mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,transcrib]'s notes3 99 ,text 9 italics 9 ! orig9al docum5t is pres5t$ "h betwe5 und]scores1 z 9 text4 99 ,bold-face text 9 ! orig9al docum5t is pres5t$ "h betwe5 equal signs1 z 9 text4 99 ,old-,engli% font is pres5t$ "h by enclos+ ! text betwe5 1 z 9 text4 99 ,sup]script & subscript are pres5t$ z text & text1 respectively4 99 ,! oe-ligature is pres5t$ z oe z 9 di>rhoea4 99 ,small-caps text 9 ! orig9al docum5t is pres5t$ z all-caps "h4 99 ,! equilibrium arr[ 9 *emical reactions is pres5t$ "h z 4 99 ,footnotes 7indicat$ by ,a1 ,b1 etc47 h be5 mov$ to directly bel[ ! p>agraph or table !y ref] to1 ref]5ces 7indicat$ by #a1 #b1 etc47 are collect$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 99 ,greek 9 ! orig9al docum5t has be5 transcrib$ z = example alpha = individual lett]s & z ,greek3 *loros = complete words4 99 ,positive & negative ions are pres5t$ z = example ,h4 & ,,oh'1 z 9 ! orig9al docum5t4 ,see additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes at ! end ( ?is e-text4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,works ,,( ,,joseph ,,race ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,inc4 ,exam9ation ( ,milk = ,public ,heal? ,purposes4 ,a practical h&book = ^? engag$ 9 ! *emical & bact]iological exam9ation ( milk = public heal? purposes4 vi #bbd pages1 #e-a_/d x #h1 #d diagrams4 ,clo?1 #a4ge net4 ,*lor9ation ( ,wat]4 ,9 ?is book ! v>i\s aspects & me?ods ( *lor9ation are discuss$ ) a view to /imulat+ rese>* "w 9 ?is field ( sci5ce4 viii #aeh pages1 #e-a_/d x #h1 #ab figures & #af diagrams4 ,clo?1 #a4ej net4 ,*lor9ation ( ,wat] ,,by ,,joseph ,,race1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,city ,bact]iologi/ & ,*emi/1 ,ottawa2 ,capt4 ,canadian ,army ,hydrological ,corps2 ,associate ,memb] ( ,committee on ,wat] ,supplies1 ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association2 ,memb] ( ,committee on ,wat] ,/&>ds & ,/&>d ,me?ods ( ,analysis1 ,am]ican ,wat] ,works ,association2 ,*airman ( ,committee on ,/&>d ,me?ods ( ,analysis1 ,canadian ,public ,heal? ,association ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,,inc4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,,joseph ,,race1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? ,,co4 ,,book ,,manufactur]s ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,sir ,alex&] ,h\/on1 ,k4,b4,e41 ,d4,sc41 ,m4,b41 ,c4,m4 ,,preface ,no apology is necess>y = ! publication ( a book on ! *lor9ation ( wat]4 ,?is me?od ( treatm5t1 practically unkn[n fifte5 ye>s ago1 has advanc$ 9 popul>ity dur+ ! la/ decade 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 & 9 #aiah ov] =ty millions ( p are be+ suppli$ ) *lor9at$ wat]4 ,x may ju/ifiably be said t no o!r sanit>y measure has accompli%$ s mu* at s small a co/2 & t civilization owes a deep debt ( gratitude to ! pione]s 9 municipal wat] *lor9ation3 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,h\/on 9 ,engl&1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,johnson & ,dr4 ,leal 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is volume ,i h endeav\r$ to collect & correlate ! in=mation hi!rto scatt]$ 9 v>i\s j\rnals & treatises & to pres5t x 9 a compreh5sible mann]4 ,! v>i\s aspects & me?ods ( *lor9ation are discuss$ & sugge/ions h be5 made :i*1 ,i hope1 w /imulate rese>* "w 9 ?is f]tile field ( sci5ce4 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ! eng9e]+ /aff ( ! ,ottawa ,wat] ,works ,dep>tm5t & to ,lieut4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bryce = ! prep>ation ( diagrams4 ,,joseph ,,race4 ,,ottawa1 ,,ont41 ,april1 #aiah4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,hi/orical #a ,sodium ,*loride4 ,*lor9e4 ,blea*4 ,eau de ,javelle4 ,antiseptics4 ,h]mite fluid4 ,web/]'s process4 ,electrozone4 ,*lor9ation ( sewage 9 ,g]many1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 & ,engl&4 ,*lor9ation ( wat]4 ,l9coln in/allation4 ,oxy*loride4 ,g]man exp]im5ts4 ,european practice4 ,inception ( *lor9ation 9 ,am]ica4 ,,ii4 ,,modus ,,op]&i #ad ,composition ( blea*4 ,blea*+ action4 ,nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis4 ,hydrolysis ( blea*4 ,effect ( acids & salts on hydrolysis & g]micidal action4 ,effect ( ammonia4 ,direct toxic action4 ,hypo*lor\s acid4 ,sodium hypo*lorite4 ,*lor9e wat]4 ,nature ( action4 ,,iii4 ,,dosage #cj ,organic matt]4 ,initial c\nt4 ,viability ( organisms4 ,m9]al matt]4 ,col\r4 ,temp]ature4 ,admixture4 ,contact p]iod4 ,turbidity4 ,light4 ,det]m9ation ( dosage4 ,,iv4 ,,bact]ia ,,surviv+ ,,*lor9ation #ej ,dis9fectants4 ,antiseptics4 ,viability ( bact]ia4 ,new ,york results4 ,rev]s$ ratio ( c\nts4 ,coli=m organisms4 ,aft]gr[?s 9 wat] & s&4 ,v4 ,,compla9ts #fb ,auto-sugge/ion4 ,ta/es & od\rs4 ,sludge problem4 ,colic4 ,effect on fi% & birds4 ,effect on plants & fl[]s4 ,corrosion ( iron & lead pipes4 ,,vi4 ,,blea* ,,treatm5t #gb ,/orage ( blea*4 ,mix+ tanks4 ,/orage tanks4 ,dos+ app>atus4 ,control4 ,analysis ( liquor4 ,detection & e/imation ( free *lor9e4 ,*loromet]4 ,co/ ( con/ruction & op]ation4 ,anti*lors4 ,de,chlor filt]s4 ,,vii4 ,,liquid ,,*lor9e #hi ,hi/orical4 ,leavitt-,jackson ma*9e4 ,electro ,blea*+ ,gas ,co4's types4 ,wallace & ,ti]nan's manual control types4 ,effect ( temp]ature on gas pressure4 ,impurities 9 gas4 ,advantages4 ,comp>ison ( liquid *lor9e & blea*4 ,co/ ( treatm5t4 ,popul>ity4 ,*lor9e wat]4 ,,viii4 ,,electrolytic ,,hypo*lorites ,,& ,,*lor9e #aje ,h]mite fluid4 ,eau de ,javelle4 ,*loros4 ,non-diaphragm cells3 ,dayton1 ,h]mite1 ,ma!r & ,platt1 ,haas & ,oettel4 ,diaphragm cells3 ,h>greaves-,bird1 ,nelson1 ,all5-,moore4 ,montreal in/allation4 ,co/s4 ,,ix4 ,,*loram9e #aae ,prep>ation4 ,absorption by wat]4 ,exp]im5tal results4 ,works results4 ,ratio ( *lor9e to ammonia4 ,economics4 ,advantages4 ,op]ation4 ,o!r *loram9es4 ,halazone4 ,x4 ,,results ,,obta9$ #acb ,object ( *lor9ation4 ,effect on filt] rates & algae4 ,hygi5ic results4 ,typhoid rates4 ,typhoid r$uction at ,philadelphia1 ,*icago1 & ,ottawa4 ,abortive epidemics4 ,use & abuse ( *lor9ation4 ,,app5dix #adg ,e/imation ( free *lor9e 9 wat]4 ,,"n ,,index #aea ,,subject ,,index #aee ,,*lor9ation ,,( ,,wat] ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical ,*lor9e1 al?\gh "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ elem5ts kn[n to *emi/s1 is nev] f\nd 9 ! free condition 9 nature2 x exi/s 9 enorm\s quantities 9 comb9ation ) sodium1 potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 etc4 ,z sodium *loride1 common salt1 x occurs 9 practically inexhau/ible quantities 9 sea wat] toge!r ) small] quantities ( o!r *lorides4 ,9 m9]al =m1 enorm\s deposits ( sodium *loride are f\nd 9 ,galicia1 ,transylvania1 ,spa91 9 ,engl& 7p>ticul>ly 9 ,*e%ire71 & 9 sections ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ important deposits ( potassium *loride are ^? at ,/assfurt1 ,g]many1 :]e x occurs ei!r 9 ! cry/all9e condition z sylv9e or comb9$ ) magnesium *loride z c>nallite4 ,*lor9e 0 discov]$ by ! ,sw$i% *emi/ ,s*eele 9 #aggd1 b he1 l ,lavoisi] & 8 pupil ,b]?ollet1 :o decl>$ x an oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 0 unaw>e ( ! elem5tal nature ( ! new sub/ance4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy inve/igat$ ?is body 9 #ahaj & def9itely prov$ x to be an elem5t2 ,davy designat$ ! elem5t *lor9e f ! ,greek ,greek3 *loros gre54 ,! fir/ attempt to utilise *lor9e1 or its comp\nds1 = blea*+ purposes1 appe>s to h be5 due to ,james ,watt1 :o notic$ ! decol\ris+ prop]ties ( *lor9e dur+ a visit to ,b]?ollet4 ,?is attempt end$ 9 failure because ( ! de/ructive effect on ! fibres1 b1 9 lat] trials1 ?is 0 prev5t$ by fir/ absorb+ ! gas 9 a solution ( fix$ alkali4 ,^! exp]im5ts prov$ ! possibility ( blea*+ by means ( *lor9e comp\nds b ! high co/ ( soda made ! process unpr(itable1 & x 0 n until ,h5ry succe$$ 9 prep>+ a comb9ation ) lime t c\ld be r$uc$ to a dry p[d] t ?is mode ( *emical blea*+ became a comm]cial success4 ,! manufacture ( *loride ( lime 7hypo*lorite ( lime1 blea*+ p[d]1 blea*7 0 tak5 up by ,*>les ,t5nant 9 #agii at ,/4 ,rollox ne> ,glasg[1 & 9 #ahjj ab\t #ej tons 7 sold at a price ( #fhj 7,l#aci7 p] ton4 ,*lor9e is produc$ z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( soda by ! ,leblanc process1 b until #ahfe1 :5 ! ,briti% ,alkali ,act /opp$ ! dis*>ge ( hydro*loric acid vap\rs into ! atmosph]e1 ! developm5t ( ! blea*+ p[d] indu/ry 0 n rapid4 ,! hydro*loric acid t 0 =m]ly dis*>g$ into ! air z a wa/e product aft]w>ds became a valuable asset t enabl$ ! ,leblanc process to successfully compete ) ! new] ammonia-soda process4 ,9 #ahij ano!r competitor to ! ,leblanc process 0 introduc$ :5 cau/ic & *lor9e 7 produc$ 9 ,g]many by electrolytic me?ods4 ,aft] ! successful developm5t ( ?is me?od 9 ,g]many1 x 0 tak5 up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & 9 #aiab m ?an #cj1jjj electrical horse-p[] 7 daily us$ 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,9 #aiad ! almo/ complete cessation ( exports ( blea* f ,europe rais$ ! price1 :i* atta9$ ph5om5al heights 9 #aiaf 7cf4 page #abe71 & /imulat$ ! production ( blea* bo? 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 & ,canada4 ,,table ,i4--,,blea* ,,/ati/ics4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ye>4 ,blea* ,manufactur$1 ,sell+ ,price ,%ort ,tons4 ,p] #ajj ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aijd #ai1jjj #aiji #eh1jjj #aiad #aee1jjj #a4fc #aiae #ahj1jjj;,a #b4fc #aiaf #bcj1jjj;,a #f4ef #aiag #bfj1jjj;,a #b4dd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a ,e/imat$4 ,z a dis9fectant1 *lor9e 0 fir/ us$ ab\t ! ye> #ahjj by de ,morveau1 9 ,france1 & by ,cruik%ank1 9 ,engl&1 :o prep>$ ! gas by heat+ a mixture ( hydro*loric acid & potassium bi*romate or pyrolusite2 ?is is ess5tially ! same z ! orig9al mixture us$ by ,s*eele4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury ! efficacy ( *lor9e ( lime z a dis9fectant1 & p>ticul>ly z a deod\rant1 0 well recognis$ & z e>ly z #ahed an ,engli% ,royal ,commission us$ ?is sub/ance = deod\ris+ ! sewage ( ,london4 ,a committee ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association report$ 9 #ahhe t *loride ( lime 0 ! be/ dis9fectant available :5 co/ & effici5cy 7 consid]$4 ,eau de ,javelle1 fir/ made by ,p]cy at ! ,javelle works ne> ,p>is 9 #agib1 is ano!r *lor9e comp\nd t has enjoy$ a consid]able reputation z a dis9fectant & deod\ris] = ov] a c5tury2 x is ess5tially a mixture ( sodium *loride & sodium hypo*lorite4 ,! discov]y ( electrolytic hypo*lorites dates back to #ahei1 :5 ,watt f\nd t *lorides ( ! fix$ alkalies & alkal9e e>?s yield$ hypo*lorites on be+ submitt$ to ! action ( an electrical curr5t4 ,until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury dis9fection 0 reg>d$ z a process t arre/$ or prev5t$ putrefactive *anges b ! nature ( ^! *anges 0 imp]fectly compreh5d$ & micro-organisms 7 n associat$ ) !m4 ,9 #ahci ,!odor ,s*wann1#a :o might be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( antiseptics1 report$ t ,f]m5tation is arre/$ by any influ5ce capable ( kill+ fungi1 especially by heat1 potassium ars5iate1 etc44442 b 8 results 7 n accept$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation & x 0 n until ! publication ( ! "w ( ,s*rod] & ,dus*#b t ,s*wann's views 7 ev5 p>tially accept$4 ,! f9al refutation to ! spontane\s g5]ation !ory 0 giv5 by ! monum5tal rese>*es ( ,pa/eur :o1 9 #ahfb1 prov$ ! possibility ( prep>+ /]ile culture m$ia & demon/rat$ ! mann] 9 :i* !y c\ld be protect$ f contam9ation4 ,bact]ia & o!r micro-organisms 7 %[n to be responsible = ! ph5om5a t _h be5 attribut$ previ\sly to ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & f ?is p]iod ! developm5t ( bact]iology z a sci5ce proce$$ rapidly4 ,! next important /ep1 f ! public heal? /&po9t1 0 ! discov]y by ,ko*1 9 #ahgf1 t a specific bact]ium 7,b4 an?racis7 0 ! cause ( a specific disease 9 cattle 7an?rax or spl5ic fev]74 ,9 #ahhb ,ko* made a fur!r advance by develop+ a solid culture m$ium :i* p]mitt$ dis9fectants & antiseptics to be /udi$ quantitatively ) a great] degree ( accuracy ?an _h be5 possible previ\sly4 ,s9ce #ahde1 :5 ,semmelweiss succe$$ 9 /amp+ out pu]p]al fev] 9 ,vi5na1 :]e x _h be5 s long e/abli%$ z to be endemic1 *lor9e has be5 v g5]ally employ$ 9 sanit>y "w & ! conditions necess>y = obta9+ successful results h be5 p>tially elucidat$4 ,baxt] 0 ! fir/ to /ate t ! dis9fect+ action dep5d$ m ^u ! nature ( ! pabulum ?an ^u ! specific organism pres5t & ?is 0 confirm$ lat] by ,kuhn1 ,bu*oltz1 & ,hab]korn4 ,! latt] f\nd t ur9e consum$ l>ge quantities ( *lor9e be=e any dis9fection occurr$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ prep>ations us$ 9 sanit>y "w 0 an electrolys$ sea wat]1 usually kn[n z ,h]mite ,fluid4 ,?is 0 introduc$ by ,m4 ,h]mite 9 #ahhi & 0 employ$ = dome/ic purposes & = flu%+ sew]s & latr9es4 ,x 0 us$ at ,bre/ = ! dissolution ( faecal matt] & a prolong$ trial 0 giv5 to x at ,wor?+ 9 #ahid4 ,! report ( ,dupre & ,kle91 :o conduct$ ! bact]iological exam9ations1 0 aga9/ ! process1 b ,ruff] & ,roscoe report$ m fav\rably & fur!r trials 7 c>ri$ out at ,havre1 l',ori5t1 & ,nice4 ,! ,lancet 7,may #bf1 #ahid7 report$ at l5g? ^u ! ,wor?+ exp]im5ts3 x 0 f\nd t dur+ ! electrolysis ( ! sea wat]1 ! magnesium *loride 0 also p>tially conv]t$ into hypo*lorite1 :i* !n dissociat$ into magnesium hydrate & hypo*lor\s acid2 ! =m] deposit$ 9 ! electrolys] & left ! solution acid & un/able2 ur9e 0 f\nd to act ^u x at once ) a consequ5t loss 9 /r5g? ( ov] #ej p] c5t4 ,ano!r electrolytic me?od 0 t ( ,web/]1#c :o in/all$ an exp]im5tal plant at ,crossness1 ne> ,london1 9 #ahhi4 ,a l[-t5sion direct curr5t 0 pass$ betwe5 iron electrodes plac$ 9 ! sewage & al?\gh ! process 0 l>gely "o ( *emical precipitation1 ,web/] not$ ! dis9fect+ value ( ! hypo*lorite =m$ f ! *lorides normally pres5t 9 ! sewage4 ,he also direct$ ! att5tion ( sanit>ians to ! possibility ( us+ sea wat] z a *eap s\rce ( *lorides & a plant bas$ on ?is pr9ciple 0 erect$ 9 ,brad=d 9 #ahij & report$ ^u by ,mc,lintock4#d ,/rong salt solutions 7 sub/itut$ = sea wat] by ,woolf & ! product 0 comm]cially kn[n z ,electrozone4 ,a plant ( ?is description 0 in/all$ at ,brew/]1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahice = *lor9at+ ! sewage f a small gr\p ( h\ses4 ,! sewage 0 dis*>g$ into a small creek :i* pollut$ ,croton ,lake4 ,successful results l$ to a simil> treatm5t ne> ,tonetta ,creek4#f ,?is 0 app>5tly ! fir/ occasion on :i* ! specific object 0 ! de/ruction ( bact]ia4 ,electrozone 0 us$ at ,maid5head1 on ! ,?ames1 9 #ahig & ! in/allation 0 report$ ^u by ,rob9son1 ,kan?ack1 & ,rideal 9 #ahih4 ,kan?ack f\nd t a dosage #c-c4f p4p4m4 r$uc$ ! organisms 9 a sewage efflu5t to #aj-ej p] c4cm4 :il/ ,rideal f\nd t ab\t #ah p4p4m4 ( *lor9e produc$ a condition ( /]ility 9 #a c4cm4 ,*loride ( lime _h previ\sly be5 us$ 9 ! ,london sewage z a deod\rant by ,dibd5 9 #ahhd b ! treatm5t 0 n successful & 0 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( o!r oxidis]s4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ! use ( blea* = ! dis9fection ( bo? sewage & wat] receiv$ ! att5tion ( _m well-kn[n ,g]man sanit>ians & _m important results 7 obta9$4 ,9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts made at ,hamburg1 ,proskau] & ,elsn]#g obta9$ satisfactory results ) #c-d p4p4m4 ( *lor9e on a cl>ifi$ sewage ) #aj m9utes contact4 ,dunb> & ,zirn 7ibid47 us$ crude sewage & f\nd t #ag p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e 7 requir$ to remove ,b4 typhosus & *ol]a vibria ) a contact p]iod ( two h\rs4 ,a /rik+ feature ( all ! ,g]man "w on *lor9ation is ! v high degree ( purification aim$ at3 quantities z l>ge z "o litre 7 te/$ = specific organisms & 9 _m ( ! exp]im5ts ) sewage ,b4 coli 0 f\nd to be abs5t f a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! samples4 ,! importance ( previ\sly remov+ susp5d$ matt]1 :i* c\ld n be p5etrat$ by ! g]micide1 0 emphasis$ by ,s*w>tz#h al?\gh x _h be5 previ\sly not$ by ,s*uma*]4 ,at ! ,royal ,te/+ ,/ation 9 ,b]l91 num]\s exp]im5ts on sewage *lor9ation 7 made by ,kranejuhl & ,kurpjuivut4#i ,! results 7 judg$ by ! ,b4 coli cont5t1 :i* 0 tak5 z an index ( pa?og5icity because ?is typical inte/9al bacillus 0 f\nd to be m frequ5t & less viable ?an ! majority ( ! pa?og5ic organisms4 ,o!r important "w on ?is subject 0 c>ri$ out1 9 connection ) ! pollution ( ! ,hooghly ,riv]1 by a ,b5gal ,gov]nm5t ,commission 9 #aijd2 & by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,ohio 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #aijg4 ,! *lor9ation exp]im5ts ( ! latt] 7 report$ by ,kell]man1 ,pratt1 & ,kimb]ly4#aj ,! mo/ valuable contribution to ! dis9fection ( sewage 0 t ( ,phelps1#aa :o critically exam9$ ! "w ( previ\s exp]im5t]s & direct$ att5tion to ! unnecess>y /r+5t /&>ds adopt$ 9 ,european practice4 ,8 "w at ,bo/on 9 #aijf1 at ,r$ ,bank1 ,n4 ,j41 & at ,baltimore 9 #aijg1 demon/rat$ 9 an indubitable mann] ! economic possibilities ( sewage *lor9ation4 ,! dosages necess>y = crude sewage & filt] efflu5ts 7 indicat$ & also ! necess>y contact p]iods4 ,?is "w m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( a new era 9 sanit>y sci5ce4 ,! fir/ occasion on :i* *lor9e comp\nds 7 fir/ us$ = ! dis9fection ( wat] _c be def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,x has be5 /at$ to ! au?or t blea* 0 us$ = treat+ wells z e>ly z #ahej b ?is treatm5t 0 app>5tly made )\t def9ite k ( ! de/ruction ( micro-organisms4 ,9 #ahig1 ,sims ,woodhead employ$ blea* solutions = ! /]ilisation ( ! di/ribution ma9s at ,maid/one1 ,k5t1 subsequ5t to an epidemic ( typhoid fev]4 ,! cr$it = ! fir/ sy/ematic use ( *lor9e 9 wat] dis9fection is due to ,a4 ,c4 ,h\/on ) :om ,mc,gowan 0 associat$ 9 ! "w c>ri$ out at ,l9coln 9 #aijd-aije4ab ,! res]voirs1 filt]s1 & di/ribution sy/em1 ow+ to flood conditions1 became infect$ ) typhoid bacilli :i* caus$ a sev]e epidemic among/ ! consum]s4 ,! /orage & purifications works 7 ?or\ghly treat$ ) a solution ( *loros 7sodium hypo*lorite conta9+ approximately #aj p] c5t ( available *lor9e7 :i* 0 regulat$ to give an approximate dosage ( #a "p p] million4 ,! bact]iological results 7 entirely satisfactory b _m compla9ts 7 receiv$ t ! treatm5t _h imp>t$ a mawki% ta/e to ! wat]4 ,?is 0 attribut$ to ! action ( ! alkal9e *loros on ! organic impurities 9 ! wat]4 ,x 0 also /at$ t ! wat] injur$ plants1 fi%1 & birds & extract$ abnormal am\nts ( tann9 f tea b no sub/antiat+ evid5ce 0 produc$ 9 support ( ^! compla9ts4 ,h\/on made a cont9u\s physiological te/ ( ! effect ( ! *lor9at$ wat] on small fi% by susp5d+ a cage ( gold fi% 9 ! filt] efflu5t *amb] & also prov$ t ! treatm5t _h no appreciable effect on ! plumbo-solv5cy ( ! supply4 ,nesfield1 ( ! ,indian ,army ,m$ical ,s]vice1#ac report$ 9 #aijc ! results ( num]\s exp]im5ts on ! de/ruction ( pa?og5ic organisms by *lor9e comp\nds & sugge/$ _! use 9 milit>y "w to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! appall+ loss ( life f wat]-borne diseases 7especially ent]ic fev]7 su* z took place dur+ ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,nesfield propos$ to use ab\t #ajj p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & to remove ! excess aft] a contact p]iod ( #aj m9utes4 ,?is "w is especially int]e/+ f ! hi/orical /&po9t because x conta9s ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! possibilities ( compress$ *lor9e gas 9 /eel cyl9d]s4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 electrolytic hypo*lorite 7oxy*loride7 0 us$ at ,guild=d by ,rideal & v>i\s *lor9e comp\nds 7 tri$ on ! wat] ( ! ,se9e & ,vanne1 9 ,france1 & at ,middlek]ke & ,o/5d1 9 ,belgium4 ,exp]im5tal "w on wat] *lor9ation 0 also report$ by ,?re% & by ,moor & ,hewlett4#ad ,dur+ ! n9eties _m exp]im5ts on wat] *lor9ation 7 made by ,traube1 ,sick5b]g]1 ,kauffman1 ,b]ge1 ,bass5ge1 & o!rs4 ,traube#ae 0 able to completely /]ilise wat] ri* 9 bact]ia 9 #b h\rs by ! addition ( blea* equal to #a4jf p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e4 ,at ! end ( ! contact p]iod ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! add$ *lor9e 0 unabsorb$ & 0 de/roy$ by ! addition ( sodium bisulphite4 ,bass5ge#af foll[$ up ! "w ( ,traube & t ( ,sick5b]g] & ,kauffman1 :o _h %[n t x 0 possible to de/roy *ol]a vibrio 9 ,nile wat] by means ( sodium hypo*lorite4 ,bass5ge us$ high] conc5trations ?an ,traube & f\nd x possible to de/roy ,b4 typhosus & ,b4 coli 9 t5 m9utes ) #fj-ij p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e4 ,! excess 0 de/roy$ by add+ calcium bisulphite4 ,lode#ag exp]im5t$ ) wat]s se$$ ) ,b4 coli1 ,b4 typhosus1 & ,b4 tetani & f\nd1 contr>y to ,traube1 t #a-b p4p4m4 ( *lor9e did n /]ilise 9 two h\rs4 ,b4 coli 0 usually de/roy$ by #d p4p4m4 ( *lor9e 9 t5 m9utes & ev5 bett] results 7 obta9$ ) ,b4 typhosus & *ol]a vibrio3 ! =m] 0 de/roy$ 9 "o h\r by #a p4p4m4 & 9 t5 m9utes by #b p4p4m42 ! latt] organism requir$ #a-b p4p4m4 ) a tw5ty-m9ute contact p]iod4 ,lode not$ t organic matt] l[]$ ! bact]icidal activity ( *lor9e & recomm5d$ ! use ( #cj p4p4m4 ( *lor9e to ensure rapid & complete /]ilisation4 ,b]ge#ah us$ *lor9e p]oxide1 g5]at$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid on potassium *lorate1 = ! /]ilisation ( wat] & ?is process 0 aft]w>ds us$ at ,o/5d at a plant hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #a1cjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,! dosage 0 equal to #j4ec p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & coke filt]s 7 us$ to de/roy ! excess al?\gh !y 7 n f\nd to be indisp5sable z ! free *lor9e disappe>$ spontane\sly4 ,?is process appe>s to h be5 tri$ on ! ,brussels supply & also = ! treatm5t ( a hospital supply at ,petrograd4 ,! object ( ,g]man sanit>ians seems to h be5 to obta9 practically in/antane\s /]ilisation ( wat] = ! use ( travell]s & troops 9 ! field4 ,until ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,european ,w> !y did n h a high op9ion ( *lor9ation & g5]ally reg>d$ x z ineffici5t4 ,s*umb]g#ai express$ ! op9ion t no *emical me?od ( dis9fection c\ld be absolutely reli$ ^u1 "u all circum/ances1 to prove fatal to bact]ia4 ,pluck]#bj /at$ t sev]al inve/igators1 p>ticul>ly ,s*ud]1 _h %[n t *lor9e1 ev5 9 ! proportion ( #dj p4p4m4 did n inv>iably de/roy *ol]a vibrio & ,b4 typhosus2 & t ) small] doses ! de/ruction 0 /ill less complete4 ,he also /at$ t ! bact]iological exp]im5ts ( ,am]ican work]s 7 op5 to criticism & t !y employ$ antiquat$ me?ods4 ,by #aiaf ! ,g]man sanit>ians appe>$ to h realis$ t _! bact]iological /&>ds 7 too /r+5t 7,lang]#ba7 & t ! process _h prov$ its value 9 an indisputable mann]4 ,european practice1 9 ! comp>atively few in/ances 9 :i* x has be5 us$1 has be5 to employ l>ge doses ( *lor9e & to remove ! excess by *emicals or by filtration ?r\gh special m$ia4 ,9 #aiaf1 h[ev]1 ,london comm5c$ to *lor9ate a portion ( its supply & ! foll[+ ye> practically ! :ole supply 0 *lor9at$4 ,a dosage ( approximately #j4e p4p4m4 is us$ & ! blea* solution is add$ to ! pre-filt]$ wat]4 ,worce/] is also propos+ to *lor9ate ! supply to ma9ta9 ! purity ( ! wat] )\t ext5d+ ! sl[ s& filtration plant4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 hypo*lorite ( soda & *lor9e 7 us$ on ! ,jewell ,filt] at ! ,l\isville ,exp]im5tal ,/ation 9 ab\t #ahif by ,george ,w4 ,full] & a ye> lat] !y 7 us$ at ,adrian by ,jewell4 ,! fir/ comm]cial successful attempt 0 made by ,g4 ,a4 ,johnson4 ,9 #aijh ! ,union ,/ock ,y>ds ,company ( ,*icago 7 proce$$ aga9/ by ! ,city ( ,*icago reg>d+ ! condition ( ! efflu5t ( ! ,bubbly ,creek filt] plant4 ,copp] sulphate _h be5 previ\sly us$ 9 conjunction ) ! filt]s b /ock %ipp]s compla9$ t ! wat] _h a delet]i\s effect ^u ! animals consum+ x4 ,johnson elim9at$ ! copp] treatm5t & sub/itut$ blea* :i* 0 add$ sev5 & a half h\rs previ\s to filtration1 ) a dosage ( #a4e p4p4m4 ,! results 7 v satisfactory4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,johnson & ,leal comm5c$ ! treatm5t ( ! ,boonton supply ( ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 consum$ ab\t #dj million gallons p] day4 ,! wat] 0 fir/ treat$ ) #cf p\nds ( blea* p] million gallons 7#a4d p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e7 b ?is quantity 0 gradually r$uc$ until only #e p\nds p] million gallons 7#j4b p4p4m4 ( *lor9e7 7 be+ us$ 9 ,april1 #aiji4 ,! ability ( ! process to adequately purify wat] became ! cause ( a lawsuit & ! decision ( ! ,c\rt 03 ,f ! pro(s tak5 be=e me1 ( ! con/ant obs]vation ( ! effect ( ?is device1 ,i am ( ! op9ion & f9d t x is an effective process :i* de/roys 9 ! wat] ! g]ms1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is deem$ to indicate dang]1 includ+ ! pa?og5ic g]ms1 s t ! wat] aft] ?is treatm5t atta9s a purity mu* beyond t atta9$ 9 wat] supplies ( o!r municipalities4 ,! r$uction & practical elim9ation ( su* g]ms f ! wat] 0 %[n to be sub/antially cont9u\s4 ,^u ! pro(s be=e me1 ,i f9d t ! solution describ$ leaves no delet]i\s sub/ances 9 ! wat]4 ,x does produce a slight increase 9 ! h>dness b ! increase is s slight z 9 my judgm5t to be negligible4 ,i d !re=e f9d & report t ?is device is capable ( r5d]+ ! wat] deliv]$ 9 ,j]sey ,city pure & :olesome1 = ! purposes = :i* x is int5d$ & is effective 9 remov+ f ! wat] ^? dang]\s g]ms :i* 7 deem$ by ! decree to possibly exi/ !re9 at c]ta9 times4#bb ,dur+ ! next few ye>s ! use ( hypo*lorite 9 wat] purification1 bo? alone & 9 conjunction ) filtration1 became v popul> & 9 #aiaa ov] #hjj million gallons p] day 7 treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,among/ ! us]s 7 "s ( ! l>ge/ cities 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ ,brooklyn1 ,albany1 & ,new ,york ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 ,c9c9nati & ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,h>risburg1 ,philadelphia1 ,pittsburg1 & ,erie1 ,pa41 ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 ,/4 ,l\is & ,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 ,montreal1 ,p4 ,q41 ,toronto & ,ottawa1 ,ont41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 & ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,at pres5t 7#aiah7 ov] #c1jjj million gallons p] day are be+ *lor9at$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & m ?an #a1jjj cities & t[ns are employ+ ?is process4 ,,bibliography #a ,s*wann4 ,microskopis*e ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] die ,ueb]e9/immung 9 d] ,textur und dem ,wa*/um d] ,ti]e und ,pflanz54 ,b]l94 #ahci #b ,s*rod] & ,dus*4 ,ann4 d] ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 #ahed1 #hi1 #bcb4 #c ,web/]4 ,! ,eng9e]4 #ahhi1 #fg1 #bfa4 #d ,mc,lintock4 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 #ahij1 #aa1 #dih4 #e ,eng4 ,news4 #ahic1 #cj1 #da4 #f ,eng4 ,record4 #ahid1 #bi1 #aaj4 #g ,proskau] & ,elsn]4 ,vi]teljahress*r4 g]4 ,m$4 u4 oeff4 ,sanitaetswes54 #ahih1 #af1 ,supp4 ,heft4 #h ,s*w>tz4 ,gas4 ,eng41 #aijf1 #bi1 #ggc4 #i ,kranejuhl & ,kurjuivut4 ,mitteilung5 aus d] ,ko5igli*5 ,pruefungsan/alt fu] ,wass]v]sorgung und ,abwaess]beseitigung zu ,b]l91 #aijg1 #i1 #adi4 #aj ,kell]man1 ,pratt1 & ,kimb]ly4 ,bull4 #aae1 ,bur4 ,plant ,ind41 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 #aijg4 #aa ,phelps4 ,wat] ,supply ,pap] #bbi1 ,dept4 ( ,int41 ,u4 ,s4 ,geo4 ,survey4 #ab ,h\/on & ,mc,gowan4 #e? ,rpt4 ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal4 #ac ,nesfield4 ,public ,heal?4 #aijc1 #ae1 #fja4 #ad ,moor & ,hewlett4 ,rpt4 ( ,m4 ,o4 to ,l4 ,g4 ,b41 #aiji-aj4 #ae ,traube4 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahid1 #af1 #adi4 #af ,bass5ge4 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahie1 #bj1 #bbg4 #ag ,lode4 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahie1 #bd1 #bcf4 #ah ,b]ge4 ,rev4 d',hyg41 #aijj1 #bb1 #ije4 #ai ,s*umburg4 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #aijc1 #de1 #abe4 #bj ,pluck]4 ,j4 ,gasbeleu*t41 #aiaa1 #ed1 #che4 #ba ,lang]4 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #aiaf1 #ha1 #bif4 #bb ,johnson4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiaa1 #a1 #eff4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,modus ,,op]&i ,be=e consid]+ ! modus op]&i ( *lor9e & hypo*lorites1 x w be advisable to take up ! composition ( ! latt] sub/ances & p>ticul>ly t ( blea*4 ,blea* is manufactur$ by pass+ *lor9e gas ov] slak$ lime & ! ensu+ reactions are (t5 repres5t$ by ! equation ,ca7,,oh7#b ,cl#b ,ca,o,cl#b ,h#b,o4 ,?is repres5ts ! sub/ance =m$ z a pure oxy*loride ( calcium :i* conta9s approximately #ej p] c5t ( *lor9e1 b ! article comm]cially produc$ nev] conta9s ?is am\nt ( *lor9e1 ! usual p]c5tage be+ f #ce-cg4 ,! g5]al composition ( comm]cial blea* is fairly uni=m4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ analyses ( :i* two are ( ,g]man blea* exam9$ by ,lunge & "o ( ,canadian manufacture analys$ by ! au?or4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,lunge4 ,race4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,available *lor9e #cg4jj #ch4cj #cg4ej ,*lor9e z *lorides #j4ce #j4ei #j4eb ,*lor9e z *lorates #j4be #j4jh #j4ah ,lime #dd4di #dc4cd #dd4ab ,magnesia #j4dj #j4ca #a4bh ,iron oxide #j4je #j4jd #j4aa ,alum9a #j4dc #j4da #j4df ,c>bon dioxide #j4ah #j4ca #j4bb ,silica #j4dj #j4cj #j4eb ,wat] & undet]m9$ #af4de #af4cb #ae4ji ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,f ^! analyses ! con/itutional ( comm]cial blea* might be repres5t$ by ! =mula #d;,ca,o,cl#b4b;,ca7,,oh7#b4e;,h#b,o :i* assumes x to conta93 #fh4j p] c5t ( calcium hypo*lorite1 #bj4j p] c5t ( calcium hydroxide1 & #ab4j p] c5t ( wat]4 ,9 ?is =mula calcium hypo*lorite has be5 writt5 ,ca,o,cl#b1 b ?is sub/ance actually conta9s "o atom ( oxyg5 less ?an ! true hypo*lorite1 :i* has ! con/itutional =mula ,cl,o-,ca-,o,cl4 ,?is diff]5ce l$ "s ( ! e>li] *emi/s to reg>d ,ca,o,cl#b z a mixture ( equal molecules ( calcium *loride & calcium hypo*lorite 7,ca,cl#b ,ca7,o,cl7#b #b;,ca,o,cl#b71 b x has be5 def9itely e/abli%$ t no calcium *loride exi/s 9 ! free /ate 9 dry comm]cial blea*4 ,s9ce ! v e>lie/ days :5 ! process ( blea*+ 0 inve/igat$ x 0 consid]$ to be a process ( oxidation & x is n surpris+ t ,lavoisi] & 8 pupils1 :o _h not$ ! /rong decol\ris+ action ( ! gas discov]$ previ\sly by ,s*eele1 %\ld reg>d x z a comp\nd t conta9$ oxyg54 ,!y 7 confirm$ 9 ?is view by ! fact t an aque\s solution ( ! gas sl[ly evolv$ oxyg5 :5 plac$ 9 bright sunlight1 & lo/ its blea*+ prop]ties4 ,watt disprov$ ?is & %[$ t ! evolution ( oxyg5 0 due to ! action ( ! *lor9e on wat]4 ,cl#b ,h#b,o #b;,h,cl ,o4 ,! blea*+ action 0 n due to ! *lor9e p] se b to ! nasc5t oxyg5 produc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure4 ,lat]1 :5 blea* & o!r *lor9e comp\nds came into use z deod\ris]s1 _! action 0 attribut$ to ! oxyg5 produc$ & :5 _! g]micidal prop]ties became kn[n x 0 natural to assume t ! de/ruction ( bact]ia 0 due to ! same cause4 ,"s ( ! e>li] exp]im5tal "w support$ ?is view4 ,fis*] & ,proskau]#a f\nd t humidity play$ an important "p 9 *lor9e dis9fection1 probably because x fav\r$ oxidation4 ,9 air saturat$ ) moi/ure micro-organisms 7 kill$ by #j4c p] c5t ( *lor9e 9 ?ree h\rs b :5 ! air 0 dry practically no action occurr$4 ,!y conclud$ t *lor9e 0 n directly toxic4 ,w>\z(f1 ,w9ograd(f1 & ,kolessnik(f#b 7 unable to confirm ! results ( ,fis*] & ,proskau] & f\nd t a mixture ( *lor9e gas & air kill$ tetanus spores 9 "o m9ute4 ,! nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis 0 cle>ly & succ9ctly express$ by ,pr(4 ,leal dur+ ! he>+ ( ! ,boonton1 ,n4 ,j41 case & ! foll[+ ab/racts h be5 tak5 f 8 evid5ce3 444 ,t on ! addition ( blea* to wat] ! loosely =m$ comb9ation =m+ ! blea* splits up into *loride ( calcium & hypo*lorite ( calcium4 ,! *loride ( calcium be+ in]t1 ! hypo*lorite act$ ^u by ! c>bonic acid 9 ! wat] ei!r free or half b\nd1 splits up into c>bonate ( calcium & hypo*lor\s acid4 ,! hypo*lor\s acid 9 ! pres5ce ( oxidisable matt] gives (f its oxyg52 hydro*loric acid be+ left4 ,! hydro*loric acid !n drives (f ! weak] c>bonic acid & unites ) ! calcium =m+ *loride ( calcium4 ,t ! process 0 :olly an oxidis+ "o1 ! "w be+ done entirely by ! oxyg5 set free f ! hypo*lor\s acids 9 ! pres5ce ( oxidizable matt]4444 ,we h us$ dur+ our inve/igations1 ! t]m 'pot5tial oxyg5' z express+ its factor ( p[]4 ,:5 set free1 x is really nasc5t or atomic oxyg5 & is1 9 its mo/ active /ate1 entirely diff]5t f ! oxyg5 normally 9 wat]4444 ,! reactions sugge/$ are express$ 9 ! foll[+ equations3 7i74 #b;,ca,o,cl#b ,ca,cl#b ,ca7,o,cl7#b 7ii74 ,ca7,o,cl7#b ,,co#b ,h#b,o ,ca,c,o#c #b;,h,cl,o 7iii74 #b;,h,cl,o #b;,h,cl ,o#b 7iv74 ,ca,c,o#c #b;,h,cl ,ca,cl#b ,,co#b ,h#b,o4 ,phelps1 dur+ ! he>+ ( ?is case1 sugge/$ t hypo*lorites 7 directly toxic to micro-organisms b ?is view 0 n support$ by any def9ite evid5ce & ! nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis met ) almo/ univ]sal acceptance4 ,inve/igations made by ! au?or 9 #aiae1 #aiaf & #aiag h produc$ data :i* _c be adequately expla9$ by ! nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis4#c ,! dis9fect+ action ( blea* c be mo/ conv5i5tly consid]$ by reg>d+ x z a het]og5e\s mixture ( ! reactants & resultants ( ! reaction ,ca,o ,h#b,o ,cl#b ,ca,o,cl#b ,h#b,o :i* is 9 equilibrium = ! temp]ature & pressure obta9+ dur+ ! process ( manufacture4 ,"u suitable physical conditions ! *lor9e cont5t c be increas$ to #dj-db p] c5t b su* a product is n s /able z ^? repres5t$ by ! analyses on page #ad & :i* conta9 approximately #bj p] c5t ( excess hydrate ( lime4 ,! /ability ( blea* dep5ds ^u ?is excess ( base 7,griff5 & ,h$all5#d7 & al?\gh magnesia c be p>tially sub/itut$ = ?is excess ( lime1 a m9imum ( #e p] c5t ( free hydrate ( lime is requir$ to ensure /ability4 ,on dissolv+ blea* 9 wat] ! fir/ action is ! decomposition ( calcium oxy*loride into an equal numb] ( molecules ( calcium hypo*lorite & calcium *loride4 #b;,ca,o,cl#b ,ca7,o,cl7#b ,ca,cl#b4 ,9 dilute solution ^! salts are dissociat$ & hydrolysis t5ds to occur 9 accordance ) ! equations #b;,ca7,o,cl7#b #d;,h#b,o #b;,ca7,,oh7#b ,h,o,cl ,h,cl & ,ca,cl#b #b;,h#b,o ,ca7,,oh7#b #b;,h,cl4 ,calcium hydrate & hydro*loric acid are bo? practically completely dissociat$1 i4e4 !re is a l>ge & equal quantity ( ,h4 & ,,oh'1 & ! product is mu* great] ?an ,kw 7ionic product ( wat]71 & h5ce !re is a comb9ation ( ^! ions1 leav+ ! solution neutral & no undissociat$ acid or base exi/s4 ,?is /atem5t is only approximately correct z hydro*loric acid is slightly m dissociat$ ?an calcium hydroxide 7ratio #i3h7 & ! solution is consequ5tly slightly acid1 i4e4 ! ,h4 conc5tration is great] ?an #a x #aj-g4 ,hypo*lor\s acid is only v slightly dissociat$1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,o,cl' ion due to ! dissociation ( ! ,ca7,o,cl7#b1 z comp>$ ) ,ca7,,oh7#b & hydrolysis ( ! ,ca7,o,cl7#b proce$s ) increas$ dilution4 ,! action is be/ repres5t$ by ! equation #b;,ca7,o,cl7#b #b;,h#b,o ,ca,cl#b ,ca7,,oh7#b #b;,h,o,cl ,! hydrolytic con/ant ( hypo*lor\s acid has app>5tly n be5 det]m9$ b z ! acid is weak] ?an c>bonic acid1 :i* has a hydrolytic con/ant ( #a x #aj-d1 ! value is probably betwe5 #a x #aj-c & #a x #aj-d4 ,f ! =mula x#b_/7a - x7v kwv 9 :i* #a mole ( pure ,ca7,o,cl7#b is dissolv$ 9 v litres1 x is ! fraction hydrolys$1 & kwv is ! hydrolytic con/ant1 complete hydrolysis occurs 7x #a7 :5 v is n great] ?an #a x #ajd litres4 ,?is is equival5t to a conc5tration ( n less ?an #g4a p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e4 ,solutions ( pure hypo*lorites are alkal9e 9 reaction because ( ! excess ( hydroxyl ions 7m9imum conc5tration #a x #aj-d74 ,9 solutions ( blea* ! hydrolytic action is ret>d$ by ! ,,oh' due to ! free base1 & accel]at$ by ! excess ( ,h4 caus$ by ! dissociation & p>tial hydrolysis ( ,ca,cl#b2 ! f9al result is det]m9$ by ! relative proportions & ! effect ( ! free base usually prepond]ates4 ,! addition ( any sub/ance t r$uces ! ,,oh' conc5tration enables hydrolysis to proce$ to completion & af=ds a rational explanation ( ! fact t solutions ( blea*1 on di/illation ) su* weak acids z boric acid1 yield a solution ( hypo*lor\s acid4 ,x also expla9s :y ! addition ( an acid is necess>y 9 ,buns5's me?od 7vide p4 #gi7 ( analys+ hypo*lorite solutions4 ,x has be5 /at$ t :5 hydro*loric acid is employ$ ! increase 9 ! oxidis+ p[] is due to ! action ( ! acid ^u calcium *loride b ?is nev] occurs "u ord9>y conditions2 weak acids su* z c>bonic or acetic w give practically ! same result z hydro*loric acid 9 solutions ( blea* ( ! /r5g? us$ 9 wat] treatm5t4 ,! slightly high] result obta9$ ) /rong acids is due to ! decomposition ( *lorates4 ,! effect ( dilution alone is %[n by ! data giv5 bel[4 ,a #b p] c5t blea* solution1 conta9+ v little excess base1 0 dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] & ! v>i\s dilutions titrat$ ) ?iosulphate aft] ! addition ( potassium iodide4 ,9 "o s]ies ! solutions 7 titrat$ directly1 & aft] acidification 9 ! o!r4 ,! results,a 7 z foll[s3 ,,hydrolysis ,,( ,,blea* ,,solution ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,/r5g? ( ,solution4 ,grams ,blea* ,direct ,titration x #ajj ,p] #ajj c4cms4 --------------------4 ,acid ,titration ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #b4j #cj4h #j4b #cd4c #j4a #da4h #j4jb #fg4e #j4jjb #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,a ,correct$ = ! alkali produc$ by ,h,cl,o #b,,ki ,k,cl ,,koh ,i#b4 ,al?\gh e precaution 0 tak5 to exclude c>bonic acid1 a portion ( ! hydrolysis 0 probably due to ?is acid1 :i* w\ld remove calcium hydrate f ! sph]e ( action & consequ5tly alt] ! equilibrium4 ,! above figures are only applicable to ! p>ticul> sample us$2 o!r samples conta9+ diff]5t excesses ( base w\ld yield diff]5t hydrolytic values4 ,! results are 9 agreem5t ) ! hypo!sis pres5t$ & confirm ! !oretical d$uction t v dilute blea* solutions are completely hydrolys$ if no salts are pres5t t w dissociate & increase ! ,,oh' conc5tration4 ,hydrolysis is r$uc$ by cau/ic alkalies & alkal9e c>bonates1 & increas$ by acids & acid c>bonates t r$uce ! ,,oh' conc5tration4 ,! effect ( *lorides is anomal\s & no adequate explanation = _! action c be giv5 at pres5t4 ,! addition ( small quantities ( sodium *loride 7#j4a p] c5t7 increases ! hydrolysis ( blea* solutions b mu* l>g] quantities t5d to ! opposite direction4 ,! effect ( ^! sub/ances ^u ! velocity ( ! g]micidal action ( blea* solutions is 9 ! same direction z ! hydrolys+ effect4#d ,sodium *loride 9 quantities up to #aj p>ts p] million has a v limit$ effect b l>g] quantities 7#ij p4p4m47 increase ! velocity ( ! reaction4 ,sodium *loride1 9 ! abs5ce ( hypo*lorites1 0 f\nd to h no influ5ce ^u ! viability ( ,b4 coli 9 wat]4 ,9 quantities up to approximately #e p4p4m41 sodium hydroxide has b little influ5ce2 #e-aj p4p4m4 r$uce ! velocity to a m>k$ degree1 b :5 ! quantity ( cau/ic is /ill fur!r increas$ ! g]micidal action ( ! alkali comm5ces to be appreciable & may nullify ! ret>d+ action on ! hypo*lorite4 ,normal c>bonates t5d to r$uce ! velocity ( ! g]micidal action & bic>bonates to increase x4 ,sulphuric acid1 ev5 9 v small quantities 7#e p4p4m471 has a m>k$ accel]at+ effect & ! total effect produc$ is mu* great] ?an c be acc\nt$ = by ! g]micidal activity ( ! acid alone4 ,weak acids su* z c>bonic acid & acetic acid are also effective accel]ators4 ,9 "o exp]im5t a #j4ja p] c5t solution ( blea* 0 f\nd to be #dj p] c5t hydrolys$4 ,by pass+ c>bonic acid gas ?is 0 increas$ to #ie p] c5t & ! velocity ( ! g]micidal action ( ?is solution 0 f\nd to be approximately #ajj p] c5t great] ?an t ( ! unc>bonat$ "o4 ,norton & ,hsu#e h %[n t ! g]micidal activity ( "s dis9fectants is a function ( ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration1 b ?is factor is insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! effect ( acids on blea* solutions4 ,! effect ( sodium *loride on ! bact]iological results1 l t on ! hydrolytic con/ant1 is anomal\s4 ,simil> effects h be5 obs]v$ on ! addition ( ?is salt to ph5ol & o!r dis9fectants4 ,! raison d'etre ( ! increas$ activity is obscure b x is possible t ! salt r5d]s ! organisms m susceptible to ! action ( ! g]micide4 ,ammonia1 ?\gh decreas+ ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration ( blea* & o!r hypo*lorite solutions1 m>k$ly increases ! velocity ( ! reaction2 *lor9at$ d]ivatives ( ammonia 7*loram9es71 :i* h a specific g]micidal action1 are =m$4 ,^! w be discuss$ at l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 p4 #aae4 ,rideal#f has %[n t ! addition ( ammonia to sodium hypo*lorite de/roys ! blea*+ activity 9 acid solution4 ,?is has be5 f\nd by ! au?or to be also true = calcium hypo*lorite 7blea*74 ,if ! blea*+ effect is due to oxidation1 ! oxidis+ p[] ( hypo*lorites mu/ be consid]$ to be de/roy$ by ! addition ( ammonia4 ,! prop]ty ( oxidis+ organic matt] 9 wat] is also de/roy$2 ?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ,table ,,ii :i* %[s ! rate ( absorption ( *lor9e & *loram9e by ! ,ottawa ,riv] wat]4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t conta9$ #dj p4p4m4 ( col\r & absorb$ #i4e p4p4m4 ( oxyg5 7#cj m9s4 at #ajj deg4 ,c474 ,,table ,,ii4,a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,absorption ,,( ,,available ,,*lor9e ,,at #fc deg4 ,f4 ,"t ( ,contact ---------------------------------------- -------- ,m9utes4 ,*lor9e z ,blea*4 ,*lor9e z ,*loram9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,nil4 #aj4jj #i4ih #e #f4ej #i4ih #aj #e4ia #i4ij #bj #e4ah #i4ij #dj #d4dg #i4hd #fj #c4ij #i4hd #hj #c4fe #i4hd #bj h\rs 4444 #i4fh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a ,results are p>ts p] million4 ,f a consid]ation ( ^! & o!r exp]im5ts made by ! au?or 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaf1 x became app>5t t ! nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis entirely fail$ to expla9 ! results obta9$1 & t !y mu/ be attribut$ to a direct toxic action ( ! *lor9e or *loram9e4 ,dak9 et al4#g arriv$ at a simil> conclusion f a consid]ation ( ! results obta9$ dur+ ! use ( hypo*lorite solutions 9 ! treatm5t ( w\nds by ,c>rel's me?od ( irrigation4 ,!y attribut$ ! m>k$ b5eficial action to ! =mation ( *loram9es 9 situ by ! action ( hypo*lor\s acid ^u am9o acids & proteid bodies4 ,comp\nd *loram9es 7*lor9at$ am9ob5zoic acids7 7 prep>$ 9 ! laboratory & f\nd to give excell5t results 9 r$uc+ w\nd infection4 ,lat]1 o!r comp\nds 7 prep>$ = ! purpose ( /]ilis+ small quantities ( wat] = ! use ( mobile troops 7see p4 #abh74 ,rideal#f 0 ! fir/ to note ! /rong g]micidal p[] ( *loram9e & attribut$ ! p]si/5t g]micidal activity ( hypo*lorites 9 sewage to ! =mation ( *loram9e & *loram9e d]ivatives4 ,fur!r evid5ce aga9/ ! nasc5t oxyg5 !ory ( *lor9e dis9fection is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t su* active oxidis+ ag5ts z sodium1 potassium1 & hydrog5 p]oxides h a mu* l[] g]micidal activity ?an *lor9e :5 comp>$ on ! basis ( _! oxyg5 equival5ts4 ,table ,,iii %[s *lor9e to be approximately five times z active z potassium p]manganate :5 comp>$ on ?is basis4 ,,table ,,iii4,a--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,blea* ,,& ,,potassium ,,p]manganate ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,blea* ,available ,*lor9e ,,potassium ,contact #j4ce p4p4m4 ,,p]manganate4 ,p]iod4 ------------------------------------- ,oxyg5 ,equival5t4 ,p>ts ,p] ,million4 ----------------------------------- #j4jh #j4acc #j4bff #j4djj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,nil #adj 444 444 444 #cj m9s #ij #abb #aae #aaj #a h\r #fh #aae #ajj #hj #a-a_/b h\rs #fc #ajh #ie #ge #d h\rs #ej #ie #hj #ej ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ,! g]micidal activity ( oxidis+ ag5ts has be5 %[n by ,novey & o!rs to be some:at proportional to ! en]gy lib]at$ dur+ ! reaction b ev5 :5 ?is factor is tak5 into consid]ation *lor9e comp\nds are m active ?an o!r oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,hypo*lor\s acid is f> sup]ior to hydrog5 p]oxide z a g]micidal ag5t & is z active z ozone1 :i* lib]ates a great] am\nt ( en]gy4 #b;,h,cl,o #b;,h,cl ,o#b #ah1ggj calories #b;,h#b,o#b #b;,h#b,o ,o#b #df1abj calories #b,o#c #c,o#b #fj1jjj calories4 ,aga91 solutions ( *lor9e gas & hypo*lorites hav+ ! same oxidis+ activity1 z det]m9$ by titration ) ?iosulphate aft] ! addition ( potassium iodide & acid1 i4e4 conta9 equal am\nts ( available *lor9e1 %[ approximately ! same g]micidal activity 9 wat]4 ,on ! addition ( ammonia1 ! hypo*lorite solutions reta9 _! ability to lib]ate iod9e f potassium iodide 7,wagn] te/7 b ! prop]ty ( oxidis+ su* dye/uffs z indigo is de/roy$ & ! g]micidal activity is increas$4 ,ammonia1 :5 add$ to solutions ( *lor9e gas1 dim9i%es ! prop]ty ( lib]at+ iod9e f potassium iodide1 ! blea*+ effect on dye/uffs1 & ! g]micidal action4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t *lor9e =ms hypo*lor\s acid on solution 9 wat] ,cl#b ,h#b,o ,h,cl,o ,h,cl b ! results obta9$ on ! addition ( ammonia indicate t ei!r v little hypo*lor\s acid is =m$ or t ammonia & hypo*lor\s acid d n =m *loram9e 9 ! pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 *lor9e gas 0 treat$ ) a #j4e p] c5t solution ( ammonia 9 ! proportion ( #a molecule ( *lor9e to #a4ij-a4ie molecules ( ammonia1 ,noyes & ,lyon#h f\nd t nitrog5 & nitrog5-tri*loride 7 =m$ 9 equimol> quantities4 #ab,,nh#c #f;,cl#b ,n#b ,n,cl#c #i,,nh#d;,cl4 ,bray & ,d[ell#i %[$ t ?is reaction dep5d$ ^u ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration & proce$$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ equations3 7i74 ,acid solution #d,,nh#c #c;,cl#b ,n,cl#c #c,,nh#d;,cl 7ii74 ,alkal9e solution #h,,nh#c #c;,cl#b ,n#b #f,,nh#d;,cl4 ,9 7i7 ) a ratio ( *lor9e to ammonia ( #c3a by weight1 "o-half ( ! *lor9e is lo/ z ammonium *loride & "o-half =ms nitrog5 tri*loride1 conc]n+ :i* comp>atively little is kn[n2 9 7ii7 ! :ole ( ! *lor9e =ms ammonium *loride1 :i* has no g]micidal value4 ,! effect ( ammonia on ! g]micidal action ( a solution ( *lor9e gas is %[n 9 ! ,table ,,iv4 ,,table ,,iv4,a--,,effect ,,( ,,ammonia ,,on ,,*lor9e ,,gas ,,solution ,conditions4 ,col\r ( wat] #dj p4p4m4 ,turbidity1 #e p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,available ,*lor9e #j4bj p4p4m41 ,ammonia4 ,contact ,p>ts ,p] ,million4 ,p]iod4 ------------------------------------- ,nil4 #j4je #j4aj #j4bj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,nil4 #acj 444 444 444 #aj m9s4 #ace #adj #acj #ace #a h\r #acj #acj #abh #abj #d h\rs #abj #aab #aaj #aje #bd h\rs #abj #ade #afj #agj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ,ev5 :5 ! ratio ( ,cl3,,nh#c 0 #d3a by weight1 practically ! same z 0 us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,noyes & ,lyon1 & ,bray & ,d[ell1 quot$ above1 ! g]micidal action 0 totally de/roy$ & ! #bd-;h\r results %[$ aft]gr[?s :i* 7 some:at proportional to ! am\nt ( ammonia add$4 ,?is 0 probably due to ! =mation ( ammonium *loride1 :i* provid$ additional nutrim5t = ! organisms4 ,x has (t5 be5 assum$ t hypo*lorite solutions are decompos$ on addition to wat] conta9+ free or half-b\nd c>bonic acid ) ! production ( free *lor9e1 b no evid5ce has be5 adduc$ 9 support4 ,free *lor9e c be sep>at$ f hypo*lor\s acid 9 aque\s solution by extraction ) c>bon tetra*loride & :5 ?is solv5t is %ak5 ) a c>bonat$ hypo*lorite solution x is f\nd t only traces ( *lor9e are remov$4 ,hypo*lor\s acid reacts ) hydro*loric acid ) ! evolution ( free *lor9e ,h,cl,o ,h,cl ,cl#b ,h#b,o b 9 v dilute solution ! am\nt ( free *lor9e =m$ is exce$+ly m9ute4 ,jak[k9#aj has %[n t ?is reaction does n proce$ to completion & t ! conc5tration ( free *lor9e c be calculat$ f ! equation ,h,cl,o x ,h4 x ,cl' #cbj;,cl#b 9 :i* ! reactions are express$ 9 gram molecules p] litre4 ,! hydrog5 ions & *lor9e ions are obta9$ f ! dissociation ( c>bonic acid 7,h#b;,,co#c ,h4 ,,hco#c'7 & *lorides 7,na,cl ,na4 ,cl'7 & also by ! dissociation ( hydro*loric acid produc$ by ! int]action ( hypo*lor\s acid & organic matt]4 ,h,cl,o ,o ,h,cl ,h4 ,cl'4 ,if ! =mula ( ,jak[k9 c be correctly appli$ to solutions conta9+ fractions ( a "p p] million ( hypo*lor\s acid ! free *lor9e lib]at$ by ! addition ( #a p4p4m4 ( blea* to a wat] l[ 9 *lorides w\ld be ( ! ord] #aj-g-aj-h p4p4m4 ,sodium hypo*lorite is probably hydrolys$ 9 dilute solution 9 a mann] simil> to t ( blea*4 #b,na,o,cl ,na,cl ,na,o,h ,h,cl,o4 ,= solutions conta9+ equal am\nts ( available *lor9e1 electrolytic sodium hypo*lorite is m dissociat$ ?an blea* because ( ! abs5ce ( an excess ( base1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( sodium *loride1 acc\nts = ! slightly high] g]micidal velocity obta9$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( pulp mills1 ) blea* & electrolytic hypo*lorites1 confirms ?is3 ! latt] is a mu* quick] blea*+ ag5t ?an blea* & x is (t5 s rapid z to make x desirable to r$uce ! velocity by ! addition ( soda a%4 ,reg>d+ hypo*lorite solutions a ph5om5on ( m sci5tific int]e/ ?an ( practical importance has be5 not$ by ,breteau#ab :o f\nd t alkal9e solutions ( sodium hypo*lorite conta9+ #j4id p] c5t ( available *lor9e lo/ #c4f p] c5t ( _! tit] on dilution ) #hj volumes ( wat]2 also t ?is loss 0 increas$ by ! addition ( small quantities ( salt 7sodium *loride7 & m s by c>bonates & bic>bonates4 ,! au?or has not$ simil> losses on dilut+ blea* solutions & t ! loss increas$ on /&+4 ,! loss c be expla9$ by ! decomposition ( hypo*lor\s acid1 9 ! pres5ce ( light1 into hydro*loric acid & oxyg54 #b;,h,cl,o #b;,h,cl ,o#b ,,*lor9e ,,wat]4 ,:5 a solution ( *lor9e 9 wat] is us$ z a g]micide ! *emical reactions t occur diff] mat]ially f ^? ( hypo*lorite solutions4 ,on solution 9 wat]1 hydration or solvation probably takes place ) ! production ( heat4 ,cl#b4;,aq4 #b1fjj calories4 ,*lor9e wat] is comp>atively /able b decomposes "u ! influ5ce ( light 9 accordance ) ! equation ,cl#b ,h#b,o #b;,h,cl ,o2 a simil> reaction occurs 9 ! pres5ce ( organic matt] or any sub/ance capable ( oxidation4 ,*lor9e wat] conta9s only m9ute traces ( hypo*lor\s acid & !re is no evid5ce t ! endo!rmic reaction ,cl#b4;,aq ,h#b,o ,h,cl,o4,aq ,h,cl4,aq -#bfjj - #fh1dfj -#bi1icj - #ci1cae - #ahae occurs 9 a measurable degree4 ,f !rmo*emical consid]ations hypo*lor\s acid & *lor9e wat] %\ld be ab\t equally active z oxidis+ ag5ts4 #b;,h,cl,o4,aq #b;,h,cl ,o#b #ah1ggj calories #b;,cl#b4;,aq #b;,h#b,o #b;,h,cl ,o#b #ae1cdj calories #b;,cl#b4 ,aq #b;,h#b,o #b;,h,cl ,o#b #bj1edj calories ,:5 a solution ( *lor9e or hypo*lorite is add$ to wat] z a g]micidal ag5t1 a v>iety ( reactions occur ! "* ( :i* is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! m9]al & organic matt] 9 ! wat] & ! type ( *lor9e comp\nd add$4 ,! g5]al reactions are ( ?ree types 7#a7 oxidation ( ! organic matt]1 7#b7 direct *lor9ation ( ! organic matt]1 & 7#c7 a bact]icidal action4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( wat]s t conta9 appreciable am\nts ( organic matt] almo/ all ! *lor9e is consum$ 9 reaction 7#a7 & ev5 ) filt] efflu5ts x is probably true t oxidation acc\nts = ! great] portion ( ! *lor9e consum$4 ,! au?or has f\nd t a dosage ( #j4jb "p p] million ( available *lor9e 0 m effective 9 de/roy+ ,b4 coli 9 di/ill$ wat] ?an #j4dj p4p4m4 9 a wat] absorb+ #i4e p4p4m4 ( oxyg5 7#cj m9s4 at #ajj deg4 ,c474 ,reaction 7#a7 c be adequately expla9$ by ! nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis & x is ?is reaction t det]m9es ! dosage requir$ = effective /]ilisation4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iii47 ,v little in=mation is available reg>d+ reaction 7#b7 b !re is little d\bt t a direct *lor9ation ( ! organic matt] does occur & x is m ?an probable t ^! *lor9at$ d]ivatives are l>gely responsible = ! obnoxi\s ta/es & od\rs produc$ 9 "s wat]s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! 7 due to ! =mation ( *loram9es4 ,?is view 0 =m]ly support$ by ! au?or b ! *loram9e treatm5t at ,ottawa & o!r places has demon/rat$ ! inadequacy ( ?is explanation4 ,x is true t ! od\r ( *loram9e is /rong] & m pung5t ?an t ( *lor9e1 b *loram9e 9 ! ,ottawa supply1 ev5 ) doses z high z #j4e "p p] million ( available *lor9e1 has caus$ no compla9ts4 ,! od\r ( "s ( ! organo-*loro comp\nds is m p5etrat+ & obnoxi\s ?an ^? ( *lor9e & *loram9e1 & x is q possible t "s ( ! high] homologues ( *loram9e are 9 ?is class4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! *loro-amido comp\nds prep>$ by ,dak9 are :ite1 od\rless1 cry/all9e sub/ances4 ,practically no?+ is kn[n reg>d+ ! specific nature ( ! me*anism involv$ 9 reaction 7#c74 ,! hypo!sis t *lor9e1 & *lor9e comp\nds1 ex]t a direct toxic action on ! micro-organisms m>ks an advance 9 ! sci5ce ( wat] treatm5t b does n indicate ! physiological processes involv$4 ,cross & ,bevan#aa h %[n t *loro-am9es h a t5d5cy to comb9e ) nitrog5\s molecules & to become fix$ on cellulose2 x is !re=e possible t reaction is a cytolytic "o 9 :i* ! *lor9e attacks & p>tially or :olly de/roys ! membran\s envelope ( ! organisms4 ,a portion ( ! *lor9e or *lor9e-comp\nd may also p5etrate ! membrane & produce *anges t result 9 ! dea? ( ! organism4 ,,bibliography #a ,fis*] & ,proskau]1 ,rev4 d',hyg41 #ahhd1 #f1 #eae4 #b ,w>\z(f1 ,w9ograd(f1 & ,kolessnik(f4 ,russkaia m$ic9a1 #ahhf1 ,nos4 #c & #cb4 #c ,race4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,wat] ,works ,assoc41 #aiah1 #e1 #fc4 #d ,griff5 & ,h$all54 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiae1 #cd1 #ecj4 #e ,norton & ,hsu4 ,j\r4 ,inf4 ,dis41 #aiaf1 #ah1 #ahj4 #f ,rideal1 ,s4 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,san4 ,in/41 #aiaj1 #ca1 #cc4 #g ,dak91 ,coh51 ,duafresne1 & ,k5yon4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #aiaf1 #hi;,b1 #bcb4 #h ,noyes & ,lyon4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #bc1 #dfj4 #i ,bray & ,d[ell4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aiag1 #ci1 #ije4 #aj ,jak[k94 ,zeit4 f4 ,phys4 ,*im41 #ahii1 #ai1 #fac4 #aa ,cross & ,bevan4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahih1 #bh1 #bfj4 #ab ,breteau4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 ,*im41 #aiae1 #ab1 #bdh4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dosage ,! am\nt ( *lor9e requir$ = effici5t treatm5t is v l>gely det]m9$ by ! am\nt requir$ to satisfy ! oxidisable matt] pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,_m exp]im5t]s h report$ results t w\ld indicate t appreciable conc5trations ( *lor9e are requir$ = bact]icidal action b ! details ( ! te*nique1 z publi%$1 %[ t ! effect ( ! organic matt] add$ ) ! te/ organism 0 n ?or\ghly appreciat$4 ,"o cubic c5timetre ( a culture 9 ord9>y peptone wat]1 add$ to "o litre ( wat]1 w\ld increase ! organic cont5t by approximately #aj p>ts p] million1 an am\nt t w\ld absorb appreciable am\nts ( *lor9e4 ,o!r conditions also make x v difficult to comp>e ! results obta9$ 9 ! pa/3 "o ( ^! is ! degree ( purity set z ! objective4 ,g]man bact]iologi/s add$ enorm\s numb]s ( ! te/ organism & endeav\r$ to obta9 ! complete removal ( ! organism f su* quantities z "o litre ( wat] ) a contact p]iod (t5 z %ort z #aj m9utes4 ,niss51#a ( ! ,hygi5ic ,in/itute ( ,b]l91 f\nd t a #a3 #hjj dilution ( blea* 7#dbj p4p4m4 ( *lor9e7 0 requir$ to de/roy ,b4 typhosus 9 "o m9ute & a #a3afjj dilution 7#baj p4p4m4 ( *lor9e7 9 #aj m9utes4 ,delep9e#b obta9$ some:at simil> results by means ( ! ?read me?od = te/+ dis9fectants4 ,phelps1#c us+ gelat9e plates = enum]ation ( ! bact]ia1 obta9$ a #ij p] c5t r$uction ( ,b4 typhosus 9 tw5ty m9utes ) #e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e2 ov] #ii p] c5t r$uction 9 "o h\r1 & ov] #ii4ii p] c5t r$uction 9 #ah h\rs4 ,wesbrook1 ,:ittak]1 & ,mohl]#d te/$ blea* solutions ) v>i\s /ra9s ( ,b4 typhosus by means ( ! plate me?od & f\nd t ! mo/ resi/ant "o 0 r$uc$ f #bj1jjj p] c4cm4 to /]ility 79 #a c4cm47 by #c p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e 9 fifty m9utes & t ! lea/ resi/ant "o only requir$ #a4j p4p4m4 ) a ?irty m9utes' contact4 ,l$]] & ,ba*mann#e h report$ ! foll[+ results3 ,,table ,v ,,p]c5tage ,,r$uction1 #ae ,,m9utes' ,,contact ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,nature ,,( ,,te/ ,,organism4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,available ,b4 ,b4 ,*lor9e ,b4 faecalis ,b4 ,proteus ,b4 lactis ,b4 p4p4m4 cloacae4alkali-p>aty- mira- ent]- a]o- *ol]oe- g5es4 phosus4bilis4 itidis4 g5es suis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j4a 44444 #ii4ih 44444 #bg4c 44444 44444 44444 #j4b #ii4fi #ii4ii #ii4ig #de4e #ii4hc #ii4ag #ie4h #j4c #ii4ge #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #fc4g #ii4ih #ii4ih #ajj4j #j4e #ajj4jj 44444 44444 #gb4g #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 44444 #j4g 44444 44444 44444 #fc4g 44444 44444 44444 #a4j 44444 44444 44444 #fc4g 44444 44444 44444 #c4j 44444 44444 44444 #ij4i 44444 44444 44444 #e4j 44444 44444 44444 #ij4j 44444 44444 44444 ,orig9al numb] ( organisms#afj1jjj #i1ejj #c1jjj #h1jjj #ahj1jjjahj1jjj #ejj p] c4cm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,) ! exception ( ,p4 mirabilis1 :i* =ms endospores1 all ! organisms 7 kill$ 7less ?an #a p] c4cm47 by #j4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,all ^! obs]v]s f\nd t ,b4 coli1 ! organism usually employ$ z an index ( contam9ation1 _h approximately ! same degree ( resi/ance to *lor9e z ,b4 typhosus1 ?\gh ,wesbrook et al4 direct$ att5tion to ! v>y+ viability ( organisms d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,^! exp]im5ts m]ely indicate ! dosage requir$ = exceptional conditions su* z x is inconceivable w\ld ev] occur 9 wat]-works practice4 ,no in=mation is available reg>d+ ! actual ,b4 typhosus cont5t ( wat]s t h caus$ epidemics ( typhoid fev]1 b = ! pres5t purpose x may be assum$ t ! extreme condition w\ld be a pollution by fre% sewage giv+ a ,b4 coli cont5t ( #a1jjj p] c4cm4 or #bjj times worse ?an ! av]age condition t c be satisfactorily purifi$ )\t ov]load+ a filt] plant 7#ejj ,b4 coli p] #ajj c4cms474 ,exp]im5ts made by ! au?or indicate t a susp5sion ( #a1jjj ,b4 coli p] c4cm4 9 wat]1 9 ! abs5ce ( organic matt]1 c be r$uc$ to a #b ,b4 coli p] #ajj c4cms4 /&>d 7! ,u4,s4 ,treasury ,/&>d7 by #j4a p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e 9 t5 m9utes at #fe deg4 ,f4 ,?is exp]im5t indicates ! am\nt ( *lor9e t is requir$ = ! bact]icidal action only2 su* a dosage c\ld nev] be us$ 9 practice to meet a pollution ( ?is degree because ( ! accompany+ organic matt]4 ,9 actual practice ! au?or has exp]i5c$ ! above condition b once1 & on t occasion ! ,b4 coli 7 d]iv$ f soil wa%+s & n f fre% sewage4 ,! am\nt ( *lor9e requir$ = g]micidal action is small1 & ! ma9 factors t det]m9e ! dosage necess>y to obta9 ?is action are 7#a7 ! cont5t ( readily oxidisable organic matt]1 7#b7 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 7#c7 ! me?od ( application ( ! *lor9e & 7#d7 ! contact p]iod4 ,oxidisable ,matt]4 ,! oxidisable matt] may be divid$ into two classes 7a7 inorganic & 7b7 organic4 ,! inorganic con/itu5ts naturally f\nd 9 wat]1 t are readily oxidisable1 are f]r\s salts 7usually c>bonates71 nitrites1 & sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ^! react quantitatively ) *lor9e until fully oxidis$4 ,! oxyg5 value ( *lor9e is approximately "o-qu>t] 7actually #af3 #ga7 ! available *lor9e cont5t 9 accordance ) ! equation ,cl#b_/ga ,h#b,o #b;,h,cl ,o_/#af4 ,"o "p p] million ( available *lor9e w oxidise #a4eh p4p4m4 ( f]r\s iron2 #j4aig p4p4m4 ( nitr\s nitrog52 & #j4dgi p4p4m4 ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,,table ,,vi4,a--,,effect ,,( ,,col\r ,,temp]ature #fc deg4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,wat] ,a ,col\r #c ,wat] ,b ,col\r #dj ,available ,*lor9e ,available ,*lor9e ,contact ,p]iod4 p4p4m4 p4p4m4 --------------------------------------- #j4b #j4b #j4d #j4e ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,nil #aid #aid #aid #aid #e m9utes #aba #afe #abi #ff #a h\r #g #ie #bj #a #e h\rs #j #d #j #j #bd h\rs #j #a #a #j #dh h\rs #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,a ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ( wat]4 ,! organic matt] f\nd 9 wat] may be d]iv$ f v>i\s sub/ances su* z urea1 amido comp\nds1 & cellulose2 humus bodies d]iv$ f soil wa%+s & swamps may also be pres5t4 ,! humus comp\nds ( swamps & muskeg are usually associat$ ) ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( ! wat] d]iv$ f ^! s\rces4 ,! effect ( ?is col\r$ organic matt] ^u ! *lor9e dosage is well illu/rat$ 9 ,table ,,vi4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ,b4 coli 0 us$ z ! te/ organism & ! only v>y+ factor 0 ! organic matt]4 ,to obta9 ! same result ) a contact p]iod ( "o h\r at #fc deg4 ,f4 x 0 necess>y to use ab\t two & "o-half times ! am\nt ( *lor9e ) a wat] conta9+ #dj p4p4m4 ( col\r z ) "o practically free f col\r4 ,x w be not$ t wat] ,a1 9 :i* ! col\r _h be5 r$uc$ to #c p4p4m4 by coagulation ) alum9ium sulphate1 requir$ a great] dosage ( *lor9e ?an 0 necess>y = bact]icidal action only4 ,?is 0 due to a residual organic cont5t :i* produc$ none or b a trace ( col\r1 = al?\gh ! col\r _h be5 r$uc$ by #ib p] c5t ! organic matt]1 z measur$ by ! oxyg5 absorb$ te/1 _h only be5 r$uc$ by #gj p] c5t4 ,! results obta9$ by ,h>r+ton#f at ,montreal are 9 ! same direction4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> ! wat] is obta9$ f ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv]1 :i* is col\rless & l[ 9 organic matt]2 9 ! spr+ mon?s ! flood wat]s ( ! ,ottawa1 a highly col\r$ riv]1 ent] ! intake & necessitat$ a mu* high] dosage4 ,,*lor9e ,,treatm5t ,,at ,,montreal ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,oxyg5 ,*lor9e ,s\rce ( ,alkali-,col\r4,absorb$ ,requir$ ,bact]ia ,p] ,c5t ,supply4 nity4 7#cj p4p4m4 p] c4cm4 ,remov$4 m9s47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ottawa riv] #ae-bj #ej-gj #ad4j #a4ej #c1jjj ov] #ih ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] #ij-ajj ,nil4 #j4cj #j4cj #ejj ov] #ii ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ellms#g obta9$ simil> results & report$ t ! rate at :i* /]ilisation proce$s v>ies1 9 a g5]al way1 directly ) ! conc5tration ( ! appli$ available *lor9e & ! temp]ature1 & inv]sely z ! am\nt ( easily oxidisable matt] pres5t4 ,exp]i5ce ) filt] plants %[s ! same facts1 ! am\nt ( *lor9e requir$ = ! /]ilisation ( a filt] efflu5t be+ inv>iably less ?an t necess>y to purify ! raw wat] to ! same ext5t4 ,! effect ( col\r$ organic matt] ^u ! absorption ( *lor9e1 9 ! =m ( hypo*lorite1 is %[n on ,diagram ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,i ,,effect ,,( ,,col\r ,,on ,,absorption ,,( ,,*lor9e ,,by ,,wat] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,value ( ,k calculat$ f ,absorption ( ,*lor9e ,log7,n#a_/,n#b7 by wat] at #fc deg4 ,f4 ,k ----------------- t#b - t#a ------- ------- ,:5 t#a #j ,"t (-----------------------,"t (-------------------- ,contact ,col\r ( ,wat] ,contact ,col\r 9 --------------------- 9 ------------------ ,m9utes #c #be #dj ,m9utes #c #be #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,nil #aj4jj #aj4jj #aj4jj #e #i4fb #g4gj #f4ej #e #j4jjccj4jbbgj4jcgd #aj #i4da #g4jc #e4ia #aj #j4jjbfj4jaecj4jbbh #bj #i4ag #f4dj #e4ah #bj #j4jjahj4jjifj4jaij #dj #h4ie #e4hb #d4dg #dj #j4jjabj4jjegj4jjhg #fj #h4he #e4fc #c4ij #fj #j4jjjhj4jjdaj4jjfh #hj #h4hj #e4eh #c4fe #hj #j4jjjgj4jjcbj4jjef ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! %ape ( ! curve obta9$ ) a col\r ( #dj p4p4m4 some:at resembl$ t ( a mono-molecul> reaction & ! results 7 calculat$ accord+ly4 ,! ma!matical expression ( ?is law is d,n_/dt ,,kn :]e ,n is ! conc5tration ( ! available *lor9e 9 p>ts p] million4 ,integrat+ betwe5 t#a & t#b ! =mula ,k log7,n#a_/,n#b7_/7t#b - t#a7 is obta9$4 ,if ! comp\nd absorb+ ! *lor9e 7 simple 9 "*1 & ! *lor9e 7 pres5t 9 l>ge excess1 ! value ( ,k w\ld be con/ant4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts record$1 ,k con/antly decreases1 due to ! decreas+ conc5trations ( ! react+ sub/ances & ! complex nature ( ! organic matt]4 ,! results %[ ! effect ( organic matt] on ! r$uction ( ! *lor9e conc5tration available = g]micidal action & also ! importance ( avoid+ a local excess ( *lor9e 7vide p4 #da74 ,an ef=t has be5 made by "s obs]v]s to f9d a quantitative relation betwe5 ! organic matt]1 express$ z oxyg5 absorb$ 9 p>ts p] million1 & ! *lor9e requir$ = oxidation1 b )\t def9ite result4 ,"s ( ! results obta9$ are giv5 9 ,table ,,vii4 ,,table ,,vii4--,,oxyg5 ,,to ,,*lor9e ,,ratio ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,oxyg5 ,absorb$ ,obs]v]4 ,ratio -----------------4 ,*lor9e ,absorb$ ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,r\quette #a ,bonjean #j4e ,orticoni ,less ?an #a ,valeski & ,elmanovits* #j4d ,race #j4d ,!oretical #j4bb ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! value ( #j4d 7#j4ci7 obta9$ by ! au?or is ! av]age ( ov] "o hundr$ det]m9ations cov]+ a p]iod ( two ye>s4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,zaleski & ,elmanovits* 7 made ) ! wat] ( ! ,neva ,riv]4 ,! div]g5ce 9 ! ratios af=ds additional evid5ce 9 favor ( reaction 7#b7 m5tion$ on page #bh & also %[s t ! *lor9at$ comp\nds are less readily oxidiz$ ?an ^? f :i* !y are produc$4 ,heise#h has f\nd t ! am\nt ( *lor9e consum$ is usually proportional to ! conc5tration 9 :i* x is add$ ?\gh n necess>ily a function ( ! conc5tration ( ! organic matt]4 ,temp]ature4 ,! evid5ce reg>d+ ! effect ( temp]ature ^u ! dosage requir$ is some:at conflict+4 ,ellms 7vide supra7 f\nd t ! velocity ( ! g]micidal action v>i$ directly ) ! temp]ature & ?is has also be5 ! au?or's exp]i5ce ) laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,typical examples ( ^! are giv5 9 ,tables ,,viii & ,,ix4 ,,table ,,viii4,a--,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,available ,,*lor9e #j4d ,,"p ,,p] ,,million ---------------------------------------- -------- ,temp]ature1 degrees1 ,fahr5heit4 ,contact ,p]iod4------------------------------- #cf #gj #ih ---------------------------------------- ------ ,nil #dbd #dbd #dbd #e m9utes #cbj #bhj #bdj #a4e h\rs #adh #gf #ab #d4e h\rs #ch #ad #c #bd h\rs #b #j #j #dh h\rs #b #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ,,table ,,ix4,b--,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,available ,,*lor9e #j4b ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million ---------------------------------------- -------- ,temp]ature1 degrees1 ,fahr5heit4 ,contact ,p]iod4------------------------------- #cf #gj #ih ---------------------------------------- ------ ,nil #bdj #bdj #bdj #e m9utes #bdj #bej #bce #a h\r #bde #bce #aie #d h\rs #bae #aij #agj #bd h\rs #adc #acj #aae #dh h\rs #acj #ei #ai #gb h\rs 444 #bh 444 #if h\rs 444 #af 444 #abj h\rs 444 #f 444 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,b ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ,! reaction velocity ( a g]micide is proportional to ! temp]ature#i & ! influ5ce ( temp]ature may be ma!matically express$ by ! =mula ,k#a_/,k#b !ta7,t#b - ,t#a71 9 :i* ,k#a & ,k#b are ! con/ants ( ! reaction at temp]atures ,t#b & ,t#a1 respectively1 & !ta is ! temp]ature coeffici5t4 ,f ! value ( !ta1 ! velocity con/ant ( a g]micide = any temp]ature may be calculat$ f ! equation ,k,t ,k#bj deg4 x !ta7,t - ,t#bj deg474 ,k#a & ,k#b are obta9$ f ! =mula ,k,t log7,n#a_/,n#b7_/7t#b - t#a7 9 :i* ,n#a - ,n#b is ! numb] ( bact]ia de/roy$ 9 ! int]val t#b - t#a4 ,a r$uction ( temp]ature also l[]s ! oxidiz+ activity ( ! *lor9e s t a great] conc5tration is available = g]micidal action4 ,?is is %[n by ! results plott$ 9 ,diagram ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,ii ,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,on ,,absorption ,,( ,,*lor9e ,,by ,,wat] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,value ( ,k calculat$ f absorption at #fc deg4 ,f4 ,absorption ( ,*lor9e by wat] conta9+ #dj p4p4m4 ,log7,n#a_/,n#b7 ( col\r ,k ----------------- t#b - t#a --------------------------- ,"t (,temp]ature ( ,wat]------------------------------- ,contact--------------------t#bt#a t#a t#a ,m9utes#cb deg4 ,f4#df deg4 ,f4#fc deg4 ,f4m9utes #j #e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,nil #aj4jj #aj4jj #aj4jj #e #h4jj #g4de #f4ej #e #j4jcgd ---- ---- #aj #g4bc #g4ji #e4ia #aj #j4jbbh #j4jjhb ---- #bj #g4jj #f4fj #e4ah #bj #j4jaij #j4jjff #j4jjeg #dj #f4db #f4je #d4dg #dj #j4jjhg #j4jjdc #j4jjdj #fj #f4bb #e4fj #c4ij #fj #j4jjfh #j4jjdj #j4jjcf #hj #f4ac #e4dj #c4fe #hj #j4jjef #j4jjcc #j4jjbi ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,tables ,,viii & ,,ix1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! temp]ature coeffici5t ( ! g]micidal action has a great] effect ?an ! r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( *lor9e absorb$ & remov$ f ! reaction4 ,! results obta9$ on ! works scale ) ^! wat]s are v diff]5t to ! laboratory ones & %[ t m *lor9e is requir$ dur+ ! summ] season ?an 9 w9t]4 ,! results ) blea* & liquid *lor9e are 9 ! same direction 7vide ,diagrams ,,iii & ,,iv74 ,! blea* 0 regulat$ s z to ma9ta9 a con/ant purity1 :il/ 9 ! o!r case ! dosage 0 con/ant ) a v>y+ ,b4 coli cont5t4 ,9 ,diagram ,,iv ! ,b4 coli is plott$2 ?is does n repres5t all ! factors involv$ z ! ,b4 coli cont5t ( ! treat$ wat] is also a function ( t ( ! raw wat]1 b 9 ! example giv5 ?is factor is ( no mom5t because x 0 comp>atively con/ant dur+ ! p]iod plott$ 7extreme v>iation #hj p] c5t74 ,! discrepancies betwe5 ! laboratory & works results _c be easily expla9$4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! conditions is ! nature ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,glass is practically in]t at all temp]atures b ! iron pipes1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] pass$ be=e ! samples 7 tak51 may ex]t an absorptive influ5ce on ! *lor9e at ! high] temp]atures exp]i5c$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,wat]s conta9+ organic matt] t diff]s mu* 9 quantity f ! examples above may yield v diff]5t results & no g5]alisation c be made t w cov] all cases4 ,an increase ( temp]ature increases ! g]micidal velocity & also ! rate ( absorption ( *lor9e by ! organic matt]2 o!r factors det]m9e :i* ( ^! competitive actions pr$om9ates4 ,me?od ( ,application 7admixture74 ,a ?or\gh admixture ( ! wat] & *lor9e is a s9e qua non = successful op]ation4 ,?is %\ld1 if possible1 be atta9$ by natural means1 b if !re is any d\bt z to ! effici5cy ( ! mix+ process1 me*anical appliances %\ld be utilis$4 ,pumps1 especially c5trifugal pumps1 con/itute a v conv5i5t & efficaci\s me?od ( mix+ ! g]micide & ! wat]1 & ! solutions %\ld nev] be inject$ into ! dis*>ge pipes :5 x is possible to make connections ) ! suctions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,iii ,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,iv ,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,ineffici5t admixture leads to local conc5tration ( ! *lor9e1 a condition :i* 7vide p4 #ce71 results 9 a wa/age ( ! dis9fectant4 ,two practical examples ( ?is effect may be cit$4 ,9 "o case ! wat] 0 free f col\r & conta9$ v little organic matt]4 ,?is wat] 0 *lor9at$ at "o plant by all[+ ! blea* solution to drop into "o v]tical limb ( a syphon approximately #f1jjj feet long1 ! o!r v]tical limb be+ us$ z a suction well = ! pumps :i* dis*>g$ into ! di/ribution ma9s4 ,at ! o!r plant ! blea* solution 0 inject$ into ! dis*>ge pipe ( a reciprocat+ pump ?r\gh a pipe p]=at$ ) a numb] ( small holes4 ,! results = two typical mon?s are giv5 9 ,table ,x4 ,,table ,x4--,,effect ,,( ,,effici5t ,,mix+ ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,available ,,bact]ia ,,p] ,c4,,cm4 ,*lor9e ----------------------- ,p>ts ,p] ,b4 ,coli ,index ,mon?4 ,million4 ,raw ,treat$ ,wat]4 ,p] #ajj c4cms4 ---------- ,wat]4---------------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,a4 ,b4 ,a4 ,b4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,july #j4bj #j4be #hfd #bg #ic #j4b #h4e ,augu/ #j4bj #j4bg #a4ajh #ab #abj #j4b #aj4b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,a effici5t mix+4 ,b ineffici5t mix+4 ,! results ) ! ,b plant 7 v irregul>4 ,! hypo*lorite & wat] did n mix ?or\ghly &1 z sev]al suctions pipes 7 situat$ 9 ! suction %aft1 !re 0 no subsequ5t admixture 9 ! pumps2 ?is also caus$ compla9ts reg>d+ ta/e & od\r b ! compla9ts 7 localis$1 & n g5]al z w\ld result f an ov]dose ( solution due to irregul>ities at ! plant4 ,! second example deals ) a wat] conta9+ #dj-de p4p4m4 ( col\r4 ,?is supply 0 tak5 f ! riv] by l[-lift pumps & dis*>g$ into a head] :i* 0 connect$ ) ! high-lift pumps by two intake pipes ab\t #e1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,dur+ #aiad a baffl$ /orage bas9 ( two h\rs capacity 0 con/ruct$ & 9 ,june ! hypo*lorite 0 add$ at ! inlet to ?is bas9 by means ( a p]=at$ pipe4 ,! object 0 to increase ! contact p]iod prior to ! deliv]y ( ! wat] into ! head]4 ,! results = ?is mon? 7 z foll[s3 ,,available ,,*lor9e #a4hh ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,bact]ia ,,p] ,c4,,cm4 ,,ag>4 ------------------------ ,b4 ,coli4 #c ,days at #a day at ,index #bj ,c4 #cg ,c4 ,p] c4cm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,raw wat] #daj #ajd #j4bhj ,treat$ wat] #di #bf #j4jcf ,p]c5tage purification #hh4b #ge4j #hg4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,dur+ ,augu/ ! po9t ( application ( ! hypo*lorite 0 *ang$ f ! inlet ( ! bas9 to ! suctions ( ! pumps & ! solution proportion$ to ! am\nt ( wat] pump$ by ! />* & iodide te/4 ,! av]age ( ! daily te/s = ?is mon? 73 ,,available ,,*lor9e #a4ee ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,bact]ia ,,p] ,c4,,cm4 ,,ag>4 ------------------------ ,b4 ,coli4 #c ,days at #a day at ,index #bj ,c4 #cg ,c4 ,p] c4cm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,raw wat] #ddh #ajj #j4fjj ,treat$ wat] #bf #ab #j4jje ,p]c5tage purification #ia4i #hh4j #ii4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,"h aga9 ?or\gh admixture produc$ bett] results ?an ineffici5t admixture plus a long] contact p]iod4 ,lang]#aj has also not$ ! effect ( local conc5tration & f\nd t ! dis9fect+ action is increas$ by add+ ! blea* solution 9 fractions1 a cumulative effect replac+ t ( conc5tration4 ,! importance ( ! admixture factor 0 n ?or\ghly appreciat$ dur+ ! e>li] p]iods ( *lor9ation b lat] in/allations1 & p>ticul>ly ! liquid *lor9e ones1 h be5 design$ to take full advantage ( x4 ,! po9t ( application 9 ,am]ican wat]-works practice v>ies consid]ably 7,longley#aa74 ,9 #eg p] c5t ( ^? cases 9 :i* x is employ$ z an adjunct to filtration1 x is us$ 9 ! f9al treatm5t2 9 #bf p] c5t x is us$ aft] coagulation or s$im5tation & be=e filtration2 9 ! rema9+ #ag p] c5t x is appli$ be=e coagulation & filtration4 ,! report ( ! committee adds3 ,! data at h& d n give any reasons = ! application be=e coagulation4 ,9 g5]al1 an effective dis9fection may be secur$ ) a small] quantity ( hypo*lorite1 if x is appli$ aft] r ?an be=e filtration4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! /orage ( *lor9at$ wat] 9 coagulat+ bas9s1 & its passage ?r\gh filt]s1 t5d to less5 ta/es & odors contribut$ by ! treatm5t & ?is fact may 9 "s cases acc\nt = its use 9 ?is way4 ,contact ,p]iod4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! effici5cy ( ! treatm5t w v>y directly1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ) ! contact p]iod4 ,:5 a *lor9at$ wat] has to be pump$ to ! di/ribution ma9s directly aft] treatm5t1 ! dosage mu/ be high en\gh to secure ! desir$ /&>d ( purity )9 tw5ty to ?irty m9utes4 ,! *lor9e is sometimes n completely absorb$ 9 ?is p]iod & may cause compla9ts z to ta/es & od\rs4 ,! examples giv5 above %[ t ! lack ( contact p]iod c be l>gely comp5sat$ by ensur+ prop] admixture4 ,exp]i5ce has amply demon/rat$ t !re is no necessity to use h]oic doses = wat] t is deliv]$ = consumption almo/ imm$iately aft] treatm5t1 & t1 ) prop] sup]vision1 compla9ts c be almo/ entirely prev5t$4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! effect ( contact p]iod is %[n 9 ,tables ,,viii & ,,ix on page #cg4 ,ano!r example ( a col\r$ wat] is giv5 9 ,table ,,xi1 :il/ ,table ,,xii %[s ! results obta9$ ) a col\rless wat]4 ,,table ,,xi4,a--,,effect ,,( ,,contact ,,p]iod ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,*lor9e1 ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million4 ,contact ,p]iod4 ---------------------------- #j4cj #j4dj #j4ee #a4ba ---------------------------------------- ----- ,nil #c1hjj 444 444 444 #a m9ute #a1djj #abj #j #j #aj m9utes #gbj #e #j #j #bj m9utes #ce #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ----- ,a ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ,,table ,,xii4--,,effect ,,( ,,contact ,,p]iod ,,available ,,*lor9e #j4bg ,,"p ,,p] ,,million ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sampl+ ,po9t4 ,bact]ia ,p] c4cm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,av]age ( s]ies #e1jjj ft4 f pump+ /ation #cjj ( samples #f1jjj #bjc #g1jjj #ajc #ab1jjj #hf #ad1jjj #hg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,table ,,xiii is tak5 f ! "w ( ,wesbrook et al4#d ,,table ,,xiii4,b--,,treatm5t ,,( ,,mississippi ,,riv] ,,wat] ,,aug4 #h1 #aiaj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,contact ,,p]iod4 7,,temp4 #bb deg4-#bf deg4 ,c474 ,available ,cl4------------------------------------ --------- ,p4p4m4 #a ,hr4 #f ,hrs4 #cj ,m9s4 #cj ,m9s4 #c ,hrs4 #cj ,m9s4 #bd ,hrs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #j #bcj1jjj #bjj1jjj #afj1jjj #aej1jjj #adj1jjj #j4e #ad1jjj #g1djj #b1jjj #f1jjj #aa1jjj #a4j #bj #ad #agj #dej #fj1jjj #a4e #aj #f #af #de #gj1jjj #b4j #g #h #aj #ig #gj1jjj #b4e #g #ad #cj #aaf #fe1jjj #c4j #f #ab #e #ab #af1ejj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b ,results are bact]ia p] c4cm4 ,9 ,tables ,,viii1 ,,ix1 ,,xi1 & ,,xii1 ! bact]ia decreas$ con/antly ) increase ( contact p]iod1 b ! results 9 ,table ,,xiii %[ t no advantage 0 to be ga9$ by prolong+ ! contact beyond ?ree h\rs2 aft] ?is p]iod ! bact]ia comm5c$ to increase 9 numb] & :5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs _h elaps$ ! numb] approa*$ ! orig9al4 ,?is increase 9 ! bact]ia is te*nically kn[n z aft]gr[? & w be discuss$ m fully 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! replies to qu]ies s5t out by ! ,committee on ,wat] ,supplies ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association#aa indicate t ! contact p]iod aft] treatm5t v>ies consid]ably 9 ,am]ican wat]-works practice4 ,=ty p] c5t ( ! replies indicat$ no /orage aft] treatm5t2 #ah p] c5t less ?an "o h\r2 #i p] c5t f "o to ?ree h\rs2 #e p] c5t ?ree to twelve h\rs2 #aa p] c5t twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & #ag p] c5t a /orage ( m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,turbidity is usually consid]$ to ex]t an effect ^u ! dosage requir$ b no def9ite evid5ce has be5 adduc$ 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,turbidity is g5]ally caus$ by ! pres5ce ( v f9ely divid$ susp5d$ matt]1 usually silt or clay1 :i* is in]t to hypo*lorites4 ,! condition t produces turbidity1 h[ev]1 produces a concomitant increase 9 ! pollution & "s ( ! organisms are emb$d$ 9 m9]al or organic mat]ial t prev5ts access ( ! *lor9e to ! organisms :i* consequ5tly survive treatm5t4 ,a l>g] conc5tration is requir$ to meet ^! conditions b x is n necessitat$ by ! turbidity p] se4 ,effect ( ,light4 ,light ex]ts a m>k$ photo-*emical effect on ! g]micidal velocity ( *lor9e & hypo*lorites4 ,:5 *lor9at$ wat] is pass$ ?r\gh clos$ conduits & bas9s ! effect ( light is ( c\rse nil b 9 op5 conduits & res]voirs ?is factor is appreciable & r$uces ! necess>y contact p]iod4 ,! effect ( light on laboratory exp]im5ts made ) col\rless glass bottles is s m>k$ z to make x impossible to comp>e ! results obta9$ on diff]5t days "u diff]5t act9ic conditions4 ,! foll[+ figures illu/rate ! effect ( sunlight3 ,,effect ,,( ,,sunlight ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,available ,,*lor9e #j4ce ,p4,p4,m4 ,contact ,p]iod4 ------------------------------------ ,expos$ to ,bright ,/or$ 9 ,d>k ,sunlight 7,april7 ,cupbo>d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,nil #bae #bae #cj m9utes #acj #ade #a h\r #abb #acf #b-a_/b h\rs #fa #acj #c-a_/b h\rs #j #cb ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,det]m9ation ( ,dosage ,requir$4 ,! dosage requir$ = ! treatm5t ( a wat] c only be accurately det]m9$ by treat+ samples ) v>i\s am\nts ( *lor9e & e/imat+ ! numb] ( bact]ia & ,b4 coli aft] an int]val ( "t equal to t available 9 practice4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] dur+ ! exp]im5t %\ld be ! same z t ( ! wat] at ! "t ( sampl+4 ,9 ord] to limit ! range cov]$ by ! exp]im5ts ! approximate dosage c be asc]ta9$ f ,diagram ,v if ! am\nt ( oxyg5 absorb$ by ! wat] is kn[n4 ,?is diagram is calculat$ on ! am\nt ( available *lor9e1 pres5t z *lor9e or hypo*lorite1 t w r$uce ! ,b4 coli cont5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,treasury /&>d 7#b ,b4 coli p] #ajj c4cms47 9 two h\rs4 ,if ! oxyg5 absorb$ values are det]m9$ by ! f\r-h\r te/ at #bg deg4 ,c4 !y %\ld be multipli$ by two4 ,ano!r me?od :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$ = milit>y "w dur+ ! w>1 consi/s 9 ! addition ( def9ite volumes ( a /&>d *lor9e solution to sev]al samples ( ! wat] &1 aft] a def9ite int]val1 te/+ = ! pres5ce ( free *lor9e by ! />*-iodide reaction4 ,! details ( ! me?od ( ,gasc>d & ,l>o*e1 :i* is us$ by ! ,fr5* sanit>y s]vice1 h be5 giv5 by ,comte4#ab ,"o hundr$ c4cms4 ( ! wat] to be exam9$ are plac$ 9 ea* ( #e vessels & #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e drops ( dilute ,eau de ,javelle 7#a3ajj7 are add$ & ! cont5ts /irr$4 ,aft] tw5ty m9utes1 #a c4cm4 ( potassium iodide-/>* reag5t 7#a gram ea* ( />*1 potassium1 iodide & cry/alliz$ sodium c>bonate to #ajj c4cms47 is add$ & ! samples aga9 /irr$4 ,! l[e/ dilution %[+ a def9ite blue col\r is reg>d$ z ! dose requir$1 & ! numb] ( drops is id5tical ) t requir$ ( ! undilut$ ,eau de ,javelle = #aj litres ( wat] :5 ! same dropp+ in/rum5t is us$4 ,! actual conc5tration repres5t$ by ^! dilutions dep5ds necess>ily ^u ! size ( ! drops & ! /r5g? ( ! undilut$ ,eau de ,javelle1 b "o drop p] #ajj c4cms4 usually repres5ts approximately #a p4p4m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,v ,,relation ,,( ,,dosage ,,to ,,oxyg5 ,,absorb$ ,9 ,horrocks's me?od1 z us$ 9 ! ,briti% army1 a /&>d blea* solution is add$ & is almo/ imm$iately foll[$ by ! z9c iodide-/>* reag5t4 ,! two me?ods 7 comp>$ by ,massy1#ac :o f\nd t ! ,fr5* me?od gave an av]age result ( only #j4jf m4gr4 p] litre 7#j4jf p4p4m47 high] ?an ! ,engli% me?od4 ,wat] 9 ! ,gallipoli campaign requir$ f #j4ba to #a4jf p4p4m4 z det]m9$ by bo? me?ods4 ,di5]t1 ,director ( ! ,p>is ,s]vice = inve/igat+ dr9k+ wat]1 adds #c p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & all[s ! mixture to /& fifte5 m9utes aft] %ak+2 ! residual *lor9e is !n titrat$ ) ?iosulphate4 ,! am\nt absorb$ is increas$ by #j4e p4p4m4 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,di5]t ?is dosage is correct = a contact p]iod ( ?ree h\rs4 ,= milit>y camps :]e a /&pipe usually provides a reasonable contact p]iod1 x has be5 f\nd good practice to add suffici5t *lor9e to give a ri* blue col\r ) ! />*-iodide reag5t & subsequ5tly r$uce ! dosage gradually until ! wat]1 aft] /&+ "o h\r1 gives b a fa9t reaction to ! te/ reag5t4 ,?is me?od %\ld be *eck$ up z soon z possible by bact]iological exam9ations4 ,an example ( ?is me?od is giv5 9 ,table ,,xiv4 ,,table ,,xiv4--,,control ,,( ,,dosage ,,by ,,/>*-,,iodide ,,reaction ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,/>*-iodide ,,bact]ia ,,on ,,ag> ,,p] ,c4,,cm4 ,reaction ,aft] ,"o ---------------------------------- ,b4 ,coli ,p] ,h\r4 #a ,day at #cg ,c4 #b ,days at #bj ,c4 #ajj c4cms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #jjj #dj #ae #j #jjjj #cg #ah #h #jjjjj #fh #bfh #cd #jjjjj #aae #eec #fa ,raw wat] #aad #fhe #hi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! numb] ( signs indicates ! int5sity ( ! reaction4 ,,bibliography #a ,niss54 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahij1 #h1 #fb4 #b ,delep9e1 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiaa1 #bi1 #acej4 #c ,phelps4 ,wat] ,supply ,pap] ,no4 #bbj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geo4 ,survey4 #d ,wesbrook1 ,:ittak]1 & ,mohl]1 ,j4 ,am]4 ,public ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiaa1 #a1 #abc4 #e ,l$]] & ,ba*mann4 ,eng4 ,rec41 #aiab1 #fe1 #cfj4 #f ,h>r+ton4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiad1 #a1 #dch4 #g ,ellms4 ,eng4 ,rec41 #aiaa1 #fc1 #dgb4 #h ,heise4 ,philipp9e ,j\r4 ,sci41 #aiag1 #ab1 ,a1 #ag-cd4 #i ,norton & ,hsu1 ,j\r4 ,inf4 ,dis41 #aiaf1 #ah1 #ahj4 #aj ,lang]4 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #aiaf1 #ha1 #bif4 #aa ,longley4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,public ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiae1 #e1 #ibj4 #ab ,comte4 ,j4 ,ph>m4 ,*im41 #aiaf1 #ad1 #bfa4 #ac ,massy4 ,j4 ,ph>m4 ,*im41 #aiag1 #ae1 #bji4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,bact]ia ,,surviv+ ,,*lor9ation ,a dis9fectant is usually describ$ z a sub/ance capable ( de/roy+ bact]ia & o!r micro-organisms1 & an antiseptic z "o t re/ra9s or ret>ds _! gr[? or reproduction4 ,?is di/9ction is entirely arbitr>y z ! ability ( a sub/ance to kill organisms or m]ely inhibit _! gr[? dep5ds ^u ! conc5tration employ$4 ,*lor9e & hypo*lorites1 ev5 9 m9ute doses1 ex]t a toxic effect t is suffici5t to produce dea? 9 organisms b :5 /ill small] conc5trations are employ$ ! toxic effect is transi5t & ! reproductive faculty may be entirely rega9$4 ,! enum]ation ( bact]ia by means ( solid m$ia dep5ds ^u ! ability ( ! organism to reproduce at su* a rate z to produce a visible colony )9 ! p]iod ( incubation & any sub/ance t prev5ts ! gr[? ( a visible colony is classifi$ z a dis9fectant2 if on fur!r incubation ! bact]ial c\nt approximates t ( ! untreat$ sample ! add$ sub/ance has act$ ma9ly z an antiseptic4 ,9 practice no sub/ance acts entirely z an antiseptic z ! organisms pres5t h v>y+ degrees ( resi/ance & ! less viable ones are kill$ by doses t are only antiseptic to ! m resi/ant ones4 ,an example ( an antiseptic effect foll[$ by a mild dis9fectant action1 caus$ by small doses ( blea* is %[n 9 ,table ,,xv4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! wat] designat$ z control 0 f ! same s\rce z ! treat$ wat]4 ,9 ord] to make ! bact]ial c\nt 9 ?is wat] approximately ! same z 9 ! treat$ wat]1 ! orig9al c\nt 0 r$uc$ by dilut+ ! sample ) wat] f ! same s\rce1 /]ilis$ by boil+1 & aft]w>ds rea]at$ ) /]ile air4 ,,table ,,xv4,a--,,antiseptic ,,effect ,,( ,,*lor9e ,sample treat$ ) #j4a "p p] million ( available *lor9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,ratio ,,( ,,plat$4 ,,incubation ,,p]iod1 ,,days4 ,,bact]ial ,,c\nts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"t4 ,day4 #b #c #d #e #f #b3d #b3e #b3f ,days4,days4,days4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aa a4m4 #a #ebj #idj #a1cej #b1cfj #b1ghja3b4fa3d4ea3e4c #ab noon #a #cij #ggj #a1jhj #b1jdj #b1cbj #b4h #e4b #e4h #b p4m4 #a #ahg #bfj #fij #a1hdj #b1jhj #c4g #i4i #af4d #d p4m4 #a #ia #acj #bhj #gfj #hdj #c4a #h4c #i4b #aj a4m4 #b #db #abj #fgj #ibj 444 #ae4i #bb4 444 #aj a4m4 #c #cbj #a1baj #c1ejj 444 444 #aj4i 444 444 #aj a4m4 #d #h1gjj #ad1bjj #bf1jjj 444 444 #b4i 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,control4 ,,no ,,*lor9e ,,add$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,ratio ,,( ,,plat$4 ,,incubation ,,p]iod1 ,,days4 ,,bact]ial ,,c\nts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"t4 ,day4 #b #c #d #e #f #b3d #b3e #b3f ,days4,days4,days4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aa a4m4 #a #aba #ahd #bhe liquid 444#a3b4da3444 444 #ab noon #a #aae #aga #bbc #chj #cib #a4ia3c4ba3c4b #b p4m4 #a #aji #aeb #bba #cfb #cge #b4j #c4c #c4d #d p4m4 #a #aba #age #bea #daj #dae #b4a #c4d #c4d #aj a4m4 #b #f1bjj #h1ejj #h1hjj #h1ijj liquid #a4d #a4d 444 #aj a4m4 #c #dbe1jjjfej1jjjfgj1jjj liquid 444 #a4e 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,orig9al ,,sample4 ,,untreat$ ,,& ,,undilut$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aa a4m4 #a #iae #a1daj #a1fcj #b1aej #c1bjja3b4ba3b4ha3c4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a ,results are bact]ia p] c4cm4 ,table ,,xvi %[s ! effect ( a conc5tration ( #a4j p4p4m4 ( *lor9e2 ! hypo*lorite at ?is conc5tration act$ almo/ entirely z a g]micide or dis9fectant4 ,,table ,,xvi4,a--,,effect ,,( ,,*lor9e ,,z ,a ,,dis9fectant ,,available ,,*lor9e #a4j ,p4,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,plat$4 ,,incubation ,,p]iod1 ,,days4 ---------------------------------------- ,"t4 ,day4 #b #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- #aa a4m4 #a #b #e #g #h #aj #ab noon #a #a #a #b #b #d #b p4m4 #a #j #j #j #b #b #d p4m4 #a #a #b #b #f #f #aj a4m4 #b #j #j #j #a 44 #aj a4m4 #c #j #j #j 44 44 #aj a4m4 #d #e #ac #af 44 44 #aj a4m4 #e #gi #aff 44 44 44 ,untreat$ wat] 44 #iaea1daja1fhjb1aejc1bjj ---------------------------------------- ,a ,results are bact]ia p] c4cm4 ,table ,,xv %[s a recov]y ( ! anabolic functions aft] treatm5t ) #j4a p4p4m4 ( *lor9e b s9ce ?is 0 obta9$ by plat+ on su* a suitable m$ium z nutri5t gelat9e1 x is probable t reproduction 9 wat] hav+ a l[ organic cont5t w\ld be /ill fur!r dim9i%$4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! results obta9$4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance ( ord9>y wat] bact]ia to *lor9e & ^! are ! fir/ to be affect$ by ! add$ g]micide4 ,! common inte/9al organisms are also v susceptible to de/ruction by *lor9e & !re is consid]able evid5ce t ,b4 ,coli is slightly m susceptible ?an _m ( ! vegetative =ms usually f\nd 9 wat]4 ,! specific organisms caus+ ! wat]-borne diseases1 typhoid fev] & *ol]a1 are1 on ! av]age1 n m resi/ant ?an ,b4 coli4 ,! spore-=m+ bact]ia usually f\nd 9 wat] are ^? ( ! subtilis gr\p1 d]iv$ l>gely f soil wa%+s1 & ,b4 ent]itidis sporog5es1 f sewage & manure4 ,! spores ( ^! organisms are v resi/ant & survive all ord9>y conc5trations4 ,wesbrook et al4#a f\nd t #c p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e _h little effect on a spore-=m+ bacillus isolat$ f ! ,mississippi wat] & ! au?or has obta9$ simil> results ) ,b4 subtilis4 ,?omas1#b dur+ ! *lor9ation ( ! ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 supply1 f\nd f\r organisms t surviv$ a conc5tration ( #b p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e3 ,bact4 a]ophilum1 ,b4 cuticul>is1 & ,b4 subtilis1 all spore =m]s & ,m4 agilis4 ,9 practice no attempt is made1 except 9 special cases1 to de/roy ! spore-be>+ organisms z !y h no sanit>y significance & ! conc5tration ( *lor9e requir$ = _! de/ruction w\ld cause compla9ts z to ta/es & od\rs if ! excess ( *lor9e 7 n remov$4 ,su* doses are unnecess>y & result 9 wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,x is f\nd t1 :5 ! dose is suffici5t to elim9ate ! ,b4 coli gr\p f #be-ej c4cms4 ( wat]1 ! majority ( ! residual bact]ia are ( ! spore-be>+ type4 ,smeeton#c has inve/igat$ ! bact]ia surviv+ 9 ! ,croton supply ( ,new ,york ,city aft] treatm5t ) #j4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e z blea*4 ,table ,,xvii gives ! results obta9$4 ,! organisms ( ! ,b4 subtilis gr\p outnumb]$ all ! o!rs1 #ff 7#fb4h p] c5t7 belong+ to ?is gr\p alone4 ,?is gr\p conta9$ ,b4 subtilis--,cohn 7#cf /ra9s71 ,b4 tumesc5s--,*e/] 7#ae /ra9s7 ,b4 rum9atus--,*e/] 7#ac /ra9s71 & ,b4 simplex--,*e/] #aijd1 7#b /ra9s74 ,?ree ( ! f\r coccus =ms 7 classifi$ z ,m4 luteus4 ,no inte/9al =ms 7 f\nd4 ,cl>k & ,de ,gage#d 9 #aiaj direct$ att5tion to ! fact t ! bact]ial c\nts1 made at #cg deg4 ,c4 on *lor9at$ samples1 7 (t5 mu* great] ?an ! c\nts obta9$ at room temp]ature4 ,?is ph5om5on ( rev]s$ ratios betwe5 c\nts at ! two temp]atures1 !y /at$1 has be5 occasionally obs]v$ ) natural wat]1 b a /udy ( ! record ( _m ?\s&s ( samples %[s t ! p]c5tage ( su* samples is v small1 n ov] #c-e p] c5t4444 ,on ! o!r h& #bj-be p] c5t4 ( samples treat$ ) calcium hypo*lorite %[ high] c\nts at body temp]ature ?an at room temp]ature4 ,cl>k & ,de ,gage 7 unable to /ate ! true significance ( ?is ph5om5on b 7 ( ! op9ion t x 0 n due to l>g] p]c5tages ( spore-=m+ bact]ia 9 ! treat$ samples4 ,o!r obs]v]s1 on ! contr>y1 h inv>iably f\nd ! spore-=m]s to be m resi/ant to *lor9e & !rmophylic 9 type4 ,,table ,,xvii4--,,organisms ,,surviv+ ,,treatm5t ,,new ,,york 7,,smeeton7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,morphology ,spore ,gelat9e ,reaction 9 ,=mation ,liquefaction ,litmus ,milk ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,bacilli4,cocci4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ( /ra9s #ajj #e #hi #af #fh #cg #ih #g ,p] c5t4 #ie4b #d4g #hd4g #ae4b #fd4g #ce4b #ic4c #f4f ,indol ,acid ,r$uction ,inhibition ,production ,production ( by ,g5tian 9 ,glucose ,nitrates ,violet ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pos4 ,neg4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ( /ra9s #ge #cj #fa #dd #dj #fe #ih #g ,p] c5t4 #ga4d #bh4e #eh #da4i #ch #fa4i #ic4c #f4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! removal ( inte/9al =ms is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely a relative "o & :5 l>ge quantities ( treat$ wat] are te/$ _! pres5ce c be detect$4 ,! au?or1 9 #aiae1 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ,b4 coli f\nd aft] *lor9ation 7 m resi/ant to *lor9e ?an ! orig9al culture4 ,! /ra9s surviv+ treatm5t ) comp>atively l>ge doses 7 fi%$ into lactose bro? & subject$ to a second treatm5t1 ! process be+ repeat$ sev]al times4 ,! velocity ( ! g]micidal reaction ) ! /ra9s v>i$ some:at1 b n always 9 ! same direction1 & ! v>iations 7 n great] ?an 7 f\nd 9 control exp]im5ts on ! orig9al culture4 ,no evid5ce 0 obta9$ t ! surviv+ /ra9s 7 9 any way m resi/ant to *lor9e ?an ! orig9al /ra92 9 consid]+ ! results x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! surviv+ /ra9s 7 cultivat$ twice on m$ia free f *lor9e be=e aga9 be+ subject$ to *lor9ation4 ,a numb] ( ! /ra9s t surviv$ sev]al treatm5ts 7 cultivat$ 9 lactose bro? & ! acidity det]m9$ quantitatively4 ,all ! cultures produc$ less acid ?an ! orig9al culture1 & ! av]age 0 mat]ially less ?an ! orig9al4 ,^! results po9t to a dim9ution ( ! bio-*emical activity by action ( ! *lor9e4 ,a po9t ( p]haps m sci5tific int]e/ ?an practical utility is ! relative proportion ( ! v>i\s types ( ,b4 coli f\nd be=e & aft] treatm5t ) *lor9e4 ,! au?or1 9 #aiad1 comm5c$ ! diff]5tiation ( ! types by means ( dulcite & sac*>ose & obta9$ ! results %[n 9 ,table ,,xviii4 ,^! figures are calculat$ f sev]al hundr$s ( /ra9s4 ,al?\gh !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! relative proportions ( ! types f\nd at ,ottawa & ,baltimore1 bo? sets ( results %[ def9itely t !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance ( ! v>i\s types to *lor9ation4 ,aft]gr[?s4 ,9 ,tables ,,xiii 7p4 #dd7 & ,,xv 7p4 #ea71 x w be notic$ t1 aft] ! prelim9>y g]micidal action has subsid$1 a second phase occurs 9 :i* !re is a rapid gr[? ( organisms4 ,?is is usually kn[n z aft]gr[?4 ,:5 ! contact p]iod betwe5 *lor9ation & consumption is %ort1 ! reaction does n proce$ beyond ! fir/ phase1 b :5 ! treat$ wat] is /or$ 9 s]vice res]voirs ! second phase may ensue4 ,at "o purification plant1 :]e ! s]vice res]voirs are ( l>ge capacity1 ! aft]gr[?s am\nt$ to #bj1jjj bact]ia p] c4cm4 al?\gh ! wat] left ! purification plant ) a bact]ial c\nt usually l[] ?an #ej p] c4cm4 ,,table ,,xviii4--,,types ,,( ,b4 ,,coli ,,surviv+ ,,*lor9ation ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,organisms4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 lactis ,b4 acidi communis communior a]og5es lactici ---------------------------------------- - ,*lo- ,*lo- ,*lo- ,*lo- ,raw4 ri- ,raw4 ri- ,raw4 ri- ,raw4 ri- nat$ nat$ nat$ nat$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ottawa1 #aiad #e #d #dj #dh #dd #cf #aa #ab ,ottawa1 #aiae #h #h #ej #df #cd #ca #h #ae ,baltimore1 #aiac;,a #aa #ad #cc #be #ce #ca #ba #cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,?omas & ,s&man4#e ,reg>d+ ! nature ( ?is aft]gr[?1 !re has be5 a consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion3 "s reg>d x z ! result ( ! multiplication ( a resi/ant m9ority ( practically all ! species ( organisms pres5t 9 ! untreat$ wat]2 o!rs1 t x is p>tially due to ! organisms be+ m]ely slugg$ or dop$1 i4e4 are 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation1 & aft]w>ds resume _! anabolic functions2 :il/ o!rs believe t ) ! correct dosage ( *lor9e1 only spore-=m+ organisms escape de/ruction & t ! aft]gr[? is ! result ( ^! cells aga9 becom+ vegetative4 ,! aft]gr[?s obta9$ "u ! usual work+ conditions v>y accord+ to ! dosage ( *lor9e employ$1 & none ( ! above hypo!ses alone provides an adequate explanation4 ,:5 ! dosage is small1 a small numb] ( active organisms1 9 addition to ! spore be>]s1 w escape de/ruction1 & o!rs w suff] a r$uction ( reproductive capacity4 ,! flora ( ! aft]gr[? 9 ?is case w only diff] f ! orig9al flora by ! elim9ation ( a majority ( ! organisms t are mo/ susceptible to ! action ( *lor9e & ! weak] memb]s ( o!r species ( great] av]age resi/ance4 ,z ! dose is increas$ ^! factors become relatively less important until a /age is rea*$ :5 only ! mo/ resi/ant cells1 ! spores1 rema94 ,! resultant aft]gr[? mu/ necess>ily be almo/ entirely compos$ ( spore-be>+ organisms4 ,a small numb] ( ! mo/ resi/ant memb]s ( non-sporulat+ organisms may also be pres5t b !y w1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 =m a v small m9ority4 ,?is is ! condition t usually obta9s 9 practice & x is necess>y to consid] :e!r ! aft]gr[? may h any sanit>y significance4 ,conc]n+ ! second>y developm5t ( ,b4 coli1 ! usual index ( pollution1 !re is b little in=mation4 ,h4 ,e4 ,jordon#f report$ t1 ( #bja samples1 #ba gave a positive ,b4 coli reaction imm$iately aft] treatm5t1 #ci aft] /&+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & #db aft] =ty-eight h\rs4 ,^! increases 7 conf9$ to ! w>m mon?s1 ! cold mon?s actually %[+ a decrease4 ,! foll[+ figures1 tak5 f ! au?or's r\t9e te/s = #aiac & #aiad1 %[ a simil> t5d5cy1 b an analysis ( ! results by mon?s did n %[ t ?is 0 conf9$ to ! w>m season4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! results f left to "r1 9 ! foll[+ ,table1 is 9 ! same ord] z ! contact p]iod4 ,approximately #bij samples 7 tak5 at ea* sampl+ po9t4 ,at /ation ,no4 #b ! g]micidal action 0 /ill proce$+ b at ,no4 #e1 repres5t+ an outly+ section ( ! city1 ! increase 9 ! ,b4 coli cont5t is v app>5t4 ,dur+ #aiae & #aiaf ! au?or endeav\r$ to duplicate ^! results "u laboratory conditions & entirely fail$4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made ) ! same mat]ials z 7 9 use at ! city *lor9ation plant1 b 9 glass conta9]s1 7 usually only c>ri$ to a =ty-eight h\rs contact1 z ?is 0 ! extreme limit = ! city ma9s2 "o1 h[ev]1 0 prolong$ to five days4 ,_m exp]im5ts 7 made "u v>y+ conditions1 ) simil> results4 ,typical examples are giv5 9 ,tables ,,vi1 ,,viii & ,,ix on pages #cc & #cg4 ,,table ,,xix4--,,aft]gr[?s ,,( ,b4 ,,coli ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,samples ,,%[+ ,b4 ,,coli ,,9 #aj ,c4,,cms4 --------------------------------------- ,,sampl+ ,,po9t ,,no4 ------------------------------ #a #b #c #d #e ------------------------------ #aiac #ae4b #ad4d #af4c #af4h #bf4h #aiad #g4j #e4g #f4j 4444 #aa4f ----------------------------------- ,9 e case !re 0 p]si/5t dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( ,b4 coli ) increase ( contact p]iod4 ,det]m9ation ( ! bact]ial c\nt on nutri5t ag> %[$ t1 9 sev]al exp]im5ts1 ! aft]gr[? _h comm5c$1 & 9 "s in/ances !re 0 evid5ce t ! second cycle 0 p>tially complete i4e4 ! numb] _h rea*$ a maximum & !n comm5c$ to decl9e4 ,! "t requir$ = ! completion ( ! two cycles1 compris+ ! fir/ r$uction caus$ by ! *lor9e1 ! increase or aft]gr[?1 & ! f9al r$uction due to lack ( suitable food mat]ial1 is dep5d5t ^u sev]al factors ( :i* ! dosage & temp]ature are ! mo/ important4 ,) a small dosage ! g]micidal p]iod is %ort & ! second phase is quickly rea*$2 ) l>ge doses1 ! second phase is n rea*$ 9 =ty-eight h\rs2 ! high] ! temp]ature ! quick] is ! action & ! developm5t ( ! aft]gr[?4 ,^! /atem5ts ref] only to ! bact]ia capable ( developm5t on nutri5t ag>4 ,! ,b4 coli gr\p behav$ diff]5tly & p]si/5tly dim9i%$ 9 e case4 ,if ,b4 typhosus acts 9 a simil> mann] to ,b4 coli1 ! laboratory exp]im5ts %[ t aft]gr[?s are ( no sanit>y significance & c safely be ignor$1 b z ! results obta9$ 9 practice are contradictory to ! laboratory ones1 ! matt] mu/ be reg>d$ z sub judice until m def9ite evid5ce is available4 ,x is common k t samples ( wat] f dead ends ( di/ribution ma9s %[ high c\nts & mu* l>g] quantities ( ,b4 coli ?an ! wat] deliv]$ to ! ma9s4 ,?is is ano!r phase ( aft]gr[? problem t (t5 causes compla9ts & c only be elim9at$ by bl[+ (f ! ma9s frequ5tly or by provid+ circulation by connect+ up ! dead ends4 ,"o extreme case ( ?is description might be cit$4 ,a small s]vice 0 tak5 (f ! ma9 at ! extreme edge ( ! city to supply a ,musketry ,s*ool two miles away & 0 only 9 use = a few mon?s 9 ! summ] season4 ,?is s]vice pipe deliv]$ wat] conta9+ ,b4 coli 9 a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! #aj c4cm4 samples & 9 a few in/ances 9 #a c4cm41 al?\gh ! wat] deliv]$ to ! city ma9s nev] exce$$ #b ,b4 coli p] #ajj c4cms4 & av]ag$ ab\t "o-t5? t quantity4 ,no epidemiological records ( ! effect ( ?is wat] are available because x 0 put ?r\gh a ,=bes /]ilis] be=e consumption4 ,9 "s in/ances ! rate ( developm5t ( ! organisms aft] *lor9ation is great] ?an 9 ! same wat] /or$ "u simil> conditions4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 ! pres5ce ( organic matt] & has be5 ascrib$ to ! action ( ! *lor9e on ! organic matt] ) ! production ( o!r comp\nds t are available z food mat]ial = ! organisms4 ,h\/on1 dur+ ! treatm5t ( prefilt]$ wat] ,l9coln 9 #aije1 f\nd t al?\gh ! removal ( ,b4 coli & o!r organisms gr[+ at #cg deg4 ,c4 0 satisfactory1 !re 0 almo/ inv>iably an increase 9 ! bact]ia gr[+ on gelat9e at #bj deg4 ,c4 ,?is 0 ascrib$ to ! action m5tion$ above & ! *emical results support$ ?is view1 m organic matt] be+ f\nd 9 ! filt] efflu5ts ?an 9 ! prefilt]$ wat]4 ,rideal's exp]im5ts ) sewage at ,guild=d indicate t a simil> action may occur 9 contact b$s4 ,! addition ( blea* to ! prefilt]$ wat] at ,yonk]s also result$ 9 an increas$ c\nt & 9 ^! in/ances ! aft]gr[?s are due to a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium by ! action ( ! *lor9e on ! zooglea & o!r organic matt] inv>iably f\nd 9 ripe filt]s4 ,simil> results c be produc$ by ! addition ( *lor9at$ wat] to small exp]im5tal s& filt]s4 ,?is is %[n by ! results 9 ,tables ,,xx & ,,xxi4 ,,table ,,xx4--,,aft]gr[?s ,,9 ,,s& ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bact]ia ,p] ,available ,gram ( ,typical ,b4 coli ,,free ,,*lor9e ,*lor9e 9 ,s& ,aft] ,aft] #bd ,h\rs4 ,,aft] #bd ,,hrs4 ,wat] p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- - #ajj #aj #a #j4a,)\t ,aft] #c ,hrs4#bd ,hrs4,gr4,gr4,gr4,gr4 ,acidification4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,nil #ab1jjj #ba1jjj - - - #c4j #hjaad1jjj - - - - - - #e4j #ejaej1jjj - - - - - - #g4j #bebad1jjj - - - - - - #aj4j #bfejj1jjj - - - - - - ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,table ,,xxi4--,,aft]gr[?s ,,9 ,,s& ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,bact]ia ,,p] ,,gram ,,( ,,s& ,,aft] ,available 9 ------------------------------- ,wat] p4p4m4 #c ,h\rs4 #bd ,h\rs4 #dh ,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,nil #gj1jjj 44444 44444 #j4a #g1bjj #bj1djj #ab1hjj #j4c #e1bdj #f1djj #aa1bjj #j4e #e1abj #d1gjj #aj1hjj #a4j #a1ajj #h1hjj #bj1djj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,x is obs]vable t ! effect ( small doses 0 comp>atively small & transi5t2 l>ge doses ( blea* r$uc$ ! bact]ia v mat]ially b ! r$uction 0 n ma9ta9$ & ! subsequ5t increase 0 abnormally rapid4 ,,bibliography #a ,wesbrook1 ,:ittak] & ,mohl]4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiaa1 #a1 #abc4 #b ,?omas4 ,j\r4 ,ind4 & ,eng4 ,*em41 #aiad1 #f1 #edh4 #c ,smeeton4 ,j\r4 ( ,bact41 #aiag1 #b1 #ceh4 #d ,cl>k & ,de ,gage4 ,rpt4 ,mass4 ,b4 ( ,h41 #aiaj1 p4 #cai4 #e ,?omas & ,s&man4 ,j4 ,ind4 & ,eng4 ,*em41 #aiad1 #f1 #fch4 #f ,jordan1 ,h4 ,e4 ,eng4 ,record1 #aiae1 ,may #ag4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,compla9ts ,! compla9ts t h be5 made aga9/ *lor9at$ wat] s9ce ! practice 0 comm5c$ h be5 v div]sifi$ 9 "* & c be numb]$ by ! legion & al?\gh "s h be5 ju/ifiable1 ! great majority has be5 unsub/antiat$ & mu/ be ascrib$ to auto-sugge/ion4 ,almo/ e "o :o has _h *>ge ( *lor9ation plants has not$ ! latt] ph5om5on1 = 9 "s in/ances compla9ts h be5 made foll[+ ! publication ( ! in=mation t *lor9ation 0 to be comm5c$ b antec$5t to its actual op]ation1 & 9 o!rs :5 = "s reason or ano!r1 ! *lor9ation plant has be5 tempor>ily /opp$4 ,simil> obs]vations h be5 made 9 laboratory exp]im5ts :5 indep5d5t obs]v]s h be5 reque/$ to detect ! *lor9at$ wat]s f an equal numb] ( treat$ & untreat$ wat]s4 ,su* obs]v]s are wrong 9 ! majority ( ! wat]s :i* !y designate z treat$ ones if ! dosage is n 9 excess ( t requir$ = satisfactory purification4 ,"o amus+ example ( auto-sugge/ion 0 exp]i5c$ by ! au?or "s ye>s ago4 ,dur+ a c]emonial visit to ! wat]works1 ! ,mayor & sev]al civic repres5tatives happ5$ to visit a hypo*lorite plant t 0 built on a pi] ov] ! riv] & :i* _h no o/5sible connection ) ! city ma9s4 ,"o ( ! p>ty express$ a desire = a dr9k ( good riv] wat] )\t any hypo*lorite 9 x & 0 s]v$ ) wat] f ! plant supply by an assi/ant eng9e] ( ! wat]works dep>tm5t4 ,! wat] 0 consum$ by all ) great reli% & z x 0 be+ f9i%$1 ! writ] ent]$ ! plant & 0 invit$ to jo9 !m 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is dopeless wat]2 on ask+ :]e x _h be5 obta9$ he 0 a/oni%$ to he> t x 0 f a tap :i* 0 suppli$ ) ! ord9>y *lor9at$ wat] ( ! city4 ,on _m occasions1 compla9ts are ju/ifiable & %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$ in/ead (1 z is (t5 ! case1 be+ attribut$ to auto-sugge/ion4 ,! "t & en]gy t are (t5 devot$ to endeav\r+ to p]suade wat] consum]s t _! compla9ts are )\t f\ndation1 c bett] be utilis$ 9 s improv+ ! *lor9ation process z to elim9ate ta/es & od\rs4 ,all compla9ts %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$ & a record kept = future ref]5ce1 = ! cause1 al?\gh n manife/ at ! "t1 may be discov]$ lat]4 ,! records !n provide valuable corroborative evid5ce4 ,! nature ( ! compla9ts aga9/ *lor9at$ wat] is v div]sifi$ & includes imp>t+ =eign ta/es & od\rs1 caus+ colic1 kill+ fi% & birds1 ! extraction ( abnormal am\nts ( tann9 f tea1 ! de/ruction ( plants & fl[]s1 ! corrosion ( wat] pipes1 & t horses & o!r animals refuse to dr9k x4 ,ta/es & ,od\rs4 ,:5 an excess ( hypo*lorite or liquid *lor9e is add$ to a wat] x imp>ts a %>p pung5t od\r & acid ta/e1 *>act]i/ic ( *lor9e1 t r5d] x (f5sive to ! nose & palate4 ,9 "s in/ances ! pres5ce ( *lor9e comp\nds is n obtrusive :5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is l[ b becomes s :5 ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,x is especially obs]vable :5 ! faucets ( hot wat] s]vices are fir/ op5$ & ! *lor9e is c>ri$ (f z a vap\r by ! o!r gases lib]at$ by ! r$uction 9 pressure4 ,= ?is reason ! compla9ts reg>d+ hot wat] are relatively m num]\s & sometimes con/itute ! :ole ( ! compla9ts4 ,9 cold wat] conta9+ appreciable quantities ( m9]al salts ! hypo*lorites & hypo*lor\s acid might n be entirely dissociat$2 !y may become m hydrolys$ ) an increase 9 temp]ature & f9ally brok5 d[n "u ! influ5ce ( ! c>bonic acid lib]at$ f ! bic>bonates by heat4 ,*lor9e also =ms *lor9at$ organic comp\nds by action on ! organic matt] pres5t 9 wat] & "s ( ! objectionable ta/es & od\rs ( *lor9at$ wat]s h be5 attribut$ to ?is ag5cy4 ,"s obs]v]s h /at$ t *loram9es 7 among/ ! *loro-organo comp\nds produc$ b ! au?or's exp]i5ce ) ! ,ottawa supply has demon/rat$ t simple *loram9e 7,,nh#b;,cl7 c be successfully employ$ = wat] treatm5t )\t caus+ compla9ts4 ,x 0 sugge/$ on page #bh t "s ( ! high] *loro-am9es might be ! cause ( "s compla9ts b at pres5t !re is no def9ite in=mation reg>d+ ! =mation ( ^! comp\nds 9 wat] & all su* hypo!ses are little m ?an conjectures4 ,letton#a has report$ t at ,tr5ton1 9 #aiaa1 :5 ! wat] ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] 0 fir/ treat$1 ! dosage 0 z high z #a4b p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & al?\gh *emical te/s %[$ ! abs5ce ( free *lor9e1 ! wat] _h an extremely disagreeable ta/e :i* 0 especially noticeable 9 ! hot wat]4 ,! conclusion 0 rea*$ t ! ta/e & od\r 7 n ^? ( *lor9e1 b 7 due to "s complex *emical *ange br\ght ab\t by ! action ( ! *lor9e on ! organic matt] pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,! wat]s t require ! mo/ accurate adju/m5t ( *lor9e dosage1 if compla9ts are to be avoid$1 are ^? conta9+ v small am\nts ( organic matt]4 ,! m>g9 betwe5 ! dosage requir$ = ! atta9m5t ( a satisfactory degree ( bact]iological purity & t :i* may cause compla9ts is usually v small1 (t5 less ?an #be p] c5t1 ) ! wat]s ( ! ,great ,lakes & _m filt] efflu5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 col\r$ wat]s conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( organic matt] c be treat$ ) an excess ( *lor9e )\t caus+ ta/es & od\rs4 ,! au?or f\nd t ! addition ( #a4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e to ! ,ottawa ,riv] wat] did n cause compla9ts al?\gh only #j4h to #j4i p4p4m4 7 usually requir$ = satisfactory purification4 ,h>r+ton ( ,montreal has _h a simil> exp]i5ce ) ?is wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( traces ( =eign sub/ances 9 wat] sometimes produces *lor9at$ d]ivatives hav+ repugnant ta/es & od\rs4 ,creosote & t> oils h caus$ an od\r some:at resembl+ t ( iod(orm & indu/rial wa/es h also produc$ compla9ts4 ,! sub/itution ( *lor9e gas 7liquid *lor9e7 = blea* solutions has app>5tly elim9at$ ta/es & od\rs 9 "s cases b ?is may be due to a m p]fect control ov] ! dosage r ?an to any prop]ty ( ! blea* p] se4 ,9 "s in/ances ! sludge f blea* plants has caus$ compla9ts by produc+ an excessive conc5tration ( *lor9e dur+ ! p]iod ( its dis*>ge4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ,ottawa on sev]al occasions be=e x 0 discov]$ & correct$4 ,:5 ! sludge 9 ! /orage tanks rea*$ ! dis*>ge valve x 0 cu/om>y to wa% out ! tank & dis*>ge ! sludge into ! riv]4 ,! op]ators op5$ ! wa% out valves to ! full ext5t & ! sludge & liquor 7 dis*>g$ into ! riv] ab\t #gj feet away f ! inlet to ! s$im5tation bas9 & on ! d[n/ream side ( x4 ,a portion ( ! hypo*lorite 0 almo/ inv>iably c>ri$ into ! bas9 & increas$ ! dosage4 ,?is condition 0 rem$i$ by c>ry+ ! sludge dra9 f>!r d[n /ream & insi/+ ^u ! sludge be+ dis*>g$ at a sl[] rate4 ,ki5le#b has report$ simil> occurr5ces at ,*icago4 ,! hypo*lorite 0 appli$ at ! intake cribs situat$ a consid]able di/ance (f %ore4 ,! direction ( ! w9d (t5 necessitat$ hold+ ! sludge = a consid]able l5g? ( "t b occasionally x 0 f\nd impossible to await fav\rable conditions ) ! result t ! w9d & wave action c>ri$ a portion ( ! sludge back into ! crib & d[n into ! %aft & tunnel4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! "t ( treatm5t is ano!r factor be>+ on ! production ( ta/es & od\rs4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is l[1 wat] absorbs relatively less *lor9e 7vide ,diagram ,no4 ,,ii1 page #ch7 9 ! same p]iod ( "t ) ! consequ5ce t1 if ! dosage is kept con/ant1 m *lor9e is pres5t 9 ! free condition4 ,at ,milwaukee 7,ki5le7#b ) a dosage ( #j4bd p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e 7z blea*7 no compla9ts 7 receiv$ dur+ ! spr+1 summ]1 & autumn seasons b :5 ! temp]ature rea*$ #dj deg4 ,f41 !y 7 compell$ to r$uce ! *lor9e to #j4ab p4p4m4 9 ord] to prev5t objectionable ta/es & od\rs 9 ! tap wat]s4 ,abnormal conditions su* z fre%ets1 & /orms1 sometimes cause compla9ts reg>d+ ta/es & od\rs4 ,adams#c f\nd t ! compla9ts 9 ,toronto usually accompani$ a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 a su/a9$ ea/ w9d be+ ! "o mo/ productive ( tr\ble4 ,! exact cause = ?is c\ld n be asc]ta9$ b x 0 usually f\nd t !re 0 an accompany+ increase 9 ! numb] ( microscopical organisms 7plankton7 pres5t 9 ! raw wat]4 ,fre%ets usually increase ! bact]ial contam9ation & necessitate an increas$ dosage :i* may cause compla9ts4 ,compla9ts z to ta/es & od\rs c be be/ avoid$ by ensur+ regul>ity ( dosage1 p]fect admixture1 & /orage ( ! treat$ wat] = a reasonable p]iod4 ,^! factors are discuss$ 9 detail else:]e4 ,colic4 ,al?\gh claims h be5 made t ! consumption ( *lor9at$ wat] has produc$ colic no corroborative evid5ce has be5 adduc$ & ! symptoms h probably be5 due to "s o!r cause4 ,dilute solutions ( *lor9e h be5 us$ z inte/9al antiseptics 9 ! treatm5t ( typhoid fev] )\t produc+ irritation ( ! muc\s l9+ & ! usual dose = ?is treatm5t is "o gra9 ( *lor9e4 ,be=e tak+ a m$ic9al dose ( *lor9e #adj gallons ( wat] conta9+ #j4a p4p4m4 w\ld h to be consum$1 a quantity great] ?an is ord9>ily drunk 9 a ye>4 ,*lor9e & hypo*lorites are de/ructive & irritant to sk9 & x is possible t hot *lor9at$ wat] has1 9 "s in/ances1 a simil> effect4 ,x is inconceivable t ! addition ( m9ute traces ( blea* or *lor9e to wat] %\ld cause x to extract abnormal am\nts ( tann9 f tea b x is possible t free *lor9e1 :5 pres5t1 acts ^u ! tea extractives & produces comp\nds hav+ obnoxi\s ta/es & od\rs4 ,tann9 to ! ord9>y tea dr9k] repres5ts ! disagreeable portion ( ! tea & an obnoxi\s ta/e 9 tea brew$ ) *lor9at$ wat] w\ld consequ5tly be ascrib$ to ! extraction ( abnormal quantities ( tann94 ,almo/ all wat]works dep>tm5ts us+ *lor9ation h receiv$ compla9ts to ! effect t ! wat] _h kill$ fi% & small birds4 ,!re is usually no evid5ce t ! loss 0 due to *lor9at$ wat] b x is g5]ally impossible to conv9ce ! own]s t ! process ( wat] treatm5t 0 n ! cause4 ,_m cont9u\s physiological te/s h be5 made ( ! effect ( *lor9at$ wat] on small fi% & h %[n t ! conc5tration us$ 9 wat] treatm5t is )\t effect4 ,! au?or kept a tank ( m9n[s 9 "o ( ! pump+ /ations = mon?s )\t loss al?\gh ! tank 0 cont9u\sly suppli$ ) wat] t _h be5 treat$ b a few seconds previ\sly4 ,! blea* solution 0 dis*>g$ into ! suction ( ! pumps & ! wat] = ! fi% te/ 0 tak5 f ! dis*>ge head]4 ,x has be5 f\nd on _m occasions t fi% are extremely susceptible to *lor9e & hypo*lorites4 ,?is k has be5 sometimes us$ = su* nef>i\s purposes z fi% poa*+1 a few p\nds ( blea* 9 a small /ream be+ a simple & mo/ effective me?od ( kill+ all ! fi% :i* are !n c>ri$ d[n /ream into a conv5i5t net4 ,*lor9at$ sewage efflu5ts h also be5 kn[n to de/roy ! fi% life ( ! /ream into :i* !y 7 dis*>g$4 ,! op9ion ( fi% culturi/s z to ! action ( *lor9at$ wat]s ^u fi% eggs 9 hat*]ies is almo/ unanim\sly to ! effect t x is a de/ructive "o4 ,fi% eggs are extremely s5sitive to *lor9e & hypo*lor\s acid & v few w survive 9 a wat] conta9+ #j4a p4p4m4 ( free *lor9e4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,fi%]ies ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada has in=m$ ! au?or t free *lor9e 9 ! wat] _h a m>k$ adv]se effect on ! hat*+ ( ! eggs ( ,atlantic salmon1 ,great ,lake tr\t1 pick]el1 & :itefi%1 b no effect 0 notic$ :5 free *lor9e 0 abs5t4 ,! ,dep>tm5t has1 h[ev]1 decid$ to remove all ! hat*]ies to localities :]e wat] t does n require *lor9ation c be obta9$4 ,! effect ( *lor9at$ wat] ^u se$s1 plants1 & fl[]s has be5 inve/igat$ by ! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,dr4 ,guss[ 7,dom9ion ,botani/7 & ,dr4 ,%utt 7,agricultural ,*emi/7 :o 7 9 *>ge ( ! "w1 h report$ t wat] treat$ ) hypo*lorite caus$ no app>5t injury to c>nations & hybrid roses4 ,six v>ieties ( :eat se$1 aft] soak+ 9 fre%ly prep>$ hypo*lorite solutions 7#j4je to #aj p>ts p] million ( available *lor9e7 7 all s[n on ! same day4 ,g]m9ation 0 f\nd to be uni=m ?r\gh\t & no effect ( ! *lor9e 0 obs]v$ ei!r z reg>ds ! rate ( g]m9ation or ! developm5t ( ! "y plants4 ,exp]im5ts on b>ley & oats produc$ simil> results4 ,radi%es1 turnips1 cucumb]s1 & beans also %[$ no ret>dation 9 developm5t aft] treatm5t ) *lor9at$ wat]4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) solutions ( blea* 9 di/ill$ wat]1 b id5tical results 7 obta9$ 9 a lat] s]ies :5 ! treat$ city supply 7,ottawa7 0 us$4 ,! results prov$ conclusively t /atem5ts alleg+ damage to plants1 fl[]s1 & se$s by ! hypo*lorite treatm5t ( wat] are unf\nd$ & d n m]it ! slighte/ consid]ation4 ,corrosion ( ,pipes4 ,*lor9at$ wat]1 x has be5 alleg$ on _m occasions1 causes rapid corrosion ( galvanis$ iron wat] s]vices & especially ( ! wat] tubes ( boil]s1 wat] heat]s1 etc4 ,:5 blea* is us$ = wat] treatm5t1 a slight increase 9 ! h>dness is produc$ b z ?is is mo/ly due to calcium *loride1 !re is no correspond+ increase 9 ! salts t =m a protective coat+4 ,! pres5ce ( traces ( calcium *loride & *loro-organic comp\nds might t5d to increase ! corrosive prop]ties ( a wat] b ?is increase is probably s small z to be negligible4 ,if pipe corrosion is consid]$ by ! c>bonic acid hypo!sis1 ! use ( blea* %\ld t5d to r$uce x because blea* conta9s an excess ( base t comb9es ) a portion ( ! free c>bonic acid4 ,! results ( r\t9e te/s = free c>bonic acid made on ! raw & treat$ wat]s at ,ottawa are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million ,ye>4 --------------------- ,nature ( ,treatm5t4 ,raw ,wat]4,*lor9at$ ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aiae #a4dd #a4da ,blea* #aiaf #j4ib #j4he ,blea* #aiag #j4hd #j4ha ,blea* fir/ f\r mon?s ,*loram9e dur+ la/ eight mon?s ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,^! figures %[n t ! hypo*lorite treatm5t produc$ a small b def9ite decrease 9 ! c>bonic acid cont5t & %\ld1 caet]is p>ibus1 t5d to r$uce & n increase corrosion4 ,if ! corrosion ( pipes is consid]$ accord+ to ! electrolytic !ory1 a slight increase1 due to an increas$ electrical conductivity1 might be anticipat$4 ,! effect ( ! addition ( hypo*lorite ^u ! electrical conductivity ( di/ill$ wat] & ! ,ottawa ,riv] wat] is %[n 9 ,diagram ,,vi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,vi ,effect ( ,calcium ,hypo*lorite on ,electrical ,conductivity ,) ! conc5trations ( hypo*lorite ord9>ily us$ 9 wat] treatm5t x is inconceivable t ! slight increase 9 ! electrical conductivity has any practical significance at l[ temp]atures4 ,! conductivity increases rapidly1 h[ev]1 ) increase ( temp]ature & any increm5t due to *lor9ation might produce a slight appreciable effect at temp]atures approa*+ ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,liquid *lor9e does n increase ! conductivity to ! same ext5t z an equival5t quantity ( hypo*lorite b x increases ! c>bonic acid cont5t 9 proportion to ! dosage us$4 ,! au?or inve/igat$ ! action ( hypo*lorite on galvanis$ pipes 9 #aiad & 0 unable to detect any def9ite corrosion ) normal conc5trations ( *lor9e4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) #b-;in* pipes & an exam9ation ( ! fir/ consignm5t receiv$ %[$ t1 al?\gh ! galvanis+ on ! outside 0 p]fect1 ! inn] coat 0 v inf]ior3 9 "s p>ts !re 0 an excess ( z9c t broke away on scrap+ :il/ 9 o!rs ! iron pipe 0 b>e4 ,a committee ( ! ,pittsburg ,bo>d ( ,trade1 appo9t$ to inve/igate compla9ts z to pipe corrosion1 report$ 9 #aiag t !y 7 l>gely due to inf]ior qualities ( pipes & n to ! me?od ( wat] purification employ$ 7sl[ s& filtration & *lor9ation74 ,! effect ( *lor9ation on ! plumbo-solv5cy ( wat] 0 inve/igat$ 9 #aijd by ,h\/on :o f\nd t *lor9e1 z *loros1 9 am\nts betwe5 "o & t5 p>ts p] million1 did n appreciably increase ! plumbo-solv5t action ( ei!r unfilt]$ or filt]$ wat]4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ by ! au?or ) ! ,toronto supply3 raw lake wat]1 filt]$ wat]1 & wat] treat$ ) #j4be & #j4ej p4p4m4 ( *lor9e1 all dissolv$ ! same quantity ( lead 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! am\nt 9 ea* case 0 too small to be ( any significance4 ,,bibliography #a ,letton4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiae1 #b1 #fhh4 #b ,ki5le4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiae1 #b1 #fij4 #c ,adams4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiaf1 #f1 #hfg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,blea* ,,treatm5t ,! treatm5t ( wat] ) blea* alone has be5 l>gely supplant$ by ! liquid *lor9e process b ! foll[+ details w be ( use on meet+ conditions = :i* liquid *lor9e _c be us$ & also = ! prep>ation ( ! hypo*lorite solution requir$ 9 ! *loram9e process4 ,! ess5tial features ( a blea* in/allation are ! solution or mix+ tanks1 /orage tanks1 pip+ sy/em1 dis*>ge orifice or weir1 & sludge dra94 ,blea* is usually s5t out by ! manufactur]s 9 %eet /eel drums1 #ci in*es high & #bi-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* conta9 ab\t #ad cu4 ft4 ( blea* & weigh approximately #gej p\nds gross & #fij p\nds net4 ,x c be mo/ economically pur*as$ 9 c> lots & if ! consumption w>rants ?is proc$ure /orage %\ld be provid$ = ab\t #gj drums or r m ?an "o c> load4 ,accord+ to ,hook]#a blea* loses #a p] c5t ( available *lor9e p] mon? 9 hot seasons & #j4c p] c5t 9 cold ones s t x is advisable to c>ry z little /ock z possible dur+ hot wea!r4 ,hot wea!r also causes a fur!r loss by accel]at+ ! action ( ! blea* on ! drum :i* rapidly dis9tegrates & _c be h&l$4 ,blea* c (t5 be pur*as$ m *eaply 9 hot wea!r b su* a policy is a %ort sight$ "o unless x is requir$ = imm$iate use4 ,! g5]al design ( a hypo*lorite plant is l>gely det]m9$ by ! capacity b 9 all cases an ef=t %\ld be made to avoid complicat$ details :i* may appe> advantage\s 9 ! draft+ (fice b d n /& up 9 actual practice4 ,_m metals rapidly develop a protective coat+ on imm]sion 9 blea* solution b if ?is is remov$ by friction1 rapid erosion ensues2 be>+ metallic surfaces %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,mix+ ,tanks4 ,all tanks1 :e!r mix+ or /orage1 %\ld be con/ruct$ ( concrete & pa9t$ ) two coats ( asphalt4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t wood5 tanks are n suitable4 ,! au?or has us$ p9e1 oak1 & cypress tanks b all 7 rapidly lea*$ by ! hypo*lorite & ultimately _h to be l9$ ) concrete4 ,!re is a consid]able v>iation 9 ! conc5tration ( blea* solution made 9 mix+ tanks at v>i\s works4 ,"s op]ators use ab\t "o gallon ( wat] p] p\nd ( blea* & mix ! two to a cream by wood5 paddles1 revolv+ on a c5tral axis1 = #a-b h\rs2 ! paddles are !n /opp$ & ! cream run out into ! /orage tanks & dilut$ to ! requir$ /r5g? by pass+ wat] ?r\gh ! mix+ tank4 ,!re are two objections to ?is me?od3 7#a7 ! addition ( small quantities ( wat] to blea* t5ds to gelat9isation :i* may protect lumps f ! fur!r action ( wat] & 7#b7 a /ratification ( ! solution occurs 9 ! /orage tank unless agitation is us$4 ,gelat9isation causes loss ( available *lor9e & /ratification causes irregul> dosage unless correct$ by agitation1 :i* necessitates p[]4 ,o!r op]ators mix ! blea* & wat] to ! f9al conc5tration 9 ! mix+ tank & dis*>ge ! cont5ts into ! /orage tank1 ! int]mitt5t process be+ repeat$ until ! /orage tank is full4 ,gelat9isation is avoid$ by us+ a l[ orig9al conc5tration & z all bat*es are ( equal d5sity no /ratification is produc$4 ,at ,ottawa ! blea* is cru%$ &1 aft] weigh+1 dump$ into a circul> concrete tank provid$ ) a h+$ wood5 lid4 ,! /irr+ arrangem5t consi/s ( a bronze %aft on :i* an alum9ium impell] is fix$ :i* revolves 9 an iron tube set slightly above ! bottom ( ! tank 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,aft] ! requisite am\nt ( wat] has be5 add$ ! motor connect$ to ! bronze %aft is />t$ & ! mixture pump$ = #ae-bj m9utes2 )\t wait+ = ! sludge to settle ! cont5ts are dis*>g$ into ! /orage tank & ! op]ation repeat$ until ! tank is full4 ,! pip+ betwe5 ! mix+ & /orage tanks is ( galvanis$ iron ( g5]\s dim5sion s z to comp5sate = incru/ation4 ,! pipes are /raight & are provid$ ) crosses at e *ange ( direction to enable excessive incru/ation to be remov$4 ,! valves %\ld be made ( h>d rubb] or special bronze2 if brass valves are us$ !y w probably require r5ew+ e twelve mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,mix+ ,tank = ,blea*4 ,! conc5tration ( solution necess>ily dep5ds ^u local conditions b x is usually advisable to keep x bel[ #b4e p] c5t ( blea*1 :i* is equival5t to #j4he p] c5t ( available *lor9e4 ,/orage ,tanks4 ,^! %\ld be built ( re9=c$ concrete & pa9t$ inside ) asphalt1 :i* %\ld be p]iodically r5ew$ to prev5t ! solution seep+ ?r\gh to ! re9=cem5t4 ,at lea/ two tanks %\ld be provid$ s t "o may be fill$ & all[$ to settle be=e be+ put 9 op]ation4 ,! hypo*lorite dis*>ge pipe is usually #f-i in*es f ! bottom to p]mit ! collection ( sludge1 :i* is run (f :5 x rea*es ! elevation ( ! hypo*lorite dis*>ge4 ,! sludge dra91 :i* op5s into ! bottom ( ! tank1 is usually a #d- or #f-;in* ca/-iron pipe1 ) suitable gate valve1 :i* dis*>ges into a common dra9 made ( clay pipe4 ,! /orage tanks %\ld be provid$ ) ei!r glass gauges or float indicators to enable ! orifice dis*>ge to be *eck$ up at p]iodical int]vals4 ,regulation ( ,dosage4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! hypo*lorite solution is usually regulat$ ei!r by ma9ta9+ a con/ant head on an orifice ( v>iable dim5sion or by v>y+ ! head on an orifice ( fix$ dim5sion4 ,! weir pr9ciple may also be us$ b x is n s well adapt$ = hypo*lorite z = o!r *emicals4 ,9 ! con/ant head me?od1 ! head is ma9ta9$ by a bronze valve connect$ to a float made ( glass or t9n$ copp]4 ,9 _m cases ! orifice is a rectangul> slot 9 a brass plate & is adju/$ by means ( a brass slide op]at$ by a micromet] screw4 ,brass plates are n v suitable z !y become corrod$ & s r$uce ! size ( ! orifice2 if ! incru/ation is remov$ ! orifice w dis*>ge m ?an ! calibration indicates4 ,ne$le valves are unsuitable = simil> reasons4 ,an example ( an orifice fe$ box ( ! con/ant head type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a v]tically arrang$ h>d-rubb] pipe passes ?\gh a h>d rubb] /uff+ box 9 ! bottom ( ! tank & has "o or m orifices ne> its upp] end4 ,! area ( ! subm]g$ portions ( ! orifices is controll$ by ! h& :eel :i* is connect$ ) ! ?read$ /em ( ! pipe4 ,! /em has sixte5 ?reads p] in*1 & "o revolution ( ! :eel w subm]ge ! orifices "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! orifices are subm]g$ is indicat$ on ! dial fix$ to ! side ( ! tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,dosage ,tank4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! regulat+ me*anism ( ano!r app>atus ( ! con/ant head type4 ,! orifice consi/s ( a circul> slot 9 a h>d rubb] disc & is regulat$ by means ( a h& :eel :i* op]ates a h>d rubb] slide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,orifice ,controll+ ,device4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( "o ( ! v>iable head types is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,a con/ant head is ma9ta9$ on ! valve ,v by a float & cock op]at+ 9 a lead- or porcela9-l9$ tank4 ,! circul> tap]$ orifice ,o1 cut 9 glass1 is situat$ 9 ! flang$ end ( ! iron ca/+ ,c & ! head1 indicat$ on ! gauge glass1 is regulat$ by valve ,v4 ,?is arrangem5t is simple & reasonably accurate4 ,! orifice may %[ slight incru/ation aft] be+ 9 s]vice = "s "t b x c be easily clean$ by means ( a te/-tube bru% or a small swab moi/5$ ) acid2 a wire or rod t5ds to break ! edge ( ! conical orifice & %\ld n be us$4 ,! volume ( solution dis*>g$ by orifices ( v>i\s dim5sions is %[n 9 ,diagram ,,xv1 page #adi4 ,diagram ,,xvi1 page #adi1 facilitates ! calculation ( ! numb] ( p\nds ( blea* requir$ = any dosage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,v>iable ,head ,dosage ,box4 ,! solution dis*>g$ f ! orifice box is c>ri$ to ! po9t ( application ei!r 9 galvanis$ iron pipes ( g5]\s dim5sion or 9 rubb] hose4 ,pumps may be us$ = rais+ ! solution to a high] elevation b unless special mat]ial is us$ 9 _! con/ruction !y corrode rapidly & _c be kept 9 s]vice4 ,:5ev] possible1 a wat] injector %\ld be us$ z x does n corrode & assi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ! deliv]y pipes free f sludge4 ,all deliv]y pipes %\ld be duplicat$ & bl[n out regul>ly by wat] "u pressure2 !y %\ld also be protect$ f fro/4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! hypo*lorite dosage c be automatically regulat$ 9 plants :]e ! fl[ ( ! wat] to be treat$ is measur$ by a ,v5turi met] or o!r suitable appliance4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 sugge/$ & us$ b1 9 g5]al1 !y are n s successful z automatic regulators = liquid *lor9e on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( sludge p>ticles :i* t5d to dim9i% ! area ( ! orifice4 ,= small plants1 b>rels h (t5 be5 us$ z solution & /orage vessels )1 9 "s in/ances1 fairly successful results4 ,! blea* process1 h[ev]1 _c be recomm5d$ = small in/allations because ! *emical control necess>y = successful op]ation is usually n available4 ,"o drum ( blea* may suffice = sev]al mon?s op]ation & z ! p[d] gradually loses /r5g?1 ! dosage con/antly dim9i%es & may jeop>dise ! safety ( ! supply4 ,liquid *lor9e ma*9es are mu* m suitable ?an hypo*lorite in/allations = supplies hav+ no *emical control4 ,blea* is be+ v ext5sively us$ = ! /]ilisation ( ! wat] us$ by ! alli$ troops 9 ,france4 ,! wat] supplies on ! ,briti% front are all m or less subject to pollution & x is consequ5tly necess>y1 to ensure adequate protection1 to *lor9ate all supplies ) blea*4 ,o!r =ms ( *lor9e h be5 tri$ b h n prov$ successful ne> ! fir+ l9es4 ,! details ( ! te*nique employ$ _c be giv5 b x may be /at$ t ! conc5tration ( *lor9e employ$ is always m ?an suffici5t & t residual ta/es & od\rs are reg>d$ z second>y consid]ations4 ,treat$ wat] is always te/$ by ! />*-iodide me?od & a bact]iological exam9ation is frequ5tly made by mobile laboratories4 ,control ( ,hypo*lorite ,plants4 ,if effici5t op]ation & regul> dosage is to be obta9$1 x is necess>y t hypo*lorite plants %\ld be controll$ by a tra9$ *emi/4 ,good results are occasionally obta9$ )\t su* control b 9 e plant circum/ances arise at "s p]iod or ano!r :i* only a *emi/ is qualifi$ to deal )4 ,! po9ts t require consid]ation are 7#a7 ! composition ( ! blea*2 7#b7 conc5tration ( available *lor9e 9 ! prep>$ solutions2 & 7#c7 *emical te/s = free *lor9e 9 ! treat$ wat]4 7#a7 ,composition ( ,blea*4 ,ea* drum ( blea* %\ld be sampl$ & analys$ be=e use4 ,! sample is obta9$ by cutt+ out ! head ( ! drum & remov+ a v]tical section by means ( a special sampl+ tube or a piece ( half-in* iron pipe :i* is =c$ to ! bottom ( ! drum ) a bor+ motion & !n remov$2 ! core is !n =c$ out by means ( a rod1 mix$1 & qu>t]$ d[n to ! requir$ size4 ,= analysis weigh out #e grms4 on a balance s5sitive to #j4ja grm4 & gr9d 9 a mort> ) #ej-gj c4cms4 ( wat]2 wa% into a #bej c4cm4 flask & make ! volume up to #bej c4cms42 %ake4 ,aft] all[+ ! sludge to settle remove #aj c4cms4 by means ( a pipette & titrate by "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,buns5's ,me?od4 ,add #aj c4cms4 ( a #e p] c5t solution ( potassium iodide & #j4e c4cm4 glacial acetic acid & titrate ) sodium ?iosulphate 7#bd4h grms4 ( ! ,c4,p4 cry/all9e salt & #a c4cm4 ( *lor(orm p] litre7 us+ a />* solution z indicator4 ,ea* cubic c5timetre ( ?iosulphate us$ #a4gee p] c5t ( available *lor9e 7#a c4cm4 ,n_/#aj sodium ?iosulphate #j4jjcee grm4 available *lor9e74 ,p5ot's ,me?od4 ,dilute ! hypo*lorite solution ) #ae c4cms4 ( wat] & titrate ) a solution ( ,n_/#aj sodium ars5ite us+ />*-iodide pap] z an ext]nal indicator4 ,ea* c4cm4 ( solution us$ #a4gee p] c5t ( available *lor9e 7#a c4cm4 #j4jjcee grm4 available *lor9e74 ,! use ( an ext]nal indicator makes ?is process a sl[ "o & to ov]come ?is objection ,mohr propos$ ! addition ( an excess ( sodium ars5ite solution & !n titrat+ ) ,n_/#aj iod9e solution aft] add+ a few drops ( />* solution4 ,griff5 & ,h$all5#b comp>$ ^! ?ree me?ods & f\nd t ,p5ot's me?od & ,mohr's modification ( t me?od gave results :i* 7 #j4f p] c5t l[] ?an ^? obta9$ by ,buns5's me?od4 ,= a sep>ate e/imation ( ! *lor9e pres5t z *loride1 *lorate1 & hypo*lorite ! me?od giv5 9 ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis1 #aj? edition1 page #agh1 %\ld be foll[$4 ,/orage ,liquor4 ,?is is te/$ by any ( ! above me?ods4 ,x has be5 propos$ to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! blea* solution by ! use ( a hydromet] b ! results are n suffici5tly accurate & ! me?od _c be recomm5d$4 ,if blea* is prop]ly brok5 up & ?or\ghly agitat$ 9 ! mix+ tank at lea/ #ie p] c5t ( ! available *lor9e %\ld be extract$4 ,! effici5cy ( ! extraction process is *eck$ by comp>+ ! te/s ( ! /orage liquor ) ^? ( ! dry blea* & ea* bat* ( liquor %\ld be te/$ daily4 ,x is sometimes advisable to take two samples f ea* tank1 "o soon aft] a tank has be5 put into op]ation1 & a second sample at ! end ( ! run4 ,consid]able diff]5ces are occasionally f\nd betwe5 ^! samples & are due1 ei!r to inadequate agitation ( ! liquor 9 ! /orage tank1 or ineffici5t mix+ 9 ! mix+ tank4 ,if ! results are irregul> ! =m] is ! m probable cause b if ! second sample is inv>iably /rong] ! mix+ tank op]ations %\ld be inve/igat$4 ,! increas$ conc5tration ( ! second sample is due to unextract$ blea* pass+ out ( ! mix+ tank & gradually becom+ lea*$ z ! tank cont5ts are run (f4 ,if ! blea* is lumpy & is n subsequ5tly brok5 up1 losses are almo/ inevitable4 ,hale#c f\nd t dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,new ,york ,city supply 0 be+ treat$ ) blea* x 0 necess>y to con/antly *eck ! op]ations ( ! lab\r]s by frequ5t samples4 ,dur+ "o week ab\t #ie p] c5t ( ! *lor9e add$ 0 actually appli$1 ! second week x dropp$ to #he p] c5t4 & ! ?ird week to #ge p] c5t4 ,:5ev] a poor run is call$ to ! att5tion ( ! lab\r]s1 results improve4 ,by tak+ two samples daily f ea* tank dis*>g$ ! au?or has be5 able to obta9 an av]age annual effici5cy on ! ,ottawa plant ( #id p] c5t41 i4e4 ! solutions conta9$ #id p] c5t4 ( ! available *lor9e conta9$ 9 ! blea*4 ,9 mak+ su* *ecks x is necess>y to keep a c>eful acc\nt ( ! /ock ( blea* to prev5t lab\r]s add+ a few extra p\nds ( blea* to comp5sate = losses4 ,sludge =ms an appreciable b unavoidable s\rce ( loss ( mat]ial4 ,:5 ! sludge rea*es ! outlet ( ! hypo*lorite pipe ! sludge mu/ be run to wa/e2 o!rwise x w pass ov] & t5d to *oke ! dosage control app>atus4 ,if ! sludge is run into ! same body ( wat] t =ms ! s\rce ( supply1 x mu/ be dis*>g$ v sl[ly to prev5t a possibility ( ov] dosage & damage to fi% life4 ,) prop] control1 sludge losses c easily be kept "u #b p] c5t4 & (t5 "u #a p] c5t4 ,! greate/ s\rce ( unavoidable loss 9 hypo*lorite plants is f det]ioration ( ! blea* dur+ /orage2 9 w>m climates ?is loss may exce$ #aj p] c5t4 ,9 ,ottawa :]e high temp]atures are only exp]i5c$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s ! loss f ?is cause has av]ag$ f #g-h p] c5t4 on ! blea* /or$ dur+ t p]iod4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,free ,*lor9e4 ,! olde/ & probably ! be/ kn[n te/ = free *lor9e 9 wat] is ! ,wagn] te/1 made by add+ a few drops ( potassium iodide & />*2 ! pres5ce ( *lor9e is indicat$ by a deep ri* blue col\ration t is proportional 9 int5sity to ! quantity ( *lor9e pres5t4 ,:5 ?is te/ is us$ z a colorimetric me?od = ! e/imation ( *lor9e sev]al difficulties are enc\nt]$2 ! int5sity ( ! col\r produc$ by ! majority ( treat$ wat]s gradually dim9i%es & ! loss is usually m rapid ?an 9 ! /&>ds made up ) di/ill$ wat]2 a diff]5t result is obta9$ if ! solutions are acidifi$ & ! results v>y ) diff]5t acids1 acetic acid yield+ a mu* l[] result ?an a m9]al acid su* z hydro*loric acid2 9 ! pres5ce ( acid ! col\ration usually int5sifies on /&+1 :]eas ! /&>d int5sifies b little4 ,! diff]5ce caus$ by ! addition ( acid is imp]fectly und]/ood b x is obvi\s t ! *lor9e set free by ! acid _c be pres5t 9 ! free /ate2 x is probably 9 a semi-labile condition loosely atta*$ to organic comp\nds4 ,:e!r ?is semi-labile *lor9e is available = g]micidal action is at pres5t n def9itely kn[n b x has be5 not$ by sev]al obs]v]s t ! g]micidal action proce$s aft] ! free *lor9e reaction has disappe>$4 ,! me?od us$ by ! au?or = ! e/imation ( free *lor9e is z foll[s3 place #ejj c4cms4 ( ! sample 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 add #a c4cm4 ( #e p] c5t ,,ki solution1 #b drops ( conc4 ,h,cl & #a c4cm4 ( />* solution & titrate ) ,n_/#ajjj sodium ?iosulphate until col\rless4 ,! difficulty introduc$ by ! opalesc5ce ( ! liquid is ov]come by p\r+ portions ( ! liquid into two ,nessl] tubes & add+ a drop ( ?iosulphate solution to "o & not+ if any r$uction ( col\r occurs on %ak+2 if ! int5sity ( ! col\r is dim9i%$1 ! cont5ts ( bo? tubes are p\r$ back into ! bottle & titrat$ until no fur!r col\r removal1 z %[n by ! tubes1 c be obta9$4 ,"o c4cm4 ( ,n_/#ajjj sodium ?iosulphate #j4jg p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e :5 #ejj c4cms4 ( wat] are us$4 ,adams#d has employ$ ! colorimetric me?od ( e/imat+ ! col\r obta9$ aft] ! addition ( dilute ,h#b,,s#d1 ,,ki1 & />* b us$ /&>d solutions ( dyes = comp>ison4 ,! /&>ds 7 prep>$ f mixtures ( ,brilliant ,mill ,gre5 ,s & ,c>d9al ,r$ ,j & 7 made up weekly4 ,phelps f\nd t or?o-tolid9e 9 acetic acid solution produc$ an int5se yell[ col\ration ) free *lor9e & sugge/$ ! use ( ?is reag5t z a qualitative te/ = *lor9e4 ,ellms & ,haus]#e develop$ ?is process into a quantitative "o & sub/itut$ hydro*loric acid = acetic acid z a solv5t4 ,"o c4cm4 ( ! reag5t 7#a gram ( pure o-tolid9e dissolv$ 9 #a litre ( #aj p] c5t ( hydro*loric acid7 is add$ to #ajj c4cms4 ( ! sample 9 a ,nessl] tube & ! col\r comp>$ aft] five m9utes ) p]man5t /&>ds made up ) mixtures ( potassium bi*romate & copp] sulphate4 ,?is me?od 0 adopt$ z ! (ficial /&>d me?od ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association2 ! details are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix 7p4 #adg74 ,! au?or has f\nd t ?is me?od gives excell5t results except = col\r$ wat]s4 ,! col\r+ matt] 9 _m wat]s dim9i%es 9 int5sity on ! addition ( acids & is some:at simil> 9 t9t to t produc$ by addition ( o-tolid9e4 ,if ! reaction is us$ qualitatively on col\r$ treat$ wat] & a comp>ison made ) ! untreat$ sample1 a negative result1 due to ! r$uction 9 col\r produc$ by ! acid be+ great] ?an ! increase caus$ by ! reag5t1 might be obta9$ :5 traces ( free *lor9e are pres5t4 ,simil> difficulties are enc\nt]$ :5 quantitative comp>isons are made aga9/ p]man5t /&>ds4 ,b5zid9e 7,wallis#f7 has also be5 sugge/$ = ! detection ( free *lor9e4 ,on add+ ?is reag5t a blue col\ration is produc$ b on /irr+ x rapidly *anges to a bright yell[ :i* is proportional 9 int5sity to ! am\nt ( free *lor9e pres5t4 ,ellms & ,haus]#e inve/igat$ b5zid9e 9 #aiac & f\nd x to be inf]ior to o-tolid9e z a te/ reag5t = free *lor9e4 ,le,roy#g has propos$ ! use ( hexame?yltrip>a-am9otriph5ylme?ane = detect+ & e/imat+ free *lor9e4 ,on ! addition ( a hydro*loric acid solution ( ?is comp\nd to a sample conta9+ free *lor9e a violet col\ration is produc$ t c be mat*$ 9 ! usual way ) /&>ds4 ,x is /at$ t #j4jc p4p4m4 ( free *lor9e gives a di/9ct col\ration & t ! reag5t reacts v sl[ly ) nitrites & is q unaffect$ by hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,! />*-iodide & o-tolid9e reactions are affect$ by oxidis+ ag5ts or r$ucible sub/ances2 nitrites & f]ric salts are ! comp\nds t are mo/ likely to int]f]e & ,ellms & ,haus]#e h f\nd t ^! bodies d n affect ! o-tolid9e reaction to ! same ext5t z ! />*-iodide reaction4 ,v small quantities ( nitrites 7#j4jc p4p4m4 ( ,n7 & f]ric salts 7#j4b p4p4m4 ,fe7 give a blue col\ration ) ! />*-iodide reag5t & = ?is reason x is always advisable1 :5ev] possible1 to make a control te/ on ! untreat$ wat]4 ,nitrites are oxidis$ by free *lor9e & consequ5tly d n int]f]e ) ! e/imation ( x by ! ?iosulphate me?od2 ! influ5ce ( f]ric salts c be ov]come by sub/itut+ #c c4cms4 ( #be p] c5t phosphoric acid = hydro*loric acid 7,w9kl]#h74 ,an electrical in/rum5t call$ a *loromet] has be5 devis$ by ,e4 ,k4 ,rideal & ,evans#i = ! e/imation ( free *lor9e4 ,! diagrammatic sket*1 reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 %[s ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! app>atus4 ,:5 wat] conta9+ no free *lor9e passes ?r\gh ! copp] tube1 hydrog5 is lib]at$ on ! plat9um rod by ! electrolytic solution pressure ( ! copp] & an electric curr5t is g5]at$2 a pol>iz+ action foll[s & ! fl[ ( curr5t ceases4 ,:5 free *lor9e is pres5t x comb9es ) ! hydrog5 z produc$ & s enables m copp] to dissolve & produces a p]man5t fl[ ( curr5t4 ,! curr5t produc$ is a function ( ! depol>iz+ action1 i4e4 ( ! free *lor9e1 & is indicat$ by ! curr5t met] :i* is graduat$ 9 p>ts p] million ( available *lor9e4 ,! usual range ( in/rum5t is #e p4p4m4 & ea* division ( ! scale is equal to "o-t5? ( "o "p p] million4 ,only /rong oxidis]s1 su* z *lor9e1 ozone1 & p]manganates1 :i* h a great aff9ity = hydrog51 are able to produce a p]man5t curr5t2 f]ric *loride & o!r weak oxidis]s d n affect ! indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,rideal-,evans ,*loromet]4 ,,co/s ,co/ ( ,con/ruction4 ,accord+ to ! replies receiv$ by ! ,committee on ,wat] ,supplies ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association#aj ! total co/ ( equipm5t = dis9fection v>ies widely & be>s no app>5t relation to ! capacity ( ! equipm5t4 ,?is is due to ! tempor>y nature ( ! plants erect$ 9 _m cities & ! necessity ( erect+ exp5sive /ructures 9 o!rs4 ,! co/ ( con/ruction v>ies also 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! co/ ( equipp+ hypo*lorite plants ) /&>d concrete tanks & dosage regulators w\ld be m uni=m & = capacities betwe5 #aj & #ej million gallons p] day w\ld approximate #ae to #ej p] million gallons4 ,! op]at+ co/ ( blea* plants %[s simil> wide v>iations4 ,9 "s cases ! lab\r requir$ = mix+ & sup]vision c be obta9$ )\t extra co/ :il/ 9 o!rs ! lab\r *>ge exce$s ! co/ ( hypo*lorite4 ,! price ( blea* has %[n viol5t fluctuations dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s 7see ,diagram ,,ix1 page #abe7 b is n[ 7#aiah7 comp>atively /eady at #b4be to #b4ge p] #ajj p\nds4 ,assum+ t #cc4c p] c5t ( available *lor9e c be extract$1 ea* p\nd ( *lor9e co/s #f4ge-g4be c5ts z comp>$ ) #ae-be c5ts = liquid *lor9e4 ,! fix$ *>ges on ! capital exp5ditures toge!r ) ! lab\r & incid5tal *>ges almo/ inv>iably make ! total co/ ( op]ation ( a /raight blea* plant high] ?an t ( a liquid *lor9e plant4 ,! t5d5cy dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s has be5 to sub/itute liquid *lor9e = hypo*lorite & ! majority ( ! plants are n[ ( ! =m] type4 ,,anti*lors ,sub/ances us$ = ! removal ( excess *lor9e are usually kn[n z anti*lors & ^? t h be5 mo/ frequ5tly employ$ are sodium bisulphite1 ,na,h,s,o#c1 & sodium ?iosulphate ,na#b,s#b,o#c4 ,! reactions ) *lor9e are3 7i7 ,na,h,s,o#c ,cl#b ,h#b,o ,na,h,s,o#d #b;,h,cl4 7ii7 ,na#b,s#b,o#c ,cl#b ,na#b,s#d,o#f #b,na,cl4 ,sodium bisulphite is a v effici5t anti*lor1 only #a4df p>ts be+ requir$ to remove #a "p ( *lor9e1 b ow+ to its in/ability ! action is unc]ta94 ,sodium ?iosulphate is a comp>atively /able *eap salt1 conta9+ #e molecules ( wat] ( cry/allization1 ,na#b,s#b,o#c 4 #e;,h#b,o b #g p>ts are necess>y to remove #a "p by weight ( *lor9e4 ,anti*lors are us$ z aque\s solutions & ! dosage controll$ 9 ! same mann] z = blea* solutions4 ,! action is an in/antane\s "o & x is consequ5tly necess>y t ! g]micidal action %\ld be complete be=e ! anti*lor is add$4 ,filt]s1 conta9+ solid mat]ials capable ( absorb+ free *lor9e1 h also be5 us$ = remov+ ! excess ( ! g]micidal reag5t4 ,iron bor+s & alum9ium 7 us$ exp]im5tally by ,?re%#aa b ! process 0 n comm]cially develop$4 ,! ,de ,*lor filt]1 9 :i* c>bon is ! active sub/ance1 has be5 in/all$ at sev]al wat] works 9 ,engl& 7,read+1 ,exet]1 ,ald]%ot7 ) app>5tly successful results4 ,! ,read+ exp]im5tal in/allation1 describ$ by ,walk]1#ab consi/$ ( a /eel drum1 #h feet #c in*es 9 wid?1 ! top & bottom be+ dom$4 ,9 ! upp] portion1 #aj feet #i in*es 9 dep?1 provision 0 made = ?or\gh admixture ( ! blea* solution & wat] & a subsequ5t /orage ( ?irty m9utes4 ,! l[] section ( ! filt] 0 divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 ! fir/ & la/ ( :i* conta9$ grad$ silica2 ! middle comp>tm5t 0 fill$ ) a lay] 7#bj in*es deep7 ( specially prep>$ granulat$ *>coal or c>bon4 ,! filt] 0 op]at$ "u pressure & pass$ an av]age ( #aib1jjj ,imp4 gallons p] day1 ! rate be+ #cb1jjj ,imp4 gallons p] squ>e y>d p] day4 ,wat] f ! pre-filt]s 7pol>ite & s&7 0 treat$ ) blea* to give a conc5tration ( #a p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & pass$ ?r\gh ! ,de ,*lor filt]4 ,! av]age bact]iological results obta9$ dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s op]ation 7 z foll[s3 ,bact]ia ,p] c4cm4 ,b4 coli ,index ,gelat9e #c ,days at #bj deg4 ,c4 ,p] #ajj c4cms4 ,raw riv] wat] #f1gge #fjj ,wat] f pre-filt]s #egi #aai ,wat] f ,de ,*lor filt] #cc ,nil ,free *lor9e c\ld n be detect$ by *emical te/s 9 ! filt]$ wat] :i* 0 also free f abnormal ta/es & od\rs4 ,x is /at$ t ! c>bon has to be remov$ & revivifi$ p]iodically4 ,! filt] 0 wa%$ ab\t once p] week1 ! wa% wat] be+ only "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4 ,! exp]im5tal filt] 0 op]at$ = ne>ly two ye>s be=e be+ remov$ to p]mit ! erection ( l>g] units hav+ a total capacity ( "o million ,imp4 gallons p] day4 ,,bibliography #a ,hook]4 ,*loride ( ,lime 9 ,sanitation1 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 #b ,griff5 & ,h$all54 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiae1 #cd1 #ecj4 #c ,hale4 ,proc4 ,n4 ,j4 ,san4 ,assoc41 #aiad4 #d ,adams4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiaf1 #f1 #hfg4 #e ,ellms & ,haus]4 ,j4 ,ind4 & ,eng4 ,*em41 #aiac1 #e1 #iae & #ajcj2 ibid41 #aiad1 #f1 #eec4 #f ,wallis4 ,ind4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,res41 #aiag1 #d1 #gig4 #g ,le ,roy4 ,comptes r5d41 #aiaf1 #afc1 #bbf4 #h ,w9kl]4 ,zeit4 angew4 ,*em41 #aiae1 #bh1 #bb4 #i3 ,rideal1 ,e4 ,k4 & ,evans4 ,analy/1 #aiac1 #ch1 #cec4 #aj ,j4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc4 #aiae1 #e1 #iba4 #aa ,?re%4 ,int]nat4 ,congress ,appl4 ,*em41 #aijh4 #ab ,walk]4 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,in/4 ,pub4 ,heal?1 ,jan41 #aiaa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,liquid ,,*lor9e ,! use ( liquefi$ *lor9e = ! dis9fection ( wat] 0 fir/ propos$ by ,lieut5ant ,nesfield#a ( ! ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vice4 ,he /at$ t3 ,x occurr$ to me t *lor9e gas might be f\nd satisfactory 444 if suitable means c\ld be f\nd = us+ x4444 ,! next important "q 0 h[ to r5d] ! gas portable4 ,?is might be accompli%$ 9 two ways3 ,by liquefy+ x1 & /or+ x 9 lead-l9$ iron vessels1 hav+ a jet ) a v f9e capill>y canal1 & fitt$ ) a tap or a screw cap4 ,! tap is turn$ on1 & ! cyl9d] plac$ 9 ! am\nt ( wat] requir$4 ,! *lor9e bubbles out1 & 9 t5 to fifte5 m9utes ! wat] is absolutely safe1 & has only to be r5d]$ ta/eless by ! addition ( sodium sulphite made into a cake or tablet4444 ,! cyl9d]s c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be refill$4 ,?is me?od w\ld be ( use on a l>ge scale1 z = s]vice wat] c>ts4 ,! fir/ practical demon/ration ( ! possibilities ( ?is me?od 0 made by ,major ,d>nall#b ( ! ,m$ical ,corps1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 9 #aiaj4 ,*lor9e 0 tak5 f /eel cyl9d]s & pass$ ?r\gh automatic r$uc+ valves :i* provid$ a uni=m fl[ ( gas = ! wat] requir+ treatm5t4 ,a uni=m fl[ ( wat] 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! mix+ pipe & s secur$ a uni=m dosage4 ,?is app>atus might be consid]$ z ! =]unn] ( ! v>i\s comm]cial types ( ma*9es t 7 develop$ lat] & :i* are be+ s ext5sively us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,a work+ model1 hav+ a capacity ( #ejj gallons p] h\r1 0 erect$ at ,=t ,my]1 ,va41 & 0 op]at$ on wat] t _h be5 treat$ ) alum b _h receiv$ no fur!r purification4 ,despite ! pres5ce ( ! flocculat$ organic matt]1 satisfactory purification 0 obta9$ ) #j4e to #a4j p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & no ta/e or od\r 0 imp>t$ to ! supply4 ,f ! results obta9$ at ,=t ,my]1 & ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,d>nall conclud$ t ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ) an av]age unfilt]$ riv] wat] su* z t ( ! ,potomac1 ab\t "o-half ( "o "p 7by weight7 ( *lor9e gas p] million ( wat] w be requir$4 ,= cle> lake wat]s ?ree-t5?s to f\r-t5?s ( a "p p] million w be suffici5t4 ,a ,bo>d ( ,(fic]s ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t exam9$ ! results & report$ 7,june1 #aiaa7 ,t ! app>atus is z effici5t z purification by ozone or hypo*lorite & is m reliable 9 op]ation ?an ei!r4444 ,t x c\ld be in/all$ at a v l[ co/ & t ! co/ ( op]ation w\ld be v slight4 ,9 ,june1 #aiab1 ,orn/e9 exp]im5t$ ) *lor9e gas1 obta9$ f ! liquefi$ gas 9 cyl9d]s1 = sewage & wat] dis9fection b 8 me?od diff]$ f ,d>nall's 9 fir/ dissolv+ ! gas 9 wat] & fe$+ ! solution to ! liquid to be treat$4 ,ki5le#c made exp]im5ts at ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 9 ,novemb]1 #aiab1 & obta9$ a con/ant fl[ ( gas by means ( high- & l[-pressure valves2 ! gas 0 dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 an absorption t[] & aft]w>ds f$ to ! wat] to be treat$4 ,van ,loan & ,?omas ( ,philadelphia exp]im5t$ ) liquid *lor9e on a l>ge scale at ! ,belmont ,filt] ,plant 9 ,septemb]1 #aiab4 ,! *lor9e 0 f$ into ! filt]$ wat] bas9 9 ! gase\s /ate & ! quantity 0 regulat$ by ! loss 9 weight ( ! conta9]s4 ,! dosage 0 approximately #j4ad p4p4m4 7,we/#d74 ,jackson1 ( ,brooklyn1 made simil> exp]im5ts ab\t ! same "t at ! ,ridgewood ,res]voir1 ,brooklyn1 & 8 type ( app>atus 0 %ortly aft]w>ds put on ! m>ket z ! ,leavitt-,jackson ,liquid ,*lor9e ,ma*9e4 ,! regulation ( ! fl[ 9 ?is ma*9e 0 det]m9$ by ! loss 9 weight ( ! gas cyl9d] :i* 0 susp5d$ f a s5sitive scale beam4 ,by mov+ ! c\nt]balanc+ weight on ! beam at a con/ant rate1 a uni=m fl[ ( gas 0 obta9$1 ! area ( ! orifice be+ kept con/ant by ! equilibrium 9 ! balance op]at+ controll+ valves ?r\gh a sy/em ( lev]s4 ,?is type ( app>atus 0 tri$ at sev]al places b x 0 f\nd t ! adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ me*anism 0 too s5sitive & produc$ consid]able irregul>ities 9 ! fl[ ( gas4 ,! type us$ by ,orn/e9 & ,ki5le 7 comb9$ & comm]cially develop$ by ! ,electric ,blea*+ ,gas ,co4 ( ,new ,york4,a ,9 ?is comb9$ type ! gas 0 collect$ f "o or m cyl9d]s by means ( a manifold :i* deliv]$ x to ! regulat+ me*anism at ! pressure indicat$ by a gauge atta*$ to ! inlet pipe4 ,beyond ?is gauge 7 two pressure-regulat+ devices1 ! fir/ be+ us$ prim>ily to r$uce ! initial pressure to ab\t #ae p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & ! second = controll+ ! pressure ?r\gh a range suffici5t to give ! desir$ dis*>ge ( gas4 ,! gas f ! second regulator pass$ ?r\gh an orifice 9 a plate at a pressure indicat$ by a suitable gauge :i* 0 calibrat$ 9 t]ms ( weight ( *lor9e p] unit ( "t4 ,! gas1 on leav+ ! regulat+ app>atus1 pass$ up an absorption t[] ( h>d rubb]1 :]e x met a desc5d+ /ream ( wat]4 ,! solution 0 c>ri$ by suitable pip+ to ! po9t ( application4 ,?is type 0 modifi$ 9 "s cases by ! sub/itution ( a fl[ met] ( ! float type = ! inf]5tial pressure met]4 ,a ,?is type has rec5tly be5 )drawn f ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,manual ,control ,*lor9ator1 ,solution ,fe$1 ,type ,a4 ,ano!r type ( app>atus1 develop$ by ,wallace & ,ti]nan1,a is %[n 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,! gas "u ! pressure indicat$ by ! tank pressure gauge 7,fig4 #f7 passes into ! pressure comp5sat+ *amb]1 :i* ma9ta9s a con/ant drop 9 pressure across ! *lor9e control valve1 ?r\gh ! *eck valve1 & into ! solution j> aft] measurem5t 9 ! pulsat+ met]4 ,! wat] requir$ = dissolv+ ! *lor9e ent]s ! j> ?r\gh ! fe$ l9e & *eck valve & ! solution passes along ! fe$ l9e aft] be+ wat] seal$ 9 a special *amb]4 ,! met] is a volumetric displacem5t "o & is regulat$ by obs]v+ ! numb] ( pulsations p] m9ute4 ,ea* pulsation corresponds to #ajj milligrams or #j4jjjbb p\nd ( *lor9e2 diagrams = conv]t+ pulsations p] m9ute into weight p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs are usually provid$ ) ! app>atus4 ,?is type ( met] is suitable = quantities betwe5 #j4a & #ab p\nds p] day & possesses ! di/9ct advantage ( enabl+ ! op]ator to see ! actual deliv]y ( ! gas4 ,a ,manufactur$ by ,wallace & ,ti]nan ,co4 ,inc4 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,manual ,control ,*lor9ator1 ,solution ,fe$1 ,type ,b4 ,! quantities ( gas exce$+ #ab p\nds p] day ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #g may be us$4 ,! gas f ! control valve passes ?r\gh a visible glass orifice :i* is connect$ ) ! manomet]4 ,?is manomet]1 or *lor9e met]1 conta9s c>bon tetra*loride & is graduat$ empirically 9 t]ms ( weight ( *lor9e p] unit ( "t4 ,a suitable gauge indicates ! back pressure ?r[n by ! *eck valve & regi/]s ! same pressure z ! tank gauge :5 ! fl[ ( gas is /opp$4 ,! gas passes into ! glass cyl9d] :]e x is dissolv$ 9 wat] & passes out by ! fe$ pipe4 ,! mo/ accurate range ( ! orifice type is f #a-f1 i4e4 if ! m9imum graduation on ! scale is #aj1 ! maximum is #fj4 ,if quantities less ?an ! m9imum graduation are desir$1 a small] orifice ) its correspond+ scale c be sub/itut$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,^! types are manually controll$1 b automatic control types1 to meet almo/ any condition1 c be obta9$ & are 9 use 9 _m cities4 ,9 "s in/ances 7dry-fe$ types7 ! *lor9e gas is n dissolv$ 9 wat] prior to addition to ! wat] requir+ treatm5t b is c>ri$ to ! po9t ( application z a dry gas & ent]s ! wat] ?r\gh a diffusion plate made ( c>borundum sponge4 ,! sponge becomes saturat$ ) wat] because ( ! capill>y action ( ! c>borundum ^u ! wat]4 ,! pressure ( ! *lor9e 9 ! fe$ pipe =ces ! gas ?r\gh ! diffus] 9 ! =m ( m9ute bubbles :i* become saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,on meet+ ! wat] !y imm$iately g into solution & no gas escapes4 ,! op]ation ( liquid *lor9e ma*9es is exce$+ly simple4 ,aft] ! cyl9d]s h be5 connect$1 ! cyl9d] valves are op5$ & ! jo9ts te/$ = leakage by hold+ a swab ( absorb5t cotton saturat$ ) /rong ammonia "u !m2 a leakage is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( :ite fumes ( ammonium *loride4 ,! control valve is !n slightly op5$ & ! auxili>y cyl9d] valves p>tially op5$2 :il/ ! pressure 9 ! app>atus is sl[ly increas+ ! rema9d] ( ! jo9ts are te/$ & if f\nd to be tight1 ! cyl9d] valves are fully op5$ & ! control valve op5$ to ! desir$ am\nt4 ,9 ! solution fe$ types ! wat] requir$ z solv5t is turn$ on be=e ! control valve is op5$4 ,once ! app>atus is work+1 no fur!r att5tion is requir$1 except = ! regulation ( ! dosage 9 ! manual control types1 until ! cyl9d]s are replac$4 ,:5 ! /ock ( gas 9 ! cyl9d]s is almo/ deplet$ ! pressure falls b x is always pref]able to det]m9e ! /ock by /&+ ! cyl9d]s on a plat=m scale & weigh+ at regul> int]vals4 ,?is also provides a *eck on ! app>atus & c be utilis$ to *eck ! op]ators4 ,! accumulation ( sub/ances t imp$e ! fl[ ( gas is usually sl[ & is indicat$ by a gradual increase 9 ! back pressure4 ,! orifice is calibrat$ at #be p\nds back pressure & any deviation f ?is figure w %[ a discrepancy betwe5 ! actual weight ( *lor9e evaporat$ & ! am\nt calculat$ f ! scale read+4 ,liquid *lor9e is usually s5t out by ! manufactur]s 9 /eel cyl9d]s :i* conta9 ab\t #a4a cubic feet ( liquid or approximately #ajj p\nds 7#a cu4 ft4 #hi4ge p\nds74,a ,a ,an ef=t is n[ be+ made to /&>dise cyl9d]s ( #aej lbs4 capacity4 ,= small in/allations only "o cyl9d] is necess>y b x is always pref]able to connect m ?an "o4 ,:5 ! fl[ ( gas is rapid ! temp]ature ( ! liquid *lor9e falls & r$uces ! pressure4 ,! effect ( ! fall 9 temp]ature1 due to ! lat5t heat ( evaporation1 c be p>tially ov]come by us+ a l>g] numb] ( cyl9d]s2 9 addition a s\rce ( ext]nal heat %\ld be provid$ t w ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]s at a m9imum ( #hj deg4 ,f4 ,?is is a s9e qua non = successful op]ation4 ,! effect ( ! temp]ature ^u ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s is %[n 9 ,diagram ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,vii ,,*lor9e ,,gas ,,pressures ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,temp]atures ,9 practice x is f\nd impossible to utilise all ! gas conta9$ 9 ! conta9]s2 :5 ! cyl9d]s are almo/ empty ! pressure necess>y = ! op]ation ( ! regulat+ device _c be obta9$ & full cyl9d]s mu/ be atta*$4 ,:5 suffici5t heat is provid$ ! weight ( *lor9e 9 ! cyl9d] c be r$uc$ to #a - #a-a_/b p\nds be=e ! tank pressure becomes too l[4 ,liquid *lor9e ma*9es w op]ate1 ) ord9>y c>e1 = long p]iods4 ,! v>i\s p>ts are made ( su* metals z exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ to be be/ able to resi/ ! corrosive action ( ! dry gas & ! app>atus is design$ to prev5t ! access ( moi/ure :i* w\ld o!rwise produce corrosion & imp$e ! fl[ ( gas4 ,/oppages are sometimes caus$ by br[n deposits d]iv$ f impurities 9 ! liquid *lor9e4 ,^! are prim>ily due to v>iations 9 ! graphite electrodes us$ 9 ! electrolytic process = ! manufacture ( *lor9e f salt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,dunwoodie ,*lor9at+ ,plant ,treat+ #djj1jjj1jjj ,gallons ,p] ,day = ,new ,york ,city4 ,to convey ! dry gas f ! app>atus to ! po9t ( application1 copp] or iron pipes may be us$2 = aque\s solutions1 flexible rubb] hose mu/ be employ$4 ,*lor9e wat] is exce$+ly active1 *emically1 & rapidly attacks all ! common metals2 ord9>y galvanis$ iron pipe is erod$ 9 a few days & %\ld nev] be us$4 ,liquid *lor9e1 = wat] dis9fection1 possesses sev]al m>k$ advantages ov] ! ord9>y blea* process4 7#a7 ,! /]ilis+ ag5t is practically #ajj p] c5t pure1 ! only impurities be+ traces ( c>bon dioxide & air1 & does n det]iorate on /orage2 x w1 9 fact1 keep almo/ indef9itely4 7#b7 ,liquid *lor9e practically elim9ates all lab\r co/s because ( ! simplicity ( ! app>atus & ! conc5trat$ =m ( ! /]ilis+ ag5t4 ,! app>atus is s compact t all ! cyl9d]s & regulat+ app>atus requir$ = deliv]+ #bjj p\nds ( gas p] day c be plac$ 9 an area ( ab\t #ej squ>e feet & x c consequ5tly be almo/ inv>iably accommodat$ 9 locations :]e ! trifl+ am\nt ( att5tion requir$ c be obta9$ )\t extra co/4 7#c7 ,! sludge problem1 insep>able f blea* in/allations1 is elim9at$4 7#d7 ,regulation ( ! dosage is simpl] & consequ5tly usually m accurate4 ,! dos+ app>atus 9 blea* plants inv>iably t5ds to *oke & dem&s regul> att5tion f intellig5t op]ators2 a simil> t5d5cy 9 liquid *lor9e ma*9es is easily detect$ & electrical devices c be in/all$ to indicate automatically any *anges 9 ! fl[4 7#e7 ,! fir/ co/ is small]4 ,! co/ ( liquid *lor9e ma*9es v>ies f #djj1 = ! small manual control types1 to #a1bjj1 = ! automatic control types4 ,! capital outlay is ma9ly det]m9$ by ! numb] ( ma*9es & accessories requir$ & n1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 by ! capacity4 ,"o ma*9e w deliv] up to #bjj p\nds ( gas p] day1 an am\nt suffici5t to treat #fj1jjj1jjj ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 gallons 7#ej1jjj1jjj ,imp4 gals47 at #j4dj p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e4 ,unless duplicate ma*9es are in/all$ = ! high] rates1 ! fir/ co/ is inv]sely proportional1 ?\gh n directly s1 to ! volume ( wat] treat$4 ,x is 9 all cases less ?an ! fir/ co/ ( a blea* plant ( equal capacity1 accuracy1 & durability4 7#f7 ,liquid *lor9e in/allations usually t5d to produce less compla9ts z to ta/es & od\rs4 ,?is is probably due1 n to any m]it ( ! *lor9e p] se1 b to a m accurate regulation ( ! dosage & effici5t di/ribution ( ! *lor9e 9 ! treat$ wat]4 ,! advantages ensu+ f ?or\gh admixture _h only become p>tially appreciat$ be=e liquid *lor9e ma*9es 7 fully develop$ & !y h be5 m fully utilis$ 9 ! design ( ^! lat] in/allations4 ,claims h also be5 made t liquid *lor9e prev5ts aft]gr[?s b no evid5ce c be adduc$ 9 support ( ?is /atem5t4 ,aft]gr[?s h occurr$ at _m places :]e ?is process is employ$ & 9 ?is respect x possesses no advantage ov] hypo*lorite in/allations4 ,x is also claim$ t "o p\nd ( liquid *lor9e is m effici5t1 z a g]micide1 ?an an equal weight ( *lor9e 9 ! =m ( blea*4 ,jackson#e has /at$ t #a p\nd ( *lor9e is equal to #i p\nds ( blea*2 ,ki5le 7loc4 cit47 t x 0 equal to #h p\nds ( blea*1 :il/ ,huy claim$ to h obta9$ an effici5cy ratio ( #a3aj at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! conditions ( ! exp]im5t 7 n comp>able h[ev]1 9 ! la/ m5tion$ ratio4 ,catlett1 at ,wilm+ton1 ,n4 ,c4 7,we/#d7 obta9$ a bett] bact]ial r$uction ) #a p\nd ( liquid *lor9e ?an ) #f p\nds ( blea*4 ,! effici5cy ratio ( *lor9e to blea* has be5 report$ ^u by ,we/4#d ,f #aiaj-aiac ! mix$ filt] efflu5ts ( ! ,torresdale plant at ,philadelphia 7 treat$ ) blea* b 9 ,novemb]1 #aiac ! liquid *lor9e process 0 sub/itut$4 ,on comp>+ ! results obta9$ dur+ ! same mon?s ( ! two p]iods x 0 f\nd t1 9 g5]al1 #a p\nd ( liquid *lor9e gave a slightly high] p]c5tage purification ?an #f-g p\nds ( blea*4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ at ! o!r ,philadelphia plants4 ,! figures publi%$ by ,we/ %[ t ! hypo*lorite solutions us$ 7 abnormally /rong 7#c4f-aj4d p] c5t ( available *lor9e71 a condition t w\ld increase ! difficulty ( extract+ all ! soluble hypo*lorite4 ,x 0 f\nd inde$1 t1 "u ! mo/ advantage\s conditions1 only #hg p] c5t ( ! available *lor9e 0 extract$4 ,! av]age *lor9e cont5t ( ! blea* us$ dur+ #aiab-aiac 0 #cf4a p] c5t b ! figures giv5 w\ld indicate t at lea/ #a4e p] c5t1 a r$uction ( #d4f p] c5t ( ! total1 0 lo/ dur+ /orage4 ,x w\ld seem n improbable t ! total loss "u av]age conditions 0 n less ?an #bj p] c5t1 :i* w\ld r$uce ! effici5cy ratio to #a3d4h-e4f4 ,hale#f also made a comp>ison ( ! relative effici5cy ( liquid *lor9e & hypo*lorite ( lime at ,new ,york1 & ! e>li] results agre$ ) ,we/'s ratio ( #a3f-g4 ,an inve/igation %[$ t l>ge quantities ( *lor9e 7 n extract$ f ! blea* & :5 ?is condition 0 rectifi$ ! total loss av]ag$ only #d p] c5t & ! results obta9$ 7 equal to ^? giv5 by ! liquid *lor9e ma*9es4 ,hale's comp>ative figures are giv5 9 ,table ,,xxiii4 ,,table ,,xxiii4--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,liquid ,,*lor9e ,,) ,,effici5t ,,use ,,( ,,blea*--7,,hale7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,treatm5t4 ,wat] ,numb] ( ,*lor9e ,r$uction ,treat$4 ,samples4 p4p4m4 ( ,b4 coli4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,blea* ,croton #hd #j4bg-j4cf #ic ,liquid *lor9e ,bronx #hd #j4bg-j4cf #ic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,hale conclud$ t1 :5 effici5tly us$1 ! ratio ( *lor9e to blea* requir$ to produce equal bact]ial purification1 approa*$ #a3c4 ,! results obta9$ by ! au?or 9 ,ottawa are simil> to ^? ( ,hale4 ,dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( ! blea* treatm5t a dosage ( #a4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e 0 requir$ to obta9 satisfactory purification b v>i\s improvem5ts t 7 subsequ5tly made enabl$ ! quantity to be r$uc$ to #j4h p4p4m4 ,! same raw wat] usually requires #j4ge to #j4hj p4p4m4 ( liquid *lor9e to obta9 ! same purification4 ,! total losses 9 ! ,ottawa blea* plant av]ag$ #f-h p] c5t & bas$ on ^! figures ! effici5cy ratio is approximately #a3c4e4 ,ratios z l[ z #a3c4e c only be obta9$ by ! sup]vision ( a *emi/ & ?is analytical control involves additional exp5se t mu/ be *>g$ aga9/ ! blea* process4 ,no *emical analyses are necess>y = ! control ( liquid *lor9e plants4 ,disadvantages ( ,liquid ,*lor9e ,plants4 ,! ma9 objection to ! use ( liquid *lor9e is t ! slight leaks ( gas occur occasionally & unless remov$ by =c$ v5tilation may produce a conc5tration ( *lor9e t w injure ! op]ators4 ,pett5k(] & ,lehmann#g f\nd t #j4jja-j4jje p] c5t ( *lor9e 9 air affect$ ! respiratory organs2 #j4jd-j4jf p] c5t produc$ dang]\s symptoms1 :il/ conc5trations exce$+ #j4jf p] c5t rapidly prov$ fatal4 ,! dang] ( gas leakages c be elim9at$ by plac+ ! app>atus 9 a small sep>ate room provid$ ) a fan & a v5tilation duct4 ,by ! lib]al use ( glass 9 ! con/ruction ( ! room1 ! op]ation ( ! plant c be se5 at all times )\t ent]+ ! *amb]4 ,a portion ( ! liquid *lor9e app>atus is made ( glass & is consequ5tly easily fractur$4 ,duplicates ( ! glass p>ts %\ld be kept 9 /ock to prev5t int]rupt+ ! supply ( gas2 a duplicate ma*9e is also advisable 9 l>ge in/allations4 ,co/ ( ,treatm5t4 ,prior to ! outbreak ( w> 9 #aiad1 liquid *lor9e sold at #aj-aa c5ts p] p\nd 9 small quantities & = #h-i c5ts p] p\nd 9 l>ge %ipm5ts4 ,9 #aiag ! price 0 #ah-bj c5ts p] p\nd = small quantities & #ae c5ts upw>ds = l>ge contracts4 ,canadian prices are #be p] c5t high]4 ,! am\nt ( *lor9e requir$ = satisfactory dis9fection 7see ,*apt] ,,iii7 dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! wat] & ! co/ ( treatm5t v>ies accord+ly4 ,9 ! majority ( plants ! co/ v>ies f #be-ij c5ts p] million gallons4 ,popul>ity ( ,process4 ,s9ce #aiac1 :5 ! fir/ comm]cial liquid *lor9e ma*9es 7 us$1 ! popul>ity ( ?is process has increas$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,9 #aiac ov] #a1gjj million gallons p] day 7 treat$ ) hypo*lorite2 9 #aiae1 #a1jjj million gallons p] day 7 treat$ ) liquid *lor9e & an approximately equal am\nt ) hypo*lorite2 9 ,janu>y #aiah1 ! am\nts 7 #c1ejj million gallons p] day 7liquid *lor9e7 & #ejj million gallons p] day 7hypo*lorite74 ,?is wond]ful developm5t has be5 l>gely due to ! intr9sic m]its ( ! process & ! reliability ( ! ma*9es manufactur$ al?\gh x has be5 indirectly assi/$ by ! excessive co/ ( hypo*lorite dur+ #aiae-aiaf4 ,liquid *lor9e ma*9es are be+ us$ = ! purification ( wat] on ! ,we/]n ,front ( ! ,european battlefield4 ,! outfit is a mobile "o & consi/s ( a rapid s& filt]1 liquid *lor9e app>atus1 a small /orage tank & solution tanks4 ,ow+ to ! limit$ contact p]iod available a l>ge dosage ( *lor9e is employ$ & ! excess aft]w>ds remov$ by ! addition ( a solution ( sodium ?iosulphate4 ,*lor9e ,wat]4 ,m>%all#h has propos$ ! use ( *lor9e wat] = ! /]ilisation ( wat] = troops4 ,! solution is conta9$ 9 amp\les :i* are ( two sizes1 "o = wat] c>ts & ! o!r = wat] bottles ( "o qu>t capacity4 ,! coeffici5t ( solubility ( *lor9e1 f #aj deg4-#da deg4 ,c4 is ,c #c4jcfa - #j4jdaift #j4jjjaajgt#b2 :5 t #aj deg4 ,c4 #a c4cm4 ( wat] absorbs #b4eh c4cms4 ( *lor9e or #h4b m4gr41 a quantity suffici5t to give a conc5tration ( #a p4p4m4 9 #h litres ( wat]4 ,m>%all has /at$ t1 :5 pure mat]ials are us$1 *lor9e wat] is /able b ! au?or is unable to confirm ?is4 ,a saturat$ solution ( *lor9e 9 di/ill$ wat] lo/ ov] #ej p] c5t ( its available *lor9e cont5t :5 /or$ = five days 9 ! d>k at #gj deg4 ,f4 ,! *lor9e pres5t z hypo*lor\s acid increas$ slightly b ! quantity nev] exce$$ v small proportions4 ,*lor9e solutions decompose 9 accordance ) ! equation1 ,cl#b ,h#b,o #b;,h,cl ,o4 ,al?\gh *lor9e wat] appe>s to be ( little value because ( its in/ability !re appe>s to be no reason :y *lor9e hydrate %\ld n be successfully employ$4 ,! hydrate 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,f>aday#i by pass+ *lor9e into wat] surr\nd$ by a freez+ mixture4 ,a ?ick yell[ magma result$ f :i* ! cry/als ( *lor9e hydrate 7 sep>at$ by press+ betwe5 filt] pap] at #j deg4 ,c4 ,! hydrate prep>$ by ,f>aday 0 f\nd to h ! composition repres5t$ by ! =mula ,cl4#e;,h#b,o b lat] inve/igators h %[n t m conc5trat$ hydrates c be prep>$4 ,roozeboom#aj prep>$ a hydrate repres5t$ by ! =mula ,cl4#d;,h#b,o & ,=cr&#aa "o conta9+ only #c-a_/b molecules ( wat] 7,cl#b4g;,h#b,o74 ,*lor9e hydrate sep>ates into *lor9e gas & *lor9e wat] at #i4f deg4 ,c4 9 op5 vessels & at #bh4g deg4 ,c4 9 clos$ vessels4 ,p$l]#ab has %[n t :5 ! ratio ( ,cl#b3;,h#b,o is #a3fd or great]1 ! mixture ( *lor9e hydrate & wat] exhibits great /ability & c be expos$ to tropical sunlight = sev]al mon?s )\t decomposition4 ,cl#b4fd;,h#b,o conta9s #e4h p] c5t ( *lor9e & ab\t #h4 c4cms4 w\ld be requir$ to give a conc5tration ( #a p4p4m4 9 #aaj ,imp4 gallons ( wat]1 ! usual capacity ( a milit>y wat] c>t4 ,,bibliography #a ,nesfield4 ,public ,heal?1 #aijc1 #ae1 #fja4 #b ,d>nall4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiaa1 #a1 #gac4 #c ,ki5le4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiac1 #bgd4 #d ,we/4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiad1 #a1 #djj-ddf4 #e ,jackson4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiac4 #f ,hale4 ,proc4 ,n4 ,j4 ,san4 ,assoc41 #aiad4 #g ,pett5k(] & ,lehmann4 ,muni* ,acad41 #ahhg4 #h ,m>%all4 ,conv4 ,am]4 ,elect4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aiag4 ,eng4 & ,contr41 #aiah1 #di1 #dj4 #i ,f>aday4 ,q4 ,j4 ,s41 #ae1 #ga4 #aj ,roozeboom4 ,rec4 ,trav4 ,*im41 #ahhe1 #c1 #ei4 #aa ,=cr&4 ,comp4 r5d41 #aijb1 #acd1 #iia4 #ab ,p$l]4 ,j4 ,c4 ,s41 #ahij1 #hc1 #fac4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,electrolytic ,,hypo*lorites ,,& ,,*lor9e ,s9ce #ahhi :5 ,web/] fir/ propos$ ! use ( electrolys$ sea-wat] z a dis9fectant1 v>i\s attempts h be5 made to introduce electrolytic hypo*lorites = ! bact]icidal treatm5t ( wat] & sewage4 ,two ( ^! prep>ations 7 nam$ ,h]mite fluid1 & electrozone 7c4f4 page #e74 ,sodium hypo*lorite1 made by pass+ *lor9e into solutions ( cau/ic soda1 or by ! decomposition ( blea* by sodium c>bonate1 has also be5 us$ & prep>ations ( ?is "* h be5 sold "u su* names z ,eau de ,javelle1 ,lab>raque solution1 *loros1 & *lorozone4 ,^! solutions conta9 mixtures ( sodium hypo*lorite & sodium *loride toge!r ) "s free alkali4 ,*lorozone 0 ! "n giv5 by ,c\nt ,di5heim-,bro*oki to a numb] ( prep>ations pat5t$ 9 #ahgf & subsequ5tly d[n to #ahhe4 ,!y 7 produc$ by pass+ air & *lor9e into solutions ( cau/ic soda4 ,lunge & ,l&olt#a h %[n t ! air introduc$ is )\t effect & t ! advantages claim$ = *lorozone are illusory4 ,! e>lie/ electrolytic in/allation on ?is cont95t 0 op]at$ at ,brew/]1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahic & s9ce t date sev]al plants h be5 erect$ :]e local conditions conduc$ to economical op]ation4 ,:5 a uni-directional curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( sodium *loride1 ! salt is dissociat$ & ! compon5ts lib]at$1 ,na,cl ,na ,cl4 ,if ! elem5ts are n sep>at$1 ! *lor9e comb9es ) ! sodium hydrate1 =m$ by ! action ( ! sodium on ! wat]1 to =m sodium hypo*lorite4 ,! equations #b,na #b;,h#b,o #b,na,o,h ,h#b1 & #b,na,o,h ,cl#b ,na,o,cl ,na,cl ,h#b,o %[ t only "o-half ( ! *lor9e produc$ is f\nd z hypo*lorite2 ! o!r half re=m+ sodium *loride4 ,sev]al types ( electrolys]s h be5 us$ = ! production ( hypo*lorites & *lor9e b only two are suitable = wat]-works purposes3 9 "o1 ! ca?odic & anodic products recomb9e 9 ! ma9 body ( ! electrolyte2 9 ! o!r1 ! diaphragm process1 !y are sep>at$ z remov$ & ! f9al products are *lor9e gas & a solution conta9+ cau/ic soda & "s undecompos$ salt4 ,until a few ye>s ago ! non-diaphragm process 0 ! only "o us$ = wat] treatm5t & x w consequ5tly be discuss$ fir/4 ,non-diaphragm ,process4 ,! !oretical voltage requir$ = ! decomposition ( sodium *loride is #b4c b :5 ! products recomb9e 9 ! electrolyte1 side reactions occur :i* increase ! m9imum voltage to #c4ed4 ,on ?is basis "o kil[att h\r gives #bgb amp]e h\rs & z "o amp]e h\r is !oretically capable ( produc+ #a4cc grams ( *lor9e1 #a4ba kil[att h\rs are necess>y = ! production ( #a p\nd ( *lor9e by ! decomposition ( #a4fe p\nds ( salt4 ,*>les ,watt 7#ahea7 discov]$ ?is process & 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! necess>y conditions :i* are 7#a7 insoluble electrodes1 7#b7 l[ temp]ature ( electrolyte1 & 7#c7 rapid circulation ( electrolyte f ! ca?ode to ! anode4 ,! control ( ! temp]ature is v important1 = z x increases1 side reactions occur ) ! =mation ( *lorates1 & ! effici5cy is decreas$4 ,! non-diaphragm cells us$ 9 ,europe 7,haas & ,oettel1 ,kelln]1 ,h]mite1 ,vogels&1 & ,ma!r & ,platt7 h be5 describ$ by ,k]%aw4#b ,9 ! ,haas & ,oettel electrolys] ! electrodes are compos$ ( c>bon b 9 ! o!r types at lea/ "o electrode is made f plat9um or a plat9um alloy4 ,! ,dayton electrolys]1 :i* is ! cell mo/ famili> 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,dayton ,electrolytic ,cell4 ,! out] cell is made ( soap/one & is approximately #b-a_/b feet long & #b feet wide4 ,! ma9 electrodes consi/ ( f\r pieces ( ,at*eson graphite connect$ toge!r by screws & metal /rips to :i* is atta*$ a clamp = connect+ electrical t]m9als4 ,circulation ( ! br9e is produc$ by glass baffle plates & second>y electrodes plac$ "o in* ap>t betwe5 ! ma9 electrodes4 ,! cell is int5d$ to be us$ at #aaj-volts pressure b by wir+ two cells 9 s]ies a #bbj-volt circuit may be employ$4 ,an inlet & outlet are provid$ at ea* end ( ! tank to p]mit ! direction ( ! fl[ to be p]iodically rev]s$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ! lime deposit f ! graphite plates4 ,! salt solution is prep>$ 9 wood5 tanks f co>se clean salt 7gr\nd rock salt is unsuitable71 conta9+ z little iron z possible1 9 ! proportion ( #ej p\nds to #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh a gravel or o!r suitable filt] ! br9e solution is c>ri$ by brass pipes to ! electrolys]4 ,! rate ( fl[ is adju/$ to ! temp]ature ( ! hypo*lorite solution leav+ ! cell b "u normal conditions x is /at$ t ! cell describ$ w pass #dj gallons p] h\r ) a consumption ( #gj amp]es & produce #b-a_/b p\nds ( *lor9e p] h\r4 ,?is is equal to #h p\nds ( salt & #c4jh kil[att h\rs p] p\nd ( *lor9e4 ,aft] ! cells h be5 op]at$ = sev]al mon?s ! effici5cy usually falls & #aj-aa p\nds ( salt & #c4e-c4g kil[att h\rs are requir$ = ! production ( "o p\nd ( *lor9e4 ,! conc5tration ( ! hypo*lorite solution is usually ab\t #f grams p] litre4 ,rick>d#c /at$ t by cool+ ! ,dayton cell ) ice #a p\nd ( *lor9e c\ld be produc$ f #b4fe kil[att h\rs & #f4i p\nds ( sodium *loride2 )\t cool+ ! figures 7 #c4fb kil[att h\rs & #g4b p\nds ( salt4 ,bas$ on ! figures t h be5 obta9$ f mature cells1 ! effici5cy ( ! ,dayton cell z comp>$ ) ^? describ$ by ,k]%aw is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,salt4 ,,p[]4 ,,p] ,,p\nd ,,( ,,available ,,*lor9e4 ,type ( ,cell4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,p\nds4 ,p] ,c5t ,kil[att ,effici5cy ,consum$4 ,h\rs4 ,p] ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,haas & ,oettel #aj4g #ae4d #c4h #ca4i ,kelln] #g4e #bb4j #b4ge #dc4i ,h]mite #aa4b #ad4e #b4hg #db4b ,ma!r & ,platt 4444 4444 #b4ge #dc4i ,dayton #aj4j #af4e #c4f #cc4f ,!oretical #a4fe #ajj4j #a4ba #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! co/ ( production dep5ds ^u local conditions3 if alt]nat+ curr5t is available at #cj p] horse-p[] p] annum1 & l[-grade salt c be obta9$ = #e p] ton ! co/ ( #a p\nd ( *lor9e w\ld be ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,co/ 7,,c5ts7 ,,p] ,,p\nd ,,( ,,available ,,*lor9e4 ,type ( ,cell4 -------------------------- ,salt4 ,curr5t4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,haas & ,oettel #b4fg #a4ig #d4fd ,kelln] #a4hg #a4dc #c4cj ,h]mite #b4hj #a4di #d4bi ,dayton #b4ej #a4ib #d4db ---------------------------------------- --- ,! electrical & *emical effici5cies ( ! ,haas & ,oettel & ,dayton cells1 :i* conta9 c>bon electrodes1 are small] ?an ^? conta9+ plat9um electrodes b = wat] /]ilisation ! c>bon cells h be5 f\nd to be m suitable4 ,to prev5t ! action ( magnesium salts on ! plat9um electrodes x is necess>y to use a high] grade ( salt or to provide means ( purification4 ,because ( ! abs5ce ( a base & ! pres5ce ( *lorides1 electrolytic hypo*lorite _c be /or$ = m ?an a few h\rs )\t appreciable loss ( titre4 ,unless us$ = ! treatm5t ( ! efflu5t ( a filt] plant op]at$ at a fairly con/ant rate a small /orage tank is necess>y to comp5sate = ! irregul> dem& & to provide ! head requir$ by orifice fe$ boxes4 ,small v>iations c be made by regulat+ ! fl[ ?r\gh ! cells b l>ge ones are n compatible ) effici5cy1 :i* is ! highe/ "u a con/ant load4 ,claims h be5 made t electrolytic hypo*lorite is m effici5t z a g]micide ?an blea* :5 comp>$ on ! basis ( _! available *lor9e cont5t b no evid5ce ( x has be5 produc$4 ,blea* conta9s an excess ( base1 :i* ret>ds ! g]micidal action1 & electrolytic hypo*lorite conta9s an excess ( sodium *loride1 :i* accel]ates x 7,race#d7 b ! ultimate effect is ! same ) bo?4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,table ,,xxiv4 ,,table ,,xxiv4,a--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,blea* ,,) ,,electrolytic ,,hypo*lorite ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,blea*4 ,,electrolytic ,,hypo*lorite4 -------------------------------------- ,contact ,p]iod4 ,available ,*lor9e4 ,p>ts ,p] ,million4 ------------------------------------ #j4d #j4f #j4d #j4f ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,nil #ahb 444 444 444 #aj m9utes #acj #aj #abj #h #a h\r #ff #a #fj #j #b h\rs #c #j #a #j #c-a_/b h\rs #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,a ,results are ,b4 coli p] #aj c4cms4 ,electrolytic hypo*lorite has a great] g]micidal velocity ?an blea* b ! diff]5ce is s small z to be ( no practical importance4 ,rabs#e exp]im5t$ ) v>i\s hypo*lorites b 0 unable to f9d any appreciable diff]5ces 9 _! g]micidal action4 ,if electrical p[] c be obta9$ at a v l[ co/1 or if ! co/ is m]ely nom9al1 z x is :5 !re is an appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 ! normal consumption & ! peak load ^u :i* ! rate is bas$1 ! electrolytic hypo*lorite me?od (f]s "s advantages b 9 ! great majority ( plants x _c economically compete ) blea*4 ,! in/ability ( ! liquor & cell tr\bles h also prev5t$ ! process be+ g5]ally utilis$4 ,baltimore & ,c9c9nati exp]im5t$ ) ?is me?od b did n adopt x4 ,w9sl[#f has report$ t1 ow+ to ! difficulty 9 obta9+ blea* s9ce ! outbreak ( w>1 ,petrograd has us$ electrolytic hypo*lorite made f salt4 ,diaphragm ,process4 ,! v>i\s types ( diaphragm cells t h be5 comm]cially op]at$ are ( two v>ieties3 7#a7 cells ) subm]g$ diaphragms & 7#b7 cells 9 :i* ! electrolyte comes 9 contact ) "o face only ( an unsubm]g$ diaphragm4 ,! ,le ,sueur1 ,gibbs1 ,crock]1 ,billit]-,siem5s1 ,nelson1 & ,h>greaves-,bird cells are ( ! subm]g$ diaphragm v>iety4 ,! ,nelson cell has be5 op]at$ = "s "t at ! filtration plant at ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! cells are f$ ) br9e solution previ\sly purifi$ by ! addition ( soda a% & h giv5 fairly successful results al?\gh ! co/ ( ma9t5ance is comp>atively high4 ,tolman#g has report$ t sev]al t[ns 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia use a blea* solution prep>$ by absorb+ *lor9e1 manufactur$ by ! ,h>greaves-,bird process1 9 lime wat]2 ! solution conta9s ab\t #a4ie p] c5t ( available *lor9e4 ,! diaphragms 9 bo? ! subm]g$ & unsubm]g$ types are usually con/ruct$ ei!r ) asbe/os pap] or clo?1 plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to divide ! cells into two sep>ate comp>tm5ts3 ! anodic1 into :i* ! br9e is f$ & :]e ! *lor9e is produc$2 & ! ca?odic1 :]e cau/ic soda is =m$4 ,by ma9ta9+ ! liquor 9 ! anodic comp>tm5t at a high] elevation ?an 9 ! ca?odic "o1 ! direction ( fl[ is t[>ds ! latt]1 b ow+ to osmosis & diffusion ! sep>ation is n complete & a portion ( ! cau/ic soda passes ! diaphragm & produces hypo*lorite ) a consequ5t loss ( effici5cy & rapid det]ioration ( ! anodes4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,billit]-,siem5s cell1 ! subm]g$ diaphragm cells op]ate at n m ?an #he p] c5t effici5cy & ! co/ ( ma9t5ance is usually high4 ,9 ! non-subm]g$ diaphragm types ! invasion ( ! anodic comp>tm5t by cau/ic is mu* r$uc$ & ! effici5cy & life increas$4 ,an electrolys] ( ! non-subm]g$ diaphragm type is ! ,all5-,moore cell :i* has be5 adopt$ by ! ,montreal ,wat] & ,p[] ,co4 ,?is has be5 describ$ by ,pit*] & ,mead[s4#h ,! g5]al lay-out ( ! in/allation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & ! ess5tial features are3 a salt /orage b9 hav+ a capacity ( #dj tons2 ! br9e saturat+ & purify+ app>atus2 duplicate #ae horse-p[] motor-g5]ator sets2 f\r *lor9e cells2 & ! silv] ejectors & di/ribut+ l9es = c>ry+ ! *lor9e solution to ! po9t ( application4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj--;,br9e ,saturat+ & ,purify+ ,equipm5t4 ,! br9e solution1 :i* is prep>$ by pass+ wat] ?r\gh ! saturators previ\sly fill$ ) salt1 is deliv]$ to ! two concrete reaction tanks :]e an am\nt ( soda a% & cau/ic liquor suffici5t to comb9e ) ! calcium & magnesium salts is add$1 & ! mixture filt]$ ?r\gh s& & /or$ 9 ! purifi$ br9e tanks4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( hypo*lorites by ! int]action ( *lor9e & alkali1 ! alkal9ity ( ! liquor is det]m9$ & suffici5t hydro*loric acid add$ to ensure an acidity ( #j4ja p] c5t4 ,! acid br9e is deliv]$ at "o end ( ! f\r cells 7,fig4 #aa7 ea* ( :i* is #g feet long & #bj-c_/h in*es wide & consumes #fjj amp]es at #c4c volts4 ,! cell box is built ( concrete & is provid$ ) a p]=at$ wr\ght iron ca?ode box & graphite anode plates :i* are sep>at$ by an unsubm]g$ asbe/os pap] diaphragm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,sections ( ,all5-,moore ,cell4 ,ea* cell has a capacity ( #cb p\nds ( *lor9e p] day & ! gas fl[ is det]m9$ by measur+ ! volume ( cau/ic soda produc$ 9 a giv5 p]iod ( "t & calculat+ ! weight f ! volume & conc5tration z det]m9$ by titration ) /&>d acid2 ea* gram ( ,na,o,h is equal to #j4hh gram ( *lor9e4 ,! effici5cy ( ! cell is obta9$ by divid+ ! numb] ( grams ( *lor9e produc$ p] h\r by ! product ( ! curr5t volume 79 amp]es7 & ! factor #a4cc1 ! !oretical production ( *lor9e = "o amp]e h\r4 ,! av]age effici5cy ( ! ,montreal cells 0 f\nd to be #ic p] c5t4 ,! in/allation comprises f\r cells1 "o be+ held 9 res]ve1 & ! annual co/ ( produc+ #ij p\nds ( *lor9e p] day is giv5 z #b1ejj4 ,! details are3 ,salt at #h4jj p] ton1 deliv]$ #ejj4jj ,p[]1 #ae ,h4,p41 at #cj4jj flat rate #dej4jj ,lab\r & sup]9t5d5ce #ejj4jj ,int]e/ at #f p] c5t on capital co/ #cjj4jj ,depreciation1 #ae p] c5t #gej4jj --------- #b1ejj4jj co/ p] p\nd ( *lor9e #g4f c5ts4 ,! diaphragm cells1 l ! non-diaphragm ones1 op]ate mo/ effici5tly "u a con/ant load2 !y are consequ5tly suitable = treat+ ! efflu5t ( filt] plants4 ,:]e v *eap electrical p[] c be obta9$1 ! co/ p] p\nd ( available *lor9e is less = ! electrolytic me?od j describ$ ?an = liquid *lor9e or *lor9e obta9$ f blea*2 b ?is condition obta9s 9 v few places4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,mead[s has sugge/$ to ! au?or t ! co/ c\ld be r$uc$ by conv]t+ ! *lor9e gas into hypo*lorite & !n add+ dilute ammonia z 9 ! *loram9e process 7vide page #aae74 ,! cau/ic liquor1 usually run to wa/e f ! ca?odic comp>tm5t1 c\ld be deliv]$ into a fe$ box f :i* x w\ld be drawn (f by ! wat] injector us$ = dissolv+ ! *lor9e gas4 ,,bibliography #a ,lunge & ,l&olt4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,dy]s & ,col\ri/s1 ,nov4 #be1 #ahhe4 #b ,k]%aw4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiab1 #ca1 #ed4 #c ,rick>d4 ,qu>4 ,bull4 ,ohio ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,oct4-,dec41 #aijd4 #d ,race4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiah1 #e1 #fc4 #e ,rabs4 ,hygi5is*e ,runds*au1 #aija1 #aa4 #f ,w9sl[4 ,public ,heal? ,rpts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 ,h4 ,s41 #aiag1 #cb1 #bbjb4 #g ,tolman4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiag1 #d1 #ccg4 #h ,pit*] & ,mead[s4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiag1 #d1 #ccg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*loram9e ,*loram9e 7,,nh#b;,cl71 a *emical comp\nd 9 :i* "o ( ! hydrog5 atoms ( ammonia has be5 replac$ by *lor9e1 0 discov]$ by ,ras*ig#a 9 #aijg4 ,*loram9e 0 prep>$ by cool+ dilute solutions ( blea* & ammonia & add+ ! latt] to ! =m] conta9$ 9 a flask surr\nd$ by a freez+ mixture4 ,! proportions 7 z ! equival5t weights ( anhydr\s ammonia & available *lor9e 7approximately two p>ts by weight ( *lor9e to "o "p by weight ( ammonia74 ,aft] gas evolution _h ceas$ ! mixture 0 saturat$ ) z9c *loride & ! magma di/ill$ "u r$uc$ pressure4 ,! di/illate 0 a dilute solution ( comp>atively pure *loram9e4 ,! fir/ to notice ! effect ( ammonia on ! g]micidal value ( hypo*lorites 0 ,s4 ,rideal#b :o not$ t dur+ ! *lor9ation ( sewage1 ! fir/ rapid consumption ( *lor9e 0 succe$$ by a sl[] action :i* cont9u$ = days 9 "s in/ances1 & 0 accompani$ by a g]micidal action aft] free *lor9e or hypo*lorite _h disappe>$4 ,rideal /at$ t3 ,x became evid5t t *lor9e1 9 supplem5t to its oxidis+ action1 :i* _h be5 exhau/$1 0 act+ by sub/itution = hydrog5 9 ammonia & organic comp\nds1 yield+ products m or less g]micidal4 ,on inve/igat+ ! effect ( ammonia on hypo*lorite x 0 f\nd t ! addition ( an equival5t ( ammonia to electrolytic hypo*lorite increas$ ! c>bolic acid coeffici5t ( #b4ah1 = "o p] c5t available *lor9e1 to #f4cf 7ne>ly ?ree times ! value74 ,fur!r exp]im5tal "w %[$ t ! increase 0 due to ! =mation ( *loram9e4 ,! au?or1 9 #aiae1 dur+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! relative g]micidal action ( hypo*lorites1 attempt$ to prep>e ! ammonium salt by d\ble decomposition ( blea* & ammonium oxalate solutions4 ,ca7,o,cl7#b 7,,nh#d7b;,c#b,o#d ,ca,c#b,o#d #b,,nh#d,o,cl4 ,! velocity ( ! g]micidal action ( ! solution 0 f\nd to be ab\t t5 times great] ?an ! g]micidal velocities ( o!r hypo*lorites ( equal conc5trations1 7,race#c71 & f a consid]ation ( ! *emical =mula ( ammonium hypo*lorite x appe>$ probable t x w\ld be v un/able & decompose into *loram9e1 :i* ,rideal _h previ\sly %[n to h an abnormal g]micidal action1 & wat]4 ,,nh#d,o,cl ,,nh#b;,,cl ,h#b,o4 ,aft] ^! results h be5 confirm$1 ! effect ( add+ ammonia to blea* solution 0 tri$ & x 0 f\nd t #j4bj p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & #j4aj p4p4m4 ( ammonia produc$ equally good results z #j4fj p4p4m4 ( *lor9e only4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ on ! addition ( ammonia to electrolytic hypo*lorite4 ,exp]im5ts made ) a view to det]m9+ ! mo/ effici5t ratios ( ammonia gave v surpris+ results3 *lor9e to ammonia ratios 7by weight7 betwe5 #h3a & #a3b gave approximately ! same g]micidal velocity4#c ,! action ( ! ammonia on ! oxidis+ p[] ( blea*1 z measur$ by ! indigo te/1 0 also f\nd to be disproportionate to ! am\nt add$4 ,! oxidis+ action ( v>i\s mixtures ( blea* & ammonia z measur$ by ! rate ( absorption ( ! available by ! organic matt] 9 ! ,ottawa ,riv] wat] is %[n 9 ,table ,,xxv4 ,,table ,,xxv4--,,rate ,,( ,,absorption ,,( ,,available ,,*lor9e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ratio ,*lor9e _/ ,ammonia ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,orig9al ,,f\nd ,,aft] by ,weight4 --------------------------------- #aj ,m9s4 #d ,h\rs4 #bj ,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,inf9ity 7ammonia abs5t7 #ff4h #dj4j #be4a #h3a #hc4b #gg4h #fg4c #d3a #ig4b #id4g #hh4e #b4g3a #ih4c #if4e #ib4h #b3a #ii4h #ih4b #if4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! #h3a ratio caus$ a m>k$ r$uction 9 ! rate ( absorption ( ! *lor9e :il/ a #d3a ratio 0 almo/ z active z ! ratios conta9+ m ammonia4 ,at ! "t :5 ! abnormal results 7 obta9$ ) ammonium hypo*lorite & mixtures ( blea* & ammonia1 ! ph5om5on appe>$ to be ( sci5tific int]e/ only & especially s z ,rideal _h attribut$ ! obnoxi\s ta/es & od\rs1 sometimes produc$ by *lor9ation1 to ! =mation ( *loram9es4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiae-aiaf ! price ( blea*1 h[ev]1 advanc$ to extraord9>y heights & ! au?or !n det]m9$ to try out ! process on a practical scale = ! purification ( wat]4 ,a subsidi>y plant pump+ ab\t #bjj1jjj ,imp]ial gallons p] day 7#bdj1jjj ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 gallons7 0 f\nd to be available = ?is purpose & ! *loram9e process 0 sub/itut$ = ! blea* me?od previ\sly 9 op]ation4 ,! process 0 comm5c$ by ! addition ( pure ammonia =t1 9 ! am\nt requir$ to give a *lor9e to ammonia ratio ( #b3a1 to ! blea* solutions 9 ! b>rels4 ,! results 7 n 9 accordance ) ^? obta9$ 9 ! laboratory & x 0 f\nd t ! samples ( blea* solutions receiv$ = analysis 7 f> bel[ ! /r5g? calculat$ f ! am\nt ( dry blea* us$4 ,?is exp]i5ce 0 repeat$ on subsequ5t days & ! defici5cy 0 f\nd to increase on increas+ ! ammonia dosage4 ,solutions ( simil> conc5tration 7 !n us$ 9 ! laboratory ) simil> losses1 & x 0 obs]v$ t on ! addition ( ammonia a copi\s evolution ( gas occurr$4 ,an inve/igation %[$ t ! ammonia & blea* mu/ be mix$ z dilute solutions & prolong$ contact avoid$ 7vide p4 #abg74 ,alt]ations 7 accord+ly made 9 ! plant & ! blea* & ammonia 7 prep>$ z dilute solutions 9 sep>ate vessels & all[$ to mix = only a few seconds be=e deliv]y to ! suction ( ! pumps4 ,?is me?od ( application 0 in/antane\sly successful & results equal to ^? obta9$ 9 ! laboratory 7 at once secur$4 ,! dosage 0 r$uc$ until ! bact]iological results 7 adv]sely affect$ & cont9u$ at values slightly 9 excess ( ?is figure 7#j4ae p4p4m47 = a %ort p]iod to prove t ! process 0 reliable4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! "w ( ,ras*ig & ,rideal1 x appe>$ t ! mo/ effici5t proportions ( available *lor9e & ammonia w\ld be two p>ts by weight ( ! =m] to "o "p ( ! latt] & ?is ratio 0 ma9ta9$ dur+ ! run on ! exp]im5tal plant4 ,l[] ratios ( *lor9e to ammonia 7 contra-indicat$ by ! laboratory exp]im5ts1 :i* %[$ t ! effici5cy 0 n increas$ !reby :il/ high] ratios 7 left = future consid]ation4 ,! results obta9$ on ! exp]im5tal plant1 toge!r ) ^? obta9$ on ! ma9 plant1 :]e #bd million gallons p] day 7 treat$ ) blea* only1 are giv5 9 ,tables ,,xxvi1 ,,xxvii & ,,xxviii4 ,! two p]iods giv5 repres5t ! spr+ flood condition & t imm$iately prec$+ x2 ^! are respectively ! wor/ & be/ wat] p]iods4 ,! results 9 bo? cases are f samples exam9$ approximately two h\rs aft] ! application ( ! *emicals4 ,! co/ data 7 calculat$ on ! curr5t ,new ,york prices ( blea* & ammonia4 ,,table ,,xxvi4--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,hypo*lorite ,,& ,,*loram9e ,,treatm5t ,,bact]iological ,,results ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,raw ,,wat]4 ,,treat$ ,,) ,,hypo- ,,treat$ ,,) ,,hypo*lorite ,,*lorite ,,alone4 ,,& ,,ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aiaf ,bact]ia ,bact]ia ,bact]ia p] cubic p] cubic p] cubic c5timet]4 ,b4 c5timet]4 ,b4 c5timet]4 ,b4 -----------coli----------coli ------------coli ,ag> ,ag> ,index,ag> ,ag> ,index 7#a7;,ag> ,ag> ,index 7#a7 7#b7 #a #c p] #a #c p] #a #c p] day days #ajj day days #ajj day days #ajj at at cc4 at at cc4 at at cc4 #cg deg4 #bj deg4 #cg deg4 #bj deg4 #cg deg4 #bj deg4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m>4 #dd #bch #ce4g #d #ab #j4adj4ij #d #ab #j4ad #j4bbj4aa #ae-ca ,april#c1jiiad1djhaie4e #cb #ef #j4eja4aj #cc #bdf #j4gd #j4bej4ac #a-ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,leg5d3 7#a7 ,available *lor9e p>ts p] million4 7#b7 ,ammonia1 p>ts p] million4 ,,table ,,xxvii ,p]c5tage ,r$uction ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,hypo*lorite ,,alone4 ,,hypo*lorite ,,& ,,ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bact]ia ,available ,bact]ia ,available p] cubic ,b4 *lor9e p] cubic ,b4 ,*lor9e c5timet]4 coli p>ts c5timet]4 coli ,p>ts -------------- ,index p] ------------- ,index p] ,ag> ,ag> p] #ajjmillion4 ,ag> ,ag> p] #ajj,million4 #a ,day #c ,days cubic #a ,day #c ,days cubic at at c5ti- at at c5ti- #cg deg4 ,c4 #bj deg4 ,c4 met]s4 #cg deg4 ,c4 #bj deg4 ,c4met]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,m>4 #ij4i #ie4h #ii4i #j4ij #ij4j #ie4j #ii4g #j4bb #ae-ca ,april #ih4i #ii4f #ii4g #a4aj #ih4c #ih4i #ii4f #j4be #a-ai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,table ,,xxviii ,co/ ,p] ,million ,imp]ial ,gallons,a --------------------------------------- ,hypo*lorite ,hypo*lorite alone4 & ammonia4 --------------------------------------- ,m>4 #ae-ca #a4ab #j4df ,april #a4bf #j4ed --------------------------------------- ,a ,calculat$ z ,blea* at #c4hj p] #ajj p\nds & aqua ammonia 7#bf deg4 ,be47 at #e-a_/b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! results 7 s satisfactory t ! au?or recomm5d$ ! adoption ( ! process on ! ma9 *lor9at+ plant b ow+ to conditions impos$ by ! ,prov9cial ,bo>d ( ,heal? ! process 0 n op]at$ until ,febru>y1 #aiag4 ,9 place ( ammonia =t1 aqua ammonia 7#bf deg4 ,be471 conta9+ approximately #bi p] c5t ( anhydr\s ammonia1 0 us$4 ,! mat]ial 0 fir/ exam9$ by ! pres5ce ( su* noxi\s sub/ance z cyanides & f\nd to be v satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,sket* ( ,ottawa ,*loram9e ,plant4 ,! g5]al design ( ! plant is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! blea* is mix$ 9 tank ,a z a solution conta9+ #j4c to #j4f p] c5t ( available *lor9e & deliv]$ to tanks ,b & ,d1 ea* ( :i* has a tw5ty-f\r-h\r /orage capacity4 ,! ammonia solution is mix$ & /or$ 9 tank ,b & conta9s #j4c-j4e p] c5t ( anhydr\s ammonia4 ,! two solutions are run (f into boxes ,e & ,f :i* ma9ta9 a con/ant head on valves ,v & ,v' controll+ ! head on ! orifices4 ,bo? orifices dis*>ge into a common fe$ box ,g f :i* ! mixture is c>ri$ by ! wat] injector ,j ?r\gh "o ( duplicate fe$ pipes & dis*>g$ into ! suction well ?r\gh a p]=at$ pipe4 ,z tank ,b 0 previ\sly us$ z a blea* /orage tank1 ! *ange f hypo*lorite alone to *loram9e necessitat$ v little exp5se4 ,! treatm5t 0 comm5c$ by gradually increas+ ! quantity ( ammonia1 until a dosage ( #j4ab p4p4m4 0 rea*$1 & con/antly increas+ ! dosage ( blea*1 :i* 0 =m]ly #j4ic p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e4 ,ow+ to ! re/rictions impos$ by ! ,prov9cial au?orities x has n be5 possible to ma9ta9 a dosage z l[ z t indicat$ z suffici5t by ! exp]im5tal plants results1 b "s int]e/+ data h be5 obta9$4 ,table ,,xxix %[s ! results obta9$ f ,febru>y to ,octob]1 #aiag1 f ! *loram9e treatm5t at ,ottawa & also ^? obta9$ ) liquid *lor9e at ,hull :]e ! same raw wat] is treat$ ) #j4g-j4h p4p4m4 ( *lor9e4 ,,table ,,xxix4--,,*loram9e ,,results ,,at ,,ottawa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,b4 coli ,hull ,,p] #ajj ,c4,,cms4 ,,dosage ,p4,p4,m4 ,b4 coli #aiag -------------,turbidity4 ,col\r4-----------------,p] #ajj ,raw ,tap c4cms4 ,wat]4 ,wat]4 ,*lor9e4,ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,feb4 #bfh #j4hh #c #dj #j4eg #j4je 4444 ,m>4 #a-ah #bej #j4if #d #dj #j4cb #j4aa 4444 ,m>4 #a-ca #fdc #j4dc #d #dj #j4dg #j4ad 4444 ,april #ebbh #j4cd #ca #cb #j4ef #j4aj 4444 ,may #afb #j4jh #c #ci #j4eb #j4jh 4444 ,june #aad #j4jh #c #da #j4ea #j4jh 4444 ,july #bcg #j4jh #e #da #j4ea #j4jh #dd4d ,aug4 #afe #j4jh #d #db #j4ea #j4aj #bh4j ,sept4 #ee #j4jh #f #db #j4ej #j4ji #ae4b ,oct4 #ca #j4ae #e #db #j4db #j4jh #a4a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,av]age #baa #j4bb #g #dj #j4ea #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,at ! height ( ! spr+ floods ! raw wat] conta9$ #hj p4p4m4 ( turbidity & ov] #ejj ,b4 coli p] c4cm4 b #j4f p4p4m4 ( *lor9e & #j4ac p4p4m4 ( ammonia r$uc$ ! ,b4 coli index 9 ! tap samples to #b4e p] #ajj c4cms42 samples tak5 9 ,hull on ! same day 7treat$ ) #j4g-j4h p4p4m4 ( liquid *lor9e7 gave a ,b4 coli index ( #bf4g4 ,previ\s exp]i5ces 9 ,ottawa has %[n t a dosage ( approximately #a4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e is requir$ to r$uce ! ,b4 coli index to #b4j p] #ajj c4cms4 "u simil> physical & bact]iological conditions4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( n9e mon?s cov]$ by ! results 9 ,table ,,xxix1 only five cases ( typhoid fev] 7 report$ 9 :i* ! evid5ce did n cle>ly indicate t ! infection _h occurr$ outside ! city4 ,! r$uction 9 ! blea* consum$ dur+ ! same p]iod effect$ a sav+ ( #c1bjj4 ,dur+ "o p]iod ( op]ation ! hypo*lorite dosage 0 gradually r$uc$ to asc]ta9 :at factor ( safety 0 ma9ta9$ ) a dosage ( #j4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & #j4jf-j4jh p4p4m4 ( ammonia4 ,! results are %[n 9 ,diagram ,,viii4 ,! p]c5tage ( samples ( treat$ wat] %[+ ,b4 coli 9 #ej c4cms4 0 calculat$ f ! results ( ! exam9ation ( #d-g samples daily4 ,! results %[$ t x 0 possible to r$uce ! *lor9e dosage to #j4be p4p4m4 ) #j4jf p4p4m4 ( ammonia )\t adv]sely affect+ ! bact]iological purity ( ! tap supply & fully confirm$ ! exp]im5tal results previ\sly obta9$4 ,! l[e/ ratio ( available *lor9e to ammonia us$ dur+ ?is te/ 0 approximately #d3a4 ,?is is ! ratio indicat$ by a consid]ation ( ! !ory ( ! reaction1 & n #b3a z 0 =m]ly /at$ 7,race#d74 ,if blea* is repres5t$ z ,ca7,o,cl7#b1 ! equation ,ca7,o,cl7#b #b,,nh#c #b,,nh#b;,cl ,ca7,,oh7#b w\ld indicate a ratio ( #b3a2 b only "o molecule ( ,ca7,o,cl7#b is produc$ f two molecules ( blea* & ! !oretical ratio is !re=e #d3a 7#adb3cd71 #b;,ca,o,cl#b ,ca,cl#b ,ca7,o,cl7#b & ,ca7,o,cl7#b #b,,nh#c ,cl #adb #cd #b,,nh#b;,cl ,ca7,,oh7#b4 ,! *lor9e to ammonia ratio is v important because ( its influ5ce on ! economics ( ! process 7vide p4 #abd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,viii ,,*loram9e ,,treatm5t1 ,,ottawa ,all ! laboratory & works results t h be5 obta9$ 9 ,ottawa indicate ! importance ( an adequate contact p]iod4 ,! sup]iority ( *loram9e ov] o!r processes is due to ! non-absorption ( ! g]micidal ag5t & to obta9 ! same degree ( effici5cy ! contact p]iod mu/ be increas$ z ! conc5tration is decreas$4 ,= ?is reason ! be/ results w be obta9$ by *lor9at+ at ! entrance to res]voirs or "u o!r conditions t w ensure sev]al h\rs contact4 ,at ,ottawa ! capacity ( ! pipes connect+ ! pump+ /ation 7po9t ( *lor9ation7 & ! di/ribution ma9s provides a contact p]iod ( "o & a qu>t] h\rs b ev5 bett] results w\ld be obta9$ if ! contact p]iod 7 increas$4 ,! g5]al results obta9$ dur+ ! use ( *loram9e at ,ottawa 9 #aiag h %[n t ! aft]gr[?s not$ dur+ ! use ( hypo*lorite 7see p4 #ef7 h be5 entirely elim9at$ & t ! ,b4 coli cont5t ( ! tap samples f outly+ di/ricts has be5 inv>iably less ?an t ( samples tak5 f taps ne> to ! po9t ( application ( ! *loram9e4 ,at ,d5v]1 ,col41 :]e ! *loram9e process has also be5 us$1 simil> results 7 obta9$#e3 f\r days aft] ! initiation ( ! *loram9e treatm5t ! aft]gr[? c\nt on gelat9e ( ! ,capitol ,hill res]voir dropp$ f #ae1jjj to #aj p] c4cm4 ,! hypo*lorite dosage 0 cut f #j4bf-j4ac p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e & #j4jfe p4p4m4 ( ammonia add$4 ,economics ( ! ,*loram9e ,process4 ,! *loram9e process 0 introduc$ at ,ottawa = ! purpose ( obta9+ relief f ! effect ( ! high price ( blea* caus$ by ! cessation ( imports f ,europe 9 #aiae4 ,! results obta9$ ) ! exp]im5tal plant indicat$ t1 calculat$ on ! prices curr5t at ! beg9n+ ( #aiag1 appreciable economies c\ld be made4 ,al?\gh ! r$uction 9 ! *lor9e dosage has n be5 z great z 0 anticipat$1 due to ! re/rictions previ\sly m5tion$1 ! co/ ( /]ilis+ *emicals 9 #aiag 0 #c1bjj less ?an ! co/ ( /raight hypo*lorite treatm5t4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( #aiag ! relative co/ ( blea* & ammonia *ang$ 7see ,diagram ,,ix74 ,:5 calculat$ on ! ,new ,york prices = ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! co/ ( *loram9e treatm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be great] ?an hypo*lorite alone unless a l>ge r$uction 9 ! dosage c\ld be secur$ by v long contact p]iods4 ,?is condition is only tempor>y1 h[ev]1 & ! price ( ammonia w probably gradually decl9e z ! plants = fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 comm5ce op]ations & r$uce ! dem& = ! ammonia produc$ f ammoniacal gas liquor4 ,9 ,canada1 ! m>ket conditions are /ill 7#aiah7 fav\rable to ! *loram9e process3 blea* is #be p] c5t high] ?an ! ,u4,s4,a4 product & ammonia c be obta9$ = "o-half ! ,new ,york prices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,ix ,,blea* ,,& ,,ammonia ,,prices ,advantages ( ! ,*loram9e ,process4 ,al?\gh ! m>ket conditions may1 9 "s in/ances1 be unfav\rable to ! *loram9e process1 ! me?od possesses c]ta9 advantages t m ?an (fset a slight possible increase 9 ! co/ ( mat]ials4 ,! ta/e & od\r ( *loram9e is ev5 m pung5t ?an t ( *lor9e b s9ce ! introduction ( ! process 9 ,ottawa no compla9ts h be5 receiv$4 ,ow+ to ! r$uc$ dosage1 slight proportional fluctuations 9 ! dosage d n produce ! same v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( free *lor9e :i* is ! usual cause ( compla9ts4 ,a public ann\ncem5t t ! am\nt ( hypo*lorite has be5 r$uc$ also has a psy*ological effect ^u ! consum]s & t5ds to r$uce compla9ts due to auto-sugge/ion4 ,! mo/ important advantage ( ! process is ! elim9ation ( ! aft]gr[? problem4 ,at ,d5v]1 :]e ! aft]gr[? tr\ble is possibly m acute ?an at any o!r city on ! cont95t1 x 0 effectively bani%$ by ! use ( *loram9e4 ,at ,ottawa1 ! sanit>y significance ( ,b4 coli aft]gr[?s is no long] ( practical int]e/ because su* aft]gr[?s h ceas$ to occur4 ,:atev] may be _! op9ion z to ! sanit>y significance ( aft]gr[?s1 all wat] sanit>ians w agree t ! bett] policy is to prev5t _! occurr5ce4 ,op]ation ( ,*loram9e ,process4 ,= ! successful op]ation ( ! *loram9e process1 ! ess5tial factors are l[ conc5trations ( ! hypo*lorite & ammonia solutions4 ,! au?or has f\nd t hypo*lorite conta9+ #j4c-j4e p] c5t ( available *lor9e & ammonia conta9+ #j4c-j4e p] c5t ( anhydr\s ammonia c be mix$ 9 a #d3a or #h3a ratio )\t appreciable loss 9 titre4 ,solutions ( ^! conc5trations mix$ 9 #d3a ratio lo/ only #b-c p] c5t ( available *lor9e 9 fifte5 m9utes & less ?an #aj p] c5t 9 five h\rs4 ,! effect ( mix+ solutions conta9+ #d4ce p] c5t ( available *lor9e & #b4b p] c5t ( ammonia is %[n 9 ,table ,,xxx4 ,! /ability ( *loram9e is a function ( ! conc5tration & ! temp]ature & 9 practice x w be f\nd advisable to det]m9e 9 ! laboratory ! maximum conc5trations t c be us$ at ! maximum temp]ature atta9$ by ! wat] to be treat$ 7cf4 ,muspratt & ,smi?#f74 ,accord+ to ,ras*ig#a two compet+ reactions occur :5 ammonia is 9 excess4 7#a7 ,,nh#b;,cl ,,nh#c ,n#b;,h#d;,h,cl hydraz9e hydro*loride & 7#b7 #c,,nh#b;,cl #b,,nh#c ,n#b #c,,nh#d;,cl4 ,:5 ! excess ( ammonia is l>ge1 z on ! addition ( ammonia =t1 ! second reaction pr$om9ates & ! yield ( nitrog5 gas is almo/ quantitatively proportional to ! quantity ( available *lor9e pres5t4 ,z ammonium *loride has no g]micidal action1 & hydraz9e a c>bolic coeffici5t ( only #j4bd 7,rideal71 ! =mation ( ^! comp\nds %\ld be avoid$4 ,,table ,,xxx4--,,loss ,,on ,,mix+ ,,hypo*lorite ,,& ,,ammonia ,hypo*lorite conta9+ #d4ce p] c5t available *lor9e4 ,ammonia conta9$ #b4b p] c5t ,,nh#c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,loss ,,( ,,available ,,*lor9e ,,aft] ,ratio ,*lor9e to ,ammonia by ----------------------------------- ,weight4 ,few ,m9utes4 #a ,h\r4 #bd ,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t #f3a #ai #ai #ai #d3a #bd #be #be #b3a #de #dg #dg #a3a #ia #ia #ib #a3b #bj #bh #fe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! dosage ( *loram9e c be *eck$ by titration ( ! available *lor9e 7see p4 #hb7 imm$iately aft] treatm5t or by ! e/imation ( ! increm5t 9 ! total ammonia 7free & album9oid74 ,r\t9e det]m9ations ( ! latt] made 9 ,ottawa %[ t practically ! :ole 7#ij-ie p] c5t7 ( ! add$ ammonia c be recov]$ by di/illation ) alkal9e p]manganate & t #he-ij p] c5t is 9 ! free condition4 ,9 op]at+ ! *loram9e process x is important t ! pipes us$ = convey+ ! *loram9e solution %\ld be ( ample dim5sions & provid$ ) facilities = bl[+ out ! lime t deposits f ! solution4 ,ca7,o,cl7#b #b,,nh#c #b,,nh#b;,cl ,ca7,,oh7#b4 ,! m>k$ activity ( *loram9e z a *lor9at+ ag5t c\ld be pr$icat$ f its heat ( =mation1 :i* is #h1bcj calories4 ,! o!r possible *loram9es %\ld be ev5 m active z ! heat ( =mation ( ^! comp\nds are3 ,di*loram9e ,n,h,cl#b -- #cf1ghj calories4 ,nitrog5 tri*loride ,n,cl#c -- #fe1ccj calories4 ,di*loram9e is unkn[n b nitrog5 *loride has be5 prep>$ & is a highly explosive yell[ oil t decomposes sl[ly :5 kept "u wat] 9 ! ice box4 ,n,cl#c c be easily prep>$ by pass+ *lor9e gas into a solution ( ammonium *loride & ?is process w\ld sugge/ t a me?od might be f\nd ( utilis+ *lor9e & ammonia z gases = ! production ( nitrog5 tri*loride z a g]micide = wat] *lor9ation4 ,,nh#d;,cl #c;,cl#b ,n,cl#c #d;,h,cl4 ,! available *lor9e cont5t ( ! *loram9es is d\ble ! actual *lor9e cont5t z ea* atom ( *lor9e w lib]ate two atoms ( iod9e f hydriodic acid4 ,,nh#b;,cl #b;,,hi ,i#b ,,nh#d;,cl4 ,n,cl#c #f;,,hi #c;,i#b ,,nh#d;,cl #b;,h,cl4 ,,halazone ,= ! /]ilisation ( small individual quantities ( wat] su* z are requir$ by cavalry & o!r mobile troops blea* & acid sulphate tablets h be5 usually employ$4 ,su* tablets h giv5 fairly satisfactory results b c]ta9 difficulties inh]5t to ^! *emicals h made x desirable to seek o!r me?ods4 ,! subject 0 inve/igat$ by ,dak9 & ,dunham1#g :o fir/ tri$ *loram9e-,t 7sodium tolu5e-p-sulpho*loramide74 ,x 0 f\nd t heavily contam9at$ wat]s1 & p>ticul>ly ^? conta9+ mu* c>bonates1 requir$ a comp>atively high conc5tration ( ! dis9fectant3 #dj p>ts p] million ( *loram9e-,t 7 necess>y 9 "s cases & su* an am\nt 0 di/9ctly unpalatable4 ,by add+ t>t>ic acid or citric acid ! effective conc5tration c\ld be r$uc$ to #d p4p4m4 b ! mixture c\ld n be made into a tablet )\t decomposition & a two-tablet sy/em 0 deem$ undesirable4 ,tolu5e sulphodi*loram9es 7 next tri$4 ,excell5t bact]iological results 7 obta9$ b ! manufacture ( tablets aga9 pres5t$ difficulties4 ,:5 ! necess>y quantity ( di*loram9e 0 mix$ ) :at 7 assum$ to be in]t salts--sodium *loride = example--! normal sl[ rate ( decomposition 0 accel]at$4 ,! di*loram9e1 9 tablet =m1 0 also f\nd to be too insoluble to effect prompt /]ilisation4 ,! mo/ suitable sub/ance f\nd by ,dak9 & ,dunham 0 halazone or p-sulphodi*loram9ob5zoic acid 7,cl#b,n4,o#b,s4,c#f;,h#d4;,,cooh74 ,?is comp\nd is easily prep>$ f *eap readily available mat]ials & 0 f\nd to be effective & reasonably /able4 ,! />t+ po9t 9 ! prep>ation ( halazone is p-tolu5esulphonic *loride1 a *eap wa/e product 9 ! manufacture ( sac*>9e4 ,by ! action ( ammonia1 p-tolu5e sulphonamide is produc$ & is subsequ5tly oxidis$ by bi*romate & sulphuric acid to p-sulphonamidob5zoic acid4 ,?is acid1 on *lor9ation at l[ temp]atures1 yields p-sulphondi*loram9ob5zoic acid 7halazone74 ,! reactions may be express$ z foll[s3 ,,*#c ,,cooh ,,cooh _/ _/ _/ -- -- _/ _/ _/ ,,s#b4,,nh#c ,,s#b4,,nh#b ,,s#b4,n,cl#b ,halazone is a :ite cry/all9e solid1 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] & *lor(orm1 & insoluble 9 petroleum4 ,x readily dissolves 9 glacial acetic acid f :i* x cry/allizes 9 prisms 7,m4,p4 #bac deg4 ,c474 ,! purity ( ! comp\nd c be asc]ta9$ by dissolv+ 9 glacial acetic acid1 add+ potassium iodide1 & titrat+ ) ?iosulphate2 #j4a gram %\ld require #ad4h to #ad4i c4cms4 ( ,n_/#aj sodium ?iosulphate4 ,ea* *lor9e atom 9 halazone is equival5t to #a molecule ( hypo*lor\s acid & ! available *lor9e cont5t is consequ5tly #eb4e p] c5t or d\ble ! actual *lor9e cont5t4 ,,s#b4,n,cl#b #d;,,hi ,,s#b4,,nh#b #b;,h,cl #b;,i#b4 ,f ! bact]iological results giv5 by ,dak9 & ,dunham x w\ld appe> t #c p>ts p] million ( halazone 7#a4e p4p4m4 available *lor9e7 are suffici5t to /]ilise heavily pollut$ wat]s 9 ?irty m9utes & t ?is conc5tration c be reli$ ^u to remove pa?og5ic organisms4 ,! =mula recomm5d$ = ! prep>ation ( tablets is halazone #d p] c5t1 sodium c>bonate1 #d p] c5t 7or dri$ borax #h p] c5t71 & sodium *loride 7pure7 #ib p] c5t4 ,halazone & halazone tablets1 :5 te/$ 9 ! au?or's laboratory on ! col\r$ ,ottawa ,riv] wat] se$$ ) ,b4 coli1 h giv5 r inf]ior results4 ,) #a tablet p] qu>t1 ov] six h\rs 7 requir$ to r$uce a ,b4 coli cont5t ( #ajj p] #aj c4cms4 to less ?an #a p] #aj c4cms4 ,cle> well wat]s gave excell5t results & l>ge numb]s ( ,b4 coli 7 r$uc$ to less ?an #a p] #aj c4cms4 9 less ?an ?irty m9utes4 ,mc,crady,a has also obta9$ excell5t results ) v>i\s /ra9s ( ,b4 coli se$$ into ! col\rless ,/4 ,lawr5ce wat]4 ,a ,private communication4 ,,bibliography #a ,ras*ig4 ,*em4 ,zeit41 #aijg1 #ca1 #ibf4 #b ,rideal4 ,s4 ,j4 ,roy4 ,san4 ,in/41 #aiaj1 #ca1 #cc-de4 #c ,race4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiah1 #e1 #fc4 #d ,race4 ,eng4 & ,contr41 #aiag1 #dg1 #bea4 #e ,contract ,record4 ,aug4 #ae1 #aiag1 #fif4 #f ,muspratt & ,smi?4 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahih1 #ag1 #ebi4 #g ,dak9 & ,dunham4 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 #aiag1 ,no4 #bidc1 #fhb4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,results ,,obta9$ ,! object ( add+ *lor9e or *lor9e comp\nds to wat] is = ! purpose ( de/roy+ any pa?og5ic organisms t may be pres5t4 ,9 a few in/ances "s collat]al advantages are also obta9$ b1 9 g5]al1 no o!r object is aim$ at or secur$4 ,*lor9ation does n *ange ! physical appe>ance ( wat]2 x does n r$uce or increase ! turbidity nor does x decrease ! col\r 9 an appreciable degree4 ,! *emical composition is also practically unalt]$4 ,:5 blea* is us$ !re is a proportionate increase 9 ! h>dness b ! am\nt is usually trifl+ & is )\t significance4 ,dur+ #aiaf :5 ! ,ottawa supply 0 entirely treat$ ) blea* at ! rate ( #b4g p>ts p] million 7#j4ib p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e7 ! av]age increase 9 ! total h>dness z det]m9$ by ! soap me?od 0 #b4e p>ts p] million4 ,:5 *lor9e is add$ to prefilt]$ wat]1 z an adjunct to filtration1 an increase 9 ! numb] ( gallons filt]$ p] run has be5 not$ at "s plants4 ,?is increase is n s great ) rapid z ) sl[ s& filt]s b 9 "s in/ances x has l$ to appreciable economies4 ,wald5 & ,p[ell#a ( ,baltimore1 f\nd t ! addition ( a quantity ( blea* equal to approximately #j4ej p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e enabl$ ! alum to be r$uc$ f #j4hg to #j4eh gra9 p] gallon4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! filt]s 0 also r$uc$1 f #d4a p] c5t to #b4i p] c5t1 :il/ ! filt] runs 7 increas$ on ! av]age by "o h\r & t5 m9utes4 ,! net sav+ 9 coagulant alone am\nt$ to #cj c5ts p] million gallons4 ,cl>k & ,de ,gage#b f\nd t ! use ( small] am\nts ( coagulant dur+ ! p]iod ( comb9$ dis9fection & coagulation result$ 9 an increase ( ne>ly #be p] c5t 9 ! quantity ( wat] pass$ ?r\gh ! filt] betwe5 wa%+s1 & also 9 a mat]ial r$uction ( ! co/ ( *emicals1 :i* av]ag$ #b4fb p] million gallons = comb9$ dis9fection & coagulation z aga9/ #d4hf = coagulation alone4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 obta9$ f ! ,m]rimac ,riv] at ,lawr5ce4 ,! effect ( hypo*lorite on ! r$uction ( algae gr[?s on sl[ s& filt]s 0 fir/ notic$ by ,h\/on dur+ ! treatm5t ( ! ,l9coln supply 9 #aije4 ,two op5 s]vice res]voirs 7 f$ ) treat$ wat] & 7 !mselves dos$ f "t to "t4 ,previ\s to #aije !y develop$ seasonally mo/ abundant gr[?s1 b dur+ ! hypo*lorite treatm5t x 0 notic$ t !y rema9$ bright1 cle>1 & rem>kably free f gr[?s 7,h\/on#c74 ,ellms1#d ( ,c9c9nati1 has also not$ ! effect ( hypo*lorite on algae4 ,:5 ! blea* 0 add$ to ! coagulat$ wat] ! de/ruction ( ! plankton 0 n z satisfactory z _h be5 anticipat$ & x 0 f\nd t l>ge doses de/roy$ ! coat+ ( ! s& p>ticles & r5d]$ ! filt]s less effici5t4 ,! use ( blea* 9 ! filt]$ wat] bas9 0 m successful & cle>$ x ( tr\blesome gr[?s4 ,9 #aiaf1 dur+ ! treatm5t ( ! ,london ,supply ) blea* 7dosage #j4e p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e71 ,h\/on made fur!r obs]vations on ?is po9t4 ,! ,?ames wat]1 tak5 at ,/a9es1 _h previ\sly be5 /or$ = consid]able p]iods 9 res]voirs1 b ?is necessitat$ lift+ ! wat] by pumps :i* consum$ l>ge quantities ( coal t 7 urg5tly ne$$ = national purposes4 ,z a w> measure1 ! /orage 0 elim9at$ & ! wat] treat$ ) hypo*lorite at ,/a9es & all[$ to fl[ by gravitation to ! v>i\s works :]e ! sl[ s& filt]s are situat$4 ,! treatm5t result$ 9 a m>k$ r$uction 9 ! gr[?s ( algae1 ! r$uction 9 ! area ( filt]s clean$ 9 #aiaf 7,june to ,septemb]7 z comp>$ ) #aiae be+ z foll[s3 ,p]c5tage ,filt] ,works4 ,r$uction 7,approximate74 ,gr& ,junction 7,hampton7 #f ,gr& ,junction 7,kew7 #dc ,ea/ ,london 7,sunbury7 #cj ,kempton ,p>k #cc ,we/ ,middlesex #ef ,a portion ( ?is r$uction c probably be attribut$ to ! elim9ation ( /orage4 ,*lor9ation1 by decreas+ ! load on filt] b$s1 has enabl$ ! rate ( filtration to be increas$ 9 "s cases4 ,?is increas$ capacity1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h necessitat$ additional filt] units1 has be5 obta9$ )\t any fur!r capital outlay4 ,at ,pittsburg 7,johnson#e7 ! rate ( filtration1 aft] clean+1 0 increas$ #bej1jjj gallons ea* h\r until ! normal rate 0 rea*$2 re/or$ b$s 7 ma9ta9$ at a #bej1jjj gallon rate = "o week4 ,aft] ! introduction ( *lor9ation x 0 f\nd possible to increase ! rates m rapidly )\t adv]sely affect+ ! purity ( ! mix$ filt] afflu5ts4 ,hygi5ic ,results4 ,evid5ce z to ! actual r$uction ( ! numb] ( su* pa?og5ic g]ms z ,b4 typhosus 9 wat] supplies by *lor9ation is mo/ readily f\nd 9 ! dea? rates f typhoid fev] 9 cities t h no o!r means ( wat] purification4 ,9 "s cases ?is evid5ce is necess>ily ( a circum/antial nature2 9 o!rs x is def9ite & conclusive4 ,"s ( ! e>li] results ( ! effect ( *lor9ation on typhoid morbidity & mortality rates 7 compil$ by ,j5n+s#f & o!rs h be5 publi%$ by ,longley4#g ,^! data h be5 br\ght up to date 9 ,table ,,xxxi & o!r /ati/ics add$4 ,,table ,,xxxi4--,,effect ,,( ,,*lor9ation ,,on ,,typhoid ,,rates ,,av]age ,,typhoid ,,dea? ,,rate ,,p] #ajj1jjj ,,population ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,city4 ,comm5c$ ,,be=e ,,us+4 ,,aft] ,,us+4 ,*lor9ation4-------------------------- ,p]c5tage ,p]iod4,rate4 ,p]iod4,rate4 ,r$uction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,baltimore ,june #aiaa #aijj-aj #ce4b #aiab-ae #bb4b #cf ,clevel& ,sept4 #aiaa #aijj-aj #ce4e #aiab-af #h4b #gg ,des ,mo9es ,dec4 #aiaj #aije-aj #bb4g #aiaa-ac #ac4d #da ,erie ,m>4 #aiaa #aijf-aj #ej4f #aiab-ad #ae4j #gj ,evan/on1 ,ill4 ,dec4 #aiaa #aijh-aa #bi4j #aiab-ac #ad4e #ej ,j]sey ,city ,sept4 #aijh #aijj-ag #ah4g #aiji-af #h4d #ee ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4,jan4 #aiaa #aijj-aj #db4e #aiaa-af #ad4b #ff ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,may #aiaj #aijj-ji #bb4e #aiaa-af #aj4f #ec ,tr5ton ,dec4 #aiaa #aijg-aa #df4j #aiaa-ad #bh4g #ce ,montreal ,feb4 #aiaj #aijf-aj #dj4j #aiaa-af #be4j #cg ,toronto ,apr4 #aiaa #aijf-aj #ca4b #aiab-af #g4h #ge ,ottawa ,sept4 #aiab #aijf-aj #cd4j #aiac-ag #ag4j #ej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! figures giv5 9 ?is table %[ ! effect ( *lor9ation only2 no o!r =m ( purification 0 us$ dur+ ! p]iods giv51 except at ,toronto :]e a portion ( ! supply has be5 subject$ to filtration4 ,x w be se5 t s9ce *lor9ation 0 adopt$ ! typhoid dea? rates h be5 r$uc$ by approximately #ej p] c5t & t ! av]ages = ! p]iod aft] treatm5t are almo/ inv>iably less ?an #bj p] #ajj1jjj1 a figure t a few ye>s ago 0 reg>d$ z satisfactory4 ,! av]age dea? rate = ! la/ available ye> is #aa p] #ajj1jjj1 a result t is ev5 m satisfactory & exce$s ! anticipations ( ! mo/ optimi/ic ( sanit>ians4 ,a portion ( ! r$uction 9 ! typhoid rates is no d\bt due to improvem5ts 9 g5]al sanit>y conditions b ! r$uction is mu* great] ?an c be acc\nt$ = 9 t mann] alone & 9 _m cases !re 0 a %>p decl9e imm$iately foll[+ ! comm5cem5t ( *lor9ation4 ,9 a few in/ances !re is evid5ce t *lor9ation has r$uc$ ! typhoid rates ( cities previ\sly suppli$ ) filt]$ wat]4 ,diagram ,x1 drawn f data suppli$ by ,dr4 ,we/1 ( ! ,torresdale ,filtration ,plant1 %[s ! effect ( dis9fect+ ! filt] efflu5ts at ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,x ,,typhoid ,,9 ,,philadelphia ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiji-aj-aa1 :5 practically ! :ole ( ! city supply 0 filt]$1 ! av]age typhoid dea? rate 0 #ah1 b :5 ! wat] 0 also *lor9at$1 9 #aiad-ae-af1 ! rate 0 only #g1 a r$uction ( #fa p] c5t4 ,! figures 9 ,table ,,xxxii %[ t ! ,torresdale filt]s1 dur+ #aiae-af 7 unable to adequately purify ! wat] & t *lor9ation 0 necess>y4 ,,table ,,xxxii4--,,*lor9ation ,,( ,,filt] ,,efflu5ts 7,,torresdale7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bact]ia ,,p] ,,cubic ,,c5timet]4 ,oxyg5 --------------------------------- ,consum$4 ,col\r4 ,turbidity4 ,untreat$4 ,treat$4 ------------------------------- ,gelat9e4 ,ag>4 ,gelat9e4 ,ag>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aiae #a4gj #ab #j4f #ada #cj #bh #ad #aiaf #a4ij #ab ,nil4 #hh #bc #ch #aa ,b4 coli communis ,p] ,c5t ,positive ,te/s4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,untreat$4 ,treat$4 ,add$ ,*lor9e ---------------------------------------- ----- ,p>ts ,p] #aj c4cms4 #a c4cm4 #aj c4cms4 #a c4cm4 ,million4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aiae #ff #bd #e #j4c #j4ah #aiaf #di #af #g4d #a4i #j4ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 ,diagram ,,xi ! typhoid dea? rates ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & ,new ,orleans are %[n to exemplify conditions t h n be5 improv$ by *lor9ation4 ,! endemic condition ( typhoid 9 ,columbus 0 br\ght to an abrupt conclusion by ! in/allation & op]ation ( ! s(t5+ & filt] plant 9 ,septemb]1 #aijh1 & no fur!r r$uction foll[$ ! introduction ( *lor9ation 9 ,decemb]1 #aiji4 ,9 ,new ,orleans ! typhoid rate decreas$ on ! inception ( ! new wat] works sy/em 9 #aiji & aga9 aft] ! in/allation ( ! ,c>rollton filt]s 9 #aiab4 ,! product ( ! filtration plants has always be5 above suspicion b aft]gr[?s occasionally develop$ & ! bact]ial c\nt !n exce$$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury /&>d4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 hypo*lorite 0 us$ 9 #aiae1 b1 z 0 anticipat$1 x _h no effect on ! typhoid rate4 ,! high rate 9 ,new ,orleans is l>gely due to outside cases receiv$ = hospital treatm5t & to o!r circum/ances beyond ! control ( ! wat] & sew]age dep>tm5t4 ,9 all ! examples previ\sly cit$1 ! evid5ce z to ! effect ( *lor9ation on typhoid mortality rates is circum/antial b1 tak5 z a :ole1 x is fairly conclusive4 ,9 ! examples to be consid]$ next ! evid5ce is m direct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,xi ,,typhoid ,,9 ,,columbus ,,& ,,new ,,orleans ,"o ( ! mo/ conclusive exp]im5ts z to ! b5eficial effect ( *lor9ation is t report$ by ,"y#h ( ,*icago4 ,! wat] supply ( ,*icago 0 obta9$ f ,lake ,mi*igan by means ( intake pipes & pump$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,! di/ribution sy/em 0 divid$ into f\r di/ricts &1 al?\gh !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( mix+ along ! bord]s1 ! wat] suppli$ to ea* di/rict 0 sub/antially sep>ate4 ,! rapid & progressive decl9e 9 ! typhoid rate ( ,*icago 7f #ai 9 #aijj to #aj4h 9 #aiaa7 subsequ5t to ! div]sion ( ! city sewage f ! lake1 l$ to ! assumption t wat]-borne typhoid _h ceas$ to be ( any mom5t4 ,e>ly 9 #aiab1 h[ev]1 p]mission 0 secur$ to *lor9ate ! supply ( "o di/rict 7,no4 #a7 & ! treatm5t 0 cont9u$ until ,decemb] :5 ! solutions comm5c$ to freeze4 ,diagram ,,xii %[s ! effect ( ! treatm5t on ! autumnal increase 9 ,di/rict ,no4 #a z comp>$ ) ! o!r ?ree di/ricts4 ,! autumnal increase 0 calculat$ f ! excess ( typhoid incid5ce = ,july to ,novemb] inclusive1 ov] t = ,febru>y to ,june inclusive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,xii ,,autumnal ,,increase ,,9 ,,typhoid1 ,,*icago 7,"y7 ,^! results demon/rate 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] ! b5eficial effect ( *lor9ation4 ,! g5]al conditions1 ) ! exception ( ! raw wat] supply1 7 approximately ! same 9 all f\r di/ricts4 ,diagram ,,xiii %[s t ! raw wat] supply ( ,di/rict ,no4 #a 0 slightly worse ?an any ( ! o!rs1 #ba4h p] c5t ( ! samples f ,di/rict ,no4 #a conta9+ ,b4 coli 9 #a c4cm4 z comp>$ ) #ba4j p] c5t 9 ! mo/ pollut$ supply ( ! o!r di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,xiii ,b4 ,,coli ,,9 ,,*icago ,,raw ,,wat] 7,"y7 ,! results obta9$ at ,ottawa are also conclusive4 ,foll[+ two epidemics ( typhoid fev] 9 #aiaa & #aiab1 caus$ by breaks 9 ! intake pipe1 hypo*lorite treatm5t 0 comm5c$ & has be5 9 cont9u\s op]ation until ,febru>y1 #aiag1 :5 *loram9e treatm5t 0 sub/itut$4 ,! dosage has be5 s regulat$ z to assure a high degree ( purity at all times 9 ! wat] deliv]$ to ! ma9s & z evid5ce ( ?is x might be m5tion$ t ! av]age ,b4 coli index 7calculat$ by ,phelps' me?od7 = ! ye>s #aiaf & #aiag 0 only #j4bg p] #ajj c4cms4 ,! typhoid rates = ! five ye>s prec$+ ! epidemic ye>s & = a simil> subsequ5t p]iod are giv5 9 ,diagram ,,xiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,xiv ,,typhoid ,,9 ,,ottawa ,! diagram %[s t !re has be5 a con/ant r$uction 9 ! city typhoid rate s9ce ! la/ sev]e epidemic ) ! exception ( ! ye> #aiae4 ,! high rate ( t ye> 0 caus$ by a localis$ epidemic />t$ by pollut$ well wat] & spread by flies f an unsew]$ area4 ,?is outbreak 0 ! cause ( ab\t sev5 dea?s regi/]$ dur+ t ye> 7population #ajj1jjj74 ,! objection might be rais$ t if ! r$uction ( ! typhoid rate 7 due to ! wat] treatm5t1 ! decl9e %\ld h be5 abrupt & n a gradual "o4 ,x is probable t !re has be5 practically no wat]-borne typhoid 9 ! city s9ce *lor9ation 0 comm5c$ b ?is fact is mask$ by cases f o!r s\rces4 ,dur+ #aiaa & #aiab ov] #c1ejj cases ( typhoid 7 report$1 ( :i* an appreciable numb] w\ld become c>ri]s = v>i\s p]iods ( "t4 ,z ^! c>ri]s decreas$ ! numb] ( cases infect$ by !m w\ld also decrease & s acc\nt = a gradually decl9+ dea? rate4 ,x might be fur!r object$ t ! r$uc$ typhoid rate is due to a g5]al improvem5t 9 ! sanit>y conditions4 ,if ! dea? rate f causes o!r ?an typhoid c be reg>d$ z a measure ( ! g5]al sanit>y conditions x is obvi\s f ! data 9 ,table ,,xxxiii t ! improvem5t 9 ! typhoid rate is immeasurably great] ?an c be ascrib$ to t cause4 ,,table ,,xxxiii4--,,dea? ,,rates ,,9 ,,ottawa ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,*lor9ation ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,rate ,,p] #ajj1jjj ,,p]c5tage ,cause4 -------------------------------------- #aijh-ab #aiac-ag ,r$uction ,increase ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total,a #ad4ij #ad4gh #a4b 444 ,typhoid1 total #cd;,b #ag #ej4j 444 ,typhoid1 city #bf;,b #h #fi4b 444 ,pneumonia #ajj #ajg 444 #g4j ,tub]culosis #acc #ach 444 #c4g ,di>rhoea & ,ent]itis #aci #abh #g4i 444 "u #b ye>s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a ,rate p] #a1jjj4 ,b #aijf-aj1 epidemic ye>s #aiaa-ab exclud$4 ,"o fur!r objection might be made3 t ! raw wat] 0 n infect$ dur+ #aiac-ag or infect$ to a small] ext5t ?an dur+ ! previ\s p]iod4 ,attempts to isolate ,b4 typhosus f ! raw wat] h inv>iably be5 futile b _! pres5ce 9 #aiad might be inf]r$ f ! fact t dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! summ] ( t ye> an epidemic ( typhoid fev] occurr$ at ,aylm]1 a village t dis*>ges its sewage into ! ,ottawa ,riv] ab\t six miles above ! ,ottawa intake4 ,hull1 situat$ on ! opposite bank ( ! riv] & hav+ a population ( #bj1jjj1 takes its wat] supply f ! same *annel t supplies ,ottawa b at a po9t a few hundr$ feet fur!r d[n /ream4 ,dur+ ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aiad1 "s #bjj cases ( typhoid fev] 7incid5ce #a1jjj p] #ajj1jjj7 occurr$ 9 ,hull z comp>$ ) #bh 9 ,ottawa4 ,z ! ,ottawa intake is situat$ betwe5 ! ,hull intake & ! outlet ( ! ,aylm] sew] x is incr$ible t ! ,ottawa raw wat] 0 n also infect$4 ,9 #aiaf a liquid *lor9e plant 0 in/all$ 9 ,hull1 b 9 #aiag1 ow+ to an accid5t1 x 0 out ( commission = a %ort p]iod & at lea/ #ajj cases ( fev] develop$ dur+ ! foll[+ mon?4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod only two cases 7 report$ 9 ,ottawa & ( ^! "o 0 obvi\sly contract$ outside ! city4 ,9 view ( ! prec$+ facts x mu/ be grant$ t ! improvem5t 9 ! typhoid rate ( ,ottawa c be def9itely attribut$ to an improvem5t 9 ! wat] supply caus$ by *lor9ation4 ,! efficacy ( *lor9ation to prev5t & *eck epidemics ( wat]-borne typhoid has nev] be5 d\bt$4 ,innum]able in/ances c\ld be cit$ 9 :i* ! prompt treatm5t ( l>ge public supplies has promptly *eck$ outbreaks t ?reat5$ to assume s]i\s proportions & !re is no d\bt t ! extremely l[ typhoid morbidity rate on ! ,we/]n ,front ( ! ,european battlefield is p>tially due to ! ext5sive & rigor\s *lor9ation measures t h be5 in/igat$4 ,prophylactic vacc9ation & ! prompt isolation ( typhoid c>ri]s h l>gely contribut$ to ! wond]ful results obta9$ b due cr$it mu/ also be giv5 to ! sy/ematic purification & treatm5t ( wat] supplies4 ,simil> results h be5 obta9$ at tra9+ camps 9 ,canada & 9 o!r c\ntries by effective treatm5t ) ei!r liquid *lor9e or hypo*lorite4 ,s9ce ! inception ( wat] *lor9ation 9 ,am]ica 9 #aijh1 ! m]it ( ! me?od has be5 v g5]ally recogniz$ ?r\gh\t ! ,cont95t b 0 reg>d$ ) scepticism 9 ,europe1 except z a tempor>y exp$i5t1 until ! results obta9$ by ! milit>y =ces compell$ m g5]al recognition4 ,be=e ! w>1 *lor9ation ( wat] supplies 9 ,engl& 0 only practis$ 9 a few isolat$ & relatively unimportant in/ances2 9 #aiag1 practically ! :ole supply ( ,london 0 *lor9at$ & at ,worce/] a simil> treatm5t has be5 recomm5d$ to enable ! sl[ s& filt]s to be op]at$ at high] rates )\t r$uc+ ! quality ( ! wat] suppli$ to ! consum]s4 ,use & ,abuse ( ,*lor9e4 ,inasmu* z *lor9ation has no b5eficial effect on wat] except ! r$uction ( ! bact]ial cont5t x %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose only & "u su* conditions z p]mit ! op]ations to be "u full control at all times4 ,! supplies t c be mo/ effici5tly & safely treat$ are ^? t are relatively con/ant 9 *emical composition & bact]ial pollution4 ,*anges 9 volume c be dealt ) by automatic app>atus b sudd5 *anges 9 organic & bact]ial cont5t require a *ange ( dosage t _c be made by any me*anical appliance4 ,long exp]i5ce & accurate meteorological records may 9 "s cases enable ^? 9 *>ge ( *lor9ation plants to anticipate *anges 9 ! conditions ( ! wat] supply1 b x is always pref]able to provide a positive me?od ( prev5t+ sudd5 *anges by us+ *lor9ation m]ely z an adjunct to o!r processes ( purification4 ,unpurifi$ wat]s t are objectionable on acc\nt ( _! bact]ial cont5t only are v r>e1 z ! cause t produces ! bact]ial pollution usually produces o!r conditions t are equally objectionable ?\gh n s dang]\s to heal?4 ,sudd5 /orms 9 summ]1 or sudd5 ?aws 9 w9t]1 usually cause l>ge increm5ts 9 turbidity accompani$ by soil wa%+s t (t5 c>ry appreciable quantities ( faecal matt] into surface wat] supplies4 ,lake supplies (t5 suff] 9 ! same mann] & sewage1 :i* dur+ normal conditions is c>ri$ safely away f wat] intakes1 obta9s access to ! supply4 ,if ! dosage is ma9ta9$ at a level suffici5tly high to meet ^! abnormal conditions1 compla9ts z to ta/e & od\r w\ld ensue1 & 9 g5]al1 su* a practice is impossible4 ,"s supplies h be5 *lor9at$ successfully = ye>s b ! pr9ciple ( us+ *lor9ation z ! fir/ & la/ l9e ( def5ce _c be recomm5d$4 ,success c only be obta9$ by et]nal vigilance & ! responsibility = results is m ?an wat] works (ficials %\ld be call$ ^u to assume4 ,*lor9ation is an invaluable adjunct to o!r =ms ( wat] purification & x is n improbable t1 9 ! future1 filt] plants w be design$ to remove ae/hetic objections at ! l[e/ possible co/ & t *lor9ation w be reli$ ^u = bact]ial r$uction4 ,*lor9ation is ! simple/1 mo/ economical1 & effici5t process by :i* ! removal ( bact]ia c be accompli%$ & !re is no valid reason :y x %\ld n be us$ = t purpose4 ,! popul>ity ( ?is process has suff]$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ov] zeal\s en?usia/s :o h be5 unable ei!r to recognize its limitations or to appreciate ! fact t a dome/ic wat] supply %\ld be some?+ m ?an a palatable liquid t does n conta9 pa?og5ic organisms4 ,e sy/em ( wat] purification has its limit$ sph]e ( utility & *lor9ation is no exception to ! rule4 ,,bibliography #a ,weldon & ,p[ell4 ,eng4 ,rec41 #aiaj1 #fa1 #fba4 #b ,cl>k & ,de ,gage1 #da/ ,annual ,rpt4 ,mass4 ,/ate ,b4 ( ,h4 #aiaj4 #c ,h\/on4 #ab? ,rese>* ,rpt4 ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d1 ,london4 #d ,ellms4 ,eng4 ,rec41 #aiaa1 #fc1 #chh4 #e ,johnson4 ,eng4 ,rec41 #aiaa1 #fd1 ,no4 #af4 #f ,j5n+s4 #h? ,int]4 ,congr4 ,appl4 ,*em41 #bf1 #bae4 #g ,longley4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,wat]works ,assoc41 #aiae1 #b1 #fgi4 #h ,"y4 ,j4 ,am]4 ,public ,heal? ,assoc41 #aiad1 #d1 #caj4 ,,app5dix ,,e/imation ,,( ,,*lor9e ,,9 ,,*lor9at$ ,,wat]s ,,reag5ts4 #a4 ,tolid9e solution4 ,"o gram ( o-tolid9e1 purifi$ by recry/allization f alcohol1 is dissolv$ 9 #a litre ( #aj p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 #b4 ,copp] sulphate solution4 ,dissolve #a4e grams ( copp] sulphate & #a c4cm4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute ! solution to #ajj c4cms4 #c4 ,potassium bi*romate solution4 ,dissolve #j4jbe gram ( potassium bi*romate & #j4a c4cm4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute ! solution to #ajj c4cms4 ,,proc$ure4 ,mix #a c4cm4 ( ! tolid9e reag5t ) #ajj c4cms4 ( ! sample 9 a ,nessl] tube & all[ ! solution to /& at lea/ five m9utes4 ,small am\nts ( free *lor9e give a yell[ & l>g] am\nts an orange col\r4 ,= quantitative det]m9ation comp>e ! col\r ) t ( /&>ds 9 simil> tubes prep>$ f ! solutions ( copp] sulphate & potassium bi*romate4 ,! am\nts ( solution = v>i\s /&>ds are indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,cont5t ,,( ,,*lor9e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,*lor9e4 ,solution ( ,solution ( ,copp] ,sulphate4 ,potassium ,bi*romate4 ,p>ts p] million4 c4cms4 c4cms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #j4ja #j4j #j4h 4#jb #j4j #b4a 4#jc #j4j #c4b 4#jd #j4j #d4c 4#je #j4d #e4e 4#jf #j4h #f4f 4#jg #a4b #g4e 4#jh #a4e #h4g 4#ji #a4g #i4j 4#aj #a4h #aj4j 4#bj #a4i #bj4j 4#cj #a4i #cj4j 4#dj #b4j #ch4j 4#ej #b4j #de4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,xv ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,xvi ,,"n ,,index ,a ,adams1 #ff1 #hb ,b ,bass5ge1 #i ,baxt]1 #d ,b]ge1 #i ,b]?ollet1 #a ,bevan1 #bi ,bonjean1 #cf ,bray1 #bd ,breteau1 #bf ,bu*oltz1 #e ,c ,catlett1 #ii ,cl>k1 #ec1 #acc ,comte1 #dg ,cross1 #bi ,cruik%ank1 #c ,d ,dak91 #bb1 #bh1 #abi ,d>nall1 #hi ,davy1 #a ,de,gage1 #ec1 #acc ,de,morveau1 #c ,dibd51 #f ,di5]t1 #dh ,di5heim-,bro*oki1 #aje ,d[ell1 #bd ,dunb>1 #f ,dunham1 #abi ,dupre1 #e ,dus*1 #d ,e ,ellms1 #cd1 #hc1 #hd1 #acc ,elmanovits*1 #cf ,elsn]1 #f ,evans1 #hd ,f ,f>aday1 #ajc ,fis*]1 #af ,=cr&1 #ajc ,full]1 ,g4 ,w41 #aa ,g ,gasc>d1 #dg ,griff51 #ag1 #gi ,h ,hab]korn1 #e ,hale1 #hj1 #ajj ,h>r+ton1 #cd1 #fe ,haus]1 #hc1 #hd ,h$all51 #ag1 #gi ,heise1 #cf ,h5ry1 #b ,h]mite1 #e ,hewlett1 #i ,hook]1 #gb ,horrocks1 #dh ,h\/on1 #h1 #ei1 #ga1 #acc ,hsu1 #ba ,j ,jackson1 #ia1 #ii ,jak[k91 #bf ,j5n+s1 #ace ,johnson1 #aa1 #acd ,jordan1 ,h4 ,e41 #eg ,k ,kan?ack1 #f ,kauffman1 #i ,kell]man1 #g ,k]%aw1 #ajg ,ki5le1 #fe1 #ff1 #ij1 #ii ,kimb]ly1 #g ,kle91 #e ,ko*1 #d ,kolessnik(f1 #af ,kranejuhl1 #g ,kuhn1 #e ,kurpjuivat1 #g ,l ,l&olt1 #aje ,lang>1 #aj ,l>o*e1 #dg ,lavoisi]1 #a1 #ae ,leal1 #af ,lehmann1 #aja ,le,roy1 #hc ,letton1 #fd ,longley1 #dc1 #ace ,lunge1 #aje ,lyon1 #bd ,m ,m>%all1 #ajb ,massy1 #dh ,mead[s1 #aab1 #aad ,mc,crady1 #acj ,mc,gowan1 #h ,mc,lintock1 #e ,mohl]1 #ca ,mohr1 #gi ,moor1 #i ,muspratt1 #abf ,n ,nesfield1 #h1 #hi ,niss51 #cj ,norton1 #ba ,novey1 #bc ,noyes1 #bd ,o ,orn/e91 #ij ,orticoni1 #cf ,p ,p$l]1 #ajc ,p]cy1 #c ,pett5k(]1 #aja ,phelps1 #g1 #ag1 #hb ,pit*]1 #aab ,pluck]1 #aj ,p[ell1 #acb ,pratt1 #g ,proskau]1 #f1 #af ,r ,rabs1 #aaj ,race1 #cf1 #aaj1 #aaf ,ras*ig1 #aae ,rick>d1 #ajh ,rideal1 ,e4 ,k41 #hd ,rideal1 ,s41 #f1 #i1 #ba1 #bb1 #fj1 #aae1 #aaf ,roscoe1 #e ,roozeboom1 #ajc ,r\quette1 #cf ,ruff]1 #e ,s ,s&man1 #ef ,s*eele1 #a1 #ae ,s*rod]1 #d ,s*ud]1 #aj ,s*uma*]1 #g ,s*umburg1 #aj ,s*wann1 #d ,s*w>tz1 #g ,semmelweiss1 #d ,sick5b]g]1 #i ,smeeton1 #ec ,smi?1 #abf ,t ,t5nant1 #b ,?omas1 #ec1 #ef ,?re%1 #hg ,ti]nan1 #ib ,tolman1 #aaa ,traube1 #i ,v ,valeski1 #cf ,von ,loan1 #ij ,w ,wald51 #acb ,walk]1 #hg ,wallace1 #ib ,wallis1 #hc ,w>\z(f1 #af ,watt1 #b1 #c1 #ae1 #ajf ,web/]1 #e1 #aje ,wesbrook1 #ca1 #dd1 #ec ,we/1 #ia1 #ii1 #acf ,:ittak]1 #ca ,w9kl]1 #hd ,w9ograd(f1 #af ,w9sl[1 #aaj ,woodhead1 #g ,woolf1 #e ,y ,"y1 #ach ,z ,zirn1 #f ,,subject ,,index ,a ,absorption ( *lor9e by wat]1 #ce ,abuse ( *lor9ation1 #add ,acids1 effect (1 #ai1 #ba ,action ( *lor9e1 #af ,admixture1 effect (1 #ci ,aft]gr[?s1 #ee accel]at$ gr[?1 #eh ,b4 coli 91 #eg effect ( liquid *lor9e1 #ii views z to nature (1 #ef ,algae1 effect ( *lor9e on1 #acc ,alkalies1 effect (1 #ai1 #bj ,all5-,moore cell1 #aaa ,ammonia1 & *lor9e1 #bd & sodium hypo*lorite1 #aad effect on blea*1 #ba effect on oxidis+ action1 #ba soda process1 #b ,anti*lors1 #hf ,antiseptics1 e>ly "w on1 #c *lor9e z an1 #ej ,application ( *lor9e1 po9t (1 #dc ,auto-sugge/ion1 #fb ,b ,b4 *ol]ae suis1 #ca ,b4 cloacae1 #ca ,b4 coli1 aft]gr[?s1 #eg 9 sewage1 #f1 #g 9 wat]1 #i1 #bh1 #ca /&>d1 #df viability (1 #eb1 #ee ,b4 cuticul>is1 #ec ,b4 faecalis alkalig5es1 #ca ,b4 ent]itidis1 #ca ,b4 ent]itidis sporog5es1 #ec ,b4 lactis a]og5es1 #ca ,b4 subtilis1 #ec ,b4 tetani1 #i ,b4 typhosus1 #i1 #aj1 #cj1 #ca ,bact]ia surviv+ *lor9ation1 #ej aft]gr[?s1 #ee nature (1 #ec spores1 #eg ,b5zid9e1 #hc ,blea*1 analysis ( solution1 #gi z deod\rant1 #c1 #f z sewage dis9fectant1 #f1 #g at ,adrian1 #aa at ,boonton1 #aa1 #af at ,bubbly ,creek1 #aa composition1 #ad decomposition (1 #be discov]y1 #b g]micidal velocity1 #bj1 #ba hydrolysis1 #ah1 #ai production1 #c /ability (1 #ag toxic action1 #bb treatm5t1 #gb control (1 #gh co/1 #hf dosage regulation1 #ge 9 ,france1 #gh losses 91 #ha mix+ tank1 #gc plant design1 #gb /orage tank1 #ge ,bre/ exp]im5ts1 #e ,c ,c>nallite1 #a ,*icago1 typhoid rate1 #ach ,*loram9e1 #aad at ,d5v]1 #abd1 #abf at ,ottawa1 #bh1 #aaf contact p]iod1 #abc co/ (1 #abd decomposition (1 #abf exp]im5tal results1 #aai g]micidal p[]1 #aaf op]ation ( process1 #abf plant design1 #abj prep>ation (1 #aae ratio ( *lor9e & ammonia1 #aaf1 #abb ta/es & od\rs1 #bh1 #fd1 #aag toxic action1 #bb1 #bi ,*lorides1 effect (1 #bj ,*lor9e1 & ammonia1 #bd1 #be discov]y (1 #a dis9fection1 effect ( pabulum1 #d g5]al reactions1 #bh hydrate1 #ajc detection (1 #ha effect on fl[]s1 #fh e/imation (1 #ha 9 sanit>y "w1 #d m$ic9al dose1 #fg oxyg5 equival5t1 #bc liquid1 #hi advantages (1 #ig co/ ( treatm5t1 #aja disadvantages (1 #aja g]micidal effici5cy1 #ii ma*9es1 #hi p]oxide1 #i wat]1 #ajb corrosion ( pipes1 #fi damage to se$s1 #fh decomposition (1 #ae heat ( =mation1 #bg ,*loromet]1 #hd ,*loros1 #h ,*lorozone1 #aje ,col\r1 effect on dosage1 #cc ,columbus1 typhoid rates1 #acg ,compla9ts1 #fb ,contact p]iod1 effect on dosage1 #dd effect on ta/e1 #dc usual practice1 #de ,co/ ( blea* plant1 #he blea* treatm5t1 #hf liquid *lor9e treatm5t1 #aja ,crossness exp]im5ts1 #e ,d ,dayton cell1 #ajg ,de,chlor filt]s1 #hg ,d5v]1 *loram9e treatm5t1 #abd1 #abf ,di*loram9e1 #abh ,dis9fectants1 #ej ,dis9fection1 e>ly views (1 #c ,dosage1 #cj det]m9ation (1 #df effect (1 admixture1 #ci col\r1 #cc contact p]iod1 #dc initial contam9ation1 #cb light1 #de oxidisable matt]1 #cb /&>d ( purity1 #cj1 #cb temp]ature1 #cd1 #cf turbidity1 #de = milit>y "w1 #dh regulation ( blea*1 #ge relation to oxyg5 absorb$1 #cf tanks1 #ge ,e ,eau de ,javelle1 #c1 #dg ,electrical conductivity ( treat$ wat]1 #gj ,electrolys$ sea wat]1 #e ,electrolytic hypo*lorite1 #b1 #ajd ,brad=d1 #e ,bre/1 #e ,brew/]1 #f1 #aje co/ (1 #aac ,electrolytic hydro*lorite1 ,crossness1 #e discov]y (1 #c diaphragm cells1 #aaj e>ly use (1 #e effici5cy (1 #aji ,havre1 #e non-diaphragm cells1 #ajf ,electrozone1 ,brew/]1 #f ,maid5head1 #f ,tonetta ,creek1 #f ,f ,filt] efflu5ts1 *lor9ation (1 #cd ,filt]s1 effect on b$s1 #fj effect on runs1 #acb ,fi%1 effect on1 #h1 #fg1 #fh ,g ,g]micidal velocity1 effect ( acids1 #ba alkalies1 #bj ammonia1 #ba *lorides1 #bj ,guild=d1 *lor9ation at1 #i ,h ,haas & ,oettel cell1 #ajh ,halazone1 #abh ,h>dness1 effect ( *lor9e on1 #acb ,havre exp]im5ts1 #e ,h]mite fluid1 #e ,hexame?yl-p-am9otriph5ylme?ane1 #hc ,hi/orical1 #a ,hooghly ,riv]1 #g ,hydraz9e1 #abf ,hydrog5 p]oxide1 #bd ,hydrolysis ( hypo*lorites1 effect (1 acids1 #ai alkalies1 #ai *lorides1 #bj ,hygi5ic results1 #acd ,hypo*lor\s acid1 #ag decomposition (1 #bd1 #be1 #bf hydrolytic con/ant1 #ah ,i ,initial contam9ation1 effect on dosage1 #cb ,inte/9al organisms1 viability (1 #eb ,iod(orm ta/e1 #fe ,iron salts1 effect on dosage1 #cc ,j ,j]sey ,city1 c\rt case1 #aa1 #af ,k ,kelln] cell1 #ajh ,l ,lab>raque solution1 #aje ,leavitt-,jackson ma*9e1 #ia ,leblanc process1 #b ,light1 effect on dosage1 #de ,l9coln1 *lor9ation at1 #h1 #ei ,liquid *lor9e1 advantages (1 #ig & ta/es1 #fe effect ( temp]ature on1 #ie ma*9es1 #hi dry fe$1 #id ,e4 ,b4 ,g4 ,co41 #ia ,leavitt-,jackson1 #ia op]ation (1 #ie ,wallace & ,ti]nan1 #ib ,l',ori5t1 exp]im5ts at1 #e ,m ,m4 agilis1 #ec ,maid/one1 use ( blea* at1 #h ,m>g9 ( safety = ta/e & od\r1 #fd ,mat]ial = blea* plants1 #gd ,milit>y "w1 blea* me?od =1 #gh *lor9e wat]1 #ajc dosage =1 #dg1 #dh1 #gh e>ly ,european1 #aj liquid *lor9e1 #ajb typhoid r$uction1 #adc use ( *lor9e 91 #h ,mix+ tank = blea*1 #gc ,moi/ure1 effect on *lor9e gas1 #af ,montreal1 dosage at1 #cd electrolytic cells1 #aab ,n ,nasc5t oxyg5 hypo!sis1 #ag ,nelson cell1 #aaa ,neva ,riv]1 #cf ,new ,orleans1 typhoid rates1 #acg ,new ,york1 bact]ia surviv+ treatm5t1 #ec blea* effici5cy1 #ajj liquid *lor9e plant1 #ig ,nitrites1 effect on dosage1 #cc ,nitrog5 tri*loride1 #bd1 #abh ,o ,od\rs1 effect ( contact p]iod on1 #dc nature (1 #fc ,ottawa1 aft]gr[?s at1 #eg blea* plant effici5cy1 #ajj *loram9e plant1 #abj *loram9e results1 #aba sludge tr\ble1 #fe typhoid rates1 #adj ,oxidisable matt]1 effect on dosage1 #cb1 #cf ,oxy*loride1 ,guild=d1 #i ,middlek]ke1 #i ,o/5d1 #i ,ozone1 #bd ,p ,philadelphia & *lor9ation1 #acf ,pipe corrosion1 #fi ,pittsburg report1 #ga ,plumbo solv5cy1 #ga ,p4 mirabilis1 #ca ,potassium p]manganate1 #bc ,pu]p]al fev] 9 ,vi5na1 #d ,pumps1 = admixture1 #da ,r ,r$ ,bank1 sewage dis9fection at1 #g ,rev]s$ ratio ( c\nts1 #ed ,s ,sewage dis9fection at ,baltimore1 ,b]l91 #g ,bo/on1 #g ,brew/]1 #f ,hamburg1 #f ,maid5head1 #f ,sludge1 z cause ( compla9ts1 #fe ,sodium bisulphite1 #hf ,sodium *loride1 deposits1 #a decomposition (1 #ajf ,sodium hypo*lorite1 #aje decomposition (1 #bf effect ( ammonia on1 #ba hydrolysis (1 #bf ,sodium ?iosulphate1 #hg ,/&>d ( purity1 #cj ,/orage tanks1 #ge ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 #cc ,sylv9e1 #a ,t ,tann91 #fg ,ta/es1 effect ( contact p]iod on nature (1 #fc ,temp]ature1 effect on absorption ( *lor9e1 #ce1 #ch blea* det]ioration1 #gb dosage1 #cd1 #cf g]micidal velocity1 #ch pressure ( liquid *lor9e1 #if ta/es & od\rs1 #ff ,!rmophylic organisms1 #ed ,tolid9e1 #hb ,toxic action ( *lor9e1 #bb1 #bi ,turbidity1 effect on dosage1 #de effect ( *lor9e on1 #acb ,u ,use ( *lor9ation1 #add ,w ,wat] ma9s1 dis9fection (1 #h ,well wat]1 #g ,worce/]1 *lor9ation at1 #aa ,wor?+ exp]im5ts1 #e ,subjects ,relat$ to ?is ,volume ,= conv5i5ce a li/ ( ! ,wiley ,special ,subject ,catalogues1 envelope size1 has be5 pr9t$4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 gr\ps--ea* catalogue hav+ a key symbol4 7,see ,special ,subject ,li/ ,bel[47 ,to obta9 any ( ^! catalogues1 s5d a po/al us+ ! key symbols ( ! ,catalogues desir$4 ,li/ ( ,wiley ,special ,subject ,catalogues #a--;,agriculture4 ,animal ,husb&ry4 ,dairy+4 ,indu/rial ,cann+ & ,pres]v+4 #b--;,ar*itecture4 ,build+4 ,masonry4 #c--;,bus9ess ,adm9i/ration & ,managem5t4 ,law4 ,indu/rial ,processes3 ,cann+ & ,pres]v+2 ,oil & ,gas ,production2 ,pa9t2 ,pr9t+2 ,sug> ,manufacture2 ,textile4 ,,*emi/ry #d;,a ,g5]al2 ,analytical1 ,qualitative & ,quantitative2 ,inorganic2 ,organic4 #d;,b ,electro- & ,physical2 ,food & ,wat]2 ,indu/rial2 ,m$ical & ,ph>maceutical2 ,sug>4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+ #e;,a ,unclassifi$ & ,/ructural ,eng9e]+4 #e;,b ,mat]ials & ,me*anics ( ,con/ruction1 includ+3 ,cem5t & ,concrete2 ,excavation & ,e>?work2 ,f\ndations2 ,masonry4 #e;,c ,railroads2 ,survey+4 #e;,d ,dams2 ,hydraulic ,eng9e]+2 ,pump+ & ,hydraulics2 ,irrigation ,eng9e]+2 ,riv] & ,h>bor ,eng9e]+2 ,wat] ,supply4 7,ov]7 #e;,e ,highways2 ,municipal ,eng9e]+2 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+2 ,wat] ,supply4 ,=e/ry4 ,horticulture1 ,botany & ,l&scape ,g>d5+4 #f--;,design4 ,decoration4 ,draw+3 ,g5]al2 ,descriptive ,geometry2 ,k9ematics2 ,me*anical4 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+--,,physics #g--;,g5]al & ,unclassifi$2 ,batt]ies2 ,c5tral ,/ation ,practice2 ,di/ribution & ,transmission2 ,dynamo-,electro ,ma*9]y2 ,electro-,*emi/ry & ,metallurgy2 ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts & ,miscellane\s ,app>atus4 #h--;,a/ronomy4 ,meteorology4 ,explosives4 ,m>9e & ,naval ,eng9e]+4 ,milit>y4 ,miscellane\s ,books4 ,,ma!matics #i--;,g5]al2 ,algebra2 ,analytic & ,plane ,geometry2 ,calculus2 ,trigonometry2 ,vector ,analysis4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+ #aj;,a ,g5]al & ,unclassifi$2 ,f\ndry ,practice2 ,%op ,practice4 #aj;,b ,gas ,p[] & ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9es2 ,heat+ & ,v5tilation2 ,refrig]ation4 #aj;,c ,ma*9e ,design & ,me*anism2 ,p[] ,transmission2 ,/eam ,p[] & ,p[] ,plants2 ,!rmodynamics & ,heat ,p[]4 #aa--,me*anics4 #ab--,m$ic9e4 ,ph>macy4 ,m$ical & ,ph>maceutical ,*emi/ry4 ,sanit>y ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+4 ,bact]iology & ,biology4 ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]+ #ac--;,g5]al2 ,assay+2 ,excavation1 ,e>?work1 ,tunnel+1 ,etc42 ,explosives2 ,geology2 ,metallurgy2 ,m9]alogy2 ,prospect+2 ,v5tilation4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 99 ,! orig9al symbol 9 ,table ,,xiv 7a circl$ 7 has be5 *ang$ to 4 99 ,"s =mulas h be5 spac$ out = bett] readability4 99 ,"s m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ 7includ+ indicators = ref]5ces & miss+ diacritical m>ks f ,g]man words74 99 ,9-l9e multi-l9e =mulas h be5 *ang$ to 9-l9e s+le- l9e =mulas1 if necess>y ) ! addition ( brackets4 99 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 lay-out or =matt+ h n be5 correct$1 except 9 ! foll[+ cases3 99 ,bass5ege1 ,s*emmelweiss1 ,lang> & ,kan?dack 9 ! "n index h be5 *ang$ to ,bass5ge1 ,semmelweiss1 ,lang] & ,kan?ack z 9 ! text4 99 ,heisse1 ,jordon1 ,tonnetta ,creek & ,horrock's h be5 *ang$ to ,heise1 ,jordan1 ,tonetta ,creek & ,horrocks's1 respectively1 z else:]e 9 ! text4 99 ,page #ce3 ,n#a & ,n#b 9 =mula *ang$ to ,n#a & ,n#b z else:]e4 99 ,page #g3 ,hadall5 *ang$ to ,h$all5 z else:]e 9 ! text4 99 ,*anges made to ! text3 99 ,page #ag3 -- *ang$ to 9 *emical =mula z describ$ 9 ! text4 99 ,page #bf3 ,h4 ,,hco#c *ang$ to ,h4 ,,hco#c'4 99 ,page #bf3 *lor-ions *ang$ to *lor9e ions4 99 ,page #ed3 ,g5tion ,violet *ang$ to ,g5tian ,violet4 99 ,page #ajc3 ,footnote m>k] #aa ins]t$ 7miss+ 9 orig9al74 99 ,! au?or call$ ,kurpjuivut1 ,kurjuivut & ,kurpjuivat 9 v>i\s places 9 ! text is probably call$ ,kurpjuweit4 ,! au?or call$ ,s*umburg & ,s*umb]g 9 ! text is call$ ,s*umb]g4 ,! book conta9s ref]5ces to bo? ,zaleski & ,elmanovits* & ,valeski & ,elmanovits*2 ,zaleksi is probably correct4 99 ,o!r rem>ks3 99 ,footnote on ,page #aai3 fraction uncle> 9 ! orig9al1 pres5t$ "h z #e-a_/b4 99 ,page #acd3 afflu5ts %\ld probably be efflu5ts4 99 ,9 ! orig9al "w1 !re is no ,,table ,,xxii betwe5 ,,table ,,xxi & ,,xxiii4 ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------