,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,m9or           
inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5at$ words h   be5  
adju/$ to correspond ) ! au?or's mo/    
frequ5t usage4    ,on page #fj a pr9t]  
error f ! orig9al text 0 correct$3 !    
^w draw+s has be5 *ang$ to draw+ 9 !    
phrase1 444   draw+ has be5 taught4444  
,,h[ ,,we ,,?9k    ,,by   ,,john ,,dewey
   ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9      
,,columbia ,,univ]sity    ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea?
  ,,co41 ,,publi%]s   ,,bo/on      ,,new
 ,,york      ,,*icago       ,,copyright1
 #aiaj1   ,,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea?  ,,co4    
#b ,f #h    ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4        
,,preface   ,our s*ools are tr\bl$ ) a  
multiplication ( /udies1 ea* 9 turn hav+
 its own multiplication ( mat]ials &    
pr9ciples4 ,our tea*]s f9d _! tasks made
 heavi] 9 t !y h come to deal ) pupils  
individually & n m]ely 9 mass4 ,unless  
^! /eps 9 advance are to end 9          
di/raction1 "s clew ( unity1 "s pr9ciple
 t makes = simplification1 mu/ be f\nd4 
,?is book repres5ts ! conviction t !    
ne$$ /eady+ & c5traliz+ factor is f\nd 9

 adopt+ z ! end ( endeavor t attitude ( 
m9d1 t habit ( ?\ght1 :i* we call       
sci5tific4 ,?is sci5tific attitude ( m9d
 might1 conceivably1 be q irrelevant to 
tea*+ *ildr5 & y\?4 ,b ?is book also    
repres5ts ! conviction t su* is n !     
case2 t ! native & unspoil$ attitude (  
*ildhood1 m>k$ by ard5t curiosity1      
f]tile imag9ation1 & love ( exp]im5tal  
inquiry1 is ne>1 v ne>1 to ! attitude ( 
! sci5tific m9d4 ,if ^! pages assi/ any 
to appreciate ?is k9%ip & to consid]    
s]i\sly h[ its recognition 9 educational
 practice w\ld make = individual        
happ9ess & ! r$uction ( social wa/e1 !  
book w amply h s]v$ its purpose4  ,x is 
h>dly necess>y to enum]ate ! au?ors to  
:om ,i am indebt$4 ,my fundam5tal       
indebt$ness is to my wife1 by :om !     
ideas ( ?is book 7 inspir$1 & ?r\gh ^:  
"w 9 connection ) ! ,laboratory ,s*ool1 
exi/+ 9 ,*icago betwe5 #ahif & #aijc1 ! 
ideas atta9$ su* concret5ess z comes f  
embodim5t & te/+ 9 practice4 ,x is a    
pleasure1 also1 to ackn[l$ge indebt$ness

 to ! intellig5ce & sympa?y ( ^? :o     
cooep]at$ z tea*]s & sup]visors 9 !     
conduct ( t s*ool1 & especially to ,mrs4
 ,ella ,flagg ,"y1 !n a colleague 9 !   
,univ]sity1 & n[ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,s*ools
 ( ,*icago4  ,,new ,,york ,,city1       
,decemb]1 #aiji4     ,,cont5ts     ,,"p 
,i    ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,?\ght 
,,*apt]                                 
,,page       ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,?\ght8    
#a      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,tra9+     
,,?\ght                          #ad    
,,iii4 ,,natural ,,res\rces ,,9 ,,!     
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght           #bi       
,,iv4 ,,s*ool ,,conditions ,,& ,,!      
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght          #de        
,v4 ,,! ,,means ,,& ,,end ,,( ,,m5tal   
,,tra9+3 ,,!         ,,psy*ological ,,& 
,,! ,,logical                           
#ef     ,,"p ,,ii    ,,logical          
,,consid]ations       ,,vi4 ,,!         
,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,complete ,,act ,,(  
,,?\ght             #fh      ,,vii4     
,,sy/ematic ,,inf]5ce3 ,,induction ,,&  
,,d$uction         #gi     ,,viii4      

,,judgm5t3 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,(      
,,facts                #aja      ,,ix4  
,,mean+3 ,,or ,,conceptions ,,&         
,,und]/&+             #aaf       ,x4    
,,concrete ,,& ,,ab/ract ,,?9k+         
#ace      ,,xi4 ,,empirical ,,&         
,,sci5tific ,,?9k+                      
#ade     ,,"p ,,iii    ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,(  
,,?\ght     ,,xii4 ,,activity ,,& ,,!   
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght                     
#aeg    ,,xiii4 ,,language ,,& ,,!      
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght                     
#agj     ,,xiv4 ,,obs]vation ,,&        
,,in=mation ,,9 ,,! ,,tra9+         ,,( 
,,m9d                                   
#ahh      ,,xv4 ,,! ,,recitation ,,& ,,!
 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght            #bja    
,,xvi4 ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,conclusions       
#bad     ,,h[ ,,we ,,?9k     ,,"p ,,"o3 
,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,?\ght       
,,*apt] ,,"o  ,,:at ,,is ,,?\ght8       
,sec4 #a4 ,v>i$ ,s5ses ( ! ,t]m         
,sid5ote3 ,f\r s5ses ( ?\ght1 f ! wid]  
to ! limit$  ,no words are (t5] on our  
lips ?an ?9k+ & ?\ght4 ,s pr(use & v>i$1

 inde$1 is our use ( ^! words t x is n  
easy to def9e j :at we mean by !m4 ,!   
aim ( ?is *apt] is to f9d a s+le        
consi/5t mean+4 ,assi/ance may be _h by 
consid]+ "s typical ways 9 :i* ! t]ms   
are employ$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?\ght is   
us$ broadly1 n to say loosely4 ,ev]y?+ t
 comes to m9d1 t goes ?r\gh our heads1  
is call$ a ?\ght4 ,to ?9k ( a ?+ is j to
 be consci\s ( x 9 any way :atsoev]4    
,second1 ! t]m is re/rict$ by exclud+   
:atev] is directly pres5t$2 we ?9k 7or  
?9k (7 only su* ?+s z we d n directly   
see1 he>1 smell1 or ta/e4 ,!n1 ?ird1 !  
mean+ is fur!r limit$ to beliefs t re/  
^u "s k9d ( evid5ce or te/imony4 ,( ?is 
?ird type1 two k9ds--or1 r1 two         
degrees--mu/ be discrim9at$4 ,9 "s      
cases1 a belief is accept$ ) slight or  
almo/ no attempt to /ate ! gr\nds t     
support x4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! gr\nd or     
basis = a belief is delib]ately s\ght & 
its adequacy to support ! belief exam9$4
 ,?is process is call$ reflective ?\ght2
 x alone is truly educative 9 value1 & x

 =ms1 accord+ly1 ! pr9cipal subject (   
?is volume4 ,we %all n[ briefly describe
 ea* ( ! f\r s5ses4  ,sid5ote3 ,*ance & 
idle ?9k+  ,i4 ,9 its loose/ s5se1 ?9k+ 
signifies ev]y?+ t1 z we say1 is 9 our  
heads or t goes ?r\gh our m9ds4 ,he :o  
(f]s a p5ny = y\r ?\ghts does n expect  
to drive any great b>ga94 ,9 call+ !    
objects ( 8 dem& ?\ghts1 he does n int5d
 to ascribe to !m dignity1              
consecutiv5ess1 or tru?4 ,any idle      
fancy1 trivial recollection1 or flitt+  
impression w satisfy 8 dem&4 ,daydream+1
 build+ ( ca/les 9 ! air1 t loose flux (
 casual & disconnect$ mat]ial t floats  
?r\gh our m9ds 9 relax$ mom5ts are1 9   
?is r&om s5se1 ?9k+4 ,m ( our wak+ life 
?an we %\ld c>e to admit1 ev5 to        
ourselves1 is likely to be :il$ away 9  
?is inconsequ5tial trifl+ ) idle fancy &
 unsub/antial hope4  ,sid5ote3          
,reflective ?\ght is consecutive1 n     
m]ely a sequ5ce  ,9 ?is s5se1 silly folk
 & dull>ds ?9k4 ,! /ory is told ( a man 
9 slight repute = intellig5ce1 :o1      

desir+ to be *os5 selectman 9 8 ,new    
,engl& t[n1 address$ a knot ( neighbors 
9 ?is wise3 ,i he> y don't believe ,i "k
 en\gh to hold (fice4 ,i wi% y to und]/&
 t ,i am ?9k+ ab\t some?+ or o!r mo/ ( !
 "t4 ,n[ reflective ?\ght is l ?is r&om 
c\rs+ ( ?+s ?r\gh ! m9d 9 t x consi/s ( 
a succession ( ?+s ?\ght (2 b x is      
unlike1 9 t ! m]e *ance occurr5ce ( any 
*ance some?+ or o!r 9 an irregul>       
sequ5ce does n suffice4 ,reflection     
involves n simply a sequ5ce ( ideas1 b a
 consequ5ce--a consecutive ord]+ 9 su* a
 way t ea* det]m9es ! next z its prop]  
outcome1 :ile ea* 9 turn leans back on  
its pr$ecessors4 ,! successive portions 
( ! reflective ?\ght gr[ out ( "o ano!r 
& support "o ano!r2 !y d n come & g 9 a 
m$ley4 ,ea* phase is a /ep f some?+ to  
some?+--te*nically speak+1 x is a t]m ( 
?\ght4 ,ea* t]m leaves a deposit :i* is 
utiliz$ 9 ! next t]m4 ,! /ream or fl[   
becomes a tra91 *a91 or ?read4          
,sid5ote3 ,! re/riction ( ?9k+ to :at   
goes beyond direct obs]vation  ,sid5ote3

 ,reflective ?\ght aims1 h[ev]1 at      
belief  ,,ii4 ,ev5 :5 ?9k+ is us$ 9 a   
broad s5se1 x is usually re/rict$ to    
matt]s n directly p]ceiv$3 to :at we d n
 see1 smell1 he>1 or t\*4 ,we ask ! man 
tell+ a /ory if he saw a c]ta9 incid5t  
happ51 & 8 reply may be1 ,no1 ,i only   
?\ght ( x4 ,a note ( inv5tion1 z di/9ct 
f fai?ful record ( obs]vation1 is       
pres5t4 ,mo/ important 9 ?is class are  
successions ( imag9ative incid5ts &     
episodes :i*1 hav+ a c]ta9 coh]5ce1     
hang+ toge!r on a cont9u\s ?read1 lie   
betwe5 kaleidoscopic flights ( fancy &  
consid]ations delib]ately employ$ to    
e/abli% a conclusion4 ,! imag9ative     
/ories p\r$ =? by *ildr5 possess all    
degrees ( int]nal congruity2 "s are     
disjo9t$1 "s are articulat$4 ,:5        
connect$1 !y simulate reflective ?\ght2 
inde$1 !y usually occur 9 m9ds ( logical
 capacity4 ,^! imag9ative ent]prises (t5
 prec$e ?9k+ ( ! close-knit type &      
prep>e ! way = x4 ,b !y d n aim at k1 at
 belief ab\t facts or 9 tru?s2 & !reby  

!y are m>k$ (f f reflective ?\ght ev5 :5
 !y mo/ resemble x4 ,^? :o express su*  
?\ghts d n expect cr$5ce1 b r cr$it = a 
well-con/ruct$ plot or a well-arrang$   
climax4 ,!y produce good /ories1        
n--unless by *ance--k4 ,su* ?\ghts are  
an effloresc5ce ( feel+2 ! enhancem5t ( 
a mood or s5tim5t is _! aim2 congruity (
 emotion1 _! b9d+ tie4  ,sid5ote3 ,?\ght
 induces belief 9 two ways  ,,iii4 ,9   
its next s5se1 ?\ght d5otes belief re/+ 
^u "s basis1 t is1 real or suppos$ k go+
 beyond :at is directly pres5t4 ,x is   
m>k$ by acceptance or rejection ( some?+
 z reasonably probable or improbable4   
,?is phase ( ?\ght1 h[ev]1 includes two 
su* di/9ct types ( belief t1 ev5 ?\gh _!
 diff]5ce is /rictly "o ( degree1 n (   
k9d1 x becomes practically important to 
consid] !m sep>ately4 ,"s beliefs are   
accept$ :5 _! gr\nds h n !mselves be5   
consid]$1 o!rs are accept$ because _!   
gr\nds h be5 exam9$4  ,:5 we say1 ,m5   
us$ to ?9k ! _w 0 flat1 or1 ,i ?\ght y  
w5t by ! h\se1 we express belief3 some?+

 is accept$1 held to1 acquiesc$ 91 or   
affirm$4 ,b su* ?\ghts may mean a       
supposition accept$ )\t ref]5ce to its  
real gr\nds4 ,^! may be adequate1 !y may
 n2 b _! value ) ref]5ce to ! support !y
 af=d ! belief has n be5 consid]$4  ,su*
 ?\ghts gr[ up unconsci\sly & )\t       
ref]5ce to ! atta9m5t ( correct belief4 
,!y are pick$ up--we "k n h[4 ,f obscure
 s\rces & by unnotic$ *annels !y        
ins9uate !mselves into acceptance &     
become unconsci\sly a "p ( our m5tal    
furniture4 ,tradition1 in/ruction1      
imitation--all ( :i* dep5d ^u au?ority 9
 "s =m1 or appeal to our own advantage1 
or fall 9 ) a /rong passion--are        
responsible = !m4 ,su* ?\ghts are       
prejudices1 t is1 prejudgm5ts1 n        
judgm5ts prop] t re/ ^u a survey (      
evid5ce4#a      #a ,?is mode ( ?9k+ 9   
its contra/ ) ?\ghtful inquiry          
receives special notice 9 ! next *apt]4 
,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ 9 its be/ s5se is t :i* 
consid]s ! basis & consequ5ces ( beliefs
  ,,iv4 ,?\ghts t result 9 belief h an  

importance atta*$ to !m :i* leads to    
reflective ?\ght1 to consci\s inquiry   
into ! nature1 conditions1 & be>+s ( !  
belief4 ,to ?9k ( :ales & camels 9 !    
cl\ds is to ent]ta9 ourselves ) fancies1
 t]m9able at our pleasure1 :i* d n lead 
to any belief 9 p>ticul>4 ,b to ?9k ( ! 
_w z flat is to ascribe a quality to a  
real ?+ z its real prop]ty4 ,?is        
conclusion d5otes a connection among ?+s
 & h5ce is n1 l imag9ative ?\ght1 pla/ic
 to our mood4 ,belief 9 ! _w's flatness 
commits him :o holds x to ?9k+ 9 c]ta9  
specific ways ( o!r objects1 su* z !    
heav5ly bodies1 antipodes1 ! possibility
 ( navigation4 ,x prescribes to him     
actions 9 accordance ) 8 conception ( ^!
 objects4  ,! consequ5ces ( a belief ^u 
o!r beliefs & ^u behavior may be s      
important1 !n1 t m5 are =c$ to consid] !
 gr\nds or reasons ( _! belief & its    
logical consequ5ces4 ,?is means         
reflective ?\ght--?\ght 9 its eulogi/ic 
& emphatic s5se4  ,sid5ote3 ,reflective 
?\ght def9$  ,m5 ?\ght ! _w 0 flat until

 ,columbus ?\ght x to be r\nd4 ,! e>li] 
?\ght 0 a belief held because m5 _h n ! 
en]gy or ! c\rage to "q :at ^? ab\t !m  
accept$ & taught1 especially z x 0      
sugge/$ & seem+ly confirm$ by obvi\s    
s5sible facts4 ,! ?\ght ( ,columbus 0 a 
reason$ conclusion4 ,x m>k$ ! close (   
/udy into facts1 ( scrut9y & revision ( 
evid5ce1 ( work+ out ! implications (   
v>i\s hypo!ses1 & ( comp>+ ^! !oretical 
results ) "o ano!r & ) kn[n facts4      
,because ,columbus did n accept         
unhesitat+ly ! curr5t traditional !ory1 
because he d\bt$ & inquir$1 he arriv$ at
 8 ?\ght4 ,skeptical ( :at1 f long      
habit1 seem$ mo/ c]ta91 & cr$ul\s ( :at 
seem$ impossible1 he w5t on ?9k+ until  
he c\ld produce evid5ce = bo? 8         
confid5ce & 8 disbelief4 ,ev5 if 8      
conclusion _h f9ally turn$ out wrong1 x 
w\ld h be5 a diff]5t sort ( belief f ^? 
x antagoniz$1 because x 0 rea*$ by a    
diff]5t me?od4 ,active1 p]si/5t1 &      
c>eful consid]ation ( any belief or     
suppos$ =m ( k 9 ! light ( ! gr\nds t   

support x1 & ! fur!r conclusions to :i* 
x t5ds1 con/itutes reflective ?\ght4    
,any "o ( ! fir/ ?ree k9ds ( ?\ght may  
elicit ?is type2 b once begun1 x is a   
consci\s & volunt>y ef=t to e/abli%     
belief ^u a firm basis ( reasons4       
,sec4 #b4 ,! ,c5tral ,factor 9 ,?9k+    
,sid5ote3 ,!re is a common elem5t 9 all 
types ( ?\ght3  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no %>p 
l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 ! v>i\s        
op]ations j outl9$4 ,! problem ( atta9+ 
correct habits ( reflection w\ld be mu* 
easi] ?an x is1 did n ! diff]5t modes ( 
?9k+ bl5d ins5sibly into "o ano!r4 ,s   
f>1 we h consid]$ r extreme in/ances (  
ea* k9d 9 ord] to get ! field cle>ly    
be=e u4 ,let u n[ rev]se ?is op]ation2  
let u consid] a rudim5t>y case ( ?9k+1  
ly+ betwe5 c>eful exam9ation ( evid5ce &
 a m]e irresponsible /ream ( fancies4 ,a
 man is walk+ on a w>m day4 ,! sky 0    
cle> ! la/ "t he obs]v$ x2 b pres5tly he
 notes1 :ile occupi$ prim>ily ) o!r ?+s1
 t ! air is cool]4 ,x occurs to him t x 
is probably go+ to ra92 look+ up1 he    

sees a d>k cl\d betwe5 him & ! sun1 & he
 !n quick5s 8 /eps4 ,:at1 if any?+1 9   
su* a situation c be call$ ?\ght8 ,nei!r
 ! act ( walk+ nor ! not+ ( ! cold is a 
?\ght4 ,walk+ is "o direction (         
activity2 look+ & not+ are o!r modes (  
activity4 ,! likelihood t x w ra9 is1   
h[ev]1 some?+ sugge/$4 ,! p$e/rian feels
 ! cold2 he ?9ks ( cl\ds & a com+ %[]4  
,sid5ote3 viz4 sugge/ion ( some?+ n     
obs]v$  ,sid5ote3 ,b reflection involves
 also ! relation ( signify+  ,s f> !re  
is ! same sort ( situation z :5 "o look+
 at a cl\d is rem9d$ ( a human figure & 
face4 ,?9k+ 9 bo? ( ^! cases 7! cases ( 
belief & ( fancy7 involves a not$ or    
p]ceiv$ fact1 foll[$ by some?+ else :i* 
is n obs]v$ b :i* is br\ght to m9d1     
sugge/$ by ! ?+ se54 ,"o rem9ds u1 z we 
say1 ( ! o!r4 ,side by side1 h[ev]1 )   
?is factor ( agreem5t 9 ! two cases (   
sugge/ion is a factor ( m>k$            
disagreem5t4 ,we d n believe 9 ! face   
sugge/$ by ! cl\d2 we d n consid] at all
 ! probability ( its be+ a fact4 ,!re is

 no reflective ?\ght4 ,! dang] ( ra91 on
 ! contr>y1 pres5ts itself to u z a     
g5u9e possibility--z a possible fact ( !
 same nature z ! obs]v$ coolness4 ,put  
diff]5tly1 we d n reg>d ! cl\d z mean+  
or indicat+ a face1 b m]ely z sugge/+ x1
 :ile we d consid] t ! coolness may mean
 ra94 ,9 ! fir/ case1 see+ an object1 we
 j happ51 z we say1 to ?9k ( some?+     
else2 9 ! second1 we consid] !          
possibility & nature ( ! connection     
betwe5 ! object se5 & ! object sugge/$4 
,! se5 ?+ is reg>d$ z 9 "s way ! gr\nd  
or basis ( belief 9 ! sugge/$ ?+2 x     
possesses ! quality ( evid5ce4          
,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s synonym\s expressions =
 ! function ( signify+  ,?is function by
 :i* "o ?+ signifies or indicates ano!r1
 & !reby leads u to consid] h[ f> "o may
 be reg>d$ z w>rant = belief 9 ! o!r1   
is1 !n1 ! c5tral factor 9 all reflective
 or di/9ctively intellectual ?9k+4 ,by  
call+ up v>i\s situations to :i* su*    
t]ms z signifies & indicates apply1 !   
/ud5t w be/ realize = himself ! actual  

facts d5ot$ by ! words reflective ?\ght4
 ,synonyms = ^! t]ms are3 po9ts to1     
tells (1 betok5s1 progno/icates1        
repres5ts1 /&s =1 implies4#b ,we also   
say "o ?+ port5ds ano!r2 is om9\s (     
ano!r1 or a symptom ( x1 or a key to x1 
or 7if ! connection is q obscure7 t x   
gives a h9t1 clue1 or intimation4       
#b ,implies is m (t5 us$ :5 a pr9ciple  
or g5]al tru?     br+s ab\t belief 9 "s 
o!r tru?2 ! o!r phrases are m           
frequ5tly us$ to d5ote ! cases 9 :i* "o 
fact or ev5t leads     u to believe 9   
some?+ else4  ,sid5ote3 ,reflection &   
belief on evid5ce  ,reflection ?us      
implies t some?+ is believ$ 9 7or       
disbeliev$ 971 n on its own direct      
acc\nt1 b ?r\gh some?+ else :i* /&s z   
witness1 evid5ce1 pro(1 v\*]1 w>rant2 t 
is1 z gr\nd ( belief4 ,at "o "t1 ra9 is 
actually felt or directly exp]i5c$2 at  
ano!r "t1 we inf] t x has ra9$ f ! looks
 ( ! grass & trees1 or t x is go+ to ra9
 because ( ! condition ( ! air or ! /ate
 ( ! b>omet]4 ,at "o "t1 we see a man   

7or suppose we d7 )\t any int]m$i>y     
fact2 at ano!r "t1 we are n q sure :at  
we see1 & hunt = accompany+ facts t w   
s]ve z signs1 indications1 tok5s ( :at  
is to be believ$4  ,?9k+1 = ! purposes (
 ?is inquiry1 is def9$ accord+ly z t    
op]ation 9 :i* pres5t facts sugge/ o!r  
facts 7or tru?s7 9 su* a way z to induce
 belief 9 ! latt] ^u ! gr\nd or w>rant (
 ! =m]4 ,we d n put beliefs t re/ simply
 on inf]5ce on ! sure/ level (          
assurance4 ,to say ,i ?9k s implies t ,i
 d n z yet "k s4 ,! inf]5tial belief may
 lat] be confirm$ & come to /& z sure1 b
 9 itself x always has a c]ta9 elem5t ( 
supposition4   ,sec4 #c4 ,elem5ts 9     
,reflective ,?9k+  ,s mu* = !           
description ( ! m ext]nal & obvi\s      
aspects ( ! fact call$ ?9k+4 ,fur!r     
consid]ation at once reveals c]ta9      
subprocesses :i* are involv$ 9 e        
reflective op]ation4 ,^! are3 7a7 a /ate
 ( p]plexity1 hesitation1 d\bt2 & 7b7 an
 act ( se>* or inve/igation direct$ t[>d
 br++ to light fur!r facts :i* s]ve to  

corroborate or to nullify ! sugge/$     
belief4  ,sid5ote3 ,! importance (      
unc]ta9ty  7a7 ,9 our illu/ration1 !    
%ock ( coolness g5]at$ confusion &      
susp5d$ belief1 at lea/ mom5t>ily4      
,because x 0 unexpect$1 x 0 a %ock or an
 int]ruption ne$+ to be acc\nt$ =1      
id5tifi$1 or plac$4 ,to say t ! abrupt  
occurr5ce ( ! *ange ( temp]ature        
con/itutes a problem may s\nd =c$ &     
artificial2 b if we are will+ to ext5d !
 mean+ ( ! ^w problem to :atev]--no     
matt] h[ slight & commonplace 9         
"*--p]plexes & *all5ges ! m9d s t x     
makes belief at all unc]ta91 !re is a   
g5u9e problem or "q involv$ 9 ?is       
exp]i5ce ( sudd5 *ange4  ,sid5ote3 & (  
inquiry 9 ord] to te/  7b7 ,! turn+ ( ! 
head1 ! lift+ ( ! eyes1 ! scann+ ( !    
heav5s1 are activities adapt$ to br+ to 
recognition facts t w answ] ! "q pres5t$
 by ! sudd5 coolness4 ,! facts z !y fir/
 pres5t$ !mselves 7 p]plex+2 !y sugge/$1
 h[ev]1 cl\ds4 ,! act ( look+ 0 an act  
to discov] if ?is sugge/$ explanation   

held good4 ,x may aga9 seem =c$ to speak
 ( ?is look+1 almo/ automatic1 z an act 
( rese>* or inquiry4 ,b once m1 if we   
are will+ to g5]alize our conceptions ( 
our m5tal op]ations to include ! trivial
 & ord9>y z well z ! te*nical &         
recondite1 !re is no good reason =      
refus+ to give su* a title to ! act (   
look+4 ,! purport ( ?is act ( inquiry is
 to confirm or to refute ! sugge/$      
belief4 ,new facts are br\ght to        
p]ception1 :i* ei!r corroborate ! idea t
 a *ange ( wea!r is imm95t1 or negate x4
  ,sid5ote3 ,f9d+ "o's way an           
illu/ration ( reflection  ,ano!r        
in/ance1 commonplace also1 yet n q s    
trivial1 may en=ce ?is lesson4 ,a man   
travel+ 9 an unfamili> region comes to a
 bran*+ ( ! roads4 ,hav+ no sure k to   
fall back ^u1 he is br\ght to a /&/ill (
 hesitation & susp5se4 ,:i* road is "r8 
,& h[ %all p]plexity be resolv$8 ,!re   
are b two alt]natives3 he mu/ ei!r      
bl9dly & arbitr>ily take 8 c\rse1 tru/+ 
to luck = ! outcome1 or he mu/ discov]  

gr\nds = ! conclusion t a giv5 road is  
"r4 ,any attempt to decide ! matt] by   
?9k+ w involve inquiry into o!r facts1  
:e!r br\ght out by memory or by fur!r   
obs]vation1 or by bo?4 ,! p]plex$ wayf>]
 mu/ c>efully scrut9ize :at is be=e him 
& he mu/ cudgel 8 memory4 ,he looks =   
evid5ce t w support belief 9 favor (    
ei!r ( ! roads--= evid5ce t w weight d[n
 "o sugge/ion4 ,he may climb a tree2 he 
may g fir/ 9 ?is direction1 !n 9 t1     
look+1 9 ei!r case1 = signs1 clues1     
indications4 ,he wants some?+ 9 ! nature
 ( a signbo>d or a map1 & 8 reflection  
is aim$ at ! discov]y ( facts t w s]ve  
?is purpose4  ,sid5ote3 ,possible1 yet  
incompatible1 sugge/ions  ,! above      
illu/ration may be g5]aliz$4 ,?9k+ beg9s
 9 :at may fairly en\gh be call$ a      
=k$-road situation1 a situation :i* is  
ambigu\s1 :i* pres5ts a dilemma1 :i*    
proposes alt]natives4 ,z long z our     
activity glides smoo?ly along f "o ?+ to
 ano!r1 or z long z we p]mit our        
imag9ation to ent]ta9 fancies at        

pleasure1 !re is no call = reflection4  
,difficulty or ob/ruction 9 ! way (     
rea*+ a belief br+s u1 h[ev]1 to a      
pause4 ,9 ! susp5se ( unc]ta9ty1 we     
metaphorically climb a tree2 we try to  
f9d "s /&po9t f :i* we may survey       
additional facts &1 gett+ a m comm&+    
view ( ! situation1 may decide h[ !     
facts /& relat$ to "o ano!r4  ,sid5ote3 
,regulation ( ?9k+ by its purpose  ,dem&
 = ! solution ( a p]plexity is ! /eady+ 
& guid+ factor 9 ! entire process (     
reflection4 ,:]e !re is no "q ( a       
problem to be solv$ or a difficulty to  
be surm\nt$1 ! c\rse ( sugge/ions fl[s  
on at r&om2 we h ! fir/ type ( ?\ght    
describ$4 ,if ! /ream ( sugge/ions is   
controll$ simply by _! emotional        
congruity1 _! fitt+ agreeably into a    
s+le picture or /ory1 we h ! second     
type4 ,b a "q to be answ]$1 an ambiguity
 to be resolv$1 sets up an end & holds !
 curr5t ( ideas to a def9ite *annel4 ,e 
sugge/$ conclusion is te/$ by its       
ref]5ce to ?is regulat+ end1 by its     

p]t95ce to ! problem 9 h&4 ,?is ne$ (   
/raight5+ out a p]plexity also controls 
! k9d ( inquiry und]tak54 ,a travel] ^: 
end is ! mo/ beautiful pa? w look = o!r 
consid]ations & w te/ sugge/ions occurr+
 to him on ano!r pr9ciple ?an if he     
wi%es to discov] ! way to a giv5 city4  
,! problem fixes ! end ( ?\ght & ! end  
controls ! process ( ?9k+4   ,sec4 #d4  
,summ>y  ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 & /imulus  ,we
 may recapitulate by say+ t ! orig9 (   
?9k+ is "s p]plexity1 confusion1 or     
d\bt4 ,?9k+ is n a case ( spontane\s    
combu/ion2 x does n occur j on g5]al    
pr9ciples4 ,!re is some?+ specific :i*  
occasions & evokes x4 ,g5]al appeals to 
a *ild 7or to a gr[n-up7 to ?9k1        
irrespective ( ! exi/5ce 9 8 own        
exp]i5ce ( "s difficulty t tr\bles him &
 di/urbs 8 equilibrium1 are z futile z  
advice to lift himself by 8 boot-/raps4 
,sid5ote3 ,sugge/ions & pa/ exp]i5ce    
,giv5 a difficulty1 ! next /ep is       
sugge/ion ( "s way out--! =mation ( "s  
t5tative plan or project1 ! ent]ta9+ (  

"s !ory :i* w acc\nt = ! peculi>ities 9 
"q1 ! consid]ation ( "s solution = !    
problem4 ,! data at h& _c supply !      
solution2 !y c only sugge/ x4 ,:at1 !n1 
are ! s\rces ( ! sugge/ion8 ,cle>ly pa/ 
exp]i5ce & prior k4 ,if ! p]son has _h  
"s acqua9tance ) simil> situations1 if  
he has dealt ) mat]ial ( ! same sort    
be=e1 sugge/ions m or less apt & helpful
 are likely to arise4 ,b unless !re has 
be5 exp]i5ce 9 "s degree analog\s1 :i*  
may n[ be repres5t$ 9 imag9ation1       
confusion rema9s m]e confusion4 ,!re is 
no?+ ^u :i* to draw 9 ord] to cl>ify x4 
,ev5 :5 a *ild 7or a gr[n-up7 has a     
problem1 to urge him to ?9k :5 he has no
 prior exp]i5ces involv+ "s ( ! same    
conditions1 is :olly futile4  ,sid5ote3 
,exploration & te/+  ,if ! sugge/ion t  
occurs is at once accept$1 we h         
uncritical ?9k+1 ! m9imum ( reflection4 
,to turn ! ?+ ov] 9 m9d1 to reflect1    
means to hunt = additional evid5ce1 =   
new data1 t w develop ! sugge/ion1 & w  
ei!r1 z we say1 be> x out or else make  

obvi\s its absurdity & irrelevance4     
,giv5 a g5u9e difficulty & a reasonable 
am\nt ( analog\s exp]i5ce to draw ^u1 ! 
diff]5ce1 p> excell5ce1 betwe5 good &   
bad ?9k+ is f\nd at ?is po9t4 ,! easie/ 
way is to accept any sugge/ion t seems  
plausible & !reby br+ to an end !       
condition ( m5tal uneas9ess4 ,reflective
 ?9k+ is always m or less tr\blesome    
because x involves ov]com+ ! in]tia t   
incl9es "o to accept sugge/ions at _!   
face value2 x involves will+ness to     
endure a condition ( m5tal unre/ &      
di/urbance4 ,reflective ?9k+1 9 %ort1   
means judgm5t susp5d$ dur+ fur!r        
inquiry2 & susp5se is likely to be      
some:at pa9ful4 ,z we %all see lat]1 !  
mo/ important factor 9 ! tra9+ ( good   
m5tal habits consi/s 9 acquir+ !        
attitude ( susp5d$ conclusion1 & 9 ma/]+
 ! v>i\s me?ods ( se>*+ = new mat]ials  
to corroborate or to refute ! fir/      
sugge/ions t occur4 ,to ma9ta9 ! /ate ( 
d\bt & to c>ry on sy/ematic & protract$ 
inquiry--^! are ! ess5tials ( ?9k+4     

,,*apt] ,,two  ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,tra9+    
,,?\ght   ,sid5ote3 ,man ! animal t ?9ks
  ,to expatiate ^u ! importance ( ?\ght 
w\ld be absurd4 ,! traditional def9ition
 ( man z ! ?9k+ animal fixes ?\ght z !  
ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 man & !        
brutes1--surely an important matt]4 ,m  
relevant to our purpose is ! "q h[ ?\ght
 is important1 = an answ] to ?is "q w   
?r[ light ^u ! k9d ( tra9+ ?\ght        
requires if x is to subs]ve its end4    
,sec4 #a4 ,! ,values ( ,?\ght  ,sid5ote3
 ,! possibility ( delib]ate & int5tional
 activity  ,i4 ,?\ght af=ds ! sole me?od
 ( escape f purely impulsive or purely  
r\t9e action4 ,a be+ )\t capacity =     
?\ght is mov$ only by in/9cts &         
appetites1 z ^! are call$ =? by outw>d  
conditions & by ! inn] /ate ( !         
organism4 ,a be+ ?us mov$ is1 z x 71    
pu%$ f beh9d4 ,?is is :at we mean by !  
bl9d nature ( brute actions4 ,! ag5t    
does n see or =esee ! end = :i* he is   
act+1 nor ! results produc$ by 8 behav+ 
9 "o way r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,he does n "k   

:at he is ab\t4 ,:]e !re is ?\ght1 ?+s  
pres5t act z signs or tok5s ( ?+s n yet 
exp]i5c$4 ,a ?9k+ be+ c1 accord+ly1 act 
on ! basis ( ! abs5t & ! future4 ,in/ead
 ( be+ pu%$ into a mode ( action by !   
%e] urg5cy ( =ces1 :e!r in/9cts or      
habits1 ( :i* he is n aw>e1 a reflective
 ag5t is drawn 7to "s ext5t at lea/7 to 
action by "s remot] object ( :i* he is  
indirectly aw>e4  ,sid5ote3 ,natural    
ev5ts come to be a language  ,an animal 
)\t ?\ght may g into its hole :5 ra9    
?reat5s1 because ( "s imm$iate /imulus  
to its organism4 ,a ?9k+ ag5t w p]ceive 
t c]ta9 giv5 facts are probable signs ( 
a future ra91 & w take /eps 9 ! light ( 
?is anticipat$ future4 ,to plant se$s1  
to cultivate ! soil1 to h>ve/ gra91 are 
int5tional acts1 possible only to a be+ 
:o has le>n$ to subord9ate ! imm$iately 
felt elem5ts ( an exp]i5ce to ^? values 
:i* ^! h9t at & prophesy4 ,philosoph]s h
 made mu* ( ! phrases book ( nature1    
language ( nature4 ,well1 x is 9 virtue 
( ! capacity ( ?\ght t giv5 ?+s are     

significant ( abs5t ?+s1 & t nature     
speaks a language :i* may be int]pret$4 
,to a be+ :o ?9ks1 ?+s are records ( _! 
pa/1 z fossils tell ( ! prior hi/ory ( !
 e>?1 & are prophetic ( _! future1 z f !
 pres5t positions ( heav5ly bodies      
remote eclipses are =etold4 ,%akespe>e's
 tongues 9 trees1 books 9 ! runn+       
brooks1 expresses lit]ally en\gh ! p[]  
sup]add$ to exi/5ces :5 !y appeal to a  
?9k+ be+4 ,^u ! function ( signification
 dep5d all =esight1 all intellig5t      
plann+1 delib]ation1 & calculation4     
,sid5ote3 ,! possibility ( sy/ematiz$   
=esight  ,,ii4 ,by ?\ght man also       
develops & arranges artificial signs to 
rem9d him 9 advance ( consequ5ces1 & (  
ways ( secur+ & avoid+ !m4 ,z ! trait j 
m5tion$ makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 savage  
man & brute1 s ?is trait makes !        
diff]5ce betwe5 civiliz$ man & savage4  
,a savage :o has be5 %ipwreck$ 9 a riv] 
may note c]ta9 ?+s :i* s]ve him z signs 
( dang] 9 ! future4 ,b civiliz$ man     
delib]ately makes su* signs2 he sets up 

9 advance ( wreckage w>n+ buoys1 &      
builds ligh?\ses :]e he sees signs t su*
 ev5ts may occur4 ,a savage reads wea!r 
signs ) great exp]tness2 civiliz$ man   
in/itutes a wea!r s]vice by :i* signs   
are artificially secur$ & in=mation is  
di/ribut$ 9 advance ( ! appe>ance ( any 
signs t c\ld be detect$ )\t special     
me?ods4 ,a savage f9ds 8 way skillfully 
?r\gh a wild]ness by read+ c]ta9 obscure
 indications2 civiliz$ man builds a     
highway :i* %[s ! road to all4 ,! savage
 le>ns to detect ! signs ( fire & !reby 
to inv5t me?ods ( produc+ flame2        
civiliz$ man inv5ts p]man5t conditions =
 produc+ light & heat :5ev] !y are ne$$4
 ,! v ess5ce ( civiliz$ culture is t we 
delib]ately erect monum5ts & memorials1 
le/ we =get2 & delib]ately in/itute1 9  
advance ( ! happ5+ ( v>i\s cont+5cies & 
em]g5cies ( life1 devices = detect+ _!  
approa* & regi/]+ _! nature1 = w>d+ (f  
:at is unfavorable1 or at lea/ =        
protect+ ourselves f its full impact & =
 mak+ m secure & ext5sive :at is        

favorable4 ,all =ms ( artificial        
app>atus are int5tionally design$       
modifications ( natural ?+s 9 ord] t !y 
may s]ve bett] ?an 9 _! natural e/ate to
 indicate ! hidd51 ! abs5t1 & ! remote4 
,sid5ote3 ,! possibility ( objects ri* 9
 quality  ,,iii4 ,f9ally1 ?\ght conf]s  
^u physical ev5ts & objects a v diff]5t 
/atus & value f t :i* !y possess to a   
be+ t does n reflect4 ,^! words are m]e 
scrat*es1 curi\s v>iations ( light &    
%ade1 to "o to :om !y are n l+ui/ic     
signs4 ,to him = :om !y are signs ( o!r 
?+s1 ea* has a def9ite individuality (  
its own1 accord+ to ! mean+ t x is us$  
to convey4 ,exactly ! same holds (      
natural objects4 ,a *air is a diff]5t   
object to a be+ to :om x consci\sly     
sugge/s an opportunity = sitt+ d[n1     
repose1 or sociable conv]se1 f :at x is 
to "o to :om x pres5ts itself m]ely z a 
?+ to be smell$1 or gnaw$1 or jump$ ov]2
 a /one is diff]5t to "o :o kn[s some?+ 
( its pa/ hi/ory & its future use f :at 
x is to "o :o only feels x directly     

?r\gh 8 s5ses4 ,x is only by c\rtesy1   
inde$1 t we c say t an un?9k+ animal    
exp]i5ces an object at all--s l>gely is 
any?+ t pres5ts itself to u z an object 
made up by ! qualities x possesses z a  
sign ( o!r ?+s4  ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( !
 objects an animal p]ceives  ,an ,engli%
 logician 7,mr4 ,v5n7 has rem>k$ t x may
 be que/ion$ :e!r a dog sees a ra9b[ any
 m ?an he appreh5ds ! political         
con/itution ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he lives4  
,! same pr9ciple applies to ! k5nel 9   
:i* he sleeps & ! meat t he eats4 ,:5 he
 is sleepy1 he goes to ! k5nel2 :5 he is
 hungry1 he is excit$ by ! smell & color
 ( meat2 beyond ?is1 9 :at s5se does he 
see an object8 ,c]ta9ly he does n see a 
h\se--i4e4 a ?+ ) all ! prop]ties &     
relations ( a p]man5t resid5ce1 unless  
he is capable ( mak+ :at is pres5t a    
uni=m sign ( :at is abs5t--unless he is 
capable ( ?\ght4 ,nor does he see :at he
 eats z meat unless x sugge/s ! abs5t   
prop]ties by virtue ( :i* x is a c]ta9  
jo9t ( "s animal1 & is kn[n to af=d     

n\ri%m5t4 ,j :at is left ( an object    
/ripp$ ( all su* qualities ( mean+1 we  
_c well say2 b we c be sure t ! object  
is !n a v diff]5t sort ( ?+ f ! objects 
t we p]ceive4 ,!re is moreov] no        
p>ticul> limit to ! possibilities ( gr[?
 9 ! fusion ( a ?+ z x is to s5se & z x 
is to ?\ght1 or z a sign ( o!r ?+s4 ,!  
*ild today soon reg>ds z con/itu5t p>ts 
( objects qualities t once x requir$ !  
intellig5ce ( a ,cop]nicus or a ,newton 
to appreh5d4  ,sid5ote3 ,mill on !      
bus9ess ( life & ! occupation ( m9d  ,^!
 v>i\s values ( ! p[] ( ?\ght may be    
summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ quotation f ,john   
,/u>t ,mill4 ,to draw inf]5ces1 he says1
 has be5 said to be ! great bus9ess (   
life4 ,e "o has daily1 h\rly1 & mom5t>y 
ne$ ( asc]ta9+ facts :i* he has n       
directly obs]v$3 n f any g5]al purpose (
 add+ to 8 /ock ( k1 b because ! facts  
!mselves are ( importance to 8 int]e/s  
or to 8 occupations4 ,! bus9ess ( !     
magi/rate1 ( ! milit>y comm&]1 ( !      
navigator1 ( ! physician1 ( !           

agriculturi/1 is m]ely to judge (       
evid5ce & to act accord+ly4444 ,z !y d  
?is well or ill1 s !y dis*>ge well or   
ill ! duties ( _! sev]al call+s4 ,x is !
 only occupation 9 :i* ! m9d nev] ceases
 to be engag$4#c      #c ,mill1 ,sy/em (
 ,logic1 ,introduction1 ,sec4 #e4       
,sec4 #b4 ,importance ( ,direction 9    
ord] to ,realize ^! ,values  ,sid5ote3  
,?9k+ goes a/ray  ,:at a p]son has n    
only daily & h\rly1 b mom5t>y ne$ (     
p]=m+1 is n a te*nical & ab/ruse matt]2 
nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x trivial &        
negligible4 ,su* a function mu/ be      
cong5ial to ! m9d1 & mu/ be p]=m$1 9 an 
unspoil$ m9d1 ^u e fitt+ occasion4 ,j   
because1 h[ev]1 x is an op]ation ( draw+
 inf]5ces1 ( bas+ conclusions ^u        
evid5ce1 ( rea*+ belief indirectly1 x is
 an op]ation t may g wrong z well z "r1 
& h5ce is "o t ne$s safegu>d+ & tra9+4  
,! great] its importance ! great] are ! 
evils :5 x is ill-ex]cis$4  ,sid5ote3   
,ideas are our rul]s--= bett] or = worse
  ,an e>li] writ] ?an ,mill1 ,john      

,locke 7#afcb-agjd71 br+s out !         
importance ( ?\ght = life & ! ne$ (     
tra9+ s t its be/ & n its wor/          
possibilities w be realiz$1 9 ! foll[+  
words3 ,no man ev] sets himself ab\t    
any?+ b ^u "s view or o!r1 :i* s]ves him
 = a reason = :at he does2 & :atsoev]   
faculties he employs1 ! und]/&+ ) su*   
light z x has1 well or ill in=m$1       
con/antly leads2 & by t light1 true or  
false1 all 8 op]ative p[]s are          
direct$4444 ,temples h _! sacr$ images1 
& we see :at influ5ce !y h always _h ov]
 a great "p ( mank9d4 ,b 9 tru? ! ideas 
& images 9 m5's m9ds are ! invisible    
p[]s t con/antly gov]n !m1 & to ^! !y   
all1 univ]sally1 pay a ready submission4
 ,x is !re=e ( ! highe/ conc]nm5t t     
great c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ! und]/&+1 to  
conduct x aright 9 ! se>* ( k & 9 !     
judgm5ts x makes4#d ,if ^u ?\ght hang   
all delib]ate activities & ! uses we    
make ( all our o!r p[]s1 ,locke's       
ass]tion t x is ( ! highe/ conc]nm5t t  
c>e %\ld be tak5 ( its conduct is a     

mod]ate /atem5t4 ,:ile ! p[] ( ?\ght    
frees u f s]vile subjection to in/9ct1  
appetite1 & r\t9e1 x also br+s ) x !    
occasion & possibility ( error & mi/ake4
 ,9 elevat+ u above ! brute1 x op5s to u
 ! possibility ( failures to :i* !      
animal1 limit$ to in/9ct1 _c s9k4       
#d ,locke1 ,( ! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+1  
fir/ p>agraph4   ,sec4 #c4 ,t5d5cies    
,ne$+ ,con/ant ,regulation  ,sid5ote3   
,physical & social sanctions ( correct  
?9k+  ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! ord9>y     
conditions ( life1 natural & social1    
provide ! conditions requisite =        
regulat+ ! op]ations ( inf]5ce4 ,!      
necessities ( life en=ce a fundam5tal & 
p]si/5t discipl9e = :i* ! mo/ cunn+ly   
devis$ artifices w\ld be ineffective    
sub/itutes4 ,! burnt *ild dreads ! fire2
 ! pa9ful consequ5ce emphasizes ! ne$ ( 
correct inf]5ce mu* m ?an w\ld le>n$    
disc\rse on ! prop]ties ( heat4 ,social 
conditions also put a premium on correct
 inf]r+ 9 matt]s :]e action bas$ on     
valid ?\ght is socially important4 ,^!  

sanctions ( prop] ?9k+ may affect life  
itself1 or at lea/ a life reasonably    
free f p]petual discom=t4 ,! signs (    
enemies1 ( %elt]1 ( food1 ( ! ma9 social
 conditions1 h to be correctly          
appreh5d$4  ,sid5ote3 ,! s]i\s          
limitations ( su* sanctions  ,b ?is     
discipl9>y tra9+1 efficaci\s z x is )9  
c]ta9 limits1 does n c>ry u beyond a    
re/rict$ b\nd>y4 ,logical atta9m5t 9 "o 
direction is no b> to extravagant       
conclusions 9 ano!r4 ,a savage exp]t 9  
judg+ signs ( ! movem5ts & location (   
animals t he hunts1 w accept & gravely  
n>rate ! mo/ prepo/]\s y>ns conc]n+ !   
orig9 ( _! habits & /ructures4 ,:5 !re  
is no directly appreciable reaction ( ! 
inf]5ce ^u ! security & prosp]ity (     
life1 !re are no natural *ecks to !     
acceptance ( wrong beliefs4 ,conclusions
 may be g5]at$ by a modicum ( fact m]ely
 because ! sugge/ions are vivid &       
int]e/+2 a l>ge accumulation ( data may 
fail to sugge/ a prop] conclusion       
because exi/+ cu/oms are av]se to       

ent]ta9+ x4 ,indep5d5t ( tra9+1 !re is a
 primitive cr$ulity :i* t5ds to make no 
di/9ction betwe5 :at a tra9$ m9d calls  
fancy & t :i* x calls a reasonable      
conclusion4 ,! face 9 ! cl\ds is believ$
 9 z "s sort ( fact1 m]ely because x is 
=cibly sugge/$4 ,natural intellig5ce is 
no b>ri] to ! propagation ( error1 nor  
l>ge b untra9$ exp]i5ce to !            
accumulation ( fix$ false beliefs4      
,errors may support "o ano!r mutually & 
weave an ev] l>g] & firm] fabric (      
misconception4 ,dreams1 ! positions (   
/>s1 ! l9es ( ! h&1 may be reg>d$ z     
valuable signs1 & ! fall ( c>ds z an    
inevitable om51 :ile natural ev5ts ( !  
mo/ crucial significance g disreg>d$4   
,beliefs 9 port5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 n[ m]e 
nook & cranny sup]/itions1 7 once       
univ]sal4 ,a long discipl9e 9 exact     
sci5ce 0 requir$ = _! conque/4          
,sid5ote3 ,sup]/ition z natural a result
 z sci5ce  ,9 ! m]e function (          
sugge/ion1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !  
p[] ( a column ( m]cury to port5d ra91 &

 t ( ! entrails ( an animal or ! flight 
( birds to =etell ! =tunes ( w>4 ,= all 
anybody c tell 9 advance1 ! spill+ (    
salt is z likely to import bad luck z ! 
bite ( a mosquito to import mal>ia4     
,only sy/ematic regulation ( !          
conditions "u :i* obs]vations are made &
 sev]e discipl9e ( ! habits ( ent]ta9+  
sugge/ions c secure a decision t "o type
 ( belief is vici\s & ! o!r s\nd4 ,!    
sub/itution ( sci5tific = sup]/iti\s    
habits ( inf]5ce has n be5 br\ght ab\t  
by any improvem5t 9 ! acut5ess ( ! s5ses
 or 9 ! natural work+s ( ! function (   
sugge/ion4 ,x is ! result ( regulation (
 ! conditions "u :i* obs]vation &       
inf]5ce take place4  ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al   
causes ( bad ?9k+3 ,bacon's idols  ,x is
 in/ructive to note "s ( ! attempts t h 
be5 made to classify ! ma9 s\rces (     
error 9 rea*+ beliefs4 ,francis ,bacon1 
= example1 at ! beg9n+s ( mod]n         
sci5tific inquiry1 enum]at$ f\r su*     
classes1 "u ! some:at fanta/ic title (  
idols 7,gr4 ,greek3 eidola1 images71    

spectral =ms t allure ! m9d into false  
pa?s4 ,^! he call$ ! idols1 or phantoms1
 ( ! 7a7 tribe1 7b7 ! m>ketplace1 7c7 ! 
cave or d51 & 7d7 ! !at]2 or1 less      
metaphorically1 7a7 /&+ errone\s me?ods 
7or at lea/ temptations to error7 t h _!
 roots 9 human nature g5]ally2 7b7 ^? t 
come f int]c\rse & language2 7c7 ^? t   
are due to causes peculi> to a specific 
individual2 & f9ally1 7d7 ^? t h _!     
s\rces 9 ! fa%ion or g5]al curr5t ( a   
p]iod4 ,classify+ ^! causes ( fallaci\s 
belief some:at diff]5tly1 we may say t  
two are intr9sic & two are extr9sic4 ,( 
! intr9sic1 "o is common to all m5 alike
 7su* z ! univ]sal t5d5cy to notice     
in/ances t corroborate a favorite belief
 m readily ?an ^? t contradict x71 :ile 
! o!r resides 9 ! specific temp]am5t &  
habits ( ! giv5 individual4 ,( !        
extr9sic1 "o proce$s f g5]ic social     
conditions--l ! t5d5cy to suppose t !re 
is a fact :]ev] !re is a ^w1 & no fact  
:]e !re is no l+ui/ic t]m--:ile ! o!r   
proce$s f local & tempor>y social       

curr5ts4  ,sid5ote3 ,locke on ! influ5ce
 (  ,locke's me?od ( deal+ ) typical =ms
 ( wrong belief is less =mal & may be m 
enlight5+4 ,we c h>dly d bett] ?an quote
 8 =cible & qua9t language1 :51 enum]at+
 diff]5t classes ( m51 he %[s diff]5t   
ways 9 :i* ?\ght goes wrong3  ,sid5ote3 
7a7 dep5d5ce on o!rs1  #a4 ,! fir/ is ( 
^? :o seldom reason at all1 b d & ?9k   
accord+ to ! example ( o!rs1 :e!r p>5ts1
 neighbors1 m9i/]s1 or :o else !y are   
pleas$ to make *oice ( to h an implicit 
fai? 91 = ! sav+ ( !mselves ! pa9s &    
tr\bles ( ?9k+ & exam9+ = !mselves4     
,sid5ote3 7b7 self-int]e/1  #b4 ,?is k9d
 is ( ^? :o put passion 9 ! place (     
reason1 & be+ resolv$ t %all gov]n _!   
actions & argum5ts1 nei!r use _! own1   
nor he>k5 to o!r p's reason1 any f>!r   
?an x suits _! humor1 int]e/1 or p>ty4#e
      #e ,9 ano!r place he says3 ,m5's  
prejudices & incl9ations     impose (t5 
^u !mselves4444 ,incl9ation sugge/s &   
slides     into disc\rse favorable t]ms1
 :i* introduce favorable ideas2     till

 at la/ by ?is means t is conclud$ cle> 
& evid5t1 ?us     dress$ up1 :i*1 tak5 9
 its native /ate1 by mak+ use ( none    
b precise det]m9$ ideas1 w\ld f9d no    
admittance at all4  ,sid5ote3 7c7       
circumscrib$ exp]i5ce  #c4 ,! ?ird sort 
is ( ^? :o readily & s9c]ely foll[      
reason1 b = want ( hav+ t :i* "o may    
call l>ge1 s\nd1 r\ndab\t s5se1 h n a   
full view ( all t relates to ! "q4444   
,!y conv]se b ) "o sort ( m51 !y read b 
"o sort ( books1 !y w n come 9 ! he>+ b 
( "o sort ( notions4444 ,!y h a pretty  
traffic ) kn[n correspond5ts 9 "s little
 creek 444 b w n v5ture out into ! great
 ocean ( k4 ,m5 ( orig9ally equal       
natural p>ts may f9ally arrive at v     
diff]5t /ores ( k & tru?1 :5 all ! odds 
betwe5 !m has be5 ! diff]5t scope t has 
be5 giv5 to _! und]/&+s to range 91 = ! 
ga!r+ up ( in=mation & furni%+ _! heads 
) ideas & notions & obs]vations1 :]eon  
to employ _! m9d4#f      #f ,! ,conduct 
( ! ,und]/&+1 ,sec4 #c4  ,9 ano!r       
portion ( 8 writ+s1#g ,locke /ates !    

same ideas 9 slightly diff]5t =m4       
#g ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 bk4 
,,iv1 *4 ,,xx1 ,(     ,wrong ,ass5t or  
,error4  ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( dogmatic   
pr9ciples1  #a4 ,t :i* is inconsi/5t )  
our pr9ciples is s f> f pass+ = probable
 ) u t x w n be all[$ possible4 ,!      
rev]5ce borne to ^! pr9ciples is s      
great1 & _! au?ority s p>am\nt to all   
o!r1 t ! te/imony1 n only ( o!r m51 b ! 
evid5ce ( our own s5ses are (t5 reject$1
 :5 !y (f] to v\* any?+ contr>y to ^!   
e/abli%$ rules4444 ,!re is no?+ m ord9>y
 ?an *ildr5's receiv+ into _! m9ds      
propositions 444 f _! p>5ts1 nurses1 or 
^? ab\t !m2 :i* be+ ins9uat$ 9 _! unw>y 
z well z unbias$ und]/&+s1 & fa/5$ by   
degrees1 are at la/ 7& ?is :e!r true or 
false7 rivet$ !re by long cu/om &       
education1 beyond all possibility ( be+ 
pull$ out aga94 ,= m51 :5 !y are gr[n   
up1 reflect+ ^u _! op9ions & f9d+ ^? (  
?is sort to be z anci5t 9 _! m9ds z _! v
 memories1 n hav+ obs]v$ _! e>ly        
ins9uation1 nor by :at means !y got !m1 

!y are apt to rev]5ce !m z sacr$ ?+s1 & 
n to suff] !m to be pr(an$1 t\*$1 or    
que/ion$4 ,!y take !m z /&>ds to be !   
great & un]r+ decid]s ( tru? &          
falsehood1 & ! judges to :i* !y are to  
appeal 9 all mann] ( controv]sies4      
,sid5ote3 ( clos$ m9ds1  #b4 ,secondly1 
next to ^! are m5 ^: und]/&+s are ca/   
into a mold1 & fa%ion$ j to ! size ( a  
receiv$ hypo!sis4 ,su* m51 ,locke goes  
on to say1 :ile n d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( facts
 & evid5ce1 _c be conv9c$ by ! evid5ce t
 w\ld decide !m if _! m9ds 7 n s clos$  
by adh]5ce to fix$ belief4  ,sid5ote3 ( 
/rong passion1  #c4 ,pr$om9ant          
,passions4 ,?irdly1 probabilities :i*   
cross m5's appetites & prevail+ passions
 run ! same fate4 ,let ev] s mu*        
probability hang on "o side ( a covet\s 
man's reason+1 & money on ! o!r1 x is   
easy to =esee :i* w outweigh4 ,e>?ly    
m9ds1 l mud walls1 resi/ ! /ronge/      
batt]ies4  ,sid5ote3 ( dep5d5ce ^u      
au?ority ( o!rs  #d4 ,au?ority4 ,! f\r? 
& la/ wrong measure ( probability ,i    

%all take notice (1 & :i* keeps 9       
ignorance or error m p ?an all ! o!rs   
toge!r1 is ! giv+ up our ass5t to !     
common receiv$ op9ions1 ei!r ( our      
fri5ds or p>ty1 neighborhood or c\ntry4 
,sid5ote3 ,causes ( bad m5tal habits are
 social z well z inborn  ,bo? ,bacon &  
,locke make x evid5t t ov] & above !    
s\rces ( misbelief t reside 9 ! natural 
t5d5cies ( ! individual 7l ^? t[>d ha/y 
& too f>-rea*+ conclusions71 social     
conditions t5d to in/igate & confirm    
wrong habits ( ?9k+ by au?ority1 by     
consci\s in/ruction1 & by ! ev5 m       
insidi\s half-consci\s influ5ces (      
language1 imitation1 sympa?y1 &         
sugge/ion4 ,education has accord+ly n   
only to safegu>d an individual aga9/ !  
besett+ errone\s t5d5cies ( 8 own       
m9d--its ra%ness1 presumption1 &        
pref]5ce ( :at *imes ) self-int]e/ to   
objective evid5ce--b also to und]m9e &  
de/roy ! accumulat$ & self-p]petuat+    
prejudices ( long ages4 ,:5 social life 
9 g5]al has become m reasonable1 m imbu$

 ) rational conviction1 & less mov$ by  
/iff au?ority & bl9d passion1           
educational ag5cies may be m positive & 
con/ructive ?an at pres5t1 = !y w "w 9  
h>mony ) ! educative influ5ce ex]cis$   
willy-nilly by o!r social surr\nd+s ^u  
an individual's habits ( ?\ght & belief4
 ,at pres5t1 ! "w ( tea*+ mu/ n only    
trans=m natural t5d5cies into tra9$     
habits ( ?\ght1 b mu/ also =tify ! m9d  
aga9/ irrational t5d5cies curr5t 9 !    
social environm5t1 & help displace      
errone\s habits already produc$4   ,sec4
 #d4 ,regulation ,trans=ms ,inf]5ce into
 ,pro(  ,sid5ote3 ,a leap is involv$ 9  
all ?9k+  ,?9k+ is important because1 z 
we h se51 x is t function 9 :i* giv5 or 
asc]ta9$ facts /& = or indicate o!rs :i*
 are n directly asc]ta9$4 ,b ! process (
 rea*+ ! abs5t f ! pres5t is peculi>ly  
expos$ to error2 x is liable to be      
influ5c$ by almo/ any numb] ( unse5 &   
unconsid]$ causes1--pa/ exp]i5ce1       
receiv$ dogmas1 ! /irr+ ( self-int]e/1 !
 ar\s+ ( passion1 %e] m5tal laz9ess1 a  

social environm5t /eep$ 9 bias$         
traditions or animat$ by false          
expectations1 & s on4 ,! ex]cise ( ?\ght
 is1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( t ^w1 inf]5ce2 by
 x "o ?+ c>ries u ov] to ! idea (1 &    
belief 91 ano!r ?+4 ,x involves a jump1 
a leap1 a go+ beyond :at is surely kn[n 
to some?+ else accept$ on its w>rant4   
,unless "o is an idiot1 "o simply _c    
help hav+ all ?+s & ev5ts sugge/ o!r ?+s
 n actually pres5t1 nor c "o help a     
t5d5cy to believe 9 ! latt] on ! basis (
 ! =m]4 ,! v inevitabl5ess ( ! jump1 !  
leap1 to some?+ unkn[n1 only emphasizes 
! necessity ( att5tion to ! conditions  
"u :i* x occurs s t ! dang] ( a false   
/ep may be less5$ & ! probability ( a "r
 l&+ increas$4  ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce1 ! ne$ (
 regulation :i*1 :5 adequate1 makes pro(
  ,su* att5tion consi/s 9 regulation    
7#a7 ( ! conditions "u :i* ! function ( 
sugge/ion takes place1 & 7#b7 ( !       
conditions "u :i* cr$5ce is yield$ to ! 
sugge/ions t occur4 ,inf]5ce controll$ 9
 ^! two ways 7! /udy ( :i* 9 detail     

con/itutes "o ( ! *ief objects ( ?is    
book7 =ms pro(4 ,to prove a ?+ means    
prim>ily to try1 to te/ x4 ,! gue/ bidd5
 to ! w$d+ fea/ excus$ himself because  
he _h to prove 8 ox54 ,exceptions are   
said to prove a rule2 i4e4 !y furni%    
in/ances s extreme t !y try 9 ! sev]e/  
fa%ion its applicability2 if ! rule w /&
 su* a te/1 !re is no good reason =     
fur!r d\bt+ x4 ,n until a ?+ has be5    
tri$--tri$ out1 9 colloquial language--d
 we "k its true wor?4 ,till !n x may be 
pret5se1 a bluff4 ,b ! ?+ t has come out
 victori\s 9 a te/ or trial ( /r5g?     
c>ries its cr$5tials ) x2 x is approv$1 
because x has be5 prov$4 ,its value is  
cle>ly ev9c$1 %[n1 i4e4 demon/rat$4 ,s x
 is ) inf]5ces4 ,! m]e fact t inf]5ce 9 
g5]al is an invaluable function does n  
gu>antee1 nor does x ev5 help out !     
correctness ( any p>ticul> inf]5ce4 ,any
 inf]5ce may g a/ray2 & z we h se51 !re 
are /&+ influ5ces ev] ready to assi/ its
 go+ wrong4 ,:at is important1 is t e   
inf]5ce %all be a te/$ inf]5ce2 or 7s9ce

 (t5 ?is is n possible7 t we %all       
discrim9ate betwe5 beliefs t re/ ^u te/$
 evid5ce & ^? t d n1 & %all be accord+ly
 on our gu>d z to ! k9d & degree ( ass5t
 yield$4  ,sid5ote3 ,! (fice ( education
 9 =m+ skill$  ,sid5ote3 p[]s ( ?9k+    
,:ile x is n ! bus9ess ( education to   
prove e /atem5t made1 any m ?an to tea* 
e possible item ( in=mation1 x is its   
bus9ess to cultivate deep-seat$ &       
effective habits ( discrim9at+ te/$     
beliefs f m]e ass]tions1 guesses1 &     
op9ions2 to develop a lively1 s9c]e1 &  
op5-m9d$ pref]5ce = conclusions t are   
prop]ly gr\nd$1 & to +ra9 into !        
individual's work+ habits me?ods (      
inquiry & reason+ appropriate to ! v>i\s
 problems t pres5t !mselves4 ,no matt]  
h[ mu* an individual kn[s z a matt] (   
he>say & in=mation1 if he has n         
attitudes & habits ( ?is sort1 he is n  
intellectually educat$4 ,he lacks !     
rudim5ts ( m5tal discipl9e4 ,& s9ce ^!  
habits are n a gift ( nature 7no matt]  
h[ /rong ! aptitude = acquir+ !m72 s9ce1

 moreov]1 ! casual circum/ances ( !     
natural & social environm5t are n en\gh 
to compel _! acquisition1 ! ma9 (fice ( 
education is to supply conditions t make
 = _! cultivation4 ,! =mation ( ^!      
habits is ! ,tra9+ ( ,m9d4     ,,*apt]  
,,?ree  ,,natural ,,res\rces ,,9 ,,!    
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght   ,sid5ote3 ,only   
native p[]s c be tra9$4  ,9 ! la/ *apt] 
we consid]$ ! ne$ ( trans=m+1 ?r\gh     
tra9+1 ! natural capacities ( inf]5ce   
into habits ( critical exam9ation &     
inquiry4 ,! v importance ( ?\ght = life 
makes necess>y its control by education 
because ( its natural t5d5cy to g a/ray1
 & because social influ5ces exi/ t t5d  
to =m habits ( ?\ght lead+ to inadequate
 & errone\s beliefs4 ,tra9+ mu/1 h[ev]1 
be itself bas$ ^u ! natural t5d5cies1--t
 is1 x mu/ f9d its po9t ( dep>ture 9 !m4
 ,a be+ :o c\ld n ?9k )\t tra9+ c\ld    
nev] be tra9$ to ?9k2 "o may h to le>n  
to ?9k well1 b n to ?9k4 ,tra9+1 9 %ort1
 mu/ fall back ^u ! prior & indep5d5t   
exi/5ce ( natural p[]s2 x is conc]n$ )  

_! prop] direction1 n ) creat+ !m4      
,sid5ote3 ,h5ce1 ! "o taught mu/ take ! 
initiative  ,tea*+ & le>n+ are          
correlative or correspond+ processes1 z 
mu* s z sell+ & buy+4 ,"o might z well  
say he has sold :5 no "o has b\ght1 z to
 say t he has taught :5 no "o has le>n$4
 ,& 9 ! educational transaction1 !      
initiative lies ) ! le>n] ev5 m ?an 9   
comm]ce x lies ) ! buy]4 ,if an         
individual c le>n to ?9k only 9 ! s5se (
 le>n+ to employ m economically &       
effectively p[]s he already possesses1  
ev5 m truly "o c tea* o!rs to ?9k only 9
 ! s5se ( appeal+ to & fo/]+ p[]s       
already active 9 !m4 ,effective appeal (
 ?is k9d is impossible unless ! tea*]   
has an insight into exi/+ habits &      
t5d5cies1 ! natural res\rces ) :i* he   
has to ally himself4  ,sid5ote3 ,?ree   
important natural res\rces  ,any        
inv5tory ( ! items ( ?is natural capital
 is some:at arbitr>y because x mu/ pass 
ov] _m ( ! complex details4 ,b a /atem5t
 ( ! factors ess5tial to ?\ght w put    

be=e u 9 outl9e ! ma9 elem5ts4 ,?9k+    
involves 7z we h se57 ! sugge/ion ( a   
conclusion = acceptance1 & also se>* or 
inquiry to te/ ! value ( ! sugge/ion    
be=e f9ally accept+ x4 ,?is implies 7a7 
a c]ta9 fund or /ore ( exp]i5ces & facts
 f :i* sugge/ions proce$2 7b7           
promptness1 flexibility1 & f]tility (   
sugge/ions2 & 7c7 ord]l9ess1            
consecutiv5ess1 appropriat5ess 9 :at is 
sugge/$4 ,cle>ly1 a p]son may be hamp]$ 
9 any ( ^! ?ree reg>ds3 ,8 ?9k+ may be  
irrelevant1 n>r[1 or crude because he   
has n en\gh actual mat]ial ^u :i* to    
base conclusions2 or because concrete   
facts & raw mat]ial1 ev5 if ext5sive &  
bulky1 fail to evoke sugge/ions easily &
 ri*ly2 or f9ally1 because1 ev5 :5 ^!   
two conditions are fulfill$1 ! ideas    
sugge/$ are incoh]5t & fanta/ic1 r ?an  
p]t95t & consi/5t4   ,sec4 #a4          
,curiosity  ,sid5ote3 ,desire = fullness
 ( exp]i5ce3  ,! mo/ vital & significant
 factor 9 supply+ ! prim>y mat]ial :5ce 
sugge/ion may issue is1 )\t d\bt1       

curiosity4 ,! wise/ ( ! ,greeks us$ to  
say t wond] is ! "m ( all sci5ce4 ,an   
in]t m9d waits1 z x 71 = exp]i5ces to be
 imp]i\sly =c$ ^u x4 ,! pregnant say+ ( 
,wordswor?3      ,! eye--x _c *oose b   
see2      ,we _c bid ! e> be /ill2      
,our bodies feel1 :]e'er !y be1         
,aga9/ or ) our w--  holds good 9 !     
degree 9 :i* "o is naturally possess$ by
 curiosity4 ,! curi\s m9d is con/antly  
al]t & explor+1 seek+ mat]ial = ?\ght1 z
 a vigor\s & heal?y body is on ! qui    
vive = nutrim5t4 ,eag]ness = exp]i5ce1 =
 new & v>i$ contacts1 is f\nd :]e wond] 
is f\nd4 ,su* curiosity is ! only sure  
gu>antee ( ! acquisition ( ! prim>y     
facts ^u :i* inf]5ce mu/ base itself4   
,sid5ote3 7a7 physical  7a7 ,9 its fir/ 
manife/ations1 curiosity is a vital     
ov]fl[1 an expression ( an abundant     
organic en]gy4 ,a physiological         
uneas9ess leads a *ild to be into       
ev]y?+1--to be rea*+1 pok+1 p\nd+1 pry+4
 ,obs]v]s ( animals h not$ :at "o au?or 
calls _! invet]ate t5d5cy to fool4 ,rats

 run ab\t1 smell1 dig1 or gnaw1 )\t real
 ref]5ce to ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,9 ! same   
way ,jack a dog scrabbles & jumps1 !    
kitt5 w&]s & picks1 ! ott] slips ab\t   
ev]y:]e l gr\nd lightn+1 ! elephant     
fumbles ceaselessly1 ! monkey pulls ?+s 
ab\t4#h ,! mo/ casual notice ( !        
activities ( a "y *ild reveals a        
ceaseless display ( explor+ & te/+      
activity4 ,objects are suck$1 f+]$1 &   
?ump$2 drawn & pu%$1 h&l$ & ?r[n2 9     
%ort1 exp]im5t$ )1 till !y cease to     
yield new qualities4 ,su* activities are
 h>dly intellectual1 & yet )\t !m       
intellectual activity w\ld be feeble &  
int]mitt5t ?r\gh lack ( /uff = its      
op]ations4      #h ,hobh\se1 ,m9d 9     
,evolution1 p4 #aie4  ,sid5ote3 7b7     
social  7b7 ,a high] /age ( curiosity   
develops "u ! influ5ce ( social /imuli4 
,:5 ! *ild le>ns t he c appeal to o!rs  
to eke out 8 /ore ( exp]i5ces1 s t1 if  
objects fail to respond int]e/+ly to 8  
exp]im5ts1 he may call ^u p]sons to     
provide int]e/+ mat]ial1 a new epo* sets

 94 ,:at is t8 ,:y8 become ! unfail+    
signs ( a *ild's pres5ce4 ,at fir/ ?is  
que/ion+ is h>dly m ?an a projection    
into social relations ( ! physical      
ov]fl[ :i* e>li] kept ! *ild pu%+ &     
pull+1 op5+ & %utt+4 ,he asks 9         
succession :at holds up ! h\se1 :at     
holds up ! soil t holds ! h\se1 :at     
holds up ! e>? t holds ! soil2 b 8      
que/ions are n evid5ce ( any g5u9e      
consci\sness ( rational connections4 ,8 
:y is n a dem& = sci5tific explanation2 
! motive beh9d x is simply eag]ness = a 
l>g] acqua9tance ) ! my/]i\s _w 9 :i* he
 is plac$4 ,! se>* is n = a law or      
pr9ciple1 b only = a bigg] fact4 ,yet   
!re is m ?an a desire to accumulate j   
in=mation or heap up disconnect$ items1 
al?\gh sometimes ! int]rogat+ habit     
?reat5s to deg5]ate into a m]e disease (
 language4 ,9 ! feel+1 h[ev] dim1 t !   
facts :i* directly meet ! s5ses are n ! 
:ole /ory1 t !re is m beh9d !m & m to   
come f !m1 lies ! g]m ( intellectual    
curiosity4  ,sid5ote3 7c7 intellectual  

7c7 ,curiosity rises above ! organic & !
 social planes & becomes intellectual 9 
! degree 9 :i* x is trans=m$ into int]e/
 9 problems provok$ by ! obs]vation (   
?+s & ! accumulation ( mat]ial4 ,:5 ! "q
 is n dis*>g$ by be+ ask$ ( ano!r1 :5 ! 
*ild cont9ues to ent]ta9 x 9 8 own m9d &
 to be al]t = :atev] w help answ] x1    
curiosity has become a positive         
intellectual =ce4 ,to ! op5 m9d1 nature 
& social exp]i5ce are full ( v>i$ &     
subtle *all5ges to look fur!r4 ,if      
g]m9at+ p[]s are n us$ & cultivat$ at ! 
"r mom5t1 !y t5d to be transitory1 to   
die out1 or to wane 9 int5sity4 ,?is    
g5]al law is peculi>ly true (           
s5sitiv5ess to :at is unc]ta9 &         
que/ionable2 9 a few p1 intellectual    
curiosity is s insatiable t no?+ w      
disc\rage x1 b 9 mo/ its edge is easily 
dull$ & blunt$4 ,bacon's say+ t we mu/  
become z little *ildr5 9 ord] to ent] ! 
k+dom ( sci5ce is at once a rem9d] ( !  
op5-m9d$ & flexible wond] ( *ildhood & (
 ! ease ) :i* ?is end[m5t is lo/4 ,"s   

lose x 9 indiff]5ce or c>elessness2 o!rs
 9 a frivol\s flippancy2 _m escape ^!   
evils only to become incas$ 9 a h>d     
dogmatism :i* is equally fatal to ! _s (
 wond]4 ,"s are s tak5 up ) r\t9e z to  
be inaccessible to new facts & problems4
 ,o!rs reta9 curiosity only ) ref]5ce to
 :at conc]ns _! p]sonal advantage 9 _!  
*os5 c>e]4 ,) _m1 curiosity is arre/$ on
 ! plane ( int]e/ 9 local gossip & 9 !  
=tunes ( _! neighbors2 inde$1 s usual is
 ?is result t v (t5 ! fir/ association )
 ! ^w curiosity is a pry+ inquisitiv5ess
 into o!r p's bus9ess4 ,) respect !n to 
curiosity1 ! tea*] has usually m to le>n
 ?an to tea*4 ,r>ely c he aspire to !   
(fice ( k9dl+ or ev5 increas+ x4 ,8 task
 is r to keep alive ! sacr$ sp>k ( wond]
 & to fan ! flame t already gl[s4 ,8    
problem is to protect ! _s ( inquiry1 to
 keep x f becom+ blase f ov]excitem5t1  
wood5 f r\t9e1 fossiliz$ ?r\gh dogmatic 
in/ruction1 or dissipat$ by r&om ex]cise
 ^u trivial ?+s4   ,sec4 #b4 ,sugge/ion 
,out ( ! subject-matt]1 :e!r ri* or     

scanty1 important or trivial1 ( pres5t  
exp]i5ce issue sugge/ions1 ideas1       
beliefs z to :at is n yet giv54 ,!      
function ( sugge/ion is n "o t c be     
produc$ by tea*+2 :ile x may be modifi$ 
= bett] or worse by conditions1 x _c be 
de/roy$4 ,_m a *ild has tri$ 8 be/ to   
see if he c\ld n /op ?9k+1 b ! fl[ (    
sugge/ions goes on 9 spite ( our w1 q z 
surely z our bodies feel1 :]e'er !y be1 
aga9/ or ) our w4 ,prim>ily1 naturally1 
x is n we :o ?9k1 9 any actively        
responsible s5se2 ?9k+ is r some?+ t    
happ5s 9 u4 ,only s f> z "o has acquir$ 
control ( ! me?od 9 :i* ! function (    
sugge/ion occurs & has accept$          
responsibility = its consequ5ces1 c "o  
tru?fully say1 ,i ?9k s & s4  ,sid5ote3 
,! dim5sions ( sugge/ion3  ,sid5ote3 7a7
 ease  ,! function ( sugge/ion has a    
v>iety ( aspects 7or dim5sions z we may 
t]m !m71 v>y+ 9 diff]5t p]sons1 bo? 9   
!mselves & 9 _! mode ( comb9ation4 ,^!  
dim5sions are ease or promptness1 ext5t 
or v>iety1 & dep? or p]si/5ce4 7a7 ,!   

common classification ( p]sons into !   
dull & ! bright is made prim>ily on !   
basis ( ! read9ess or facility ) :i*    
sugge/ions foll[ ^u ! pres5tation (     
objects & ^u ! happ5+ ( ev5ts4 ,z !     
metaphor ( dull & bright implies1 "s    
m9ds are imp]vi\s1 or else !y absorb    
passively4 ,ev]y?+ pres5t$ is lo/ 9 a   
drab monotony t gives no?+ back4 ,b o!rs
 reflect1 or give back 9 v>i$ lights1   
all t /rikes ^u !m4 ,! dull make no     
response2 ! bright fla% back ! fact ) a 
*ang$ quality4 ,an in]t or /upid m9d    
requires a heavy jolt or an int5se %ock 
to move x to sugge/ion2 ! bright m9d is 
quick1 is al]t to react ) int]pretation 
& sugge/ion ( consequ5ces to foll[4     
,yet ! tea*] is n entitl$ to assume     
/upidity or ev5 dullness m]ely because (
 irresponsiv5ess to s*ool subjects or to
 a lesson z pres5t$ by text-book or     
tea*]4 ,! pupil label$ hopeless may     
react 9 quick & lively fa%ion :5 !      
?+-9-h& seems to him wor? :ile1 z "s    
out-(-s*ool sport or social affair4     

,inde$1 ! s*ool subject might move him1 
7 x set 9 a diff]5t context & treat$ by 
a diff]5t me?od4 ,a boy dull 9 geometry 
may prove quick en\gh :5 he takes up !  
subject 9 connection ) manual tra9+2 !  
girl :o seems inaccessible to hi/orical 
facts may respond promptly :5 x is a "q 
( judg+ ! "* & de$s ( p ( h] acqua9tance
 or ( fiction4 ,b>r+ physical defect or 
disease1 sl[ness & dullness 9 all       
directions are comp>atively r>e4        
,sid5ote3 7b7 range  7b7 ,irrespective (
 ! diff]5ce 9 p]sons z to ! ease &      
promptness ) :i* ideas respond to facts1
 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! numb] or range ( 
! sugge/ions t occur4 ,we speak truly1 9
 "s cases1 ( ! flood ( sugge/ions2 9    
o!rs1 !re is b a sl5d] trickle4         
,occasionally1 sl[ness ( outw>d response
 is due to a great v>iety ( sugge/ions  
:i* *eck "o ano!r & lead to hesitation &
 susp5se2 :ile a lively & prompt        
sugge/ion may take su* possession ( !   
m9d z to preclude ! developm5t ( o!rs4  
,too few sugge/ions indicate a dry &    

meag] m5tal habit2 :5 ?is is jo9$ to    
great le>n+1 !re results a p$ant or a   
,gradgr9d4 ,su* a p]son's m9d r+s h>d2  
he is likely to bore o!rs ) m]e bulk (  
in=mation4 ,he contra/s ) ! p]son :om we
 call ripe1 juicy1 & mell[4  ,a         
conclusion rea*$ aft] consid]ation ( a  
few alt]natives may be =mally correct1 b
 x w n possess ! fullness & ri*ness (   
mean+ ( "o arriv$ at aft] comp>ison ( a 
great] v>iety ( alt]native sugge/ions4  
,on ! o!r h&1 sugge/ions may be too     
num]\s & too v>i$ = ! be/ int]e/s (     
m5tal habit4 ,s _m sugge/ions may rise t
 ! p]son is at a loss to select among   
!m4 ,he f9ds x difficult to rea* any    
def9ite conclusion & w&]s m or less     
helplessly among !m4 ,s mu* sugge/s     
itself pro & con1 "o ?+ leads on to     
ano!r s naturally1 t he f9ds x difficult
 to decide 9 practical affairs or to    
conclude 9 matt]s ( !ory4 ,!re is su* a 
?+ z too mu* ?9k+1 z :5 action is       
p>alyz$ by ! multiplicity ( views       
sugge/$ by a situation4 ,or aga91 ! v   

numb] ( sugge/ions may be ho/ile to     
trac+ logical sequ5ces among !m1 = x may
 tempt ! m9d away f ! necess>y b try+   
task ( se>* = real connections1 into ! m
 cong5ial occupation ( embroid]+ ^u !   
giv5 facts a tissue ( agreeable fancies4
 ,! be/ m5tal habit involves a balance  
betwe5 paucity & r$undancy ( sugge/ions4
  ,sid5ote3 7c7 pr(undity  7c7 ,dep?4   
,we di/+ui% betwe5 p n only ^u ! basis (
 _! quickness & f]tility ( intellectual 
response1 b also ) respect to ! plane ^u
 :i* x occurs--! intr9sic quality ( !   
response4  ,"o man's ?\ght is pr(\nd    
:ile ano!r's is sup]ficial2 "o goes to !
 roots ( ! matt]1 & ano!r t\*es lightly 
its mo/ ext]nal aspects4 ,?is phase (   
?9k+ is p]haps ! mo/ untaught ( all1 & !
 lea/ am5able to ext]nal influ5ce :e!r =
 improvem5t or h>m4 ,nev]!less1 !       
conditions ( ! pupil's contact )        
subject-matt] may be su* t he is        
compell$ to come to qu>t]s ) its m      
significant features1 or su* t he is    
enc\rag$ to deal ) x ^u ! basis ( :at is

 trivial4 ,! common assumptions t1 if ! 
pupil only ?9ks1 "o ?\ght is j z good = 
8 m5tal discipl9e z ano!r1 & t ! end (  
/udy is ! amass+ ( in=mation1 bo? t5d to
 fo/] sup]ficial1 at ! exp5se (         
significant1 ?\ght4 ,pupils :o 9 matt]s 
( ord9>y practical exp]i5ce h a ready & 
acute p]ception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 !   
significant & ! mean+less1 (t5 rea* 9   
s*ool subjects a po9t :]e all ?+s seem  
equally important or equally            
unimportant2 :]e "o ?+ is j z likely to 
be true z ano!r1 & :]e intellectual ef=t
 is exp5d$ n 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ?+s1 b
 9 try+ to make v]bal connections among 
words4  ,sid5ote3 ,balance ( m9d        
,sometimes sl[ness & dep? ( response are
 intimately connect$4 ,"t is requir$ 9  
ord] to dige/ impressions1 & translate  
!m into sub/antial ideas4 ,brightness   
may be b a fla% 9 ! pan4 ,! sl[ b sure  
p]son1 :e!r man or *ild1 is "o 9 :om    
impressions s9k & accumulate1 s t ?9k+  
is done at a deep] level ( value ?an ) a
 slight] load4 ,_m a *ild is rebuk$ =   

sl[ness1 = n answ]+ promptly1 :5 8 =ces 
are tak+ "t to ga!r !mselves toge!r to  
deal effectively ) ! problem at h&4 ,9  
su* cases1 failure to af=d "t & leisure 
conduce to habits ( spe$y1 b snap%ot &  
sup]ficial1 judgm5t4 ,! dep? to :i* a   
s5se ( ! problem1 ( ! difficulty1 s9ks1 
det]m9es ! quality ( ! ?9k+ t foll[s2 & 
any habit ( tea*+ :i* enc\rages ! pupil 
= ! sake ( a successful recitation or ( 
a display ( memoriz$ in=mation to glide 
ov] ! ?9 ice ( g5u9e problems rev]ses ! 
true me?od ( m9d tra9+4  ,sid5ote3      
,individual diff]5ces  ,x is pr(itable  
to /udy ! lives ( m5 & wom5 :o a*ieve 9 
adult life f9e ?+s 9 _! respective      
call+s1 b :o 7 call$ dull 9 _! s*ool    
days4 ,sometimes ! e>ly wrong judgm5t 0 
due ma9ly to ! fact t ! direction 9 :i* 
! *ild %[$ 8 ability 0 n "o recogniz$ by
 ! good old /&>ds 9 use1 z 9 ! case (   
,d>w9's int]e/ 9 beetles1 snakes1 &     
frogs4 ,sometimes x 0 due to ! fact t ! 
*ild dwell+ habitually on a deep] plane 
( reflection ?an o!r pupils--or ?an 8   

tea*]s--did n %[ to advantage :5 prompt 
answ]s ( ! usual sort 7 expect$4        
,sometimes x 0 due to ! fact t ! pupil's
 natural mode ( approa* cla%$ habitually
 ) t ( ! text or tea*]1 & ! me?od ( !   
latt] 0 assum$ z an absolute basis (    
e/imate4  ,sid5ote3 ,any subject may be 
intellectual  ,9 any ev5t1 x is         
desirable t ! tea*] %\ld rid himself ( !
 notion t ?9k+ is a s+le1 unalt]able    
faculty2 t he %\ld recognize t x is a   
t]m d5ot+ ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ?+s acquire
 significance4 ,x is desirable to expel 
also ! k9dr$ notion t "s subjects are   
inh]5tly intellectual1 & h5ce possess$ (
 an almo/ magical p[] to tra9 ! faculty 
( ?\ght4 ,?9k+ is specific1 n a ma*9e-l1
 ready-made app>atus to be turn$        
indiff]5tly & at w ^u all subjects1 z a 
lant]n may ?r[ its light z x happ5s ^u  
horses1 /reets1 g>d5s1 trees1 or riv]4  
,?9k+ is specific1 9 t diff]5t ?+s      
sugge/ _! own appropriate mean+s1 tell  
_! own unique /ories1 & 9 t !y d ?is 9 v
 diff]5t ways ) diff]5t p]sons4 ,z !    

gr[? ( ! body is ?r\gh ! assimilation ( 
food1 s ! gr[? ( m9d is ?r\gh ! logical 
organization ( subject-matt]4 ,?9k+ is n
 l a sausage ma*9e :i* r$uces all       
mat]ials indiff]5tly to "o m>ketable    
commodity1 b is a p[] ( foll[+ up & l9k+
 toge!r ! specific sugge/ions t specific
 ?+s ar\se4 ,accord+ly1 any subject1 f  
,greek to cook+1 & f draw+ to ma!matics1
 is intellectual1 if intellectual at    
all1 n 9 its fix$ inn] /ructure1 b 9 its
 function--9 its p[] to />t & direct    
significant inquiry & reflection4 ,:at  
geometry does = "o1 ! manipulation (    
laboratory app>atus1 ! ma/]y ( a musical
 composition1 or ! conduct ( a bus9ess  
affair1 may d = ano!r4   ,sec4 #c4      
,ord]l9ess3 ,its ,nature  ,sid5ote3     
,cont9uity  ,facts1 :e!r n>r[ or        
ext5sive1 & conclusions sugge/$ by !m1  
:e!r _m or few1 d n con/itute1 ev5 :5   
comb9$1 reflective ?\ght4 ,! sugge/ions 
mu/ be organiz$2 !y mu/ be arrang$ )    
ref]5ce to "o ano!r & ) ref]5ce to !    
facts on :i* !y dep5d = pro(4 ,:5 !     

factors ( facility1 ( f]tility1 & ( dep?
 are prop]ly balanc$ or proportion$1 we 
get z ! outcome cont9uity ( ?\ght4 ,we  
desire nei!r ! sl[ m9d nor yet ! ha/y4  
,we wi% nei!r r&om diffus5ess nor fix$  
rigidity4 ,consecutiv5ess means         
flexibility & v>iety ( mat]ials1 conjo9$
 ) s+l5ess & def9it5ess ( direction4 ,x 
is oppos$ bo? to a me*anical r\t9e      
uni=mity & to a gras%opp]-l movem5t4 ,( 
bright *ildr51 x is n infrequ5tly said t
 !y might d any?+1 if only !y settl$    
d[n1 s quick & apt are !y 9 any p>ticul>
 response4 ,b1 alas1 !y r>ely settle4   
,on ! o!r h&1 x is n en\gh n to be      
div]t$4 ,a deadly & fanatic consi/5cy is
 n our goal4 ,conc5tration does n mean  
fixity1 nor a cramp$ arre/ or p>alysis (
 ! fl[ ( sugge/ion4 ,x means v>iety &   
*ange ( ideas comb9$ into a s+le /eady  
tr5d mov+ t[>d a unifi$ conclusion4     
,?\ghts are conc5trat$ n by be+ kept    
/ill & quiesc5t1 b by be+ kept mov+ t[>d
 an object1 z a g5]al conc5trates 8     
troops = attack or def5se4 ,hold+ ! m9d 

to a subject is l hold+ a %ip to its    
c\rse2 x implies con/ant *ange ( place  
comb9$ ) unity ( direction4 ,consi/5t & 
ord]ly ?9k+ is precisely su* a *ange (  
subject-matt]4 ,consi/5cy is no m ! m]e 
abs5ce ( contradiction ?an conc5tration 
is ! m]e abs5ce ( div]sion--:i* exi/s 9 
dull r\t9e or 9 a p]son fa/ asleep4 ,all
 k9ds ( v>i$ & incompatible sugge/ions  
may spr\t & be foll[$ 9 _! gr[?1 & yet  
?9k+ be consi/5t & ord]ly1 provid$ ea*  
"o ( ! sugge/ions is view$ 9 relation to
 ! ma9 topic4  ,sid5ote3 ,practical     
dem&s en=ce "s degree ( cont9uity  ,9 ! 
ma91 = mo/ p]sons1 ! prim>y res\rce 9 ! 
developm5t ( ord]ly habits ( ?\ght is   
indirect1 n direct4 ,intellectual       
organization orig9ates & = a "t gr[s z  
an accompanim5t ( ! organization ( !    
acts requir$ to realize an end1 n z !   
result ( a direct appeal to ?9k+ p[]4 ,!
 ne$ ( ?9k+ to accompli% some?+ beyond  
?9k+ is m pot5t ?an ?9k+ = its own sake4
 ,all p at ! outset1 & ! majority ( p   
probably all _! lives1 atta9 ord]+ (    

?\ght ?r\gh ord]+ ( action4 ,adults     
normally c>ry on "s occupation1         
pr(ession1 pursuit2 & ?is furni%es !    
cont9u\s axis ab\t :i* _! k1 _! beliefs1
 & _! habits ( rea*+ & te/+ conclusions 
are organiz$4 ,obs]vations t h to d ) ! 
effici5t p]=mance ( _! call+ are ext5d$ 
& r5d]$ precise4 ,in=mation relat$ to x 
is n m]ely amass$ & !n left 9 a heap2 x 
is classifi$ & subdivid$ s z to be      
available z x is ne$$4 ,inf]5ces are    
made by mo/ m5 n f purely speculative   
motives1 b because !y are involv$ 9 !   
effici5t p]=mance ( ! duties involv$ 9  
_! sev]al call+s4 ,?us _! inf]5ces are  
con/antly te/$ by results a*iev$2 futile
 & scatt]+ me?ods t5d to be disc\nt$2   
ord]ly arrangem5ts h a premium put ^u   
!m4 ,! ev5t1 ! issue1 /&s z a con/ant   
*eck on ! ?9k+ t has l$ up to x2 & ?is  
discipl9e by effici5cy 9 action is !    
*ief sanction1 9 practically all :o are 
n sci5tific speciali/s1 ( ord]l9ess (   
?\ght4  ,su* a res\rce--! ma9 prop (    
discipl9$ ?9k+ 9 adult life--is n to be 

despis$ 9 tra9+ ! "y 9 "r intellectual  
habits4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 pr(\nd         
diff]5ces betwe5 ! immature & ! adult 9 
! matt] ( organiz$ activity--diff]5ces  
:i* mu/ be tak5 s]i\sly into acc\nt 9   
any educational use ( activities3 7i7 ,!
 ext]nal a*ievem5t result+ f activity is
 a m urg5t necessity ) ! adult1 & h5ce  
is ) him a m effective means ( discipl9e
 ( m9d ?an ) ! *ild2 7ii7 ,! ends (     
adult activity are m specializ$ ?an ^? (
 *ild activity4  ,sid5ote3 ,peculi>     
difficulty ) *ildr5  7i7 ,! selection & 
arrangem5t ( appropriate l9es ( action  
is a mu* m difficult problem z respects 
y\? ?an x is 9 ! case ( adults4 ,) !    
latt]1 ! ma9 l9es are m or less settl$  
by circum/ances4 ,! social /atus ( !    
adult1 ! fact t he is a citiz51 a       
h\sehold]1 a p>5t1 "o occupi$ 9 "s      
regul> indu/rial or pr(essional call+1  
prescribes ! *ief features ( ! acts to  
be p]=m$1 & secures1 some:at            
automatically1 z x 71 appropriate &     
relat$ modes ( ?9k+4 ,b ) ! *ild !re is 

no su* fixity ( /atus & pursuit2 !re is 
almo/ no?+ to dictate t su* & su* a     
consecutive l9e ( action1 r ?an ano!r1  
%\ld be foll[$1 :ile ! w ( o!rs1 8 own  
caprice1 & circum/ances ab\t him t5d to 
produce an isolat$ mom5t>y act4 ,!      
abs5ce ( cont9u$ motivation cooep]ates )
 ! inn] pla/icity ( ! immature to       
increase ! importance ( educational     
tra9+ & ! difficulties 9 ! way ( f9d+   
consecutive modes ( activities :i* may d
 = *ild & y\? :at s]i\s vocations &     
functions d = ! adult4 ,9 ! case (      
*ildr51 ! *oice is s peculi>ly expos$ to
 arbitr>y factors1 to m]e s*ool         
traditions1 to waves ( p$agogical fad & 
fancy1 to fluctuat+ social cross        
curr5ts1 t sometimes1 9 %e] disgu/ at ! 
inadequacy ( results1 a reaction occurs 
to ! total neglect ( ov]t activity z an 
educational factor1 & a rec\rse to      
purely !oretical subjects & me?ods4     
,sid5ote3 ,peculi> opportunity ) *ildr5 
7ii7 ,?is v difficulty1 h[ev]1 po9ts to 
! fact t ! opportunity = select+ truly  

educative activities is indef9itely     
great] 9 *ild life ?an 9 adult4 ,!      
factor ( ext]nal pressure is s /rong )  
mo/ adults t ! educative value ( !      
pursuit--its reflex influ5ce ^u         
intellig5ce & "*--h[ev] g5u9e1 is       
incid5tal1 & frequ5tly almo/ accid5tal4 
,! problem & ! opportunity ) ! "y is    
selection ( ord]ly & cont9u\s modes (   
occupation1 :i*1 :ile !y lead up to &   
prep>e = ! indisp5sable activities (    
adult life1 h _! own suffici5t          
ju/ification 9 _! pres5t reflex influ5ce
 ^u ! =mation ( habits ( ?\ght4         
,sid5ote3 ,action & reaction betwe5     
extremes  ,educational practice %[s a   
cont9ual t5d5cy to oscillate betwe5 two 
extremes ) respect to ov]t & ex]tive    
activities4 ,"o extreme is to neglect !m
 almo/ entirely1 on ! gr\nd t !y are    
*aotic & fluctuat+1 m]e div]sions       
appeal+ to ! transitory un=m$ ta/e &    
caprice ( immature m9ds2 or if !y avoid 
?is evil1 are objectionable copies ( !  
highly specializ$1 & m or less          

comm]cial1 activities ( adult life4 ,if 
activities are admitt$ at all into !    
s*ool1 ! admission is a grudg+          
concession to ! necessity ( hav+        
occasional relief f ! /ra9 ( con/ant    
intellectual "w1 or to ! clamor (       
outside utilit>ian dem&s ^u ! s*ool4 ,! 
o!r extreme is an en?usia/ic belief 9 ! 
almo/ magical educative efficacy ( any  
k9d ( activity1 grant$ x is an activity 
& n a passive absorption ( academic &   
!oretic mat]ial4 ,! conceptions ( play1 
( self-expression1 ( natural gr[?1 are  
appeal$ to almo/ z if !y meant t        
opportunity = any k9d ( spontane\s      
activity inevitably secures ! due tra9+ 
( m5tal p[]2 or a my?ological bra9      
physiology is appeal$ to z pro( t any   
ex]cise ( ! muscles tra9s p[] ( ?\ght4  
,sid5ote3 ,locat+ ! problem ( education 
,:ile we vibrate f "o ( ^! extremes to !
 o!r1 ! mo/ s]i\s ( all problems is     
ignor$3 ! problem1 namely1 ( discov]+ & 
arrang+ ! =ms ( activity 7a7 :i* are mo/
 cong5ial1 be/ adapt$1 to ! immature    

/age ( developm5t2 7b7 :i* h ! mo/      
ult]ior promise z prep>ation = ! social 
responsibilities ( adult life2 & 7c7    
:i*1 at ! same "t1 h ! maximum (        
influ5ce 9 =m+ habits ( acute obs]vation
 & ( consecutive inf]5ce4 ,z curiosity  
is relat$ to ! acquisition ( mat]ial (  
?\ght1 z sugge/ion is relat$ to         
flexibility & =ce ( ?\ght1 s ! ord]+ (  
activities1 n !mselves prim>ily         
intellectual1 is relat$ to ! =m+ (      
intellectual p[]s ( consecutiv5ess4     
,,*apt] ,,f\r  ,,s*ool ,,conditions ,,& 
,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght   ,sec4 #a4     
,introductory3 ,me?ods & ,conditions    
,sid5ote3 ,=mal discipl9e  ,! s-call$   
faculty-psy*ology w5t h& 9 h& ) ! vogue 
( ! =mal-discipl9e idea 9 education4 ,if
 ?\ght is a di/9ct piece ( m5tal ma*9]y1
 sep>ate f obs]vation1 memory1          
imag9ation1 & common-s5se judgm5ts (    
p]sons & ?+s1 !n ?\ght %\ld be tra9$ by 
special ex]cises design$ = ! purpose1 z 
"o might devise special ex]cises =      
develop+ ! biceps muscles4 ,c]ta9       

subjects are !n to be reg>d$ z          
intellectual or logical subjects p>     
excell5ce1 possess$ ( a pr$e/9$ fitness 
to ex]cise ! ?\ght-faculty1 j z c]ta9   
ma*9es are bett] ?an o!rs = develop+ arm
 p[]4 ,) ^! ?ree notions goes ! f\r?1 t 
me?od consi/s ( a set ( op]ations by :i*
 ! ma*9]y ( ?\ght is set go+ & kept at  
"w ^u any subject-matt]4  ,sid5ote3     
v]sus real ?9k+  ,we h tri$ to make x   
cle> 9 ! previ\s *apt]s t !re is no s+le
 & uni=m p[] ( ?\ght1 b a multitude (   
diff]5t ways 9 :i* specific ?+s--?+s    
obs]v$1 rememb]$1 he>d (1 read          
ab\t--evoke sugge/ions or ideas t are   
p]t95t to ! occasion & fruitful 9 !     
sequel4 ,tra9+ is su* developm5t (      
curiosity1 sugge/ion1 & habits ( explor+
 & te/+1 z increases _! scope &         
effici5cy4 ,a subject--any subject--is  
intellectual 9 ! degree 9 :i* ) any giv5
 p]son x succe$s 9 effect+ ?is gr[?4 ,on
 ?is view ! f\r? factor1 me?od1 is      
conc]n$ ) provid+ conditions s adapt$ to
 individual ne$s & p[]s z to make = !   

p]man5t improvem5t ( obs]vation1        
sugge/ion1 & inve/igation4  ,sid5ote3   
,true & false mean+ ( me?od  ,! tea*]'s 
problem is ?us tw(old4 ,on ! "o side1 he
 ne$s 7z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]7 to be a  
/ud5t ( individual traits & habits2 on !
 o!r side1 he ne$s to be a /ud5t ( !    
conditions t modify = bett] or worse !  
directions 9 :i* individual p[]s        
habitually express !mselves4 ,he ne$s to
 recognize t me?od cov]s n only :at he  
int5tionally devises & employs = !      
purpose ( m5tal tra9+1 b also :at he    
does )\t any consci\s ref]5ce to        
x1--any?+ 9 ! atmosph]e & conduct ( !   
s*ool :i* reacts 9 any way ^u !         
curiosity1 ! responsiv5ess1 & ! ord]ly  
activity ( *ildr54 ,! tea*] :o is an    
intellig5t /ud5t bo? ( individual m5tal 
op]ations & ( ! effects ( s*ool         
conditions ^u ^? op]ations1 c l>gely be 
tru/$ to develop = himself me?ods (     
in/ruction 9 _! n>r[] & m te*nical      
s5se--^? be/ adapt$ to a*ieve results 9 
p>ticul> subjects1 su* z read+1         

geography1 or algebra4 ,9 ! h&s ( "o :o 
is n intellig5tly aw>e ( individual     
capacities & ( ! influ5ce unconsci\sly  
ex]t$ ^u !m by ! entire environm5t1 ev5 
! be/ ( te*nical me?ods are likely to   
get an imm$iate result only at ! exp5se 
( deep-seat$ & p]si/5t habits4 ,we may  
gr\p ! condition+ influ5ces ( ! s*ool   
environm5t "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ! m5tal  
attitudes & habits ( ! p]sons ) :om !   
*ild is 9 contact2 7#b7 ! subjects      
/udi$2 7#c7 curr5t educational aims &   
ideals4   ,sec4 #b4 ,influ5ce ( !       
,habits ( ,o!rs  ,b>e ref]5ce to !      
imitativ5ess ( human nature is en\gh to 
sugge/ h[ pr(\ndly ! m5tal habits ( o!rs
 affect ! attitude ( ! "o be+ tra9$4    
,example is m pot5t ?an precept2 & a    
tea*]'s be/ consci\s ef=ts may be m ?an 
c\nt]act$ by ! influ5ce ( p]sonal traits
 :i* he is unaw>e ( or reg>ds z         
unimportant4 ,me?ods ( in/ruction &     
discipl9e t are te*nically faulty may be
 r5d]$ practically innocu\s by !        
inspiration ( ! p]sonal me?od t lies    

back ( !m4  ,sid5ote3 ,response to      
environm5t fundam5tal 9 me?od  ,to      
conf9e1 h[ev]1 ! condition+ influ5ce ( !
 educator1 :e!r p>5t or tea*]1 to       
imitation is to get a v sup]ficial view 
( ! intellectual influ5ce ( o!rs4       
,imitation is b "o case ( a deep]       
pr9ciple--t ( /imulus & response4       
,ev]y?+ ! tea*] does1 z well z ! mann] 9
 :i* he does x1 incites ! *ild to       
respond 9 "s way or o!r1 & ea* response 
t5ds to set ! *ild's attitude 9 "s way  
or o!r4 ,ev5 ! inatt5tion ( ! *ild to ! 
adult is (t5 a mode ( response :i* is ! 
result ( unconsci\s tra9+4#i ,! tea*] is
 r>ely 7& ev5 !n nev] entirely7 a       
transp>5t m$ium ( access by ano!r m9d to
 a subject4 ,) ! "y1 ! influ5ce ( !     
tea*]'s p]sonality is intimately fus$ ) 
t ( ! subject2 ! *ild does n sep>ate nor
 ev5 di/+ui% ! two4 ,& z ! *ild's       
response is t[>d or away f any?+        
pres5t$1 he keeps up a runn+ comm5t>y1 (
 :i* he himself is h>dly di/9ctly aw>e1 
( l & dislike1 ( sympa?y & av]sion1 n   

m]ely to ! acts ( ! tea*]1 b also to !  
subject ) :i* ! tea*] is occupi$4       
#i ,a *ild ( f\r or five :o _h be5      
repeat$ly call$ to !     h\se by 8 "m ) 
no app>5t response on 8 own "p1 0       
ask$ if he did n he> h]4 ,he repli$ q   
judicially1 ,oh1 yes1     b %e doesn't  
call v mad yet4  ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce (  
tea*]'s own habits  ,sid5ote3 ,judg+    
o!rs by ourselves  ,! ext5t & p[] ( ?is 
influ5ce ^u morals & mann]s1 ^u "*1 ^u  
habits ( spee* & social be>+1 are almo/ 
univ]sally recogniz$4 ,b ! t5d5cy to    
conceive ( ?\ght z an isolat$ faculty   
has (t5 bl9d$ tea*]s to ! fact t ?is    
influ5ce is j z real & p]vasive 9       
intellectual conc]ns4 ,tea*]s1 z well z 
*ildr51 /ick m or less to ! ma9 po9ts1 h
 m or less wood5 & rigid me?ods (       
response1 & display m or less           
intellectual curiosity ab\t matt]s t    
come up4 ,& e trait ( ?is k9d is an     
inevitable "p ( ! tea*]'s me?od ( tea*+4
 ,m]ely to accept )\t notice slip%od    
habits ( spee*1 slov5ly inf]5ces1       

unimag9ative & lit]al response1 is to   
indorse ^! t5d5cies1 & to ratify !m into
 habits--& s x goes ?r\gh\t ! :ole range
 ( contact betwe5 tea*] & /ud5t4 ,9 ?is 
complex & intricate field1 two or ?ree  
po9ts may well be s+l$ out = special    
notice4 7a7 ,mo/ p]sons are q unaw>e ( !
 di/+ui%+ peculi>ities ( _! own m5tal   
habit4 ,!y take _! own m5tal op]ations =
 grant$1 & unconsci\sly make !m ! /&>d =
 judg+ ! m5tal processes ( o!rs4#aj     
,h5ce !re is a t5d5cy to enc\rage ev]y?+
 9 ! pupil :i* agrees ) ?is attitude1 & 
to neglect or fail to und]/& :atev] is  
incongru\s ) x4 ,! preval5t ov]e/imation
 ( ! value1 = m9d-tra9+1 ( !oretic      
subjects z comp>$ ) practical pursuits1 
is d\btless due p>tly to ! fact t !     
tea*]'s call+ t5ds to select ^? 9 :om ! 
!oretic int]e/ is specially /rong & to  
repel ^? 9 :om executive abilities are  
m>k$4 ,tea*]s sift$ out on ?is basis    
judge pupils & subjects by a l /&>d1    
enc\rag+ an intellectual "o-sid$ness 9  
^? to :om x is naturally cong5ial1 &    

repell+ f /udy ^? 9 :om practical       
in/9cts are m urg5t4      #aj ,p :o h   
numb]-=ms--i4e4 project numb] s]ies     
into space & see !m arrang$ 9 c]ta9     
%apes--:5 ask$ :y     !y h n m5tion$ !  
fact be=e1 (t5 reply t x nev]           
occurr$ to !m2 !y suppos$ t ev]ybody _h 
! same p[]4  ,sid5ote3 ,exagg]ation (   
direct p]sonal influ5ce  7b7 ,tea*]s--& 
?is holds especially ( ! /rong] & bett] 
tea*]s--t5d to rely ^u _! p]sonal /rong 
po9ts to hold a *ild to 8 "w1 & !reby to
 sub/itute _! p]sonal influ5ce = t (    
subject-matt] z a motive = /udy4 ,!     
tea*] f9ds by exp]i5ce t 8 own          
p]sonality is (t5 effective :]e ! p[] ( 
! subject to comm& att5tion is almo/    
nil2 !n he utilizes ! =m] m & m1 until !
 pupil's relation to ! tea*] almo/ takes
 ! place ( 8 relation to ! subject4 ,9  
?is way ! tea*]'s p]sonality may become 
a s\rce ( p]sonal dep5d5ce & weakness1  
an influ5ce t r5d]s ! pupil indiff]5t to
 ! value ( ! subject = its own sake4    
,sid5ote3 ,indep5d5t ?9k+ v]sus gett+ ! 

answ]  7c7 ,! op]ation ( ! tea*]'s own  
m5tal habit t5ds1 unless c>efully wat*$ 
& guid$1 to make ! *ild a /ud5t ( !     
tea*]'s peculi>ities r ?an ( ! subjects 
t he is suppos$ to /udy4 ,8 *ief conc]n 
is to accommodate himself to :at ! tea*]
 expects ( him1 r ?an to devote himself 
en]getically to ! problems (            
subject-matt]4 ,is ?is "r8 comes to mean
 ,w ?is answ] or ?is process satisfy !  
tea*]8--in/ead ( mean+1 ,does x satisfy 
! inh]5t conditions ( ! problem8 ,x w\ld
 be folly to d5y ! legitimacy or ! value
 ( ! /udy ( human nature t *ildr5 c>ry  
on 9 s*ool2 b x is obvi\sly undesirable 
t _! *ief intellectual problem %\ld be t
 ( produc+ an answ] approv$ by ! tea*]1 
& _! /&>d ( success be successful       
adaptation to ! requirem5ts ( ano!r4    
,sec4 #c4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,nature (       
,/udies  ,sid5ote3 ,types ( /udies      
,/udies are conv5tionally & conv5i5tly  
gr\p$ "u ^! heads3 7#a7 ,^? especially  
involv+ ! acquisition ( skill 9         
p]=mance--! s*ool arts1 su* z read+1    

writ+1 figur+1 & music4 7#b7 ,^? ma9ly  
conc]n$ ) acquir+ k--in=mational /udies1
 su* z geography & hi/ory4 7#c7 ,^? 9   
:i* skill 9 do+ & bulk ( in=mation are  
relatively less important1 & appeal to  
ab/ract ?9k+1 to reason+1 is mo/        
m>k$--discipl9>y /udies1 su* z ari?metic
 & =mal gramm>4#aa ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps (    
subjects has its own special pitfalls4  
#aa ,( c\rse1 any "o subject has all    
?ree aspects3 e4g4 9     ari?metic1     
c\nt+1 writ+1 & read+ numb]s1 rapid     
add+1     etc41 are cases ( skill 9 do+2
 ! tables ( weights &     measures are a
 matt] ( in=mation1 etc4  ,sid5ote3 ,!  
ab/ract z ! isolat$  7a7 ,9 ! case ( !  
s-call$ discipl9>y or pre-em95tly       
logical /udies1 !re is dang] ( !        
isolation ( intellectual activity f !   
ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,tea*] & /ud5t   
alike t5d to set up a *asm betwe5       
logical ?\ght z some?+ ab/ract & remote1
 & ! specific & concrete dem&s ( ev]yday
 ev5ts4 ,! ab/ract t5ds to become s     
alo(1 s f> away f application1 z to be  

cut loose f practical & moral be>+4 ,!  
gullibility ( specializ$ s*ol>s :5 out (
 _! own l9es1 _! extravagant habits (   
inf]5ce & spee*1 _! ineptness 9 rea*+   
conclusions 9 practical matt]s1 _!      
egoti/ical engrossm5t 9 _! own subjects1
 are extreme examples ( ! bad effects ( 
sev]+ /udies completely f _! ord9>y     
connections 9 life4  ,sid5ote3 ,ov]do+ !
 me*anical & automatic  ,sid5ote3 ,drill
  7b7 ,! dang] 9 ^? /udies :]e ! ma9    
emphasis is ^u acquisition ( skill is j 
! rev]se4 ,! t5d5cy is to take ! %orte/ 
cuts possible to ga9 ! requir$ end4 ,?is
 makes ! subjects me*anical1 & ?us      
re/rictive ( intellectual p[]4 ,9 !     
ma/]y ( read+1 writ+1 draw+1 laboratory 
te*nique1 etc41 ! ne$ ( economy ( "t &  
mat]ial1 ( neatness & accuracy1 (       
promptness & uni=mity1 is s great t ^!  
?+s t5d to become ends 9 !mselves1      
irrespective ( _! influ5ce ^u g5]al     
m5tal attitude4 ,%e] imitation1         
dictation ( /eps to be tak51 me*anical  
drill1 may give results mo/ quickly &   

yet /r5g!n traits likely to be fatal to 
reflective p[]4 ,! pupil is enjo9$ to d 
?is & t specific ?+1 ) no k ( any reason
 except t by s do+ he gets 8 result mo/ 
spe$ily2 8 mi/akes are po9t$ out &      
correct$ = him2 he is kept at pure      
repetition ( c]ta9 acts till !y become  
automatic4 ,lat]1 tea*]s wond] :y !     
pupil reads ) s little expression1 &    
figures ) s little intellig5t           
consid]ation ( ! t]ms ( 8 problem4 ,9 "s
 educational dogmas & practices1 ! v    
idea ( tra9+ m9d seems to be hopelessly 
confus$ ) t ( a drill :i* h>dly t\*es   
m9d at all--or t\*es x = ! worse--s9ce x
 is :olly tak5 up ) tra9+ skill 9       
ext]nal execution4 ,?is me?od r$uces !  
tra9+ ( human be+s to ! level ( animal  
tra9+4 ,practical skill1 modes (        
effective te*nique1 c be intellig5tly1  
non-me*anically us$1 only :5 intellig5ce
 has play$ a "p 9 _! acquisition4       
,sid5ote3 ,wisdom v]sus in=mation  7c7  
,mu* ! same sort ( ?+ is to be said     
reg>d+ /udies :]e emphasis traditionally

 falls ^u bulk & accuracy ( in=mation4  
,! di/9ction betwe5 in=mation & wisdom  
is old1 & yet requires con/antly to be  
r$rawn4 ,in=mation is k :i* is m]ely    
acquir$ & /or$ up2 wisdom is k op]at+ 9 
! direction ( p[]s to ! bett] liv+ (    
life4 ,in=mation1 m]ely z in=mation1    
implies no special tra9+ ( intellectual 
capacity2 wisdom is ! f9e/ fruit ( t    
tra9+4 ,9 s*ool1 amass+ in=mation always
 t5ds to escape f ! ideal ( wisdom or   
good judgm5t4 ,! aim (t5 seems to       
be--especially 9 su* a subject z        
geography--to make ! pupil :at has be5  
call$ a cyclop$ia ( useless in=mation4  
,cov]+ ! gr\nd is ! prim>y necessity2 ! 
nurture ( m9d a bad second4 ,?9k+ _c1 ( 
c\rse1 g on 9 a vacuum2 sugge/ions &    
inf]5ces c occur only ^u a basis (      
in=mation z to matt]s ( fact4  ,b !re is
 all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w :e!r !           
acquisition ( in=mation is treat$ z an  
end 9 itself1 or is made an integral    
portion ( ! tra9+ ( ?\ght4 ,! assumption
 t in=mation :i* has be5 accumulat$ ap>t

 f use 9 ! recognition & solution ( a   
problem may lat] on be freely employ$ at
 w by ?\ght is q false4 ,! skill at !   
ready comm& ( intellig5ce is ! skill    
acquir$ ) ! aid ( intellig5ce2 ! only   
in=mation :i*1 o!rwise ?an by accid5t1 c
 be put to logical use is t acquir$ 9 ! 
c\rse ( ?9k+4 ,because _! k has be5     
a*iev$ 9 connection ) ! ne$s ( specific 
situations1 m5 ( little book-le>n+ are  
(t5 able to put to effective use e ounce
 ( k !y possess2 :ile m5 ( va/ erudition
 are (t5 swamp$ by ! m]e bulk ( _!      
le>n+1 because memory1 r ?an ?9k+1 has  
be5 op]ative 9 obta9+ x4   ,sec4#d4 ,!  
,influ5ce ( ,curr5t ,aims & ,ideals  ,x 
is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to sep>ate ?is  
some:at intangible condition f ! po9ts j
 dealt )2 = automatic skill & quantity (
 in=mation are educational ideals :i*   
p]vade ! :ole s*ool4 ,we may di/+ui%1   
h[ev]1 c]ta9 t5d5cies1 su* z t to judge 
education f ! /&po9t ( ext]nal results1 
in/ead ( f t ( ! developm5t ( p]sonal   
attitudes & habits4 ,! ideal ( !        

product1 z aga9/ t ( ! m5tal process by 
:i* ! product is atta9$1 %[s itself 9   
bo? in/ruction & moral discipl9e4       
,sid5ote3 ,ext]nal results v]sus        
processes  7a7 ,9 in/ruction1 ! ext]nal 
/&>d manife/s itself 9 ! importance     
atta*$ to ! correct answ]4 ,no "o o!r   
?+1 probably1 works s fatally aga9/     
focuss+ ! att5tion ( tea*]s ^u ! tra9+ (
 m9d z ! dom9ation ( _! m9ds by ! idea t
 ! *ief ?+ is to get pupils to recite _!
 lessons correctly4 ,z long z ?is end is
 upp]mo/ 7:e!r consci\sly or            
unconsci\sly71 tra9+ ( m9d rema9s an    
incid5tal & second>y consid]ation4 ,!re 
is no great difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y ?is 
ideal has su* vogue4 ,! l>ge numb] (    
pupils to be dealt )1 & ! t5d5cy ( p>5ts
 & s*ool au?orities to dem& spe$y &     
tangible evid5ce ( progress1 conspire to
 give x curr5cy4 ,k ( subject-matt]--n (
 *ildr5--is alone exact$ ( tea*]s by ?is
 aim2 &1 moreov]1 k ( subject-matt] only
 9 portions def9itely prescrib$ & laid  
out1 & h5ce ma/]$ ) comp>ative ease4    

,education t takes z its /&>d !         
improvem5t ( ! intellectual attitude &  
me?od ( /ud5ts dem&s m s]i\s prep>atory 
tra9+1 = x exacts sympa!tic & intellig5t
 insight into ! work+s ( individual     
m9ds1 & a v wide & flexible comm& (     
subject-matt]--s z to be able to select 
& apply j :at is ne$$ :5 x is ne$$4     
,f9ally1 ! secur+ ( ext]nal results is  
an aim t l5ds itself naturally to !     
me*anics ( s*ool adm9i/ration--to       
exam9ations1 m>ks1 grad+s1 promotions1 &
 s on4  ,sid5ote3 ,reliance ^u o!rs  7b7
 ,) ref]5ce to behavior also1 ! ext]nal 
ideal has a great influ5ce4 ,con=mity ( 
acts to precepts & rules is ! easie/1   
because mo/ me*anical1 /&>d to employ4  
,x is no "p ( our pres5t task to tell j 
h[ f> dogmatic in/ruction1 or /rict     
adh]5ce to cu/om1 conv5tion1 & ! comm&s 
( a social sup]ior1 %\ld ext5d 9 moral  
tra9+2 b s9ce problems ( conduct are !  
deepe/ & mo/ common ( all ! problems (  
life1 ! ways 9 :i* !y are met h an      
influ5ce t radiates into e o!r m5tal    

attitude1 ev5 ^? f> remote f any direct 
or consci\s moral consid]ation4 ,inde$1 
! deepe/ plane ( ! m5tal attitude ( e "o
 is fix$ by ! way 9 :i* problems (      
behavior are treat$4 ,if ! function (   
?\ght1 ( s]i\s inquiry & reflection1 is 
r$uc$ to a m9imum 9 deal+ ) !m1 x is n  
reasonable to expect habits ( ?\ght to  
ex]cise great influ5ce 9 less important 
matt]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 habits ( active   
inquiry & c>eful delib]ation 9 !        
significant & vital problems ( conduct  
af=d ! be/ gu>antee t ! g5]al /ructure (
 m9d w be reasonable4     ,,*apt] ,,five
  ,,! ,,means ,,& ,,end ,,( ,,m5tal     
,,tra9+3 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,& ,,!     
,,logical   ,sec4 #a4 ,introductory3 ,! 
,mean+ ( ,logical  ,sid5ote3 ,special   
topic ( ?is *apt]  ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we
 h consid]$ 7i7 :at ?9k+ is2 7ii7 !     
importance ( its special tra9+2 7iii7 ! 
natural t5d5cies t l5d !mselves to its  
tra9+2 & 7iv7 "s ( ! special ob/acles 9 
! way ( its tra9+ "u s*ool conditions4  
,we come n[ to ! relation ( logic to !  

purpose ( m5tal tra9+4  ,sid5ote3 ,?ree 
s5ses ( t]m logical  ,sid5ote3 ,!       
practical is ! important mean+ ( logical
  ,9 its broade/ s5se1 any ?9k+ t ends 9
 a conclusion is logical--:e!r !        
conclusion rea*$ be ju/ifi$ or          
fallaci\s2 t is1 ! t]m logical cov]s bo?
 ! logically good & ! illogical or !    
logically bad4 ,9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 ! t]m
 logical ref]s only to :at is demon/rat$
 to foll[ necess>ily f premises t are   
def9ite 9 mean+ & t are ei!r            
self-evid5tly true1 or t h be5 previ\sly
 prov$ to be true4 ,/r+5cy ( pro( is "h 
! equival5t ( ! logical4 ,9 ?is s5se    
ma!matics & =mal logic 7p]haps z a bran*
 ( ma!matics7 alone are /rictly logical4
 ,logical1 h[ev]1 is us$ 9 a ?ird s5se1 
:i* is at once m vital & m practical2 to
 d5ote1 namely1 ! sy/ematic c>e1        
negative & positive1 tak5 to safegu>d   
reflection s t x may yield ! be/ results
 "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,if only ! ^w    
artificial 7 associat$ ) ! idea ( art1  
or exp]t skill ga9$ ?r\gh volunt>y      

appr5tice%ip 7in/ead ( sugge/+ !        
factiti\s & unreal71 we might say t     
logical ref]s to artificial ?\ght4      
,sid5ote3 ,c>e1 ?or\ghness1 & exactness 
! m>ks ( ! logical  ,9 ?is s5se1 ! ^w   
logical is synonym\s ) wide-awake1      
?or\gh1 & c>eful reflection--?\ght 9 its
 be/ s5se 7ante1 p4 #e74 ,reflection is 
turn+ a topic ov] 9 v>i\s aspects & 9   
v>i\s lights s t no?+ significant ab\t x
 %all be ov]look$--almo/ z "o might turn
 a /one ov] to see :at its hidd5 side is
 l or :at is cov]$ by x4 ,?\ghtfulness  
means1 practically1 ! same ?+ z c>eful  
att5tion2 to give our m9d to a subject  
is to give he$ to x1 to take pa9s ) x4  
,9 speak+ ( reflection1 we naturally use
 ! words weigh1 pond]1 delib]ate--t]ms  
imply+ a c]ta9 delicate & scrupul\s     
balanc+ ( ?+s aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,closely  
relat$ names are scrut9y1 exam9ation1   
consid]ation1 inspection--t]ms :i* imply
 close & c>eful vision4 ,aga91 to ?9k is
 to relate ?+s to "o ano!r def9itely1 to
 put two & two toge!r z we say4 ,analogy

 ) ! accuracy & def9it5ess ( ma!matical 
comb9ations gives u su* expressions z   
calculate1 reckon1 acc\nt =2 & ev5      
reason itself--ratio4 ,caution1         
c>efulness1 ?or\ghness1 def9it5ess1     
exactness1 ord]l9ess1 me?odic           
arrangem5t1 are1 !n1 ! traits by :i* we 
m>k (f ! logical f :at is r&om & casual 
on "o side1 & f :at is academic & =mal  
on ! o!r4  ,sid5ote3 ,:ole object (     
intellectual education is =mation (     
logical disposition  ,sid5ote3 ,false   
opposition ( ! logical & psy*ological   
,no argum5t is ne$$ to po9t out t !     
educator is conc]n$ ) ! logical 9 its   
practical & vital s5se4 ,argum5t is     
p]haps ne$$ to %[ t ! intellectual 7z   
di/9ct f ! moral7 end ( education is    
entirely & only ! logical 9 ?is s5se2   
namely1 ! =mation ( c>eful1 al]t1 &     
?or\gh habits ( ?9k+4 ,! *ief difficulty
 9 ! way ( recognition ( ?is pr9ciple is
 a false conception ( ! relation betwe5 
! psy*ological t5d5cies ( an individual 
& 8 logical a*ievem5ts4 ,if x be        

assum$--z x is s frequ5tly--t ^! h1     
intr9sically1 no?+ to d ) ea* o!r1 !n   
logical tra9+ is inevitably reg>d$ z    
some?+ =eign & extrane\s1 some?+ to be  
+raft$ ^u ! individual f )\t1 s t x is  
absurd to id5tify ! object ( education )
 ! developm5t ( logical p[]4  ,sid5ote3 
,oppos+ ! natural to ! logical  ,!      
conception t ! psy*ology ( individuals  
has no intr9sic connections ) logical   
me?ods & results is held1 curi\sly      
en\gh1 by two oppos+ s*ools (           
educational !ory4 ,to "o s*ool1 !       
natural#ab is prim>y & fundam5tal2 & its
 t5d5cy is to make little ( di/9ctly    
intellectual nurture4 ,its mottoes are  
fre$om1 self-expression1 individuality1 
spontaneity1 play1 int]e/1 natural      
unfold+1 & s on4 ,9 its emphasis ^u     
individual attitude & activity1 x sets  
slight /ore ^u organiz$ subject-matt]1  
or ! mat]ial ( /udy1 & conceives me?od  
to consi/ ( v>i\s devices = /imulat+ &  
evok+1 9 _! natural ord] ( gr[?1 !      
native pot5tialities ( individuals4     

#ab ,d5ot+ :atev] has to d ) ! natural  
con/itution &     functions ( an        
individual4  ,sid5ote3 ,neglect ( !     
innate logical res\rces  ,sid5ote3      
,id5tification ( logical )              
subject-matt]1 exclusively  ,! o!r s*ool
 e/imates highly ! value ( ! logical1 b 
conceives ! natural t5d5cy ( individuals
 to be av]se1 or at lea/ indiff]5t1 to  
logical a*ievem5t4 ,x relies ^u         
subject-matt]--^u matt] already def9$ & 
classifi$4 ,me?od1 !n1 has to d ) !     
devices by :i* ^! *>act]i/ics may be    
import$ into a m9d naturally reluctant &
 rebelli\s4 ,h5ce its mottoes are       
discipl9e1 in/ruction1 re/ra9t1 volunt>y
 or consci\s ef=t1 ! necessity ( tasks1 
& s on4 ,f ?is po9t ( view /udies1 r ?an
 attitudes & habits1 embody ! logical   
factor 9 education4 ,! m9d becomes      
logical only by le>n+ to con=m to an    
ext]nal subject-matt]4 ,to produce ?is  
con=mity1 ! /udy %\ld fir/ be analyz$   
7by text-book or tea*]7 into its logical
 elem5ts2 !n ea* ( ^! elem5ts %\ld be   

def9$2 f9ally1 all ( ! elem5ts %\ld be  
arrang$ 9 s]ies or classes accord+ to   
logical =mulae or g5]al pr9ciples4 ,!n !
 pupil le>ns ! def9itions "o by "o2 &   
progressively add+ "o to ano!r builds up
 ! logical sy/em1 & !reby is himself    
gradually imbu$1 f )\t1 ) logical       
quality4  ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f      
geography1  ,?is description w ga9 mean+
 ?r\gh an illu/ration4 ,suppose !       
subject is geography4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to  
give its def9ition1 m>k+ x (f f e o!r   
subject4 ,!n ! v>i\s ab/ract t]ms ^u :i*
 dep5ds ! sci5tific developm5t ( !      
sci5ce are /at$ & def9$ "o by "o--pole1 
equator1 ecliptic1 zone1--f ! simpl]    
units to ! m complex :i* are =m$ out (  
!m2 !n ! m concrete elem5ts are tak5 9  
simil> s]ies3 cont95t1 isl&1 coa/1      
promontory1 cape1 i/hmus1 p59sula1      
ocean1 lake1 coa/1 gulf1 bay1 & s on4 ,9
 acquir+ ?is mat]ial1 ! m9d is suppos$ n
 only to ga9 important in=mation1 b1 by 
accommodat+ itself to ready-made logical
 def9itions1 g5]alizations1 &           

classifications1 gradually to acquire   
logical habits4  ,sid5ote3 f draw+  ,?is
 type ( me?od has be5 appli$ to e       
subject taught 9 ! s*ools--read+1 writ+1
 music1 physics1 gramm>1 ari?metic4     
,draw+s = example1 has be5 taught on !  
!ory t s9ce all pictorial repres5tation 
is a matt] ( comb9+ /raight & curv$     
l9es1 ! simple/ proc$ure is to h ! pupil
 acquire ! ability fir/ to draw /raight 
l9es 9 v>i\s positions 7horizontal1     
p]p5dicul>1 diagonals at v>i\s angles71 
!n typical curves2 & f9ally1 to comb9e  
/raight & curv$ l9es 9 v>i\s p]mutations
 to con/ruct actual pictures4 ,?is seem$
 to give ! ideal logical me?od1 beg9n+ )
 analysis into elem5ts1 & !n proce$+ 9  
regul> ord] to m & m complex syn!ses1   
ea* elem5t be+ def9$ :5 us$1 & !reby    
cle>ly und]/ood4  ,sid5ote3 ,=mal me?od 
,ev5 :5 ?is me?od 9 its extreme =m is n 
foll[$1 few s*ools 7especially ( !      
middle or upp] elem5t>y grades7 are free
 f an exagg]at$ att5tion to =ms         
suppos$ly employ$ by ! pupil if he gets 

8 result logically4 ,x is ?\ght t !re   
are c]ta9 /eps arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1  
:i* express preem95tly an und]/&+ ( !   
subject1 & ! pupil is made to analyze 8 
proc$ure into ^! /eps1 i4e4 to le>n a   
c]ta9 r\t9e =mula ( /atem5t4 ,:ile ?is  
me?od is usually at its height 9 gramm> 
& ari?metic1 x invades also hi/ory & ev5
 lit]ature1 :i* are !n r$uc$1 "u plea ( 
intellectual tra9+1 to outl9es1         
diagrams1 & s*emes ( division &         
subdivision4 ,9 memoriz+ ?is simulat$   
cut & dri$ copy ( ! logic ( an adult1 ! 
*ild g5]ally is induc$ to /ultify 8 own 
subtle & vital logical movem5t4 ,!      
adoption by tea*]s ( ?is misconception (
 logical me?od has probably done m ?an  
any?+ else to br+ p$agogy into          
disrepute2 = to _m p]sons p$agogy means 
precisely a set ( me*anical1            
self-consci\s devices = replac+ by "s   
ca/-iron ext]nal s*eme ! p]sonal m5tal  
movem5t ( ! individual4  ,sid5ote3      
,reaction t[>d lack ( =m & me?od  ,a    
reaction inevitably occurs f ! poor     

results t accrue f ^! pr(ess$ly logical 
me?ods4 ,lack ( int]e/ 9 /udy1 habits ( 
inatt5tion & procra/9ation1 positive    
av]sion to intellectual application1    
dep5d5ce ^u %e] memoriz+ & me*anical    
r\t9e ) only a modicum ( und]/&+ by !   
pupil ( :at he is ab\t1 %[ t ! !ory (   
logical def9ition1 division1 gradation1 
& sy/em does n "w out practically z x is
 !oretically suppos$ to "w4 ,! consequ5t
 disposition--z 9 e reaction--is to g to
 ! opposite extreme4 ,! logical is ?\ght
 to be :olly artificial & extrane\s2    
tea*] & pupil alike are to turn _! backs
 ^u x1 & to "w t[>d ! expression ( exi/+
 aptitudes & ta/es4 ,emphasis ^u natural
 t5d5cies & p[]s z ! only possible      
/>t+-po9t ( developm5t is inde$         
:olesome4 ,b ! reaction is false1 & h5ce
 mislead+1 9 :at x ignores & d5ies3 !   
pres5ce ( g5u9ely intellectual factors 9
 exi/+ p[]s & int]e/s4  ,sid5ote3 ,logic
 ( subject-matt] is logic ( adult or    
tra9$ m9d  ,:at is conv5tionally t]m$   
logical 7namely1 ! logical f ! /&po9t ( 

subject-matt]7 repres5ts 9 tru? ! logic 
( ! tra9$ adult m9d4 ,ability to divide 
a subject1 to def9e its elem5ts1 & to   
gr\p !m into classes accord+ to g5]al   
pr9ciples repres5ts logical capacity at 
its be/ po9t rea*$ aft] ?or\gh tra9+4 ,!
 m9d t habitually exhibits skill 9      
divisions1 def9itions1 g5]alizations1 & 
sy/ematic recapitulations no long] ne$s 
tra9+ 9 logical me?ods4 ,b x is absurd  
to suppose t a m9d :i* ne$s tra9+       
because x _c p]=m ^! op]ations c beg9   
:]e ! exp]t m9d /ops4 ,! logical f !    
/&po9t ( subject-matt] repres5ts ! goal1
 ! la/ t]m ( tra9+1 n ! po9t ( dep>ture4
  ,sid5ote3 ,! immature m9d has its own 
logic  ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce1 ! psy*ological &
 ! logical repres5t ! two ends ( ! same 
movem5t  ,9 tru?1 ! m9d at e /age (     
developm5t has its own logic4 ,! error (
 ! notion t by appeal to spontane\s     
t5d5cies & by multiplication ( mat]ials 
we may completely dismiss logical       
consid]ations1 lies 9 ov]look+ h[ l>ge a
 "p curiosity1 inf]5ce1 exp]im5t+1 &    

te/+ already play 9 ! pupil's life4     
,!re=e x und]e/imates ! intellectual    
factor 9 ! m spontane\s play & "w (     
individuals--! factor t alone is truly  
educative4 ,any tea*] :o is alive to !  
modes ( ?\ght naturally op]ative 9 !    
exp]i5ce ( ! normal *ild w h no         
difficulty 9 avoid+ ! id5tification ( ! 
logical ) a ready-made organization (   
subject-matt]1 z well z ! notion t !    
only way to escape ?is error is to pay  
no att5tion to logical consid]ations4   
,su* a tea*] w h no difficulty 9 see+ t 
! real problem ( intellectual education 
is ! trans=mation ( natural p[]s into   
exp]t1 te/$ p[]s3 ! trans=mation ( m or 
less casual curiosity & sporadic        
sugge/ion into attitudes ( al]t1        
cauti\s1 & ?or\gh inquiry4 ,he w see t !
 psy*ological & ! logical1 in/ead ( be+ 
oppos$ to ea* o!r 7or ev5 indep5d5t (   
ea* o!r71 are connect$ z ! e>li] & !    
lat] /ages 9 "o cont9u\s process (      
normal gr[?4 ,! natural or psy*ological 
activities1 ev5 :5 n consci\sly         

controll$ by logical consid]ations1 h _!
 own intellectual function & integrity2 
consci\s & delib]ate skill 9 ?9k+1 :5 x 
is a*iev$1 makes habitual or second     
nature4 ,! fir/ is already logical 9 _s2
 ! la/1 9 pres5t+ an +ra9$ disposition &
 attitude1 is !n z psy*ological 7z      
p]sonal7 z any caprice or *ance impulse 
c\ld be4   ,sec4 #b4 ,discipl9e &       
,fre$om  ,sid5ote3 ,true & false notions
 ( discipl9e  ,discipl9e ( m9d is ?us1 9
 tru?1 a result r ?an a cause4 ,any m9d 
is discipl9$ 9 a subject 9 :i* indep5d5t
 intellectual initiative & control h be5
 a*iev$4 ,discipl9e repres5ts orig9al   
native end[m5t turn$1 ?r\gh gradual     
ex]cise1 into effective p[]4 ,s f> z a  
m9d is discipl9$1 control ( me?od 9 a   
giv5 subject has be5 atta9$ s t ! m9d is
 able to manage itself indep5d5tly )\t  
ext]nal tutelage4 ,! aim ( education is 
precisely to develop intellig5ce ( ?is  
indep5d5t & effective type--a discipl9$ 
m9d4 ,discipl9e is positive &           
con/ructive4  ,sid5ote3 ,discipl9e z    

drill  ,discipl9e1 h[ev]1 is frequ5tly  
reg>d$ z some?+ negative--z a pa9fully  
disagreeable =c+ ( m9d away f *annels   
cong5ial to x into *annels ( con/ra9t1 a
 process griev\s at ! "t b necess>y z   
prep>ation = a m or less remote future4 
,discipl9e is !n g5]ally id5tifi$ )     
drill2 & drill is conceiv$ aft] !       
me*anical analogy ( driv+1 by unremitt+ 
bl[s1 a =eign sub/ance into a resi/ant  
mat]ial2 or is imag$ aft] ! analogy ( ! 
me*anical r\t9e by :i* raw recruits are 
tra9$ to a soldi]ly be>+ & habits t are 
naturally :olly =eign to _! possessors4 
,tra9+ ( ?is latt] sort1 :e!r x be call$
 discipl9e or n1 is n m5tal discipl9e4  
,its aim & result are n habits ( ?9k+1 b
 uni=m ext]nal modes ( action4 ,by fail+
 to ask :at he means by discipl9e1 _m a 
tea*] is misl$ into suppos+ t he is     
develop+ m5tal =ce & effici5cy by me?ods
 :i* 9 fact re/rict & dead5 intellectual
 activity1 & :i* t5d to create me*anical
 r\t9e1 or m5tal passivity & s]vility4  
,sid5ote3 ,z indep5d5t p[] or fre$om    

,sid5ote3 ,fre$om & ext]nal spontaneity 
,:5 discipl9e is conceiv$ 9 intellectual
 t]ms 7z ! habitual p[] ( effective     
m5tal attack71 x is id5tifi$ ) fre$om 9 
its true s5se4 ,= fre$om ( m9d means    
m5tal p[] capable ( indep5d5t ex]cise1  
emancipat$ f ! lead+ /r+s ( o!rs1 n m]e 
unh9d]$ ext]nal op]ation4 ,:5           
spontaneity or naturalness is id5tifi$ )
 m or less casual dis*>ge ( transitory  
impulses1 ! t5d5cy ( ! educator is to   
supply a multitude ( /imuli 9 ord] t    
spontane\s activity may be kept up4 ,all
 sorts ( int]e/+ mat]ials1 equipm5ts1   
tools1 modes ( activity1 are provid$ 9  
ord] t !re may be no flagg+ ( free      
self-expression4 ,?is me?od ov]looks "s 
( ! ess5tial conditions ( ! atta9m5t (  
g5u9e fre$om4  ,sid5ote3 ,"s ob/acle    
necess>y = ?\ght  7a7 ,direct imm$iate  
dis*>ge or expression ( an impulsive    
t5d5cy is fatal to ?9k+4 ,only :5 !     
impulse is to "s ext5t *eck$ & ?r[n back
 ^u itself does reflection ensue4 ,x is1
 inde$1 a /upid error to suppose t      

arbitr>y tasks mu/ be impos$ f )\t 9    
ord] to furni% ! factor ( p]plexity &   
difficulty :i* is ! necess>y cue to     
?\ght4 ,e vital activity ( any dep? &   
range inevitably meets ob/acles 9 !     
c\rse ( its ef=t to realize itself--a   
fact t r5d]s ! se>* = artificial or     
ext]nal problems q sup]flu\s4 ,!        
difficulties t pres5t !mselves )9 !     
developm5t ( an exp]i5ce are1 h[ev]1 to 
be *]i%$ by ! educator1 n m9imiz$1 = !y 
are ! natural /imuli to reflective      
inquiry4 ,fre$om does n consi/ 9 keep+  
up un9t]rupt$ & unimp$$ ext]nal         
activity1 b is some?+ a*iev$ ?r\gh      
conqu]+1 by p]sonal reflection1 a way   
out ( ! difficulties t prev5t an        
imm$iate ov]fl[ & a spontane\s success4 
,sid5ote3 ,intellectual factors are     
natural  7b7 ,! me?od t emphasizes !    
psy*ological & natural1 b yet fails to  
see :at an important "p ( ! natural     
t5d5cies is con/itut$ at e p]iod ( gr[? 
by curiosity1 inf]5ce1 & ! desire to    
te/1 _c secure a natural developm5t4 ,9 

natural gr[? ea* successive /age (      
activity prep>es unconsci\sly1 b        
?or\ghly1 ! conditions = ! manife/ation 
( ! next /age--z 9 ! cycle ( a plant's  
gr[?4 ,!re is no gr\nd = assum+ t ?9k+  
is a special1 isolat$ natural t5d5cy t w
 bloom inevitably 9 due season simply   
because v>i\s s5se & motor activities h 
be5 freely manife/$ be=e2 or because    
obs]vation1 memory1 imag9ation1 & manual
 skill h be5 previ\sly ex]cis$ )\t      
?\ght4 ,only :5 ?9k+ is con/antly       
employ$ 9 us+ ! s5ses & muscles = !     
guidance & application ( obs]vations &  
movem5ts1 is ! way prep>$ = subsequ5t   
high] types ( ?9k+4  ,sid5ote3 ,g5esis (
 ?\ght contemporane\s ) g5esis ( any    
human m5tal activity  ,at pres5t1 !     
notion is curr5t t *ildhood is almo/    
entirely unreflective--a p]iod ( m]e    
s5sory1 motor1 & memory developm5t1 :ile
 adolesc5ce sudd5ly br+s ! manife/ation 
( ?\ght & reason4  ,adolesc5ce is n1    
h[ev]1 a synonym = magic4 ,d\btless y\? 
%\ld br+ ) x an enl>gem5t ( ! horizon ( 

*ildhood1 a susceptibility to l>g]      
conc]ns & issues1 a m g5]\s & a m g5]al 
/&po9t t[>d nature & social life4 ,?is  
developm5t af=ds an opportunity = ?9k+ (
 a m compreh5sive & ab/ract type ?an has
 previ\sly obta9$4 ,b ?9k+ itself rema9s
 j :at x has be5 all ! "t3 a matt] (    
foll[+ up & te/+ ! conclusions sugge/$  
by ! facts & ev5ts ( life4 ,?9k+ beg9s z
 soon z ! baby :o has lo/ ! ball t he is
 play+ ) beg9s to =esee ! possibility ( 
some?+ n yet exi/+--its recov]y2 & beg9s
 to =eca/ /eps t[>d ! realization ( ?is 
possibility1 &1 by exp]im5tation1 to    
guide 8 acts by 8 ideas & !reby also te/
 ! ideas4 ,only by mak+ ! mo/ ( !       
?\ght-factor1 already active 9 !        
exp]i5ces ( *ildhood1 is !re any promise
 or w>rant = ! em]g5ce ( sup]ior        
reflective p[] at adolesc5ce1 or at any 
lat] p]iod4  ,sid5ote3 ,fixation ( bad  
m5tal habits  7c7 ,9 any case positive  
habits are be+ =m$3 if n habits ( c>eful
 look+ into ?+s1 !n habits ( ha/y1      
he$less1 impati5t glanc+ ov] ! surface2 

if n habits ( consecutively foll[+ up ! 
sugge/ions t occur1 !n habits (         
haphaz>d1 gras%opp]-l guess+2 if n      
habits ( susp5d+ judgm5t till inf]5ces h
 be5 te/$ by ! exam9ation ( evid5ce1 !n 
habits ( cr$ulity alt]nat+ ) flippant   
incr$ulity1 belief or unbelief be+ bas$1
 9 ei!r case1 ^u :im1 emotion1 or       
accid5tal circum/ances4 ,! only way to  
a*ieve traits ( c>efulness1 ?or\ghness1 
& cont9uity 7traits t are1 z we h se51 !
 elem5ts ( ! logical7 is by ex]cis+ ^!  
traits f ! beg9n+1 & by see+ to x t     
conditions call = _! ex]cise4  ,sid5ote3
 ,g5u9e fre$om is intellectual1 n       
ext]nal  ,g5u9e fre$om1 9 %ort1 is      
intellectual2 x re/s 9 ! tra9$ p[] (    
?\ght1 9 ability to turn ?+s ov]1 to    
look at matt]s delib]ately1 to judge    
:e!r ! am\nt & k9d ( evid5ce requisite =
 decision is at h&1 & if n1 to tell :]e 
& h[ to seek su* evid5ce4 ,if a man's   
actions are n guid$ by ?\ghtful         
conclusions1 !n !y are guid$ by         
inconsid]ate impulse1 unbalanc$         

appetite1 caprice1 or ! circum/ances ( !
 mom5t4 ,to cultivate unh9d]$1          
unreflective ext]nal activity is to fo/]
 enslavem5t1 = x leaves ! p]son at !    
m]cy ( appetite1 s5se1 & circum/ance4   
,,"p ,,two3 ,,logical ,,consid]ations   
,,*apt] ,,six  ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,a    
,,complete ,,act ,,( ,,?\ght   ,sid5ote3
 ,object ( ,"p ,two  ,aft] a brief      
consid]ation 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! nature (
 reflective ?9k+1 we turn$1 9 ! second1 
to ! ne$ = its tra9+4 ,!n we took up !  
res\rces1 ! difficulties1 & ! aim ( its 
tra9+4 ,! purpose ( ?is discussion 0 to 
set be=e ! /ud5t ! g5]al problem ( !    
tra9+ ( m9d4 ,! purport ( ! second "p1  
^u :i* we are n[ ent]+1 is giv+ a full] 
/atem5t ( ! nature & normal gr[? ( ?9k+1
 prep>atory to consid]+ 9 ! conclud+ "p 
! special problems t arise 9 connection 
) its education4  ,9 ?is *apt] we %all  
make an analysis ( ! process ( ?9k+ into
 its /eps or elem5t>y con/itu5ts1 bas+ !
 analysis ^u descriptions ( a numb] (   
extremely simple1 b g5u9e1 cases (      

reflective exp]i5ce4#ac      #ac ,^! are
 tak51 almo/ v]batim1 f ! class pap]s ( 
/ud5ts4  ,sid5ote3 ,a simple case (     
practical delib]ation  #a4 ,! o!r day :5
 ,i 0 d[n t[n on #af? ,/reet a clock    
caught my eye4 ,i saw t ! h&s po9t$ to  
#ab4bj4 ,?is sugge/$ t ,i _h an         
engagem5t at #abd? ,/reet1 at "o        
o'clock4 ,i reason$ t z x _h tak5 me an 
h\r to come d[n on a surface c>1 ,i %\ld
 probably be tw5ty m9utes late if ,i    
return$ ! same way4 ,i might save tw5ty 
m9utes by a subway express4 ,b 0 !re a  
/ation ne>8 ,if n1 ,i might lose m ?an  
tw5ty m9utes 9 look+ = "o4 ,!n ,i ?\ght 
( ! elevat$1 & ,i saw !re 0 su* a l9e )9
 two blocks4 ,b :]e 0 ! /ation8 ,if x 7 
sev]al blocks above or bel[ ! /reet ,i 0
 on1 ,i %\ld lose "t in/ead ( ga9+ x4   
,my m9d w5t back to ! subway express z  
quick] ?an ! elevat$2 fur!rmore1 ,i     
rememb]$ t x w5t ne>] ?an ! elevat$ to !
 "p ( #abd? ,/reet ,i wi%$ to rea*1 s t 
"t w\ld be sav$ at ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,i 
conclud$ 9 favor ( ! subway1 & rea*$ my 

de/9ation by "o o'clock4  ,sid5ote3 ,a  
simple case ( reflection ^u an          
obs]vation  #b4 ,project+ ne>ly         
horizontally f ! upp] deck ( ! f]ryboat 
on :i* ,i daily cross ! riv]1 is a long 
:ite pole1 be>+ a gild$ ball at its tip4
 ,x sugge/$ a flagpole :5 ,i fir/ saw x2
 its color1 %ape1 & gild$ ball agre$ )  
?is idea1 & ^! reasons seem$ to ju/ify  
me 9 ?is belief4 ,b soon difficulties   
pres5t$ !mselves4 ,! pole 0 ne>ly       
horizontal1 an unusual position = a     
flagpole2 9 ! next place1 !re 0 no      
pulley1 r+1 or cord by :i* to atta* a   
flag2 f9ally1 !re 7 else:]e two v]tical 
/affs f :i* flags 7 occasionally fl[n4  
,x seem$ probable t ! pole 0 n !re =    
flag-fly+4  ,i !n tri$ to imag9e all    
possible purposes ( su* a pole1 & to    
consid] = :i* ( ^! x 0 be/ suit$3 7a7   
,possibly x 0 an ornam5t4 ,b z all !    
f]ryboats & ev5 ! tugboats c>ri$ l      
poles1 ?is hypo!sis 0 reject$4 7b7      
,possibly x 0 ! t]m9al ( a wireless     
telegraph4 ,b ! same consid]ations made 

?is improbable4 ,besides1 ! m natural   
place = su* a t]m9al w\ld be ! highe/ "p
 ( ! boat1 on top ( ! pilot h\se4 7c7   
,its purpose might be to po9t out !     
direction 9 :i* ! boat is mov+4  ,9     
support ( ?is conclusion1 ,i discov]$ t 
! pole 0 l[] ?an ! pilot h\se1 s t !    
/e]sman c\ld easily see x4 ,moreov]1 !  
tip 0 en\gh high] ?an ! base1 s t1 f !  
pilot's position1 x mu/ appe> to project
 f> out 9 front ( ! boat4 ,moreov]1 !   
pilot be+ ne> ! front ( ! boat1 he w\ld 
ne$ "s su* guide z to its direction4    
,tugboats w\ld also ne$ poles = su* a   
purpose4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 s mu* m        
probable ?an ! o!rs t ,i accept$ x4 ,i  
=m$ ! conclusion t ! pole 0 set up = !  
purpose ( %[+ ! pilot ! direction 9 :i* 
! boat po9t$1 to enable him to /e]      
correctly4  ,sid5ote3 ,a simple case (  
reflection involv+ exp]im5t  #c4 ,9 wa%+
 tumbl]s 9 hot soapsuds & plac+ !m m\?  
d[nw>d on a plate1 bubbles appe>$ on !  
outside ( ! m\? ( ! tumbl]s & !n w5t    
inside4 ,:y8 ,! pres5ce ( bubbles       

sugge/s air1 :i* ,i note mu/ come f     
inside ! tumbl]4 ,i see t ! soapy wat]  
on ! plate prev5ts escape ( ! air save z
 x may be caught 9 bubbles4 ,b :y %\ld  
air leave ! tumbl]8 ,!re 0 no sub/ance  
ent]+ to =ce x out4 ,x mu/ h exp&$4 ,x  
exp&s by increase ( heat or by decrease 
( pressure1 or by bo?4 ,c\ld ! air h    
become heat$ aft] ! tumbl] 0 tak5 f !   
hot suds8 ,cle>ly n ! air t 0 already   
entangl$ 9 ! wat]4 ,if heat$ air 0 !    
cause1 cold air mu/ h ent]$ 9 transf]r+ 
! tumbl]s f ! suds to ! plate4 ,i te/ to
 see if ?is supposition is true by tak+ 
sev]al m tumbl]s out4 ,"s ,i %ake s z to
 make sure ( entrapp+ cold air 9 !m4 ,"s
 ,i take out hold+ m\? d[nw>d 9 ord] to 
prev5t cold air f ent]+4 ,bubbles appe> 
on ! outside ( e "o ( ! =m] & on none ( 
! latt]4 ,i mu/ be "r 9 my inf]5ce4 ,air
 f ! outside mu/ h be5 exp&$ by ! heat (
 ! tumbl]1 :i* expla9s ! appe>ance ( !  
bubbles on ! outside4  ,b :y d !y !n g  
inside8 ,cold contracts4 ,! tumbl] cool$
 & also ! air inside x4 ,t5sion 0       

remov$1 & h5ce bubbles appe>$ inside4   
,to be sure ( ?is1 ,i te/ by plac+ a cup
 ( ice on ! tumbl] :ile ! bubbles are   
/ill =m+ outside4 ,!y soon rev]se4      
,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree cases =m a s]ies  ,^! 
?ree cases h be5 purposely select$ s z  
to =m a s]ies f ! m rudim5t>y to m      
complicat$ cases ( reflection4 ,! fir/  
illu/rates ! k9d ( ?9k+ done by e "o    
dur+ ! day's bus9ess1 9 :i* nei!r !     
data1 nor ! ways ( deal+ ) !m1 take "o  
outside ! limits ( ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,! 
la/ furni%es a case 9 :i* nei!r problem 
nor mode ( solution w\ld h be5 likely to
 occur except to "o ) "s prior sci5tific
 tra9+4 ,! second case =ms a natural    
transition2 its mat]ials lie well )9 !  
b\nds ( ev]yday1 unspecializ$ exp]i5ce2 
b ! problem1 in/ead ( be+ directly      
involv$ 9 ! p]son's bus9ess1 arises     
indirectly out ( 8 activity1 & accord+ly
 appeals to a some:at !oretic & imp>tial
 int]e/4 ,we %all deal1 9 a lat] *apt]1 
) ! evolution ( ab/ract ?9k+ out ( t :i*
 is relatively practical & direct2 "h we

 are conc]n$ only ) ! common elem5ts    
f\nd 9 all ! types4  ,sid5ote3 ,five    
di/9ct /eps 9 reflection  ,^u           
exam9ation1 ea* in/ance reveals1 m or   
less cle>ly1 five logically di/9ct /eps3
 7i7 a felt difficulty2 7ii7 its        
location & def9ition2 7iii7 sugge/ion ( 
possible solution2 7iv7 developm5t by   
reason+ ( ! be>+s ( ! sugge/ion2 7v7    
fur!r obs]vation & exp]im5t lead+ to its
 acceptance or rejection2 t is1 !       
conclusion ( belief or disbelief4       
,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! occurr5ce ( a          
difficulty  ,sid5ote3 7a7 9 ! lack (    
adaptation ( means to end  #a4 ,! fir/ &
 second /eps frequ5tly fuse into "o4 ,! 
difficulty may be felt ) suffici5t      
def9it5ess z to set ! m9d at once       
speculat+ ^u its probable solution1 or  
an undef9$ uneas9ess & %ock may come    
fir/1 lead+ only lat] to def9ite attempt
 to f9d out :at is ! matt]4 ,:e!r ! two 
/eps are di/9ct or bl5d$1 !re is !      
factor emphasiz$ 9 our orig9al acc\nt ( 
reflection--viz4 ! p]plexity or problem4

 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree cases cit$1 !       
difficulty resides 9 ! conflict betwe5  
conditions at h& & a desir$ & int5d$    
result1 betwe5 an end & ! means = rea*+ 
x4 ,! purpose ( keep+ an engagem5t at a 
c]ta9 "t1 & ! exi/+ h\r tak5 9          
connection ) ! location1 are n congru\s4
 ,! object ( ?9k+ is to introduce       
congruity betwe5 ! two4 ,! giv5         
conditions _c !mselves be alt]$2 "t w n 
g backw>d nor w ! di/ance betwe5 #af?   
,/reet & #abd? ,/reet %ort5 itself4 ,!  
problem is ! discov]y ( int]v5+ t]ms :i*
 :5 ins]t$ betwe5 ! remot] end & ! giv5 
means w h>monize !m ) ea* o!r4          
,sid5ote3 7b7 9 id5tify+ ! "* ( an      
object  ,9 ! second case1 ! difficulty  
exp]i5c$ is ! incompatibility ( a       
sugge/$ & 7tempor>ily7 accept$ belief t 
! pole is a flagpole1 ) c]ta9 o!r facts4
 ,suppose we symbolize ! qualities t    
sugge/ flagpole by ! lett]s a1 b1 c2 ^? 
t oppose ?is sugge/ion by ! lett]s p1 q1
 r4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ inconsi/5t 9 
! qualities !mselves2 b 9 pull+ ! m9d to

 diff]5t & incongru\s conclusions !y    
conflict--h5ce ! problem4 ,"h ! object  
is ! discov]y ( "s object 7,o71 ( :i* a1
 b1 c1 & p1 q1 r1 may all be appropriate
 traits--j z1 9 our fir/ case1 x is to  
discov] a c\rse ( action :i* w comb9e   
exi/+ conditions & a remot] result 9 a  
s+le :ole4 ,! me?od ( solution is also !
 same3 discov]y ( int]m$iate qualities  
7! position ( ! pilot h\se1 ( ! pole1 ! 
ne$ ( an index to ! boat's direction7   
symboliz$ by d1 g1 l1 o1 :i* b9d toge!r 
o!rwise incompatible traits4  ,sid5ote3 
7c7 9 expla9+ an unexpect$ ev5t  ,9 !   
?ird case1 an obs]v] tra9$ to ! idea (  
natural laws or uni=mities f9ds some?+  
odd or exceptional 9 ! behavior ( !     
bubbles4 ,! problem is to r$uce ! app>5t
 anomalies to in/ances ( well-e/abli%$  
laws4 ,"h ! me?od ( solution is also to 
seek = int]m$i>y t]ms :i* w connect1 by 
regul> l9kage1 ! seem+ly extraord9>y    
movem5ts ( ! bubbles ) ! conditions kn[n
 to foll[ f processes suppos$ to be     
op]ative4  ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,def9ition ( ! 

difficulty  #b4 ,z already not$1 ! fir/ 
two /eps1 ! feel+ ( a discrepancy1 or   
difficulty1 & ! acts ( obs]vation t s]ve
 to def9e ! "* ( ! difficulty may1 9 a  
giv5 in/ance1 telescope toge!r4 ,9 cases
 ( /rik+ novelty or unusual p]plexity1 !
 difficulty1 h[ev]1 is likely to pres5t 
itself at fir/ z a %ock1 z emotional    
di/urbance1 z a m or less vague feel+ ( 
! unexpect$1 ( some?+ que]1 /range1     
funny1 or disconc]t+4 ,9 su* in/ances1  
!re are necess>y obs]vations delib]ately
 calculat$ to br+ to light j :at is !   
tr\ble1 or to make cle> ! specific "* ( 
! problem4 ,9 l>ge measure1 ! exi/5ce or
 non-exi/5ce ( ?is /ep makes ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 reflection prop]1 or safegu>d$   
critical inf]5ce & uncontroll$ ?9k+4    
,:]e suffici5t pa9s to locate !         
difficulty are n tak51 sugge/ions = its 
resolution mu/ be m or less r&om4       
,imag9e a doctor call$ 9 to prescribe = 
a pati5t4 ,! pati5t tells him "s ?+s t  
are wrong2 8 exp]i5c$ eye1 at a glance1 
takes 9 o!r signs ( a c]ta9 disease4 ,b 

if he p]mits ! sugge/ion ( ?is special  
disease to take possession prematurely (
 8 m9d1 to become an accept$ conclusion1
 8 sci5tific ?9k+ is by t mu* cut %ort4 
,a l>ge "p ( 8 te*nique1 z a skill$     
practition]1 is to prev5t ! acceptance (
 ! fir/ sugge/ions t arise2 ev51 inde$1 
to po/pone ! occurr5ce ( any v def9ite  
sugge/ion till ! tr\ble--! nature ( !   
problem--has be5 ?or\ghly explor$4 ,9 ! 
case ( a physician ?is proce$+ is kn[n z
 diagnosis1 b a simil> inspection is    
requir$ 9 e novel & complicat$ situation
 to prev5t ru%+ to a conclusion4 ,!     
ess5ce ( critical ?9k+ is susp5d$       
judgm5t2 & ! ess5ce ( ?is susp5se is    
inquiry to det]m9e ! nature ( ! problem 
be=e proce$+ to attempts at its         
solution4 ,?is1 m ?an any o!r ?+1       
trans=ms m]e inf]5ce into te/$ inf]5ce1 
sugge/$ conclusions into pro(4          
,sid5ote3 #c4 ,occurr5ce ( a sugge/$    
explanation or possible solution  #c4 ,!
 ?ird factor is sugge/ion4 ,! situation 
9 :i* ! p]plexity occurs calls up some?+

 n pres5t to ! s5ses3 ! pres5t location1
 ! ?\ght ( subway or elevat$ tra92 !    
/ick be=e ! eyes1 ! idea ( a flagpole1  
an ornam5t1 an app>atus = wireless      
telegraphy2 ! soap bubbles1 ! law (     
expansion ( bodies ?r\gh heat & ( _!    
contraction ?r\gh cold4 7a7 ,sugge/ion  
is ! v he>t ( inf]5ce2 x involves go+ f 
:at is pres5t to some?+ abs5t4 ,h5ce1 x 
is m or less speculative1 adv5tur\s4    
,s9ce inf]5ce goes beyond :at is        
actually pres5t1 x involves a leap1 a   
jump1 ! propriety ( :i* _c be absolutely
 w>rant$ 9 advance1 no matt] :at        
precautions be tak54 ,its control is    
indirect1 on ! "o h&1 involv+ ! =mation 
( habits ( m9d :i* are at once ent]pris+
 & cauti\s2 & on ! o!r h&1 involv+ !    
selection & arrangem5t ( ! p>ticul>     
facts ^u p]ception ( :i* sugge/ion      
issues4 7b7 ,! sugge/$ conclusion s f> z
 x is n accept$ b only t5tatively       
ent]ta9$ con/itutes an idea4 ,synonyms =
 ?is are supposition1 conjecture1 guess1
 hypo!sis1 & 79 elaborate cases7 !ory4  

,s9ce susp5d$ belief1 or ! po/ponem5t ( 
a f9al conclusion p5d+ fur!r evid5ce1   
dep5ds p>tly ^u ! pres5ce ( rival       
conjectures z to ! be/ c\rse to pursue  
or ! probable explanation to favor1     
cultivation ( a v>iety ( alt]native     
sugge/ions is an important factor 9 good
 ?9k+4  ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! rational       
elaboration ( an idea  #d4 ,! process ( 
develop+ ! be>+s--or1 z !y are m        
te*nically t]m$1 ! implications--( any  
idea ) respect to any problem1 is t]m$  
reason+4#ad ,z an idea is inf]r$ f giv5 
facts1 s reason+ sets out f an idea4 ,! 
idea ( elevat$ road is develop$ into !  
idea ( difficulty ( locat+ /ation1 l5g? 
( "t occupi$ on ! j\rney1 di/ance (     
/ation at ! o!r end f place to be rea*$4
 ,9 ! second case1 ! implication ( a    
flagpole is se5 to be a v]tical         
position2 ( a wireless app>atus1        
location on a high "p ( ! %ip &1        
moreov]1 abs5ce f e casual tugboat2 :ile
 ! idea ( index to direction 9 :i* !    
boat moves1 :5 develop$1 is f\nd to cov]

 all ! details ( ! case4      #ad ,?is  
t]m is sometimes ext5d$ to d5ote !      
entire reflective     process--j z      
inf]5ce 7:i* 9 ! s5se ( te/ is be/      
res]v$ = ! ?ird /ep7 is sometimes us$ 9 
! same broad     s5se4 ,b reason+ 7or   
ratioc9ation7 seems to be peculi>ly     
adapt$ to express :at ! old] writ]s     
call$ ! notional or     dialectic       
process ( develop+ ! mean+ ( a giv5     
idea4  ,reason+ has ! same effect ^u a  
sugge/$ solution z m intimate & ext5sive
 obs]vation has ^u ! orig9al problem4   
,acceptance ( ! sugge/ion 9 its fir/ =m 
is prev5t$ by look+ into x m ?or\ghly4  
,conjectures t seem plausible at fir/   
sight are (t5 f\nd unfit or ev5 absurd  
:5 _! full consequ5ces are trac$ out4   
,ev5 :5 reason+ out ! be>+s ( a         
supposition does n lead to rejection1 x 
develops ! idea into a =m 9 :i* x is m  
apposite to ! problem4 ,only :51 =      
example1 ! conjecture t a pole 0 an     
index-pole _h be5 ?\ght out into its    
be>+s c\ld its p>ticul> applicability to

 ! case 9 h& be judg$4 ,sugge/ions at   
fir/ seem+ly remote & wild are frequ5tly
 s trans=m$ by be+ elaborat$ into :at   
foll[s f !m z to become apt & fruitful4 
,! developm5t ( an idea ?r\gh reason+   
helps at lea/ to supply ! int]v5+ or    
int]m$iate t]ms t l9k toge!r into a     
consi/5t :ole app>5tly discrepant       
extremes 7ante1 p4 #gb74  ,sid5ote3 #e4 
,corroboration ( an idea & =mation ( a  
conclud+ belief  #e4 ,! conclud+ &      
conclusive /ep is "s k9d ( exp]im5tal   
corroboration1 or v]ification1 ( !      
conjectural idea4 ,reason+ %[s t if !   
idea be adopt$1 c]ta9 consequ5ces foll[4
 ,s f> ! conclusion is hypo!tical or    
conditional4 ,if we look & f9d pres5t   
all ! conditions dem&$ by ! !ory1 & if  
we f9d ! *>act]i/ic traits call$ = by   
rival alt]natives to be lack+1 ! t5d5cy 
to believe1 to accept1 is almo/         
irresi/ible4 ,sometimes direct          
obs]vation furni%es corroboration1 z 9 !
 case ( ! pole on ! boat4 ,9 o!r cases1 
z 9 t ( ! bubbles1 exp]im5t is requir$2 

t is1 conditions are delib]ately arrang$
 9 accord ) ! requirem5ts ( an idea or  
hypo!sis to see if ! results !oretically
 indicat$ by ! idea actually occur4 ,if 
x is f\nd t ! exp]im5tal results agree )
 ! !oretical1 or rationally d$uc$1      
results1 & if !re is reason to believe t
 only ! conditions 9 "q w\ld yield su*  
results1 ! confirmation is s /rong z to 
induce a conclusion--at lea/ until      
contr>y facts %all indicate !           
advisability ( its revision4  ,sid5ote3 
,?9k+ comes betwe5 obs]vations at !     
beg9n+ & at ! end  ,obs]vation exi/s at 
! beg9n+ & aga9 at ! end ( ! process3 at
 ! beg9n+1 to det]m9e m def9itely &     
precisely ! nature ( ! difficulty to be 
dealt )2 at ! end1 to te/ ! value ( "s  
hypo!tically ent]ta9$ conclusion4       
,betwe5 ^? two t]m9i ( obs]vation1 we   
f9d ! m di/9ctively m5tal aspects ( !   
entire ?\ght-cycle3 7i7 inf]5ce1 !      
sugge/ion ( an explanation or solution2 
& 7ii7 reason+1 ! developm5t ( ! be>+s &
 implications ( ! sugge/ion4 ,reason+   

requires "s exp]im5tal obs]vation to    
confirm x1 :ile exp]im5t c be           
economically & fruitfully conduct$ only 
on ! basis ( an idea t has be5          
t5tatively develop$ by reason+4         
,sid5ote3 ,! tra9$ m9d "o t judges !    
ext5t ( ea* /ep advisable 9 a giv5      
situation  ,! discipl9$1 or logically   
tra9$1 m9d--! aim ( ! educative         
process--is ! m9d able to judge h[ f>   
ea* ( ^! /eps ne$s to be c>ri$ 9 any    
p>ticul> situation4 ,no ca/-iron rules c
 be laid d[n4 ,ea* case has to be dealt 
) z x arises1 on ! basis ( its          
importance & ( ! context 9 :i* x occurs4
 ,to take too mu* pa9s 9 "o case is z   
fooli%--z illogical--z to take too      
little 9 ano!r4 ,at "o extreme1 almo/   
any conclusion t insures prompt & unifi$
 action may be bett] ?an any long delay$
 conclusion2 :ile at ! o!r1 decision may
 h to be po/pon$ = a long p]iod--p]haps 
= a lifetime4 ,! tra9$ m9d is ! "o t be/
 grasps ! degree ( obs]vation1 =m+ (    
ideas1 reason+1 & exp]im5tal te/+       

requir$ 9 any special case1 & t pr(its !
 mo/1 9 future ?9k+1 by mi/akes made 9 !
 pa/4 ,:at is important is t ! m9d %\ld 
be s5sitive to problems & skill$ 9      
me?ods ( attack & solution4     ,,*apt] 
,,sev5  ,,sy/ematic ,,inf]5ce3          
,,induction ,,& ,,d$uction   ,sec4 #a4  
,! ,d\ble ,movem5t ( ,reflection        
,sid5ote3 ,back & =? betwe5 facts &     
mean+s  ,! *>act]i/ic outcome ( ?9k+ we 
saw to be ! organization ( facts &      
conditions :i*1 j z !y /&1 are isolat$1 
fragm5t>y1 & discrepant1 ! organization 
be+ effect$ ?r\gh ! introduction (      
connect+ l9ks1 or middle t]ms4 ,! facts 
z !y /& are ! data1 ! raw mat]ial (     
reflection2 _! lack ( coh]5ce p]plexes &
 /imulates to reflection4 ,!re foll[s ! 
sugge/ion ( "s mean+ :i*1 if x c be     
sub/antiat$1 w give a :ole 9 :i* v>i\s  
fragm5t>y & seem+ly incompatible data   
f9d _! prop] place4 ,! mean+ sugge/$    
supplies a m5tal plat=m1 an intellectual
 po9t ( view1 f :i* to note & def9e !   
data m c>efully1 to seek = additional   

obs]vations1 & to in/itute1             
exp]im5tally1 *ang$ conditions4         
,sid5ote3 ,inductive & d$uctive  ,!re is
 ?us a d\ble movem5t 9 all reflection3 a
 movem5t f ! giv5 p>tial & confus$ data 
to a sugge/$ compreh5sive 7or inclusive7
 entire situation2 & back f ?is sugge/$ 
:ole--:i* z sugge/$ is a mean+1 an      
idea--to ! p>ticul> facts1 s z to       
connect ^! ) "o ano!r & ) additional    
facts to :i* ! sugge/ion has direct$    
att5tion4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! fir/ ( ^!   
movem5ts is inductive2 ! second         
d$uctive4 ,a complete act ( ?\ght       
involves bo?--x involves1 t is1 a       
fruitful int]action ( obs]v$ 7or        
recollect$7 p>ticul> consid]ations & (  
inclusive & f>-rea*+ 7g5]al7 mean+s4    
,sid5ote3 ,hurry v]sus caution  ,?is    
d\ble movem5t to & f a mean+ may occur1 
h[ev]1 9 a casual1 uncritical way1 or 9 
a cauti\s & regulat$ mann]4 ,to ?9k     
means1 9 any case1 to bridge a gap 9    
exp]i5ce1 to b9d toge!r facts or de$s   
o!rwise isolat$4 ,b we may make only a  

hurri$ jump f "o consid]ation to ano!r1 
all[+ our av]sion to m5tal disquietude  
to ov]ride ! gaps2 or1 we may insi/ ^u  
not+ ! road travel$ 9 mak+ connections4 
,we may1 9 %ort1 accept readily any     
sugge/ion t seems plausible2 or we may  
hunt out additional factors1 new        
difficulties1 to see :e!r ! sugge/$     
conclusion really ends ! matt]4 ,! latt]
 me?od involves def9ite =mulation ( !   
connect+ l9ks2 ! /atem5t ( a pr9ciple1  
or1 9 logical phrase1 ! use ( a         
univ]sal4 ,if we ?us =mulate ! :ole     
situation1 ! orig9al data are trans=m$  
into premises ( reason+2 ! f9al belief  
is a logical or rational conclusion1 n a
 m]e de facto t]m9ation4  ,sid5ote3     
,cont9uity ( relation%ip ! m>k ( ! latt]
  ,! importance ( connections b9d+      
isolat$ items into a coh]5t s+le :ole is
 embodi$ 9 all ! phrases t d5ote !      
relation ( premises & conclusions to ea*
 o!r4 7#a7 ,! premises are call$ gr\nds1
 f\ndations1 bases1 & are said to       
und]lie1 uphold1 support ! conclusion4  

7#b7 ,we desc5d f ! premises to !       
conclusion1 & asc5d or m\nt 9 ! opposite
 direction--z a riv] may be cont9u\sly  
trac$ f s\rce to sea or vice v]sa4 ,s ! 
conclusion spr+s1 fl[s1 or is drawn f   
its premises4 7#c7 ,! conclusion--z ! ^w
 itself implies--closes1 %uts 91 locks  
up toge!r ! v>i\s factors /at$ 9 !      
premises4 ,we say t ! premises conta9 ! 
conclusion1 & t ! conclusion conta9s !  
premises1 !reby m>k+ our s5se ( !       
inclusive & compreh5sive unity 9 :i* !  
elem5ts ( reason+ are b\nd tightly      
toge!r4#ae ,sy/ematic inf]5ce1 9 %ort1  
means ! recognition ( def9ite relations 
( int]dep5d5ce betwe5 consid]ations     
previ\sly unorganiz$ & disconnect$1 ?is 
recognition be+ br\ght ab\t by !        
discov]y & ins]tion ( new facts &       
prop]ties4      #ae ,see ,vailati1      
,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 &    
,sci5tific     ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4  
#ab4  ,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific induction &  
d$uction  ,?is m sy/ematic ?9k+ is1     
h[ev]1 l ! crud] =ms 9 its d\ble        

movem5t1 ! movem5t t[>d ! sugge/ion or  
hypo!sis & ! movem5t back to facts4 ,!  
diff]5ce is 9 ! great] consci\s c>e )   
:i* ea* phase ( ! process is p]=m$4 ,!  
conditions "u :i* sugge/ions are all[$  
to spr+ up & develop are regulat$4 ,ha/y
 acceptance ( any idea t is plausible1 t
 seems to solve ! difficulty1 is *ang$  
into a conditional acceptance p5d+ fur!r
 inquiry4 ,! idea is accept$ z a work+  
hypo!sis1 z some?+ to guide inve/igation
 & br+ to light new facts1 n z a f9al   
conclusion4 ,:5 pa9s are tak5 to make   
ea* aspect ( ! movem5t z accurate z     
possible1 ! movem5t t[>d build+ up !    
idea is kn[n z inductive discov]y       
7induction1 = %ort72 ! movem5t t[>d     
develop+1 apply+1 & te/+1 z d$uctive    
pro( 7d$uction1 = %ort74  ,sid5ote3     
,p>ticul> & univ]sal  ,:ile induction   
moves f fragm5t>y details 7or p>ticul>s7
 to a connect$ view ( a situation       
7univ]sal71 d$uction beg9s ) ! latt] &  
works back aga9 to p>ticul>s1 connect+  
!m & b9d+ !m toge!r4 ,! inductive       

movem5t is t[>d discov]y ( a b9d+       
pr9ciple2 ! d$uctive t[>d its           
te/+--confirm+1 refut+1 modify+ x on !  
basis ( its capacity to int]pret isolat$
 details into a unifi$ exp]i5ce4 ,s f> z
 we conduct ea* ( ^! processes 9 ! light
 ( ! o!r1 we get valid discov]y or      
v]ifi$ critical ?9k+4  ,sid5ote3        
,illu/ration f ev]yday exp]i5ce  ,a     
commonplace illu/ration may en=ce !     
po9ts ( ?is =mula4 ,a man :o has left 8 
rooms 9 ord] f9ds !m ^u 8 return 9 a    
/ate ( confusion1 articles be+ scatt]$  
at r&om4 ,automatically1 ! notion comes 
to 8 m9d t burgl>y w\ld acc\nt = !      
disord]4 ,he has n se5 ! burgl>s2 _!    
pres5ce is n a fact ( obs]vation1 b is a
 ?\ght1 an idea4 ,moreov]1 ! man has no 
special burgl>s 9 m9d2 x is ! relation1 
! mean+ ( burgl>y--some?+ g5]al--t comes
 to m9d4 ,! /ate ( 8 room is p]ceiv$ &  
is p>ticul>1 def9ite1--exactly z x is2  
burgl>s are inf]r$1 & h a g5]al /atus4  
,! /ate ( ! room is a fact1 c]ta9 &     
speak+ = itself2 ! pres5ce ( burgl>s is 

a possible mean+ :i* may expla9 ! facts4
  ,sid5ote3 ( induction1  ,s f> !re is  
an inductive t5d5cy1 sugge/$ by p>ticul>
 & pres5t facts4 ,9 ! same inductive    
way1 x occurs to him t 8 *ildr5 are     
mis*iev\s1 & t !y may h ?r[n ! ?+s ab\t4
 ,?is rival hypo!sis 7or conditional    
pr9ciple ( explanation7 prev5ts him f   
dogmatically accept+ ! fir/ sugge/ion4  
,judgm5t is held 9 susp5se & a positive 
conclusion po/pon$4  ,sid5ote3 (        
d$uction  ,!n d$uctive movem5t beg9s4   
,fur!r obs]vations1 recollections1      
reason+s are conduct$ on ! basis ( a    
developm5t ( ! ideas sugge/$3 if burgl>s
 7 responsible1 su* & su* ?+s w\ld h    
happ5$2 articles ( value w\ld be miss+4 
,"h ! man is go+ f a g5]al pr9ciple or  
relation to special features t accompany
 x1 to p>ticul>s1--n back1 h[ev]1 m]ely 
to ! orig9al p>ticul>s 7:i* w\ld be     
fruitless or take him 9 a circle71 b to 
new details1 ! actual discov]y or       
nondiscov]y ( :i* w te/ ! pr9ciple4 ,!  
man turns to a box ( valuables2 "s ?+s  

are gone2 "s1 h[ev]1 are /ill !re4      
,p]haps he has himself remov$ ! miss+   
articles1 b has =gott5 x4 ,8 exp]im5t is
 n a decisive te/4 ,he ?9ks ( ! silv] 9 
! sidebo>d--! *ildr5 w\ld n h tak5 t nor
 w\ld he abs5t-m9d$ly h *ang$ its place4
 ,he looks2 all ! solid w>e is gone4 ,! 
conception ( burgl>s is confirm$2       
exam9ation ( w9d[s & doors %[s t !y h   
be5 tamp]$ )4 ,belief culm9ates2 !      
orig9al isolat$ facts h be5 wov5 into a 
coh]5t fabric4 ,! idea fir/ sugge/$     
7inductively7 has be5 employ$ to reason 
out hypo!tically c]ta9 additional       
p>ticul>s n yet exp]i5c$1 t ought to be 
!re1 if ! sugge/ion is correct4 ,!n new 
acts ( obs]vation h %[n t ! p>ticul>s   
!oretically call$ = are pres5t1 & by ?is
 process ! hypo!sis is /r5g!n$1         
corroborat$4 ,?is mov+ back & =? betwe5 
! obs]v$ facts & ! conditional idea is  
kept up till a coh]5t exp]i5ce ( an     
object is sub/itut$ = ! exp]i5ce (      
conflict+ details--or else ! :ole matt] 
is giv5 up z a bad job4  ,sid5ote3      

,sci5ce is ! same op]ations c>efully    
p]=m$  ,sci5ces exemplify simil>        
attitudes & op]ations1 b ) a high]      
degree ( elaboration ( ! in/rum5ts (    
caution1 exactness & ?or\ghness4 ,?is   
great] elaboration br+s ab\t            
specialization1 an accurate m>k+ (f (   
v>i\s types ( problems f "o ano!r1 & a  
correspond+ segregation & classification
 ( ! mat]ials ( exp]i5ce associat$ ) ea*
 type ( problem4 ,we %all devote !      
rema9d] ( ?is *apt] to a consid]ation ( 
! devices by :i* ! discov]y1 !          
developm5t1 & ! te/+ ( mean+s are       
sci5tifically c>ri$ on4   ,sec4 #b4     
,guidance ( ! ,inductive ,movem5t       
,sid5ote3 ,guidance is indirect         
,control ( ! =mation ( sugge/ion is     
necess>ily indirect1 n direct2 imp]fect1
 n p]fect4 ,j because all discov]y1 all 
appreh5sion involv+ ?\ght ( ! new1 goes 
f ! kn[n1 ! pres5t1 to ! unkn[n & abs5t1
 no rules c be /at$ t w gu>antee correct
 inf]5ce4 ,j :at is sugge/$ to a p]son 9
 a giv5 situation dep5ds ^u 8 native    

con/itution 78 orig9ality1 8 g5ius71    
temp]am5t1 ! preval5t direction ( 8     
int]e/s1 8 e>ly environm5t1 ! g5]al t5or
 ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ces1 8 special tra9+1 !  
?+s t h rec5tly occupi$ him cont9u\sly  
or vividly1 & s on2 to "s ext5t ev5 ^u  
an accid5tal conjunction ( pres5t       
circum/ances4 ,^! matt]s1 s f> z !y lie 
9 ! pa/ or 9 ext]nal conditions1 cle>ly 
escape regulation4 ,a sugge/ion simply  
does or does n occur2 ?is or t sugge/ion
 j happ5s1 occurs1 spr+s up4 ,if1 h[ev]1
 prior exp]i5ce & tra9+ h develop$ an   
attitude ( pati5ce 9 a condition ( d\bt1
 a capacity = susp5d$ judgm5t1 & a lik+ 
= inquiry1 indirect control ( ! c\rse ( 
sugge/ions is possible4 ,! individual   
may return ^u1 revise1 re/ate1 enl>ge1 &
 analyze ! facts out ( :i* sugge/ion    
spr+s4 ,inductive me?ods1 9 ! te*nical  
s5se1 all h to d ) regulat+ ! conditions
 "u :i* obs]vation1 memory1 & !         
acceptance ( ! te/imony ( o!rs 7!       
op]ations supply+ ! raw data7 proce$4   
,sid5ote3 ,me?od ( indirect regulation  

,giv5 ! facts ,a ,b ,c ,d on "o side &  
c]ta9 individual habits on ! o!r1       
sugge/ion occurs automatically4 ,b if ! 
facts ,a ,b ,c ,d are c>efully look$    
into & !reby resolv$ into ! facts ,a'   
,b'' ,r ,s1 a sugge/ion w automatically 
pres5t itself diff]5t f t call$ up by ! 
facts 9 _! fir/ =m4 ,to inv5tory !      
facts1 to describe exactly & m9utely _! 
respective traits1 to magnify           
artificially ^? t are obscure & feeble1 
to r$uce artificially ^? t are s        
conspicu\s & gl>+ z to be di/ract+1--^! 
are ways ( modify+ ! facts t ex]cise    
sugge/ive =ce1 & !reby indirectly guid+ 
! =mation ( sugge/$ inf]5ces4  ,sid5ote3
 ,illu/ration f diagnosis  ,consid]1 =  
example1 h[ a physician makes 8         
diagnosis--8 inductive int]pretation4   
,if he is sci5tifically tra9$1 he       
susp5ds--po/pones--rea*+ a conclusion 9 
ord] t he may n be l$ by sup]ficial     
occurr5ces into a snap judgm5t4 ,c]ta9  
conspicu\s ph5om5a may =cibly sugge/    
typhoid1 b he avoids a conclusion1 or   

ev5 any /rong pref]5ce = ?is or t       
conclusion until he has greatly 7i7     
enl>g$ ! scope ( 8 data1 & 7ii7 r5d]$ !m
 m m9ute4 ,he n only que/ions ! pati5t z
 to 8 feel+s & z to 8 acts prior to !   
disease1 b by v>i\s manipulations ) 8   
h&s 7& ) in/rum5ts made = ! purpose7    
br+s to light a l>ge numb] ( facts ( :i*
 ! pati5t is q unaw>e4 ,! /ate (        
temp]ature1 respiration1 & he>t-action  
is accurately not$1 & _! fluctuations f 
"t to "t are exactly record$4 ,until ?is
 exam9ation has work$ out t[>d a wid]   
collection & 9 t[>d a m9ut] scrut9y (   
details1 inf]5ce is def]r$4  ,sid5ote3  
,summ>y3 def9ition ( sci5tific induction
  ,sci5tific induction means1 9 %ort1   
all ! processes by :i* ! obs]v+ & amass+
 ( data are regulat$ ) a view to        
facilitat+ ! =mation ( explanatory      
conceptions & !ories4 ,^! devices are   
all direct$ t[>d select+ ! precise facts
 to :i* weight & significance %all atta*
 9 =m+ sugge/ions or ideas4             
,specifically1 ?is selective det]m9ation

 involves devices ( 7#a7 elim9ation by  
analysis ( :at is likely to be mislead+ 
& irrelevant1 7#b7 emphasis ( !         
important by collection & comp>ison (   
cases1 7#c7 delib]ate con/ruction ( data
 by exp]im5tal v>iation4  ,sid5ote3     
,elim9ation ( irrelevant mean+s  7#a7 ,x
 is a common say+ t "o mu/ le>n to      
discrim9ate betwe5 obs]v$ facts &       
judgm5ts bas$ ^u !m4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 su*
 advice _c be c>ri$ out2 9 e obs]v$ ?+  
!re is--if ! ?+ h any mean+ at all--"s  
consolidation ( mean+ ) :at is s5sibly &
 physically pres5t1 su* t1 if ?is 7     
entirely exclud$1 :at is left w\ld h no 
s5se4 ,a says3 ,i saw my bro!r4 ,! t]m  
bro!r1 h[ev]1 involves a relation t _c  
be s5sibly or physically obs]v$2 x is   
inf]5tial 9 /atus4 ,if ,a cont5ts       
himself ) say+1 ,i saw a man1 ! factor (
 classification1 ( intellectual ref]5ce1
 is less complex1 b /ill exi/s4 ,if1 z a
 la/ resort1 ,a 7 to say1 ,anyway1 ,i   
saw a color$ object1 "s relation%ip1    
?\gh m rudim5t>y & undef9$1 /ill        

subsi/s4 ,!oretically1 x is possible t  
no object 0 !re1 only an unusual mode ( 
n]ve /imulation4 ,none ! less1 ! advice 
to discrim9ate :at is obs]v$ f :at is   
inf]r$ is s\nd practical advice4 ,its   
work+ import is t "o %\ld elim9ate or   
exclude ^? inf]5ces z to :i* exp]i5ce   
has %[n t !re is greate/ liability to   
error4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a relative     
matt]4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances no       
reasonable d\bt w\ld atta* to !         
obs]vation1 ,i see my bro!r2 x w\ld be  
p$antic & silly to resolve ?is          
recognition back into a m elem5t>y =m4  
,"u o!r circum/ances x might be a       
p]fectly g5u9e "q z to :e!r ,a saw ev5 a
 color$ ?+1 or :e!r ! color 0 due to a  
/imulation ( ! s5sory optical app>atus  
7l see+ />s ^u a bl[7 or to a disord]$  
circulation4 ,9 g5]al1 ! sci5tific man  
is "o :o kn[s t he is likely to be      
hurri$ to a conclusion1 & t "p ( ?is    
precipitancy is due to c]ta9 habits :i* 
t5d to make him read c]ta9 mean+s into !
 situation t confronts him1 s t he mu/  

be on ! look\t aga9/ errors aris+ f 8   
int]e/s1 habits1 & curr5t               
preconceptions4  ,sid5ote3 ,! te*nique (
 conclusion  ,! te*nique ( sci5tific    
inquiry ?us consi/s 9 v>i\s processes t 
t5d to exclude ov]-ha/y read+ 9 (       
mean+s2 devices t aim to give a purely  
objective unbias$ r5d]+ ( ! data to be  
int]pret$4 ,flu%$ *eeks usually mean    
height5$ temp]ature2 pal5ess means l[]$ 
temp]ature4 ,! cl9ical !rmomet] records 
automatically ! actual temp]ature & h5ce
 *ecks up ! habitual associations t     
might lead to error 9 a giv5 case4 ,all 
! in/rum5talities ( obs]vation--! v>i\s 
-met]s & -graphs & -scopes--fill a "p ( 
_! sci5tific role 9 help+ to elim9ate   
mean+s suppli$ because ( habit1         
prejudice1 ! /rong mom5t>y preoccupation
 ( excitem5t & anticipation1 & by !     
vogue ( exi/+ !ories4 ,photographs1     
phonographs1 kymographs1 act9ographs1   
seismographs1 ple?ysmographs1 & ! l1    
moreov]1 give records t are p]man5t1 s t
 !y c be employ$ by diff]5t p]sons1 & by

 ! same p]son 9 diff]5t /ates ( m9d1    
i4e4 "u ! influ5ce ( v>y+ expectations &
 dom9ant beliefs4 ,?us purely p]sonal   
prepossessions 7due to habit1 to desire1
 to aft]-effects ( rec5t exp]i5ce7 may  
be l>gely elim9at$4 ,9 ord9>y language1 
! facts are objectively1 r ?an          
subjectively1 det]m9$4 ,9 ?is way       
t5d5cies to premature int]pretation are 
held 9 *eck4  ,sid5ote3 ,collection (   
in/ances  7#b7 ,ano!r important me?od ( 
control consi/s 9 ! multiplication (    
cases or in/ances4 ,if ,i d\bt :e!r a   
c]ta9 h&ful gives a fair sample1 or     
repres5tative1 = purposes ( judg+ value1
 ( a :ole c>load ( gra91 ,i take a numb]
 ( h&fuls f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c> & comp>e  
!m4 ,if !y agree 9 quality1 well & good2
 if !y disagree1 we try to get en\gh    
samples s t :5 !y are ?or\ghly mix$ !   
result w be a fair basis = an           
evaluation4 ,?is illu/ration repres5ts  
r\ghly ! value ( t aspect ( sci5tific   
control 9 induction :i* insi/s ^u       
multiply+ obs]vations in/ead ( bas+ !   

conclusion ^u "o or a few cases4        
,sid5ote3 ,?is me?od n ! :ole (         
induction  ,s prom95t1 inde$1 is ?is    
aspect ( inductive me?od t x is         
frequ5tly treat$ z ! :ole ( induction4  
,x is suppos$ t all inductive inf]5ce is
 bas$ ^u collect+ & comp>+ a numb] ( l  
cases4 ,b 9 fact su* comp>ison &        
collection is a second>y developm5t )9 !
 process ( secur+ a correct conclusion 9
 "s s+le case4 ,if a man inf]s f a s+le 
sample ( gra9 z to ! grade ( :eat ( ! c>
 z a :ole1 x is induction &1 "u c]ta9   
circum/ances1 a s\nd induction2 o!r     
cases are resort$ to simply = ! sake (  
r5d]+ t induction m gu>d$1 & m probably 
correct4 ,9 l fa%ion1 ! reason+ t l$ up 
to ! burgl>y idea 9 ! in/ance already   
cit$ 7p4 #hc7 0 inductive1 ?\gh !re 0 b 
"o s+le case exam9$4 ,! p>ticul>s ^u :i*
 ! g5]al mean+ 7or relation7 ( burgl>y 0
 gr\nd$ 7 simply ! sum total ( ! unlike 
items & qualities t made up ! "o case   
exam9$4 ,_h ?is case pres5t$ v great    
obscurities & difficulties1 rec\rse     

might !n h be5 _h to exam9ation ( a     
numb] ( simil> cases4 ,b ?is comp>ison  
w\ld n make inductive a process :i* 0 n 
previ\sly ( t "*2 x w\ld only r5d]      
induction m w>y & adequate4 ,! object ( 
br++ into consid]ation a multitude (    
cases is to facilitate ! selection ( !  
evid5tial or significant features ^u :i*
 to base inf]5ce 9 "s s+le case4        
,sid5ote3 ,contra/ z important z lik5ess
  ,accord+ly1 po9ts ( unlik5ess are z   
important z po9ts ( lik5ess among !     
cases exam9$4 ,comp>ison1 )\t contra/1  
does n am\nt to any?+ logically4 ,9 !   
degree 9 :i* o!r cases obs]v$ or        
rememb]$ m]ely duplicate ! case 9 "q1 we
 are no bett] (f = purposes ( inf]5ce   
?an if we _h p]mitt$ our s+le orig9al   
fact to dictate a conclusion4 ,9 ! case 
( ! v>i\s samples ( gra91 x is ! fact t 
! samples are unlike1 at lea/ 9 ! "p ( !
 c>load f :i* !y are tak51 t is         
important4 ,7 x n = ?is unlik5ess1 _!   
lik5ess 9 quality w\ld be ( no avail 9  
assi/+ inf]5ce4#af ,if we are endeavor+ 

to get a *ild to regulate 8 conclusions 
ab\t ! g]m9ation ( a se$ by tak+ into   
acc\nt a numb] ( in/ances1 v little is  
ga9$ if ! conditions 9 all ^! in/ances  
closely approximate "o ano!r4 ,b if "o  
se$ is plac$ 9 pure s&1 ano!r 9 loam1 & 
ano!r on blott+-pap]1 & if 9 ea* case   
!re are two conditions1 "o ) & ano!r )\t
 moi/ure1 ! unlike factors t5d to ?r[   
into relief ! factors t are significant 
7or ess5tial7 = rea*+ a conclusion4     
,unless1 9 %ort1 ! obs]v] takes c>e to h
 ! diff]5ces 9 ! obs]v$ cases z extreme 
z conditions all[1 & unless he notes    
unlik5esses z c>efully z lik5esses1 he  
has no way ( det]m9+ ! evid5tial =ce ( !
 data t confront him4      #af ,9 t]ms (
 ! phrases us$ 9 logical treatises1 !   
s-call$ me?ods ( agreem5t 7comp>ison7 & 
diff]5ce     7contra/7 mu/ accompany ea*
 o!r or con/itute a jo9t me?od     9    
ord] to be ( logical use4  ,sid5ote3    
,importance ( exceptions & contr>y cases
  ,ano!r way ( br++ out ?is importance (
 unlik5ess is ! emphasis put by !       

sci5ti/ ^u negative cases--^u in/ances  
:i* x w\ld seem ought to fall into l9e b
 :i* z matt] ( fact d n4 ,anomalies1    
exceptions1 ?+s :i* agree 9 mo/ respects
 b disagree 9 "s crucial po9t1 are s    
important t _m ( ! devices ( sci5tific  
te*nique are design$ purely to detect1  
record1 & impress ^u memory contra/+    
cases4 ,d>w9 rem>k$ t s easy is x to    
pass ov] cases t oppose a favorite      
g5]alization1 t he _h made x a habit n  
m]ely to hunt = contr>y in/ances1 b also
 to write d[n any exception he not$ or  
?\ght (--z o!rwise x 0 almo/ sure to be 
=gott54   ,sec4 #c4 ,exp]im5tal         
,v>iation ( ,conditions  ,sid5ote3      
,exp]im5t ! typical me?od ( introduc+   
contra/ factors  ,we h already tr5*$ ^u 
?is factor ( inductive me?od1 ! "o t is 
! mo/ important ( all :]ev] x is        
feasible4 ,!oretically1 "o sample case (
 ! "r k9d w be z good a basis = an      
inf]5ce z a ?\s& cases2 b cases ( ! "r  
k9d r>ely turn up spontane\sly4 ,we h to
 se>* = !m1 & we may h to make !m4 ,if  

we take cases j z we f9d !m--:e!r "o    
case or _m cases--!y conta9 mu* t is    
irrelevant to ! problem 9 h&1 :ile mu* t
 is relevant is obscure1 hidd54 ,!      
object ( exp]im5tation is ! con/ruction1
 by regul> /eps tak5 on ! basis ( a plan
 ?\ght out 9 advance1 ( a typical1      
crucial case1 a case =m$ ) express      
ref]5ce to ?r[+ light on ! difficulty 9 
"q4 ,all inductive me?ods re/ 7z already
 /at$1 p4 #he7 ^u regulation ( !        
conditions ( obs]vation & memory2       
exp]im5t is simply ! mo/ adequate       
regulation possible ( ^! conditions4 ,we
 try to make ! obs]vation su* t e factor
 ent]+ into x1 toge!r ) ! mode & ! am\nt
 ( its op]ation1 may be op5 to          
recognition4 ,su* mak+ ( obs]vations    
con/itutes exp]im5t4  ,sid5ote3 ,?ree   
advantages ( exp]im5t  ,su* obs]vations 
h _m & obvi\s advantages ov]            
obs]vations--no matt] h[ ext5sive--)    
respect to :i* we simply wait = an ev5t 
to happ5 or an object to pres5t itself4 
,exp]im5t ov]comes ! defects due to 7a7 

! r>ity1 7b7 ! subtlety & m9ut5ess 7or !
 viol5ce71 & 7c7 ! rigid fixity ( facts 
z we ord9>ily exp]i5ce !m4 ,! foll[+    
quotations f ,jevons's ,elem5t>y        
,lessons 9 ,logic br+ out all ^! po9ts3 
7i7 ,we might h to wait ye>s or c5turies
 to meet accid5tally ) facts :i* we c   
readily produce at any mom5t 9 a        
laboratory2 & x is probable t mo/ ( !   
*emical sub/ances n[ kn[n1 & _m         
excessively useful products w\ld nev] h 
be5 discov]$ at all by wait+ till nature
 pres5t$ !m spontane\sly to our         
obs]vation4  ,?is quotation ref]s to !  
infrequ5cy or r>ity ( c]ta9 facts (     
nature1 ev5 v important ones4 ,! passage
 !n goes on to speak ( ! m9ut5ess ( _m  
ph5om5a :i* makes !m escape ord9>y      
exp]i5ce3  7ii7 ,electricity d\btless   
op]ates 9 e p>ticle ( matt]1 p]haps at e
 mom5t ( "t2 & ev5 ! anci5ts c\ld n b   
notice its action 9 ! load/one1 9       
lightn+1 9 ! ,aurora ,borealis1 or 9 a  
piece ( rubb$ amb]4 ,b 9 lightn+        
electricity 0 too int5se & dang]\s2 9 ! 

o!r cases x 0 too feeble to be prop]ly  
und]/ood4 ,! sci5ce ( electricity &     
magnetism c\ld only advance by gett+    
regul> supplies ( electricity f ! common
 electric ma*9e or ! galvanic batt]y &  
by mak+ p[]ful electromagnets4 ,mo/1 if 
n all1 ! effects :i* electricity        
produces mu/ g on 9 nature1 b altoge!r  
too obscurely = obs]vation4  ,jevons !n 
deals ) ! fact t1 "u ord9>y conditions (
 exp]i5ce1 ph5om5a :i* c be und]/ood    
only by see+ !m "u v>y+ conditions are  
pres5t$ 9 a fix$ & uni=m way4  7iii7    
,?us c>bonic acid is only met 9 ! =m ( a
 gas1 proce$+ f ! combu/ion ( c>bon2 b  
:5 expos$ to extreme pressure & cold1 x 
is cond5s$ into a liquid1 & may ev5 be  
conv]t$ into a sn[like solid sub/ance4  
,_m o!r gases h 9 l mann] be5 liquefi$  
or solidifi$1 & !re is reason to believe
 t e sub/ance is capable ( tak+ all ?ree
 =ms ( solid1 liquid1 & gas1 if only !  
conditions ( temp]ature & pressure c be 
suffici5tly v>i$4 ,m]e obs]vation (     
nature w\ld h l$ u1 on ! contr>y1 to    

suppose t ne>ly all sub/ances 7 fix$ 9  
"o condition only1 & c\ld n be conv]t$ f
 solid into liquid & f liquid into gas4 
,_m volumes w\ld be requir$ to describe 
9 detail all ! me?ods t inve/igators h  
develop$ 9 v>i\s subjects = analyz+ &   
re/at+ ! facts ( ord9>y exp]i5ce s t we 
may escape f caprici\s & r\t9e          
sugge/ions1 & may get ! facts 9 su* a =m
 & 9 su* a light 7or context7 t exact & 
f>-rea*+ explanations may be sugge/$ 9  
place ( vague & limit$ ones4 ,b ^! v>i\s
 devices ( inductive inquiry all h "o   
goal 9 view3 ! indirect regulation ( !  
function ( sugge/ion1 or =mation (      
ideas2 &1 9 ! ma91 !y w be f\nd to r$uce
 to "s comb9ation ( ! ?ree types (      
select+ & arrang+ subject-matt] j       
describ$4   ,sec4 #d4 ,guidance ( !     
,d$uctive ,movem5t  ,sid5ote3 ,value (  
d$uction = guid+ induction  ,be=e deal+ 
directly ) ?is topic1 we mu/ note t     
sy/ematic regulation ( induction dep5ds 
^u ! possession ( a body ( g5]al        
pr9ciples t may be appli$ d$uctively to 

! exam9ation or con/ruction ( p>ticul>  
cases z !y come up4 ,if ! physician does
 n "k ! g5]al laws ( ! physiology ( !   
human body1 he has little way ( tell+   
:at is ei!r peculi>ly significant or    
peculi>ly exceptional 9 any p>ticul>    
case t he is call$ ^u to treat4 ,if he  
kn[s ! laws ( circulation1 dige/ion1 &  
respiration1 he c d$uce ! conditions t  
%\ld normally be f\nd 9 a giv5 case4 ,^!
 consid]ations give a base l9e f :i* !  
deviations & abnormalities ( a p>ticul> 
case may be measur$4 ,9 ?is way1 !      
nature ( ! problem at h& is locat$ &    
def9$4 ,att5tion is n wa/$ ^u features  
:i* ?\gh conspicu\s h no?+ to d ) !     
case2 x is conc5trat$ ^u j ^? traits :i*
 are out ( ! way & h5ce require         
explanation4 ,a "q well put is half     
answ]$2 i4e4 a difficulty cle>ly        
appreh5d$ is likely to sugge/ its own   
solution1--:ile a vague & miscellane\s  
p]ception ( ! problem leads to grop+ &  
fumbl+4 ,d$uctive sy/ems are necess>y 9 
ord] to put ! "q 9 a fruitful =m4       

,sid5ote3 ,reason+ a ?+ out  ,! control 
( ! orig9 & developm5t ( hypo!ses by    
d$uction does n cease1 h[ev]1 ) locat+ !
 problem4 ,ideas z !y fir/ pres5t       
!mselves are in*oate & incomplete4      
,d$uction is _! elaboration into        
fullness & complet5ess ( mean+ 7see p4  
#gf74 ,! ph5om5a :i* ! physician        
isolates f ! total mass ( facts t exi/ 9
 front ( him sugge/1 we w say1 typhoid  
fev]4 ,n[ ?is conception ( typhoid fev] 
is "o t is capable ( developm5t4 ,if !re
 is typhoid1 :]ev] !re is typhoid1 !re  
are c]ta9 results1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic     
symptoms4 ,by go+ ov] m5tally ! full    
be>+ ( ! concept ( typhoid1 ! sci5ti/ is
 in/ruct$ z to fur!r ph5om5a to be f\nd4
 ,its developm5t gives him an in/rum5t (
 inquiry1 ( obs]vation & exp]im5tation4 
,he c g to "w delib]ately to see :e!r ! 
case pres5ts ^? features t x %\ld h if !
 supposition is valid4 ,! d$uc$ results 
=m a basis = comp>ison ) obs]v$ results4
 ,except :]e !re is a sy/em ( pr9ciples 
capable ( be+ elaborat$ by !oretical    

reason+1 ! process ( te/+ 7or pro(7 ( a 
hypo!sis is incomplete & haphaz>d4      
,sid5ote3 ,su* reason+ implies          
sy/ematiz$ k1  ,^! consid]ations        
indicate ! me?od by :i* ! d$uctive      
movem5t is guid$4 ,d$uction requires a  
sy/em ( alli$ ideas :i* may be translat$
 into "o ano!r by regul> or grad$ /eps4 
,! "q is :e!r ! facts t confront u c be 
id5tifi$ z typhoid fev]4 ,to all        
appe>ances1 !re is a great gap betwe5 !m
 & typhoid4 ,b if we c1 by "s me?od (   
sub/itutions1 g ?r\gh a s]ies (         
int]m$i>y t]ms 7see p4 #gb71 ! gap may1 
aft] all1 be easily bridg$4 ,typhoid may
 mean p :i* 9 turn means o1 :i* means n 
:i* means m1 :i* is v simil> to ! data  
select$ z ! key to ! problem4  ,sid5ote3
 or def9ition & classification  ,"o ( ! 
*ief objects ( sci5ce is to provide = e 
typical bran* ( subject-matt] a set (   
mean+s & pr9ciples s closely int]knit t 
any "o implies "s o!r accord+ to def9ite
 conditions1 :i* "u c]ta9 o!r conditions
 implies ano!r1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way1     

v>i\s sub/itutions ( equival5ts are     
possible1 & reason+ c trace out1 )\t    
hav+ rec\rse to specific obs]vations1 v 
remote consequ5ces ( any sugge/$        
pr9ciple4 ,def9ition1 g5]al =mulae1 &   
classification are ! devices by :i* !   
fixation & elaboration ( a mean+ into   
its detail$ ramifications are c>ri$ on4 
,!y are n ends 9 !mselves--z !y are     
frequ5tly reg>d$ ev5 9 elem5t>y         
education--b in/rum5talities =          
facilitat+ ! developm5t ( a conception  
into ! =m :]e its applicability to giv5 
facts may be/ be te/$4#ag      #ag ,^!  
processes are fur!r discuss$ 9 ,*apt]   
,,ix4  ,sid5ote3 ,! f9al control (      
d$uction  ,! f9al te/ ( d$uction lies 9 
exp]im5tal obs]vation4 ,elaboration by  
reason+ may make a sugge/$ idea v ri* & 
v plausible1 b x w n settle ! validity (
 t idea4 ,only if facts c be obs]v$ 7by 
me?ods ei!r ( collection or (           
exp]im5tation71 t agree 9 detail & )\t  
exception ) ! d$uc$ results1 are we     
ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ! d$uction z giv+ a   

valid conclusion4 ,?9k+1 9 %ort1 mu/ end
 z well z beg9 9 ! doma9 ( concrete     
obs]vations1 if x is to be complete     
?9k+4 ,& ! ultimate educative value (   
all d$uctive processes is measur$ by !  
degree to :i* !y become work+ tools 9 ! 
creation & developm5t ( new exp]i5ces4  
,sec4 #e4 ,"s ,educational ,be>+s ( !   
,discussion  ,sid5ote3 ,educational     
c\nt]p>ts ( false logical !ories        
,sid5ote3 ,isolation ( facts  ,"s ( !   
po9ts ( ! =ego+ logical analysis may be 
cl9*$ by a consid]ation ( _! educational
 implications1 especially ) ref]5ce to  
c]ta9 practices t gr[ out ( a false     
sep>ation by :i* ea* is ?\ght to be     
indep5d5t ( ! o!r & complete 9 itself4  
7i7 ,9 "s s*ool subjects1 or at all     
ev5ts 9 "s topics or 9 "s lessons1 !    
pupils are imm]s$ 9 details2 _! m9ds are
 load$ ) disconnect$ items 7:e!r glean$ 
by obs]vation & memory1 or accept$ on   
he>say & au?ority74 ,induction is treat$
 z beg9n+ & end+ ) ! amass+ ( facts1 (  
p>ticul> isolat$ pieces ( in=mation4 ,t 

^! items are educative only z sugge/+ a 
view ( "s l>g] situation 9 :i* !        
p>ticul>s are includ$ & !reby acc\nt$ =1
 is ignor$4 ,9 object lessons 9 elem5t>y
 education & 9 laboratory in/ruction 9  
high] education1 ! subject is (t5 s     
treat$ t ! /ud5t fails to see ! =e/ on  
acc\nt ( ! trees4 ,?+s & _! qualities   
are retail$ & detail$1 )\t ref]5ce to a 
m g5]al "* :i* !y /& = & mean4 ,or1 9 ! 
laboratory1 ! /ud5t becomes engross$ 9 !
 processes ( manipulation1--irrespective
 ( ! reason = _! p]=mance1 )\t recogniz+
 a typical problem = ! solution ( :i* !y
 af=d ! appropriate me?od4 ,only        
d$uction br+s out & emphasizes          
consecutive relation%ips1 & only :5     
relation%ips are held 9 view does le>n+ 
become m ?an a miscellane\s scrap-bag4  
,sid5ote3 ,failure to foll[ up by       
reason+  7ii7 ,aga91 ! m9d is all[$ to  
hurry on to a vague notion ( ! :ole (   
:i* ! fragm5t>y facts are portions1 )\t 
any attempt to become consci\s ( h[ !y  
are b\nd toge!r z p>ts ( ?is :ole4 ,!   

/ud5t feels t 9 a g5]al way1 z we say1 !
 facts ( ! hi/ory or geography lesson   
are relat$ ?us & s2 b 9 a g5]al way "h  
/&s only = 9 a vague way1 someh[ or o!r1
 ) no cle> recognition ( j h[4  ,! pupil
 is enc\rag$ to =m1 on ! basis ( !      
p>ticul> facts1 a g5]al notion1 a       
conception ( h[ !y /& relat$2 b no pa9s 
are tak5 to make ! /ud5t foll[ up !     
notion1 to elaborate x & see j :at its  
be>+s are ^u ! case 9 h& & ^u simil>    
cases4 ,! inductive inf]5ce1 ! guess1 is
 =m$ by ! /ud5t2 if x happ5s to be      
correct1 x is at once accept$ by !      
tea*]2 or if x is false1 x is reject$4  
,if any amplification ( ! idea occurs1 x
 is q likely c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! tea*]1 :o 
!reby assumes ! responsibility = its    
intellectual developm5t4 ,b a complete1 
an integral1 act ( ?\ght requires t !   
p]son mak+ ! sugge/ion 7! guess7 be     
responsible also = reason+ out its be>+s
 ^u ! problem 9 h&2 t he develop !      
sugge/ion at lea/ en\gh to indicate !   
ways 9 :i* x applies to & acc\nts = !   

specific data ( ! case4 ,too (t5 :5 a   
recitation does n consi/ 9 simply te/+ !
 ability ( ! /ud5t to display "s =m (   
te*nical skill1 or to repeat facts &    
pr9ciples accept$ on ! au?ority (       
text-book or lectur]1 ! tea*] goes to ! 
opposite extreme2 & aft] call+ out !    
spontane\s reflections ( ! pupils1 _!   
guesses or ideas ab\t ! matt]1 m]ely    
accepts or rejects !m1 assum+ himself ! 
responsibility = _! elaboration4 ,9 ?is 
way1 ! function ( sugge/ion & (         
int]pretation is excit$1 b x is n       
direct$ & tra9$4 ,induction is /imulat$ 
b is n c>ri$ ov] into ! reason+ phase   
necess>y to complete x4  ,9 o!r subjects
 & topics1 ! d$uctive phase is isolat$1 
& is treat$ z if x 7 complete 9 itself4 
,?is false isolation may %[ itself 9    
ei!r 7& bo?7 ( two po9ts2 namely1 at !  
beg9n+ or at ! end ( ! resort to g5]al  
intellectual proc$ure4  ,sid5ote3       
,isolation ( d$uction by comm5c+ ) x    
7iii7 ,beg9n+ ) def9itions1 rules1 g5]al
 pr9ciples1 classifications1 & ! l1 is a

 common =m ( ! fir/ error4 ,?is me?od   
has be5 su* a uni=m object ( attack on !
 "p ( all educational re=m]s t x is n   
necess>y to dwell ^u x fur!r ?an to note
 t ! mi/ake is1 logically1 due to !     
attempt to introduce d$uctive           
consid]ations )\t fir/ mak+ acqua9tance 
) ! p>ticul> facts t create a ne$ = !   
g5]aliz+ rational devices4 ,un=tunately1
 ! re=m] sometimes c>ries 8 objection   
too f>1 or r locates x 9 ! wrong place4 
,he is l$ into a tirade aga9/ all       
def9ition1 all sy/ematization1 all use (
 g5]al pr9ciples1 in/ead ( conf9+       
himself to po9t+ out _! futility & _!   
deadness :5 n prop]ly motivat$ by       
famili>ity ) concrete exp]i5ces4        
,sid5ote3 ,isolation ( d$uction f       
direction ( new obs]vations  7iv7 ,!    
isolation ( d$uction is se51 at ! o!r   
end1 :]ev] !re is failure to cl9* & te/ 
! results ( ! g5]al reason+ processes by
 application to new concrete cases4 ,!  
f9al po9t ( ! d$uctive devices lies 9 _!
 use 9 assimilat+ & compreh5d+          

individual cases4 ,no "o und]/&s a g5]al
 pr9ciple fully--no matt] h[ adequately 
he c demon/rate x1 to say no?+ ( repeat+
 x--till he c employ x 9 ! ma/]y ( new  
situations1 :i*1 if !y are new1 diff] 9 
manife/ation f ! cases us$ 9 rea*+ !    
g5]alization4 ,too (t5 ! text-book or   
tea*] is cont5t$ ) a s]ies ( some:at    
p]functory examples & illu/rations1 & ! 
/ud5t is n =c$ to c>ry ! pr9ciple t he  
has =mulat$ ov] into fur!r cases ( 8 own
 exp]i5ce4 ,9 s f>1 ! pr9ciple is in]t &
 dead4  ,sid5ote3 ,lack ( provision =   
exp]im5tation  7v7 ,x is only a v>iation
 ^u ?is same !me to say t e complete act
 ( reflective inquiry makes provision = 
exp]im5tation--= te/+ sugge/$ & accept$ 
pr9ciples by employ+ !m = ! active      
con/ruction ( new cases1 9 :i* new      
qualities em]ge4 ,only sl[ly d our      
s*ools accommodate !mselves to ! g5]al  
advance ( sci5tific me?od4 ,f !         
sci5tific side1 x is demon/rat$ t       
effective & integral ?9k+ is possible   
only :]e ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 "s =m is  

us$4 ,"s recognition ( ?is pr9ciple is  
ev9c$ 9 high] in/itutions ( le>n+1      
colleges & high s*ools4 ,b 9 elem5t>y   
education1 x is /ill assum$1 = ! mo/ "p1
 t ! pupil's natural range (            
obs]vations1 supplem5t$ by :at he       
accepts on he>say1 is adequate =        
intellectual gr[?4 ,( c\rse x is n      
necess>y t laboratories %all be         
introduc$ "u t "n1 mu* less t elaborate 
app>atus be secur$2 b ! entire sci5tific
 hi/ory ( humanity demon/rates t !      
conditions = complete m5tal activity w n
 be obta9$ till adequate provision is   
made = ! c>ry+ on ( activities t        
actually modify physical conditions1 & t
 books1 pictures1 & ev5 objects t are   
passively obs]v$ b n manipulat$ d n     
furni% ! provision requir$4     ,,*apt] 
,,eight  ,,judgm5t3 ,,! ,,int]pretation 
,,( ,,facts   ,sec4 #a4 ,! ,?ree        
,factors ( ,judg+  ,sid5ote3 ,good      
judgm5t  ,a man ( good judgm5t 9 a giv5 
set ( affairs is a man 9 s f> educat$1  
tra9$1 :atev] may be 8 lit]acy4 ,& if   

our s*ools turn out _! pupils 9 t       
attitude ( m9d :i* is conducive to good 
judgm5t 9 any dep>tm5t ( affairs 9 :i* !
 pupils are plac$1 !y h done m ?an if !y
 s5t out _! pupils m]ely possess$ ( va/ 
/ores ( in=mation1 or high degrees (    
skill 9 specializ$ bran*es4 ,to "k :at  
is good judgm5t we ne$ fir/ to "k :at   
judgm5t is4  ,sid5ote3 ,judgm5t &       
inf]5ce  ,t !re is an intimate          
connection betwe5 judgm5t & inf]5ce is  
obvi\s en\gh4 ,! aim ( inf]5ce is to    
t]m9ate itself 9 an adequate judgm5t ( a
 situation1 & ! c\rse ( inf]5ce goes on 
?r\gh a s]ies ( p>tial & t5tative       
judgm5ts4 ,:at are ^! units1 ^! t]ms (  
inf]5ce :5 we exam9e !m on _! own       
acc\nt8 ,_! significant traits may be   
readily ga!r$ f a consid]ation ( !      
op]ations to :i* ! ^w judgm5t 0         
orig9ally appli$3 namely1 ! au?oritative
 decision ( matt]s 9 legal controv]sy--!
 proc$ure ( ! judge on ! b5*4 ,!re are  
?ree su* features3 7#a7 a controv]sy1   
consi/+ ( opposite claims reg>d+ ! same 

objective situation2 7#b7 a process (   
def9+ & elaborat+ ^! claims & ( sift+ ! 
facts adduc$ to support !m2 7#c7 a f9al 
decision1 or s5t5ce1 clos+ ! p>ticul>   
matt] 9 dispute & also s]v+ z a rule or 
pr9ciple = decid+ future cases4         
,sid5ote3 ,unc]ta9ty ! antec$5t (       
judgm5t  #a4 ,unless !re is some?+      
d\btful1 ! situation is read (f at a    
glance2 x is tak5 9 on sight1 i4e4 !re  
is m]ely appreh5sion1 p]ception1        
recognition1 n judgm5t4 ,if ! matt] is  
:olly d\btful1 if x is d>k & obscure    
?r\gh\t1 !re is a bl9d my/]y & aga9 no  
judgm5t occurs4 ,b if x sugge/s1 h[ev]  
vaguely1 diff]5t mean+s1 rival possible 
int]pretations1 !re is "s po9t at issue1
 "s matt] at /ake4 ,d\bt takes ! =m (   
dispute1 controv]sy2 diff]5t sides      
compete = a conclusion 9 _! favor4      
,cases br\ght to trial be=e a judge     
illu/rate neatly & unambigu\sly ?is     
/rife ( alt]native int]pretations2 b any
 case ( try+ to cle> up intellectually a
 d\btful situation exemplifies ! same   

traits4 ,a mov+ blur cat*es our eye 9 ! 
di/ance2 we ask ourselves3 ,:at is x8   
,is x a cl\d ( :irl+ du/8 a tree wav+   
its bran*es8 a man signal+ to u8 ,some?+
 9 ! total situation sugge/s ea* ( ^!   
possible mean+s4 ,only "o ( !m c        
possibly be s\nd2 p]haps none ( !m is   
appropriate2 yet "s mean+ ! ?+ 9 "q     
surely has4 ,:i* ( ! alt]native sugge/$ 
mean+s has ! rightful claim8 ,:at does !
 p]ception really mean8 ,h[ is x to be  
int]pret$1 e/imat$1 apprais$1 plac$8 ,e 
judgm5t proce$s f "s su* situation4     
,sid5ote3 ,judgm5t def9es ! issue1  #b4 
,! he>+ ( ! controv]sy1 ! trial1 i4e4 ! 
weigh+ ( alt]native claims1 divides into
 two bran*es1 ei!r ( :i*1 9 a giv5 case1
 may be m conspicu\s ?an ! o!r4 ,9 !    
consid]ation ( a legal dispute1 ^! two  
bran*es are sift+ ! evid5ce & select+ ! 
rules t are applicable2 !y are ! facts &
 ! law ( ! case4 ,9 judgm5t !y are 7a7 !
 det]m9ation ( ! data t are important 9 
! giv5 case 7comp>e ! inductive         
movem5t72 & 7b7 ! elaboration ( !       

conceptions or mean+s sugge/$ by ! crude
 data 7comp>e ! d$uctive movem5t74 7a7  
,:at portions or aspects ( ! situation  
are significant 9 controll+ ! =mation ( 
! int]pretation8 7b7 ,j :at is ! full   
mean+ & be>+ ( ! conception t is us$ z a
 me?od ( int]pretation8 ,^! que/ions are
 /rictly correlative2 ! answ] to ea*    
dep5ds ^u ! answ] to ! o!r4 ,we may1    
h[ev]1 = conv5i5ce1 consid] !m          
sep>ately4  ,sid5ote3 7a7 by select+ :at
 facts are evid5ce  7a7 ,9 e actual     
occurr5ce1 !re are _m details :i* are "p
 ( ! total occurr5ce1 b :i* nev]!less   
are n significant 9 relation to ! po9t  
at issue4 ,all p>ts ( an exp]i5ce are   
equally pres5t1 b !y are v f> f be+ (   
equal value z signs or z evid5ces4 ,nor 
is !re any tag or label on any trait    
say+3 ,?is is important1 or ,?is is     
trivial4 ,nor is int5sity1 or vividness 
or conspicu\sness1 a safe measure (     
indicative & prov+ value4 ,! gl>+ ?+ may
 be totally insignificant 9 ?is p>ticul>
 situation1 & ! key to ! und]/&+ ( !    

:ole matt] may be mode/ or hidd5 7comp>e
 p4 #gd74 ,features t are n significant 
are di/ract+2 !y pr(f] _! claims to be  
reg>d$ z clues & cues to int]pretation1 
:ile traits t are significant d n appe> 
on ! surface at all4 ,h5ce1 judgm5t is  
requir$ ev5 9 ref]5ce to ! situation or 
ev5t t is pres5t to ! s5ses2 elim9ation 
or rejection1 selection1 discov]y1 or   
br++ to light mu/ take place4 ,till we h
 rea*$ a f9al conclusion1 rejection &   
selection mu/ be t5tative or            
conditional4 ,we select ! ?+s t we hope 
or tru/ are cues to mean+4 ,b if !y d n 
sugge/ a situation t accepts & includes 
!m 7see p4 #ha71 we recon/itute our     
data1 ! facts ( ! case2 = we mean1      
intellectually1 by ! facts ( ! case ^?  
traits t are us$ z evid5ce 9 rea*+ a    
conclusion or =m+ a decision4  ,sid5ote3
 ,exp]tness 9 select+ evid5ce  ,no h>d &
 fa/ rules = ?is op]ation ( select+ &   
reject+1 or fix+ ^u ! facts1 c be giv54 
,x all comes back1 z we say1 to ! good  
judgm5t1 ! good s5se1 ( ! "o judg+4 ,to 

be a good judge is to h a s5se ( !      
relative indicative or signify+ values (
 ! v>i\s features ( ! p]plex+ situation2
 to "k :at to let g z ( no acc\nt2 :at  
to elim9ate z irrelevant2 :at to reta9 z
 conducive to outcome2 :at to emphasize 
z a clue to ! difficulty4#ah ,?is p[] 9 
ord9>y matt]s we call knack1 tact1      
clev]ness2 9 m important affairs1       
insight1 disc]nm5t4 ,9 "p x is in/9ctive
 or inborn2 b x also repres5ts ! fund$  
outcome ( long famili>ity ) l op]ations 
9 ! pa/4 ,possession ( ?is ability to   
seize :at is evid5tial or significant & 
to let ! re/ g is ! m>k ( ! exp]t1 !    
connoisseur1 ! judge1 9 any matt]4      
#ah ,comp>e :at 0 said ab\t analysis4   
,sid5ote3 ,intuitive judgm5ts  ,mill    
cites ! foll[+ case1 :i* is wor? not+ z 
an in/ance ( ! extreme delicacy &       
accuracy to :i* may be develop$ ?is p[] 
( siz+ up ! significant factors ( a     
situation4 ,a ,scot* manufactur] procur$
 f ,engl&1 at a high rate ( wages1 a    
work+ dy]1 fam\s = produc+ v f9e colors1

 ) ! view ( tea*+ to 8 o!r workm5 ! same
 skill4 ,! workman came2 b 8 me?od (    
proportion+ ! +r$i5ts1 9 :i* lay !      
secret ( ! effects he produc$1 0 by tak+
 !m up 9 h&fuls1 :ile ! common me?od 0  
to weigh !m4 ,! manufactur] s\ght to    
make him turn 8 h&l+ sy/em into an      
equival5t weigh+ sy/em1 t ! g5]al       
pr9ciples ( 8 peculi> mode ( proce$+    
might be asc]ta9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! man   
f\nd himself q unable to d1 & c\ld !re=e
 imp>t 8 own skill to nobody4 ,he _h1 f 
individual cases ( 8 own exp]i5ce1      
e/abli%$ a connection 9 8 m9d betwe5 f9e
 effects ( color & tactual p]ceptions 9 
h&l+ 8 dye+ mat]ials2 & f ^! p]ceptions 
he c\ld1 9 any p>ticul> case1 inf] !    
means to be employ$ & ! effects :i* w\ld
 be produc$4 ,long brood+ ov]           
conditions1 intimate contact associat$ )
 ke5 int]e/1 ?or\gh absorption 9 a      
multiplicity ( alli$ exp]i5ces1 t5d to  
br+ ab\t ^? judgm5ts :i* we !n call     
intuitive2 b !y are true judgm5ts       
because !y are bas$ on intellig5t       

selection & e/imation1 ) ! solution ( a 
problem z ! controll+ /&>d4 ,possession 
( ?is capacity makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 !
 arti/ & ! intellectual bungl]4  ,su* is
 judg+ ability1 9 its complete/ =m1 z to
 ! data ( ! decision to be rea*$4 ,b 9  
any case !re is a c]ta9 feel+ along = ! 
way to be foll[$2 a con/ant t5tative    
pick+ out ( c]ta9 qualities to see :at  
emphasis ^u !m w\ld lead to2 a will+ness
 to hold f9al selection 9 susp5se2 & to 
reject ! factors entirely or relegate !m
 to a diff]5t position 9 ! evid5tial    
s*eme if o!r features yield m solv5t    
sugge/ions4 ,al]tness1 flexibility1     
curiosity are ! ess5tials2 dogmatism1   
rigidity1 prejudice1 caprice1 aris+ f   
r\t9e1 passion1 & flippancy are fatal4  
,sid5ote3 7b7 ,to decide an issue1 !    
appropriate pr9ciples mu/ also be       
select$  7b7 ,?is selection ( data is1 (
 c\rse1 = ! sake ( controll+ !          
developm5t & elaboration ( ! sugge/$    
mean+ 9 ! light ( :i* !y are to be      
int]pret$ 7comp>e p4 #gf74 ,an evolution

 ( conceptions ?us goes on simultane\sly
 ) ! det]m9ation ( ! facts2 "o possible 
mean+ aft] ano!r is held be=e ! m9d1    
consid]$ 9 relation to ! data to :i* x  
is appli$1 is develop$ into its m       
detail$ be>+s ^u ! data1 is dropp$ or   
t5tatively accept$ & us$4 ,we d n       
approa* any problem ) a :olly naive or  
virg9 m9d2 we approa* x ) c]ta9 acquir$ 
habitual modes ( und]/&+1 ) a c]ta9 /ore
 ( previ\sly evolv$ mean+s1 or at lea/ (
 exp]i5ces f :i* mean+s may be educ$4   
,if ! circum/ances are su* t a habitual 
response is call$ directly into play1   
!re is an imm$iate grasp ( mean+4 ,if ! 
habit is *eck$1 & inhibit$ f easy       
application1 a possible mean+ = ! facts 
9 "q pres5ts itself4 ,no h>d & fa/ rules
 decide :e!r a mean+ sugge/$ is ! "r &  
prop] mean+ to foll[ up4 ,! individual's
 own good 7or bad7 judgm5t is ! guide4  
,!re is no label on any giv5 idea or    
pr9ciple :i* says automatically1 ,use me
 9 ?is situation--z ! magic cakes (     
,alice 9 ,wond]l& 7 inscrib$ ,eat me4 ,!

 ?9k] has to decide1 to *oose2 & !re is 
always a risk1 s t ! prud5t ?9k] selects
 w>ily1 subject1 t is1 to confirmation  
or fru/ration by lat] ev5ts4 ,if "o is n
 able to e/imate wisely :at is relevant 
to ! int]pretation ( a giv5 p]plex+ or  
d\btful issue1 x avails little t ardu\s 
le>n+ has built up a l>ge /ock (        
concepts4 ,= le>n+ is n wisdom2         
in=mation does n gu>antee good judgm5t4 
,memory may provide an antiseptic       
refrig]ator 9 :i* to /ore a /ock (      
mean+s = future use1 b judgm5t selects &
 adopts ! "o us$ 9 a giv5 em]g5cy--& )\t
 an em]g5cy 7"s crisis1 slight or great7
 !re is no call = judgm5t4 ,no          
conception1 ev5 if x is c>efully &      
firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! ab/ract1 c at fir/  
safely be m ?an a c&idate = ! (fice (   
int]pret]4 ,only great] success ?an t ( 
its rivals 9 cl>ify+ d>k spots1 unty+   
h>d knots1 reconcil+ discrepancies1 c   
elect x or prove x a valid idea = ! giv5
 situation4  ,sid5ote3 ,judg+ t]m9ates 9
 a decision or /atem5t  #c4 ,! judgm5t  

:5 =m$ is a decision2 x closes 7or      
concludes7 ! "q at issue4 ,?is          
det]m9ation n only settles t p>ticul>   
case1 b x helps fix a rule or me?od =   
decid+ simil> matt]s 9 ! future2 z !    
s5t5ce ( ! judge on ! b5* bo? t]m9ates t
 dispute & also =ms a prec$5t = future  
decisions4 ,if ! int]pretation settl$ ^u
 is n controv]t$ by subsequ5t ev5ts1 a  
presumption is built up 9 favor ( simil>
 int]pretation 9 o!r cases :]e !        
features are n s obvi\sly unlike z to   
make x inappropriate4 ,9 ?is way1       
pr9ciples ( judg+ are gradually built   
up2 a c]ta9 mann] ( int]pretation gets  
weight1 au?ority4 ,9 %ort1 mean+s get   
/&>diz$1 !y become logical concepts 7see
 bel[1 p4 #aah74   ,sec4 #b4 ,! ,orig9 &
 ,nature ( ,ideas  ,sid5ote3 ,ideas are 
conjectures employ$ 9 judg+  ,?is br+s u
 to ! "q ( ideas 9 relation to          
judgm5ts4#ai ,some?+ 9 an obscure       
situation sugge/s some?+ else z its     
mean+4 ,if ?is mean+ is at once accept$1
 !re is no reflective ?9k+1 no g5u9e    

judg+4 ,?\ght is cut %ort uncritically2 
dogmatic belief1 ) all its att5d+ risks1
 takes place4 ,b if ! mean+ sugge/$ is  
held 9 susp5se1 p5d+ exam9ation &       
inquiry1 !re is true judgm5t4 ,we /op & 
?9k1 we de-f] conclusion 9 ord] to 9-f] 
m ?or\ghly4 ,9 ?is process ( be+ only   
conditionally accept$1 accept$ only =   
exam9ation1 mean+s become ideas4 ,t is  
to say1 an idea is a mean+ t is         
t5tatively ent]ta9$1 =m$1 & us$ )       
ref]5ce to its fitness to decide a      
p]plex+ situation1--a mean+ us$ z a tool
 ( judgm5t4      #ai ,! t]m idea is also
 us$ popul>ly to d5ote 7a7 a m]e        
fancy1 7b7 an accept$ belief1 & also 7c7
 judgm5t itself4 ,b     logically x     
d5otes a c]ta9 factor 9 judgm5t1 z      
expla9$     9 ! text4  ,sid5ote3 ,or    
tools ( int]pretation  ,let u recur to  
our in/ance ( a blur 9 motion appe>+ at 
a di/ance4 ,we wond] :at ! ?+ is1 i4e4  
:at ! blur means4 ,a man wav+ 8 arms1 a 
fri5d beckon+ to u1 are sugge/$ z       
possibilities4 ,to accept at once ei!r  

alt]native is to arre/ judgm5t4 ,b if we
 treat :at is sugge/$ z only a          
sugge/ion1 a supposition1 a possibility1
 x becomes an idea1 hav+ ! foll[+       
traits3 7a7 ,z m]ely a sugge/ion1 x is a
 conjecture1 a guess1 :i* 9 cases (     
great] dignity we call a hypo!sis or a  
!ory4 ,t is to say1 x is a possible b z 
yet d\btful mode ( int]pretation4 7b7   
,ev5 ?\gh d\btful1 x has an (fice to    
p]=m2 namely1 t ( direct+ inquiry &     
exam9ation4 ,if ?is blur means a fri5d  
beckon+1 !n c>eful obs]vation %\ld %[   
c]ta9 o!r traits4 ,if x is a man driv+  
unruly cattle1 c]ta9 o!r traits %\ld be 
f\nd4 ,let u look & see if ^! traits are
 f\nd4 ,tak5 m]ely z a d\bt1 an idea    
w\ld p>alyze inquiry4 ,tak5 m]ely z a   
c]ta9ty1 x w\ld arre/ inquiry4 ,tak5 z a
 d\btful possibility1 x af=ds a /&po9t1 
a plat=m1 a me?od ( inquiry4  ,sid5ote3 
,pseudo-ideas  ,ideas are n !n g5u9e    
ideas unless !y are tools 9 a reflective
 exam9ation :i* t5ds to solve a problem4
 ,suppose x is a "q ( hav+ ! pupil grasp

 ! idea ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>?4 ,?is is  
diff]5t f tea*+ him its sph]icity z a   
fact4 ,he may be %[n 7or rem9d$ (7 a    
ball or a globe1 & be told t ! e>? is   
r\nd l ^? ?+s2 he may !n be made to     
repeat t /atem5t day aft] day till !    
%ape ( ! e>? & ! %ape ( ! ball are weld$
 toge!r 9 8 m9d4 ,b he has n !reby      
acquir$ any idea ( ! e>?'s sph]icity2 at
 mo/1 he has _h a c]ta9 image ( a sph]e 
& has f9ally manag$ to image ! e>? aft] 
! analogy ( 8 ball image4 ,to grasp     
sph]icity z an idea1 ! pupil mu/ fir/ h 
realiz$ c]ta9 p]plexities or confus+    
features 9 obs]v$ facts & h _h ! idea ( 
sph]ical %ape sugge/$ to him z a        
possible way ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a 9 "q4
 ,only by use z a me?od ( int]pret+ data
 s z to give !m full] mean+ does        
sph]icity become a g5u9e idea4 ,!re may 
be a vivid image & no idea2 or !re may  
be a fleet+1 obscure image & yet an     
idea1 if t image p]=ms ! function (     
in/igat+ & direct+ ! obs]vation &       
relation ( facts4  ,sid5ote3 ,ideas     

furni% ! only alt]native to hit or miss 
me?ods  ,logical ideas are l keys :i*   
are %ap+ ) ref]5ce to op5+ a lock4      
,pike1 sep>at$ by a glass p>tition f !  
fi% ^u :i* !y ord9>ily prey1 w--s x is  
said--butt _! heads aga9/ ! glass until 
x is lit]ally beat5 into !m t !y _c get 
at _! food4 ,animals le>n 7:5 !y le>n at
 all7 by a cut & try me?od2 by do+ at   
r&om fir/ "o ?+ & ano!r ?+ & !n pres]v+ 
! ?+s t happ5 to succe$4 ,action direct$
 consci\sly by ideas--by sugge/$ mean+s 
accept$ = ! sake ( exp]im5t+ ) !m--is ! 
sole alt]native bo? to bull-head$       
/upidity & to le>n+ b\ght f t de>       
tea*]--*ance exp]i5ce4  ,sid5ote3 ,!y   
are me?ods ( indirect attack  ,x is     
significant t _m words = intellig5ce    
sugge/ ! idea ( circuit\s1 evasive      
activity--(t5 ) a sort ( intimation (   
ev5 moral obliquity4 ,! bluff1 he>ty man
 goes /raight 7& /upidly1 x is impli$7  
at "s "w4 ,! intellig5t man is cunn+1   
%rewd 7crook$71 wily1 subtle1 crafty1   
artful1 design+--! idea ( indirection is

 involv$4#bj ,an idea is a me?od (      
evad+1 circumv5t+1 or surm\nt+ ?r\gh    
reflection ob/acles t o!rwise w\ld h to 
be attack$ by brute =ce4 ,b ideas may   
lose _! intellectual quality z !y are   
habitually us$4 ,:5 a *ild 0 fir/ le>n+ 
to recognize1 9 "s hesitat+ susp5se1    
cats1 dogs1 h\ses1 m>bles1 trees1 %oes1 
& o!r objects1 ideas--consci\s &        
t5tative mean+s--int]v5$ z me?ods (     
id5tification4 ,n[1 z a rule1 ! ?+ & !  
mean+ are s completely fus$ t !re is no 
judgm5t & no idea prop]1 b only         
automatic recognition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?+s
 t are1 z a rule1 directly appreh5d$ &  
famili> become subjects ( judgm5t :5 !y 
pres5t !mselves 9 unusual contexts3 z   
=ms1 di/ances1 sizes1 positions :5 we   
attempt to draw !m2 triangles1 squ>es1 &
 circles :5 !y turn up1 n 9 connection )
 famili> toys1 implem5ts1 & ut5sils1 b z
 problems 9 geometry4      #bj ,see     
,w>d1 ,psy*ic ,factors ( ,civilization1 
p4 #aec4   ,sec4 #c4 ,analysis &        
,syn!sis  ,sid5ote3 ,judg+ cle>s up ?+s3

 analysis  ,?r\gh judg+ confus$ data are
 cle>$ up1 & seem+ly incoh]5t &         
disconnect$ facts br\ght toge!r4 ,?+s   
may h a peculi> feel+ = u1 !y may make a
 c]ta9 indescribable impression ^u u2 ! 
?+ may feel r\nd 7t is1 pres5t a quality
 :i* we aft]w>ds def9e z r\nd71 an act  
may seem rude 7or :at we aft]w>ds       
classify z rude71 & yet ?is quality may 
be lo/1 absorb$1 bl5d$ 9 ! total value (
 ! situation4 ,only z we ne$ to use j t 
aspect ( ! orig9al situation z a tool ( 
grasp+ some?+ p]plex+ or obscure 9 ano!r
 situation1 d we ab/ract or deta* !     
quality s t x becomes individualiz$4    
,only because we ne$ to *>act]ize ! %ape
 ( "s new object or ! moral quality ( "s
 new act1 does ! elem5t ( r\ndness or   
rud5ess 9 ! old exp]i5ce deta* itself1 &
 /& out z a di/9ctive feature4 ,if !    
elem5t ?us select$ cle>s up :at is      
o!rwise obscure 9 ! new exp]i5ce1 if x  
settles :at is unc]ta91 x !reby itself  
ga9s 9 positiv5ess & def9it5ess ( mean+4
 ,?is po9t w meet u aga9 9 ! foll[+     

*apt]2 "h we %all speak ( ! matt] only z
 x be>s ^u ! que/ions ( analysis &      
syn!sis4  ,sid5ote3 ,m5tal analysis is n
 l physical division  ,sid5ote3         
,misappreh5sion ( analysis 9 education  
,ev5 :5 x is def9itely /at$ t           
intellectual & physical analyses are    
diff]5t sorts ( op]ations1 intellectual 
analysis is (t5 treat$ aft] ! analogy ( 
physical2 z if x 7 ! break+ up ( a :ole 
into all its con/itu5t p>ts 9 ! m9d     
in/ead ( 9 space4 ,z nobody c possibly  
tell :at break+ a :ole into its p>ts 9 !
 m9d means1 ?is conception leads to !   
fur!r notion t logical analysis is a m]e
 enum]ation & li/+ ( all conceivable    
qualities & relations4 ,! influ5ce ^u   
education ( ?is conception has be5 v    
great4#ba ,e subject 9 ! curriculum has 
pass$ ?r\gh--or /ill rema9s 9--:at may  
be call$ ! phase ( anatomical or        
morphological me?od3 ! /age 9 :i*       
und]/&+ ! subject is ?\ght to consi/ (  
multiply+ di/9ctions ( quality1 =m1     
relation1 & s on1 & atta*+ "s "n to ea* 

di/+ui%$ elem5t4 ,9 normal gr[?1        
specific prop]ties are emphasiz$ & s    
individualiz$ only :5 !y s]ve to cle> up
 a pres5t difficulty4 ,only z !y are    
involv$ 9 judg+ "s specific situation is
 !re any motive or use = analyses1 i4e4 
= emphasis ^u "s elem5t or relation z   
peculi>ly significant4      #ba ,?us    
arise all ^? falsely analytic me?ods 9  
geography1     read+1 writ+1 draw+1     
botany1 ari?metic1 :i* we h already     
consid]$ 9 ano!r connection4 7,see p4   
#ei47  ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( premature   
=mulation  ,! same putt+ ! c>t be=e !   
horse1 ! product be=e ! process1 is f\nd
 9 t ov]consci\s =mulation ( me?ods (   
proc$ure s curr5t 9 elem5t>y in/ruction4
 7,see p4 #fj47 ,! me?od t is employ$ 9 
discov]y1 9 reflective inquiry1 _c      
possibly be id5tifi$ ) ! me?od t em]ges 
aft] ! discov]y is made4 ,9 ! g5u9e     
op]ation ( inf]5ce1 ! m9d is 9 !        
attitude ( se>*1 ( hunt+1 ( projection1 
( try+ ?is & t2 :5 ! conclusion is      
rea*$1 ! se>* is at an end4 ,! ,greeks  

us$ to discuss3 ,h[ is le>n+ 7or        
inquiry7 possible8 ,= ei!r we "k already
 :at we are aft]1 & !n we d n le>n or   
inquire2 or we d n "k1 & !n we _c       
inquire1 = we d n "k :at to look =4 ,!  
dilemma is at lea/ sugge/ive1 = x po9ts 
to ! true alt]native3 ! use 9 inquiry ( 
d\bt1 ( t5tative sugge/ion1 (           
exp]im5tation4 ,aft] we h rea*$ !       
conclusion1 a reconsid]ation ( ! /eps ( 
! process to see :at is helpful1 :at is 
h>mful1 :at is m]ely useless1 w assi/ 9 
deal+ m promptly & efficaci\sly )       
analog\s problems 9 ! future4 ,9 ?is    
way1 m or less explicit me?od is        
gradually built up4 7,comp>e ! e>li]    
discussion on p4 #fb ( ! psy*ological & 
! logical47  ,sid5ote3 ,me?od comes be=e
 its =mulation  ,x is1 h[ev]1 a common  
assumption t unless ! pupil f ! outset  
consci\sly recognizes & explicitly /ates
 ! me?od logically impli$ 9 ! result he 
is to rea*1 he w h no me?od1 & 8 m9d w  
"w confus$ly or an>*ically2 :ile if he  
accompanies 8 p]=mance ) consci\s       

/atem5t ( "s =m ( proc$ure 7outl9e1     
topical analysis1 li/ ( head+s &        
subhead+s1 uni=m =mula7 8 m9d is        
safegu>d$ & /r5g!n$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 
! developm5t ( an unconsci\s logical    
attitude & habit mu/ come fir/4 ,a      
consci\s sett+ =? ( ! me?od logically   
adapt$ = rea*+ an end is possible only  
aft] ! result has fir/ be5 rea*$ by m   
unconsci\s & t5tative me?ods1 :ile x is 
valuable only :5 a review ( ! me?od t   
a*iev$ success 9 a giv5 case w ?r[ light
 ^u a new1 simil> case4 ,! ability to   
fa/5 ^u & s+le out 7ab/ract1 analyze7 ^?
 features ( "o exp]i5ce :i* are         
logically be/ is h9d]$ by premature     
insi/5ce ^u _! explicit =mulation4 ,x is
 repeat$ use t gives a me?od def9it5ess2
 & giv5 ?is def9it5ess1 precipitation   
into =mulat$ /atem5t %\ld foll[         
naturally4 ,b because tea*]s f9d t ! ?+s
 :i* !y !mselves be/ und]/& are m>k$ (f 
& def9$ 9 cle>-cut ways1 our s*oolrooms 
are p]vad$ ) ! sup]/ition t *ildr5 are  
to beg9 ) already cry/alliz$ =mulae (   

me?od4  ,sid5ote3 ,judgm5t reveals !    
be>+ or significance ( facts3 syn!sis   
,z analysis is conceiv$ to be a sort (  
pick+ to pieces1 s syn!sis is ?\ght to  
be a sort ( physical piec+ toge!r2 & s  
imag9$1 x also becomes a my/]y4 ,9 fact1
 syn!sis takes place :]ev] we grasp !   
be>+ ( facts on a conclusion1 or ( a    
pr9ciple on facts4 ,z analysis is       
emphasis1 s syn!sis is plac+2 ! "o      
causes ! emphasiz$ fact or prop]ty to /&
 out z significant2 ! o!r gives :at is  
select$ its context1 or its connection )
 :at is signifi$4 ,e judgm5t is analytic
 9 s f> z x involves disc]nm5t1         
discrim9ation1 m>k+ (f ! trivial f !    
important1 ! irrelevant f :at po9ts to a
 conclusion2 & x is syn!tic 9 s f> z x  
leaves ! m9d ) an inclusive situation )9
 :i* ! select$ facts are plac$4         
,sid5ote3 ,analysis & syn!sis are       
correlative  ,educational me?ods t pride
 !mselves on be+ exclusively analytic or
 exclusively syn!tic are !re=e 7s f> z  
!y c>ry out _! boa/s7 incompatible )    

normal op]ations ( judgm5t4 ,discussions
 h tak5 place1 = example1 z to :e!r !   
tea*+ ( geography %\ld be analytic or   
syn!tic4 ,! syn!tic me?od is suppos$ to 
beg9 ) ! p>tial1 limit$ portion ( !     
e>?'s surface already famili> to !      
pupil1 & !n gradually piece on adjac5t  
regions 7! c\nty1 ! c\ntry1 ! cont95t1 &
 s on7 till an idea ( ! entire globe is 
rea*$1 or ( ! sol> sy/em t includes !   
globe4 ,! analytic me?od is suppos$ to  
beg9 ) ! physical :ole1 ! sol> sy/em or 
globe1 & to "w d[n ?r\gh its con/itu5t  
portions till ! imm$iate environm5t is  
rea*$4 ,! und]ly+ conceptions are (     
physical :oles & physical p>ts4 ,z matt]
 ( fact1 we _c assume t ! portion ( !   
e>? already famili> to ! *ild is su* a  
def9ite object1 m5tally1 t he c at once 
beg9 ) x2 8 k ( x is mi/y & vague z well
 z incomplete4 ,accord+ly1 m5tal        
progress w involve analysis (           
x--emphasis ( ! features t are          
significant1 s t !y w /& out cle>ly4    
,moreov]1 8 own locality is n %>ply m>k$

 (f1 neatly b\nd$1 & measur$4 ,8        
exp]i5ce ( x is already an exp]i5ce t   
involves sun1 moon1 & />s z p>ts ( !    
sc5e he surveys2 x involves a *ang+     
horizon l9e z he moves ab\t2 t is1 ev5 8
 m limit$ & local exp]i5ce involves     
f>-rea*+ factors t take 8 imag9ation    
cle> beyond 8 own /reet & village4      
,connection1 relation%ip ) a l>g] :ole1 
is already involv$4 ,b 8 recognition (  
^! relations is inadequate1 vague1      
incorrect4 ,he ne$s to utilize !        
features ( ! local environm5t :i* are   
und]/ood to help cl>ify & enl>ge 8      
conceptions ( ! l>g] geographical sc5e  
to :i* !y belong4 ,at ! same "t1 n till 
he has grasp$ ! l>g] sc5e w _m ( ev5 !  
commone/ features ( 8 environm5t become 
intelligible4 ,analysis leads to        
syn!sis2 :ile syn!sis p]fects analysis4 
,z ! pupil gr[s 9 compreh5sion ( ! va/  
complicat$ e>? 9 its sett+ 9 space1 he  
also sees m def9itely ! mean+ ( !       
famili> local details4 ,?is intimate    
int]action betwe5 selective emphasis &  

int]pretation ( :at is select$ is f\nd  
:]ev] reflection proce$s normally4 ,h5ce
 ! folly ( try+ to set analysis &       
syn!sis ov] aga9/ ea* o!r4     ,,*apt]  
,,n9e  ,,mean+3 ,,or ,,conceptions ,,&  
,,und]/&+   ,sec4 #a4 ,! ,place (       
,mean+s 9 ,m5tal ,life  ,sid5ote3 ,mean+
 is c5tral  ,z 9 our discussion (       
judgm5t we 7 mak+ m explicit :at is     
involv$ 9 inf]5ce1 s 9 ! discussion (   
mean+ we are only recurr+ to ! c5tral   
function ( all reflection4 ,= "o ?+ to  
mean1 signify1 betok51 indicate1 or po9t
 to1 ano!r we saw at ! outset to be !   
ess5tial m>k ( ?9k+ 7see p4 #h74 ,to f9d
 out :at facts1 j z !y /&1 mean1 is !   
object ( all discov]y2 to f9d out :at   
facts w c>ry out1 sub/antiate1 support a
 giv5 mean+1 is ! object ( all te/+4 ,:5
 an inf]5ce rea*es a satisfactory       
conclusion1 we atta9 a goal ( mean+4 ,! 
act ( judg+ involves bo? ! gr[? & !     
application ( mean+s4 ,9 %ort1 9 ?is    
*apt] we are n introduc+ a new topic2 we
 are only com+ to clos] qu>t]s ) :at    

hi!rto has be5 con/antly assum$4 ,9 !   
fir/ section1 we %all consid] !         
equival5ce ( mean+ & und]/&+1 & ! two   
types ( und]/&+1 direct & indirect4     
,i4 ,,mean+ ,,& ,,und]/&+  ,sid5ote3 ,to
 und]/& is to grasp mean+  ,if a p]son  
comes sudd5ly into y\r room & calls out 
,pap]1 v>i\s alt]natives are possible4  
,if y d n und]/& ! ,engli% language1 !re
 is simply a noise :i* may or may n act 
z a physical /imulus & irritant4 ,b !   
noise is n an intellectual object2 x    
does n h intellectual value4 7,comp>e   
above1 p4 #ae47 ,to say t y d n und]/& x
 & t x has no mean+ are equival5ts4 ,if 
! cry is ! usual accompanim5t ( !       
deliv]y ( ! morn+ pap]1 ! s\nd w h      
mean+1 intellectual cont5t2 y w und]/&  
x4 ,or if y are eag]ly await+ ! receipt 
( "s important docum5t1 y may assume t !
 cry means an ann\ncem5t ( its arrival4 
,if 79 ! ?ird place7 y und]/& ! ,engli% 
language1 b no context sugge/s itself f 
y\r habits & expectations1 ! ^w has     
mean+1 b n ! :ole ev5t4 ,y are !n       

p]plex$ & incit$ to ?9k out1 to hunt =1 
"s explanation ( ! app>5tly mean+less   
occurr5ce4 ,if y f9d some?+ t acc\nts = 
! p]=mance1 x gets mean+2 y come to     
und]/& x4 ,z intellig5t be+s1 we presume
 ! exi/5ce ( mean+1 & its abs5ce is an  
anomaly4 ,h5ce1 if x %\ld turn out t !  
p]son m]ely meant to in=m y t !re 0 a   
scrap ( pap] on ! sidewalk1 or t pap]   
exi/$ some:]e 9 ! univ]se1 y w\ld ?9k   
him crazy or y\rself ! victim ( a poor  
joke4 ,to grasp a mean+1 to und]/&1 to  
id5tify a ?+ 9 a situation 9 :i* x is   
important1 are ?us equival5t t]ms2 !y   
express ! n]ves ( our intellectual life4
 ,)\t !m !re is 7a7 lack ( intellectual 
cont5t1 or 7b7 intellectual confusion & 
p]plexity1 or else 7c7 intellectual     
p]v]sion--nons5se1 insanity4  ,sid5ote3 
,k & mean+  ,all k1 all sci5ce1 ?us aims
 to grasp ! mean+ ( objects & ev5ts1 &  
?is process always consi/s 9 tak+ !m out
 ( _! app>5t brute isolation z ev5ts1 & 
f9d+ !m to be p>ts ( "s l>g] :ole       
sugge/$ by !m1 :i*1 9 turn1 acc\nts =1  

expla9s1 int]prets !m2 i4e4 r5d]s !m    
significant4 7,comp>e above1 p4 #ge47   
,suppose t a /one ) peculi> m>k+s has   
be5 f\nd4 ,:at d ^! scrat*es mean8 ,s f>
 z ! object =ces ! rais+ ( ?is "q1 x is 
n und]/ood2 :ile s f> z ! color & =m t  
we see mean to u a /one1 ! object is    
und]/ood4 ,x is su* peculi> comb9ations 
( ! und]/ood & ! nonund]/ood t provoke  
?\ght4 ,if at ! end ( ! inquiry1 ! m>k+s
 are decid$ to mean glacial scrat*es1   
obscure & p]plex+ traits h be5 translat$
 into mean+s already und]/ood3 namely1 !
 mov+ & gr9d+ p[] ( l>ge bodies ( ice & 
! friction ?us induc$ ( "o rock ^u      
ano!r4 ,some?+ already und]/ood 9 "o    
situation has be5 transf]r$ & appli$ to 
:at is /range & p]plex+ 9 ano!r1 & !reby
 ! latt] has become pla9 & famili>1 i4e4
 und]/ood4 ,?is summ>y illu/ration      
discloses t our p[] to ?9k effectively  
dep5ds ^u possession ( a capital fund ( 
mean+s :i* may be appli$ :5 desir$4     
7,comp>e :at 0 said ab\t d$uction1 p4   
#id47   ,,ii4 ,,direct ,,& ,,indirect   

,,und]/&+  ,sid5ote3 ,direct & circuit\s
 und]/&+  ,9 ! above illu/rations two   
types ( grasp+ ( mean+ are exemplifi$4  
,:5 ! ,engli% language is und]/ood1 !   
p]son grasps at once ! mean+ ( pap]4 ,he
 may n1 h[ev]1 see any mean+ or s5se 9 !
 p]=mance z a :ole4 ,simil>ly1 ! p]son  
id5tifies ! object on sight z a /one2   
!re is no secret1 no my/]y1 no p]plexity
 ab\t t4 ,b he does n und]/& ! m>k+s on 
x4 ,!y h "s mean+1 b :at is x8 ,9 "o    
case1 ow+ to famili> acqua9tance1 ! ?+ &
 its mean+1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 are "o4 
,9 ! o!r1 ! ?+ & its mean+ are1         
tempor>ily at lea/1 sund]$1 & mean+ has 
to be s\ght 9 ord] to und]/& ! ?+4 ,9 "o
 case und]/&+ is direct1 prompt1        
imm$iate2 9 ! o!r1 x is r\ndab\t &      
delay$4  ,sid5ote3 ,int]action ( ! two  
types  ,mo/ languages h two sets ( words
 to express ^! two modes ( und]/&+2 "o =
 ! direct tak+ 9 or grasp ( mean+1 ! o!r
 = its circuit\s appreh5sion1 ?us3      
,greek3 gnonai & ,greek3 eid5ai 9       
,greek2 nosc]e & scire 9 ,lat92 k5n5 &  

wiss5 9 ,g]man2 connaitre & savoir 9    
,fr5*2 :ile 9 ,engli% to be acqua9t$ ) &
 to "k ( or ab\t h be5 sugge/$ z        
equival5ts4#bb ,n[ our intellectual life
 consi/s ( a peculi> int]action betwe5  
^! two types ( und]/&+4 ,all judgm5t1   
all reflective inf]5ce1 presupposes "s  
lack ( und]/&+1 a p>tial abs5ce ( mean+4
 ,we reflect 9 ord] t we may get hold ( 
! full & adequate significance ( :at    
happ5s4 ,nev]!less1 some?+ mu/ be       
already und]/ood1 ! m9d mu/ be 9        
possession ( "s mean+ :i* x has ma/]$1  
or else ?9k+ is impossible4 ,we ?9k 9   
ord] to grasp mean+1 b none ! less e    
ext5sion ( k makes u aw>e ( bl9d &      
opaque spots1 :]e ) less k all _h seem$ 
obvi\s & natural4 ,a sci5ti/ br\ght into
 a new di/rict w f9d _m ?+s t he does n 
und]/&1 :]e ! native savage or ru/ic w  
be :olly oblivi\s to any mean+s beyond  
^? directly app>5t4 ,"s ,indians br\ght 
to a l>ge city rema9$ /olid at ! sight (
 me*anical wond]s ( bridge1 trolley1 &  
telephone1 b 7 held spellb\nd by ! sight

 ( workm5 climb+ poles to repair wires4 
,increase ( ! /ore ( mean+s makes u     
consci\s ( new problems1 :ile only ?r\gh
 translation ( ! new p]plexities into   
:at is already famili> & pla9 d we      
und]/& or solve ^! problems4 ,?is is !  
con/ant spiral movem5t ( k4      #bb    
,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4   
,i1 p4 #bba4 ,to "k     & to "k t are   
p]haps m precise equival5ts2 comp>e ,i  
"k him & ,i "k t he has gone home4 ,!   
=m] expresses a     fact simply2 = !    
latt]1 evid5ce might be dem&$ &         
suppli$4  ,sid5ote3 ,intellectual       
progress a rhy?m  ,our progress 9 g5u9e 
k always consi/s 9 "p 9 ! discov]y (    
some?+ n und]/ood 9 :at _h previ\sly be5
 tak5 = grant$ z pla91 obvi\s1          
matt]-(-c\rse1 & 9 "p 9 ! use ( mean+s t
 are directly grasp$ )\t "q1 z in/rum5ts
 = gett+ hold ( obscure1 d\btful1 &     
p]plex+ mean+s4 ,no object is s famili>1
 s obvi\s1 s commonplace t x may n      
unexpect$ly pres5t1 9 a novel situation1
 "s problem1 & ?us ar\se reflection 9   

ord] to und]/& x4 ,no object or pr9ciple
 is s /range1 peculi>1 or remote t x may
 n be dwelt ^u till its mean+ becomes   
famili>--tak5 9 on sight )\t reflection4
 ,we may come to see1 p]ceive1          
recognize1 grasp1 seize1 lay hold (     
pr9ciples1 laws1 ab/ract tru?s--i4e4 to 
und]/& _! mean+ 9 v imm$iate fa%ion4    
,our intellectual progress consi/s1 z   
has be5 said1 9 a rhy?m ( direct        
und]/&+--te*nically call$ appreh5sion--)
 indirect1 m$iat$ und]/&+--te*nically   
call$ compreh5sion4   ,sec4 #b4 ,!      
,process ( ,acquir+ ,mean+s  ,sid5ote3  
,famili>ity  ,! fir/ problem t comes up 
9 connection ) direct und]/&+ is h[ a   
/ore ( directly appreh5sible mean+s is  
built up4 ,h[ d we le>n to view ?+s on  
sight z significant memb]s ( a          
situation1 or z hav+1 z a matt] ( c\rse1
 specific mean+s8 ,our *ief difficulty 9
 answ]+ ?is "q lies 9 ! ?or\ghness ) :i*
 ! lesson ( famili> ?+s has be5 le>nt4  
,?\ght c m easily trav]se an unexplor$  
region ?an x c undo :at has be5 s       

?or\ghly done z to be +ra9$ 9 unconsci\s
 habit4 ,we appreh5d *airs1 tables1     
books1 trees1 horses1 cl\ds1 />s1 ra91 s
 promptly & directly t x is h>d to      
realize t z mean+s !y _h once to be     
acquir$1--! mean+s are n[ s mu* p>ts ( !
 ?+s !mselves4  ,sid5ote3 ,confusion is 
prior to famili>ity  ,9 an (t5 quot$    
passage1 ,mr4 ,james has said3 ,! baby1 
assail$ by eyes1 e>s1 nose1 sk91 &      
entrails at once1 feels x all z "o great
 bloom+1 buzz+ confusion4#bc ,mr4 ,james
 is speak+ ( a baby's _w tak5 z a :ole2 
! description1 h[ev]1 is equally        
applicable to ! way any new ?+ /rikes an
 adult1 s f> z ! ?+ is really new &     
/range4 ,to ! traditional cat 9 a /range
 g>ret1 ev]y?+ is blurr$ & confus$2 !   
wont$ m>ks t label ?+s s z to sep>ate !m
 f "o ano!r are lack+4 ,=eign languages 
t we d n und]/& always seem jabb]+s1    
babbl+s1 9 :i* x is impossible to fix a 
def9ite1 cle>-cut1 individualiz$ gr\p ( 
s\nds4 ,! c\ntryman 9 ! cr[d$ city      
/reet1 ! l&lubb] at sea1 ! ignoramus 9  

sport at a conte/ betwe5 exp]ts 9 a     
complicat$ game1 are fur!r in/ances4    
,put an unexp]i5c$ man 9 a factory1 & at
 fir/ ! "w seems to him a mean+less     
m$ley4 ,all /rang]s ( ano!r race        
prov]bially look alike to ! visit+      
=eign]4 ,only gross diff]5ces ( size or 
color are p]ceiv$ by an outsid] 9 a     
flock ( %eep1 ea* ( :i* is p]fectly     
individualiz$ to ! %eph]d4 ,a diffusive 
blur & an indiscrim9ately %ift+ suction 
*>act]ize :at we d n und]/&4 ,! problem 
( ! acquisition ( mean+ by ?+s1 or 7/at$
 9 ano!r way7 ( =m+ habits ( simple     
appreh5sion1 is ?us ! problem (         
introduc+ 7i7 def9it5ess & di/9ction &  
7ii7 consi/5cy or /ability ( mean+ into 
:at is o!rwise vague & wav]+4      #bc  
,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 p4    
#dhh4  ,sid5ote3 ,practical responses   
cl>ify confusion  ,! acquisition (      
def9it5ess & ( coh]5cy 7or con/ancy7 (  
mean+s is d]iv$ prim>ily f practical    
activities4 ,by roll+ an object1 ! *ild 
makes its r\ndness appreciable2 by b\nc+

 x1 he s+les out its ela/icity2 by ?r[+ 
x1 he makes weight its conspicu\s       
di/9ctive factor4 ,n ?r\gh ! s5ses1 b by
 means ( ! reaction1 ! responsive       
adju/m5t1 is ! impression made          
di/9ctive1 & giv5 a "* m>k$ (f f o!r    
qualities t call out unlike reactions4  
,*ildr51 = example1 are usually q sl[ 9 
appreh5d+ diff]5ces ( color4 ,diff]5ces 
f ! /&po9t ( ! adult s gl>+ t x is      
impossible n to note !m are recogniz$ & 
recall$ ) great difficulty4 ,d\btless !y
 d n all feel alike1 b !re is no        
intellectual recognition ( :at makes !  
diff]5ce4 ,! r$ness or gre5ness or      
blu5ess ( ! object does n t5d to call   
out a reaction t is suffici5tly peculi> 
to give prom95ce or di/9ction to ! color
 trait4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 c]ta9        
*>act]i/ic habitual responses associate 
!mselves ) c]ta9 ?+s2 ! :ite becomes !  
sign1 say1 ( milk & sug>1 to :i* ! *ild 
reacts favorably2 blue becomes ! sign ( 
a dress t ! *ild likes to we>1 & s on3 &
 ! di/9ctive reactions t5d to s+le out  

color qualities f o!r ?+s 9 :i* !y _h   
be5 subm]g$4  ,sid5ote3 ,we id5tify by  
use or function  ,take ano!r example4   
,we h little difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ f "o 
ano!r rakes1 hoes1 pl[s & h>r[s1 %ovels 
& spades4 ,ea* has its own associat$    
*>act]i/ic use & function4 ,we may h1   
h[ev]1 great difficulty 9 recall+ !     
diff]5ce betwe5 s]rate & d5tate1 ovoid &
 obovoid1 9 ! %apes & edges ( leaves1 or
 betwe5 acids 9 ic & 9 ous4 ,!re is "s  
diff]5ce2 b j :at8 ,or1 we "k :at !     
diff]5ce is2 b :i* is :i*8 ,v>iations 9 
=m1 size1 color1 & arrangem5t ( p>ts h  
mu* less to d1 & ! uses1 purposes1 &    
functions ( ?+s & ( _! p>ts mu* m to d1 
) di/9ctness ( "* & mean+ ?an we %\ld be
 likely to ?9k4 ,:at misleads u is !    
fact t ! qualities ( =m1 size1 color1 & 
s on1 are n[ s di/9ct t we fail to see t
 ! problem is precisely to acc\nt = !   
way 9 :i* !y orig9ally obta9$ _!        
def9it5ess & conspicu\sness4 ,s f> z we 
sit passive be=e objects1 !y are n      
di/+ui%$ out ( a vague blur :i* swall[s 

!m all4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! pit* & int5sity (
 s\nds leave beh9d a diff]5t feel+1 b   
until we assume diff]5t attitudes t[>d  
!m1 or d some?+ special 9 ref]5ce to !m1
 _! vague diff]5ce _c be intellectually 
gripp$ & reta9$4  ,sid5ote3 ,*ildr5's   
draw+s illu/rate dom9ation by value     
,*ildr5's draw+s af=d a fur!r           
exemplification ( ! same pr9ciple4      
,p]spective does n exi/1 = ! *ild's     
int]e/ is n 9 pictorial repres5tation1 b
 9 ! ?+s repres5t$2 & :ile p]spective is
 ess5tial to ! =m]1 x is no "p ( !      
*>act]i/ic uses & values ( ! ?+s        
!mselves4 ,! h\se is drawn ) transp>5t  
walls1 because ! rooms1 *airs1 b$s1 p   
inside1 are ! important ?+s 9 !         
h\se-mean+2 smoke always comes out ( !  
*imney--o!rwise1 :y h a *imney at all8  
,at ,*ri/mas "t1 ! /ock+s may be drawn  
almo/ z l>ge z ! h\se or ev5 s l>ge t !y
 h to be put outside ( x3--9 any case1 x
 is ! scale ( values 9 use t furni%es ! 
scale = _! qualities1 ! pictures be+    
diagrammatic rem9d]s ( ^! values1 n     

imp>tial records ( physical & s5sory    
qualities4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties    
felt by mo/ p]sons 9 le>n+ ! art (      
pictorial repres5tation is t habitual   
uses & results ( use h become s         
intimately read into ! "* ( ?+s t x is  
practically impossible to %ut !m out at 
w4  ,sid5ote3 ,z d s\nds us$ z language 
signs  ,! acquir+ ( mean+ by s\nds1 9   
virtue ( :i* !y become words1 is p]haps 
! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration t c be f\nd ( ! 
way 9 :i* m]e s5sory /imuli acquire     
def9it5ess & con/ancy ( mean+ & are     
!reby !mselves def9$ & int]connect$ =   
purposes ( recognition4 ,language is a  
specially good example because !re are  
hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( words 9 :i* mean+
 is n[ s ?or\ghly consolidat$ ) physical
 qualities z to be directly appreh5d$1  
:ile 9 ! case ( words x is easi] to     
recognize t ?is connection has be5      
gradually & labori\sly acquir$ ?an 9 !  
case ( physical objects su* z *airs1    
tables1 buttons1 trees1 /ones1 hills1   
fl[]s1 & s on1 :]e x seems z if ! union 

( intellectual "* & mean+ ) ! physical  
fact 7 aborig9al1 & ?ru/ ^u u passively 
r ?an acquir$ ?r\gh active explorations4
 ,& 9 ! case ( ! mean+ ( words1 we see  
readily t x is by mak+ s\nds & not+ !   
results :i* foll[1 by li/5+ to ! s\nds (
 o!rs & wat*+ ! activities :i* accompany
 !m1 t a giv5 s\nd f9ally becomes !     
/able be>] ( a mean+4  ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y
  ,famili> acqua9tance ) mean+s ?us     
signifies t we h acquir$ 9 ! pres5ce (  
objects def9ite attitudes ( response :i*
 lead u1 )\t reflection1 to anticipate  
c]ta9 possible consequ5ces4 ,!          
def9it5ess ( ! expectation def9es !     
mean+ or takes x out ( ! vague & pulpy2 
its habitual1 recurr5t "* gives ! mean+ 
con/ancy1 /ability1 consi/5cy1 or takes 
x out ( ! fluctuat+ & wav]+4   ,sec4 #c4
 ,conceptions & ,mean+  ,sid5ote3 ,a    
conception is a def9ite mean+  ,! ^w    
mean+ is a famili> ev]yday t]m2 ! words 
conception1 notion1 are bo? popul> &    
te*nical t]ms4 ,/rictly speak+1 !y      
involve1 h[ev]1 no?+ new2 any mean+     

suffici5tly individualiz$ to be directly
 grasp$ & readily us$1 & ?us fix$ by a  
^w1 is a conception or notion4          
,l+ui/ically1 e common n\n is ! c>ri] ( 
a mean+1 :ile prop] n\ns & common n\ns )
 ! ^w ?is or t prefix$1 ref] to ! ?+s 9 
:i* ! mean+s are exemplifi$4 ,t ?9k+ bo?
 employs & exp&s notions1 conceptions1  
is !n simply say+ t 9 inf]5ce & judgm5t 
we use mean+s1 & t ?is use also corrects
 & wid5s !m4  ,sid5ote3 :i* is /&>diz$  
,v>i\s p]sons talk ab\t an object n     
physically pres5t1 & yet all get ! same 
mat]ial ( belief4 ,! same p]son 9       
diff]5t mom5ts (t5 ref]s to ! same      
object or k9d ( objects4 ,! s5se        
exp]i5ce1 ! physical conditions1 !      
psy*ological conditions1 v>y1 b ! same  
mean+ is cons]v$4 ,if p\nds arbitr>ily  
*ang$ _! weight1 & foot rules _! l5g?1  
:ile we 7 us+ !m1 obvi\sly we c\ld n    
weigh nor measure4 ,?is w\ld be our     
intellectual position if mean+s c\ld n  
be ma9ta9$ ) a c]ta9 /ability & con/ancy
 ?r\gh a v>iety ( physical & p]sonal    

*anges4  ,sid5ote3 ,by x we id5tify !   
unkn[n  ,sid5ote3 & supplem5t ! s5sibly 
pres5t  ,sid5ote3 & also sy/ematize ?+s 
,to insi/ ^u ! fundam5tal importance (  
conceptions w\ld1 accord+ly1 only repeat
 :at has be5 said4 ,we %all m]ely       
summ>ize1 say+ t conceptions1 or /&>d   
mean+s1 are in/rum5ts 7i7 (             
id5tification1 7ii7 ( supplem5tation1 & 
7iii7 ( plac+ 9 a sy/em4 ,suppose a     
little speck ( light hi!rto unse5 is    
detect$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,unless !re is a    
/ore ( mean+s to fall back ^u z tools ( 
inquiry & reason+1 t speck ( light w    
rema9 j :at x is to ! s5ses--a m]e speck
 ( light4 ,= all t x leads to1 x might z
 well be a m]e irritation ( ! optic     
n]ve4 ,giv5 ! /ock ( mean+s acquir$ 9   
prior exp]i5ce1 ?is speck ( light is    
m5tally attack$ by means ( appropriate  
concepts4 ,does x indicate a/]oid1 or   
comet1 or a new-=m+ sun1 or a nebula    
result+ f "s cosmic collision or        
dis9tegration8 ,ea* ( ^! conceptions has
 its own specific & diff]5tiat+ *>act]s1

 :i* are !n s\ght = by m9ute & p]si/5t  
inquiry4 ,z a result1 !n1 ! speck is    
id5tifi$1 we w say1 z a comet4 ,?r\gh a 
/&>d mean+1 x gets id5tity & /ability ( 
"*4 ,supplem5tation !n takes place4 ,all
 ! kn[n qualities ( comets are read into
 ?is p>ticul> ?+1 ev5 ?\gh !y h n be5 z 
yet obs]v$4 ,all t ! a/ronom]s ( ! pa/ h
 le>n$ ab\t ! pa?s & /ructure ( comets  
becomes available capital ) :i* to      
int]pret ! speck ( light4 ,f9ally1 ?is  
comet-mean+ is itself n isolat$2 x is a 
relat$ portion ( ! :ole sy/em (         
a/ronomic k4 ,suns1 planets1 satellites1
 nebulae1 comets1 meteors1 /> du/--all  
^! conceptions h a c]ta9 mutuality (    
ref]5ce & int]action1 & :5 ! speck (    
light is id5tifi$ z mean+ a comet1 x is 
at once adopt$ z a full memb] 9 ?is va/ 
k+dom ( beliefs4  ,sid5ote3 ,importance 
( sy/em to k  ,d>w91 9 an               
autobiographical sket*1 says t :5 a y\? 
he told ! geologi/1 ,sidgwick1 ( f9d+ a 
tropical %ell 9 a c]ta9 gravel pit4     
,!reupon ,sidgwick said x mu/ h be5 ?r[n

 !re by "s p]son1 add+3 ,b if x 7 really
 emb$d$ !re1 x w\ld be ! greate/        
mis=tune to geology1 because x w\ld     
ov]?r[ all t we "k ab\t ! sup]ficial    
deposits ( ! ,midl& ,c\nties--s9ce !y 7 
glacial4 ,& !n ,d>w9 adds3 ,i 0 !n      
utt]ly a/oni%$ at ,sidgwick n be+       
delight$ at s wond]ful a fact z a       
tropical %ell be+ f\nd ne> ! surface 9 !
 middle ( ,engl&4 ,no?+ be=e _h made me 
?or\ghly realize t sci5ce consi/s 9     
gr\p+ facts s t g5]al laws or           
conclusions may be drawn f !m4 ,?is     
in/ance 7:i* might1 ( c\rse1 be         
duplicat$ f any bran* ( sci5ce7         
indicates h[ sci5tific notions make     
explicit ! sy/ematiz+ t5d5cy involv$ 9  
all use ( concepts4   ,sec4 #d4 ,:at    
,conceptions are ,n  ,! idea t a        
conception is a mean+ t supplies a /&>d 
rule = ! id5tification & plac+ (        
p>ticul>s may be contra/$ ) "s curr5t   
misappreh5sions ( its nature4  ,sid5ote3
 ,a concept is n a b>e residue  #a4     
,conceptions are n d]iv$ f a multitude (

 diff]5t def9ite objects by leav+ out ! 
qualities 9 :i* !y diff] & reta9+ ^? 9  
:i* !y agree4 ,! orig9 ( concepts is    
sometimes describ$ to be z if a *ild    
began ) a lot ( diff]5t p>ticul> ?+s1   
say p>ticul> dogs2 8 own ,fido1 8       
neighbor's ,c>lo1 8 c\s9's ,tray4 ,hav+ 
all ^! diff]5t objects be=e him1 he     
analyzes !m into a lot ( diff]5t        
qualities1 say 7a7 color1 7b7 size1 7c7 
%ape1 7d7 numb] ( legs1 7e7 quantity &  
quality ( hair1 7f7 dige/ive organs1 & s
 on2 & !n /rikes out all ! unlike       
qualities 7su* z color1 size1 %ape1     
hair71 reta9+ traits su* z quadrup$ &   
dome/icat$1 :i* !y all h 9 g5]al4       
,sid5ote3 b an active attitude  ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 ! *ild beg9s ) :atev]     
significance he has got out ( ! "o dog  
he has se51 he>d1 & h&l$4 ,he has f\nd t
 he c c>ry ov] f "o exp]i5ce ( ?is      
object to subsequ5t exp]i5ce c]ta9      
expectations ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ic modes ( 
behavior--may expect ^! ev5 be=e !y %[  
!mselves4 ,he t5ds to assume ?is        

attitude ( anticipation :5ev] any clue  
or /imulus pres5ts itself2 :5ev] !      
object gives him any excuse = x4 ,?us he
 might call cats little dogs1 or horses 
big dogs4 ,b f9d+ t o!r expect$ traits &
 modes ( behavior are n fulfill$1 he is 
=c$ to ?r[ out c]ta9 traits f !         
dog-mean+1 :ile by contra/ 7see p4 #ij7 
c]ta9 o!r traits are select$ &          
emphasiz$4 ,z he fur!r applies ! mean+  
to o!r dogs1 ! dog-mean+ gets /ill fur!r
 def9$ & ref9$4 ,he does n beg9 ) a lot 
( ready-made objects f :i* he extracts a
 common mean+2 he tries to apply to e   
new exp]i5ce :atev] f 8 old exp]i5ce w  
help him und]/& x1 & z ?is process (    
con/ant assumption & exp]im5tation is   
fulfill$ & refut$ by results1 8         
conceptions get body & cle>ness4        
,sid5ote3 ,x is g5]al because ( its     
application  #b4 ,simil>ly1 conceptions 
are g5]al because ( _! use &            
application1 n because ( _! +r$i5ts4 ,! 
view ( ! orig9 ( conception 9 an        
impossible sort ( analysis has z its    

c\nt]p>t ! idea t ! conception is made  
up out ( all ! l elem5ts t rema9 aft]   
dissection ( a numb] ( individuals4 ,n  
s2 ! mom5t a mean+ is ga9$1 x is a work+
 tool ( fur!r appreh5sions1 an in/rum5t 
( und]/&+ o!r ?+s4 ,!reby ! mean+ is    
ext5d$ to cov] !m4 ,g5]ality resides 9  
application to ! compreh5sion ( new     
cases1 n 9 con/itu5t p>ts4 ,a collection
 ( traits left z ! common residuum1 !   
caput mortuum1 ( a million objects1 w\ld
 be m]ely a collection1 an inv5tory or  
aggregate1 n a g5]al idea2 a /rik+ trait
 emphasiz$ 9 any "o exp]i5ce :i* !n s]v$
 to help und]/& "s "o o!r exp]i5ce1 w\ld
 become1 9 virtue ( t s]vice (          
application1 9 s f> g5]al4 ,syn!sis is n
 a matt] ( me*anical addition1 b (      
application ( some?+ discov]$ 9 "o case 
to br+ o!r cases into l9e4   ,sec4 #e4  
,def9ition & ,organization ( ,mean+s    
,sid5ote3 ,def9it5ess v]sus vagu5ess    
,sid5ote3 ,9 ! ab/ract mean+ is int5sion
  ,sid5ote3 ,9 its application x is     
ext5sion  ,a be+ t _c und]/& at all is  

at lea/ protect$ f mis-und]/&+s4 ,b be+s
 t get k by means ( inf]r+ & int]pret+1 
by judg+ :at ?+s signify 9 relation to  
"o ano!r1 are con/antly expos$ to !     
dang] ( mis-appreh5sion1 mis-und]/&+1   
mis-tak+--tak+ a ?+ amiss4 ,a con/ant   
s\rce ( misund]/&+ & mi/ake is          
indef9it5ess ( mean+4 ,?r\gh vagu5ess ( 
mean+ we misund]/& o!r p1 ?+s1 &        
ourselves2 ?r\gh its ambiguity we di/ort
 & p]v]t4 ,consci\s di/ortion ( mean+   
may be enjoy$ z nons5se2 errone\s       
mean+s1 if cle>-cut1 may be foll[$ up & 
got rid (4 ,b vague mean+s are too      
gelat9\s to (f] matt] = analysis1 & too 
pulpy to af=d support to o!r beliefs4   
,!y evade te/+ & responsibility4        
,vagu5ess disguises ! unconsci\s mix+   
toge!r ( diff]5t mean+s1 & facilitates !
 sub/itution ( "o mean+ = ano!r1 & cov]s
 up ! failure to h any precise mean+ at 
all4 ,x is ! aborig9al logical s9--!    
s\rce f :i* fl[ mo/ bad intellectual    
consequ5ces4 ,totally to elim9ate       
indef9it5ess is impossible2 to r$uce x 9

 ext5t & 9 =ce requires s9c]ity & vigor4
 ,to be cle> or p]spicu\s a mean+ mu/ be
 deta*$1 s+le1 self-conta9$1 homog5e\s z
 x 71 ?r\gh\t4 ,! te*nical "n = any     
mean+ :i* is ?us individualiz$ is       
int5sion4 ,! process ( arriv+ at su*    
units ( mean+ 7& ( /at+ !m :5 rea*$7 is 
def9ition4 ,! int5sion ( ! t]ms man1    
riv]1 se$1 hone/y1 capital1 supreme     
c\rt1 is ! mean+ t exclusively &        
*>act]i/ically atta*es to ^? t]ms4 ,?is 
mean+ is set =? 9 ! def9itions ( ^?     
words4 ,! te/ ( ! di/9ctness ( a mean+  
is t x %all successfully m>k (f a gr\p (
 ?+s t exemplify ! mean+ f o!r gr\ps1   
especially ( ^? objects t convey ne>ly  
alli$ mean+s4 ,! riv]-mean+ 7or "*7 mu/ 
s]ve to designate ! ,rhone1 ! ,rh9e1 !  
,mississippi1 ! ,hudson1 ! ,waba%1 9    
spite ( _! v>ieties ( place1 l5g?1      
quality ( wat]2 & mu/ be su* z n to     
sugge/ ocean curr5ts1 ponds1 or brooks4 
,?is use ( a mean+ to m>k (f & gr\p     
toge!r a v>iety ( di/9ct exi/5ces       
con/itutes its ext5sion4  ,sid5ote3     

,def9ition & division  ,z def9ition sets
 =? int5sion1 s division 7or ! rev]se   
process1 classification7 exp\nds        
ext5sion4 ,int5sion & ext5sion1         
def9ition & division1 are cle>ly        
correlative2 9 language previ\sly us$1  
int5sion is mean+ z a pr9ciple (        
id5tify+ p>ticul>s2 ext5sion is ! gr\p (
 p>ticul>s id5tifi$ & di/+ui%$4 ,mean+1 
z ext5sion1 w\ld be :olly 9 ! air or    
unreal1 did x n po9t to "s object or    
gr\p ( objects2 :ile objects w\ld be z  
isolat$ & indep5d5t intellectually z !y 
seem to be spatially1 7 !y n b\nd into  
gr\ps or classes on ! basis ( *>act]i/ic
 mean+s :i* !y con/antly sugge/ &       
exemplify4 ,tak5 toge!r1 def9ition &    
division put u 9 possession (           
individualiz$ or def9ite mean+s &       
indicate to :at gr\p ( objects mean+s   
ref]4 ,!y typify ! fixation & !         
organization ( mean+s4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i*
 ! mean+s ( any set ( exp]i5ces are s   
cle>$ up z to s]ve z pr9ciples = gr\p+  
^? exp]i5ces 9 relation to "o ano!r1 t  

set ( p>ticul>s becomes a sci5ce2 i4e4  
def9ition & classification are ! m>ks ( 
a sci5ce1 z di/9ct f bo? unrelat$ heaps 
( miscellane\s in=mation & f ! habits t 
introduce coh]5ce into our exp]i5ce )\t 
our be+ aw>e ( _! op]ation4  ,def9itions
 are ( ?ree types1 d5otative1           
expository1 sci5tific4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ &  
?ird are logically important1 :ile !    
expository type is socially &           
p$agogically important z an int]v5+ /ep4
  ,sid5ote3 ,we def9e by pick+ out  ,i4 
,d5otative4 ,a bl9d man c nev] h an     
adequate und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( color & r$2
 a see+ p]son c acquire ! k only by hav+
 c]ta9 ?+s designat$ 9 su* a way z to   
fix att5tion ^u "s ( _! qualities4 ,?is 
me?od ( delimit+ a mean+ by call+ out a 
c]ta9 attitude t[>d objects may be call$
 d5otative or indicative4 ,x is requir$ 
= all s5se qualities--s\nds1 ta/es1     
colors--& equally = all emotional &     
moral qualities4 ,! mean+s ( hone/y1    
sympa?y1 hatr$1 fe>1 mu/ be grasp$ by   
hav+ !m pres5t$ 9 an individual's       

fir/-h& exp]i5ce4 ,! reaction (         
educational re=m]s aga9/ l+ui/ic &      
booki% tra9+ has always tak5 ! =m (     
dem&+ rec\rse to p]sonal exp]i5ce4      
,h[ev] advanc$ ! p]son is 9 k & 9       
sci5tific tra9+1 und]/&+ ( a new        
subject1 or a new aspect ( an old       
subject1 mu/ always be ?r\gh ^! acts (  
exp]i5c+ directly ! exi/5ce or quality 9
 "q4  ,sid5ote3 & also by comb9+ :at is 
already m def9ite1  #b4 ,expository4    
,giv5 a c]ta9 /ore ( mean+s :i* h be5   
directly or d5otatively m>k$ out1       
language becomes a res\rce by :i*       
imag9ative comb9ations & v>iations may  
be built up4 ,a color may be def9$ to "o
 :o has n exp]i5c$ x z ly+ betwe5 gre5 &
 blue2 a tig] may be def9$ 7i4e4 ! idea 
( x made m def9ite7 by select+ "s       
qualities f kn[n memb]s ( ! cat tribe & 
comb9+ !m ) qualities ( size & weight   
d]iv$ f o!r objects4 ,illu/rations are (
 ! nature ( expository def9itions2 s are
 ! acc\nts ( mean+s giv5 9 a diction>y4 
,by tak+ bett]-kn[n mean+s & associat+  

!m1--! atta9$ /ore ( mean+s ( !         
community 9 :i* "o resides is put at    
"o's disposal4 ,b 9 !mselves ^!         
def9itions are secondh& & conv5tional2  
!re is dang] t in/ead ( incit+ "o to    
ef=t aft] p]sonal exp]i5ces t w         
exemplify & v]ify !m1 !y w be accept$ on
 au?ority z sub/itutes4  ,sid5ote3 & by 
discov]+ me?od ( production  #c4        
,sci5tific4 ,ev5 popul> def9itions s]ve 
z rules = id5tify+ & classify+          
individuals1 b ! purpose ( su*          
id5tifications & classifications is     
ma9ly practical & social1 n             
intellectual4 ,to conceive ! :ale z a   
fi% does n int]f]e ) ! success ( :al]s1 
nor does x prev5t recognition ( a :ale  
:5 se51 :ile to conceive x n z fi% b z  
mammal s]ves ! practical end equally    
well1 & also furni%es a mu* m valuable  
pr9ciple = sci5tific id5tification &    
classification4 ,popul> def9itions      
select c]ta9 fairly obvi\s traits z keys
 to classification4 ,sci5tific          
def9itions select conditions (          

causation1 production1 & g5]ation z _!  
*>act]i/ic mat]ial4 ,! traits us$ by !  
popul> def9ition d n help u to und]/& :y
 an object has its common mean+s &      
qualities2 !y simply /ate ! fact t x    
does h !m4 ,causal & g5etic def9itions  
fix ^u ! way an object is con/ruct$ z ! 
key to its be+ a c]ta9 k9d ( object1 &  
!reby expla9 :y x has its class or      
common traits4  ,sid5ote3 ,contra/ (    
causal & descriptive def9itions         
,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce is ! mo/ p]fect type (
 k because x uses causal def9itions     
,if1 = example1 a layman ( consid]able  
practical exp]i5ce 7 ask$ :at he meant  
or und]/ood by metal1 he w\ld probably  
reply 9 t]ms ( ! qualities useful 7i7 9 
recogniz+ any giv5 metal & 7ii7 9 !     
arts4 ,smoo?ness1 h>dness1 gloss9ess1 & 
brilliancy1 heavy weight = its size1    
w\ld probably be includ$ 9 8 def9ition1 
because su* traits enable u to id5tify  
specific ?+s :5 we see & t\* !m2 !      
s]viceable prop]ties ( capacity = be+   
hamm]$ & pull$ )\t break+1 ( be+ s(t5$  

by heat & h>d5$ by cold1 ( reta9+ ! %ape
 & =m giv51 ( resi/ance to pressure &   
decay1 w\ld probably be includ$--:e!r or
 n su* t]ms z malleable or fusible 7    
us$4 ,n[ a sci5tific conception1 in/ead 
( us+1 ev5 ) additions1 traits ( ?is    
k9d1 det]m9es mean+ on a diff]5t basis4 
,! pres5t def9ition ( metal is ab\t l   
?is3 ,metal means any *emical elem5t t  
ent]s into comb9ation ) oxyg5 s z to =m 
a base1 i4e4 a comp\nd t comb9es ) an   
acid to =m a salt4 ,?is sci5tific       
def9ition is f\nd$1 n on directly       
p]ceiv$ qualities nor on directly useful
 prop]ties1 b on ! way 9 :i* c]ta9 ?+s  
are causally relat$ to o!r ?+s2 i4e4 x  
d5otes a relation4 ,z *emical concepts  
become m & m ^? ( relation%ips (        
int]action 9 con/itut+ o!r sub/ances1 s 
physical concepts express m & m         
relations ( op]ation3 ma!matical1 z     
express+ functions ( dep5d5ce & ord] (  
gr\p+2 biological1 relations (          
diff]5tiation ( desc5t1 effect$ ?r\gh   
adju/m5t ( v>i\s environm5ts2 & s on    

?r\gh ! sph]e ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 %ort1 our 
conceptions atta9 a maximum ( def9ite   
individuality & ( g5]ality 7or          
applicability7 9 ! degree to :i* !y %[  
h[ ?+s dep5d ^u "o ano!r or influ5ce "o 
ano!r1 in/ead ( express+ ! qualities t  
objects possess /atically4 ,! ideal ( a 
sy/em ( sci5tific conceptions is to     
atta9 cont9uity1 fre$om1 & flexibility (
 transition 9 pass+ f any fact & mean+  
to any o!r2 ?is dem& is met 9 ! degree 9
 :i* we lay hold ( ! dynamic ties t hold
 ?+s toge!r 9 a cont9u\sly *ang+        
process--a pr9ciple t /ates insight into
 mode ( production or gr[?4     ,,*apt] 
,,t5  ,,concrete ,,& ,,ab/ract ,,?9k+   
,sid5ote3 ,false notions ( concrete &   
ab/ract  ,! maxim enjo9$ ^u tea*]s1 to  
proce$ f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 is    
p]haps famili> r ?an compreh5d$4 ,few :o
 read & he> x ga9 a cle> conception ( ! 
/>t+-po9t1 ! concrete2 ( ! nature ( !   
goal1 ! ab/ract2 & ( ! exact nature ( ! 
pa? to be trav]s$ 9 go+ f "o to ! o!r4  
,at times ! injunction is positively    

misund]/ood1 be+ tak5 to mean t         
education %\ld advance f ?+s to ?\ght--z
 if any deal+ ) ?+s 9 :i* ?9k+ is n     
involv$ c\ld possibly be educative4 ,s  
und]/ood1 ! maxim enc\rages me*anical   
r\t9e or s5su\s excitation at "o end ( !
 educational scale--! l[]--& academic & 
unappli$ le>n+ at ! upp] end4           
,actually1 all deal+ ) ?+s1 ev5 !       
*ild's1 is imm]s$ 9 inf]5ces2 ?+s are   
clo!d by ! sugge/ions !y ar\se1 & are   
significant z *all5ges to int]pretation 
or z evid5ces to sub/antiate a belief4  
,no?+ c\ld be m unnatural ?an in/ruction
 9 ?+s )\t ?\ght2 9 s5se-p]ceptions )\t 
judgm5ts bas$ ^u !m4 ,& if ! ab/ract to 
:i* we are to proce$ d5otes ?\ght ap>t f
 ?+s1 ! goal recomm5d$ is =mal & empty1 
= effective ?\ght always ref]s1 m or    
less directly1 to ?+s4  ,sid5ote3       
,direct & indirect und]/&+ aga9  ,yet ! 
maxim has a mean+ :i*1 und]/ood &       
supplem5t$1 /ates ! l9e ( developm5t (  
logical capacity4 ,:at is ?is           
signification8 ,concrete d5otes a mean+ 

def9itely m>k$ (f f o!r mean+s s t x is 
readily appreh5d$ by itself4 ,:5 we he> 
! words1 table1 *air1 /ove1 coat1 we d n
 h to reflect 9 ord] to grasp :at is    
meant4 ,! t]ms convey mean+ s directly t
 no ef=t at translat+ is ne$$4 ,! mean+s
 ( "s t]ms & ?+s1 h[ev]1 are grasp$ only
 by fir/ call+ to m9d m famili> ?+s & !n
 trac+ out connections betwe5 !m & :at  
we d n und]/&4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! =m] k9d
 ( mean+s is concrete2 ! latt] ab/ract4 
,sid5ote3 ,:at is famili> is m5tally    
concrete  ,to "o :o is ?or\ghly at home 
9 physics & *emi/ry1 ! notions ( atom & 
molecule are fairly concrete4 ,!y are   
con/antly us$ )\t involv+ any labor (   
?\ght 9 appreh5d+ :at !y mean4 ,b !     
layman & ! beg9n] 9 sci5ce h fir/ to    
rem9d !mselves ( ?+s ) :i* !y already   
are well acqua9t$1 & g ?r\gh a process (
 sl[ translation2 ! t]ms atom & molecule
 los+1 moreov]1 _! h>d-won mean+ only   
too easily if famili> ?+s1 & ! l9e (    
transition f !m to ! /range1 drop out ( 
m9d4 ,! same diff]5ce is illu/rat$ by   

any te*nical t]ms3 coeffici5t & expon5t 
9 algebra1 triangle & squ>e 9 _!        
geometric z di/9ct f _! popul> mean+s2  
capital & value z us$ 9 political       
economy1 & s on4  ,sid5ote3 ,practical  
?+s are famili>  ,! diff]5ce z not$ is  
purely relative to ! intellectual       
progress ( an individual2 :at is ab/ract
 at "o p]iod ( gr[? is concrete at      
ano!r2 or ev5 ! contr>y1 z "o f9ds t ?+s
 suppos$ to be ?or\ghly famili> involve 
/range factors & unsolv$ problems4 ,!re 
is1 nev]!less1 a g5]al l9e ( cleavage   
:i*1 decid+ ^u ! :ole :at ?+s fall )9 ! 
limits ( famili> acqua9tance & :at )\t1 
m>ks (f ! concrete & ! ab/ract 9 a m    
p]man5t way4 ,^! limits are fix$ ma9ly  
by ! dem&s ( practical life4 ,?+s su* z 
/icks & /ones1 meat & potatoes1 h\ses & 
trees1 are su* con/ant features ( !     
environm5t ( :i* we h to take acc\nt 9  
ord] to live1 t _! important mean+s are 
soon le>nt1 & indissolubly associat$ )  
objects4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) a ?+ 7or x  
is famili> to u7 :5 we h s mu* to d ) x 

t its /range & unexpect$ corn]s are     
rubb$ (f4 ,! necessities ( social       
int]c\rse convey to adults a l          
concret5ess ^u su* t]ms z taxes1        
elections1 wages1 ! law1 & s on4 ,?+s ! 
mean+ ( :i* ,i p]sonally d n take 9     
directly1 appliances ( cook1 c>p5t]1 or 
weav]1 = example1 are nev]!less         
unhesitat+ly class$ z concrete1 s9ce !y 
are s directly connect$ ) our common    
social life4  ,sid5ote3 ,! !oretical1 or
 /rictly intellectual1 is ab/ract  ,by  
contra/1 ! ab/ract is ! !oretical1 or t 
n intimately associat$ ) practical      
conc]ns4 ,! ab/ract ?9k] 7! man ( pure  
sci5ce z he is sometimes call$7         
delib]ately ab/racts f application 9    
life2 t is1 he leaves practical uses out
 ( acc\nt4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a m]ely      
negative /atem5t4 ,:at rema9s :5        
connections ) use & application are     
exclud$8 ,evid5tly only :at has to d )  
kn[+ consid]$ z an end 9 itself4 ,_m    
notions ( sci5ce are ab/ract1 n only    
because !y _c be und]/ood )\t a long    

appr5tice%ip 9 ! sci5ce 7:i* is equally 
true ( te*nical matt]s 9 ! arts71 b also
 because ! :ole cont5t ( _! mean+ has   
be5 fram$ = ! sole purpose ( facilitat+ 
fur!r k1 inquiry1 & speculation4 ,:5    
?9k+ is us$ z a means to "s end1 good1  
or value beyond itself1 x is concrete2  
:5 x is employ$ simply z a means to m   
?9k+1 x is ab/ract4 ,to a !ori/ an idea 
is adequate & self-conta9$ j because x  
engages & rew>ds ?\ght2 to a m$ical     
practition]1 an eng9e]1 an arti/1 a     
m]*ant1 a politician1 x is complete only
 :5 employ$ 9 ! fur!r+ ( "s int]e/ 9    
life--heal?1 weal?1 beauty1 goodness1   
success1 or :at y w4  ,sid5ote3         
,contempt = !ory  ,= ! great majority ( 
m5 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! practical  
exig5cies ( life are almo/1 if n q1     
co]cive4 ,_! ma9 bus9ess is ! prop]     
conduct ( _! affairs4 ,:atev] is (      
significance only z af=d+ scope = ?9k+  
is pallid & remote--almo/ artificial4   
,h5ce ! contempt felt by ! practical &  
successful executive = ! m]e !ori/2 h5ce

 8 conviction t c]ta9 ?+s may be all v  
well 9 !ory1 b t !y w n d 9 practice2 9 
g5]al1 ! depreciatory way 9 :i* he uses 
! t]ms ab/ract1 !oretical1 &            
intellectual--z di/9ct f intellig5t4    
,sid5ote3 ,b !ory is highly practical   
,?is attitude is ju/ifi$1 ( c\rse1 "u   
c]ta9 conditions4 ,b depreciation ( !ory
 does n conta9 ! :ole tru?1 z common or 
practical s5se recognizes4 ,!re is su* a
 ?+1 ev5 f ! common-s5se /&po9t1 z be+  
too practical1 z be+ s int5t ^u !       
imm$iately practical z n to see beyond !
 end ( "o's nose or z to cut (f ! limb  
^u :i* "o is sitt+4 ,! "q is "o (       
limits1 ( degrees & adju/m5ts1 r ?an "o 
( absolute sep>ation4 ,truly practical  
m5 give _! m9ds free play ab\t a subject
 )\t ask+ too closely at e po9t = !     
advantage to be ga9$2 exclusive         
preoccupation ) matt]s ( use &          
application s n>r[s ! horizon z 9 ! long
 run to defeat itself4 ,x does n pay to 
te!r "o's ?\ghts to ! po/ ( use ) too   
%ort a rope4 ,p[] 9 action requires "s  

l>g5ess & imag9ativ5ess ( vision4 ,m5   
mu/ at lea/ h en\gh int]e/ 9 ?9k+ = !   
sake ( ?9k+ to escape ! limits ( r\t9e &
 cu/om4 ,int]e/ 9 k = ! sake ( k1 9 ?9k+
 = ! sake ( ! free play ( ?\ght1 is     
necess>y !n to ! emancipation (         
practical life--to make x ri* &         
progressive4  ,we may n[ recur to !     
p$agogic maxim ( go+ f ! concrete to !  
ab/ract4  ,sid5ote3 ,beg9 ) ! concrete  
means beg9 ) practical manipulations    
#a4 ,s9ce ! concrete d5otes ?9k+ appli$ 
to activities = ! sake ( deal+          
effectively ) ! difficulties t pres5t   
!mselves practically1 beg9n+ ) !        
concrete signifies t we %\ld at ! outset
 make mu* ( do+2 especially1 make mu* 9 
occupations t are n ( a r\t9e &         
me*anical k9d & h5ce require intellig5t 
selection & adaptation ( means &        
mat]ials4 ,we d n foll[ ! ord] ( nature 
:5 we multiply m]e s5sations or         
accumulate physical objects4 ,in/ruction
 9 numb] is n concrete m]ely because    
spl9ts or beans or dots are employ$1    

:ile :5ev] ! use & be>+ ( numb]         
relations are cle>ly p]ceiv$1 ! numb]   
idea is concrete ev5 if figures alone   
are us$4 ,j :at sort ( symbol x is be/  
to use at a giv5 "t--:e!r blocks1 or    
l9es1 or figures--is entirely a matt] ( 
adju/m5t to ! giv5 case4 ,if physical   
?+s us$ 9 tea*+ numb] or geography or   
any?+ else d n leave ! m9d illum9at$ )  
recognition ( a mean+ beyond !mselves1 !
 in/ruction t uses !m is z ab/ract z t  
:i* doles out ready-made def9itions &   
rules2 = x di/racts att5tion f ideas to 
m]e physical excitations4  ,sid5ote3    
,confusion ( ! concrete ) ! s5sibly     
isolat$  ,! conception t we h only to   
put be=e ! s5ses p>ticul> physical      
objects 9 ord] to impress c]ta9 ideas ^u
 ! m9d am\nts almo/ to a sup]/ition4 ,! 
introduction ( object lessons &         
s5se-tra9+ scor$ a di/9ct advance ov] ! 
prior me?od ( l+ui/ic symbols1 & ?is    
advance t5d$ to bl9d educators to ! fact
 t only a halfway /ep _h be5 tak54 ,?+s 
& s5sations develop ! *ild1 inde$1 b    

only because he uses !m 9 ma/]+ 8 body &
 9 ! s*eme ( 8 activities4 ,appropriate 
cont9u\s occupations or activities      
involve ! use ( natural mat]ials1 tools1
 modes ( en]gy1 & d x 9 a way t compels 
?9k+ z to :at !y mean1 h[ !y are relat$ 
to "o ano!r & to ! realization ( ends2  
:ile ! m]e isolat$ pres5tation ( ?+s    
rema9s b>r5 & dead4 ,a few g5]ations ago
 ! great ob/acle 9 ! way ( re=m ( prim>y
 education 0 belief 9 ! almo/ magical   
efficacy ( ! symbols ( language 7includ+
 numb]7 to produce m5tal tra9+2 at      
pres5t1 belief 9 ! efficacy ( objects j 
z objects1 blocks ! way4 ,z frequ5tly   
happ5s1 ! bett] is an enemy ( ! be/4    
,sid5ote3 ,transf] ( int]e/ to          
intellectual matt]s  #b4 ,! int]e/ 9    
results1 9 ! successful c>ry+ on ( an   
activity1 %\ld be gradually transf]r$ to
 /udy ( objects--_! prop]ties1          
consequ5ces1 /ructures1 causes1 &       
effects4 ,! adult :5 at "w 9 8 life     
call+ is r>ely free to devote "t or     
en]gy--beyond ! necessities ( 8 imm$iate

 action--to ! /udy ( :at he deals )4    
7,ante1 p4 #dc47 ,! educative activities
 ( *ildhood %\ld be s arrang$ t direct  
int]e/ 9 ! activity & its outcome create
 a dem& = att5tion to matt]s t h a m & m
 indirect & remote connection ) !       
orig9al activity4 ,! direct int]e/ 9    
c>p5t]+ or %op "w %\ld yield organically
 & gradually an int]e/ 9 geometric &    
me*anical problems4 ,! int]e/ 9 cook+   
%\ld gr[ into an int]e/ 9 *emical       
exp]im5tation & 9 ! physiology & hygi5e 
( bodily gr[?4 ,! mak+ ( pictures %\ld  
pass to an int]e/ 9 ! te*nique (        
repres5tation & ! ae/hetics (           
appreciation1 & s on4 ,?is developm5t is
 :at ! t]m g signifies 9 ! maxim g f !  
concrete to ! ab/ract2 x repres5ts !    
dynamic & truly educative factor ( !    
process4  ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t (       
delight 9 ! activity ( ?9k+  #c4 ,!     
outcome1 ! ab/ract to :i* education is  
to proce$1 is an int]e/ 9 intellectual  
matt]s = _! own sake1 a delight 9 ?9k+ =
 ! sake ( ?9k+4 ,x is an old /ory t acts

 & processes :i* at ! outset are        
incid5tal to some?+ else develop &      
ma9ta9 an absorb+ value ( _! own4 ,s x  
is ) ?9k+ & ) k2 at fir/ incid5tal to   
results & adju/m5ts beyond !mselves1 !y 
attract m & m att5tion to !mselves till 
!y become ends1 n means4 ,*ildr5 engage1
 uncon/ra9$ly & cont9ually1 9 reflective
 inspection & te/+ = ! sake ( :at !y are
 int]e/$ 9 do+ successfully4 ,habits (  
?9k+ ?us g5]at$ may increase 9 volume & 
ext5t till !y become ( importance on _! 
own acc\nt4  ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( !    
transition  ,! ?ree in/ances cit$ 9     
,*apt] ,six repres5t$ an asc5d+ cycle f 
! practical to ! !oretical4 ,tak+ ?\ght 
to keep a p]sonal engagem5t is obvi\sly 
( ! concrete k9d4 ,endeavor+ to "w out !
 mean+ ( a c]ta9 "p ( a boat is an      
in/ance ( an int]m$iate k9d4 ,! reason =
 ! exi/5ce & position ( ! pole is a     
practical reason1 s t to ! ar*itect !   
problem 0 purely concrete--! ma9t5ance (
 a c]ta9 sy/em ( action4 ,b = ! pass5g] 
on ! boat1 ! problem 0 !oretical1 m or  

less speculative4 ,x made no diff]5ce to
 8 rea*+ 8 de/9ation :e!r he work$ out !
 mean+ ( ! pole4 ,! ?ird case1 t ( !    
appe>ance & movem5t ( ! bubbles1        
illu/rates a /rictly !oretical or       
ab/ract case4 ,no ov]com+ ( physical    
ob/acles1 no adju/m5t ( ext]nal means to
 ends1 is at /ake4 ,curiosity1          
intellectual curiosity1 is *all5g$ by a 
seem+ly anomal\s occurr5ce2 & ?9k+ tries
 simply to acc\nt = an app>5t exception 
9 t]ms ( recogniz$ pr9ciples4  ,sid5ote3
 ,!oretical k nev] ! :ole end  7i7      
,ab/ract ?9k+1 x %\ld be not$1 repres5ts
 an end1 n ! end4 ,! p[] ( su/a9$ ?9k+  
on matt]s remote f direct use is an     
outgr[? ( practical & imm$iate modes (  
?\ght1 b n a sub/itute = !m4 ,!         
educational end is n ! de/ruction ( p[] 
to ?9k s z to surm\nt ob/acles & adju/  
means & ends2 x is n its replacem5t by  
ab/ract reflection4 ,nor is !oretical   
?9k+ a high] type ( ?9k+ ?an practical4 
,a p]son :o has at comm& bo? types (    
?9k+ is ( a high] ord] ?an he :o        

possesses only "o4 ,me?ods t 9 develop+ 
ab/ract intellectual abilities weak5    
habits ( practical or concrete ?9k+1    
fall z mu* %ort ( ! educational ideal z 
d ! me?ods t 9 cultivat+ ability to     
plan1 to inv5t1 to arrange1 to =eca/1   
fail to secure "s delight 9 ?9k+        
irrespective ( practical consequ5ces4   
,sid5ote3 ,nor t mo/ cong5ial to !      
majority ( pupils  7ii7 ,educators %\ld 
also note ! v great individual diff]5ces
 t exi/2 !y %\ld n try to =ce "o patt]n 
& model ^u all4 ,9 _m 7probably !       
majority7 ! executive t5d5cy1 ! habit ( 
m9d t ?9ks = purposes ( conduct &       
a*ievem5t1 n = ! sake ( kn[+1 rema9s    
dom9ant to ! end4 ,eng9e]s1 lawy]s1     
doctors1 m]*ants1 are mu* m num]\s 9    
adult life ?an s*ol>s1 sci5ti/s1 &      
philosoph]s4 ,:ile education %\ld /rive 
to make m5 :o1 h[ev] prom95t _!         
pr(essional int]e/s & aims1 p>take ( !  
_s ( ! s*ol>1 philosoph]1 & sci5ti/1 no 
good reason appe>s :y education %\ld    
e/eem ! "o m5tal habit inh]5tly sup]ior 

to ! o!r1 & delib]ately try to trans=m !
 type f practical to !oretical4 ,h n our
 s*ools 7z already sugge/$1 p4 #di7 be5 
"o-sid$ly devot$ to ! m ab/ract type (  
?9k+1 ?us do+ inju/ice to ! majority (  
pupils8 ,has n ! idea ( a lib]al &      
humane education t5d$ too (t5 9 practice
 to ! production ( te*nical1 because    
ov]specializ$1 ?9k]s8  ,sid5ote3 ,aim ( 
education is a work+ balance  ,! aim (  
education %\ld be to secure a balanc$   
int]action ( ! two types ( m5tal        
attitude1 hav+ suffici5t reg>d to !     
disposition ( ! individual n to hamp] & 
cripple :atev] p[]s are naturally /rong 
9 him4 ,! n>r[ness ( individuals ( /rong
 concrete b5t ne$s to be lib]aliz$4 ,e  
opportunity t occurs )9 _! practical    
activities = develop+ curiosity &       
susceptibility to intellectual problems 
%\ld be seiz$4 ,viol5ce is n done to    
natural disposition1 b ! latt] is       
broad5$4 ,z reg>ds ! small] numb] ( ^?  
:o h a ta/e = ab/ract1 purely           
intellectual topics1 pa9s %\ld be tak5  

to multiply opportunities & dem&s = !   
application ( ideas2 = translat+        
symbolic tru?s into t]ms ( social life &
 its ends4 ,e human be+ has bo?         
capabilities1 & e individual w be m     
effective & happi] if bo? p[]s are      
develop$ 9 easy & close int]action ) ea*
 o!r4     ,,*apt] ,,elev5  ,,empirical  
,,& ,,sci5tific ,,?9k+   ,sec4 #a4      
,empirical ,?9k+  ,sid5ote3 ,empirical  
?9k+ dep5ds on pa/ habits  ,ap>t f !    
developm5t ( sci5tific me?od1 inf]5ces  
dep5d ^u habits t h be5 built up "u !   
influ5ce ( a numb] ( p>ticul> exp]i5ces 
n !mselves arrang$ = logical purposes4  
,a says1 ,x w probably ra9 to-morr[4 ,b 
asks1 ,:y d y ?9k s8 & ,a replies1      
,because ! sky 0 l[]+ at sunset4 ,:5 ,b 
asks1 ,:at has t to d ) x8 ,a responds1 
,i d n "k1 b x g5]ally does ra9 aft] su*
 a sunset4 ,he does n p]ceive any       
connection betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! sky & 
com+ ra92 he is n aw>e ( any cont9uity 9
 ! facts !mselves--any law or pr9ciple1 
z we usually say4 ,he simply1 f         

frequ5tly recurr+ conjunctions ( !      
ev5ts1 has associat$ !m s t :5 he sees  
"o he ?9ks ( ! o!r4 ,"o sugge/s ! o!r1  
or is associat$ ) x4 ,a man may believe 
x w ra9 to-morr[ because he has consult$
 ! b>omet]2 b if he has no conception h[
 ! height ( ! m]cury column 7or !       
position ( an index mov$ by its rise &  
fall7 is connect$ ) v>iations (         
atmosph]ic pressure1 & h[ ^! 9 turn are 
connect$ ) ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 8 
belief 9 ! likelihood ( ra9 is purely   
empirical4 ,:5 m5 liv$ 9 ! op5 & got _! 
liv+ by hunt+1 fi%+1 or pa/ur+ flocks1 !
 detection ( ! signs & indications (    
wea!r *anges 0 a matt] ( great          
importance4 ,a body ( prov]bs & maxims1 
=m+ an ext5sive section ( tradition>y   
folklore1 0 develop$4 ,b z long z !re 0 
no und]/&+ :y or h[ c]ta9 ev5ts 7 signs1
 z long z =esight & wea!r %rewdness re/$
 simply ^u repeat$ conjunction among    
facts1 beliefs ab\t ! wea!r 7 ?or\ghly  
empirical4  ,sid5ote3 ,x is fairly      
adequate 9 "s matt]s1  ,9 simil> fa%ion 

le>n$ m5 9 ! ,ori5t le>n$ to pr$ict1 )  
consid]able accuracy1 ! recurr5t        
positions ( ! planets1 ! sun & ! moon1 &
 to =etell ! "t ( eclipses1 )\t und]/&+ 
9 any degree ! laws ( ! movem5ts (      
heav5ly bodies--t is1 )\t hav+ a notion 
( ! cont9uities exi/+ among ! facts     
!mselves4 ,!y _h le>n$ f repeat$        
obs]vations t ?+s happ5$ 9 ab\t su* &   
su* a fa%ion4 ,till a comp>atively rec5t
 "t1 ! tru?s ( m$ic9e 7 ma9ly 9 ! same  
condition4 ,exp]i5ce _h %[n t ^u ! :ole1
 z a rule1 g5]ally or usually speak+1   
c]ta9 results foll[$ c]ta9 rem$ies1 :5  
symptoms 7 giv54 ,our beliefs ab\t human
 nature 9 individuals 7psy*ology7 & 9   
masses 7sociology7 are /ill v l>gely ( a
 purely empirical sort4 ,ev5 ! sci5ce ( 
geometry1 n[ frequ5tly reckon$ a typical
 rational sci5ce1 began1 among !        
,egyptians1 z an accumulation ( record$ 
obs]vations ab\t me?ods ( approximate   
m5suration ( l& surfaces2 & only        
gradually assum$1 among ! ,greeks1      
sci5tific =m4  ,! disadvantages ( purely

 empirical ?9k+ are obvi\s4  ,sid5ote3 b
 is v apt to lead to false beliefs1  #a4
 ,:ile _m empirical conclusions are1    
r\ghly speak+1 correct2 :ile !y are     
exact en\gh to be ( great help 9        
practical life2 :ile ! presages ( a     
wea!rwise sailor or hunt] may be m      
accurate1 )9 a c]ta9 re/rict$ range1 ?an
 ^? ( a sci5ti/ :o relies :olly ^u      
sci5tific obs]vations & te/s2 :ile1     
inde$1 empirical obs]vations & records  
furni% ! raw or crude mat]ial (         
sci5tific k1 yet ! empirical me?od af=ds
 no way ( discrim9at+ betwe5 "r & wrong 
conclusions4 ,h5ce x is responsible = a 
multitude ( false beliefs4 ,! te*nical  
designation = "o ( ! commone/ fallacies 
is po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc2 ! belief t 
because "o ?+ comes aft] ano!r1 x comes 
because ( ! o!r4 ,n[ ?is fallacy ( me?od
 is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( empirical      
conclusions1 ev5 :5 correct--!          
correctness be+ almo/ z mu* a matt] (   
good luck z ( me?od4 ,t potatoes %\ld be
 plant$ only dur+ ! cresc5t moon1 t ne> 

! sea p are born at high tide & die at  
l[ tide1 t a comet is an om5 ( dang]1 t 
bad luck foll[s ! crack+ ( a mirror1 t a
 pat5t m$ic9e cures a disease--^! & a   
?\s& l notions are assev]at$ on ! basis 
( empirical co9cid5ce & conjunction4    
,moreov]1 habits ( expectation & belief 
are =m$ o!rwise ?an by a numb] ( repeat$
 simil> cases4  ,sid5ote3 & does n      
enable u to cope ) ! novel1  #b4 ,! m   
num]\s ! exp]i5c$ in/ances & ! clos] !  
wat* kept ^u !m1 ! great] is !          
tru/wor?9ess ( con/ant conjunction z    
evid5ce ( connection among ! ?+s        
!mselves4 ,_m ( our mo/ important       
beliefs /ill h only ?is sort ( w>rant4  
,no "o c yet tell1 ) c]ta9ty1 ! necess>y
 cause ( old age or ( dea?--:i* are     
empirically ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all           
expectations4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ reliable     
beliefs ( ?is type fail :5 !y confront !
 novel4 ,s9ce !y re/ ^u pa/ uni=mities1 
!y are useless :5 fur!r exp]i5ce dep>ts 
9 any consid]able measure f anci5t      
incid5t & wont$ prec$5t4 ,empirical     

inf]5ce foll[s ! grooves & ruts t cu/om 
we>s1 & has no track to foll[ :5 !      
groove disappe>s4 ,s important is ?is   
aspect ( ! matt] t ,clif=d f\nd !       
diff]5ce betwe5 ord9>y skill & sci5tific
 ?\ght "r "h4 ,skill enables a man to   
deal ) ! same circum/ances t he has met 
be=e1 sci5tific ?\ght enables him to    
deal ) diff]5t circum/ances t he has    
nev] met be=e4 ,& he goes s f> z to     
def9e sci5tific ?9k+ z ! application (  
old exp]i5ce to new circum/ances4       
,sid5ote3 & leads to laz9ess &          
presumption1  #c4 ,we h n yet made !    
acqua9tance ( ! mo/ h>mful feature ( !  
empirical me?od4 ,m5tal in]tia1 laz9ess1
 unju/ifiable cons]vatism1 are its      
probable accompanim5ts4 ,its g5]al      
effect ^u m5tal attitude is m s]i\s ?an 
ev5 ! specific wrong conclusions 9 :i* x
 has l&$4 ,:]ev] ! *ief dep5d5ce 9 =m+  
inf]5ces is ^u ! conjunctions obs]v$ 9  
pa/ exp]i5ce1 failures to agree ) !     
usual ord] are slurr$ ov]1 cases (      
successful confirmation are exagg]at$4  

,s9ce ! m9d naturally dem&s "s pr9ciple 
( cont9uity1 "s connect+ l9k betwe5     
sep>ate facts & causes1 =ces are        
arbitr>ily inv5t$ = t purpose4 ,fanta/ic
 & my?ological explanations are resort$ 
to 9 ord] to supply miss+ l9ks4 ,! pump 
br+s wat] because nature abhors a       
vacuum2 opium makes m5 sleep because x  
has a dormitive pot5cy2 we recollect a  
pa/ ev5t because we h a faculty (       
memory4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( human
 k1 out & out my?s accompany ! fir/ /age
 ( empiricism2 :ile hidd5 ess5ces &     
occult =ces m>k its second /age4 ,by _! 
v nature1 ^! causes escape obs]vation1 s
 t _! explanatory value c be nei!r      
confirm$ nor refut$ by fur!r obs]vation 
or exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce belief 9 !m becomes  
purely tradition>y4 ,!y give rise to    
doctr9es :i*1 inculcat$ & h&$ d[n1      
become dogmas2 subsequ5t inquiry &      
reflection are actually /ifl$4 7,ante1  
p4 #bc47  ,sid5ote3 & to dogmatism      
,c]ta9 m5 or classes ( m5 come to be !  
accept$ gu>dians &                      

transmitt]s--in/ructors--( e/abli%$     
doctr9es4 ,to "q ! beliefs is to "q _!  
au?ority2 to accept ! beliefs is evid5ce
 ( loyalty to ! p[]s t be1 a pro( ( good
 citiz5%ip4 ,passivity1 docility1       
acquiesc5ce1 come to be primal          
intellectual virtues4 ,facts & ev5ts    
pres5t+ novelty & v>iety are slight$1 or
 are %e>$ d[n till !y fit into !        
,procru/ean b$ ( habitual belief4       
,inquiry & d\bt are sil5c$ by citation (
 anci5t laws or a multitude (           
miscellane\s & unsift$ cases4 ,?is      
attitude ( m9d g5]ates dislike ( *ange1 
& ! result+ av]sion to novelty is fatal 
to progress4 ,:at w n fit into !        
e/abli%$ canons is outlaw$2 m5 :o make  
new discov]ies are objects ( suspicion &
 ev5 ( p]secution4 ,beliefs t p]haps    
orig9ally 7 ! products ( fairly ext5sive
 & c>eful obs]vation are /]eotyp$ into  
fix$ traditions & semi-sacr$ dogmas     
accept$ simply ^u au?ority1 & are mix$ )
 fanta/ic conceptions t happ5 to h won !
 acceptance ( au?orities4   ,sec4 #b4   

,sci5tific ,me?od  ,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific 
?9k+ analyzes ! pres5t case  ,9 contra/ 
) ! empirical me?od /&s ! sci5tific4    
,sci5tific me?od replaces ! repeat$     
conjunction or co9cid5ce ( sep>ate facts
 by discov]y ( a s+le compreh5sive fact1
 effect+ ?is replacem5t by break+ up !  
co>se or gross facts ( obs]vation into a
 numb] ( m9ut] processes n directly     
accessible to p]ception4  ,sid5ote3     
,illu/ration f suction ( empirical      
me?od1  ,if a layman 7 ask$ :y wat]     
rises f ! ci/]n :5 an ord9>y pump is    
work$1 he w\ld d\btless answ]1 ,by      
suction4 ,suction is reg>d$ z a =ce l   
heat or pressure4 ,if su* a p]son is    
confront$ by ! fact t wat] rises ) a    
suction pump only ab\t ?irty-?ree feet1 
he easily disposes ( ! difficulty on !  
gr\nd t all =ces v>y 9 _! int5sities &  
f9ally rea* a limit at :i* !y cease to  
op]ate4 ,! v>iation ) elevation above ! 
sea level ( ! height to :i* wat] c be   
pump$ is ei!r unnotic$1 or1 if not$1 is 
dismiss$ z "o ( ! curi\s anomalies 9 :i*

 nature ab\nds4  ,sid5ote3 ( sci5tific  
me?od  ,sid5ote3 ,relies on diff]5ces1  
,n[ ! sci5ti/ advances by assum+ t :at  
seems to obs]vation to be a s+le total  
fact is 9 tru? complex4 ,he attempts1   
!re=e1 to break up ! s+le fact (        
wat]-ris+-9-!-pipe into a numb] ( less] 
facts4 ,8 me?od ( proce$+ is by v>y+    
conditions "o by "o s f> z possible1 &  
not+ j :at happ5s :5 a giv5 condition is
 elim9at$4 ,!re are two me?ods = v>y+   
conditions4#bd ,! fir/ is an ext5sion ( 
! empirical me?od ( obs]vation4 ,x      
consi/s 9 comp>+ v c>efully ! results ( 
a great numb] ( obs]vations :i* h       
occurr$ "u accid5tally diff]5t          
conditions4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! rise ( !    
wat] at diff]5t heights above ! sea     
level1 & its total cessation :5 !       
di/ance to be lift$ is1 ev5 at sea      
level1 m ?an ?irty-?ree feet1 are       
emphasiz$1 in/ead ( be+ slurr$ ov]4 ,!  
purpose is to f9d out :at special       
conditions are pres5t :5 ! effect occurs
 & abs5t :5 x fails to occur4 ,^!       

special conditions are !n sub/itut$ = ! 
gross fact1 or reg>d$ z its pr9ciple--! 
key to und]/&+ x4      #bd ,! next two  
p>agraphs repeat1 = purposes ( ! pres5t 
discussion1 :at we h already not$ 9 a   
diff]5t context4 ,see     p4 #hh & p4   
#ii4  ,sid5ote3 & creates diff]5ces  ,! 
me?od ( analysis by comp>+ cases is1    
h[ev]1 badly h&icapp$2 x c d no?+ until 
x is pres5t$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( div]sifi$
 cases4 ,& ev5 :5 diff]5t cases are at  
h&1 x w be que/ionable :e!r !y v>y 9 j  
^! respects 9 :i* x is important t !y   
%\ld v>y 9 ord] to ?r[ light ^u ! "q at 
issue4 ,! me?od is passive & dep5d5t ^u 
ext]nal accid5ts4 ,h5ce ! sup]iority ( !
 active or exp]im5tal me?od4 ,ev5 a     
small numb] ( obs]vations may sugge/ an 
explanation--a hypo!sis or !ory4 ,work+ 
^u ?is sugge/ion1 ! sci5ti/ may !n      
int5tionally v>y conditions & note :at  
happ5s4 ,if ! empirical obs]vations h   
sugge/$ to him ! possibility ( a        
connection betwe5 air pressure on ! wat]
 & ! ris+ ( ! wat] 9 ! tube :]e air     

pressure is abs5t1 he delib]ately       
empties ! air out ( ! vessel 9 :i* !    
wat] is conta9$ & notes t suction no    
long] works2 or he int5tionally         
increases atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 
& notes ! result4 ,he in/itutes         
exp]im5ts to calculate ! weight ( air at
 ! sea level & at v>i\s levels above1 & 
comp>es ! results ( reason+ bas$ ^u !   
pressure ( air ( ^! v>i\s weights ^u a  
c]ta9 volume ( wat] ) ! results actually
 obta9$ by obs]vation4 ,obs]vations =m$ 
by v>iation ( conditions on ! basis ( "s
 idea or !ory con/itute exp]im5t4       
,exp]im5t is ! *ief res\rce 9 sci5tific 
reason+ because x facilitates ! pick+   
out ( significant elem5ts 9 a gross1    
vague :ole4  ,sid5ote3 ,analysis &      
syn!sis aga9  ,exp]im5tal ?9k+1 or      
sci5tific reason+1 is ?us a conjo9t     
process ( analysis & syn!sis1 or1 9 less
 te*nical language1 ( discrim9ation &   
assimilation or id5tification4 ,! gross 
fact ( wat] ris+ :5 ! suction valve is  
work$ is resolv$ or discrim9at$ into a  

numb] ( indep5d5t v>iables1 "s ( :i* _h 
nev] be=e be5 obs]v$ or ev5 ?\ght ( 9   
connection ) ! fact4 ,"o ( ^! facts1 !  
weight ( ! atmosph]e1 is !n selectively 
seiz$ ^u z ! key to ! entire ph5om5on4  
,?is dis5tangl+ con/itutes analysis4 ,b 
atmosph]e & its pressure or weight is a 
fact n conf9$ to ?is s+le in/ance4 ,x is
 a fact famili> or at lea/ discov]able z
 op]ative 9 a great numb] ( o!r ev5ts4  
,9 fix+ ^u ?is imp]ceptible & m9ute fact
 z ! ess5ce or key to ! elevation ( wat]
 by ! pump1 ! pump-fact has ?us be5     
assimilat$ to a :ole gr\p ( ord9>y facts
 f :i* x 0 previ\sly isolat$4 ,?is      
assimilation con/itutes syn!sis4        
,moreov]1 ! fact ( atmosph]ic pressure  
is itself a case ( "o ( ! commone/ ( all
 facts--weight or gravitational =ce4    
,conclusions t apply to ! common fact ( 
weight are ?us transf]able to !         
consid]ation & int]pretation ( !        
relatively r>e & exceptional case ( !   
suction ( wat]4 ,! suction pump is se5  
to be a case ( ! same k9d or sort z !   

siphon1 ! b>omet]1 ! ris+ ( ! balloon1 &
 a multitude ( o!r ?+s ) :i* at fir/    
sight x has no connection at all4 ,?is  
is ano!r in/ance ( ! syn!tic or         
assimilative phase ( sci5tific ?9k+4    
,if we rev]t to ! advantages ( sci5tific
 ov] empirical ?9k+1 we f9d t we n[ h ! 
clue to !m4  ,sid5ote3 ,less5$ liability
 to error  7a7 ,! increas$ security1 !  
add$ factor ( c]ta9ty or pro(1 is due to
 ! sub/itution ( ! detail$ & specific   
fact ( atmosph]ic pressure = ! gross &  
total & relatively miscellane\s fact (  
suction4 ,! latt] is complex1 & its     
complexity is due to _m unkn[n &        
unspecifi$ factors2 h5ce1 any /atem5t   
ab\t x is m or less r&om1 & likely to be
 defeat$ by any un=ese5 v>iation (      
circum/ances4 ,comp>atively1 at lea/1 ! 
m9ute & detail$ fact ( air pressure is a
 measurable & def9ite fact--"o t c be   
pick$ out & manag$ ) assurance4         
,sid5ote3 ,ability to manage ! new  7b7 
,z analysis acc\nts = ! add$ c]ta9ty1 s 
syn!sis acc\nts = ability to cope ) !   

novel & v>iable4 ,weight is a mu*       
common] fact ?an atmosph]ic weight1 &   
?is 9 turn is a mu* common] fact ?an !  
work+s ( ! suction pump4 ,to be able to 
sub/itute ! common & frequ5t fact = t   
:i* is relatively r>e & peculi> is to   
r$uce ! seem+ly novel & exceptional to  
cases ( a g5]al & famili> pr9ciple1 &   
?us to br+ !m "u control = int]pretation
 & pr$iction4  ,z ,pr(essor ,james says3
 ,?9k ( heat z motion & :atev] is true (
 motion w be true ( heat2 b we h a      
hundr$ exp]i5ces ( motion = e "o ( heat4
 ,?9k ( rays pass+ ?r\gh ?is l5s z cases
 ( b5d+ t[>d ! p]p5dicul>1 & y sub/itute
 = ! comp>atively unfamili> l5s ! v     
famili> notion ( a p>ticul> *ange 9     
direction ( a l9e1 ( :i* notion e day   
br+s u c\ntless examples4#be      #be   
,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cdb4         
,sid5ote3 ,int]e/ 9 ! future or 9       
progress  7c7 ,! *ange ( attitude f     
cons]vative reliance ^u ! pa/1 ^u r\t9e 
& cu/om1 to fai? 9 progress ?r\gh !     
intellig5t regulation ( exi/+           

conditions1 is1 ( c\rse1 ! reflex ( !   
sci5tific me?od ( exp]im5tation4 ,!     
empirical me?od inevitably magnifies !  
influ5ces ( ! pa/2 ! exp]im5tal me?od   
?r[s into relief ! possibilities ( !    
future4 ,! empirical me?od says1 ,wait  
till !re is a suffici5t numb] ( cases2 !
 exp]im5tal me?od says1 ,produce !      
cases4 ,! =m] dep5ds ^u nature's        
accid5tally happ5+ to pres5t u ) c]ta9  
conjunctions ( circum/ances2 ! latt]    
delib]ately & int5tionally endeavors to 
br+ ab\t ! conjunction4 ,by ?is me?od ! 
notion ( progress secures sci5tific     
w>rant4  ,sid5ote3 ,physical v]sus      
logical =ce  ,ord9>y exp]i5ce is        
controll$ l>gely by ! direct /r5g? &    
int5sity ( v>i\s occurr5ces4 ,:at is    
bright1 sudd51 l\d1 secures notice & is 
giv5 a conspicu\s rat+4 ,:at is dim1    
feeble1 & cont9u\s gets ignor$1 or is   
reg>d$ z ( slight importance4 ,cu/om>y  
exp]i5ce t5ds to ! control ( ?9k+ by    
consid]ations ( direct & imm$iate /r5g? 
r ?an by ^? ( importance 9 ! long run4  

,animals )\t ! p[] ( =eca/ & plann+ mu/1
 ^u ! :ole1 respond to ! /imuli t are   
mo/ urg5t at ! mom5t1 or cease to exi/4 
,^! /imuli lose no?+ ( _! direct urg5cy 
& clamor\s insi/5cy :5 ! ?9k+ p[]       
develops2 & yet ?9k+ dem&s !            
subord9ation ( ! imm$iate /imulus to !  
remote & di/ant4 ,! feeble & ! m9ute may
 be ( mu* great] importance ?an ! gl>+ &
 ! big4 ,! latt] may be signs ( a =ce t 
is already exhau/+ itself2 ! =m] may    
indicate ! beg9n+s ( a process 9 :i* !  
:ole =tune ( ! individual is involv$4 ,!
 prime necessity = sci5tific ?\ght is t 
! ?9k] be fre$ f ! tyranny ( s5se /imuli
 & habit1 & ?is emancipation is also !  
necess>y condition ( progress4          
,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f mov+ wat]      
,consid] ! foll[+ quotation3 ,:5 x fir/ 
occurr$ to a reflect+ m9d t mov+ wat] _h
 a prop]ty id5tical ) human or brute    
=ce1 namely1 ! prop]ty ( sett+ o!r      
masses 9 motion1 ov]com+ in]tia &       
resi/ance1--:5 ! sight ( ! /ream sugge/$
 ?r\gh ?is po9t ( lik5ess ! p[] ( !     

animal1--a new addition 0 made to !     
class ( prime mov]s1 & :5 circum/ances  
p]mitt$1 ?is p[] c\ld become a sub/itute
 = ! o!rs4 ,x may seem to ! mod]n       
und]/&+1 famili> ) wat] :eels & drift+  
rafts1 t ! simil>ity "h 0 an extremely  
obvi\s "o4 ,b if we put ourselves back  
into an e>ly /ate ( m9d1 :5 runn+ wat]  
affect$ ! m9d by its brilliancy1 its ro>
 & irregul> deva/ation1 we may easily   
suppose t to id5tify ?is ) animal       
muscul> en]gy 0 by no means an obvi\s   
ef=t4#bf      #bf ,ba91 ,! ,s5ses &     
,intellect1 ?ird ,am]ican ed41 #ahgi1 p4
     #dib 7italics n 9 orig9al74        
,sid5ote3 ,value ( ab/raction  ,if we   
add to ^! obvi\s s5sory features ! v>i\s
 social cu/oms & expectations :i* fix ! 
attitude ( ! individual1 ! evil ( !     
subjection ( free & f]tile sugge/ion to 
empirical consid]ations becomes cle>4 ,a
 c]ta9 p[] ( ab/raction1 ( delib]ate    
turn+ away f ! habitual responses to a  
situation1 0 requir$ be=e m5 c\ld be    
emancipat$ to foll[ up sugge/ions t 9 ! 

end are fruitful4  ,sid5ote3 ,exp]i5ce z
 inclusive ( ?\ght  ,9 %ort1 ! t]m      
exp]i5ce may be int]pret$ ei!r ) ref]5ce
 to ! empirical or ! exp]im5tal attitude
 ( m9d4 ,exp]i5ce is n a rigid & clos$  
?+2 x is vital1 & h5ce gr[+4 ,:5 dom9at$
 by ! pa/1 by cu/om & r\t9e1 x is (t5   
oppos$ to ! reasonable1 ! ?\ghtful4 ,b  
exp]i5ce also includes ! reflection t   
sets u free f ! limit+ influ5ce ( s5se1 
appetite1 & tradition4 ,exp]i5ce may    
welcome & assimilate all t ! mo/ exact &
 p5etrat+ ?\ght discov]s4 ,inde$1 !     
bus9ess ( education might be def9$ z j  
su* an emancipation & enl>gem5t (       
exp]i5ce4 ,education takes ! individual 
:ile he is relatively pla/ic1 be=e he   
has become s indurat$ by isolat$        
exp]i5ces z to be r5d]$ hopelessly      
empirical 9 8 habit ( m9d4 ,! attitude (
 *ildhood is naive1 wond]+1 exp]im5tal2 
! _w ( man & nature is new4 ,"r me?ods (
 education pres]ve & p]fect ?is         
attitude1 & !reby %ort-circuit = !      
individual ! sl[ progress ( ! race1     

elim9at+ ! wa/e t comes f in]t r\t9e4   
,,"p ,,?ree3 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght    
,,*apt] ,,twelve  ,,activity ,,& ,,!    
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght   ,9 ?is *apt] we   
%all ga!r toge!r & amplify consid]ations
 t h already be5 advanc$1 9 v>i\s       
passages ( ! prec$+ pages1 conc]n+ !    
relation ( action to ?\ght4 ,we %all    
foll[1 ?\gh n ) exactness1 ! ord] (     
developm5t 9 ! unfold+ human be+4       
,sec4 #a4 ,! ,e>ly ,/age ( ,activity    
,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! baby's problem det]m9es
 8 ?9k+  ,! sight ( a baby (t5 calls out
 ! "q3 ,:at d y suppose he is ?9k+ ab\t8
 ,by ! nature ( ! case1 ! "q is         
unansw]able 9 detail2 b1 also by !      
nature ( ! case1 we may be sure ab\t a  
baby's *ief int]e/4 ,8 prim>y problem is
 ma/]y ( 8 body z a tool ( secur+       
com=table & effective adju/m5ts to 8    
surr\nd+s1 physical & social4 ,! *ild   
has to le>n to d almo/ ev]y?+3 to see1  
to he>1 to rea*1 to h&le1 to balance !  
body1 to creep1 to walk1 & s on4 ,ev5 if
 x be true t human be+s h ev5 m         

in/9ctive reactions ?an l[] animals1 x  
is also true t in/9ctive t5d5cies are   
mu* less p]fect 9 m51 & t mo/ ( !m are (
 little use till !y are intellig5tly    
comb9$ & direct$4 ,a little *ick j out (
 ! %ell w aft] a few trials peck at &   
grasp gra9s ( food ) its beak z well z  
at any lat] "t4 ,?is involves a         
complicat$ coo]d9ation ( ! eye & ! head4
 ,an infant does n ev5 beg9 to rea*     
def9itely = ?+s t ! eye sees till he is 
sev]al mon?s old1 & ev5 !n sev]al weeks'
 practice is requir$ be=e he le>ns !    
adju/m5t s z nei!r to ov]rea* nor to    
und]rea*4 ,x may n be lit]ally true t ! 
*ild w grasp = ! moon1 b x is true t he 
ne$s mu* practice be=e he c tell :e!r an
 object is )9 rea* or n4 ,! arm is ?ru/ 
out in/9ctively 9 response to a /imulus 
f ! eye1 & ?is t5d5cy is ! orig9 ( !    
ability to rea* & grasp exactly &       
quickly2 b nev]!less f9al ma/]y requires
 obs]v+ & select+ ! successful movem5ts1
 & arrang+ !m 9 view ( an end4 ,^!      
op]ations ( consci\s selection &        

arrangem5t con/itute ?9k+1 ?\gh ( a     
rudim5t>y type4  ,sid5ote3 ,ma/]y ( !   
body is an intellectual problem  ,s9ce  
ma/]y ( ! bodily organs is necess>y =   
all lat] developm5ts1 su* problems are  
bo? int]e/+ & important1 & solv+ !m     
supplies a v g5u9e tra9+ ( ?9k+ p[]4 ,! 
joy ! *ild %[s 9 le>n+ to use 8 limbs1  
to translate :at he sees into :at he    
h&les1 to connect s\nds ) sights1 sights
 ) ta/e & t\*1 & ! rapidity ) :i*       
intellig5ce gr[s 9 ! fir/ ye> & a half (
 life 7! "t dur+ :i* ! m fundam5tal     
problems ( ! use ( ! organism are       
ma/]$71 are suffici5t evid5ce t !       
developm5t ( physical control is n a    
physical b an intellectual a*ievem5t4   
,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! problem ( social       
adju/m5t & int]c\rse  ,al?\gh 9 ! e>ly  
mon?s ! *ild is ma9ly occupi$ 9 le>n+ to
 use 8 body to accommodate himself to   
physical conditions 9 a com=table way & 
to use ?+s skillfully & effectively1 yet
 social adju/m5ts are v important4 ,9   
connection ) p>5ts1 nurse1 bro!r1 &     

si/]1 ! *ild le>ns ! signs (            
satisfaction ( hung]1 ( removal (       
discom=t1 ( ! approa* ( agreeable light1
 color1 s\nd1 & s on4 ,8 contact )      
physical ?+s is regulat$ by p]sons1 & he
 soon di/+ui%es p]sons z ! mo/ important
 & int]e/+ ( all ! objects ) :i* he has 
to d4 ,spee*1 ! accurate adaptation (   
s\nds he>d to ! movem5ts ( tongue &     
lips1 is1 h[ev]1 ! great in/rum5t (     
social adaptation2 & ) ! developm5t (   
spee* 7usually 9 ! second ye>7          
adaptation ( ! baby's activities to & ) 
^? ( o!r p]sons gives ! keynote ( m5tal 
life4 ,8 range ( possible activities is 
indef9itely wid5$ z he wat*es :at o!r   
p]sons d1 & z he tries to und]/& & to d 
:at !y enc\rage him to attempt4 ,!      
outl9e patt]n ( m5tal life is ?us set 9 
! fir/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,ye>s1         
c5turies1 g5]ations ( inv5tion & plann+1
 may h gone to ! developm5t ( !         
p]=mances & occupations ( ! adults      
surr\nd+ ! *ild4 ,yet = him _!          
activities are direct /imuli2 !y are "p 

( 8 natural environm5t2 !y are c>ri$ on 
9 physical t]ms t appeal to 8 eye1 e>1 &
 t\*4 ,he _c1 ( c\rse1 appropriate _!   
mean+ directly ?r\gh 8 s5ses2 b !y      
furni% /imuli to :i* he responds1 s t 8 
att5tion is focuss$ ^u a high] ord] (   
mat]ials & ( problems4 ,7 x n = ?is     
process by :i* ! a*ievem5ts ( "o        
g5]ation =m ! /imuli t direct !         
activities ( ! next1 ! /ory (           
civilization w\ld be writ 9 wat]1 & ea* 
g5]ation w\ld h labori\sly to make =    
itself1 if x c\ld1 its way out (        
savag]y4  ,sid5ote3 ,social adju/m5t    
results 9 imitation b is n caus$ by x   
,imitation is "o 7?\gh only "o1 see p4  
#dg7 ( ! means by :i* ! activities (    
adults supply /imuli :i* are s int]e/+1 
s v>i$1 s complex1 & s novel1 z to      
occasion a rapid progress ( ?\ght4 ,m]e 
imitation1 h[ev]1 w\ld n give rise to   
?9k+2 if we c\ld le>n l p>rots by simply
 copy+ ! outw>d acts ( o!rs1 we %\ld    
nev] h to ?9k2 nor %\ld we "k1 aft] we  
_h ma/]$ ! copi$ act1 :at 0 ! mean+ ( ! 

?+ we _h done4 ,educators 7&            
psy*ologi/s7 h (t5 assum$ t acts :i*    
reproduce ! behavior ( o!rs are acquir$ 
m]ely by imitation4 ,b a *ild r>ely     
le>ns by consci\s imitation2 & to say t 
8 imitation is unconsci\s is to say t x 
is n f 8 /&po9t imitation at all4 ,! ^w1
 ! ge/ure1 ! act1 ! occupation ( ano!r1 
falls 9 l9e ) "s impulse already active 
& sugge/s "s satisfactory mode (        
expression1 "s end 9 :i* x may f9d      
fulfillm5t4 ,hav+ ?is end ( 8 own1 !    
*ild !n notes o!r p]sons1 z he notes    
natural ev5ts1 to get fur!r sugge/ions z
 to means ( its realization4 ,he selects
 "s ( ! means he obs]ves1 tries !m on1  
f9ds !m successful or unsuccessful1 is  
confirm$ or weak5$ 9 8 belief 9 _!      
value1 & s cont9ues select+1 arrang+1   
adapt+1 te/+1 till he c accompli% :at he
 wi%es4 ,! onlook] may !n obs]ve !      
resemblance ( ?is act to "s act ( an    
adult1 & conclude t x 0 acquir$ by      
imitation1 :ile z a matt] ( fact x 0    
acquir$ by att5tion1 obs]vation1        

selection1 exp]im5tation1 & confirmation
 by results4 ,only because ?is me?od is 
employ$ is !re intellectual discipl9e & 
an educative result4 ,! pres5ce ( adult 
activities plays an enorm\s role 9 !    
intellectual gr[? ( ! *ild because !y   
add to ! natural /imuli ( ! _w new      
/imuli :i* are m exactly adapt$ to !    
ne$s ( a human be+1 :i* are ri*]1 bett] 
organiz$1 m complex 9 range1 p]mitt+ m  
flexible adaptations1 & call+ out novel 
reactions4 ,b 9 utiliz+ ^! /imuli ! *ild
 foll[s ! same me?ods t he uses :5 he is
 =c$ to ?9k 9 ord] to ma/] 8 body4      
,sec4 #b4 ,play1 ,"w1 & ,alli$ ,=ms (   
,activity  ,sid5ote3 ,play indicates !  
dom9ation ( activity by mean+s or ideas 
,sid5ote3 ,organization ( ideas involv$ 
9 play  ,:5 ?+s become signs1 :5 !y ga9 
a repres5tative capacity z /&+ = o!r    
?+s1 play is trans=m$ f m]e physical    
exub]ance into an activity involv+ a    
m5tal factor4 ,a little girl :o _h brok5
 h] doll 0 se5 to p]=m ) ! leg ( ! doll 
all ! op]ations ( wa%+1 putt+ to b$1 &  

fondl+1 t %e _h be5 accu/om$ to p]=m ) !
 entire doll4 ,! "p /ood = ! :ole2 %e   
react$ n to ! /imulus s5sibly pres5t1 b 
to ! mean+ sugge/$ by ! s5se object4 ,s 
*ildr5 use a /one = a table1 leaves =   
plates1 acorns = cups4 ,s !y use _!     
dolls1 _! tra9s1 _! blocks1 _! o!r toys4
 ,9 manipulat+ !m1 !y are liv+ n ) !    
physical ?+s1 b 9 ! l>ge _w ( mean+s1   
natural & social1 evok$ by ^! ?+s4 ,s :5
 *ildr5 play horse1 play /ore1 play h\se
 or mak+ calls1 !y are subord9at+ !     
physically pres5t to ! ideally signifi$4
 ,9 ?is way1 a _w ( mean+s1 a /ore (    
concepts 7s fundam5tal to all           
intellectual a*ievem5t71 is def9$ &     
built up4 ,moreov]1 n only d mean+s ?us 
become famili> acqua9tances1 b !y are   
organiz$1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 made to coh]e
 9 connect$ ways4 ,a play & a /ory bl5d 
ins5sibly into ea* o!r4 ,! mo/ fanciful 
plays ( *ildr5 r>ely lose all t\* ) !   
mutual fitness & p]t95cy ( v>i\s mean+s 
to "o ano!r2 ! free/ plays obs]ve "s    
pr9ciples ( coh]5ce & unification4 ,!y h

 a beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 ,9 games1     
rules ( ord] run ?r\gh v>i\s m9or acts &
 b9d !m into a connect$ :ole4 ,! rhy?m1 
! competition1 & cooep]ation involv$ 9  
mo/ plays & games also introduce        
organization4 ,!re is1 !n1 no?+ my/]i\s 
or my/ical 9 ! discov]y made by ,plato &
 remade by ,froebel t play is ! *ief1   
almo/ ! only1 mode ( education = ! *ild 
9 ! ye>s ( lat] infancy4  ,sid5ote3 ,!  
playful attitude  ,playfulness is a m   
important consid]ation ?an play4 ,! =m] 
is an attitude ( m9d2 ! latt] is a pass+
 outw>d manife/ation ( ?is attitude4 ,:5
 ?+s are treat$ simply z vehicles (     
sugge/ion1 :at is sugge/$ ov]rides ! ?+4
 ,h5ce ! playful attitude is "o (       
fre$om4 ,! p]son is n b\nd to ! physical
 traits ( ?+s1 nor does he c>e :e!r a ?+
 really means 7z we say7 :at he takes x 
to repres5t4 ,:5 ! *ild plays horse ) a 
broom & c>s ) *airs1 ! fact t ! broom   
does n really repres5t a horse1 or a    
*air a locomotive1 is ( no acc\nt4 ,9   
ord]1 !n1 t playfulness may n t]m9ate 9 

arbitr>y fancifulness & 9 build+ up an  
imag9>y _w alongside ! _w ( actual ?+s1 
x is necess>y t ! play attitude %\ld    
gradually pass into a "w attitude4      
,sid5ote3 ,! "w attitude is int]e/$ 9   
means & ends  ,:at is "w--"w n z m]e    
ext]nal p]=mance1 b z attitude ( m9d8 ,x
 signifies t ! p]son is n cont5t long]  
to accept & to act ^u ! mean+s t ?+s    
sugge/1 b dem&s congruity ( mean+ ) !   
?+s !mselves4 ,9 ! natural c\rse ( gr[?1
 *ildr5 come to f9d irresponsible       
make-believe plays inadequate4 ,a       
fiction is too easy a way out to af=d   
cont5t4 ,!re is n en\gh /imulus to call 
=? satisfactory m5tal response4 ,:5 ?is 
po9t is rea*$1 ! ideas t ?+s sugge/ mu/ 
be appli$ to ! ?+s ) "s reg>d to        
fitness4 ,a small c>t1 resembl+ a real  
c>t1 ) real :eels1 tongue1 & body1 meets
 ! m5tal dem& bett] ?an m]ely mak+      
believe t any?+ :i* comes to h& is a    
c>t4 ,occasionally to take "p 9 sett+ a 
real table ) real di%es br+s m rew>d ?an
 =ev] to make believe a flat /one is a  

table & t leaves are di%es4 ,! int]e/   
may /ill c5t] 9 ! mean+s1 ! ?+s may be (
 importance only z amplify+ a c]ta9     
mean+4 ,s f> ! attitude is "o ( play4 ,b
 ! mean+ is n[ ( su* a "* t x mu/ f9d   
appropriate embodim5t 9 actual ?+s4  ,! 
diction>y does n p]mit u to call su*    
activities "w4 ,nev]!less1 !y repres5t a
 g5u9e passage ( play into "w4 ,= "w 7z 
a m5tal attitude1 n z m]e ext]nal       
p]=mance7 means int]e/ 9 ! adequate     
embodim5t ( a mean+ 7a sugge/ion1       
purpose1 aim7 9 objective =m ?r\gh ! use
 ( appropriate mat]ials & appliances4   
,su* an attitude takes advantage ( !    
mean+s ar\s$ & built up 9 free play1 b  
controls _! developm5t by see+ to x t !y
 are appli$ to ?+s 9 ways consi/5t ) !  
obs]vable /ructure ( ! ?+s !mselves4    
,sid5ote3 & 9 processes on acc\nt ( _!  
results  ,! po9t ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 
play & "w may be cle>$ up by comp>+ x ) 
a m usual way ( /at+ ! diff]5ce4 ,9 play
 activity1 x is said1 ! int]e/ is 9 !   
activity = its own sake2 9 "w1 x is 9 ! 

product or result 9 :i* ! activity      
t]m9ates4 ,h5ce ! =m] is purely free1   
:ile ! latt] is ti$ d[n by ! end to be  
a*iev$4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce is /at$ 9 ?is %>p
 fa%ion1 !re is almo/ always introduc$ a
 false1 unnatural sep>ation betwe5      
process & product1 betwe5 activity & its
 a*iev$ outcome4 ,! true di/9ction is n 
betwe5 an int]e/ 9 activity = its own   
sake & int]e/ 9 ! ext]nal result ( t    
activity1 b betwe5 an int]e/ 9 an       
activity j z x fl[s on f mom5t to mom5t1
 & an int]e/ 9 an activity z t5d+ to a  
culm9ation1 to an outcome1 & !re=e      
possess+ a ?read ( cont9uity b9d+ toge!r
 its successive /ages4 ,bo? may equally 
exemplify int]e/ 9 an activity = its own
 sake2 b 9 "o case ! activity 9 :i* !   
int]e/ resides is m or less casual1     
foll[+ ! accid5t ( circum/ance & :im1 or
 ( dictation2 9 ! o!r1 ! activity is    
enri*$ by ! s5se t x leads some:]e1 t x 
am\nts to some?+4  ,sid5ote3            
,consequ5ces ( ! %>p sep>ation ( play & 
"w  ,7 x n t ! false !ory ( ! relation (

 ! play & ! "w attitudes has be5        
connect$ ) un=tunate modes ( s*ool      
practice1 insi/5ce ^u a tru] view might 
seem an unnecess>y ref9em5t4 ,b ! %>p   
break t un=tunately prevails betwe5 !   
k9d]g>t5 & ! grades is evid5ce t !      
!oretical di/9ction has practical       
implications4 ,"u ! title ( play1 ! =m] 
is r5d]$ unduly symbolic1 fanciful1     
s5tim5tal1 & arbitr>y2 :ile "u !        
anti!tical caption ( "w ! latt] conta9s 
_m tasks ext]nally assign$4 ,! =m] has  
no end & ! latt] an end s remote t only 
! educator1 n ! *ild1 is aw>e t x is an 
end4  ,!re comes a "t :5 *ildr5 mu/     
ext5d & make m exact _! acqua9tance )   
exi/+ ?+s2 mu/ conceive ends &          
consequ5ces ) suffici5t def9it5ess to   
guide _! actions by !m1 & mu/ acquire "s
 te*nical skill 9 select+ & arrang+     
means to realize ^! ends4 ,unless ^!    
factors are gradually introduc$ 9 !     
e>li] play p]iod1 !y mu/ be introduc$   
lat] abruptly & arbitr>ily1 to ! manife/
 disadvantage ( bo? ! e>li] & ! lat]    

/ages4  ,sid5ote3 ,false notions (      
imag9ation & utility  ,! %>p opposition 
( play & "w is usually associat$ ) false
 notions ( utility & imag9ation4        
,activity t is direct$ ^u matt]s ( home 
& neighborhood int]e/ is depreciat$ z   
m]ely utilit>ian4 ,to let ! *ild wa%    
di%es1 set ! table1 engage 9 cook+1 cut 
& sew dolls' clo!s1 make boxes t w hold 
real ?+s1 & con/ruct 8 own play?+s by   
us+ hamm] & nails1 excludes1 s x is     
said1 ! ae/hetic & appreciative factor1 
elim9ates imag9ation1 & subjects !      
*ild's developm5t to mat]ial & practical
 conc]ns2 :ile 7s x is said7 to         
reproduce symbolically ! dome/ic        
relation%ips ( birds & o!r animals1 (   
human fa!r & "m & *ild1 ( workman &     
tradesman1 ( knight1 soldi]1 &          
magi/rate1 secures a lib]al ex]cise (   
m9d1 ( great moral z well z intellectual
 value4 ,x has be5 ev5 /at$ t x is      
ov]-physical & utilit>ian if a *ild     
plants se$s & takes c>e ( gr[+ plants 9 
! k9d]g>t52 :ile reproduc+ dramatically 

op]ations ( plant+1 cultivat+1 reap+1 & 
s on1 ei!r ) no physical mat]ials or )  
symbolic repres5tatives1 is highly      
educative to ! imag9ation & to spiritual
 appreciation4 ,toy dolls1 tra9s ( c>s1 
boats1 & eng9es are rigidly exclud$1 & !
 employ ( cubes1 balls1 & o!r symbols = 
repres5t+ ^! social activities is       
recomm5d$ on ! same gr\nd4 ,! m unfitt$ 
! physical object = its imag9$ purpose1 
su* z a cube = a boat1 ! great] is !    
suppos$ appeal to ! imag9ation4         
,sid5ote3 ,imag9ation a m$ium ( realiz+ 
! abs5t & significant  ,!re are sev]al  
fallacies 9 ?is way ( ?9k+4 7a7 ,!      
heal?y imag9ation deals n ) ! unreal1 b 
) ! m5tal realization ( :at is sugge/$4 
,its ex]cise is n a flight into ! purely
 fanciful & ideal1 b a me?od ( exp&+ &  
fill+ 9 :at is real4 ,to ! *ild ! homely
 activities go+ on ab\t him are n       
utilit>ian devices = accompli%+ physical
 ends2 !y exemplify a wond]ful _w !     
dep?s ( :i* he has n s\nd$1 a _w full ( 
! my/]y & promise t att5d all ! do+s ( !

 gr[n-ups :om he admires4 ,h[ev] prosaic
 ?is _w may be to ! adults :o f9d its   
duties r\t9e affairs1 to ! *ild x is    
fraught ) social mean+4 ,to engage 9 x  
is to ex]cise ! imag9ation 9 con/ruct+  
an exp]i5ce ( wid] value ?an any ! *ild 
has yet ma/]$4  ,sid5ote3 ,only !       
already exp]i5c$ c be symboliz$  7b7    
,educators sometimes ?9k *ildr5 are     
react+ to a great moral or spiritual    
tru? :5 ! *ildr5's reactions are l>gely 
physical & s5sational4 ,*ildr5 h great  
p[]s ( dramatic simulation1 & _!        
physical be>+ may seem 7to adults       
prepossess$ ) a philosophic !ory7 to    
indicate !y h be5 impress$ ) "s lesson (
 *ivalry1 devotion1 or nobility1 :5 !   
*ildr5 !mselves are occupi$ only )      
transitory physical excitations4 ,to    
symbolize great tru?s f> beyond ! *ild's
 range ( actual exp]i5ce is an          
impossibility1 & to attempt x is to     
invite love ( mom5t>y /imulation4       
,sid5ote3 ,useful "w is n necess>ily    
labor  7c7 ,j z ! oppon5ts ( play 9     

education always conceive ( play z m]e  
amusem5t1 s ! oppon5ts ( direct & useful
 activities confuse occupation ) labor4 
,! adult is acqua9t$ ) responsible labor
 ^u :i* s]i\s f9ancial results dep5d4   
,consequ5tly he seeks relief1           
relaxation1 amusem5t4 ,unless *ildr5 h  
prematurely work$ = hire1 unless !y h   
come "u ! blight ( *ild labor1 no su*   
division exi/s = !m4 ,:atev] appeals to 
!m at all1 appeals directly on its own  
acc\nt4 ,!re is no contra/ betwe5 do+   
?+s = utility & = fun4 ,_! life is m    
unit$ & m :olesome4 ,to suppose t       
activities cu/om>ily p]=m$ by adults    
only "u ! pressure ( utility may n be   
done p]fectly freely & joy\sly by *ildr5
 indicates a lack ( imag9ation4 ,n ! ?+ 
done b ! quality ( m9d t goes into ! do+
 settles :at is utilit>ian & :at is     
uncon/ra9$ & educative4   ,sec4 #c4     
,con/ructive ,occupations  ,sid5ote3 ,! 
hi/oric gr[? ( sci5ces out ( occupations
  ,! hi/ory ( culture %[s t mank9d's    
sci5tific k & te*nical abilities h      

develop$1 especially 9 all _! e>li]     
/ages1 out ( ! fundam5tal problems (    
life4 ,anatomy & physiology grew out ( !
 practical ne$s ( keep+ heal?y & active2
 geometry & me*anics out ( dem&s =      
measur+ l&1 = build+1 & = mak+          
labor-sav+ ma*9es2 a/ronomy has be5     
closely connect$ ) navigation1 keep+    
record ( ! passage ( "t2 botany grew out
 ( ! requirem5ts ( m$ic9e & ( agronomy2 
*emi/ry has be5 associat$ ) dye+1       
metallurgy1 & o!r indu/rial pursuits4 ,9
 turn1 mod]n indu/ry is almo/ :olly a   
matt] ( appli$ sci5ce2 ye> by ye> !     
doma9 ( r\t9e & crude empiricism is     
n>r[$ by ! translation ( sci5tific      
discov]y into indu/rial inv5tion4 ,!    
trolley1 ! telephone1 ! electric light1 
! /eam eng9e1 ) all _! revolution>y     
consequ5ces = social int]c\rse &        
control1 are ! fruits ( sci5ce4         
,sid5ote3 ,! intellectual possibilities 
( s*ool occupations  ,^! facts are full 
( educational significance4 ,mo/ *ildr5 
are preem95tly active 9 _! t5d5cies4 ,! 

s*ools h also tak5 on--l>gely f         
utilit>ian1 r ?an f /rictly educative   
reasons--a l>ge numb] ( active pursuits 
commonly gr\p$ "u ! head ( manual tra9+1
 includ+ also s*ool g>d5s1 excursions1 &
 v>i\s graphic arts4 ,p]haps ! mo/      
press+ problem ( education at ! pres5t  
mom5t is to organize & relate ^!        
subjects s t !y w become in/rum5ts = =m+
 al]t1 p]si/5t1 & fruitful intellectual 
habits4 ,t !y take hold ( ! m prim>y &  
native equipm5t ( *ildr5 7appeal+ to _! 
desire to d7 is g5]ally recogniz$2 t !y 
af=d great opportunity = tra9+ 9        
self-reliant & effici5t social s]vice is
 ga9+ ackn[l$gm5t4 ,b !y may also be us$
 = pres5t+ typical problems to be solv$ 
by p]sonal reflection & exp]im5tation1 &
 by acquir+ def9ite bodies ( k lead+    
lat] to m specializ$ sci5tific k4 ,!re  
is inde$ no magic by :i* m]e physical   
activity or deft manipulation w secure  
intellectual results4 7,see p4 #dc47    
,manual subjects may be taught by r\t9e1
 by dictation1 or by conv5tion z readily

 z booki% subjects4 ,b intellig5t       
consecutive "w 9 g>d5+1 cook+1 or weav+1
 or 9 elem5t>y wood & iron1 may be      
plann$ :i* w inevitably result 9 /ud5ts 
n only amass+ in=mation ( practical &   
sci5tific importance 9 botany1 zooelogy1
 *emi/ry1 physics1 & o!r sci5ces1 b 7:at
 is m significant7 9 _! becom+ v]s$ 9   
me?ods ( exp]im5tal inquiry & pro(4     
,sid5ote3 ,reorganization ( ! c\rse (   
/udy  ,t ! elem5t>y curriculum is       
ov]load$ is a common compla9t4 ,! only  
alt]native to a reaction>y return to !  
educational traditions ( ! pa/ lies 9   
work+ out ! intellectual possibilities  
resid5t 9 ! v>i\s arts1 crafts1 &       
occupations1 & reorganiz+ ! curriculum  
accord+ly4 ,"h1 m ?an else:]e1 are f\nd 
! means by :i* ! bl9d & r\t9e exp]i5ce (
 ! race may be trans=m$ into illum9at$ &
 emancipat$ exp]im5t4     ,,*apt]       
,,?irte5  ,,language ,,& ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,(
 ,,?\ght   ,sec4 #a4 ,language z ! ,tool
 ( ,?9k+  ,sid5ote3 ,ambigu\s position (
 language  ,spee* has su* a peculi>ly   

intimate connection ) ?\ght z to require
 special discussion4 ,al?\gh ! v ^w     
logic comes f logos 7,greek3 logos71    
mean+ indiff]5tly bo? ^w or spee*1 &    
?\ght or reason1 yet words1 words1 words
 d5ote intellectual b>r5ness1 a %am (   
?\ght4 ,al?\gh s*ool+ has language z its
 *ief in/rum5t 7& (t5 z its *ief matt]7 
( /udy1 educational re=m]s h = c5turies 
br\ght _! sev]e/ indictm5ts aga9/ !     
curr5t use ( language 9 ! s*ools4 ,!    
conviction t language is necess>y to    
?9k+ 7is ev5 id5tical ) x7 is met by !  
cont5tion t language p]v]ts & conceals  
?\ght4  ,sid5ote3 ,language a necess>y  
tool ( ?9k+1  ,sid5ote3 = x alone fixes 
mean+s  ,?ree typical views h be5       
ma9ta9$ reg>d+ ! relation ( ?\ght &     
language3 fir/1 t !y are id5tical2      
second1 t words are ! g>b or clo?+ (    
?\ght1 necess>y n = ?\ght b only =      
convey+ x2 & ?ird 7! view we %all "h    
ma9ta97 t :ile language is n ?\ght x is 
necess>y = ?9k+ z well z = its          
communication4 ,:5 x is said1 h[ev]1 t  

?9k+ is impossible )\t language1 we mu/ 
recall t language includes mu* m ?an    
oral & writt5 spee*4 ,ge/ures1 pictures1
 monum5ts1 visual images1 f+]           
movem5ts--any?+ consci\sly employ$ z a  
sign is1 logically1 language4 ,to say t 
language is necess>y = ?9k+ is to say t 
signs are necess>y4 ,?\ght deals n ) b>e
 ?+s1 b ) _! mean+s1 _! sugge/ions2 &   
mean+s1 9 ord] to be appreh5d$1 mu/ be  
embodi$ 9 s5sible & p>ticul> exi/5ces4  
,)\t mean+1 ?+s are no?+ b bl9d /imuli  
or *ance s\rces ( pleasure & pa92 & s9ce
 mean+s are n !mselves tangible ?+s1 !y 
mu/ be an*or$ by atta*m5t to "s physical
 exi/5ce4 ,exi/5ces t are especially set
 aside to fixate & convey mean+s are    
signs or symbols4 ,if a man moves t[>d  
ano!r to ?r[ him out ( ! room1 8 movem5t
 is n a sign4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! man po9ts to
 ! door ) 8 h&1 or utt]s ! s\nd g1 8    
movem5t is r$uc$ to a vehicle ( mean+3 x
 is a sign or symbol4 ,9 ! case ( signs 
we c>e no?+ = :at !y are 9 !mselves1 b  
ev]y?+ = :at !y signify & repres5t4     

,canis1 hund1 *i51 dog--x makes no      
diff]5ce :at ! outw>d ?+ is1 s long z ! 
mean+ is pres5t$4  ,sid5ote3            
,limitations ( natural symbols  ,natural
 objects are signs ( o!r ?+s & ev5ts4   
,cl\ds /& = ra92 a footpr9t repres5ts   
game or an enemy2 a project+ rock s]ves 
to indicate m9]als bel[ ! surface4 ,!   
limitations ( natural signs are1 h[ev]1 
great4 7i7 ,! physical or direct s5se   
excitation t5ds to di/ract att5tion f   
:at is meant or indicat$4#bg ,almo/ e "o
 w recall po9t+ out to a kitt5 or puppy 
"s object ( food1 only to h ! animal    
devote himself to ! h& po9t+1 n to ! ?+ 
po9t$ at4 7ii7 ,:]e natural signs alone 
exi/1 we are ma9ly at ! m]cy ( ext]nal  
happ5+s2 we h to wait until ! natural   
ev5t pres5ts itself 9 ord] to be w>n$ or
 advis$ ( ! possibility ( "s o!r ev5t4  
7iii7 ,natural signs1 n be+ orig9ally   
int5d$ to be signs1 are cumbr\s1 bulky1 
inconv5i5t1 unmanageable4      #bg      
,comp>e ! quotation f ,ba9 on p4 #aee4  
,sid5ote3 ,artificial signs ov]come ^!  

re/rictions4  ,x is !re=e indisp5sable =
 any high developm5t ( ?\ght t !re %\ld 
be also int5tional signs4 ,spee*        
supplies ! requirem5t4 ,ge/ures1 s\nds1 
writt5 or pr9t$ =ms1 are /rictly        
physical exi/5ces1 b _! native value is 
int5tionally subord9at$ to ! value !y   
acquire z repres5tative ( mean+s4 7i7 ,!
 direct & s5sible value ( fa9t s\nds &  
m9ute writt5 or pr9t$ m>ks is v slight4 
,accord+ly1 att5tion is n di/ract$ f _! 
repres5tative function4 7ii7 ,_!        
production is "u our direct control s t 
!y may be produc$ :5 ne$$4 ,:5 we c make
 ! ^w ra91 we d n h to wait = "s        
physical =]unn] ( ra9 to call our ?\ghts
 9 t direction4 ,we _c make ! cl\d2 we c
 make ! s\nd1 & z a tok5 ( mean+ ! s\nd 
s]ves ! purpose z well z ! cl\d4 7iii7  
,arbitr>y l+ui/ic signs are conv5i5t &  
easy to manage4 ,!y are compact1        
portable1 & delicate4 ,z long z we live 
we brea!2 & modifications by ! muscles (
 ?roat & m\? ( ! volume & quality ( !   
air are simple1 easy1 & indef9itely     

controllable4 ,bodily po/ures & ge/ures 
( ! h& & arm are also employ$ z signs1 b
 !y are co>se & unmanageable comp>$ )   
modifications ( brea? to produce s\nds4 
,no wond] t oral spee* has be5 select$ z
 ! ma9 /uff ( int5tional intellectual   
signs4 ,s\nds1 :ile subtle1 ref9$1 &    
easily modifiable1 are transitory4 ,?is 
defect is met by ! sy/em ( writt5 &     
pr9t$ words1 appeal+ to ! eye4 ,lit]a   
scripta manet4  ,be>+ 9 m9d ! intimate  
connection ( mean+s & signs 7or         
language71 we may note 9 m detail :at   
language does 7#a7 = specific mean+s1 & 
7#b7 = ! organization ( mean+s4  ,i4    
,individual ,mean+s4 ,a v]bal sign 7a7  
selects1 deta*es1 a mean+ f :at is      
o!rwise a vague flux & blur 7see p4     
#aba72 7b7 x reta9s1 regi/]s1 /ores t   
mean+2 & 7c7 applies x1 :5 ne$$1 to !   
compreh5sion ( o!r ?+s4 ,comb9+ ^! v>i\s
 functions 9 a mixture ( metaphors1 we  
may say t a l+ui/ic sign is a f5ce1 a   
label1 & a vehicle--all 9 "o4  ,sid5ote3
 ,a sign makes a mean+ di/9ct  7a7 ,e "o

 has exp]i5c$ h[ le>n+ an appropriate "n
 = :at 0 dim & vague cle>$ up &         
cry/alliz$ ! :ole matt]4 ,"s mean+ seems
 almo/ )9 rea*1 b is elusive2 x refuses 
to cond5se into def9ite =m2 ! atta*+ ( a
 ^w someh[ 7j h[1 x is almo/ impossible 
to say7 puts limits ar\nd ! mean+1 draws
 x out f ! void1 makes x /& out z an    
entity on its own acc\nt4 ,:5 ,em]son   
said t he w\ld almo/ r "k ! true "n1 !  
poet's "n1 = a ?+1 ?an to "k ! ?+       
itself1 he presumably _h ?is irradiat+ &
 illum9at+ function ( language 9 m9d4 ,!
 delight t *ildr5 take 9 dem&+ & le>n+ !
 names ( ev]y?+ ab\t !m indicates t     
mean+s are becom+ concrete individuals  
to !m1 s t _! comm]ce ) ?+s is pass+ f !
 physical to ! intellectual plane4 ,x is
 h>dly surpris+ t savages atta* a magic 
efficacy to words4 ,to "n any?+ is to   
give x a title2 to dignify & honor x by 
rais+ x f a m]e physical occurr5ce to a 
mean+ t is di/9ct & p]man5t4 ,to "k !   
names ( p & ?+s & to be able to         
manipulate ^! names is1 9 savage lore1  

to be 9 possession ( _! dignity & wor?1 
to ma/] !m4  ,sid5ote3 ,a sign pres]ves 
a mean+  7b7 ,?+s come & g2 or we come &
 g1 & ei!r way ?+s escape our notice4   
,our direct s5sible relation to ?+s is v
 limit$4 ,! sugge/ion ( mean+s by       
natural signs is limit$ to occasions (  
direct contact or vision4 ,b a mean+    
fix$ by a l+ui/ic sign is cons]v$ =     
future use4 ,ev5 if ! ?+ is n !re to    
repres5t ! mean+1 ! ^w may be produc$ s 
z to evoke ! mean+4 ,s9ce intellectual  
life dep5ds on possession ( a /ore (    
mean+s1 ! importance ( language z a tool
 ( pres]v+ mean+s _c be ov]/at$4 ,to be 
sure1 ! me?od ( /orage is n :olly       
aseptic2 words (t5 corrupt & modify !   
mean+s !y are suppos$ to keep intact1 b 
liability to infection is a price paid  
by e liv+ ?+ = ! privilege ( liv+4      
,sid5ote3 ,a sign transf]s a mean+  7c7 
,:5 a mean+ is deta*$ & fix$ by a sign1 
x is possible to use t mean+ 9 a new    
context & situation4 ,?is transf] &     
reapplication is ! key to all judgm5t & 

inf]5ce4 ,x w\ld little pr(it a man to  
recognize t a giv5 p>ticul> cl\d 0 !    
premonitor ( a giv5 p>ticul> ra9/orm if 
8 recognition end$ !re1 = he w\ld !n h  
to le>n ov] & ov] aga91 s9ce ! next cl\d
 & ! next ra9 are diff]5t ev5ts4 ,no    
cumulative gr[? ( intellig5ce w\ld      
occur2 exp]i5ce might =m habits (       
physical adaptation b x w\ld n tea*     
any?+1 = we %\ld n be able to use a     
prior exp]i5ce consci\sly to anticipate 
& regulate a fur!r exp]i5ce4 ,to be able
 to use ! pa/ to judge & inf] ! new &   
unkn[n implies t1 al?\gh ! pa/ ?+ has   
gone1 its mean+ abides 9 su* a way z to 
be applicable 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( ! new4   
,spee* =ms are our great c>ri]s3 !      
easy-runn+ vehicles by :i* mean+s are   
transport$ f exp]i5ces t no long] conc]n
 u to ^? t are z yet d>k & dubi\s4      
,sid5ote3 ,logical organization dep5ds  
^u signs  ,,ii4 ,organization ( ,mean+s4
 ,9 emphasiz+ ! importance ( signs 9    
relation to specific mean+s1 we h       
ov]look$ ano!r aspect1 equally valuable4

 ,signs n only m>k (f specific or       
individual mean+s1 b !y are also        
in/rum5ts ( gr\p+ mean+s 9 relation to  
"o ano!r4 ,words are n only names or    
titles ( s+le mean+s2 !y also =m s5t5ces
 9 :i* mean+s are organiz$ 9 relation to
 "o ano!r4 ,:5 we say ,t book is a      
diction>y1 or ,t blur ( light 9 ! heav5s
 is ,halley's comet1 we express a       
logical connection--an act ( classify+ &
 def9+ t goes beyond ! physical ?+ into 
! logical region ( g5]a & species1 ?+s &
 attributes4 ,propositions1 s5t5ces1 be>
 ! same relation to judgm5ts t di/9ct   
words1 built up ma9ly by analyz+        
propositions 9 _! v>i\s types1 be> to   
mean+s or conceptions2 & j z words imply
 a s5t5ce1 s a s5t5ce implies a l>g]    
:ole ( consecutive disc\rse into :i* x  
fits4 ,z is (t5 said1 gramm> expresses !
 unconsci\s logic ( ! popul> m9d4 ,!    
*ief intellectual classifications t     
con/itute ! work+ capital ( ?\ght h be5 
built up = u by our "m tongue4 ,our v   
lack ( explicit consci\sness 9 us+      

language t we are employ+ ! intellectual
 sy/ematizations ( ! race %[s h[        
?or\ghly accu/om$ we h become to its    
logical di/9ctions & gr\p+s4   ,sec4 #b4
 ,! ,abuse ( ,l+ui/ic ,me?ods 9         
,education  ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ m]ely ?+s1 
n educative  ,tak5 lit]ally1 ! maxim1   
,tea* ?+s1 n words1 or ,tea* ?+s be=e   
words1 w\ld be ! negation ( education2 x
 w\ld r$uce m5tal life to m]e physical &
 s5sible adju/m5ts4 ,le>n+1 9 ! prop]   
s5se1 is n le>n+ ?+s1 b ! mean+s ( ?+s1 
& ?is process involves ! use ( signs1 or
 language 9 its g5]ic s5se4 ,9 l fa%ion1
 ! w>f>e ( "s educational re=m]s aga9/  
symbols1 if pu%$ to extremes1 involves !
 de/ruction ( ! intellectual life1 s9ce 
?is lives1 moves1 & has its be+ 9 ^?    
processes ( def9ition1 ab/raction1      
g5]alization1 & classification t are    
made possible by symbols alone4         
,nev]!less1 ^! cont5tions ( educational 
re=m]s h be5 ne$$4 ,! liability ( a ?+  
to abuse is 9 proportion to ! value (   
its "r use4  ,sid5ote3 ,b words sep>at$ 

f ?+s are n true signs  ,symbols are    
!mselves1 z po9t$ out above1 p>ticul>1  
physical1 s5sible exi/5ces1 l any o!r   
?+s4 ,!y are symbols only by virtue (   
:at !y sugge/ & repres5t1 i4e4 mean+s4  
7i7 ,!y /& = ^! mean+s to any individual
 only :5 he has _h exp]i5ce ( "s        
situation to :i* ^! mean+s are actually 
relevant4 ,words c deta* & pres]ve a    
mean+ only :5 ! mean+ has be5 fir/      
involv$ 9 our own direct int]c\rse )    
?+s4 ,to attempt to give a mean+ ?r\gh a
 ^w alone )\t any deal+s ) a ?+ is to   
deprive ! ^w ( intelligible             
signification2 aga9/ ?is attempt1 a     
t5d5cy only too preval5t 9 education1   
re=m]s h prote/$4 ,moreov]1 !re is a    
t5d5cy to assume t :5ev] !re is a       
def9ite ^w or =m ( spee* !re is also a  
def9ite idea2 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1   
adults & *ildr5 alike are capable ( us+ 
ev5 precise v]bal =mulae ) only ! vague/
 & mo/ confus$ s5se ( :at !y mean4      
,g5u9e ignorance is m pr(itable because 
likely to be accompani$ by humility1    

curiosity1 & op5-m9d$ness2 :ile ability 
to repeat cat*-phrases1 cant t]ms1      
famili> propositions1 gives ! conceit ( 
le>n+ & coats ! m9d ) a v>ni% wat]pro(  
to new ideas4  ,sid5ote3 ,language t5ds 
to arre/ p]sonal inquiry & reflection   
7ii7 ,aga91 al?\gh new comb9ations (    
words )\t ! int]v5tion ( physical ?+s   
may supply new ideas1 !re are limits to 
?is possibility4 ,lazy in]tness causes  
individuals to accept ideas t h curr5cy 
ab\t !m )\t p]sonal inquiry & te/+4 ,a  
man uses ?\ght1 p]haps1 to f9d out :at  
o!rs believe1 & !n /ops4 ,! ideas ( o!rs
 z embodi$ 9 language become sub/itutes 
= "o's own ideas4 ,! use ( l+ui/ic      
/udies & me?ods to halt ! human m9d on !
 level ( ! atta9m5ts ( ! pa/1 to prev5t 
new inquiry & discov]y1 to put !        
au?ority ( tradition 9 place ( !        
au?ority ( natural facts & laws1 to     
r$uce ! individual to a p>asite liv+ on 
! secondh& exp]i5ce ( o!rs--^! ?+s h be5
 ! s\rce ( ! re=m]s' prote/ aga9/ !     
preem95ce assign$ to language 9 s*ools4 

,sid5ote3 ,words z m]e /imuli  ,f9ally1 
words t orig9ally /ood = ideas come1 )  
repeat$ use1 to be m]e c\nt]s2 !y become
 physical ?+s to be manipulat$ accord+  
to c]ta9 rules1 or react$ to by c]ta9   
op]ations )\t consci\sness ( _! mean+4  
,mr4 ,/\t 7:o has call$ su* t]ms        
sub/itute signs7rem>ks t algebraical &  
ari?metical signs are to a great ext5t  
us$ z m]e sub/itute signs4444 ,x is     
possible to use signs ( ?is k9d :5ev]   
fix$ & def9ite rules ( op]ation c be    
d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! ?+s symboliz$1 s z 
to be appli$ 9 manipulat+ ! signs1 )\t  
fur!r ref]5ce to _! signification4 ,a ^w
 is an in/rum5t = ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* 
x expresses2 a sub/itute sign is a means
 ( n ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* x symbolizes4
 ,! pr9ciple applies1 h[ev]1 to ord9>y  
words1 z well z to algebraic signs2 !y  
also enable u to use mean+s s z to get  
results )\t ?9k+4 ,9 _m respects1 signs 
t are means ( n ?9k+ are ( great        
advantage2 /&+ = ! famili>1 !y release  
att5tion = mean+s t1 be+ novel1 require 

consci\s int]pretation4 ,nev]!less1 !   
premium put 9 ! s*oolroom ^u atta9m5t ( 
te*nical facility1 ^u skill 9 produc+   
ext]nal results 7ante1 p4 #ea71 (t5     
*anges ?is advantage into a positive    
detrim5t4 ,9 manipulat+ symbols s z to  
recite well1 to get & give correct      
answ]s1 to foll[ prescrib$ =mulae (     
analysis1 ! pupil's attitude becomes    
me*anical1 r ?an ?\ghtful2 v]bal        
memoriz+ is sub/itut$ = inquiry into !  
mean+ ( ?+s4 ,?is dang] is p]haps ! "o  
upp]mo/ 9 m9d :5 v]bal me?ods (         
education are attack$4   ,sec4 #c4 ,!   
,use ( ,language 9 its ,educational     
,be>+s  ,language /&s 9 a tw(old        
relation to ! "w ( education4 ,on ! "o  
h&1 x is cont9ually us$ 9 all /udies z  
well z 9 all ! social discipl9e ( !     
s*ool2 on ! o!r1 x is a di/9ct object ( 
/udy4 ,we %all consid] only ! ord9>y use
 ( language1 s9ce its effects ^u habits 
( ?\ght are mu* deep] ?an ^? ( consci\s 
/udy4  ,sid5ote3 ,language n prim>ily   
intellectual 9 purpose  ,! common       

/atem5t t language is ! expression (    
?\ght conveys only a half-tru?1 & a     
half-tru? t is likely to result 9       
positive error4 ,language does express  
?\ght1 b n prim>ily1 nor1 at fir/1 ev5  
consci\sly4 ,! prim>y motive = language 
is to influ5ce 7?r\gh ! expression (    
desire1 emotion1 & ?\ght7 ! activity (  
o!rs2 its second>y use is to ent] into m
 intimate sociable relations ) !m2 its  
employm5t z a consci\s vehicle ( ?\ght &
 k is a t]ti>y1 & relatively late1      
=mation4 ,! contra/ is well br\ght out  
by ! /atem5t ( ,john ,locke t words h a 
d\ble use1--civil & philosophical4 ,by  
_! civil use1 ,i mean su* a             
communication ( ?\ghts & ideas by words 
z may s]ve = ! uphold+ ( common         
conv]sation & comm]ce ab\t ! ord9>y     
affairs & conv5i5ces ( civil life4444   
,by ! philosophical use ( words1 ,i mean
 su* a use ( !m z may s]ve to convey !  
precise notions ( ?+s1 & to express 9   
g5]al propositions c]ta9 & und\bt$      
tru?s4  ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce education has to

 trans=m x into an intellectual tool    
,?is di/9ction ( ! practical & social f 
! intellectual use ( language ?r[s mu*  
light on ! problem ( ! s*ool 9 respect  
to spee*4 ,t problem is to direct       
pupils' oral & writt5 spee*1 us$        
prim>ily = practical & social ends1 s t 
gradually x %all become a consci\s tool 
( convey+ k & assi/+ ?\ght4 ,h[ )\t     
*eck+ ! spontane\s1 natural             
motives--motives to :i* language owes   
its vitality1 =ce1 vividness1 &         
v>iety--are we to modify spee* habits s 
z to r5d] !m accurate & flexible        
intellectual in/rum5ts8 ,x is           
comp>atively easy to enc\rage ! orig9al 
spontane\s fl[ & n make language ov]    
into a s]vant ( reflective ?\ght2 x is  
comp>atively easy to *eck & almo/ de/roy
 7s f> z ! s*oolroom is conc]n$7 native 
aim & int]e/1 & to set up artificial &  
=mal modes ( expression 9 "s isolat$ &  
te*nical matt]s4 ,! difficulty lies 9   
mak+ ov] habits t h to d ) ord9>y       
affairs & conv5i5ces into habits conc]n$

 ) precise notions4 ,! successful       
accompli%+ ( ! trans=mation requires 7i7
 enl>gem5t ( ! pupil's vocabul>y2 7ii7  
r5d]+ its t]ms m precise & accurate1 &  
7iii7 =mation ( habits ( consecutive    
disc\rse4  ,sid5ote3 ,to enl>ge         
vocabul>y1 ! fund ( concepts %\ld be    
enl>g$  7i7 ,enl>gem5t ( vocabul>y4 ,?is
 takes place1 ( c\rse1 by wid]          
intellig5t contact ) ?+s & p]sons1 &    
also vic>i\sly1 by ga!r+ ! mean+s (     
words f ! context 9 :i* !y are he>d or  
read4 ,to grasp by ei!r me?od a ^w 9 its
 mean+ is to ex]cise intellig5ce1 to    
p]=m an act ( intellig5t selection or   
analysis1 & x is also to wid5 ! fund (  
mean+s or concepts readily available 9  
fur!r intellectual ent]prises 7ante1 p4 
#abf74 ,x is usual to di/+ui% betwe5    
"o's active & "o's passive vocabul>y1 ! 
latt] be+ compos$ ( ! words t are       
und]/ood :5 !y are he>d or se51 ! =m] ( 
words t are us$ intellig5tly4 ,! fact t 
! passive vocabul>y is ord9>ily mu* l>g]
 ?an ! active indicates a c]ta9 am\nt ( 

in]t en]gy1 ( p[] n freely controll$ by 
an individual4 ,failure to use mean+s t 
are nev]!less und]/ood reveals dep5d5ce 
^u ext]nal /imulus1 & lack (            
intellectual initiative4 ,?is m5tal     
laz9ess is to "s ext5t an artificial    
product ( education4 ,small *ildr5      
usually attempt to put to use e new ^w  
!y get hold (1 b :5 !y le>n to read !y  
are introduc$ to a l>ge v>iety ( t]ms t 
!re is no ord9>y opportunity to use4 ,! 
result is a k9d ( m5tal suppression1 if 
n smo!r+4 ,moreov]1 ! mean+ ( words n   
actively us$ 9 build+ up & convey+ ideas
 is nev] q cle>-cut or complete4        
,sid5ote3 ,loos5ess ( ?9k+ accompanies a
 limit$ vocabul>y  ,:ile a limit$       
vocabul>y may be due to a limit$ range (
 exp]i5ce1 to a sph]e ( contact ) p]sons
 & ?+s s n>r[ z n to sugge/ or require a
 full /ore ( words1 x is also due to    
c>elessness & vagu5ess4 ,a happy-g-lucky
 frame ( m9d makes ! individual av]se to
 cle> discrim9ations1 ei!r 9 p]ception  
or 9 8 own spee*4 ,words are us$ loosely

 9 an indet]m9ate k9d ( ref]5ce to ?+s1 
& ! m9d approa*es a condition :]e       
practically ev]y?+ is j a ?+-um-bob or a
 :at-d-y-call-x4 ,paucity ( vocabul>y on
 ! "p ( ^? ) :om ! *ild associates1     
triviality & meag]ness 9 ! *ild's read+ 
matt] 7z frequ5tly ev5 9 8 s*ool read]s 
& text-books71 t5d to %ut d[n ! area (  
m5tal vision4  ,sid5ote3 ,comm& (       
language involves comm& ( ?+s  ,we mu/  
note also ! great diff]5ce betwe5 fl[ ( 
words & comm& ( language4 ,volubility is
 n necess>ily a sign ( a l>ge vocabul>y2
 mu* talk+ or ev5 ready spee* is q      
compatible ) mov+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle
 ( mod]ate radius4 ,mo/ s*oolrooms suff]
 f a lack ( mat]ials & appliances save  
p]haps books--& ev5 ^! are writt5 d[n to
 ! suppos$ capacity1 or incapacity1 (   
*ildr54 ,occasion & dem& = an enri*$    
vocabul>y are accord+ly re/rict$4 ,!    
vocabul>y ( ?+s /udi$ 9 ! s*oolroom is v
 l>gely isolat$2 x does n l9k itself    
organically to ! range ( ! ideas & words
 t are 9 vogue outside ! s*ool4 ,h5ce ! 

enl>gem5t t takes place is (t5 nom9al1  
add+ to ! in]t1 r ?an to ! active1 fund 
( mean+s & t]ms4  7ii7 ,accuracy (      
vocabul>y4 ,"o way 9 :i* ! fund ( words 
& concepts is increas$ is by discov]+ & 
nam+ %ades ( mean+--t is to say1 by mak+
 ! vocabul>y m precise4 ,increase 9     
def9it5ess is z important relatively z  
is ! enl>gem5t ( ! capital /ock         
absolutely4  ,sid5ote3 ,! g5]al z !     
vague & z ! di/9ctly g5]ic  ,! fir/     
mean+s ( t]ms1 s9ce !y are due to       
sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ?+s1 are g5]al 
9 ! s5se ( be+ vague4 ,! little *ild    
calls all m5 papa2 acqua9t$ ) a dog1 he 
may call ! fir/ horse he sees a big dog4
 ,diff]5ces ( quantity & int5sity are   
not$1 b ! fundam5tal mean+ is s vague t 
x cov]s ?+s t are f> ap>t4 ,to _m p]sons
 trees are j trees1 be+ discrim9at$ only
 into decidu\s trees & ev]gre5s1 )      
p]haps recognition ( "o or two k9ds (   
ea*4 ,su* vagu5ess t5ds to p]si/ & to   
become a b>ri] to ! advance ( ?9k+4     
,t]ms t are miscellane\s 9 scope are    

clumsy tools at be/2 9 addition !y are  
frequ5tly trea*]\s1 = _! ambigu\s       
ref]5ce causes u to confuse ?+s t %\ld  
be di/+ui%$4  ,sid5ote3 ,tw(old gr[? (  
words 9 s5se or signification  ,! gr[? (
 precise t]ms out ( orig9al vagu5ess    
takes place normally 9 two directions3  
t[>d words t /& = relation%ips & words t
 /& = highly individualiz$ traits       
7comp>e :at 0 said ab\t ! developm5t (  
mean+s1 p4 #abb72 ! fir/ be+ associat$ )
 ab/ract1 ! second ) concrete1 ?9k+4 ,"s
 ,au/ralian tribes are said to h no     
words = animal or = plant1 :ile !y h    
specific names = e v>iety ( plant &     
animal 9 _! neighborhoods4 ,?is m9ut5ess
 ( vocabul>y repres5ts progress t[>d    
def9it5ess1 b 9 a "o-sid$ way4 ,specific
 prop]ties are di/+ui%$1 b n            
relation%ips4#bh ,on ! o!r h&1 /ud5ts ( 
philosophy & ( ! g5]al aspects ( natural
 & social sci5ce are apt to acquire a   
/ore ( t]ms t signify relations )\t     
balanc+ !m up ) t]ms t designate        
specific individuals & traits4 ,! ord9>y

 use ( su* t]ms z causation1 law1       
society1 individual1 capital1 illu/rates
 ?is t5d5cy4      #bh ,! t]m g5]al is   
itself an ambigu\s t]m1 mean+ 79 its    
be/ logical s5se7 ! relat$ & also 79 its
 natural usage7 !     indef9ite1 !      
vague4 ,g5]al1 9 ! fir/ s5se1 d5otes !  
discrim9ation ( a pr9ciple or g5]ic     
relation2 9 ! second     s5se1 x d5otes 
! abs5ce ( discrim9ation ( specific or  
individual prop]ties4  ,sid5ote3 ,words 
alt] _! mean+s s z to *ange _! logical  
functions  ,9 ! hi/ory ( language we f9d
 bo? aspects ( ! gr[? ( vocabul>y       
illu/rat$ by *anges 9 ! s5se ( words3 "s
 words orig9ally wide 9 _! application  
are n>r[$ to d5ote %ades ( mean+2 o!rs  
orig9ally specific are wid5$ to express 
relation%ips4 ,! t]m v]nacul>1 n[ mean+ 
"m spee*1 has be5 g5]aliz$ f ! ^w v]na1 
mean+ a slave born 9 ! ma/]'s h\sehold4 
,publication has evolv$ its mean+ (     
communication by means ( pr9t1 ?r\gh    
re/rict+ an e>li] mean+ ( any k9d (     
communication--al?\gh ! wid] mean+ is   

reta9$ 9 legal proc$ure1 z publi%+ a    
libel4 ,! s5se ( ! ^w av]age has be5    
g5]aliz$ f a use connect$ ) divid+ loss 
by %ipwreck proportionately among v>i\s 
%>]s 9 an ent]prise4#bi      #bi ,a l>ge
 am\nt ( mat]ial illu/rat+ ! tw(old     
*ange 9     ! s5se ( words w be f\nd 9  
,jevons1 ,lessons 9 ,logic4  ,sid5ote3  
,simil> *anges occur 9 ! vocabul>y ( e  
/ud5t  ,^! hi/orical *anges assi/ !     
educator to appreciate ! *anges t occur 
) individuals toge!r ) advance 9        
intellectual res\rces4 ,9 /udy+         
geometry1 a pupil mu/ le>n bo? to n>r[ &
 to ext5d ! mean+s ( su* famili> words z
 l9e1 surface1 angle1 squ>e1 circle2 to 
n>r[ !m to ! precise mean+s involv$ 9   
demon/rations2 to ext5d !m to cov] g5]ic
 relations n express$ 9 ord9>y usage4   
,qualities ( color & size mu/ be        
exclud$2 relations ( direction1 (       
v>iation 9 direction1 ( limit1 mu/ be   
def9itely seiz$4 ,a l trans=mation      
occurs1 ( c\rse1 9 e subject ( /udy4 ,j 
at ?is po9t lies ! dang]1 allud$ to     

above1 ( simply ov]lay+ common mean+s ) 
new & isolat$ mean+s in/ead ( effect+ a 
g5u9e work+-ov] ( popul> & practical    
mean+s into adequate logical tools4     
,sid5ote3 ,! value ( te*nical t]ms      
,t]ms us$ ) int5tional exactness s z to 
express a mean+1 ! :ole mean+1 & only ! 
mean+1 are call$ te*nical4 ,=           
educational purposes1 a te*nical t]m    
indicates some?+ relative1 n absolute2 =
 a t]m is te*nical n because ( its v]bal
 =m or its unusualness1 b because x is  
employ$ to fix a mean+ precisely4       
,ord9>y words get a te*nical quality :5 
us$ int5tionally = ?is end4 ,:5ev] ?\ght
 becomes m accurate1 a 7relatively7     
te*nical vocabul>y gr[s up4 ,tea*]s are 
apt to oscillate betwe5 extremes 9 reg>d
 to te*nical t]ms4 ,on ! "o h&1 ^! are  
multipli$ 9 e direction1 seem+ly on !   
assumption t le>n+ a new piece (        
t]m9ology1 accompani$ by v]bal          
description or def9ition1 is equival5t  
to grasp+ a new idea4 ,:5 x is se5 h[   
l>gely ! net outcome is ! accumulation (

 an isolat$ set ( words1 a j>gon or     
s*ola/ic cant1 & to :at ext5t ! natural 
p[] ( judgm5t is clogg$ by ?is          
accumulation1 !re is a reaction to !    
opposite extreme4 ,te*nical t]ms are    
bani%$3 "n words exi/ b n n\ns2 action  
words b n v]bs2 pupils may take away1 b 
n subtract2 !y may tell :at f\r fives   
are1 b n :at f\r times five are1 & s on4
 ,a s\nd in/9ct und]lies ?is            
reaction--av]sion to words t give !     
pret5se1 b n ! reality1 ( mean+4 ,yet ! 
fundam5tal difficulty is n ) ! ^w1 b ) !
 idea4 ,if ! idea is n grasp$1 no?+ is  
ga9$ by us+ a m famili> ^w2 if ! idea is
 p]ceiv$1 ! use ( ! t]m t exactly names 
x may assi/ 9 fix+ ! idea4 ,t]ms d5ot+  
highly exact mean+s %\ld be introduc$   
only sp>+ly1 t is1 a few at a "t2 !y    
%\ld be l$ up to gradually1 & great pa9s
 %\ld be tak5 to secure ! circum/ances t
 r5d] precision ( mean+ significant4    
,sid5ote3 ,importance ( consecutive     
disc\rse  7iii7 ,consecutive disc\rse4  
,z we saw1 language connects & organizes

 mean+s z well z selects & fixes !m4 ,z 
e mean+ is set 9 ! context ( "s         
situation1 s e ^w 9 concrete use belongs
 to "s s5t5ce 7x may itself repres5t a  
cond5s$ s5t5ce71 & ! s5t5ce1 9 turn1    
belongs to "s l>g] /ory1 description1 or
 reason+ process4 ,x is unnecess>y to   
repeat :at has be5 said ab\t !          
importance ( cont9uity & ord]+ ( mean+s4
 ,we may1 h[ev]1 note "s ways 9 :i*     
s*ool practices t5d to int]rupt         
consecutiv5ess ( language & !reby       
int]f]e h>mfully ) sy/ematic reflection4
 7a7 ,tea*]s h a habit ( monopoliz+     
cont9u$ disc\rse4 ,_m1 if n mo/1        
in/ructors w\ld be surpris$ if in=m$ at 
! end ( ! day ( ! am\nt ( "t !y h talk$ 
z comp>$ ) any pupil4 ,*ildr5's         
conv]sation is (t5 conf9$ to answ]+     
que/ions 9 brief phrases1 or 9 s+le     
disconnect$ s5t5ces4 ,expatiation &     
explanation are res]v$ = ! tea*]1 :o (t5
 admits any h9t at an answ] on ! "p ( ! 
pupil1 & !n amplifies :at he supposes ! 
*ild mu/ h meant4 ,! habits ( sporadic &

 fragm5t>y disc\rse ?us promot$ h       
inevitably a dis9tegrat+ intellectual   
influ5ce4  ,sid5ote3 ,too m9ute que/ion+
  7b7 ,assignm5t ( too %ort lessons :5  
accompani$ 7z x usually is 9 ord] to    
pass ! "t ( ! recitation p]iod7 by m9ute
 analytic que/ion+ has ! same effect4   
,?is evil is usually at its height 9 su*
 subjects z hi/ory & lit]ature1 :]e n   
infrequ5tly ! mat]ial is s m9utely      
subdivid$ z to break up ! unity ( mean+ 
belong+ to a giv5 portion ( ! matt]1 to 
de/roy p]spective1 & 9 effect to r$uce !
 :ole topic to an accumulation (        
disconnect$ details all ^u ! same level4
 ,m (t5 ?an ! tea*] is aw>e1 8 m9d      
c>ries & supplies ! backgr\nd ( unity ( 
mean+ aga9/ :i* pupils project isolat$  
scraps4  ,sid5ote3 ,mak+ avoidance (    
error ! aim  7c7 ,insi/5ce ^u avoid+    
error in/ead ( atta9+ p[] t5ds also to  
int]ruption ( cont9u\s disc\rse & ?\ght4
 ,*ildr5 :o beg9 ) some?+ to say & )    
intellectual eag]ness to say x are      
sometimes made s consci\s ( m9or errors 

9 sub/ance & =m t ! en]gy t %\ld g into 
con/ructive ?9k+ is div]t$ into anxiety 
n to make mi/akes1 & ev51 9 extreme     
cases1 into passive quiesc5ce z ! be/   
me?od ( m9imiz+ error4 ,?is t5d5cy is   
especially m>k$ 9 connection ) ! writ+ (
 compositions1 essays1 & !mes4 ,x has   
ev5 be5 gravely recomm5d$ t little      
*ildr5 %\ld always write on trivial     
subjects & 9 %ort s5t5ces because 9 t   
way !y are less likely to make mi/akes1 
:ile ! tea*+ ( writ+ to high s*ool &    
college /ud5ts occasionally r$uces      
itself to a te*nique = detect+ &        
designat+ mi/akes4 ,! result+           
self-consci\sness & con/ra9t are only "p
 ( ! evil t comes f a negative ideal4   
,,*apt] ,,f\rte5  ,,obs]vation ,,&      
,,in=mation ,,9 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,m9d   
,sid5ote3 ,no ?9k+ )\t acqua9tance )    
facts  ,?9k+ is an ord]+ ( subject-matt]
 ) ref]5ce to discov]+ :at x signifies  
or indicates4 ,?9k+ no m exi/s ap>t f   
?is arrang+ ( subject-matt] ?an dige/ion
 occurs ap>t f ! assimilat+ ( food4 ,!  

way 9 :i* ! subject-matt] is furni%$    
m>ks1 !re=e1 a fundam5tal po9t4 ,if !   
subject-matt] is provid$ 9 too scanty or
 too pr(use fa%ion1 if x comes 9        
disord]$ array or 9 isolat$ scraps1 !   
effect ^u habits ( ?\ght is detrim5tal4 
,if p]sonal obs]vation & communication (
 in=mation by o!rs 7:e!r 9 books or     
spee*7 are rightly conduct$1 half !     
logical battle is won1 = !y are !       
*annels ( obta9+ subject-matt]4   ,sec4 
#a4 ,! ,nature & ,value ( ,obs]vation   
,sid5ote3 ,fallacy ( mak+ facts an end 9
 !mselves  ,! prote/1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/   
*apt]1 ( educational re=m]s aga9/ !     
exagg]at$ & false use ( language1 insi/$
 ^u p]sonal & direct obs]vation z !     
prop] alt]native c\rse4 ,! re=m]s felt t
 ! curr5t emphasis ^u ! l+ui/ic factor  
elim9at$ all opportunity = fir/-h&      
acqua9tance ) real ?+s2 h5ce !y appeal$ 
to s5se-p]ception to fill ! gap4 ,x is n
 surpris+ t ?is en?usia/ic zeal fail$   
frequ5tly to ask h[ & :y obs]vation is  
educative1 & h5ce fell into ! error (   

mak+ obs]vation an end 9 itself & 0     
satisfi$ ) any k9d ( mat]ial "u any k9d 
( conditions4 ,su* isolation (          
obs]vation is /ill manife/$ 9 ! /atem5t 
t ?is faculty develops fir/1 !n t (     
memory & imag9ation1 & f9ally ! faculty 
( ?\ght4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 obs]vation 
is reg>d$ z furni%+ crude masses ( raw  
mat]ial1 to :i*1 lat] on1 reflective    
processes may be appli$4 ,our previ\s   
pages %\ld h made obvi\s ! fallacy ( ?is
 po9t ( view by br++ out ! fact t simple
 concrete ?9k+ att5ds all our int]c\rse 
) ?+s :i* is n on a purely physical     
level4  ,sid5ote3 ,! sympa!tic motive 9 
ext5d+ acqua9tance  ,i4 ,all p]sons h a 
natural desire--ak9 to curiosity--= a   
wid5+ ( _! range ( acqua9tance ) p]sons 
& ?+s4 ,! sign 9 art gall]ies t =bids ! 
c>ry+ ( canes & umbrellas is obvi\s     
te/imony to ! fact t simply to see is n 
en\gh = _m p2 !re is a feel+ ( lack (   
acqua9tance until "s direct contact is  
made4 ,?is dem& = full] & clos] k is q  
diff]5t f any consci\s int]e/ 9         

obs]vation = its own sake4 ,desire =    
expansion1 = self-realization1 is its   
motive4 ,! int]e/ is sympa!tic1 socially
 & ae/hetically sympa!tic1 r ?an        
cognitive4 ,:ile ! int]e/ is especially 
ke5 9 *ildr5 7because _! actual exp]i5ce
 is s small & _! possible exp]i5ce s    
l>ge71 x /ill *>act]izes adults :5 r\t9e
 has n blunt$ its edge4 ,?is sympa!tic  
int]e/ provides ! m$ium = c>ry+ & b9d+  
toge!r :at w\ld o!rwise be a multitude (
 items1 div]se1 disconnect$1 & ( no     
intellectual use4 ,^! sy/ems are inde$  
social & ae/hetic r ?an consci\sly      
intellectual2 b !y provide ! natural    
m$ium = m consci\s intellectual         
explorations4 ,"s educators h recomm5d$ 
t nature /udy 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools be    
conduct$ ) a love ( nature & a          
cultivation ( ae/hetic appreciation 9   
view r ?an 9 a purely analytic _s4 ,o!rs
 h urg$ mak+ mu* ( ! c>e ( animals &    
plants4 ,bo? ( ^! important             
recomm5dations h gr[n out ( exp]i5ce1 n 
out ( !ory1 b !y af=d excell5t          

exemplifications ( ! !oretic po9t j     
made4  ,sid5ote3 ,analytic inspection = 
! sake ( do+  ,sid5ote3 ,direct &       
indirect s5se tra9+  ,,ii4 ,9 normal    
developm5t1 specific analytic           
obs]vations are orig9ally connect$ almo/
 exclusively ) ! imp]ative ne$ = not+   
means & ends 9 c>ry+ on activities4 ,:5 
"o is do+ some?+1 "o is compell$1 if !  
"w is to succe$ 7unless x is purely     
r\t9e71 to use eyes1 e>s1 & s5se ( t\* z
 guides to action4 ,)\t a con/ant & al]t
 ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 n ev5 plays & games 
c g on2 9 any =m ( "w1 mat]ials1        
ob/acles1 appliances1 failures1 &       
successes1 mu/ be int5tly wat*$4        
,s5se-p]ception does n occur = its own  
sake or = purposes ( tra9+1 b because x 
is an indisp5sable factor ( success 9   
do+ :at "o is int]e/$ 9 do+4 ,al?\gh n  
design$ = s5se-tra9+1 ?is me?od effects 
s5se-tra9+ 9 ! mo/ economical &         
?or\ghgo+ way4 ,v>i\s s*emes h be5      
design$ by tea*]s = cultivat+ %>p &     
prompt obs]vation ( =ms1 z by writ+     

words1--ev5 9 an unkn[n language1--mak+ 
arrangem5ts ( figures & geometrical =ms1
 & hav+ pupils reproduce !m aft] a      
mom5t>y glance4 ,*ildr5 (t5 atta9 great 
skill 9 quick see+ & full reproduc+ (   
ev5 complicat$ mean+less comb9ations4 ,b
 su* me?ods ( tra9+--h[ev] valuable z   
occasional games & div]sions--comp>e v  
unfavorably ) ! tra9+ ( eye & h& t comes
 z an incid5t ( "w ) tools 9 wood or    
metals1 or ( g>d5+1 cook+1 or ! c>e (   
animals4 ,tra9+ by isolat$ ex]cises     
leaves no deposit1 leads n[h]e2 & ev5 ! 
te*nical skill acquir$ has little       
radiat+ p[]1 or transf]able value4      
,criticisms made ^u ! tra9+ ( obs]vation
 on ! gr\nd t _m p]sons _c correctly    
reproduce ! =ms & arrangem5t ( ! figures
 on ! face ( _! wat*es misses ! po9t    
because p]sons d n look at a wat* to f9d
 out :e!r f\r o'clock is indicat$ by    
,,iiii or by ,,iv1 b to f9d out :at "t x
 is1 &1 if obs]vation decides ?is matt]1
 not+ o!r details is irrelevant & a wa/e
 ( "t4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( obs]vation ! "q (   

end & motive is all-important4          
,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific obs]vations are    
l9k$ to problems  ,sid5ote3             
,object-lessons r>ely supply problems   
,,iii4 ,! fur!r1 m intellectual or      
sci5tific1 developm5t ( obs]vation      
foll[s ! l9e ( ! gr[? ( practical into  
!oretical reflection already trac$      
7ante1 ,*apt] ,t574 ,z problems em]ge & 
are dwelt ^u1 obs]vation is direct$ less
 to ! facts t be> ^u a practical aim & m
 ^u :at be>s ^u a problem z su*4 ,:at   
makes obs]vations 9 s*ools (t5          
intellectually ineffective is 7m ?an    
any?+ else7 t !y are c>ri$ on           
indep5d5tly ( a s5se ( a problem t !y   
s]ve to def9e or help to solve4 ,! evil 
( ?is isolation is se5 ?r\gh ! entire   
educational sy/em1 f ! k9d]g>t51 ?r\gh !
 elem5t>y & high s*ools1 to ! college4  
,almo/ ev]y:]e may be f\nd1 at "s "t1   
rec\rse to obs]vations z if !y 7 (      
complete & f9al value 9 !mselves1 in/ead
 ( ! means ( gett+ mat]ial t be>s ^u "s 
difficulty & its solution4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5

 are heap$ up obs]vations reg>d+        
geometrical =ms1 l9es1 surfaces1 cubes1 
colors1 & s on4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 "u 
! "n ( object-lessons1 ! =m & prop]ties 
( objects1--apple1 orange1              
*alk1--select$ almo/ at r&om1 are       
m9utely not$1 :ile "u ! "n ( nature /udy
 simil> obs]vations are direct$ ^u      
leaves1 /ones1 insects1 select$ 9 almo/ 
equally arbitr>y fa%ion4 ,9 high s*ool &
 college1 laboratory & microscopic      
obs]vations are c>ri$ on z if !         
accumulation ( obs]v$ facts & !         
acquisition ( skill 9 manipulation 7    
educational ends 9 !mselves4  ,comp>e ) 
^! me?ods ( isolat$ obs]vations !       
/atem5t ( ,jevons t obs]vation z        
conduct$ by sci5tific m5 is effective   
only :5 excit$ & guid$ by hope ( v]ify+ 
a !ory2 & aga91 ! numb] ( ?+s :i* c be  
obs]v$ & exp]im5t$ ^u are inf9ite1 & if 
we m]ely set to "w to record facts )\t  
any di/9ct purpose1 our records w h no  
value4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! fir/ /atem5t (
 ,jevons is too n>r[4 ,sci5tific m5     

in/itute obs]vations n m]ely to te/ an  
idea 7or sugge/$ explanatory mean+71 b  
also to locate ! nature ( a problem &   
!reby guide ! =mation ( a hypo!sis4 ,b !
 pr9ciple ( 8 rem>k1 namely1 t sci5tific
 m5 nev] make ! accumulation (          
obs]vations an end 9 itself1 b always a 
means to a g5]al intellectual           
conclusion1 is absolutely s\nd4 ,until !
 =ce ( ?is pr9ciple is adequately       
recogniz$ 9 education1 obs]vation w be  
l>gely a matt] ( un9t]e/+ dead "w or (  
acquir+ =ms ( te*nical skill t are n    
available z intellectual res\rces4      
,sec4 #b4 ,me?ods & ,mat]ials (         
,obs]vation 9 ! ,s*ools ,! be/ me?ods 9 
use 9 our s*ools furni% _m sugge/ions = 
giv+ obs]vation its "r place 9 m5tal    
tra9+4  ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation %\ld      
involve discov]y  ,i4 ,!y re/ ^u ! s\nd 
assumption t obs]vation is an active    
process4 ,obs]vation is exploration1    
inquiry = ! sake ( discov]+ some?+      
previ\sly hidd5 & unkn[n1 ?is some?+ be+
 ne$$ 9 ord] to rea* "s end1 practical  

or !oretical4 ,obs]vation is to be      
discrim9at$ f recognition1 or p]ception 
( :at is famili>4 ,! id5tification (    
some?+ already und]/ood is1 inde$1 an   
indisp5sable function ( fur!r           
inve/igation 7ante1 p4 #aai72 b x is    
relatively automatic & passive1 :ile    
obs]vation prop] is se>*+ & delib]ate4  
,recognition ref]s to ! already ma/]$2  
obs]vation is conc]n$ ) ma/]+ ! unkn[n4 
,! common notions t p]ception is l writ+
 on a blank piece ( pap]1 or l impress+ 
an image on ! m9d z a seal is impr9t$ on
 wax or z a picture is =m$ on a         
photographic plate 7notions t h play$ a 
disa/r\s role 9 educational me?ods71    
arise f a failure to di/+ui% betwe5     
automatic recognition & ! se>*+ attitude
 ( g5u9e obs]vation4  ,sid5ote3 &       
susp5se dur+ an unfold+ *ange  ,,ii4    
,mu* assi/ance 9 ! selection (          
appropriate mat]ial = obs]vation may be 
d]iv$ f consid]+ ! eag]ness & clos5ess (
 obs]vation t att5d ! foll[+ ( a /ory or
 drama4 ,al]tness ( obs]vation is at its

 height :]ev] !re is plot int]e/4 ,:y8  
,because ( ! balanc$ comb9ation ( ! old 
& ! new1 ( ! famili> & ! unexpect$4 ,we 
hang on ! lips ( ! /ory-tell] because ( 
! elem5t ( m5tal susp5se4 ,alt]natives  
are sugge/$1 b are left ambigu\s1 s t   
our :ole be+ que/ions3 ,:at befell next8
 ,:i* way did ?+s turn out8 ,contra/ !  
ease & fullness ) :i* a *ild notes all !
 sali5t traits ( a /ory1 ) ! labor &    
inadequacy ( 8 obs]vation ( "s dead &   
/atic ?+ :]e no?+ raises a "q or sugge/s
 alt]native outcomes4  ,sid5ote3 ,?is   
plot int]e/ manife/$ 9 activity1  ,:5 an
 individual is engag$ 9 do+ or mak+     
some?+ 7! activity n be+ ( su* a        
me*anical & habitual "* t its outcome is
 assur$71 !re is an analog\s situation4 
,some?+ is go+ to come ( :at is pres5t  
to ! s5se1 b j :at is d\btful4 ,! plot  
is unfold+ t[>d success or failure1 b j 
:5 or h[ is unc]ta94 ,h5ce ! ke5 & t5se 
obs]vation ( conditions & results t     
att5ds con/ructive manual op]ations4    
,:]e ! subject-matt] is ( a m imp]sonal 

sort1 ! same pr9ciple ( movem5t t[>d a  
d5\em5t may apply4 ,x is a commonplace t
 :at is mov+ attracts notice :5 t :i* is
 at re/ escapes x4 ,yet too (t5 x w\ld  
almo/ seem z if pa9s _h be5 tak5 to     
deprive ! mat]ial ( s*ool obs]vations ( 
all life & dramatic quality1 to r$uce x 
to a dead & in]t =m4 ,m]e *ange is n    
en\gh1 h[ev]4 ,vicissitude1 alt]ation1  
motion1 excite obs]vation2 b if !y m]ely
 excite x1 !re is no ?\ght4 ,! *anges   
mu/ 7l ! incid5ts ( a well-arrang$ /ory 
or plot7 take place 9 a c]ta9 cumulative
 ord]2 ea* successive *ange mu/ at once 
rem9d u ( its pr$ecessor & ar\se int]e/ 
9 its successor if obs]vations ( *ange  
are to be logically fruitful4  ,sid5ote3
 & 9 cycles ( gr[?  ,liv+ be+s1 plants1 
& animals1 fulfill ! tw(old requirem5t  
to an extraord9>y degree4 ,:]e !re is   
gr[?1 !re is motion1 *ange1 process2 &  
!re is also arrangem5t ( ! *anges 9 a   
cycle4 ,! fir/ ar\ses1 ! second         
organizes1 obs]vation4 ,mu* ( !         
extraord9>y int]e/ t *ildr5 take 9      

plant+ se$s & wat*+ ! /ages ( _! gr[? is
 due to ! fact t a drama is enact+ be=e 
_! eyes2 !re is some?+ do+1 ea* /ep (   
:i* is important 9 ! de/9y ( ! plant4 ,!
 great practical improvem5ts t h occurr$
 ( late ye>s 9 ! tea*+ ( botany &       
zooelogy w be f\nd1 ^u inspection1 to   
involve treat+ plants & animals z be+s t
 act1 t d some?+1 in/ead ( z m]e in]t   
specim5s hav+ /atic prop]ties to be     
inv5tori$1 nam$1 & regi/]$4 ,treat$ 9 ! 
latt] fa%ion1 obs]vation is inevitably  
r$uc$ to ! falsely analytic 7ante1 p4   
#aab71--to m]e dissection & enum]ation4 
,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation ( /ructure gr[s   
out ( not+ function  ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a
 place1 & an important place1 =         
obs]vation ( ! m]e /atic qualities (    
objects4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! prim>y int]e/ is 
9 function1 9 :at ! object does1 !re is 
a motive = m m9ute analytic /udy1 = !   
obs]vation ( /ructure4 ,int]e/ 9 not+ an
 activity passes ins5sibly into not+ h[ 
! activity is c>ri$ on2 ! int]e/ 9 :at  
is accompli%$ passes ov] into an int]e/ 

9 ! organs ( its accompli%+4 ,b :5 !    
beg9n+ is made ) ! morphological1 !     
anatomical1 ! not+ ( peculi>ities ( =m1 
size1 color1 & di/ribution ( p>ts1 !    
mat]ial is s cut (f f significance z to 
be dead & dull4 ,x is z natural = *ildr5
 to look int5tly = ! /omata ( a plant   
aft] !y h become int]e/$ 9 its function 
( brea?+1 z x is repulsive to att5d     
m9utely to !m :5 !y are consid]$ z      
isolat$ peculi>ities ( /ructure4        
,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific obs]vation  ,,iii4 
,z ! c5t] ( int]e/ ( obs]vations becomes
 less p]sonal1 less a matt] ( means =   
effect+ "o's own ends1 & less ae/hetic1 
less a matt] ( contribution ( p>ts to a 
total emotional effect1 obs]vation      
becomes m consci\sly intellectual 9     
quality4 ,pupils le>n to obs]ve = ! sake
 7i7 ( f9d+ out :at sort ( p]plexity    
confronts !m2 7ii7 ( inf]r+ hypo!tical  
explanations = ! puzzl+ features t      
obs]vation reveals2 & 7iii7 ( te/+ !    
ideas ?us sugge/$4  ,sid5ote3 %\ld be   
ext5sive  ,sid5ote3 & int5sive  ,9 %ort1

 obs]vation becomes sci5tific 9 nature4 
,( su* obs]vations x may be said t !y   
%\ld foll[ a rhy?m betwe5 ! ext5sive & !
 int5sive4 ,problems become def9ite1 &  
sugge/$ explanations significant by a   
c]ta9 alt]nation betwe5 a wide & some:at
 loose soak+ 9 ( relevant facts & a     
m9utely accurate /udy ( a few select$   
facts4 ,! wid]1 less exact obs]vation is
 necess>y to give ! /ud5t a feel+ = !   
reality ( ! field ( inquiry1 a s5se (   
its be>+s & possibilities1 & to /ore 8  
m9d ) mat]ials t imag9ation may trans=m 
into sugge/ions4 ,! int5sive /udy is    
necess>y = limit+ ! problem1 & = secur+ 
! conditions ( exp]im5tal te/+4 ,z !    
latt] by itself is too specializ$ &     
te*nical to ar\se intellectual gr[?1 !  
=m] by itself is too sup]ficial &       
scatt]+ = control ( intellectual        
developm5t4 ,9 ! sci5ces ( life1 field  
/udy1 excursions1 acqua9tance ) liv+ ?+s
 9 _! natural habitats1 may alt]nate )  
microscopic & laboratory obs]vation4 ,9 
! physical sci5ces1 ph5om5a ( light1 (  

heat1 ( electricity1 ( moi/ure1 (       
gravity1 9 _! broad sett+ 9 nature--_!  
physiographic sett+--%\ld prep>e = an   
exact /udy ( select$ facts "u conditions
 ( laboratory control4 ,9 ?is way1 !    
/ud5t gets ! b5efit ( te*nical sci5tific
 me?ods ( discov]y & te/+1 :ile he      
reta9s 8 s5se ( ! id5tity ( ! laboratory
 modes ( en]gy ) l>ge out-(-door        
realities1 !reby avoid+ ! impression 7t 
s (t5 accrues7 t ! facts /udi$ are      
peculi> to ! laboratory4   ,sec4 #c4    
,communication ( ,in=mation  ,sid5ote3  
,importance ( he>say acqua9tance  ,:5   
all is said & done ! field ( fact op5 to
 any "o obs]v] by himself is n>r[4 ,into
 e "o ( our beliefs1 ev5 ^? t we h work$
 out "u ! conditions ( utmo/ p]sonal1   
fir/-h& acqua9tance1 mu* has ins5sibly  
ent]$ f :at we h he>d or read ( !       
obs]vations & conclusions ( o!rs4 ,9    
spite ( ! great ext5sion ( direct       
obs]vation 9 our s*ools1 ! va/ bulk (   
educational subject-matt] is d]iv$ f o!r
 s\rces--f text-book1 lecture1 &        

viva-voce int]*ange4 ,no educational "q 
is ( great] import ?an h[ to get ! mo/  
logical good out ( le>n+ ?r\gh          
transmission f o!rs4  ,sid5ote3         
,logically1 ?is ranks only z evid5ce or 
te/imony  ,d\btless ! *ief mean+        
associat$ ) ! ^w in/ruction is ?is      
convey+ & in/ill+ ( ! results ( !       
obs]vations & inf]5ces ( o!rs4 ,d\btless
 ! undue prom95ce 9 education ( ! ideal 
( amass+ in=mation 7ante1 p4 #eb7 has   
its s\rce 9 ! prom95ce ( ! le>n+ ( o!r  
p]sons4 ,! problem !n is h[ to conv]t x 
into an intellectual asset4 ,9 logical  
t]ms1 ! mat]ial suppli$ f ! exp]i5ce (  
o!rs is te/imony3 t is to say1 evid5ce  
submitt$ by o!rs to be employ$ by "o's  
own judgm5t 9 rea*+ a conclusion4 ,h[   
%all we treat ! subject-matt] suppli$ by
 text-book & tea*] s t x %all rank z    
mat]ial = reflective inquiry1 n z       
ready-made intellectual pabulum to be   
accept$ & swall[$ j z suppli$ by ! /ore8
  ,sid5ote3 ,communication by o!rs %\ld 
n encroa* on obs]vation1  ,9 reply to   

?is "q1 we may say 7i7 t ! communication
 ( mat]ial %\ld be ne$$4 ,t is to say1 x
 %\ld be su* z _c readily be atta9$ by  
p]sonal obs]vation4 ,= tea*] or book to 
cram pupils ) facts :i*1 ) little m     
tr\ble1 !y c\ld discov] by direct       
inquiry is to violate _! intellectual   
integrity by cultivat+ m5tal s]vility4  
,?is does n mean t ! mat]ial suppli$    
?r\gh communication ( o!rs %\ld be meag]
 or scanty4 ,) ! utmo/ range ( ! s5ses1 
! _w ( nature & hi/ory /ret*es out almo/
 inf9itely beyond4 ,b ! fields )9 :i*   
direct obs]vation is feasible %\ld be   
c>efully *os5 & sacr$ly protect$4       
,sid5ote3 %\ld n be dogmatic 9 tone1    
7ii7 ,mat]ial %\ld be suppli$ by way (  
/imulus1 n ) dogmatic f9ality &         
rigidity4 ,:5 pupils get ! notion t any 
field ( /udy has be5 def9itely survey$1 
t k ab\t x is exhau/ive & f9al1 !y may  
cont9ue docile pupils1 b !y cease to be 
/ud5ts4 ,all ?9k+ :atsoev]--s be x is   
?9k+--conta9s a phase ( orig9ality4 ,?is
 orig9ality does n imply t ! /ud5t's    

conclusion v>ies f ! conclusions ( o!rs1
 mu* less t x is a radically novel      
conclusion4 ,8 orig9ality is n          
incompatible ) l>ge use ( mat]ials &    
sugge/ions contribut$ by o!rs4          
,orig9ality means p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "q1
 p]sonal initiative 9 turn+ ov] !       
sugge/ions furni%$ by o!rs1 & s9c]ity 9 
foll[+ !m out to a te/$ conclusion4     
,lit]ally1 ! phrase ,?9k = y\rself is   
tautological2 any ?9k+ is ?9k+ = "o's   
self4  ,sid5ote3 %\ld h relation to a   
p]sonal problem1  7iii7 ,! mat]ial      
furni%$ by way ( in=mation %\ld be      
relevant to a "q t is vital 9 ! /ud5t's 
own exp]i5ce4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t !  
evil ( obs]vations t beg9 & end 9       
!mselves may be transf]r$ )\t *ange to  
communicat$ le>n+4 ,in/ruction 9        
subject-matt] t does n fit into any     
problem already /irr+ 9 ! /ud5t's own   
exp]i5ce1 or t is n pres5t$ 9 su* a way 
z to ar\se a problem1 is worse ?an      
useless = intellectual purposes4 ,9 t x 
fails to ent] into any process (        

reflection1 x is useless2 9 t x rema9s 9
 ! m9d z s mu* lumb] & debris1 x is a   
b>ri]1 an ob/ruction 9 ! way ( effective
 ?9k+ :5 a problem arises4  ,sid5ote3 & 
to prior sy/ems ( exp]i5ce  ,ano!r way (
 /at+ ! same pr9ciple is t mat]ial      
furni%$ by communication mu/ be su* z to
 ent] into "s exi/+ sy/em or            
organization ( exp]i5ce4 ,all /ud5ts (  
psy*ology are famili> ) ! pr9ciple (    
app]ception--t we assimilate new mat]ial
 ) :at we h dige/$ & reta9$ f prior     
exp]i5ces4 ,n[ ! app]ceptive basis (    
mat]ial furni%$ by tea*] & text-book    
%\ld be f\nd1 z f> z possible1 9 :at !  
le>n] has d]iv$ f m direct =ms ( 8 own  
exp]i5ce4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to connect   
mat]ial ( ! s*oolroom simply ) ! mat]ial
 ( prior s*ool lessons1 in/ead ( l9k+ x 
to :at ! pupil has acquir$ 9 8          
out-(-s*ool exp]i5ce4 ,! tea*] says1 ,d 
y n rememb] :at we le>n$ f ! book la/   
week8--in/ead ( say+1 ,d y n recall su* 
& su* a ?+ t y h se5 or he>d8 ,z a      
result1 !re are built up deta*$ &       

indep5d5t sy/ems ( s*ool k t in]tly     
ov]lay ! ord9>y sy/ems ( exp]i5ce in/ead
 ( react+ to enl>ge & ref9e !m4 ,pupils 
are taught to live 9 two sep>ate worlds1
 "o ! _w ( out-(-s*ool exp]i5ce1 ! o!r !
 _w ( books & lessons4     ,,*apt]      
,,fifte5  ,,! ,,recitation ,,& ,,!      
,,tra9+ ,,( ,,?\ght   ,sid5ote3         
,importance ( ! recitation  ,9 !        
recitation ! tea*] comes into 8 close/  
contact ) ! pupil4 ,9 ! recitation focus
 ! possibilities ( guid+ *ildr5's       
activities1 influ5c+ _! language habits1
 & direct+ _! obs]vations4 ,9 discuss+ !
 significance ( ! recitation z an       
in/rum5tality ( education1 we are       
accord+ly br++ to a head ! po9ts        
consid]$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s1 r ?an     
introduc+ a new topic4 ,! me?od 9 :i* ! 
recitation is c>ri$ on is a crucial te/ 
( a tea*]'s skill 9 diagnos+ !          
intellectual /ate ( 8 pupils & 9 supply+
 ! conditions t w ar\se s]viceable m5tal
 responses3 9 %ort1 ( 8 art z a tea*]4  
,sid5ote3 ,re-cit+ v]sus reflect+  ,!   

use ( ! ^w recitation to designate !    
p]iod ( mo/ intimate intellectual       
contact ( tea*] ) pupil & pupil ) pupil 
is a fateful fact4 ,to re-cite is to    
cite aga91 to repeat1 to tell ov] & ov]4
 ,if we 7 to call ?is p]iod reit]ation1 
! designation w\ld h>dly br+ out m      
cle>ly ?an does ! ^w recitation1 !      
complete dom9ation ( in/ruction by      
rehe>s+ ( secondh& in=mation1 by        
memoriz+ = ! sake ( produc+ correct     
replies at ! prop] "t4 ,ev]y?+ t is said
 9 ?is *apt] is insignificant 9         
comp>ison ) ! prim>y tru? t ! recitation
 is a place & "t = /imulat+ & direct+   
reflection1 & t reproduc+ memoriz$ matt]
 is only an incid5t--ev5 ?\gh an        
indisp5sable incid5t--9 ! process (     
cultivat+ a ?\ghtful attitude4   ,sec4  
#a4 ,! ,=mal ,/eps ( ,in/ruction        
,sid5ote3 ,h]b>t's analysis ( me?od (   
tea*+  ,b few attempts h be5 made to    
=mulate a me?od1 re/+ on g5]al          
pr9ciples1 ( conduct+ a recitation4 ,"o 
( ^! is ( great importance & has        

probably _h m & bett] influ5ce ^u ! he>+
 ( lessons ?an all o!rs put toge!r2     
namely1 ! analysis by ,h]b>t ( a        
recitation into five successive /eps4 ,!
 /eps are commonly kn[n z ! =mal /eps ( 
in/ruction4 ,! und]ly+ notion is t no   
matt] h[ subjects v>y 9 scope & detail  
!re is "o & only "o be/ way ( ma/]+ !m1 
s9ce !re is a s+le g5]al me?od uni=mly  
foll[$ by ! m9d 9 effective attack ^u   
any subject4 ,:e!r x be a fir/-grade    
*ild ma/]+ ! rudim5ts ( numb]1 a        
gramm>-s*ool pupil /udy+ hi/ory1 or a   
college /ud5t deal+ ) philology1 9 ea*  
case ! fir/ /ep is prep>ation1 ! second 
pres5tation1 foll[$ 9 turn by comp>ison 
& g5]alization1 end+ 9 ! application ( !
 g5]alizations to specific & new        
in/ances4  ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration (     
me?od  ,by prep>ation is meant ask+     
que/ions to rem9d pupils ( famili>      
exp]i5ces ( _! own t w be useful 9      
acquir+ ! new topic4 ,:at "o already    
kn[s supplies ! means ) :i* "o appreh5ds
 ! unkn[n4 ,h5ce ! process ( le>n+ ! new

 w be made easi] if relat$ ideas 9 !    
pupil's m9d are ar\s$ to activity--are  
br\ght to ! =egr\nd ( consci\sness4 ,:5 
pupils take up ! /udy ( riv]s1 !y are   
fir/ que/ion$ ab\t /reams or brooks )   
:i* !y are already acqua9t$2 if !y h    
nev] se5 any1 !y may be ask$ ab\t wat]  
runn+ 9 gutt]s4 ,someh[ app]ceptive     
masses are /irr$ t w assi/ 9 gett+ hold 
( ! new subject4 ,! /ep ( prep>ation    
ends ) /atem5t ( ! aim ( ! lesson4 ,old 
k hav+ be5 made active1 new mat]ial is  
!n pres5t$ to ! pupils4 ,pictures &     
relief models ( riv]s are %[n2 vivid    
oral descriptions are giv52 if possible1
 ! *ildr5 are tak5 to see an actual     
riv]4 ,^! two /eps t]m9ate ! acquisition
 ( p>ticul> facts4  ,! next two /eps are
 direct$ t[>d gett+ a g5]al pr9ciple or 
conception4 ,! local riv] is comp>$ )1  
p]haps1 ! ,amazon1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 !    
,rh9e2 by ?is comp>ison accid5tal &     
uness5tial features are elim9at$ & !    
riv] concept is =m$3 ! elem5ts involv$ 9
 ! riv]-mean+ are ga!r$ toge!r &        

=mulat$4 ,?is done1 ! result+ pr9ciple  
is fix$ 9 m9d & is cl>ifi$ by be+ appli$
 to o!r /reams1 say to ! ,?ames1 ! ,po1 
! ,connecticut4  ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ) 
our prior analysis ( reflection  ,if we 
comp>e ?is acc\nt ( ! me?ods (          
in/ruction ) our own analysis ( a       
complete op]ation ( ?9k+1 we are /ruck  
by obvi\s resemblances4 ,9 our /atem5t  
7comp>e ,*apt] ,six7 ! /eps are !       
occurr5ce ( a problem or a puzzl+       
ph5om5on2 !n obs]vation1 inspection (   
facts1 to locate & cle> up ! problem2 !n
 ! =mation ( a hypo!sis or ! sugge/ion (
 a possible solution toge!r ) its       
elaboration by reason+2 !n ! te/+ ( !   
elaborat$ idea by us+ x z a guide to new
 obs]vations & exp]im5tations4 ,9 ea*   
acc\nt1 !re is ! sequ5ce ( 7i7 specific 
facts & ev5ts1 7ii7 ideas & reason+s1 & 
7iii7 application ( _! result to        
specific facts4 ,9 ea* case1 ! movem5t  
is inductive-d$uctive4 ,we are /ruck    
also by "o diff]5ce3 ! ,h]b>tian me?od  
makes no ref]5ce to a difficulty1 a     

discrepancy requir+ explanation1 z !    
orig9 & /imulus ( ! :ole process4 ,z a  
consequ5ce1 x (t5 seems z if ! ,h]b>tian
 me?od deals ) ?\ght simply z an incid5t
 9 ! process ( acquir+ in=mation1 in/ead
 ( treat+ ! latt] z an incid5t 9 !      
process ( develop+ ?\ght4  ,sid5ote3 ,! 
=mal /eps conc]n ! tea*]'s prep>ation r 
?an ! recitation itself  ,be=e foll[+ up
 ?is comp>ison 9 m detail1 we may raise 
! "q :e!r ! recitation %\ld1 9 any case1
 foll[ a uni=m prescrib$ s]ies (        
/eps--ev5 if x be admitt$ t ?is s]ies   
expresses ! normal logical ord]4 ,9     
reply1 x may be said t j because ! ord] 
is logical1 x repres5ts ! survey (      
subject-matt] made by "o :o already     
und]/&s x1 n ! pa? ( progress foll[$ by 
a m9d t is le>n+4 ,! =m] may describe a 
uni=m /raight-way c\rse1 ! latt] mu/ be 
a s]ies ( tacks1 ( zigzag movem5ts back 
& =?4 ,9 %ort1 ! =mal /eps indicate !   
po9ts t %\ld be cov]$ by ! tea*] 9      
prep>+ to conduct a recitation1 b %\ld n
 prescribe ! actual c\rse ( tea*+4      

,sid5ote3 ,! tea*]'s problem  ,lack (   
any prep>ation on ! "p ( a tea*] leads1 
( c\rse1 to a r&om1 haphaz>d recitation1
 its success dep5d+ on ! inspiration ( !
 mom5t1 :i* may or may n come4          
,prep>ation 9 simply ! subject-matt]    
conduces to a rigid ord]1 ! tea*] exam9+
 pupils on _! exact k ( _! text4 ,b !   
tea*]'s problem--z a tea*]--does n      
reside 9 ma/]+ a subject-matt]1 b 9     
adju/+ a subject-matt] to ! nurture (   
?\ght4 ,n[ ! =mal /eps indicate         
excell5tly well ! que/ions a tea*] %\ld 
ask 9 work+ out ! problem ( tea*+ a     
topic4 ,:at prep>ation h my pupils =    
attack+ ?is subject8 ,:at famili>       
exp]i5ces ( !irs are available8 ,:at h  
!y already le>n$ t w come to _!         
assi/ance8 ,h[ %all ,i pres5t ! matt] s 
z to fit economically & effectively into
 _! pres5t equipm5t8 ,:at pictures %all 
,i %[8 ,to :at objects %all ,i call _!  
att5tion8 ,:at incid5ts %all ,i relate8 
,:at comp>isons %all ,i lead !m to draw1
 :at simil>ities to recognize8 ,:at is !

 g5]al pr9ciple t[>d :i* ! :ole         
discussion %\ld po9t z its conclusion8  
,by :at applications %all ,i try to fix1
 to cle> up1 & to make real _! grasp (  
?is g5]al pr9ciple8 ,:at activities ( _!
 own may br+ x home to !m z a g5u9ely   
significant pr9ciple8  ,sid5ote3 ,only  
flexibility ( proc$ure gives a          
recitation vitality  ,sid5ote3 ,any /ep 
may come fir/  ,no tea*] c fail to tea* 
bett] if he has consid]$ su* que/ions   
some:at sy/ematically4 ,b ! m ! tea*]   
has reflect$ ^u pupils' probable        
intellectual response to a topic f !    
v>i\s /&-po9ts indicat$ by ! five =mal  
/eps1 ! m he w be prep>$ to conduct !   
recitation 9 a flexible & free way1 &   
yet n let ! subject g to pieces & !     
pupils' att5tion drift 9 all directions2
 ! less necess>y w he f9d x1 9 ord] to  
pres]ve a semblance ( intellectual ord]1
 to foll[ "s "o uni=m s*eme4 ,he w be   
ready to take advantage ( any sign (    
vital response t %[s itself f any       
direction4 ,"o pupil may already h "s   

inkl+--probably errone\s--( a g5]al     
pr9ciple4 ,application may !n come at ! 
v beg9n+ 9 ord] to %[ t ! pr9ciple w n  
"w1 & !reby induce se>* = new facts & a 
new g5]alization4 ,or ! abrupt          
pres5tation ( "s fact or object may s   
/imulate ! m9ds ( pupils z to r5d] q    
sup]flu\s any prelim9>y prep>ation4 ,if 
pupils' m9ds are at "w at all1 x is q   
impossible t !y %\ld wait until ! tea*] 
has consci5ti\sly tak5 !m ?r\gh ! /eps (
 prep>ation1 pres5tation1 & comp>ison   
be=e !y =m at lea/ a work+ hypo!sis or  
g5]alization4 ,moreov]1 unless comp>ison
 ( ! famili> & ! unfamili> is introduc$ 
at ! beg9n+1 bo? prep>ation &           
pres5tation w be aimless & )\t logical  
motive1 isolat$1 & 9 s f> mean+less4 ,! 
/ud5t's m9d _c be prep>$ at l>ge1 b only
 = some?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & pres5tation is  
usually ! be/ way ( evok+ associations4 
,! emphasis may fall n[ on ! famili>    
concept t w help grasp ! new1 n[ on !   
new facts t frame ! problem2 b 9 ei!r   
case x is comp>ison & contra/ ) ! o!r   

t]m ( ! pair :i* gives ei!r its =ce4 ,9 
%ort1 to transf] ! logical /eps f !     
po9ts t ! tea*] ne$s to consid] to uni=m
 successive /eps 9 ! conduct ( a        
recitation1 is to impose ! logical      
review ( a m9d t already und]/&s !      
subject1 ^u ! m9d t is /ruggl+ to       
compreh5d x1 & !reby to ob/ruct ! logic 
( ! /ud5t's own m9d4   ,sec4 #b4 ,!     
,factors 9 ! ,recitation  ,be>+ 9 m9d t 
! =mal /eps repres5t int]tw9$ factors ( 
a /ud5t's progress & n milepo/s on a    
beat5 highway1 we may consid] ea* by    
itself4 ,9 s do+1 x w be conv5i5t to    
foll[ ! example ( _m ( ! ,h]b>tians &   
r$uce ! /eps to ?ree3 fir/1 !           
appreh5sion ( specific or p>ticul>      
facts2 second1 rational g5]alization2   
?ird1 application & v]ification4        
,sid5ote3 ,prep>ation is gett+ ! s5se ( 
a problem  ,i4 ,! processes hav+ to d ) 
p>ticul> facts are prep>ation &         
pres5tation4 ,! be/1 inde$ ! only       
prep>ation is ar\sal to a p]ception (   
some?+ t ne$s explanation1 some?+       

unexpect$1 puzzl+1 peculi>4 ,:5 ! feel+ 
( a g5u9e p]plexity lays hold ( any m9d 
7no matt] h[ ! feel+ arises71 t m9d is  
al]t & inquir+1 because /imulat$ f )94  
,! %ock1 ! bite1 ( a "q w =ce ! m9d to g
 :]ev] x is capable ( go+1 bett] ?an w !
 mo/ +5i\s p$agogical devices           
unaccompani$ by ?is m5tal ardor4 ,x is !
 s5se ( a problem t =ces ! m9d to a     
survey & recall ( ! pa/ to discov] :at !
 "q means & h[ x may be dealt )4        
,sid5ote3 ,pitfalls 9 prep>ation  ,!    
tea*] 9 8 m delib]ate attempts to call  
into play ! famili> elem5ts 9 a /ud5t's 
exp]i5ce1 mu/ gu>d aga9/ c]ta9 dang]s4  
7i7 ,! /ep ( prep>ation mu/ n be too    
long cont9u$ or too exhau/ive1 or x     
defeats its own end4 ,! pupil loses     
int]e/ & is bor$1 :5 a plunge 9 m$ias   
res might h brac$ him to 8 "w4 ,!       
prep>ation "p ( ! recitation p]iod ( "s 
consci5ti\s tea*]s rem9ds "o ( ! boy :o 
takes s long a run 9 ord] to ga9 headway
 = a jump t :5 he rea*es ! l9e1 he is   
too tir$ to jump f>4 7ii7 ,! organs by  

:i* we appreh5d new mat]ial are our     
habits4 ,to insi/ too m9utely ^u turn+  
ov] habitual dispositions into consci\s 
ideas is to int]f]e ) _! be/ work+s4 ,"s
 factors ( famili> exp]i5ce mu/ inde$ be
 br\ght to consci\s recognition1 j z    
transplant+ is necess>y = ! be/ gr[? (  
"s plants4 ,b x is fatal to be =ev]     
digg+ up ei!r exp]i5ces or plants to see
 h[ !y are gett+ along4 ,con/ra9t1      
self-consci\sness1 emb>rassm5t1 are !   
consequ5ce ( too mu* consci\s refurbi%+ 
( famili> exp]i5ces4  ,sid5ote3 ,/atem5t
 ( aim ( lesson  ,/rict ,h]b>tians      
g5]ally lay x d[n t /atem5t--by !       
tea*]--( ! aim ( a lesson is an         
indisp5sable "p ( prep>ation4 ,?is      
prelim9>y /atem5t ( ! aim ( ! lesson    
h>dly seems m intellectual 9 "*1 h[ev]1 
?an tapp+ a bell or giv+ any o!r signal 
= att5tion & transf] ( ?\ghts f div]t+  
subjects4 ,to ! tea*] ! /atem5t ( an end
 is significant1 because he has already 
be5 at ! end2 f a pupil's /&po9t !      
/atem5t ( :at he is go+ to le>n is      

some?+ ( an ,iri% bull4 ,if ! /atem5t ( 
! aim is tak5 too s]i\sly by !          
in/ructor1 z mean+ m ?an a signal to    
att5tion1 its probable result is =e/all+
 ! pupil's own reaction1 reliev+ him ( !
 responsibility ( develop+ a problem &  
?us arre/+ 8 m5tal initiative4          
,sid5ote3 ,h[ mu* ! tea*] %\ld tell or  
%[  ,x is unnecess>y to discuss at l5g? 
pres5tation z a factor 9 ! recitation1  
because our la/ *apt] cov]$ ! topic "u !
 captions ( obs]vation & communication4 
,! function ( pres5tation is to supply  
mat]ials t =ce home ! nature ( a problem
 & furni% sugge/ions = deal+ ) x4 ,!    
practical problem ( ! tea*] is to       
pres]ve a balance betwe5 s little %[+ & 
tell+ z to fail to /imulate reflection &
 s mu* z to *oke ?\ght4 ,provid$ ! /ud5t
 is g5u9ely engag$ ^u a topic1 & provid$
 ! tea*] is will+ to give ! /ud5t a good
 deal ( leeway z to :at he assimilates &
 reta9s 7n requir+ rigidly t ev]y?+ be  
grasp$ or reproduc$71 !re is            
comp>atively little dang] t "o :o is    

himself en?usia/ic w communicate too mu*
 conc]n+ a topic4  ,sid5ote3 ,! pupil's 
responsibility = mak+ out a reasonable  
case  ,,ii4 ,! di/9ctively rational     
phase ( reflective inquiry consi/s1 z we
 h already se51 9 ! elaboration ( an    
idea1 or work+ hypo!sis1 ?r\gh conjo9t  
comp>ison & contra/1 t]m9at+ 9 def9ition
 or =mulation4 7i7 ,s f> z ! recitation 
is conc]n$1 ! prim>y requirem5t is t !  
/ud5t be held responsible = work+ out   
m5tally e sugge/$ pr9ciple s z to %[ :at
 he means by x1 h[ x be>s ^u ! facts at 
h&1 & h[ ! facts be> ^u x4 ,unless !    
pupil is made responsible = develop+ on 
8 own acc\nt ! reasonabl5ess ( ! guess  
he puts =?1 ! recitation c\nts =        
practically no?+ 9 ! tra9+ ( reason+    
p[]4 ,a clev] tea*] easily acquires     
great skill 9 dropp+ out ! inept &      
s5seless contributions ( pupils1 & 9    
select+ & emphasiz+ ^? 9 l9e ) ! result 
he wi%es to rea*4 ,b ?is me?od          
7sometimes call$ sugge/ive que/ion+7    
relieves ! pupils ( intellectual        

responsibility1 save = acrobatic agility
 9 foll[+ ! tea*]'s lead4  ,sid5ote3 ,! 
necessity = m5tal leisure  7ii7 ,! work+
 ov] ( a vague & m or less casual idea  
into coh]5t & def9ite =m is impossible  
)\t a pause1 )\t fre$om f di/raction4   
,we say ,/op & ?9k2 well1 all reflection
 involves1 at "s po9t1 /opp+ ext]nal    
obs]vations & reactions s t an idea may 
mature4 ,m$itation1 )drawal or          
ab/raction f clamor\s assailants ( !    
s5ses & f dem&s = ov]t action1 is z     
necess>y at ! reason+ /age1 z are       
obs]vation & exp]im5t at o!r p]iods4 ,! 
metaphors ( dige/ion & assimilation1 t s
 readily occur to m9d 9 connection )    
rational elaboration1 are highly        
in/ructive4 ,a sil5t1 un9t]rupt$        
work+-ov] ( consid]ations by comp>+ &   
weigh+ alt]native sugge/ions1 is        
indisp5sable = ! developm5t ( coh]5t &  
compact conclusions4 ,reason+ is no m   
ak9 to disput+ or argu+1 or to ! abrupt 
seiz+ & dropp+ ( sugge/ions1 ?an        
dige/ion is to a noisy *amp+ ( ! jaws4  

,! tea*] mu/ secure opportunity =       
leisurely m5tal dige/ion4  ,sid5ote3 ,a 
typical c5tral object necess>y  7iii7 ,9
 ! process ( comp>ison1 ! tea*] mu/ av]t
 ! di/raction t ensues f putt+ be=e !   
m9d a numb] ( facts on ! same level (   
importance4 ,s9ce att5tion is selective1
 "s "o object normally claims ?\ght &   
furni%es ! c5t] ( dep>ture & ref]5ce4   
,?is fact is fatal to ! success ( !     
p$agogical me?ods t endeavor to conduct 
comp>ison on ! basis ( putt+ be=e ! m9d 
a r[ ( objects ( equal importance4 ,9   
comp>+1 ! m9d does n naturally beg9 )   
objects a1 b1 c1 d1 & try to f9d !      
respect 9 :i* !y agree4 ,x beg9s ) a    
s+le object or situation m or less vague
 & in*oate 9 mean+1 & makes excursions  
to o!r objects 9 ord] to r5d] und]/&+ ( 
! c5tral object consi/5t & cle>4 ,! m]e 
multiplication ( objects ( comp>ison is 
adv]se to successful reason+4 ,ea* fact 
br\ght )9 ! field ( comp>ison %\ld cle> 
up "s obscure feature or ext5d "s       
fragm5t>y trait ( ! prim>y object4      

,sid5ote3 ,importance ( types  ,9 %ort1 
pa9s %\ld be tak5 to see t ! object on  
:i* ?\ght c5t]s is typical3 mat]ial be+ 
typical :51 al?\gh individual or        
specific1 x is su* z readily &          
fruitfully sugge/s ! pr9ciples ( an     
entire class ( facts4 ,no sane p]son    
beg9s to ?9k ab\t riv]s :olesale or at  
l>ge4 ,he beg9s ) ! "o riv] t has       
pres5t$ "s puzzl+ trait4 ,!n he /udies  
o!r riv]s to get light ^u ! baffl+      
features ( ?is "o1 & at ! same "t he    
employs ! *>act]i/ic traits ( 8 orig9al 
object to r$uce to ord] ! multif>i\s    
details t appe> 9 connection ) o!r      
riv]s4 ,?is work+ back & =? pres]ves    
unity ( mean+1 :ile protect+ x f        
monotony & n>r[ness4 ,contra/1          
unlik5ess1 ?r[s significant features    
into relief1 & ^! become in/rum5ts =    
b9d+ toge!r into an organiz$ or coh]5t  
mean+ dissimil> *>act]s4 ,! m9d is      
def5d$ aga9/ ! dead5+ influ5ce ( _m     
isolat$ p>ticul>s & also aga9/ !        
b>r5ness ( a m]ely =mal pr9ciple4       

,p>ticul> cases & prop]ties supply      
emphasis & concret5ess2 g5]al pr9ciples 
conv]t ! p>ticul>s into a s+le sy/em4   
,sid5ote3 ,all insight into mean+       
effects g5]alization  7iv7 ,h5ce        
g5]alization is n a sep>ate & s+le act2 
x is r a con/ant t5d5cy & function ( !  
entire discussion or recitation4 ,e /ep 
=w>d t[>d an idea t compreh5ds1 t       
expla9s1 t unites :at 0 isolat$ & !re=e 
puzzl+1 g5]alizes4 ,! little *ild       
g5]alizes z truly z ! adolesc5t or      
adult1 ev5 ?\gh he does n arrive at !   
same g5]alities4 ,if he is /udy+ a riv] 
bas91 8 k is g5]aliz$ 9 s f> z ! v>i\s  
details t he appreh5ds are f\nd to be ! 
effects ( a s+le =ce1 z t ( wat] pu%+   
d[nw>d f gravity1 or are se5 to be      
successive /ages ( a s+le hi/ory (      
=mation4 ,ev5 if !re 7 acqua9tance )    
only "o riv]1 k ( x "u su* conditions   
w\ld be g5]aliz$ k4  ,sid5ote3 ,insight 
into mean+ requires =mulation  ,! factor
 ( =mulation1 ( consci\s /at+1 involv$ 9
 g5]alization1 %\ld also be a con/ant   

function1 n a s+le =mal act4 ,def9ition 
means ess5tially ! gr[? ( a mean+ out ( 
vagu5ess into def9it5ess4 ,su* f9al     
v]bal def9ition z takes place %\ld be   
only ! culm9ation ( a /eady gr[? 9      
di/9ctness4 ,9 ! reaction aga9/         
ready-made v]bal def9itions & rules1 !  
p5dulum %\ld nev] sw+ to ! opposite     
extreme1 t ( neglect+ to summ>ize ! net 
mean+ t em]ges f deal+ ) p>ticul> facts4
 ,only z g5]al summ>ies are made f "t to
 "t does ! m9d rea* a conclusion or a   
re/+ place2 & only z conclusions are    
rea*$ is !re an intellectual deposit    
available 9 future und]/&+4  ,sid5ote3  
,g5]alization means capacity =          
application to ! new  ,,iii4 ,z ! la/   
words indicate1 application &           
g5]alization lie close toge!r4          
,me*anical skill = fur!r use may be     
a*iev$ )\t any explicit recognition ( a 
pr9ciple2 nay1 9 r\t9e & n>r[ te*nical  
matt]s1 consci\s =mulation may be a     
h9drance4 ,b )\t recognition ( a        
pr9ciple1 )\t g5]alization1 ! p[] ga9$  

_c be transf]r$ to new & dissimil>      
matt]s4 ,! inh]5t significance (        
g5]alization is t x frees a mean+ f     
local re/rictions2 r1 g5]alization is   
mean+ s fre$2 x is mean+ emancipat$ f   
accid5tal features s z to be available 9
 new cases4 ,! sure/ te/ = detect+ a    
spuri\s g5]alization 7a /atem5t g5]al 9 
v]bal =m b n accompani$ by disc]nm5t (  
mean+71 is ! failure ( ! s-call$        
pr9ciple spontane\sly to ext5d itself4  
,! ess5ce ( ! g5]al is application4     
7,ante1 p4 #bi47  ,sid5ote3 ,fossiliz$  
v]sus flexible pr9ciples  ,! true       
purpose ( ex]cises t apply rules &      
pr9ciples is1 !n1 n s mu* to drive or   
drill !m 9 z to give adequate insight   
into an idea or pr9ciple4 ,to treat     
application z a sep>ate f9al /ep is     
disa/r\s4 ,9 e judgm5t "s mean+ is      
employ$ z a basis = e/imat+ & int]pret+ 
"s fact2 by ?is application ! mean+ is  
itself enl>g$ & te/$4 ,:5 ! g5]al mean+ 
is reg>d$ z complete 9 itself1          
application is treat$ z an ext]nal1     

non-intellectual use to :i*1 = practical
 purposes alone1 x is advisable to put !
 mean+4 ,! pr9ciple is "o self-conta9$  
?+2 its use is ano!r & indep5d5t ?+4 ,:5
 ?is divorce occurs1 pr9ciples become   
fossiliz$ & rigid2 !y lose _! inh]5t    
vitality1 _! self-impell+ p[]4          
,sid5ote3 ,self-application a m>k (     
g5u9e pr9ciples  ,a true conception is a
 mov+ idea1 & x seeks outlet1 or        
application to ! int]pretation (        
p>ticul>s & ! guidance ( action1 z      
naturally z wat] runs d[nhill4 ,9 f9e1 j
 z reflective ?\ght requires p>ticul>   
facts ( obs]vation & ev5ts ( action =   
its orig9ation1 s x also requires       
p>ticul> facts & de$s = its own         
consummation4 ,glitt]+ g5]alities are   
in]t because !y are spuri\s4            
,application is z mu* an intr9sic "p (  
g5u9e reflective inquiry z is al]t      
obs]vation or reason+ itself4 ,truly    
g5]al pr9ciples t5d to apply !mselves4  
,! tea*] ne$s1 inde$1 to supply         
conditions favorable to use & ex]cise2 b

 some?+ is wrong :5 artificial tasks h  
arbitr>ily to be inv5t$ 9 ord] to secure
 application = pr9ciples4     ,,*apt]   
,,sixte5  ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,conclusions    
,we %all conclude our survey ( h[ we ?9k
 & h[ we %\ld ?9k by pres5t+ "s factors 
( ?9k+ :i* %\ld balance ea* o!r1 b :i*  
con/antly t5d to become s isolat$ t !y  
"w aga9/ ea* o!r in/ead ( coop]at+ to   
make reflective inquiry effici5t4       
,sec4 #a4 ,! ,unconsci\s & ! ,consci\s  
,sid5ote3 ,! und]/ood z ! unconsci\sly  
assum$  ,x is significant t "o mean+ ( !
 t]m und]/ood is some?+ s ?or\ghly      
ma/]$1 s completely agre$ ^u1 z to be   
assum$2 t is to say1 tak5 z a matt] (   
c\rse )\t explicit /atem5t4 ,! famili>  
goes )\t say+ means x is und]/ood4 ,if  
two p]sons c conv]se intellig5tly ) ea* 
o!r1 x is because a common exp]i5ce     
supplies a backgr\nd ( mutual und]/&+ ^u
 :i* _! respective rem>ks are project$4 
,to dig up & to =mulate ?is common      
backgr\nd w\ld be imbecile2 x is        
und]/ood2 t is1 x is sil5tly suppli$ &  

impli$ z ! tak5-=-grant$ m$ium (        
intellig5t ex*ange ( ideas4  ,sid5ote3  
,inquiry z consci\s =mulation  ,if1     
h[ev]1 ! two p]sons f9d !mselves at     
cross-purposes1 x is necess>y to dig up 
& comp>e ! presuppositions1 ! impli$    
context1 on ! basis ( :i* ea* is speak+4
 ,! implicit is made explicit2 :at 0    
unconsci\sly assum$ is expos$ to ! light
 ( consci\s day4 ,9 ?is way1 ! root ( ! 
misund]/&+ is remov$4 ,"s su* rhy?m ( ! 
unconsci\s & ! consci\s is involv$ 9 all
 fruitful ?9k+4 ,a p]son 9 pursu+ a     
consecutive tra9 ( ?\ghts takes "s sy/em
 ( ideas = grant$ 7:i* accord+ly he     
leaves unexpress$1 unconsci\s7 z surely 
z he does 9 conv]s+ ) o!rs4 ,"s context1
 "s situation1 "s controll+ purpose     
dom9ates 8 explicit ideas s ?or\ghly t x
 does n ne$ to be consci\sly =mulat$ &  
exp\nd$4 ,explicit ?9k+ goes on )9 !    
limits ( :at is impli$ or und]/ood4 ,yet
 ! fact t reflection orig9ates 9 a      
problem makes x necess>y at "s po9ts    
consci\sly to inspect & exam9e ?is      

famili> backgr\nd4 ,we h to turn ^u "s  
unconsci\s assumption & make x explicit4
  ,sid5ote3 ,rules _c be giv5 = atta9+ a
 balance  ,no rules c be laid d[n =     
atta9+ ! due balance & rhy?m ( ^! two   
phases ( m5tal life4 ,no ord9ance c     
prescribe at j :at po9t ! spontane\s    
work+ ( "s unconsci\s attitude & habit  
is to be *eck$ till we h made explicit  
:at is impli$ 9 x4 ,no "o c tell 9      
detail j h[ f> ! analytic inspection &  
=mulation are to be c>ri$4 ,we c say t  
!y mu/ be c>ri$ f> en\gh s t !          
individual w "k :at he is ab\t & be able
 to guide 8 ?9k+2 b 9 a giv5 case j h[  
f> is t8 ,we c say t !y mu/ be c>ri$ f> 
en\gh to detect & gu>d aga9/ ! s\rce (  
"s false p]ception or reason+1 & to get 
a lev]age on ! inve/igation2 b su*      
/atem5ts only re/ate ! orig9al          
difficulty4 ,s9ce our reliance mu/ be ^u
 ! disposition & tact ( ! individual 9 !
 p>ticul> case1 !re is no te/ ( !       
success ( an education m important ?an !
 ext5t to :i* x nurtures a type ( m9d   

compet5t to ma9ta9 an economical balance
 ( ! unconsci\s & ! consci\s4  ,sid5ote3
 ,! ov]-analytic to be avoid$  ,! ways (
 tea*+ criticis$ 9 ! =ego+ pages z false
 analytic me?ods ( in/ruction 7ante1 p4 
#aab71 all r$uce !mselves to ! mi/ake ( 
direct+ explicit att5tion & =mulation to
 :at w\ld "w bett] if left an unconsci\s
 attitude & work+ assumption4 ,to pry   
into ! famili>1 ! usual1 ! automatic1   
simply = ! sake ( mak+ x consci\s1      
simply = ! sake ( =mulat+ x1 is bo? an  
imp]t95t int]f]5ce1 & a s\rce ( bor$om4 
,to be =c$ to dwell consci\sly ^u !     
accu/om$ is ! ess5ce ( ennui2 to pursue 
me?ods ( in/ruction t h t t5d5cy is     
delib]ately to cultivate lack ( int]e/4 
,sid5ote3 ,! detection ( error1 ! cl9*+ 
( tru?1 dem& consci\s /atem5t  ,on ! o!r
 h&1 :at has be5 said 9 criticism (     
m]ely r\t9e =ms ( skill1 :at has be5    
said ab\t ! importance ( hav+ a g5u9e   
problem1 ( introduc+ ! novel1 & ( rea*+ 
a deposit ( g5]al mean+ weighs on ! o!r 
side ( ! scales4 ,x is z fatal to good  

?9k+ to fail to make consci\s ! /&+     
s\rce ( "s error or failure z x is to   
pry ne$lessly into :at works smoo?ly4   
,to ov]-simplify1 to exclude ! novel = !
 sake ( prompt skill1 to avoid ob/acles 
= ! sake ( av]t+ errors1 is z detrim5tal
 z to try to get pupils to =mulate      
ev]y?+ !y "k & to /ate e /ep ( ! process
 employ$ 9 gett+ a result4 ,:]e ! %oe   
p9*es1 analytic exam9ation is indicat$4 
,:5 a topic is to be cl9*$ s t k ( x w  
c>ry ov] into an effective res\rce 9    
fur!r topics1 consci\s cond5sation &    
summ>iz+ are imp]ative4 ,9 ! e>ly /age (
 acqua9tance ) a subject1 a good deal ( 
uncon/ra9$ unconsci\s m5tal play ab\t x 
may be p]mitt$1 ev5 at ! risk ( "s r&om 
exp]im5t+2 9 ! lat] /ages1 consci\s     
=mulation & review may be enc\rag$4     
,projection & reflection1 go+ directly  
ahead & turn+ back 9 scrut9y1 %\ld      
alt]nate4 ,unconsci\sness gives         
spontaneity & fre%ness2 consci\sness1   
conviction & control4   ,sec4 #b4       
,process & ,product  ,sid5ote3 ,play &  

"w aga9  ,a l balance 9 m5tal life      
*>act]izes process & product4 ,we met "o
 important phase ( ?is adju/m5t 9       
consid]+ play & "w4 ,9 play1 int]e/     
c5t]s 9 activity1 )\t mu* ref]5ce to its
 outcome4 ,! sequ5ce ( de$s1 images1    
emotions1 suffices on its own acc\nt4 ,9
 "w1 ! end holds att5tion & controls !  
notice giv5 to means4 ,s9ce ! diff]5ce  
is "o ( direction ( int]e/1 ! contra/ is
 "o ( emphasis1 n ( cleavage4 ,:5       
comp>ative prom95ce 9 consci\sness (    
activity or outcome is trans=m$ into    
isolation ( "o f ! o!r1 play deg5]ates  
into fool+1 & "w into drudg]y4          
,sid5ote3 ,play %\ld n be fool+1  ,by   
fool+ we und]/& a s]ies ( disconnect$   
tempor>y ov]fl[s ( en]gy dep5d5t ^u :im 
& accid5t4 ,:5 all ref]5ce to outcome is
 elim9at$ f ! sequ5ce ( ideas & acts t  
make play1 ea* memb] ( ! sequ5ce is cut 
loose f e o!r & becomes fanta/ic1       
arbitr>y1 aimless2 m]e fool+ foll[s4    
,!re is "s invet]ate t5d5cy to fool 9   
*ildr5 z well z 9 animals2 nor is !     

t5d5cy :olly evil1 = at lea/ x militates
 aga9/ fall+ into ruts4 ,b :5 x is      
excessive 9 am\nt1 dissipation &        
dis9tegration foll[2 & ! only way (     
prev5t+ ?is consequ5ce is to make reg>d 
= results ent] into ev5 ! free/ play    
activity4  ,sid5ote3 nor "w1 drudg]y    
,exclusive int]e/ 9 ! result alt]s "w to
 drudg]y4 ,= by drudg]y is meant ^?     
activities 9 :i* ! int]e/ 9 ! outcome   
does n suffuse ! means ( gett+ ! result4
 ,:5ev] a piece ( "w becomes drudg]y1 ! 
process ( do+ loses all value = ! do]2  
he c>es solely = :at is to be _h at !   
end ( x4 ,! "w itself1 ! putt+ =? (     
en]gy1 is hateful2 x is j a necess>y    
evil1 s9ce )\t x "s important end w\ld  
be miss$4 ,n[ x is a commonplace t 9 !  
"w ( ! _w _m ?+s h to be done ! do+ (   
:i* is n intr9sically v int]e/+4 ,h[ev]1
 ! argum5t t *ildr5 %\ld be kept do+    
drudg]y-tasks because !reby !y acquire  
p[] to be fai?ful to di/a/eful duties1  
is :olly fallaci\s4 ,repulsion1 %irk+1 &
 evasion are ! consequ5ces ( hav+ !     

repulsive impos$--n loyal love ( duty4  
,will+ness to "w = ends by means ( acts 
n naturally attractive is be/ atta9$ by 
secur+ su* an appreciation ( ! value ( !
 end t a s5se ( its value is transf]r$  
to its means ( accompli%m5t4 ,n int]e/+ 
9 !mselves1 !y borr[ int]e/ f ! result )
 :i* !y are associat$4  ,sid5ote3       
,balance ( playfulness & s]i\sness !    
intellectual ideal  ,sid5ote3 ,free play
 ( m9d  ,sid5ote3 is normal 9 *ildhood  
,! intellectual h>m accru+ f divorce (  
"w & play1 product & process1 is evid5c$
 9 ! prov]b1 ,all "w & no play makes    
,jack a dull boy4 ,t ! obv]se is true is
 p]haps suffici5tly signaliz$ 9 ! fact t
 fool+ is s ne> to fooli%ness4 ,to be   
playful & s]i\s at ! same "t is         
possible1 & x def9es ! ideal m5tal      
condition4 ,abs5ce ( dogmatism &        
prejudice1 pres5ce ( intellectual       
curiosity & flexibility1 are manife/ 9 !
 free play ( ! m9d ^u a topic4 ,to give 
! m9d ?is free play is n to enc\rage    
toy+ ) a subject1 b is to be int]e/$ 9 !

 unfold+ ( ! subject on its own acc\nt1 
ap>t f its subs]vi5ce to a preconceiv$  
belief or habitual aim4 ,m5tal play is  
op5-m9d$ness1 fai? 9 ! p[] ( ?\ght to   
pres]ve its own integrity )\t ext]nal   
supports & arbitr>y re/rictions4 ,h5ce  
free m5tal play involves s]i\sness1 !   
e>ne/ foll[+ ( ! developm5t (           
subject-matt]4 ,x is incompatible )     
c>elessness or flippancy1 = x exacts    
accurate not+ ( e result rea*$ 9 ord] t 
e conclusion may be put to fur!r use4   
,:at is t]m$ ! int]e/ 9 tru? = its own  
sake is c]ta9ly a s]i\s matt]1 yet ?is  
pure int]e/ 9 tru? co9cides ) love ( !  
free play ( ?\ght4  ,9 spite ( _m       
appe>ances to ! contr>y--usually due to 
social conditions ( ei!r undue          
sup]fluity t induces idle fool+ or undue
 economic pressure t compels            
drudg]y--*ildhood normally realizes !   
ideal ( conjo9t free m5tal play &       
?\ghtfulness4 ,successful portrayals (  
*ildr5 h always made _! wi/ful int5tness
 at lea/ z obvi\s z _! lack ( worry = ! 

morr[4 ,to live 9 ! pres5t is compatible
 ) cond5sation ( f>-rea*+ mean+s 9 !    
pres5t4 ,su* enri*m5t ( ! pres5t = its  
own sake is ! j h]itage ( *ildhood & !  
be/ insur] ( future gr[?4 ,! *ild =c$   
into premature conc]n ) economic remote 
results may develop a surpris+ %>p5+ (  
wits 9 a p>ticul> direction1 b ?is      
precoci\s specialization is always paid 
= by lat] apa?y & dullness4  ,sid5ote3  
,! attitude ( ! arti/  ,t art orig9at$ 9
 play is a common say+4 ,:e!r or n !    
say+ is hi/orically correct1 x sugge/s t
 h>mony ( m5tal playfulness & s]i\sness 
describes ! arti/ic ideal4 ,:5 ! arti/  
is preoccupi$ ov]mu* ) means & mat]ials1
 he may a*ieve wond]ful te*nique1 b n ! 
arti/ic _s p> excell5ce4 ,:5 ! animat+  
idea is 9 excess ( ! comm& ( me?od1     
ae/hetic feel+ may be indicat$1 b ! art 
( pres5tation is too defective to       
express ! feel+ ?or\ghly4 ,:5 ! ?\ght ( 
! end becomes s adequate t x compels    
translation into ! means t embody x1 or 
:5 att5tion to means is inspir$ by      

recognition ( ! end !y s]ve1 we h !     
attitude typical ( ! arti/1 an attitude 
t may be display$ 9 all activities1 ev5 
?\gh n conv5tionally designat$ arts4    
,sid5ote3 ,! art ( ! tea*] culm9ates 9  
nurtur+ ?is attitude  ,t tea*+ is an art
 & ! true tea*] an arti/ is a famili>   
say+4 ,n[ ! tea*]'s own claim to rank z 
an arti/ is measur$ by 8 ability to fo/]
 ! attitude ( ! arti/ 9 ^? :o /udy )    
him1 :e!r !y be y\? or little *ildr54   
,"s succe$ 9 ar\s+ en?usiasm1 9         
communicat+ l>ge ideas1 9 evok+ en]gy4  
,s f>1 well2 b ! f9al te/ is :e!r !     
/imulus ?us giv5 to wid] aims succe$s 9 
trans=m+ itself into p[]1 t is to say1  
into ! att5tion to detail t ensures     
ma/]y ov] means ( execution4 ,if n1 !   
zeal flags1 ! int]e/ dies out1 ! ideal  
becomes a cl\d$ memory4 ,o!r tea*]s     
succe$ 9 tra9+ facility1 skill1 ma/]y ( 
! te*nique ( subjects4 ,aga9 x is       
well--s f>4 ,b unless enl>gem5t ( m5tal 
vision1 p[] ( increas$ discrim9ation (  
f9al values1 a s5se = ideas--=          

pr9ciples--accompanies ?is tra9+1 =ms ( 
skill ready to be put indiff]5tly to any
 end may be ! result4 ,su* modes (      
te*nical skill may display !mselves1    
accord+ to circum/ances1 z clev]ness 9  
s]v+ self-int]e/1 z docility 9 c>ry+ out
 ! purposes ( o!rs1 or z unimag9ative   
plodd+ 9 ruts4 ,to nurture inspir+ aim &
 executive means into h>mony ) ea* o!r  
is at once ! difficulty & ! rew>d ( !   
tea*]4   ,sec4 #c4 ,! ,f> & ! ,ne>      
,sid5ote3 ,famili>ity bre$s contempt1   
,tea*]s :o h he>d t !y %\ld avoid matt]s
 =eign to pupils' exp]i5ce1 are         
frequ5tly surpris$ to f9d pupils wake up
 :5 some?+ beyond _! k5 is introduc$1   
:ile !y rema9 apa!tic 9 consid]+ !      
famili>4 ,9 geography1 ! *ild ^u ! pla9s
 seems p]v]sely irresponsive to !       
intellectual *>ms ( 8 local environm5t1 
& fasc9at$ by :atev] conc]ns m\nta9s or 
! sea4 ,tea*]s :o h /ruggl$ ) little    
avail to extract f pupils essays        
describ+ ! details ( ?+s ) :i* !y are   
well acqua9t$1 sometimes f9d !m eag] to 

write on l(ty or imag9>y !mes4 ,a woman 
( education1 :o has record$ h] exp]i5ce 
z a factory work]1 tri$ retell+ ,little 
,wom5 to "s factory girls dur+ _! work+ 
h\rs4 ,!y c>$ little = x1 say+1 ,^?     
girls _h no m int]e/+ exp]i5ce ?an we h1
 & dem&$ /ories ( millionaires & society
 lead]s4 ,a man int]e/$ 9 ! m5tal       
condition ( ^? engag$ 9 r\t9e labor ask$
 a ,scot* girl 9 a cotton factory :at %e
 ?\ght ab\t all day4 ,%e repli$ t z soon
 z h] m9d 0 free f />t+ ! ma*9]y1 %e    
m>ri$ a duke1 & _! =tunes occupi$ h] = !
 rema9d] ( ! day4  ,sid5ote3 s9ce only !
 novel dem&s att5tion1  ,naturally1 ^!  
incid5ts are n told 9 ord] to enc\rage  
me?ods ( tea*+ t appeal to ! s5sational1
 ! extraord9>y1 or ! incompreh5sible4   
,!y are told1 h[ev]1 to en=ce ! po9t t !
 famili> & ! ne> d n excite or repay    
?\ght on _! own acc\nt1 b only z !y are 
adju/$ to ma/]+ ! /range & remote4 ,x is
 a commonplace ( psy*ology t we d n     
att5d to ! old1 nor consci\sly m9d t to 
:i* we are ?or\ghly accu/om$4 ,= ?is1   

!re is good reason3 to devote att5tion  
to ! old1 :5 new circum/ances are       
con/antly aris+ to :i* we %\ld adju/    
ourselves1 w\ld be wa/eful & dang]\s4   
,?\ght mu/ be res]v$ = ! new1 !         
prec>i\s1 ! problematic4 ,h5ce ! m5tal  
con/ra9t1 ! s5se ( be+ lo/1 t comes to  
pupils :5 !y are invit$ to turn _!      
?\ghts ^u t ) :i* !y are already        
famili>4 ,! old1 ! ne>1 ! accu/om$1 is n
 t to :i* b t ) :i* we att5d2 x does n  
furni% ! mat]ial ( a problem1 b ( its   
solution4  ,sid5ote3 :i*1 9 turn1 c be  
giv5 only ?r\gh ! old  ,! la/ s5t5ce has
 br\ght u to ! balanc+ ( new & old1 ( ! 
f> & t close by1 involv$ 9 reflection4  
,! m remote supplies ! /imulus & !      
motive2 ! ne>] at h& furni%es ! po9t (  
approa* & ! available res\rces4 ,?is    
pr9ciple may also be /at$ 9 ?is =m3 !   
be/ ?9k+ occurs :5 ! easy & ! difficult 
are duly proportion$ to ea* o!r4 ,! easy
 & ! famili> are equival5ts1 z are !    
/range & ! difficult4 ,too mu* t is easy
 gives no gr\nd = inquiry2 too mu* ( !  

h>d r5d]s inquiry hopeless4  ,sid5ote3  
,! giv5 & ! sugge/$  ,! necessity ( !   
int]action ( ! ne> & ! f> foll[s        
directly f ! nature ( ?9k+4 ,:]e !re is 
?\ght1 some?+ pres5t sugge/s & indicates
 some?+ abs5t4 ,accord+ly unless !      
famili> is pres5t$ "u conditions t are 9
 "s respect unusual1 x gives no jog to  
?9k+1 x makes no dem& ^u :at is n pres5t
 9 ord] to be und]/ood4 ,& if ! subject 
pres5t$ is totally /range1 !re is no    
basis ^u :i* x may sugge/ any?+         
s]viceable = its compreh5sion4 ,:5 a    
p]son fir/ has to d ) fractions1 =      
example1 !y w be :olly baffl+ s f> z !y 
d n signify to him "s relation t he has 
already ma/]$ 9 deal+ ) :ole numb]s4 ,:5
 fractions h become ?or\ghly famili>1 8 
p]ception ( !m acts simply z a signal to
 d c]ta9 ?+s2 !y are a sub/itute sign1  
to :i* he c react )\t ?9k+4 7,ante1 p4  
#agh47 ,if1 nev]!less1 ! situation z a  
:ole pres5ts some?+ novel & h5ce        
unc]ta91 ! entire response is n         
me*anical1 because ?is me*anical        

op]ation is put to use 9 solv+ a        
problem4 ,!re is no end to ?is spiral   
process3 =eign subject-matt] trans=m$   
?r\gh ?9k+ into a famili> possession    
becomes a res\rce = judg+ & assimilat+  
additional =eign subject-matt]4         
,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation supplies ! ne>1   
imag9ation ! remote  ,! ne$ = bo?       
imag9ation & obs]vation 9 e m5tal       
ent]prise illu/rates ano!r aspect ( !   
same pr9ciple4 ,tea*]s :o h tri$        
object-lessons ( ! conv5tional type h   
usually f\nd t :5 ! lessons 7 new1      
pupils 7 attract$ to !m z a div]sion1 b 
z soon z !y became matt]s ( c\rse !y 7 z
 dull & we>isome z 0 ev] ! mo/ me*anical
 /udy ( m]e symbols4 ,imag9ation c\ld n 
play ab\t ! objects s z to enri* !m4 ,! 
feel+ t in/ruction 9 facts1 facts       
produces a n>r[ ,gradgr9d is ju/ifi$ n  
because facts 9 !mselves are limit+1 b  
because facts are dealt out z su* h>d & 
fa/ ready-made articles z to leave no   
room to imag9ation4 ,let ! facts be     
pres5t$ s z to /imulate imag9ation1 &   

culture ensues naturally en\gh4 ,!      
conv]se is equally true4 ,! imag9ative  
is n necess>ily ! imag9>y2 t is1 !      
unreal4 ,! prop] function ( imag9ation  
is vision ( realities t _c be exhibit$  
"u exi/+ conditions ( s5se-p]ception4   
,cle> insight into ! remote1 ! abs5t1 ! 
obscure is its aim4 ,hi/ory1 lit]ature1 
& geography1 ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 nay1 
ev5 geometry & ari?metic1 are full (    
matt]s t mu/ be imag9atively realiz$ if 
!y are realiz$ at all4 ,imag9ation      
supplem5ts & deep5s obs]vation2 only :5 
x turns into ! fanciful does x become a 
sub/itute = obs]vation & lose logical   
=ce4  ,sid5ote3 ,exp]i5ce ?r\gh         
communication ( o!rs' exp]i5ce  ,a f9al 
exemplification ( ! requir$ balance     
betwe5 ne> & f> is f\nd 9 ! relation t  
obta9s betwe5 ! n>r[] field ( exp]i5ce  
realiz$ 9 an individual's own contact ) 
p]sons & ?+s1 & ! wid] exp]i5ce ( ! race
 t may become 8 ?r\gh communication4    
,in/ruction always runs ! risk ( swamp+ 
! pupil's own vital1 ?\gh n>r[1 exp]i5ce

 "u masses ( communicat$ mat]ial4 ,!    
in/ructor ceases & ! tea*] beg9s at !   
po9t :]e communicat$ matt] /imulates    
into full] & m significant life t :i*   
has ent]$ by ! /rait & n>r[ gate (      
s5se-p]ception & motor activity4 ,g5u9e 
communication involves contagion2 its "n
 %\ld n be tak5 9 va9 by t]m+           
communication t :i* produces no         
community ( ?\ght & purpose betwe5 !    
*ild & ! race ( :i* he is ! heir4       
,,index     ,ab/ract1 #ace-add          
,ab/raction1 #aee f4    ,action1        
activity1 activities1 #df1 #adj f41     
#aeg-afi1 #aij f4    ,active attitude & 
! concept1 #abh    ,analysis1 #aaa-aae1 
#aeb f42     9 education1 #aab          
,app]ception1 #aii2     app]ceptive     
masses1 #bjc    ,application1 #abi f41  
#bab f4    ,appreh5sion1 #aai f42       
see ,und]/&+4    ,arti/1 attitude (1    
#bai f4    ,articulation1 #c            
,au?ority1 #d1 #be     ,bacon1 #bb1 #be1
 #cc    ,ba91 #aee    ,balance1 #ch     
,behavior1 #e1 #db-d1 #ed f42     see   

,action1 ,occupations    ,belief1 #a1   
#c-g2     rea*$ indirectly1 #ah         
,c5tral factor 9 ?9k+1 #g    ,*ildr51   
#db f4    ,clif=d1 #adh    ,coh]5ce1 #c1
 #hj    ,comp>ison1 #hi f41 #bjb        
,compreh5sion1 #abj2     see ,und]/&+4  
,conc5tration1 #dj    ,concept1         
conception1 #ajg1 #abe-i1 #bac2     see 
,mean+4    ,conclusion1 #c1 #e f41 #dj1 
#gg1 #hj f42     te*nique (1 #hg f4     
,concrete1 #ace-dd    ,congruity1 #c1   
#gb    ,connection1 #g2     see         
,relation4    ,consecutive1 #b1 #dj1 #db
    ,consequ5ce1 consequ5tial1 #b2      
consequ5ces1 #e    ,consi/5cy1 #dj      
,cont9uity1 #c1 #dj1 #hj    ,control1   
#ah-bh2     ( d$uction1 #ic-ajj2     (  
induction1 #hd-ic2     ( sugge/ion1 #hd 
f41 #ic2     see ,regulation4           
,corroborate1 corroboration1 #i1 #gg    
,curiosity1 #ca ff41 #aje     ,d>w91    
#ch1 #ij1 #abg    ,data1 #gi f41 #ie1   
#ajc f41 #ajf    ,decision1 #ajg        
,d$uction1 #gi1 #ic-ajj1 #ajc2          
control (1 #ic-ajj    ,def9ition1 #acj  

f42     def9itions1 #aca-d1 #bab        
,developm5t1 ( ideas1 #hc2     see      
,elaboration1 ,ratioc9ation1 ,reason+4  
,discipl9e1 #fc1 #gh2     =mal1 #de1 #ej
    ,disc\rse1 consecutive1 #ahe f4     
,discov]y1 inductive1 #ha1 #aaf         
,division1 #aca    ,dogmatism1 #adi1    
#aih    ,do+1 #aci1 #aij    ,d\bt1 #f1  
#i1 #ac1 #ajb2     see ,p]plexity1      
,unc]ta9ty4    ,drill1 #eb1 #fc         
,drudg]y1 #bah     ,education1          
intellectual1 #eg1 #fb2     aim (1 #adc 
f41 #aef    ,elaboration1 ( ideas1 #ge  
f41 #hd1 #id f41 #ajc1 #ajf1 #bji2      
see ,developm5t1 ,ratioc9ation1         
,reason+4    ,em]son1 #agc    ,emotion1 
#d1 #aa1 #gd    ,emphasis1 #aab1 #aad f4
    ,empirical ?9k+1 #ade-i    ,end1 #aa
 f4    ,evid5ce1 #e1 #g f41 #bg1 #ajc   
f42     see ,gr\nds4    ,exp]i5ce1 #acb1
 #aef1 #aii f41 #bbd    ,exp]im5t1      
exp]im5tal1 #gj f41 #gg1 #ia f41 #ii f41
 #aea f41 #aed    ,ext5sion1 #acj f4    
,fact vs idea1 #aji2     facts1 #c1 #e  
,faculty psy*ology1 #de    ,famili>1    

famili>ity1 #abj-be1 #acf f41 #bjf1 #bad
 f41 #bba f4    ,fool+1 #bag            
,=malism2     see ,discipl9e4    ,=mal  
/eps ( in/ruction1 #bjb1 #bjf           
,=mulation1 #aab f41 #bji1 #bab1 #bad-ag
    ,fre$om1 #fd f42     intellectual1  
#ff    ,function1 #abc2     function (  
signify+1 #g1 #ae     ,g5]al #hj1 #hb1  
#ii1 #ahb f42     see ,pr9ciples1       
,univ]sal4    ,g5]ality1 #abi1 #acd     
,g5]alization1 #baa f4    ,gr\nds1 #a1  
#d-h1 #hj2     see ,evid5ce4    ,guid+  
factor 9 reflection1 #aa     ,habits2   
see ,action4    ,h]b>t1 #bjb            
,h]b>tian me?od1 #bjb-f    ,hobh\se1 #ca
    ,hypo!sis1 #e1 #ge1 #gg1 #ha f41 #id
 f41 #ajh1 #bji     ,idea1 #ge1 #gg1    
#gi1 #ajg-aj2     see ,mean+4    ,idle  
?9k+1 #b    ,image1 #aji    ,imag9ation1
 #afe f41 #bbc f4    ,imitation1 #dg1   
#ea1 #afj    ,implication1 #e1 #ge1 #gg 
,impulse1 #fd    ,induction1 #gi-ic1    
#ajc2     control (1 #hd-ic2            
sci5tific1 #hf    ,inf]5ce1 #bf f41 #ge1
 #gg1 #aja2     critical1 #gd1 #hb2     

sy/ematic1 #ha    ,in=mation1 #eb f41   
#aig-bjj    ,inquiry1 #e1 #i f4         
,intellect1 intellectual activity1 #dd1 
#ej1 #fb    ,int5sion1 #acj f4          
,int]nal congruity1 #c    ,isolation1   
#if-ajj1 #aag1 #aia     ,james1 #aai1   
#aba1 #aec f4    ,jevons1 #ia f41 #ahc1 
#aib    ,judgm5t1 #e2     factors (1    
#aja2     good judgm5t1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajf
 f42     & inf]5ce1 #aja ff42           
intuitive1 #ajd f42     pr9ciples (1    
#ajf f42     susp5d$1 #gd1 #hb1 #aje1   
#ajh2     t5tative1 #aja     ,k1 #c f41 
#f1 #ie2     spiral movem5t (1 #abj1    
#bbc     ,language1 #agj-hg2     &      
education1 #agf-hg2     & mean+1 #aga2  
te*nical1 #ahd f42     z a tool ( ?\ght1
 #agj ff41 #agi    ,leap1 9 inf]5ce1    
#bf1 #ge    ,leisure1 #bji f4    ,locke1
 #ai n41 #bb-e    ,logical1 #ef f42     
vs4 psy*ological1 #fb f4     ,mean+1    
mean+s1 #g1 #ag1 #gi f41 #hb1 #id1      
#aaf-cd2     capital fund (1 /ore (1    
#aah1 #abj1 #abf1 #afa1 #agd1 #ahj2     
individual1 #agc f42     organization (1

 #age1 #ahe2     z tools1 keys1         
in/rum5ts1 #ajh f41 #abj1 #abe f41 #abi2
     ,see ,concept4    ,memory1 #ajg    
,me?od1 #df-ej1 #eh2     analytic &     
syn!tic1 #aad2     =mal1 #fj    ,mill1  
#ah n4    ,mood1 #e    ,motivation1 #db 
,negative cases1 #ij    ,notion4 ,see   
,concept4     ,object lessons1 #adj1    
#aib    ,obs]vation1 #c1 #g1 #fi f41 #gf
 f41 #he1 #ia1 #if1 #ahh-ig1 #bbc f42   
9 s*ools1 #aic-g2     sci5tific1 #aif   
,occupation1 occupations1 #dc1 #ii1 #afg
 f4    ,op5m9d$ness1 #bai    ,ord]1     
ord]l9ess1 #b1 #ci1 #da1 #df1 #eg2      
see ,consecutive4    ,organization1 #ci1
 #da2     ( subject matt]1 #fb          
,orig9ality1 #aih     ,p>ticul>s1 #hj1  
#hb2     cf4 ,g5]al1 ,univ]sal4         
,passion1 #d1 #bc1 #be1 #ajf            
,p]ception1 #c1 #aij2     cf4           
,obs]vation    ,p]plexity1 #i1 #aa1 #gb 
,plac+1 #aad1 #abf    ,play1 #afa-g1    
#bag-ba2     ( m9d1 #bai                
,playfulness1 #afb1 #bah f4             
,practical delib]ation1 #fh f4          

,prejudice1 #d    ,pr9ciples1 #bab f4   
,problem1 #i1 #ab1 #cc1 #gb1 #gd1 #gf1  
#aji1 #abj1 #aia f41 #aii1 #bjg         
,pro(1 #g1 #bg1 #ha    ,pseudo-idea1    
#aji    ,psy*ological 7vs4 logical71 #fb
 f4    ,purpose1 #aa     ,ratioc9ation1 
#ge f41 #hc    ,reason1 reason+1 #ge-h1 
#id f41 #ih    ,reasons1 #e f4          
,recitation1 #bja-ac2     factors 91    
#bjf-ac    ,reflection1 #b f41 #e f42   
c5tral function (1 #aaf2     d\ble      
movem5t (1 #gi-hd2     five /eps 91     
#gb-h1 #bjc f4    ,regulation1 #ah-bh2  
see ,control4    ,relation1 relation%ip1
 #hb1 #ig2     see ,connection4         
,sci5tific ?9k+1 #ade-f    ,s5se tra9+1 
#aij-ig    ,sequ5ce1 #b2 cf4            
,consequ5ce4    ,sidgwick1 #abg         
,signify1 #g1 #ae    ,signs1 #af1 #aga-f
    ,spiral movem5t1 see ,k4            
,/imulus-response1 #dg    ,/udies1 types
 (1 #ej    ,subject matt]1 #eh f42      
intellectual1 #de f42     logical1 #fa  
f42     practical1 #di2     !oretical1  
#di2     & ! tea*]1 #bjd f4             

,sub/itute signs1 #agg f41 #bbc         
,succession1 #c    ,sugge/ion1 #g1 #ab1 
#bg1 #gd f41 #hd f42     control (1 #hd 
f41 #ic2     dim5sions (1 #cd-g         
,supposition1 #d1 #i    ,susp5se (      
judgm5t1 #ac1 #gd1 #hb    ,symbols1 see 
,signs4    ,syn!sis1 #aad f4     ,t]ms1 
#c1 #gb f41 #gf1 #gi1 #ie    ,te/+1 #i1 
#ac1 #da1 #hb1 #aaf2     ( d$uction1    
#if1 #ii    ,!ory1 #ach    ,!oretical1  
#acg    ,?9k+1 complete1 #if1 #ih f41   
#ajj2     see ,reason+1 ,reflection4    
,?\ght1 #h f42     educative value (1   
#b2     reflective1 #b2     tra9 (1 #c2 
types (1 #a    ,tru?1 tru?s1 #c         
,unc]ta9ty1 see ,d\bt1 ,p]plexity4      
,unconsci\s1 #bad ff4    ,uncritical    
?9k+1 #ab    ,und]/&+1 #aaf-bj2         
direct & indirect1 #aah-bj1 #acf        
,univ]sal1 #i     ,vagu5ess1 #abi f41   
#ahb1 #bab    ,vailati1 #ha n4    ,v5n1 
#ag    ,v]ification1 #gg    ,vocabul>y1 
#ahj-d     ,w>d1 #aaj n4    ,w>rant1 #g 
,wisdom1 #eb    ,wond]1 #ca1 #cc f4     
,wordswor?1 #ca    ,"w1 #afb-g1 #bag-ai