---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes 99 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 99 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ 7includ+ hyph5ation7 & =matt+ h n be5 correct$1 except t s&pap] has be5 *ang$ to s&-pap]4 99 ,special *>act]s & =matt+3 99 ,a ,v-%ap$ symbol is repres5t$ z ,v2 99 ,text pr9t$ 9 italics & bold face 9 ! orig9al "w are repres5t$ "h z text & text1 respectively2 99 ,small capitals 9 ! orig9al "w are repres5t$ by all- capitals2 99 ,sup]script *>act]s 9 ! orig9al "w are repres5t$ "h z regul> *>act]s4 99 ,a/]isms are repres5t$ z 9999992 99 ,9-l9e illu/rations are repres5t$ z ,figure2 99 ,9 ! multi-page table ! repeat$ head+s & 'c>ry =w>d' _/ 'c>ri$ =w>d' h be5 remov$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,h&-,,craft4 ,,draw+ ,,books4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,draw+ ,book4 ,"p ,i4 ,compil$ by ,t4 ,g4 ,roop]4 ,two ,hundr$ ,blackbo>d ,draw+ ,ex]cises = ,infants' ,classes4 ,small qu>to1 clo?1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,draw+ ,book4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,compil$ by ,t4 ,g4 ,roop]4 7,curv$ l9es47 ,small qu>to1 clo?1 price #as4 ,,infants' ,,draw+ ,,books4 ,a ,v>i$ ,occupation4 ,book ,i4 ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,l9es ( v>y+ l5g?s 9 comb9ation4 ,book ,,ii4 ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,l9es1 ) ,oblique ,l9es drawn at ,angles ( #de ,degrees4 ,book ,,iii4 ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,l9es1 ) ,oblique ,l9es drawn at v>i\s ,angles4 ,,price ,,twop5ce ,,ea*4 ,recomm5d$ by ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t = ,beg9n+ 9 ,elem5t>y ,day ,s*ools4 ,,junior ,,draw+ ,,books4 ,?ree ,books4 ,,price ,,twop5ce ,,ea*4 ,,draw+ ,,books4 ,to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,new ,class ,subject--,draw+--& =m+ a complete c\rse ( ,in/ruction 9 ,freeh& & ,geometry1 ) full directions & space = work+4 ,,freeh&4 ,book ,i4 ,l9es1 ,angles1 ,p>allels4 ,simple ,"r-l9$ ,=ms4 ,book ,,ii4 ,simple ,"r-l9$ ,=ms4 ,book ,,iii4 ,simple ,comb9ations ( ,/raight & ,curv$ ,l9es1 =m+ famili> ,symmetrical ,figures4 ,book ,,iv4 ,m ,advanc$ ,comb9ations ( ,/raight & ,curv$ ,l9es1 =m+ ,symmetrical ,figures4 ,books ,v4 ,,vi4 ,famili> ,symmetrical ,objects ( ! ,home4 ,books ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,/age ,,ii4 ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,books ,,ix4 ,x4 ,common ,objects 9 ,light & ,%ade4 #aa in*es by #g-a_/b in*es1 pap] cov]s1 ,twop5ce ea*4 ,,books ,i4-,,viii4 h ,,sixte5 ,,pages4 ,,books ,,ix4 & ,x4 ,,eight ,,pages4 ,,geometry4 ,book ,i4 ,l9es1 ,p>allels1 ,angles & ,triangles drawn ) ,rul]s4 ,book ,,ii4 ,quadrilat]als & ,simple ,geometrical ,figures drawn ) ,rul]s4 ,book ,,iii4 ,l9es & ,angles4 ,book ,,iv4 ,draw+ to ,scale4 ,book ,v4 ,triangles1 ,quadrilat]als1 ,circles & ,tang5ts4 ,book ,,vi4 ,polygons1 ,ellipses1 ,inscrib$ & ,describ$ ,figures4 ,book ,,vii4 ,inscrib$ & ,describ$ ,figures4 ,book ,,viii4 ,proportionals & ,areas4 ,book ,,ix4 ,simple ,scales1 ,projection ( ,rectangul> ,solids1 & ,plane ,figures4 ,book ,x4 ,ditto 7m advanc$71 & ) ,sections4 ,book ,,xi4 ,projection ( ,circul> ,solids & ,sections4 ,,books ,i4-,,viii41 #aa in*es by #g-a_/d in*es1 pap] cov]s1 ,twop5ce ea*4 ,,books ,,ix4-,,xi41 #ad in*es by #aj-c_/d in*es1 pap] cov]s1 ,?reep5ce ea*4 999999 ,a ,book ( ,specim5 ,pages ( ?is ,s]ies w be =w>d$ free to ,head-,tea*]s on application4 ,s+le ,copies ( any ( ! ,books are s5t po/-free on receipt ( ! publi%$ price4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,ma*9e ,,design4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,ar*]1 ,c]tificat$ ,tea*]1 ,subject ,,ii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,/age4 #a4 ,hexagon & ,squ>e-head$ ,bolts & ,nuts4 #b4 ,flange ,c\pl+ ( ,%afts ( diff]5t diamet]4 #c4 ,hydraulic ,pipe ,jo9t4 #d4 ,/eam ,pi/on4 #e4 ,cyl9d] ,cov] & ,/uff+ ,box4 #f4 ,full ,way ,/op ,valve4 ,on ,sep>ate ,%eets1 #ac-a_/b in*es by #i-a_/b in*es1 ! ,six 9 a ,packet1 ,sixp5ce4 ,,advanc$ ,,/age4 #a4 ,laun* ,eng9e4 #b4 ,details ( ,crank ,%aft & ,columns4 #c4 ,details ( ,slide ,valve & ,l9k ,motion4 #d4 ,details ( ,pi/on1 ,cros%ead1 & ,connect+ ,rod4 #e4 ,laun* ,eng9e ,cyl9d]4 #f4 ,details ( ,b$-plate4 ,on ,sep>ate ,%eets1 #ac-a_/b in*es by #i-a_/b in*es1 ! ,six 9 a ,packet1 ,sixp5ce4 ,,griffi?1 ,,f>ran1 ,,ok$5 ,,wel%1 ,,london4 ,,h&-,,craft3 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,reliable ,,basis ,,( ,,te*nical ,,education ,,9 ,,s*ools ,,& ,,classes4 ,a ,,text ,,book ,,embody+ ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,pure ,,me*anical ,,art1 ,,)\t ,,! ,,aid ,,( ,,ma*9]y2 ,,be+ ,,an ,,engli% ,,exposition ,,( ,s,l,oe,j,d ,,z ,,cultivat$ ,,9 ,,sw$51 ,,& ,,g5]ally ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,all ,,sc&9avian ,,peoples1 ,,to ,,_! ,,great ,,advantage4 ,,expla9$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,john ,d4 ,,sutcliffe1 ,,( ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,recreative ,,ev5+ ,,classes4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,horsfall1 ,j4,p4 ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,e4 ,,m]rill ,,co4 #eb #ed ,,lafayette ,,place #ahij ,,introduction4 ,x is surpris+ t s few ef=ts h hi!rto be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry to introduce manual tra9+ into ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,adequate reason = mak+ su* tra9+ "p ( ! national sy/em ( education exi/s 9 ! fact1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! p h to e>n _! livelihood by indu/ries = ! atta9m5t ( a high degree ( skill 9 :i* e>ly tra9+ ( h& & eye is z necess>y z x is = success 9 ! use ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,!re c be no d\bt t if1 9 #ahgj1 a sy/em1 resembl+ t ( ,sloyd1 _h be5 g5]ally introduc$ into ,engli% ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 ! jo9]s1 metal-work]s1 & mo/ o!r craftsm5 ( to-day1 w\ld possess m skill 9 _! own "w1 & m int]e/ 9 all k9ds ( manual "w1 ?an !y d n[ possess1 & t ,engli% workpeople1 f9d+ t _! *ildr5 receiv$ at s*ool k9ds ( tra9+ obvi\sly well fitt$ to increase wage-e>n+ p[]1 w\ld less commonly ?an n[ be c>eless ) reg>d to _! *ildr5's att5dance at s*ool4 ,?is reason = desir+ ! introduction ( manual tra9+ into ,elem5t>y ,s*ools might h be5 expect$ to sugge/ itself to all p]sons :o are acqua9t$ ) ! conditions "u :i* ! mass ( ,engli% p live2 b exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ,sw$5 & o!r c\ntries :]e ! ,sloyd sy/em has be5 l>gely us$1 proves t !re are also /rong educational reasons = desir+ t ,sloyd %all be introduc$ into all ,engli% ,elem5t>y ,s*ools z soon z possible4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ?is admirably graduat$ sy/em ( tra9+ n only fo/]s deftness ( h& & correctness ( eye1 z x might be expect$ to d1 b also has di/9ctly moral & intellectual effects1 z x promotes pati5t att5tion1 /eady application1 & int]e/ 9 "w1 to a v high degree4 ,its effect on _m ( ! l>ge class ( *ildr5 :o1 ?\gh n dull>ds1 %[ lack ( int]e/ 91 & defici5cy 9 ! p[] to und]/&1 ! subjects compris$ 9 ! ord9>y s*ool-curriculum1 has be5 mo/ b5eficial4 ,9 _! ,sloyd-lessons _m ( ^! *ildr5 h f\nd !mselves ! equals1 "s m ?an ! equals1 ( companions f> _! sup]iors at book-"w1 & h by ?is ga9$ a confid5ce 9 _! own ability :i* has (t5 react$ on _! p[] & _! w to conqu] _! o!r lessons4 ,?us _m *ildr5 :o1 :5 !y fir/ began ,sloyd1 7 di/9ctly bel[ ! av]age 9 intellig5ce1 h become "u its influ5ce completely normal4 ,on ne>ly all *ildr5 ! effect ( ?is k9d ( tra9+ has be5 s vivify+ t1 at lea/1 z mu* progress has be5 made ) o!r subjects1 :5 sev]al h\rs weekly h be5 giv5 to ,sloyd1 z _h be5 made previ\sly :5 all ! s*ool-"t 0 giv5 to !m4 ,! g5]al educational value ( ,sloyd has1 inde$1 be5 f\nd to be s great1 t 9 "s s*ools 9 ,sw$i% t[ns z _m z eight h\rs are giv5 to x ea* week4 ,all p]sons :o "k h[ badly prep>$ are ! majority ( ! *ildr5 :o n[ leave our ,elem5t>y ,s*ools = ga9+ rapidly skill 9 ! "w by :i* !y h to live1 or = tak+ an intellig5t int]e/ 9 _! own "w or 9 ! be/ h&iwork ( o!rs1 mo/ /rongly desire t ! educational au?orities 9 ?is c\ntry w no long] delay ! introduction ( a sy/em1 ! great usefulness ( :i* has be5 s fully asc]ta9$ 9 o!r l&s1 & = :i* _m well-tra9$ ,engli% tea*]s c n[ be obta9$4 ,mr ,sutcliffe br\ght to ! c>eful /udy ( ,sloyd1 k ( ! me?ods ( wood-c>v+2 & 8 treatise w d\btless be f\nd to be helpful to all tea*]s ( ! new sy/em4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,horsfall1 ,j4,p4 ,,swanscoe ,,p>k1 ne> ,,macclesfield4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,"s fri5ds h advis$ t elem5t>y sugge/ions %\ld h be5 giv5 z guidance = ! use ( ! tools4 ,ev]y?+ ( ! k9d has be5 omitt$1 because x is va9 to rely ^u book k 9 su* matt]s4 ,h[ to h&le & use ! tools c only be well imp>t$ by a compet5t tea*] 9 practice4 ,! au?or avails himself ( two m l9es1 :]e9 to ackn[l$ge ! valuable lit]>y assi/ance he has receiv$ f 8 fri5d1 ,mr ,ri*>d ,russell1 ( ,a%b\rne ,h\se1 ,h]ne ,hill1 ,london4 ,j4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,p5dleton1 ,,man*e/]1 ,m>* #ahij4 ,,h&-,,craft4 ,= "s g5]ations !re has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,sw$51 & among/ ,sc&9avian & k9dr$ peoples1 a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 p]sonal +5uity1 unkn[n 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries4 ,x does n seem to h ev] be5 p]sev]$ 9 aft] ! mann] ( trad+ indu/ry1 b z a means ( promot+ ?r\gh\t ! community a ta/e & skill = ! p]=mance ( highly-f9i%$ productions 9 me*anical art1 proce$+ f ! simple to ! complex1 & result+ 9 a widely-diffus$ facility = all k9ds ( con/ructive occupations4 ,su* c\rse or sy/em ( tra9+ is call$ ,sloyd1 & writt5 ,sloejd4 ,= ! majority ( ,engli% p su* a ^w _c h a mean+1 & _c appeal ) adequate =ce to popul> appreciation4 ,! ne>e/ equival5t 9 ,engli% to ! ,sw$i% ^w ,sloejd w\ld seem to be ,h&-,craft1 or me*anical tra9+ = ! h&1 und]tak5 volunt>ily = ! satisfaction ( acquir+ manual skill 9 g5]al1 z di/+ui%$ f a h&icraft ( limit$ application1 pursu$ ( necessity f day to day1 r by r\t9e ?an by skill4 ,h&-,craft is !re=e adopt$ z synonym\s 9 ,engl& ) ! ^w ,sloejd 9 ,sw$54 ,z cultivat$ 9 ,sw$51 x involves all k9ds ( manual tra9+1 & is applicable to highly f9i%$ productions 9 lea!r1 metal1 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 b x suffices1 = educational purposes1 to limit tea*+ & ex]cise to objects made ( wood4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t ,h&-,craft is ma9ly educational1 & is valuable1 n = :at x produces1 b = ! tra9+ :i* ! production involves2 j z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & _! accurate use1 are ! ess5tial prelim9>ies to lit]>y atta9m5ts4 ,x imp>ts & cultivates me*anical dext]ity1 j z le>n+ to read & write spontane\sly developes m5tal capacity4 ,!re=e1 :oev] ma/]s a c\rse ( ,h&-,craft acquires an aptitude = all k9ds ( mat]ial processes4 ,su* an aptitude1 :ile useful & gratify+ to ! individual1 is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce among/ p s deeply int]e/$ z ! ,engli% are 9 manufactur+ pursuits4 ,h&-,craft also has /rong claims to be cultivat$ z a recreation1 & exp]i5ce proves t x may be s reg>d$1 ) e prospect ( becom+ popul> z su*4 ,t\*+ ?is matt] ( recreation1 & ^? :o h n ! faculty = view+ ! subject 9 t light1 ref]5ce may be made to famili> facts ) ref]5ce to *ess4 ,p]haps !re is no?+ t1 to ! un9itiat$1 appe>s m /upid1 insipid1 & purposeless ?an ! progress ( t game4 ,yet !re are ?\s&s1 :o h s reg>d$ x1 :o1 aft] be+ well initiat$1 h become int]e/$ & absorb$ by x1 to an ext5t exce$+ ! possibilities ( _! orig9al belief4 ,s x is ) ,h&-,craft1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ,h&-,craft1 :ile supply+ an inc5tive to :olesome p]sev]ance1 develop+ into a fasc9at+ recreation1 is sugge/ive at e turn ( life-long utility1 ) ref]5ce to an inf9ite v>iety ( probable subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,x promotes a delightful consci\sness ( ! m]its ( neat1 natty ta/efulness & judgm5t ) ref]5ce to e mat]ial ?+1 & tra9s ! m9d & ! eye1 z well z ! h&1 to p]ceive & appreciate excell5ce ( design & f9i%1 proportion1 beauty1 & adaptability ( ! mo/ famili> appliances4 ,tra9+ ( ?is k9d has1 9 rec5t ye>s1 be5 mu* /imulat$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,in/itute or ,sem9>y = its tea*+ & cultivation at ,naeaes 9 ,sw$51 :]e v g5]\s accommodation & facilities are provid$ = ! in/ruction ( tea*]s f all p>ts ( ,sw$5 & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! subsequ5t mission ( ea* ( ^? tea*]s is to diffuse ! ta/e & k he has ?us acquir$ among/ 8 own p on 8 return to !m1 or among/ o!r p :]e he may f9d enc\ragem5t to settle = t purpose4 ,?us h ! f\ndations be5 laid = ?is g5ial draw+ out & ex]cise ( lat5t me*anical g5ius among/ ! p ( ,engl&4 ,) ! object ( wid5+ ^? f\ndations1 ^! pages h be5 prep>$2 prim>ily z =m+ a ,text ,book = ,tea*]s1 b also z an inc5tive to p>5ts1 educationi/s1 & /atesm5 to =tify ! ris+ g5]ation ( ,engl& aga9/ ! opprobrium s ju/ly alleg$ aga9/ ! ,engli% ( ! pres5t day1 t !y are beh9d ! re/ ( ! indu/rial _w 9 ^? elem5ts ( me*anical ta/e & skill1 :i* are becom+ m & m ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( manufactur+ & comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,an e>ne/ det]m9ation to promote am5dm5t 9 ^! respects _c be bett] c>ri$ into effect ?an by insi/+ t ,h&-,craft %all be reg>d$ z an ess5tial bran* ( ! ,te*nical ,education t is n[ /ruggl+ to ass]t itself usefully4 ,if su* a bran* be left out1 ! m]e tea*+ ( r\t9e trade processes w inevitably fail4 ,su* r\t9e processes are _m ( !m 9 heavy-h&$1 r\gh disreg>d ( ! nicety1 accuracy1 f9i%1 & judgm5t :i* intellig5t ex]cise 9 ,h&-,craft c alone imp>t2 :i* is ! only reliable basis = ! sup]ior me*anical results s mu* ne$$4 ,h&-,craft 9 wood is di/+ui%$ f c>p5try or jo9]y 9 _m important respects4 ,!re is no division ( lab\r4 ,ev]y?+ produc$ is ! entire "w ( "o op]ator1 = ! defects ( :i* he is solely responsible4 ,?is directness ( responsibility is "o ( ! great m]its ( ,h&-,craft1 be+ calculat$ to promote :olesome pride 9 ! excell5ce ( complete "w2 a s5tim5t t is apt to be v weak1 or totally want+1 :]e division ( lab\r is mu* reli$ ^u4 ,! intellectual faculties are br\ght into unison ) ! h&1 by k & exp]i5ce develop+ toge!r ) increas+ dext]ity4 ,g5u9e respect & sympa?y are develop$ = manual toil by famili>ity ) its application4 ,love ( "w 9 g5]al is develop$1 & a ta/e = x in/ill$ by practical exp]i5ce ( its utility4 ,habits ( att5tion1 p]sev]ance1 indu/ry1 & discipl9e are =m$1 cultivat$1 & unconsci\sly graft$ ^u ! pupil1 by ! application necess>y to excel4 ,indep5d5ce1 ord]1 & cleanl9ess spontane\sly gr[ & become "p ( ! nature ( ! op]ator4 ,manual dext]ity be+ ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 ! op]ator is end[$ ) ! consequ5t acquir$ ability = deal+ ) ! practical bus9ess ( life4 ,education be+ ! object t %\ld be con/antly kept 9 view1 9 ! tea*+ & practice ( ,h&-,craft1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly appreciat$ t x is adapt$ = =m+ & %ap+ ! entire b5t ( all ! faculties4 ,! objects recomm5d$ to "w ^u are all small1 & are !re=e )9 ! capacity ( ! v "y1 & ( bo? sexes4 ,= ! same reason1 ! eye1 ! h&1 & ! judgm5t are tra9$ to precise =m & f9i% 9 ! m9ute/ details4 ,?is is important1 =1 ?\gh x is g5]ally easi] to make some?+ l>ge & r\gh ?an small & smoo?1 no "o :o is incapable ( mak+ a small model well c make a l>ge "o any bett]4 ,small objects are inv>iably ! be/ tra9+ to "w ^u1 z be+ c]ta9 to inspire appreciation = neatness1 exactness1 & accuracy4 ,,basis ,,( ,,tea*+4 ,practical tea*+ ( ,h&-,craft is bas$ ^u models = imitation4 ,^! models1 di/+ui%$ by numb]+ f #a;,a & #a;,b to #be1 are repres5t$ by ! draw+s accompany+ ^! pages1 & ! in/ructions h]eaft] subjo9$ are expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! draw+s4 ,! foll[+ is a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,models4 999999 ,! second column indicates ! k9d ( wood requir$--,b4 signify+ ,bee* or ,bir*1 & ,f4 signify+ ,fir1 commonly call$ ,deal or ,p9e2 ! class ( wood usually di/+ui%$ z ,p9e be+ pref]able to ! r\gh]-gra9$ wood g5]ally class$ z ,deal4 ,no4 ,wood4 ,names ( ,models4 #a;,a4 ,b4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,po9t]4 #a;,b4 ,b4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ! same4 #b4 ,b4 ,p>cel-,p9 or ,c>ri]4 #c4 ,f4 ,fl[]-,/ick4 #d4 ,b4 ,envelope ,op5]4 #e4 ,f4 ,rectangul> ,fl[]-,/ick4 #f4 ,f4 ,p5cil ,hold]4 #g4 ,f4 ,key ,label4 #h4 ,b4 ,?read-,w9d]4 #i4 ,f4 ,dibble = ! ,g>d54 #aj4 ,b4 ,p5-,re/4 #aa4 ,f4 ,fl[]-pot ,/&4 #ab4 ,b4 ,pap]-,knife4 #ac4 ,b4 ,knife-,re/4 #ad4 ,b4 ,b[l1 = ,toilette1 c4 #ae4 ,b4 ,hamm] ,h&le4 #af4 ,b4 ,h&le = ,*isel or ,file4 #ag4 ,b4 ,spoon4 #ah4 ,f4 ,*opp+-,bo>d4 #ai4 ,b4 ,measure 7,half-y>d74 #bj4 ,b4 ,scoop = ,fl\r1 ,sug>1 c4 #ba4 ,f4 ,hang+-,pegs4 #bb4 ,f4 ,/& = ,fl[]-,pot1 c4 #bc4 ,f4 ,foot/ool4 #bd4 ,f4 ,b4 ,book ,c>ri]4 #be4 ,b4 ,ladle4 ,,tools ,,& ,,appliances4 ,! foll[+ is a ,li/ ( ,tools & ,appliances necess>y = produc+ ! models be=e enum]at$1 ) ! co/ ( ea*1 bo? ,sw$i% & ,engli%4 ,descriptions ( ,articles4 ,be/ ,sw$i%4 ,be/ ,engli%4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,c>p5t]'s ,b5* 9 ,p9e1 #f ft4 long #aa #c #ac #j ,knife 7resembl+ a ,%oemak]'s7 #j #d #j #h ,two ,frame ,saws1 blades #c_/h & #a-a_/d wide #b #ga #aj #f ,t5on or ,dovetail ,saw 7small7 #b #j #c #j ,jack ,plane #a #h #d #i ,smoo? ,plane #a #a #c #i ,?ree ,furm] ,*isels1 #c_/h1 #c_/d1 & #a-a_/d wide #a #b #b #d ,?ree ,outside ,g\ges1 #a_/b1 #g_/h1 & #a-a_/h wide #a #d #b #h ,two-foot ,rule #j #f #j #f ,squ>e 7#f 947 #a #f #a #aj ,bevel 7#f 947 #j #h #b #c ,m>k+ ,gauge #j #f #j #f ,compasses #a #j #a #h ,hamm] 7small7 #j #h #j #h ,mallet #j #f #a #j ,oil/one #j #g #a #j ,scrap]1 ) r\nd end #j #b #j #e ,two ,files 7half r\nd71 "o r\gh1 ! o!r smoo? #a #j #c #j ,*opp] or ,axe #a #aj #a #f ,spoke%ave 7iron7 #j #e #a #j ,screw-driv] #j #c #j #g ,glue-,pot & ,bru% #a #f #j #aj ,p9c]s #j #g #j #i ,two ,brad-,awls #j #b #j #d ,brace & tw5ty-f\r ,bits #d #j #f #i ,s&-pap] ,no4 #a;,a ,p5cil --------------------------- #bcg #c #fe #c #a ,no?+ exactly l ?is ,sw$i% ,saw is made 9 ,engl&4 #b ,exclusive ( c>riage f ,go!nburg4 ,al?\gh ! prices ( ! ,engli% tools are s mu* high] ?an ! ,sw$i% 7) few exceptions71 !y are *eap] 9 ! end4 ,!y are m c>efully made2 ! wood is dri] & bett] select$2 & ,sw$i% /eel is n to be comp>$ ) ,engli%4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,sw$i% tools are good en\gh to put into ! h&s ( s*ool boys & girls1 & !y h also ! advantage ( be+ consid]ably light] 9 weight4 ,,! ,,b5*4 ,a draw+ ( ! ,b5* is annex$1 to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o adapt$ = ,sloyd or ,h&-,craft & ! k9d 9 common use by c>p5t]s4 ,! ,sloyd ,b5* is usually ab\t #g ft4 long1 #b ft4 wide1 & #c ft4 #c 94 high4 ,z %[n 9 ! draw+1 x has an extra ,b5* ,screw at ! end1 :i* enables ! /ud5t to fix a piece ( level wood rigidly on ! top ( ! ,b5*1 by plac+ ! end aga9/ a ,/op1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & br++ ! pressure ( ! ,end ,screw to be> on ! o!r end4 ,! num]\s holes 7%[n 9 ! draw+7 on ! ,b5* ,top1 are s arrang$ t ! ,/op c be fix$ 9 any ( !m4 ,= s*ool "w ! ,b5*es are (t5 made d\ble--t is1 ) a ,screw on ea* side & on ea* end ( ! ,b5*4 ,?is arrangem5t economises space1 & answ]s all practical purposes2 enabl+ two /ud5ts to "w at "o b5*4 ,! ,sloyd] w f9d x an advantage to fix a small draw] "u ! b5* top4 ,9 ?is he %\ld keep 8 s&-pap] & files1 z no?+ is s detrim5tal to ! edges ( ! %>p tools z ^! two articles4 ,illu/ration ,,tool ,,ex]cises4 ,! mak+ ( ! models involves tra9+ 9 ! ex]cises enum]at$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 ! numb]+ be+ = subsequ5t ref]5ce4 #a4 ,long ,cut 7) gra974 #b4 ,end ,cut 7across gra974 #c4 ,oblique ,cut4 #d4 ,bevel ,cut4 #e4 ,saw+ (f4 #f4 ,convex ,cut4 #g4 ,long ,saw+4 #h4 ,edge ,plan+4 #i4 ,squ>+ ) ,set ,squ>e4 #aj4 ,gaug+4 #aa4 ,drill+ ) ,brace & ,%ell-,bit4 #ab4 ,flat ,plan+4 #ac4 ,fil+4 #ad4 ,drill+ ) ,brace & ,c5tre-,bit4 #ae4 ,curv$ ,saw+4 #af4 ,concave ,cut4 #ag4 ,bevell$ ,plan+4 #ah4 ,%ap+ ) ,plane4 #ai4 ,*opp+4 #bj4 ,cross-,saw+4 #ba4 ,mortis+ ) ,knife4 #bb4 ,wave-,saw+4 #bc4 ,plane ,surface-,cut ) ,knife4 #bd4 ,scrap+4 #be4 ,ob/acle-,plan+4 #bf4 ,p]p5dicul> ,*isell+4 #bg4 ,concave ,*isell+ or ,g\g+4 #bh4 ,g\g+ ) ,spoon-,iron4 #bi4 ,oblique ,*isell+4 #cj4 ,smoo?+ ) ,spoke%ave4 #ca4 ,%ap+ ) ,spoke%ave4 #cb4 ,oblique ,saw+4 #cc4 ,oblique ,plan+4 #cd4 ,end ,plan+4 #ce4 ,ex]cises ) ,smoo?+ ,plane4 #cf4 ,"w 9 ,h>d ,wood4 #cg4 ,d[ell+ or ,r\nd ,mortis+4 #ch4 ,bevell+ ,edge ) ,plane ,oblique4 #ci4 ,glu+4 #dj4 ,s9k+ 9 ( ,iron ,plates4 #da4 ,nail+4 #db4 ,s9k+ ( ,nails4 #dc4 ,bevell+ ) ,%ap+ ,knife4 #dd4 ,p]p5dicul> ,g\g+4 #de4 ,po9t ,plan+4 #df4 ,oblique ,groov+4 #dg4 ,circul> ,saw+4 #dh4 ,fix+ ) ,screws4 #di4 ,modell+ ) ,knife4 ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,models4 ,! foll[+ are ! descriptions ( h[ to apply ! ,ex]cises to ! mak+ ( ! ,models4 ,,no4 #a;,a4 ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,po9t]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #a & #b47 ,comm5ce ) a piece ( ,bee*1 r m ?an #e 94 long1 & n less ?an #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,x is all ! bett]1 = ?is & o!r ex]cises1 if x is split f a l>g] piece1 & has no side ei!r squ>e or /raight4 ,) ! knife1 make "o side level & smoo?1 to a wid? r exce$+ #c_/h 94 ,:5 t is done p]fectly1 make ano!r /raight side at "r angles to ! fir/4 ,trim ! ends2 !n m>k ) ! p5cil at ea* end a #c_/h-;94 squ>e1 ) ! two /raight sides z bases4 ,!n cut two additional /raight sides 9 unison ) ^? squ>es4 ,?is w produce a /em a %ade m ?an #e 94 long & #c_/h 94 squ>e4 ,m>k ea* end ) a diagram ?us ,figure2 !n draw correspond+ l9es along ea* side4 ,!n1 lett+ "o end rema9 ! same size2 r$uce ! o!r end to #a_/h 94 squ>e 7z %[n 9 c5tre ( diagram7 by tap]+ ea* side symmetrically ?r\gh\t4 ,?is w result 9 ! /em be+ #c_/h 94 squ>e at "o end & #a_/h 94 squ>e at ! o!r end4 ,!n1 guid$ by ! diagram at ! ?ick] end1 take (f ! f\r corn]s symmetrically ?r\gh\t1 ?us produc+ a tap]$ octagonal /em4 ,!n1 9 l mann]1 take (f ! eight corn]s ) great precision1 s z to ma9ta9 uni=m symmetry1 & ! result w be a tap]$ /em1 approximately r\nd ?r\gh\t & po9t$ at "o end4 ,! ,long ,cut hav+1 ?us f>1 be5 solely resort$ to1 measure f ! po9t1 & make a m>k at #d 942 !n cut (f at ! m>k1 ?us ex]cis+ ! ,cross ,cut4 ,!n1 by judici\sly apply+ s&-pap]1 ! po9t] may be made p]fectly smoo? & almo/ p]fectly r\nd1 z x %\ld be ?r\gh\t4 ,,no4 #a;,b4 ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,po9t]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #a1 #b1 & #c47 ,proce$ z = ! previ\s model until ! r\nd po9t] is produc$4 ,!n apply ,ex]cise #c to ! two ,oblique ,cuts %[n f ,a to a 9 ! figures #a1 #b1 & #c1 ( draw+s ,no4 #a;,b4 ,^! ,oblique ,cuts dem& great c>e & precision1 z ! ,cuts %\ld be precisely opposite ea* o!r1 p]fectly level & symmetrical4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,p>cel-,,p9 ,,or ,,c>ri]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #a1 #b1 & #d47 ,comm5ce ) a piece ( ,bee* r m ?an #c 94 long & #e_/h 94 ?ick4 ,r$uce x 9 l mann] z previ\sly describ$ to a /em #c 94 long & #c_/h 94 squ>e ?r\gh\t4 ,!n apply ,ex]cise #d1 & s bevel ! sides & ends z to make *amf]s1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c ( draw+s ,no4 #b4 ,!n draw a l9e across ! c5tre ( "o side1 & !re cut a ,v-%ap$ not* z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 s z to provide = a /r+4 ,!n f9i% ) a piece ( s&-pap] laid ^u a flat surface1 ^u :i* fir/ rub ! sides1 !n ! *amf]s1 & la/ly ! ends4 ,,no4 #c4 ,,fl[]-,,/ick4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #a1 #b1 & #f47 ,?is is ! fir/ model made 9 s(t wood1 & introduces ,ex]cise #e1 ,saw+ ,(f4 ,f ! edge ( a #c_/d-;94 bo>d saw (f a piece ! same wid? z ! ?ickness1 & ab\t #ad 94 long4 ,proce$ z = ,no4 #a;,a until a rod is produc$ #a_/b 94 squ>e ?r\gh\t4 ,!n1 by a cross made f corn] to corn] ,figure f9d ! c5tre ( "o end4 ,!n take (f ! corn]s ?r\gh\t until an octagonal rod is produc$2 !n take (f ! eight corn]s s z to make ! rod r\nd & ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,!n apply ,ex]cise #f1 ! ,convex ,cut1 & po9t ! end :]e ! c5tre is m>k$4 ,!n measure f ! po9t & m>k at #ab 941 & !re cut (f at "r angles4 ,!n apply s&-pap]1 & ! result w be a tap]$ symmetrical r\nd rod1 po9t$ at "o end1 z %[n 9 draw+s ,no4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a;,a4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,po9t] ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a;,b4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,po9t] ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,p>cel ,c>ri] ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c4 ,r\nd ,plant ,/ick ,,no4 #d4 ,,envelope ,,op5]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #a1 #b1 & #f47 ,saw f ,bee*1 a piece ab\t #h 94 long1 #c_/d 94 wide & #a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,) ! knife1 make "o ( ! flat sides p]fectly level & smoo? ?r\gh\t1 & cut "o end across at "r angles4 ,) a f9e p5cil1 draw on ! level side ! outl9e ( ,fig #a ( draw+s ,no4 #d1 & also1 ) compasses1 describe on ! end ! semicircle %[n by ,fig #c ( draw+s ,no4 #d1 ) ! flat edge = ! base4 ,apply ! long cut to ! edges at "r angles to ! flat side4 ,!n1 on ea* ( ! edges ?us flatt5$1 draw a l9e %[+ ! c\rse ( ! tap]+ illu/ration on ! fir/ side ( ,fig4 #b ( draw+s ,no4 #d4 ,apply ! long cut to ea* ( ^? l9es1 at "r angles to ! edges4 ,?is w produce a rod1 flat on "o side1 & pres5t+ a tap]$ half squ>e on ! o!r4 ,!n %ave (f ! corn]s ( t squ>e1 s z to produce half a tap]$ octagon2 !n %ave (f ! corn]s ( t octagon1 be+ c>eful t ! "w is 9 unison ) ! semicircle previ\sly describ$ on ! ?ick end4 ,:5 s f> done to satisfaction1 r\nd bo? ends symmetrically1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b ( draw+s ,no4 #d1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #e4 ,,rectangul> ,,fl[]-,,/ick1 ,,) ,,*amf]$ ,,or ,,bevell$ ,,corn]s4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #f1 & #c47 ,9 ?is model ! ,jack ,plane & ! ,try ,squ>e are us$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,saw (f f ,p9e a piece ab\t #af 94 long & #c_/d 94 squ>e4 ,plane "o side /raight & true1 & "o ( ! o!r sides at "r angles4 ,cut ea* end across at "r angles1 & on ea* end1 us+ ! plan$ edges z basis1 m>k ,fig4 #b ( draw+s ,no4 #e4 ,!n plane ! o!r two sides at "r angles1 s z to produce a squ>e rod1 :i*1 at e "p ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 %\ld fit ! try squ>e4 ,!n1 ) ! plane1 take ab\t two %av+s (f ea* corn]1 9 unison ) ! figures at ! ends4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 cut ! po9t f a to a z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #e4 ,!n measure f ! long-po9t$ end1 m>k ! exact l5g?1 cut across at ! m>k1 & cut ! o!r end to a po9t ) eight sides z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,f9i% ) s&-pap] at ! long-po9t$ end only4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d4 ,envelope ,op5] ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #e4 ,plant ,/ick ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f4 ,p5cil ,hold] ,,no4 #f4 ,,p5cil ,,hold]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #a1 #aa1 #f1 & #b47 ,?is model = ! fir/ "t introduces ! ,brace & ,bit4 ,saw (f f ,p9e a piece #aj 94 long1 & #c_/d 94 squ>e4 ,) ! knife1 cut "o end across at "r angles1 & make x smoo?4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ! end z = model ,no4 #a4 ,fix ! /em v]tically 9 ! ,b5* ,screw1 ) ! smoo? end upw>ds4 ,fit a #c_/af-,%ell-,bit into ! ,brace1 & bore a c5tre hole 9 ! end ( ! /em z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ( draw+s ,no4 #f1 & to ! dep? dott$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 drill+1 s t ! hole may be clean & p]p5dicul>4 ,) ! knife1 p>e d[n ea* side s z to leave a #a_/b-;94 squ>e1 ) ! drill$ hole 9 ! c5tre4 ,f9d ! c5tre 9 ! opposite end4 ,m>k a l9e ab\t #b-a_/d 94 f ! drill$ end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,f t l9e1 %ave ea* side d[n to ! c5tre la/ f\nd4 ,!n take (f ! corn]s s z to make a tap]$ octagon4 ,!n take (f ! corn]s ( ! octagon1 s z to produce a r\nd tap]$ rod4 ,measure f ! ?ick end & m>k ! exact l5g?1 &1 at ! m>k1 cut across4 ,!n r\nd ! end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,,note4--,?is is a repetition to a consid]able ext5t ( ,model #a on a l>g] scale4 ,! /ud5t may be tempt$ to proce$ )\t go+ ?r\gh ! processes describ$1 b ! temptation %\ld be rigor\sly resi/$1 z a satisfactory result _c be obta9$ except by adh]+ to all ! details prescrib$4 ,,no4 #g4 ,,key ,,label4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #f1 #b1 & #ac47 ,?is is ma9ly int5d$ = an ex]cise 9 plan+1 & x is bett] to get out a piece ( ,p9e suffici5t = two models--t is1 ab\t #i 94 long1 #a-c_/d 94 wide1 & #a 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side1 & !n "o edge1 p]fectly /raight & squ>e to ea* o!r4 ,!n set ! gauge to #a-a_/b 94 to fit ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #g4 ,apply ! gauge to ! /raight5$ edge & m>k (f ! wid? along ! smoo? side4 ,!n plane t edge d[n to ! l9e s made1 us+ ! try-squ>e to keep ! edge at "r angles ) ! /raight5$ side4 ,next f9d ! c5tre #c_/d 94 f ! top end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,f t c5tre describe ) ! compasses a semicircle4 ,!n fit a #c_/af-,%ell-bit into ! ,brace1 & bore a hole1 at ! c5tre ( ! semicircle1 "r ?r\gh4 ,!n set ! gauge to #e_/af 94 = ! ?ickness1 z %[n by ,fig4 #b4 ,apply ! gauge to ! /raight5$ side1 & m>k ! l9e = ?ickness along ea* edge4 ,!n plane ! r\gh side d[n to ^? l9es4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 cut r\nd precisely to ! semicircle1 us+ ! try-squ>e frequ5tly4 ,if a d\ble l5g? is comm5c$ )1 z be=e recomm5d$1 ! c5t]+1 m>k+1 drill+1 & r\nd+ mu/ be done at bo? ends4 ,measure f ! r\nd$ end1 & rule ) ! squ>e1 ! l5g? ( #d-a_/d 94 ,!n1 ) ,t5on or ,dovetail ,saw1 cut (f j outside ! l9e4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 p>e d[n to ! l9e1 & ) a file1 smoo? t end z well z ! r\nd$ end1 f9i%+ ?r\gh\t ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #h4 ,,?read-,,w9d]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #a1 #f1 #af1 & #ac47 ,bee* is requir$1 ab\t #g 94 long1 #c 94 wide1 & #a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge4 ,draw ! c5tre l9e ,a to ,b 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #h4 ,) squ>e & compasses draw all ! o!r l9es %[n 9 ! same ,fig4 ,!n fit a #c_/d 94 ,c5tre-bit to ! ,brace1 & bore two holes1 "o at ,a & ! o!r at ,b4 ,!n1 ) ! small] turn+ saw1 cut ! two outside curv$ edges z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,) ! knife1 trim to ! l9es1 mak+ ! edges squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,!n %ave & slightly r\nd ea* semicircle1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 smoo?+ ! edges ) ! file4 ,!n set ! ,m>k+ ,gauge to #a_/d 941 &1 ) ! smoo? side = a base1 m>k gauge l9es on ea* edge = ?ickness1 & plane ! r\gh side d[n to ^? l9es4 ,!n set ! plane v f9e & take a %av+ (f ! face side s z to remove ! p5cil & compass m>ks4 ,!n f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #i4 ,,dibble ,,= ,,g>d54 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah1 #f1 #b1 & #ac47 ,saw out f ,fir a piece #ad 94 long & #a-a_/d 94 squ>e4 ,plane "o side /raight & ano!r side at "r angles4 ,set ! ,m>k+ ,gauge to #a 941 & ) ! plan$ side z base1 m>k l9es = ?ickness along ea* plan$ side4 ,!n plane ! r\gh sides d[n to ^? l9es1 us+ ! ,try ,squ>e frequ5tly4 ,!n1 at ea* end f9d ! c5tre ?us ,figure ) additional l9es %[+ octagons ?us ,figure4 ,) ! ,m>k+ ,gauge draw l9es f end to end ( ea* side correspond+ ) ! corn]s ( ea* octagon4 ,plane ! corn]s ( ! squ>e d[n to ^? octagon l9es1 ?us produc+ an octagonal rod1 & complet+ ! fir/ ex]cise 9 bevel plan+4 ,plane (f ! corn]s ( ! octagon ?r\gh\t1 ?us produc+ a rod approximately r\nd1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ( draw+s ,no4 #i1 & s complet+ ! fir/ ex]cise 9 %ap+ ) plane4 ,measure f "o end = ! po9t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 &1 ) ! knife1 cut ! po9t z r\ndly & symmetrically z possible1 ref]r+ to ! c5tre m>k$ at ! end z a guide = ! precise place ( ! po9t4 ,!n measure f ! po9t & m>k at #ab 94 ,cut across at t m>k1 & r\nd ! blunt end ?us made1 z %[n at top ( ,fig4 #a4 ,) ! file1 dress ! end & /ray angles ?r\gh\t1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #g4 ,key ,label ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #h4 ,pack ,?read ,w9d] ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #i4 ,g>d5 ,dibble ,,no4 #aj4 ,,p5 ,,re/4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #bj1 #a1 #b1 #ah1 & #ac47 ,cut f ,bee* a piece #e 94 long1 #a 94 wide1 & #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles1 !n gauge & plane to ?ickness & height1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ( draw+s ,no4 #aj1 b flat on all sides4 ,saw across bo? ends at "r angles1 s z to r$uce ! l5g? to #c-a_/b 94 ,select "o edge z ! top1 &1 ) ! squ>e1 rule a c5tral l9e f e to e1 & a l9e across at ea* ( ! places m>k$ a1 b1 c1 & d 9 ,fig4 #a1 cont9u+ ea* l9e d[n bo? sides4 ,!n1 at ea* end1 m>k ! c5tral place repres5t$ by ! dot 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,f ea* ( ^? c5tral places describe ! semicircle %[n at top ( ,fig4 #b4 ,!n m>k a l9e f end to end on ea* side half way betwe5 ! top & ! bottom4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 & work+ to ! semicircle at ea* end1 take (f ! corn]s ( ! top1 s mak+ half an octagon1 &1 by tak+ (f ! corn]s ( ! half octagon1 produce a top correspond+ to ! semicircle at ea* end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 tak+ c>e t ! top ( ! semicircle ?r\gh\t c5tres to ! l9e previ\sly drawn f e to e4 ,!n1 ) ! t5on saw1 at ea* ( ! places m>k$ a1 b1 c1 & d1 saw across a "r angle slit #c_/af 94 deep4 ,!n1 ) ! knife or a *isel1 cut out ! space %[n 9 ,fig4 #a f a to b & f c to d1 tak+ c>e t ! side ( ea* space is true & squ>e4 ,!n1 ) ! file1 r\nd ea* base z %[n at ! top ( ! %ad$ section 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!n smoo? ) ! file :]e requir$1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #aa4 ,,fl[]-,,pot ,,/&4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #b1 #a1 #f1 #ac1 & #ba47 ,?is consi/s ( two pieces1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b ( draw+s ,no4 #aa1 ea* piece s made z to cross & fit ! o!r at ! c5tre1 h5ce call$ a ,fl[]-,pot ,cross1 ! :ole be+ a te/ ( exactness & good "w1 surpass+ any prec$+ model4 ,cut f ,p9e a piece #ab 94 long1 #a-a_/d 94 wide1 & #a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles2 !n gauge = height & ?ickness1 & plane ! o!r side & edge z %[n by ! section repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,saw across ! middle s z to make two pieces1 &1 f ! end ( ea* s cut1 measure (f & saw bo? to ! equal l5g? ( #e-a_/d 94 ea*1 tak+ c>e t bo? ends ( ea* are accurate "r angles4 ,!n place !m on _! sides & draw ! c5tre l9e indicat$ by ,a ,b1 cont9u+ ! l9e all r\nd ea* piece4 ,f ! c5tre1 m>k (f ! places indicat$ by e f & g h4 ,at c & d ( ea*1 ) ! compasses1 describe ! qu>t] circle %[n at ea* top corn] ( ! figures1 /rik+ ! segm5ts f ! respective dots %[n = ! purpose ne> ea* top corn]4 ,!n1 ) ! bottom edge = a base1 draw a gauge l9e on ea* side ( bo? pieces to ! dep? repres5t$ by i j1 & ) ! t5on saw1 make a slit at e & f to ! dep? ( su* gauge l9e4 ,!n1 ) ! knife or *isel1 cut out ! op5+s betwe5 e & f to ! dep? ( ! gauge l9e1 tak+ c>e to f9i% ! op5+ p]fectly level & true4 ,!n1 at ! bottom ( "o piece & ! top ( ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 gauge1 saw1 & cut out ! spaces f g to h 9 ! same mann] z = ! spaces be=e m5tion$4 ,! op5+s f g to h1 if well done1 w fit accurately 9 all directions1 &1 :5 put toge!r1 w =m a firm cross4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 r\nd ! corn]s ( ea* piece1 at c & d4 ,!n smoo? ) file :]e requir$1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #ac4 ,,knife ,,re/4#c #c ,no4 #ab 7,pap] ,knife7 appe>s1 = conv5i5ce ( illu/ration1 on page #da1 b x %\ld be proce$$ ) be=e ,no4 #ac4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #bj1 #ah1 #bf1 #a1 #b1 #bg1 #ac1 & #bd47 ,cut f ,bee* a piece ab\t #e 94 long1 #a 94 wide1 & #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,!n saw across "o end at "r angles1 &1 measur+ f t end1 m>k (f ! l5g? at #d-a_/d 941 & saw (f t end at ! m>k1 tak+ c>e to ma9ta9 "r angles4 ,!n gauge & plane ! r\gh side & r\gh edge to a wid? ( #g_/h 94 & a ?ickness ( #e_/h 94 ,!n *oose "o edge = ! top1 &1 along ! c5tre ( t edge1 draw a l9e f c to c1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ac1 & cont9ue ! l9e to ! extremities ( bo? ends4 ,!n1 9 mann] describ$ = ,no4 #aj1 gauge1 slit1 & cut out ) *isel ! spaces %[n 9 ! same ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ac1 f a to a & b to b4 ,!n1 ) compasses1 z indicat$ 9 ! same ,fig41 describe on bo? sides ( ea* top corn]1 ! segm5t ( a circle repres5t$ 9 ea* case f c to d4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t1 resort to ,concave ,*isell+1 & ) a broad *isel cut away ! corn]s d[n to ! segm5ts previ\sly describ$4 ,?is process requires great c>e & judgm5t4 ,fix "o end ( ! "w upw>ds 9 ! b5* screw1 ) ! top side ne>e/ to ! op]ator1 &1 aft] tak+ (f ! corn] to a consid]able ext5t1 ) ! bevell$ side ( ! *isel t[>ds ! wood1 %ave small pieces away until ! segm5t m>ks are rea*$1 tak+ c>e to keep ! :ole curve at "r angles to ! sides ?r\gh\t4 ,!n1 turn ! "w1 & dress ! corn] at ! o!r end 9 l mann]4 ,!n file judici\sly :]e requir$1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aj4 ,p5 ,re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aa4 ,fl[] ,pot ,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ac4 ,knife ,re/4 ,,no4 #ab4 ,,pap]-,,knife4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #bb1 #af1 #f1 #bc1 #ac1 & #bd47 ,cut f ,bee* a v /raight-gra9$ piece1 #ad 94 long1 #b 94 wide1 & #c_/h 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,!n1 on ! plan$ side1 to ! size & %ape indicat$1 draw ! :ole ( ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ab1 lett+ ! /raight edge s]ve z ! l9e f ,a to ,b4 ,) ! small] turn+ saw cut r\nd all ! curv$ p>ts1 c>efully adh]+ to ! drawn figure4 ,!n gauge all r\nd = ?ickness1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 plane ! r\gh side d[n to ! gauge l9es1 & ) ! knife trim ! curv$ edges :]e requir$4 ,) ! set gauge1 m>k ! c5tre ( ! /raight edge f ,a to ,b1 & guid$ by t c5tre1 p>e d[n ea* corn] ( ! /raight edge1 s z to make a /raight *amf] on ea* side ab\t #a_/h 94 wide1 t]m9at+ ) a %>p edge at ! place :]e ! gauge l9e 0 drawn1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,p>e d[n ! corn]s ( bo? *amf]s1 & p>e ea* side symmetrically1 s z to produce a blade gradually dim9i%+ ?r\gh\t f a back #c_/af 94 ?ick to a %>p edge4 ,!n p>e d[n ! end ( ! back to a lancet-%ap$ po9t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,r\nd ! corn]s ( bo? edges ( ! h&le1 s z to make !m symmetrical ?r\gh\t1 & also p>e ! corn]s ( ! back ( ! blade s z to r\nd x on bo? sides v slightly4 ,file judici\sly ) a light h& :]e requir$1 & !n1 = ! fir/ "t us+ ! scrap]1 complete ! blade ) great c>e by scrap+1 f9i%+ z usual ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #ad4 ,,b[l ,,= ,,toilette1 ,c4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #bf1 #ac1 #bh1 #bi1 #f1 & #bd47 ,?is model is %[n 9 ! p]spective ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ad4 ,comm5ce = x by cutt+ f ,bee* a piece ab\t #e 94 long1 #c 94 wide1 & #a-a_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,!n gauge = a ?ickness ( #a 94 & plane ! r\gh side to ! gauge l9es4 ,det]m9e by *oice :i* side %all be ! bottom ( ! b[l & :i* ! top4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ! bottom side by draw+ ! l9es f ,a to ,b & f ,c to ,d z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,repeat ^! l9es on ! edges & top side1 us+ ! try squ>e4 ,!n1 on ! bottom side1 ) compasses & squ>e1 draw ! :ole ( ! figures con/itut+ ! entire diagram %[n by ,fig4 #b1 & on ! top side draw freeh& ! l>g] oval or ellipse diagram %[n by ,fig4 #c1 be+ guid$ by ! po9ts ( ! guide-l9es fir/ drawn = ! purpose4 ,!n1 ) ! turn+ saw1 cut r\nd by ! l9e ( ! ellipse on ! top side1 & f9i% ! edge squ>e ) *isel & file4 ,!n1 ) f+] & p5cil1 m>k a l9e ab\t #a_/h 94 inside ! out] edge all r\nd ! l>g] ellipse4 ,) a #g_/h-;94 g\ge cut out ! c5tre s z to =m ! inside ( ! b[l1 ! dep? & %ape be+ %[n by ! dott$ l9es ( ,fig #d4 ,hav+ s symmetrically %ap$ ! inside & made x z smoo? z ! g\ge is capable (1 ) ! r\nd end ( ! scrap] dress z smoo?ly z possible1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]1 be=e proce$+ ) ! bottom side4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ab4 ,pap] ,knife ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ad4 ,b[l = toilette or writ+ table ,to complete ! bottom side1 leave ! ellipse 9 ! c5tre unt\*$1 & f its outl9e to ! out] edge ( ! lip ( ! b[l1 %ave ) ! knife s z to produce 9 all directions a curve correspond+ to ^? at ea* end ( ,fig4 #d4 ,take a %av+ (f ! flat bottom ) ! smoo?+ plane1 s z to remove ! compass m>ks4 ,!n file judici\sly & lightly :]e requir$1 scrape p]fectly smoo?1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 999999 ,?is ,no4 #ad is a v int]e/+ /udy & a ke5 te/ ( application1 c>e1 & skill1 any?+ l c>elessness be+ sure to leave its tell-tale m>ks4 ,,no4 #ae4 ,,hamm]-,,h&le4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #cj1 #d1 #ca1 #b1 #ac1 & #bd47 ,?is /udy ex]cises ability 9 ! ma/]y ( elliptical l9es1 & 9 ! use ( ! spoke%ave 9 ,ex]cises #cj & #ca4 ,cut f ,bee* a piece ab\t #ac 94 long1 #a-a_/b 94 wide1 & #a-a_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,on ! smoo? side ?us produc$1 ) ! p5cil sket* ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ae4 ,!n1 ) ! turn+ saw1 cut at "r angles to ! curv$ l9es on bo? edges ?r\gh\t1 & f9i% ! %ap+ ) ! spoke%ave1 tak+ c>e to ma9ta9 "r angles4 ,!n1 on "o ( ! edges1 ) p5cil1 sket* ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,fig4 #b1 &1 ) saw & spoke%ave1 %ape bo? sides 9 unison ) t sket*1 /ill c>efully ma9ta9+ "r angles ?r\gh\t4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 %ave (f ! corn]s s z to make f\r symmetrical *amf]s ?r\gh\t4 ,!n1 ) ! spoke%ave1 remove ! corn]s ( ! *amf]s1 & proce$ ) ! p>+ d[n until ! requir$ symmetrical elliptical %ape is arriv$ at1 z %[n by ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,saw across at "r angles at ea* end to ! exact l5g?1 & f9i% ) file1 scrap]1 & s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #af4 ,,h&le ,,= ,,*isel ,,or ,,file4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #cc1 #ah1 #f1 #b1 #ac1 & #bd47 ,f ,bee* cut a piece #f 94 long1 #b 94 wide1 & #a-a_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,gauge = greate/ wid? %[n f ,a to ,b 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #af1 & also = greate/ ?ickness %[n by ,a to ,b 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,plane ! r\gh side & edge d[n to ! respective gauge l9es1 ?us produc+ a piece ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 ) ! sides & edges at "r angles4 ,saw across "o end at "r angles4 ,on ! face ?us produc$ on t end sket* ,fig4 #c complete4 ,fit a #a_/d-;94 ,bit to ! ,brace & bore a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! same end to ! dep? %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! upp] "p ( ,fig4 #a4 ,plane f ,a to ,c & f ,b to ,d1 ?us slightly tap]+ ! sides & edges1 b ma9ta9+ "r angles ?r\gh\t4 ,measure f ! ?9 flat end & m>k ! l5g? ( #e 94 ,!n1 f ! c5tre ( ! l9e ,a to ,b ( ,fig4 #a1 describe a semicircle on ea* side z %[n at bottom ( ,fig4 #a4 ,) turn+ saw & *isel1 %ape ea* side ( t end to ! semicircle4 ,!n plane (f ! angles s f> z to make ! %ape 9 unison ?r\gh\t ) ,fig4 #c1 pres5t+ sides correspond+ to ,fig4 #a1 & edges correspond+ to ,fig4 #b4 ,!n complete ! %ape ( ! ?ick end ) knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & f9i% ) file1 scrap]1 & s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,hamm] ,h&le ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #af4 ,*isel ,h&le ,,no4 #ag4 ,,spoon4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #ai1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #cb1 #bb1 #bi1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf1 #ac1 #b1 #h1 #f1 #bd1 #af1 & #a47 ,f v c>efully select$ ,bee* cut a piece #aj 94 long1 #b-a_/b 94 wide1 & #a-c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,sket* on ! flat edge ! complete outl9e ( ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ag4 ,) ! turn+ saw1 cut to ! outl9e at "r angles on ! upp] side only1 complet+ ) *isel & file4 ,on ! %ap$ side ?us produc$1 make a c5tre l9e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 !n ! cross l9es4 ,!n1 ) compasses z guides & *ecks1 m>k ! outl9es ( ! h&le %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 &1 ) freeh&1 sket* ! ellipse4 ,) bits & brace drill a #g_/h-;94 hole "r ?r\gh at ea* c5tre m>k$ b1 & a #e_/h-;94 hole at ea* c5tre m>k$ c4 ,!n1 ) ! turn+ saw1 cut to ! outl9e at "r angles ?r\gh\t1 complet+ ! process ) g\ge1 knife1 & file4 ,!n1 9 ! mann] describ$ = mak+ ! inside ( ,no4 #ad1 make ! inside ( ! ,spoon 9 unison ) ! dott$ curve ( ,fig4 #a4 ,! inside ( ! ,spoon be+ ?us complet$1 proce$ ) ! outside4 ,m>k on ! edge ! outl9e d d d d d = ! "u side ( ! spoon4 ,) ! turn+ saw1 cut out to t outl9e1 & r\nd ) ! knife1 z %[n 9 ! sections ( ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,take c>e to keep c>efully outside ! l9es :5 cutt+ ) ! knife1 & apply ! file1 scrap]1 & s&-pap] = f9i%+4 999999 ,! "u "p ( ! spoon is a capital ex]cise 9 modell+ ) ! knife1 &1 if "o process is complet$ be=e ! next is comm5c$1 requires no m ?an ord9>y application & c>e4 ,,no4 #ah4 ,,*opp+-,,bo>d4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf1 #cd1 #ac1 #be1 & #bd47 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ag4 ,spoon4 ,?is especially involves /raight & squ>e plan+4 ,cut f ,deal a piece #bj 94 long1 #f-a_/b 94 wide1 & #a 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side p]fectly level & "o edge p]fectly /raight at "r angles4 ,gauge & m>k = wid? at #e-c_/d 94 ,f9d & m>k ! c5tre l9e ,a to ,b 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ah4 ,set ! compasses to a radius f ,a to ,b1 & describe1 ) ,a = ! c5tre1 ! semicircle %[n at ! top ( ! ,fig4 ,fit a #a-;94 ,c5tre-bit to ! ,brace1 & drill a hole ) ,a = ! c5tre1 tak+ c>e t x goes v]tically ?r\gh at "r angles1 & t !re is no splitt+ :5 ! bit is ne>ly ?r\gh4 ,) ! small turn+ saw1 cut r\nd ! semicircle at "r angles1 &1 ) ! *isel1 %ave (f & r\nd ! two corn]s t spr+ f ! semicircle1 also at "r angles4 ,!n1 measur+ f ! c5tre ( ! r\nd$ end at ,b1 m>k ! entire l5g? at #af-g_/h 941 &1 ) ! t5on saw1 cut (f at ! m>k at "r angles4 ,!n %ave & r\nd at "r angles ! two bottom corn]s4 ,plane ! bottom edge smoo?1 & file ! edges :]e necess>y4 ,set ! gauge at #c_/d 941 m>k ) x ! edge all r\nd = ?ickness1 & plane ! r\gh side d[n to ! m>k1 p]fectly level ?r\gh\t4 ,!n1 ) ! smoo?+ plane1 take a ?9 %av+ f ! fir/ side1 m]ely en\gh to remove ! m>ks1 tak+ c>e to ma9ta9 an accurate level4 ,f9i% ?r\gh\t ) s&-pap]4 999999 ,! object ( def]r+ ! plan+ ( ! second side until s late a p]iod1 is t1 at ! same "t1 m9ute *ipp+ & r\ghness ( edge on t side1 almo/ c]ta9 to result f ! bor+ & saw+1 are at ! same "t dispos$ (4 ,,no4 #ai4 ,,half-,,y>d ,,measure4 7,9 ! orig9al ,sloyd model ?is is a half-metre measure47 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #be1 #cj1 #ae1 #af1 #f1 #b1 #ac1 & #bd47 ,select f ,bee* an exceptionally /raight-gra9$ piece #bd 94 long1 #a-a_/d 94 wide1 & #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles1 bo? scrupul\sly /raight & ev52 !n gauge1 m>k to a nicety = #a-a_/h 94 wide & #a_/b 94 ?ick1 & plane to ! gauge m>ks ) great exactitude1 ?us produc+ a f\r-corn]$ rod ( uni=m size ?r\gh\t4 ,saw across "o end at "r angles4 ,measure f t cut end1 m>k ! l5g? ( #ah 941 & saw across at ! m>k4 ,!n set ! gauge precisely at #g_/h 941 &1 pass+ x along ea* edge1 m>k on bo? sides = ! l9es a to b 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #ai1 cont9u+ ! l9es f end to end ( ! entire rod4 ,!n1 ) ! squ>e1 m>k across ! place = a a1 & !re saw a slit on ea* side d[n to ! gauge l9e4 ,!n proce$ to ! fir/ ex]cise 9 ,ob/acle ,plan+ 7,no4 #be47 ,?us1 pass ! smoo? plane along ea* edge f b to a1 z f> z ! ob/acle ( ! corn] w all[4 ,( c\rse ! plan+ _c be cont9u$ into ! corn]s1 b1 :atev] is left by ! plane mu/ be got out by ! *isel & file4 ,!n1 on ea* side1 sket* = ! h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! gauge l9e1 previ\sly !re1 =m+ "p ( ! sket*4 ,!n1 ) ! turn+-saw1 cut out to ! sket* & gauge l9es4 ,) ! knife1 make ! *amf]s %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,!n %ave ! corn]s & r\nd ! end ( ! h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,file & scrape lightly :]e requir$1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ah4 ,knife or ,*opp+ ,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ai4 ,y>d ,measure4 ,,no4 #bj4 ,,scoop4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #ai1 #ab1 #i1 #ad1 #g1 #ae1 #bf1 #cb1 #cc1 #bi1 #bh1 #ac1 #ah1 #f1 #af1 #b1 & #bd47 ,cut f ,bee* a c>efully-select$ piece #aa 94 long1 #c 94 wide1 & #c 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles1 ) exceptional c>e4 ,!n1 on ! smoo? edge sket* ! outl9e ( ! upp] side a to a ( ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #bj4 ,saw to ! outl9e at "r angles ?r\gh\t1 aft]w>ds correct+ inaccuracies ) *isel & plane4 ,on ! smoo? %ap$ side ?us produc$1 sket* ! outl9e ( ,fig4 #b4 ,) #a-a_/b-;94 c5tre bit drill ! holes indicat$ by b b1 "r ?r\gh4 ,saw to ! outl9e all r\nd1 c>efully ma9ta9+ "r angles ?r\gh\t &1 z be=e1 correct+ inaccuracies ) *isel & plane4 ,!n1 at ! upp] edge ( ! invisible end at ! bottom ( ,fig4 #b1 f9d ! c5tre repres5t$ by c 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,fix compasses to a radius f c to d1 &1 f ! c5tre be=e f\nd1 describe a semicircle1 & f ! same c5tre ano!r semicircle ) a radius ab\t #a_/h 94 long]4 ,! c5tre ( ! inn] ( ^? semicircles repres5ts ! bottom ( ! inside ( ! ,scoop at f ( ,fig4 #a1 & ! out] "o repres5ts ! bottom ( ! outside at ! same po9t4 ,next1 ) #a_/h-;94 g\ge1 make a furr[ j inside ! outl9e ( ! face ( ! scoop1 z previ\sly recomm5d$ = ,model ,no4 #ag4 ,!n1 f t furr[ z a />t+-po9t1 9 all directions1 ) #g_/h-;g\ge1 scoop out f back to front1 to ! dep? indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ( ,fig4 #a1 & to ! wid? at front ( ! semicircle previ\sly drawn on ! end1 b gradually dim9i%+ ! inn] capacity s z to make x smalle/ ne> ! h&le1 9 ab\t ! same proportion z indicat$ = ! bottom by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,!n file & scrape inside :]e requir$1 & f9i% s f> ) s&-pap]4 ,!n1 ^u ea* edge1 draw ! outl9e ( ! bottom ( ! ,scoop1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,saw ?r\gh\t t outl9e at "r angles4 ,!n f e to f plane all r\nd to ! semicircle indicat$ by ! out] l9e ( ,fig4 #c previ\sly describ$ on ! end4 ,!n1 ) ! knife1 cut ! h&le to ! section indicat$ by ,fig4 #d1 & cont9ue ! %ap+ to e z indicat$ by ! %ad$ l9es ( ,fig4 #a4 ,file ! h&le & outside ( ,scoop :]e requir$1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 999999 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( ?is model is t %ad$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* requires special att5tion & c>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bj4 ,scoop4 ,,no4 #ba4 ,,hang+ ,,pegs ,,or ,,rack4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf1 #ac1 #ah1 #d1 #bf1 #cg1 #bi1 #ce1 #ci1 #dj1 & #db47 ,f ,deal cut out two pieces1 "o #ah 94 long1 #c-a_/b 94 wide1 & #g_/h 94 ?ick2 ! o!r #ae 94 long1 #a 94 wide1 & #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,comm5c+ ) ! l>g] piece1 plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,!n gauge-m>k to a wid? ( #c 941 & plane ! r\gh edge d[n to t m>k4 ,at ! c5tre ( ! wid? draw a l9e f end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 f to f4 ,on t l9e1 ) compasses1 m>k ! po9ts indicat$ by a1 b1 c1 ( ,fig4 #a ( ! draw+s ,no4 #ba4 ,at ea* po9t drill a #e_/h 94 hole "r ?r\gh1 tak+ great c>e to drill v]tically4 ,) ! squ>e1 draw ! cross l9es at d d1 ! int]sections ) ! c5tral l9e =m+ additional c5tral po9ts4 ,set compasses to a radius ( #g_/h 941 &1 f ea* ( ^? c5tral po9ts1 describe a semicircle z %[n 9 ! ,fig42 !n f ea* ( ! same c5tral po9ts describe an out] semicircle z also %[n 9 ! ,fig4 ,) t5on saw make a nick at ea* ( ! f\r po9ts g1 9 ea* case rea*+ to ! out] ( ! semicircles1 ea* nick be+ /rictly at "r angles4 ,!n1 ) turn+ saw1 foll[ ! l9e ( ea* ( ! out] semicircles4 ,!n dress ! edges all r\nd ) *isel & file z requir$4 ,!n gauge-m>k all r\nd = a ?ickness ( #c_/d 941 & plane ! r\gh side d[n to ! m>k1 ev5ly ?r\gh\t4 ,gauge-m>k all r\nd = ! *amf]1 9 ! proportion %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & *amf] to ! m>k accord+ly1 us+ ! plane = ! sides & ! knife = ! curves & corn]s4 ,file ?r\gh\t :]e necess>y1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,! small] piece ( ,deal be+ to make ! pegs )1 plane x on "o side & "o edge at "r angles1 !n gauge-m>k = a wid? ( #c_/d 94 & = a ?ickness ( #e_/h 941 z illu/rat$ 9 section by ,fig4 #d4 ,saw across into ?ree l5g?s ( #e 94 ea*4 ,place !m toge!r on _! sides1 & sket* "o side ( ea* z %[n f j to k & l 9 ,fig4 #c1 leav+ ! space f j to m unt\*$4 ,) ! try squ>e repeat ! l9es ( ?is sket* on bo? sides ( ea*4 ,) saw & knife cut ea* peg to ! sket*1 f9i%+ ! :ole1 except+ ! circul> plug4 ,!n at ! inn] end1 f9d ! c5tre z d5ot$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 &1 us+ ! same c5tre-bit z = ,fig4 #a1 describe a circle m>k z dott$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,!n1 ) ! t5on saw1 cut by ! %\ld] to a dep? ( #a_/h 941 & p>e ! circle ) ! knife to ! %\ld] j1 s mak+ a r\nd plug1 a little too l>ge to g into ! holes ( ,fig4 #a4 ,!n1 ) ! file1 c>efully r$uce ! size ( ea* plug s z to v accurately & tightly fit "o hole at a "t 9 ,fig #a1 :]e w$g+ mu/ n be tol]at$4 ,! p]fection ( ?is "p ( ! "w is to be te/$ by asc]ta9+ t ! pegs are precisely 9 a l9e1 & t ea* "o fits all r\nd to ! face ( ! bo>d into :i* x is ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ba4 ,clo!s ,rack4 ,hav+ ?us fitt$ ea* plug to its own hole1 & m>k$ x = id5tification1 ! pegs may be complet$4 ,cut d[n ea* "o1 ) ! t5on saw1 f k to x1 &1 ) ! *isel1 p>e d[n f j to k1 fir/ mak+ x squ>e & aft]w>ds slightly r\nd+ x1 z %[n 9 section ( ,fig4 #d4 ,) a %>p *isel cut r\nd to ! outside ( ! semicircle = ! top ( ! peg4 ,file ?is r\nd & !n cut ! *amf] ) ! knife4 ,file z requir$1 & f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,! pegs be+ ?us made ready = fix+1 clean ! face ( ! bo>d 7,fig4 #a7 ) ! smoo? plane1 & ! edges & *amf]s ) s&-pap]4 ,!n glue 9 ea* plug1 us+ ! try squ>e to make sure t !y project at "r angles4 ,!n put ! :ole away = n less ?an six h\rs1 to all[ ! glue to set well4 ,!n1 z ea* plug has be5 purposely made slightly too long1 saw (f ea* projection at ! back1 & smoo? ! :ole ( ! back ) ! plane1 s effect+ ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,to avoid ! necessity = nail+ to ! wall1 get two pieces ( hoop-iron ab\t #a-a_/b 94 long & #a_/b 94 wide4 ,to adapt ea* piece = its purpose1 cut "o end r\nd & pun* 9 a nail hole & two small] screw holes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,) a *isel cut a neat recess = ea* iron s t x c be sunk flu% ) ! back1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 &1 ins]t+ ! screws1 ! "w w be complete4 ,,no4 #bb4 ,,fl[]-,,pot ,,/&4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #cd1 #bj1 #b1 #a1 #ac1 #da1 #db1 & #ce47 ,?is is an especially good subject = /raight saw+1 /raight plan+1 & nail+4 ,cut f ,deal a piece ab\t #bb 94 long1 #f 94 wide1 & #a 94 ?ick4 ,) ! jack-plane face "o side & "o edge p]fectly /raight & true at "r angles4 ,gauge-m>k = #ac_/af 94 ?ick1 & plane ! r\gh side d[n to ! gauge-l9e4 ,squ>e "o end ) ! plane1 m>k to l5g? %[n 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #bb1 cut ) t5on saw to m>k1 & squ>e ! end ) smoo? plane4 ,!n gauge-m>k = ?ickness ( la? %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & saw (f a %ade inside ! gauge-l9es4 ,9 l mann] cut five la?s1 & plane ea* to ! gauge l9e4 ,! la?s be+ ?us made1 suffici5t wood w be left = ! supports4 ,make ! wid? ( ! supports ! same z t ( ! la?s4 ,aft] gaug+ & plan+ ! supports to dep? z ,fig4 #d1 saw (f to ! #f-;94 l5g?4 ,squ>e ! ends ) a *isel & set out on ea* ! di/ance a a1 ,fig4 #c4 ,gauge to b b1 ,fig4 #d1 & ) ! t5on saw1 cut to ! gauge-l9e at a a1 & ) ! knife remove ! piece betwe5 a & a4 ,!n m>k on ea* la? ! di/ance ! supports are f ea* end ( ! la?s1 & nail on ! la?s--! outside la?s fir/1 !n ! c5tre "o1 & f9ally ! o!r two4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bb4 ,fl[] ,pot ,/&4 ,,no4 #bc4 ,,foot-,,/ool4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #g1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #c1 #d1 #ae1 #dd1 #cb1 #bi1 #ad1 #ac1 #c1 #e1 #da1 & #db47 ,cut f ,deal two pieces1 "o #ab 94 long1 #f 94 wide1 & #a-a_/d 94 ?ick2 ! o!r #ah 94 long1 #c-a_/d 94 wide1 & #a 94 ?ick4 ,! =m] piece is = ! la?s1 & x mu/ be prep>$ & cut z 9 ,no4 #bb1 mak+ ea* la? to f9i% #a 94 wide1 #a_/b 94 ?ick1 & #aj-c_/d 94 long4 ,! wood = ! support mu/ n[ be proce$$ )4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles1 & gauge-m>k = wid? ( #c 94 & ?ickness ( #a-g_/h 94 ,plane ! r\gh side & edge d[n to ! gauge-m>ks4 ,!n saw ?r\gh ! c5tre s z to make two pieces ( #g_/h 94 ?ickness ea*4 ,place ! pieces side by side1 & nail !m toge!r ) two #a-a_/b-;94 wr\ght nails1 s t bo? pieces c be op]at$ ^u toge!r4 ,!n draw on "o out] side ! diagram %[n on ! un%ad$ "p ( ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #bc1 &1 ) ! aid ( try-squ>e & compasses1 repeat ! diagram on ! o!r out] side4 ,!n cut (f ea* end ne>ly to ! end l9es ( ! diagrams1 &1 ) ! smoo?+ plane1 f9i% at p]fect "r angles4 ,!n1 ) a #e_/h-;94 c5tre-bit1 drill at ! spots m>k$ a a on ea* diagram1 p5etrat+ on "o side a little m ?an an in*1 & f9i%+ by drill+ f ! o!r side 9 precise unison4 ,! drill+ ?r\gh\t mu/ be exactly v]tical4 ,!n proce$ ) ! ar* %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ) ! turn+ saw cutt+ out ! ?ree semicircles1 :i* f9i% ) g\ge & file1 tak+ c>e to ma9ta9 "r angles at e po9t4 ,!n sep>ate ! pieces1 smoo? ea* face ) ! smoo?+ plane1 & ! circul> p>ts ) file & s&-pap]4 ,! respective p>ts be+ n[ complete1 m>k on ea* la? ! di/ance ! supports are f ! ends %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!n nail on ! la?s1 b b fir/1 c next1 & ! o!rs aft]w>ds4 ,!n1 hav+ fir/ tak5 c>e to pun* d[n all ! nails suffici5tly1 plane a few %av+s (f ! tops ( ! la?s to make !m clean & level4 999999 ,if ! la?s are well & truly nail$ on1 _! ends %\ld be 9 p]fect l9e4 ,any defect 9 t respect mu/ be rem$i$ by c>efully & judici\sly plan+2 b ! p]fection ( "w is :5 no su* plan+ is necess>y4 ,,no4 #bd4 ,,book-,,c>ri]4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #ab1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #c1 #d1 #ae1 #dd1 #cb1 #bi1 #ad1 #ac1 #c1 #e1 #da1 & #db47 ,?is is made p>tly 9 h>d & p>tly 9 s(t wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bc4 ,foot ,/ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bd4 ,book ,c>ri] ,= ! h&le1 cut f ,bee* a piece #h 94 long1 #b 94 wide1 & #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side & "o edge4 ,!n gauge-m>k = #a-a_/b 94 wide & #c_/d 94 ?ick1 & plane ! r\gh side & edge d[n to ea* gauge-m>k4 ,!n draw on "o side ! diagram ( ! h&le %[n 9 ,fig4 #a ( draw+s ,no4 #bd4 ,) ! turn+ saw1 cut to ! inn] & out] l9es ( ! diagram4 ,) ! plane1 r\nd ! top ( ! h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 &1 ) ! knife1 r\nd & smoo? ! o!r p>ts1 tak+ c>e t all ! "r angles are /rictly ma9ta9$4 ,!n1 ) an #a_/h-;94 c5tre-bit1 drill a hole = ea* screw1 z %[n 9 ! ,fig41 &1 ) ! knife1 c\nt]-s9k = ! heads ( ! screws4 ,) ! knife1 make ! *amf]s at ! corn]s ( ! curves1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & f9i% completely ) scrap] & s&-pap]4 ,! h&le be+ ?us f9i%$1 cut f ,deal a piece #bd 94 long1 #f-a_/b 94 wide1 & #e_/h 94 ?ick1 & plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles4 ,gauge-m>k = #f 94 wide1 & #a_/b 94 ?ick1 & plane ! r\gh side & edge d[n to ! gauge-m>ks4 ,squ>e "o end1 measur+ f t end1 saw (f at #i 94 ,on ! l>g] piece rema9+1 draw ! l9es a b & a b 9 ! positions %[n 9 ,fig4 #b2 !n1 ) ! compasses1 set (f ! spaces f a to c & f a to c1 b to c & b to c1 a to d & a to d1 b to d & b to d4 ,!n set ! gauge to half ! ?ickness1 & ) x m>k ! edges on ! f\r places indicat$ 9 ea* case f c to d4 ,set ! bevel to ! oblique l9e at ea* side ( ! dovetails1 & transf] ?is bevell$ l9e to ea* side at po9ts c c c c & d d d d4 ,!n1 ) t5on saw1 cut d[n ea* l9e c d to ! dep? ( ! gauge l9e1 &1 ) a small *isel1 remove ! :ole ( ! pieces betwe5 ! nicks made by ! saw4 ,?is w result 9 two grooves = dovetail$ tongues1 z %[n above1 a a 9 ,fig4 #a1 design$ to /r5g!n & prev5t f w>p+ ! upp] half ( ! hold]4 ,! grooves hav+ be5 ?us made ready1 ! dovetails mu/ be prep>$4 ,f ,deal cut two pieces1 ea* #i 94 long1 #b-a_/b 94 wide1 & #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,plane "o side ( ea* & bevel "o edge to ! pit* ! bevel 0 previ\sly set =4 ,!n1 on ! plan$ side1 m>k #b-a_/d 94 at "o end1 #a-a_/d 94 at ! o!r end1 & take to t wid?1 aft]w>ds bevell+ ! edge z be=e4 ,!n fit ea* ( ! tongues provid$1 driv+ !m tight into _! places4 ,:5 !y fit exactly1 glue ! plan$ side & ! edges1 & drive !m to _! positions1 be+ c>eful n to split (f ! ends4 ,!n all[ "t = ! glue to set1 & cut (f ! project+ ends ( ! tongues & plane !m & ! face ( ! bo>d to a level4 ,cut (f to exact l5g?1 measur+ f ! l9es a b4 ,!n smoo? bo? bo>ds ) ! plane1 nail !m toge!r ) two small nails1 & squ>e ! ends4 ,!n gauge & nick ) ! saw = ! recesses e e1 remov+ ! wood f ea* recess ) ! knife1 s mak+ grooves = a /rap to pass r\nd4 ,!n screw on ! h&le 9 ! mann] indicat$ by bo? ,figs41 & f9i% z requir$ ) s&-pap]4 ,,no4 #be4 ,,ladle4 7,requir+ ,ex]cises #e1 #ai1 #ab1 #i1 #aj1 #cb1 #ae1 #cc1 #bi1 #ad1 #bf1 #bh1 #bb1 #di1 #ca1 #a1 #f1 #af1 #ac1 & #bd47 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #be4 ,ladle4 ,cut f ,bee* a piece #af 94 long1 #d 94 wide1 & #d 94 ?ick4 ,! mann] ( proce$+ resembles t requir$ = ,no4 #ag4 ,plane "o side & "o edge at "r angles1 & draw on ! plan$ side ! diagram %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ( draw+s ,no4 #be4 ,) a #a-a_/d-;94 c5tre-bit1 drill two holes "r ?r\gh1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ circles4 ,saw r\nd ! outside l9es ( ! diagram1 tak+ c>e n to oblit]ate ! l9es4 ,trim exactly to ! l9es ) a *isel1 g\ge1 & file4 ,!n m>k on ea* edge ! upp] curv$ l9e ( ,fig4 #a4 ,saw to t l9e )\t oblit]at+ x1 f9i%+ ) spoke%ave1 plane1 *isel1 & file4 ,!n cut out ! b[l ( ! ladle1 us+ a small g\ge = ! edge1 & a l>g] "o = obta9+ ! dep?1 :i* mu/ be gov]n$ by ! :ite section %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & f9i%$ ) file1 scrap]1 & s&-pap] be=e proce$+ ) ! "u side4 ,:5 ! b[l is ?us f9i%$1 m>k on ea* side ! curve = ! "u side %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,saw j outside ! l9e1 & proce$ to %ape ! "u side--! b[l to ! %ad$ section ( ,fig4 #c1 & ! h&le to ! section ( ,fig4 #d4 ,= f9i%+ ! b[l1 fix ! h&le 9 ! b5* screw1 & p>e ) a wide *isel1 aft]w>ds apply+ ! knife = complet+ ! b[l & h&le4 ,= ! f9i%+ t\*es use ! file1 scrap]1 & s&-pap]4 ,,end4 ,,turnbull ,,& ,,spe>s1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,ed9burgh4