---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes 99 ,:]e ! orig9al "w uses text 9 italics or bold face1 ?is e-text uses text & text1 respectively4 ,small caps 9 ! orig9al "w are repres5t$ "h 9 all capitals4 ,subscripts are repres5t$ z subscript4 99 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly bel[ ! p>agraph or table to :i* !y belong4 99 ,sev]al tables h be5 split1 transpos$ or o!rwise re- arrang$ to make !m fit )9 ! available wid?4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pa9t ,,te*nology ,,& ,,te/s ,publi%$ by ! ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,company ,new ,york ,successors to ! ,book ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,mc,graw ,publi%+ ,company ,hill ,publi%+ ,company ,publi%]s ( ,books = ,electrical ,_w ,! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ,eng9e]+ ,record ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ,electric ,railway ,j\rnal ,coal ,age ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+ ,p[] ,,pa9t ,,te*nology ,,& ,,te/s4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,g>dn] ,assi/ant ,director1 ,! ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,director1 ,sci5tific ,section1 ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 etc4 ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company #bci ,,we/ #ci,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york #f ,,b\v]ie ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 #aiaa ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ! ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company ,,!4,,plimpton4,,press4,,norwood4,,mass4 ,u4,s4,a ,,to ,,my ,,"m ,,preface ,a few ye>s ago ! produc] & consum] ( pa9ts possess$ comp>atively little k ( ! relative durability ( v>i\s pigm5ts & oils4 ,!re exi/$ 9 "s cases a prejudice = a few /&>d products1 t (t5 held ! us] 9 bondage1 disc\rag+ inve/igation & excit+ suspicion :5ev] discov]ies 7 made1 t br\ght =? new mat]ials4 ,su* conditions indicat$ to ! m progressive1 ! ne$ ( positive in=mation reg>d+ ! value ( v>i\s pa9t+ mat]ials1 & ! advisability ( hav+ ! que/ions at issue det]m9$ 9 a practical mann]4 ,! desire t su* "w %\ld be in/itut$1 result$ 9 ! creation ( a ,sci5tific ,section1 ! scope ( :i* 0 to make inve/igations to det]m9e ! relative m]its ( diff]5t types ( pa9t1 & to enlight5 ! indu/ry on v>i\s te*nical problems4 ,pa9t exposure te/s ( an ext5sive nature 7 />t$ 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry :]e climatic conditions v>y4 ,?is field "w 0 supplem5t$ 9 ! laboratory by a s]ies ( important rese>*es into ! prop]ties ( pigm5ts1 oils1 & o!r raw products ent]+ into ! manufacture ( protective coat+s4 ,! results ( ! "w 7 publi%$ 9 bullet9 =m & giv5 wide di/ribution4 ,! dem& = ^! bullet9s e>ly exhau/$ ! orig9al impress1 & a g5]al summ>y !re=e =ms a "p ( ?is volume4 ,! purpose ( ! book is prim>ily to s]ve z a ref]5ce "w = gr9d]s1 pa9t]s1 eng9e]s1 & /ud5ts2 matt] ( an important nature to ea* be+ pres5t$4 ,)\t repetition ( ! matt] f\nd 9 o!r books1 two *apt]s on raw products h be5 includ$1 & !y pres5t 9 cond5s$ =m a summ>y ( in=mation t w prove ( aid to "o :o desires to become conv]sant ) pa9t+ mat]ials ) a view to cont9u+ te/s su* z are outl9$ h]e94 ,9 o!r *apt]s !re has be5 compil$ consid]able matt] f lectures & te*nical articles pres5t$ by ! writ] be=e v>i\s colleges1 eng9e]+ societies1 & pa9t]s' associations4 ,! writ] wi%es to gratefully ackn[l$ge ! untir+ ef=ts ( ! memb]s ( ! ,educational ,bureau ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association1 ^: e>ly endeavors made possible _m ( ! te/s describ$ 9 ?is volume4 ,k9d ackn[l$gm5t is also made to memb]s ( ! ,int]national ,association ( ,ma/] ,h\se ,pa9t]s & ,decorators ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 :o /ood always ready to aid 9 inve/igations :i* promis$ to br+ new light into _! art & craft4 ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,g>dn]4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,pa9t ,,oils ,,& ,,?9n]s #a ,,ii ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,dri]s ,,& ,,_! ,,effect #ba ,,iii ,,pa9t ,,pigm5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,prop]ties #db ,,iv ,,physical ,,laboratory ,,pa9t ,,te/s #gj ,v ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,pa9t ,,mak+ #ic ,,vi ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,practical ,,pa9t ,,te/s #aje ,,vii ,,conditions ,,not$ ,,at ,,inspection ,,( ,,te/s #aad ,,viii ,,results ,,( ,,atlantic ,,city ,,te/s #abd ,,ix ,,results ,,( ,,pittsburg ,,te/s #ace ,x ,a ,,laboratory ,,/udy ,,( ,,te/ ,,panels #adi ,,xi ,,additional ,,te/s ,,at ,,atlantic ,,city ,,& ,,pittsburg #agd ,,xii ,,nor? ,,dakota ,,pa9t ,,te/s #ahb ,,xiii ,,t5nessee ,,pa9t ,,te/s #bja ,,xiv ,,wa%+ton ,,pa9t ,,te/s #bjg ,,xv ,,cem5t ,,& ,,concrete ,,pa9t ,,te/s #bad ,,xvi ,,/ructural ,,/eel ,,pa9t ,,te/s #bbj ,,xvii ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,value ,,( ,,wall ,,pa9ts #beb ,,pa9t ,,te*nology ,,*apt] ,i ,,pa9t ,,oils ,,& ,,?9n]s ,con/ants & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,oils & ,_! ,effect ^u ,dry+4 ,an attempt has be5 made to give 9 ?is *apt] a brief summ>y ( ! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ( ^? oils f9d+ application 9 ! pa9t & v>ni% indu/ry4 ,= me?ods ( oil analysis1 ! read] is ref]r$ to /&>d works on ?is subject2 ! analytical con/ants h]e9 be+ giv5 only = comp>ative purposes4 ,x is well kn[n t "o ( ! mo/ desirable features ( a pa9t oil is ! ability to set up 9 a %ort p]iod to a h>d surface t w n take du/4 ,?is dry+ prop]ty is dep5d5t ^u ! *emical nature ( ! oil4 ,if x is an unsaturat$ comp\nd1 l l9se$ oil1 rapid absorption ( oxyg5 w cause ! film to dry rapidly & become h>d4 ,if ! oil be ( a fully satisfi$ nature1 l m9]al oil1 oxyg5 _c be tak5 up to any great ext5t & dry+ w n take place4 ,! v>i\s animal & vegetable oils diff] 9 _! p[] ( oxyg5 absorption to a less] or great] ext5t4 ,?is diff]5ce is ref]r$ to by ! *emi/ 9 t]ms ( ! iod9e value4 ,! iod9e value ( l9se$ oil is approximately #aij1 mean+ t "o gram ( ! oil w take up #aij c5tigrams ( iod9e4 ,oils ) high iod9e values h good dry+ p[]s1 :ile ^? ) l[ iod9e values are1 z a rule1 v sl[ dry+ 9 nature4 ,= a description ( ! work+ & dry+ prop]ties ( v>i\s oils us$ 9 pa9ts1 see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! oxyg5 absorption ( v>i\s oils & mixtures is %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,l9se$ ,oil4 ,! se$ ( ! flax plant :i* is ext5sively gr[n 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,arg5t9e ,republic & ,russia1 conta9s approximately #cf ( oil :i* may be obta9$ by gr9d+1 heat+1 & expression4 ,ripe native se$ g5]ally produces a pale oil ( little odor2 ! oil f ,arg5t9e se$ (t5 hav+ a gre5i% t9t & an odor resembl+ sorghum4 ,:ile filt]+1 press+ & age+ w remove consid]able ( ! 7foots7 mucilag9\s matt]1 phosphates1 silica1 etc41 f ! oil1 ! bett] grades :i* are int5d$ = v>ni% mak+ are (t5 ref9$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,a light color$ oil :i* may be heat$ )\t break+ results f ?is treatm5t1 b su* oils are apt to conta9 consid]able free fatty acid1 unless !y are wa%$ ) alkali subsequ5t to ! sulphuric acid treatm5t4 ,on acc\nt ( its rapid dry+ prop]ties & g5]al adaptability = all classes ( pa9ts & v>ni%es1 l9se$ oil has nev] be5 supplant$ by any o!r oil4 ,*emically x consi/s ( ! glyc]ides ( l9oleic1 oleic1 & isol9oleic acid1 its con/itution be+ responsible = its v high iod9e value4 ,illu/ration3 ,field ( ,flax 9 bloom 9 ,nor? ,dakota ,boil$ l9se$ oil1 a heavi] & d>k] product1 is made by heat+ ! raw oil 9 op5 kettles to high temp]atures1 g5]ally ) ! addition ( metallic dri]s su* z li?>ge1 & black manganese4 ,! res9ates ( lead & manganese are (t5 add$ to oil heat$ at a l[] temp]ature1 to obta9 a boil$ oil ( light] color4 ,illu/ration3 ,new type ( ,flax ,h>ve/] :i* pulls plant up by ! roots1 ?us prev5t+ infection ( soil ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,concrete ,elevators = /or+ ,flaxse$ ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,l9se$ ,oil ,factory %[+ hydraulic press1 tanks1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,sp5c] ,kellogg ,sons ,flaxse$ ,cru%]s ,illu/ration3 ,filt] ,presses = remov+ extrane\s matt] f l9se$ oil ,illu/ration3 ,l9se$ ,cake f ,oil ,press ,illu/ration3 ,glyc9e ,hispida ,mammo? soya bean plants ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,david ,fair*ild1 ,plant ,explor]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,glyc9e ,hispida ,soya bean plants "u cultivation at ,arl+ton1 ,va4 ,by bl[+ air ?r\gh l9se$ oil t has be5 heat$ to approximately #bjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 ei!r ) or )\t dri]1 heavy bodi$ oils are obta9$1 :i* f9d special application 9 v>ni%es & te*nical pa9ts4 ,z ! viscosity ( ^! oils increase1 ! iod9e values decrease1 & a slight rise 9 saponification value & specific gravity is obs]v$4 ,! foll[+ analyses ( v>i\s types ( l9se$ oil 7 rec5tly made by ! writ]3 ,pure ,raw ,boil$ ,boil$ ,bl[n ,li?o4 ,old ,l9se$ ,l4 ,o4 ,l4 ,o4 ,l4 ,o4 ,l4 ,o4 ,treat$ ,oil 7,l9o- 7,res9- ,oil leate7 ate7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,color ,amb] ,d>k ,r$di% ,pale ,d>k ,amb] ,cle> ,br[n ,br[n ,br[n ,cle> ,sp4 ,gr4 at 4#icc 4#ida 4#icj 4#ifh 4#igj 4#idc #ae deg4 ,c4 ,av]age ,iod9e ,no4 #ahj #agb #agf #acc #ajb #agb ,saponifi- #aia #ahg #ahf #ahi #aii #aig cation ,no4 ,free ,fatty #c4b #b4g #b4b #b4h #b4g #f4i ,acid ,unsaponi- #a4d -- -- -- -- #a4h fiable ,maum5e #aaa -- -- -- -- #if ,moi/ure 4#b -- -- -- -- none ,illu/ration3 ,glyc9e ,hispida ,mammo? soya bean plant ,illu/ration3 ,glyc9e ,hispida ,soya bean plant1 %[+ nitrog5 ga!r+ tub]cles on roots ,soya ,bean ,oil4 ,! soya plant :i* is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,asia produces a se$ be>+ up to #bb & ov] ( a gold5 color$ oil hav+ a peculi> legum9\s odor4 ,! oil1 :i* probably consi/s ( ! glyc]ides ( oleic1 l9oleic1 & palmitic acids1 is secur$ by cru%+1 /eam+ & press+ ! se$4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ! plant1 & !y are said to be ! be/ annual legume = =age1 ! /raw & fruit be+ ri* 9 nitrog5 & v fatt5+ z a cattle food4 ,soya may be gr[n 9 ne>ly any c\ntry & is a great c>ri] ( nitrog5 to l& defici5t 9 ?is elem5t4 ,al?\gh ! oil has be5 us$ abroad = _m ye>s = soap-mak+ purposes1 its use z a dry+ oil is comp>atively rec5t2 be+ introduc$ into ! pa9t indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> #aiji1 :5 l9se$ oil />t$ on its ph5om5al rise 9 price4 ,! oil has giv5 fair s]vice 9 "s pa9ts :5 mix$ ) upw>ds ( #ge ( pure l9se$ oil4 ,x is ( a semi-dry+ nature1 b may be made to dry rapidly :5 mix$ ) manganese & lead l9oleate dri]s4 ,by comp\nd+ x "u heat ) tung oil & ros91 a sub/itute = l9se$ oil is produc$1 :i* "s claim to be q valuable4 ,table ,i gives ! con/ants ( sev]al samples ( soya oil exam9$ by ! writ]4 ,table ,,ii %[s ! iod9e value ( mixtures ( soya & l9se$ oils4 ,table ,,iii %[s ! results ( dry+ exp]im5ts on soya oils conta9+ diff]5t p]c5tages ( lead & manganese dri]s4 ,,table ,i ,,*emical ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,soya ,,bean ,,oil ,sample ,specific ,acid ,no4 ,saponifi- ,iod9e ,p] c5t4 ,no4 gravity cation ,no4 ( foots ,no4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #j4ibcc #a4hg #ahh4d #abg4h #c4ha #b #j4ibdj #a4ib #ahh4c #abg4b -- #c #j4ibca #a4ij #ahg4h #aca4g -- #d #j4ibcc #a4ia #ahh4d #abi4h -- #e -- -- -- #acj4j -- #f -- -- -- #acb4f -- #g -- -- -- #acf4j -- ,av]age #j4ibcd #a4ij #ahh4b #acj4g -- ,,table ,,ii ,,iod9e ,,values ,,( ,,l9se$ ,,oil ,,& ,,mix$ ,,oils ,soya ,soya ,soya ,sample ,no4 ,/raight #be p] c5t4#ej p] c5t4#ge p] c5t4 l9se$ ,l9se$ ,l9se$ ,l9se$ #ge p] c5t4#ej p] c5t4#be p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #aij4c #age4b #afj4g #adj4d #b #ahi4e #age4i #afa4g #adj4h #c #ahh4j #age4d #afj4c #aci4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,av]age #ahi4c #age4e #afj4i #adj4d ,,table ,,iii ,,soya ,,bean ,,oil ,,& ,,lead ,,dri] ,p] c5t4 ,pb,o #j4jej4ajj4cjj4ejj4gja4jja4cja4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a day -- #j4jgj4fca4cda4jea4ecj4ica4ce #c days -- #j4jgc4ebd4cab4ged4hfd4hbd4ab ,p] ct4 #e days -- #j4jie4jdf4jff4jif4gef4ffe4eb ga9 #ab days -- -- #f4hhg4edg4dcg4gfg4cbf4dg #ae days -- -- #h4hdh4ich4eih4hah4ddg4df #bj days#j4jej4bji4jbi4jhh4iji4jch4feg4hc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,soya ,,bean ,,oil ,,& ,,manganese ,,dri] ---------------------------------------- ------- ,p] c5t4 ,mn,o#b #j4jaj4jej4aej4bfj4cj ---------------------------------------- ------- #a day -- -- #j4jbj4jbj4ja ,p] ct4 ga9 #aj days -- #e4jff4dhf4aje4ig #bj days#j4jei4jgh4hjf4ghf4ea ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,soya ,,bean ,,oil1 ,,manganese ,,& ,,lead ,,dri] ----------------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,pb,o #j4bjj4cjj4ej ----------------------------------- ,mn,o#b #j4jej4aej4be ----------------------------------- #a day #c4jdc4ggc4gd ,p] ct4 ga9 #h days#e4iff4dcf4dg #ab days#f4ccf4ghf4fg ,tung ,oil4 ,!re are gr[n 9 ,*9a & ,japan _m v>ieties ( ! aleurites cordata1 popul>ly kn[n z ! tung tree4 ,?is tree be>s great quantities ( l>ge siz$ nuts conta9+ z high z #dj ( an oil :i* yields itself 9 a visc\s yell[ =m ^u heat+ & cru%+ ( ! fruit4 ,! raw oil1 :i* *emically consi/s ( ! glyc]ides ( oleic1 oleo-m>g>ic1 & probably isom]ic acids1 is di/+ui%$ by its rapid dry+ prop]ties4 ,:5 spread 9 a ?9 lay] x produces a h>d film ) an opaque fro/$ surface1 (t5 %[+ a t5d5cy to wr9kle4 ,treat$ tung oil w dry to a cle>1 wat]-%$d+1 ela/ic film4 ,?is oil is made by heat+ ! raw tung oil at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature ) o!r oils & a metallic dri] su* z li?>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,david ,fair*ild ,aleurites ,cordata 7,*9ese ,wood ,oil7 ,b>rel ,factory at ,coop]age ,%op ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,david ,fair*ild ,aleurites ,=dii 7,*9ese ,wood ,oil7 ,fruit f trees at ! end ( f\r? ye> ,! aff9ity ( tung oil = ros9 has result$ 9 ! production ( a s]ies ( mod]ate-pric$ v>ni%es mo/ suitable = use 9 floor & deck pa9ts or :]ev] great h>dness is requir$4 ,^! v>ni%es are also f9d+ application 9 ! manufacture ( concrete1 /eel1 & flat wall pa9ts2 be+ especially suitable = ! above purposes :5 comp\nd$ ) kauri gum japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,aleurites ,=dii ,fl[]+ specim5 ( ! ,*9ese ,wood ,oil tree1 ?irty feet high & ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 on banks ( ,yangtse ,riv]1 ,we/]n ,sze*uan1 ,*9a4 ,opium ,poppy 9 ! =egr\nd ,illu/ration3 ,aleurites ,cordata ,wood ,oil tree at ,riv]side1 ,cali=nia1 plant$ 9 #aijg4 ,photograph tak5 9 #aiaj1 :5 tree _h borne fifty fruits ,dur+ ! boil+ ( raw tung oil ! temp]ature mu/ n exce$ mu* ov] #djj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,o!rwise a peculi> hamm+ w take place1 ! :ole mass becom+ solid & ( no fur!r value z a v>ni% or pa9t vehicle4 ,"s peculi> int]nal di/urbance or re>rangem5t ( ! molecules is evid5tly effect$ by heat1 & al?\gh ! reaction is n cle>ly und]/ood1 x has be5 ascrib$ to auto-polym]ization4 ,scott has /at$ t ! ph5om5on ( gelat9ization is due to ! exposure ( ! surface ( ! oil to ! air1 & t boil+ 9 vacuo obviates su* results4 ,! lu/]less surface produc$ :5 tung oil v>ni%es are dri$ 9 vitiat$ air w\ld t5d to confirm ! conclusion t ! oil is v subject to atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,lumbang ,oil1 :i* is obta9$ f a tropical species ( ,tung1 is v simil> 9 appe>ance & prop]ties to ,l9se$ ,oil4 ,,con/ants ,,( ,,tung ,,oils ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,no4 ,saponification ,acid ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #a 4#idd #aff #ahh #c4f ,no4 #b 4#idj #afd #ahd #a4h ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ,alp9 ,i4 ,dunn ,m5had5 ,net dry+ 9 ! ,sun ,illu/ration3 ,transport+ ,m5had5 f net to deck ( boat1 9 sw++ basket ,illu/ration3 ,a big cat* ( ,m5had5 made (f ,n>ragansett ,bay ,m5had5 ,oil4 ,( all ! m>9e-animal oils1 su* z seal1 h]r+1 s>d9e1 :ale1 & m5had51 ! latt] is ! mo/ valuable4 ,x is produc$ by /eam dige/ion & pressure ( ! m5had5 or piogey fi%1 :i* are caught 9 great quantities (f ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,prompt cook+ & treatm5t ( ! fi% results 9 a light-color$ oil hav+ v little odor1 ! residue left 9 ! presses be+ ( great value z a f]tiliz]4 ,al?\gh sev]al grades ( oil t]m$ crude1 br[n1 light1 etc41 are produc$1 ! mo/ satisfactory = use 9 pa9t is t grade t]m$ light w9t] press$4 ,?is oil is ( a pale /raw color & has a high iod9e numb] :i* is responsible = its rapid dry+ value4 ,x conta9s less ( ! /e>ates t precipitate f crude oil1 b suffici5t to r5d] its film wat]-%$d+ & ela/ic4 ,! pres5ce ( too great a quantity ( /e>ates is apt to result 9 a v s(t film1 & ! use ( h>d dri]s1 su* z ! metallic tungates1 is !re=e advisable ) m5had5 oil4 ,:5 mix$ ) l9se$ oil pa9ts ! odor ( m5had5 oil is sometimes noticeable1 b x disappe>s entirely aft] su* pa9ts are appli$4 ,its use ) l9se$ oil 9 te*nical pa9ts expos$ to ! salty air ( ! ,coa/ has giv5 good results1 (t5 prev5t+ *eck+ & *alk+4 ,! foll[+ con/ants 7 det]m9$ on samples ( m5had5 oil receiv$ 9 ! writ]'s laboratory3 ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,saponification ,acid ,value ,numb] ,numb] ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,light 4#ibg #age4h #ahg4i #g4ee ,m$ium 4#ibe #agh4g #ahg4f #f4ai ,d>k 4#ibg #agh4j #ahg4c #g4ai ,:ale ,oil4 ,:ile ord9>y :ale oil is too d>k & odor\s to ev] come into ext5sive use z a pa9t oil1 x is probable t ! ref9$ oil w be utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 te*nical pa9ts4 ,:ale oil is boil$ f *opp$ :ale blubb]1 ! fir/ try+ be+ ! lighte/ 9 color1 :ile ! lat] try+s1 z well z ! product made f bones1 are ( d>k] color & ( v bad odor4 ,oil ( mirbane is (t5 us$ to mask ?is odor4 ,! oil conta9s l>ge quantities ( /e>9 & palmit91 z well z wax-l con/itu5ts :i* are apt to be ?r[n out ( solution 9 v cold wea!r1 or :5 ! oil is mix$ ) o!r oils4 ,! ref9$ oil1 :5 gr\nd ) lead & z9c pigm5ts & mix$ ) equal p>ts ( l9se$ oil & treat$ tung oil1 dries to an ela/ic & s(t film4 ,exp]im5ts are be+ made to utilize :ale oil 9 ! l9oleum indu/ry4 ,! analyses ( samples ( :ale oil te/$ by ! writ] are z foll[s3 ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,saponification ,free ,fatty ,value ,numb] ,acid ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,light ,ref9$ 4#ibd #adh #aij4b #a4b ,d>k ,yell[ 4#ibj #adb #ahg #g4j ,d>k ,br[n 4#iaj #adj #ahd #ah4j ,sunfl[] ,oil4 ,sunfl[] oil is produc$ l>gely 9 ,russia & ,hung>y1 f9d+ favor 9 ^? c\ntries z an edible oil4 ,! ripe se$s ( ! sunfl[] plant conta9 ov] #cj ( oil :i* is v pale 9 color & ( a pleasant smell4 ,x has be5 f\nd t sunfl[]s may be gr[n to advantage 9 dry p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & if suitable yields are obta9$ f a few exp]im5tal acres n[ be+ cultivat$1 ! indu/ry may receive enc\ragem5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! oil %\ld be well suit$ = v>ni% mak+1 & al?\gh ! iod9e numb] is n v high1 x dries q rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,russian ,sunfl[] ,se$s ,,con/ants ,,( ,,sunfl[] ,,oil ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,no4 ,saponification ,acid ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ibi #abh #ahh #d ,cottonse$ ,oil4 ,?is oil is express$ f ! se$ ( ! cotton plant1 v>y+ 9 color accord+ to ! "t ( its press+ & degree ( ref9em5t4 ,be+ edible z well z highly suit$ = soap mak+1 v little ( x comes into ! m>ket z a pa9t oil4 ,x conta9s l>ge quantities ( /e>9 & has a l[ iod9e value1 mak+ x a sl[ dry+ oil4 ,"s samples are extremely light 9 color & conta9 less mucilag9\s matt] & foots ?an is pres5t 9 ord9>y v>ieties4 ,,con/ants ,,( ,,cottonse$ ,,oil ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,no4 ,saponification ,acid ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ibb #ajf #aij #b4d ,corn ,oil4 ,z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( />* & alcoholic liquids1 ?is mat]ial comes into ! m>ket hav+ a gold5 yell[ color1 & an odor resembl+ f]m5t$ gra94 ,x has a l[] dry+ value ?an cottonse$ oil1 & its use 9 ! pa9t indu/ry w probably be limit$ to color gr9d+1 :]e an oil ) a semi-dry+ value is (t5 desir$4 ,l cottonse$ oil1 x belongs m prop]ly to ! soap oil class4 ,x conta9s glyc]ides ( l9oleic & especially palmitic acid4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,corn ,,oil ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,no4 ,saponification ,acid ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- - 4#ibe #aah #aia #i4e ,ros9 ,oil4 ,by ! dry di/illation ( ros91 !re is yield$ a s]ies ( heavy d>k oils consi/+ pr9cipally ( hydroc>bons1 res9\s bodies1 & free acid4 ,^! oils v>y 9 _! saponification numb] f #aj to #fj1 :ile _! unsaponifiable value av]ages ab\t #hj4 ,( ! grades t]m$ fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? run1 ! latt] two are sup]ior = use 9 pa9ts1 z a rule conta9+ less free acid ?an ! prelim9>y runs4 ,treatm5t ) /eam & alkali s]ve to neutralize ! acid nature ( ! oils & to remove impurities4 ,ref9$ oils are light] 9 color & are (t5 bl[n & bodi$ to fairly rapid dry+ products1 especially :5 treat$ ) manganese dri]s4 ,ros9 oils are seldom us$ ) lead pigm5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( sulphur 9 ! oils1 :i* w\ld result 9 d>k5+4 ,ros9 oil pa9ts "w v smoo?ly1 ev5 :5 !y are curdl$1 produc+ glossy surfaces4 ,! rapid *eck+ ( ros9 oil pa9ts on wood5 surfaces b>s ! use ( ?is oil = su* purposes4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,ros9 ,,oils ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,saponification ,acid ,value ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,a 4#iff #da #bg #af4g ,b 4#ii #dh #ch #aj4j ,hydroc>bon ,oils4 ,sev]al grades ( neutral or m9]al oils1 v>y+ some:at 9 gravity1 color1 & quality1 are produc$ z ! la/ di/illate 9 ! ref9+ ( petroleum4 ,^! oils :5 mix$ ) dry+ oils & /rong dri]s f9d application 9 ! manufacture ( "s freight-c>1 b>n1 & o!r pa9ts :i* sell at a l[ price4 ,a small p]c5tage ( m9]al oil is said to be valuable 9 /ructural /eel pa9ts1 act+ z a prev5tative ( h>d dry+ & ?us keep+ ! film s(t & ela/ic4 ,/reak+ & sweat+ is apt to ensue if any great quantity is us$4 ,m9]al oils h a *>act]i/ic bloom1 %[+ a gre5i% fluoresc5ce :5 exam9$ by transmitt$ light4 ,?is bloom is due to ! pres5ce ( "s /rongly fluoresc5t mat]ial :i* is %[n up ) int5sity :5 m9]al oils are expos$ to ultraviolet rays su* z emanate f an enclos$ arc light4 ,out]bridge#a fir/ propos$ ?is te/ = m9]al oils1 & he has work$ out a fluoresc5t scale1 by :i* v small p]c5tages ( hydroc>bon oils may be detect$ 9 o!r oils4 ,sev]al types ( s-call$ debloom$ oil h be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket1 & al?\gh su* oils appe> "u ord9>y light conditions to be free f bloom1 !y fluoresce q /rongly :5 giv5 ! ,out]bridge te/4 #a ,alex&] ,e4 ,out]bridge1 ,jr43 ,a ,novel ,me?od ( ,detect+ ,m9]al ,oil & ,res9 ,oil 9 ,o!r ,oils4 ,proc4 #ad? ,annual ,meet41 ,am]4 ,soc4 = ,te/+ ,mat]41 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4,j41 ,june #bh1 #aiaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,/ills ,:]e ,petroleum ,pa9t ,?9n]s are ,manufactur$ 7,wav]ly7 ,,analysis ,,( ,,debloom$ ,,m9]al ,,pa9t ,,oil#b ,sp4 ,gr4 ,iod9e ,no4 ,saponification ,acid ,no4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- - 4#ib #ab #d #j #b ,oil ( mirbane pres5t1 probably z a debloom+ ag5t1 or to mask ! odor4 ,p9e ,oil4 ,?is oil is produc$ by ! r$i/illation ( ! heavy1 high boil+ po9t fractions result+ f ! /eam di/illation ( wood turp5t9e4 ,x is a heavy /raw-color$ oil1 & %\ld be ( "s use 9 ! pa9t & v>ni% indu/ry1 :]e a high boil+ po9t solv5t ) an oxidiz+ pr9ciple is desir$4 ,x w probably f9d application 9 ! manufacture ( ,bak+ ,japans1 ,asphalt ,pa9ts & ,enamels4 ,its oxidiz+ & solv5t values are v high4 ,x has a di/9ctive sweet p9e smell1 :i* makes x popul> 9 ! manufacture ( turp5t9e sub/itutes f petroleum spirits4 ,! writ] has exam9$ samples ( ?is mat]ial1 & ! foll[+ appe> to be ( ! be/ grade3 ,,con/ants ,,( ,,p9e ,,oils ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,color ,/raw ,color ,light ,yell[ ,specific ,gravity at #ae deg4 ,c44#icd 4#icf ,boil+ ,po9t #aib deg4 ,c4 #bjb deg4 ,c4 ,di/illation #ie di/ils betwe5 #ie di/ils betwe5 #aib-bgj deg4 ,c4 #bjb-bhj deg4 ,c4 ,residue on ,evaporation #ad4cd #ad4fj ,polym]ization ,te/ #c-b_/c unpolym]iz$ #b-a_/b unpolym]iz$ at end ( #a_/b h\r at end ( #a_/b h\r ,fla%-,po9t #gb deg4 ,c4 #gf deg4 ,c4 ,spot ,te/ ,leaves no grease spot ,same z ,p9e ,oil ,no4 b only evaporates #a4 completely 9 #bd h\rs ,turp5t9e4 ,by direct fire or /eam di/illation ( ! sap dripp+s collect$ 9 pockets cut into p9e trees1 !re is obta9$ ! turp5t9e ( comm]ce4 ,x consi/s l>gely ( p95e & isom]ic t]p5es1 & has ! prop]ty ( attract+ oxyg51 ) ! =mation ( p]oxides :i* /imulate ! dry+ ( oils4 ,x is a high-grade solv5t = v>i\s gums1 & is !re=e us$ 9 ! manufacture ( _m lacqu]s z well z = ?9n+ d[n oil-gum v>ni%es4 ,,requisite ,,con/ants ,,( ,,pure ,,gum ,,turp5t9e ,color ,wat] ,:ite ,specific ,gravity at #ae deg4 ,c4 4#hfb-4hge ,boil+ ,po9t ,ab\t #aef deg4 ,c4 ,di/illation #ie %\ld di/il betwe5 #aec & #afe deg4 ,c4 ,residue on ,evaporation ,n ov] #b ,polym]ization ,n ov] #e %\ld rema9 unpolym]iz$ at end ( half h\r ,fla%-,po9t ,ov] #dj4e deg4 ,c4 ,spot ,te/ ,no grease spot %\ld rema9 :5 dropp$ on pap] & all[$ to evaporate ,wat] ,none ,wood ,turp5t9e4 ,high-grade wood turp5t9e is n[ produc$ by ! /eam di/illation ( f9ely cut fat p9e wood4 ,! l[]-grade qualities are (t5 produc$ f ! de/ructive di/illation ( sawdu/1 /umpage1 etc41 & ^! products1 on acc\nt ( _! cont5t ( =maldehyde1 are objectionable 9 odor4 ,9 ! /eam di/illation process1 h[ev]1 a high quality product is obta9$ by cutt+ out ! heavy fractions & r$i/ill+ ! l[] & pur] fractions4 ,x has a high oxidiz+ value1 caus+ ! rapid dry+ ( pa9ts & v>ni%es to :i* x has be5 add$4 ,its solv5t value is (t5 great] ?an t ( gum turp5t9e4 ,:5 prop]ly ref9$ x has a sweet smell & is to be highly recomm5d$4 ,analyses ( samples ( pure wood turp5t9e :i* h come to ! writ] = exam9ation foll[3 ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sp4 ,gr4 at #ae deg4 ,c4 4#hfb 4#hfb ,boil+ ,po9t #aeh deg4 ,c4 #afb deg4 ,c4 ,di/illation3 #ie di/ils betwe5 #aeh & #ahe deg4 ,c4 #afb & #agg deg4 ,c4 ,residue on ,evaporation#a4jc #c4jf ,polym]ization ,te/ #d4a rema9s unpolym]iz$#j4a cc4 out ( #f cc4 at end ( #a_/b unpolym]iz$ h\r #a4ff ,spot ,te/ ,no grease spot on ,no grease spot on evaporation evaporation ,odor ,excell5t ,n objectionable ,color ,wat] ,:ite ,wat] ,:ite ,fla% ,po9t #dg4f deg4 ,c4 ,petroleum ,spirits4 ,!re are produc$ f ,texas crude oil :i* has an asphaltum base1 & ,p5nsylvania crude oil :i* has a p>aff9 base1 high boil+-po9t petroleum spirits :i* h come into wide use z pa9t & v>ni% ?9n]s4 ,:5 su* mat]ials h ! prop] evaporat+ value1 high fla%-po9t & fre$om f sulphur1 !y are to be highly recomm5d$ z pa9t ?9n]s4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! analyses ( a few ( ^! mat]ials exam9$ 9 ! writ]'s laboratory3 ,,petroleum ,,spirits ,texas ,base ,cali=nia ,p5na4 ,base ,base ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,color ,wat] ,:ite ,:ite ,wat] ,:ite ,specific ,gravity 4#haa 4#gi 4#ha ,boil+ ,po9t #aef deg4 ,c4 #ach deg4 ,c4 #adf deg4 ,c4 ,fla%-,po9t #dd deg4 ,c4 #dj4e deg4 ,c4 #dc deg4 ,c4 ,residue on ,evaporation 4#b 4#ae 4#ab ,b5zol4 ,solv5t naph?a or #afj-;degree b5zol is a product obta9$ f ! di/illation ( coal t>1 diff]+ f b5z9e1 a product obta9$ f ! di/illation ( petroleum4 ,x is a valuable ?9n] to use 9 ! r$uction ( pa9ts = ! prim+ ( res9\s lumb] & refractory woods su* z cypress & yell[ pit* p9e4 ,! p5etrat+ & solv5t values ( b5zol are high1 & x (t5 furni%es a unison betwe5 pa9t & wood1 t is a prime f\ndation to subsequ5t coat+s1 prev5t+ ! usual scal+ & sap exudations :i* (t5 appe> on a pa9t$ surface4 ,because ( ! great solv5t action ( b5zol1 x %\ld nev] be us$ 9 second & ?ird coat+s4 ,! writ] has successfully pa9t$ inf]ior grades ( cypress ) a pa9t conta9+ b5zol 9 ! prim+ coat4 ,b5z9e4 ,b5z9e is seldom us$ 9 pa9ts on acc\nt ( its rapid evaporation1 :i* is apt to cause p9hol+ ( films & o!r surface defects4 ,9 pa9ts ( ! dipp+ type :]e rapid evaporation is ess5tial1 b5z9e f9ds its wide/ application4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,dri]s ,,& ,,_! ,,effect ,! prop] dry+ ( oils & _! behavior ) v>i\s siccatives 9 v>y+ quantity is an int]e/+ problem1 & obvi\sly ( consid]able importance f a practical /&po9t4 ,un=tunately !re is a decid$ sc>city ( reliable lit]ature deal+ ) ! subject = ! guidance ( ^? conc]n$ 9 ! manufacture or application ( siccative products4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 ! problem is inve/igat$1 x is n difficult to see :y ?is is s4 ,uni=m ,conditions4 ,at a glance x is evid5t t a decid$ ob/acle 9 exp]im5tation on ! dry+ prop]ties ( oils is ! difficulty 9 obta9+ id5tical conditions = comp>ative purposes4 ,inasmu* z a multitude ( factors1 su* z uni=mity & homog5eity ( ! dri]s & ! oils !mselves1 int5sity & s\rce ( light1 temp]ature1 uni=mity ( application1 & _m o!rs1 play a decisive "p 9 ! siccative t5d5cies ( oils1 ! res\rces & +5uity ( ! *emi/ engag$ 9 ! rese>* are sev]ely tax$4 ,oxyg5 ,absorption4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t l9se$ oil1 :5 appli$ to a clean surface1 su* z a glass plate1 w und]go oxidation & take up oxyg5 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #af1 =m+ a h>d1 ela/ic1 non-/icky product :i* has be5 call$ l9oxyn4 ,?is mat]ial1 unlike ! oil f :i* x has be5 =m$1 is insoluble 9 mo/ solv5ts4 ,o!r oils1 su* z cottonse$1 hemp1 rape1 olive1 etc41 are m fully satisfi$ 9 nature & h n ! p[] to absorb ! am\nt ( oxyg5 tak5 up by l9se$ oil4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! foll[+ te/s1 on ! dry+ ( oils1 a quantity ( pure l9se$ oil ( ! foll[+ analysis 0 secur$3 ,specific gravity at #ae deg4 ,c4 #j4icd ,acid numb] #e ,saponification numb] #aia-a_/b ,iod9e numb] #ahh ,?is oil 0 di/ribut$ into a numb] ( #h-oz4 oil sample bottles1 & to a s]ies ( ^! bottles 0 add$ v>y+ quantities ( a v conc5trat$ dri] made by boil+ oil to #djj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 an op5 kettle1 ) ! subsequ5t addition ( lead oxide4 ,! am\nt ( dri] add$ to ea* bottle v>i$ accord+ to ! p]c5tage desir$2 be+ calculat$ on ! lead cont5t ( ! dri]1 :i* 0 v accurately det]m9$ by analysis4 ,!re 0 secur$ 9 ?is mann] a s]ies ( oils conta9+ v>y+ am\nts ( lead oxide1 & f ?is lot 0 select$ a c]ta9 numb] ( samples :i* w\ld be repres5tative & typical ( pa9t vehicles n[ f\nd 9 ! m>ket4 ,ano!r s]ies ( te/s 7 made by comb9+ ) a l>ge numb] ( samples ( pure l9se$ oil z us$ above1 v>i\s p]c5tages ( a manganese dri] made by boil+ oil at #djj deg4 ,f4 & incorporat+ !re) manganese dioxide4 ,/ill ano!r s]ies ( te/s 7 made ^u a numb] ( oils into :i* 7 incorporat$ v>i\s small quantities ( lead oxide & manganese oxide toge!r1 us+ ! /&>d dri]s made 9 ! above mann]1 all ( :i* 7 c>efully analyz$ to det]m9e _! cont5ts4 ,9 view ( ! errors 9 manipulation t c\ld occur :]e s _m te/s 7 made1 x 0 n deem$ advisable1 9 c>ry+ out ! te/s1 to use glass plates on :i* only a m9ute quantity ( oil c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,a mu* bett] solution ( ! difficulty pres5t$ itself 9 us+ a s]ies ( small1 r\nd1 crimp$-edge t9 plates1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 su* z are us$ = lids ( friction-top cans4 ,) pa9ts x is impossible to secure films z ?9 z ^? pres5t$ by lay]s ( oil on glass1 nor w\ld x be desirable to secure films ( ?is same relative ?ickness4 ,= ?is reason an endeavor 0 made to conduct ! foll[+ te/s ) films ( ! same relative ?ickness z t possess$ by ! av]age coat+ ( pa9t4 ,! dry+ ( ! films did n take place 9 ! same %ort p]iod1 nor 9 ! same ratio1 z ) ! ?9 lay] t is secur$ by fl[+ oil ^u glass4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 are m practical1 & ( great] value to ! manufactur]4 ,! cans 7 c>efully numb]$ 9 consecutive ord]1 correspond+ to ! numb]s on ! v>i\s samples ( oil4 ,a v small quantity ( oil 0 plac$ 9 ea* ( ! c cov]s1 :i* 7 previ\sly weigh$1 & all[$ to di/ribute itself ov] ! bottom surface !re(4 ,reweigh+ ( ! cov]s gave ! am\nt ( oil :i* 0 tak5 = ea* te/4 ,! te/ samples 9 ! cov]s 7 all plac$ 9 a l>ge box ) glass sides1 hav+ a s]ies ( p]=at$ %elves4 ,9 ! side ( ?is box is an op5+ ?r\gh :i* a tube 0 pass$1 c>ry+ a cont9ual curr5t ( air wa%$ & dri$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,oxidation ( ! oil films comm5c$ at once1 & ! am\nt ( oxyg5 absorb$ 0 det]m9$ at suitable p]iods by weigh+1 ! increase 9 weight giv+ ?is factor4 ,?is te/ 0 kept up = a p]iod ( tw5ty days4 ,a te/ 0 also made 9 ! same mann] ) a curr5t ( damp air pass+ into ! box1 to obs]ve ! relative oxidation "u su* conditions4 ,a *>t ( ! results obta9$ has be5 made 7,table ,,vi71 to %[ ! effect ( ! v>i\s dri]s4 ,results ( ,te/s4 ,! foll[+ outl9e w pres5t to ! m9d ( ! read] ! mo/ sali5t po9ts :i* h be5 glean$ f ^! exp]im5ts1 & :i* %\ld give ! manufactur] def9ite k z to ! be/ p]c5tage ( oxides to use ei!r 9 boil$ oil1 pa9ts or v>ni%es4 ,9 ! case ( lead oxide1 an increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( lead oxide 9 ! oil causes a relative increase 9 ! oxyg5 absorption1 b :5 a v l>ge p]c5tage ( lead has be5 add$1 ! film ( oil dries to a lea!ry sk94 ,9 ! case ( manganese oxide1 ! increase 9 oxyg5 absorption on ! fir/ day is mu* m pron\nc$ ?an is ! case ) lead oxides4 ,fur!rmore1 ! oxidation ( manganese oils seems to be relative to ! increase 9 manganese up to a c]ta9 p]iod1 :5 ! rev]se ( ?is law seems to take place1 & beyond a c]ta9 def9ite p]c5tage ( manganese1 add$ p]c5tages seem to be ( no value4 ,x 0 fur!rmore obs]v$ t ! films dry to a m brittle & h>d] sk9 ?an is ! case :5 lead oxide is us$4 ,! oxyg5 absorption ) oils high 9 manganese has be5 notic$ to be excessive1 & ! film ( oil becomes surface-coat$1 dry+ b5ea? 9 a v sl[ mann]2 a condition t (t5 leads to *eck+4 ,! critical p]c5tage :]e ! am\nt ( manganese appe>s to give ! greate/ effici5cy seems to be #j4jb4 ,?is critical p]c5tage1 z x may be t]m$1 %\ld n be exce$$1 & any add$ am\nt ( manganese has ! effect ( mak+ ! film mu* m brittle & causes ! s-call$ burn+ up ( ! pa9t4 ,! load+ ( pa9t ) dri] & ! bad result !refrom may be expla9$ to "s ext5t f ! above results4 ,,table ,,vi--,,l9se$ ,,oil ,,& ,mn,o#b 7,,manganese7 ,,dri]--,,te/ ,,no4 #a ,p] c5t4 #j4jbj4jej4aej4bej4cej4dej4eej4gja4jj ,mn,o#b ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a day #j4jhj4aaj4af -- #c4bac4dfc4bgc4jab4gf #b days#j4afe4hhd4dh -- #c4fcd4jac4gjc4eac4ah #c days#j4baf4gid4fa -- #c4hcd4ca -- #c4ia -- #d days -- -- #d4fd -- -- -- -- -- -- #e days#c4jaf4hd -- -- #d4acd4fhd4aic4iac4ii #f days#h4jj -- #d4hh -- #d4cg -- #d4ead4cbd4ac ,p] #g days#h4ehf4ibd4ij -- #d4dh -- #d4fad4ebd4bc c5t4 #h days#i4jf -- #e4jc -- #d4eee4bcd4ggd4fbd4dd ga9 #i days -- -- #e4ab -- #d4fce4djd4idd4gid4ea #aj days#i4jgf4hie4ah -- #d4hae4dg -- #d4ihd4gc #aa days#i4aeg4jc -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ab days -- -- -- -- #d4ih -- #e4dee4cce4bb #ac days#i4bbg4ag -- -- #e4bef4jje4fje4dbe4cc #ad days#i4beg4ahe4ee -- -- -- -- -- -- #bj days -- #g4bae4ha -- #e4hdf4gje4ide4hde4gg ,,table ,,vii--,,l9se$ ,,oil ,,& ,mn,o#b 7,,manganese7 ,,dri]--,,te/ ,,no4 #b 7,,*eck7 ,p] c5t4 #j4jbj4jej4aej4bej4cej4dej4eej4gja4jj ,mn,o#b ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a day -- #c4abd4dbc4hf -- #c4aib4ihc4bgb4ef #b days -- #f4aed4gc -- -- #c4eac4bhc4gjb4if #c days#j4bhf4bi -- #d4abc4gb -- #c4cic4gac4ae #d days#c4hcf4cbd4ged4bac4hgc4fac4ehd4jec4d c ,p] #e days#f4fd -- #d4hdd4bcc4idc4gcc4fed4bac4ef c5t4 #f days#h4fa -- #d4hg -- #d4jhc4hac4ghd4cec4gc ga9 #g days#i4jgf4cee4jjd4dad4ahc4iac4hed4edc4h g #i days#i4bef4cie4af -- #d4ddd4aad4bad4fcd4bf #aa days -- -- -- #d4fcd4eid4cfd4cae4jgd4df #af days -- #f4dce4cjd4iad4hcd4gbd4gae4djd4hg ,,table ,,viii--,,l9se$ ,,oil ,,& ,pb,o 7,,lead7 ,,dri] ,p] c5t4 #j4jj #j4je #j4aj #j4cj #j4ej #j4gj #a4jj #a4cj #a4fja4cja4fj ,pb,o ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #j4jdbj4jdij4jibj4jeh #j4jff #j4jfbj4jfb #j4jgij4jcij4adj4gb day #b #j4jihj4ajdj4aecj4aaf #j4aeh -- #j4aid #d4hc #d4gi #e4bgf4aa days #c #j4abhj4aeij4agjj4acg #j4bgi #j4aheg4aa #h4fj #e4ce #g4hih4bh days #d #j4afdj4badj4bjfj4agh -- #d4jg #g4ci #i4ee #h4ec #g4ich4fh days #e #j4agf -- #j4cjf -- #j4cdj #g4fj #g4dg #i4hg #h4gh #h4ah -- days ,p] #f #j4ahhj4bca -- #j4bdc #j4dgb #i4cf #g4fd #aj4ja #i4jj #h4bdi4ji c5t4days ga9 #g #j4bjfj4bea -- #j4bec #a4jhjaj4jf -- #aj4ad -- -- -- days #h #j4babj4bec -- #j4bhj #d4hj #aj4ch #g4gj #aj4bb #i4je -- -- days #i #j4bbfj4biaj4cjfj4cca #g4cf #aj4da #g4gc #aj4bc #i4jg -- -- days #ac #j4cbgj4dbhj4eajj4fgdaa4ja #aj4fg #g4ia #aj4dh #i4bi #h4fb -- days #ae #j4dffj4deej4fejb4da #aa4je -- #g4ib #aj4ej #i4cj -- -- days #bj #j4ebaa4jh #a4gh #h4gf #aa4be #aj4fg #g4ih #aj4eb #i4cf -- -- days ,,table ,,ix--,,l9se$ ,,oil ,,& ,pb,o 7,,lead7 ,,& ,mn,o#b 7,,manganese7--,,comb9ation ,,dri] ,p] c5t4 ,pb,o #j4a #j4c #j4e #j4g #j4i #a4a #a4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,mn,o#b 4#jje 4#jae #j4jbe #j4ce #j4de #j4eej4g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a day #j4jbfj4jfa #j4jee #j4jbbj4af #j4aac4jf #b days#j4jidj4jhg #j4adc #j4af #e4ba #f4bhc4cg #c days#j4aah -- #j4ag #d4bc #g4fc #h4cac4gd #d days -- #j4aa #j4bc #g4cf #h4hg #i4bjd4jb #e days#j4abjj4ab #j4bi #i4jd #i4ac #i4cgd4ag ,p] c5t4 ga9 #f days#j4ag #j4ac #a4dd #i4hh #i4bf #i4ead4cd #g days#j4ba #j4ah #d4fe #aj4aa #i4bh -- #d4de #aa days#j4cj #j4bf #aj4jc #aj4ce #i4fa #i4hee4aa #ab days -- -- -- #aj4de #i4ff -- -- #ac days#j4ce #j4ed #aj4cg #aj4ea #i4fgaj4jce4cc #ah days#j4di #c4dc #aj4ch #aj4fb #i4fh -- #e4gc ,9 ! same way ) lead dri]s1 excessive am\nts ( lead oxide seem to h no b5eficial effects on ! dry+ ( an oil1 & :5 ! p]c5tage :i* seems to be ! mo/ b5eficial1 namely #j4e lead oxide1 is exce$$1 ! film is apt to become brittle4 ,oils conta9+ lead oxide dri]s are less influ5c$ 9 _! dry+ t5d5cies by conditions ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e ?an oils conta9+ manganese1 b frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! =m] dry mu* bett] 9 a dry atmosph]e4 ,z a g5]al rule1 v>ni%es ri* 9 manganese dry m quickly 9 a dry atmosph]e1 :ile ^? conta9+ small quantities dry m quickly 9 a damp atmosph]e4 ,volatile ,products ,=m$4 ,x 0 fur!rmore notic$ 9 ^! te/s t sulphuric acid1 plac$ 9 di%es on ! bottom ( ! l>ge box 9 :i* ! samples ( oil 7 dry+1 0 discolor$ & turn$ br[n aft] sev]al days1 %[+ t ! acid _h tak5 up "s mat]ial ( a volatile nature t 0 a product ( ! oxidation4 ,ano!r curi\s feature ( ^! te/s 0 ! developm5t ( a peculi> aromatic odor :i* 0 giv5 (f by ! oils ^u dry+ 9 dry air4 ,:5 ! oils 7 dri$ 9 moi/ air1 a rank odor resembl+ propionic acid 0 obs]v$1 & ?is l$ ! obs]v] to believe t a reaction 0 effect$ by ! absorb$ oxyg51 t caus$ ! glyc]9 comb9$ ) ! l9oleic acid z l9ole9 to split up into evil-smell+ comp\nds4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! oxyg5 fir/ attacks ! glyc]91 trans=m+ x into c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & o!r volatile comp\nds1 :i* are elim9at$ be=e ! oil is dri$ to l9oxyn4 ,to*1#c h[ev]1 has %[n t ! dry+ ( l9se$ oil gives (f only v small p]c5tages ( c>bon dioxide4 ,muld] has obs]v$ t 9 ! process ( l9se$ oil be+ oxidiz$1 glyc]9 is set free1 :i* becomes oxidiz$ to =mic1 acetic1 & o!r acids1 :ile ! acid radicals are conv]t$ by oxyg5 into ! anhydrides1 f :i* !y pass by fur!r oxidation into l9oxyn4 #c ,to*3 ,! ,*em4 & ,te*4 ( ,mix$ ,pa9ts1 p4 #hi4 ,d4 ,van ,vo/& ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,auto-,oxidation ( ,oil4 ,! !ory ( auto-oxidation ( l9se$ oil has be5 v ably treat$ by ,blackl]1 ^: exp]im5ts indicat$ t dur+ ! dry+ process ! sl[ absorption ( oxyg5 01 at a critical p]iod1 foll[$ by a rapid absorption1 :i* he attributes to ! pres5ce ( p]oxides4 ,! mat]ials produc$ by ?is p]oxide =mation may act z catalyz]s & accel]ate ! =mation ( m p]oxide4 ,lead & manganese oxides may also be oxidiz$ to p]oxides by ! action ( oxyg51 & 9 ?is ev5t might act z v active catalyz+ ag5ts or c>ri]s ( oxyg54 ,blackl]'s /atem5t1 t ! pres5ce ( dri]s d n increase1 b h a t5d5cy to decrease ! initial velocity ( oxyg5 absorption1 has be5 confirm$ by ^! exp]im5ts1 b x has be5 notic$ ?r\gh\t ! te/s t ! dri]s h an accel]ative action at a lat] p]iod4 ,effect ( ,metals on ,dry+ ( ,oils4 ,"s mo/ int]e/+ results 7 secur$ by dipp+ extremely f9e copp] gauze into l9se$ oil1 & !n susp5d+ ! gauze 9 ! air4 ,! adhesion ( ! oil to ! copp] caus$ ! =mation ( films betwe5 ! network1 & rem>kable dry+ action 0 obs]v$4 ,! copp] or any sup]ficial coat+ ( copp] oxide :i* may h be5 pres5t on ! metal1 und\bt$ly affect$ ! result to "s ext5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd t metallic lead is ev5 m effici5t ?an copp] 9 ?is respect1 b ?is may be due to ! action ( free acid 9 ! l9se$ oil1 =m+ lead l9oleates1 products t greatly accel]ate dry+4 ,ano!r int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 made by imm]s+ pieces ( gauze clo? 9 l9se$ oil4 ,aft] ! excess oil _h be5 remov$1 by press+1 ! clo? 0 aga9 weigh$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( oil us$ = ! exp]im5t4 ,! increase 9 oxyg5 absorption 9 ?is case 0 v rapid1 & ! result obta9$ confirm$ ! results 9 ! o!r exp]im5ts4 ,9 ord] to secure a m ev5ly di/ribut$ /ate ( ! oil1 te/s 7 conduct$ by saturat+ pieces ( /iff blott+ pap]s1 &1 aft] exposure1 weigh+ z usual4 ,influ5ce ( ,light4 ,! influ5ce ( light on ! dry+ ( oils is unque/ionably a pot5t "o4 ,! practical pa9t] kn[s t a c]ta9 v>ni% w dry quick] :5 expos$ to ! light ?an :5 9 ! d>k4 ,*evreul 0 "o ( ! fir/ pione]s 9 ?is field ( rese>* to obs]ve ! effects ( color$ lights on dry+1 & he claim$ t oil expos$ "u :ite glass dri$ m rapidly ?an :5 expos$ "u r$ glass1 :i* elim9ates all light ( %ort wave l5g?s4 ,g5! obta9$ int]e/+ results 9 ! dry+ ( oil submitt$ to ! effect ( ! m]cury lamp4 ,oxidation )\t dri]s 0 effect$ probably ?r\gh ! =mation ( p]oxides4 ,9 comm5t+ on ?is subject1 ,blackl]#d gives a description ( ! use ( ! ,uveol ,lamp1 :i* is simil> to ! m]cury lamp1 b has1 in/ead ( a glass cas+ :i* cuts (f ! valuable rays1 a fus$-qu>tz cas+ :i* all[s _! passage4 #d ,m4 ,b4 ,blackl]3 ,! ,use & ,abuse ( ,dri]s1 ,p4 & ,v4 ,society1 ,london1 ,sept4 #i1 #aiji4 ,dri]s 9 ,boil$ ,oil4 ,9 ! boil+ ( l9se$ oil1 by c]ta9 processes ! oil is heat$ to #bej deg4 ,f4 & manganese res9ate is incorporat$ !re94 ,x goes into solution q rapidly4 ,9 o!r processes ! oil is heat$ to #djj deg4 ,f4 or ov]1 & manganese z an oxide is boil$ into ! oil4 ,al?\gh x is unsafe to say t a small p]c5tage ( ros91 su* z w\ld be introduc$ by ! use ( res9ate dri]s1 is n h>mful1 yet x appe>s t ?is process %\ld give a good oil1 inasmu* z x has be5 f\nd t no matt] :e!r ! manganese is add$ to ! oil1 z a res9ate1 borate or oxide1 practically ! same dry+ effect is notic$ 9 e case :]e ! p]c5tage ( manganese is ! same4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s1 h[ev]1 t ! res9ate dri]s are n z well suit$ = durability z oxide dri]s4 ,h[ev]1 if a boil$ oil is f\nd to conta9 on analysis a small p]c5tage ( ros9 less ?an #j4e or a p]c5tage only suffici5t to comb9e ) ! metal pres5t1 x %\ld n be suspect$ ( adult]ation4 ,practical te/s %\ld be made ) su* oil along ) an oil made ) an oxide dri]1 be=e pron\nc+ on _! relative values4 ,inasmu* z ! addition ( c]ta9 dri]s to l9se$ oil less5s ! durability ( ! film1 x is m practical to use ! smalle/ am\nt ( dri] t w s]ve ! purpose desir$1 t is1 set ! oil up to a h>d condition :i* w n take du/ & :i* w /& abrasion4 ,! results ( ?is inve/igation w\ld indicate t :5 lead or manganese l9oleates are us$1 ! mo/ effici5t dry+ is %[n ) #j4e lead or ) #j4jb manganese1 or ) a comb9ation ( #j4e lead & #j4jb manganese4 ,until m def9ite results h be5 obta9$ ) ! tungates1 :i* w probably prove ( exceptional int]e/ z dri]s1 ! above dri]s w probably be us$ to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,co-op]ative ,dry+ ,te/s4 ,a s]ies ( important dry+ te/s made by memb]s ( a special committee#e appo9t$ by ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ( :i* ! writ] 0 *airman1 is h]e) %[n3 #e ,sub-,committee ,c ( ,committee ,d-#a1 on ,te/+ ,pa9t ,vehicles4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,soc4 = ,te/4 ,mat]41 #aiaa4 ,at ! ,janu>y meet+ ( ,committee ,d-#a1 a sub-committee consi/+ ( ! foll[+ memb]s 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate pa9t vehicles3 ,g4 ,b4 ,heckel1 ,gl5n ,h4 ,pick>d1 ,all5 ,rog]s1 ,a4 ,h4 ,sab91 ,h4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,*airman4 ,at a subsequ5t meet+ ( ! sub-committee x 0 det]m9$ to />t ! inve/igations ) a s]ies ( te/s on c]ta9 dry+1 semi-dry+1 & non-dry+ oils1 det]m9+ _! dry+ values1 rate ( oxyg5 absorption1 etc41 :5 spread out 9 ?9 films4 ,a quantity ( ! foll[+ oils 0 select$ = ! te/s & subsequ5tly secur$ f s\rces kn[n to be reliable3 ,lead & manganese l9oleate dri]4#f ,li?ographic l9se$ oil4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7res9ate type74 ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7l9oleate type74 ,bl[n l9se$ oil 7conta9+ dri] :ile be+ bl[n74 ,heavy m9]al oil4 ,ros9 oil4 ,soya bean oil4 ,corn oil4 ,cottonse$ oil4 ,sunfl[] oil4 ,m5had5 oil4 ,*9ese wood oil1 raw4 ,*9ese wood oil1 treat$4 ,p]illa oil4#g ,lumbang oil4#g ,dry ros9 #bj1 boil$ 9 #hj l9se$ oil4 #f ,! dri] us$1 ^u analysis1 %[$ ! pres5ce ( #d4cf ,pb,o & #b4ea ,mn,o#b4 #g ,! lumbang & p]illa oils 7 import$ & arriv$ subsequ5t to ! />t+ ( ! te/s4 ,!y 7 !re=e n includ$ 9 ! te/s4 ,f\r-ounce sample bottles ( ea* oil 7 s5t to ! ,committee memb]s1 ) ! reque/ to proce$ ) ! te/s along ! l9es agre$ ^u at ! ,committee meet+4 ,! in/ructions = mak+ ^! te/s are outl9$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,a s]ies ( small glass plates1 approximately #e by #g ins41 are to be prep>$ by ea* memb] ( ! ,committee4 ,^! plates are to be ?or\ghly clean$ & c>efully numb]$ & weigh$ ^u a *emical balance4 ,! oils to be us$ = ! te/s are to be numb]$ correspond+ to ! plates4 ,a te/ ( ea* oil is to be made by pa9t+ x ^u ! surface ( a glass plate ) a camel's-hair bru%1 subsequ5tly weigh+ ! plate & ! oil4 ,^! te/s are to be expos$ "u con/ant conditions ( temp]ature1 if possible1 = ?ree weeks' "t1 mak+ weigh+s ( ea* plate e day = six days & !n e o!r day = twelve days4 7b7 ,ano!r s]ies ( te/s %all be made1 9 :i* #hj ( raw l9se$ oil is to be comb9$ ) ea* ( ! above oils nam$4 ,previ\s to mak+ any ( ! te/s1 !re %\ld be add$ to ea* oil1 or to ea* comb9ation1 #e ( a dri] conta9+ lead & manganese4 ,! dri] to be us$ is ( ! /&>d grade submitt$1 toge!r ) ! oil samples4 ,! results ( ! te/s are to be *>t$ & submitt$ at ! end ( ! te/s1 s t !y may be comp>$ ) ! results obta9$ by ea* memb] ( ! ,committee4 7c7 ,if possible1 ! oils & mixture ( oils us$ 9 ! above te/s are to be gr\nd ) pure silica & pa9t$ out ^u siz$ pap]1 ?ree-coat "w1 ! films to be /ripp$ & te/$ = /r5g? ^u a pa9t filmomet]1 at two p]iods two mon?s ap>t4 ,! dry+ ( oils to a firm surface :5 spread 9 a ?9 lay] is accompani$ by an increase 9 weight1 due to ! absorption ( oxyg54 ,! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 absorb$ (t5 af=ds a crit]ion ( ! dry+ ( ! oil "u exam9ation1 & ?is factor1 toge!r ) data reg>d+ ! appe>ance ( ! oil film1 %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation :5 judg+ ! value ( an oil or oil mixture4 ,conditions ( light1 air1 temp]ature1 etc41 (t5 cause great v>iations 9 ! dry+ ( oils & ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 absorb$1 z %[n by ! results obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ te/s4 ,al?\gh x 0 impossible 9 ^! te/s to h ! conditions "u :i* ea* exp]im5t] work$ p>allel 9 nature1 ! te/s af=d nev]!less consid]able in=mation = guid+ future "w ( a simil> nature4 ,an exam9ation ( ! results obta9$ %[$ g5]ally t ! greate/ increase 9 weight occurr$ dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! oil dri$ up to a firm film4 ,?is occurr$ 9 mo/ cases )9 #dh h\rs4 ,aft] ?is p]iod a slight increase 9 weight 0 (t5 notic$1 & !n a m or less /eady decl9e1 v>y+ ) ! oil exam9$4 ,_h ! oil te/s be5 cont9u$ = a great] l5g? ( "t1 a mu* great] loss might h be5 obs]v$4 ,x 0 impossible to include 9 ! te/s ! oil-silica film "w1 on acc\nt ( lack ( "t4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ^! te/s %\ld be conduct$1 z !y w\ld ?r[ mu* light on ! ela/icity & /r5g? giv5 to pa9t films by v>i\s oils4 ,,table ,i4--7a7 ,,boil$ ,,l9se$ ,,oil 7,,res9ate ,,type7 #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4aiig #j4fbdb #j4ejbg #j4fjbd ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #aa4i #ad4db #aj4ba #ac4fi #b #ab4e #ac4cg #aj4jj #ac4ja #c #ab4g #ab4ec #i4eg #ab4ej #d #ac4a #aa4g #i4fe #ab4bi #e #ab4h #aa4jc #h4ii #ab4jj #f #ab4g -- -- #ab4be #g -- #aj4ag #h4eg -- #h #ab4g #aj4cd -- #aa4fd #i -- #aj4ab #h4ic -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ab4f #aj4jj -- #aj4gc ,increase #aa -- -- #h4ha -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ab4h #i4fi -- #aj4fh 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #i4ca -- #ad #ab4h -- -- #aa4ah #ae -- #i4jd #i4dc -- #af #ab4g -- -- #aj4fh #ag -- #h4fh -- -- #ah #ab4i -- #i4aa -- #ai -- #h4ac -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ to ,tacky at end firm1 smoo? ( #a/ day4 film 9 #b ,ne>ly dry1 days end ( #b;d day4 ,p]fectly dry1 end ( #aj? day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,boil$ ,,l9se$ ,,oil 7,,res9ate ,,type7 #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4aicc #j4cffj #j4dfdj -- ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #ac4f #j4eg #ab4dh -- #b #ad4g #a4ff #aa4ib -- #c #ad4i #aj4ej #aa4di -- #d #ad4i #ac4cj #aa4aj -- #e #ad4h -- #aj4hd -- #f #ad4h -- -- -- #g -- #ab4ea #i4dh -- #h #ad4h -- -- -- #i -- #aa4dj #g4da -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ad4h -- -- -- ,increase #aa -- -- #g4ef -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ad4g #aj4bj -- -- 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4cf -- #ad #ad4e -- -- -- #ae -- #i4hd #h4ed -- #af #ad4g -- -- -- #ag -- -- -- -- #ah #ad4g -- #h4ea -- #ai -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ to firm1 smoo? film 9 #b days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,ii4--7a7 ,,boil$ ,,l9se$ ,,oil 7,,l9oleate ,,type7 #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4abbf #j4echd #j4efif #j4ccjf ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #aj4i #ad4cd #aj4be #ab4ji #b #ab4b #ac4bf #aj4da #aa4cc #c #ab4g #ab4ah #aj4bb #aj4id #d #ab4e #aa4bi #aj4af #aa4aj #e #ab4h #aj4ge #i4ij #aj4hf #f #ab4b -- -- #aa4be #g -- #i4hh #i4fj -- #h #ab4b #aj4be -- #aj4hg #i -- #aj4ja #i4gb -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ab4d #i4ia -- #i4gb ,increase #aa -- -- #i4dh -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ab4a #i4fj -- #aj4jb 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #i4ig -- #ad #ab4 -- -- #aj4fb #ae -- #i4ab #aj4cf -- #af #ab4a -- -- #aj4df #ag -- #h4cg -- -- #ah #ab4a -- #i4ei -- #ai -- #h4cj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ firmly ,tacky at end ) smoo?1 ( #a/ day4 ev5 film 9 ,slightly #b days4 tacky1 end #b;d day4 ,dry1 b curl$1 end ( #aj? day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,boil$ ,,l9se$ ,,oil 7,,l9oleate ,,type7 #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4ahdc #j4egij #j4dfec -- ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #aa4h #aj4ad #ab4dj -- #b #ac4i #ae4ga #aa4ij -- #c #ae4a #ac4bi #aa4ej -- #d #ae4b #ab4ab #aa4aa -- #e #ae4j #aa4dc #aj4ij -- #f #ad4f -- -- -- #g -- #aj4je #i4cg -- #h #ad4f #aj4bf -- -- #i -- #i4ee #h4ec -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ad4e #i4cb -- -- ,increase #aa -- -- #g4dh -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ad4d #h4hd -- -- 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4dc -- #ad #ad4d -- -- -- #ae -- #h4df #h4jb -- #af #ad4f -- -- -- #ag -- #g4fh -- -- #ah #ad4g -- #g4bg -- #ai -- #g4ee -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ ) smoo? film 9 #b days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,iii4--7a7 ,,li?ographic ,,l9se$ ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4djaa #j4hgcc #j4hhab #b4gcah ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #f4i #j4hg #c4fj 4#jea #b #h4e #c4he #e4aj 4#jea #c #h4i #e4ad #e4jj 4#jea #d #h4i #f4jg #f4gh 4#jda #e #h4g #f4dj #f4ig 4#jha #f #h4j -- -- 4#afi #g -- #f4hd #g4ch -- #h #h4j #g4bb -- 4#ai #i -- #g4cf #g4db -- ,p]c5tage #aj #h4j #g4eg -- 4#geb ,increase #aa -- -- #g4dd -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #h4j #g4ge -- #a4ahd 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4ja -- #ad #h4d -- -- #a4fda #ae -- #g4ih #h4jc -- #af #h4d -- -- #b4jj #ag -- #g4hc -- -- #ah #h4c -- #g4ii -- #ai -- #g4hj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ to ,rema9$ glossy1 firm /icky to #aj film1 days1 & ev5 slightly at end ( #ch cr9kl$ 9 days 0 #b days4 ,oil slightly made v tacky4 ?ick film on acc\nt ( heavy body4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,li?ographic ,,l9se$ ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4acjj #j4ggej #j4fech ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- --------- #a #aj4b #aa4ce #i4id #b #aa4c #aa4dh #aj4da #c #aa4i #aj4ic #aj4ci #d #ab4j #aj4gg #aj4ce #e #aa4h #aj4be #i4ic #f #aa4h -- -- #g -- #i4ea #i4ed #h #aa4h #i4ic -- #i -- #i4hj #i4cf ,p]c5tage #aj #aa4h #i4fh -- ,increase #aa -- -- #h4ii 9 ,weight1 #ab #aa4h #i4fe -- 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #i4fa #ad #aa4h -- -- #ae -- #i4ea #i4gj #af #aa4i -- -- #ag -- #i4jg -- #ah #aa4i -- #i4ac #ai -- #h4fg -- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ to firm1 glossy film 9 #b days4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,table ,,iv4--7,a7 ,,bl[n ,,l9se$ ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4baje #j4hcid #j4hdeg #a4jcih ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #h4e #i4cj #e4jg #d4da #b #aj4b #h4ig #f4af #d4ia #c #aj4b #e4cj #f4dh #e4bb #d #aj4b #i4cj #f4id #e4fb #e #aj4j #h4ii #f4gc #e4gc #f #i4i -- -- #f4jf #g -- #h4di #f4ii -- #h #i4h #h4hi -- #f4dc #i -- #h4gc #f4hi -- ,p]c5tage #aj #i4h #h4hi -- #f4ah ,increase #aa -- -- #g4aa -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #i4g #h4gc -- #f4ea 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #g4fj -- #ad #i4h -- -- #f4ie #ae -- #h4eb #g4ie -- #af #i4h -- -- #g4jj #ag -- #h4jg -- -- #ah #i4i -- #g4hf -- #ai -- #g4gd -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,rop9ess ( ,=m$ sk91 oil made end #a/ day4 v ?ick ,slightly film1 b tacky end #bnd2 dri$ 9 dry1 b less ?an #b curl$1 end ( days to #aj? day4 smoo? film4 ,films exhibit$ ridges4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7,,bl[n ,,l9se$ ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4jggd #j4ecbi #j4fbah ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- --------- #a #aj4d #aa4hb #aj4ga #b #ab4h #ab4gf -- #c #ac4a #aj4ih -- #d #ab4i #aj4ci -- #e #ab4a #i4ha -- #f #aa4i -- -- #g -- #h4fi -- #h #ab4j #i4ae -- #i -- #h4ia -- ,p]c5tage #aj #aa4h #h4ig -- ,increase #aa -- -- -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #aa4h #h4fg -- 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- -- #ad #aa4g -- -- #ae -- #h4bb -- #af #aa4f -- -- #ag -- #g4fc -- #ah #aa4h -- -- #ai -- #g4cb -- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,rem>ks4 ,dri$ to ,glass broke4 v glossy film 9 #b days4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,table ,v4--7a7 ,,m9]al ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4afcb -- -- #j4aige ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #hab4e -- -- #h #h4ab #b #had4b -- -- #haf4bb #c #haf4g -- -- #hba4bc #d #hai4d -- -- #hbe4eh #e #hai4d -- -- #hbh4da #f #hai4e -- -- #hbh4ib #g -- -- -- -- #h #hai4e -- -- #hce4be #i -- -- -- -- ,p]c5tage #aj #hai4e -- -- #hce4gf ,increase #aa -- -- -- -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #hai4c -- -- #hdc4hf 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- -- -- #ad #hai4d -- -- #hde4bh #ae -- -- -- -- #af #hai4e -- -- #hdh4jh #ag -- -- -- -- #ah #hai4e -- -- -- #ai -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,oil lo/ 9 ,brok5 be- ,brok5 be- ,rema9$ oily weight =e weigh-=e weigh-dur+ entire ?r\gh\t +s 7 +s 7 te/4 te/ on ac- made4 made4 c\nt ( pres5ce ( volatiles4 ,no dry+ action ob- s]v$4 ,film wet at end ( te/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #h ,lo/ 9 weight ?r\gh\t te/4 7b7 ,,m9]al ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4ahhd #j4effc #j4dje #j4beih ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #f4d #aa4ea #ii4ff #if4fi #b #f4h #h4ba #ih4ib #ie4jf #c #g4b #f4ea #if4hb #ib4hh #d #g4h #e4ai #if4jc #ia4eb #e #h4a #d4cf #id4fh #ia4bi #f #g4i -- -- #ia4fh #g -- #b4gb #ib4fd -- #h #g4i #c4ab -- #ajb4jg #i -- #b4hb #ajj4cj -- ,p]c5tage #aj #h4a #b4ei -- #ajj4jh ,increase #aa -- -- #ajj4ef -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #g4h #b4ce -- #ajj4ic 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #ajj4jd -- #ad #g4h -- -- #ajj4ed #ae -- #a4cf #ajj4ad -- #af #g4h -- -- -- #ag -- #j4ec -- -- #ah #g4h -- #ajj4hf -- #ai -- #ajj4ad -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,fair dry+ ,/icky1 end ( obs]v$ end #a/ day2 ( #b;d day4 tacky1 end ( ,film tacky #b;d day & end until end ( #ch days4 #h? day2 aft] t1 fairly firm film %[n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #i ,ga9$ 9 weight ?r\gh\t te/4 #aj ,lo/ 9 weight ?r\gh\t te/4 ,,table ,,vi4--7a7 ,,soya ,,bean ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4acgg #j4cigb #j4dcff #j4cefd ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #g4e #i4gi #i4hg #h4be #b #h4d #i4fi #i4hg #g4eh #c #i4e #h4ef #i4ce #g4jb #d #ab4h #g4fj #h4ff #f4gd #e #ab4i #g4ji #h4ac #f4df #f #ab4g -- -- #f4gd #g -- #f4jj #f4dd -- #h #ab4f #f4bb -- #f4df #i -- #f4jj #d4hh -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ab4e #e4ed -- #e4dj ,increase #aa -- -- #d4bf -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ab4d #e4cf -- #e4ei 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #d4ii -- #ad #ab4c -- -- #e4hj #ae -- #d4gc #d4id -- #af #ab4c -- -- #e4fg #ag -- #d4bc -- -- #ah #ab4c -- #d4id -- #ai -- #c4gj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film tacky ,/icky1 end ( until #c;d #a/ day2 day4 ,cle> tacky1 end ( & fairly #b;d day2 firm aft] slightly #d? day4 tacky1 end ( #aj? & #ch? days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,soya ,,bean ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4bbah #j4bhgg #j4deha #j4bbdi ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #aa4e #ab4gh #ac4af #aa4gd #b #aa4h #ab4gh #ab4fd #ab4bg #c #ab4e #aa4gd #aa4hd #aj4ch #d #ac4i #ab4bc #aa4ej #i4dc #e #ad4j #aj4fj #aa4ja #i4ff #f #ad4j -- -- #i4ge #g -- #i4ce #i4ae -- #h #ad4a #aj4jh -- #aj4bi #i -- #i4gf #g4bi -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ad4a #i4ei -- #i4jh ,increase #aa -- -- #f4fa -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ac4h #i4ei -- #h4ah 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #g4dc -- #ad #ac4f -- -- #h4ie #ae -- #i4jj #f4if -- #af #ac4f -- -- -- #ag -- #h4ji -- -- #ah #ac4f -- #f4ff -- #ai -- #h4jj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,cle>1 firm ,tacky at end film ob- ( #a/ & #b;d s]v$ at days4 ,dry1 end end ( #b;d #aj? day4 day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,vii4--7a7 ,,ros9 ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4beij -- -- #j4dhbb ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #a4e -- -- #b4bd #b #a4e -- -- #b4ec #c #a4h -- -- #b4cb #d #c4j -- -- #a4bg #e #e4b -- -- #a4jf #f #d4i -- -- #j4ff #g -- -- -- -- #h #d4h -- -- #j4bd #i -- -- -- -- ,p]c5tage #aj #d4h -- -- #j4gh ,increase #aa -- -- -- -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #d4h -- -- #j4fh 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- -- -- #ad #d4h -- -- #j4da #ae -- -- -- -- #af #d4h -- -- #j4ci #ag -- -- -- -- #ah #d4h -- -- -- #ai -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,tacky ,too mu* ,oily on #a/ ?r\gh\t on4 ,%[$ & #b;d days4 te/4 con/antly ,tacky1 end ( increas+ #aj & #ch loss ow+ days4 to ! fact t x did n dry & ran (f glass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,vii4--7b7 ,,ros9 ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4afcf #j4gaje #j4djaf #j4cbfc ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #g4d #f4fd #ab4ba #aa4dh #b #g4h #f4dj #aa4de #ab4jb #c #h4e #f4je #aa4ac #aj4fj #d #h4e #e4fc #aj4ec #aj4bf #e #h4d #e4bc #aj4ac #aj4db #f #h4a -- -- #aj4db #g -- #d4db #h4h -- #h #h4j #d4ib -- #aj4ie #i -- #d4hc #h4ab -- ,p]c5tage #aj #h4j #d4eg -- #i4if ,increase #aa -- -- #g4de -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #h4j #d4fh -- #i4ec 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4bg -- #ad #g4i -- -- #i4if #ae -- #d4ac #h4eb -- #af #g4i -- -- -- #ag -- #c4ha -- -- #ah #h4b -- #h4fb -- #ai -- #c4dc -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film dri$ ,oily at end ( up nicely #a/ & #b;d dur+ #c;d days4 ,slightly day1 b re- tacky1 end ( ma9$ #aj? day4 slightly s(t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,viii4--7a7 ,,corn ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4jegd #j4eheh #j4diha #j4ccjj ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #a4i #aaj4bb #a4bb #d4fc #b #d4b #g4jc #e4hf #g4bg #c #d4f #h4gi #g4bg #g4ad #d #d4h #g4dc #abaa4ce #f4ii #e #g4e #g4ag #aa4ce #f4fi #f #g4a -- -- #f4ic #g -- #e4he #aa4cg -- #h #g4a #f4jb -- #f4hd #i -- #e4hd #f4bf -- ,p]c5tage #aj #g4a #e4eh -- #e4aa ,increase #aa -- -- #d4ig -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #g4b #e4ch -- #e4ag 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #e4fb -- #ad #g4a -- -- #e4ch #ae -- #d4gh #e4cd -- #af #g4j -- -- #e4ag #ag -- #d4ae -- -- #ah #f4i -- #e4cd -- #ai -- #c4fc -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film s(t & /icky ?r\gh\t te/4 ,v soapy 9 appe>ance4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aa ,lo/ 9 weight ?r\gh\t te/4 #ab ,mo? got 94 7b7 ,,corn ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4affd #j4edfi #j4cgaf #j4agaa ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #g4e #ac4ja #ac4ha #aa4hg #b #h4d #ab4da #ab4ib #aa4fi #c #h4f -- #ab4af #i4gh #d #aj4b #aa4ac #aa4ga #h4cc #e #aj4d #aa4eb #aa4aa #h4ej #f #aj4f -- -- #h4fb #g -- #aa4bb #i4bc -- #h #aj4e #aj4ih -- #i4fa #i -- #aj4ch #h4bi -- ,p]c5tage #aj #aj4c #i4fd -- #h4af ,increase #aa -- -- #g4bd -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #aj4c #i4jg -- #g4jj 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4db -- #ad #aj4c -- -- #h4bh #ae -- #h4ch #h4bf -- #af #aj4b -- -- -- #ag -- #h4gg -- -- #ah #aj4j -- #g4id -- #ai -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film tacky ,tacky1 end ( at end ( #a/ & #b;d te/4 days4 ,dry1 end #aj? day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,ix4--7a7 ,,cotton ,,se$ ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4bjbf #j4gbdg #j4dace #j4cehc ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #d4e #h4jc #g4jd #f4fg #b #d4h #g4dh #g4af #e4fa #c #d4h #f4fh #f4fb #d4he #d #e4a #f4jj #f4bd #d4fe #e #h4f #e4fe #e4gh #d4cg #f #h4g -- -- #d4ga #g -- #d4he #c4gb -- #h #h4a #e4ji -- #d4eg #i -- #d4ie #b4jh -- ,p]c5tage #aj #g4i #d4hj -- #b4ig ,increase #aa -- -- #a4gb -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #h4j -- -- #c4aa 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #b4eb -- #ad #h4j -- -- #c4ci #ae -- -- #b4ce -- #af #h4a -- -- #c4ci #ag -- -- -- -- #ah #h4j -- #b4cb -- #ai -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film %[$ ,slightly v little tacky1 end h>d5+ #aj? & #ch? & rema9$ days4 s(t & tacky4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,cotton ,,se$ ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4aeaf #j4idih #j4fafj #j4beec ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #h4e #aa4jj #aj4id #aa4hc #b #h4g #aa4ae #aj4ha #aa4hc #c #i4a #aj4eh #aj4ea #aj4ae #d #aj4h #aj4ag #aj4cg #i4bi #e #aa4i #i4hb #i4hg #i4bi #f #aa4h -- -- #i4de #g -- #i4jb #h4ic -- #h #aa4i #i4db -- #aj4jj #i -- #i4ce #h4ij -- ,p]c5tage #aj #aa4i #i4bg -- #h4ie ,increase #aa -- -- #h4gj -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #aa4h #i4cb -- #h4jf 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #i4bi -- #ad #aa4h -- -- #h4fa #ae -- #h4ha #i4fc -- #af #aa4h -- -- -- #ag -- #h4bd -- -- #ah #aj4g -- #h4dg -- #ai -- #g4ib -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,fair dry+ ,tacky on #a/ obs]v$ at & #b;d days4 end ( #d? ,dry on #aj? day4 ,film day4 slightly tacky at end ( te/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,x4--7a7 ,,sun ,,fl[] ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4adad #j4fbib #j4ehcg #j4bedj ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #f4c #i4fi #g4he #h4ci #b #h4b #i4db #g4gc #f4id #c #aa4e #g4ii #g4de #f4ba #d #aa4f #g4dc #g4jb #f4ac #e #aa4e #g4jd #f4cf #e4ha #f #aa4e -- -- #f4ja #g -- #f4ab #e4af -- #h #aa4c #f4de -- #f4ji #i -- #f4ab #d4eg -- ,p]c5tage #aj #aa4c #e4ib -- #d4ha ,increase #aa -- -- #d4bj -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #aa4c #e4fi -- #d4gc 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #d4ed -- #ad #aa4c -- -- #d4ha #ae -- #e4bd #d4fa -- #af #aa4b -- -- #e4ja #ag -- #d4eg -- -- #ah #aa4j -- #d4cj -- #ai -- #d4bf -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film fairly ,/icky1 end firm1 end ( #a/ day2 #c;d day4 tacky1 end #b;d day2 slightly tacky1 end #aj? day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,x4--7b7 ,,sun ,,fl[] ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4afjj #j4ejcj #j4ddgj #j4bbfa ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #i4e #ad4ba #ab4fb #aa4ed #b #aa4j #ad4ba #ab4jb #aa4he #c #aa4a #ab4ff #aa4dh #i4ib #d #aa4c #ad4ja #aa4fe #i4ac #e #aa4d #aa4ei #aj4be #h4ie #f #aj4i -- -- #i4jd #g -- #aj4bd #h4ad -- #h #aj4h #aj4fc -- #i4eb #i -- #aj4cd #f4bf -- ,p]c5tage #aj #aj4h #aj4cd -- #h4ee ,increase #aa -- -- #e4ed -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #aj4h #aj4bg -- #g4fg 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #f4bb -- #ad #aj4f -- -- #h4bj #ae -- #aa4cc #e4hb -- #af #aj4f -- -- -- #ag -- #aj4gc -- -- #ah #aj4i -- #e4ce -- #ai -- #aj4cj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,good firm1 ,dry on #a/1 #b;d glossy film & #aj? days4 %[n at end ( #b;d day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,xi4--7a7 ,,m5had5 ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4aidd #j4ebhb #j4gjje #j4caej ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #g4g #ab4dg #aj4gi #aa4bg #b #h4a #ab4ag #aj4ih #aj4af #c #h4i #aa4gj #aj4he #i4gb #d #aj4a #aa4dg #aj4ij #i4ig #e #i4h #aa4ac #aj4eg #i4id #f #i4h -- -- #aj4bg #g -- #aj4bh #i4bg -- #h #i4h #aa4bj -- #aj4cf #i -- #aa4ae #h4dh -- ,p]c5tage #aj #i4h #aa4jb -- #h4hj ,increase #aa -- -- #h4bg -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #i4h #aa4cg -- #i4bb 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4ia -- #ad #i4f -- -- #i4dj #ae -- #aj4he #h4ge -- #af #i4f -- -- #i4ca #ag -- #aj4cd -- -- #ah #i4f -- #i4ba -- #ai -- #i4ij -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,good dry+ ,/icky1 end dur+ #b;d #a/ day4 day4 ,fairly ,slightly firm film4 /icky1 end #b;d & #aj? days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,m5had5 ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4bddh #j4diei #j4dbja #j4bdef ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #h4e #ad4aa #ac4ai #aj4ii #b #aj4d #ac4dg #ab4hh #aa4bh #c #ab4b #ab4fh #ab4bc #i4ef #d #ab4i #ab4jd #aa4ha #h4ij #e #ab4i #aa4ei #aa4ag #h4gb #f #ab4i -- -- #h4gb #g -- #aj4dd #i4ej -- #h #ab4i #aa4ji -- #i4cd #i -- #aa4jd #h4dh -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ab4i #aj4gd -- #h4dj ,increase #aa -- -- #g4gg -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ab4i #aj4ij -- #g4cg 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4cc -- #ad #ab4h -- -- #h4aa #ae -- #aj4ah #h4bd -- #af #ab4g -- -- -- #ag -- #i4dh -- -- #ah #ab4i -- #h4ab -- #ai -- #h4ic -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,good firm1 ,ne>ly dry on ela/ic film #a/ & #b;d %[n aft] days4 #b;d day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,xii4--7a7 ,,raw ,,*9ese ,,wood ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4bbff #j4eede #j4dicc #j4djcf ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #d4a -- #j4ei #j4ed #b #aa4b -- #b4ji #b4hj #c #ad4i #aa4jb #e4ac #e4aj #d #ad4d #aa4ec #g4ef #f4jj #e #ad4d #aa4jc #h4fh #f4bg #f #ad4b -- -- #g4ji #g -- #aj4ec #aj4aa -- #h #ad4b #aj4gd -- #h4ci #i -- #aj4dg #i4fe -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ad4b #aj4bg -- #h4ja ,increase #aa -- -- #i4dc -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ad4b #aj4bb -- #h4ee 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #i4gg -- #ad #ad4b -- -- #i4ac #ae -- #i4hj #i4gc -- #af #ad4b -- -- #i4bg #ag -- #i4be -- -- #ah #ad4e -- #i4cc -- #ai -- #h4hf -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,film crys- ,/icky1 end ( talliz$ & #a/ & #b;d rema9$ days2 dry b s(t until drawn1 end ( #c;d day4 ,h>d #aj? day4 b opaque film %[n aft] #d? day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7b7 ,,raw ,,*9ese ,,wood ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4bjhg #j4bifg #j4cfhc #j4bbhe ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #i4j #ad4df #ad4cg #aa4ii #b #ab4a #ac4aa #ac4ff #aa4ij #c #ab4i #aa4gb #ac4aa #aj4ad #d #ab4h #aj4fh #ab4da #i4cj #e #ab4h #i4gg #aa4gh #i4jh #f #ab4h -- -- #i4cj #g -- #h4ff #aj4ea -- #h #ab4g #h4hf -- #i4gj #i -- #h4hj #h4gb -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ab4f #h4di -- #h4ij ,increase #aa -- -- #g4j -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ab4f #h4ae -- #g4cd 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #h4hb -- #ad #ab4e -- -- #g4gh #ae -- #h4je #h4ci -- #af #ab4e -- -- -- #ag -- #g4da -- -- #ah #ab4g -- #g4ih -- #ai -- #g4jd -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,cle> & ,dry at end ( firm film #a/ day4 %[n aft] #c;d day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,xiii4--7a7 ,,*9ese ,,wood ,,oil 7,,treat$7 #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4afgh #j4daei #j4bicd #j4cicg ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #acch4j #acai4jf #acj4ib #c4ec #b #accj4j #acbj4af #acj4da #c4eh #c #acbh4j #acbj4dg #j4gb #c4be #d #acbh4j #acbj4dg #j4gi #c4be #e #acbh4j #acbj4hj #j4ac #c4cc #f #acbh4j -- -- #b4ic #g -- #acba4ji #j4bb -- #h #acbh4j #acbj4hg -- #b4ee #i -- #acbj4ih #j4df -- ,p]c5tage #aj #bg4e #acbj4gh -- #c4dj ,increase #aa -- -- #j4dd -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #acbf4j #acbj4gj -- #c4bc 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #j4dc -- #ad #acbf4j -- -- #b4fa #ae -- #acbj4ig #j4db -- #af #acbf4j -- -- #b4dh #ag -- #acba4bb -- -- #ah #acbf4b -- #j4dc -- #ai -- #acba4aa -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,loss ob- ,dry at end ( s]v$ due #a/ day4 to pres5ce ( vola- tiles4 ,firm1 cle> film %[n at end ( #a/ day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac ,lo/ 9 weight ?r\gh\t te/4 ,,table ,,xiii4--7b7 ,,*9ese ,,wood ,,oil 7,,treat$7 #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4afch #j4fegb #j4dhib #j4bfdd ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #h4d #i4be #h4ic #c4ba #b #i4d #h4jg #h4ga #c4dh #c #i4h #g4cf #h4dd #b4ae #d #i4g #f4ge #h4af #a4eh #e #i4i #f4be #g4ie #a4ef #f #i4i -- -- #a4gg #g -- #e4di #f4ge -- #h #aj4j #e4hg -- #b4cj #i -- #e4gj #e4ii -- ,p]c5tage #aj #i4f #e4fg -- #a4fb ,increase #aa -- -- #e4ej -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #i4e #d4cg -- #j4hf 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #f4dj -- #ad #i4e -- -- #a4ej #ae -- #e4ae #f4ja -- #af #i4e -- -- -- #ag -- #d4fi -- -- #ah #i4f -- #e4hg -- #ai -- #d4ag -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,cle> & ,dry at end ( h>d film #a/ day4 %[n dur+ #b;d day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table ,,xiv4--7a7 #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,dry ,,ros9 ,,9 #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,l9se$ ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4bjcj -- #j4eahe #j4beed ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #ab4j -- #c4gf #a4hj #b #ad4a -- #h4gf #aa4gh #c #ad4h -- #i4bj #ab4ag #d #ad4b -- #i4bj #ab4bi #e #ad4e -- #h4di #ab4jb #f #ad4j -- -- #ab4di #g -- -- #i4jg -- #h #ad4a -- -- #ac4ae #i -- -- #i4ja -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ad4a -- -- #aa4he ,increase #aa -- -- #i4ji -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ad4j -- -- #aa4gh 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #aj4ej -- #ad #ad4j -- -- #ab4fi #ae -- -- #aj4af -- #af #ad4j -- -- #ab4hc #ag -- -- -- -- #ah #ad4a -- #aj4ah -- #ai -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,rapid dry+ ,oily1 end #a/ obs]v$4 & #b;d days2 ,h>d film slightly %[n dur+ tacky1 end #b;d day4 #aj? day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7b7 #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,dry ,,ros9 ,,9 #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,l9se$ ,,oil #bj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #hj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,g>dn] ,sab9 ,pick>d ,rog]s ,nor? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4aejj #j4gaje #j4defh -- ,te/1 grams ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #aj4i #ad4ai #ab4hf -- #b #ac4e #ac4ag #ab4gc -- #c #ac4f #aa4hd #ab4ac -- #d #ac4j #aa4df #ab4jb -- #e #ac4j #aj4hg #aa4cj -- #f #ac4j -- -- -- #g -- #i4hj #aj4ie -- #h #ac4a #aj4cc -- -- #i -- #aj4dj #aa4ba -- ,p]c5tage #aj #ac4a #aj4jd -- -- ,increase #aa -- -- #aj4ec -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #ac4j #aj4ce -- -- 9 ,days4 #ac -- -- #aa4ba -- #ad #ab4i -- -- -- #ae -- #i4fd #aj4hh -- #af #ac4j -- -- -- #ag -- #h4ih -- -- #ah #ac4b -- #aa4dc -- #ai -- #h4fb -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,cle>1 h>d film aft] #b;d day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,xv4--7a7 ,,raw ,,l9se$ ,,oil #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4#ad -------------------------------------- ,obs]v]4 ,sab9 ,pick>d -------------------------------------- ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4ebgd #j4ecbf ,te/1 grams ------------------------------------- #a #j4bf #ab4db #b #j4ea #ab4ci #c #j4aa #aa4hh #d #b4ce #aa4hc #e #i4ad #aa4jh #f -- -- #g #ad4dh #aj4bi #h #ad4dh -- #i #ad4ah #i4ef ,p]c5tage #aj #ac4hf -- ,increase #aa -- #i4he 9 ,weight1 #ab #ac4jj -- 9 ,days4 #ac -- #aj4cj #ad -- -- #ae #ab4bc #aj4ab #af -- -- #ag #aa4ff -- #ah -- #aj4gh #ai #aa4jg -- ------------------------------------- ,rem>ks4 -------------------------------------- #ad ,! te/ ( ?is oil 0 made )\t ! addition ( #e p] c5t4 ( dri]1 ! quantity us$ 9 all ! o!r te/s4 7b7 ,,dri] #ajj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ------------------------------ ,obs]v]4 ,rog]s ,nor? ------------------------------ ,wt4 ( ,oil = #j4cdde ,te/1 grams ----------------------------- #a #dh4ie #b #dh4ec #c #dh4fh #d #dh4fh #e #dh4dh #f #dh4bf #g -- #h #dh4dc #i -- ,p]c5tage #aj #dh4hi ,increase #aa -- 9 ,weight1 #ab #dh4bb 9 ,days4 #ac -- #ad #dh4bb #ae -- #af -- #ag -- #ah -- #ai -- ----------------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,dry at end ( #a/ day4 ------------------------------ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,pa9t ,,pigm5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,prop]ties ,= ! /ud5t ( pa9t te*nology1 :o is n already acqua9t$ ) ! *emi/ry & physics ( ! v>i\s raw pigm5ts :i* are l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts1 ! writ] advises a c>eful read+ ( ?is *apt]1 9 :i* ! matt] has be5 cond5s$ z mu* z possible4 ,9 ord] to m ?or\ghly acqua9t ! read] ) ! physical con/itution ( ! pigm5ts "u consid]ation1 !re has be5 includ$ photomicrographs1 :i* %[ to advantage ! /ructure ( ea*4#ae #ae ,! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges ! assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,s*aeff] 9 ! prep>ation ( ! photomicrographs %[n 9 ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,pol>iz$ ,light ,by ,transmitt$ ,light ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead4 ,?is pigm5t is made by /ack+ clay pots conta9+ dilute acetic acid & lead buckles1 9 ti]s1 & cov]+ !m ) tan b>k4 ,f]m5tation ( ! tan b>k1 ) subsequ5t =mation ( c>bon dioxide act+ on ! acetate ( lead =m$ )9 ! pots1 produces basic c>bonate ( lead4 ,aft] complete corrosion1 ! :ite lead is gr\nd1 float$1 & dri$4 ,corrod$ :ite lead has a specific gravity ( #f4h & conta9s ab\t #he lead oxide & #ae ( c>bon dioxide & wat]4 ,its opaque nature & excell5t body r5d]s x extremely valuable z a con/itu5t ( pa9ts4 ,*eck+ & *alk+ progress rapidly :5 ! pigm5t is us$ alone4 ,! v>i\s siz$ p>ticles1 bo? l>ge & small1 result+ f ! corrosion process1 are prom95tly %[n 9 ! photomicrograph4 ,illu/ration3 ,cry/als ( ,c]ussite 9 ,old ,dut* ,process ,:ite ,lead4 7,greatly magnifi$7 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,lead 7,quick ,process7 ,on acc\nt ( its alkal9e nature1 ?is pigm5t acts ^u ! saponifiable oil 9 :i* x is gr\nd1 =m+ lead soaps :i* accel]ate *alk+ ( :ite lead--! greate/ evil att5d+ its use4 ,solubility 9 c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e & decay 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium *loride may be active causes ( ! rapid *alk+ ( ?is pigm5t at ! sea%ore4 ,*eck+ 9 "s climates appe>s to proce$ rapidly on :ite lead pa9ts1 9 a deep hexagonal =m1 leav+ a s]ies ( r\gh cre/s & cracks4 ,?is *eck+ is second>y to ! *alk+ :i* takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,corrosion cyl9d]s us$ = mak+ ,quick ,process ,:ite ,lead ,illu/ration3 ,lead ,melt+ ,pots ,:ite ,lead 7,quick ,process74 ,by act+ on atomiz$ metallic lead1 conta9$ )9 l>ge revolv+ wood5 cyl9d]s1 ) dilute acetic acid & c>bon dioxide1 ! quick-process :ite lead is produc$4 ,its value is equal to ! ,dut*-process :ite lead1 & x is consid]$ by "s z possess+ great] spread+ value4 ,illu/ration3 ,%eet iron box lut$ at bottom ) wat]4 ,atomiz$ lead1 bl[n into box ) /eam1 falls to bottom & becomes hydrat$ 7,mild ,process7 ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,/[e ,neal ,view ( agitation tanks = mak+ ,mild ,process ,lead ,illu/ration3 ,/eam ,ject$ ,pans = ,dry+ ,:ite ,lead ,:ite ,lead 7,mild ,process74 ,! ,mild ,process ( manufactur+ :ite lead consi/s ( fir/ melt+ ! pig lead & conv]t+ x into ! f9e/ k9d ( lead p[d]1 !n mix+ ?or\ghly ) air & wat]4 ,! lead takes up wat] & oxyg5 & =ms a basic hydroxide ( lead4 ,c>bon dioxide gas is next pump$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s :i* conta9 ! basic hydroxide ( lead4 ,! result is basic c>bonate ( lead--! dry :ite lead ( comm]ce4 ,! process is call$ ,mild because x is ! milde/ process possible = ! manufacture ( :ite lead4 ,x is ! only me?od 9 practical op]ation :i* does n require ! use ( acids1 alkalis or o!r *emicals1 e trace ( :i* %\ld be remov$ f ! f9i%$ product by exp5sive purify+ processes4 ,! failure ( su* wa%+ & purify+ means a product ( inf]ior quality1 :i* necess>ily r$uces ! durability ( any pa9t 9 :i* x is us$4 ,basic ,sulphate-,:ite ,lead 7,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead74 ,by ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air on ! fume produc$ by ! roa/+ & subsequ5t volatilization ( gal5a1 ?is f9e1 :ite1 amorph\s pigm5t is made4 ,on analysis1 its composition %[s approximately #ge ( lead sulphate1 #bj ( lead oxide1 & #e ( z9c oxide4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #f4b4 ,possess$ ( extreme /ability1 x f9ds wide use z a con/itu5t ( pa9ts & z a base = t9t+ colors4 ,! photomicrograph ( ?is pigm5t %[s its extremely f9e1 amorph\s nature ) complete abs5ce ( cry/als4 ,9 f95ess x closely approa*es z9c oxide4 ,on acc\nt ( its non-poison\s prop]ties x is replac+ corrod$ lead 9 _m places4 ,unifi$ pa9ts conta9+ sublim$ :ite lead are ( great value1 %[+ ^u long exposure v little decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,furnace = ,mak+ ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,goos5ecks ,us$ = ,collect+ ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,fume ,illu/ration3 ,bag ,room ,:]e ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead is ,deposit$ ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,pi*] ,lead ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,illu/ration3 ,view ( l>ge/ ,z9c ,oxide ,works 9 ,am]ica1 at ,haz>ds1 ,pa4 ,sublim$ ,blue ,lead4 ,sublim$ blue lead is made by burn+ co>sely brok5 lumps ( gal5a1 admix$ ) bitum9\s coal1 9 a special =m ( furnace4 ,! fumes :i* are volatiliz$ f ?is mixture are v complex 9 _! *emical make-up1 & 9 color are :ite1 blue1 & black4 ,aft] be+ drawn ?r\gh ! cool+ pipes by ! suction ( huge fans1 :]eby ! fumes are cool$1 ! pigm5t is deposit$ 9 bags4 ,?is pigm5t is blui% black 9 color1 & has be5 highly recomm5d$ = use on iron & /eel4 ,its composition runs approximately z foll[s3 ,lead sulphate #ej ,lead oxide #ce ,lead sulphide #e ,lead sulphite #e ,z9c oxide #b ,c>bon #c ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,z9c ,oxide ,furnaces ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ,geo4 ,b4 ,heckel & ,n4 ,j4 ,z9c ,co4 ,view ( ,z9c ,oxide ,fume ,pipes ) electrically driv5 ,suction ,fans ,! color ( ! pigm5t is l>gely due to ! c>bon & ! lead sulphide4 ,its specific gravity is #f4d1 & x gr9ds 9 #aj ( oil to a /iff pa/e1 #ajj lbs4 ( :i* may be ?9n$ ) ab\t #bf lbs4 ( oil to work+ consi/5cy4 ,pa9t manufactur]s use x 9 mixture ) iron oxide & o!r pigm5ts = ! production ( pa9ts = metal surfaces4 ,wood & o!rs h f\nd x ( great value = ?is purpose4 ,x has a t5d5cy to *alk1 b ?is may be ov]come by admixture ) o!r pigm5ts su* z z9c oxide & iron oxide4 ,lane has f\nd x to be v durable :5 admix$ ) lampblack4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,bag ,room receiv+ ,z9c ,oxide ,z9c ,oxide4 ,?is extremely :ite & f9e pigm5t is prep>$ by ! roa/+ & sublimation ( frankl9ite1 z9cite1 & o!r z9c-be>+ ores l>gely f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,its purity approa*es 9 mo/ in/ances #ii4e or m4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #e4b4 ,on acc\nt ( its /ability1 :it5ess1 & opacity1 x is invaluable z a pigm5t :5 a con/itu5t 9 a comb9ation =mula4 ,its extreme h>dness r5d]s x less resi/ant to temp]ature *anges1 :5 us$ alone4 ,"u ! microscope ! f95ess & /ructure ( ! p>ticles are cle>ly evid5t4 ,! ,fr5*-process z9c oxide produc$ 9 ,am]ica by ! sublimation & oxidation ( spelt] is ! pure/ made1 & sup]ior to import$ grades :i* (t5 conta9 ultram>9e blue z a :it5+ ag5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,z9c ,oxide ,illu/ration3 ,z9c ,lead ,:ite ,illu/ration3 ,z9c ,lead4 ,by transmitt$ light 7,! ,pigm5t %[s black7 ,illu/ration3 ,li?opone ,illu/ration3 ,magnesium ,silicate 7,asbe/9e7 ,z9c ,lead ,:ite4 ,?is extremely f9e pigm5t1 consi/+ ( ab\t equal p>ts ( z9c oxide & lead sulphate1 results f ! r$uction1 volatilization & subsequ5t oxidation ( sulphur-be>+ lead & z9c ores4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #d4d4 ,its slightly yell[i% t9t b>s x f be+ us$ alone v ext5sively1 b :5 mix$ ) :ite lead1 z9c oxide & in]t pigm5ts1 or us$ z a base = color$ pa9ts1 x is ( consid]able value4 ,! magnification ( ! p>ticles %[s ! peculi> way 9 :i* ! pigm5t agglom]ates1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( a f9e1 uni=m pigm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,asbe/9e ,m9e at ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,b>ytes4 ,transmitt$ light 7,! ,pigm5t %[s black7 ,illu/ration3 ,g]man ,b>ytes4 ,mag4 #bej ,diam4 7,! ,pigm5t %[s :ite7 ,li?opone4 ,li?opone1 probably ! :ite/ ( pigm5ts1 results f ! d\ble decomposition ( z9c sulphate & b>ium sulphide1 !reby =m+ a molecul> comb9ation ( z9c sulphide & b>ium sulphate4 ,! peculi> prop]ty :i* x possesses1 ( d>k5+ "u ! act9ic rays ( ! sun1 makes x ess5tial t x be comb9$ ) o!r1 m /able pigm5ts to prolong its life :5 expos$ to wea!r4 ,li?opone conta9s approximately #gj b>ium sulphate1 #be to #bh z9c sulphide1 & z high z #e ( z9c oxide4 ,its specific gravity is ab\t #d4be4 ,x is excell5tly suit$ = int]ior use 9 ! manufacture ( enamels & wall f9i%es4 ,:5 prop]ly mix$ ) o!r pigm5ts1 su* z z9c oxide & calcium c>bonate1 fair results are obta9$ z a pigm5t = outside "w4 ,lead pigm5ts are nev] us$ ) li?opone1 z lead sulphide results1 giv+ a black appe>ance4 ,its *>act]i/ic floccul5t1 non-cry/all9e nature is pla9ly evid5t :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,pol>iz$ ,light ,by ,transmitt$ ,light ,b>ium ,sulphate 7,b>ytes7 ,magnesium ,silicate 7,asbe/9e & ,talcose74 ,?is pigm5t comes 9 two =ms3 z asbe/9e & z talcose 7talc1 etc474 ,! =m] is v fibr\s 9 nature & is a v /able pigm5t to use 9 ! manufacture ( pa9t1 on acc\nt ( its in]t nature & t5d5cy to hold up heavi] pigm5ts1 & prev5t settl+4 ,x also has ! prop]ty ( /r5g!n+ a pa9t coat 9 :i* x is us$4 ,! talcose v>iety is v tabul> 9 =m4 ,bo? v>ieties are transp>5t 9 oil1 & v in]t4 ,!y h a gravity ( ab\t #b4g & gr9d 9 ab\t #cb ( oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,b>ium ,c>bonate4 ,mag4 #bej ,diam4 7,! ,pigm5t %[s :ite7 ,illu/ration3 ,b>ium ,sulphate 7,blanc ,fixe7 ,illu/ration3 ,calcium ,c>bonate 7,:it+7 ,illu/ration3 ,calcium ,c>bonate4 ,by transmitt$ light 7,! ,pigm5t %[s black7 ,illu/ration3 ,calcium ,sulphate4 ,by transmitt$ light 7,! ,pigm5t %[s black7 ,illu/ration3 ,calcium ,sulfate ,illu/ration3 ,calcium ,sulphate 7,gypsum7 ,illu/ration3 ,silica 7,silex7 ,illu/ration3 ,silex4 ,mag4 #bej ,diam4 7,! ,pigm5t %[s :ite7 ,illu/ration3 ,*9a ,clay4 ,by transmitt$ light 7,! ,pigm5t %[s black7 ,b>ium ,sulphate 7,b>ytes74 ,by gr9d+ ! crude ore1 treat+ ) acid to remove ! iron1 & f9ally wa%+1 float+1 & dry+1 !re is produc$ ! comm]cial =m ( ?is valuable pigm5t4 ,x is us$ 9 l>ge quantity z a base ^u :i* to precipitate colors1 & also toge!r ) o!r :ite pigm5ts 9 ! manufacture ( ready-mix$ pa9ts4 ,x r5d]s ! pa9t coat+ m resi/ant to abrasion1 & gives to ! pa9t c]ta9 v important bru%+ qualities4 ,x is a v /able pigm5t1 n be+ mat]ially affect$ by ei!r acid or alkali1 & c be us$ ) ! mo/ delicate colors4 ,9 oil x is transp>5t & mu/ be mix$ ) opaque pigm5ts :5 us$ 9 ready-mix$ pa9ts4 ,x is g5]ally us$ ) light] pigm5ts1 su* z asbe/9e1 9 ord] to prev5t settl+4 ,"u ! microscope1 bo? by pol>iz$ & transmitt$ light1 ! %>p angles ( ! p>ticles appe> di/9ctly1 ) no t5d5cy to mass into a compact =m4 ,al?\gh transp>5t 9 oil1 x is valuable 9 mod]ate p]c5tage 9 a ready-mix$ pa9t4 ,b>ium ,sulphate 7,blanc ,fixe74 ,blanc fixe is ! precipitat$ =m ( b>ium sulphate1 result+ f ! action ( soluble b>ium salts on soluble sulphates4 ,! specific gravity 7#d4b7 ( ?is comp\nd is l[] ?an t ( b>ytes4 ,possess+ great] opacity 9 oil1 x is ( m value z a pa9t pigm5t = "s purposes4 ,x comes 9 = its greate/ use z a base on :i* to precipitate lake colors4 ,! v f9e p>ticles %[ a slight t5d5cy to agglom]ate4 ,calcium ,c>bonate 7,:it+74 ,! natural =m ( calcium c>bonate1 prep>$ f *alk1 has a mu* high] specific gravity 7#b4gd7 ?an t ( ! artificial =m 7#b4e7 prep>$ by ! precipitation ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 possesses great] hid+ prop]ties4 ,bo? grades f9d a wide use 9 di/emp] "w & 9 ! manufacture ( putty4 ,x is (t5 us$ 9 small p]c5tage 9 _m ready-mix$ pa9ts4 ,! photomicrograph ( ! pigm5t %[s ! pres5ce ( _m l>ge p>ticles4 ,calcium ,sulphate 7,gypsum74 ,! m9]al gypsum1 consi/+ ( calcium sulphate & ab\t #ba ( wat] ( comb9ation1 is sometimes us$ z a pa9t pigm5t aft] gr9d+ & dehydration4 ,be+ slightly soluble 9 wat] x has a t5d5cy to pass into solution :5 expos$ to atmosph]ic ag5cies4 ,x lacks hid+ p[] 9 oil4 ,its specific gravity is #b4c4 ,z 9 ! case ( all pigm5ts prep>$ directly f m9]al sub/ances1 ! _m-siz$ & %ap$ p>ticles appe> cle>ly :5 enl>g$4 ,p>tially & :olly dehydrat$ =ms ( gypsum are also us$ 9 pa9t4 ,silica 7,silex47 ,?is :ite pigm5t possesses great too? & spread+ prop]ties4 ,x is ( use z a wood fill] & z a con/itu5t 9 comb9ation pa9ts4 ,x we>s especially well :5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) z9c oxide & :ite lead4 ,its purity (t5 approa*es #ig4 ,! p>ticles :5 enl>g$ are se5 to h %>p angles & are n uni=m 9 size1 :i* acc\nts = its m>k$ too? & prop]ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,alum9um ,silicate 7,*9a ,clay7 ,illu/ration3 ,o*re ,illu/ration3 ,raw ,burnt ,si5na ,illu/ration3 ,raw ,burnt ,umb] ,alum9um ,silicate 7,*9a ,clay74 ,*9a clay1 or alum9um silicate1 is a p]man5t & valuable :ite pigm5t %[+ v little hid+ p[] 9 oil4 ,x is f\nd widely di/ribut$ 9 granitic =mations4 ,x is v /able1 ) a gravity ( #b4f4 ,p>ticles are f\nd 9 _m %apes & sizes1 %[+ %>p & def9ite angles4 ,o*re4 ,o*re is a hydrat$ f]ric oxide p]meat+ a clay base1 l>gely us$ z a t9t+ mat]ial4 ,x has a specific gravity ( ab\t #c4e1 & a decid$ly gold5 yell[ color4 ,a good quality %\ld conta9 #bj or ov] ( iron oxide4 ,! p>ticles ( ?is pigm5t are floccul5t & v uni=m 9 appe>ance4 ,si5na4 ,si5na1 l umb]1 is ess5tially a silicate ( iron & alum9a1 conta9+ manganic oxide4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 a l[] p]c5tage ( ! latt] ?an 9 ! case ( umb]s4 ,! photomicrograph ( ! burnt v>iety %[s cle>ly ! f9e condition ( ! pigm5t1 :ile l>ge p>ticles are %[n 9 ! raw v>iety4 ,umb]4 ,umb]1 ano!r naturally occurr+ pigm5t1 consi/s ( iron & alum9um silicates1 conta9+ v>y+ proportions ( manganic oxide1 its color & tone v>y+ accord+ to ! p]c5tage ( ! latt]4 ,! raw v>iety is drab 9 color1 :i* 9 burn+ *anges to r$di% br[n4 ,a m>k$ p]c5tage ( l>ge-siz$ p>ticles exi/ 9 ?is pigm5t4 ,indian ,r$4 ,indian r$ is ! t]m appli$ to natural hematite ore pigm5ts & to ^? produc$ by ! roa/+ ( copp]as 7iron sulphate74 ,!y g5]ally conta9 #ie or m ( iron oxide1 ) v>y+ p]c5tages ( silica4 ,! pigm5t is heavi] 7specific gravity #e4b7 ?an t ( ,metallic ,br[n4 ,! cry/all9e1 m9]al-l /ructure ( ! p>ticles diff] greatly f ! amorph\s p>ticles ( ,metallic ,br[n4 ,metallic ,br[n4 ,! natural hydrat$ iron oxide or c>bonate z m9$ l>gely 9 ,p5nsylvania1 yields1 :5 roa/$1 a sesquioxide ( iron kn[n z ,metallic ,br[n4 ,x conta9s a high p]c5tage ( alum9a & silica1 & has a *>act]i/ic br[n color ) a gravity ( #c4a4 ,x f9ds wide application z a pigm5t = protective purposes4 ,! p>ticles :5 enl>g$ %[ ! usual appe>ance ( a natural comp\nd :i* has be5 roa/$ & gr\nd4 ,no4 ,"n ,iron ,calc4 ,alum9a ,insoluble ,color ,oxide ,sulph4 7,silica ----------------7,ca,s,o#d77;,al#b,o#c7 & ,fe,o ,fe#b,o#c ,sili- cates7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #j ,bright #j4ga #if4eb -- -- 4#cj ,bright ,r$ ,sc>let #a ,bright 4#ga #ie4ib -- -- 4#cj ,sc>let ,r$ ,tone #b ,indian 4#eg #if4jj 4#gh #a4dj 4#ij ,indian ,r$ ,r$1 ,m$ium ,%ade #c ,indian #j4bi #ig4hb 4#he -- 4#eb ,indian ,r$ ,r$1 ,d>k ,%ade #d ,indian #j4bh #ie4gb #a4ba #a4bf 4#eh ,indian ,r$ ,r$1 ,light ,%ade #e ,p]sian #d4ec #fb4be #a4ge -- #bg4fd ,ri*1 ,gulf ,m$ium ,mix ,r$ #g ,native #j4he #hi4jj -- #j4ia #f4ji ,m$ium ,r$ ,r$1 ,oxide ,br[ni% ,tone #h ,special #j4eg #dc4hg #ej4hh #b4jc #a4cj ,sc>let ,r$ ,tone #aj ,r$ #a4dd #fj4be 4#gh #e4da #ae4gh ,br[ni%- ,oxide ,r$ #aa ,v5e- 4#cj #cd4jh #eb4fj #b4bj #c4ci ,bright tian ,r$- ,r$ ,br[n #ab ,b4 #j4eh #fg4fh -- #b4dh #a4ig ,d>k ,r$ ,oxide ,br[n #ac ,v5e- #j4bi #be4ib #eh4fb #b4af #a4db ,m$ium tian ,r$ ,r$ ,tone #ad ,v5e- #j4eg #ce4cf 4#ii #ab4jf #dg4ig ,br[n tian ,r$ #ae ,metal- #b4ei #fd4jj 4#fc #e4hb #bc4db ,ri* lic ,br[n ,br[n #af ,crimson #j4eg #ff4bd #a4gg #c4fj #be4fc ,ri* ,oxide ,d>k ,r$ #ag ,r$ #b4cj #hj4ci 4#cg 4#jc #i4fc ,m$ium ,oxide ,br[n #ah ,r$ #j4eg #fa4bh 4#ig #b4fh #ae4id ,light ,oxide ,*oco- late ,br[n #bj ,r$ #g4gh #df4gb #a4gj #g4fd #bj4ch ,d>k ,oxide ,r$di% ,br[n #bc ,special #j4eh #gb4dh -- #h4hj #d4dh ,deep ,fr5* ,*oco- ,oxide late ,br[n #bd ,mica- #b4jb #hf4bg -- #b4jd #i4ej ,d>k ce\s ,gray ,black ,tone ,oxide #be ,black #cc4ab #eg4ab -- #a4dd -- ,jet ,oxide ,black #bf ,r$ #j4eg #hd4af #e4jj #b4jj 4#fc ,deep ,oxide ,r$ #bg ,special #j4eg #ch4dj #ee4fb #b4ab #a4ec ,m$ium ,r$ ,r$ #bh ,oxide ,c -- #cj4dj 4#id #ac4fj #db4cj ,br[n ,analysis ( ,iron ,oxide ,pigm5ts4 ,because ( ! great consid]ation n[ be+ giv5 to iron oxide pa9ts1 ! writ] secur$ a s]ies ( oxides widely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & has det]m9$ ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( ea*4 ,basic ,lead ,*romate 7,am]ican ,v]milion74 ,by boil+ :ite lead ) *romate ( soda & subsequ5tly treat+ ) small quantities ( sulphuric acid1 ,am]ican v]milion1 or basic lead *romate1 is prep>$4 ,x conta9s #ih ( lead comp\nds1 frequ5tly free *romates1 & has a gravity ( #f4h4 ,! p>ticles appe> granul> & l>ge1 frequ5tly assum+ a squ>e /ructure4 ,r$ ,lead4 ,by ! cont9u$ oxidation ( li?>ge 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 r$ lead is produc$ z a brilliant r$ pigm5t ) a specific gravity ( #h4g4 ,! pigm5t p>ticles appe> to be ( _m sizes1 %[+ a slight t5d5cy to =m a compact mass4 ,p>anitranil9e ,r$4 ,p>anitranil9e r$1 a v bright r$ mat]ial l>gely us$ 9 t9t+ pa9ts1 is prep>$ by diazotiz+ p>anitranil9e 9 hydro*loric acid by means ( sodium nitrite 9 ! cold4 ,?is comp\nd is r5d]$ insoluble :5 precipitat$ directly on b>ytes1 by act+ on x ) an alkal9e solution ( beta naph?ol4 ,x is ! mo/ /able & p]man5t bright r$ organic pigm5t :i* ! pa9t manufactur] uses4 ,! p>ticles ( ?is pigm5t appe> 9 v>i\s sizes1 due1 no d\bt1 to a mass+ ( ! p>ticles 9 ! precipitation process4 ,*rome ,yell[4 ,! neutral *romate ( lead1 made f ei!r ! nitrate or acetate ( lead & *romate ( soda1 f9ds wide use z a t9t+ pigm5t4 ,:5 precipitat$ on a :ite pigm5t base1 v>i\s trade names are giv5 to x4 ,! microscope %[s cle>ly ! physical "* ( ?is pigm5t4 ,z9c ,*romate4 ,?is pigm5t is made ei!r f z9c salts & bi*romate ( pota% or z9c oxide heat$ ) *rome salts1 frequ5tly 9 ! pres5ce ( acid4 ,l ! re/ ( ! *romate pigm5ts1 x is a v sl[-dry+ mat]ial1 (t5 requir+ ov] a week to set up1 unless consid]able dri] is add$4 ,9 spite ( ! impurities :i* x c>ries1 x has %[n itself to be "o ( ! mo/ inhibitive pigm5ts kn[n & has demon/rat$ its value 9 ev5 small p]c5tages 9 pa9ts = iron & /eel4 ,x dries to a h>d adh]5t film t t5ds to protect metal f corrosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,indian ,r$ ,illu/ration3 ,metallic ,br[n ,illu/ration3 ,basic ,lead ,*romate 7,am]ican ,v]milion7 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ ,lead ,illu/ration3 ,p>anitranil9e ,illu/ration3 ,*rome ,yell[ ,prussian ,blue4 ,on oxidiz+ ! precipitate result+ f ! int]action ( solutions ( prussiate ( pota% & copp]as 7iron sulphate71 ,prussian blue z us$ 9 ! pa9t trade is prep>$4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #a4i4 ,! pigm5t %[s an amorph\s /ructure1 ! p>ticles v>y+ greatly 9 size4 ,ultram>9e ,blue4 ,?is bright blue pigm5t is prep>$ by burn+ silica1 *9a clay1 soda a% & sulphur 9 pots or furnaces4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #b4d4 ,x is ( little value z a pa9t pigm5t on acc\nt ( its sulphur cont5t1 :i* causes d>k5+ :5 mix$ ) lead pigm5ts1 & corrosion :5 appli$ to iron or /eel4 ,! d>kness ( ! photograph is due to ! mass+ ( ! pigm5t p>ticles4 ,*rome ,gre54 ,*rome gre5 is prep>$ z a pa9t pigm5t f nitrate ( lead1 ,*9ese blue1 & bi*romate ( soda4 ,x has a gravity ( #d & is liable to conta9 slight traces ( lead salts4 ,! p>ticles :5 magnifi$ appe> v f9e & floccul5t4 ,?is color is (t5 precipitat$ on pigm5ts1 su* z b>ytes1 :i* d n r$uce its tone4 ,bone ,black4 ,by gr9d+ ! c>bonace\s matt] result+ f ! *>r+ ( bones1 9 iron retorts1 ! pigm5t bone black is prep>$4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ae ( c>bon & #he ( calcium phosphate4 ,x has a gravity ( #b4g4 ,comp>atively l>ge p>ticles ( *>r$ bone c be se5 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! mass1 result+ f ! difficulty ( gr9d+ to a uni=m size4 ,c>bon ,black4 ,?is =m ( v pure c>bon results f ! combu/ion ( gas4 ,its gravity1 #a4ji1 is l[] ?an t ( lampblack1 :i* %[s a gravity ( #a4h4 ,x is us$ 9 mu* ! same way & = ! same purposes z lampblack4 ,9 physical appe>ance x %[s great simil>ity to ! p>ticles ( lampblack4 ,lampblack4 ,?is pigm5t1 made f ! combu/ion ( oils1 consi/s v (t5 ( m ?an #ii c>bon4 ,x has wond]ful t9t+ value4 ,! p>ticles %[ a f9e1 fibr\s /ructure ) a t5d5cy t[>d agglom]ation4 ,!y diff] greatly 9 physical appe>ance f ^? ( ei!r graphite or bone black1 be+ exce$+ly m uni=m ?an ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,z9c ,*romate ,illu/ration3 ,prussian ,blue ,illu/ration3 ,ultram>9e ,blue ,illu/ration3 ,*rome ,gre5 ,illu/ration3 ,bone ,black ,illu/ration3 ,c>bon ,black ,graphite4 ,graphite1 bo? 9 ! natural & artificial =m1 conta9s impurities su* z silica1 iron oxide & alum9a1 b ! natural =m has a mu* great] p]c5tage ( ^! =eign mat]ials1 9 "s cases z high z #dj4 ,graphite is usually mix$ ) o!r pigm5ts1 su* z r$ lead & sublim$ blue lead1 ?us s]v+ bett] z a pa9t coat+4 ,! diff]5ce 9 physical appe>ance ( ! v>i\s c>bon pigm5ts is int]e/+1 z ea* pigm5t has *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,9 graphite we f9d a great t5d5cy t[>d agglom]ation or mass+ ( p>ticles4 ,m9]al ,black4 ,m9]al black is a pigm5t made by gr9d+ a black =m ( slate4 ,x conta9s a comp>atively l[ p]c5tage ( c>bon & consequ5tly has l[ t9t+ value4 ,x f9ds use z an in]t pigm5t 9 comp\nd$ pa9ts1 especially = ma*9e fill]s4 ,! pigm5t has a floccul5t appe>ance1 ! p>ticles %[+ a /rong t5d5cy to mass4 ,photomicrographs ( two comb9ation pa9t pigm5ts are "h giv51 to %[ ! v>i\s pigm5ts z !y appe> "u ! microscope1 :5 9 comb9ation4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,oil ,,requir$ ,,= ,,gr9d+ ,,v>i\s ,,dry ,,pigm5ts ,,into ,,av]age ,,pa/e ,,=m ,:ite lead 7corrod$7 #i ,:ite lead 7sublim$7 #aj ,z9c lead 7,am]ican7 #ab ,fr5* process z9c oxide #ag ,am]ican process z9c oxide #af ,blanc fixe #cj ,b>ytes 7natural7 #i ,p>is :ite 7:it+7 #bj ,t]ra alba 7gypsum7 #bb ,float$ silica or ,silex #bf ,kaol9 7,*9a clay7 #bh ,asbe/9e #cb ,blue1 ultram>9e #bg ,blue1 ,*9ese or ,prussian #ej ,black1 gas c>bon #hb ,black1 lamp #gb ,black1 drop #fj ,black1 bone #ej ,br[n1 m9]al #bd ,br[n1 v&yke #ej ,*rome yell[1 lemon #bc ,*rome yell[1 m$ium #cj ,*rome yell[1 orange #bj ,*rome yell[1 d>k orange #ae ,*rome gre51 ,*em4 pure light #ba ,*rome gre51 ,*em4 pure extra d>k #be ,*rome gre51 #be1 color light #ac ,*rome gre51 #be1 color extra d>k #ag ,graphite 7pure7 #dj ,indian r$1 7#ih7 #bj ,o*re1 yell[1 ,am]ican #bf ,o*re1 yell[1 ,fr5* #bh ,o*re1 gold5 #bh ,r$1 ,v5etian #bc ,r$1 ,oxide #be ,r$1 ,tuscan #bg ,r$1 ,turkey #bh ,r$1 lead #ab ,r$1 lake #ee ,si5na1 ,italian1 raw #eb ,si5na1 ,italian1 burnt #de ,si5na1 ,am]ican1 burnt #ch ,si5na1 ,am]ican1 raw #dj ,ultram>9e gre5 #bh ,umb]1 ,turkey1 raw #dh ,umb]1 ,turkey1 burnt #dg ,umb]1 ,am]ican1 burnt #cf ,umb]1 ,am]ican1 raw #ch ,v]ona gre5 7t]ra v]te or gre5 e>?7 #cb ,v]milion1 ,engli% 7quicksilv]7 #ad ,v]milion1 ,am]ican 7*rome r$7 #af ,p>is gre51 ,am]ican #bc ,z9c *romate 7p]man5t yell[7 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,lampblack ,illu/ration3 ,graphite ,illu/ration3 ,m9]al ,black ,illu/ration3 ,asbe/9e & ,:it+ ,illu/ration3 ,silica & ,asbe/9e ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,physical ,,laboratory ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,= ! pa9t *emi/ :o desires to famili>ize himself ) ! m rec5t analytical me?ods work$ out 9 ,am]ican laboratories1 ref]5ce may be _h to treatises on ! analysis ( pa9ts1 by ,g>dn] & ,s*aeff]1#af & ,holley & ,ladd4#ag ,analytical me?ods are n includ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ! writ]'s desire be+ to treat ! subject f ! /&po9t ( ! physical prop]ties ( pa9t+ mat]ials4 ,! "w outl9$ h]e9 is ( a nature t af=ds a wide field ( rese>*1 & a brief /udy w d\btless sugge/ simil> "w to ! /ud5t ( pa9t4 #af ,! ,analysis ( ,pa9ts & ,pa9t+ ,mat]ials4 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 #ag ,mix$ ,pa9ts1 ,color ,pigm5ts & ,v>ni%es4 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,prep>ation ( ,pa9t ,films4 ,! /udy ( pa9t films is "o t has become ( vital importance1 & is receiv+ at ! pres5t "t great att5tion4 ,among ! _m me?ods :i* h be5 sugge/$ & attempt$ = secur+ pa9t films1 a few already well kn[n may be m5tion$4 ,by pa9t+ ^u z9c & eat+ away ! z9c ) acid3 ,! objection to ?is me?od is v evid5t1 namely1 ! action ( ! acid ^u ! pa9t coat+1 :i* is likely to be v sev]e4 ,ano!r me?od has be5 to spread p>aff9 on a glass plate1 & pa9t+ ^u ?is surface4 ,:5 ! pa9t is dri$1 ! p>aff9 is melt$ (f & ?us ! film is obta9$4 ,?is me?od is op5 to objections1 9 t ! p>aff9 surface is n a comp>able "o ^u :i* to pa9t1 & also t ! complete removal ( ! p>aff9 is n assur$4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s 9 cov]+ a piece ( glass ) t9 foil1 pa9t+ out ! film ^u ! foil1 & aft] dry+ prop]ly1 to remove ! %eet ( foil ) its coat+ ( pa9t & imm]se 9 a ba? ( m]cury :i*1 by amalgamation ( ! t91 leaves ! pa9t film4 ,we n[ come to a me?od work$ out 9 our laboratories1 :i* c be recomm5d$ z be+ n only simple b effici5t & practical4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a size f noodle glue1 :5 pa9t$ ^u ord9>y fair-quality pap]1 makes a surface f :i* ! pa9t may be subsequ5tly /ripp$4 ,! pa9t is appli$ 9 ! ord9>y way to ! pap]1 :i* is held dur+ ! op]ation by ?umb tacks1 & all[$ to dry4 ,! pa9t may be sep>at$ by imm]sion 9 wat] kept at ab\t #ej degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,by ?is me?od l>ge films may be obta9$1 b x has be5 f\nd v unh&y to "w ) films exce$+ an area ( eight in*es squ>e4 ,:5 ! film ( pa9t has be5 deta*$ f ! siz$ pap] ?r\gh ! dissolv+ ( ! noodle glue1 ! pa9t film is !n imm]s$ 9 a fre% solution ( wat]1 9 ord] to remove :atev] excess ( noodle glue !re may be rema9+4 ,a glass rod is !n introduc$ into ! ba?1 9 :i* ! pa9t film is float$ ^u ! glass rod1 :i* is !n hung up to dry 9 a suitable conta9] to prev5t ! accumulation ( du/1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,bottles ,%[+ ,relative ,p]meability ( ,films by ,am\nt ( ,:it+ ,=m$ ,)9 ,! ,p]meability ( ,pa9t ,films4 ,a s]ies ( te/s 7 made to det]m9e ! wat]-exclud+ values ( v>i\s comb9ations ( pa9t+ pigm5ts gr\nd 9 pure l9se$ oil4 ,:ite p9e bo>ds1 six in*es long1 f\r in*es wide1 & "o in* ?ick1 7 c>efully prep>$ & numb]$ & giv5 ?ree coats ( a :ite pa9t =mula ( ! correspond+ numb]4 ,aft] dry+1 ! bo>ds 7 c>efully weigh$ & imm]s$ 9 a tub ( wat] = ?ree weeks4 ,aft] removal1 ! surfaces ( ! bo>ds 7 dri$ ) blott+ pap] & ! bo>ds weigh$4 ,! ga9 9 weight1 correspond+ to ! am\nt ( wat] p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! wood1 0 obs]v$4 ,! bo>ds 7 aga9 imm]s$ & at ! end ( two mon?s ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,grammes ( wat] ,=mula absorb$ ,no4 ?r\gh pa9t #a4 ,soya bean oil #abj #b4 ,l9se$ oil #ajb #c4 ,calcium sulphate #ic #d4 ,b>ytes #hh #e4 ,asbe/9e #gd #f4 ,corrod$ :ite lead #ei ,basic c>b4--,:ite lead #be ,basic sulph4--,:ite lead #bj #g4 ,z9c oxide #be #eh ,calcium sulphate #be ,calcium c>bonate #e #h4 ,sublim$ :ite lead #ef #i4 ,z9c oxide #ef ,z9c lead :ite #cj #aj4 ,z9c oxide #dj #db ,basic c>b4--,:ite lead #bj ,calcium c>bonate #aj #aa4 ,basic c>b4--,:ite lead #ej #db ,z9c oxide #ej ,basic c>b4--,:ite lead #ch #ab4 ,z9c oxide #dh #ch ,silica #ad ,! te/ bo>ds 7 !n expos$1 ) _! cont5t ( wat]1 to ! action ( ! sun's rays4 ,bli/]+ ( ! pa9t$ surfaces took place 9 _m cases1 caus$ by ! rapid )drawal ( ! wat] & its consequ5t action on ! pa9t film4 ,! te/s seem to indicate t a mixture ( :ite lead & z9c oxide1 ) or )\t a small p]c5tage ( ! in]t pigm5ts1 is n z subject to ! action ( ! wat] z ! s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to corroborate ^! te/s1 x occurr$ to ! writ] to develop a m visible means ( demon/rat+ ! passage ( moi/ure ?r\gh pa9t films4 ,illu/ration3 ,bell ,j> ,app>atus = ,te/+ ,p]meability ( ,pa9t ,films ,pa9t films seal$ ov] m\?s ( ,bottles conta9+ ,lime ,wat]4 ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas g5]at$ "u ,bell ,j> passes ?r\gh ,plate ,films & precipitates ,calcium ,c>bonate ,ano!r s]ies ( :ite p9e bo>ds 7 !re=e soak$ 9 a solution ( iron sulphate = sev]al h\rs4 ,aft] removal1 ! surface ( ea* bo>d 0 dri$ & coat$ ) "o coat ( ! pa9ts previ\sly te/$4 ,aft] ?or\gh dry+ = =ty-eight h\rs1 !re 0 plac$ on ! surface ( ea* bo>d a few drops ( a solution ( potassium f]rocyanide4 ,?is solution has ! effect ( produc+ a blue coloration ) iron sulphate1 & 9 e case :5 x 0 plac$ on a pa9t ( consid]able porosity1 ! solution p5etrat$ ?r\gh & =m$ a blue coloration b5ea? ! pa9t4 ,! results corroborat$ ! orig9al te/s ref]r$ to above4 ,a s]ies ( %eets or films ( pa9ts 7 !n prep>$ accord+ to ! me?od ref]r$ to on page #ga4 ,^! films 7 plac$ ov] glass dialyz+ cups1 all[+ ! inn] surfaces to sag s z to hold a small am\nt ( dilute ammonium *loride solution4 ,di/ill$ wat] 0 plac$ on ! rev]se side ( ! dialyz+ app>atus & ! te/s />t$4 ,at ! end ( six days ! di/ill$ wat] 9 ea* te/ 0 exam9$ & ! foll[+ results obta9$3 ,te/ ,no4 #a 7corrod$ :ite lead & asbe/9e film7 all[$ ! passage ( #j4jjb gm4 ammonium *loride4 ,te/ ,no4 #b 7corrod$ :ite lead & z9c oxide film7 all[$ ! passage ( #j4jjjc gm4 ammonium *loride4 ,te/s 7 also made ) dilute solutions ( o!r salts su* z f]ric *loride1 hav+ a dilute solution ( potassium sulpho-cyanide on ! rev]se side ( ! app>atus4 ,9 ! latt] case ! =mation ( a p9k color1 *>act]i/ic ^u ! m+l+ ( ^! solutions1 0 obta9$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,film-,te/+ ,ma*9e4 ,a film-te/+ app>atus1 t]m$ a filmomet] by its orig9ator1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,p]ry1 0 con/ruct$1 ) ! foll[+ features3 ,a graduat$ upright tube is fix$ by means ( seal+ wax to two metallic plates :i* c>ry an ev5ly bor$ hole1 exactly "u ! hole 9 ! upright tube4 ,?is hole measures exactly "o squ>e c5timet] 9 area1 & is circul>4 ,! upright tube is graduat$ into l9eal c5timet]s & is call$ ! pressure tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>dn] ,accel]at$ ,te/ ,box ,illu/ration3 ,p]ry ,film ,te/+ ,ma*9e ,atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ?is pressure tube1 close to ! metallic plates :i* s]ve z c>ri]s = ! pa9t film to be te/$1 is a side-neck1 :i* is incl9$ at an angle ( #de degrees to ! pressure tube1 & s]ves ! purpose ( introduc+ ! m]cury1 z w be describ$ lat]4 ,imm$iately "u ! op5+s 9 ! metallic plates :i* c>ry ! film are arrang$ two pieces ( iron incl9$ at a #ij-;degree angle1 s arrang$ t :5 ! pressure ( m]cury is appli$ & causes rupture ( ! film1 ! fall+ m]cury %all be caught betwe5 ^! two insulat$ plates & cause contact4 ,^! two plates are connect$ up by wire ) a pair ( magnets1 !nce to an electric bell1 & f !re to /orage batt]ies :i* supply ! curr5t4 ,a film ( pa9t is te/$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a piece ( film "o in* squ>e is cut out & plac$ betwe5 ! two metallic plates :i* hold ! film imm$iately "u ! pressure tube4 ,m]cury is run 9 f a burette ?r\gh ! side-neck & applies pressure ^u ! film by gravity4 ,z ! m]cury is run 9 x rises ( c\rse 9 ! tubes until ?is pressure becomes s great z to f9ally break ! film4 ,at ?is po9t ! m]cury w run out1 &1 fall+ ^u ! two insulat$ iron plates imm$iately bel[1 w cause contact & close ! circuit :i* r+s an electric bell1 :i* is a signal = ! op]ator to %ut (f ! infl[ ( m]cury ?r\gh ! side-neck f ! burette4 ,! pressure tube is also suppli$ ) a pi/on :i* is made ( a piece ( ?9 iron wire hav+ a disc atta*$ to its l[] end4 ,z ! m]cury rises 9 ! pressure tube ?is iron wire is pu%$ up1 be+ v delicately c\nt]pois$ ov] a :eel4 ,^u ! break+ ( ! film ! m]cury runs out1 b ^u fall+ ^u ! two iron plates und]nea? causes contact to be made1 :i* causes ! curr5t to run ?r\gh ! pair ( magnets be=e m5tion$1 :i*1 becom+ electrifi$1 attract ! pi/on 9 ! pressure tube1 giv+ a read+ = ! maximum height ( ! column ( m]cury4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ,p]ry ,filmomet] ,! supply ( m]cury be+ %ut (f1 ! op]ator is n[ 9 a position to det]m9e ! total sum ( bo? ! ela/icity & ductility ( ! pa9t film1 & also ! pressure at :i* ! film broke4 ,! break+ pressure ( c\rse is read directly ^u ! pressure column1 :i* is divid$ into c5timet]s z has be5 describ$ above1 ! pi/on indicat+ ! maximum height ( ! m]cury column4 ,:at may be t]m$ ! ela/icity ( ! film c n[ be calculat$4 ,z is p]fectly evid5t1 ! film 9 /ret*+ does s by di/5d+ f a flat surface to a curv$ or cup-l surface4 ,if ! pressure tube is calibrat$ 9 cubic c5timet]s reckon$ f a flat surface :]e ! film 0 introduc$1 ! /ret* ( ! pa9t film 9 di/5d+ f a flat surface to a curv$ surface may be det]m9$4 ,! cubic cont5ts ( ! pressure tube & side-arm become increas$1 ow+ to ! cup-l %ape ! pa9t film takes on4 ,by subtract+ ! am\nt ( m]cury indicat$ by ! pi/on 9 ! pressure tube f ! am\nt ( m]cury deliv]$ f ! burette1 ! am\nt conta9$ 9 ! di/5d$ pa9t film is obta9$1 :i* s]ves z a measure ( ela/icity4 ,! temp]ature is a mo/ important po9t to consid] 9 runn+ daily te/s ^u ! filmomet]4 ,! te/s made by ! writ] 7 conduct$ at #gj degrees ,fahr5heit ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>dn]-de ,horva? film te/+ app>atus ,g>dn]-de ,horva? ,filmomet]4 ,ano!r type ( filmomet] :i* gives v concordant results 0 rec5tly devis$ by ! writ] & de ,horva?4 ,?is app>atus is %[n above4 ,x consi/s ( a ?ree-neck$ ,wolff bottle hav+ provision at "o ( its necks = exhau/+ ! air f ! bottle4 ,! rev]se neck is provid$ ) a gaug$ glass tube dipp+ into a porcela9 crucible conta9+ m]cury1 ?us act+ z a manomet]4 ,! middle neck is fitt$ to accommodate two gr\nd glass plates4 ,bo? ^! plates are provid$ ) a c5tral orifice "o millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,betwe5 ! plates is plac$ a small section ( pa9t film4 ,! plates may be press$ toge!r or clamp$ toge!r & plac$ ov] ! middle neck ( ! bottle1 a close contact be+ made ) ,canada balsam4 ,z ! air is exhau/$ f ! bottle1 ! m]cury 9 ! tube w rise & cont9ue 9 its asc5t until ! film1 :i* is expos$ to atmosph]ic pressure1 has (f]$ x maximum resi/ance1 :i* is %[n by ! break+ po9t4 ,?is po9t is obs]v$ on ! manomet] & ! result express$ 9 c5timet]s ( m]cury4 ,table ( ,film ,te/+ ,results4 ,by means ( ! ,p]ry film-te/+ app>atus1 describ$ 9 ! above1 int]e/+ results h be5 obta9$1 :i* are embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,comp>ative ,,/r5g?s ,,( ,,films ,,z ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,break+ ,,ma*9e ,no4 ,coats ,pressure ,?ickness ,/ret* ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,z9c oxide #c #cc4b #jjbh 4#cj #b4 ,z9c lead #c #cb4g #jjcd 4#ce #c4 ,asbe/9e #c #bh4j #jjde 4#ae #d4 ,sublim$ :ite lead #c #ag4i #jjbd 4#ch #e4 ,b>ytes #c #ac4c #jjdb 4#cc #f4 ,li?opone #c #ac4a #jjbd 4#di #g4 ,:it+ #c #ac4j #jjcc 4#cb #h4 ,quick process :ite lead #c #aa4c #jjbe 4#ch #i4 ,gypsum #c #aj4h #jjci 4#bi #aj4 ,*9a clay #c #aj4h #jjce 4#af #aa4 ,silex #c #i4f #jjcb 4#cb #ab4 ,blanc fixe #c #h4e #jjcj 4#bh #ac4 ,corrod$ :ite lead #c #g4c #jjbj 4#cc #ad4 ,b>ium c>bonate #c #g4b #jjbh 4#af ,by means ( ?is ma*9e x is possible to obta9 v valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! effect ( age ^u a pa9t z influ5c+ its /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,^! are two vital qualities 9 a pa9t1 z x is ?r\gh its /r5g? t a pa9t resi/s abrasion1 crack+1 peel+1 & bli/]+4 ,t ela/icity is a vital qualification ( a pa9t may easily be se5 ?r\gh ! *eck+ ( oil pa9t+s1 :i*1 z ,o/walt has po9t$ out1 is due to ! unequal coeffici5ts ( expansion betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! pa9t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! alligator+ ( _m enamels :i* conta9 l>ge p]c5tages ( z9c4 ,curves h be5 prep>$ hav+ pressure z an abscissa & ela/icity z ord9ate4 ,^! curves %[ rem>kable diff]5ces 9 diff]5t pigm5ts4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( :ite lead1 ! curve takes a /eep upw>d tr5d :5 x app>5tly rea*es a maximum1 ! curve !n flatt5+ out & f9ally tak+ ano!r /eep upw>d tr5d j be=e break+4 ,?is may be con/ru$ z foll[s3 ,t "u l[ pressures ! :ite lead film is p]fectly ela/ic1 :5 a maximum is obta9$1 beyond :i* ela/icity does n ext5d4 ,?is po9t is ! maximum po9t ( ! upw>d tr5d4 ,f "h on pressure may be appli$ )\t any increase 9 /ret*1 ?is be+ repres5t$ by ! flat "p ( ! curve1 :ile ! /eep upw>d tr5d j be=e break+ %[s :]e ! pa9t beg9s to te>1 f9ally culm9at+ 9 break+4 ,9 ! case ( asbe/9e1 h[ev]1 ! curve is m ( a /raight l9e up to ! break+ po9t1 :i* w\ld g to prove t ela/icity is proportionate to pressure 9 ! case ( ?is pigm5t4 ,moi/ure ,absorption4 ,! /ructure ( c]ta9 pigm5ts is su* t :5 !y are gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil & pa9t$ out1 films are produc$ :i* are v wat]-resi/ant4 ,?is action is possibly due to ! fill+ ( ! voids 9 ! oil1 ?us mak+ a compact & wat]-resi/ant film4 ,pigm5ts :i* are co>se & :i* pres5t an angul> cry/all9e /ructure1 (t5 produce films :i* conta9 a relatively l>ge numb] ( voids & are less wat]pro(4 ,c]ta9 pigm5ts are *emically active & t5d to produce1 :5 gr\nd 9 oil1 metallic soaps :i* act = a "t m or less z v>ni% gums1 9 keep+ out moi/ure4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 su* films are apt to break d[n & admit moi/ure 9 quantity4 ,! te/s h]e9 describ$ 7 design$ by ! au?or to det]m9e ! wat]-exclud+ value ( a numb] ( typical pigm5ts :5 gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil & pa9t$ out into films4 ,un=tunately1 no me?od has be5 devis$ by :i* films ( ! same gauge c\ld be prep>$4 ,! v>iations 9 ! ?ickness ( ! films us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 are n v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus = ,det]m9+ ,exclud+ ,prop]ties ( ,pa9t ,films ,a s]ies ( small glass bottles ) wide m\?s1 hold+ ab\t two ounces1 7 half fill$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & pa9t films 7 tightly seal$ ov] ! m\?s ( ! bottles ) ,canada balsam4 ,! bottles 7 !n c>efully label$1 numb]$1 & accurately weigh$ ^u *emical balances4 ,lat] !y 7 expos$ "u a l>ge glass bell j> conta9+ air saturat$ ) moi/ure & kept at a con/ant temp]ature4 ,! bottles 7 remov$ f ! receptacle e week & reweigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight1 due to ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! films1 & absorb$ by ! sulphuric acid1 ow+ to its hygroscopic nature1 0 ?us det]m9$4 ,9 ano!r s]ies ( bottles1 lumps ( calcium *loride 7 sub/itut$ = ! sulphuric acid4 ,! results obta9$ f ^! te/s correspond to ^? ( ! =m] te/s1 & l$ to ! conclusion t ! porosity ( l9se$ oil films v>i$ :5 diff]5t pigm5ts 7 us$ 9 ! oil4 ,,moi/ure ,,exp]im5ts ,figures ,giv5 ,express ,p]c5tage ,ga9 9 ,weight1 e4g41 ,wat] ,absorb$ #g days #ba days #di days ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,:ite lead & z9c oxide #j4jdc #j4aae #j4bff ,z9c lead :ite #j4jdi #j4acj #j4bhd ,r$ lead #j4jdi #j4acj #j4bie ,sublim$ :ite lead #j4jdi #j4abh #j4bib ,z9c *romate #j4jfd #j4agf #j4dag ,z9c oxide #j4jfe #j4agb #j4cia ,b>ytes #j4jgd #j4bjb #j4dff ,will[ *>coal #j4jgg #j4bcf #j4fid ,li?opone #j4jhc #j4bbh #j4eej ,*9ese blue #j4jib #j4bgf #j4fga ,natural graphite #j4ajd #j4cej #j4iea ,ultram>9e #j4aai #j4ccf #j4had ,ano!r s]ies ( te/s 0 />t$1 9 :i* 7 us$ films prep>$ f v>i\s oils & v>ni%es made especially = ! te/ f diff]5t gums4 ,! results ( ?is s]ies are v int]e/+1 z !y indicate t c]ta9 gums are m p[]ful ?an o!rs 9 mak+ oils resi/ant to moi/ure4 ,! read] %\ld /udy ) c>e ! data on treat$ ,*9ese wood oil1 mo/ excell5t results hav+ be5 obta9$ :5 x 0 us$ 9 ! prop] p]c5tage4 ,,exclud+ ,,te/s ,,on ,,oil ,,vehicles ,,& ,,v>ni%es ,,%[+ ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,absorb$ ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,p]iods #f days #ah days #bd days ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,l9se$ oil1 #ajj 4#bcc 4#fhf 4#hie ,soya bean oil1 #ajj 4#cdj #a4jf #a4ci ,l9se$ oil1 #hj 4#bej 4#gee 4#ihg ,soya bean oil1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #fj 4#bhi 4#heg #a4abe ,soya bean oil1 #dj ,l9se$ oil1 #dj 4#cee #a4je #a4ci ,soya bean oil1 #fj ,l9se$ oil1 #bj 4#bfj 4#ghi #a4jc ,soya bean oil1 #hj ,*9a wood oil treat$1 #ajj 4#acj 4#big 4#cge ,l9se$ oil1 #hj 4#ahb 4#eei 4#gbh ,*9a wood oil treat$1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #fj 4#agc 4#edj 4#gjh ,*9a wood oil treat$1 #dj ,l9se$ oil1 #dj 4#aai 4#cdh 4#dej ,*9a wood oil treat$1 #fj ,l9se$ oil1 #bj 4#abg 4#cge 4#did ,*9a wood oil treat$1 #hj ,kauri gum1 #cc ,l9se$ oil1 #cc 4#jfa 4#aia 4#cjb ,turp5t9e1 #cc ,kauri gum1 #be ,l9se$ oil1 #ej 4#jif 4#bff 4#cdf ,turp5t9e1 #be ,kauri gum1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #fj 4#abb 4#cfg 4#ddi ,turp5t9e1 #bj ,kauri gum1 #ae ,l9se$ oil1 #gj 4#ahg 4#dba 4#fja ,turp5t9e1 #ae ,congo copal gum1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #ej 4#bbh -- -- ,turp5t9e1 #cj ,si]ra ,leone copal1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #ej 4#jii -- -- ,turp5t9e1 #cj ,zanzib> gum1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #ej 4#jhb -- -- ,turp5t9e1 #cj ,amimi gum1 #bj ,l9se$ oil1 #ej 4#jhj -- -- ,turp5t9e1 #cj ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7l9oleate type7 4#baj -- -- ,collodion solution 7#f oz471 #hj 4#bja -- -- ,boil$ l9se$ oil1 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic view ( section ( c$> ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic view ( section ( maple ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic view ( section ( :ite p9e ,illu/ration3 ,g>dn] photomicroscope 9 position aga9/ pa9t$ surface ,illu/ration3 ,inside ,:ite on ,:ite ,p9e ,use ( ! ,microscope4 #d4 ,! microscope is a necess>y adjunct ( e well-ord]$ pa9t laboratory1 z has be5 recogniz$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole pa9t indu/ry4 ,! writ] has attempt$ to collect c]ta9 data :i* may mat]ially assi/ ^? manufactur]s :o employ ?is in/rum5t to judge ( ! quality ( _! raw & f9i%$ products4 ,! f95ess ( gr9d+ consid]ably affects ! quality ( ! pa9t1 & ?is c be easily controll$ ?r\gh ! intellig5t use ( ! microscope4 ,?is in/rum5t may also be us$ to detect c]ta9 adult]ations4 ,app5d$ is a table giv+ ! f95ess ( gr9d+ ( ! v>i\s pigm5ts1 toge!r ) _! *>act]i/ics "u ! microscope4 ,9 ?is table measurem5ts are giv5 bo? 9 millimet]s & 9 in*es1 9 ord] to accommodate itself to ! use ( ^? *emi/s employ+ a millimet] /age micromet]1 or ^? employ+ ! ,engli% or in* sy/em4 ,al?\gh x is n yet c]ta9 t any & all comb9ations ( pigm5ts may be detect$ "u ! microscope ! writ] is work+ t[>d a me?od :i* w all[ a manipulator to judge ( ! composition ( ! pa9t "u obs]vation4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly prep>e a pa9t = microscopic exam9ation1 ! foll[+ me?od is recomm5d$3 ,a microscopic turn-table is a conv5i5t accessory ( ! microscope1 & its use is to be recomm5d$4 ,a glass slide be+ plac$ 9 position ^u ! turn-table1 a v small am\nt ( ei!r ! pigm5t rubb$ up 9 oil1 or ! pa9t1 is appli$ to ! slide2 a small drop ( ,canada balsam is !n appli$ by means ( a glass rod dipp$ 9 a solution ( balsam 9 xylol1 & dropp$ ^u ! slide4 ,! rod is !n us$ to ?or\ghly incorporate ! pigm5t ) ! balsam1 & a clean$ cov] glass is dropp$ ov] ! :ole & press$ d[n tightly1 s t a small am\nt ( balsam w exude f "u ! edges & ?us firmly seal ! glass4 ,9 ord] to make p]man5t slides x has be5 f\nd advisable to rim ! cov] glass ) balsam & ev5 foll[ ?is up ) "s suitable black v>ni%1 ! slide be+ !n c>efully label$ & plac$ 9 ! collection4 ,foll[+ is a table ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! f\rte5 *ief pigm5ts3 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,p>ticles ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,pigm5ts ,,) ,,_! ,,*>act]i/ics ,,"u ,,! ,,microscope ,diamet] 9 ,diamet] 9 ,millimet]s ,in*es ---------------------------------------- - ,no4,"n ,small ,av]4 ,l>ge ,small ,av]4 ,l>ge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a;,asbe/9e 4#jjb -- 4#ab 4#jjjae -- 4#jdi #b;,*9a clay 4#jjc -- 4#jfe 4#jjjji -- 4#jbe #c;,b>ium c>bonate 4#jjjgf 4#jjee 4#jagb 4#jjjjc 4#jjjbd4jjaa #d;,blanc fixe 4#jjjgc 4#jjcg 4#jjgc 4#jjjjc 4#jjjad4jjjc #e,silex 4#jjcg 4#jjib 4#jc 4#jjjad 4#jjjcf4jjab #f;,gypsum 4#jjcg 4#jaa 4#je 4#jjjad 4#jjjdd4jjbb #g;,am]4-,p>is :ite 4#jjae 4#jjej 4#jd 4#jjjjf 4#jjjbb4jjah #h;,b>ytes 4#jjae 4#jjib 4#je 4#jjjjf 4#jjjcf4jjba #i,z9c lead 4#jjjcg 4#jjah 4#jjcg 4#jjjjad4jjjjg4jjjad #aj,sublim$ :ite lead4#jjjcg 4#jjah 4#jjcg 4#jjjjad4jjjjg4jjjad #aa,li?opone 4#jjjgf 4#jjah -- 4#jjjjc 4#jjjjg -- #ab,z9c oxide 4#jjjdf 4#jjah 4#jjjcg4jjjjb 4#jjjjg4jjjad #ac,quick ,pro4 lead 4#jjjfa 4#jjcj 4#jjdh 4#jjjjb 4#jjjab4jjjah #ad;,dut* ,pro4 lead 4#jjjfa 4#jjah 4#jjff 4#jjjjb 4#jjjjg4jjjbf ,film ,section+ & ,d$uctions to be ,drawn ,!refrom4 #e4 ,inve/igations 7 und]tak5 into ! inn]mo/ /ructure ( pa9t films z reveal$ "u ! microscope4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 "w has be5 done ^u b>ytes1 asbe/9e1 blanc fixe1 & :ite lead1 pa9t$ ^u wood1 & a comb9ation pa9t ^u wood4 ,! films1 ! prep>ation ( :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! =ego+1 7 section$ & prep>$ = microscopic exam9ation 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a solidify+ di% 0 p>tly fill$ ) l[ melt+-po9t p>aff9 :i* 0 all[$ to h>d51 :5 a small piece ( pa9t 0 ?r[n ^u x & !n m p>aff9 p\r$ ov] x4 ,aft] h>d5+1 sections 7 obta9$ ( ! pa9t film by means ( a microtome4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ,b>ytes ,film ,a view ( ^! sections ( pa9t films "u ! microscope gave to ! op]ator a bett] idea ( ! /ructure ( a pa9t ?an _h ev] be5 af=d$ h]et(ore4 ,x 0 easy to p]ceive ! relative position ( ! pigm5t p>ticles & ! ?ree coats4 ,! p5etration ( "o coat into ano!r 0 easily disc]nible1 & measurem5ts 7 made ^u ! sections 9 ord] to det]m9e ! av]age ?ickness ( coat & its g5]al appe>ance4 ,sections 7 also made ( ,inside & ,outside ,:ite ^u wood4 ,^! sections reveal$ "u ! microscope ! ?ickness ( ! coats & also ! p5etration ( ! prim+ coat into ! wood4 ,app5d$ is a table giv+ microscopic measurem5ts4 ,,pa9t ,,section ,,measurem5ts ,,"u ,,microscope ,millimet]s,in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,b>ytes #c coats 7sum7 4#ajfh 4#jjdba ,s+le coat 4#jcef 4#jjadj ,inside4 ,:ite on wood #c coats 7sum7 4#afbd 4#jjfci ,outside coat 4#jbcj 4#jjjia ,next coat 4#jddc 4#jjage ,field 9 photographs ,next coat 4#jfbj 4#jjbde ,p5etration 4#jbid 4#jjaaf ,:ite lead ,inside 4#jbae 4#jjjhe ,middle 4#jdje 4#jjaei ,outside 4#jahd 4#jjjgc #c coats 7sum7 4#jhaa 4#jjcai ,asbe/9e #c coats 7sum7 4#ahdj 4#jjgbe ,blanc fixe #c coats 7sum7 4#ajfh 4#jjdb ,s+le coat 4#jcef 4#jjjad ,outside4 ,:ite on wood,outside coat 4#acbi 4#jjebc ,inside 4#ahde 4#jjgbg ,p5etration 4#jgcg 4#jjbij ,pol> ,micro-,exam9ations & ,photomicrographs4 ,by ,pol> ,micro-,exam9ation is meant ! exam9ation ( pigm5ts "u pol>iz$ light4 ,a pol>iz+ app>atus1 ?\gh n an ess5tial 9 ! h&s ( ! pa9t *emi/1 is nev]!less mu* to be desir$1 = by its help d$uctions may be drawn z to ! cont5ts ( a pa9t1 :i* by o!r means might n be possible4 ,! pol>iz+ app>atus z m>ket$ by mo/ manufactur]s ( ! microscope is atta*$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! diaphragm imm$iately "u ! sub-/age conta9] is swung out & op5$ to its wide/ limit1 all[+ ! ins]tion ( ! pol>iz]4 ,?is pol>iz] c>ries "o ( ! pair ( ,nicols prisms & is c\nt]sunk to all[ ( ! introduction ( gypsum or sel5ite plates4 ,! analyz] fits ov] ! eyepiece on ! tube4 ,! use ( pol>iz$ light ^u pa9t is valuable on acc\nt ( its action ^u cry/all9e sub/ances4 ,! re-en=c+ pigm5ts1 su* z ,asbe/9e1 ,*9a ,clay1 ,gypsum1 ,silex1 ,b>ytes1 etc41 are cry/all9e & consequ5tly act ^u ! pol>iz$ light4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! pigm5ts are us$ 9 ready-mix$ pa9ts 9 small am\nts1 v>y+ betwe5 #e & #be4 ,:5 a slide conta9+ a small am\nt--= example1 less ?an #c--( ^! cry/all9e pigm5ts is exam9$ "u ! microscope by ord9>y transmitt$ light1 !y w (t5 escape obs]vation1 ow+ to ! small am\nt 9 :i* !y are pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! case ( pol>iz$ light1 ?is c\ld h>dly happ54 ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic ,view ( ,b>ytes "u ,pol>iz$ ,light ,a slide ( pa9t conta9+ ^! re-en=c+ pigm5ts is prep>$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,on exam9+ ?is "u ! microscope & us+ ! pol>iz+ app>atus1 ! cry/all9e pigm5ts are at once detect$ by revolv+ ! analyz]4 ,at "o position ( ! analyz]1 "o sees an ord9>y field1 z ) transmitt$ light1 b if "o revolves ! analyz]1 ! field gradually becomes d>k] until total d>kness is obta9$ ?r\gh\t1 except 9 su* places :]e cry/all9e sub/ances are pres5t1 :5 ! cry/al is %[n up ) beautiful di/9ctness4 ,photomicrographs ( v>i\s s+le pigm5ts & pigm5t comb9ations are %[n "u ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,effect ( ,pigm5ts on ,oil4 ,c]ta9 pigm5ts h ! prop]ty ( act+ ^u ! l9se$ oil 9 :i* !y are gr\nd1 =m+ metallic l9oleates :i* accel]ate ! dry+ ( oil4 ,?is is especially true ( lead & z9c pigm5ts4 ,! in]t cry/all9e pigm5ts1 :5 gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil & pa9t$ out1 di/ribute ! oil s z to all[ a great surface to be expos$ to ! air4 ,?us by physical action1 & possibly catalytic or contact action1 ^! in]t pigm5ts /imulate ! dry+ ( oil pa9ts 9 :i* !y are gr\nd4 ,lead & z9c pa9ts1 ( c\rse1 h ! greate/ dry+ values on acc\nt ( ! add$ effect ( ! l9oleates =m$1 z outl9$ above4 ,! writ] has made a s]ies ( te/s 9 :i* ! action ( v>i\s pigm5ts ^u l9se$ oil is %[n4 ,! te/s 7 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,five grams ( ea* ( a s]ies ( commonly us$ pa9t pigm5ts1 includ+ ^? ( in]t cry/all9e nature z well z ! m valuable amorph\s pigm5ts :i* are consid]$ m or less *emically active1 7 gr\nd sep>ately 9 an agate mort>1 ) #e grams ( raw l9se$ oil4 ,! gr\nd pa/e 9 ea* case 0 plac$ 9 a m>k$ glass beak]1 & all[$ to /& 9 a du/less section ( ! laboratory = "o mon?4 ,! oil-pigm5t pa/e f ea* beak] 0 !n sep>ately extract$ ) b5z9e to remove ! l9se$ oil f ! pigm5t4 ,! b5z9e solutions ( oil 7 !n heat$ to remove ! b5z9e & ! residue ( oil burn$ to a% 9 crucibles4 ,! a% f ea* te/ 0 weigh$1 & if x ran above ! p]c5tage ( a% det]m9$ on a blank sample ( l9se$ oil 7namely1 4#jjc71 ! a% 0 analyz$ qualitatively = metallic con/itu5ts4 ,! foll[+ table ( results %[s ! p]c5tage increase 9 a%1 z well z ! con/itu5ts ( a% on ! v>i\s samples te/$3 ,,table ,,( ,,results ,p] c5t4 ( ,a% 9 ,oil ,pigm5t 9 ,oil ,extract$ f,analysis ( ,a% ,oil-,pigm5t ,pa/e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,raw l9se$ oil )\t pigm5t #j4jjc -- ,b>ytes #j4jjc -- ,blanc fixe #j4jjc -- ,silica #j4jjc -- ,asbe/9e #j4jje -- ,*9a clay #j4jjg -- ,:it+ #j4jjh -- ,*rome yell[ #j4jbe ,lead oxide 7,pb,o7 ,li?opone #j4jca ,z9c oxide 7,zn,o7 ,prussian blue #j4jcb ,iron oxide 7,fe#b,o#c7 ,sublim$ :ite lead #j4jcc ,lead oxide 7,pb,o7 ,z9c oxide #j4aje ,z9c oxide 7,zn,o7 ,corrod$ :ite lead #j4aaf ,lead oxide 7,pb,o7 ,r$ lead #j4baab ,lead oxide 7,pb,o7 ,obs]vation ( ^! results %[s t pigm5ts su* z ,b>ytes1 ,blanc ,fixe1 & ,silica h no *emical action on ! l9se$ oil4 ,! results on ,asbe/9e & ,*9a ,clay also are negative1 ! extremely slight increase 9 am\nt ( a% f ^! samples probably be+ due to traces c>ri$ ov] me*anically into ! oil mixture2 ! la/ nam$ pigm5ts be+ m fluffy & difficult to sep>ate f oil4 ,slight action seem$ to be app>5t 9 ! case ( :it+1 a pigm5t some:at alkal9e 9 nature4 ,a long] te/ might h %[n ?is pigm5t to h possess$ /ill great] action4 ,corrod$ :ite lead %[$ consid]able action1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( lead l9oleate or "s o!r organic comp\nd4 ,z9c oxide & li?opone1 ! latt] pigm5t conta9+ #cj ( z9c sulphide1 bo? indicat$ action on ! oil4 ,*rome yell[ 7*romate ( lead7 %[$ "s action1 z did also ,prussian blue1 ! a% f ! la/ nam$ pigm5t %[+ a heavy p]c5tage ( iron oxide4 ,r$ ,lead %[$ a mo/ a/\nd+ ga9 9 ^! te/s1 *emical action ( ! pigm5t on ! oil be+ app>5t soon aft] ! te/s 7 />t$1 z %[n by ! =mation ( a h>d cake ) ! l9se$ oil4 ,! ,raw ,l9se$ ,oil :i* 0 us$ 9 ^! te/s _h an acid value ( #a4hd1 :i* is v l[4 ,! neutralization ( ?is free fatty acid by "s ( ! alkal9e pigm5ts us$1 may acc\nt = "p ( ! increas$ p]c5tage ( a%1 b 9 mo/ cases ! pigm5ts1 & m especially ! basic pigm5ts1 _h a direct saponify+ action ^u ! glyc]ides ( ! oil4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,pa9t ,,mak+ ,laws ( ,pa9t ,mak+4 ,to secure a prop] compreh5sion ( ! composition ( pa9ts1 & to be able to int]pret ! functions ( _! v>i\s con/itu5ts1 requires an und]/&+ ( ! g5]al physical pr9ciples involv$4 ,! mod]n gr9d] has accept$ ! ,law ( ,m9imum ,voids1 & ^u ?is law he bases ! design ( pa9t =mulae1 aim+ t[>d ! production ( :at h be5 prop]ly t]m$ ,sci5tifically ,prep>$ ,pa9ts4 ,p]ry's =mulation ( ! ,law ( ,m9imum ,voids 9 a pa9t coat+1 & ! analogy :i* he has drawn betwe5 a sci5tifically prep>$ pa9t & a well-proportion$ concrete1 0 ! result ( g5u9e sci5tific ?\ght foll[+ obs]vation & exp]im5tation4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t analogies are n always safe to draw conclusions f1 b x surely is no fallacy 9 reason+ to draw analogies betwe5 ^! two mat]ials1 :5 !y resemble ea* o!r 9 s _m ways4 ,to c>ry out processes ( reason+1 & to =mulate laws f su* close analogies1 is c]ta9ly a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,a graphic summ>y ( ! analogies betwe5 a prop]ly proportion$ concrete & a pa9t1 are %[n on next page4 ,al?\gh ?is table graphically summ>izes ! pr9ciples involv$1 ! matt] is pres5t$ ) great] cle>ness 9 ! foll[+3 ,law ,no4 #a--,! law ( m9imum voids to be obs]v$ 9 con/ruct+ a pa9t =mula--?is law hav+ already be5 accept$ z ma!matically correct & te*nically prov$ 9 ! te*nology ( concrete & cem5t4 ,coroll>y--,! requisite ?ickness ( a pa9t film toge!r ) ! utmo/ atta9able /r5g? & imp]meability c be/ be obta9$ by a prop]ly proportion$ bl5d ( pigm5ts ( ?ree or m det]m9ate sizes4 ,,an ,,exhibition ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,analogies ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,concrete ,,& ,,( ,,pa9t #a ,concrete aggregate solids vehicle,pa9t aggregate solids vehicle #b ,solids co>se m$ium f9e ,solids co>se m$ium f9e 7/one7 7gravel7 7s&7 pulv]iz$ precipi- 7pig- cry/'ll9etat$ 7fume7 7m5ts 7etc47 #c ,vehicle ,vehicle reactive b9d] evapor'g ?9n] reactive b9d]evaporat+ ?9n] cem5t & com- 7excess wat]7 7l9se$ oil7 7volatiles7 b9+ wat] #d ,solids compact+ ,solids compact+ 7tamp+7 7bru%+7 elim9ation ( accid5tal voids elim9ation ( accid5tal voids prop] adhesive contact prop] adhesive contact #e ,vehicle reaction hydrosilicates1 ,vehicle reaction l9oxyn etc4 7sett+7 7dry+7 #f ,solids vehicle ,solids vehicle lubrication *emical reaction lubrication *emical reaction f9al product solidifi$ b9d] f9al product solidifi$ b9d] solids solids #g ,f9al product concrete ,f9al product pa9t coat+ %e>+ /r5g? 7( max4 /r5g? t5sile 7( maximum imp]meability cru%+1 etc4 durability 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we assume = bo? pa9t & concrete prop] lubrication prop] proportion ( vehicle & solids ,!n ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a ?9 film ( ,concrete & ,pa9t is ,cem5t ,b9d] ,l9oxyn ,b9d] ,disadvantages ,non-ela/ic & h5ce an impracticable ,sl[ly p]i%able f oxidation by b9d] = a film to protect non- ! air4 simil> /ructural surfaces4 ,advantages ,durable & ) ! qualities ( a ,semi-ela/ic & !re=e a practic- natural m9]al4 able b9d] = a film to protect /ructural surfaces4 ,po/ulate 7def4 ,web/]'s ,diction>y--,a self-evid5t problem7 ,po/ulate ,no4 #a--,! organic l9oxyn or semi-ela/ic b9d] ( ! pa9t vehicle 7unlike ! cem5t b9d]7 is p]i%able & its purity1 /r5g? & protection f attack means life to ! pa9t coat+1 & h5ce ! life ( ! oil is ! life ( ! pa9t4 ,po/ulate ,no4 #b--,! inorganic or p[d]$ m9]al solids ( a pa9t coat+ w crumble unless held toge!r by ! b9d]1 b ! imp]i%able pigm5ts mu/ be s gr\nd & bl5d$ 9 ! b9d] t !y w protect ! b9d] & pres5t ! greate/ possible solid front to ! atmosph]ic attack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a pa9t1 to secure ! greate/ protection & life = ! l9oxyn1 toge!r ) ! durable qualities ( cem5t1 ,!re=e ,%\ld expose to air decay )9 limits ( physical /r5g? )9 limits requir$ = ela/icity1 ,! greate/ am\nt ( pigm't mat]ial etc4 ,! lea/ am\nt ( expos$ l9oxyn 7:i* is7 or ,durable & ) ! in]t qualities (,consid]+ ! l9oxyn pres5t be- natural m9]al twe5 pigm5t p>ticles z ! void or po9t ( attack1 ,!n ! m9imum exposure ( l9oxyn or m9imum voids obta9able by proportion$ pigm5ts ( diff]5t p>ticle sizes4 ,law ,no4 #b--,! law ( ! flat ar* 9 pa9t coat+s--i4e41 ! fact t 9 /udy+ ! fundam5tal physical pr9ciples gov]n+ ! /r5g? & durability ( a pa9t coat+ x is necess>y to reg>d ! coat+ z consi/+ ( a s]ies ( flat ar*es1 9 :i* ! pigm5t p>ticles ( l>ge/ *>act]i/ic size s]ve z ! pi]s or supports = ! flat ar*es ( :i* ! cont9u\s film is compos$4 ,coroll>y ,a--,! /r5g? & durability ( a pa9t coat+ is det]m9$ by ! /r5g? & durability ( ! pi]s or supports 7:i* consi/ ( ! *>act]i/ic pigm5t p>ticles ( ! l>ge/ size74 ,coroll>y ,b--,ow+ to _! inh]5t /r5g? & durability ! pigm5t p>ticles ( l>ge/ *>act]i/ic size :i* s]ve z supports = ! pa9t coat+ %\ld consi/1 9 "p at lea/1 ( *emically in]t pigm5ts1 su* z natural cry/all9e b>ium sulphate1 calcium c>bonate1 magnesium silicate1 etc4 ,coroll>y ,c--,x foll[s directly t ! ?ickness ( a pa9t coat+ is det]m9$ by ! p>ticles ( pigm5ts hav+ ! l>ge/ *>act]i/ic size1 ev5 if t pigm5t be pres5t only 9 mod]ate p]c5tage4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple dep5ds ! comp>atively great ?ickness ( film & mod]ate spread+ rate ( pa9ts compos$ ( su* pigm5ts z basic c>bonate--:ite lead1 r$ lead1 b>ytes1 etc41 & ! /rongly contra/$ ?9ness ( film & high spread+ rate ( pa9ts compos$ ( ! sublimat$ pigm5ts su* z lamp black1 z9c oxide1 basic sulphate--:ite lead1 z9c-lead :ite1 lead$ z9c1 etc4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ! ann\nc$ laws set =? above1 ,heckel says3 ,! recognition ( ^! laws 0 an ex]cise ( pure d$uction4 ,pa9t manufactur]s be=e ,mr4 ,p]ry's ann\ncem5t 7 produc+ pa9ts conta9+ ?ree or m pigm5ts ) p>ticles ( v>y+ *>act]i/ic sizes2 b _! proc$ure 0 bas$ l>gely on empirical k1 ! result ( accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 due to a consci5ti\s endeavor to produce ! highe/ type ( pa9ts = economic s]vice4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any law to gov]n or to limit ! use ( ! re9=c+ pigm5ts1 inexp]i5c$ manufactur]s _h br\ght ^u ! m>ket pa9ts :i* 7 badly proportion$ z to ! sev]al pigm5ts1 or burd5$ beyond ! limits ( effectiv5ess ) re9=c+ pigm5ts4 ,to all pa9t manufactur]s ,p]ry r5d]$ a sub/antial s]vice 9 d$uc+ = !m ! laws set =? 9 8 address4 ,9 ! results foll[+ a recognition ( ^! laws !re 0 no?+ new or />tl+1 b ,p]ry 0 ! fir/ to give ! pr9ciples f :i* x c be det]m9$ 9 advance :e!r a pa9t =mula w prove to be physically good or bad 9 practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,s]ies ( ,pa9t ,*as]s1 ,mix]s1 & ,gr9d]s ,illu/ration3 ,ov]head ,*urn ,mix] ,illu/ration3 ,batt]y ( ,pa9t ,mix]s & ,gr9d]s ( ,mod]n ,und]driv5 ,type ,illu/ration3 ,photographs c\rtesy ( ,erne/ ,hea? ,view %[+ ,%r9kage 9 ,bulk ( ,pa9t ,pigm5t aft] be+ gr\nd 9 ,oil4 ,fill$ ,b>rel on ,"r ) ! ,oil =ms "o-?ird ,b>rel ,pa/e z %[n 9 ,b>rel on ,left ,illu/ration3 ,view %[+ c>eful ,dress+ ( ,bull ,/one ,mill f ,gr9d] ,z has be5 be=e /at$1 he 0 n ! fir/ to recognize ! law gov]n+ m9imum voids1 b by t sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation :i* ,tyndall s highly comm5ds1 he recogniz$1 z by inspiration1 ! fundam5tal simil>ity exi/+ betwe5 a film compos$ ( solid p>ticles cem5t$ toge!r by a semi-solid homog5e\s m5/ruum & a lay] ( concrete compos$ ( solid p>ticles cem5t$ toge!r by a solid homog5e\s m$ium4 ,8 application ( ! law p]mits ! pa9t manufactur]s to design a pa9t =mula ) full k ( ! controll+ conditions1 s t x %all produce a coat+ nei!r too ?ick1 & !re=e uneconomical & subject to excessive int]nal /ra9s1 nor too ?91 & ?us weak & ineffici5t = protection4 ,t ,mr4 ,p]ry's cont5tion 0 well-f\nd$1 o!r pa9t te*nologi/s h s9ce demon/rat$2 notably ,mr4 ,wirt ,tass91 9 8 microscopic /udies ( pa9t films 9 situ1 & ,pr(4 ,g4 ,w4 ,?ompson :o1 9 8 address to ! ,p5na4 ,association ( ,ma/] ,pa9t]s at ,read+1 said3--,i want to agree ) ,mr4 ,p]ry 99 99 99 :]e he says t a pigm5t %\ld be made up ( p>ticles ( diff]5t sizes4 ,mr4 ,p]ry also draws a fur!r p>allel betwe5 pa9t & concrete :]e he ref]s to ! =m ( ! re9=c+ pigm5t p>ticles & sugge/s t 9 pa9t coat+s z 9 concrete a field c be f\nd = ! *emically in]t pigm5ts ) rod-l or hair-l /ructure1 to /r5g!n ! film1 j z ! /eel rods & iron me% are us$ to re9=ce concrete 9 /ructural "w--a sugge/ion :i*1 s9ce ! fir/ publication ( ! address1 has be5 widely accept$ z a practical aid 9 ! manufacture ( good pa9ts4 ,use ( ,in]t ,pigm5ts4 ,!re seems to be no reasonable d\bt z to ! effici5cy ( a small am\nt ( in]t pigm5ts 9 pa9t1 & ! writ] has (t5 comp>$ ! manufacture ( pa9t ( ! above type to ! mak+ ( v>i\s alloys :]e9 z9c1 copp]1 & o!r metals are add$ to gold 9 ord] to make a product possess$ ( great] durability1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,batt]ies ( ,color ,gr9d+ ,mills ,!re has be5 consid]able inquiry z to j :at is meant by ! /atem5t t a mod]ate p]c5tage ( in]t pigm5ts1 comb9$ ) prop]ly adju/$ mixtures ( :ite lead & z9c oxide1 h giv5 wond]ful s]vice 9 all ! te/s4 ,! writ] has be5 ask$ to def9e :at mod]ate means4 ,a mod]ate p]c5tage ( in]t pigm5ts %\ld be def9$ z t am\nt ( natural cry/all9e pigm5ts t w1 :5 mix$ ) :ite lead & z9c oxide1 n mat]ially detract f ! hid+ p[] ( :ite lead & z9c oxide4 ,x is possible to mix a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ^! cry/all9e pigm5ts ) :ite lead & z9c oxide1 &1 by ?or\gh gr9d+1 incorporate !m 9 su* a mann] t ! mixture w %[ ne>ly z good a hid+ p[] z ! /raight :ite lead & z9c oxide4 ,:5 c]ta9 limits h be5 rea*$1 h[ev]1 & ^! limits mu/ be det]m9$ by ! manufactur] & pa9t] 9 mak+ practical te/s1 ! fur!r addition ( in]t pigm5ts l[]s ! hid+ p[] ( ! pa9t & !re=e l[]s ! value ( ! pa9t4 ,^! rem>ks d n apply to artificial cry/all9e pigm5ts1 su* z precipitat$ :it+1 :i* possess great] hid+ values ?an ! natural pigm5ts4 ,p]ry's ,pr9ciples ( ,pa9t ,mak+4 ,p>ts ( ! orig9al pap]#ah 9 :i* ,p]ry s cle>ly set =? ! pr9ciples f :i* ! prec$+ laws 7 =m$1 foll[3 #ah ,physical ,*>act]i/ics ( a ,pa9t ,coat+4 ,r4 ,s4 ,p]ry4 ,mi*igan ,*apt]1 ,am]4 ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects1 #aijg4 ,seal+ ,quality or ,imp]vi\sness ( ! ,coat+4 ,x has be5 emphasiz$ t = durability & protection1 ! /r5g? & imp]vi\sness ( a pa9t coat+ are vital factors4 ,! protective value ( ! pa9t coat+ ( c\rse ceases ) its *alk+ or dis9tegration1 b1 :ile x is true t ! protect+ or f9al life ( ! coat+ ceases ) ?is dis9tegration1 x is also true t a pa9t coat+ has always dur+ its true life m or less porosity f ! nature ( ! l9ox9 or oxidiz$ l9se$ oil4 ,!re=e dur+ its protect+ life ! degree ( its imp]vi\sness influ5ces its resi/ance to attack ^u its own life & its protection ( ! und]ly+ mat]ials4 ,! m imp]vi\s ! pa9t coat+ )\t loss ( /r5g?1 ! sl[] ! oxidation or dis9tegration ( ! pa9t coat+ itself & ! great] protection to ! und]ly+ mat]ial4 ,a coat+ ( l9se$ oil alone is n only weak1 b ! simple/ & crude/ exp]im5ts w %[ its porosity & ?is porosity increases rapidly ) progressive oxidation1 ! porosity ( c\rse def9itely ha/5+ ! ov]-oxidation or *alk+4 ,9 proportion1 !re=e1 to our success 9 fill+ ! voids 9 ! l9se$ oil film ) prop] pigm5t mat]ials1 we w 9 t degree succe$ 9 exclud+ ag5cies ( decay1 n only f ! mass ( ! pa9t coat+ itself1 b also f ! surface to be protect$4 ,^! conditions are exactly p>allel 9 ! requirem5ts & p]=mance ( ! be/-made concrete1 & ,taylor ,?ompson 9 _! "w on concrete h cle>ly /at$ t to obta9 imp]vi\sness !re mu/ be fre$om f voids1 & t to obta9 ^! conditions1 ! mat]ials us$ mu/ h at lea/ ?ree det]m9+ sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,equal ,volume 7,"o ,cubic ,c5timetre7 ( ,ea* ,size ( ,%ot ,tak54 ,note t ! ,small] ,%ot ,cov] m ?an ,half z mu* aga9 z ! ,l>g] ,%ot & ! ,voids are ,small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,illu/rat+ ,two ,det]m9+ ,sizes ( ,solid ,p>ticles 9 ,concrete ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,illu/rat+ ,?ree ,det]m9+ ,sizes ( ,solid ,p>ticles 9 ,concrete ',x is a fact t ) p>ticles ( diff]5t sizes z aga9/ uni=m size ! d5se/ mixture c be obta9$4 ,?is is s evid5t z to require no pro(4' ,x foll[s t ! lea/ d5sity & h5ce ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( voids occur :5 ! gra9s are all ( ! same size1 & x is %[n t ! mo/ voids occur 9 a mass ( l>ge p>ticles4 ,! lea/ voids occur :5 ! voids betwe5 ! l>ge p>ticles are fill$ ) small] p>ticles & :5 ^! small] voids betwe5 ! small] p>ticles are 9 turn fill$ ) /ill f9] p>ticles4 ,9 o!r words--p>ticles ) ?ree det]m9+ sizes w fill up a giv5 space m completely ?an p>ticles ( two det]m9+ sizes & v mu* m completely ?an p>ticles ( "o size4 ,ela/icity & ,/r5g?4 ,! pa9t coat+ "h aga9 is gov]n$ by _m ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! simil> mat]ial1 i4e41 concrete4 ,we f9d1 by aga9 ref]r+ to ,taylor ,?ompson1 on ,concrete1 page #bge1 t te/s at ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al on concrete conv9c$ ! inve/igators t ! ultimate /r5g? ( a concrete is id5tical ) ! %e>+ /r5g? ( p>ticles ( /one mak+ up ! aggregate4 ,?is means t 9 its ultimate =m ! good concrete w crack or %e> ?r\gh ! brok5 rock conta9$ !re91 & resi/ance to %e>+ is directly proportionate to ! /r5g? ( ! brok5 rock *os5 = ! mixture4 ,! film ( semi-liquid l9se$ oil :5 fre% is extremely weak1 b z x h>d5s1 its *>act]i/ics & physical prop]ties w obvi\sly be ^? qualities :i* are a composite ( ! qualities ( ! solid p>ticles & ( ! semi-solid l9ole9 incorporat$ toge!r 9 ! pa9t coat+4 ,^! physical prop]ties ( ! susp5d$ & incorporat$ pigm5ts pr(\ndly modify ! film 9 ?is respect4 ,! dri$ vehicle1 l9ox91 is notable = its ela/icity1 & x is weak 9 cru%+ & t5sile /r5g?1 & 9 h>dness or resi/ance to surface we>4 ,! fact t x is a semi-solid furni%es an opportunity to modify & improve ^? *>act]i/ics ( a solid 9 :i* x is defici5t4 ,! semi-solid1 rubb]-l l9ox9 betwe5 ! co>s] p>ticles ( ! pigm5t obvi\sly uses ^! co>s] p>ticles z support+ po9ts4 ,! m$ium siz$ p>ticles ( ! second gr\p ( alt]ation products s]ve ! same purpose z ! brok5 rock 9 concrete4 ,! co>s] p>ticles absolutely d n1 & c n1 s]ve ! purpose ( /iff5+ or ( re9=c+ or modify+ ! consi/5cy & qualities ( ! semi-solid l9ox91 = a numb] ( reasons1 "o ( :i* may be m5tion$1 namely1 t p>ticles ( ! fir/1 or co>se1 class h a det]m9+ size :i* is a l>ge fraction--a heavy p]c5tage--( ! total ?ickness ( coat+1 & are 9 "s in/ances ?ick] 9 diamet] ?an ! ?ickness ( an oil coat+ n re9=c$ ) ! f9e or fire gr\p4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( ! co>s] p>ticles z pi]s4 ,! mixture ( l9ox9 ) ! o!r two gr\ps ( p>ticles 9 ! spaces betwe5 ^! co>s] p>ticles1 or pi]s1 is ! true pa9t body & consi/s ( flat re9=c$ ar*es :i* h ! extra support ( falsework1 9 ! %ape ( ! /ructural mat]ial on :i* ! coat+ re/s4 ,asbe/9e pulp1 a natural product & "o ( our mo/ important natural re9=c+ pigm5ts1 s]ves n only 9 ! co>se gr\p z support+ p>ticles = ! l9ox9 ar*1 b also because ( its peculi> prop]ties s]ves ! m important purposes ( re9=cem5t4 ,x reta9s1 no matt] h[ f9ely gr\nd1 its peculi> ne$le-l1 or rod-l1 =m ( p>ticles1 & obvi\sly s]ves ! purpose ( re9=c+ ! flat ar* ( l9ox91 exactly z iron b>s or iron nett+ s]ve 9 re9=c$ concrete ar*es4 ,! m$ium siz$ p>ticles ( ! second gr\p ( pigm5ts produc$ by *emical alt]ation or precipitation1 s]ve ! purpose ( ! brok5 rock 9 concrete1 & toge!r ) ! co>s] support+ p>ticles & ! f9e/ re9=c+ p>ticles1 give m9imum voids & a maximum imp]vi\sness to ag5cies ( int]nal decay4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! pigm5ts ( any "o gr\p conta9 p>ticles ( dim5sions :i* fall into ! o!r two gr\ps1 b no "o pigm5t supplies ! correct proportion ( ea* ( ! ?ree requir$ dim5sions1 & ea* pigm5t has s l>ge a p]c5tage ( approximate dim5sions z to b> x f exclusive use 9 ! o!r two gr\ps4 ,giv5 simil> homog5e\s coat+s "u id5tical conditions1 we recognize ! law t ela/icity w v>y directly ) ?ickness4 ,direct d$uction f ?is law tea*es u t ( two pa9t coat+s equal 9 we>1 9 /r5g?1 opaqu5ess1 & 9 all o!r qualities except ?ickness1 we %\ld *oose ! ?9n] coat+4 ,!re=e if we h two pa9t coat+s fulfill+ e requirem5t1 ! fir/ comp\nd$ ) pigm5ts giv+ a ?ick] coat+ & ! second ) pigm5ts yield+ a ?9n] coat+1 we mu/ *oose ! second =mula & obta9 ! ?9n] coat+4 ,adhesive ,p[]4 ,! adhesion ( ! l9ox9 to ! co>se gr\p ( p>ticles & to ! und]ly+ mat]ial is vital to ! life ( ! pa9t coat+4 ,if ! coat+ p>ts f ! surface b5ea?1 we h scal+ or peel+4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ?is w result f use ( z9c oxide z ! sole pigm5t4 ,we h only to conceive ( our flat ar* ( re9=c$ l9ox9 & leave out our po9ts ( support1 to realize t ?is is ! inevitable result if ! coat+ be subject to extreme exposure1 al?\gh good results may be obta9$ f z9c oxide us$ alone1 z1 = in/ance1 9 int]ior h\se pa9t+ :]e extreme *anges ( temp]ature & exposure are avoid$4 ,?ree major l9es ( =ce hold our l9ox9 9 place--adhesion t[>d ! und]nea? surface1 adhesion to ! co>se p>ticles1 & cohesion )9 ! l9ox9 itself4 ,^! l9es mu/ be repres5t$ by a flat ar* ( l9ox9 ) a d[nw>d po9t+ magnet !refrom1 to repres5t adhesion to ! surface4 ,magnets on ea* side ( ! ar* po9t+ t[>d ! support+ co>se p>ticles1 & two magnets )9 ! ar* & po9t+ t[>d ea* o!r1 or to ! c5tre ( ! ar*1 ^! latt] to repres5t ! =ce ( cohesion4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,practical ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,! ,pigm5t ,cont5tion4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijf (ficials ( ! ,nor? ,dakota ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation exam9$ a numb] ( pa9ts on sale 9 ! nor?we/]n ,/ates4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( in]t pigm5ts z well z wat]1 9 "s ( ^! pa9ts1 prompt$ agitation = ,/ate laws requir+ ! =mula-label+ ( pa9ts4 ,c]ta9 pa9ts made ( :ite opaque pigm5ts su* z :ite lead & z9c oxide 7 exempt$ f ! /atute4 ,! :ite opaque pigm5ts us$ 9 ^! pa9ts 7 believ$ by c]ta9 manufactur]s z well z by _m prom95t pa9t au?orities ( high /&+ to be b5efit$ 9 _! we>+ value by ! addition ( small p]c5tages ( in]t cry/all9e pigm5ts1 su* z b>ytes1 silica1 ,*9a clay1 etc4 ,laboratory exp]im5ts _h already det]m9$ t ^! in]t cry/all9e pigm5ts _h a c]ta9 def9ite action 9 increas+ ! life ( pa9ts1 b x _h become evid5t t !y %\ld be us$ ) discretion1 9 mod]ation1 & ) a prop] und]/&+ ( _! limitations1 if ! be/ results 7 to be obta9$4 ,! addition ( v l>ge quantities ( su* pigm5ts 0 n indulg$ 9 by discrim9at+ manufactur]s1 b ! exact p]c5tage to use 0 a matt] ( great d\bt1 ev5 to ! mo/ exp]i5c$4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e j :at p]c5tage ( cry/all9e pigm5ts1 admix$ ) :ite opaque pa9t pigm5ts1 w\ld give ! be/ s]vice & results1 x seem$ imp]ative t practical pa9t te/s %\ld be made4 ,a s]ies ( pa9t te/s on comm]cial br&s ( pa9t _h already be5 />t$ at ! ,f>go ,agricultural ,college1 &1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ano!r s]ies ( practical pa9t te/s 7 in/itut$1 & c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,ladd1 ,director ( ! ,nor? ,dakota ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,te/ ,f5ces to ,solve ! ,problem4 ,x 0 app>5t t ! pigm5t "q c\ld be solv$ only ?r\gh field te/s made on a compreh5sive basis & plac$ "u ! control ( sci5tific & te*nical societies ( r5[n1 s t !y might be fair & unbias$ f e /&po9t4 ,9 ord] to secure a comp>ison ( ! we>+ ( diff]5t pa9t =mulas 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry & "u diff]+ climatic conditions1 ano!r s]ies ( te/s 0 />t$ 9 ! ,ea/ soon aft] ! ,nor? ,dakota te/s _h be5 />t$4 ,simultane\sly f5ces 7 erect$ at ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 & ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,! site ( ! ,atlantic ,city f5ce is a /rip ( l& runn+ due nor? f ,atlantic & ,savannah ,av5ues & )9 a %ort di/ance f ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ! exposure be+ a sev]e "o4 ,! site ( ! ,pittsburg f5ce is back ( ! a?letic field ( ! ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools1 ! f5ce runn+ ea/ & we/ & be+ expos$ to ! heavily *>g$ sooty atmosph]e com+ f ! _m indu/rial plants ne> by4 ,con/ruction ( ,framework ( ,f5ces4 ,at ^! two locations framework f5ces 7 built1 ^u :i* 7 plac$ a s]ies ( pa9t$ panels4 ,heavy yell[ p9e po/s six in*es squ>e 7 set 9 ! gr\nd ab\t six feet ap>t & to ! dep? ( ab\t f\r feet1 ^u a concrete base4 ,! po/s 7 solidly tamp$ & !n brac$ at ! top ) supplem5t>y /udd+ braces two in*es ?ick4 ,connect+ ! po/s 0 a l9e ( /udd+ six in*es by two in*es1 =m+ a solid framework1 ! bottom ( :i* 0 approximately fifte5 in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,! bottoms & tops ( ! f5ces 7 protect$ by heavy bo>ds two in*es ?ick1 s t ! moi/ure & ra9 might be prev5t$ f work+ itself up into ! wood4 ,! :ole f5ce 0 %ea!d ) twelve-in* plan$ :ite p9e1 ?us =m+ a solid backgr\nd = ! te/ panels4 ,lumb] = ,panels4 ,! lumb] = ! te/ panels 0 mo/ c>efully select$1 be+ ( ?ree grades--:ite p9e1 yell[ p9e1 & cypress4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( ea* grade ( lumb] 0 secur$1 & aft] ! be/ portion _h be5 made up into panels1 ! panels 7 inspect$ by an exp]t lumb] class]2 ne>ly #dj be+ reject$ on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( knots or sappy places :i* appe>$ ^u ! surface4 ,ea* ( ! panels f9ally pass$ ^u z suitable = ! te/ 0 br&$ ) a hot iron ) consecutive numb]s runn+ f #a to #ahf4 ,! grade ( wood us$ = ea* panel 0 indicat$ by an abbreviat$ m>k--,w = :ite p9e1 ,c = cypress1 & ,y = yell[ p9e4 ,9 ord] t a record ( ea* panel might be kept on file1 previ\s to ! application ( pa9t to ! panels1 a complete s]ies ( photographs 0 tak5 ( ! panels 9 sets ( f\r4 ,?is "w seem$ advisable s t ! future failure ( pa9t on any "o panel1 :i* might be ?\ght due to faulty wood1 c\ld be ei!r v]ifi$ or refut$ by a ref]5ce to ! s]ies ( photographs made ( ! b>e panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,atlantic ,city ,te/ ,f5ce ,con/ruction ( ,panels4 ,! panels 7 con/ruct$ ( ,dut* wea!r bo>d+1 tongu$ & groov$ toge!r 9 /rips ( ?ree pieces & capp$ at ! top ) a wea!r /rip1 =m+ a f9i%$ surface ?ree feet long & fifte5 & a half in*es high4 ,!y 7 firmly brac$ toge!r at _! backs & nail$ 9 su* a mann] t no portion ( ! nails w\ld appe> on ! surface ( ! panel1 ?us prev5t+ ! /a9+ ( ! panel f ru/4 ,! con/ruction ( ! framework ( ! f5ces at ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg 0 ( su* a nature t !y w\ld ea* accommodate #efj panels ( ?is type4 ,/>t+ ( ,te/s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! lat5ess ( ! season1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to d ! pa9t+ ( ! te/s )9 a build+1 s t ea* =mula might be subject$ to fair & equal conditions ( application1 ?us exclud+ ! bl[+ ( du/ or ra9 ^u ! pa9t$ surfaces1 :i* w\ld h tak5 place _h ! panels be5 pa9t$ ^u ! f5ce4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! panels began 9 ,janu>y1 #aijh1 ! temp]ature )9 ! build+s 9 :i* ! "w 0 done av]ag+ #ej degrees ,fahr5heit ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,x 0 decid$ to te/ ea* =mula 9 ?ree colors1 9 duplicate1 & on ea* grade ( wood1 expos+ ! duplicates on ei!r side ( ! f5ce4 ,?us = "o pa9t =mula !re 7 requir$ #ah panels1 or #f pa9t$ 9 ea* color & on #c grades ( wood4 ,pa9ts = ,te/s4 ,! mix$ pa9ts receiv$ = ! te/s 7 9 qu>t cans1 hav+ be5 especially prep>$ f ! =mulas submitt$ to manufactur]s by ! te*nical committee 9 *>ge ( ! "w4 ,!y 7 prop]ly label$ ) _! numb] & color1 9 ea* case4 ,! =mulas decid$ ^u = ! te/ are describ$ lat]4 ,! v>i\s :ite leads & o!r s+le pigm5t pa9ts :i* 7 us$ 7 receiv$ 9 kegs weigh+ #ab-a_/b p\nds ea*1 hav+ be5 b\ght 9 ! op5 m>ket & !n giv5 a =mula numb]4 ,! =mulas ( ! pa9ts design$ = bo? ! ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg te/s1 z well z ! numb]s ( ! panels ^u :i* ! pa9ts 7 appli$1 are %[n on pages #aca-acc-ade4 ,! analysis ( "o ( ! comb9ation pa9ts appli$ is h]e) giv51 to %[ ! correct me?od ( /at+ ! composition ( a pa9t4 ,,=mula ,,no4 #bj1 ,,atlantic ,,city ,,te/ ,,f5ce ,p]c5tage ,composition ,pigm5t,vehicle ,total ---------------------------------------- ------- ,corrod$ :ite lead #fg4ja -- #db4hd ,z9c oxide #ai4hi -- #ab4ga ,asbe/9e #c4hf -- #b4dg ,calcium c>bonate #i4bd -- #e4ia ,raw oil -- #id4cj #cd4jb ,japan dri] -- #c4hi #a4dj ,turp5t9e -- #a4ha #j4fe ---------------------------------------- ------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,bru%es4 ,heavy #g-,o r\nd bri/le bru%es 7 us$ = ! prim+ coat s t ! pa9t might be well work$ into ! wood1 :ile = ! second & ?ird coats ?ree-in* *isel edge bru%es 7 us$4 ,^! bru%es 71 ( c\rse1 wa%$ sev]al times ) turp5t9e aft] pa9t+ ea* panel1 s t pigm5ts f "o pa9t c\ld n be c>ri$ ov] into a pa9t conta9+ o!r pigm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,cypress ,panels ,%ellack+ ,panels4 ,! %ellack+ ( any bad places ( m9or nature :i* may h be5 pres5t on ! surfaces ( "s ( ! panels1 0 done ) ! highe/ grade orange %ellac4 ,x 0 ?\ght advisable to det]m9e :e!r %ellack+ ov] ! prim+ coat ( pa9t or on ! b>e wood previ\s to ! application ( ! prim+ coat1 0 ! bett] me?od4 ,panels ,nos4 #a to #h 9 ea* te/ 7 !re=e %ellack$ ov] ! prim+ coat1 :ile on all o!r panels ! %ellack+ 0 done directly on ! b>e wood previ\s to ! application ( ! prim+ coat ( pa9t4 ,application ( ,pa9ts4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e j h[ mu* pa9t 0 appli$ to ea* panel & to reckon ! spread+ rate !refrom1 c>eful weigh+s 7 made dur+ ! application ( e pa9t4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ out by plac+ a qu>t c ( pa9t z receiv$1 ^u a laboratory balance1 ! gross weight be+ tak5 & record$4 ,! c 0 %ak5 & its cont5ts transf]r$ to a qu>t-size enamel$ cup :]e ) ! aid ( a paddle x 0 brok5 up into a mixture ( ev5 consi/5cy4 ,a portion ( ?is pa9t 0 !n transf]r$ to two small sample cans c>efully numb]$ ) ! =mula numb]1 = future ref]5ce & analysis4 ,! r$uction ( ! pa9t 0 !n made4 ,! bru% us$ on ! prim+ coat 0 plac$ ) ! pot & ! pa9t on ! balance & ! weight tak5 by ! (ficial weigh]4 ,! pot 0 !n giv5 to ! pa9t] :o appli$ ! prim+ coat to "o panel4 ,! bru%1 pot1 & pa9t 7 !n h&$ back to ! (ficial weigh] & ! diff]5ce 9 weight record$4 ,f ^! data c\ld be reckon$ ! spread+ rate ( ! =mula appli$4 ,! dry+ ( ! panels 0 not$ e few h\rs & obs]vations made to det]m9e :e!r ! pa9ts 7 p5etrat+ prop]ly into ! surface ( ! wood4 ,a p]iod ( eight days 0 all[$ betwe5 ea* coat 9 ord] t ?or\ghly h>d sett+ might take place4 ,dur+ ! application ( ! second coat ( pa9t to ! panels1 fre% cans ( pa9t 7 us$ 9 e case s t fre% r$uctions c\ld be made ( ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,full data 7 also record$ on ! ease ( application1 work+1 & nature ( dry+ %[n1 z well z appe>ance pres5t$ by ea* pa9t aft] ea* coat _h be5 appli$4 ,new packages ( pa9t 7 also us$ = ! ?ird coat1 &1 z a rule1 ! pa9t 0 appli$ )\t r$uction or ) full oil r$uction1 turp5t9e be+ elim9at$ 9 ne>ly e case = ! ?ird coat "w4 ,r$uctions4 ,! s+le pigm5t pa9ts1 su* z :ite leads1 7 r$uc$ by ! s-call$ ounce sy/em1 ea* ounce ( oil add$ to #ab-a_/b ounces ( pa/e pigm5t repres5t+ "o gallon ( vehicle to "o hundr$ p\nds ( lead4 ,a complete report ( ! r$uctions1 spread+ rates1 etc41 us$ 9 ! te/s w\ld take up ?ree or f\r hundr$ pages ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,! r$uctions %[n on ! foll[+ =mulas are1 h[ev]1 fairly repres5tative ( ! r$uctions us$ on ! comb9ation & s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,,r$uctions ,,on ,,=mula ,,no4 #b ,:ite & ,yell[ #a/ ,coat ,condition :5 op5$--good4 ,consi/5cy :5 brok5 up--heavy4 ,r$uction recomm5d$ by manufactur]--none4 ,r$uction us$--#c p9ts raw oil1 #a p9t turps1 #a gallon pa9t4 ,consi/5cy aft] r$uc+--good1 /iff4 ,work+--fair4 ,dry+--fair on p9es2 cypress--poor4 ,p5etration1 p9es--good2 cypress--poor4 #bnd ,coat ,consi/5cy :5 brok5 up--heavy4 ,r$uction us$--#a-a_/b p9ts turp5t9e1 #a p9t boil$ oil4 ,consi/5cy aft] r$uc+--good4 ,work+--good4 ,hid+--m$ium4 ,dry+ on p9es--good2 cypress--poor4 ,"o-half p9t japan add$ to gallon ( pa9t4 ,p5etration--fair4 #crd ,coat ,r$uction us$--#a-a_/b p9ts oil1 #a_/b p9t turp5t9e4 ,r$uctions = ,lead ,pa/es ,calculat$ on #ajj lb4 keg4 ,=mulas ,nos4 #cg-ch4 7,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead47 #a/ ,coat #f-a_/b gallons oil1 #a_/b gallon turp5t9e1 #a p9t turp5t9e japan4 #bnd ,coat #c-a_/b gallons oil1 #a gallon turp5t9e1 #a p9t japan4 #crd ,coat #c gallons oil1 #a p9t turp5t9e1 #a_/b p9t japan4 ,hid+ ,p[] ( ,pa9ts4 ,:5 ! prim+ coat _h ?or\ghly dri$ on ea* panel1 ! pa9t] c>efully /5cill$ a black ,g5eva cross ov] ! prim+ coat ) lampblack 9 oil4 ,! object ( ?is black cross 0 to make a det]m9ation ( ! comp>ative opacity or hid+ p[] ( ! diff]5t pa9ts appli$4 ,x is well kn[n t v>i\s pigm5ts :5 gr\nd 9 oil diff] 9 _! hid+ p[] 9 direct proportion to ! diff]5ce 9 ! refractive indices ( ! pigm5ts & oils us$1 ^? conta9+ high p]c5tages ( pigm5ts su* z :ite lead & z9c oxide be+ sup]ior 9 hid+ p[]4 ,aft] ! second & ?ird coat ( pa9t _h be5 appli$ to ea* panel1 !re 0 evid5t a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! hid+ p[]1 z ! black cross %[$ ?r\gh 9 "s cases q cle>ly1 :ile 9 o!r cases x 0 almo/ completely hidd54 ,! hid+ p[] ( a pa9t is "o ( ! prop]ties :i* ! ma/] pa9t] looks ^u z mo/ ess5tial1 b x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be accompani$ 9 a satisfactory pa9t by good spread+ p[] & longevity4 ,act9ic ,light ,te/s4 ,aft] ! dry+ ( all ! pa9ts1 x 0 decid$ t x w\ld be ( extreme int]e/ to conduct a te/ on ! resi/ance ( c]ta9 pa9ts to act9ic light4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ultraviolet or *emical rays ( ! sun are mo/ en]getic 9 caus+ *emical reactions t result 9 ! e>ly decay ( c]ta9 types ( pa9t4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! dis9tegrat+ effect ( ^! rays1 z well z _! effect 9 ! blea*+ out ( colors1 might be prev5t$ by plac+ ^u c]ta9 panels small orange color$ glass slides :i* w\ld prev5t ! pass+ ( ^! rays to ! pa9t$ surface4 ,! slides us$ 7 five in*es long & ?ree in*es wide & 7 plac$ ^u ! middle bo>d ( c]ta9 panels1 ) picture fram+1 putty1 & galvaniz$ iron tacks4 ,! pres]vation ( ! und]ly+ surface f ! sun's rays w\ld1 x 0 ?\ght1 prev5t ! det]ioration ( ! pa9t1 & at ! same "t pres]ve its orig9al color s t x might be comp>$ to ! color ( ! expos$ portion at ! "t ( inspection4 ,sup]vision ( ,te/s4 ,! ,atlantic ,city te/s 7 "u ! con/ant sup]vision ( ,committee ,e ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ?is committee hav+ accept$ ! inspection ( ! f5ce4 ,a repres5tative 0 con/antly pres5t ?r\gh\t ! "w 9 ord] to see t ea* =mula receiv$ fair treatm5t4 ,! actual pa9t+ "w 0 "u ! sup]vision ( ! writ]1 toge!r ) a ma/] pa9t] repres5t+ ,george ,butl] :o 0 *os5 by ! ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association ( ,philadelphia z ! (ficial pa9t] ( ! ,atlantic ,city te/ f5ce4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,campbell ( ,*icago also act$ z an (ficial ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association 9 ! application ( ! =mulas to bo? ! ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg f5ces4 ,at ,pittsburg ! f5ce 0 plac$ directly "u ! sup]vision & control ( ! ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools1 :o *ose = ! f5ce "w a committee ( _! te*nical =ce4 ,drs4 ,james & ,s*aeff] ( ?is in/itution 7 pres5t ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! "w & 7 con/antly repres5t$ dur+ ! te/4 ,! ,pittsburg ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association appo9t$ a committee consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,dew>1 ,rapp1 & ,cluley1 = ! actual pa9t+ "w1 & !y 7 repres5t$ ) ! writ] ?r\gh\t ! te/s4 ,great int]e/ 0 exhibit$ 9 ! "w by ! committees 9 *>ge1 & ! skill ( ! practical pa9t]s1 comb9$ ) ! c>e ( ! inspectors1 made ! treatm5t ( ea* =mula fair & satisfactory4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conditions ,,not$ ,,at ,,inspection ,,( ,,te/s ,inspection ( ,atlantic ,city ,te/s4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>*1 j "o ye> aft] ! plac+ ( ! pa9t$ panels on ! ,atlantic ,city f5ce1 an inspection 0 made jo9tly by a committee repres5t+ ! ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,sci5tific ,section ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & c]ta9 memb]s ( sub-,committee ,e ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,me?ods ,us$ at ,inspection4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important te/s made :5 inspect+ pa9t is ! det]m9ation ( ! *alk+ tak+ place4#ai ,!re 0 develop$ dur+ ! inspection ( ! ,atlantic ,city panels a new me?od = det]m9+ ! comp>ative *alk+ ( ! v>i\s pa9ts4 ,x 0 ?\ght desirable to secure a me?od1 if possible1 t w\ld %[ results :i* might be photograph$ & ev5 tabulat$ 9 p]c5tage =m1 if desir$4 ,! app>atus = ! new te/ consi/$ ( a small /rip ( black felt ?ree in*es wide by five in*es long1 plac$ across a small block ( wood :i* w\ld fit 9 ! palm ( ! inspector's h&4 ,?is outfit resembl$ a blackbo>d eras] & 0 us$ 9 a simil> way4 ,by hold+ ! app>atus firmly aga9/ ! panel & draw+ x half-way across ! panel 9 a /raight l9e t[>d ! op]ator1 !re 0 obta9$ on ! black clo? a :ite m>k proportional 9 int5sity to ! am\nt ( *alk+ :i* _h tak5 place on ! giv5 area4 ,:5 a s]ies ( ^! clo?s 7 made1 !y 7 assembl$ & photograph$ = comp>ison4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! above *alk+ te/ is useful only :]e ! pa9t$ panels "u exam9ation h be5 expos$ ov] a p]iod ( "o to two ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! *alk+ ( pa9ts has be5 %[n to be greate/ & ! *alk$ surface ( a fairly adh]5t nature4 ,:]e long] exposures h be5 made & :]e ra9s h remov$ f ! pa9t$ panels a consid]able am\nt ( ! *alk$ pigm5t :i* has =m$1 su* a te/ w\ld n be fairly repres5tative ( ! am\nt ( *alk+ :i* _h tak5 place4 #ai ,mr4 ,macgregor ( ! ,pi*] ,lead ,co4 has j develop$ a new te/ to det]m9e ! relative imp]vi\sness ( pa9ts :i* h begun to *alk4 ,he draws a m>k ab\t two in*es long ^u ! pa9t$ surface ) a f\nta9 p54 ,! ink m>k w spread rapidly to a wide area if ! *alk+ is ( a bad ord]4 ,if ! *alk+ is slight & ! film 9 good condition1 ! ink m>k w n spread4 ,illu/ration3 ,s]ies ( ,black ,felt ,clo?s us$ 9 mak+ ! ,*alk ,te/s on ! ,v>i\s ,=mulas4 ,numb]s ov] ,clo?s repres5t ,panels ,illu/ration3 ,,*alk+4--,type ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9t 7magnifi$ view7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*eck+4--,type ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9t 7magnifi$ view7 ,illu/ration3 ,,bli/]+4--,type ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9t 7magnifi$ view7 ,illu/ration3 ,,crack+4--,type ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9t 7magnifi$ view7 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,dis9tegration4--,type ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9t 7magnifi$ view7 ,illu/ration3 ,,scal+4--,type ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9t 7magnifi$ view7 ,gloss4 ,! gloss ( ! v>i\s panels 0 a condition :i* 0 also report$ ^u1 ! middle bo>d ( ea* panel be+ wa%$ ) a wet sponge "o day be=e ! inspection s t any surface dirt might be remov$4 ,by look+ at a panel f ! side1 a day aft] ! wa%+1 ! inspector 0 enabl$ to get a fair idea ( ! degree ( gloss exhibit$ by ea* =mula4 ,hid+ ,p[]4 ,! hid+ p[] ( ea* pa9t 0 det]m9$1 z be=e describ$1 by obs]v+ ! degree to :i* ! /5cill$ lampblack cross on ! prim+ coat 0 visible ?r\gh ! second & ?ird coats4 ,s+le pigm5t pa9ts su* z :ite lead possess$ v great hid+ p[] & obscur$ ! black cross almo/ completely1 :ile ! cross 0 q visible ?r\gh pa9ts conta9+ high p]c5tages ( cry/all9e pigm5ts4 ,*eck+4 ,! *eck+ ( ea* panel 0 det]m9$ by exam9+ ) a small high-p[] h& glass magnify+ fifte5 diamet]s4 ,x is well kn[n t exam9ations ) su* a h& glass w n det]m9e :e!r s-call$ f9e matt *eck+ is tak+ place1 b x w det]m9e :e!r *eck+ has appe>$ to any m>k$ ext5t4 ,f9e matt *eck+ is ! fir/ sign ( ! decomposition ( a pa9t1 & is prelim9>y to ! visible *eck+ se5 by ! nak$ eye1 :i* is (t5 foll[$ by alligator+4 ,exam9ation ( "s =mulas disclos$ ?is s-call$ alligator+ & ev5 ! expos$ wood betwe5 ! fissur$ surface :i* _h develop$ f :at 7 at fir/ f9e hair *ecks4 ,x is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 possible to pr$ict ) a fair degree ( accuracy by exam9ation ( a pa9t$ surface1 "o ye> aft] exposure1 h[ ! pa9t w we> 9 ! future & :at its appe>ance w be at ! end ( ano!r ye>4 ,h>dness4 ,! h>dness ( ea* panel c\ld n be det]m9$ ) any degree ( accuracy1 b ! inspectors 7 able to r\ghly det]m9e ?is condition by v close inspection4 ,f practical exp]i5ce ( ! we>+ ( :ite lead & z9c oxide1 & ! comp>ative h>dness ( ^! two pigm5ts1 z9c oxide 0 select$ z ! maximum = h>dness & t]m$ numb] #aj1 :ile :ite lead 0 select$ z ! m9imum & t]m$ numb] #a4 ,! v>y+ degrees ( h>dness exhibit$ by ! =mulas 7 record$ 9 t]ms f "o to t54 ,?is comp>ison ( c\rse 0 only an approximate "o4 ,g5]al ,condition4 ,! s-call$ g5]al conditions ( ! panels 01 z a rule1 ! cons5sus ( ! judgm5t held by ! v>i\s inspectors1 ) due reg>d to su* prop]ties z *alk+1 *eck+1 gloss1 hid+ p[]1 color ma9t5ance1 condition ( surface1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,results ,,( ,,atlantic ,,city ,,te/s ,results on ,v>i\s ,woods4 ,on ! ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce all ! te/s made on yell[ p9e & cypress 7 f\nd to be 9 an unsatisfactory condition = a report1 = 9 e case ! sap & small knots conta9$ 9 su* wood _h a v bad effect ^u ! pa9t1 caus+ peel+ & scal+4 ,! :ite p9e panels 7 9 v mu* bett] condition1 & x 0 !re=e decid$ to make ! inspection entirely f ! :ite p9e panels & 9 ! future to remove ! yell[ p9e & ! cypress panels f ! f5ce & f ! te/4 ,! ,committee advis$ t all future te/s be made on :ite p9e1 z x is obvi\sly unfair to use any?+ b ! highe/ grade wood = a pa9t te/ 9 :i* ! desire is to det]m9e ! comp>ative we>+ value ( pigm5ts4 ,,note4--,rec5t te/s h %[n t ,cypress may be successfully pa9t$ :5 ! prim+ coat ( pa9t is ?9n$ ) ,b5zol 7,solv5t ,naph?a74 ,illu/ration3 ,panels on ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce ,two ,l[] ,sets ( ,panels are pa9t$ ) ,li?opone ,pa9ts4 ,rapid ,failure %[n ,illu/ration3 ,panels on ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 ,panels on ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce ,two ,l[] ,sets ( ,panels are ,pa9t$ ) ,comb9ation ,pigm5t ,pa9ts4 ,excell5t ,results %[n ,pa9ts ,conta9+ ,li?opone4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ exhibitions ( pa9t dis9tegration 9 ! :ole te/ 0 ! failure ( ne>ly all ! li?opone =mulas te/$4 ,at ! "t ^! =mulas 7 sugge/$ = ! te/1 v>i\s ,european te*nical j\rnals _h advocat$ ! use ( li?opone 9 l>ge p]c5tage = pa9ts to be us$ on ext]ior surfaces4 ,good results _h be5 obta9$ 9 ! nor?we/]n section ( ,europe1 ) ?is pigm5t 9 c]ta9 mixtures1 & ! object ( ^! li?opone te/s at ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg 0 to det]m9e :e!r satisfactory pa9ts c\ld be made ( ?is pigm5t = exposure 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,failure ( ! te/s1 h[ev]1 9 ne>ly e case except :]e z9c oxide & :it+ 7 mix$ ) ! li?opone1 indicat$ t pigm5ts su* z z9c & :it+ are necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t ! decomposition ( li?opone pigm5t pa9ts4 ,! decay ( li?opone pa9ts aft] !y are appli$ seems to />t ) rapid oxidation ( ! l9se$ oil1 & ?is oxidation seems to cont9ue 9 a progressive & ev5 accel]at$ way2 aft] six mon?s' exposure ! surface ( ! pa9t be+ *alk$ to a great ext5t & %[+ rapid decomposition ( ! b9d] or vehicle4 ,inasmu* z li?opone is really an in]t pigm5t1 ?is rapid decomposition ( its vehicle _c be expla9$ 9 ! same way z ! decomposition ( ! vehicle ( pure :ite lead pa9ts1 :]e ! alkal9e nature ( ! lead is probably responsible = ! =mation ( easily de/roy$ comp\nds4 ,z complete failure _h tak5 place 9 ne>ly e case :]e li?opone _h be5 us$1 x 0 decid$ to condemn ! li?opone panels on ! f5ce1 consi/+ ( =mulas #ba to #bg1 includ+ panels #aea to #afd 9 :ite1 panels #aca to #add 9 yell[1 & #aji to #abb 9 gray4 ,^! li?opone te/s 7 lat] on replac$ by new te/s 9 #aiji1 :i* w be report$ ^u lat] 9 ?is book4 ,g5]al ,results4 ,f ^! te/s1 ! inspectors rea*$ ! unanim\s conclusion t a pa9t made f any mixture ( m ?an "o :ite opaque pigm5t1 ei!r :5 us$ alone or 9 comb9ation ) small p]c5tages ( in]t pigm5ts1 is f> sup]ior to any "o s+le pigm5t pa9t4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! /raight :ite lead pa9ts fail$ 9 e case1 & ?is failure 0 s m>k$ z to make x a conclusive demon/ration ( ! unfitness ( :ite lead along ! ,atlantic coa/1 :5 us$ )\t o!r pigm5ts4 ,pa9ts made ) l>ge p]c5tages ( :ite lead1 h[ev]1 gave excell5t results4 ,gypsum 0 f\nd unsafe to use 9 any l>ge proportion 9 a pa9t1 because ( its solubility & liability to p]colate ?r\gh ! coat+ ( l9oxyn or dri$ film1 ?us de/roy+ ! surface ( ! pa9t4 ,:it+1 or calcium c>bonate1 demon/rat$ t x c\ld be us$ 9 mod]ate p]c5tage ) "s effici5cy1 b x 0 evid5t t any great excess ( ?is pigm5t mu/ also be avoid$ on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy t[>ds rapid *alk+4 ,magnesium silicate1 alum9um silicate1 & silica are ?ree in]t pigm5ts :i* prov$ to be ( great value 9 /r5g!n+ & re9=c+ pa9ts1 especially :5 !y 7 us$ 9 small p]c5tage4 ,9 ! same way1 black fixe & b>ytes1 or b>ium sulphate1 also appe>$ to be useful 9 /r5g!n+ a pa9t4 ,z ^! two la/ nam$ pigm5ts are *emically ! same b physically diff]5t1 ! use ( bo? 9 a pa9t =mula is consid]$ advantage\s1 because ( ! diff]5ces 9 size & =m ( _! p>ticles4 ,color ,te/s4 ,x 0 ! unanim\s conclusion ( all ! inspectors t panels ( all =mulas :i* 7 t9t$ ei!r gray or yell[ 7 %[+ f> sup]ior we> & less *alk+ & *eck+ ?an ^? :i* 7 pa9t$ 9 pla9 :ite4 ,! re9=c+ action ( ! t9t+ mat]ials mu/ be cr$it$ = ?is l5g!n+ ( ! we> ( su* pa9ts4 ,=mulas #e1 #f1 #i1 & #af1 = in/ance1 9 ! gray1 7 9 mo/ excell5t condition1 & 9 ^! =mulas 7 us$ o*re1 umb]1 bone-black1 c>bon-black1 ,v5etian r$ & o!r in]t bases4 ,on ! yell[ panels1 =mulas #e1 #f1 #i1 & #af 7 also 9 v sup]ior condition1 & 9 ^! =mulas *rome yell[ & in]t pigm5ts 7 also us$4 ,"s ( ! color te/s includ$ ! prim+ ( bo>ds ) :ite lead1 z9c oxide1 sublim$ :ite lead1 li?opone1 & o!r s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,ov] ^! prim+ coats 0 plac$ a high grade brilliant p>anitranil9e r$4 ,fairly good results 7 obta9$ 9 e case1 b especially :5 li?opone or z9c oxide 0 us$ z a prim+ base4 ,^! pigm5ts seem$ to h no effect ^u ! con/itution ( ! p>a r$4 ,prussian blue1 a color$ pigm5t l>gely us$1 b "o liable to react ) c]ta9 pa9t pigm5ts1 0 admix$ ) v>i\s pa9ts appli$ to c]ta9 panels4 ,?is color 0 f\nd 9 "s cases to h fad$ mat]ially1 especially :5 mix$ ) alkal9e pigm5ts su* z :ite lead4 ,sublim$ :ite lead & z9c oxide1 :i* are m in]t 9 nature1 did n h su* action on ,prussian blue1 & ! t9t$ bases ( ^! pigm5ts /ood up 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,! gre5s :i* 7 te/$ 7 all 9 v good condition1 ) abs5ce ( fad+1 & %[+ only slight mildew4 ,cond5s$ ,results ( ,inspection4 ,! results ( inspection z obta9$ by ! f5ce committee#bj hav+ 9 *>ge ! inspection ( ! te/1 h be5 cond5s$ into table =m1 & are pres5t$ on pages #acj-aca4 #bj ,r4 ,s4 ,p]ry1 ,director ,sci5tific ,section1 ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,u4 ,s42 ,george ,butl]1 ,(ficial ,pa9t]1 repres5t+ ,ma/] ,h\se ,pa9t]s' ,decorators' ,association1 ,h4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,as/4 ,director4 ,second ,annual ,inspection ( ! ,atlantic ,city ,te/ ,f5ce4 ,aft] ! orig9al pa9ts :i* _h be5 appli$ to ! ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce _h be5 expos$ = ov] two ye>s1 ano!r inspection 0 made by a committee repres5t+ ! ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association ( ,philadelphia & ! ,sci5tific ,section ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a dige/ ( ! report ( ?is committee#ba foll[s3 #ba ,george ,butl]1 ,(ficial ,pa9t] ,atlantic ,city ,te/ ,f5ce1 repres5t+ ,philadelphia ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association2 ,*>les ,macni*ol1 ,ma/] ,pa9t]2 ,h5ry ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,director ,sci5tific ,section1 ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,! pa9t$ panels 7 all c>efully inspect$ by ! inspectors 9 ! usual mann]4 ,) ! aid ( high-p[] magnify+ glasses1 *eck+ 0 det]m9$4 ,! degree ( *alk+ exhibit$ by ! v>i\s pa9ts 0 asc]ta9$ by rubb+ a piece ( black clo? across ! surface ( ea* pa9t4 ,close obs]vance 0 made to det]m9e scal+1 peel+1 crack+1 gloss1 color1 & ! o!r factors to be consid]$ :5 exam9+ a pa9t$ surface4 ,f ^! obs]vations x 0 possible = ! inspectors to /ate :e!r a panel exhibit$ g5]al good condition1 g5]al fair condition1 or g5]al poor condition4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,results--,,fir/ ,,inspection--,,atlantic ,,city ,,te/ ,,f5ce ,=mula ,,in]t ,,pigm5ts ,no4 --------------------------------- ,c>bonate ,calcium ,lead ,c>bonate ,z9c ,calcium ,oxide ,sulphate ,sublim$ ,magnesium ,:ite ,silicate ,lead ,b>ium ,z9c ,sulphate ,lead ,silica ,:ite ,blanc ,fixe ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #cj4j #gj4j #b #ej4j #ej4j #c #bj4j #ej4j #bj4j #aj4j #d #dh4e #dh4e #c4j #e #bb4j #ej4j #b4j #bf4j #f #fd4j #cf4j #g #cg4j #fc4j #h #ch4j #dh4j #ad4j #i #gc4j #b4j #be4j #aj #dd4j #df4j #e4j #e4j #aa #ej4j #ej4j #ab #fj4j #cd4j #f ,in]t ,pigm5ts #ac #bg4j #fj4j #c4j #aj4j #ad #be4j #be4j #bj4j #e4j #be4j #ae #bj4j #dj4j #cj4j #aj4j #af #cc4j #cc4j #cd4j #ag #dj4j #dj4j #c4j #ac4j #d4j #ah #ge4j #be4j #ai #be4j #ge4j #bj #fg4j #ai4e #aj4j #c4e #cc #ae4j #cj4j #be4j #cj4j #cd #ch4ie #cc4eh #d4ha #ai4dh #c4ah #ce #cg4ea #be4hg #g4hd #bj4cf #h4db #cfajj4j #cgajj4j #chajj4j #ci #ajj4j #dj #ajj4j #de #ajj4j #df #fa4j #ci4j #dg #ajj4j ,=mula ,panel ,hid+,color ,h>d- ,no4 ,no4 ,p[] ness ,fir/ ,condi- ,coat tion ,second ,coat ,?ird ,coat ,av]- age ---------------------------------------- -------- #afaj #ihg #ffd #ged #a;,good ,good ,excell5t #h #biacajff #idh #igf #c;,good ,good ,good #e #ciab #iad #ghf #hga #e;,good ,fair ,good #d #dgei #iciajdg #iae #g;,good ,good ,good #e #egadajjj #gji #hjh #i;,good ,weak ,good #h-a_/b #fibhaahi #hfc #iic #aa;,fairly,weak ,good #h ,good #ggfc #igb #hia #hge #ac;,good ,good ,(f ,color #g #hghf #iaj #gfg #hba #ae;,good ,good ,good #h-a_/b #igafajha #hab #hgj #ag;,fair ,poor ,good #i #ajhfaajad #hfb #iab #ai;,good ,fair ,good #e #aahbb #iei #iah #ijj #ba;,good ,good ,excell5t #g-a_/b #abhfb #ife #gcd #hed #bc;,good ,m$ium,good #d #aciafajcaaaba #ajgc #be;,good ,good ,good #d #adefd #hjf #ghe #gah #bg;,bad ,m$ium,good #e #aeiceajddacei #aaac #bi;,good ,m$ium,good #h-a_/b #afgii #ijc #iid #hii #ca;,fair ,fair ,good #g-a_/b #aghjfajaf #hhd #ijb #cc;,good ,fair ,good #d #ahghhabeg #igc #ajjfade;,good ,good ,excell5t #c #aigjjaahcadjj #ajidadg;,good ,good ,excell5t #b #bjggfajfc #hgg #ijeadi;,good ,good ,good #e #cceab #hcf #fhi #fgiagf ,fair #cdebc #hjj #haj #gaaage;,good ,m$ium,good #d #cedej #hic #gbd #fhiahj;,good ,good ,good #d #cfdjh #gaa #hfa #ffjaha;,bad ,good ,good #a #cgebdajfe #hbh #hjfahb;,bad ,good ,good #a #cheee #hhh #gid #gdfagg;,bad ,good ,good #a #cieej #ida #iaf #hjbagh;,good ,fair ,good #f #djfdc #haj #iih #hagafh;,good ,good ,good #b #dehej #agj;,fair ,fair ,good #i #dfghc #afi;,fair ,good ,good #i #dggcj #agb ,good ,good #aj ,=mula ,no4 ,*eck+ ,*alk+ ,gloss ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,v ,slight,high ,l rubb$ v>ni% "w4 #b;,h>d ,matt ,mod]ate ,m$4 ,high #c ,m$ium ,slight #d ,v ,slight,m$4 ,high #e ,slight ,high ,h>d surface4 #f,matt ,good ,surface r\gh4 #g ,slight ,high #h ,slight ,high #i;,heavy ,matt ,m$ium ,high ,peel+ />t$4 #aj ,"s ,m$4 ,high #aa,m$4 ,matt ,"s ,m$4 ,high ,"s wa%+ & discoloration4 #ab;,heavy ,matt ,bad ,m$ium #ac ,m$ium ,fair #ad;,evid5t ,"s ,m$ium ,dead1 spongy1 surface4 ,:ite incru/ations4 #ae;,co>se ,matt,slight ,high #af;,bad ,slight ,good ,:ite incru/ations4 #ag ,"s ,fair #ah;,h>d ,matt ,mod]ate ,m$ium #ai;,h>d ,matt ,slight ,v ,little #bj ,v ,little,m$ium #cc ,good ,r\gh surface4 #cd;,evid5t ,slight ,egg ,%ell #ce,matt ,egg ,%ell #cf,v ,bad ,egg ,%ell ,same z #agg1 b ,app>5t *eck+ n s bad4 #cg,v ,bad ,egg ,%ell ,same z #agg b wood ,app>5t %[s m pla9ly4 #ch;,bad ,bad ,egg ,%ell ,crack+ & p]i%+ evid5t4 #ci ,"s ,good #dj ,consid]- ,egg ,%ell able #de,v ,evi- ,high d5t #df,"s ,good #dg;,app>5t ,good ,indication ( scal+4 ,an inspection ( ! :ite lead pa9ts on ! f5ce indicat$ 9 e in/ance a r\gh1 *alk$1 & dis9tegrat$ surface t seem$ to be well worn1 9 "s cases ne>ly to ! wood4 ,! /rongly oxidiz+ air ( ! seacoa/ is probably responsible = ! e>ly decay ( ?is pigm5t4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ! comb9ation type ( pa9t %[$ bett] hid+ p[] ?an :ite lead1 ov] ! black crosses plac$ on ! prim+ coat ( ea* panel1 z a hid+ p[] te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ( ,f5ce %[+ ,pres5t ,re>rangem5t ( ,panels ,,te/s ,,inaugurat$ ,,9 #aijg ,,*>t ,,( ,,results ,,( ,,second ,,annual ,,inspection ,,( ,,atlantic ,,city ,,te/ ,,f5ce1 ,,may1 #aiaj ,,=mulas ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,f ,,in]t ,,pigm5ts o ----------------------------- r ,basic ,c>bonate ,calcium m ,:ite ,lead ,c>bonate u ,z9c ,oxide ,calcium l ,basic ,sulphate a ,sulphate ,magnesium ,:ite ,lead ,silicate ,n ,z9c ,b>ium u ,lead ,sulphate m ,:ite ,silica b -- ,blanc e ,fixe r -- ---------------------------------------- ------- #a #cj #gj -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- #b #ej #ej -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- #c #bj #ej #bj --#aj ---- -- -- -- #d #dh4e #dh4e -- -- #c4j ---- -- -- -- #e #bb #ej -- -- #b --#bf -- -- -- #f -- #fd -- -- -- ---- #cf -- -- #g #cg #fc -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- #h #ch #dh -- -- -- ---- -- #ad -- #i -- #gc -- -- #b ---- -- #be -- #aj #dd #df -- -- #e -- #e -- -- -- #aa #ej #ej -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- #ab #fj #cd -- -- -- #f ,in]t ,pigm5t -- #ac -- #bg #fj -- #c --#aj -- -- -- #ad #be #be #bj -- #e #be-- -- -- -- #ae #bj #dj -- #cjaj ---- -- -- -- #af #cc #cc -- -- -- ---- #cd -- -- #ag #dj #dj -- -- -- -- #c #ac -- #d #ah #ge #be -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- #ai -- #be #ge -- -- ---- -- -- -- #bj #fg4j #ai4e -- --#aj4j -- #c4e-- -- -- #cc #ae #cj #be -- -- ---- -- #cj -- #cd #ch4ie #cc4eh #d4ha --#ai4dh---- #a4ei #a4ei -- #ce #cg4ea #be4hg #g4hd --#bj4cf---- #d4ba #d4ba -- #cfajj -- -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #cgajj -- -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #chajj -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- #ci -- -- -- #ajj -- ---- -- -- -- #dj -- -- #ajj -- -- ---- -- -- -- #de -- #ij -- --#aj ---- -- -- -- #df -- #fa -- -- -- ---- #ci -- -- #dg -- #ajj -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- ,f o r ,p m a u n l e a l ,,report ,,( ,,inspection ,n ------------------------------------- ,n u ,,g5e- u m ,,ral m b ,,con- b e ,,di- e r ,,*alk+ ,,*eck+ ,,tion ,,rem>ks r ---------------------------------------- -- #a,v slight,v slight ,good -- #a #b,m$ium ,slight ,v -- #c good #c,m$ium ,slight ,good -- #e #d,v slight,slight ,good -- #g #e,slight ,slight ,good -- #i #f,v slight,slight ,good -- #aa #g,m$ium ,slight ,good -- #ac #h,slight ,v slight ,good -- #ae #i,v bad ,deep1 ) ,poor -- #ag scal+ #aj;,heavy ,deep ,m$ium-- #ai #aa,m$ium ,m$ium ,fair -- #ba #ab,m$ium ,deep ,fair -- #bc #ac,m$ium ,slight ,v -- #be good #ad,m$ium ,lat]al ,fair -- #bg #ae,slight ,visible ),poor -- #bi nak$ eye #af,slight ,slight ,good -- #ca #ag,m$ium ,slight ,good -- #cc #ah,m$ium ,slight ,v -- #ade good #ai;,consid]- ,deep ,good -- #adg able #bj,m$ium ,slight ,good -- #adi #cc,m$ium ,slight ,v -- #agf good #cd,slight ,slight ,good -- #age lat]al #ce,slight ,lat]al ,good -- #ahj #cf;,consid]- ,heavy ,fair ,r\gh #aha able surface #cg;,consid]- ,heavy & ,poor ,r\gh #ahb able deep surface #ch,m ?an ,v deep ,poor -- #agg ,panel no4 #ahb #ci;,consid]- ,v slight ,good -- #agh able #dj;,heavy ,slight ,good -- #afh #de,slight ,slight ,good -- #agj #df,slight ,m$ium ,fair -- #afi #dg,none ,v deep ,poor -- #agb ,!re are no pigm5ts possess+ great] hid+ prop]ties :5 fir/ us$ ?an :ite leads1 b ! lack ( hid+ p[] on ! :ite lead panels aft] two ye>s' exposure 0 caus$ by ! *alk+ away ( ! lead4 ,! sup]ior hid+ p[] ( ! composite pa9ts 0 due to ! action ( ! o!r pigm5ts 9 ^! comb9ation pa9ts 9 prev5t+ ! lead f *alk+ away4 ,! ,committee f9ds t ! addition ( a reasonable p]c5tage ( z9c oxide to :ite lead increases its durability & ret>ds its *alk+1 r5d]s x :it]1 & =ms a surface t pres5ts a mu* bett] repa9t+ condition4 ,! comb9ations ( :ite lead & z9c oxide on ! ,atlantic ,city ,te/ ,f5ce 7 9 g5]al good condition ?r\gh\t4 ,corrod$ :ite lead1 sublim$ :ite lead1 z9c oxide1 & z9c lead are ! /&>d :ite opaque pigm5ts4 ,!y 7 all te/$ on ! ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce & x 0 f\nd t to use any "o alone results 9 inf]ior protection to ! wood4 ,b>ium sulphate1 silica1 asbe/9e1 *9a clay1 & calcium c>bonate are ! /&>d cry/all9e pigm5ts4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! ov]load+ ( pa9ts ) ^! cry/all9e or in]t pigm5ts has be5 ! cause ( ! prejudice t pa9t]s h _h aga9/ _! use4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ beyond controv]sy1 h[ev]1 t ! use ( ^! pigm5ts1 9 mod]ate p]c5tage1 comb9$ ) any ( ! /&>d opaque :ite pigm5ts1 su* z :ite leads1 z9c oxide1 etc41 und\bt$ly results 9 bett] s]vice f e /&po9t & =ms ! mo/ satisfactory :ite pa9t = g5]al outside use4 ,"s ( ! mo/ p]fect pa9t$ surfaces on ! f5ce 7 ^? made on ! above basis z ref]5ce to ! *>t$ report w %[4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,results ,,( ,,pittsburg ,,te/s ,! ,fir/ ,annual ,inspection ( ! ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce took place dur+ ,may1 #aiji1 a little ov] "o ye> aft] ! pa9t$ panels _h be5 plac$ 9 position4 ,! inspectors f\nd t 9 ,pittsburg a heavy deposit ( soot _h =m$ on ! panels1 & !y consid]$ x !re=e inadvisable to make a detail$ report ( ! inspection until ! second ye> ( ! exposure4 ,! g5]al results ( ! ,pittsburg inspection z report$ by ! ?ree committees#bb hav+ sup]vision ov] ! "w1 is1 h[ev]1 giv5 h]e)4 #bb ,j4 ,h4 ,james1 ,*airman ,te/ ,f5ce ,committee1 ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools4 ,a4 ,c4 ,rapp1 ,*airman ,f5ce ,committee1 ,pittsburg ,bran* ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,association ( ,ma/] ,pa9t]s4 ,r4 ,s4 ,p]ry1 ,director ,sci5tific ,section1 ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,u4 ,s42 ,h4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,as/4 ,director4 ,illu/ration3 ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce ,dur+ ! inspection ( ! ,pittsburg te/s x 0 decid$ to condemn ! li?opone panels on ! f5ce1 :i* consi/$ ( =mulas #ba to #bg1 includ+ panels #aea to #afd 9 :ite1 #aca to #add 9 yell[1 #aji to #abb 9 gray4 ,almo/ complete failure _h tak5 place 9 e case :]e li?opone _h be5 us$4 ,^! li?opone te/s 7 lat] on replac$ by new te/s :i* are describ$ lat] 9 ?is book4 ,wood ,mo/ ,valuable = ,te/4 ,z on ! ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce1 ! :ite p9e panels af=d$ ! be/ results & gives ! be/ indication ( ! comp>ative we>+ ( ! pa9ts & af=ds no unfair condition1 su* z o!r woods might (f]1 to int]f]e ) ! te/4 ,condition ( ,cypress4 ,cypress %[$ inf]ior conditions1 except t x 0 m pron\nc$ & m discoloration ( ! panels 0 notic$ on ?is grade ( wood1 :i* seems to be extremely greasy 9 nature & difficult to prop]ly prime1 ev5 :5 ! pa9t us$ ^u ?is wood conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( volatile dilu5t4 ,removal ( ,li?opone ,panels4 ,! ,jo9t ,committees confirm$ ! previ\s recomm5dation to remove all ! li?opone =mulas1 & !y decid$ to remove ! cypress & ! yell[ p9e panels 9 e =mula except 9 ! :ite pa9ts4 ,x 0 decid$ to reassemble all ! :ite p9e panels & gr\p !m toge!r = purposes ( comp>ison1 & 9 place ( ! panels condemn$ & remov$1 to sub/itute a s]ies ( new =mulas1 to fur!r wid5 ! scope ( ! te/s4 ,ultimate ,value ( ,mix$ ,pa9ts4 ,! results ( ! inspection conclusively %[ t a mixture ( m ?an "o prime :ite pigm5t1 :e!r ?is mixture be alone or 9 comb9ation ) a small p]c5tage ( in]t pigm5t1 produces a pa9t f> sup]ior to a pa9t manufactur$ f "o pigm5t alone4 ,z a g5]al /atem5t ( ! comp>ative we>+ ( ! pa9ts1 x might be said t ! composite =mulas are less advanc$ t[>d de/ruction ?an ! pa9ts made f s+le pigm5ts su* z li?opones1 :ite leads & z9c oxides4 ,x is n to be und]/ood f ?is /atem5t t x is ! op9ion ( ! committee t all ( ! composite =mulas are ( equal value or t all ( !m are to be recomm5d$1 b x is meant t ! high] types1 z evid5c$ by ! appe>ance ( ! panels1 are 9 ! above relation to ! s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,panels on ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce ,li?opone ,de/roy$ ,rapidly at ,pittsburg4 ,x 0 evid5t "s "t ago t ! =mulas conta9+ l>ge p]c5tages ( li?opone 7 rapidly fail+1 & _! appe>ance 0 v mu* ! same z ^? =mulas ( a simil> type at ,atlantic ,city4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be "s diff]5ce 9 ! way ^! =mulas broke d[n2 ^? on ! ,pittsburg ,f5ce hav+ %[n ! quick] de/ruction1 possibly due to ! action ( ! acid gases 9 ! air ^u ! pa9t coat+4 ,?is fur!r confirms ! /atem5t t pa9t compositions conta9+ su* heavy p]c5tages ( li?opone & int5d$ = outside use mu/ be design$ ) relation to ! p>ticul> uses ( ! product & to ! climate 9 :i* !y are to be us$4 ,x w also be necess>y to consid] m c>efully ! vehicle ( ! pa9ts :i* are to be made ( ?is pigm5t4 ,possible ,value ( ,exclud+ ,vehicle = ,li?opone4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ! committee t mu* bett] pa9ts conta9+ li?opone c\ld be design$ by v>y+ ! p]c5tages ( ! mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! =mulas1 & x 0 sugge/$ t a less p5etrable vehicle1 made m on ! l9e ( a v>ni%1 & n z easily affect$ z /raight l9oxyn1 %\ld be exp]im5t$ ) 9 connection ) ^! li?opone =mulas4 ,! success ( c]ta9 ,european c\ntries 9 us+ li?opone z a pigm5t1 ev5 9 a v high p]c5tage1 may be due to ! use ( a special vehicle1 &1 if x is f\nd 9 future te/s t ?is mat]ial1 :i* has be5 report$ z well suit$ 9 ,nor!rn ,european climates1 may be b5efit$ & made ( s]vice by ! addition ( special oils & special vehicles1 !n ?is te/ w\ld be ( great value to ! :ole pa9t trade at l>ge4 ,prelim9>y inspections 7 made on ,octob] #f? & lat] on ,decemb] #ab?1 #aijh1 & a m>k$ diff]5ce 0 obs]v$ at ! two inspections 9 ! we>+ ( ! v>i\s =mulas4 ,! lapse ( ! two mon?s betwe5 ^! inspections gave opportunity dur+ :i* cold wea!r caus$ contraction ( ! pa9t film :i* _h be5 previ\sly subject$ to ! hot summ] sun1 & caus$ m>k$ *alk+ ( ! :ite lead =mulas4 ,on ,octob] #f? ?is *alk+ 0 j comm5c+1 :ile 9 ! ,decemb] inspection x 0 well advanc$1 & at ! annual inspection1 _h proce$$ to su* an ext5t t ! pigm5t _h be5 wa%$ f ! panels repres5t+ ^? pa9ts :i* _h />t$ e>ly *alk+4 ,panel #agg1 repres5t+ ,z9c ,lead1 0 f\nd to be extremely d>k 9 color ?r\gh\t ! coat+ & 0 m on ! ord] ( a grayi% t9t4 ,x resi/$ all attempts to wa% x d[n to a :ite surface4 ,! panel1 h[ev]1 9 o!r respects1 0 9 fairly good condition4 ,condition ( ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,panels4 ,panel #agd1 repres5t+ ,type ,b ,pure ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead1 0 v badly p]i%$ & discolor$1 & an exam9ation ( ! surface %[$ v bad *eck+4 ,long cont9u$ wa%+ ) a sponge remov$ a discolor$ surface & %[$ b a r ?9 coat+4 ,panel #age1 repres5t+ ,type ,c ,pure ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead1 %[$ mo/ m>k$ *eck+ & 0 9 v mu* ! same condition z #agd & #agf4 ,panel #agf1 repres5t+ ,type ,a ,pure ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead1 0 9 ! same condition z ! ,type ,b & ,c ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,leads4 ,condition ( ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead4 ,panel #agh1 repres5t+ ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead 7,basic ,sulphate-,:ite ,lead17 0 *alk+1 & ! pa9t coat 0 some:at dis9tegrat$4 ,! *alk+ pres5t on ?is =mula1 h[ev]1 %[$ t ! dis9tegration ( ! pa9t coat _h n tak5 place = sev]al mon?s aft] ! ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,leads4 ,?is panel ma9ta9$ good color1 n be+ act$ ^u by sulphur gases4 ,black5+ ( ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead4 ,! black & gray =mation on all ! ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead panels 0 probably due to ! action ( sulphur gases :i* are pres5t 9 ! di/rict imm$iate to ,pittsburg1 & :i* may cause ! =mation ( black sulphide ( lead4 ,possibly a g5]al conclusion f all ^! panels might be describ$ z a p]i%+ ( ! pa9t coat+1 ) ! =mation ( sulphide ( lead :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t protects ! coat+ b5ea? x1 b ! p]i%+ has proce$$ to su* an ext5t t ! unalt]$ pa9t coat+ left is b a slight protection to ! wood1 be+ extremely ?94 ,! committee resolv$ t ! detail$ obs]vations ( ! panels c\ld n be made & t !y w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ detail$ comp>isons betwe5 ! v>i\s =mulas1 giv+ ! gloss1 h>dness1 g5]al condition1 *eck+1 etc4 ,precision 9 ?is "w at su* a "t 0 impossible1 & x 0 decid$ t a fur!r p]iod w\ld h to elapse be=e su* a detail$ comp>ison c\ld be made betwe5 ! v>i\s bl5d$ or composite =mulas on ! f5ce4 ,report on ,colors4 ,x 0 resolv$ t at ! next inspection ( ! ,pittsburg ,f5ce1 portions ( ! orig9al samples ( ! orig9al pa9ts us$ = ! yell[s & grays %\ld be on h&1 previ\sly pa9t$ out on small panels = comp>ison = ! det]ioration ( ! colors on ^! same panels on ! f5ce4 ,an exam9ation ( ! comb9ation =mula grays by ! committee l$ to ! g5]al conclusion t ^? grays :i* did n conta9 a v l>ge p]c5tage ( :ite lead 7 sup]ior 9 _! ma9t5ance ( tone & t9t & g5]al condition to any ( ! o!r grays ^u ! f5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! pres5ce ( umb]1 o*re1 & r$ oxide 9 "s ( ! grays :i* %[$ to ! be/ advantage may acc\nt = _! p]man5ce ( tone4 ,"s ( ^! grays 7 ! s-call$ w>m grays & 7 mu* d>k] 9 tone & t9t ?an ! ord9>y drab :i* is g5]ally appli$4 ,! /raight pure ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead pa9ts 7 n pa9t$ out 9 grays or yell[1 ! te/ ^u ?is mat]ial be+ only 9 :ite4 ,on ,panels #abj & #abf1 :i* repres5t =mulas #f & #i respectively1 ! grays are 9 mo/ excell5t condition1 & x w be f\nd1 by ref]5ce to =mulas #f & #i1 t !re is an abs5ce ( :ite lead 9 _! composition4 ,^! =mulas1 h[ev]1 conta9$ a small p]c5tage ( umb] & o*re4 ,=mulas #e & #af conta9$ ov] #bj ,:ite ,lead & ! gray ( ^! =mulas ma9ta9$ _! blue tone v well4 ,^! =mulas 7 t9t$ solely ) lampblack4 ,an inspection ( ,panel #ach1 :i* repres5ts ,=mula #ae1 %[$ good ma9t5ance ( color 9 ! gray1 & 0 9 mu* bett] condition z reg>ds p]man5ce ( color ?an ! o!r grays conta9+ :ite lead4 ,a /udy ( ! yell[ panels on ! f5ce l$ to ! unanim\s conclusion t a lib]al am\nt ( ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead seem$ to h a b5eficial result 9 pres]v+ ! bright tone ( ! *rome yell[ 9 t9ts s /rong z ^? us$ on ! f5ce4 ,x 0 not$ t ,panel #ajh1 :i* repres5ts ,=mula #bh1 & 9 :i* z9c yell[ 0 us$1 %[$ great p]man5ce ( tone & t9t4 ,un=tunately ?is z9c *romate 0 add$ to a =mula conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( li?opone1 & ! de/ruction ( ! li?opone to a great ext5t affect$ ! value ( ?is te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,:it5ess ( ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,d>kness ( ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,on ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce ,ma9t5ance ( ,p>a ,r$s4 ,a /udy ( ! p>anitranil9e or azo r$s pa9t$ ov] ! v>i\s pigm5ts z prim+ coats demon/rat$ t ! r$s on ?is f5ce are 9 bett] condition ?an ! r$s at ,atlantic ,city4 ,z is well kn[n1 p>a r$ is manufactur$ by precipitation 9 an acid solution & is be/ ma9ta9$ "u acid conditions4 ,! acidity ( ! ,pittsburg atmosph]e1 caus$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( acid gases :i* are be+ p\r$ into ! air1 day 9 & day out1 & :i* are con/antly cond5s+ on ! surface ( /ructures1 may acc\nt = ! bett] pres]vation ( ^! r$s4 ,x 0 not$ t ! p>a r$s :i* 7 appli$ to panels prime coat$ ) :ite lead seem$ to be bright5+ 9 color & seem$ to be gradually work+ ov] t[>d a light5+ :i* may 9 ! future %[ a p9ki% t9t4 ,report on ,gre5s4 ,! bronze gre5 is 9 mo/ excell5t condition & %[s an abs5ce ( ! mildew appe>ance :i* 0 obs]v$ at ,atlantic ,city4 ,! *rome gre5 is /&+ up exce$+ly well1 !re be+ practically no *ange :atsoev] 9 ! color s9ce x 0 expos$4 ,be/ ,base = ,blues4 ,an inspection ( ! blues %[$ t ^? :i* gave ! greate/ p]man5ce & ! lea/ am\nt ( fad+ 7 appli$ 9 comb9ation ) ei!r ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead 7,basic ,sulphate-,:ite ,lead71 or z9c oxide1 :ile ^? blues :i* 7 appli$ 9 comb9ation ) ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead %[$ m>k$ failure & 7 completely blea*$ out1 due1 ( c\rse1 to ! alkal9e nature ( ! corrod$ :ite lead2 ,prussian blues be+ trans=m$ by alkalies to a :ite comp\nd4 ,sup]ior ,value ( ,composite ,=mulas4 ,"s ( ! mix$ leads1 or s-call$ grad$ leads1 :i* are comb9ations ( :ite leads ) o!r high-grade pigm5ts & conta9+ "s in]t pigm5ts1 7 n det]iorat$ s f> z ! :ite lead =mulas1 & ! g5]al conclusion 0 t !y 7 upw>d ( six mon?s beh9d ! det]ioration ( ! /raight :ite leads1 & ?is 0 confirm$ by ! pres5ce ( mod]ate *alk+1 %[+ an excell5t repa9t+ surface & a bett] ?ickness & condition ( ! pa9t coat+4 ,! same conclusions :i* 7 rea*$ at ,atlantic ,city1 z to ! be/ me?od ( %ellack+1 obta9$ also on ! ,pittsburg ,f5ce1 namely1 t application ( ! %ellac to ! wood previ\s to ! fir/ coat is ! bett] me?od4 ,analysis ( ,pa9ts4 ,at ! "t ( ! pa9t+ ( ! f5ce a sample ( ea* pa9t 0 plac$ 9 small friction top cans1 c>efully label$1 & s5t to ! ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools' laboratory = analysis4 ,! analyses ( ^! pa9ts 7 made by memb]s ( ! ,te/ ,f5ce ,committee1 repres5t+ ! s*ools1 & appe> 9 ?is bullet94 ,! results obta9$ con=m v closely to ! =mulas :i* 7 appli$ to ! f5ce1 a v>iance ( only "o or two p] c5t4 be+ %[n 9 ! am\nt ( ! diff]5t pigm5ts4 ,second ,annual ,inspection ( ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce4 ,! second annual inspection ( ! ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce 0 made on ,?ursday1 ,may #g?1 #aiaj4 ,! panels 9 ,pittsburg aft] hav+ wea!r$ = ov] two ye>s pres5t$ an appe>ance :i* all[$ ! mak+ ( a detail$ inspection1 ?is hav+ be5 f\nd impossible dur+ ! fir/ annual inspection4 ,! inspection p>ty#bc includ$ ^? ma/] pa9t]s :o repres5t$ ! ,pittsburg ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association1 :o 7 9 *>ge ( ! application ( ! pa9ts 9 #aijg1 #aijh1 & #aiji1 toge!r ) ! te/ f5ce committee f ! faculty ( ! ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools1 & repres5tatives ( ! ,sci5tific ,section4 ,a summ>y ( ! report issu$ by ?is committee foll[s3 #bc ,a4 ,c4 ,rapp1 ,*airman1 ,te/ ,f5ce ,committee1 ,pittsburg ,bran*1 ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association2 ,john ,dew>1 memb] ,f5ce ,committee1 ,pittsburg ,bran*1 ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,association ( ,ma/] ,pa9t]s2 ,j4 ,h4 ,james1 ,*airman1 ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools' ,te/ ,f5ce ,committee2 ,john ,a4 ,s*aeff]1 memb] ,te/ ,f5ce ,committee1 ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools2 ,h5ry ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,director ,sci5tific ,section1 ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,two ( ! memb]s ( ! inspection p>ty h be5 impress$ ) ! lumb] lott]y exi/+ 9 "s field te/s1 :i* h be5 conduct$1 & feel t :5 ! object ( a te/ is to det]m9e ! relative value ( pa9ts1 su* te/s %\ld be conduct$ on a /&>d grade ( wood1 su* z :ite p9e4 ,! use ( cypress1 pit* p9e1 & o!r faulty woods1 is (t5 ! cause ( ! failure ( a pa9t1 :i* on good wood w\ld %[ up well4 ,= ?is reason1 only ! :ite p9e panels pa9t$ ) :ite pa9ts 7 consid]$ 9 ! inspection1 ! yell[ p9e panels & cypress panels hav+ be5 ?r[n out ( ! te/ at la/ ye>'s inspection4 ,*eck+1 crack+1 & alligator+ on ! pa9t$ surfaces 7 det]m9$ by us+ a magnify+ glass4 ,! degree ( *alk+ exi/+ 0 decid$ ^u by us+ small pieces ( black felt clo?1 rubb+ !m aga9/ ! surface ( ! panel2 ! degree ( :it5ess remov$ ^u ! clo? be+ indicative ( ! am\nt ( *alk+ tak+ place4 ,g5]al condition 0 decid$ ^u aft] c>efully weigh+ ! op9ion ( ea* memb] ( ! inspection p>ty1 z reg>ds ! g5]al *>act]i/ics %[n by ea* pa9t1 su* z *eck+1 *alk+1 scal+1 condition = repa9t+1 hid+ p[]1 etc4 ,! results h be5 *>t$ & pres5t$ 9 ?is mann]3#bd #bd ,an endeavor 0 made to use uni=m t]ms 9 report+ on ea* =mula4 ,9 "s cases x 0 necess>y to br+ out m =cibly ! condition by ! ins]tion ( qualify+ rem>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,panel on ,left ,pa9t$ ) ,s+le ,pigm5t ,pa9t2 ,panel on ,"r ,pa9t$ ) ,comb9ation ,pigm5t ,pa9t4 ,photograph tak5 aft] ,two ,ye>s' ,exposure on ,pittsburg ,te/ ,f5ce ,conclusions ,rea*$ f ! ,te/4 ,! prim>y object ( ! te/ made at ,pittsburg 0 to det]m9e :e!r a comb9ation pa9t1 made ( two or m pigm5ts1 w\ld be equal or sup]ior to s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,aft] "o ye>'s exposure1 ! comb9ation type ( pa9t prov$ m durable ?an ! s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,x 0 e>ly app>5t t ! comb9ation type ( pa9ts1 t is1 ^? pa9ts made ( m ?an "o pigm5t1 indicat$ 9 mo/ cases v excell5t we>1 ) a m9imum ( blackness & a g5]al good condition ( surface4 ,,te/s ,,inaugurat$ ,,9 #aijg ,,*>t ,,( ,,results ,,( ,,second ,,annual ,,inspection ,,( ,,pittsburg ,,te/ ,,f5ce1 ,,may1 #aiaj ,,=mulas ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,f ,,in]t ,,pigm5ts o ----------------------------- r ,basic ,c>bonate ,calcium m ,:4 ,l'd ,c>bonate u ,z9c ,oxide ,calcium l ,basic ,sulphate a ,sulphate ,magnesium ,:4 ,l'd ,silicate ,n ,z9c ,b>ium u ,lead ,sulphate m ,:ite ,silica b -- ,blanc e ,fixe r -- ---------------------------------------- ------- #a #cj #gj -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #b #ej #ej -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #c #bj #ej #bj --#aj ---- -- -- -- #d #dh4e #dh4e -- -- #c4j ---- -- -- -- #e #bb #ej -- -- #b --#bf -- -- -- #f -- #fd -- ---- ---- #cf -- -- #g #cg #fc -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #h #ch #dh -- ---- ---- -- #ad -- #i -- #gc -- -- #b ---- -- #be -- #aj #dd #df -- -- #e -- #e -- -- -- #aa #ej #ej -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #ab #fj #cd -- ---- #f ,in]t ,pigm5t #ac -- #bg #fj -- #c --#aj -- -- -- #ad #be #be #bj -- #e #be-- -- -- -- #ae #bj #dj -- #cjaj ---- -- -- -- #af #cc #cc -- ---- ---- #cd -- -- #ag #dj #dj -- ---- -- #c #ac -- #d #ah #ge #be -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #ai -- #be #ge ---- ---- -- -- -- #bj #fg4j #ai4e -- --#aj4j -- #c4e-- -- -- #cc #ae #cj #be ---- ---- -- #cj -- #cd #ch4ie #cc4eh #d4ha --#ai4dh---- #a4ei #a4ei-- #ce #cg4ea #be4hg #g4hd --#bj4cf---- #d4ba #d4ba-- #cfajj -- -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #cgajj -- -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #chajj -- -- ---- ---- -- -- -- #ci -- -- -- #ajj-- ---- -- -- -- #dj -- -- #ajj ---- ---- -- -- -- #de -- #ij -- --#aj ---- -- -- -- #df -- #fa -- ---- ---- -- #ci -- #dg -- #ajj -- ---- ---- -- -- -- ,f o r ,p m a u n l e a l ,,report ,,( ,,inspection ,n ------------------------------------- ,n u ,,g5e- u m ,,ral m b ,,con- b e ,,di- e r ,,*alk+ ,,*eck+ ,,tion ,,rem>ks r ---------------------------------------- -- #a,slight ,none ,good ,slight #b scal+2 fairly :ite surface #b,m$ium ,v slight ,fair ,panels #d q d>k & "s scal+ #c;,consid]- ,none ,good ,fairly #f able :ite #d;,consid]- ,lat]al & ,fair ,:ite #h able irregul> surface #e,m$ium ,v ,v ,extreme- #aj slight good ly :ite surface #f,v slight,v bad2 ,poor ,black #ab r\gh sur- surface face #g,slight ,slight ,good ,m$ium #ad :ite surface #h,slight ,slight ,good ,:ite #af surface2 slight scal+ #i,none ,deep2 ,v ,film #ah peel+ 9 poor brittle places & sur- face d>k #aj,m$ium ,slight la- ,good ,surface #bj t]al 9 v places :ite #aa;,consid]- ,deep matt ,fair ,consi- #bb able *eck+ d]able scal+2 =ma- tion ( black coat+ %at- t]$ (f #ab,m$ium ,slight ,fairly,surface #bd good :ite #ac ,m$ium ,none ,excel-,v #bf l5t :ite #ad;,consid]- ,m$ium ,fair ,panel #bh able fairly :ite #ae,slight ,m$ium ,good ,surface #cj q d>k #af,m$ium ,v slight ,good ,q #cb :ite #ag;,consid]- ,slight1 ,fair ,surface #cd able along fairly lat]al :ite l9es #ah,m$ium ,slight1 ),good ,surface #cf "s scal+ has be- come q d>k #ai;,consid]- ,none ,excel-,no black #ch able l5t coat+2 surface v :ite1 due to in]t- ness ( pigm5t or pro- gressive *alk+ #bj,m$ium ,m$ium ,good #dj #cc;,heavy ,none ,fair ,:ite #afh surface #cd;,consid]- ,v slight ,good ,surface #agb able is v :ite2 progres- sive *alk+ may h prev5t- ed =- mation ( black coat+ #ce;,bad ,none ,good ,v #agc :ite2 no black coat+ evid5t #cf;,bad ,bad ,fair ,surface #agd is dead black2 %att]- ed 9 places #cg;,extremely ,m$ium ,fair ,v #age bad black surface & mottl$ 9 places #ch,v bad ,v bad1 ,poor ,black #agf & q ) scal+ surface du/y is loose & %att]- ed #ci;,consid]- ,slight ,good ,panel #agg able surface q :ite #dj,v bad ,slight ,good ,surface #agh v :ite1 possibly due to progres- sive *alk+ or 9- ertness ( pig- m5t #de,slight ,consid]able,fair ,:ite #afi surface #df,slight ,slight ,fair ,consi- #agj d]able scal+ pres5t2 surface fairly :ite #dg;,bad ,bad ,bad ,bad con-#aga dition ?r\gh- out ,illu/ration3 ,middle :ite panel is pa9t$ ) a comb9ation pigm5t =mula ,middle :ite panel is pa9t$ ) pure ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,notice ,diff]5ce 9 ,color aft] ,two ,ye>s' ,we> ,recomm5dation4 ,on acc\nt ( ! peculi> conditions :i* obta9 9 & ar\nd ,pittsburg1 z exemplifi$ by ^! te/s1 ! committee f9ds1 z a result !re(1 t ! be/ :ite pa9t = g5]al ext]ior use is made ( :ite lead comb9$ ) z9c oxide & a mod]ate p]c5tage ( in]t pigm5ts1 su* z silica1 asbe/9e1 or b>ytes4 ,"s ,peculi> ,conditions ,affect+ ! ,te/s4 ,! inspectors 7 mo/ impress$ dur+ ! inspection by ! blackness exhibit$ to su* a high degree by c]ta9 panels1 & ! fair degree ( :it5ess by o!rs4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ,pittsburg ne>ly all pa9ts become d>k5$ by ! deposition on _! surface ( c>bon p>ticles emanat+ f ! combu/ion ( s(t coal4 ,c]ta9 ( ! pa9ts1 h[ev]1 pres5t$ fairly :ite surfaces1 & x w\ld ?us appe> t ! extreme d>kness %[n by o!r pa9ts 0 due to _! composition4 ,corrod$ :ite lead :5 us$ alone 0 uni=mly cov]$ by black p>ticles1 & ! high] ! p]c5tage ( corrod$ :ite lead 9 a pa9t ! d>k] 0 ! surface4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ?is d>kness 0 due to ! s(tness ( ! :ite lead pigm5t or to its r\gh5$ surface1 9 caus+ adh]5ce ( soot p>ticles4 ,sublim$ :ite lead1 h[ev]1 :i* is also a s(t pigm5t1 *alk$ ev5 m progressively ?an corrod$ :ite lead1 b its surface 0 n r\gh1 & pres5t$ a v :ite appe>ance4 ,scrap+s f ! diff]5t panels are be+ tak51 & aft] a c>eful analysis ! f9d+s f ! inve/igations w be report$ by a memb] ( ! ,inspection ,committee4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,rapp4 ,*airman ,te/ ,f5ce ,committee1 ,pittsburg ,bran*1 ,ma/] ,pa9t]s' ,association ,,john ,,dew>4 ,memb] ,f5ce ,committee1 ,pittsburg ,bran*1 ,p5na4 ,/ate ,association ( ,ma/] ,pa9t]s ,j4 ,h4 ,,james4 ,*airman ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools' ,f5ce ,committee ,j4 ,a4 ,,s*aeff]4 ,in/ructor 9 ,*emical ,practice1 ,c>negie ,te*nical ,s*ools ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,g>dn]4 ,director ,sci5tific ,section1 ,pa9t ,mfrs4 ,asso4 ( ,u4 ,s4 ,may #ca1 #aiaj ,,pittsburg ,,te/ ,,f5ce ,,comp>ative ,,spread+ ,,rates ,,( ,,:ite ,,pa9t ,,on ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,panels ,av]age ,spread+ ,rate #bff ,squ>e ,feet ,=mula,fir/ ,coat ,second ,coat,?ird ,coat ,av]age ,spread+ ,rate ,numb] 7sq4 ft47 7sq4 feet7 7sq4 ft47 ,spread+ ,rate ,rate #c-;,coat ,"w 7sq4 feet7 7sq4 feet7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #gei #ajbj #gfh #hdi #bhc #b #fid #ige #abbi #iff #cbb #c #gdc #hgc #ggj #gie #bfe #d #ecg #ihg #ajai #hdh #bhc #e #eji #hif #hhf #gfd #bee #f #gfe #ajde #iid #ice #cab #g #gcd #ibb #iif #hhd #bie #h #efe #hfb #hed #gfj #bec #i #fbb #ibf #aafj #ijc #cja #aj #faj #ajac #ajgj #ijj #cjj #aa #fea #icc #ajaj #hfe #bhh #ab #fge #ajbg #fbc #gge #beh #ac #ffc #hib #iha #hde #bhb #ad #dih #ghe #hjg #fig #bcb #ae #fhh #ajjj #ihd #hia #big #af #ffi #hhj #hfj #hjc #bfh #ag #fce #ihb #ajgg #ijj #cjj #ah #fcf #iei #ajca #hge #bib #ai #fbf #ajgf #ajcg #iac #cjd #bj #eia #ajae #ibi #hde #bhb #ba #eie #idh #iaj #hah #bgc #bb #fag #hfh #haj #gfe #bee #bc #edi #ajjb #ihf #hdf #bhb #bd #eci #iah #ghc #gdg #bdi #be #ecj #ibi #hej #ggj #beg #bf #ecb #iaf #ajaa #hbj #bgc #bg #ebj #hej #fef #fge #bbe #cc #fjj #acdj #haj #iag #cjf #cd #dga #gdc #fij #fce #bab #ce #djb #eih #fde #edh #ahc #cf #cih #ffh #hch #fce #bab #cg #egi #fec #hch #fij #bcj #ch #dfc #fae #gjd #eid #aih #ci #dgd #ied #hdi #gei #bec #dj #ddf #hae #hga #gaa #bcg #de #ebg #hda #iaf #gfa #bed #df #fje #gdj #hah #gba #bdj #dg #gce #ifa #iic #hif #bii ,,*apt] ,x ,a ,,laboratory ,,/udy ,,( ,,te/ ,,panels ,panel ,sections = ,laboratory ,te/4 ,9 ord] to make a laboratory /udy ( ! pa9t$ panels on ! ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg f5ces1 x 0 ?\ght advisable to remove small sections f repres5tative areas & transf] !m to ! laboratory = su* "w4 ,! f5ces 7 visit$ by ! (ficial inspection committees soon aft] ! fir/ annual inspection1 & ! panels 7 c>efully look$ ov]4 ,^u ea* 0 m>k$ out a repres5tative portion1 c>e be+ ex]cis$ to select areas :]e previ\s inspections _h n di/urb$ ! surface ( ! film 9 any mann]4 ,! inspectors !n plac$ ! numb] ( ! panel ^u ! areas :i* _h be5 m>k$ (f1 z well z _! initials4 ,! m>k$ sections 7 saw$ out1 wrapp$ 9 tissue pap]1 & !n transf]r$ to ! laboratory :]e !y 7 plac$ ^u models ( ! respective f5ces f :i* !y _h be5 remov$4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! model te/ f5ces set up toge!r4 ,x is v app>5t t ! ,pittsburg panels are mu* ! d>k] 9 color1 due to ! soot1 & 9 "s cases lead sulphide =m$ ^u _! surfaces4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 und\bt$ly due to ! atmosph]ic conditions prevail+ :]e ! te/s 7 made4 ,"o w\ld be l$ to suppose t a pa9t film expos$ to an atmosph]e su* z is f\nd 9 ,pittsburg w\ld %[ det]ioration m rapidly ?an "o expos$ 9 ,atlantic ,city4 ,9 all ! te/s & exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 ! ,atlantic ,city panels appe>$ brok5 d[n to a mu* great] ext5t2 ?\gh x is true t ! ,pittsburg panels _h d>k5$ consid]ably & pres5t$ a r mottl$ appe>ance4 ,! deposit ( soot on ! ,pittsburg panel seem$ to act z a pres]vative coat+ = ! film b5ea?1 & prev5t$ m>k$ dis9tegration4 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg ,f5ces ,arrang$ = ,laboratory ,exam9ation ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg ,f5ces ,illu/ration3 ,upp] set ( te/s made on ,panels f ,atlantic ,city ,f5ce ,l[] set ( te/s made on ,panels f ,pittsburg ,f5ce ,figures at left indicate ,=mula ,numb] ,figures at "r indicate ,degree ( ,*alk+ ,illu/ration3 ,color ,/&>d us$ 9 ,comp>ison ( ,panel ,section ,*alk+ ,te/4 ,small /rips ( black felt1 ab\t "o in* squ>e1 7 firmly atta*$ to a block ( wood1 & by a clamp hav+ ! same pressure 9 ea* case1 ! wood ) its surface ( black felt 0 fix$ to ! panel4 ,?is app>atus1 :i* resembles a blackbo>d eras]1 is firmly drawn across ! panel 9 "o direction = a c]ta9 def9ite di/ance1 dur+ :i* "t x ga!rs all ! *alk$ surface pres5t$ by ! pa9t$ wood4 ,^u deta*+ ! app>atus f ! panel x is obs]v$ t ! black clo? becomes :it5$ to an ext5t proportionate to ! *alk+ t has tak5 place on ! giv5 area4 ,aft] ea* "o ( ! panels _h be5 treat$ 9 ! same mann] by ! same op]ator1 ! black clo?s 7 assembl$ on "o l>ge bo>d & photograph$4 ,a def9ite /&>d ( *alk+ 0 made up1 & ! op]ator 0 enabl$ to put d[n opposite ! report on ea* panel ! degree ( *alk+ :i* _h tak5 place1 ,no4 #a repres5t+ ! lea/ am\nt & ,no4 #aj ! greate/ am\nt ( *alk+4 ,degree ( ,:it5ess ,%[n by ,panels4 ,x 0 a v simple matt] to gauge ! :it5ess ( ! v>i\s panels1 by comp>+ !m ) a s]ies ( /&>d bo>ds pa9t$ ) ?ree coats ( :ite pa9t4 ,flor5ce ,br&1 ,new ,j]sey z9c oxide1 0 us$ z ! /&>d = :it5ess & t]m$ ,no4 #a4 ,9 mak+ ,no4 #b /&>d1 to ! z9c oxide 0 add$ 4#ja ( lampblack4 ,by add+ 4#jb ( lampblack to ! z9c1 /&>d ,no4 #c 0 obta9$1 & s on1 increas+ ! am\nt ( lampblack 9 ea* case by 4#ja4 ,^! /&>ds 7 run up to ,no4 #cj1 & ! v>i\s panels on ! diff]5t f5ces comp>$ ) !m4 ,! degrees ( :it5ess are record$ 9 progressive numb]s1 ,no4 #a be+ ! /&>d = :it5ess & ,no4 #cj ! d>ke/4 ,! ,atlantic ,city panels rang$ f #c to #h 9 ! scale ( :it5ess1 :ile ! ,pittsburg panels requir$ ! use ( ! entire range ( /&>ds4 ,resi/ance to ,abrasion4 ,! app>atus us$ = det]m9+ ! abrasion resi/ance ( a pa9t 0 made ( a glass tube ab\t six feet long1 hav+ an int]nal bore ( #g_/h in*4 ,?is 0 support$ 9 an upright position ov] a di% :i* held ! panel "u te/ at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,! abrasive mat]ial consi/$ ( ,no4 #jj em]y1 :i* 0 dropp$ into ! tube ?r\gh a funnel hav+ a bore ( #e mm4 ,:5 ! em]y rea*$ ! bottom ( ! long tube x scatt]$ itself s z to /rike a surface on ! panel ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! em]y 0 con/antly p\r$ 9 until ! pa9t coat+ _h worn away1 %[+ ! b>e wood4 ,! weight 9 p\nds ( em]y p[d] requir$ to %[ ! disruption ( ! coat+ is record$ & report$ z ! measure ( ! abrasion resi/4 ,! panel requir+ ! greate/ weight ( em]y to cause abrasion is evid5tly ! mo/ resi/ant to abrasion4 ,pa9t is (t5 subject$ to s]i\s abrasion1 ?r\gh ! bl[+ ( s&1 especially at ! sea%ore1 & to )/& su* action %\ld conta9 a proportion ( pigm5ts especially resi/ant to abrasion1 su* z silica1 z9c oxide1 asbe/9e1 & b>ytes4 ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus = ,det]m9+ ! ,abrasion ,resi/ance ( ,pa9ts ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #a1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #b1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #c1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #d1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #e1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #f1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,note3 ,! au?or wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,s*aeff] 9 ! prep>ation ( ! photomicrographs h]e) %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #g1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #h1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #i1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #aj1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #aa1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ab1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ac1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ad1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ae1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #af1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ag1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ah1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ai1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #bj1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #cc1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #cd1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ce1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #cf1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #cg1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ch1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ci1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #dj1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #de1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #df1 ,a4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #dg1 ,a4 ,c4 ,mak+ ,photomicrographs4 ,! photomicrographs :i* are h]e) %[n 7 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a "p ( a panel 0 plac$ ^u ! /age ( ! microscope & held firmly 9 place ) clips4 ,by v>y+ ! adju/m5t & c>efully runn+ ov] ! field ! condition ( ! surface 0 readily giv51 us+ ! same eye-piece & objective ?r\gh\t ! te/s1 & obta9+ a magnification ( ?irty-?ree4 ,great c>e 0 ex]cis$ to secure an av]age field %[+ ! g5]al & typical appe>ance ( e panel4 ,little difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 s do+1 z ! laboratory panels gave v repres5tative surfaces ( ! l>ge panels on ! f5ce4 ,! in/rum5t 0 !n incl9$ horizontally & ! eye-piece 0 fitt$ into ! cam]a nose4 ,9 ! back ( ! bell[s ( ! cam]a 0 plac$ ! gr\nd glass = focus+4 ,to secure illum9ation ! light f an electric arc lamp 0 reflect$ f a mirror directly ^u ! pa9t$ surface ( ! panel1 :i* 9 turn 0 reflect$ ?r\gh ! cam]a on to ! gr\nd glass4 ,! plate-hold] 0 !n put 9 position & six-second exposures 7 made1 aft]w>d develop+ & pr9t+4 ,*eck+ & ,crack+4 ,:at 0 t]m$ f9e matt *eck+ at ! ,fir/ ,annual ,inspection 0 n visible at ! "t to c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,inspection ,committee1 b x is an e/abli%$ fact t ! *eck+ 0 an exi/+ condition1 z ! photomicrographs h %[n4 ,?is *eck+ has a v peculi> *>act]i/ic 9 t ! l9es are v n>r[ & hair-l1 be+ some:at int]lac$ & peculi>ly =k$4 ,t ?is hair matt *eck+ is a prelim9>y condition :i* aft]w>ds develops into matt *eck+ & into m>k$ or heavy *eck+ seems to be indicat$4 ,x appe>s f an exam9ation ( ! photomicrographs ( ! pa9t films t a pa9t coat+ closely resembles ! surface ( ! e>?1 & is subject to ! same basic laws t h caus$ ! v>i\s geodetic *anges 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,obs]vation ( a dri$ pond or lake b$ w disclose types ( fissur+ & crack+ simil> to ^? %[n by dri$ pa9t coat+s 9 :i* ! oil has be5 fully oxidiz$1 & especially 9 ! case ( pa9ts conta9+ pigm5ts :i* act ^u ! oil to produce comp\nds brittle 9 nature4 ,at ,atlantic ,city ! panels 7 all clean & free f dirt1 pres5t+ cont9u\s exposure ( ! films1 & ?us ma9ta9+ conditions = active *eck+4 ,at ,pittsburg1 soon aft] ! panels began to *alk1 ! l>ge am\nt ( du/ & black soot 9 ! atmosph]e completely cov]$ ! panels ) a v ?ick1 resi/ant coat+ ( c>bon1 :i* act$ z a seal or protector1 prev5t+ dis9tegration to a great ext5t4 ,?is coat+ 0 extremely h>d to remove1 & photomicrographs1 be=e & aft] removal ( ?is coat+ by rubb+ ) a damp clo?1 fail$ to reveal m>k$ *eck+ on any ( ! =mulas except ^? made ( /rictly pure basic c>bonate-:ite lead4 ,! *eck+1 ev5 on ^!1 0 n z m>k$ z at ,atlantic ,city4 ,x is presum$ t aft] ! *alk+ _h tak5 place & ! *alk$ pigm5t _h be5 wa%$ f ! panels1 ! gradually increas+ coat ( c>bon & lead sulphide _h protect$ ! panels f *eck+1 or possibly ! atmosph]e ( ,pittsburg1 :i* 9 o!r respects _h det]iorat$ ! panels to a great] ext5t ?an at ,atlantic ,city1 did n h ! extreme action 9 caus+ *eck+ t ! ,atlantic ,city atmosph]e seem$ to h effect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,comb9ation ,=mula ,no4 #a1 ,pittsburg ,,be=e ,,wa%+ ,mottl$ surface due to ext]nal coat+ ( impurities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aft] ,,wa%+ ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #d1 ,pittsburg ,,be=e ,,wa%+ ,illu/ration3 ,,aft] ,,wa%+ ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #ch1 ,pittsburg ,basic ,c>bonate--,:ite ,lead ,panels on ,f5ce ,,be=e ,,wa%+ ,*eck+ evid5t ev5 ?r\gh ! out] cov]+ ( =eign matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aft] ,,wa%+ ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #cf1 ,pittsburg ,basic ,c>bonate--,:ite ,lead ,panels on ,f5ce ,,be=e ,,wa%+ ,peculi> network-l *eck+ appe>+ ?r\gh out] coat ( impurities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aft] ,,wa%+ ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #dj1 ,pittsburg ,illu/ration3 ,=mula ,no4 #de1 ,pittsburg ,results on ,comb9ation ,pigm5t ,pa9ts4 ,x w be notic$ t ! *eck+ on mo/ ( ! comb9ation pigm5t pa9ts made ( lead1 z9c1 & in]t pigm5ts1 0 mod]ate1 & 9 _m cases ( a f9e ord]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! p]c5tage ( z9c oxide 9 a pa9t is n always a crit]ion ^u :i* future *eck+ may be judg$4 ,nor c\ld x be said t ! *eck+ is dep5d5t ^u ! p]c5tage ( basic c>bonate-:ite lead add$ to ! pa9t4 ,h[ev]1 x appe>s t sci5tific bl5d+ ( ! v>i\s pigm5ts1 ) reg>d to _! physical prop]ties 9 oil1 su* z _! /r5g? & ela/ic limit1 develops ! greate/ resi/ance to bo? crack+ & *eck+4 ,ela/icity is vital1 b /r5g? mu/ be comb9$ !re) 9 ord] to prev5t disruptions ( ! pa9t coat+4 ,pa9t films made ( c]ta9 in]t pigm5ts1 :5 te/$ on ! filmomet]1 7 relatively high 9 /r5g?1 b relatively l[ 9 ela/icity4 ,su* pigm5ts1 :5 us$ 9 l>ge p]c5tage1 =m coat+s :i* are h>d & apt to crack4 ,! use1 h[ev]1 ( ^! pigm5ts 9 mod]ate p]c5tages seems v b5eficial 9 ov]com+ ! effect ( us+ an excessive p]c5tage ( :ite lead1 or ( z9c oxide4 ,results on ,:ite ,lead ,pa9ts4 ,! maximum *eck+ 0 obs]v$ on ! basic c>bonate-:ite lead panels1 ! size ( ! *ecks 9 "s cases be+ sev]al times l>g] ?an ^? on ! o!r panels4 ,on "s ( ! basic c>bonate-:ite leads ! *eck+ 0 ( a v peculi> nature1 consi/+ ( v broad fissures 9 ! pa9t coat+1 disclos+ ! wood surfaces b5ea?4 ,! type ( *eck+ exi/+ 0 also di/9ct 9 its /ructure1 be+ hexagonal 9 %ape4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features %[n by ! basic c>bonate-:ite lead films 0 ! extreme r\ghness ( _! surfaces4 ,?is r\ghness is mo/ likely due to ! excessive *alk+ :i* _h tak5 place4 ,results on ,silica & ,b>ytes ,pa9ts4 ,! *eck+ ( pa9ts v high 9 silica resolv$ itself into f9e hair-l l9es :i* are g5]ally lat]al to ea* o!r1 & indicate a crack$ appe>ance4 ,! *eck+ ( pa9ts conta9+ v high p]c5tages ( b>ytes 0 also ( a di/9ct nature1 be+ g5]ally =k$ 9 appe>ance & ( no def9ite /riation4 ,surface ,condition ( ,fume ,pigm5t ,pa9ts4 ,! panels pa9t$ ) basic sulphate-:ite lead 7sublim$ :ite lead7 %[$ complete abs5ce ( *eck+4 ,?is 0 also true ( ! panels pa9t$ ) z9c lead4 ,^! are bo? fume products & are extremely f9e 9 _! physical size1 :i* may acc\nt = ?is condition4 ,al?\gh z9c oxide is made 9 a simil> mann]1 x gives a mu* h>d] pa9t coat+ ?an ei!r ( ! a=e-m5tion$ pigm5ts1 & pres5ts a surface :i* develops consid]able *eck+1 g5]ally ( a m$ium ord]4 ,! pa/ !ories reg>d+ z9c oxide1 9 :i* x has be5 ma9ta9$ t z9c oxide gives ! maximum *eck+1 are evid5tly incorrect1 z ! *eck+ f\nd on ! z9c oxide panels 0 n z m>k$ or deep z ! *eck+ on ! basic c>bonate-:ite lead panels2 9 fact1 ! *eck+ might be m 9 ! l9e ( a crack+1 possibly due to ! brittle nature ( ! coat+ compos$ ( /raight z9c4 ,?is is especially true ( z9c pa9ts conta9+ insuffici5t oil4 ,! ,importance ( ! ,physical ,nature ( ,pigm5ts4 ,x appe>s t v f9e gr9d+ ( mat]ials1 *os5 = _! *>act]i/ic f95ess1 ) ! abs5ce ( any unfavorable physical condition or *emical s5sitiv5ess1 are important factors 9 ! mak+ ( a pa9t to resi/ crack+ or *eck+4 ,! purity ( ! ess5tial mat]ials1 z well z ! sci5tific comp\nd+ ( ^! mat]ials1 ) due reg>d to ! law ( m9imum voids1 are great factors :i* enhance ! qualities ( pa9ts1 great]1 p]haps1 ?an ! v>iation ( p]c5tages ( ! v>i\s pigm5ts :i* g to make up a pa9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,additional ,,te/s ,,at ,,atlantic ,,city ,,& ,,pittsburg ,a s]ies ( new te/ panels to take ! place ( ^? panels :i* 7 condemn$ & subsequ5tly remov$ f ! ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg f5ces1 7 pa9t$ & expos$ dur+ ,june1 #aiji4 ,^! new te/ panels are ( :ite p9e1 ?is wood hav+ be5 select$ by ! jo9t inspection committee z (f]+ ! be/ condition = future te/s4 ,! me?od us$ 9 pa9t+ ^! panels 0 ! same z 9 ! previ\s te/s1 toge!r ) ! adoption ( c]ta9 ref9em5ts 9 ! r$uctions1 application1 etc4 ,?irty-six =mulas 7 select$ ) c>eful reg>d to ! p]c5tage ( compon5ts1 includ+ sev]al pa9ts conta9+ li?opone comb9$ ) :it+ & z9c oxide1#be two pigm5ts :i* gave promise ( support+ ! li?opone = outside use4 ,"s ( ^! li?opone pa9ts conta9$ special vehicles :i* x 0 ?\ght w\ld prev5t ! de/ructive action :i* li?opone seems to h ^u l9se$ oil4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a crit]ion ( ! value ( ! new =mulas appli$1 z aga9/ ! we>+ ( /raight :ite leads1 ! orig9al :ite leads us$ 9 ! previ\s te/s 7 includ$1 & o!r br&s 7 add$4 ,ea* =mula 0 pa9t$ out 9 :ite1 yell[1 & gray1 ^u panels ( :ite p9e wood arrang$ 9 sequ5ce ^u ! f5ce1 & prop]ly id5tifi$4 ,! cu/om>y opacity te/1 9 ! =m ( a small black squ>e1 0 /5cill$ ov] ! prim+ coat ( ea* panel1 z 9 ! =m] te/s4 ,! composition ( ! vehicle 9 all ! new te/s 0 /&>d1 us+ pure l9se$ oil ) a small p]c5tage ( turp5t9e dri]4 ,! t9ts us$ 9 ea* =mula 7 secur$ at ! "t ( application by ! use ( /&>d colors1 lampblack1 & m$ium *rome yell[1 us+ an approximate am\nt = ea* =mula4 #be ,a brief /udy ( ! !ory ( solutions 7,see ,cu%man & ,g>dn] on ,corrosion & ,pres]vation ( ,iron & ,/eel71 involv+ ! modes ( iron =mation1 w be invaluable to ! /ud5t :o is inquir+ into ! cause ( ! peculi> fogg+ ( li?opone1 ) ! idea 9 view ( correct+ ?is evil by physical or *emical treatm5t4 ,inasmu* z our obs]vations ?us f> h l$ u to believe t ! fogg+ ( li?opone takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 ) ! contributory & necess>y action ( *emically active rays f ! sun or o!r s\rce1 x is fair to assume t "u ^! conditions ! insoluble molecule ( z9c sulphide & b>ium sulphate rev]ts by intricate molecul> di/urbance & ionization back to ! soluble b>ium sulphide & z9c sulphate f :i* ! li?opone is =m$ by meta!sis4 ,if ?is be true1 !n ! acid nature ( ^! soluble salts is no d\bt combat$ & ov]come at ! mom5t ( =mation by ! basic nature ( z9c oxide & calcium c>bonate1 :i* t5d to ionize to an alkal9e reaction4 ,! value ( z9c oxide & calcium c>bonate 9 li?opone pa9ts z det]g5ts ( blackness1 has be5 demon/rat$ at bo? ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg4 ,h4 ,a4 ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ,f5ce ,%[+ ,new ,panels ,rec5tly ,plac$ ,illu/ration3 ,appe>ance ( #aiji ,te/s ,an inspection ( ^! new te/s 0 made dur+ ,june1 #aiaj1 & ! results ( ! inspection are %[n on pages #agh to #aha4 ,! results ( ! inspection prove t x is unsafe to use li?opone 9 a pa9t conta9+ :ite lead ( any type1 e>ly d>k5+ & failure be+ %[n 9 e case :]e su* a comb9ation exi/$4 ,! =mulas 9 ! new te/1 :i* 7 prop]ly balanc$ & :i* _h a l[ p]c5tage ( li?opone comb9$ ) z9c oxide & :it+1 pres5t$ 9 "s cases v good surfaces4 ,a r\gh1 s&y surface1 h[ev]1 0 %[n :]e li?opone 0 us$ 9 any great quantity4 ,,te/s ,,inaugurat$ ,,9 #aiji ,,results ,,( ,,inspection ,,( ,,atlantic ,,city ,,te/ ,,f5ce1 ,,may1 #aiaj ,,=mulas ---------------------------------------- ----- ,f o r ,basic ,c>bonate m ,:ite ,lead u ,z9c ,oxide l ,basic ,sulphate a ,:ite ,lead ,,in]t ,,pigm5ts ,precipi- -------------------- ,n tat$ ,calcium ,c>bonate u ,:ite ,lead ,silica m ,z9c ,asbe/9e b ,lead ,*9a ,clay e ,li- ,b>ytes r ?o- ,blanc -pone -,fixe ----------------------------------- #a -- -- #de -- -- #djae -------- -- #b -- -- #de -- -- #dj-- #ae------ -- #c -- #de -- -- -- #deaj -------- -- #d -- -- #de -- -- #deaj -------- -- #e -- #dj -- -- -- #djbj -------- -- #f -- -- #de -- -- #ce-- --#bj---- -- #g #ej -- -- -- #cf ---- -- #b #h #d -- #h -- -- #ej -- -- #cf-- -- #b #h #d -- #i -- -- #ej -- -- #cf-- -- #b--ab -- #aj -- #cf #ej -- -- ---- -- #b #h #d -- #aa #bh #ee -- -- -- ---- -- #c-- #g #g #ab -- #ee #bh -- -- ---- -- #c-- #g #g #ac -- #fj -- -- -- #cjaj -------- -- #ad -- #cj #cj -- -- #cjaj -------- -- #ae -- -- #fj -- -- #cj-- --#aj---- -- #af -- -- -- -- --#ajj-- -------- -- #ag -- -- -- -- --#ajj-- -------- -- #ah #cc #cc -- -- -- ---- #ag--ag-- -- #ai #cd #cc -- -- -- ---- #cc------ -- #bj #cd #cc -- -- -- ---- ----#cc-- -- #baajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bf #bbajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bcajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bd -- --#ajj -- -- ---- -------- -- #be -- -- -- --#ajj ---- -------- -- #bf -- -- --#ajj -- ---- -------- -- #bgajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bhajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bi #bd #de #ac -- -- ---- --#ah---- -- #cj #de -- -- -- -- #djae -------- -- #ca #de -- -- -- -- #dj-- #ae------ -- #cb #de -- -- -- -- #ce-- --#bj---- -- #cc #ej -- -- -- -- #cf-- -- #b--ab -- #cd #ge -- #be -- -- ---- -------- -- #ce #ej -- #ej -- -- ---- -------- -- #cf -- -- -- -- -- ----#ajj------ -- #bf ,?is pigm5t on analysis prov$ to be z9c lead4 ,f o r ,p m a u n l e a l ,n ,n u u m ,,report ,,( ,,inspection m b ---------------------------------------- ---- b e ,,*alk+ ,,*eck+ ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks e r ,,condition r ---------------------------------------- -------- #a,none ,none ,r\gh surface1 #a b fair = re- pa9t+ #b,none ,none ,fair2 r\gh sur- #b face & slight- ly d>k #c,v ,v ,good2 v :ite #c slight slight surface #d,none ,none ,r\gh surface #d & slightly d>k #e,v ,v ,good2 v :ite #e slight slight surface #f,none ,none ,r\gh surface2 #f d>k #g,none ,v ,good #g slight lat]al *eck+ #h;,heavy ,slight ,excell5t2 v #h :ite #i;,heavy ,"s ,excell5t2 v #i :ite #aj,none ,slight ,good #aj #aa,none ,slight ,good2 slightly #aa d>k #ab,none ,slight ,good #ab lat]al #ac,v ,consid]-,fair #ac slight able lat]al runn+ along gra9 ( wood #ad,v ,consid]-,fair #ad slight able lat]al runn+ along gra9 ( wood #ae;,heavy ,slight ,fair #ae lat]al *eck+ #af;,heavy ,consid]-,d>k color2 #af able r\gh surface #ag;,consid]-,m$ium ,bett] ?an ,no4 #ag able #af2 n z r\gh or d>k #ah,v ,none ,good #ah slight #ai,v ,slight ,good #ai slight #bj,v ,none ,good #bj slight #ba,slight ,slight ,fair2 r\gh #ba surface #bb,v ,lat]al ,fairly good #bb slight crack+ #bc,m$ium ,lat]al ,fair #bc crack+ #bd,slight ,slight ,good = #bd crack+ repa9t+ #be,m$ium ,none ,good surface #be #bf;,heavy ,slight ,fair2 surface #bf crack+ r\gh d>k #bg;,heavy ,lat]al ,fair #bg crack+ #bh,m$ium ,consid]-,poor2 v #bh able r\gh1 d>k surface #bi,slight ,none ,good #bi #cj;,heavy ,heavy ,poor #cj *eck+ & alli- gator+ #ca,none ,alliga- ,r\gh surface2 #ca tor+ d>k #cb,slight ,m$ium ,d>k & r\gh #cb surface #cc;,consid]-,slight ,poor2 d>k #cc able surface #cd,none ,none ,fair2 d>k #cd surface #ce,none ,slight ,fair2 r\gh #ce surface #cf;,extremely,m$ium ,fair ,vehicle #cf bad dis9te- grat$2 spott$ 9 places ,,te/s ,,inaugurat$ ,,9 #aiji ,,results ,,( ,,inspection ,,( ,,pittsburg ,,te/ ,,f5ce1 ,,may1 #aiaj ,,=mulas ---------------------------------------- ----- ,f o r ,basic ,c>bonate m ,:ite ,lead u ,z9c ,oxide l ,basic ,sulphate a ,:ite ,lead ,,in]t ,,pigm5t ,precipi- -------------------- ,n tat$ ,calcium ,c>bonate u ,:ite ,lead ,silica m ,z9c ,asbe/9e b ,lead ,*9a ,clay e ,li- ,b>ytes r ?o- ,blanc -pone --,fixe ----------------------------------- #a -- -- #de -- -- #djae -------- -- #b -- -- #de -- -- #dj-- #ae------ -- #c -- #de -- -- -- #deaj -------- -- #d -- -- #de -- -- #deaj -------- -- #e -- #dj -- -- -- #djbj -------- -- #f -- -- #de -- -- #ce-- --#bj---- -- #g #ej -- -- -- #cf ---- -- #b #h #d -- #h -- -- #ej -- -- #cf-- -- #b #h #d -- #i -- -- #ej -- -- #cf-- -- #b--ab -- #aj -- #cf #ej -- -- ---- -- #b #h #d -- #aa #bh #ee -- -- -- ---- -- #c-- #g #g #ab -- #ee #bh -- -- ---- -- #c-- #g #g #ac -- #fj -- -- -- #cjaj -------- -- #ad -- #cj #cj -- -- #cjaj -------- -- #ae -- -- #fj -- -- #cj-- --#aj---- -- #af -- -- -- -- --#ajj-- -------- -- #ag -- -- -- -- --#ajj-- -------- -- #ah #cc #cc -- -- -- ---- #ag--ag-- -- #ai #cd #cc -- -- -- ---- #cc------ -- #bj #cd #cc -- -- -- ---- ----#cc-- -- #baajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bbajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bg #bcajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bd -- --#ajj -- -- ---- -------- -- #be -- -- -- --#ajj ---- -------- -- #bf -- -- --#ajj -- ---- -------- -- #bgajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bhajj -- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- #bi #bd #de #ac -- -- ---- --#ah---- -- #cj #de -- -- -- -- #djae -------- -- #ca #de -- -- -- -- #dj-- #ae------ -- #cb #de -- -- -- -- #ce-- --#bj---- -- #cc #ej -- -- -- -- #cf-- -- #b--ab -- #cd #ge -- #be -- -- ---- -------- -- #ce #ej -- #ej -- -- ---- -------- -- #cf -- -- -- -- -- ----#ajj------ -- #bg ,?is pigm5t on analysis prov$ to be z9c lead4 ,f o r ,p m a u n l e a l ,n n u u m ,,report ,,( ,,inspection m b ---------------------------------------- ---- b e ,,*alk+ ,,*eck+ ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks e r ,,condition r ---------------------------------------- -------- #a;,consid]-,slight ,fair ,d>k 9 #a able places4 ,diffus$ #b,slight ,bad ,fair ,d>k 9 #b places #c,m$ium ,none ,good ,d>k5+ #c %[n 9 places #d;,consid]-,none ,good ,m$ium #d able d>k #e,slight ,none ,good ,no exces- #e sive d>k- ness #f,m$ium ,slight ,good ,surface #f fairly :ite #g,m$ium ,none ,excell5t ,:ite/ #g surface ( new te/s #h;,extremely,slight ,fair ,surface #h bad d>k5+ #i;,extremely,slight ,fair ,n z bad #i bad z ,no4 #h #aj,slight ,none ,good ,excell5t #aj surface2 v :ite #aa,slight ,none ,excell5t ,surface #aa fairly :ite2 ?9 soot #ab,m$ium ,none ,good ,surface #ab :ite #ac,m$ium ,v bad ,fair ,slight #ac 9 spots d>k5+ #ad;,heavy ,consid]-,fair ,slight #ad able d>k5+ #ae;,extremely,slight ,fair ,fairly #ae bad :ite #af;,extremely,advanc$ ,bad ,surface #af bad & deep r\gh ) consid]- able dis- integra- tion & mu* d>k- ness #ag,n z ,less ad- ,fair ,n z #ag bad z vanc$ d>k z ,no4 #af ?an ,no4 ,no4 #af2 #af slightly mottl$ 9 places2 buff color #ah,v ,practi- ,fair ,surface #ah slight cally :ite none #ai,v ,none ,good ,surface #ai slight fairly :ite #bj,none ,none ,good ,surface #bj fairly :ite #ba,slight ,slight ,fair ,surface #ba v r\gh & d>k #bb,m$ium ,slight ,fair ,surface #bb fairly :ite #bc,slight ,bad ,fair ,surface #bc r\gh & d>ke/ on f5ce #bd;,bad ,none ,good ,surface #bd :ite #be,slight ,none ,good ,fairly #be :ite surface #bf,m$ium ,slight ,fair ,r\gh & #bf v d>k2 *alk+ is dis- rupt+ black coat+ #bg,m$ium ,slight ,good ,surface #bg fairly :ite #bh,m$ium ,deep2 ,poor ,surface #bh evid5t r\gh & )\t v d>k glass #bi,slight ,slight ,good ,v :ite#bi surface #cj,none ,slight ,fair ,color d>k#cj #ca,v ,advanc$ ,fair ,color v#ca slight d>k #cb;,extremely,consid]-,fair ,color v#cb slight able d>k2 r\gh surface #cc;,extremely,slight ,fair ,surface #cc slight d>k & r\gh #cd,slight ,deep ,fair ,surface #cd m$ium d>k #ce;,consid]-,slight ,fair ,surface #ce able m$ium d>k #cf;,extremely,none ,fair ,vehicle #cf bad dis9te- grat$1 leav+ v :ite1 *alk$ surface ( pigm5t ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,nor? ,,dakota ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,an inspection ( ! orig9al te/ f5ce1 erect$ & pa9t$ by ! ,nor? ,dakota ,agricultural ,college1 on ! gr\nds ( ! agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,f>go1 0 made by ! inspection committee#bh repres5t+ ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! #ai? & #bj? ( ,novemb]1 #aiji4 ,! f5ce 0 erect$ 9 #aijf & pa9t$ ) comm]cial pa9ts1 procur$ 9 ! op5 m>ket4 ,! ea/ side ( ! f5ce 0 built ( s(t p9e & c$> wea!r-bo>d+1 su* z is almo/ univ]sally us$ on h\ses 9 t locality1 pres5t+ a v good surface = te/ purposes1 :ile ! we/ side 0 built l>gely ( flat trimm$ bo>ds ( h>d pit* p9e :i*1 un=tunately1 conta9$ knots1 pit* pockets1 & unev5 surfaces1 caus+ to a great] or less] ext5t crack+1 scal+1 & bad g5]al results on all pa9ts appli$ !reto4 #bh ,h5ry ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,director ,sci5tific ,section1 ,educational ,bureau1 ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ,u4 ,s42 ,george ,butl]1 ,ma/] ,pa9t]2 ,*>les ,macni*ol1 ,ma/] ,pa9t]4 ,! f5ces built 9 #aijg & #aijh at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association1 7 inspect$ on ! #bj?1 #ba/1 & #bbnd ( ,novemb]1 #aiji1 & ! detail$ results ( ! inspection ( all ^! f5ces foll[ 9 ?is report4 ,! same g5]al conclusions z to ! woods repres5t$ 9 ! #aijf f5ce also apply to ! #aijg & #aijh f5ces1 & because ( ! g5]al bad quality ( wood us$ on ! we/]n exposure ( all f5ces1 ! detail$ reports 7 made only f an exam9ation ( ! ea/]n side ( ! f5ces1 bo? on c$> & s(t p9e4 ,! foll[+ g5]al summ>y ( ! inspection & its results applies to all ! te/ f5ces on ! gr\nds ( ! college & is ! unanim\s conclusion drawn by ! inspectors f ?is "w3 ,illu/ration3 ,nor? ,dakota ,te/ ,f5ces ,illu/ration3 ,typical ,sample ( ,h>d ,p9e ,trim ,bo>d ,%[+ ,knot & ,sappy ,gra9 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ ,no4 #ac--aijf ,f5ce ,complete ,dis9tegration & ,failure ( ,*eap ,pa9t ,non-absorb5t woods1 difficult to p5etrate1 su* z ^? on ! we/ side ( ! f5ces1 w\ld und\bt$ly h giv5 mu* bett] results _h !y be5 pa9t$ ) pa9ts prop]ly r$uc$ to suit ! nature ( ! wood4 ,?is treatm5t seems to h be5 ov]look$ 9 ! ,nor? ,dakota te/s1 & ! pa9t+ ( ! h>d p9e bo>ds 0 done ) ! same consi/5cy ( mixtures & ! same r$uctions z ^u s(t p9e4 ,scal+ ( c\rse result$4 ,"o ( ! *ief purposes ( ! f5ces1 h[ev]1 0 to /udy ! diff]5t types ( wood1 & compliance ) ?is desire result$ 9 ! bad conditions h]e9 not$4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 _m o!r field te/s t adh]5ce ( pa9ts to h>d wood surfaces c be obta9$ only by caus+ ! prim+ coat to become amalgamat$ ) ! woody fibre1 by ! use ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( volatile dilu5t turp5t9e1 b5zole1 asphaltum spirits1 etc41 to secure p5etration4 ,if su* treatm5t is omitt$1 failure soon results1 z 0 evid5c$ by ! uni=mly bad conditions pres5t$ by ! pa9ts on ! h>d p9e panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9e ,wea!rbo>d+ ,%[+ ,knots & ,gra9 ,illu/ration3 ,condition ( ,lumb] ,affect+ ,pa9t1 ,we/ ,side #aijf ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 ,hail-/one ,abrasions on ,h\se ,repa9t+ ,te/s ,illu/ration3 ,hail-/one ,effect1 ,we/ ,side ( #aijg ,te/ ,f5ce ,dur+ ,july1 #aijh1 a viol5t hail/orm occurr$ 9 ,f>go1 & left its impression on ne>ly e wood5 /ructure2 9 _m cases deep d5ts be+ made into ! wood4 ,! we/ side ( ! te/ f5ces1 :i* receiv$ ! mo/ injury f ?is /orm1 0 cov]$ ) ^! d5ts ov] almo/ its entire surface1 caus+ cracks 9 ! =m ( conc5tric r+s to appe> on ! abrad$ pa9t coat+s4 ,! bad condition ( ! wood1 improp] me?od ( apply+ prim+ coat1 comb9$ ) ! hail/orm effect on ! pa9t$ surfaces on ! we/ side ( ! f5ces1 7 und\bt$ly responsible = ! univ]sal failure ( ! pa9ts !reon1 &1 = ^! reasons1 ! we/ side 0 elim9at$ f ! detail$ inspection1 only g5]al obs]vations ( ^! te/s be+ made4 ,^! g5]al obs]vations1 h[ev]1 %[$ t pa9ts ,nos4 #f & #h on ! #aijf f5ce1 & pa9ts ,nos4 #h1 #aj1 & #ac on ! #aijg f5ce1 prov$ ! mo/ satisfactory on ! we/]n exposure4#bi #bi ,^! =mulas 7 ! same z ^? respectively numb]$ on ! ,atlantic ,city & ,pittsburg f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,peculi> ,cry/allization ,effect on ,section #da4 ,new ,special ,f5ce ,pa9t ,appli$ ,dur+ ,cold ,wea!r ,o*re 0 tri$ out z a prim+ coat on sev]al =mulas1 b x 0 f\nd to be mo/ unsatisfactory1 affect+ ! subsequ5t coats ( pa9t & caus+ e>ly failure1 z evid5c$ by broad *eck+1 discoloration1 & g5]al bad condition4 ,^! conditions also apply to ^? panels on ! #aijh f5ce coat$ ) %ellac z a prim]4 ,! color$ =mulas 9 e case %[$ a great sup]iority ov] ! same pa9ts 9 :ite unt9t$1 & demon/rat$ t a p]c5tage ( color has a wond]ful influ5ce on ! pres]vation ( ! pa9t coat+1 r$uc+ *alk+1 *eck+1 & g5]al dis9tegration4 ,?is condition is probably due to ! re9=c+ value ( ! color pigm5ts us$4 ,x is safe to /ate t ! comb9ation =mulas t9t$ yell[ 7 ( bett] appe>ance ?an ! corrod$ :ite leads t9t$ yell[1 ! latt] appe>+ q d>k 9 _m cases4 ,! we>+ ( ! pa9ts made solely f :ite lead & z9c oxide seem$ to indicate t a p]c5tage ( a ?ird pigm5t1 ( an in]t nature1 w\ld h be5 b5eficial4 ,! high-type mixtures ( pigm5ts conta9+ lead & z9c1 ) mod]ate p]c5tages ( in]t pigm5ts1 on good wood1 7 9 mo/ excell5t g5]al condition2 9 fact1 mu* sup]ior to ! s+le pigm5t pa9ts4 ,_! surface exhibit$ only m9or *eck+ & mod]ate *alk+ ) good ma9t5ance ( color1 & pres5t+ surfaces well adapt$ to repa9t+4 ,! sublim$ :ite lead 0 9 fair condition1 ) v little *eck+1 & (f]+ a fair repa9t+ surface4 ,! corrod$ :ite lead 0 some:at :it] ?an ! sublim$ :ite lead1 b a c>eful obs]vation ( ! surface ( ! corrod$ lead reveal$ deep *eck+4 ,x 0 cle>ly demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t 9 climates ( ! ,nor? ,dakota type1 :ite lead alone is n entirely satisfactory4 ,! addition ( z9c oxide to :ite lead =ms pa9t t has prov$ mu* sup]ior to ! :ite lead alone4 ,x 0 conclusively demon/rat$ t mixtures ( :ite lead & z9c oxide1 prop]ly bl5d$ ) mod]ate p]c5tages ( re9=c+ pigm5ts1 su* z asbe/9e1 b>ytes1 silica & calcium c>bonate1 are mo/ satisfactory f e /&po9t1 & are sup]ior to mixtures ( prime :ite pigm5ts n re9=c$ ) in]t pigm5ts4 ,! :ite leads pa9t$ out on ! #aijh f5ce exhibit$ diff]5t degrees ( *eck+1 ! mild-process lead & sublim$ :ite lead :i* pres5t$ ! be/ surfaces1 be+ free f *eck+1 :ile ! old-process leads seem$ to %[ v deep & m>k$ *eck+1 ev5 aft] "o ye>'s we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,condition ( ,two ,:ite ,leads on ,two ,grades ( ,wood ,illu/ration3 ,photomicrographic ,app>atus & ,me?od ( ,use ,,cond5s$ ,,report ,,( ,,inspection ,,( #aijf ,,te/ ,,f5ce ,,f>go1 ,n4 ,d41 ,,nov4 #ai-bc1 #aiji ,no gloss %[n by any ( ! pa9ts4 ,=mulas 9 :ite on :ite p9e only includ$ "h1 on ea/ side ( f5ce ,t ,,=mulas e--------------------------------------- --------------------------------- s ,,pigm5t ,,vehicle t--------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,corrod$ ,l9se$ ,oil ,n,:ite ,lead ,turp4 & ,dri] o ,sublim$ ,japan ,dri] 4 ,:ite ,lead ,wat] ,z9c ,oxide ,b5z9e ,calcium ,dri] ,c>bonate ,vola- ,silica & tile ,silicates ,oil ,b>ium ,sulphate ,magnesium ,silicate ,clay & ,silica ,b>y- tes & ,sili- cate ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aajj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #b -- #ajj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #c #ej -- #ej -- -- -- -- -- -- #ij #aj -- -- -- -- #d -- #fj #dj -- -- -- -- -- -- #ij -- #aj -- -- -- #e #bh4g -- #ga4c -- -- -- -- -- -- #ic #g -- -- -- -- #f #dj4b -- #ej4c #d4ae4d -- -- -- -- #ij4g #i4c-- -- -- -- #g #ba4i #ba4ide4haj4d -- -- -- -- -- #hi4f #i4g-- #j4g -- -- #h #dd4a -- #df4j #d4f -- -- #e4c -- -- #hf4jab4f-- #a4d -- -- #i ,9 gray only ,no report4 #aj #ac4i -- #cd4ibf4h -- -- -- -- #bd4dgb4b -- --#bd4j #c4h -- #aa #ee4j -- #ae4b -- -- -- -- -- #bi4h ,te/ n f9i%$ #ab -- #e4abe4j -- -- -- -- -- #fi4i -- -- -- -- -- -- #ac -- -- #ca4cde4d --#bb4h --#j4e -- #eg4b -- --#af4abf4g -- #ad #cd4h #e4dei4b -- -- -- -- -- -- #hf4jac4g-- #j4c -- -- #ae -- -- #fd -- --#cf -- -- -- #ih -- -- -- -- #b ,,report ,,( ,,condition ---------------------------------------- -- ,t e s t ,n ,,condition o,,*alk+,,*eck+ ,,hid+ ,,color ,,= ,,re- 4 ,,p[] ,,pa9t+ ---------------------------------------- ---- #a,v bad,extremely ,good ,good ,only fair deep #b;,bad ,v slight,good ,light ,fair yell[- i% t9t #c,m$ium ,f9e matt--,good ,fair ,fair to deep 9 good places #d,m$ium ,surface ,good ,good ,fair *eck+1 v slight #e,slight ,q deep ,m$ium ,good ,poor4 ,coat+ wr9kl$ & h>d #f,m$ium ,slight ,good ,good ,good surface *eck+ #g,m$ium ,surface ,fair ,good ,slight *eck+ %ell+ ) slight f wood crack+ #h,m$ium ,v slight ,good ,good ,good #i #aj,slight ,v bad ,bad condition ?r\gh\t4 #aa #ab,m$ium ,m$ium ,defici-,good ,%ell+ ent f wood #ac ,wor/ look+ surface 9 ,nor? ,dakota te/s4 #ad,m$ium ,slight ,fair ,good ,good surface *eck+ & peel+ #ae,slight ,lat]al ,good ,good ,h>d film crack+ q deep ,,cond5s$ ,,report ,,( ,,inspection ,,( #aijg ,,te/ ,,f5ce ,,f>go1 ,,nor? ,,dakota1 ,,nov4 #ai-bc1 #aiji ,t ,,=mulas e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- s ,,pigm5t ,,vehicle t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,l9se$ ,oil ,n ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,turp5t9e o ,z9c ,oxide ,dri] 4 ,calcium ,c>bonate ,turp5t9e ,alum9um & & ,magnesium ,silicate ,japan ,b>ytes ,wat] ,silica ,turp5t9e ,in]t & ,b5z9e ,magnesium ,japan ,dri] ,silicate ,dri] ,calcium ,vola- ,sul- tile phate ,oil ,z9c ,b ,lead ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #cj --#gj -- ---- -- ---- -- -- #ic #g -- -- -------- #b #ej --#ej -- ---- -- ---- -- -- #hf -- #aj #d -------- #c #bj #bjej #aj ---- -- ---- -- -- #ij -- -- -- #aj------ #ddh4e --#dh4e #c ---- -- ---- -- -- #hc -- -- -- #ag------ #e #bb --#ej #b #bf-- -- ---- -- -- #ij -- -- -- --#aj---- #f -- --#fd -- --#cf -- ---- -- -- #ih -- -- -- ---- #b-- #g #cg --#fc -- ---- -- ---- -- -- #he #ac -- #b -------- #h #ch --#dh -- ----#ad ---- -- -- #ia #i -- -- -------- #i -- --#gc #b ----#be ---- -- -- #ff -- --#ab #bb------ #aj #dd --#df #e ---- -- ---- -- -- #hf4jab4e-- #a4e-------- #aa #ej --#ej -- ---- -- -- #e -- -- #gh #bb -- -- -------- #ab #fj --#cd -- ---- -- #f-- -- -- #ia #g -- #b -------- #ac -- #fjbg #c ---- -- --#aj -- -- #ij -- -- -- --#aj---- #ad #be #bjbe #e ---- -- ---- #be -- #ij -- #f -- ------ #d #ae -- #bjdj #aj ---- -- ---- -- #cj #ij -- #h #b -------- #af #cc --#cc -- --#cd -- ---- -- -- #ij -- #aj -- -------- #agajj 7,type ,a7-- ---- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -------- #ahajj 7 ,b7-- ---- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -------- #aiajj 7 ,c7-- ---- -- ---- -- -- #aj gal4 oil -------- r$uction #bj -- #ajj -- -- ---- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -------- #ba -- --#ajj -- ---- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -------- #bb -- -- -- -- ---- -- ---- --#ajj -- -- -- -- -------- #bcajj 7,type ,c7-- ---- -- ---- -- -- #e-a_/b gal4 oil r$uction = prim+ #bd #cg4g4 #be4 #bj4----h4db 7,mi*igan ,seal -- -- -- -------- #ea #hd #hg #cf ,:ite ,lead7 #be #ch4d4 #cc4 #ai4----c4ah7,railway ,:ite -- -- -- -- -------- #ie #ha #eh #dh ,lead7 #bjjae4 ---- #a4---- -- -- #a4--dc4 #cb4 #d4 -- #a4 -------- #fbe #hge #bej #gej #bej #jjj #bej ,b ,b5z9e ,t ,,report ,,( ,,condition e -------------------------------------- s t ,n o 4 ,,*alk+ ,,*eck+ ,,hid+,,color ,,condition ,,= ,,p[] ,,repa9t+ ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a,m$ium ,consid]able,fair ,fair ,poor surface2 ) lat]al too h>d crack+ #b,m$ium ,consid]able,good ,fair ,r poor ) lat]al crack+ #c;,bad ,m$ium-- ,good ,good ,fair scal+ "s #d,m$ium ,consid]able,good ,good ,m$ium ) lat]al crack+ #e,slight ,slight ,good ,good ,good #f,m$ium ,consid]able,m$ium,m$ium,fair #g;,consid]-,pres5t2 ,fair ,fair ,poor able long cracks #h,slight ,surface ,good ,good ,fair *eck+ #i,n ,consid]able,m$ium,good ,m$ium evid5t ) lat]al crack+ #aj,m$ium ,v slight ,good ,good ,good #aa,slight ,lat]al ,fair ,fair ,fair crack+ #ab;,consid]-,pres5t ),fair ,fair ,n v good able slight crack+ & scal+ #ac,m$ium ,surface ,good ,good ,good *eck+ only #ad;,consid]-,consid]able,m$ium,fair ,m$ium2 "s able ) lat]al wa%+ %[n crack+ #ae,m$ium ,m$ium ,good ,good ,m$ium #af,m$ium ,slight2 "s,fair ,good ,m$ium %ell+ #ag;,bad ,alligator- ,good ,fair ,poor +2 deep *eck+ #ah;,bad ,alligator- ,fair ,fair ,poor +2 deep *eck+ #ai;,bad ,deep ,good ,fair ,poor #bj;,consid]-,slight ,good ,fair ,fair able #ba,n ,consid]- ,fair ,good ,poor evid5t able2 slight crack+2 scal+ #bb,m$ium ,lat]al ,good ,good ,fair crack+2 split #bc;,bad ,m$ium deep ,good ,good ,fair #bd;,consid]-,slight2 ,fair ,good ,good able lat]al crack+ #be;,consid]-,"s2 ,fair ,good ,excell5t able lat]al crack+ #bjj,m$ium ,bad crack+,good ,good ,fair ,z be=e /at$1 ! committee believes t a s]i\s mi/ake 0 made on ! te/ f5ce 9 pa9t+ out ! leads & o!r =mulas on ! v>i\s woods )\t any special att5tion to r$uction to suit ! nature ( ! wood1 ?us acc\nt+ l>gely = ! diff]5ce ( ! we>+ ( ! pa9ts on ! diff]5t woods4 ,! r$uction ( ! :ite leads especially 0 to be criticis$ 9 ^! te/s1 9 _m cases too mu* oil & n suffici5t turp5t9e be+ pres5t to cause p5etration4 ,! application ( pa9t to c$> 0 satisfactory 9 mo/ all cases1 & ?is wood %[$ mu* bett] results ?an ! o!r woods ^u ! f5ces4 ,! exudation ( res9\s pit* on ! h>d p9e 0 extremely s]i\s1 9 "s cases com+ ?r\gh ! pa9t 9 l>ge /reaks1 caus+ bad results4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! h\se repa9t+ te/s :i* 7 conduct$ are ( no special value1 inasmu* z no in=mation is on file z to ! composition ( ! old pa9ts orig9ally on ! h\ses be=e ! application ( ! te/ pa9ts4 ,imp]fections 9 ! old coat+1 su* z excessive *alk+1 deep *eck+1 scal+1 ros9 exudations1 etc41 affect$ ! subsequ5t coats 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t any k ( :]e ! new & old pa9t tr\bles began4 ,! committee1 !re=e1 omitt$ a detail$ inspection ( su* te/s4 ,exam9ation ( ! ?ree h\ses :i* 7 pa9t$ ov] new wood %[$ results :i* correspond ) ! results obta9$ f ! f5ce te/s4 ,t is1 !y %[$ ! ultimate value ( high type mixtures ( sev]al pigm5ts ov] "o pigm5t alone4 ,^! te/s seem to indicate t v good results c be secur$ f mo/ ( ! pa9ts sold 9 ,nor? ,dakota4 ,if ! consum] or h\sehold] w\ld ex]cise m c>e 9 ! selection ( wood & prep>ation ( surfaces1 ) due reg>d to ! prop] r$uction = v>i\s coats1 m satisfactory results w\ld be obta9$4 ,f an exam9ation ( c]ta9 pa9ts on ! #aijh f5ce conta9+ petroleum spirits1 x w\ld appe> t ?is pa9t ?9n] is ( value1 & 9 ! face ( conditions su* z are pres5t$ by ! pres5t sc>city ( turp5t9e1 ! use ( petroleum spirits 9 mod]ate quantity w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,,nor? ,,dakota ,,te/s ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,=mula ,no4 #ba1 ,section #ca1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,section #hj1 on #aijh ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,=mula ,no4 #f1 ,section #i1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,=mula ,no4 #b1 ,section #c1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,=mula ,no4 #a1 ,section #a1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,=mula ,no4 #ad1 ,section #ba1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,=mula ,no4 #ac1 ,panel #ai1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,=mula ,no4 #ai1 ,panel #bh4 ,broad1 ,deep ,*eck+ on ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,=mula ,no4 #bd1 ,panel #cf1 on #aijg ,f5ce4 ,good ,condition4 ,surface ,*eck+ ,only ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,=mula ,no4 #be1 ,section #cg1 on #aijg ,f5ce4 ,good ,condition4 ,surface ,*eck+ ,only ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,=mula ,no4 #h1 ,panel #ab1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,=mula ,no4 #aj1 ,panel #ae1 on #aijg ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,panel ,no4 #cd1 ,=mula #bc1 on #aijg ,f5ce4 ,deep ,*eck+ on ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,te/ ,no4 #ac on #aijf ,f5ce4 ,:ite ,spots ,%[ ,pa9t ,left on ,wood4 ,balance ( ,pa9t ,split & ,dis9tegrat$ f ,surface ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,te/ ,no4 #f on #aijf ,f5ce4 ,surface ,*eck+ ,only ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,te/ ,no4 #b1 #aijf ,f5ce4 ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,cracks 9 ,te/ ,no4 #ae on #aijf ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,effect ( ,crack+ on ,h>d ,p9e1 ,caus+ ,splitt+ ( ,pa9t+ ,coat+ ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,=mula ,no4 #bb1 ,section #bc1 #aijg ,f5ce4 ,cracks 9 ,pa9t ,coat+1 ,caus$ by ,cracks 9 ,wood2 ,coat+ ,o!rwise 9 ,good ,condition ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,te/ ,no4 #h1 on #aijf ,f5ce4 ,surface ,*eck+ ,only ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,comb9ation ,crack+ & ,*eck+ on ,section #fi1 on #aijh ,f5ce ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,cracks 9 ,pa9t ,coat+1 ,caus$ by ,crack+ ( ,h>d ,p9e ,wood ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,section #fe on #aijh ,f5ce4 ,%[+ ,e>ly ,breakd[n ( ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,t5nessee ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,location & ,object ( ,te/s4 ,on ,septemb] #ae1 #aiaj1 ! erection ( a wood5 te/ f5ce 0 complet$ on ! ,/ate ,fair ,gr\nds at ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,^u ?is f5ce 7 expos$ =ty-two samples ( :ite pa9t1 ! object ( ! te/ be+ to det]m9e :e!r ! comb9ation type ( =mula is sup]ior to ! s+le pigm5t type 9 ! s\!rn plateau1 ( :i* ,na%ville is ! c5tre4 ,con/ruction ( ,te/s4 ,! con/ruction & outl9e ( ^! te/s diff] some:at f ^? conduct$ at ,atlantic ,city & else:]e by ! ,sci5tific ,section4 ,! f5ce frame is #aej feet long1 be+ made ( #f-;in* bevell$ gird]s support$ ?ree feet f ! gr\nd by #d-;in* po/s set six feet ap>t4 ,^u ?is gird] 7 plac$ a s]ies ( =ty-two te/ panels support$ at top & bottom ) wea!r /rips & braces4 ,! te/ panels us$ 7 #dj in*es high1 #cj in*es wide1 & "o in* ?ick1 be+ made ( ! highe/ grade :ite p9e1 tongu$ & groov$ toge!r1 & protect$ on ! edges by wea!r /rips project+ f ! surface ( ! panels4 ,ea* panel 0 pa9t$ on bo? sides ) ! same pa9t1 ?us giv+ an ea/]n & we/]n exposure1 ! f5ce runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,! =mulas us$ 9 ! te/ v>y 9 _! p]c5tage composition1 be+ made up 9 "s cases ( s+le pigm5ts1 & aga9 ) comb9ations ( ! opaque :ite pigm5ts1 ) & )\t c]ta9 p]c5tages ( ! cry/all9e or in]t pigm5ts4 ,! pa9ts 7 appli$ "u ! sup]vision ( prom95t ma/] pa9t]s & a committee repres5t+ ! ,sci5tific ,section & o!r te*nical organizations4 ,o!r field te/s h %[n t ! sap & knots 9 h>d-gra9$ woods1 su* z yell[ p9e1 cypress1 etc41 h be5 ! cause ( ! failure ( ev5 ! be/ pa9ts1 & t all te/s %\ld be conduct$ ^u s(t woods1 su* z :ite p9e & popl>1 if def9ite results are to be obta9$4 ,pa9ts t9t$ ) o*re1 *rome yell[1 lampblack1 iron oxide1 etc41 h %[n on ! o!r field te/s :i* h be5 conduct$ at ,atlantic ,city1 ,pittsburg1 & ,f>go ! value ( ^! pigm5ts 9 giv+ to ! pa9ts increas$ we>+ prop]ties4 ,on ! ,s\!rn ,te/ ,f5ce1 !re=e1 all ! =mulas 7 gr\nd 9 :ite only & plac$ ^u :ite p9e s z to make ! te/ prim>ily "o to det]m9e ! value ( ! v>i\s :ite pigm5ts ^u good wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,t5nessee ,te/ ,f5ces ,oil & ,?9n] ,te/s4 ,^u "o s]ies ( panels on ! f5ce 0 plac$ "o ( ! =mulas :i* _h giv5 univ]sal satisfaction on ! v>i\s te/ f5ces 9 ! pa/1 & ?is =mula 0 made up ) v>i\s oils o!r ?an l9se$ oil1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! value ( ^! oils z pa9t+ mat]ials4 ,= in/ance1 ! vehicle "p ( ! "o =mula ref]r$ to is made up ( #ej l9se$ oil & #ej soya bean oil1 & aga9 #ej l9se$ oil & #ej ros9 oil1 etc41 an ef=t be+ made to te/ out a few ( ! available semi-dry+ oils4 ,! same =mula ref]r$ to 0 gr\nd 9 pure l9se$ oil & subject$ to a s]ies ( te/s :]e x has be5 ?9n$ = application z prim+ & second coats ) a s]ies ( wood turp5t9es obta9$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wis4 ,^! turp5t9es 7 made f s\!rn p9e /umps & sawdu/1 & !y v>y greatly 9 _! prop]ties4 ,"s 7 objectionable 9 odor1 :ile o!rs 7 ( excell5t quality1 hav+ an odor almo/ equal to t ( pure gum spirits4 ,illu/ration3 ,views ( ,f5ce ,"o product "u te/ on ! ,s\!rn ,te/ ,f5ce is p9e oil1 a high boil+ po9t product obta9$ f ! manufacture ( wood turp5t9e f sawdu/4 ,?is oil has a boil+ po9t ( ov] #baj degrees ,c5tigrade z aga9/ ! #aej degrees ( ord9>y gum spirits4 ,x is almo/ wat] :ite & has ! same p5etrat+ qualities z ! pure gum spirits2 :5 mix$ ) #ej l9se$ oil =m+ a pa9t oil ( extremely light color1 t produces a semi-flat pa9t ( great :it5ess4 ,r$uctions & ,application4 ,=mulas ,no4 #a to ,no4 #cg 7 all gr\nd 9 pure ref9$ l9se$ oil4 ,!y 7 made 9 ! =m ( semi-pa/e & !n ?9n$ d[n ) suffici5t ref9$ l9se$ oil s t ea* w\ld h a relative viscosity4 ,to ea* =mula 0 !n add$ a suffici5t am\nt ( pure lead & manganese l9oleate dri] to give prop] dry+ qualities4 ,on ?9n+ = ! prim+ coat1 "o p9t ( turp5t9e 0 add$ to ea* gallon ( pa9t4 ,= ! second coat1 "o-half p9t turp5t9e & "o-half p9t ref9$ l9se$ oil 7 add$ to ea* gallon4 ,= ! ?ird coat "w1 r$uction 0 made ) "o p9t ( ref9$ l9se$ oil4 ,9 ! case ( =mulas #ca to #cg1 r$uctions 7 ! same1 except t a s]ies ( specially prep>$ wood turp5t9es 7 us$ 9 place ( ! pure gum spirits us$ 9 =mulas #a to #ca4 ,=mulas #ch to #da1 z w be %[n1 7 gr\nd 9 equal p>ts ( ! oils te/$4 ,^! =mulas1 h[ev]1 7 all ?9n$ = application ) pure gum spirits ( turp5t9e1 & ! respective vehicle 9 :i* !y 7 gr\nd4 ,no inspection ( ! ,t5nessee ,te/ ,f5ce has yet be5 made4 ,! =mulas te/$ are z foll[s3 ,,=mulas ,,= ,,s\!rn ,,te/ ,,f5ce ,,vehicle3 ,blea*$ ,l9se$ ,oil ) ,lead & ,manganese ,l9oleate ,dri]4 ,=mula ,no4 #a #cj;,corrod$ :ite lead #ajj #b #cj,sublim$ :ite lead #ajj #c ,z9c oxide ,,xx #ajj #d ,z9c lead :ite #ajj #e ,lead$ z9c #fe1 corrod$ :ite lead #ce #f #cj;,corrod$ :ite lead #ajj #g #cj;,corrod$ :ite lead #ajj #cj ,corrod$ ,:ite ,lead is ! ,basic ,c>bonate ( ,lead4 ,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead is ! ,basic ,sulphate ( ,lead4 ,no4 #h ,corrod$ :ite lead #he ,z9c oxide #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #i ,corrod$ :ite lead #fe ,z9c oxide #ce ---- #ajj ,no4 #aj ,corrod$ :ite lead #ej ,z9c oxide #ej ---- #ajj ,no4 #aa ,corrod$ :ite lead #dj ,z9c oxide #fj ---- #ajj ,no4 #ab ,corrod$ :ite lead #cj ,z9c oxide #gj ---- #ajj ,no4 #ac ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #de ,silica #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #ad ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #de ,asbe/9e #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #ae ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #de ,*9a clay #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #af ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #de ,b>ytes #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #ag ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #dj ,silica #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #ah ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #dj ,asbe/9e #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #ai ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #dj ,b>ytes #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #dj ,silica #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #ba ,sublim$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #dj ,asbe/9e #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #bb ,sublim$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #dj ,b>ytes #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #bc ,z9c oxide #ij ,calcium c>bonate #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #bd ,sublim$ :ite lead #dj ,z9c oxide #de ,calcium c>bonate #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #be ,corrod$ :ite lead #ce ,z9c oxide #ej ,silica #ae ---- #ajj ,no4 #bf ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #cj ,z9c oxide #dj ,asbe/9e #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #bg ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #bj ,z9c oxide #dj ,b>ytes #aj ,asbe/9e #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #bh ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #bj ,z9c oxide #dj ,calcium c>bonate #aj ,silica #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #bi ,sublim$ :ite lead #bj ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,z9c oxide #cj ,b>ytes #aj ,asbe/9e #aj ,calcium c>bonate #aj ---- #ajj ,no4 #cj ,corrod$ :ite lead #cc ,z9c oxide #cc ,b>ytes #cc ---- #ii ,no4 #ca ,corrod$ :ite lead #de ,z9c oxide #de ,asbe/9e #e ,calcium c>bonate #e ---- #ajj ,=mula ,no4 #cb4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b ?9n$ ) wood turp5t9e ,no4 #a4 #cc4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b ?9n$ ) wood turp5t9e ,no4 #b4 #cd4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b ?9n$ ) wood turp5t9e ,no4 #c4 #ce4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b ?9n$ ) wood turp5t9e ,no4 #d4 #cf4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b ?9n$ ) wood turp5t9e ,no4 #e4 #cg4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b ?9n$ ) high-boil+-po9t petroleum spirits 7turp5t9e sub/itute74 #ch4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b gr\nd 9 #ej raw l9se$ oil1 #ej soya bean oil4 #ci4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b gr\nd 9 #ej raw l9se$ oil1 #ej corn oil4 #dj4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b gr\nd 9 #ej raw l9se$ oil1 #ej cotton se$ oil4 #da4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b gr\nd 9 #ej raw l9se$ oil1 #ej ros9 oil4 #db4 ,same z ,no4 #ca b gr\nd 9 #ej raw l9se$ oil1 #ej p9e oil4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,wa%+ton ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,! new vehicle te/ f5ce at ,wa%+ton is fully describ$ 9 ! writ]'s pap]#ca z pres5t$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 z foll[s3 #ca ,! ,practical ,te/+ ( ,dry+ & ,semi-,dry+ ,pa9t ,oils1 by ,h5ry ,a4 ,g>dn]4 ,pap] pres5t$ at ,f\rte5? ,annual ,meet+1 ,am]4 ,soc4 = ,te/4 ,mat]41 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4,j41 ,june1 #aiaa4 ,! high price atta9$ by l9se$ oil dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s ( ov] a doll> a gallon1 toge!r ) ! unusual sc>city ( ?is valuable oil1 has l$ _m inve/igators into ! field ( rese>*1 ) a view ( discov]+ "s mixture ( o!r oils to p>tly replace l9se$ oil4 ,_m valuable contributions to oil te*nology h result$1 b ! mak]s & us]s ( pa9ts h wisely dem&$ specific & au?oritative in=mation z to ! practical value ( propos$ mixtures be=e adopt+ !m4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has rec5tly />t$ a s]ies ( practical pa9t vehicle te/s design$ to decide ! "q at issue4 ,=ty-eight :ite-p9e panels h be5 plac$ ^u a te/ frame on ! gr\nds ( ! new laboratory build+ ( ! ,in/itute1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,!y are pa9t$ ) a /&>d :ite pigm5t =mula r$uc$ ) a diff]5t oil =mula = e panel4 ,:ite-p9e panels 7 select$ = ! te/ on acc\nt ( ! good pa9t+ surface :i* ?is type ( lumb] pres5ts2 ! grade select$ 0 free f knots or pit* pockets--defects :i* (t5 ru9 a pa9t te/4 ,ea* panel 0 con/ruct$ ( f\r tongu$-&-groov$ plan$ bo>ds1 #bb in*es long1 #a in* ?ick1 & #i in*es wide4 ,! bo>ds 7 lead$ toge!r & capp$ at ! sides ) wea!r /rips1 mak+ ! f9i%$ panels ab\t #b feet wide & #c feet high4 ,! f5ce ^u :i* ! panels 7 plac$ 0 con/ruct$ ( #d-;in* squ>$ yell[ p9e ) op5 framework1 all[+ ! panels a re/+ place ^u :i* !y 7 f9ally secur$ ) %]>diz$ screws4 ,be=e erect+ ! panels1 !y 7 c>efully pa9t$ 9 a pa9t laboratory especially fitt$ out = ! te/s4 ,! "w 0 done dur+ ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 ! temp]ature av]ag+ f #fj degrees to #ij degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?is precaution 0 tak5 9 ord] t ! pa9t 9 ea* case might become ?or\ghly dry & h>d be=e exposure1 s t !re w\ld be no accumulation ( du/ or effect f exposure dur+ ! dry+ p]iod4 ,! actual pa9t+ ( ea* panel 0 done p]sonally by ,mr4 ,*>les ,macni*ol1 ma/] pa9t]1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :o has _h a wide exp]i5ce 9 ! practical application & te/+ ( pa9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,panels on ,wa%+ton ,te/ ,f5ce ,! visc\s nature ( sev]al ( ! oils te/$ preclud$ ! possibility ( gr9d+ ea* oil =mula ) ! :ite pigm5t base select$2 great heat+ ( ! pa9t mills & a pa/e ( insuffici5t f95ess 0 ! result ( an e>ly attempt at ?is me?od4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to gr9d ! /&>d pigm5t =mula to a ?ick pa/e 9 ! m9imum am\nt ( raw l9se$ oil4 ,subsequ5tly a weigh$ am\nt ( ! :ite pigm5t base 0 ?9n$ ) ! oil =mula to be te/$1 to a /&>d viscosity1 judg$ by ! exp]i5c$ ma/] pa9t] 9 *>ge ( ! practical application ( ! =mulas z suffici5tly heavy = ?ird-coat "w4 ,:5 mak+ ! r$uctions ) oil mixtures1 an all[ance 0 made = ! am\nt ( l9se$ oil already conta9$ 9 ! gr\nd :ite pigm5t base4 ,dur+ ! application ( ! fir/ coat an equal am\nt ( turp5t9e 0 add$ to ea* =mula1 9 ! proportion ( "o-half p9t to a gallon ( pa9t2 9 ! application ( ! second coat !re 0 add$ to ea* =mula a l am\nt ( an equal mixture ( turp5t9e & ! oil =mula "u te/4 ,! ?ird coat 0 appli$ )\t ! addition ( ?9n]s ( any k9d4 ,x is well kn[n t ! "t ( dry+ & ! condition ( ! dri$ film ( any oil or mixture ( dry+ or semi-dry+ oils w v>y widely4 ,x is = ! purpose ( caus+ oils to set up to a h>d film 9 a %ort "t t metallic dri]s 9 ! =m ( salts ( manganese & lead1 soluble 9 oil1 are add$ to a pa9t4 ,"s oils require a l>ge am\nt ( dri]1 :ile o!rs require only a v small am\nt4 ,^? :i* require a l>ge am\nt are apt1 ^u exposure1 to be burn$ up by ! dri]1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a p[d]$ & dis9tegrat$ film4 ,to add v>i\s types ( dri] or ev5 diff]+ am\nts ( a dri] to ! oils "u te/1 seem$ v unfair f e /&po9t1 & x 0 !re=e decid$ to elim9ate ! dri] "q entirely1 s z n to vitiate ! results by br++ 9 a factor ( ?is nature4 ,! plan ( omitt+ dri]s prov$ successful 9 ! ,atlantic ,city /eel-panel pa9t te/s1 erect$ ?ree ye>s ago by ! writ] "u ! sup]vision ( ,committee ,a-#e ( ?is ,society4 ,! sy/ematic me?ods :i* are necess>y :5 mak+ pa9t te/s 7 c>efully foll[$4 ,a /&>d weigh$ am\nt ( :ite pigm5t pa/e 0 plac$ 9 a clean pa9t cup & ?9n$ to ! prop] consi/5cy ) a weigh$ am\nt ( ! oil "u te/4 ,prop] r$uctions 7 made1 z be=e /at$4 ,weigh+s ( ! pa9t1 cup1 & bru% 7 made be=e & aft] application to ! panel1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( pa9t us$ & ! spread+ p[]4 ,a p]iod ( fifte5 days 0 all[$ betwe5 ! application ( successive coats1 9 ord] to give ea* =mula suffici5t "t to dry ?or\ghly4 ,al?\gh sev]al ( ! =mulas rema9$ tacky = ov] a week1 all dri$ ?or\ghly 9 ! "t allott$4 7,oils :i* :5 us$ alone h sl[ dry+ prop]ties1 h be5 f\nd to yield good firm films :5 us$ ) dry+ pigm5ts su* z lead & z9c47 ,! backs & edges ( ea* panel 7 pa9t$ ) two coats ( ! pa9t us$ on ! face ( ! panel1 s z to prev5t ! admission ( moi/ure4 ,aft] erection1 ! panels 7 numb]$ ) alum9um figures press$ into ! surface4 ,frequ5t inspections w be made1 & at ! prop] "t reports w be issu$ giv+ ! results ( ! te/s4 ,dur+ ! pa9t+ ( ! panels consid]able int]e/+ data 7 collect$1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief resume3 ,! hid+ p[] ( a pa9t is "o ( its mo/ important requisites4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! te/s t "s oils _h ! effect ( less5+1 :ile o!rs _h ! effect ( increas+ ! hid+ p[] ( ! /&>d pigm5t =mula4 ,?is may be due 9 "p to ! v>y+ refractive indices ( ! oils us$1 z well z to ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( oil requir$ 9 ea* te/4 ,"s oils 7 v visc\s1 :ile o!rs 7 v light4 ,! /iff work+ ( heavy-bodi$1 bl[n1 or heat-oxidiz$ oils1 produc$ films :i* 9 "s cases gave a v glossy surface1 ev5 on ! prim+ coat4 ,"s ( ^! resembl$ v>ni%$ "w :5 f9i%$4 ,x w be ( importance to wat* ^! te/s c>efully = any signs ( e>ly breakd[n1 :i* might come f too ?ick a film4 ,! treat$ ,*9ese wood oil pa9ts work$ r /iff b produc$ v smoo? films4 ,! ros9 oil pa9ts became slightly lumpy on /&+1 b work$ out to a smoo? f9i% some:at yell[i% 9 color4 ,! m>9e animal oils1 especially ! m5had5 oil mixtures1 dri$ to a film slightly flatt] ?an /raight l9se$ oil4 ,any odor :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! pa9ts made f ! animal oils seem$ to disappe> a few h\rs aft] application4 ,! cotton se$ & corn oil mixtures made ! sl[e/ dry+ pa9ts1 b at ! end ( ! second week ( ! dry+ p]iod !y set up rapidly to firm films4 ,soya bean & p]illa oils behav$ l /raight l9se$ oil1 ! =m] be+ a little sl[] & ! latt] slightly m rapid 9 dry+ prop]ties4 ,! p]illa oil 0 made f "o ( ! fir/ importations into ?is c\ntry1 & 0 d>k 9 appe>ance4 ,x made1 h[ev]1 a v easy-work+ & h>d-dry+ pa9t4 ,! oils us$ 9 ! te/s 7 obta9$ f reliable s\rces4 ,aft] !y 7 receiv$1 !y 7 c>efully analyz$4 ,! results ( ! analyses appe> 9 ,table #a4 ,,table #a4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,oils ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,vehicle ,,te/s ,specific ,saponifi-,iod9e ,acid ,gravity cation ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,raw l9se$ oil #j4ica #ahh #ahf #b4j ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7l9oleate type7#j4ida #ahg #agb #b4g ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7res9ate type7 #j4icj #ahf #agf #b4b ,bl[n l9se$ oil #j4ifh #ahi #acc #b4h ,li?ographic l9se$ oil #j4igj #aii #ajb #b4g ,soya bean oil #j4ibd #ahi #abi #b4c ,m5had5 oil #j4icb #ahg #aeh #c4i ,p]illa oil #j4id #ahh #ahj #b4j ,*9ese wood oil 7raw7 #j4idd #ahc #aff #c4h ,*9ese wood oil 7treat$7#cb #j4hihcb #abhcb #ajdcb #f4hcb ,corn oil #j4ibe #aia #aah #i4e ,cottonse$ oil #j4iba #aic #aje #c4f ,ros9 oil #j4iff #bg #da #af4g ,:ale oil #j4ibd #aia #adh -- ,neutral petroleum oil#cc #j4iaf #f #ab -- #cb ,l[ con/ants due to pres5ce ( ov] #dj ( volatile matt]1 l>gely petroleum spirits4 #cc ,?is oil conta9$ ov] #bj ( petroleum spirits4 ,! pigm5t =mula select$ = ! te/s _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,basic c>bonate-:ite lead #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #cj ,z9c oxide #ce ,magnesium silicate #aj ,b>ytes #e #ajj lbs4 ( pigm5t base gr\nd to a /iff pa/e 9 #af lbs4 ( l9se$ oil4 ,:ile ?is pigm5t =mula 0 n select$ z be+ sup]ior to c]ta9 o!r =mulas1 x is ( a type t has giv5 v fair s]vice 9 pa9t te/s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & w no d\bt s]ve admirably = ! purpose design$ 9 ^! te/s4 ,! vehicle =mulas 9 ! f9i%$ pa9ts are z foll[s3 ,no4 #a ,raw l9se$ oil #ajj ,no4 #bcd ,soya bean oil #ajj #cd ,dry pigm5t =mula 9 soya bean oil4 ,no4 #cce ,m5had5 oil #ajj #ce ,dry pigm5t =mula 9 m5had5 oil4 ,no4 #d ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7res9ate7 #ge ,no4 #e ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7l9oleate7 #ge ,no4 #f ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7res9ate7 #ej ,no4 #g ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,boil$ l9se$ oil 7l9oleate7 #ej ,no4 #h ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,bl[n l9se$ oil #ej ,no4 #i ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,li?o4 l9se$ oil #ej ,no4 #aj ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,soya bean oil #ej ,no4 #aa ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,m5had5 oil #ej ,no4 #ab ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,p]illa oil #ej ,no4 #ac ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,treat$ wood oil #ej ,no4 #ad ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,corn oil #ej ,no4 #ae ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,cottonse$ oil #ej ,no4 #af ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,ros9 oil #ej ,no4 #ag ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,:ale oil #ej ,no4 #ah ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,soya bean oil #be ,no4 #ai ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,m5had5 oil #be ,no4 #bj ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,p]illa oil #be ,no4 #ba ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,treat$ wood oil #be ,no4 #bb ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,corn oil #be ,no4 #bc ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,cottonse$ oil #be ,no4 #bd ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,ros9 oil #be ,no4 #be ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,soya bean oil #be ,m5had5 oil #be ,no4 #bf ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,soya bean oil #be ,treat$ wood oil #be ,no4 #bg ,bl[n l9se$ oil #ej ,soya bean oil #ej ,no4 #bh ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #be ,m5had5 oil #be ,treat$ wood oil #be ,no4 #bi ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #be ,m5had5 oil #be ,corn oil #be ,no4 #cj ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #be ,m5had5 oil #be ,cottonse$ oil #be ,no4 #ca ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #be ,m5had5 oil #be ,ros9 oil #be ,no4 #cb ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #be ,treat$ wood oil #be ,ros9 oil #be ,no4 #cc ,raw l9se$ oil #bj ,soya bean oil #bj ,treat$ wood oil #bj ,m5had5 oil #bj ,cottonse$ oil #bj ,no4 #cd ,raw l9se$ oil #bj ,soya bean oil #bj ,treat$ wood oil #bj ,m5had5 oil #bj ,ros9 oil #bj ,no4 #ce ,raw l9se$ oil #dj ,soya bean oil #bj ,corn oil #bj ,cottonse$ oil #bj ,no4 #cf ,:ale oil #cc ,treat$ wood oil #cc ,raw l9se$ oil #cc ,no4 #cg ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,l4 ,o4#cf #ge ,no4 #ch ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,raw ,*9ese wood oil #ej ,no4 #ci ,raw l9se$ oil #ge ,r$uc+ oil#cg #be ,no4 #dj ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,soya bean oil #ce ,neutral petroleum oil #ae ,no4 #da ,raw l9se$ oil #ej ,soya bean oil #be ,neutral petroleum oil #ae ,tungate dri] #aj ,no4 #db ,l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #cg ,neutral petroleum oil #bc ,tungate dri] #ae ,no4 #dc ,raw l9se$ oil #be ,soya bean oil #cg ,:ale oil #ai ,tungate dri] #ai #cf ,mixture ( boil$ tung & soya bean oil1 ?9n$ ) petroleum & turp5t9e4 #cg #be raw l9se$ oil4 #gc petroleum oil4 #b dri]--lead & manganese l9oleate4 ,no4 #dd ,special te/ on :ite base ( ! foll[+ composition1 9 pure l9se$ oil3 ,asbe/9e #aj ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #cj ,z9c oxide #dj ,upp] bo>d ( panel r$uc$ ) /raight turp5t9e on prim+ coat4 ,second bo>d ( panel r$uc$ ) wood turp5t9e on prim+ coat4 ,?ird bo>d ( panel r$uc$ ) p9e oil on prim+ coat4 ,bottom bo>d ( panel r$uc$ ) petroleum spirits on prim+ coat4 ,no4 #de ,same pigm5t =mula z ,no4 #dd1 r$uc$ )3 ,p9e oil #ej ,l9se$ oil #ej ,no4 #df ,special te/ ( :ite base ( ! foll[+ composition1 9 pure l9se$ oil3 ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,sublim$ :ite lead #cj ,z9c oxide #ce ,asbe/9e #ae ,no4 #dg ,cypress panel unpa9t$4 ,no4 #dh ,cypress panel pa9t$ ) =mula ,no4 #a1 ?9n$ ) b5zol on ! prim+ coat4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,cem5t ,,& ,,concrete ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,damp-pro(+ & ,wat]pro(+4 ,! decoration & pres]vation ( cem5t & concrete is a subject :i* is be+ giv5 ! c>eful consid]ation ( _m te*nologi/s on acc\nt ( ! wide usage ( cem5t = /ructural purposes1 & ! necessity ( prop]ly gu>d+ x aga9/ ! de/ructive effects ( moi/ure4 ,to obta9 ) v>i\s pa9ts decorative effects1 &1 at ! same "t1 provide a high degree ( damp-pro(+1 is a process q di/9ct f t ( wat]-pro(+ cem5t & concrete sup]/ructures4 ,! use1 9 small p]c5tage1 ( /e>ic acid solutions1 alum9um /e>ate1 m>9e animal soaps1 & o!r lime-react+ mat]ials1 z a compon5t ( concrete :ile x is be+ mix$1 has be5 9 practice = "s "t1 ! result+ mixture be+ us$ l>gely ^u base-"w subject$ to wat] "u high pressure4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! mat]ials us$ = su* purposes actually d give to ! concrete a high p[] ( wat] resi/ance1 ! degree ( wat]pro(+ to be obta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( _m su* comp\nds v>ies to a wide ext5t1 (t5 int]f]+ ) ! lime-silica reactions1 & ultimately affect+ ! /r5g? ( ! f9i%$ concrete4 ,decorative & ,pres]vative ,coat+s4 ,! necessity ( obta9+ suitable pa9t coat+s = cem5t & concrete surfaces sugge/$ to ! writ] a s]ies ( te/s on pa9ts design$ to prev5t ! de/ructive action ( ! lime :i*1 by seepage & o!r physical action1 is br\ght to ! surface1 caus+ saponification ( "s oil coat+s1 z well z de/ruction ( color4 ,! te/s ref]r$ to 7 c>ri$ out dur+ #aijh1 & al?\gh great advances h be5 made s9ce t "t 9 ! prep>ation ( concrete pa9ts1 ! te/s h1 nev]!less1 af=d$ in=mation ( a valuable nature z indicat+ ! prop] me?ods to foll[ 9 ! pa9t+ ( cem5t1 z well z suitable mat]ials to use 9 ! manufacture ( cem5t pa9ts4 ,! te/s1 moreov]1 %[ ! comp>ative durability ( a numb] ( pa9ts typical ( ^? prom95t 9 ! m>ket at ! "t ! te/s 7 />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,concrete ,pa9t ,te/ ,panels ,acid ,react+ ,comp\nds4 ,a s]ies ( acid react+ wa%es 7 includ$ 9 ! te/s1 hav+ be5 design$ z prime coat]s = use previ\s to ! application ( oil pa9ts4 ,! application ( _m ( ^! wa%es has ! effect ( neutraliz+ ! lime )9 cem5t & concrete surfaces1 & (t5 precipitate insoluble lime comp\nds :i* aid 9 fill+ up ! out] voids1 ?us pres5t+ a surface m suitable to receive oil coat+s4 ,to ! writ] :o has s9ce made a c>eful /udy ( ! pa9t+ ( concrete1 x w\ld seem advisable = pa9t]s to avoid1 :5 possible1 ! use ( ^! lime neutraliz+ wa%es1 z "s ( !m h m or less dis9tegrat+ & weak5+ influ5ces ^u concrete4 ,rec5t laboratory exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 h indicat$ t z9c sulphate1 an acid react+ mat]ial us$ = _m ye>s z a wa% = concrete surfaces by ,macni*ol1 actually has a /r5g!n+ effect ^u cem5t & concrete surfaces4 ,! m successful coat+s ( to-day1 h[ev]1 are ^? :i* may be plac$ directly ^u ! cem5t & concrete surfaces )\t ! aid ( su* wa%es4 ,sev]al fairly successful pa9ts ( ?is type h rec5tly appe>$ 9 ! m>ket2 "s ( !m be+ made ( acid ros9s comp\nd$ ) vegetable oils4 ,probably "o ( ! fir/ mixtures ( ?is sort 0 ! s-call$ suction v>ni% :i* ! ma/] pa9t] has = ye>s us$ z a prime coat+ on pla/]$ walls previ\s to pa9t+4 ,^! suction v>ni%es g5]ally conta9 a high p]c5tage ( ros91 a mat]ial hav+ an exceptionally high acid value & ?us l5d+ itself successfully to ! neutralization ( free lime4 ,x has be5 claim$1 h[ev]1 by c]ta9 practical pa9t]s t ! lime-ros9 comp\nds =m$ :5 su* pa9ts are appli$ to ! ext]ior ( build+s1 are ( a brittle nature & subject to e>ly failure4 ,if ?is is true1 x w\ld seem advisable to use 9 a concrete pa9t an oil ( a relatively unsaponifiable nature1 :i* w\ld )/& successfully ! action ( ! lime1 &1 at ! same "t1 prev5t disruption ( ! coat+ & failure ( ! color us$ 9 ! pa9t4 ,outl9e ( ,te/s4 ,! te/s ref]r$ to z c>ri$ out by ! writ] 7 made on a brick wall =ty feet long1 surface-coat$ ) a f\r-in* coat+ ( ,portl& cem5t mort> made ( "o "p ( ,portl& cem5t & ?ree p>ts ( %>p1 clean s&4 ,aft] ! cem5t _h h>d5$ = ?ree days1 ! solutions "u te/ 7 appli$4 ,9 _m ( ! te/s outl9$ above1 "o-coat1 z well z two-coat "w1 0 us$ on diff]5t sections ( ! te/ surfaces4 ,x 0 %[n t ! two-coat "w gave f> bett] results ?an ) ! "o-coat "w1 & ! writ] w\ld recomm5d = ! pa9t+ ( concrete at lea/ two-coat "w4 ,:5ev] pa9ts conta9+ ,prussian blue or *rome gre5 are appli$ to concrete surfaces1 imm$iate :it5+ 9 ! case ( ! blue1 & yell[+ 9 ! case ( ! gre51 w take place1 if any degree ( action has be5 ex]t$ by ! lime )9 ! concrete4 ,= ?is reason1 gre5 is an especially delicate color to te/ & %\ld be utiliz$ = ?is purpose4 ,! mat]ials us$1 & ! results %[n at an inspection made aft] two ye>s' exposure1 are giv5 h]e)4 ,te/ ,no4 #a4 ,concrete prim$ ) a #be solution ( z9c sulphate cry/als dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,a wide bru% 0 us$ = ! application1 & ! spread+ rate 0 approximately #bjj squ>e feet p] gallon4 ,second & ?ird coat$ on ! second day ) ,no4 #aai blue pa9t ( ! foll[+ composition3 ,,no4 #aai ,,blue ,,pa9t ,sublim$ :ite lead #ej ,z9c oxide #ce ,silica & b>ytes #ab ,prussian blue #c ,gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil1 turp5t9e & dri]4 ,?is panel1 aft] ?ree ye>s' exposure1 is 9 good condition4 ,slight *eck+ obs]v$4 ,te/ ,no4 #b4 ,concrete prim$ ) a #bj solution ( 7alum7 7alum9um sulphate74 ,second & ?ird coat$ ) ,no4 #aai blue4 ,9 simil> condition to ,te/ ,no4 #a4 ,te/ ,no4 #c4 ,concrete prim$ ) z9c sulphate foll[$ by two coats ( p>a r$4 ,,p>a ,,r$ ,,=mula ,blanc fixe #fj ,:it+ #be ,z9c oxide #c ,p>anitranil9e lake #ab ,gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil1 turp5t9e & dri]4 ,panel 9 fair condition ) exception ( slight craz+4 ,*>act]i/ic dullness ( color aft] exposure %[n4 ,bright r$ color re/or$ ^u wa%+4 ,te/ ,no4 #d4 ,concrete prim$ ) an #h solution ( /e>ic acid & ros9 dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 ,second & ?ird coat$ ) ,no4 #aai blue4 ,?is panel is n 9 z good condition z ,te/s ,nos4 #a & #b1 & w\ld indicate ! inf]iority ( ! prim+ liquid us$4 ,color fail+ 9 spots & *eck+ obs]v$4 ,te/ ,no4 #e4 ,concrete prim$ ) mixture us$ 9 ,te/ ,no4 #d1 & !n giv5 two coats ( p>a r$4 ,te/ is 9 ab\t ! same condition z ,no4 #d4 ,te/ ,no4 #f4 ,concrete prim$ ) a #aj mixture ( acid calcium phosphate1 foll[$ ) two coats ( ,no4 #aai blue4 ,! acid phosphate solution evid5tly _h a neutraliz+ effect ^u ! lime 9 ! concrete1 z ! pa9t is 9 fair condition4 ,te/ ,no4 #g4 ,concrete prim$ ) "o coat ( a soap emulsion ( ! foll[+ composition1 !n pa9t$ ) two coats ( ,no4 #aai blue4 ,wat] #he ,l9se$ oil #ab ,alkali #c ,v poor results obta9$4 ,de/ruction ( color & peel+ result$4 ,te/ ,no4 #h4 ,concrete prim$ ) "o coat ( :ite pa9t ( ! foll[+ composition3 ,,prim] ,z9c oxide #be ,silica #ce ,corrod$ :ite lead #bj ,gypsum #ae ,:it+1 etc4 #e ,gr\nd 9 a vehicle ( l9se$ oil & conta9+ #ce ( volatile hydroc>bon spirits & dri]4 ,?is coat 0 foll[$ by "o ( ! foll[+ composition1 t9t$ blue3 ,z9c oxide #fj ,gypsum #bj ,silica #bj ,gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil ) #ab ( turp5t9e & dri]4 ,fair results %[n dur+ fir/ ye>1 b a breakd[n occurr$ dur+ ! second ye>1 & crack+ & scal+ result$4 ,te/ ,no4 #i4 ,?is te/ 0 a duplicate ( ,no4 #h ) ! addition ( #e ( z9c sulphate solution emulsifi$ into ! prim]4 ,slightly sup]ior to ,te/ ,no4 #h4 ,te/ ,no4 #aj4 ,prim$ ) a :ite pa/e pa9t ?9n$ ) turp5t9e4 ,second coat$ ) same pa9t t9t$ blue4 ,,=mula ,,( ,,pa/e ,z9c oxide #dj ,:it+ #cj ,silica #bj ,alum9a & gypsum #aj ,gr\nd 9 #af ( l9se$ oil vehicle4 ,scal+ & peel+ due to lack ( b9d] & use ( saponifiable oil result$ dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s' exposure4 ,entire de/ruction ( coat+ at end ( two ye>s4 ,te/ ,no4 #aa4 ,prim$ ) a :ite mixture1 & second coat$ ) ! same mixture t9t$ blue4 ,,=mula ,,( ,,mixture ,:it+ #cj ,silica #cj ,z9c oxide #dj ,/irr$ into a #e solution ( glue 9 wat]1 until a fairly ?ick pa/e 0 obta9$4 ,mu* *alk+ 0 %[n1 & a blea*+ ( color4 ,x is evid5t t ?is mixture w\ld n s]ve to keep moi/ure out4 ,te/ ,no4 #ab ,a4 ,prim$ ) a #e solution ( soluble nitrat$ cotton & p>aff9 dissolv$ 9 equal p>ts ( amyl acetate & b5z9e4 ,second coat$ ) ,no4 #aai blue4 ,n v good results 7 obta9$1 *alk+ & slight scal+ result+4 ,te/ ,no4 #ab ,b4 ,prim$ ) a heavy v>ni% conta9+ ,*9ese wood oil & kauri gum4 ,second coat$ ) ,no4 #aai blue4 ,fair results obta9$4 ,te/s ,nos4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 & #af4 ,prim$ ) a solution made by dissolv+ #aj p>ts ( sodium oxalate 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,second & ?ird coat$ ) l9se$ oil pa9ts 9 r$1 br[n1 blue1 & gre54 ,v good results %[n at end ( te/4 ,te/ ,no4 #bj1 ,special4 ,prim$ & second coat$ ) a gre5 pa9t conta9+ z9c oxide & b>ytes1 gr\nd 9 an oil hav+ a l[ saponification value4 ,v sl[ dry+ 0 %[n4 ,excell5t results4 ,no failure ( color4 ,extremely glossy1 wat]pro( surface pres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,/ructural ,,/eel ,,pa9t ,,te/s ,! ,necessity ( ,protective ,coat+s4 ,mo/ pa9t]s h 9 ! pa/ consid]$ ( m9or importance ! pa9t+ ( iron & /eel2 any pa9t t w\ld prop]ly hide ! surface ( ! metal be+ accept$ )\t mu* "q4 ,! dem&1 h[ev]1 = /ructural /eel = (fice build+s1 factories1 /eel c>s1 railroad equipm5t1 etc41 has d\bl$ ! output ( /ructural pa9ts1 & creat$ a dem& = pa9t]s hav+ a k ( ! prop] mat]ials to use 9 ! pa9t+ ( /eel1 s t its life may be pres]v$1 & its /r5g? ma9ta9$4 ,su* k is z important to ! pa9t] z a k ( h[ to prop]ly select mat]ials = ! pa9t+ ( wood1 & h[ to temp] ^! mat]ials to suit ! v>i\s conditions met )4 ,! ,cause ( ,ru/4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ru/1 b few actually und]/& :at causes ru/4 ,no attempt w be made "h to pres5t ev5 an outl9e ( ! _m !ories advanc$ to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( ! ru/+ ( iron1 = ! subject is z div]se z x is int]e/+4 ,a brief resume1 h[ev]1 w be giv5 ( ! n[ g5]ally accept$ !ory t expla9s ! subject4 ,?is !ory is call$ ! electrolytic !ory4 ,auto-electrolysis is ! t]m us$ to def9e ! peculi> t5d5cy ( iron to be trans=m$ f a metal possess+ a h>d lu/r\s surface1 high t5sile /r5g?1 & o!r useful prop]ties1 to a crumbl+ oxide t falls to ! gr\nd & aga9 becomes "p ( ! e>? f :i* x 0 orig9ally tak5 by man4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,side ,view ( ,/eel ,te/ ,f5ces ,?is go+ back to nature is m readily accompli%$ by mo/ ( ! /eel produc$ to-day ?an by ! old h&-made irons produc$ _m ye>s ago4 ,x seems to be a curi\s fact t ! m quickly a product or an article is fa%ion$ by man1 ! m quickly x t5ds to return aga9 to its orig9al oxidiz$ condition4 ,"s manufactur]s ( /eel1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh an und]/&+ ( ! causes ( ru/1 h progress$ 9 ! manufacture ( sl[ ru/+ mat]ials1 ei!r by ! elim9ation1 or by ! prop] di/ribution ( impurities4 ,:5 iron is br\ght into contact ) moi/ure1 curr5ts ( electricity fl[ ov] ! surface ( ! iron betwe5 po9ts t are relatively pure & po9ts t conta9 impurities4 ,^! curr5ts /imulate ! natural t5d5cy ( ! iron to g into solution1 & ! solution proce$s ) vigor at ! positive po9ts4 ,! air :i* ! wat] conta9s oxidizes ! iron :i* has gone into solution1 & precipitates ! famili> br[n iron ru/4 ,?us wat]1 :i* acts z an acid1 & air1 :i* acts z an oxidiz]1 h comb9$ toge!r to accompli% ! d[nfall ( ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree ,photomicrographs ( ,corrod+ ,/eel ,inhibition & ,/imulation ( ,ru/4 ,x is obvi\s t if means c\ld be devis$ to /op ! solution pressure ( iron & make x resi/ant to ! fl[ ( surface electric curr5ts1 ru/ c\ld be prev5t$4 ,su* me?ods h be5 devis$1 & to bett] illu/rate h[ !y op]ate1 an analogy may be drawn betwe5 iron 9 wat] & %ellac 9 alcohol4 ,x is common k t :5 %ellac is plac$ 9 alcohol1 ! %ellac w =ce itself into solution 9 ! alcohol1 & =m a cle>1 transp>5t lacqu]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re %\ld be mix$ ) ! alcohol a quantity ( wat]1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! %ellac c\ld no long] g into solution1 & x w\ld rema9 9 its orig9al condition4 ,9 ! same way1 if !re be plac$ 9 wat] a small quantity ( mat]ial1 su* z soluble *romates1 or an alkal9e sub/ance l cau/ic soda or lime1 x w be f\nd t iron w no long] h a t5d5cy to g into solution 9 ?is treat$ wat]1 b w /ay bright & clean4 ,^! mat]ials :i* prev5t ! ru/+ ( iron h be5 call$ by ,cu%man1 :o fir/ advanc$ ^! explanations1 ru/ inhibitors1 or mat]ials :i* inhibit ru/+4 ,! pa9t mak]1 realiz+ ! importance ( ^! ru/ inhibitors1 is incorporat+ !m into pa9ts design$ = ! protection ( iron & /eel1 & ! success :i* pa9ts ( ?is type h met ) f a practical /&po9t is a ju/ification ( :at 0 fir/ call$ ! electrolytic !ory1 :i* sugge/$ _! use4 ,by plac+ small1 brightly poli%$ /eel plates into a mu% ( pa9t pigm5t & wat]1 a det]m9ation may be made ( ! pigm5t's effect ^u ! metal4 ,"s pigm5ts1 "u su* conditions1 cause rapid corrosion ( ! /eel plates4 ,su* pigm5ts are /imulators ( corrosion1 on acc\nt ( acid impurities :i* !y conta91 or because ( _! effect 9 /imulat+ galvanic curr5ts4 ,_m c>bonace\s pigm5ts are ( ?is type4 ,o!r pigm5ts h ! effect ( keep+ bright ! /eel plates & prev5t+ ru/4 ,su* pigm5ts are ( ! inhibitive type1 & _! action is to *eck or ret>d ! solution pressure ( ! iron4 ,! ,effects ( ,moi/ure4 ,x might occur to ! read] t al?\gh pa9t pigm5ts1 :5 mix$ up ) wat] & br\ght into contact ) ! surface ( /eel1 might %[ ei!r an inhibitive or /imulative action1 t x is by no means c]ta9 t ! same t5d5cy w be exhibit$ by pigm5ts :5 !y are prop]ly mix$ ) l9se$ oil & laid out z a film ^u ! surface ( /eel4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 x may be well to /ate t almo/ no mat]ial us$ by mank9d is absolutely dry4 ,l9se$ oil1 z x is press$ f ! se$1 comes f ! cells1 c>ry+ ) x a c]ta9 small def9ite p]c5tage ( wat]1 & x is q c]ta9 t ev5 ! be/ l9se$ oil t goes into use is n !oretically dry4 ,ev]yone kn[s1 ( c\rse1 t oil & wat] d n readily mix & are1 9 fact1 m or less repell5t to ea* o!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t1 9 spite ( ?is1 oils c c>ry q a p]c5tage ( wat]1 )\t ! admixture be+ app>5t to ! eye4 ,9 addition to ?is1 c>eful exp]im5ts h prov$ v conclusively t l9se$ oil films1 ev5 aft] !y h oxidiz$ & h>d5$1 h ! p[] to a c]ta9 ext5t ( absorb+ wat] f ! atmosph]e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 safe to say t no l9se$ oil film 9 a pa9t coat+ is dry all ! "t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is abundant evid5ce to %[ t 9 ra9y wea!r1 &1 9 fact1 :5 ! humidity 9 ! air is high1 pa9t films h absorb$ wat]4 ,z ! sun comes out & w>ms ! pa9t coat+1 & ! humidity cont5t ( ! atmosph]e falls1 ?is wat] to a l>ge ext5t evaporates out ( ! film1 only to be tak5 up aga9 :5 ! wea!r conditions *ange4 ,?is action may be lik5$ to a brea?+ ( ! pa9t film1 t is to say1 an indraw+ ( wat] "u humid conditions1 foll[$ by an exhal+ ( wat] "u dry conditions4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d1 x mu/ be app>5t t pigm5ts laid out 9 intimate contact ) ! surface ( /eel are subject$ at all times ei!r m or less to ! reactions produc$ by wat] contact4 ,fur!rmore1 z x is a prop]ty ( wat] to become saturat$ ) ! gases ( ! atmosph]e1 su* z oxyg51 c>bonic & sulphur\s acids1 & o!r impurities1 !re is pres5t 9 a protective pa9t film at all times ! elem5ts necess>y to c>ry on ! corrosive process & reactions4 ,an outl9e ( ,cu%man's orig9al rese>* "w1 ^u :i* has be5 bas$ ! classification ( pigm5ts z inhibitors1 /imulators1 & in]ts1 is cle>ly pres5t$ 9 8 report#ch z ,*airman ( ,committee ,u ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an exc]pt3 #ch ,page #gc1 #aiaj ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,f]roxyl ,te/s on ,pa9t$ ,/eel ,surfaces4 ,upp] ,r[ ,pa9t$ ) ,/imulative ,pa9ts--,l[] ,r[ ) ,inhibitive ,pa9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,te/ on ,plates ,pa9t$--,except 9 ,c5t] ,spot4 ,left ,h& ,plates ,pa9t$ ) ,/imulative ,pa9ts1 ,"r ,h& ,plates ,pa9t$ ) ,inhibitive ,pa9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,/eel ,plates ,pa9t$ ) ,/imulative ,pa9ts1 aft] ,imm]sion 9 ,f]roxyl ,jelly4 ,?ree ye>s ago ! sugge/ion 0 made 9 a pap] pres5t$ be=e ! ,t5? ,annual ,meet+ ( ?is ,society t ! v>i\s types ( sub/ances us$ z pigm5ts 9 protective coat+s might ex]t a /imulative or an inhibitive action on ! rate & t5d5cy to corrosion ( ! und]ly+ metal4 ,x 0 fur!r sugge/$ on a !oretical gr\nd t slightly soluble *romates %\ld ex]t a protective action :5 employ$ z pigm5ts by ma9ta9+ ! surface ( ! iron 9 a passive condition 9 case wat] & oxyg5 p5etrat$ ! pa9t film4 ,9 view also ( ! well-kn[n fact t alkalies inhibit :ile acids /imulate ! corrosion ( iron1 x 0 sugge/$ t ! action ( m or less pure pigm5ts on iron 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] %\ld be ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,two ye>s ago ?is ,committee invit$ ! co-op]ation ( ,committee ,d-#a 7!n kn[n z ,committee ,e7 9 ! inve/igation1 & a special sub-committee repres5t+ ! two ma9 committees 0 appo9t$4 ,! me?ods & results ( ! wat]-pigm5t te/s h previ\sly be5 report$ & publi%$1 & ne$ n be giv5 9 detail4 ,briefly1 ! me?od consi/$ 9 imm]s+ samples ( /eel 9 wat] susp5sions ( ! v>i\s pigm5ts & bl[+ air ?r\gh ! conta9]s = def9ite p]iods ( "t1 ! corrosion be+ measur$ by ! loss 9 weight su/a9$ by ! te/ pieces4 ,ab\t fifty pigm5ts :i* are 9 m or less common use = pa9t+ /eel 7 pur*as$ 9 ! op5 m>ket & di/ribut$ among a numb] ( ! memb]s ( ! ,committee1 :o agre$ to c>ry out ! "w4 ,ea* inve/igator work$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 except t ! same g5]al me?od 0 foll[$2 ! "t ( exposure to ! corrod+ action1 h[ev]1 v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t exp]im5ts4 ,:5 ! results 7 comp>$ & analyz$ by ! sub-committee1 x 0 felt t ! g5]al agreem5t ( ! results obta9$ by ! sev]al inve/igators 0 /rik+ & m]it$ fur!r & m sy/ematic "w4 ,z a result ( ^! te/s ! sub-committee t5tatively divid$ ! pigm5ts into inhibitors1 /imulators1 & indet]m9ates4 ,! ^w 'indet]m9ate' 0 select$ aft] consid]able discussion1 because ! words 'neutral' or 'in]t' already possess a special mean+ z appli$ to pa9t te*nology4 ,! ,committee takes ?is occasion to emphatically /ate t 9 adopt+ ?is t5tative classification1 ! words 'inhibitive' & '/imulative' z us$ by !m up to ! pres5t "t apply only to ! results obta9$ 9 ! wat] te/s1 & ! inf]5ce t ! results obta9$ h decid$ :i* class ! pigm5t w fall into :5 made into a pa9t ) ! usual vehicles & us$ z a protective coat+ on iron & /eel1 is n ju/ifi$4 ,9 ord] to make ?is po9t q cle>1 x has be5 agre$ by ! ,committee to qualify ! classification s z to speak ( ! v>i\s mat]ials te/$ z 'wat] /imulative' or 'wat] inhibitive4' ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus = ,te/+ ! ,inhibitive ,value ( ,pigm5ts ,importance ( ,field ,te/s4 ,al?\gh ! laboratory accel]at$ te/s = ! det]m9ation ( ! relative value ( /ructural /eel pa9ts af=d in=mation ( "s import1 !re seems to be a g5]al op9ion t ! be/ me?od to foll[1 if in=mation ( a reliable "* is to be obta9$1 is to make actual field exposure te/s ^u l>ge surfaces4 ,! results ( ! above describ$ wat]-pigm5t te/s sugge/$ ! erection ( a s]ies ( /eel panels on :i* to te/ out ! same pigm5ts "u practical s]vice conditions4 ,! ,pa9t ,manufactur]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates erect$ & pa9t$ ! panels1 ! "w be+ "u ! con/ant sup]vision ( ! writ]1 & ! inspection ( ! "w "u ,committee ,u ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,a brief resume ( ! "w#ci is h]e) pres5t$4 #ci ,page #aha1 ,corrosion & ,pres]vation ( ,iron & ,/eel--,cu%man & ,g>dn]--,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,pickl+ & ,prep>ation ( ,plates4 ,! ?ree types ( metal#dj select$ = ! te/ 7 roll$ to billets1 ! middle ( :i* 7 select$1 & work$ up into plates #bd in*es wide1 #cf in*es high1 & #a_/h in* 9 diamet]--approximately #aa gauge4 ,a numb] ( plates ( ea* ( ! metals select$1 9 all #dej1 7 pickl$ 9 #aj sulphuric acid1 kept at #ahj to #bjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 9 ord] to remove ! mill-scale4 ,! plates 7 !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 & lat] 9 #aj solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,f9ally ! plates 7 aga9 wa%$ 9 wat] & wip$ dry4 ,!y 7 !n pack$ 9 boxes conta9+ dry lime1 9 ord] to prev5t sup]ficial corrosion4 ,by ?is me?od ! plates 7 secur$ 9 p]fect condition1 ! surfaces be+ smoo? & free f scale4 ,^u ^! pickl$ plates pa9ts 7 appli$ ) a def9ite spread+ rate ( #ijj squ>e feet p] gallon4 ,! unpickl$ plates1 coat$ ) mill-scale1 7 pa9t$ ) ! same pa9ts1 b )\t adopt+ any special spread+ rate1 ?us foll[+ m closely ! ord9>y me?od ( pa9t+ /ructural /eel4 ,a few extra plates ( special ,bessem] /eel & ,sw$i% *>coal iron 7 also includ$ 9 ! te/1 "s ( :i* 7 pa9t$1 :ile o!rs 7 expos$ )\t any protective coat+4 ,plates ( ! ?ree types ( metal already m5tion$ 7 also expos$ unpa9t$1 bo? 9 ! black & pickl$ condition4 #dj ,bessem] ,/eel1 ,op5 ,he>? ,/eel1 & ,pure ,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,view ( ,/eel ,te/ ,f5ces ,f5ce ,erection & ,prep>ation = ,"w4 ,! f5ces :i* 7 erect$ = ! hold+ ( ! plates 7 con/ruct$ ( yell[ p9e1 ! po/s be+ set deeply 9 ! gr\nd & prop]ly brac$4 ,! framework ( ! f5ce 0 op51 ) a l$ge ^u ! lat]al gird]s1 ^u :i* ! plates might re/1 & to :i* ! plates 7 secur$ by ! use ( /eel buttons4 ,aft] ! framework _h be5 erect$1 pa9t$1 & made ready = ! placem5t ( ! panels1 a small %$ 0 built ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! mat]ials = ! field te/ plac$ !re94 ,! /eel plates 7 unpack$ f ! boxes 9 :i* !y 7 %ipp$1 bru%$ (f1 & /ack$ up ready = pa9t+4 ,small b5*es 7 erect$1 & ! accessories ( ! "w1 su* z cans1 bru%es1 pots1 balances1 etc41 7 plac$ 9 position4 ,me?ods ,foll[$ 9 ,pa9t+ ,plates4 ,a frame re/+ ^u ! workb5* s]v$ to hold ! plates 9 a lat]al position :ile be+ pa9t$1 room be+ all[$ b5ea? ! plate = ! op]ator to place 8 h&s 9 ord] to lift ! plates f ! "u surface aft] ! pa9t+ _h be5 f9i%$4 ,a pickl$ plate hav+ be5 plac$ ^u ! framework ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess = ! "w4 ,! specific gravity & weight p] gallon ( ! pa9t to be appli$ 0 det]m9$1 & ! am\nt1 9 grams1 to be appli$ to ea* individual panel 0 calculat$ accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,spread+ rate ,sq4 ft4 9 plate ,grams pa9t 9 gal4 #ijj sq4 ft4 3 #f 33 #edjj 3 x ,! reciprocal ( x be+ ! numb] ( grams ( pa9t to be appli$ to ! panels4 ,an enamel cup 0 !n fill$ ) ! pa9t & a bru% well /irr$ )94 ,! cup1 pa9t1 & bru% 7 plac$ ^u ! balances & accurately weigh$ 9 grams4 ,aft] mo/ ( ! pa9t _h be5 appli$ to ! panel1 cross-bru%+ ( ! panel 0 cont9u$ until ! pot ) bru% & pa9t exactly c\nt]balanc$ ! d$uct$ weight4 ,! pa9t$ panel 0 !n set 9 a rack1 9 a horizontal position to dry4 ,a p]iod ( eight days elaps$ betwe5 ! dry+ ( ea* coat4 ,! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! edges ( ! plates1 & ! racks = conta9+ ! plates aft] !y 7 pa9t$ 7 s con/ruct$ t ! pa9t w\ld n be abrad$ :ile slid+ ! plates back & =?4 ,! work+ prop]ties ( ea* pa9t1 & ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ea* plate aft] pa9t+1 7 c>efully not$ & includ$ 9 ! report4 ,no r$uctions 7 made to any ( ! pa9ts appli$ except 9 ?ree cases1 :]e ! viscosity 0 s great t x 0 necess>y to add a small am\nt ( pure spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,! am\nt ( pa9t 0 proportionately increas$ 9 su* cases1 s t ! evaporation ( ! turp5t9e w\ld leave ^u ! plate ! am\nt ( pa9t orig9ally int5d$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! complet$ s]ies ( te/ panels is %[n on page #bba4 ,vehicles ,us$ & ,reasons = ,avoidance ( ,japan ,dri]s4 ,! pigm5ts us$ 7 select$ ) ! view to secur+ z ne>ly z possible purity & /r5g?1 & z already not$1 7 out ( ! same lots us$ 9 mak+ ! prelim9>y laboratory te/s on inhibitives4 ,!y 7 gr\nd 9 a vehicle compos$ ( two p>ts ( raw l9se$ oil & "o "p ( pure boil$ oil4 ,pa9t is g5]ally caus$ to dry rapidly by ! use ( japan or dri]s4 ,^! mat]ials conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( metallic oxides :i* might h "s effect 9 ei!r excit+ or ret>d+ corrosion4 ,to prev5t ! introduction ( su* a factor1 ^! mat]ials 7 n us$ 9 ! te/4 ,! boil$ oil1 ) its small p]c5tages ( metallic oxides1 0 suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to cause ! pa9ts to dry 9 a %ort "t aft] !y 7 spread4 ,te/+ ,effect ( ,v>i\s ,prime ,coats4 ,"s ( ! special te/s made includ$ a s]ies ( plates prime-coat$ ) diff]5t inhibitive pigm5ts1 & ^! te/s 7 design$ to det]m9e :i* pigm5ts (f] ! be/ results = su* "w4 ,^! plates 7 all second-coat$ ) ! same pa9t4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! au?ors t any good exclud+ pa9t may be us$ :e!r x be inhibitive 9 action or n1 provid$ ! contact coat is inhibitive4 ,if1 h[ev]1 bo? coats c be design$ s z to h ! maximum possible value f bo? ^! po9ts ( view1 ! be/ results w\ld1 ( c\rse1 accrue4 ,! only way su* data c be obta9$ is by c>eful obs]vation ( ! results ( exposure te/s4 ,comb9ation ,=mulas ,te/$4 ,by select+ a s]ies ( pigm5ts :i* 9 ! wat] te/s %[$ inhibitive t5d5cies1 & prop]ly comb9+ ^! pigm5ts into a pa9t1 x 0 ?\ght possible t a m or less inhibitive pa9t w\ld be produc$4 ,if ?is prov$ to be ! case1 x w\ld foll[ t ! selection & introduction into a pa9t ( ! /imulative pigm5ts w\ld inevitably produce a pa9t unfit = use on iron or /eel4 ,data on ,application ( ,pa9ts4 ,! record$ data on ! application ( ! pa9t to ! panels is volum9\s4 ,!re is pres5t$ h]e)1 h[ev]1 ! data on two ( ! pa9ts4 ,,no4 #b1 ,,quick ,,process ,,:ite ,,lead3 ,sp4 ,gr4 ( pigm5t #f4gh ,lbs4 to gallon oil #bj4cd ,sp4 ,gr4 ( pa9t z receiv$ #b4dg ,wt4 ( pa9t p] gallon #bj4ef ,grams to panel #fb ,condition ( pa9t ,good ,work+ prop]ties ,works easy ,dry+ #bd hrs4 all coats #a coat ,oct4 #bf ,t #fj ,b #bi4id ,w4 fair #b coat ,nov4 #c ,t #ed ,b #cj4bc ,w4 cle> #c coat ,nov4 #g ,t #eb ,b #bi4ff ,w4 cl\dy ,,no4 #i1 ,,orange ,,m9]al 7,,am]ican73 ,sp4 ,gr4 ( pigm5t #h4ig ,lbs4 to gallon oil #bf4ia ,sp4 ,gr4 ( pa9t z receiv$ #b4ig ,wt4 ( pa9t p] gallon #bd4gd ,grams to panel #gd4g ,condition ( pa9t ,good ,work+ prop]ties ,smoo?--no bru% m>ks ,dry+ ,good #a coat ,oct4 #bh ,t #eh ,b #cj4ja ,w4 cl\dy #b coat ,nov4 #d ,t #fe ,b #bi4fa ,w4 cl\dy #c coat ,nov4 #i ,t #eh ,b #bi4ia ,w4 cle> ,composition ( ,pa9ts4 ,! foll[+ table gives data reg>d+ ! composition1 etc41 ( pa9ts appli$ to ! /eel panels4 ,results ( ,inspection4 ,! results ( an inspection ( ! /eel te/ plates1 made by ,sub-committee ,d repres5t+ ,committee ,d-#a ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 is h]e) pres5t$3 ,on ,w$nesday1 ,june #bh1 #aiaa1 ! second inspection ( ! ,atlantic ,city ,/eel ,te/ ,panels1 erect$ 9 ,octob]1 #aijh1 0 made by ,sub-committee ,d ( ,committee ,d-#a1 ?is ,committee hav+ agre$ to report ^u ! condition ( ! pa9t$ surfaces1 leav+ any report on ! comp>ative corrosion ( ! v>i\s types ( metal us$ 9 ! te/ to ,committee ,a-#e on ! corrosion ( iron4 ,grams ,pa9t ,wt4 ( ,sp4 ,wt4 ( to ,panel ,"n ,sp4 ,pigm5t ,gr4 ,pa9t at #ijj ,gr4 to ,gal4 ( p] ,sq4 ft4 ,pigm5t ( ,pig-( oil ,pa9t ,gal4 spread+ ,no4 m5t ,lbs4 ,rec'd ,lbs4 rate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a;,dut* process :ite lead #f4hc #bj4di #b4de #bj4di #fa4j #b,quick process :ite lead #f4gh #bj4cd #b4dg #bj4cd #fb4j #c,z9c oxide #e4ef #af4fh #b4ab #af4fh #ei4j #d,sublim$ :ite lead #f4de #ai4ag #b4cf #ai4ag #ei4j #e,sublim$ blue lead #f4ci #ai4ag #b4db #ai4ag #fa4j #f,li?opone #d4bf #ab4gh #a4hj #ab4gh #de4c #g,z9c lead :ite #d4db #ac4bf #a4if #ac4bf #di4d #i;,am]ican orange m9]al #h4ig #bf4ia #b4ig #bf4ia #gd4g #aj,r$ lead #h4gj #bf4aj #b4ic #bf4aj #gc4f #ab;,bright r$ oxide #e4bf #ae4gh #b4je #ae4gh #fj4j #ad,v5etian r$ #c4a #i4cj #a4eb #i4cj #ch4j #ae,pr9ce's metallic br[n #c4ag #i4ea #a4ej #i4ea #cg4g #af,natural graphite #b4fj #g4hj #a4cg #g4hj #cd4d #ag;,a*eson graphite #b4ba #f4fc #a4bb #f4fc #cj4h #ai ,lampblack #a4hb #a4hb ,b>ytes #a4hb #h4ib #a4fj #h4ib #dj4b #bj,will[ *>coal #a4di #d4dg #a4jh #d4dg #bg4j #ba ,gas c>bon black #a4he #a4ci #a4fg #a4ci ,natural b>ytes #aj4jc #aj4jc #ej4g #bd;,fr5* yell[ o*re #b4id #h4hb #a4df #h4hb #cg4j #bg,natural b>ytes #d4df #ac4ch #a4hc #ac4ch #df4j #bh,precipitat$ b>ytes #d4bc #ab4fi #a4hd #ab4fi #df4j 7blanc fixe7 #bi;,calcium c>bonate #e4dh #h4bb #a4cg #h4bb #cd4e 7:it+7 #cj;,calcium c>bonate #b4ef #g4fh #a4ce #g4fh #cd4j precipitat$ #ca;,calcium sulphate 7gypsum7 #b4cc #f4ii #a4be #f4ii #ca4d #cb;,*9a clay 7kaol97 #b4fg #h4ja #a4cd #h4ja #cd4j #cc;,asbe/9e 7silicate ( #b4ge #h4be #a4ch #h4be #cd4g magnesium7 #cd;,am]ican v]milion #f4hc #bj4di #bj4di #fd4e 7*rome sc>let7 #cf,m$ium *rome yell[ #e4hh #ag4fd #ag4fd #fg4a #ci,z9c *romate #c4eg #aj4ga #a4eg #aj4ga #ci4b #dj,z9c & b>ium *romate #c4de #aj4ce #a4eh #aj4ce #dj4j #da;,*rome gre5 7blue tone7 #d4dd #ac4cb #a4id #ac4cb #di4j #dd,prussian blue #a4if #e4hh #e4hh #cj4j #de,prussian blue #a4ic #e4gi #e4gi #cd4e #dh,ultram>9e blue #b4dj #g4bj #a4bi #g4bj #cb4e #di,z9c & lead *romate #d4gf #ad4bh #a4ib #ad4bh #dh4c #ea,magnetic black oxide #ae4jj #a4ib #ae #dh4c ,composite ,pa9ts #aaa;,br[n ,made f pig- #aj4hb #a4cj #aj4hb #cb4g #bbb;,black m5ts t 7 #aj4hf #a4cj #aj4hf #cb4h #ccc,:ite inhibitive 9 ! #ad4eb #a4gd #ad4eb #dc4h #ddd;,gre5 wat] te/ #ab4gg #a4ec #ab4gg #ch4f #eee;,black ,made f pig- #i4cg #a4abe #i4cg #bh4 #fff;,br[n m5ts t 7 #aa4gd #a4da #aa4gd #ce4e #ggg,:ite /imulative 9 #ad4ee #a4ge #ad4ee #dd4 #hhh;,gre5 ! wat] te/ #ad4eg #a4ge #ad4eg #ad4eg ,accord+ to ! am\nt ( ru/ app>5t on ! pa9t$ surfaces ( ! panels1 z well z ! degree ( *eck+1 *alk+1 scal+1 crack+1 peel+1 loss ( color1 & o!r signs ( pa9t failure %[n1 rat+s 7 giv5 ea* panel4 ,! sy/em ( rat+ :i* took into consid]ation all ! above conditions1 0 simil> to ! sy/em us$ at ! fir/ inspection dur+ #aiaj1 :5 #j 7z]o7 record$ ! wor/ results & #aj 7t57 ! be/ results4 ,9 ,table ,no4 #a !re is %[n ! rat+ accord$ by ea* inspector to ea* panel1 z well z an av]age = ea* panel4 ,,table ,,no4 #a4--,,second ,,inspection ,,( ,,/eel ,,pa9t ,,te/ ,,panels ,,at ,,atlantic ,,city1 ,n4 ,j41 ,,by ,,sub-,,committee ,d ,,( ,,committee ,d-#a ,h4 ,a4 ,panel ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,h4 ,g>dn] ,c4 ,no4 ,pigm5t ,walk],walk],*air- ,*apman,av]age man ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,dut* process :ite lead #b #c #c #e #c4g #b ,quick process :ite lead #d #d #c #f #d4b #c ,z9c oxide 7,,xx7 #a #a-a_/b #a #b-a_/b #a4e #d ,sublim$ :ite lead #i #i-a_/b #i #h-a_/b #i4j #e ,sublim$ blue lead #i #i-a_/b #i-a_/b #g-a_/b #h4h #f ,li?opone #b #a-a_/b #b #c-a_/b #b4b #g ,z9c lead :ite #c #d #e #g #d4g #i ,orange m9]al #i #i #i #f-a_/b #h4c #aj ,r$ lead #i #i #i #f-a_/b #h4c #ab ,bright r$ oxide #h-a_/b #i #h #g #h4a #ad ,v5etian r$ #g #i #g #i #h4j #ae ,pr9ce's metallic br[n #e #g-a_/b #f #h #f4c #af ,natural graphite #f #h #d #i-a_/b #f4h #ag ,artificial graphite #e #g-a_/b #d #g #e4i #ai ,lampblack #e #g-a_/b #e #h #f4c #bj ,will[ *>coal #i #h-a_/b #i #i #h4h #ba ,c>bon black #g #h-a_/b #e #h-a_/b #g4b #bd ,yell[ o*re 7,fr5*7 #e #g #b #h #e4e #bg ,b>ytes 7natural7 #a #a #a #j #j4g #bh ,b>ytes 7precipitat$7 #b #a-a_/b #b #b #a4h #bi ,calcium c>bonate #j #j #j #j #j4j 7:it+7 #cj ,calcium c>bonate 7pre- #j #j #j #j #j4j cipitat$7 #ca ,calcium sulphate #a #a #a #c #a4g 7gypsum7 #cb ,*9a clay 7kaol97 #f #f #g #f-a_/b #f4c #cc ,asbe/9e 7magnes4 sili- #e #d-a_/b #f #e #e4a cate7 #cd ,am]ican v]milion #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj4j #cf ,lead *romate #g #g-a_/b #h-a_/b #h #g4g #ci ,z9c *romate #i #i #aj #i-a_/b #i4e #dj ,z9c & b>ium *romate #i #i-a_/b #aj #i-a_/b #i4e #da ,*rome gre5 7blue tone7#aj #aj #aj #i-a_/b #i4h #dd ,prussian blue1 ,w4 ,s #i #i-a_/b #i-a_/b #i #i4j #de ,prussian blue1 ,w4 ,i #h #i-a_/b #h-a_/b #h-a_/b #h4e #dh ,ultram>9e blue #j #j #j #j #j4j #di ,z9c & lead *romate #aj #i-a_/b #aj #i-a_/b #i4g #ea ,magnetic black oxide #i #i-a_/b #aj #i-a_/b #i4e #aaa ,br[n composite pa9t #g #i #i #i #h4e #bbb ,black composite pa9t #i #i #i #h-a_/b #h4h #cccc ,:ite composite pa9t #d #d #g #c #d4e #ddd ,gre5 composite pa9t #e #g #g #h #f4g #eee ,black composite pa9t #i #i #f #i #h4b #fff ,br[n composite pa9t #h #h #f #i #g4g #ggg ,:ite composite pa9t #g #aj #e #g #g4b #hhh ,gre5 composite pa9t #g #h #h #i #h4j #bjjj #a coat z9c *romate #h #h-a_/b #h #h #h4a #a coat iron oxide ex- clud] #cjjj #a coat lead *romate #g #h #g #g-a_/b #g4c #djjj #a coat r$ lead #g #h-a_/b #h #g-a_/b #g4g #a coat iron oxide ex- clud] #ajj ,/raight c>bon black #e #h-a_/b #d #h-a_/b #f4e pa9t ) turps & dri] #ij ,/raight lampblack pa9t #e #g #c #h #e4g ) turps & dri] #eeee ,coal t> pa9t ov] r$ #d #h #b #g #e4b lead #ajjj ,*rome res9ate 9 oil #a #j #j #b #j4g 7#a coat7 #a plate#c coats boil$ l9se$ #a #j #a #d #a4e oil ,9 ,table ,no4 #b !re is %[n ! rat+ obta9$ by ^? panels :i* 7 consid]$ by ! committee z m]it+ f #h to #aj1 & hav+ giv5 ! be/ all-r\nd s]vice4 ,,table ,,no4 #b4--;,,analysis ,,( ,,av]ages4 ,,grade ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,f #h ,,to #aj ,plate ,pigm5t ,av]age ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #cd ,am]ican v]milion 7basic *romate ( lead7 #aj4j #da ,*rome gre5 #i4h #di ,lead & z9c *romate #i4g #ci ,z9c *romate #i4e #dj ,z9c & b>ium *romate #i4e #ea ,black oxide ( iron #i4e #d ,sublim$ :ite lead #i4j #dd ,prussian blue #i4j #e ,sublim$ blue lead #h4h #bj ,will[ *>coal #h4h #bbb ,composite pa9t #h4h #de ,prussian blue #h4e #aaa ,composite =mula #h4e #i ,orange m9]al #h4c #aj ,r$ lead #h4c #eee ,composite pa9t #h4b #ab ,bright r$ oxide ( iron #h4a #bjjj #a coat z9c *romate2 #a coat iron oxide #h4a #ad ,v5etian r$ #h4j #hhh ,composite pa9t #h4j ,comp>ison ( ,results4 ,x is ( int]e/ to comp>e ) ,table #b ( ! above report1 ,table #b ( ! #aiaj report ( ,committee ,u ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,bo? *>ts %[ ! highly inhibitive pigm5ts to be 9 ! lead4 ,,committee ,u ,,report #aiaj ,,table ,,ii4--,,analysis ,,( ,,av]ages4 ,,grade ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,f #h ,,to #aj 7,only resi/ance to corrosion 0 consid]$1 & only pigm5ts :i* 7 common to bo? te/s are includ$7 ,no4 ,pigm5t ,av]age ---------------------------------------- ------ #cd ,am]ican v]milion 7*rome sc>let7 #i4h #da ,*rome gre5 7blue tone7 #i4g #dj ,z9c & b>ium *romate #i4g #e ,sublim$ blue lead #i4f #d ,sublim$ :ite lead #i4e #di ,z9c & lead *romate #i4e #ci ,z9c *romate #i4d #ab ,bright r$ oxide #i4c #dd ,prussian blue 7wat] /imulative7 #i4b #af ,natural graphite #i4a #i ,orange m9]al 7,am]ican7 #i4j #cf ,m$ium *rome yell[ #i4j #b ,:ite lead 7quick process7 #h4i #bj ,will[ *>coal #h4h #de ,prussian blue 7wat] inhibitive7 #h4h #a ,:ite lead 7,dut* process7 #h4g #aj ,r$ lead #h4g #g ,z9c lead :ite #h4j ,! writ] has rec5tly made a c>eful inspection ( ! panels pa9t$ ) s+le pigm5t pa9ts1 & has made ! foll[+ brief summ>y ( ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ea*4 ,panel ,no4 #a--;,dut* ,process ,:ite ,lead4 ,! excessive *alk+ :i* took place began to disappe> at ! end ( a ye>1 be+ wa%$ away by ! ra9s & c>ri$ away by ! w9ds1 s t !re 0 left ^u ! surface b a ?9 coat+ ( pigm5t1 insuffici5t to give good protection4 ,slight corrosion 0 app>5t b5ea? ! film4 ,panel ,no4 #b--,quick ,process ,:ite ,lead4 ,9 ! same condition z ,panel ,no4 #a4 ,panel ,no4 #c--,z9c ,oxide4 ,panel cov]$ ) ?9 lat]al /reaks ( ru/1 due to ! admittance ( moi/ure 9 cracks caus$ by brittl5ess ( film4 ,result d\btless due to insuffici5t am\nt ( oil us$ ) pigm5t4 ,removal ( film %[s /eel v bright except :]e cracks h =m$4 ,panel ,no4 #d--,sublim$ ,:ite ,lead4 ,al?\gh sublim$ :ite lead *alk$ v heavily1 ! *alk$ pigm5t seem$ to be t5aci\s & adh]$ to ! plate1 pres5t+ an excell5t surface ) abs5ce ( ru/4 ,film ( good color & q ela/ic4 ,panel ,no4 #e--,sublim$ ,blue ,lead4 ,9 same condition z ,panel ,no4 #d1 b color has slightly fad$4 ,panel ,no4 #f--,li?opones4 ,li?opone 0 e>ly de/roy$1 z is usual ) ?is pigm5t :5 us$ alone on ext]ior surfaces4 ,x became r\gh & discolor$1 pres5t+ a v blot*y appe>ance & disclos$ ! =mation ( ru/ work+ ?r\gh ! film4 ,panel ,no4 #g--,z9c ,lead ,:ite4 ,9 g5]al good condition ) ! exception ( ! color1 :i* is slightly d>k4 ,m$ium *alk+ 0 app>5t b only v slight corrosion appe>$4 ,panel ,no4 #i--,orange ,m9]al4 ,9 excell5t condition1 %[+ a good firm surface ) no *eck+ or corrosion app>5t4 ,%ortly aft] exposure ! film became cov]$ ) a :ite coat+ ( c>bonate ( lead1 :i* indicates action ( ! r$ lead ) ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e4 ,removal ( ?is :ite coat+ ) wat] discloses ! brilliant color ( ! unaffect$ portion ( ! r$ lead4 ,panel ,no4 #aj--,r$ ,lead4 ,9 same condition z ,panel ,no4 #i4 ,panel ,no4 #ab--;,bright ,r$ ,iron ,oxide4 ,9 g5]al good condition4 ,film intact & unfad+ 9 color4 ,panel ,no4 #ad--,v5etian ,r$4 ,simil> to ,panel ,no4 #ab1 b slight corrosion app>5t b5ea?1 9 localiz$ spots1 & film %[+ slight w>t-l =mations4 ,panel ,no4 #ae--,pr9ce's ,metallic ,br[n4 ,simil> to ,panel ,no4 #ad4 ,panel ,no4 #af--,natural ,graphite4 ,deeply pitt$ 9 spots1 %[+ bulb\s eruptions1 indicat+ ! /imulative nature ( ?is pigm5t4 ,panel ,no4 #ag--;,artificial ,graphite4 ,9 same condition z ,panel ,no4 #af4 ,panel ,no4 #ai--,lampblack & ,b>ytes4 ,al?\gh ! film seems to be intact1 !re are app>5t abrasions ( ! surface %[+ /imulative corrosion effects ( a pron\nc$ nature4 ,panel ,no4 #ba--;,c>bon ,black & ,b>ytes4 ,9 same condition z ,panel ,no4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,corrosion ,pits on ,graphite ,panel ,illu/ration3 ,ru/ on ,/ripp$ ,graphite ,film ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ,wire ,pa9t$ ) a ,/imulative ,c>bonace\s ,pa9t ,illu/ration3 ,corrod$ & ,pitt$ ,surface ( ,plate ,pa9t$ ) ,/imulative ,pa9t ,! longevity ( lampblack & c>bon black pa9t films :5 appli$ to wood has be5 attribut$ to ! sl[ dry+ nature ( ^! pigm5ts :5 mix$ ) oil4 ,x is assum$ t !y h ! prop]ty ( keep+ ! oil 9 a semi-dry+ condition1 :i* w n dis9tegrate z e>ly z :5 ! oil is ?or\ghly dri$ to l9oxyn4 ,if ?is is true1 x w\ld seem advisable to use ) h>d-dry+ pigm5ts1 a proportion ( "s oil t is semi-dry+ 9 nature or "o :i* w leave a film n too h>d4 ,soya bean oil1 wood oil1 & fi% oil pres5t !mselves z c&idates = su* use4 ,h[ !y w "w 9 practice1 h[ev]1 is a "q n yet det]m9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well kn[n t ^! pigm5ts require enorm\s quantities ( oil 9 ord] to gr9d to a work+ consi/5cy1 & x is possible t ! life ( su* coat+s is due r to ! prop]ty ( ^! pigm5ts1 ( tak+ up l>ge quantities ( oil1 ?an to _! effect ^u ! sl[ dry+ ( oil4 ,excessive oil c>ry+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be avoid$1 z %[n by ! e>ly failure & pitt+ ( ^? c>bon black & lampblack pa9ts gr\nd ) v l>ge quantities ( oil1 z is ! usual practice4 ,:5 ^! c>bon & lampblack pigm5ts 7 gr\nd ) b>ytes 7:i* is a heavy pigm5t & requires only ab\t #i p\nds ( oil to #ajj p\nds ( pigm5t1 z aga9/ #age p\nds ( oil to #ajj p\nds ( lampblack71 x 0 f\nd t ! lampblack & c>bon black pa9ts 7 re9=c$ & made m suitable = actual practice4 ,! /imulative nature ( ^! black pigm5ts1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ itself 9 bo? cases1 & l>ge pitt+s & eruptions 7 evid5t at ! end ( a ye>4 ,c>bon black1 lampblack1 graphite1 or any o!r good conductor ( electricity %\ld nev] be plac$ next to ! surface ( iron4 ,!y are good z top-coat+s1 b n z prime-coat]s4 ,"s pigm5ts are /imulators ( corrosion1 because !y conta9 wat]-soluble impurities t ha/5 ! ru/+1 :ile o!rs1 l graphite1 ha/5 x simply because1 be+ good conductors1 !y /imulate surface electrolysis4 ,panel ,no4 #bj--,will[ ,*>coal4 ,9 excell5t condition ?r\gh\t4 ,pres5ce ( small quantities ( pota% may be responsible = ! inhibitive nature ( ?is black pigm5t4 ,panel ,no4 #bd--,o*re4 ,:ile ! film seems intact1 x has a v mottl$ appe>ance & exam9ation %[s eruptions ( ru/ ?r\gh ! film1 9 sev]al places4 ,panel ,no4 #bg--,natural ,b>ytes4 ,)9 a ye> ! film became p9-hol$1 & corrosion 0 app>5t4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s v little ( ! pigm5t 0 left ^u ! plate1 hav+ *alk$ & scal$ (f4 ,b>ytes has prov$ its usefulness z a con/itu5t ( a comb9ation type ( pa9t1 b x %\ld n be us$ alone4 ,panel ,no4 #bh--;,blanc ,fixe4 ,9 ! same condition z ,panel ,no4 #bg1 b slightly m *alk+ & dis9tegration 0 %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,panel ,pa9t$ ) ,blanc ,fixe4 ,"r ,side ,/ripp$ ( ,pa9t to ,%[ ,corrosion ,illu/ration3 ,scal$ ,:it+ ,films ,*emically ,active ,pigm5ts & ,_! ,effect ,aft] ,eighte5 ,mon?s' ,we> ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,%[+ ,effect ( ,*emically ,active ,pigm5ts on ,oil aft] ,"o ,ye>'s ,we> ,panel ,no4 #bi--,:it+4 ,plates coat$ ) calcium c>bonate or :it+ 9 oil pres5t$ a v fair appe>ance at ! />t ( ! te/1 b !y soon began to *alk & dis9tegrate4 ,x is well kn[n t :it+1 be+ alkal9e1 has ! prop]ty ( act+ on oil & caus+ its e>ly dis9tegration by saponification4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 six mon?s aft] ! :it+ plates 7 expos$1 crumbl+ ( ! surface appe>$1 & twelve mon?s 0 suffici5t = ! total de/ruction ( ! pa9t4 ,at ?is "t ! ru/$ surface ( ! plates :i* _h be5 pa9t$ ) calcium c>bonate1 seem$ n to ru/ z fa/ z ^? plates :i* 7 expos$ )\t pa9t coat+s1 & ! ru/ :i* _h =m$ appe>$ to be ( an ev51 f9e texture4 ,on ! l[] left-h& corn] ( ^! plates _h be5 lett]$ ! figures #bi & #cj1 us+ lampblack 9 oil4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s :i* appe>s on ! f5ce to-day is ! p]fect condition ( ^! lampblack lett]s ov] _! prim+ coat ( calcium c>bonate1 /&+ out 9 cle> relief aga9/ ! ru/$ metal4 ,?is te/ w\ld sugge/1 !re=e1 t if ! surface ( metal is prop]ly protect$ ) a pigm5t :i* is slightly alkal9e or inhibitive 9 nature1 & !n topp$ ) a good wea!r-resi/+ mat]ial1 su* z lampblack1 graphite or c>bon black1 good results w\ld be obta9$4 ,fur!r te/s w be made to det]m9e ! value ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,panel ,no4 #cj--,precipitat$ ,calcium ,c>bonate4 ,%[$ m rapid de/ruction ?an ,panel ,no4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,corrosion ,adh]+ to ,film ,/ripp$ f ,panel ,pa9t$ ) ,gypsum 7,calcium ,sulphate7 ,panel ,no4 #ca--;,calcium ,sulphate4 ,"u ! pa9t film ( gypsum1 ru/ soon appe>$1 %[+ t ! film 0 n a good exclud] ( moi/ure4 ,al?\gh ! film rema9$ intact1 ru/+ progress$ ?r\gh\t ! te/ & consid]ably d>k5$ ! color ( ! pa9t4 ,panel ,no4 #cb--;,*9a ,clay4 ,?is pigm5t gave excell5t s]vice = eighte5 mon?s4 ,aft]w>ds indications ( corrosion 7 %[n1 & app>5t breakd[n ( ! film 0 indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9a ,clay ,asbe/9e ,gypsum ,panel ,no4 #cc--;,asbe/9e4 ,9 ! same condition z ,panel ,no4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,excell5t ,surface %[n by ,am]ican ,v]milion aft] ne>ly ,f\r ,ye>s' ,exposure ,panel ,no4 #cd--;,am]ican ,v]milion4 ,?is pigm5t has giv5 p]fect protection to ! plates4 ,! film is /rong & ela/ic1 & ^u removal reveals ! bright /eel4 ,no *alk+1 *eck+1 discoloration1 or o!r signs ( pa9t failure are %[n4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! inhibitive *>act]i/ics ( ?is pigm5t are pron\nc$1 & x promises to give effici5t s]vice = sev]al ye>s m4 ,panel ,no4 #cf--,lead ,*romate4 ,?is panel is 9 g5]ally fair condition1 b slight *eck+ is %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,p]fect ,condition ( ,plate ,pa9t$ ) ,z9c ,*romate2 ,"o ,half ,/ripp$4 7,negative crack$7 ,panel ,no4 #ci--,z9c ,*romate4 ,?is panel is 9 condition simil> to ,panel ,no4 #cd1 pres5t+ a p]fect appe>ance1 ) decid$ ma9t5ance ( color1 ela/icity ( film1 & fre$om f any bad *>act]i/ics4 ,x has prov$ to be "o ( ! highe/ type ru/ inhibitive pigm5ts4 ,panel ,no4 #dj--,z9c-&-,b>ium-,*romate4 ,al?\gh ! color ( ?is pigm5t is n v pleas+1 x has prov$ itself to be ! equal ( z9c *romate 9 its protective value4 ,panel ,no4 #da--;,*rome ,gre54 ,9 excell5t condition4 ,pres5ts an appe>ance simil> to ,panels ,nos4 #cd & #ci4 ,its surface is p]fect & w d\btless give s]vice = _m ye>s4 ,panel ,no4 #dd--,prussian ,blue4 ,?is panel /&s =? z ! mo/ wond]ful moi/ure-exclud] 9 ! :ole te/1 its surface pres5t+ an appe>ance simil> to a v>ni%$ plate1 ev5 aft] ?ree ye>s' exposure4 ,action betwe5 ! pigm5t & ! oil1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( iron l9oleate1 may acc\nt = ?is prop]ty4 ,panel ,no4 #de--,prussian ,blue4 ,9 same condition z ,panel ,no4 #dd4 ,panel ,no4 #dh--,ultram>9e ,blue4 ,soon aft] ?is te/ 0 expos$1 e>ly vehicle decay & excessive *alk+ 7 obs]v$4 ,! admittance ( moi/ure may h caus$ ! =mation ( acid ) ! sulphur cont5t ( ! pigm5t1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! rapid corrosion :i* foll[$4 ,x is ( a pron\nc$ /imulative type4 ,! effect ( /imulative "u-coat+s is well %[n on "s special plates on ! f5ce1 :i* :5 receiv$ 7 n pickl$ be=e pa9t+1 b _h ^u _! surfaces ! ord9>y coat+ ( mill scale4 ,ov] ?is _h be5 /5cill$ 9 a triangul> =m ! trade m>k ( ! manufactur]4 ,! /5cill+ mat]ial 0 made ( ultram>9e blue4 ,:5 ^! plates 7 pa9t$ ) "s ( ! special pa9ts1 & expos$1 ! /imulative nature ( ! ultram>9e blue began to ass]t itself1 & )9 a %ort "t1 :]ev] ! /5cil m>ks 7 locat$1 signs ( ru/ began to appe> ?r\gh ! coat+s ( top pa9t :i* _h be5 appli$4 ,corrosion "u ^! /5cil m>ks became s great t ! trade m>k 0 pla9ly outl9$ 9 lett]s ( ru/4 ,?is w\ld seem to be f9al pro( t pigm5ts ( a /imulative nature %\ld nev] be us$ = ! prim+ ( iron & /eel4 ,panel ,no4 #di--,z9c-,lead ,*romate4 ,9 excell5t condition ?r\gh\t1 ) a smoo? surface & %[+ no corrosion4 ,/&s 9 ! same class z ,panels ,nos4 #cd & #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,effect ( ,/imulative ,pa9t4 ,manufactur]'s ,trade ,m>k ,/5cill$ on ,b>e ,metal 9 ,triangul> ,=m1 %[+ ,?r\gh ,subsequ5t ,pa9t ,coat+ ,panel ,no4 #ea--;,black ,magnetic ,oxide ( ,iron4 ,9 excell5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,value ,,( ,,wall ,,pa9ts ,decoration & ,sanitation4 ,! prop] decoration ( ! int]ior ( dwell+s & public build+s has become ( ev5 great] importance ?an ! protection & decoration ( ext]iors4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 an increas+ dem& = h>moni\s effects & ! production ( m sanit>y conditions ?an h prevail$ 9 ! pa/4 ,up until a few ye>s ago a great v>iety ( wall pap]s ( m or less pleas+ appe>ance 7 almo/ exclusively us$ = ! decoration ( walls 9 ! int]ior ( build+s1 & _! application 0 commonly consid]$ ! mo/ effective means ( wall decoration4 ,!re seems to be no "q1 h[ev]1 t ! use ( wall pap] is /eadily decreas+1 & t ! art ( int]ior decoration is und]go+ a transition to ! almo/ univ]sal use ( pa9t4 ,mod]n progress dem&s ! ma9t5ance ( sanit>y conditions = ! b5efit ( ! public welf>e1 & !re is no d\bt t f ! /&po9t ( sanitation & hygi5e1 prop]ly pa9t$ wall surfaces are f> sup]ior to pap]$ walls4 ,!re is an abundance ( evid5ce :i* %[s t du/ g]ms may easily be h>bor$1 & ?us disease transmitt$ f wall pap]4 ,9 ! t5em5t h\ses1 :i* are common to ! l>g] cities1 & to a less] ext5t 9 ! dwell+s f\nd 9 small] communities1 :]e t5ants are m or less transi5t1 ! cont9u$ ma9t5ance ( sanit>y conditions pres5ts a difficult problem4 ,infecti\s & epidemic illnesses g5]ally leave beh9d bacilli ( diff]5t types1 :i* may f9d a culture m$ium 9 ! fibr\s & por\s surfaces pres5t$ by wall pap]1 back$ up z !y inv>iably mu/ be by />*1 case91 or o!r organic pa/es4 ,occasionally ! re/rictions ( local bo>ds ( heal? provide 9 su* ev5ts = prop] fumigation1 b too (t5 no precautions are tak5 to de/roy ! disease g]ms :i* are caught 9 ! du/ :i* collects on wall pap]4 ,z a rule1 bo? t5ant & l&lord are oblivi\s to all conditions :i* _c be readily se5 or detect$4 ,burn+ sulphur1 "o ( ! mo/ effective means ( fumigation1 w g5]ally cause blea*+ & consequ5t fad+ ( ! delicate colors us$ 9 pr9t+ ! designs ^u wall pap]4 ,wa%+ ( ! pap] ) antiseptic solutions w de/roy its adhesiv5ess to ! pla/] & (t5 cause bulg+ & g5]al de/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,heavy ,colonies ( ,bact]ia ,develop+ 9 ,ag> ,jelly ,treat$ ) ,wa%+s f ,wall ,pap] ,practically no ,developm5t ( ,bact]ial ,colonies 9 ,ag> ,jelly ,treat$ ) ,wa%+s f ,sanit>y ,wall ,pa9t ,hospital ,practice4 ,9 hospitals1 :]e x is necess>y to ma9ta9 sanit>y conditions1 ! walls are inv>iably pa9t$1 & requirem5ts %\ld dem& ! use ( pa9ts :i* c be wa%$ frequ5tly1 s t !re w be no possibility ( uncleanl9ess4 ,inquiry made ( a prom95t surgeon#da connect$ ) "o ( ! l>ge metropolitan hospitals sub/antiat$ ! writ]'s f9d+s reg>d+ ! great] sanit>y value ( wall pa9ts1 & br\ght =? ! in=mation t 9 hospitals "u con/ruction provision _h be5 made = ! f9i%+ ( walls s t a h>d1 non-absorb5t1 & wa%able surface might be obta9$4 ,! same au?ority /at$ t ! common practice1 9 ap>tm5ts & t5em5ts1 ( cov]+ ! old wall pap] ov] ) a lay] ( new ea* "t a t5ant mov$ 91 %\ld be condemn$1 & t f a hygi5ic /&po9t ! use ( sanit>y wall pa9ts %\ld be advocat$ 9 all dwell+s z well z public build+s4 #da ,dr4 ,f4 ,f4 ,gwy]1 ,cornell ,uni4 ,m$4 ,col41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,if su* conditions are ma9ta9$ 9 hospitals1 :]e special att5tion is paid to sanitation1 x w\ld appe> t simil> precautions %\ld be equally z necess>y 9 public build+s & 9 dwell+s--:]ev]1 9 fact1 p congregate or live4 ,sanit>y ,wall ,pa9ts4 ,!re h rec5tly appe>$ 9 trade a numb] ( wall pa9ts compos$ ( non-poison\s pigm5ts gr\nd 9 pa9t vehicles hav+ valuable wat]pro(+ & b9d+ prop]ties1 & ( a nature to produce ! flat or semi-flat f9i% t has become s popul>4 ,su* pa9ts produce a sanit>y1 wat]pro( surface1 :i* p]mits ( frequ5t wa%+4 ,by _! use x is possible to secure a m p]man5t & a wid] range ( t9ts ?an c be obta9$ ) wall pap]1 z !y are produc$ 9 a myriad ( %ades1 t9ts & solid colors1 f :i* any desir$ comb9ation may be select$4 ,on ! bord] or on ! body ( walls decorat$ ) su* pa9ts1 attractive /5cil designs1 :i* br+ out 9 relief ! color comb9ations1 may be appli$4 ,= ! decoration ( *amb]s & liv+ rooms1 delicate ,fr5* grays1 light buffs1 cream t9ts & ivory :ites may be us$1 :ile 9 ! libr>y & o!r rooms ri*] & m solid colors1 su* z gre5s1 r$s1 & blues1 may be h>moni\sly comb9$4 ,defects ( ,wall ,pap]4 ,x rec5tly occurr$ to ! writ] to inve/igate ! conditions :i* obta9 9 _m ap>tm5t h\ses 9 ! l>g] cities4 ,inspection ( a numb] ( su* places1 9 :i* wall pap] _h be5 exclusively us$ on ! walls1 %[$ g5]ally bad conditions2 bulg+ ( ! surfaces1 caus$ by dampness 9 ! walls1 :i* _h loos5$ up ! b9d]1 z well z peel+ & dropp+ ( ! pap] f ! ceil+s1 7 frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,9 _m cases a %abby appe>ance 0 %[n1 accompani$ by an odor :i* sugge/$ decomposition ( ! pa/e b9d] us$ on ! pap]4 ,! writ] 0 impress$ ) ! fact t su* conditions c\ld easily be avoid$ by ! v simple exp$i5t ( us+ prop]ly manufactur$ wall pa9ts1 :i* are s easily made du/pro( & wat]pro(4 ,samples ( wall pap]1 :i* _h be5 appli$ to pla/]$ walls = a ye> or m1 7 obta9$1 & exam9ation "u ! microscope %[$ a mo/ uncleanly surface4 ,cultures 7 made ( ^! samples1 & bacilli ( diff]5t types 7 develop$ 9 ! culture m$ium 9 a %ort "t4 ,exp]im5tal ,evid5ce4 ,t ! above conditions c\ld n h exi/$1 _h prop] wall pa9ts be5 us$1 seem$ d\btless1 & sugge/$ a c>efully conduct$ exp]im5t to prove ! relative sanit>y values ( wall pap] & wall pa9ts4 ,a l>ge %eet ( fibre bo>d1 su* z is occasionally us$ to replace pla/]$ walls1 0 pa9t$ on "o side ) a high-grade wall pa9t1 ?ree-coat "w4 ,a simil> %eet 0 pap]$ on "o side ) a clean1 new wall pap]4 ,^! te/ panels 7 plac$ :]e unsanit>y conditions1 su* z dampness1 f\l odors1 & a sc>city ( air 7 pres5t4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod ( exposure1 ! panels 7 tak5 to ! bact]iological laboratory & a small section ( ! pa9t$ surface1 ab\t two in*es squ>e1 z well z a small section ( ! pap]$ surface ( simil> size1 7 remov$ & us$ = mak+ cultures4 ,9 ea* case ! surface ( ! section "u te/ 0 wa%$ ) #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$1 /]iliz$ wat]4 ,! wa%+s :i* dripp$ f ! surface 7 collect$ 9 a graduat$ flask4 ,"o c4c4 ( ! wa%+s 0 us$ 9 ea* case1 admix$ ) b\illon & aga9 ) ag>-ag>4 ,! enorm\s developm5t ( bact]ia 9 ! b\illon1 treat$ ) ! wa%+s f ! wall-pap]$ surface1 0 suffici5t evid5ce to conv9ce "o ( ! great] sanit>y value ( ! wall pa9t1 ! wa%+s f :i* gave a culture practically free f bact]ia4 ,! colonies ( bact]ia %[n 9 ! petri-di% te/ made ( ! wa%+s f wall pap] fur!r supports ^! f9d+s4 ,x w be notic$ t ! te/s made f ! wa%+s ( ! wall pa9t %[ practical abs5ce ( bact]ia1 & 0 cle>1 z 0 ! b\illon-solution te/ ( ! pa9t4 ,! wa%+s f ! wall pap] %[$ active developm5t ( bact]ia1 bo? 9 ! b\illon & ag> te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,b\illon ,,solutions ,note ,practical ,fre$om ( ,bact]ia 9 ,cle> ,b\illon ,solution ,treat$ ) ,wa%+s f ,sanit>y ,wall ,pa9t ,note ,milky ,appe>ance ( ,solution ,due to ,heavy ,developm5t ( ,bact]ia 9 ,b\illon ,treat$ ) ,wa%+s f ,wall ,pap] ,f ! ,cons]vation ,/&po9t3 ,x w\ld be ( int]e/ to sum up 9 figures ! acreage & cordage ( wood t annually is trans=m$ into pulp = ! manufacture ( wall pap]4 ,un=tunately1 !re are no available /ati/ics on ?is subject4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t f ! /&po9t ( cons]vation ! use ( wall pa9ts %\ld take prec$5ce ov] ! use ( wall pap]4 ,,index ,,page ,abrasion1 app>atus = det]m9+ resi/ance to1 #aec ,acid react+ comp\nds1 #bae ,act9ic light te/s1 #aab ,adhesive p[] ( ,pa9t ,coat+1 #ajd ,alum9um ,silicate1 #fb ,am]ican ,v]milion1 #fd ,analogies ( ,pa9t & ,concrete manufacture1 #id ,analyses ( ,av]ages 9 ,atlantic ,city /eel pa9t te/1 #bce1 #bcf ,corn ,oil1 #af ,cottonse$ ,oil1 #ae ,debloom$ ,m9]al ,pa9t ,oil1 #ah ,iron ,oxide ,pigm5ts1 table1 #fc ,l9se$ ,oil1 #g ,m5had5 ,oil1 #ad ,oils us$ 9 ,wa%+ton te/s1 #baa ,petroleum ,spirits1 #bj ,ros9 ,oil1 #af ,soya ,bean ,oil1 #h ,sunfl[] ,oil1 #ae ,tung ,oil1 #ab ,:ale ,oil1 #ad ,wood ,turp5t9e1 #ai ,asbe/9e1 #ee ,atlantic ,city f5ce te/s1 #ajg /eel pa9t te/s1 #bbh-bce ,*eck+1 #abb ,gloss1 #abb ,hid+ p[]1 #abb inspection (1 #aad ,me?ods us$1 #aad ,results1 #abd ,auto-electrolysis1 #bbj ,bact]ia 9 wall pap]1 #bef ,b>ium ,sulphate1 #ee ,b>ytes1 #ee & ,silica ,pa9ts 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #agb ,basic ,c>bonate-,:ite ,lead1 #db ,b5z9e1 #bj ,b5zol1 #bj ,blanc ,fixe1 #fj ,blue ,lead1 ,sublim$1 #dg ,blue ,pa9t = concrete wall1 =mula1 #bae ,blue pa9ts 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #adb ,boil$ ,l9se$ ,oil1 #b ,dri]s 91 #bh ,bone ,black1 #ff ,calcium ,c>bonate1 #fj ,calcium ,sulphate1 #fj ,c>bon ,black1 #ff ,cause ( ru/ 9 /eel "w1 #bbj ,*alk+ te/ = laboratory1 #adi ,*eck+ & crack+ 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #aff ,*eck+1 9 ,atlantic ,city te/s1 #abb ,*9a ,clay1 #fb ,*rome ,gre51 #ff ,*rome ,yell[1 #fd ,coat+s = cem5t & concrete1 #bad ,color$ =mulas 9 ,nor? ,dakota te/s1 #aij ,colors1 report (1 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #aci ,comb9ation =mulas 9 inhibitive pa9ts1 #bca ,composite =mulas 9 ,nor? ,dakota te/s1 #aij 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #adb ,composition ( pa9ts1 9 /eel te/1 #bcb ,conclusion f ,pittsburg te/s1 #add ,concrete prim] =mula1 #bah ,con/ants ( ,p9e ,oil1 #ah ,pure ,gum ,turp5t9e1 #ai ,co-op]ative te/s ( ,dri]s1 #bi-da ,corn ,oil1 #af ,cottonse$ ,oil1 #ae ,damp-pro(+ & ,wat]pro(+1 #bad ,decay ( ,li?opone pa9ts1 #abd ,decomposition ( ,pa9t1 #abb ,dri]s1 ,co-op]ative te/s (1 #bi-da 9 ,boil$ ,oil1 #bh ,te/s ( ,manganese1 ,lead & ,comb9ation1 tables1 #bd-be ,dry+ ,prop]ties ( ,oil1 #a1 #bf1 #bg ,ela/icity & ,/r5g? ( ,pa9t ,coat+1 #ajb ,f5ce te/s ( pa9ts1 #aje ,sup]vision (1 #aab ,film section+1 #hg ,film te/+ results1 table1 #hj ,filmomet]s1 #gd-gi ,=mula = ,blue ,pa9t = concrete wall1 #bae ,concrete prim]1 #bah ,p>a ,r$ ,pa9t = concrete wall1 #bag ,=mulas ( ,atlantic ,city f5ce te/1 #ajh ,t5nessee te/s1 #bjb1 #bjd ,wa%+ton te/s1 #bjh1 #baa ,fume ,pigm5ts ,pa9ts 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #agc ,g5]al results ( ,atlantic ,city te/s1 #abh ,gloss1 9 ,atlantic ,city te/s1 #abb ,graphite1 #ff ,gre5 pa9ts 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #adb ,gr9d+ ,pigm5ts1 #hg ,gums z moi/ure resi/]s1 #hd ,gypsum1 #fj ,hail/orm1 effects ( 9 ,nor? ,dakota te/s1 #ahe ,hospital1 pa9t+ practice1 #bed ,h\se pa9t te/s 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 #aif ,hydroc>bon ,oils1 #af ,imp]vi\sness ( pa9t coat+1 #ajj ,indian ,r$1 #fb ,in]t ,pigm5ts1 use (1 #ii ,inhibition ( ru/1 #bbb ,iod9e ,values ( ,l9se$ & ,mix$ ,oils1 table1 #h ,iron ,oxide ,pa9ts1 #fd ,japan dri]s 9 te/s on /eel1 #bca ,laboratory te/s1 panels =1 #adi ,lampblack1 #ff ,laws ( ,pa9t ,mak+1 #ic ,lime action on pa9t1 #bad ,l9oxyn1 #ba ,l9se$ ,oil1 boil$1 #b ,*emical action ( pigm5ts ^u1 #ia ,table ( ,analyses ( ,v>i\s ,types (1 #g te/s ( ,dri]s )1 #bd1 #be ,li?opone1 #ec pa9t 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #acf te/s at ,atlantic ,city1 #abd ,lumbang ,oil1 #ab ,magnesium ,silicate1 #ee ,manufactur+ ,b>ytes1 #ee ,blue ,lead1 #dg ,bone ,black1 #ff ,pa9t ,pigm5ts1 #db-fh ,:ite ,lead1 #db ,m5had5 ,oil1 #ab ,con/ants (1 table1 #ad ,metallic ,br[n1 #fb ,microscope1 use ( 9 pa9t laboratory1 #hf ,microscopic exam9ation ( pa9t1 prep>ation =1 #hf measurem5ts ( pa9t sections1 #hi ,m9]al ,black1 #fh ,oils1 #ag ,moi/ure ,absorption1 te/s 91 #hd exp]im5ts ) v>i\s ,pigm5ts1 #hc ,nor? ,dakota ,pa9ts te/s1 #ahb te/ f5ce1 #aje report (1 table1 #aic-aie ,o*re1 #fb ,oil & ,?9n] te/s1 #bjb ,oil1 ,corn1 #af ,cottonse$1 #ae ,effects ( ,pigm5ts on1 #ij ,l9se$1 #a ,l9se$1 ,analyses ( ,v>i\s ,types (1 table1 #g ,l9se$1 ,iod9e ,values (1 table1 #h ,l9se$1 ,te/s ( ,dri]s )1 #bd1 #be ,lumbang1 #ab ,m5had51 #ab ,m5had51 ,con/ants (1 table1 #ad ,p]illa1 #ba ,p9e1 #ah ,ros91 #af ,soya ,bean1 & ,dri]s1 table1 #i ,soya ,bean1 #g ,*emical ,*>act]i/ics (1 table1 #h ,sunfl[]1 #ad ,tung1 #i ,:ale1 #ad ,oils1 ,con/ants & ,*>act]i/ics (1 #a ,dry+ prop]ties (1 #a1 #bf ,hydroc>bon1 #af ,9 ,wa%+ton pa9t te/s1 #baj ,iod9e ,value ( ,l9se$ & ,mix$1 table1 #h ,m9]al1 #ag ,moi/ure resi/ance (1 #hd ,oxyg5 ,absorb+ qualities1 #ba ,outl9e ( te/s ( pa9ts on concrete walls1 #baf ,oxyg5 ,absorption 9 ,oils1 #ba ,pa9t ,coat+1 ,adhesive p[] (1 #ajd ,ela/icity & ,/r5g? (1 #ajb imp]vi\sness (1 #ajj decomposition (1 #abb films1 action ( wat] ^u1 #bbc p]meability (1 #ga ,te/+ ma*9e1 #gd prep>ation (1 #gj 9 ,hospitals1 #bed mak+1 ,laws (1 #ic ,p]ry's ,pr9ciples (1 #ajj pigm5ts1 #db-fi pigm5ts1 prop]ties (1 #db prep>ation = microscopic exam9ation (1 #hf te/s at ,nor? ,dakota ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #aje at ,wa%+ton1 #bjg-bac sup]visors (1 #aac woods us$ on1 #abd1 #ace ,pa9t+ /eel plates = te/s1 #bcj ,pa9ts = cem5t & concrete surfaces1 #bad composition ( 9 /eel te/1 #bcc hid+ p[] (1 #aaa sanit>y value (1 #beb ,panels = laboratory te/s1 #adi ,p>a ,r$ =mula = concrete wall1 #bag ,p>anitranil9e pa9ts 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #adj ,p>anitranil9e ,r$1 #fd ,p]illa ,oil1 #ba ,p]ry's analogies ( pa9t & concrete manufacture1 #ii pr9ciples ( ,pa9t ,mak+1 #ajj ,petroleum ,spirits1 #bj ,photomicrographs1 #hi1 #afe ,pigm5t cont5tion1 !1 #aje gr9d+1 #hg ,pigm5ts1 #db-fi z /imulators ( ru/1 #bbc ,*emical action ( ^u ,l9se$ ,oil1 table1 #ia ,effects ( on ,oil1 #ij in]t1 use (1 #ii moi/ure exp]im5ts )1 table1 #hc p]c5tages ( ,oil requir$ = gr9d+1 #fh re-en=c+1 #hi report ( results ( /eel pa9t te/s1 #bcf-bea ,wat] resi/ance (1 #ha ,p9e ,oil1 #ah ,pittsburg f5ce te/s1 #ajg ,pol> ,micro-,exam9ations & ,photomicrographs1 #hi ,prim] = concrete1 #bah ,prop]ties ( ,pa9t ,pigm5ts1 #db ,prussian ,blue1 #ff ,r$ ,lead1 #fd ,r$uctions us$ 9 f5ce te/s1 #aaa ,re-en=c+ ,pigm5ts1 #hi ,results ( new te/ at ,atlantic ,city te/ f5ce 9 #aiaj1 table1 #agh-aha ,pittsburg te/s1 #ace /eel te/ plates1 #bcb ,ros9 ,oil1 #af ,ru/1 cause ( 9 /eel "w1 #bbj inhibition (1 #bbb /imulation (1 #bbc ,sanit>y value ( pa9ts1 #beb wall pa9ts1 #bed ,si5na1 #fb ,silex1 #fj ,silica1 #fj ,silica & ,b>ytes ,pa9ts 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #agb ,solv5t ,naph?a1 #bj ,soya ,bean ,oil & ,dri]s1 table1 #i ,*emical ,*>act]i/ics (1 table1 #h ,/eel ,pa9t te/1 rat+ report1 #bcd reports on pigm5ts us$1 #bcf-bea ,/eel pa9t1 result ( te/s at ,atlantic ,city1 #bcd1 #bce ,/eel1 prep>ation ( = pa9t te/s1 #bbh wat] contact & pa9t1 #bbd ,/ructural /eel pa9t te/s1 #bbj ,sublim$ ,blue ,lead1 #dg ,sublimat$ ,:ite ,lead1 #df ,suction v>ni%1 #bae ,sunfl[] ,oil1 #ad ,con/ants (1 table1 #ae ,sup]visors ( pa9t te/s1 #aac ,table ,analysis ( ,av]ages 9 ,atlantic ,city ,/eel ,pa9t te/1 #bce1 #bcf ,analyses ( ,corn ,oil1 #af ,analyses ( ,debloom$ ,m9]al ,pa9t ,oil1 #ah ,analysis ( ,iron ,oxide ,pigm5ts1 #fc ,analyses ( ,oils us$ 9 ,wa%+ton te/s1 #baa ,analyses ( ,petroleum ,spirits1 #bj ,analyses ( ,ros9 ,oil1 #af ,analyses ( v>i\s types ( ,l9se$ ,oil1 #g ,analyses ( wood ,turp5t9e1 #ai ,atlantic ,city te/ f5ce =mula1 #ajh ,*emical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,soya ,bean ,oil1 #h ,comp>ative spread+ rates ( ,:ite ,pa9t 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #adh ,composition ( ,blue ,lead1 #di ,composition ( pa9ts 9 ,atlantic ,city ,/eel te/1 #bcc ,con/ants ( ,cottonse$ ,oil1 table1 #ae ,con/ants ( ,m5had5 ,oil1 #ad ,con/ants ( ,p9e ,oil1 #ah ,con/ants ( ,sunfl[] ,oil1 #ae ,con/ants ( ,:ale ,oil1 #ad ,co-op]ative dry+ te/s1 #cb-da ,exclud+ te/s = moi/ure absorb$1 #hd ,f95ess = gr9d+ pigm5ts1 #hg ,=mulas 9 ,t5nessee te/s1 #bjd ,iod9e ,value ( ,l9se$ ,oil & ,mix$ ,oils1 #hd ,moi/ure exp]im5ts ) v>i\s pigm5ts1 #hc ,pa9t section measurem5ts "u microscope1 #hi ,p]c5tages ( ,oil requir$ = gr9d+ v>i\s dry pigm5ts1 #fh ,p]meability ( ,pa9ts1 #gb ,rat+s ( ,atlantic ,city ,/eel ,pa9t te/1 #bcd ,report ( ,nor? ,dakota te/ f5ce1 #aic-aie ,results ( ,atlantic ,city te/ f5ce1 #acj1 #aca ,results ( new te/s at ,atlantic ,city te/ f5ce 9 #aiaj1 #agh-aha ,results ( second annual inspection ,atlantic ,city te/ f5ce1 #acc ,results ( second annual inspection 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #ade ,%[+ action ( v>i\s pigm5ts ^u ,l9se$ ,oil1 #ia ,soya ,bean ,oil & ,dri]s1 #i ,te/s ( ,l9se$ ,oil & ,manganese1 ,lead & ,comb9ation ,dri]s1 #bd1 #be ,talcose1 #ee ,t5nessee ,pa9t te/s1 #bja-bjf ,te/ ,f5ces 9 ,pa9t ,exp]im5ts1 #aje at ,atlantic ,city1 #aad-acd at ,pittsburg1 #ace-adh at ,wa%+ton1 #bjg-bac ,cem5t & concrete1 #bad 9 ,t5nessee1 #bja-bjf laboratory1 *alk+1 #adi ,nor? ,dakota1 #ahb ( ,oil & ,?9n]s1 #bjb ( v>i\s pigm5ts 9 /eel pa9t1 #bcf-bea panel sections =1 #adi ,/ructural /eel pa9ts1 #bbj ,wat] pigm5t1 #bbf ,?9n]1 ,wood ,turp5t9e z a1 #bjb ,tung ,oil1 #i ,tung ,v>ni%es1 #aa ,turp5t9e1 #ah ,ultram>9e ,blue1 #ff ,umb]1 #fb ,v>ni%es f ,tung ,oil1 #aa ,v]milion1 ,am]ican1 #fd ,wall pa9ts1 #beb ,wall pap]1 defects (1 #bee ,wa%+ton ,pa9t te/s1 #bjg-bac ,wat]1 action ( ^u pa9t films1 #bbc contact ) /eel & pa9t1 #bbd resi/ance ( ,pigm5ts1 #ha te/s1 #bbf ,wat]-pigm5t te/s1 #bbf ,wat]pro(+ & damp-pro(+1 #bad ,:ale ,oil1 #ad ,:ite ,lead1 ,basic ,c>bonate1 #db ,basic ,sulphate1 #df ,mild ,process1 #df ,quick ,process1 #de 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #aci 9 ,nor? ,dakota te/s1 #aij ,pa9ts1 *eck+ 9 ,pittsburg te/s1 #agb processes ( manufacture (1 #dc-df ,:it+1 #fj ,wood ,turp5t9e1 #ai exp]im5ts ) z a ?9n]1 #bjb ,woods us$ 9 pa9t te/s1 #abd1 #ace ,z9c ,*romate1 #fd ,z9c ,lead ,:ite1 #ea ,z9c ,oxide1 #ea ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 99 ,page #be1 ,table ,,viii3 ! table head] r[ conta9s duplicate values :i* may be a typographical error4 99 ,pages #hf & #hg3 two section titles are foll[$ by numb]s )\t any obvi\s reason4 ,^! h n be5 delet$4 99 ,! orig9al spell+ 7includ+ hyph5ation7 has be5 pres]v$1 except z indicat$ bel[4 ,"s m9or inconsi/5- cies & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 99 ,*anges made to ! text3 99 ,page #bf3 'z discolor$ & turn$ br[n' *ang$ to '0 discolor$ & turn$ br[n'4 99 ,page #hg1 table #crd r[3 '#j4jjjfg--' *ang$ to '#j4jjjfg'4 99 ,page #id1 exposition3 "s elem5ts re-arrang$ = bett] readability4 99 ,page #abd3 ! note at ! bottom ( ! page has be5 mov$ to directly und]nea? ! fir/ p>agraph4 99 ,page #acj3 ',mac,nichol' *ang$ to ',macni*ol' z else:]e4 99 ,page #acg 7caption73 ',pittsburgh' *ang$ to ',pittsburg' z else:]e 9 text 7& 9 illu/ration itself74 99 ,page #adb3 'prussian blues' *ang$ to ',prussian blues'4 99 ,page #agg3 'pages #agd to #agg' *ang$ to 'pages #agh to #aha'4 99 ,page #baa3 "o footnote an*or *ang$ f '99' to '#cb' z o!rs 9 r[4 99 ,page #bcj1 =mula3 '#dejj' *ang$ to '#edjj'4 99 ,page #bcd1 table3 r[ = ,panel ,no4 #bjjj3 '' ins]t$ = comb9$ r[s4 99 ,index3 *ang$ to agree ) text3 'det]m9at+' to 'det]m9+'1 ',d]bloom$' to ',debloom$'1 ',filomet]s' to ',filmomet]s'1 ',p>illa ,oil' to ',p]illa ,oil'4 ',gr9d+ ,pigm5ts' mov$ to prop] alphabetic location4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------