,j]emiah ! prophet1 say+1 ,a voice 0 he>d 9 ,ramah1 ,weep+ & great m\rn+1 ,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr510 c4 ,on return+ f ,egypt !y settle 9 ,galilee1 9 a city call$ ,naz>e? 7ii4 #bc71 8t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophets1 t he %\ld be call$ a ,naz>5e40 ,john ! ,bapti/ comes prea*+ 89 ! wild]ness0 7iii4 #a f471 8= ?is is he t 0 spok5 ( by ,isaiah ! prophet1 say+1 ,! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness10 c4 ,! temptation ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness is bas$ ^u ?ree texts3 7iv4 #a ff47 8,man %all n live by bread alone10 c42 8,he %all give 8 angels *>ge conc]n+ !e10 c41 & 8,?\ %alt wor%ip ! ,"l ?y ,god10 c4 ,:5 ,john is deliv]$ up 7iv4 #ab ff47 ,jesus leaves ,naz>e? & dwells 89 ,cap]naum1 :i* is by ! sea1 9 ! bord]s ( ,zebulun & ,naphtali3 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ,isaiah ! prophet1 say+1 ,! l& ( ,zebulun & ! l& ( ,naphtali1 t[>d ! sea1 beyond ,jordan1 ,galilee ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! p :i* sat 9 d>kness saw a great light1 & to !m :i* sat 9 ! region & %ad[ ( dea?1 to !m did light spr+ up40 ,9 ! episode ( ,john 9 prison s5d+ 8 disciples to ,jesus 7xi4 #b ff471 ! :ole reply is bas$ indirectly on prophetic gnosis1 & ! v4 #aj directly3 8,?is is he1 ( :om x is writt51 ,behold1 ,i s5d my mess5g] be=e ?y face1 ,:o %all prep>e ?y way be=e !e10 & v4 #ad1 8,& if ye are will+ to receive x1 ?is is ,elijah1 :i* is to come40 ,:5 ! ,ph>isees take c\nsel to de/roy him 7xii4 #ad f471 & ,jesus )draws1 heal+ ! sick & enjo9+ !m t !y %\ld n make him kn[n1 x is 8t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ,isaiah ! prophet1 say+1 ,behold my s]vant10 c4 ,!re is an exhibition ( 8highly evolv$ prophetic gnosis0 7xii4 #ci ff47 :5 a sign is ask$ =1 & ! sign ( ,jonah ! prophet is giv51 8= z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! :ale1 s %all ! ,son ( man be ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?10 a gnosis :i* help$ to %ape ! repres5tation ( ! entombm5t4 ,! speak+ 9 p>ables is ju/ifi$1 n orig9at$ 7xiii4 #ad f471 z a fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 8,by he>+ ye %all he>1 & %all 9 no wise und]/&10 c1 & 7v4 #ce7 8,i w op5 my m\? 9 p>ables10 c4 ,( c\rse1 z ,mr4 ,h>ris says1 8no sane p]son w\ld take ,/4 ,mat!w's quotation z ! cause ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or ! p>abolic disc\rse207#ach7 b1 z he admits1 ! prophetic passages 7 9 ! au?or's m9d1 & are among/ 8! fir/ fa9t %ad[s ca/ by ! prophecy 8 ^u ! hi/ory10 & !y c]ta9ly l$ to ! repres5tation t ^? :o he>d ! p>abolic tea*+1 & notably ! disciples1 did n und]/& ! mo/ lum9\s disc\rses1 & requir$ a private explanation ( ! cle>e/ allegories4 ,! entry into ,j]usalem 7xxi4 #b f47 is arrang$ 8t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet1 say+1 ,tell ye ! daught] ( ,zion1 ,behold1 ?y ,k+ come? unto !e1 meek1 & rid+ ^u an ass1 & ^u a colt ! foal ( an ass20 & ! writ]1 n appreciat+ ! duplication ( ,hebrew poetry1 is lit]al en\gh to relate 7v4 #b7 t ,jesus tells ! disciples !y %all f9d 8an ass ti$1 & a colt ) h]10 :i* !y are to br+1 & 7v4 #g7 8!y br\ght ! ass & ! colt1 & put on !m _! g>m5ts2 & he sat ^u !m0 7 73 a repres5tation :i* has ev] s9ce giv5 mu* tr\ble to pi\s comm5tators4 ,x is n difficult to see t ! 8cleans+ ( ! temple0 7xxi4 #ab f47 takes place because 8x is writt51 ,my h\se %all be call$ a h\se ( pray]1 b ye make x a d5 ( robb]s40 ,! trials :5 8! abom9ation ( desolation 7xxiv4 #af f471 :i* 0 spok5 ( by ,daniel ! prophet10 is se5 8/&+ 9 ! holy place 7let him t reade? und]/&710 is an example ( ! prophetic gnosis4 ,! prep>ation = ! passion comm5ces 7xxvi4 #b71 8,ye "k t aft] two days ! passov] come?1 & ! ,son ( man is deliv]$ up to be crucifi$40 ,jesus is repres5t$ 7v4 #ca7 z say+ to ! disciples3 8,all ye %all be (f5d$ 9 me ?is night3 = x is writt51 ,i w smite ! %eph]d1 & ! %eep ( ! flock %all be scatt]$ abroad20 & ! curi\s phrase :i* foll[s is wor? consid]ation3 8,b aft] ,i am rais$ up1 ,i w g be=e y into ,galilee10 :i* seems to h slipp$ 9 "h out ( its place4 ,! ev5ts :i* take place at ! arre/1 & _! com+ out ) swords & /aves z aga9/ a robb] to take him 7xxvi4 #ff71 8,all ?is is come to pass t ! ,scriptures ( ! prophets might be fulfill$20 & ,jesus c\ld n pray = legions ( angels to help him1 = 7v4 #ff71 8,h[ !n c\ld ! ,scriptures be fulfill$80 ,! conduct ( ,judas aft] he _h betray$ 8 ma/]1 :5 he took back ! pieces ( silv]1 ! price ( 8 betrayal1 to ! prie/s 7xxvii4 #c f471 fulfils 8t :i* 0 spok5 by ,j]emiah ! prophet1 say+1 ,& !y took ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 ! price ( him t 0 pric$1 :om c]ta9 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel did price2 & !y gave !m = ! pott]'s field1 z ! ,"l appo9t$ me40 ,,xii ,?is ne$ n be fur!r pursu$1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple applies q z mu* to ! o!r ,gospels4 ,only "o passage may be quot$ f ! la/ *apt] ( ! ?ird ,synoptic4 ,jesus1 :5 he appe>s to ! disciples1 aft] ! episode ( ! fi% to prove t he is n a _s1 b himself ) fle% & bones 7xxiv4 #cf f471 is repres5t$ z say+3 ,^! are my words :i* ,i spake unto y1 :ile ,i 0 yet ) y1 h[ t all ?+s mu/ ne$s be fulfill$1 :i* are writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses1 & ! prophets1 & ! psalms1 conc]n+ me4 ,!n op5$ he _! m9d1 t !y might und]/& ! ,scriptures2 & he said unto !m1 ,?us x is writt5 t ! ,*ri/ %\ld suff]1 & rise aga9 f ! dead ! ?ird day3 & t rep5tance & remission ( s9s %\ld be prea*$ 9 8 "n unto all ! nations4 ,?is is a direct ju/ification ( ! gnosis1 & x is no wond] t we f9d ,/4 ,sylvia1 "s c5turies lat]1 record+ ! concrete pr9ciple ^u :i* ,gospel hi/ory is writt53 8,no?+ took place :i* _h n be5 previ\sly =etold1 & no?+ _h be5 =etold :i* _h n obta9$ its fulfilm5t40 ,9 s f> z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] is conc]n$1 ! imp>tial v]dict mu/ be3 ,x is nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! m =tunate works :i* h f\nd a safe re/+-place )9 ! ,canon ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is almo/ impossible n[ to judge ( ^! works z we judge ! fragm5t4 ,c5turies ( rev]5ce1 & individual habit ( he>+ _! cont5ts ) docility & ) bat$ criticism1 h r5d]$ mo/ ( u incapable ( judg+ ! effect :i* a good "p ( _! cont5ts w\ld make ^u u if1 l ! fragm5t ( ,akhmm1 !y _h be5 fre%ly discov]$ ye/]day4 ,!re is no canonical glam\r to veil its %ortcom+s1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 9 ?is %ort fragm5t1 we h none ( ^? p>ts ( ! ,gospel1 su* z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & "s ( ! p>ables1 :i* conta9 s mu* noble tea*+ & r5d] ! lit]ature s preci\s4 ,!n1 z we h be=e po9t$ out1 ! canonical ,gospels1 9 _! great] circulation & 9 ! process ( reception by ! ,*ur*1 secur$ a gradual revision :i* might h smoo!d away any r\ghness f ! ,gospel ( ,pet] _h x be5 equally =tunate4 ,! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels are s closely dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 or on ! same s\rces1 z to be practically "o "w2 & al?\gh ?is r5d]s all ! m rem>kable c]ta9 indications ( selection1 "s ( :i* we h po9t$ out1 x nev]!less limits our acqua9tance ) e>ly belief4 ,x is ! m]it ( ! fragm5t t x pres5ts consid]able v>iation 9 ! orig9al s\rces1 & %[s u ! fluidity ( ! e>ly reports ( t :i* 0 suppos$ to take place dur+ ! p]iod :i* x embraces4 ,we h 9 x a primitive & less cry/allis$ =m ( ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,,app5dix 7#a7 444 1 2 4 7#b7 1 1 4 7#c7 1 1 4 7#d7 4 7#e7 1 1 1 2 4 7#f7 1 4 1 1 4 7#g7 1 1 1 4 7#h7 4 7#i7 1 2 1 4 7#aj7 1 2 1 4 7#aa7 1 4 7#ab7 1 4 7#ac7 1 8 7#ad7 1 1 4 7#ae7 1 2 1 1 2 4 7#af7 2 7#ag7 4 1 4 7#ah7 1 2 4 7#ai7 1 2 4 7#bj7 4 7#ba7 1 2 1 4 7#bb7 4 7#bc7 1 7#bd7 4 4 7#be7 1 1 2 4 7#bf7 1 2 4 7#bg7 1 4 7#bh7 1 1 2 7#bi7 1 1 7#cj7 1 1 4 7#ca7 4 4 7#cb7 4 7#cc7 1 4 7#cd7 1 1 4 7#ce7 1 1 4 7#cf7 1 4 7#cg7 1 4 7#ch7 1 2 7#ci7 1 1 1 2 7#dj7 1 4 7#da7 8 7#db7 4 7#dc7 4 7#dd7 4 7#de7 1 1 1 4 7#df7 1 4 7#dg7 2 7#dh7 1 1 1 4 7#di7 4 7#ej7 1 7 1 1 27 7#ea7 4 7#eb7 1 1 4 7#ec7 1 8 7#ed7 1 4 1 1 4 7#ee7 2 1 1 1 8 8 7#ef7 8 2 1 1 2 4 7#eg7 4 7#eh7 1 1 1 4 7#ei7 1 4 7#fj7 2 1 444 ,,footnotes #a ,fragm5ts grecs du ,livre d',eno*1 c41 publis p> les membres de la ,mission ar*ol4 franaise ,caire1 ,fasc4 #c1 #ahic4 #b #a ,fasc4 #c #c ,fasc4 #d ,! ,greek ,text w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 #e ,! text ( ?is s5t5ce is faulty4 #f 1 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 7 71 1 1 4--,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #ab4 #g ,lods1 ,de ,evang4 secundum ,petrum1 #ahib1 pp4 #h ff42 ,h>nack1 ,bru*/cke d4 ,evang4 u4s4w4 des ,petrus1 zweite ,aufl4 #ahic1 p4 #da2 ,zahn1 ,das ,ev4 des ,petrus1 #ahic1 pp4 #e f41 #gj ff42 ,kunze1 ,das neu aufgef4 ,bru*/ck des sog54 ,petrusev4 #ahic1 pp4 #aj f42 ,swete1 ,! ,akhmm ,fragm5t ( ! ,apocr4 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #ahic1 pp4 xii f41 xliv f42 ,hilg5feld1 ,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,!ol4 #ahic1 ii4 ,heft4 pp4 #bba f41 #bci ff42 ,j4 ,armitage ,rob9son1 ,b4,d41 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 c41 #ahib1 pp4 #ae ff42 ,m>t9eau1 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahic1 pp4 #ijf ff42 ,j4 ,r4 ,h>ris1 ,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 p4 #bcf2 van ,man51 ,!ol4 ,tijds*r4 ,juli #ahic1 p4 #che4 #h ,l4c4 p4 #d f4 #i ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #af4 #aj ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #c4 #aa ,sozom4 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #ai2 ,canon ,murat4 ,tregelles1 p4 #fe4 #ab ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bg4 #ac ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #c4 #ad ,comm4 9 ,matt4 ,t4 x4 #ag3 1 1 7 1 4 #ae ,cf4 ,murray1 ,expositor1 ,janu>y1 #ahic1 pp4 #ee ff4 #af ,de ,vir4 illu/r4 i4 #ag 4 ,ha]4 ,fab4 ii4 #b4 #ah ,zahn1 ,ges*4 des ,n4 ,t4 ,kanons1 ii4 #gdb f42 ,lods1 l4c4 pp4 #ad ff4 ,zahn1 h[ev]1 admits t ,!odoret's /atem5t may at lea/ be tak5 z te/imony t ! ,gospel 0 9 use among/ a sect>ian community 9 ,syria4 ,das ,ev4 d4 ,petrus1 pp4 #gj f4 #ai ,h>nack1 l4c4 pp4 #dj ff42 ,zahn1 l4c4 pp4 #eg ff42 ,j4 ,o4 ,f4 ,murray1 ,! ,expositor1 ,janu>y #ahic1 pp4 #ee ff42 ,kunze1 l4c4 pp4 #ce ff42 ,hilg5feld1 l4c4 pp4 #bdb ff42 ,b]n>d1 ,academy1 ,decemb] #ahib1 ,septemb] #cj1 #ahic2 ,swete1 l4c4 p4 xxxi4 #bj ,academy1 ,octob] #ba1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahic4 #ba ,gu>dian1 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahic4 #bb ,academy1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahic1 p4 #efh4 #bc ,! detail$ /atem5t ( ! case may be f\nd 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 complete ed4 #ahgi1 i4 #bhc ff4 ,hort 7,j\rnal ( ,philology1 iii4 #aee ff47 places x z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #adh4 #bd 1 1 1 1 1 1 444 ,dial4 cvi4 ,! :ole argum5t may be f\nd 9 detail 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 #ahgi1 i4 #daf ff4 #be ,see ! argum5t1 ,sup]natural ,religion1 i4 #ddh ff4 #bf 1 1 444 ,apol4 i4 #ff4 #bg ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci4 #bh ,dial4 xxiii41 xliii4 twice1 xlv4 ?rice1 c4 twice1 ci41 cxx42 ,apol4 i4 #cb cf4 ,sup]natural ,religion1 i4 #cjj f4 #bi ,luke ii4 #d4 #cj ,dial4 lxxviii4 #ca ,protevang4 ,jacobi1 x42 ,tis*5dorf1 ,evang4 ,apocr4 p4 #ai f4 #cb ,cf4 ,sup]natural ,religion1 i4 #cjd f4 #cc ,apol4 i4 #dj4 #cd ,! ^w us$ 9 ! ,gospel is 1 to drag along1 b ,ju/9's ^w is m]ely ! same v]b ) ! addition ( 1 1 to worry1 or h>ass ) abuse4 ,al?\gh ! ,engli% equival5t is ?us *ang$1 & conceals ! analogy ( ! two passages1 ! addition ( 1 /rictly consid]$1 _c s *ange ! mean+ ( 1 b r %\ld imply a cont9uance ( ! same action4 ,?is is also ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's view4 #ce 1 1 2 4 ,apol4 i4 #ce4 #cf 1 1 444 1 1 4 ,evang4 ,petri1 #f4 ,hilg5feld says reg>d+ ?is1 8,0 fehlt no* zu dem ,beweise1 dass ,ju/9us1 wie i* s*on #ahej ausgefhrt habe1 das ,petrus-,evg4 b5utzt hat80 ,zeits*r4 #ahic1 ii4 #bea4 #cg ,?is passage has be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? by ,dr4 ,m>t9eau 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,octob] #ahic1 pp4 #fdg ff471 9 controv]sy ) ,mr4 ,t4 ,r5del ,h>ris 7,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 pp4 #bcd ff471 z x has frequ5tly be=e be54 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau seems to be 9 ! "r ^u all po9ts 9 connection ) x4 #ch ,hilg5feld1 ,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,!ol4 #ahic1 pp4 #bdi ff42 cf4 ,lods1 ,de ,evang4 sec4 ,petrum1 pp4 #ab f42 ,h>nack1 l4c4 pp4 #ch f41 #fc f42 ,m>t9eau1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,octob] #ahic1 pp4 #fej f42 cf4 ,swete1 l4c4 p4 xxxiv4 #ci ,dial4 xcvii4 #dj ,swete1 l4c4 p4 xxxiv4 ,mr4 ,r5del ,h>ris says3 8,i reg>d x z c]ta9 t ! read+ implies connection betwe5 ,ju/9 & ,pet]1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh a ?ird s\rce accessible to bo?40 ,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 p4 #bca4 #da ,apol4 i4 #ej4 #db 1 4 ,dial4 liii42 cf4 ,sup]natural ,religion1 i4 #ccj ff4 #dc ,dial4 ciii4 #dd ,dial4 cviii4 #de ,cf4 ,sup]natural ,religion1 i4 #cci4 #df ,cf4 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #ab4 #dg ,dial4 lxxxviii42 cf4 ,sup]natural ,religion1 i4 #caf ff4 #dh ,dial4 ciii4 ,!re is ano!r passage 9 ,dial4 cxxv41 :i* may be comp>$3 1 1 1 1 444 #di ,mr4 ,murray1 = in/ance1 quotes a passage f ,orig51 us+ a simil> expression to t 9 our fragm5t1 t ,jesus 0 sil5t z suff]+ no pa91 ) a comm5t :i* %[s t he did n suspect a ,docetic int]pretation4 ,expositor1 ,janu>y #ahic1 pp4 #ee f4 #ej ,h>nack1 l4c4 pp4 #ch ff42 ,lods1 l4c4 pp4 #ab f42 ,hilg5feld1 ,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,!ol4 #ahic1 pp4 #bba1 #bda1 #bfg2 van ,man51 ,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 #ahic1 pp4 #che f41 #eea ff42 ,m>t9eau1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahic1 p4 #iaj1 ,octob]1 pp4 #fdc f42 cf4 ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 ,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 pp4 #bbg ff41 #bca4 #ea ,cf4 ,swete1 l4c4 pp4 xxxiii4 ff4 #eb ,v]se #af4 #ec ,v]se #bg4 #ed ,v]se #bh4 #ee ,mr4 ,murray po9ts out t ,orig5 likewise reg>ds ! 8gall0 z baleful1 z he likewise repres5ts ) our fragm5t ! break+ ( ! limbs z an act ( m]cy 7,expositor1 ,janu>y #ahib1 pp4 #ef f474 ,hilg5feld is q conv9c$ t ! ,epi/le d]ives ! passage f ,pet] 7,zeits*r4 #ahic1 ii4 #bee f474 #ef ,! :ole passage may be giv5 "h1 z argum5ts are f\nd$ ^u x3 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 4 8 4 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 444 7vii4 #c-e74 #eg ,h>nack f9ds x almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,dida*e made use ( ?is ,gospel 7l4c4 pp4 #eh f41 #hj72 s also van ,man5 7,!ol4 ,tijds*r4 ,septemb] #ahic1 pp4 #cec f47 & o!rs4 #eh ,l4c4 pp4 xxi f4 #ei ,l4c4 pp4 xxii f4 #fj ,l4c4 p4 xxii1 n4 #a4 #fa ,l4c4 p4 xxiv4 #fb ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! newly recov]$ ,gospel ( ,pet]1 #ahic1 pp4 v1 f4 #fc ,ib4 p4 #ge4 #fd ,ib4 p4 #gf4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ! ,syriac v]sion ( ,cureton to ,luke xxiii4 #dh gives ne>ly ?is s5t5ce1 & t ! old ,lat9 ,codex ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 reads3 8dic5tes3 ,vae nobis1 quae facta sunt hodie propt] peccata no/ra2 approp9quavit enim desolatio ,hi]usalem40 ,mr4 ,h>ris ( c\rse ref]s to ^! passages4 ,h>nack consid]s t ?is passage is d]iv$ f our ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 7l4c4 p4 #eg74 #fe ,l4c4 p4 #ha4 ,x may be well to give ! passage n[ 9 ,moes+]'s "w3 8 #8,vae fuit1 vae fuit nobis1 ,filius ,dei erat hic4' ,quum autem eis sol naturalis defecisset1 tunc p] i/as t5ebras eis lucidum fiebat1 excidium urbis suae adv5isse3 #8v5]unt1 ait1 judicia dirutionis ,j]osolymorum4' ,quia itaque haec urbs non recepit eum qui eam a$ificav]at1 re/abat ei ut ru9am suam vid]et40 ,evang4 ,concord4 ,expositio1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bde f4 #ff ,l4c4 p4 #gh4 #fg ,l4c4 pp4 #ha f4 #fh ,l4c4 pp4 #hc f4 ,cf4 ,zahn1 l4c4 p4 #fe4 ,zahn consid]s x 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t ?is 0 tak5 by ,tatian f ,pet]1 b ! improbability is by no means made out4 #fi ,l4c4 pp4 #hb f4 #gj ,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 p4 #bcf4 #ga ,ev4 ,concor4 ,expos4 p4 #bde4 #gb ,lods 7be=e ,a4,d4 #aej71 ,ev4 sec4 ,petrum1 #ahic1 pp4 #bf f42 ,rob9son 7be=e ,a4,d4 #afj71 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 c41 #ahib1 p4 #cb2 ,h>nack 7beg9n+ ( second c5tury71 l4c4 p4 #hj2 ,zahn 7,a4,d4 #adj-ade71 ,das ,ev4 des ,petrus1 #ahic1 p4 #ge2 ,kunze 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj71 ,das neu aufgefund4 ,bru*/ck des sog54 ,petrusev4 #ahic1 p4 #dg2 ,hilg5feld 7end ( fir/ c5tury71 ,zeits*r4 #ahic1 pp4 #bff f42 ,swete 7,a4,d4 #aej-afe71 ,! ,akhmm ,fragm5t1 #ahic1 p4 xlv2 von ,s*ub]t 7soon aft] middle ( second c5tury71 ,die ,comp4 des ,pseudopetr4 ,ev4 ,fragm5ts1 #ahic1 p4 #aie2 ,w4 ,c4 van ,man5 7old]1 r ?an lat]1 ?an our ,gospels71 ,!ol4 ,tijds*r4 #e;de ,/uk1 #ahic1 pp4 #efe ff42 ,m>t9eau 7,a4,d4 #acj71 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahic1 p4 #ibe1 ,septemb]1 p4 #fcc2 ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris 7no objection to ,a4,d4 #acj71 ,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 p4 #bcf4 #gc ,zahn1 l4c4 pp4 #ah ff42 ,swete1 l4c4 pp4 xliii1 f4 #gd ,zahn consid]s inau!ntic 9 ?is place1 b x /&s 9 ,a ,c ,d1 & _m o!r codices1 & x is adopt$ by ! ,revis]s ( ! ,n4 ,t4 #ge ,al?\gh ?is is n "p ( ! ,gospel1 x is v anci5t4 #gf ,l4c4 p4 xliii4 #gg ,l4c4 pp4 xliii1 f4 #gh ,magn4 ix4 #gi ,cf4 4 ,evang4 ,nicod4 ,p>s #a4 ,a4 ix4 #c2 ,tis*5dorf1 ,evang4 ,apocr4 #ahec1 p4 #bbi4 #hj ,= ! sake ( brevity ^! ,gospels w be call$ simply ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john4 #ha ,hilg5feld conjectures t ?is abrupt m5tion ( ,joseph indicates t he mu/ already h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet]4 ,zeits*r4 #ahic1 #aa4 ,heft1 pp4 #bdd f4 #hb ,cf4 4 ,evang4 ,nicod4 ,p>s ,i4 ,a4 xi4 #c2 ,tis*5dorf1 ,evang4 ,apocr4 #ahec1 p4 #bcd4 #hc ,l4c4 pp4 #bf f4 #hd ,zahn1 ( c\rse1 argues t ! comm&s ( ,h]od c only h be5 giv5 to ! previ\sly nam$ ,jews1 ! judges ( ,jesus1 8& p]haps to _! s]vants0 7und etwa d]5 ,di5]71 & he f9ds fault ) ,h>nack = "h br++ 9 8soldi]s0 f ! canonical ,gospels1 )\t w>rant f ! text4 ,he decl>es !m to be directly exclud$ by ! lead+ t5d5cy ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet] 7l4c4 p4 #bg74 ,?is suppos$ 8lead+ t5d5cy10 ( hatr$ ( ! ,jews1 is a good deal exagg]at$4 #he ,zeits*r4 #ahic1 ii4 #bdh f4 #hf ,murray1 ,expositor1 ,janu>y #ahic1 pp4 #ee f4 #hg ,van ,man5 conjectures t ! au?or got ?is 8,k+ ( ,israel0 f ! indep5d5t use ( "s ,hebrew or ,aramaic s\rce4 ,tijds*r4 ,juli #ahic1 p4 #djh4 #hh ,s1 = in/ance1 ,swete1 ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 ,rob9son1 & o!rs4 ,o!rs di/9ctly id5tify ! ) ! malefactor3 z1 = in/ance1 ,kunze1 l4c4 p4 #bb2 ,von ,s*ub]t1 l4c4 pp4 #bh f42 cf4 ,lods1 l4c4 p4 #ba4 #hi ,l4c4 p4 #bf4 #ij 8,w] &]] ,me9ung i/1 sollte sie fr si* behalt50 7l4c4 p4 #ee74 #ia ,zeits*r4 #ahic1 ii4 #bed4 #ib ,van ,man51 ,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 #d;de ,/uk1 #ahic1 pp4 #djh f42 ,m>t9eau1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahic1 p4 #iaa4 #ic ,9 ! apocryphal "w call$ ,anaphora ,pilati1 an acc\nt ( ! crucifixion suppos$ to be s5t by ,pilate to ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius1 ,pilate is repres5t$ z describ+ ! d>kness :i* comes ov] ! :ole e>?1 & say+ t ! ,emp]or c\ld n be ignorant 8t 9 all ! _w !y light$ lamps f ! six? h\r until ev5+0 7 74 ,anaphora ,pilati1 ,b4 #g2 ,tis*5dorf1 ,evang4 ,apocr4 #ahec1 p4 #dbc4 #id ,) reg>d to ?is addition ( ,luke1 we may ref] to a v int]e/+ lett] ( ,dr4 ,abbott's 9 ! ,spectator ( ,octob] #ba1 #ahic1 f :i* we take ! lib]ty ( extract+ ! foll[+ passage3 8,9 ,luke 7xxiii4 #de7 ! correct read+ is 1 ( :i* ! natural int]pretation is1 ! sun be+ eclips$4 ,n[1 z x 0 well kn[n t an eclipse c\ld only happ5 at new moon1 & z ,passov] 0 at full moon1 ?is w\ld involve a port5t\s miracle4 ,! probability is t ,luke1 :o 0 by no means afraid ( miracles1 meant a miracle "h4 ,n cont5t ) say+ 7) ! ,synoptics7 #8d>kness came ov] all ! l&1' he adds1 9 ord] to %[ t ! d>kness 0 miracul\s1 #8! sun be+ eclips$4' ,b is ?is eclipse #8an inv5tion ( a consci\s or unconsci\s romanc]'8 ,an exam9ation ( ! p>allel passages 9 ,m>k & ,mat!w w %[ t x is n4 ,!re we f9d t ,jesus utt]$ a cry to ,god z ab&on+ ,him4 ,^! words caus$ difficulty f ! fir/4 ,! words #8my ,god' 7 r5d]$ by "s 7e4g4 ! ,gospel ( ,pet]7 #8my ,p[]2' by ! f\r? ,gospel ! words 7 omitt$2 our olde/ manuscripts exhibit _m v>iations3 1 1 2 ! v by/&]s are said to h int]pret$ ! words z ref]r+ to ,elias fail+ to help4 ,n[ #8,elias fail+ to help' might be1 9 ,greek1 1 or q z (t5 1 i4e4 ! sun be+ eclips$4 ,x seems extremely probable1 !n1 t ,luke is n "h #8inv5t+' a miracle1 b sugge/+1 or adopt+1 an edify+ & miracul\s int]pretation ( :at seem$ to him a non-edify+ tradition0 7pp4 #edf f474 #ie ,or 8,:y did/ ?\ =sake me80 #if ,dem4 ,ev4 x4 #h1 p4 #did4 #ig ,x is sugge/$ t ^! words mu/ be tak5 z s>casm on ! "p ( ^? :o give ! body to ,joseph4 #ih ,h>nack sugge/s t p]haps 9 ! au?or's "t ,joseph's g>d5 0 a kn[n locality 7l4c4 p4 #bh74 #ii ,! ,syriac v]sion ( ,cureton has ne>ly ! same read+4 #ajj ,zeits*r4 #ahic1 ii4 #bdf4 #aja ,x w be rememb]$ t ! same accusation is br\ght aga9/ ,/eph5 9 ,acts4 ,! mock]y ( ! pass]s-by 7,matt4 xxvii4 #dj71 8,?\ t de/roye/ ! temple1 & builde/ x 9 ?ree days1 save ?yself10 is also 9 ! same ve94 #ajb ,!re is an int]e/+ discussion ( ! "q by ,van ,man51 ,!ol4 ,tijds*r4 #ahic1 #d;de ,/uk1 pp4 #dbc ff4 #ajc ,l4c4 p4 #bh4 #ajd ,dr4 ,swete also takes ?is view ( ! passage1 l4c4 p4 #ae1 n4 #d4 #aje ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m in/ances ( su* exagg]ation3 ,apoc4 x4 #a f42 ,h]mas1 ,sim4 ix4 #f2 #d ,esdras1 ii4 #dc2 ,passio ,p]p4 c4 #aj4 #ajf ,l4c4 p4 #gj4 #ajg ,cf4 ,ju/91 ,apol4 i4 #ee3 ,dial4 lxxxvi4 xci42 ,ir5aeus1 ,c4 ,ha]4 ii4 #bd1 #d2 v4 #ag1 #c f4 ,9 ! ,ev4 ,nicod4 ii4 7,lat4 ,b71 9 :i* ! desc5t is fully treat$1 ,jesus ,*ri/ is begg$ to make ! sign ( ! cross3 8,et factum e/ ita1 posuitque dom9us crucem suam 9 m$io inf]ni1 quae e/ signum victoriae et usque 9 aet]num p]manebit0 7,evang4 ,nicodemi1 ,p>s ii4 ,lat9e ,b4 cap4 x4 7xxvi472 ,tis*5dorf1 ,evang4 ,apocr4 #ahec1 p4 #dji2 ,ep4 ,b>n4 c4 #ab2 ,greg4 ,nyss4 ,adv4 ,jud4 c4 #g74 #ajh ,con/itt4 ,app4 viii4 #ab1 pp4 #bei1 #ac f4 #aji ,! expression is s peculi> t we give x 9 ! orig9al4 #aaj ,l4c4 pp4 #bfc f4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau translates ! passage3 8,ha/ ?\ prea*$ ob$i5ce to !m t sleep80 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahic1 pp4 #iag f4 #aaa ,h>nack1 l4c4 pp4 #fh f42 ,lods1 l4c4 p4 #dh1 al?\gh ) a 82 ,zahn1 l4c4 pp4 #bb f42 ,rob9son1 l4c4 pp4 #bd f42 ,swete1 l4c4 pp4 xiv4 #ai4 7,dr4 ,swete consid]s any ref]5ce to #a ,pet4 iii4 #ai improbable47 ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 l4c4 pp4 #ea f41 #hi2 von ,s*ub]t1 l4c4 pp4 #aja f42 cf4 van ,man51 l4c4 pp4 #ebb f42 ,m>t9eau1 l4c4 pp4 #iag f4 #aab ,dem4 ,ev4 #ejj4 ,?is is ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,swete1 l4c4 p4 #ai1 n4 #b4 #aac ,= in/ance1 ,ignat4 ,ep4 ,magn4 #i2 ,h]mas1 ,sim4 ix4 #af4 #aad ,dial4 lxxii4 #aae ,ha]4 iii4 #bj1 #d2 iv4 #bb1 #a2 #cc1 #a1 #ab2 v4 #ca1 #a4 #aaf ,l4c4 p4 #eb4 #aag ,we/cott & ,hort put ^! words betwe5 d\ble brackets1 z almo/ c]ta9 int]polations1 ?r\gh ! action ( 8,we/]n influ5ces40 #aah ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 p4 #bi1 n4 #a4 #aai ,9 ! passage #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc m5tion is made ( a betrayal3 89 ! night 9 :i* he 0 betray$10 b )\t fur!r detail1 & x is q consi/5t to suppose t ! 8betrayal0 is n attribut$ to "o ( ! ,twelve4 ,h[ev]1 !re is consid]able reason = believ+ t ?is passage is an int]polation4 ,x is a fact t a betrayal is n allud$ to 9 any o!r place :]e we might expect to f9d x 9 ^! ,epi/les2 e4g4 ,rom4 iv4 #be2 viii4 #cb2 ,gal4 ii4 #bj4 #abj ,h>nack argues at consid]able l5g? t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] mu/ h conta9$ ! episode ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 ins]t$ into ! f\r? ,gospel4 #aba ,contemp4 ,rev4 ,augu/ #ahic1 p4 #bag4 #abb ,l4c4 pp4 #bac f4 #abc ,l4c4 p4 #bae4 #abd ,l4c4 p4 #baf4 #abe ,l4c4 p4 #baf4 #abf ,dial4 lxiv4 #abg ,l4c4 pp4 #bai ff4 #abh ,l4c4 pp4 #bba ff4 #abi ,e4g4 ,matt4 xii4 #de2 xv4 #cd1 #cg2 xxii4 #be f42 ,m>k viii4 #e1 #h2 xii4 #bj ff42 xvi4 #i2 ,luke ii4 #cf2 viii4 #b2 xi4 #bf2 xx4 #bi f4 #acj ,l4c4 p4 #bbb4 #aca ,apoc4 v4 #a ff4 #acb ,l4c4 p4 #bbd4 #acc ,ibid4 #acd ,?is is n express$ 9 ! text1 :i* ,mr4 ,h>ris r /ra9s = 8 purpose4 ,! correct read+ is3 8,we 7 fa/+1 & we sat m\rn+ & weep+10 4 #ace ,l4c4 pp4 #bbd f4 #acf ,b>nabas1 #g4 #acg ,l4c4 p4 #bbf4 #ach ,l4c4 pp4 #cae f4