,transcriber's ,note  ,obvious          
typographical errors have been          
corrected4 ,a list of corrections is    
found at the end of the text4           
,inconsistencies in spelling and        
hyphenation have been maintained4 ,a    
list of inconsistently spelled and      
hyphenated words is found at the end of 
the text4       ,,the   ,,lady ,,and    
,,her ,,horse1   ,,being ,,hints        
,,selected   ,,from ,,various ,,sources 
,,and ,,compiled ,,into ,a ,,system     
,,of   ,,equitation4     ,,by   ,,major 
,t4 ,a4 ,,jenkins4     ,,madras3        
,,printed ,,and ,,published ,,by        
,,pharoah ,,and ,,co4   ,,athenaeum     
,,press1 ,,mount ,,road4   #aheg4       
,,contents4                             
,page4    ,introductory ,address        
#a    ,preparatory ,remarks        #b   
,directions for ,mounting    #e    ,the 
,seat and ,balance       #g    ,holding 
the ,reins         #aj    ,aids and     
,indications      #aa    ,guiding       
#af    ,animations                #bb   

,soothing                  #ba          
,corrections               #be    ,vices
                     #bf    ,paces of   
the ,horse        #cc    ,leaping       
#ci    ,road ,riding               #da  
,dismounting               #df          
,concluding ,remarks        #dh         
,,equitation4   ,,introductory          
,,address4              ,what delight   
,to back the flying ,steed1 that        
challenges     ,the wind for speed6     
,seems native more of ,air1     ,than   
,earth6 ,whose burden only lends him    
fire6     ,whose soul is in his task1   
turns labour into sport     ,and makes  
your pastime his6      ',love ,chase4'  
,the chief point in ,horsemanship1      
,colonel ,,greenwood observes in his    
,hints on ,horsemanship is to get your  
horse to be of your party2 and not only 
to obey1 but to obey willingly1--,good  
riding as a whole is indeed no trifle1  
and is worth acquiring by those whose   
pleasure or business it is to ride1     
because it is soon1 and easily acquired1

 and when acquired it becomes habitual1 
and is as easy1 nay much more so2 and   
infinitely more safe1 than bad riding4  
,good riding is an affair of skill1 but 
bad riding is an affair of courage4     
,yet1 in no other art1 are there so many
 self-thought ,amateurs4 ,many ladies   
have a decided objection to going       
through the ordeal of a riding school2  
others have no opportunity of obtaining 
instructions1 and the generality        
consider1 that they are in possession of
 all that can be acquired upon the      
subject1 when they have discovered a    
mode of retaining the seat1 and guiding 
the horse2 but to those who wish to sit 
a horse through all his paces1 firmly1  
yet gracefully1 to have the animal      
entirely under command1 and as if imbued
 with one intelligence1 to unite        
boldness1 with modesty1 and employ      
energy1 without losing delicacy1 these  
hints are addressed4   ,,preparatory    
,,remarks4  ,a lady's riding dress1     
should be neat1 and compact1 at the same

 time she should carefully avoid the    
slightest approach to a mannish         
appearance2 she may study the becoming1 
provided there be nothing in her whole  
toilette likely to become disarranged or
 loosened by wind1 or violent exercise4 
,the hair should be so arranged that it 
cannot be blown about the eyes1 and the 
hat should be perfectly secured on the  
head4 ,so much for outward appearance1  
in other respects comfort alone should  
be studied4  ,the whip1 should be light1
 and stiff4 ,when too pliable1 a lady   
frequently touches her horse with it    
unintentionally1 thereby teasing and    
exciting him1 and moreover such a whip  
is useless as an aid4  ,the lady's      
bridle1 should be1 what is called a     
double bitted bridle1 consisting of a   
bit with a curb-chain2 and a snaffle1   
two separate head-stalls1 united by one 
brow-band1 each1 with a separate rein4  
,the curb-bit is a very powerful        
implement1 the best for all purposes is 
a light one2 in choosing a bit for a    

horse1 the distance between the cheeks1 
should accord with the width of the     
horse's mouth2 they should be of an     
average length1 and the mouth-piece     
should be only sufficiently arched1 to  
admit of the horse's tongue passing     
freely underneath it4 ,the bit should be
 placed in the horse's mouth1 so that   
the mouth-piece be one inch above the   
lower tusk1 the curb chain should be    
laid flat1 and smooth under the jaw1 and
 so loose1 as to allow a finger to pass 
freely inside of it4  ,the snaffle acts 
as an auxiliary to the curb-bit1 and is 
placed above it in the horse's mouth1 it
 should bear slightly upon the corners  
of the mouth1 but not so as to wrinkle  
the cheeks4  ,for a person who has not a
 light hand1 the curb-bit may1 with     
advantage1 be placed a little higher in 
the horse's mouth2 and when the mouth   
may be wanting in delicacy1 it may be   
lowered a little1 but it should never   
touch the tusk1 or it will fret the     
horse4  ,the reins should be soft1      

flexible1 and of a good quality1 the    
rein which is attached to the curb-bit  
is usually fastened in the centre by a  
sewing1 while that attached to the      
snaffle may be known1 by its having a   
small buckle in the centre4             
,throat-strap should not be buckled too 
tightly1 but only sufficiently so1 to   
prevent the headstalls of the bridle1   
from getting out of place4              
,martingales1 though frequently used1   
are very seldom necessary if the horse  
has been educated1 and taught to carry  
his head properly1 and to be obedient to
 the bit2 but if a horse carries his    
head high1 or be unsteady and fretful1  
then a light running martingale will be 
found of service2 it must however be    
attached to the snaffle reins1 and never
 to the curb-bit reins4  ,the saddle    
should be roomy1 but not too large1 it  
should in short1 be made to fit the     
person4 ,the third crutch is            
indispensable1 as it renders the seat so
 much more secure1 and if properly      

fitted1 it never incommodes the rider4  
,the saddle should be placed on the     
horse's back1 so as not in the least to 
interfere with the action of the horse's
 shoulder1 and care must be taken that  
the pad1 or stuffing1 only rests on the 
horse's ribs1 leaving in the centre a   
thorough channel1 over the spine4  ,the 
lady's horse should be good tempered1   
free and willing1 for a sluggish horse  
is the most unpleasant of any to a lady2
 but he must not be restless1 nor       
impatient in company3 he should be      
steady1 and safe on the roads1 smooth in
 all his paces2 and with these natural  
qualifications which are essential1 he  
must be properly broken1 and taught to  
go collectedly in all his paces2 and    
particularly to lead off in a canter    
with the right leg2 to arch his neck on 
the reins being felt1 to be obedient1   
and light in hand2 it is further        
desirable that the horse should possess 
elegance of figure1 power1 and action1  
with speed in all his paces4 ,however1  

much will depend upon the person1 for   
whom he is intended1 as a timid rider   
would be alarmed by the sprightliness of
 a free going horse1 which might        
perfectly suit a lady with a light hand1
 and a steady seat4 ,a young horse is   
naturally unsteady1 the beau ideal of a 
lady's horse1 is an officer's charger1  
about ten years old1 as he still        
possesses life and spirit1 without the  
freshness of a colt4   ,,directions     
,,for ,,mounting4  ,the lady holding the
 falling folds of her habit in both     
hands1 walks up to the horse's head1 or 
side2 but never behind him1 lest he     
should kick at her4  ,there should be   
two persons in attendance1 the groom    
should stand before the horse's head1   
with a hand on each side of the bridle1 
close to his mouth1 to keep him steady2 
the gentleman takes the reins in his    
left hand1 separating them with his     
forefingers1 the lady receives them in  
her right hand1 in like manner1 and lets
 them glide gently and evenly through   

her fingers1 until her hand reaches the 
near crutch1 which she takes hold of2   
and having passed the whip over the     
saddle1 she holds it also in her right  
hand4 ,standing close to the near side  
of the saddle1 and facing the gentleman 
who has taken a lock of the mane in his 
left hand1 the lady places her left     
foot1 which he stoops to receive1 full  
in his right hand1 lets the habit fall  
from her left hand1 which she places    
upon his right shoulder1 leaning        
thereon1 and assisted by her hold on the
 crutch1 she springs up from her right  
instep1 as uprightly as possible1 having
 been careful not to place her left foot
 too far forward1 but keeping it        
directly under her1 she straightens her 
left knee and assumes an upright        
position2 the gentleman1 when he feels  
her spring1 accelerates the movement1 by
 simultaneously lifting his hand high   
enough1 to place the lady on the saddle1
 she steadying herself1 by the hold she 
has with her right hand1 seats herself1 

and places her right leg between the two
 outward pommels1 the gentleman places  
her foot in the stirrup1 and she takes  
the reins in her left hand4 ,to adjust  
the habit1 the lady raises herself by   
placing her right hand on the off pommel
 and standing in her stirrup1 the       
gentleman shakes the back part of the   
skirt into its place1 she re-seats      
herself1 and raising her right knee to  
free the habit1 the gentleman assists to
 adjust the front part of the skirt by  
gently drawing it forward4   ,,the      
,,seat ,,and ,,balance4  ,a lady seldom 
appears to greater advantage than when  
mounted on a fine horse1 that is1 if her
 deportment be graceful2 and her        
position corresponds with his paces and 
attitudes2 but the reverse is the case1 
if1 instead of acting with1 and         
influencing the movements of1 the horse1
 she appears to be tossed to and fro1   
and overcome by them4 ,she should rise1 
and descend1 advance1 and stop with1 and
 not after the animal4 ,from this       

harmony of motion results ease1         
elegance1 and a good effect4 ,the lady  
should sit in such a position1 that the 
weight of her body may rest on the      
centre of the saddle1 and so far back1  
as just to admit of her right leg       
passing easily round the crutch1 for if 
the knee be too far forward1 the seat   
will be very insecure2 the right foot   
should be flat to the saddle1 the toe   
turned downwards1 that it may not be    
seen through the habit1 when a firmer   
seat is required1 the heel should be    
depressed1 as doing so1 will tend to    
brace the muscles of the leg1 and give a
 firmer hold on the crutch4  ,the left  
leg and knee must be in close contact   
with the saddle1 from the knee the leg  
should fall in a natural position1 the  
foot should be parallel to the horse's  
side1 and close to it1 the heel slightly
 depressed4 ,the stirrup leather should 
be adjusted accordingly1 as it is only  
of use1 to support the foot in its      
proper position1 too long a stirrup     

throws the rider on one side1 and raises
 the right hip1 too short a stirrup     
again1 forces the knee outwards1 and    
throws the seat too much to the right1  
giving to the rider a distorted         
appearance4 ,a small strap fastened to  
the surcingle about two inches above the
 stirrup1 passing round the stirrup     
leather1 with a play of about three     
inches1 adds greatly to the security of 
the seat1 as it prevents the leg from   
flying out from the saddle4  ,the arms  
should hang straight down from the      
shoulder1 nearly close to the sides1 but
 not stiffly1 the elbows bent1 and the  
hands level with the elbows1 the right  
arm and hand1 when not occupied with the
 reins1 may be allowed to hang straight 
from the shoulder4 ,the whip should be  
held with the lash downwards1 between   
the two fingers and thumb4 ,the whip may
 also be carried in the manner adopted  
by gentlemen2 but care should be taken  
that its point does not tickle1 or      
irritate the horse4  ,the proper        

position of the bridle hand1 is         
immediately opposite to the centre of   
the waist1 and about three or four      
inches from it1 the wrist should be     
slightly rounded1 the back of the hand  
to the front1 the knuckles opposite to  
the horse's ears1 the thumb uppermost1  
and pressed over the third joint of the 
finger4 ,the hand should not be allowed 
to move across the body1 all the        
movements being made by the wrist4 ,the 
arm from the shoulder to the waist1 must
 be one continued spring1 impulsive to  
the motion of the horse's head1 moving  
backwards and forwards as he moves1 for 
if it be not so1 the horse's mouth will 
be spoiled by the dead pull upon it4    
,the body must always be in a situation1
 as well to preserve the balance1 as to 
maintain the seat4 ,the shoulders should
 be thrown back1 so as to open the chest
 as much as possible4 ,the rider should 
look in the direction1 and lean to the  
side the horse is turning to1 which is  
in fact the necessary balance4          

,,holding ,,the ,,reins4  ,there are    
various ways of holding the reins1      
depending upon fancy1 and circumstances2
 such as the fineness of a horse's      
mouth1 and the delicacy of the rider's  
hand4  ,holding a single rein4--,the    
rein is taken in the centre where the   
joining is1 between the fore-finger and 
thumb of the right hand1 and drawn      
towards the body1 the left hand is      
placed over the reins1 and the little   
finger is inserted between them2 the    
hand is then closed1 and the reins are  
drawn through the fingers1 by the right 
hand1 until a proper feeling is obtained
 upon the horse's mouth2 the loop end of
 the rein is allowed to drop over the   
fore-finger1 and the thumb is placed    
upon the rein1 to prevent its slipping4 
,holding a double rein4--,the curb rein 
being held as directed1 the loop of the 
snaffle rein is placed over the curb    
rein in the palm of the left hand1 or1  
to have a double bearing upon the       
horse's mouth1 the rein may be drawn1   

till the required tension is obtained1  
the left rein lying over the curb rein  
in the palm of the hand1 the right      
snaffle rein1 passing between the second
 and third fingers4 ,in dividing the    
reins with the little finger1 the right 
rein1 which passes over that finger1 is 
always a little longer than the other1  
and requires to be shortened1 if this be
 not attended to1 the horse will be     
ridden chiefly upon the left rein1 his  
head will be bent to the left1 and he   
will not be looking the way he is going4
  ,holding the ,curl and snaffle reins  
separated4--,the curb being held as     
directed in the first described method1 
the snaffle rein is taken in the same   
manner1 in the right hand1 below the    
left2 the principal bearing is brought  
upon this rein1 which keeps the horse's 
head steady1 while with the left hand   
the horse's mouth is kept alive1 by a   
play on the bit1 giving and taking1 but1
 at the same time retaining a light     
bearing upon the horse's mouth4 ,this is

 an excellent method for holding the    
reins with a fiery1 high actioned horse1
 not up to hand4  ,adjusting the        
reins4--,the rider should take hold of  
the loop end of the rein1 and draw it   
through her hand until the proper       
bearing and tension has been obtained4  
,,aids ,,and ,,indications4  ,all those 
motions of the body1 the hand1 the leg1 
and the whip1 which either indicate the 
rider's wishes1 or in some degree assist
 the horse to perform them1 are1 in the 
art of riding denominated 'aids2' in    
their execution1 a perfect combination1 
and the greatest uniformity1 exactness1 
and delicacy are required4  ,the        
indications of the hand are of two      
sorts1 guiding and retaining1 those of  
the leg and whip1 are also of two sorts1
 guiding and urging4 ,the aids serve to 
put the horse in movement1 to direct1   
and to stop him2 they should not only   
decide the pace which the horse is to   
take1 but also signify to him1 the rate 
at which each pace is to be executed1   

and also determine his carriage during  
the performance of it4 ,the power of    
these aids1 and the degree of severity  
to be used1 must be governed by         
circumstances1 and the sensibility of   
the horse4  ,the hand1 being placed     
holding the reins1 as previously        
described1 and the reins being drawn to 
that determined length1 that the bracing
 of the muscles of the hand would rein  
the horse back1 and the easing of them  
permit him to advance freely2 if the    
hand be held steady1 as the horse       
advances in a trot1 the fingers will    
feel by the tightening and loosening of 
the reins1 a slight sensation or tug1   
occasioned by the measure or cadence of 
every step1 this sensation or tug1 which
 is reciprocally felt in the horse's    
mouth1 by means of the correspondence   
between the hand and the mouth1 is      
called the appui2 and while this appui  
is preserved1 the horse is in perfect   
obedience to the rider1 the hand        
directing him with the greatest ease1 so

 that the horse seems to work by the    
will of the rider1 rather than by the   
compulsion of the hand4  ,when a horse  
is ridden on a snaffle1 he only feels   
the direct pull more or less of the     
rider's hand1 with a curb-bit in his    
mouth the effect is different1 and more 
powerful1 on account of the lever which 
tightens the curb-chain on the horse's  
jaw4 ,a curb in a rough and uneven hand1
 becomes an instrument of extreme       
torture2 the hand should always be firm1
 but delicate1 the horse's mouth should 
never be surprised1 by any sudden       
transition of the bearing from tight to 
slack1 or from slack to tight1 every    
thing in horsemanship should be effected
 by degrees4  ,the rider should never   
rest her hand upon the pommel1 as by    
doing so1 she at once destroys the      
sympathy which ought to exist between   
the hand and the horse's mouth4         
,fineness of mouth1 means a mouth that  
is perfectly trained1 and responds to   
the determined action of a sensitive    

hand4 ,the acquirement of the bearing   
upon the horse's mouth1 the turning the 
horse upon the proper rein1 the power of
 collecting the horse1 and retaining him
 on his proper balance1 smoothness of   
indications1 in the shortening of the   
reins1 and the working together of the  
hand1 leg1 and whip1 are the unseen1 and
 unappreciated foundation1 upon which   
good riding stands2 these1 and not      
strength1 nor violence commands the     
animal1 with these1 the horse will rely 
on the hand1 comply to it1 and without  
force on the rider's part1 he will bend 
to the hand in every articulation4      
,without these1 however unintentional on
 the rider's part1 she will be          
perpetually subjecting him to the       
severest torture1 to defend himself     
against which1 he will resist the hand1 
poke his nose1 stiffen his neck1 and    
every other part of his body2 for the   
horse can endure no greater torture1    
than that resulting from an uneven hand4
  ,the ,leg and ,whip4--,the leg should 

hang straight from the knee1 easy and   
steady1 and be near to the horse's      
sides2 the pressure being increased as  
occasion required1 but the size and     
substance of the flap of the saddle1 in 
numerous cases1 renders the pressure of 
the leg nugatory1 therefore1 as the whip
 is the chief additional aid a lady has 
to depend upon1 its exact management    
ought to be reduced to a perfect        
science4 ,every movement and touch of   
the whip must be made for purpose and   
effect2 it can be used on both sides of 
the horse1 as the case may require2 the 
lady will have no difficulty in using   
it1 on the right1 or off side of the    
horse3 but to use the whip on the near  
side requires caution and address4  ,to 
strike the near forehand2 the lady      
should raise the whip gently to an      
upright position1 holding it with a firm
 grasp1 she should then let the whip    
suddenly descend along the shoulder1 and
 instantly remove it3 she should be     
careful not to strike the horse on any  

part of the head except in cases of     
vice4 ,to strike the near hind quarters1
 the lady must pass her right hand      
gently behind her waist1 as far as the  
arm will reach1 without distorting the  
body2 and holding the whip between the  
two first fingers and thumb1 strike the 
horse4 ,this position is most excellent 
practice1 by compelling the pupil to    
draw in her waist to its proper place3  
and until a lady can perform it easily1 
without disturbing the position and     
action of her bridle hand1 she will fail
 in attaining a graceful and elegant    
carriage4 ,the whip on the one side1    
pressed to the horse's side1 corresponds
 with the leg on the other1 but except  
in moving straight-forward1 they should 
not be applied opposite to each other2  
that the pressure of one1 may not       
counteract the effect of the other2 thus
 the one intended to communicate a      
forward impulse1 should be applied      
further forward1 to keep the horse up to
 hand1 than that1 which communicates an 

impulse to the horse to step side ways1 
which should be applied behind the      
girth4  ,the rider must always bear in  
mind1 that every movement of the bridle1
 the leg1 and of the whip1 is felt1 and 
responded to1 by the sensitiveness of   
the horse2 when she errs1 the horse goes
 wrong1 it is therefore indispensable   
that they should act in conjunction4    
,,guiding4  ,the horse1 previous to     
moving forward1 should be made to       
collect himself1 to arch his neck1 and  
to stand evenly upon both his hind legs1
 for thereupon depends the balance of   
the horse's body1 his lightness in hand1
 and proper carriage4  ,to              
advance4--,the lady should call the     
attention of the horse1 by an increased 
bearing upon the reins1 and at the same 
time should animate him1 by closing the 
leg1 and using the whip gently on the   
right flank2 having communicated a      
sufficient impulse to the horse1 to     
carry him forward1 she should at the    
same moment1 by turning up the back of  

her hand1 ease the pressure upon the    
reins1 and prevent him to move forward3 
but she should not slacken the reins1   
because by doing so1 the horse's head   
and neck may relapse into a position1   
which the hand cannot control4  ,to turn
 the horse1 ,colonel ,,greenwood in his 
book of ,hints on ,horsemanship         
observes1 ,when you wish to turn to the 
right1 pull the right rein stronger than
 the left2 this is common sense--the    
common error is1 when you wish to turn  
to the right1 to pass the hand to the   
right1 by which the right rein is       
slackened1 and the left rein tightened1 
across the horse's neck2 and the horse  
is required to turn to the right1 when  
the left rein is pulled4  ,to turn to   
the right4--,the hand1 holding the reins
 the proper length1 and having a correct
 appui or feeling of the horse's mouth1 
must not be moved from its position1 in 
a line with the crest2 but the          
tightening of the rein1 must be         
effected1 by turning the wrist2 the     

little finger1 with the first joint     
pressing against the rein1 is raised1   
and turned towards the right shoulder2  
thus giving a double feeling1 or        
pressure upon the right rein1 and       
turning the horse's head in the desired 
direction1 the pressure of the left rein
 against the neck1 which follows1       
induces the horse to turn to the right4 
,or the right hand may be placed upon   
the right rein1 to tighten it4 ,the     
pressure with the left leg1 should at   
the same time be increased1 to prevent  
the horse from throwing his hind        
quarters too much outwards1 or to the   
left4 ,the rider's body should incline  
inwards1 and face the direction turning 
to4 ,if the whip be used1 it should be  
applied upon the left shoulder1 with a  
continued pressure1 till the turn has   
been completed4  ,to turn to the        
left4--,the lady should increase the    
bearing upon the left rein1 by turning  
the back of her hand downwards1 so as to
 bring the little finger towards the    

left shoulder2 at the same time1 she    
should apply the whip to the horse's    
right flank1 to make him collect        
himself1 and to prevent him1 from       
throwing his hind-quarters too much to  
the right2 when the horse has completed 
the turn1 the bearing and pressure      
should be equalized1 to induce the horse
 to move straight forward4  ,the horse1 
when at a stop1 may be made to turn     
quite round by making him move his      
hind-quarters only4  ,to circle the     
horse to the right1 on his              
fore-hand4--,the lady should apply her  
leg1 to the horse's side1 as far back as
 she can2 to induce him to step to the  
right1 with his hind legs2 at the same  
time1 she must increase the bearing upon
 the left rein2 if the horse does not   
readily obey the pressure of the foot1  
she may pass her hand behind her waist1 
and touch the horse with the whip gently
 on his left flank4  ,to circle the     
horse to the left1 on the               
forehand4--,the lady should apply the   

whip gently to the horse's right flank1 
to induce him to step to the left1 she  
should have a double bearing upon the   
right rein1 and she should at the same  
time press her foot against the horse's 
side1 as far forward as she can1 to     
oppose the movement of the fore-legs4   
,the horse can be made to turn on his   
hind legs1 by the movement only of his  
fore-hand4 ,the lady to turn the horse  
to the right1 must apply her leg as far 
back as possible1 to keep the horse's   
haunches steady2 at the same time1 she  
should with the bit1 bend the horse's   
head a little to the right1 to induce   
him to step with his fore-feet to the   
right4 ,if necessary1 the whip may be   
used1 by gentle touches upon the left   
shoulder4  ,to turn on the haunches to  
the left4--,the lady must press her whip
 on the horse's right flank1 and her    
leg1 against his side as far forward as 
possible1 at the same time1 she should  
communicate an impulse to the horse1 to 
step to the left1 to turn the horse     

quite round when in movement2 the lady  
should first bring her horse to a       
momentary stop1 and then proceed to turn
 him4  ,to stop4--,the lady must close  
her leg smartly to the horse's side1 to 
make him bring his haunches under him2  
at the same instant she must increase   
the bearing upon the reins1 gradually   
yet firmly1 by turning the back of her  
bridle hand downwards1 and drawing it   
back1 and upwards2 the body should also 
be thrown backwards1 to give weight to  
the pull3 as soon as the horse has      
obeyed the check and remains still1 the 
lady should ease the bearing upon the   
reins4 ,if the lady does not give an    
impulse to the horse1 by the pressure of
 her leg to his side1 to bring his      
haunches under him1 but merely pulls the
 bridle1 the horse might be stopped by  
strength of arm1 but it would be        
entirely on his fore-hand2 and she would
 be thrown up and down in her saddle1 in
 a very helpless way4  ,the stop should 
not be made too suddenly4  ,reining     

back4--,the great use of reining back1  
is to render the horse obedient1 and    
tractable4 ,the lady should first make  
her horse collect himself1 when well    
balanced1 she should communicate an     
impulse to the horse1 by the pressure of
 her leg and whip to his sides1 to      
induce him to raise one of his hind     
feet1 at the moment of his doing so1 she
 should double the feeling upon both    
reins1 by drawing her hand back1 and    
turning her little finger up towards her
 chest2 the horse1 to recover his       
balance1 will step back4 ,the movement  
of the hand must be repeated1 at each   
step of the horse2 should the horse     
bring his haunches too much under him1  
the bearing upon the reins must be      
eased1 and the pressure of the leg and  
whip1 increased1 to give him a forward  
impulse4  ,the horse must not be allowed
 to hurry1 or run back out of hand1 nor 
to diverge from the straight line2 he   
should be guided1 by an increased       
pressure of either rein1 as may be      

necessary1 and by an additional pressure
 with the leg1 or whip1 to keep his     
hind-quarters in the desired direction4 
,reining in4--,the object desired is1 to
 make the horse assume a more correct   
balance4 ,the lady should shorten her   
reins a little1 by drawing them through 
her left hand1 thus keeping the bit-hand
 low and steady1 with an extra bearing  
upon the reins2 she should with her     
right hand1 play with the snaffle rein1 
and at the same time1 communicate to the
 horse a forward impulse2 the horse     
feeling the bit to be an insurmountable 
obstacle1 will1 in place of throwing his
 weight forward1 bring his haunches     
under him4 ,should the urging indication
 be applied too abruptly1 the horse may 
throw so much weight forward1 as to pull
 the reins out of the rider's hands2 if 
used judiciously1 and controlled by the 
hand1 the horse will collect himself1   
arch his neck1 champ the bit1 and be    
ready for any movement4  ,this practice 
gives the horse confidence1 for most    

young horses are afraid of the bit2 and 
if frightened by too sudden a jerk upon 
the reins will never after1 go kindly up
 to hand4 ,the lady having learnt the   
indications necessary1 to induce the    
horse to move either1 his fore-hand     
round his haunches1 or his croup round  
his fore-hand2 may next proceed to apply
 them1 so as to induce the horse to move
 diagonally1 or sideways4  ,shoulder    
in4--,in this movement the horse's body 
is bent more or less4 ,the pupil should 
separate her reins1 and take one in each
 hand1 holding them rather short2 if the
 horse is to move to the left1 her right
 hand must be drawn back to her hip1 to 
bend the horse's head to the right1 her 
left hand should be advanced to guide   
the horse1 she must apply her whip by   
light touches to the horse's right side1
 in line with the girths1 to induce him 
to step diagonally4                     
,passaging4--,signifies moving side     
ways4--,if the retaining and urging     
indications be given with equal force1  

but the right rein be felt the stronger1
 the horse will incline to the right2 to
 induce him to move his hind quarters   
also in that direction1 the urging      
indication upon the left flank must be  
increased1 by the rider applying her leg
 to the horse's side1 as far back as she
 can1 if necessary1 she may pass her    
whip behind her waist1 and touch the    
horse with it1 on his left flank4  ,in  
passaging to the left1 the whip should  
be used by gentle touches1 on the       
horse's right shoulder1 or flank as may 
be necessary4  ,the rider should lean to
 the side1 the horse is moving to4      
,,animations4  ,animations are intended 
to produce greater speed1 or to render  
the horse more lively1 and on the alert1
 without increasing his pace2 some      
horses scarcely ever require animations1
 while others are so dull1 and deficient
 in mettle1 as to call them frequently  
into use4 ,the slightest movement of the
 body1 the hand1 or the leg1 is enough  
to rouse the well bred1 and thoroughly  

trained animal2 but it is necessary with
 sluggish horses1 that the animations1  
to be so spirited and united1 as almost 
to become corrections3 in fact1 what is 
mere animation to the one horse1 would  
be a positive correction to another4    
,animations should be used in all cases1
 when the horse1 contrary to the rider's
 inclination1 either decreases his      
speed1 droops his head1 bears heavily   
and languidly upon the bit1 or begins to
 be lazy and slovenly in the performance
 of his pace4 ,a good rider foresees the
 necessity for an animation1 before the 
horse actually abates his speed1 or     
loses the ensemble of his action1 and   
the grace and spirit of his deportment4 
,it is much easier to maintain1 than to 
restore a horse's animation2 therefore1 
the whip1 the hand1 the leg1 or the     
voice1 should do its office a few       
moments before1 rather than at a time1  
when doing so has become indispensable4 
,a slight motion of the fingers of the  
bridle hand1 serves as an excellent     

animation2 it reminds the horse of his  
duty1 awakens the sensibility of his    
mouth1 and preserves a proper           
correspondence between that1 and the    
hand4 ,when it is necessary to recur to 
animation frequently1 they ought to be  
varied2 even the whip1 if it be often   
used1 unless with different degrees of  
force1 will lose its effect4            
,,soothings4  ,we should endeavor1 as   
,xenophon observes1 to make ourself to  
our horse1 the organ of pleasure1 and   
that he should associate with our       
presence1 the idea of the absence of    
pain4 ,horses are by degrees made       
obedient1 through the hope of           
recompense1 as well as the fear of      
punishment2 to use these two incentives 
with judgment1 is a very difficult      
matter1 requiring much thought1 much    
practice and good temper2 mere force1   
and want of skill1 and coolness1 tend to
 confirm vice and restiveness4 ,the     
voice1 the leg and the whole body1 may  
be employed to soothe and encourage4    

,high mettled or fretful horses1 it is  
often necessary to soothe1 and timid    
ones to encourage4 ,a spirited animal is
 frequently impatient when first        
mounted1 or if a horse or carriage pass 
him at a quick rate2 in either case1 the
 rider should endeavor to soothe her    
horse1 by speaking to him in a calm     
gentle tone2 she should keep her whip as
 motionless as possible1 taking even    
more care than usual1 that its lash do  
not touch his flank1 her seat should be 
easy1 her leg still1 and her bridle hand
 steady4 ,the perfection of soothing    
consists in the rider sitting so still1 
and easy1 as not to add in the least1 to
 the horse's animation1 at the same time
 being on her guard1 so as to be able to
 meet any contingency that may occur4   
,,corrections4  ,the best horse         
sometimes requires correction1 but the  
sooner a lady gets rid of a horse that  
she is compelled to flog1 the better2   
the effect is most unpleasant1 though   
the eclat may be great1 and such a sight

 would destroy every previously formed  
idea of her grace and gentleness3       
moderate corrections are however some   
times necessary1 and the lady should    
make no scruple of having recourse to   
them when absolutely necessary1 but not 
otherwise4 ,the best way to correct a   
horse is to dishearten him1 and make him
 do what he would fain avoid1 not so    
much by force and obstinate resolution1 
in contesting with him openly1 and      
directly1 when he is perfectly prepared 
to resist2 as by a cool opposition1 and 
indirect means4 ,there are different    
methods of attaining the same end1 and  
those which are the least obvious to the
 animal should be adopted2 a lady cannot
 rival him in physical strength1 but she
 may conquer him by ingenuity1 or subdue
 him by a calm determined assumption of 
superior power3 severe flogging seldom  
produces good effect1 and all quarrels  
between a horse and his rider should be 
avoided2 on the other hand1 too much    
indulgence may induce him to think that 

she is afraid of him2 should he do so1  
she will find that he will exercise     
every means to convince her1 that he    
considers himself her master1 instead of
 acknowledging by implicit obedience1   
that she is his4  ,when it is necessary 
to use the whip as a correction1 it     
should be applied1 by giving the horse  
two or three smart cuts in a line with  
the girths1 or on the shoulder4 ,the    
lady should not fret her horse1 by      
continually tapping him with the whip4  
,,vices4  ,the word vice1 is used to    
signify those actions which arise from a
 perverse1 or mischievous               
disposition--those1 in which the horse  
opposes his own will1 to that of his    
rider1 or those in which he purposely   
attempts to injure other horses1 or the 
persons about him4 ,a lady certainly    
should not ride any horse1 that is      
addicted to shying1 stumbling1 rearing1 
or any other kind of vice2 but she ought
 nevertheless1 to be prepared against   
their occurrence2 for1 however careful1 

and judicious those persons1 by whom her
 horse is selected1 may be1 and however 
long a trial she may have had of his    
temper1 and merits1 she cannot be sure1 
even with the best tempered horse1 that 
she may not have to exercise her skill1 
to save herself from danger2 she should 
therefore1 be prepared against frailty1 
or accident4  ,when a horse resists1 or 
suddenly becomes uneasy in his gait1    
instead of punishing the animal2 the    
bridle1 saddle1 girths1 c41 should be   
examined1 to ascertain the cause1 and   
remedy it4 ,for want of this necessary  
precaution1 the poor animal is often    
used ill1 without reason1 and being     
forced into despair1 is in a manner     
obliged to act accordingly1 be his      
temper and inclination ever so good4    
,weakness frequently drives horses into 
being vicious1 when any thing beyond    
their strength is required of them3     
great care should therefore be taken1 to
 ascertain from what cause the          
opposition arises4  ,resistance in      

horses1 is often a mark of strength and 
vigour1 and proceeds from high spirits1 
but punishment would turn it into vice2 
a timorous rider1 or a passionate       
person1 would alike spoil the horse2 the
 former1 by suffering him to have his   
own will1 establishes bad habits1 and   
creates new ones2 for horses find out   
many ways1 and means of opposing what is
 demanded to them2 many will            
imperceptibly gain a little every day on
 their riders2 the lady must however    
always treat the horse kindly1 at the   
same time show him that she does not    
fear him4 ,the other1 from want of      
reason1 and temper1 enrages the horse1  
and causes him to become vicious4       
,horses of a bad disposition or temper1 
are exceedingly subtle1 and watch their 
opportunity2 they first1 as it were1    
feel for their rider's firmness of seat1
 and her resolution1 and are sure to    
defend themselves upon that point1 on   
which they expect she will attack them2 
now1 the object of the lady in this     

contest must be1 to frustrate the       
horse's intentions1 and protect herself 
from injury in the struggle4  ,some     
horses have a vicious habit of turning  
round suddenly2 instead of endeavouring 
to prevent him1 in which the lady would 
in all probability be foiled1 were she  
to try to do so by force2 the better    
plan is1 to turn the horse smartly round
 to the side to which he is turning1    
until his head has made a complete      
circle1 and he finds to his             
astonishment1 that he is precisely in   
the place from which he started4 ,should
 he1 on the lady attempting to urge him 
forward1 repeat the trick2 she should   
pull him round on the same side three or
 four times1 and assist the hand in     
doing so1 by a smart aid of the whip1 or
 the leg2 while this is doing1 she must 
take care to preserve her balance1 by an
 inclination of the body1 towards the   
centre of the circle which is described 
by the horse's head in his revolution4  
,the same plan may be pursued1 when the 

horse endeavors to turn a corner        
contrary to the wish of his rider2 and  
if he be successfully baffled three or  
four times1 it is most probable that he 
will not renew his attempts4  ,when a   
horse refuses to advance1 and probably  
whipping would increase his obstinacy1  
or make him rear1 or bolt away in an    
opposite direction1 it is advisable1 on 
the same principle1 to make him walk    
backwards1 until he evinces a           
willingness to advance3 should the rider
 not mind her horse giving a kick or    
two1 a couple of smart cuts over the    
croup1 will generally prove successful4 
,should a horse back into difficulties2 
he must be turned with his head towards 
the danger1 and then backed off1 until  
there be sufficient room to handle him4 
,restive horses1 and even docile animals
 when put out of temper1 sometimes rear 
up against a wall or a carriage2 an     
inexperienced rider1 in such a          
situation1 would strive to pull his head
 from the wall1 which would bring her   

knee in contact with it1 consequently1  
all further chastisement thereupon      
ceases2 for were the rider to make her  
horse plunge1 her legs would be crushed 
against the wall1 the horse discovering 
the rider's weakness1 and that          
punishment had ceased2 would turn it to 
her disadvantage1 and on future         
occasions fly to the wall for shelter4  
,instead of from the wall4 ,the horse's 
head should be pulled towards it1 so as 
to place his eye1 in place of his       
rider's knee1 against it4 ,she should   
use her leg1 and whip1 to force the     
croup out1 when the horse can be easily 
backed off1 and he will never go near a 
wall again4  ,some horses will stand    
stock still1 if ladies have the patience
 to sit on their backs1 and keep them in
 the same spot for a time1 it is the    
most proper punishment for such an      
offence1 and will surely cure that mode 
of defence4  ,when a horse begins to    
kick1 the rider must bear forcibly upon 
his mouth1 and keep his head up1 at the 

same time1 she should press her leg to  
the horse's side1 keeping her body well 
back1 to save herself from being thrown 
forwards4 ,she should use as little     
coercion as possible1 and be careful to 
preserve her own temper1 and her seat2  
should the horse1 in spite of her       
exertions1 get his head down2 she must  
endeavour to give him a smart blow with 
her whip on his head1 which will induce 
him to throw it up1 and thereby stop his
 kicking2 should an opportunity occur1  
she should also try to give the horse1  
two or three smart turns2 this may also 
be done with effect1 as a preventative1 
should she detect any incipient attempts
 in the animal to kick4  ,rearing is a  
bad vice1 and in weak horses especially1
 a dangerous one4 ,when the horse rears1
 the rider must cease to bear upon the  
mouth1 she should lean her body well    
forward1 towards his neck1 and with her 
right hand take hold of the mane1 to    
save herself from falling off1 or       
pulling the horse backwards upon her2 as

 the horse comes to the ground with his 
fore-feet1 not before1 she should give  
him a few smart cuts with the whip on   
his croup1 to force him forward1 and    
endeavor to pull him round two or three 
times1 and thus divert him from his     
object2 the latter course may also be   
adopted to prevent rearing1 if the rider
 can foresee the horse's intention4  ,if
 a lady have the misfortune to be       
mounted on a runaway horse1 she may     
avoid evil consequences1 if she can but 
contrive to retain her self-possession4 
,she must endeavor also to retain her   
seat at all hazards1 sitting well back  
and perfectly quiet1 for the least      
symptom of alarm on her part1 will      
increase the terror1 or determination of
 the horse4 ,she should not attempt to  
throw herself off the horse1 except in  
cases when the horse may be taking her  
into imminent danger2 she should        
separate her reins1 holding the curb in 
her left hand1 and the snaffle in her   
right1 and pull at each alternately2    

which renders the mouth more sensitive1 
than a dead heavy pull upon any one bit1
 and the horse consequently more        
obedient to the hand4 ,should an open   
space present itself1 turning a horse in
 a circle1 will frequently bring him up 
in a few seconds4  ,plunging1 is very   
common amongst restive horses4 ,if the  
horse continue to do so in one place1 or
 backing2 he must be urged forward2 but 
if the horse does it flying forward1 he 
should be kept back1 and ridden slowly  
for some time4  ,starting1 often        
proceeds from a defect in sight1 which  
therefore should be carefully looked to4
 ,when a horse starts or shies1 no      
notice should be taken of the movement1 
further1 than to meet him1 with the     
proper bearings and pressures1 to compel
 him to move in the true direction2     
should he however1 be alarmed at an     
object1 and instead of going up to1 or  
passing it1 turn round2 he should be    
soothed1 and brought up gently to it1   
caressed at every step1 he advances4 ,to

 attempt to force the horse up to the   
object he dreads1 would not only be     
ridiculous and dangerous1 but the       
punishment would add to the alarm1 and  
the horse would take an early           
opportunity to shy afresh1 at the first 
strange object that presented itself1   
and very probably he would add another  
start1 in anticipation of the           
chastisement that might be in store for 
him4 ,thus1 what was originally a       
failing from defect of vision1 or       
ebullition of spirit from over feeding1 
or want of proper exercise1 becomes a   
vice rooted1 and confirmed1 and of a    
dangerous character4 ,when passing an   
object that the horse may be alarmed at1
 his head should be turned away from it1
 rather than towards it1 a good rider   
thus prevents her horse from shying1    
while the young and bad rider1 by the   
reverse treatment1 of pulling a horse's 
head towards the object1 and whipping   
him up to it1 makes her horse shy4 ,the 
horse should never be allowed to evade  

passing the object1 but he should be got
 past in the manner1 that occasions the 
least alarm to1 or contention with him4 
,when the horse starts1 the rider should
 instantly direct her eyes to the       
horse's ears1 when her body will        
naturally take the same direction that  
the horse shies to1 but if her eyes be  
directed to what the horse shies from1  
she may loose her balance1 and fall4    
,,paces ,,of ,,the ,,horse4  ,the walk  
is the least raised1 the slowest1 and   
the most gentle of all the paces2 but it
 should be an animated quick step1 and  
to be pleasant to the rider1 it must be 
true2 that is1 it should be conducted by
 a harmonious elevation and setting down
 of the feet1 each foot being dropped   
flat on the ground1 and not1 as is too  
often the case1 the toe being placed    
first1 and then the heel4 ,one lady by a
 good seat and hand1 will cause her     
horse to carry his head1 with his neck  
arched1 and to elevate and extend his   
limbs1 the one in unison with the other2

 another1 by her bad hand1 and seat1    
will bring the horse she rides1 to step 
short1 and irregular1 and so mix his    
trot1 with his walk1 as to do little    
more than shuffle over the ground4      
,previous to urging the horse into a    
walk1 the lady should ascertain that he 
is well in hand1 and on his proper      
balance2 then1 by turning her hand1 with
 the little finger towards her breast1  
she must increase the bearing upon the  
horse's mouth1 to draw his attention1   
and at the same instant1 she must       
communicate to him1 by closing the leg1 
and using the whip gently upon the right
 side1 a sufficient impulse to carry him
 forward1 easing1 as he advances1 the   
bearing upon the mouth1 by the hand     
resuming its proper position1 but she   
must not slacken the reins4  ,in the    
walk1 the reins should be held so that  
the rider have a delicate1 but distinct 
feeling of the horse's mouth1 to cause  
the horse to carry his head in a proper 
position1 and to keep time in the beats 

of his action1 but not held so tightly1 
as to impede the measurement of his     
steps1 or to make him1 on being slightly
 animated1 break from a walk into a     
trot4  ,the rider's body should be erect
 but pliable1 neither obeying too much  
the action of the horse1 nor yet        
resisting it4  ,if the horse do not     
exert himself sufficiently1 or hang on  
the bit1 he should be animated1 by a    
play on the snaffle bridle2 should he   
break into a trot1 he must be checked1  
but the bearing upon the reins1 must    
neither be so firm nor continued1 as to 
make him stop4  ,the trot1 is a more    
animated pace4 ,to make the horse       
advance from the walk into a trot1 the  
horse must1 with the leg and whip1 be   
urged into greater animation1 at the    
same time retained1 by an increased     
bearing upon the reins4 ,the lady must  
be careful1 to retain the lightness in  
hand1 without counteracting the impulse 
necessary to the movement1 when the     
animal will proceed with that safety1   

which is natural to a horse balanced and
 light in hand4  ,when the horse trots1 
the lady must preserve her balance1     
steadiness and pliancy1 as in the walk2 
the rise in the trot1 is to be acquired 
by practice2 when the horse in his      
action raises the rider from her seat1  
she should advance her body1 and rest a 
considerable portion of her weight1 upon
 her right knee2 by means of which and  
the bearing of her left foot upon the   
stirrup1 she may return to her former   
position1 without being jerked2 but she 
must carefully time her movements to the
 horse's action1 and the closer she     
maintains her seat1 consistently with   
her own comfort the better4  ,the       
,canter1 and ,gallop1 are paces of still
 higher animation2 the canter is a      
repetition of bounds1 during which the  
forehand raises first1 and higher than  
the hind quarters2 it is the most       
elegant and agreeable of all the paces1 
when properly performed by horse and    
rider2 its perfection consists in its   

union and animation1 rather than its    
speed4  ,a horse may canter false1      
disunited with the fore1 or disunited   
with the hind legs1 for instance1 if a  
horse is cantering in a circle to the   
right1 leads with his near fore leg1    
followed by the near hind leg1 he is    
cantering false4 ,if leading with the   
near fore leg1 the off hind1 remains    
further back than the near one1 he is   
said to be disunited2 if leading with   
the proper fore leg1 the off hind       
remains further back than the left1 the 
pace must be rectified4 ,the lady should
 learn to ascertain by the motion of the
 horse1 if his canter be false or true1 
and she should acquire the means1 of    
making him rectify his action4  ,a horse
 must not be allowed to canter with     
either leg leading at his own will1 but 
must be made to do so1 at the will of   
the rider4 ,when cantering with the off 
fore-leg leading1 the pace is more      
agreeable to the lady1 consequently a   
lady's horse should be taught to start  

off into a canter1 with his right leg   
leading4 ,there are many opinions1 as to
 what are the proper indications to be  
given to the horse1 to induce him to    
lead with either particular leg1 but    
considering that a horse when cantering 
in a circle to the right1 must lead with
 the off-fore1 and that the indications 
in that case are1 a double bearing upon 
the right rein1 and an increased        
pressure with the leg1 or whip on the   
left side of the horse1 these appear to 
be the most rational4  ,to start the    
horse into a canter with the right or   
off-fore leg leading4 ,the lady having  
her horse properly animated1 light in   
hand1 and well balanced1 should1 as in  
the walk1 draw the horse's attention1 by
 an increased bearing upon both reins1  
but upon the right rein the stronger2   
and at the same time1 by a strong       
pressure of the leg1 or heel1 and by the
 application of the whip to the horse's 
left shoulder1 communicate to him1 an   
impulse to carry him forward4 ,if the   

horse hesitates to canter1 she should   
pass the whip behind her waist1 and     
strike the horse on his                 
near-hind-quarter2 the whip must not be 
used on the right side of the horse1    
because muscular action being           
retractile1 doing so1 would cause him to
 draw back his right leg1 rather than to
 advance it before the left4  ,to start 
the horse into a canter1 with the left  
leg leading1 the extra bearing must be  
made upon the left rein1 and the horse  
should be touched with the whip on the  
right shoulder or flank4 ,it is an      
excellent lesson to cause the horse to  
change the leading leg1 when in the     
canter1 so that upon any disturbance of 
pace1 or change of direction1 the action
 of the one1 may be as familiar1 and as 
easy to the rider1 as the other4 ,the   
lady should sit well down in the centre 
of the saddle1 with her body perfectly  
upright1 and square to the front1       
without stiffness or constraint1 she    
must continue the bearings upon the     

horse's mouth1 throughout the entire    
pace1 and if the horse flags in his     
movements1 or does not respond to the   
action of the bridle-hand1 then the whip
 must be instantly applied4 ,in turning 
a corner1 or cantering in a curve1 the  
lady must incline her body in that      
direction1 to preserve her balance1 and 
she must be careful that the bridle arm1
 does not acquire the bad habit1 of     
moving from the side of the body1 and   
throwing the elbow outwards4  ,the      
gallop1 is a further increase of pace   
upon the full canter1 but no lady of    
taste ever gallops on the road1 into    
this pace1 the lady's horse is never    
urged1 nor permitted to break1 excepting
 in the field4 ,the action being the    
same as that of the canter1 excepting   
being more extended and quicker1 nothing
 further need be said in this place4    
,,leaping4  ,a lady's horse must be     
perfectly steady1 and thoroughly        
trained1 before she attempts to put him 
to a leap4 ,leaping is beneficial1 as it

 tends to confirm the seat1 and enables 
the rider more effectually to preserve  
her balance1 should she ever be mounted 
upon an unsteady1 or vicious horse4     
,the skill in leaping consists          
principally1 in the rider's own acute   
anticipation of the horse's spring1 and 
in participating in his movements1 going
 over with him1 as a part of the        
horse's-self2 she must not1 by being    
late1 and hanging back1 have to be      
jerked forward by the spring2 which     
operating at an angle of the person1    
pitches the rider over the horse's head1
 before the animal's fore-quarters reach
 the ground4  ,preparatory to the leap1 
the rider should take up the snaffle    
rein1 and slacken the curb2 because the 
snaffle acting in the corners of the    
horse's mouth1 lifts up his head1 and   
allows him more freedom1 whereas the    
curb-bit acting lower down in the mouth1
 tends to draw the head and chin        
inwards1 towards the breast1 and        
restrains his power of extension4       

,leaps are of two kinds1 the standing   
and the flying4 ,in the standing leap1  
or leap over a height from a standing   
position2 the horse raises himself on   
his hind feet1 and springs from his hind
 legs1 throwing himself over the object4
 ,the flying leap1 is taken from any    
pace1 it differs from the standing leap1
 principally in agility1 and in the     
horse being more extended in his        
movements4  ,the position of the rider  
is to be governed in this1 as in all    
other cases1 by the action of the horse2
 no weight should be borne on the       
stirrup1 the right leg must press       
strongly the middle pommel1 and the     
left1 be closed to the saddle4 ,the     
bridle should be held so as to offer no 
check to the horse's movement1 but      
should the horse show an unwillingness  
to jump1 or be inclined to swerve1 it is
 prudent to keep him firmly in hand1    
until the moment of his spring1 when the
 tension on the reins may be lessened4  
,a standing jump4--,the rider must press

 her leg close against the saddle1 she  
must animate the horse to jump1 by      
gently lifting his head2 as he raises on
 his haunches for the leap1 she should  
yield the reins1 to give him ample room 
to extend his neck and shoulders1 and to
 exert himself2 as his fore-quarters    
ascend1 the lady should lean slightly   
forward1 keeping her head upright and   
steady2 as he springs1 she resumes her  
upright position1 and as he descends1   
she inclines her body backwards to      
balance herself2 urging1 and at the same
 time restraining the horse1 to induce  
him to collect1 and fully recover       
himself upon his legs4  ,the flying     
leap4--,in the flying leap1 the seat is 
to be preserved1 as in the standing     
leap1 but the horse's posture being more
 horizontal1 the lady need not lean     
forward as he raises2 she must approach 
the leap in such a manner1 as neither to
 hurry or flurry the horse1 but so as to
 allow him a full view of the place he  
has to go over4 ,holding the horse's    

head with the snaffle1 with a firm but  
delicate hand1 straight to his jump1 she
 brings him up at an animated pace4 ,as 
he springs1 she must slightly yield the 
reins1 as he descends1 she must incline 
her body backwards pressing her left leg
 firmly to the third crutch1 and looking
 straight to her front1 she will retain 
her seat and balance immoveably2 she    
then resumes the tension of the reins2  
and the moment the horse touches the    
ground1 she should be prepared to use   
her whip if necessary1 to induce the    
horse to collect himself1 to prevent him
 from stumbling or falling4   ,,road    
,,riding4  ,when persons are pursuing   
their business or pleasure on the road1 
precise formality1 and attention to the 
strict rules of riding1 would interrupt 
their enjoyment4  ,the rudiments of the 
art being once known1 when on the road1 
no more of it is to be applied1 than    
will1 with the greatest ease1 facilitate
 our designs4 ,when nothing more is     
required of the horse1 than to perform  

the natural paces1 he will walk1 trot1  
and gallop with the greatest freedom4   
,the rider participates in the like     
ease1 or unrestrained liberty1 but this 
ease or inattention1 is not to suffer   
unseemly habits to take place1 such as  
the back and shoulders to get round1 the
 head to shake1 the leg to dangle1 and  
beat against the horse's side4  ,these  
errors may creep on a person1 who has   
not been confirmed in the principles by 
sufficient practice2 but when habits of 
good riding are once firmly established1
 the ease and liberty the rider assumes1
 will not exceed propriety1 risk her    
security1 nor abandon1 nor baffle her   
horse1--her hand will keep its situation
 and properties1 though the body be     
turned to any extreme for the purpose of
 conversing1 and the like1 nor will the 
body by any freedom it takes1 throw     
itself out of balance1 nor take the     
liberty1 when it cannot be done with    
safety4 ,this freedom and ease1 so      
desirable and so universally admired1 is

 affected by every person who is in the 
habit of riding1 but with this          
difference1 some possess system1 with   
negligence1 and ease1 and others merely 
negligence and ease1 without system4  ,a
 lady's horse should be sure footed1 but
 the best become careless4 ,when a horse
 trips1 he should be kept more than     
usually collected4 ,it is useless to    
whip a horse after stumbling1 as it is  
also after shying1 for it is clear1 he  
would not run the risk of breaking his  
knees nor his nose if he could help it4 
,a bad horsewoman throws her horse down1
 which a good horsewoman does not do4   
,that is1 because a bad horsewoman      
hurries her horse1 over bad ground1 or  
down hill1 or over loose stones1 or     
rough and broken ground1 lets him       
flounder into difficulties1 and when    
there1 pulls him so that he cannot see1 
nor exert himself to get out of them and
 expecting chastisements1 the horse     
springs to avoid it1 before he has      
recovered his feet1 and goes down with a

 tremendous impetus2 if she have to     
cross a rut to the right1 she probably  
forces her horse across it1 when the    
right foot is on the ground2 in which   
case1 unless the horse collect himself1 
and jump2 if he attempts to step across 
it1 the probability is1 that crossing   
his legs1 he knocks one against the     
other and falls4 ,the reverse of all    
this1 ,colonel ,,greenwood1 writes1     
should be the case1 if the lady have not
 sufficient tact to feel1 which of her  
horse's feet is on the ground1 she must 
allow him his own time for crossing1    
which will be1 when the left foot is on 
the ground4 ,the rider should habitually
 choose her horse's ground for him1 this
 by practice1 will become as easy to    
her1 as choosing her own path when      
walking4  ,it is a common error to      
suppose1 that a rider can support a     
horse when falling1 lift him over a     
leap1 or hold him up1 they are          
mechanical impossibilities4 ,were a     
similar weight attached to the thin rein

 of a lady's bridle1 could the lady lift
 it with her left hand4 ,a pull from the
 curb1 will indeed give the horse so    
much pain in the mouth1 that he will    
throw up his head1 and the rider        
flatters herself that she has saved her 
horse from falling2 but this error is   
not harmless1 by so doing1 she prevents 
his seeing to foot out any unsafe       
ground2 and further1 when an unmounted  
horse stumbles1 nature teaches him to   
drop his head and neck1 which relieves  
the shoulders of their weight1 and that 
is the instant that the horse makes his 
effort to recover himself2 the muscular 
power employed to raise the head and    
neck1 will act to sink his knees1 for as
 much as the rider pulls up1 so much    
will she pull down4 ,the great point is1
 to keep the horse so well balanced and 
in hand1 with his legs well under him1  
that should the horse stumble1 or get   
into difficulties1 he is able to recover
 himself without much exertion4  ,when  
proceeding along a road1 the rule is1 to

 keep to the left side of it1 but when  
about to pass those travelling in the   
same direction1 though at a less speedy 
pace2 to pass on their right4 ,a party  
meeting another passes to the right1    
that is1 the right hands of the parties 
meeting1 are towards each other4  ,a    
gentleman riding with a lady1 should be 
on her right side1 as on that side1 if  
the road be dirty1 he does not bespatter
 the lady's habit1 and on that side     
also1 he is situated next the carriages1
 and various objects they meet1 or which
 may be passing near them4  ,if a lady  
find her horse become affected and      
uneasy in his gait1 she should endeavor 
to ascertain the cause1 the probability 
is1 there will be found to be something 
wrong1 in the bridle or saddle or       
perhaps a stone in the horse's foot1 and
 she should have it remedied if         
possible4  ,a lady should also          
habitually prevent her horse            
out-walking1 or lagging behind her      
companions1 she is either very          

unsociable1 or a bad horsewoman1 who    
does not keep abreast of them4  ,a lady1
 although advised to ride in general on 
the curb bridle1 should occasionally use
 both hands to the reins4 ,it assists in
 obtaining a firm seat1 by giving       
greater power and command over the      
horse2 it prevents the strain on the    
left arm1 which is the natural result of
 holding a horse entirely with one hand1
 it makes the pressure upon the animal's
 mouth more even1 which is so truly     
essential to the comfort of both horse  
and rider1 it keeps the shoulders       
square1 a very important point in the   
elegance of a young lady's appearance1  
it causes the elbows to be even on      
either side instead of one being        
infinitely in the rear of the other1 as 
is too often the case1 and though last  
not least1 it keeps the whip quiet until
 its use is called for4  ,there is a    
piece of inhumanity practised1 as much1 
perhaps more by ladies than by          
gentlemen1 it is1 riding a horse fast on

 hard ground4 ,if the ground be hard and
 even1 a collected canter may be        
allowed1 but one hour's gallop on hard  
and uneven ground1 would do the soundest
 horse irremediable injury1 his sinews  
would be strained1 his joints           
prematurely stiffened1 fever in the feet
 would be produced1 and the horse would 
be deprived at once1 and for ever1 of   
his elasticity and action1 and be       
brought prematurely a cripple to the    
grave4   ,,dismounting4  ,the first     
operation preparatory to dismounting is1
 to bring the horse to an easy yet      
perfect stop4  ,if the lady be light1   
and dexterous1 she may dismount without 
assistance4  ,the lady when preparing to
 dismount1 should take the reins in her 
right hand1 and put the whip in her     
left4 ,the reins should be held         
sufficiently tight1 to restrain the     
horse from advancing2 and yet not so    
firmly1 as to cause him to back1 rear1  
or swerve4  ,the lady should next       
disengage her right leg from the pommel 

clearing her dress as she raises her    
knee2 place her right hand on the near  
crutch1 and take her foot out of the    
stirrup4  ,if the lady be assisted1 the 
gentleman taking her left hand in his   
left1 places his right hand under her   
left elbow1 which she keeps firm to her 
side2 as she springs1 he supports her in
 her descent1 she retains hold of the   
crutch or of the hunting pommel2 as she 
quits the saddle1 she turns to face the 
gentleman1 who stands near the horse's  
shoulder1 and alights on the ground on  
the balls of her feet4  ,if the lady    
dismount without assistance1 after      
clearing her foot from the stirrup1 she 
places her right hand on the near       
crutch1 and her left upon the third     
crutch or hunting pommel1 she must      
spring clear from the saddle facing     
towards the horse's side as she         
descends4 ,by whatever mode the lady    
dismount1 she should1 to prevent an     
unpleasant shock on reaching the ground 
bend her knees1 suffer her body to be   

perfectly pliant1 and alight upon the   
balls of her feet2 she is not to        
relinquish her hold1 nor the gentleman  
to withdraw his support1 until she be   
perfectly safe on the ground4           
,,concluding ,,remarks4  ,riding for    
recreation1 and riding for improvement1 
are distinct things1 yet both are       
necessary4 ,many persons unacquainted   
with the principles of ,horsemanship1   
can perceive no other excellence1 than  
riding boldly1 and riding fast1 and some
 even assert1 that a horse broken by a  
riding master1 has been spoiled2 this   
idea is easily accounted for1 as the    
better a horse is broken or educated1   
the more unsuited he is for an awkward  
rider4  ,there are many1 it is true1 who
 have been in the habit of riding from  
their infancy1 who1 although they never 
have had any instructions1 ride hunting1
 or on a straight road admirably well2  
but many more affect to ride as well1   
who commit the greatest absurdities4    
,though the ordinary modes of riding may

 gratify1 and convey one on a horse's   
back1 wherever the will directs1 yet1   
from want of knowledge of the true      
principles of riding1 one is continually
 exposed to innumerable hazards4  ,most 
persons are desirous to ride well1      
though not in a manege style4 ,to ride  
well1 a lady must be perfectly at her   
ease1 with a hand capable of managing   
her horse1 with facility to herself1 and
 comfort to her animal4 ,these          
requirements will be sooner attained1 by
 a few proper lessons1 with study and   
application1 than by years of riding    
without them4  ,to conclude1 a lady on  
horseback cannot look too quiet2 she    
should appear perfectly at her ease1 and
 in perfect temper with her horse2 in   
short whether natural1 or acquired1 she 
should seem1 born with a sweet temper1 a
 light hand1 and a good seat4           
,transcriber's ,note   ,the following   
typographical errors were corrected3    
,page  ,error   #aj   hand is them      
changed to hand is then   #bf   by      

implict changed to by implicit   #bh    
all probabilty changed to all           
probability   #cb   should he soothed   
changed to should be soothed   #cb      
carressed changed to caressed   #cg     
applicacation changed to application    
#ch   perpectly changed to perfectly    
#ci   to a leap1 changed to to a leap4  
#ci   rider's own accute changed to     
rider's own acute   #ci   of the horses 
changed to of the horse's  ,the         
following words were inconsistently     
spelled4    fore-hand _/ forehand       
head-stalls _/ headstalls