,,sci5tific ,,culture1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 ,,by ,,josiah ,,p>sons ,,cooke1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,m9]alogy1 ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,college4 ,,second ,,edition2 ,,) ,,additions4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #a1 #c1 ,,& #e ,,bond ,,/reet4 #ahhe4 ,,copyright1 #ahha1 #ahhe1 ,,by ,,josiah ,,p>sons ,,cooke4 ,,to ,,my ,,associates ,,9 ,,! ,,*emical ,,laboratory ,,( ,,h>v>d ,,college ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$4 ,,preface4 ,! essays collect$ 9 ?is volume1 al?\gh writt5 = special occasions )\t ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 h all a be>+ on ! subject select$ z ! title ( ! volume1 & are an outcome ( a some:at l>ge exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ physical sci5ce to college /ud5ts4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 :5 ! writ] began 8 "w at ,cambridge1 in/ruction 9 ! exp]im5tal sci5ces 0 giv5 9 our ,am]ican colleges solely by means ( lectures & recitations4 ,*emi/ry & ,physics 7 all[$ a limit$ space 9 ! college curriculum z bran*es ( useful k1 b 7 reg>d$ z :olly subord9ate to ! classics & ma!matics z a means ( education2 & z physical sci5ce 0 !n taught1 !re c be no "q t ! accept$ op9ion 0 correct4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce c nev] be made ( value z a means ( education unless taught by its own me?ods1 ) ! "o great aim 9 view to tra9 ! faculties ( ! m9d s z to enable ! educat$ man to read ! ,book ( ,nature = himself4 ,s9ce ! p]iod j ref]r$ to1 ! example e>ly set at ,cambridge ( mak+ ! /ud5t's own obs]vations 9 ! laboratory or cab9et ! basis ( all tea*+1 ei!r 9 exp]im5tal or natural hi/ory sci5ce1 has be5 g5]ally foll[$4 ,b 9 mo/ c5t]s ( education ! old traditions s f> survive t ! great end ( sci5tific culture is lo/ 9 attempt+ to con=m ev5 laboratory in/ruction to ! old academic me?ods ( recitations & exam9ations4 ,^!1 z usually conduct$1 are simply h9drances 9 a c\rse ( sci5tific tra9+1 because !y are no te/s ( ! only ability or acquirem5t :i* sci5ce values1 & !re=e set be=e ! /ud5t a false aim4 ,to po9t out ?is error1 & to claim = sci5ce tea*+ its appropriate me?ods1 0 "o object ( ! writ] 9 ^! essays4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 too (t5 ! case t1 9 foll[+ out our !ories ( education1 we avoid ,scylla only to enc\nt] ,*>ybdis1 & s1 9 specializ+ our c\rses ( laboratory in/ruction1 !re is great dang] ( fall+ into ! me*anical r\t9e ( a te*nical art1 & los+ sight ( ^? gr& ideas & g5]alizations :i* give bread? & dignity to sci5tific k4 ,t ^! great tru?s are z important an elem5t ( sci5tific culture z exp]im5tal skill1 ! au?or has also endeavor$ to illu/rate1 & he has add$ brief notices ( ! lives ( two noble m5 ( sci5ce :i* may add =ce to ! illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4--,,sci5tific ,,culture #e ,,ii4--,,! ,,nobility ,,( ,,k #de ,,iii4--,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,physical ,,sci5ce #ga ,,iv4--,,! ,,radiomet] #hf ,v4--,,memoir ,,( ,,?omas ,,graham #abg ,,vi4--,,memoir ,,( ,,william ,,hall[es ,,mill] #ade ,,vii4--,,william ,,b>ton ,,rog]s #afj ,,viii4--,,jean-,,bapti/e-,,&re ,,dumas #aha ,,ix4--,,! ,,greek ,,"q #bjc ,x4--,,fur!r ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,greek ,,"q #bad ,,xi4--,,sci5tific ,,culture2 ,,its ,,_s1 ,,its ,,aim1 ,,& ,,its ,,me?ods #bbg ,,xii4--,,noblesse ,,oblige #bfg ,,xiii4--,,! ,,spiritual ,,life #bhi ,,essays4 ,i4 ,,sci5tific ,,culture4 ,an ,address deliv]$ ,july #g1 #ahge1 at ! ,op5+ ( ! ,summ] ,c\rses ( ,in/ruction 9 ,*emi/ry1 at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,y h come toge!r ?is morn+ to beg9 v>i\s elem5t>y c\rses ( in/ruction 9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy4 ,z ,i h be5 in=m$1 mo/ ( y are tea*]s by pr(ession1 & y\r *ief object is to become acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5tal me?ods ( tea*+ physical sci5ce1 & to ga9 ! advantages 9 y\r /udy :i* ! l>ge app>atus ( ?is univ]sity is capable ( af=d+4 ,9 all ?is ,i hope y w n be disappo9t$4 ,y1 z tea*]s1 "k p]fectly well t success mu/ dep5d1 fir/ ( all1 on y\r own ef=ts2 b1 s9ce ! me?ods ( /udy+ ,nature are s diff]5t f ^? ) :i* y are famili> 9 lit]>y /udies1 ,i feel t ! be/ s]vice ,i c r5d]1 9 ?is introductory address1 is to /ate1 z cle>ly z ,i c1 ! great objects :i* %\ld be kept 9 view 9 ! c\rses on :i* y are n[ ent]+4 ,by y\r v att5dance on ^! c\rses y h giv5 ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( y\r appreciation ( ! value ( *emical /udies z a "p ( ! sy/em ( education1 & let me say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t y h n ov]valu$ _! importance4 ,! elem5t>y pr9ciples & m conspicu\s facts ( *emi/ry are s intimately associat$ ) ! exp]i5ce ( e-day life1 & f9d su* important applications 9 ! useful arts1 t no man at ! pres5t day c be reg>d$ z educat$ :o is ignorant ( !m4 ,n to "k :y ! fire burns1 or h[ ! sulphur trade affects ! indu/ries ( ! _w1 w be reg>d$1 by ! g5]ation ( m5 among :om y\r pupils w h to w9 _! places 9 society1 z a great] m>k ( ignorance ?an a false quantity 9 ,lat9 prosody or a solecism 9 gramm>4 ,moreov]1 ,i ne$ n tell y t physical sci5ce has become a great p[] 9 ! _w4 ,inde$1 aft] religion1 x is ! greate/ p[] ( our mod]n civilization4 ,consid] h[ mu* x has accompli%$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury t[>d increas+ ! com=ts & enl>g+ ! intellectual vision ( mank9d4 ,! railroad1 ! /eam%ip1 ! electric telegraph1 photography1 gaslights1 petroleum oils1 coal-t> colors1 *lor9e blea*+1 anae/hesia1 are a few ( its rec5t mat]ial gifts to ! _w2 & n only has x made "o pair ( h&s to d ! "w ( tw5ty1 b x has s improv$ & facilitat$ ! old indu/ries t :at 7 luxuries to ! fa!rs ( our republic h become necessities to our g5]ation4 ,& :51 pass+ f ^! mat]ial fruits1 y consid] ! purely intellectual triumphs ( physical sci5ce1 su* z ^? :i* h be5 ga9$ ) ! telescope1 ! microscope1 & ! spectroscope1 y c n wond] at ! e/eem 9 :i* ^! bran*es ( /udy are held 9 ?is practical age ( ! _w4 ,n[1 ^! imm5se results h be5 ga9$ by ! application to ! /udy ( ,nature ( a me?od :i* 0 s admirably describ$ by ,"l ,bacon 9 8 ,novum ,organon1 & :i* is n[ g5]ally call$ ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,:at we obs]ve 9 ,nature is an ord]ly succession ( ph5om5a4 ,! anci5ts speculat$ ab\t ^! ph5om5a z well z ourselves1 b !y cont5t$ !mselves ) speculations1 animat+ ,nature ) ! products ( _! wild fancies4 ,_! great ma/]1 ,ari/otle1 has nev] be5 excell$ 9 ! art ( dialectics2 b 8 me?od ( logic appli$ to ! ext]nal _w 0 ( v necessity an utt] failure4 ,x is frequ5tly said1 9 def5se ( ! exclusive /udy ( ! records ( anci5t le>n+1 t !y are ! products ( ?9k+1 lov+1 & hat+ m51 l ourselves1 & x is claim$ t ! /udy ( sci5ce c nev] rise to ! same nobility because x deals only ) lifeless matt]4 ,b ?is is a m]e play on words1 a repetition ( ! error ( ! old s*oolm54 ,physical sci5ce is noble because x does deal ) ?\ght1 & ) ! v noble/ ( all ?\ght4 ,nature at once manife/s & conceals an ,inf9ite ,pres5ce3 h] me?ods & ord]ly successions are ! manife/ations ( ,omnipot5t ,w2 h] contrivances & laws ! embodim5t ( ,omnisci5t ,?\ght4 ,! disciples ( ,ari/otle s signally fail$ simply because !y c\ld see 9 ,nature only a reflection ( _! idle fancies4 ,! foll[]s ( ,bacon h s glori\sly succe$$ because !y approa*$ ,nature z humble /ud5ts1 &1 hav+ fir/ le>n$ h[ to "q h]1 h be5 cont5t to be taught & n s\ght to tea*4 ,! anci5t logic nev] reliev$ a mom5t ( pa91 or lift$ an ounce ( ! burd5 ( human mis]y4 ,! mod]n logic has made a v l>ge %>e ( mat]ial com=t ! common h]itage ( all civiliz$ m54 ,9 :at1 !n1 does ?is ,baconian sy/em consi/8 ,simply 9 ^! elem5ts3 #a4 ,c>eful obs]vation ( ! conditions "u :i* a giv5 ph5om5on occurs2 #b4 ,! v>y+ ( ^! conditions by exp]im5ts1 & obs]v+ ! effects produc$ by ! v>iation4 ,we ?us f9d t "s ( ! conditions are m]ely accid5tal circum/ances1 hav+ no necess>y connection ) ! ph5om5on1 :ile o!rs are its inv>iable antec$5t4 ,hav+ n[ discov]$ ! true relations ( ! ph5om5on we are /udy+1 a happy guess1 sugge/$ probably by analogy1 furni%es u ) a clew to ! real causes on :i* x dep5ds4 ,we next te/ our guess by fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,if our hypo!sis is true1 ?is or t mu/ foll[2 &1 if 9 all po9ts ! !ory holds1 we h discov]$ ! law ( :i* we are 9 se>*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! necess>y inf]5ces are n realiz$1 !n we mu/ ab&on our hypo!sis1 make ano!r guess1 & te/ t 9 its turn4 ,let me illu/rate by two well-kn[n examples3 ,!1 ( old1 univ]sally accept$ pr9ciple t all liv+ organisms are propagat$ by se$s or g]ms 7omnia ex ovo7 has be5 s]i\sly que/ion$ by a mod]n s*ool ( naturali/s4 ,v>i\s obs]v]s h ma9ta9$ t !re 7 conditions "u :i* ! l[] =ms ( organic life 7 develop$ indep5d5tly ( all su* accessories1 b o!r1 & equally compet5t1 naturali/s1 :o h attempt$ to inve/igate ! subject1 h obta9$ conflict+ results4 ,?us x 0 obs]v$ t c]ta9 l[ =ms ( life 7 q con/antly develop$ 9 beef juice t _h be5 c>efully prep>$ & h]metically seal$ 9 glass flasks1 ev5 aft] ^! flasks _h be5 expos$ = a long "t to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,"h1 proclaims ! new s*ool1 is unmi/akable evid5ce ( spontane\s g5]ation2 =1 if pa/ exp]i5ce is any guide1 all g]ms mu/ h be5 kill$ by ! boil+ wat]4 ,no1 answ] ! m cauti\s naturali/s1 y h n yet prov$ y\r po9t4 ,y h no "r to assume t all g]ms are kill$ at ?is temp]ature4 ,! exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 7 repeat$ "u v>i\s conditions & at diff]5t temp]atures1 b ) unsatisfactory results1 until ,pa/eur1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* physici/1 devis$ a v simple mode ( te/+ ! "q4 ,he reason$ ?us3 ,if1 z is g5]ally believ$1 ! pres5ce ( invisible spores 9 ! air is an ess5tial condition ( ! developm5t ( ^! l[] gr[?s1 !n _! production mu/ be> "s proportion to ! abundance ( ^! spores4 ,ne> ! habitations ( animals & plants1 :]e ! spores are kn[n to be 9 abundance1 ! developm5t w\ld be naturally at a maximum1 & we %\ld expect t ! gr[? w\ld dim9i% 9 proportion z ! microscope indicat$ t ! spores dim9i%$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,accord+ly1 ,pa/eur select$ a region 9 ! ,jura ,m\nta9s suitable = 8 purpose1 & repeat$ ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ) beef juice1 fir/ at ! inn ( a t[n at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & !n at v>i\s elevations up to ! b>e rocks :i* cov]$ ! top ( ! ridge1 a height ( "s eight ?\s& feet4 ,at ea* po9t he seal$ up beef juice 9 a l>ge numb] ( flasks1 & wat*$ ! result4 ,he f\nd t :ile 9 ! t[n ! animalcules 7 develop$ 9 almo/ all ! flasks1 !y appe>$ only 9 two or ?ree out ( a hundr$ cases :]e ! flasks _h be5 seal$ at ! top ( ! m\nta91 & to a proportionate ext5t 9 ^? seal$ at ! int]m$iate elevations4 ,:at1 n[1 did ^! exp]im5ts prove8 ,simply ?is1 t ! developm5t ( ^! organic =ms 0 9 direct proportion to ! numb] ( g]ms 9 ! air4 ,x did n settle ! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation1 b x %[$ t false conclusions _h be5 d$uc$ f ! exp]im5ts :i* _h be5 cit$ to prove x4 ,a /ill m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! same me?od ( que/ion+ ,nature is to be f\nd 9 ! inve/igation ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 on ! composition ( wat]4 ,! voltaic batt]y :i* works our telegraphs 0 inv5t$ by ,volta 9 #ahjj2 & lat]1 dur+ ! same ye>1 x 0 discov]$ 9 ,london1 by ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle1 t ?is rem>kable in/rum5t _h ! p[] ( decompos+ wat]4 ,^! physici/s at once recogniz$ t ! *ief products ( ! action ( ! batt]y on wat] 7 hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases1 ?us confirm+ ! results ( ,cav5di%1 :o1 9 #agha1 _h obta9$ wat] by comb9+ ^! elem5t>y sub/ances2 oxyg5 hav+ be5 previ\sly discov]$ 9 #agge1 & hydrog51 at lea/1 z e>ly z #agff4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 v soon also obs]v$ t !re 7 always =m$ by ! action ( ! batt]y on wat]1 besides ^! a]i=m products1 an alkali & an acid1 ! alkali collect+ ar\nd ! negative pole1 & ! acid ar\nd ! positive pole ( ! electrical comb9ation4 ,9 reg>d to ! nature ( ?is acid & alkali1 !re 0 ! greate/ diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! e>ly exp]im5t]s on ?is subject4 ,cruick%anks suppos$ t ! acid 0 nitr\s acid1 & ! alkali ammonia4 ,desormes1 a ,fr5* *emi/1 attempt$ to prove t ! acid 0 muriatic acid2 :ile ,brugnatelli ass]t$ t a new & peculi> acid 0 =m$1 :i* he call$ ! electric acid4 ,x 0 9 ?is /ate ( ! "q t ,sir ,humphry ,davy began 8 inve/igation4 ,f ! analogies ( *emical sci5ce1 z well z f ! previ\s exp]im5ts ( ,cav5di% & ,lavoisi]1 he 0 p]suad$ t wat] consi/$ solely ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 & t ! acid & alkali 7 m]ely adv5titi\s products4 ,?is op9ion 0 und\bt$ly well f\nd$2 b1 great disciple ( ,bacon z he 01 ,davy felt t 8 op9ion 0 wor? no?+ unless sub/antiat$ by exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & accord+ly he set himself to "w to obta9 ! requir$ pro(4 ,9 ,davy's fir/ exp]im5ts ! two glass tubes :i* he us$ to conta9 ! wat] 7 connect$ toge!r by an animal membrane1 & he f\nd1 on imm]s+ ! poles ( 8 batt]y 9 _! respective tubes1 t1 besides ! n[ well-kn[n gases1 !re 7 really =m$ muriatic acid 9 "o tube1 & a fix$ alkali 9 ! o!r4 ,davy at once1 h[ev]1 suspect$ t ! acid & alkali came f common salt conta9$ 9 ! animal membrane1 & he !re=e reject$ ?is mat]ial & connect$ ! glass tubes by c>efully wa%$ cotton fib]1 :51 on submitt+ ! wat] z be=e to ! action ( ! voltaic curr5t1 & cont9u+ ! exp]im5t ?r\gh a great l5g? ( "t1 no muriatic acid appe>$2 b he /ill f\nd t ! wat] 9 ! "o tube 0 /rongly alkal9e1 & 9 ! o!r /rongly acid1 al?\gh ! acid 0 *iefly1 at lea/1 nitr\s acid4 ,a "p ( ! acid evid5tly came f ! animal membrane1 b n ! :ole1 & ! s\rce ( ! alkali 0 z obscure z be=e4 ,davy !n made ano!r guess4 ,he knew t alkali 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass2 & x occurr$ to him t ! glass ( ! tubes1 decompos$ by ! electric curr5t1 might be ! orig9 ( ! alkali 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he !re=e sub/itut$ = ! glass tubes cups ( agate1 :i* conta9s no alkali1 & repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 b /ill ! tr\blesome acid & alkali appe>$4 ,nev]!less1 he said1 x is possible t ^! products may be d]iv$ f "s impurities exi/+ 9 ! agate cups1 or adh]+ to !m2 & s1 9 ord] to make 8 exp]im5ts z ref9$ z possible1 he reject$ ! agate vessels & procur$ two conical cups ( pure gold1 b1 on repeat+ ! exp]im5ts1 ! acid & alkali aga9 appe>$4 ,& n[ let me ask :o is !re ( u :o w\ld n h conclud$ at ?is /age ( ! inquiry t ! acid & alkali 7 ess5tial products ( ! decomposition ( wat]8 ,b n s ) ,davy4 ,he knew p]fectly well t all ! circum/ances ( 8 exp]im5ts _h n be5 te/$1 & until ?is _h be5 done he _h no "r to draw su* a conclusion4 ,he next turn$ to ! wat] he 0 us+4 ,x 0 di/ill$ wat]1 :i* he suppos$ to be pure1 b /ill1 he said1 x is possible t ! impurities ( ! spr+-wat] may be c>ri$ ov] to a slight ext5t by ! /eam 9 ! process ( di/illation1 & may !re=e exi/ 9 my di/ill$ wat] to a suffici5t am\nt to h caus$ ! difficulty4 ,accord+ly1 he evaporat$ a qu>t ( ?is wat] 9 a silv] di%1 & obta9$ sev5-t5?s ( a gra9 ( dry residue4 ,he !n add$ ?is residue to ! small am\nt ( wat] 9 ! gold cones & aga9 repeat$ ! exp]im5t4 ,! proportion ( alkali & acid 0 s5sibly increas$4 ,y ?9k he has f\nd at la/ ! s\rce ( ! acid & alkali 9 ! impurities ( ! wat]4 ,s ?\ght ,davy1 b he 0 too fai?ful a disciple ( ,bacon to leave ?is legitimate inf]5ce unv]ifi$4 ,accord+ly1 he repeat$ly di/ill$ ! wat] f a silv] alembic until x left absolutely no residue on evaporation1 & !n ) wat] :i* he knew to be pure1 & conta9$ 9 vessels ( gold f :i* he knew x c\ld acquire no ta9t1 he /ill aga9 repeat$ ! already well-tri$ exp]im5t4 ,he dipp$ 8 te/-pap] into ! vessel connect$ ) ! positive pole1 & ! wat] 0 /ill decid$ly acid4 ,he dipp$ ! pap] into ! vessel connect$ ) ! negative pole1 & ! wat] 0 /ill alkal9e4 ,y might well ?9k t ,davy w\ld h be5 disc\rag$ "h4 ,b n 9 ! lea/4 ,! pa? to ! great tru?s :i* ,nature hides (t5 leads ?r\gh a f> d5s] & a m bewild]+ =e/ ?an ?is2 b !n !re is n infrequ5tly a blaze on ! trees :i* po9ts out ! way1 al?\gh x may require a %>p eye 9 a cle> head to see ! m>ks4 ,& ,davy 0 well en\gh tra9$ to obs]ve a circum/ance :i* %[$ t he 0 n[ on ! "r pa? & head+ /raight = ! goal4 ,on exam9+ ! alkali =m$ 9 ?is la/ exp]im5t1 he f\nd t x 0 n1 z be=e1 a fix$ alkali1 soda or pota%1 b ! volatile alkali ammonia4 ,evid5tly ! fix$ alkali came f ! impurities ( ! wat]1 & :51 on repeat+ ! exp]im5t ) pure wat] 9 agate cups or glass tubes1 ! same results foll[$1 he felt assur$ t s mu* at lea/ _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,!re 0 /ill1 h[ev]1 ! production ( ! volatile alkali & ( nitr\s acid to be acc\nt$ =4 ,z ^! conta9 only ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 ,davy ?\ght t possibly !y might be =m$ by ! comb9ation ( hydrog5 at ! "o pole & ( oxyg5 at ! o!r ) ! nitrog5 ( ! air1 :i* 0 necess>ily dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to elim9ate ! effect ( ! air1 he aga9 repeat$ ! exp]im5t "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump f :i* ! atmosph]e _h be5 exhau/$1 b /ill ! acid & alkali appe>$ 9 ! two cups4 ,davy1 h[ev]1 0 n disc\rag$ by ?is1 = ! blazes on ! trees 7 becom+ m num]\s1 & he n[ felt sure t he 0 fa/ approa*+ ! end4 ,he obs]v$ t ! quantity ( acid & alkali _h be5 greatly dim9i%$ by exhau/+ ! air1 & ?is 0 all t c\ld be expect$1 =1 z ,davy knew p]fectly well1 ! be/ air-pumps d n remove all ! air4 ,he !re=e1 = ! la/ exp]im5t1 n only exhau/$ ! air1 b replac$ x ) pure hydrog51 & !n exhau/$ ! hydrog5 & refill$ ! receiv] ) ! same gas sev]al times 9 succession1 until he 0 p]fectly sure t ! la/ traces ( air _h be5 z x 7 wa%$ out4 ,9 ?is atmosph]e ( pure hydrog5 he all[$ ! batt]y to act on ! wat]1 & n until ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs did he disconnect ! app>atus4 ,he !n dips 8 te/-pap] into ! wat] connect$ ) ! positive pole1 & !re is no trace ( acid2 he dips x into ! wat] at ! negative pole1 & !re is no alkali2 & y may judge ) :at satisfaction he )draws ^? slips ( te/-pap]1 ^: unalt]$ surfaces %[$ t he _h be5 guid$ at la/ to ! tru?1 & t 8 p]sev]ance _h be5 rew>d$4 ,! fame ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy re/s on 8 discov]y ( ! metals ( ! alkalies & e>?s :i* fir/ reveal$ ! wond]ful tru? t ! cru/ ( our globe consi/s ( metallic c9d]s2 b none ( ^! brilliant results %[ s great sci5tific m]it or su* em95t p[] ( inve/igat+ ,nature z ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h j detail$4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 describ$ !m "h = ! purpose ( glorify+ t r5[n$ man4 ,8 honor$ memory ne$s no su* (fice at my h&s4 ,my only object 0 to %[ y :at is meant by ! ,baconian me?od ( sci5ce1 & to give "s idea ( ! nature ( t mod]n logic :i* )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has produc$ m wond]ful trans=mations 9 human society ?an ! au?or ( ,aladd9 ev] imag9$ 9 8 wilde/ dreams4 ,9 ?is %ort address ,i c ( c\rse give y b a v dim & imp]fect idea ( :at ,i h call$ ! ,baconian sy/em ( exp]im5tal reason+4 ,inde$1 y c n =m any cle> conception ( x1 until 9 "s humble way y h attempt$ to use ! me?od1 ea* "o = himself1 & y h come "h 9 ord] t y may acquire su* exp]i5ce4 ,my object1 h[ev]1 w be ga9$ if ^! illu/rations s]ve to give emphasis to ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 :i* ,i feel ,i ought to make at ! op5+ ( ^! c\rses ( in/ruction--/atem5ts :i* h an especial appropriat5ess 9 ?is place1 s9ce ,i am address+ tea*]s1 :o are 9 a position to ex]t an important influ5ce on ! sy/em ( education 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ,i mu/ decl>e my conviction t no educat$ man c expect to realize 8 be/ possibilities ( usefulness )\t a practical k ( ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,if he is to be a physician1 8 :ole success w dep5d on ! skill ) :i* he c use ^! great tools ( mod]n civilization4 ,if he is to be a lawy]1 8 advancem5t w 9 no small measure be det]m9$ by ! acut5ess ) :i* he c criticise ! mann] 9 :i* ! same tools h be5 us$ by 8 own or 8 oppon5t's cli5ts4 ,if he is to be a cl]gyman1 he mu/ take sides 9 ! great conflict betwe5 !ology & sci5ce :i* is n[ rag+ 9 ! _w1 &1 unless he wi%es to play ! "p ( ! d\ghty knight ,don ,quixote1 & ?9k he is w9n+ great victories by knock+ d[n ! imag9>y adv]s>ies :i* 8 ignorance has set up1 he mu/ try ! /eel ( 8 adv]s>y's blade4 ,let me be fully und]/ood4 ,x is n to be expect$ or desir$ t _m ( our /ud5ts %\ld become pr(essional m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! places ( employm5t = sci5tific m5 are b few1 & m 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pa/ !y w naturally be secur$ by ^? :om ,nature has end[$ ) special aptitudes or ta/es--usually ! signs ( aptitudes--to inve/igate h] laws4 ,t our c\ntry w always (f] an honorable c>e] to h] m5 ( g5ius1 we h e reason to expect1 & ^! born /ud5ts ( ,nature w usually foll[ ! pla9 indications ( ,provid5ce )\t enc\ragem5t or direction f u4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! great body ( e>ne/ /ud5ts :o are consci\s ( no special aptitudes1 b :o are desir\s ( do+ ! be/ ?+ to fit !mselves = usefulness 9 ! _w2 & ,i feel t any sy/em ( education is radically defective :i* does n comprise a suffici5t tra9+ 9 ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal sci5ce to make ! mass ( our educat$ m5 famili> ) ?is tool ( mod]n civilization3 s t1 :51 h]eaft]1 new conque/s ov] matt] are ann\nc$ & great discov]ies are proclaim$1 !y may be able n only to und]/& b also to criticise ! me?ods by :i* ! assum$ results h be5 rea*$1 & ?us be 9 a position to di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & ! false4 ,:e!r we w or n1 we mu/ live "u ! direction ( ?is great p[] ( mod]n society1 & ! only "q is :e!r we w be its ignorant slave or its intellig5t s]vant4 ,9 ! second place1 x seems fitt+ t ,i %\ld /ate to y :at ,i reg>d z ! true aims to be kept 9 view 9 a c\rse ( sci5tific /udy1 & to give my reasons = ! me?ods we h adopt$ 9 arrang+ ! c\rses y are ab\t beg9n+4 ,9 our day !re has aris5 a w>m discussion z to ! relative claims ( two k9ds ( culture1 & attempts are made to create an antagonism betwe5 !m4 ,b all culture is ! same 9 _s4 ,its object is to awak5 & /r5g!n ! p[]s ( ! m9d2 = ^!1 l ! muscles ( ! body1 are develop$ & r5d]$ /rong & active only by ex]cise2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may become atrophi$ f m]e want ( use4 ,sci5ce culture diff]s 9 its me?ods f ! old classical culture1 b x has ! same _s & ! same object4 ,y mu/ n1 !re=e1 expect me to advocate ! =m] at ! exp5se ( ! latt]2 =1 al?\gh ,i h labor$ assidu\sly dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury to e/abli% ! me?ods ( sci5ce tea*+ :i* h n[ become g5]al1 ,i am f> f believ+ t !y are ! only true modes ( obta9+ a lib]al education4 ,s f> f ?is1 if x 7 necess>y to *oose "o ( two sy/ems1 ,i %\ld favor ! classical2 & :y8 ,language is ! m$ium ( ?\ght1 & c n be sep>at$ f x4 ,he :o w\ld ?9k well mu/ h a good comm& ( language1 & he :o has ! be/ comm& ( language ,i am almo/ tempt$ to say w ?9k ! be/4 ,= ?is reason a c]ta9 am\nt ( critical /udy ( language is ess5tial = e educat$ man1 & su* /udy is n likely to be ga9$ except ?r\gh ! great anci5t languages2 ! advocates ( classical s*ol>%ip frequ5tly say1 c n be ga9$4 ,i am n ready to accept ?is dictum2 b ,i mo/ will+ly conc$e t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our s*ools x is n likely to be ga9$4 ,i nev] _h any ta/e myself = classical /udies2 b ,i "k t ,i owe to ! /udy a great "p ( ! m5tal culture :i* has enabl$ me to d ! "w t has fall5 to my %>e 9 life4 ,b1 :ile ,i conc$e all ?is1 ,i d n believe1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! classical is ! only effective me?od ( culture2 y evid5tly d n ?9k s1 = y w\ld n be "h if y did4 ,b1 9 ab&on+ ! old tri$ me?od1 :i* is kn[n to be good1 = ! new1 y mu/ be c>eful t y ga9 ! advantages :i* ! new (f]s2 & y w n ga9 ! new culture y seek unless y /udy sci5ce 9 ! "r way4 ,9 ! classical dep>tm5ts ! me?ods are s well e/abli%$1 & h be5 s long te/$ by exp]i5ce1 t !re c h>dly be a wrong way4 ,b 9 sci5ce !re is n only a wrong way1 b ?is wrong way is s easy & allur+ t y w mo/ c]ta9ly /ray into x unless y /rive e>ne/ly to keep out ( x4 ,h5ce ,i am mo/ anxi\s to po9t out to y ! "r way1 & d :at ,i c to keep y 9 x2 & y w f9d t our c\rses & me?ods h be5 devis$ ) ?is object4 ,:5 advocat+ 9 our "m ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 9 ,old ,engl&1 ! claims ( sci5tific culture1 ,i 0 pu%$ ) an argum5t :i* _h v great weight ) ! em95t ,engli% s*ol>s pres5t1 & :i* y w be surpris$ to le>n 0 reg>d$ z fatal to ! success ( ! sci5ce triposes !n "u debate4 ,! argum5t 0 t ! exp]im5tal sci5ces c\ld n be made ! subjects ( competitive exam9ations4 ,"s may smile at su* an objection2 b1 z view$ f ! ,engli% /&po9t1 !re 0 really a great deal 9 x1 & ! argum5t br\ght out ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 sci5tific & classical culture4 ,! old me?od ( culture may be said to h culm9at$ 9 ! competitive exam9ations ( ! ,engli% univ]sities4 ,we h no su* exam9ations "h4 ,success dep5ds n simply on kn[+ y\r subject ?or\ghly1 b on hav+ x at y\r f+]s' ends1 & ^? f+]s s agile t !y c accompli% n only a prodigi\s am\nt ( "w 9 a %ort "t1 b c d ?is "w ) absolute accuracy4 ,= ! only approa* we make to an exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ look to our a?letic conte/s4 ,x may ( c\rse be d\bt$ :e!r ! ability1 once 9 a man's life1 to p]=m su* m5tal feats1 is wor? :at x co/s4 ,/ill x implies a v high degree ( m5tal culture1 & x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ! exp]im5tal sci5ces give no field = t sort ( m5tal prize-fights4 ,x is easy to prep>e writt5 exam9ations :i* w %[ :e!r ! /ud5ts h be5 fai?ful to _! "w1 b !y c n be adapt$ to su* competitions z ,i h describ$ )\t ab&on+ ! true object ( sci5ce culture4 ,! ability ( ! sci5tific /ud5t c only be %[n by long-cont9u$ "w at ! laboratory table1 & by 8 success 9 inve/igat+ ! problems :i* ,nature pres5ts4 ,we h "h /ruck ! true key-note ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,! great object ( all our /udy %\ld be to /udy ,nature1 & all our me?ods %\ld be direct$ to ?is "o object4 ,?is aim alone w ennoble our s*ol>%ip z /ud5ts1 & w give dignity to our sci5tific call+ z m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x is ?is high aim1 moreov]1 :i* v9dicates ! wor? ( ! mode ( culture we h *os54 ,:at is x t ennobles lit]>y culture b ! great m9ds :i*1 ?r\gh ?is culture1 h honor$ ! nations to :i* !y belong8 ,! culture we h *os5 is capable ( ev5 great] ?+s2 n because sci5ce is nobl] ?an art1 = bo? are equally noble--x is ! ?\ght1 ! conception1 :i* ennobles1 & ,i c>e n :e!r x be atta9$ ?r\gh "o k9d ( ex]cise ( ! m5tal faculties or ano!r--b we are capable ( gr&] & nobl] ?\ghts ?an ,plato1 ,cic]o1 ,%akespe>e1 or ,newton1 because we live 9 a lat] p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 :51 ?r\gh sci5ce1 ! _w has become ri*] 9 great ideas4 ,x is1 ,i repeat1 ! great ?\ght :i* ennobles1 & x ennobles because x raises to a high] plane t :i* is immortal 9 our manhood4 ,if ,i h made my mean+ cle>1 & if y sympa?ize ) my feel+s1 y w und]/& :y ,i reg>d culture z s important to ! individual & to ! nation4 ,! works ( ,%akespe>e & ( ,bacon are ( m value to ,engl& to-day ?an ! memories ( ,bl5heim or ,trafalg>2 & ^? great m9ds w /ill be liv+ p[]s 9 ! _w :5 ,m>lbor\gh & ,nelson are only rememb]$ z hi/orical names4 ,i !re=e believe t x is ! fir/ duty ( a c\ntry to fo/] ! highe/ culture1 & t x %\ld be ! aim ( e s*ol> to promote ?is culture bo? by 8 own ef=ts & 8 active influ5ce4 ,a nation c become really great 9 no o!r way4 ,we live 9 a c\ntry ( great possibilities2 & ! dang] is t1 z ) _m m5 ,i h kn[n 9 college1 ( great pot5tial abilities1 ! greatness w end :]e x beg9s4 ,! s*ol>s ( ! c\ntry %\ld h b "o voice 9 ?is matt]1 & urge ^u ! gov]nm5t & ^u individuals ! duty ( enc\rag+ & support+ m5tal culture = its own sake4 ,! "t has pass$ :5 we c af=d to limit ! "w ( our high] in/itutions ( le>n+ to tea*+ k already acquir$4 ,h5ce=? ! inve/igation ( unsolv$ problems1 & ! discov]y ( new tru?1 %\ld be "o ( ! ma9 objects at our ,am]ican univ]sities1 & no co/ grudg$ :i* is requir$ to ma9ta9 at !m ! mo/ active m9ds1 9 e bran* ( k :i* ! c\ntry c be /imulat$ to produce4 ,i c\ld urge ?is on ! self-int]e/ ( ! nation z an obvi\s dictate ( political economy4 ,i c\ld say1 & say truly1 t ! culture ( sci5ce w help u to develop ^? lat5t res\rces ( :i* we are s pr\d2 w enable u to gr[ two blades ( grass :]e "o grew be=e2 to extract a l>g] p]c5tage ( metal f our ores2 to economize our coal1 & 9 g5]al to direct our wait+ en]gies s t !y may produce a m abundant pecuni>y rew>d4 ,i c\ld tell ( ,galvani /udy+ = tw5ty long ye>s1 to no app>5t purpose1 ! twit*+ ( frogs' h9d-legs1 & ?us s[+ ! se$ f :i* has sprung ! greate/ inv5tion ( mod]n times4 ,or1 if our ,yankee impati5ce w\ld be unwill+ to wait half a c5tury = ! fruit to rip51 ,i c\ld po9t to ! purely !oretical inve/igations ( organic *emi/ry1 :i* 9 less ?an five ye>s h revolutioniz$ "o ( ! great indu/ries ( ,europe1 & lib]at$ ?\s&s ( acres = a m b5efic5t agriculture4 ,?is is all true1 & may be urg$ prop]ly if high] consid]ations w n prevail4 ,x is an argum5t ,i h us$ 9 o!r places1 b ,i w n use x "h2 al?\gh ,i gladly ackn[l$ge ! ,provid5ce :i* br+s at la/ ev5 mat]ial fruits to rew>d consci5ti\s labor = ! advancem5t ( k & ! intellectual elevation ( mank9d4 ,i w\ld r po9t to t f> great] multitude :o work$ 9 fai? = ! love ( k1 & :o ennobl$ !mselves & ennobl$ _! nation1 n because !y add$ to its mat]ial prosp]ity1 b because !y made !mselves & made _! fell[s m noble m54 ,i come back n[ aga9 to ! moral ( all ?is1 to urge ^u y1 z ! noble/ patriotism & ! mo/ enlight5$ self-int]e/1 ! duty ( /riv+ = y\rselves & enc\rag+ 9 o!rs ! highe/ culture 9 ! /udies y h *os51 & ?is culture ) "o end 9 view1 to advance k4 ,i am f>1 ( c\rse1 f advis+ y to grapple immaturely ) unsolv$ problems1 or1 :5 y h ga9$ ! k ) :i* y c d>e to v5ture f ! beat5 track1 to und]take "w beyond y\r p[]4 ,_m a "y sci5tific man has suff]$ ! fate ( ,ic>us 9 attempt+ to so> too high4 ,moreov]1 ,i am f> f expect+ t all or _m ( y w ev] h ! opportunity ( go+ beyond ! well-explor$ fields ( k2 b y c all h ! aim1 & t aim w make y\r "w m wor?y & m pr(itable to y\rselves4 ,e ,am]ican boy c n be ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b if1 z our ,engli% c\s9s allege1 he believes t he c be1 ! v belief makes him an abl] man4 ,we h dwelt long en\gh on ^! g5]alities1 & x is "t to come d[n to commonplaces1 & to inquire :at are ! ess5tial conditions ( ?is sci5tific culture :i* %all fit u to inve/igate ,nature2 & ! fir/ ?\ght t occurs to me 9 ?is connection may be express$ ?us3 ,sci5ce pres5ts to u two aspects1 :i* ,i may call its objective & its subjective aspect4 ,objectively x is a body ( facts1 :i* we h to obs]ve1 & subjectively x is a body ( tru?s1 conclusions1 or inf]5ces1 d$uc$ f ^! facts2 & ! two sides ( ! subject %\ld always be kept 9 view4 ,i propose next to say a few words 9 reg>d to ea* ( ^! two aspects ( our /udy1 & 9 reg>d to ! be/ means ( tra9+ our faculties s z to "w successfully 9 ea* sph]e4 ,fir/1 !n1 success 9 ! obs]vation ( ph5om5a implies ?ree qualities at lea/1 namely1 quickness & %>pness ( p]ception1 accuracy 9 details1 & tru?fulness2 & on its p[] to cultivate ^! qualities a l>ge "p ( ! value ( sci5ce1 z a means ( education1 dep5ds4 ,to beg9 ) ! cultivation ( our p]ceptions4 ,we are all gift$ ) s5ses1 b h[ few ( u use !m to ! be/ advantage6 ,we h eyes & see n2 =1 al?\gh ! light pa9ts ! picture on ! ret9a1 our dull p]ceptions give no att5tion to ! details1 & we reta9 only a confus$ impression ( :at has pass$ be=e our eyes4 ,b h[1 y may ask1 are we to cultivate ?is %>pness ( p]ception8 ,i answ]1 only by mak+ a consci\s ef=t to fix our att5tion on ! objects we /udy until ! habit becomes a second nature4 ,i h (t5 notic$1 ) surprise1 ! p[] :i* un$ucat$ m9]s frequ5tly possess ( recogniz+ _m m9]als at sight4 ,?is !y h acquir$ by long exp]i5ce & close famili>ity ) su* objects1 & su* p[] ( obs]vation is ) !m s purely a habit t !y are frequ5tly unable to /ate cle>ly ! gr\nds on :i* _! conclusions are bas$4 ,!y recognize ! m9]als by :at 9 common language is call$ _! looks & !y notice delicate diff]5ces 9 ! looks to :i* mo/ m5 are bl9d4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! bus9ess ( ! sci5tific m9]alogi/ to analyze ^! looks1 & to po9t out 9 :at ! diff]5ces consi/2 s t by fix+ 8 att5tion on ^! po9ts ! /ud5t may ga91 by a few h\rs' /udy1 ! p[] :i* ! m9] acquires only aft] long exp]i5ce4 ,! *ief difficulty1 h[ev]1 :i* we f9d 9 tea*+ m9]alogy is1 t ! /ud5ts d n readily see ! diff]5ces :5 !y are po9t$ out1 or1 if !y see !m1 d n rememb] !m ) suffici5t precision to r5d] _! subsequ5t obs]vations conclusive & precise4 ,?is ei!r arises f a failure to cultivate ! p[]s ( obs]vation 9 *ildhood1 or ! subsequ5t blunt+ ( !m by disuse4 ,! ladies w sc\t ! idea t a broo* ( cut-glass is z ornam5tal z "o ( diamond1 & yet ,i v5ture to ass]t t !re is n "o p]son 9 fifty1 at lea/ ( ^? :o h n made a /udy ( ! subject1 :o c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,! ext]nal appe>ance dep5ds simply on :at we call lu/re4 ,! lu/re ( glass is vitre\s1 t ( ! diamond adamant9e2 & ,i "k ( no o!r di/9ction :i* x is m difficult = /ud5ts to recognize ?an ?is4 ,^? ( y :o /udy m9]alogy w exp]i5ce ?is difficulty1 & x c be ov]come only by giv+ c>eful att5tion to ! subject4 ,! tea*] c d no?+ m ?an put 9 y\r h&s ! specim5s :i* illu/rate ! po9t1 & y mu/ /udy ^! specim5s until y see ! diff]5ce4 ,x is a "q ( sight1 n ( und]/&+1 & all ! optical !ories ( ! cause ( ! lu/re w n help y 9 ! lea/ t[>d see+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 diamond & glass1 or anglesite & heavy sp>4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! same fact is ! con/ant failure ( /ud5ts to di/+ui% by ! eye alone betwe5 ! two m9]als call$ copp]-glance & gray copp]4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( color & lu/re :i*1 al?\gh usually well m>k$1 x requires an educat$ eye to di/+ui%4 ,m9]alogy und\bt$ly dem&s a m c>eful cultivation ( ! p]ceptions ?an ! o!r bran*es ( *emi/ry2 b /ill y w f9d abundant practice = close obs]vation 9 !m all4 ,i h (t5 kn[n /ud5ts to rea* errone\s results 9 qualitative analysis by mi/ak+ a :ite precipitate 9 a color$ liquid = a color$ precipitate1 or by n att5d+ to simil> broad di/9ctions1 :i* w\ld h be5 obvi\s to any c>eful obs]v]2 & s 9 quantitative analysis1 m]e delicacy ( t\* or h&l+ is a great elem5t ( success4 ,b ,i mu/ pass on to speak ( ! importance 9 ! /udy ( ,nature ( accuracy 9 detail1 :i* is ! second condition ( successful obs]vation ( :i* ,i spoke4 ,we mu/ cultivate n only accuracy 9 obs]v+ details1 b also accuracy 9 foll[+ details :i* h be5 laid d[n by o!rs = our guidance4 ,9 sci5ce we c n draw correct conclusions f our premises unless we are sure t we h all ! facts1 & :at seem$ at fir/ an unimportant detail (t5 proves to be ! det]m9+ condition ( ! result2 &1 aga91 if we are told t "u c]ta9 conditions a c]ta9 sign is ! pro( ( ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 sub/ance1 we h no "r to assume t ! sign is ( any value unless ! conditions are fulfill$4 ,a black precipitate1 = example1 obta9$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 is a pro( ( ! pres5ce ( nickel1 b we c n ass]t t we h f\nd nickel unless we h foll[$ out ^? details 9 e p>ticul>4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ avoid empiricism z f> z we c4 ,we mu/ seek to le>n ! reasons ( ! details1 & su* k w n only r5d] our "w intellig5t1 b w also frequ5tly enable u to judge h[ f> ! details are ess5tial1 & to :at ext5t our processes may be v>i$ ) safety4 ,we mu/ also avoid trifl+1 &1 above all1 ! /ra9+ at a gnat & swall[+ a camel1 z is ! habit ) trifl]s4 ,l>ge k & good judgm5t w avoid all su* errors2 b1 if we mu/ *oose betwe5 fuss9ess & c>elessness1 ! fir/ is ! lea/ evil4 ,slov5ly "w means slov5ly results1 & habits ( c>efulness1 neatness1 & ord] produce z excell5t fruits 9 ! laboratory z 9 ! home4 ,la/ 9 ord] b fir/ 9 importance ( ! conditions ( successful obs]vation1 m5tion$ above1 /&s tru?fulness4 ,"h y may ?9k ,i am approa*+ a delicate subject1 ( :i* ev5 to speak might seem to ca/ a reproa*4 ,b n s at all4 ,i am n speak+ "h ( consci\s deception1 = ,i assume t no "o :o aspires to be a /ud5t ( ,nature c be guilty ( t4 ,b ,i am speak+ ( a quality ^: abs5ce is n necess>ily a m>k ( s9fulness1 b ^: possession1 9 a high degree1 is a *>act]i/ic ( ! greate/ sci5tific tal5t4 ,z e lawy] kn[s1 he is a r>e man ^: te/imony is n color$ by 8 int]e/s1 & a v l>ge am\nt ( self-deception is compatible ) consci\s hone/y ( purpose4 ,s among sci5tific /ud5ts ! p[] to keep ! m9d unbias$1 & n to color our obs]vations 9 ! lea/ degree1 is "o ( ! r>e/ z x is "o ( ! noble/ ( qualities4 ,x is a quality we mu/ /rive aft] ) all our might1 & we %all n atta9 x unless we /rive4 ,rememb]1 our obs]vations are our data1 &1 unless accurate1 ev]y?+ d$uc$ f !m mu/ h ! ta9t ( our deception4 ,we c n deceive ,nature1 h[ev] mu* we may deceive ourselves2 & !re is _m a /ud5t :o w\ld cut (f 8 "r h& r ?an be guilty ( a consci\s untru?1 :o is yet con/antly untru?ful to himself4 ,e ye> /ud5ts ( m9]alogy pres5t to me writt5 descriptions ( m9]al specim5s :i* p>ticul>ize1 z obs]v$1 *>act]s t d n appe> on ! specim5 giv5 !m to det]m9e1 al?\gh !y may be ! correct *>act]s ( "s o!r m9]al4 ,!re is usually no want ( hone/y 9 ?is1 b1 deceiv$ by "s accid5t1 ! /ud5t has made a wrong guess1 & !n imag9$ t he saw on ! specim5 ^? *>act]s :i* he knew f ! descriptions ought to appe> on ! assum$ m9]al4 ,s1 also1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t a /ud5t 9 qualitative analysis1 :o has obta9$ "s h9ts 9 reg>d to ! composition ( 8 solution1 w torture 8 obs]vations until !y seem to him to confirm 8 errone\s inf]5ces2 & aga9 ! /ud5t 9 quantitative analysis1 :o f9ds out ! exact weight he ought to obta91 is (t5 ins5sibly influ5c$ by ?is k--9 ! wa%+ & ignition ( 8 precipitate1 or 9 "s o!r way--& ?us obta9s results ^: only app>5t fault may be a too close agreem5t ) !ory1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 are n accurate because n true4 ,x is evid5t h[ fatal su* faults z ^! mu/ be to ! inve/igation ( tru?1 & !y are equally de/ructive ( all sci5tific s*ol>%ip4 ,_! effect on ! /ud5t is s m>k$ t1 al?\gh he may deceive himself1 he w r>ely deceive 8 tea*]4 ,t he %\ld lose confid5ce 9 8 own results is1 to ! tea*]1 "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ indications ( su* false me?ods ( /udy1 b ! /ud5t usually ref]s 8 want ( success to any cause b ! real "o--8 own untru?fulness4 ,he w compla9 ( ! tea*]1 or ( ! me?ods ( in/ruction1 & may ev5 p]suade himself t all sci5tific results are z unc]ta9 z 8 own4 ,z ,i h said1 m]e ord9>y tru?fulness1 :i* spurns any consci\s deception1 w n save u f fall+ into su* faults4 ,our sci5tific /udy dem&s a mu* high] ord] ( tru?fulness ?an ?is4 ,we %\ld s love ! tru? above all price z to /rive = x ) s+le-he>t$ & unsw]v+ purpose4 ,we mu/ be con/antly on our gu>d to avoid any circum/ance :i* w\ld t5d to bias our m9ds or w>p our judgm5ts1 & we mu/ make ! atta9m5t ( ! tru? our sole motive1 guide1 & end4 ,x rema9s = me1 be=e clos+ ?is address1 to say a few words on :at ,i h call$ ! subjective aspect ( sci5tific /udy4 ,sci5ce (f]s u n only a mass ( ph5om5a to be obs]v$1 b also a body ( tru?s :i* h be5 d$uc$ f ^! obs]vations2 &1 )\t ! p[] ( draw+ correct inf]5ces f ! data acquir$1 exact obs]vations w\ld be ( little value4 ,i h already describ$ ! inductive me?od ( reason+1 & illu/rat$ x by two notewor?y examples1 &1 9 a humbl] measure1 we mu/ apply ! same me?od 9 our daily "w 9 ! laboratory4 ,we mu/ le>n h[ to v>y our exp]im5ts s z to elim9ate ! accid5tal circum/ances1 & make evid5t ! ess5tial conditions ( ! ph5om5a we are /udy+4 ,su* p[] c only be acquir$ by practice1 & a some:at long exp]i5ce 9 active tea*+ has conv9c$ me t !re is no bett] means ( tra9+ ?is logical faculty ?an ! /udy ( qualitative *emical analysis 9 :i* _m ( y are to engage4 ,! results ( ! processes ( qualitative analysis are p]fectly def9ite & tru/wor?y2 b !y are only rea*$ by foll[+ out ! indications ( exp]im5ts :i* are frequ5tly obscure1 & ev5 app>5tly contradictory2 reconcil+ by new exp]im5ts ! seem+ discrepancies1 &1 at la/1 hav+ elim9at$ all o!r possible causes ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$1 discov]+ ! true nature ( ! sub/ances "u exam9ation4 ,! /udy ( m9]alogy af=ds an almo/ equally good practice1 al?\gh 9 a some:at diff]5t =m4 ,by comp>+ c>efully _m specim5s ( ! same m9]al1 y le>n to di/+ui% ! accid5tal f ! ess5tial *>act]s1 & on ?is di/9ction y mu/ base y\r inf]5ces 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! specim5s y may be call$ ^u to det]m9e4 ,a s+le rem>k occurs to me :i* may aid y 9 cultivat+ ?is sci5tific logic4 ,d n attempt to reason on insuffici5t data4 ,multiply y\r obs]vations or exp]im5ts1 & :5 y\r premises are ample1 ! conclusion w g5]ally take c>e ( itself4 ,are y 9 d\bt 9 reg>d to a m9]al specim58 ,repeat y\r obs]vations aga9 & aga91 multiply !m ) ! aid ( ! bl[-pipe or goniomet]1 comp>e ! specim5 ) kn[n specim5s :i* x resembles1 until ei!r y\r d\bts are remov$ or y are satisfi$ t y are unequal to ! task2 & rememb] t1 9 _m cases1 ! la/ is ! only hone/ conclusion4 ,are y 9 d\bt 9 reg>d to ! reactions ( ! sub/ance y are analyz+1 :e!r !y are really ^? ( a metal y suspect to be pres5t8 ,d n re/ 9 su* a frame ( m9d1 &1 above all1 d n try to remove ! d\bt by comp>+ y\r exp]i5ce ) t ( y\r neighbor1 b multiply y\r own exp]im5ts2 procure "s comp\nd ( ! metal1 & comp>e its reactions ) ^? y h obs]v$ until y rea* ei!r a positive or a negative result4 ,rememb] t ! way to remove y\r d\bts is to wid5 y\r own k1 & n to dep5d on ! k ( o!rs4 ,:5 y\r k ( ! facts is ample1 y\r inf]5ces w be satisfactory1 & !n an unexpla9$ ph5om5on is ! guide to a new discov]y4 ,d n be disc\rag$ if y h to labor long 9 ! d>k be=e ! day beg9s to dawn4 ,x w at la/ dawn to y1 z x has dawn$ to o!rs be=e1 &1 :5 ! morn+ breaks1 y w be satisfi$ ) ! result ( y\r labor4 ,moreov]1 ,i feel confid5t t su* exp]i5ce w v greatly t5d to increase y\r appreciation ( ! value ( sci5tific /udies 9 tra9+ ! reason+ faculties ( ! m9d4 ,?is1 z e "o mu/ admit1 is ! be/ te/ ( _! utility 9 a s*eme ( education1 & x is precisely "h t ,i claim = !m ! v highe/ place4 ,x has g5]ally be5 admitt$ t ma!matical /udies are peculi>ly well adapt$ to tra9 ! logical faculties1 b /ill _m p]sons h ma9ta9$ t1 s9ce ! ma!matics deal :olly ) absolute c]ta9ties1 an exclusive devotion to ?is class ( subjects unfits ! m9d = weigh+ ! probable evid5ce by :i* m5 are *iefly guid$ 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,b1 )\t attempt+ to discuss ?is "q1 on :i* mu* might be said on bo? sides1 x is c]ta9 t no su* objection c be urg$ aga9/ ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces if conduct$ 9 ! mann] ,i h attempt$ to describe4 ,^! subjects pres5t to ! consid]ation ( ! /ud5t e degree ( probable evid5ce1 accu/om+ him to weigh all ! evid5ce = or aga9/ a giv5 conclusion1 & to reject or to provisionally accept only on ! balance ( probabilities4 ,moreov]1 9 practical sci5ce1 ! /ud5t is taught to foll[ out a *a9 ( probable evid5ce ) c>e & caution1 to elim9ate all accid5tal ph5om5a1 & supply1 by exp]im5t or obs]vation1 ! miss+ l9ks1 until he rea*es ! f9al conclusion--an intellectual process :i*1 ?\gh bas$ :olly on probable evid5ce1 may h all ! =ce & c]ta9ty ( a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,inde$1 t highly valu$ sci5tific acum5 & skill :i* enables ! /ud5t to bru% away ! accid5tal circum/ances by :i* ! laws ( ,nature are always conceal$ until ! tru? /&s out 9 bold relief1 is b a high] phase ( ! same tal5t :i* m>ks pr(essional skill 9 all ! high] walks ( life4 ,! physician :o looks ?r\gh ! ext]nal symptoms ( 8 pati5t to ! real disease :i* lurks b5ea?2 ! lawy]1 :o dis5tangles a mass ( conflict+ te/imony1 & foll[s out ! tru? successfully to ! end2 ! /atesman1 :o sees b5ea? ! fro? ( political life ! great fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* w inevitably rule ! conduct ( ! /ate1 & ?us =esees & provides = ! com+ *ange2 ! g5]al1 :o discov]s amid ! confusion ( ! battlefield ! weak po9t ( 8 enemy's front2 ! m]*ant1 ev51 :o c int]pret ! signs ( ! unsettl$ m>ket--employ ! same faculty1 & frequ5tly 9 n a mu* l[] degree1 t discov]$ ! law ( gravitation1 & :i*1 s9ce ! days ( ,newton1 has work$ s successfully to unveil ! my/]ies ( ! mat]ial creation4 ,moreov]1 ,i hope1 my fri5ds1 t y w come to value sci5tific /udies1 n simply because !y cultivate ! p]ceptive & reason+ faculties1 b also because !y fill ! m9d ) l(ty ideals1 elevat$ conceptions1 & noble ?\ghts4 ,inde$1 ,i claim t !re is no bett] s*ool 9 :i* to tra9 ! ae/hetical faculties ( ! m9d1 ! ta/es1 & ! imag9ation1 ?an ! /udy ( natural sci5ce4 ,! beauty ( ,nature is inf9ite1 & ! m we /udy h] works ! m h] lovel9ess unfolds4 ,! upheav$ m\nta91 ) its mantle ( et]nal sn[2 ! maje/ic cat>act1 ) its :irl & ro> ( wat]s2 ! sunset cl\d1 ) its bl5d+ ( gorge\s hues1 lose no?+ ( _! beauty = him :o kn[s ! my/]y !y conceal4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y become1 "o & all1 irradiat$ by ! ,inf9ite ,pres5ce :i* %9es ?r\gh !m1 & fill ! m9d ) gr&] conceptions & nobl] ideas ?an y\r un$ucat$ *ild ( ,nature c\ld ev] atta94 ,rememb] t ,i am n recomm5d+ an exclusive devotion to ! natural sci5ces4 ,i am only claim+ = !m _! prop] place 9 ! s*eme ( education1 & ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 d5y ! unque/ionable value ( bo? ! anci5t & ! mod]n classics 9 cultivat+ a pure & elevat$ ta/e4 ,b ,i d say t ! poet-laureate ( ,engl& has drawn a deep] inspiration f ,nature int]pret$ by sci5ce ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors ( ! classical s*ool2 & ,i d also affirm t ! pre-,raphaelite s*ool ( pa9t+1 ) all its grotesque mimicry ( ,nature1 embodies a tru] & pur] ideal ?an t ( any ,roman fable or ,grecian dream4 ,& :at %all we say ( ! imag9ation8 ,:]e c y f9d a wid] field = its ex]cise ?an t op5$ by ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce8 ,& z ! m9d w&]s ov] ! va/ expanse1 cross+ b\ndless spaces1 dwell+ 9 illimitable "t1 witness+ ! displays ( immeasurable p[]1 & /udy+ ! adaptations ( ,omnisci5t skill1 x lives 9 a realm ( beauty1 ( wond]1 & ( awe1 su* z no arti/ has ev] atta9$ to 9 ^w1 9 s\nd1 9 color1 or 9 =m4 ,& if su* a life does n lead man to feel 8 own dep5d5ce1 to ye>n t[>d ! ,inf9ite ,fa!r1 & to re/ on ! bosom ( ,inf9ite ,love1 x is simply because x is n ! noble 9 intellect1 n ! great 9 tal5t1 n ! pr(\nd 9 k1 n ! ri* 9 exp]i5ce1 n ! l(ty 9 aspiration1 n ! gift$ 9 imag]y1 b solely ! pure 9 he>t1 :o see ,god4 ,su*1 !n1 is a v imp]fect pres5tation ( :at ,i believe to be ! value ( sci5tific /udies z a means ( education4 ,9 :at ,i h /at$ ,i h impli$ t1 = ^! /udies to be ( any real value1 ! end mu/ be con/antly kept 9 view1 & ev]y?+ made subs]vi5t to ! "o great object4 ,to /udy ! natural sci5ces m]ely z a collection ( int]e/+ facts :i* x is well = e educat$ man to "k1 seldom s]ves a useful purpose4 ,! "y m9d becomes we>i$ ) ! details1 & soon =gets :at x has nev] m ?an half acquir$4 ,! lessons become an ex]cise ( ! memory & ( no?+ m2 & if1 z is too frequ5tly ! case1 an attempt is made to cram ! half-=m$ m9d 9 a s+le s*ool-ye> ) an epitome ( half ! natural sci5ces--natural philosophy1 a/ronomy1 & *emi/ry1 physiology1 zooelogy1 botany1 & m9]alogy1 foll[+ ea* o!r 9 rapid succession--^! /udies become a great evil1 an actual nuisance1 :i* ,i %\ld be ! fir/ to vote to abate4 ,! tone ( m9d is n only n improv$1 b s]i\sly impair$1 & ! be/ product is a sup]ficial1 smatt]+ sm>tness1 :i* is ! cry+ evil n only ( our s*ools b also ( our c\ntry4 ,9 ord] t ! sci5ces %\ld be ( value 9 our educational sy/em1 !y mu/ be taught m f ?+s ?an f books1 & nev] f books )\t ! ?+s4 ,!y mu/ be taught1 also1 by real liv+ tea*]s1 :o are !mselves int]e/$ 9 :at !y tea*1 are int]e/$ also 9 _! pupils1 & und]/& h[ to direct !m aright4 ,above all1 ! tea*]s mu/ see to x t _! pupils /udy ) ! und]/&+1 & n solely ) ! memory1 n p]mitt+ a s+le lesson to be recit$ :i* is n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 tak+ ! greate/ c>e n to load ! memory ) any useless lumb]1 & es*ew+ m]ely memoriz$ rules z !y w\ld deadly poison4 ,! great difficulty aga9/ :i* ! tea*]s ( natural sci5ce h to cont5d 9 ! colleges are ! wret*$ tread-mill habits ! /ud5ts br+ ) !m f ! s*ools4 ,all[ our /ud5ts to memorize _! lessons1 & !y w appe> respectably well1 b y might z easily remove a m\nta9 z to make _m ( !m ?9k4 ,!y w solve an involv$ equation ( algebra readily en\gh s long z !y c d x by turn+ _! m5tal crank1 :5 !y w break d[n on ! simple/ practical problem ( ari?metic :i* requires ( !m only ?\ght en\gh to decide :e!r !y %all multiply or divide4 ,_m a boy ( good capabilities has be5 irretrievably ru9$1 z a s*ol>1 by be+ compell$ to le>n ! ,lat9 gramm> by rote at an age :5 he 0 incapable ( und]/&+ x2 & ,i fe> t s*ools may /ill be f\nd :]e "y m9ds are tortur$ by ?is /upefy+ ex]cise4 ,^? ( u :o h fai? 9 ! educational value ( sci5tific /udies are mo/ anxi\s t ! /ud5ts :o resort to our colleges %\ld be z well fitt$ 9 ! physical sci5ces z 9 ! classics1 = o!rwise ! be/ results ( sci5tific culture c n be expect$4 ,z x is1 our /ud5ts come to ! univ]sity1 n only ) no prep>ation 9 physical sci5ce1 b ) _! p]ceptive & reason+ faculties s undevelop$ t ! acquisition ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( sci5ce is burd5some & di/a/eful2 & good s*ol>s1 :o are ambiti\s ( di/9ction1 c m readily w9 _! laurels on ! old famili> track ?an on an untri$ c\rse ( :i* !y "k no?+1 & = :i* !y mu/ beg9 _! tra9+ anew4 ,we h improv$ our sy/em ( in/ruction 9 ! college z fa/ z we c\ld obta9 ! means1 b we are p]suad$ t ! be/ results c n be rea*$ )\t ! cooep]ation ( ! s*ools4 ,we feel1 !re=e1 t x is incumb5t ^u u1 9 ! fir/ place1 to d ev]y?+ 9 our p[] to prove to ! tea*]s ( ?is c\ntry h[ great is ! educational value ( ! physical sci5ces1 :5 prop]ly taught2 & secondly1 to aid !m 9 acquir+ ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ ^! subjects4 ,x is ) su* aims t our summ] c\rses h be5 in/itut$1 & y\r pres5ce "h 9 su* numb]s is ! be/ evid5ce t !y h met a real want ( ! community4 ,we welcome y to ! univ]sity & to su* advantages z x c af=d1 & we %all d all 9 our p[] to r5d] y\r brief resid5ce "h fruitful1 bo? 9 exp]i5ce & 9 k2 hop+1 also1 t ! univ]sity may become to y1 z %e has to s _m o!rs1 a bright light %9+ calmly ov] ! tr\bl$ sea ( active life1 ev] sugge/+ l(ty ?\ghts1 enc\rag+ noble endeavors1 & incit+ all h] *ildr5 to "w toge!r t[>d ^? great ends1 ! advancem5t ( k & ! education ( mank9d4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nobility ,,( ,,k4 ,an ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,free ,in/itute at ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 ,july #bh1 #ahgd4 ,)9 a comp>atively few ye>s s*ools = ! in/ruction ( artisans h become a prom95t feature 9 ! educational sy/ems bo? ( ?is c\ntry & ( ,europe1 & seem de/9$ to sup]s$e ! old sy/em ( appr5tice%ips4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ^! s*ools has be5 an important /ep 9 human progress1 n because any great advantage has be5 ga9$ 9 ! cultivation ( me*anical skill1 b because "h ! future me*anic acquires culture ( ! m9d z well z skill ( ! h&4 ,inde$1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r our utilit>ian age c ev] successfully compete ) ^? eld] days ( art :5 ,build]s wr\ght ) greate/ c>e ,ea* m9ute & unse5 "p4 ,b1 if our indu/rial s*ools d n make bett] me*anics ?an ! work%ops ( ! old5 "t1 !y c]ta9ly educate bett] m51 &1 by add+ to skill1 k1 !y are elevat+ ! me*anic & ennobl+ 8 call+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^! s*ools are ! repres5tatives 9 our age ( ! work%ops ) _! b&s ( appr5tices 9 ! days ( yore1 !n t by :i* ! s*ools are di/+ui%$1 t :i* !y h add$ to ! old sy/em1 is n art b m5tal culture2 & !re=e1 :5 ask$ to address y on ?is occasion1 ,i c\ld ?9k ( no m appropriate subject ?an ! ,nobility ( ,k4 ,id5tifi$ ) an in/itution 9 :i* m5tal culture is ! *ief aim1 ,i felt t ,i 0 ask$ to address a body ( cultivat$ work+-m5 ) :om1 ?\gh employ$ 9 ! me*anic arts1 ! acquisition ( k 0 also a privilege & a pride4 ,i felt1 moreov]1 t a prop] appreciation ( ! true dignity ( k1 9 itself consid]$1 & ap>t f all economical consid]ations1 is "o ( ! great wants ( our age & ( our c\ntry4 ,k is p[]4 ,k is weal?4 ,^! trite maxims are suffici5tly e/eem$ 9 our community1 & ne$ n t !y be en=c$ by any "o4 ,s f> z k w yield imm$iate di/9ction or ga91 x is s\ght & fo/]$ by multitudes4 ,b1 :5 ! aim is l[1 ! atta9m5t is l[1 & too _m ( our /ud5ts are satisfi$ ) sup]ficiality1 if x only glitt]s1 & ) *>latanry1 if x only br+s gold4 ,let me n be und]/ood to depreciate ! mat]ial advantages ( le>n+4 ,i rejoice t 9 ?is _w k frequ5tly yields weal? & fame1 & ,i %\ld h little hope = human progress 7 ! prizes ( s*ol>%ip less ?an !y are4 ,p[] & weal? are noble aims1 & :5 rightly us$ may be ! means ( conf]r+ unmeasur$ bless+s on mank9d2 b ,i desire at ?is "t to impress ^u y1 my fri5ds1 ! fact t k has nobl] fruits ?an ^!1 & t ! wor? ( y\r k is to be measur$ n by ! cr$its x w add to y\r acc\nt 9 ! l$g]1 or ! position x may give y among m51 b by ! ext5t to :i* x educates y\r high] nature1 & elevates y 9 ! scale ( manhood4 ,i address "y m5 :o are j ent]+ on life1 :o are at an age :5 ! my/]y ( our be+ usually presses mo/ closely ^u ! s\l1 & ^: aspirations = high] culture & cle>] vision h n be5 dead5$ by ! sordid damps ( ! _w4 ,tru/ no croak]s :o tell y t y\r y\?ful visions are illusions1 :i* a little contact ) ! real bus9ess ( ! _w w dispel4 ,x is only too true t ^! visions w become fa9t] & fa9t]1 if y all[ ! c>es ( ! _w to engross y\r ?\ghts2 b1 unless y\r high] nature becomes :olly dead5$1 y w look back to ! "t :5 ! visions 7 brighte/1 z ! gold5 p]iod ( y\r life1 & let me assure y t1 if y only are true to ! aspirations ( y\r y\?1 ! visions w become cle>] & cle>] to ! la/1 &1 z we firmly believe1 w prove to be ! dawn ( ! p]fect day4 ,my fri5ds1 if y h se5 ^! visions1 ! nobility ( k has be5 a reality ( y\r exp]i5ce4 ,y "k t !re is a life liv$ 9 communion ) ! ?\ghts ( great m5 or ) ! ?\ghts ( ,god z we c read !m 9 ,nature & ,revelation1 :i* is pur] & nobl] ?an a life ( money-mak+ or political intrigue1 & ,i w\ld t ,i c\ld s br+ y to appreciate n only ! nobility1 b also ! happ9ess1 ( su* a life z to induce y to try to live x4 ,d y tell me t x is only grant$ to a few m5 to become s*ol>s1 & t y h be5 educat$ = "s indu/rial pursuit8 ,rememb]1 z ,i said be=e1 t x is y\r special privilege to h be5 educat$1 to h add$ k to y\r h&icraft1 & t ?is v k1 if kept alive s f> z y are able1 w ennoble y\r life4 ,k1 l ! fairy's w&1 ennobles :atev] x t\*es4 ,! humble/ occupations are adorn$ by x1 & )\t x ! mo/ exalt$ positions appe> to true m5 mean & l[4 ,nor is x ! ext5t ( ! k alone :i* ennobles1 b mu* m ! _s & aim ) :i* x is cultivat$1 & t _s & aim y may c>ry into any occupation1 h[ev] engross+1 & into any condition ( life1 h[ev] obscure4 ,& let me add t :at ,i h said is true n only ( ! individual1 b also1 & to an ev5 great] degree1 ( ! nation4 ,our p1 = ! mo/ "p1 look ^u univ]sities & o!r high] in/itutions ( le>n+ z m]ely s*ools = recruit+ ! le>n$ pr(essions1 & e/imate _! effici5cy solely by ! am\nt ( tea*+ "w :i* !y p]=m4 ,b1 h[ev] important ! tea*+ function ( ! univ]sity may be1 ,i ne$ n tell y t ?is is n its only or *ief value to a community4 ,! univ]sity %\ld be ! c5t] ( sci5tific inve/igation & lit]>y culture1 ! nurs]y ( l(ty aspirations & noble ?\ghts1 & ?us %\ld become ! s\l ( ! high] life ( ! nation4 ,= ?is & ?is *iefly x %\ld be su/a9$ & honor$1 & no co/ & no sacrifice c be too great :i* are requir$ to ma9ta9 its effici5cy2 & its success %\ld be measur$ by ! am\nt ( k x produces r ?an by ! am\nt ( in/ruction x imp>ts4 ,h>v>d ,college1 by *]i%+ & honor+ ! great naturali/ %e has rec5tly lo/1 has done m = ,massa*usetts ?an by educat+ ho/s ( commonplace pr(essional m54 ,! simple title ( tea*]1 :i* 9 8 la/ w ,l\is ,agassiz wrote aft] 8 "n1 0 a nobl] di/9ction ?an any e>?ly au?ority c\ld conf]2 b rememb] he 0 a tea*] n ( boys1 b ( m51 & 8 influ5ce dep5d$ n on ! in/ruction 9 natural hi/ory :i* he gave 9 8 lecture-room1 b on 8 great discov]ies1 8 f>-rea*+ g5]alization1 & 8 noble ?\ghts4 ,al?\gh t man di$ poor1 z ! _w c\nts pov]ty1 yet ! beque/ :i* he left to ?is p c n be e/imat$ 9 co94 ,x is a sorry confession to make1 b x is nev]!less ! tru?1 t1 if we comp>e our ,am]ican univ]sities1 9 po9t ( lit]>y or sci5tific productiv5ess1 ) ^? ( ! ,old ,_w1 !y w appe> lam5tably defici5t4 ,let me add1 h[ev]1 t ?is defici5cy arises n f any want ( prop] aims 9 our s*ol>s1 b simply f ! circum/ance t our p d n suffici5tly appreciate ! value ( ! high] =ms ( lit]>y & sci5tific "w to be> ! burd5 :i* ! production necess>y entails4 ,s*ol>s mu/ live1 z well z o!r m51 & 9 a /yle :i* is 9 h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s & cultivat$ ta/es1 & _! be/ ef=ts c n be devot$ to ! ext5sion ( k unless !y are reliev$ f anxiety 9 reg>d to _! daily bread4 ,9 our colleges ! pr(essors are paid = tea*+ & = tea*+ only1 :ile 9 a =eign univ]sity ! tea*+ is :olly second>y1 & ! pr(essor is expect$ to ann\nce 9 8 lectures ! results ( 8 own /udy1 & n ! ?\ghts ( o!r m54 ,until ! :ole /atus ( ! pr(essors 9 our *ief univ]sities c be *ang$1 v little orig9al ?\ght or inve/igation c be expect$1 & ^! in/itutions c n become :at !y %\ld be1 ! s\l ( ! high] life ( ! nation4 ,x is 9 y\r p[]1 h[ev]1 to br+ ab\t ?is *ange1 b ! re=m c be effect$ 9 only "o way4 ,y mu/ give to y\r univ]sities ! means ( support+ fully & g5]\sly ^? m5 ( g5ius :o h %[n !mselves capable ( ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( human k1 & dem& ( !m1 only1 t !y devote _! lives to /udy & rese>*1 & let me assure y t no money c be sp5t :i* w yield a l>g] or m valuable return4 ,if y d n look beyond y\r mat]ial int]e/s1 ! high] life ( ! nation1 :i* y w ?us s]ve to *]i% & fo/]1 w gu>d y\r honor & protect y\r home2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at c y expect 9 a nation ^: highe/ ideal is ! doll> or :at ! doll> w buy1 b v5ality1 corruption1 & ultimate ru98 ,b1 ris+ at once to ! noble/ consid]ations1 & reg>d+ only ! welf>e ( y\r c\ntry & ! education ( y\r race1 :at high] s]vice c y r5d] ?an by su/a9+ & *]i%+ ! gr&e/ ?\ght1 ! pure/ ideals1 & ! l(tie/ aspirations :i* humanity has rea*$1 & mak+ y\r univ]sities ! alt>s :]e ! holy fire %all be kept ev] burn+ bright & w>m8 ,d y ?9k me an en?usia/8 ,look back ?r\gh hi/ory1 & see = y\rselves :at has made ! nations great & glori\s4 ,:y is x t1 aft] tw5ty c5turies1 ! memory ( anci5t ,greece is /ill en%r9$ among ! mo/ *]i%$ traditions ( our race8 ,is x n because ,hom] sang1 ,phidias wr\ght1 & ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,demo/h5es1 ,?ucydides1 ) a ho/ ( o!rs1 ?\ght & wrote8 ,or1 if = y ! milit>y exploits ( t classic age h ! great] *>m1 d n =get t 7 x n = ,grecian lit]ature1 ,!rmopylae1 ,m>a?on1 & ,salamis w\ld h be5 long s9ce =gott51 & t ! brav]y1 self-devotion1 & patriotism :i* ^! names embalm 7 ! direct fruits ( t high] life :i* ^? great ?9k]s illu/rat$ & su/a9$4 ,&1 com+ d[n to mod]n times1 :at are ! %r9es 9 our "m c\ntry :i* we *iefly v5]ate1 & to :i* ! transatlantic pilgrim (t5e/ directs 8 /eps8 ,is x h] battlefields1 h] ca/les & b>onial halls1 or su* spots z ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 ,abbots=d1 & ,rydal ,m\nt8 ,:y1 !n1 w we n le>n ! lesson :i* hi/ory s pla9ly tea*es1 & /rive = ^? a*ievem5ts 9 k & m5tal culture :i* w be rememb]$ ) gratitude :5 all local di/9ctions & political diff]5ces %all h pass$ away & be5 =gott58 ,:ile ,i 0 consid]+ ! l9e ( disc\rse :i* ,i %\ld foll[ on ?is occasion1 an incid5t occurr$ sugge/+ an hi/orical p>allel1 :i* w illu/rate1 bett] ?an any reflections ( m9e1 ! tru? ,i w\ld en=ce4 ,! %ip ,f>aday arriv$ on our coa/ aft] lay+ ov] ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic ano!r ( ^? electric n]ves ?r\gh :i* pulsate ! ?\ghts ( two cont95ts1 & z ,i read ! description ( t noble %ip1 fitt$ out ) all ! appliances :i* mod]n sci5ce _h creat$ to insure ! successful accompli%m5t ( ! ent]prise1 ,i rememb]$ t n a c5tury _h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ obscure ph5om5a 7 obs]v$1 ^: consci5ti\s /udy1 pursu$ ) ! unselfi% _s ( ! sci5tific inve/igator1 _h l$ to ^! mom5t\s results1 & my imag9ation c>ri$ me back to an autumn day ( ! ye> #aghf1 9 ! old city ( ,bologna1 9 ,italy1 & ,i seem$ to assi/ at ! memorable exp]im5t :i* has associat$ ! "n ( ,aloysius ,galvani ) t mode ( electrical en]gy :i* fla%es ?r\gh ! wire cords t n[ unite ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,galvani is ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 & !re is hang+ f ! iron balcony ( 8 h\se a small animal prep>ation1 :i* is n an unfamili> sight 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 :]e x is reg>d$ z a delicacy ( ! table4 ,x is ! h9d-legs ( a frog1 f :i* ! sk9 _h be5 remov$1 & ! great n]ve ( ! back expos$4 ,six ye>s be=e1 8 att5tion _h be5 call$ to ! fact t ! muscles ( ! frog 7 convuls$ by ! indirect action ( an electrical ma*9e1 "u conditions :i* he _h f\nd v difficult to int]pret4 ,he _h connect$ ! ph5om5on ) a !ory ( 8 own3 t electricity--t is1 common friction electricity1 ! only mode ( electrical action !n kn[n--0 ! m$ium ( all n]v\s action2 & ?is _h l$ him into a protract$ inve/igation ( ! subject1 dur+ :i* he _h v>i$ ! orig9al exp]im5t 9 a ?\s& ways1 & he _h n[ susp5d$ ! frog's legs to ! iron balcony1 9 ord] to discov] if atmosph]ic electricity w\ld h any effect on ! muscles ( ! animal4 ,galvani has sp5t a long day 9 fruitless wat*+1 :51 :ile hold+ 9 8 h& a brass wire1 connect$ ) ! muscles ( ! frog1 he rubs ! end1 app>5tly li/lessly1 aga9/ ! iron rail+1 :51 lo6 ! frog's legs are convuls$4 ,! pati5t wait+ _h be5 rew>d$1 = ?is obs]vation 0 ! beg9n+ ( a l9e ( discov]y :i* 0 ere long to revolutionize ! _w4 ,b ,galvani 0 n de/9$ to foll[ f> ! new pa? he _h ?us op5$4 ,! rem>kable fact obs]v$ 0 ?is3 ,! convulsions ( ! frog's legs c\ld be produc$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( electricity1 or1 at lea/1 ( ! "o k9d ( electricity !n kn[n1 & ,galvani soon f\nd out t ! only condition necess>y to produce ! result 01 t ! n]ve ( ! frog %\ld be connect$ ) ! muscle ( ! leg by "s good electrical conductor4 ,b1 al?\gh ,galvani foll[$ up ?is obs]vation ) ! greate/ zeal1 & %[$ rem>kable sagacity ?r\gh\t 8 :ole inve/igation1 yet he 0 too /rongly w$d$ to 8 own !ory to int]pret correctly ! facts he obs]v$4 ,he suppos$1 to ! end ( 8 life1 t ! :ole effect 0 caus$ by animal electricity fl[+ ?r\gh ! conductor f ! n]ve to ! muscle1 & 8 exp]im5ts 7 *iefly int]e/+ to himself & to 8 contempor>ies f ! light !y 7 suppos$ to ?r[ on ! my/]i\s pr9ciple ( life4 ,we n[ "k t animal electricity play$ only a small "p 9 ! ph5om5a he obs]v$1 & t ! *ief effects 7 due to a cause ( :i* he 0 :olly ignorant4 ,galvani publi%$ 8 obs]vations 9 #agia1 9 a monograph entitl$ ,! ,action ( ,electricity 9 ,muscul> ,motion4 ,?is publication excit$ ! mo/ m>k$ att5tion1 &1 )9 a ye>1 all ,europe 0 exp]im5t+ on frogs' legs4 ,! ph5om5a 7 ev]y:]e reproduc$1 b ,galvani's explanation ( ! ph5om5a 0 by no means s univ]sally accept$4 ,8 !ory 0 controv]t$ 9 _m qu>t]s1 & by no "o m successfully ?an by ,alex&] ,volta1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! neighbor+ ,univ]sity ( ,pavia4 ,volta1 :ile admitt+1 ) ,galvani1 t ! muscul> contractions 7 caus$ by electricity1 expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! electricity 9 a :olly diff]5t way4 ,accord+ to ,volta1 ! electricity orig9at$ n 9 ! animal1 b 9 ! contact ( ! dissimil> metals or o!r mat]ials us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion l$ to "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable controv]sies 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 & = six ye>s1 until 8 dea? 9 #agih1 ,galvani 0 occupi$ 9 def5d+ 8 !ory ( animal electricity aga9/ ! assaults ( 8 di/+ui%$ c\ntryman4 ,?is discussion creat$ ! livelie/ int]e/ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,e s*ol> ( sci5ce took sides ) "o or ! o!r ( ^! em95t ,italian philosoph]s1 & ! sci5tific _w became divid$ into ! s*ool ( ,galvani & ! s*ool ( ,volta4 ,yet1 s f> at lea/ z ! fundam5tal exp]im5t 0 conc]n$1 bo? 7 wrong4 ,! electricity came nei!r f ! body ( ! frog nor f ! contact ( dissimil> k9ds ( matt]1 b 0 ! result ( *emical action1 :i* bo? _h equally ov]look$4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ! controv]sy l$ to ! mo/ important results3 = ,volta1 :ile endeavor+ to su/a9 8 false !ory by exp]im5tal pro(s1 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! ,voltaic pile1 or1 z we n[ call x1 ! ,voltaic batt]y1 an in/rum5t ^: influ5ce on civilization c be comp>$ only ) ! pr9t+-press & ! /eam-eng9e4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! :ole action ( ! batt]y 0 9 direct contradiction to 8 pet !ory1 /ill1 to ! la/1 ,volta p]si/5tly def5d$ ! errone\s doctr9e he _h esp\s$ 9 8 controv]sy ) ,galvani ?irty ye>s be=e1 & he di$ 9 #ahbg1 )\t realiz+ h[ great a boon he _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 conf]r+ on mank9d2 s true x is t ,provid5ce works out 8 bright designs ev5 ?r\gh ! bl9dness & mi/akes ( man4 ,b !re is ano!r lesson to be le>n$ f ?is hi/ory1 :i* c n be too (t5 rehe>s$ 9 ?is self-suffici5t age1 :i* boa/s s pr\dly ( its practical wisdom4 ,!re 71 d\btless1 _m practical m5 9 t city ( ,bologna to smile at _! sage pr(essor1 :o _h sp5t t5 long ye>s 9 /udy+1 to little app>5t purpose1 ! twit*+s ( frogs' h9d-legs1 & !re 0 _m a je/ among ! c\rti]s ( ,europe at ! exp5se ( ! le>n$ philosoph]s :o wa/$ s mu* "t 9 discuss+ ! cause ( su* trivial ph5om5a4 ,b h[ is x n[8 ,less ?an a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ,galvani's dea?1 & 9 a small hut on ! %ores ( ,val5tia ,bay may be se5 "o ( ! mo/ skillful ( a new class ( practical m51 repres5t+ a pr(ession :i* owes its orig9 to ,galvani & ,volta4 ,! electrician is wat*+ a spot ( light on ! scale ( an in/rum5t :i* is call$ a galvanomet]4 ,s9ce ! fa!rs fell asleep1 ! field ( k :i* !y fir/ ent]$ has spread out wid] & wid] be=e ! untir+ explor]s :o h succe$$ !m4 ,o]/$ & ,seebeck1 ,arago & ,amp]e1 ,f>aday & our own ,h5ry1 h made wond]ful discov]ies 9 t field2 & o!r great m51 l ,/e9heil1 ,:eat/one1 ,morse1 & ,?omson1 h inv5t$ +5i\s in/rum5ts & appliances1 by :i* ^! discov]ies might be made to yield great practical results4 ,! spot ( light1 :i* ! electrician is wat*+1 is reflect$ f "o ( ! late/ ( ^! inv5tions1 ! reflect+ galvanomet] ( ,?omson4 ,he & 8 assi/ants _h be5 wat*+ by turns ! same spot = sev]al days1 s9ce ! ,great ,ea/]n _h /eam$ f ! bay1 pay+ out a cable ( insulat$ wire4 ,^! electricians _h no anxiety z to ! result1 = daily signals _h be5 ex*ang$ betwe5 ! %ip & ! %ore1 z hundr$s aft] hundr$s ( miles ( ?is electrical conductor _h be5 laid on ! b$ ( ! broad ocean4 ,! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl& _h already be5 rea*$1 & !y 7 only wait+ = ! l&+ ( ! cable at ! n[ f>-di/ant end4 ,at l5g? ! light quiv]s1 & ! spot beg9s to move4 ,x answ]s to conc]t$ signals4 ,& soon ! op]ator spells out ! joyful message4 ,! ocean has be5 spann$ ) an electric n]ve1 & ! ,new ,_w responds to ! greet+s ( ! ,old4 ,"h is some?+ practical1 :i* all c appreciate1 & all are ready to honor4 ,we honor ! c\rage :i* conceiv$1 ! skill :i* execut$1 &1 above all1 ! success :i* cr[n$ ! und]tak+4 ,b d we n =get t pr(essor ( ,bologna1 ) 8 frogs' legs1 :o s[$ ! se$ f :i* all ?is has sprung8 ,he labor$ )\t hope ( temporal rew>d1 /imulat$ by ! pure love ( tru?1 & ! gra9 :i* he plant$ has br\ght =? ?is abundant h>ve/4 ,d we n =get1 also1 t succession ( equally noble m51 ,volta1 & ,o]/$1 & ,f>aday1 ) _m o!r n less devot$ inve/igators ( electrical sci5ce1 )\t ^: unselfi% labors ! great result nev] c\ld h be5 a*iev$8 ,su* m51 ( c\rse1 ne$ no recognition at our h&s1 & ,i ask ! "q n = _! sakes1 b = ours4 ,! intellectual elevation ( ! lives !y l$ 0 _! all-suffici5t rew>d4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! utmo/ importance = u1 citiz5s ( a c\ntry ) almo/ unlimit$ res\rces1 t we %\ld recognize :at are ! real spr+s ( true national greatness & endur+ influ5ce4 ,9 ?is age ( mat]ial int]e/s1 ! h& is too ready to say to ! head1 ,i h no ne$ ( !e2 &1 amid ! ephem]al applause :i* foll[s ! realization ( "s triumph ov] matt]1 we are apt to be deceiv$1 & n obs]ve :5ce ! p[] came4 ,we associate ! great inv5tion ) "s man ( affairs man :o ov]came ! la/ mat]ial ob/acle1 & :o1 al?\gh wor?y ( all praise1 probably add$ v little to ! total weal? ( k ( :i* ! inv5tion 0 an imm$iate consequ5ce2 &1 n see+ ! antec$5ts1 we are apt to und]rate ! "p :i* ! /ud5t or sci5tific inve/igator may h contribut$ to ! result4 ,x is idle1 = example1 to speak ( ! electric telegraph z inv5t$ by any s+le man4 ,x 0 a gr[? ( "t1 & _m ( ! m5 :o contribut$ to w9 ?is great victory ( m9d ov] space build$ f> bett] ?an !y knew4 ,z ,i view ! subject1 t inv5tion is z mu* a gift ( ,provid5ce z if ! details _h be5 sup]naturally reveal$4 ,b1 :atev] may be our speculative views1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! welf>e ( our community t we %\ld realize ! fact t purely !oretical sci5tific /udy1 pursu$ = tru?'s sake1 is ! ess5tial pr]equisite = su* inv5tions4 ,k is ! condition ( inv5tion4 ,! old ,lat9 ^w inv5io signifies to meet )1 z well z to f9d1 & ^! great gifts ( ,god are met ) along ! pa?way ( civilization2 b ! ?rong ( ! _w passes !m unnotic$1 = only ^? c recognize ! treasure ^: m9ds h be5 /or$ ) ! k :i* ! s*ol> has discov]$ & made kn[n4 ,if1 !n1 z no "o w d5y1 sci5ce & s*ol>%ip are ! p[]s by :i* improvem5ts 9 ! useful arts are made1 ,i might appeal to y\r self-int]e/ to support & *]i% !m4 ,b ,i %\ld despise myself = appeal+ to su* a motive1 & y = requir+ x4 ,! supreme importance ( sci5ce & s*ol>%ip to a nation does n dep5d 9 ! lea/ on ! circum/ance t important practical results may foll[4 ,:51 z 9 ! case ( ,galvani's frogs1 !y come 9 ! ord] ( ,provid5ce1 let u ?ank ,god = !m z a gift :i* we _h no "r ei!r to expect or dem&4 ,sci5ce1 if /udi$ successfully1 mu/ be /udi$ = ! pure love ( tru?2 &1 if we s]ve h] solely = m]c5>y ends1 h] tru?s1 ! only gold %e (f]s1 w turn to dross 9 our h&s1 & we %all degrade ourselves 9 proportion z we di%onor h]4 ,galvani1 & ,volta1 & ,o]/$1 :o discov]$ ! tru?s ( :i* ! electric telegraph is a simple application1 sure to be made z soon z ! "t 0 ripe1 are n ! less to be honor$ because !y di$ be=e ! fullness ( t "t _h come4 ,we honor !m = ! tru?s !y discov]$1 & ! lu/re ( _! consecrat$ lives c\ld be nei!r enhanc$ nor impair$ by subsequ5t ev5ts2 & x is because ,i am p]suad$ t su* lives are ! salt ( ! _w1 ! savi\rs ( society1 t ,i w\ld lead y to *]i% & su/a9 !m2 &1 t ,i may en=ce ?is conclusion1 all[ me to ask y\r att5tion to ano!r hi/orical incid5t1 :i* pres5ts a /rik+ p>allelism to ! la/4 ,i mu/ take y back to a p]iod :i* we1 ( a nation born b ye/]day1 reg>d z di/ant1 b :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ not$ epo*s ( mod]n hi/ory--! age ( ,lu!r & ! ,re=mation4 ,i mu/ ask y to accompany me to ! small t[n ( ,all5/e91 ne> ,frau5b]g1 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 :]e1 on ,may #bc1 #aedc1 !re lay dy+ "o ( ! great b5efactors ( mank9d4 ,?is man1 old at sev5ty ye>s1 b5t & furr[$ ) labor1 b 9 ^: eye ! fire ( g5ius 0 /ill gl[+1 0 !n kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t4 ,doctor ( m$ic9e z well z ( !ology1 ,canon ( ,frau5b]g1 ,honor>y ,pr(essor ( ,bologna & ,rome1 :ile devot+ 8 leisure to /udy1 he _h pass$ a life ( active b5evol5ce 9 adm9i/]+ to ! bodily z well z ! spiritual wants ( ! ignorant p among :om 8 lot _h be5 ca/4 ,he 0 also a great me*anical g5ius1 &1 by v>i\s labor-sav+ ma*9es1 ( 8 own inv5tion1 he _h contribut$ greatly to ! welf>e ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,b ! sup]/iti\s peasants1 al?\gh !y _h hi!rto rev]5c$ ! great man z _! be/ fri5d & b5efactor1 _h be5 rec5tly incit$ by 8 enemies & rivals 9 ! *ur* to curse him z a h]etic & a wiz>d4 ,a few days back he _h be5 ! unwill+ witness ( "o ( ^? out-(-door spectacles1 s common at t "t1 9 :i* 8 sci5tific op9ions _h be5 trave/i$1 8 *>ities ridicul$1 & 8 devot$ life made ! object ( sl&] & reproa*4 ,?is +ratitude ( 8 flock _h brok5 8 he>t1 & he c\ld n recov] f ! bl[4 ,! occasion ( ?is outbur/ ( fanaticism 0 ! approa*+ publication ( a "w 9 :i* he _h d>$ to "q ! receiv$ op9ions ( !ologians & s*oolm51 9 reg>d to cosmogony4 ,he _h1 =soo?1 d5i$ t ! visible firmam5t 0 a solid azure-color$ %ell1 to :i* ! sun & planets 7 fa/5$1 & ?r\gh ^: op5$ doors ! ra9 desc5d$4 ,he _h prov$ t ! sun 0 ! c5t] ( ! sy/em1 ar\nd :i* ! e>? & planets revolv$1 &1 ) 8 cle> sci5tific vision1 he _h be5 able to ga9 glimpses1 at lea/1 ( ! gr& conceptions ( mod]n a/ronomy3 ,= ?is man 0 ,nicolas ,cop]nicus1 & ! expect$ book 0 8 great "w--,de ,orbium ,coele/ium ,revolutionibus--de/9$ to =m ! broad basis ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! "w 0 pr9t+ at ,nuremb]g1 & ! la/ pro(s _h be5 return$2 b reports _h come t a simil> outbur/ ( fanaticism 0 rag+ at t place1 t a mob _h burn$ ! manuscript on ! public squ>e1 & _h ?reat5$ to break ! press %\ld ! pr9t+ proce$4 ,b1 ?anks to ,god6 ! old man 0 n to die be=e ! h\r ( triumph came4 ,:ile /ill consci\s1 a horse1 cov]$ ) foam1 gallops to ! door ( 8 humble dwell+1 & an arm$ mess5g] ent]s ! *amb]1 :o1 brea?less ) ha/e1 places 9 ! h&s ( ! dy+ man a volume /ill wet f ! press4 ,he has only /r5g? to return a smile ( recognition1 & murmur ! la/ words3 ,nunc dimittis s]vum tuum1 ,dom9e4 ,gr& close ( a noble life6 ,! se$ has be5 s[n--:at c\ld we desire m8 ,aga9 ! c5turies roll on--n "o1 b ?ree--:ile ! se$ gr[s to a great tree1 :i* ov]%ad[s ! nations4 ,great m9ds h nev] be5 want+ to *]i% & prime x1 l ,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl]1 ,galileo & ,newton1 ,laplace & ,lagrange2 & al?\gh at times "s1 :ile l+]+ 9 ! deep %ade ( ! foliage1 may h lo/ sight ( ! summit1 ! noble tree has ev] po9t$ upw>d to direct aspiration & enc\rage hope4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bd? ( ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 9 ! ,obs]vatory ( ,b]l91 a tra9$ a/ronomical obs]v] 0 c>efully measur+ ! position ( a fa9t /> 9 ! con/ellation ,capricorn4 ,only ! day be=e1 he _h receiv$ f ,le ,v]ri] a lett] ann\nc+ ! result ( t rem>kable inve/igation :i* has made ! "n ( ?is di/+ui%$ ,fr5* a/ronom] s ju/ly celebrat$4 ,by ! /udies ( ! great m5 :o succe$$ ,cop]nicus1 8 sy/em _h become s p]fect$ z to enable ! a/ronom] to pr$ict1 ) un]r+ c]ta9ty1 ! pa?s ( ! planets ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,b !re 0 "o fail+ case4 ,! planet ,uranus1 !n suppos$ to be ! out] planet ( ! sol> sy/em1 w&]$ f ! pa? :i* !ory assign$ to x2 & al?\gh ! deviations 7 b small1 yet any discrepancy betwe5 !ory & obs]vation 9 s accurate a sci5ce z a/ronomy c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,long be=e ?is1 ! hypo!sis _h be5 advanc$ t ! deviations 7 caus$ by ! attractive =ce ( an unse5 & /ill m di/ant planet2 b1 z no su* planet _h be5 discov]$1 ! hypo!sis _h rema9$ until n[ :olly b>r54 ,! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 0 reasonable1 & furni%$ ! only conceivable explanation ( ! facts2 &1 moreov]1 if true1 ! receiv$ sy/em ( a/ronomy ought to be able to assign ! position & magnitude ( ! di/urb+ body1 ! magnitude & direction ( ! displacem5ts be+ giv54 ,?is possibility 0 g5]ally appreciat$ by a/ronom]s1 & ! v great l5g? & difficulty ( ! ma!matical calculation :i* ! inve/igation involv$ 0 probably ! reason t no "o _h hi!rto und]tak5 x4 ,le ,v]ri]1 h[ev]1 _h bo? ! c\rage & ! y\?ful /r5g? requir$ = ! "w4 ,& n[ ! great "w _h be5 done2 &1 on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 ,le ,v]ri] _h s5t to ! ,obs]vatory ( ,b]l9 8 communication ann\nc+ ! f9al result1 namely1 t ! planet w\ld be f\nd ab\t #e deg4 to ! ea/ ( ! /> ,delta ( ,capricorn4 ,! lett] conta9+ ?is ann\ncem5t 0 receiv$ by ,galle1 at ,b]l91 on ! #bc;d1 & x 0 ,galle :om we left measur+ ! position ( t fa9t /> on ! ev5+ ( ! #bd?4 ,x s happ5$ t a *>t ( t portion ( ! heav5s _h rec5tly be5 prep>$ by ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory1 & 0 on ! eve ( publication2 &1 on ! v ev5+ he receiv$ ! lett]1 ,galle _h f\nd1 ne> ! position assign$ by ,le ,v]ri]1 a fa9t />1 :i* 0 n m>k$ on ?is *>t4 ,! object diff]$ 9 appe>ance f ! surr\nd+ />s1 b /ill x 0 p]fectly possible t x might be a fix$ /> :i* _h escap$ previ\s obs]vation4 ,b1 if a fix$ />1 its position 9 ! con/ellation w\ld n v>y1 :ile1 if a planet1 a s+le night w\ld %[ a p]ceptible *ange ( place4 ,h5ce1 y may conceive ( ! int]e/ ) :i* ,galle 0 measur+ anew its position on ! ev5+ ( ! #bd?4 ,! /> _h mov$1 & 9 ! direction :i* !ory indicat$2 & = once1 at lea/1 ! _w rang ) applause at a brilliant sci5tific conque/ f :i* !re 0 n "o c5t ( money to be made4 ,yet1 0 t conque/ any less important to ! _w8 ,:at _h x secur$8 ,x _h confirm$ ! !ory ( a/ronomy :i* ,cop]nicus & 8 successors _h built up1 & x _h cl9*$ ! la/ nail 9 ! pro( t ^? gr& conceptions ( mod]n a/ronomy1 n[ h\sehold ?\ghts1 are realities1 & n dreams4 ,c]ta9ly no milit>y conque/ c comp>e ) ?is4 ,d n smile at ! en?usiasm :i* rates s high a purely intellectual a*ievem5t8 ,g out ) me "u ! heav5s1 9 "s />light night1 &1 look+ up into ! dep?s ( space1 recall ! tru?s y h le>n$ 9 reg>d to t imm5sity1 & all[ ! imag9ation free scope z x /ret*es out into ! inf9itudes ( "t1 space1 & p[]1 c>ry+ ! m9d on1 b\nd by b\nd1 ?r\gh ! limitless expanse1 until ev5 ! imag9ation refuses to foll[1 & fairly quails be=e ! mighty =m ( ! ,inf9ite1 :i* rises to confront x6 ,rememb] n[ t y\r =efa!rs1 ( only a few c5turies back1 saw !re no?+ b a solid dome hemm+ 9 ! e>? & skies1 & t y are able to look ^u ?is gr& spectacle only because great m9ds h liv$ :o h op5$ y\r intellectual eyes2 & !n answ] me1 is n ?is result wor? all ! labor1 all ! sacrifice1 all ! treasure x has co/8 ,e educat$ man1 :o has n sold 8 bir?right = a mess ( pottage1 lives a gr&] & nobl] life1 because ! great a/ronom]s h ?\ght & taught1 & ?is elevation ( human life is ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( :i* man c boa/4 ,be=e x all mat]ial conque/s appe> ( little wor?1 & ! lu/re ( all milit>y or civil glory gr[s dim4 ,*]i% ?is intellectual life2 fo/] x2 su/a9 x2 d :at y c by y\r own _s & influ5ce1 &1 if y are bless$ ) ri*es1 give ( y\r abundance to support & enc\rage ^? :o1 by g5ius1 tal5t1 & devotion1 w wid5 ! intellectual k+dom4 ,be assur$ y w ?us help to conf] an ine/imable boon on y\r race & on y\r c\ntry2 & ! influ5ce = good w n be felt by ! intellectual life ( ! nation only4 ,t corruption :i* is n[ fe/]+ at ! he>t ( our body politic1 & ?reat5+ its de/ruction1 c 9 no way be f\ght & conqu]$ s effectually z by keep+ con/antly be=e ! nation noble & high ideals2 =1 :]e ! high] life is *]i%$ & honor$1 ! m]c5>y & s5sual motives ( action1 :i* bo? invite & %ield corruption1 lose mu* ( _! =ce & p[]4 ,b y may tell me t !re is a life high] ?an ! intellectual life1 & t ,i h ascrib$ to sci5ce & s*ol>%ip influ5ces :i* come only f a s\rce :i* ,i h =gott51 or left out ( view4 ,my fri5ds1 all tru? is "o & insep>able1 & ,i h !re=e made no di/9ction 9 ?is address betwe5 ! tru?s ( sci5ce & tru?s ( religion4 ,! gr& old ^w k1 z ,i h us$ x1 includes bo?1 &1 9 j ! proportion t y rev]5ce religion1 y mu/ rev]5ce also true sci5ce4 ,all tru? is ,god's tru?1 &1 9 pray+ = ! com+ ( 8 k+dom1 y c]ta9ly d n expect t ,nature w be divorc$ f ,grace4 ,if ! tru?s ( religion requir$ a special revelation1 x mu/ be expect$ t !y w\ld transc5d human intellig5ce4 ,^! v conditions imply conflict1 b ! conflict comes n f ! k1 b f ! ignorance & conceit ( m52 & ! only prop] attitude = ! dev\t s*ol> is to labor & to wait4 ,& :at m wond]ful confirmation c\ld we h ( ! ess5tial unity ( ! two phases ( tru? ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! *>act]i/ic ( sci5ce1 :i* ,i h be5 endeavor+ to illu/rate 9 ?is address1 is ! great prom95t feature ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,*ri/ianity 0 reveal$ 9 a life1 & ev] abides a life 9 ! s\l ( man1 to purify1 ennoble1 & r$eem humanity4 ,& s ! ,^w _h brea?1 & wr\ght1 ,) human h&s1 ! cre$ ( cre$s1 ,9 lovel9ess ( p]fect de$s1 ,m /rong ?an all poetic ?\ght-- ,:i* he may read t b9ds ! %eaf1 ,or builds ! h\se1 or digs ! grave1 ,& ^? wild eyes t wat* ! wave1 ,9 ro>+s r\nd ! coral reef4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,physical ,,sci5ce4 ,an ,address to ! ,s*oolma/]s ( ,bo/on1 deliv]$ ,febru>y #d1 #ahgh4 ,i felt a great reluctance at accept+ ! invitation ( y\r excell5t sup]9t5d5t to address y on ?is occasion2 =1 al?\gh ,i c\ld claim an unusually long exp]i5ce 9 pres5t+ ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce to college /ud5ts1 ,i 0 fully consci\s t ,i knew little ( ! conditions "u :i* su* subjects mu/ be /udi$1 if at all1 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & 0 !re=e 9 dang] ( appe>+ 9 a capacity :i* ,i %\ld mo/ s$ul\sly %un1 t ( a babbl] ab\t impracticable !ories ( education4 ,x is v easy to criticize ano!r man's labor1 & su* criticisms1 h[ev] plausible1 d ! grosse/ inju/ice :51 z is (t5 ! case1 !y leave out ( view ! necess>y conditions & limitations "u :i* ! "w mu/ be done4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,i felt mo/ ke5ly my incapacity to deal ) _m ( ! practical problems :i* y h to solve1 yet1 on consid]ation1 ,i conclud$ t x 0 my duty "u ! circum/ances to /ate z cle>ly & =cibly z ,i c\ld ! v def9ite op9ions :i* ,i _h =m$ on ! subject y are discuss+1 kn[+ t y w only give su* weight to ^! op9ions z y\r mature judgm5t c all[4 ,9 /at+ ! results ( my exp]i5ce1 ,i c n avoid a c]ta9 p]sonal elem5t1 :i* w\ld be :olly inexcusable 7 x n t ! facts1 z ,i ?9k y w admit1 =m ! basis ( my argum5t4 ,i am a ,bo/on boy1 born 9 ?is imm$iate neighborhood1 & fitt$ = college at ! ,lat9 ,s*ool4 ,x s happ5$ t1 :ile ,i 0 v unsuccessfully endeavor+ to commit to memory1 9 ! old s*ool-h\se on ,s*ool ,/reet1 ,&rews & ,/odd>d's ,lat9 gramm>1 n "o ^w ( :i* ,i c\ld und]/&1 ! ,l[ell ,in/itute lectures 7 op5$ at ! ,odeon on ,congress ,/reet4 ,at ^? lectures ,i got my fir/ ta/e ( real k1 & t ta/e awak5$ an appetite :i* has nev] yet be5 satisfi$4 ,z a boy1 ,i eag]ly s\ght ! small am\nt ( popul> sci5ce :i* ! ,engli% lit]ature ( t day af=d$2 & ,i c n[ di/9ctly recall almo/ e page ( ,mrs4 ,m>cet's ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry1 :i* 0 ! fir/ book on my sci5ce t ,i ev] read4 ,m to ! po9t ?an ?is1 a boy's p]t9acity1 favor$ by a k9d fa!r's indulg5ce1 f\nd ! means ( repeat+1 9 a small way1 mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts fir/ se5 at ! ,l[ell ,in/itute lecture2 & ?us x came to pass t1 be=e ,i ent]$ college1 ,i _h acquir$ a real1 available k ( ! facts ( *emi/ry2 al?\gh1 ) mu* labor & int5se we>9ess1 ,i _h ga9$ only a =mal k ( ^? subjects :i* 7 !n reg>d$ z ! only ess5tial prep>ation = ! college c\rse4 ,9 college1 my att5tion 0 almo/ exclusively devot$ to o!r /udies--=1 9 my day at ,cambridge1 *emi/ry 0 "o ( ! lo/ arts4 ,b :51 ! ye> aft] ,i graduat$1 ,i 0 mo/ unexpect$ly call$ ^u to give my fir/ c\rse ( lectures1 ! only laboratory 9 :i* ,i _h work$ 0 ! %$ ( my fa!r's h\se on ,w9?rop ,place1 & ! only app>atus at my comm& 0 :at ?is boy's laboratory conta9$4 ,) ^! simple tools1 or1 z ,i %\ld r say1 because !y 7 s simple1 ,i ga9$ t measure ( success :i* det]m9$ my subsequ5t c>e]4 ,i feel t ,i owe y a con/ant apology = ^! p]sonal details1 & ,i %\ld n be guilty ( !m did ,i n believe t !y e/abli% two po9ts m conclusively ?an ,i c\ld prove !m 9 any o!r way4 ,fir/1 t x is p]fectly possible = a *ild be=e fifte5 ye>s ( age to acquire a real & liv+ k ( ! fundam5tal facts ( nature on :i* physical sci5ce is bas$4 ,secondly1 t ?is k c be effectually ga9$ by ! use ( ! simple/ tools4 ,let me add t ?is is n a "q ( natural end[m5ts or special aptitudes1 = e "o :o has /udi$ f ! love ( k has _h ! same exp]i5ce2 & ,i d n believe t1 if my fir/ ta/e ( real k _h be5 ( hi/ory1 nay1 ,i w ev5 say1 ( philology1 in/ead ( *emi/ry1 ! circum/ance w\ld h mat]ially influ5c$ my success 9 life1 h[ev] diff]5t ! direction into :i* x might h turn$ my /udy4 ,my e>ly ta/es 7 utt]ly at v>iance ) all my surr\nd+s & all my inh]itances1 & 7 simply det]m9$ by ! accid5t :i* fir/ satisfi$ t natural ?ir/ = k :i* e *ild exp]i5ces to a great] or less degree--a desire mo/ rudely repress$ 9 our usual me?ods ( tea*+4 ,my bitt] exp]i5ce z a pupil 9 ! ,bo/on ,lat9 ,s*ool & my subsequ5t m =tunate exp]i5ce ( ?irty ye>s z a tea*] 9 ,h>v>d ,college h impress$ me mo/ pr(\ndly ) ! conviction t ! only way to ar\se & su/a9 a love = k 9 *ildr5 is to cultivate _! p]ceptive faculties4 ,to pres5t ! rudim5ts ( k to immature m9ds 9 an ab/ract =m1 :e!r ! subject be gramm> or physical sci5ce1 is1 9 my judgm5t1 n only culpable folly1 b also d[nright wrong4 ,&1 if1 to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! long e/abli%$ r\t9e ( our public s*ool1 my op9ions may appe> revolution>y & extreme1 ,i am1 nev]!less1 sure t !y w\ld receive ! univ]sal ass5t ( ! m5 :om all w\ld recognize z ! =emo/ sci5tific tea*]s ( ! _w4 ,i c well rememb] t :51 _m ye>s ago1 ! late ,pr(essor ,agassiz decl>$ 9 my he>+ t he w\ld h no text-books us$ 9 8 museum1 ,i ?\ght 8 plan ( pure object-tea*+ *im]ical 9 ! extreme1 & yet exp]i5ce has n only conv9c$ me ( ! wisdom ( 8 judgm5t 9 reg>d to ! tea*+ ( natural hi/ory1 b br\ght me to a simil> conclusion 9 reg>d to ! elem5t>y tea*+ bo? ( natural philosophy & ( *emi/ry4 ,all[ me !n to express my firm p]suasion t x is n only useless b injuri\s to ! education ( "y m9ds to pres5t to !m at ! outset any dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce z a body ( def9itions1 pr9ciples1 laws1 or !ories2 & t 9 elem5t>y s*ools only su* facts %\ld be taught z c be v]ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! pupil1 or by su* simple exp]im5ts z ! pupils c try = !mselves4 ,! usual me?od ( committ+ by he>t ! words ( a s*ool-book1 & repeat+ !m at ! dictation ( a tea*]1 may af=d a good ex]cise = ! memory1 b x is absurd to reg>d su* a task z a lesson 9 physical sci5ce1 & ?is k9d ( /udy c be sp5t ) va/ly great] pr(it on ! spell+-book4 ,!re is "o dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce :i* has be5 taught 9 ?is absurd way 9 our s*ools f "t immemorial4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! /udy ( geography1 & ,i leave = y to judge :e!r ! result is wor? ! "o hundr$? "p ( ! toil & drudg]y sp5t 9 obta9+ x4 ,let u suppose t y\r *ild is able to give y ! names ( all ! riv]s1 bays1 & capes f ,gre5l& to ,patagonia1 h[ mu* m does t *ild "k ( ! /ructure & social relations ( ?is globe on :i* its lot has be5 ca/ ?an x did be=e ?is s5seless feat 0 attempt$1 a feat1 moreov]1 to :i* only a *ild's memory w\ld be equal8 ,&1 :5 y turn to y\r own exp]i5ce1 :at is ! outcome ( all ! "t & labor sp5t on geography8 ,is x n solely j t portion ( y\r k :i*1 9 spite ( ! sy/em1 0 direct object-tea*+--! images y ins5sibly acquir$ f ! maps & pictures 9 ! s*ool-books8 ,b !re is a v diff]5t way ( tea*+ geography1 by :i* ! /udy may be made a pleasure1 n a task4 ,! tea*] does n beg9 ) ab/ract def9itions ( riv]s1 & bays1 & oceans1 :i* convey no def9ite mean+ to a *ild1 b ) ,*>les ,riv]1 ,bo/on ,h>bor1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* are to him real ?+s1 h[ev] imp]fect 8 conceptions ( _! ext5t4 ,! *ild is fir/ %[n1 n a map ( ! globe1 :i* he c n by any possibility und]/&1 b a map ( a v limit$ region ar\nd 8 own home4 ,he is taught h[ to f9d ! nor? & s\?1 ! ea/ & we/ directions4 ,he is enc\rag$ to make excursions to v]ify ! map1 or to add to its details1 & su* excursions may be made to h = him all ! ze/ ( voyages ( discov]y2 & :5 ?us ! rudim5ts ( geographical sci5ce h be5 ma/]$1 n 9 te*nical t]ms1 b 9 sub/ance1 !n ! tea*] may beg9 to exp& ! horizon ( ! pupil's k1 judici\sly omitt+ details 9 proportion z di/ance increases1 until at l5g? ! g5]al survey embraces ! globe4 ,( c\rse1 su* tea*+ z ?is c only be giv5 orally ) ! help ( prop] app>atus1 su* z wall maps1 & globes1 & photographs4 ,x mu/ take ! int]rogative =m1 & ! que/ions %\ld be direct$ to br+ out ! *ild's already acquir$ k1 & to lead him to obs]ve facts :i* _h hi!rto escap$ 8 notice4 ,:at a *ild reads 9 a book1 or ev5 :at y tell him1 is nev] "o half le>nt1 unless 8 int]e/ is ar\s$4 ,b :at a *ild obs]ves = himself he nev] =gets1 & :5 y h ?us ar\s$ 8 int]e/ y c associate a l>ge numb] ( facts ) "o obs]vation1 & ^! all cry/allize 9 8 memory ar\nd ?is nucleus4 ,?is is no m]e !ory1 no untri$ me?od :i* ,i am advocat+4 ,s f> f x1 ,i am describ+ ! precise me?od :i* has be5 us$ = _m ye>s 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! sci5ce ( education is f> bett] und]/ood ?an ) u1 & :]e economy bo? ( "t & labor 9 tea*+ is mo/ c>efully /udi$4 ,if our s*ool committees c\ld att5d & und]/& a s+le ex]cise 9 geography1 su* z are daily giv5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,prussia1 ,i am sure t at lea/ "o =m ( *ild torture w\ld soon disappe> f ! prim>y s*ools ( ?is c\ntry4 ,inde$1 ,i already see evid5ce ( a gr[+ public op9ion on ?is subject1 an effect :i* ,i trace 9 no small measure to ! influ5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education ( ! ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,t :i* is true ( geography applies ) /ill great] =ce to su* subjects z physics & *emi/ry1 s9ce ! ab/ract conceptions :i* ^! sci5ces involve are m ab/ruse1 & ! language by :i* ! conceptions are express$ or def9$ f> less pla9 ?an is ! case ) ! old] & m descriptive bran* ( k4 ,h5ce1 z sci5ces1 prop]ly s call$1 t is1 z philosophical sy/ems1 !y h no place :atev] 9 elem5t>y education4 ,b1 und]ly+ ^! sy/ems1 !re is a great multitude ( ph5om5a :i* a *ild c be l$ to obs]ve & appreh5d z readily z ! facts ( geography4 ,take t subject--me*anics--:i* our ord9>y s*ool-books v philosophically b mo/ unpractically place at ! beg9n+ ( :at !y call ,natural ,philosophy4 ,h[ _m ( ! fundam5tal facts ( ?is difficult subject c be made famili> to a *ild8 ,select1 z an example1 ,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion4 ,suppose y make a boy memorize ! ord9>y rule1 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( re/ or ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e until act$ ^u by "s ext]nal =ce1 h[ mu* w he "k ab\t x8 ,suppose y make him d a lot ( problems involv+ di/ances1 velocities1 & times1 w he "k any m ab\t x8 ,b ask him1 ,c y pit* a ball z well z y\r playmate8 & he answ]s at once1 ,no2 ,john is /rong] ?an ,i am4 ,& !n1 if aga9 y ask1 ,c y cat* ,john's ball8 he w probably reply1 ,( c\rse1 n6 ,x requires a boy z /rong z ,john to cat* 8 balls4 ,& ?us1 by a few well-direct$ que/ions1 y w\ld br+ t boy to le>n a lesson :i* he w\ld nev] =get1 & :i* he w\ld recall e "t he play$ base-ball2 namely1 t ,john's swift balls c\ld n be set 9 motion )\t an exp5diture ( a def9ite am\nt ( muscul> ef=t1 & c\ld n be /opp$ )\t ! ex]tion ( an equal am\nt ( :at1 aft] a :ile1 y c\ld get him to call =ce4 ,f ! ball y w\ld naturally pass to ! railroad tra9 or ! /eamboat1 & ,i %\ld n wond] if1 ) a little pati5ce1 y c\ld br+ ev5 a boy to und]/& t motion c n be ma9ta9$ aga9/ a resi/ance1 9 o!r words1 t "w c n be done )\t a con/ant exp5diture ( muscul> ef=t1 or ( "s o!r s\rce ( p[]2 & x is a fond hope ( m9e t by ! "t ^! boys gr[ into m5 our intellig5t ,new ,engl& community might become s f> educat$ 9 ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( me*anics t no self-su/a9$ motors1 nor o!r me*anical no/rums :i* claim to h sup]s$$ ! primeval curse--if t law 0 a curse1 :i* compels man to e>n 8 bread ) ! sweat ( 8 br[--w receive ! sanction ( our respectable j\rnals2 & !n--if !y h n previ\sly le>n$ ! lesson by dire exp]i5ce--we may hope to p]suade our p ( ! p>allel & equally elem5t>y pr9ciple ( political economy1 t value c n be legislat$ into rags4 ,b1 my fri5ds1 our subject gives no occasion = bant]1 & pres5ts aspects too s]i\s to be treat$ lightly or 9 je/s4 ,z inhabitants ( a n ov]-fruitful l&1 &1 !re=e1 memb]s ( a community :i* mu/ excel1 if at all1 solely by its ent]prise & intellig5ce1 we h a duty to our *ildr5 :i* we c n avoid1 if we w\ld1 & = :i* we %all be held responsible by our po/]ity4 ,^! *ildr5 are ent]+ life surr\nd$ n only by all ! wond]s & glories ( nature1 b1 also1 by giant conditions1 :i*1 :e!r /ation$ on _! pa? z a bless+ or a curse1 w inevitably /rike if _! behe/s are n obey$4 ,s f> z sci5ce has be5 able to def9e ^! giant =ms1 x is our duty1 z x is our privilege1 to po9t !m out to ^? we are b\nd to protect & guide2 & 9 _m cases x is 9 our p[] to *ange ! curse into a bless+1 & to trans=m ! de/ructive demon into a gu>dian angel4 ,aft] t comm& ( language :i* ! necessities ( civiliz$ life imp]atively require1 !re is no acquisition :i* we c give our *ildr5 t w ex]t s important an influ5ce on _! mat]ial welf>e z a k ( ! laws ( nature1 "u :i* !y mu/ live & to :i* !y mu/ con=m2 & ?r\gh\t ^: univ]sal dom9ion ! only "q is :e!r m5 %all grovel z ignorant slaves or %all rule z intellig5t s]vants4 ,yes2 rule by obey+4 ,i* ,di52 = only "u t motto1 :i*1 five hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! great ,black ,pr9ce bore s victori\sly ?r\gh ! fields ( ,cressy & ,poiti]s1 c man ev] rule 9 ,nature's k+dom4 ,i reg>d x1 !re=e1 z ! highe/ duty & ! mo/ enlight5$ self-int]e/ ( a community l ?is to provide ! be/ means = ! in/ruction ( its *ildr5 9 ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce2 & ,i 01 !re=e1 mo/ anxi\s to d all 9 my p[] to second ! enlight5$ ef=ts ( y\r em95t ,sup]9t5d5t 9 ?is direction4 ,y mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ tools are wor?less 9 !mselves1 & c secure no valuable results unless judici\sly us$4 ,inde$1 !re is dang] 9 too _m tools1 & ,i h a great horror ( t array ( brass-"w :i* is usually miscall$ philosophical app>atus4 ,! great] "p ( ?is is1 9 my op9ion1 a m]e h9drance to ! tea*]1 because x at once erects a b>ri] betwe5 ! s*ol> & ! simple facts ( nature1 & ! *ild inevitably associates ) ! ph5om5on illu/rat$ "s leg]dema91 & looks on y\r exp]im5ts v mu* z he w\ld on ! exhibition ( a ,h\d9 or a ,signor ,blitz4 ,! secret ( success 9 tea*+ physical sci5ce is to use ! simple/ & mo/ famili> means to illu/rate y\r po9t4 ,:5 a v "y man ,i 0 favor$ ) an introduction to ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 & _h ! privilege ( att5d+ a portion ( a c\rse ( lectures :i* ?is noble man 0 !n 9 ! habit ( giv+ e ,*ri/mas season to a juv5ile auditory at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london4 ,z a boy1 ,i _h become famili> ) lectures on *emi/ry at ! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 :]e !y did n lack ! pomp ( circum/ance or ! display ( app>atus1 & ,i _h come to associate ^! elem5ts ) ! conditions ( success 9 lectures ( ?is k9d4 ,:at1 !n1 0 my surprise to f9d ,f>aday1 ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ! _w 9 8 sci5ce1 & :o _h e means ( illu/ration at 8 comm&1 us+ ! pla9e/ language & ! simple/ tools4 ,:51 9 my y\?ful admiration at ! result1 ,i express$1 aft] "o ( ! lectures1 my surprise at ! simplicity ( ! means employ$1 ! great ma/] repli$3 ,t is ! :ole secret ( int]e/+ ^! "y p4 ,i always use ! simple/ means1 b ,i nev] leave a po9t n illu/rat$4 ,if ,i m5tion ! =ce ( gravitation ,i take up a /one & let x drop4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t1 ,i c n be sure t ,i quote 8 exact language1 b ! lesson & ! illu/ration ,i c\ld n =get2 & to ?is lesson1 m ?an to any o!r "o ?+1 ,i owe :atev] success ,i h _h z a tea*] ( physical sci5ce4 ,i repeat1 !re=e1 x is n only useless b injuri\s 9 ! education ( "y m9ds to pres5t any dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce z a body ( def9itions1 pr9ciples1 laws1 or !ories2 & t 9 elem5t>y s*ools su* facts only %\ld be taught z c be v]ifi$ ei!r by ! exp]i5ce ( ! pupils or by ! simple/ exp]im5ts1 :i* ! pupils c repeat by !mselves2 & n[1 aft] ?is discussion1 ,i add1 t ! tea*] mu/ dep5d on 8 own +5uity = 8 exp]im5ts1 & on 8 int]c\rse ) 8 pupils = 8 in/ruction4 ,b y w tell me all ?is involves grave difficulties1 & conditions incompatible ) our ord9>y s*ool life4 ,i freely admit ! difficulties1 b ,i am none ! less sure t1 unless sci5ce c be taught on ! pr9ciples ,i h endeavor$ to illu/rate1 x _h bett] n be taught at all4 ,i "k v well t ! prop] tea*+ ( physical sci5ce is :olly incompatible ) our usual s*ool me?ods4 ,b ?is only proves to me t ^! me?ods ought to be *ang$1 & ,i am p]suad$ t ! *anges requir$ w b5efit ! lit]>y & classical z well z ! sci5tific c\rses ( /udy4 ,= d n ! same g5]al pr9ciples apply to ! acquisition ( k 9 all subjects8 ,& :5 a *ild's p]ceptive faculties h be5 duly /imulat$1 & 8 intellig5ce fully awak5$1 he w f9d int]e/ 9 gramm>1 9 lit]ature1 or 9 hi/ory1 z well z 9 sci5ce4 ,9 repell+ ! reproa* ( n>r[ness1 to :i* our elective sy/em at ,cambridge und\bt$ly frequ5tly leads1 h[ (t5 h ,i urg$ ! self-evid5t proposition t to ar\se a love ( /udy 9 any subject1 ,i c>e n h[ subord9ate its importance or h[ limit$ its scope1 is to take ! fir/ /ep t[>d mak+ y\r man a s*ol>2 :ile to fail to ga9 8 int]e/ 9 any /udy is to lose ! :ole end ( education--& :at is true ( ! man is /ill m true ( ! *ild4 ,classical culture on ! "o h& & sci5tific culture on ! o!r are excell5t ?+s1 b1 if y\r boy c n be made to take an int]e/ ei!r 9 classics or 9 sci5ce1 h[ pla9 x is t su* treasures are n = him1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! "o condition :i* c give value to any /udy1 h[ idle & inconsequ5t all que/ions 9 reg>d to ! relative m]its ( ^! /udies appe>6 ,on ! o!r h&1 a love ( /udy once ga9$1 all /udies are alike good4 ,& z ) ! pupil1 s ) ! tea*]4 ,no tea*+ is ( any real value t does n come directly f ! intellig5ce1 & he>t ( ! tea*]1 & ?us appeals to ! intellig5ce & he>t ( ! pupil4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 implies m acquisition1 & x requires f> m en]gy to tea* f "o's own k ?an to tea* f a book1 b !n1 j 9 proportion to ! difficulties ov]come1 does ! tea*] raise 8 pr(ession & ennoble himself4 ,!re is no nobl] s]vice ?an ! life ( a true tea*]2 b ! m]e task-ma/] has no "r to ! tea*]'s "n1 & c nev] atta9 ! tea*]'s rew>d4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,radiomet]3 ,a ,,fre% ,,evid5ce ,,( ,a ,,molecul> ,,univ]se4 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ 9 ! ,s&]s ,!atre ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,m>* #f1 #ahgh4 ,no "o :o is n famili> ) ! hi/ory ( physical sci5ce c appreciate h[ v mod]n are ^? gr& conceptions :i* add s mu* to ! l(t9ess ( sci5tific /udies2 &1 ( ! _m :o1 on "o ( our />lit nights1 look up into ! dep?s ( space1 & are aw$ by ! ?\ghts ( t imm5sity :i* come cr[d+ ^u ! m9d1 !re are few1 ,i imag9e1 :o realize ! fact t almo/ all ! k :i* gives su* great sublimity to t sight is ! result ( comp>atively rec5t sci5tific inve/igation2 & t ! mo/ elem5t>y /ud5t c n[ ga9 conceptions ( ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se ( :i* ! fa!rs ( a/ronomy nev] dream$4 ,& h[ v gr& are ! famili> a/ronomical facts :i* ! sight ( ! />ry heav5s sugge/s6 ,^? brilliant po9ts are all suns l ! "o :i* =ms ! c5t] ( our sy/em1 & ar\nd :i* our e>? revolves2 yet s inconceivably remote1 t1 al?\gh mov+ ?r\gh space ) an incr$ible velocity1 !y h n mat]ially *ang$ _! relative position s9ce record$ obs]vations began4 ,comp>$ ) _! di/ance1 ! di/ance ( our own sun--#ib1jjj1jjj miles--seems z no?+2 yet h[ inconceivable ev5 t di/ance is :5 we endeavor to mete x out ) our t]re/rial /&>ds6 ,= if1 :5 ,cop]nicus--! great fa!r ( mod]n a/ronomy--di$1 9 #aedc1 j at ! close ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 a mess5g] _h />t$ = ! sun1 & travel$ ev] s9ce ) ! velocity ( a railroad tra9--?irty miles an h\r--he w\ld n yet h rea*$ 8 de/9ation6 ,evid5tly1 !n1 no /&>ds1 :i*1 l our ord9>y measures1 be> a simple or at lea/ a conceivable relation to ! dim5sions ( our own bodies1 c help u to /ret* a l9e 9 su* a univ]se4 ,we mu/ seek = "s magnitude :i* is comm5surate ) ^! imm5sities ( space2 &1 9 ! wond]fully rapid motion ( light1 a/ronomy furni%es u ) a suitable /&>d4 ,by ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites ! a/ronom]s h det]m9$ t ?is my/]i\s efflu5ce rea*es u f ! sun 9 eight m9utes & a half1 & !re=e mu/ travel ?r\gh space ) ! incr$ible velocity--%all ,i d>e to "n x8--( #ahf1jjj miles 9 a second ( "t6 ,yet1 inconceivably rapid z ?is motion is1 capable ( girdl+ ! e>? ne>ly eight times 9 a s+le second1 ! v ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s1 alpha ,c5tauri1 is s remote t ! light by :i* x w be se5 9 ! s\!rn heav5s to-night1 ne> t magnific5t con/ellation1 ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 mu/ h />t$ on its j\rney ?ree ye>s & a half ago4 ,b ?is light comes f m]ely ! ?re%old ( ! /ell> univ]se2 & ! telescope reveals to u />s s di/ant t1 _h !y be5 blott$ out ( exi/5ce :5 hi/ory began1 ! tid+s ( ! ev5t c\ld n yet h rea*$ ! e>?6 ,comp>e n[ ) ^! gr& conceptions ! popul> belief ( only a few c5turies back4 ,:]e we look into ! inf9ite dep?s1 our ,puritan =efa!rs saw only a solid dome hemm+ 9 ! e>? & skies1 & ?r\gh ^: op5$ doors ! ra9 desc5d$4 ,!y reg>d$ ! sun & moon m]ely z great lum9>ies set 9 ?is firmam5t to rule ! day & night1 & to _! und]/&+s ! />s s]v$ no bett] purpose ?an ! spangles :i* glitt] on ! azure ceil+ ( _m a mod]n *ur*4 ,! great "w ( ,cop]nicus1 ,de ,orbium ,coele/ium ,revolutionibus1 :i* 0 de/9$1 ultimately1 to ov]?r[ ! crude cosmography :i* ,*ri/ianity _h inh]it$ f ,judaism1 0 n publi%$ until j at ! close ( ! au?or's life 9 #aedc1 ! date be=e m5tion$4 ,! telescope1 :i* 0 requir$ to fully conv9ce ! _w ( its previ\s error1 0 n inv5t$ until m ?an half a c5tury lat]1 & x 0 n until #ahce t ,/ruve detect$ ! p>allax ( alpha ,lyrae4 ,! measurem5t ( ?is p>allax1 toge!r ) ,bessel's det]m9ation ( ! p>allax ( #fa ,cygni1 & ,h5d]son's t ( alpha ,c5tauri1 at ab\t ! same "t1 gave u our fir/ accurate k ( ! di/ances ( ! fix$ />s4 ,to ! ?\ght ,i h endeavor$ to express1 ,i mu/ add ano!r1 be=e ,i c draw ! lesson :i* ,i wi% to tea*4 ,great sci5tific tru?s become popul>iz$ v sl[ly1 &1 aft] !y h be5 ?or\ghly work$ out by ! inve/igators1 x is (t5 _m ye>s be=e !y become a "p ( ! curr5t k ( mank9d4 ,x 0 fully a c5tury aft] ,cop]nicus di$1 ) 8 great volume--/ill wet f ! press ( ,nuremb]g--9 8 h&s1 be=e ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 g5]ally accept$ ev5 by ! le>n$2 & ! intol]ant _s ) :i* ?is "w 0 receiv$ & ! p]secution :i* ,galileo enc\nt]$ m ?an half a c5tury lat] 7 due solely to ! circum/ance t ! new !ory t5d$ to subv]t ! popul> fai? 9 ! cosmography ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 mod]n times1 ) ! _m popul> expositors ( sci5ce1 ! diffusion ( new tru? is m rapid2 b ev5 n[ !re is always a long int]val aft] any great discov]y 9 ab/ract sci5ce be=e ! new conception is translat$ into ! language ( common life1 s t x c be appreh5d$ by ! mass ev5 ( educat$ m54 ,i h ?us dwelt on :at mu/ be famili> facts 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 because !y illu/rate & w help y to realize ! pres5t condition ( a mu* y\ng] bran* ( physical sci5ce2 =1 9 ! transition p]iod ,i h describ$1 !re exi/s n[ a conception :i* op5s a vision into ! microcosmos b5ea? u z ext5sive & z gr& z t :i* ! ,cop]nican !ory reveal$ into ! macrocosmos above u4 ,! conception to :i* ,i ref] w be at once sugge/$ to e sci5tific s*ol> by ! ^w molecule4 ,?is ^w is a ,lat9 dim9utive1 :i* means1 prim>ily1 a small mass ( matt]2 &1 al?\gh h]et(ore (t5 appli$ 9 me*anics to ! indef9itely small p>ticles ( a body betwe5 :i* ! attractive or repulsive =ces might be suppos$ to act1 x has only rec5tly acquir$ ! exact significance ) :i* we n[ use x4 ,9 attempt+ to discov] ! orig9al usage ( ! ^w molecule1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t x 0 app>5tly fir/ introduc$ into sci5ce by ! great ,fr5* naturali/1 ,buffon1 :o employ$ ! t]m 9 a v peculi> s5se4 ,buffon does n seem to h be5 tr\bl$ ) ! problem :i* s engrosses our mod]n naturali/s--h[ ! vegetable & animal k+doms 7 develop$ into _! pres5t condition--b he 0 greatly ex]cis$ by an equally difficult problem1 :i* seems to h be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! pres5t controv]sy1 & :i* is j z obscure to-day z x 0 9 ,buffon's "t1 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 & t is1 ,:y species are s p]si/5t 9 ,nature2 :y ! acorn always gr[s into ! oak1 & :y e creature always produces ( its k9d4 ,&1 if y w reflect ^u x1 ,i am sure y w conclude t ?is la/ is by f> ! m fundam5tal problem ( ! two1 & "o :i* necess>ily includes ! fir/4 ,t1 ( two eggs1 9 :i* no anatomi/ c discov] any /ructural diff]5ce1 ! "o %\ld1 9 a few %ort ye>s1 develop an intellig5ce l ,newton's1 :ile ! o!r soon ends 9 a ,gu9ea-pig1 is c]ta9ly a great] my/]y ?an t1 9 ! c\rse ( unnumb]$ ages1 monkeys1 by ins5sible gradations1 %\ld gr[ into m54 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! rem>kable con/ancy ( species1 ,buffon advanc$ a !ory :i*1 :5 fre$ f a good deal t 0 fanciful1 may be express$ ?us3 ,! attributes ( e species1 :e!r ( plants or ( animals1 reside 9 _! ultimate p>ticles1 or1 to use a m philosophical b less famili> ^w1 inh]e 9 ^! p>ticles1 :i* ,buffon names organic molecules4 ,accord+ to ,buffon1 ! oak owes all ! peculi>ities ( its organization to ! special oak molecules ( :i* x consi/s2 & s all ! diff]5ces 9 ! vegetable or animal k+dom1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ species1 dep5d on fundam5tal peculi>ities ) :i* _! respective molecules 7 prim>ily end[$4 ,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be z _m k9ds ( molecules z !re are diff]5t species ( liv+ be+s2 b1 :ile ! molecules ( ! same species 7 suppos$ to be exactly alike1 & to h a /rong aff9ity or attraction = ea* o!r1 ^? ( diff]5t species 7 assum$ to be inh]5tly di/9ct & to h no su* aff9ities4 ,buffon fur!r assum$ t ^! molecules ( organic nature 7 diffus$ m or less widely ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & ?r\gh ! soil1 & t ! acorn grew to ! oak simply because1 consi/+ itself ( oak molecules1 x c\ld draw only oak molecules f ! surr\nd+ m$ia4 ,) our pres5t k ( ! *emical con/itution ( organic be+s1 we c f9d a great deal t is bo? fanta/ic & absurd 9 ?is !ory ( ,buffon2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry is almo/ :olly a gr[? ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :ile ,buffon di$ 9 #aghh2 &1 if we look at ! !ory solely f ! /&po9t ( 8 k1 we %all f9d 9 x mu* t 0 wor?y ( ?is great man4 ,inde$1 9 our "t1 ! ess5tial features ( ! !ory ( ,buffon h be5 transf]r$ f natural hi/ory to *emi/ry almo/ un*ang$4 ,accord+ to our mod]n *emi/ry1 ! qualities ( e sub/ance reside or inh]e 9 its molecules4 ,take ?is lump ( sug>4 ,x has c]ta9 qualities ) :i* e "o is famili>4 ,are ^? qualities attributes ( ! lump or ( its p>ts8 ,c]ta9ly ( its p>ts2 =1 if we break up ! lump1 ! smalle/ p>ticles w /ill ta/e sweet & %[ all ! *>act]i/ics ( sug>4 ,c\ld we1 !n1 c>ry on ?is subdivision indef9itely1 provid$ only we _h s5ses or te/s delicate en\gh to recognize ! qualities ( sug> 9 ! result+ p>ticles8 ,to ?is "q1 mod]n *emi/ry answ]s decid$ly1 ,no6 ,y w\ld be=e long rea* ! smalle/ mass t c h ! qualities ( sug>4 ,y w\ld h no difficulty 9 break+ up ^! masses1 b y w\ld !n obta91 n small] p>ticles ( sug>1 b p>ticles ( ^? utt]ly diff]5t sub/ances :i* we call c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog5--9 a ^w1 p>ticles ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances ( :i* sug> consi/s4 ,^! ultimate p>ticles ( sug> we call ! molecules ( sug>1 & ?us we come to ! pres5t *emical def9ition ( a molecule1 ,! smalle/ p>ticles ( a sub/ance 9 :i* its qualities inh]e1 :i*1 z y see1 is a reproduction ( ,buffon's idea1 al?\gh appli$ to matt] & n to organism4 ,a lump ( sug>1 !n1 has its peculi> qualities because x is an aggregate ( molecules :i* h ^? qualities1 & a lump ( salt diff]s f a lump ( sug> simply because ! molecules ( salt diff] f ^? ( sug>1 & s ) e o!r sub/ance4 ,!re are z _m k9ds ( molecules 9 ,nature z !re are diff]5t sub/ances1 b all ! molecules ( ! same sub/ance are absolutely alike 9 e respect4 ,?us f>1 z y see1 we are m]ely reviv+ 9 a diff]5t association ! old ideas ( ,buffon4 ,b j at ?is po9t comes 9 a new conception1 :i* gives f> great] gr&eur to our mod]n !ory3 = we conceive t ^? smalle/ p>ticles 9 :i* ! qualities ( a sub/ance inh]e are def9ite bodies or sy/ems ( bodies mov+ 9 space1 & t a lump ( sug> is a univ]se ( mov+ worlds4 ,if on a cle> night y direct a telescope to "o ( ! _m />-clu/]s ( our nor!rn heav5s1 y w h pres5t$ to ! eye z good a diagram z we c at pres5t draw ( :at we suppose w\ld1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be se5 9 a lump ( sug> if we c\ld look into ! molecul> univ]se ) ! same facility ) :i* ! telescope p5etrates ! dep?s ( space4 ,d y tell me t ! absurdities ( ,buffon 7 wisdom :5 comp>$ ) su* wild speculations z ^!8 ,! criticism is simply :at ,i expect$1 & ,i mu/ rem9d y t1 z ,i intimat$ at ! outset1 ?is conception ( mod]n sci5ce is 9 ! transition p]iod ( :i* ,i !n spoke1 &1 al?\gh v famili> to sci5tific s*ol>s1 has n yet be5 grasp$ by ! popul> m9d4 ,i c fur!r only add t1 wild z x may appe>1 ! idea is ! gr[? ( legitimate sci5tific inve/igation1 & express my conviction t x w soon become z mu* a "p ( ! popul> belief z ^? gr& conceptions ( a/ronomy to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,d y rejo9 t we c see ! suns 9 a /ell> clu/]1 b c n ev5 beg9 to see ! molecules8 ,i mu/ aga9 rem9d y t1 9 fact1 y only see po9ts ( light 9 ! field ( ! telescope1 & t y\r k t ^! po9ts are imm5sely di/ant suns is an inf]5ce ( a/ronomical sci5ce2 &1 fur!r1 t our k--if ,i may s call our confid5t belief--t ! lump ( sug> is an aggregate ( mov+ molecules is an equally legitimate inf]5ce ( molecul> me*anics1 a sci5ce :i*1 al?\gh s mu* new]1 is z positive a field ( /udy z a/ronomy4 ,moreov]1 sight is n ! only av5ue to k2 &1 al?\gh our mat]ial limitations =bid u to expect t ! microscope w ev] be able to p5etrate ! molecul> univ]se1 yet we feel assur$ t we h be5 able by /rictly exp]im5tal me?ods to weigh molecul> masses & measure molecul> magnitudes ) z mu* accuracy z ^? ( ! fix$ />s4 ,( all =ms ( matt] ! gas has ! simple/ molecul> /ructure1 &1 z might be anticipat$1 our k ( molecul> magnitudes is z yet *iefly conf9$ to mat]ials ( ?is class4 ,i h giv5 bel[ "s ( ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ 9 reg>d to ! molecul> magnitudes ( hydrog5 gas1 "o ( ! be/ /udi$ ( ?is class ( sub/ances2 &1 al?\gh ! va/ numb]s are z inconceivable z are ^? ( a/ronomy1 !y c n fail to impress y ) ! reality ( ! magnitudes !y repres5t4 ,i take hydrog5 gas = my illu/ration r ?an air1 because our atmosph]e is a mixture ( two gases1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 & !re=e its condition is less simple ?an t ( a p]fectly homog5e\s mat]ial l hydrog54 ,! molecul> dim5sions ( o!r sub/ances1 al?\gh v>y+ v greatly 9 _! relative values1 are ( ! same ord] ( magnitude z ^!4,a ,a ,z "s ( ! read]s ( ?is volume may be int]e/$ to comp>e ^! values1 we reproduce ! ,table ( ,molecul> ,data f ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell's lecture on ,molecules1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,brad=d1 & publi%$ 9 ,nature1 ,septemb] #be1 #ahgc4 ,molecul> ,magnitudes at ,/&>d ,temp]ature & ,pressure1 #j deg4 ,c4 & #gf c4 m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,rank ,,accord+ ,,to ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,c>bonic ,c>bonic ,,accuracy ,,( ,,k4 ,oxide4 ,dioxide4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,rank ,i4 ,relative mass #a #af #ad #bb ,velocity 9 metres p] second #a1hei #dfe #dig #cif ,,rank ,,ii4 ,mean pa? 9 t5 billion?s 7#aj-aj7 ( a metre #ife #efj #dhb #cgi ,collisions ea* second--numb] ( millions #ag1gej #g1fdf #i1dhi #i1gbj ,,rank ,,iii4 ,diamet] 9 hundr$ billion?s 7#aj-aa7 ( a metre #eh #gf #hc #ic ,mass 9 t5 million million million million?s 7#aj-be7 ( a gramme #df #gcf #fdd #a1jab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( molecules 9 "o cubic c5timetre ( e gas is n9ete5 million million million on #ai 7#ajah74 ,two million hydrog5 molecules side by side measure a little ov] "o millimetre4 ,dim5sion ( ,hydrog5 ,molecules calculat$ = ,temp]ature ( ,melt+ ,ice1 & = ! ,mean ,height ( ! ,b>omet] ( ! ,sea ,level3 ,mean velocity1 #f1jii feet a second4 ,mean pa?1 #ca t5-million?s ( an in*4 ,collisions1 #ag1gej millions ea* second4 ,diamet]1 #dch1jjj1 side by side1 measure #a_/ajj ( an in*4 ,mass1 #ad 7millions#c7 weigh #a_/ajjj ( a gra94 ,gas-volume1 #caa 7millions#c7 fill "o cubic in*4 ,to expla9 h[ ! values "h pres5t$ 7 obta9$ w\ld be out ( place 9 a popul> lecture1,b b a few words 9 reg>d to two or ?ree ( ! data are requir$ to elucidate ! subject ( ?is lecture4 ,b ,see ,pr(essor ,maxwell's lecture1 loc4 cit42 also1 ,appletons' ,cyclopa$ia1 article ,molecules4 ,fir/1 !n1 9 reg>d to ! mass or weight ( ! molecules4 ,s f> z _! relative values are conc]n$1 *emi/ry gives u ! means ( det]m9+ ! molecul> weights ) v great accuracy2 b :5 we attempt to e/imate _! weights 9 fractions ( a gra9--! smalle/ ( our common /&>ds--we c n expect precision1 simply because ! magnitudes comp>$ are ( su* a diff]5t ord]2 & ! same is true ( mo/ ( ! o!r absolute dim5sions1 su* z ! diamet] & volume ( ! molecules4 ,we only reg>d ! values giv5 9 our table z a v r\gh e/imate1 b /ill we h good gr\nds = believ+ t !y are suffici5tly accurate to give u a true idea ( ! ord] ( ! quantities ) :i* we are deal+2 & x w be se5 t1 al?\gh ! numb]s requir$ to express ! relations to our ord9>y /&>ds are s l>ge1 ^! molecul> magnitudes are no m remov$ f u on ! "o side ?an are ^? ( a/ronomy on ! o!r4 ,pass+ next to ! velocity ( ! molecul> motion1 we f9d 9 t a quantity :i*1 al?\gh l>ge1 is comm5surate ) ! velocity ( s\nd1 ! velocity ( a rifle-ball1 & ! velocities ( _m o!r motions ) :i* we are famili>4 ,we are1 !re=e1 n comp>+1 z be=e1 quantities ( an utt]ly diff]5t ord]1 & we h confid5ce t we h be5 able to det]m9e ! value )9 v n>r[ limits ( error4 ,b h[ surpris+ ! result is6 ,^? molecules ( hydrog5 are con/antly mov+ to & fro ) ?is great velocity1 & n only are ! molecules ( all a]i=m sub/ances mov+ at simil>1 al?\gh diff]+ rates1 b ! same is equally true ( ! molecules ( e sub/ance1 :atev] may be its /ate ( aggregation4 ,! gas is ! simple/ molecul> condition ( matt]1 because 9 ?is /ate ! molecules are s f> sep>at$ f ea* o!r t _! motions are n influ5c$ by mutual attractions4 ,h5ce1 9 accordance ) ! well-kn[n laws ( motion1 gas molecules mu/ always move 9 /raight l9es & ) a con/ant velocity until !y collide ) ea* o!r or /rike aga9/ ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( _! ela/icity1 !y at once reb\nd & />t on a new pa? ) a new velocity4 ,9 ^! collisions1 h[ev]1 !re is no loss ( motion1 =1 z ! molecules h ! same weight & are p]fectly ela/ic1 !y simply *ange velocities1 & :atev] "o may lose ! o!r mu/ ga94 ,b1 if ! velocity *anges 9 ?is way1 y may ask1 ,:at mean+ has ! def9ite value giv5 9 our table8 ,! answ] is1 t ?is is ! mean value ( ! velocity ( all ! molecules 9 a mass ( hydrog5 gas "u ! assum$ conditions2 &1 by ! pr9ciple j /at$1 ! mean value c n be *ang$ by ! collisions ( ! molecules among !mselves1 h[ev] great may be ! *ange 9 ! motion ( ! individuals4 ,9 bo? liquids & solids ! molecul> motions are und\bt$ly z active z 9 a gas1 b !y mu/ be greatly influ5c$ by ! mutual attractions :i* hold ! p>ticles toge!r1 & h5ce ! conditions are f> m complicat$1 & pres5t a problem :i* we h be5 able to solve only v imp]fectly1 & ) :i*1 =tunately1 we h n at pres5t to deal4 ,limit+1 !n1 our /udy to ! molecul> condition ( a gas1 picture to y\rselves :at mu/ be ! condition ( our atmosph]e1 ) its molecules fly+ ab\t 9 all directions4 ,conceive :at a molecul> /orm mu/ be rag+ ab\t u1 & h[ x mu/ beat aga9/ our bodies & aga9/ e expos$ surface4 ,! molecules ( our atmosph]e move1 on an av]age1 ne>ly f\r 7#c4h7 times sl[] ?an ^? ( hydrog5 "u ! same conditions2 b !n !y weigh1 on an av]age1 f\rte5 & a half times m ?an hydrog5 molecules1 & !re=e /rike ) z great en]gy4 ,& d n ?9k t ! effect ( ^! bl[s is insignificant because ! molecul> projectiles are s small2 !y make up by _! numb] = :at !y want 9 size4 ,consid]1 = example1 a cubic y>d ( air1 :i*1 if measur$ at ! freez+-po9t1 weighs consid]ably ov] two p\nds4 ,t cubic y>d ( mat]ial conta9s ov] two p\nds ( molecules1 :i* are mov+ ) an av]age velocity ( #a1fje feet a second1 & ?is motion is equival5t1 9 e respect1 to t ( a cannon-ball ( equal weight ru%+ along its pa? at ! same trem5d\s rate4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is true ( e cubic y>d ( air at ! same temp]ature2 &1 if ! motion ( ! molecules ( ! atmosph]e ar\nd u c\ld by any means be turn$ into "o & ! same direction1 ! result w\ld be a hurricane sweep+ ov] ! e>? ) ?is velocity--t is1 at ! rate ( #a1jid miles an h\r--^: de/ructive viol5ce n ev5 ! ,pyramids c\ld )/&4 ,liv+ z we d 9 ! mid/ ( a molecul> tornado capable ( su* effects1 our safety lies :olly 9 ! circum/ance t ! /orm beats equally 9 all directions at ! same "t1 & ! =ce is ?us s exactly balanc$ t we are :olly unconsci\s ( ! tumult4 ,n ev5 ! asp5-leaf is /irr$1 nor ! mo/ delicate membrane brok52 b let u remove ! air f "o ( ! surfaces ( su* a membrane1 & !n ! p[] ( ! molecul> /orm becomes evid5t1 z 9 ! famili> exp]im5ts ) an air-pump4 ,z has already be5 intimat$1 ! values ( ! velocities bo? ( hydrog5 & ( air molecules giv5 above 7 measur$ at a def9ite temp]ature1 #cb deg4 ( our ,fahr5heit !rmomet]1 ! freez+ po9t ( wat]2 & ?is introduces a v important po9t be>+ on our subject1 namely1 t ! molecul> velocities v>y v greatly ) ! temp]ature4 ,inde$1 accord+ to our !ory1 ?is v molecul> motion con/itutes t /ate or condition ( matt] :i* we call temp]ature4 ,a hot body is "o ^: molecules are mov+ comp>atively rapidly1 & a cold body "o 9 :i* !y are mov+ comp>atively sl[ly4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 ent]+ into fur!r details1 :i* w\ld involve ! :ole me*anical !ory ( heat1 let me call y\r att5tion to a s+le consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ,i h /at$4 ,:5 we heat hydrog51 air1 or any mass ( gas1 we simply increase ! velocity ( its mov+ molecules4 ,:5 we cool ! gas1 we simply less5 ! velocity ( ! same molecules4 ,take a curr5t ( air :i* ent]s a room ?r\gh a furnace4 ,9 pass+ x comes 9 contact ) heat$ iron1 &1 z we say1 is heat$4 ,b1 z we view ! process1 ! molecules ( ! air1 :ile 9 contact ) ! hot iron1 collide ) ! v rapidly oscillat+ metallic molecules1 & fly back z a billi>d-ball w\ld "u simil> circum/ances1 ) a greatly increas$ velocity1 & x is ?is m rapid motion :i* alone con/itutes ! high] temp]ature4 ,consid]1 next1 :at mu/ be ! effect on ! surface4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ! normal pressure ex]t$ by ! molecul> /orm1 always rag+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 is due n only to ! impact ( ! molecules1 b also to ! reaction caus$ by _! reb\nd4 ,:5 ! molecules reb\nd1 !y are1 z x 71 driv5 away f ! surface 9 virtue ( ! inh]5t ela/icity bo? ( ! surface & ( ! molecules4 ,n[1 :at takes place :5 "o mass ( matt] is driv5 away f ano!r--:5 a cannon-ball is driv5 out ( a gun1 = example8 ,:y1 ! gun kicks6 ,& s e surface f :i* molecules reb\nd mu/ kick2 &1 if ! velocity is n *ang$ by ! collision1 "o half ( ! pressure caus$ by ! molecul> bomb>dm5t is due to ! recoil4 ,f a heat$ surface1 z we h said1 ! molecules reb\nd ) an increas$ velocity1 & h5ce ! recoil mu/ be proportionally increas$1 det]m9+ a great] pressure aga9/ ! surface4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n1 we %\ld expect t ! air w\ld press unequally aga9/ surfaces at diff]5t temp]atures1 & t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! pressure ex]t$ w\ld be great] ! high] ! temp]ature ( ! surface4 ,su* a result1 ( c\rse1 is :olly contr>y to common exp]i5ce1 :i* tells u t a uni=m mass ( air presses equally 9 all directions & aga9/ all surfaces ( ! same area1 :atev] may be _! condition4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 at fir/ sight1 z if we _h "h met ) a conspicu\s case 9 :i* our !ory fails4 ,b fur!r /udy w conv9ce u t ! result is j :at we %\ld expect 9 a d5se atmosph]e l t 9 :i* we dwell2 &1 9 ord] t ?is may become evid5t1 let me next call y\r att5tion to ano!r class ( molecul> magnitudes4 ,x mu/ seem /range inde$ t we %\ld be able to measure molecul> velocities2 b ! next po9t ,i h to br+ to y\r notice is /rang] yet1 = we are confid5t t we h be5 able to det]m9e ) approximate accuracy = ea* k9d ( gas molecule ! av]age numb] ( times "o ( ^! little bodies runs aga9/ its neighbors 9 a second1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ! conditions ( ! gas are giv54 ,kn[+1 n[1 ! molecul> velocity & ! numb] ( collisions a second1 we c readily calculate ! mean pa? ( ! molecule--t is1 ! av]age di/ance x moves1 "u ! same conditions1 betwe5 two successive collisions4 ,( c\rse1 = any "o molecule1 ?is pa? mu/ be con/antly v>y+2 s9ce1 :ile at "o "t ! molecule may f9d a cle> coa/ & make a long run1 ! v next "t x may h>dly />t be=e its c\rse is arre/$4 ,/ill1 tak+ a mass ( gas "u con/ant conditions1 ! doctr9e ( av]ages %[s t ! mean pa? mu/ h a def9ite value1 & an illu/ration w give an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* we h be5 able to e/imate x4 ,! nause\s1 smell+ gas we call sulphide ( hydrog5 has a d5sity only a little great] ?an t ( air1 & its molecules mu/ !re=e move ) v ne>ly z great velocity z ! av]age air molecule--t is to say1 ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ & eighty feet a second2 & we might !re=e expect t1 on op5+ a j> ( ! gas1 its molecules w\ld spread in/antly ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,b1 s f> f ?is1 if ! air is quiet1 s t ! gas is n transport$ by curr5ts1 a v consid]able "t w elapse be=e ! *>act]i/ic odor is p]ceiv$ on ! opposite side ( an ord9>y room4 ,! reason is obvi\s3 ! molecules mu/ elb[ _! way ?r\gh ! cr[d ( air molecules :i* already occupy ! space1 & c !re=e advance only sl[ly2 & x is obvi\s t1 ! (t5] !y come into collision ) _! neighbors1 ! sl[] _! progress mu/ be4 ,kn[+1 !n1 ! mean velocity ( ! molecul> motion1 & be+ able to measure by appropriate means ! rate ( diffusion1 z x is call$1 we h ! data f :i* we c calculate bo? ! numb] ( collisions 9 a second & also ! mean pa? betwe5 two successive collisions4 ,! results1 z we mu/ expect1 are ( ! same ord] z ! o!r molecul> magnitudes4 ,b1 inconceivably %ort z ! free,c pa? ( a molecule c]ta9ly is1 x is /ill1 9 ! case ( hydrog5 gas1 #acf times ! diamet] ( ! mov+ body1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be reg>d$ among m5 z q ample elb[-room4 ,c ,!re is an obvi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! free & ! di/urb$ pa? ( a molecule1 & we c n ov]look 9 our calculations ! p]turbations :i* ! collisions necess>ily entail4 ,su* consid]ations greatly complicate ! problem1 :i* is f> m difficult ?an w\ld appe> f ! sup]ficial view ( ! subject t c alone be giv5 9 a popul> lecture4 ,al?\gh1 9 ?is lecture1 ,i h z yet _h no occasion to m5tion ! radiomet]1 ,i h by no means =gott5 my ma9 subject1 & ev]y?+ :i* has be5 said has _h a direct be>+ on ! !ory ( ?is rem>kable in/rum5t2 & /ill1 be=e y c und]/& ! great int]e/ ) :i* x is reg>d$1 we mu/ foll[ out ano!r l9e ( ?\ght1 conv]g+ on ! same po9t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results ( mod]n sci5ce is ! discov]y t all en]gy at "w on ! surface ( ?is planet comes f ! sun4 ,mo/ ( y probably saw1 at our ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 t great artificial cascade 9 ,ma*9]y ,hall1 & 7 impress$ ) ! p[] ( ! /eam-pump :i* c\ld keep fl[+ su* a mass ( wat]4 ,b1 also1 :5 y /ood be=e ! falls at ,niag>a1 did y realize ! fact t ! enorm\s floods ( wat] :i* y saw surg+ ov] ^? cliffs 7 9 l mann] suppli$ by an all-p[]ful pump1 & t pump ! sun8 ,& n only is ?is true1 b x is equally true t e drop ( wat] t falls1 e wave t beats1 e w9d t bl[s1 e creature t moves on ! surface ( ! e>?1 "o & all1 are animat$ by t my/]i\s efflu5ce we call ! sunbeam4 ,i say my/]i\s efflu5ce2 = h[ t p[] is transmitt$ ov] ^? #ib1jjj1jjj miles betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun is /ill "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( ,nature4 ,9 ! sci5ce ( optics1 z is well kn[n1 ! ph5om5a ( light are expla9$ by ! assumption t ! en]gy is transmitt$ 9 waves ?r\gh a m$ium :i* fills all space call$ ! lum9if]\s e!r1 & !re is no "q t ?is !ory ( ,nature1 kn[n 9 sci5ce z ! ,undulatory ,!ory ( ,light1 is1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive & se>*+ :i* ! human m9d has ev] fram$4 ,x has bo? correlat$ kn[n facts & po9t$ ! way to rem>kable discov]ies4 ,b1 ! mom5t we attempt to apply x to ! problem be=e u1 x dem&s conditions :i* tax ev5 a philosoph]'s cr$ulity4 ,z sad exp]i5ce on ! ocean only too frequ5tly tea*es1 en]gy c be transmitt$ by waves z well z 9 any o!r way4 ,b e me*anic w tell y t ! transmission ( en]gy1 :atev] be ! means employ$1 implies c]ta9 well-kn[n conditions4 ,assume t ! en]gy is to be us$ to turn ! sp9dles ( a cotton mill4 ,! eng9e] c tell y j h[ _m horse-p[] he mu/ supply = e work+-day1 & x is equally true t a def9ite am\nt ( en]gy mu/ come f ! sun to d ea* day's "w on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,fur!r1 ! eng9e] w also tell y t1 9 ord] to transmit ! p[] f 8 turb9e or 8 /eam-eng9e1 he mu/ h %afts & pulleys & belts ( adequate /r5g?1 & he kn[s 9 e case :at is ! l[e/ limit ( safety4 ,9 l mann]1 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! en]gy :i* runs ! _w is transmitt$ mu/ be /rong en\gh to d ! imm5se "w put ^u x2 &1 if ! en]gy is transmitt$ by waves1 ?is implies t ! m$ium mu/ h an enorm\sly great ela/icity1 an ela/icity va/ly great] ?an t ( ! be/-temp]$ /eel4 ,b turn n[ to ! a/ronom]s1 & le>n :at !y h to tell u 9 reg>d to ! assum$ lum9if]\s e!r ?r\gh :i* all ?is en]gy is suppos$ to be transmitt$4 ,our planet is ru%+ 9 its orbit ar\nd ! sun at an av]age rate ( ov] #a1jjj miles a m9ute1 & makes its annual j\rney ( "s #eej1jjj1jjj miles 9 #cfe days1 #f h\rs1 #i seconds1 & #f_/aj ( a second4 ,m>k ! t5?s2 = a/ronomical obs]vations are s accurate t1 if ! l5g? ( ! ye> v>i$ p]man5tly by ! t5? ( a second1 we %\ld "k x2 & y c readily und]/& t1 if !re 7 a m$ium 9 space :i* (f]$ z mu* resi/ance to ! motion ( ! e>? z w\ld gossam] ?reads to a race-horse1 ! planet c\ld nev] come up to "t1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! t5? ( a second4 ,h[1 !n1 c we save our !ory by :i* we set s mu*1 & rightly1 because x has help$ u s effectively 9 /udy+ ,nature8 ,if we may be all[$ su* an extravagant solecism1 let u suppose t ! eng9e] ( our previ\s illu/ration 0 ! h]o ( a fairy tale4 ,he has built a mill1 set a /eam-eng9e 9 ! basem5t1 arrang$ 8 sp9dles above1 & is connect+ ! pulleys by ! usual belts1 :5 "s /]n necessity requires him to transmit all ! en]gy ) cobwebs4 ,( c\rse1 a good fairy comes to 8 aid1 & :at does %e d8 ,simply makes ! cobwebs indef9itely /rong4 ,s ! physici/s1 n to be outdone by any fairies1 make _! e!r indef9itely ela/ic1 & _! !ory l&s !m j "h1 ) a m$ium fill+ all space1 ?\s&s ( times m ela/ic ?an /eel1 & ?\s&s on ?\s&s ( times less d5se ?an hydrog5 gas4 ,!re mu/ be a fallacy some:]e1 & ,i /rongly suspect x is to be f\nd 9 our ord9>y mat]iali/ic notions ( causation1 :i* involve ! old metaphysical dogma1 nulla actio 9 di/ans1 & :i* 9 our day h culm9at$ 9 ! fam\s apo!gm ( ! ,g]man mat]iali/1 ,ke9 ,phosphor ke9 ,g$anke4 ,b x is n my purpose to discuss ! doctr9es ( causation1 & ,i h dwelt on ! difficulty1 :i* ?is subject pres5ts 9 connection ) ! undulatory !ory1 solely because ,i wi%$ y to appreciate ! great int]e/ ) :i* sci5tific m5 h look$ = "s direct manife/ation ( ! me*anical action ( light4 ,x is true t ! e!r waves mu/ h dim5sions simil> to ^? ( ! molecules discuss$ above1 & we mu/ expect1 !re=e1 t !y w\ld act prim>ily on ! molecules & n on masses ( matt]4 ,b /ill ! well-kn[n pr9ciples ( wave motion h l$ compet5t physici/s to ma9ta9 t a m or less consid]able pressure ought to be ex]t$ by ! e!r waves on ! surfaces aga9/ :i* !y beat1 z a p>tial resultant ( ! molecul> tremors fir/ imp>t$4 ,already1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 attempts 7 made to discov] "s evid5ce ( su* action1 & 9 v>i\s exp]im5ts ! sun's direct rays 7 conc5trat$ on films1 delicately susp5d$ & c>efully protect$ f all o!r extrane\s influ5ces1 b )\t any app>5t effect2 & ?us ! "q rema9$ until ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ! sci5tific _w 7 />tl$ by ! ann\ncem5t ( ,mr4 ,crookes1 ( ,london1 t1 on susp5d+ a small piece ( black5$ ald] pi? 9 ! v p]fect vacuum :i* c n[ be obta9$ ) ! m]cury pump1 inv5t$ by ,spr5gel1 he _h se5 ?is light body actually repell$ by ! sun's rays2 & !y 7 /ill m />tl$1 :51 aft] a few fur!r exp]im5ts1 he pres5t$ u ) ! in/rum5t he call$ a radiomet]1 9 :i* ! sun's rays d ! no inconsid]able "w ( turn+ a small :eel4 ,let u exam9e = a mom5t ! con/ruction ( ?is rem>kable in/rum5t4 ,! mov+ "p ( ! radiomet] is a small horizontal :eel1 to ! ends ( ^: arms are fa/5$ v]tical vanes1 usually ( mica1 & black5$ on "o side4 ,a glass cap =ms ! hub1 & by ! glass-bl[]'s art ! :eel is inclos$ 9 a glass bulb1 s t ! cap re/s on ! po9t ( a cambric ne$le2 & ! :eel is s delicately balanc$ on ?is pivot t x turns ) ! greate/ fre$om4 ,f ! int]ior ( ! bulb ! air is n[ exhau/$ by means ( ! ,spr5gel pump1 until less ?an #a_/ajjj ( ! orig9al quantity is left1 & ! only op5+ is !n h]metically seal$4 ,if1 n[1 ! sun's light or ev5 ! light f a c&le %9es on ! vanes1 ! black5$ surfaces--:i* are coat$ ) lampblack--are repell$1 &1 ^! be+ symmetrically plac$ ar\nd ! :eel1 ! sev]al =ces conspire to produce ! rapid motion :i* results4 ,! effect has all ! appe>ance ( a direct me*anical action ex]t$ by ! light1 & = "s "t 0 s reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,crookes & o!r em95t physici/s1 al?\gh 9 8 publi%$ pap]s x %\ld be add$ t ,mr4 ,crookes c>efully ab/a9$ f speculat+ on ! subject--aim+1 z he has s9ce said1 to keep himself unbias$ by any !ory1 :ile he accumulat$ ! facts ^u :i* a satisfactory explanation might be bas$4 ,s+ul>ly1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ aspects ( ! new ph5om5a prov$ to be :olly deceptive1 & ! motion1 s f> f be+ an effect ( ! direct me*anical action ( ! waves ( light1 is n[ believ$ to be a new & v /rik+ manife/ation ( molecul> motion4 ,to ?is op9ion ,mr4 ,crookes himself has come1 &1 9 a rec5t article1 he writes3 ,twelve mon?s' rese>*1 h[ev]1 has ?r[n mu* light on ^! actions1 & ! explanation af=d$ by ! dynamical !ory ( gases makes :at 0 a ye> ago obscure & contradictory n[ reasonable & intelligible4 ,z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ,nature1 ! *ief effect is "h obscur$ by v>i\s subord9ate ph5om5a1 & x is n surpris+ t a great diff]5ce ( op9ion %\ld h aris5 9 reg>d to ! cause ( ! motion4 ,?is w\ld n be an appropriate place to describe ! num]\s inve/igations occasion$ by ! controv]sy1 _m ( :i* %[ 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] h[ easily exp]im5tal evid5ce may be hone/ly mis9t]pret$ 9 support ( a preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 v5ture to trespass fur!r on y\r pati5ce1 s f> z to describe ! few exp]im5ts by :i*1 v e>ly 9 ! controv]sy1 ,i satisfi$ my own m9d on ! subject4 ,:51 two ye>s ago1 ,i _h = ! fir/ "t an opportunity ( exp]im5t+ ) a radiomet]1 ! op9ion 0 /ill preval5t t ! motion ( ! :eel 0 a direct me*anical effect ( ! waves ( light1 &1 !re=e1 t ! impulses came f ! outside ( ! in/rum5t1 ! waves pass+ freely ?r\gh ! glass envelope4 ,at ! outset1 ?is op9ion did n seem to me to be reasonable1 or 9 h>mony ) well-kn[n facts2 =1 kn[+ h[ great mu/ be ! molecul> di/urbance caus$ by ! sun's rays1 z %[n by _! heat+ p[]1 ,i c\ld n believe t a residual action1 su* z has be5 ref]r$ to1 w\ld fir/ appe> 9 ^! delicate ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,crookes1 & %\ld only be manife/$ 9 ! vacuum ( a m]cury pump4 ,on exam9+ ! in/rum5t1 my att5tion 0 at once arre/$ by ! lampblack coat+ on ! alt]nate surfaces ( ! vanes2 &1 f ! rem>kable p[] ( lampblack to absorb radiant heat1 x 0 evid5t at once t1 :atev] o!r effects ! rays f ! sun or f a flame might cause1 !y mu/ necess>ily det]m9e a con/ant diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! two surfaces ( ! vanes1 & ! ?\ght at once occurr$ t1 aft] all1 ! motion might be a direct result ( ?is diff]5ce ( temp]ature--9 o!r words1 t ! radiomet] might be a small heat eng9e1 ^: motions1 l ^? ( e o!r heat eng9e1 dep5d on ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 its p>ts4 ,b1 if ?is 7 true1 ! effect ought to be proportional solely to ! heat+ p[] ( ! rays1 & a v easy means ( r\ghly te/+ ?is "q 0 at h&4 ,x is well kn[n t an aque\s solution ( alum1 al?\gh transmitt+ light z freely z ! pure/ wat]1 p[]fully absorbs ^? rays1 ( any s\rce1 :i* h ! *ief heat+ p[]4 ,accord+ly1 ,i int]pos$ :at we call an alum cell 9 ! pa? ( ! rays %9+ on ! radiomet]1 :51 al?\gh ! light on ! vanes 0 z bright z be=e1 ! motion 0 almo/ completely arre/$4 ,?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 0 n conclusive1 z x might /ill be said t ! heat-giv+ rays act$ me*anically1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ! *ief "p ( ! en]gy 9 ! rays1 ev5 f ! mo/ brilliant lum9\s s\rces1 always takes ! =m ( heat4 ,b1 if ! action is me*anical1 ! reaction mu/ be aga9/ ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! rays are transmitt$1 :ile1 if ! radiomet] is simply a heat eng9e1 ! action & reaction mu/ be1 ultimately at lea/1 betwe5 ! heat] & ! cool]1 :i* 9 ?is case are respectively ! black5$ surfaces ( ! vanes & ! glass walls ( ! inclos+ bulb2 & "h1 aga91 a v easy me?od ( te/+ ! actual condition at once sugge/$ itself4 ,if ! motion ( ! radiomet] :eel is an effect ( me*anical impulses transmitt$ 9 ! direction ( ! beam ( light1 x 0 c]ta9ly to be expect$ t ! beam w\ld act on ! lu/r\s z well z on ! black5$ mica surfaces1 h[ev] l>ge might be ! diff]5ce 9 ! resultants produc+ me*anical motion1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great absorb+ p[] ( ! lampblack4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! in/rum5t is s con/ruct$ t1 ( two vanes on opposite sides ( ! :eel1 "o always pres5ts a black5$ & ! o!r a lu/r\s surface to an incid5t beam1 we %\ld fur!r expect to f9d 9 ! motion ( ! :eel a diff]5tial ph5om5on1 due to ! unequal action ( ! light on ^! surfaces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! radiomet] is a heat eng9e1 & ! reaction takes place betwe5 ! heat$ black5$ surfaces ( ! vanes & ! cold] glass1 x is evid5t t ! total effect w be simply ! sum ( ! effects at ! sev]al surfaces4 ,9 ord] to inve/igate ! "q ?us pres5t$1 ,i plac$ ! radiomet] be=e a common k]os5e lamp1 & obs]v$1 ) a /op-wat*1 ! numb] ( seconds t elaps$ dur+ t5 revolutions ( ! little :eel4 ,f9d+ t ?is numb] 0 absolutely con/ant1 ,i next scre5$ "o half ( ! bulb1 s t only ! black5$ faces 7 expos$ to ! light z ! :eel turn$ !m into ! beam4 ,aga91 ,i sev]al times obs]v$ ! numb] ( seconds dur+ t5 turns1 :i*1 al?\gh equally con/ant1 0 great] ?an be=e4 ,la/ly1 ,i scre5$ ! black5$ surfaces s t1 z ! :eel turn$1 only ! lu/r\s surfaces ( mica 7 expos$ to ! light1 :51 to my surprise1 ! :eel cont9u$ to turn 9 ! same direction z be=e1 al?\gh mu* m sl[ly4 ,x appe>$ z if ! lu/r\s surfaces 7 attract$ by ! light4 ,aga9 ,i obs]v$ ! "t ( t5 revolutions1 & "h ,i h collect$ my results1 r$uc+ !m1 9 ! la/ column1 s z to %[ ! correspond+ numb] ( revolutions 9 ! same "t3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,conditions4 ,"t ( t5 revolutions4 ,no4 ( revolutions 9 same "t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,bo? faces expos$ #h seconds4 #cai ,black5$ faces only #aa #bcb ,mica faces only #bi #hh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,x w be notic$ t #hh #bcb equals v ne>ly #cai4 ,evid5tly ! effect1 s f> f be+ diff]5tial1 is concurr5t4 ,h5ce1 ! action :i* causes ! motion mu/ take place betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! in/rum5t1 & c n be a direct effect ( impulses imp>t$ by e!r waves2 or else we are driv5 to ! mo/ improbable alt]native1 t lampblack & mica %\ld h su* a rem>kable selective p[] t ! impulses imp>t$ by ! light %\ld ex]t a repulsive =ce at "o surface & an attractive =ce at ! o!r4 ,7 !re1 h[ev]1 su* an improbable effect1 x mu/ be indep5d5t ( ! ?ickness ( ! mica vanes2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if1 z seem$ to u n[ mo/ probable1 ! :ole effect dep5d$ on ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! lampblack & ! mica1 & if ! light produc$ an effect on ! mica surface only because1 ! mica plate be+ dia!rm\s to a v consid]able ext5t1 ! lampblack became heat$ ?r\gh ! plate m ?an ! plate itself1 !n x w\ld foll[ t1 if we us$ a ?ick] mica plate1 :i* w\ld absorb m ( ! heat1 we ought to obta9 a m>k$ diff]5ce ( effect4 ,accord+ly1 we repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) an equally s5sitive radiomet]1 :i* we made = ! purpose1 ) comp>atively ?ick vanes1 & ) ?is ! effect ( a beam ( light on ! mica surface 0 absolutely null1 ! :eel revolv+ 9 ! same "t1 :e!r ^! faces 7 protect$ or n4 ,b "o ?+ 0 n[ want+ to make ! demon/ration complete4 ,a heat eng9e is rev]sible1 & if ! motion ( ! radiomet] dep5d$ on ! circum/ance t ! temp]ature ( ! black5$ faces ( ! vanes 0 high] ?an t ( ! glass1 !n by rev]s+ ! conditions we ought to rev]se ! motion4 ,accord+ly1 ,i c>efully heat$ ! glass bulb ov] a lamp1 until x 0 z hot z ! h& w\ld be>1 & !n plac$ ! in/rum5t 9 a cold room1 tru/+ to ! great radiat+ p[] ( lampblack to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! black5$ surfaces ( ! vanes bel[ t ( ! glass4 ,imm$iately ! :eel began to turn 9 ! opposite direction1 & cont9u$ to turn until ! temp]ature ( ! glass came into equilibrium ) ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,^! e>ly exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 confirm$ to ! fulle/ ext5t1 & no physici/ at ! pres5t day c reasonably d\bt t ! radiomet] is a v beautiful example ( a heat eng9e1 & x is ! fir/ t has be5 made to "w cont9u\sly by ! heat ( ! sunbeam4 ,b x is "o ?+ to %[ t ! in/rum5t is a heat eng9e1 & q ano!r ?+ to expla9 9 detail ! mann] 9 :i* x acts4 ,9 reg>d to ! la/ po9t1 !re is /ill room = mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion1 al?\gh physici/s are g5]ally agre$ 9 ref]r+ ! action to ! residual gas t is left 9 ! bulb4 ,z = myself1 ,i became /rongly p]suad$--aft] exp]im5t+ ) m ?an "o hundr$ ( ^! in/rum5ts1 made "u my own eye1 ) e v>iation ( condition ,i c\ld sugge/--t ! effect 0 due to ! same cause :i* det]m9es gas pressure1 &1 accord+ to ! dynamical !ory ( gases1 ?is am\nts to say+ t ! effect is due to molecul> motion4 ,i h n "t1 h[ev]1 to describe ei!r my own exp]im5ts on :i* ?is op9ion 0 fir/ bas$1 or ! f> m ?or\gh inve/igations s9ce made by o!rs1 :i* h s]v$ to /r5g!n ! fir/ impression4,d ,b1 aft] our previ\s discussions1 a few words w suffice to %[ h[ ! molecul> !ory expla9s ! new ph5om5a4 ,d ,see notice ( ^! inve/igations by ! au?or ( ?is article1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,septemb]1 #ahgg 7#c71 xiv1 #bca4 ,al?\gh ! air 9 ! bulb has be5 s ne>ly exhau/$ t less ?an ! "o-?\s&? "p rema9s1 yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! numb] ( molecules left beh9d is by no means inconsid]able4 ,z w be se5 by ref]r+ to our table1 !re mu/ /ill be no less ?an #caa1jjj million million 9 e cubic in*4 ,moreov]1 ! absolute pressure :i* ?is residual gas ex]ts is a v appreciable quantity4 ,x is simply ! "o-?\s&? ( ! normal pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 t is1 ( #ad-g_/aj p\nds on a squ>e in*1 :i* is equival5t to a little ov] "o hundr$ gra9s on ! same area4 ,n[1 ! area ( ! black5$ surfaces ( ! vanes ( an ord9>y radiomet] measures j ab\t a squ>e in*1 & ! :eel is m\nt$ s delicately t a con/ant pressure ( "o-t5? ( a gra9 w\ld be suffici5t to produce rapid motion4 ,s t a diff]5ce ( pressure on ! opposite faces ( ! vanes1 equal to "o "o-?\s&? ( ! :ole am\nt1 is all t we ne$ acc\nt =2 &1 z c easily be calculat$1 a diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( less ?an half a degree ,fahr5heit w\ld cause all ?is diff]5ce 9 ! pressure ( ! r>efi$ air4 ,b y may ask1 ,h[ c su* a diff]5ce ( pressure exi/ on diff]5t surfaces expos$ to "o & ! same m$ium8 & y\r "q is a p]fectly legitimate "o2 = x is j "h t ! new ph5om5a seem to belie all our previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y foll[$ me 9 my v p>tial exposition ( ! me*anical !ory ( gases1 y w easily see t on ?is !ory x is a m difficult "q to expla9 :y su* a diff]5ce ( pressure does n manife/ itself 9 e gas m$ium & "u all conditions betwe5 any two surfaces hav+ diff]5t temp]atures4 ,we saw t gas pressure is a d\ble effect1 caus$ bo? by ! impact ( molecules & by ! recoil ( ! surface att5d+ _! reb\nd4 ,we also saw t :5 molecules /rike a heat$ surface !y reb\nd ) increas$ velocity1 & h5ce produce an increas$ pressure aga9/ ! surface1 ! great] ! high] ! temp]ature4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n1 we %\ld expect to f9d ! same atmosph]e press+ unequally on equal surfaces if at diff]5t temp]atures2 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! pressure on ! lampblack & mica surfaces ( ! vanes1 :i* ! motion ( ! radiomet] :eel necess>ily implies1 is !re=e simply ! normal effect ( ! me*anical condition ( e gas m$ium4 ,! real difficulty is1 to expla9 :y we mu/ exhau/ ! air s p]fectly be=e ! effect manife/s itself4 ,! new !ory is equal to ! em]g5cy4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 9 ! ord9>y /ate ( ! air ! amplitude ( ! molecul> motion is exce$+ly small1 n ov] a few t5-million?s ( an in*--a v small fraction1 !re=e1 ( ! height ( ! inequalities on ! lampblack surfaces ( ! vanes ( a radiomet]4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 evid5tly ! molecules w\ld n leave ! heat$ surface1 b simply b\nd back & =? betwe5 ! vanes & ! surr\nd+ mass ( d5se air1 :i*1 be+ almo/ absolutely a non-conductor ( heat1 mu/ act ess5tially l an ela/ic solid wall conf9+ ! vanes on ei!r side4 ,= ! "t be+1 & until replac$ by convection curr5ts1 ! oscillat+ molecules are z mu* a "p ( ! vanes z our atmosph]e is a "p ( ! e>?2 & on ?is sy/em1 z a :ole1 ! homog5e\s d5se air :i* surr\nds x mu/ press equally f all directions4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z ! air is exhau/$1 ! molecules f9d m room & ! amplitude ( ! molecul> motion is increas$1 &1 :5 a v high degree ( exhau/ion is rea*$1 ! air p>ticles no long] b\nd back & =? on ! vanes )\t *ange ( condition1 b !y ei!r b\nd (f entirely l a ball f a cannon1 or else1 hav+ transf]r$ a portion ( _! mom5tum1 return ) dim9i%$ velocity1 & 9 ei!r case ! =ce ( ! reaction is felt4,e ,e ,! read] w1 ( c\rse1 di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5tial action on ! opposite faces ( ! vanes ( ! radiomet] & ! reaction betwe5 ! vanes & ! glass :i* are ! heat] & ! cool] ( ! little eng9e4 ,nor w x be necess>y to rem9d any /ud5t t a popul> view ( su* a complex subject mu/ be necess>ily p>tial4 ,9 ! pres5t case we n only meet ) ! usual difficulties 9 ?is respect1 b1 moreov]1 ! pr9ciples ( molecul> me*anics h n be5 s fully develop$ z to preclude important diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5 equally compet5t au?orities 9 reg>d to ! details ( ! !ory4 ,to avoid misappreh5sion1 we may "h add t1 9 ord]to obta9 9 ! radiomet] a reaction betwe5 ! heat] & ! cool]1 x is n necess>y t ! space betwe5 !m %\ld actually be cross$ by ! mov+ molecules4 ,x is only necess>y t ! mom5tum %\ld be transf]r$ across ! space1 & tide may take place along l9es consi/+ ( _m molecules ea*4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 %[s t su* a transf] c only take place 9 a highly r>efi$ m$ium4 ,9 an atmosph]e ( ord9>y d5sity1 ! accession ( heat :i* ! vanes ( a radiomet] might receive f a radiant s\rce w\ld be diffus$ ?r\gh ! mass ( ! inclos$ air4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t ! mom5tum w\ld be s diffus$1 & h5ce1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! molecul> motion w\ld n det]m9e any reaction betwe5 ! vanes & ! glass envelope4 ,inde$1 a d5se mass ( gas pres5ts to ! conduction ( heat1 :i* repres5ts mom5tum1 a wall f> m imp5etrable ?an ! surr\nd+ glass1 & ! diffusion ( heat is almo/ :olly br\ght ab\t by convection curr5ts :i* rise f ! heat$ surfaces4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! great non-conduct+ p[] ( air comes into play to prev5t n only ! transf] ( mom5tum f ! vanes to ! glass1 b also1 almo/ entirely1 any direct transf] to ! surr\nd+ mass ( gas4 ,h5ce1 z /at$ above1 ! heat$ molecules b\nd back & =? on ! vanes )\t *ange ( condition1 & ! mass ( ! air reta9s its uni=m t5sion 9 all p>ts ( ! bulb1 except 9 s f> z ?is is sl[ly alt]$ by ! convection curr5ts j ref]r$ to4 ,z ! atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 becomes less d5se1 ! diffusion ( heat by convection dim9i%es1 & t by molecul> motion 7conduction7 increases until ! la/ greatly pr$om9ates4 ,:51 n[1 ! exhau/ion rea*es s great a degree t ! heat1 or mom5tum1 is rapidly transf]r$ f ! heat] to ! cool] by an exagg]ation1 or1 possibly1 a modification1 ( ! mode ( action we call conduction1 !n we h ! reaction on :i* ! motion ( ! radiomet] :eel dep5ds4 ,?us x appe>s t we h be5 able to %[ by v def9ite exp]im5tal evid5ce t ! radiomet] is a heat eng9e4 ,we h also be5 able to %[ t su* a diff]5ce ( temp]ature z ! radiation mu/ produce 9 ! air 9 direct contact ) ! opposite faces ( ! vanes ( ! radiomet] w\ld det]m9e a diff]5ce ( t5sion1 :i* is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! motion ( ! :eel4 ,f9ally1 we h %[n1 z fully z is possible 9 a popul> lecture1 t1 accord+ to ! me*anical !ory ( gases1 su* a diff]5ce ( t5sion w\ld h its normal effect only 9 a highly r>efi$ atmosph]e1 & ?us we h br\ght ! new ph5om5a into h>mony ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( molecul> me*anics previ\sly e/abli%$4 ,m ?an ?is c n be said ( ! /eam-eng9e1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 ! old] eng9e ! measurem5ts on :i* ! !ory is bas$ are va/ly m accurate & complete4 ,b ! mom5t we attempt to g beyond ! g5]al pr9ciples ( heat eng9es1 ( :i* ! /eam-eng9e is su* a conspicu\s illu/ration1 & expla9 h[ ! heat is trans=m$ into motion1 we h to resort to ! molecul> !ory j z 9 ! case ( ! radiomet]2 & ! motion ( ! /eam-eng9e seems to u less wond]ful ?an t ( ! radiomet] only because x is m famili> & m completely h>moniz$ ) ! re/ ( our k4 ,moreov]1 ! v molecul> !ory :i* we call ^u to expla9 ! /eam-eng9e involves consequ5ces :i*1 z we h se51 h be5 fir/ realiz$ 9 ! radiomet]2 & ?us x is t ?is new in/rum5t1 al?\gh disappo9t+ ! fir/ expectations ( its discov]]1 has furni%$ a v /rik+ confirmation ( ?is wond]ful !ory4 ,inde$1 ! confirmation is s remote & yet s close1 s unexpect$ & yet s /rong1 t ! new ph5om5a almo/ seem to be a direct manife/ation ( ! molecul> motion :i* our !ory assumes2 & :5 a new discov]y ?us confirms ! accuracy ( a previ\s g5]alization1 & gives u additional reason to believe t ! glimpses we h ga9$ into ! ord] ( ,nature are tru/wor?y1 x excites1 ) reason1 among sci5tific s*ol>s ! w>me/ int]e/4 ,& :5 we consid] ! va/ scope ( ! molecul> !ory1 ! ord] on ord] ( exi/5ces :i* x op5s to ! imag9ation1 h[ c we fail to be impress$ ) ! position 9 :i* x places man midway betwe5 ! molecul> cosmos on ! "o side & ! /ell> cosmos on ! o!r--a position 9 :i* he is able1 9 "s measure at lea/1 to /udy & int]pret bo?8 ,s9ce ! "t to :i* we ref]r$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 :5 man's dwell+-place 0 look$ at z ! c5t] ( a creation :i* 0 solely subs]vi5t to 8 wants1 !re has be5 a reaction to ! opposite extreme1 & we h he>d mu* ( ! utt] insignificance ( ! e>? 9 a univ]se among ^: imm5sities all human belong+s are b z a drop 9 ! ocean4 ,:5 n[1 h[ev]1 we le>n f ,sir ,william ,?omson t ! drop ( wat] 9 our comp>ison is itself a univ]se1 consi/+ ( units s small t1 7 ! drop magnifi$ to ! size ( ! e>?1 ^! units w\ld n exce$ 9 magnitude a cricket-ball1,f & :51 on /udy+ *emi/ry1 we /ill fur!r le>n t ^! units are n s+le masses b sy/ems ( atoms1 we may leave ! illusions ( ! imag9ation f ! "o side to correct ^? f ! o!r1 & all w tea* u ! great lesson t man's place 9 ,nature is n to be e/imat$ by relations ( magnitude1 b by ! intellig5ce :i* makes ! :ole creation 8 own4 ,f ,nature1 ,no4 #bb1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahgj4 ,b1 if x is man's privilege to foll[ bo? ! atoms & ! />s 9 _! c\rses1 he f9ds t1 :ile ?us ex]cis+ ! highe/ attributes ( 8 nature1 he is ev] 9 ! pres5ce ( an immeasurably sup]ior intellig5ce1 be=e :i* he mu/ b[ & adore1 & ?us come to him bo? ! assurance & ! pl$ge ( a k9%ip 9 :i* 8 only real glory c be f\nd4 ,v4 ,,memoir ,,( ,,?omas ,,graham4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,may #bd1 #ahgj4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce a "* m simple1 m noble1 or m symmetrical 9 all its p>ts ?an t ( ,?omas ,graham1 & he w always be rememb]$ z "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^? great /ud5ts ( nature :o h r5d]$ our ,saxon race illu/ri\s4 ,he 0 born ( ,scot* p>5ts 9 ,glasg[ 9 ! ye> #ahje1 & 9 t city1 :]e he receiv$ 8 education1 all 8 e>ly life 0 pass$4 ,9 #ahcg he w5t to ,london z ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,london ,univ]sity1 n[ call$ ,univ]sity ,college1 & he occupi$ ?is *air until ! ye> #ahee1 :5 he succe$$ ,sir ,john ,h]s*el z ,ma/] ( ! ,royal ,m9t1 a po/ :i* he held to ! close ( 8 life4 ,8 dea?1 on ! #af? ( ,septemb] la/ 7#ahfi71 at ! age ( sixty1 0 caus$ by no active disease1 b 0 simply ! we>+ out ( a con/itution enfeebl$ 9 y\? by privations volunt>ily & c\rage\sly enc\nt]$ t he might devote 8 life to sci5tific /udy4 ,z ) all e>ne/ /ud5ts1 t life 0 unev5tful1 if judg$ by ord9>y /&>ds2 & ! records ( 8 discov]ies =m ! only mat]ials = 8 biography4 ,al?\gh "o ( ! mo/ successful inve/igators ( physical sci5ce1 ! late ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t _h n t felicity ( language or t copi\sness ( illu/ration :i* add$ s mu* to ! popul> reputation ( 8 di/+ui%$ contempor>y1 ,f>aday2 b 8 influ5ce on ! progress ( sci5ce 0 n less m>k$ or less important4 ,bo? ( ^! em95t m5 7 = a long p]iod ( ye>s be/ kn[n to ! ,engli% public z tea*]s ( *emi/ry1 b _! inve/igations 7 *iefly limit$ to physical problems2 yet1 al?\gh bo? cultivat$ ! bord] gr\nd betwe5 *emi/ry & physics1 !y foll[$ :olly diff]5t l9es ( rese>*4 ,:ile ,f>aday 0 s successfully develop+ ! pr9ciples ( electrical action1 ,graham ) equal success 0 inve/igat+ ! laws ( molecul> motion4 ,ea* foll[$ ) wond]ful con/ancy1 z well z skill1 a s+le l9e ( /udy f fir/ to la/1 & to ?is conc5tration ( p[] _! great discov]ies are l>gely due4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important ( ,graham's inve/igations1 & ! "o :i* gave ! direction to 8 subsequ5t c\rse ( /udy1 0 t on ! diffusion ( gases4 ,x _h already be5 recogniz$ t imp5etrability 9 its ord9>y s5se is n1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 a univ]sal quality ( matt]4 ,dalton _h n only recogniz$ t a]i=m bodies exhibit a positive t5d5cy to mix1 or to p5etrate ?r\gh ea* o!r1 ev5 9 opposition to ! =ce ( gravity1 b _h made ?is quality ( gases ! subject ( exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,he inf]r$1 z ! result ( 8 inquiry1 t diff]5t gases af=d no resi/ance to ea* o!r2 b t "o gas spreads or exp&s into ! space occupi$ by ano!r gas1 z x w\ld ru% into a vacuum2 at lea/1 t ! resi/ance :i* ! p>ticles ( "o gas (f] to ^? ( ano!r is ( a v imp]fect k9d1 to be comp>$ to ! resi/ance :i* /ones 9 ! *annel ( a /ream oppose to ! fl[ ( runn+ wat]4 ,b1 al?\gh ?is !ory ( ,dalton 0 ess5tially correct & involv$ ! :ole tru?1 yet x 0 support$ by no suffici5t evid5ce1 & he fail$ to p]ceive ! simple law :i* und]lies ?is :ole class ( ph5om5a4 ,graham1 on ent]+ on ?is inquiry1 f\nd t gases diffuse into ! atmosph]e ) diff]5t degrees ( ease & rapidity4 ,?is 0 fir/ obs]v$ by all[+ ea* gas to diffuse f a bottle into ! air ?r\gh a n>r[ tube 9 opposition to ! solicitation ( gravity4 ,aft]w>d an obs]vation ( ,doeb]e9] on ! escape ( hydrog5 gas by a fissure or crack 9 a glass receiv] caus$ him to v>y ! conditions ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! well-kn[n diffusion tube4 ,9 ?is simple app>atus a ?9 septum ( pla/] ( ,p>is is us$ to sep>ate ! diffus+ gases1 :i*1 :ile x arre/s 9 a great measure all direct curr5ts betwe5 ! two m$ia1 does n int]f]e ) ! molecul> motion4 ,mu* lat]1 ,graham f\nd 9 prep>$ graphite a mat]ial f> bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose ?an ! pla/]1 & he us$ septa ( ?is m9]al to confirm 8 e>ly results1 9 answ] to c]ta9 ill-consid]$ criticisms 9 ,buns5's "w on gasometry4 ,^! septa he 0 9 ! habit ( call+ 8 atomic filt]s4 ,by means ( ! diffusion tube1 ,graham 0 able to measure accurately ! relative times ( diffusion ( diff]5t gases1 & he f\nd t equal volumes ( any two gases int]p5etrate ea* o!r 9 times :i* are inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e roots ( _! respective d5sities2 & ?is fundam5tal law 0 ! greate/ discov]y ( our late =eign associate4 ,x is n[ univ]sally recogniz$ z "o ( ! few great c>d9al pr9ciples :i* =m ! basis ( physical sci5ce4 ,x c be %[n1 on ! pr9ciples ( pneumatics1 t gases %\ld ru% into a vacuum ) velocities correspond+ to ! numb]s :i* h be5 f\nd to express _! diffusion times2 &1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on :at he calls ! effusion ( gases1 ,graham confirm$ by trial ?is d$uction ( !ory4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts a measur$ volume ( ! gas 0 all[$ to f9d its way into ! vacu\s j> ?r\gh a m9ute ap]ture 9 a ?9 metallic plate1 & he c>efully di/+ui%$ betwe5 ?is class ( ph5om5a & ! fl[+ ( gases ?r\gh capill>y tubes into a vacuum1 9 :i* case1 h[ev] %ort ! tube1 ! effects ( friction mat]ially modify ! result4 ,?is la/ class ( ph5om5a ,graham likewise inve/igat$1 & designat$ by ! t]m transpiration4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 x ?us appe>s t ! results ( ,graham's inve/igation 7 9 /rict accordance ) ,dalton's !ory1 x mu/ also be evid5t t ,graham 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! exact num]ical relation :i* obta9s 9 ?is class ( ph5om5a1 & t all-important circum/ance entitles him to be reg>d$ z ! discov]] ( ! law ( diffusion4 ,! law1 h[ev]1 at fir/ enunciat$1 0 purely empirical1 & ,graham himself says t some?+ m mu/ be assum$ ?an t gases are vacua to ea* o!r1 9 ord] to expla9 all ! ph5om5a obs]v$2 & accord+ to 8 orig9al view ?is repres5tation ( ! process 0 only a conv5i5t mode ( express+ ! f9al result4 ,su* has prov$ to be ! case4 ,l o!r great m51 ,graham built bett] ?an he knew4 ,9 ! progress ( physical sci5ce dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 two pr9ciples h become m & m conspicu\s1 until at la/ !y h completely revolutioniz$ ! philosophy ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has appe>$ t a ho/ ( *emical z well z ( physical facts are coo]d9at$ by ! assumption t all sub/ances 9 ! /ate ( gas h ! same molecul> volume1 or1 9 o!r words1 conta9 ! same numb] ( molecules 9 a giv5 space2 & 9 ! second place1 x has become evid5t t ! ph5om5a ( heat are simply ! manife/ations ( molecul> motion4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! temp]ature ( a body is ! vis viva ( its molecules2 &1 s9ce all molecules at a giv5 temp]ature h ! same vis viva1 x foll[s t ! molecules mu/ move ) velocities :i* are inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e roots ( ! molecul> weights4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! molecul> volumes are equal1 & ! molecul> weights !re=e proportional to ! d5sities ( ! a]i=m bodies 9 :i* ! molecules are ! active units1 x also foll[s t ! velocities ( ! molecules 9 any two gases are inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e roots ( _! respective d5sities4 ,?us ! simple num]ical relations fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( diffusion are ! direct result ( molecul> motion2 & x is n[ se5 t ,graham's empirical law is includ$ "u ! fundam5tal laws ( motion4 ,?us ,graham's inve/igation has become ! basis ( ! new sci5ce ( molecul> me*anics1 & 8 measurem5ts ( ! rates ( diffusion prove to be ! measures ( molecul> velocities4 ,f ! /udy ( diffusion ,graham pass$ by a natural transition to ! inve/igation ( a class ( ph5om5a :i*1 al?\gh closely alli$ to ! fir/ z to ! effects produc$1 diff] :olly 9 _! ess5tial nature4 ,"h also he foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,dalton4 ,?is di/+ui%$ *emi/ _h notic$ t a bubble ( air sep>at$ by a film ( wat] f an atmosph]e ( c>bonic anhydride gradually exp&$ until x bur/4 ,9 l mann] a moi/ bladd]1 half fill$ ) air & ti$1 if susp5d$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ! same mat]ial1 becomes 9 "t greatly di/5d$ by ! ins9uation ( ?is gas ?r\gh its sub/ance4 ,?is effect c n be ! result ( simple diffusion1 = x is to be rememb]$ t ! ?9ne/ film ( wat]1 or ( any liquid1 is absolutely imp]meable to a gas z su*1 &1 moreov]1 only ! c>bonic anhydride passes ?r\gh ! film1 v little or none ( ! air escap+ outw>d4 ,! result dep5ds1 fir/1 ^u ! solution ( ! c>bonic anhydride by ! wat] on "o surface ( ! film2 secondly1 on ! evaporation into ! air1 f ! o!r surface1 ( ! gas ?us absorb$4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 made by ,drs4 ,mit*ell & ,fau/1 & o!rs1 9 :i* gases pass$ ?r\gh a film ( ,india-rubb]1 ent]+ into a p>tial comb9ation ) ! mat]ial on "o surface1 & escap+ f x on ! o!r4 ,graham n only consid]ably ext5d$ our k ( ?is class ( ph5om5a1 b also gave u a satisfactory explanation ( ! mode 9 :i* ^! rem>kable results are produc$4 ,he recogniz$ 9 ^! cases ! action ( a feeble *emical =ce1 insuffici5t to produce a def9ite comp\nd1 b /ill capable ( det]m9+ a m or less p]fect union1 z 9 ! case ( simple solution4 ,he also di/+ui%$ ! influ5ce ( mass 9 caus+ ! =mation or decomposition ( su* weak *emical comp\nds4 ,! conditions ( ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation are simply ^!3 ,fir/4 ,a mat]ial = ! septum capable ( =m+ a feeble *emical union ) ! gas to be transf]r$4 ,secondly4 ,an excess ( ! gas on "o side ( ! film & a defici5cy on ! o!r4 ,?irdly4 ,su* a temp]ature t ! un/able comp\nd may =m at ! surface1 :]e ! a]i=m con/itu5t is pres5t 9 l>ge mass1 :ile x decomposes at ! opposite surface1 :]e ! quantity is less abundant4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results ( ,graham's /udy ( ?is peculi> mode ( transf] ( a]i=m matt] ?r\gh ! v sub/ance ( solid bodies 0 an +5i\s me?od ( sep>at+ ! oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,! app>atus consi/$ simply ( a bag ( ,india-rubb] kept di/5d$ by an int]ior framework1 :ile x 0 exhau/$ by a ,spr5gel pump4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! selective aff9ity ( ! ca\t*\c det]m9es su* a diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( transf] ( ! two con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e t ! am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ! transpir$ air rises to =ty p] c5t41 & by repeat+ ! process ne>ly pure oxyg5 may be obta9$4 ,x 0 at fir/ hop$ t ?is me?od might f9d a valuable application 9 ! arts1 b 9 ?is ,graham 0 disappo9t$2 = ! same result has s9ce be5 effect$ by purely *emical me?ods1 :i* are bo? *eap] & m rapid4 ,^! exp]im5ts on ,india-rubb] naturally l$ to ! /udy ( simil> effects produc$ ) metallic septa1 :i*1 al?\gh to "s ext5t previ\sly obs]v$ 9 pass+ gases ?r\gh heat$ metallic tubes1 _h be5 only imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,?us1 :5 a /ream ( hydrog5 or c>bonic oxide is pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot iron tube1 a no inconsid]able portion ( ! gas escapes ?r\gh ! walls4 ,! same is true to a /ill great] degree :5 hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot tube ( plat9um1 & ,graham %[$ t1 ?r\gh ! walls ( a tube ( palladium1 hydrog5 gas passes1 "u ! same conditions1 almo/ z rapidly z wat] ?r\gh a sieve4 ,moreov]1 our di/+ui%$ associate prov$ t ?is rapid transf] ( gas ?r\gh ^! d5se metallic septa 0 due1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,india-rubb]1 to an actual *emical comb9ation ( its mat]ial ) ! metal1 =m$ at ! surface1 :]e ! gas is 9 excess1 & z rapidly decompos$ on ! opposite face ( ! septum4 ,he n only recogniz$ z belong+ to ?is class ( ph5om5a ! v great absorption ( hydrog5 by plat9um plate & sponge 9 ! famili> exp]im5t ( ! ,doeb]e9] lamp1 b also %[$ t ?is gas is a def9ite con/itu5t ( meteoric iron--a fact ( great int]e/ f its be>+ on ! meteoric !ory4 ,we are ?us l$ to ,graham's la/ important discov]y1 :i* 0 ! ju/ification ( ! !ory we h be5 consid]+1 & ! cr[n+ ( ?is long l9e ( inve/igation4 ,z may be anticipat$ f :at has be5 said1 ! mo/ m>k$ example ( t ord] ( *emical comp\nds1 to :i* ! metallic transpiration ( a]i=m matt] we h be5 consid]+ is due1 is ! comp\nd ( palladium ) hydrog54 ,graham %[$ t1 :5 a plate ( ?is metal is made ! negative pole 9 ! electrolysis ( wat]1 x absorbs ne>ly "o ?\s& times its volume ( hydrog5 gas--a quantity approximatively equival5t to "o atom ( hydrog5 to ea* atom ( palladium4 ,he fur!r %[$ t ! metal ?us becomes s pr(\ndly alt]$ z to indicate t ! product ( ?is union is a def9ite comp\nd4 ,n only is ! volume ( ! metal increas$1 b its t5acity & conduct+ p[] = electricity are dim9i%$1 & x acquires a slight susceptibility to magnetism1 :i* ! pure metal does n possess4 ,! *emical qualities ( ?is product are also rem>kable4 ,x precipitates m]cury f a solution ( its *loride1 & 9 g5]al acts z a /rong r$uc+ ag5t4 ,expos$ to ! action ( *lor9e1 brom9e1 or iod9e1 ! hydrog5 leaves ! palladium & ent]s into direct union ) ^! elem5ts4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! comp\nd is readily decompos$ by heat1 ! gas c n be expell$ f ! metal by simple me*anical means4 ,^! facts recall ! simil> relations frequ5tly obs]v$ betwe5 ! qualities ( an alloy & ^? ( ! con/itu5t metals1 & sugge/ ! inf]5ce made by ,graham1 t palladium *>g$ ) hydrog5 is a comp\nd ( ! same class--a conclusion :i* h>monizes ) ! !ory long held by _m *emi/s1 t hydrog5 gas is ! vapor ( a v volatile metal4 ,?is elem5t1 h[ev]1 :5 comb9$ ) palladium1 is 9 a peculi>ly active /ate1 :i* su/a9s some:at ! same relation to ! famili> gas t ozone be>s to ord9>y oxyg54 ,h5ce ,graham di/+ui%$ ?is condition ( hydrog5 by ! t]m hydrog5ium4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? a m$al 0 /ruck at ! ,royal ,m9t f ! hydrog5 palladium alloy 9 honor ( its discov]y2 b1 al?\gh ?is discov]y attract$ public att5tion *iefly on acc\nt ( ! s+ul> *emical relations ( hydrog51 :i* x br\ght s prom95tly to notice1 x w be rememb]$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce r z ! beautiful t]m9ation ( a life-long inve/igation1 ( :i* ! m$al 0 ! appropriate seal4 ,simultane\sly ) ! exp]im5ts on gases1 ^: results we h endeavor$ to pres5t 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ,graham c>ri$ =w>d a p>allel l9e ( inve/igation ( an alli$ class ( ph5om5a1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! manife/ations ( molecul> motion 9 liquid bodies4 ,! ph5om5a ( diffusion reappe> 9 liquids1 & ,graham c>efully obs]v$ ! times 9 :i* equal weights ( v>i\s salts dissolv$ 9 wat] diffus$ f an op5-m\? bottle into a l>ge volume ( pure wat]1 9 :i* ! bottle 0 imm]s$4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 able to correlate ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts by su* a simple law z t :i* obta9s ) gases4 ,x appe>$1 nev]!less1 t ! rate ( diffusion diff]s v greatly = ! diff]5t soluble salts1 hav+ "s relation to ! *emical composition ( ! salt :i* he 0 unable to discov]4 ,b he f\nd x possible to divide ! salts into gr\ps ( equi-diffusive sub/ances1 & he %[$ t ! rate ( diffusion ( ! sev]al gr\ps be> to "o ano!r simple num]ical ratios4 ,m important results 7 obta9$ f ! /udy ( a class ( ph5om5a correspond+ to ! transpiration ( gases ?r\gh ,india-rubb] or metallic septa4 ,^! ph5om5a1 z manife/$ 9 ! transf] ( liquids & ( salts 9 solution ?r\gh bladd] or a simil> membrane1 _h previ\sly be5 frequ5tly /udi$ "u ! names ( exosmose & endosmose1 b to ,graham we owe ! fir/ satisfactory explanation4 ,z 9 ! case ( gases1 he ref]r$ ^! effects to ! influ5ce ( *emical =ce1 comb9ation tak+ place on "o surface ( ! membrane & ! comp\nd break+ up on ! o!r1 ! diff]5ce dep5d+1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1 on ! influ5ce ( mass4 ,he also swept away ! arbitr>y di/9ctions made by previ\s exp]im5t]s1 %[$ t ?is :ole class ( ph5om5a are ess5tially simil>1 & call$ ?is manife/ation ( p[] simply osmose4 ,:ile /udy+ osmotic action1 ,graham 0 l$ to "o ( 8 mo/ important g5]alizations--! recognition ( ! cry/all9e & amorph\s /ates z fundam5tal di/9ctions 9 *emi/ry4 ,bodies 9 ! fir/ /ate he call$ cry/alloids2 ^? 9 ! la/ /ate1 colloids 7resembl+ glue74 ,t !re is a diff]5ce 9 /ructure betwe5 cry/alloids1 l sug> or felsp>1 & colloids1 l b>ley c&y or glass1 has ( c\rse always be5 evid5t to ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]2 b ,graham 0 ! fir/ to recognize 9 ^! ext]nal diff]5ces two fundam5tally di/9ct conditions ( matt] n peculi> to c]ta9 sub/ances1 b und]ly+ all *emical diff]5ces1 & appe>+ to a great] or less degree 9 e sub/ance4 ,he %[$ t ! p[] ( diffusion ?r\gh liquids dep5ds v mu* on ^! fundam5tal diff]5ces ( condition--sug>1 "o ( ! lea/ diffusible ( ! cry/alloids1 diffus+ f\rte5 times m rapidly ?an c>omel1 ! correspond+ colloid4 ,he also %[$ t1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al *emical rule1 :ile colloids readily comb9e ) cry/alloids1 bodies 9 ! same condition manife/ little or no t5d5cy to *emical union4 ,h5ce1 9 osmose1 :]e ! membranes employ$ are inv>iably colloidal1 ! osmotic action is conf9$ almo/ entirely to cry/alloids1 s9ce !y alone are capable ( ent]+ into t comb9ation ) ! mat]ial ( ! septum on :i* ! :ole action dep5ds4 ,on ! above pr9ciples ,graham bas$ a simple me?od ( sep>at+ cry/alloids f colloids1 :i* he calls dialysis1 & :i* 0 a mo/ valuable addition to ! means ( *emical analysis4 ,a %all[ tray1 prep>$ by /ret*+ p>*m5t pap] 7an insoluble colloid7 ov] a gutta-p]*a hoop1 is ! only app>atus requir$4 ,! solution to be dialyz$ is p\r$ into ?is tray1 :i* is !n float$ on pure wat]1 ^: volume %\ld be eight or t5 times great] ?an t ( ! solution4 ,"u ^! conditions ! cry/alloids w diffuse ?r\gh ! porus septum into ! wat]1 leav+ ! colloids on ! tray1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few days a m or less complete sep>ation ( ! two classes ( bodies w h tak5 place4 ,9 ?is way ars5i\s acid & simil> cry/alloids may be sep>at$ f ! colloidal mat]ials ) :i*1 9 ! case ( poison+1 !y are usually f\nd mix$ 9 ! animal juices or tissues4 ,b1 besides hav+ ^! practical applications1 ! me?od ( dialysis 9 ! h&s ( ,graham yield$ ! mo/ />tl+ results1 develop+ an almo/ entirely new class ( bodies1 z ! colloidal =ms ( our mo/ famili> sub/ances1 & ju/ify+ ! conclusion t ! colloidal z well z ! cry/all9e condition is an almo/ univ]sal attribute ( matt]4 ,?us1 he 0 able to obta9 solutions 9 wat] ( ! colloidal /ates ( alum9ic1 f]ric1 *romic1 /annic1 meta/annic1 titanic1 molybdic1 tung/ic1 & silicic hydrates1 all ( :i* gelat9ize "u def9ite conditions l a solution ( glue4 ,! wond]ful nature ( ^! facts c be ?or\ghly appreciat$ only by ^? famili> ) ! subject1 b all may und]/& ! surprise ) :i* ! *emi/ saw su* h>d1 insoluble bodies z fl9t dissolv$ abundantly 9 wat] & conv]t$ into s(t jellies4 ,^! facts are1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ important contributions ( ,dr4 ,graham to pure *emi/ry4 ,9 ?is sket* ( ! sci5tific c>e] ( our late associate1 we h foll[$ ! logical1 r ?an ! *ronological1 ord] ( ev5ts1 hop+ ?us to r5d] ! relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 "w m intelligible4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! two l9es ( inve/igation we h di/+ui%$ 7 9 fact int]-wov51 & t ! beautiful h>mony :i* 8 complet$ life pres5ts 0 ! result1 n ( a preconceiv$ plan1 b ( a con/ant devotion to tru?1 & a *ildlike fai?1 :i* unhesitat+ly press$ =w>d :5ev] nature po9t$ out ! way4 ,al?\gh ! inve/igations ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! molecul> motion 9 gases & liquids 7 by f> ! mo/ important ( ,dr4 ,graham's labors1 he also contribut$ to *emi/ry _m rese>*es :i* c n be includ$ "u ?is head4 ,( ^!1 :i* we may reg>d z 8 deta*$ ef=ts1 ! mo/ important 0 8 inve/igation ( ! hydrates & o!r salts ( phosphorus4 ,x is true t ! int]pretation he gave ( ! results has be5 mat]ially modifi$ by ! mod]n *emical philosophy1 yet ! facts :i* he e/abli%$ =m an important "p ( ! basis on :i* t philosophy re/s4 ,inde$1 x seems z if he almo/ anticipat$ ! lat] doctr9es ( types & polybasic acids1 & 9 none ( 8 "w did he %[ m discrim9at+ obs]vation or acute reason+4 ,a subsequ5t inve/igation on ! condition ( wat] 9 sev]al cry/all9e salts & 9 ! hydrates ( sulphuric acid is equally rem>kable4 ,la/ly1 ,graham also made int]e/+ obs]vations on ! comb9ation ( alcohol ) salts1 on ! process ( e!rification1 on ! sl[ oxidation ( phosphorus1 & on ! spontane\s inflammability ( phosphuret$ hydrog54 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be appropriate 9 ?is place to d m ?an enum]ate ! subjects ( ^! less important /udies2 & we h !re=e only aim$ 9 ?is sket* to give a g5]al view ( ! "* ( ! field :i* ?is em95t /ud5t ( nature *iefly cultivat$1 & to %[ h[ abundant 0 ! h>ve/ ( tru? :i* we owe to 8 fai?ful toil4 ,graham 0 n a volum9\s writ]4 ,8 sci5tific pap]s 7 all v brief1 b compreh5sive1 & 8 ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry 0 8 only l>ge "w4 ,?is 0 an admirable exposition ( *emical physics1 z well z ( pure *emi/ry1 & gave a m philosophical acc\nt ( ! !ory ( ! galvanic batt]y ?an _h previ\sly appe>$4 ,our late associate 0 =tunate 9 receiv+ dur+ life a g5]\s recognition ( ! value ( 8 labors4 ,8 memb]%ip 0 s\ght by almo/ all ! *ief sci5tific societies ( ! _w1 & he enjoy$ to a high degree ! confid5ce & e/eem ( 8 associates4 ,inde$1 he 0 s+ul>ly elevat$ above ! petty jeal\sies & belittl+ qu>rels :i* s (t5 m> ! beauty ( a /ud5t's life1 :ile ! great lovel9ess & k9dl9ess ( 8 nature closely ende>$ him to 8 fri5ds4 ,9 conclud+1 we mu/ n =get to m5tion t mo/ g5ial trait ( ,graham's "*1 8 sympa?y ) "y m51 :i* gave him great influ5ce z a tea*] 9 ! college ) :i* he 0 long associat$4 ,!re are _m n[ prom95t 9 ! sci5tific _w :o h f\nd 9 8 enc\ragem5t ! /ronge/ inc5tive to p]sev]ance1 & 9 8 approval & fri5d%ip ! be/ rew>d ( success4 ,,vi4 ,,memoir ,,( ,,william ,,hall[es ,,mill]4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,may #bd1 #ahha4 ,william ,hall[es ,mill]1 :o 0 elect$ ,=eign ,honor>y ,memb] ( ?is ,academy 9 ! place ( ,c4 ,f4 ,naumann1 ,may #bf1 #ahgd1 di$ at 8 resid5ce 9 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 on ! #bj? ( ,may1 #ahhj1 at ! age ( sev5ty-n9e1 hav+ be5 born at ,vel9dre1 9 ,wales1 ,april #e1 #ahja4 ,8 life 0 s+ul>ly unev5tful1 ev5 = a s*ol>4 ,graduat+ ) ma!matical honors at ,cambridge 9 #ahbf1 he became a fell[ ( 8 college 7,/4 ,john's7 9 #ahbi1 & 0 elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity 9 #ahcb4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! calm & elegant associations ( ?is anci5t ,engli% univ]sity1 ,mill] pass$ a long & tranquil life--cr[d$ ) useful labors1 honor$ by ! respect & love ( 8 associates1 & bless$ by cong5ial family ties4 ,?is quiet /ud5t-life 0 exactly suit$ to 8 nature1 :i* %unn$ ! bu/le & unre/ ( our mod]n _w4 ,= relaxation1 ev51 he lov$ to seek ! retir$ valleys ( ! ,ea/]n ,alps2 & ! description :i* he once gave to ! writ]1 ( himself sitt+ at ! side ( 8 wife amid ! gr& sc5]y1 int5t on develop+ cry/allographic =mulae1 :ile ! accompli%$ arti/ trac$ ! magnific5t outl9es ( ! ,dolomite m\nta9s1 0 a beautiful idyl ( sci5ce4 ,mill]'s activities1 h[ev]1 7 n conf9$ to ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahch he became a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 #ahef he 0 appo9t$ its ,=eign ,secret>y--a po/ = :i* he 0 em95tly fitt$1 & :i* he fill$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 #ahdc he 0 select$ "o ( a committee to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( ! new ,p>liam5t>y /&>ds ( l5g? & weight1 to replace ^? :i* _h be5 lo/ 9 ! fire :i* consum$ ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 9 #ahcd1 & to ,pr(essor ,mill] 0 confid$ ! con/ruction ( ! new /&>d ( weight4 ,8 "w on ?is important committee1 describ$ 9 an ext5d$ pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahef1 0 a model ( consci5ti\s inve/igation & sci5tific accuracy4 ,pr(essor ,mill] 0 subsequ5tly a memb] ( a new ,royal ,commission = exam9+ into & report+ on ! /ate ( ! second>y /&>ds1 & = consid]+ e "q :i* c\ld affect ! prim>y1 second>y1 & local /&>ds2 & 9 #ahgj he 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! ,commission ,int]nationale du ,metre4 ,8 s]vices on ?is commission 7 ( great value1 & x has be5 said t !re 0 no memb] ^: op9ions _h great] weight 9 influ5c+ a decision ^u any intricate & delicate "q4 ,valuable1 h[ev]1 z 7 ,pr(essor ,mill]'s public s]vices on ^! v>i\s commissions1 8 *ief "w 0 at ! ,univ]sity4 ,8 tea*]1 ,dr4 ,william ,:ewell--aft]w>d ! ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college--0 8 imm$iate pr$ecessor 9 ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,m9]alogy at ,cambridge4 ,?is great s*ol>1 ^: encyclopa$ic m9d c\ld n long be conf9$ 9 s n>r[ a field1 held ! pr(essor%ip only f\r ye>s2 b dur+ ?is p]iod he devot$ himself ) 8 usual en?usiasm to ! /udy ( cry/allography1 & he accompli%$ a mo/ important "w 9 attract+ to ! same /udy "y ,mill]1 :o br\ght 8 ma!matical tra9+ to its elucidation4 ,x 0 ! privilege ( ,pr(essor ,mill] to accompli% a unique "w1 = ! l ( :i* a m advanc$ sci5ce1 ) its multiplicity ( details1 w (f] few opportunities4 ,! f\ndations ( cry/allography _h be5 laid long be=e ,mill]'s "t4 ,hauey is usually reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce2 = he fir/ discov]$ ! importance ( cleavage1 & class$ ! kn[n facts "u a def9ite sy/em4 ,tak+ cleavage z 8 guide1 & assum+ t ! =ms ( cleavage 7 n only ! primitive =ms ( cry/als z a :ole1 b also ! =ms ( _! integrant molecules1 he endeavor$ to %[ t all second>y =ms might be d]iv$ f a few prim>y =ms1 reg>d$ z elem5ts ( nature1 by means ( decrem5ts ( molecules at _! edges4 ,9 l mann] he %[$ t all ! =ms ( a giv5 m9]al1 l fluor-sp> or calcite1 might be built up f ! integrant molecules by skillfully plac+ toge!r ! primitive =ms4 ,hauey's dissection ( cry/als1 9 a mann] :i* appe>$ to lead to _! ultimate cry/all9e elem5ts1 ga9$ = 8 sy/em great popul> att5tion & applause4 ,! sy/em 0 develop$ ) great p]spicuity & complet5ess 9 a "w rem>kable = ! vivacity ( its /yle & ! felicity ( its illu/ration4 ,moreov]1 a simple ma!matical expression 0 giv5 to ! sy/em1 & ! notation :i* ,hauey inv5t$ to express ! relation ( ! second>y to ! prim>y =ms1 z modifi$ & improv$ by ,levy1 is /ill us$ by ! ,fr5* m9]alogi/s4 ,! sy/em ( ,hauey1 h[ev]1 0 highly artificial1 & only prep>$ ! way = a simpl] & m g5]al expression ( ! facts4 ,! ,g]man cry/allograph]1 ,weiss1 seems to be ! fir/ to h recogniz$ ! tru? t ! decrem5ts ( ,hauey 7 m]ely a me*anical mode ( repres5t+ ! fact t all ! second>y faces ( a cry/al make int]cepts on ! edges ( ! primitive =m :i* are simple multiples ( ea* o!r2 &1 ?is g5]al conception once ga9$1 x 0 soon se5 t ^! ratios c\ld be z simply measur$ on ! axes ( symmetry ( ! cry/al z on ! edges ( ! fundam5tal =ms2 &1 moreov]1 t1 :5 cry/al =ms are view$ 9 _! relation to ^! axes1 a m g5]al law becomes evid5t1 & ! artificial di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y =ms disappe>s4 ,?us became sl[ly evolv$ ! conception ( a cry/al z a gr\p ( simil> planes symmetrically dispos$ ar\nd c]ta9 def9ite & obvi\s sy/ems ( axes1 & s plac$ t ! int]cepts1 or p>amet]s1 on ^! axes bore to ea* o!r a simple num]ical ratio4 ,repres5t+ by a3b3c ! ratio ( ! int]cepts ( a plane on ! ?ree axes ( a cry/al ( a giv5 sub/ance1 !n ! int]cepts ( e o!r plane ( ?is1 or ( any o!r cry/al ( ! same sub/ance1 con=m to ! g5]al proportion m4a3n4b3p4c1 9 :i* m1 n1 p are ?ree simple :ole numb]s4 ,?is simple notation1 devis$ by ,weiss1 express$ ! fundam5tal law ( cry/allography2 & ! conception ( a cry/al z a sy/em ( planes1 symmetrically di/ribut$ accord+ to ?is law1 0 a great advance beyond ! decrem5ts ( ,hauey1 an advance n unlike t ( a/ronomy f ! sy/em ( vortices to ! law ( gravitation4 ,yet1 z ! me*anism ( vortices 0 a natural prelude to ! law ( ,newton1 s ! decrem5ts ( ,hauey prep>$ ! way = ! wid] views ( ! ,g]man cry/allograph]s4 ,:e!r ,weiss or ,mohs contribut$ mo/ to advance cry/allography to its m philosophical /age1 x is n important "h to inquire4 ,ea* ( ^! em95t s*ol>s did an important "w 9 develop+ & diffus+ ! l>g] ideas1 & 9 %[+ by _! inve/igations t ! facts ( nature correspond$ to ! new conceptions4 ,b to ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,naumann1 ,pr(essor at ! "t 9 ! ,b]gakademie zu ,freib]g1 belongs ! m]it ( fir/ develop+ a complete sy/em ( !oretical cry/allography bas$ on ! laws ( symmetry & axial ratios4 ,8 ,lehrbu* d] re95 und angew&t5 ,kry/allographie1 publi%$ 9 two volumes at ,leipzig 9 #ahcj1 0 a rem>kable production1 & seem$ to grasp ! :ole !ory ( ! ext]nal =ms ( cry/als4 ,naumann us$ ! obvi\s & direct me?ods ( analytical geometry to express ! quantitative relations betwe5 ! p>ts ( a cry/al2 &1 al?\gh 8 me?ods are (t5 unnecess>ily prolix & 8 notation awkw>d1 8 =mulae are well adapt$ to calculation1 & easily intelligible to p]sons mod]ately discipl9$ 9 ma!matics4 ,b1 h[ev] compreh5sive & p]fect 9 its details1 ! sy/em ( ,naumann 0 cumbr\s1 & lack$ elegance ( ma!matical =m4 ,?is arose *iefly f ! fact t ! old me?ods ( analytical geometry 7 unsuit$ to ! problems ( cry/allography2 b x result$ also f a habit ( ! ,g]man m9d to dwell on details & give importance to sy/ems ( classification4 ,to ,naumann ! six cry/all9e sy/ems 7 z mu* realities ( nature z 7 ! =ms ( ! integrant molecules to ,hauey1 & he fail$ to grasp ! l>g] ?\ght :i* includes all p>tial sy/ems 9 "o compreh5sive plan4 ,our late colleague1 ,pr(essor ,mill]1 on ! o!r h&1 _h t p[] ( ma!matical g5]alization :i* enabl$ him to prop]ly subord9ate ! p>ts to ! :ole1 & to develop a sy/em ( ma!matical cry/allography ( su* simplicity & beauty ( =m t x leaves little to be desir$4 ,?is 0 ! great "w ( 8 life1 & a "w wor?y ( ! univ]sity :i* _h produc$ ! ,pr9cipia4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #ahci1 "u ! title1 ,a ,treatise on ,cry/allography2 & 9 #ahfc ! sub/ance ( ! "w 0 reproduc$ 9 a m p]fect =m1 /ill m cond5s$ & g5]aliz$1 9 a ?9 volume ( only eighty-six pages1 :i* ! au?or mode/ly call$1 ,a ,tract on ,cry/allography4 ,mill] began 8 /udy ( cry/allography ) ! same mat]ials z ,naumann2 b1 9 addition1 he adopt$ ! beautiful me?od ( ,franz ,ern/ ,neumann ( ref]r+ ! faces ( a cry/al to ! surface ( a circumscrib$ sph]e by means ( radii drawn p]p5dicul> to ! faces4 ,! po9ts :]e ! radii meet ! sph]ical surface are ! poles ( ! faces1 & ! arcs ( great circles connect+ ^! poles may obvi\sly be us$ z a measure ( ! angles betwe5 ! cry/al faces4 ,?is inv5tion ( ,neumann's 0 ! g]m ( ,mill]'s sy/em ( cry/allography1 = x enabl$ ! ,engli% ma!matician to apply ! elegant & comp5di\s me?ods ( sph]ical trigonometry to ! solution ( cry/allographic problems2 & ,pr(essor ,mill] always express$ 8 great indebt$ness to ,neumann1 n only = ?is simple mode ( def9+ ! position ( ! faces ( a cry/al1 b also = 8 me?od ( repres5t+ ! relative position ( ! poles ( ! faces on a plane surface by a beautiful application ( ! me?ods ( /]eo-graphic & gnomonic projection4 ,?is me?od ( repres5t+ a cry/al %[s v cle>ly ! relations ( ! p>ts1 & 0 und\bt$ly ( great aid to ,mill] 9 assi/+ him to g5]alize 8 d$uctions4 ,f ! outset1 ,pr(essor ,mill] appreh5d$ m cle>ly ?an any previ\s writ] ! all-embrac+ scope ( ! great law ( cry/allography4 ,he op5s 8 treatise ) its enunciation1 &1 f ?is law z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! subject1 ! :ole ( 8 sy/em ( cry/allography is logically develop$4 ,beyond ?is1 all t is peculi> to ,mill]'s sy/em is involv$ 9 two or ?ree g5]al !orems4 ,! re/ ( 8 treatise consi/s ( d$uctions f ^! pr9ciples & _! application to p>ticul> cases4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! pr9ciples1 & "o :i* 9 ! treatise is involv$ 9 ! enunciation ( ! fundam5tal law ( cry/allography1 is 9 its ess5ce no?+ b an analytical device4 ,z we h already /at$1 ,weiss _h %[n t1 if a3b3c repres5t ! ratio ( ! int]cepts ( any plane ( a cry/al on ! ?ree axes x1 y1 & z1 respectively1 ! int]cepts ( any o!r possible plane mu/ satisfy ! proportion-- ,a3,b3,c m4a3n4b3p4c1 9 :i* m1 n1 & p are simple :ole numb]s4 ,! irrational values a1 b1 & c are fundam5tal magnitudes = e cry/all9e sub/ance2,g & ,mill] call$ ^! relative magnitudes ! p>amet]s ( ! cry/als1 :ile he call$ ! :ole numb]s1 m1 n1 & p1 ! indices ( ! respective planes4 ,b1 in/ead ( writ+ ! proportion :i* expresses ! law ( cry/allography z above1 he gave to x a slightly diff]5t =m1 ?us3 ,a3,b3,c 7#a_/;h74a37#a_/k74b37#a_/l74c1 & us$ 9 8 sy/em = ! indices ( a plane ! values h3k3l1 :i* are also 9 ! ratio ( :ole numb]s1 & usually ( simpl] :ole numb]s ?an m3n3p4 ,?is seems a small diff]5ce2 = h k l 9 ! la/ proportion are obvi\sly ! reciprocals ( m n p 9 ! fir/2 b ! diff]5ce1 small z x is1 causes a wond]ful simplification ( ! =mulae :i* express ! relations betwe5 ! p>ts ( a cry/al4 ,f ! la/ proportion we d]ive at once 7#a_/;h747a_/,a7 7#a_/k747b_/,b7 7#a_/l747c_/,c71 :i* is ! =m 9 :i* ,mill] /at$ 8 fundam5tal law4 ,g ,= example1 ! native cry/als ( sulphur h a3b3c #a3b4cdj3a4bcc4 ,cry/als ( gypsum h a3b3c #a3j4dac3j4fia4 ,cry/als ( t9-/one h a3b3c #a3a3j4fgbd4 ,& cry/als ( common salt h a3b3c #a3a3a4 ,if ,p repres5ts ! pole ( a face ^: indices are h k l1 t is1 repres5ts ! po9t :]e ! radius drawn normal to ! face meets ! surface ( ! sph]e circumscrib$ ar\nd ! cry/al 7! sph]e ( projection1 z x is call$71 & if ,x1 ,y1 ,z repres5t ! po9ts :]e ! axes ( ! cry/al meet ! same sph]ical surface1,h !n x is evid5t t ,x ,y1 ,x ,z1 & ,y ,z are ! arcs ( great circles1 :i* measure ! incl9ation ( ! axes to ea* o!r1 & t ,p ,x1 ,p ,y1 & ,p ,z are arcs ( o!r great circles1 :i* measure ! incl9ation ( ! plane 7h k l7 on planes normal to ! respective axes2 &1 also1 t ^! sev]al arcs =m ! sides ( sph]ical triangles ?us drawn on ! sph]e ( projection4 ,n[1 x is v easily %[n t 7a_/h74cos ,p ,x 7b_/k74cos ,p ,y 7c_/l74cos ,p ,z2 & by means ( ?is !orem we are able to r$uce a great _m problems ( cry/allography to ! solution ( sph]ical triangles4 ,h ,! orig9 ( ! axes is always tak5 z ! c5t] ( ! sph]e ( projection4 ,ano!r v l>ge class ( problems 9 cry/allography is bas$ on ! relation ( faces 9 a zone2 t is1 ( faces :i* are all p>allel to "o l9e call$ ! zone axis1 & ^: mutual int]sections1 !re=e1 are all p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,if1 n[1 h k l & p q r are ! indices ( any two planes ( a zone 7n p>allel to ea* o!r71 any o!r plane 9 ! same zone mu/ fulfill ! condition express$ by ! simple equation u4u v4v w4w o1 :]e u v & w are ! indices ( ! ?ird plane1 & u v w h ! values u k4r - l4q v l4p - h4r w h4q - k4p4 ,s9ce h k l & p q r are :ole numb]s1 x is evid5t t u v w mu/ also be :ole numb]s1 & ^! quantities are call$ ! indices ( ! zone4 ,! ?ree :ole numb]s :i* are ! indices ( a plane :5 writt5 9 succession s]ve z a v conv5i5t symbol ( t plane1 & repres5t to ! cry/allograph] all its relations2 & 9 l mann] ,mill] us$ ! indices ( a zone inclos$ 9 brackets z ! symbol ( t zone4 ,?us #abc1 #eca1 #jaj are symbols ( planes1 & #aaa1 #bac1 #jja symbols ( zones4 ,an additional !orem enables u to calculate ! symbols ( a f\r? plane 9 a zone :5 ! angul> di/ances betwe5 ! f\r planes & ! symbols ( ?ree ( !m are kn[n1 b ?is problem c n be made intelligible ) a few words4 ,! few propositions to :i* we h ref]r$ involve all t is ess5tial & peculi> to ! sy/em ( ,pr(essor ,mill]4 ,^! giv51 & ! re/ c\ld be at once develop$ by any s*ol> :o 0 famili> ) ! facts ( cry/allography2 & ! circum/ance t its ess5tial features c be s briefly /at$ is suffici5t to %[ h[ exce$+ly simple ! sy/em is4 ,at ! same "t1 x is wond]fully compreh5sive1 & ! /ud5t :o has ma/]$ x feels t x pres5ts to him 9 "o gr& view ! entire s*eme ( cry/al =ms1 & t x greatly helps him to compreh5d ! s*eme z a :ole1 & n simply z ! sum ( c]ta9 di/9ct p>ts4 ,s felt ,pr(essor ,mill] himself2 &1 :ile he reg>d$ ! six sy/ems ( cry/als ( ! ,g]man cry/allograph]s z natural divisions ( ! field1 he consid]$ t !y 7 b\nd$ by artificial l9es :i* h no deep] significance ?an ! b\nd>y l9es on a map4 ,h[ great ! unfold+ ( ! sci5ce f ,hauey to ,mill]1 & yet n[ we c see ! great fundam5tal ideas %9+ ?r\gh ! obscurity f ! fir/6 ,:at we n[ call ! p>amet]s ( a cry/al 7 to ,hauey ! fundam5tal dim5sions ( 8 integrant molecules1 our indices 7 8 decrem5ts1 & our conceptions ( symmetry 8 fundam5tal =ms4 ,!re has be5 no?+ peculi>1 h[ev]1 9 ! gr[? ( cry/allography4 ,?is gr[? has foll[$ ! usual ord] ( sci5ce1 & "h z else:]e ! e>ly1 gross1 mat]ial conceptions h be5 ! /epp+-/ones by :i* m5 rose to high] ?+s4 ,9 sci5ces l *emi/ry1 :i* are obvi\sly /ill 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t1 x w\ld be well if /ud5ts w\ld be> 9 m9d ?is tru? ( hi/ory1 & n atta* undue importance to /ructural =mulae & simil> me*anical devices1 :i*1 al?\gh useful = aid+ ! memory1 are simply h9drances to progress z soon z ! necessity ( su* assi/ance is pass$4 ,&1 :5 ! life ( a great ma/] ( sci5ce has end$1 x is well to look back ov] ! road he has travel$1 &1 :ile we take c\rage 9 8 success1 consid] well ! lesson :i* 8 exp]i5ce has to tea*2 &1 z progress 9 ?is _w's k has ev] be5 f ! gross to ! spiritual1 may we n rejoice z ^? :o h a great hope8 ,al?\gh ! exce$+ m]it ( ! ,treatise on ,cry/allography ca/s into ! %ade all t 0 subord9ate1 we mu/ n omit to m5tion t ,pr(essor ,mill] publi%$ an e>ly "w on hydro/atics1 & num]\s %ort] pap]s on m9]alogy & physics1 :i* 7 all valuable1 & con/antly conta9$ important additions to k4 ,moreov]1 ! ,new ,edition ( ,phillips's ,m9]alogy1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #aheb 9 connection ) ,h4 ,j4 ,brooke1 ow$ its *ief value to a mass ( cry/allographic obs]vations :i* he _h made ) 8 usual accuracy & pati5ce dur+ _m ye>s1 & !re tabulat$ 9 8 concise mann]4 ,z has be5 said by "o ( 8 associates 9 ! ,royal ,society1 x is a monum5t to ,mill]'s "n1 al?\gh he almo/ expung$ t "n f x4,i ,x is due to ,pr(essor ,mill]'s memory t 8 works %\ld be collat$1 & especially t by a suitable comm5t>y 8 ,tract on ,cry/allography %\ld be made accessible to ! great body ( ! /ud5ts ( physical sci5ce1 :o h n1 z a rule1 ! ability or tra9+ :i* enables !m to appreh5d a g5]alization :5 solely express$ 9 ma!matical t]ms4 ,! v m]its ( ,pr(essor ,mill]'s book z a sci5tific "w r5d] x v difficult to ! av]age /ud5t1 al?\gh x only involves ! simple/ =ms ( algebra & trigonometry4 ,i ,obitu>y ,notices f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,no4 #bjf1 #ahhj1 to :i* ! writ] has be5 indebt$ = sev]al biographical details4 ,indep5d5ce1 bread?1 accuracy1 simplicity1 humility1 c\rtesy1 are lum9\s words :i* express ! "* ( ,pr(essor ,mill]4 ,9 8 g5ial pres5ce ! "y /ud5t felt enc\rag$ to express 8 immature ?\ghts1 :i* 7 sure to be treat$ ) consid]ation1 :ile f a weal? ( k ! great ma/] made ! error evid5t by mak+ ! tru? respl5d5t4 ,x 0 ! greate/ satisfaction to ! inexp]i5c$ inve/igator :5 8 obs]vations _h be5 confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,mill]1 & he 0 nev] made to feel disc\rag$ :5 8 mi/akes 7 correct$4 ,! writ] ( ?is notice reg>ds x z "o ( ! great privileges ( 8 y\?1 & "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( 8 education1 to h be5 ! recipi5t ( ! c\rtesies & c\nsel ( ?ree great ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce1 :o h always be5 8 own ideal knights1 & ^! noble knights 7 ,f>aday1 ,graham1 & ,mill]4 ,,vii4 ,,william ,,b>ton ,,rog]s4 ,william ,b>ton ,rog]s 0 born at ,philadelphia1 on ! #g? ( ,decemb]1 #ahjd4 ,8 fa!r1 ,patrick ,k]r ,rog]s1 0 a native ( ,newton ,/ew>t1 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&2 b :ile a /ud5t at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 becom+ an object ( suspicion on acc\nt ( 8 sympa?y ) ! ,rebellion ( #agih1 he emigrat$ to ?is c\ntry1 & f9i%$ 8 education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 at ,philadelphia1 :]e he receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,"h he m>ri$ ,hannah ,bly!1 a ,scot* lady--:o 0 at ! "t liv+ ) h] aunt1 ,mrs4 ,ramsay--& settl$ himself 9 8 pr(ession 9 a h\se on ,n9? ,/reet1 opposite to ! ,univ]sity2 & 9 ?is h\se ,william ,b4 ,rog]s 0 born4 ,he 0 ! second ( f\r sons--,james1 ,william1 ,h5ry1 & ,rob]t--all ( :om became di/+ui%$ z m5 ( sci5ce4 ,patrick ,k]r ,rog]s1 f9d+ t 8 prospects ( m$ical practice 9 ,philadelphia _h be5 less5$ 9 consequ5ce ( a protract$ abs5ce 9 ,irel&1 made necess>y by ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 remov$ to ,baltimore2 b soon aft]w>d accept$ ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,*emi/ry & ,physics 9 ,william & ,m>y ,college1 ,virg9ia1 made vacant by ! resignation ( ! late ,rob]t ,h>e2 & x is a fact wor?y ( notice t1 :ile he succe$$ ,dr4 ,h>e at ,william & ,m>y ,college1 8 elde/ son1 ,james1 succe$$ ,dr4 ,h>e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,at ,william & ,m>y ,college ! f\r bro!rs ,rog]s 7 educat$2 & on ! dea? ( ! fa!r1 at ,ellicott ,mills1 9 #ahbh1 ,william ,b4 ,rog]s succe$$ to ! pr(essor%ip ?us made vacant4 ,he _h already e>n$ a reputation z a tea*] by a c\rse ( lectures be=e ! ,m>yl& ,in/itute 9 ,baltimore dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 & aft] 8 appo9tm5t at once ent]$ on 8 c>e] z a sci5tific inve/igator4 ,at ?is p]iod he publi%$ a pap] on ,dew1 &1 9 connection ) 8 bro!r ,h5ry1 ano!r pap] on ! ,voltaic ,batt]y--bo? subjects directly connect$ ) 8 pr(essor%ip4 ,b 8 att5tion 0 e>ly direct$ to que/ions ( *emical geology2 & he wrote1 :ile at ,william & ,m>y ,college1 a s]ies ( articles = ! ,f>m]'s ,regi/] on ! ,gre5 ,s&s & ,m>ls ( ,ea/]n ,virg9ia1 & _! value z f]tiliz]s4 ,next we f9d ! "y pr(essor go+ be=e ! ,legislature ( ,virg9ia1 &1 :ile mode/ly pres5t+ 8 own discov]ies1 mak+ !m ! occasion = urg+ ^u t body ! importance ( a sy/ematic geological survey = develop+ ! res\rces ( ! ,/ate4 ,s great 0 ! sci5tific reputation t ,pr(essor ,rog]s e>ly acquir$ by su* s]vices1 t 9 #ahce he 0 call$ to fill ! important ,pr(essor%ip ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia2 & dur+ ! same ye> he 0 appo9t$ ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,virg9ia1 & began ^? important inve/igations :i* w always associate 8 "n ) ,am]ican geology4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s rema9$ at ! head ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,virg9ia until x 0 discont9u$1 9 #ahdb1 & publi%$ a s]ies ( v valuable annual reports4 ,z 0 anticipat$1 ! survey l$ to a l>ge accumulation ( mat]ial1 & to num]\s discov]ies ( great local importance4 ,z ?is 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ geological surveys und]tak5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 its directors _h 9 great measure to devise ! me?ods & lay out ! plans ( inve/igation :i* h s9ce become g5]al4 ,?is is n ! place1 h[ev]1 = su* details2 b !re are f\r or five g5]al results ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s's geological "w at ?is p]iod :i* h ex]t$ a p]man5t influ5ce on geological sci5ce1 & :i* %\ld !re=e be briefly notic$4 ,"s ( ^! results 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce2 o!rs 7 orig9ally pres5t$ to ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s1 & publi%$ 9 its ,transactions4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s took a great int]e/ 9 ! organization ( ?is association 9 #ahdj1 presid$ ov] its meet+ 9 #ahde1 & aga91 two ye>s lat]1 :5 x 0 exp&$ into ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 connection ) 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 ,pr(essor ,william ,b4 ,rog]s 0 ! fir/ to inve/igate ! solv5t action ( wat]--especially :5 *>g$ ) c>bonic acid--on v>i\s m9]als & rocks2 & by %[+ ! ext5t ( ?is action 9 nature1 & its influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( m9]al deposits ( v>i\s k9ds1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to obs]ve & int]pret ! important class ( facts :i* are ! basis ( *emical geology4 ,ano!r important result ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s's geological "w 0 to %[ t ! condition ( any coal-b$ /&s 9 a close g5etic relation to ! am\nt ( di/urbance to :i* ! enclos+ /rata h be5 submitt$1 ! coal becom+ h>d] & conta9+ less volatile matt] z ! evid5ce ( di/urbance increases4 ,?is g5]alization1 :i* seems to u n[ almo/ self-evid5t--und]/&+1 z we d1 m ( ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( coal--0 ) ,pr(essor ,rog]s an induction f a great mass ( obs]v$ facts4 ,by f>1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ memorable contribution ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s to geology 0 t made 9 connection ) ,h5ry ,d4 ,rog]s1 9 a pap] entitl$ ,! ,laws ( ,/ructure ( ! m ,di/urb$ ,zones ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 pres5t$ by ! two bro!rs at ! meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s1 held at ,bo/on 9 #ahdb4 ,?is pap] 0 ! fir/ pres5tation ( :at may be call$ 9 brief ! ,wave ,!ory ( ,m\nta9 ,*a9s4 ,?is !ory 0 d$uc$ by ! bro!rs ,rog]s f an ext5d$ /udy ( ! ,appala*ian ,*a9 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,virg9ia1 & 0 support$ by num]\s geological sections & by a great mass ( facts4 ,! hypo!sis :i* !y (f]$ z an explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! great m\nta9 waves may n be g5]ally receiv$2 b ! g5]al fact1 t ! /ructure ( m\nta9 *a9s is alike 9 all ! ess5tial features :i* ! bro!rs ,rog]s fir/ po9t$ out1 has be5 confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( ,mur*ison 9 ! ,ural1 ( ,d>w9 9 ! ,&es1 & ( ! ,swiss geologi/s 9 ! ,alps4 ,9 ! ,appala*ians ! wave /ructure is v simple1 & ! same is true 9 all corrugat$ di/ricts :]e ! cru/ movem5ts h be5 simple1 & h act$ 9 "o direction only4 ,b :]e ! elevat+ =ces h act$ 9 diff]5t directions at diff]5t times1 caus+ int]f]5ce ( waves l a *opp$ sea1 z 9 ! ,swiss ,alps & ! m\nta9s ( ,wales or ,cumb]l&1 ! undulations are disguis$1 & are ) extreme difficulty made out4 ,! wave !ory ( m\nta9 *a9s 0 ! fir/ important contribution to dynamical & /ructural geology :i* _h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x excit$ at ! "t great int]e/1 z well f ! novelty ( ! views z f ! eloqu5ce ) :i* !y 7 set =?2 & to-day x is /ill reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important advances 9 orographic geology4 ,a m>k$ feature ( m\nta9 regions is t ruptur+ ( ! /rata call$ faults2 & ano!r ( ! /rik+ geological g5]alizations ( ! bro!rs ,rog]s is :at may be call$ ! law ( ! di/ribution ( faults4 ,!y %[$ t faults d n occur on g5tle waves1 b 9 ! mo/ compress$ flexures ( ! m\nta9 *a9s1 :i* 9 ! act ( mov+ h snapp$ or giv5 way at ! summit :]e ! b5d is %>pe/1 ! less incl9$ side be+ %ov$ up on ! plane ( ! fault1 ?is plane be+ g5]ally p>allel to1 if x does n co9cide )1 ! axis plane2 &1 fur!r1 t ! direction ( ^! faults g5]ally foll[s ! run ( ! l9e ( elevation ( ! m\nta9s1 ! l5g? & v]tical displacem5t dep5d+ on ! /r5g? ( ! di/urb+ =ce4 ,! la/ ( ! g5]al geological results to :i* we ref]r$ above 0 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,william ,b4 ,rog]s only4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! obs]v$ positions ( m ?an fifty !rmal spr+s 9 ! ,appala*ian belt1 occurr+ 9 an area ( ab\t fifte5 ?\s& squ>e miles1 :i* 7 %[n to issue f anticl9al axes & faults1 or f po9ts v ne> su* l9es2 & 9 connection ) ^! spr+s x 0 fur!r %[n t !re 0 a great prepond]ance ( nitrog5 9 ! gases :i* ! wat]s held 9 solution4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 dur+ ! "t :5 ?is geological "w 0 accompli%$1 ,pr(essor ,rog]s 0 an active tea*] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 giv+ ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! ye> almo/ daily lectures ei!r on physics or geology4 ,^? :o met him 9 8 aft]-life 9 v>i\s relations 9 ,bo/on1 & 7 (t5 *>m$ by 8 wond]ful p[] ( sci5tific exposition1 c readily und]/& ! effect he mu/ h produc$1 :5 9 ! prime ( manhood1 ^u ! en?usia/ic y\?s :o 7 br\ght "u 8 influ5ce4 ,8 lecture-room 0 always ?rong$4 ,z "o ( 8 =m] /ud5ts writes1 ,all ! aisles w\ld be fill$1 & ev5 ! w9d[s cr[d$ f ! outside4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i rememb] ! cr[d _h assembl$ long be=e ! h\r nam$ = ! lecture1 & s fill$ ! hall t ! pr(essor c\ld only ga9 admittance ?r\gh a side entrance lead+ f ! re> ( ! hall ?r\gh ! app>atus-room4 ,^! facts %[ h[ he 0 reg>d$ by ! /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,8 mann] ( pres5t+ ! commone/ subject 9 sci5ce--clo?+ 8 ?\ghts1 z he always did1 ) a m>vel\s flu5cy & cle>ness ( expression & beauty ( diction--caus$ ! w>me/ admiration1 & (t5 ar\s$ ! excitable nature ( ,s\!rn y\?s to ! exhibition ( en?usia/ic demon/rations ( approbation4 ,?r\gh\t ,virg9ia1 & inde$ ! entire ,s\?1 8 =m] /ud5ts are scatt]$1 :o ev5 n[ reg>d x z "o ( ! highe/ privileges ( _! lives to h att5d$ 8 lectures4 ,su* 0 ! impression :i* ,pr(essor ,rog]s left at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 t1 :5 he return$1 ?irty-five ye>s lat]1 to aid 9 ! celebration ( ! semi-c5t5nial1 he 0 met ) a p]fect ovation4 ,al?\gh ! memories ( ! civil w>1 :i* _h int]v5$1 & ,pr(essor ,rog]s's kn[n sympa?ies ) ! ,nor!rn cause1 might well h damp$ en?usiasm1 yet ! pres5ce ( ! highly honor$ tea*] 0 suffici5t to rek9dle ! =m] admiration2 &1 9 ! language ( a contempor>y ,virg9ia newspap]1 ! old /ud5ts beheld be=e !m ! same ,william ,b4 ,rog]s :o ?irty-five ye>s be=e _h held !m spellb\nd 9 8 class ( natural philosophy2 &1 z ! great orator w>m$ up1 ^! m5 =got _! age2 !y 7 aga9 "y1 & %[$ _! en?usiasm z wildly z :51 9 days ( yore1 enraptur$ by 8 eloqu5ce1 !y made ! lecture-room ( ! ,univ]sity r+ ) _! applause4 ,besides 8 geological pap]s1 ,pr(essor ,rog]s publi%$1 :ile at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 a numb] ( important *emical contributions1 relat+ *iefly to new & improv$ me?ods 9 *emical analysis & rese>*4 ,^! pap]s 7 publi%$ 9 connection ) 8 y\nge/ bro!r1 ,rob]t ,e4 ,rog]s1 n[ become 8 colleague z ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,mat]ia ,m$ica 9 ! ,univ]sity2 & su* 7 ! s+ul>ly intimate relations betwe5 ! bro!rs t x is (t5 impossible to dissociate _! sci5tific "w4 ,among ^! 7 pap]s ,on a ,new ,process = obta9+ ,pure ,*lor9e2 ,a ,new ,process = obta9+ ,=mic ,acid1 ,aldehyde1 etc42 ,on ! ,oxidation ( ! ,diamond 9 ! ,liquid ,way2 ,on ,new ,in/rum5ts & ,processes = ! ,analysis ( ! ,c>bonates2 ,on ! ,absorption ( ,c>bonic ,acid by ,liquids2 besides ! ext5d$ inve/igation ,on ! ,decomposition ( ,m9]als & ,rocks by ,c>bonat$ & ,meteoric ,wat]s1 to :i* we h ref]r$ above4 ,!re 0 also at ?is "t a l>ge am\nt ( *emical "w con/antly on h& 9 connection ) ! ,geological ,survey1 su* z analyses ( m9]al wat]s1 ores1 & ! l4 ,moreov]1 :ile at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 ,pr(essor ,rog]s publi%$ a %ort treatise on ,! ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials1 & a volume on ,! ,elem5ts ( ,me*anics1--books :i*1 ?\gh long out ( pr9t1 7 v useful text-books 9 _! day1 & are m>k$ by ! cle>ness ( /yle & felicity ( explanation = :i* ! au?or 0 s di/+ui%$4 ,! ye> #ahec =m$ a turn+-po9t 9 ,pr(essor ,rog]s's life4 ,f\r ye>s previ\sly he _h m>ri$ ,miss ,emma ,savage1 daught] ( ,hon4 ,james ,savage1 ( ,bo/on1 ! well-kn[n au?or ( ! ,new ,engl& ,g5ealogical ,diction>y1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society4 ,?is connection prov$ to be ! cr[n+ bless+ ( 8 life4 ,mrs4 ,rog]s1 by h] en]gy1 h] intellig5ce1 h] *e]ful equanimity1 h] unfail+ sympa?y1 became ! promot] ( 8 labors1 ! ornam5t & solace ( 8 middle life1 & ! devot$ companion & support ( 8 decl9+ ye>s4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 m>riage1 ,june #bj1 #ahdi1 he visit$ ,europe ) 8 wife1 & 0 pres5t at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 held t ye> at ,birm+ham1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) great w>m?1 & made a mo/ m>k$ impression4 ,return+ home 9 ! autumn1 ,pr(essor ,rog]s resum$ 8 "w at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia2 b ! new family relations :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ l$ 9 #ahec to ! transf] ( 8 resid5ce to ,bo/on1 :]e a q diff]5t1 b ev5 a m important1 sph]e ( usefulness surr\nd$ him4 ,8 wide sci5tific reputation1 z well z 8 family connection1 assur$ him a w>m welcome 9 ! mo/ cultivat$ circles ( ,bo/on society1 :]e 8 /r5g? ( "*1 8 p[] ( imp>t+ k1 & 8 g5ial mann]s1 soon comm&$ univ]sal respect & admiration4 ,he at once took an active "p 9 ! v>i\s sci5tific int]e/s ( ! city4 ,f #ahde he _h be5 a ,fell[ ( ?is ,academy2,j & aft] tak+ up 8 resid5ce among u he 0 a frequ5t att5dant at our meet+s1 (t5 took "p 9 our proce$+s1 became a memb] ( our ,c\ncil1 & f #ahfc to #ahfi act$ z our ,correspond+ ,secret>y4 ,he took a simil> int]e/ 9 ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,he 0 a memb]1 & = _m ye>s ! ,presid5t1 ( ! ,?ursday ,ev5+ ,sci5tific ,club1 to :i* he imp>t$ new life & vigor1 & :i* 0 r5d]$ by him an important field ( influ5ce4 ,! memb]s :o 7 associat$ ) him 9 t club w nev] =get ^? ma/]ly expositions ( rec5t advances 9 physical sci5ce2 & w rememb] t1 :ile he made cle> _! te*nical importance to ! weal?y bus9ess m5 ar\nd him1 he nev] fail$ to impress 8 auditors ) ! wor? & dignity ( sci5tific culture4 ,j ,?is notice is repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xviii1 #ahhb-'hc4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,bo/on1 ,pr(essor ,rog]s occupi$ himself ) a numb] ( sci5tific problems1 *iefly physical4 ,he /udi$ ! v>iations ( ozone 7or ( :at 0 !n reg>d$ z ozone7 9 ! atmosph]e at ! "t :5 ?is subject 0 excit+ great att5tion4 ,he 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5ts ( ! ,ruhmkorff ,coil made by ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,rit*ie2 & 9 ?is connection publi%$ a pap] on ! ,act9ism ( ! ,electric ,dis*>ge 9 ,vacuum ,tubes4 ,a /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( b9ocul> vision l$ to a pap] entitl$ ,exp]im5ts disprov+ by ! ,b9ocul> ,comb9ation ( ,visual ,spectra ,brew/]'s ,!ory ( ,successive ,comb9ations ( ,correspond+ ,po9ts4 ,a pap] discuss+ ! ph5om5a ( smoke r+s & rotat+ r+s 9 liquids appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = #aheh1 ) ! description ( a v simple b effective app>atus by :i* ! ph5om5a w\ld be readily reproduc$4 ,9 ?is pap] ,pr(essor ,rog]s anticipat$ "s ( ! lat] results ( ,helmholtz & ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,9 ! same ye> an +5i\s illu/ration ( ! prop]ties ( sonor\s flames 0 exhibit$ to ! ,?ursday ,ev5+ ,club above m5tion$1 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,rog]s anticipat$ ,c\nt ,s*afgotts* 9 ! inv5tion ( a beautiful optical pro( ( ! discont9uity ( ! s++ hydrog5 flame4 ,9 #ahfa ,pr(essor ,rog]s accept$ f ,gov]nor ,&rew ! (fice ( ,inspector ( ,gas & ,gas-,met]s = ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 & organiz$ a sy/em ( inspection 9 :i* he aim$ to apply ! late/ sci5tific k to ?is "w2 & 9 a visit he aga9 made to ,europe 9 #ahfd he pres5t$1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ba?1 a pap] entitl$ ,an ,acc\nt ( ,app>atus & ,processes = ,*emical & ,photometrical ,te/+ ( ,illum9at+ ,gas4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he gave sev]al c\rses ( lectures be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute ( ,bo/on1 :i* 7 li/5$ to ) ! greate/ en?usiasm1 & s]v$ v greatly to ext5d ,pr(essor ,rog]s's reputation 9 ?is community4 ,night aft] night1 cr[d$ audi5ces1 consi/+ *iefly ( tea*]s & work+-p1 7 spellb\nd by 8 wond]ful p[] ( exposition & illu/ration4 ,!re 0 a great deal m 9 ,pr(essor ,rog]s's pres5tation ( a subject ?an felicity ( expression1 beauty ( language1 *oice ( epi!ts1 or significance ( ge/ure4 ,he _h a p[] ( m>%al+ facts1 & br++ !m all to be> on ! po9t he desir$ to illu/rate1 :i* r5d]$ ! relations ( 8 subject z cle> z day4 ,9 li/5+ to ?is p[]ful oratory1 "o only felt t x might h _h1 if n a m useful1 /ill a m ambiti\s aim2 = less p[] has mov$ s5ates & det]m9$ ! de/9ies ( empires4 ,! int]e/ 9 ,pr(essor ,rog]s's lectures 0 n excit$ solely1 h[ev]1 by ! *>m ( 8 eloqu5ce2 =1 al?\gh su* 0 ! felicity ( 8 pres5tations1 & su* ! vividness ( 8 descriptions1 t he c\ld (t5 disp5se ) ! mat]ial aids s ess5tial to mo/ tea*]s1 yet :5 ! means ( illu/ration 7 at 8 comm& he %[$ 8 p[] q z mu* 9 ! adaptation ( exp]im5ts z 9 ! *oice ( language4 ,he well knew t exp]im5ts1 to be effective1 mu/ be simple & to ! po9t2 & he also knew h[ to impress 8 audi5ce ) ! beauty ( ! ph5om5a & ) ! gr&eur ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,he always seem$ to enjoy any elegant or /rik+ illu/ration ( a physical pr9ciple ev5 m ?an 8 auditors1 & x 0 delightful to see ! en?usiasm :i* he felt ov] ! simple/ ph5om5a ( sci5ce :5 pres5t$ 9 a novel way4 ,we come n[ to ! cr[n+ & greate/ "w ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s's life1 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology--an a*ievem5t s important 9 its results1 s f>-rea*+ 9 its prospects1 & s complete 9 its details1 t x ov]%ad[s all else4 ,a great prea*] has said t e man's life is a plan ( ,god's4 ,! fai?ful workman c only make ! be/ use ( ! opportunities :i* e day (f]s2 b he may be confid5t t "w fai?fully done w n be = naught1 & mu/ tru/+ly leave ! issue to a high] p[]4 ,little did "y ,rog]s ?9k1 :5 he began to tea* 9 ,virg9ia1 t he 0 to be ! f\nd] ( a great in/itution 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts2 & yet we c n[ see t ! :ole "w ( 8 life 0 a prep>ation = ?is noble de/9y4 ,! v eloqu5ce he s e>ly acquir$ 0 to be 8 great tool2 8 "w on ! ,geological ,survey gave him a national reputation :i* 0 an ess5tial condition ( success2 8 life at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 :]e he 0 untrammel$ by ! traditions ( ! old] univ]sities1 enabl$ him to mature ! practical me?ods ( sci5tific tea*+ :i* 7 to comm5d ! future in/itution to a work+ community2 &1 mo/ ( all1 ! =ce ( "* & l>ge humanity develop$ by 8 v>i$ exp]i5ce ) ! _w 7 to give him ! p[]1 ev5 9 ! cons]vative ,/ate ( 8 late adoption1 to mold legislators & m5 ( affairs to 8 wise designs4 ,x w\ld be out ( place1 z x w\ld be unnecess>y1 to dwell 9 ?is connection on ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,! facts are v g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is community1 & ! /ory has be5 already well told4 ,! conception 0 by no means a sudd5 inspiration1 b 0 sl[ly matur$ out ( a f> m g5]al & less specific plan1 orig9at+ 9 a committee ( l>ge-m9d$ citiz5s ( ,bo/on1 :o1 9 #ahei1 & aga9 9 #ahfj1 petition$ ! ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts to set ap>t a small portion ( ! l& reclaim$ f ! ,back ,bay = ! use ( su* sci5tific1 indu/rial1 & f9e art in/itutions z may associate toge!r = ! public good4 ,! l>ge s*eme fail$2 b f ! failure arose two in/itutions :i* are ! honor & pride ( ,bo/on--! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts & ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,pr(essor ,rog]s _h only a second>y influ5ce2 b "o ( 8 memorials to ! ,legislature conta9s a mo/ eloqu5t /atem5t1 (t5 quot$1 ( ! value ( ! f9e arts 9 education1 :i* atte/s at once ! bread? ( 8 culture & ! l>g5ess ( 8 sympa?ies4 ,al?\gh ! committee ( g5tlem5 above ref]r$ to _h fail$ to c>ry out _! g5]al plan1 yet ! discussions to :i* x gave rise _h develop$ su* an int]e/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an in/itution to be devot$ to indu/rial sci5ce & education t !y det]m9$ ^u tak+ ! prelim9>y /eps t[>d ! organization ( su* an in/itution4 ,a sub-committee 0 *>g$ ) prep>+ a plan2 & ! result 0 a docum5t1 writt5 by ,pr(essor ,rog]s1 entitl$ ,objects & ,plan ( an ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,t docum5t gave bir? to ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 = x enli/$ suffici5t int]e/ to au?orize ! committee to g =w>d4 ,a *>t] ) a conditional grant ( l& 0 obta9$ f ! ,legislature 9 #ahfa1 & ! in/itution 0 def9itely organiz$1 & ,pr(essor ,rog]s appo9t$ ,presid5t1 ,april #h1 #ahfb4 ,/ill1 ! f9al plans 7 n matur$1 & x 0 n until ,may #cj1 #ahfd1 t ! gov]nm5t ( ! new in/itution adopt$ ! report prep>$ by its presid5t1 entitl$ ,scope & ,plan ( ! ,s*ool ( ,indu/rial ,sci5ce ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 :i* ,dr4 ,runkle has call$ ! intellectual *>t] ( ! in/itution1 & :i* he /ates has be5 foll[$ 9 all ess5tial po9ts to ?is v day4 ,9 /rik+ confirmation ( :at we h writt5 above1 ,dr4 ,runkle fur!r says3 ,9 ?is docum5t we see m cle>ly ! bread?1 dep?1 & v>iety ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s's sci5tific k1 & 8 l>ge exp]i5ce 9 college tea*+ & discipl9e4 ,x ne$$ j ?is comb9ation ( acquirem5ts & exp]i5ce to put 8 conceptions into work+ %ape1 to gr\p toge!r ^? /udies & ex]cises :i* naturally & prop]ly belong to ea* pr(essional c\rse1 & ?us enable o!rs to see ! guid+-l9es :i* mu/ direct & limit _! "w 9 its relations to ! dem&s ( o!r dep>tm5ts4444 ,! exp]im5tal elem5t 9 our s*ool--a feature :i* has be5 widely recogniz$ z *>act]i/ic--is und\bt$ly due to ! /ress & di/9ctness giv5 to x 9 ! ',scope & ,plan4' ,9 our discipl9e we mu/ also give cr$it to ! tact & l>ge-he>t$ness ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s--9 ! fact t we are entirely free f all petty rules & regulations relat+ to conduct1 free f all antagonism betwe5 tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,! associates ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s 9 ?is ,academy--_m ( !m 8 associates also 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 or 9 ! ,society ( ,arts1 :i* 0 s important a feature ( ! organization--w rememb] ) :at admiration !y wat*$ ! indefatigable c>e ) :i* its ev] active presid5t fo/]$ ! "y life ( ! in/itution he _h creat$4 ,!y "k h[1 dur+ ! e>li] ye>s1 he bore ! :ole weight ( ! responsibility ( ! tru/ he _h volunt>ily & unselfi%ly assum$ = ! public good2 h[1 :ile by 8 p]sonal influ5ce obta9+ means = ! daily support ( ! s*ool1 he gave a great "p ( ! in/ruction1 & ext5d$ a p]sonal reg>d to e individual /ud5t committ$ to 8 *>ge4 ,!y recall ) :at wisdom1 skill1 tact1 & pati5ce he direct$ ! increas+ means & exp&+ scope ( ! n[ vigor\s in/itution1 ov]com+ ob/acles1 reconcil+ diff]5ces1 & +ratiat+ public favor4 ,!y w nev] =get h[1 :5 ! great depression succe$$ ! unheal?y bus9ess activity caus$ by ! civil w>1 dur+ :i* ! in/itution _h its rise1 ! p[]ful influ5ce ( its great lead] 0 able to conduct x safely ?r\gh ! f9ancial /orm4 ,!y greatly griev$ :51 9 ! autumn ( #ahfh1 ! great man :o _h accompli%$ s mu*1 b on :om s mu* dep5d$1 8 n]ves fatigu$ by c>e & ov]work1 0 oblig$ to transf] ! lead]%ip to a y\ng] man2 & t5 ye>s lat] 7 correspond+ly rejoic$ to see ! honor$ *ief come aga9 to ! front1 ) 8 m5tal p[] unimpair$1 & ) adequate /r5g? to use 8 well-e>n$ influ5ce to secure ^? end[m5ts :i* ! increas$ life ( ! in/itution requir$2 & !y rejoic$ ) him :5 he 0 able to transf] to a wor?y successor ! complet$ edifice1 well e/abli%$ & equipp$--an endur+ monum5t to ! nobility ( "* & ! consecration ( tal5ts4 ,!y h be5 pres5t also on t la/ occasion1 & h unit$ 9 ! acclamation :i* be/[$ on him ! title ,f\nd] & ,fa!r p]petual1 by a pat5t indefeasible4 ,!y h he>d 8 feel+ b mode/ response1 & h be5 rejoic+ ?\gh te>ful witnesses :51 aft] ! f9al seal ( comm5dation 0 set1 he fell back1 & ! great "w 0 done4 ,we honor ! successful tea*]1 we honor ! inve/igator ( ,nature's laws1 we honor ! upright director ( affairs--& our late associate _h all ^! claims to our reg>d2 b we honor mo/ ( all ! noble manhood--& ( su* make are ! f\nd]s ( great in/itutions4 ,9 comp>ison1 h[ empty are ! ord9>y titles ( di/9ction ( :i* mo/ m5 are pr\d6 ,x seems n[ almo/ trivial to add t our associate 0 decorat$ ) a ,doctor's degree1 bo? by 8 own univ]sity & also by ! ,univ]sity at ,cambridge2 t he 0 s\ght z a memb] by _m le>n$ societies2 t he 0 twice call$ to preside ov] ! annual meet+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce2 & t1 at ! dea? ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 he 0 ! "o man ( ! c\ntry to :om all po9t$ z ! ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is la/ honor1 h[ev]1 0 "o on :i* x is a satisfaction to dwell = a mom5t1 because x gave satisfaction to ,pr(essor ,rog]s1 & ! (fice 0 "o :i* he greatly adorn$1 & = :i* 8 unusual oratorical abilities 7 s well suit$4 ,he 0 a mo/ admirable presid+ (fic] ( a le>n$ society4 ,8 bread? ( s\l & urbanity ( mann] ins5sibly resolv$ ! discords :i* (t5 di/urb ! h>monies ( sci5tific tru?4 ,he _h ! delicate tact s to introduce a speak] z to w9 9 advance ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce1 )\t intrud+ 8 own p]sonality2 & :5 a pap] 0 read1 & ! discussion clos$1 he w\ld sum up ! argum5t ) su* cle>ness1 & ?r[ ar\nd ! subject su* a gl[ ( light1 t ab/ruse results ( sci5tific inve/igation 7 made cle> to ! g5]al compreh5sion1 & a recognition ga9$ = ! au?or :i* ! %r9k+ inve/igator c\ld nev] h secur$ = himself4 ,to ,pr(essor ,rog]s ! tru? 0 always beautiful1 & he c\ld make x radiant4 ,x is also a pleasure to record1 9 conclusion1 t ,pr(essor ,rog]s's decl9+ ye>s 7 pass$ 9 great com=t & tranquillity1 amid/ all ! am5ities ( life2 t to ! la/ he _h ! companion%ip ( h] :om he s greatly lov$2 & t increas+ infirmities 7 gu>d$ & ! accid5ts ( age w>d$ (f ) a wat*fulness t only ! t5d]e/ love c keep4 ,we delight to rememb] him 9 t pleasant summ] home at ,newport1 :i* he made s fully 9 reality z 9 "n ! ,morn+-side1 t we nev] ?\ght ( him z old1 & to believe t ! morn+ gl[ :i* he s (t5 wat*$ spread+ above ! ea/]n ocean 0 ! promise ( ! full] day on :i* he has ent]$4 ,,viii4 ,,jean-,,bapti/e-,,&re ,,dumas4,k ,jean-,bapti/e-,&re ,dumas 0 born at ,alais1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ,july #ad1 #ahjj4 ,8 fa!r belong$ to an anci5t family1 0 a man ( culture1 & held ! position z cl]k to ! municipality ( ,alais4 ,! son 0 educat$ at ! college ( 8 native place1 & appe>s to h be5 de/9$ by 8 p>5ts = ! naval s]vice4 ,b ! an>*y & blood%$ :i* att5d$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,fir/ ,empire produc$ su* an av]sion to a milit>y life t 8 p>5ts ab&on$ _! plan1 & appr5tic$ him to an apo!c>y ( ! t[n4 ,he rema9$ 9 ?is situation1 h[ev]1 b a %ort "t2 =1 ow+ to ! same sad causes1 he _h =m$ an e>ne/ desire to leave 8 home1 &1 8 p>5ts yield+ to 8 wi%1 he travel$ on foot to ,g5eva 9 #ahaf1 :]e he _h relatives :o gave him a fri5dly welcome1 & :]e he f\nd employm5t 9 ! ph>macy ( ,le ,roy]4 ,k ,repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xix1 #ahhc-'hd4 ,at t "t ,g5eva 0 ! c5t] ( mu* sci5tific activity1 & "y ,dumas1 :ile dis*>g+ 8 duties 9 ! ph>macy1 _h ! opportunity ( att5d+ lectures on botany by ,m4 de ,c&olle1 on physics by ,m4 ,pictet1 & on *emi/ry by ,m4 ,gasp>d de la ,rive2 & f ^! lectures he acquir$ an e>ne/ zeal = sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! laboratory ( ! ph>macy gave him ! necess>y opportunities = exp]im5t+1 & an obs]vation :i* he made ( ! def9ite proportions ( wat] conta9$ 9 v>i\s comm]cial salts1 al?\gh yield+ no new results1 ga9$ = him ! att5tion & fri5d%ip ( ,de la ,rive4 ,soon aft] we f9d ! "y philosoph] attempt+ to d$uce ! volumes ( ! atoms 9 solid & liquid bodies by c>efully det]m9+ _! specific gravities1 & ?us anticipat+ a me?od :i* ?irty ye>s lat] 0 m fully develop$ by ,h]mann ,kopp4 ,ab\t ?is "t "y ,dumas _h ! good =tune to r5d] an important s]vice to "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ physicians ( ,g5eva1 ^: "n is associat$ ) ! b5eficial uses ( iod9e 9 cases ( goitre4 ,x _h occurr$ to ,dr4 ,co9det t burn$ sponge1 !n g5]ally us$ z a rem$y = t disease1 might owe its efficacy to ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( iod9e2 & on ref]r+ ! "q to ,dumas1 ! "y *emi/ n only prov$ ! pres5ce ( iod9e 9 ! sponge1 b also indicat$ ! be/ me?od ( adm9i/]+ :at prov$ to be almo/ a specific rem$y4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ?is inve/igation t ,dumas's "n fir/ appe>s 9 public4 ,! discov]y produc$ a great s5sation1 & = _m ye>s ! manufacture ( iod9e prep>ations br\ght bo? weal? & reputation to ! ph>macy ( ,le ,roy]4 ,soon aft]1 ,dumas =m$ an intimacy ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,prevo/1 !n rec5tly return$ f pursu+ 8 /udies 9 ,ed9burgh & ,dubl91 & 0 induc$ to und]take a s]ies ( physiological inve/igations1 :i* = a "t )drew him f 8 /rictly *emical /udies4 ,sev]al valuable pap]s on physiological subjects 7 publi%$ by ,prevo/ & ,dumas1 :i* attract$ ! notice ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 :o on visit+ ,g5eva1 9 #ahbb1 s\ght out ,dumas & awak5$ 9 him a desire to seek a wid] field ( activity ?an 8 pres5t position op5$ to him4 ,9 consequ5ce he remov$ to ,p>is 9 #ahbc1 :]e ! reputation he _h s des]v$ly e>n$ at ,g5eva won = him a cordial reception at :at 0 !n ! *ief c5t] ( sci5tific /udy 9 ,europe4 ,la ,place1 ,b]?ollet1 ,vauquel91 ,gay-,lussac1 ,!n>d1 ,alex&re ,brongni>t1 ,cuvi]1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,arago1 ,amp]e1 & ,poisson1 all manife/$ _! int]e/ 9 ! "y inve/igator4 ,dumas 0 soon appo9t$ ,repetiteur de ,*imie at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 & also ,lectur] at ! ,a!naeum1 an in/itution f\nd$ & ma9ta9$ by public subscription1 = ! purpose ( excit+ popul> int]e/ 9 lit]ature & sci5ce2 & f ?is beg9n+ 8 advancem5t to ! highe/ position :i* a man ( sci5ce c occupy 9 ,france 0 extremely rapid4 ,9 #ahbf he m>ri$ ,mdlle4 ,h]m9ie ,brongni>t1 ! elde/ daught] ( ,alex&re ,brongni>t1 ! illu/ri\s geologi/1 an alliance :i* n only br\ght him great happ9ess1 & at ! "t greatly advanc$ 8 social position1 b also 9 aft] ye>s made 8 h\se "o ( ! *ief resorts ( ! sci5tific society ( ,p>is4 ,! _m :o h %>$ its g5]\s hospitality w appreciate h[ greatly1 = m ?an half a c5tury1 ,madame ,dumas has aid$ ! "w & ext5d$ ! influ5ce ( h] noble husb&4 ,9 #ahbh-'bi ,dumas unit$ ) ,!odore ,olivi] & ,eug5e ,peclet 9 f\nd+ ! ,ecole ,c5trale des ,arts et ,manufactures1 an in/itution :i* met ) great success1 & 9 :i*1 z ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,dumas r5d]$ mo/ effici5t s]vice = _m ye>s2 & 9 #ahgh _h ! v good =tune to aid 9 celebrat+ ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( 8 own f\ndation1 & to see x ackn[l$g$ z among ! mo/ important & effici5t sci5tific in/itutions ( ! _w4 ,9 #ahcb ,dumas succe$$ ,gay-,lussac z ,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne2 9 #ahce he succe$$ ,!n>d at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique2 & 9 #ahci he succe$$ ,deyeux at ! ,ecole de ,m$ec9e4 ,?us be=e ! age ( =ty he fill$ successively1 & = "s "t simultane\sly1 all ! important pr(essor%ips ( *emi/ry 9 ,p>is except "o4 ,?is exception 0 t ( ! ,college ( ,france1 ) :i* he 0 nev] p]man5tly connect$1 al?\gh x 0 !re t he deliv]$ 8 fam\s c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 :5 tempor>ily supply+ ! place ( ,!n>d4 ,dumas e>ly recogniz$ ! importance ( laboratory in/ruction 9 *emi/ry1 = :i* !re 7 no facilities at ,p>is :5 he fir/ came to :at 0 !n ! c5t] ( ! _w's sci5ce2 & 9 #ahcb f\nd$ a laboratory = rese>* at 8 own exp5se4 ,?is laboratory1 fir/ e/abli%$ at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 0 remov$ to ! ,rue ,cuvi] 9 #ahci1 :]e x rema9$ until brok5 up by ! ,revolution ( #ahdh4 ,! laboratory 0 small1 & ,dumas w\ld receive only a few advanc$ /ud5ts1 & ^! on t]ms :olly gratuit\s4 ,among ^! /ud5ts 7 ,piria1 ,/as1 ,mels5s1 ,leblanc1 ,lal&e1 & ,lewy1 ) ^: aid he c>ri$ on _m ( 8 important inve/igations4 ,by ! ,revolution ( #ahdh ,dumas's activities 7 = a "t div]t$ into political *annels2 b "u ! ,second ,empire 8 laboratory 0 re-e/abli%$ at ! ,sorbonne1 & 9 #ahfh 0 remov$ to ! ,ecole ,c5trale4 ,! political episode ( ,dumas's life 0 ! natural result ( an active m9d ) wide sympa?ies1 :i* recognizes 9 ! press+ dem&s ( society its highe/ duty4 ,! political & social upheaval ( #ahdh seem$ at ! "t to endang] ! /ability 9 ,france ( ev]y?+ :i* a cultivat$ & le>n$ man holds mo/ de>2 & ,dumas 0 n "o to consid] 8 own pref]5ces :5 he felt he c\ld aid 9 av]t+ ! calamities :i* ?reat5$ 8 c\ntry4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,revolution ( ,febru>y1 he accept$ a seat 9 ! ,legislative ,assembly (f]$ him by ! electors ( ! ,arrondissem5t ( ,val5ci5nes4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ! ,presid5t ( ! ,republic call$ him to fill ! (fice ( ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,empire he 0 elevat$ to ! rank ( ,s5ator1 & %ortly aft] 8 entrance into ! ,s5ate he became ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,high ,c\ncil ( ,education4 ,9 ord] to re=m ! abuses into :i* _m ( ! high] educational in/itutions ( ,p>is _h fall51 be accept$ a place 9 ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is1 ov] :i* he subsequ5tly presid$ f #ahei to #ahgj4 ,9 #ahfh ,dumas 0 appo9t$ ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t ( ,france2 b he reta9$ ! (fice only dur+ a %ort "t1 = ) ! fall ( ! ,second ,empire1 9 #ahgj1 8 political c>e] came to an abrupt t]m9ation4 ,! ,s5ate _h ceas$ to exi/1 & 9 ! /ormy days :i* foll[$1 ! ,municipal ,c\ncil _h naturally *ang$ its complexion2 & ev5 at ! ,m9t1 ! man :o _h held su* a conspicu\s position "u ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to vacate 8 place4 ,"s ye>s previ\sly he _h resign$ 8 pr(essor%ips because 8 (ficial positions 7 incompatible ) 8 relations z tea*]1 & n[1 at ! age ( sev5ty1 he f\nd himself = ! fir/ "t reliev$ f ! daily r\t9e ( (ficial duties1 & free to devote 8 leisure to ! noble "w ( enc\rag+ rese>*1 & ?us promot+ ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,he _h rea*$ an age :5 active inve/igation 0 almo/ an impossibility1 b 8 comm&+ position gave him ! opportunity ( ex]t+ a mo/ p[]ful influ5ce1 & ?is he us$ ) great effect4 ,9 e>ly life he _h be5 elect$1 9 #ahcb1 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 succession to ,s]ullas2 9 #ahfh he _h succe$$ ,fl\r5s z its ,p]man5t ,secret>y2 & 9 #ahge he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy z successor to ,guizot1 a di/9ction r>ely atta9$ by a man ( sci5ce4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 z ,p]man5t ,secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces t ,dumas ex]t$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 8 greate/ influ5ce4 ,he 0 ! c5tral figure & ! rul+ _s ( ?is di/+ui%$ body4 ,no important commission 0 complete )\t him1 & on all public occasions he 0 ! orator ( ! body1 always graceful1 always eloqu5t4 ,9 ann\nc+ ,dumas's dea? to ! ,academy1 ,m4 ,roll&1 ! presid+ (fic]1 said3 ,v\s savez la "p consid]able que ,dumas pr5ait a vos travaux et v\s avez bi5 s\v5t admire1 comme moi1 la haute intellig5ce et la tact inf9i avec lesquels il savait imprim] a nos discussions les =mes mod]ees et c\rtoises inh]5tes a sa nature et a son c>act]e4 ,s\s ce rapport aussi la p]te de ,dumas e/ irrep>able et cree dans l',academie un vide bi5 difficile a combl]4 ,aussi1 longtemps encore n\s *]*]ons1 a la place qu'il occupait au ,bureau avec tant d'autorite1 la figure sympa?ique et v5]ee de notre bi5aime ,secretaire p]petuel4 ,& :ile ,dumas 0 /ill occupy+ 8 conspicu\s position 9 ! ,academy1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( 8 ,g]man contempor>ies,l wrote ( him3 ,an ev]-ready int]pret] ( ! rese>*es ( o!rs1 he always height5s ! value ( :at he communicates by add+ f ! ri* /ores ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 ?us (t5 convey+ lights n notic$ ev5 by ! au?ors ( ^? rese>*es4 ,l ,a4 ,w4 ,h(mann1 9 ,nature1 ,febru>y #f1 #ahhj1 to ^: admirable & ext5d$ biography ! writ] is indebt$ = mu* ( ! mat]ial ) :i* ?is notice has be5 prep>$4 ,:5 ! writ] la/ saw ,dumas1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahha-'hb1 ! great *emi/ _h /ill all ! vivacity ( y\?1 & x 0 difficult to realize 8 age4 ,he took a lively int]e/ 9 all que/ions ( *emical philosophy1 :i* he discuss$ ) great e>ne/ness & w>m?4 ,!re 0 ! same fire & ! same exub]ance ( fancy :i* _h en*ant$ me 9 8 lectures ?irty ye>s be=e4 ,at an age :5 mo/ m5 hold speculation 9 small e/eem1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) 8 criticism ( a contempor>y1 :o1 he said1 _h no imag9ation1 al?\gh he spoke ) ! highe/ praise ( 8 exp]im5tal skill4 ,at t "t ,dumas %[$ no signs ( impair$ /r5g?4 ,b dur+ ! foll[+ ye> 8 heal? began to fail1 & he di$ on ! #aa? ( ,april1 at ,cannes1 :]e he _h s\ght a retreat f ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] climate ( ,p>is4 ,dumas 0 "o ( ! few m5 ^: greatness c n be e/imat$ f a s+le po9t ( view4 ,he 0 n only em95t z an inve/igator ( nature1 b ev5 m em95t z a tea*] & an adm9i/rator4 ,beg9n+ ! /udy ( *emi/ry at ! culm9ation ( ! epo* ( ! ,lavoisi]ian sy/em1 & reg>d+1 z he always did1 ! au?or ( t sy/em ) ! greate/ admiration1 he nev]!less 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! weak po9t 9 its armor & inflict ! w\nd :i* l$ to its ov]?r[4 ,)\t attempt+ to detail ,dumas's num]\s contributions to *emical k1 we w "h only ref] to ?ree important inve/igations1 :i* produc$ a m>k$ influ5ce 9 ! progress ( *emical sci5ce4 ,:ile /ill 9 ,g5eva1 ,dumas1 z has be5 said1 made num]\s det]m9ations ( ! d5sities ( alli$ sub/ances1 ) a view to discov]+ ! relations ( :at he call$ _! molecul> or atomic volumes2 & x is no wond] to u t ! problem prov$ too complex to be solv$ at t "t4 ,aft] 8 removal to ,p>is he took up ! mu* simpl] problem :i* ! relations ( ! molecul> volumes ( a]i=m sub/ances pres5t1 & 8 pap] ,on ,"s ,po9ts ( ! ,atomic ,!ory1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique = #ahbf1 _h an important influ5ce 9 develop+ our mod]n *emical philosophy4 ,gay-,lussac _h previ\sly obs]v$1 n only t ! relative weights ( ! sev]al factors & products conc]n$ 9 a *emical process be> to ea* o!r def9ite proportions1 b also t1 :5 ! mat]ials are a]i=m1 ! relative volumes pres]ve an equally def9ite & /ill simpl] ratio4 ,moreov]1 on ! physical side1 ,avogadro1 & aft]w>d ,amp]e1 _h conceiv$ ! !ory1 t 9 ! /ate ( gas all molecules mu/ h ! same volume4 ,x 0 ,dumas :o fir/ saw t ^! pr9ciples furni%$ an important means ( v]ify+ ! molecul> & atomic weights4 ,i am engag$1 he writes1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts int5d$ to fix ! atomic weights ( a consid]able numb] ( bodies1 by det]m9+ _! d5sity 9 ! /ate ( gas or vapor4 ,!re rema9s 9 ?is case b "o hypo!sis to be made1 :i* is accept$ by all physici/s4 ,x consi/s 9 suppos+ t1 9 all ela/ic fluids obs]v$ "u ! same conditions1 ! molecules are plac$ at equal di/ances1 i4 e41 t !y are pres5t 9 !m 9 equal numb]s4 ,an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ?is mode ( look+ at ! "q has already be5 ! subject ( a le>n$ discussion on ! "p ( ,amp]e--& ,avogadro1 z ! au?or subsequ5tly adds--to :i*1 h[ev]1 *emi/s1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ,m4 ,gay-,lussac1 appe> to h giv5 z yet b little att5tion4 ,x consi/s 9 ! necessity ( consid]+ ! molecules ( ! simple/ gases z capable ( a fur!r division--a division occurr+ 9 ! mom5t ( comb9ation1 & v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! comp\nd4 ,"h1 x is obvi\s1 are ! v conceptions :i* =m ! basis ( our mod]n *emical philosophy2 & at fir/ we are surpris$ t !y did n lead ,dumas at once to ! full realization ( ! consequ5ces :i* ! doctr9e ( equal molecul> volumes involves 9 ! int]pretation ( ! con/itution ( *emical comp\nds1 & to ! cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! physically smalle/ p>ticles & ! *emically smalle/ p>ticles1 or ! molecules & ! atoms1 z we n[ call ! physical & ! *emical units4 ,?is di/9ction is impli$ ?r\gh\t ,dumas's pap] already quot$1 & is illu/rat$ by a /rik+ example 9 ! introduction to 8 treatise on ,*emi/ry appli$ to ! ,arts1 publi%$ two ye>s lat]2 b ! gr\nd 0 n yet prep>$ to receive ! se$1 & m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury mu/ pass be=e ! full h>ve/ ( ?is fruitful hypo!sis c\ld be reap$4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two important incid5tal results ( ?is inve/igation f :i* *emical sci5ce imm$iately pr(it$4 ,"o 0 a simple me?od ( det]m9+ ) accuracy ! vapor d5sities ( volatile sub/ances :i* has s9ce be5 kn[n by ,dumas's "n4 ,! o!r 0 a radical *ange 9 ! =mula ( ! silicates4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,b]zelius1 :o bas$ 8 op9ion *iefly on ! analogy betwe5 ! silicates & ! sulphates1 ! =mula ,si,o#c1 _h be5 accept$ z repres5t+ ! con/itution ( silica4 ,b f ! d5sity ( bo? ! *loride & ! fluoride ( silicon ,dumas conclud$ t ! =mula 0 ,si,o#b1 a conclusion :i* is n[ se5 to be 9 complete h>mony ) ! s*eme ( alli$ comp\nds4 ,to ,b]zelius1 h[ev]1 ! new views appe>$ :olly out ( h>mony ) ! sy/em ( *emi/ry :i* he _h s greatly assi/$ 9 develop+1 & he oppos$ !m ) ! :ole weight ( 8 p[]ful influ5ce1 & s f> succe$$ z to prev5t _! g5]al adoption = _m ye>s4 ,/ill1 ! new mode ( look+ at ! con/itution ( silicic acid sl[ly b surely ga9$ gr\nd1 & x is n[ s firmly root$ 9 our convictions1 t ! y\ng] g5]ation ( *emi/s w sc>cely und]/& ! p]t9acity ) :i* ?is innovation 0 resi/$4,m ,m ,h(mann1 loc4 cit4 ,b if ?is inve/igation ( gas & vapor d5sities br\ght a great /ra9 ^u ! duali/ic sy/em1 ! second ( ! ?ree great inve/igations ( ,dumas1 to :i* we h ref]r$1 l$ to its complete ov]?r[4 ,! exp]im5tal results ( ?is inve/igation w\ld n be reg>d$ at ! pres5t day z rem>kable1 & c n be comp>$ ei!r 9 bread? or intricacy ) ! results ( num]\s inve/igations ( a simil> "* :i* h s9ce be5 made4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! results 7 ! sub/itution products obta9$ by ! action ( *lor9e gas on acetic acid4 ,!y 7 publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( pap]s entitl$ ,sur les ,types ,*imiques1 & ! capital po9t made 0 t *lor9e c\ld be sub/itut$ 9 acetic acid = a l>ge "p ( ! hydrog5 )\t de/roy+ ! acid relations ( ! product2 & ! inf]5ce 01 t ! qualities ( a comp\nd sub/ance dep5d n simply on ! nature ( ! elem5ts ( :i* x consi/s1 b also on ! mann] or type accord+ to :i* ^! elem5ts are comb9$4 ,to ! *emi/s ( ! pres5t day ^! results & inf]5ces seem s natural t x is difficult to und]/& ! _s ) :i* !y 7 receiv$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t at t "t ! conceptions ( *emi/s 7 :olly mold$ 9 ! duali/ic sy/em4 ,x 0 ?\ght t *emical action dep5d$ ^u ! antagonism betwe5 metals & metalloids1 bases & acids1 acid salts & basic salts1 & t ! qualities ( ! products result$ f ! bl5d+ ( su* opposite virtues4 ,t *lor9e %\ld unite ) hydrog5 0 natural1 = no two sub/ances c\ld be m unlike2 b t *lor9e %\ld supply ! place ( hydrog5 9 a *emical comp\nd 0 a conception :i* ! duali/s sc\t$ z absurd4 ,ev5 ,liebig1 ! fa!r ( organic *emi/ry1 w>mly controv]t$ ! int]pretation :i* ,dumas _h giv5 to ! facts he _h discov]$4 ,liebig himself _h successfully inve/igat$ ! *emical relations ( a l>ge class ( organic products4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 work$ on ! l9es ( ! duali/ic sy/em1 %[+ t organic sub/ances might be class$ ) simil> inorganic sub/ances1 if we assume t c]ta9 gr\ps ( atoms1 :i* he call$ comp\nd radicals1 might take ! place ( elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,9 ! edition ( ! organic "p ( ,turn]'s ,*emi/ry be>+ 8 "n1 organic *emi/ry is def9$ z ! *emi/ry ( comp\nd radicals1 & ! =mulas ( organic comp\nds are repres5t$ on ! duali/ic sy/em4 ,liebig's conceptions 7 !re=e naturally oppos$ to ^? advanc$ by ,dumas2 b x is pleasant to "k t ! controv]sy :i* arose nev] di/urb$ ! fri5dly relations betwe5 ^! two noble m5 ( sci5ce1 :o c\ld approa* ! same tru? f diff]5t sides1 & yet h fai? t ea* 0 work+ = ! same great end4 ,9 8 commemorative address on ,pel\ze1 ,dumas expresses t[>d ,liebig s5tim5ts ( affectionate reg>d1 & ,liebig d$icates to ,dumas1 ) equal w>m?1 ! ,g]man edition ( 8 ,lett]s on ,*emi/ry4 ,by ! second inve/igation1 z by ! fir/1 al?\gh ,dumas gave a mo/ fruitful conception to *emi/ry1 he only took ! fir/ /ep 9 develop+ x4 ,8 conception ( *emical types 0 v indef9ite1 & ,laur5t wrote ( x1 a few ye>s lat]3 ,dumas's !ory is too g5]al2 by its poetic color+1 x l5ds itself to false int]pretations2 x is a programme ( :i* we await ! realization4 ,laur5t himself help$ t[>d ?is realization1 & 9 8 e>ly dea? left ! "w to 8 associate & fri5d ,g]h>dt1 :o pu%$ x =w>d ) great zeal1 classify+ *emical comp\nds accord+ to ! f\r types ( hydro*loric acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & m>%-gas4 ,h(mann1 ,williamson1 ,wurtz1 & _m o!rs1 greatly aid$ 9 ?is "w by realiz+ _m ( ! possibilities :i* ^! types sugge/$2 & ?us mod]n ,/ructural ,*emi/ry gradually grew up1 9 :i* ! types ( ,dumas & ,g]h>dt h be5 9 _! turn sup]s$$ by ! l>g] views :i* ! doctr9e ( quantival5ce has op5$ out to ! sci5tific imag9ation4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 h[ev]1 t1 :ile ! gr[? began 9 ,france1 ! h>ve/ has be5 *iefly reap$ by ,g]mans2 & t1 al?\gh 9 its inception ! movem5t 0 /rongly oppos$ 9 ,g]many1 its legitimate conclusions are n[ repudiat$ by ! mo/ influ5tial s*ool ( ,fr5* *emi/s4 ,! ?ird great inve/igation ( ,dumas 0 8 revision ( ! atomic weights ( _m ( ! *emical elem5ts1 & 9 none ( 8 "w did he %[ great] exp]im5tal skill4 ,8 det]m9ation ( ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 by ! syn!sis ( wat]1 & ( t ( c>bon by ! syn!sis ( c>bonic dioxide1 are models ( quantitative exp]im5tal "w4 ,to ?is inve/igation1 z to all 8 o!r "w1 ,dumas 0 direct$ by 8 vivid sci5tific imag9ation4 ,9 8 tea*+1 f ! fir/1 he _h aim$ to exhibit ! relations ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances by class+ !m 9 gr\ps ( alli$ bodies2 & at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahea he _h delight$ ! *emical section by ! eloqu5ce & =ce ) :i* he exhibit$ su* relations1 especially triads ( elem5t>y sub/ances2 su* z *lor9e1 brom9e1 & iod9e2 oxyg51 sulphur1 & sel5ium2 phosphorus1 ars5ic1 & antimony2 calcium1 b>ium1 & /rontium3 9 :i* n only ! atomic weight1 b also ! qualities ( ! middle memb] ( ! triad1 7 ! mean ( ^? ( ! o!r two memb]s4 ,lat]1 he came to reg>d ^! triads z p>ts ( m ext5d$ s]ies1 9 ea* ( :i* ! atomic weights increas$ f ! fir/ to ! la/ elem5t ( ! s]ies1 by det]m9ate1 b n always by equal diff]5ces1 ! values be+1 if n exact multiples ( ! hydrog5 atom accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,pr\t1 at lea/ multiples ( "o half or "o qu>t] ( t weight4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! speculations 7 m fanciful ?an s\nd1 & t ,dumas did n d full ju/ice to e>li] !ories ( ! same k9d2 b ) him ^! speculations 7 m]ely ! ornam5ts1 n ! sub/ance ( 8 "w1 & !y l$ him to fix m accurately ! con/ants ( *emi/ry1 & ?us to lay a tru/wor?y f\ndation ^u :i* ! sup]/ructure ( sci5ce c\ld safely be built4 ,t exub]ance ( fancy to :i* we h ref]r$ made ,dumas "o ( ! mo/ successful ( tea*]s1 & "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( lectur]s4 ,x 0 ! privilege ( ! writ] to att5d ! l>g] "p ( two ( 8 c\rses ( lectures giv5 9 ,p>is1 9 ! w9t]s ( #ahdh & #ahea1 & he rememb]s di/9ctly ! impression produc$4 ,besides ! well-arrang$ mat]ial & ! c>efully prep>$ exp]im5t1 !re 0 an elegance & pomp ( circum/ance :i* add$ greatly to ! effect4 ,! l>ge !atre ( ! ,sorbonne 0 fill$ to ov]fl[+ long be=e ! h\r4 ,! lectur] always ent]$ at ! exact mom5t1 9 full ev5+ dress1 & held to ! end ( a two h\rs' lecture ! unflagg+ att5tion ( 8 audi5ce4 ,! manipulations 7 entirely left to ! c>e ( a numb] ( assi/ants1 :o br\ght ea* exp]im5t to a conclusion at ! exact mom5t :5 ! illu/ration 0 requir$4 ,an elegance ( diction1 an appropriat5ess ( illu/ration1 & a beauty ( exposition1 :i* c\ld n be excell$1 7 display$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! en?usiasm ( a ,fr5* audi5ce add$ to ! animation ( ! sc5e4 ,to ! writ] ! lectures ( ,dumas 7 br\ght 9 contra/ to ^? ( ,f>aday4 ,bo? 7 p]fect ( _! k9d1 b v diff]5t4 ,f>aday's me?od 0 f> m simple & natural1 & he excell$ ,dumas 9 br++ home to "y m9ds ab/ruse tru?s by ! logic ( well-arrang$ consecutive exp]im5t4 ,) ,dumas !re 0 no attempt to popul>ize sci5ce2 he excell$ 9 cle>ness & elegance ( exposition4 ,he exhau/$ ! subject :i* he treat$1 & 0 able to ?r[ a gl[ ( int]e/ ar\nd details :i* by mo/ tea*]s w\ld h be5 made dry & pr(itless4 ,two volumes ( ,dumas's lectures h be5 publi%$2 "o comprises 8 c\rse on ! ,philosophy ( ,*emi/ry1 deliv]$ at ! ,college ( ,france 9 #ahcf2 ! o!r conta9s only a s+le lecture1 accompani$ by notes1 entitl$ ,! ,balance ( ,organic ,life1 :i* 0 deliv]$ at ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,p>is1 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahda4 ,9 bo? ^! volumes w be f\nd ! beauty ( exposition & ! elegance ( diction ( :i* we h spok51 & !y are models ( lit]>y /yle4 ,b ( c\rse ! sympa!tic en?usiasm ( ! great man's pres5ce c n be reproduc$ by writt5 words4 ,! lecture on ,! ,balance ( ,organic ,life 0 probably ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,dumas's lit]>y ef=ts4 ,x dealt simply ) ! relations :i* ! vegetable su/a9s to ! animal k+dom ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 ?\gh n[ s famili>1 7 !n n g5]ally und]/ood2 & ! late ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 :o he>d ! lecture1 always spoke ( x ) ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,z might be expect$1 ,dumas's oratory f\nd an ample field 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies & 9 ! ,s5ate2 & :e!r sett+ =? a project ( reca/+ ! copp] co9age or a law ( dra9age1 or ridicul+ ! absurd !ories ( homoeopa?y1 he rivet$ ! att5tion ( 8 colleagues z completely z he _h entranc$ ! /ud5ts at ! ,sorbonne4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 ,dumas 0 a volum9\s writ]1 & 9 #ahbh publi%$ ! ,traite de ,*imie appliquee aux ,arts1 9 eight l>ge octavo volumes1 ) an atlas ( plates 9 qu>to4 ,b besides ?is ext5d$ treatise1 ! two volumes ( lectures j ref]r$ to are 8 only important lit]>y works4 ,he publi%$ num]\s pap]s 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 :i*1 z we h se51 produc$ a mo/ m>k$ effect on ! gr[? ( *emical sci5ce4 ,b ! numb] ( 8 monographs is n l>ge comp>$ ) ^? ( _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 & 8 "w is to be judg$ by its importance & influ5ce r ?an by ! ext5t ( ! field :i* x cov]s4 ,9 8 capacity ( ,presid5t ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil at ,p>is1 ( ,m9i/] ( ,agricultural ,comm]ce1 ( ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,high ,c\ncil ( ,education1 & ( ,p]petual ,secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,dumas _h abundant opportunity = ! ex]cise ( 8 adm9i/rative ability1 & no "o has que/ion$ 8 great p[]s 9 ?is direction2 b 9 reg>d to 8 political c>e] we c\ld n expect ! same unanimity ( op9ion4 ,t he 0 a lib]al "u ,l\is ,philippe1 & a reactioni/ "u ,l\is ,napoleon1 may possibly be reconcil$ ) a fix$ political fai? & an unsw]v+ aim = ! public good2 b 8 s*eme = civilian billet+ 7by :i* weal?y p hav+ rooms to sp>e 9 _! h\ses w\ld h be5 compell$ to billet artisans employ$ 9 public works7 leads "o to inf] t 8 /atesman%ip 0 n equal to 8 sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 !re c be no "q ab\t 8 l>ge-he>t$ *>ity4 ,he in/itut$ ! ,cr$it ,fonci]1 :i* fl\ri%es 9 great prosp]ity to ?is day2 he also f\nd$ ! ,caisse de ,retraite p\r la ,vieillesse1 & sev]al o!r agricultural *>ities1 :i*1 ?\gh less successful1 af=d great assi/ance to ag$ workm54 ,l\is ,napoleon us$ to say 9 je/ t ! :ole ( ! ,w> ,m9i/]'s budget w\ld n h be5 en\gh to realize ,m4 ,dumas's b5evol5t s*emes2 & once1 half-dazzl$1 half-amus$1 by "o ( ! *emi/'s va/ sanit>y projects1 he call$ him ! poet ( hygi5e4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t a man work+ ) su* em95t success 9 s _m sph]es ( activity1 & at "o ( ! *ief c5t]s ( ! _w's culture1 %\ld be load$ ) m$als1 & m>ks ( di/9ction ( e k9d4 ,x w\ld be idle to enum]ate ! ord]s ( knigh?ood1 or ! le>n$ societies1 to :i* he belong$1 =1 s f> f _! honor+ him1 he honor$ !m 9 accept+ _! memb]%ip4 ,x is a pleasure1 h[ev]1 to rememb] t he liv$ to realize 8 highe/ ambitions & to enjoy ! fruits ( 8 well-e>n$ r5[n4 ,france has add$ 8 "n 9 ! ,pan!on ,,aux ,,gr&s ,,hommes ,,la ,,patrie ,,reconnaissante4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,greek ,,"q4,n ,! "q :e!r ! college faculty ought to cont9ue to insi/ on a limit$ /udy ( ! anci5t ,greek language1 z an ess5tial pr]equisite ( receiv+ ! ,a4 ,b4 degree1 has be5 "u consid]ation at ,cambridge = a long "t2 &1 s9ce ! op9ions ( ^? ) :om ,i naturally sympa?ize h be5 s greatly misrepres5t$ 9 ! desultory discussion :i* has foll[$ ,mr4 ,adams's ,phi ,beta ,kappa oration1 ,i am glad ( ! opportunity to say a few words on ! ,greek "q4 ,n ,rem>ks made at ! d9n] ( ! ,h>v>d ,club ( ,rhode ,isl&1 ,newport1 ,augu/ #be1 #ahhc4 ,?is "q is by no means a new "o4 ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s x has be5 "u discussion at mo/1 if n at all1 ( ! great univ]sities ( ! _w2 &1 among o!rs1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 :i* /&s 9 ! v front rank1 has already conc$$ to :at we may call ! new culture all t c reasonably be ask$4 ,let me beg9 by ass]t+ t ! responsible advocates ( an expansion ( ! old academic sy/em d n wi% 9 ! lea/ degree to dim9i% ! /udy ( ! ,greek language1 ! ,greek lit]ature1 or ! ,greek art4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y wi% to enc\rage su* /udies by e legitimate means4 ,= myself ,i believe t ! old classical culture is ! be/ culture yet kn[n = ! lit]>y pr(essions2 & among ! lit]>y pr(essions ,i include bo? law & div9ity4 ,fifty ye>s ago ,i %\ld h said t x 0 ! only culture wor?y ( ! recognition ( a univ]sity4 ,b we live 9 ! pres5t1 n 9 ! pa/1 & a half-c5tury has :olly *ang$ ! relations ( human k4 ,reg>d ! *ange ) favor or disfavor1 z y please1 ! fact rema9s t ! natural sci5ces h become ! *ief factors ( our mod]n civilization2 &--:i* is ! important po9t 9 ?is connection--!y h giv5 rise to new pr(essions t m & m e ye> are op5+ occupations to our educat$ m54 ,! pr(essions ( ! *emi/1 ( ! m9+ eng9e]1 & ( ! electrician1 :i* h entirely gr[n up dur+ ! lifetime ( _m "h pres5t1 are j z le>n$ z ! old] pr(essions1 & are recogniz$ z su* by e univ]sity4 ,moreov]1 ! old pr(ession ( m$ic9e1 :i*1 :51 z =m]ly1 :olly rul$ by au?ority or traditions1 might h be5 class$ ) ! lit]>y pr(essions1 has come to re/ on a purely sci5tific basis4 ,9 a ^w1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! lit]>y & ! sci5tific pr(essions has become def9ite & wide1 & c no long] be ignor$ 9 our sy/ems ( education4 ,n[1 :ile !y w\ld accord to _! classical associates ! "r to decide :at is ! be/ culture = a lit]>y call+1 ! sci5tific exp]ts claim an equal "r to decide :at is ! be/ culture = a sci5tific call+4 ,ev] s9ce ! revival ( ,greek le>n+ 9 ,europe ! lit]>y s*ol>s h be5 work+ out an admirable sy/em ( education4 ,9 ?is sy/em mo/ ( u h be5 tra9$4 ,i w\ld pay x all honor1 & ,i w\ld "h be> my te/imony to ! ackn[l$g$ facts t 9 no dep>tm5ts ( our own univ]sity h ! me?ods ( tea*+ be5 s mu* improv$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s z 9 ! classical4 ,i %\ld resi/ z firmly z my classical colleagues any attempt to emasculate ! well-tri$ me?ods ( lit]>y culture1 & ,i h no sympa?y :atev] ) ! op9ion t ! /udy ( ! mod]n languages z polite accompli%m5ts c 9 any degree take ! place ( ! critical /udy ( ! great languages ( antiquity4 ,to comp>e ,g]man lit]ature ) ! ,greek1 or1 :at is worse1 ,fr5* lit]ature ) ! ,lat91 z means ( culture1 implies1 z x seems to me1 a =getfulness ( ! true _s ( lit]>y culture4 ,b lit]ature & sci5ce are v diff]5t ?+s1 & :at is "o man's meat may be ano!r man's poison1 & ! sci5tific tea*]s claim ! "r to direct ! tra9+ ( _! own m54 ,x is n _! aim to educate m5 to clo! ?\ght 9 beautiful & sugge/ive language1 to weave argum5t into correct & p]suasive =ms1 or to k9dle en?usiasm by eloqu5ce4 ,b x is _! object to prep>e m5 to unravel ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 to probe ! secrets ( disease1 to direct ! =ces ( nature1 & to develop ! res\rces ( ?is e>?4 ,^! la/ aims may be less spiritual1 l[] on y\r arbitr>y intellectual scale1 if y please1 ?an ! fir/2 b !y are none ! less legitimate aims :i* society dem&s ( educat$ m53 & all we claim is t ! a/ronom]s1 ! physici/s1 ! *emi/s1 ! biologi/s1 ! physicians1 & ! eng9e]s1 :o h %[n t !y are able to answ] ^! dem&s ( society1 %\ld be intru/$ ) ! tra9+ ( ^? :o are to foll[ !m 9 ! same "w4 ,n[1 su* is ! artificial condition ( our s*ools1 & s completely are !y rul$ by prescription1 t1 :5 we attempt to lay out a prop] c\rse ( tra9+ = ! sci5tific pr(essions1 we are met at ! v outset by ! ,greek "q4 ,greek is a requisition = admission to college1 & ! only s*ools 9 :i* a sci5tific tra9+ c be _h d n tea* ,greek1 &1 :at is m1 c n be expect$ to tea* x4 ,?is br+s u to ! root ( ! :ole difficulty ) :i* ! tea*]s ( natural sci5ce h be5 cont5d+1 & :i* is ! cause ( ! pres5t movem5t4 ,we c n obta9 any prop] sci5tific tra9+ f ! classical s*ools1 & ! pres5t requisitions = admission to college practically exclude /ud5ts prep>$ at any o!rs4 ,at ,cambridge we h va9ly tri$ to secure "s small measure ( sci5tific tra9+ 9 ! classical s*ools3 fir/1 by e/abli%+ summ] c\rses 9 practical sci5ce especially design$ = tra9+ tea*]s1 & *iefly resort$ to by su* p]sons2 &1 secondly1 by introduc+ "s sci5ce requisitions into ! admission exam9ations4 ,b ! attempt has be5 an utt] failure4 ,! sci5ce requisitions h be5 simply cramm$1 & ! result has be5 worse ?an useless2 because1 in/ead ( secur+ any tra9+ 9 ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 x has 9 mo/ cases giv5 a di/a/e = ! :ole subject4 ,true sci5ce-tea*+ is s utt]ly =eign to all _! me?ods t ! requisitions h m]ely hamp]$ ! classical s*ools1 & ! soon] !y are ab&on$ ! bett]4 ,bo? ! me?ods & ! _s ( lit]>y & sci5tific culture are s completely at v>iance t we c n expect !m to be successfully unit$ 9 ! same prep>atory s*ool4 ,we look1 !re=e1 to entirely diff]5t s*ools = ! two k9ds ( prep>ation = ! univ]sity :i* mod]n society dem&s--s*ools1 :i* = ! want ( bett] di/9ctive names1 we may call classical & sci5tific s*ools4 ,9 ! classical s*ool ! aim %\ld be1 z x has always be51 lit]>y culture1 & ! end %\ld be t p[] ( clo?+ ?\ght 9 words :i* awak5s ?\ght4 ,( c\rse1 ! results ( natural sci5ce mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t be taught2 = ev5 lit]>y m5 c n af=d to be :olly ignorant ( ! great p[]s t move ! _w4 ,b ! natural sci5ces %\ld be /udi$ z useful k1 n z a discipl9e1 & su* tea*+ %\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 ! lea/ degree to int]f]e ) ! s]i\s bus9ess ( ! place4 ,9 ! sci5tific s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile language mu/ be taught1 x %\ld be taught z a means1 n z an end4 ,! educat$ man ( sci5ce mu/ comm& at lea/ ,fr5* & ,g]man--& = ! pres5t a limit$ am\nt ( ,lat9--z well z 8 "m-tongue1 because sci5ce is cosmopolitan4 ,b ^! languages %\ld be acquir$ z tools1 & /udi$ no fur!r ?an !y are ess5tial to ! "o great end 9 view1 t k :i* is ! ess5tial condition ( ! p[] ( obs]v+1 int]pret+1 & rul+ natural ph5om5a4 ,9 su* a c\rse z ?is x is obvi\s t ! /udy ( ,greek w\ld h no place1 ev5 if !re 7 "t to devote to x1 & we c n alt] ! appo9t$ span ( human life1 ev5 out ( respect to ?is mo/ honor$ & wor?y repres5tative ( ! highe/ lit]>y culture4 ,( c\rse1 no "o w "q t ! s*ol> :o c comm& bo? ! lit]>y & sci5tific culture w be !reby s mu* ! /rong] & m useful man2 & c]ta9ly let u give e opportunity to ! d\ble fir/s to cultivate all _! abilities1 & s ! m effici5tly to b5efit ! _w4 ,b su* p[]s are r>e1 & ! great body ( ! sci5tific pr(essions mu/ be made up ( m5 :o c only d well ! special class ( "w 9 :i* !y h be5 tra9$2 &1 if y make c]ta9 =mal & arbitr>y requisitions1 l a small am\nt ( ,greek1 ob/acles 9 ! way ( _! advancem5t1 or ( t social recognition to :i* !y feel !mselves entitl$ z educat$ m51 ^? requisitions mu/ necess>ily be slight$1 & y\r policy w give rise to t cry ( feti* ( :i* rec5tly we h he>d s mu*4 ,n[1 all ! s*ools :i* prep>e /ud5ts = ,h>v>d ,college are classical s*ools4 ,we d n wi% to alt] ^! s*ools 9 any respect1 unless to make !m m ?or\gh 9 _! special "w4 ,z ,i h already said1 ! small am\nt ( /udy ( natural sci5ce :i* we h =c$ ^u !m has prov$ to be a wret*$ failure1 & ! soon] ?is h9drance is got out ( _! way ! bett]4 ,we d n wi% to alt] ! /udies ( su* s*ools z ! ,bo/on & ,roxbury ,lat9 ,s*ools1 ! ,exet] & ,&ov] ,academies1 ! ,/4 ,paul's & ! ,/4 ,m>k's ,s*ools1 & ! o!r great fe$]s ( ! college4 ,no--n 9 ! lea/ degree6 ,we d n ask = any *ange :i* 9 our op9ion w dim9i% ! numb] ( ^? com+ to ! college ) a classical prep>ation by a s+le man4 ,we look = our sci5tific recruits to :olly diff]5t & entirely new s\rces4 ,=1 al?\gh we ?9k t !re are _m /ud5ts n[ com+ to u ?r\gh ! classical s*ools :o w\ld run a bett] *ance ( becom+ useful m5 if !y 7 tra9$ f ! beg9n+ 9 a diff]5t way1 yet su* is ! social pre/ige ( ! old classical s*ools & ( ! old classical culture t1 :atev] new relations might be e/abli%$1 ! class ( /ud5ts :i* alone we n[ h w\ld1 ,i am confid5t1 all cont9ue to come ?r\gh ! old *annels4 ,?is is n a m]e op9ion2 = only a v few m5 avail !mselves ( ! limit$ option :i* we n[ p]mit at ! entrance exam9ations--n9e1 at lea/1 out ( t51 (f]+ :at is call$ maximum 9 classics4 ,we look1 !n1 = no *ange 9 ! classical s*ools4 ,our only expectation is to affiliate ! college ) a :olly diff]5t class ( s*ools1 :i* w s5d u a :olly diff]5t class ( /ud5ts1 ) :olly diff]5t aims1 & tra9$ accord+ to a :olly diff]5t me?od4 ,at ! outset we %all look to ! be/ ( our ,new ,engl& high-s*ools = a limit$ supply ( sci5tific /ud5ts1 & hope by con/ant pressure to improve ! me?ods ( tea*+ 9 ^! s*ools1 z our lit]>y colleagues h )9 t5 ye>s va/ly improv$ ! me?ods 9 ! classical s*ools4 ,9 "t we hope to br+ ab\t ! e/abli%m5t ( special academies :i* w d = sci5ce-culture :at ,exet] & ,/4 ,paul's are do+ = classical culture4 ,we expect to e/abli% a set ( requisitions j z difficult z ! classical requisitions--only !y w be requisitions :i* h a diff]5t motive1 a diff]5t _s1 & a diff]5t aim2 & all we ask is1 t !y %\ld be reg>d$ z ! equival5ts ( ! classical requisitions s f> z college /&+ is conc]n$4 ,we d n at once expect to draw _m /ud5ts ?r\gh ^! new *annels4 ,to improve me?ods ( tea*+ & build up new s*ools is a "w ( ye>s4 ,b we h ! greate/ confid5ce t 9 "t we %all ?us be able to increase v greatly bo? ! cli5tage & ! usefulness ( ! univ]sity4 ,is ?is h]esy8 ,is ?is revolution8 ,is x n r ! sci5tific me?od seek+ to "w out ! be/ results 9 education z else:]e by c>eful obs]vation & cauti\s exp]im5t+1 unt]rifi$ by au?ority or sup]/ition8 ,c]ta9ly1 ! philologi/ mu/ respect our me?od2 = ( all ! conque/s ( natural sci5ce none is m rem>kable ?an its conque/ ( ! philologi/s !mselves4 ,!y h adopt$ ! sci5tific me?ods z well z ! sci5tific _s ( inve/igation2 b1 :ile ?us wid5+ & classify+ _! k1 !y h r5d]$ ! critical /udy ( language m ab/ruse & m difficult2 & ?is is ! *ief reason :y ! "t ( prep>ation = our college has be5 s greatly ext5d$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,nom9ally1 ! classical s*ools cov] no m gr\nd ?an =m]ly1 b !y cultivate t gr\nd 9 a va/ly m ?or\gh & sci5tific way4 ,^! increas$ requirem5ts ( mod]n lit]>y culture sugge/ ano!r consid]ation1 :i* we c b>ely m5tion on ?is occasion4 ,h[ long w ! condition ( our new c\ntry p]mit its y\?s to rema9 9 pupilage until ! age ( tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r2 on an av]age at lea/ ?ree ye>s lat] ?an 9 any ( ! old] c\ntries ( ! civiliz$ _w8 ,x is all v well t e educat$ man %\ld h a c]ta9 acqua9tance ) :at h be5 call$ ! humanities4 ,b :5 y\r sy/em comes to its pres5t results1 & dem&s ( ! physician1 ! *emi/1 & ! eng9e]--^: bir?right is a c]ta9 social /atus1 :i* by accid5t y tempor>ily control--t he %all pass fully f\r ye>s ( ! tra9+ p]iod ( 8 life ^u te*nicalities1 :i*1 h[ev] important to a lit]>y man1 are wor?less 9 8 future call+1 is x n pla9 t y\r cons]vatism has become an artificial b>ri] :i* ! progress ( society mu/ soon] or lat] sweep away8 ,is x n ! "p ( wisdom1 h[ev] mu* pa9 x may co/1 to sacrifice y\r traditional pref]5ces gracefully :5 y c direct ! imp5d+ *ange1 & n to wait until ! ru% ( ! /ream c n be controll$8 ,x4 ,,fur!r ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,greek ,,"q4 ,9 a =m] essay ,i endeavor$ to make prom95t ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a sy/em ( education bas$ on sci5tific culture & ! g5]ally prevail+ sy/em :i* is bas$ on l+ui/ic tra9+4 ,i ma9ta9$ t !re is n only a diff]5ce ( subject-matt]1 b a diff]5ce ( me?od1 a diff]5ce ( _s1 & a diff]5ce ( aim2 & ,i argu$ t1 z ! conditions ( success "u ! two modes ( culture are s unlike1 !re 0 no dang]1 ev5 ) ! ample/ fre$om1 t ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces w\ld supplant or s]i\sly int]f]e ) l+ui/ic /udies4 ,b1 al?\gh ! drift ( my argum5t 0 pla91 ?is essay has be5 quot$ 9 ord] to %[ t n only ,greek1 b also all l+ui/ic /udy1 w\ld be neglect$ by ! /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce z soon z x ceas$ to be useful 9 _! pr(ession2 & my attempt to po9t out a basis ( agreem5t & co-op]ation has be5 made ! occasion ( reit]at+ ! extreme doctr9e t !re c be no lib]al education n bas$ on ! /udy ( language4 ,x has be5 ?us assum$ t sci5tific culture c n supply su* a basis1 & 9 ?is :ole discussion ! value ( ! /udy ( ,nature 9 education1 except 9 s f> z ?is /udy may yield a fund ( useful k1 has be5 entirely ignor$ by ! advocates ( ! old sy/em4 ,n only has !re be5 no recognition ( ! value ( ! /udy ( mat]ial =ms & physical ph5om5a z a mode ( lib]al culture1 b x has be5 assum$ ?r\gh\t t--to use ! n[ famili> =m ( words--no s5se = conduct & no s5se = beauty c be acquir$ except ?r\gh t special type ( l+ui/ic tra9+ t has s long limit$ elem5t>y education4 ,^? :o dem& a place = sci5ce-culture c]ta9ly h n %[n ! same contemptu\s _s2 & ,i v5ture to sugge/ t1 if classical /ud5ts 7 z famili> ) ! me?ods ( natural sci5ce z are ! /ud5ts ( ,nature ) philological & ar*aeological /udy1 !y w\ld be m *>itable to ^? :o diff] ) !m on ?is subject4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 two di/9ct elem5ts 9 a lib]al education3 ! "o ! acquisition ( useful k1 ! o!r a tra9+ or culture ( ! intellectual faculties4 ,! fir/ %\ld be made z broad z possible1 ! second1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 mu/ un=tunately be greatly re/rict$4 ,:ile 9 ! passage ref]r$ to ,i h claim$ t1 9 a sy/em ( education bas$ ^u sci5ce1 languages %\ld be /udi$ simply z tools1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 9 a lecture :i* he has rec5tly repeat$ly deliv]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ^: con/ant refra9 0 ! phrases ,i h already quot$1 has claim$ t1 al?\gh s*ol>s mu/ use ! results ( sci5ce z s mu* lit]>y mat]ial1 !y ne$ h no?+ to d ) its me?ods4 ,9 my view1 bo? positions are ess5tially s\nd4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,greek dep>tm5ts 9 our colleges c\ld d )\t ! sci5tific /ud5ts mu* bett] ?an sci5tific s*ol>s c\ld d )\t ,greek1 & ?is rem>k admits ( an evid5t rejo9d]4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ?is age no pr(essional man c af=d to be ignorant ( ! results ( sci5ce1 & he w con/antly be l$ into error if he does n "k some?+ ( its me?ods4 ,x is p]fectly well kn[n t v few ( ! inve/igators1 :o h co9$ ! sci5tific t]ms d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 s (t5 ref]r$ to1 c\ld read a page ( ,h]odotus or ,hom] 9 ! orig9al2 & x is equally true t ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & 8 compe]1 ,"l ,t5nyson1 :o h %[n su* l>ge k ( ! results ( sci5ce1 c\ld n int]pret ! complex relations 9 :i* ! simple/ ph5om5a ( ,nature are pres5t$ to ! obs]v]4 ,! great] numb] ( ! /ud5ts ( ,nature c only "k ! beauties ( ,greek lit]ature z !y are feebly pres5t$ 9 translations1 & s ! great] numb] ( lit]>y /ud5ts c only "k ( ! wond]s ( ,nature z !y are inadequately describ$ 9 popul> works on sci5ce4 ,if x requires ye>s ( /udy to enable a /ud5t to ma/] ! mean+ ( a ,greek s5t5ce1 c we expect t 9 less "t a /ud5t %all be able to unravel ! intricacies ( natural ph5om5a8 ,x has be5 said t no ,greek s*ol>%ip is possible = a /ud5t :o beg9s ! /udy ( t language 9 college4 ,is x suppos$ t sci5tific s*ol>%ip is any m possible "u su* conditions8 ,9 ord] to tea* successfully ! results ( sci5ce to college /ud5ts1 ,i h no desire t !y %\ld h any prelim9>y prep>ation4 ,x has be5 my duty = m ?an ?irty ye>s to pres5t ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry to ! y\nge/ class 9 "o ( our colleges1 & ,i h nev] _h any reason to compla9 ( _! want ( int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,inde$1 ,i reg>d x z a great privilege to be ! fir/ to po9t out to en?usia/ic "y m5 ! wond]ful vi/as :i* mod]n sci5ce has op5$ to our view4 ,s f> z _! tempor>y int]e/ is conc]n$1 ,i %\ld greatly pref] t !y _h nev] /udi$ ! subject be=e com+ to college4 ,b ev5 en?usia/ic int]e/ 9 popul> lectures is n sci5tific culture4 ,a few m5 9 e class always h be51 & w cont9ue to be1 s f> int]e/$ z to make ! cultivation ( sci5ce ! bus9ess ( _! lives4 ,b su* m5 always labor "u ! disadvantages result+ f a want ( e>ly tra9+1 & ^! ob/acles repel a l>ge numb] ^: natural ta/es & abilities w\ld o!rwise h fitt$ !m = a sci5tific call+4 ,! *ange f "o sy/em ( culture to ano!r1 at ! age ( eighte51 has all ! disadvantages ( *ang+ a pr(ession late 9 life4 ,nev]!less1 ! college w always cont9ue to educate a numb] ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 ?is way4 ,mo/ ( ^! m5 become tea*]s1 & no "o que/ions t _! previ\s l+ui/ic tra9+ makes !m all ! m =cible expositors ( sci5tific tru?4 ,x is n = su* p]sons t ,i desire any *ange4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 mo/ anxi\s t ! univ]sity %\ld d its "p 9 educat+ t important class ( m5 :o are to direct ! indu/ries & develop ! mat]ial res\rces ( our c\ntry4 ,su* m5 c be l$ to appreciate1 & w give "t to acquire1 an elegant use ( language1 b !y w n devote f\r or five ye>s ( _! lives to purely l+ui/ic tra9+1 &1 if we d n op5 our doors to !m1 !y w be =c$ to cont5t !mselves ) su* education z high-s*ools1 or1 at be/1 te*nical s*ools1 c (f]4 ,b1 :ile !y w ?us lose ! broad] k & l>g] scope :i* a univ]sity education af=ds1 ! univ]sity w also lose _! sympa?y & p[]ful support4 ,su* /ud5ts are n[ :olly repell$ f ! univ]sity1 &1 "u a m lib]al policy1 !y w\ld =m an important & cle> addition to our numb]s1 &--z ,i h said 9 ano!r place--)\t dim9i%+ by a s+le man ! numb] ( ^? :o come to college ?r\gh ! classical s*ools4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( "y m5 ) :om a sy/em ( education bas$ on ! /udy ( ,nature w\ld1 z ,i am conv9c$1 be m successful ?an ! prevail+ sy/em ( l+ui/ic culture3 ,i ref] to ^? :o n[ come to college1 "s ( !m ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( family tradition1 "s ( !m ?r\gh ! expectation ( social advantage1 & a /ill l>g] numb] on acc\nt ( ! attractions ( college-life4 ,_m ( ^! are m5 :o1 ) poor v]bal memories1 or want ( aptitude = recogniz+ ab/ract relations1 c nev] become classical s*ol>s ) any ex]tion t !y c be expect$ to make1 b :o c (t5 be educat$ ) success ?r\gh _! p]ceptive faculties4 ,^! m5 are ! dunces ( ! classical dep>tm5t1 !y add no?+ to its /r5g?1 & 9 e classical s*ool are a h9drance to ! bett] /ud5ts2 b "s ( !m may become able & useful m51 if _! int]e/ c be ar\s$ 9 objective realities4 ,( our pres5t /ud5ts1 x is only ?is class t ! propos$ *anges w\ld really affect4 ,^? :o h ta/es & aptitudes = l+ui/ic /udies w\ld cont9ue to come ?r\gh ! old *annels1 & ( su* only c classical s*ol>s be made4 ,i "k v well x is said t1 al?\gh ! classical dep>tm5t w\ld be glad to be rid ( ?is undesirable elem5t1 yet ! *ange c\ld n be made )\t endang]+ ! cont9uance ( ! /udy ( ,greek 9 _m ( our classical s*ools4 ,b c ! univ]sity be ju/ifi$ 9 cont9u+ a requisition :i* is recogniz$ to be oppos$ to ! be/ int]e/s ( an important class ( its patrons8 ,& c]ta9ly x is n necess>y to protect ! /udy ( ,greek 9 ?is c\ntry by any su* que/ionable means4 ,i h a great deal m fai? myself 9 ! value ( classical s*ol>%ip ?an _m ( my classical colleagues appe> to possess4 ,nev] has "o ^w ( disp>agem5t be5 he>d f me4 ,i honor true classical s*ol>%ip z mu* z ,i despise ! c\nt]feit4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! class ( classical dunces1 to :om ,i h ref]r$1 appreciate ! beauties ( classical lit]ature or d]ive any real advantage f ! /udy is1 9 my op9ion1 to ma9ta9 a manife/ absurdity4 ,fully z mu* d ! convicts 9 a tread-mill enjoy ! beauties ( ! legal code "u :i* !y are compell$ to "w2 & if1 z ,*ief-,ju/ice ,col]idge has rec5tly ma9ta9$1 9 8 spee* at ,new ,hav51 classical s*ol>%ip is ! be/ prep>ation = ! highe/ di/9ctions 9 *ur* & /ate1 c]ta9ly its cont9uance does n dep5d on ! m9imum requisition 9 ,greek ( ?is univ]sity4,o ,! new culture1 al?\gh a mu* y\ng] indu/ry1 does n ask = any su* artificial protection4 ,x only asks = an opportunity to %[ :at x c accompli%1 & ?is opportunity x has nev] yet _h4 ,ev5 if ! l>ge/ lib]ty 7 grant$1 ^? :o seek to promote a g5u9e education1 bas$ on natural sci5ce1 w\ld labor "u ! greate/ disadvantages4 ,n only is ! app>atus requir$ = ! new culture f> m exp5sive ?an t ( an ord9>y classical s*ool1 b also m p]sonal att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ea* s*ol>1 & ! ord9>y labor-sav+ me?ods ( ! class-room are :olly inapplicable4 ,9 ! face ( su* ob/acles z ^! conditions pres5t1 ! new culture c advance only v gradually2 &1 amid ! rivalry ( ! old sy/em1 x c only succe$ by ma9ta9+ a v high degree ( effici5cy4 ,! new way w c]ta9ly n (f] any easi] mode ( admission to college ?an ! old2 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ! classical sy/em has ! control ( all ! end[$ second>y s*ools1 ! pre/ige ( pa/ success1 & ! support ( ! mo/ p[]ful social influ5ce1 x is difficult to und]/& on :at ! opposition to ! free developm5t ( ! new education is bas$4 ,are n g5tlem51 :o h be5 talk+ ( a revolution 9 education1 tak+ c\nsel ( _! fe>s r ?an ( _! bett] judgm5t2 & are !y n =gett+ t ! tea*]s ( natural sci5ce h ! same int]e/ 9 uphold+ ! pr9ciples ( s\nd education z h _! classical colleagues8 ,c]ta9ly !re c be no "q t1 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1 !y w ev] seek to ma9ta9 ! integrity ( all ! great dep>tm5ts ( ! univ]sity unimpair$4 ,x has happ5$ be=e ?is t ! judgm5t1 ev5 ( intellig5t m51 has be5 w>p$ by _! class relations or suppos$ int]e/s2 b z1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! le>n$ class has no control ( gov]nm5t patronage1 we may at lea/ hope t ! discussion ( ! ,greek "q w nev] assume ) u ! great bitt]ness t a simil> controv]sy has ar\s$ 9 ,g]many4 ,o ,?is article 0 writt5 & read to ! ,faculty ( ,h>v>d ,college %ortly aft] ,"l ,col]idge's visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! autumn ( #ahhc4 ,!re has be5 a great deal said 9 ?is discussion ab\t ! humanities1 & x has be5 assum$ t1 :ile ! analysis ( ! ,greek v]b is humaniz+1 ! analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature is mat]ializ+4 ,i c discov] no?+ humaniz+ 9 ! "o or ! o!r1 except ?r\gh ! _s ) :i* !y are /udi$1 & ,i "k by exp]i5ce t ! _s ) :i* ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek gramm>s is (t5 en=c$ is mo/ demoraliz+4 ,^? :o h be5 born ) a facility = language may laugh at ?is /atem5t2 b a boy :o has be5 held up to ridicule = ! want ( a good v]bal memory1 d5i$ him by 8 ,creator1 long rememb]s ! depress+ effect produc$1 if n ! malignity ar\s$1 by ! cruelty4 ,_m are ! m51 n[ em95t 9 lit]ature z well z sci5ce1 :o h exp]i5c$ ! tyranny ( a classical s*ool1 s graphically describ$ 9 ! ,autobiography ( ,an?ony ,trollope2 & _m are ! boys :o might h be5 highly educat$ if _! p]ceptive faculties _h be5 cultivat$1 ^: c>e] z s*ol>s has be5 cut %ort by ! same tyranny4 ,aga91 a great deal has be5 said ab\t specialization at an e>ly age1 z if ! /udy ( ,nature 7 specializ+ :ile ! /udy ( ,lat9 metres & ,greek acc5ts 0 lib]aliz+4 ,b h[ c\ld specialization be m /rik+ly illu/rat$ ?an by a sy/em :i* limits a boy's att5tion betwe5 ! ages ( twelve & tw5ty to l+ui/ic /udies to ! almo/ entire exclusion ( a k ( t univ]se 9 :i* 8 life is to be pass$1 & :i* s limits 8 intellectual tra9+ t 8 p[]s ( obs]vation are left undevelop$1 8 judgm5ts 9 respect to mat]ial relations un=m$1 & ev5 8 natural conceptions ( tru? di/ort$8 ,n[1 al?\gh a special culture :i* has su* mis*iev\s results z ^! may be necess>y 9 ord] to comm& t p[] ov] language :i* m>ks ! highe/ lit]>y excell5ce1 & al?\gh a univ]sity %\ld fo/] ?is culture by all legitimate means1 yet to en=ce x ^u e boy :o aspires to be a s*ol>1 :atev] may be 8 natural tal5ts1 is z cruel z ! ,*9ese practice ( cramp+ ! feet ( wom5 9 ord] to con=m to a traditional ideal ( beauty4 ,inde$1 an in/ructor 9 natural sci5ce has v mu* ! same difficulty 9 tra9+ classical s*ol>s to obs]ve t a danc+-ma/] w\ld h 9 tea*+ a class ( ,*9ese girls to waltz4 ,aga91 x has be5 said t :ile ! opportunities = sci5tific culture 9 college are ample1 no "o w oppose su* a modification ( ! requisitions = admission z ! conditions ( ?is culture dem&1 provid$ only we label ! product ( su* culture ) a descriptive "n4 ,call ! product ( y\r sci5tific culture ,ba*elors ( ,sci5ce1 we h be5 told1 & y may arrange ! requisites ( admission to y\r own c\rses z y *oose4 ,i am =c$ to say t ?is argum5t1 h[ev] speci\s1 is nei!r +5u\s nor *>itable4 ,if y w label ! product ( a purely l+ui/ic culture ) an equally descriptive "n2 if1 foll[+ ! ,fr5* usage1 y w call su* graduates ,ba*elors ( ,lett]s1 we %all n object to ! t]m ,ba*elors ( ,sci5ce2 or1 )\t mak+ s great an innovation1 ,i1 = "o1 %\ld h no objection to a di/9ction betwe5 ,ba*elors ( ,arts 9 ,lett]s & ,ba*elors ( ,arts 9 ,sci5ce4 ,b x is p]fectly well und]/ood t 9 ?is community ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts is = mo/ m5 ! "o ess5tial condition ( admission to ! noble frat]nity ( s*ol>s1 to :at has be5 call$ ! ,guild ( ! ,le>n$4 ,to refuse ?is degree to a c]ta9 class ( our graduates is to exclude !m f su* associations & f ! privileges :i* !y af=d2 & ?is is j :at is int5d$4 ,h5ce ,i say t ! argum5t is n +5u\s1 & x is n *>itable because x implies t a class ( m5 :o pr(ess to love ! tru? z _! lives are seek+ to appe> "u false colors4 ,to cite examples f my own pr(ession only1 ,i h always ma9ta9$ t su* m5 z ,davy1 ,dalton1 & ,f>aday 7 z truly le>n$1 z highly cultivat$1 & z capable ( express+ _! ?\ghts 9 appropriate language1 z ! mo/ em95t ( _! lit]>y compe]s1 & ,i %all cont9ue to ma9ta9 ?is proposition be=e our ,am]ican community1 & ,i h no "q t soon] or lat] my claim w be all[$1 & ! doors ( ! ,guild ( ! ,le>n$ w be op5$ to all s*ol>s :o h acquir$ by cultivation ! same p[] :i* ^! great m5 held 9 su* a pre-em95t degree by gift ( ,nature4 ,la/ly1 ,i am p]suad$ t 9 a l>ge body politic l ?is x is unwise1 & 9 ! long run futile1 to attempt to protect any special =m ( culture at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,if "o memb] suff]s1 all ! memb]s suff] ) x2 & :at is = ! int]e/ ( ! :ole is 9 ! long run always = ! int]e/ ( e "p4 ,i w\ld welcome e =m ( culture :i* has v9dicat$ its effici5cy & its value1 & 9 s do+ ,i feel t ,i %\ld be/ promote ! int]e/s ( ! special dep>tm5t :i* ,i h 9 *>ge4 ,,xi4 ,,sci5tific ,,culture2 ,,its ,,_s1 ,,its ,,aim1 ,,& ,,its ,,me?ods4,p ,i assume t mo/ ( ^? :om ,i address are tea*]s1 & t y h be5 drawn "h by a desire to be in/ruct$ 9 ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ physical sci5ce4 ,x has !re=e seem$ to me t ,i might r5d] a real s]vice1 9 ?is introductory address1 by giv+ ! results ( my own exp]i5ce & reflection on ?is subject2 & my ?\ghts h be5 rec5tly especially direct$ to ?is topic by ! discussion 9 reg>d to ! requisites = admission1 :i* dur+ ! pa/ ye> h actively engag$ ! att5tion ( ! faculty ( ?is college4 ,p ,an address deliv]$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,summ] ,s*ool ( ,*emi/ry at ,h>v>d ,college1 ,july #g1 #ahhd4 ,at ! v outset ( ?is discussion we mu/ be c>eful to make a cle> di/9ction betwe5 in/ruction & education--betwe5 ! acquisition ( k & ! cultivation ( ! faculties ( ! m9d4 ,our k %\ld be z broad z possible1 b1 9 ! %ort space ( human life1 x is n1 z a rule1 practicable to cultivate1 = effective usefulness1 ! intellectual p[]s 9 m ?an "o direction4 ,let me illu/rate :at ,i mean f t dep>tm5t ( k :i* is at once ! mo/ fundam5tal & ! mo/ ess5tial4 ,i ref] to ! /udy ( language4 ,no p]son c be reg>d$ z ?or\ghly educat$ :o has n ! p[] ( speak+ & writ+ 8 "m-tongue accurately1 elegantly1 & =cibly2 & s*ol>s ( ! pres5t day mu/ also comm&1 to a consid]able ext5t1 bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]man languages4 ,^! ?ree languages1 at lea/1 are ! necess>y tools ( ! ,am]ican s*ol>1 :atev] may be ! special field ( 8 s*ol>%ip1 & 8 end is ga9$ if he has acquir$ ?or\gh comm& ( ^! tools4 ,b if he goes fur!r1 & /udies ! philology ( ^! languages1 _! /ructure1 _! d]ivation1 _! lit]ature1 ! /udy may occupy a lifetime1 & be made ! basis ( sev]e intellectual tra9+4 ,m frequ5tly1 & z mo/ s*ol>s ?9k m effectually1 su* l+ui/ic tra9+ is obta9$ by ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 especially ! ,lat9 & ! ,greek1 & no "o que/ions ! value & effici5cy ( ?is =m ( m5tal discipl9e4 ,b obvi\sly su* a prep>ation is n necess>y = ! use ( ! mod]n languages z tools1 or 9 ord] to acquire a k ( anci5t hi/ory1 ( ! modes ( anci5t life1 or ! results ( anci5t ?\ght4 ,9 rec5t discussions a great deal has be5 said ab\t ! value ( classical le>n+1 & x has be5 argu$ t no man c\ld be reg>d$ z ?or\ghly educat$ :o _h nev] he>d ( ,hom] or ,virgil1 ( ,m>a?on or ,cannae1 ( ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns or ! ,=um ( ,rome4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b all ?is k c be acquir$ )\t sp5d+ six ye>s 9 le>n+ to read ! ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors 9 ! orig9al1 or 9 writ+ ,lat9 hexamet]s or ,greek iambics4 ,! discipl9e acquir$ by ?is long /udy is und\bt$ly ( ! highe/ value1 b its value dep5ds ^u ! intellectual tra9+ :i* is ! ess5tial result1 & n ^u ! k ( anci5t life & ?\ght1 :i* is m]ely an incid5t4 ,n[1 ?is same di/9ction1 :i* ,i h endeavor$ to illu/rate on famili> gr\nd1 mu/ n be =gott5 9 consid]+ ! relations ( physical sci5ce to education4 ,physical sci5ce may also be /udi$ f two :olly diff]5t po9ts ( view3 ,fir/1 to acquire a k ( facts & pr9ciples1 :i* are among ! mo/ important factors ( mod]n life2 secondly1 z a means ( develop+ & tra9+ "s ( ! mo/ important intellectual faculties ( ! m9d--= example1 ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 ( conception1 & ( inductive reason+4 ,! exp]im5tal sci5ces mu/ (t5 be /udi$ *iefly f ! fir/ po9t ( view4 ,if no man c be reg>d$ z ?or\ghly educat$ :o is ignorant ( ! outl9es ( ,roman & ,greek hi/ory3 "o :o kn[s no?+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! /eam-eng9e1 or ( ! electric telegraph1 is c]ta9ly equally defici5t4 ,i d n "q t 9 our high-s*ools ! physical sci5ces mu/ be taught1 = ! mo/ "p1 z funds ( useful k1 & 9 reg>d to su* tea*+ ,i h only a few rem>ks to make4 ,assum+ t in=mation is ! end to be atta9$1 ! be/ me?od ( secur+ ! desir$ result is to pres5t ! facts 9 su* a way z w int]e/ ! s*ol>1 & ?us secure ! ret5tion ( ^! facts by 8 memory4 ,i ?9k x a v s]i\s mi/ake to attempt to tea* su* subjects by memorit] recitations f a text-book1 h[ev] well prep>$4 ,?is me?od at once makes ! subject a task2 &1 if 9 addition ! prep>ation = an exam9ation is ! great end 9 view1 x is wond]ful h[ small is ! residuum aft] ! "w is done4 ,su* subjects c always be made int5sely int]e/+ if pres5t$ by lectures1 ) ! requisite illu/rations1 & ,i d n believe t ! cramm+ process requir$ to pass an exam9ation adds mu* to ! k previ\sly ga9$4 ,_m tea*]s1 f9d+ t ! p>rot-l le>n+ ( a text-book is unpr(itable1 attempt to make ! ex]cise m valuable by means ( problems--usually simple ari?metical problems--dep5d+ ^u pr9ciples ( physics or *emi/ry4 ,& !re c be no d\bt t su* problems d s]ve to en=ce ! pr9ciples !y illu/rate2 b ,i am afraid !y also m frequ5tly1 by disgu/+ ! /ud5t1 /& 9 ! way ( ! acquisition ( ! desir$ k4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 9 /udy+ ! results ( sci5ce1 t ! facts are nev] fully le>n$ unless ! le>n] is made to und]/& ! evid5ce on :i* ! facts re/4 ,! *ild :o reads 9 8 physical geography t ! _w revolves on its axis1 le>ns :at to him is a m]e =m ( words1 until he connects ?is a/ronomical fact ) 8 own obs]vation t ! sun rises 9 ! ea/ & sets 9 ! we/2 & s ! s*ol> :o reads t wat] is compos$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 has acquir$ no real k until he has se5 ! evid5ce on :i* ?is fundam5tal conclusion re/s4 ,let1 !n1 ! sci5ces be taught z !y h be5 9 s*ools1 z important p>ts ( useful k1 b let !m s be taught z to engage ! int]e/ ( ! s*ol>1 & to direct 8 att5tion to ! ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is n sci5tific culture1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h con/antly us$ ! t]m1 & does n af=d any special tra9+ = ! intellectual faculties4 ,= myself1 ,i d n desire any /udy ( natural hi/ory1 *emi/ry1 or physics f ?is po9t ( view z a prep>ation = college2 simply because1 ) ! l>ge app>atus ( ! univ]sity1 all ^! subjects c be pres5t$ m effectively1 & be made m int]e/+1 ?an is possible 9 ! s*ools4 ,:at ,i desire to see accompli%$ by our s*ools is a tra9+ 9 physical sci5ce1 comp>able 9 ext5t & effici5cy ) t :i* !y n[ accompli% 9 ! anci5t languages4 ,& ?is br+s me to ano!r topic1 namely1 sci5tific culture z a sy/em ( m5tal tra9+4 ,be=e attempt+ to /ate 9 :at sci5tific culture consi/s1 we %all d well1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( "s repetition1 to %[ t :at (t5 passes = sci5tific culture is f> diff]5t f ! sy/em ( education :i* we h s con/antly advocat$4 ,! acquisition ( sci5tific k1 h[ev] ext5sive1 does n 9 itself con/itute sci5tific culture1 nor is ! p[] ( reproduc+ su* k1 at a competitive exam9ation1 any te/ ( real sci5tific p[]4 ,nev]!less1 ! exam9ation pap]s :i* h be5 publi%$ by ! univ]sities ( ,engl& & ( ?is c\ntry %[ t ?is is ! sole te/ ( sci5tific s*ol>%ip on :i* mo/ ( ^! univ]sities rely1 9 aw>d+ _! highe/ honors to /ud5ts 9 physical sci5ce4 ,! p[] ( s ma/]+ a subject z to be able to reproduce any portion ( x ) accuracy1 complet5ess1 & elegance1 at a writt5 exam9ation1 is ! normal result ( lit]>y1 n ( sci5tific1 culture1 & ! p[] is ( ! same ord]1 :e!r ! subject-matt] be philology1 lit]ature1 art1 or sci5ce4 ,inde$1 sci5tific are1 z a rule1 mu* less adapt$ ?an lit]>y subjects to ! cultivation ( ?is p[]4 ,moreov]1 x is also true t s*ol>s1 hav+ atta9$ to a v high degree ( s*ol>%ip1 may n possess ?is p[] ( /at+ cle>ly & concisely ! k !y actually possess4 ,we h all ( u kn[n em95t m51 possess+ 9 a v high degree ! p[] ( inve/igat+ ,nature1 :o h be5 :olly unable to /ate cle>ly ! k !y h !mselves discov]$4 ,great h>m has be5 done to ! cause ( sci5tific culture by attempt+ to adapt ! well-tri$ me?ods ( lit]>y s*ol>%ip to sci5tific subjects3 =1 z ,i h said 9 ano!r place1 competitive exam9ations are no te/ ( real atta9m5t 9 physical sci5ce4 ,let me n be und]/ood z disp>ag+ ! ret5tive memory & p[] ( conc5tration :i* enable ! /ud5t to reproduce acquir$ in=mation ) accuracy1 rapidity1 & elegance4 ,?is is a p[] ( ! v highe/ ord]1 & is ! result ( ! cultivation to a high degree ( _m ( ! noble/ faculties ( ! mill4 ,& ,i wi% to en=ce is1 t success 9 su* exam9ations is no indication ( sci5tific culture1 prop]ly s call$4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! te/s ( true sci5tific s*ol>%ip8 ,! answ] c be made p]fectly pla9 & intelligible4 ,! real te/ is ! p[] to /udy & int]pret natural ph5om5a4 ,z 9 classical s*ol>%ip ! true te/ ( atta9m5t is ! p[] to int]pret ! delicate %ades ( mean+ express$ by ! classical au?ors1 s 9 sci5ce ! true te/ is ! p[] to read & int]pret ,nature2 & ?is la/ p[]1 l ! o!r1 c z a rule only be acquir$ by c>eful & sy/ematic tra9+4 ,z "s m5 h a rem>kable facility = acquir+ languages1 s also !re are m5 :o seem to be born inve/igators ( ,nature2 b by mo/ m5 su* p[]s c only be acquir$ ?r\gh a c>eful tra9+ & ex]cise ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 on :i* success dep5ds4 ,no man w\ld be reg>d$ z a classical s*ol>1 h[ev] broad & ext5d$ 8 k1 if t k _h be5 acquir$ solely by read+ ,engli% translations ( ! classical au?ors1 h[ev] excell5t4 ,s1 no man c be reg>d$ z a sci5tific s*ol> ^: k ( ,nature has be5 solely d]iv$ f books4 ,9 ei!r case ! real s*ol> mu/ h be5 to ! f\nta9-head & drawn 8 k f ! orig9al s\rces4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to discov] h[ sci5tific culture mu/ be ga9$1 we mu/ consid] ! conditions on :i* ! successful /udy & int]pretation ( ,nature dep5d4 ,( ! p[]s ( ! m9d call$ into ex]cise 9 ! inve/igation ( ,nature1 ! mo/ obvi\s & fundam5tal is ! p[] ( obs]vation4 ,by p[] ( obs]vation is n meant simply ! ability to see1 to he>1 to ta/e1 or to smell ) delicacy1 b ! p[] ( s conc5trat+ ! att5tion on :at we obs]ve z to =m a def9ite & la/+ impression on ! m9d4 ,!re are und\bt$ly great diff]5ces among m5 9 ! acut5ess ( _! s5sations1 b successful obs]vation dep5ds f> less ^u ! acut5ess ( ! s5ses ?an on ! faculty ( ! m9d :i* cle>ly di/+ui%es & rememb]s :at is se5 & he>d4 ,we say ( a man t he walks ?r\gh ! _w ) 8 eyes %ut1 mean+ t1 al?\gh ! objects ar\nd him produce _! normal impression on ! ret9a ( 8 eye1 he pays no att5tion to :at he sees4 ,! p[] ( ! naturali/ to di/+ui% slight diff]5ces ( =m or feature 9 natural objects is simply ! result ( a habit1 acquir$ ?r\gh long exp]i5ce1 ( pay+ att5tion to :at he sees1 & ! want ( ?is p[] 9 /ud5ts :o h be5 tra9$ solely by lit]>y /udies is mo/ m>k$4 ,an assi/ant1 :o 0 at ! "t conduct+ a class 9 m9]alogy1 once said to me3 ,:at am ,i to d8 ,"o ( my class c n see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is piece ( bl5de & ?is piece ( qu>tz 7%[+ me two specim5s :i* bore a c]ta9 sup]ficial resemblance 9 color & g5]al aspect74 ,my answ] 01 ,let him look until he c see ! diff]5ce4 ,&1 aft] a :ile1 he did see ! diff]5ce4 ,! difficulty 0 n lack ( vision1 b want ( att5tion4 ,! p[] ( obs]vation1 !n1 is simply ! p[] ( fix+ ! att5tion ^u our s5sations1 & ?is p[] ( fix+ ! att5tion is ! "o ess5tial condition ( s*ol>%ip 9 all dep>tm5ts ( le>n+4 ,x is a p[] :i* ought to be cultivat$ at an e>ly age1 & 9 a sy/em ( sci5tific culture ! sci5ces ( m9]alogy & botany af=d ! be/ field = its culture1 & ,i %\ld !re=e place !m among ! e>lie/ /udies ( a sci5tific c\rse4 ,m9]als & plants may be pr(itably /udi$ 9 ! y\nge/ classes ( our second>y s*ools1 b !y %\ld be /udi$ solely f specim5s1 :i* ! s*ol> %\ld exam9e until he c di/+ui% all ! *>act]i/ics ( =m1 feature1 or /ructure4 ,i am told t 9 _m ( our second>y s*ools bo? m9]alogy & botany are /udi$ ) great success & int]e/ 9 ! mann] ,i h indicat$4 ,b a mi/ake is frequ5tly made 9 attempt+ to d too mu*4 ,) m9]alogy or botany z classificatory sci5ces1 our second>y s*ools %\ld h no?+ to d4 ,! discrim9ation betwe5 _m1 ev5 ( ! commone/1 species ( m9]als or plants dep5ds ^u delicate di/9ctions :i* are q beyond ! grasp ( "y m9ds1 & ! /udy ( botany frequ5tly loses all its value1 ?r\gh ! ambition ( ! tea*] to embrace s mu* ( sy/ematic botany z w enable s*ol>s to analyze plants4 ,if a *ild1 twelve or f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 is made to obs]ve ! *>act]i/ic qualities ( a few common m9]als s z to enable x to recognize !m 9 ! rocks1 & is likewise l$ to exam9e ! /ructure ( a few famili> fl[]s1 n only w a new p[] h be5 acquir$1 b a new int]e/ w h be5 add$ to life4 ,( c\rse1 ! faculty ( obs]vation ?us e>ly ex]cis$ 9 *ildhood only atta9s ! highe/ degree ( developm5t aft] long exp]i5ce & cont9u$ practice4 ,! acut5ess :i* practice gives is frequ5tly v rem>kable1 & rude m5 (t5 surprise u by ! ext5t to :i* _! p[] ( obs]vation has be5 cultivat$ 9 c]ta9 special directions4 ,! sailor :o recognizes ! outl9es ( to him a well-kn[n coa/1 :]e ! ord9>y travel] sees no?+ b a bank ( cl\ds1 or ! m9] :o recognizes 9 ! rock indications ( valuable ores1 are illu/rations :i* may give a cle>] conception ( ! nature ( ! p[] we h be5 attempt+ to describe4 ,naturally foll[+ ! p[] ( obs]vation 9 ! ord] ( education is ! p[] ( conception ) ! cognate p[] ( ab/raction2 t is1 ! p[] ( =m+ 9 ! m9d di/9ct & accurate images ( objects1 & relations1 :i* h be5 previ\sly appreh5d$ ei!r by direct obs]vation1 or ?r\gh description2 & also ! p[] ( conf9+ ! att5tion to c]ta9 features :i* ^! images may pres5t to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,?is is a p[] :i* dep5ds v greatly on ! imag9ation & is capable ( be+ cultivat$ to a v high degree4 ,!re is no /udy :i* is s well suit$ to ! tra9+ bo? ( ! p[]s ( conception & ( ab/raction z ! /udy ( geometry4 ,to ?is end ! /udy ( geometry %\ld be begun at an e>ly p]iod 9 s*ool-life1 & x %\ld be /udi$ at fir/ n z a s]ies ( propositions logically connect$1 b z a description ( ! prop]ties & relations ( l9es1 surfaces1 & solids--:at has sometimes be5 call$ ! sci5ce ( =m4 ,a text-book prep>$ on ?is idea by ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,hill =ms an admirable introduction to ! /udy4 ,i e/eem v highly ! sy/em ( geometry ( ,euclid1 ei!r 9 its orig9al =m or z x has be5 modifi$ by mod]n writ]s1 z a means ( develop+ ! logical faculty4 ,! complet5ess ( ! pro( ( ! successive propositions & _! mutual dep5d5ce by means ( :i*1 z on a s]ies ( /eps1 we m\nt f simple axiomatic tru?s to ! mo/ complex relations1 furni% an admirable discipl9e = ! reason+ p[]2 b too (t5 ! :ole value ( ?is discipl9e is lo/ by ! failure ( ! pupil to =m a cle> conception ( ! v relations ab\t :i* he is reason+1 & ! /udy becomes an ex]cise ( ! memory & no?+ m4 ,(t5 h ,i se5 a consci5ti\s & fai?ful /ud5t draw an excell5t figure1 & write out an accurate demon/ration1 )\t notic+ t ! two 7 n mat$2 & 9 a rec5t meet+ ( tea*]s ( our be/ second>y s*ools x 0 gravely ass]t$ t solid geometry is ! mo/ difficult /udy ) :i* ! tea*]s _h to deal4 ,9 solid geometry1 h[ev]1 ! reason+ is no m difficult ?an 9 plane geometry1 b ! conceptions are f> m complex1 &1 if ! tea*] insi/$ t ! pupil %\ld n take a s+le /ep until 8 conceptions 7 p]fectly cle>1 all ! difficulties w\ld disappe>4 ,( ?is ,i am fully p]suad$1 = ,i h _h to enc\nt] ! same difficulties ov] & ov] aga9 9 tea*+ cry/allography4 ,9 beg9n+ ! /udy ( geometry1 ( c\rse ! p[] ( conception %\ld be help$ 9 e possible way4 ,let y\r pupil f9d out by actual measurem5t t ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle is equal to two "r angles1 & he w easily discov] ! pro( ( ! proposition himself4 ,s1 also1 if he actually divides ) 8 knife a triangul> prism made f a potato or an apple into ?ree triangul> pyramids1 he w f9d no difficulty 9 foll[+ ! reason+ on :i* ! measurem5t ( ! solid cont5ts ( a sph]e dep5ds4 ,let me assure tea*]s t ! /udy ( geometry1 taught z ,i h indicat$1 is a mo/ valuable introduction to ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,b1 z x has be5 usually taught z a prep>ation = college1 x is almo/ wor?less 9 ?is respect1 h[ev] valuable x may be z a logical tra9+4 ,i consid] practice 9 free-h& draw+ f natural objects a mo/ valuable means ( tra9+ bo? ! p[] ( obs]vation & ! p[] ( conception1 besides giv+ a skill 9 del9eation :i* is ( ! greate/ importance to ! sci5tific /ud5t4 ,accuracy ( draw+ requires accuracy 9 obs]vation1 & also ! ability to seize ^u ^? features ( ! object :i* are ! mo/ prom95t & *>act]i/ic4 ,h5ce1 9 a c\rse ( sci5tific tra9+1 ! importance ( practice 9 draw+ c h>dly be exagg]at$1 & x %\ld be made "o ( ! mo/ important objects ( s*ool-"w f an e>ly p]iod4 ,to ! sci5tific /ud5t ! p[]s ( obs]vation & conception are n s\ght z ends 9 !mselves1 b z means ( /udy+ ,nature4 ,! precise portions ( ?is wide field to :i* ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t %all be direct$ w be det]m9$ by _m circum/ances1 & x is n our purpose 9 ?is address to lay d[n a plan ( /udy4 ,to mo/ /ud5ts ! natural hi/ory subjects (f] ! mo/ attractive field2 b all1 ,i ?9k1 w admit t ! exp]im5tal sci5ces %\ld =m a consid]able portion1 at lea/1 ( ! c\rse ( all sci5tific /ud5ts1 :atev] specialty may subsequ5tly be *os54 ,t on :i* ,i desire p>ticul>ly to dwell is ! _s 9 :i* all ^! /udies %\ld be pursu$2 & ,i c be/ illu/rate :at ,i mean by conf9+ my rem>ks to t subject 9 :i* ,i am mo/ int]e/$1 & 9 reg>d to :i* ,i h ! greate/ exp]i5ce4 ,9 a c\rse ( sci5tific /udy1 *emi/ry c n be dissociat$ f physics1 & ! two sci5ces ought to be /udi$ to a great ext5t 9 connection ) ea* o!r4 ,n only does ! philosophy ( *emi/ry re/ ^u physical conceptions2 b1 moreov]1 *emical me?ods involve physical pr9ciples4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a di/9ction to be made2 =1 :ile "s ( ! dep>tm5ts ( physics are be/ /udi$ z a prep>ation = *emi/ry1 !re are o!r subjects :i* are be/ def]r$ until ! /ud5t has "s k ( *emical facts4 ,among ! prelim9>y subjects we %\ld m5tion elem5t>y me*anics1 includ+ hydro/atics & pneumatics1 & also !rmotics2 :ile electricity1 ac\/ics1 & optics1 includ+ ! l>ge subject ( radiant en]gy1 may well be def]r$ until aft] ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ! /udy bo? ( *emi/ry & physics !re are ( c\rse two def9ite objects to be kept 9 view3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a k ( ! facts ( ! sci5ce is to be acquir$2 9 ! second place1 ! /ud5t mu/ le>n by exp]i5ce h[ ^! facts h be5 discov]$4 ,x w\ld be obvi\s1 f a mom5t's reflection1 t a k ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! facts ( ,nature are reveal$ to ! /ud5t is ess5tial to a complete appreh5sion ( ! facts !mselves4 ,! *ild :o is taught t ! e>? moves 9 an elliptical orbit ar\nd ! sun 9 "o ye> does n 9 ! lea/ grasp ! wond]ful fact ?us /at$1 & w n come to realize x until he connects ! /atem5t ) ! nightly procession ( ! />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,& x is j su* a connection z ?is :i* ! tea*] mu/ seek to e/abli% 9 all sci5tific tea*+4 ,9 exp]im5tal sci5ce su* a connection is mo/ readily e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t by means ( a s]ies ( well-arrang$ exp]im5ts1 :i* ea* "o repeats = himself at ! laboratory table4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 x is impossible1 9 a limit$ c\rse ( tea*+1 to g ov] ! :ole gr\nd ( *emi/ry & physics 9 ?is way1 or ev5 ov] t small portion ( ! gr\nd ) :i* ! av]age sci5tific /ud5t c expect to become acqua9t$4 ,nor is ?is necess>y2 =1 aft] "o has realiz$ ! connection betwe5 ph5om5a & conclusion 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 ! m9d w fully compreh5d t a simil> connection exi/s 9 o!r cases1 & w und]/& ! limitations ) :i* sci5tific conclusions are to be receiv$4 ,h5ce1 x seems to me t1 9 tea*+ *emi/ry or physics1 x is be/ to comb9e a c\rse ( lectures :i* %\ld give a broad view ( ! :ole gr\nd ) a c\rse ( laboratory in/ruction1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be m or less re/rict$4 ,exp]im5tal lectures are1 ,i am conv9c$1 mu* ! be/ way ( pres5t+ ^! subjects z sy/ematic portions ( k4 ,x is n necess>y t ! lectures %\ld be =mal1 b x is all-important t !y %\ld be giv5 9 su* a way t ! int]e/ ( ! /ud5t %\ld be awak5$1 & t !y %\ld be fully illu/rat$ by specim5s & exp]im5ts4 ,:at we read 9 a book does n make "o half ! impression t is produc$ by ! words ( a liv+ tea*]1 nor c we realize ! facts unless we see ! ph5om5a describ$4 ,!re is und\bt$ly an advantage to be ga9$ 9 subsequ5tly review+ ! subject z pres5t$ 9 a good text-book1 & su* a book may be ( great use 9 prep>ation = an exam9ation4 ,b h[ f> exam9ations are ( value 9 en=c+ ! acquisition ( k ( an exp]im5tal sci5ce is a "q on :i* ,i feel a grave d\bt4 ,c]ta9ly _! value is v small if1 z is too frequ5tly ! case1 !y lead ! /ud5t to def] all ef=t to make 8 own ! k pres5t$ 9 ! lectures1 until a f9al cram4 ,! managem5t ( lectures1 text-books1 & exam9ations1 w n1 h[ev]1 (f] ne>ly s great difficulties to ! tea*] z ! managem5t ( ! p>allel exp]im5tal c\rse ( laboratory tea*+4 ,9 ! la/ ! me?ods are less well tri$ & dem& ( ! tea*] a v consid]able am\nt ( inv5tion & exp]im5tal skill4 ,to foll[ me*anically any text-book w\ld result 9 a loss ( ! prop] _s ) :i* ! c\rse %\ld be conduct$ & :i* con/itutes its *ief value4 ,no exp]im5ts are s good z ^? :i* h be5 devis$ by ! tea*]1 or1 /ill bett]1 by ! pupils !mselves4 ,a m]e repetition ( a process1 accord+ to a def9ite description1 has no m value ?an a repetition ( a =m ( words 9 an ord9>y s*ool recitation4 ,! tea*] mu/ make sure t ! /ud5t fully und]/&s :at he is ab\t1 & compreh5ds all ! connections betwe5 obs]vations & conclusions :i* x is 8 aim to e/abli%4 ,moreov]1 he mu/ con/antly enc\rage 8 /ud5ts to ?9k & "w = !mselves1 & direct !m 9 ! me?ods ( inductive reason+4 ,! failure ( an exp]im5t may be made mo/ in/ructive if ! /ud5t is l$ to discov] ! cause ( ! failure4 ,a leak 9 8 app>atus may be turn$ to a simil> pr(it if ! /ud5t is %[n h[ to discov] ! leak1 by c>efully elim9at+ "o "p aft] ano!r until ! weak po9t is made evid5t4 ,! direction ( an exp]im5tal laboratory is no easy task4 ,! tea*] mu/ make ea* man's "w 8 own1 & foll[ 8 processes ( ?\ght z well z 8 exp]im5ts ) ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,) l>ge classes mu* "t c be sav$ by go+ ?r\gh ea* process on ! lecture-room table & giv+ ! directions to ! class z a :ole2 b ?is does n sup]s$e ! p]sonal att5tion & in/ruction :i* ea* /ud5t requires at ! laboratory table4 ,moreov]1 9 laboratory tea*+ ! tea*] mu/ rely1 z we h said1 on 8 own res\rces1 & b few aids c be giv54 ,!re are books1 h[ev]1 :i* w help ! tea*] to prep>e himself = 8 "w1 & ,i am happy to say t a book entitl$ ,! ,new ,physics1 prep>$ by my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge1 is n[ be+ pr9t$1 :i* ,i hope w greatly promote ! laboratory tea*+ ( physics4 ,ni*ols's abridgm5t ( ,eliot & ,/or]'s ,manual has long s]v$ a simil> valuable purpose 9 *emi/ry1 & !re are _m excell5t works on ,qualitative ,analysis1 a /udy :i* is admirably adapt$ to develop ! p[] ( inductive reason+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a dang] ) all laboratory manuals1 :i* mu/ be s$ul\sly avoid$1 & ! dang] is g5]ally great] ! m precise ! descriptions4 ,!y are apt to induce me*anical habits :i* are fatal to ! true _s ( laboratory tea*+4 ,n long ago ,i ask$ a /ud5t1 :o 0 work+ 9 our elem5t>y laboratory1 :at he 0 do+4 ,he answ]$ t he 0 do+ ,no4 #bd1 & imm$iately w5t to f9d 8 book to see :at ,no4 #bd 04 ,i fe> t a great deal ( laboratory "w is done 9 a way :i* ?is anecdote illu/rates1 &1 if s1 x is a m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,:5 tea*+ qualitative analysis x 0 always ) me a con/ant /ruggle to prev5t j su* a result1 & _m ( ! excell5t tables :i* h be5 prep>$ to facilitate analysis simply enc\rage ! evil practice4 ,x is an error to :i* college /ud5ts1 ) _! exclusively lit]>y prep>ation1 are especially liable1 & ,i h no "q t ! prop] conduct ( our laboratories w\ld be made mu* easi] if ! /ud5ts came ) a previ\s sci5tific tra9+4 ,?us f> ,i h dealt solely ) g5]alities1 & my object has be5 n s mu* to give def9ite directions z to make sugge/ions :i* might lead to bett] sy/ems ( tea*+4 ,! details ( ^! sy/ems may v>y widely1 & yet all may lead to ! desir$ result if only ! true _s ( sci5tific tea*+ is pres]v$1 & a tea*]'s own sy/em is g5]ally ! be/ sy/em = him4 ,?is leads me to expla9 my own sy/em ( tea*+ *emi/ry--:i* pres5ts "s novelties t may be ( int]e/1 &1 al?\gh x has be5 work$ out 9 detail 9 ! revis$ edition ( ! ,new ,*emi/ry1 j publi%$1 /ill a few words ( explanation may be ( value at ?is "t 9 sett+ =? its sali5t po9ts4 ,*emi/ry has be5 usually def9$ z ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! composition ( bodies1 & 9 mo/ text-books ! aim has be5 to develop ! s*eme ( ! *emical elem5ts1 & to %[ t1 by comb9+ ^! elem5ts1 all natural & artificial sub/ances may be prep>$4 ,9 ! l>g] text-books1 :i* aim to cov] ! :ole gr\nd & to describe all kn[n sub/ances1 su* a me?od is bo? natural & necess>y4 ,b1 z an educational sy/em1 ?is mode ( pres5t+ ! subject is1 z a rule1 pr(itless & un9t]e/+4 ,! /ud5t becomes lo/ amid details :i* he c only v imp]fectly grasp1 & ! great pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 z well z _! relations to cognate dep>tm5ts ( k1 are lo/ sight (4 ,moreov]1 ! sy/em is unphilosophical1 because x pres5ts ! conclusions ( *emi/ry be=e ! obs]vations on :i* !y are bas$4 ,any "o :o has attempt$ to tea* *emi/ry f ! ord9>y elem5t>y text-books mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! tru? ( :at ,i h said4 ,a /ud5t le>ns a lesson ab\t sodium & ! v>i\s salts ( ?is metal1 &1 aft] glibly recit+ ! words ( ! text-book1 h[ mu* m does he "k ( ! real relations ( ^! bodies ?an he did be=e8 ,?us3 ,*loride ( sodium1 symbol ,na,cl4 ,cry/allizes 9 cubes4 ,soluble 9 wat]4 ,solubility only slightly increas$ by heat4 ,g5]ally obta9$ by evaporation ( sea-wat] 9 pans4 ,also f\nd 9 b$s 9 c]ta9 geological bas9s1 f :i* x is extract$ by m9+4 ,:5 act$ ^u by sulphuric acid1 hydro*loric acid is evolv$ & sodic sulphate is =m$1 accord+ to ! foll[+ reaction1 & s on4 ,i h kn[n a /ud5t to recite all ?is & a great deal m1 )\t ev] dream+ t he _h be5 eat+ *loride ( sodium on 8 food1 ?ree times a day at lea/1 s9ce he 0 born4 ,n[1 ! rational sy/em ( tea*+ *emi/ry is fir/ to pres5t to ! s*ol>'s m9d ! ph5om5a ( ,nature ) :i* ! sci5ce deals4 ,lead him to obs]ve ^! ph5om5a = himself2 !n %[ him h[ ! conclusions :i* toge!r con/itute t sy/em ( k we call *emi/ry h be5 d$uc$ f ^! fundam5tal facts4 ,my plan is to develop ?is sy/em 9 ! lecture-room 9 z mu* detail z ! "t allott$ w p]mit2 to illu/rate all ! po9ts by exp]im5t1 & 9 addition to expla9 m 9 detail c>efully select$ fundam5tal exp]im5ts1 :i* ! /ud5t subsequ5tly repeats 9 ! laboratory himself4 ,?us ,i make ! lecture-room in/ruction & ! laboratory demon/ration g h& 9 h& z complem5t>y p>ts ( a s+le c\rse ( tea*+4 ,i beg9 by direct+ ! /ud5t to obs]ve = himself ! prop]ties ( bodies by :i* sub/ances are di/+ui%$4 ,i place 9 8 h&s a bit ( roll-brim/one4 ,he fir/ notices ! color1 ! h>dness1 ! brittl5ess1 & ! electrical excitability ( ?is mat]ial4 ,he next det]m9es its d5sity1 its melt+-po9t1 its po9t ( ignition1 &1 if practicable1 its boil+-po9t4 ,!n he treats ! brim/one ) v>i\s solv5ts1 & f9ds t1 :ile insoluble 9 wat] or alcohol1 x dissolves readily 9 sulphide ( c>bon4 ,aft]w>d he evaporates ! solution ?us made1 & obta9s def9ite cry/als1 ^: =ms he /udies1 & comp>es ) ! =ms ( ! cry/als ( ! same mat]ial :i* he also makes by fusion4 ,la/ly1 he obs]ves ! rem>kable *ange :i* foll[s :5 fus$ brim/one is heat$ above its melt+-po9t1 & also ! peculi> pla/ic condition :i* ! mat]ial assumes :5 ! ?ick5$ mass is p\r$ into wat]4 ,he w ?us be l$ to see t ! same mat]ial may assume diff]5t /ates1 & ga9 a cle> conception ( ! sub/ance we call sulphur4 ,aft] ?is ,i give ! /ud5t pieces ( two metals :i* ext]nally resemble ea* o!r1 l lead & t91 9 ord] t1 aft] mak+ ano!r s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 he may come to und]/& on :at comp>atively slight diff]5ces ( prop]ties ! di/9ction betwe5 sub/ances is frequ5tly bas$4 ,a comp>ison is next made ( ! prop]ties ( two closely-alli$ liquids1 l me?ylic & e?ylic alcohol2 & by ?is "t ! /ud5t atta9s suffici5t skill 9 exp]im5t+ to make a comp>ison betwe5 two a]i=m sub/ances1 l oxyg5 gas & c>bonic dioxide4 ,aft] m or less ( su* prelim9>y "w1 we are prep>$ to take up ! subject-matt] ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ! broad fields ( ,nature :at portion does ?is sci5ce cov]8 ,natural ph5om5a may obvi\sly be divid$ into two great classes3 ,fir/1 ^? *anges :i* d n involve a trans=mation ( sub/ance2 &1 secondly1 ^? *anges ^: v ess5ce consi/s 9 ! *ange ( "o or m sub/ances into o!r sub/ances hav+ di/9ctive prop]ties4 ,! sci5ce ( physics deals ) ! ph5om5a ( ! fir/ class2 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry ) ^? ( ! la/4 ,any ph5om5on ( ,nature :i* involves a *ange ( sub/ance is a *emical *ange1 & 9 e *emical *ange "o or m sub/ances1 call$ ! factors1 are conv]t$ into ano!r sub/ance or into o!r sub/ances call$ ! products4 ,! fir/ po9t to be made 9 tea*+ *emi/ry is1 t a /ud5t %\ld realize ?is /atem5t1 & a numb] ( exp]im5ts %\ld be %[n 9 ! lecture-room & repeat$ 9 ! laboratory illu/rat+ :at is meant by a *emical *ange4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 arises a difficulty 9 f9d+ examples :i* %all be at once simple & conclusive1 = 9 almo/ all natural ph5om5a !re is a c]ta9 indef9it5ess :i* obscures ! simple process4 ,! famili> ph5om5a ( combu/ion are mo/ /rik+ examples ( ?is fact1 & m5 7 n able to p5etrate ! mi/ :i* obscur$ !m until )9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,to f9d *emical processes ^: :ole c\rse is obvi\s to an unpractic$ obs]v]1 we are oblig$ to resort to unfamili> ph5om5a4 ,a v simple example ( a *emical process is a mixture ( sulphur & z9c 9 atomic proportions1 :i*1 :5 light$ ) a mat*1 is rapidly conv]t$ into :ite sulphide ( z9c1 ) appe>ance ( flame4 ,ano!r example1 a mixture ( sulphur & f9e iron-fil+s1 :i*1 :5 moi/5$ ) a little wat]1 rapidly *anges into a black sulphide ( iron4 ,!n "s copp]-fil+s1 :i*1 :5 heat$ on a sauc] 9 ! op5 air1 sl[ly *ange into black oxide ( copp]4 ,!n a bit ( phosphorus1 burn$ 9 dry air "u a glass bell1 yield+ a :ite oxide4 ,next1 "s z9c1 dissolv$ 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 yield+ hydrog5 gas & sulphate ( z9c4 ,!n1 a solution ( *loride ( b>ium add$ to a solution ( sulphate ( soda1 giv+ a precipitate ( sulphate ( b>yta1 & leav+ 9 solution common salt1 :i* c be recov]$ by evaporat+ ! filtrate4 ,9 all ^! examples ! /ud5t %\ld be made to see & h&le all ! factors & all ! products ( ea* process1 & ! exp]im5ts %\ld be select$ s t he may become famili> ) ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* sub/ances appe>1 & ) v>i\s k9ds ( *emical processes4 ,he %\ld also be made cle>ly to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tial features ( ! process & ! diff]5t accessories1 :i* may be m or less accid5tal--su*1 = example1 z ! wat] us$ 9 det]m9+ ! comb9ation ( iron & sulphur1 or ! flame :i* accompanies combu/ion4 ,aft] a cle> conception has be5 ga9$ ( a *emical process1 ) its def9ite factors & def9ite products1 we are prep>$ = ! next important /ep4 ,e *emical process obeys ?ree fundam5tal laws3 ,! ,law ( ,cons]vation ( ,mass4 ,! ,law ( ,def9ite ,proportions4 ,! ,law ( ,def9ite ,volumes4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ law1 ! sum ( ! weights ( ! products ( a *emical process is always equal to ! sum ( ! weights ( ! factors4 ,?is law mu/ n[ be illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts1 & approximate quantitative det]m9ations %\ld be introduc$ ?us e>ly into ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,all t is requir$ = ?is purpose is a common pair ( scales1 capable ( weigh+ two or ?ree hundr$ grammes1 & turn+ ) a decigramme4 ,we use 9 our laboratory "s plat=m-scales1 made by ! ,fairbanks ,company1 :i* are inexp5sive1 & s]ve a v useful purpose4 ,a v satisfactory illu/ration ( ! law ( cons]vation ( mass c be obta9$ by ins]t+ 9 a glass flask a mixture ( copp]-fil+s & sulphur 9 atomic proportions4 ,! glass flask is fir/ balanc$ 9 ! scale-pan2 !n remov$ & g5tly heat$ until ! ignition :i* spreads ?r\gh ! mass %[s t *emical comb9ation has tak5 place4 ,! flask is la/ly all[$ to cool1 & on reweigh+ is f\nd n to h alt]$ 9 weight4 ,= a second exp]im5t1 a bit ( phosphorus may1 ) ! aid ( "s simple contrivance1 be burn$ inside a tightly-cork$ glass flask1 ( suffici5t volume to af=d ! requisite supply ( oxyg54 ,( c\rse1 on reweigh+ ! flask1 aft] ! *emical *ange has tak5 place1 & ! bottom ( ! flask cov]$ ) ! :ite oxide =m$1 !re w be no *ange ( weight1 & ?is exp]im5t may be made to en=ce ! tru? t1 9 ?is example ( combu/ion at lea/1 ! *emical process is att5d$ ) no loss ( mat]ial4 ,op5 n[ ! flask1 & air w ru% 9 to supply ! p>tial vacuum1 prov+ t 9 ! process ( combu/ion a portion ( ! mat]ial ( ! air has unit$ to =m ! :ite product4 ,make n[ a ?ird exp]im5t z an application ( ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* has be5 illu/rat$ by ! previ\s exp]im5ts4 ,burn "s f9ely divid$ iron 7iron r$uc$ by hydrog57 on a scale-pan1 & %[ t ! process is att5d$ by an increase ( weight4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,:y1 t "s mat]ial has unit$ ) ! iron to =m ! new product4 ,:5ce has ?is mat]ial come8 ,obvi\sly f ! air1 = x c\ld come f n[h]e else4 ,& ?us1 besides illu/rat+ ! fir/ ( ! above laws1 ?is exp]im5t may be made to furni% an in/ructive lesson 9 reg>d to ! relations ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e to *emical processes4 ,! second law decl>es t 9 e *emical process ! weights ( ! sev]al factors & products be> ea* to ! o!rs a def9ite proportion4 ,?is law mu/ next be made famili> by exp]im5tal illu/rations4 ,a weigh$ am\nt ( oxide ( silv] is plac$ 9 a glass tube connect$ ) a pneumatic tr\gh4 ,! tube is g5tly heat$ until ! oxide is decompos$ & ! oxyg5 gas collect$ 9 a glass bottle ( suffici5t size4 ,! metallic silv] rema9+ 9 ! tube is n[ reweigh$1 & ! volume ( ! oxyg5 gas 9 ! bottle measur$1 & f ! volume ( ! gas its weight is d$uc$4 ,! measurem5t is easily made by simply m>k+ ) a gumm$ label ! level at :i* ! wat] /&s 9 ! bottle4 ,if1 n[1 ! bottle is remov$ f ! pneumatic tr\gh & ! weight ( wat] f\nd :i* fills ! bottle to ! same height1 ! weight ( ! wat] 9 grammes w give ! volume ( ! gas 9 cubic c5timetres1 &1 kn[+ ! weight ( a cubic c5timetre ( oxyg51 we easily calculate ! weight ( ?is gas result+ f ! *emical process4 ,we h n[ ! weights ( ! oxide ( silv]1 ! silv]1 & ! oxyg51 ! "o factor & ! two products ( ! *emical process1 &1 by comp>+ ! results ( diff]5t /ud5ts mak+ ! same exp]im5t1 ! con/ancy ( ! proportion w be made evid5t to ! class4 ,= a second illu/ration ( ! same law1 ! solution ( z9c 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 yield+ sulphate ( z9c & hydrog5 gas1 may be select$1 & ! weight ( ! hydrog51 e/imat$ z 9 ! previ\s example1 %[n to su/a9 a def9ite relation to ! weight ( ! z9c dissolv$4 ,aga91 silv] may be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! weight ( ! nitrate ( silv] obta9$ %[n to su/a9 a def9ite relation to ! weight ( ! metal4 ,or1 /ill fur!r1 z an exp]im5t ( a :olly diff]5t class1 a kn[n weight ( *loride ( b>ium may be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 &1 aft] precipitation ) sulphuric acid1 ! b>ic sulphate collect$ by filtration & weigh$1 :5 ! def9ite relation betwe5 ! weight ( ! precipitate & ! weight ( ! *loride ( b>ium w appe>4 ,= a la/ exp]im5t let ! /ud5t neutralize a weigh$ am\nt ( dilute hydro*loric acid ) aqua ammonia1 not+ approximately ! am\nt ( ammonia requir$4 ,let him n[ evaporate ! solution on a wat]-ba?1 & weigh ! result+ sal9e product2 tak+ next ! same quantity ( hydro*loric acid z be=e1 &1 hav+ add$ twice ! previ\s quantity ( ammonia1 let him obta9 & weigh ! result+ salammoniac z be=e4 ,a ?ird "t let him beg9 ) half ! quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 &1 add+ z mu* ammonia z 9 ! fir/ case1 aga9 repeat ! process4 ,x is obvi\s :at ! result ( ^! exp]im5ts mu/ be2 b )\t tell+ ! /ud5t :at he is to expect1 x w be a good ex]cise to ask him to draw 8 own inf]5ces f ! results4 ,( c\rse1 he mu/ previ\sly h s f> be5 made acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( hydro*loric acid & ammonia z to "k t ! excess ( ei!r w\ld escape :5 ! sal9e solution is evaporat$ ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,b ) ?is limit$ k he w be able to d$uce ! law ( def9ite proportions f ! exp]im5tal results ?us simply obta9$4 ,! ?ird ( ! fundam5tal laws ( *emi/ry /at$ above 7g5]ally kn[n z ! law ( ,gay-,lussac7 decl>es t1 :5 two or m ( ! factors or products ( a *emical process are a]i=m1 ! volumes ( ^! gase\s sub/ances be> to ea* o!r a v simple ratio4 ,"h1 aga91 num]\s exp]im5ts may be contriv$ to illu/rate ! law4 ,wat]1 :5 decompos$ by electricity1 yields hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases ^: volumes be> to ea* o!r ! ratio ( two to "o4 ,:5 hydro*loric-acid gas is decompos$ by sodium amalgam1 ! volume ( ! orig9al gas be>s to t ( ! residual hydrog5 ! ratio also ( two to "o4 ,:5 ammonia is decompos$ by *lor9e1 ! volume ( ! result+ nitrog5 gas is "o ?ird ( t ( ! *lor9e gas employ$4 ,hav+ illu/rat$ ^! ?ree g5]al laws1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! fact t ! nature ( a *emical process & ! laws :i* x obeys are results ( obs]vation & involve no !ory :atsoev]4 ,on ^! facts ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry is built4 ,! mod]n sy/em ( *emi/ry1 h[ev]1 assumes :at is kn[n z ! molecul> !ory1 & by means ( ?is !ory attempts to expla9 all ^! facts & %[ _! mutual relations4 ,"h ! di/9ction betwe5 fact & !ory mu/ be insi/$ ^u1 & also ! value ( !ory = classify+ facts & direct+ obs]vation4 ,a molecule is n[ def9$1 &1 if ! /ud5t has n /udi$ physics suffici5tly to become acqua9t$ ) ! outl9es ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 ?is !ory mu/ be develop$ suffici5tly to give ! /ud5t a k ( ! ?ree great laws ( ,m>iotte1 ( ,*>les1 & ( ,avogadro4 ,he mu/ be made to und]/& h[ molecules are def9$ by ! physici/1 & h[ _! relative weights may be inf]r$ by a comp>ison ( vapor d5sities4 ,he %\ld !n be made to comp>e ! relative molecul> weights1 d$uc$ by physical means1 ) ! def9ite proportions he has obs]v$ 9 *emical processes4 ,he w ?us himself be l$ to ! conclusion t ^! def9ite proportions are ! proportions ( ! molecul> weights1 & t ! con/ancy ( ! law arises f ! fact t 9 e *emical process ! action takes place betwe5 molecules1 & t ! products ( ! process are new molecules1 pres]v+ always1 ( c\rse1 _! def9ite relative weights4 ,! /ud5t w ?us be br\ght to ! *emical conception ( ! molecule z ! smalle/ mass ( any sub/ance 9 :i* ! qualities inh]e1 & he w come to reg>d a *emical process z always tak+ place betwe5 molecules4 ,?us f> no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! composition ( matt]4 ,a *emical process has be5 def9$ simply z c]ta9 factors yield+ c]ta9 products1 b no?+ has be5 det]m9$ ab\t ! relations ( ^! sev]al sub/ances except 9 s f> z !y are def9$ by ! ?ree laws illu/rat$ above4 ,b n[ x mu/ be %[n t a /udy ( diff]5t *emical processes compels u to conclude t 9 "s cases two or m sub/ances unite to =m a comp\nd1 :ile 9 o!r cases a comp\nd is brok5 up into simpl] p>ts4 ,?us1 :5 copp]-fil+s are heat$ 9 ! air1 x is evid5t t ! mat]ial ( ! copp] has unit$ ) t portion ( ! air we call oxyg5 to =m ! black product we call oxide ( copp]2 & aga91 :5 oxide ( silv] is heat$1 x is evid5t t ! result+ silv] & oxyg5 gas 7 =m]ly portions ( ! mat]ial ( ! oxide4 ,s1 :5 wat] is decompos$ by electricity1 ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t %[ t ! result+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases mu/ h come f ! mat]ial ( ! wat]1 & c\ld h come f no?+ else4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld n[ be multipli$ until ! /ud5t has a p]fectly cle> idea ( ! nature ( ! evid5ce on :i* our k ( ! composition ( bodies dep5ds4 ,! decomposition ( *lorate ( pota% by heat1 yield+ *loride ( potassium & oxyg5 gas2 ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammonium by heat1 yield+ nitr\s oxide & wat]2 ! decomposition ( ?is result+ nitr\s oxide1 :5 ! gas is pass$ ov] heat$ metallic copp]2 &1 la/ly1 ! decomposition already ref]r$ to1 ( wat] by electricity--are all /rik+ exp]im5ts by :i* ! evid5ce ( *emical composition may be en=c$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 elem5t>y & comp\nd sub/ances hav+ be5 cle>ly def9$ by ! c\rse ( reason+ already giv5 9 outl9e1 ! next aim %\ld be to lead ! /ud5t to compreh5d h[ sub/ances are analyz$ & _! composition express$ 9 p]c5ts4 ,! r$uction ( oxide ( copp] by hydrog5 gives readily ! data = det]m9+ ! composition ( wat]1 :i* is ?us %[n to conta9 9 "o hundr$ p>ts #aa4aa p] c5t ( hydrog5 & #hh4hi p] c5t ( oxyg54 ,ano!r sub/ance ^: analysis c be v readily made by ! /ud5t is c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,by ignit+ pure c>bonate ( magnesia 9 a crucible 7n ( c\rse ! magnesia alba ( ! %ops71 ! proportions ( c>bonic acid & magnesia c be readily det]m9$4 ,!n1 by burn+ magnesium ribbon1 & weigh+ ! product1 ! /ud5t easily f9ds ! relative weight ( magnesium & oxyg5 9 ! oxide4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! proportion ( c>bon & oxyg5 9 c>bonic dioxide is easily d$uc$ f ! burn+ ( a weigh$ am\nt ( c>bon4 ,"h ! result may be express$ ei!r 9 p]c5ts ( oxide or magnesium & c>bonic dioxide1 or else 9 p]c5ts ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances1 c>bon1 magnesium1 & oxyg54 ,aft] mak+ a few analyses l ^!1 ! /ud5t w be prep>$ to compreh5d ! actual position ( ! sci5ce4 ,all kn[n sub/ances h be5 analyz$1 & ! results tabulat$1 s t x is unnecess>y to repeat ! "w except 9 special cases4 ,! tea*] is n[ prep>$ to take a v important /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! subject4 ,if ! molecule is simply a small p>ticle ( a sub/ance 9 :i* ! qualities ( ! sub/ance inh]e1 !n x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ! composition ( ! molecule is ! same z ! composition ( ! sub/ance4 ,! p]c5tage results ( ! analysis ( wat]1 or ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 indicate ! composition ( a molecule ( wat] or a molecule ( c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,?us1 #aa4aa p] c5t ( e molecule ( wat] consi/s ( hydrog51 :ile #hh4hi p] c5t consi/s ( oxyg54 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 9 a *emical process1 ! molecules mu/ be divid$1 & ^! elem5t>y p>ts ( molecules :i* analysis reveals are ! atoms ( *emi/ry4 ,moreov]1 z we "k ! weights ( molecules1 bo? by physical & *emical means1 *emical analysis n[ gives u ! weights ( ! atoms4 ,we h no "t to dwell on ! details ( ?is reason+1 b ! g5]al c\rse to be foll[$ w be evid5t1 & x mu/ be en=c$ by num]\s examples4 ,assum+ t ! /ud5t fully compreh5ds ! di/9ction betwe5 molecules & atoms--t is1 betwe5 ! physically smalle/ p>ticles & ! *emically smalle/ p>ticles--he is prep>$ to ma/] ! symbolical nom5clature ( *emi/ry1 ) a v few words ( explanation4 ,! initial lett]s ( ! ,lat9 names are select$ to repres5t ! atoms ( ! sev5ty kn[n elem5t>y sub/ances1 & ^! lett]s /& = ! def9ite atomic weights :i* are tabulat$ 9 all *emical text-books4 ,! symbols ( ! atoms are simply gr\p$ toge!r to =m ! symbols ( ! molecules ( ! v>i\s sub/ances2 ! numb] ( atoms ( ea* k9d ent]+ into ! composition ( ! molecule be+ indicat$ by a subscript num]al4 ,la/ly1 9 ord] to repres5t *emical processes1 ! symbols ( ! molecules ( ! factors are writt5 on "o side & ! symbols ( ! molecules ( ! products are writt5 on ! o!r side ( an equation1 ! numb] ( molecules ( ea* sub/ance involv$ be+ indicat$ by num]ical coeffici5ts4 ,! atomic symbols1 z we h se51 /& = def9ite weights4 ,9 ! same way1 ! molecul> symbols /& = def9ite weights1 :i* are ! sums ( ! weights ( ! atoms ( :i* ea* consi/s1 & 9 e *emical equation ! weights ( ! molecules repres5t$ on "o side mu/ necess>ily equal ! weights ( ! molecules repres5t$ on ! o!r4 ,! *emical process consi/s m]ely 9 ! break+ up ( c]ta9 molecules1 & ! re>rangem5t ( ! same con/itu5t atoms to =m new molecules4 ,aga91 z ! molecul> symbols repres5t def9ite weights1 ! equation also indicates t a def9ite proportion by weight is pres]v$ betwe5 ! sev]al factors & products ( ! process repres5t$4 ,aga91 s9ce e molecul> symbol repres5ts ! same volume :5 ! sub/ance is 9 an a]i=m condition1 x foll[s t ! relative gas volumes are proportional to ! numb] ( molecules ( ! a]i=m sub/ances involv$ 9 ! reaction4 ,?us x is t ^! *emical equations or reactions are a con/ant decl>ation ( ! ?ree great fundam5tal laws ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ord] to en=ce ! above pr9ciples1 a great numb] ( examples %\ld n[ be giv5 :i* %\ld be s select$ z to illu/rate famili> & important *emical processes1 includ+ ! all-important ph5om5a ( combu/ion4 ,9 ea* case1 ! /ud5t1 hav+ made ! exp]im5t1 %\ld write ! equation or reaction :i* repres5ts ! process1 & %\ld be made to solve a suffici5t numb] ( /o*io-metrical problems1 involv+ bo? weights & volumes1 to give him a complete ma/]y ( ! subject4 ,su* que/ions z ^! w te/ ! complet5ess ( 8 k3 ,:y is ! symbol ( wat] ,h#b,o8 ,:at in=mation does ! symbol ,,co#b give 9 reg>d to c>bonic-dioxide gas8 ,write ! reaction ( hydro*loric acid on sodic c>bonate1 & /ate :at in=mation ! equation gives 9 reg>d to ! process :i* x repres5ts4 ,( c\rse1 su* que/ions may be greatly multipli$1 & ,i cite ^! ?ree only to call att5tion to ! features ( ! me?od ( in/ruction ,i h be5 endeavor+ to illu/rate4 ,b1 besides tea*+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( *emical sci5ce1 x is important to give ! /ud5t a m or less ext5d$ k ( *emical facts & processes--especially su* z play an important "p 9 daily life1 or 9 ! arts--& su* k c readily be giv5 9 ?is connection4 ,beyond ?is ,i d n deem x desirable to g 9 an elem5t>y c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,! way1 h[ev]1 is n[ op5$ to ! mo/ advanc$ fields ( ! sci5ce4 ,a comp>ison ( symbols & reactions leads at once to ! doctr9e ( quantival5ce1 & to ! results ( mod]n /ructural *emi/ry :i* ?is doctr9e involves4 ,among ^! results !re is ( c\rse mu* t is fanciful1 b !re is also a v l>ge sub/ratum ( e/abli%$ tru?2 & if ! /ud5t ?or\ghly compreh5ds ! symbolical language ( *emi/ry1 & und]/&s ! facts x actually repres5ts1 he w be able to realize1 s f> z is n[ possible1 ! tru?s :i* und]lie ! conv5tional =ms4 ,! /udy ( ! /ructure ( molecules naturally leads to ! /udy ( _! /ability1 & ( ! conditions :i* det]m9e *emical *anges1 & ?us op5s ! rec5tly explor$ field ( !rmo-*emi/ry4 ,to be able to pr$ict ! ord] & results ( possible conditions ( association ( mat]ials1 or ( *emical *anges "u all circum/ances1 is n[ ! highe/ aim ( our sci5ce1 & we h already made v consid]able progress t[>d ?is end4 ,b ,i h deta9$ y too long1 & ,i mu/ ref] to ! ,new ,*emi/ry = a full] exposition ( ?is subject4 ,my object has be5 ga9$ if ,i h be5 able to make cle> to y t x is possible to pres5t ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry z a sy/ematic body ( tru?s indep5d5t ( ! mass ( details ) :i* ! sci5ce is usually encumb]$1 & make ! /udy a mo/ valuable means ( tra9+ ! p[] ( inductive reason+1 & ?us secur+ ! great end ( sci5tific culture4 ,,xii4 ,,noblesse ,,oblige4 ,9 ! =m] essays ( ?is volume ,i h e>ne/ly ma9ta9$ t sci5tific culture1 rightly und]/ood1 is a suitable basis = a lib]al education2 & ,i h ma9ta9$ ?is !sis )\t 9 any way attempt+ to disp>age t lit]>y culture hi!rto s g5]ally reg>d$ z ! only basis on :i* ! lib]al arts c\ld be built4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,i h argu$ t1 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! _w1 !re is m ?an "o basis ( true s*ol>%ip1 ,i h fully admitt$ t = f> ! l>g] numb] ( s*ol>s1 includ+ all ^? ^: lives are to be occupi$ ) lit]>y pursuits1 ! old sy/em ( education is /ill ! be/4 ,moreov]1 ,i h endeavor$ to po9t out t sci5tific culture 9 no way conflicts ) lit]>y culture2 t x has a diff]5t _s1 a diff]5t me?od1 & a diff]5t aim2 & ,i h only recomm5d$ x z suitable to ^? :o are di/9ctly prep>+ !mselves = a sci5tific call+2 b ,i h ma9ta9$ t = su* m5 sci5tific /udies1 rightly foll[$1 may lead to a broad1 a noble1 & 9 ! true/ s5se a lib]al education4 ,i h us$ ! t]m sci5tific culture rightly und]/ood 9 ord] to m>k a di/9ction2 because a great deal t passes = sci5tific s*ol>%ip 9 ! _w does n imply true sci5tific culture4 ,9 all dep>tm5ts ( le>n+1 & n less 9 sci5tific ?an 9 lit]>y /udies1 erudition does n necess>ily imply a high degree ( culture4 ,we all value ! labors ( ! lexicograph]1 & ! "w may be s done z to task ! noble/ intellectual p[]2 b !re is a high] =m ( lit]>y culture ?an t :i* diction>y-mak+ usually implies4 ,s also 9 sci5ce1 no am\nt ( book-le>n+ con/itutes :at we h call$ sci5tific culture rightly und]/ood4 ,= example1 ! ability to pass an exam9ation on ! facts & pr9ciples ( sci5ce is no te/ :atev] ( ! =m ( culture we are advocat+4 ,n t we und]rate ! value ( su* te/s1 or ( ! k !y imply2 b ! ability to ma/] a subject z pres5t$ 9 a text-book1 & to /ate t k 9 a concise & accurate =m1 is ! normal result ( lit]>y1 n ( sci5tific culture4 ,! p[] to d some?+ well is involv$ 9 ! v idea ( culture1 & ! s*ol> :o c pass a successful writt5 exam9ation has acquir$ a p[] :i* lit]>y culture *iefly gives1 & t ?is p[] may be appli$ to sci5tific z well z lit]>y subjects is obvi\s4 ,"h is a mo/ important di/9ction 9 connection ) our subject4 ,culture implies ! acquisition ( "s p[] ( ! m9d 9 an em95t degree1 & su* p[] is con/antly associat$ ) erudition1 simply because x leads to erudition4 ,b :5 we see erudition )\t su* p[]1 z we (t5 d 9 e dep>tm5t ( s*ol>%ip1 we p]ceive at once ^u h[ mu* l[] a level x /&s4 ,:at v diff]5t ?+s are classical s*ol>%ip & classical erudition2 & is n ! p[] :i* ! great classical s*ol>s possess ( int]pret+ ! ?\ghts ( ! classical au?ors1 & ( reproduc+ _! life1 ! great elem5t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two8 ,s sci5tific culture implies ! ability to int]pret ,nature1 to obs]ve h] ph5om5a1 & to inve/igate h] laws4 ,! s*ol>1 to :om ,nature pres5ts m]ely an ord]ly succession ( facts & ph5om5a1 kn[s no?+ ( true sci5tific culture4 ,z !re is a _s 9 ! great writ]s ( classical antiquity :i* ennobles ! /udy ( ! =ms 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( ^! au?ors 7 express$1 s also is !re a _s 9 ,nature )\t :i* facts & ph5om5a1 h[ev] well classifi$1 create no intellectual elevation4 ,! la/ c5tury ( ! _w's hi/ory has be5 m>k$1 m ?an by any?+ else1 by ! increase ( our k ( ,nature1 & x w be kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! age ( great discov]ies2 b valuable z ! facts & pr9ciples ( sci5ce c]ta9ly are1 greatly z !y h promot$ ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 & important1 !re=e1 z ! k ( ^! facts & pr9ciples mu/ be to man1 yet nev]!less ,i %\ld nev] urge ! claims ( physical sci5ce z a basis ( lib]al education if !y c\ld be def5d$ on no o!r gr\nds ?an ^!4 ,x is "h z else:]e ! _s :i* give? life2 & ! p[] to int]pret ,nature1 & to commune ) ! intellig5ce t rules ! univ]se1 is ! "o acquisition :i*1 above all o!rs1 gives wor? & dignity to ! =m ( culture we h endeavor$ to advocate 9 ^! essays4 ,^? :o reg>d sci5ce simply z utilit>ianism1 & :o value sci5tific /udies solely because !y tea* m5 h[ to build railroads1 to explore m9es1 to extract ! useful metals f _! ores1 or to increase ! yield ( agriculture1 h an ev5 m imp]fect conception ( :at is meant by sci5tific culture ?an ^? to :om sci5ce is m]ely a valuable erudition4 ,x is true t physics & *emi/ry may be /udi$ z arts r ?an z sci5ces1 & we h no desire to und]rate ! importance ( su* te*nical education2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two modes ( /udy is z wide z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! artisan & ! s*ol>4 ,9 ass]t+ ?is we d n =get t ! occupations ( ! eng9e]1 ! electrician1 & ! analytical *emi/ dem& a v l>ge am\nt ( k1 judgm5t1 & skill1 & are rightly reg>d$ z le>n$ pr(essions4 ,b let x n be suppos$ t skill 9 su* pr(essions is ! end or aim ( sci5tific culture2 any m ?an legal skill is ! end or aim ( lit]>y culture4 ,if lit]>y s*ol>s reg>d ! /udy ( sci5ce solely f ?is po9t ( view1 x is no wond] t !y ?9k t ! tone ( s*ol>%ip w\ld be l[]$ if x re/$ solely on su* a utilit>ian basis2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if !y c\ld once realize ! sublimity ( ,nature1 z ,cop]nicus1 ,newton1 ,f>aday1 & unnumb]$ o!rs h realiz$ x1 ?is fe> t devotion to sci5ce mu/ degrade s*ol>%ip w\ld disappe>4 ,we are well aw>e t practical m5 frequ5tly reg>d ) undisguis$ contempt ! /ud5ts ( !oretical sci5ce1 & t ! great] numb] ( p]sons seek+ a sci5tific education mu/ look = employm5t to ! practical pr(essions 9 :i* ?is tone too (t5 prevails4 ,b1 c]ta9ly1 a n>r[ te*nical _s prevails q z (t5 9 ! pr(essions 9 :i* lit]>y s*ol>s *iefly f9d employm5t2 & ! new sci5tific pr(essions are ev5 m closely dep5d5t on ! discussion ( !oretical & ab/ract pr9ciples ?an ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 exclusively reg>d$ z lib]al4 ,x is an admitt$ fact1 z we h %[n 9 ano!r place1 t all ! great advances 9 practical sci5ce1 all ! great inv5tions1 :i* dur+ ! la/ c5tury h s wond]fully increas$ ! p[] ( man ov] ,nature1 may be trac$ directly to ! results ( !oretical /udy4 ,= ?is reason1 if on no high] gr\nd1 we h claim$ t x is bo? ! int]e/ & ! duty ( ! ,/ate to fo/] & rew>d sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! "t is n f> di/ant1 if x is n already at h&1 :5 ! sci5tific culture ( a p w be "o ( ! *ief factors 9 det]m9+ its position among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,we c n leave ?is subject )\t giv+ prom95ce to ano!r ?\ght1 :i* has be5 ev] pres5t ) u :ile writ+ ^! pages1 if n hi!rto di/9ctly /at$4 ,culture1 z we h se51 implies p[]1 & ! possession ( p[] also involves correspond+ obligations4 ,among ! _m bless+s :i* ,*ri/ianity & its att5dant civilization h br\ght to mank9d1 ! recognition ( ?is pr9ciple is mo/ pla9ly m>k$4 ,! pr9ciple is assum$ 9 almo/ e relation ( life1 ev5 :5 n di/9ctly ackn[l$g$2 & happily x c r>ely n[ be disreg>d$ )\t incurr+ ! odium ( mank9d4 ,x leads ! possessors ( great weal? to devote no inconsid]able %>e ( _! =tunes to ! public good2 x /igmatizes z mis]ly any neglect ( ?is obligation2 & ! be/ hope ( pres]v+ our mod]n civilization aga9/ ! de/ructive ag5cies ( socialism is to be f\nd 9 ! increas+ recognition & en=cem5t ( ?is sav+ grace4 ,b :ile ?is pr9ciple is1 to a great] or less degree1 act$ ^u 9 all relations ( life1 x is en=c$ by public op9ion ) special /rictness ^u ^? :o assume to be ! s]vants ( ! p4 ,9 political life ! obligations x imposes are already v g5]ally recogniz$2 & /ill m /rongly are !y felt by ! m9i/]s ( religion4 ,! politician :o uses 8 high position to promote 8 p]sonal int]e/s may sometimes escape 8 j des]ts2 b ! cl]gyman :o pro/itutes 8 influ5ce = private ga9s is univ]sally condemn$4 ,s true is ?is1 t a cl]gyman is deb>r$ by 8 pr(ession f _m ( ! indu/ries & occupations ( life :i* are reg>d$ z p]fectly honorable call+s = o!r m54 ,a cl]gyman :o speculat$ 9 /ocks1 or ev5 engag$ 9 a m]cantile pursuit1 w\ld1 ) good reason1 lose ! respect ( ! v m5 :o _h ga9$ _! weal? by ! same ways :i* !y d5y to him4 ,he may n1 l ! memb]s ( ! eld] religi\s frat]nities1 take ! v[ ( pov]ty1 b /ill he is held to a v /rict rule ( life2 & on ?is is bas$ 8 claim to an adequate support f ! p to :om he m9i/]s4 ,because appo9t$ to s[ spiritual ?+s1 ! cl]gy are entitl$ to reap worldly ?+s :i* !y h n s[n nor ga!r$2 & evil w be ! days :5 ?is claim is disall[$4 ,n[1 we hold t ! pr(ession ( a sci5tific tea*] implies an obligation n less b9d+ ?an t :i* re/s on ! cl]gyman2 & ?is is especially true if ! tea*] has be5 plac$ 9 a conspicu\s & responsible position be=e ! _w4 ,! tea*] has be5 set ap>t z truly z ! cl]gyman1 &1 if he uses ! influ5ce ( 8 (fice m]ely z a means ( accumulat+ weal?1 he is n loyal to ! pr(ession :i* he has volunt>ily assum$4 ,let me n be misund]/ood4 ,!re are a ?\s& legitimate ways ( e>n+ a livelihood & acquir+ weal? by means ( ! k :i* sci5tific /udy gives2 & a man has a "r to use sci5tific k = 8 worldly advancem5t z freely z any o!r k4 ,b ! man :o has accept$ ! po/ ( a tea*]1 & receives ! support to :i* 8 position entitles him1 is b\nd to d ! "w ( a tea*] to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 & to devote 8 :ole en]gies to ext5d+ ! k ( ! sci5ce :i* he pr(esses to tea*4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! community %\ld be educat$ up to ?is po9t1 & %\ld hold its tea*]s to _! tru/s & obligations z /rictly z x does its cl]gy4 ,inde$1 ! sci5tific ev5 m ?an ! religi\s tea*] requires ! aid ( a correct public s5tim5t to ma9ta9 ! tone ( 8 pr(ession4 ,sci5tific k & acum51 :5 c5t]$ on bus9ess relations1 has (t5 discov]$ direct av5ues to weal?2 ! temptation to make use ( ! opportunities ?us (f]$ is ( c\rse v great1 & 9 mo/ ( ! relations ( life ! c>e] s op5$ may be p]fectly legitimate & honorable4 ,b no "o c expect to succe$ 9 any bus9ess c>e] )\t devot+ 8 :ole en]gy to ! "w1 & !re are conditions "u :i* su* a c\rse w\ld involve ! betrayal ( a tru/4 ,nor are ! words betrayal ( a tru/ too /rong2 = x is sometimes ! case t1 besides neglect+ 8 appropriate "w1 ! sci5tific tea*] sells ! reputation ( 8 position1 & comm&s a high] price because he b>t]s ! good "n ( ! in/itution ) :i* he is connect$4 ,i am well aw>e t !re is ano!r side to ?is "q4 ,9 _m ( our colleges ! pr(essor has an inadequate support1 & is expect$ or ev5 invit$ to supplem5t 8 income by :at is te*nically call$ comm]cial "w4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* cases ! man c n be blam$2 b public op9ion %\ld be su* z to prev5t a respectable in/itution f (f]+1 or a respectable pr(essor f accept+1 su* a position4 ,! workman is wor?y ( 8 hire1 & ! same s5tim5t :i* dem&s f ! sci5tific pr(essor a :ole-he>t$ devotion to 8 "w1 dem&s also f ! community = :i* he works an adequate support4 ,x is und\bt$ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! inadequate support :i* sci5tific tea*]s g5]ally receive 9 ?is c\ntry t public s5tim5t tol]ates ) !m practices :i* sob] judgm5t mu/ condemn2 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t "u ^! circum/ances a tea*]1 if he is fai?ful to ! r\t9e ( 8 (fice1 may devote 8 rema9+ en]gies to comm]cial "w1 n only )\t any consci\sness ( wrong-do+1 b ev5 ) ! approbation ( 8 associates4 ,h5ce1 x is ! m important to e/abli% firmly 9 ! public m9d ! well-f\nd$ op9ion t ! end[$ pr(essor%ips ( our high] in/itutions ( le>n+ are (fices ( public tru/1 to be adm9i/]$ solely = ! public good4 ,!re is no h>d%ip 9 ?is position2 s9ce p]fectly legitimate & honorable av5ues are op5$ to ! sci5tific s*ol>1 on :i* he may exp5d 8 bus9ess en]gies1 &1 at ! same "t1 use 8 sci5tific k2 & = _m m5 ^! av5ues lead 9 ! directions 9 :i* !y c n only mo/ effectually advance !mselves 9 worldly prosp]ity1 b also mo/ b5efit _! fell[s4 ,among ! m5 ( practical ability :o h develop$ a new indu/ry1 or introduc$ a new inv5tion1 & :o h acquir$ weal? !reby1 are to be f\nd "s ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( _! race2 & f> w\ld x be f me to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! practical m5 & ! s*ol>s4 ,all we claim is t ! m5 ( affairs %\ld resign ! end[m5ts int5d$ = ! ma9t5ance ( s*ol>s to ^? ^: zeal is suffici5t to induce !m to make gladly ! sacrifices :i* ! advancem5t ( k usually entails4 ,^! consid]ations w appe> /ill m =cible if view$ 9 relation to ! int]e/ ( ! community 9 sci5tific culture to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,?is int]e/ has n be5 ov]look$1 & 9 rec5t ye>s a great _m projects h be5 discuss$ = :at is t]m$ ! end[m5t ( rese>*2 & already v consid]able funds are held by le>n$ societies ( ! ,old ,_w1 & small] am\nts by sev]al societies ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* h be5 devot$ to ?is object4 ,b al?\gh means are ?us furni%$ to a limit$ ext5t to pay ! exp5ses ( sci5tific inve/igations1 & v consid]able prizes are (f]$ = ! solution ( important problems1 yet x mu/ be confess$ t z yet ! results h be5 meag] & h n answ]$ ! expectations ( ! f\nd]s ( ! end[m5ts2 & ! reason ( ! small fruitage is n f> to seek4 ,a c]ta9 ord] ( sci5tific results c be pur*as$ l o!r pr(essional "w = a price :i* is to "s ext5t proportionate to ! skill requir$ to obta9 !m4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! daily obs]vations at an a/ronomical or a meteorological /ation2 su* also are *emical analyses & assays ( v>i\s k9ds2 su*1 aga91 is mu* ( ! r\t9e "w ( a physical laboratory4 ,b ! highe/ ord] ( sci5tific results1 su* z leave a p]man5t impress on ! records ( sci5ce--l ,newton's law ( gravitation1 ,"y's !ory ( light1 ,f>aday's !ory ( electricity1 or ,buns5's me?ods ( spectrum analysis--c no m be _h to ord] ?an c\ld ,p>adise ,lo/ or ,9 ,memoriam h be5 pur*as$ by ! foot4 ,moreov]1 sci5tific progress foll[s a necess>y law ( cont9uity1 & important advances c n be made until ! "t is ripe4 ,! mo/ t c be done ) ! direct end[m5ts = rese>* is1 to multiply tru/wor?y obs]vations1 & ?us prep>e ! way = discov]y2 & m ?an ?is c n be expect$4 ,a m effici5t means ( cultivat+ sci5ce1 & "o :i* is c]ta91 9 ! long run1 to yield a f> m abundant & ri*] h>ve/1 is to secure ! conditions :i* are kn[n to be favorable to sci5tific discov]ies1 & to hold 9 honor su* discov]ies :5 made2 & ,i ?9k !re w be little diff]5ce ( op9ion among compet5t sci5tific au?orities t ! "o ess5tial condition above all o!rs is a c]ta9 atmosph]e :i* results f ! association ( m5 :o are engag$ 9 sci5tific /udy4 ,an association ( s*ol>s acts 9 _m ways to favor ei!r lit]>y or sci5tific production4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x leads to competition1 :i*1 al?\gh a l[ motive1 is a v pot5t "o 9 all =ms ( human activity4 ,9 ! second place1 ! contact ( m9ds engag$ 9 simil> /udies leads ! /ud5t to take a broad] view ( 8 subject1 & to see x f ! v>i\s po9ts ( view :i* ! criticism ( 8 associates may po9t out4 ,above all1 "w done 9 su* associations is n done )\t obs]vation1 & !re are pres5t witnesses to atte/ ! results1 & publi% !m ) ! au?ority :i* is requir$ to insure = !m g5]al acceptance4 ,a great deal ( sci5tific "w is lo/ to ! _w because done 9 a corn]1 & buri$ 9 ! transactions ( local societies1 f :i* x is n dis9t]r$ until ! "w has be5 repeat$4 ,! advantages ( su* association are only too evid5t to ! num]\s work]s 9 sci5ce at ! isolat$ colleges ( ?is c\ntry1 :o are =c$ to comp>e _! opportunities ) ^? ( _! compe]s 9 ! great capitals ( ,europe2 & ! want ( sci5tific productiv5ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* we s greatly lam5t is due *iefly to ! want ( ! /imulus :i* comb9$ action s greatly gives4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 ! conditions favorable = sci5tific inve/igation are multiply+ at home1 & already !re are sev]al c5t]s at :i* ! productiv5ess is rapidly increas+1 & gives great promise ( ! future4 ,moreov]1 ?is gr[? gives u a good indication z to ! po9ts at :i* we c mo/ advantage\sly apply aid2 & ,i am confid5t t !re is no way 9 :i* we c s effectively enc\rage sci5tific inve/igation z by e/abli%+ at ! in/itutions ( le>n+1 :i* are at pres5t ! *ief c5t]s ( sci5tific activity1 m pr(essor%ips & fell[%ips1 9 ord] to give support to ^? :o are ready to devote _! lives to sci5tific /udy4 ,! tea*+ :i* a pr(essor%ip implies1 in/ead ( be+ a h9drance1 ought to be a great /imulus to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,( c\rse1 ?is influ5ce is greatly impair$ if1 z 9 _m ( our colleges1 ! available en]gies ( ! tea*] are exhau/$ by ! daily r\t9e ( in/ruction1 or by ! outside "w requir$ to supplem5t 8 meag] sal>y4 ,b1 if ! tea*+ is only mod]ate 9 am\nt & 9 ! direction ( ! pr(essor's own "w1 !re is no /imulus s great z t :i* ! association ) a class ( e>ne/ /ud5ts supplies4 ,7 x necess>y to su/a9 ! op9ions "h advanc$ by fur!r illu/rations1 we ne$ only po9t to ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 :i* holds f\ndations l ^? we h advocat$2 = ! names ( ,davy1 ,"y1 ,f>aday1 ,tyndal1 & ,dew>1 are a conspicu\s memorial ( ! v great success ( su* end[m5ts 9 advanc+ physical sci5ce4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! end[m5t ( pr(essor%ips & fell[%ips w be ( no value to ! community unless x is und]/ood t ! incumb5ts are set ap>t = _! special "w2 & ! sugge/ion t su* positions c\ld be us$ to favor private ends1 or z ! basis ( m]cantile transactions1 is suffici5t to %[ h[ inconsi/5t su* a practice is ) ! true conception ( sci5tific culture4 ,our pat5t laws h a v m>k$ & n altoge!r a b5eficial influ5ce on ! sci5tific culture ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is true t !y fo/] me*anical +5uity & inv5tive tal5t 9 c]ta9 directions1 b !y also set be=e ! p a v l[ & m]c5>y /&>d ( sci5tific atta9m5t1 ^u :i* ! popul> notion ( ! utilit>ian t5d5cy ( sci5tific /udies is to a great ext5t bas$4 ,no "o c "q t ! discov]] ( a new process1 or ! inv5tor ( a new ma*9e1 has a "r to keep 8 k to himself1 & to make ! be/ use he c ( 8 good =tune to increase 8 weal?4 ,b c]ta9ly ! motto at ! head ( ?is essay po9ts to a m excell5t way1 & x is at lea/ an op5 "q :e!r x is = ! int]e/ ( ! community at l>ge to enc\rage by its laws ! m selfi% c\rse4 ,! argum5t by :i* ! pat5t laws are usually def5d$ by legal writ]s--t x is = ! b5efit ( ! community to enc\rage & !re=e to protect inv5tive tal5t--is by no means s unansw]able z x appe>s prima-facie4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 9 ! pres5t condition ( our pat5t laws1 !y d n h9d] m ?an !y fo/] inv5tion4 ,any "o :o has attempt$ to p]fect a ma*9e1 or improve a *emical process1 kn[s to :at ext5t he is hamp]$ on e side by pat5t rights1 :i* (t5 h no value to ! hold]s except t :i* ! new improvem5t may give to !m4 ,aga91 ! inv5tions :i* ! pat5t laws fo/] are only ^? hav+ an imm$iate pecuni>y value1 & x is (t5 exce$+ly simple contrivances--l ! ne$le ( a sew+-ma*9e or a gaudy toy--:i* yield ! greate/ return2 simply because !y h be5 accommodat$ to pres5t em]g5cies or to pass+ popul> fancy4 ,su* contrivances usually manife/ no ext5d$ k & no special tal5t1 & ! inv5tor owes 8 good luck to ! sole circum/ance t he 0 9 a position to recognize ! want4 ,n[1 e sci5tific inve/igator kn[s t ! ord9>y "w ( a physical or *emical laboratory frequ5tly dem&s inv5tive ability ( a high ord]1 & t few important sci5tific results h be5 rea*$ t h n involv$ inv5tions z wor?y ( admiration z ! sew+-ma*9es & p[]-looms :i* are s frequ5tly cit$ z examples ( ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( our pat5t laws2 & ! "q arises1 is x = ! int]e/ ( ! community to promote "o class ( inv5tions m ?an ! o!r8 ,c]ta9ly1 if we consid] ei!r ! sacrifice involv$1 or ! ultimate good :i* ev5tually results to ! community1 !re c n be a mom5t's "q :i* class is ! mo/ valuable or mo/ wor?y ( comm5dation4 ,yet ! pat5t laws n only give _! imm5se prizes solely to inv5tions ( imm$iate utility1 b also t5d to raise a false e/imate ( ! intr9sic value ( su* inv5tions 9 ! public m9d4 ,"s writ]s h gone to ! extreme ( claim+ t a man has ! same "r 9 8 inv5tions or discov]ies t an au?or has 9 8 books2 b ?is claim w n be> analysis4 ,! fir/ duty ( a gov]nm5t is to protect its citiz5s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! results ( _! lawful labor1 & c]ta9ly any "o :o has writt5 a book kn[s t x is j z mu* ! product ( day-labor z any article ( m]*&ise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an inv5tion or discov]y may be ! result ( a =tunate accid5t1 &1 al?\gh x may be ! fruit ( sup]ior k & intellig5ce1 x c n be reg>d$ 9 ! same s5se z a direct product ( labor4 ,x is mu* m frequ5tly a free gift ( ,nature4 ,moreov]1 x is seldom if ev] ! case t a useful inv5tion1 meet+ a popul> want1 & !re=e hav+ a l>ge comm]cial value1 is 9 any s5se ! product ( "o man4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! pat5tee :o enjoys ! "r to ! inv5tion has actually add$ to ! old /ock only a s+le detail4 ,x may be t ?is detail 0 ! "o ?+ requir$ to make ! inv5tion practically useful2 b x is c]ta9 t ! addition c\ld nev] h be5 made if ! previ\s k _h n exi/$1 & x is at lea/ an op5 "q :e!r ! community ought to grant to ! la/ man an exclusive "r to ! :ole inh]itance4 ,volta discov]$--inv5t$1 if y please--! mode ( g5]at+ a curr5t ( l[-t5sion electricity1 :i* has be5 ev] s9ce1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 9 g5]al use2 ,o]/$ & ,amp]e discov]$ ! magnetic effects ( ?is electrical curr5t2 ,f>aday1 aga91 le>n$ h[ to produce an electric curr5t f a magnet1 & inv5t$ ! orig9al dynamo-ma*9e2 ,h5ry discov]$ ! conditions "u :i* ! magnetic effects ( an electric curr5t might be produc$ at great di/ances f ! s\rce ( ! p[]4 ,all ^! m5 7 inv5tors ( ! highe/ ord]1 ^: inv5tions h nev] be5 excell$ ei!r 9 ! +5uity display$1 or 9 ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,moreov]1 ^! f>-rea*+ inv5tions 7 a will+ contribution to ! _w's k1 = :i* no pecuni>y comp5sation 0 ei!r ask$ or receiv$4 ,is x n1 !n1 a "q if any man ( ! pres5t day has a "r to ! exclusive use ( ^! inv5tions2 = writ+ messages at a di/ance1 = transmitt+ s\nd ov] wires1 or = any purpose :atsoev]8 ,!re is ( c\rse ano!r side to ! "q1 & ,i freely admit ! difficulty ( ! problem :i* our pat5t laws pres5t2 b ,i feel t 9 _! pres5t condition !y d m h>m ?an good1 & d inju/ice m frequ5tly ?an !y protect "r4 ,i greatly d\bt if x is safe to grant by /atute prop]ty 9 any inv5tion or discov]y beyond ! def9ite me*anical contrivance 9 :i* x is = ! "t embodi$4 ,to grant ! sole use ( a well-kn[n p[] ( ,nature to produce a specific effect1 al?\gh ! effect be a novel "o2 to give ! monopoly ( a process ( ,nature to ! man :o 0 ! fir/ to claim x2 above all1 to grant ! sole "r to make a specifi$ mixture ( mat]ials--is c]ta9ly a policy :i* directly enc\rages va/ monopolies1 t tax ! public )\t r5d]+ a correspond+ b5efit4 ,9 ?is connection x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! discov]] or inv5tor himself r>ely reaps ! fruit ( 8 sagacity or skill2 b 8 rights1 frequ5tly pur*as$ = a song1 are made ! basis ( great bus9ess ent]prises 9 :i* he has little or no %>e4 ,on su* a sl5d] basis h frequ5tly be5 built up huge monopolies1 9 :i* ! pat5t laws h be5 made ! in/rum5ts ( oppressive exactions1 & h become ! nucleus ( a mo/ complex sy/em ( usages & legal decisions1 by :i* ! orig9al int5t ( ! laws has be5 :olly ov]laid1 & to a great ext5t nullifi$4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re ought to be "s limit to ! inv5tor's claims on a grateful p4 ,admit to ! utmo/ ! inv5tor's m]it2 rank him 9 ! =e front ( ! long procession ( ! great b5efactors ( ! human race2 rank him be=e ,f>aday1 be=e ,volta1 & be=e ,newton2 rank him be=e ,wa%+ton & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,republic2 rank him be=e ! patriots & m>tyrs :o h di$ 9 ! def5se ( human rights1 or 9 atte/ation ( ! tru?3 & yet1 9 virtue ( ^! transc5d5t m]its1 %\ld he or 8 repres5tatives be au?oriz$ to tax 8 c\ntrym5 millions on millions ( doll>s a ye>8 ,surely1 !re c\ld n be a great] trave/y ( our motto1 ,noblesse ,oblige2 & a sy/em :i* gives a legal sanction to su* abuses w soon =ce on ! public m9d t mo/ conv9c+ ( all pro(s ( p]v]sion1 ! r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 our int5tion to discuss ! abuses ( ! pat5t laws1 mu* less to sugge/ ! requir$ rem$ies4 ,we cle>ly see ! difficulties ( ! subject1 & we p]ceive t x involves que/ions1 bo? ( political economy & ( jurisprud5ce1 ) :i* we are n compet5t to deal4 ,our int]e/ is solely to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( sci5tific culture1 & to dem& = x ! respect to :i* x is entitl$2 b :i* is s]i\sly compromis$ by ! m]c5>y & utilit>ian _s t ! pat5t laws enc\rage & make prom95t4 ,we are mo/ anxi\s t ! intellig5ce ( our p %\ld fully recognize ! fact t1 among ! /ud5ts ( sci5ce 9 ?is practical age1 !re is su* a ?+ z devotion to ! tru? = ! tru?'s sake2 t ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates may be f\nd _m an e>ne/ /ud5t ( ,nature :o1 "u great disadvantages1 & (t5 at great p]sonal sacrifice1 is devot+ ! noble/ intellectual p[]1 & ! highe/ inv5tive skill1 to ! sole end ( advanc+ k3 & we rejoice to believe t ! "t w come :5 x w be pla9ly se5 by all t ^! sil5t work]s h be5 lay+ broad & deep-endur+ f\ndations1 on :i* national greatness c securely re/4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,life4,q ,we h rea*$ ! end ( our long j\rney1 & n[ we are ready to turn back & />t = home4 ,q ,an ,address to ,college ,/ud5ts at ! close ( a c\rse ( lectures on ,egypt & h] ,monum5ts4 ,illu/rat$ by lant]n photographs4 ,! ,reis is at 8 helm1 ! great sail is furl$ & b\nd closely to ! long y>d2 =1 z ! w9d dur+ ! e>ly spr+ bl[s "h con/antly f ! nor?1 we mu/ dep5d on ! rapid curr5t ( ! ,nile to be> u back to civilization3 a riv] :i*1 fl[+ ?r\gh s _m g5]ations ( m5 f ! unkn[n to ! unlimit$1 n unfitly typifies ! c\rse ( hi/ory2 & z1 9 imag9ation1 we drift ) ?is hi/orical /ream1 we c n fail to le>n ! lesson :i* ! associations & ! sc5es are s calculat$ to tea*4 ,t lesson is ! gr&eur1 ! glory1 & ! immortality ( ! spiritual life ( man4 ,we g back six ?\s& ye>s1 & f9d ! ,sph9x1 z to-day1 look+ t[>d ! ris+ sun1 & pond]+ ! problem ( human de/9y4 ,! pyramid-build]s come1 & erect ^? neighbor+ piles to pres]ve _! bodies :5 dead = t glori\s de/9y 9 :i* !y tru/4 ,! long procession ( ! ,ph>aohs passes1 & ea* inscribes indelibly on rocky walls 8 fai? 9 ! great ,god :o holds human de/9y 9 8 h&s4 ,moses comes1 & leads out ( ,egypt ! *os5 p to prep>e ! way = ! expect$ ,messiah4 ,! ,assyrians & ! ,p]sians come1 &1 :ile seek+ to read _! de/9y 9 ! c\rses ( ! />s1 pay homage to ! same great hope4 ,! ,greeks come1 &1 ev5 amid gross lic5ti\sness & idolatry1 erect magnific5t temples1 9 atte/ation ( a belief 9 human de/9y :i*1 h[ev] degrad$1 /ill surviv$4 ,! ,romans come1 & 9 ?is my/ic l& lay aside _! legal codes1 & add _! te/imony to ! same great tru?4 ,! ,*ri/ian h]mits come1 & make ! /ori$ /ones ( ! ,ph>aohs re-e*o ) _! triumphant songs4 ,! ,arab comes1 &1 z morn+ & ev5+ he gazes into ! ,ea/1 sees visions ( ! glori\s ,mecca ( 8 hopes = :i* ! ,sph9x has look$ s long4 ,la/ ( all1 ! mod]n travel] comes1 & he j\rneys 9 va9 if he does n recognize 9 all ?is aspiration & all ?is ye>n+ ! atte/ation ( ^? spiritual tru?s :i* to him ! ris5 ,*ri/ has reveal$4 ,z 9 mat]ial nature e unemploy$ organ di/9ctly po9ts to a previ\s use or to a future fruition3 s1 9 ! spiritual _w1 e /riv+ is a promise ( a possible good2 & ^! ye>n+s ( humanity1 :i* h come d[n ?r\gh ! ages1 are z truly a promise ( ! ,et]nal z 7 ! words spok5 to ,abraham on ! pla9s ( ,mamre4 ,com+ home f ! ,ea/1 we c n fail to see1 m cle>ly ?an be=e1 h[ artificial are mo/ ( ! conv5tionalities ( our mod]n civilization1 & h[ greatly su* c>es ( ! _w t5d to obscure ! great di/9ction betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial :i* is ev] pres5t to ,ori5tal ?\ght2 & ?is is especially true 9 our own c\ntry1 :]e ! dem&s ( mat]ial nature are s press+1 & :]e ! physical wants1 :i* our highly artificial life entails1 s completely engross ! att5tion ( u all4 ,x is well to g away at times1 t we may see ano!r aspect ( human life1 :i* /ill survives 9 ! ,ea/1 & to feel t influ5ce :i* l$ ev5 ! ,*ri/ into ! wild]ness to prep>e = ! /ruggle ) ! animal nature ( man4 ,we ne$ some?+ ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! an*orites ( ,egypt to impress u ) ! great tru? t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial rema9s broad & cle>1 ev5 if ) ! scalpel ( our mod]n philosophy we c n completely dissect ! two2 & ?is exp]i5ce w give u c\rage to *]i% our aspirations1 keep bright our hopes1 & hold fa/ our ,*ri/ian fai? until ! consummation comes4 ,my "y fri5ds1 !re are _m :o w tell y t ! ,sph9x has m]ely prop\nd$ a riddle to ! ages2 & t ! ye>n+s ( y\r "y lives--l ^? ( ! e>ly ,egyptians1 :o set up ?is memorial ( _! hopes--are m]ely a delusion & a sn>e4 ,d n believe 9 any su* pessimism4 ,x is m]ely ! dy+ gasp ( y\r animal nature6 ,b give y\r utmo/ ef=ts t ^! aspirations be n smo!r$ by ! c>es & trials :i* mu/ come to y z !y come to all4 ,h fai? 9 ! ,et]nal :o implant$ ^? crav+s 9 y\r nature2 & rememb] t all k re/s on ! assurance t ! ,et]nal c n be false4 ,be loyal to ! tru? ( t witness 9 y\r he>ts1 & advanc+ ye>s w only br+ y increas$ reliance on ! promises he ev] :isp]s to ^? :o tru/ him2 & he w c]ta9ly lead y1 at la/--z he has l$ ! fai?ful 9 all ages--into ! cle> light ( ! p]fect day4 ,my fell[-/ud5ts1 if ^! fleet+ pictures ( sc5es :i* h giv5 me fre% c\rage1 %all aid any ( y 9 ! conflict ( life1 my object 9 ^! lectures w be ga9$1 & h[ev] incongru\s ) ! associations ( physical sci5ce su* sc5es may h appe>$1 y w be> me witness t ! great lesson !y tea* has con/antly be5 en=c$ 9 ?is place4 ,! spiritual life ( man recognizes its exalt$ intellectual lik5ess 9 ! life ( ,nature1 & x is ?is vision ( ! ,omnisci5t :i* di/+ui%es & ennobles m5tal culture1 :e!r x be 9 ! fields ( sci5ce1 ( lit]ature1 or ( art4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5tific ,,lectures ,,& ,,essays4 ,popul> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,by ,h4 ,,helmholtz1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,,atk9son1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,) an ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,,tyndall4 ,) #ea ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,cont5ts4--,on ! ,relation ( ,natural ,sci5ce to ,sci5ce 9 ,g5]al4--,on ,goe!'s ,sci5tific ,rese>*es4--,on ! ,physiological ,causes ( ,h>mony 9 ,music4--,ice & ,glaci]s4--,int]action ( ! ,natural ,=ces4--,! ,rec5t ,progress ( ! ,!ory ( ,vision4--,! ,cons]vation ( ,=ce4--,aim & ,progress ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,popul> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,by ,h4 ,,helmholtz4 ,second ,s]ies4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,cont5ts4--,gu/av ,magnus4--,9 ,memoriam4--,! ,orig9 & ,significance ( ,geometrical ,axioms4--,relation ( ,optics to ,pa9t+4--,orig9 ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em4--,on ,?\ght 9 ,m$ic9e4--,academic ,fre$om 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz's second s]ies ( ',popul> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects' =ms a volume ( s+ul> int]e/ & value4 ,he :o anticipates a dry record ( facts or a sequ5ce ( immature g5]alization w f9d himself happily mi/ak54 ,9 /yle & me?od ^! disc\rses are models ( excell5ce1 &1 s9ce !y come f a man ^: le>n+ & au?ority are beyond dispute1 !y may be accept$ z pres5t+ ! conclusions ( ! be/ ?\ght ( ! times 9 sci5tific fields4--,bo/on ,travel]4 ,sci5ce & ,culture1 & o!r ,essays4 ,by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,( ! essays t h be5 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 ?is volume1 ! fir/ f\r deal ) "s aspect ( education4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9d] are expositions ( ! results ( biological rese>*1 &1 at ! same "t1 illu/rations ( ! hi/ory ( sci5tific ideas4 ,"s ( ^! are among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's contributions to ! lit]ature ( sci5ce4--,london ,academy4 ,x is refre%+ to be br\ght into conv]se ) "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & acute ?9k]s ( our "t1 :o has ! p[] ( putt+ 8 ?\ghts into language s cle> & =cible4--,london ,spectator4 ,sci5tific ,culture1 & o!r ,essays4 ,by ,,josiah ,,p>sons ,,cooke1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ,h>v>d ,college4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,^! essays are an outcome ( a some:at l>ge exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ physical sci5ce to college /ud5ts4 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 e>ly set ! example ( mak+ ! /ud5t's own obs]vations 9 ! laboratory or cab9et ! basis ( all tea*+1 ei!r 9 exp]im5tal or natural hi/ory sci5ce2 & ?is example has be5 g5]ally foll[$4 ,b 9 mo/ c5t]s ( education1 writes ,pr(essor ,cooke ! old traditions s f> survive t ! great end ( sci5tific culture is lo/ 9 attempt+ to con=m ev5 laboratory in/ruction to ! old academic me?ods ( recitations & exam9ation4 ,to po9t out ?is error1 & to claim = sci5ce-tea*+ its appropriate me?ods1 0 "o object ( writ+ ^! essays4 ,,works ,,on ,,a/ronomy4 ,elem5ts ( ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,/[ell ,,ball1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,&rews ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dubl91 ,royal ,a/ronom] ( ,irel&4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #afmo4 ,clo?1 #b4be4 ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ri*ly illu/rat$1 & embrac+ ! ,late/ ,discov]ies4 ,am]ican edition4 ,adapt$ to ! ,s*ools & ,academies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,h]s*el4 ,) ,plates & ,woodcuts4 ,elev5? edition4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #d4jj4 ,! ,sun4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,"y1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,pr(essor ,"y is an au?ority on ',! ,sun1' & writes f intimate k4 ,he has /udi$ t great lum9>y all 8 life1 inv5t$ & improv$ in/rum5ts = obs]v+ x1 gone to all qu>t]s ( ! _w 9 se>* ( ! be/ places & opportunities to wat* x1 & has contribut$ important discov]ies t h ext5d$ our k ( x4--,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,spectrum ,analysis1 9 its ,application to ,t]re/rial ,sub/ances1 & ! ,physical ,con/itution ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies4 ,famili>ly expla9$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,,s*ell51 ,director d] ,reals*ule ,i4 ,o4 ,cologne4 ,translat$ f ! second enl>g$ & revis$ ,g]man edition by ,,jane & ,,c>ol9e ,,lassell4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,,william ,,hugg9s1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts1 ,color$ ,plates1 & ,portraits2 also1 ,ang/roem's & ,kir*h(f's ,maps4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #f4jj4 ,?is admirable "w does cr$it to1 or %\ld we say is wor?y (1 ! au?or1 ! translators1 & ! editor4 ,! fir/ "p treats on ! artificial s\rces ( high degrees ( heat & light2 ! second on ,spectrum ,analysis 9 its application to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,we mu/ approve ! me?od foll[$ 9 ! translation & by ! editor4 ,9 _m translations ! views ( ! au?or are suppress$1 9 ord] t ! views ( ! translator or editor may be exp\nd$2 b "h ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 h[ev] l5i5tly su* a fault might h be5 look$ ^u ) him1 has p]mitt$ ! au?or's views to rema9 intact1 cle>ly /at+ 8 own & :]e9 lies ! diff]5ce4--,! ,*emical ,news4 ,c]ta9ly1 z reg>ds m]e k1 ! ',spectrum ,analysis' has let u into _m secrets ( ! physical univ]se :i* ,newton & ,laplace w\ld h decl>$ impossible = man's intellect to atta94 ,! sci5ce is /ill 9 its infancy1 b x is prosecut$ by "s ( ! able/1 mo/ pati5t1 & mo/ en?usia/ic obs]v]s1 & "s ( ! ke5e/ ?9k]s1 at pres5t exi/+ on our little1 insignificant physical globe4--,bo/on ,globe4 ,/udies 9 ,spectrum ,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,correspond5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 etc4 ,) ,sixty ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,! /udy ( spectrum analysis is "o fraught ) a peculi> fasc9ation1 & "s ( ! au?or's exp]im5ts are exce$+ly picturesque 9 _! results4 ,!y are s lucidly describ$1 too1 t ! read] keeps on1 f page to page1 nev] flagg+ 9 int]e/ 9 ! matt] be=e him1 nor putt+ d[n ! book until ! la/ page is rea*$4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,express4 ,orig9 ( ! ,/>s1 & ! ,causes ( _! ,motions & _! ,light4 ,by ,,jacob ,,ennis4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,a/ronomy & ,geology ,comp>$4 ,by ,"l ,,orma?waite4 #ahmo4 ,t9t$ pap]4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,! ,expanse ( ,heav54 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,wond]s ( ! ,firmam5t4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ',! ,expanse ( ,heav5' c n fail to be ( imm5se use 9 =w>d+ ! "w ( education1 ev5 :5 x is read only = amusem5t1 s =cible is ! impression x makes on ! m9d f ! importance ( ! subjects treat$ (1 :ile ! mann] ( treatm5t is s good4--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,! ,moon3 ,h] ,motions1 ,aspect1 ,sc5]y1 & ,physical ,conditions1 ) ,two ,lun> ,photographs & _m ,illu/rations4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,new edition4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,o!r ,worlds ?an ,ours2 ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 /udi$ "u ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,rese>*es4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,) ,illu/rations1 "s color$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,our ,place among ,inf9ities4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays contra/+ our ,little ,abode 9 ,space & ,"t ) ! ,inf9ities ar\nd u4 ,to :i* are add$ ,essays on ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & ,a/rology4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,works ,,on ,,geology1 ,etc4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology2 or1 ,! ,mod]n ,*anges ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants1 consid]$ z illu/rative ( ,geology4 ,by ,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell1 ,b>t4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,maps1 ,plates1 & ,woodcuts4 ,a new & entirely revis$ edition4 #b vols4 ,royal #hvo4 ,clo?1 #h4jj4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology may be look$ ^u ) pride1 n only z a repres5tative ( ,engli% sci5ce1 b z )\t a rival ( its k9d any:]e4 ,gr[+ 9 fullness & accuracy ) ! gr[? 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