,,tobacco ,,leaves ,illustration3 ,,plant ,,of ,,kentucky ,,tobacco ,from a ,sketch by ,w4 ,a4 ,brennan ,,tobacco ,,leaves ,,being ,a ,,book ,,of ,,facts ,,for ,,smokers ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,brennan ,department of ,medical ,sciences ,the ,john ,crerar ,library ,,published ,,for ,index ,office1 ,inc4 ,,by ,the ,collegiate ,press ,,george ,,banta ,,publishing ,,company ,,menasha1 ,,wisconsin #aiae ,first issue ,december1 #aiae ,copyright #aiae by ,w4 ,a4 ,,brennan ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #g ,,chapter ,i #aa ,historical1 ,botanical4 ,,chapter ,,ii #ai ,the ,cultivation of the ,tobacco ,plant4 ,climatic and soil conditions--,treatment of the growing plant--,shade grown tobacco--,harvesting4 ,,chapter ,,iii #bi ,production of ,tobacco4 ,countries which produce tobacco and amount--,production in the ,new ,world other than in the ,united ,states--,varieties4 ,,chapter ,,iv #ci ,production of ,tobacco in the ,united ,states4 ,total production--,amount produced by the different ,states-- ,varieties raised--,description of the different varieties4 ,,chapter ,v #ec ,the ,chemical ,composition of the ,tobacco ,plant4 ,organic and inorganic matters contained in tobacco and the part they play--,analysis of various tobaccos--,nicotine4 ,,chapter ,,vi #fa ,the ,curing of ,tobacco ,leaf4 ,objects of curing--,methods4 ,,chapter ,,vii #fg ,the ,marketing and ,sale of ,tobacco ,leaf4 ,methods of disposal by the grower--,the warehouse system-- ,direct purchase--,principal markets in the ,united ,states-- ,prices4 ,,chapter ,,viii #ge ,rehandling and ,fermentation of ,tobacco ,leaf ,prior to ,manufacture4 ,selection of leaf--,treatment and blending--,objects and methods of manufacturers fermentation--,action of microbes4 ,,chapter ,,ix #hh ,manufactured ,products of ,tobacco in the ,united ,states4 ,statistics of production and consumption--,amount of capital invested--,number of plants1 etc4 ,,chapter ,x #ic ,cigars3 ,historical and ,general ,facts4 ,history--,statistical information regarding the cigar business in the ,united ,states4 ,,chapter ,,xi #ii ,cigars and ,their ,qualities4 ,qualities of cigars and cigar leaf--,imported cigars--,havanas-- ,domestic cigars4 ,,chapter ,,xii #aaa ,cigar ,making4 ,hand-made cigars--,machine-made cigars--,classification of cigars--,terms used in the cigar trade4 ,,chapter ,,xiii #aba ,pipe ,smoking and ,chewing ,tobacco4 ,qualities required--,description of kinds--,perique tobacco-- ,statistics4 ,,chapter ,,xiv #aca ,cigarettes4 ,statistics--,kinds and where made--,imported cigarettes-- ,domestic cigarettes--,cigarette papers4 ,,chapter ,,xv #adc ,snuff4 ,how made--,qualities--,description of kinds4 ,,chapter ,,xvi #adi ,tobacco ,smoking ,pipes4 ,history--,how made and materials used in making--,meerschaum-- ,briar root--,amber--,special kinds of pipes--,care of pipes4 ,,chapter ,,xvii #aga ,effects of ,tobacco ,smoking on the ,human ,system4 ,physical and other effects--,opinions of medical men quoted and discussed4 ,,chapter ,,xviii #aie ,the ,beneficial ,effects of ,tobacco4 ,its disinfecting action--,a protection against infectious disease--,psychological effects of smoking4 ,,chapter ,,xix #bjg ,miscellaneous4 ,revenue1 taxation1 etc41 in connection with tobacco--,free imports--,the insect pests which attack tobacco--,tobacco flavoring fluids1 etc4--,formulae4 ,,introduction ,this little book is intended for the man who uses tobacco4 ,while there is a very extensive literature concerning tobacco1 yet it is surprising how few books there are written expressly for the smoker4 ,much has been written concerning culture1 production and manufacture2 the historical and anecdotal aspects have been catered for2 pamphlets and books abusing and denouncing the use of tobacco are plentiful2 but the smoker will find it difficult to get a book just giving him the facts concerning tobacco and smoking1 which he ought to know1 and omitting matters1 which1 although interesting1 are not necessary4 ,this little book is an attempt to fulfil that purpose2 and it is felt that no apology is needed for its appearance4 ,if the average user of tobacco is questioned concerning the matters treated in the following pages1 he will be found ignorant of them4 ,this ought not be so4 ,the custom of tobacco smoking is so general and so intimate a part of the daily life of the great majority of men1 that a better acquaintance with the plant1 its qualities1 uses and effects1 should be cultivated and welcomed4 ,no claim is made for originality4 ,the facts here stated have been gathered from various sources and the only credit claimed is for putting them together in a concise and consecutive form4 ,the object aimed at is to give information4 ,whether the custom of tobacco smoking is desirable1 whether in any individual case it would be beneficial or otherwise to smoke--these and similar questions are left to the reader's own judgment from the facts and opinions presented1 as well as from his own observations4 ,the man who uses tobacco daily should know what he is doing4 ,if statements are made either verbally or in print concerning the custom he should be able to verify them or show that they are incorrect4 ,it is trusted that the information given in these pages will enable him to form a clear judgment whatever the judgment may be4 ,it may be felt that many aspects of the use of tobacco and matters connected with it have either not been touched on1 or only referred to very briefly4 ,the reader who may desire further information will find it in the bibliographical references given throughout the book4 ,these references have generally been consulted by the author and his indebtedness is acknowledged here4 ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,chapter ,i ,,historical--,,botanical ,,historical ,the history of tobacco commences with the discovery of the ,new ,world by ,columbus4 ,the ,chinese claim that it was known and used by them much earlier1 but there appears to be no evidence to support this claim4 ,columbus found the natives of ,cuba smoking the dried leaves1 and his followers are said to have brought the plant to ,spain about #aeab4 ,oviedo published a book entitled ,la ,historia general de las ,indias in ,seville in #aebf1 in which he mentions pipe smoking4 ,it may be inferred that this custom was well established in ,spain then4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh is usually credited with having brought tobacco to ,england for the first time from ,virginia in #aehf2 and the ,virginian ,colonists are known to have cultivated the plant at that time2 but there is evidence enough to show that ,sir ,francis ,drake was the first to introduce the plant into ,england4 ,drake's voyages were made between #aegj and #aehj and he brought the plant with him in one of these4 ,some give the date of introduction by ,drake as #aefj4 ,raleigh was1 however1 probably the first ,english distinguished smoker1 and he cultivated the plant on his estate at ,youghal1 ,ireland4 ,there is no doubt about the culture of tobacco by the early ,english ,colonists in the ,u4 ,s41 but it is doubtful whether the plant was introduced by them from ,england or whether they continued a culture learned from the ,natives4 ,from ,virginia it spread to the other colonies4 ,in ,peru and other parts of ,south ,america the growing of tobacco was well established at the time of the ,spanish ,conquest4 ,in #aefj ,jean ,nicot1 the ,french ,ambassador at ,lisbon1 sent some tobacco to ,catherine de ,medici as a cure for headache4 ,catherine was pleased with it and is said to have become quite addicted to its use4 ,tobacco was designated the ,queen's herb and the ,sovereign herb from this circumstance and ,nicot himself is perpetuated in the word ,nicotine and its derivatives4 ,many persons erroneously give credit to ,nicot for the introduction of tobacco into ,europe4 ,it is quite clear1 however1 from ,oviedo's book1 quoted above1 that the plant was known in ,spain very much earlier2 and it is most probable that the immediate followers of ,columbus brought samples of the leaves and pipes back to ,spain with them4 ,moreover1 in #aeeh1 ,phillip ,,ii of ,spain sent ,francisco ,hernandez1 a physician1 to investigate the resources1 etc41 of ,mexico1 and on his return he brought back tobacco as one of the products1 and grew it as a drug4 ,from ,spain and ,england1 the use of tobacco spread by degrees all over the known world4 ,,references ,,penn1 ,w4 ,a4 ,the ,soverane ,herbe2 a history of ,tobacco4 ,chapters ,i1 ,,ii4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,,bouant1 ,e4 ,le ,tabac2 culture et industrie4 ,paris1 #aija4 ,,shew1 ,,joel4 ,tobacco2 its history1 nature and effects on the body and mind4 ,wortley1 #ahgf4 ,,billings1 ,e4 ,r4 ,tobacco2 its history1 varieties1 culture1 etc4 ,chapters ,,ii1 ,,iv4 ,hartford1 ,conn41 #ahie4 ,,comes1 ,o4 ,histoire1 geographie1 statistique du ,tabac4 ,son introduction et son expansion dans tous les pays depuis son origine jusqu' a la fin du ,,xix siecle4 ,naples1 #aijj4 ,,fairholt1 ,f4 ,w4 ,tobacco2 its history and associations4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,,wolf1 ,,jakob4 ,der ,tabak und die ,tabakfabrikate4 ,chapter ,i4 ,leipzig1 #aiab4 ,,botanical ,tobacco belongs to the family of plants known in botany under the name of ,solanaceae4 ,other well-known members of this family are the ,irish potato1 the red pepper1 the tomato1 the egg-plant1 etc4 ,american tobacco belongs almost exclusively to that group of this family which comprise the genus ,nicotiana4 ,of this genus there are about #ej separate species1 one of which1 ,nicotiana ,tabacum1 supplies almost all the tobacco of commerce4 ,plants of this species grow from #b feet to #i feet in height2 they have numerous wide-spreading leaves sometimes as much as #c feet in length2 these leaves may be oval1 oblong1 pointed1 or lanceolate in shape1 and are generally of a pale green color when young2 they are arranged alternately in a spiral on the stem2 the root is large and fibrous2 the stem is erect1 round and viscid1 branching near the top4 ,the alternate arrangement of the leaves on the stalk1 succeeding each other spirally1 so that the #ith overhangs the #ast1 the #ajth the #bnd1 and so on1 is very characteristic4 ,the distance on the stalk between the leaves is about #b inches4 ,flowers are in large clusters1 with corollas of rose color1 or white tinged with pink4 ,the leaves and stalks are covered with soft downy hair4 ,the plant is perennial but crops are usually raised from seed4 ,of this species 7,n4 ,tabacum7 there are probably more than #ajj varieties grown in the ,u4 ,s4 alone4 ,some of the best known will be described later4 ,to this same species 7,n4 ,tabacum7 ,havana1 ,east ,indian and ,european tobaccos principally belong4 ,the other important species are3 ,nicotiana ,persica4 ,grown in ,persia4 ,this has a white flower and the leaves almost enwrap the stem4 ,it is used almost exclusively as a pipe-smoking tobacco4 ,some claim that this is only a variant of ,n4 ,tabacum4 ,nicotiana ,repanda4 ,this is a species of ,cuban tobacco entirely different from that grown in the ,havana district4 ,it is also called ,yara4 ,nicotiana ,rustica4 ,a kind of wild growing tobacco principally cultivated in ,mexico1 and which is claimed as the parent of some of the ,turkish1 ,syrian and ,latakia tobaccos although many authorities claim that these tobaccos belong to the species ,n4 ,tabacum4 ,the ,european tobacco is hardier than the ,american parent plant4 ,the leaves are smaller4 ,n4 ,rustica4 ,also includes common ,hungarian and ,turkish tobaccos4 ,there are large and small leaved varieties4 ,n4 ,crispa4 ,grown in ,syria and largely in ,central ,asia4 ,used as a cigarette tobacco in the ,orient4 ,it has been stated above that there are many varieties of ,n4 ,tabacum in the ,u4 ,s4 ,of these the most important are known to botanists by the names1 ,nicotiana ,tabacum ,macrophylla and ,nicotiana ,tabacum ,angustifolia4 ,maryland tobacco belongs to the ,macrophylla variety and there are many other types differing from each other according to shape of the leaf1 size of the stalk1 etc4 ,virginian tobacco is of the ,angustifolia variety1 and of this also there are many different types4 ,most ,european and other grown tobaccos have been raised from original plants of the ,maryland and ,virginian varieties4 ,it should be remembered that there is no essential difference in cigar1 pipe smoking or cigarette tobaccos4 ,the differences are physical only4 ,all kinds may be obtained from the same species or even the same variety of the species by suitable culture and crossing4 ,,references ,,anastasia1 ,g4 ,e4 ,le varieta della ,nicotiana ,tabacum4 ,scafati1 #aijf4 ,,comes1 ,o4 ,delle razze dei tabacchi4 ,naples1 #aije4 ,,killebrew1 ,j4 ,b4 and ,,myrick ,h4 ,tobacco leaf2 its culture and cure1 marketing and manufacture4 ,part ,i4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,lock1 ,c4 ,g4 ,w4 ,tobacco growing1 curing1 and manufacturing4 ,chapter ,i4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ,,wolf1 ,j4 ,der ,tabac4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #aiab4 ,,billings1 ,e4 ,r4 ,tobacco2 its history1 varieties1 etc4 ,chapter ,i4 ,hartford1 ,conn41 #ahge4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,cultivation ,,of ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant ,,climatic ,,and ,,soil ,,conditions4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,growing ,,plant4 ,,shade ,,grown ,,tobacco4 ,,harvesting4 ,,the ,,cultivation ,,of ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant ,a few general facts concerning the culture of the tobacco plant and its treatment until it reaches the hands of the manufacturers will be of interest for the smoker4 ,the general principles underlying the culture of tobacco are the same whether it is intended for the cigar1 pipe smoking or cigarette trade2 but the treatment of the leaf after it is harvested differs considerably4 ,tobacco is a perennial plant4 ,it is1 however1 usually raised each year from seed4 ,the seedlings are usually ready for planting towards the end of ,may and are generally planted between the last week in ,may and the middle of ,june4 ,the successful raising of tobacco depends on four principal factors3 7#a7 the climate1 7#b7 the nature of the soil1 7#c7 the seed1 and 7#d7 on the method of culture4 ,the climate must be such as to favor rapid growth and therefore must furnish sufficient heat and moisture during the time the plant is growing4 ,the fineness of the texture and the elasticity of the leaf depend on the climate4 ,on the soil the plant depends for its food1 and for the absorption of those chemical constituents on which depend the burning qualities1 the strength and the color4 ,the physical qualities of the plant1 structure and form1 thickness of veins1 size1 shape and distribution of leaves1 are derived from the seed4 ,finally1 on the method of cultivation 7including the curing process7 depends in part the final color1 flavor and aroma2 the type and trade value2 that is to say1 on successful culture and harvesting and treatment at the right time and in the best way1 must depend the grower's hopes of the final value of his crop4 ,the quantity of nicotine1 essential oils1 etc41 on which flavor and strength depend1 is regulated to the greatest extent by the time of cutting4 ,the nature of the soil is a very important matter in the culture of tobacco1 for the color of the cured tobacco leaf depends almost entirely on the soil4 ,the light colored leaf is grown on light colored soil and the darker leaf is grown on heavy1 dark soil4 ,the best type of soil for the raising of tobacco intended for the cigar trade is a warm1 deep1 sandy loam which rests on permeable well-drained subsoil4 ,the very light colored yellow tobacco cannot be raised except on light colored1 porous soils2 and so susceptible is this matter of the coloring of the leaf that it has been noted that the darkening of the soil by a liberal allowance of stable manure will1 on a very light colored soil1 change the color of the tobacco leaf from a bright yellow to a mahogany shade4 ,very light sandy soils or very light loams with clayey subsoils are usually chosen for these light yellow tobaccos4 ,although by processes subsequent to growth it is possible to darken the color of tobacco leaf1 there is no known process that will make a dark leaf light in color4 ,moreover1 the soil must be very fertile and rich in the special substances needed by the growing plant4 ,this is all the more necessary because tobacco is a rapidly growing plant1 and reaches its maturity within a few months after its planting4 ,the rapidity of growth therefore demands a rich fertile soil well stored with plant food4 ,good manuring1 or liberal treatment with fertilizers1 is essential for keeping such soils in prime condition1 because the period of growing must not be extended4 ,tobacco is usually planted in rows1 the rows being from three to four feet apart1 the usual arrangement being that the plants are generally about #ab or #ah inches apart in the row4 ,some planters1 however1 give the plants more room for many reasons1 varying the distance between the plants even as much as #cj inches4 ,cigar leaf tobacco plants are usually placed about #ad inches apart4 ,there are various operations necessary during the growth of the plant4 ,the most important of these for our purpose are those known as priming or thinning out and cutting4 ,priming is usually done when the plant is well advanced in growth1 but the time varies with different growers and according to the species4 ,it consists in removing the lower or imperfect leaves from the plant1 or these which have in any way become injured from insect or other harmful agencies4 ,as a general rule the larger the number of leaves there is on a plant the lower is the quality of the subsequently cured leaf4 ,an average of about #aj leaves to each plant is what is favored by most growers1 and the plants are usually thinned to this extent4 ,seed buds are removed also at the same time and for the same reason4 ,if the plants are thinned late and when they are approaching full growth the leaves removed are not destroyed1 but are cured separately and sold as inferior quality and are usually called primings or planters lugs4 ,in the ,southern ,american ,states the time allowed for the growth and maturing of the plant is somewhat longer than in the eastern and more northerly states where the soil1 owing to richer fertilization1 favors the rapid growth4 ,moreover1 a stronger quality of tobacco is wanted and the extra time allows the plant to effect a greater elaboration in its cells of the oils and gums1 etc41 which contribute particularly to strength and flavor4 ,,shade ,,grown ,,tobacco ,the matter of rapid growth has1 however1 its limitations4 ,too much sunlight is considered a disadvantage4 ,under such powerful action1 nutrition is drawn quickly from the soil and the plants ripen too quickly4 ,under such circumstances the leaves tend to become heavy bodied and not very large in size4 ,to defeat this tendency and produce large1 thin silky leaves for the cigar trade1 the grower sometimes covers his field with a tent of cheese-cloth or similar protection from the glare of the sun4 ,the ripening process is thereby slowed and the leaves are thinner1 larger and lighter in shade4 ,this method is employed principally in ,cuba1 ,florida and ,connecticut where cigar wrapper leaves are produced1 and such tobacco is known as shade-grown4 ,tobacco which has been planted out at the end of ,may or early in ,june is usually ready for harvesting at the end of ,august or beginning to middle of ,september4 ,the actual time of harvesting varies a good deal according to the variety grown and the physical condition concerned in the growing of the plant4 ,the heavier tobaccos which are intended for the export trade are usually harvested late4 ,the most important operations connected with the culture of the tobacco leaf are the yellowing and curing processes1 and1 as these commence with the cutting of the plant1 this latter must be done under strictly favorable conditions in order to insure proper results4 ,the cutting must not be done while the sun is very hot1 or while there is rain1 or before the plant is fully matured4 ,on the other hand1 after the plant has reached its maturity1 it must not be allowed to continue its growth1 which along with other things would be likely to increase its nicotine content which is not desirable4 ,the experienced tobacco grower knows well from the appearance of the plant when it is best fitted for cutting4 ,the leaves become thick and heavy and assume a drooping appearance4 ,they become crisp with a tendency to break easily1 and a mottled1 spotty look is noticeable on them4 ,the surface becomes gummy and oily2 the oily substances increases and exudates as the days pass4 ,when these signs appear the tobacco is cut on the first day when the weather favors4 ,it is usual in most cases to split the stalks down the middle and allow the leaves to wilt1 before the stalk is entirely cut through4 ,after sufficient wilting the leaves are gathered in piles and exposed to the action of the sunlight2 or they are stuck by the stalks on poles or framework and so exposed that the sun and air have free access to all parts4 ,this is the best and most approved practice4 ,yellowing of the leaf is very rapid after the plant is cut2 it is the natural effect due to cutting off the food supply of the leaf and the consequent slow death of the vitality of the cells4 ,it must be remembered that the leaves are large1 varying in size 7according to species7 from #ab inches to over #b feet in length4 ,such a leaf needs a large quantity of food and the sudden cutting off of the supply effects a rapid change in appearance4 ,the leaves are allowed to hang on the scaffolds #c to #e days until they are fully yellowed4 ,they are then ready for the process of curing1 which is the most important operation connected with cultivation4 ,the curing and fermentation which the leaf undergoes are chemical actions and their success depends on the proper method of yellowing4 ,the leaves must not be exposed to the sun too long1 because the cells would lose their vitality too rapidly and be unfitted for the new part they have to play in the curing process4 ,the chemical changes will be explained in subsequent chapters4 ,it is desired that the reader should understand that to ensure a successful final issue the planter has need to watch continuously and to know all the conditions4 ,if the leaf does not yellow properly no amount of after care in curing will make up for this deficiency4 ,in tobacco growing as in everything else1 to ensure final high quality each step in the process must be executed with skill1 care1 and judgment4 ,the yield of tobacco per acre varies from about #cjj lbs4 of leaf in the southern states to #a1jjj lbs4 or more in the eastern4 #gjj to #hjj lbs4 per acre is considered a good average crop4 ,,references ,,killebrew ,,and ,,myrick4 ,tobacco leaf2 its culture and cure1 marketing and manufacturing4 ,part ,i4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,billings1 ,e4 ,r4 ,tobacco2 its history1 varieties1 culture1 etc4 ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,hartford1 ,conn41 #ahge4 ,,laurent1 ,l4 ,le tabac2 sa culture et sa preparation production et consummation dans les divers pays4 ,paris1 #aijj4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,farmers' ,bulletins ,nos4 #f and #fj4 ,tobacco4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry4 ,bulletin #if4 ,tobacco breeding4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,world',s ,,production ,,of ,,tobacco ,,total ,,production4 ,,countries ,,which ,,cultivate ,,tobacco4 ,,production ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,world ,,other ,,than ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,the ,,world',s ,,production ,,of ,,tobacco ,the world's recorded annual crop of tobacco leaf is over one million tons4 ,the latest government figures available are those for #aiab and #aiac1 and show #b1fif1dja1cgi and #b1gbb1aij1jcj lbs4 respectively4 ,of this amount ,asia and ,america produce each about #cej1jjj tons1 ,europe about #bej1jjj tons and the rest of the world the balance4 ,the details of the production in the ,u4 ,s4 will be given in the next chapter4 ,the principal ,asiatic countries which produce tobacco are ,china1 ,japan1 ,afghanistan1 ,india1 ,persia and ,asia ,minor4 ,china has an immense production and consumption of tobacco1 a large portion of which finds its way into western markets for the cigar and cigarette trade and is sold as ,turkish tobacco4 ,no figures as to production are available4 ,british ,india and ,afghanistan produce good tobacco1 a lot of which is used in ,hindustan and other ,eastern countries4 ,the ,persian crop is known to be large1 but there are no available records of it4 ,in ,persia most of the tobacco raised is of the species known as ,nicotiana ,persica4 ,this is generally known under its trade name of ,tumbach or ,tumbeki 7or more correctly ,teymbeki74 ,this is the common ,eastern name for tobacco4 ,it is considerably exported to the countries in the neighborhood of ,persia and is smoked in the pipe known as the ,narghilli4 ,in this pipe the teymbeki burns in contact with a piece of incandescent charcoal4 ,the smoker draws the vapor through a flexible tube which passes to the bottom of a water chamber and passes above it1 whence it is inhaled4 ,the narghili is technically a water pipe4 ,the teymbeki is very strong in nicotine1 containing up to #e or #f per cent4 ,japan produces large and medium size leaf of good color but poor in quality4 ,it is generally used for pipe and cigarette trade4 ,the statistics of production for ,asia are extremely unreliable4 ,when we consider the teeming populations of ,china1 ,india and other ,eastern countries and the prevalence of the smoking habit1 it is very probable that the figure of production 7#cej1jjj tons annually7 is much under the mark4 ,there is very little export of tobacco from the ,united ,states or ,europe to the ,east4 ,whatever tobacco is consumed there is mostly of its own production4 ,,european ,,production ,,of ,,tobacco ,in ,europe the principal tobacco producing countries are ,germany1 ,france1 ,austria1 ,russia1 ,italy and ,turkey4 ,germany has nearly #dj1jjj acres under tobacco cultivation in ,rhenish ,bavaria1 ,baden1 ,hesse1 and ,alsace-,lorraine4 ,the annual production is about #ej to #gj million lbs42 and in addition nearly #c times that much is imported4 ,german home grown leaf is medium to large in size1 of fair body1 heavy and with coarse veins4 ,it is used for cigar filler and pipe1 but is not suited for cigar wrappers4 7,see the chapter on cigars47 ,french tobacco is raised from ,virginia seed4 ,it is dark1 coarse and heavy and is suitable for plug and snuff making only4 ,russia is the largest ,european producer4 ,russian tobacco leaf is very large in size and like the ,french is coarse1 dark and heavy and is only fit for plug and snuff making4 ,there is a lighter kind grown from ,turkish seed in ,south ,russia which is fit for cigarettes4 ,italy has made several attempts to cultivate good tobacco1 and several different types are produced4 ,a dark heavy leaf is grown from ,virginia seed1 and a type from ,kentucky seed is also produced4 ,these types are suitable to the dark1 heavy fertile soils of ,middle and ,north ,italy4 ,in the lighter sandy soil of the south1 the varieties grown are raised from ,turkish seed and are similar in appearance and quality to the genuine ,turkish tobacco4 ,hungary is a heavy grower of tobacco and produces some of the best in ,europe4 ,there is a heavy dark type1 of a rich brown color1 medium sized leaf with small and thin veins1 which is used in cigar manufacture4 ,a small bright yellow leaf is also grown1 poor in quality and aroma1 which is used for pipe smoking and cigarettes4 ,the most important foreign tobacco as regards ,u4 ,s4 consumers is that known as ,turkish4 ,the leaves of the ,turkish tobacco are small 7about #h long71 clear yellow in color1 and have a special aroma1 which renders them peculiarly suitable for the manufacturing of cigarettes4 ,the principal producing centers are ,macedonia1 ,albania1 ,syria1 ,palestine and ,trebizond1 that raised in ,macedonia being per-haps the most celebrated4 ,just like the ,cuban leaf1 the very best grades of ,turkish tobacco are not exported1 but are kept for domestic consumption4 ,latakia tobacco is produced in the northern part of ,syria4 ,this tobacco has a very small nicotine content4 ,it is produced by a special fabrication and is in very great demand as an ingredient of pipe smoking mixtures4 ,the ,district of ,cavalla in the ,province of ,roumelia1 is one of the most important tobacco centers in the ,turkish ,empire4 ,there are about #ge1jjj acres under tobacco cultivation and the annual production is about #aj1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,the ,american ,tobacco ,co4 has a large establishment here through which it purchases its ,turkish leaf1 amounting to over #f million lbs4 yearly1 for the manufacture of ,turkish cigarettes1 etc4 ,the total importation of ,turkish leaf into the ,united ,states during #aiac was3 ,from ,turkey in ,europe #aj1haf1jdh lbs4 ,from ,turkey in ,asia #ah1iee1bie lbs4 ,greece and the ,balkan ,states produce tobacco which partakes of the qualities of ,hungarian and ,turkish1 the ,grecian leaf being used a good deal as a substitute for genuine ,turkish tobacco4 ,,tobacco ,,produced ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,world ,,other ,,than ,,in ,,united ,,states ,the government of ,canada has given a lot of attention to experiments in connection with the growth of tobacco in the ,dominion1 but only with indifferent success4 ,the leaf is raised principally from ,virginian seed1 but is large and coarse and is only fit for inferior plug and snuff making4 ,cuban ,tobacco4 ,the tobacco raised in the ,island of ,cuba is the most celebrated in the world for cigar making4 ,the leaf is of a rich1 brown color2 narrow and small in size1 varying from #h to #ah inches in length4 ,its richness of flavor and the peculiar aroma are its chief characteristics4 ,cuba produces annually about #cjj1jjj to #ejj1jjj bales of tobacco varying in weight from #hj to #aej lbs4 per bale1 nearly one-half of which is exported to the ,united ,states alone4 ,the importation of ,cuban leaf into the ,united ,states over a series of years is shown below3 ,cuban leaf imports into the ,u4 ,s4 7lbs47 #ahee-ahfj #g1jad1dhe #ahga-ahge #h1ihe1dfe ,average #ahhf-ahij #ae1ecb1jge ,yearly #ahif-aijj #aj1haa1agc ,imports4 #aija-aije #bd1jdh1hcg ,year #aiad #bf1fag1ede ,the value in #aijj was #h1dgh1bea ,the value in #aije was #ac1cdh1jjj ,the ,province of ,pinar del ,rio produces about #gj per cent of the entire ,cuban crop4 ,in this is the ,district of ,vuelto ,abajo which is celebrated the world over for the very finest cigar tobacco4 ,the ,district of ,habana or ,havana produces about #ac per cent and ,santa ,clara about #ac per cent4 ,the ,cubans themselves favor the dark ,maduro fully ripened leaves4 ,at present a good deal of ,cuban cigar leaf is grown under shade with the result that although when fully mature they are light in color1 they are rich in flavor4 ,the value of the cigar leaf imported by the ,u4 ,s4 from ,cuba averages at present about #ad or #ae million dollars annually4 ,porto ,rican leaf possesses many of the qualities of good ,havana leaf1 and like the latter is used in cigar manufacture4 ,the annual production is about #abj1jjj bales4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 imports from #d to #e million lbs4 annually4 ,further particulars regarding ,cuban and ,porto ,rican leaf will be given in the chapters concerning cigars4 ,mexico produces a tobacco1 large as to leaf1 dark in color1 with heavy body and coarse veins4 ,the tobacco is very strong in flavor4 ,the best grades approach the ,cuban tobacco in quality and are imported and used as substitutes for it4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 importation is small4 ,the annual production is about #cd million lbs4 ,the best quality is produced in the neighborhood of ,vera ,cruz1 and only a small portion is exported1 principally to ,cuba4 ,brazilian tobacco leaf is brown in color1 medium in size1 and medium in body4 ,it possesses fair qualities as a cigar tobacco1 for which purpose it is generally used in ,south ,america1 which is its principal market4 ,,east ,,indian ,,and ,,philippine ,,tobacco ,the ,dutch ,east ,indies 7,sumatra and the adjacent islands7 produce yearly about #ahj million lbs4 of tobacco1 all of which is used in the cigar business4 ,of this the ,united ,states takes about from #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj bales of ,sumatran leaf1 about #e-a_/b million lbs4 ,about #b lbs4 of this leaf wraps #a1jjj cigars4 ,the ,philippine ,islands produce from #ej to #ajj million lbs41 of tobacco annually4 ,the crop for #aiac was #aja1edd1gcf lbs4 ,the imports into the ,united ,states are principally as manufactured cigars by special arrangements which will be referred to later on in the chapter on cigars4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,production ,,of ,,tobacco ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,total ,,production4 ,,amount ,,produced ,,by ,,the ,,different ,,states4 ,,varieties ,,raised4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,varieties4 ,,production ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the amount of tobacco leaf raised annually in the ,united ,states varies from #gjj million lbs4 to #a1jjj million lbs4 ,thus1 according to the ,government ,statistical ,reports1 the production in #aiji was #a1jee1gfd1hjf lbs41 being an unusually high figure4 ,the production in #aiac was #iec1gcd1jjj lbs4 and in #aiad1 #a1jcd1fgi1jjj lbs4 ,the average crop may be taken as about #hjj million lbs41 about half of which is exported as leaf1 and the other half manufactured in the ,u4 ,s4 into cigars1 smoking and chewing tobaccos1 etc41 and consumed in the ,u4 ,s4 ,to produce this immense crop over one million acres of rich1 fertile land is under culture1 the actual government figures for #aiac being #a1baf1jjj acres1 and for #aiad1 #a1bbd1jjj1 and the value of the raw crop is from #hj to #ajj million dollars1 which works out to an average value of from #aj to #ab cents per lb4 ,the cost of producing the best grades of cigar leaf in the ,eastern ,states is from #h to #aj cents per lb42 in ,wisconsin from #e to #aj cents4 ,the price paid to the growers is from #e to #ae cents1 except for the highest grades 7cigar wrapper leaf7 for which special prices1 up to #dj or #ej cents1 may be paid4 ,smoking and chewing leaf of average grade fetches from #f to #g cents per lb4 ,from these figures it will be seen that the agricultural industry of tobacco growing is a most important one1 and it is constantly increasing both in the quantity produced and in value4 ,about #de of the states in the ,union are engaged in tobacco culture1 the principal states and the quantities produced being as follows 7for #aiad73 ,kentucky #cfd million lbs4 ,north ,carolina #agb ,virginia #aad ,tennessee #fc ,ohio #gh ,wisconsin #ed ,pennsylvania #dh ,connecticut #ce ,south ,carolina #cf ,maryland #ag ,indiana #ab ,massachusetts #aa ,other states #cj ---- ,total #ajcd ,virginia was1 until recently1 the premier tobacco state4 ,tobacco was first raised in ,virginia about #afai when the quantity produced was about #bj1jjj lbs4 ,by #agec the records show that over #ej million lbs4 were raised annually1 all of which was exported4 ,at this time and until about the period of the ,civil ,war1 ,europe was dependant more than now on ,america for her tobacco supply1 as at present a considerable part of her needs is supplied by her own production4 ,tobacco was not grown in ,kentucky till about #aghe and a little later in ,tennessee and ,ohio4 ,the cigar leaf industry of the ,new ,england ,states did not come into activity till about #ahcj4 ,cigar leaf was raised in ,florida about the same time but was discontinued and was not resumed till fifty years later4 ,virginia1 ,maryland and ,tennessee have shown a declining annual production since the ,civil ,war4 ,thus ,virginia in #ahfj produced nearly #cj per cent of the total ,u4 ,s4 crop1 whereas at present it produces about #ab per cent only4 ,the causes which have contributed to the decline in tobacco culture in the ,southern ,states are the loss of slave labor as well as the loss of capital during the war2 more particularly it is due to the impoverishing of the soil without adequate fertilization4 ,thus with superior fertilization and intensive methods1 ,massachusetts and ,connecticut give #a1gej lbs4 to the acre1 as against #hgj and #ehj lbs4 for ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,in ,massachusetts and ,connecticut the cost for fertilizer per farm is #bbg as against #ag and #d respectively in ,tennessee and ,kentucky4 ,moreover1 the ,northern farms are smaller than the ,southern4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,tobacco ,,raised ,the varieties of tobacco raised are mainly of the native ,american species2 but in some states 7in ,florida particularly7 plants are raised from imported ,cuban and ,sumatran seed1 in an endeavor to produce cigar leaf equal in quality to the leaf now imported from these places which commands a high price in the trade4 ,the raising of cigar leaf tobacco from foreign seed began in ,florida about #aijb2 and1 although on the whole1 the cultivation has been very successful1 yet it cannot be said that the hoped for results have been fully realized4 ,it was claimed for the ,florida grown ,sumatran leaf that in many ways it surpassed the native ,sumatran leaf4 ,certainly the experimental samples of this ,florida leaf exhibited by the ,u4 ,s4 at the ,paris ,exposition of #aijj were judged to be superior both in appearance and style and other matters4 ,however1 this superiority does not appear to have been upheld1 for in the trade the native grown ,sumatran leaf still holds its rank4 ,similarly in the case of ,florida grown ,cuban leaf which at the same ,exposition was voted as equal to the native4 ,the native leaf1 however1 whether due to the soil or not1 has a finer flavor and aroma1 and the best grades of native grown ,cuban tobacco still hold the palm as the premier cigar tobacco of the world4 ,the leaf raised in ,connecticut1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,wisconsin1 ,florida1 ,massachusetts1 and ,new ,york ,state1 is generally used for the cigar trade 7see the chapters on cigars74 ,ohio and ,florida 7,cuban seed7 leaf mostly used as cigar fillers2 ,connecticut and ,florida 7,sumatran seed71 ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york leaf mostly as wrapper leaf1 the inferior leaves being used as fillers4 ,wisconsin leaf is used principally as cigar binder leaf4 ,the total amount of cigar tobacco raised is roughly about one-fifth of the entire tobacco crop4 ,the southern states produce the bulk of the export dark1 heavy leaf4 ,west ,kentucky and ,tennessee particularly1 as well as ,virginia1 the ,carolinas and ,maryland1 export considerable quantities4 ,this tobacco is fire-cured4 ,for the domestic trade1 however1 7pipe-smoking1 chewing and cigarettes7 the tobacco grown in these states is flue-cured1 the principal product being of a bright yellow color1 characteristic of this region4 ,this yellow tobacco belt extends from the coast across to the ,north ,carolina ,mountains1 through ,tennessee and ,south ,carolina1 ,southern ,virginia1 ,southern ,ohio1 a few parts of ,kentucky1 some of ,eastern ,missouri and ,arkansas4 ,the best soils are those which are of a light sandy or sandy clay nature and they need not be deep or rich4 ,in this region the very finest pipe-smoking tobaccos are raised4 ,whilst the ,u4 ,s4 has not been able to produce a cigar wrapper tobacco equal in quality to the ,cuban or ,sumatran1 in pipe-smoking and cigarette tobaccos she stands without a rival4 ,there are about #ajj different varieties of tobacco grown in the ,u4 ,s41 many of these being approximately the same and are synonymous4 ,subvarieties are easily obtained by crossing4 ,cross-fertilization easily takes place where different strains are produced in the same locality4 ,on this account when it is desired to keep a variety pure1 care must be exerted to see that seed is collected from pure strains4 ,on the other hand1 the ease of producing new varieties gives opportunity to the various ,state ,agricultural ,experimental ,stations to try out new strains for desirable qualities4 ,the enumeration of the differences between the various varieties would be tiresome for the reader1 yet it will be well for the user of tobacco to know some of these varieties1 their characteristics and other particulars concerning them4 ,these are given here3 ,,leading ,,varieties ,,of ,,american ,,tobaccos ,,burley4 ,the variety known as ,white ,burley has a long broad leaf1 whitish in appearance when growing4 ,the points of the leaf hang down towards the ground when growing1 often even touching the ground4 ,the leaf is thin in texture1 has a mild flavor1 low nicotine content and good absorbing qualities4 ,it is one of the most popular tobaccos in the ,u4 ,s4 and is used for pipe-smoking and chewing tobaccos and cigarettes4 ,it cures to a bright yellow brown color4 ,there is a variety known as ,red ,burley which has a thin leaf narrowing from center to top4 ,the leaves are of a characteristic cinnamon color and are more elastic than those of ,white ,burley4 ,burley tobacco is raised principally in ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,missouri and ,indiana4 ,,connecticut ,,seedleaf4 ,large1 strong leaves1 thin and elastic1 silky in texture1 small fibers1 sweetish taste and light in color4 ,used in the cigar trade as fillers and wrappers and grown in ,new ,england1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 and to a smaller extent in ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota1 ,indiana1 ,illinois and ,florida4 ,,connecticut ,,broadleaf4 ,a modification of the above1 the leaves being broader in proportion to their length4 ,they are up to #ce inches long and #bb inches wide4 ,largely used in the cigar trade as filler and wrappers4 ,both the ,connecticut ,seedleaf and ,broadleaf are superior to the imported ,sumatran leaf in flavor and aroma1 but are inferior in elasticity and covering qualities4 ,grown principally in ,connecticut and ,new ,york ,states4 ,,orinoco4 ,there are #c varieties of this name3 7#a7 ,short ,orinoco4 ,broad leaf1 upright growth and open habit1 light colored1 much ruffled4 ,grown in ,virginia and ,missouri4 7#b7 ,big ,orinoco4 ,short1 broad leaf4 ,grown in ,virginia1 ,missouri1 ,north ,carolina1 ,tennessee and ,west ,virginia4 7#c7 ,yellow ,orinoco4 ,long1 narrow1 tapering leaf with fine texture4 ,the sweetest variety grown4 ,grown in ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,north ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 ,west ,virginia and ,missouri4 ,orinoco tobacco leaf is used largely for plug and smoking tobaccos and for the export trade4 ,,virginian4 ,sun and air-cured tobacco4 ,leaf is medium in size4 ,very bright brown color4 ,is rich in gums and oils which makes it sweet and fragrant and gives it a pleasant taste4 ,hence it is a favorite chewing tobacco4 ,,pryor4 ,there are several varieties under this name3 7#a7 ,medley or ,white ,pryor has a very broad leaf with silky texture and tough fiber4 7#b7 ,blue ,pryor4 ,large1 long fine leaf and good color4 7#c7 ,silky ,pryor4 ,a long sharp-pointed leaf2 grows thin on the stalk2 very tough and pliant4 7#d7 ,yellow ,pryor4 ,heavy1 wide leaf1 fine bright color1 tough and weighs well4 ,pryor is used principally for the export trade and to some extent also in the home trade both for cigar and plug and smoking tobaccos4 ,it is grown generally throughout ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,missouri and ,indiana1 the ,white variety being extensively grown in ,virginia4 ,,little ,,dutch4 ,a very favorite pipe-smoking tobacco4 ,it has a small nicotine content 7less than #a74 ,the leaf is small2 narrow1 thick and short2 dark brown in color1 glossy surface and sweet in taste4 ,it is grown extensively in the ,miami ,valley of ,ohio4 ,,sumatra ,,seed4 ,grown principally in ,florida from imported ,sumatran seed4 ,the leaf is light in weight and color1 not long compared with other seedleaf varieties4 ,very narrow and with fine ribs4 ,used in cigar trade and grown extensively also in the ,new ,england states4 ,,cuban ,,seed4 ,this has the usual qualities of ,cuban tobacco but with inferior fragrance and aroma to the native grown4 ,principally raised in ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,wisconsin1 ,connecticut and ,florida for the cigar trade4 ,,perique4 ,a special variety of tobacco grown only in a small area of ,louisiana4 ,the leaf is medium in size1 has a fine fiber with small stems4 ,tough1 gummy and glossy4 ,it is grown in a deep1 rich soil and grows very rapidly4 ,its special characteristics are acquired in the curing1 which is a special process peculiar to itself1 and which will be described in the chapter on ,manufactured ,tobaccos4 ,,references ,yearbooks of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #aiad and previous4 ,,hoagland1 ,i4 ,g4 ,the ,tobacco ,industry4 ,in ,quarterly of the ,national ,fire ,protection ,association4 #aijg4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #b and #d4 ,,jacobstein1 ,m4 ,the ,tobacco ,industry in the ,united ,states4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,,billings1 ,e4 ,r4 ,tobacco2 its history1 varieties1 culture1 manufacture and commerce4 ,hartford ,conn41 #ahge4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,chemical ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant ,,organic ,,and ,,inorganic ,,matters ,,contained ,,in ,,tobacco ,,and ,,the ,,parts ,,they ,,play4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,various ,,tobaccos4 ,,nicotine4 ,,the ,,chemical ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant ,the tobacco plant when subjected to chemical analysis is found to contain all or most of the following substances3 ,mineral ,bases4 ,potash1 ,lime1 ,magnesia1 ,oxides of ,iron and ,manganese1 ,ammonia1 ,silica4 ,mineral ,acids4 ,nitric1 ,hydrochloric1 ,sulphuric and ,phosphoric4 ,organic ,base4 ,nicotine4 ,organic ,acids4 ,malic1 ,citric1 ,acetic1 ,oxalic1 ,pectic and ,ulmic4 ,other ,organic ,substances4 ,nicotianin1 ,green and ,yellow ,resin1 ,wax and ,fat1 ,nitrogenous ,substances and ,cellulose4 ,the substances which differentiate tobacco from other plants and form its chief characteristics are ,nicotianin1 ,nicotine and ,malic ,acid4 ,the percentage in which the important substances exist in tobacco is given below3 ,nicotine ,from #a to #i ,malic and ,citric ,acids ,from #aj to #ad ,oxalic ,acid ,from #a to #b ,resins1 ,oils and ,fats ,from #d to #f ,pectic ,acid ,about #e ,cellulose ,from #g to #h ,albumenoids ,about #be ,ash ,from #ab to #cj ,when tobacco is burned1 chemical changes occur2 the organic and other compounds are decomposed4 ,the volatile matters pass off in the smoke if the combustion is complete1 and the mineral ash remains4 ,in ordinary pipe or other tobacco smoking1 however1 the combustion is not complete and many decomposition products remain with the mineral ash4 ,in tobacco smoke the following can usually be found3 ,furfurol1 ,marsh ,gas1 ,hydrogen ,sulphide1 ,hydrogen ,cyanide1 ,organic ,acids1 ,phenols1 ,empyreumatic ,oils1 ,pyridine1 ,picoline ,series and possibly some ,nicotine4 ,the ash left after complete combustion is important1 as much of the smoking qualities of the tobacco depends on its constituents4 ,an average sample gives the following analysis 7in #ajj parts73 ,,average ,,mineral ,,contents ,,of ,,tobacco ,,ash ,potash ,about #bg ,soda ,about #c ,lime ,about #dj ,magnesia ,about #i ,sodium ,chloride ,about #i ,sulphuric ,acid ,about #c ,silica ,about #e ,lime ,phosphate ,about #d ,,remarks ,,on ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,substances ,,found ,,in ,,tobacco ,nicotine ,of all the substances found in tobacco1 nicotine is the most important4 ,nicotine in the pure state is a colorless liquid having a specific gravity of #a4jbg4 ,it is an organic base having the chemical formula ,c#aj;,h#ad,n#b4 ,it is extremely acid and burning to the taste1 and is a virulent poison4 ,it easily volatilizes2 is inflammable1 and is soluble in water1 alcohol1 ether and some fixed oils4 ,nicotine has the characteristic peculiar odor of tobacco4 ,the amount of nicotine in tobacco is said to depend on the nature of the soil in which it is grown2 rich1 heavy soils and strong nitrogenous manuring favor the production of a large nicotine content2 and light1 sandy soils the opposite4 ,moreover the nicotine content depends on the age and development of the plant4 ,an investigation by ,chuard and ,mellet showed nicotine contents of leaves3 ,in young plants #g weeks old contained 4#jcbd ,in plants #aj weeks old contained 4#jddg ,in plants #ac weeks old contained 4#dihi ,in plants #ai weeks old contained 4#ibjb ,the longer the plant is permitted to grow the larger will be its nicotine content4 ,schloessing has made a similar investigation and found that in the same plant the nicotine content varies from #j4gi when young to #d4cb when fully matured4 ,most nicotine is found in the ribs and veins4 ,h4 ,b4 ,cox 7,american ,druggist ,v4 #bd1 #ahid1 p4 #ie7 investigated the nicotine contents of various manufactured tobaccos4 ,these were not proprietary tobaccos but samples obtained from different sources at random4 ,his results are given here3 ,,nicotine ,,contents ,,of ,,different ,,tobaccos ,nicotine ,syrian ,tobacco leaf 7a7 4#fab ,american ,chewing ,leaf 4#ice ,syrian ,tobacco ,leaf 7b7 #a4jic ,chinese ,tobacco ,leaf #a4ijb ,turkish ,coarse ,cut #b4ejj ,golden ,virginia 7whole strips7 #b4eja ,gold ,flake ,virginia #b4eja ,navy ,cut 7light7 #b4ecj ,light ,kentuckian #b4gcc ,navy ,cut 7dark7 #c4fd ,best ,bird's ,eye #c4ica ,cut ,cavendish 7a7 #d4bab ,best ,shag 7a7 #d4ijg ,cut ,cavandish 7b7 #d4igj ,best ,shag 7b7 #e4jj ,algerian ,tobacco 7a7 #h4hac ,french ,grown ,tobacco #h4gaa ,algerian ,tobacco 7b7 #h4ij ,the average of a number of samples of ,syrian tobacco showed #a to #b nicotine1 ,manila and ,havana #a to #c1 ,virginia and ,kentucky from #b to #g1 and ,french tobaccos about #i4 ,most of the nicotine in tobacco becomes volatilized and decomposed during combustion2 a small part1 however1 may form a solution with the water which is also one of the combustion products4 ,one of the decomposition products of nicotine is ,pyridine ,pyridine is usually found in tobacco smoke4 ,when condensed it is a colorless non-oily liquid and is considerably less toxic than nicotine4 ,reference will be made later on to the effects of nicotine and pyridine on the human system4 ,potash ,potash is important as on its amount depends the burning qualities of the tobacco4 ,it is sometimes present in the ash to the extent of #cj1 being converted into potassium carbonate by burning4 ,not only for free burning is the potash valuable1 but also for the better volatilization of the nicotine and other substances4 ,the more perfect the combustion1 the fewer deleterious compounds are formed4 ,chlorides1 if present1 retard the burning of the tobacco1 and hence a tobacco which contains a high percentage of chloride1 even if it is rich in potash salts1 is a poor burning tobacco and therefore faulty4 ,while it is important that the burning should be free and the volatilization as perfect as possible1 yet the smoker does not want his tobacco to burn too rapidly4 ,to meet this some manufacturers prepare slow burning tobaccos generally by the addition of some chemical which checks the potash4 ,the aroma and flavor of the tobacco depend to a great extent on the waxes1 resins and oils1 as well as on certain of the organic acids4 ,,references ,u4 ,s4 ,,dispensatory4 #aijg 7#aith ,edition74 ,,kissling4 ,the ,chemistry of ,tobacco4 ,scientific ,american 7,supp47 #aije1 ,vol4 #fj1 ,no4 #aefj4 ,,chuard ,,mellett4 ,variation de ,nicotine dans les differents organes de la plante de ,tabac4 ,comp4 ,rend4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc4 7,paris7 #aiab4 ,vol4 #aee1 p4 #bic4 ,,pezzolato1 ,a4 ,conferenza ,sulla ,chimica applicato alla technologia del ,tabacco4 7,rome4 #aijc47 ,,wolf1 ,,jacob4 ,der ,tabak und die ,tabak fabrikate4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,leipzig1 #aiab4 ,,schlossing4 ,sur la production de la nicotine par la culture du ,tabac4 ,compt4 ,rend4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc4 7,paris71 #aiaj4 ,vol4 #aea1 p4 #bc4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,curing ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,,objects ,,of ,,curing4 ,,methods4 ,,the ,,curing ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,the curing of tobacco leaf is the process of drying out which has for its object the following specific actions3 7#a7 ,the expelling of the sap and superfluous moisture4 7#b7 ,the completion of the yellowing process and the fixing of the desired color4 7#c7 ,the preservation of the juices1 etc41 which give the characteristic flavor and aroma4 7#d7 ,to give the necessary toughness and suppleness to the leaf4 ,the first part of the curing is done by the grower in curing sheds on the farm immediately after the cutting of the crop2 the final part1 or the fermentation part is usually done by the leaf dealer or manufacturer in special buildings called leaf-houses4 ,there are three methods of curing in use by the growers1 i4 e41 sun curing1 air curing1 and artificial heat curing4 ,in the case of the tobacco known as ,perique the curing process is more or less peculiar to itself4 ,sun and air curing are much slower processes than the curing by artificial heat4 ,all cigar leaf tobacco is sun-cured1 and as a general rule pipe smoking and chewing tobacco are cured by artificial heat4 ,for the purpose of drying and curing by artificial heat1 the leaf is hung up in specially constructed curing houses or sheds4 ,it is found that after the exposure to the sun for the first process of yellowing tobacco leaf still contains #a lb4 of water approximately in each plant4 ,the first part of the process of curing consists in drawing off this superfluous moisture4 ,dry heat is applied at a temperature of #ij deg4 ,f4 to #abj deg4 ,f4 for about #af to #cj hours to effect this4 ,a further exposure of about #dh hours at a temperature of #abe deg4 or so is necessary to complete the curing1 and fix the color4 ,the stems and stalks being thicker take a longer time and generally require #i to #aj hours further exposure and a temperature which may range as high as #age deg4 ,f4 before they are fully cured1 the temperature being graded hourly until the maximum necessary is reached4 ,the process of curing varies considerably in different states4 ,some growers prefer to put the tobacco into the sheds immediately after cutting1 and allow very little exposure in the fields4 ,the temperature is usually kept steady at about #ij deg4 ,f4 ,again the process is different according to the quality of tobacco required4 ,for the heavy type of leaf which is intended for the export trade1 the curing in the sheds is done by an open fire1 the fuel being usually hardwood logs4 ,the smoky1 creosotic flavor is absorbed by the leaf1 and1 although this flavor is not relished by the smokers of the ,u4 ,s41 it is much liked in ,europe4 ,the curing in such cases may last for #d or even #e days4 ,the tobacco is suspended on poles by the stalks and the fires are built on the floor immediately under them so that the carbonaceous products are easily absorbed by the open pores of the leaf4 ,the chewing and pipe smoking tobacco1 as well as cigarette tobaccos including all the bright yellow tobaccos used in the ,u4 ,s4 are usually cured by ,flue curing4 ,in this case the heat comes from pipes which run around the curing houses and are fed from a furnace in an adjoining chamber or in a cellar4 ,the temperature can be easily regulated4 ,flue curing is generally completed in about #d days4 ,flue curing does not clog up the pores of the leaf which therefore remain more absorbent than in the open fire cured tobacco4 ,this is an important matter for the manufacturers because the flue cured leaf will absorb twice as much of the flavoring sauces 7which are added to certain kinds of tobacco7 than tobacco leaf cured by open fires4 ,air exposure of #f to #h weeks 7sometimes extended to #c or #d months7 is necessary when tobacco is cured by exposure to the sun and air4 ,it is claimed1 however1 that this method of curing preserves far better the natural flavor of the leaf2 and1 where flavor and aroma are highly important1 this method is always preferred4 ,hence all cigar leaf tobaccos are cured by exposure to natural sunlight and not by artificial heat4 ,air curing as distinct from sun curing is generally done in open sheds which are thoroughly ventilated and kept as far as possible at a temperature of about #ge deg4 ,f4 ,the leaf is usually allowed to cure while attached to the stalk1 but ,florida curers generally prefer to strip the leaf and treat it separately4 ,the finer classes of pipe smoking tobaccos are air cured4 ,after the curing is completed the color of the leaf is usually fixed4 ,generally speaking1 the riper the leaf the lighter will be its color when cured4 ,thus the bottom leaves of the plant will be lighter in color than the upper leaves because they are more mature4 7,for references see end of ,chapter ,,viii7 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,marketing ,,and ,,sale ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,,methods ,,of ,,disposal ,,by ,,the ,,grower4 ,,the ,,warehouse ,,system4 ,,direct ,,purchase4 ,,principal ,,markets ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,prices4 ,,the ,,marketing ,,and ,,sale ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,when the tobacco leaf is fully cured it is at once prepared for the market4 ,the first step is the planters' classification of the leaf4 ,in the case of pipe smoking and chewing tobacco the planter collects all the imperfect1 injured leaves1 or those inferior from any cause1 and ties them in bundles4 ,these are the planters lugs4 ,all other grades are leaf4 ,slightly injured leaves are classed as low-leaf or seconds4 ,the others are classed medium1 good1 fine and selected leaf1 according to grade1 color1 quality1 etc4 ,in the case of cigar leaf tobacco a similar classification is made1 more care being taken owing to the very great difference in price between the better and poorer qualities4 ,this difference may be as much as #bj;c in the lb41 the finer and more suitable leaf being eagerly sought for4 ,pipe smoking and chewing tobacco leaf is usually packed in hogsheads or cases each weighing from #a1jjj to #a1djj lbs4 ,the operation of packing the leaf is called prizing4 ,cigar leaf is usually put up in hands4 ,a hand consists of from #be to #ge leaves tied together4 ,four hands tied together make a carrot and #hj carrots go to the bale1 but the size of the bale varies considerably4 ,the tobacco is then ready for the buyer4 ,there are two systems of disposing of the planters' product3 7#a7 direct purchase by the manufacturer or by a middleman from the grower2 and 7#b7 what is known as the warehouse system4 ,in the southern states the warehouse system prevails4 ,every important tobacco section in the south has its public warehouse which is under the control and supervision of state law4 ,many of these warehouses are long established1 that at ,richmond1 ,va41 dating as far back as #agcj1 and those at ,louisville and ,clarksville about #ahci4 ,on appointed days the planter brings his leaf to the warehouse4 ,here it is entered as loose leaf or inspected leaf4 ,in the case of loose leaf1 the tobacco is open to the inspection of prospective buyers1 who examine it and afterwards bid on it4 ,in the case of inspected leaf the warehouse officials first examine the consignments1 grade them and mark them according to their judgment1 taking samples4 ,the samples are open to buyers' inspection and form the basis of sale4 ,tobacco auctions are regularly held when the buyers assemble and bid on the loose leaf and inspected lots4 ,prices of the various grades are fixed and sales take place at the day's price4 ,the principal tobacco markets are3 ,for ,kentucky and ,tennessee--,at ,louisville1 ,clarksville and ,cincinnati4 ,for ,maryland and ,ohio--,at ,baltimore4 ,for ,north ,carolina--,at ,durham and ,winston4 ,for ,virginia--,at ,richmond4 ,the warehouse system has the great advantage that the proceedings are open and the prices are recorded and published4 ,hence growers can know how the market fluctuates and judge the best time for sale4 ,this is not the case when the sale is private between the buyer and seller as is customary in the eastern and northern states4 ,here the price actually received by the grower is often different from that given out as paid4 ,the price of tobacco leaf has had many vicissitudes during the past #be years1 the price often having reached so low a point as to discourage producers4 ,thus at ,winston1 ,n4 ,c41 the price has gradually fallen from #ab4c;c per lb4 in #ahhi to #f4c;c in #ahif4 ,in the same period ,burley leaf at ,louisville and ,cincinnati fell from #aj;c to #g-a_/b;c4 ,prices similarly dropped in other centers4 ,the price of cigar leaf has latterly increased4 ,in #aijj prices ran from #f to #ae cents2 in #aije from #h to #ag cents4 ,many conditions at home and abroad affect the price1 such as bad harvests or inferior grades of produce4 ,the tobacco trust has been very unjustly blamed by many for the falling price of tobacco4 ,as a matter of fact and record1 however1 the concentration of buying power by eliminating the middleman and the small dealers has not only placed the grower in a better position by giving him a better price1 as recent records show1 but it has benefited the consumer also who can obtain the superior grades at a lower price4 ,it is the middleman's profit that has been cut4 ,moreover1 the concentrated buying power of the large interests here has been an effective force in keeping up tobacco leaf prices against the foreign buyers4 ,it must be remembered that about half of our crop is exported4 ,the buyers of this portion1 who are principally the agents of foreign governments 7in the cases where tobacco is a government monopoly as in ,france1 ,italy1 etc47 assemble at the auctions and bid in the usual way4 ,as this competition is very limited there is always an opportunity for such buyers to agree among themselves as to the limit of prices4 ,this has been one of the important factors which has kept the prices of tobacco leaf down4 ,the concentration of ,american buying power has1 however1 been a formidable check on it1 the prices received by the growers being now fair and reasonable1 and such as are the result of a healthy market1 where the factors of supply and demand have their full share of effect4 ,the government statistics show that for #aiad the prices of leaf varied from #e4e;c to #bj;c for common to good varieties4 7,for references see end of ,chapter ,,viii7 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,rehandling ,,and ,,fermentation ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,,prior ,,to ,,manufacture ,,selection ,,of ,,leaf4 ,,treatment ,,and ,,blending4 ,,objects ,,and ,,methods ,,of ,,fermentation4 ,,action ,,of ,,microbes4 ,,rehandling ,,and ,,fermentation ,,of ,,tobacco ,,leaf ,,prior ,,to ,,manufacture ,we have seen how the tobacco passes from the grower to the manufacturer or leaf dealer4 ,before it is fitted1 however1 for manufacture into cigars or other finished products the leaf must go through many processes1 the most important of which is fermentation4 ,these processes1 which are usually known as rehandling1 are carried out in special buildings which are called leaf houses and stemmeries4 ,the procedures in different leaf houses may vary somewhat1 but the general principles and objects in view are the same in all4 ,moreover1 the treatment is different1 according to the ulterior disposition of the leaf1 i4 e4 whether intended for cigars1 pipe smoking or other product4 ,the general treatment as carried out in large establishments is about as follows3 ,the leaf as soon as it is received whether in casks1 cases1 bales1 or otherwise is opened up and inspected in the casing room4 ,large concerns which manufacture or deal in cigar and other kinds of leaf1 sort out the different kinds suitable for each class of product1 i4 e4 wrappers1 fillers1 binders1 cigarette leaf1 plug leaf1 etc4 ,these are distributed to either special houses or departments4 ,the tobacco leaf when first received is usually dry and brittle4 ,the bundles are carefully opened up and the leaves loosened and spread out on large trucks where they are sprayed with water4 ,when the leaf has soaked the water and is pliable it undergoes a sorting which is done by selecting leaves from different cases or even bundles of leaves and in a general way arranging them so that each truckfull represents a blend of the different kinds of leaf which are suitable for the purpose in view4 ,these sorted packages are then roughly fastened together and after being again sprinkled thoroughly are sent to the sweating room to undergo fermentation which may last several weeks4 ,the temperature of this room must be carefully regulated and is usually kept at about #ij deg4 ,f4 ,the selection and blending of the different kinds of leaf is most important4 ,it requires accurate and expert knowledge in choosing leaves and kinds possessing different strengths and other qualities and in combining them in such proportions that the final effect of the blend gives just what is required4 ,it is particularly in this expert treatment of the leaf before manufacture that the greatest advance has been made in the tobacco industry4 ,the smoker has the advantage and satisfaction of knowing that not only does he get the benefit of improved scientific knowledge and sanitary conditions by which anything that might be harmful or undesirable is removed1 but that handling the leaf in large quantities effects great economics and procures for him the benefit of choicest selected grades at a reduced cost4 ,it may be said here incidentally that leaves of the very best tobaccos which are defective merely in size1 or color1 etc41 are put through exactly the same processes as the choicer quality leaves1 and are used in the manufacture of the popular priced machine-made little cigars and cheroots4 ,it will be necessary now to digress for a short time and consider what happens during the process of fermentation4 ,,fermentation ,,of ,,tobacco ,the fermenting of tobacco leaf has for its principal objects1 7#a7 the removal of acrid matters1 7#b7 the fixing of the color1 and 7#c7 the production of flavor4 ,fermentation can only take place under suitable conditions of heat and moisture1 and is essentially a chemical process during which certain organic compounds stored in the plant are split up and others formed4 ,a certain amount of fermentation takes place in the curing houses during the yellowing of the leaf after it has been harvested1 but as we have seen the main process of fermentation does not occur until it is rehandled by the manufacturers4 ,the general opinion held at present as the result of investigation is that the transformations which are effected in the leaf are purely the result of chemical processes4 ,as the plant slowly dies and decomposes special ferments are produced4 ,these ferments set up an oxidization process which splits up the complex organic compounds which still exist in the leaf cells4 ,the starch in the plant is changed into sugar which is slowly consumed4 ,there is a decrease in the fats and gummy substances1 also in nicotine and nitrogenous compounds1 and there is a formation of certain organic acids such as malic1 citric and oxalic which are essential in the production of flavor4 ,briefly it may be said that the process is an attempt by the plant to prolong its existence by feeding on its own substance1 by drawing on its own reserves and on its own structure for the food which its cells no longer receive through the natural growing process4 ,when the struggle is over the fermentation is complete4 ,the necessity for maturing tobacco has long been known but the exact nature of the changes that take place during the process were not understood4 ,since the discoveries of ,louis ,pasteur regarding the part played by bacteria in general fermentative processes it has been generally claimed by bacteriologists that the changes wrought in the leaf and the production of flavor are solely the work of bacteria4 ,although this view has not been proved it has never been fully disproved1 and there appears to be no doubt that the microbes known to exist in the leaf during the fermentation process play an important part in the process4 ,fermentation can only take place as stated under suitable conditions of heat and moisture and these are the conditions which favor the development of microbes and enable them to work4 ,the results obtained are probably partially due to chemical action and partly to bacterial action1 the two being complementary to each other4 ,in #ahii ,suchsland1 a ,german scientist1 startled the tobacco world by asserting that the flavor of tobacco was in no way due to the effects of the soil and climate where it was grown1 but was solely due to microbic action1 and that the specific flavor and aroma of any given tobacco could be artificially produced by the cultivation of selected bacteria and allowing the tobacco to cure and ferment under their action4 ,he conducted a series of experimental investigations in which he searched for and isolated the specific microbes found in the best ,west ,indian tobacco4 ,from these he made artificial cultures and introduced them into heaps of inferior1 coarse ,german tobacco which was undergoing curing4 ,his results were such that the smoking quality of the leaf was entirely changed4 ,it could scarcely be distinguished from the best ,cuban tobacco and experts and connoisseurs failed to identify the product as ,german tobacco4 ,a company was formed to exploit the new ideas commercially1 but it does not appear to have met with success4 ,other investigations failed to obtain ,suchsland's results and extensive investigation in the ,agricultural ,experimental ,station in the ,united ,states have not up to now produced any results confirmatory of the theory4 ,we can now proceed to follow the course of the tobacco in its peregrinations through the leaf house4 ,on their return from the first fermentation the bundles go to the picking department4 ,leaves which are damaged or unsuitable in any way are here picked out and put aside to be used in the cheaper grades4 ,the leaves are then subjected to a thorough cleaning to remove particles of sand1 clay1 etc41 packed tightly in bundles and returned to the sweating department to undergo further fermentation and to allow for a thorough interchange of the aroma of the different blends4 ,in due course the bundles pass to the stemming department for the removal of the midribs which usually form nearly one-third of the entire weight4 ,the resulting half leaves are then arranged in piles of #ej1 each pile forming a book4 ,from the stemming department the books pass to the drying room where any superfluous moisture is removed by hot air currents4 ,from the drying room the books pass to the ordering room where they undergo inspection for color1 size1 etc41 and subjected to further treatment if necessary4 ,here they are finally packed in cases and stored for several months to allow perfect and uniform blending after which they are ready for shipment to the factory4 ,filler leaf for the finest cigars may stand in these cases for two or three years4 ,leaf which is intended for chewing or pipe smoking is not subjected to so great an elaboration of processes as cigar leaf1 as the matters of uniformity of color1 and delicacy as well as individuality of aroma are not of such great importance4 ,usually such tobacco leaf is fermented in bulk1 and the removal of the stems is done before the principal fermentation4 ,after the preliminary selection of varieties1 sorting1 stemming and cleaning1 the leaf is dipped into large vats containing flavors2 and after drying are subjected to steaming4 ,they are then packed away in bulk in the sweating department where they slowly ferment until required for use4 ,these bulks or stacks may contain many tons of leaf4 ,they require constant turning over1 etc4 ,indeed it may be said that every step in these processes requires constant care4 ,temperature1 moisture1 length of exposure1 etc41 must all be carefully seen to4 ,otherwise the tobacco will spoil4 ,in the case of tobacco leaf intended for export trade rehandling consists mainly of stemming and removal of moisture4 ,this is done before shipment in order to reduce the weight as customs duty is levied in accordance with the weight of the imported packages in the countries importing4 ,,references ,u4 ,s4 ,,depart4 ,,of ,,agric4 ,farmers' ,bulletins #f and #fj4 ,,laureut1 ,l4 ,le ,tabac1 sa culture et sa preparation1 production et consommation4 ,paris1 #aijj4 ,,bouant1 ,e4 ,le ,tabac2 culture et industrie4 ,paris1 #aija4 ,,boekhout ,,und ,,de ,,vries4 ,uber ,tabacfermentation4 ,centralbl4 f4 ,bakter1 #aiji4 #b ,abteil4 ,vol4 #bd1 p4 #dif4 ,,loew1 ,o4 ,sind ,bakterien die ,ursache der ,tabakfermentation8 ,centralbl4 f4 ,bakter1 #aiji4 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #ajh4 ,,killebrew ,,and ,,myrick4 ,tobacco ,leaf4 ,part ,i4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,suchsland1 ,e4 ,bobachtungen ueber die ,selbsterwaermung des fermentierenden ,tabaks4 ,in ,festschrift #bjj-;,jahr ,jubel4 d4 ,verein4 ,friedrichs ,universit4 ,halle-,wittenberg1 #ahid4 ,,wolf1 ,,jakob4 ,der ,tabak und die ,tabakfabrikate4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,leipzig1 #aiab4 ,,hoagland1 ,j4 ,g4 ,the ,tobacco ,industry4 ,in ,quarterly of the ,nat4 ,fire ,protec4 ,assn41 #aijg4 ,vol4 #a1 ,nos4 #b and #d4 ,,jacobstein1 ,m4 ,the ,tobacco ,industry in the ,u4 ,s4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,manufactured ,,products ,,of ,,tobacco ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,statistics ,,of ,,production ,,and ,,consumption4 ,,amount ,,of ,,capital ,,invested1 ,,etc4 ,,manufactured ,,products ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,,general ,,remarks ,the importance and magnitude of the tobacco manufacturing industry in the ,united ,states will be best understood from a consideration of the following statistics taken from the latest available government records3 7,for all ,manufactured ,products7 ,cost of materials used 7#aije7abf1jjj1jjj 7#aiji7 #agg1jjj1jjj ,value of the product 7#aije7 #cca1jjj1jjj 7#aiji7 #dag1jjj1jjj ,no4 of establishments 7#aije7 #af1hbh 7#aiji7 #ae1hbb ,no4 of persons employed1 more than one-third being women 7#aije7 #afj1jjj 7#aiji7 #aig1jjj ,the figures are given in round numbers4 ,the total capital invested in this industry is between #cjj1jjj1jjj and #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,there are more than one and a quarter millions acres in the ,u4 ,s4 under cultivation of tobacco which yields a crop at present approximating to #a1jjj million lbs4 of leaf annually4 ,the industry shows an absolutely increasing condition in every particular at each census4 ,during the past #de years the value of the product has increased more than #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,in addition to the trade in manufacturing in the ,u4 ,s4 there is the export trade principally in unmanufactured leaf4 ,this amounts at present to about #ed1jjj1jjj annually4 ,the price of export leaf has been continuously increasing despite of the fact that the production of leaf abroad is increasing4 ,thus in #ahhf the average export price of leaf from the ,u4 ,s4 was #h-a_/b;c per lb4 ,in #aiad it was more than #ab;c4 ,the following statement shows at a glance the marvelous increase in the tobacco industry3 ,comparative ,statement of ,manufactured ,tobacco in the ,u4 ,s4 7all products7 ,capital ,no4 of persons ,value of invested4 employed4 product4 ,year #ahhj #ci1jjj1jjj #hf1jjj #abf1jjj1jjj ,year #ahij #ij1jjj1jjj #aag1jjj #aie1jjj1jjj ,year #aijj #aaa1jjj1jjj #adb1jjj #bfd1jjj1jjj ,year #aije #cbd1jjj1jjj #aei1jjj #ccj1jjj1jjj ,year #aiji #aig1jjj #dag1jjj1jjj ,in addition to the number of persons employed in manufacturing we must take into account those employed 7as well as the capital invested7 in the agricultural and distributing ends4 ,the export manufacturing trade is not important1 being only valued at about #c million dollars annually4 ,the value of the home manufactured products which in #aije was shown at #ccj1jjj1jjj is distributed as follows4 ,cigars #aih1jjj1jjj ,cigarettes #af1jjj1jjj ,chewing and smoking tobaccos #aji1jjj1jjj ,snuff #f1jjj1jjj ,other products #a1jjj1jjj ------------ ,total #ccj1jjj1jjj ,for the increase in the present value of the product these figures would be proportionately increased4 ,in the year #aiac the ,united ,states exported about #cej million lbs4 of unmanufactured tobacco leaf1 and in #aiad1 #ddi million lbs4 ,this was distributed as follows3 ,to ,great ,britain and ,ireland #agd million lbs4 ,to ,canada #ag ,to ,france #ee ,to ,germany #cb ,to ,italy #de ,to ,netherlands #bh ,to ,spain #ag ,to ,japan #af ,to ,china #aa ,to ,belgium #aa ,to ,africa1 ,australia1 etc4 #dc ---- ,total #ddi ,the largest export manufacturing trade was to ,asia1 the cigarettes exported there having a value of #b-a_/b million dollars4 ,the consumption of manufacturing products of tobacco in the ,u4 ,s4 has increased continuously since #ahfc when it was #a4f lbs4 per head to the present time when it is #e-a_/b lbs4 per head of the total population4 ,this works out at about #af lbs4 per head for each male over #af years4 ,the consumption of tobacco in the ,u4 ,s4 is higher than in any other country and has increased more rapidly4 ,for the past #dj years the consumption per head in ,u4 ,s4 has increased #bdj2 in ,england #ef2 in ,france #bd2 in ,germany #bc4 ,from this fact different deductions might be made4 ,it may be that the ,americans smoke more because they are fonder of tobacco than ,europeans2 or because they get better and cheaper tobacco2 or because they can better afford to buy tobacco4 ,the greatest percentage of increase in the ,united ,states is in the consumption of cigars4 ,the manufactured products are classed as 7#a7 cigars1 7#b7 pipe smoking and chewing tobaccos1 7#c7 cigarettes1 7#d7 snuff4 ,to each of these separate chapters will be devoted4 7,for references see ,chapter ,,xv7 ,,chapter ,x ,,cigars4 ,,historical ,,and ,,general ,,facts ,,history4 ,,statistical ,,information ,,regarding ,,the ,,cigar ,,business ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,cigars4 ,,historical ,,and ,,general ,,facts ,when the ,spaniards landed for the first time on ,american soil they found the natives smoking the rolled-up tobacco leaves1 that is a cigar4 ,for a cigar is nothing more1 four centuries having made little change in the ,cuban cigar4 ,the word cigar is most probably derived from the ,spanish word cigarer--to roll4 ,other derivations are given1 but this seems etymologically the correct one2 and we will rest content with it4 ,in ,spanish ,america to the present day the custom of smoking tobacco in the rolled form1 either as cigars or cigarettes1 prevails1 rather than the custom of smoking in pipes which was the method of the northern aborigines from whom the ,english colonists adopted it4 ,smoking was introduced into ,spain in the cigar form and into ,england in the pipe form4 ,cigars1 however1 at the present time1 both in ,north and ,south ,america1 form the principal item in the tobacco account of the people2 we shall therefore enter somewhat fully into matters concerning their manufacture1 etc4 ,although1 as stated1 it is in the cigar form that smoking was introduced into ,spain1 it was not till about #agij that cigars were used generally in ,europe4 ,a factory for the manufacture of cigars was established at ,hamburg in #agif4 ,the custom did not spread rapidly and did not reach any considerable proportion in ,england till about #ahcj when the high duties were considerably reduced4 ,cigar making has always been a staple industry in ,cuba4 ,it was there when the ,europeans landed and it is there still4 ,its record is unbroken4 ,there was always a greater or lesser exportation to ,europe and elsewhere4 ,,the ,,cigar ,,business ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,of the various manufactured products of tobacco leaf1 the cigar trade is the most important in the ,u4 ,s41 its value being greater than that of all other tobacco products combined4 ,the magnitude of this branch of the tobacco business may be gauged when we state that at the present time there are made annually in the ,u4 ,s4 cigars of all kinds to the amount of about #h-a_/b billions4 ,the ,census ,bureau ,report for #aiab shows that for that year the number of full-sized cigars made and on which tax was paid was in round numbers #g1ejj1jjj1jjj1 and of little cigars1 that is under the regular size1 about #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,these figures are certainly stupendous1 particularly when we consider that1 in addition1 at least several hundred more were imported and that only about #b1jjj1jjj were exported4 ,uncle ,sam evidently likes to smoke cigars4 ,to make these cigars requires a consumption of #acf million lbs4 of cigar leaf4 ,nearly #ej million lbs4 of this is imported at a gross cost 7exclusive of duties7 of about #ce million dollars1 the rest of the leaf is home grown4 ,the principal imports are from ,cuba4 ,in #aiab we imported cigar leaf from ,cuba in amount nearly #bc million lbs4 and in #aiac this increased to over #bg million lbs4 valued at more than #af million dollars4 ,the imports of ,east ,indian 7,sumatran7 leaf varies from #f to #h million lbs4 and costs from #g to #h million dollars4 ,although the amount of imported leaf used in cigar making shows a steady increase1 being now more than #ej greater than a decade ago1 yet the proportion of foreign leaf to home-grown leaf in the whole manufacture shows a steady decrease4 ,this speaks well for the improving quality of ,american grown leaf4 ,there are in the ,united ,states about #bf1jjj cigar factories1 both large and small4 ,the large number of establishments is due to the fact that cigar making is still to a large extent a hand-making industry4 ,about #ace1jjj persons are directly employed in the manufacture1 nearly half of whom are women4 ,the capital engaged in the business is reported as #aej millions and the value of the product #bjj million dollars annually4 ,the actual consumer pays about #cjj million dollars for the cigars smoked1 the difference between the cost of the product and the latter figure being the expense and profit of the retail handlers4 ,the enormous growth of the cigar trade is seen when it is compared with #ahfj4 ,in that year the annual value of this product was only #i million dollars4 ,the two states of ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania are the centers of cigar manufacture4 ,between them they make nearly half of the entire product1 ,pennsylvania leading with about two thousand million cigars annually4 ,florida makes about #cjj million4 ,the price paid by the consumer works out to an average of about #d;c for each cigar4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,cigar ,,making ,,hand-,,made ,,cigars4 ,,machine-,,made ,,cigars4 ,,classification ,,of ,,cigars4 ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,cigar ,,trade4 ,,cigar ,,making ,it was inevitable that modern progress should invade and revolutionize the old and slow methods of cigar making2 and so it has4 ,smoking is a sentimental occupation and lends itself easily to romantic associations4 ,a good deal of romance and sentiment still hangs around the hand-made cigar and cigarette4 ,in an up-to-date cigar factory1 however1 the whir of machinery and the precise1 regular movements of automatic contrivances give little scope for sentiment4 ,up to #ahgj cigars were hand-made4 ,all that was necessary was an inexpensive board1 a cutting knife1 and a block of wood with a stationary knife1 known as a tuck1 for measuring and cutting the finished cigar4 ,about the time stated the mold was introduced4 ,the mold is a wooden block about #ah x #f x #c1 a tool which facilitates the shaping of the bunch or filler part of the cigar and presses it into shape4 ,this mold is now used in most hand-made cigar factories where the labor is subdivided into bunch-makers and rollers1 the latter putting on the binder and wrapper and finishing the cigar4 ,it is the introduction of practically automatic machinery1 however1 which is revolutionizing the cigar-making business1 and slowly but surely driving the hand-made cigar into the position occupied by the hand-made cigarette4 ,and the writer cannot see why this should not be so4 ,as it has been said1 there is much sentiment about hand-made cigars4 ,but common sense seems to be on the side of the machine4 ,we quite understand the difficulty of killing old prejudices and time honored customs2 but it is difficult to understand how the flavor or quality of a cigar filler can be different whether it is pressed into the shape by a machine or by the hand of a workman2 or what the precise improvement is when a wrapper leaf is put on and licked by a workman rather than by a clean machine under perfect sanitary conditions4 ,however1 sentiment still persists4 ,imaginary1 or perhaps real1 charms are ascribed to the hand-made goods and the smoker is willing and even wishful to pay a higher price for his fancy4 ,the result is that the small factory is still predominant4 ,it depends more on labor than on capital4 ,but the large factories have an immense production4 ,the condition will be best shown by stating that in less than #a per cent of the cigar making establishments of the ,u4 ,s4 nearly #ej per cent of the entire output is made1 or1 putting it another way1 nearly three-fourths of all the licensed cigar factories produced less than one-tenth of the product4 ,of the #bf1jjj establishments in the ,u4 ,s4 only in #b is the annual output more than #ej million and in #bg the output runs from #be to #ej million4 ,pennsylvania establishments1 principally in ,philadelphia1 produce #bh of the entire ,u4 ,s4 cigar output2 ,new ,york ,state1 principally ,new ,york ,city1 comes next with about #bj2 and ,ohio1 principally ,cincinnati1 third with about #h4 ,for machine-made goods the principal machines used are the bunch rollers and the suction table4 ,the former rolls the bunch of filler leaves and presses them into shape4 ,the suction table is used for wrapping the cigar4 ,the operator places the wrapper leaf on a perforated plate4 ,by pressing a foot lever a vacuum is created beneath this plate which holds the leaf smooth and snug against the table4 ,the perforated plate is exactly the form which the wrapper must be to properly fit the cigar4 ,it is easily cut around and trimmed to shape4 ,the bunch from the bunch roller is then quickly encased in the wrapper4 ,human labor is necessary only to feed the machines and to spread the wrappers4 #be1jjj bunches can easily be wrapped in a week at a cost of #f to #i for labor 7principally female7 and the upkeep of the machine4 ,this in labor alone would formerly cost as much as #ge4jj4 ,in the smaller hand-made factories1 the method of procedure is about as follows3 ,the leaf on receipt is opened and moistened4 ,the filler leaf is separated from the wrapper4 ,the filler leaf is made up into books1 a book being a bunch of leaves suitable for one cigar4 ,the loose books are then allowed to ferment for a week or so when they are ready for use4 ,the bunchmaker selects and arranges his leaves from each book1 selects his binder and rolls the whole into cigar form4 ,if a mold is used he puts the bunch in a matrix of the mold and fastens down the cover until the leaves are pressed into shape4 ,they then go to the wrapper man and are wrapped either by machine or by hand1 according to the class of goods4 ,the wrapping is begun at the lighting end and finished at the point which is called the head4 ,after trimming to gauge1 the cigar is ready for inspection and classification according to color1 etc41 and for banding4 ,cigars according to their manufacture are classed for trade purposes in various ways4 ,the trade nomenclature embraces the following descriptions3 ,cigars1 little cigars1 all-tobacco cigars1 stogies and cheroots4 ,cigars proper have many subdivisions3 7#a7 ,,imported ,,cigars4 ,this term is usually confined to cigars made in ,cuba1 and does not include ,porto ,rican or ,philippines4 7#b7 ,,porto ,,rico ,,cigars4 ,used for cigars made in those places4 7#c7 ,,philippine ,,cigars4 7#d7 ,,clear ,,havanas4 ,this term denotes a cigar made by hand in the ,u4 ,s4 of ,cuban tobacco exclusively and in the same style as in ,cuba4 7#e7 ,,seed ,,and ,,havana4 ,up to about #ej years ago there were no clear ,havanas made in the ,u4 ,s41 the best produced being a combination of ,havana leaf and leaf grown in the states from imported ,havana seed4 ,hence the term which ordinarily means an ,american made cigar1 the filler being wholly or partly of ,cuban tobacco and the wrapper1 a domestic or ,sumatran leaf4 7#f7 ,,domestic ,,cigars4 ,this term is used for cigars made in the ,u4 ,s4 in contra-distinction to imported cigars4 7#g7 ,,nickel ,,goods4 ,ordinary #e;c cigars made either entirely1 of domestic tobacco or with a ,sumatran wrapper1 and usually made partly or wholly by machine4 ,it also usually includes segundos or seconds1 i4 e41 cigars of a better type made to sell at higher prices but which on account of some defect are rejected on inspection4 ,sometimes clear ,havanas made of scrap filler and inferior wrapper are included4 ,these cigars have a vast variety of designations and make up the general stock of most cigar stores4 ,the cost of production does not usually exceed #bj4jj per thousand and they sell to dealers at from #be4jj to #cj4jj4 7#h7 ,,stogies1 ,,tobies1 ,,etc4 ,,cheroots4 ,cigar shaped rolls of cheap domestic tobacco made quickly by machine1 and of various sizes4 ,cheroots are open at both ends4 ,the filler of stogies is usually a western grown leaf of full size1 but rough quality4 ,they are manufactured principally in ,louisville1 ,cincinnati1 ,pittsburgh1 ,wheeling1 etc4 ,one of the large tobacco companies operates about #be large cigar factories in various centers of the ,u4 ,s4 ,here are made all classes of domestic cigars1 but all are made under the same conditions of sanitation1 economic handling and strict supervision4 ,the leaf is prepared1 selected1 fermented1 blended1 etc41 in the company's own special leaf houses and is despatched to the various factories as needed4 ,all the better class of domestic cigars are hand-made1 machinery being used in making the cheaper grades4 ,there are special factories for the making of little cigars1 of which a vast number are made on account of their popularity4 ,these include the package goods and those put up in cardboard boxes of which such brands as ,virginia ,cheroots and ,royal ,bengals are types4 ,by the terms little cigar the trade recognizes all cigars under the regular standard size and which weigh less than #c pounds per thousand4 ,in some little cigar factories these little cigars are not made from inferior leaf4 ,they are made usually from the small leaves of the tobacco intended for higher priced goods1 but which on account of faulty size cannot be used4 ,the leaf is1 however1 cured and prepared in exactly the same way4 ,in addition the scrap or waste portions of the high priced leaf is used for fillers for little cigars4 ,the little cigars of this type are usually of first-rate quality and on account of their small cost give excellent value to the smoker4 ,,cigars4 ,,miscellaneous ,there are a good many terms used in the cigar trade to denote color1 size1 quality1 etc41 which smokers should know the meaning of4 ,most of these terms are ,spanish1 because the cigar trade was for a long time confined to ,cuba4 ,terms used to denote the quality of cigar leaf ,,desecho4 ,the finest quality2 the top leaves of plant2 best because they have received most sunshine and dew4 ,,desechito4 ,good leaves but inferior to desecho4 ,,libra4 ,good leaves but small in size2 the smaller top and bottom leaves4 ,,injuriado4 ,injured leaves2 root leaves soil stained and injured by insects4 ,terms used to denote color ,note3 ,the color term refers to the wrapper only4 ,many smokers judge the mildness or strength of a cigar by its outside color4 ,this is a fallacy4 ,the wrapper constitutes only about #b per cent of the cigar weight4 ,moreover color is no criterion of strength4 ,the darkest cigar may be and usually is very mild4 ,the color is due 7#a7 to the soil1 7#b7 to the age of the plant when cut1 and 7#c7 to the length of time of curing and fermentation4 ,as a general rule the lighter the color the more inferior and immature is the tobacco4 ,cigar smokers should remember this4 ,,claro or ,,clara4 ,very light colored4 ,the lightest shade known in selected leaves4 ,,colorado4 ,red2 medium in color4 ,,colorado ,,clara4 ,light ,brown4 ,,colorado ,,maduro4 ,dark ,brown4 ,,maduro4 ,ripe2 very dark1 almost black in color4 ,terms used to denote size and shape ,,conchas4 ,shell2 cigars so marked are #d-a_/d long4 ,,concha ,,fina4 ,a first quality ,concha4 ,,concha ,,especial4 ,finely finished and somewhat larger than a ,concha4 ,,londres4 ,london4 ,specially made for the ,london market and on account of its shape and length4 ,,regalias4 ,a cigar of a finer grade of tobacco than is used in ,londres or ,conchas4 ,,damas4 ,ladies2 small cigar about #c long4 ,,panatelas4 ,a long thin cigar that has been heavily pressed4 ,,non ,,plus ,,ultra4 ,a large handsome cigar made from the finest tobacco4 ,,escepcionales4 ,exceptionally large sized cigar4 ,,opera4 ,a small after-dinner cigar about #c-a_/d long4 ,,princesses4 ,like the ,opera1 but thinner4 ,,coquettas4 ,flirt2 #c-a_/b long4 ,,brevas4 ,a short1 thick cigar4 ,,noblesse4 ,the largest and most expensive cigars4 ,in addition to the above there is a multitude of trade names1 such as ,club ,house1 ,hoffman ,house1 ,rothschilds1 ,invincibles1 ,perfectos1 etc41 etc4 ,some of these terms merely denote particular brands put out by certain makers and to distinguish their products4 ,the ,spanish terms refer to the cigar itself and not to the maker4 ,they may be used by any maker1 and no longer refer to any standard of excellence4 7,see references end of ,chapter ,,xv7 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,cigars ,,and ,,their ,,qualities ,,qualities ,,of ,,cigars ,,and ,,cigar ,,leaf4 ,,imported ,,cigars4 ,,havanas4 ,,domestic ,,cigars4 ,,cigars ,,and ,,their ,,qualities ,a cigar consists essentially of three distinct parts3 the body or inner part called the filler2 the covering of the filler which is called the binder2 and the outside finishing cover which is called the wrapper4 ,cuban cigars1 however1 consist of filler and wrapper only4 ,except in the case of cigars made in ,cuba the wrapper leaf is usually of a different class of tobacco from the rest of the cigar1 as the qualities to be fulfilled by each part is different4 ,the qualities required in a cigar must be viewed both from the smokers' and the manufacturers' standpoints and the leaf must be such as to conform to these qualities4 ,thus the smoker is concerned with the burning quality1 the taste1 flavor1 aroma1 color1 general appearance and strength of the cigar4 ,the manufacturer in addition to seeking leaf that will answer the smokers' requirements also has an eye to economy and requires the leaf to have qualities regarding size1 weight1 texture1 etc4 ,therefore1 in the best cigar leaf the following qualities are more or less essential3 7#a7 good color1 7#b7 fair body1 7#c7 a continuous pleasant aroma1 7#d7 fine texture combined with a certain toughness1 7#e7 small ribs and veins1 7#f7 good combustion so that it will hold fire for #d or five minutes4 ,the burning must be free and even with a white or whitish-brown ash which remains intact until cigar is three-fourths smoked1 7#g7 good size of leaf1 7#h7 must be elastic and souple1 must not be brittle1 7#i7 it must be free from spots and light in weight4 ,some of these qualities are essential in filler leaf2 some in wrapper leaf4 ,thus the color of filler leaf does not matter2 neither does the aroma of the wrapper the essential qualities of which are color1 lightness and elasticity4 ,the cigars consumed in the ,u4 ,s4 are either 7a7 ,imported or 7b7 ,home ,manufactured4 7a7 ,,imported ,,cigars ,the most important of the imported cigars are those that come from ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico and the ,philippines4 ,up to the time of the ,civil ,war cigars were imported principally from ,germany and ,cuba and the value was about #d-a_/b million dollars annually4 ,high import duties have1 however1 altered this and the number of imported cigars is nearly #ij per cent less than formerly4 ,the value of the import has not1 however1 fallen so much1 that is to say only the higher grades of cigars are imported4 ,the value of cigars now imported does not exceed #c million dollars annually and they are principally ,cuban4 ,,cuban1 ,,or ,,so-,,called ,,havana1 ,,cigars ,as the strictest laws are enforced in ,cuba against the importation of tobacco1 it follows that all genuine so-called ,havana cigars are made of ,cuban tobacco4 ,the ,havana ,tobacco ,co4 controls about #bfj1jjj acres of the best ,cuban tobacco land and has #be factories in the ,city of ,havana4 ,here ,havana cigars are made in all grades from those which can be bought at #b for #be;c to those which cost #b4jj each4 ,the high priced are very limited in quality1 being made from tobacco grown in specially favored districts4 ,the ,province of ,pinar del ,rio produces #gj per cent of the whole ,cuban crop1 and includes the celebrated ,district of ,vuelta ,abajo in which the finest cigar tobacco in the world is grown2 the ,provinces of ,havana and ,santa ,clara each produces about #ac per cent of the ,cuban crop4 ,havana ,partidio leaf is of very fine quality and is used principally as wrappers of clear ,havanas4 ,havana ,remedios leaf comes from ,santa ,clara1 has a high flavor1 rather heavy body and is used mostly for fillers4 ,the very finest ,havana cigars never leave ,cuba1 for the merchant keeps them for his own use4 ,he is a smoker before a trader4 ,the crop of the very best ,vuelta ,abajo tobacco is so small that not more than about #cj1jjj cigars can be made from it4 ,these are kept for private purchasers and none go on the market4 ,the finest ,havanas are of an even tint of rich dark brown1 free from all stains and spots1 burning freely to a white or whitish-brown ash1 and holding fire for #d or #e minutes4 ,altogether the ,district of ,vuelta ,abajo produces about one-quarter million bales of leaf annually and about one-tenth of this is high class and produces up to #bj dollars per lb4 on the spot4 ,as stated previously1 ,cuban cigars have no binder4 ,they consist of filler and wrapper only and are all hand-made4 ,the unique position which these cigars have held for so long is due not only to perfect curing and blending of the leaf1 but also to the superior skill of the ,cuban workmen who are the most expert cigarmakers and blenders in the world1 and who in the best factories are allowed to take all the time they need in making the cigar4 ,some of these ,tabacqueros have been making the same brand of cigar for #bj years or longer4 ,of the total annual output of ,cuban made cigars1 ,england takes about #dj per cent1 the ,u4 ,s4 about #be per cent and ,germany #ac per cent4 ,in #aiac1 the ,u4 ,s4 imported #fei1ceh lbs4 of cigars and cheroots from ,cuba valued for #c1iii1daj4 ,,porto ,,rico ,,cigars ,from ,porto ,rico the ,u4 ,s4 ships about #abe million cigars annually4 ,,philippine ,,cigars ,the laws in force between the ,u4 ,s4 and the ,philippine ,islands1 governing the tariff1 provide for the importation annually from the ,philippines to the ,u4 ,s4 free of import duties1 of cigar wrapper leaf and filler leaf mixed or packed with more than #ae per cent of wrapper leaf1 not in excess of #cjj1jjj lbs42 of filler leaf alone not in excess of #a1jjj1jjj lbs42 and manufactured cigars in number not exceeding #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,the shipping must be direct4 ,as the ,philippine leaf is excellent and labor there is cheap1 the ,u4 ,s4 smoker is thus enabled to get a very good smoke at a small cost4 ,the full number of cigars allowed at least is imported4 ,in #aiac the importation of ,philippine cigars and cheroots to the ,u4 ,s4 was #a1fda1hcb lbs4 valued at #b1bif1hbc4 ,,home ,,manufactured ,,cigars ,for the home manufactured cigar trade the leaf used is either imported or home grown4 ,imported cigar leaf comes principally from ,cuba1 ,dutch ,east ,indies 7,sumatra1 ,java1 etc471 ,porto ,rico1 ,mexico1 ,brazil1 and the ,philippines4 ,imported ,cuban leaf is used both as fillers and wrappers4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 as already stated imports about #bf million lbs4 annually4 ,the leaf varies in length from #h to #ah2 is a rich brown color1 and its principal characteristic is its fine flavor and aroma1 which is unequalled by any other tobacco in the world4 ,the ,sumatran leaf is perhaps more important in the ,u4 ,s4 cigar trade than the ,cuban leaf4 ,it is used exclusively as wrappers1 on account of its fine light brown color1 its elastic texture and light weight4 ,the genuine imported leaf is much less in weight than that grown from ,sumatran seed in ,florida4 ,about #b lbs4 of imported ,sumatran leaf will wrap #a1jjj cigars4 ,its length is usually from #ad to #bj inches and the ,u4 ,s4 imports annually about #g million lbs41 valued at about #e million dollars4 ,the use of ,sumatran leaf as a wrapper for home-made cigars has increased remarkably in the last quarter century4 ,in the quinquennium ending #ahhe the number of such cigars was #cd millions4 ,in the last quinquennium the number exceeded #b1jjj millions4 ,the ,sumatran leaf has little aroma or flavor and its value is for appearance only4 ,the average prices paid by the ,united ,states for imported cigar leaf in #aiad was3 for leaf suitable for cigar making1 #abg;c per lb42 for other leaf1 #ej4dd;c per lb4 ,,other ,,imported ,,cigar ,,leaf ,since the introduction of tax-free manufactured cigars from the ,philippines the importation of leaf has declined4 ,mexican leaf is used as a substitute for ,cuban1 to which it is inferior4 ,the imports of cigar leaf tobacco from ,porto ,rico and ,brazil are relatively unimportant4 ,,cigar ,,leaf ,,tobacco ,,grown ,,in ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,the home grown tobacco leaf used in the cigar manufacturing trade of the ,u4 ,s4 is grown principally in the states of ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,wisconsin1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 and ,texas4 ,the ,connecticut leaf is used for wrappers and binders4 ,the ,ohio and ,pennsylvania leaf almost exclusively for fillers4 ,wisconsin produces binder leaf particularly4 ,the leaf grown elsewhere is used mostly as wrappers4 ,it is usual1 however1 to use the imported and ,sumatran leaf as wrappers for all high class home-made cigars4 ,the finest ,american grown wrapper leaf is raised in ,connecticut4 ,the best known brands are known as ,connecticut ,seedleaf and ,connecticut ,broadleaf1 both varieties raised originally from imported ,havana seed4 ,the leaf is destitute of thick fibers and has a fine texture4 ,they run from #ad to #bf in length1 giving good wrapping capacity4 ,the ,pennsylvania leaf is also classed as ,seed and ,broadleaf4 ,it is about the same size as the ,connecticut1 but does not equal it in quality4 ,the principal varieties in ,ohio are the ,gebhardt1 ,zimmer1 ,spanish1 and ,little ,dutch4 ,these do not usually exceed #bj in length4 ,florida cigar leaf is usually small1 running from #aj to #ad in length4 7,for references see ,chapter ,,xv7 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,pipe ,,smoking ,,and ,,chewing ,,tobaccos ,,qualities ,,required4 ,,description ,,of ,,kinds4 ,,perique ,,tobacco4 ,,statistics4 ,,pipe ,,smoking ,,and ,,chewing ,,tobaccos ,for pipe smoking mixtures the tobacco leaf used is of various kinds4 ,preferred strains of leaf from ,virginia1 ,north and ,south ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 ,kentucky1 ,maryland1 and ,east ,ohio1 to which is added sometimes ,turkish1 ,latakia1 ,perique1 and a little ,havana4 ,the blend is made while the tobacco is in leaf form1 portions of the desired kinds being assembled in accordance with a formula followed by the manufacturer4 ,the leaf is then put through the required mechanical processes4 ,the qualities necessary in pipe smoking tobaccos are that it must burn evenly1 slowly1 smoothly and thoroughly2 it must have an agreeable aroma2 it must not cause a burning or acrid sensation in the mouth when smoked2 it is desirable that its nicotine contents should be low4 ,appearance is not of any consequence1 but the manufacturer looks for leaf that1 in addition to the above qualities1 is free from gumminess as this interferes with granulation and cutting2 also that the leaf may be a good absorbing kind in order that it may imbibe the juices with which this class of manufactured tobacco is treated both for chewing and pipe smoking4 ,as the taste of smokers with regard to the flavor and aroma of pipe tobacco varies considerably1 some desiring a strong1 others a mild or light tobacco1 this must be taken into account by the manufacturer and the blends graded accordingly4 ,pipe smoking tobaccos are distinguished according to the different mechanical processes used in their production4 ,thus there are 7#a7 ,granulated1 7#b7 ,plug-cut1 7#c7 ,long-cut1 7#d7 ,fine-cut1 etc4 ,in former days it was customary for smokers to buy their tobacco in the roll or twist and cut and manipulate it themselves4 ,this custom has1 however1 passed away almost entirely in the ,u4 ,s4 ,it still survives to a large extent in ,europe where smokers prefer their tobacco moist4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 pipe smoking tobacco is usually cut and ready for the pipe and sold in packages or cans4 ,,granulated is tobacco that has been flaked by breaking or cutting machines with blunt teeth or saws and then passed over a series of oscillating sieves of graded mesh4 ,,plug-,,cut or ,,cut-,,plug is first made into plugs by pressure4 ,these plugs are then cut into thin slices convenient for crumbling4 ,the slices are put up in packages in which form the smoker uses it4 ,special forms of cut-plug are1 bird's-eye1 short-cut1 cube-cut1 straight-cut1 curly-cut1 wavy-cut and cavendish-cut2 the name being determined by the shape of the cut slices4 ,navy-cut is a particular kind of plug which was originally prepared directly by shipmen4 ,,long-,,cut tobacco is leaf cut into long shreds4 ,it differs from plug-cut in not having been pressed into solid plugs before cutting4 ,,fine-,,cut is finer and shorter shreds than the long-cut1 and the tobacco used is usually of a less gummy kind4 ,other varieties known in the trade are3 ,,german ,,smoking4 ,a coarse-grained1 heavy tobacco with strong flavor4 ,it is a coarse granulated tobacco4 ,,strips4 ,a fine shredded or powdered tobacco used principally in the mining camps of ,pennsylvania4 ,,scrap4 ,smoking tobacco made up from cigar clippings and cheap cigar leaf of the filler and binder type4 ,,perique ,,tobacco ,perique tobacco is a specially dark1 rich variety having special qualities which render it desirable as a component in pipe smoking mixtures1 or for straight smoking4 ,genuine ,perique is grown and prepared only in the ,parish of ,st4 ,james in the ,state of ,louisiana by the descendants of the old ,french ,colonists4 ,the properties which it possesses are essentially due to the peculiar method of curing and fermentation and not to any peculiarity in the leaf itself4 ,it is the only tobacco in the ,united ,states that is grown and put in its final condition for the consumer by the farmer4 ,it is said that the output of genuine ,perique is small1 being well under #ej1jjj lbs4 annually4 ,but there is a good deal of substitute ,perique sold in lieu of the genuine kind4 ,the tobacco is raised on a black1 deep1 exceedingly rich soil4 ,the leaf is medium in size1 about #ah long1 and a rapid grower4 ,the stem is small1 the fiber tough and gummy4 ,in curing no artificial heat is used4 ,the leaf is hung in sheds for about #aj days4 ,it is then stripped into half leaves4 ,these are taken in bundles of about #bj each and converted into rough twists4 ,a dozen or so twists are packed in a box #aa square the weight being about #ej lbs4 ,the contents of the box are then submitted to a pressure of about #gjjj lbs4 for at least #bd hours4 ,the tobacco is then taken out and the twists again opened up4 ,the leaves are exposed to the air and sunlight until an exudate appears on them and is reabsorbed4 ,this is done over and over again for at least #aj days or until in appearance the tobacco is quite black4 ,that is to say the curing of ,perique is accomplished by allowing it to soak its own juice and then submitting to heavy pressure and repeating this process several times4 ,when the leaf is cured it is made into rolls or carottes4 ,a cotton cloth #bd x #ah is taken and covered with leaves4 ,others are spread crosswise over these4 ,then rolled and a thin rope is wound very tightly about each bundle or carotte4 ,this process like the curing is repeated over and over again4 ,one man can handle about #aj carottes in a day1 the weight being about #d lbs4 each4 ,perique is considered to have a finer aroma than any other pipe smoking tobacco and its presence in a mixture is at once detected by the experienced smoker4 ,it is said to contain only #a_/d of the citric acid1 #a_/b of the nitric acid and #f times as much acetic acid as tobacco cured in air4 ,the resultant aroma is rich and fragrant1 and the taste is smooth1 delicate and agreeable4 ,it is also claimed that it stimulates the brain without in any way being hurtful to the digestive or nervous systems4 ,when the carottes are finally made it is usual to leave them under pressure for at least #ab months4 ,the aroma is said to improve as the tobacco grows older4 ,it has been stated above that much of the ,perique tobacco is a substitute for the genuine4 ,this substitute is made by taking inferior leaf and submitting it to a similar process1 i4 e41 pressure and oxidation repeatedly4 ,the process is abridged but a black tobacco results particularly when certain darkening ingredients are added4 ,the moral is if you want genuine ,perique be sure where you get it1 and don't grudge the price4 ,,chewing ,,tobacco ,the particular qualities required in leaf for this purpose are toughness1 sweetness of taste1 and a richness in oils and gums4 ,suitable leaf having been selected the leaf is cut and moulded into small plugs or chews which are put up in boxes for the market4 ,flavoring essences are of course plentifully used4 ,as well as plug1 chewing tobacco may be of the variety known as twist1 the leaves being spun and twisted in a continuous roll4 ,the plug consists of a wrapper and filler like the cigar1 the brighter and better grades of leaf being used as wrappers4 ,burley leaf and the yellow leaf tobacco of ,virginia1 ,kentucky and the ,carolinas are principally used4 ,the substances used for flavoring are liquorice1 cane sugar1 maple sugar1 molasses1 and rum1 principally4 ,the plugs are packed in boxes of #gb lbs4 each1 and also smaller boxes of #aj and #ab lbs4 each4 ,the principal centers of the manufacture of pipe smoking and chewing tobacco are ,missouri 7,st4 ,louis72 ,north ,carolina 7,durham and ,winston72 ,kentucky 7,louisville72 ,new ,jersey 7,jersey ,city72 ,virginia 7,richmond7 and ,ohio 7,cincinnati74 ,there are altogether about #djj establishments employing about #bj1jjj persons1 and the value of the product is over #ajj million dollars annually4 ,this class of products is by its nature more suitable for concentration of manufacture than either cigars or cigarettes4 ,hence the small number of establishments4 ,only about #aj million lbs4 of manufactured tobacco is exported4 7,see references end of ,chapter ,,xv7 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,cigarettes ,,statistics4 ,,kinds ,,and ,,where ,,made4 ,,imported ,,cigarettes4 ,,domestic ,,cigarettes4 ,,cigarette ,,papers4 ,,cigarettes ,a cigarette according to the meaning of the word is a small cigar4 ,it consists of a roll of loose tobacco wrapped in a case of either paper or tobacco-leaf4 ,in the latter case it is known as an all-tobacco cigarette4 ,since the introduction of cigarette making machinery the output of cigarettes in the ,united ,states has grown enormously4 ,this will be seen from the following figures which represent the output of cigarettes for the past #be years3 ,number of cigarettes ,year manufactured in the ,united ,states4 #ahij #b1jjj1jjj1jjj #ahie #c1ejj1jjj1jjj #aijj #d1jjj1jjj1jjj #aije #f1ejj1jjj1jjj #aiaj #g1jjj1jjj1jjj ,these figures taken from ,government ,reports are given in round numbers4 ,they include little cigars which form about #ae of the totals4 ,about one-third is at present exported4 ,in addition to the manufactured cigarettes there is1 of course1 the large amount of cigarettes made directly by the smoker himself4 ,there are only about #ejj establishments in the whole ,u4 ,s4 engaged in cigarette manufacture and about ten of these manufacture four times as many as all the rest together4 ,there would in fact be fewer factories except for the popularity of certain brands of hand-made cigarettes4 #ie of the total output is made in #d cities1 i4 e41 ,new ,york1 ,durham1 ,n4 ,c42 ,richmond1 ,va42 and ,new ,orleans4 ,new ,york ,city alone manufactures about #fj of the whole2 ,richmond about #af2 ,new ,orleans about #aj and ,durham the balance4 ,every country manufactures its own peculiar brand of cigarettes4 ,the best known and most popular kinds of cigarettes are those known as ,virginian1 ,turkish1 ,havana1 ,porto ,rican1 ,mexican1 ,russian and ,philippine4 ,the ,havana1 ,porto ,rican1 ,mexican and ,philippine cigarettes are usually of the all-tobacco kind--the others being paper wrapped4 ,they are generally made from the cuttings and smaller leaves of cigar leaf tobacco4 ,turkish cigarettes are celebrated all the world over4 ,the name is however mostly a misnomer1 for nearly all the so-called ,turkish cigarettes proper are made in ,egypt1 ,greece1 etc41 and not in ,turkey4 ,in ,egypt1 however1 the best ,turkish cigarettes are made from tobacco grown in ,turkey 7in ,europe7 which is imported1 as no tobacco is grown in ,egypt4 ,the peculiar flavor of ,egyptian ,turkish cigarettes is due to special methods known only to the makers there4 ,the crop of ,turkish tobacco1 particularly of the better kinds suitable for cigarettes1 is small and less than half of it is exported4 ,the supply of genuine ,turkish cigarette tobacco is1 therefore1 strictly limited and does not find its way into ordinary channels4 ,much of so-called ,turkish tobacco comes from ,china1 and other parts of ,asia4 ,from ,turkey1 in ,europe1 the ,united ,states annually imports at present about ten million lbs41 the actual government figures for #aiac being #aj1haf1jdh lbs4 valued at about #e-a_/b million dollars4 ,from ,turkey in ,asia the imports in #aiab were #aa1bcc1edf lbs41 and in #aiac1 #ah1iee1bie1 this latter being valued at nearly #e million dollars4 ,it does not follow that all this latter is ,turkish4 ,it was probably in large part collected from distant points and shipped from ports in ,asia ,minor4 ,the imports of ,turkish tobacco during #aiad are considerably reduced on account of the war4 ,one ,american company which does an immense business in the cigarette line maintains at ,cavallo a large establishment for the direct purchase and treatment of its own ,turkish leaf4 ,this plant handles about #f million lbs4 of leaf annually4 ,the ,american smoker of home-made ,turkish cigarettes has the advantage of knowing that his leaf is genuine and bought economically4 ,the most valued kind of ,turkish tobacco is that grown in the ,caza of ,yenidji on the ,vardar ,river region in ,roumelia4 ,the ,latakia tobacco grown in the hilly part of ,northern ,syria is also celebrated as a cigarette tobacco4 ,this tobacco has a low nicotine percentage 7less than one per cent7 and its peculiar aroma is due to its exposure for nearly #f months to the smoke of the tree known as ,quercus ,ilex4 ,very choice parcels of these tobaccos fetch in the open market from #c to #e per lb42 lower grades are bought from #be;c per lb4 and up4 ,the best known grades of cigarettes made from genuine ,turkish leaf are the ,la ,ferme of ,leipzig and ,st4 ,petersburg2 the ,nestor and ,melachrino of ,egypt2 the ,monopol of ,new ,york2 and the ,dubec of ,richmond4 ,in the ,turkish hand-made cigarette there is no flavoring of any kind4 ,in ,europe the ,turkish cigarettes are usually made by ,greeks who are special adepts at this work4 ,the paper wrappers are imported from ,france or ,austria4 ,the native cigarette makers as a rule blend their own leaf and cut or shred it by hand4 ,an expert workman can make about #c1jjj cigarettes per day4 ,in the ,united ,states1 ,turkish cigarettes are of two kinds1 imported and domestic4 ,the imported include those purchased already made from ,egypt1 ,england1 ,france1 etc4 ,in #aiac the value of cigarettes purchased directly by the ,u4 ,s4 from ,egypt was about #be1jjj and from ,england #bb1jjj1 other countries less4 ,in #aiad the total cost of imported cigarettes 7not including those from ,philippine ,islands7 was #gi1eed4 ,the value of such trade is1 therefore1 not large4 ,the ,turkish cigarettes made in the ,states are termed ,domestic ,turkish1 and are usually hand-made1 though not by any means exclusively so4 ,it appears to be nothing more than an idiosyncrasy to consider that a hand-made cigarette is better than a machine-made one4 ,as in the case of cigars1 other things being equal it would appear that on many considerations1 hygienic as well as mechanical1 the balance is in favor of the machine4 ,however1 many still think there is some peculiar talismanic virtue in a hand-made cigarette and are willing to pay a higher price4 ,there is1 of course1 a pleasure in making one's own cigarettes1 but when they are bought made the advantage of hand-making is not very apparent4 ,there are many variants of the ,turkish cigarette4 ,besides the common paper wrapped variety some have fillers of ,turkish tobacco with ,havana or ,virginia leaf wrapper2 others have mixed fillers of ,turkish1 ,virginia1 ,havana or ,perique1 two or more or all kinds being mixed4 ,each type of cigarette has its own special votaries4 ,cigarettes of this variety are not1 however1 so popular in the ,united ,states as in other countries where the cigarette is the most pronounced type smoked4 ,the ,american cigarette is generally made of ,yellow ,virginian tobacco and is popular all the world over4 ,the secret of success in good cigarette making lies in the selection and blending of the leaf so that the proper strength and characteristics may be secured4 ,as a general rule no adulterants of any kind are added to the tobacco except in some of the very cheap kinds in which the leaf is sometimes treated with a glycerine solution in order to give it a sweetish taste4 ,the solution is quite harmless4 ,the machinery for the manufacture of cigarettes has been brought to such perfection that it is quite automatic4 ,the only hand work required is the feeding of the tobacco into the hoppers4 ,the cutting1 rolling1 wrapping1 tipping and packing are all done quite mechanically1 the cigarettes being turned out all ready for the smoker4 ,in the large factories the processes are under strict hygienic conditions1 which is not usually the case in the small workshops where the hand-made goods are prepared4 ,the various machines used in the manufacturing processes are highly complicated and a detailed description of them would be too technical for these pages4 ,the paper used for wrapping cigarettes has frequently been the subject of most unwarranted attacks and the most absurd statements have been made regarding it4 ,investigation and analysis of the paper used in the very cheapest grades of cigarettes by competent authorities have failed to find anything deleterious to health4 ,the paper used for this purpose is made principally in ,france4 ,it is of the kind known as rice paper although it has no connection whatever with rice4 ,it is a vegetable substance being made usually from the membranes of the bread fruit tree or else from fine trimmings of flax and hemp4 ,the materials are thoroughly washed and treated with lime and soda before and after pulping4 ,careful analysis are made to see that nothing is left that might be harmful and the manufacturers use the greatest care and judgment to see that their product is as pure and perfect as possible as it is their interest that it should be so4 ,the paper is extremely thin and light1 very combustible1 and gives off very little smoke4 ,these are the only qualities necessary and there is not the least reason to use any harmful ingredients1 as the required qualities can be obtained by the ordinary manufacturing processes4 ,moreover1 the best paper can be manufactured and supplied at a very low cost4 ,from ,france the ,united ,states annually imports about #ejj1jjj worth of cigarette paper and from ,austria about #abj1jjj worth4 ,most manufactured cigarettes have a protective tip at the mouth end4 ,this not only keeps the cigarette intact but prevents the tobacco from being wetted by the saliva4 ,as already stated1 nicotine is soluble in water1 and its entrance to the mouth in this form is thus obviated4 ,the tips are made of various substances1 cork1 straw1 goldleaf1 cherry wood1 etc41 in fact any water-proof substance that is harmless1 nonadherent and smooth can be used4 ,cigarettes must according to the law of the ,u4 ,s4 be put up in packages of #e1 #h1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #ej or #ajj1 and the packages must not contain any lottery or chance ticket nor any indecent picture4 ,much criticism1 that is to a large extent groundless1 has been directed against the habit of cigarette smoking4 ,it has been shown by many investigators that when not carried to excess the cigarette is the safest method of using tobacco4 ,the reader is referred to the remarks regarding cigarettes in the chapter respecting the effect of tobacco on the human system2 but it may be as well here to quote a recent editorial from one of the leading representative medical journals of the ,united ,states1 the opinion stated in which should go far towards removing the absurd prejudice against the cigarette4 ,from the ,new ,york ,medical ,journal of ,july #be1 #aiad 7,editorial73 ,particularly do the uninformed enjoy an attack on the cigarette2 it is cheap2 it is small2 and its patrons1 numerous as they are1 yet form an insignificant minority in our immense population4 ,therefore1 the cigarette and its users are fair game for cheap and silly sneers2 sneers which are capable1 however1 of cowing an entire legislature1 as in ,georgia at this moment4 ,yet1 beyond cavil1 it has been proved scientifically that of all methods of using tobacco1 cigarette smoking is the least harmful4 ,some months ago the ,laucet undertook a careful laboratory study of the various ways of consuming tobacco1 with the result that it was found that the cigarettes1 ,egyptian1 ,turkish and ,american1 yielded the least amount of nicotine to the smoke formed2 the cigar came next in point of harmlessness1 while the pipe overshadowed the cigar to the extent that from #gj to #ij of nicotine was said to exist in its smoke4 ,as to the paper of cigarettes the attacks are simply preposterous4 99 99 99 99 99 ,men are well within their rights in forbidding cigarette smoking and other pleasures and distractions to their employes2 it is another matter when they seize an opportunity to compound with vices they have a mind to1 by damning one they're not inclined to1 especially when the latter affords solace and recreation to millions perfectly capable of judging what is and what is not good for them4 ,in ,europe where a good deal of logical thinking still prevails1 there is probably not one smoker of distinction in any walk of life who does not include the cigarette in his nicotian armamentarium4 7,see references end of ,chapter ,,xv7 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,snuff ,,how ,,made4 ,,qualities4 ,,description ,,of ,,kinds4 ,,snuff ,a century ago snuff taking was the principal form in which tobacco was used4 ,the custom pervaded all classes of society and it was used by both sexes4 ,the habit has to a very large extent died out2 and it is rarely now that one sees a snuff box in use4 ,nevertheless there is still a very large trade in snuff manufacture1 and it is used very extensively in many countries4 ,it will surprise many to know that about #bd million lbs4 of snuff are manufactured and used annually in the ,u4 ,s4 and that within recent years the percentage of increase in the use of this form of tobacco has been higher than in the case of cigar1 cigarette or pipe smoking kinds4 ,the value of the snuff manufactured annually is appraised for revenue purposes at about #f million dollars4 ,the process of the manufacture of snuff or tobacco powder1 is essentially based on long and thorough fermentation as all bitter substances1 acid and essential oils1 as well as a large part of the nicotine1 must be removed4 ,strong1 coarse tobacco is suitable for the purpose1 the darker types of ,virginian and ,tennessee tobaccos being used4 ,strong tobacco does not necessarily contain a high percentage of nicotine as is usually supposed4 ,strength has nothing to do with nicotine content2 but whatever amount of nicotine the tobacco possesses1 at least one-half must be removed by fermentation4 ,as a general rule tobacco leaf which is at least #b years old is used and this is submitted to a further fermentation process of a special kind for a period varying from #b to #f months4 ,when the fermentation process is complete1 the tobacco1 while still in leaf and unpowdered1 is technically known as snuff4 ,there are two principal kinds of snuff and there are many varieties of each kind principally differing in flavor and minor qualities4 ,the two kinds of snuff are known as ,wet and ,dry4 ,these terms are due to the difference in the mode of manufacture4 ,in making wet snuff1 the tobacco leaves are ground up into grain form before the fermentation takes place4 ,it only becomes snuff when the fermentation is completed4 ,in the dry kind the grinding does not take place until after the fermentation is completed1 when the fermented leaves are thoroughly dried4 ,the grinding is then done in a muller similar to a mortar and pestle--this operation being conducted by machinery on a large scale4 ,after grinding the snuff is put through a sieving process and is then sent to the seasoning department1 thus occupying from #b to #f months or even longer4 ,various flavors--attar of roses and such like--are added to give the snuff different scents and flavors4 ,the various names under which brands of snuff are put up are survivals of names applied to snuff made by methods no longer in vogue3 ,,scotch ,,snuffs are all dry4 ,there are various kinds--strong1 plain1 sweet1 salt1 high-toast1 etc4 ,,maccaboy is a semi-wet snuff4 ,,swedish ,,snuffs usually contain a large percentage of moisture4 ,the grains are coarse and usually highly flavored4 ,snuff taking is still extensive among the ,swedish people4 ,,rappee is a snuff made after the ,french fashion4 ,,references 7,chapters ,,ix to ,,xv7 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,of ,,commerce4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,the ,,census4 ,report of #acth ,census1 #aiaj4 7,vol4 on ,manufacturers1 #aiab-aiac47 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,of ,,commerce ,,and ,,labor4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,corporations4 ,report of the ,commissioner of ,corporations on the ,tobacco ,industry4 ,vol4 ,i1 #aiji1 ,continued4 ,,ivens1 ,w4 ,m4 ,brief and argument in certain appeals from the ,circuit ,court of ,u4 ,s4 for ,southern ,district of ,new ,york4 7,tobacco ,monopoly1 #aiaa47 ,,hoagland1 ,i4 ,g4 ,the ,tobacco ,industry4 ,in ,quarterly of the ,national ,fire ,protection ,assn41 #aijg4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #b and #d4 ,,jacobstein1 ,m4 ,the ,tobacco ,industry in the ,u4 ,s4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,smoking ,,pipes ,,history4 ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,making4 ,,meerschaum4 ,,briar ,,root4 ,,amber4 ,,special ,,kinds ,,of ,,pipes4 ,,care ,,of ,,pipes4 ,,pipes ,the history of tobacco smoking pipes began with the discovery of tobacco by the ,spaniards4 ,how long before that event they were used is not known1 but that they were used by the ,indians and others for a long period is quite clear from many items of evidence4 ,the reader who desires information concerning pre-,columbian tobacco pipes is referred to the ,pipes and smoking customs of the ,american ,aborigines1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,mc,quire1 based on the material in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum #ahhi1 and other similar archaological works4 ,the first mention of pipes in literature appears to have been made by ,oviedo in #aece in his work ,la historia general de las ,indias 7,part #a74 ,in this there is a small wood cut which is the oldest known picture of a pipe4 ,this pipe was shaped like a ,y--the two ends of which were placed in the nose and the tobacco leaves in the stem4 ,the smoke was inhaled4 ,oviedo says that this pipe was called ,tabaca from which the name tobacco was probably derived4 ,admiral ,john ,hawkins was the first to mention the pipe in ,english literature in #aefd4 ,raleigh's famous smoking feat did not take place until #aehf4 ,the ,indian pipes were principally of clay and this material was used in ,england for the first pipes made there and continued in sole use for about #bej years4 ,from ,england it came to ,new ,england1 with the first colonists4 ,the ,spaniards of ,south ,america did not generally use pipes4 ,meerschaum as a pipe making material was not known in ,europe till #agbc4 ,it came about in this way3 ,there was then in ,pesth 7,austria-,hungary7 an honest old shoemaker1 ,karl ,kowates1 who1 when he was not making or mending shoes1 made pipes4 ,count ,andrassy was one of his pipe patrons4 ,the ,count while on a mission to ,turkey in #agbc was presented with a lump of meerschaum4 ,the lightness and porosity of the material suggested to him that it would be a very suitable substance for a pipe bowl and on his return to ,pesth he handed the lump to ,karl to make a pipe of it4 ,it seems ,karl made two1 one for the ,count and one for himself4 ,but ,karl did more than that4 ,the nature of his shoe work made his hands waxy and he noticed that wherever the pipe was waxed by his hands it turned into spots of clear brown color4 ,he thus discovered the coloring qualities of meerschaum4 ,karl's first pipe is still preserved 7it is said7 at ,pesth4 ,the new material became very popular and it spread from ,austria all over pipe-smoking ,europe4 ,wooden pipes do not appear to have come into use till the early part of the #aith ,century4 ,there is a good deal of interesting lore concerning early clay pipes into which it is not proposed to enter here4 ,it will be interesting1 however1 to note that in ,william ,penn's land transactions with the ,indians1 #cjj clay pipes 7probably ,english make7 were one of the articles of barter4 ,the earliest clay pipe stems were about #i inches long4 ,the long stem pipes with glazed ends were introduced about the year #agjj and were known as ,aldermen4 ,the pipe known as the ,churchwarden with a very long1 thin1 curved stem which was typical of a leisurable smoke did not come into use till about #ahai4 ,in those days smokers did not commonly carry pipes around with them4 ,when a man arrived at an inn or tavern he ordered a pipe and tobacco1 just as he ordered his dinner4 ,the ,cutty or ,aberdeen with the short stem was1 however1 used by those who needed a pocket pipe4 ,it is very surprising how little changes the pipe has undergone4 ,the original pipe was a simple bowl and stem1 and the best pipe today is a plain bowl and stem2 for although hundreds of devices and all kinds of patents have been tried1 the true smoker prefers the simple plain pipe which offers no obstacle to the clear drawing of the smoke from the burning tobacco4 ,the materials used for pipes differ in various countries4 ,pipes are made of clay1 porcelain1 wood1 metal1 glass1 ivory1 horn1 cane1 bamboo1 stone1 etc4 ,there is no known material which in the opinion of smokers equals genuine meerschaum as a material for pipes4 ,this is on account of its lightness1 its coolness1 its absorbing qualities and its capabilities of high polish and assumption of a beautiful color when used from soaking the essential oils of the tobacco4 ,its friability1 however1 renders it more suitable for use as a home pipe than for a work-a-day pipe4 ,for the work-a-day and knock-about pipe the wooden pipe with short stem is without a rival4 ,the qualities which are essential for a wooden pipe are many and it is difficult if not impossible to get any material that will answer all of them4 ,the wood for such a pipe must be hard and practically incombustible1 yet light4 ,it must be sapless and inodorous so that when heated the fragrance of the tobacco would not be mingled with that of the wood and be lost4 ,in addition it must be a good absorber1 cool and have beauty of grain and be susceptible of a high polish and must not be brittle4 ,the wood known as briar root possesses these qualities to a greater extent than any other wood known4 ,it will be described in more detail later4 ,myall1 a native ,austrian wood of a very dark color1 hard and of good grain has many excellent qualities for pipes1 but is brittle4 ,maple1 juniper and cherry and several other woods are used to a limited extent4 ,,meerschaum ,meerschaum is a light1 porous1 clayey substance composed of magnesium1 oxygen and silicon4 ,it is chemically described as a hydrated silicate of magnesia and its chemical formula is ,mg,si#b,o#d #b;,h#b,o4 ,the word meerschaum is composed of two ,german words1 i4 e41 ,meer1 the sea2 and ,schaum1 foam1 and literally means the foam of the sea4 ,a popular belief being that the substance was petrified sea foam4 ,the circumstances under which meerschaum came to be used for smoking pipes have already been detailed4 ,meerschaum occurs as a mineral more or less scattered all over the world1 but the largest quantities and probably the best qualities occur in ,asia ,minor4 ,in the ,united ,states1 the mineral is found in ,south ,carolina4 ,other mines occur in ,spain1 ,greece and ,morocco4 ,the principal mines in ,asia ,minor are situated about #bej miles southwest of ,constantinople1 on the plains of ,eskishahr4 ,meerschaum has been in use for sundry purposes in the ,orient for many centuries and the mines of ,asia ,minor have been worked for at least #a1jjj years4 ,the result is that they are now approaching exhaustion4 ,the area in which the mineral occurs principally is small1 about six square miles1 and in this area many thousands of pits are worked4 ,the soil is alluvial and in these deposits the meerschaum is found in soft lumps and nodules having no definite or regular shape4 ,it also occurs in veins among the ,serpentine rocks and marls4 ,although it is soft when taken out of the ground it rapidly hardens when exposed to the air4 ,it is roughly shaped and cleaned at the mines and from thence sent to the dealers who further prepare it by waxing and polishing and put it on the market in the conditions in which it reaches the pipe makers4 ,the principal ,european depots for meerschaum are ,constantinople and ,vienna4 ,it is usually packed in boxes containing about #ej lbs4 each and sells for from #ej;c to #d4jj per lb4 ,the lumps on reaching the manufacturers are first cut with a band saw into suitable sized blocks according to the size and shape of the pipes desired4 ,these blocks are then thoroughly soaked in water until they are thoroughly saturated4 ,the soaking renders the material soft and soapy and gives it the consistency of cheese1 so that it is then easily shaped into the desired form which the pipe is to take4 ,it is then dried and hardened again and on completion the bowl is hollowed out and the stem drilled4 ,if the pipe is a plain one without carving it is finished on a lathe and filed ready for polishing4 ,it is also threaded for the mouthpiece4 ,the pipe is then sent to the drying room for such time as is necessary to expel all moisture4 ,the final treatment for the smoothing of the surface is done by fine sandpaper and other special substances1 then immersing in melted white beeswax for three to five minutes and finally the giving of a high polish with precipitated chalk1 cotton and flannel being the usual rubbing materials used4 ,meerschaum by its nature is particularly adapted for carving4 ,the hand carving of such pipes requires artistic and dexterous craftsmen1 who are experts in this particular class of work4 ,there are various imitations of meerschaum4 ,one is made from burnt gypsum soaked with lime in a solution of gum arabic4 ,this forms a hard1 creamy plaster and is capable of receiving a highly smooth and polished marble-like surface4 ,another form of imitation is made of a hardened plaster of ,paris highly polished and tinted in a solution of gamboge and dragon's blood1 being afterwards treated with paraffin or stearic acid4 ,all cheaper grades of meerschaum pipes1 holders1 etc41 are made of this or similar compounds and it is very hard for the average smoker to distinguish them as the ordinary tests will not suffice4 ,the absorption and coloring qualities are about the same4 ,such imitations cost about half as much as the genuine article or even sometimes less4 ,it should be added that the chips and dust resulting from the working of the genuine meerschaum are bonded together with a solution and moulded and this is also sold as meerschaum4 ,the number of genuine meerschaum pipes annually manufactured is probably much less than one-half a million1 while there are probably three or four times as many imitations4 ,,briar ,,root ,as we have seen briar root is found to be the most suitable wood for pipe smoking4 ,the word briar is not named from wild briar4 ,the word is a corruption of the ,french name ,la ,bruyere1 meaning the heather shrub of that name which grows along the ,mediterranean coast of ,france1 ,spain and neighboring countries4 ,it is the root of this shrub which is the substance used4 ,the shrub is especially cultured for the purpose of pipe making2 but the area in which the best briar root grows is very limited4 ,it takes considerable time and the result is that the supply of the most suitable wood is far below the demand4 ,the cultivation of the briar root is a simple matter4 ,it consists merely in pruning the growth as much as possible so as to encourage and strengthen the roots4 ,the very best qualities of briar root come from ,corsica and the neighborhood of ,leghorn4 ,it is very finely grained1 hard and tough1 does not char and heats slowly4 ,when full grown and ready for the market the wood is rough sawn into blocks1 varying in size from #c inches square up1 according to the market sizes required1 and allowed to season4 ,when fully seasoned the blocks are packed in boxes each containing from #bjj to #cjj of these blocks4 ,they are then sent to the dealers or direct to the pipe factories as the case may be4 ,in the factory the blocks are sorted and then undergo a sweating process in steam vats for ten to twelve hours4 ,this steaming gives the wood the familiar brown-yellow tint of the natural briar root uncolored4 ,after sweating the blocks are sent to the drying room as all traces of moisture must be removed4 ,this usually takes several months4 ,for pipe making the workman selects his block and roughly trims it to size4 ,it is then placed in the frazing machine4 ,this usually has three cutters revolving at very high speed1 making several thousand revolutions per minute4 ,the center cutter shapes out the block and the outer knives cut away the wood on the outside so as to form the block roughly into the shape of a pipe bowl and stem4 ,this is then placed in a special lathe for cutting irregular forms4 ,it is usual to fit in it a metal pattern of the particular shape chosen for the pipe4 ,a circular cutting tool is set in motion and the briar block1 which turns with the metal pattern1 is mechanically cut to the exact shape of the pattern4 ,after cutting1 the pipe passes to the sandpapering machines where both inside and outside are thoroughly treated1 and it gets a first polishing or smoothing on a pumice stone wheel4 ,the next process is the boring of the stem which is done in a drilling machine by a steel wire having a cutting top rapidly turned by a lathe4 ,the thread on the end of the stem for the mouthpiece is formed by a special machine4 ,the pipe is then ready for polishers and finishers4 ,it is first sandpapered four times1 twice with rough and twice with fine on revolving wheels4 ,unless the wood is to be left its natural color1 it is dropped into a vat of stain until it acquires the color desired4 ,after drying it is ready for buffing4 ,a buff is a wheel made of many layers of cloth1 leather1 etc41 which revolves very rapidly4 ,for pipe buffing these buffs are usually ,tripoli buff1 sheepskin buff1 muslin and cotton flannel buff4 ,the ,tripoli takes off any sediment held by the edges of the grain4 ,the sheepskin buff burns the color fast into the wood4 ,the muslin and cotton bring out the grain and gives the wood its final delicate lustre and finish1 which are done when the stem and mountings have been put on4 ,the pipes are then ready for final stamping with name and packing4 ,the process is much the same with all other hard woods4 ,pipe factories are found in most countries4 ,french briar pipes are justly celebrated1 but the ,american pipes are better made4 ,within recent years calabash has come into vogue to a large extent as a pipe making material4 ,the calabash is a ,south ,african squash and has a special softness of flavor4 ,the curved stem end of the calabash is used1 being lined with plaster of ,paris1 and quite a large trade has sprung up in ,south ,africa in growing calabash for the pipe trade1 the principal point being ,cape ,town4 ,,the ,,pipe ,,stem ,it is very important that suitable material be selected for the mouthpiece of the pipe4 ,in fact from many points of view the mouthpiece is the most important part of the pipe for the smoker1 because damage to the lips must be particularly avoided1 and a defective1 rough1 or badly made mouthpiece is apt to cause damage4 ,there are three very important qualities which the material must have3 7#a7 ,it must be hard enough to resist indentation from the teeth and yet not feel gritty4 7#b7 ,it must be capable of receiving a perfectly smooth surface and of retaining it under the action of saliva4 7#c7 ,it must not be a rapid heater so that it will not burn the lips1 or crack or splinter under action of heat4 ,other very desirable qualities are toughness1 beauty of appearance and freedom from taste or odor under all circumstances of use4 ,amber has a unique place in fulfilling these conditions4 ,amber is a fossil gum or resin1 the juice of pine trees1 which in course of time has become petrified like coal4 ,amber is found is various parts of the world1 but is more plentifully found along the sandy shores of ,east ,prussia bordering on the ,baltic ,sea4 ,this area was in time long past the site of pine forests4 ,the amber is found very often to occur with lignite or brown coal4 ,it is dug out of the cliffs or mined like coal out of the ground4 ,sometimes it is washed in from the sea4 ,in size it varies from the size of a pea to lumps as large as an orange4 ,when first dug up it is usually of a pale yellow color1 but this becomes darker on exposure4 ,the manufacture of commercial amber is a government monopoly in ,prussia4 ,the pieces are all melted down at a temperature of about #eej deg4 ,f41 and then after purification it is cast into slabs about #g_/h inch to #a-e_/h inches thick and four inches to eight inches long1 in which form it is sold to dealers4 ,there are two qualities1 opaque and transparent1 the opaque being the tougher4 ,the cost varies considerably1 the inferior kinds being sold for #b4jj per pound1 and the finest specimens cost up to #fj4jj per pound4 ,by far the largest quantity of amber used for ordinary pipes is imitation amber4 ,the manufacture of this is a trade secret4 ,it is so good and fulfills its purpose so well that only experts can distinguish it from genuine amber4 ,there are many substitutes for amber4 ,good vulcanite1 except for the matter of appearance is little inferior to amber as mouthpiece material4 ,cut vulcanite is cool and smooth1 but moulded vulcanite is liable to be rough to the lips and should be avoided4 ,vulcanite mouthpieces are usually sold already finished direct to the pipe makers4 ,except for the matter of brittleness unglazed clay is a most excellent pipe stem4 ,clay is usually cool and very absorbent of the acrid oils occurring in the distillation of tobacco4 ,when the end of a clay stem is protected by a rubber band1 it forms a very good mouthpiece4 ,bone and other materials are also used as mouthpieces4 ,ebonite is used1 but is objectionable because it spoils the flavor of the tobacco4 ,celluloid is a dangerous substance and should not be used as a pipe stem4 ,the smoker should avoid biting the mouthpiece as it roughens it4 ,it is far better to discard a mouthpiece when it becomes indented1 rough or worn in any way4 ,a damaged mouthpiece should on no account be used when the lips are chapped or lacerated because the irritation may1 if continued1 lead to ulceration and tobacco juice is not beneficial to skin lesions4 ,,special ,,pipes ,german pipes are1 as might be expected1 the most correct in scientific principle4 ,the pipe has two bowls the upper of which is for the tobacco4 ,this fits into a socket which allows the oils and aqueous solutions due to the distillation to pass into the lower bowl1 very little getting into the stem4 ,the bowls are usually of porcelain and the long curved stem is of wood mostly cherry4 ,the ,dutch pipe is similar to the ,german except that the stem is long and straight which allows the bowl to rest on the ground4 ,the ,german pipe is usually held in the hand by the lower bowl4 ,in ,turkey and ,oriental countries the water pipe is used4 ,this form of pipe originated in ,persia4 ,the pipe consists of a receptacle for the tobacco1 which has a perforated bottom4 ,this holder fits into a cup from which a hollow tube leads into a jar containing water4 ,the tube passes through the stopper of the jar and descends almost to the bottom of the water4 ,another tube1 the inhaling tube1 also passes through the stopper of the jar1 but does not reach to the surface of the water4 ,on drawing through the inhaler a vacuum is created in the air space above the surface of the water in the jar which induces suction through the other tube below the water level4 ,the smoke therefore bubbles through the water and is cooled before it reaches the mouth of the smoker4 ,it1 however1 requires a considerable amount of effort to draw the smoke through4 ,water pipes are used extensively among the better classes of the ,east4 ,some of them are very gorgeous affairs1 the bowls being of the richest crystal and the fittings gold or silver set with gems4 ,sometimes they have several smoking tubes so as to accommodate more than one smoker4 ,the water pipe used by the ,shah of ,persia is said to be worth #djj1jjj4jj4 ,in ,turkey the water pipe is known by the name of ,hookak4 ,in ,egypt it is called ,nargeeleh 7or ,narghile7 because the water vessel is usually a cocoa nut for which the ,arabic name is ,na'rghee'leh4 ,the ,hookak usually stands on the floor and is ponderous1 with many smoking tubes4 ,the ,nargeeleh is a hand pipe4 ,in ,eastern countries1 however1 besides the water pipe the ordinary clay bowl pipe is used to a very large extent1 being fitted with a wooden stem from #c to #e feet in length4 ,all these pipes are essentially home pipes1 as it is not habitual with the ,eastern people to smoke except when seated4 ,in ,china both sexes commonly smoke pipes--a water pipe made of brass is usually smoked by the richer classes4 ,the poorer classes use a clay pipe with a bamboo stem4 ,the principal importation into the ,united ,states of foreign made pipes and smokers' articles is from ,austria1 ,england and ,germany4 ,the latest government statistics show that from ,england #bgh1jjj1 from ,austria about #bhj1jjj1 and from ,germany about #aci1jjj worth of such goods are annually imported4 ,these are principally pipes4 ,cigarette paper1 briar root1 etc41 are not included in these figures4 ,the total importation value in #aiab 7exclusive of duty7 from ,europe was #a1dgh1jjj4 ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,pipes ,an experienced smoker lays down the following rules for the care of pipes4 ,the rules apply whether a man uses one or half a dozen pipes3 7#a7 ,when a pipe is used for the first time wipe out the bowl with a cloth4 ,then thoroughly wet or dampen it4 ,before the moisture evaporates fill the pipe4 ,light evenly and be careful not to burn the rim with the lighted match4 ,the tobacco being damp next the wood will not redden there1 hence the wood will not char but a sooty film will form4 7#b7 ,ashes should be allowed to remain in the pipe till thoroughly cooled4 ,then emptied4 ,the object of this is to allow the liquid residue to soak into the pores of the new wood4 7#c7 ,do not scrape the inner surface of the bowl4 ,the thin coating of carbon 7the cake7 which is formed on it is a nonconductor of heat and prevents the wood from overheating or cracking4 ,it keeps the pipe cool and is a good absorber4 7#d7 ,after half a dozen smokes the rule of removing the ashes should be reversed4 ,they should be removed promptly after smoking4 ,blow through the mouthpiece after smoking4 ,by this time the inner surface of bowl is sufficiently soaked and coated and continuation makes it acrid and sodden4 7#e7 ,always allow your pipe to cool and dry before resmoking4 ,use pipe cleaners and pipe spoon for cleaning4 ,when the cake becomes too thick part of it may be removed but always leave a layer next the wood4 ,be careful not to scrape the surface of the bowl4 7#f7 ,a pipe should not be used continuously for more than a few weeks or a month4 ,it should then be cleaned and allowed rest unused for a while4 ,it is well to allow it to hang where the sunlight can play on it4 ,acrid matters will dry out and the pipe will be sweet when smoked again4 ,it is a good plan to pack the bottom of the bowl with powdered chalk when it is resting4 ,when a pipe tastes acrid it requires more than ordinary cleaning4 ,if one has the opportunity a most excellent way is to blow steam through it1 first removing the mouthpiece4 ,another way recommended by a smoker who says it is most efficacious is to fit a cork into the bowl of the pipe4 ,make a hole in the cork1 into which the nozzle of a soda siphon will fit snugly4 ,direct the mouthpiece into some emptying vessel and force about a wine glass of the soda water from the siphon through the pipe4 ,it will clean it out effectively4 ,if you are smoking a meerschaum and desire it to color well and evenly it is a good plan to use a false upper bowl to fit inside the bowl of your pipe4 ,the rim of fire where the tobacco is burning makes the pipe bowl too hot and does not allow that part to color4 ,the false bowl will prevent this4 ,some smokers think that covering a meerschaum bowl with chamois will cause it to color well4 ,the chamois will not aid the coloring but it will protect the bowl from being touched by the hand during the process and thus avoiding a spotty effect1 particularly if the hand should be moist or greasy4 ,during the progress of the coloring the pipe should never be allowed to get too hot4 ,the time required to color a pipe depends on the tobacco used4 ,if it is a rich oily tobacco1 the time necessary is shorter than with a dry tobacco4 ,imitation meerschaum of the cheaper kind are sometimes artificially colored by the makers4 ,this is done by boiling the pipe in an oily solution of nicotine1 the formula for which as given in the ,american ,druggist1 ,v4 #eh1 is3 ,crude nicotine 7oil of tobacco7ounce i4 ,olive oilounce ii4 ,yellow waxounce viii4 ,the pipe is kept in the boiling solution from #aj to #ae minutes and rapidly absorbs it4 ,the surface is capable of a high polish4 ,,references ,,penn1 ,w4 ,a4 ,the ,soverane ,herbe3 a ,history of ,tobacco4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,,fairholt1 ,f4 ,w4 ,tobacco2 its ,history and ,associations4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,effects ,,of ,,tobacco ,,smoking ,,on ,,the ,,human ,,system ,,physical ,,effects4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,medical ,,men ,,quoted ,,and ,,discussed4 ,,effects ,,of ,,tobacco ,,smoking ,,on ,,the ,,human ,,system ,it is a matter of very great importance for the user of tobacco that he should have clear information regarding the beneficial and harmful effects of tobacco on the human mind and body4 ,there are very few matters which have been the subject of such varied opinions2 such exaggeration and misconception4 ,those who are opposed to the use of tobacco have not hesitated to ascribe to it every form of evil1 physical1 mental and moral4 ,insanity1 epilepsy1 cancer1 malignant throat disease1 blindness1 heart disease and a host of other diseased conditions are traced to tobacco smoking by its enemies4 ,on the other hand the users of tobacco are scarcely less vehement in holding that no harmful effects follow1 but ascribing all kinds of virtue as resulting from its use4 ,it is not our object in this chapter to justify or recommend the use1 or to advise the avoidance of tobacco2 we think it is a matter that the individual should decide for himself4 ,moreover1 we think that no general rules governing all cases can be laid down1 but that each individual must judge for himself whether the use of tobacco is justified in his own particular case or not1 taking into consideration all the circumstances that affect him4 ,the important thing is that he should possess clear and correct information with regard to the effects of tobacco as far as such have been scientifically determined2 and from the observation of its effects on his own organism to determine whether in his own case the practice is beneficial or otherwise and to what extent it may be pursued if he desires to smoke4 ,we1 therefore1 purpose to submit the facts which have been determined by the most careful scientific investigators and others of high standing1 who1 from their experience in the investigation of the causes of disease1 are best qualified to offer opinions which may be accepted as authoritative4 ,a perusal of the vast amount of literature both for and against the use of tobacco brings out certain points very largely4 ,first1 in the case of the opponents1 the most sweeping statements are made without a particle of scientific proof in support of them1 by persons who are in no way qualified to make such statements4 ,statistics are quoted most recklessly and accepted as conclusive1 although in most cases there is no logical connection between the matter of the statistics and the absolute effects of tobacco4 ,if there is a question of a certain condition1 it is not sufficient to show that the person suffering from it was a user of tobacco and to allege1 therefore1 that tobacco was the cause of the condition4 ,it must be shown conclusively that no other circumstances than the use of tobacco could have caused this condition4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,jenkins1 of ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 7,new ,york ,medical ,journal1 #aiae1 ,v4 #ajb1 p4 #cee71 who was awarded a prize by this leading medical journal for his essay on tobacco smoking says3 ,the first thing to bear in mind is that considering the large amount of tobacco used very little harm results1 and care should be taken not to incriminate tobacco when the troubles under observation may be due to other causes4 ,secondly1 among the investigators themselves who have made impartial inquiries about the effects of tobacco1 there is sometimes a wide difference of opinion in the interpretation of results and in the relation of cause and effect4 ,thus most varied opinions exist on the subject of nicotine4 ,the result is that it is difficult for the average man to come to a satisfactory conclusion on the subject2 for it cannot be said that the scientific knowledge of the effects of tobacco smoking on the human system as presented to us today is final or sufficiently well determined to enable definite and true conclusions to be arrived at4 ,thirdly1 there is the widespread error of ascribing the evils of the abuses of tobacco to the use of tobacco4 ,this matter of the use and abuse of tobacco cannot be put too clearly4 ,most medical investigators have based their results clearly on the excessive use of tobacco4 ,it is a very rare thing to find a medical investigator drawing attention to any harmful results following the moderate use of tobacco1 and it appears a just statement to make that the majority of men use tobacco in moderation4 ,it appears to be true that excessive smoking is harmful and is capable of producing deleterious effects on the respiratory and nervous systems in man1 but it has never been scientifically proved that the moderate use of tobacco has any particularly harmful effects4 ,moreover1 it is well-known to the medical profession and so stated constantly that in many cases where the use of tobacco has produced bad effects on the eye1 nerves1 etc41 its use is contra-indicated1 owing to the condition of the subject due to other causes and that such results would not occur in a normally healthy subject4 ,therefore1 because tobacco when used excessively or when used by persons who are not constitutionally fitted for it1 produces bad effects1 it is not logical to argue1 as many opponents of tobacco smoking do1 that the use of tobacco is universally harmful4 ,fourthly1 the conclusions arrived at by some investigators1 are based on experiments made on animals1 and it appears quite open to criticism1 and is in fact disproved by common experience1 that such results will follow when applied to man4 ,hinging on this is the question of immunity and toleration4 ,the human system will easily after use tolerate effects which at first it rebels against4 ,this may easily be seen in muscular and other efforts4 ,let a man who is constantly leading a sedentary life suddenly walk #aj miles4 ,the result is almost prostration and he will not recover from it for a considerable time4 ,let him1 however1 commence by walking a mile or two and gradually at each walk increase the distance1 and in a short while he will be able to walk #aj miles without feeling any fatigue4 ,similarly running or other rapid exercise to a person not used to it will produce such rapid disturbances in the respiration and circulation as even to be fatal1 while the seasoned athlete may perform such feats without the least ill effects4 ,to take animals or persons who have never before used tobacco and to argue or conclude that the effects of tobacco smoke on them are the effects of tobacco on smokers generally is absurd4 ,yet such experimental results are very often made the basis of denunciation of tobacco smoking4 ,finally most investigators have made their inquiries for the exclusive purpose of discovering the evil effects of tobacco smoking4 ,they proceed to their work with a biassed mind4 ,they have already assumed that the habit is harmful and they simply want to find out how much harm they can discover4 ,they are prejudiced from the beginning4 ,it is to this class of investigator that ,dr4 ,john ,aikman refers to 7,new ,york ,medical ,journal1 ,oct4 #cj1 #aiae71 when he says3 ,in reading the literature on the use of tobacco we are impressed by the fact that much of it is written by persons greatly opposed to the use of the plant1 and naturally prejudiced4 ,it is quite conceivable that a man may investigate the evil effects which follow from wearing clothes and shoes and he could undoubtedly find some evil effects2 but the users of such articles could very justly say that the beneficial results of such habits more than outweighed the demonstrated harm that might occur4 ,and then the user of tobacco might say that the beneficial effects of smoking more than compensated for any slight harm that may happen4 ,for tobacco has undoubtedly many excellent effects1 and no one knows this better than the smoker himself4 ,he will readily admit that excess is bad4 ,he will readily admit that the use of tobacco is not suitable to immature persons1 or in fact to many other persons1 but he insist that in the majority of cases1 it is not only practically harmless but that it has many desirable qualities1 for that is proved by his own experience and the experience of millions of other smokers in all ages and under all conditions4 ,we will now proceed to consider some of the effects which have been ascribed to tobacco smoking and give expressed opinions concerning them4 ,,physical ,,effects ,,of ,,tobacco ,,smoking ,the principal deleterious effects on the human system ascribed to the use of tobacco are3 7a7 ,throat diseases4 7b7 ,disturbance of vision4 7c7 ,heart troubles 7smokers' heart74 7d7 ,disturbance of the digestive organs 7dyspepsia1 etc474 7e7 ,disturbance of the nervous system4 7f7 ,disturbance of nutrition4 ,as regards 7a7 throat diseases1 the following is the opinion of ,dr4 ,h4 ,reik of the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 surgeon to the ,baltimore ,eye1 ,ear and ,throat ,hospital1 as expressed by him in the ,boston ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 ,vol4 #afb1 p4 #hef1 #aiaj3 ,there is not one scintilla of evidence that malignant disease of the throat is due in any way to the use of tobacco2 and if it be admitted that carcinoma 7cancer7 of the lip or tongue has been produced by smoking1 it is clearly not tobacco1 but traumatism 7i4 e41 injury7 from the stems of the pipe or other tobacco container that is responsible4 ,it does not appear or at least has not been proven that tobacco causes any definite characteristic lesions of the nose1 throat or ear4 ,dr4 ,reik is a man of high standing in the medical profession4 ,his opinion is clear and unmistakable and it is presumed he has seen thousands of cases of nose and throat diseases and knows what he is talking about4 ,dr4 ,reik refers to the question of so-called smokers' cancer4 ,cancer is a disease which attacks all kinds of people and may occur in widely different parts of the body4 ,the causation of this disease is not known to the medical profession but what is known about it is that it usually occurs on the site of some previous injury4 ,thus cancer may occur on the tongue as the result of the constant irritation of a jagged broken tooth4 ,dr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,bloodgood 7,boston ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 ,no4 #b1 #aiad71 who has examined #bjj cases of lip cancer says that smoking is a common factor1 the disease when occurring being usually on the site of a neglected and ulcerated smoker's burn4 ,the burn may be a charring of the skin due to a very hot pipe stem or burning cigar stem4 ,he says1 moreover1 that if the burn is not continued and there is no other injury1 this defect may heal without evidence of ulceration4 ,similarly a cancer may be the result of continual use of a broken or rough pipe stem or from using a dirty pipe stem on a broken skin4 ,all these are clearly matters which the average smoker easily and usually avoids4 ,it is1 however1 clear that tobacco itself is in no way responsible for cancer1 and no responsible medical writer on the subject alleges that it is4 ,most of the medical writers who have inscribed injurious physical effects on the nervous system1 heart and sense organs1 to excessive tobacco smoking have stated that these effects are due to the toxic action of the alkaloid nicotine known to exist in tobacco4 ,there is a wide difference1 however1 in the results obtained by different writers as to the amount of the nicotine in tobacco which finds its way with the tobacco smoke4 ,moreover1 some of the investigators who have done very careful work do not consider that nicotine is the toxic element1 but the substance called pyridine which is derived from it4 ,dr4 ,bush 7quoted below7 referring to this matter says3 ,from a review of the literature it would appear that extensive studies had been made as to the effects on living organisms of the alkaloid1 nicotine4 ,from such studies a great number of writers1 especially laymen1 have adopted the hasty conclusion that tobacco smoking entailed like results4 ,comparatively few studies have been made of the effects of tobacco smoking on human beings2 and such as have been made fail to state if the tobacco used or the smoke produced was examined for nicotine or its congeners4 ,the absence of an examination necessarily causes some doubt in the causative faction of the phenomena4 ,some authors are rather inclined to conclude that nicotine alone is the pathogenic factor in tobacco smoking1 but since the presence of nicotine per se in tobacco smoke is debatable and since other toxic substances are demonstrable1 it would seem as if the whole subject still remained open for investigation4 ,the nicotine contained in ordinary tobacco1 according to many authors1 ranges from about #a to #h or #i per cent4 ,lee's investigation 7,journal of ,physiology1 #aijh1 p4 #cce7 found that about half of the total nicotine was present in the smoke--according to ,lee the pyridin seemed to be entirely without influence4 ,lehmann 7,archiv fuer ,hygiene1 #aiji1 p4 #cai7 found that from #hj to #ij of the total nicotine in a cigar or cigarette was to be found in the smoke4 ,he found also that in the case of cigars about #aj to #ah of the nicotine in the smoke is absorbed by the smoker and that cigarette smoke absorbed by the smoker contains a less proportion of the nicotine in the tobacco than is the case with cigars4 ,the general opinion is1 however1 that about one-seventh of the nicotine in the tobacco will be found in the smoke4 ,entirely at variance with these results are those obtained recently by ,a4 ,d4 ,bush1 ,m4,d41 ,instructor of ,physiology in the ,university of ,vermont 7,new ,york ,medical ,journal1 ,march #ad1 #aiad71 and those obtained in the laboratory investigation by the ,london ,laucet4 ,bush made long and extensive investigations on the effects of tobacco smoking and criticised the results of previous workers4 ,he shows very clearly that in many cases the conclusions drawn by them as regards nicotine contained in tobacco smoke are either entirely erroneous or that the deductions made from the investigations were not warranted by the facts observed4 ,he points out the fact that most writers on the subject have overlooked the fact of the great discrepancy between the possible effects arising from the administration of the amount of nicotine in a cigar and the actual effect produced on the smoker of the cigar4 ,he asks this pertinent question3 ,if a cigar contains #j4jhe grains nicotine1 and if one-seventh of the nicotine of the tobacco is present in the smoke and if but 4#jjd grains is capable of causing death1 why does the smoker not absorb enough nicotine to cause his demise8 ,as a result of his careful experiments1 ,bush found that although nicotine was present in all the samples of tobacco tested there was no nicotine whatever found in the smoke1 except in the case of cigarettes and in this case only traces were found4 ,the reason of this is given as due to the rapid burning of the cigarette which did not allow sufficient time for the complete decomposition of the nicotine4 ,pyridine was1 however1 found in the smoke of all tobacco burned4 ,pyridine is only one-twentieth as toxic as nicotine4 ,bush concluded1 therefore1 that pyridine and not nicotine is the toxic factor in tobacco smoke4 ,the same fact was stated several years ago by ,rideal 7,disinfection and ,preservation of ,food1 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #bed71 who says3 ,tobacco smoke1 contrary to popular belief1 does not contain nicotine1 which is decomposed by the heat2 but pyridine and its homologues and the beneficial effects of tobacco in many cases of asthma must be attributed to this latter4 ,the ,lancet investigation 7see ,lancet1 ,ap4 #f1 #aiab1 pp4 #idd-idg7 was made because a recent review of numerous analysis of tobacco which have been published from time to time raises some doubt as to whether the results given correctly represent the actual alkaloidal contents of the tobacco4 ,moreover1 to find the relationship of the true amount of nicotine in any tobacco to that in the smoke produced by the combustion of that tobacco1 and any modification caused by the method of smoking4 ,the investigation was conducted under the strictest conditions1 the most recent methods of chemical research being employed4 ,the following table 7given by the ,lancet7 shows the nicotine contents of various tobacco samples and the percentage of nicotine in the smoke3 ,description of ,tobacco4 ,per ,cent ,per ,cent ,per ,cent ,nicotine ,nicotine ,nicotine in ,tobacco in ,smoke in ,smoke 7,pipe74 7,cigarette74 ,virginian ,cigarettes 7,sample #a7 #a4dj #j4gd #j4ab ,virginian ,cigarettes 7,sample #b7 #a4fj #j4fj #j4jf ,caporal 7,french7 ,tobacco #b4fj #b4bj #j4ie ,turkish ,cigarettes #a4ch #j4ea ,egyptian ,cigarettes #a4gd #j4ba ,pipe ,smoking ,mixture 7#a7 #b4he #b4bj #b4be ,pipe ,smoking ,mixture 7#b7 #b4ha #a4ec ,pipe ,smoking ,mixture 7#c7 #b4jd #j4bc ,perique ,tobacco #e4cj #a4bg #j4eg ,cavendish ,tobacco #d4ae #c4he ,latakia ,tobacco #b4ce #a4bj ,havana ,cigar #j4fd #j4bj ,from this analysis it appears that pipe mixtures contain the largest amount of nicotine in the tobacco 7#b4jd-b4he74 ,egyptian and ,turkish cigarette tobaccos come next 7#a4ch-a4gd74 ,virginian cigarette tobacco shows similar figures 7#a4dj-a4fj74 ,french tobacco 7,caporal7 contains #b4fj1 and ,perique #e4cj4 ,for all practical purposes the tobaccos consumed by the public according to this report seldom contain more than #c of nicotine and generally less1 the average being about #b1 which is much lower than previous writers lead us to expect4 ,the cigarette1 whether ,egyptian1 ,turkish or ,american1 yields the least amount of its total nicotine to the smoke formed1 while the pipe yields a very large portion 7in some cases between #gj and #hj7 of its nicotine to the smoke4 ,analysis of cigar smoke gives figures midway between the two4 ,with the results of ,bush and the ,lancet before him the user of tobacco will be better able to judge of the opinions of those who describe the effects of nicotine on the vision1 heart1 digestive organs1 etc41 as likely to be the results of tobacco smoking4 ,thus the disturbance of vision ascribed to tobacco smoking is called tobacco amblyopia4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,franklin of ,san ,francisco 7,calif4 ,state ,jour4 of ,med41 #aiji1 ,v4 #g1 p4 #he71 says that to produce this disease it is necessary to smoke daily from 4#ge to #a4j gms4 of pure nicotine4 ,if #ag of the nicotine of tobacco is carried in the smoke1 in order to absorb that quantity #g or #h cheap domestic cigars1 #aj or #aa ,cubans or #fj cigarettes should be smoked4 ,now very few smokers consume this amount and according to ,bush1 and the ,lancet1 and others there is no such percentage of nicotine in the smoke4 ,to the use of tobacco is ascribed an acid dyspepsia--this1 however1 is noticed more particularly in habitual chewers and in this case the nicotine not being burnt has no chance of being decomposed4 ,all writers have agreed that chewing is the worst way that tobacco can be used4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,v4 ,dolbey says3 7,northwest ,medicine1 #aiji1 ,v4 #a p4 #ii74 ,in chewing1 quantities of watery extract of tobacco are swallowed and taken down with the food containing a large percentage of nicotine and causing severe dyspepsia4 ,while tobacco juice solution in the laboratory kills intestinal bacteria1 excessive tobacco chewing does not have this effect on the human body owing to the fact that the gastric and pancreatic juices act on it and alter it4 ,dr4 ,i4 ,s4 ,gilfilian discusses the effects of tobacco on the heart in the ,st4 ,paul ,medical ,journal1 ,july1 #aiab1 p4 #cch4 ,he says that the important part whether organic changes in the cardio-vascular system may be produced by tobacco is still doubtful1 and that it has never been shown that smokers suffer more from organic heart disease than nonsmokers4 ,general opinion is that smoking lessens the pulse rate and slightly increases the blood pressure1 and that it is a cause of arterio-sclerosis4 ,with regard to arterio-sclerosis1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,lorand of ,carlsbad who is a world-wide authority on the effects of toxic substances on the blood1 says in his book1 ,old ,age ,deferred 7,english translation1 #aiaj1 p4 #cfg73 ,clinically we have observed the great frequency of arterio-sclerosis in great smokers1 but we do not think that two or three light cigars a day1 but never before meals1 can do any harm save in exceptional cases4 ,indeed there are a few instances of persons living to be over #ajj1 notwithstanding the fact that they were smokers--a fact contrary to the observation of ,hufeland who pretends that he never heard of such a case4 ,the famous ,english painter1 ,frith1 who died in ,october1 #aiji1 used to smoke #f cigars a day1 and ,mr4 ,f4 of ,chartres1 in ,france1 passed last year his #ajjth birthday in spite of his having taken snuff all his life4 ,if there were any serious lesions caused in the human system by the continued use of tobacco we might naturally expect that life insurance companies would take notice of it1 but hear what they have to say 7,medical ,record1 ,new ,york1 ,july #ab1 #aiac73 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,turney1 at the meeting of ,life ,insurance ,medical ,officers ,association1 ,london1 ,january1 #aiac1 said that as far as observation and study of the literature went he did not consider that there was much evidence that the habit of smoking can be convicted of any serious effect on the mortality table4 ,one must confess rather to a feeling of surprise that the life-long absorption of so potent a drug as nicotine by a large proportion of the male population should not be accompanied by more obvious results in the way of serious injury to the cardiac muscle than appears to be the case4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,marvin of the ,department of ,pharmacology1 ,vermont ,university1 made numerous experiments on the effects produced by tobacco4 ,in the cases of the respiratory system1 he states that in rapid smoking the respiratory rate is increased1 due more to the effort than to the drug4 ,in deliberate smoking there is very little effect4 ,in the digestive system the effects produced were1 increased flow of saliva and stimulation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines4 ,marvin did not find any important symptoms of systemic irregularities except where there was excessive use of tobacco4 ,he says3 ,tobacco produces1 when used to excess1 symptoms in a very small per cent and often it is only one factor in producing the conditions observed4 ,a very cautiously expressed and noncommittal opinion4 ,it is to be remembered that of the percentage of nicotine in tobacco smoke only a small portion is drawn into the smoker's system4 ,the greater part passes off again in the smoke passed out2 also that the products of combustion of tobacco include acqueous solution as well as smoke2 it will not probably be questioned that some of this watery solution is drawn into the mouth as well as the smoke and probably contains minute quantities of nicotine or its derivatives4 ,the smoker may obviate any slight harmful effects of these substances by care4 ,if he is a cigar smoker he must avoid chewing or sucking the butt end of the cigar in which the acqueous solution finally gathers1 and he would find it better to smoke long thin cigars which afford a small area behind the burning point for the collection of acqueous vapor and give a better combustion4 ,judged from these viewpoints the best and most expensive thick cigar is likely to be more harmful than the very worst kind of a cigarette1 for although there may be a much smaller percentage of nicotine in the cigar tobacco1 a much larger proportion of it may reach the mouth of the smoker through the water produced by combustion1 in the case of the cigar than in the case of the cigarette4 ,every cigar and cigarette smoker should use a holder for the reason stated4 ,the cigarette from the nicotine point of view is the least objectionable form of smoking4 ,in fact expert opinion is recognizing that unless where the smoke is inhaled cigarette smoking if not excessive is probably harmless4 ,it is hard1 of course1 to kill a popular prejudice1 but we have to deal with demonstrated facts not prejudices4 ,in the case of inhalation of cigarette smoke the danger is from carbon monoxide gas and not from nicotine4 ,when the difference of opinion amongst authoritative investigators are discounted their general results will be found to agree very well with the general facts observed by all users of tobacco4 ,what they see is that probably seventy per cent of the adult male population under all conditions and circumstances use tobacco within limits of moderation4 ,they see around them men who have for many years used it1 and they do not observe any particular harmful results in the user of tobacco compared with the nonuser4 ,men as a rule are not more nervous1 more subject to heart troubles or age troubles than women1 who as a sex1 do not use tobacco4 ,smokers do not deny and never have denied that the abuse of tobacco is harmful4 ,the general view that both scientific investigators and popular observation is able to support is well expressed by ,clouston1 who is a world known authority on nervous and mental disease4 7,see ,hygiene of ,mind1 #crd ,ed4 ,london1 #aijf1 p4 #bfj47 ,if its use is restricted to full grown men1 if only good tobacco is used not of too great strength1 and if it is not used to excess1 then there are no scientific proofs that it has any injurious effects1 if there is no idiosyncracy against it4444 ,speaking generally1 it exercises a soothing influence when the nervous system is in any way irritable4 ,it tends to calm and continuous thinking and in many men promotes the digestion of food4 ,tobacco1 properly used may1 in some cases1 undoubtedly be made a mental hygienie4 ,mann 7,brit4 ,med4 ,journal1 #aijh1 ,v4 ,,ii1 p4 #afgc71 expresses a similar opinion thus3 ,most men if they choose to smoke can do so within certain limits without injury to health4 ,some men can exceed such limits with apparent impunity4 ,the extent of the limitation must be determined by each man for himself4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,beneficial ,,effects ,,of ,,tobacco ,,its ,,disinfecting ,,action4 ,,protection ,,against ,,infectious ,,disease4 ,,psychological ,,effects ,,of ,,smoking4 ,,the ,,beneficial ,,qualities ,,of ,,tobacco ,in the previous chapters the possible harmful effects of using tobacco have been dealt with at length4 ,in this chapter we shall deal shortly with some positive beneficial effects4 ,there is very little doubt that tobacco is a strongly protective agent against infection from disease4 ,its germicidal qualities are well-known and recognized4 ,it is now recognized by medical writers that the mouth is one of the principal1 if not the principal channel of infection for many infective diseases4 ,the cavities of the teeth are the breeding places of hosts of pathogenic bacteria1 of which there are about #ajj different varieties arising from decaying food and other sources4 ,these destructive agents1 many of them highly pathogenic1 easily find their way from the mouth through various channels to the inside of the body4 ,many infective organisms floating in the air are drawn into the mouth in the act of respiration and this is a common method of falling a victim to contagion4 ,the effect of tobacco juice on the bacteria of the human mouth was investigated by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fullerton and is reported by him in the ,cleveland ,med4 ,journal #aiab1 page #ehe4 ,in his experiments ,fullerton used tobacco juice obtained from the human mouth by chewing plug tobacco4 ,he also used a solution of smoke obtained from a well seasoned pipe4 ,these were first thoroughly sterilized in order to obtain a pure natural mixture of tobacco and saliva4 ,cultures of well-known species of bacteria were made using every laboratory precaution so as to obtain accurate results4 ,specimens of these bacterial cultures were then submitted to the action of the tobacco juice4 ,it was found that exposure for one hour killed or rendered innocuous #ae to #ih per cent of the bacteria2 exposure for #bd hours acted similarly on from #hd to #ajj4 ,dr4 ,fullerton gives his opinion1 from his results1 that it seems that a pipeful of tobacco was more toxic to bacteria than one chew2 but chewing tends to loosen retained food particles1 foci of bacteria1 etc41 and much of this is ejected from the mouth4 ,fullerton's work agreed very well with the results obtained by other workers in the same line of investigation4 ,in ,miller's ,micro-organisms of the ,human ,mouth1 p4 #bdf1 it is stated that the organisms of the mouth lead only a miserable existence in a mixture of an infusion of tobacco1 sugar and saliva2 and that the smoke of the last one-third or the first one-fourth of a ,colorado ,claro cigar sterilized ten cubic centimeters of beef extract solution which had been richly inoculated with bacteria from decayed teeth4 ,arnold1 ,lancet 7,london1 #aijg7 reports similar experiences with some of the most virulent types of infective bacteria4 ,both nicotine and its derivative pyridine as well as the tarry oils resulting from tobacco distillation are strong and effective disinfectants2 and formaldehyde1 one of the most powerful germicides known1 is so formed4 ,trillat1 ,annales de l',institut ,pasteur 7,paris71 ,vol4 #ai1 p4 #gbb1 shows that #ajj grams of pipe tobacco will yield 4#jfc grams and #ajj grams weight of cigar 4#aah grams of formaldehyde4 ,also that a dilution of #a_/ajjj formaldehyde is germicidal to all bacteria although it has very little deleterious effects on man4 ,as far as can be ascertained there has not been very much investigation for the purpose of demonstrating the actual results of clinical experience regarding the antiseptic qualities of tobacco in the case of smokers1 but facts1 so far as they have been recorded1 bear out the experiments4 ,rideal ,disinfection and ,preservation of ,food 7,london and ,new ,york1 #aijc7 states that the investigations of ,tessarini showed that tobacco smoke passed over the organisms of human cholera and pneumonia killed them in from #aj to #cj minutes4 ,he also states that the ,cigar ,manufacturers ,association of ,hamburg reported that in the cholera epidemic of #ahib in that city1 only #h out of #e1jjj employes in the cigar factories there were attacked by the disease and that1 there were only #d deaths4 ,professor ,wenck1 of the ,imperial ,institute of ,berlin1 has published an account of this cholera epidemic 7see ,laucett francaise1 ,paris1 #aiab1 p4 #adbe74 ,his conclusions favor the preservative action of tobacco4 ,it was clearly shown that slightly moist tobacco was a fatal germicide for the cholera bacillus2 all microbes die in it in #bd hours4 ,the examination of cigars made in ,hamburg during the epidemic showed that they were absolutely free from bacilli4 ,wenck asserts also that cholera microbes die in #a_/b hour1 #a hour1 and #b hours after having been placed in contact with the smoke of ,brazilian1 ,sumatran and ,havana tobacco4 ,the fumes of tobacco will besides kill in five minutes the cholera microbes obtained from saliva4 ,fullerton already quoted examined a small number of mouths 7#gd7 in the ,johns ,hopkins ,hospital at ,baltimore4 ,of those who did not use tobacco in any form a larger percentage showed signs of dental caries and decay of an advanced stage than in the case of tobacco users4 ,similarly in the case of women who never used tobacco2 and1 although there was a much greater care and cleansing of the teeth1 yet the percentage of decay and disease was higher than in the case of men using tobacco4 ,fullerton says1 ,the smoking or chewing of tobacco is decidedly germicidal4 ,chewing1 by exercising the teeth1 helps nutrition and eliminates pathological agencies both by destroying them in situ and by removing them in the expectoration4 ,rideal 7already quoted7 mentions that ,dr4 ,burney1 the senior medical officer of ,greenwich ,hospital1 ,london1 asserts that the tobacco smoking inmates of that institution enjoyed comparative immunity from epidemics4 ,from these opinions and examples it seems quite clear that whatever portions of the decomposition products of tobacco reach the mouth and mix with the saliva1 or propagate themselves in the immediate surroundings of the smoker1 are likely to have extremely good effects4 ,it would be easy to multiply these opinions but there is no use laboring the argument4 ,there is a matter1 however1 it will do no harm to mention here4 ,today it is being gradually recognized by the medical profession that the conditions which lead ultimately to gastric and intestinal ulcer including appendicitis are entirely due to infection4 ,at the #aiab meeting of the ,british ,medical ,association this was clearly manifested and some of the leading authorities in ,england pointed out the importance of the mouth as a focus of infection in such diseases4 ,now if this is so1 it is at once apparent how important tobacco as a mouth disinfectant and germicide becomes2 and it may incidentally throw some light 7otherwise unexplained7 on the fact constantly observed that in persons under #cj years old these diseases are far more common amongst women than in the case of men4 ,the use of tobacco is not asserted as a reason1 but it may be4 ,with regard to other beneficial effects--,clouston1 ,fullerton and ,marvin1 state that the moderate use of tobacco has a beneficial effect on the digestive system as in general it causes an increased flow of saliva and gastric juice which helps in the digestion of food2 it also stimulates the muscles and mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines4 ,the sedative effects of tobacco on the nerves is a preventative of nervous dyspepsia and is valuable for the promotion of good digestion4 ,while much has been written on the effects of excessive smoking on the nervous system little has been said of the good effects of moderate smoking4 ,every smoker realizes that the soothing effects of tobacco on the nerves is perhaps its most valuable property4 ,clouston's opinion1 already quoted 7and none could be better71 is that tobacco exercises a soothing influence when the nervous system is in anyway irritable2 it tends to calm and continuous thinking4 ,fullerton says1 ,it gives a composure and feeling of well-being which are beneficial to mind and body4 ,of these facts there can be no doubt because they are matters of common daily observation and experience4 ,most smokers find a solace and quieting influence from their evening smoke after the worries of a troublesome day which no other agent can give them4 ,the effect produced may be partly psychological but that does not matter4 ,indeed the strenuousness of life in the age in which we live seems to demand such a help and nothing appears to supply the want so efficiently1 so pleasantly1 and with less harm1 than a quiet smoke4 ,it puts the smoker at peace with himself and at peace with others4 ,bush found in his investigations on the mental effects of tobacco on college students that there was a temporary loss of ten per cent in mental efficiency in certain faculties of the mind4 ,this is probably true enough though his results are not quite conclusive4 ,on the other hand many men find that they can think more clearly and more consecutively when helped by a smoke4 ,indeed they smoke when they have a knotty problem to solve4 ,the point need not be argued2 all smokers will agree with it4 ,judged from a psychological standpoint the effects of tobacco are entirely favorable4 ,to the sleepless1 the worried1 to him who is troubled in mind or vexed in spirit1 the pipe or cigar is a never-failing remedy to soothe and cheer4 ,it is the feeling of betterment which it engenders and the spirit of good will which tobacco creates that are responsible for its universal use by men differing widely in grade and condition of life as well as in mental caliber2 it reaches the common springs which move humanity2 its qualities are those which have made the pipe a symbol of peace and a bond of fellowship and union between man and man from ,pole to ,pole4 ,from a general summing up of the opinions which have been quoted the question might finally be asked1 ,is tobacco on the whole harmful or beneficial to its users8 ,the answer seems to be this3 ,tobacco to the extent used on the average has some slight injurious effects and some slight beneficial effects on the physical system4 ,it is an excellent preservative agent against contagious and infectious disease4 ,mentally its effects are overwhelmingly beneficial4 ,in every particular case a man must judge for himself1 taking account of his individual idiosyncrasies and conditions whether the use of tobacco is beneficial to him or otherwise4 ,,references ,laucet4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ihd4 ,the germ-destroying properties of tobacco4 ,,arnold1 ,m4 ,b4 ,on the effects of the ,exposure of ,tobacco ,smoke on the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms4 ,laucet4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abbj4 ,,murray1 ,j4 ,c4 ,smoking2 when injurious1 when innocuous1 when beneficial4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,lezars1 ,i4 ,the use and abuse of ,tobacco4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhc4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,miscellaneous ,,revenue1 ,,taxation1 ,,etc41 ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,tobacco4 ,,free ,,imports4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,,tobacco ,,flavors4 ,,formulae4 ,,notes ,the per capita consumption of tobacco in the ,u4 ,s4 has increased from #a4f lbs4 in #ahfc to between #e and #f lbs4 at the present time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the present time the ,united ,states collects about #gj million dollars annually from domestic taxation on manufactured tobacco2 and1 in addition1 about #be million in import duties4 ,the actual total income from tobacco in #aiab was #if million dollars4 ,for the fiscal year ending ,june #cj1 #aiac1 tax was paid on the following withdrawn for consumption3 ,cigars weighing more than #c lbs4 per thousand1 #g1fii1jcg1edc4 ,cigars weighing less than #c lbs4 per thousand1 #a1jcc1ggh1afj4 ,cigarettes weighing more than #c lbs4 per thousand1 #ah1aid1caa4 ,cigarettes weighing less than #c lbs4 per thousand1 #ad1bgf1gga1afj4 ,snuff1 lbs41 #cc1bji1dhh4 ,tobacco1 chewing and smoking1 lbs41 #dja1cfb1fbj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,france1 ,spain1 ,austria1 ,italy and other countries the government has a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of tobacco products4 ,purchase of leaf in the ,u4 ,s4 is made through government agents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the quantities of tobacco which may be imported free of duty into ,european countries is as follows3 ,austro-,hungary--#ab cigars1 #ce grams tobacco4 ,belgium-,none4 ,bulgaria--#ej cigars1 #ej cigarettes1 #ej grams tobacco4 ,denmark--,none4 ,egypt--#be cigars1 #ajj cigarettes1 #bjj grams tobacco4 ,france--#hj cigars1 #cjj cigarettes4 ,germany--,enough for immediate use4 ,great ,britain--#ab cigars1 #bj cigarettes4 ,holland--,none4 ,italy--#f cigars1 #ae cigarettes4 ,norway--#ajj cigars4 ,portugal--,none4 ,russia--#ajj cigars1 #ajj cigarettes1 #ajj grams tobacco4 ,spain--,none4 ,sweden--,none4 ,turkey--,none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,u4 ,s4 #ej cigars and #cjj cigarettes may be imported free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,small variations in the cost of manufacture 7including the cost of leaf71 which do not exceed #aj1 are usually borne by the manufacturer1 and do not affect the price to the consumer4 ,but increase in taxation1 either internal revenue or tariff1 usually occasions a diminution in consumption as it invariably increases the cost4 ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,tobacco ,,due ,,to ,,insect ,,pests1 ,,etc4 ,tobacco1 from the seed bed to the storage of the manufactured products1 is subject to attack by insects1 etc41 and vigilance must at all times be exercised to keep it free from such harmful influences4 ,only a few of the principal agencies attacking tobacco will be mentioned here as the subject is of more interest to the specialist than to the smoker4 ,the growing plant is particularly subject to ,cut-worm disease and ,horn-worm disease4 ,cut-worms are the larvae of several species of moths4 ,they injure the young1 tender plant and feed on the leaves4 ,horn-worms are the larvae of the ,sphinx ,moth4 #b or #c will ruin a plant in one day4 ,stored tobacco is subject to many diseases4 ,bud caterpillars1 the leaf-miner or split-worm and the ,tobacco flea beetle are minute beetles which attack it4 ,mosaic disease1 ,frog-eye or ,leaf-spot are probably bacterial diseases4 ,in addition1 tobacco1 particularly during the curing process1 is subject to pole-burn1 pole-sweat1 or house-burn1 stem-rot1 white-vein1 and various forms of mould1 all these being probably due to bacteria4 ,for additional information see3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,farmers' ,bulletin1 #abj4 ,,howard1 ,l4 ,o4 ,the principal insects affecting the tobacco plant4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aijj4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,bulletin #fe4 ,,speckled ,,or ,,spotted ,,cigars ,many smokers of cigars have the idea that there is some special virtue in a cigar that shows specks or spots of discoloration in the leaf4 ,as a matter of fact such spots have nothing whatever to do with the quality of the tobacco4 ,the occurrence of such spots is accounted for differently4 ,some say the spots are due to certain bacteria which attack the leaf either when growing or fermenting and this most probably is the correct view4 ,others say that the spots are due to rain drops which1 sprinkled on the leaves1 act as lenses and concentrate the rays of the sun1 thus causing a burning of the leaf in such spots4 ,some think the spots are caused by a worm4 ,on account of the prejudice of smokers for speckled cigars dealers have been known to produce this appearance in the leaf artificially4 ,there are different methods although resort is not often had at the present time to this practice as the belief in this sign is no longer as prevalent as formerly4 ,the following are examples of such cigar speckling preparation1 the chief ingredient being some active oxidizing agent3 ,cigar speckling fluid3 7,method #a47 ,powdered ,ammonium ,carbonate and a concentrated solution of 7,h#b,o#b74 ,dissolve one part of the ,ammonium ,carbonate in #be parts of the 7,h#b,o#b74 ,touch the cigar with this in spots with the end of a pointed stick4 ,this gives the appearance of speckled ,sumatran leaf4 7,method #b47 ,the following method is said to be used by a large firm3 ,sodium ,carbonate--#c parts4 ,chlorinated ,lime--#a part4 ,hot ,water--#h parts4 ,dissolve the washing soda in the hot water1 add the chlorinated lime1 and heat to the boiling point4 ,when cool decant and cork tightly4 ,this is sprinkled over the tobacco4--,from ,american ,druggist1 ,vol4 #hc1 p4 #cbh4 ,specks are sometimes caused by fluids used to destroy insects which attack the cigar after manufacture4 ,,tobacco ,,flavoring ,,essences ,in the chapter treating of the manufacture of smoking and chewing tobacco it was stated that the tobacco leaf was often treated by certain flavoring essences4 ,the following are quoted as examples of such essences3 ,cascarilla ,bark--#a ounce4 ,fluid ,extract ,valerian--#a ounce4 ,tonka ,bean--#b drams4 ,english ,rum--#c ounces4 --,from ,pharmaceutical ,era1 ,v4 #ba1 #ahii1 p4 #beb4 ,the following essences are said to be used in ,france and ,germany3 7#a7 ,for every #a1jjj kilos4 of tobacco take #d kilos4 of purified potash2 #e kilos4 table salt2 #aj kilos4 canella water2 #aj kilos4 rose water2 #e kilos4 melilotte water2 #b4h grams tonka bean2 pulverized4 ,color the whole with #d grams ,english red4 ,add when the tobacco is cut up4 7#b7 #ab kilos4 soda2 #d kilos4 salts of tartar2 #aj kilos4 canella water2 #aj kilos4 rose water2 #e kilos4 melilotte water2 #b4h grams tonka bean2 #d kilos4 simple syrup2 #e kilos4 ,french brandy2 #f kilos4 red sandal wood4--,from ,pharmaceutical ,era1 ,v4 #bd1 p4 #fg4 ,,cigar ,,flavors ,although the best cigars are made from the natural leaf and depend solely on its flavor and aroma1 in the inferior article manufacturers sometimes resort to flavoring fluids4 ,the following examples of cigar flavoring fluid formulae are taken from the ,pharmaceutical ,era1 ,v4 #bd1 p4 #dee3 ,formula #a4 ,extr4 ,vanilla--#a_/b gal4 ,alcohol and ,jamaica ,rum1--each1 #a_/b gal4 ,tinct4 ,valerian--#h ounces4 ,carraway ,seed--#b ounces4 ,english ,valerian ,root--#b ounces4 ,bitter ,orange ,peel--#b ounces4 ,tonka ,bean--#d drams4 ,myrrh--#af ounces4 ,formula #b4 ,valerianic ,acid--#c drams4 ,acetic ,ether--#dj minims4 ,butyric ,ether--#aj minims4 ,alcohol--#d pints4 ,formula #c4 ,fluid ,extr4 ,valerian--#a ounce4 ,tinct4 ,tonka ,bean--#h ounces4 ,alcohol--enough to make #af ounces4 ,,formula ,,to ,,improve ,,the ,,burning ,,qualities ,,of ,,tobacco #b lbs4 of ,saltpeter4 ,half gallon of ,alcohol 7#ajj proof74 #a gallon ,port ,wine4 #i gallons ,lukewarm ,water4 ,mix these ingredients thoroughly together1 and add to every #ajj lbs4 weight of tobacco4 ,,overcoming ,,desire ,,for ,,tobacco 7,from ,the ,american ,druggist1 ,v4 #ea1 #aijh47 ,kalometzer 7,bulletin ,medical1 #aijg7 states that rinsing mouth with solution of silver nitrate 7#a_/d of #a strength7 will overcome the desire4 ,,preventing ,,injurious ,,action ,,of ,,nicotine ,a process for the treatment of tobacco leaves preventing in a way injurious action of nicotine and of acrid empyreumatic acid products1 was devised some years ago by ,professor ,gerold of ,halle4 ,his process is thus described3 ,he employs for #h kilograms of tobacco leaves containing the usual percentage of nicotine a decoction prepared by boiling #ae grams of tannic acid with #a-a_/b kilograms of water until the weight is reduced to one kilogram2 then #cj grams of the essential oil of origanum vulgare are added1 after which the decoction is immediately removed from the fire4 ,having stood for some minutes the mixture is filtered and allowed to cool to about #af deg4 ,c41 when the preparation is ready to be spread over the previously weighed tobacco4 ,when the absorption of this mixture by the tobacco leaves is completed1 they are subjected to slight pressure and moderate heat1 after which they are ready for the manufacture of the various tobacco products4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tannic acid is a well-known antidote for nicotine poisoning1 and it is claimed for ,gerold's process that while the undistilled nicotine is neutralized in its toxic qualities only by the tannic acid1 that this does not influence at all its peculiar odor nor most of its other characteristics4--,from the ,pharmaceutical ,era1 ,july #bg1 #ahii1 p4 #add4 99 99 99 99 99 ,havana cigars are generally better if smoked fresh2 domestic cigars are better if allowed to age in the box several months before using4 99 99 99 99 99 ,remember that the phosphorus or sulphur of a match may spoil the flavor of a fine cigar4 ,be careful when you are lighting it to use only the edge of the match flame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the total number of cigars smoked annually in the ,united ,states were placed end to end they would encircle the whole world more than twenty times4 ,,index ,air ,curing of ,leaf1 #ff ,amber1 #afb ,american ,production of ,tobacco ,other ,than in ,u4 ,s41 #ce ,analysis of ,tobacco1 #ee ,asia1 ,production of ,tobacco in1 #ca ,bacterial ,diseases1 ,effects of ,tobacco on1 #aig ,blends of ,tobacco1 ,how ,made1 #gh ,briar ,root1 #aeh ,cancer and ,tobacco1 #ahj ,chemical ,constituents of ,tobacco1 #ee ,chewing ,tobaccos1 #abh ,cigar and ,cigarette ,holders1 ,value of1 #aia ,cigar ,business in ,u4 ,s41 #if ,cigar ,flavors1 #bae ,cigar ,leaf ,tobacco ,grown in ,u4 ,s41 #aai ,cigarette ,paper1 #aci ,cigarette ,smoking1 ,criticisms of1 #adj ,cigarettes1 ,american1 #ach ,cigarettes1 ,kinds of1 #acd ,cigarettes1 ,nicotine in ,smoke of1 #ahg ,cigarettes1 ,statistics1 #acc ,cigarettes1 ,turkish1 #ace ,cigarettes1 ,turkish1 ,manufactured in the ,u4 ,s41 #acg ,cigars1 ,classification of1 #ajd ,cigars1 ,composition of1 #aac ,cigars1 ,desirable ,qualities of1 #aac ,cigars1 ,hand-made1 #aja ,cigars1 ,history1 #ie ,cigars1 ,imported ,kinds1 in ,u4 ,s41 #aad ,cigars1 ,machine-made1 #ajc ,cigars1 ,manufactured in ,u4 ,s41 #aag ,cigars1 ,speckles or ,spots on1 #bab ,cigars1 ,statistics of ,production and ,consumption in ,u4 ,s41 #if ,cigars1 ,various ,terms ,regarding1 #ajg ,coloring ,meerschaum ,pipes1 #afi ,consumption of ,tobacco in ,u4 ,s41 #ib ,cuban ,cigar ,leaf1 #aah ,cuban ,tobacco1 #ce ,curing of ,tobacco ,leaf1 #fc ,digestive ,system and ,use of ,tobacco1 #bjb ,diseases of ,tobacco ,leaf1 #baa ,disinfecting ,action of ,tobacco1 #aii ,east ,indian ,tobacco1 #ch ,europe1 ,production of ,tobacco1 #cb ,exportation of ,tobacco from ,u4 ,s41 #ia ,eyes and ,use of ,tobacco1 #ahi ,fermentation of ,tobacco1 ,action of ,microbes1 #ha ,fermentation of ,tobacco1 ,chemistry1 #hj ,fermentation of ,tobacco ,leaf1 #gi ,flavoring ,essences1 #bad ,flue ,curing of ,leaf1 #fe ,hand-made ,cigars1 #aja ,havana ,cigars1 #aae ,holders for ,cigars and ,cigarettes1 ,value of1 #aia ,infection1 ,value of ,tobacco ,smoking ,against1 #aig ,insects ,affecting ,tobacco ,leaf1 #baa ,life ,insurance and ,tobacco1 #ahh ,machine-made ,cigars1 #ajc ,manufactured ,products of ,tobacco in ,u4 ,s41 ,statistics1 #hi ,meerschaum1 #aee ,microbes1 ,action in ,fermentation of ,tobacco1 #ha ,mind1 ,effects of ,tobacco ,smoking1 #bjb ,mouthpiece of ,pipes1 ,importance1 #afa ,nerves1 ,effect of ,tobacco ,smoking on1 #bjb ,nicotine1 #eg ,nicotine1 ,amount in ,tobacco ,smoke1 #ahc ,nicotine ,contents of ,tobaccos1 #ahe ,nicotine ,effects on ,human ,system1 #ahb ,open ,fire ,method of ,curing ,leaf1 #fe ,packing of ,tobacco ,leaf for ,market1 #fi ,perique ,tobacco1 #ej1 #abe ,philippine ,cigars1 #aag ,pipe ,smoking ,tobaccos1 ,kinds of1 #abd ,pipe ,smoking ,tobacco1 ,qualities of1 #abc ,pipe ,stem1 ,importance1 #afa ,pipes1 ,briar ,root1 ,making of1 #aei ,pipes1 ,care of1 #afg ,pipes1 ,history of1 #aea ,pipes1 ,importation of1 ,into ,u4 ,s41 #aff ,pipes1 ,materials ,used in ,making1 #aed ,pipes1 ,meerschaum1 ,coloring1 #afi ,pipes1 ,meerschaum1 ,making of1 #aef ,pipes1 ,special ,kinds of1 #afd ,plug ,tobacco for ,chewing1 #abh ,potash1 ,importance in ,tobacco1 #ei ,psychological ,effects of ,tobacco ,smoking1 #bjb ,rehandling of ,tobacco ,leaf1 #gg ,revenue ,derived from ,tobacco1 #bji ,shade ,grown ,tobacco1 #be ,smoke1 ,tobacco1 ,nicotine in1 #ahg ,snuff1 ,manufacture1 ,statistics and ,kinds1 #ade ,soils1 ,influence on ,quality of ,tobacco1 #bb ,suchsland's ,experiments ,with ,bacteria on ,tobacco ,leaf1 #ha ,sumatran ,cigar ,leaf1 #aah ,teeth and ,tobacco1 #bja ,terms ,used in ,cigar ,trade1 #ajg ,throat ,diseases ,due to ,use of ,tobacco1 #agi ,tobacco1 ,analysis of ,contents1 #ee ,tobacco1 ,botanical ,information1 #ae ,tobacco1 ,burning ,qualities of1 #baf ,tobacco1 ,culture1 #ba ,tobacco1 ,denicotianized1 #baf ,tobacco1 ,effects of on ,body1 #agc ,tobacco1 ,exportation from ,u4 ,s41 #ia ,tobacco1 ,flavoring ,essences1 #bad ,tobacco1 ,free ,importation in ,different ,countries1 #baj ,tobacco1 ,history1 #ac ,tobacco ,leaf1 ,prices of1 #ga ,tobacco ,manufacturing ,industry1 ,capital1 etc41 #hi ,tobacco ,plant1 ,varieties1 #af ,treatment of ,leaf ,before ,manufacture1 #hb ,turkish ,tobacco1 #cd ,united ,states1 ,production of ,tobacco1 #da ,varieties1 ,botanical of1 ,tobacco ,plant1 #af ,varieties of ,american ,grown ,tobacco ,leaf1 #dd1 #df ,vulcanite1 as ,pipe ,stem ,material1 #afc ,warehouse ,system of ,sale of ,tobacco ,leaf1 #gj ,water ,pipes1 #afe ,yellowing of ,tobacco ,leaf1 #bg ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by italics4 ,subscripted characters are indicated by subscript4 ,the use of the ounce symbol is represented in this text as ounce4 ,the following misprints have been corrected3 ,moveover corrected to ,moreover 7page #ad7 posesses corrected to possesses 7page #cg7 is corrected to in 7page #da7 #e five corrected to #e 7page #fe7 tabacco corrected to tobacco 7page #ff7 ,suchslanl corrected to ,suchsland 7page #he7 filled corrected to filler 7page #aaf7 orginally corrected to originally 7page #aai7 7#d7 added 7page #abd7 on corrected to or 7page #abg7 ingrediants corrected to ingredients 7page #abh7 ,dunham corrected to ,durham 7page #acd7 know corrected to known 7page #aed7 junipe corrected to juniper 7page #aee7 ,mg,si#bjd corrected to ,mg,si#b,o#d 7page #aee7 work corrected to word 7page #aee7 stearie corrected to stearic 7page #aeh7 batter corrected to better 7page #afe7 occuring corrected to occurring 7page #aha7 pirty corrected to dirty 7page #aha7 mode corrected to made 7page #ahe7 of corrected to or 7page #bab7 ,mot corrected to ,hot 7page #bac7 ,druggest corrected to ,druggist 7page #bad7 ,other than the corrections listed above1 spelling inconsistencies have been retained from the original4