,,cultus ,,arborum ,,or ,,phallic ,,tree
 ,,wor%ip4       ,,cultus ,,arborum     
,a ,,descriptive ,,acc\nt ,,(   ,phallic
 ,tree ,wor%ip   ,,) ,,illu/rative      
,leg5ds1 ,sup]/itions1 ,usages1 c41     
,,exhibit+ ,,its   ,orig9 & ,developm5t 
,,among/ ,,!   ,ea/]n  ,we/]n ,nations (
 ! ,_w   ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,to ,,mod]n  
,,times2    ,,) ,a ,,bibliography ,,(   
,,works ,,^u ,,&   ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,!    
,,phallic ,,cultus4     ,,privately     
,,pr9t$4    #ahij4     ,,preface4   ,!  
pres5t volume =ms a companion to ?ree   
already issu$ on ,anci5t & ,mod]n       
,symbol ,wor%ip1 d5om9at$ sev]ally1     
,phallism1 ,ophiolatreia1 ,phallic      
,objects & ,rema9s1 & ,tree ,wor%ip1 !y 
all =m p>ts ( "o :ole1 & con/itute a    
,s]ies on ! v>i\s =ms & phases ( :at is 
kn[n z ,phallic ,wor%ip4  ,! subject is 
an ext5sive "o1 & !re /ill rema9        
sections ( x :i* h n yet be5 dealt )1 b 
:i* may be exhibit$ 9 future volumes4   
,al?\gh 9 ! compass ( ! pres5t "w x has 
be5 impossible to treat ! subject 9     

any?+ l an exhau/ive mann]1 a great deal
 ( matt] has be5 incorporat$ 9 its      
closely-pr9t$ pages :i*1 att5tively     
p]us$1 w enable ! read] to =m a j op9ion
 ( :at is includ$ 9 ! title4  ,at ! end 
( ?is volume we h endeav\r$ to give !   
/ud5t ( ,anci5t ,fai?s a ,bibliography (
 works on or connect$ ) ,phallism4  ,be+
 ! fir/ attempt ( ! k9d1 omissions w    
d\btless be f\nd1 al?\gh !re are ne>ly  
five hundr$ ref]5ces giv51 yet ev5 z x  
is1 x w prove ( great use & advantage to
 ^? mak+ rese>*es4 ,x is divid$ into two
 classes--,phallic works1 & books be>+ m
 or less ^u ! subject4     ,,cont5ts4   
,,page4    ,,*apt] ,i4                  
#a    ,*>act]i/ics (                    
,trees--,naturalness ( ,tree            
,wor%ip--,orig9   ( ! wor%ip--,! ,tree (
 ,life--,anci5t ,types--,a ,tree z a    
,symbol ( ,life--,poetical              
,associations--,sacr$ ,fig-tree--,india 
specially a l& ( ,tree ,wor%ip--,trees  
id5tifi$ ) ,gods--   ,m]itori\sness (   
plant+ ,trees--,auspici\s & inauspici\s 

,trees--,c]emonies connect$ ) ,tree     
,wor%ip--,invocation (   ,tree          
,gods--,banian ,tree--,ritual           
directions--,santal ,wor%ip4    ,,*apt] 
,,ii4                                   
#af    ,! ,bael-tree--,wor%ip ( ! ,left 
,h&--,trees ( ! ,sun &   ,moon--,!      
,arbre ,sec1 or ,dry ,tree--,! ,holy    
,tree ( ,bo/am--,!   ,bygas ( ! ,ea/]n  
,sa?puras--,tree ,wor%ip 9 ,mysore--,!  
,palm ,tree--,wor%ip ( ! ,palm at       
,najran--,! ,tree ( ,t5   ,?\s&         
,images--,tree ,wor%ip 9 ,p]sia--,sacr$ 
,old ,te/am5t   ,trees--,!              
,classics--,=e/s & ,groves fav\rite     
places (   ,wor%ip--,orig9 (            
,groves--,votive ,(f]+s to ,trees4      
,,*apt] ,,iii4                          
#cb    ,arab ,tree ,wor%ip--,/ory (     
,kaimun1 ! captive slave--,miracle   ( !
 ,date ,tree--,p]sian                   
bu%es--,plane-tree--,! ,great           
,cypress--,! old man ( ,di>bekir--,!    
,f]vers--,anecdote (   ,x]xes--,anecdote
 ( a m]*ant & 8 wife--,! bu% ( !        

,excell5t ,tree--,! ,cypresses ( !      
,zoroa/]--,motawakel--   ,! ,triple-tree
 ( ,abraham--,tree ( ! ,club (          
,h]cules--,!   ,tree ( ,passi5us        
,crispus--,! ,virg9 ,m>y's              
,fig-tree--,tree (   ,mohamm$'s         
,/aff--,! ,neema-tree ( ! ,gallas--,iri%
   ,sup]/itions--,sa9t ,val]i--,p (     
,livonia--,de/ruction (   a ,sacr$      
,tree4    ,,*apt] ,,iv4                 
#dd    ,! ,bogaha ( ,ceylon1 or         
,god-tree--,! ,maha ,wanse & !          
,bo-tree--,c]emonies connect$ ) !       
transplantation ( !   ,bo-tree--,plant+ 
! great ,bo-bran*--,miracles ( !        
,bo-tree--,! ,/ate ,elephant--,! ,pipal 
,tree4    ,,*apt] ,v4                   
#eh    ,sacr$ ,trees v anci5t 9         
,egypt--,hebrew ,trees--,! ,sycamore    
at ,mat>ea--,ionic ,=ms--,! ,koran on   
,m>y & ! ,palm-tree--   ,sacr$ness ( !  
,palm 9 ,egypt--,tree ,wor%ip 9         
,dahome--,!   ,sacr$ ,tree ( ! ,can>y   
,isles4    ,,*apt] ,,vi4                
#fd    ,usefulness ( ! ,a%-tree--,its   

position among ,sacr$ ,trees--   ,!     
,que5 ( ,trees--,my?ology ( !           
,a%--,scot* ,sup]/iti\s   ,usages--,!   
,a% ,faggot ,ball ( ,som]set%ire--,pl9y 
&   o!rs on ! ,s]p5t & ! ,a%--,! ,a% z a
 m$ium ( cure   (                       
compla9ts--,anecdotes--,phallic         
,associations--,! ,new-bir?--   ,irel& &
 ! ,a%--,! ,junip]-,tree--,! ,madonna & 
!   ,junip]--,! ,elm-tree--,my?ology ( !
 ,elm--,! ,apple-tree--   ,my?ological  
allusions to ! ,apple-tree--,!          
,p9e-tree--,w9d   ,spirits--,g]man      
,sup]/itions--,! ,oak-tree--,univ]sal   
,sacr$ness ( ! ,oak--,! ,oak ( ! ,hebrew
 ,scriptures--,classic                  
,oaks--,socrates & 8 ,oa?--,greek       
,say+s--,! ,trees ,speak+--   ,sacr$ ,a%
 ( ,dodona--,leg5d ( ,philemon &        
,baucis--,!   ,hamadryads--,! ,yule     
,log--,/4 ,boniface--,my/]ies connect$ )
   ! ,oak--,*ri/mas-trees4    ,,*apt]   
,,vii4                                  
#he    ,icel&ic ,cu/oms--,! ,sacr$      
,a%--,! ,prose ,edda & ,tree            

,wor%ip--,icel&ic ,my?ology ( ! ,a%--,! 
,norns--,!   ,cz]emissa ( ! ,wolga--,!  
,jakuhti--,sacr$ ,trees (               
,livonia--,phallic ,tree ,wor%ip &      
objects 9 ,bav>ia4     ,,tree ,,wor%ip4 
,,*apt] ,i4      ,*>act]i/ics (         
,trees--,naturalness ( ,tree            
,wor%ip--,orig9 ( !     ,wor%ip--,!     
,tree ( ,life--,anci5t ,types--,a ,tree 
z a ,symbol (     ,life--,poetical      
,associations--,sacr$ ,fig ,tree--,india
 specially a ,l&     ( ,tree            
,wor%ip--,trees id5tifi$ )              
,gods--,m]itori\sness (     ,plant+     
,trees--,auspici\s & ,inauspici\s       
,trees--,c]emonies     connect$ ) ,tree 
,wor%ip--,invocations ( ,tree           
,gods--,banian     ,tree--,ritual       
,directions--,santal ,wor%ip4   ,9      
contemplat+ ! v>i\s objects to :i* m51 9
 _! ef=ts to con/ruct a natural &       
satisfactory religion1 h r5d]$ div9e    
hon\r & wor%ip1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t
 trees1 fl[]s1 & %rubs h %>$ l>gely 9   
?is adoration4 ,:ile x 0 possible to (f]

 su* a tribute to m]e /ocks & /ones & ! 
works ( m5's h&s1 ! transition to trees 
& _! floral companions w\ld be an easy  
"o4 ,mo/ p w agree ) ! /atem5t1 (t5     
made1 t ,!re are few ( ! works ( nature 
t comb9e s _m & s v>i$ *>ms & beauties z
 a =e/2 t :e!r consid]$ g5]ally or      
p>ticul>ly1 :e!r z a gr& geographical   
feature ( a c\ntry or z a collection (  
individual trees1 x is alike inve/$ )   
beauty & ) int]e/1 & op5s up to ! m9d a 
b\ndless field = inquiry into ! my/]i\s 
laws ( creation4 ,b a =e/ is n m]ely an 
aggregate ( trees1 x is n m]ely a great 
embodim5t ( vegetable life3 x is !      
*e]ful & pleasant abode ( num]\s        
v>ieties ( animal life1 :o r5d] x m     
animat$ & picturesque1 & :o f9d !re     
%elt]1 food1 & happy homes4  ,!re is1   
p]haps1 no object 9 nature t adds s mu* 
to ! beauty1 t1 9 fact1 may be said to  
be a necess>y +r$i5t 9 ! beauty ( a     
l&scape1 z a tree4 ,a tree1 inde$1 is ! 
highe/ & noble/ production ( ! vegetable
 k+dom1 j z man holds ! highe/ place 9 !

 animal4 ,:e!r /&+ solit>y1 or arrang$ 9
 clumps1 or masses1 or av5ues1 trees    
always give fre%ness1 v>iety1 & (t5     
gr&eur to ! sc5e4  ,unless a man be a   
=e/] or a timb] contractor by pr(ession1
 he _c walk ?r\gh a =e/ 9 spr+ )\t hav+ 
8 m9d /or$ ) new ideas & ) good & happy 
?\ghts4 ,"h is an entirely new animat$  
_w op5$ up to 8 admir+ gaze2 a _w t     
seems to be innoc5t & pure1 = ev]y?+ 9 x
 is rejoic+ & glad4 ,! fir/ gl[ & flu% (
 life visible all ar\nd is s vigor\s &  
/rong1 t man p>takes ( its vig\r &      
/r5g?4 ,he1 too1 feels an awak5+ ( new  
life1 n ( pa9ful b ( pleasant s5sations2
 on e side 8 eye falls on "s =m ( beauty
 or ( gr&eur1 & !y quietly impress      
pictures on 8 m9d nev] to be effac$1 =  
',a ?+ ( beauty is a joy = ev]4'#a  ,x  
is easy1 !re=e1 to und]/& h[ 9 times &  
places :]e m5 9 _! ef=ts to adore a     
,supreme ,be+1 wor%ipp$ ! beauties &    
wond]s ( creation1 trees %\ld become !  
repres5tatives ( ! ,div9e if n actually 
! gods !mselves4 ,! sun z ! s\rce (     

light & w>m?1 ! *anges ( ! seasons1 !   
gr[? ( h]bage1 fl[]s & trees1 great     
riv]s & oceans1 m\nta9s & deep gl5s--9  
%ort :atev] ( ! works ( nature is mo/   
beautiful or awful1 & acts ^u !         
intellectual or s5sual p]ceptions1      
naturally becomes ! object ( adoration4 
,among ^! objects trees took an e>ly    
place4 ,_! beauty :5 s+le1 _! gr&eur z  
=e/s1 _! grateful %ade 9 hot climates1  
_! my/]i\s =ms ( life1 sugge/$ !m z !   
abodes ( dep>t$ spirits1 or ( exi/+     
ag5cies ( ! ,creator4 ,if ! solemn gloom
 ( deep =e/s & groves 7 consecrat$ to ! 
mo/ awful ( holy & unholy my/]ies1 ! m  
op5 woodl& glades became 9 imag9ation   
peopl$ ) nymphs1 dryads1 & fauns1 &     
contribut$ to ! mo/ joy\s portions (    
adorative devotion4 ,?us ! ab/ract sacr$
 "* ( trees is n difficult to conceive1 
& z ! intellect progress$ among ! e>ly  
races ( ! _w1 we c foll[ among ! ,greeks
 & ! ,aryans1 z well z ! ,hebrews1 its  
naturally poetic & sacr$ developm5t4#b  
,s]p5t wor%ip is by no means s easy to  

acc\nt = z tree wor%ip1 b x is a fact t 
9 _m places ! two 7 intimately          
associat$2 hav+ dealt ) ! fir/ ( ^! 9 a 
=m] volume1 we n[ exclusively treat ( ! 
latt]4 ,speak+ ( ! naturalness ( tree   
wor%ip1 ,f]gusson p]t95tly rem>ks--,:]e 
we miss ! po9t ( contact ) our own      
religi\s notion is :5 we ask h[ anyone  
c\ld hope t a pray] address$ to a tree 0
 likely to be respond$ to1 or h[ an (f]+
 pres5t$ to su* an object c\ld be       
appreciat$4 ,orig9ally x may h be5 t a  
div9ity 0 suppos$ to reside among !     
bran*es1 & x 0 to ?is _s t ! pray] 0    
fir/ address$2 b anyone :o has wat*$ !  
progress ( idolatry mu/ h obs]v$ h[     
rapidly m9ds1 at a c]ta9 /age (         
enlight5m5t1 we>y ( ! unse51 & h[       
witt+ly !y transf] _! wor%ip to any     
tangible or visible object4 ,an image1 a
 temple1 a /one or tree may ?us become  
an object ( adoration or ( pilgrimage1 &
 :5 sanctifi$ by "t1 ! indol5ce ( !     
human m9d too gladly cont5ts itself )   
any idol :i* previ\s g5]ations h be5    

cont5t to v5]ate4  ,= ! orig9 ( !       
my/]i\s rev]5ce ) :i* c]ta9 trees &     
fl[]s 7 anci5tly reg>d$1 & ( tree       
'wor%ip1' prop]ly s call$1 we mu/ g back
 to t primval p]iod into :i* comp>ative 
my?ology has ( late af=d$ u su*         
rem>kable glimpses2 :5 ! e>? to its e>ly
 inhabitants seem$ 'app>ell$ 9 cele/ial 
light1' b :5 e "p ( creation seem$ to be
 end[$ ) a /range & consci\s vitality4  
,:5 rocks & m\nta9s1 ! mo/ app>5tly     
lifeless & un*ang+ ( ! _w's features1 7 
?us reg>d$ & 7 p]sonifi$ 9 common       
language1 x w\ld h be5 wond]ful if ! m  
life-l pla9s--! great riv]s t f]tilis$1 
& ! trees ) _! *ang+ gr[? & wav+ bran*es
 t clo!d !m--%\ld h be5 disreg>d$ &     
unhon\r$4 ,accord+ly sacr$ ru9s & sacr$ 
trees appe> 9 ! v e>lie/ my?ologies :i* 
h be5 recov]$1 & l+] among/ ! la/       
ve/iges ( hea!nism long aft] ! adv5t ( a
 pur] cre$4 ,ei!r z direct objects (    
wor%ip1 or z =m+ ! temple "u ^: solemn  
%ad[ o!r & remot] deities might be      
ador$1 !re is no "p ( ! _w 9 :i* trees h

 n be5 reg>d$ ) especial rev]5ce3--     
',9 su* gre5 palaces ! fir/ k+s reign$2 
,slept 9 _! %ade1 & angels ent]ta9$4    
,) su* cold c\nsellors !y did advise1   
,& by frequ5t+ sacr$ %ades1 grew wise4' 
,p>adise itself1 says ,evelyn1 0 b a k9d
 ( nemor\s temple or sacr$ grove1 plant$
 by ,god himself1 & giv5 to man2 & he   
goes on to sugge/ t ! groves :i* !      
patri>*s are record$ to h plant$ 9      
diff]5t p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 may h be5      
memorials ( t fir/ tree-%ad$ p>adise f  
:i* ,adam 0 expell$4  ,h[ f> ! religi\s 
sy/ems ( ! great nations ( antiquity 7  
affect$ by ! record ( ! ,creation &     
,fall pres]v$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis1
 is n p]haps possible to det]m9e4 ,!re  
are c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance :i* are at
 lea/ rem>kable1 b :i* we may assign1 if
 we please1 ei!r to indep5d5t tradition1
 or to a natural developm5t f ! my?ology
 ( ! e>lie/ or primval p]iod4 ,! ,trees 
( ,life & ( ,k are at once sugge/$ by ! 
my/]i\s sacr$ tree :i* appe>s 9 ! mo/   
anci5t sculptures & pa9t+s ( ,egypt &   

,assyria1 & 9 ^? ( ! remot] ,ea/4 ,9 !  
symbolism ( ^! nations ! sacr$ tree     
sometimes figures z a type ( ! univ]se1 
& repres5ts ! :ole sy/em ( creat$ ?+s1 b
 m frequ5tly z a 'tree ( life1' by ^:   
fruit ! vot>ies ( ! gods are n\ri%$ )   
div9e /r5g?1 & "o prep>$ = ! joys (     
immortality4 ,! mo/ anci5t types ( ?is  
my/ical tree ( life are ! date1 ! fig1 &
 ! p9e or c$>4 ,( ^!1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* any
 repres5tation occurs is ! palm--! true 
date palm ( ! valley ( ! ,nile & ( !    
great alluvial pla9 ( anci5t            
,babylonia--a tree :i* is exce$$ 9 size 
& dignity by _m ( its cong5]s1 b :i* is 
spread ov] two1 at lea/1 ( ! great      
c5tres ( anci5t civilization1 & :i*1    
besides its great importance z a food   
produc] has a special beauty ( its own  
:5 ! clu/]s ( dates are hang+ 9 gold5   
rip5ess "u its coronal ( d>k gre5       
leaves4 ,x is figur$ z a tree ( life on 
an ,egyptian sepul*ral tablet c]ta9ly   
old] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 &     
pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,b]l94 ,two arms  

issue f ! top ( ! tree1 "o ( :i* pres5ts
 a tray ( dates to ! deceas$1 :o /&s 9  
front1 :il/ ! o!r gives him wat]1 '!    
wat] ( life4' ,! arms are ^? ( ! goddess
 ,nepte1 :o appe>s at full l5g? 9 o!r & 
lat] repres5tations4#c  ,mr4 ,b>l[ in=ms
 u t ! p>adise "h int5d$ is ! /ate or   
place ( dep>t$ righte\s s\ls1 :o1       
accord+ to ,egyptian !ology z expla9$ 9 
! works ( ,rossell9i1 ,wilk9son1        
,lepsius1 ,bir*1 & ,emmanuel de ,r\g1 h 
triumph$ ov] evil ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,osiris1
 ^: "n !y be>1 & are n[ set d[n = ev] 9 
8 heav5ly k+dom4 ,osiris 0 v5]at$ z !   
inc>nation ( ! goddess ( ! ,deity1 &    
accord+ to ! la/-m5tion$ au?ority1 0    
univ]sally wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt z ! ,r$eem]
 ( s\ls two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4  ,!   
head ( ?is family 0 nam$ ,po]1 & !      
memb]s ( x are %[n seat$ 9 two r[s on   
?orns1 "o bel[ ! o!r2 ea* is receiv+ f !
 ,tree ( ,life1 or r f ! div9e influ5ce 
resid+ 9 ! tree1 & p]sonifi$ z a vivify+
 ag5t "u ! figure ( ! goddess ,nupte or 
,nepte1 a /ream ( ! life-giv+ wat]1 & at

 ! same "t an (f]+ ( its fruit4 ,! tree 
is ! ficus-sycamor\s1 ! sycamore tree ( 
! ,bible1 & x /&s on a sort ( aqu>ium1  
symbolical ( ! sacr$ ,nile1 !           
life-support+ ag5t 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,!  
tree is abundantly productive1 & f !    
upp] "p ( x1 among ! bran*es1 ! goddess 
,nepte rises ) a tray ( fruit 9 "o h&1 &
 ) ! o!r p\rs f a vase /reams ( its     
life-giv+ wat]4  ,mr4 ,b>l[ fur!r       
says--,9 ! ',tree ( ,life' ( !          
,egyptians1 we h p]haps ! e>lie/1       
c]ta9ly ! mo/ complete & consi/5t       
repres5tation ( ?is mo/ anci5t & seem+ly
 univ]sal symbol1 ! ,tree ( ,life1 9 !  
mid/ ( p>adise1 furni%+ ! div9e support 
( immortality4#d  ,=long says--,9 8     
little "w on ,symbolism1 "u ! head      
',sacr$ ,trees1' ,mr4 ,b>l[ has express$
 :at ,i h long felt4 ,he says1 '! mo/   
g5]ally receiv$ symbol ( life is a tree1
 z also ! mo/ appropriate4444 ,!re might
 be an innate appreciation ( ! beautiful
 & ! gr& 9 ?is impression1 conjo9$ ) !  
conception ( a m sublime tru?1 & ! fir/ 

pr9ciples ( a natural !ology1 b 9 mo/   
in/ances x w\ld appe> r to h be5 !      
result ( an anci5t & primitive          
symbolical wor%ip1 at "o "t univ]sally  
preval5t4' 7,! italics are ,=long's47 ,z
 m5 came to recognise 9 !mselves two    
natures--! physical & spiritual1 ! life 
( ! body & ! life ( ! s\l--,s ^! came to
 be repres5t$ ei!r by two trees1 z      
sometimes f\nd1 or 9 ref]5ce to univ]sal
 life1 by "o tree only4 ,"s ?\s&s ( ye>s
 be=e ev5 ! age imput$ to ,g5esis1 !re 7
 sculptur$ on ! ,zodiac ( ,d5d]a1       
,egypt1 two sacr$ trees1 ! ,we/]n &     
,ea/]n2 ! fir/ 0 tru? & religion--!     
sacr$ palm surm\nt$ by ! o/ri* fea!r--! 
latt]1 ! vital or g5]ative =ce ( nature1
 beyond :i* ,egypt ?\ght %e _h ris51    
!re9 surpass+ h] ,ea/]n p>5t2 at lea/ s 
,i feel incl9$ to class !m              
*ronologically4 ,besides ! monum5tal    
evid5ce furni%$1 says ,b>l[1 ( a sacr$  
tree1 a ,tree ( ,life1 !re is an        
hi/orical & traditional evid5ce ( ! same
 ?+ f\nd 9 ! e>ly lit]ature ( v>i\s     

nations1 9 _! cu/oms & usages4 ,all gr&1
 extraord9>y1 beautiful1 or highly      
useful trees1 h 9 e l& at "s "t be5     
associat$ ) ! noble1 wond]ful1 lovely & 
b5eficial ideas :i* man has attribut$ to
 8 ,god or to nature4 ,we c recognise ! 
e>ly wor%ip ( trees 9 ! rev]5ce ( ?\ght 
:i* atta*es to ! two 9 ! c5tre ( man's  
fir/ small _w1 a g>d5 ( fruits & %ade4  
,all unhi/orical ?\gh ! tales may be1   
cont9ues ,=long1 !re is a deep poetry   
und]ly+ ! /ory ( ! sacr$ g>d54 ,we      
naturally picture x z a 'grove1' = man 0
 n yet a cultivator ( ! gr\nd2 amid/ !  
deep %ades ( ,ed51 we are told1 walk$ ! 
great ,elohim ) ! man & woman--nak$--z  
creat$ by him ?r\gh 8 ,logos1 ,rua*1    
,_s1 or ,sp\se1 b yet ')\t ! k' :i* '!  
sacr$ tree ( k' 0 soon to imp>t4  ,fur!r
 on ,=long rem>ks--,! num]\s tales (    
holy trees1 groves & g>d5s repeat$      
ev]y:]e & 9 e possible =m1 =tify me 9 my
 belief t tree wor%ip 0 fir/ kn[n1 &    
aft] x came ,l+am or ,phallic1 )1 (     
c\rse1 its female =m ,adama4  ,! s]p5t  

be+ ,passion1 & symbolic ( ! second     
fai?1 foll[$1 we may say1 almo/         
simultane\sly2 ?us we f9d ! sacr$       
g>d5-groves ( all ,ed5s fir/ m5tion$1 !n
 ! in/ructor1 ! s]p5t1 & latt]ly        
creative p[]s 9 ,adam & ,adama1 or 9    
,a%] & ,a%]a1 :i* la/ female wor%ip !   
,old ,te/am5t translators call !        
',grove4' ,we are told x 0 always set up
 ) ,a%]1 ,babel1 c41 "u 'e gre5 tree' by
 anci5t ,israel1 & up to a few hundr$   
ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & n seldom ev5 aft]    
,*ri/4  ,all ,ea/]n lit]ature teems ) ! 
/ories told ( & "u ! sacr$ fig tree1    
,ficus ,religiosa1 ,gool]1 a ,ficus     
,indica4 ,"u its holy %ade1 gods1       
goddesses1 m5 & animals disport         
!mselves1 & talk ) ea* o!r on sacr$ &   
pr(ane !mes4 ,f x1 z f _m ano!r holy    
tree1 asc5d$ gods & holy m5 to heav51 & 
x & _m o!rs are to be yet ! cradles (   
com+ ,avat>s4 ,to ! pres5t h\r we f9d   
?\s&s ( b>r5 wom5 /ill wor%ipp+ & giv+  
(f]+s ?r\gh\t ! ye> to ?is ,peepal1 or  
male fig tree ( ,india1 to obta9 (fspr+3

 nor is ! female tree1 ! ,ficus ,indica1
 neglect$2 at /at$ p]iods ?is ,b>1 or   
true ,banian1 mu/ be also wor%ipp$ )    
(f]+s by all :o wi% su* boons4 ,"u ?is  
sacr$ tree did ! pi\s ,sakyamooni become
 a ,boodh1 or enlight5$ "o2 & x is f !  
rubb+ toge!r ( ! wood ( trees1 notably (
 ! ?ree ,banian trees--,peepal1 ,b>1 &  
,gool] 7,ficus ,sycamores71 ! fav\rite  
woods = ,phallic images1 t holy fire is 
drawn f heav51 & be=e all ^! species d  
wom5 crave _! desires f ,god4  ,) reg>d 
to ! ,ficus1 ,=long rem>ks t o!rs       
besides ,jews h se5 div]s reasons :y x  
is said to h be5 ! fir/ cov]+ us$ by !  
human race4 ,! symbolic trefoil or fleur
 de lys ) its se$ spr++ f its /ems1 is  
/ill us$ z a ,phallic ornam5t1 & ! leaf1
 especially ( ! ,bo1 is v l ! old =m (  
,ph3 x has a long att5uat$ po9t1 & is   
ev] quiv]+ on ! /ille/ days4 ,! tree has
 _m peculi>ities1 n only 9 its leaves & 
modes ( leaf+1 b 9 its fruit & modes (  
multiply+1 :i* c\ld n fail to make x ( a
 v holy & important "* 9 ! pi\s1        

poetical & imag9ative m9d ( ! ,ea/4     
,among o!rs ! fruit or se$ hangs direct 
f its limbs1 yet x is commonly said to  
be g]m9at$ by se$ f heav52 birds c>ry (f
 ! se$ & deposit x on all high places1 &
 9 ! trunks ( o!r trees2 ^! ?is ,ficus  
splits asund] & entw9es itself all      
ar\nd1 desc5d+ by ! p>5t trunk z well z 
a]ially1 by dropp+ suck]s until x rea*es
 ,"m-,e>?1 by :i* "t x has mo/ likely   
kill$ ! p>5t tree1 :i* has up to t p]iod
 n\ri%$ x4 ,?us ! ,ficus tribe is (t5   
holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 & if ! holl[ exi/ ne> !
 base1 x is always a v holy spot :]e w  
usually be f\nd a ,l+am or ,yoni /one1  
or bo?1 or a temple (                   
,matra-,deva--,deva or ,siva--! great   
,god ( ,creation4#e  ,9 a c\ntry l      
,india1 any?+ t (f]s a cool %elt] f !   
burn+ rays ( ! sun is reg>d$ ) a feel+ (
 grateful respect4 ,! wide-spread+      
,banyan tree is plant$ & nurs$ ) c>e1   
only because x (f]s a %elt] to _m a we>y
 travell]4 ,extreme usefulness ( ! ?+ is
 ! only motive p]ceivable 9 ! c>eful    

re>+ ( o!r trees4 ,!y are protect$ by   
religi\s injunctions1 & ! plant+ ( !m is
 enc\rag$ by promises ( et]nal bliss 9 !
 future _w4 ,! injunction aga9/ injur+ a
 banyan or fig tree is s /rict1 t 9 !   
,ramayana ev5 ,rvana1 an unbeliev]1 is  
made to say ',i h n cut d[n any fig     
tree1 9 ! mon? ( ,vaisakha1 :y !n does !
 calamity 7allud+ to ! sev]al defeats 8 
army su/a9$ 9 ! w> ) ,rma*&ra & to !    
loss ( 8 sons & bro!rs7 befall me8'  ,! 
m$ic9al prop]ties ( _m plants soon      
attract$ notice1 & 7 cultivat$ ) mu*    
c>e4 ,) ! illit]ate ! m$ic9al virtues ( 
a drug are increas$ ) its sc>city2 & to 
enhance its value x 0 soon associat$ )  
difficulties1 & to keep x secret f      
public k1 x 0 cull$ 9 ! d>k & wit*+ h\rs
 ( night4  ,trees h frequ5tly be5       
id5tifi$ ) gods3 ?us 9 ! ,panma ,purna1 
! religi\s fig tree is an inc>nation (  
,vi%nu1 ! ,indian fig tree ( ,rudra1 & !
 ,palasa ( ,brahma4  ,9 ! ,v>ka ,purana1
 ! plant] ( a gr\p ( trees ( a p>ticul> 
species is promis$ heav5ly bliss1 & x is

 ne$less to po9t out t f ! names ( !    
trees recomm5d$1 ! ext5sive utility ( ! 
act mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,?us x is said1   
,he nev] goes to hell :o plants an      
asva?a1 or a pi*um>da1 or a banian1 or  
t5 jessam9es1 or two pomegranates1 a    
pan*mra1 or five mangoes4  ,! ,ti?itatva
 gives a slightly diff]5t li/1 sub/itut+
 two *ampakas1 ?ree kes>a1 sev5         
tala-palms1 & n9e cocoanuts1 in/ead ( ! 
banian1 ! jessam9es1 ! pomegranates1 & !
 pan*mra4  ,z e>ly z ! ,ramayana1 !     
plant+ ( a gr\p ( trees 0 held          
m]itori\s4 ,! celebrat$ ,pan*avati g>d5 
:]e ,sit 0 imprison$1 has be5 reproduc$ 
by _m a religi\s ,h9du1 & %\ld any ( !m 
n h suffici5t space to cultivate ! five 
trees1 ! cu/om is to plant !m 9 a small 
pot :]e !y are dw>f$ into small %rubs4  
,su* sub/itutes & make-%ifts are n at   
all uncommon 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( 
,india4 ,9 ,buddhi/ ,india1 millions (  
m9iature /one & clay temples1 "s ( !m n 
high] ?an two in*es1 7 (t5 d$icat$ :5 m 
sub/antial /ructures 7 n possible4 ,!   

,pan*avati consi/s ( ! asva?a plant$ on 
! ea/ side1 ! vilva or gle m>melos on ! 
nor?1 ! banian on ! we/1 ! ,emblica     
(fic9alis on ! s\?1 & ! asoka on !      
s\?-ea/4  ,! ,sk&a ,purna recomm5ds a   
vilva 9 ! c5tre1 & f\r o!rs on f\r      
sides2 f\r banians 9 f\r corn]s1        
tw5ty-five asokas 9 a circle1 ) a       
myrobalan on "o side1 z ! con/itu5ts ( a
 great pun*avati4  ,sup]/ition has      
always be5 active 9 draw+ nice          
di/9ctions betwe5 ! auspici\s & !       
inauspici\s1 & x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ 
! auspici\s qualities ( "s plants h be5 
extoll$4 ,"s are consid]$ auspici\s :5  
plant$ ne> a dwell+ h\se4  ,no tree )   
fruit or blossoms c be cut d[n1 z !     
sloka ?reat5s ! cutt] ) de/ruction ( 8  
family & weal?4 ,!re=e nev] cut d[n any 
tree t be>s good fl[]s or fruits if y   
desire ! increase ( y\r family1 ( y\r   
weal? & ( y\r future happ9ess4          
,sup]/ition has associat$ sup]natural   
prop]ties ) _m plants1 & sev]al h be5   
id5tifi$ ) ! gods4  ,! durv1 a k9d (    

grass v common 9 all p>ts ( ,india1 is  
excell5t food = cattle4 ,x is an        
ess5tial article 9 ! wor%ip ( all gods4 
,x is said to h orig9at$ f ! ?igh (     
,vi%nu4  ,! religi\s fig tree makes "o  
ri*1 ! ,jonesia ,asoka de/roys all      
sorr[1 ! ,ficus ,v5osa is said to be    
useful 9 sacrifices1 & ! ,nim gives mu* 
happ9ess4 ,syzygium ,jambolanum promises
 heav5ly bliss1 & ! pomegranate a good  
wife4 ,ficus glom]ata cures diseases1 & 
,butea frondosa gives ! protection (    
,brahma4 ,! ,calotropis gigantea is     
useful z x pleases ! sun1 e day ! bel   
tree pleases ,siva1 & ! ,patal pleases  
,prvati4 ,! ,asp>as are pleas$ ) ,bombax
 malab>icum1 & ! ,g&h>vas ) ,jasm9um1 ! 
,t]m9alia *ebula increases ! numb] (    
s]vants1 & ! ,mimusops el5*i gives      
maid-s]vants4 ,! ,tl is injuri\s to     
*ildr51 & ! ,mimusops el5*i productive (
 l>ge families4 ,! cocoanut gives _m    
wives1 & ! v9e gives a beautiful body2 !
 ,corolia latifolia increases desires1 &
 ! ,p&anus odoratissimum de/roys all4 ,!

 tam>9d tree is consid]$ mo/            
inauspici\s1 & accord+ to ! ,vaidya     
,sa/ras1 is v injuri\s to heal?4 ,!     
,c>ica papeya plant is m s4 ,! ,sunfl[]1
 ,helian?us1 is suppos$ to emit gases t 
de/roy miasma4  ,! foll[+ trees are said
 to h peculi> virtues4 ,! ,indian fig   
tree1 if on ! ea/ side ( a h\se1 is     
always auspici\s2 s also is ! ,udumvava 
tree if on ! we/1 & ! pipul if on ! s\?1
 c4  ,! foll[+ are suppos$ to h a       
peculi> influ5ce on p>ticul> spots4 ,!  
cocoanut tree ne> ! dwell+-h\se conf]s  
weal? on ! family1 & if on ! ea/ or     
nor?-ea/ ( an encampm5t1 ! tree is !    
donor ( sons4 ,! mango tree1 ! be/ (    
trees1 is auspici\s at e place1 & if    
situat$ on ! ea/1 gives weal? to m54 ,! 
,bel tree1 ! jack tree1 & ! citron tree1
 & ! plum tree1 are 9 all situations    
conducive to prosp]ity4  ,! ,durva%tami 
is "o ( ! _m vratas obs]v$ by ,h9du     
females4 ,x is celebrat$ on ! eigh? lun>
 day ( ! bright =tnight ( ! mon? (      
,bhdro4 ,on ! day fix$ = wor%ipp+ ,durv 

a fa/ is obs]v$1 & ,durv1 ,gauri1 ,ganes
 & ,siva are wor%ipp$ ) rice1 fruits &  
fl[]s4 ,durv is describ$ z d>k z !      
petals ( a blue lotus1 held on ! heads (
 all ! gods1 pure1 born f ! body (      
,vi%nu1 ano9t$ ) nect>1 free f all      
sickness1 immortal1 inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1
 & giv] ( good *ildr51 & virtue1 weal? &
 salvation4  ,a ?read ) eight knots1 &  
fruits1 c41 are pres5t$ to ,durv1 & !   
foll[+ pray] is !n read--  ,durv1 y are 
call$ immortal1 & y are wor%ipp$ bo? by 
gods & asuras4 ,hav+ bless$ u )         
prosp]ity & *ildr51 fulfil all our      
wi%es4 ,z y ext5d ov] ! e>? ) y\r suck]s
 & bran*es1 9 ! same way give me heal?y 
& immortal *ildr54  ,aft] ! usual puja1 
! ?read ) eight knots is ti$ on ! left  
arm & ! wor%ipp] li/5s to ! leg5d (     
,durv repeat$ by ! (ficiat+ prie/4  ,!  
,asok%tami1 ! ,arunvdaya ,saptami1 & !  
,madanotsava1 are ?ree o!r vratas 9 :i* 
trees are wor%ipp$4  ,f ! ,sakrot?ana1 !
 ris+ ( ,india aft] ! new moon prec$+ ! 
,durg-puja1 ! :ole =tnight is devot$ to 

"o or o!r =m ( tree wor%ip4 ,asoka%tami 
is obs]v$ on ! eigh? day ( ! bright     
=tnight ( ,*aitra4  ,9 ! mon? ( ,*aitra 
on ! ?irte5? lun> day1 ! ,madanotsava is
 celebrat$ & ! ,asoka tree is wor%ipp$4 
,b ! mo/ important in/ance ( tree wor%ip
 is ! ,durgpuj4 ,al?\gh ! fe/ival is a  
rejoic+ at ! promis+ crops 9 ! field1 & 
al?\gh x may be trac$ to ! sol> my? &   
,u% or dawn wor%ip1 x is und\bt$ly "o ( 
! mo/ ext5sive fe/ivals ( tree wor%ip4  
,along ) ! goddess ,durg1 ! ,nava       
patrici or ! n9e leaves are wor%ipp$4   
,on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! puja1 n9e  
bran*es ) leaves are ti$ toge!r ) a     
plant ( ,clitoria t]nata alba1 & a twig 
be>+ a pair ( fruits ) suitable mantras1
 is /uck 9 ! bundle4 ,be=e cutt+ ! twig1
 ! foll[+ mantras are repeat$--         
,sriphala tree1 y are born on ! m\nta9  
,m&>1 ,m]u ,kailsa1 & at ! top ( !      
,himavat1 y are always a fav\rite (     
,ambica4 ,born on ! top ( ! ,scri hill  
,sriphala6 ,y are ! re/+ place (        
prosp]ity1 ,i take y away to wor%ip y z 

,durg h]self4  ,om ,vilva tree1 mo/     
prosp]\s1 always a fav\rite ( ,sank>a1  
,i wor%ip ! devi1 hav+ tak5 away y\r    
bran*4 ,o ,"l1 y mu/ n m9d ! pa9 g5]at$ 
by ! sep>ation ( y\r bran*4 ,i b[ to !  
,vilva tree born on ! ,hymalaya m\nta91 
fav\rite ( ,p>vasa & embrac$ by ,siva4  
,y are auspici\s 9 action & a fav\rite (
 ,bhagavati2 = ! sake ( ,bhavani's      
words1 give me all success4 ,! bundle is
 !n ano9t$ ) v>i\s cosmetics & aromatic 
drugs & oils1 & is plac$ by ! side ( !  
idols4 ,! sev]al plants are !n sep>ately
 invok$1 & ! goddesses presid+ ov] ea*  
are wor%ipp$4  ,! foll[+ are ! mantras =
 wor%ipp+ !m3--  ,om1 salutation be to  
,brahmani1 ! goddess dwell+ 9 ! planta9 
tree4 ,om1 ,devi ,durga1 welcome1 come  
ne> u4 ,9 ! ,brahma =m di/ribute peace  
to all4 ,om1 salutations be to y4  ,om1 
salutation be to ,kalika1 ! goddess     
dwell+ 9 ! ,arum plant4 ,om1 good-natur$
 9 ! w> ( ,mahi%a dema1 y became arum   
plant4 ,om1 ! belov$ ( ,h>a1 come hi!r =
 my bless+4  ,om1 salutation be to      

,durga1 ! goddess dwell+ 9 ! turm]ic    
plant4 ,om1 ,h>idra1 y are ,h>a         
inc>nate4 ,om1 good-natur$ y are ,um    
inc>nate4 ,= ! de/ruction ( my ill-luck 
d receive my puj & be propitiat$4  ,om1 
salutation be to ,k>tika1 ! goddess     
dwell+ 9 ! ,sesvania plant4 ,om1 dur+ ! 
de/ruction ( ,sumbha & ,nisumbha demons1
 goddess ( success1 y 7 wor%ipp$ by     
,india & all gods4 ,be pleas$ ) u4  ,om1
 salutation be to ,siv1 ! goddess dwell+
 9 ! vilva tree4 ,om1 belov$ ( ,mahadeva
 & belov$ ( ,vi%nu1 belov$ ( ,um1 vilva 
tree salute y4  ,om1 salutation be to   
,raktadantika 7blood-tee!d71 ! goddess  
dwell+ 9 ! pomegranate tree4 ,om1 =m]ly 
9 ! w>1 y became ,ddimi 9 ! pres5ce (   
,raktavija demon1 y act$ ! "p ( ,um1    
!re=e bless u4  ,om1 salutation be to   
,sok>ahita 7devoid ( sorr[71 ! goddess  
dwell+ 9 ! ,asoka tree4 ,om1 ,asoka     
tree1 y please ,siva & y de/roy all     
sorr[4 ,make me sorr[less 9 ! same way z
 y please ,durv4  ,om1 salutation be to 
,*mund1 ! goddess dwell+ 9 ! ,man tree4 

,om1 on ^: leaves re/s ! ,devi1 belov$ (
 ,sa*i1 = my prosp]ity receive my puj4  
,om1 salutations be to ,lak%mi1 !       
goddess dwell+ 9 ! rice plant4 ,om1 = ! 
pres]vation ( ! life ( all be+s y 7     
creat$ by ,brahma4 ,om1 pres]ve me 9 !  
same way z y please ,um4 7,see ! ,va/u  
,yaga & its be>+s ^u ,tree & ,s]p5t     
,wor%ip 9 ,india1 by ,pratapa*&ra       
,gho%a74  ,! ,banian or ,indian fig     
tree1 is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful &       
surpris+ production ( nature 9 !        
vegetable k+dom4 ,"s ( ^! trees are ( an
 amaz+ size1 & z !y are always increas+1
 !y may 9 "s measure be said to be      
exempt f decay4 ,e bran* proce$+ f !    
trunk ?r[s out its own roots1 fir/ 9    
small fibres1 at ! di/ance ( sev]al y>ds
 f ! gr\nd4 ,^!1 cont9ually becom+ ?ick]
 z !y approa* ! e>?1 take root & %oot   
out new bran*es1 :i* 9 "t b5d d[nw>ds1  
take root 9 ! l mann]1 & produce o!r    
bran*es1 :i* cont9ue 9 ?is /ate (       
progression z long z !y f9d soil to     
n\ri% !m4  ,! ,h9doos are rem>kably fond

 ( ?is tree1 = !y look ^u x z an emblem 
( ! ,deity1 on acc\nt ( its out-/ret*+  
arms & its %ad[y b5efic5ce4 ,!y almo/   
pay div9e hon\rs1 & f9d a ,fane 9 e     
,grove4  ,ne> ^! trees ! mo/ celebrat$  
pagodas are g5]ally erect$2 ! ,brahm9s  
sp5d _! lives 9 religi\s solitude "u _! 
fri5dly %ade1 & ! natives ( all ca/es & 
tribes are fond ( retreat+ into ! cool  
recesses & natural b[]s ( ?is umbrage\s 
canopy1 :i* is imp]vi\s to ! fi]ce/     
beams ( ! tropical sun4  ,! p>ticul>    
tree "h describ$ gr[s on an isl& 9 !    
riv] ,n]b$da1 t5 miles f ! city (       
,b>oa*1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,guzzurat1 a      
fl\ri%+ settlem5t =m]ly 9 possession ( !
 ,ea/ ,india ,company1 b c$$ by !       
gov]nm5t ( ,b5gal at ! treaty ( peace   
conclud$ ) ! ,mahrattas 9 #aghc1 to     
,mahadjee1 a ,mahratta *ief4  ,?is tree1
 call$ 9 ,india ,cube] ,burr1 9 hon\r ( 
a fam\s sa9t1 0 mu* l>g] ?an x has be5 (
 late2 = high floods h at diff]5t times 
c>ri$ away ! banks ( ! isl& :]e x gr[s1 
& along ) su* p>ts ( ! tree z _h ext5d$ 

_! roots ?us f>2 yet :at has rema9$ is  
ab\t two ?\s& feet 9 circumf]5ce1       
measur+ r\nd ! pr9cipal /ems2 b ! hang+ 
bran*es1 ! roots ( :i* h n yet rea*$ !  
gr\nd1 cov] a mu* l>g] ext5t4 ,! *ief   
trunks ( ?is s+le tree am\nt to ?ree    
hundr$ & fifty1 all sup]ior 9 size to ! 
g5]ality ( our ,engli% oaks & elms2 !   
small] /ems1 =m+ into /rong] supports1  
are m ?an ?ree ?\s&2 & f ea* ( ^! new   
bran*es1 hang+ roots are proce$+1 :i* 9 
"t w =m trunks & become p>5ts to a      
future prog5y4  ,cube] ,burr is fam$    
?r\gh\t ,h9do/an = its prodigi\s ext5t1 
antiquity & great beauty4 ,! ,indian    
armies (t5 encamp ar\nd x2 &1 at c]ta9  
seasons1 solemn ,jattras or ,h9doo      
fe/ivals are held "h1 to :i* ?\s&s (    
vot>ies repair f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,mogul  
empire4 ,sev5 ?\s& p]sons1 x is said1   
may easily repose "u its %ade4 ,!re is a
 tradition among ! natives1 t ?is tree  
is ?ree ?\s& ye>s old2 & !re is great   
reason to believe x1 & t x is ?is amaz+ 
tree t ,arrian describes :5 speak+ ( !  

gymosophi/s 9 8 book ( ,indian affairs4 
,^! p1 he says1 9 summ] we> no clo?+4 ,9
 w9t] !y enjoy ! b5efit ( ! sun's rays 9
 ! op5 air2 & 9 summ]1 :5 ! heat becomes
 excessive1 !y pass _! "t 9 moi/ & m>%y 
places "u l>ge trees1 :i* accord+ to    
,ne>*us1 cov] a circumf]5ce ( five      
acres1 & ext5d _! bran*es s f> t t5 ?\s&
 m5 may easily f9d %elt] "u !m4  ,engli%
 g5tlem51 :5 on hunt+ & %oot+ p>ties1   
are accu/om$ to =m ext5sive encampm5ts1 
& to sp5d sev]al weeks "u ?is delightful
 pavilion ( foliage1 :i* is g5]ally     
fill$ ) a great v>iety ( fea!r$ song/]s4
 ,?is tree n only af=ds %elt] b su/5ance
 to all its inhabitants2 be+ load$ )    
small figs ( a ri* sc>let col\r4#f      
,trees h always be5 among ! *ief        
div9ities ( ,india4 ,9 ! ,in/itutes (   
,m5u1 *ap4 #c1 we f9d directions to !   
,brahman = 8 oblations1 &1 aft] a numb] 
( prelim9>ies1 ! injunctions            
proce$--,hav+ ?us1 ) fix$ att5tion1 (f]$
 cl>ifi$ butt] 9 all qu>t]s1 proce$+ f !
 ea/ 9 a s\!rly direction1 to ,india1   

,yama1 ,v>una1 & ! god ,soma1 let him   
(f] 8 gifts to animat$ creatures1 say+1 
,i salute ! ,m>uts or ,w9ds1 let him ?r[
 dress$ rice ne> ! door1 say+1 ,i salute
 ! wat]-gods1 9 wat]2 & oil 8 pe/le &   
mort>1 say+1 ,i salute ! gods ( l>ge    
trees4  ,an in/ance ( tree wor%ip among/
 ! ,santals or hill tribes ( ,be]bhoom  
is record$ 9 ,hunt]'s ,annals ( ,rural  
,b5gal1 z foll[s--,adjo9+ ! ,santal     
village is a grove ( _! natural tree1 ! 
,sal 7,%orea ,robu/a71 :i* !y believe to
 be ! fav\rite resort ( all ! family    
gods ( ! little community4 ,f its sil5t 
gloom ! bygone g5]ations wat* _! *ildr5 
& *ildr5's *ildr5 play+ _! sev]al p>ts 9
 life1 n altoge!r ) an unfri5dly eye4   
,nev]!less ! gha/ly inhabitants ( !     
grove are %>p critics1 & deal out crook$
 limbs1 cramps & leprosy1 unless duly   
appeas$4 ,sev]al times a ye> ! :ole     
hamlet1 dress$ out 9 its %[ie/1 repairs 
to ! grove to d hon\r to ! ,l>es        
,rurales ) music & sacrifice4 ,m5 & wom5
 jo9 h&s1 &1 danc+ 9 a l>ge circle1 *ant

 songs 9 remembrance ( ! orig9al f\nd] (
 ! community :o is v5]at$ z ! head ( !  
village ,pan!on4 ,goats1 r$ cocks1 &    
*ick5s are sacrific$2 & :ile "s ( !     
wor%ipp]s are told (f to cook ! fle% = !
 common fe/ival at great fires1 ! re/   
sep>ate into families & dance r\nd !    
p>ticul> trees :i* !y fancy _! dome/ic  
,l>es *iefly inhabit4 ,among ! m        
sup]/iti\s tribes1 x is cu/om>y = ea*   
family to dance r\nd e s+le tree1 9 ord]
 t !y may n by any *ance omit ! "o 9 :i*
 _! gods may be resid+4     ,,*apt]     
,,ii4      ,! ,bael ,tree--,wor%ip ( !  
,left ,h&--,trees ( ! ,sun &            
,moon--,! ,arbre ,sec or ,dry ,tree--,! 
,holy ,tree ( ,bo/am--,! ,bygas (     ! 
,ea/]n ,sa?puras--,tree ,wor%ip 9       
,mysore--,! ,palm ,tree--,wor%ip     ( !
 ,palm at ,najrau--,! ,tree ( ,t5 ,?\s& 
,images--,tree ,wor%ip     9            
,p]sia--,sacr$ ,old ,te/am5t ,trees--,! 
,classics--,=e/s &     ,groves1 fav\rite
 ,places ( ,wor%ip--,orig9 (            
,groves--,votive     ,(f]+s to ,trees4  

,! ,bael ,tree1 says ,=long1 z a        
repres5tative ( ! triad & monad1 is     
always (f]$ at ,l+am wor%ip1 aft] wa%+ !
 ,l+am ) wat] & ano9t+ x ) s&al wood4 ,!
 god is suppos$ to specially l all :ite 
fl[]s & cool+ embrocations1 :i* la/ s&al
 wood is held to be2 & he is v commonly 
to be f\nd "u an umbrage\s ,bael1 m     
especially if !re be no f9e ,ficus ne>2 
fail+ bo?1 ! poor god is (t5 r$uc$ to ! 
/ump ( a tree2 & if t is also sc>ce1 8  
vot>ies raise to him a k>n or cairn (   
/ones1 ) ! prom95t "o 9 ! c5tre1 & plant
 a pomegranate1 bits ( tolsi1 c41 ne>2 &
 if wat] is available1 a little g>d5 (  
fl[]s1 ( :i* ! m>igolds are a fav\rite4 
,my read]s mu/ n fancy t ?is wor%ip is  
indec5t1 or ev5 productive (            
lic5ti\sness4 ,x is conduct$ by m51 wom5
 & *ildr5 ( mode/ mi51 & pure & spotless
 lives1 ?\gh at c]ta9 seasons1 z 9 all  
fai?s & l&s1 ! passions are r\s$ & ! p  
proce$ to excesses1 yet ,sivaism is     
peculi>ly free f ?is ) ref]5ce to o!rs1 
n exclud+ ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity4           

,vi%nooism1 :i* we may call ! wor%ip (  
,! ,left ,h&1 or female en]gies1 is     
p]haps ! greate/ s9n] 9 ?is respect4    
,sivaism is = ! mo/ "p h>%ly ascetic1 z 
reg>ds its (fice-be>]s & or?odox        
foll[]s2 yet all fai?s give way at c]ta9
 sol> p]iods1 & all ,h9doo sects are z  
bad z ,romans at ! spr+ 'hil>ia or      
c>nival1' ! m s if ,c]es or ,kybele is  
propiti\s1 & m app>5tly s 9 c\ntries :]e
 writ+s h n yet supplant$ pictures4     
,among/ all ! rude/ tribes ( ,india1 &  
ev5 ?r\gh\t ,rajpootana1 & ) ! /rict    
,ja9 sects :o abhor ,l+am wor%ip1 ^!    
/ill %ew _! p>5t root by devot+ "s      
fifte5 days annually1 aft] ! h>ve/s are 
ga!r$ 91 to ! mo/ gross =m ( ,l+am      
wor%ip1 9 :i* a complete nak$ image ( a 
man1 call$ ',elajee1' is built ( clay & 
decorat$ ) wrea?s ( fl[]s1 c41 & plac$ 9
 prom95t situations4 ,9 mo/ p>ts (      
,rajpootana1 ?is male image exi/s at e  
city & village gate1 b x is n r5d]$     
conspicu\sly indec5t until ! hooly or   
h>ve/ enjoym5ts2 & l[ & degrad+ z ^!    

are1 rem9d+ u ( our purely animal frame1
 yet no ,h9doo practices ( h>ve/ times  
are s gross z ,i h se5 practis$ at !    
h>ve/ homes or midnight revelries ( our 
own c\ntry4  ,! oracul> trees ( ! ,sun &
 ,moon1 some:]e on ! conf9es ( ,india1  
appe> 9 all ! fabul\s hi/ories ( ,alex&]
 f ! ,pseudo-,calli/h5es d[nw>ds4 ,?us  
,alex&] is made to tell ! /ory ,!n came 
"s ( ! t[nspeople & said1 ',we h to %[  
!e some?+ pass+ /range1 ,o ,k+1 & wor?  
?y visit+2 = we c %[ !e trees t talk )  
human spee*4' ,s !y l$ me to a c]ta9    
p>k1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* 7 ! ,sun & ,moon1 & 
r\nd ab\t !m a gu>d ( prie/s ( ! ,sun & 
,moon4 ,& !re /ood ! two trees ( :i* !y 
_h spok51 l unto cypress trees2 & r\nd  
ab\t !m 7 trees l ! myrobolans ( ,egypt1
 & ) simil> fruit4 ,& ,i address$ ! two 
trees t 7 9 ! mid/ ( ! p>k1 ! "o :i* 0  
male 9 ! mascul9e g5d]1 & ! "o t 0      
female 9 ! fem99e g5d]4 ,& ! "n ( ! male
 tree 0 ! ,sun1 & ( ! female tree !     
,moon1 names :i* 7 9 t language ,mu?u & 
,emasae4 ,& ! /ems 7 clo!d ) ! sk9s (   

animals2 ! male tree ) ! sk9s (         
he-bea/s1 & ! female tree ) ! sk9s (    
%e-bea/s4444 ,& at ! sett+ ( ! ,sun a   
voice1 speak+ 9 ! ,indian tongue1 came  
=? f ! 7,sun7 tree2 & ,i ord]$ !        
,indians :o 7 ) me to int]pret x4 ,b !y 
7 afraid & w\ld n4  ,maundeville in=ms u
 precisely :]e ! trees are--,a fifte5   
j\rneys 9 l5g!1 goy+e be ! des]ts ( !   
to!r side ( ! ,ryv]e ,beum>e1 if "o c\ld
 only tell :]e t is4 ,a m$ival *ronicl] 
also tells u t ,og]us1 ! ,dane 7temp4   
,c>oli ,magni71 conqu]$ all ! p>ts      
beyond sea f ,hi]usalem to ! ,trees ( ! 
,sun4 ,9 ! old ,italian romance also (  
,gu]9o detto il ,mes*9o1 /ill a *ap book
 9 s\? ,italy1 ! h]o visits ! ,trees ( !
 ,sun & ,moon4  ,x w be obs]v$ t ! lett]
 ascrib$ to ,alex&] describes ! two     
oracul> trees z resembl+ two cypress    
trees4 ,z su* ! ,trees ( ! ,sun & ,moon 
are repres5t$ on sev]al extant anci5t   
m$als1 e4g41 on two /ruck at ,p]ga1 9   
,pamphylia1 9 ! "t ( ,aurelian4 ,an     
,ea/]n /ory tells u ( two va/ cypress   

trees1 sacr$ among ! ,magians1 :i* grew 
9 ,khorasan1 "o at ,ka%m> ne> ,tur%iz1 &
 ! o!r at ,f>mad ne> ,tuz1 & :i* 7 said 
to h ris5 f %oots t ,zoroa/] br\ght f   
p>adise4 ,! =m] ( ^! 0 sacrilegi\sly cut
 d[n by ! ord] ( ! ,khalif ,motawakkil1 
9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! trunk 0 dispat*$ to  
,baghdad on roll]s at a va/ exp5se1 :il/
 ! bran*es alone =m$ a load = #a1cjj    
camels4 ,! night t ! convoy rea*$ )9 "o 
/age ( ! palace1 ! ,khalif 0 cut 9      
pieces by 8 own gu>ds4 ,?is tree 0 said 
to be #a1dej ye>s old1 & to measure     
#cc-c_/d cubits 9 gir?4 ,! locality (   
?is ,arbol ,sol we see 0 9 ,khorasan1 & 
possibly its fame may h be5 transf]r$ to
 a repres5tative ( ano!r species4 ,!    
plane z well z ! cypress 0 "o ( !       
di/9ctive trees ( ! ,magian p>adise4  ,9
 ! ,peut+]ian ,tables we f9d 9 !        
nor?-ea/ ( ,asia ! rubric1 ,hic ,alex&] 
,responsum accepit1 :i* looks v l an    
allusion to ! tale ( ! ,oracul> ,trees4 
,if s1 x is rem>kable z a sugge/ion ( ! 
antiquity ( ! ,alex&rian leg5ds1 ?\gh ! 

rubric may ( c\rse be an int]polation4  
,! ,trees ( ! ,sun & ,moon appe> z      
locat$ 9 ,india ,ultima to ! ea/ (      
,p]sia1 9 a map :i* is f\nd 9 ,,mss4    
7#ab? c5tury7 ( ! ,floridus ( ,lamb]tus2
 & !y are indicat$ m or less precisely 9
 sev]al maps ( ! succe$+ c5turies4      
,m>co has mix$ up ?is leg5d ( !         
,alex&rian romance on ! au?ority1 z we h
 reason to believe1 ( "s ( ! re-compil]s
 ( t romance1 ) a fam\s subject (       
,*ri/ian leg5d 9 t age1 ! ,arbre ,sec or
 ,dry ,tree1 "o =m ( :i* is relat$ by   
,maundeville & by ,johan ,s*iltb]g]4 ,a 
lytille fro ,ebron1 says ! =m]1 is !    
,m\nt ( ,mambre1 ( ! :y*e ! ,valeye     
take? 8 "n4 ,& !re is a tree ( ,oke t ! 
,s>ac5s clep5 ,dirpe1 t is ( ,abraham's 
,tyme1 ! :i* m5 clep5 ! ,dry ,tree4 ,&  
!ye saye t x ha? b5 ?is si! ! beg9nynge 
( ! ,_w2 & 0 sumtyme gr5e & b>e ,leves1 
unto ! ,tyme t ,oure ,"l dy$e on !      
,cross2 & ?anne x dry$e2 & s dyd5 alle !
 ,trees t w]5 ?anne 9 ! ,_w4 ,& summe   
seyn he "h ,prophecyes t a ,"l1 a       

,prynce ( ! ,we/ syde ( ! ,_w1 %all     
wynn5 ! ,l& ( ,promyssi\m1 i4e4 ! ,holy 
,l&1 )e ,helpe ( ,cri/5e ,m51 & he halle
 d synge a ,masse "u t ,drye ,tree1 &   
?an ! ,tree %all wex5 gr5e & b]e bo?    
,fruyt & ,leves4 ,& ?orghe t ,myracle   
manye ,s>az9es & ,jewes s*ulle hev turn$
 to ,cri/5e ,fei!4 ,&1 !re=e1 !y dan    
gret ,wors*ippe !reto1 & kep5 x fulle   
besyly4 ,& alle be x s t x be drye1     
na!loss yet be h]e! great v]tu1 c4  ,!  
tradition seems to h alt]$ )            
circum/ances1 = a travell] ( ne>ly two  
c5turies lat] 7,fri> ,anselmo1 #aeij71  
describes ! oak ( ,abraham at ,hebron z 
a tree ( d5se & v]dant foliage3--,!     
,s>ac5s make _! devotions at x1 & hold x
 9 great v5]ation1 = x has rema9$ ?us   
gre5 f ! days ( ,abraham until n[2 & !y 
tie scraps ( clo? on its bran*es        
inscrib$ ) "s ( _! writ+1 & believe t if
 any "o 7 to cut a piece (f t tree he   
w\ld die )9 ! ye>4 ,inde$1 ev5 be=e     
,maundeville's "t1 ,fri> ,bur*>d 7#abhc7
 _h notic$ t ?\gh ! fam\s old tree 0    

dry1 ano!r _h sprung f its roots4  ,z   
long ago z ! "t ( ,con/ant9e a fair 0   
held "u ! ,t]eb9k ( ,maimre1 :i* 0 !    
object ( _m sup]/iti\s rites & excesses4
 ,! ,emp]or ord]$ ^! to be put a /op to1
 & a *ur* to be erect$ on ! spot4 ,9 !  
"t ( ,arculph 7end ( #g? c5tury71 ! dry 
trunk /ill exi/$ "u ! ro( ( ?is *ur*4   
,!re are sev]al ,dry ,tree /ories among 
! wond]s ( ,buddhism2 "o is t ( a sacr$ 
tree visit$ by ! ,*9ese pilgrims to     
,india1 :i* _h gr[n f ! twig :i* ,sakya 
9 ,h9du fa%ion _h us$ z a too?-bru%2 &  
,i ?9k !re is a l /ory 9 our own c\ntry 
( ! ,gla/onbury ,?orn hav+ gr[n f ! /aff
 ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a4  ,he :o injur$ ! 
holy tree ( ,bo/am1 we are told1 p]i%$ !
 same day2 a g5]al belief 9 reg>d to ^? 
,trees ( ,grace ( :i* we h already se5  
in/ances 9 reg>d to ! sacr$ trees (     
,zoroa/] & ! ,oak ( ,hebron4 ,we f9d !  
same belief 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 :]e c]ta9 
trees1 reg>d$ by ! natives ) sup]/iti\s 
rev]5ce1 :i* !y express by driv+ 9      
votive nails & susp5d+ rags1 are kn[n to

 ! ,european resid5ts by ! vulg> "n (   
,devil ,trees4 ,burton relates a case ( 
! v]ification ( ! sup]/ition 9 ! dea? ( 
an ,engli% m]*ant :o _h cut d[n su* a   
tree1 & ( f\r memb]s ( 8 h\sehold4 7,see
 note on p4 #abj ( ,yule's ,m>co ,polo's
 ,travels1 vol4 ,i47  ,! writ] ( an     
article 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e (        
,novemb]1 #ahgd1 on ! ,gonds & ,bygas ( 
! ,ea/]n ,sa?puras 7,c5tral ,prov9ces1  
,india71 says--  ,my endeav\rs to obta9 
a cle> insight into _! ways 7 s f>      
successful1 t aft] a "t !y did n object 
to my be+ pres5t at _! dome/ic          
c]emonies1 & gradually ! ,byga prie/s   
suppli$ me ) all ! in=mation !y c\ld    
give z to _! curi\s cu/om ( tree culture
 & _s wor%ip4  ,all t !y c\ld tell did n
 ?r[ mu* light on ! subject1 = ev5 to ! 
,bygas !mselves x is extremely vague &  
my/]i\s2 b ! contra/ betwe5 _! ackn[l$g$
 hatr$ ( trees z a rule1 & _! deep      
v5]ation ( c]ta9 o!rs 9 p>ticul>1 is v  
curi\s4  ,i h se5 hill-sides swept cle> 
( =e/s = miles1 ) b "h & !re a solit>y  

tree left /&+4 ,^! rema9 n[ ! objects ( 
! deepe/ v5]ation1 & receive (f]+s (    
food1 clo!s1 or fl[]s f ! pass+ ,byga1  
:o firmly believes t tree to be ! home (
 a _s4  ,capta9 ,j4 ,s4 ,f4 ,mack5zie1  
"s ye>s ago1 contribut$ a pap] to !     
,indian ,antiqu>y on ,tree & ,s]p5t     
,wor%ip 9 ,mysore4 ,he said t r\nd ab\t 
,bangalose1 m especially ! ,lal ,bagh & 
,petta--z ! native t[n is call$--?ree or
 m /ones are to be f\nd toge!r1 hav+    
repres5tations ( s]p5ts c>v$ ^u !m4 ,^! 
/ones are erect$ always "u ! sacr$ fig  
tree1 by "s pi\s p]sons1 ^: means &     
piety det]m9e ! c>e & f9i% ) :i* !y are 
execut$4 ,judg+ f ! numb] ( ! /ones1 !  
wor%ip ( ! s]p5t appe>s to be m preval5t
 9 ! ,bungalose di/rict ?an 9 o!r p>ts (
 ! prov9ce4 ,no prie/ is ev] 9 *>ge (   
!m4 ,!re is no objection to m5 do+ s1 b1
 f ! cu/om or f "s reason--p>tly because
 ! s]p5t is suppos$ to conf] f]tility on
 b>r5 wom5--! wor%ipp+ ( ! /ones1 :i*   
takes place dur+ ! ,gauri fea/1 is      
conf9$ to wom5 ( all ,h9du classes &    

cre$s4 ,! /ones1 :5 prop]ly erect$1     
ought to be on a built-up /one plat=m   
fac+ ! ris+ sun1 & "u ! %ade ( two      
peepul 7ficus religiosa7 trees--a male &
 female gr[+ toge!r1 & w$d$ by c]emonies
 9 e respect ! same z 9 ! case ( human  
be+s--close by1 & gr[+ 9 ! same plat=m a
 nimb 7m>gosa7 & bipatra 7a k9d (       
wood-apple71 :i* are suppos$ to be liv+ 
witnesses ( ! m>riage4 ,! exp5se ( p]=m+
 ! m>riage c]emony is too heavy = ord9>y
 p]sons1 & s we g5]ally f9d only "o     
peepul & a nimb on ! plat=m4 ,by !      
common p ^! two are suppos$ to repres5t 
man & wife4  ,to speak at l5g? ( ! ,palm
 tree w\ld require a volume--& t a bulky
 "o--r ?an a pass+ notice 9 a treatise (
 ! mo/ limit$ dim5sions4 ,s mu* does man
 owe to ?is tree 9 ! ea/1 t !           
inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries :]e x fl\ri%es
 c conceive ( no l& possess+ any        
attraction :]e x does n exi/4 ,an ,arab 
woman lately visit+ ,engl& once express$
 h]self to ?is effect aft] be+ %ewn     
ev]y?+ wond]ful t ! c\ntry _h possess$1 

all 9 h] e/imation fad$ into comp>ative 
wor?lessness :51 9 answ] to h] enquiry1 
%e 0 told t no palm trees grew !re4 ,no 
tree1 9 consequ5ce1 has be5 s highly    
priz$ or be5 made s mu* (4 ,to say t m5 
h be5 simply grateful = x1 or t !y h    
rev]5c$ x1 is to /op %ort ( ! m>k1 !y h 
actually deifi$ x & r5d]$ to x div9e    
hon\rs4  ,a conv5tional =m ( ! palm tree
 occurs on ! ,n9eveh tablets1 surr\nd$  
by an enclosure ( palmettes1 & att5d$ by
 w+$ deities1 or m9i/]s hold+ ! p9e-cone
 symbol ( life1 :i* 9 ,assyrian         
sculpture takes ! place ( ! crux-ansata 
9 ! h&s ( ! ,egyptian deities4  ,!      
palmette pass$ f ! ,assyrians to !      
,greeks1 & =m$ ! cr[n+ ornam5t ( _! mo/ 
beautiful temples4 ,x appe>s also to h  
be5 a symbol among ! ,etruscans1 &1     
toge!r ) ! palm tree1 w be f\nd on      
,etruscan sacr$ ut5sils4#g  ,sir        
,william ,ousley1 f ^: travels we quote 
9 o!r p>ts ( ?is volume1 describes !    
tree wor%ip at ,najran 9 ,arabia1 9 :i* 
! tree 0 a palm or ,sacr$ ,date1 hav+   

its regul> prie/s1 fe/ivals1 rites &    
s]vices1 & he quotes f a manuscript ( ! 
n9? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & adds ?is note f
 a writ] on ,indian & ,japanese symbols 
( div9ity4 ,! trunk ( a tree on ^: top  
sits ,deus ! supreme ,creator4 ,"s o!r  
object might be wor?y ( obs]vation2 b ,i
 fix my att5tion on ! trunk ( a tree4   
,moreov]1 :e!r y g to ! ,japanese or to 
! ,?ibetans1 ev]y:]e w meet y gre5 tree 
wor%ip 7:i* has be57 transmitt$ &       
pres]v$ z symbolic p]haps ( ! creation &
 pres]vation ( ! _w4  ,?is passage1 9 ! 
op9ion ( ,=long1 %[s cle>ly ! ,l+am     
signification ( ! trunk3--,! ,korei%    
tribe1 f :i* ! ,arabian prophet sprang1 
7 f e>lie/ kn[n times wor%ipp]s ( ! palm
 tree1 & "h1 z 9 o!r l&s1 _h x be5      
succe$$ by ! ,l+am1 & latt]ly by sol> & 
ance/ral wor%ip4 ,! ,arabs us$ to hang  
on ! palm n only g>m5ts or pieces (     
g>m5ts1 b arms or portions ( _! w>rior  
ge>1 !reby %[+ t !y saw 9 ! palm        
virility--a ,h]akles or ,m]cury4#h  ,a v
 rem>kable tree f\nd 9 ,?ibet 0 describ$

 by ,abb ,huc 9 8 travels 9 t & o!r     
c\ntries 9 ! ye>s #ahdd-f1 x 0 call$ !  
,tree ( ,t5 ,?\s& ,images1 & 8 acc\nt ( 
x is z foll[s--,! m\nta9 at ! foot ( :i*
 ,tsong-,kaba 0 born1 became a fam\s    
place ( pilgrimage4 ,lamas assembl$ !re 
f all p>ts to build _! cells1 & ?us by  
degrees 0 =m$ t fl\ri%+ ,lamas]y1 ! fame
 ( :i* ext5ds to ! remote/ conf9es (    
,t>t>y4 ,x is call$ ,k\nb\m1 f two      
,?ibetian words signify+ ,t5 ,?\s&      
,images1 & hav+ allusion to ! tree :i*1 
accord+ to ! leg5d1 sprang f            
,tsong-,kaba's hair1 & be>s a ,?ibetian 
"* on ea* ( its leaves4  ,x w "h be     
naturally expect$ t we say some?+ ab\t  
?is tree itself4 ,does x exi/8 ,h we se5
 x8 ,has x any peculi> attributes8 ,:at 
ab\t its m>vell\s leaves8 ,all ^!       
que/ions our read]s are entitl$ to put  
to u4 ,we w endeav\r to answ] z         
categorically z possible4  ,yes1 ?is    
tree does exi/1 & we _h he>d ( x too (t5
 dur+ our j\rney n to feel some:at eag] 
to visit x4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 on :i*

 ! ,lamas]y /&s1 & n f> f ! pr9cipal    
,buddhi/ temple1 is a great squ>e       
enclosure =m$ by brick walls4 ,^u ent]+ 
?is we 7 able to exam9e at leisure !    
m>vell\s tree1 "s ( ! bran*es ( :i* _h  
already manife/$ !mselves above ! wall4 
,our eyes 7 fir/ direct$ ) e>ne/        
curiosity to ! leaves1 & we 7 fill$ ) an
 absolute con/]nation ( a/oni%m5t at    
f9d+ t1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re 7 ^u ea* ( ! 
leaves well-=m$ ,?ibetian *>act]s1 all (
 a gre5 col\r1 "s d>k]1 "s light] ?an ! 
leaf itself4 ,our fir/ impression 0 a   
suspicion ( fraud on ! "p ( ! ,lamas2 b 
aft] a m9ute exam9ation ( e detail1 we  
c\ld n discov] ! lea/ deception4 ,!     
*>act]s all appe>$ to u portions ( !    
leaf itself1 equally ) its ve9s & n]ves2
 ! position 0 n ! same 9 all2 9 "o leaf 
!y w\ld be at ! top ( ! leaf2 9 ano!r 9 
! middle2 9 a ?ird1 at ! base or at !   
side2 ! y\ng] leaves repres5t$ ! *>act]s
 only 9 a p>tial /ate ( =mation4 ,! b>k 
( ! tree & its bran*es1 :i* resemble t (
 ! plane tree1 are also cov]$ ) ^!      

*>act]s4 ,:5 y remove a piece ( old b>k1
 ! "y b>k "u x exhibits ! indi/9ct      
outl9es ( *>act]s 9 a g]m9atory /ate1 & 
:at is v s+ul>1 ^! new *>act]s are n    
unfrequ5tly diff]5t f ^? :i* !y replace4
 ,we exam9$ ev]y?+ ) ! close/ att5tion1 
9 ord] to detect "s case ( trick]y1 b we
 c\ld disc]n no?+ ( ! sort1 & !         
p]spiration absolutely trickl$ d[n our  
faces "u ! influ5ce ( ! s5sations :i*   
?is mo/ amaz+ spectacle creat$4 ,m      
pr(\nd intellects ?an ours may1 p]haps1 
be able to supply a satisfactory        
explanation ( ! my/]ies ( ?is s+ul>     
tree2 b z to u1 we altoge!r give x up4  
,our read]s possibly may smile at our   
ignorance1 b we c>e n1 s t ! s9c]ity &  
tru? ( our /atem5t be n suspect$4  ,!   
,tree ( ,t5 ,?\s& ,images seem$ to u (  
great age4 ,its trunk1 :i* ?ree m5 c\ld 
sc>cely embrace ) out/ret*$ arms1 is n m
 ?an eight feet high2 ! bran*es in/ead (
 %oot+ up1 spread out 9 ! %ape ( a plume
 ( fea!rs1 & are extremely bu%y2 few (  
!m are dead4 ,! leaves are always gre52 

& ! wood :i* has a r$di% t9t1 has an    
exquisite od\r1 some?+ l t ( c9namon4 ,!
 ,lamas in=m$ u t 9 summ]1 t[>ds ! eigh?
 moon1 ! tree produces l>ge r$ fl[]s (  
an extremely beautiful "*4 ,!y in=m$ u  
also t !re n[h]e else exi/s ano!r su*   
tree2 t v>i\s attempts h be5 made 9     
v>i\s ,lamas]ies ( ,t>t>y & ,?ibet to   
propagate x by se$s & cutt+s1 b t all ^!
 attempts h be5 fruitless4  ,! ,emp]or  
,khang-,hi1 :5 ^u a pilgrimage to       
,k\nb\m1 con/ruct$1 at 8 own private    
exp5se1 a dome ( silv] ov] ! ,tree ( ,t5
 ,?\s& ,images2 moreov]1 he made a      
pres5t to ! ,gr& ,lama ( a f9e black    
horse1 capable ( travell+ a ?\s& lis a  
day1 & ( a saddle adorn$ ) preci\s      
/ones4 ,! horse is dead1 b ! saddle is  
/ill %[n 9 "o ( ! ,buddhi/ temples1 :]e 
x is an object ( special v5]ation4 ,be=e
 quitt+ ! ,lamas]y1 ,khang-,hi end[$ x )
 a ye>ly rev5ue = ! support ( #cej      
,lamas4  ,sir ,william ,ousely says t :5
 9 ,p]sia he endeav\r$ to obta9         
in=mation f ! p respect+ ! ideas g5]ally

 =m$ ( ,p]ies or ,fairies2 imag9>y      
creatures1 beautiful & b5evol5t2 also ( 
! ,ghles or ,demons ( ! ,des]t1 a hide\s
 race1 t sometimes haunt cemet]ies1 &   
p>ticul>ly infe/ a dre>y tract 9 ! ,nor?
 ( ,p]sia1 n f> f ,teh]n1 be>+ !        
port5t\s "n ( ,melek al m[t d]eh1 or    
,valley ( ! ,angel ( ,dea?4 ,conc]n+ !  
,j9s or ,g51 he f\nd !y 7 n re/rict$ to 
any p>ticul> region1 b t ! gigantic     
mon/]s call$ ,dives or ,dibes1 resid$   
peculi>ly among ! rocks & =e/s (        
,maz5d]an or ,hyrcania4  ,he !n         
proce$s3--,^? pret]natural be+s1 & o!rs 
:i* %all be h]eaft] m5tion$1 7 !        
subjects ( our conv]sation :5 we pass$  
by an old & )]$ tree half cov]$ ) rags1 
fa/5$ z votive (f]+s1 to ! bran*es2 x   
be+ "o ( ^? entitl$ by ! ,p]sians       
dirakht i fzel1 'excell5t or b5eficial  
trees1' & held 9 sup]/iti\s v5]ation4 ,i
 _h already se5 f\r or five ne> ,a'bdi1 
& two or ?ree previ\sly 9 o!r places1   
s9ce our dep>ture f ,bu%ehr2 & n[       
asc]ta9$ t _! suppos$ sanctity did n    

dep5d ei!r on ! species1 ! size1 or     
beauty ( ! trees2 nor on _! age1 al?\gh 
mo/ 7 old2 b (t5 proce$$ f accid5tal1 & 
ev5 trivial circum/ances2 yet s9ce !    
rev]5ce paid to trees seem$ ne>ly z     
anci5t1 & z widely diffus$ z any o!r =m 
( sup]/ition1 ,i h be5 frequ5tly induc$ 
to make x ! object ( p]sonal inquiry    
among ,asiatics1 & ( lit]>y rese>* at   
home4 ,! result n[ be=e me w\ld         
con/itute a volume ( no inconsid]able   
size1 = ! subject may be trac$ f ?is    
pres5t day to ! e>lie/ ages ( :i* writt5
 records furni% an acc\nt2 ?r\gh e      
c\ntry ( ! old1 &1 probably1 ( ! new _w4
 ,! sacr$ ,hebrew scriptures allude to x
 9 _m places2 we f9d x m5tion$ by ,greek
 & ,roman au?ors2 v>i\s anecdotes       
respect+ x occur 9 ,ea/]n manuscripts2 &
 x has be5 notic$ by sev]al ,european   
travell]s & antiqu>ies4  ,fur!r 9 8 "w1 
! same au?or obs]ves3--,h[ev] replete ) 
int]e/+ objects1 ! ample field (        
antiqu>ian rese>* (f]s b few to our     
notice "u a m attractive =m ?an trees1  

:e!r we reg>d !m z di/+ui%+ rem>kable   
spots1 ! sc5es ( memorable transactions1
 z d$icat$ to c]ta9 div9ities1 or1 z 9  
"s cases1 almo/ id5tifi$ ) ^? div9ities 
!mselves4  ,x is n my int5tion1 nor is x
 necess>y "h1 to trace back ! hi/ory ( t
 v5]ation ) :i* p>ticul> trees h be5    
hon\r$ 9 all ages1 &1 ,i believe1 9 all 
c\ntries4 ,! ,biblical read] w easily   
recollect _m important trees besides t  
:i* /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed51      
emphatically /yl$ ! 'tree ( life1' & !  
'tree ( k ( good & evil4' ,he w         
recollect ! idolatr\s wor%ip 9 groves1 &
 "u e gre5 tree 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #ac1     
,deut4 xvi4 #ba1 c47 ,! oak by ,%e*em1  
"u :i* ,jacob hid all ! idols & e>r+s   
7,g54 xxxv4 #d74 ,! oak ne> ,be!l :i*   
m>k$ ! grove ( ,deborah1 & 0            
significantly call$ ,allonba*u? 7,g54   
xxxv4 #h74 ,! palm tree "u :i* ,deborah1
 ! prophetess1 dwelt 7,judges iv4 #e74  
,! oak "u :i* sat '! man ( ,god' 7,k+s  
xiii4 #ad74 ,! oak 9 ,ophrah1 "u :i* !  
angel ( ,god appe>$ unto ,gideon &      

conv]s$ ) him 7,judges vi4 #aa1 #ad1    
#af74 ,! oak t 0 9 ! v ,sanctu>y ( ! ,"l
 7,jo%ua xxiv4 #bf74  ,^! & o!r trees   
:i* we may suppose l(ty & umbrage\s1 su*
 z ! oaks & popl>s & elms1 because !    
%ad[ !re( is good 7,hosea iv4 #c71 mu/  
imm$iately recur to a ,biblical read]2 b
 ! c\rse ( ?is article w rem9d him also 
( t humble bu% :i* ! ,"l consecrat$ by 8
 pres5ce1 :5 he reveal$ himself to      
,moses 9 flam+ fire on ! m\nta9 ( ,horeb
 7,exod4 iii4 #b1 #d74 ,) :atev]        
v5]ation our fir/ p>5ts reg>d$ ! trees (
 ,p>adise1 x appe>s t "s :i* grew 9     
natural & common e>? 7 actually wor%ipp$
 by ! p]v]se ,israelites ( e>ly ages1   
accord+ to a le>n$ ,jew1 "o ( ^?        
,rabb9ical writ]s ^: au?ority is mo/    
respect$4#i  ,b ! imm$iate object ( ?is 
article & ! n>r[ limits ( an app5dix d n
 all[ me to expatiate f>!r amid/ !      
groves ( ,scriptural hi/ory or ( ,jewi% 
sup]/ition4 ,nor c ,i enjoy m ?an a ha/y
 glance at ^? trees reput$ sacr$ 9      
classical antiquity2 ( :i* su* numb] (f]

 !mselves to ! imag9ation z w\ld        
con/itute :ole =e/s4 ,s frequ5tly 7     
groves & woods d$icat$ to religi\s      
purposes t at la/ ^? v t]ms 79 ,greek   
alsos1 lucus 9 ,lat971 impli$           
consecration4  ,turn+ = a mom5t or two  
to ! ,ar*ologia ,grca ( ! le>n$ ,dr4    
,john ,pott]1 we f9d num]\s int]e/+     
items ( in=mation suitable = ins]tion   
"h4  ,! temples 9 ! c\ntry 7 g5]ally    
surr\nd$ ) groves sacr$ to ! tutel>     
deity ( ! place1 :]e1 be=e ! inv5tion ( 
temples1 ! gods 7 wor%ipp$4  ,! mo/     
usual mann] ( consecration ( images &   
alt>s 0 by putt+ a cr[n ^u !m1 ano9t+ !m
 ) oil1 & !n (f]+ pray]s & oblations to 
!m4 ,sometimes !y add$ an execration    
aga9/ all t %\ld presume to pr(ane !m1 &
 inscrib$ ^u !m ! "n ( ! deity & ! cause
 ( _! d$ication4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,sp>tan 
virg9s1 9 ,!ocritus's eighte5?          
,idyllium1 promise to consecrate a tree 
to ,hel5a2 = x 0 cu/om>y to d$icate     
trees or plants aft] ! same mann]1 & )  
alt>s & /atues3    ',we fir/ a cr[n (   

creep+ lotus tw9e1   ,& on ! %ad[y plane
 susp5d1 z ?9e2   ,we fir/ b5ea? ! %ad[y
 plane di/il   ,f silv] vase ! balsam's 
liquid rill2   ,grav$ on ! b>k ! pass5g]
 %all see   ,adore me1 travell]6 ,i am  
,hel5's ,tree4'  ,ovid likewise1 9 !    
eigh? book ( 8 ,metamorphoses1 speaks ( 
adorn+ !m ) rib&s3    ',an anci5t oak 9 
! d>k c5tre /ood1   ,! cov]t's glory1 & 
itself a wood3   ,rib&s embrac'd its    
trunk1 & f ! b\ghs   ,hung tablets1     
monum5ts ( prosp]\s v[s4'  ,x may "h be 
f>!r obs]v$1 t alt>s 7 (t5 erect$ "u !  
%ade ( trees4 ,?us we f9d ! alt> (      
,jupit] ,h]ceus plac$ )9 ! c\rt (       
,priamus1 k+ ( ,troy3    ',)9 ! c\rts1  
b5ea? ! nak$ sky1   ,an alt> rose2 an   
ag$ laurel by2   ,t o'er ! he>? &       
h\sehold gods display$   ,a solemn      
gloom1 a deep maje/ic %ade4'  ,b :]e    
groves ( trees c\ld be _h1 !y 7 pref]r$ 
be=e any o!r place4 ,x 0 s common to    
erect alt>s & temples 9 groves1 & to    
d$icate !m to religi\s uses1 t all sacr$
 places1 ev5 ^? :]e no trees 7 to be    

se51 7 call$ groves1 z we le>n f        
,/rabo4#aj ,& x seems to h be5 a g5]al  
cu/om :i* prevail$1 n only 9 ,europe1 b 
ov] all ! ea/]n c\ntries1 to attribute a
 sort ( religion to groves4 ,h5ce1 among
 o!r precepts1 :]eby ! ,jews 7 kept f ! 
imitation ( ! ,pagan religion1 ?is 0 "o3
 ',?\ %alt n plant !e a grove ( any     
trees ne> unto ! alt> ( ! ,"l ?y ,god'  
7,deut4 xvi4 #ba74  ,?is practice is    
?\ght to h be5 introduc$ into ,greece f 
,pho5icia by ,cadmus4 ,& "s are ( op9ion
 t h5ce ,ascra1 a village 9 ,boeotia1   
:]e ,hesiod 0 born1 receiv$ its "n4     
,sev]al causes are assign$ :y groves    
came into s g5]al reque/4  ,at fir/1 !  
pleasantness ( su* places 0 apt to      
allure ! p1 & to beget 9 !m a love = !  
religi\s wor%ip :i* 0 paid !re2         
especially 9 hot c\ntries1 :]e no?+ is m
 delightful & refre%+ ?an cool %ades2 = 
:i* cause ! sacr$ groves consi/$ ( tall 
& beautiful trees1 r ?an su* z yield    
fruit4 ,h5ce ,cyril does expressly      
di/+ui% ! tree fit = groves f t :i* be>s

 fruit1 x be+ ! cu/om to plant groves1 n
 ) v9es or fig trees1 or o!rs :i*       
produc$ fruit1 b only ) trees :i* af=d  
no fruit = human use1 m]ely = ! sake (  
pleasure4 ,?us "o ( ! temples ( ,diana  
is describ$ by ,h]odotus z /&+ )9 a     
grove ( ! l>ge/ trees4 ,& ! way to      
,m]cury's temple 0 set up on bo? sides )
 trees rea*+ up to heav51 z we are told 
by ! same hi/orian4 ,! same is f>!r     
confirm$ by ! descriptions ( groves :i* 
rema9 9 ! anci5t poets4  ,secondly1 !   
solitude ( groves 0 ?\ght v fit to      
create a religi\s awe & rev]5ce 9 ! m9ds
 ( ! p4 ,?us we are told by ,pl9y1 t 9  
groves1 ipsa sil5tia adoramus1 ! v      
sil5ce ( ! place becomes ! object ( our 
adoration4 ,s5eca also obs]ves1 t :5 we 
come into su* places1 illa proc]itas    
sylv1 et secretum loci1 et admiratio    
umbr1 fidem num9is facit1 ! height ( !  
trees1 ! solitude & secrecy ( ! place1 &
 ! horror :i* ! %ade /rikes into u1 does
 possess u ) an op9ion t "s deity       
inhabits !re4  ,x may n be imp]t95t to  

add "o te/imony m f ,ovid1 :o speaks    
?us3    ',a d>ksome grove ( oak 0 spread
 out ne>1   ,^: gloom impressive told1  
,a ,god dwells "h4'  ,?irdly1 "s are (  
op9ion t groves d]iv$ _! religion f !   
primitive ages ( m51 :o liv$ 9 su*      
places be=e ! build+ ( h\ses4 ,?us      
,tacitus reports ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 t  
!y _h no o!r def5ce = _! infants aga9/  
wild bea/s or ! wea!r ?an :at 0 af=d$   
ramorum nexu1 by b\ghs ( trees compact$ 
toge!r4 ,all o!r nations liv$ at fir/ 9 
! same mann]2 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ,p>adise1 ! 
seat ( ! fir/ p>5ts ( mank9d4 ,& x is n 
unwor?y ( obs]vation1 t mo/ ( !         
c]emonies us$ 9 religion 7 fir/ tak5 f !
 cu/oms ( human life4444  ,9 latt] ages1
 :5 cities began to be fill$ ) p1 & m5  
to delight 9 magnific5t edifices & co/ly
 ornam5ts1 m ?an ! c\ntry & primitive   
way ( liv+1 groves by degrees came into 
disuse4 ,yet su* ( ! groves z rema9$ f  
=m] times 7 /ill held 9 great v5]ation1 
& rev]5c$ ! m = ! sake ( _! antiquity4  
,z 9 ! e>li] times x 0 acc\nt$ an act ( 

sacrilege to cut d[n any ( ! consecrat$ 
trees1 :i* appe>s f ! puni%m5t inflict$ 
by ,c]es ^u ,eri*?onius = ?is crime1    
:]e( !re is a prolix relation 9         
,callima*us2 s 9 latt] ages1 ! same 0   
?\ght a mo/ griev\s wick$ness2 :]e( x w 
be suffici5t to m5tion ?is "o example1  
:]e ,lucan speaks ( ,cs>'s s]vants1 9   
allusion to ! fable ( ,lycurgus1 :o     
endeav\r+ to de/roy ! v9es ( ,bac*us1   
cut (f 8 own legs3                      
',b valiant h&s   ,!n falt]'d4 ,su* !   
rev]5d maje/y   ,t wrapt ! gloomy spot1 
!y fe>$ ! axe   ,t /ruck ^? hall['d     
trees w\ld f ! /roke   ,recoil ^u       
!mselves4'--,,elton4  ,ouseley          
proce$s--,! trunk or /ump ( a s+le tree 
af=d$ mo/ obvi\s mat]ials = a bu/ or    
/atue2 & ev5 unfa%ion$ by human art1    
became on "s occasions an object (      
idolatr\s wor%ip1 :il/ any rude flat    
/one1 or heap ( e>? at its base1 s]v$ z 
an alt>1 & ! surr\nd+ grove z a temple4 
,t groves 9 anci5t times 7 consid]$ z   
temples we le>n f ,pl9y4 ,treat+ ( !    

respect paid to trees1 he says t !y 7   
=m]ly ,temples ( ! ,gods1 & t ev5 9 8 "t
 ! ru/ics1 obs]v+ anci5t usage1 d$icat$ 
to ! ,deity any tree ( pre-em95t beauty 
or excell5ce4 ,!re is au?ority = believ+
 t images 7 plac$ 9 groves soon] ?an )9 
! walls ( religi\s edifices2 also t 9 ! 
=mation ( /atues1 wood 0 employ$ be=e   
/one or m>ble1 z appe>s f ,pausanias1 & 
is decl>$ by _m antiqu>ies1 z = in/ance 
,caylus1 ,w9kelmann1 & ,erne/i4  ,t     
v>i\s trees 7 consecrat$1 ea* to a      
p>ticul> div9ity1 we "k f num]\s        
passages s famili> to e classical read]1
 t ,i ne$ sc>cely quote on ?is subject  
,virgil & ,pl9y4 ,! /atue ( ea* god 0   
(t5 7p]haps g5]ally ?\gh n necess>ily71 
made f ! tree e/eem$ sacr$ to him4 ,b ,i
 %all n "h trace ! idol wor%ipp$ :ile   
yet m]ely a rude trunk or /ock1 & 9 t   
/ate call$ ,sanis1 ?r\gh ! ,xoanon1 :5 !
 wood 0 p>$ or %av5 until x became a    
,deikelon or ,bretas1 hav+ assum$ a     
lik5ess1 h[ev] fa9t1 ( ! human =m4 ,?is 
progress has be5 describ$ by sev]al     

writ]s on ! ,religion & ,arts ( ,greece1
 su* z ,vossius1 ,gronovius1 ,grnius &  
,sp5ce1 z well z ^? already m5tion$4  ,b
 x mu/ n be "h =gotton t z votive (f]+s1
 or z tok5s ( v5]ation1 wrea?s &        
fillets1 & *aplets or g>l&s 7 (t5       
susp5d$ f ! sacr$ bran*es2 a m elegant &
 f> m innoc5t =m ( homage to a ,div9ity 
?an 7z among "s nations7 ! /a9+ ( trees 
) blood :i* _h j fl[$ f ! expir+ victim1
 n unfrequ5tly human4  ,conc]n+ ^? (f]+s
 & wrea?s & *aplets1 a multiplicity (   
,greek & ,lat9 extracts might "h be     
adduc$1 & illu/rat$ by means ( ! devices
 on m$als1 & sculptur$ m>bles1 ! pa9t+s 
on vases1 & o!r preci\s monum5ts (      
antiquity4 ,b ! limits usually assign$  
to an app5dix admit few quotations4     
,sir ,william proce$s to notice ^? l9es 
:]e91 m5tion+ ! int5d$ consecration ( a 
%ady plane-tree to ,hel5 7:o 0 daught] (
 ,jupit]1 & wor%ipp$ z a goddess 9 !    
,troad1 9 ,rhodes & ,lac$emon71         
,!ocritus#aa describes ! ,sp>tan virg9s 
decl>+ t !y w\ld beg9 ! c]emony by plac+

 on x a twi/$ or wov5 wrea? ( ! humble  
gr[+ lotus4  ,& ,ovid's#ab m5tion ( !   
wrea?s hang+ f a sacr$ tree1 & !        
addition ( rec5t (f]+s2 & 8 /ory (      
,eresic?on1#ac :o impi\sly violat$ !    
anci5t woods ( ,c]es1 cutt+ d[n ! sacr$ 
oak1 :i* 0 9 itself equal to a grove1 & 
hung r\nd ) g>l&s1 fillets & o!r votive 
(f]+s4  ,& ^? l9es 9 :i* ,/atius#ad     
records a v[1 promis+ t an hundr$ virg9s
 ( ,calydon1 :o m9i/]$ at ! alt>s1 %\ld 
fa/5 to ! consecrat$ tree *aplets &     
fillets1 :ite & purple int]wov54  ,& !  
same poet's acc\nt ( ! celebrat$        
,arcadian oak1 sacr$ to ,diana1 b itself
 adorn$ z a div9ity1 & s load$ ) ru/ic  
(f]+s t !re 0 sc>cely room = ! bran*es4 
,! palm 0 deem$ sacr$ 9 ,egypt accord+  
to ,porphyry2 & ,h]odotus m5tions ^?    
palms t surr\nd$ ! temple ( ,p]seus     
7,lib4 ,,ii41 cap4 #ia72 ! grove (      
imm5se trees1 & ! trees rea*+ to heav51 
ab\t ! temple ( ,buba/is or ,diana      
7,lib4 ,,ii41 c4 #ach72 & ^? at ! great 
temple ( ,apollo 7,lib4 ,,ii41 c4 #aef74

  ,sir ,william ,ousley says--,we may   
believe1 also1 t a sacr$ mulb]ry tree   
gave its "n1 ,hi]a ,sycam9os1 to a t[n  
or /ation ne> ! riv] ,nile4  ,hi]a      
,sycam9os1 fifty-f\r miles above ,sy5e1 
accord+ to ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,lib4    
,,vi4 c4 #bi2 also 9 ,ptolemy's         
,georgr41 ,lib4 ,,iv41 c4 #e2 & 9 !     
,peut+]ian or ,!odosian tables4         
,,*apt] ,,iii4      ,arab ,tree         
,wor%ip--,/ory ( ,kaimun1 ! ,captive    
,slave--,miracle ( !     ,date          
,tree--,p]sian ,bu%es--,plane ,tree--,! 
,great ,cypress--,! ,old ,man     (     
,di>bekir--,! ,f]oers--,anecdote (      
,x]xes--,anecdote ( a ,m]*ant     & 8   
,wife--,! ,bu% ( ! ,excell5t ,tree--,!  
,cypresses (                            
,zoroa/]--,motawakel--,! ,triple ,tree (
 ,abraham--,tree ( ! ,club (            
,h]cules--,! ,tree ,m5elais--,! ,tree ( 
,passi5us ,crispus--,! ,virg9     ,m>y's
 ,fig ,tree--,tree ( ,mohamm$'s         
,/aff--,! ,neema ,tree ( !              
,gallas--,iri% ,sup]/itions--,sa9t      

,val]i--,p (     ,livonia--,de/ruction (
 a ,sacr$ ,tree4   ,among ! ,pagan      
,arabs ( a v e>ly date accord+ to       
,ousley1 0 a tree wor%ipp$ by c]ta9     
tribes z an idol1 "u ! "n ( ,aluzza or  
,alozza1 accord+ to orig9al au?ority1   
cit$ by ! le>n$ ,pococke4 ,?is is said  
to h be5 ! ,egyptian ,?orn or ,acacia1 a
 ref]5ce to :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,prelim9>y  
,disc\rse to ,sale's translation ( !    
,koran4 ,al ,uzza1 z "s affirm1 0 ! idol
 ( ! tribes ( ,korei% & ,k5anah1 & "p ( 
! tribe ( ,salim2 o!rs tell u x 0 a tree
 call$ ! ,egyptian ,?orn or ,acacia1    
wor%ipp$ by ! tribe ( ,ghatsan1 fir/    
consecrat$ by "o ,dhalem1 :o built a    
*apel ov] x call$ ,boss1 s contriv$ z to
 give a s\nd :5 any p]son ent]$4  ,!    
manuscript *ronicle ( ,tabri1 writt5 9 !
 n9? c5tury1 says t ! p ( ,najrn 79     
,yem5 or ,arabia ,felix7 _h be5         
idolat]s1 l all ! neighb\r+ tribes1     
until a rem>kable ev5t induc$ !m to     
embrace ,*ri/ianity4 ,& !y _h1 says he1 
outside ! city1 a date tree (           

consid]able base2 & e ye> on a c]ta9    
day1 !y held a solemn fe/ival2 & on t   
day all ! p assembl$ r\nd ! tree1 & !y  
cov]$ x ) g>m5ts ( ri* embroid]y1 &     
br\ght all _! idols "u x2 & !y w5t 9    
c]emoni\s procession ab\t t tree1 & (f]$
 up pray]s1 & an evil _s or devil spoke 
to !m f ! mid/ ( x1 & !y hav+ paid      
rev]5ce to t tree1 return$4 ,x aft]w>ds 
happ5$1 cont9ues ! hi/orian1 t a man (  
,syria1 nam$ ,kaimun1 a desc5dant f !   
,apo/les ( ,jesus1 came into ,arabia1   
fell among ?ieves1 0 tak5 & sold z a    
slave 9 ! l& ( ,najrn4 ,"h 8 ma/]       
surpris$ him at midnight1 read+ !       
,gospel by a ray ( cele/ial light1 :i*  
illum9at$ ! :ole h\se1 & ,kaimun soon   
aft]1 ?r\gh div9e assi/ance1 caus$ !    
tree :i* _h be5 wor%ipp$ z a div9ity1 to
 come =?1 root & bran*1 f ! e>?2 su* a  
miracle effect$ an in/antane\s conv]sion
 ( ! p1 :o de/roy$ all _! idols & became
 zeal\s disciples ( ,jesus4  ,:atev]    
circum/ances 9 ?is anecdote may appe>   
m>vell\s1 !re is little reason to d\bt t

 a tree 0 once among ! objects (        
idolatr\s v5]ation at ,najrn2 & z we    
le>n f au!ntic hi/ory1 ! p ( t place 7  
cruelly p]secut$ = _! adh]5ce to        
,*ri/ianity1 by ,dh ,nawa's1 also nam$  
,yusef 7,joseph71 a pr9ce ( ! ,jewi%    
religion1 :o reign$ 9 ! six? c5tury2    
ab\t sev5ty ye>s be=e ,mahomm$4 ,t !    
anci5t ,arabians practis$ pagan rites1  
we le>n f ,zak>ia ,cazv9i1 :o wrote 9 ! 
?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y obs]v$1 says he1 at 
fir/1 ! religion ( ,abraham1 b aft]w>ds 
sunk into gross idolatry2 "s wor%ipp+ a 
/one1 & "s a tree4 ,he !n relates ! /ory
 ( t tree-idol1 ,aluzza1 above m5tion$1 
) a slight v>iation ( circum/ances1 n   
claim+ p>ticul> notice4  ,! trees &     
bu%es :i* ! mod]n ,p]sians reg>d )      
p>ticul> respect1 h be5 notic$ by mo/   
travell]s 9 t c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,mori]1 9 8  
j\rney ?r\gh ,p]sia 9 ! ye>s #ahjh-i    
7vol4 ,i41 p4 #bcj71 says t accord+ to  
sup]/iti\s belief1 ! rags deposit$ on   
c]ta9 bu%es by p]sons suff]+ f diseases1
 & tak5 !nce by o!r pati5ts1 :o 9 turn  

sub/itute _! own1 prove an infallible   
rem$y4 ,9 8 second volume also 7p4      
#bci71 he m5tions ! tomb ( "s ,p]sian   
sa9t1 & gr[+ close to x1 a small bu% on 
:i* 7 fa/5$ v>i\s rags & %r$s ( g>m5ts2 
^!1 z 0 g5]ally fanci$1 _h acquir$ f _! 
vic9ity to ! sa9t1 virtues peculi>ly    
efficaci\s aga9/ sickness4  ,9 !        
eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 rem>k$ by ,*>d9 at 
,ispahan1 t ! religi\s ,mahomm$ans *ose 
r to pray "u a v old tree ?an 9 !       
neighb\r+ mosque4 ,!y dev\tly rev]5ce1  
says he1 ^? trees :i* seem to h exi/$   
dur+ _m ages1 pi\sly believ+ t ! holy m5
 ( =m] times _h pray$ & m$itat$ "u _!   
%ade4  ,he notic$ also at ,ispahan a    
l>ge & anci5t plane1 all bri/l+ ) nails 
& po9ts1 & hung ) rags z votive (f]+s f 
d]vi%es1 :o1 l monks ( ! ,lat9 *ur*1 7  
pr(ess$ m5dicants1 & came "u ! tree to  
p]=m _! devotions4 ,he next describes   
ano!r plane1 said to be 9 8 "t above "o 
?\s& ye>s old2 x 0 black ) age1 &       
pres]v$ ) extreme c>e4 ,?is att5tion1   
adds he1 arises f a sup]/iti\s respect  

ent]ta9$ by ! ,p]sians = ^? anci5t trees
 already m5tion$4 ,!y call !m ,dracte   
fasel1 or ! excell5t trees1 v5]at+ !m z 
hav+ be5 miracul\sly pres]v$ by ,god s  
_m ye>s1 because !y _h af=d$ %ade &     
%elt] to 8 fai?ful s]vants1 ! ,d]vi%es &
 o!rs pr(ess+ a religi\s life4 ,ano!r   
plane1 "o ( ^! excell5t trees1 held 9   
v5]ation1 to :i* ! dev\t resort$1 is !n 
describ$ by ?is celebrat$ travell] 7tome
 ,,viii41 p4 #ahg74 ,"o1 also1 at ,%irz1
 to :i* !y ti$ *aplets1 amulets1 &      
pieces ( _! g>m5ts2 :ile ! sick 7or "s  
fri5ds = !m7 burn$ inc5se1 fa/5$ small  
light$ tap]s to ! tree1 & practis$ o!r  
sup]/itions 9 hopes ( !reby re/or+      
heal?4 ,?r\gh\t all ,p]sia1 adds ,*>d91 
^! ,dracte fasels are v5]at$ by !       
multitude1 & !y appe> all /uck ov] )    
nails us$ 9 fix+ 9 !m %r$s ( clo!s & o!r
 votive (f]+s4 ,"u _! %ade ! pi\s love  
to repose :ole nights1 fancy+ !y behold 
respl5d5t lights1 ! s\ls ( ,a\lia or    
bless$ sa9ts1 :o _h "u ! same trees     
p]=m$ _! devotions4 ,to ^? spirits1     

p]sons afflict$ ) t$i\s maladies devote 
!mselves2 & if !y recov]1 ! cure is     
attribut$ to _! influ5ce & proclaim$ a  
miracle4  ,! plane trees ( ,p]sia1 !    
rev]5ce paid to !m z div9ities1 & !     
wor%ip accord$ !m on acc\nt ( _! great  
age1 are m5tion$ also by o!rs1 notably  
by ,fa!r ,angelo1 :o resid$ 9 ! c\ntry =
 a consid]able p]iod4  ,ousley          
says--,pietro della ,valle1 9 #afbb1    
celebrat$ ! great ,cypress ( ,passa1    
anci5tly ,pasag>da accord+ to ! g5]al   
op9ion2 &1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft]1  
,i beheld ?is beautiful tree )          
admiration equal to t express$ by !     
,italian travell]4 ,he m5tions t x 0    
reg>d$ ) devotion by ! ,mahom$ans2 t    
tap]s 7 (t5 light$ 9 ! capaci\s holl[ ( 
its trunk1 z 9 a place wor?y ( v5]ation2
 ! p respect+ l>ge & anci5t trees1      
suppos+ !m to be frequ5tly ! receptacles
 ( bless$ s\ls1 & call+ !m on t acc\nt1 
,pir or 'ag$1' a "n equival5t to !      
,arabic ,%eikh2 also ,imm1 signify+ a   
prie/ or pontiff2 s !y entitle ^? ( _!  

sect :om !y imag9e to h di$ 9 ! od\r (  
sanctity4 ,!re=e :5 !y say t su* a tree 
or su* a place is a ,pir1 !y mean t !   
s\l ( "s holy eld]1 a v5]able p]sonage  
:om !y believe bless$1 delights to      
reside 9 t tree or to frequ5t t spot4   
,?is mo/ excell5t travell] !n obs]ves t 
! v5]ation paid to trees may be consid]$
 z a remnant ( anci5t paganism1 & aptly 
quotes v>i\s l9es f ,virgil 9           
confirmation !re(4  ,simil> te/imony to 
! above is suppli$ by ,b>b>o1 :o1 two   
c5turies be=e ,*>d9 & ,angelo1 :5       
travell+ ?r\gh ,p]sia obs]v$ ?ornbu%es  
to :i* 7 atta*$ great numb]s ( old rags 
& scraps ( g>m5ts1 suppos$ to be        
efficaci\s 9 bani%+ fev]s & o!r         
disord]s4  ,:atev] suspicion1 says      
,ousley1 may be excit$ by ?is practice  
we are discuss+1 x is c]ta9 t !         
,mahomm$ans %udd] at any imputation (   
idolatry1 & fancy t 9 _! addresses or   
(f]+s to ^? trees1 !y only invoke ! true
 ,god1 ! great ,creator4 ,?is w appe> f 
an anecdote relat$ by ,saadi1 :o 0 born 

9 ! twelf? & liv$ dur+ mo/ "p ( !       
?irte5? c5tury1 em95t among ,p]sian     
poets & philosoph]s4 ,x occurs 9 ! six? 
*apt] ( 8 ,guli/an1 or ,rose ,g>d51 a "w
 :i* has be5 publi%$ 9 v>i\s ,european  
languages1 & s well translat$ into      
,engli% by ,mr4 ,gladw91 t ,i %all borr[
 8 words ^u ?is occasion1 z x w\ld be   
unnecess>y & presumptu\s to sub/itute my
 own4 ',9 ! t]ritory ( ,di>bek] ,i 0 !  
gue/ ( a v ri* old man1 :o _h a h&some  
son4 ,"o night he said1 'dur+ my :ole   
life ,i nev] _h b ?is son4 ,ne> ?is     
place is a sacr$ tree1 to :i* m5 resort 
to (f] up _! petitions4 ,_m nights ,i   
bes\ght ,god until he be/[$ on me ?is   
son4' ,i he>d t ! son 0 say+ to 8 fri5ds
 9 a l[ tone ( voice1 h[ happy %\ld ,i  
be to "k :]e t tree gr[s1 9 ord] t ,i   
might implore ,god = ! dea? ( my fa!r4' 
,x seems probable t ! e>ly ,muselmans :o
 invad$ ,iran or ,p]sia 9 ! sev5?       
c5tury1 f\nd ?is invocation ( trees     
e/abli%$ !re f ages long elaps$1 & t !y 
soon adopt$ ! popul> sup]/ition 7if1    

inde$1 "s practices ( ! same or ( a     
simil> nature 7 n already frequ5t among 
!mselves71 reconcil+ x to _! own fai?1  
by address+ ! ,almighty1 or1 z we h se51
 ! int]m$iatory spirits ( ! sa9ts4 ,by !
 anci5t ,p]sians1 especially ^? :o      
pr(ess$ ,magism z re=m$ accord+ to      
,z]atu%t or ,zoroa/]1 image-wor%ip & o!r
 =ms ( gross idolatry1 7 held 9 z mu*   
abhorr5ce z aft]w>ds by ! ,muselmans    
!mselves2 & !y contemplat$ ! ,sun & its 
repres5tative1 mat]ial ,fire1 )         
v5]ation1 m]ely z bright symbols ( !    
sole invisible ,god4 ,yet 9 "s ( ^?     
sacr$ books :i* _! desc5dants ! ,gabrs &
 ,p>sis attribute to ,z]atu%t himself 7b
 :i* we may reasonably suppose 7 compil$
 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 f fragm5ts ( anci5t   
manuscripts & f tradition72 x seems t   
trees 7 invok$ z pure & holy1 & t a =m (
 pray] 7ize%ne7 0 p>ticul>ly address$ to
 ,f]oers1 or spirits ( sa9ts ?r\gh ^:   
influ5ce ! trees grew up 9 purity1 &    
:i*1 plac$ above ^? trees z on a ?rone1 
7 occupi$ 9 bless+ !m4  ,f want ( a m   

expressive t]m1 ,i h call$ ! ,f]oers1   
'spirits1' b x is n easy to describe by 
"o ^w ^? imag9>y creatures2 =1 at fir/1 
!y exi/$ s+ly2 7 !n unit$ to ! be+s :i* 
!y repres5t1 =m+1 z x w\ld seem1 "p ( _!
 v s\ls2 !re are ,f]oers ( p]sons n yet 
born1 al?\gh prop]ly unit$ only )       
rational be+s1 yet !y are assign$ to    
wat] & to trees 7',les sa9ts ,f]oers de 
l'eau et des arbres4'--,z5dav4 ,,ii41 p4
 #bhd74 ,"s are describ$ z females2 all 
are immortal & p[]ful1 b b5efic5t2      
pleas$ ) (f]+s1 !y protect _! vot>ies1 &
 are prompt 9 c>ry+ (f ! petitions ( ^? 
:o invoke !m to ! mighty ,ormuzd4  ,"h  
we f9d ! suppos$ ag5cy ( pret]natural   
be+s1 int]m$iate betwe5 man & 8         
,creator2 & to ?is ,i w\ld ascribe an   
act ( ! great ,x]xes :i* is repres5t$ z 
extraord9>y & ev5 ridicul\s2 b ( :i*1 9 
my op9ion1 ! motive has n be5 rightly   
und]/ood4  ,to ,x]xes ,i h already      
allud$ z ! ,p]sian k+1 :o1 almo/ five   
c5turies be=e our era1 al?\gh he may h  
wor%ipp$ ,god "u ! symbol ( ,fire or ( !

 ,sun1 appe>s z if will+ to propitiate  
"s invisible sup]human p[]1 by (f]+s    
susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( a tree1 9 :i* he  
believ$ x resid5t4  ,! anecdote is fir/ 
relat$ by ,h]odotus1 & 9 su* a mann] z  
leaves b little d\bt ( its au!nticity4  
,! fact :i* x records ,i hope to prove  
con=mable ) ,p]sian usage & op9ion4 ,b  
_m circum/ances are relat$ ( ,x]xes by !
 ,greek writ]s1 :i* c sc>cely be        
reconcil$ to probability4 ,x]xes1       
accord+ to t v5]able hi/orian           
above-nam$1 hav+ come f ,phrygia into   
,lydia1 arriv$ at a place :]e ! road    
bran*$ (f1 lead+ on ! left t[>ds ,c>ia1 
on ! "r to ,s>dis4 ,^? :o travel by ?is 
road1 says he1 mu/ necess>ily cross !   
riv] ,mnd]1 & pass ! city ( ,callatebos1
 :]e9 dwell confection]s1 :o compose    
sweetmeats ( tam>i%-honey & :eat4       
,x]xes1 proce$+ on ?is road f\nd a plane
 tree1 :i* on acc\nt ( its beauty he    
decorat$ ) gold5 ornam5ts2 & leav+ to   
gu>d x "o ( 8 troops1 call$ !           
,immortals1 advanc$ on ! next day to    

,s>dis1 ! *ief city ( ! ,lydians4  ,?is 
anecdote is relat$ ) an amplification ( 
circum/ances1 & 8 own comm5ts1 by lian1 
:o ridicules ! ,p]sian mon>* because1   
hav+ und]tak5 a v important exp$ition1  
he pit*$ 8 camp & delay$ a :ole day 9 a 
des]t ( ,lydia1 t he might pay homage to
 a great plane tree1 on ! bran*es ( :i* 
he hung ri* g>m5ts1 bracelets1 & o!r    
preci\s ornam5ts2 & left a p]son to gu>d
 x1 z if ! tree _h be5 a belov$ mi/ress2
 su* is ! sum ( lian's words4 ,he does n
 impute ?is act ( ,x]xes 7al?\gh x wore 
a semblance ( wor%ip7 to any religi\s or
 sup]/iti\s motive1 b to an absurd      
admiration ( ! tree1 an inanimate       
object1 on :i* f its v nature1 says he1 
nei!r ! gold nor spl5did g>m5ts1 nor !  
o!r gifts ( t b>b>ian1 c\ld conf] any   
b5efit or additional beauty4  ,to ! same
 /ory lian alludes aga91 9 a *apt]      
record+ in/ances ( /range & ridicul\s   
love2 & x is notic$ by ,eu/a?ius 9 8    
comm5t>y on ,hom]4  ,b ^! ,greek writ]s 
c\ld sc>cely h suspect$ ! true motive ( 

,x]xes 9 ?is act1 s9ce ,h]odotus1 ! v   
hi/orian by :om x 0 fir/ relat$1 _h     
describ$ ! ,p]sian religion z           
incompatible ) :at w\ld appe> a k9d (   
idolatry4 ,yet ! read] has1 p]haps1     
already se5 en\gh to conv9ce him t      
,x]xes1 :ile he affix$ 8 jewels & g>m5ts
 on ! plane tree1 0 engag$ 9 solemn     
invocation2 solicit+1 on ! eve ( an     
important milit>y ent]prise1 !          
,almighty's fav\r ?r\gh ! int]cession ( 
"s imag9>y p[]4  ,t su* is a j          
int]pretation ( ! circum/ance w fur!r   
appe> :5 we consid] t x is n m]ely 9    
case ( sickness 7?\gh a v frequ5t       
occasion71 t ! pres5t ,muselman ,p]sians
 7no less av]se f gross idolatry ?an _! 
e>ly pr$ecessors7 invoke ! spirits      
suppos$ to dwell 9 c]ta9 trees1 by hang+
 on ! bran*es pieces torn f _! g>m5ts2 b
 z ,i h le>n$ f sev]al among !m1 on e   
und]tak+ :i* !y deem ( magnitude1 su* z 
a comm]cial or matrimonial speculation1 
! build+ ( a new h\se1 or a long j\rney2
 & z almo/ six hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5      

,saadi wrote 8 "w above quot$1 (f]+s are
 daily made by vot>ies desir\s ( hav+   
*ildr54  ,on ?is subject an anecdote 0  
told by a p]son at ,%iraz1 f :om ,i     
s\ght in=mation respect+ "s trees &     
bu%es cov]$ ) old rags1 9 ! vale (      
,abdui & o!r places4 ,he assur$ me t    
be=e ! arrival ( our ,embassy at        
,bu%ehr1 a m]*ant1 lately m>ri$ to a    
beautiful girl1 b :o _h n yet giv5 him  
reason to expect ! bless+ ( an heir1 0  
travell+ ) h]1 & f9d+ a pleasant spot1  
halt$ !re a:ile1 ! sun's excessive heat 
induc+ him to seek %elt]4 ,he p]ceiv$ at
 a little di/ance f ! road "s anci5t    
walls1 among :i* grew a %ady & h&some   
tree1 to ?is he retir$ ) 8 "y wife1     
leav+ ! mules or horses 9 a s]vant's    
c>e4 ,! tree1 f its situation1 _h until 
t "t1 escap$ ! notice ( mo/ pass5g]s1 & 
did n exhibit on its bran*es ev5 "o     
votive (f]+1 b ! m]*ant1 ^: fonde/ wi% 0
 to obta9 a son1 fa/5$ on x a %r$ torn f
 8 clo!s1 & ! unit$ v[s ( himself & 8   
fair companion 7 cr[n$ ) success be=e ! 

expiration ( a ye>4 ,! circum/ance be+  
kn[n 7al?\gh "s w\ld1 p]haps1 ?9k ! ev5t
 possible )\t any pret]natural ag5cy71 0
 ascrib$ to ! tree's efficaci\s         
influ5ce1 & )9 ano!r ye> ! bran*es 7    
cov]$ ) sev]al hundr$ rags1 by z _m     
vot>ies2 n all1 h[ev]1 act+ f ! same    
motive4#ae  ,z might reasonably be      
anticipat$1 ! imag9ation has readily l5t
 itself to ! developm5t & propagation ( 
! sup]/iti\s idea n[ "u consid]ation1 & 
we f9d _m an anci5t bu% exalt$ into a   
,dirakht-i-fazel f ! fanci$ appe>ance ( 
fire gl[+ 9 ! mid/ ( x1 & !n sudd5ly    
vani%+2 ?is "n1 z we h already se51     
imply+ accord+ to ,*>d91 ! excell5t     
tree1 & be/[$1 z sev]al travell]s h     
obs]v$1 on e b\gh or tree t exhibits    
votive (f]+s1 )\t reg>d to size or      
species1 age1 beauty or situation4  ,:]e
 trees are g5]ally sc>ce1 ! vot>y1 says 
,ousley1 mu/ n be fa/idi\s 9 selection2 
,dirakht-i-fazels are f\nd ne> tombs    
conta9+ ! bodies ( suppos$ sa9ts1 or    
,immzdehs1 b ,i h z frequ5tly obs]v$ !m 

9 des]t places :]e x c\ld n be imag9$ t 
!y d]iv$ any virtue f su* sacr$ relics4 
,z ! ,p]sian villag]s 9 _! ru/ic dialect
 give ! "n ( fzel 7/ill p]haps reta9+   
its s5se z ! epi!t excell5t7 to c]ta9   
pret]natural be+s1 s ,dirakht-i-fazel   
w\ld express '! tree ( ! g5ii4' ,?is    
circum/ance ,i le>n f a note writt5 at  
my reque/1 aft] "s conv]sation on !     
subject1 by ,mirza ,mohamm$ ,saleh1 (   
,%iraz1 a v +5i\s & well-in=m$ "y man ( 
lett]s4 ,& t pret]natural be+s 7 suppos$
 to frequ5t a c]ta9 tree1 ,i le>n f an  
au?or ( ! twelf? c5tury1 quot$ by       
,hamdallah ,cozv9i4 ,he relates t among 
! wond]s ( ,az]baijan 7or ,m$ia7 !re is 
at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,sabalan1 a tree1 ab\t
 :i* gr[s mu* h]bage2 b nei!r is ?is nor
 ! fruit ( t tree ev] eat5 by bea/s or  
birds1 z !y dislike x1 & to eat ( x is  
to die4 ,?is1 z tradition reports1 is ! 
resid5ce ( j9n or g5ii4#af  ,! ,,ms4    
,diet ( ,b]han ,kattea1 conta9s a long  
passage conc]n+ two cypress trees ( high
 celebrity among ! ,magians1 ! "y plants

 ( :i* _h be5 br\ght1 x is said1 f      
,p>adise1 by ,z]atu%t or ,zoroa/]       
himself1 :o 9 an auspici\s h\r plant$ "o
 at ,ka%mr & ! o!r at ,frmad4 ,aft] !y  
_h fl\ri%$ "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & fifty   
ye>s1 ! ,arabian ,khalifah1 ,motawakel  
7:o reign$ 9 ! n9? c5tury71 comm&$ ,tah]
 ,b5 ,abdallah1 ! gov]nor ( ,khorsn1 to 
cut !m d[n & s5d bo? _! trunks & bran*es
 to ,baghdd1 ne> :i* city he 0 con/ruct+
 a palace4 ,) su* v5]ation 7 ^! anci5t  
cypresses reg>d$ by ! ,magians1 t !y    
(f]$1 b 9 va91 fifty ?\s& d9>s or pieces
 ( gold co91 to save !m f ! fatal axe4  
,at ! mom5t ( _! fall1 an e>?quake      
spread con/]nation ?r\gh ! surr\nd+     
t]ritory4 ,su* 0 _! imm5se size1 t !y   
af=d$ %ade at once to above two ?\s& c[s
 or ox5 & %eep2 ) ! bran*es alone1      
?irte5 hundr$ camels 7 load$1 & 9       
transport+ ! huge trunks on roll]s to   
,baghdad1 five hundr$ ?\s& direms       
7pieces ( silv] co97 7 exp5d$4 ,on ! v  
night t !y rea*$ ! /age next to         
,motawakel's new edifice1 ?is ,khlifah 0

 assass9at$ by 8 s]vants4  ,ousley      
says--,! assass9ation ( ,motawakel      
happ5$ on ! t5? ( ,decemb]1 9 ! ye> (   
our era #hfa2 & n )\t a /rong suspicion 
t 8 own son concurr$ 9 ! atroci\s de$4  
,anci5t writ+s supply an abundance (    
anecdotes relat+ to wond]ful trees :i* h
 fl\ri%$ at v>i\s p]iods ( ! _w's       
hi/ory1 b _m ( ^! are s ?ickly encumb]$ 
) matt] purely leg5d>y t x is (t5       
difficult to di/+ui% ! g5u9e f !        
apo*ryphal4  ,among o!rs !re is 9 a     
,greek manuscript pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y (  
,augsburgh1 & quot$ by ,jacobus ,grets]1
 9 8 "w ,de ,sancta ,cruce1 an acc\nt ( 
an extraord9>y triple tree1 plant$ by ! 
patri>* ,abraham1 & exi/+ until ! dea? (
 ,*ri/--a p]iod ( ab\t n9ete5 hundr$    
ye>s4  ,greek writ]s tell ( a wild olive
 :i* _h tak5 root & gr[n f ! club (     
,h]cules1 & ,pausanias describes x z    
exi/+ 9 ! second c5tury4  ,! same writ] 
speaks ( a numb] ( o!r celebrat$ trees  
rema9+ 9 8 own "t1 includ+ ! l>ge &     
beautiful plane call$ ,m5elais1 :i* 0   

plant$ at ,caphya by ,m5elaus1 :5 engag$
 9 milit>y prep>ations = ! siege (      
,troy1 or by 8 bro!r ,agamemnon1        
describ$ z ! k+ ( m51 accord+ to ,pl9y4 
,an in/ance ( tree v5]ation some:at     
simil> to t record$ by ,x]xes1 already  
cit$1 may "h be m5tion$4 ,accord+ to !  
hi/orian we are quot+1 ! consul ,p>si5us
 ,crispus s lov$ a c]ta9 tree t he 0    
accu/om$ to kiss & embrace x1 to lay    
himself d[n "u x & to bespr9kle x ) w9e4
 ,! kisses & embraces1 says ,ousley1    
might h au?oriz$ lian to give ! ,roman  
consul a place 9 8 *apt] on /range &    
ridicul\s loves4 ,b to recl9e "u ! %ade 
( a beautiful tree seems p]fectly       
natural2 &1 p]haps1 we may discov] 9 !  
libation or affusion ) w9e1 some?+ ( a  
religi\s c]emony1 = x appe>s t ! tree   
/ood 9 an anci5t grove consecrat$ to    
,diana1 & we "k t w9e 0 spr9kl$ on trees
 9 ! e>ly ages1 z /ill 9 "s p>ts (      
,france4  ,ne> ,cairo1 at a f\nta9 :]e9 
! ,virg9 ,m>y wa%$ h] infant's clo!s1 a 
lamp 01 ?ree c5turies ago1 kept burn+ to

 h] hon\r 9 ! holl[ ( an old fig tree1  
:i* _h s]v$ !m z a place ( %elt]1       
accord+ to ! ,it9]>io de ,antonio       
,t5reio2 & ,maundrell1 :o travell$ 9    
#afig1 saw betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,be?lehem1
 ! fam\s turp5t9e tree1 9 ! %ade ( :i* !
 bless$ ,virg9 is said to h repos$ :5 %e
 0 c>ry+ ,*ri/ 9 h] arms4  ,9 ! "t (    
,hamdallah ,cazv9i 7f\rte5? c5tury71 a  
dry or )]$ tree di/+ui%$ ! grave ( a    
holy man at ,ba/am2 ?is tree _h once be5
 7!y say7 ,mohamm$'s /aff1 & 0          
transmitt$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 until    
f9ally deposit$ 9 ! grave ( ,abu        
,abdallah ,dasitani1 :]e x took root &  
put =? bran*es1 l ! club ( ,h]cules4 ,^?
 :o injur$ ?is sacr$ tree p]i%$ on !    
same day4  ,9 ! "t ( ,plut>*1 an ag$    
tree /ill bore ! title ( ,alex&]'s ,oak1
 & m>k$ a spot r5d]$ memorable by "o ( t
 h]o's exploits4 ,x /ood ne> ! riv]     
,cephisus1 & n f> f ! burial-place ( _m 
valiant ,mac$onians4 ,h[ old ?is tree   
may h be5 dur+ ,alex&]'s y\?1 does n    
appe>2 b x grew ne> ,*]ona :]e he       

signalis$ himself 9 battle #ccg ye>s    
be=e ,*ri/2 & ,plut>* di$ #aai ye>s aft]
 ,*ri/4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 h exi/$ to a mu* 
lat] p]iod4  ,9 ,africa1 ! mod]n        
,muselmans & ,pagans seem equally incl9$
 to di/+ui% p>ticul> trees z sacr$      
objects4 ,e tribe ( ! ,galla nation1 9  
,abys9nia1 wor%ip av[$ly z a god1 !     
,wanzey tree4 ,mr4 ,salt confirms ?is   
/atem5t ( ,bruce1 us+ simil> language4  
,mungo ,p>k m5tions ! ,neema ,tuba1 a   
l>ge tree decorat$ ) innum]able rags or 
scraps ( clo?--a tree :i* nobody presum$
 to pass )\t hang+ up some?+4  ,b>bot   
in=ms u t ! inhabitants ( ,s\!rn ,gu9ea 
make (f]+s & pray to trees1 m especially
 9 "t ( sickness2 f an expectation (    
!reby recov]+ _! heal?4  ,colonel       
,keat+e1 9 8 ,travels 9 ,europe &       
,africa1 speaks ( a resemblance or      
id5tity betwe5 ! ,argali 7wild olive7 & 
! ,arayel or ! sacr$ tree ( ! ,h9dus2 & 
he notic$ ! (f]+s /rung ^u ^? ,argali1  
rags1 pot%]ds1 & ! l tra%4 ,:y su* ?+s 7
 (f]$1 or ! orig9 ( su* a cu/om1 no     

p]son attempts to expla91 b he obs]ves1 
a travell] w see precisely ! l 9 ! we/ (
 ,irel&1 & w receive an equally         
satisfactory acc\nt ^u ! subject4  ,a   
multiplicity ( extracts might be quot$  
to prove h[ long ?is sup]/ition l+]$    
among v>i\s nations ( ,europe1 besides !
 ,iri%4 ,we ne$ sc>cely premise t x 0   
widely diffus$ 9 pagan times ?r\gh\t ^? 
nations4 ,we h already se5 x among !    
,greeks & ,romans4 ,x fl\ri%$ among !   
anci5t ,g]mans1 z ,tacitus & ,aga?ias   
in=m u2 among ! ,sc&9avians also1 &     
diff]5t tribes ( ! nor?1 accord+ to _!  
,edda & o!r works4 ,! ,druids ( !       
,celts1 ,gauls & ,britons ( c\rse af=d  
famili> examples4 ,b aft] ! introduction
 ( ,*ri/ianity we f9d ! wor%ip ( trees  
condemn$1 z a practice /ill exi/+1 by ! 
c\ncils ( ,aux]re1 ( ,nantes1 & ( ,t\rs4
 ,x 0 also /rongly =bidd5 by ! laws (   
,canute1 z may be se5 9 ,wilk9s's ,leg4 
,ang4 ,sax4  ,_m anecdotes are record$1 
says ,ousley1 ( holy m5 :o ex]t$        
!mselves 9 ef=ts to aboli% ! sup]/ition4

 ,?us we read 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sa9t       
,val]i1 t ?is pi\s abbot1 hav+ discov]$ 
! trunk ( a l>ge tree :i* ! ru/ics      
zeal\sly wor%ipp$ ) pagan devotion1     
imm$iately direct$ t x %\ld be de/roy$4 
,not)/&+ su* laudable ex]tions1 we le>n 
f ,ditm>1 an au?or ( ! elev5? c5tury1 t 
9 8 "t ! p ( ,ridega/1 9 ,meckl5b\rgh1  
rev]$ a c]ta9 gloomy =e/ & 7 afraid to  
t\* ! trees ( :i* x 0 compos$4  ,leon>d 
,rub5us1 late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 f\nd  
,livonia /ill infect$ ) ! idolatr\s     
v5]ation ( trees2 = pass+ ?r\gh ! sacr$ 
woods ( ! ,e/honians1 he p]ceiv$ an     
imm5se p9e1 :i* ! neighb\r+ p ador$1    
load+ its bran*es ) pieces ( old clo?1 &
 expect+ t any injury (f]$ to x w\ld be 
att5d$ ) "s miracul\s puni%m5t4 ,rub5us1
 h[ev]1 tells u t he cut on ?is p9e !   
figure ( a cross1 &1 le/ ! sup]/ition   
%\ld be !reby augm5t$1 he aft]w>ds m>k$ 
on x ! =m ( a gibbet1 9 contempt = !    
tree1 reg>d$ by ^? ru/ics z _! god4  ,at
 a mu* lat] p]iod ?is k9d ( idolatry    
exi/$ among ! same p4 ,abel ,burja1 :o  

visit$ !m 9 #aggg1 m5tions _! sacr$     
trees1 & relates an anecdote :i* he he>d
 at ,pet]sburgh f a prie/ ( ,f9l&1 ^:   
fa!r _h likewise ex]cis$ ! sac]dotal    
(fice 9 t c\ntry1 :]e 8 p>i%ion]s _h    
long hon\r$ a c]ta9 tree ) religi\s     
homage4 ,?is wor?y pa/or1 hav+ excit$ ! 
good hum\r ( ^? peasants1 :om he treat$ 
) br&y1 exhort$ !m to cut d[n ! object (
 _! sup]/iti\s wor%ip1 b !y refus$ to   
t\* x1 fe>+ t on ! fir/ application ( an
 axe !y %\ld be de/roy$ by ?und]bolt4   
,_! pa/or1 h[ev]1 /ruck x ) impunity2   
enc\rag$ by ! br&y1 !y foll[$ 8 example1
 & soon pro/rat$ ! anci5t tree4#ag      
,,*apt] ,,iv4      ,! ,bogaha ( ,ceylon1
 or ,god ,trees--,! ,maha ,wanse & !    
,bo-,tree--,c]emonies connect$ ) !      
,transplantation ( !                    
,bo-,tree--,plant+ ! ,great             
,bo-,bran*--,miracles ( ! ,bo-,tree--,! 
,/ate ,elephant--,! ,pipal ,tree4       
,ceylon _h its ,bogaha1 or ,god ,tree1 &
 :5 ,sir ,william ,ousley 0 9 t c\ntry 9
 #ahaj1 he 0 pres5t$ ) a numb] ( pieces 

( ! wood f\nd 9 its =e/s1 among !       
collection 7 samples ( ! ,bogaha tree1  
v5]at$1 he says1 by ! natives z sacr$4  
,a note f ,knox's ,hi/orical ,relation (
 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 says--,i %all m5tion
 b "o tree m1 z fam\s & highly set by z 
any ( ! re/1 if n m1 ?\gh x be>s no     
fruit1 ! b5efit consi/+ *iefly 9 !      
hol9ess ( x4 ,?is tree !y call          
,bogauhah2 we1 ! ,god ,tree4 ,x is v    
great & spread+2 ! leaves always %ake l 
an asp4 ,!y h a great v5]ation = ^!     
trees1 wor%ipp+ !m ^u a tradition t     
,budd\1 a great god among !m1 :5 he 0 ^u
 ! e>?1 did use to sit "u ?is k9d (     
trees4 ,!re are _m ( ^! trees1 :i* !y   
plant all ! l& ov]1 & h m c>e ( ?an (   
any o!r4 ,!y pave r\nd ab\t !m l a key1 
sweep (t5 "u !m to keep !m clean2 !y    
light lamps & set up _! images "u !m1 & 
a /one table is laid "u "s ( !m to lay  
_! sacrifices on2 !y set !m ev]y:]e 9   
t[ns & highways1 :]e any conv5i5t places
 are2 !y s]ve also = %ade to travell]s2 
!y w also set !m 9 memorial ( p]sons    

deceas$1 to wit1 !re :]e _! bodies 7    
burnt4 ,x is religion also to sweep "u !
 ,bogauhah1 or ,god ,tree1 & keep x     
clean4 ,x is held m]itori\s to plant !m1
 :i*1 !y say1 he t does %all die )9 a   
%ort "t aft] & g to heav54 ,b ! olde/ m5
 only t are ne>e/ dea? 9 ! c\rse (      
nature d plant !m1 & none else1 ! y\ng] 
sort desir+ to live a little long] 9 ?is
 _w be=e !y g to ! o!r4  ,! ,maha       
,wanse1 ! pr9cipal native hi/orical     
record 9 ,ceylon1 supplies a great deal 
( int]e/+ in=mation respect+ ! sacr$    
trees ( t c\ntry1 notably ( ! ,bo-,tree4
 ,*apt] #ah1 z translat$ f ! ,pali by ! 
,hon4 ,george ,turn\r1 is p>ticul>ly    
important4 ,! rul] ( ! l&1 m$itat+ 9 8  
own palace on ! proposition ( ! !ro1 (  
br++ ov] ! great ,bo-,tree z well z !   
!ri ,sanghamitta2 on a c]ta9 day1 )9 !  
t]m ( t 'wasso1' seat$ by ! !ro1 & hav+ 
consult$ 8 m9i/]s1 he himself s5t = &   
advis$ ) 8 mat]nal nephew1 ! m9i/]      
,ari?o4 ,hav+ select$ him = t mission1 !
 k+ address$ ?is "q to him3 ',my *ild1  

art ?\ will+1 repair+ to ! c\rt (       
,dhammasoko1 to escort hi!r ! great     
,bo-,tree & ! !ri ,sanghamitta8'        
',graci\s "l1 ,i am will+ to br+ ^! f   
!nce hi!r1 provid$ on my return to ?is  
l&1 ,i am p]mitt$ to ent] into !        
prie/hood4' ,! mon>* reply+1 ',be x s1' 
deput$ him ?i!r4 ,he1 con=m+ to !       
injunction bo? ( ! !ro & ( ! sov]eign1  
respectfully took 8 leave4 ,! individual
 s delegat$1 dep>t+ on ! second day ( ! 
increas+ moon ( ! mon? 'assayujo1'      
emb>k$ at ,jambokolapattana4  ,hav+     
dep>t$1 "u ! 7div9e7 injunction ( ! !ro1
 trav]s+ ! ocean1 he rea*$ ! delightful 
city ( ,puppa on ! v day ( 8 dep>ture4  
,! pr9cess ,anula1 toge!r ) five hundr$ 
virg9s1 & also ) five hundr$ ( ! wom5 ( 
! palace1 hav+ con=m$ to ! pi\s         
obs]vances ( ! 'dasasil' ord]1 clad 9   
yell[ g>m5ts1 & /r5u\sly endeav\r+ to   
atta9 ! sup]ior grades ( !              
sanctification1 is look+ =w>d to !      
arrival ( ! !ri to ent] into !          
prie/hood2 lead+ a devotional life (    

piety 9 a delightful sac]dotal resid5ce1
 provid$ 7= !m7 by ! k+1 9 a c]ta9 qu>t]
 ( ! city :i* _h previ\sly be5 !        
domicile ( ! m9i/] ,dono4 ,! resid5ce   
occupi$ by su* pi\s devotees has become 
f t circum/ance1 celebrat$ 9 ,lanka by !
 "n ',upasaka4' ,?us spoke ,mah>it?o1 ! 
nephew 7( ,dewananpiyatisso71 ann\nc+ ! 
message ( ! k+1 z well z ( ! !ro1 to    
,dhammasoko2 & add$1 ',sov]eign (       
elephants6 ! consort ( ?y ally ! k+ 7(  
,lanka71 impell$ by ! desire ( devot+   
h]self to ! m9i/ry ( ,buddho1 is        
unremitt+ly lead+ ! life ( a pi\s       
devotee1 = ! purpose ( orda9+ h] a      
prie/ess1 deput+ ?i!r ! !ri             
,sanghamitta1 s5d also ) h] ! "r bran* (
 ! great ,bo-,tree4'  ,he next expla9$  
to ! !ri h]self ! int5t ( ! message ( ! 
!ro 7h] bro!r ,mah9do74 ,! said !ri1    
obta9+ an audi5ce ( h] fa!r1 communicat$
 to him ! message ( ! !ro4 ,! mon>*     
repli$ 7address+ h] at once rev]5tially 
& affectionately71 ',my "m6 b]eav$ ( !e1
 & sep>at$ f my *ildr5 & gr&*ildr51 :at 

consolation w !re be left :]e) to       
alleviate my affliction8' ,%e rejo9$1   
',mah>aja1 ! injunction ( my bro!r      
7,mah9do7 is imp]ative2 & ^? :o are to  
be orda9$ are _m2 on t acc\nt x is meet 
t ,i %\ld repair ?i!r4'  ,! k+ 7!reupon7
 ?us m$itat$--',! great ,bo-,tree is    
root$ to ! e>?2 x _c be meet to lop x ) 
any weapon3 by :at means !n c ,i obta9 a
 bran* !re(8' ,?is "l ( ! l&1 by !      
advice ( ! m9i/] ,mahadevo1 hav+ invit$ 
! prie/hood to a repa/1 ?us inquir$ 7( !
 high-prie/73 ',"l1 is x meet to        
transmit 7a bran* (7 ! great ,bo-,tree  
to ,lanka8' ,! *ief-prie/1 ! son (      
,moggali1 repli$3 ',x is fitt+ x %\ld be
 s5t2' & prop\nd$ to ! mon>* ! five     
important resolves ( 7,buddho7 ! deity  
gift$ ) five means ( p]ception4 ,! "l ( 
! l&1 he>+ ?is reply1 rejoic+ !reat1    
ord]$ ! road to ! ,bo-,tree1 di/ant 7f  
,patalipatto7 sev5 yojanas1 to be swept1
 & p]fectly decorat$ 9 e respect2 & = ! 
purpose ( hav+ ! vase made1 collect$    
gold4 ,wissakammo himself assum+ ! "* ( 

a jewell]1 & repair+ ?i!r1 enquir$ '(   
:at size %all ,i con/ruct ! vase8' ,on  
be+ told--'make x1 decid+ on ! size     
?yself'--receiv+ ! gold1 he m\ld$ x     
7exclusively7 ) 8 own h&1 & in/antly    
p]fect+ t vase1 n9e cubits 9            
circumf]5ce1 five cubits 9 dep?1 ?ree   
cubits 9 diamet]1 eight in*es 9         
?ickness1 & 9 ! rim ( ! m\? ( ! ?ickness
 ( ! trunk ( a full-gr[n elephant1 he   
dep>t$4  ,! mon>* caus+ t vase1         
respl5d5t l ! m]idian sun1 to be br\ght1
 att5d$ by ! f\r con/itu5t ho/s ( 8     
milit>y array1 & by ! great body ( !    
prie/hood1 :i* ext5d$ ov] five yojanas 9
 l5g? & ?ree 9 bread?1 repair$ to !     
great ,bo-,tree1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) e     
v>iety ( ornam5t2 glitt]+ ) ! v>iegat$  
spl5d\r ( gems2 deck$ ) r[s ( /ream+    
bann]s2 lad5 ) (f]+s ( fl[]s ( e hue2 & 
surr\nd$ by ! s\nd ( e description (    
music2 encircl+ x ) ?is conc\rse ( p1 he
 scre5$ 7! ,bo-,tree7 ) a curta94 ,a    
body ( a ?\s& prie/s1 ) ! *ief !ro 7son 
( ,maggali7 at _! head1 hav+ 7by =m+ an 

inn] circle7 enclos$ ! sov]eign himself 
z well z ! great ,bo-,tree mo/          
completely2 ) uplift$ clasp$ h&s        
7,dhammasako7 gaz$ on ! great ,bo-,tree4
  ,:ile ?us gaz+ 7on ! ,bo-,tree7 a     
portion !re(1 be+ f\r cubits ( ! bran*1 
rema9$ visible1 & ! o!r bran*es vani%$4 
,see+ ?is miracle1 ! rul] ( ! _w1       
ov]joy$1 exclaim$1 ',i make an (f]+ ( my
 empire to ! great ,bo-,tree4' ,! "l ( !
 l& 7!reupon7 inve/$ ! great ,bo-,tree )
 ! empire4 ,mak+ fl[] & o!r (f]+s to !  
great ,bo-,tree1 he walk$ r\nd x4 ,hav+ 
b[$ d[n1 ) uplift$ h&s1 at eight places2
 & plac$ t preci\s vase on a gold5 *air1
 /udd$ ) v>i\s gems1 ( su* a height t ! 
bran* c\ld be easily rea*$1 he asc5d$ x 
himself = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! supreme  
bran*4 ,us+ v]million 9 a gold5 p5cil1 &
 !re) mak+ a /reak on ! bran*1 he       
pron\nc$ ?is confession ( 8 fai?4 ',if  
?is supreme "r ,bo bran* deta*$ f ?is   
,bo-,tree is de/9$ to dep>t f h5ce to ! 
l& ( ,lanka1 let x1 self-sev]$1 in/antly
 transplant itself into ! vase3 !n1     

inde$1 ,i %all h implicit fai? 9 !      
religion ( ,buddho4'  ,! ,bo bran* sev]+
 itself at ! place :]e ! /reak 0 made1  
hov]$ ov] ! m\? ( ! vase 7:i* 07 fill$ )
 sc5t$ soil4  ,! mon>* !n encircl$ !    
bran* ) 7two7 /reaks above ! orig9al    
/reak1 at int]vals ( ?ree in*es3 f !    
orig9al /reak1 ! pr9cipal1 & f ! o!r    
/reaks1 m9or roots1 t5 f ea*1 %oot+ =? &
 brilliant1 f _! fre%ness1 desc5d$ 7into
 ! soil 9 ! vase74 ,! sov]eign on       
witness+ ?is miracle 7) uplift$ h&s7 set
 up a %\t1 :ile yet /&+ on ! gold5 *air1
 :i* 0 e*o$ by ! surr\nd+ spectators4 ,!
 delight$ prie/hood express$ _! joy by  
%\ts ( ',sadhu1' & ! cr[d+ multitude1   
wav+ ?\s&s ( clo?s ov] _! heads1 *e]$4  
,?us ?is 7bran* ( !7 great ,bo-,tree    
e/abli%$ itself 9 ! fragrant soil 79 !  
vase7 ) a hundr$ roots1 fill+ ) delight 
! :ole att5dant multitude4 ,! /em !re( 0
 t5 cubits high3 !re 7 five bran*es1 ea*
 f\r cubits long1 adorn$ ) five fruits  
ea*4 ,f ! 7five ma97 bran*es _m lat]al  
bran*es am\nt+ to a ?\s& 7 =m$4 ,su* 0  

?is miracul\s & delightful-creat+       
,bo-,tree4  ,! in/ant ! great ,bo bran* 
0 plant$ 9 ! vase1 ! e>? quak$1 & num]\s
 miracles 7 p]=m$4 ,by ! d9 ( !         
sep>ately he>d s\nd ( v>i\s musical     
in/rum5ts--by ! ',sadhus' %\t$1 z well  
by devos & m5 ( ! human _w1 z by ! ho/ (
 devos & brahmas ( ! heav5s--by ! h[l+ (
 ! elem5ts1 ! ro> ( animals1 ! scree*es 
( birds1 & ! yells ( ! yakkhas1 z well z
 o!r fi]ce spirits1 toge!r ) ! cra%+    
concussions ( ! e>?quake1 !y con/itut$  
an univ]sal *aotic upro>4  ,f ! fruits &
 leaves ( ! ,bo bran*1 brilliant rags ( 
! six primitive col\rs issu+ =?1        
illum9at$ ! :ole '*akkawalan4' ,!n !    
great ,bo bran*1 toge!r ) its vase1     
spr++ up into ! air 7f ! gold5 *air71   
rema9$ invisible = sev5 days 9 ! sn[y   
regions ( ! skies4  ,! mon>* desc5d+ f !
 *air1 & t>ry+ on t spot = ^? sev5 days1
 unremitt+ly kept up 9 ! fulle/ =mality1
 a fe/ival ( (f]+s to ! ,bo bran*4 ,at !
 t]m9ation ( ! sev5? day1 ! spirits :i* 
preside ov] elem5ts 7dispell+ ! sn[y    

cl\ds71 ! beams ( ! moon envelop$ !     
great ,bo bran*4  ,! en*ant+ great ,bo  
bran*1 toge!r ) ! vase1 rema9+ pois$ 9 !
 firmam5t1 display$ itself to ! :ole    
multitude4 ,hav+ a/\nd$ ! congregation  
by ! p]=mance ( _m miracles1 ! great ,bo
 bran* desc5d$ to ! e>?4  ,! great      
mon>*1 ov]joy$ at ^! v>i\s miracles1 a  
second "t made an (f]+ ( ! empire to !  
great ,bo4 ,hav+ ?us inve/$ ! great ,bo 
) ! :ole empire1 mak+ innum]able (f]+s1 
he t>ri$ !re = sev5 days long]4  ,on !  
fifte5? be+ ! full moon day ( ! bright  
half ( ! mon? assayujo 7! k+7 took      
possession ( ! great ,bo bran*4 ,at !   
end ( two weeks f t date1 be+ ! f\rte5? 
day ( ! d>k half ( ! mon? assayujo1 ! "l
 ( *>iots1 hav+ _h 8 capital fully      
ornam5t$ & a sup]b hall built1 plac+ !  
great ,bo bran* 9 a *>iot1 on t v day   
br\ght x 9 a procession ( (f]+ 7to !    
capital74  ,on ! fir/ day ( ! bright    
half ( ! mon? ',kattiko1' hav+ deposit$ 
! great ,bo bran* "u ! great ,sal tree 9
 ! s\?-ea/ qu>t] 7( ,patilaputto7 he    

daily made innum]able (f]+s !reunto4    
,on ! sev5te5? day aft] he _h receiv$   
*>ge ( x1 its new leaves spr\t$ =?      
simultane\sly4 ,f t circum/ance also !  
mon>*1 ov]joy$1 a ?ird "t d$icat$ !     
empire to ! great ,bo-,tree4  ,! rul] ( 
m51 hav+ ?us f9ally inve/$ ! great ,bo  
bran* ) ! :ole empire1 made v>i\s (f]+s 
to ! said tree4  ,! "l ( *>iots assign$ 
= ! cu/ody ( ! ,bo bran*1 eighte5       
p]sonages ( royal blood1 eighte5 memb]s 
( noble families1 eight ( ! ,brahman    
ca/e1 & eight ( ! ,set?a ca/e4 ,9 l     
mann] eight ( ea* ( ! agricultural &    
dome/ic ca/es1 z well z ( weav]s &      
pott]s1 & ( all o!r ca/es3 z also ,nagas
 & ,yakkos4 ,?is delight 9 donations1   
be/[+ vases ( gold & silv]1 eight ( ea* 
7to wat] ! ,bo bran* )71 emb>k+ ! great 
,bo bran* 9 a sup]bly decorat$ vessel on
 ! riv] 7,ganges71 & emb>k+ likewise !  
high-prie/ess ,sanghamitta ) h] elev5   
prie/esses1 & ! ambassador1 ,arit?o at !
 head 7( 8 mission72 7! mon>*7 dep>t+   
out ( 8 capital1 & prec$+ 7! riv]       

procession ) 8 army7 ?r\gh ! wild]ness (
 ,w9jha1 rea*$ ,tamalitta on ! sev5?    
day4 ,! devas & m5 7dur+ 8 l& progress7 
kept up spl5did fe/ivals ( (f]+s 7on !  
riv]71 & also rea*$ 7! port (           
emb>kation7 on ! sev5? day4  ,! sov]eign
 disemb>k+ ! ,bo bran* on ! %ore ( ! ma9
 ocean1 aga9 made an (f]+ ( 8 empire4   
,?is delight] ( good works hav+ ?us     
f9ally inve/$ ! great ,bo bran* ) ! :ole
 empire1 on ! fir/ day ( ! bright half (
 ! moon 9 ! mon? ( ',maggasiro2' !reupon
 he 7gave direction7 t ! great ,bo bran*
 :i* 0 deposit$ 7at ! foot ( ! ,sal     
tree7 %\ld be lift$ up by ! a=esaid f\r 
high ca/e tribes 7assi/$7 by ! o!r eight
 p]sons ( ea* ( ! o!r ca/es4 ,!         
elevation ( ! ,bo bran* hav+ be5 effect$
 by _! means 7! mon>*7 himself desc5d+  
!re 7unto ! sea7 till ! wat] rea*$ 8    
neck1 mo/ c>efully deposit$ x 9 !       
vessel4  ,hav+ ?us complet$ ! emb>kation
 ( x1 z well z ( ! *ief !ri ) h]        
prie/esses1 & ! illu/ri\s ambassador    
,mah>it?o1 he made ?is address to       

!m3--',i h on ?ree occasions d$icat$ my 
empire to ?is great ,bo bran*2 9 l mann]
 let my ally1 y\r sov]eign1 z fully make
 7to x7 an inve/iture ( 8 empire4'  ,!  
mah>aja1 hav+ ?us spok51 /ood on ! %ore 
( ! ocean ) uplift$ h&s2 & gaz+ on !    
dep>t+ ,bo bran*1 %$ te>s 9 ! bitt]ness 
( 8 grief4 ,9 ! agony ( p>t+ ) ! ,bo    
bran*1 ! disconsolate ,dhammasoko1 weep+
 & lam5t+ 9 l\d sobs1 dep>t$ = 8 own    
capital4  ,! vessel 9 :i* ! ,bo-,tree 0 
emb>k$1 briskly da%$ ?r\gh ! wat]2 & 9 !
 great ocean1 )9 ! circumf]5ce ( a      
yojana1 ! waves 7 /ill$3 fl[]s ( ! five 
diff]5t col\rs blossom$ ar\nd x1 & v>i\s
 melodies ( music rung 9 ! air4         
,innum]able (f]+s 7 kept up by          
innum]able devas2 7b7 ! nagas _h rec\rse
 to _! magical arts to obta9 possession 
( ! ,bo-,tree4 ,! *ief-prie/ess1        
,sanghammitta1 :o _h atta9$ !           
sanctification ( 'abh9na1' assum+ ! =m (
 ! 'supanna1' t]rifi$ ^? nagas 7f _!    
purpose74 ,^! subdu$ nagas1 respectfully
 implor+ ( ! *ief-prie/ess 7) h] cons5t7

 convey$ ! ,bo-,tree to ! settlem5t ( ! 
nagas3 & = sev5 days innum]able (f]+s   
hav+ be5 made by ! naga k+1 !y !mselves1
 br++ x back1 replac$ x 9 ! vessel4 ,on 
! same day t ! ,bo-,tree rea*$ ?is l& at
 ! port ( ,jambukolo1 ! univ]sally      
belov$ mon>* ,dewananpiyatisso1 hav+ by 
8 communications ) ,sumano ,saman]o1    
asc]ta9$ ! 7approa*+7 adv5t 7( ! ,bo    
bran*72 & f ! fir/ day ( ! mon? (       
'maggasiro1' 9 8 anxiety to prep>e = its
 reception1 hav+1 ) ! greate/ zeal1     
appli$ himself to ! decoration ( ! high 
road f ! nor!rn gate 7( ,anuradhapura7  
to ,jambukolo1 _h 7already7 repair$     
?i!r4  ,:ile seat$ 9 a hall on !        
sea-bea*1 by ! miracul\s p[]s ( ! !ro   
7,mah9do71 he 0 enabl$ to disc]n 7?\gh  
/ill out ( sight7 ! ,bo bran* :i* 0     
approa*+ ov] ! great ocean4 ,9 ord] t ! 
hall built on t spot might p]petuate !  
fame ( t miracle1 x became celebrat$ !re
 by ! "n ( ! ',sammudasanna-sala4' ,"u !
 auspices ( ! *ief !ro1 att5d$ by ! o!r 
!ros1 z well z ! imp]ial array ( 8      

k+dom1 on t v day1 ! nobly =m$ mah>aja1 
*ant+ =? 9 8 zeal & f]v\r1 ',?is is !   
,bo f ! ,bo-,tree 7at :i* ,buddho atta9$
 buddhohood71' ru%+ into ! waves up to 8
 neck1 & caus+ ! great ,bo bran* to be  
lift$ up collectively by ! sixte5 ca/es 
( p]sons on _! heads1 & l[]+ x d[n1     
deposit$ x 9 ! sup]b hall built on !    
bea*4 ,! sov]eign ( ,lanka inve/$ x ) ! 
k+dom ( ,lanka2 & unto ^! sixte5 ca/es1 
surr5d]+ 8 sov]eign au?ority1 ?is rul] (
 m51 tak+ ^u himself ! (fice ( s5t9el at
 ! gate 7( ! hall71 = ?ree entire days 9
 ! dis*>ge ( ?is duty1 made innum]able  
(f]+s4  ,on ! t5? day ( ! mon?1 elevat+ 
& plac+ ! ,bo bran* 9 a sup]b c>1 ?is   
sov]eign1 :o _h by inquiry asc]ta9$ !   
consecrat$ places1 exhort+ ! mon>* ( !  
=e/1 deposit$ x at ! ,pa*9a wih>o2 &    
ent]ta9$ ! prie/hood z well z ! p1 ) _! 
morn+ meal4 ,!re 7at ! spot visit$ at   
,buddha's second adv5t7 ! *ief !ro      
,mah9do n>rat$1 )\t ! slighte/ omission1
 to 8 mon>*1 ! triumph obta9$ ov] !     
nagas 7dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,bo bran*7 by !

 deity gift$ ) ! t5 p[]s4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$
 f ! !ro ! p>ticul> spots on :i* ! div9e
 tea*] _h re/$ or tak5 refre%m5t1 ^?    
sev]al spots he m>k$ ) monum5ts4  ,!    
sov]eign /opp+ ! progress ( ! ,bo bran* 
at ! entrance ( ! village ( ! ,brahma   
,tiwako1 z well z at ! sev]al a=esaid   
places1 7ea* ( :i*7 0 spr9kl$ ) :ite s&1
 & decorat$ ) e v>iety ( fl[]s1 ) ! road
 7approa*+ to ea*7 l9$ ) bann]s & g>l&s 
( fl[]s3--& keep+ up (f]+s1 by night &  
by day un9t]upt$ly1 on ! f\rte5? day he 
conduct$ x to ! vic9ity ( ,anuradhapura4
 ,at ! h\r t %ad[s are mo/ ext5d$1 he   
ent]$ ! sup]bly decorat$ capital by !   
nor!rn gate1 9 ! act ( mak+ (f]+s2 &    
pass+ 9 procession out ( ! s\!rn gate1 &
 ent]+ ! ,mahamego g>d5 hall[$ by !     
pres5ce ( ! ,buddhas 7( ?is kappo72 &   
arriv+ "u ! directions ( ,sumano        
himself1 at ! delightful & decorat$ spot
 at :i* ! =m] ,bo-,trees _h be5         
plant$2--by means ( ! sixte5 pr9ces :o 7
 adorn$ ) all ! insignia ( royalty 7:i* 
!y assum$ on ! k+ surr5d]+ ! sov]eignity

 to !m71 rais+ up ! ,bo bran*1 he       
contribut$ 8 p]sonal ex]tion to deposit 
x !re4  ,! in/ant x extricat$ itself f !
 h& ( man1 spr++ eighty cubits up into !
 air1 self pois$ & respl5d5t1 x ca/ =? a
 halo ( rays ( six col\rs4 ,^! en*ant+  
rays illum9at+ ! l&1 asc5d$ to ! ,brahma
 heav5s1 & cont9u$ 7visible7 till !     
sett+ ( ! sun4 ,t5 ?\s& m51 /imulat$ by 
! sight ( ^! miracles1 increas+ 9       
santification1 & atta9+ ! /ate (        
'arabat1' consequ5tly ent]$ into !      
prie/hood4  ,aft]w>ds1 at ! sett+ ( !   
sun1 ! ,bo bran* desc5d+1 "u !          
con/ellation 'rohani1' plac$ itself on !
 gr\nd1 & ! e>? !reupon quak$4 ,^? roots
 7be=e describ$7 ris+ up out ( ! m\? ( !
 vase1 & %oot+ d[nw>ds1 desc5d$ 7=c+    
d[n7 ! vase itself into ! gr\nd4 ,! :ole
 assembl$ populace made fl[] & o!r (f]+s
 to ! plant$ ,bo4 ,a heavy deluge ( ra9 
fell ar\nd1 d5se cold cl\ds completely  
envelop$ ! great ,bo 9 its sn[y womb4 ,9
 sev5 days ! ,bo-,tree rema9$ !re1      
invisible 9 ! sn[y womb1 occasion+      

7r5ew$7 delight 9 ! populace4 ,at !     
t]m9ation ( ! sev5? day1 all ^! cl\ds   
disp]s$1 & display$ ! ,bo ,tree1 & its  
halo ( six col\r$ rays4  ,! *ief !ro    
,mah9do & ,sanghmitta1 ea* toge!r ) _!  
ret9ue1 z well z 8 maje/y ) 8 suite1    
assembl$ !re4 ,! pr9ces f ,*&anaggamo1 !
 ,brahma1 ,tiwako1 z also ! :ole        
population ( ! l&1 by ! int]position ( !
 devas1 ex]t+ !mselves to p]=m a great  
fe/ival ( (f]+s 79 hon\r7 ( ! ,bo ,tree1
 assembl$ !re2 & at ?is great           
congregation1 !y 7 a/\nd$ at ! miracles 
:i* 7 p]=m$4  ,on ! s\?-ea/]n bran* a   
fruit manife/$ itself1 & rip5$ 9 ! utmo/
 p]fection4 ,! !ro tak+ up t fruit z x  
fell1 gave x to ! k+ to plant x4 ,!     
mon>* plant$ x 9 a gold5 vase1 fill$ )  
odorif]\s soil1 :i* 0 prep>$ by !       
,mohasano4 ,:ile !y 7 all /ill gaz+ at  
x1 eight spr\t+ %oots 7 produc$1 &      
became vigor\s plants f\r cubits high   
ea*4 ,! k+1 see+ ^! vigor\s ,bo-,trees1 
delight$ ) a/oni%m5t1 made an (f]+ (1 & 
inve/$ !m )1 8 :ite canopy 7(           

sov]eignty74  ,( ^! eight he plant$ 7"o7
 at ,jambukolopatana1 on ! spot :]e !   
,bo-,tree 0 deposit$ on its             
disemb>kation2 "o at ! village ( !      
,brahma ,tiwako2 at ! ,?uporamo2 at !   
,iss>asamanako wih>o2 at ! ,pattama     
,*etiyo2 likewise at ! ,*etiyo m\nta9   
wih>o2 & at ,ka*h>agoms1 z also at      
,*&anagamo 7bo? villages 9 ! ,rohona    
division72 "o ,bo plant at ea*4 ,^! be>+
 f\r fruits1 two ea*1 7produc$7 ?irty   
,bo plants1 :i* plant$ !mselves at !    
sev]al places1 ea* di/ant a yojano 9    
circumf]5ce f ! sov]eign ,bo-,tree1 by !
 provid5tial int]position ( ! supreme   
,buddha1 = ! spiritual happ9ess ( !     
inhabitants ( ! l&4  ,! a=esaid ,anula1 
toge!r ) h] ret9ue ( five hundr$ virg9s1
 & five hundr$ wom5 ( ! palace1 ent]+   
into ! ord] ( prie/hood 9 ! community ( 
! !ri ,sanghamitta1 atta9$ !            
sanctification ( 'arahat4' ,arit?o1     
toge!r ) a ret9ue ( five hundr$         
p]sonages ( royal extraction1 obta9+    
prie/ly ord9ation 9 ! frat]nity ( ! also

 !ro1 atta9$ 'arahat4' ,:oev] ! eight   
p]sons ( ! setti ca/e 7 :o escort$ !    
,bo-,tree hi!r1 !y1 f t circum/ance1    
obta9$ ! "n ( bhodah>a 7bo-be>]s74  ,!  
!ri ,sanghamitta toge!r ) h] community (
 prie/esses soj\rn$ 9 ! qu>t] ( !       
prie/esses1 :i* obta9$ ! "n ( !         
',upasaka wih>o4'  ,!re at ! resid5ce ( 
,anula1 be=e %e ent]$ into ! prie/hood  
7! k+7 =m$ twelve ap>tm5ts1 ?ree ( :i* 7
 ! pr9cipal ones4 ,9 "o ( ^! great      
ap>tm5ts 7call$ ! ,*ulangono7 he        
deposit$ ! 7,kupayat?ikan7 ma/ ( !      
vessel :i* transport$ ! great ,bo2 9    
ano!r 7call$ ,mahaangano7 an o> 7piyam72
 9 ! ?ird 7call$ ! ,siriwaddho1 !       
arittan7 rudd]4 ,f ^! 7appurt5ances ( ! 
%ip7 ^! 7app>tm5ts7 7 kn[n 7z !         
,kupayat?itapanag>a74  ,ev5 dur+ ! v>i\s
 s*isms 7:i* prevail$ at subsequ5t      
p]iods7 ! ,hat?alaka prie/ess           
un9t]rupt$ly ma9ta9$ _! position at !   
e/abli%m5t ( twelve ap>tm5ts4 ,!        
be=e-m5tion$ /ate elephant ( ! k+1 roam+
 at 8 w1 plac$ himself at a cool /ream 9

 a c]ta9 qu>t] ( ! city1 9 a grove (    
kadambo-trees1 & rema9$ br[s+ !re3      
asc]ta9+ ! pref]5ce giv5 by ! elephant  
to ! spot1 !y gave x ! "n (             
',hattalakan4'  ,on a c]ta9 day ?is     
elephant refus$ 8 food2 ! k+ enquir$ !  
cause !re( ( ! !ro1 ! disp5s] ( happ9ess
 9 ! l&4 ,! *ief !ro1 reply+ to ! mon>*1
 ?us spoke3 '7! elephant7 is desir\s t !
 ?upo %\ld be built 9 ! kadambo grove4' 
,! sov]eign1 :o always gratifi$ !       
desires ( 8 subjects1 )\t loss ( "t     
built !re a ?upo1 en%r9+ a relic !re91 &
 built an edifice ov] ! ?upo4  ,! *ief  
!ri1 ,sanghamitta1 be+ desir\s ( lead+ a
 life ( devotional seclusion1 & !       
situation ( h] sac]dotal resid5ce n be+ 
suffici5tly retir$ = ! advancem5t ( !   
cause ( religion & = ! spiritual com=t (
 ! prie/esses1 %e 0 seek+ ano!r nunn]y4 
,actuat$ by ^! pi\s motives1 repair+ to 
! a=esaid delightful & *>m+ly seclud$   
?upo edifice1 ?is p]sonage sanctifi$ 9  
m9d & exalt$ by h] doctr9al k1 enjoy$   
!re ! re/ ( noonday4  ,! k+ repair$ to !

 temple ( ! prie/esses to pay 8 respects
 to ! !ri1 & le>n+ :i!r %e _h gone1 he  
also proce$$ ?i!r1 & rev]5tially b[$ d[n
 to h]4 ,! mah>aja ,dewananpiyatisso1 :o
 c\ld di/9ctly div9e ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1   
hav+ graci\sly consult$ h]1 inquir$ !   
object ( h] com+ !re1 & hav+ fully      
asc]ta9$ h] wi%es1 erect$ ar\nd ! ?upo a
 *>m+ resid5ce = ! prie/esses4 ,?is     
nunn]y be+ con/ruct$ ne> ! ,hat?alaka   
hall1 h5ce became kn[n z ! ',hat?alaka  
wih>o4' ,! *ief !ri ,sanghamitta1       
surnam$ ,sumitta1 f h] be+ ! b5efactress
 ( ! _w1 end[$ ) div9e wisdom1 soj\rn$  
!re 9 t delightful resid5ce (           
prie/esses4  ,?us1 ?is 7,bo-,tree7 mon>*
 ( ! =e/1 end[$ ) miracul\s p[]s1 has   
/ood = ages 9 ! delightful ,mahamego    
g>d5 9 ! ,l9ka1 promot+ ! spiritual     
welf>e ( ! inhabitants ( ,lanka1 & !    
propagation ( ! true religion4  ,no     
trees1 p]haps1 are held 9 great]        
v5]ation 9 ,india1 ?an ! ,ficus         
,religiosa or pipal tree4 ,x is kn[n z  
,r>vasit1 ! tree ( k & wisdom1 ! holy   

,bo-,tree ( ! lamas ( ,?ibet4 ,balf\r's 
,indian ,cyclopdia says--,?is l>ge      
h&some tree gr[s 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries (   
,asia1 & is frequ5tly to be met ) ne>   
pagodas1 h\ses & o!r build+s4 ,"o at    
,gya9e1 ,s\? ,beh>1 is said to h be5 t  
b5ea? :i* ,sakya 0 repos+ :5 8 views z  
to 8 duties became cle> to him1 & if s1 
is m ?an #b1djj ye>s old4 ,x is also    
held 9 v5]ation by ! ,h9dus1 because !  
god ,vi%nu is fabl$ to h be5 born "u its
 bran*es4 ,9 ! ,somavati fe/ival1 !     
,mahratta wom5 circumambulate a pipal   
tree1 & place (f]+s on x1 :5 ! new moon 
falls on a ,monday4 ,! pipal tree is    
pref]able = av5ues to ! banyan4 ,!      
leaves are he>t-%ap$1 long1 po9t$1 wavy 
at ! edge1 n unlike ^? ( "s popl>s1 & z 
! foot/alks are long & sl5d]1 ! leaves  
vibrate 9 ! air l ^? ( ! asp5 tree4     
,silkworms pref] ! leaves next to ^? ( !
 mulb]ry4 ,! roots are de/ructive to    
build+s1 = if once !y e/abli% !mselves  
among ! crevices1 !re is no gett+ rid ( 
!m4  ,x is ! mo/ sacr$ ( trees ) !      

,buddhi/s1 :o say x 0 "u ?is tree t     
,gautama slept1 & dream$ t 8 b$ 0 ! :ole
 e>?1 & ! ,himalaya m\nta9s 8 pill[1    
:ile 8 left arm rea*$ to ! ,ea/]n       
,ocean1 8 "r to ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 & 8    
feet to ! great ,s\? ,sea4 ,?is dream he
 int]pret$ to mean t he w\ld soon become
 a ,buddha4 ,a bran* ( ! tree 0 s5t to  
,ceylon 9 ! ye> #bej ,b4,c41 by         
,asoka--to ! city (                     
,amuradhapoora--toge!r ) c]ta9 relics ( 
,gautama3 8 coll>-bone1 begg+-di%1 c42 &
 x fl\ri%es !re z ! ,bo-,tree4 ,= upw>ds
 ( tw5ty c5turies x _h be5 an object ( !
 pr(\nde/ v5]ation to ! p1 & p>ticul>ly 
to ! pilgrims 9 _! annual visits to !   
ru9s ( ! city4  ,f]gusson says--,:atev] 
may be ! result ( ! inve/igation into ! 
,s]p5t ,wor%ip ( ,ceylon1 !re is no d\bt
 :atev] ab\t ! preval5ce & importance ( 
,tree ,wor%ip 9 t isl&4 ,! leg5d ( !    
plant+ ( ! ,rjyatana ,tree by ,buddha   
has already be5 allud$ to1 b ! hi/ory ( 
! transf]5ce ( a bran* ( ! ,bo-,tree1 f 
,buddh-gaya to ,anurdnapury1 is z       

au!ntic & z important z any ev5t record$
 9 ! ,ceylonese annals4 ,s5t by ,zka    
7#bej ,b4,c471 x 0 receiv$ ) ! utmo/    
rev]5ce by ,devanampiyatisso1 & plant$ 9
 a mo/ conspicu\s spot 9 ! c5tre ( 8    
capital4 ,!re x has be5 rev]5c$ z ! mo/ 
important 'num5' ( ,ceylon = m ?an      
#b1jjj ye>s1 & x1 or its l9eal          
desc5dant1 sprung at lea/ f ! old root1 
is !re wor%ipp$ at ?is h\r4 ,! city is 9
 ru9s2 its great dagobas h fall5 to     
decay2 its mona/]ies h disappe>$2 b !   
great ,bo-,tree /ill fl\ri%es accord+ to
 ! leg5d--',ev] gre51 nev] gr[+ or      
decreas+1 b /ill liv+ on = ev] = !      
delight & wor%ip ( mank9d4' ,annually   
?\s&s repair to ! sacr$ prec9cts )9 :i* 
x /&s1 to d x hon\r1 & to (f] up ^?     
pray]s = heal? & prosp]ity :i* !y       
believe are m likely to be answ]$ if    
utt]$ 9 its pres5ce4 ,!re is probably no
 old] idol 9 ! _w1 c]ta9ly none m       
v5]at$4  ,/ories illu/rat+ ! peculi>    
rev]5ce ) :i* ?is tree is reg>d$ are    
tol]ably pl5tiful1 & b = ! limitations (

 our space1 might be almo/ indef9itely  
multipli$4 ,a writ] 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies  
relates t an old woman 9 ! neighb\rhood 
( ,b5>es1 0 obs]v$ walk+ r\nd & r\nd a  
c]ta9 peepul-tree4 ,at e r\nd %e spr9kl$
 a few drops ( wat] f ! wat] vessel 9 h]
 h& on ! small (f]+ ( fl[]s %e _h laid  
b5ea? ! tree4 ,a by/&] :o 0 que/ion$ z  
to ?is c]emony1 repli$--,?is is a sacr$ 
tree2 ! good spirits live up amid/ its  
bran*es1 & ! old woman is wor%ipp+ !m4  
,!n "s half-a-doz5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,mr4    
,b>num1 ! %[man1 ( ,am]ica1 0 complet+ !
 pur*ase ( a c]ta9 :ite elephant1 x 0   
n>rat$ 9 an ,indian pap]1 t "u ! t]ms ( 
sale1 ! pur*as] 0 requir$ to swe> by !  
holy & sacr$ ,bo-,tree t ! animal %\ld  
receive e k9dness & consid]ation4       
,,*apt] ,v4      ,sacr$ ,trees v anci5t 
9 ,egypt--,hebrew ,trees--,! ,sycamore  
at     ,mat>ea--,ionic =ms--,! ,koran on
 ,m>y & ! ,palm ,tree--,sacr$ness     ( 
! ,palm 9 ,egypt--,tree ,wor%ip 9       
,dahome--,! sacr$ tree ( !     ,can>y   
,isles4   ,among ! ,egyptians1 f !      

e>lie/ p]iod ( _! monum5tal hi/ory to ! 
late/1 we f9d repres5t$ on tombs & /ts !
 figure ( a sacr$ tree1 f :i* dep>t$    
s\ls 9 human =m1 receive ! n\ri%m5t (   
ev]la/+ life4  ,! monum5ts ( ! anci5t   
,assyrians also %[ a sacr$ tree         
symbolical ( ! div9e influ5ce ( !       
life-giv+ deity4 ,s also d ^? ( ! anci5t
 ,p]sians1 & x 0 pres]v$ by !m1 almo/ z 
repres5t$ on ! ,assyrian monum5ts1 until
 ! invasion ( ! ,arabs4  ,! ,hebrews _h 
a sacr$ tree :i* figur$ 9 _! temple     
ar*itecture along ) ! *]ubim2 x 0 ! same
 sort ( tree z t :i* _h previ\sly be5 9 
use among ! ,egyptians1 & 0 subsequ5tly1
 9 a conv5tional =m1 adopt$ by !        
,assyrians & ,p]sians1 & ev5tually by ! 
,*ri/ians1 :o introduc$ x 9 ! mosaics ( 
_! e>ly *ur*es associat$ ) _! mo/ sacr$ 
rites4 ,?is tree1 :i* occurs also z a   
religi\s symbol on ,etruscan rema9s1 & 0
 abbreviat$ by ! ,greeks into a famili> 
ornam5t ( _! temple ar*itecture1 0 !    
date palm1 ,pho5ix dactylif]a4  ,b      
al?\gh ! e>lie/ kn[n =m ( ! ,tree (     

,life on ,egyptian monum5ts is ! date   
palm1 at a lat] p]iod ! sycamore fig    
tree 0 repres5t$ in/ead1 & ev5tually ev5
 ?is disappe>$ 9 "s in/ances & a female 
p]sonification came 9 its place4        
,besides ! monum5tal evid5ce ?us furni%$
 ( a sacr$ tree1 a ,tree ( ,life1 !re is
 hi/orical & traditional evid5ce ( !    
same ?+1 f\nd 9 ! e>ly lit]ature ( v>i\s
 nations1 9 _! cu/oms & popul>          
usages4#ah  ,! sycamore at ,mat>ea 9    
,egypt is /ill %[n1 :i* miracul\sly op5$
 ionically to receive & reproduce !     
p]secut$ virg9 :5 avoid+ ! cruelty (    
,h]od4  ,moor1 ! au?or ( ,ori5tal       
,fragm5ts1 :ile not+ t x does n appe> t 
! sycamore 0 especially a my/ical tree  
among any anci5t p1 & t he does n see   
any?+ my/ical or peculi> 9 x1 says3--b  
"h may be trac$ ano!r l9k connect+ ?r\gh
 di/ant c\ntries ! *a9 ( my/]y 9 ?is l9e
 ( ?\ght--t is1 ( ! my/icism ( clefts or
 ionic =ms & transit & trees4 ,^?       
beautiful & int]e/+ objects ( produc+ & 
reproduc+ nature connect !mselves1 9 !  

my/ic contemplative eye1 ) all t is     
beautiful & int]e/+1 & poetical &       
pr(\nd4 ,!y po9t up to ! heav5s1 !y     
/rike d[n to ,t>t>us1 b are /ill (      
e>?3--a ,brahmanal triad express$ by !  
,sanscrit ^w bhurbhuvaswah--heav51 e>?1 
sky--a va/ly pr(\nd                     
trisyllabic-mono-v]bal-my?os2 hold+1 l !
 mighty ,aum1 or ,om1 9 my/ic           
comb9ation1 ! elem5tals ( ,brahma1      
,vi%nu & ,siva4  ,! comm5dable delicacy1
 g5]ally speak+ ( ,mohamm$ans1 & !      
prosaic nature ( _! religion1 =bid      
sexual allusions 9 _! writ+s1 & )\t     
impugn+ _! fa/idi\sness on t po9t--n    
inde$ always obs]vable ev5 9 !          
,koran--we f9d !re1 & 9 ! comm5t>ies1 a 
connection ( bir? & tree n v unlike :at 
has be5 told or %ad[$ respect+ ,juno    
,samia1 or ,latona1 & ! ,h9du ,samia4   
,9 ! n9ete5? ,sura or *apt] ( ! ,koran  
entitl$ ,m>y1 mu* conc]n+ ! miracul\s   
conception occurs4 ,hav+ prais$ ,/4     
,john1 z a dev\t p]son1 & dutiful t[>ds 
8 p>5ts2 n pr\d or rebelli\s1 & invok$ a

 bless+ on him 9 ^! words3 ,peace be on 
him1 ! day :]eon he 0 born1 & ! day     
:]eon he %all die1 & ! day :]eon he %all
 be rais$ to life2 ! prophet cont9ues3  
,& rememb] ! /ory ( ,m>y :5 ! pa9s (    
*ild-bir? came ^u h] ne> ! trunk ( a    
palm tree4 ,a )]$ trunk1 adds a         
comm5tator1 )\t any head or v]dure2     
not)/&+ :i*1 ?\gh 9 ! w9t] season1 x    
miracul\sly suppli$ h] ) fruits = h]    
n\ri%m5t4 ,& he :o 0 b5ea? h]1 cont9ues 
! ,koran1 call$ to h] say+1 %ake ! palm 
tree1 & x %all let fall ripe dates ^u !e
 ready ga!r$4  ,comm5tators diff] z to  
:e!r x 0 ! infant or ! angel ,gabriel :o
 s call$ to ! "m4 ,!y say ! dry trunk   
reviv$ & %ot =? gre5 leaves1 & a head   
lad5 ) ripe fruit4  ,! note 9 ,sale's   
translation says3 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! 
,mohamm$an acc\nt ( ! deliv]y ( ! ,virg9
 ,m>y v mu* resembles t ( ,latona1 z    
describ$ by ! poets1 n only 9 ?is       
circum/ance ( _! lay+ hold on a         
palm-tree 7?\gh "s say ,latona embrac$  
an olive-tree1 or an olive & a palm1 or 

else two laurels71 b also 9 t ( _!      
infants speak+4  ,among/ ! trees held   
sacr$ 9 ,egypt1 ! palm rank$ highe/2 & =
 ?is reason1 t species ( tree 0 mo/     
frequ5tly us$ 9 ! sacr$ build+s ( t     
c\ntry1 z inde$ !y aft]w>ds 7 9 ^? ( !  
,hebrews1 n p]haps = ! same cause3 = t 0
 connect$ ) ! ,sabian idolatries1 :i* ! 
latt] 7 taught to dete/4 ,! real s\rce (
 ! v5]ation ( ! =m] = palm trees1 & ( ! 
g5]al cultivation ( t plant 9 ,egypt1   
:i* ab\nd$ ) noble groves ( !m1 is      
alleg$ to h be5 ! foll[+3 ,!y ?\ght !   
palm tree1 :i* is affirm$ by ,porphyry  
to bud e mon? 9 ! ye>1 a mo/ /rik+      
emblem ( ! moon1 f ^: twelve annual     
revolutions ^? mon?s are =m$4 ,:e!r or n
 !re be any tru? 9 ?is1 x is n easy to  
say1 b x has be5 rem>k$ by ,pococke1 t  
_m ( ! mo/ anci5t pill>s 9 ! ,egyptian  
temples be> great resemblance to palm   
trees1 & t _! capitals are made 9       
imitation ( ! top ( t tree :5 all ! l[] 
bran*es are cut (f2 & possibly1 he adds1
 ! palm trees said to be cut 9          

,solomon's temple1 might be only pill>s1
 or at lea/ pila/res ( ?is k9d4 ,9 8    
plate ( ,egyptian pill>s may be se5     
v>i\s columns ( ?is description1 & a v  
rem>kable "o belong+ to ! temple (      
,c>nack4 ,sev]al ( ! capitals also 9 o!r
 plates be> an evid5t similitude to !   
exp&$ top ( trees ) _! bran*+ foliage   
cut (f or compress$4  ,capta9 ,burton 9 
8 ,mission to ,gelele1 says3 ,9 ! days (
 ,bosman 7#agjj7 ! little k+dom ( ,:ydah
 ador$ ?ree ord]s ( gods1 ea* presid+1 l
 ! sev]al (fic]s ( a pr9ce1 ov] its     
peculi> prov9ce4  ,! fir/ is !          
,danh-gbwe1 ^: wor%ip has be5 describ$4 
,?is e>?ly s]p5t is e/eem$ ! supreme    
bliss & g5]al good2 x has #ajjj ,danh'si
 or snake-wives1 m>ri$ & s+le vot>ies1 &
 its influ5ce _c be m$dl$ ) by ! two    
foll[+ :i* are subject to x4  ,! second 
is repres5t$ by l(ty & beautiful trees1 
'9 ! =mation ( :i* ,dame ,nature seems  
to h express$ h] greate/ art4' ,!y are  
pray$ to & pres5t$ ) (f]+s 9 times (    
sickness1 & especially ( fev]4 ,^? mo/  

rev]$ are ! ,hun-'t91 or acan?ace\s silk
 cotton 7,bombax71 ^: wives equal ^? ( !
 snake1 & ! ,loko1 ! well-kn[n ,edum1   
ordeal or poison tree ( ! ,we/ ,african 
coa/4 ,! latt] numb]s few ,loko-'si1 or 
,loko sp\ses2 on ! o!r h&1 x has its own
 feti% pott]y1 :i* may be b\ght 9 e     
m>ket4 ,an inv]t$ pipk9 full ( cull5d]  
holes is plac$ ^u ! gr\nd at ! tree     
foot1 & by its side is a n>r[-neck$     
little pot into :i* ! wat] (f]+ is p\r$4
 ,! two are sometimes sep>at$ by a      
cresset %ap$ feti% iron1 plant$ 9 ! e>?4
 ,! cultus arborum1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 is
 an old & f>-spread wor%ip2 x may easily
 be und]/ood z ! expression ( man's     
gratitude & admiration4 ,! sacr$ trees (
 ! ,h9du 7 ! ,pippala 7,ficus           
religiosa71 ! ,ku%?a 7,cortus           
speciosus71 ! sacr$ juice ( ! ,soma1 :i*
 became a p]sonage1 & _m o!rs4 ,! ,jews 
& aft] !m ! e>ly ,*ri/ians & ! ,moslems1
 _h _! ,tuba or ,tree ( ,p>adise4 ,mr4  
,palgrave1 trav]s+ ,arabia 9 #ahfb-fc1  
f\nd 9 ! k+dom ( ,%[] or ,hal di/9ct    

tree wor%ip1 ! acacia 7,talh7 be+ danc$ 
r\nd & pray$ to = ra94 ,9 ,egypt & o!r  
,moslem l&s rags & clo?s are susp5d$ to 
bran*es1 ve/iges ( anci5t ,paganism4    
,nor? ,european my?ology embrac$        
,yggdrasit1 or ! ,_w ,tree4 ,we no long]
 approa* ! gods ) bran*es ( ?is sacr$   
vegetation 9 h&2 /ill ! maypole &       
,*ri/mas tree1 ! yule log & ! *ur*      
decorations ( ev]gre5s1 holly & palms1 &
 ! mod]n use ( ! /]ility-cur+ mi/letoe1 
desc5d directly f ! treovveordung1 or   
tree-wor%ip ( anci5t ,engl&4  ,capta9   
,george ,glass1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,can>y  
,isl&s1 *apt] #ac1 on ! isl& ( ,hi]ro1  
says3--,on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( wat]1 ! 
%eep1 goats & sw9e "h d n dr9k 9 !      
summ]1 b are taught to dig up ! roots ( 
f]n & *ew !m to qu5* _! ?ir/4 ,! great  
cattle are wat]$ at ! f\nta9s1 & at a   
place :]e wat] di/ils f ! leaves ( a    
tree4 ,_m writ]s h made m5tion ( ?is    
fam\s tree2 "s 9 su* a mann] z to make x
 appe> miracul\s2 o!rs aga9 d5y !       
exi/5ce ( any su* tree1 among :om is    

,fa!r ,feyjoo1 a mod]n ,spani% au?or1 9 
8 ,!atro ,critico4 ,b he1 & ^? :o agree 
) him 9 ?is matt]1 are z mu* mi/ak5 z !y
 :o w\ld make x appe> to be miracul\s4  
,?is is ! only isl& ( all ! ,can>ies :i*
 ,i h n be5 92 b ,i h sail$ ) natives ( 
,hi]ro1 :o :5 que/ion$ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( 
?is tree1 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4  ,!   
au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y &       
,conque/ has giv5 u a p>ticul> acc\nt ( 
x1 :i* ,i %all relate "h at l>ge4  ,!   
di/rict 9 :i* ?is tree /&s is call$     
,tigulahe1 ne> to :i*1 & 9 ! cliff or   
/eep rocky asc5t t surr\nds ! :ole isl&1
 is a n>r[ gutt] or gulley1 :i* comm5ces
 at ! sea & cont9ues to ! summit ( !    
cliff1 :]e x jo9s or co9cides ) a       
valley1 :i* is t]m9at$ by ! /eep front (
 a rock4 ,on ! top ( ?is rock gr[s a    
tree1 call$ 9 ! language ( ! anci5t     
inhabitants1 ,g>se1 i4e4 ,sacr$ or ,holy
 ,tree1 :i* = _m ye>s has be5 pres]v$   
s\nd1 entire & fre%4 ,its leaves        
con/antly di/il su* a quantity ( wat] z 
is suffici5t to furni% dr9k to e liv+   

creature 9 ,hi]ro2 nature hav+ provid$  
?is rem$y = ! dr\ght ( ! isl&4 ,x is    
situat$ ab\t a league & a half f ! sea4 
,nobody kn[s ( :at species x is1 only t 
x is call$ ,til4 ,x is di/9ct f o!r     
trees & /&s by itself2 ! circumf]5ce ( !
 trunk is ab\t twelve spans1 ! diamet]  
f\r1 & 9 height f ! gr\nd to ! top ( !  
highe/ bran* =ty spans3 ! circumf]5ce ( 
all ! bran*es toge!r is "o hundr$ &     
tw5ty feet4 ,its fruit resembles ! acorn
 & ta/es some?+ l ! k]nal ( ! p9e apple1
 b is s(t] & m aromatic4 ,! leaves ( ?is
 tree resemble ^? ( ! laurel1 b are     
l>g]1 wid]1 & m curv$2 !y come =? 9 a   
p]petual succession1 s t ! tree is      
always gre54 ,on ! nor? side ( ! trunk  
are two l>ge tanks or ci/]ns ( r\gh     
/one1 or r "o ci/]n divid$1 ea* half be+
 tw5ty feet squ>e1 & sixte5 spans 9     
dep?4 ,"o ( ^! conta9s wat] = ! dr9k+ ( 
! inhabitants1 & ! o!r t :i* !y use = _!
 cattle1 wa%+ & su*like purposes4  ,e   
morn+ ne> ?is "p ( ! isl& a cl\d or mi/ 
arises f ! sea1 :i* ! s\? & ea/]ly w9ds 

=ce aga9/ ! =e-m5tion$ /eep cliff1 s t !
 cl\d hav+ no v5t b by ! gutt]1         
gradually asc5ds x & f !nce advances    
sl[ly to ! extremity ( ! valley1 :]e x  
is /opp$ & *eck$ by ! front ( ! rock :i*
 t]m9ates ! valley1 & !n re/s ^u ! ?ick 
leaves & wide-spread+ bran*es ( ! tree1 
f :5ce x di/ils 9 drops dur+ ! rema9d] (
 ! day1 until x is at l5g? exhau/$1 9 ! 
same mann] t we see wat] drip f ! leaves
 ( trees aft] a heavy %[] ( ra94 ,?is   
di/illation is n peculi> to ! g>se or   
til1 = ! bresos1 :i* gr[ ne> x1 likewise
 drop wat]2 b _! leaves be+ b few &     
n>r[1 ! quantity is s trifl+1 t ?\gh !  
natives save "s ( x1 yet !y make little 
or no acc\nt ( any b :at di/ils f ! til2
 :i* toge!r ) ! wat] ( "s f\nta9s & :at 
is sav$ 9 ! w9t] season1 is suffici5t to
 s]ve !m & _! flocks4 ,?is tree yields  
mo/ wat] 9 ^? ye>s :5 ! ,levant or      
ea/]ly w9ds h prevail$ = a cont9uance2 =
 by ^! w9ds only1 ! cl\ds or mi/s are   
drawn hi!r f ! sea4 ,a p]son lives on ! 
spot ne> :i* ?is tree gr[s :o is appo9t$

 by ! c\ncil to take c>e ( x & its wat]1
 & is all[$ a h\se to live 91 ) a c]ta9 
sal>y4 ,he e day di/ributes to ea*      
family ( ! di/rict sev5 pots or vessels 
full ( wat]1 besides :at he gives to !  
pr9cipal p ( ! isl&4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  
,usefulness ( ! ,a% ,tree--,its position
 among ,sacr$ ,trees--,!     ,que5 (    
,trees--,my?ology ( ! ,a%--,scot*       
sup]/iti\s usages--,!     ,a% ,faggot   
,ball ,som]set%ire--,pl9y & o!rs on !   
,s]p5t &     ! ,a%--,! ,a% z a m$ium (  
cure ( compla9ts--,anecdotes--,phallic  
,associations--,! ,new ,bir?--,irel& & !
 ,a%--,! ,junip]     ,tree--,! ,madonna 
& ! ,junip]--,! ,elm ,tree--,my?ology ( 
!     ,elm--,! ,apple                   
,tree--,my?ological allusions to !      
,apple ,tree--,!     ,p9e ,tree--,w9d   
,spirits--,g]man ,sup]/itions--,! ,oak  
,tree--,univ]sal     ,sacr$ness ( !     
,oak--,! ,oak ( ! ,hebrew               
,scriptures--,classic                   
,oaks--,socrates & 8 oa?--,greek        
say+s--,! ,trees speak+--,sacr$     ,oak

 ( ,dodona--,leg5d ( ,philemon &        
,baucis--,! ,hamadryads--,! ,yule       
,log--,/4 ,boniface--,my/]ies connect$ )
 ! ,oak--,! ,*ri/mas     ,tree4   ,!    
,a%1 :ile "o ( ! mo/ useful & valuable (
 ,briti% trees1 dem&s p>ticul> att5tion 
f ! fact t x has always held a =emo/    
position among/ ! sacr$ trees ( anci5t  
nations4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology x 0 ! 
mundane tree--! symbolical tree (       
univ]sal life4 ,be/ & greate/ ( trees1 x
 0 call$1 ) a triple root rea*+ to !    
my?ic regions ( ! fir/ giants & ! sir1 &
 p5etrat+ to ! nebul\s ,niflheim1 its   
maje/ic /em ov]topp+ ! heav5s1 its      
bran*es fill+ ! _w2 x is spr9kl$ ) !    
pure/ wat]1 :5ce comes ! dew t falls on 
! dales1 its life-giv+ en]gy is diffus$ 
?r\gh\t all nature4  ,x has be5 said t  
if ! oak be reg>d$ z ! k+ ( trees & !   
,h]cules ( ! =e/1 ! a% may fairly claim 
supremacy z _! que51 & ,gilp9 t]ms x !  
,v5us ( ! ,woods4  ,at its foot is !    
,und> f\nta9 :]e sit ! ?ree ,norns or   
,fates--"t pa/1 "t pres5t1 & "t to come2

 ^! give ,runic *>act]s & laws to m51 & 
fix _! de/9ies4 ,"h is ! mo/ holy ( all 
places1 :]e ! gods assemble daily 9     
c\ncil1 ) ,all-,fa!r at _! head4  ,^!   
?ree ,norns h a c]ta9 analogy to ! ?ree 
my?ic ,p]sian de/9ies seat$ by ! f\nta9 
( p]5nial life2 & ! tree itself is      
evid5tly a symbol ( t inscrutable p[]   
:i* is ! life ( all ?+s2 ?us repres5t+1 
"u an arboresc5t =m1 ! mo/ anci5t !ory (
 nature1 analog\s to t p]sonifi$ 9 !    
,indian ,p>vati1 ! goddess ( life &     
reproduction2 also 9 ! ,egyptian ,isis2 
& 9 ! figure s frequ5tly met ) 9 !      
museums ( ,italy1 call$ ',diana ( !     
,ephesians1' a v>iety ( ! ,indian ,maya4
  ,9 ! ,*9ese sacr$ books1 '! ,ta\ 7!   
div9e reason or wisdom1 b "h put = !    
,deity7 pres]ves ! heav5s & supports !  
e>?3 he is s high z n to be rea*$1 s    
deep z n to be foll[$1 s imm5se z to    
conta9 ! :ole univ]se1 & yet he         
p5etrates into ! m9ute/ ?+s4' ,! sacr$  
a% ( ! ,sc&9avians corresponds z a      
symbol ) ! ,*9ese ,ta\4#ai  ,hesiod &   

,hom] bo? m5tion ! a%2 ! latt] m5tion+ !
 a%5 spe> ( ,a*illes1 & tell+ u t x 0 by
 an a%5 spe> t he 0 sla94  ,9 ! hea!n   
my?ology1 ,cupid is said to h made 8    
arr[s fir/ ( a% wood1 ?\gh !y 7 aft]w>ds
 =m$ ( cypress4  ,s mu* my/]y has always
 be5 associat$ ) ! a% tree1 t 9 all ages
 & 9 all c\ntries innum]able sup]/itions
 h gr[n up 9 connection ) x1 &1 f _!    
mod]n propagation 9 an age ( education1 
w evid5tly die h>d4  ,9 _m p>ts ( !     
,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 at ! bir? ( a *ild1 
! nurse puts "o end ( a gre5 /ick ( ?is 
tree into ! fire1 & :ile x is burn+     
ga!rs 9 a spoon ! sap or juice :i* oozes
 out at ! o!r end1 & adm9i/]s x z ! fir/
 spoonful ( food to ! newly-born babe4  
,9 ,som]set%ire1 & "s o!r c\nties1 !    
burn+ ( an a%5 fagot is a regul>        
,*ri/mas cu/om1 & x is suppos$ t        
mis=tune w c]ta9ly fall ^u ! h\se :]e x 
is n duly fulfill$4 ,9 ! same c\nty1 !re
 is held annually ! ,a% ,faggot ,ball4  
,! fagot is b\nd ) ?ree )es1 :i* are    
sev]ally *os5 to repres5t !m by ! "y p  

pres5t--! fir/ )e t breaks 9 ! fire     
signify+ t !y :o select$ x w be ! fir/  
to be m>ri$4 ,x is said t ^! cu/oms     
prevail ext5sively :]e ! ,ar?urian      
leg5ds are v /rong1 & t x is probable t 
! association ( ! a% ) ,ar?ur grew out (
 its d$ication to ! gods ( w>1 on acc\nt
 ( t\ghness = weapons4  ,:ile _m ( !    
surviv+ sup]/itions connect$ ) ! a% may 
probably be trac$ to ,yggdrasill1 x has 
be5 obs]v$ t ?\gh ,yggdrasill 0 an a%1  
!re is reason to ?9k t1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce
 ( traditions1 o!r sacr$ trees bl5d$ )  
x4 ,?us :ile ! a% be>s no fruit1 !      
,eddas describe ! />s z ! fruit (       
,yggdrasill4 ,?is says ,mr4 ,conway1 ) !
 fact t ! s]p5t is coil$ ar\nd its root1
 & ! "n ,midg>d1 i4e41 mid/ ( ! g>d51   
sugge/ t ! apple-tree ( ,ed51 may h be5 
graft$ on ! great a%4 ,he also says !re 
is a *apel at ,cobl5tz :]e a tree is    
pictur$ ) sev]al ( ! di/9ctive symbols (
 ,yggsdrasill1 :ile on x ! =bidd5 fruit 
is repres5t$ p>tly op51 disclos+ a      
dea?'s head4 ,! s]p5t is coil$ r\nd !   

tree's foot4 ,:5 ,*ri/ian ideas         
prevail$1 & ! ,norse deities 7 trans=m$ 
to wit*es1 ! a% 0 suppos$ to be _!      
fav\rite tree4 ,f x !y pluck$ bran*es on
 :i* to ride ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ,old5burg x
 is said ! a% appe>s )\t its r$ buds on 
,/4 ,john's ,day1 because ! wit*es eat  
!m on ! night be=e1 on _! way to !      
orgies ( ,walpurgisna*t4  ,fros*mu/]    
along ) ,pl9y records ! anci5t popul>   
belief t a s]p5t w r pass ?r\gh fire 9  
endeav\r+ to escape f an enclos$ circle 
?an g "u ! %ade ( or t\* ! b\gh ( ! a%4 
,9 connection ) ?is1 ,dioscorides       
affirms t ! juice ( a% leaves1 mix$ )   
w9e1 is a cure = ! bite ( s]p5ts4       
,ano!r & a /udi$ly cruel sup]/ition 0 t 
if a hole 7 bor$ 9 an a% tree & a live  
%rew m\se enclos$ !re9 & left to p]i%1 a
 few /rokes ) a bran* ( ! tree ?us      
prep>$ w\ld cure lam5ess & cramp 9      
cattle1 afflictions suppos$ to h be5    
br\ght on by ! influ5ce ( ! same little 
animal4  ,9 our fir/ volume ( ,phallic  
,wor%ip an int]e/+ ref]5ce 0 made to    

c]ta9 curative prop]ties suppos$ to be  
connect$ ) ! pass+ ( a diseas$ or       
afflict$ body ?r\gh a cleft /ick1 twig1 
or tree4  ,j "h1 :5 writ+ ^u ! a% tree1 
x is prop] aga9 to allude to t peculi>  
cu/om1 or sup]/ition4 ,?is tree 0 long  
held 9 great v5]ation ev5 9 our own     
c\ntry = its suppos$ virtue 9 remov+    
rickets or heal+ int]nal ruptures4      
,newspap]s & old magaz9es record _m     
in/ances illu/rative ( ! pr(\nd fai? (  
_m ( ! c\ntry folk 9 ?is mode ( gett+   
relief1 & ! me?od ( proc$ure appe>s to h
 be5 ne>ly always ! same1 & ak9 to !    
pass+ ( a diseas$ or pollut$ p]son ?r\gh
 a human image 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! _w4   
,! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory (         
,selborne says t 9 ,hamp%ire a tree 0   
*os51 "y & flexible1 & its /em be+ sev]$
 longitud9ally1 ! fissure 0 kept wide   
op51 & ! *ild to be heal$1 be+ duly     
undress$1 0 pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh !    
ap]ture4 ,aft] ! op]ation1 ! tree 0     
b&ag$ up & pla/]$ ov] ) loam4 ,x 0      
believ$ t if ! sev]$ p>ts ( ! tree unit$

 ! *ild & ! tree gradually recov]$      
toge!r2 if ! cleft cont9u$ to gape1 :i* 
c\ld only happ5 ?r\gh neglig5ce or want 
( skill1 x 0 ?\ght t ! op]ation _h prov$
 ineffectual4  ,ano!r acc\nt 9 a        
newspap] =ty ye>s ago says a poor woman 
appli$ to a f>m] resid+ 9 ! same p>i% = 
p]mission to pass a sick *ild ?r\gh "o (
 8 a% trees4 ,! object 0 to cure ! *ild 
( ! rickets4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! op]ation 0 
p]=m$ 0 z foll[s3--,a "y tree 0 split f 
! top to ab\t ! height ( a p]son1 & laid
 suffici5tly op5 to pass ! *ild ?r\gh4  
,! c]emony took place be=e ?ree o'clock 
9 ! morn+1 & be=e ! sun rose4 ,! *ild _h
 its clo!s remov$4 ,x 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh !
 tree by ! woman & receiv$ on ! o!r side
 by "s p]son4 ,?is 0 done ?ree times &  
on ?ree consecutive morn+s2 ! a% 0 !n   
c>efully b\nd toge!r4  ,9 ! ,g5tleman's 
,magaz9e = ,june1 #ahjd1 a lett] f a    
correspond5t says3 ,on ,%orley ,hea?1   
,w>wick%ire1 on ! left-h& side ( ! road 
go+ f ,%orley ,/reet to ,hockley ,h\se1 
!re /&s a "y a% tree1 close to ! cottage

 ( ,h5ry ,r[e1 ^: infant son1 ,?omas    
,r[e1 0 drawn ?r\gh ! trunk or body ( x1
 9 ! ye> #agia1 to cure him ( a rupture1
 ! tree be+ split op5 = ! purpose (     
pass+ ! *ild ?r\gh x4 ,! boy is n[      
?irte5 ye>s & six mon?s old4 ,i h ?is   
day1 ,june #ai?1 #ahjd1 se5 ! a% tree & 
,?omas ,r[e1 z well z 8 fa!r ,h5ry ,r[e1
 f :om ,i receiv$ ! above acc\nt2 & he  
sup]/iti\sly believes t 8 son ,?omas 0  
cur$ ( ! rupture by be+ drawn ?r\gh !   
cleft 9 ! said a% tree1 & by no?+ else4 
,9 ! mon? ( ,octob] foll[+1 ano!r       
correspond5t says3 ,! a%-tree describ$  
by y\r correspond5t gr[s by ! side (    
,%irley ,/reet1 at ! edge ( ,%irley     
,hea?1 9 ,solihull p>i%4 ,! upp] "p ( ! 
gap =m$ by ! *isel has clos$1 b ! l[] "p
 rema9s op51 & ! tree is heal?y &       
fl\ri%+4 ,?omas ,*ill+wor?1 son ( ! own]
 ( an adjo9+ f>m1 n[ ab\t ?irty-f\r1 0  
:5 an infant ab\t a ye> old pass$ ?r\gh 
a simil> tree--n[ p]fectly s\nd--:i* he 
pres]ves ) s mu* c>e t he w n suff] a   
s+le bran* to be t\*$1 = x is believ$ t 

! life ( ! pati5t dep5ds on ! life ( !  
tree1 & ! mom5t t x is cut d[n1 be !    
pati5t ev] s di/ant1 ! rupture returns1 
& mortification ensues & t]m9ates 9     
dea?1 z 0 ! case 9 a man driv+ a waggon 
on ! v road 9 "q4 ,r[e's son 0 pass$    
?r\gh ! pres5t tree 9 #agbb1 at ! age ( 
"o or two4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 uncommon =   
p]sons to survive = a "t ! fell+ ( !    
tree4 ,9 "o case ! rupture return$      
sudd5ly & mortification foll[$4 ,^!     
trees are left to close ( !mselves or   
are clos$ ) nails4 ,! woodcutt]s v      
frequ5tly meet ) ! latt]4 ,"o fell$ on  
,bunnan's f>m 0 f\nd full ( nails4 ,?is 
belief is s preval5t 9 ?is "p ( !       
c\ntry1 t in/ances ( trees t h be5      
employ$ z a cure are v common4 ,! l     
notions obta9 cr$it 9 "s p>ts ( ,essex4 
,) reg>d to ! *oice ( a p>ticul> tree = 
^! sup]/iti\s cures1 ,moor says3 ,! a%  
is said to be ! tree always select$ on  
^! occasions1 p]haps because x is m     
easily cleft ?an mo/ o!rs1 & may m      
readily recov] ( su* a w\nd4 ,i h he>d (

 a bramble be+ sub/itut$1 b n on ocul>  
au?ority4  ,!re is no passage 9 !       
,*ri/ian or ,hebrew ,scriptures on :i*1 
z conc]n+ ! a%1 ! ,talmudi/s or         
,t>gumi/s c\ld 9 su* pron5ess build     
any?+ my/]i\s4 ,! a% is b once--,isa    
xliv4 #ad--m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 & ?is is 
9 a pla9 non-my/ical mann]4  ,x may "h  
be obs]v$ t ! a% 0 ( old a v5]at$ tree4 
,hesiod makes x ! orig9 ( 8 braz5 m54   
,among ! my/]ies ( ! ,sc&9avians1 ! :ole
 human race is ( ! same orig94 ,f "o    
species ( a% ! ,calabrians ga!r manna4  
,x exudes 9 summ] f incisions or        
p]=ations1 :i* almo/ necess>ily assume1 
:5 made & :5 heal$ an ,ionic =m4 ,ano!r 
species ( a% is poison\s3 aga9 connect+ 
x ) ,sivaic or ,kalaic fable4 ,! m\nta9 
a%1 a tree diff]+ g5]ically1 ,i believe1
 f ! common a%1 %>es also 9 ! my/]i\s   
repute4 ,9 days ( great] sup]/ition ?an 
! pres5t1 x 0 us$ z a c\nt]spell aga9/  
wit*craft4 ,if its "n ( m\nta9 a% has   
be5 giv5 to x f its suppos$ love (      
elevat$ regions1 x w become m & m       

connect$ ) ,kali1 9 h] "* ( !           
m\nta9-born1 m\nta9-lov+ ,diana2 :o1 9  
"o ( h] *>act]s1 corresponds ) !        
ob/etric ,luc9a4  ,a s*ol>1 duly imbu$ )
 my/icism1 might1 haply1 trace & connect
 sundry poetical & widely-spread        
sup]/iti\s allusions to ! a%4 ,moor     
says3 ,only "o peculi>ity 9 x occurs to 
me2 ?is is1 t ! wood ( "y a% is z t\gh1 
h>d1 & durable z ( old3 ( sev5 ye>s z ( 
sev5ty4 ,?is1 ) a c]ta9 class might seem
 a type or symbol ( y\? & age4 ,9 common
 ) ! sycamore1 ! a% tree be>s1 & is     
propagat$1 by a key1 z we & c]ta9 o!r   
nations call ! se$4 ,9 our volume on    
,phallism1 9 ! *apt] on ! ,crux ,ansata 
we h se5 some?+ ( ! my/icism connect$ ) 
t "n & =m1 & x is n necess>y to repeat x
 "h4 ,moor says3 ,x might be insuff]able
 to h9t at ! ,kalaic s\nd 9 ! initial ( 
,clauis3 & t possibly some?+ a/ronomical
 may h be5 fanci$ 9 ! configuration ( ! 
spots on ! s+ul>ly dispos$ black        
peculi>ity ( ! foliage ( ! sycamore2 su*
 leaves moreov] 9 _! ext]ior =m be+     

triunical & bifurcat$ at _! base4  ,a   
longitud9al w\nd 9 ! b>k ( a tree w     
prim>ily assume ! ,sivaic =m--! erect1  
obeliscal6 l ! tree itself1 symbolic ( !
 ,l+a4 ,exp&$1 = a my/]i\s purpose--& x 
is curi\s :at a numb] ( su* my/]i\s     
purposes seem to h occurr$ to pruri5t   
eyes--x is ,ionic4 ,duplicat$1 :5 heal+ 
& heal$1 we f9d x /ill ( l allusion4    
,moor proce$s3 ,9 rural w&]+s ,i h be5  
/ruck ) ! uni=mities ( ! w\nds 9        
trees--all1 be !y rec5t or heal$1       
incisions or p]=ations1 9 s\nd or holl[ 
trees1 exhibit+ t almo/ all-p]vad+ =m s 
my/ical 9 ! eye ( a ,saiva1 or a ,sakti1
 or an ,ioni jah2 & p]haps ( ,brahmans  
g5]ally4 ,z su* !y are borne on !       
=eheads ( ,h9dus ( ! pres5t day1 z !y 7 
( old2 & z !y probably 7 also among !   
,egyptians2 &1 m ( individual or (ficial
 ?an sect>ial di/9ction p]haps among !  
,israelites4  ,) ,h9dus1 9 a ^w1 x is ! 
=m ( nature's matrix2 ) ,plutoni/s1 or  
,vulcani/s1 or ,saiva1 x is creation--x 
is heat--x is r5ovation--x is fire--x is

 reg5]ation--x is all 9 all4 ,s x is )  
,neptuni/s1 ! ,vai%navas3 !n1 ( c\rse1 (
 aque\s1 9 lieu ( igne\s1 ref]5ce4 ,:at 
is ! sea1 !y say1 b ! holl[ ( ! h&--!   
great argha--( nature--or matrice (     
production & reproduction8  ,9 ! seem+ly
 :imsical op]ation ( ! cleft tree1 n[ m 
imm$iately "u our notice1 ! all-p]vad+  
=m & feel+ may be recognis$4 ,a *ild    
issu+ head fir/ 7by "s practition]s feet
 fir/7 ?r\gh su* cleft--or a man ?r\gh a
 natural or artificial simil> fissure or
 cleft 9 a rock1 or ?r\gh a l =m (      
metal1 d[n to ! ridicul\s cut *eese (   
,ox=d--all seem to be indications (     
ob/etricity1 & w\ld n fail ( rem9d+ a   
'twice-born' ,brahman ( a 'second bir?' 
or reg5]ation--( :i* my/]i\s matt] 8    
c]emonial & spiritual books ab\nd4  ,!  
'new bir?' ( ,*ri/ians--let x n be deem$
 irrev]5t to mix su* subjects--is       
expressly decl>$ & univ]sally und]/ood  
to be ( grace2 spiritual1 ?\gh x produce
 no visible fruits4 ,sup]/ition1 !      
(fspr+ ( ignorance & craft1 may         

occasionally symbolize x into c>nality4 
,b su* is ! pron5ess ( ,brahmans to     
g5]al sexualization t al?\gh _! esot]ic 
dogma ( reg5]ation is said to be        
suffici5tly gu>d$ on t po9t1 x has      
not)/&+1 f su* pron5ess1 be5 degrad$    
into doctr9es & ritual c]emonies t we   
may t]m my?ological1 or :imsical1 or    
ridicul\s1 or worse4  ,! inve/iture ( ! 
'twice-born'--a common p]iphrasis = a   
,brahman--( a my/ical triple cord1 or r 
a ?read div]sely re-triplicat$ up to !  
numb] n9ety-six1 is und]/ood to be a    
purify+ rite4 ,?is ?read has sev]al     
names4 ,t by :i* x is mo/ly call$ is    
,z5na>4 ,by we/]n writ]s x has be5      
common to call x ! 'sac]dotal ?read1' or
 ! ',brahm9ical ?read1' mean+ !reby1    
probably1 to conf9e x to prie/s4 ,b x is
 n conf9$ to prie/s nor to ,brahmans4 ,!
 two next classes we> x & are           
canonically & c]emonially entitl$4 ,if !
 read] supposes t ,brahman & prie/ are  
synonym\s he is 9 error4 ,) ,h9dus all  
prie/s are ,brahmans4 ,?r\gh ?is my/ical

 z5na>1 or v9culum1 ! sanctifi$ p]son is
 pass$ ) endless c]emonials4 ,!         
figurative language common 9 ea/]n      
idioms ( 'twice born1' be+ 'made :ole'  
c41 is ) u spirituality4 ,b x is by o!rs
 misund]/ood1 & h5ce ^? :o are n        
'brok5-he>t$1' n 'brok5 9 _s1' b brok5 9
 body1 seek to be 'made :ole' by a      
physical rite2 & pass reg5]atively ?r\gh
 a z5na>1 or a tree1 or a /one1 ( a     
peculi> =m or figure4#bj  ,9 ,irel& !   
m\nta9 a%1 accord+ to a popul> belief1 0
 an antidote to *>ms1 & a protective    
aga9/ wit*craft1 ! evil-eye & disease4  
,9 ,scotl&1 kn[n z ! r[an-tree or       
r\n-tree1 x 0 simil>ly reg>d$1 a bran* (
 x be+ plac$ ov] ! door ( ! c[%$ = !    
safely ( ! cattle4 ,! say+ 03    ,r[an  
tree & r$ ?read   ,put ! wit*es to _!   
spe$4  ,its position 9 ,sc&9avian       
my?ology we m5tion at l5g? 9 o!r pages4 
,pl9y says su* is its influ5ce t snakes 
w n re/ 9 its %ad[1 %unn+ x at a        
di/ance4 ,f p]sonal k1 he says if a     
s]p5t be s encompass$ by a f5ce ( a%    

leaves z t he _c escape )\t pass+ ?r\gh 
fire1 he w pref] ! fire r ?an come 9    
contact ) ! leaves4#ba  ,! junip]1 says 
,de ,gub]natis1 is mu* v5]at$ 9 ,italy1 
9 ,g]many1 & on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 by 
reason ( its alleg$ p[] to dispel evil  
influ5ces4 ,9 ,e/honias1 holes &        
crevices 9 ! walls or dwell+s are beat5 
) a bran* ( junip]1 le/ evil spirits br+
 sickness !re4 ,:5 ! wick$ spirits draw 
nigh & see ! junip] !y take !mselves (f4
 ,at ,pi/oja ! explanation giv5 ( a     
local cu/om ( hang+ a bran* ( junip] ov]
 e door is t :5ev] wit*es see ! junip]  
!y are impell$ by an uncontrollable     
desire to c\nt ! leaflets2 b ^! are s   
num]\s t !y c nev] make ! numb] "r1 & 9 
despair take flight le/ !y be surpris$ &
 detect$4 ,!re is an analog\s belief 9  
,g]many4 ,9 ,waldeck1 accord+ to ,dr4   
,maunh>dt :5 a *ild falls sick x is     
cu/om>y = ! p>5ts to put a lock ( wool &
 a piece ( bread 9 a bun* ( junip]1 t ! 
evil spirits may f9d employm5t 9 eat+ & 
sp9n+ !re91 & s =get ! *ild1 ) :om x is 

fe>$1 !y h be5 ov] busy4    ',ye fi5ds &
 m9i/]s ( hell   ,"h br+ ,i :]e)al t ye 
may sp91   ,& eat likewise2   ,eat1     
!re=e1 & sp91   ,& =get my *ild4'#bb  ,9
 ,g]many a ,frau ,wa*hold] 7,dame       
,jupit]7 p]sonifies ! g5ius ( ! junip]  
tree1 & is invok$ to make robb]s give up
 _! spoil4 ,a bran* ( a junip] bu% is   
b5t d[n to ! gr\nd & kept d[n ) a /one1 
! "n ( ! real or suppos$ ?ief be+       
repeat$ at ! same "t1 ) injunctions to  
br+ back ! booty4 ,:5ev] ! desir$ result
 comes ab\t ! /one is remov$ & ! bran*  
set free4 ,"h seems to be a c\nt]p>t ( !
 ?ief-cat*+ /aff or rod ( ,indian       
folk-lore1 :i* survives 9 s _m ,aryan   
usages & cu/oms4 ,l o!r trees ) hispid  
foliage1 ! junip] has ! special         
attribute ( deta9+ fugitives2 b x       
sometimes %ields !m z well4 ,an ,italian
 leg5d describ$ ! ,madonna z sav$ 9 h]  
flight by a junip] bu%1 j z 9 ,g]man    
/ory ! holy ,walpurga is hidd5 f h]     
pursu]s by a peasant 9 a pat* ( :eat4   
,an ag$ crone ( ,signa1 9 ,tuscany1 ?us 

relates ! leg5d to ,de ,gub]natis3--,our
 ,lady 0 fly+ ) ! infant ,jesus1 &      
,h]od's soldi]s 7 9 hot pursuit4 ,z !y  
w5t ! broom trees & *ick peas ru/l$1    
risk+ betrayal2 ! flax /ood bolt upright
 & ap>t2 b z ! fugitives drew ne>1 a    
junip] bu% p>t$ its bran*es to receive  
!m 9 its fri5dly embrace4 ,:]e=e !      
,virg9 !n & !re curs$ bo? ! broom & !   
*ick pea1 :i* f t day =? h nev] ceas$ to
 ru/le4 ,! fragility ( ! flax %e =gave1 
b %e laid h] bless+ on ! junip]2 & to   
?is clay at ,*ri/ma/ide1 9 ne>ly e      
,italian /all junip] is hung1 z bun*es (
 holly are 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 &         
,switz]l&4  ,l ! holly1 junip] drives   
away evil influ5ces ( e k9d f h\se &    
fold1 & is held to be peculi>ly         
efficaci\s 9 protect+ horses & cattle f 
! incorporeal mon/]s :i* sometimes haunt
 & tr\ble !m4  ,9 a v r>e little "w1    
publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #afba1 ! au?or1   
,amadeo ,ca/ra1 makes m5tion ( a        
,bolognese cu/om on ,*ri/mas ,eve (     
di/ribut+ bran*es ( junip] to e h\se4   

,he adds1 t all writ]s are agre$ z to   
its efficacy aga9/ s]p5ts & v5om\s      
bea/s2 t x suppli$ ! wood ( ! cross2 t x
 cov]$ ! flight ( ,elias2 f9ally arriv+ 
at ! conclusion t ! sanctity ( ! junip] 
equals t ( ! c$>2 t its usage is n a    
fa%ion or sup]/ition1 b a holy my/]y2 & 
t z its fragrant smoke arises f our     
he>?s we %\ld rememb] t s %\ld our      
pray]s asc5d to ! e>s ( ! ,deity4#bc  ,!
 anci5ts reg>d$ ! ,elm z a fun]eal tree1
 x is said1 because x be>s n fruit2 b   
,de ,gub]natis supposes because ( its   
longevity & ! ease ) :i* x multiplies4  
,9 ,catullus1 ! elm is ! husb& & ! v9e !
 wife4 ,s1 too1 ! ,sanscrit ,klidasa    
makes ! mango ! husb& ( a climb+ plant1 
a species ( jasm9e4 ,:5 ! *>m+          
,sakuntala comes into ! pres5ce ( ! "y  
k+ ,du%yanti1 "o ( ! female c\rti]s     
murmurs 9 ! k+'s e>1 ',?is navamallika  
7jasm9e7 t y call ! light ( ! =e/ is    
m>ri$ ( h] own free w to sahak>a 7!     
mango74'  ,9 ! ',iliad1' ,a*illes       
bridges ! en*ant$ /reams ,xan?us &      

,simois ) ! trunks ( an elm tree4 ,:5   
,a*illes kills ! fa!r ( ,&roma*e he     
rais$ 9 8 hon\r a tomb1 ar\nd :i* !     
nymphs came to plant elms4 ,at ! fir/   
note ( ,orpheus' lyre bewail+ ! loss1 ( 
,eurydice1 !re sprang up a =e/ (        
elms4#bd  ,! ,apple tree 0 =m]ly suppos$
 to be ! ,tree ( ,k1 ! fruit ( :i* 0    
eat5 by ,eve 9 ,p>adise2 & x is a curi\s
 fact1 t ! apple tree is also di/+ui%$  
by leg5ds 9 ! my?ologies ( ! ,greeks1 ! 
,sc&9avians1 & ! ,druids4 ,! pagans     
believ$ t ! gold5 fruit ( ! ,hesp]ides1 
:i* x 0 "o ( ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules to     
procure1 9 spite ( ! fi]ce dragon t     
gu>d$ !m & nev] slept1 7 apples2 ?\gh   
mod]n writ]s h suppos$ !m oranges4 ,9 ! 
,edda1 we are told t ! goddess ,iduna _h
 ! c>e ( apples :i* _h ! p[] ( conf]r+  
immortality2 & :i* 7 consequ5tly res]v$ 
= ! gods1 :o ate ( !m :5 !y began to    
feel !mselves gr[+ old4 ,! evil _s ,loke
 took away ,iduna & h] apple tree1 & hid
 !m 9 a =e/ :]e !y c\ld n be f\nd by !  
gods4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is malici\s !ft1 

ev]y?+ w5t wrong 9 ! _w4 ,! gods became 
old & infirm2 &1 enfeebl$ bo? 9 body &  
m9d1 no long] paid ! same att5tion to ! 
affairs ( ! e>?2 & m5 hav+ no "o to look
 aft] !m1 fell into evil c\rses1 &      
became ! prey ( ! evil _s4 ,at l5g?1 !  
gods f9d+ matt]s get worse e day1 r\s$  
_! la/ rema9s ( vig\r1 &1 comb9+ toge!r1
 =c$ ,loke to re/ore ! tree4  ,h]cules 0
 wor%ipp$ by ! ,!bans1 "u ! "n (        
,melius1 & apples 7 (f]$ at 8 alt>s4 ,! 
orig9 ( ?is cu/om 0 ! circum/ance ( !   
riv] ,asopus hav+ on "o occasion ov]fl[$
 its banks to su* an ext5t1 z to r5d] x 
impossible to br+ a %eep across x :i* 0 
to be sacrific$ to ,h]cules2 :5 "s y\?s1
 recollect+ t an apple bore ! same "n z 
a %eep 9 ,greek1 (f]$ an apple1 ) f\r   
little /icks /uck 9 x to resemble legs1 
z a sub/itute = ! %eep2 & aft] t p]iod !
 pagans always consid]$ ! apple z       
specially devot$ to ,h]cules4#be  ,!    
,p9e tree1 f a v e>ly date1 has be5 by  
_m races look$ ^u z sacr$4 ,x 0         
consecrat$ 9 ,greece to ,poseidon &     

,dionysius1 & z sacr$ to ,zeus 0 belov$ 
by ! ,virg9s4 ,9 ! pa/orals ( ,longus1  
,*loe is adorn$ ) a ,p9ea ,corona z an  
emblem ( virg9ity1 :i* ,daphne takes f  
h] & puts on h] own head4  ,diana1 or   
maids mix its *aplets ) ! ma/ic1 z a    
tree ( all o!rs mo/ fruitful1 b n ) !   
myrtle1 :i*1 z sacr$ to ,v5us1 may n    
appe> 9 a pr(ess$ virg9's wrea?4        
7,=long47  ,! position occupi$ by ! tree
 9 ,assyria may be se5 9 ,mr4 ,lay>d's  
works1 he speaks ( x z ! sacr$ tree     
along ) ! corn] /one4 ,! corn] /one1    
says ,=long1 is usually consid]$ !      
pr9cipal /one ( a build+1 h5ce !        
pr9ciple 9 ea* religion is call$ its    
pr9cipal or corn] /one1 & ! fruit ( ?is 
mo/ sacr$ tree is ! commone/ & be/ gift 
to ! gods4 ,?is is probably :y we f9d ! 
tree ev]y:]e1 & :y ! ,assyrian prie/s   
are usually %[n z pres5t+ a p9e cone to 
_! gods & alt>s4 ,! se$ cone seems1     
h[ev]1 to be at times ! cone ( ,indian  
corn1 b ,mr4 ,lay>d ?9ks t ! p9e or     
cypress cone is mo/ us$ 9 ! ',cult de   

,v5us4' ,! ,?yrsus ( ,bac*us1 we may    
rememb]1 has a fir cone1 & ! ,bac*ic    
,pole is usually held to be ( p9e1 z v  
inflammable & odorif]\s--x is rem>kably 
l ! insignia ( ,boodhism & ( mo/ o!r    
fai?s1 z ! ,tri-,sool or ?ree ?orns (   
,siva1 ! trid5ts ( ,neptune1 & o!r      
deities4  ,! p9e 0 suppos$ by "s to be  
inhabit$ by w9d spirits1 l ,ariel1 ow+  
to ! :isp]+ noise proce$+ f x 9 !       
breeze4 ,! leg5d 0 t x 0 ! mi/ress (    
,boreas & ,pan1 an idea acceptable to ! 
,g]man m9d 9 consequ5ce ( its holes &   
knots1 :i* 7 believ$ to be ! means (    
+ress & egress = ! spirits4 ,x is told t
 a beautiful woman ( ,sml&1 :o 0 really 
an elf1 left h] family ?r\gh a knot-hole
 9 ! wood5 h\se-wall4 ,frau ,fi*te1 !   
p9e ( ,silesia1 is believ$ to possess   
great heal+ p[]s1 & its b\ghs are c>ri$ 
ab\t by ! *ildr5 on ,mid-,l5t ,sunday1  
adorn$ ) col\r$ pap]s & spangles2 x is  
also c>ri$ ) songs & rejoic+ to ! doors 
( /ables :]e x is susp5d$ 9 ! belief t x
 w pres]ve ! animals f h>m4  ,9 o!r p>ts

 sup]/itions equally /rik+ prevail4 ,9  
,bohemia m5 ?9k if !y eat ! k]nel ( !   
p9e cone f ! top ( a tree on ,/4 ,john's
 ,day !y w be invuln]able aga9/ %ot4 ,a 
writ] 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e 9 #ahgj1 said 
t he saw sprigs ( p9e /uck on ! railway 
wagons be>+ ! ,g]man soldi]s into       
,france4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many x is q    
common = a man subject to g\t to climb a
 p9e tree & tie a knot 9 its highe/ %oot
 z a cure = 8 malady1 say+ z he does x3 
,p9e1 ,i b9d "h ! g\t t plagues me4  ,) 
_m nations ( antiquity ! oak tree 0     
reg>d$ z a special object ( religi\s    
v5]ation1 su* z ! ,kelts1 ! ,teutonic   
races1 ! ,druids1 ! e>ly inhabitants (  
,pale/9e1 ! e>ly ,greeks & ,hebrews4    
,betwe5 ! ,hebrew cu/oms & ^? ( !       
,druids a v m>k$ resemblance has be5    
trac$ by v>i\s writ]s ( le>n+ & ability4
 ,9 anci5t ,jewi% hi/ory ! oak is (t5   
m5tion$ & 9 a mann] :i* seems to ascribe
 to x a symbolical mean+4 ,accord+ to   
,kitto x 0 reg>d$ z ! emblem ( a div9e  
cov5ant1 & indicat$ ! religi\s          

appropriation ( any /one monum5t erect$ 
b5ea? x2 x 0 also symbolical ( ! div9e  
pres5ce1 possibly f association4#bf  ,f 
! e>lie/ ages ! oak has be5 consid]$ z  
"o ( ! mo/ important ( =e/ trees4 ,held 
sacr$ alike by ,hebrews1 ,greeks1       
,romans1 ,gauls & ,britons1 x 0 ! fe> ( 
! sup]/iti\s = _! oracle & at ! same "t 
! resort ( ! hungry = _! food4 ,e>ly    
hi/ory is full ( ref]5ces to ?is tree4  
,9 ,g5esis xii41 #f1 #g1 m5tion is made 
( ! pla9 ( ,moreh1 :]e x is said ,god   
appe>$ to ,abram1 ! prop] r5d]+ ( ! ^w  
pla9 be+ oak4 ,! pla9 ( ,mamre also     
occurs1 & :]ev] x does %\ld be oak or a%
 groves4 ,g5esis xviii41 #a1 = in/ance1 
:]e x is record$ t ! angels ann\nc$ to !
 patri>* ! bir? ( ,isaac4 ,?is oak1     
,jewi% tradition says 01 long aft]      
,abraham's "t1 held z an object (       
v5]ation1 inde$ ,bayle 9 8 ,hi/orical & 
,critical ,diction>y1 article ,abraham1 
says3--,?is puts me 9 m9d ( ! oak (     
,mamre1 "u :i* ,abraham is said         
sometimes to h cool$ himself4 ,?is oak1 

!y tell y1 0 /&+ 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e4
 ,l\don m5tions t ?is tree or r ! grove 
( ,mamre1 is frequ5tly allud$ to 9 !    
,old ,te/am5t2 & 9 ,eusebius's ,life (  
,con/ant9e we f9d ! oaks ( ,mamre       
expressly m5tion$ z a place :]e idolatry
 0 committ$ by ! ,israelites1 close to !
 tomb ( ,abraham1 & :]e ,con/ant9e      
aft]w>ds built a *ur*4 ,num]\s o!r      
in/ances may be f\nd ( ! m5tion ( ! oak 
9 ! ,scripture n necess>y to ent] into  
"h4  ,turn+ to classic lore1 ! ref]5ces 
are ev5 m num]\s4 ,we h ! oak groves (  
,dodona1 9 ,epirus1 ! mo/ anci5t &      
celebrat$ ( oracles1 ^: prie/s s5t out  
_! revelations on its leaves4  ,pl9y    
says t ! oaks 9 ! =e/ ( ,h]eynia 7      
believ$ to be z old z ! _w1 also t oaks 
exi/$ at ! tomb ( ,ilus ne> ,troy1 :i*  
_h be5 s[n :5 t city 0 fir/ call$       
,ilium4  ,socrates took oa? by ! oak2   
also ! wom5 ( ,pri5e1 a m>itime city (  
,ionia1 9 matt]s ( importance4 ,on ,m\nt
 ,lycu1 9 ,arcadia1 !re 0 a temple (    
,jupit] ) a f\nta91 into :i* ! prie/    

?rew an oak bran*1 9 times ( dr\ght1 to 
produce ra94 ,! ,greeks _h two rem>kable
 say+s relative to ?is tree1 "o ( :i* 0 
! phrase3 ,i speak to ! oak1 z a solemn 
assev]ation2 & ! o!r1 born ( an oak1    
appli$ to a f\ndl+2 because anci5tly    
*ildr51 :5 ! p>5ts 7 unable to provide =
 !m1 7 frequ5tly expos$ 9 ! holl[ ( an  
oak tree4  ,s important a position does 
! oak occupy 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject we  
are n[ discuss+1 t be=e dismiss+ x we   
feel b\nd to call att5tion to "s ( ^?   
my?ological allusions to x :i* h be5    
collect$ by ,l\don = ! enri*m5t ( !     
pages ( 8 admirable ,hi/ory ( ! ,trees &
 ,%rubs ( ,brita94  ,! oak 0 d$icat$ by 
! anci5ts to ,jupit]1 because x 0 said t
 an oak tree %elt]$ t god at 8 bir? on  
,m\nt ,lycu1 9 ,arcadia2 & !re is       
sc>cely a ,greek or ,lat9 poet or prose 
au?or1 :o does n make "s allusion to ?is
 tree4 ,h]odotus fir/ m5tions ! sacr$   
=e/ ( ,dodona 7ii4 c4 #eg47 & relates ! 
traditions he he>d respect+ x f ! prie/s
 ( ,egypt4 ,two black doves1 he says1   

took _! flight f ! city ( ,!bes1 "o (   
:i* flew to ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon & 
! o!r to ,dodona1 :]e1 ) a human voice1 
x acqua9t$ ! inhabitants t ,jupit] _h   
consecrat$ ! gr\nd1 :i* w\ld 9 future   
give oracles4 ,all ! trees 9 ! grove    
became end[$ ) ! gift ( prophecy2 & !   
sacr$ oaks n only spoke & deliv]$       
oracles :ile 9 a liv+ /ate1 b1 :5 "s (  
!m 7 cut d[n to build ! %ip ',argo1' !  
beams & ma/s ( t %ip frequ5tly spoke &  
w>n$ ! ,argonauts ( approa*+ calamities4
 7,see ,hom4 ,ody41 xiv42 ,lucian1 vi41 
#dbg2 ,apoll41 ,book ,i41 c47 ,aft] giv+
 ! acc\nt above relat$1 ,h]odotus adds  
:at he calls ! explanation ( x4 ,he says
 t "s ,pho5ician m]*ants c>ri$ (f an    
,egyptian prie/ess f ,!bes into ,greece1
 :]e %e took up h] resid5ce 9 ! =e/ (   
,dodona1 & erect$ !re1 at ! foot ( an   
old oak1 a small temple 9 hon\r (       
,jupit]1 ^: prie/ess %e _h be5 at ,!bes4
 ,! t[n & temple ( ,dodona are said by  
o!rs to h be5 built by ,deucalion       
imm$iately aft] ! great flood1 :51 9    

gratitude = 8 pres]vation1 he rais$ a   
temple to ,jupit]1 & consecrat$ ! oak   
grove to 8 hon\r4 ,?is grove1 or r =e/1 
ext5d$ f ,dodona to ,*aonia1 a m\nta9\s 
di/rict ( ,epirus1 s call$ f ,*aon1 son 
( ,priam1 :o 0 accid5tly kill$ !re by 8 
bro!r ,hel5us4 ,! =e/ 01 f ?is1         
sometimes call$ ! ,*aonian ,=e/2 &      
,jupit] ,*aonian ,fa!r4 7,see ,virgil1  
,ovid1 c47 ,! oracle ( ,dodona 0 n only 
! mo/ celebrat$ b ! ri*e/ 9 ,greece1 f !
 (f]+s made by ^? :o came to x1 to      
enquire into futurity4 ,! prophecies 7  
fir/ deliv]$ by doves :i* 7 always kept 
9 ! temple1 9 memory ( ! fabul\s orig9  
assign$ to ! oracle2 b aft]w>ds ! answ]s
 7 deliv]$ by ! prie/esses2 or1 accord+ 
to ,suidas1 ,hom] & o!rs1 by ! oaks     
!mselves3 holl[ trees no d\bt be+ *os51 
9 :i* a prie/ might conceal himself4    
,dur+ ! ,?racian w> a deputation (      
,boeotians consult+ ! oracle1 ! prie/ess
 told !m t if !y w\ld meet ) success1 !y
 mu/ be guilty ( an impi\s action3 :5 9 
ord] to fulfil ! oracle1 !y seiz$ h] &  

burnt h] alive4 ,aft] ?is ! ,dodonian   
oracles 7 always deliv]$ to ! ,boeotians
 by m54 ,! oracul> p[]s ( ! ,dodonian   
oaks are frequ5tly allud$ to1 n only by 
! ,greek & ,lat9 poets1 b by ^? ( mod]n 
times4 7,see ,c[p]'s ,address to !      
,y>dley ,oak & ,wordswor?'s ,l9es to a  
,spani% ,oak47  ,milo ( ,croton 0 a     
celebrat$ a?lete1 ^: /r5g? & voracity 7 
s great t x 0 said he c\ld c>ry a       
bullock on 8 %\ld]s1 kill x ) a bl[ ( 8 
fi/1 & aft]w>ds eat x up 9 "o day4 ,9 8 
old age1 ,milo attempt$ to te> up an old
 oak tree by ! roots2 b ! trunk split & 
! cleft "p unit+1 8 h&s became lock$ 9 !
 body ( ! tree2 & be+ unable to         
extricate himself1 he 0 dev\r$ by wild  
bea/s4 7,ovid2 ,/rab2 ,paus47  ,! oak 0 
consid]$ by ! anci5ts z ! emblem (      
hospitality2 because :5 ,jupit] &       
,m]cury 7 travell+ 9 disguise1 & arriv$ 
at ! cottage ( ,philemon1 :o 0 aft]w>ds 
*ang$ into an oak tree1 !y 7 treat$ ) ! 
greate/ k9dness4 ,philemon 0 a poor old 
man :o liv$ ) 8 wife ,baucis 9 ,phrygia1

 9 a mis]able cottage1 :i* ,jupit]1 to  
rew>d 8 hospitality1 *ang$ into a       
magnifici5t temple1 ( :i* he made ! old 
c\ple prie/ & prie/ess1 grant+ !m ! only
 reque/ !y made to him1 viz41 to be     
p]mitt$ to die toge!r4 ,accord+ly1 :5   
bo? 7 gr[n s old z to wi% = dea?1 ,jove 
turn$ ,baucis into a lime tree1 &       
,philemon into an oak2 ! two trees      
entw9+ _! bran*es1 & %ad+ = m ?an a     
c5tury ! magnific5t portal ( ! ,phrygian
 temple4  ,! civic cr[n ( ! ,romans 0   
=m$ ( oak2 & x 0 grant$ = em95t civil   
s]vices r5d]$ to ! /ate1 ! greate/ ( :i*
 0 consid]$ to be ! sav+ ( ! life ( a   
,roman citiz54  ,acorns hav+ be5 ! food 
( man till ,c]es introduc$ corn1 b\ghs (
 oak 7 c>ri$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4    
,b\ghs ( oak ) acorns 7 c>ri$ 9 m>riage 
c]emonies1 z emblems ( fecundity4       
,sophocles1 9 ! fragm5t ( ,rhizotomi1   
describes ,hecates z cr[n$ ) oak leaves 
& s]p5ts4 ,pl9y relates ( ! oaks on !   
%ores ( ! ,cau*ian ,sea1 t1 und]m9$ by !
 waves & propell$ by ! w9ds1 !y tore (f 

) !m va/ masses ( e>? on _! int]wov5    
roots1 & occasion$ ! greate/ t]ror to ! 
,romans1 ^: fleets enc\nt]$ ^! float+   
isl&s4 ,( ! ,hyrcynian =e/ he says1 ,^! 
enorm\s oaks1 unaffect$ by ages & coeval
 ) ! _w by a de/9y almo/ immortal1 exce$
 all wond]4 ,omitt+ o!r circum/ances t  
might n ga9 belief1 x is well kn[n t    
hills are rais$ up by ! enc\nt] ( !     
jo/l+ roots2 or :]e ! e>? may n h       
foll[$1 t ar*es1 /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r1 &   
elevat$ to ! v bran*es1 are curv$ z x 7 
into wide gateways1 able to admit !     
passage ( :ole troops ( horse4  ,?is =e/
 is describ$ by ,cs> z requir+ sixty    
days to trav]se x2 & ! rema9s ( x are   
suppos$ by "s to con/itute ! =e/ on !   
m\nta9s ( ! ,h>tz2 & by o!rs to be !    
,black ,=e/ ( ! ,tyrol4  ,! beautiful   
fiction ( ! ,hamadryads is frequ5tly    
ref]r$ to by ! ,greek poets4 ,!         
,hamadryads 7 nymphs1 ea* ( :om 0       
',doom$ to a life coeval ) h] oak4'     
,callima*us1 9 ! ,hymn to ,delos1       
repres5ts ,melia z sigh+ deeply = h]    

p>5t oak2 & adds--    ',joy fills h]    
brea/ :5 %[]s refre% ! spray3   ,sadly  
%e grieves :5 autumn's leaves decay4'   
,9 ,appollonius ,rhodius1 ,book ,,ii41  
we f9d "o ( ! ,hamadryads implor+ a     
woodman to sp>e ! oak to :i* h] exi/5ce 
is atta*$3    ,l\d ?r\gh ! air res\nds !
 woodman's /roke1   ,:5 lo6 a voice     
breaks f ! groan+ oak4   ',sp>e1 sp>e my
 life6 a trembl+ virg9 sp>e6   ,oh1 li/5
 to ! ,hamadryad's pray]6   ,no long]   
let t fe>ful axe res\nd2   ,pres]ve !   
tree to :i* my life is b\nd6   ,see f ! 
b>k my blood 9 torr5ts fl[s1   ,i fa9t1 
,i s9k1 ,i p]i% f y\r bl[s4'  ,! oak1   
evid5tly1 0 an object ( wor%ip among !  
,celts & anci5t ,britons4 ,! ,celts     
wor%ipp$ _! ,god ,teut "u ! =m ( ?is    
tree2 & ! ,britons reg>d$ x z a symbol (
 _! ,god ,t>nawa1 ! god ( ?und]4  ,j "h 
we are rem9d$ by ,l\don & o!rs ( ! ,yule
 log & ,yule fe/ival1 a mo/ anci5t      
,briti% in/itution1 n[ kn[n to our      
dwell]s 9 t[ns only by hi/orical report4
 ,pr(essor ,burnet tells u ! ^w yule    

comes f ,hu1 ! ,bac*us ( ! ,druids2 o!rs
 d]ive x f ,baal1 ,bal1 or ,yia\l1 !    
,celtic god ( fire1 & :o 0 sometimes    
id5tifi$ ) ! sun & wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( an
 oak4 ,baal 0 consid]$ ! same z ! ,roman
 ,saturn1 & 8 fe/ival 7t ( ,yule7 0 kept
 at ,*ri/mas1 :i* 0 ! "t ( !            
,saturnalia4 ,! ,druids pr(ess$ to      
ma9ta9 p]petual fire2 & once e ye> all !
 fires belong+ to ! p 7 ext+ui%$1 &     
relight$ f ! sacr$ fire ( ! ,druids4    
,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,yule log1 ) :i*1 ev5
 s lately z ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ c5tury1
 ! ,*ri/mas fire 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry 0 
always k9dl$2 a fre% log be+ ?r[n on &  
light$1 b tak5 (f be=e x 0 consum$1 &   
res]v$ to k9dle ! ,*ri/mas fire ( !     
foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,yule log 0 always ( oak2
 & z ! anci5t ,britons consid]$ t x 0   
ess5tial = _! he>? fires to be r5ew$ e  
ye> f ! sacr$ fire ( ! ,druids1 s _!    
desc5dants ?\ght t "s mis=tune w\ld     
befall !m if any accid5t happ5$ to !    
,yule log4 7,see ,irv+'s ,bracebridge   
,hall47  ,! wor%ip ( ! ,druids 0 g5]ally

 p]=m$ "u an oak2 & a heap ( /ones 0    
erect$ on :i* ! sacr$ fire 0 k9dl$1 :i* 
0 call$ a cairn1 z ,pr(essor ,burnet    
says1 f ,k]n an acorn4  ,! well-kn[n    
*orus ( ,hey d]ry d[n1 accord+ to ?is   
g5tleman1 0 a druidic *ant1 signify+1   
lit]ally1 ,9 a circle ! oaks move r\nd4 
,crim9als 7 tri$ "u an oak tree2 ! judge
 be+ plac$ "u ! tree1 ) ! jury beside   
him1 & ! culprit plac$ 9 a circle made  
by ! *ief ,druid's w&4 ,! ,saxons also  
held _! national meet+s "u an oak1 & !  
celebrat$ conf]5ce betwe5 ! ,saxons & ! 
,britons1 aft] ! invasion ( ! =m]1 0    
held "u ! oaks ( ,d>tmoor4  ,! wood ( ! 
oak 0 appropriat$ to ! mo/ memorable    
uses3 ,k+ ,ar?ur's r\nd table 0 made (  
x1 z 0 ! cradle ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 :o 0   
born at ,c>n>von ,ca/le2 ?is sacr$ wood 
be+ *os5 9 ! hope ( conciliat+ ! feel+s 
( ! ,wel%1 :o /ill reta9$ ! prejudices (
 _! ance/ors1 ! anci5t ,britons4  ,x 0  
consid]$ unlucky to cut d[n any         
celebrat$ tree2 & ,evelyn gravely       
relates a /ory ( two m5 :o cut d[n !    

,vic>'s ,oak1 9 ,surrey2 "o los+ 8 eye &
 ! o!r break+ 8 leg soon aft]4 7,see    
,l\don's ,arb4 et ,frut4 ,brit47  ,!    
rev]5ce ) :i* ! oak 0 reg>d$ 0 by no    
means conf9$ to ! ,celts4 ,/4 ,boniface 
dur+ 8 w&]+s 9 ,c5tral ,g]many wag$ a   
%>p w> aga9/ ! hea!n sup]/itions        
connect$ ) trees & wells4 ,!re 0 a      
,?or's ,oak 7! oak 0 9 an especial mann]
 d$icat$ to ,?or7 ( enorm\s size 9 !    
c\ntry ( ! ,hessians1 greatly rev]5c$ by
 ! p1 :i*1 foll[+ ! advice ( "s ( !     
,*ri/ian conv]ts1 ,/4 ,boniface det]m9$ 
to cut d[n4 ,accord+ly he began to hew  
at ! gigantic trunk1 :il/ ! hea!n folk  
/ood r\nd ab\t1 prodigal ( _! curses1 b 
n d>+ to int]f]e4 ,! tree _h n be5 half 
cut ?r\gh1 :51 says ,willibrord1 !      
biograph] ( ,boniface1 :o 0 himself     
pres5t1 a sup]natural w9d %ook ! great  
cr[n ( its bran*es1 & x fell ) a mighty 
cra% divid$ into f\r equal p>ts4 ,!     
hea!ns1 he cont9ues1 recognis$ !        
miracle1 & mo/ ( !m 7 conv]t$ on ! spot4
 ,) ! wood ( ! fall5 tree ,/4 ,boniface 

built an oratory1 :i* he d$icat$ 9 hon\r
 ( ,/4 ,pet]4#bg  ,! de/ruction ( ?is   
oak has be5 consid]$ a wise /ep1 z x 0  
evid5tly a matt] ( trem5d\s difficulty1 
9 spite ( innum]able decrees & canons   
condemnatory ( hea!n c]emonies 9        
connection ) trees1 to get rid ( !      
idolatry :ile ! object ( x rema9$4      
,sometimes ! tree 01 z x is call$1      
re-appropriat$ by ! sa9t ( ! di/rict2 !n
 ! evils result+ seem$ z bad z ev]4 ,!re
 0 ,/4 ,colman's oak1 = in/ance1 any    
fragm5t ( :i*1 kept 9 ! m\?1 0 believ$  
w\ld effectually w>d (f dea? by hang+4  
,!re 0 also ,/4 ,columba's oak at ,k5m>e
 :i*1 :5 bl[n d[n 9 a /orm1 no "o d>$ to
 t\*1 or to apply ! wood ( x to ord9>y  
purposes1 except a c]ta9 tann]1 :o us$ !
 b>k = cur+ lea!r4 ,) ! lea!r he made   
himself a pair ( %oes2 b ! fir/ "t he   
put !m on he 0 /ruck ) leprosy1 & rema9$
 a lep] all 8 life4  ,x has = ages1 9   
,engl&1 be5 ?\ght t ! oak 0 specially & 
my/]i\sly protect$4 ,aubrey 9 8 hi/ory (
 ,surrey says3--,a /range noise proce$s 

f a fall+ oak1 s l\d z to be he>d at    
half-a-mile di/ant1 z if x 7 ! g5ius ( !
 oak lam5t+4 ,x has n be5 unusually     
obs]v$ t to cut oak-wood is un=tunate4  
,!re 0 at ,norwood "o oak t _h mi/letoe1
 a timb] tree1 :i* 0 fell$ ab\t #afeg4  
,"s p]sons cut ?is mi/letoe = "s        
apo!c>ies 9 ,london1 & sold !m a        
quantity = t5 %ill+s ea* "t1 & left only
 "o bran* rema9+ = m to spr\t out4 ,"o  
fell lame %ortly aft]2 soon aft] ea* ( !
 o!rs lo/ an eye2 & he t fell$ ! tree1  
?\gh w>n$ ( ^! mis=tunes ( ! o!r m51    
w\ld1 not)/&+1 adv5ture to d x1 & %ortly
 aft] broke 8 leg2 z if ! ,hamadryades  
_h resolv$ to take an ample rev5ge = !  
injury done to _! v5]able oak4 ,i _c "h 
omit tak+ notice ( ! great mis=tunes 9 !
 family ( ! ,e>l ( ,w9*elsea1 :o1 at    
,ea/well 9 ,k5t1 fell$ d[n a mo/ curi\s 
grove ( oaks1 ne> 8 own noble seat1 &   
gave ! fir/ bl[ ) 8 own h&s4 ,%ortly    
aft] 8 c\ntess di$ 9 h] b$ sudd5ly2 & 8 
elde/ son1 ! ,"l ,maid/one1 0 kill$ at  
sea by a cannon bullet4  ,grimm po9ts   

out _m sup]/itions connect$ ) ! oak 9   
,g]many4 ,x is believ$ 9 ,india t holes 
9 trees are doors ?r\gh :i* ! special   
spirits ( ^? trees pass1 & ?is is f\nd 9
 ,g]many 9 ! idea t ! holes 9 ! oaks are
 pa?ways = elves2 & t c]ta9 tr\bles1    
especially ( h& or foot1 may be cur$ by 
contact ) ^! holes4 ,ne> ,gundalskol    
/ood an oak popul>ly reg>d$ z !         
habitation ( a ,bj>m&1 b he 0 driv5 away
 by ! *ur* bells4 ,x is said t a f>m] 0 
engag$ to an elf-girl1 b in/ead ( a     
bride he embrac$ an oak sapl+4 ,9 a     
*ur*y>d at ,h$d+e1 ,seel&1 are ! rema9s 
( an oak wood decl>$ to be ! soldi]s ( !
 ,erl-,k+1 assum+ ! =ms ( arm$ m5 at    
night4 ,9 ,we/phalia1 x is ! cu/om to   
ann\nce =mally to ! ne>e/ oak any dea? t
 has occurr$ 9 a family4 ,! process (   
heal+ rupture1 once common 9 ,engl&1 ) !
 a%1 is p]=m$ 9 ,g]many ) ! oak4  ,!    
,*ri/mas-tree has become a prevail+     
fa%ion 9 ,engl& at ?is season1 & is by  
mo/ p]sons suppos$ to be d]iv$ f        
,g]many2 su* h[ev] is n ! fact2 !       

,*ri/mas-tree is f ,egypt1 & its orig9  
dates f a p]iod long antec$5t to !      
,*ri/ian era4 ,! palm-tree is kn[n to   
put =? a %oot e mon?1 & a spray ( ?is   
tree1 ) twelve %oots on x1 0 us$ 9      
,egypt at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 z a    
symbol ( ! ye> complet$4 ,egyptian      
associations ( a v e>ly date /ill m+le )
 ! tradition & cu/om ( ! ,*ri/mas-tree2 
!re are z _m pyramids z trees us$ 9     
,g]many1 9 ! celebration ( ,*ri/mas1 by 
^? ^: means d n admit ( _! pur*as+ trees
 & _! concomitant tap]s4 ,^! pyramids   
consi/ ( slight erections ( slips (     
wood1 arrang$ l a pyramidal ep]gne1     
cov]$ ) gre5 pap]1 & decorat$ ) fe/oons 
( pap]-*a9 "w1 :i* flutt]s 9 ! w9d &    
con/itutes a make-believe foliage4 ,?is 
latt]1 h[ev]1 is an innovation ( mod]n  
days4#bh     ,,*apt] ,,vii4             
,icel&ic cu/oms--,! ,sacr$ ,a%--,!      
,prose ,edda & ,tree                    
,wor%ip--,icel&ic ,my?ology ( ! ,a%--,! 
,norns--,! ,cz]emissa (     ! ,wolga--,!
 ,jakuhti--,sacr$ ,trees (              

,livonia--,phallic ,tree ,wor%ip     &  
objects 9 ,bav>ia4   ,9 8 ,nor!rn       
,antiquities1 ,m4 ,mallet says3 ,we h   
se5 t ! ,icel&ic my?ology reckons up    
twelve goddesses1 includ+ ,frigga1 !    
sp\se ( ,od91 & ! *ief ( !m all4 ,_!    
names & respective functions w be f\nd 9
 ! ,prose ,edda4 ,besides ^! twelve     
goddesses !re are num]\s virg9s 9       
,valhalla1 or ! p>adise ( ! h]oes4 ,_!  
bus9ess is to wait ^u !m & !y are call$ 
,valkyrior4 ,od9 also employs !m to     
*oose 9 battles ^? :o are to p]i%1 & to 
make ! victory incl9e to :atev] side he 
pleases4 ,! c\rt ( ! gods is ord9>ily   
kept "u a great a% tree & !re !y        
di/ribute ju/ice4 ,?is a% is ! greate/ (
 all trees2 its bran*es cov] ! surface (
 ! e>?1 its top rea*es to ! highe/      
heav51 x is support$ by ?ree va/ roots1 
"o ( :i* ext5ds to ! n9? _w4 ,an eagle1 
^: pi]c+ eye discov]s all ?+s1 p]*es ^u 
its bran*es4 ,a squirrel is cont9ually  
runn+ up & d[n x to br+ news2 :ile a    
p>cel ( s]p5ts1 fa/5$ to ! trunk1       

endeav\r to de/roy him4 ,f "u "o ( !    
roots runs a f\nta9 :]e9 wisdom lies    
conceal$4 ,f a neighb\r+ spr+ 7! f\nta9 
( pa/ ?+s7 ?ree virg9s are cont9ually   
draw+ a preci\s wat]1 ) :i* !y wat] ! a%
 tree3 ?is wat] keeps up ! beauty ( its 
foliage1 &1 aft] hav+ refre%$ its       
leaves1 falls back aga9 to ! e>?1 :]e x 
=ms ! dew ( :i* ! bees make _! honey4   
,^! ?ree virg9s always keep "u ! a%1 & x
 is !y :o disp5se ! days & ages ( m54   
,9 ! ',prose ,edda' j allud$ to1 a piece
 ( anci5t ,norse lit]ature commonly     
ascrib$ to ,snorri ,/urluson1 we get a  
good deal respect+ ! v5]ation & reg>d   
paid by ! p to ?is tree4  ',:]e1' ask$  
,gangl]1 'is ! *ief or holie/ seat ( !  
gods8'  ',x is "u ! a% ,yggdrasill1'    
repli$ ,h>1 ':]e ! gods assemble e day 9
 c\ncil4'  ',:at is !re rem>kable 9     
reg>d to t place8' said ,gangl]4  ',t   
a%1' answ]$ ,jafnh>1 'is ! greate/ & be/
 ( all trees4 ,its bran*es spread ov] ! 
:ole _w1 & ev5 rea* above heav54 ,x has 
?ree roots v wide asund]4 ,"o ( !m      

ext5ds to ! sir1 ano!r to ! ,fro/-giants
 9 t v place :]e 0 =m]ly ,g9nungagap1 & 
! ?ird /&s ov] ,niflheim1 & "u ?is root1
 :i* is con/antly gnaw$ by ,nidhgg1 is  
,hu]gelmir4 ,b "u ! root t /ret*es out  
t[>ds ! ,fro/-giants !re is ,mimir's    
,well1 9 :i* wisdom & wit lie hidd54 ,! 
own] ( ?is well is call$ ,mirmir4 ,he is
 full ( wisdom1 because he dr9ks ! wat]s
 ( ! well f ! horn ,gjoll e morn+4 ,"o  
day ,all-,fa!r came & begg$ a draught ( 
?is wat]1 :i* he obta9$1 b 0 oblig$ to  
leave "o ( 8 eyes z a pl$ge = x4 ,z x is
 said 9 ! ,vlusp--    ',all "k ,i1 ,od96
   ,h[ ?\ hidde/ ?9e eye   ,9 ,mimir's  
well-spr+   ,( limpid wat]4   ,mead     
quaffs ,mimir   ,ea* morn f ! pl$ge     
,valfadir left him4   ,conceive ye ?is  
or n8'  ',! ?ird root ( ! a% is 9 heav51
 & "u x is ! holy ,urd>-f\nt4 ',tis "h t
 ! gods sit 9 judgm5t4 ,e day !y ride up
 hi!r on horseback ov] ,bifr/1 :i* is   
call$ ! sir ,bridge4 ,^! are ! names ( !
 horses ( ! sir3 ,sleipn] is ! be/ ( !m2
 he has eight legs & belongs to ,od94 ,!

 o!rs are ,gladyr1 ,gyllir1 ,glr1       
,skeidbrimir1 ,silfr9toppr1 ,synir1     
,gils1 ,falh(nir1 ,gulltoppr &          
,lettfeti4 ,baldur's horse 0 burnt ) 8  
ma/]'s body4 ,z = ,?or1 he goes on foot1
 & is oblig$ e day to wade ! riv]s call$
 ,krmt & ,o,ermt1 & two o!rs call$      
,krlaung4'  ',?r\gh ^! %all ,?or wade e 
day1 z he f>es to ! doom/ead "u         
,yggdrasill's a%1 else ! sir ,bridge    
w\ld be 9 flames & boil+ hot w\ld become
 ! holy wat]s4'  ',b tell me1' said     
,gangl]1 'does fire burn ov] ,bifr/8'   
',t1' repli$ ,h>1 ':i* ?\ see/ r$ 9 !   
b[1 is burn+ fire2 = ! ,fro/-giants & ! 
,m\nta9-giants w\ld g up to heav5 by t  
bridge if x 7 easy = ev]yone to walk ov]
 x4 ,!re are 9 heav5 _m goodly          
home/eads1 & none )\t a cele/ial w>d4   
,ne> ! f\nta91 :i* is "u ! a%1 /&s a v  
beaute\s dwell+1 out ( :i* g ?ree       
maid5s1 nam$ ,und1 ,v]daudi1 & ,skuld4  
,^! maid5s fix ! life-"t ( all m5 & are 
call$ ,norns4 ,b !re are inde$ _m o!r   
,norns1 = :5 a man is born !re is a     

,norn to det]m9e 8 fate4 ,"s are kn[n to
 be ( heav5ly orig91 b o!rs belong to ! 
races ( ! elves & dw>fs2 z x is said--  
',me?9ks ! ,norns 7 born f> asund]1 = !y
 are n ( ! same race4 ,"s belong to !   
sir1 "s to ! elves1 & "s are ,dval9's   
daught]s4'  ',b if ^! ,norns disp5se !  
de/9ies ( m51' said ,gangl]1 '!y are1   
me?9ks1 v unequal 9 _! di/ribution2 = "s
 m5 are =tunate & weal?y1 o!rs acquire  
nei!r ri*es nor hon\r2 "s live to a good
 old age1 :ile o!rs are cut (f 9 _!     
prime4'  ',! ,norns1' repli$ ,h>1 ',:o  
are ( good orig91 are good !mselves1 &  
disp5se good de/9ies4 ,b ^? m5 to :om   
mis=tunes happ5 ought to ascribe !m to !
 evil ,norns4'  ',:at m wond]s ha/ ?\ to
 tell me1' said ,gangl]1 'conc]n+ ! a%8'
  ',:at ,i h fur!r to say respect+ x1'  
repli$ ,h>1 'is t !re is an eagle p]*$  
^u its bran*es :o kn[s _m ?+s2 betwe5 8 
eyes sits ! hawk call$ ,v$urflnir4 ,!   
squirrel nam$ ,ratatosk runs up & d[n ! 
a%1 & seeks to cause /rife betwe5 !     
eagle & ,nidhgg4 ,f\r h>ts run across ! 

bran*es ( ! tree & bite ! buds4 ,!y are 
call$ ,dinn1 ,dval9n1 ,duneyr1 &        
,dura?rr4 ,b !re are s _m snakes )      
,nidhgg 9 ,hv]gelmir t no tongue c      
rec\nt !m4 ,z is said--                 
',yggdrasill's a%   ,m h>d%ip be>s      
,?an m5 imag9e2   ,! h>t bites above1   
,at ! sides x rots1   ,bel[ gnaws       
,nidhgg4'  ,& aga9--    ',m s]p5ts lie  
,"u ,yggdrasill's a%   ,?an simpletons  
?9k (2   ,ginn & ,minn1   ,! sons (     
,grafvitnir1   ,grbak & ,grfyllud1      
,(nir & ,svafnir1   ,mu/ = aye1 me?9ks1 
,gnaw ! roots ( t tree4'  ,x is also    
said t ! ,norns :o dwell by ! ,urd>-f\nt
 draw1 e day1 wat] f ! spr+1 & ) x & !  
clay t lies ar\nd ! f\nt spr9kle ! a%1 9
 ord] t its bran*es may n rot & )] away4
 ,?is wat] is s holy t ev]y?+ t is plac$
 9 ! spr+ becomes z :ite z ! film )9 an 
egg%ell4 ,z x is said 9 ! ,vlusp    ',an
 a% "k ,i /&+   ,nam$ ,yggdrasill1   ,a 
/ately tree spr9kl$   ,) wat] ! pure/   
,h5ce come ! dewdrops   ,t fall 9 !     
dales2   ,ev] bloom+1 x /&s   ,o'er !   

,urd>-f\nta94'  ,! dew t falls !nce on !
 e>? m5 call honey-dew1 & x is ! food ( 
! bees4 ,two f[ls are f$ 9 ! ,urd>-f\nt2
 !y are call$ swans1 & f !m are desc5d$ 
all ! birds ( ?is species4  ,!          
,yggdrasill my?1 ) its ?ree aboresc5t   
roots1 ?ree f\nta9s1 & ?ree de/9ies1 is 
"o ( ! mo/ significant & poetical to be 
f\nd 9 any sy/em ( my?ology1 b its      
explanation has1 z usual1 giv5 rise to !
 mo/ conflict+ !ories4 ,grt] & ,f9n     
,magnus5 (f] a physical1 ,trautwett] an 
a/ronomical1 ,mone an e?ical            
explanation1 & ,grundtvig applies 8     
fav\rite !ory ( ! h]oic !ory ( ! nor?   
7,nord5's ,kmpe ,a&7--pugnaci\s _s w\ld 
be a m appropriate designation--to ?is1 
z inde$ to e o!r my? :i* he treats (1 9 
t mo/ s+ul> & r too crot*ety "w ( 8     
entitl$ ,nord5's ,my?ologi4  ,accord+ to
 ,f9n ,magnus51 ,yggdrasill is ! symbol 
( univ]sal nature4 ,"o ( its /ems 7s he 
t]ms ! roots7 spr+s f ! c5tral          
primordial abyss--f ! subt]ranean s\rce 
( matt] z x might be t]m$               

7,hv]gelmir7--runs up ?r\gh ! e>?1 :i* x
 supports1 & issu+ out ( ! _w's c5tre1  
call$ ,asg>d1 ,caucasus1 ,borz1 c41     
spreads its bran*es ov] ! entire        
univ]se4 ,^! wide-spread+ bran*es are ! 
e!real or cele/ial regions2 _! leaves1 !
 cl\ds2 _! buds or fruits1 ! />s2 ! f\r 
h>ts are ! f\r c>d9al w9ds2 ! eagle is a
 symbol ( ! air2 ! hawk ( ! w9d-/ill    
e!r2 & ! squirrel signifies hail/ones1  
sn[ flakes1 vap\r\s agglom]ations1 &    
simil> atmosph]ical ph5omona4  ,ano!r   
/em spr+s 9 ! w>m s\? ov] ! e!real      
,urd>-f\nta91 ! swans swimm+ 9 :i* d5ote
 ! sun & moon4 ,! ?ird /em takes its    
rise 9 ! cold & *e]less regions ( !     
nor?1 ov] ! s\rce ( ! ocean1 typifi$ by 
,mimir's well4 ,! my? ( ,od9 leav+ 8 eye
 z a pl$ge to ,mimir1 signifies ! desc5t
 ( ! sun e ev5+ into ! sea--to le>n     
wisdom f ,mimir dur+ ! night2 ! mead    
quaff$ by ,mimir e morn+ be+ ! ruddy    
dawn t1 spread+ ov] ! sky1 exhil>ates   
all nature4 ,nidhgg1 & ! o!r mon/]s t   
gnaw ! fruits ( ! mundane tree1 are !   

volcanic & o!r viol5t torr5ts t are     
con/antly /riv+ to consume or de/roy !  
e>?'s f\ndations4  ,al?\gh we agree )   
,f9n ,magnus5 9 reg>d+ ,yggdrasill z !  
symbol ( univ]sal nature1 we ?9k t 9    
attempt+ to expla9 ! my? 9 all its      
details1 he has let 8 imag9ation1 z     
usual1 get ! bett] ( 8 judgm5t1 & lead  
him into ! mo/ palpable inconsi/5cies2  
insomu* s1 9 fact1 t :5 we beg9 to      
exam9e 8 !ory we are almo/ tempt$ to    
exclaim1 ) ,grundt+1 "o w\ld ?9k x 0    
meant = a joke4 ,jacob ,grimm--h[       
refre%+ x always is to turn to 8        
admirable pages--v ju/ly obs]ves t !    
:ole my? ( ,yggdrasill be>s ! /amp ( a v
 high antiquity1 b does n appe> to be   
fully unfold$4 ,we le>n1 he says1 some?+
 respect+ ! enmity betwe5 ! eagle & !   
snake1 & t x is kept up by ,ratatsk1 b  
no?+ z to ! de/9ation ( ! hawk & ! f\r  
h>ts4 ,^! rem>ks ( ,grimm are fully     
borne out by ! v meagre acc\nt giv5 ( ! 
,yggdrasill my? 9 ! ,vlusp1 & !         
,grimnis-mal1 ! only ,eddaic poems t    

make m5tion ( x4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may  
be aw>e on :at v slight f\ndations ,f9n 
,magnus5 c con/ruct an elaborate !ory1  
we subjo9 a lit]al translation ( all !  
,eddaic /rophes t relate to ! my?1 !    
words 9 brackets be+ ins]t$ to r5d] !   
obscure passages m intelligible4  ,f !  
,vlusp3--  ,/4 #ag4--';,an a% "k ,i /&+1
 call$ ,yggdrasill4 ,a high tree spr9kl$
 ) ! pure/ wat]4 ,!nce comes ! dew t    
falls 9 ! dales4 ,x 7! a%7 /&s ev]-gre5 
ov] ! ,urd>-f\nta94'  #ah4--',!nce come 
! mu*-kn[+ maid5s--?ree f t lake        
7f\nta97 :i* is "u ! tree4 ,"o is call$ 
,urd1 ano!r ,v]dani1 & ! ?ird ,skuld4   
,!y engrav$ 7,runic inscriptions1 i4e41 
record$ ev5ts7 on tablets4 ,!y laid d[n 
laws2 !y det]m9$ 7det]m9e7 ! life ( !   
sons ( m52 !y tell 7fix7 ! de/9ies 7(   
m574'  ,f ,grimnis-mal3--  ,/4          
#bi4--',kormt & ,o,ermt1 & ! two        
,k]lang>--^! riv]s mu/ ,?or wade ?r\gh e
 day z he f>es to ! doom/ead "u         
,yggdrasill's a%1 o!rwise ! sir-bridge  
w\ld be 9 flames1 & boil+ hot w\ld      

become ! holy wat]s4'  #cj4--'7,!       
horses71 ,gladr1 ,gyllir1 ,glr1         
,skeidbrimir1 ,silfir9toppr1 ,synir1    
,falh(nir1 ,gulltoppr1 & ,lettfetti1 are
 ridd5 by ! sir e day :5 !y g to !      
doom/ead "u ! a% ,yggdrasill4'          
#ca4--',?ree roots /& 9 ?ree ways 7ext5d
 to ?ree regions7 "u ! a% ,yggdrasill4  
,hela dwells "u "o2 7"u7 ano!r 7dwell7 !
 ,=e/-giants2 7"u7 ! ?ird 7dwell7 mortal
 m5' 7lit]ally human m574               
#cb4--',ratatsk is call$ ! squirrel t   
%all run 7t runs7 on ! a% ,yggdrasill4  
,! eagle's words he %all be> 7he be>s7  
d[nw>ds1 & %all tell 7tells7 !m to      
,nidhgg bel[4'  #cc4--',!re are also f\r
 h>ts t on ! summit 7( ! a%71 ) b5t     
necks1 bite 7! leaves71 ,da91 ,dval91   
,duneyr & ,dura?rr are _! names4'  ,we  
?9k t all t c be ga!r$ f ?is acc\nt ( ! 
a% ,yggdrasill1 & t giv5 9 ! ,prose     
,edda1 is t ! mundane tree is repres5t$ 
z embrac+ ) its ?ree roots ! :ole       
univ]se2 = "o ( ^! roots spr+s f        
,hv]gelmir 9 ,niflheim1 ano!r f ,mimir's

 well1 situat$ some:]e or o!r 9 ! region
 ( ! ,=e/-giants1 & ! ?ird f !          
,urd>-f\nt1 :i* is obvi\sly plac$ 9 !   
cele/ial regions4 ,we h ?us a           
sup]-t]re/ial or sup]nal 7! ,urd>7 root2
 a t]re/ial 7! ,mimir7 root2 & a        
sub-t]re/ial or inf]nal 7! ,hv]gelmir7  
root4 ,t ! f\nta9 ( ! ,norns 0 suppos$  
to be 9 ! e!real regions is             
unque/ionable2 = we are told 9          
,grimnis-mal t man-k9d dwelt "u x1 & !  
,prose ,edda expressly /ates t x is 9   
heav51 & x w\ld appe> above ,asg>d1 = ! 
sir are describ$ z rid+ up to !         
,urd>-f\nta94 ,f9n ,magnus51 z we h se51
 places ?is f\nta9 & roots issu+ f x 9 !
 w>m s\?4 ,9 8 ,eddalo]5 he gives u1 9  
fact1 to und]/& t ! f\nta9 spr+s f a    
high & /eep cliff at ! s\? pole1 ?\gh he
 admits1 = once1 t no?+ respect+ su* a  
cliff is to be f\nd 9 ! ,eddaic ,poems2 
! only au?ority he is able to adduce 9  
support ( ?is /range hypo!sis be+ a     
figurative expression made use ( by a   
,skald1 9 a poem writt5 aft] 8 conv]sion

 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,f9n ,magnus5 is also (
 op9ion t ! pure wat] ) :i* ! tree is   
spr9kl$ by ! ,norns means ! sn[         
agglom]at$ 9 ! nor!rn sky1 & t dew t    
falls 9 ! dales1 signifies ! ev] v]dant 
aspect ( ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! e>?1 z well z 
! cle> azure sky by :i* ?is p]5nial     
v]dure is canopi$4  ,mone reg>ds ! a% z 
! emblem ( human life4 ,man is born (   
wat]2 ! swan is !re=e ! infantile s\l t 
swims on ! wat]3 b ! eagle1 ! mature    
exp]i5c$ m9d t so>s al(t2 ! hawk p]*$   
betwe5 ! eagle's eyes be+ et]nal        
s5sation4 ,! snakes t gnaw ! root ( life
 are ! vices & passions2 ! squirrel1 !  
d\ble-tongu$ flatt]]1 con/antly runn+   
betwe5 ^! passions & ! m9d 7! eagle7 :i*
 has rais$ itself above _! control4 ,!  
h>ts d5ote ! passions ( ! m9d1 folly1   
madness1 t]ror & disquietude1 & !re=e   
fe$ on ! heal?y ?\ghts 7! gre5 leaves74 
,b z man 9 8 levity rem>ks n :at enemies
 ?reat5 8 exi/5ce1 ! /em rots on ! side1
 & _m a "o dies be=e he atta9s to       
wisdom1 or figuratively be=e ! bird ( 8 

s\l 7! eagle7 is seat$ amid/ ! p]5nial  
v]dure ( ! mundane tree4  ,l+ supposes  
,yggdrasill to be ! symbol bo? (        
univ]sal & human life1 & its ?ree roots 
to signify ! physical1 ! intellectual1 &
 ! moral pr9ciples4  ,o!r writ]s cit$ by
 ,f9n ,magnus5 take ^! roots to h be5   
meant = matt]1 organization & _s1 & ! a%
 itself = ! symbol ( univ]sal primordial
 vitality4  ,! translator ( ,mallet adds
 9 a note3 ,! a% 0 ! mo/ appropriate    
tree t c\ld h be5 *os5 = su* an emblem4 
,virgil describes x ) its outspread+    
bran*es z endur+ = c5turies1 & x is a   
s+ul> co9cid5ce t he %\ld h repres5t$ x 
z a tree t rea*es ) its roots z f>      
d[nw>ds z x does upw>ds ) its bran*es4  
,we may "h rem>k t ! maypole & ! ,g]man 
,*ri/baum h a ,pagan orig91 ! type ( bo?
 be+ ! a% ,yggdrasill4  ,/rahl5b]g in=ms
 u t ! ,cz]emisi or ,s*]emissi 7 a      
,pagan p "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,casan4 ,^? :o 
liv$ on ! "r side ( ! ,wolga 7 call$    
,sanagornya1 & ^? on ! left side ( t    
riv] ,lug[ija4 ,^! p _h no idols ( wood 

or /one1 b direct$ _! pray]s to heav5 9 
! op5 air1 & ne> great trees to :i* !y  
paid hon\r1 hold+ _! assemblies ab\t !m4
 ,! hides & bones ( ! cattle !y         
sacrific$ !y hung ab\t ^! holy trees to 
rot1 by way ( sacrifice to ! air4  ,!   
,jakuhti 7 a ,pagan p "u ! ,russian     
,gov]nm5t1 along ! riv] ,l5a & ab\t !   
city ( ,jakutskoi4  ,:ile n actually    
wor%ipp+ idols c>v$ 9 wood1 l ! ,o/iaks 
& ,tungus1 !y _h a type or image ( _!   
invisible god /uff$ out ) a body l a    
bag1 ) mon/r\s head & eyes ( coral4 ,?is
 image !y hung ^u a tree & r\nd x ! furs
 ( sables & o!r animals4 ,!y _h _m      
sup]/iti\s cu/oms 9 common ) o!r        
nations1 :i* !y celebrat$ ab\t c]ta9    
trees reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,:5 !y met ) a f9e
 tree !y hung all mann] ( nick-nacks    
ab\t x--( iron1 brass copp]1 c4 ,!y are 
said to h c>ri$ n9e diff]5t sorts ( ?+s 
= (f]+s to _! ,hayns or idolatr\s       
groves4  ,_! prie/s1 :5 !y p]=m$ _!     
rites1 put on g>m5ts trimm$ ) bits (    
iron1 rattles & bells4 ,z soon z !      

fields began to be gre51 ea* g5]ation   
ga!r$ toge!r at a place :]e !re 0 a f9e 
tree & a pleasant spot ( gr\nd4 ,!re !y 
sacrific$ horses & ox51 ! heads ( :i* !y
 /uck up r\nd ! trees4  ,/rahl5b]g1     
speak+ ( ! ,pagans 9 ,russia 7( #aej    
ye>s ago71 says3 ,9 g5]al x may be said 
( !m all1 t !y believe "o ,et]nal ,be+1 
:o creat$ all ?+s1 & :om !y pret5d to   
wor%ip "u ! =m ( _m sorts ( /range ?+s4 
,"s ( !m h tak5 a fancy to _m sorts (   
images2 "s to animals1 birds1 & />s2 !y 
set ap>t = _! (f]+s1 :i* !y make to     
heav51 c]ta9 places or holy groves1 & h 
reg>d to fire & o!r elem5ts4#cj  ,9 !   
int]e/+ diction>y ( ,mr4 ,pet] ,bayle1  
"u ,rub5us 7,leon>d71 we h a notice (   
,tree ,wor%ip :i* may v well be         
introduc$ "h z assi/+ g5]ally ) our     
discussion ( ! subject4  ,rub5us 0 a    
native ( ,ess5 9 ,g]many1 & ent]$ ! ord]
 ( ,/4 ,b5$ict at ,cologne 9 ! ye>      
#aeif4 ,he 0 9 ,transylvania 9 ! ye>    
#aehh1 & he !re publi%$ !ses conc]n+    
idolatry1 d$icat+ !m to ,pr9ce          

,sigismund ,battori4 ,he relates a ?+   
:i* %ews t ,livonia 0 /ill infect$ )    
hea!ni% idolatry4 ,hav+ receiv$ an ord] 
f 8 sup]iors to g to ,dorpat1 :i* is    
almo/ ! outmo/ t[n ( ,livonia1 9 8 way  
he pass$ ?r\gh ! sacr$ woods ( !        
,e/honians4 ,he saw !re a p9e tree ( an 
extraord9>y height & size1 ! bran*es    
:]e( 7 full ( div]s pieces ( old clo?1 &
 its roots cov]$ ) _m bundles ( /raw &  
hay4 ,he ask$ a man ( ! neighb\rhood :at
 0 ! mean+ ( x2 he answ]$ t !           
inhabitants ador$ t tree1 & t ! wom5    
aft] a safe deliv]y br\ght ?i!r ^!      
bundles ( hay2 t !y also _h a cu/om to  
(f] at a c]ta9 "t a tun ( be]1 & to ?r[ 
a tun ( x into ! lake ( ,m>iemburg :5 x 
?und]$1 & t !y ?\ght ! ?und] 0 ! son (  
,god1 & t he 0 appeas$ by ! effusion ( t
 liquor4 ,he desir$ !y w\ld br+ him a   
good hat*et1 = t :i* he _h 9 8 *>iot 0 n
 %>p2 & :5 !y ask$ him :at he design$ to
 d ) x1 ,i w %[ y1 said he1 ! weakness (
 :at y wor%ip4 ,! ,e/honians repli$ t !y
 c\ld n d :at he desir$ )\t ! utmo/     

dang]1 & cri$ to him to take c>e ( go+  
"u ! tree1 & if he did bo? he & 8 *>iot 
w\ld be tak5 up into ! air4 ,h[ev]1 he  
made 8 horses g "u x2 &1 tak+ 8 hat*et1 
9 a dev\t mann] he cut ! figure ( a     
cross on ! p9e1 & le/ t figure made by a
 man1 :om !y hon\r$ ) ! appellation ( ! 
great temple ( ,god1 %\ld increase _!   
sup]/ition1 he cut a gibbet on ! same   
tree1 &1 9 d]ision1 said--behold y\r    
,god4  ,!re is no mi/ake1 says a writ] 9
 ,fras] 7#ahga71 z to our old ,tree &   
,s]p5t fai?s4 ,ea* hamlet 7he is speak+ 
( 8 visit to ,amm] 9 ,bav>ia7 has its   
,mai5baum--a long pole1 "o hundr$ feet  
or m 9 height1 ) alt]nate blue & :ite   
/ripes coil+ r\nd x4 ,! ,may-pole is    
int]sect$ by sev5 or sometimes n9e b>s1 
beg9n+ at ab\t t5 feet f ! gr\nd & runn+
 to ! top1 :i* is adorn$ ) /ream]s4 ,on 
^! b>s are v>i\s emblematic figures4 ,! 
"o at ,murau _h on ! l[] limb a small   
tree & a nail ) circul> nob2 on ! next a
 small h\se1 a horse%oe & :eel on "o    
side2 a hamm] cross$ by a pair ( p9c]s  

on ! o!r1 a broom1 p]haps ,c]es z a %eaf
 ( corn2 bel[ ?is 0 se5 ! ,l+am1 )      
,maya's symbols1 ! cup & cock or ! bird 
( desire sacr$ to h]4 ,else:]e we see a 
he>t1 fire1 pyramid1 & inv]t$ pyramid1  
an*or & wat] z 9 ,egypt1 & a circle     
pi]c$ by a l9e1 c4 ,c any ,phallic tale 
be m complete8 ,we mu/ be "h cont5t )   
our g5]al k t ! ,mai5baum 0 a ,pagan    
object1 & t its decorations 7 orig9ally 
symbols ( ! gods & goddesses4 ,*ri/ian  
significance is giv5 to all ^!2 = z !   
prie/ c\ld n efface ! old fai?s he told 
8 cr$ul\s h]d t ?is hamm] is t :i* nail$
 ,*ri/ to ! cross1 t ! tree is !        
conv5tional olive ( *ur* pictures1 & t !
 cross1 ! cock1 ! cup & sacr$ he>t are  
all connect$ ) ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4 ,!   
broom repres5ts wit*es1 & ! horse%oe !  
corona or ,m>y's head dress2 x is also  
,maiya's sign1 & is !re z a *>m to hold 
wit*es at bay l ! ,ephod ( old4 ,he :o  
may1 ,i fancy1 be tak5 z "o great tree (
 life4  ,on ,may-day x is fe/oon$ )     
bran*es1 = ! ,bav>ian peasants keep up1 

9 _m ways1 ! anci5t rev]5ce = sacr$     
trees4  ,:5 a h\se is f9i%$ x is        
consecrat$ by hav+ a bir* sapl+ /uck    
into ! ro(1 & 9 a ?\s& tales ! poor &   
ignorant are /ill taught to fe> trees4  
,"o /ory says t be=e a l>ge fir tree ,k+
 ,ludwig's horse fell ?ree times =w>d on
 8 knees1 & "h he built a celebrat$     
*ur*1 tak+ c>e t ! fir tree %\ld be 9   
its v c5tre4  ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( !
 ,passion ,play to me1 cont9ues ! writ]1
 0 t n9e "y bir* trees1 rea*+ f floor to
 ceil+1 _h be5 set along ! walls inside1
 at int]vals ( t5 to fifte5 feet4 ,t !  
sacr$ tree ( anci5t ,g]many & ev5 (     
anci5t ,greece1 :i* has s long be5 held 
z a *>m aga9/ wit*es1 aga9/ lightn+ &   
o!r evils1 %\ld be "h ov]%ad[+ ,*ri/ian 
wor%ipp]s 0 curi\s en\gh4 ,! enclosure 0
 also surr\nd$ by bir* trees1 regul>ly  
plant$4 ,l our remote ance/ors :o       
wor%ipp$ ,od91 we sat amid/ ! sacr$     
grove4 ,!re are "s remote corn]s ( ^!   
m\nta9s1 x is said1 :]e "o :o has a fev]
 /ill goes to a bir* tree & %akes x1 ) !

 words3 ',bir*1 a fev] plagues me2 ,god 
grant x may pass f me to !e6' & :]e "o  
subject to cramp takes a broom made (   
bir* swit*es into 8 b$4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! 
trees is "o among ! features ( !        
,amm]gau ,play :i* ju/ify antiqu>ies 9  
trac+ its orig9 to a p]iod f> ant]ior to
 t ) :i* x is connect$ 9 ! records ( !  
village4 ,! /ory has (t5 be5 told ( h[1 
ne>ly two & a half c5turies ago1 a      
pilgrim came to "s sacr$ fe/ival 9 !    
village & br\ght ) him a plague :i*     
deva/at$ x2 h[ ! p got toge!r & unit$ 9 
a holy v[1 t if _! village 7 sp>$ fur!r 
ravages !y w\ld1 e t5? ye>1 repres5t    
solemnly ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/2 & h[ 
imm$iately ! sc\rge 0 remov$1 n ano!r   
p]son dy+ ev5 ( ^? :o lay sick :5 ! v[ 0
 made4 ,b ?\gh ! villag]s d n c>e to    
look beyond ?is /ory on _! records1 !   
leg5d itself sugge/s t !re 0 already "s 
fe/ival !re :i* _h attract$ ! pilgrim :o
 br\ght !m s mu* woe4 ,pr(essor von ,lh]
 in=m$ me t !re is "s evid5ce1 n only t 
some:at simil> dramatic p]=mances       

occurr$ occasionally at ,ob]amm]gau be=e
 ! p]iod m5tion$ 9 ! village tradition1 
b t ev5 f> away 9 ,pagan times x 0 "o ( 
! spots :]e ! p repres5t$ ! de$s ( _!   
gods & h]oes !atrically4 ,x is well kn[n
 t 9 _m regions ! e>ly ,*ri/ians avoid$ 
all int]f]5ce ) su* ,pagan cu/oms :5 !y 
f\nd !m pref]r+ to sub/itute _! own     
sacr$ *>act]s = ^? ( hea!nism4 ,!re are 
probabilities1 !re=e1 t ! sacr$ bir*es  
:i* n[ surr\nd ! sc5es ( ,*ri/ian /ory  
once witness$ ! life & dea? ( ,baldur2  
or t lat] /ill1 ! bir* b\ghs :i* !      
*ildr5 n[ /rew 9 ! pa? ( ,*ri/ z he     
ent]s ,j]usalem1 7 once ca/ be=e ! *>iot
 ( ! ,sun-god1 to symbolize ! fre%      
foliage ) :i* 8 w>m beams inve/$ ! e>?4 
,! same writ] adds3 ,) ! bir* trees wav+
 ar\nd1 & ^! old symbols ( once great   
religions be=e me1 ,i felt ?rill$ by an 
impression ( hav+ rea*$ a spot :]e !    
prehi/oric religion c\ld be trac$       
visibly bl5d+ ) ,*ri/ianity4  ,tree &   
,s]p5t wor%ip is ! !me ( _m an anci5t   
,greek my?4 ,! de/ruction ( ! dragon    

,py?on by ,apollo1 :o takes possession (
 ! oracle :i* ! s]p5t gu>d$2 ! conv]sion
 ( ,cadmus & 8 wife into s]p5ts :5 !y 7 
reg>d$ z objects ( v5]ation2 ! /ory ( ! 
,argonautic exp$ition1 :i* 0 und]tak5 to
 recov] a fleece t hung on a tree gu>d$ 
by a dragon2 ! /rangl+ ( s]p5ts by      
,h]cules2 8 adv5ture 9 ! g>d5 ( !       
,hesp]ides1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! g>d5 (     
,ed51 ?\gh ) a diff]5t moral2 8 fight ) 
,l]nan hydra2 on ! o!r h&1 8 int]c\rse )
 ! s]p5t ,e*idna1 ?r\gh :om he is said  
to h become ! prog5itor ( ! :ole race ( 
s]p5t-wor%ipp+ ,scy?ians2 ! keep+ (     
s]p5ts at ,delphi & o!r places = oracul>
 purposes2 ! s]p5t wor%ip at ,epidaurus1
 :]e /ood ! temple ( sculapius & ! grove
 atta*$ to x2 ! cont5tion betwe5 ,a!ne &
 ,poseidon = ! gu>dian%ip ( ! city (    
,a!ns :5 ! goddess creat$ ! olive1      
plant+ x on ! ,acropolis1 & h&$ ov] !   
c>e ( x to ! s]p5t-god ,eric?onius2 !   
/atem5t t :5 ! ,p]sians 7 approa*+ ,a!ns
 ! ,a!nians1 ?\gh w>n$ by ! oracle1     
refus$ to leave _! homes till !y le>n$ t

 ! great s]p5t1 ! gu>dian ( ! city1 _h  
refus$ its food & left its place2 !     
curi\s record conc]n+ ! desc5t ( ,alex&]
 ! ,great f a s]p5t2 ! "p :i* snakes    
play$ 9 ! ,bac*ic cultus--all ^! tales  
%[ ! t5acity ( t e>ly =m ( wor%ip4      
,f]gusson adds to ?is summ>y ( 8 words  
by an ,am]ican writ]3--,! traces ( ,tree
 ,wor%ip 9 ,greece are ev5 full] & m    
def9$ ?an ^? ( ! ,s]p5t ,cultus j allud$
 to4 ,z ea* succe$+ ,buddha 9 ! ,indian 
my?ology _h a sep>ate & diff]5t ,bo-tree
 assign$ to him1 s ea* god ( ! classical
 ,pan!on seems to h _h "s tree          
appropriat$ z 8 emblem or repres5tative4
 ,among ! mo/ famili> are ! oak or bee* 
( ,jupit]1 ! laurel ( ,apollo1 ! v9e (  
,bac*us4 ,! olive is ! well-kn[n tree ( 
,m9]va4 ,! myrtle 0 sacr$ to ,aphrodite4
 ,! apple or orange ( ! ,hesp]ides      
belong$ to ,juno4 ,! populus 0 ! tree ( 
,h]cules1 & ! plane-tree 0 ! num5 (     
,atrid4  ,we h n[ pres5t$ a view ( ?is  
int]e/+ cultus ext5d+ ov] ! pr9cipal    
nations ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n worlds1 &   

rea*+ f ! remote/ ages to mod]n times4  
,9 do+ s1 _m curi\s leg5ds & sup]/iti\s 
cu/oms h be5 describ$ ^u ! be/ au?ority1
 &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ^u ! te/imony (     
actual eye witnesses4 ,! /ory mu/ n[ /op
 z our usual limits h be5 rea*$2 x w    
probably be resum$ aga9 9 a future      
volume1 :i* x is hop$ w1 9 conjunction )
 its pr$ecessors1 =m a complete         
exposition ( ! my/]ies ( :at is call$   
,phallic ,wor%ip4     ,bibliography (   
,au?orities consult$ & ref]r$ to 9 !    
prep>ation ( ^! volumes4   ,,class ,i4  
,,special ,,works ,,^u ,,! ,,phallic    
,,cultus4  ,,b\d9 7,j4 ,c47 ,etudes     
,an?ropologiques1 ,consid]ations sur le 
,culte et les pratiques rligieuses de   
div]s peuples anci5s et mod]nes2 ,culte 
du ,phallus2 ,culte du ,s]p5t2 #hvo1 pp4
 #hh ,p>is1 #ahfd  ,,campbell 7,r4 ,a47 
,phallic ,wor%ip1 an ,outl9e ( ! ,wor%ip
 ( ! ,g5]ative ,organs1 z be+ or z      
repres5t+ ! ,div9e ,creator1 )          
,sugge/ions z to ! influ5ce ( ! ,phallic
 idea on religi\s ,cre$s1 ,c]emonies1   

,cu/oms1 & ,symbolism1 pa/ & pres5t2    
#bjj illu/rations ,/4 ,l\is1 ,u4,s4,a41 
#ahhg  ,,dav5port 7,j47 ,aphrodisiacs & 
,anti-,aphrodisiacs1 ?ree essays on !   
,phallic ,wor%ip & ,p[]s (              
,reproduction2 illu/rat$1 #dto          
,privately pr9t$1 #ahfi  ,,dav5port     
7,j47 ,curiositates ,erotic             
,physiologie1 or a ,taboo$ ,subject     
freely treat$2 #dto ,privately ,pr9t$1  
#ahfi  ,,dulaure 7,j4 ,a47 ,des ,div9its
 ,gnratrices1 ou du ,culte du ,phallus  
*ez les anci5s et les mod]nes2 #a/      
edition1 #hvo1 pp4 xxiv4 #dbh ,p>is1    
#ahje  ,,dulaure 7,j4 ,a47 ,hi/oire     
abrege de diff]5s ,cultes1 des ,cultes  
qui ont prcd et amn l'idolatrie ou      
l'adoration des figures huma9s 7vol4    
,i72 et des ,div9its gnratrices *ez les 
anci5s et les mod]nes 7vol4 #b72 #b vols
 #hvo1 pp4 x4 #eeh1 xvi4 #dfd ,p>is1    
#ahbe      ,! #bnd vol4 is a repr9t (   
=ego+ consid]ably enl>g$1 & 0           
suppress$4  ,,dulaure 7,j4 ,a47 ,des    
,div9its ,gnratrices1 ou de ,culte du   

,phallus1 *ez les anci5s et les mod]nes1
 augm5te p> l'auteur2 #hvo1 pp4 xvi4    
#dbb ,p>is 7,siseux71 #ahhe      ,a     
repr9t ( ! suppress$ #bnd vol4 ( ! #ahbe
 edition  ,,dom5e* 7l',abb7 ,manuscrit  
pictographique ,amrica91 prcd d'une     
notice sur l'idographie des             
,peux--,r\ges2 #hvo1 #bbh pp4 (         
illu/rations ,p>is1 #ahfj  ,,dom5e*     
7l',abb7 ,la ,v]it sur le ,livre des    
,savages2 #aj pp4 ( plates & text1 #hvo 
,p>is1 #ahfa  ,,=long 7,major-,g5]al7   
,riv]s ( ,life1 or ,s\rces & ,/reams ( !
 ,fai?s ( ,man 9 all ,l&s1 ) maps1 _m   
illu/rations1 & l>ge col\r$ *>t ( ,fai? 
,/reams2 #b vols4 #dto1 pp4 xii4 #efe & 
#fei1 & *>t 9 case ,london1 #ahhc       
,d',,hanc>ville 7,p4 ,f4 ,hugues7       
,monum5s de la vie prive des d\ze ,cs>s1
 d'aprs une suite de pi]res graves sans 
leur regne2 #dto1 front4 & #ej plates & 
text  ,rome1 #aghf  ,d',,hanc>ville 7,p4
 ,f4 ,hugues7 ,monum5s du ,culte ,secret
 des ,dames ,roma9es1 d'aprs1 c41 c41   
p\r ,s]vir de ,suite  la vie des d\ze   

,cs>s2 #dto1 front4 & #ej plates & text 
,rome1 #agij      ,bo? works s9ce       
repr9t$4  ,,inman 7,?os41 ,m4,d47       
,anci5t ,fai?s embodi$ 9 ,anci5t ,names1
 an attempt to trace ! religi\s belief1 
sacr$ rites1 & holy emblems ( c]ta9     
nations1 by an int]pretation ( ! names  
giv5 to *ildhood1 c42 #c vols4 #hvo1    
privately pr9t$ ,london1 #ahfi      ,!  
#crd vol4 hav+ ! same title 0 pr9t$1 b n
 publi%$1     & 9 t =m is excessively   
r>e2 b x 0 subsequ5tly     repr9t$ ) a  
diff]5t title & o!r alt]ations1 z3      
,anci5t ,fai?s & ,mod]n1 a ,diss]tation 
^u ,wor%ips1 ,leg5ds &     ,div9ities1 9
 ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,asia1 ,europe &      
else:]e1 be=e     ! ,*ri/ian era1 %[+ _!
 relations to religi\s cu/oms z     !y  
n[ exi/2 #hvo ,new ,york1 #ahgf  ,,inman
 7,?os41 ,m4,d47 ,anci5t1 ,pagan &      
,mod]n ,*ri/ian ,symbolism1 #bnd        
edition1 enl>g$ ) ,essay on             
,baal-,wor%ip1 ! ,assyrian ,groves1 &   
o!r alli$ symbols1 by ,john ,newton1    
,m4,r4,c4,s42 #hvo1 _m illu/rations     

,london1 #ahge  ,,j5n+s 7,h>grave7      
,phallism1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 hea!n &
 ,*ri/ian1 its connexion ) !            
,rosicrucians & ! ,gno/ics1 & its       
f\ndation 9 ,buddhism1 ) an ,essay on   
,my/ic ,anatomy2 #hvo1 pp4 xxvii4 #bih  
,london1 #ahhd  ,,j5n+s 7,h>grave7      
,illu/rations ( ,phallism1 consi/+ ( t5 
plates ( rema9s ( anci5t ,art1 )        
descriptions2 #hvo ,london1 #ahhe       
,,knight 7,r4 ,p47 ,an ,acc\nt ( !      
,rema9s ( ! ,wor%ip ( ,priapus1 lately  
exi/+ at ,is]nia1 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 
9 two ,lett]s1 "o f ,sir ,william       
,hamilton1 ,k4,b4 444 to ,sir ,joseph   
,banks 444 & ! o!r f a p]son resid+ at  
,is]nia2 to :i* is add$ ,a ,discussion  
on ! ,wor%ip ( ,priapus1 & its connexion
 ) ! my/ic ,!ology ( ! ,anci5ts2 #dto1  
pp4 #aie1 #ah plates & an extra "o      
,london1 #aghf  ,,knight 7,r4 ,p47 ,a   
,disc\rse on ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,priapus1 &  
its connexion ) ! my/ic !ology ( !      
,anci5ts2 to :i* is add$1 ,an ,essay on 
! ,wor%ip ( ! ,g5]ative ,p[]s dur+ !    

middle ages ( ,we/]n ,europe2 #dto1 pp4 
xvi4 #bed1 & #dj plates1 p4p4 ,london1  
#ahfe      ,! ,essay is und]/ood to h   
be5 writt5 by ! late ,?os4     ,wright1 
assi/$ by ,sir ,james ,em]son ,t5n5t &  
,mr4 ,george ,witt2 #abe     copies 7   
pr9t$1 ( :i* six 7 on l>ge pap]1 & are  
naturally v sc>ce4  ,,knight 7,r4 ,p47  
,le ,culte de ,priape et les rapports   
avec la ,?ologie ,my/ique des ,anci5s1  
p> ,ri*>d ,payne ,knight1 ,suivi d'un   
,essai sur le ,culte des ,p\voirs       
gnrateurs durant le moy5 age1 traduits  
de l',anglais1 p> ,e4,w4 7said to h be5 
,madame ,yga72 #dto1 pp4 viii4 #bbd1 #dj
 plates1 ,luxemb\rg ,brussels1 #ahhf    
#aaj copies only pr9t$4  ,,knight 7,r4  
,p47 ,d4 d41 #dto1 pp4 xviii4 #bjj1 #dj 
plates ,bruxelles1 #ahhc      #ejj      
copies pr9t$4  ,,knight 7,r4 ,p47 ,!    
,wor%ip ( ,priapus1 an ,acc\nt ( ! ,fte 
( ,/4 ,cosmo & ,damiano1 celebrat$ at   
,is]nia 9 #aghj1 9 a lett] to ,sir      
,joseph ,banks4444 ,9 :i* is add$1 ,"s  
,acc\nt ( ! ,phallic ,wor%ip1 pr9cipally

 d]iv$ f a ,disc\rse on ! ,wor%ip (     
,priapus1 by ,ri*>d ,payne ,knight1     
edit$ by ,h>grave ,j5n+s2 #dto1 pp4 xi4 
#cg ,london1 #ahhc      #ajj copies     
pr9t$4  ,,macfie 7,m47 ,religi\s        
,p>allelisms1 & ,symbolisms anci5t &    
mod]n 7,phallic ,wor%ip1 c472 #hvo      
,london1 #ahgi  ,,mulji 7,k>s&s7 ,hi/ory
 ( ! ,sect ( ,mahrjas1 or ,vallab*ryas 9
 ,we/]n ,india2 #hvo1 pp4 xv4 #ahb &    
app4 #ahc1 illu/rat$ ,london1 #ahfe     
#ejj copies 7 pr9t$1 b only #ge res]v$ =
 sale 9 ,europe1 !     re/ 7 s5t to     
,bombay1 s ! "w is n[ sc>ce4  ,o',,bri5 
7,h5ry7 ,! ,r\nd ,t[]s ( ,irel&1 or !   
,hi/ory ( ! ,tua? de ,danaans = ! fir/  
"t unveil$2 #hvo1 illu/rat$ ,london1    
#ahcd      ,a curi\s ,preface is to be  
f\nd 9 ! e>li] impressions4             
,,ophiolatreia4--,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,rites 
& ,my/]ies connect$ ) ! ,orig91 ,rise & 
,developm5t ( ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 ,s]p5t    
,m\nds & ,temples1 ! :ole =m+ an        
exposition ( "o ( ! phases ( ,phallic or
 ,sex ,wor%ip2 #hvo1 vellum p4p41       

,london1 #ahhi  ,,phallism4--,a         
,description ( ! ,wor%ip ( ,l+am-,yoni 9
 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,_w & 9 diff]5t ,ages1 )
 an ,acc\nt ( anci5t & mod]n ,crosses1  
p>ticul>ly ( ! ,crux ,ansata1 & o!r     
,symbols connect$ ) ! ,my/]ies ( ,sex   
,wor%ip2 #hvo p4p41 ,london1 #ahhi      
,,phallic ,,wor%ip4--,a ,description ( !
 ,my/]ies ( ! ,sex ,wor%ip ( ! ,anci5ts1
 ) ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,mascul9e ,cross2 #hvo 
p4p41 ,london1 #ahhf  ,,phallic         
,,objects1 ,monum5ts & ,rema9s1         
,illu/rations ( ! ,rise & ,developm5t ( 
! ,phallic ,idea 7,sex ,wor%ip7 & its   
embodim5t 9 ,works ( ,nature & ,art2    
#hvo1 et*$ frontispiece p4p41 ,london1  
#ahhi  ,,phallic ,,objects ,,&          
,,rema9s4--,catalogo del ,museo         
,nazionale di ,napoli1 ,raccolta        
,pornographica 7,phallic ,collection72  
folio ,napoli1 #ahff  ,,phallic         
,,objects ,,& ,,rema9s4--,guide p\r la  
,muse ,royal ,b\rbon1 p> ,v]de1 trad4 p>
 ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 7,phallic ,collection1 #afa
 subjects1 ii4 pp4 #afi-aid72 #b vols4  

#hvo ,naples1 #ahca-b  ,,phallic        
,,objects ,,& ,,rema9s4--,muse ,royal de
 ,naples1 ,pe9tures1 ,bronzes1 et       
,/atues rotiques du ,cab9et ,scret1 avec
 notes explicatives de plusieurs        
auteurs2 #fb gravs4 colories1 #b vols4  
#dto ,bruxelles1 #ahgf  ,,phallic       
,,objects ,,& ,,rema9s4--,! ,secret     
,museum ( ,naples1 be+ an acc\nt ( !    
,erotic ,pa9t+s1 ,bronzes & ,/atues     
conta9$ 9 t fam\s ,cab9et ,secret1 by   
,col4 ,fan92 #dto1 #fj full-page        
illu/rations1 "s col\r$ p4p41 ,london1  
#ahgb  ,,phallic ,,objects ,,&          
,,rema9s4--,hi/oire des ,antiquits de la
 villo de ,nismes et de ses ,environs1  
extrait de ,m4 ,mn>d1 #a/ edition1      
#ahbi1 avec ,supplm5t et de ,notes1 c4  
7) curi\s plates ( ,phallic ,rema9s72   
#hvo ,nimes1 #ahbi-cj  ,d4 d4 #e?       
edition1 p> ,p]rot2 #hvo1 enl>g$        
,nismes1 #ahcd  ,,phallic ,,objects ,,& 
,,rema9s4--,h]culaneum et ,pompi1       
,recueil gnral des ,pe9tures1 ,bronzes1 
,mosaques 444 augm5t de sujets 9dits1   

gravs au trait sur cuivre1 p> ,h4 ,r\x  
a91 et accompagn d'un texto explicatif  
p> ,m4 ,l4 ,b>re2 #h vols4 #hvo ,p>is1  
#ahge-f      ,! ,phallic collection--la 
,muse ,secret--is 9 a sep>ate case4     
,,rocco 7,%a7 ,! ,mascul9e ,cross &     
,anci5t ,sex ,wor%ip2 woodcut           
illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo ,new ,york1     
#ahgd  ,,rolle 7,p4,n47 ,re*]*es sur le 
,culte de ,bac*us1 symbole de la =ce    
reproductive de la ,nature1 s\s ses     
rapports gnraux dans les my/res         
d',eleusis1 les ,dionysiaques2 #c vols4 
#hvo ,p>is1 #ahbd  ,,ros5baum 7,dr4 ,j47
 ,ges*i*te d] ,lu/seu*e im ,alt]?ume1   
neb/ ausfhrli*5 unt]su*ung5 h] d5 ,v5us1
 und ,phallus ,cultus1 ,bordelle1       
,pa$]a/ie1 c44442 #bnd edition1 pp4     
#dfd1 #hvo ,halle1 #ahde  ,d4 d4 #crd   
edition1 pp4 #dhd1 #hvo ,halle1 #ahhb   
,d4 traduct4 ,franaise p> ,santluz1 9   
,ar*ives de la ,m$ic9e ,belge2 #c vols4 
#hvo #ahde-f-g  ,,sellon 7,e47          
,annotations on ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s ( !    
,h9ds1 be+ an ,epitome ( "s ( ! mo/     

rem>kable & lead+ t5ets 9 ! fai?s ( t p2
 #hvo p4p41 ,london1 #ahfe  ,,sellon    
7,e47 ,on ! ,phallic ,wor%ip ( ,india 79
 ,mems4 ,an?rop4 ,socy41 i4 pp4         
#cbg-ccd7 ,london1 #ahfe  ,,sellon 7,e47
 ,on ,indian ,gno/icism1 or ,sacti      
,puja1 ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,female ,p[]s1 pp4 
#ab 79 ,mems4 ,an?rop4 ,socy41 ii4      
#bfd-bgf7 ,london1 #ahff  ,,simpson 7,h4
 ,t47 ,ar*aeologia ,adel5sis1 a ,hi/ory 
( ! ,p>i% ( ,adel 7,yorks72 #hvo        
,london1 #ahgi      ,phallic ,wor%ip is 
treat$ fully pp4 #aed-aeh1 ) _m et*+s ( 
,phallic ,rockm>k+s1 by ,w4 ,l4         
,f]guson4  ,,v5]es ,,et ,,priapi1 ut    
obs]vantur 9 gemmis antiquis2 #hvo1 #gj 
plates ,lugdun ,batov4      ,9 sev]al   
editions--an ,engli% "o q rec5tly4      
,,wake 7,c4 ,/anil&7 ,s]p5t ,wor%ip &   
o!r ,essays1 ,phallism 9 ,anci5t        
,religions1 ,sacr$ ,pro/itution1 c41 ) a
 *apt] on ,totemism2 #hvo ,london1 #ahhh
  ,,wake 7,c4 ,/anil&7 ,anci5t ,symbol  
,wor%ip1 ,influ5ce ( ! ,phallic ,idea 9 
! ,religions ( ,antiquity1 by ,h4       

,we/ropp & ,/anil& ,wake1 )             
,introduction & ,notes by ,dr4 ,wild]2  
#bnd edition1 illu/rat$1 #hvo ,new      
,york1 #ahge  ,,we/ropp 7,h4 ,m47       
,primitive ,symbolism1 z illu/rat$ 9    
,phallic ,wor%ip or ! ,reproductive     
,pr9ciple1 ) ,introduction by ,g5]al    
,=long2 #hvo ,london1 #ahhe  ,,priapeia1
 or ! ,sportive ,epigrams ( div]s ,poets
 on ,priapus1 n[ fir/ completely done   
into ,engli% prose f ! orig9al ,lat91 ) 
,introduction1 ,notes explanatory &     
illu/rative1 an excurss1 to :i* is      
app5d$ ! ,lat9 text2 #hvo p4p41 ,london1
 #ahhi   ,,class ,,ii4  ,,works ,,ref]r+
 ,,incid5tally ,,to ,,! ,,phallic       
,,cultus ,,& ,,closely ,,alli$          
,,subjects4  ,abbe de ,tressau's ,hea!n 
,my?ology  ,aco/a's ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 
s*ylus  ,alaba/]'s ,mod]n ,buddhi/  ,all
 ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 vol4 vii4  ,anci5t ,pill>
 ,/ones ( ,scotl&1 ,ab]de51 #ahfe       
,&]son's ,con/itutions  ,an?ropological 
,society's ,transactions ,! ,memoirs    
,antiquities ( ,orissa ,raj5dralala     

,mitra  ,ar*ologia ,scotia  ,ari/ophanes
  ,arundale's ,j]usalem & ,s9ai         
,asiatic ,rese>*es  ,bac*ic ,my/]ies1   
,on !--,pamphlete]1 vol4 viii4          
,b>dwell's ,temples  ,bani]'s ,my?ology1
 iv4 vols4  ,b>+ ,g\ld's ,my?s ( ,middle
 ,ages  ,b>+ ,g\ld's ,orig9 &           
,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief  ,b>k]'s
 ,anci5t ,_w  ,b>k]'s ,aryan            
,civilization  ,b>l[ on ,symbolism      
,ba/ian's ,beg9n+s ( ,life  ,b>?'s      
,religions ( ,india  ,bateman's ,t5     
,ye>s' ,digg+s  ,bayle's ,diction>y     
,beale's ,leg5ds ( ,buddha  ,b$e's      
,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory  ,bellamy's      
,hi/ory ( ,religions  ,b]ni]'s ,travels 
9 ,mogul ,empire  ,be?am's ,etruria     
,celtica  ,bird's ,travel's 9 ,japan    
,birdwood's ,indian ,arts  ,blair's     
,*ronology  ,blavatsky's ,isis unveil$  
,bonwick's ,egyptian ,beliefs           
,borlase's ,antiquities ( ,cornwall     
,brad=d's ,am]ican ,antiquities  ,br&'s 
,popul> ,antiquities1 iii4 vols4        
,bruite's ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w  ,briti%   

,qu>t]ly1 #cd  ,br[n's ,vulg> ,errors   
,bryant's ,analysis  ,bu*anan's ,j\rney 
f ,madras1 iii4 vols4  ,bu*anan's       
,rese>*es 9 ,asia  ,buck+ham's ,travels 
9 ,pale/9e1 ii4 vols4  ,bullock's       
,mexican ,exhibition  ,burckh>dt's      
,travels 9 ,nubia1 c4  ,burd5's ,ori5tal
 ,cu/oms  ,burton's ,travels  ,calcutta 
,review  ,callcott on ,freemasonry      
,calmet's ,antiquities  ,calmet's       
,diction>y  ,camd5's ,britannia by      
,g\gh1 iv4 vols4  ,c>ne's ,lett]s f !   
,ea/  ,ca?olic ,_w1 vi41 ix4  ,*amb]s's 
,j\rnal1 viii41 xix41 xxii4  ,*>d9's    
,travels 9 ,p]sia1 ii4 vols4  ,cl>ke's  
,prehi/4 ,comp>4 ,philology  ,cl>ke's   
,travels 9 ,greece & ,albania  ,cl>ke's 
,travels1 vi4 vols4  ,classical ,magaz9e
  ,closmadeuc1 ,g4--,sculptures         
,lapidaires et ,signes ,graves des      
dolm5s dans le ,morbihan2 _m plates1    
#hvo4 ,vannes1 #ahgc4  ,colb\rn's       
,my?ology1 v4  ,coleman's ,my?ology ( ! 
,h9dus  ,colly] 7,r471 ,ilkley1 ,anci5t 
& ,mod]n  ,comical ,pilgrim's           

,pilgrimage to ,irel&  ,contempor>y     
,review1 xii4  ,conway's ,sacr$         
,an?ology  ,coop]'s ,ar*aic ,diction>y  
,cornhill ,magaz9e1 xix4  ,cory's       
,anci5t ,fragm5ts  ,cox's ,aryan        
,my?ology  ,craw=d's ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian
 ,ar*ipelago  ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual  
,sy/em  ,cunn+ham's ,anci5t ,geography (
 ,india  ,davies on ,briti% ,co9s       
,d',anville on ,anci5t ,geography       
,davies's ,celtic ,rese>*es  ,davies's  
,hi/ory & ,my?ology ( ! ,druids         
,davies's ,unor?ordox ,london  ,dawk9s's
 ,e>ly ,man  ,dean's ,wor%ip ( ! ,s]p5t 
,delaure's ,culte du ,phallus  ,d5on's  
,travels 9 ,egypt  ,didron's ,*ri/ian   
,iconography  ,d9sdall's ,isocrates     
,diodorus  ,d['s ,hi/ory ( ,h9do/an     
,d[son's ,diction>y ( ,h9du ,my?ology   
,dubl9 ,p5ny ,j\rnal1 viii4 vols  ,dubl9
 ,univ]sity ,magaz9e  ,dubois on !      
,in/itutions ( ,india  ,du ,halde's     
,hi/ory ( ,*9a  ,dunck]'s ,hi/ory (     
,antiquities  ,dupuis's ,orig9e de t\t  
les ,cultes  ,eclectic ,magaz9e1 lxxii4 

,ed9burgh ,magaz9e  ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1
 ,on !--,pamphlete]1 vol4 viii4         
,engli%woman 9 ,russia  ,euripides      
,eusebius  ,fab]'s ,my/]ies ( ! ,cabirri
  ,fab]'s ,pagan ,idolatry  ,f>r]'s     
,primitive ,cu/oms  ,fell[s's ,my/]ies (
 ,freemasonry  ,f5ton's ,hi/ory (       
,pembroke%ire  ,furgusson's ,rock ,cut  
,temples ( ,india  ,furgusson's ,rude   
,/one ,monum5ts  ,furgusson's ,tree &   
,s]p5t ,wor%ip  ,fleury's ,mann]s ( !   
,anci5t ,israelites  ,=b9's ,travels 9 !
 ,holy ,l&  ,=e/]'s ,s>d9ia  ,foquet    
7,a47 ,guide des ,j\ri/es et des        
,ar*eologues dans le ,morbihan3 n\v4    
ed41 #abmo4 #ahgc4  ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1  
lxxxii4  ,gage's ,survey ( ! ,we/       
,indies  ,gale's ,c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles1    
iii4 vols41 #dto4  ,gibbon's ,roman     
,empire  ,gill's ,my?s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific
  ,glass's ,hi/ory ( ! ,can>y ,isles    
,gl5nie's ,pilgrim ,memories  ,good     
,words1 xiii41 xiv4  ,goranson's        
,hi/ories 9 ,mallet's ,nor!rn           
,antiquities  ,gorius's ,etruscan       

,antiquities  ,gray's ,sculptures (     
,etruria  ,grimm's ,tuetonic ,my?ology  
,grose's ,antiquities ( ,engl&1 ,scotl& 
& ,irel&  ,grose's ,prov9cial ,gloss>y  
,grose's ,voyage to ! ,ea/ ,indies      
,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece  ,gumpa*'s   
,hi/ory ( ,antiquities ( ,egypt         
,haeckel's ,hi/ory ( ,creation  ,hales's
 ,analysis ( ,*ronology  ,halh$'s ,code 
( ,g5too ,law  ,hamilton's ,egyptica    
,hanway's ,p]sia  ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 xli4
  ,haslam's ,cross & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip     
,he]5's ,anci5t ,hi/ory  ,h]b]t's       
,antiquity ( ,/oneh5ge  ,h]odotus       
,hesiod  ,heywood's ,cup & ,r+ ,/ones ( 
,ilkley1 ,york%ire  ,hibb]t ,lectures = 
#ahgh & #ahhj  ,higg9s's ,anacalypsis   
,higg9s's ,druids  ,holwell on ! ,fea/s 
( ! ,h9doos  ,holwell's ,hi/orical      
,ev5ts  ,holwell's ,my?ological         
,diction>y  ,hone's ,anci5t ,my/]ies    
,horus & ,s]p5t ,my?s--,coop] ,vic4     
,in/4  ,h\rs at ,home1 i4  ,h\sehold    
,words1 xv41 xvi4  ,huc's ,travel's 9   
,?ibet1 c4  ,humboldt's ,monum5ts (     

,anci5t ,inhabitants ( ,am]ica          
,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 vii4    
,hunt]'s ,imp]ial ,gazete] ( ,india     
,hunt]'s ,non-,aryan ,languages         
,hunt]'s ,rural ,b5gal  ,hut*9son's     
,hi/ory ( ,cumb]l&  ,hut*9son's ,_s (   
,masonry  ,hut*9son's ,two ,ye>s 9 ,p]u 
,indian ,antiqu>y  ,int]national        
,magaz9e  ,irv+'s ,bracebridge ,hall    
,jamieson's ,scotti% ,diction>y  ,j5n+'s
 ,jewi% ,antiquities  ,j5n+'s           
,rosicrucians  ,jones's 7,sir ,w47      
,works  ,jones's 7,/eph57 ,masonic      
,miscellanies  ,josephus  ,j\rnal (     
,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal  ,j\rnal (   
,=e/ry1 vol4 viii4  ,joyce's ,hi/ory (  
,iri% ,names  ,joyce's ,old ,celtic     
,romances  ,kmpf]s' ,hi/ory ( ,japan    
,k]ney's ,outl9es ( ,primitive ,belief  
,keane's ,t[]s & ,temples ( ,irel&      
,keightly's ,my?ology  ,kelly's         
,indu-,european ,traditions  ,k5nett's  
,roman ,antiquities  ,k5rick's ,anci5t  
,egypt  ,k5rick's ,pho5icia  ,kilk5ny   
,ar*ological ,j\rnal  ,kitto's ,j\rnal (

 ,sacr$ ,lit]ature  ,klapro?'s ,travels 
9 ! ,caucasus  ,knight's 7,payne7       
,symbolic ,language  ,lamb's            
,hi]oglyphics  ,l&se]'s ,saboean        
,rese>*es  ,la?am's ,e?nology ( !       
,briti% ,isles  ,laurie's ,freemasonry 9
 ,scotl&  ,laws ( ,manu  ,lay>d's       
,n9eveh & ,babylon  ,le ,compte's       
,memoirs ( ,*9a  ,l$wi*'s ,antiquities (
 ,irel&  ,leslie's ,anci5t ,races (     
,scotl&  ,leslie's ,ceylon  ,leslie's   
,orig9 ( ,man  ,lewis's ,orig9es        
,hebrcoe  ,"l's ,banian ,religion       
,lubbock's ,pre-hi/oric times           
,lubbock's ,orig9 ( ,civilization       
,lucan's ,ph>salia  ,lucretius's ,nature
 ( ,?+s  ,lundy's ,monum5tal ,*ri/ianity
  ,lyell's ,asiatic ,/udies  ,maclagan's
 ,scotti% ,my?s  ,maclean's ,celtic     
,language  ,macph]son's ,indian ,khonds 
,madd5's ,%r9es & ,sepul*res            
,maimonides de ,idolatria  ,maill&'s    
,*ur* ( ! ,catacombs  ,malcolm's ,hi/ory
 ( ,p]sia  ,malcolm's ,memoirs ( ,c5tral
 ,india  ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities 

,mann+'s ,anci5t & ,m$ival ,india       
,macquoid's j\rney ?r\gh ,brittany      
,m>co ,polo's ,travels by ,yule         
,m>%man's ,hi/ory ( ,india  ,massey's   
,book ( ,beg9n+s  ,maundrell's ,j\rney  
,maurice's ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ,h9do/an   
,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities1 vii4   
vols4  ,maurice's ,mod]n ,hi/ory (      
,h9do/an  ,meyrick's ,hi/ory ( ,c>digan 
,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry  ,mill's     
,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades  ,milman's ,hi/ory
 ( ! ,jews  ,montfaucon1 ,l',antiquit   
explique  ,moore's ,anci5t ,/ones (     
,scotl&  ,moor's ,h9du ,pan!on          
,morris's ,new ,nation  ,m\le's ,fi%    
,h]aldry  ,m\ni]'s ,influ5ce (          
,freemasonry on ! ,fr5* ,revolution     
,muir's ,mahomet & ,hi/4 ( ,islam       
,nature1 xvii4  ,newton's ,*ronology    
,niebuhr's ,voyage 9 ,arabia  ,nieuh(f's
 ,travels 9 ,india  ,night+ale's        
,religi\s ,c]emonies ( all nations      
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 iv41 vii4  ,nord5's   
,travels 9 ,egypt & ,nubia  ,nor?       
,am]ican ,review1 cx4  ,o',bri5's ,r\nd 

,t[]s ( ,irel&  ,ockley's ,s>ac5s  ,old 
,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&            
,oliphant's ,l& ( ,gilead  ,oliv] 7,l4  
,p471 ,megali?ic ,/ructures ( ! ,*annel 
,isl&s1 _! ,hi/ory & ,analogies1 #ahgj  
,oliv]'s ,antiquities ( ,masonry        
,oliv]'s ,hi/ory ( ,bev]ley  ,oliv]'s   
,hi/ory ( ,initiation into ,anci5t      
,rites  ,oliv]'s ,signs & ,symbols      
,oliv]'s ,/> 9 ! ,ea/  ,o',neill's ,f9e 
,arts ( ,anci5t ,irel&  ,oort's ,wor%ip 
( ,baalim  ,orme's ,hi/orical ,fragm5ts 
,orme's ,transactions 9 ,india          
,osburn's ,monum5tal ,egypt  ,ousley's  
,travels 9 ! ,ea/  ,ovid  ,ow5's ,s]p5t 
,wor%ip  ,palgrave's ,arabia  ,palmyra1 
,antiquities (  ,pamphete]1 ,!          
,p>sons's ,rema9s ( ,japhe?  ,pausanias 
,p5nant's ,fire ,wor%ip 9 ,india        
,p5nant's ,j\rney to ,al/on ,moor       
,p5nant's ,t\r 9 ,scotl&  ,petrie's     
,r\nd ,t[]s ( ,irel&  ,philpot's        
,h]aldry  ,pic>t's ,religi\s ,c]emonies 
,p9d>'s ,odes  ,p9k]ton's ,collection ( 
,travels  ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory      

,plut>*'s ,lives  ,pococke's ,india 9   
,greece  ,pontoppidon's ,hi/ory (       
,norway  ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review1 xvii4 
,pott]'s ,ar*ology  ,pott]'s ,grecian   
,antiquities  ,prescott's ,conque/ (    
,mexico  ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,p]u    
,pre/on's ,illu/rations ( ,masonry      
,prideaux's ,connection  ,prit*>d's     
,celtic ,nations  ,prop]tius  ,pur*as's 
,pilgrim  ,pur*as's ,voyages & ,travels 
,qu>t]ly ,review1 cxiv4  ,raleigh's     
,hi/ory ( ! ,_w  ,ramsay on ! ,!ology ( 
! ,pagans  ,reade's ,veil ( ,isis       
,r5\f's ,hibb]t ,lectures  ,rivett1     
,c>nac1 ,snake ,my?s ( ,india  ,rob]ts's
 ,cambrian ,antiquities  ,rob]tson's    
,hi/ory ( ,am]ica  ,rolle's ,re*]*es sur
 le ,culte de ,bac*us  ,roll9s's ,anci5t
 ,hi/ory  ,ross's ,view ( all ,religions
  ,r\ 7,c471 ,cup-%ap$ & o!r ,sculptures
 9 ! ,old ,_w & 9 ,am]ica1 #ahha        
,r\sselet's ,india & its ,pr9ces  ,royal
 ,in/itutions ( ,cornwall  ,royal ,iri% 
,academy1 ,transactions  ,ru/'s         
,druidism ,exhum$  ,sacr$ ,books ( !    

,ea/1 _m vols4  ,sale's ,koran  ,sanhita
 ( ,sama ,v$a--,?omson's ,translation   
,samme's ,britannia  ,satires ( ,p]su   
,sav>y's ,lett]s on ,egypt  ,sav>y's    
,lett]s on ,greece  ,sayce's ,lectures  
,s*lieman's ,myc5 & ,tiryns  ,secret    
,societies ( ! ,middle ,ages  ,seeley's 
,wond]s ( ,elora  ,seldon's ,fabul\s    
,god's ,d5\nc$ 9 ! ,bible  ,sept*5es's  
,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks  ,%>pe's  
,hebrew ,nation  ,simpson's ,ar*ological
 ,essays  ,simpson 7,sir ,j47 ,ar*aic   
,sculptur+s ( ,cups1 c41 ^u ,/ones &    
,rocks 9 ,scotl&1 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries4
  ,s9clair's ,/ati/1 vol4 xvii4  ,sk5e's
 ,celtic ,scotl&  ,sk]t*ly's ,dahomy z x
 is  ,smiddy's ,druids & ,t[]s ( ,irel& 
,smi?'s ,*aldean ,g5esis  ,smi?'s ,greek
 & ,roman ,antiquities  ,society (      
,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 ,proce$+s        
,sonn]at's ,voyages  ,socrates' ,eccles4
 ,hi/4  ,sp5c]'s ,c]emonial ,in/itutions
  ,sp9eto's ,lectures  ,squi]'s ,s]p5t  
,symbols  ,/4 ,james's ,magaz9e1 xxv4   
,/anley's ,ea/]n ,races  ,/anley's      

,hi/ory ( ! ,philosoph]s  ,/anley's     
,s9ai & ,pale/9e  ,/eph5s's ,yucatan &  
,c5tral ,am]ica  ,/rabo's ,geography    
,/rahl5b]g's ,description ( ,n4 & ,e4   
,europe & ,asia  ,/range's ,developem5t 
( ,creation  ,/ukeley's ,it9]>y         
,/ukeley's ,/oneh5ge & ,abury           
,tav]ni]'s ,voyages  ,taylor's ,etruscan
 ,rese>*es  ,taylor's ,hymns ( ,orpheus 
,taylor's ,mexico & ! ,mexicans         
,taylor's ,proclus  ,t5ison's ,idolatry 
,?ales's ,orig9 ( ,mank9d  ,! ,liv+     
,age1 xx41 cxxxix4  ,!vn's ,travels into
 ! ,levant  ,tiele's ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t  
,religions  ,tod's ,antiquities (       
,raja/han  ,tol&'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,druids  
,tooke's ,pan!on  ,transactions ( !     
,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature            
,turnbull's ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w         
,turn]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxons     
,tylor's ,primitive ,culture  ,ul/]     
,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology  ,unit>ian ,review1 
,bo/on  ,univ]se ,display$1 iv4 vols4   
,upham's ,buddhism  ,urquh>t's ,_s ( !  
,ea/  ,vallancey's ,anci5t ,iri%        

,language  ,vallancey's ,bulg>ia        
,vallancey's ,colec4 de ,rebus ,hib]n   
,vanc\vre's ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w         
,virgil's ,works  ,volney's ,travels 9  
,syria  ,wait's ,jewi% ,antiquities     
,wait's ,ori5tal ,antiquities           
,wakeman's ,ar*ologia ,hib]nica  ,w>d's 
,view ( ! ,h9doos  ,w>+'s ,monum5ts &   
,ornam5t  ,:eel]'s ,hi/ory ( ,india     
,web]'s ,indian ,lit]ature  ,wel%       
,ar*ology  ,we/ropp's ,ar*ological      
,h&book  ,wild]'s ,anci5t ,symbol       
,wor%ip  ,wilk9son's ,anci5t ,egypt     
,willis's ,curr5t ,notes  ,wilson's     
,egypt ( ! ,pa/  ,wilson's ,pre-hi/oric 
,annals ( ,scotl&  ,wormius's ,dani%    
,monum5ts  ,"y's ,egyptian ,antiquities 
,x5ophon ,anabasis     ,,footnotes3  #a 
,engli% ,=e/s & ,=e/ ,trees4  #b ,ed94  
,rev41 #ahfi4  #c ,see ,qu>4 ,rev41     
#aad4  #d ,symbolism4  #e ,riv]s (      
,life1 vol4 ,i4  #f ,indian             
,antiquities4  #g ,b>l[e's ,symbolism4  
#h ,=long4  #i ,moses ,maimonides4  #aj 
,geograph4 ,lib41 ,,ix4  #aa ,id41      

,,xviii4 #dc4  #ab ,metam4 ,lib41       
,,viii4 #fhi4  #ac ,metam4 ,lib41       
,,viii4  #ad ,!b4 ,lib41 ,,ii4 #gcf4    
#ae ,ousley's ,p]sia1 vol4 ,i4  #af     
,ousley1 vol4 ,i4  #ag ,ousley1 vol4 ,i4
  #ah ,b>l['s ,symbolism4  #ai ,b>l[e's 
,symbolism4  #bj ,ori5tal ,fragm5ts4    
#ba ,lib4 xv41 c4 #bd  #bb ,le          
,my?ologie des ,plantes1 vol4 ,,ii4  #bc
 ,=e/ry ,j\rnal1 vol4 ,,viii4  #bd      
,=e/ry1 p4 #acb4  #be ,l&on's           
,arboretum4  #bf ,b>l[4  #bg ,life by   
,willibrord1 *ap4 viii4  #bh ,willis's  
,curr5t ,notes = ,febru>y1 #ahed4  #bi  
,p]cy's ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities4 
#cj ,descrip4 ,n4 & ,e4 ( ,europe1 p4   
#bhi4     ,,phallic ,,s]ies  ,,cr4      
#h,,vo1 ,,vellum1 #g_/f ,,ea*4  ,only a 
v limit$ numb]1 privately pr9t$4        
,,phallicism4--,a ,description ( !      
,wor%ip ( ,l+am-,yoni 9 v>i\s p>ts ( !  
,_w1 & 9 diff]5t ,ages1 ) an ,acc\nt (  
,anci5t & ,mod]n ,crosses1 p>ticul>ly ( 
! ,crux ,ansata 7or ,h&l$ ,cross7 & o!r 
,symbols connect$ ) ! ,my/]ies ( ,sex   

,wor%ip4 ,ne>ly out ( pr9t4             
,,ophiolatreia4--,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,rites 
& ,my/]ies connect$ ) ! ,orig91 ,rise1 &
 ,developm5t ( ,s]p5t ,wor%ip 9 v>i\s   
p>ts ( ! ,_w1 enri*$ ) ,int]e/+         
,traditions1 & a full description ( !   
celebrat$ ,s]p5t ,m\nds & ,temples1 !   
:ole =m+ an exposition ( "o ( ! phases (
 ,phallic1 or ,sex ,wor%ip4  ,,phallic  
,,objects1 ,,monum5ts ,,& ,,rema9s2     
,illu/rations ( ! ,rise & ,developm5t ( 
! ,phallic ,idea 7,sex ,wor%ip71 & its  
embodim5t 9 ,works ( ,nature & ,art4    
,et*$ ,frontispiece4  ,,cultus          
,,arborum4--,a ,descriptive ,acc\nt (   
,phallic ,tree ,wor%ip1 ) illu/rative   
,leg5ds1 ,sup]/iti\s ,usages1 c42       
exhibit+ its ,orig9 & ,developm5t among/
 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,nations ( ! ,_w1 f !
 e>lie/ to mod]n times4   ,,9           
,,prep>ation4  ,,fi%es1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,&    
,,fire z ,phallic ,symbols4             
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,passages 9      
italics are indicat$ by italics4        
,lett]s ) diacritical m>ks are n        

repres5t$ 9 ?is text v]sion4  ,foonote  
#bi appe>s on page #ib ( ! text1 b !re  
is no correspond+ m>k] on ! page4  ,!   
foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3         
envelov$ correct$ to envelop$ 7page #eb7
   acau?ace\s correct$ to acan?ace\s    
7page #fa7   m$im correct$ to m$ium     
7page #fd7   negli5ce correct$ to       
neglig5ce 7page #fg7   heoric correct$  
to h]oic 7page #hh7   respres5t$        
correct$ to typo repres5t$ 7page #ia7   
,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1      
spell+ inconsi/5cies h be5 reta9$ f !   
orig9al4