,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,my?ology  ,a ,comp5dium
 ( ,greek1 ,roman1 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1
 ,p]sian1 ,h9doo1 ,*9ese1 ,?ibetian1    
,sc&9avian1 ,celtic1 ,aztec1 & ,p]uvian 
,my?ologies1  ,9 ,accordance ) ,/&>d    
,au?orities4  ,arrang$ = ! ,use (       
,s*ools & ,academies4  by  ,c4 ,a4      
,,:ite4  ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ &       
,correct$4        ,new ,york4 ,a4 ,c4   
,arm/rong  ,son1 #gad ,broadway4 #ahhi4 
,ent]$ ,accord+ to ,act ( ,congress 9 ! 
ye> #ahgj1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,widdleton1 ,9 !  
,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new
 ,york4 ,copyright1 #ahhb1 by ,w4 ,c4   
,bu%4     ,,prefatory ,,note4   ,!      
,/ud5t's ,my?ology has be5 9 use 9      
manuscript = ne>ly ?ree ye>s 9 "o ( our 
l>ge/ academies1 :]e x has be5 receiv$ )
 mu* favor by bo? tea*]s & pupils4 ,ev5 
9 t =m1 :i* subject$ !m to ! inconv5i5ce
 ( long dictations1 x 0 pref]r$ to any (
 ! ord9>y text-books on ! subject4      
,copies 7 s\ght = ! use ( o!r           
in/itutions1 & ! pr9cipals ( ! academy  

ref]r$ to1 cons5t$ t ! "w %\ld be prep>$
 = ! press4  ,9 c>ry+ out ! plan1 !     
subject matt] 0 c>efully classifi$1 &   
su* additions made z 7 deem$ necess>y = 
complet5ess4 ,z a f>!r precaution1 !    
:ole 0 submitt$ to ! revision ( an em95t
 classical s*ol>4  ,my?ology is a       
subject :i* ne$s to be treat$ ) peculi> 
c>e2 & text-books are (t5 object$ to by 
p>5ts & tea*]s z /ill reta9+ ! ta9t (   
pagan corruption1 & pres5t+ dang]\s     
images to ! y\?ful m9d4 ,x 0 ?is        
difficulty :i* fir/ l$ to ! prep>ation (
 ! pres5t "w4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,my?ology lays
 no claim to any sup]iority 9 po9t (    
erudition2 ! text-books already be=e !  
public leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 ?is    
p>ticul>4 ,x is a practical "w1 prep>$  
by an exp]i5c$ tea*]1 & already submitt$
 to ! decisive te/ ( ! s*oolroom4 ,x is 
n design$ = "y p]sons :o are already    
advanc$ 9 classical /udies1 b r = pupils
 :o h n yet ent]$1 or :o1 l ! great]    
numb] ( ^? att5d+ our female academies1 
are n likely ev] to ent] ^u any regul>  

classical c\rse4 ,= ! =m]1 x may prove a
 useful introduction to ^! /udies1 :ile 
! latt] w f9d 9 ! "w ! mo/ important &  
pleas+ features ( my?ology4  ,) su*     
views1 x has be5 consid]$ mo/ judici\s  
to pres5t ! classic fables 9 _! simple/1
 :i* is also _! mo/ poetic =m1 giv+ !   
allegorical mean+ atta*$ to ! anci5t    
my?s1 only :]e _! application is cle> & 
simple4 ,= ! same reason ! writ] has    
avoid$ que/ions ( comp>ative my?ology1  
except 9 cases :]e ! analogies are too  
obvi\s to be pass$ unnotic$4 ,! "w has  
be5 compil$ ) c>e f reliable s\rces1 &  
w1 p]haps1 be f\nd to conta9 mu* t is   
new & int]e/+2 _m articles1 su* z ^? on 
! public games1 ! !atrical ent]ta9m5ts (
 ! ,greeks1 ! ,assyrian1 ,*9ese &       
,am]ican my?ologies1 w be f\nd a pleas+ 
addition1 z ^! subjects h n be5 treat$ 9
 ! ord9>y text-books4 ,! *apt] on !     
,poets ( ,classic ,fable1 & ! ,supplem5t
 conta9+ a notice ( ! anci5t writ]s ^:  
names occur 9 ! body ( ! "w1 w1 x is    
hop$1 be f\nd g5]ally useful4  ,among ! 

mod]n au?ors to :om ! writ] has be5     
p>ticul>ly indebt$1 we may m5tion       
,calmet1 ,an?on1 ,tooke1 ,bulf9*1 ,huc &
 ,s*legel4 ,9 prep>+ ! article on       
,druidism1 ,m>t9's ,hi/oire de ,france1 
& ! ,monum5ts ,celtiques ( ,reynaud1 h  
be5 consult$1 toge!r ) ! ,iri%          
,*ronicl]s & o!r /&>d au?orities4 ,!    
matt] ( ! ,mexican & ,p]uvian           
my?ologies1 has be5 *iefly tak5 f       
,clavig]o & ,prescott4 ,ref]5ce has be5 
made ?r\gh\t to ! ,new ,am]ican         
,cyclopdia4  ,! "w n[ complet$ is (f]$  
to ! public 9 ! hope t x may r5d] !     
subject ( my?ology m g5]ally popul> 9   
our s*ools1 & obviate ! dang]s att5d+   
?is o!rwise attractive /udy4            
,,cont5ts4     ,,*apt] ,i4    ,orig9 (  
,my?ology--,div9ities call$ ,cele/ial   
#ae    ,,*apt] ,,ii4    ,greek & ,roman 
,div9ities--,jupit]--,juno--,h[         
repres5t$--     ,p>5tage &              
,actions--,probable ,orig9 ( ^!         
,fables--     ,adv5tures (              
,jupit]--,/ory ( ,europa--,se>* (       

,cadmus--     ,puni%m5t ( ,lycaon       
#bc    ,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,apollo--,8    
,p>5tage & ,exploits--,h[               
repres5t$--,/ory (                      
sculapius--,bani%m5t ( ,apollo f        
,heav5--,trans=mation     ( ,hyac9?us & 
,cyp>issus--,/ory ( ,admetus &          
,alce/is--     ,attributes (            
,apollo--,puni%m5t inflict$ on ,m>syas &
 on     ,k+ ,midas--,/ory (             
,midas--,dea? ( ,phton--,trans=mation   
( ,daphne--,?+s ,sacr$ to ,apollo       
#bi    ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,m>s 7,ares7--,8
 ,p>5tage--,h[ repres5t$--,animals      
,sacr$ to     ,m>s--,names giv5 to      
,m>s--,8 ,temple--,prie/s call$ ,salii  
#cd    ,,*apt] ,v4    ,m]cury           
7,h]mes7--,8 ,p>5tage--,h[              
repres5t$--,(fices (                    
,m]cury--,b5efits conf]r$ by ,m]cury on 
,man--,:y consid]$     ! ,patron (      
,?ieves--,/ory ( ,io & ,argus           
#cf    ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,bac*us         
7,dionysus7--,p>5tage ( ! ,god--,h[     
repres5t$--,/ory     ( ,semele--,infancy

 ( ,bac*us--,trans=mation ( ,nymphs into
     ,/>s--,sil5us--,h[                 
repres5t$--,exploits ( ,bac*us--,h[     
wor%ipp$--,plants ,sacr$ to !           
,god--,bac*analia or ,orgia--     ,/ory 
( ,p5!us--,puni%m5t inflict$ on ,alci?oe
 & h]     ,si/]s--,trans=mation ( ,m>9]s
 into ,dolph9s               #ci        
,,*apt] ,,vii4    ,cele/ial             
,goddesses--,juno--,h]a--,p>5tage (     
,juno--,h[     repres5t$--,iris1        
,mess5g] ( ,juno--,*ildr5 ( ,juno--     
,jeal\sy ( ! ,goddess--,trans=mation (  
,calli/a &     ,arcas into              
,be>s--,sacrifices (f]$ to !            
,goddess--,plants     held ,sacr$ to h] 
#dc    ,,*apt] ,,viii4                  
,m9]va--,pallas ,a!na--,h[              
repres5t$--,orig9 ( ! ,olive--     ,!   
,palladium--,m9]va1 z ! ,patroness (    
,female ,indu/ry--     ,/ory (          
,ara*ne--,! ,bird ( ,m9]va--,/ory (     
,m$usa's ,head   #de    ,,*apt] ,,ix4   
,v5us--,aphrodite--,bir? & ,education ( 
,v5us--,m>riage )     ,vulcan--,h[      

repres5t$--,temples ( ,v5us--,!         
,graces--,cupid     --,fe/ivals ( !     
,goddess--,birds & ,plants ,sacr$ to    
h]--     ,sacrifices--,temple ( ,v5us   
,calva--,! ,apple ( ,discord--          
,decision ( ,p>is--,/ory ( ,hippom5es & 
,atalanta--,dea? (     ,adonis--,orig9 (
 ! ,r$ ,rose--,names ( ! ,graces        
#di    ,,*apt] ,x4                      
,latona--,leto--,h]                     
,p>5tage--,p]secution ( ,juno--,bir? (  
,apollo & ,diana--,trans=mation (       
,lycian ,peasants into                  
,frogs--,puni%m5t ( ,tityus--,latona a  
,p]sonification (     ,night--,h[       
repres5t$ by ,pa9t]s & ,sculptors       
#ed    ,,*apt] ,,xi4                    
,aurora--,eos--,attributes ( !          
,goddess--,h[ repres5t$--,/ory     (    
,cephalus & ,procris--,m>riage ( ,aurora
 ) ,ti?onus--     ,trans=mation (       
,ti?onus--,memnon--,8 ,dea? &           
,obsequies--     ,vocal ,/atue          
#ef    ,,*apt] ,,xii4    ,t]re/rial     
,gods--,saturn--,8 ,p>5tage--,h[        

repres5t$--,8     ,hi/ory--,! ,gold5    
,age--,sacrifices (f]$ to ,saturn--,!   
,saturnalia--,mod]n                     
,c>nival--,janus--,contradictory        
,acc\nts     ( 8 ,orig9--,temple (      
,janus--,quir9us at ,rome               
#fa    ,,*apt] ,,xiii4                  
,vulcan--,heph/us--,p>5tage ( ?is       
,god--,:y bani%$ f                      
,heav5--,occupation ( ,vulcan--,8 ,mo/  
,celebrat$ ,works--     ,m>riage )      
,v5us--,! ,cyclops--,vulcania--,temple  
on ,m\nt                                
,etna--,cacus--,cculus--,o!r ,works (   
,vulcan                     #fd         
,,*apt] ,,xiv4    olus--,suppos$ orig9 (
 ! ,fable--,momus--,8 ,p>5tage--        
,criticisms pass$ on o!r ,div9ities--,8 
,bani%m5t f     ,olympus                
#fg    ,,*apt] ,,xv4    ,t]re/rial      
,goddesses--,ve/a--,he/ia--,h] ,p>5tage 
&     ,attributes--,h[                  
repres5t$--,wor%ip ( ,ve/a at ,rome--   
,ve/al ,virg9s--,_! ,obligations &      
,privileges--,anecdote      #fi         

,,*apt] ,,xvi4    ,cybele--,h[ call$ by 
! ,greeks--,p>5tage & ,attributes--,h[  
repres5t$--,temple ( ,cybele on ,m\nt   
,d9dymus--,sacr$ ,image     --,fe/ival (
 ,megalesia--,galle & ,corybantes--,bona
 ,dea--     ,/ory ( ! ,ve/al ,claudia   
#gb    ,,*apt] ,,xvii4                  
,c]es--,demet]--,p>5tage &              
,attributes--,h[ repres5t$--     ,/ory (
 ,pros]p9e--,eleus9ian ,my/]ies--,rites 
practic$     --,/ory (                  
,triptolemus--,sacrifices (f]$ to       
,c]es--,fea/s     call$                 
,amb>valia--,describ$ by ,virgil        
#ge    ,,*apt] ,,xviii4    ,!mis--,orig9
 & ,attributes--,a/ra *ang$ into !      
,con/ellation                           
,virgo--,erigone--,nemesis--,h]         
,(fice--,temple     ( ,nemesis at       
,rhamnus                                
#hj    ,,*apt] ,,xix4    ,! ,muses--,_! 
,numb]1 ,names & ,attributes--,:y !re   
are     ,n9e ,muses--,puni%m5t or !     
,daught]s ( ,pi]us               #hb    
,,*apt] ,,xx4    ,gods ( ! ,woods1 &    

,rural ,deities--,pan--,names giv5 to   
?is     ,deity--,8 ,orig9--,h[          
repres5t$--,fam\s ,action relat$ (      
,pan--,orig9 ( ,pan's ,re$s--,satyrs &  
,fauns--,t]m9us--     ,v]tumnus--,pales 
#hd    ,,*apt] ,,xxi4    ,goddesses ( ! 
,woods--,diana--,p>5tage & ,attributes (
 ?is     ,goddess--,h[                  
repres5t$--,habits ( ,diana--,h]        
,att5dants--     ,puni%m5t (            
,*ione--,/ory ( ,niobe--,temple ( ,diana
 at     ,ephesus--,burn$ by             
,ero/ratus--,despoil$ by ,n]o--,plund]$ 
by !                                    
,go?s--,nymphs--,naiades--,oreades--,oce
anides--,dryades     &                  
,hamadryades--,are?usa--,/ory (         
,e*o--,trans=mation (     ,n>cissus     
#hg    ,,*apt] ,,xxii4    ,gods ( !     
,sea--,neptune--,poseidon--,p>5tage ( ! 
,god--,h[     repres5t$--,(fices (      
,neptune--,fea/s held at ,rome 9 8      
,honor--,*ildr5 (                       
,neptune--,triton--,phorcus or          
,proteus--                              

,sir5s--,ulysses--,orpheus--,scylla &   
,*>ybdis--,melic]tes--                  
,!tis--,glaucus                         
#ic    ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4    ,inf]nal     
,deities--,pluto--,hades--,p>5tage ( !  
,god--,8     ,k+dom--,repres5tations &  
,emblems--,dis--,plutus--,hell--        
,c]b]us--,fates--,furies--,judges ( !   
,dead--,puni%m5t     inflict$ on !      
,condemn$--,giants--,ixion--,sisyphus-- 
,tantalus--,!                           
,belides--,salmoneus--,elysium          
#ii    ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4    ,fabul\s      
,mon/]s--,c5taurs--,g]yon--,h>pies--,bri
>eus--,!     ,*imra--,explanation ( ?is 
,fable--,! ,sph9x--,fabul\s             
,hi/ory--,/atue ( ! ,sph9x 9 ,egypt     
#aje    ,,*apt] ,,xxv4    ,h\sehold     
,div9ities--,p5ates--,(fices &          
,attributes--,l>es--     ,_!            
,(fices--,sacrifices (f]$ to ! ,goddess 
,mania--     ,honors paid to !          
,l>es--,virtues wor%ipp$ z ,div9ities   
#ajh    ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4    ,demigods &  
,h]oes--,_! ,orig9--,h]cules--,8        

,p>5tage--     ,twelve ,labors ( !      
,h]o--,field ( ,n>bonne--,dea? (        
,h]cules                                
#aad    ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4                
,jason--,exp$ition 9 se>* ( ! ,gold5    
,fleece--,m$ea--,h]                     
,rev5ge--,!seus--,tribute impos$ on !   
,a!nians--,dep>ture     (               
,!seus--,de/ruction ( !                 
,m9otaur--,ariadne--,dea? (     geus    
#aai    ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4    ,ca/or ,&  
,pollux--,_! ,p>5tage--,dea? ( ,ca/or-- 
,con/ellation ,gem9i--,prome!us--,8     
,p>5tage--,8     ,impiety--,p&ora's     
,box--,puni%m5t ( ,prome!us             
#abc    ,,*apt] ,,xxix4                 
,orpheus--,/ory ( ,eurydice--,dea? (    
,orpheus--,trans=mation     ( ,?racian  
,wom5 into ,trees--,arion--,amphion     
#abe    ,,*apt] ,,xxx4    ,atlas--,8    
,p>5tage--,trans=m$ by ,p]seus into a   
,m\nta9--     ,explanation ( !          
,fable--,pleiades--,hyades--,hesp]ides--
,orion     --,8 ,p>5tage1 ,exploits &   
,dea?--,trans=mation into a             

,con/ellation--,p]seus--,8              
,p>5tage--,rescue ( ,&rom$a--     ,dea? 
( ,acrisius                             
#abi    ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4                 
,bell]ophon--,victory ov] ! ,*imra--,8  
,presumption & its                      
,puni%m5t--,deucalion--,leg5d ( !       
re-peopl+ ( ! ,e>?     aft] !           
,deluge--,probable                      
,explanation--,ddalus--,labyr9?--       
,dea? (                                 
,ic>us--,ceyx--,alcyone--,halcyon ,birds
                  #acd    ,,*apt]       
,,xxxii4    ,meleag]--,! ,calydonian    
,hunt--,erisi*?on1 ,nisus & ,scylla     
#adj    ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4    ,poets (   
,classic                                
,fable--,hom]--,hesiod--,virgil--,ovid  
#ade    ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4    ,h]oes      
,celebrat$ by !                         
,poets--,agamemnon--,sacrifice (        
,iphig5ia--,qu>rel ) ,a*illes--,murd] ( 
,agamemnon by     gi/hus &              
,clytemne/ra--,a*illes--,8 ,p>5tage--   
,discov]$ by ,ulysses at ! ,c\rt (      

,lycom$es--,8     ,qu>rel )             
,agamemnon--,dea? (                     
,patroclus--,exploits     dur+ !        
,siege--,dea? ( ,a*illes--,sacrifice (  
,polyx5a--,trans=mation ( ,hecuba       
#aeb    ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4    ,ulysses--,8 
,m>riage ) ,p5elope--,feign$            
,insanity--,exploits     dur+ ! ,siege (
 ,troy--,lotus ,eat]s--,slay+ ( ! ,sacr$
     ,cattle by ! ,sailors--,_!         
de/ruction--,ulysses 9 !     ,isl& (    
,calypso--,ca/ on ! ,%ores ( ,phacia--,8
 ,arrival     9 ,i?aca--,suitors (      
,p5elope--,h] ,deliv]ance by ,ulysses   
#aef    ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4                
,ore/es--,education at ! ,c\rt (        
,/rophius--,pylades--,murd]     (       
,clytemne/ra--,ore/es pursu$ by !       
,furies--,discov]y (     ,iphig5ia at   
,tauris--,circum/ances add$ by ! ,tragic
 ,poets     --,hector--,"* & ,exploits (
 ! ,h]o2 8 ,dea?--,fate     (           
,a/yanax--,o$ipus--,eteocles &          
,polynices--,!ban ,w>--     ,h]oism (   
,antigone                               

#afd    ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4    neas--,8   
,p>5tage--,8 ,flight f ,troy--,int]view 
)     ,&roma*e at ,epirus--,prophecy (  
,hel5us--neas driv5 by a     ,/orm on ! 
,coa/ ( ,africa--,receiv$ by ,dido at   
,c>?age--     ,dep>ture ( neas--,dea? ( 
,dido--,fun]al ,games--,desc5t     into 
! ,inf]nal ,regions--,l&+ ( neas 9      
,italy--,w>--     ,dea? ( ,turnus &     
,m>riage ( neas ) ,lav9ia--,8 ,dea?     
#aga    ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4              
,sibyls--,/ory ( ! ,cuman ,sibyl--,leg5d
 ( ! ,sibyll9e     ,books--,_!          
de/ruction--,op9ions ent]ta9$ reg>d+    
^! ,v]ses--,div9ation by ,om5s--,!      
,augurs--,diff]5t     ,classes (        
,om5s--,anecdote                        
#agf    ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4                
,oracles--,oracle ( ,jupit] at          
,dodona--,mann] ( giv+                  
,responses--,oracle ( ,delphi--,acc\nt  
giv5 by ,diodorus--     ,!              
,py?ia--,rem>kable                      
,responses--,unsuccessful attempts made 
to plund] ?is ,temple--,despoil$ by ,n]o

 & o!rs--,oracle     (                  
,trophonius--,/ory ( ! ,h]o & 8         
,bro!r--,agam$es--     ,discov]y ( !    
,oracle--,peculi> ,rites obs]v$ by !    
,vot>ies--,oracle ( ,jupit] ,ammon--,its
 ,situation--,temple     f\nd$ by       
,bac*us--,exp$ition s5t by              
,cambyses--,ru9s /ill     exi/+--,fons  
,solis--,acc\nt giv5 by                 
,belzoni--,oracle (     ,esculapius at  
,epidaurus--,rem>kable ,embassy s5t to  
,epidaurus     by ! ,roman              
,s5ate--,treatm5t ( ,vot>ies 9 ! diff]5t
     ,oracles ( ,esculapius--,oracle ( !
 ,ca/alian ,f\nt--,anecdote     ( !     
,emp]or ,hadrian--,op9ions ent]ta9$ )   
reg>d to     ^! ,oracles--,quotation f  
,milton                           #ahj  
,,*apt] ,,xl4    ,classic ,games--,:y   
connect$ ) ,my?ology--,olympic          
,games--,by     ,:om in/itut$--,"t &    
,mann] ( _! celebration--               
,olympiads--,nature ( !                 
,conte/s--,qualifications requir$ (     
! ,competitors--,prize aw>d$ to !       

,victors--,honors be/[$     --,horse &  
,*>iot ,races--,philip (                
,mac$on--,alcibiades--                  
,cynisca--,intellectual                 
,conte/s--,h]odotus--,dionysius--,py?ian
     ,games--,by :om in/itut$--,"t ( _! 
,celebration--,prize--     ,nemean      
,games--,cr[ns be/[$--,i/hmian          
,games--,:y s call$--     ,in/itut$ 9   
,honor ( ,melic]tes--,g>l& be/[$ on !   
,victor                                 
#aia    ,,*apt] ,,xli4    ,! ,greek     
,drama--,peculi>ities ( ! ,greek        
,!atre--,description     ( ! ,!atre (   
,bac*us at ,a!ns--,/age ,ma*9]y--,dress 
(     ! ,actors--,masks--,!             
,*orus--,measures ( ! ,*oral ,dance--   
,*orus ( ! ,furies--,/ory (             
,ibycus--,attempt made to revive     !  
,anci5t ,*orus--,"t occupi$ by ,!atrical
 ,ent]ta9m5ts     --,_! co/--,comp>ison 
) ! ,roman ,amphi!atre           #aig   
,,*apt] ,,xlii4    ,celebrat$           
,/atues--,! ,olympian ,jupit]--,m9]va ( 
!     ,p>!non--,subsequ5t ,fate ( ?is   

,temple--,apollo ,belvid]e     --,diana 
la ,bi*e                                
#bjf     ,,"p ,,ii4    ,,*apt] ,i4      
,egyptian ,div9ities--,osiris--,apis &  
,s]apis--,p>5tage (     ,osiris--,8     
,dea? &                                 
,sepulture--,isis--,attributes--,emblema
tic     repres5tation--,rites ( ,isis   
=bidd5 at ,rome--,condemn$ by           
,juv5al--,apis--,mann] (                
transmigration--,fe/ivals 9 ,honor     (
 ,apis--,discov]y ( a                   
,successor--,oracles obta9$ f ?is       
,div9ity--,g]manicus--,h>pocrates--,quot
ation                   #bji    ,,*apt] 
,,ii4    ,ea/]n ,my?ology--,div9ities ( 
! ,assyrians--,baal or ,bel--     ,t[] (
 ,babel--,prop] ,names ( ! ,pho5icians &
     ,c>?ag9ians--,wor%ip ( ,baal       
introduc$ among !     ,israelites by    
,a*ab--,reproa*es (                     
,j]emias--,molo*--,nations     devot$ to
 8 ,wor%ip--,human                      
,sacrifices--,repres5tation (     ?is   
,god--,8 ,wor%ip =bidd5 by              

,moses--,valley ( ,h9nom--              
,quotation f ,milton--,a/>o? or         
,a/>te--,sacrifices 9     ,honor ( ?is  
,goddess--,abuses att5d+ h]             
,fe/ivals--,?ammuz     id5tical )       
,adonis--,m\rn$ by ! ,assyrian          
,wom5--,l9es     f ,milton--,vision (   
,ezekiel--,oannes--,dagon               
#bac    ,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,p]sia--,!    
,z5d-ave/a--,doctr9es (                 
,zoroa/]--,ormuzd or                    
,ormasdes--,ahriman--,wor%ip ( ,fire--,!
 ,gueb]s--,p]petual                     
,fires--,bakoo--,magic &                
,a/rology--,p>sees ( ,h9do/an           
#bah    ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,h9doo         
,my?ology--,brahma--,! ,v$as--,doctr9e (
 ! ,v$as--     ,brahma1 ,vi%nu &        
,siva--,(fices ( ^! ,deities--,avat>s ( 
,vi%nu--,kri%na--,siva--,doctr9es reg>d+
 ! ,s\l--                               
,metempsy*osis--,ca/es--,buddha--,8     
,doctr9es--,buddhism     suppress$ 9    
,india                                  
#bbb    ,,*apt] ,v4    ,*9a--,abs5ce (  

any ,/ate ,religion 9 ,*9a--,doctr9e ( !
     ,lett]$--,confucius--,8            
,writ+s--,honors paid him 9 ,*9a--      
,difficulties occasion$ among ,*ri/ian  
,mission>ies--,lao-tze1     f\nd] ( !   
,religion ( ,tao or ,reason--,8         
,writ+s--     ,*9ese ,buddhi/s--,temple 
( ,buddha at ,p\-t\--,g5]al     ,feel+ (
 ! ,*9ese ) reg>d to ,religion          
#bbi    ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,?ibet--,! ,gr&
 ,lama--,prevail+ ,religion ( ,?ibet &  
,t>t>y--,lamas]ies--,! ,gr& ,lama1 a    
,p]petual ,inc>nation     ( ,buddha--,8 
transmigrations--,mode ( discov]+ 8     
,successor                              
#bcf    ,,*apt] ,,vii4    ,my?ology (   
,sc&9avia--,comp>$ ) t ( ,greece &      
,rome--,! ,eddas--,acc\nt ( !           
,creation--,=m ( ! ,e>?     --,asg>d1   
,od9--,names ( ?is                      
,deity--,valhalla--,?or--,recov]y     ( 
,?or's ,hamm]--,frey &                  
,freya--,bragi--,heimdall--,vid>--      
,hodur--,! ,valkyrior--,loki & 8        
,prog5y--,dea? ( ,baldur--     ,8       

,fun]al--,loki's ,puni%m5t--,!          
,elves--,runic ,lett]s--     ,ragn>ok1 !
 ,twilight ( ! ,gods                    
#bch    ,,*apt] ,,viii4    ,celtic      
,my?ology--,druidism--,d]ivation ( ! ,^w
 ,druid--     ,orig9 ( ,druidical       
,wor%ip--,acc\nt giv5 by ,cs>--         
,*>act]i/ics--,div9ities wor%ipp$ by !  
,druids--,esus--     ,8                 
,attributes--,bel--,teutates--,camul--,t
>ann--,prie/s--,_!                      
,duties--,b>ds--,_!                     
,influ5ces--,druids1 prop]ly s call$--  
,sacr$ ,plants--,my/ic ,writ+ ( !       
,druids--,_! ,political                 
,au?ority--,druidesses--,( ! ,loire--,( 
! ,isl& ( ,s5a--     ,human ,sacrifices 
(f]$ by ,druidesses--,virg9s ( ,t>a--   
,sacrifices (f]$ by ! ,druids--,victims 
*os5--,belief (     ! ,druids 9 a       
,future ,/ate--,fe/ivals ( ! ,druids--  
,fe/ival--,sol/ices--,beltane or        
,beal-,t9ne--,c]emonies     obs]v$ 9    
,irel&--,/4 ,patrick at ,t>a--,fir/ (   
,novemb]--     ,breton                  

,leg5d--,sup]/iti\s ,practices belong+  
to ! ,day--     ,suppression ( ,druidism
 9 ,gaul--,9 ,engl&--,mona--,iona--     
,druidical                              
,monum5ts--,m5hirs--,dolm5s--,cromle*s--
,/oneh5ge     --,c>nac--,popul>         
,sup]/itions                            
#beg    ,,*apt] ,,ix4                   
,mexico--,my?ology ( ! ,aztecs--,its    
,peculi> ,*>act]i/ics--     ,belief ( ! 
,aztecs ) reg>d to ! ,supreme ,be+--    
,subord9ate                             
,deities--,huitzilopot*li--,leg5d (     
,quetzalcoatl--     ,h\sehold           
,div9ities--,belief ( ! ,aztecs ) reg>d 
to a     ,future ,/ate--,s+ul>          
,c]emony--,rites ( ,burial--,aztec      
,prie/s--,prie/esses--,mexican          
,temples--,pyramid ( ,*olula--          
,sacrifices--,_! ,numb]--,victims (f]$  
annually to     ,tezcatlipoca--,cannibal
 ,repa/s--,montezuma                    
#bgd    ,,*apt] ,x4    ,my?ology ( !    
,anci5t ,p]uvians--,belief 9 ,"o        
,god--,wor%ip     ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 &    

,/>s--,leg5d ( ,manco-,capac--,pret5d$  
,orig9 ( ! ,inca ,race--,leg5d ( !      
,deluge--,tradition (     ,:ite ,m5 f ! 
,ea/--,temple ( ! ,sun 9 ! ,isl& (      
,titicaca--,temple ( ,cuzco--,p]uvian   
,prie/hood--,sacrifices     (f]$ to !   
,sun--,fe/ivals ( ! ,sun--,fea/ (       
,raymi--     ,resemblance ( c]ta9       
,p]uvian ,rites to ^? obs]v$ by     !   
,anci5t ,romans--,virg9s ( !            
,sun--,burial ,rites ( !                
,p]uvians--,cupay                       
#bhd    ,,supplem5t4    ,notice (       
,au?ors1 etc41 m5tion$ 9 ?is            
,volume--s*ylus--                       
,cs>--,cic]o--,demo/h5es--,diodorus--,eu
ripides--,h]odotus--                    
,ju/9--,juv5al--,mc5as--,pelasgi--,pl9iu
s--,procopius--                         
,simonides--,sophocles--,/rabo--,titicac
a--,v>ro                  #bib          
,,my?ology4     ,,*apt] ,i4   ,ques4    
,:at is ,my?ology8  ,ans4 ,?is ^w is    
d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 ,my?os1 a my? or      
fable1 & logos1 a disc\rse4 ,a my? is1  

prop]ly speak+1 an allegory or fable    
inv5t$ to convey "s important moral or  
religi\s tru?1 or illu/rate "s op]ation 
( nature4 ,my?ology includes also !     
hi/orical my?s1 or ! n>ratives ( gods1  
demigods1 & h]oes1 :i* 7 curr5t among ! 
hea!n 9 anci5t times4  ,ques4 ,:y is x  
necess>y to become acqua9t$ ) ^! fables8
  ,ans4 ,because anci5t lit]ature & art 
_c be fully und]/ood or appreciat$ )\t  
"s k ( ,my?ology4 ,x 0 m+l$ ) e !me ( ! 
classic poet1 & inspir$ ! highe/ skill (
 ! pa9t] & sculptor4  ,^! subjects keep 
_! place to "s ext5t 9 mod]n art1 &     
my?ological allusions are s frequ5t 9   
our lit]ature t an acqua9tance ) classic
 fable is consid]$ a necess>y "p ( a    
lib]al education4  ,ques4 ,did all !    
hea!n nations wor%ip ! same deities8    
,ans4 ,! my?ology ( diff]5t nations v>i$
 z to ! names & attributes ( _!         
div9ities4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 s _m    
po9ts ( resemblance1 t x is believ$ by  
_m t ! pr9cipal my?ical sy/ems _h "o    
common orig94 ,to trace ^! analogies1 & 

! developm5ts :i* gave rise to s great a
 div]sity1 is ! prov9ce ( comp>ative    
my?ology4  ,ques4 ,9 :at important po9t 
d all ^! sy/ems agree8  ,ans4 ,9 ! rite 
( sacrifice4 ,we meet ev]y:]e ! same    
(f]+s3 fl[]s1 fir/ fruits1 libations (  
milk1 honey1 & w9e2 also sacrifices (   
animals1 :i* 7 ei!r p>tak5 ( by !       
vot>ies or consum$ z holocau/s ^u !     
alt>4  ,?is mode ( wor%ip v>i$ b little 
9 c]emonial1 & ! sacrifices ( ! diff]5t 
hea!n nations resembl$1 9 _! ext]ior =m1
 ^? (f]$ to ! true ,god by ! anci5t     
patri>*s4 ,! idea ( propitiat+ ! deity 9
 su* a mann] seems to h be5 univ]sal bo?
 9 ! old & ! new _w1 & we are =c$ to    
believe t x 0 drawn f a common f\nt (   
primeval tradition4  ,ques4 ,h[ did !   
belief 9 ! hea!n deities orig9ate8      
,ans4 ,:5 ! e>ly traditions ( ! human   
race became corrupt1 ! sublime idea ( "o
 ,god1 self-exi/5t & et]nal1 0 lo/ or   
obscur$4 ,we f9d x1 ?\gh vaguely p]haps1
 9 ! "* & attributes ( c]ta9 div9ities1 
z ! ,zeus 7,jupit]7 ( ! ,greek1 & !     

,alfdur ( ,sc&9avian my?ology4 ,!re are 
passages 9 ! e>ly ,greek poets :i* %[   
cle>ly a belief 9 ! unity ( ,god4 ,9 !  
v]ses attribut$ to ! my?ic poet         
,orpheus1 & g5]ally kn[n z ,orphic      
,rema9s1 we f9d ! foll[+3      ,"o      
self-exi/5t lives2 creat$ ?+s     ,arise
 f him2 & ,he is all 9 all4     ,no     
mortal sight may see ,him1 yet ,himself 
,sees all t live2 99 99 99              
99 99 99 ,= ,he alone     ,all heav5ly  
is1 & all t]re/rial ?+s     ,are wr\ght 
by ,him4 ,fir/1 mid/ & la/ he holds     
,) ,8 omnisci5t grasp4  ,! same idea is 
express$ 9 ! v]ses ( ! poet ,aratus1    
quot$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 8 address to !     
,a!nians on ! ,hill ( ,m>s4  ,in/ead (  
m9i/]+ spirits obey+ ! w ( ! ,supreme   
,be+1 & communicat+ t w to man1 !re     
arose a numb] ( inf]ior deities1 ea*    
ex]cis+ "s peculi> & p>tial sov]eignty4 
,! god :om ! w>rior invok$ 9 battle 0   
p[]less to bless ! field he cultivat$ 9 
"t ( peace2 ! p[] ( ,jupit] 0 wor%ipp$ 9
 ! roll+ ?und]2 b :5 ! e>? trembl$ or   

fi]y torr5ts bur/ f ! m\nta9 top1 ! wra?
 ( ,pluto mu/ be appeas$1 & sacrifices 7
 (f]$ to ! inf]nal p[]s4 ,! /rife &     
turbul5ce ( nature 7 attribut$ to !     
gods1 :o became 9 "s mann] id5tifi$ ) ! 
elem5ts !y 7 suppos$ to gov]n4  ,!      
honors paid to ! memory ( dep>t$ h]oes  
assum$1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! "* ( religi\s 
wor%ip4 ,h5ce arose a class ( demigods1 
^: real a*ievem5ts1 transmitt$ by popul>
 tradition & embelli%$ by ! poets1      
became altoge!r leg5d>y & my?ical4      
,ques4 ,7 ! ,greek & ,roman my?ologies !
 same8  ,ans4 ,!y 71 to a great ext5t4  
,! anci5t ,lat9s _h1 und\bt$ly1 _! own  
gods & _! peculi> sup]/itions1 b !y d n 
appe> to h _h any regul> my?ology4 ,:5 !
 ,romans receiv$ ! arts & sci5ces f !   
,greeks1 !y adopt$1 also1 _! div9ities &
 _! entire sy/em ( religion4  ,!y %>$ a 
tradition1 :i* seems to h be5 univ]sal1 
( a "t ( primeval innoc5ce1 :5 man dwelt
 9 a peaceful _w1 ignorant alike ( sorr[
 & ( s94 ,?is 0 ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,av>ice &
 discord 7 unkn[n2 m5 _h n le>n$ to slay

 animals = food1 nor _h ! e>? be5       
di/urb$ by ! pl\gh4 ,nei!r ! labors ( ! 
husb&man1 nor ! m]*ant's traffic di/urb$
 ! joy\s leisure ( t happy "t2 no %ips  
pl\gh$ ! seas1 & ! glitt]+ /eel re/$    
h>mless 9 ! m9e4 ,ovid ?us describes !  
days ( innoc5ce3      ,! ,gold5 ,age 0  
fir/1 :5 man1 yet new1     ,no rule b   
uncorrupt$ reason knew1     ,&1 ) a     
native b5t did good pursue4     ,un=c$  
by puni%m5t1 unaw$ by fe>1     ,8 words 
7 simple1 & 8 s\l s9c]e2     ,ne$less 0 
writt5 law :]e none oppress$2     ,! law
 ( man 0 writt5 9 8 brea/3     ,no      
suppliant cr[ds be=e ! judge appe>$1    
,no c\rt erect$ yet1 nor cause 0 he>d1  
,b all 0 safe2 = consci5ce 0 _! gu>d4   
99   99   99   99   99   99   99     ,no
 walls 7 yet1 nor f5ce1 nor moat1 nor   
m\nd1     ,nor drum 0 he>d1 nor         
trumpet's angry s\nd1     ,nor swords 7 
=g$2 b1 void ( c>e & crime1     ,! s(t  
creation slept away _! "t4  ,! ,silv]   
,age 0 f> inf]ior to t ( gold2 b virtue 
/ill dwelt on e>?1 & ! ,immortals _h n  

altoge!r dep>t$ f ! abodes ( m54 ,jupit]
 !n divid$ ! ye> into seasons1 %ort5$ ! 
w9t] days1 & let loose ! nor!rn bla/s1 s
 t m5 7 oblig$ to build dwell+s1 &      
cultivate ! ungrateful soil4  ,_! fir/  
habitations 7 caves & grottoes1 leafy   
cov]ts ( ! =e/1 or huts rudely con/ruct$
 ( ! trunks ( trees & int]wov5 b\ghs4   
,! ,braz5 ,age came next2 m5 grew fi]ce 
& w>like1 b 7 n z yet altoge!r impi\s4  
,! ,iron ,age gave bir? to all !        
calamities t afflict mank9d4 ,av>ice &  
viol5ce reign$ supreme2 m5 7 n satisfi$ 
to till ! e>?1 b dug into its hidd5     
m9es1 & drew !nce gold & iron1 pot5t    
in/rum5ts ( ill to man4  ,! same poet   
says3      ,!n l&-m>ks limit$ to ea* 8  
"r2     ,= all be=e 0 common z ! light4 
,nor 0 ! gr\nd alone requir$ to be>     
,h] annual income to ! crook$ %>e1      
,b gre$y mortals1 rummag+ h] /ore1      
,digg$ f h] entrails fir/ ! preci\s ore 
7,:i* next to hell ! prud5t gods _h     
laid17     ,& t allur+ ill to sight     
display$4     ,?us curs$ /eel1 & m      

accurs$ gold1     ,gave mis*ief bir?1 & 
made t mis*ief bold3     ,& d\ble dea?  
did wret*$ man invade1     ,by /eel     
assault$1 & by gold betray$4            
,dryd5's ,ovid4   ,,m\nt ,,olympus4     
,ques4 ,:]e 7 ! gods suppos$ to dwell8  
,ans4 ,on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,olympus1 9  
,!ssaly4 ,?is m\nta9 hides its head1    
cov]$ ) p]petual sn[s1 9 a belt ( cl\ds4
 ,! ,greeks imag9$ above ^!1 a sublime  
abode repos+ 9 et]nal sun%9e1 & free f !
 /orms :i* vex$ ! l[] _w4 ,a gate (     
cl\ds1 gu>d$ by ! goddesses ( ! seasons1
 op5$ to p]mit ! passage ( ! ,cele/ials 
:5 !y desc5d$ to e>?4 ,ea* god _h 8 own 
dwell+1 b all 7 oblig$ to repair1 :5    
summon$1 to ! palace ( ,jupit]4 ,ev5 ^? 
deities ^: usual abode 0 on ! e>?1 9 !  
wat]s1 or 9 ! l[] %ades1 7 compell$ to  
assemble 9 ,olympus at 8 comm&4 ,"h !y  
fea/$ on ambrosia & nect>1 disc\rs$ ^u !
 affairs ( heav5 & e>?1 & 7 delight$ at 
int]vals by ! music ( ,apollo's lyre1 & 
! songs ( ! ,muses4  ,vulcan 0 smi?1    
ar*itect & *>iot build] to ! gods4 ,he  

built _! dwell+s on ,olympus1 &         
con/ruct$ ! furniture 9 s wond]ful a    
mann]1 t ! tripods & tables 7 end[$ )   
motion1 & rang$ !mselves 9 ord] )\t !   
aid ( h&s4 ,! robes ( ! diff]5t         
div9ities 7 wr\ght by ,m9]va & !        
,graces4 ,ev]y?+ ( a solid nature 0     
con/ruct$ ( metal4   ,,!                
,,gods--,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,(         
,,deities4  ,ques4 ,did ! ,greeks       
believe t ! gods resembl$ m58  ,ans4    
,yes2 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,!y suppos$ !m to 
h ! same passions1 bo? good & evil4 ,!y 
7 immortal1 yet c\ld suff] pa9 & receive
 w\nds4 ,in/ead ( blood a fluid call$   
i*or fill$ _! ve9s4 ,! deities resembl$ 
m5 also 9 =m1 b !y 71 ) "s exceptions1 (
 maje/ic /ature & %one ) cele/ial       
beauty4 ,!y c\ld r5d] !mselves invisible
 at w1 & 7 o!rwise end[$ ) sup]natural  
p[]s4 ,!re 0 ?is re/ra9t ^u _!          
wond]-work+ gifts3 no div9ity 0 p]mitt$ 
to rev]se ! act ( ano!r4 ,= example1 :5 
an (f5d$ god subject$ a mortal to "s    
cruel trans=mation1 no o!r deity1 n ev5 

,jupit] himself1 c\ld undo ! spell4     
,ques4 ,into :at classes 7 ! gods       
divid$8  ,ans4 ,anci5t writ]s diff] 9 ! 
classification ( ! ,greek & ,roman      
div9ities4 ,accord+ to "o division1 :i* 
we w foll[1 ! ,cele/ial gods 73 ,jupit]1
 ,apollo1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury & ,bac*us4 ,!   
goddesses 73 ,juno1 ,m9]va or ,pallas1  
,v5us1 ,aurora & ,latona4  ,to ^! high] 
div9ities1 ,saturn1 ,janus1 ,ve/a & o!rs
 7 sometimes add$4 ,!re 7 also          
,t]re/rial div9ities1 ,gods ( ! ,sea1   
,inf]nal deities1 etc4 etc4     ,,*apt] 
,,ii4  ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,div9ities4 
,cele/ial ,gods4   ,,jupit]1 7,greek1   
,zeus47  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,jupit]8  ,ans4   
,he 0 ! k+ & fa!r ( gods & m54 ,he is   
g5]ally repres5t$ z a maje/ic man ) a   
be>d1 sitt+ on a ?rone ( gold & ivory4  
,he br&i%es ! ?und] 9 8 "r h&2 giants   
lie pro/rate "u 8 feet1 & an eagle /&s  
at 8 side4 ,jupit] is sometimes call$   
,jove1 & z ! eagle 0 sacr$ to him1 x is 
(t5 call$ ! bird ( ,jove4  ,ques4       
,relate ! /ory ( ,dionysius & ,jupit]'s 

cloak4  ,ans4 ,! /atues ( ?is god 7     
sometimes decorat$ ) mu* magnific5ce4 ,x
 is relat$ t ,dionysius1 ! tyrant (     
,syracuse1 visit$ a temple 9 ,sicily1   
:]e he saw a /atue ( ,jupit] array$ 9 a 
mantle ( wr\ght gold4 ,?is he took      
possession (1 & ord]$ 9 its place a     
wool5 cloak4 ,dionysius ju/ifi$ ! act on
 ! plea t ! latt] g>m5t w\ld be m       
com=table = ! god at all seasons1 z x 0 
nei!r s heavy 9 summ]1 nor s cold 9     
w9t]4  ,ques4 ,( :om 0 ,jupit] ! son8   
,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,saturn & ,ops4     
,accord+ to ! fable1 ,saturn promis$ 8  
bro!r ,titan1 t aft] 8 dea?1 ! latt]    
%\ld succe$ him 9 8 k+dom4 ,to ensure   
?is1 ,titan made ,saturn promise f>!r to
 de/roy all 8 male *ildr54 ,9 fulfillm5t
 ( ?is engagem5t1 ,saturn dev\r$ !m z   
soon z !y 7 born4 ,ops1 or ,rhea1 8     
wife1 succe$$ 9 conceal+ ,jupit] f him4 
,%e s5t him secretly to ,crete :]e he 0 
educat$ on ,m\nt ,ida1 by ! nymphs1 or1 
accord+ to "s1 by ! prie/esses (        
,cybele4 ,! goat :i* suckl$ him 0 plac$ 

aft]w>ds among/ ! con/ellations4 ,ops   
sav$ ,neptune & ,pluto 9 ! same mann]4  
,ques4 ,:at 7 ,jupit]'s fir/ exploits8  
,ans4 ,titan 0 s mu* enrag$ aga9/       
,saturn = fail+ to de/roy all 8 male    
*ildr51 t he assembl$ ! giants1 g5]ally 
call$ ,titans1 to av5ge ! injury4 ,!y   
ov]came ,saturn1 & b\nd him ) ,ops1 or  
,rhea1 9 hell4 ,jupit] conqu]$ !        
,titans1 & deliv]$ 8 fa!r & "m4 ,he     
aft]w>ds took up arms aga9/ ,saturn     
himself1 :om he ov]came & bani%$4 ,he !n
 %>$ 8 p[] ) 8 two bro!rs1 ,neptune &   
,pluto2 to ,neptune he gave ! comm& ( ! 
seas & riv]s1 :ile ,pluto receiv$ = 8   
portion ! subt]ranean _w1 or inf]nal    
regions4  ,ques4 ,:at natural ph5om5a 7 
attribut$ to ,jupit]8  ,ans4 ,?und]1    
lightn+1 ra91 cl\ds1 sn[1 & ra9b[s4 ,^! 
7 s5t by ,jupit] ei!r z signs or w>n+s1 
or else to puni% ! transgressions ( m51 
p>ticul>ly ! p]v]sion ( law & ju/ice4 ,x
 seems c]ta9 t ! anci5ts reg>d$ ,jupit] 
z a righte\s p[]1 ! enemy ( tyrants1 & !
 protector ( ! poor & innoc5t4 ,x is h>d

 to reconcile ?is "* ) ! fables :i*     
ascribe to ?is god actions 9 ! la/      
degree base & crim9al4  ,ques4 ,h[ w\ld 
y expla9 ?is seem+ contradiction8  ,ans4
 ,_m ( ^! /ories 7 simply allegories1   
illu/rat+ ! dom9ion ( ,jupit] ov] !     
natural _w4 ,o!rs 7 inv5t$ at lat]      
times2 & all 7 embelli%$ by ! poets ) b 
little reg>d = moral or religi\s        
s5tim5t4 ,:atev] _! orig91 !re c be no  
d\bt t !y _h an unfavorable influ5ce on 
! pagan _w1 & t !y contribut$ to weak5  
:atev] respect rema9$ = public or       
private virtue4  ,ques4 ,relate "s ( ^! 
fables4  ,ans4 ,jupit] 0 m>ri$ to ,juno1
 to :om he fir/ appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a cr[4  
,he con/antly excit$ h] jeal\sy by 8    
admiration ( mortal wom51 & ?is gave    
rise to _m adv5tures1 celebrat$ by !    
poets4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! /ory ( ,europa8 
,ans4 ,jupit] 0 /ruck by ! beauty (     
,europa1 daught] ( ,agenor1 k+ (        
,pho5icia4 ,he took ! =m ( a sn[-:ite   
bull1 & m+l$ ) ! h]d t graz$ 9 ! mead[  
:]e ! "y pr9cess 0 ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,europa1

 attract$ by ! beauty & g5tl5ess ( !    
animal1 c>ess$ him1 cr[n$ him ) fl[]s1 &
 at l5g? fe>lessly m\nt$ on 8 back4 ,he 
imm$iately plung$ into ! sea1 & c>ri$ h]
 to ! unkn[n %ores ( ,europe1 :i* 0 nam$
 f h]4  ,ques4 ,on :at 0 ! /ory (       
,europa probably f\nd$8  ,ans4 ,x is    
probable t "s sea capta91 or pirate1 0  
attract$ by ! beauty ( ! "y pr9cess1 &  
c>ri$ h] (f4 ,:5 h] fa!r griev$ at h]   
loss1 ! c\rti]s1 & p]haps ! oracles1    
pret5d$ t x 0 a god :o _h tak5 h] away4 
,z ?is report 0 flatt]+ to 8 pride1 he  
w\ld ( c\rse be pleas$ to he> x ev]y:]e 
repeat$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t      
,agenor f mak+ e ef=t to recov] 8 lo/   
*ild4  ,ques4 ,relate ! /ory ( ,cadmus4 
,ans4 ,cadmus1 ! son ( ,agenor1 0 ord]$ 
by 8 fa!r to g 9 se>* ( 8 si/] ,europa1 
) ! fur!r injunction1 t he %\ld nev]    
return to 8 native l& )\t h]4 ,! se>*   
prov$ fruitless1 & ,cadmus1 n d>+ to    
appe> be=e 8 fa!r1 w5t to consult !     
oracle ( ,apollo z to :at he %\ld d4 ,he
 0 direct$ by ! god to foll[ a "y heif]1

 :i* he w\ld meet 9 ! fields1 & to m>k !
 place :]e %e %\ld lie d[n to re/4 ,he 0
 to build a city on t spot1 & call !    
surr\nd+ c\ntry ,boeotia4 ,cadmus obey$ 
^! in/ructions2 :ile prep>+ to (f]      
sacrifice to ,jupit] on ! site ( 8      
int5d$ t[n1 ! solemnity 0 int]rupt$ by a
 t]rible ev5t4 ,! att5dants ( ,cadmus1 9
 se>*+ = wat]1 _h ent]$ a grove sacr$ to
 ,m>s1 :i* 0 gu>d$ by a mighty dragon4  
,on p]ceiv+ him1 !y turn$ to fly1 b 7   
ei!r cru%$ 9 ! s]p5t's folds1 or        
suffocat$ by bla/s ( ! mon/]'s fi]y     
brea?4 ,cadmus1 await+ _! return1 &     
becom+ impati5t at ! delay1 proce$$ to !
 spot1 & f\nd 8 s]vants lifeless1 :ile !
 dragon 0 bask+ at 8 ease ^u ! grass4 ,!
 h]o1 ar\s$ to v5geance1 attack$ !      
mon/]4 ,a t]rible combat ensu$1 9 :i*   
,cadmus1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ,m9]va1 0  
victori\s4 ,z he gaz$ ^u 8 expir+ foe1  
he he>d a frightful voice :i* ?reat5$   
him ) ! v5geance ( ! god ^: grove he _h 
desecrat$4 ,cadmus 0 at fir/ dismay$1 b 
,m9]va told him to s[ ! dragon's tee? 9 

! gr\nd1 & await ! result4 ,:]e ! tee? 7
 plant$1 arm$ m5 imm$iately sprung up4  
,cadmus ?rew a /one among !m1 ^u :i* !y 
turn$ _! weapons aga9/ "o ano!r1 &      
cont9u$ to fight until all 7 kill$      
except five4 ,^! assi/$ ! h]o 9 build+ 8
 city4  ,cadmus m>ri$ ,h]mi"o1 ! daught]
 ( ,v5us2 !y _h f\r daught]s1 all ( :om 
suff]$ p]secution1 ei!r 9 _! own p]sons1
 or 9 ^? ( _! *ildr54 ,cadmus & ,h]mi"o 
7 s mu* afflict$ by ! mis=tunes ( _!    
desc5dants1 t !y petition$ ! gods to    
deprive !m ( life4 ,!y 7 soon aft] *ang$
 into s]p5ts4  ,ques4 ,relate ! puni%m5t
 ( ,lycaon4  ,ans4 ,dur+ ! ,iron ,age ! 
wick$ness ( m5 _h gr[n to su* a height t
 ,jupit] resolv$ to satisfy himself ( ! 
tru? ( ! reports t rea*$ him4 ,= ?is    
purpose he desc5d$ to e>?1 & assum+ !   
disguise ( a poor travell]1 s\ght       
hospitality ( ,lycaon1 k+ ( ,arcadia4 ,!
 impi\s pr9ce _h j receiv$ an ambassador
 f ! ,molossians4 ,he ord]$ him to be   
sla91 & 8 fle% to be s]v$ = ! ent]ta9m5t
 ( 8 gue/4 ,jupit] 0 seiz$ )            

indignation2 he ov]turn$ ! tables1      
de/roy$ ! palace ) lightn+1 & :5 !      
tyrant /rove to fly1 he 0 trans=m$ into 
a savage wolf4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4       
,,phoebus--,,apollo4  ,ques4 ,:o 0      
,apollo8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,jupit] & 
,latona4 ,?is god 01 ) 8 tw9-si/]       
,diana1 born at ,delos1 an isl& 9 :i*   
,latona _h tak5 refuge f ! ang] ( ,juno4
 ,?is goddess1 jeal\s ( ,latona1 s5t !  
s]p5t ,py?on to de/roy h]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ 
exploits ( ,apollo 0 to kill ! ,py?on ) 
8 arr[s4  ,ques4 ,h[ is ?is god g5]ally 
repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a "y man1 comely & 
graceful4 ,he we>s a laurel cr[n ov] 8  
fl[+ hair2 8 g>m5ts are embroid]$ )     
gold2 9 8 "r h& he c>ries 8 b[1 & be>s  
on 8 %\ld] a quiv] fill$ ) arr[s4       
,apollo & 8 si/] ,diana presid$         
respectively ov] ! sun & moon4 ,! sun is
 (t5 call$ ,phoebus1 or ,apollo1 & 9    
anci5t pictures ! head ( ! god is       
repres5t$ z d>t+ rays4 ,apollo1 l o!r   
div9ities1 _h _m names4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 !
 cause ( ,apollo's be+ driv5 f heav58   

,ans4 ,he _h a son nam$ sculapius1 :o 0 
s skill$ 9 m$ic9e t he 0 ev5 able to    
re/ore ! dead to life4 ,hippolytus1 son 
( ,!seus1 k+ ( ,a!ns1 0 kill$ by        
sea-mon/]s4 sculapius1 by br++ him to   
life1 s (f5d$ ,jupit] t ! latt] kill$   
him ) a ?und]bolt4 ,apollo 0 mu* griev$1
 &1 z he c\ld n take rev5ge on ,jupit]1 
he kill$ ! ,cyclops :o =g$ ! ?und]bolts4
 ,= ?is reason ,jupit] bani%$ ,apollo f 
heav54  ,ques4 ,h[ did he occupy himself
 9 8 bani%m5t8  ,ans4 ,he gu>d$ ! flocks
 ( ,admetus1 k+ ( ,!ssaly4 ,"h he _h !  
mis=tune accid5tally to kill ,hyac9?us1 
a boy to :om he 0 mu* atta*$4 ,apollo   
m\rn$ deeply = ! y\?1 & caus$ a fl[] to 
spr+ f 8 blood1 :i* is call$ ! hyac9?4  
,cyp>issus 0 also belov$ by ! god4 ,!   
boy griev$ s deeply at hav+             
un9t5tionally kill$ a favorite de]1 t he
 begg$ ,apollo to make 8 m\rn+ p]petual4
 ,! god he>d 8 pray] & *ang$ him to a   
cypress1 ! bran*es ( :i* tree 7 always  
us$ at fun]als4 ,aft] _m adv5tures &    
w&]+s1 ,apollo 0 re/or$ to ! favor (    

,jupit]1 & to heav54  ,ques4 ,:at favor 
did ,apollo conf] on ,k+ ,admetus8      
,ans4 ,he obta9$ f ! ,fates1 t :5       
,admetus %\ld be ab\t to end 8 exi/5ce1 
8 life might be prolong$1 provid$ ano!r 
di$ will+ly 9 8 /ead4 ,:5 ! fatal day   
came1 ,alce/is1 ! wife ( ,admetus1      
devot$ h]self to dea? = h] husb&4       
,admetus griev$ s deeply at h] loss t   
,pros]p9e actually rel5t$1 b ,pluto     
rema9$ inexorable4 ,h]cules1 h[ev]1     
desc5d$ to ! %ades1 & rescu$ ,alce/is1  
:o 0 re/or$ to h] husb&4 ,euripides has 
f\nd$ "o ( 8 mo/ beautiful trag$ies ^u  
?is /ory4  ,ques4 ,ov] :at sci5ces did  
,apollo preside8  ,ans4 ,he presid$ ov] 
physic1 music1 poetry1 & rhetoric2 & !  
n9e ,muses 7 subject to him4 ,he        
regulat$ ! day by guid+ ! *>iot ( ! sun4
  ,ques4 ,:at else is said ( ,apollo8   
,ans4 ,_m absurd & impossible adv5tures 
are told4 ,he seems to h be5 v va9 ( 8  
musical skill1 z we see f ! puni%m5t he 
inflict$ on ,m>syas1 & ,k+ ,midas = com+
 9 conflict ) him on t po9t4  ,ques4    

,relate ^! /ories4  ,ans4 ,apollo 0     
*all5g$ by ,m>syas to a conte/ 9 music4 
,! god 0 n cont5t ) defeat+ !           
presumptu\s musician1 b flay$ him alive1
 & aft]w>ds *ang$ him into a riv]1 :i*  
is /ill kn[n by 8 "n4  ,! puni%m5t      
inflict$ on ,k+ ,midas 0 n s cruel4 ,?is
 pr9ce _h ! bad ta/e to decl>e 8        
pref]5ce = ! vulg> music ( ,pan1 9 a    
conte/ :i* t god _h ) ,apollo4 ,!       
insult$ deity caus$ 8 e>s to gr[ 9 l5g? 
& %ape l ^? ( an ass4 ,midas endeavor$  
to cov] ! de=mity by 8 hair1 & s9ce x 0 
impossible to conceal x f 8 b>b]1 he    
b\nd him to sil5ce by great promises4   
,?is man1 h[ev]1 f\nd x s pa9ful to keep
 ! secret to himself1 t to obta9 relief1
 he dug a little hole 9 ! gr\nd1 &      
:isp]$ x to ! e>?4 ,:at 0 8 dismay at   
he>+ ! holl[ re$s :i* grew ^u ! spot1   
:isp]+1 :5ev] ! w9d blew3 ,k+ ,midas has
 asses' e>s6  ,ques4 ,is any?+ else     
relat$ ( ,k+ ,midas8  ,ans4 ,yes2 he _h 
k9dly & hospitably ent]ta9$ ,sil5us1 !  
preceptor ( ,bac*us1 & 9 return1 ! god  

bade him *oose any recomp5se he pleas$4 
,midas dem&$ t :atev] he %\ld t\* might 
be turn$ into gold4 ,?is pray] 0 grant$1
 & he 0 at fir/ ov]joy$ to see plants1  
/ones & all ar\nd him trans=m$ into     
glitt]+ metal4 ,he soon p]ceiv$ 8 folly1
 h[ev]1 = :51 press$ by hung]1 he tri$  
to p>take ( ! food plac$ be=e him1 x 0  
sudd5ly conv]t$ into gold1 & :5 he w\ld 
h qu5*$ 8 ?ir/1 ! wat] 0 *ang$ into a   
gold5 /ream4 ,fami%$ 9 ! mid/ ( pl5ty1  
,midas pray$ ! god to )draw ! fatal     
gift4 ,bac*us k9dly cons5t$1 & ord]$ him
 to ba! 9 ! riv] ,pactolus4 ,midas      
obey$1 b ! virtue :i* left 8 body 0     
communicat$ to ! wat]s ( ! /ream1 :i* 0 
fam\s ev] aft] = its gold5 s&s4  ,ques4 
,:o 0 ,phton8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son (      
,phoebus & ,clymene4 ,at ! e>ne/        
solicitation ( 8 "m1 he repair$ to !    
palace ( ! ,sun = ! purpose ( hav+ 8    
p>5tage publicly ackn[l$g$4 ,! y\? 0    
k9dly receiv$1 & ,apollo swore by ! ,/yx
 to grant him any favor he %\ld ask4    
,phton imm$iately pray$ t he might be   

all[$ to drive1 = "o day only1 ! *>iot (
 ! ,sun4 ,apollo tri$ to dissuade him f 
8 fooli% wi%1 b 9 va94 ,! ra% y\? 0 n   
able to control ! fi]y horses ( ! ,sun2 
!y dep>t$ f _! usual track1 & heav5 &   
e>? 7 ?reat5$ ) "o univ]sal             
conflagration4 ,jupit] p]ceiv$ ! dang]1 
& /ruck ,phton ) a ?und]bolt4 ,8 body 0 
hurl$ into ! riv] ,po1 :]e x 0 f\nd &   
buri$ by ! nymphs ( ! place4 ,z 8 si/]s 
7 weep+ ar\nd 8 tomb1 !y 7 *ang$ by     
,jupit] into popl>s4  ,ques4 ,:o 0      
,daphne8  ,ans4 ,a nymph belov$ by      
,apollo3 %e 0 *ang$ into a laurel :ile  
%e 0 fly+ f ! pursuit ( ! god4  ,ques4  
,:at ?+s 7 especially sacr$ to ,apollo8 
,ans4 ,among plants1 ! laurel2 among    
animals1 ! wolf2 & among birds1 ! hawk1 
! cr[1 & ! swan 7 sacr$ to ?is god4     
,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,,m>s--,,ares4  ,ques4  
,:o 0 ,m>s8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,jupit]
 & ,juno1 & 0 wor%ipp$ z ! god ( w>4    
,ques4 ,h[ 0 he repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a  
w>rior 9 spl5did armor1 /&+ 9 a *>iot   
driv5 by ,bellona1 a di/ract$ woman1 :o 

holds a tor* 9 h] h&4 ,m>s is fi]ce 9   
aspect & br&i%es a spe>4 ,sometimes     
,discord is repres5t$ go+ be=e him 9    
tatt]$ g>m5ts1 :ile ,ang] & ,clamor     
foll[ 9 8 tra94 ,fe> & ,t]ror are !     
horses :i* draw ! *>iot4  ,ques4 ,:at   
animals 7 sacr$ to ,m>s8  ,ans4 ,! dog1 
on acc\nt ( its sagacity 9 ! pursuit (  
prey2 ! horse1 = its uses 9 w>2 ! wolf1 
= its rapacity & cruelty2 ! rav51       
because x foll[s armies1 wat*+ = !      
c>casses ( ! sla92 & ! cock1 z an emblem
 ( ! vigilance :i* gu>ds aga9/ surprise4
  ,ques4 ,:at o!r names _h ,m>s8  ,ans4 
,he 0 call$ ,quirinus :5 he 0 quiet1    
,gradivus :5 he 0 rag+2 !re=e ! ,romans 
built him two temples1 "o to ,m>s       
,quirinus )9 ! walls1 t he might keep ! 
city 9 peace2 & "o )\t1 to ,m>s         
,gradivus1 t he might def5d !m aga9/ _! 
enemies4 ,among ! ,romans1 prie/s call$ 
,salii att5d$ to ! sacrifices ( ,m>s1 & 
on fe/ival days w5t ab\t ! city danc+ ) 
_! %ields4 ,_! "n comes f ! ,lat9 ^w to 
dance1 & 0 consid]$ appropriate1 because

 ,m>s is incon/ant 9 8 temp]1 & incl9es 
n[ to ?is side1 n[ to t1 9 "t ( w>4     
,except ! /ory ( 8 atta*m5t to ,v5us1 ! 
poets relate b little ( ,m>s4  ,bellona1
 ! goddess ( w>1 01 accord+ to "s1 !    
si/] ( ,m>s4 ,%e is g5]ally repres5t$ z 
above1 b "s poets h describ$ h] z ru%+  
?r\gh ! ranks ( w>1 wav+ a flam+ tor*1 &
 excit+ ! combatants by h] cries4 ,!    
temple ( ,bellona at ,rome1 0 )\t !     
city1 ne> ! ,c>m5tal gate4 ,"h ! ,s5ate 
gave audi5ce to su* ambassadors z !y 7 n
 will+ to admit )9 ! walls4 ,a pill>    
/ood be=e ! temple1 ov] :i* ! h]ald ca/ 
a spe> :5 he proclaim$ w>4 ,! prie/s (  
,bellona1 :5 (ficiat+1 held nak$ swords1
 ) :i* !y ga%$ _! arms & %\ld]s1 mak+   
libations ( _! own blood1 to ! t]rible  
goddess4     ,,*apt] ,v4                
,,m]cury--,,h]mes4  ,ques4 ,:o 0        
,m]cury8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,jupit] & 
,maia1 ! daught] ( ,atlas4 ,on 8 "m's   
acc\nt1 sacrifices 7 g5]ally (f]$ to him
 dur+ ! mon? ( ,may4  ,ques4 ,h[ is     
,m]cury repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a "y man ( 

*e]ful c\nt5ance1 hav+ w+s fix$ to 8    
helmet & 8 s&als1 & c>ry+ a rod 9 8 h&1 
:i* is also w+$1 & entw9$ ) s]p5ts4     
,ques4 ,h[ are ^! diff]5t equipm5ts     
nam$8  ,ans4 ,! rod 0 call$ ,caduceus1 &
 possess$ a wond]ful faculty = quiet+   
all disputes4 ,8 helmet 0 call$         
,petasus1 & 8 w+$ s&als ,tal>ia4  ,ques4
 ,:at 7 ! (fices ( ,m]cury8  ,ans4 ,!y 7
 v>i\s2 8 mo/ important function 0 to   
c>ry ! comm&s ( ,jupit]4 ,m]cury is     
commonly call$ ! mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,he  
also swept ! room :]e ! gods supp$1 &   
made _! b$s4  ,ques4 ,:at else is said (
 ,m]cury8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor (      
lett]s1 & excell$ 9 eloqu5ce4 ,! ,greeks
 wor%ipp$ him z ! patron ( orators1 "u !
 "n ( ,h]mes4 ,m]cury 0 also ! inv5tor (
 weights & measures1 & ! patron (       
comm]ce4  ,ques4 ,7 all 8 tal5ts equally
 honorable8  ,ans4 ,no2 he 0 mo/        
skillful 9 ! art ( ?iev+4 ,on ! v day ( 
8 bir?1 he /ole "s cattle f ,k+         
,admetus1 al?\gh ,apollo 0 keep+ !m2 &  
:ile t god 0 b5d+ 8 b[ aga9/ him1 he    

contriv$ to /eal 8 quiv]4 ,:ile yet an  
infant1 he /ole ! tools ( ,vulcan1 !    
girdle ( ,v5us1 & ! sceptre ( ,jupit]4  
,he int5d$ also to /eal ,jove's         
?und]bolts1 b 0 fe>ful !y w\ld burn him4
 ,m]cury 01 !re=e1 ! patron ( ?ieves4   
,ques4 ,relate ! hi/ory ( ,io & ,argus4 
,ans4 ,io1 ! daught] ( ,9a*us1 0 belov$ 
by ,jupit]4 ,he /rove to hide h] f !    
ang] ( ,juno by trans=m+ h] into a c[4  
,! goddess suspect$ ! deceit1 & begg$ ! 
beautiful heif] z a gift4 ,jupit] 0     
afraid to refuse1 & ,juno consign$ !    
unhappy ,io to ! gu>dian%ip ( ,argus4   
,escape seem$ hopeless1 z ,argus _h a   
hundr$ eyes1 ( :i* he clos$ only two 9  
sleep1 :ile ! o!rs wat*$4 ,jupit] comm&$
 ,m]cury to slay ,argus & deliv] ,io4   
,to effect ?is1 x 0 necess>y to set all 
8 eyes to sleep4 ,m]cury disguis$       
himself z a %eph]d1 ent]$ into          
conv]sation ) ,argus1 & at l5g? play$ s 
sweetly on 8 pipe1 t1 "o by "o1 !       
keep]'s hundr$ eyes 7 clos$4 ,! god !n  
drew 8 fal*ion1 & cut (f ! head ( ,argus

 ) a s+le bl[4 ,juno 0 griev$ = h]      
s]vant1 & plac$ 8 eyes 9 h] peacock's   
tail4 ,io1 /ill p]secut$ by ,juno1 w&]$ 
ov] ! e>?1 & at l5g? arriv$1 fa9t &     
we>y1 on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,!re %e     
pray$ ,jupit] ei!r to re/ore h] to h]   
orig9al =m1 or to t]m9ate h] mis=tunes  
by dea?4 ,juno 0 t\*$ ) compassion1 &   
all[$ ,jupit] to grant h] reque/4 ,io 0 
re/or$ to human =m1 & m>ri$ to ,osiris1 
k+ ( ,egypt2 %e 0 aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ 9 t 
c\ntry "u ! "n ( ,isis4  ,! /atues (    
,m]cury 7 simply wood5 po/s1 surm\nt$ by
 a rude head ) a po9t$ be>d4 ,!y 7 set  
up 9 ! fields1 & at all cross roads4 ,! 
,greeks _h pill>s ( /one1 :i* !y call$  
,h]m1 b ! head :i* surm\nt$ !m 0 n      
always t ( ,m]cury4 ,^! pill>s 7        
sometimes plac$1 by ! ,a!nians1 at !    
entrances ( _! h\ses z a protection     
aga9/ ?ieves4 ,on "o occasion1 all !    
,h]m 9 ,a!ns 7 mutilat$ 9 ! same night4 
,alcibiades 0 accus$ ( ?is sacrilege1 & 
0 oblig$ to take refuge 9 ,c]gos f !    
indignation ( ! p4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4    

,,bac*us--,,dionysus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0     
,bac*us8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,jupit] & 
,semele & 0 wor%ipp$ z ! god ( w9e4     
,ques4 ,h[ is he repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a 
"y man1 cr[n$ ) ivy & grape leaves2 he  
sits 9 a *>iot1 drawn sometimes by      
pan!rs & lynxes1 & sometimes by tig]s & 
lions4 ,he c>ries 9 8 h& a ?yrsus--t is1
 a /aff encircl$ by ivy & grape leaves2 
a troop ( demons & drunk5 satyrs foll[  
him4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! /ory ( ,semele8   
,ans4 ,%e 0 de/roy$ by ! jeal\sy (      
,juno4 ,?is goddess visit$ ,semele 9 !  
%ape ( an old woman1 & p]suad$ h] to ask
 ,jupit] to visit h] ) all ! glory :i*  
encompass$ him 9 heav54 ,all happ5$ z   
,juno desir$1 & ,semele 0 consum$ by !  
lightn+s :i* surr\nd$ ,jupit]4 ,bac*us  
did n %>e 8 "m's fate1 b 0 convey$ to   
,naxos1 :]e he 0 educat$ by "s nymphs4  
,ques4 ,h[ did ,bac*us rew>d _! c>e8    
,ans4 ,he trans=m$ !m into ! />s kn[n z 
! ,hyades4  ,ques4 ,:o aid$ ! nymphs 9  
_! c>e ( ,bac*us8  ,ans4 ,an old man    
nam$ ,sil5us4 ,he 0 consid]$ a demi-god4

  ,ques4 ,h[ is ,sil5us repres5t$8      
,ans4 ,he seems to be ! p]sonification (
 drunk5ness2 he is sometimes repres5t$ z
 seat$ intoxicat$ on a cask ( w9e1 8    
head cr[n$ ) grape leaves1 & 8 face /a9$
 ) ! lees ( w9e2 sometimes z m\nt$ on an
 ass1 & foll[+ ! c> ( ,bac*us4  ,ques4  
,:at 7 ! fir/ exploits ( ,bac*us8  ,ans4
 ,he di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! combats betwe5
 ! gods & giants1 tak+ ! =m ( a lion to 
/rike t]ror into ! latt]4  ,ques4 ,:at  
o!r actions are attribut$ to him8  ,ans4
 ,he taught m5 h[ to plant ! v9e & till 
! gr\nd4 ,he is said to h subdu$ ,india1
 & _m o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4  ,ques4 ,h[
 0 he wor%ipp$8  ,ans4 ,! goat & ! hog 7
 (f]$ to him 9 sacrifice2 & ! ivy1 !    
fir1 ! b9dwe$1 ! fig & ! v9e 7          
consecrat$ to him4  ,ques4 ,:at fea/s 7 
held 9 8 honor8  ,ans4 ,! fea/s (       
,bac*us 7 v>i\s4 ,! ,bac*analia or      
,orgia 7 ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,!y 7 at fir/ 
p>ticipat$ 9 by wom5 only b aft]w>ds m5 
7 admitt$ to jo9 9 ^! rites4 ,! wom5 7  
call$ ,bac*antes1 & ran ab\t ) _! hair  

di%evell$1 %\t+ & s++ 9 a di/ract$      
mann]4 ,! ,roman ,s5ate at l5g? aboli%$ 
?is fe/ival4  ,ques4 ,relate ! /ory (   
,p5!us8  ,ans4 ,p5!us 0 k+ ( ,!bes4 ,he 
n only refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! div9ity (  
,bac*us1 b endeavor$ to prev5t !        
celebration ( 8 orgies4 ,hav+ presum$ to
 intrude on ! revels ( ! ,bac*antes1 !y 
7 seiz$ by a sort ( madness1 & ru%+ ^u !
 unhappy man1 tore him to pieces4 ,! "m 
( ,p5!us1 & h] si/]s1 7 ! lead]s 9 ?is  
act1 :i* 0 consid]$ to h be5 p]=m$ "u a 
div9e impulse4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! puni%m5t
 inflict$ on ,alci?oe & h] si/]s8  ,ans4
 ,^! 7 ,!ban maid5s :o ridicul$ ! orgies
 ( ,bac*us4 ,dur+ ! celebration ( ^!    
rites1 !y rema9$ at home1 ply+ ! di/aff 
& ! sp9dle1 & s++ ov] _! tasks4 ,= ?is1 
,alci?oe & h] si/]s 7 trans=m$ by ! p[] 
( ,bac*us into bats2 & ! sp9dle & y>n ) 
:i* !y work$ 7 *ang$ to ivy4  ,ques4    
,relate ! trans=mation ( m>9]s into     
dolph9s8  ,ans4 ,a %ip t\*$ at ,*ios = a
 supply ( fre% wat]4 ,! sailors :o w5t  
on %ore1 f\nd ne> ! spr+ a boy (        

uncommon grace & beauty4 ,!y bore him to
 ! %ip1 /ill heavy ) sleep & w9e1 &     
decl>$ _! int5tion ( sell+ him at ! next
 port4 ,acoetes1 _! capta91 tri$ to     
dissuade !m f ! crime1 ! m s1 z he      
p]ceiv$ t !re 0 some?+ m ?an mortal ab\t
 ! captive y\?4 ,9 ! meantime ,bac*us1 =
 x 0 he1 awak+ f 8 slumb]1 begg$ !      
sailors to l& him at ,naxos4 ,?is !     
capta9 promis$1 b :5 !y _h set sail1 !  
m>9]s took possession ( ! %ip1 & /e]$ 9 
ano!r direction4 ,! god n[ reveal$      
himself4 ,! sails & cordage sudd5ly     
appe>$ hung ) grapes & ivy2 spott$      
pan!rs lay at 8 feet1 & :5 ! t]rifi$    
sailors tri$ to leap ov]bo>d1 !y 7      
sudd5ly *ang$ into dolph9s4 ,! capta9 0 
sp>$1 & l&$ ) ,bac*us on ! %ores (      
,*ios4  ,ques4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( !      
hi/ory ( ,bac*us8  ,ans4 ,he 0 probably 
"s pr9ce :o taught ! p to till ! gr\nd1 
& cultivate ! v9e4 ,!y disgrac$ 8 memory
 9 aft] times by ! drunk5 revels !y held
 9 8 honor4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4          
,cele/ial ,goddesses4   ,,juno--,,h]a4  

,ques4 ,:o 0 ,juno8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 !      
daught] ( ,saturn & ,ops1 & 0 bo? si/] &
 wife ( ,jupit]4  ,ques4 ,h[ is %e      
g5]ally repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z seat$ 9 a  
gold5 *>iot drawn by peacocks4 ,%e holds
 a sceptre 9 h] h&1 & is cr[n$ ) roses &
 lilies4 ,iris 0 ! mess5g] ( ,juno1 z   
,m]cury 0 ( ,jupit]4  ,ques4 ,h[ is     
,iris repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,) w+s1 because 
( h] swiftness1 & sometimes also z rid+ 
on a ra9b[4  ,ques4 ,h[ did ,iris diff] 
f ,m]cury8  ,ans4 ,m]cury 0 (t5 employ$ 
9 messages ( peace2 b ,iris 0 frequ5tly 
s5t to promote /rife & diss5sion4       
,ques4 ,:at *ildr5 _h ,juno8  ,ans4     
,vulcan1 ,m>s & ,hebe4 ,hebe 0 call$ !  
goddess ( y\?1 on acc\nt ( h]           
extraord9>y beauty1 & ,jupit] made h] 8 
cup-be>]4 ,%e (f5d$ him by an unlucky   
fall1 & ,ganym$e 0 appo9t$ 9 h] place4  
,ques4 ,:at 7 ,juno's faults8  ,ans4 ,%e
 0 v jeal\s1 & took ! mo/ cruel rev5ge  
on ! mortal woman :om ,jupit] lov$4 ,%e 
trans=m$ ,calli/a & h] son ,arcas into  
be>s1 & 0 extremely displeas$ :5 ,jupit]

 plac$ !m among ! con/ellations4  ,!    
goddess c>ri$ h] compla9t to ,oceanu1   
bidd+ him to obs]ve1 :5 ! %ades ( night 
%\ld d>k5 ! _w1 h[ h] rival 0 exalt$4 ,!
 god ( ,ocean 0 mov$1 & promis$ ,juno t 
he w\ld nev] receive ei!r ,calli/a or h]
 (fspr+ 9 8 wat]y doma94 ,h5ce x is1 t !
 ,great] & ! ,less] ,be> cont9ually     
circle ar\nd ! pole1 & nev] s9k1 l ! o!r
 />s1 b5ea? ! waves ( ,ocean4 ,9 !      
fables ( ,bac*us & ,h]cules1 ,juno      
displays ! same "*1 ext5d+ to ^! h]oes !
 enmity %e bore _! mortal mo!rs4  ,juno 
0 *iefly honor$ at ,argos1 ,samos &     
,plata4 ,! victims (f]$ to h] 7 k9e1 ewe
 lambs1 & s[s4 ,! c[ 0 consecrat$ to h]1
 & at ,argos ! prie/ess ( ,juno always  
rode 9 a *>iot drawn by ox54 ,! sacr$   
plants ( ! goddess 71 ! will[1          
pomegranate1 ! dittany & ! lily4 ,!     
peacock 0 *os5 z ! bird ( ,juno1 because
 x 0 suppos$ by its cry to indicate a   
*ange ( wea!r4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4      
,,m9]va--,,pallas ,,a!na4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 
,m9]va8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( wisdom 

& ( w>4 ,%e _h no "m1 b sprang full arm$
 f ! head ( ,jupit]4  ,ques4 ,h[ is     
,m9]va repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z clo!d 9     
complete armor4 ,%e has a gold5 helmet  
on h] head1 holds a lance 9 h] "r h&1 & 
h] left re/s ^u a %ield to :i* is affix$
 ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,! cock & ! owl are   
also repres5t$ on ! %ield4  ,ques4 ,:y 0
 ,m9]va said to h sprung full arm$ f !  
head ( ,jupit]8  ,ans4 ,! poets signify 
by ?is1 t wisdom comes direct f ! deity4
  ,ques4 ,:y is ,m9]va sometimes cr[n$ )
 olive8  ,ans4 ,because ! olive is !    
emblem ( peace1 & w> %\ld only be made t
 a secure peace may foll[2 also because 
%e be/[$ ! olive on m54  ,ques4 ,on :at 
occasion did ,m9]va give ! olive to m58 
,ans4 ,:5 ,cecrops built a new city1    
,neptune & ,m9]va cont5d$ ab\t its "n2 &
 x 0 resolv$ t :i*ev] ( ! two deities   
%\ld conf] ! mo/ useful gift on man1    
might give a "n to ! city4 ,neptune     
/ruck ! gr\nd ) 8 trid5t1 & a horse     
appe>$2 b ,m9]va caus$ an olive to spr+ 
out ( ! e>?4 ,! latt] 0 judg$ ! m useful

 gift2 & ,m9]va nam$ ! city1 call+ x    
,a!na or ,a!ns1 aft] h] own "n 9 ,greek4
  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! ,palladium8  ,ans4 ,:5
 ! ,trojans 7 build+ ! temple & ca/le ( 
,m9]va 9 ,troy1 a /atue ( ! goddess fell
 f heav5 into ! ca/le1 :i* 0 /ill       
unro($4 ,! oracle ( ,apollo decl>$ t    
,troy w\ld be safe s long z ?is /atue1  
call$ ,palladium1 f ,pallas1 a "n (     
,m9]va1 rema9$ )9 ! walls4 ,:5 ! ,greeks
 besieg$ ,troy1 !y f\nd t all _! ef=ts  
to take ! city 7 ( no avail2 !y det]m9$1
 !re=e1 to /eal ! ,palladium4 ,ulysses &
 ,diomedes crept into ! city ?r\gh !    
common sew]s1 & br\ght away ! image4    
,troy 0 soon aft]w>ds tak5 & de/roy$4   
,m9]va 0 a virg91 & 0 ! patroness (     
mode/ & virtu\s wom54  ,ques4 ,did      
,m9]va excel only 9 ! art ( w>8  ,ans4  
,no2 %e inv5t$ ! di/aff & sp9dle1 &     
excell$ 9 e bran* ( female indu/ry4 ,!  
fate ( ,ara*ne %[s h[ mu* %e priz$ h]   
reputation = skill 9 embroid]y4  ,ques4 
,:o 0 ,ara*ne8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 a maid5 (   
,lydia1 :o _h ! presumption to *all5ge  

,m9]va to a trial ( skill 9 weav+4 ,!   
goddess wr\ght into h] "w ! mo/         
beautiful designs1 b x w\ld seem t      
,ara*ne's p]=mance surpass$ h]s3 =      
,m9]va1 see+ x1 0 fir$ ) envy1 & /ruck !
 unhappy maid5 on ! face ) h] %uttle4   
,ara*ne c\ld n endure ?is insult1 & hung
 h]self f a beam4 ,m9]va imm$iately     
*ang$ h] into a spid]1 & p]mitt$ h] to  
live only t %e might weave unceas+ly4   
,ques4 ,:y 0 ! owl *os5 z ! bird (      
,m9]va8  ,ans4 ,because ?is bird sees 9 
! d>k2 & wisdom di/+ui%es :at is hidd5 f
 common eyes4  ,ques4 ,:at is ! /ory (  
,m$usa's head8  ,ans4 ,m$usa 0 "o ( ?ree
 si/]s1 ! daught]s ( ,phorcus4 ,^!      
maid5s 7 call$ ,gorgons1 & 7 all        
immortal1 except ,m$usa4 ,! latt] 0 at  
"o p]iod di/+ui%$ = h] p]sonal beauty1 &
 p>ticul>ly = h] fl[+ hair2 b hav+ (f5d$
 ,m9]va1 t goddess *ang$ h] locks into  
s]p5ts1 & r5d]$ h] appe>ance s frightful
 t all :o beheld h] 7 *ang$ to /one4 ,! 
h]o ,p]seus und]took an exp$ition aga9/ 
! ,gorgons1 & z he saw ! :ole c\ntry    

ar\nd cov]$ ) figures ( m5 & animals    
*ang$ into /one by ! sight ( ! mon/]1 he
 0 oblig$ to use great precaution to    
avoid ! same mis=tune4 ,he look$1 !re=e1
 n at ,m$usa1 b at h] reflection 9 8    
poli%$ %ield1 & :5 he p]ceiv$ t %e 0    
asleep1 ,m9]va guid+ 8 sword1 he /ruck  
(f h] head4 ,m]cury _h l5t ,p]seus 8    
w+s1 & z he flew ov] ! ,lybian des]t    
be>+ ,m$usa's head1 ! blood fell ^u !   
burn+ s&s1 & produc$ ! s]p5ts :i* h ev] 
s9ce infe/$ t region4 ,f ! blood (      
,m$usa1 also1 :5 h] head 0 cut (f1      
sprang ! fam\s w+$ horse call$ ,pegasus4
 ,?is wond]ful /e$ flew to ,m\nt        
,helicon1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,muses1 :]e1 by
 /rik+ ! e>? ) 8 foot1 he produc$ !     
f\nta9 ,hippocrene4 ,all :o drank ( its 
wat]s 7 inspir$ by ! ,muses ) a poetic  
_s4 ,p]seus w5t ?r\gh _m o!r adv5tures 9
 :i* ,m$usa's head did him good s]vice1 
by *ang+ 8 enemies into /one4 ,he       
aft]w>ds gave ! head to ,m9]va1 :o fix$ 
x on h] %ield4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4        
,,v5us--,,aphrodite4  ,ques4 ,:o 0      

,v5us8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( love &  
beauty4 ,%e sprang f ! fro? ( ! sea2 =  
?is reason ! ,greeks call$ h]           
,aphrodite1 f ,aphros1 mean+ foam4 ,z   
soon z %e 0 born1 %e 0 plac$ l a pe>l 9 
a %ell in/ead ( a cradle1 & ! god       
,zephyrus 7! we/ w9d7 waft$ h] to !     
%ores ( ,cyprus4  ,ques4 ,by :om 0 %e   
educat$8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 educat$ & adorn$  
by ! ,hor or ,h\rs1 :o c>ri$ h] to heav5
 z soon %e became ( age4 ,all ! gods 7  
a/oni%$ at ! beauty ( ,v5us1 & _m dem&$ 
h] 9 m>riage2 b ,jupit] betro!d h] to   
,vulcan1 an ugly & de=m$ div9ity4       
,ques4 ,h[ is ,v5us repres5t$8  ,ans4   
,sometimes z a "y virg9 ris+ f ! sea1 or
 rid+ on ! waves 9 a %ell1 :ile ,cupids1
 ,n]eids & ,dolph9s are sport+ ar\nd    
h]--aga91 %e is pictur$ z trav]s+ !     
heav5s 9 an ivory *>iot drawn by doves4 
,%e we>s a wond]ful girdle call$ !      
,ce/us1 h] doves are h>ness$ ) gold5    
*a9s1 & ,cupids flutt] ar\nd h] on silk5
 w+s4 ,v5us is always cr[n$ ) roses4    
,ques4 ,:at 0 !re rem>kable 9 ! ,ce/us (

 ,v5us8  ,ans4 ,x _h ! prop]ty ( conf]r+
 grace1 beauty1 & irresi/ible           
attractions on ! we>]4  ,ques4 ,:]e _h  
,v5us temples8  ,ans4 ,9 _m places4 ,!  
mo/ celebrat$ 7 at ,paphos1 ,cy!rea1    
,idalia & ,cnidos4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 !      
companions ( ,v5us8  ,ans4 ,! ,graces 7 
h] att5dants1 & %e 0 g5]ally accompani$ 
by h] son ,cupid1 :o 0 ! god ( love4    
,ques4 ,h[ is ,cupid repres5t$8  ,ans4  
,z a beautiful boy ) w+s1 c>ry+ a b[ &  
arr[s2 he has sometimes a b& ov] 8 eyes 
to %[ t love is bl9d4  ,ques4 ,:at d y  
say ( ! fe/ivals ( ,v5us8  ,ans4 ,!y 7  
v>i\s1 & accompani$ by mu* t 0          
disgraceful & immoral4 ,! swan1 ! dove1 
& ! sp>r[ 7 sacr$ to ?is goddess2 &     
among plants1 ! rose1 ! myrtle & !      
apple4 ,inc5se1 fruits & fl[]s 7 !      
ord9>y sacrifices laid on h] alt>s b    
birds 7 sometimes (f]$4  ,ques4 ,:at    
rem>kable temple 0 rais$ to ,v5us 9     
,rome8  ,ans4 ,!re 0 a temple d$icat$ to
 ,v5us ,calva1 or ! ,bald2 because :5 ! 
,gauls besieg$ ,rome1 ! inhabitants made

 ropes = _! milit>y eng9es ) ! long hair
 ( ! ,roman wom54  ,ques4 ,on :at       
occasion 0 ! prize ( beauty adjudg$ to  
,v5us8  ,ans4 ,all ! gods & goddesses _h
 be5 invit$ to ! m>riage ( ,peleus &    
,!tis1 ,discordia1 or ,discord be+ !    
only "o exclud$4 ,?is goddess 0 det]m9$ 
to rev5ge ! slight2 %e ent]$ secretly1  
:5 all 7 assembl$1 & ?rew among !m a    
gold5 apple on :i* 0 writt53 ,= !       
faire/4 ,a viol5t qu>rel imm$iately     
arose betwe5 ! goddesses1 = ea* believ$ 
h]self to be ! mo/ beautiful4 ,juno1    
,m9]va1 & ,v5us disput$ s eag]ly1 t     
,jupit] himself 0 n able to br+ !m to an
 agreem5t4 ,he resolv$1 !re=e1 to ref] !
 matt] to ! decision ( ,p>is1 :o 0 !n   
fe$+ 8 %eep on ,m\nt ,ida4 ,?is pr9ce 0 
! son ( ,priam1 k+ ( ,troy4 ,an oracle  
_h =etold be=e 8 bir? t he 0 de/9$ to   
cause ! de/ruction ( 8 native city4 ,he 
01 !re=e1 expos$ on ,m\nt ,ida1 :]e he 0
 f\nd & c>$ = by "s %eph]ds4 ,aft] he _h
 gr[n up1 he acquir$ a great reputation 
= ! prud5ce ) :i* he settl$ ! mo/       

difficult disputes2 h5ce ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! goddesses 0 ref]r$ to 8        
decision4 ,:5 !y appe>$ be=e him1 !y    
began to c\rt 8 favor ) promises4 ,juno 
(f]$ him great p[]2 ,m9]va1 wisdom2 b   
,v5us promis$ to give him = a wife ! mo/
 beautiful woman 9 ! _w4 ,p>is !n       
pron\nc$ ,v5us ! faire/4 ,he 0 soon aft]
 ackn[l$g$ by 8 fa!r1 ,k+ ,priam2 &     
,v5us fulfill$ h] engagem5t by aid+ him 
to c>ry (f ,hel51 ! beautiful wife (    
,m5elau1 k+ ( ,sp>ta4 ,?is gave rise to 
! total de/ruction ( ,troy2 & !         
pr$iction ( ! oracle ) reg>d to ,p>is 0 
accompli%$4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! /ory (     
,hippom5es & ,atalanta8  ,ans4 ,atalanta
 0 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,co5eus1 & 0 equally 
r5[n$ = h] beauty & h] swiftness 9      
runn+4 ,z an oracle _h decl>$ t m>riage 
w\ld be fatal to h]1 %e fre$ h]self f ! 
importunity ( h] suitors by a s+ul>     
exp$i5t4 ,%e caus$ x to be proclaim$ t  
any "o :o s\ght h] h& %\ld cont5d ) h] 9
 runn+1 ) ! und]/&+ t %e w\ld m>ry him  
:o %\ld excel h] 9 ! race1 b t ^? :o 7  

beat5 %\ld suff] dea?4 ,h>d z 7 ^!      
conditions1 _m suitors pres5t$ !mselves1
 b !y 7 all unsuccessful1 & 7 put to    
dea? )\t m]cy4 ,hippom5es det]m9$ to    
und]take ! race1 b fir/1 he _h rec\rse  
to ,v5us4 ,?is goddess gave him ?ree    
gold5 apples ga!r$ 9 ! g>d5 ( !         
,hesp]ides1 & direct$ him z to _! use4  
,:5 ,hippom5es saw t ,atalanta 0 go+ to 
out/rip him 9 ! race1 he ?rew d[n a     
gold5 apple2 ! pr9cess paus$ to admire &
 take up ! glitt]+ fruit1 :ile          
,hippom5es pass$ on4 ,a second & a ?ird 
"t did he try ! same exp$i5t1 & ) su*   
success t he rea*$ ! goal & won 8 bride4
 ,hippom5es 0 ungrateful to ,v5us1 :o   
rev5g$ h]self by *ang+ him into a lion1 
& ! beautiful ,atalanta into a lioness4 
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,adonis8  ,ans4 ,he 0 a    
beautiful y\?1 ! son ( ,c9yras1 k+ (    
,cyprus1 & 0 belov$ by ,v5us4 ,he 0     
kill$ by a wild bo>1 :ile hunt+ ) t     
goddess4 ,v5us griev$ mu* = h] favorite4
 ,to commemorate 8 cruel fate %e caus$ !
 fl[] anemone to spr+ f 8 blood4        

,accord+ to ! poets1 ! rose 0 =m]ly     
:ite4 ,:5 ,v5us 0 ha/5+ to ! assi/ance (
 ,adonis1 h] foot 0 w\nd$ by a ?orn1 &  
"s drops ( blood fell ^u t fl[]1 :i* !n 
assum$ its pres5t crimson hue4  ,ques4  
,:o 7 ! ,graces8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 inf]ior   
goddesses1 :o presid$ ov] ! banquet1 !  
dance & all social enjoym5ts & elegant  
arts4  ,ques4 ,h[ _m 7 !re8  ,ans4 ,!y 7
 ?ree 9 numb]4 ,_! names 7 ,euphrosyne1 
,aglaia & ,?alia4 ,!y are repres5t$ z   
beautiful "y wom51 /&+ 9 graceful       
attitudes ) _! h&s jo9$4     ,,*apt] ,x4
   ,,latona--,,leto4  ,ques4 ,:o 0      
,latona8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 ! daught] (       
,phoebe & ,coeus ! ,titan4 ,:5 %e 0     
driv5 f heav5 by ! jeal\sy ( ,juno1 %e  
f\nd an asylum 9 ! isl& ( ,delos1 :]e %e
 gave bir? to ,apollo & ,diana4 ,t]ra 7!
 e>?7 _h promis$ ,juno to give no %elt] 
to h] rival1 b ! isl& ( ,delos =m]ly    
float$ 9 ! sea1 & 0 at t "t hidd5 "u !  
wat]s4 ,neptune1 pity+ ! =lorn /ate (   
,latona1 caus$ x to em]ge f ! sea1 :5 x 
became fix$ & immovable = h] use4       

,ques4 ,relate ! trans=mation ( ,lycian 
peasants into frogs4  ,ans4 ,latona1    
:ile w&]+ ) h] babes 9 ! c\ntry (       
,lycia1 9 ,asia1 arriv$1 exhau/$ by heat
 & fatigue1 on ! bord]s ( a cle> pool4  
,%e 0 ab\t to qu5* h] ?ir/ 9 ! cool     
wat]s1 :5 "s cl[ns rudely h9d]$ h]4 ,%e 
begg$ !m to h compassion1 & n d5y h] s  
small a refre%m5t2 b !y mock$ h] pray]s1
 & :5 %e tri$ to approa* !y wad$ into ! 
pool1 &1 /irr+ up ! mud1 defil$ ! wat]s 
s t x became unfit to dr9k4 ,! goddess 0
 s mu* inc5s$1 t %e *ang$ ! cruel ru/ics
 into frogs1 & condemn$ !m to dwell =ev]
 9 ! muddy pool4  ,! puni%m5t ( ,niobe w
 be relat$ 9 ano!r place4 ,! suff]+s ( !
 giant ,tityus 9 hell1 7 also ! p5alty (
 an insult (f]$ to ?is goddess4  ,!     
,greeks p]sonifi$ ,night1 "u ! "n (     
,latona2 h5ce %e 0 said to h be5 ! fir/ 
wife ( ,jupit]1 ! "m ( ,apollo & ,diana1
 7! sun & moon7 & ! nurse ( ! e>? & />s4
 ,! ,egyptians _h ! same allegory1 ) a  
little v>iation1 z1 accord+ to !m1 %e 0 
gr&mo!r & nurse ( ,horus & ,buba/is1 _! 

,apollo & ,diana4  ,?is goddess is      
g5]ally repres5t$ on anci5t monum5ts1 z 
a l>ge & beautiful woman1 we>+ a veil4  
,9 pa9t+s1 ! veil is always black2 9    
cutt+ gems1 arti/s sometimes avail$     
!mselves ( a d>k color$ ve9 9 ! /one1 to
 produce ! same effect1 & repres5t !    
%ades ( night4 ,! veil is sometimes     
/udd$ ) />s4     ,,*apt] ,,xi4          
,,aurora--,,eos4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,aurora8 
,ans4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( ! morn+ & si/] (
 ! sun & moon4 ,%e is repres5t$ z seat$ 
9 a gold5 *>iot drawn by milk-:ite      
horses2 h] c\nt5ance is brilliant1 & h] 
f+]s are r$ l roses4  ,ques4 ,:at did   
?is repres5t8  ,ans4 ,! beauty ( ! morn+
 heav5s4  ,ques4 ,relate ! /ory (       
,cephalus & ,procris4  ,ans4 ,cephalus1 
a beautiful y\?1 0 belov$ by ,aurora1 :o
 c>ri$ him ) h] to heav52 b he reg>d$ ! 
goddess ) indiff]5ce1 & insi/$ on       
return+ to 8 "y wife ,procris4 ,aurora  
all[$ him to dep>t1 b prevail$ on him to
 visit 8 h\se 9 disguise1 t he might    
judge ( ! con/ancy ( 8 bride4 ,cephalus 

f\nd 8 wife lam5t+ 8 abs5ce & refus+ all
 consolation1 b :5 %e discov]$ h] husb& 
9 ! suppos$ /rang]1 %e 0 s indignant at 
8 suspicion t %e fl$ f him & jo9$ !     
att5dants ( ,diana4 ,%e 0 aft]w>ds      
reconcil$ to ,cephalus1 & gave him two  
pres5ts :i* %e _h receiv$ f ,diana4 ,^! 
71 a dog t 0 always sure ( its prey1 &  
an arr[ :i* nev] miss$ its aim1 &       
return$ imm$iately to ! h& ( ! own]4    
,cephalus 0 extremely fond ( hunt+1 & :5
 fatigu$1 he (t5 re/$ 9 ! %ade & invit$ 
! pres5ce ( ,aura1 or ! refre%+ breeze4 
,?is ^w 0 mi/ak5 = ! "n ( a nymph by "s 
p]sons :o c>ri$ ! tale to ,procris4 ,be+
 jeal\s 9 h] turn1 %e det]m9$ to wat*1 &
 discov] h] rival4 ,:5 ,cephalus return$
 f hunt+1 ,procris conceal$ h]self 9 !  
grove2 %e />t$ ^u he>+ ! "n ,aura1 &    
caus$ a ru/l+ among ! leaves4 ,cephalus 
imm$iately ?rew 8 un]r+ d>t1 :i* return$
 to 8 h& /a9$ ) ! blood ( 8 belov$ wife4
 ,he ha/5$ to ! spot1 b x 0 too late1 & 
,procris expir$ 9 8 arms1 ackn[l$g+ %e  
_h fall5 a victim to h] own gr\ndless   

jeal\sy4  ,ques4 ,to :om 0 ,aurora      
m>ri$8  ,ans4 ,%e *ose = h] husb&       
,ti?onus1 ! son ( ,laomedon1 k+ ( ,troy4
 ,?is pr9ce 0 end[$ ) wond]ful beauty2 b
 :5 ,aurora begg$ ( ,jove t he might be 
exempt$ f dea?1 %e =got to ask at ! same
 "t = ! bloom ( immortal y\?4 ,:5       
,ti?onus became old & decrepit1 ,aurora 
/ill wat*$ ov] him ) ! t5d]e/ c>e1 giv+ 
him ambrosial food & fair g>m5ts4 ,:5   
,ti?onus c\ld no long] move 8 ag$ limbs1
 & 8 feeble voice 0 sc>cely he>d1 !     
goddess 0 mov$ ) compassion1 & *ang$ him
 into a gras%opp]4  ,ques4 ,:o 0        
,memnon8  ,ans4 ,he 0 k+ ( ! ,e?iopians1
 & son ( ,ti?onus & ,aurora4 ,:5 ,troy 0
 besieg$1 ,memnon came ) an army to aid 
! k9dr$ ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 ! fir/ engagem5ts  
he slew ,antilo*us1 ! son ( ,ne/or1 &   
?rew ! :ole army ( ! ,greeks into       
disord]4 ,a*illes1 h[ev]1 appe>$ on !   
field1 & *ang$ ! =tune ( ! day4 ,!      
,trojans 7 r\t$ 9 _! turn1 & ,memnon    
fell by ! h& ( ! ,grecian h]o4 ,aurora  
wat*$ ! combat f ! heav5s1 & :5 %e saw  

,memnon fall %e direct$ ! w9ds to convey
 8 body to ! banks ( ! riv] sepus 9     
,paphlagonia4 ,"h !y rais$ 8 tomb 9 a   
sacr$ grove1 & 8 obsequies 7 celebrat$ )
 solemn pomp4 ,! sp>ks1 z !y rose f !   
fun]al pyre1 7 *ang$ into birds1 :i*    
divid$ into two flocks1 & f\ght toge!r  
until !y fell into ! flames & 7 consum$4
 ,accord+ to ! poets1 ,aurora 0 nev]    
consol$ = ! loss ( h] son2 %e m\rns     
unceas+ly1 & ! drops :i* sp>kle 9 !     
morn+ on ! grass & fl[]s are ! te>s :i* 
! goddess cont9ues to %$ dur+ ! long    
h\rs ( night4 ,anci5t hi/ory m5tions _m 
p]sons ( ! "n ( ,memnon1 p>ticul>ly a   
g5]al :o di/+ui%$ himself 9 ,p]sia aga9/
 ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,! ,memnon ( fable 0 
9 all probability an ,egyptian1 & n an  
,e?iopian k+4 ,8 /atue is /ill an object
 ( curiosity to travell]s4  ,ques4 ,:]e 
is ?is /atue1 & = :at is x rem>kable8   
,ans4 ,x is "o ( two colossal figures   
:i* are directly opposite ! great temple
 ( ,luxor4 ,!y are call$ by ! ,arabs1   
,%ama & ,dama4 ,! /atue ( ,memnon is ! m

 nor!rly ( ! two1 & 0 =m]ly celebrat$ = 
its vocal p[]s4  ,x is commonly ass]t$  
by anci5t writ]s t :5 ! fir/ rays ( !   
ris+ sun fell ^u ?is /atue1 x ackn[l$g$ 
! pres5ce ( ,aurora1 & utt]$ a s\nd l ! 
sudd5 break+ ( a h>p-/r+4 ,by "s1 x 0   
comp>$ to a bl[ /ruck on holl[ brass4   
,ques4 ,0 !re any f\ndation = su* a     
belief8  ,ans4 ,x appe>$ q c]ta9 t !    
s\nds ( :i* we h spok51 7 really he>d f 
?is /atue at sunrise2 ! only "q is z to 
! means by :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,!         
,colossus1 al?\gh 9 a sitt+ po/ure1     
measures fifty-two feet 9 height1 & !   
?rone on :i* x re/s is ?irty feet long &
 eighte5 broad4 ,^! dim5sions 7         
suffici5t to admit ( any int]nal ma*9]y 
t might be requir$ to produce ! my/]i\s 
s\nds4 ,su* 0 ! supposition ( ! ,p]sian 
k+ ,cambyses1 :o _h ! /atue cleft asund]
 f ! head to ! middle ( ! body1 b )\t   
discov]+ any?+4 ,humboldt conjectur$ t !
 s\nd might be attribut$ to ! nature ( !
 /one1 or to ! action ( ! sun's rays ^u 
! air conf9$ 9 ! cavities ( ! /atue4 ,a 

mu* m reasonable solution ( ! my/]y has 
be5 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 an       
intellig5t ,engli% travell]4 ,he        
discov]$ 9 ! lap ( ! /atue a /one1 :i*1 
on be+ /ruck1 emits a metallic s\nd4    
,!re is a holl[ space hewn 9 ! block    
beh9d ?is /one1 suffici5tly l>ge to     
admit ( a p]son ly+ )9 x1 entirely      
conceal$ f obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son   
tri$ ! exp]im5t1 & 0 conv9c$ t he _h    
discov]$ ! secret ( ?is fam\s /atue4  ,!
 face ( ! ,memnon1 l t ( ! ,sph9x1 has  
be5 mutilat$ by ! ,arabs2 ! positions ( 
! figures :i* are yet un9jur$ %[ t !    
:ole mu/ h pres5t$ a beautiful & impos+ 
appe>ance4 ,! base ( ! ?rone is cov]$ ) 
anci5t inscriptions 9 ,greek & ,lat91   
commemorat+ ! visits ( diff]5t illu/ri\s
 p]sons1 & te/ify+ t !y _h he>d !       
my/]i\s voice ( ,memnon4     ,,*apt]    
,,xii4  ,t]re/rial ,gods4   ,,saturn4   
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,saturn8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son
 ( ,coelum & ,t]ra4 ,he 0 m>ri$ to ,ops1
 or ,rhea1 & 0 ! fa!r ( ,jupit]1        
,neptune & ,pluto4 ,z we h already      

le>n$1 ,saturn dev\r$ ! re/ ( 8 male    
*ildr54  ,ques4 ,h[ is he repres5t$8    
,ans4 ,saturn is repres5t$ z an old man 
arm$ ) a scy!1 :i* signifies t "t m[s   
d[n ev]y?+ 9 its c\rse2 & he holds 9 8  
h&s an infant :i* he is ab\t to dev\r1  
because "t de/roys all t x br+s =?4     
,ques4 ,h[ did ,saturn lose 8 k+dom8    
,ans4 ,he 0 depos$ by ,jupit]1 & 0      
oblig$ to take refuge 9 ,italy1 :]e he  
taught ! p ! arts ( civiliz$ life4      
,janus1 k+ ( ,italy1 made ,saturn p>tn] 
( 8 k+dom1 & t "p ( ! c\ntry 0 call$    
,latium1 f a ,lat9 ^w :i* meant to hide2
 x 0 sometimes also call$ ,saturnia4    
,saturn's gov]nm5t 0 s wise & b5eficial 
t 8 reign 0 call$ ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,!     
poets tell u t all m5 !n liv$ on a      
p]fect equality1 prop]ty 0 held 9       
common1 & ! e>? br\ght =? its fruits )\t
 labor4  ,ques4 ,:at sacrifices 7 (f]$  
to ,saturn8  ,ans4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$ )     
human sacrifices1 :i* seems /range :5 we
 consid] t he 0 s mild a k+4 ,! planet  
,saturn 0 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to       

ex]cise a malignant influ5ce4  ,ques4   
,:at 7 ! ,saturnalia8  ,ans4 ,!y 7      
solemnities in/itut$ by ,tullus         
,ho/ilius1 k+ ( ,rome4 ,9 e>ly times !  
fe/ival la/$ "o day1 b aft] ,julius     
,cs>1 x 0 prolong$ to ?ree1 f\r1 or five
 days4  ,ques4 ,h[ 7 ^! days obs]v$8    
,ans4 ,!y 7 a season ( g5]al rejoic+2 ! 
,s5ate did n sit1 s*ools gave holidays1 
& fri5ds s5t pres5ts to "o ano!r4 ,x 0  
unlawful to proclaim w> or execute      
crim9als dur+ ?is fe/ival4 ,s]vants     
might1 at ?is "t1 say :at !y pleas$ to  
_! ma/]s1 :o c\ld n take (f5ce2 also1 9 
memory ( ! fre$om & equality enjoy$ 9   
,saturn's reign1 !y sat at table :ile _!
 ma/]s s]v$1 & reprov$ ! latt] freely if
 !y 7 guilty ( any awkw>dness4 ,la/ly1  
s]vants & common p 7 all[$ to we> purple
 cloaks1 a di/9ction res]v$ at o!r times
 to ! patricians4 ,! ,saturnalia is     
probably repres5t$ 9 "s degree by !     
mod]n ,c>nival4 ,saturn is ?\ght by "s  
p]sons to h be5 ! same z ,noah4         
,,janus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,janus8  ,ans4   

,he 0 an anci5t ,italian deity1 ( ^:    
orig9 v contradictory acc\nts are giv54 
,he 0 suppos$ to h reign$ 9 ,italy 9 !  
"t ( ,saturn1 & to h associat$ t god )  
him 9 ! k+dom4 ,he 0 g5]ally repres5t$ )
 two faces1 & 0 call$ h5ce1 ,janus      
,bifrons4 ,he _h _m temples 9 ,rome4 ,! 
gates ( ! *ief temple1 t ( ,janus       
,quirinus1 7 always op5 9 "t ( w>1 &    
clos$ :5 ! ,romans 7 at peace4 ,x is a  
rem>kable circum/ance t ! gates ( ,janus
 7 clos$ b ?ree times 9 sev5 hundr$     
ye>s4 ,!y 7 %ut = ! fir/ "t 9 ! reign ( 
,numa2 aga91 aft] ! fir/ ,punic w>2 &   
,augu/us clos$ ! temple ! ?ird "t :5 he 
_h giv5 peace to ! _w4 ,?is occurr$ j   
be=e ! com+ ( our ,"l4 ,! fir/ mon? ( ! 
ye> is nam$ f ,janus4     ,,*apt]       
,,xiii4   ,,vulcan--,,haph,,/us4  ,ques4
 ,:o 0 ,vulcan8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son (    
,jupit] & ,juno1 b 0 ca/ d[n f heav5 on 
acc\nt ( 8 de=m$ appe>ance4 ,he l&$ 9   
,lemnos1 b broke 8 leg 9 ! fall1 &      
rema9$ lame ev] aft]w>ds4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0 
,vulcan repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a smi? /&+ 

by an anvil ) tools 9 8 h&4  ,ques4 ,:at
 0 8 occupation8  ,ans4 ,he _h a        
blacksmi? %op 9 ,lemnos1 :]e he         
manufactur$ ,jupit]'s ?und]bolts1 & !   
arms ( ! o!r gods4 ,vulcan 0 ! god (    
fire1 & ! patron ( blacksmi?s & armor]s4
  ,ques4 ,:at 7 ! mo/ celebrat$ works ( 
,vulcan8  ,ans4 ,! armor ( ,a*illes & ( 
nez1 ! beautiful necklace ( ,h]mi"o1 !  
cr[n ( ,ariadne1 & ! braz5 palace ( !   
sun4 ,! %ield ( ,a*illes 0 enamell$ )   
metals ( v>i\s colors1 & emboss$ )      
beautiful hi/orical designs4  ,ques4 ,to
 :om 0 ,vulcan m>ri$8  ,ans4 ,vulcan 0  
m>ri$ to ,v5us1 b t goddess behav$      
trea*]\sly t[>ds him & atta*$ h]self to 
,m>s4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ! s]vants ( ,vulcan8
  ,ans4 ,! att5dants ( ,vulcan 7 call$  
,cyclops1 because !y _h ea* "o eye 9 !  
middle ( ! =ehead2 !y 7 ! (fspr+ (      
,neptune & ,amphitrite4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0   
,vulcan wor%ipp$8  ,ans4 ,! ,romans     
celebrat$ fea/s 9 8 honor call$         
,vulcania4 ,at ^! !y sacrific$ animals  
by ?r[+ !m into ! fire to be burn$ to   

dea?4 ,! ,a!nians also kept fea/s (     
,vulcan1 & !re 0 9 ,sicily1 ^u ,m\nt    
,etna1 a fam\s temple d$icat$ to him4   
,ques4 ,:at 0 peculi> ab\t ?is temple8  
,ans4 ,! approa* to x 0 gu>d$ by dogs1  
^: sc5t 0 s ke5 t !y c\ld discov] :e!r !
 p]sons com+ to ! temple 7 virtu\s or   
wick$4 ,to ! s]vants ( ,vulcan might be 
add$ ,cacus1 :o /ole ! ox5 ( ,h]cules2 &
 ! robb] ,cculus1 f :om ! noble ,roman  
family ( ! ,ccilii d]iv$ _! "n4 ,he 0 ! 
f\nd] ( ! city ( ,prne/e4 ,"o fable is1 
t c]ta9 %eph]ds f\nd ,cculus1 :5 an     
infant1 ly+ unhurt 9 a gl[+ fire1 f :i* 
circum/ance he 0 suppos$ to be ! son (  
,vulcan4 ,! %eph]d1 ,polyphemus1        
resembl$ ! ,cyclops1 & 01 l !m1 a son ( 
,neptune4 ,! mon/] dev\r$ sev]al ( !    
companions ( ,ulysses1 b ! h]o1 hav+    
made him drunk ) w9e1 put out 8 s+le eye
 ) a firebr& & escap$4 ,he emb>k$ 9     
ha/e1 pursu$ by ! mon/]2 8 companions   
%\t$ defiance z !y weigh$ an*or1 & !    
bl9d ,cyclops1 direct$ by ! s\nd ( _!   
voices1 hurl$ a rock into ! sea1 by :i* 

_! vessel 0 almo/ swamp$4 ,w>n$ by ?is  
dang]1 !y r[$ sil5tly until !y rea*$ !  
op5 sea4 ,"s writ]s h imag9$ t !        
,cyclops 7 a race ( m9]s1 :o1 desc5d+   
into ! deep recesses ( ! e>?1 & com+ =? 
aga91 _h a lamp atta*$ to _! =eheads1 to
 give !m light4 ,?is1 at a di/ance1 w\ld
 appe> l a l>ge1 flam+ eye1 & might give
 rise to ! fable ( "o-ey$ mon/]s4 ,?is  
explanation is1 h[ev]1 f> fet*$ &       
improbable4  ,ques4 ,c y "n any works ( 
,vulcan1 beside ^? already m5tion$8     
,ans4 ,yes1 he made = ,alc9os1 k+ ( !   
,phacians1 gold & silv] dogs :i* gu>d$ 8
 h\se4 ,to ,m9os1 k+ ( ,crete1 he gave !
 braz5 man ,talus1 :o pass$ ar\nd ! isl&
 ?ree times e day1 to gu>d x f invasion4
 ,= himself1 ,vulcan =m$ gold5 h&maid5s1
 :om he end[$ ) reason & spee*4         
,,*apt] ,,xiv4   ,,olus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0  
olus8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! god ( ! w9ds2 he   
c\ld imprison !m 9 a d>k cave1 or1 by   
sett+ !m free1 create tempe/s4  ,ques4  
,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ?is fable8  ,ans4 ,x is
 believ$ t olus 0 a skillful a/ronom] :o

 dwelt 9 a volcanic isl&4 ,by notic+ !  
cl\ds ( smoke1 & h[ !y rose1 he 0 enabl$
 to =etell /orms a long "t be=e !y      
happ5$2 h5ce ! ignorant believ$ t he    
c\ld br+ high w9ds & tempe/s :5ev] he   
pleas$4   ,,momus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,momus8
  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,night & ,sleep2 !
 "n ,momus signifies a je/]4 ,8         
occupation 0 to criticise ! o!r gods1 & 
c5sure _! actions4  ,ques4 ,give an     
example8  ,ans4 ,neptune1 ,vulcan1 &    
,m9]va cont5d$ = ! prize ( skill2       
,neptune made a bull1 ,m9]va a h\se1 &  
,vulcan a man4 ,momus 0 call$ ^u to     
decide _! m]its1 b he blam$ !m all4 ,he 
said t ,neptune 0 imprud5t 9 n plac+ !  
bull's horns 9 8 =ehead1 be=e 8 eyes1 t 
he might give a /rong] & sur] bl[4 ,he  
f\nd fault ) ,m9]va's h\se1 because x 0 
immovable & c\ld n be c>ri$ away if x 7 
plac$ among bad neighbors4 ,he said t   
,vulcan 0 ! wor/ ( all1 because he did n
 put a w9d[ 9 ! man's brea/ s t 8 ?\ghts
 might be se54 ,no god c\ld escape !    
c5sure ( ,momus4 ,:5 he c\ld f9d no?+ to

 criticise 9 ! p]son ( ,v5us1 he        
compla9$ ( ! noise made by h] gold5     
s&als4 ,momus 0 at l5g? driv5 f         
,olympus4     ,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,t]re/rial 
,goddesses4   ,,ve/a--,,he/ia4  ,ques4  
,:o 0 ,ve/a8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 ! daught] (   
,saturn & ,ops or ,rhea1 & 01 !re=e1 !  
si/] ( ,jupit]4 ,%e 0 consid]$ ! gu>dian
 ( homes & firesides1 & 0 a h\sehold    
div9ity4 ,/atues ( ,ve/a 7 plac$ by !   
,romans at ! entrance ( _! h\ses2 h5ce !
 ^w ve/ibule1 :i* we /ill use4  ,ques4  
,h[ is ,ve/a usually repres5t$8  ,ans4  
,z seat$ on ! gr\nd1 & lean+ ^u a drum1 
:ile v>i\s dome/ic animals are gr\p$    
ab\t h]4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! "* ( ?is      
goddess8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 e/eem$ v holy1 & 0
 ! patroness ( h\sehold virtues4 ,:5    
,jupit] ask$ h] to *oose :atev] gift %e 
w\ld1 ,ve/a desir$ t %e might rema9     
always a virg91 & receive ! fir/        
oblations 9 all sacrifices4 ,fire 0 !   
emblem ( ?is goddess1 & 9 h] temple1 at 
,rome1 a sacr$ fire 0 susp5d$ 9 ! air1 &
 wat*$ by ! ,ve/al ,virg9s4 ,if ?is fire

 *anc$ to be ext+ui%$1 all public &     
private bus9ess 0 susp5d$ until !       
accid5t _h be5 expiat$4  ,ques4 ,:at    
laws exi/$ ) reg>d to ! ,ve/al ,virg9s8 
,ans4 ,! p5alties = neglect ( _! duties 
7 sev]e4 ,if ! sacr$ fire 0 ext+ui%$    
?r\gh _! neglig5ce1 !y 7 sometimes      
cruelly puni%$1 & if any ,virg9 infr+$ !
 rule :i* =bade h] to m>ry1 %e 0 buri$  
alive2 be+ %ut up 9 a vault und]gr\nd1 )
 a lamp1 & a little bread1 w9e1 wat] &  
oil4 ,! sacr$ fire ( ,ve/a 0 wat*$ by ^!
 prie/esses = ne>ly elev5 c5turies4 ,we 
are told t dur+ ?is p]iod1 tw5ty ,ve/als
 7 condemn$ to dea?4 ,( ^!1 sev5 7      
p]mitt$ to take _! own lives1 ?irte5    
suff]$ ! t]rible puni%m5t we h describ$4
 ,! la/ execution ( ?is k9d took place 9
 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,domitian4  ,ques4  
,:at 7 ! privileges ( ! ,ve/al ,virg9s8 
,ans4 ,9 recomp5se = ^! sev]e laws1 !   
,ve/als 7 treat$ ) extraord9>y respect4 
,!y _h ! mo/ honorable seats at games & 
fe/ivals1 & ev5 ! consuls & magi/rates  
gave !m prec$5ce2 _! te/imony 0 tak5 9  

trials )\t any =m ( oa?1 & if !y happ5$ 
to meet a crim9al go+ to execution1 he 0
 imm$iately p>don$4 ,public docum5ts (  
great importance 7 g5]ally entru/$ to _!
 c>e4  ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! respect felt
 = ^! ,virg9s1 is relat$ by a ,roman    
hi/orian4 ,appius ,claudius ,audax1 a   
consul :o _h r5d]$ himself obnoxi\s to !
 p1 0 attack$ 9 ! mid/ ( a triumphal    
procession by ! plebeian tribunes1 :o   
endeavor$ to pull him f 8 *>iot4 ,8     
daught]1 :o 0 a ,ve/al ,virg91 asc5d$ ! 
triumphal c>1 & took h] place by h]     
fa!r's side4 ,! tumult imm$iately       
subsid$1 & ! procession proce$$ quietly 
to ! capital4  ,ques4 ,h[ _m ,ve/al     
,virg9s 7 !re8  ,ans4 ,! numb] has be5  
v>i\sly /at$4 ,"s au?ors m5tion six1    
o!rs sev51 z ! numb] actually 9 (fice4  
,!y 7 *os5 betwe5 ! ages ( six & t52 =  
t5 ye>s !y 7 employ$ 9 le>n+ _! duty2 !y
 rema9$ 9 (fice = t51 & t5 o!r ye>s 7   
employ$ 9 in/ruct+ ! novices4 ,if !re 7 
sev5 ,ve/als always 9 (fice1 ! entire   
numb] mu/ h be5 tw5ty-"o4 ,! ?irty ye>s 

be+ end$1 ! ,ve/als return$ to _!       
families4 ,! law !n p]mitt$ !m to m>ry1 
b x 0 consid]$ discr$itable to d s4     
,,*apt] ,,xvi4   ,,cybele4  ,ques4 ,:o 0
 ,cybele8  ,ans4 ,?is goddess1 sometimes
 call$ by ! ,greeks1 ,rhea1 & by !      
,lat9s1 ,ops1 is consid]$ to be a       
p]sonification ( ! e>?4 ,%e is goddess1 
n ( cities only1 b ( all ?+s :i* ! e>?  
conta9s4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,coelum1 & ! 
wife ( ,saturn4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0 ,cybele   
repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,g5]ally z rid+ 9 a   
*>iot1 drawn by lions4 ,%e we>s a       
turret$ cr[n1 & is clo!d 9 a _m-color$  
mantle1 on :i* are repres5t$ ! figures (
 v>i\s animals4 ,9 h] "r h& %e holds a  
sceptre1 & 9 h] left1 a key4 ,?is la/   
emblem seems to signify t ! e>? locks up
 h] treasures 9 ! w9t] season4 ,cybele  
is always repres5t$ ) ! dignifi$ &      
matronly air :i* di/+ui%es ,juno &      
,c]es4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0 %e wor%ipp$8  ,ans4
 ,sacrifices 7 fir/ (f]$ to ?is goddess 
9 ,phrygia & ,lydia4 ,h] temples 7      
g5]ally built on ! summits ( m\nta9s2 t 

on ,m\nt ,d9dymus ne> ,pessinus1 9      
,galatia1 0 p>ticul>ly celebrat$4 ,h]   
/atue 9 ?is temple 0 simply a l>ge      
a]olite :i* _h fall5 9 ! vic9ity1 & 0   
reg>d$ by ! p z ! heav5-s5t image ( _!  
great goddess4 ,at ! close ( ! second   
,punic w>1 ! ,romans1 direct$1 x is     
said1 by ! ,sibyll9e books1 s5t an      
embassy to ,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1     
reque/+ t he w\ld p]mit ! s-call$ image 
to be remov$ to ,rome4 ,! mon>* cons5t$1
 & ! sacr$ /one 0 c>ri$ 9 triumph to !  
,italian capital4 ,!re x 0 plac$ 9 a    
/ately temple built = ! purpose1 & a    
solemn fe/ival1 call$ ,megalesia1 0     
celebrat$ annually1 9 honor ( ,cybele4  
,dur+ ^! solemnities1 prie/s call$      
,galli & ,corybantes ran ab\t l madm51 )
 cries & h[l+s1 mak+1 at ! same "t1 a   
t]rific noise ) ! cla%+ ( cymbals1 !    
s\nd ( pipes & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,9 _!     
fr5zy1 !y cut _! fle% ) knives1 & p]=m$ 
_m o!r extravagances1 b ! p reg>d$ !m ) 
rev]5ce1 z !y 7 believ$1 :ile 9 ?is     
/ate1 to possess ! gift ( prophecy4  ,! 

div9ity wor%ipp$ by ! ,roman wom5 "u !  
"n ( ,bona ,dea1 or ,good ,goddess1 is  
believ$ to be ! same z ,cybele4  ,anci5t
 writ]s relate an extraord9>y incid5t   
connect$ ) ! arrival ( ! image ( ,cybele
 9 ,rome4 ,! %ip :i* bore ! sacr$ /one 0
 /r&$ on a %oal 9 ! ,tib]4 ,claudia1 a  
,ve/al ,virg9 :o 0 suspect$ ( hav+      
violat$ h] v[1 atta*$ h] girdle to !    
pr[1 & drew ! %ip safely into port4 ,h] 
innoc5ce 0 e/abli%$ by ?is prodigy4     
,,*apt] ,,xvii4   ,,c]es--,,demet]4     
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,c]es8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 !      
daught] ( ,saturn & ,ops1 & 0 wor%ipp$ z
 ! goddess ( fruits & corn4 ,x is       
suppos$ t %e fir/ inv5t$ & taught ! art 
( till+ ! e>?1 & s[+ :eat & o!r gra9s1 s
 t m5 ate :olesome bread1 :]e be=e !y _h
 liv$ on roots & acorns4  ,ques4 ,h[ is 
,c]es repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a beautiful &
 maje/ic woman1 ) gold5 hair1 & cr[n$ ) 
e>s ( :eat2 9 h] "r h& %e holds poppies 
& e>s ( corn1 & 9 h] left1 a flam+ tor*4
  ,ques4 ,expla9 ^! emblems4  ,ans4 ,!  
hair ( ,c]es is gold51 to repres5t !    

color ( ripe corn2 %e holds a light$    
tor*1 because :5 h] daught] ,pros]p9e 0 
/ol5 by ,pluto1 ,c]es k9dl$ a tor* f !  
flames ( ,m\nt ,etna1 to light h] on h] 
se>* ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,%e holds a poppy1   
because :5 %e 0 s griev$ t %e c\ld nei!r
 re/ nor sleep1 ,jupit] gave h] a poppy 
to eat4  ,ques4 ,relate ! /ory (        
,pros]p9e 7,p]sephone74  ,ans4 ,none ( !
 goddesses 7 will+ to m>ry ,pluto1 or   
%>e 8 gloomy k+dom4 ,he det]m9$1        
nev]!less1 to obta9 a wife1 ev5 if he _h
 to d s by viol5ce4 ,pros]p9e1 ! daught]
 ( ,jupit] & ,c]es1 0 ga!r+ daffodils ) 
h] companions 9 ! pla9s ( ,enna1 :5     
,pluto sudd5ly appe>$ among !m 9 a *>iot
 drawn by black horses4 ,z ! maid5s fl$ 
9 t]ror1 he seiz$ ,pros]p9e1 & /rik+ !  
wat]s ( ! f\nta9 ,cyane ) 8 trid5t1 he  
op5$ a passage1 ?r\gh :i* he desc5d$ ) 8
 prize4 ,c]es1 ignorant ( :at _h        
occurr$1 w&]$ ?r\gh ! _w 9 se>* ( h]    
daught]4 ,at l5g?1 arriv+ at ! f\nta9 ( 
,cyane1 %e p]ceiv$ ! girdle ( ,pros]p9e 
/ill float+ on its wat]s2 & ! nymph     

,are?usa in=m$ h] ( :at _h tak5 place4  
,c]es repair$ imm$iately to ,olympus1   
:]e %e made h] compla9t to ,jupit]1 &   
dem&$ t ,pluto %\ld re/ore h] daught]4  
,jupit] promis$ to grant h] reque/1 9   
case ,pros]p9e %\ld n h ta/$ food 9 !   
inf]nal regions4 ,c]es desc5d$ ?i!r1 &  
,pros]p9e prep>$ joyfully to accompany  
h] "m1 :5 ,ascalaphus report$ t he _h   
se5 h] eat "s se$s ( pomegranate4 ,!    
hopes ( ,c]es 7 ?us de/roy$1 b ,pros]p9e
 0 s indignant at ! trea*]y (           
,ascalaphus1 t %e *ang$ him imm$iately  
into an owl4 ,jupit] endeavor$ to       
appease ! res5tm5t ( ,c]es by p]mitt+   
,pros]p9e to divide ! ye>1 sp5d+ six    
mon?s ) h] "m on e>?1 ! o!r six ) ,pluto
 9 ! inf]nal regions4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 !  
mo/ fam\s solemnities in/itut$ 9 honor (
 ,c]es8  ,ans4 ,! ,eleusian or          
,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,!y 7 nam$ f       
,eleusis1 a t[n 9 ,greece :]e !y 7      
celebrat$4  ,ques4 ,:at rites 7 practic$
 dur+ ^! my/]ies8  ,ans4 ,we _c tell )  
any c]ta9ty4 ,! p5alty ( dea? 0 decre$  

aga9/ any "o :o %\ld betray ! secret1 or
 ev5 witness ! c]emonies )\t hav+ be5   
regul>ly initiat$4 ,disclosures 7 made1 
h[ev]1 :i* seem to prove t ! p]son to be
 initiat$ 0 fir/ introduc$ into a d>k   
subt]ranean cave1 :]e he 0 t]rifi$ ) !  
mo/ fe>ful sights & s\nds4 ,aft] ?is1 if
 8 c\rage did n fail1 he 0 sudd5ly      
introduc$ into a lovely g>d51 & !       
c]emonies conclud$ ) fea/+ & danc+4     
,ques4 ,:o 7 admitt$ to ^! rites8  ,ans4
 ,a!nians only2 b ,h]cules1 to :om no "o
 d>$ refuse any?+1 0 initiat$1 & aft]   
him1 o!r di/+ui%$ =eign]s 7 admitt$ to  
:at 7 call$ ! ,less] ,my/]ies4 ,!       
,a!nians 7 eag] to be admitt$ to ^!     
rites1 because !y believ$ t ! s\ls ( ^? 
:o _h n be5 initiat$ 7 left to wall[ 9  
mud & fil? 9 ! l[] regions4  ,ques4 ,:at
 d ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s say ( ^!      
my/]ies8  ,ans4 ,!y speak ( !m z be+    
almo/ z immoral z ! fe/ivals held 9     
honor ( ,bac*us4  ,ques4 ,:o is said to 
h in/itut$ !m8  ,ans4 ,triptolemus1 !   
fo/]-*ild ( ,c]es4  ,ques4 ,relate !    

/ory ( ,triptolemus4  ,ans4 ,:5 ,c]es 0 
seek+ ,pros]p9e by sea & l&1 %e 0 k9dly 
ent]ta9$ by ,celeus1 k+ ( ,eleusis1 9   
,attica4 ,%e rew>d$ 8 hospitality by    
tak+ c>e ( 8 "y son1 :om %e n\ri%$ dur+ 
! day ) cele/ial food2 b 9 ! night1 %e  
cov]$ him ) fire4 ,"u ?is extraord9>y   
treatm5t1 ! infant1 9 a few days1 became
 a beautiful "y man4 ,8 "m1 ,meganira1  
wond]$ at ?is1 & resolv$ to discov] !   
cause4 ,%e wat*$ ,c]es at night1 & :5 %e
 saw h] cov]+ ,triptolemus ) liv+ coals1
 %e cri$ out 9 t]ror1 & ru%$ into ! room
 to save him4 ,c]es puni%$ h] curiosity 
) dea?1 b %e adopt$ ,triptolemus1 & s5t 
him ?r\gh ! _w to tea* mank9d ! use (   
corn4 ,he execut$ ! comm&s ( ,c]es1 &   
:]ev] he w5t1 in/ruct$ m5 9 s[+1 reap+1 
& o!r arts ( husb&ry4 ,triptolemus is   
usually repres5t$ z a "y man1 seat$ 9 a 
spl5did *>iot drawn by fly+ s]p5ts4     
,ques4 ,:at sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,c]es8 
,ans4 ,"y heif]s1 sw9e & e>s ( corn1    
w9e1 milk & honey 7 us$ 9 ! libations4  
,ques4 ,:at 7 ! ,amb>valia8  ,ans4 ,!y 7

 fea/s kept 9 ! beg9n+ ( h>ve/1         
prep>atory to reap+4 ,! animal to be    
(f]$ 9 sacrifice1 0 l$ ar\nd ! fields1 !
 husb&m5 & c\ntry ru/ics foll[+ ) %\ts &
 songs4 ,virgil says ( ^! fe/ivities3   
,let ev'ry swa9 adore h] p[] div9e1     
,& milk & honey mix ) sp>kl+ w9e2       
,let all ! *oir ( cl[ns att5d ?is %[1   
,9 long procession1 %\t+ z !y g2        
,invok+ h] to bless _! ye>ly /ores1     
,invit+ pl5ty to _! cr[d$ floors4       
,?us 9 ! spr+1 & ?us 9 summ]'s heat1    
,be=e ! sickles t\* ! rip'n+ :eat1      
,on ,c]es call2 & let ! lab'r+ h9d      
,) oak5 wrea?s 8 holl[ temples b9d2     
,on ,c]es let him call1 & ,c]es praise1 
,) unc\? dances1 & ) c\ntry-lays4       
,,georg4 ,i4     ,,*apt] ,,xviii4       
,,!mis--,,a/r,a--,,nemesis4  ,ques4 ,:o 
0 ,!mis8  ,ans4 ,%e in/ruct$ bo? gods & 
m51 & 0 g5]ally consid]$ ! goddess ( law
 & ju/ice4 ,h] orig9 is unc]ta92 b %e is
 said to h be5 a ,titaness4  ,ques4 ,:o 
0 ,a/ra8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 also goddess (    
ju/ice2 accord+ to "s1 %e 0 ! daught] ( 

,jupit] & ,!mis4 ,:5 ! ,titans took up  
arms aga9/ ,jupit]1 ,a/ra desc5d$ to    
e>?1 & m+l$ ) ! human race4 ,?is        
int]c\rse 0 un9t]rupt$ dur+ ! ,gold5    
,age2 9 ! ,silv] ,age1 ,a/ra dwelt 9 !  
m\nta9s1 & desc5d$ only amid ! %ades (  
ev5+1 :5 %e 0 unse5 by m54 ,:5 ! ,braz5 
,age comm5c$1 %e fl$ altoge!r f ! human 
race1 be+ ! la/ among ! ,immortals to   
ab&on ! e>?4 ,jupit] !n *ang$ h] into ! 
con/ellation ,virgo1 "o ( ! signs ( !   
zodiac4 ,?is con/ellation is repres5t$  
by ! figure ( a woman hold+ scales 9 "o 
h&1 & a sword 9 ! o!r4 ,! scales h be5  
v>i\sly expla9$1 b !y are g5]ally       
suppos$ to be an emblem ( ju/ice4       
,accord+ to "s1 ,erigone1 a maid5 :o    
hung h]self 9 despair1 at ! dea? ( h]   
fa!r1 0 *ang$ into ! con/ellation       
,virgo4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,nemesis8  ,ans4  
,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,night1 & ! goddess ( 
j v5geance4 ,x 0 h] (fice to foll[ &    
puni% guilty m54 ,%e _h w+s1 b g5]ally  
w5t on foot1 :i* signifies t ! puni%m5t 
( crime1 al?\gh sure1 is g5]ally sl[4   

,an anci5t poet says3      ,v5geance    
div9e to puni% s9 moves sl[2     ,! sl[]
 is its pace1 ! sur] is its bl[4  ,ques4
 ,:at d y say ( ! temple ( ,nemesis at  
,rhamnus8  ,ans4 ,?is temple 0 b a %ort 
di/ance f ! pla9 ( ,m>a?on4 ,! ,p]sians 
_h br\ght ) !m a great block ( ,p>ian   
m>ble = ! trophy :i* !y int5d$ to erect 
9 honor ( _! expect$ victory4 ,?is m>ble
 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,a!nians1 & a      
sculptor1 said by "s to h be5 ,phidias1 
aft]w>ds c>v$ f x a beautiful /atue (   
,nemesis1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! temple (      
,rhamnus4 ,a fragm5t 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s (  
?is edifice1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! head
 ( ?is /atue2 & has be5 pres5t$ z su* to
 ! ,briti% ,museum4     ,,*apt] ,,xix4  
,,! ,,muses4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ! ,muses8    
,ans4 ,!y 7 ! daught]s ( ,jupit] &      
,mnemosyne1 & 7 suppos$ to preside ov] !
 lib]al arts & sci5ces4  ,ques4 ,h[ _m  
,muses 7 !re8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 n9e 9 numb]1 
& ea* presid$ ov] "s p>ticul> dep>tm5t (
 lit]ature1 art or sci5ce4 ,_! names 73 
,calliope1 :o 0 ! ,muse ( epic poetry1  

%e holds 9 h] h& a roll ( p>*m5t1 or a  
trumpet4  ,clio presid$ ov] hi/ory4 ,%e 
holds a half op5$ scroll4  ,melpom5e 0 !
 ,muse ( trag$y4 ,%e leans on a club1 & 
holds a tragic mask4  ,eut]pe 0 !       
patroness ( music4 ,%e holds two flutes4
  ,erato inspir$ ^? :o wrote ( love4 ,%e
 plays on a n9e-/r+$ lyre4  ,t]psi*ore  
presid$ ov] *oral dance & song4 ,%e     
appe>s danc+1 & holds a sev5-/r+$ lyre4 
,urania1 ! ,muse ( a/ronomy1 holds a    
globe1 & traces ma!matical figures ) a  
w&4  ,?alia1 ! ,muse ( com$y1 holds 9 "o
 h& a comic mask1 9 ! o!r a crook$ /aff4
  ,polyhymnia presid$ ov] eloqu5ce4 ,%e 
holds h] =e-f+] to h] lips1 or c>ries a 
scroll4  ,! ,muses are sometimes        
repres5t$ z cr[n$ ) palms1 & seat$ 9 !  
%ade ( an arbor1 play+ ^u diff]5t       
in/rum5ts2 or aga91 z danc+ 9 a circle )
 jo9$ h&s1 :ile ,apollo is seat$ 9 _!   
mid/4  ,ques4 ,h[ h "s writ]s acc\nt$ = 
! numb] ( ,muses8  ,ans4 ,!y say t 9    
anci5t times !re 7 b ?ree ,muses4 ,!    
citiz5s ( ,sicyon employ$ ?ree sculptors

 to execute /atues ( ^! goddesses1      
promis+ to *oose f among ! n9e images1  
^? :i* !y %\ld consid] ! mo/ beautiful4 
,:5 ! /atues 7 f9i%$1 !y 7 f\nd to be s 
skillfully wr\ght1 t x 0 impossible to  
make a *oice4 ,!y 7 all plac$ 9 !       
temple1 & ! poet ,hesiod aft]w>ds       
assign$ !m names & attributes4  ,ques4  
,:at puni%m5t did ! ,muses inflict on ! 
n9e daught]s ( ,pi]us1 k+ ( ma?ia8      
,ans4 ,^! maid5s *all5g$ ! ,muses to a  
conte/ 9 music2 !y 7 defeat$ & trans=m$ 
into magpies by ! indignant goddesses4  
,?amyris1 a musician ( ,?race1 0 /ruck  
bl9d = ! same (f5ce4     ,,*apt] ,,xx4  
,gods ( ! ,woods1 & ,rural ,deities4    
,,pan4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,pan8  ,ans4 ,he 0 
a woodl& deity1 & 0 honor$ by ! ,romans 
z ! god ( %eph]ds & ! patron ( fi%+ &   
f[l+4 ,! ,lat9s sometimes call$ him     
,incubus or ! ,nightm>e1 & at ,rome he 0
 wor%ipp$ z ,lup]cus1 or ,lynceus4 ,8   
orig9 is unc]ta91 b he is said by "s    
au?ors to h be5 a son ( ,m]cury & a     
nymph ( ,arcadia4  ,ques4 ,h[ is ,pan   

repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z half man1 & half   
goat1 hav+ a human head ornam5t$ )      
horns1 & a g>l& ( p9e3 he holds 9 "o h& 
a crook$ /aff1 & 9 ! o!r a pipe ( unev5 
re$s4 ,! music :i* he made on ?is rude  
in/rum5t 0 s sweet z to *e] ! gods4     
,ques4 ,:at fam\s action is relat$ (    
,pan8  ,ans4 ,:5 ! ,gauls1 "u _! ,k+    
,br5nus1 made an irruption into ,greece1
 & 7 ab\t to plund] ! temple ( ,apollo  
at ,delphi1 ,pan sudd5ly %[$ himself1 & 
s t]rifi$ !m t !y fl$ 9 disord]4 ,h5ce x
 comes t any sudd5 & unreasonable t]ror 
:i* spreads ?r\gh an assemblage (       
p]sons1 p>ticul>ly an army1 is call$ a  
panic4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ,pan's  
re$s8  ,ans4 ,a beautiful nymph1 nam$   
,syr9x1 0 s p]secut$ by ?is god1 t %e   
pray$ ! wat]-nymphs to help h]1 & *ange 
h] into re$s1 :i* !y did4 ,pan saw !    
trans=mation1 & 0 mu* griev$4 ,he took  
"s ( ! re$s away = a remembrance4 ,on   
apply+ !m to 8 lips1 he f\nd !y produc$ 
! mo/ melodi\s s\nds1 s t he =m$ !m into
 a ru/ic pipe4 ,milk & honey 7 (f]$ to  

,pan4   ,,satyrs ,,& ,,fauns4  ,ques4   
,:o 7 ^!8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 hide\s mon/]s :o 
dwelt 9 =e/s1 & 71 l ,pan1 half man &   
half goat4   ,,t]m9us4  ,ques4 ,:o 0    
,t]m9us8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! god ( b\nd>ies4 
,8 /atue 0 only a squ>e /one1 or a pa9t$
 log ( wood4 ,x is probable t ! ,romans 
did n suppose ,t]m9us to be a p]son1 b  
only us$ ! "n z ano!r t]m = ju/ice1 :i* 
=bids any "o to trespass on ano!r's     
b\nd>ies4  ,l&m>ks & b\nd>y /ones 7     
consid]$ sacr$ by ! ,romans2 !y 7 cr[n$ 
) g>l&s on fe/ivals1 (f]+s 7 laid ^u !m1
 & x 0 dea? = any "o to remove "o4 ,:5  
,con/ant9e embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 & plac$ 
! cross on 8 /&>d1 he replac$ ^! ,t]m9al
 /ones by ! ,*ri/ian emblem1 & ! cu/om (
 erect+ wayside crosses1 :i* became     
aft]w>ds almo/ univ]sal1 is said to date
 f ?is epo*4  ,t]m9us _h a temple on !  
,t>peian rock4 ,x is said t :5 ,t>qu9 ! 
,pr\d wi%$ to build a temple to ,jupit] 
on ! spot1 ! god ( b\nd>ies refus$ to   
give way4   ,,v]tumnus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0   
?is deity8  ,ans4 ,he is g5]ally reckon$

 z "o ( ! rural div9ities1 & 0 wor%ipp$ 
z su* by ! anci5t ,sab9es4 ,! "n comes f
 ! ,lat9 ^w v]to1 7to turn or *ange17 & 
0 be/[$ ^u him 9 allusion to 8 p[] (    
tak+ any =m he pleas$4 ,v]tumnus presid$
 ov] ! seasons2 he 0 ! husb& ( ,pomona4 
,/atues ( ?is god 7 erect$ 9 e t[n (    
,italy4 ,8 fe/ival call$ ,v]tumnalia1 0 
kept 9 ,octob]4     ,,*apt] ,,xxi4      
,goddesses ( ! ,woods4   ,,diana4       
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,diana8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 !     
daught] ( ,jupit] & ,latona1 & !        
tw9-si/] ( ,apollo4 ,?is goddess _h ?ree
 names4 ,on e>? %e 0 call$ ,diana1 & 0  
honor$ z ! goddess ( woods & hunt+2 9   
heav5 %e 0 call$ ,luna1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) !
 moon1 z h] bro!r ,apollo 0 ) ! sun4 ,9 
hell1 %e 0 call$ ,hecate1 & z spirits 7 
suppos$ to be subject to h]1 %e 0 invok$
 "u ! latt] "n 9 all magical            
incantations4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 ! habits ( 
,diana8  ,ans4 ,%e %unn$ ! society ( m51
 & frequ5t$ ! woods1 att5d$ by a tra9 ( 
virg9s :o _h resolv$1 l h]1 nev] to     
m>ry4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ! att5dants (       

,diana8  ,ans4 ,sometimes ! ,oceanides  
or daught]s ( ,oceanu2 sometimes !      
woodl& nymphs4 ,diana (t5 l$ a *orus ( !
 ,muses & ,graces1 & jo9$ !m 9 s++ !    
praises ( h] "m ,latona4  ,ques4 ,h[ is 
,diana repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a v /ately &
 beautiful woman1 dress$ 9 ! g>b ( a    
huntress2 %e holds a b[ 9 h] h&1 & a    
quiv] ( arr[s is hung across h] %\ld]s4 
,h] feet are cov]$ ) busk9s1 & a bright 
silv] cresc5t glitt]s on h] =ehead4     
,sometimes %e is repres5t$ z seat$ 9 a  
silv] *>iot drawn by h\nds4  ,ques4 ,:o 
0 ,*i"o8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 a nymph belov$ by 
,apollo4 ,%e spoke scornfully ( ! beauty
 ( ,diana1 & ! goddess1 9 rev5ge1 pi]c$ 
h] tongue ) an arr[4  ,ques4 ,relate !  
/ory ( ,niobe4  ,ans4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( 
,tantalus1 & ! wife ( ,amphion1 k+ (    
,!bes4 ,%e 0 enri*$ ) all ! gifts (     
nature & =tune1 & be+ made insol5t by   
prosp]ity1 %e insult$ ,latona1 & refus$ 
to (f] inc5se at h] %r9e4 ,niobe _h sev5
 beautiful sons1 & z _m lovely daught]s1
 & _h boa/$ ( _! numb] z r5d]+ h]       

sup]ior to ,latona4 ,! indignant goddess
 call$ ^u ,apollo & ,diana to rev5ge !  
insult (f]$ to _! "m1 & humble ! haughty
 ,niobe4 ,?is !y effect$ by slay+1 9 "o 
day1 all ! *ildr5 ( ! unhappy que54 ,h] 
sons expir$ by ! arr[s ( ,apollo1 & h]  
daught]s by ^? ( ,diana4 ,amphion kill$ 
himself 9 despair1 & ! wret*$ ,niobe1   
wid[$ & *ildless1 wept )\t ceas+ until !
 pity+ gods *ang$ h] into /one4 ,?is    
/ory has furni%$ ! subject ( a v        
beautiful gr\p ( /atu>y1 9 :i* ,niobe is
 repres5t$ z va9ly endeavor+ to %elt]1  
b5ea? h] mantle1 ! y\nge/ & la/ ( h]    
*ildr54  ,ques4 ,:]e 0 ! mo/ celebrat$  
temple ( ,diana8  ,ans4 ,at ,ephesus 9  
,asia ,m9or2 x 0 s beautiful t x 0 c\nt$
 among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,two hundr$
 & tw5ty ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ! build+1 al?\gh 
an incr$ible numb] ( workm5 7 employ$4  
,! entire l5g? ( ! temple 0 #dbe feet1 &
 ! bread? #bbj2 ! :ole 0 support$ by    
#abg sup]b columns1 ea* ! gift ( a k+4  
,! /atue ( ! goddess 0 ( ebony1 & ! mo/ 
skillful pa9t]s & sculptors 7 employ$ 9 

! decorations ( ! edifice4  ,a man nam$ 
,ero/ratus1 :o 0 anxi\s to make himself 
fam\s1 by :atev] means1 set fire to ?is 
magnific5t build+4 ,?is ev5t took place 
on ! v day on :i* ,alex&] ! ,great 0    
born4  ,! temple 0 b p>tially de/roy$1 &
 0 soon aft]w>ds re/or$ to its =m]      
spl5dor4 ,! inhabitants ( ,ephesus seem 
to h be5 p>ticul>ly atta*$ to ! wor%ip (
 ,diana4 ,we read 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les
 t :5 !y began to make conv]ts 9 t city1
 ! p 7 v indignant2 9 _! zeal = _!      
goddess !y ran ab\t ! /reets = ! space (
 ab\t two h\rs1 cry+1 ,great is ,diana (
 ! ,ephesians6  ,?is temple 0 despoil$  
by ,n]o1 :o remov$ _m co/ly (f]+s &     
images1 toge!r ) a l>ge quantity ( silv]
 & gold4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds plund]$ by !     
,go?s 9 ! reign ( ,galli5us2 & !        
mat]ials ( ! build+ h be5 s9ce us$ 9 !  
con/ruction ( o!r edifices4 ,! great    
dome ( ,santa ,sophia1 9 ,con/ant9ople1 
re/s ^u pill>s ( gre5 jasp] :i* 7 remov$
 f ! temple ( ,diana by ord] ( ,ju/9ian4
  ,two pill>s ( ! great *ur* ( ,pisa 7  

also tak5 f ?is temple1 :i* has be5 s   
completely de/roy$ t ! exact site is n  
kn[n4   ,,nymphs4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 !       
,nymphs8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 graceful "y wom5  
:o att5d$ on ,diana & ! great]          
goddesses4 ,"s1 also1 _h *>ge ( c]ta9   
f\nta9s & riv]s1 & 7 call$ ,naiades2 !  
nymphs ( ,ocean 7 ,n]eides & ,oceanides4
 ,! ,oreades 7 m\nta9 nymphs1 & o!rs    
presid$ ov] groves & ev5 s+le trees4    
,ques4 ,:at 7 ! woodl& nymphs call$8    
,ans4 ,^? :o wat*$ ov] ! =e/s1 & always 
liv$ among ! trees1 7 call$ ,dryades1 f 
a ,greek ^w :i* means an oak2 !         
,hamadryades 7 s call$ because !y 7     
atta*$1 ea* to "s p>ticul> oak4 ,!      
,hamadryad 0 born ) ! tree1 fl\ri%$ &   
di$ ) x4 ,?is belief l+]$ = a long "t   
amid ! ,g]man =e/s1 z also ! sup]/ition 
ab\t wat] spirits4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! /ory
 ( ,are?usa8  ,ans4 ,?is nymph 0 !      
daught] ( ,oceanu1 & an att5dant (      
,diana4 ,%e 0 admir$ by ! god ( ! riv]  
,alpheu1 b refus$ to li/5 to 8          
addresses4 ,z %e fl$ f 8 pres5ce1 he    

pursu$4 ,! t]rifi$ nymph _h sp$ ?r\gh   
all ,arcadia2 ! %ades ( ev5+ 7 ga!r+1 & 
,alpheu press$ close ^u h] fa9t+ /eps4  
,9 ?is extremity1 ,are?usa pray$ to     
,diana = relief1 & 0 imm$iately dissolv$
 into a f\nta94 ,alpheu resum$ 8 wat]y  
=m1 & s\ght to m+le 8 curr5t ) h]s1 b   
,diana op5$ = h] a passage "u ! sea1 &  
%e rose 9 ! isl& ( ,ortygia1 9 ,sicily1 
/ill foll[$ by ! /ream ( ! ,alpheu4 ,9  
pro( ( ?is fable1 & ( ! ,grecian orig9 (
 ?is fam\s f\nt1 x 0 ass]t$ t a cup :i* 
fell into ! riv] ,alpheu 9 ,greece1 rose
 9 ! f\nta9 ( ,are?usa1 & t its cle>    
wat]s 7 r$d5$ ) ! blood ( ! victims sla9
 at ! ,olympic games4  ,ques4 ,:o 0     
,e*o8  ,ans4 ,e*o 0 a nymph1 ! daught] (
 ,air & ,tellus2 %e 0 "o ( ,juno's      
att5dants1 b (f5d$ t goddess by h]      
talkativ5ess4 ,%e 0 s f> depriv$ (      
spee*1 t %e c\ld only repeat ! la/ words
 ( e s5t5ce :i* %e he>d4 ,e*o lov$ ! y\?
 ,n>cissus1 & see+ t he despis$ h]      
affection1 %e p9$ away till no?+ rema9$ 
( h] b h] voice & bones4 ,! latt] 7     

*ang$ into /ones1 b ! voice is /ill he>d
 among rocks & 9 solit>y places1 repeat+
 always ! la/ words t are spok54  ,ques4
 ,:at 0 ! fate ( ,n>cissus8  ,ans4 ,"o  
leg5d is t he saw 8 image reflect$ 9 a  
f\nta91 &1 n p]ceiv+ t x 0 b 8 own %ad[1
 gaz$ at x1 lo/ 9 admiration1 until he 0
 *ang$ into ! fl[] t be>s 8 "n4 ,accord+
 to ano!r v]sion1 ,n>cissus _h a        
tw9-si/] :o resembl$ him closely 9 =m & 
feature1 & 0 8 con/ant companion4 ,?is  
si/] di$ "y1 & ,n>cissus1 deeply lam5t+ 
h] dea?1 us$ to g to a neighbor+ f\nta91
 & try to recall ! image ( 8 si/] by    
gaz+ at 8 own reflection 9 ! wat]s4     
,ques4 ,7 !re _m rural div9ities8  ,ans4
 ,yes1 a great numb]2 b only a few 7    
well kn[n4 ,among ^? we may m5tion      
,pomona1 ! goddess ( or*>ds1 & ,flora1 !
 goddess ( fl[]s4 ,pales 0 ! goddess (  
%eph]ds & pa/ures4 ,! ,romans celebrat$ 
fea/s1 call$ ,pallia1 9 h] honor4 ,!y   
(f]$ milk1 & cakes ( millet1 t %e might 
drive away ! wolves1 & prev5t diseases  
among ! cattle4     ,,*apt] ,,xxii4     

,gods ( ! ,sea4   ,,neptune--,,poseidon4
  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,neptune8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! 
son ( ,saturn & ,ops1 & 0 wor%ipp$ z !  
god ( ! sea1 & ! fa!r ( riv]s & f\nta9s4
  ,ques4 ,h[ is he repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z 
/&+ upright 9 a *>iot made ( a sea-%ell2
 = a sceptre1 he holds a trid5t1 t is1 a
 =k ) ?ree b>b$ t9es2 he is array$ 9 a  
blue mantle1 & is g5]ally accompani$ by 
8 que5 ,amphitrite4 ,neptune's *>iot is 
drawn by sea-horses1 & 8 att5dants1 :o  
swim on ei!r side1 are human only to !  
wai/1 ! body t]m9at+ l t ( a fi%4 ,:5ev]
 ,neptune's *>iot mov$ ^u ! wat]s1 ! sea
 grew calm1 & tempe/s 7 appeas$4  ,ques4
 ,:at 7 ! (fices ( ,neptune8  ,ans4 ,he 
conduct$ %ips safely to port1 & presid$ 
ov] horse-races4  ,ques4 ,:y 0 he       
suppos$ to preside ov] horses8  ,ans4 ,9
 memory ( 8 conte/ ) ,m9]va1 :5 he      
produc$ a horse by /rik+ on ! gr\nd ) 8 
trid5t4 ,neptune 0 oblig$ by ,jupit] to 
aid ,apollo 9 build+ ! walls ( ,troy4   
,ques4 ,h[ 0 ,neptune wor%ipp$8  ,ans4  
,neptune _h an alt> 9 ! ,circus at ,rome

 :]e sacrifices 7 (f]$1 & plays 7 act$1 
repres5t+ ! c>ry+ (f ( ! ,sab9e wom54 ,!
 solemn games 9 honor ( ?is god 7 call$ 
,consualia1 & 7 celebrat$ 9 ! mon? (    
,m>*4 ,:ile ^! la/$1 horses 7 releas$ f 
"w1 & mules 7 adorn$ ) g>l&s4  ,ques4   
,:o 7 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,neptune's      
*ildr58  ,ans4 ,triton1 & ,phorcus or   
,proteus4  ,ques4 ,:at is told (        
,phorcus8  ,ans4 ,he 0 vanqui%$ by      
,atlas1 & dr[n$ 9 ! sea2 aft] :i* ! p   
wor%ipp$ him z a god4 ,!re 0 ano!r      
,phorcus :o _h ?ree daught]s1 conc]n+   
:om a rem>kable circum/ance is relat$4  
,! si/]s _h b "o eye = _! common use2   
ea* "o wore x 9 turn1 9 ! middle ( h]   
=ehead4 ,!y 7 ! gu>dians ( ! ,gorgons1 (
 :om ,m$usa 0 "o4 ,! h]o ,p]seus1 :5    
ab\t to attack ,m$usa1 visit$ !m1 &1    
wat*+ 8 opportunity1 :ile "o ( ! si/]s 0
 h&+ ! eye to ! o!r1 he snat*$ x f h]1 &
 left all ?ree 9 d>kness4  ,ques4 ,= :at
 0 ,proteus rem>kable8  ,ans4 ,= 8 p[] (
 trans=m+ himself in/antane\sly into any
 %ape he wi%$4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,triton8   

,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,neptune &          
,amphitrite1 & 0 8 fa!r's companion &   
trumpet]4 ,! upp] half ( 8 body 0 l t ( 
a man1 b bel[ ! wai/ he resembl$ a fi%2 
8 tail 0 cleft & crook$1 & 8 hair       
resembl$ wild p>sley4  ,ques4 ,:at o!r  
sea-mon/]s 7 celebrat$8  ,ans4 ,!       
,sir5s1 also ,scylla1 & ,*>ybdis4       
,ques4 ,:o 7 ! ,sir5s8  ,ans4 ,!y 7     
mon/]s :o _h ! faces ( wom51 b ! bodies 
( fly+-fi%2 !y dwelt ne> ! promontory ( 
,peloris1 or 9 isl&s call$ ,sir5us1 s\? 
( ,italy4 ,by ! magical sweetness ( _!  
s++1 !y allur$ all :o sail$ by ^? coa/s2
 & aft] !y _h lull$ !m into a trance1   
dr[n$ !m 9 ! sea4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 !re    
rem>kable 9 ! songs ( ! ,sir5s8  ,ans4  
,!y bl5d$ ! notes ( diff]5t musical     
in/rum5ts ) _! voices1 & adapt$ ! /yle &
 matt] ( _! songs to ! incl9ation ( _!  
he>]s4 ,!y _h bold & /irr+ /ra9s to     
entice ! ambiti\s1 s(t] melodies = !    
lov]s ( pleasure1 & ) /ill diff]5t      
notes1 !y drew on ! covet\s to _!       
de/ruction4  ,ques4 ,did any escape :o  

pass$ ^? coa/s8  ,ans4 ,hi/ory m5tions  
only two2 ,ulysses & ,orpheus4 ,! fir/ 0
 w>n$ aga9/ ! dang] by ! en*antress     
,circe2 he !re=e /opp$ ! e>s ( 8        
companions ) wax1 & _h himself firmly   
b\nd to ! ma/ ( ! %ip1 by :i* means he  
pass$ ! fatal coa/s 9 safety4 ,orpheus  
ov]came !m 9 _! own art2 = he sang !    
praises ( ! gods1 accompany+ himself ^u 
8 lyre1 & made su* div9e melody t !     
music ( ! ,sir5s attract$ no att5tion4  
,! ,fates _h decre$ t ! ,sir5s %\ld live
 until "s "o :o pass$ by1 _h li/5$ to _!
 songs unmov$4 ,:5 !y saw !mselves      
ov]come by ,orpheus1 !y knew t _! h\r _h
 come1 & flung !mselves headlong into ! 
sea1 :]e !y 7 trans=m$ into rocks4      
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,circe8  ,ans4 ,%e 0 a     
skillful en*antress4 ,hav+ poison$ h]   
husb&1 ! k+ ( ! ,s>matians1 %e 0 oblig$ 
to fly into ,italy1 :]e %e fix$ h]      
dwell+ on ! promontory ,circum4 ,%e     
pres5t$ to all travell]s an en*ant$ cup2
 & aft] !y _h drunk1 trans=m$ !m into   
wolves1 sw9e or o!r animals4 ,ulysses   

escap$ by ?r[+ an h]b into ! cup1 :i*   
r5d]$ x p[]less2 he !n ru%$ ^u !        
sorc]ess ) 8 sword1 & =c$ h] to re/ore 8
 companions :om %e _h trans=m$4 ,aft]   
?is1 ,circe ent]ta9$ ,ulysses 9 a       
fri5dly mann]4  ,ques4 ,:at did ! poets 
endeavor to tea* by ! fables ( ! ,sir5s'
 song1 & ! cup ( ,circe8  ,ans4 ,!y wi%$
 to signify by ! s++ ( ! ,sir5s1 !      
allurem5ts ( vice1 & ! dang]s ( li/5+ to
 its s$uctions2 by ! /ory ( ,circe1 !y  
%[$ t :5 m5 dr9k ( ! cup ( s5sual       
pleasure1 !y become soon degrad$ to !   
level ( ! bea/s4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,scylla8 
,ans4 ,! fable relates t %e 0 ! daught] 
( ,phorcus1 & t %e 0 trans=m$ by !      
jeal\sy ( ,circe1 into a frightful      
mon/]4 ,scylla 0 s mu* griev$ by ?is    
trans=mation1 t %e ca/ h]self into !    
sea1 :]e %e 0 *ang$ into a rock1 made   
fam\s by ! _m %ipwrecks t occurr$ ^u x4 
,ov] aga9/ ?is rock is ! :irlpool (     
,*>ybdis1 ab\t :i* ! poets relate a     
simil> fable4 ,!y say t ,*>ybdis 0 a v  
rav5\s woman1 :o /ole ,h]cules's ox54 ,=

 ?is !ft1 ,jupit] /ruck h] dead ) a     
?und]bolt1 & *ang$ h] into ! :irlpool   
:i* be>s h] "n4 ,! anci5ts plac$ ,scylla
 & ,*>ybdis 9 ! /raits ( ,mess9a4 ,x 0  
consid]$ a great feat to /e]            
successfully betwe5 !m4  ,ques4 ,:o 0   
,melic]tes8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son (        
,a?amas1 k+ ( ,!bes1 & ( ,ino1 ! daught]
 ( ,cadmus & ,h]mi"o4 ,ino (f5d$ ,juno1 
& ! goddess1 9 rev5ge1 depriv$ ,a?amas (
 reason4 ,! k+1 9 8 fr5zy1 took ! que5 &
 h] *ildr5 = wild bea/s1 & pursu$ !m    
?r\gh ! palace4 ,he kill$ 8 son ,le>*us 
by da%+ him aga9/ a wall1 b ,ino escap$1
 & ?rew h]self into ! sea ) ,melic]tes 9
 h] arms4 ,at ! int]cession ( ,v5us1    
,neptune end[$ !m bo? ) immortality4    
,ino became a sea-goddess "u ! "n (     
,leuco!a1 :ile ,melic]tes 0 wor%ipp$ z  
,palmon4 ,he 0 suppos$ to h p[] 9 sav+  
vessels f %ipwreck1 & 01 !re=e1 invok$  
by m>9]s4 ,! ,romans call$ him          
,portunus1 & honor$ him z ! god ( %ores 
& h>bors4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,!tis8  ,ans4   
,%e 0 a sea-goddess1 ! daught] ( ,n]eus 

& ,doris1 & si/] ( ! ,n]eides4 ,%e 0    
end[$ ) su* beauty t ,jupit] himself    
s\ght h] 9 m>riage2 b ,prome!us1 !      
,titan1 prophesi$ t ,!tis w\ld give bir?
 to a son :o %\ld be great] ?an 8 fa!r4 
,jupit] !reupon desi/$ f 8 suit1 & ,!tis
 0 betro!d to ,peleus1 k+ ( ,!ssaly4 ,_!
 m>riage 0 celebrat$ ) mu* pomp1 all !  
deities ( ,olympus honor+ ! nuptial     
rites ) _! pres5ce4 ,a*illes1 ! son (   
,!tis1 fulfill$ ! ,titan's prophecy by 8
 h]oic exploits4     ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4   
,inf]nal ,deities4   ,,pluto--,,hades4  
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,pluto8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son 
( ,saturn & ,ops1 & ! bro!r ( ,jupit] & 
,neptune4 ,9 ! division ( 8 fa!r's      
k+dom1 ! inf]nal regions 7 allott$ to   
him1 & he is !re=e call$ ! k+ ( ,hell4  
,ques4 ,h[ is ,pluto repres5t$8  ,ans4  
,he is seat$ on a ?rone 9 ! mid/ ( cl\ds
 & d>kness2 he we>s a cr[n ( ebony1 &   
holds a key 9 8 h& in/ead ( a sceptre4  
,ques4 ,:at does ! key signify8  ,ans4  
,x seems to imply1 t :5 once ! dead are 
receiv$ into ,pluto's k+dom1 ! gates are

 lock$ ^u !m & !re is no escape4  ,ques4
 ,:at does ,pluto's "n signify8  ,ans4  
,! ,greek "n ,pluto1 & ! ,lat9 ^w ,dis1 
signify weal?1 because ?is god is       
suppos$ to control ! hidd5 treasures ( !
 e>?4 ,! ?und] t happ5s 9 ! night "t is 
attribut$ to ,pluto1 & he is (t5 /yl$ ! 
,inf]nal ,jupit]4  ,ques4 ,0 ,pluto !   
same z ,plutus8  ,ans4 ,no2 ,plutus 0 ! 
god ( ri*es1 & 0 suppos$ to be ! son (  
,jason & ,c]es4 ,he is describ$ z be+   
bl9d & lame1 injudici\s1 & timor\s4     
,ques4 ,:at does ?is mean8  ,ans4       
,plutus is bl9d & injudici\s1 because he
 passes ov] ! virtu\s to heap ri*es on !
 wick$2 he is lame because ri*es come   
sl[ly1 & timor\s1 because ! ri* wat* _! 
treasures ) great fe> & anxiety4  ,ques4
 ,to :om 0 ,pluto m>ri$8  ,ans4 ,z we h 
le>n$ be=e1 ,pluto 0 m>ri$ to ,pros]p9e1
 daught] ( ,c]es4   ,,hell4  ,ques4 ,h[ 
0 ,hell describ$8  ,ans4 ,! entrance to 
! inf]nal regions 0 by a wide1 d>k cave1
 ?r\gh :i* ! dep>t$ s\ls 7 oblig$ to    
pass2 !y next came to a gloomy grove1 & 

a black lake1 call$ ,av]nus2 ?is 0      
ov]hung ) su* poison\s vapors t no birds
 c\ld fly ov] x4 ,! f]ryman1 ,*>on1 0   
always wait+ on ! %ore to c>ry ! dead to
 ! o!r side ( ! lake4 ,! gho/s ( ^? :o  
_h n be5 buri$ ) fun]al rites1 7 oblig$ 
to w&] = a hundr$ ye>s by ! gloomy wat]s
 ( ,av]nus1 be=e ,*>on c\ld c>ry !m to !
 o!r side4 ,?is sup]/ition made !       
anci5ts v c>eful ab\t bury+ _! dead4    
,ques4 ,:at d y say ( ! riv]s ( ,hell8  
,ans4 ,! ,/yx 0 ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,:5 any
 ( ! gods swore by ! ,/yx1 ! oa? 0      
sacr$2 if any deity 0 guilty ( break+   
su* an oa?1 he 0 depriv$ ( nect>1 &     
exclud$ f ! table ( ! gods = a ye> & n9e
 days4 ,le! 0 also a riv] ( ,hell2 ! "n 
means oblivion2 x is s call$1 because :5
 ! dead drank ( its wat]s1 !y =got all t
 _h pass$ ^u ?is e>?4  ,ques4 ,:at mon/]
 kept ! gate ( ,pluto's palace8  ,ans4  
,c]b]us2 a ?ree-head$ dog1 ^: body 0    
clo!d ) snakes in/ead ( hair4           
,,fates--,,furies4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 !      
,fates8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 ?ree si/]s1 !      

daught]s ( ,*aos1 :o 7 appo9t$ to wat*  
ov] ! ?read ( human life4 ,_! names 71  
,clo?o1 ,la*esis & ,atropos2 ,clo?o drew
 ! ?read betwe5 h] f+]s2 ,la*esis turn$ 
! :eel1 &1 at ! appo9t$ mom5t1 ,atropos 
cut ! ?read ) h] scissors4  ,ques4 ,:o 7
 ! ,furies8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 ?ree si/]s1    
,alecto1 ,tisiphone1 & ,megra4 ,!y are  
call$ by ! poets ! ,daught]s ( ,night2  
_! (fice 0 to torm5t ! wick$ dur+ life &
 aft] dea?4  ,ques4 ,h[ 7 !y repres5t$8 
,ans4 ,z hide\s wom5 ) t]rible          
c\nt5ances2 !y _h tw9+ s]p5ts in/ead (  
hair1 & c>ri$ snaky :ips & light$ tor*es
 9 _! h&s4 ,!y 7 (t5 call$ by ! ,greeks 
,eum5ides4  ,ques4 ,( :at 7 ! ,furies an
 emblem8  ,ans4 ,( ! evil passions ( m51
 & ! remorse :i* torm5ts ! wick$4 ,:5 ! 
anci5ts said ( a man1 t ! ,furies _h    
tak5 up _! abode ) him1 !y meant t !    
remembrance ( 8 crimes did n leave him  
any repose4   ,,judges ,,( ,,! ,,dead4  
,puni%m5ts inflict$ on ! ,condemn$4     
,ques4 ,besides ,pluto1 :o 7 appo9t$    
judges ( ! dead8  ,ans4 ,m9os1          

,rhadaman?us & acus4 ,^! 7 pr9ces1 :o   
gov]n$ s ju/ly dur+ life1 t ! fate ( !  
dead 0 entru/$ to !m4  ,ques4 ,:at      
(fices 7 assign$ to ea*8  ,ans4         
,rhadaman?us judg$ ! ,asiatics1 acus !  
,europeans2 & :5 a v difficult case     
arose x 0 ref]r$ to ,m9os4  ,ques4 ,:o 7
 ! mo/ fam\s among ! condemn$8  ,ans4 ,!
 giants :om ,jupit] conqu]$4 ,typhon 0 !
 mo/ enorm\s2 :5 he 0 ov]?r[n1 ,jupit] 0
 oblig$ to lay ! :ole ,isl& ( ,sicily ^u
 him to keep him d[n4 ,bri>eus 0 ano!r  
giant1 rem>kable = hav+ fifty heads & a 
hundr$ h&s4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t poets1 
he is imprison$ "u ,m\nt ,etna1 & :5ev] 
he tries to move he causes t]rible      
eruptions ( ! volcano4 ,tityus 0 /ill m 
cruelly puni%$4 ,he 0 *a9$ to ! gr\nd 9 
! inf]nal regions1 & su* 0 8 /ature1 t  
he cov]$ n9e acres4 ,a frightful vulture
 f$ cont9ually ^u 8 liv]1 :i* grew z fa/
 z x 0 consum$1 t 8 puni%m5t might be   
et]nal4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,ixion8  ,ans4 ,he
 0 ! son ( ,phlegyas1 or1 accord+ to "s1
 ( ,m>s4 ,he boa/$ falsely t he _h ga9$ 

! affections ( ,juno4 ,= ?is insol5ce   
,jupit] ca/ him d[n into hell1 :]e he 0 
fa/5$ to a :eel :i* revolv$ cont9ually4 
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,sisyphus8  ,ans4 ,he 0 a  
fam\s robb] :o 0 sla9 by ,!seus4 ,9     
hell1 he 0 oblig$ to roll a huge /one up
 a /eep m\nta94 ,:5 x t\*$ ! top x roll$
 d[n aga91 s t he 0 torm5t$ ) unceas+   
toil4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,tantalus8  ,ans4   
,he 0 ! son ( ,jupit]4 ,he invit$ ! gods
 to a fea/1 at :i* he s]v$ up ! fle% ( 8
 son ,pelops to try _! div9ity4 ,9 hell 
he is torm5t$ by cont9ual hung] & ?ir/4 
,he /&s up to 8 lips 9 a cool f\nta91 ^:
 wat]s rec$e :5ev] he attempts to dr9k4 
,bran*es lad5 ) tempt+ fruit hang ov]   
him1 b !y are c>ri$ out ( rea* by a     
sudd5 gu/ ( w9d :5ev] he attempts to    
pluck !m4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ! ,belides8     
,ans4 ,!y 7 fifty maid5s1 daught]s (    
,danaus & gr&-daught] ( ,k+ ,belus1 f   
:om !y are call$4 ,!y all murd]$ _!     
husb&s on ! w$d+ night1 = :i* crime !y  
are oblig$ to draw wat] f a deep well   
until !y h fill$ an imm5se sieve4 ,_!   

labor is !re=e p]petual4  ,ques4 ,:o 0  
,salmoneus8  ,ans4 ,salmoneus 0 k+ (    
,elis1 & 0 ca/ into hell = imitat+      
,jupit]'s ?und]4  ,ques4 ,:at became ( !
 s\ls ( good m58  ,ans4 ,aft] be+       
purifi$ f :atev] slight (f5ces !y _h    
committ$ 9 life1 !y 7 conduct$ to a     
place ab\nd+ 9 delights1 call$ ,elysium4
 ,:5 !y _h pass$ _m ages 9 ?is blissful 
abode !y return$ to e>?1 b be=e do+ s1  
!y drank ( ! riv] ,le!1 t !y might =get 
! happ9ess !y _h enjoy$4     ,,*apt]    
,,xxiv4   ,,fabul\s ,,mon/]s4  ,ques4 ,7
 !re any fabul\s mon/]s besides ^? (    
,hell8  ,ans4 ,yes1 _m2 ! ,c5taurs1 :o 7
 half man & half horse2 also ,g]yon1 :o 
0 k+ ( ! ?ree ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 n[ kn[n z
 ,ivica1 ,m9orca & ,majorca4 ,= ?is     
reason1 he 0 said to h ?ree heads & ?ree
 bodies1 & pass$ into fable z a mon/]4  
,he 0 probably a wick$ & cruel pr9ce4   
,!re 7 also ! ,h>pies1 :i* _h ! faces ( 
wom5 & ! bodies ( birds4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 
! ,*imra8  ,ans4 ,a fabul\s mon/]1 :i*  
vomit$ fire4 ,x _h ! head & brea/ ( a   

lion1 ! body ( a goat1 & ! tail ( a     
dragon4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 int5d$ by ?is    
fable8  ,ans4 ,poets ?us describ$ a     
volcano 9 ,lycia1 on ! summit ( :i* 7   
lions2 9 ! middle 0 pa/ure-l& frequ5t$  
by goats2 & ! l[e/ "p 0 infe/$ by       
s]p5ts4 ,bell]ophon made ?is m\nta9     
inhabitable1 & 0 !re=e said to h kill$ !
 ,*imra4 ,at pres5t any?+ :i* is q      
imag9>y is call$ a ,*imra4  ,ques4 ,:at 
0 ! ,sph9x8  ,ans4 ,x 0 a mon/] ) ! head
 & %\ld]s ( a woman1 ! w+s ( a bird1 & !
 paws ( a lion4 ,%e infe/$ ! c\ntry ab\t
 ,!bes1 s t ! p1 9 _! di/ress1 w5t to   
consult ! oracle ( ,apollo4 ,an answ] 0 
giv5 t no rem$y c\ld be f\nd until "s "o
 %\ld solve ! riddle t ! ,sph9x _h      
propos$1 & :i* %e _h le>n$ f ! ,muses4  
,! "q 0 ?is3 ,:at animal is t :i* goes  
on f\r feet 9 ! morn+1 on two at noon1 &
 on ?ree 9 ! ev5+8 ,! ,!bans (t5 met to 
try _! skill1 & :5 !y _h fail$1 ! ,sph9x
 c>ri$ (f & dev\r$ "o ( _! numb]4 ,at   
l5g? ,hmon1 son ( ,creon1 0 de/roy$ by !
 mon/]1 & ! k+ made a public            

proclamation1 t he w\ld give ! ?rone1 ) 
! h& ( 8 si/] ,joca/a1 to t man :o %\ld 
solve ! riddle4 ,o$ipus1 :o 0 !n at     
,!bes1 came =w>d & answ]$ ! ,sph9x1 t ! 
animal 0 ,man1 because :5 an infant he  
creeps on all f\rs2 9 manhood1 he walks 
on two feet1 & :5 old uses a /aff z a   
?ird foot4 ,^u he>+ ?is answ]1 ! ,sph9x 
da%$ h] head aga9/ a rock1 & expir$4    
,ques4 ,:y is ! /ory ( ! ,sph9x int]e/+8
  ,ans4 ,because !re /ill rema9s 9      
,egypt an enorm\s /atue ( ! mon/]1 c>v$ 
9 solid rock4 ,=m]ly1 little 0 visible  
save ! head & neck1 b ! s& :i* has be5  
ga!r+ ar\nd x = s _m c5turies1 is n[    
cle>$ away4 ,! body is "o hundr$ &      
tw5ty-five feet long2 & ! =e-paws ext5d 
ab\t fifty feet m4 ,! face has be5 mu*  
disfigur$ by ! arr[s & lances ( !       
,arabs1 :o are taught by _! religion to 
hold all images ( m5 or animals 9       
dete/ation4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! ,pho5ix8   
,ans4 ,a fabul\s bird ( :i* !re nev]    
exi/$ m ?an "o at ! same "t4 ,x excell$ 
all o!r birds 9 beauty ( plumage1 & f$  

only on frank9c5se & sweet gums4 ,:5 !  
,pho5ix _h atta9$ ! age ( five hundr$   
ye>s1 x built a fun]al pile ( odor\s    
wood1 on :i* x 0 consum$4 ,a new ,pho5ix
 also imm$iately arose f ! flames4 ,!   
fir/ c>e ( ! "y bird 0 to collect ! a%es
 ( its p>5t1 :i* x c>ri$1 enclos$ 9     
myrrh1 to ! temple ( ! ,sun 9 ,egypt4   
,,*apt] ,,xxv4  ,h\sehold ,div9ities4   
,,p5ates--,,l>es4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 !      
,p5ates8  ,ans4 ,?is "n 0 giv5 to a     
c]ta9 class ( h\sehold deities1 :i* 7   
wor%ipp$ by ! ,romans 9 ! p5etralia1 or 
inn]mo/ "p ( _! dwell+s4 ,! great]      
,p5ates gov]n$ k+doms & prov9ces2 o!rs  
presid$ ov] cities2 & ! less] ,p5ates   
wat*$ ov] p>ticul> h\ses & families4    
,ques4 ,:at 7 ! ,l>es8  ,ans4 ,!y 71    
accord+ to "s1 ! *ildr5 ( ,m]cury & !   
nymph ,l>a2 !y 7 dome/ic gods1 & presid$
 ov] h\ses1 /reets & roads4 ,!y w>d$ (f 
dang] f )\t1 :ile ! ,p5ates wat*$ ov] ! 
int]ior ( ! dwell+4 ,! spirits (        
ance/ors sometimes wat*$ z ,l>es1 ov] ! 
=tunes ( families4 ,?is idea ( ! spirits

 ( ! deceas$ wat*+ ov] _! desc5dants1   
made ! ,romans wi% to bury ! dead )91 or
 v ne> _! dwell+s4 ,?is cu/om 0 condemn$
 by ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,besides
 ! _s :i* wat*$ ov] ! family1 ea*       
individual 0 suppos$ to h 8 ,l>1 or     
famili> g5ius1 :o wat*$ ov] him f 8     
bir?4 ,9 e>ly times1 *ildr5 7 sacrific$ 
to ! goddess ,mania1 :o 0 suppos$ by "s 
to be ! "m ( ! ,l>es4 ,aft] ! expulsion 
( ! ,t>qu9s1 ,junius ,brutus aboli%$ ?is
 b>b>\s rite1 & sub/itut$ little balls (
 wool1 & heads ( g>lic & poppy1 9 place 
( ! human heads :i* _h be5 =m]ly (f]$4  
,! ord9>y alt> ( ! ,l>es 0 ! dome/ic    
he>?2 hogs1 %eep & /e]s 7 among !       
sacrifices (f]$ to ^! div9ities1 b !    
fir/ fruits ( ! season 7 always laid ^u 
! he>?4 ,no family repa/ 0 prop]ly      
begun1 unless "s portion ( ! vi&s _h be5
 fir/ ca/ into ! fire2 9 ! m solemn =m (
 m>riage1 ! bride always ?rew a piece ( 
money on ! he>?1 to ! ,l>es ( h] family1
 & ano!r on ! cross roads1 t !y might   
grant h] free passage to h] husb&'s     

h\se4 ,! ,roman boy1 on atta9+ ! age (  
fifte51 put (f 8 *ildi% dress1 &        
consecrat$ ! gold5 bulla1 :i* he _h worn
 ar\nd 8 neck f infancy1 to ! dome/ic   
,l>es4  ,! soldi] ^: t]m ( s]vice _h    
expir$ d$icat$ 8 arms to ^! p[]ful g5ii2
 :ile captives1 & slaves re/or$ to      
fre$om1 hung up _! fett]s1 9 tok5 (     
gratitude1 by ! alt> ( ! ,l>es4  ,ques4 
,h[ 7 ! ,l>es repres5t$8  ,ans4         
,v>i\sly2 sometimes z *ildr51 sometimes 
z "y w>riors1 b always accompani$ by a  
dog4   ,virtues ,wor%ipp$ by ! ,anci5ts4
 ,vices4  ,ques4 ,:at ,virtues 7        
p>ticul>ly honor$ z div9ities8  ,ans4 ,!
 anci5ts n only wor%ipp$ ! diff]5t      
,virtues1 b ! ab/ract idea ( virtue     
itself 0 p]sonifi$ z a goddess4 ,!      
,romans d$icat$ two temples1 "o to ?is  
div9ity1 & ano!r1 adjo9+1 to ,honor4 ,z 
! temple ( ,honor c\ld only be rea*$ by 
pass+ ?r\gh t d$icat$ to ,virtue1 !     
vot>ies 7 rem9d$ t x 0 by walk+ 9 h]    
pa?s1 t true honor 0 to be atta9$4      
,ques4 ,:at 7 ! emblems ( ,tru?8  ,ans4 

,%e 0 g5]ally repres5t$ z a beautiful & 
mode/ virg91 ) g>m5ts z :ite z sn[4 ,%e 
0 ! daught] ( ,"t1 or ,saturn1 because  
,"t always br+s tru? to light4  ,fides1 
or ,fidelity1 _h a temple ne> !         
,capitol1 :i* 0 said to h be5 f\nd$ by  
,numa ,pompilius4 ,! symbols ( ?is      
goddess 71 a :ite dog1 two h&s jo9$1 or 
sometimes two maid5s ) jo9$ h&s4  ,ques4
 ,:at 7 ! emblems ( ,peace8  ,ans4 ,pax1
 or ,peace1 0 repres5t$ z a matron hold+
 e>s ( corn1 & cr[n$ ) olives & laurel4 
,h] p>ticul> symbol 0 a caduceus1 a :ite
 /aff anci5tly borne by ambassadors :5  
s5t to treat ( peace4 ,a magnific5t     
temple 0 d$icat$ to ?is goddess 9 !     
,roman ,=um4  ,ju/ice 0 wor%ipp$ by !   
,egyptians1 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,h]      
emblems h be5 describ$ 9 ! article on ! 
goddess ,a/ra4  ,hope _h a temple at    
,rome 9 ! h]b m>ket4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by    
lightn+4  ,mis]icordia1 or ,m]cy1 _h an 
alt> at ,a!ns ,?is 0 a public sanctu>y =
 ! un=tunate1 & x 0 unlawful to take any
 "o f x by =ce4 ,?is alt> is said to h  

be5 erect$ by ! k9dr$ ( ,h]cules1 aft] !
 dea? ( t h]o4  ,pudicitia1 or ,mode/y1 
_h two temples1 mu* frequ5t$ by ! ,roman
 matrons4 ,! second ( ^! 0 f\nd$ "u     
peculi> circum/ances4  ,virg9ia1 !      
daught] ( ,aulus1 a patrician ( high    
rank1 m>ri$ into a plebeian family4 ,!  
noble ladies ( ,rome 7 s indignant at   
?is alliance1 t !y w\ld n p]mit h] to   
ent] ! temple ( ,pudicitia1 nor to (f]  
sacrifice ) !m4 ,%e desir$ to repair ?is
 public affront by "s memorable action4 
,= ?is purpose1 %e built1 9 ! ,via      
,longa1 a temple simil> to t f :i* %e _h
 be5 expell$1 & d$icat$ x likewise to   
,pudicitia4 ,virg9ia !n assembl$ !      
plebeian matrons1 & exhort$ !m to honor 
?is ,virtue 9 su* a mann]1 t h[ev] !    
patrician ladies %\ld surpass !m 9 p[]  
or rank1 !y might /ill excel 9 mode/    
behavior & purity ( life4 ,! two temples
 7 f t "t di/+ui%$ z ,pudicitia         
,patricia1 & ,pudicitia ,plebeia4       
,ques4 ,0 ,=tune honor$ z a goddess8    
,ans4 ,yes1 ! anci5ts wor%ipp$ "u ?is   

"n1 a c]ta9 unse5 p[] :i* 0 suppos$ to  
ex]cise a supreme dom9ion ov] human     
affairs4 ,=tune _h _m spl5did temples 9 
,italy4 ,s]vius ,tullius d$icat$ two at 
,rome2 "o to ,bona ,=tuna1 ! o!r to ,=s 
,=tuna4 ,?is caprici\s goddess 0        
sometimes repres5t$ ) h] eyes b&ag$1 h] 
feet w+$1 & h] "r h& re/+ on a :eel4 ,9 
! temple ( ,=tune at ,!bes1 ! goddess   
held ,weal?1 repres5t$ z an infant1 9 h]
 arms4  ,! goddess ,salus1 or ,heal?1 0 
mu* honor$ by ! ,romans4 ,9 anci5t      
times1 c]ta9 days 9 ! ye> 7 set ap>t =  
h] wor%ip4 ,h] emblems 7 a b[l & a      
s]p5t4  ,lib]ty 0 honor$ z a div9ity4   
,h] emblem 0 ! peculi> cap ) :i* we are 
famili> f ! repres5tations on our own   
co9s4  ,ques4 ,7 n ! ,vices also honor$ 
by ! anci5ts8  ,ans4 ,x is c]ta9 t bo? !
 ,greeks & ,romans erect$ temples &     
alt>s to c]ta9 vices1 b x does n appe> t
 _! int5tion 0 to d !m honor4 ,9 "s     
in/ances1 !y /rove to propitiate ! p[]s 
( evil1 t !y might ab/a9 f do+ !m h>m4  
,:5 !y built a temple at ,rome to       

,febris1 or ,fev]1 !y und\bt$ly wi%$ to 
appease ! demon or malignant deity :o 0 
suppos$ to s5d ?is calamity4 ,! same    
sup]/ition has be5 rem>k$ among ! mod]n 
,h9doos1 :o are said to h d$icat$       
temples to ?und] & lightn+1 e>?quake1   
pe/il5ce1 etc4 ,! ,vices 7 always       
repres5t$ 9 su* a mann] z to excite     
abhorr5ce4 ,we h an in/ance ( ?is 9 !   
alt> erect$ to ,calumny at ,a!ns4       
,apelles drew an allegorical picture1 9 
:i* ! odi\s features ( ?is ,vice 7      
/rik+ly portray$4 ,a man sits 9 a li/5+ 
attitude1 beckon+ ,calumny to approa*4  
,two c\nsellors1 ,ignorance &           
,suspicion1 /& ne> him4 ,calumny is     
beautiful 9 =m & feature1 b has a       
malignant c\nt5ance1 & fla%+ eyes4 ,envy
 goes be=e1 :ile ,fraud & ,conspiracy   
accompany h] on ei!r side4 ,rep5tance   
foll[s ) w(ul mi5 & torn g>m5ts4 ,%e    
looks beh9d h]1 z if call+ ^u ,tru?1 :o 
is se5 advanc+ sl[ly 9 ! di/ance4       
,discord1 ,fraud1 etc41 7 repres5t$ )   
appropriate symbols4     ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4

  ,demigods & ,h]oes4   ,ques4 ,:o 7 !  
,demigods8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 brave m51 :o _h 
r5d]$ !mselves fam\s 9 life by illu/ri\s
 actions4 ,aft] _! dea?1 _! c\ntrym5    
believ$ t !y 7 admitt$ among ! gods1 &  
gave !m div9e honors4 ,! circum/ance ( a
 mortal tak+ 8 place among ! gods1 0    
call$ an ,apo!osis4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ! mo/ 
fam\s ( ! ,demigods8  ,ans4 ,h]cules1 ! 
son ( ,jupit] & ,alcm5a4 ,juno hat$ him 
on 8 "m's acc\nt1 & resolv$ ^u 8        
de/ruction4 ,= ?is purpose %e s5t two   
mon/r\s s]p5ts to kill him z he 0 sleep+
 9 8 cradle4 ,! infant h]o awoke1 &     
seiz+ ! s]p5ts 9 8 h&s1 /rangl$ !m bo?4 
,juno 0 n disc\rag$1 & :5 ,h]cules 0    
gr[n up1 devis$ new means to de/roy him4
 ,%e p]suad$ ,jupit] to put ,h]cules "u 
! au?ority ( ,eurys!us1 k+ ( ,myc51 :o  
impos$ ^u ! h]o twelve ,labors1 or      
tasks1 ( great dang] & difficulty4      
,h]cules 0 9 d\bt z to :e!r he %\ld     
submit to ?is inju/ice1 & consult$ !    
oracle ( ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,! oracle  
told him t he mu/ obey ,eurys!us1 :i* he

 accord+ly did4 ,h]cules _h be5 c>efully
 in/ruct$ by ! ,c5taur ,*iron1 & he 0 n[
 equipp$ = 8 labors by ! lib]ality ( !  
gods4 ,he receiv$ a sword f ,m]cury1 a  
b[ f ,apollo1 a gold5 brea/plate f      
,vulcan1 horses f ,neptune1 & a robe f  
,m9]va4  ,ques4 ,relate ! ,twelve       
,labors ( ,h]cules4  ,ans4 ,!y are      
briefly z foll[s3  ,fir/4 ,he kill$ a   
t]rible lion :i* rag$ 9 ! ,nemean =e/4  
,h]cules is usually repres5t$ z clo!d 9 
! sk9 ( ?is animal1 & lean+ on ! club   
:i* 0 8 ord9>y weapon4  ,second4 ,he    
de/roy$ ! ,hydra1 a s]p5t ) fifty heads1
 :i* liv$ 9 ! m>%es ( ,l]na1 & ravag$ ! 
surr\nd+ c\ntry4  ,h]cules notic$ t :]e 
he cut (f "o ( ! heads ( ?is s]p5t1 two 
imm$iately sprang up4 ,he comm&$ an     
att5dant to burn ! w\nd ) a firebr&1 &  
by ?is means he at l5g? cut (f ! la/    
head4  ,?ird4 ,he captur$ ! savage wild 
bo> ( ,m\nt ,eryman?us1 9 ,arcadia1 &   
br\ght x b\nd to ,eurys!us4 ,! tyrant 0 
s fright5$ at ! sight ( ! animal1 t he  
%ut himself up 9 a braz5 ap>tm5t ( 8    

palace4  ,f\r?4 ,he caught1 aft] a *ase 
:i* la/$ an entire ye>1 a fam\s /ag :i* 
0 sacr$ to ,diana4 ,x _h gold5 horns &  
braz5 feet4  ,fif?4 ,he kill$1 or drove 
away f ,lake ,/ymphalus1 c]ta9 voraci\s 
birds :i* f$ on human fle%4  ,six?4 ,he 
defeat$ ! ,amazons1 & obta9$ z a spoil1 
! girdle ( _! que51 ,hippolyte4  ,sev5?4
 ,?ree ?\s& ox5 _h be5 kept ?irty ye>s 9
 ! /ables ( ,augeas1 :i* _h nev] be5    
clean$ dur+ ! entire p]iod4 ,h]cules 0  
requir$ to p]=m ?is task1 :i* he effect$
 by turn+ ! c\rse ( a riv] ?r\gh !      
/ables4  ,eigh?4 ,he tam$ ! wild bull ( 
,crete1 & br\ght him b\nd to ,eurys!us4 
,n9?4 ,he ov]came ,diomedes1 tyrant (   
,?race1 :o f$ 8 horses ) ! fle% ( 8     
gue/s4 ,h]cules caus$ him1 9 turn1 to   
s]ve z food to ^! same horses4  ,t5?4   
,he ov]came ,g]yon1 :o _h ?ree heads &  
?ree bodies4 ,h]cules br\ght into ,italy
 ! ox5 ( ?is mon/]1 :i* 7 accu/om$ to   
fe$ on human fle%4  ,elev5?4 ,he kill$ !
 dragon t wat*$ ! gold5 apple 9 ! g>d5 (
 ! ,hesp]ides1 & bore away ! preci\s    

fruit4  ,twelf?4 ,h]cules desc5d$ alive 
into ! inf]nal regions1 & br\ght f !nce 
! ?ree-head$ dog1 ,c]b]us4  ,ques4 ,did 
,h]cules p]=m any o!r great actions8    
,ans4 ,a va/ numb] ( exploits are       
attribut$ to him4 ,!re is a pla9 ne>    
,n>bonne1 9 ,france1 cov]$ ) /ones4 ,!  
anci5ts said t ,h]cules 0 cont5d+ on ?is
 spot ) two giants1 :51 8 arr[s becom+  
exhau/$1 he pray$ to ,jupit] = aid4 ,!  
god s5t d[n a %[] ( great /ones1 ) :i*  
,h]cules put ! giants to flight4  ,ques4
 ,relate ! dea? ( ,h]cules8  ,ans4 ,?is 
h]o _h sla9 ! ,c5taur ,nessus to rev5ge 
an insult (f]$ to 8 wife1 ,deianira4 ,:5
 ! mon/] 0 dy+1 he gave ,deianira a *>m$
 philt]1 tell+ h] t if ,h]cules ev] gave
 h] cause to d\bt 8 affection1 %e c\ld  
secure 8 con/ancy by mak+ him we> a     
g>m5t :i* _h be5 spr9kl$ ) ?is potion4  
,! cr$ul\s ,deianira accept$ ! philt]1  
:i* 0 no?+ else b ! v5om ( ! hydra :i*  
_h be5 infus$ into ! ,c5taur's blood2 & 
x 0 n long be=e h] jeal\sy l$ h] to use 
x z %e _h be5 direct$4 ,h]cules _h      

plund]$ ,oe*alia1 & c>ri$ (f1 among o!r 
captives1 ! beautiful ,iole1 daught] ( !
 k+ ( t city4 ,! h]o1 :o wi%$ to keep a 
fe/ival1 & to (f] sacrifice 9 honor ( 8 
victory1 s5t = a spl5did robe befitt+ ! 
occasion4 ,deianira's jeal\sy 0 excit$  
aga9/ ,iole by ! reports ( ! mess5g]1 & 
%e s5t h] husb& a tunic impregnat$ ) !  
v5om ( ! hydra4 ,! poison soon began to 
"w1 & ,h]cules endeavor$ 9 va9 to te> (f
 ! tunic1 :i* clung to 8 fle% & consum$ 
ev5 ! m>r[ ( 8 bones4 ,9 8 fury he      
caught ! y\? :o _h br\ght him ! g>m5t1  
by ! foot1 & hurl$ him into ! sea4 ,he  
!n fl$ 9 8 agony to ! summit ( ,m\nt    
,oeta1 :]e he erect$ a fun]al pyre ) =e/
 trees :i* he tore up by ! roots4 ,on   
?is he laid ! sk9 ( ! ,nemean lion & 8  
fam\s club1 aft] :i* he asc5d$ ! pile & 
direct$ 8 foll[]s to set x on fire4 ,all
 refus$ except ,philoctetes1 :o piti$ ! 
suff]+s ( ! dy+ h]o1 & obey$ 8 comm&4   
,he receiv$ ! b[ & arr[s ( ,h]cules z a 
rew>d = ?is s]vice4 ,:ile ! pyre 0      
blaz+1 ,jupit] s5t a ?und]-cl\d1 9 :i*  

,h]cules 0 convey$ to ,olympus4 ,"h he 0
 end[$ ) immortality1 &1 accord+ to "s  
acc\nts1 0 reconcil$ ) ,juno1 :o gave   
him h] daught] ,hebe 9 m>riage4         
,,*apt] ,,xxvii4   ,,jason4  ,ques4 ,:o 
0 ,jason8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( son1 k+ (
 ,!ssaly1 & 0 celebrat$ on acc\nt ( 8   
exp$ition 9 se>* ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,he
 is also kn[n z ! husb& ( ! fam\s       
sorc]ess ,m$ea4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! ,gold5 
,fleece8  ,ans4 ,phryxus1 son ( ,a?amas1
 k+ ( ,!bes1 receiv$ f 8 "m a ram ( a   
gold5 color1 or1 accord+ to fable1 ) a  
fleece ( pure gold4 ,"s "t aft]1        
,phryxus & 8 si/] ,helle1 to escape f _!
 /ep-"m ,ino1 attempt$ to cross ! sea on
 ?is ram4 ,helle became t]rifi$1 & 0    
dr[n$ 9 ! /raits :i* are call$ f h]1    
,hellespont4 ,phryxus arriv$ 9 safety at
 ,col*is1 :]e he sacrific$ ! ram to     
,jupit]1 :o plac$ x among ! signs ( !   
,zodiac4 ,! fleece 0 hung 9 a grove     
sacr$ to ,m>s1 :]e x 0 gu>d$ by bulls :o
 brea!d flame f _! no/rils1 & also by a 
sleepless dragon4 ,:5 ,jason dem&$ 8    

fa!r's ?rone1 8 uncle1 :o wi%$ to       
cont9ue 9 ! gov]nm5t1 p]suad$ him to    
und]take an exp$ition = ! recov]y ( !   
,gold5 ,fleece4 ,jason1 ) "s brave      
companions1 among :om 7 ,h]cules1       
,orpheus1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 w5t on bo>d 
a %ip call$ ! ,argo1 f :i* circum/ance  
!y 7 call$ ,argonauts4 ,on arriv+ at    
,col*is1 !y dem&$ ! fleece1 :i* ! k+1   
etes1 promis$ to ,jason on condition t  
he w\ld tame ! wild bulls t gu>d$ x1    
kill ! dragon1 s[ 8 tee? 9 ! gr\nd1 &   
aft]w>ds de/roy ! soldi]s :o %\ld spr+ f
 !m4 ,jason accept$ ! conditions1 b w\ld
 inevitably h p]i%$1 _h n ,m$ea1 ! k+'s 
daught]1 sav$ him by h] magical arts4   
,jason obta9$ ! fleece1 & fl$ by night f
 ,col*is1 c>ry+ ) him ,m$ea1 :om he     
m>ri$1 9 fulfilm5t ( ! engagem5t :i* he 
_h made4  ,ques4 ,:at else is relat$ (  
,m$ea8  ,ans4 ,%e liv$ = "s "t happily )
 ,jason1 ^u :om %e conf]r$ an additional
 favor by re/or+ 8 ag$ & decrepit fa!r  
to ! vigor & beauty ( y\?4 ,jason 0     
ungrateful = ^! b5efits1 & divorc$ ,m$ea

 9 ord] t he might m>ry ,creusa1 !      
daught] ( ! k+ ( ,cor9?4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 
,m$ea's rev5ge8  ,ans4 ,%e murd]$1 9 !  
sight ( _! fa!r1 ! two *ildr5 :om %e _h 
borne to ,jason1 & consum$ 8 palace &   
bride 9 a conflagration rais$ by h] art4
 ,z ,jason 0 ab\t to ru% ^u ! sorc]ess1 
%e rose 9 ! air 9 a fly+ *>iot1 & escap$
 to ,a!ns4   ,,!seus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0     
,!seus8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( geus1 k+ ( 
,a!ns4 ,! ,a!nians 7 oblig$ to s5d e    
ye>1 z tribute to ,crete1 sev5 ( !      
noble/ ( _! "y m51 & z _m maid5s4 ,^! 7 
usually dev\r$ by a horrible mon/] call$
 ,m9otaur1 :om ,m9os1 ! k+ ( ,crete1    
kept 9 ! ,labyr9?4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 !     
,labyr9?8  ,ans4 ,x 0 a build+ ) fifte5 
hundr$ rooms above gr\nd1 & z _m        
und]nea?4 ,^! ap>tm5ts _h s _m doors1 & 
7 connect$ by su* intricate w9d+s1 t no 
"o :o 0 conduct$ a c]ta9 di/ance into ! 
edifice1 c\ld f9d ! entrance aga94      
,!seus resolv$ to deliv] ! ,a!nians f   
?is dreadful tribute1 & :5 ! lots 7 ab\t
 be+ ca/ = ! f\r? "t1 he (f]$ himself z 

"o ( ! victims4 geus /rove to dissuade !
 "y h]o1 b 9 va92 & ! tribute %ip dep>t$
 z usual "u black sails1 :i* ,!seus     
promis$ 8 fa!r to *ange = :ite1 9 case (
 8 return+ victori\s4  ,:5 !y arriv$ 9  
,crete1 ! y\?s & maid5s 7 exhibit$ be=e 
,k+ ,m9os2 & ,ariadne1 ! daught] ( ! k+1
 0 s mu* /ruck by ! c\rage & g5]osity ( 
,!seus t %e resolv$ to save 8 life4 ,=  
?is purpose %e gave him a ball ( ?read  
:i* %e direct$ him to atta* to !        
entrance ( ! ,labyr9?1 & to unw9d z he  
proce$$4 ,!seus foll[$ h] in/ructions1 &
 :5 he came to :]e ! ,m9otaur lay1 he   
slew him1 & f\nd 8 way out by ! ?read4  
,! :ole b& !n emb>k$ = ,a!ns4  ,ques4   
,:at became ( ,ariadne8  ,ans4 ,%e      
accompani$ ,!seus on 8 flight1 b he 0 s 
ungrateful z to ab&on h] on ! isl& (    
,naxos1 :]e %e _h fall5 asleep on !     
%ore4 ,ariadne 0 aft]w>ds m>ri$ to      
,bac*us1 :o gave h] a cr[n compos$ (    
sev5 />s1 ! same :i* we admire 9 !      
heav5s z ! ,corona ,borealis1 or ,nor!rn
 ,cr[n4  ,ques4 ,( :at neglig5ce 0      

,!seus guilty on 8 return to ,a!ns8     
,ans4 ,he =got 8 promise to 8 fa!r )    
reg>d to ! color ( 8 sails1 & geus1 :o  
wat*$ e day = 8 son's return1 saw !     
black sails 9 ! di/ance4 ,he believ$ f  
?is t 8 son 0 dead4 ,9 8 despair he ca/ 
himself into ! sea1 :i* 0 call$ gean f 8
 "n4 ,!seus1 aft] p]=m+ _m o!r wond]ful 
actions1 0 bani%$ f 8 c\ntry1 & di$ 9   
obscurity4     ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4        
,,ca/or ,,& ,,pollux4  ,ques4 ,:o 7     
,ca/or & ,pollux8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 tw9      
bro!rs1 ! sons ( ,jupit] & ,l$a4 ,ca/or 
0 mortal l 8 "m1 & :5 he di$1 ,pollux   
griev$ s mu* t ,jupit] p]mitt$ him to   
%>e 8 immortality ) 8 bro!r4 ,x 0       
arrang$1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld live e        
alt]nate day4  ,ques4 ,:at ,con/ellation
 is nam$ f ^! bro!rs8  ,ans4 ,gem9i1 or 
! ,tw9s1 ! ?ird sign ( ! ,zodiac4       
,,prome!us4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,prome!us8    
,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,iapetus & ,clym5e1 
"o ( ! ,oceanides4 ,he =m$ a man out (  
clay1 & gave x life by means ( fire :i* 
he /ole f heav54  ,ques4 ,:at pretty    

fable is connect$ ) ?is8  ,ans4 ,! poets
 tell u t ,jupit] 0 s mu* displeas$ at !
 !ft1 t he s5t ,p&ora to ,prome!us ) a  
my/]i\s box1 9 :i* 7 imprison$ all !    
evils :i* h s9ce afflict$ ! human race4 
,prome!us1 suspect+ some?+ wrong1 refus$
 to t\* ! box1 ^u :i* ,p&ora c>ri$ x to 
8 bro!r ,epime!us4 ,he 0 less cauti\s1 &
 op5+ ! casket1 set free ! evils &      
mis]ies :i* flew abroad ?r\gh ! _w4 ,:5 
he saw :at he _h done1 he %ut ! box     
quickly1 & prev5t$ ,hope1 :i* 0 ly+ at !
 bottom1 f escap+ also4 ,?is signifies t
 9 ! mid/ ( all human mis]ies1 hope yet 
rema9s4 ,! fable may h be5 d]iv$ f "s   
anci5t tradition ( ,eve's curiosity1 !  
fall ( man1 & ! hope left him amid s _m 
mis=tunes4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0 ,prome!us      
puni%$8  ,ans4 ,jupit] comm&$ ,m]cury to
 *a9 him to a rock on ,m\nt ,caucasus2  
!re an eagle f$ on 8 liv]1 :i* 0        
cont9ually r5ew$4 ,prome!us _h1 at "o   
"t1 r5d]$ ,jupit] a s]vice4 ,! k+ ( !   
gods rememb]$ ?is1 & p]mitt$ t aft] a   
c]ta9 "t1 ,h]cules %\ld kill ! eagle &  

set him free4     ,,*apt] ,,xxix4       
,,orpheus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,orpheus8      
,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,apollo & ! ,muse   
,calliope4 ,he play$ s sweetly on ! lyre
 accompany+ ! music ) 8 voice1 t he tam$
 wild bea/s1 /ay$ ! c\rse ( riv]s1 &    
drew ! v trees to ga!r ar\nd him z he   
sung4 ,orpheus m>ri$ ! beautiful nymph  
,eurydice2 b on ! v day ( _! nuptials %e
 0 /ung 9 ! foot by a v5om\s s]p5t1 &   
di$1 leav+ ,orpheus ov]:elm$ ) grief4   
,tru/+ to ! magic ( 8 lyre1 he repair$  
to ! inf]nal regions4 ,"h1 at ! music ( 
8 gold5 %ell1 ! :eel ( ,ixion /opp$2    
,tantalus =got 8 ?ir/2 ! vulture ceas$  
to prey on ! vitals ( ,tityus2 ,c]b]us  
fawn$ at ! musician's feet1 ,pros]p9e 0 
melt$ to te>s1 & ! /]n k+ ( ,hell 0 mov$
 to pity4 ,eurydice 0 p]mitt$ to return 
to ! upp] _w1 b only on condition t     
,orpheus did n look ^u h] be=e !y pass$ 
! conf9es ( ,pluto's k+dom4 ,orpheus    
=got ?is 9 8 eag]ness1 & ,eurydice      
vani%$ f 8 sight4 ,9 8 despair1 he n[   
%unn$ all int]c\rse ) mank9d1 & retir$  

to woods & solit>y grottoes1 endeavor+  
to =get 8 mis=tune 9 ! *>ms ( music4    
,orpheus 0 murd]$ dur+ ! orgies (       
,bac*us1 by ! ,?racian wom51 :o 7 inc5s$
 at ! coldness ) :i* he _h treat$ !m4   
,aft] te>+ him to pieces1 !y ?rew 8 head
 into ! riv] ,hebrus1 & 7 surpris$ to   
he> its murmur1 ,eurydice1 ,eurydice6 z 
x 0 c>ri$ d[n ! /ream to ! gean ,sea4   
,bac*us 0 indignant at ! cruelty ( !    
,?racian wom51 & *ang$ !m into trees4   
,,arion4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,arion8  ,ans4   
,he 0 a fam\s musician :o resid$ at !   
c\rt ( ,p]i&]1 k+ ( ,cor9?4 ,impell$ by 
a m9/rel's love ( w&]+1 he felt desir\s 
( visit+ =eign c\ntries1 & dep>t$ f     
,cor9?1 not)/&+ ! e>ne/ solicitations ( 
,p]i&]1 :o w>n$ him 9 va9 ( ! dang] to  
:i* he might be expos$4 ,aft] "s "t sp5t
 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 ,arion desir$ to   
return to ,cor9?1 & emb>k$ = ?is purpose
 at ,s>5tum1 tak+ ) him ! ri*es t he _h 
amass$4 ,dur+ ! voyage ! m>9]s agre$    
among !mselves t !y w\ld murd] ,arion1 &
 seize 8 treasures4 ,! unhappy musician 

(f]$ 9 va9 to ab&on ev]y?+ to _!        
cupidity1 if !y w\ld b sp>e 8 life4 ,!  
only favor he c\ld obta9 0 ! *oice ( a  
grave4 ,if he desir$ to be laid on %ore 
"u ! gre5 turf1 !y w\ld c>ry 8 lifeless 
body to l&1 & give x sepulture4 ,if he  
c>$ n = ?is1 he mu/ imm$iately ca/      
himself into ! sea4 ,arion *ose ! latt] 
alt]native1 b begg$ t he might die z    
became a b>d1 aft] hav+ play$ = ! la/ "t
 ^u 8 lyre1 & sung 8 own dea?-song4 ,!  
m>9]s grant$ 8 reque/1 n f pity1 b !y   
desir$ to he> s fam\s a m9/rel2 music _h
 *>ms ev5 = _! rude he>ts4  ,arion      
attir$ himself 9 fe/al robes2 8 mantle 0
 ( purple fr+$ ) gold1 & 8 br[ 0 adorn$ 
) a gold5 wrea?4 ,he /ruck 8 lyre ) !   
ivory w&1 & sung a sweet & m\rnful      
melody4 ,!n1 comm5d+ himself to !       
fri5dly ,n]eides1 he sprang into ! sea4 
,! waves clos$ above him1 & ! %ip held  
on its way4 ,! inhabitants ( ! deep _h  
ga!r$ ar\nd z ,arion sung1 & n[1 z he 0 
/ruggl+ 9 ! waves1 a dolph9 took him on 
8 back1 & c>ri$ him safe to %ore4 ,p]i&]

 receiv$ 8 fri5d ) a cordial welcome1 & 
li/5$ ) wond] to ! /ory ( 8 escape4 ,:5 
! %ip arriv$1 he ord]$ ! m>9]s to be    
br\ght be=e him1 & inquir$ if !y knew   
any?+ ( ,arion4 ,!y repli$ confid5tly t 
!y _h left him well & happy at ,s>5tum4 
,^u ?is ,arion /epp$ =?1 clo!d 9 gold & 
purple1 & hold+ 8 lyre z :5 he _h ca/   
himself into ! sea4 ,ov]come ) t]ror1 ! 
guilty m5 confess$ _! crime1 & suff]$ ! 
puni%m5t !y _h s well des]v$4 ,?is ev5t 
0 commemorat$ by a /atue ( brass :i* 0  
consecrat$ at ,tn>us4 ,x repres5t$ a man
 m\nt$ on a dolph94   ,,amphion4  ,ques4
 ,:o 0 ,amphion8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son (   
,antiope & ,jupit]4 ,he obta9$ ! k+dom (
 ,!bes1 :i* he gov]n$ conjo9tly ) 8     
tw9-bro!r ,ze?us4 ,amphion cultivat$ !  
art ( music2 he 0 in/ruct$ by ,m]cury1  
:o gave him a gold5 lyre ) :i* he is    
said to h built ! walls ( ,!bes1 caus+ !
 /ones to move & place !mselves 9 ord]1 
z he play$4 ,amphion m>ri$ ,niobe1 &    
became ! fa!r ( sev5 sons & z _m        
daught]s1 :o 7 all sla9 by ,apollo &    

,diana4 ,he is said to h kill$ himself 9
 despair4 ,! leg5d ( ! build+ ( ! walls 
( ,!bes1 is probably an allusion to !   
old ,dorian & olian cu/om ( erect+ !    
walls ( cities ) public solemnities1 &  
to ! s\nd ( musical in/rum5ts4          
,,*apt] ,,xxx4   ,,atlas4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 
,atlas8  ,ans4 ,he 0 a k+ ( ,mauritania1
 ! son ( ! ,titan ,japetus1 & ! nymph   
,clymene2 he 01 !re=e1 bro!r (          
,prome!us4 ,he is repres5t$ z su/a9+ !  
heav5s on 8 %\ld]s4 ,atlas _h be5 w>n$ t
 he w\ld suff] mu* f a son ( ,jupit]4   
,:5 ,p]seus 0 return+ f ! conque/ ( !   
,gorgons1 he arriv$ 9 ! dom9ions (      
,atlas1 ( :om he claim$ ! rites (       
hospitality1 decl>+ at ! same "t 8 div9e
 p>5tage4 ,! k+1 rememb]+ ! prophecy )  
reg>d to ,jupit]'s (fspr+1 repuls$ him  
h>%ly4 ,?is conduct br\ght ^u ,atlas !  
calamity :i* he fe>$2 = ,p]seus1        
indignant at s mu* inhumanity1 %[$ him !
 head ( ,m$usa1 & *ang$ him into !      
m\nta9 :i* be>s 8 "n4  ,! fable1 t      
,atlas su/a9$ ! heav5s on 8 %\ld]s1 has 

be5 expla9$ by say+ he 0 an a/ronom]1 :o
 obs]v$ ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies f ! 
summit ( a l(ty m\nta91 to :i* 8 "n 0   
aft]w>ds giv54  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ! *ildr5 ( 
,atlas8  ,ans4 ,by 8 wife ,peli"o1 he _h
 sev5 daught]s1 :o 7 call$ ,pleiades2 !y
 7 *ang$ into />s1 & =m ! beautiful gr\p
 :i* we admire 9 ! con/ellation ,taurus4
 ,atlas _h sev5 o!r daught]s :o und]w5t 
! same trans=mation2 !y 7 plac$ 9 ! head
 ( ,taurus1 & 7 call$ by ! ,greeks1     
,hyades1 f a ^w :i* signifies to ra94   
,! ,hesp]ides1 or ,we/]n ,maid5s1 7 ?ree
 celebrat$ nymphs1 conc]n+ ^: p>5tage   
anci5t writ]s are n agre$4 ,hesiod      
speaks ( !m z ! daught]s ( ,night1 b    
accord+ to o!rs1 !y 7 ! (fspr+ ( ,atlas 
& ,hesp]is4 ,at ! bridal ( ,jupit] &    
,juno1 ! diff]5t deities br\ght nuptial 
pres5ts2 among ^!1 ,juno mo/ admir$ "s  
bran*es load$ ) gold5 apples1 :i* 7 (f]$
 by ! goddess ( ! ,e>?4 ,%e begg$ ! ,e>?
 to plant !m 9 h] g>d5s1 :i* ext5d$ z f>
 z ,m\nt ,atlas4 ,! ,hesp]ides 7 direct$
 to wat* ^! trees1 b !y prov$ unfai?ful1

 & frequ5tly pluck$ ! apples = !mselves4
 ,juno s5t1 !re=e1 a t]rible dragon to  
gu>d ! preci\s fruit4 ,?is mon/] 0 !    
(fspr+ ( ,typhon1 & _h a hundr$ heads1 s
 t x nev] slept4   ,,orion4  ,ques4 ,:o 
0 ,orion8  ,ans4 ,8 orig9 is d\btful2   
accord+ to "s writ]s1 he 0 ! son (      
,neptune & ,euryale4 ,! acc\nts giv5 ( 8
 exploits & ( 8 dea? are _m &           
contradictory4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d1    
,orion 0 a fam\s hunt]2 hav+ boa/$ t he 
c\ld subdue ! wilde/ & fi]ce/ animals1 !
 e>? 0 displeas$ at 8 presumption1 & s5t
 a scorpion to /+ him4 ,! h]o 0 *ang$1  
aft] dea?1 into a con/ellation :i* is   
kn[n z ! mo/ respl5d5t gr\p 9 ! w9t]    
heav5s4   ,,p]seus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0       
,p]seus8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,jupit]1 &
 ( ,dana1 ! only daught] ( ,acrisius1 k+
 ( ,argos4 ,?is pr9ce _h be5 w>n$ by an 
oracle t 8 daught] w\ld h a son1 :o 0   
de/9$ to deprive him ( life4 ,acrisius  
resolv$1 9 consequ5ce1 t ,dana %\ld nev]
 m>ry4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility (   
su* an ev5t1 he imprison$ h] 9 a braz5  

ap>tm5t :i* he _h dilig5tly gu>d$4      
,jupit] _h se5 & admir$ ! "y pr9cess1 & 
he n[ f\nd means to visit h] by trans=m+
 himself into a %[] ( gold1 :i* we may  
take = a poetical mann] ( say+ t he     
brib$ ! gu>ds4 ,:5 ,acrisius discov]$ t 
8 precautions _h be5 ( no avail1 he     
enclos$ ,dana & h] infant son 9 a c(f]1 
:i* he ca/ into ! sea4 ,! c(f] 0 c>ri$  
by ! waves to ! isl& ( ,s]iphus1 :]e a  
fi%]man nam$ ,dictys drew x a%ore 9 8   
net4 ,he 0 mu* surpris$ at behold+ ,dana
 & ! infant ,p]seus1 & br\ght !m        
imm$iately to ,polydectes1 :o reign$ 9 t
 isl&4 ,polydectes receiv$ ! /rang]s    
k9dly1 b :5 ,p]seus 0 gr[n1 he /rove to 
effect 8 de/ruction by engag+ him 9 an  
exp$ition aga9/ ! ,gorgons4 ,?is        
adv5ture has be5 already relat$1 9 !    
article on ,m9]va4 ,x 0 foll[$ by !     
rescue ( ,&romeda1 :i* is too rem>kable 
to be omitt$4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,&romeda8   
,ans4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,cepheus1 k+ (  
,e?iopia4 ,h] "m1 ,cassiopeia1 _h boa/$ 
t %e 0 fair] ?an ,juno & ! ,n]eides4 ,! 

(f5d$ nymphs compla9$ to ,neptune1 :o   
s5t a sea-mon/] to ravage ! dom9ions (  
,cepheus4 ,! p1 9 _! di/ress1 _h rec\rse
 to ! oracle ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 b ! god  
decl>$ t ! c\ntry c\ld n be fre$ f ?is  
calamity1 unless ,&romeda 7 giv5 up to  
be dev\r$ by ! mon/]4 ,cepheus cons5t$  
to ! sacrifice1 & 8 daught] 0 *a9$ to a 
rock by ! sea-%ore1 :]e %e 0 ab&on$ to  
h] fate4  ,p]seus1 return+ ?r\gh ! air1 
f 8 conque/ ( ! ,gorgons1 saw ! unhappy 
maid5 & resolv$ to rescue h]4 ,he ask$  
h] h& z 8 only rew>d1 :i* ,cepheus      
readily promis$4  ,:5 ! sea-mon/]       
appe>$1 ,p]seus %[$ him ! head ( ,m$usa1
 & *ang$ him into a rock1 :i* 0 long    
fam\s ^u t coa/4 ,ph9eus1 :o _h be5     
betro!d to ,&romeda1 oppos$ h] m>riage )
 ,p]seus1 & *ang$ ! nuptial solemnities 
into a sc5e ( discord & blood%$4  ,!    
head ( ! ,gorgon aga9 procur$ = ,p]seus 
an easy victory4 ,he w>n$ 8 fri5ds to   
av]t _! eyes1 & display$ ! frightful    
trophy1 ^u :i* ,ph9eus & 8 foll[]s 7    
*ang$ into /one1 9 ! v attitudes 9 :i*  

!y f\ght4  ,polydectes1 :o _h p]secut$  
,dana 9 ! abs5ce ( ,p]seus1 0 puni%$ 9 !
 same mann]4 ,! h]o aft]w>ds fulfill$ ! 
oracle by kill+ 8 gr&fa!r1 :om he did n 
"k1 by an accid5tal bl[ ( a quoit4      
,p]seus1 ,&romeda1 ,cepheus1 &          
,cassiopeia 7 *ang$1 aft] dea?1 into !  
con/ellations :i* be> _! names4         
,,*apt] ,,xxxi4   ,,bell]ophon4  ,ques4 
,:o 0 ,bell]ophon8  ,ans4 ,?is h]o 0 !  
son ( ,glaucus1 & gr&son ( ,sisyphus1 k+
 ( ,cor9?4 ,hav+ accid5tally kill$ "o ( 
8 relatives1 he fl$1 z 0 usual 9 su*    
circum/ances1 & 0 receiv$ ) mu* k9dness 
by ,proetus1 k+ ( ,argos4 ,bell]ophon _h
 n1 h[ev]1 be5 long at ,argos :5 ! k+ 0 
prejudic$ by a calumni\s report1 &      
became jeal\s ( ! "y h]o4 ,z he 0 a%am$ 
to violate ! rights ( hospitality1 he   
despat*$ ,bell]ophon to 8 fa!r-9-law1   
,jobates1 k+ ( ! ,lycians1 ) seal$      
lett]s 9 :i* he reque/$ t pr9ce to put !
 be>] to dea?4 ,jobates 0 also unwill+  
to imbrue 8 h&s op5ly 9 ! blood ( a     
gue/2 he resolv$1 !re=e1 to effect 8    

purpose indirectly1 by engag+           
,bell]ophon 9 dang]\s ent]prises4  ,!   
fir/ task impos$ ^u ! h]o1 0 ! slay+ ( !
 ,*imra1 a fabul\s mon/] :i* we h       
already describ$1 & :i* 0 !n spread+    
t]ror ?r\gh ! k+dom ( ,lycia4 ,be=e     
proce$+ to ! combat1 ,bell]ophon took   
c\nsel ( ! soo?say]1 ,polyidus1 :o      
advis$ him to procure1 if possible1 !   
w+$ /e$ ,pegasus4 ,= ?is purpose1 he    
direct$ him to pass ! night 9 ! temple (
 ,m9]va4 ,!re ! goddess visit$ him 9 a  
dream1 & gave him a gold5 bridle1       
in/ruct+ him z to its use4 ,on awak+1   
,bell]ophon f\nd ! bridle 9 8 h&1 &     
repair$ imm$iately to ! spr+ at :i*     
,pegasus 0 accu/om$ to dr9k4 ,! w+$ /e$ 
submitt$ to ! gold5 bit1 ,bell]ophon    
m\nt$ him fe>lessly1 & 0 borne ?r\gh !  
air to 8 combat ) ! ,*imra4 ,:5 he      
return$ to ,jobates ) ! spoils ( !      
mon/]1 ! k+ s5t him to fight aga9/ c]ta9
 p1 call$ ,solymi1 :om he _h mu*        
difficulty 9 subdu+4 ,he next defeat$ ! 
,amazons1 a nation ( female w>riors1 &  

de/roy$ a p>ty ( ,lycians1 :o laid an   
ambu% = him on 8 return4 ,jobates       
p]ceiv$ f ^! exploits t 8 gue/ 0 inde$  
alli$ to ! gods1 & ab&on$ all fur!r     
designs aga9/ him4 ,he ev5 gave him 8   
daught] 9 m>riage1 & decl>$ him 8       
successor 9 ! k+dom4  ,bell]ophon might 
h end$ 8 days 9 happ9ess & prosp]ity1 _h
 he n irritat$ ! gods by 8 pride4 ,he   
conceiv$ ! project ( m\nt+ to heav5 on 8
 w+$ /e$2 ,jupit] 0 indignant1 & s5t a  
gad-fly :i* /ung ! horse1 & caus$ him to
 ?r[ ! presumptu\s rid]4 ,bell]ophon1   
lame & bl9d f 8 fall1 w&]$ 9 lonely     
places1 avoid+ ! haunts ( m51 until dea?
 came to relieve 8 mis]y4   ,,deucalion4
  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,deucalion8  ,ans4 ,he 0 
k+ ( ,!ssaly1 & son ( ,prome!us4 ,dur+ 8
 reign1 !re occurr$ s great a flood t ! 
:ole e>? 0 cov]$ ) ! wat]s4 ,( ! entire 
human race1 only ,deucalion & 8 wife1   
,pyrrha1 7 sav$4 ,:5 ! wat]s abat$1 !   
%ip 9 :i* !y 7 c>ri$ re/$ ^u ,m\nt      
,p>nassus1 & !y consult$ ! oracle (     
,!mis1 to "k by :at means ! e>? might   

aga9 be peopl$4 ,! oracle direct$ t !y  
%\ld ca/ beh9d !m ! bones ( _! ,great   
,"m4 ,und]/&+ by ?is expression ! e>?1  
:i* is ! common "m ( all1 !y ga!r$ /ones
 :i* !y ca/ beh9d !m1 z !y _h be5       
comm&$1 :5 a great prodigy ensu$4 ,!    
/ones ?r[n by ,deucalion assum$ human =m
 & became m51 & ^? ?r[n by ,pyrrha 7    
*ang$ into wom54  ,ques4 ,h[ is ?is     
fable expla9$8  ,ans4 ,x is suppos$ t   
,deucalion & ,pyrrha 7 rem>kable = _!   
piety & virtue2 & t by precept &        
example1 !y subdu$ ! f]ocity ( _!       
subjects4 ,9 ?is mann] !y s(t5$ ^? :o   
be=e 7 h>d l /ones1 s t g5tl5ess &      
humanity began to reign among !m4       
,d,,dalus4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,ddalus8  ,ans4
 ,he is said to h be5 a native ( ,a!ns1 
em95t = 8 skill 9 ar*itecture & /atu>y4 
,8 nephew ,p]dix wr\ght ) him1 & %[$ mu*
 inv5tive g5ius4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ! tee? ( a
 s]p5t1 or1 accord+ to "s1 ! backbone ( 
a fi%1 ,p]dix inv5t$ ! c>p5t]'s saw1 &  
appli$ x to ! cutt+ ( timb]4 ,by ?is &  
o!r ef=ts ( skill1 ! "y man excit$ !    

jeal\sy ( ,ddalus1 :o kill$ him by ca/+ 
him d[n f ! summit ( ! ,acropolis4      
,p]dix 0 trans=m$ into a p>tridge1 a    
timid bird :i* seems /ill m9dful ( its  
fall1 & keeps to l[ cov]ts1 avoid+ high 
places & l(ty flights4 ,= ?is murd]1    
,ddalus 0 s5t5c$ to bani%m5t by ! ,c\rt 
( ! ,areopagus4 ,he f\nd an asylum )    
,m9os1 k+ ( ,crete1 = :om he con/ruct$ !
 fam\s ,labyr9?4 ,hav+ incurr$ !        
displeasure ( ,m9os1 ,ddalus 0 imprison$
 9 a l(ty t[]4 ,z !re seem$ no o!r means
 ( escape1 he resolv$ on attempt+ a     
flight ?r\gh ! air4 ,= ?is purpose1 he  
made w+s = himself & 8 son ,icarus1 :i* 
7 s skilfully contriv$1 t1 by _! aid1 !y
 m\nt$ boldly 9 ! air1 & direct$ _!     
flight ov] ! sea4 ,icarus disreg>d$ 8   
fa!r's in/ructions1 & approa*$ s ne> !  
sun t its heat melt$ ! wax :i* unit$ !  
fea!rs ( 8 w+s4 ,he c\ld no long] su/a9 
himself1 & 0 dr[n$ 9 t sea :i* is call$ 
,ic>ian1 f 8 "n4 ,ddalus arriv$ 9       
,sicily1 :]e he 0 employ$ by ,cocalus1  
k+ ( t isl&1 9 ! erection ( _m spl5did  

edifices4  ,v>i\s explanations h be5    
giv5 ( ! fable ( ,ddalus4 ,! mo/        
probable op9ion is t !re really exi/$ an
 ar*itect ( t "n1 ^: fame 0 su* t all ! 
improvem5ts made 9 ^? e>ly times 9      
ar*itecture & sculpture 7 attribut$ to  
him by popul> tradition4 ,he introduc$ !
 use ( ma/s & sails 9 %ips1 & he is said
 to h be5 ! fir/ :o repres5t$ /atues 9  
natural & lifelike attitudes1 & ) op5   
eyes4 ,ddalus is also m5tion$ z !       
inv5tor ( ! axe1 plumb-l9e & augur4     
,,ceyx--,,halcyone--,,! ,,halcyon       
,,birds4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,ceyx8  ,ans4 ,he
 0 a k+ ( ,tra*9ia1 :o m>ri$ ,halcy"o1 a
 daught] ( ! god olus4 ,ceyx 0 dr[n$ on 
8 way to consult ! oracle ( ,cl>os4     
,halcy"o 0 appris$ ( ! sad ev5t 9 a     
dream1 9 :i* %e saw h] husb& /& be=e h]1
 ) pallid c\nt5ance & dripp+ g>m5ts4 ,%e
 ha/5$ to ! /r& at break ( day1 & gaz+  
ov] ! wat]s1 beheld ! body ( ,ceyx borne
 t[>ds h] by ! waves4 ,9 h] despair1 %e 
ca/ h]self into ! sea1 b ! gods took    
pity on ! fai?ful pair1 & trans=m$ !m   

into halcyons4 ,accord+ to ! poets1 x 0 
decre$ t ! sea %\ld rema9 calm :ile ^!  
birds built _! ne/s ^u x4 ,not)/&+ !    
qu]ul\s1 lam5t+ note ( ! halcyon1 x 0   
reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z a symbol (        
tranquillity1 & z x seem$ to make its   
home ^u ! wat]s1 x 0 consecrat$ to      
,!tis4 ,pl9y tells u t ^! birds         
con/ruct$ _! float+ ne/s dur+ ! sev5    
days imm$iately prec$+ ! w9t] sol/ice1 &
 laid _! eggs 9 ! sev5 days succe$+4 ,^!
 are ! halcyon days ( antiquity1 & ?is  
expression is /ill us$ to d5ote a p]iod 
( bright & tranquil happ9ess4  ,! only  
bird ( mod]n times :i* at all resembles 
! halcyon describ$ by ,pl9y & ,ari/otle1
 is ! ,alc$o ,ispida1 a species ( m>t9  
call$ by ! ,fr5*1 m>t9-p*eur4 ,?is m>t91
 h[ev]1 makes its ne/ on %ore1 lays its 
eggs 9 ! spr+1 & has no connection )    
calm wea!r4 ,! l>ge sponge-l ball :i* 0 
tak5 by ! anci5ts = ! float+ ne/ ( !    
halcyon1 0 9 reality a zophyte1 ( !     
class nam$ by ,l9nu1 halcyonium4        
,,*apt] ,,xxxii4   ,,meleag]--,,!       

,,calydonian ,,hunt4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 !   
/ory ( ?is pr9ce8  ,ans4 ,meleag] 0 !   
son ( ,o5eus & ,al!a1 k+ & que5 (       
,calydon4 ,aft] 8 bir?1 ! ,fates ent]$ !
 *amb] ( ,al!a1 & =etold t ! life ( !   
*ild %\ld expire ) a billet ( wood !n   
burn+ on ! he>?4 ,al!a imm$iately seiz$ 
& qu5*$ ! br&1 :i* %e secur$ 9 an oak5  
*e/4 ,meleag] _h already atta9$ ! ye>s (
 manhood :5 he took "p 9 ! exp$ition    
g5]ally kn[n z ! ,calydonian hunt4      
,o5eus _h1 ^u "o occasion1 9 (f]+       
sacrifice to ! gods1 neglect$ ! honors  
due to ,diana1 & ! goddess1 9 rev5ge1   
s5t a wild bo> ( enorm\s size to lay    
wa/e ! fields ( ,calydon4 ,! bolde/     
hunt]s fe>$ to attack ! mon/]1 ^: eyes  
%one ) fire1 :ile its bri/les /ood erect
 l spe>s1 & its tusks resembl$ ^? ( an  
,indian elephant4 ,! cornfields &       
v9ey>ds 7 trampl$ d[n 9 its pa?1 & !    
t]rifi$ husb&m5 ev]y:]e fl$ 9 dismay4   
,at l5g? ,meleag] call$ on ! h]oes (    
,greece to jo9 9 a hunt & de/roy !      
common foe4 ,!re came on ! appo9t$ day1 

,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,!seus & 8 fri5d      
,piro?\s1 ,peleus1 aft]w>ds fa!r (      
,a*illes1 ,telamon1 fa!r ( ,ajax1       
,ne/or1 !n a y\?1 & _m o!rs ( h]oic     
fame4 ,all eyes 71 h[ev]1 attract$ by ! 
fair huntress ,atalanta4 ,h] girdle 0 ( 
burni%$ gold1 an ivory quiv] hung f h]  
%\ld]1 & %e c>ri$ a b[ 9 h] left h&4    
,!y soon rea*$ ! mon/]'s lair4 ,r\s$ by 
! bay+ h\nds1 he ru%$ =?1 trampl+ d[n & 
slay+ ! ne>e/ huntsm54 ,9 va9 ,jason    
?rew 8 spe>1 pray+ t ,diana might guide 
8 arm4 ,x glanc$ aside1 & ! weapon (    
,telamon prov$ equally h>mless1 :ile    
,ne/or 0 oblig$ to seek safety 9 !      
bran*es ( a tree4 ,! fir/ w\nd 0        
inflict$ by an arr[ f ! b[ ( ,atalanta4 
,meleag]1 foll[+ up ?is advantage1      
despat*$ ! mon/] ) 8 spe>4 ,! h]oes     
cr[d$ ar\nd to congratulate ! victor1 :o
 (f]$ ! head ( ! bo> & ! bri/l+ hide to 
,atalanta4 ,! huntress accept$ !        
trophies1 b ! uncles ( ,meleag]1        
indignant t a woman %\ld be> (f ! honors
 ( ! day1 snat*$ !m rudely f h]4        

,meleag] =got1 9 8 ang]1 ! ties ( k9dr$1
 & slew ! (f5d]s on ! spot4  ,z ,al!a 0 
go+ to ! temple to return ?anks = h]    
son's victory %e beheld ! bodies ( h]   
murd]$ bro!rs4 ,:5 %e le>n$ t !y _h     
fall5 by ! h& ( ,meleag]1 ! ,furies took
 possession ( h] s\l4 ,ent]+ ha/ily into
 ! palace1 %e snat*$ ! fatal br&1 s long
 pres]v$1 & ca/ x into ! flames4 ,at !  
same mom5t ,meleag] />t$ ) sudd5 pa91 8 
/r5g? ebb$ away1 & z ! br& fell to a%es1
 ! s\l ( ! h]o 0 brea!d =? on ! light   
w9ds4  ,:5 ! de$ 0 accompli%$ ,al!a     
kill$ h]self 9 despair4 ,! si/]s (      
,meleag] wept 8 loss1 until ,diana1     
pity+ _! sorr[1 *ang$ !m into birds     
call$ ,meleagrides4   ,,nisus ,,&       
,,scylla4  ,ques4 ,relate ! /ory ( _!   
trans=mation8  ,ans4 ,nisus 0 k+ (      
,meg>a2 ?is city 0 closely besieg$ by   
,m9os1 b all 8 ef=ts 7 va91 z ! ,fates  
_h decre$ t x %\ld n be tak51 s long z a
 purple lock :i* grew on ! head (       
,nisus1 rema9$ uncut4 ,scylla1 ! daught]
 ( ?is pr9ce1 admir$ ! maje/ic p]son (  

,m9os1 & ! valor :i* he display$4       
,believ+ t he w\ld rew>d h] trea*]y by  
mak+ h] 8 que51 %e cut ! fatal lock :ile
 h] fa!r slept4 ,m9os receiv$ ! gift )  
horror1 &1 :5 ! city 0 tak51 refus$ to  
p]mit ,scylla to accompany him to       
,crete4 ,9 despair1 %e clung to ! pr[ ( 
8 %ip2 b ,nisus1 :o _h j be5 trans=m$   
into a hawk1 swoop$ d[n ^u h] f ! sky4  
,scylla ca/ h]self into ! sea1 & 0      
trans=m$ at ! same mom5t into a l>k4    
,,erisi*?on4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,erisi*?on8  
,ans4 ,he 0 a pr(ane p]son & a despis] (
 ! gods4 ,!re /ood 9 a grove sacr$ to   
,c]es1 a /ately oak :i* ov]topp$ ! trees
 ar\nd z !y did ! g>d5 %rubs4 ,erisi*?on
 comm&$ 8 att5dants to fell ! tree1 & :5
 !y hesitat$1 he snat*$ an axe himself1 
& /ruck ! sacr$ wood4 ,blood fl[$ f !   
w\nd$ trunk1 & a voice f ! ,dryad dwell+
 9 ! oak1 w>n$ him ( ! puni%m5t :i*     
await$ 8 impiety4 ,erisi*?on p]si/$ 9 8 
crime1 & at l5g? ! tree1 sev]$ by       
repeat$ bl[s1 & drawn ) ropes1 sunk to !
 gr\nd1 pro/rat+ half ! grove 9 its     

fall4 ,! indignant ,dryades w5t to ,c]es
 9 m\rn+ g>b1 & invok$ v5geance on !    
head ( _! impi\s foe4 ,! goddess 0 mov$1
 & deliv]$ ,erisi*?on into ! p[] (      
,fam9e4 ,z ! ,fates _h decre$ t ?is     
goddess & ,c]es %\ld nev] meet1 an      
,oread 0 s5t to ! ice-clad pla9s (      
,scy?ia1 :]e ,fam9e *iefly dwelt4       
,arriv+ at ,m\nt ,caucasus1 ! nymph f\nd
 h] 9 a /ony field1 te>+ up ) tee? &    
claws ! scanty h]bage4 ,! pale goddess  
obey$ ! comm& ( ,c]es1 & visit+ ! dwell+
 ( ,erisi*?on1 %e brea!d ^u him z he    
slept4 ,awak+ he crav$ food1 b ! m he   
consum$1 ! m 8 hung] rag$4 ,9 va9 !     
unhappy man sp5t all 8 sub/ance to obta9
 relief2 he 0 r$uc$ to mis]y & fami%$ z 
be=e4 ,he _h "o daught] call$ ,me/ra1 an
 only *ild1 :om he sold to procure food4
 ,! maid5 scorn$ to be a slave1 & /&+ ) 
h] pur*as] on ! sea-%ore1 %e lift$ h]   
h&s1 & invok$ ! aid ( ,neptune4 ,! god  
imm$iately *ang$ h] =m1 s t %e appe>$ to
 be an ag$ fi%]man m5d+ nets4  ,! ma/]1 
/rangely surpris$ at ! sudd5            

disappe>ance ( 8 slave1 que/ion$ !      
suppos$ fi%]man4 ,me/ra repli$ t %e _h  
se5 no "o1 & he proce$$ to se>* = !     
fugitive else:]e4 ,%e !n resum$ h] own  
=m1 & return$ to h] fa!r1 :o 0 well     
pleas$ to f9d t he _h /ill bo? 8 daught]
 & ! money = :i* he _h sold h]4 ,he aga9
 resort$ to ?is base exp$i5t1 b z (t5 z 
,me/ra 0 sold1 %e 0 trans=m$1 by ! favor
 ( ,neptune1 n[ into a horse1 n[ an ox1 
& n[ a /ag2 & s escap$ f h] pur*as]4    
,all means prov$ insuffici5t to supply !
 wants ( ! unhappy ,erisi*?on1 :o 0     
compell$ by hung] to dev\r 8 own fle%   
be=e dea? came to end 8 mis]y4          
,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4  ,poets ( ,classic    
,fable4                                 
,,hom]--,,hesiod--,,virgil--,,ovid4     
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,hom]8  ,ans4 ,ev]y?+      
relat+ to ?is poet is involv$ 9         
obscurity4 ,! two biographies ( him :i* 
7 =m]ly attribut$ to ,h]odotus &        
,plut>*1 are evid5tly fabul\s2 _! real  
au?ors are n kn[n4 ,no?+ is kn[n c]ta9ly
 reg>d+ ,hom]'s p>5tage1 8 bir?-place1  

or ev5 ! exact era 9 :i* he liv$4 ,sev5 
cities cont5d$ = ! honor ( hav+ giv5 ?is
 great poet to ! _w2 ^! 7 ,smyrna1      
,*ios1 ,colophon1 ,salamis1 ,rhodes1    
,argos & ,a!ns4  ,smyrna appe>s to h !  
be/ claim1 & x is consid]$ c]ta9 t !    
poet 0 by bir? an ,ionian2 ! ,ionic is !
 dialect employ$ 9 8 works1 ) a slight  
mixture1 h[ev]1 ( ! olic1 & o!r =ms4 ,) 
reg>d to ! "t 9 :i* ,hom] liv$1 !re is  
mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! le>n$1 "s 
plac+ him 9 ! n9?1 o!rs 9 ! t5? c5tury  
be=e our era4 ,! latt] op9ion is ! m    
probable4  ,accord+ to ! acc\nt g5]ally 
giv51 ,hom] 0 = _m ye>s a s*oolma/] 9   
,smyrna4 ,he aft]w>ds ab&on$ ?is        
occupation1 & sp5t "s "t 9 travell+4    
,he made sev]al voyages 9 ! company ( a 
sea capta9 nam$ ,m5tes2 b at l5g? 8     
sight became s mu* affect$ t he 0 oblig$
 to rema9 on %ore at ,i?aca4 ,:ile 9 ?is
 isl&1 he 0 k9dly ent]ta9$ by a weal?y  
man nam$ ,m5tor1 :o relat$ to him !     
tradition>y tales on :i* he aft]w>ds    
f\nd$ ! ,odyssey4  ,becom+ totally bl9d1

 ,hom] return$ to ,smyrna1 :]e he       
probably compos$ ! great] "p ( 8 poems4 
,he aft]w>ds l$ a w&]+ life1 ga9+ weal? 
& fame by ! recitation ( 8 v]ses4 ,he   
di$ at ,ios1 "o ( ! ,cyclades1 :]e he 0 
buri$4 ,! fame ( ,hom] is f\nd$ on 8 two
 great poems1 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,! 
fir/ ( ^! has be5 always consid]$ among 
! f9e/ productions ( human g5ius4 ,hom] 
is di/+ui%$ n only = 8 sublimity1 b = ! 
high moral tone :i* p]vades 8 works4    
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,hesiod8  ,ans4 ,?is poet  
fl\ri%$ ab\t half a c5tury lat] ?an     
,hom]4 ,he 0 a ,boeotian1 & 9 8 y\? t5d$
 %eep ^u ,m\nt ,helicon4 ,he emigrat$   
aft]w>ds to ,or*om5os1 9 we/]n ,boeotia1
 :]e he di$4  ,! only complete works (  
,hesiod n[ extant are ! ,works & ,days1 
& ! ,!ogony1 or ,bir? ( ! ,gods4 ,!     
latt] "w consi/s ( a long & r t$i\s     
catalogue ( ! gods & goddesses2 x is    
valu$ z conta9+ an accurate acc\nt ( !  
,grecian deities4 ,! description ( !    
,battle ( ! ,titans & ! ,gods1 at !     
close ( ! "w1 is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/    

sublime passages 9 classic poetry2      
,milton has borr[$ f x 9 8 ,battle ( !  
,angels4  ,ques4 ,:5 did ,virgil fl\ri%8
  ,ans4 ,publius ,virgilius ,m>o 0 born 
ne> ,mantua 9 ! ye> #gj1 ,b4 ,c4 ,he    
receiv$ a lib]al education1 & inh]it$ f 
8 fa!r a consid]able e/ate4 ,( ?is he 0 
depriv$ dur+ ! civil tr\bles :i*        
di/ract$ ,italy1 b x 0 aft]w>ds re/or$  
at ! int]cession ( a p[]ful fri5d4 ,8   
gratitude t[>ds ?is k9d b5efactor1 & !  
happ9ess felt by ! poet 9 ! peaceful    
possession ( 8 patrimony1 =m ! subject (
 8 fir/ pa/oral poem or ,eclogue4       
,virgil enjoy$ ! favor ( ,augu/us1 ) !  
fri5d%ip ( ,mc5as & o!r g5]\s & p[]ful  
patrons2 8 life 01 !re=e1 sp5t 9 ease & 
prosp]ity4 ,he di$ at ,brundusium1 9 !  
ye> #ai1 ,b4 ,c4  ,! ,eclogues1         
sometimes call$ also ,bucolica or       
,bucolics1 are t5 %ort pa/oral poems4 ,!
 f\r?1 entitl$ ,pollio1 has giv5 rise to
 mu* speculation on acc\nt ( its /rik+  
co9cid5ce ) ,scripture4 ,_m suppose t ! 
poet 0 acqua9t$ ) ! prophecies (        

,isaiah4  ,! ,georgics treat (          
agriculture1 ! c>e ( cattle1 ! rais+ (  
bees1 etc4 ,^! peaceful arts _h be5 mu* 
neglect$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! civil w>s2     
,virgil hop$ to revive ! ta/e = rural   
pursuits1 by 8 beautiful descriptions ( 
c\ntry life4 ,! neid1 ! la/ & greate/ ( 
8 works1 is an epic poem 9 twelve books4
 ,x is a hi/ory ( ! w&]+s ( neas1 & !   
settlem5t ( ! ,trojans 9 ,italy4        
,virgil is consid]$ inf]ior to ,hom] 9  
sublimity1 b he exce$s him 9 sweetness &
 9 ! beauty ( 8 descriptions4 ,! moral1 
& ev5 to a c]ta9 ext5t ! religi\s _s :i*
 p]vades 8 writ+s is beyond praise1 &   
places him almo/ alone among ! poets (  
antiquity4  ,ques4 ,:5 did ,ovid write8 
,ans4 ,ovidius ,naso 0 born 9 ! ye> #dc1
 ,b4 ,c41 at ,sulmo 7n[ ,sulmona71 a t[n
 ab\t n9ety miles di/ant f ,rome4 ,!    
date ( 8 bir? is r5d]$ memorable 9      
hi/ory by ! murd] ( ! great ,cic]o4     
,ovid belong$ to an eque/rian family2 he
 0 educat$ at ,rome1 & enjoy$ e         
advantage t spl5did capital af=d$4 ,he  

%[$ 8 ta/e = poetry at an e>ly age1 b 0 
dissuad$ f cultivat+ ?is art by 8 fa!r1 
:o wi%$ him to apply exclusively to !   
/udy ( eloqu5ce4 ,ovid ga9$ "s di/9ction
 z an orator2 b :5 ! dea? ( 8 eld] bro!r
 left him sole heir to an ample =tune1 8
 natural incl9ation prevail$1 & he gave 
himself up to lit]>y pursuits4 ,a c>e] (
 unexampl$ prosp]ity 0 n[ op5$ to !     
poet4 ,he enjoy$ ! favor ( ,augu/us1 & !
 fri5d%ip ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 9 ,rome2 8
 v]ses 7 univ]sally admir$1 !y 7 sung 9 
! /reets & at ent]ta9m5ts1 or 7 recit$ 9
 ! !atre amid bur/s ( applause4 ,ovid 0 
n cont5t ) ! nobl] pleasures ( fame &   
fri5d%ip1 b plung$ )\t re/ra9t into all 
! vices & follies ( :i* ! ,roman capital
 0 ! c5tre4 ,?is c>e] ( prosp]ity &     
pleasure 0 br\ght sudd5ly to a close4   
,ovid 0 bani%$ by ,augu/us to ,tomi1 7n[
 ,temisw>7 on ! %ores ( ! ,eux9e4  ,!   
decree 0 execut$ ) ! utmo/ sev]ity4 ,b  
"o wret*$ night 0 all[$ to ! poet to    
deplore 8 fate1 & take leave ( 8 fri5ds4
 ,8 wife begg$ 9 va9 to be all[$ to     

accompany h] husb& 9 8 exile4 ,x is n   
kn[n by :at crime ! un=tunate poet m]it$
 s sev]e a puni%m5t4 ,! immoral t5d5cy (
 "s ( 8 poems1 0 ! o/5sible reason set  
=? by ! emp]or2 b ^! v]ses _h be5 writt5
 _m ye>s be=e4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t he
 mu/ h (f5d$ ,augu/us 9 "s mann] :i* !  
latt] did n *oose to make public4 ,ovid 
wrote1 9 8 exile1 poems appropriately   
nam$ ,tri/ia1 9 :i* he bewails 8 h>d    
fate1 & describes ! sc5es by :i* he 0   
surr\nd$4 ,f ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 & ! 
inroads ( ! b>b>ians1 ! fields 7 )\t    
gra91 ! hills )\t v9es2 no /ately oaks  
clo!d ! m\nta9-side1 no will[s droop$   
along ! banks2 a scanty gr[? ( wormwood 
alone cov]$ ! desolate pla9s4 ,spr+     
br\ght ) x nei!r birds nor fl[]s4 ,9    
,summ]1 ! sun 0 obscur$ by cl\ds2 !     
,autumn %$ no fruits1 b ?r\gh e season (
 ! ye>1 ! w9try w9ds blew ) prodigi\s   
viol5ce1 & la%$ ! waves ( ! boi/]\s     
,eux9e on its des]t %ore4 ,! only       
animat$ object 0 ! wild ,s>matian driv+ 
8 c>1 yok$ ) ox51 across ! icy wa/e1    

himself wrapp$ 9 furs1 8 %aggy hair &   
be>d sp>kl+ ) ! ho> fro/ & flakes ( sn[4
 ,su* 0 ! abode = :i* ! poet 0 compell$ 
to ex*ange ! !atres1 ! porticoes & g>d5s
 ( ,rome1 ! c\rt ( ,augu/us1 & ! sunny  
skies ( ,italy4 ,he di$ 9 ! n9? ye> ( 8 
exile1 & ! sixty-fir/ ( 8 age4  ,! poems
 ( ,ovid1 h[ev] beautiful o!rwise1 are  
all m or less objectionable on acc\nt ( 
_! immoral t5d5cy2 ! corruption ( !     
au?or's private "* has left its impress 
on all 8 works4  ,! claim ( ,ovid to be 
numb]$ among ! poets ( my?ology1 re/s   
*iefly on 8 ,metamorphoses4 ,?is is a   
collection ( leg5ds ( all !             
trans=mations said to h tak5 place 9    
hea!n my?ology1 beg9n+ ) ! e>lie/ times1
 & clos+ ) ! *ang+ ( ,julius ,cs> into a
 />4 ,! /ories are n !mselves orig9al2  
!y are pr9cipally ,greek & ,ori5tal     
fictions1 int]sp]s$1 p]haps1 ) a few    
,lat9 or ,etruscan fables4 ,!re are1 9  
all1 two hundr$ & fifty ( ^! /ories4    
,ovid 0 engag$ 9 correct+ ?is1 8 greate/
 "w1 :5 he 0 surpris$ by ! s5t5ce (     

bani%m5t4 ,9 a fit ( impati5ce &        
despair1 he ?rew x into ! flames4 ,"s ( 
8 fri5ds possess$ copies1 & ! poem 0 ?us
 pres]v$4  ,if ! ,metamorphoses _h be5  
de/roy$ by ?is ra% act1 we w\ld h lo/ _m
 int]e/+ fables :i* h be5 r5d]$ immortal
 by ! beauty ( ,ovid's v]se & 8 graceful
 fancy4  ,! ,tri/ia are n s g5]ally     
admir$4 ,!y turn pr9cipally on ! poet's 
p]sonal mis=tunes2 & ?is subject1 h[ev] 
absorb+ to himself1 soon becomes        
we>isome to ! read]4 ,ovid compos$ a    
poem 9 ! h>% dialect spok5 by ! ,get :o 
dwelt on ! bord]s ( ! ,eux9e ,sea4 ,!   
b>b>ians li/5$ ) delight to 8           
recitations1 until _! ang] 0 excit$ by 8
 con/ant compla9ts ( _! rude mann]s &   
inhospitable climate4     ,,*apt]       
,,xxxiv4  ,h]oes ,celebrat$ by ! ,poets4
   ,,agamemnon4  ,ques4 ,:o 0           
,agamemnon8  ,ans4 ,he 0 k+ ( ,myc51 &  
comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,grecian =ces dur+ !  
siege ( ,troy4 ,! comb9$ fleet 0 deta9$ 
= a long "t at ,aulis1 ow+ to ! wra? (  
,diana1 :om ,agamemnon _h (f5d$ by kill+

 "o ( h] favorite de]4 ,cal*as1 !       
soo?say]1 0 consult$2 he decl>$ t !     
goddess c\ld only be appeas$ by !       
sacrifice ( ,iphigenia1 ! olde/ daught] 
( ! mon>*4 ,%e 0 accord+ly l$ to ! alt>1
 b ,diana 0 mov$ ) pity1 & c>ri$ ! maid5
 ) h] to ,tauris1 leav+ a h9d 9 h]      
place4 ,! qu>rel ( ,agamemnon )         
,a*illes1 & ! tr\bles t result$1 =m !   
pr9cipal subject ( ,hom]'s ,iliad4 ,9 ! 
division ( captives1 aft] ! tak+ (      
,troy1 ,cass&ra1 "o ( ! daught]s (      
,priam1 fell to ! lot ( ,agamemnon4 ,?is
 pr9cess _h be5 end[$ by ,apollo ) !    
gift ( prophecy1 b z %e refus$ aft]w>ds 
to li/5 to ! suit ( t god1 he decre$ t  
no "o %\ld atta* any cr$it to h]        
pr$ictions4 ,x 0 s 9 ! pres5t in/ance4  
,clytemne/ra1 ! que5 ( ,agamemnon1      
believ+1 & p]haps hop+1 t h] husb& w\ld 
n return1 _h giv5 a promise ( m>riage to
 gi/hus1 :o already consid]$ himself k+ 
( ,myc54 ,cass&ra w>n$ ,agamemnon aga9/ 
return+ ?i!r1 b h] pr$iction 0          
disreg>d$4 ,agamemnon 0 assass9at$      

imm$iately on 8 arrival at ,myc52       
accord+ to ! tragic poets1 x 0          
,clytemne/ra :o dealt ! fatal bl[4      
,,a*illes4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,a*illes8      
,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,peleus1 k+ (       
,ph?iotis 9 ,!ssaly2 8 "m 0 ,!tis1 a    
sea-goddess4 ,_m incr$ible /ories are   
told conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! h]o 0 nurs$
 9 8 infancy4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 8  
"m design$ to make him immortal1 & = t  
purpose ano9t$ him ) ambrosia dur+ !    
day1 & laid him 9 ! fire at night4 ,!   
fe>s ( ,peleus int]rupt$ ?is /range     
treatm5t1 & ,a*illes rema9$ subject to  
dea?4 ,cal*as _h decl>$ t ,troy c\ld n  
be tak5 )\t 8 aid1 & ,!tis1 :o 0 aw>e t 
h] son 0 de/9$ to p]i% if he jo9$ !     
exp$ition1 disguis$ him 9 female attire1
 & conceal$ him among ! daught]s ( ,k+  
,lycomedes4 ,ulysses 0 s5t to discov] 8 
retreat1 :i* he effect$ by ! foll[+     
/ratagem4 ,attir$ z a travell+ m]*ant1  
he pres5t$ himself at c\rt1 & display$  
be=e ! que5 & h] maid5s1 v>i\s articles 
( female attire4 ,"s pieces ( armor 7   

dispos$ among ! m]*&ise2 by ! ord] (    
,ulysses1 a trumpet 0 sudd5ly bl[n1 :5 !
 disguis$ ,a*illes betray$ himself by   
seiz+ ! armor4 ,! "y w>rior 0 !n oblig$ 
to jo9 ! exp$ition4 ,dur+ ! siege1      
,a*illes _h a dispute ) ,agamemnon1     
conc]n+ "s female captives2 consid]+    
himself wrong$1 he )drew f ! conte/1 &  
no entreaties c\ld induce him to return 
to ! field4 ,! dea? ( 8 fri5d           
,patroclus1 :o fell by ! h& ( ,hector1  
at l5g? ar\s$ him to action4 ,a*illes'  
armor1 :i* he _h l5t to ,patroclus1 _h  
become ! spoil ( ,hector1 & x 0 ^u ?is  
occasion t ,vulcan fabricat$ = ! h]o1 ! 
fam\s suit :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,iliad4  
,array$ 9 ?is ,a*illes p]=m$ prodigies (
 valor1 & at l5g? kill$ ,hector1 aft] a 
desp]ate combat4 ,accord+ to ,hom]1     
,a*illes took an ignoble rev5ge on !    
dead body ( 8 foe1 :i* he dragg$ at 8   
*>iot-:eels1 ?ree times ar\nd ! tomb (  
,patroclus4 ,! corpse ( ! ,trojan h]o 0 
yield$ at la/1 to ! te>s & supplications
 ( ,priam1 & a truce 0 grant$ to !      

,trojans1 = ! p]=mance ( ! fun]al rites4
 ,a*illes 0 himself sla9 soon aft]2 8   
a%es 7 m+l$ 9 a gold5 urn ) ^? (        
,patroclus1 & a tomb 0 erect$ to bo?    
h]oes1 on ! promontory ( ,sigoeum4  ,!  
v9dictive _s ( ,a*illes knew no repose1 
ev5 9 dea?4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,troy1 8 gho/
 appe>$ to ! ,greeks1 & comm&$ !m1 )    
fe>ful m5aces 9 case ( refusal1 to      
sacrifice on 8 tomb1 ,polyx5a1 "o ( !   
daught]s ( ,priam4 ,! unhappy maid5 0   
torn f h] "m's arms1 & immolat$ by      
,pyrrhus1 ! son ( ,a*illes4 ,hecuba     
le>n$ soon aft] ! sad fate ( h] son     
,polydorus4 ,?is "y pr9ce1 :o _h be5    
comm5d$ by ,priam to ! c>e (            
,polymne/or1 k+ ( ,?race1 0 trea*]\sly  
murd]$ by t mon>*4 ,! b]eav$ "m plann$ a
 t]rible rev5ge4 ,promis+ disclosures ) 
reg>d to hidd5 treasures1 %e induc$     
,polymne/or & 8 *ildr5 to visit h] 9    
secret4 ,!n1 aid$ by h] fell[ captives1 
,hecuba murd]$ ! "y pr9ces & put out !  
fa!r's eyes4 ,:ile endeavor+ to escape f
 ! v5geance ( ! ,?racians1 %e 0 sudd5ly 

trans=m$ into a dog4     ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4
   ,,ulysses4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,ulysses8   
,ans4 ,he 0 k+ ( ,i?aca1 & _h be51 l _m 
o!r pr9ces ( ,greece1 a suitor ( !      
beautiful ,hel54 ,believ+ t he _h no    
hope = success among s _m competitors1  
,ulysses ask$ ! h& ( ,p5elope1 daught] (
 ,ic>us4 ,8 suit 0 grant$2 b :5 he 0    
ab\t to dep>t ) 8 bride1 ,ic>us 0 s mu* 
griev$1 t he tri$ to p]suade ,p5elope to
 rema9 ) him1 & n accompany h] husb& to 
,i?aca4 ,ulysses bade h] act accord+ to 
h] incl9ation1 say+ t %e 0 free to      
rema91 if su* 0 h] desire4 ,p5elope made
 no reply1 b dropp$ h] veil ov] h] face4
 ,ic>us urg$ h] no long]1 & :5 %e 0     
gone1 he erect$ a /atue to ,mode/y1 on !
 spot :]e !y p>t$4 ,:5 ! ,grecian pr9ces
 7 call$ ^u to rev5ge ! abduction (     
,hel51 ,ulysses 0 unwill+ to leave 8    
peaceful k+dom1 & sacrifice ! happ9ess  
he enjoy$ 9 ! company ( ,p5elope4 ,he>+ 
t ,palamedes _h come to summon him to ! 
field1 he pret5d$ to be insane4 ,he yok$
 a horse & a bull toge!r1 & began pl\gh+

 ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 s[+ salt in/ead (  
gra94 ,palamedes caus$ ,telema*us1 !    
infant son ( ,ulysses1 to be laid be=e !
 pl\gh1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! fa!r ha/5$ to 
remove ! *ild1 conv9c$ e "o t 8 insanity
 0 feign$4 ,he 0 oblig$1 !re=e1 to jo9 !
 exp$ition aga9/ ,troy1 b he nev] =gave 
,palamedes = hav+ expos$ 8 /ratagem4 ,! 
mann] 9 :i* ,ulysses rev5g$ himself is n
 calculat$ to give u a v high op9ion ( !
 h]o4 ,dur+ ! siege1 he br\ght =w>d a   
false accusation aga9/ ,palamedes1 :i*  
he support$ s well1 t ! latt] 0         
condemn$1 & put to dea?4  ,ulysses      
di/+ui%$ himself dur+ ! w>1 by 8 wisdom 
& prud5ce 9 c\ncil1 & 8 c\rage on !     
field ( battle4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! 
"p :i* he took 9 c>ry+ (f ! ,palladium (
 ,troy4 ,z a rew>d = 8 s]vices1 he      
receiv$ ! armor ( ,a*illes1 :i* ,ajax _h
 disput$ ) him4  ,aft] ! fall ( ,troy1  
,ulysses emb>k$ ) ! int5tion ( return+  
to ,greece1 b he met ) s _m extraord9>y 
adv5tures1 t x 0 only aft] t5 ye>s (    
p]il & h>d%ips1 t he 0 p]mitt$ to l& ^u 

! %ores ( ,i?aca4  ,! ,odyssey1 ! second
 ( ! two great poems attribut$ to ,hom]1
 is a hi/ory ( ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses4 ,aft]
 "s adv5tures ( m9or importance1 ! %ips 
( ! h]o 7 ov]tak5 by a /orm :i* drove !m
 s\?w>d = n9e days1 & z _m nights1 until
 !y rea*$ ! c\ntry ( ! ,lotus-eat]s4 ,:5
 ! tempe/ abat$1 ,ulysses s5t "s ( 8    
companions on %ore4 ,!y 7 k9dly ent]ta9$
 by ! ,lotus-eat]s1 :o regal$ !m ) _!   
own favorite food1 ! lotus plant4 ,?is 0
 ( su* a nature1 t all :o p>took ( x    
=got home & fri5ds1 & 7 fill$ ) a sort (
 indol5t cont5tm5t1 s t !y _h no o!r    
desire ?an to rema9 always 9 t c\ntry4  
,ulysses 0 oblig$ to h ^! m5 dragg$ away
 by =ce1 & ev5 !n1 x 0 necess>y to b9d  
!m ) ropes to ! b5*es ( ! %ip4  ,!      
escape ( ,ulysses f ! cav]n ( ! ,cyclops
 & f ! en*antm5ts ( ,circe has be5      
already relat$4 ,aft] pass+ safely      
betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 ,ulysses l&$ 
9 ! isl& ( ,?r9akia1 :]e ! cattle (     
,hyp]ion 7! ,sun7 f$ 9 v]dant pa/ures4  
,circe _h w>n$ ! voyag]s t ^! flocks    

%\ld be held inviolate1 h[ev] press+ _! 
wants might be4 ,!y 7 deta9$ a long "t  
at ,?r9akia by contr>y w9ds2 & ,ulysses 
b\nd 8 companions by an oa? t !y w\ld n 
t\* ! sacr$ h]ds4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 s press$
 by fam9e t !y v5tur$ "o day1 9 ! abs5ce
 ( ,ulysses1 to slay a numb] ( ! sacr$  
cattle2 va9ly endeavor+ to propitiate ! 
(f5d$ god1 by (f]+ a portion 9          
sacrifice4 ,ulysses return+ to ! %ore1 0
 /ruck ) horror at _! tem]ity1 ! m s on 
acc\nt ( ! fe>ful signs :i* foll[$4 ,!  
sk9s crept on ! gr\nd1 & ! jo9ts ( meat 
l[$ on ! spits :ile roa/+4  ,z ! w9d 0  
n[ favorable1 ,ulysses ha/5$ to fly f ! 
fatal isl&4 ,! v5geance ( ! god pursu$  
!m on ! sea1 & a t]rible /orm arose1 9  
:i* all p]i%$1 except ,ulysses himself1 
:o 0 sp>$ z hav+ tak5 no "p 9 !         
sacrilege4 ,he =m$ a raft f ! fragm5ts (
 8 %ip1 & 0 at l5g? ca/ by ! waves ^u ! 
isl& ( ! nymph ,calypso4 ,?is goddess   
ent]ta9$ ,ulysses ) mu* k9dness1 & ev5  
(f]$ to %>e h] immortality ) ! h]o1 if  
he w\ld cons5t to =get ,i?aca & dwell   

=ev] 9 h] happy isl&4 ,jupit]1 h[ev]1   
s5t ,m]cury to ,calypso1 ) ! comm& t %e 
%\ld dismiss ,ulysses1 & provide him )  
all t 0 necess>y = 8 homew>d voyage4  ,!
 goddess reluctantly obey$2 a raft 0    
con/ruct$ & furni%$1 & ,ulysses dep>t$ f
 ! isl&4 ,he sp$ prosp]\sly = "s days1 &
 0 almo/ )9 sight ( l&1 :5 a viol5t /orm
 arose1 9 :i* he w\ld h p]i%$ _h he n   
be5 aid$ by a compassionate sea nymph2  
,m9]va1 also1 smoo!d ! bill[s be=e him1 
& he swam safely to l&4  ,! ,phacians1  
on ^: %ores he _h be5 ca/1 receiv$ him  
k9dly1 & fitt$ out a %ip 9 :i* he sail$ 
= ,i?aca4 ,ulysses 0 asleep :5 ! vessel 
t\*$ ! /r&4 ,! ,phacians c>ri$ him on   
%ore )\t awak+ him1 & plac$ ne> him a   
*e/ fill$ ) co/ly gifts1 aft] :i* !y    
sail$ away4 ,neptune 0 s mu* displeas$ )
 ! ,phacians = aid+ ,ulysses1 t1 z _!   
vessel 0 return+ to port1 he trans=m$ x 
into a rock1 :i* cont9u$ ev] aft] to    
ob/ruct ! m\? ( _! h>bor4  ,! arrival ( 
! h]o c\ld n h occurr$ m opportunely = !
 deliv]ance ( 8 wife1 ! fai?ful         

,p5elope4 ,:5 a long "t _h elaps$ aft] !
 fall ( ,troy1 & no tid+s 7 receiv$ (   
,ulysses1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ t he _h   
p]i%$4 ,m ?an a hundr$ nobles ( ,i?aca &
 ! surr\nd+ isl&s1 became suitors = ! h&
 ( ,p5elope2 %e h[ev] /ill *]i%$ ! hope 
( h] husb&'s return1 & refus$ to ent]ta9
 any proposal ( m>riage4 ,! suitors     
nev]!less p]si/$2 !y rema9$ 9 ! palace1 
:i* !y fill$ ) riot & fea/+1 &          
cont9ually urg$ ,p5elope to *oose a     
husb& f among _! numb]4 ,%e promis$1 at 
l5g?1 t %e w\ld d s :5 %e _h complet$ a 
c]ta9 web ( embroid]y on :i* %e 0       
engag$4 ,!y agre$ to wait1 & ,p5elope   
deceiv$ !m = a long "t1 ply+ h] ne$le   
dilig5tly dur+ ! day1 & undo+ ! great]  
"p ( h] "w at night4 ,?is device succe$$
 = ?ree ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* "t !       
suitors became s importunate t ,p5elope 
c\ld no long] resi/4 ,%e promis$1 !re=e1
 t %e w\ld m>ry t man :o %\ld s5d an    
arr[ f ! b[ ( ,ulysses1 ?r\gh twelve r+s
 susp5d$ 9 a l9e4 ,! conditions 7       
accept$3 & x 0 on ! v eve ( ! day       

appo9t$ = ! conte/1 t ,ulysses l&$ 9    
,i?aca4 ,x 0 necess>y to conceal 8      
return2 = ?is purpose ! h]o disguis$    
himself z a begg>1 & by ! aid ( ,m9]va1 
s *ang$ 8 :ole appe>ance t x 0          
impossible = any "o to recognize him4 ,9
 ?is "* he 0 k9dly receiv$ by ,eumu1 a  
sw9e-h]d1 f :om he le>n$ all t _h       
transpir$1 & ! pres5t di/ress (         
,p5elope4  ,telema*us1 ! son ( ,ulysses1
 _h be5 abs5t = a long "t 9 se>* ( 8    
fa!r4 ,he _h visit$ ! c\rts ( ! o!r k+s 
:o _h tak5 "p 9 ! ,trojan w>1 b )\t     
obta9+ any c]ta9 tid+s4 ,:ile /ill      
engag$ 9 ?is que/1 ,m9]va bade him      
return to ,i?aca2 he obey$1 & ! goddess 
contriv$ t he %\ld arrive on ! same day 
) 8 fa!r1 & meet him 9 ! hut ( ,eumu4   
,aft] mutual explanations1 &            
affectionate greet+s1 ! two h]oes       
consult$ z to :at measures !y %\ld take 
= ! puni%m5t ( ! suitors1 & ! deliv]ance
 ( ,p5elope4 ,x 0 resolv$ t ,telema*us  
%\ld proce$ to ! palace1 & m+le ) !     
suitors1 z =m]ly2 t ,ulysses %\ld also  

g1 b 9 ! disguise ( a begg>4 ,su* p]sons
 7 (t5 admitt$1 9 anci5t times1 to !    
halls ( *iefta9s & pr9ces1 :]e !y       
ent]ta9$ ! gue/s ) /ories ( _! w&]+s1 & 
7 regal$ ) a portion ( ! vi&s4 ,on _!   
arrival at ! palace1 !y f\nd ! usual    
sc5e ( riot & fe/ivity4 ,! suitors      
receiv$ ,telema*us ) affect$ joy1 al?\gh
 secretly mortifi$ at ! failure ( _!    
plots aga9/ him4 ,z ,ulysses ent]$1 a   
dog :i* lay 9 ! c\rt1 half dead ) age1  
rais$ 8 head 9 sudd5 recognition1 fawn$ 
^u 8 old ma/]1 & expir$4 ,x 0 ,argus1   
:om ,ulysses _h (t5 l$ to ! *ase4  ,!   
banquet proce$$1 b ,telema*us _h mu*    
difficulty 9 dissembl+ 8 feel+s :5 !    
suitors made 8 fa!r a subject ( mock]y2 
& "o ( !m c>ri$ 8 insol5ce s f> z to    
/rike ! disguis$ h]o4 ,at l5g?1 ! "t    
arriv$ = ! conte/ ( skill :i* 0 to      
decide ! fate ( ,p5elope4 ,twelve r+s 7 
susp5d$ at equal di/ances1 & ,telema*us 
br\ght f ! armory ! mighty b[ (         
,ulysses1 ) its quiv] ( arr[s2 tak+ c>e1
 at ! same "t1 to remove all o!r weapons

 f ! hall4  ,! fir/ ?+ to be done1 0 to 
b5d ! b[1 9 ord] to atta* ! /r+4 ,?is   
,telema*us tri$ to d1 & 0 oblig$ to     
confess t 8 /r5g? 0 unequal to ! ef=t4  
,he pass$ ! b[ to "o ( ! suitors1 :o 0  
compell$ to yield x 9 turn1 amid !      
raill]y ( 8 companions4 ,:5 sev]al _h   
fail$ 9 ! same mann]1 ,ulysses begg$ t  
he might be all[$ to try 8 skill4 ,!    
reque/ 0 receiv$ ) %\ts ( d]ision1 & "s 
w\ld h driv5 ! insol5t begg> f ! hall4  
,telema*us int]f]$1 & rem>k+1 ) affect$ 
indiff]5ce1 t !y might z well gratify ! 
old man1 bade him try4 ,ulysses took !  
b[1 & ! suitors 7 amaz$ to see him h&le 
! mighty weapon z if x _h be5 a play?+4 
,_! surprise 0 /ill great]1 :51 hav+    
adju/$ ! cord1 & *os5 an arr[ f ! quiv]1
 he took su* /eady aim t ! arr[ sp$     
un]r+ly ?r\gh all ! r+s2 he !n exclaim$1
 ,n[ = ano!r m>k6 & aim$ a second %aft  
at ! mo/ insol5t ( ! suitors4 ,he fell  
dead1 & z ! o!rs ru%$ =w>d1 ,telema*us  
plac$ himself by 8 fa!r's side1 ) ,eumu 
& o!r arm$ reta9]s4 ,! suitors1 depriv$ 

( _! weapons1 & t]rifi$ at ! aspect ( ! 
injur$ pr9ce1 :om !y recogniz$ too late1
 turn$ to fly1 b ,eumu secur$ ! doors4  
,a desp]ate /ruggle ensu$1 9 :i* all 7  
sla91 & ,ulysses 0 left ma/] ( 8 palace 
& 8 k+dom4 ,! ,odyssey concludes ) a    
description ( ! rejoic+s :i* foll[$1 & !
 happ9ess enjoy$ by ,ulysses & ,p5elope 
aft] _! long sep>ation4     ,,*apt]     
,,xxxvi4   ,,ore/es4  ,ques4 ,:o 0      
,ore/es8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,agamemnon
 & ,clytemne/ra4 ,at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's    
assass9ation1 ,ore/es1 !n a *ild1 0 sav$
 by 8 si/] ,electra1 :o s5t him secretly
 to _! uncle ,/rophius1 k+ ( ,phocis4   
,"h he =m$ a fri5d%ip ) ,pylades1 ! son 
( t mon>*1 :i* 0 s true & con/ant t x   
pass$ into a prov]b4 ,ore/es 0 urg$ by  
messages f 8 si/] ,electra1 to av5ge !  
murd] ( 8 fa!r1 & h] c\nsels 7 confirm$ 
by ! responses ( ! oracle ( ,apollo at  
,delphi4 ,ore/es1 accompani$ by 8 fri5d 
,pylades1 repair$ 9 disguise to ,myc54  
,"h he ann\nc$ himself to ,clytemne/ra z
 a mess5g] f ,/rophius1 br++ news ( !   

dea? ( h] son ,ore/es4 ,! guilty que5   
feign$ to grieve at ^! tid+s1 b gi/hus  
made no ef=t to conceal 8 satisfaction4 
,ore/es 0 n[ seiz$ ) horror at ! ?\ght (
 ! de$ :i* he 0 ab\t to commit1 b !     
reproa*es ( ,electra1 & ! remembrance ( 
8 fa!r's cruel fate1 bani%$ e ?\ght (   
pity1 & he slew ,clytemne/ra & gi/hus ) 
8 own h&4 ,?is act1 h[ev] ju/ifi$ by !  
guilt ( ,clytemne/ra1 & ! express comm& 
( ! gods1 0 abhorr5t to nature1 & c\ld n
 pass unav5g$4 ,ore/es 0 pursu$ by !    
,furies1 & w&]$ frantic & despair+ f l& 
to l&1 always accompani$ by ! fai?ful   
,pylades4  ,! oracle ( ,apollo 0        
consult$1 & ! ,py?ia decl>$ t ,ore/es   
w\ld n be deliv]$ until he _h visit$ !  
,tauric ,*]sonesus1 & br\ght f !nce to  
,argos1 a c]ta9 /atue ( ,diana1 f !     
temple ( t goddess4 ,x 0 ! cu/om at     
,tauris1 to sacrifice all /rang]s at !  
alt> ( ,diana2 ,ore/es & ,pylades 7     
accord+ly seiz$ on _! arrival1 & c>ri$ z
 victims to ! temple4 ,! (ficiat+       
prie/ess 0 no o!r ?an ,iphig5ia1 ! si/] 

( ,ore/es1 :om ,diana _h sav$ :5 %e 0   
ab\t to be immolat$ at ,aulis4 ,p]ceiv+ 
t ! /rang]s 7 ,greeks1 %e (f]$ to sp>e !
 life ( "o1 on condition t he w\ld be ! 
be>] ( a lett] to ,greece4  ,?is        
proposal gave rise to a memorable conte/
 ( fri5d%ip1 ea* desir+ to sacrifice    
himself = ! o!r4 ,pylades at l5g? yield$
 to ,ore/es1 & cons5t$ to take ! lett]4 
,8 surprise 0 great on p]ceiv+ t x 0    
address$ to ,ore/es himself2 an         
explanation foll[$1 & ,iphig5ia resolv$ 
to fly f ,tauris ) h] bro!r4 ,_! plans 7
 s well laid1 t !y n only succe$$ 9     
escap+ unobs]v$1 b 7 also enabl$ to c>ry
 (f ! /atue ( ,diana1 :i* !y br\ght to  
,argos4  ,ore/es reign$ _m ye>s 9 ,myc51
 & 0 m>ri$ to 8 c\s9 ,h]mi"o1 daught] ( 
,m5elau & ,hel54 ,pylades m>ri$         
,electra1 ! si/] ( 8 fri5d4  ,! tragic  
poets add _m incid5ts to ! /ory (       
,ore/es4 ,!y say t :5 pursu$ by !       
,furies1 he took refuge 9 ! temple (    
,apollo1 at ,delphi4 ,by ! comm& ( t    
god1 he repair$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he 0 tri$ 

by ! c\rt ( ,areopagus4 ,! judges 7     
divid$ 9 _! s5tim5ts1 b ,m9]va int]f]$ 9
 behalf ( ,ore/es1 & he 0 acquitt$4     
,,hector4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,hector8  ,ans4 
,he 0 ! son ( ,priam & ,hecuba1 & ! mo/ 
valiant ( all ! ,trojan *iefs :o f\ght  
aga9/ ! ,greeks4 ,! ,fates _h decre$ t  
,troy %\ld n be tak5 z long z ,hector   
liv$4 ,! h]o knew t he 0 de/9$ to fall  
be=e ! walls ( 8 native city1 & t he    
c\ld at be/ only po/pone ! ru9 ( 8      
c\ntry = a little "t4 ,n disc\rag$ by   
?is1 he p]=m$ prodigies ( valor1 & slew1
 ) 8 own h&1 ,patroclus1 ! fri5d (      
,a*illes4 ,he next w5t out to meet      
,a*illes himself1 not)/&+ ! remon/rances
 ( ,priam & ,hecuba1 & ! te>s ( 8 wife  
,&roma*e4 ,he fell z we h se51 & ?is    
ev5t 0 %ortly foll[$ by ! ov]?r[ ( 8    
fa!r's k+dom4 ,hector 0 n only di/+ui%$ 
z a w>rior & a patriot2 he 0 equally    
admirable z a son1 husb&1 & fa!r2 & 8 "*
 is p]haps ! noble/ :i* has be5 describ$
 by any writ] ( antiquity4  ,:5 ,troy 0 
tak51 ,cal*as excit$ mu* uneas9ess among

 ! ,greeks1 by a pr$iction1 t if        
,a/yanax1 ! son ( ,hector1 7 p]mitt$ to 
live1 he w\ld "o day av5ge 8 fa!r's     
dea?1 & raise ,troy f its ru9s4 ,dilig5t
 se>* 0 !re=e made = ! *ild1 :o _h be5  
conceal$ by 8 "m 9 ! recesses (         
,hector's tomb4 ,"h he 0 discov]$ by    
,ulysses4 ,disreg>d+ ! pray]s ( !       
unhappy ,&roma*e1 ! ,grecian comm&]s    
precipitat$ ! boy f ! summit ( a l(ty   
t[]4   ,,o$ipus--,,eteocles ,,&         
,,polynices4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! /ory ( ^! 
pr9ces8  ,ans4 ,o$ipus 0 ! son ( ,laius1
 k+ ( ,!bes4 ,he 0 expos$ by 8 fa!r     
imm$iately on 8 bir?1 to avoid !        
fulfillm5t ( an oracle :i* decl>$ t     
,laius 0 de/9$ to fall by ! h& ( "o ( 8 
*ildr54 ,o$ipus 0 f\nd by a h]dsman1 :o 
br\ght him to ,polybus1 k+ ( ,cor9?4    
,?is mon>* 0 *ildless1 & adopt$ ! infant
 z 8 own4  ,:5 ,o$ipus 0 gr[n to        
manhood1 he desir$ to le>n some?+ ( 8   
real p>5tage1 & w5t to consult ! oracle 
( ,delphi4 ,! god w>n$ him to %un 8     
native c\ntry1 decl>+ t if he return$   

?i!r1 he w\ld become ! murd]] ( 8 fa!r1 
& be guilty ( crimes :i* w\ld draw ^u   
him ! v5geance ( ! gods4 ,o$ipus        
und]/ood ?is ( ,cor9?1 & in/ead (       
return+ to t city1 proce$$ to ,!bes4 ,"h
 he slew 8 fa!r ,laius 9 an accid5tal   
enc\nt]1 &1 aft] 8 victory ov] ! ,sph9x1
 :i* we h already m5tion$1 he fulfill$ !
 o!r pr$ictions ( ! oracle4  ,o$ipus    
reign$ _m ye>s 9 ,!bes be=e he discov]$ 
8 p>5tage1 & ! crimes :i* he _h unkn[+ly
 committ$4 ,9 8 despair1 he put out 8   
eyes1 & w5t into exile1 leav+ ! ?rone to
 8 sons ,eteocles & ,polynices4 ,x 0    
agre$ betwe5 ! bro!rs t !y %\ld reign   
ea* a ye> alt]nately4 ,eteocles fir/    
asc5d$ ! ?rone2 b :5 ! ye> _h expir$1 he
 refus$ to resign ! cr[n4 ,polynices 0  
indignant at ?is brea* ( fai?1 & fl$ to 
,argos1 :]e he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,k+    
,adra/us4 ,?is mon>* assembl$ a l>ge    
army to en=ce ! claims ( 8 son-9-law4 ,!
 comm& ( ! exp$ition 0 giv5 to sev5     
*iefta9s1 :o 7 to attack ea* "o ( ! sev5
 gates ( ,!bes4  ,aft] all ! ,argive    

lead]s1 except ,adra/us1 _h p]i%$ be=e !
 walls1 x 0 propos$ t ,eteocles &       
,polynices %\ld decide ! w> by s+le     
combat4 ,! bro!rs f\ght ) su* animosity 
t bo? fell1 mortally w\nd$4 ,! battle 0 
!n r5ew$1 & ! ,argives 7 totally        
defeat$4 ,creon1 ! uncle ( ! fall5      
pr9ces1 0 n[ k+ ( ,!bes2 he _h ! body ( 
,eteocles honorably buri$1 b he left !  
rema9s ( ,polynices expos$ to ! dogs &  
vultures1 & =bade1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 t any 
"o %\ld be/[ on him ! rites ( sepulture4
 ,he ?us c>ri$ 8 v5geance beyond !      
grave1 z1 accord+ to ,greek sup]/ition1 
! s\ls ( ! unburi$ 7 exclud$ = a hundr$ 
ye>s f ! ,elysian fields4  ,antig"o1 !  
daught] ( ,o$ipus1 _h1 mean:ile1        
accompani$ h] fa!r 9 8 exile1 & wat*$   
ov] him ) t\*+ devotion until dea?      
releas$ h] f ?is filial duty4 ,%e no    
soon] le>n$ ! cruel ord] ( ,creon1 ?an  
%e resolv$1 at :atev] haz>d1 to p]=m !  
fun]al rites = ,polynices4 ,%e succe$$ 9
 approa*+ ! corpse1 :i* %e cov]$ ) e>?1 
mak+ ! usual libations4  ,:ile ?us      

engag$1 ,antig"o 0 seiz$ & br\ght be=e  
,creon4 ,%e def5d$ nobly ! pi\s act :i* 
%e _h p]=m$1 & 0 condemn$ by ! tyrant to
 be entomb$ alive4  ,! mis=tunes (      
,o$ipus & 8 *ildr5 h be5 celebrat$ by   
?ree ,greek trag$ians3 s*ylus1          
,sophocles & ,euripides4 ,9 ! trag$y (  
,sophocles :i* be>s h] "n1 ! "* (       
,antig"o is beautifully drawn4 ,we h !  
/]ne/ h]oism1 temp]$ always by !        
t5d]ness ( filial piety & si/]ly        
devotion4 ,! :ole pres5ts ! f9e/ ideal (
 womanly excell5ce :i* c be f\nd 9 !    
writ+s ( any anci5t poet4  ,! foll[+    
l9es are tak5 f ,dale's translation ( ! 
,antig"o4 ,creon reproa*es ! h]o9e )    
hav+ violat$ ! laws2 %e replies3        
,ne'er did et]nal ,jove su* laws orda91 
,or ,ju/ice1 ?ron$ amid ?' inf]nal p[]s1
     ,:o on mank9d ^! holi] rites       
impos$--     ,nor c ,i deem ?9e edict   
arm$ ) p[]     ,to contrav5e ! firm     
unwritt5 laws     ,( ! j gods1 ?yself a 
weak frail mortal6                      
444 ,i knew be=e     ,t ,i mu/ die1 ?\gh

 ?\ _h'/ ne'er proclaim$ x1     ,& if ,i
 p]i% ere ?' allott$ t]m1     ,i deem t 
dea? a bless+4 ,:o t lives     ,l me    
encompass$ by unnumb]$ ills1     ,b w\ld
 acc\nt x bless$ness to die8     ,if !n 
,i meet ! doom ?y laws assign1     ,x   
no?+ grieves me4 ,_h ,i left my bro!r1  
,f my own "m sprung1 on ! b>e e>?       
,to lie unburi$1 t1 inde$1 might grieve 
me2     ,b = ?is de$ ,i m\rn n4 444     
,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4   ,,neas4  ,ques4 ,:o 
0 nez8  ,ans4 ,he 0 a ,trojan *ief1 !   
son ( ,v5us & ,an*ises4 ,he 0 born on   
,m\nt ,ida1 :]e he 0 nurtur$ by !       
,dryads until he _h atta9$ 8 fif? ye>1  
:5 he 0 br\ght to 8 fa!r4 ,an*ises 0 n  
on fri5dly t]ms ) ! family ( ,priam1 b  
?is coldness did n prev5t nez f ex]t+   
himself to ! utmo/ 9 def5ce ( 8 c\ntry4 
,except+ ,hector only1 !re 0 no ,trojan 
:o s di/+ui%$ himself by 8 valor4 ,:5   
,troy 0 tak51 nez made 8 escape f !     
burn+ city1 be>+ on 8 %\ld]s ! ag$      
,an*ises1 & lead+ 8 little son ,ascanius
 by ! h&4 ,8 wife 0 sep>at$ f him 9 !   

confusion & d>kness1 & p]i%$ by ! sword 
( ! enemy4 ,an*ises bore ) him ! sacr$  
,p5ates ( ,troy1 & 8 h\sehold gods4 nez 
0 jo9$ by ! great] "p ( ! ,trojans1 bo? 
m5 & wom51 :o _h escap$ f ! horrors ( t 
fatal night4 ,!y conceal$ !mselves 9 !  
neighbor+ m\nta9s until ! ,greeks _h    
dep>t$1 aft] :i* !y con/ruct$ a fleet ( 
tw5ty sail4 ,9 ! second ye> aft] !      
de/ruction ( ,troy1 ! remnant ( !       
,trojans emb>k$ "u ! guidance ( nez 9   
se>* ( new settlem5ts4 ,aft] _m w&]+s & 
adv5tures1 !y l&$ at ,epirus1 & 7       
rejoic$ to le>n t ,helenus1 "o ( ! sons 
( ,priam1 0 reign+ 9 t c\ntry4 ,he _h   
m>ri$ ,&roma*e1 & ! meet+ ( nez ) ! wid[
 ( ! great ,hector is ! subject ( a v   
beautiful passage 9 ! neid4 ,! ,p5ates (
 ,troy _h appe>$ at night to ,an*ises1 &
 reveal$ to him t ,italy 0 ! l& allott$ 
by ! ,fates to ! exil$ ,trojans4 nez    
recall$ a pr$iction ( ,cass&ra to ! same
 effect2 & ,helenus1 :o 0 end[$ ) ! gift
 ( prophecy1 n[ confirm$ :at _h be5     
already =etold4 ,he r5d]$ 8 exil$       

c\ntrym5 all ! assi/ance 9 8 p[]1 &     
dismiss$ !m at l5g?1 load$ ) co/ly      
gifts4 nez 0 de/9$ to pass ?r\gh _m     
p]ils be=e l&+ on ! %ores ( ,italy4 ,9 !
 sev5? ye> ( _! w&]+s1 ! ,trojans 7     
driv5 by a /orm on ! coa/ ( ,africa2 "h 
!y 7 k9dly ent]ta9$ by ,dido1 :o 0 !n   
engag$ 9 ! erection ( h] new city (     
,c>?age4 ,! que5 admir$ ! great         
qualities ( ! ,trojan *ief1 & felt h]   
he>t mov$ ) compassion at ! sight ( s   
mu* undes]v$ mis=tune4 ,%e resolv$1     
!re=e1 to %>e h] ?rone ) ! h]o1 & to (f]
 8 foll[]s a p]man5t settlem5t 9 !      
c\ntry4 ,?is proposal seems n to h be5  
displeas+ ei!r to nez or to ! ,trojans4 
,=getful ( ! decrees ( fate1 !y l+]$ _m 
mon?s 9 idle pleasure1 & nez 0 only r\s$
 to action by ! direct int]v5tion ( !   
gods4 ,jupit] s5t ,m]cury to ! h]o1     
comm&+ him to emb>k )\t delay1 & proce$ 
to 8 de/9$ settlem5t 9 ,italy4 nez      
obey$1 & made ! necess>y prep>ations =  
dep>ture1 disreg>d+ ! te>s & reproa*es (
 ! que54  ,:5 ,dido f\nd t all 0        

unavail+1 & t ! ,trojans _h already     
emb>k$1 %e kill$ h]self 9 despair4  nez 
sp5t "s "t 9 ,sicily1 :]e he celebrat$  
fun]al games 9 honor ( 8 fa!r1 :o _h di$
 !re ! prec$+ ye>4 ,he left ) ,ace/es1 a
 ,trojan pr9ce :o gov]n$ a "p ( ! isl&1 
! wom51 ! ag$ m51 & all :o 7 likely to  
be useless 9 ! w>s :i* await$ him4 nez  
next l&$ at ,cum1 9 ,italy4 ,?is 0 !    
abode ( a fam\s ,sibyl1 ( :om we w speak
 else:]e4 ,%e =etold to ! h]o mu* t 0 to
 happ5 dur+ 8 settlem5t 9 ,italy2 b 9   
ord] t he might be fully in=m$ ( !      
future de/9ies ( 8 race1 %e (f]$ to     
conduct him to ! _w ( %ades4 nez hav+   
pluck$1 9 ! sacr$ grove1 a gold5 b\gh z 
a gift to ,pros]p9e1 desc5d$ ) ! ,sibyl 
to ! dre>y realms ( ,pluto4 ,aft] see+  
mu* t 0 wond]ful1 & pass+ ?r\gh regions 
inhabit$ by diff]5t classes ( dep>t$    
s\ls1 !y ent]$ ! happy pla9s ( ,elysium4
 ,?is 0 ! abode ( ! h]oes & o!r         
favorites ( ! gods4 ,"h1 9 a fragrant   
mead[1 nez f\nd ! %ade ( ,an*ises1 :o   
%[$ him ! s\ls :i* 7 de/9$ to return to 

e>?1 & become ! future h]oes ( ,rome4   
,an*ises also rec\nt$ to nez ! glori\s  
de$s :i* !y 7 "o day to p]=m4 ,9 ?is    
passage1 ,virgil takes occasion to      
gratify ! vanity ( ,augu/us & ! great   
families ( ,rome1 by introduc+ _! names 
& actions 9 ! prophetic disc\rse (      
,an*ises4  ,return+ to upp] air1 nez    
took leave ( ! sibyl1 & pursu$ 8 voyage 
along ! ,italian coa/1 an*or+ at l5g? 9 
! m\? ( ! ,tib]4  ,! c\ntry ar\nd 0     
gov]n$ by a pr9ce nam$ ,lat9us1 ! son ( 
,faunus & ! nymph ,m>ica4 ,?is pr9ce _h 
"o *ild1 a daught] nam$ ,lav9ia4 ,h] h& 
_h be5 promis$ to ,turnus1 pr9ce ( !    
,rutulians1 b ,lat9us 0 w>n$ by an      
oracle t 8 de/9$ son-9-law 0 to come f  
af>1 & t ,lav9ia 0 to w$ a =eign]4 ,:5  
nez s5t an embassy to ,lat9us1 reque/+  
p]mission to settle 9 ! c\ntry1 t pr9ce 
believ$ t ! ,trojan *ief 0 ! p]son po9t$
 out by ! oracle1 & invit$ him to 8     
palace4 ,all n[ seem$ to promise a      
peaceful settlem5t to ! h>ass$ ,trojans1
 b ! enmity ( ,juno 0 n yet appeas$4 ,%e

 s5t ! ,fury ,alecto to ! palace (      
,turnus1 ) ord]s to excite ?is pr9ce    
aga9/ ! /rang]1 :o 0 ab\t to rob him ( 8
 promis$ bride4 ,a long w> ensu$1 :i*   
=ms ! subject ( ! conclud+ books ( !    
neid4 ,at l5g? ,turnus fell 9 a p]sonal 
combat ) nez4 ,! h& ( ,lav9ia 0 ! price 
( victory1 & f ! ,trojan h]o 7 desc5d$ !
 f\nd]s ( ,rome4  ,! neid concludes ) ! 
dea? ( ,turnus1 b we h "s fur!r         
p>ticul>s h&$ d[n by tradition4 neas    
built a city1 call$ f 8 bride1 ,lav9ium4
 ,"h he gov]n$ 8 ,trojan & ,italian     
subjects1 :o became "o p "u ! common "n 
( ,lat9s4 ,! new k+dom 0 attack$ by     
sev]al ( ! neighbor+ pr9ces1 l$ by      
,mez5tius1 k+ ( ,etruria4 neas defeat$ !
 allies1 b 0 kill$ 9 ! mom5t ( victory4 
,! family ( ,julii1 made illu/ri\s by   
,julius ,cs>1 claim$ desc5t f ,iulus1   
gr&son ( neas4     ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4   
,,sibyls--,,augurs4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 !     
,sibyls8  ,ans4 ,! ,sibyll1 or ,sibyls1 
7 c]ta9 females1 suppos$ to be inspir$  
by ,heav51 :o fl\ri%$ at diff]5t times &

 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to !   
hi/orian ,v>ro1 !y 7 t5 9 numb]4 ,! mo/ 
celebrat$ 0 ! ,cuman ,sibyl1 ( :om !    
poets give ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,apollo     
s\ght ! love ( ! "y prophetess1 &       
promis$ to give h] :atev] %e %\ld dem&4 
,! sibyl desir$ t %e might live z _m    
ye>s z %e _h gra9s ( s& 9 h] h&2 b z %e 
=got to ask = heal? & y\?ful bloom1 ?is 
long life prov$ r a burd5 ?an a b5efit4 
,%e _h reject$ ! suit ( ,apollo1 & ! god
 refus$1 !re=e1 to )draw 8 gift or      
mitigate ! sev]ity ( h] lot4 ,?is sibyl 
_h already liv$ sev5 hundr$ ye>s :5 nez 
came to ,italy1 & six c5turies /ill     
rema9$ ( ! "t grant$ by ,apollo4 ,%e    
accompani$ nez on 8 visit to ! l[] _w4  
,accord+ to a well-kn[n ,roman leg5d1 "o
 ( ! sibyls came to ! palace ( ! second 
,t>qu9 ) n9e volumes1 :i* %e (f]$ to    
sell at a v high price4 ,! k+ decl9$ !  
(f]2 ! sibyl imm$iately disappe>$ &     
burn$ ?ree ( ! volumes4 ,return+ soon   
aft]1 %e ask$ ! same price = ! rema9+   
six books2 & :5 ,t>qu9 aga9 refus$ to   

buy !m1 %e burn$ ?ree m1 & /ill p]si/$ 9
 dem&+ ! same sum ( money = ^? t 7 left4
 ,?is extraord9>y conduct a/oni%$ !     
mon>*1 & ) ! advice ( ! ,augurs he b\ght
 ! books1 ^u :i* ! sibyl disappe>$ & 0  
nev] se5 aft]4 ,^! books 7 pres]v$ )    
great c>e1 & 7 call$ ! ,sibyll9e ,v]ses4
 ,a college ( prie/s 0 appo9t$ to take  
*>ge ( !m1 & !y 7 consult$ ) ! greate/  
solemnity1 :5ev] ! /ate seem$ to be 9   
dang]4 ,:5 ! ,capitol 0 burn$ 9 !       
tr\bles rais$ by ,sylla1 ! ,sibyll9e    
,v]ses are said by "s to h p]i%$ 9 !    
conflagration4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 on 
good au?ority1 t !y 7 9 exi/5ce z late z
 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 de/roy$ by comm&
 ( ! ,emp]or ,honorius4 ,v>i\s          
collections 7 aft]w>ds made1 :i* are    
g5]ally admitt$ to be =g]ies4  ,diff]5t 
op9ions h prevail$ ) reg>d to !         
prophecies ( ! sibyls1 "s ( :i*1 x is   
said1 po9t$ cle>ly to ! adv5t ( a       
,r$eem]1 ! "t ( 8 com+1 & ! submission (
 ,rome to ! new disp5sation4 ,x has be5 
?\ght t ^! passages 7 inv5t$ by lat]    

,*ri/ian writ]s1 b ,bi%op ,horsley1 a   
le>n$ ,engli% div9e1 ?9ks x m reasonable
 to suppose t ! sibyll9e books conta9$ !
 records ( prophecies :i* 7 grant$ 9    
primitive times1 to nations outside ( ! 
patri>*al & ,jewi% races4 ,he cites 9   
favor ( ?is op9ion1 ! fact t ,/4 ,ju/91 
9 8 apology address$ to ! ,emp]or ,m>cus
 ,anton9us1 appeals confid5tly to !     
sibyll9e prophecies1 & at t "t1 ab\t !  
middle ( ! second c5tury1 x 0 n possible
 t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld h add$ any?+ to !m4 
,!re are also passages 9 ! f\r? ,eclogue
 ( ,virgil :i* prove t ! expectation ( a
 ,savi\r1 & ! belief t ! "t ( 8 adv5t 0 
approa*+1 exi/$ ev5 among ! pagans4     
,div9ation by ,om5s--,! ,augurs4  ,ques4
 ,:o 7 ! ,augurs8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 prie/s ^:
 (fice x 0 to obs]ve & int]pret om5s4   
,?is sci5ce 0 d]iv$ f ! anci5t          
,etrurians4 ,!re 7 five pr9cipal classes
 ( om5s f :i* ! ,augurs 7 suppos$ to    
=etell future ev5ts1 ! good or ill      
success ( an und]tak+1 etc4 ,! fir/ 7   
drawn f ! ph5om5a ( nature1 su* z ?und]1

 lightn+1 comets1 etc4 ,! second k9d (  
om5 0 obta9$ by obs]v+ ! cries & !      
flight ( birds4 ,9 ! ?ird class we may  
place ! appetite ( ! sacr$ *ick5s2 :5 !y
 did n eat1 ! om5 0 s bad t x 0 consid]$
 unlucky to give battle1 or und]take    
any?+ ( importance4 ,x happ5$ once t a  
,roman comm&]1 7,claudius ,pul*]17 :5   
ab\t to engage ! fleet ( ! enemy1 0 w>n$
 by ! ,augurs t ! sacr$ *ick5s w\ld n   
eat4 ,he repli$1 ) v natural contempt1 t
 if !y w\ld n eat1 !y might dr9k1 & _h  
!m ?r[n into ! sea4 ,x is believ$ t !   
t]rible defeat ! ,romans suff]$ on t day
 0 ow+1 9 great "p1 to ! disc\ragem5t ( 
! sailors1 :o suppos$ t _! comm&] _h    
=feit$ ! favor ( ! gods by ?is act (    
sacrilege4  ,om5s 7 drawn f ! appe>ance 
( ! entrails ( animals (f]$ 9 sacrifice1
 also f ! meet+ ) quadrup$s 9 any       
unaccu/om$ place4  ,! fif? class ( om5s 
0 tak5 f diff]5t casualties1 su* z      
spill+ salt1 /umbl+ on ! ?re%old1       
sneez+1 meet+ a h>e1 wolf1 fox1 etc4 ,"s
 ( ^! la/ sup]/itions prevail1 m or     

less1 to ! pres5t day4     ,,*apt]      
,,xxxix4   ,,oracles4  ,ques4 ,:at d y  
und]/& by oracles8  ,ans4 ,! places :]e 
! hea!n div9ities 7 suppos$ to answ] ^? 
:o consult$ !m1 7 call$ oracles4 ,?is ^w
 0 also appli$ to ! responses giv54     
,ques4 ,"n "s ( ! m fam\s oracles8      
,ans4 ,among ! mo/ celebrat$ 71 !       
oracles ( ,jupit] at ,dodona2 ( ,apollo1
 at ,delphi2 ( ,trophonius1 ne> ,lebedea
 9 ,boeotia2 ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 9 !      
des]ts ( ,lybia2 ( sculapius at         
,epidaurus2 & ! ,ca/alian ,f\nt4  ,ques4
 ,describe ! oracle ( ,dodona4  ,ans4   
,dodona 0 a t[n ( ,epirus1 probably     
situat$ 9 ! valley n[ call$ ,joann9a1 b 
! exact site has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,9 !   
e>li] times ,jupit] gave answ]s to 8    
vot>ies by means ( a s-call$ vocal oak  
or bea*4 ,braz5 in/rum5ts1 susp5d$ f !  
high] bran*es1 cla%$ toge!r :5 mov$ by !
 w9d4 ,! prie/esses :o 7 appo9t$ to     
expla9 ! responses ( ! oracle c\ld atta*
 :atev] mean+ !y pleas$ to ^!           
in>ticulate s\nds4 ,lat]1 ! ,corcyrians 

pres5t$ to ! temple a braz5 caldron     
surm\nt$ by a figure ( ! same metal2 !  
/atue held 9 its h& a :ip1 ! la% ( :i*  
consi/$ ( ?ree *a9s1 ea* hav+ an        
a/ragalus 7a small bone7 at ! end4 ,^!1 
:5 mov$ by ! w9ds1 /ruck ! caldron1 &   
produc$ s cont9u\s a s\nd t f\r hundr$  
vibrations 7 sometimes c\nt$ be=e x     
ceas$4 ,demo/h5es tells u t ! responses 
deliv]$ to ! ,a!nians at ,dodona 7      
c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! public ar*ives2 _! 
rev]5ce = ! oracle did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t 
!m f accus+ ! prie/ess ( be+ influ5c$ by
 bribes :5 !y 7 dissatisfi$ ) h] answ]s4
  ,! oracle ( ,dodona 0 probably ! mo/  
anci5t 9 ,greece4 ,! temple 0 f\nd$ by !
 ,pelasgi long be=e ! siege ( ,troy2 x 0
 p>tially de/roy$ by ! tolians dur+ !   
,social ,w>1 & x w\ld seem t x nev]     
recov]$ f ?is disa/]4 ,! t[n exi/$ _m   
c5turies lat]2 & we read ( a bi%op (    
,dodona :o att5d$ ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus4  
,ques4 ,:at does ,diodorus tell u       
conc]n+ ! oracle at ,delphi8  ,ans4 ,?is
 hi/orian relates t a %eph]d1 :ile fe$+ 

8 flocks on ! side ( ,m\nt ,p>nassus1   
obs]v$ t 8 %eep & goats1 on approa*+ a  
c]ta9 cavity 9 ! e>?1 began to skip &   
dance ab\t 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,z he
 drew ne> to exam9e ! cause ( ?is       
ph5om5on1 ! vapors1 exhal+ f ! e>?1     
affect$ him 9 ! same way2 8 body 0      
convuls$1 & he spoke words :i* reveal$  
futurity4 ,o!rs exp]i5c$ simil> effects1
 & ! exhalation 0 suppos$ to h a c]ta9  
div9e prop]ty4 ,! cavity 0 approa*$ )   
rev]5ce2 a tripod 0 plac$ ov] x2 & a    
prie/ess or ,py?ia 0 appo9t$ to preside4
 ,! words :i* %e utt]$ :5 "u ! influ5ce 
( ! vapor 7 consid]$ to be inspir$ by   
,apollo2 cr[ds came to consult ! oracle2
 a temple 0 built1 & ! city ( ,delphi   
arose ins5sibly ar\nd ! spot4  ,z !     
oracle grew 9 repute x became necess>y  
to appo9t a second & a ?ird ,py?ia to   
answ] ^? :o came to consult ! god4 ,!   
,py?ia c\ld n prophesy until %e _h      
become intoxicat$ by ! vapor f !        
sanctu>y4 ,?is effect 0 n produc$ at all
 times1 & on "s days x 0 n p]mitt$ to   

consult ! oracle4 ,spr+ 0 consid]$ ! mo/
 propiti\s season4 ,:5 ,apollo 0        
favorably dispos$1 8 approa* 0 made kn[n
 by ! mov+ ( a laurel t /ood be=e ! gate
 ( ! temple4 ,! sacr$ tree 0 !n se5 to  
tremble 9 e leaf4  ,! ,py?ia 0 oblig$ to
 prep>e by fa/s1 sacrifices &           
purifications be=e %e asc5d$ ! tripod4  
,:5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! my/]i\s vapor1 h] 
hair /ood erect1 h] eyes fla%$1 %e foam$
 at ! m\?1 & a convulsive trembl+ seiz$ 
h] :ole body4  ,%e !n spoke prophetic   
words1 :i* 7 c>efully not$ by ! att5dant
 prie/s4 ,! oracles 7 sometimes 9 v]se1 
b m commonly 9 prose2 9 ! latt] case !y 
7 imm$iately v]sifi$ by poets employ$ = 
t purpose4  ,_m rem>kable oracles are   
record$ by ,h]odotus z hav+ be5 deliv]$ 
at ,delphi1 b z a g5]al ?+ ! answ]s 7   
ambigu\s1 & s cauti\sly word$ z to seem 
true1 :atev] might be ! ev5t4 ,su* 0 !  
answ] giv5 to ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 :5 
he consult$ ! oracle conc]n+ ! result ( 
8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,m$es4 ,! ,py?ia    
told him t by cross+ ! riv] ,halys he   

w\ld ru9 a great empire1 b z %e did n   
say :at empire1 :e!r 8 own or t ( 8     
enemies1 ! oracle c\ld n fail ( be+     
fulfill$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,py?ia 0  
(t5 influ5c$ by p]suasion or bribes1 &  
_m illu/ri\s p]sons 7 accus$ ( hav+     
b\ght ! oracles !y desir$4  ,! temple ( 
,apollo at ,delphi 0 enri*$ by ! (f]+s (
 diff]5t pr9ces1 & ! surr\nd+ nations   
vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! magnific5ce ( _!     
gifts4 ,! build+ 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 !  
ye> #edh ,b4 ,c41 b 0 soon rebuilt4     
,x]xes1 aft] hav+ =c$ ! pass ( ,!rmopyl1
 s5t a deta*m5t ( 8 army to plund] !    
treasures ( ,delphi4 ,! exp$ition 0     
unsuccessful1 ow+1 z ! ,delphians       
ass]t$1 to a manife/ int]position ( !   
deity4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,philomelus1 a        
,phocian g5]al1 seiz$ ^! treasures to   
pay 8 troops4 ,he is said to h c>ri$ (f1
 9 gold & silv]1 a sum equal to t5      
million doll>s4 ,/ill lat] ,delphi 0    
?reat5$ by ! ,gauls1 "u _! k+ ,br5nus4  
,accord+ to ,pausanias1 ! city & temple 
7 sav$ by ,pan1 z we h se5 9 ! acc\nt   

giv5 ( t god2 b o!rs decl>e t ! invad]s 
possess$ !mselves ( great booty4 ,sylla 
also plund]$ ,delphi1 & ,n]o took f x1  
at "o "t1 no less ?an five hundr$ /atues
 ( bronze4  ,! temple 0 f9ally dismantl$
 by ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :o adorn$ 8    
,hippodrome ) ! sacr$ tripods4  ,no     
traces are kn[n to exi/ ( ! cav]n :5ce  
issu$ ! sacr$ vapor1 b "s h ?\ght x     
might be discov]$ by se>*+ 9 ! c5tral "p
 ( ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city4  ,ques4 ,:o 0
 ,trophonius1 & = :at 0 8 oracle        
rem>kable8  ,ans4 ,trophonius1 & 8 bro!r
 ,agamedes 7 ! ar*itects ( ! temple (   
,apollo at ,delphi4 ,accord+ to "o      
leg5d1 :5 ! edifice 0 f9i%$1 !y ask$ !  
god to rew>d !m = _! labor4 ,apollo     
promis$ t he w\ld recomp5se !m on !     
sev5? day1 & bade !m live happily dur+ !
 int]val4 ,on ! sev5? night ! bro!rs di$
 9 _! sleep4 ,! oracle is said to h be5 
discov]$ on ! foll[+ occasion3 ,9 a "t (
 sev]e dr\ght ! ,boeotians consult$     
,apollo at ,delphi1 & 7 direct$ to seek 
aid f ,trophonius 9 ,lebadea4 ,!y       

proce$$ ?i!r1 & see+ a sw>m ( bees ent] 
a *asm 9 ! e>?1 !y foll[$ & discov]$ a  
deep cav]n4 ,"h !y f\nd ! oracle (      
,trophonius1 & ! aid !y s\ght4  ,ques4  
,:at c]emonies 7 obs]v$ 9 consult+ ?is  
oracle8  ,ans4 ,! vot>y 0 fir/ purifi$  
by solemn ablutions2 !n1 aft] (f]+      
sacrifice1 & dr9k+ ( a wat] call$ ,le!1 
or oblivion1 he desc5d$ by means (      
ladd]s into ! fir/1 or upp] cav]n4 ,!   
op5+ into ! l[] cave 0 extremely n>r[1 &
 !re 0 app>5tly no?+ to aid ! desc5t4   
,"h1 ^? :o 7 c\rage\s en\gh to advance1 
lay ^u ! gr\nd ) _! feet )9 ! entrance1 
tak+ c>e to hold 9 ea* h& a c]ta9       
composition ( honey4 ,!y 7 !n c>ri$     
d[nw>ds ) great =ce1 z by ! curr5t ( a  
rapid riv]4 ,9 ! my/]i\s dep?s ( ! l[]  
cave1 ! future 0 reveal$1 b n to all 9 !
 same mann]2 "s saw1 o!rs he>d :at !y   
desir$ to "k4  ,x has be5 frequ5tly     
ass]t$ t ^? :o ent]$ ! cave (           
,trophonius nev] smil$ & we %\ld judge1 
f ! acc\nts giv5 by anci5t writ]s1 t !y 
7 subject$ to a treatm5t closely        

resembl+ :at we n[ call animal          
magnetism1 or mesm]ism4  ,ques4 ,:]e 0 !
 temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon8  ,ans4 ,x 0   
situat$ 9 an oasis ( ! ,libyan des]t1   
call$ by ! anci5ts ,ammon1 & by ! mod]n 
,arabs1 ,siwah4 ,x is ab\t five degrees 
we/ ( ,cairo4  ,! temple is said to h   
be5 f\nd$ by ,bac*us "u ! foll[+        
circum/ances4 ,:ile m>*+ ?r\gh ! ,libyan
 des]t1 ,bac*us came to a b>r5 wa/e ( s&
 :]e 8 :ole army 0 9 dang] ( p]i%+ =    
want ( wat]4 ,he call$ on ,jupit] = aid1
 & a ram sudd5ly appe>$1 :i* guid$ !m to
 a v]dant oasis1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* sp>kl$ a
 cle> f\nta94 ,bac*us erect$ on ! spot1 
a temple :i* he d$icat$ to ,jupit]4 ,z !
 surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 call$ ,hammodes f    
,hammon or ,ammon1 s&1 ! god 0 wor%ipp$ 
"h "u ?is title1 & 0 always repres5t$ z 
hav+ ! head & horns ( a ram4 ,! temple  
soon became celebrat$ z an oracle1 & 0  
enri*$1 l t ( ,delphi1 by spl5did (f]+s4
 ,:5 ,cambyses invad$ ,egypt1 he s5t a  
l>ge body ( troops across ! des]t to    
seize its treasures4 ,z no?+ 0 ev] he>d 

( ?is exp$ition1 x seems probable t !   
,p]sians 7 purposely misl$ by _!        
,egyptian guides1 & ?us p]i%$ 9 ! des]t4
 ,alex&] ! ,great visit$ ! temple (     
,jupit] ,ammon to "q ! oracle z to 8    
p>5tage2 & ! prie/s1 :o 7 und\bt$ly     
appris$ ( ! object ( 8 visit1 did n wait
 to be que/ion$1 b salut$ ! k+ z ! son (
 ,jupit]4 ,! site ( ?is temple 0        
discov]$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by an ,engli%   
travell]1 b ! late/ & be/ acc\nt is giv5
 by ,belzoni1 :o visit$ x 9 #ahaf4 ,!   
oasis is ab\t six miles 9 l5g?1 ) an    
av]age bread? ( f\r miles4 ,x is f]tile 
& produces 9 abundance1 rice1 :eat &    
fruits4 ,! ru9s ( ! temple are n        
ext5sive2 !y are1 h[ev]1 int]e/+1 z _m  
pieces ( sculpture1 includ+ figures (   
goats ) rams' heads1 are f\nd 9 a good  
/ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 a beautiful grove
 ( palms1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! oasis1 is ! 
fam\s ,fons ,solis1 or ,f\nta9 ( ! ,sun1
 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 correspond ) !      
description giv5 by ,h]odotus4 ,accord+ 
to t hi/orian1 ?is f\nta9 0 always tepid

 at dawn1 icy cold at noon2 x grew w>m  
aga9 t[>ds sunset1 & 0 boil+ hot at     
midnight4 ,belzoni says t ?is acc\nt is 
q exagg]at$1 al?\gh ! wat] ( ! f\nta9   
felt to him mu* w>m] at midnight ?an at 
noon-day4 ,! tru? seems to be t little  
or no *ange takes place 9 ! f\nta91 :i* 
is well %ad$ & v deep4 ,! great *ange   
:i* really takes place 9 ! atmosph]e is 
probably ! cause ( ! app>5t v>iation 9 !
 temp]ature ( ! f\nta94 ,belzoni _h no  
!rmomet] ) him1 s t he 0 unable to te/ !
 tru? ( ?is supposition4  ,ques4 ,:]e 0 
! oracle ( sculapius8  ,ans4 ,?is god 0 
consult$ by ! sick 9 _m places1 b 8 mo/ 
celebrat$ oracle 0 9 8 native city (    
,epidaurus 9 ,argolis4 ,?is oracle 0 s  
fam\s t 9 ! ye> #bic ,b4 ,c41 :5 a      
t]rible pe/il5ce 0 rag+ 9 ,rome1 !      
,s5ate s5t a solemn embassy to          
,epidaurus to implore ! aid ( sculapius4
 ,! god 0 propiti\s1 & accompani$ !     
return+ embassy 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t4       
,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! prie/s s5t  
to ,rome a sacr$ s]p5t :i* !y n\ri%$ 9 !

 temple4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 p>ticul>ly      
rem>kable 9 ! oracles ( sculapius8      
,ans4 ,x w\ld seem t ! prie/s1 :o _h    
probably "s skill 9 m$ic9e1 made use ( e
 means calculat$ to enc\rage ! vot>ies1 
& inspire !m ) a confid5t hope (        
recov]y4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to sleep 9 !      
temple1 & we %\ld judge1 f ! acc\nts    
giv5 by anci5t writ]s1 t !y 7 subject$  
to a treatm5t closely resembl+ :at we n[
 call animal magnetism1 or mesm]ism4  ,!
 temple ( ,epidaurus 0 plund]$ by ,sylla
 to defray ! exp5ses ( ! w> aga9/       
,mi?ridates4  ,ques4 ,:]e 0 ! ,ca/alian 
,f\nt8  ,ans4 ,!re 7 two celebrat$ spr+s
 ( t "n2 "o on ,m\nt ,p>nassus1 :i* 0   
sacr$ to ! ,muses1 & ano!r ne> ,daphne1 
9 ,syria4 ,?is la/ 0 believ$ to imp>t ! 
k ( futurity to ^? :o drank ( its wat]s4
 ,! oracle ( ?is f\nta9 promis$ ! empire
 to ,hadrian1 :ile he 0 yet 9 a private 
/ation4 ,:5 he asc5d$ ! ?rone1 he _h !  
f\nta9 %ut up ) /ones4  ,ques4 ,:at     
op9ions did ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s hold 
) reg>d to ! hea!n oracles8  ,ans4 ,!y  

believ$ t al?\gh ! responses 7 to be    
attribut$1 z a g5]al ?+1 to m]e human   
juggl]y & impo/ure1 !re 7 occasions 9   
:i* x 0 impossible to d\bt ! direct     
ag5cy ( evil spirits4 ,we read 9        
,scripture t ,satan spoke by ! m\?s ( ! 
possess$1 & none 7 m likely to fall "u  
?is demoniac influ5ce ?an ! prie/s & o!r
 m9i/rants 9 ^! %r9es ( impo/ure4 ,_m   
in/ances are record$ :]e ,*ri/ians      
impos$ sil5ce on oracles by pron\nc+ !  
"n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 or by ! sign ( !     
cross2 & sometimes ! same effect 0      
produc$ by _! simple pres5ce 9 ! temple4
  ,ques4 ,at :at p]iod did ! oracles    
cease to give responses8  ,ans4 ,no     
exact date c be assign$2 z ,*ri/ianity  
spread1 ^! impo/ures fell gradually into
 disrepute1 & 7 at l5g? entirely ab&on$4
 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! oracles became   
sil5t at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 b ?is is an    
error4 ,milton1 h[ev] adopts ?is idea 9 
8 beautiful ,hymn ( ! ,nativity3      ,!
 oracles are dumb2     ,no voice or     
hide\s hum       ,r+s ?r\gh ! ar*$ ro( 9

 words deceiv+4     ,apollo f 8 %r9e    
,c no m div9e1       ,) holl[ %riek !   
/eep ( ,delphos leav+4     ,no nightly  
trance or brea!d spell     ,inspires !  
pale-ey$ prie/ f ! prophetic cell4      
,,*apt] ,,xl4   ,,classic ,,games4      
,ques4 ,:y is a notice ( ^! games       
appropriate 9 ?is place8  ,ans4 ,because
 !y 7 closely connect$ ) ! religi\s     
obs]vances ( ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 begun &   
end$ ) solemn sacrifices1 & =m$ a "p 9 !
 celebration ( ! pr9cipal fe/ivals held 
9 honor ( ! gods4 ,^! rem>ks apply also 
to ! ,greek drama4  ,ques4 ,:at games 7 
solemniz$ 9 ,greece8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 ( f\r 
k9ds3 ! ,olympic1 ! ,py?ian1 ! ,nemean1 
& ! ,i/hmian4  ,ques4 ,:o in/itut$ !    
,olympic games8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 v anci5t2  
_! fir/ in/itution 0 attribut$ by !     
,greeks to ,h]cules4 ,!y 7 reviv$ by    
,iphitus1 k+ ( ,elis1 :o obta9$ = !m !  
solemn sanction ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,! 
,olympian games 7 celebrat$ at int]vals 
( =ty-n9e & fifty lun> mon?s alt]nately1
 s t !y fell sometimes 9 ! mon?         

,apollonius1 7,july72 sometimes 9 ! mon?
 ,p>!nius1 7,augu/74 ,! "t ( _!         
celebration 0 a p]iod ( sacr$ truce1    
suffici5tly prolong$ to enable p]sons to
 att5d ! games f e "p ( ,greece1 &      
return to _! homes 9 safety4 ,! int]val 
betwe5 ! celebrations 0 call$ an        
,olympiad1 & ! ,greeks usually c\nt$ "t 
9 ?is mann]4 ,! ,olympiads 7 reckon$    
only f ! ye> #ggf1 ,b4 ,c41 al?\gh !    
games _h be5 reviv$ by ,iphitus m ?an a 
c5tury e>li]4 ,! ,olympic fe/ival la/$  
five days4 ,! games consi/$ ( *>iot1    
horse & foot races2 leap+1 wre/l+1 box+1
 ?r[+ ! discus or quoit1 etc4 ,all      
p]sons 7 admitt$ to cont5d 9 ^! games :o
 c\ld prove t !y 7 free1 ( pure ,hell5ic
 blood1 & t _! *>act]s _h nev] be5 /a9$ 
by any base or immoral act4 ,s great 0 !
 importance atta*$ to race1 t ev5 ! k+s 
( ,mac$on 7 oblig$ to prove _! ,hell5ic 
desc5t be=e !y 7 all[$ to ent] z        
competitors4 ,x is almo/ impossible = u 
to realize ! importance atta*$ by !     
,greeks to a victory ga9$ 9 any ( ^!    

ex]cises4 ,! prize itself 0 a cr[n (    
wild olive4 ,?is 0 cut f a tree 9 !     
sacr$ grove ( ,olympia1 :i* 0 said to h 
be5 br\ght by ,h]cules f ! l& ( !       
,hyp]boreans4 ,a palm bran* 0 at ! same 
"t plac$ 9 ! victor's h&1 & 8 "n 0      
proclaim$ by ! h]ald4 ,on 8 return home1
 m di/+ui%$ honors await$ him4 ,he ent]$
 8 native city1 n by ! gate1 b ?r\gh a  
brea* made 9 ! walls = 8 reception4     
,banquets 7 giv5 to him by 8 fri5ds1 at 
:i* odes 7 sung 9 honor ( 8 victory4 ,! 
horse & *>iot races held ! highe/ rank1 
& s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! honor ( ! victory    
belong$ to ! own] ( ! horse or *>iot1   
al?\gh he himself %\ld n h be5 pres5t at
 ! games4  ,! ,greek hi/orians relate t 
?ree c\ri]s 7 receiv$ by ,philip (      
,mac$on on ! same day1 ea* be+ ! be>] ( 
joyful tid+s4 ,! fir/ ann\nc$ t 8 g5]al 
_h ga9$ a great victory2 ! second1 t 8  
horse _h won ! prize 9 ! ,olympic games2
 :ile ! ?ird br\ght news ( ! bir? ( 8   
son1 aft]w>ds ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,?is    
passage is suffici5t to %[ :at          

importance 0 atta*$ to su* a victory1 :5
 we see x ?us class$ z an ev5t ( equal  
importance ) ! success ( an army1 & !   
bir? ( an heir to a great k+dom4        
,alcibiades on "o occasion ent]$ sev5   
f\r-horse *>iots 9 ! ,olympic games1 &  
c>ri$ (f ! fir/1 second & ?ird prizes4  
,! poet ,euripides celebrat$ ?is        
victory1 & ,alcibiades1 aft] (f]+ solemn
 sacrifices to ,jupit]1 fea/$ ! entire  
multitude assembl$ to witness ! games4  
,ladies 7 admitt$ to dispute ! prizes at
 ,olympia1 & _m are m5tion$ z successful
 competitors4 ,cynisca1 ! si/] (        
,agesilaus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 fir/ op5$ ?is  
pa? ( glory to h] sex1 & 0 proclaim$    
conqu]or 9 ! f\r-horse *>iot race4 ,?is 
victory1 till !n unexampl$1 0 celebrat$ 
) all possible spl5dor4 ,a magnific5t   
monum5t 0 erect$ 9 ,sp>ta 9 honor (     
,cynisca1 & ! ,lac$monians1 :o 7 g5]ally
 indiff]5t to ! *>ms ( v]se1 engag$ a   
poet to transmit ?is new triumph to     
po/]ity4 ,! pr9cess d$icat$ a braz5     
*>iot 9 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi2 9

 ?is votive (f]+1 ! *>iote] 0 also      
repres5t$2 :i* proves t %e _h n driv5 ! 
*>iot h]self at ! games4 ,?is is a feat 
:i*1 x is believ$1 no woman ev]         
attempt$4 ,! portrait ( ,cynisca1 drawn 
by ! great ,apelles1 0 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 
! same temple4  ,ques4 ,7 any o!r       
ex]cises admitt$ at ! ,olympic games8   
,ans4 ,yes2 !re 0 also an intellectual  
competition1 :i* 0 p]haps m lively &    
ard5t ?an any o!r1 z ! victory 9 su* a  
conte/ 0 m highly e/eem$4 ,! be/ writ]s 
& poets ( ,greece repair$ to ! ,olympic 
games1 believ+ t ! approbation ( s      
illu/ri\s an assembly 0 ! mo/ c]ta9     
means ( e/abli%+ a great reputation 9 a 
little "t4 ,x 0 ?us t ,h]odotus read 8  
hi/ory to assembl$ ,greece4 ,x 0 receiv$
 ) en?usia/ic applause1 & ! names ( !   
n9e muses 7 imm$iately giv5 to ! n9e    
books :i* compose ! "w4 ,dionysius 0 n s
 =tunate4 ,?is pr9ce believ$ himself !  
mo/ excell5t poet ( ! "t1 & employ$     
pr(essional read]s to recite "s ( 8     
pieces at ,olympia4 ,:5 !y began to read

 ^! v]ses _! cle> & h>moni\s voices     
pleas$ ! e>1 & !y 7 li/5$ to at fir/ )  
great att5tion1 :i* gradually decreas$ z
 !y w5t on1 until ! :ole assembly bur/  
=? into hoot+ & %\ts ( laught]1 s absurd
 did ! pret5sions ( ! royal poet appe>4 
,:at we h said ( ! ,olympic ,games1 may 
be appli$ ) "s little v>iation to ^?    
solemniz$ 9 o!r places4  ,ques4 ,by :om 
7 ! ,py?ian ,games in/itut$8  ,ans4     
,accord+ to ,greek fable1 by ,apollo    
himself1 9 commemoration ( 8 victory ov]
 ! s]p5t ,py?on2 accord+ to ! m probable
 hi/oric acc\nt1 !y orig9at$ at ! "t :5 
! ,delphic oracle _h already ga9$ "s    
reputation4 ,! ,amphictyonic c\ncil 0   
*>g$ ) ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! games1 :i* 7   
celebrat$ at fir/ e n9?1 & aft]w>ds e   
fif? ye>4 ,! cr[n be/[$ 0 ( bay4  ,ques4
 ,:]e 7 ! ,nemean games celebrat$8      
,ans4 ,at ,nemea1 a city ( ,argolis1    
celebrat$ z ! haunt ( ! lion sla9 by    
,h]cules4 ,!y 7 said to h be5 re/or$ by 
t h]o1 & 7 celebrat$ e ?ird ye>4 ,!     
cr[ns be/[$ on ! victors 7 ( p>sley1    

because ^! 7 orig9ally fun]al games1 & x
 0 cu/om>y to lay *aplets ( p>sley on ! 
tombs ( ! dead4 ,! ru9s ( ,nemea are to 
be se5 ne> ! mod]n village ( ,kut*umadi4
  ,ques4 ,:y 7 ! ,i/hmian ,games s      
call$8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 nam$ f ! ,i/hmus (  
,cor9?1 :]e !y 7 celebrat$4 ,!y 7       
in/itut$ 9 honor ( ,melic]tes1 :o 0     
*ang$ into a sea deity4 ,aft] fall+ into
 neglect1 ^! games 7 re/or$ by ,!seus4  
,!y 7 celebrat$ e five ye>s1 & cont9u$  
to be solemniz$ ev5 aft] ! de/ruction ( 
,cor9? by ! ,romans4 ,! victors 7 at    
fir/ rew>d$ ) g>l&s ( p9e leaves1 b ?is 
cu/om 0 *ang$1 & ! p9e 0 replac$ by a   
cr[n ( )]$ p>sley4     ,,*apt] ,,xli4   
,,!atres4  ,ques4 ,did ! !atrical       
repres5tations ( ! ,greeks resemble ^? (
 mod]n times8  ,ans4 ,!y diff]$ widely1 
bo? 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! drama1 & ! mode (
 repres5tation4 ,! greate/ di/9ction    
lay1 p]haps1 9 ! /ructure ( ! !atre     
itself4  ,ques4 ,describe ! g5]al plan (
 a ,greek !atre8  ,ans4 ,x 0 q op5      
above1 & ! dramas 7 always act$ 9 !     

light ( day1 b5ea? ! bright canopy ( a  
s\!rn heav54 ,! ,romans at a lat] p]iod 
introduc$ awn+s to scre5 ! audi5ce f !  
sun1 b ! ,greeks w\ld h reg>d$ su* a    
precaution z a m>k ( effem9acy2 & x mu/ 
be admitt$ t _! mild] climate r5d]$ x   
almo/ unnecess>y4 ,if a /orm or a %[]   
came on1 ! play 01 ( c\rse1 int]rupt$2 !
 gods & h]oes disappe>$1 & ! audi5ce    
s\ght %elt] 9 ! l(ty colonnade :i*      
always ran beh9d _! seats4 ,!y *ose to  
suff] ^! occasional inconv5i5ces1 r ?an 
%ut !mselves up 9 a close & cr[d$ h\se1 
& =feit ! sunny brightness ( :at 0 to !m
 a national1 & ev51 9 "s sort1 religi\s 
solemnity4 ,to h cov]$ 9 ! /age itself1 
& imprison$ gods & h]oes 9 a gloomy     
ap>tm5t artificially light$1 w\ld h     
appe>$ to ! anci5ts 9 ! highe/ degree   
absurd4  ,! great !atre ( ,bac*us1 at   
,a!ns1 is ! only /ructure ( ! k9d ( :i* 
a complete description has rea*$ u4 ,x  
may s]ve to give a g5]al idea ( ^!      
edifices4  ,?is !atre /ood on ! s\!a/]n 
side ( ! em95ce :i* 0 cr[n$ by ! noble  

build+s ( ! ,acropolis4 ,f ! level ( !  
pla9 bel[1 a semicircul> excavation     
asc5d$ f> up on ! slope ( ! hill4 ,r\nd 
! concavity1 seats = an audi5ce ( ?irty 
?\s& p]sons arose1 range above range2   
high] /ill1 ! :ole 0 enclos$ by a l(ty  
portico adorn$ ) /atues & surm\nt$ by a 
balu/rad$ t]race4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ent]+
 & leav+1 ! ti]s ( b5*es 7 divid$ at    
int]vals1 by passages ext5d+ ar\nd !    
!atre1 & aga9 transv]sely1 into w$ge-l  
masses1 by flights ( /eps :i* radiat$ f 
! l[e/ ti] to ! portico above4 ,! l[]   
seats1 be+ m conv5i5tly plac$ = see+ &  
he>+1 7 e/eem$ ! mo/ honorable1 & 7     
res]v$ = ! high magi/rates1 ! prie/s & !
 ,s5ate4 ,bel[1 0 ! semicircul> or*e/ra1
 or pit1 :i* 0 g5]ally occupi$ by !     
*orus4 ,elevat$ above ! or*e/ra1 &      
opposite ! l[] seats1 0 ! /age itself4  
,?is _h a v wide front & b little dep?4 
,! actors usually spoke 9 ! c5tral "p1  
call$ logeum1 or pulpitum4 ,beh9d ?is1 !
 /age grew deep]1 & =m$ a quadrangle    
call$ ! prosc5ium4 ,?is 0 enclos$ by    

l(ty build+s ( /one-"w1 repres5t+       
ext]nally a palace-l mansion1 & conta9+ 
)9 )draw+ rooms = ! actors1 &           
receptacles = ! /age ma*9]y4 ,:5 !      
nature ( ! play r5d]$ x necess>y1 ^!    
build+s 7 conceal$ by pa9t$ sc5es4 ,9 ! 
great] numb] ( trag$ies1 h[ev]1 ! :ole  
action might be c>ri$ on appropriately  
en\gh 9 ! portico or c\rt ( a palace4   
,!re 7 also contrivances by :i* a       
portion ( ! int]ior might be expos$ to  
view4 ,! rank ( ! p]sonages 0 g5]ally   
indicat$ by ! p>ticul> door at :i* !y   
ent]$2 t 9 ! c5tre ( ! prosc5ium be+    
res]v$ = royalty4 ,wond]ful effects 7   
produc$ by ! use ( ! ma*9]y :i* 0       
dispos$ beh9d ! walls ( ! /age4         
,support$ by ropes1 or iron cranes1     
c>efully conceal$1 gods appe>$ 9 ! air1 
desc5d$ on ! /age1 & p]=m$ _! allott$ "p
 9 ! drama4 ,h]oes also asc5d$ to       
,olympus1 & 7 hidd5 at l5g? f view by   
sc5ic cl\ds4 ,9 ! ,prome!us ( s*ylus1   
,oceanus passes ?r\gh ! air1 m\nt$ on a 
griff91 & a *oir ( fifte5 ocean nymphs  

is introduc$ 9 a fly+ *>iot4 ,9 ano!r   
piece1 ,aurora desc5ds & c>ries (f !    
dead body ( ,memnon4 ,gho/s & inf]nal   
deities asc5d$ f b5ea? ! /age1 :]e !re 7
 appropriate contrivances = _!          
introduction4 ,:5 x 0 necess>y to       
conceal ! /age1 ! curta9 0 n dropp$1 b  
drawn up f b5ea? ! floor4  ,ques4 ,0 !re
 any?+ peculi> 9 ! dress ( ! actors8    
,ans4 ,! co/umes 7 spl5did1 & c>efully  
adapt$ to ! rank & "* ( ! p]sonages     
repres5t$4 ,! actors wore masks :i*     
cov]$ ! entire head4 ,:5 gods or h]oic  
p]sonages 7 repres5t$1 ! masks 7 l>g]   
?an life1 & ! disproportion ( ! size ( !
 head ) ! re/ ( ! body1 0 obviat$ by two
 diff]5t contrivances4 ,! co?urnus1 or  
busk91 0 sol$ ) sev]al lay]s ( cork1 :i*
 add$ at lea/ ?ree in*es to ! height ( !
 actor1 & ! dress 0 judici\sly padd$1 s 
z to give ! :ole figure ! necess>y h]oic
 dim5sions4 ,wom5 7 n admitt$ on !      
,greek /age2 ! female p>ts 7 always     
p]=m$ by m51 we>+ appropriate wigs &    
masks4  ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! use (    

masks mu/ h emb>rass$ ! actors1 & made  
!m appe> /iff & unnatural4 ,?is may h   
be5 true to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b we mu/     
rememb] t1 at ! di/ance at :i* ! actors 
7 plac$ f ! great] "p ( _! audi5ce1 !   
*anges ( expression1 & ! play ( feature 
w\ld h be5 q lo/1 :ile ! l>ge & f9ely   
color$ masks may h _h a v good effect4  
,no?+ w\ld h seem$ m out ( place to !   
,greeks1 ?an to see ! "p ( ,apollo or   
,h]cules p]=m$ by an actor ) /rongly    
m>k$ or ord9>y features4  ,! masks 7 l9$
 ) brass1 & s con/ruct$ t in/ead (      
muffl+ ! voice1 !y gave x dep? & volume1
 almo/ z a speak+ trumpet w\ld h done4  
,ques4 ,:at 0 ! ,*orus8  ,ans4 ,x 0 a   
*oir ( s+]s1 v>y+ 9 numb] f fifte5 to   
fifty4 ,9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! acts ( !  
drama1 ! *orus *ant$ v]ses correspond+  
to ! action ( ! piece1 sometimes p\r+ =?
 hymns ( ?anksgiv+ or supplication to ! 
gods2 sometimes *ant+ odes on !         
in/ability ( human affairs z exemplifi$ 
9 ! sc5es :i* !y _h j witness$4 ,at o!r 
times ! *orus broke =? into lam5tations 

ov] ! untimely fate ( "s p]sonage ( !   
drama1 or d5\nc$ ! ang] ( ! gods on !   
head ( a tyrant4 ,besides ?is m         
legitimate action ( ! *orus1 x 0        
occasionally p]mitt$ to take "p 9 !     
dialogue4 ,ev5 9 ?is case !y always     
rema9$ 9 ! or*e/ra4  ,! s++ 0 always    
accompani$ by dances :i* v>i$ accord+ to
 ! nature ( ! piece4 ,all ! movem5ts ( a
 tragic *orus 7 sl[ & grave1 :ile 9 !   
light] pieces1 ! music & ! measures ( ! 
dance 7 quick & lively4 ,! dress ( !    
*orus v>i$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 c]ta9     
trag$ies1 ^! s+]s p]sonat$ ! ,eum5ides  
or ,furies4 ,^! 7 g5]ally rob$ 9 black1 
) purple girdles4 ,!y br&i%$ :ips1      
wrea!d ) s]p5ts1 9 _! fle%less h&s1 & _!
 aspect 0 r5d]$ /ill m t]rible by !     
frightful masks :i* appe>$ b5ea? _!     
snaky tresses4 ,we are told t :5 s*ylus 
introduc$ su* a *orus 9 "o ( 8 trag$ies1
 ! t]ror ( ! spectators 0 su* t _m      
fa9t$1 & sev]al *ildr5 di$ ( fright4  ,9
 ?is connection we h an int]e/+ /ory4   
,ibycus1 a lyric poet1 0 on 8 way to !  

,i/hmian games1 :5 he 0 waylaid by two  
robb]s4 ,! unhappy b>d call$ 9 va9 =    
aid2 no human help 0 ne>2 b 8 la/1      
despair+ cry 0 e*o$ by ! ho>se scream ( 
a flock ( cranes :i* 0 pass+ ov]head4 ,!
 dy+ poet he>d1 & look+ upw>ds1 pray$ ! 
birds to discov] & av5ge ! crime :i* !y 
alone _h se54 ,! murd]]s he>d ?is       
appeal1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 !y paid no he$ at
 ! "t4 ,! body ( ,ibycus 0 f\nd &       
recogniz$1 & ! multitude assembl$ to    
witness ! ,i/hmian games 7 sorely       
disappo9t$ & dismay$ at ! sad tid+s ( 8 
dea?4 ,!y cr[d$ ! tribunals & dem&$     
v5geance on ! murd]]s1 b no trace c\ld  
be f\nd :i* might lead to _! discov]y4  
,! fe/ival proce$$1 ! fate ( ,ibycus be+
 /ill on e tongue4 ,! assembl$ p 7      
assi/+ at a dramatic repres5tation1 :5 !
 dread *orus ( ! ,furies advanc$ )      
measur$ /ep1 & made ! circuit ( !       
,!atre4 ,! s\nd ( in/rum5ts 0 he>d no m 
z _! *oral hymn swell$ & rose1 ?rill+ ! 
he>ts ( all :o he>d4 ,!y sang ( !       
happ9ess enjoy$ by ! pure ( he>t1 ( !   

good man ^: dwell+ 0 nev] d>k5$ by _!   
%ad[4 ,!n ! blood ( ! li/5]s grew cold )
 fe> z !y told ( ! v5geance :i* x 0 !irs
 to wreak on ! secret murd]]1 on him ^: 
crime _h be5 va9ly hidd5 f mortal eye4  
,?us !y sang 9 measur$ cad5ce1 & pass$ f
 view1 :ile a solemn /illness settl$ on 
! va/ assembly4 ,at ?is mom5t a voice 0 
he>d f ! upp] b5*es1 exclaim+1 z if 9   
sudd5 t]ror1 ,behold1 comrade6 yond] are
 ! cranes ( ,ibycus6 & a flight ( cranes
 0 se5 pass+ directly ov] ! ,!atre4 ,!  
"n ( ! murd]$ poet caught ! e>s ( !     
multitude4 ,ea* "o ask$ :at ?is         
exclamation might mean1 & :at _h !      
cranes to d ) him4 ,a cry 0 rais$ to    
seize ! man :o _h spok51 & ! "o to :om 8
 spee* _h be5 address$4 ,! wret*$       
murd]]s1 ?us betray$ by _! own guilty   
fe>s1 confess$ ! crime1 & suff]$ !      
puni%m5t !y _h des]v$4 ,attempts h be5  
made by ,fr5* & ,g]man trag$ians1 to    
revive ! anci5t *orus1 b )\t success1 z 
x is entirely unsuit$ to ! mod]n drama4 
,ques4 ,7 dramatic ent]ta9m5ts z frequ5t

 9 anci5t times z 9 our own8  ,ans4 ,no2
 b !y took place sev]al times 9 ! ye>1  
=m+ a necess>y "p 9 ! celebration ( !   
pr9cipal fe/ivals4 ,! be/ actors 7      
engag$ long be=eh&1 & 7 subject to heavy
 f9es if !y fail$ to appe> on ! appo9t$ 
day4 ,:5 su* an ent]ta9m5t 0 ab\t to    
take place1 ! p ha/5$ to ! !atre at !   
dawn ( day1 t !y might secure good      
seats1 z ! p]=mance comm5c$ at a v e>ly 
h\r4 ,!re 7 ?ree or f\r di/9ct          
repres5tations dur+ ! day1 divid$ by    
%ort int]vals ( repose4 ,dur+ ^!1 !     
audi5ce walk$ 9 ! neighbor+ groves1     
amus$ !mselves1 & p>took ( ! refre%m5ts 
:i* !y br\ght ) !m4 ,:5 diff]5t dramatic
 poets cont5d$ = ! prize ( excell5ce1 !y
 g5]ally pres5t$ two or ?ree pieces ea*1
 s t twelve complete dramas 7 sometimes 
p]=m$ on ! same day4  ,ques4 ,7 ^!      
!atres free to all8  ,ans4 ,no2 ea*     
p]son 0 oblig$ to pay a small sum =     
admission4 ,:5 ,p]icles wi%$ to ga9 !   
favor ( ! ,a!nians1 he r$uc$ ! entrance 
fee to two oboli1 & obta9$ a decree t   

ev5 ?is trifl+ sum %\ld be furni%$ by ! 
magi/rates to ! poor] class ( citiz5s4  
,! !atres !mselves 7 erect$1 & 9 a great
 measure ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! /ate4  
,! co/ ( ! ent]ta9m5ts mu/ h be5 heavy1 
if we are to judge by ! descriptions    
giv5 ( ! sc5ic arrangem5ts4 ,x is ev5   
said t :5 groves 7 requir$1 liv+ trees f
 ! =e/ 7 plant$ on ! /age4  ,:atev] may 
h be5 ! faults ( ! ,greek drama1 !re is 
no d\bt t x 0 int5d$ to inculcate       
pr9ciples ( religion & morality4  ,!    
!atrical ent]ta9m5ts ( ! ,greeks1 & _!  
public games1 =m a /rik+ contra/ to !   
inhuman sports ( ! ,roman amphi!atre4   
,,*apt] ,,xlii4   ,,celebrat$ ,,/atues4 
,ques4 ,:at are ! mo/ celebrat$ /atues (
 ! hea!n div9ities8  ,ans4 ,! ,olympian 
,jupit]1 ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 ! ,diana  
la ,bi*e1 ! ,m9]va ( ! ,p>!non & ! ,v5us
 de ,m$icis4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! ,olympian 
,jupit]8  ,ans4 ,?is /atue1 n[ lo/1 0   
=ty feet 9 height1 on a p$e/al ( twelve 
feet4 ,x 0 consid]$ ! f9e/ "w ( art ( ! 
great ,a!nian sculptor1 ,phidias1 & !re 

are /ill 9 exi/5ce bu/s tak5 f x1 :i*   
are rem>kable = _! calm maje/y (        
expression4 ,! mat]ial 0 :at ! ,greeks  
call$ *ryselephant9e2 t is1 ! fle% 0    
compos$ ( plates ( ivory skillfully laid
 on2 b ! drap]y & ornam5ts 7 pure gold4 
,?is circum/ance is suffici5t to acc\nt 
= ! de/ruction ( ! /atue4 ,x 0 execut$ =
 ! temple ( ,jupit] at ,olympia1 :i* 0  
wor?y ( su* an adornm5t1 be+ "o ( ! mo/ 
magnific5t edifices 9 ,greece4  ,ques4  
,describe ! ,m9]va ( ! ,p>!non8  ,ans4  
,! /atue 0 ( ! same dim5sions & 0       
compos$ ( ! same mat]ials z ! ,olympian 
,jupit]2 x 0 also ! "w ( ,phidias4 ,!   
,p>!non 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( !      
,greek temples1 & 0 enri*$ by ! h& (    
,phidias ) /atues & o!r ornam5ts4 ,?is  
magnific5t temple w\ld h be5 suffici5t 9
 itself to conf] immortal glory on !    
adm9i/ration ( ,p]icles4 ,x exi/$ 9 its 
full beauty = m ?an a c5tury aft] 8     
dea?4 ,x 0 fir/ despoil$ by ,la*>es1 :o 
/ripp$ ! /atue ( ,m9]va ( its gold5     
adornm5ts4 ,x is said he obta9$ 9 ?is   

mann] an am\nt ( preci\s metal equal to 
ne>ly half a million ( doll>s4 ,! temple
 itself resi/$ ! attacks ( "t2 x 0 us$  
successively z a ,*ri/ian *ur* & a      
,turki% mosque1 & 0 /ill entire :5 !    
,v5etians besieg$ ! citadel ( ,a!ns 9 ! 
ye> #afhg4 ,! ,turks conv]t$ ! ,p>!non  
into a p[d] magaz9e2 x 0 un=tunately    
/ruck by a bomb1 & ! entire edifice 0   
r$uc$ to its pres5t ru9\s condition4 ,"s
 ( ! sculptures & bas-reliefs :i* once  
adorn$ ?is temple may n[ be se5 9 !     
,briti% ,museum4 ,!y are call$ ,elg9    
,m>bles1 because !y 7 br\ght f ,greece  
by ,"l ,elg94  ,ques4 ,describe ! ,v5us 
de ,m$icis8  ,ans4 ,?is /atue1 /ill     
p]fect1 is s call$ f hav+ be5 9 !       
possession ( ! ,m$icis family4 ,an      
inscription on its base in=ms u t x 0   
c>v$ by ,cleom5es1 an ,a!nian sculptor1 
#bjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! arti/ has succe$$ 9     
produc+ a figure q p]fect 9 =m2 b !re is
 no?+ spiritual ab\t ! ,v5us1 :i* is1   
!re=e1 f> inf]ior to ! ,jupit] & ,m9]va4
  ,ques4 ,describe ! ,apollo ,belvid]e8 

,ans4 ,?is /atue is s call$ f !         
,belvid]e gall]y ( ! ,pope's palace4 ,! 
arti/ is unkn[n1 b x is believ$ to be a 
,roman "w4 ,! god is repres5t$ z hav+ j 
dis*>g$ an arr[ f 8 b[ aga9/ ! mon/]    
,py?on4 ,! =m & attitude are p]fect1 b !
 face is p>ticul>ly admir$ = its        
expression ( maje/y & p[]4  ,ques4      
,describe ! ,diana  la ,bi*e8  ,ans4    
,?is beautiful /atue1 n[ at ! ,l\vre1 is
 consid]$ ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,apollo4 ,!    
goddess is engag$ 9 ! *ase1 & a h9d is  
runn+ by h] side4 ,"o h& is lift$ to    
draw an arr[ f ! quiv]4     ,,"p ,,ii4  
,,*apt] ,i4  ,egyptian ,div9ities4      
,,osiris--,,apis--,,s]apis--,,isis--,,an
ubis--,,h>pocrates4  ,ques4 ,:o 0       
,osiris8  ,ans4 ,osiris1 ,apis &        
,s]apis1 are ?ree diff]5t names ( "o & !
 same god4 ,osiris 0 ! son ( ,jupit] & (
 ,niobe1 ! daught] ( ,phoroneus4 ,he    
conqu]$ ,egypt1 :i* he gov]n$ s well &  
wisely z to receive div9e honors f 8    
subjects ev5 dur+ 8 life4 ,he m>ri$1 z  
we h already le>n$1 ,io1 ! daught] (    

,ina*us1 :o 0 m g5]ally kn[n to !       
,egyptians by ! "n ( ,isis4  ,osiris 0  
cruelly murd]$ by 8 bro!r ,typhon4      
,isis1 aft] a long se>*1 f\nd 8 body1   
:i* %e laid 9 a monum5t 9 an isl& ne>   
,memphis4 ,osiris became f t "t ! tutel>
 deity ( ! ,egyptians4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z   
id5tical ) ! sun1 :ile ,isis 0 suppos$1 
l ,cybele1 to p]sonify ! e>?4  ,ques4   
,h[ 0 ?is goddess repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,z a
 woman ) ! horns ( a c[1 sometimes1     
also1 z cr[n$ ) lotus4 ,heads ( ,isis   
are common among ! decorations (        
,egyptian temples4 ,aft] ! wor%ip ( ?is 
goddess 0 introduc$ into ,rome1 h] image
 0 adorn$ ) diff]5t emblems4 ,! my/]i\s 
rites ( ,isis became a cloak = mu*      
secret vice1 & 7 repeat$ly =bidd5 at    
,rome4 ,tib]ius caus$ ! images ( !      
goddess to be ?r[n into ! ,tib]2 h]     
wor%ip 01 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds reviv$4 ,!    
abuses att5d+ x are m5tion$ )           
indignation by ! poet ,juv5al4  ,ques4  
,:o 0 ,apis8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! sacr$ bull (
 ,memphis4 ,! ,egyptians ma9ta9$ t ! s\l

 ( ,osiris pass$ aft] dea? into ! body (
 ,apis2 & t z (t5 z ! sacr$ animal di$1 
! s\l pass$ into ! body ( its successor4
  ,sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ?is /range      
div9ity2 8 bir?-day 0 celebrat$ ) great 
magnific5ce1 & x 0 believ$ t dur+ ?is   
fe/ival ! crocodiles =got _! usual      
f]ocity1 & became h>mless4 ,a temple1   
two *apels1 & a c\rt = ex]cise1 7       
assign$ to ?is god1 ^: food 0 always    
s]v$ 9 vessels ( gold4 ,x may be d\bt$  
:e!r ! poor animal 0 capable (          
appreciat+ ^! extraord9>y honors2 he 0 n
 p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to enjoy !m beyond a   
/at$ p]iod4 ,if he atta9$ ! age (       
tw5ty-five ye>s1 he 0 dr[n$ by !        
att5dant prie/s 9 ! sacr$ ci/]n2 8 body 
0 !n c>efully embalm$1 & buri$ 9 !      
temple ( ,s]apis4  ,on ! dea? ( ,apis1  
:e!r x occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature or by 
viol5ce1 ! :ole c\ntry 0 plung$ into    
m\rn+1 :i* la/$ until 8 successor 0     
f\nd4 ,! animal into :om ! div9ity _h   
pass$1 0 kn[n by _m extraord9>y m>ks2 a 
squ>e :ite spot on ! =ehead1 ! figure ( 

an eagle on ! back1 a :ite cresc5t on ! 
"r side1 & ! m>k ( a beetle "u ! tongue4
 ,! prie/s always succe$$ 9 f9d+ an     
animal ) ^! extraord9>y m>ks1 & ! happy 
ev5t 0 imm$iately celebrat$ ?r\gh\t     
,egypt4  ,ques4 ,h[ did ! p obta9       
replies f ! oracle ( ,apis8  ,ans4 ,by  
v>i\s signs3 ! vot>y hav+ propos$ a "q1 
(f]$ food to ! sacr$ animal2 if he ate1 
x 0 consid]$ a favorable om54 ,x 0 also 
a good augury if he ent]$1 ( 8 own      
accord1 a p>ticul> /all4 ,:5 ,g]manicus 
(f]$ food to ,apis1 ! animal refus$ to  
eat1 & ?is circum/ance 0 aft]w>ds       
consid]$ z om9\s ( ! e>ly fate ( !      
,roman pr9ce4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,h>pocrates8
  ,ans4 ,horus or ,h>pocrates 0 ! son ( 
,osiris4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$ z ! god (       
,sil5ce1 & is repres5t$ z a boy1 seat$  
on a lotus-fl[]1 ) 8 f+] on 8 lips4     
,besides ! gods we h m5tion$1 !         
,egyptians wor%ipp$ ! dog1 ! wolf1 !    
crocodile1 ! ibis1 & _m o!r animals4 ,!y
 ev5 attribut$ div9ity to c]ta9 plants &
 roots4 ,juv5al1 9 "o ( 8 ,satires1 ?us 

ridicules _! sup]/ition3      ,:o has n 
he>d :]e ,egypt's realms are nam'd      
,:at mon/] gods h] frantic sons h       
fram'd8     ,"h ,ibis gorg$ ) well-gr[n 
s]p5ts1 !re     ,! ,crocodile comm&s    
religi\s fe>3     ,:]e ,memnon's /atue  
magic /ra9s inspire     ,) vocal s\nds t
 emulate ! lyre2     ,& ,!bes1 su*1     
,fate1 are ?y disa/r\s turns1     ,n[   
pro/rate o'er h] pomp\s ru9s m\rns      
,a monkey-god1 prodigi\s to be told6    
,/rikes ! behold]'s eye ) burni%'d gold3
     ,to god%ip "h blue ,triton's scaly 
h]d1     ,! riv] prog5y is !re pref]r'd3
     ,?r\gh t[ns ,diana's p[] neglect$  
lies1     ,:]e to h] dogs aspir+ temples
 rise6     ,& %\ld y leeks or onions    
eat1 no "t     ,w\ld expiate !          
sacrilegi\s crime4     ,religi\s nations
 sure1 & ble/ abodes1     ,:]e e or*>d  
is o'er-run ) gods4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   
,,ea/]n ,,my?ology4  ,deities ( !       
,assyrians4   ,,baal1 ,,or              
,,bel--,,molo*4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ^!        
div9ities8  ,ans4 ,! names ,baal &      

,molo* seem to h be51 at fir/1 diff]5t  
appellations ( ! ,sun2 lat] !y assum$   
ano!r signification1 & 7 appli$ to      
di/9ct deities4  ,ques4 ,:]e 0 ! ,sun   
wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,baal or ,bel 7!     
,"l78  ,ans4 ,9 ,babylon4 ,! fam\s t[] (
 ,babel or ,belus1 0 !re devot$ to 8    
wor%ip1 al?\gh ! highe/ ap>tm5t ( !     
edifice s]v$ also z an obs]vatory1 & 0 !
 repository ( ! mo/ anci5t a/ronomical  
obs]vations4 ,"s writ]s h imag9$ t !    
,*aldeans & ,babylonians wor%ipp$       
,nimrod "u ! "n ( ,belus1 b x is g5]ally
 believ$ t ) ^! nations1 & ! anci5t     
,canaanites1 ?is 0 "o ( ! _m            
appellations ( ! ,sun4  ,ques4 ,:at pro(
 h we ( ! popul>ity ( ?is god among !   
,pho5icians & ,c>?ag9ians8  ,ans4 ,9 _! 
prop] names2 z among ! =m]1 ,e?baal1    
,j]ubbaal2 among ! latt]1 ,hannibal1    
,asdrubal4  ,ques4 ,by :om 0 ! wor%ip ( 
,baal introduc$ among ! ,israelites8    
,ans4 ,by ,k+ ,a*ab or ,ahab4 ,!y (f]$  
human sacrifices to ,baal 9 groves1 or  
high places1 & on ! t]races ( _! h\ses4 

,j]emias reproa*es ! ,jews ) build+ !   
high places ( ,baalim1 to burn _! *ildr5
 ) fire = a holocau/ to ,baalim4 ,?is   
text %[s ! ext5t to :i* ! apo/ate       
,hebrews c>ri$ ?is abom9able wor%ip4    
,,molo*4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,molo*8  ,ans4   
,he 0 a div9ity ( ! ,ammonites4 ,!      
,pho5icians 7 also p>ticul>ly devot$ to 
8 wor%ip4 ,"y *ildr5 & infants 7 (f]$ z 
holocau/s to ?is cruel god4 ,^! horrid  
sacrifices 7 mo/ frequ5t 9 ,c>?age4 ,:5 
! ,sicilian ,aga?ocles ?reat5$ t city1  
we are told t five hundr$ infants1 _m ! 
fir/-born ( noble p>5ts1 7 consum$ 9 "o 
day on ! alt> ( ,molo*4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0   
?is god repres5t$8  ,ans4 ,by a braz5   
image1 :i* 0 s contriv$ t :5 a *ild 0   
laid ^u its ext5d$ arms1 !y 7 l[]$1 & ! 
little victim imm$iately fell into !    
fi]y furnace plac$ at ! foot ( ! idol4  
,ques4 ,0 ,molo* wor%ipp$ by ! ,jews8   
,ans4 ,yes2 x w\ld seem t !y 7 addict$  
to ?is idolatry be=e _! dep>ture f      
,egypt1 s9ce ,moses 9 _m places =bids ! 
,israelites1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 to d$icate  

_! *ildr5 to ,molo*1 by pass+ !m ?r\gh  
fire4 ,solomon built a temple = 8 wor%ip
 on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,lat] human      
sacrifices 7 (f]$ to him 9 ! valley (   
,h9nom1 call$ also ,tophet1 :i* lay to !
 ea/ ( ,j]usalem4  ,ques4 ,:]e does     
,milton ref] to ?is god8  ,ans4 ,assum+ 
t ! demons or fall5 angels receiv$ !    
wor%ip ( m51 "u ! names ( diff]5t hea!n 
div9ities1 he ?us describes ,molo* amid 
! ho/ ( ,satan3      ,fir/1 ,molo*1     
horrid k+1 besme>'d ) blood     ,( human
 sacrifice1 & p>5ts' te>s2     ,?\gh1 = 
! noise ( drums & timbrels l\d1     ,_! 
*ildr5's cries unhe>d1 t pass$ ?r\gh    
fire1     ,to 8 grim idol4 ,him !       
,ammonite     ,wor%ipp'd 9 ,rabba & h]  
wat]y pla91     ,9 ,argob & 9 ,basan1 to
 ! /ream     ,( utmo/ ,arnon2 nor cont5t
 ) su*     ,audaci\s neighborhood1 !    
wise/ he>t     ,( ,solomon he l$ by     
fraud to build     ,8 temple "r aga9/ ! 
temple ( ,god1     ,on t opprobri\s     
hill3 & made 8 grove     ,! pleasant    
valley ( ,h9nom1 ,tophet !nce     ,&    

black ,geh5na call'd1 ! type ( ,hell4   
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,a/>o?8  ,ans4 ,?is        
goddess1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,a/>te1     
repres5t$ ! moon1 9 ! same mann] z ,baal
 0 held to be id5tical ) ! sun4 ,!      
,hebrews always connect$ ! wor%ip ( ^!  
two div9ities4 ,accord+ to ,cic]o1      
,a/>te 0 ! ,syrian ,v5us1 & x is c]ta9 t
 9 h] wor%ip1 & ! fe/ivals celebrat$ 9  
h] honor1 !re is "s f\ndation = ?is     
idea4 ,:]e human sacrifices 7 (f]$ to   
,baal1 :eat5 cakes1 w9e & p]fumes 7 laid
 ^u ! alt> ( ,a/>o?4  ,not)/&+ ^! m     
innoc5t (f]+s1 h] wor%ip 0 r5d]$ infam\s
 by ! lic5se :i* prevail$ dur+ ^!       
fe/ivals1 & ! op5 immorality practis$ by
 h] vot>ies4   ,,?ammuz4  ,ques4 ,:o 0  
,?ammuz8  ,ans4 ,?is 0 ano!r "n =       
,adonis1 ^: /ory is ( ,ea/]n orig94 ,8  
dea?1 :i* we h already ref]r$ to 9      
connection ) ! goddess ,v5us1 is said to
 h tak5 place 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,libanus1 f 
:i* ! riv] ,adonis fl[s to ! sea4 ,!    
,assyrian wom5 m\rn$ = him 9 !          
autumn-"t4 ,x 0 believ$ t at ?is season 

! riv] *ang$ its color1 & ran r$1 z if  
t+$ ) blood4 ,to ?is ,milton alludes3   
,?ammuz came next beh9d1     ,^: annual 
w\nd 9 ,lebanon allur$     ,! ,syrian   
damsels to lam5t 8 fate     ,9 amor\s   
ditties all a summ]'s day2     ,:ile    
smoo? ,adonis f 8 native rock     ,ran  
purple to ! sea1 suppos$ ) blood     ,( 
,?ammuz ye>ly w\nd$4  ,! prophet        
,ezekiel1 9 relat+ ! iniquities committ$
 9 ,j]usalem1 says t he saw wom5 sitt+  
by ! nor? gate ( ! temple1 :o m\rn$ =   
,adonis4 7,9 ! ,hebrew1 ,?ammuz47       
,,oannes4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,oannes8  ,ans4 
,he 0 a god ( ! ,assyrians1 half man1   
half fi%1 :o 0 said to dwell 9 ! sea1 f 
:i* he came at /at$ times1 to in/ruct ! 
,babylonians 9 wisdom & sci5ce4 ,oannes 
is ! ,dagon ( ! ,phili/9es4     ,,*apt] 
,,iii4   ,,p]sia4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 !      
religion ( ! anci5t ,p]sians8  ,ans4 ,we
 d]ive our k ( _! religion pr9cipally f 
_! ,z5d-ave/a1 or ,sacr$ ,book4  ,ques4 
,:at does ! ,z5d-ave/a conta98  ,ans4 ,!
 doctr9es ( ,zoroa/]1 an ,ea/]n sage1 :o

 is ?\ght to h liv$ 9 ,bactria ab\t     
twelve hundr$ ye>s be=e our era4  ,ques4
 ,0 ! ,z5d-ave/a writt5 by ,zoroa/]8    
,ans4 ,b a small portion1 if any1 ( !   
,sacr$ ,books 7 writt5 by him1 b ! mo/  
anci5t passages1 :i* are 9 v]se1 7      
probably writt5 soon aft] 8 "t1 :5 ! k (
 8 doctr9es 0 /ill pres]v$4 ,! ,p>sees1 
or mod]n foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 n[ scatt]$ 
?r\gh ,india1 say t ! ,z5d-ave/a =m]ly  
consi/$ ( tw5ty-"o books1 b t ! great]  
"p 7 lo/ 9 ! tr\bl$ times t foll[$ !    
conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great4   
,ques4 ,:at is ! =m ( ! ,z5d-ave/a8     
,ans4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 9 :i*  
,ormuzd1 ! supreme deity1 replies to !  
inquiries ( ,zoroa/]1 & tea*es him 8 w )
 reg>d to 8 creatures4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 ! 
doctr9es ( ,zoroa/]8  ,ans4 ,?is        
philosoph] 0 m enlight5$ ?an 8          
contempor>ies1 & 0 probably acqua9t$ )  
primitive tradition4 ,he taught !       
exi/5ce ( "o supreme ,be+ call$ !       
,et]nal1 :o creat$ two o!r mighty be+s1 
& imp>t$ to !m a portion ( 8 own et]nal 

div9ity4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ^! deities8      
,ans4 ,ormuzd1 or ,oromasdes1 :o rema9$ 
fai?ful & pure1 gov]ns ! _w ) all !     
attributes :i* are giv5 to ! true ,god4 
,ahriman1 on ! contr>y1 uses all 8      
en]gies = evil2 & is1 9 all respects1   
consid]$ z a sort ( indep5d5t demon1    
end[$ ) inf9ite & untir+ malice4  ,ques4
 ,:at "p did ea* ( ^! div9ities take 9 !
 creation8  ,ans4 ,ormuzd creat$ m5 &   
angels1 ! sun1 moon & />s1 & ev]y?+ :i* 
c contribute to ! welf>e or pleasure ( 8
 creatures4 ,ahriman creat$ ! wild      
bea/s1 poison\s s]p5ts1 etc41 & s5t     
diseases1 e>?quakes & /orms4 ,! ,p]sians
 ?us believ$ 9 two indep5d5t pr9ciples1 
"o ( good1 & "o ( evil1 b !y wor%ipp$   
only ! fir/4  ,ques4 ,did !y n wor%ip ! 
sun8  ,ans4 ,!y probably did 9 lat]     
times1 b ! e>ly foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]      
rev]5c$ ! sun & fire z emblems (        
,ormuzd4 ,p]petual fire 0 kept burn+ on 
_! alt>s4 ,! ,p>sees ( ,h9do/an say t !y
 h sacr$ fire :i* has nev] be5 ext+ui%$ 
s9ce ! "t ( ,zoroa/]4 ,all ! sacr$ fires

 7 orig9ally lit f t :i* ,zoroa/] br\ght
 f heav54 ,! ,guebres1 z ^! p are       
sometimes call$1 (t5 built _! temples   
ov] subt]ranean fires4  ,ques4 ,is !re  
any su* fire n[ rev]5c$ by !m8  ,ans4   
,yes1 ne> ! t[n ( ,bakoo 9 ,georgia1 on 
! ,caspian ,sea1 !re is a p]petual flame
 issu+ f a lime/one rock4 ,x is wat*$ by
 prie/s1 & is mu* v5]at$ by ! surr\nd+  
tribes4 ,pilgrimages are made to ?is    
sacr$ fire f all p>ts ( ,asia4  ,ques4  
,:at is ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on8  ,ans4  
,bakoo & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry ab\nd 9      
naph?a & petroleum4 ,! sacr$ fire is    
simply a jet ( inflammable gas escap+ f 
! rocks1 :i*1 once lit1 burns           
p]petually1 z ! supply is inexhau/ible4 
,ques4 ,7 ! ,p]sians atta*$ to magical  
arts8  ,ans4 ,yes1 _! prie/s m+l$ !     
fables ( a/rology ) _! a/ronomical      
le>n+2 h5ce1 f ! ^w magi1 is d]iv$ our  
^w magician4  ,ques4 ,:]e did ! ,p]sians
 (f] _! sacrifices8  ,ans4 ,g5]ally on !
 tops ( l(ty m\nta9s4  ,ques4 ,:5 0 !   
religion ( ,zoroa/] suppress$ 9 ,p]sia8 

,ans4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,p]sia1 by !    
,arabs1 :i* took place 9 ! sev5? c5tury1
 ^? :o refus$ to embrace ! ,koran fl$ to
 ,h9do/an1 :]e !y /ill exi/ "u ! "n (   
,p>sees4 ,at ,bombay !y are an active1  
intellig5t & weal?y class4     ,,*apt]  
,,iv4  ,h9doo ,my?ology4   ,,brahma--,,!
 ,,v$as4  ,ques4 ,:at are ! ,v$as8      
,ans4 ,! ,v$as are ! ,sacr$ ,books ( !  
,h9doos1 & are mu* rev]5c$ by !m4 ,!y   
ma9ta9 t !y 7 compos$ by ,brahma1 !     
,supreme ,deity1 at ! creation4  ,ques4 
,:5 d ! ,h9doos ?9k t ! _w 0 creat$8    
,ans4 ,at an incr$ibly remote p]iod2 !y 
say ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! ,v$as 0 made
 by a sage nam$ ,vyasa1 "s five ?\s&    
ye>s ago4  ,ques4 ,:at is ! m correct   
op9ion8  ,ans4 ,t !y 7 writt5 9 ! second
 ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 a little lat]1 
probably1 ?an ! ,books ( ,moses4  ,ques4
 ,_h ! ,h9doos !n conqu]$ ! c\ntry :i*  
n[ be>s _! "n8  ,ans4 ,no2 !y 7 only    
cross+ ! bord]s ( ,india4  ,ques4 ,9 :at
 =m are ! ,v$as writt58  ,ans4 ,9       
poetry4 ,! pr9cipal ,v$a conta9s t5 ?\s&

 d\ble v]ses4 ,^! works are heavy &     
un9t]e/+1 b v important to hi/orians4   
,ques4 ,:y s8  ,ans4 ,because !y ?r[    
light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,indian &    
,european races4  ,ques4 ,:at d ! ,v$as 
tea* ( ,god8  ,ans4 ,!y tea* "o supreme 
deity1 call$ ,brahma1 & l ! ,p]sians    
seem to h "s idea ( ! ,tr9ity1 speak+ ( 
,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva1 z "o ,god4 ,! 
mod]n ,h9doos1 h[ev]1 wor%ip !m z di/9ct
 div9ities4  ,ques4 ,:at are ! (fices ( 
^! gods8  ,ans4 ,brahma creat$ all ?+s1 
,vi%nu pres]ves !m1 & :5 ! end ( ! _w is
 come1 :i* ! ,v$as say w occur 9 ab\t   
twelve million ye>s1 ,siva w de/roy !m4 
,ques4 ,:at is !re peculi> 9 ! hi/ory ( 
,vi%nu8  ,ans4 ,8 ,avat>s1 or           
inc>nations1 :i* are num]\s1 b t5 are m 
especially celebrat$4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 !  
fir/ ,avat>8  ,ans4 ,! fir/ ,avat> 0 :5 
,vi%nu assum$ ! =m ( a fi%1 & sav$      
,manu1 ! fa!r ( ! human race1 f a       
univ]sal deluge4  ,ques4 ,:at is ! n9?  
,avat>8  ,ans4 ,9 ! n9? ,avat>1 ,vi%nu  
appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ,kri%na1 a sort (       

,indian ,apollo2 ! la/ ( ! ,sacr$ ,books
 is t :i* conta9s ! life ( ,kri%na4     
,ques4 ,:at is !re rem>kable ab\t ?is   
life8  ,ans4 ,s _m circum/ances closely 
resemble correspond+ ev5ts 9 ! life (   
our ,savi\r1 t x is impossible !        
co9cid5ce %\ld be accid5tal4 ,x is      
suppos$ ?is book 0 writt5 aft] our era  
by "s "o :o _h he>d imp]fect acc\nts ( !
 life ( our ,"l4  ,ques4 ,:at is to be !
 t5? ,avat>8  ,ans4 ,! t5? ,avat> is    
call$ ,kalki1 9 :i* ,vi%nu w come to    
judge ! _w1 de/roy+ ! wick$ & rew>d+ !  
good4  ,ques4 ,:at d y say ( ,siva8     
,ans4 ,siva1 or ,mahadeva1 z he is m    
g5]ally call$1 has a va/ numb] (        
foll[]s4 ,8 wor%ipp]s & ^? ( ,vi%nu =m  
two di/9ct sects4 ,brahma1 hav+ f9i%$ 8 
"w1 has b "o temple 9 ,india4 ,x is     
d\btful :e!r ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jugg]naut   
belong to ! sect ( ,vi%nu1 or ( ,siva4  
,ques4 ,:at d ! ,h9doos believe ( ! s\l8
  ,ans4 ,!y ?9k t e s\l is a "p (       
,brahma1 z a sp>k is a "p ( ! fire1 & t 
f9ally all s\ls w be absorb$ into       

,brahma1 z drops ( wat] are lo/ 9 !     
ocean4 ,!y also believe 9 metempsy*osis4
  ,ques4 ,:at is metempsy*osis8  ,ans4  
,! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,! ,h9doos    
believe t if a man lead a pure life1 8  
s\l w pass1 aft] dea?1 into ano!r human 
body1 b t if he has be5 wick$1 x w ent] 
into ! body ( "s unclean animal4 ,!y ?9k
 ! s\l w transmigrate _m times be=e be+ 
f9ally unit$ to ,brahma4 ,?is belief    
makes _m ( ! ,h9doos afraid to kill     
animals = food1 le/ !y may possess human
 s\ls1 & be p]haps _! own fri5ds or     
relations4  ,ques4 ,:at are ,ca/es8     
,ans4 ,!y are diff]5t classes into :i* !
 ,h9doos h be5 divid$ f ! e>lie/ times4 
,ques4 ,h[ _m ca/es are !re8  ,ans4     
,f\r2 ! ,brahm9s or prie/s1 :o sprung f 
! head ( ,brahma2 ! ,w>rior ca/e1 :i*   
issu$ f 8 arms2 ! ,agriculturi/s &      
,trad]s1 :o came f 8 ?ighs1 & la/ly1 !  
,sudras1 or labor]s1 :o sprung f 8 feet4
  ,ques4 ,is !re mu* di/9ction betwe5 ! 
ca/es8  ,ans4 ,yes2 !y _c "u any        
circum/ances int]m>ry2 nor c a memb] ( a

 l[] ca/e ev] pass to a high]4 ,only1 if
 he lead a good life1 he may console    
himself ) ! hope ( be+ born 9 a high]   
ca/e ! next "t4  ,ques4 ,is !re any ca/e
 l[] ?an ! ,sudras8  ,ans4 ,no regul>   
ca/e1 b !re exi/s a mo/ unhappy race    
call$ ,p>iahs1 :o are treat$ ) ! utmo/  
contempt1 & employ$ only 9 ! vile/      
(fices4 ,!y _c ent] ! h\se ( any "o     
belong+ to a pure ca/e1 & !y are n only 
unclean !mselves1 b are suppos$ to      
contam9ate ev]y?+ !y t\*4 ,diff]5t      
acc\nts are giv5 z to ! orig9 ( ^!      
,p>iahs4  ,ques4 ,are ! ,h9doos all[$ to
 eat fle%8  ,ans4 ,! ?ree high] ca/es   
are =bidd5 x altoge!r4 ,! ,sudras may   
eat e k9d b beef1 b ! ,p>iahs are "u no 
re/riction :atev]4 ,! idea seems to be t
 !y are s vile t no k9d ( food c\ld     
pollute !m4  ,ques4 ,are ! ca/es anci5t8
  ,ans4 ,s mu* s1 t x is impossible to  
say :5 !y 7 fir/ e/abli%$4 ,! ,p>iahs   
are be+ gradually rais$ f _! degradation
 by ! ef=ts ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies4     
,,buddha4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,buddha8  ,ans4 

,buddha is said by ! ,v$as to h be5 a   
delusive inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 b 8       
foll[]s give a diff]5t acc\nt4  ,ques4  
,:at d !y say8  ,ans4 ,!y say t he 0 a  
mortal sage1 call$ ,guatama1 & also     
,buddha1 or ! ,wise4  ,ques4 ,:5 did    
,buddha live8  ,ans4 ,we _c asc]ta9     
exactly1 b x is probable he 0 a         
contempor>y ( ,solomon--t is1 he liv$   
ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s be=e our era4 ,he 0 ! 
son ( a k+1 & 0 di/+ui%$ by wisdom1     
virtue & e p]sonal gift4 ,he 0 s disgu/$
 ) ! wick$ness ( m51 t he retir$ into a 
des]t place1 :]e he sp5t six ye>s 9     
pray] & m$itation4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1  
he began 8 c>e] z a religi\s tea*]4 ,he 
prea*$ fir/ 9 ,b5>es1 b 8 doctr9es 7    
receiv$ ) s mu* favor t he liv$ to see  
!m spread ov] all ,india4 ,buddha di$ at
 ! age ( eighty4  ,ques4 ,0 ,buddhism   
tol]at$ by ! ,brahm9s8  ,ans4 ,x appe>s 
t = sev]al c5turies x 01 & t x ext5d$ to
 ,ceylon1 & ! ,ea/]n p59sula4  ,ques4   
,:at are ! doctr9es ( ! ,buddhi/s8      
,ans4 ,!y reject ! ,v$as altoge!r1 & !  

religi\s obs]vances prescrib$ 9 !m4 ,!y 
all[ animal food1 & ackn[l$ge no        
di/9ction ( ca/es4 ,bloody sacrifices   
are prohibit$4 ,"o ( ! duties ( a prie/ 
( ,buddha is to /udy ! m$ic9al prop]ties
 ( plants 9 ord] to b5efit 8 fell[ m54  
,we may see1 !re=e1 t ,buddha _h m      
reasonable & humane ideas ?an ^? :o     
compos$ ! ,v$as1 & t he 0 probably a    
true sage among 8 p4  ,ques4 ,is        
,buddhism common 9 ,india8  ,ans4 ,no2  
aft] be+ tol]at$ = a long "t1 a fi]ce & 
cont9u$ p]secution 0 rais$ aga9/ x4 ,?is
 _h ! effect ( suppress+ ! sect almo/   
entirely 9 ,india1 & ( spread+ x 9 !    
adjac5t c\ntries4  ,ques4 ,:5 0 ! wor%ip
 ( ,buddha fir/ introduc$ into ,*9a8    
,ans4 ,ab\t ! ye> #fe ( our era4 ,f ,*9a
 x spread to ,corea1 ,japan & ,java4  ,9
 ,japan1 ,buddhism has1 to a great      
ext5t1 supplant$ ! ,s9to religion1 !    
anci5t fai? ( ,japan4 ,! ^w ,s9to       
signifies _s wor%ip2 ! prie/s ( ?is sect
 tea* t ! _w is gov]n$ by an inf9ite    
numb] ( spirits4 ,! *ief ( ^! animates !

 sun2 o!rs rule ! moon1 />s1 & diff]5t  
elem5ts4  ,! wor%ip ( ! sun is ! mo/    
important ext]ior "p ( _! religion1 & ! 
,japanese 7 s mu* atta*$ to ?is =m (    
idolatry1 t ! ,buddhi/s h incorporat$ x 
) _! own rites4     ,,*apt] ,v4   ,,*9a4
  ,ques4 ,is ,buddhism univ]sally foll[$
 9 ,*9a8  ,ans4 ,!re is1 /rictly speak+1
 no /ate or national religion 9 ,*9a1 b 
all =ms ( wor%ip are tol]at$1 unless !y 
are consid]$ politically dang]\s4 ,among
 ! pagan ,*9ese ?ree pr9cipal religions 
are admitt$1 :i* are n[ consid]$ equally
 good1 al?\gh !re 7 =m]ly bitt] w>s     
betwe5 _! foll[]s4  ,ques4 ,:at are ^!8 
,ans4 ,! fir/1 ( :i* ,confucius is 9 "s 
sort ! f\nd]1 is call$ ! ,doctr9e ( !   
,lett]$2 ! second is reg>d$ by its      
pr(essors z ! primitive religion ( !    
anci5t inhabitants ( ,*9a4 ,! prie/s are
 call$ ,tao-sse1 or ,doctors ( ,reason1 
f ! pr9cipal doctr9e ( _! great tea*]1  
,lao-tze1 :o consid]$ primordial reason 
z ! creator ( all ?+s4 ,! ?ird religion 
is ,buddhism1 :i*1 z we h se51 0        

introduc$ into ,*9a 9 ! fir/ c5tury (   
our era4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,confucius8      
,ans4 ,confucius is ! ,lat9iz$ "n ( a   
philosoph] :om ! ,*9ese call            
,kung-fu-tse1 7,rev]5d ,ma/] ,kung74 ,he
 0 born 9 ! ye> #eea ,b4 ,c41 & di$ 9   
#dgi2 elev5 ye>s be=e ,socrates 0 born4 
,confucius 0 c>efully educat$ 9 virtue &
 le>n+ by 8 wid[$ "m4 ,at h] dea? he    
retir$1 accord+ to ,*9ese cu/om1 = !    
appo9t$ ?ree ye>s ( m\rn+4 ,dur+ ?is "t1
 he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( anci5t   
writ]s1 & notic+ h[ completely !        
morality ( ! old sages 0 =gott5 9 ,*9a1 
he det]m9$ to re/ore _! usages &        
doctr9es4 ,aft] c>eful prep>ation1 he   
set himself up z a tea*]1 & 8 disciples 
7 soon numb]$ by t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,confucius
 travell$ ?r\gh ! neighbor+ c\ntries1   
prea*+ :]ev] he w5t2 he 0 at "o "t prime
 m9i/] ( ! empire1 b 8 la/ ye>s 7 sp5t 9
 retirem5t ) "s *os5 disciples4 ,we read
 t he paid a visit to ,lao-tze1 & 0 s   
conf\nd$ by ! sublime wisdom ( t        
philosoph]1 t on 8 return home he rema9$

 ?ree days buri$ 9 pr(\nd ?\ght1 refus+ 
to speak1 or answ] any ( ! que/ions put 
to him by 8 disciples4 ,confucius enjoy$
 unb\nd$ popul>ity dur+ life1 b ! honors
 paid to him aft] dea?1 h no p>allel 9  
hi/ory4 ,8 tablet is 9 e s*ool 9 ,*9a & 
bo? ma/] & pupils are requir$ to        
pro/rate !mselves be=e x at ! beg9n+ &  
end ( ea* class4 ,e t[n has a temple    
erect$ 9 8 honor1 & 8 /atue is to be    
f\nd 9 e lit]>y in/itution4 ,confucius  
left "o gr&son1 ,tse-tse1 ^: desc5dants 
con/itute ! only h]$it>y nobility 9     
,*9a4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !y numb]$   
elev5 ?\s& males4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 !      
doctr9es ( ,confucius8  ,ans4 ,?is      
philosoph] did n orig9ate any religi\s  
cre$3 he 0 simply a tea*] ( morality4 ,x
 is ?\ght1 f _m passages 9 8 writ+s1 t  
he believ$ 9 "o ,omnipot5t ,god4 ,he    
does n1 h[ev]1 inculcate any su*        
doctr9e1 nor does he ev] speak ( any    
future rew>d z a motive = virtu\s       
actions4 ,filial piety & o!r social &   
dome/ic virtues are /rongly inculcat$4  

,x w\ld be well = ! ,*9ese ( ! pres5t   
day1 if _! conduct correspond$ to !     
maxims ( _! great tea*]1 ^: morality1   
?\gh (t5 defective1 conta9s mu* t is to 
be admir$4 ,x is a pro(1 if any 7 ne$$1 
t human motives are too weak to h any   
la/+ influ5ce on ! passions ( m52 & !   
,*9ese1 p>ticul>ly ! foll[]s (          
,confucius1 seem to h lo/ ev5 ! la/     
traces ( natural religion4  ,ques4 ,:y  
!n d !y p]sev]e 9 8 wor%ip8  ,ans4 ,!   
honors paid to ,confucius1 z well z to !
 s\ls ( _! ance/ors1 con/itute an       
ext]nal religion = (ficial p]sons &     
lit]>y m54 ,!re seems to be no sort (   
belief connect$ ) ^! obs]vances4  ,ques4
 ,:at difficulties did ?is cause among !
 ,*ri/ian mission>ies8  ,ans4 ,"s ( ^!  
mission>ies believ$ t ! honors paid to  
,confucius 7 purely civil obs]vances2 & 
t ! wor%ip ( ! s\ls ( deceas$ relations1
 ! oblations made at _! tombs1 etc41 7  
simply national cu/oms to :i* no        
sup]/iti\s idea 0 atta*$4 ,z !y 7 assur$
 ( ?is by ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! ,empire1 !y

 p]mitt$ ! newly conv]t$ ,*9ese to      
cont9ue ^! obs]vances4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1    
consid]$ t1 among ! ignorant1 ^! rites  
always deg5]at$ into sup]/ition1 & (t5  
into idolatry4 ,! dispute 0 ref]r$ to   
,rome1 & aft] a c>eful inquiry1 ! latt] 
op9ion prevail$2 ! rites 9 honor (      
,confucius1 toge!r ) ! wor%ip (         
ance/ors1 7 =bidd5 to ! ,*9ese          
,*ri/ians4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,lao-tze8      
,ans4 ,he 0 a ,*9ese philosoph]1        
contempor>y ) ,confucius4 ,) reg>d to 8 
life & actions1 _m absurd & impossible  
?+s are relat$4 ,8 "n1 ,lao-tze1 means  
',old ,*ild2' & ! ,*9ese say ?is        
appellation 0 giv5 him because he 0 born
 already old1 & ) gray hair4 ,! foll[]s 
( ,lao-tze believe 9 a spiritual _w1 9  
spiritual manife/ations1 & 9 !          
transmigration ( s\ls4 ,?is doctr9e is  
call$ ! religion ( ,tao1 or ,reason4 ,! 
prie/s are n[ only *eats & juggl]s1 liv+
 on ! sup]/ition ( ! p1 to :om !y sell  
*>ms & spells4  ,not)/&+ ! degrad$ "* ( 
8 foll[]s1 ! writ+s ( ,lao-tze prove t  

he 0 a true sage1 a man ( noble &       
elevat$ ideas4 ,he has be5 comp>$       
favorably ) ,plato1 & "s h claim$ t !   
,*9ese philosoph] travell$ z f> we/ z   
,a!ns4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9      
,lao-tze sp5t "s "t 9 ,p]sia & ,syria4  
,! ,t5 ,tribes _h j be5 disp]s$ ov]     
,asia by ! conque/s ( ,salmanas>2 & x is
 n possible t a sage s eag] 9 ! pursuit 
( religi\s k1 %\ld h fail$ to le>n      
some?+ ( ! anci5t prophecies & ! ,mosaic
 law4  ,ques4 ,:at did ,lao-tze tea* )  
reg>d to ,god8  ,ans4 ,9 8 writ+s he    
decl>es pla9ly t ! _w 0 erect$ by a     
?reefold div9ity4 ,8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 l !
 re/ ( ! ,*9ese1 h no def9ite idea (    
,god4  ,ques4 ,:at class ( ,*9ese foll[ 
! doctr9es ( ,buddha1 or ,fo8  ,ans4 ,at
 pres5t ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s belong       
pr9cipally to ! l[] classes4 ,=m]ly ?is 
religion 0 9 high] repute1 b !          
magnific5t temples ( ,buddha are n[ go+ 
gradually to decay1 & !re seems no      
prospect t any attempt w be made to     
re/ore !m4 ,! ,bonzes1 or ,buddhi/      

prie/s1 are ignorant & degrad$1 & are   
all[$ to live 9 ! greate/ pov]ty4 ,!y   
are n p]mitt$ to m>ry2 to keep up _!    
numb]s !y buy "y *ildr51 :o may be _h 9 
,*9a = a few sapecks1 & ^! are tra9$ = !
 s]vice ( ,buddha4 ,^! ,bonzes h sunk s 
l[ 9 public e/imation1 t !y are (t5 hir$
 to p]=m inf]ior p>ts on ! /age4  ,ques4
 ,:]e is ! mo/ celebrat$ temple (       
,buddha8  ,ans4 ,9 ,p\-t\1 an isl& 9 !  
,ar*ipelago ( ,*usan4 ,?is temple reta9s
 _m traces ( its =m] magnific5ce1 & is  
p>ticul>ly rem>kable = a triple /atue ( 
,buddha4 ,!re are ?ree gigantic figures1
 ri*ly gilt1 :i* repres5t ! div9ity 9 ! 
pa/1 ! pres5t & ! future4 ,9 ?is temple 
is a hall d$icat$ to ! ,goddess (       
,porcela91 & e "p ( ! edifice is cr[d$ )
 hide\s idols ( ! less] div9ities4      
,ques4 ,:at is ! g5]al feel+ ( ! ,*9ese 
on religi\s subjects8  ,ans4 ,!y are    
entirely indiff]5t1 & h b a vague idea (
 ! exi/5ce ( any?+ beyond ! pres5t life4
 ,?is indiff]5ce is ! greate/ ob/acle ) 
:i* ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies h to cont5d 9

 ,*9a4  ,ques4 ,d ! ,*9ese ev] argue    
among !mselves on po9ts ( belief8  ,ans4
 ,nev]4 ,:5 ,*9ese1 :o are /rang]s to   
ea* o!r1 meet1 a polite =mula is to ask 
,to :at sublime religion d y belong8 ,!n
 "o w call himself a ,buddhi/1 ano!r a  
foll[] ( ,confucius1 etc41 ^u :i*       
polit5ess requires t ea* "o %\ld speak  
slight+ly ( 8 own religion1 & praise !  
sect to :i* he does n belong4 ,^!       
complim5ts end by all repeat+ 9 *orus a 
prov]bial phrase to ! effect t all m5   
are bro!rs1 & religions are ( no        
consequ5ce4  ,ques4 ,if su* total       
indiff]5ce prevails 9 ,*9a1 on ! subject
 ( religion1 h[ does x happ5 t          
,*ri/ianity %\ld be s sev]ely p]secut$8 
,ans4 ,?is arises p>tly f ! political   
fe>s ( ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 & its jeal\sy 
( /rang]s4 ,! mission>ies are1 ( c\rse1 
=eign]s1 & x is natural t ! emp]ors %\ld
 imag9e !m to be work+ 9 ! int]e/ ( !   
great we/]n nations ^: p[] !y s mu* fe>4
 ,!re are o!r reasons2 ! purity (       
,*ri/ian morals has be5 always a reproa*

 to pagan society1 & ! _s ( d>kness nev]
 fails to r\se ! prejudices & passions (
 m5 aga9/ ! progress ( ! fai?4 ,9 anci5t
 ,rome1 :]e ! idols & sup]/itions ( e   
conqu]$ nation f\nd a ready welcome1    
,*ri/ianity obta9$ a foo?old only aft]  
?ree c5turies ( p]secution4     ,,*apt] 
,,vi4  ,?ibet4   ,,! ,,gr& ,,lama4      
,ques4 ,:at is ! prevail+ religion (    
,?ibet8  ,ans4 ,buddhism prevails 9     
,?ibet & ,t>t>y4 ,! p ( ^! c\ntries are 
m ?\ghtful ?an ! ,*9ese1 & m e>ne/ )    
reg>d to religi\s matt]s4 ,_! prie/s1   
call$ ,lamas1 live toge!r 9 l>ge        
communities4 ,!y are giv5 to /udy1 & _! 
dwell+s1 or ,lamas]ies1 (t5 conta9 l>ge 
& valuable libr>ies4 ,_m ( ! ,lamas are 
addict$ to demon wor%ip & sorc]y1 b ^!  
are g5]ally look$ ^u ) av]sion by ! m   
virtu\s among _! bre?r54  ,ques4 ,:o is 
! ,gr& ,lama8  ,ans4 ,he is a sort (    
,high ,prie/ ( ,buddhism resid+ 9       
,lassa1 ! capital ( ,?ibet2 he is inve/$
 ) an entirely sup]natural "*4  ,ques4  
,h[ is ?is8  ,ans4 ,! ,buddhi/s believe 

t ! conf9em5t ( ! s\l 9 a human body is 
a /ate ( mis]y1 & ! puni%m5t ( s9s      
committ$ 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,!y    
ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t pure spirits1 f "t to  
"t1 assume our human nature volunt>ily1 
9 ord] to promote ! welf>e ( mank9d4    
,su* are ! ,lamas1 & s9ce ! victories ( 
,g5ghis ,kan 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,lama resid+ 9 
,?ibet has be5 consid]$ ! ,*ief ,pontiff
 ( 8 sect1 & a p]petual inc>nation (    
,buddha4 ,he is also a temporal         
sov]eign1 al?\gh he is controll$ by !   
,*9ese gov]nm5t4  ,ques4 ,h[ is ! l9e   
p]petuat$8  ,ans4 ,:5 ! ,lama dies1 8   
s\l ent]s imm$iately into ! body ( "s   
*ild1 s t he is simply said to          
transmigrate4  ,ques4 ,h[ is ! *ild     
discov]$8  ,ans4 ,?is is an affair ( "s 
difficulty1 b ! inf]ior ,lamas always   
succe$ 9 f9d+ ! hidd5 div9ity4 ,! *ild  
into :om !y suppos$ ! ,lama's s\l has   
ent]$1 is requir$ to rememb] ! mo/      
private acts ( ! ,lama's life1 to       
recognize1 z famili> objects1 ! articles
 :i* he 0 accu/om$ to use1 etc4 ,!      

*ildr5 ?us exam9$ h sometimes answ]$ 9 s
 extraord9>y a mann] t _m h suppos$     
,satan 0 p]mitt$ to aid 9 ! impo/ure4   
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,my?ology ,,(          
,,sc&9avia4   ,ques4 ,:at does ?is      
my?ology include8  ,ans4 ,! anci5t      
sup]/itions ( t portion ( ,nor!rn       
,europe n[ kn[n z ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,d5m>k
 & ,icel&4  ,ques4 ,:at is ! g5]al "* ( 
,sc&9avian my?ology8  ,ans4 ,x has none 
( ! grace & poetic beauty :i* *>act]ize 
! fables ( ,greece & ,rome2 & x diff]s  
equally f ! m my/ical sup]/itions ( !   
,p]sians & ,h9doos4 ,9 w>m & f]tile     
regions1 ! temp]1 ev5 ( ! b>b>ian1 is   
s(t5$ into h>mony ) ! sc5es ar\nd him1 &
 8 sup]/itions1 ?\gh /ill s5sual1 are m 
g5tle & ref9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wild &   
rugg$ ,nor? made its own impress on !   
,sc&9avian tribes1 & _! sup]/itions 7   
gloomy & extravagant1 ) sometimes an    
elem5t ( savage gr&eur & sublimity4     
,ques4 ,0 ?is my?ology transmitt$ by    
oral tradition only8  ,ans4 ,?is mu/ h  
be5 ! case = a long "t2 z ! olde/ ( !   

,eddas 0 compil$ only 9 ! elev5? c5tury1
 & ! /ories :i* x conta9s ( ! ,nor!rn   
gods & h]oes1 _h be5 long famili> to ! p
 9 ! recitations ( _! b>ds4 ,!          
,sc&9avian ,skalds or b>ds 71 l !       
,celtic1 hi/orians z well z m9/rels4    
,ques4 ,:o compos$ ! ,eddas8  ,ans4 ,x  
is impossible to say4 ,! olde/1 or      
poetic ,edda1 0 compil$ by ,smund       
,sigfsson1 an ,icel&ic prie/1 ab\t !    
middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he 0 educat$ 
9 ,france & ,g]many1 & sp5t "s "t 9     
,rome be=e 8 return to ,icel&4 ,he 0    
induc$ to compile ! ,edda1 pr9cipally1 x
 w\ld seem1 f a patriotic desire (      
pres]v+ ! anci5t leg5ds ( 8 race4 ,! ^w 
,edda means ance/ress1 & x is s call$   
because x is consid]$ ! "m ( ,icel&ic   
poetry4 ,! ,sagas 7 writt5 9 ,d5m>k & ! 
,sc&9avian p59sula4  ,ques4 ,:at acc\nt 
d ! ,eddas give ( ! creation8  ,ans4 ,!y
 say t 9 ! beg9n+1 !re 0 nei!r heav5 nor
 e>?1 b a _w ( mi/1 9 :i* fl[$ a my/]i\s
 f\nta94 ,twelve riv]s issu$ f ?is      
f\nta91 & :5 !y _h fl[$ f> f _! s\rce1  

froze into ice1 :i*1 gradually          
accumulat+1 ! great deep 0 fill$ up4    
,s\?w>d f ! _w ( mi/1 0 ! _w ( light4 ,f
 ?is a w>m w9d fl[$ ^u ! ice1 & melt$ x4
 ,! vapors rose 9 ! air & =m$ cl\ds1 f  
:i* sprung ! ,fro/ ,giant & 8 prog5y2   
also ! c[ ,audhumbla1 by ^: milk ! giant
 0 n\ri%$4 ,! ,fro/ ,giants 7 ! enemies 
( gods & m54 ,f ! ice ( ! l[] deep a god
 arose1 :o m>ri$ a daught] ( ! giants1 &
 became ! fa!r ( ?ree sons1 ,od91 ,vili 
& ,ve4 ,^! slew ! giant ,ymir1 & out ( 8
 body =m$ ! e>? on :i* we live4 ,8 bones
 7 *ang$ into m\nta9s1 8 hair into      
trees2 ( 8 skull !y made ! heav5s1 & ( 8
 bra91 cl\ds *>g$ ) hail & sn[4 ,od9    
next regulat$ ! days & seasons by plac+ 
! sun & moon 9 ! heav5s1 & appo9t+ !m _!
 respective c\rses4 ,z soon z ! sun %$  
its rays ^u ! e>?1 ! plants & trees     
began to bud & spr\t4 ,! ?ree gods walk$
 by ! side ( ! sea1 admir+ _! new       
creation1 b see+ t x 0 un9habit$1 !y    
resolv$ to create man4 ,aske & ,embla1 !
 fir/ man & woman1 7 !re=e =m$1 ! man   

out ( an a%1 & ! woman out ( an ald]4   
,!y 7 ! p>5ts ( ! :ole human race4      
,ques4 ,:at idea _h ! anci5t ,sc&9avians
 ( ! =m ( ! e>?8  ,ans4 ,_! notions on !
 subject 7 *ildi% 9 ! extreme4 ,!y ?\ght
 t ! a% tree ,ygdrasill1 support$ !     
entire univ]se4 ,?is tree _h ?ree roots1
 "o ( :i* ext5d$ into ,asg>d1 !         
dwell+-place ( ! gods2 ano!r into       
,jotunheim1 ! abode ( ! giants2 & a ?ird
 into ,niffleheim1 ! region ( d>kness & 
cold4 ,"u ! tree lies ,ymir1 & 8 ef=ts  
to ?r[ (f ! weight cause e>?quakes4 ,!  
root t ext5ds into ,asg>d is c>efully   
t5d$ by ?ree ,norns1 :o correspond to ! 
,fates ( ,greek my?ology4 ,asg>d c\ld   
only be ent]$ by cross+ ! bridge        
,bifro/1 7! ra9b[74  ,ques4 ,describe   
,asg>d4  ,ans4 ,x conta9$ gold & silv]  
palaces1 ! dwell+s ( ! gods1 b ! mo/    
fam\s & beautiful ( ^! 0 ,valhalla1 !   
resid5ce ( ,od94 ,?is god is repres5t$ z
 seat$ on a ?rone :i* ov]looks all heav5
 & e>?4 ,on 8 %\ld]s sit ! rav5s1 ,hug9 
& ,mun91 :o fly e day ov] ! :ole _w1 &  

on _! return report to him all t !y h   
se54 ,at ,od9's feet lie two wolves1 to 
:om he gives all ! meat t is set be=e   
him1 z he himself /&s 9 no ne$ ( food4  
,mead is = him bo? food & dr9k4  ,ques4 
,h[ is ,od9's "n sometimes writt58      
,ans4 ,wod52 & f ?is comes ! "n ( ! f\r?
 day ( ! week1 ,wod5's day1 *ang$ to    
,w$nesday4  ,ques4 ,has ,od9 any o!r "n8
  ,ans4 ,he 0 sometimes call$ ,alfdur1  
7,all fa!r17 b ?is "n is occasionally   
us$ 9 a way t seems to prove t !        
,sc&9avians _h an idea ( a div9ity      
sup]ior to ,od91 ,uncreat$ & ,et]nal4   
,ques4 ,:at 7 ! delights ( ,valhalla1 & 
:o 7 p]mitt$ to enjoy !m8  ,ans4 ,none 7
 admitt$ to ,valhalla b h]oes :o _h     
fall5 9 battle4 ,wom51 *ildr51 & all :o 
_h di$ a peaceful dea?1 7 exclud$ z     
unwor?y4 ,! joys ( ,valhalla consi/$ 9  
eat+1 dr9k+ & fight+4 ,!y fea/$ on !    
fle% ( ! bo> ,s*rimnir1 :i* 0 cook$ e   
day1 & became :ole aga9 e night4 ,! goat
 ,heidrun suppli$ !m ) nev]-fail+       
draughts ( mead1 :i* !y drank f ! skulls

 ( _! slaught]$ enemies4 ,= pa/ime1 !y  
f\ght1 & cut "o ano!r to pieces4 ,:5 !  
h\r ( fea/+ came1 !y recov]$ f _! w\nds1
 & 7 :ole z be=e4   ,,?or4  ,ques4 ,:o 0
 ,?or8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ,od9's elde/ son1 & 
0 god ( ?und]4 ,8 mighty /r5g? dep5d$ ^u
 ?ree ?+s--8 hamm]1 8 belt ( /r5g?1 & 8 
iron gloves4 ,! giants at "o "t obta9$ 8
 hamm]1 & he 0 oblig$ to use a v s+ul>  
/ratagem to recov] x4  ,ques4 ,:at 0    
?is8  ,ans4 ,?or 0 mo/ anxi\s to recov] 
8 hamm]1 b ! giant ,?rym _h buri$ x     
eight fa?oms deep "u ! rocks (          
,jotunheim4 ,loki und]took to negotiate 
) ,?rym2 b ! giant dem&$ ! h& ( !       
goddess ,freya1 & refus$ to re/ore !    
hamm] on any o!r t]ms4 ,?or 0 mu*       
tr\bl$1 z he knew h[ va9 x 0 to expect t
 ! bright goddess ( love & song w\ld    
cons5t to dwell 9 ! dismal regions (    
,jotunheim4 ,! artful ,loki propos$ t   
,?or %\ld array himself 9 ! g>m5ts (    
,freya1 & accompany him to ! abode ( !  
,fro/ ,giants4 ,?or cons5t$1 & ,?rym    
welcom$ 8 veil$ bride ) great joy1      

attribut+ h] sil5ce to a mode/ res]ve4  
,he 0 mu* surpris$1 h[ev]1 to see h] eat
 = supp] eight salmons1 besides a full  
gr[n ox & o!r delicacies1 wa%+ d[n !    
repa/ ) proportionate draughts ( mead4  
,loki bade him n to wond] at ?is1 z h]  
?\ghts _h be5 s mu* occupi$ by h]       
approa*+ nuptials t %e _h n eat5 = _m   
days4 ,:5 ,?rym 0 />tl$ by ! fi]y eyes  
he saw gleam+ f b5ea? ! bridal veil1    
,loki aga9 made an excuse :i* satisfi$  
him1 s he br\ght ! hamm]1 & laid x on ! 
lap ( ! suppos$ bride4 ,?or seiz$ !     
weapon1 & f9d+ 8 wont$ /r5g? re/or$1 he 
?rew (f 8 disguise1 & ru%$ ^u ,?rym1 :om
 he slew ) all 8 foll[]s4  ,loki _h s]v$
 ,?or 9 ?is adv5ture2 on ano!r occasion 
he incurr$ 8 wra? by an injury (f]$ to  
,sif or ,sifa1 8 wife4 ,! hair ( ?is    
goddess fl[$ ar\nd h] 9 sunny waves t   
%one l gold4 ,%e 0 pr\d ( ?is adornm5t2 
& ,loki1 will+ to puni% h] vanity1 &    
always ready = mis*ief1 f\nd means to   
cut (f h] hair :ile %e slept4  ,!       
goddess 0 inconsolable1 & ,?or s\ght !  

insol5t (f5d]1 int5d+ to cru% him ) 8   
r$\btable hamm]4  ,loki 0 t]rifi$1 &    
s\ght ! dwell+ ( ! ,gnomes4 ,^! skillful
 workm5 gave him a head ( hair :i* !y _h
 spun f ! pure/ gold1 & :i* 0 s         
wond]fully wr\ght t x w\ld atta* itself 
to ! head ( ! we>]1 & increase 9 l5g? l 
ord9>y hair4 ,sifa 0 en*ant$ ) ! gold5  
locks1 & ! cunn+ ,loki escap$ ! ?reat5$ 
puni%m5t4  ,f ,?or's "n is d]iv$ ! ^w   
,?ursday4   ,,frey ,,& ,,freya4  ,ques4 
,:o 0 ,frey8  ,ans4 ,he 0 "o ( ! greate/
 ( ! gods4 ,he presid$ ov] ra91 sun%9e1 
& ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,f 8 "n comes our ^w
 ,friday4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,freya8  ,ans4  
,%e 0 ! si/] ( ,frey or ,freyr4 ,%e lov$
 music1 ,spr+ & fl[]s1 & 0 a fri5d ( !  
elves1 or good fairies4 ,freya 0 invok$ 
by lov]s1 & seems to h be5 a sort (     
,sc&9avian ,v5us4   ,,bragi4  ,ques4 ,:o
 0 ,bragi8  ,ans4 ,he 0 god ( poetry1 b 
he scorn$ all light] /ra9s1 & 0 ! patron
 ( ^? only :o sung ! praises ( ! gods & 
! de$s ( w>riors4  ,iduna1 8 wife1 kept 
9 a casket c]ta9 apples :i* ! gods1 :5  

!y felt age approa*+1 _h only to ta/e to
 r5ew ! vigor & bloom ( y\?4 ,on !      
approa* ( ! ,great ,twilight1 & ! end ( 
"t1 ?is fruit 0 to lose its magic p[]4  
,,heimdall4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,heimdall8    
,ans4 ,he 0 ! wat*man ( ! gods1 & 0     
/ation$ at ! extreme v]ge ( heav5 to    
gu>d ! bridge ,bifro/4 ,! gods          
cont9ually fe>$ t ! giants might =ce _! 
way ov] ! %9+ ar*1 & invade ,valhalla4  
,heimdall requir$ less sleep ?an a bird1
 & 8 sight 0 s ke5 t he c\ld di/+ui% !  
smalle/ object1 = a ?\s& leagues ar\nd1 
ev5 9 ! d>ke/ night4 ,8 quickness ( he>+
 0 equally wond]ful2 he c\ld he> ! wool 
gr[+ on ! %eep's backs1 & ! gra9 spr\t+ 
9 ! fields4 ,he possess$ a horn ( su*   
con/ruction t :5 he blew ^u x1 ! s\nd   
spread 9 wid5+ circles until x rea*$ !  
utt]mo/ conf9es ( ! _w4 ,heimdall 0 n   
p]mitt$ to m>ry1 le/ any c>e = wife or  
*ildr5 might int]rupt 8 unceas+         
wat*fulness4   ,,vid>4  ,ques4 ,:o 0    
,vid>8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! god ( sil5ce4 ,8  
/r5g? 0 almo/ equal to t ( ,?or2 he 0   

(t5 employ$ l ,m]cury z mess5g] ( !     
gods4 ,he _h s&als :i* su/a9$ him       
equally 9 ! air1 & ^u ! wat]4   ,,hodur4
  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,hodur8  ,ans4 ,he 0 a   
bl9d deity1 end[$ ) prodigi\s /r5g?4 ,he
 0 mild & b5evol5t1 b c]ta9 t]rible     
pr$ictions conc]n+ him inspir$ su* t]ror
 9 ,asg>d t x 0 n lawful = any god to   
pron\nce 8 "n4 ,hodur seems to h be5 a  
p]sonification ( night4   ,,!           
,,valkyrior4  ,ques4 ,:o are !          
,valkyrior8  ,ans4 ,accord+ to !        
,sc&9avian tradition1 !y are w>like     
virg9s1 ! mess5g]s ( ,od91 & _! "n      
signifies ,*oos]s ( ! sla94 ,od9 is     
desir\s ( collect+ a great _m h]oes 9   
,valhalla1 t he may be able to meet !   
giants 9 ! f9al conte/ at ! end ( ! _w4 
,he s5ds ! ,valkyrior1 !re=e1 to e      
battle field to make *oice ( ^? :o %all 
be sla94 ,:5 !y ride =? on _! err&1     
m\nt$ ^u w> /e$s & 9 full armor1 _!     
%ields & helmets %$ a /range flick]+    
light1 :i* fla%es up ov] ! nor!rn skies1
 & is call$ by m51 ,aurora ,borealis1 or

 ,nor!rn ,lights4   ,,loki ,,& ,,8      
,,prog5y4  ,ques4 ,:o 0 ,loki8  ,ans4   
,loki 0 an evil deity1 ! contriv] ( all 
fraud & mis*ief4 ,he 0 v h&some1 b (    
fickle & malici\s temp]4 ,loki _h ?ree  
*ildr51 ! wolf ,f5ris1 ! ,midg>d s]p5t1 
& ,hela1 or ,dea?4 ,! gods 7 n ignorant 
t ^! mon/]s 7 gr[+ up1 & w\ld "o day br+
 mu* evil ^u gods & m54 ,od91 !re=e1 s5t
 a mess5g] to br+ !m to him4 ,:5 !y     
came1 he ?rew ! s]p5t into ! deep ocean 
by :i* ! e>? is surr\nd$4 ,! mon/] soon 
grew to su* an enorm\s size1 t1 hold+ 8 
tail 9 8 m\?1 he encircl$ ! :ole _w4    
,hela 0 ca/ into ,niffleheim1 :]e %e    
receives z h] subjects all :o die (     
sickness or old age4 ,! wolf ,f5ris gave
 ! gods mu* tr\ble be=e !y succe$$ 9    
*a9+ him4 ,he broke ! /ronge/ fett]s z  
if !y 7 made ( cobwebs4 ,f9ally1 !      
m\nta9 spirits fa%ion$ a *a9 :i* he c\ld
 n break4 ,x 0 fabricat$ ( ! roots (    
/ones1 ! noise made by ! footfall ( a   
cat1 & o!r equally absurd & imag9>y     
mat]ial4   ,,baldur ,,! ,,good4  ,ques4 

,:o 0 ,baldur8  ,ans4 ,he 0 ! son (     
,od91 good & exce$+ly beautiful4 ,he 0  
torm5t$ by t]rible dreams1 indicat+ t 8 
life 0 9 p]il4 ,he told ^! ?+s to !     
assembl$ gods1 :o resolv$ to d all 9 _! 
p[] to protect him4 ,frigga1 ! wife (   
,od91 exact$ an oa? f ! elem5ts1 fire1  
air1 wat]1 & f ev]y?+ animate &         
inanimate ^u ! e>?--/ones1 plants1 rocks
 & animals--t !y w\ld d no h>m to       
,baldur4 ,! gods 7 s well satisfi$ )    
?is1 t !y amus$ !mselves ) ?r[+ /icks1  
/ones & all mann] ( weapons at ! h]o1 :o
 0 n h>m$ by any?+4 ,loki1 ) 8 usual    
malice1 0 det]m9$ on ,baldur's dea?1 b  
did n "k exactly h[ to br+ x ab\t4 ,he  
assum$1 !re=e1 ! =m ( an old woman1 &   
w5t to see ,frigga4 ,! goddess ask$ him 
:at ! gods 7 do+ at _! meet+s4 ,!       
disguis$ ,loki repli$ t !y 7 ?r[+ d>ts &
 /ones at ,baldur1 )\t be+ able to hurt 
him4  ,he inquir$ ( ,frigga1 9 8 turn1  
if x 7 really true t %e _h exact$ an oa?
 ( all creat$ ?+s1 to sp>e ,baldur4     
,aye1 said ,frigga2 all ?+s h sworn1    

save a mi/letoe :i* 0 gr[+ on a m\nta9  
side1 & :i* ,i ?\ght too "y & feeble to 
crave an oa? f4 ,z soon z ,loki he>d    
?is1 he w5t away rejoic+4 ,hav+ cut d[n 
! mi/letoe1 he repair$ to ! place :]e ! 
gods 7 assembl$1 & put ! b\gh among !   
/icks :i* !y 7 ca/+ 9 sport at ,baldur4 
,x 0 ?r[n ) ! re/1 & ,baldur fell to !  
gr\nd pi]c$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! gods 7    
ov]:elm$ ) grief1 & broke =? 9 ! wilde/ 
lam5tations4 ,!n ,frigga came1 & ask$1  
:o among !m w\ld %[ 8 love = h]1 & =    
,baldur1 by procur+ ! deliv]ance ( !    
h]o4 ,n hav+ fall5 9 battle1 ,baldur _h 
pass$ into ! p[] ( ,hela1 :o rul$ ov] ! 
gloomy regions ( ,hell1 or ,niffleheim4 
,h]mod1 ! son ( ,od91 (f]$ to repair    
?i!r1 & pay to ,hela a mighty ransom = !
 return ( 8 bro!r ,baldur4 ,he set out1 
!re=e1 m\nt$ on ,od9's horse ,sleipnir1 
:i* _h eight legs & c\ld out/rip ! w9d4 
,= n9e days1 & z _m nights1 ! h]o rode  
?r\gh d>ksome gl5s :]e no object c\ld be
 disc]n$ 9 ! gloom4 ,on ! t5?1 he came  
to a d>k riv]1 :i* 0 spann$ by a bridge 

( gold2 ?is 0 ! entrance into ,hell1 &  
,h]mod rode ov] x fe>lessly1 al?\gh x   
%ook & sway$ "u 8 liv+ weight4 ,he pass$
 ! night 9 disc\rse ) ,baldur1 & ! next 
morn+ pref]r$ 8 petition to ,hela4 ,he  
(f]$ any ransom %e might "n = ,baldur's 
return1 assur+ h] t heav5 & e>? res\nd$ 
) lam5tations = ! h]o4 ,hela w\ld take  
no ransom1 b wi%$ to try if ,baldur 7   
really s belov$4 ,if1 said %e1 all ?+s 9
 ! _w1 bo? liv+ & lifeless1 weep = him1 
!n %all he return2 b if any "o ?+ refuse
 to weep = him1 !n %all he be kept 9    
,hell4  ,on he>+ ! result ( ,h]mod's    
mission1 ! gods made proclamation       
?r\gh\t ! _w1 besee*+ all creat$ ?+s to 
weep = ,baldur's deliv]ance4 ,all       
compli$ ) ?is reque/2 bo? m5 & animals1 
all1 ev5 to ! savage bea/s ( ! =e/1 %$  
te>s = ! h]o4 ,! trees & plants %$      
cry/al drops l ra91 & ev5 ! rocks &     
/ones 7 cov]$ ) a glitt]+ dew4 ,"o old  
hag only1 sat 9 a cav]n1 & refus$ to    
weep1 say+1      ,?ankt w wail     ,)   
dry te>s     ,baldur's bale-fire4       

,let ,hela keep h] own4  ,x 0 /rongly   
suspect$ t ?is hag 0 no o!r ?an ,loki   
himself1 :o nev] ceas$ to "w evil among 
gods & m54 ,?us ,baldur 0 prev5t$ f com+
 back to ,asg>d4   ,fun]al ( ,baldur4   
,ques4 ,h[ 0 ! h]o buri$8  ,ans4        
,baldur's body 0 borne to ! sea-%ore1 & 
plac$ ^u a fun]al pile :i* 0 built ( 8  
own %ip1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,all ! gods 7  
pres5t1 & ev5 ! ,fro/ & ,m\nta9 ,giants 
7 t\*$ ) k9dness & came to d him honor4 
,:5 ! wife ( ,baldur saw ! fun]al pile  
prep>$1 %e di$ ( grief1 & h] body 0     
consum$ ) t ( h] husb&4   ,loki's       
,puni%m5t4  ,ques4 ,h[ did ! gods rev5ge
 ! dea? ( ,baldur8  ,ans4 ,!y pursu$    
,loki1 :o made use ( 8 magical p[] to   
escape _! wra?4 ,he *ang$ himself at "o 
"t into a salmon1 & hid among ! /ones ( 
a brook4 ,he 0 tak51 h[ev]1 by ,?or1 :o 
caught him by ! tail1 & compress$ x s1 t
 all salmons ev] s9ce h _h t "p         
rem>kably ?94 ,be+ re/or$ to 8 natural  
=m1 ,loki 0 b\nd ) *a9s 9 a gloomy      
cav]n4 ,a s]p5t 0 susp5d$ ov] 8 head1 ^:

 v5om falls ^u 8 face drop by drop4 ,"o 
com=t is all[$ him2 8 wife ,siguna sits 
by 8 side1 & cat*es ! drops z !y fall1 9
 a cup2 b :5 %e c>ries x away to empty  
x1 ! v5om falls ^u ,loki1 :i* makes him 
h[l ) horror1 & twi/ 8 body s viol5tly t
 ! :ole e>? %akes4   ,! ,elves4  ,ques4 
,:o 7 ! ,elves8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 beautiful  
spirits1 clo!d 9 transp>5t & delicate   
g>m5ts4 ,!y lov$ ! light1 & 7 k9dly     
dispos$ to mank9d4 ,! c\ntry ( ! ,elves 
0 call$ ,alfheim1 & 0 ! doma9 ( ,freyr1 
! god ( ! sun1 9 ^: light !y 7 always   
sport+4  ,ques4 ,7 all ! fairies equally
 b5efic5t8  ,ans4 ,no2 ! ,night ,elves1 
also call$ ,gnomes1 & sometimes         
,br[nies1 7 at times exce$+ly malici\s4 
,!y 7 ugly1 long-nos$ dw>fs ( a d>k br[n
 complexion1 & 7 nev] se5 except at     
night1 because ! sun's rays _h ! p[] (  
*ang+ !m into /ones4  ,ques4 ,:]e did ^!
 dwell8  ,ans4 ,! ,gnomes dwelt 9 m\nta9
 cav]ns & ! clefts ( rocks4 ,!y 7       
p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ = _! k ( ! my/]i\s  
p[]s ( nature4 ,!y 7 also skillful      

work]s 9 wood & metal1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! 
secret /ores ( gold & silv] :i* ! gods  
_h hidd5 9 ! e>?4 ,_m /ories are relat$ 
( _! malici\s pranks2 b !y sometimes    
favor$ ! poor & fri5dless 9 an unexpect$
 mann]4  ,! pr9cipal works ( ! ,gnomes 7
 ,?or's hamm]1 & ! %ip ,skidbladnir4    
,?is vessel 0 s wond]fully wr\ght1 t    
:ile x 0 l>ge en\gh to c>ry all !       
deities ) _! w> & h\sehold implem5ts1 x 
c\ld be fold$ toge!r s small z to be    
c>ri$ 9 ! h&4   ,runic ,lett]s4  ,ques4 
,:at are ,runic lett]s8  ,ans4 ,"o may  
occasionally meet 9 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 or 
,sw$5 ) great /ones ( diff]5t =ms1      
engrav5 ) *>act]s call$ ,runic1 :i*     
appe>1 at fir/ sight1 v diff]5t f any   
lett]s we "k4 ,!y consi/ almo/ inv>iably
 ( /raight l9es 9 ! %ape ( little /icks1
 ei!r s+le or 9 gr\ps4 ,div9ation 0     
anci5tly practic$ among ! nor!rn nations
 by means ( /icks ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,^! 7
 %ak5 up1 & f ! *ance figures !y =m$1 ! 
prie/s pr$ict$ future ev5ts4 ,:5        
alphabetic writ+ 0 introduc$1 ! lett]s  

naturally took ! =m ( ! anci5t runes4 ,!
 magic v]ses 7 ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! noxi\s1 
or1 z !y 7 call$1 ! bitt] runes 7 recit$
 to br+ evils on _! enemies2 ! favorable
 av]t$ mis=tune2 "s 7 m$ic9al1 o!rs     
employ$ to w9 love1 etc4 ,9 lat] times1 
! runes 7 us$ = inscriptions1 ( :i* m   
?an a ?\s& h be5 f\nd4  ,! language is a
 dialect ( ! ,go?ic1 call$ ,norse1 /ill 
9 use 9 ,icel&4 ,! inscriptions may1    
!re=e1 be read ) c]ta9ty2 b !y ?r[ v    
little light on hi/ory1 be+ pr9cipally  
epitaphs on tomb/ones4   ,ragn>ok1 !    
,twilight ( ! ,gods4  ,x 0 a firm belief
 ( ! nor!rn nations1 t a "t w\ld come :5
 all ! visible creation1 ! gods (       
,valhalla1 ! inhabitants ( e>?1 m51     
giants & elves1 w\ld be de/roy$1 toge!r 
) _! habitations4  ,?is fe>ful day w n  
be )\t its =]unn]s4 ,fir/ w come a      
triple w9t]1 dur+ :i* cl\ds ( sn[1 driv5
 by pi]c+ w9ds f ! f\r qu>t]s ( !       
heav5s1 w fall unceas+ly on ! e>?2      
tempe/s w sweep ! sea1 & ! sun w imp>t  
nei!r heat nor gladness4 ,?ree su* w9t]s

 w pass away )\t be+ temp]$ by a s+le   
summ]4 ,?ree o!r w9t]s w !n foll[1 dur+ 
:i* w> & discord w convulse ! univ]se4  
,! solid e>? w tremble1 ! sea w leave   
its b$1 & ! heav5s w be r5t asund]4     
,dur+ ?is convulsion ( nature1 armies w 
meet 9 combat1 & s great %all be !      
slaught]1 t wolves & eagles w banquet ^u
 ! fle% ( k+s & h]oes4 ,! wolf ,f5ris w 
n[ break 8 b&s2 ! ,midg>d s]p5t rise out
 ( ! sea1 & ,loki1 releas$ f 8 *a9s1 w  
jo9 ! enemies ( ! gods4 ,! ,eddas give a
 wild description ( ! la/ great         
battlefield on :i* ! p[]s ( good & evil 
%all cont5d1 & on :i* all alike1 :e!r   
gods or demons1 are doom$ to p]i%4 ,:5  
all are sla91 ! _w w be wrapp$ 9 flames1
 ! sun w become dim1 ! />s w fall f     
heav51 & "t %all be no m4  ,aft] ?is    
univ]sal de/ruction1 ,alfdur            
7,all-,fa!r7 w cause a new heav5 & a new
 e>? to rise out ( ! abyss4 ,?is new e>?
 w produce its fruits )\t labor or c>e2 
p]petual spr+ w reign1 & s9 & mis]y w be
 unkn[n4 ,9 ?is blissful abode1 gods &  

m5 are to dwell toge!r 9 a peace :i* !  
p[]s ( evil c nev] aga9 di/urb4         
,g]many4  ,! ,my?ology ( ! ,teutonic or 
,g]manic race is nei!r s picturesque nor
 s well def9$ z t ( ,sc&9avia4 ,od9 &   
o!r ,sc&9avian div9ities 7 wor%ipp$ by !
 tribes :o dwelt along ! bord]s ( !     
,nor!rn ,ocean2 9 o!r p>ts ( ,g]many1   
,druidism prevail$4 ,! ,g]mans _h1      
h[ev]1 _! own deities & _! own          
sup]/itions4 ,tuisco 7sometimes writt5  
,tuesco or ,tui/o7 0 wor%ipp$ by !      
,saxons z ! god ( w>4 ,! ?ird day ( !   
week takes its "n f ?is div9ity4        
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,celtic ,,my?ology4   
,,druidism4  ,ques4 ,f :at is ! t]m     
,druid d]iv$8  ,ans4 ,!re exi/s mu*     
diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,! ^w has
 be5 v>i\sly d$uc$ f ! ,saxon1 dry1 a   
magician1 f ! ,g]man1 dru?91 a ma/] or  
"l1 f ! ,celtic1 d]u1 an oak1 etc4 ,!   
be/ in=m$ writ]s n[ ref] x to ! comp\nd 
,celtic ^w d]\yd1 f ,de1 ,god1 & r\yd1  
speak+4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to signify 
^? :o speak ( or = ,god4  ,ques4 ,:]e   

did ,druidism prevail8  ,ans4 ,9 "s p>ts
 ( ,g]many1 9 ,gaul1 & 9 anci5t ,brita9 
& ,irel&4  ,ques4 ,:]e did x orig9ate8  
,ans4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ on ?is
 subject4 ,"s ref] x to !               
,siva-wor%ipp]s ( ,h9do/an1 o!rs to !   
,magi ( ,p]sia2 b all agree z to its    
,ea/]n orig94  ,ques4 ,:o is ! e>lie/   
writ] on ?is subject8  ,ans4 ,julius    
,cs>4 ,8 acc\nt is consid]$ p]fectly    
reliable1 al?\gh1 to r5d] x m           
intelligible1 he gives to ! ,celtic gods
 ! names ( ! ,greek & ,roman div9ities  
:om !y resemble4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 !       
pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ,druidism8  ,ans4
 ,! belief 9 "o ,supreme ,be+3 9 !      
immortality ( ! s\l1 & a future /ate (  
rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,?is la/ doctr9e    
takes ) !m1 z ) ! ,h9doos1 ! =m (       
metempsy*osis4 ,! religion ( ! ,druids 0
 f>!r *>act]iz$ by ! use ( circul>      
temples1 op5 at ! top2 ! wor%ip ( fire z
 ! emblem ( ! sun1 & ! celebration ( !  
anci5t ,tauric fe/ival1 7held on ! fir/ 
( ,may1 :5 ! sun ent]s ,taurus47  ,ques4

 ,:at "n did ! ,druids give to !        
,supreme ,be+8  ,ans4 ,esus1 or ,hesus2 
al?\gh ?is is sometimes m5tion$ z !     
appellation ( a subord9ate div9ity4     
,sup]ior to ! ,roman ,jupit]1 or ! ,zeus
 ( ! ,greeks1 ,esus _h no p>5tage2 0    
subject to no fate2 he 0 free &         
self-exi/5t1 & ! creation ( ! _w 0 8 own
 volunt>y act4 ,! ,druids taught t      
except+ ?is ,supreme ,god1 all ?+s _h a 
beg9n+1 b t no?+ creat$ w\ld ev] h an   
end4 ,not)/&+ ^! enlight5$ ideas1 !y    
rev]5c$ _m o!r div9ities4 ,! ,assyrian  
,baal 0 wor%ipp$ among ! ,celts z ,bel  
or ,bel54 ,z he repres5t$ ! sun1 !      
,romans recogniz$ 9 him _! god ,apollo4 
,diodorus ,siculus1 a contempor>y (     
,cs>1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t on !       
au?ority ( an anci5t ,greek writ]4      
,apollo1 he says1 is wor%ipp$ ) solemn  
rites by ! inhabitants ( a l>ge isl&1   
:i* lies (f ! coa/ ( ,gaul1 9 ! ,nor!rn 
,ocean4 ,?is isl& is inhabit$ by !      
,hyp]boreans1 s nam$ because !y live    
beyond ! region ( ! nor? w9d4 ,! god has

 !re a rem>kable temple1 circul> 9 =m1 &
 a magnific5t =e/ is consecrat$ to him4 
,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! temple allud$ 
to by ,diodorus1 0 ! ,druidical circle (
 ,/oneh5ge1 ( :i* we %all speak lat]4   
,ques4 ,:o 0 ,teutates8  ,ans4 ,?is "n  
is ?\ght to be d]iv$ f ,tut-tat1        
signify+ p>5t ( m54 ,?is god 0 mu*      
honor$ by ! ,gauls1 :o attribut$ to him 
! inv5tion ( lett]s & poetry4 ,accord+  
to ! ,triads1 7,druidical v]ses17 he    
wrote ^u /one ! arts & ! sci5ces ( ! _w4
 ,9 8 m b5efic5t "*1 ! "n ,gwyon 0 (t5  
giv5 to ?is div9ity4 ,he resembles1 bo? 
9 "n & attributes1 ,?o?1 ! ,m]cury (    
,egypt & ,pho5icia4 ,! anci5t ,gauls _h 
no idols1 nor did !y ev] attempt any    
visible repres5tation ( _! deities4 ,:5 
! ,romans e/abli%$ _! own wor%ip 9 !    
c\ntry1 !y endeavor$1 accord+ to _!     
usual policy1 to conciliate ! conqu]$   
tribes by adopt+ _! gods1 & plac+ _!    
images 9 ! temples :i* !y built4 ,we    
read t ,z5odorus1 a fam\s sculptor1 said
 by "s to h be5 a native ( ,gaul1       

execut$ a /atue ( ,teutates :i* co/ =ty 
million se/]tia4 ,he sp5t six ye>s ^u   
?is great "w4  ,camul1 ! ,celtic ,m>s1  
,t>ann1 ! god ( ?und]1 & _m o!r         
div9ities ( inf]ior rank1 7 wor%ipp$ 9  
,gaul & ,g]many4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0 ! ,druid 
prie/hood divid$8  ,ans4 ,into ?ree     
ord]s2 ! prie/s1 ! b>ds1 & ! ,druids1   
prop]ly s call$4  ,ques4 ,:at 7 ! duties
 ( ! prie/s8  ,ans4 ,!y /udi$ ! hidd5   
laws ( nature & ! my/]ies ( e>? & heav54
 ,!y (f]$ public & private sacrifices1 &
 obta9$ a k ( ! future f ! entrails & ! 
blood ( victims1 or f ! flight ( birds4 
,!y also cur$ maladies ) c]ta9 my/]i\s  
*>ms4 ,! b>ds held a /ill high] rank3 !y
 pres]v$ 9 _! v]ses ! my/ic le>n+ ( !   
prie/s1 ! traditions ( _! race1 & !     
great actions ( _! h]oes4 ,no sacrifice 
0 duly (f]$ )\t _! sacr$ *ant2 !y       
enc\rag$ ! w>rior go+ to ! field (      
combat1 & receiv$ him on 8 return )     
notes ( triumph4 ,to live 9 h]oic song 0
 ! aspiration ( e ,celtic w>rior1 & to !
 c[>d or traitor1 !re 0 no p5alty s     

t]rible z ! d5unciation ( ! sacr$ b>ds4 
,music 0 ! only g5tle art kn[n to ! rude
 tribes ( ,gaul & ,brita91 & !y 71      
p]haps = ?is reason1 ! m susceptible to 
its influ5ce4 ,! "* ( ^! m9/rels 0      
peculi>ly sacr$ 9 _! eyes1 on acc\nt ( !
 gifts ( prophecy & second sight :i* !y 
7 believ$ to possess 9 mom5ts (         
inspiration4  ,! v]ses ( ! b>ds 7 nev]  
committ$ to writ+1 & a long & pa9ful    
c\rse ( oral in/ruction 0 necess>y be=e 
a c&idate c\ld be admitt$ to take 8     
place 9 ?is influ5tial class4 ,accord+  
to ,cs>1 tw5ty ye>s 0 ! ord9>y novitiate
 requir$4  ,! b>ds ( ,gaul seem to h    
pass$ away ) ! religi\s sy/em to :i* !y 
belong$2 b 9 ! ,briti% isl&s1 !y        
cont9u$1 al?\gh dive/$ ( _! sacr$ "*1 to
 be a highly e/eem$ & privileg$ class4  
,we may judge ( _! influ5ce 9 keep+     
alive ! patriotic _s ( ! p1 f ! fact t  
,edw>d ,i4 ord]$ _! ext]m9ation z !     
sure/ means ( ext+ui%+ ! feel+ (        
nationality among ! ,wel% tribes4 ,9    
,irel& & ,scotl&1 ! b>ds gradually pass$

 away ) ! decl9e ( ! feudal sy/em1 & !  
p[] ( ! native pr9ces & *iefta9s ^:     
glory !y sung4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ! ,druids1 
prop]ly s call$8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 prie/s ( !
 highe/ ord]1 :o rema9$ seclud$ 9 caves 
& grottoes1 or 9 ! dep?s ( oak =e/s1 :]e
 !y 7 suppos$ to /udy ! deep] my/]ies ( 
nature & religion1 & to consult m       
directly ! secret w ( ! div9ity4 ,!y 7  
also ! tea*]s ( y\?4  ,! ,druids mu/ h  
possess$ "s k ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly   
bodies1 s9ce !y c\nt$ ! ye> by          
lunations2 a/ronomical in/rum5ts h also 
be5 f\nd among ! druidical rema9s 9     
,irel&1 :i* prove t !y _h made a c]ta9  
progress 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,l ! ,p]sians1 !y
 m+l$ a/rology & div9ation ) _!         
obs]vations ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,!     
heal+ art 0 also practis$ by ! ,druids4 
,! effect ( _! rem$ies 0 n1 h[ev]1      
attribut$ to any natural cause1 b r to a
 my/]i\s virtue resid+ 9 c]ta9 plants1 &
 r5d]$ efficaci\s by ! magic rites ) :i*
 !y 7 ga!r$4  ,! mi/letoe1 :5 f\nd gr[+ 
on ! oak1 0 e/eem$ p>ticul>ly sacr$2 x 0

 an antidote aga9/ poison1 a rem$y 9 all
 diseases1 & a pres]vative aga9/ !      
ma*9ations ( evil spirits4 ,to possess !
 prop] efficacy1 x %\ld be ga!r$ 9      
,febru>y or ,m>*1 on ! six? day ( !     
moon4 ,z soon z ! mi/letoe 0 f\nd gr[+  
on ! no less sacr$ oak1 ! ,druids       
assembl$2 a banquet & a sacrifice 7     
prep>$1 aft] :i* a prie/ 9 :ite ve/m5ts 
cut ! plant ) a gold5 sickle :ile two   
o!rs receiv$ x rev]5tly into a :ite     
mantle spread b5ea?4 ,two milk-:ite     
heif]s 7 in/antly (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 & ! 
re/ ( ! day 0 sp5t 9 rejoic+4 ,9 l      
mann]1 ! samolus1 or m>%-wort1 possess$ 
no virtue unless x 7 s\ght fa/+1 & ga!r$
 ) ! left h&1 )\t look+ at x4 ,!y pluck$
 ! helago1 or h$ge hyssop1 b>efoot$1 &  
)\t a knife1 aft] ablutions1 & (f]+s (  
bread & w9e4 ,! v]va9 & o!r plants _h   
also _! di/9ct c]emonial4  ,amb] 0 valu$
 = c]ta9 my/]i\s prop]ties2 x 0         
manufactur$ into beads by ! ,druids1 &  
^! 7 giv5 z *>ms to w>riors go+ to      
battle2 su* beads are sometimes f\nd 9  

_! tombs4  ,ques4 ,7 ! ,druids acqua9t$ 
) ! art ( writ+8  ,ans4 ,!y 71 at lea/ 9
 ,gaul & ,irel&4 ,_! alphabet conta9$   
sev5te5 lett]s1 & resembl$ ! *>act]s us$
 by ! anci5t ,pelasgi4 ,x is probable1  
!re=e1 t !y receiv$ x f ! e>ly ,greek   
coloni/s4 ,writ+ 0 employ$ = ord9>y     
affairs1 :e!r public or private1 b !    
my/ic le>n+ ( ! ,druids 0 h&$ d[n by    
oral tradition only4 ,! few inscriptions
 !y h left are 9 symbolic writ+1 :i*    
resembles ! runes ( ,sc&9avia1 &        
orig9at$ 9 ! same mann] f ! rods &      
bran*es ( c]ta9 plants us$ 9 div9ation4 
,^! inscriptions are call$ 9 ,irel&     
ogham2 !y are pr9cipally /raight l9es1  
gr\p$ 9 diff]5t ways4  ,ques4 ,did !    
,druids ex]cise any political au?ority8 
,ans4 ,yes2 !y 7 ! legislators ( ! p1 & 
_h ! "r ( decid+ 9 all controv]sies4    
,!re 0 no appeal f _! s5t5ce1 & ^? :o   
v5tur$ to resi/ 7 excommunicat$ &       
outlaw$4  ,! college ( ,druids 0 gov]n$ 
by a *ief or ,ar*-druid1 *os5 by vote f 
among _! numb]4 ,! elections 7 eag]ly   

conte/$1 & 7 (t5 att5d$ ) mu* blood%$4  
,! ,ar*-druid held 8 (fice = life4      
,ques4 ,:o 7 ! ,druidesses8  ,ans4 ,!y 7
 prophetesses or sorc]esses1 mo/ g5]ally
 wives or daught]s ( ! ,druids1 :o      
ex]cis$ an unb\nd$ influ5ce ov] ! p4 ,!y
 7 suppos$ to read ! future1 to conjure 
tempe/s1 & appease !m aga9 at w4 ,!     
,gallic m>9] (t5 w5t to consult !m amid 
! reefs ( ! ,armorican coa/1 & trembl$ )
 sup]/iti\s awe z he saw !m glid+ l     
phantoms among ! mi/y crags1 wav+ flam+ 
tor*es1 & m+l+ _! wild *ants ) ! voices 
( w9d & sea4 ,"s ( ^! sorc]esses 7      
oblig$ to assi/ at nocturnal rites1 :]e1
 ) _! bodies pa9t$ black1 & _! hair     
di%evell$1 !y jo9$ 9 a frantic dance1 & 
ab&on$ !mselves to ! wilde/ transports (
 fr5zy4 ,a peculi> rite 0 practis$ by ! 
,druidesses :o resid$ 9 an isl& at ! m\?
 ( ! ,loire4 ,!y 7 oblig$ once e ye>1   
betwe5 sunrise & sunset1 to demoli% &   
rebuild ! ro( ( _! ru/ic temple4 ,if any
 ( _! numb] %\ld let fall ! lea/ "p ( ! 
sacr$ mat]ial1 h] fate 0 seal$4 ,%e 0   

torn to pieces by h] companions1 amid   
p>oxysms ( wild fr5zy :i* recall$ to !  
,greeks ! orgies ( _! own ,bac*antes4 ,x
 is said t no ye> pass$ )\t a victim4   
,! n9e virg9 prie/esses :o dwelt on !   
isl& ( ,s5a1 an almo/ inaccessible rock 
(f ! promontory ( ,plog(f1 on ! coa/ (  
,brittany1 7 reg>d$ ) p>ticul> v5]ation1
 & con/itut$1 p]haps1 ! highe/ religi\s 
au?ority among ! anci5t ,gauls4 ,!re 0 a
 class ( ,druidesses 9 ,gaul & ,g]many1 
:o1 9 addition to practices ( sorc]y &  
incantation1 presid$ at fe>ful rites4   
,/rabo tells u t :5 ! ,cimbri _h tak5   
prison]s ( w>1 !y 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice by 
^! t]rible wom54 ,! *ief ,druidess1 /&+ 
by a rude /one alt>1 receiv$ ! victim   
dragg$ ?i!r by h] companions4 ,%e plung$
 h] knife into 8 he>t1 & wat*$ c>efully 
to obta9 an om51 accord+ z ! blood %\ld 
fl[ m or less rapidly4 ,?is c]emony 0   
repeat$ ) o!r victims until ! augury 0  
deem$ decisive4 ,! sup]/itions ) reg>d  
to wit*es & _! nocturnal revels1 :i*    
prevail$ s long 9 ,europe1 orig9at$1 no 

d\bt1 f popul> traditions conc]n+ ^!    
sorc]esses4  ,9 ,irel&1 !y d n appe> to 
h play$ ei!r s t]rible or s important a 
"p4 ,we only "k t at ,t>a1 c]ta9 virg9s 
( royal blood 7 consecrat$ to ,baal &   
,samha91 7! moon17 & wat*$ ! p]petual   
fire :i* burn$ on _! alt>s4 ,9 "o ( !   
civil w>s s common 9 ! isl&1 a *ief (   
,le9/] de/roy$ ?is sanctu>y & massacr$  
its inmates4 ,! entire c\ntry unit$ to  
puni% ! p]petrators ( ?is sacrilege2 !y 
7 put to dea?1 & a p]petual f9e 0 impos$
 on ! prov9ce ( ,le9/]4  ,ques4 ,:at    
sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! ,druids8  ,ans4  
,9 "t ( peace1 fruits & cattle2 9 w>1   
human sacrifices 7 pref]r$4  ,ques4 ,h[ 
7 ! victims *os58  ,ans4 ,!y 7 g5]ally  
captives tak5 9 w>1 slaves or crim9als4 
,9 "s cases1 w>riors & o!rs devot$      
!mselves volunt>ily to ! alt>1 ei!r to  
propitiate ! gods1 & obta9 victory = _! 
p1 or because !y 7 we>y ( life1 & desir$
 to ha/5 ! mom5t ( transmigration4 ,^!  
acts ( self-immolation 7 e/eem$ exce$+ly
 m]itori\s4 ,cs> supposes ,teutates to  

be ! same ) ,dis or ,pluto2 b 9 !       
my?ology ( ! ,gauls1 !re 7 no inf]nal   
regions1 & consequ5tly1 !re 0 no ,pluto4
 ,! s\l pass$ into ano!r body1 & !      
transmigration 0 happy1 or ! contr>y1 z 
! actions p]=m$ dur+ its la/ /ate (     
exi/5ce _h be5 good or evil4  ,accord+  
to ! ,druids1 dea? 0 b ! c5tral po9t ( a
 long life4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! usual mode 
( sacrifice8  ,ans4 ,victims (f]$ to    
,baal 7 always burn$4 ,on important     
occasions1 a great numb] 7 enclos$ 9 a  
huge frame ( wick] "w 9 :i* !y 7 consum$
 toge!r4 ,9 (f]+s to o!r gods1 diff]5t  
rites 7 obs]v$4  ,^! rem>ks apply *iefly
 to ,gaul1 ,g]many & ,brita94 ,human    
sacrifices 7 r>e 9 ,irel&4  ,ques4 ,:at 
7 ! pr9cipal fe/ivals ( ! ,druids8      
,ans4 ,! ,tauric fe/ival1 :i* has be5   
already m5tion$1 0 ! mo/ anci5t1 dat+ f 
! "t ( ! ,*aldees1 or ,babylonians4 ,9  
,irel& & 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ! fir/ 
( ,may takes its "n f ?is solemnity1 be+
 call$ 9 ,gaelic1 ,beltane2 & 9 ,iri%1  
,beal-,t9ne1 or ! ,fire ( ,baal4 ,!     

sol/ices 7 also celebrat$ z ! *ief po9ts
 9 ! sun's annual c\rse4 ,:]ev]         
,druidism prevail$1 !re 0 9 ! c5tre (   
ea* great di/rict or canton1 a p]petual 
fire 9 honor ( ,baal4 ,on ! fea/ ( !    
god1 ?is 0 ext+ui%$1 & aga9 light$1 aft]
 :i* all ! fires ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 7     
rek9dl$ f ?is sacr$ s\rce4 ,?is rite 0  
obs]v$ ) p>ticul> solemnity 9 ,irel&4   
,!re ! ,druids assembl$ ar\nd ! sacr$ or
 p>5t fire1 :i* ! ,ar*-druid ext+ui%$4  
,at ?is signal e fire disappe>$1 &1 9 an
 incr$ibly %ort space ( "t1 d>kness     
settl$ on ! isl&4 ,! *iefs & pr9ces1    
toge!r ) ! assembl$ p1 !n assi/$ 9 sil5t
 awe1 :ile ! ,druids p]=m$ _! nocturnal 
rites4 ,at l5g? ! fire 0 rek9dl$2 tor*es
 light$ at ! sacr$ flame 7 pass$ f h& to
 h&1 & ! c\ntry 0 soon illum9at$ by !   
,baal fires :i* blaz$ on e hill4 ,! *ief
 sc5e ( ^! solemnities 0 ,ouisnea*1 9 ! 
c5tre ( ! isl&1 b ! same rite 0 p]=m$ 9 
_m o!r places4  ,accord+ to :at seems an
 au!ntic tradition1 x 0 dur+ su* a      
c]emony t ,/4 ,patrick obta9$ !         

opportunity ( hold+ a public disputation
 ) ! ,druids 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+ &       
*iefta9s assembl$ at ,t>a4 ,x 0 ,ea/]   
,eve1 & ! ,sa9t1 :o mu/ h be5 well aw>e 
( ! p5alty ( dea? atta*$ to su* an act1 
comm&$ 8 disciples to light ! pas*al    
fire at ! mom5t :5 all ar\nd 0 plung$ 9 
d>kness4 ,! flame 0 se5 at ,t>a1 & !    
,druids call$ l\dly = ! puni%m5t ( !    
sacrilegi\s /rang]s4 ,!y 7 seiz$ &      
br\ght be=e ! assembly1 b ! result 0    
favorable to ! mission>ies1 & f t day   
may be dat$ ! rapid ?\gh peaceful decl9e
 ( ,druidism 9 ,irel&4  ,! idolatr\s    
rites peculi> to ! season ( ! summ]     
sol/ice h be5 long =gott5 b ! cu/om (   
light+ fires ^u t day1 /ill prevails4 ,!
 bonfires ( ,/4 ,john's ,eve 7,june     
#ba/7 recall1 at lea/1 "o feature ( !   
anci5t ,druid fe/ival4  ,ques4 ,:at     
rites 7 obs]v$ on ! fir/ day ( ,novemb]8
  ,ans4 ,! day 0 consecrat$ to ! ,moon1 
7call$ 9 ,irel& ,samha917 & 0 obs]v$ bo?
 9 ,gaul & 9 ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,x w\ld   
seem t ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ 7 also      

propitiat$ at ?is season1 & _m curi\s   
traditions are connect$ ) its obs]vance4
  ,be=e ! invasion ( ,cs>1 ,brita9 0 s  
little kn[n to ! anci5t ,gauls1 z to be 
/ill a l& ( my/]y4 ,!y believ$ t on e   
fea/ ( ! moon1 ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h di$    
dur+ ! ye>1 7 oblig$ to repair ?i!r =   
judgm5t4  ,connect$ ) ?is1 ,procopius   
relates an ,armorican leg5d ( :i* "s    
traces may yet be f\nd 9 ,brittany4 ,at 
! foot ( ! promontory ( ,plog(f1 ar\nd !
 sacr$ isle ( ,s5a1 are scatt]$ rocks on
 :i* ! sea breaks ) an unceas+ moan4    
,?i!r assemble1 on ! night ( judgm5t1 ! 
spirits ( ! dead4 ,fa9t wail+s are he>d1
 & pale phantoms are se5 glid+ above !  
waves1 :i* !y are n yet spiritual en\gh 
to cross )\t human succor4 ,at ! h\r (  
midnight ! sailors & fi%] m5 along !    
coa/ he> my/]i\s voices call+ at _!     
doors4 ,!y rise & f9d /range b>ks wait+ 
on ! %ore4 ,sc>cely h !y ent]$ ^!1 :5 ! 
light craft is weigh$ d[n by a gho/ly   
b&4 ,! t]rifi$ pilot has no ne$ ( helm  
or sail1 = ! b>ks are borne we/w>dly )  

incr$ible velocity4 ,:5 !y t\* ! mi/y   
%ores ( ,brita91 !re is a holl[         
murmur--! boats ride lightly on !       
wat]--! s\ls are gone4  ,! sup]/iti\s   
obs]vances :i* are /ill practis$ on     
,novemb]1 or ,all ,hall[ ,eve1 9 ,irel&1
 ,scotl&1 & "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 are (     
pagan orig91 & seem to be relics ( ?is  
fe/ival4  ,ques4 ,at :at p]iod may we   
fix ! decl9e ( ,druidism8  ,ans4 ,x 0   
suppress$ 9 ,gaul by ! ,roman conqu]ors1
 :o built temples1 & introduc$ ! wor%ip 
( _! own gods1 adopt+ also ^? ( !       
conqu]$ race4 ,druidism retir$1 /ep by  
/ep1 be=e ?is m classic hea!nism1 b f\nd
 a tempor>y refuge 9 ! ,g]man =e/s & 9  
,armorica4 ,x 0 suppress$ 9 ,brita9 dur+
 ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,! p]secut$ ,druids    
took refuge 9 ! isl& ( ,mona or         
,anglesea1 :5ce !y 7 driv5 by ! ,roman  
troops ) great slaught]4 ,!y f\nd a la/ 
asylum 9 ! isl& ( ,iona4 ,"h !y ma9ta9$ 
a c]ta9 influ5ce up to ! latt] "p ( !   
six? c5tury1 :5 ! inhabitants ( ! isl& 7
 conv]t$ by ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,columba1 !  

,apo/le ( ! ,highl&s4 ,?is mission>y 0 a
 native ( ,irel&1 :]e ,*ri/ianity _h be5
 e/abli%$ = ne>ly a c5tury4  ,ques4 ,:at
 traces /ill rema9 ( ! anci5t ,druidical
 wor%ip8  ,ans4 ,c]ta9 monum5ts1 :i* are
 call$1 accord+ to _! =m1 m5hirs1 dolm5s
 or cromle*s4  ,ques4 ,:at are ! m5hirs8
  ,ans4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! old ,breton  
man1 /one2 & hir1 long4 ,!y are upright 
blocks ( /one1 (t5 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t2 &  
are = ! mo/ "p r\gh & un%apely2 ! ord9>y
 height is f sev5 to twelve feet2 b 9 "s
 r>e in/ances1 !y exce$ ?irty feet 9    
height4 ,! purpose ( ^! m5hirs is n well
 und]/ood4 ,:]e !y /& s+ly1 or 9 gr\ps (
 two or ?ree1 !y probably m>k a spot    
r5d]$ memorable by "s important ev5t4   
,simil> monum5ts 7 common 9 primitive   
times1 z we le>n f ,scripture2 :5 !     
,israelites _h cross$ ! dry b$ ( !      
,jordan1 ,jo%ua plac$ twelve /ones on ! 
bank1 z a remembrance ( ! miracle4      
,jacob m>k$ 9 ! same mann] ! spot on :i*
 he _h be5 favor$ by a cele/ial vision4 
,9 c]ta9 places on ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1

 ext5sive gr\ps ( m5hirs occur1 scatt]$ 
irregul>ly ov] ! pla92 ^! are suppos$ to
 m>k anci5t battle-fields4 ,:]e ! /ones 
are arrang$ 9 a cromle* or circul> =m1  
!re is g5]ally a dolm5 9 ! c5tre4 ,!    
dolm5 is a l>ge flat /one1 plac$ l a    
table1 ^u two o!rs :i* are set upright4 
,"s ( ^! 7 evid5tly alt>s1 z ! flat /one
 on ! top is furr[$ & slightly incl9$ to
 facilitate z x 7 ! fl[+ ( blood4       
,dolm5s are f\nd also 9 /raight l9es1   
=m+ a sort ( cov]$ gall]y4  ,ques4 ,:]e 
are ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! monum5ts8      
,ans4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 ! mo/    
ext5sive s]ies is t ( ,c>nac 9          
,brittany4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a wide hea?1 /&  
rude blocks ( gray granite1 set on end2 
!y are angul>1 & %[ no m>ks ( poli%4 ,^!
 m5hirs are arrang$ 9 elev5 l9es1 =m+   
regul> alleys4 ,! blocks numb]$ =m]ly   
ab\t t5 ?\s&2 b !re are n[ _m gaps 9 !  
/ony l9es1 z e h\se 9 ! vic9ity seems to
 h be5 built f ?is conv5i5t qu>ry4  ,at 
,/oneh5ge1 9 ,engl&1 is a l>ge cromle*  
arrang$ 9 two circles & two ovals4 ,!re 

are 9 all ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty /ones1 ( 
:i* ! smalle/ are e/imat$ to weigh t5 or
 twelve1 & ! l>ge/ sev5ty tons4 ,9 !    
c5tre ( ! "w is a massive slab ( f9e    
s&/one1 suppos$ to h be5 an alt>4 ,?is  
cromle* is surr\nd$ by a tr5* & an e>!n 
embankm5t4 ,num]\s anci5t b>r[s1 or     
burial m\nds1 are f\nd 9 ! neighborhood4
 ,9 ,irel&1 monum5ts con/ruct$ ( /one   
are sometimes f\nd2 b circul> e>?works  
are m common4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 z 9        
,brittany1 _m popul> sup]/itions /ill   
atta* to ^! rema9s ( anci5t paganism4   
,almo/ )9 our own day1 _m an ,iri%      
peasant has made 8 scanty h>ve/ /ill    
small]1 r ?an violate ) ! pl\gh1 !      
grass-gr[n ra?1 or ,druid circle4 ,dea? 
)9 ! ye> is ! suppos$ p5alty ( su* an   
act4 ,9 ,brittany1 malignant dw>fs &    
night-elves /ill haunt ! des]t$ cromle*1
 & h p[] at c]ta9 times1 to wreak _!    
malice on ! belat$ travell]4 ,"s ( ^!   
giant /ones are !mselves subject to     
my/]i\s laws4 ,once 9 a hundr$ ye>s1 !y 
are oblig$1 at ! h\r ( midnight1 to pass

 9 weird procession to ba! 9 ! wat]s ( !
 ,nor!rn ,ocean4  ,!n = a few brief     
mom5ts ! />s look d[n on ! ri*es buri$ 9
 anci5t times b5ea? ! en*ant$ circle4 ,x
 is ! treasure-seek]'s gold5            
opportunity1 b woe to ! av>ici\s wret*  
:o l+]s ov] ! spoil4 ,he is cru%$ by !  
swift return+ /ones1 & ! morn+ sun f9ds 
! grim s5t9els sil5t & motionless z     
be=e1 be>+ no trace ( _! wild nocturnal 
m>*4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,mexico4        
,,my?ology ,,( ,,! ,,aztecs4  ,ques4    
,:at peculi>ity has be5 rem>k$ 9 !      
my?ology ( ! ,aztecs or anci5t          
,mexicans8  ,ans4 ,its incongruity4 ,on 
! "o h& we f9d _! prie/s inculcat+ ! mo/
 sublime tru?s ( natural religion1 & !  
pure/ maxims ( morality1 :ile on ! o!r1 
_! sacrifices & public wor%ip 7 m>k$ by 
a _s ( unexampl$ f]ocity4  ,ques4 ,h[   
has ?is be5 expla9$8  ,ans4 ,x is       
suppos$ t ! religion ( ! ,aztecs 0 d]iv$
 f two di/9ct s\rces4 ,! anci5t         
,toltecs1 :o prec$$ !m 9 ,mexico1 7 a   
comp>atively humane & enlight5$ race2 !y

 reta9$ _m ( ! highe/ pr9ciples (       
natural religion1 unit$1 probably1 )    
tru?s d]iv$ f primitive tradition4 ,!   
,aztecs seem to h adopt$ ! religion ( _!
 m civiliz$ pr$ecessors )\t ab&on+ _!   
own d>k & cruel sup]/itions4 ,h5ce !    
contradictions & inconsi/5cies ( _!     
my?ology4  ,ques4 ,:at did ! ,aztecs    
believe ( ,god8  ,ans4 ,!y believ$ 9 "o 
,supreme ,"l & ,creator1 to :om !y      
attribut$ all ! div9e p]fections4 ,!    
pray]s :i* !y address$ to ,him recall1 9
 _m in/ances1 ! v phraseology (         
,scripture4  ,ques4 ,did ! ,aztecs      
wor%ip any o!r deity8  ,ans4 ,yes1 !y   
wor%ipp$ _m subord9ate div9ities :o 7   
suppos$ to preside ov] ! elem5ts1 !     
*anges ( ! seasons & ! v>i\s occupations
 ( m54 ,( ^! gods1 ?irte5 held ! mo/    
exalt$ rank1 :ile ! inf]ior class numb]$
 ov] two hundr$4  ,ques4 ,:o may be     
consid]$ ! *ief ( ^! subord9ate         
div9ities8  ,ans4 ,huitzilopot*li1 a    
sort ( ,mexican ,m>s1 :o 01 9 fact1 !   
patron deity ( ! nation4 ,8 temples 7 ! 

mo/ /ately ( all ! public edifices1 & 8 
alt>s 9 e "p ( ! empire 7 cont9ually    
reek+ ) ! blood ( human victims4  ,ques4
 ,:o 0 ,quetzalcoatl8  ,ans4 ,! ,aztecs1
 l _m nations ( ! old _w1 _h _! ,gold5  
,age4 ,dur+ ?is blissful p]iod1         
,quetzalcoatl1 god ( ! air1 dwelt on    
e>?1 & in/ruct$ m5 9 ! use ( metals1 9  
agriculture & e useful art4 ,"u 8       
b5efic5t rule1 ! e>? br\ght =? its      
fruits )\t c>e or labor3 & su* 0 !      
f]tility ( ! soil t a s+le e> ( corn 0 z
 mu* z a man c\ld c>ry4 ,! dy]'s art 0 n
 ne$$1 = ! cotton took1 z x grew1 !     
ri*e/ & mo/ v>i$ hues4 ,! r>e/ fl[]s    
fill$ ! air ) p]fume1 & ! melody ( birds
 0 he>d 9 e grove4 ,?is happy /ate 0 n  
de/9$ to la/2 ,quetzalcoatl incurr$ !   
ang] ( "o ( ! great] gods1 & 0 oblig$ to
 ab&on ! c\ntry4 ,he proce$$ to ! %ores 
( ! ,mexican gulf1 :]e he took leave ( 8
 foll[]s1 promis+ t1 :5 _m ye>s _h roll$
 away1 he w\ld revisit _! desc5dants4   
,he !n emb>k$ 9 a skiff made ( s]p5t's  
sk9s1 & sail$ ea/w>d t[>ds ! fabl$ l& ( 

,tlapallan4  ,quetzalcoatl 0 describ$ by
 ! ,mexicans z tall1 ) a fair           
complexion1 long1 d>k hair1 & a fl[+    
be>d4 ,!y look$ confid5tly = ! return ( 
! b5evol5t deity1 & ?is tradition _h no 
small influ5ce 9 prep>+ ! way = ! future
 success ( ! ,spani>ds4  ,x is evid5t t 
,quetzalcoatl 0 ! "n giv5 by ! ,mexicans
 to "s b5efic5t rul] :o in/ruct$ !m 9 ! 
arts ( civiliz$ life4 ,x is s+ul> t he  
%\ld h be5 describ$ ) e *>act]i/ic ( !  
,european race2 & "s h conjectur$ t he 0
 inde$ a native ( ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e1   
ca/ by "s /range accid5t among ! simple 
natives ( ! ,new ,_w4  ,ques4 ,did !    
,aztecs wor%ip any h\sehold div9ities8  
,ans4 ,yes2 ! images ( _! p5ates1 or    
h\sehold gods1 7 to be f\nd 9 e dwell+4 
,ques4 ,:at did ! ,aztecs believe )     
reg>d to a future life8  ,ans4 ,_!      
prie/s taught t ! wick$ 7 s5t aft] dea? 
to expiate _! s9s 9 a region ( et]nal   
d>kness4 ,^? :o di$ ( c]ta9 diseases 7  
entitl$1 aft] dea?1 to a /ate ( indol5t 
cont5tm5t2 b ! ,aztec p>adise1 l !      

,elysium ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 0 res]v$
 = _! w>riors & h]oes4 ,9 ?is class 7   
includ$ ^? :o 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice4 ,^!   
privileg$ s\ls pass$ at once into !     
pres5ce ( ! ,sun1 :om !y accompani$ )   
songs & *oral dances 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! 
heav5s4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 _! spirits 
w5t to animate ! gold5 cl\ds :i* float$ 
ov] ! g>d5s ( p>adise1 or1 assum+ ! =m (
 s++ birds1 revell$ amid ! blossoms &   
odors ( its sacr$ groves4  ,ques4 ,:at  
peculi> rite 0 practis$ by ! ,aztecs 9 !
 nam+ ( _! *ildr58  ,ans4 ,! lips &     
bosom ( ! infant 7 spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,dur+
 ! c]emony !y implor$ ! ,"l1 t ! holy   
drops might wa% away ! s9 t 0 giv5 to x 
be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 s t ! *ild     
might be born anew4  ,ques4 ,h[ did !   
,aztecs bury _! dead8  ,ans4 ,imm$iately
 aft] dea?1 ! corpse 0 clo!d 9 c]ta9    
sacr$ habilim5ts1 & /rew$ ) *>ms1 :i* 7 
suppos$ to be necess>y z a def5ce aga9/ 
! dang]s ( ! unkn[n road :i* ! _s 0 ab\t
 to travel4 ,! body 0 !n burn$1 & !     
a%es1 c>efully collect$ 9 a fun]al urn1 

7 plac$ 9 ! h\se ( ! deceas$4 ,9 ?is    
mode ( burial1 we may notice a c]ta9    
resemblance to ! fun]al rites ( ! anci5t
 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ?is  
di/9ction1 t al?\gh ! latt] occasionally
 sacrific$ _! captive enemies to ! manes
 ( a dep>t$ w>rior1 ?is (f]+ =m$ no     
necess>y "p ( ! burial rite2 on ! o!r   
h&1 ! obsequies ( an ,aztec noble 7     
always accompani$ by ! sacrifice (      
un(f5d+ slaves1 ! numb] ( victims be+   
proportion$ to ! rank ( ! deceas$4      
,ques4 ,did ! ,aztec prie/s =m a di/9ct 
ord]8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 altoge!r di/9ct f !  
p1 & =m$ a num]\s & p[]ful hi]>*y4 ,_!  
diff]5t functions 7 exactly regulat$2 ^?
 :o 7 be/ skill$ 9 music =m$ !          
*oirs--,o!rs arrang$ ! fe/ivals accord+ 
to ! cal5d>4 ,"s 7 engag$ 9 ! education 
( y\?1 & o!rs _h *>ge ( ! hi]oglyphical 
pa9t+s & oral traditions1 :ile !        
dreadful rites ( sacrifice 7 res]v$ to !
 *ief dignit>ies ( ! ord]4  ,ques4 ,7   
wom5 p]mitt$ to ex]cise any sac]dotal   
functions8  ,ans4 ,yes2 ! ,aztec        

prie/esses ex]cis$ e function except t (
 sacrifice4 ,!y sup]9t5d$ ! s*ools 9 :i*
 ! daught]s ( ! high] & middle classes  
receiv$ _! education4 ,^! s*ools1 z well
 z ^? = boys1 direct$ by ! prie/s1 7 "u 
! /ricte/ discipl9e4 ,ord9>y faults 7   
puni%$ ) extreme rigor2 grav] (f5ces1 ) 
dea?4  ,ques4 ,h[ 0 ?is num]\s prie/hood
 ma9ta9$8  ,ans4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( l& 
0 annex$ to ea* temple1 & ! prie/s 7    
fur!r enri*$ by fir/ fruits & o!r (f]+s4
 ,?is l>ge provision became necess>y f !
 fact t ! ,aztec prie/s 7 all[$ to m>ry4
 ,! law prescrib$ t any surplus1 beyond 
:at 0 actually requir$ = _! support1    
%\ld be di/ribut$ among ! poor4 ,?is1 & 
o!r b5evol5t provisions1 seem v         
inconsi/5t ) ! cruelties practis$ 9 _!  
public wor%ip4  ,ques4 ,:at 0 ! =m ( !  
,mexican temples8  ,ans4 ,!y 7 solid    
pyramids1 con/ruct$ ( e>?1 b completely 
cas$ 9 brick or /one4 ,!y 7 dispos$ 9   
?ree or f\r /ories1 ea* small] ?an t    
bel[4 ,at ! top 0 a broad area1 9 :i*   
/ood "o or m t[]s1 conta9+ images ( !   

presid+ deities4 ,be=e ^! t[]s 7 g5]ally
 plac$1 besides ! dreadful /one (       
sacrifice1 two l(ty alt>s on :i* burn$  
p]petual fires4 ,s num]\s 7 ^! sacr$    
fires 9 ! city ( ,mexico1 t ! /reets 7  
brilliantly light$ ev5 on ! d>ke/ night4
 ,! asc5t 0 made1 9 "s cases1 by a      
/airway :i* l$ directly up ! c5tre ( !  
we/]n face ( ! pyramid4 ,m g5]ally1 x 0 
s arrang$1 t ! religi\s processions 7   
oblig$ to pass two or ?ree times ar\nd !
 pyramid be=e rea*+ ! summit4 ,!        
,mexicans call$ _! temples ,teocallis1  
or h\ses ( ,god4  ,ques4 ,are any ( ^!  
/ructures /ill 9 exi/5ce8  ,ans4 ,yes2 (
 ^? :i* yet rema91 ! pyramid ( ,*olula  
is ! l>ge/1 & p]haps ! mo/ p]fect4 ,x   
measures #agf feet 9 p]p5dicul> height1 
& is #adbe feet squ>e2 x cov]s #de      
acres4 ,x is v anci5t1 hav+ be5 built   
be=e ! ,aztecs conqu]$ ,anahuac1 z t "p 
( ,mexico 0 =m]ly nam$4  ,ques4 ,:at    
sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! ,aztecs8  ,ans4  
,_! sacrifices pres5t ! same /rik+      
contra/s :i* we f9d 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) 

_! religion4--,"s fe/ivals 7 ( a light &
 joy\s "*1 be+ celebrat$ ) *oral songs &
 dances4 ,processions ( vot>ies cr[n$ ) 
g>l&s1 bore (f]+s to ! temple2 fruits1  
ripe maize1 & ! sweet inc5se ( ! copal &
 o!r odorif]\s gums2 :ile ! birds &     
dome/ic animals (f]$ 9 sacrifice 7      
consum$ at ! banquets ) :i* ! fe/ival   
conclud$4 ,^! innoc5t rites 7 evid5tly (
 ,toltec orig92 ! dreadful practice (   
human sacrifice 0 introduc$ by ! ,aztec 
conqu]ors1 ^: w>s 7 (t5 und]tak5 = no   
o!r purpose ?an to procure victims = _! 
alt>s4  ,ques4 ,7 ^! sacrifices num]\s8 
,ans4 ,!y 7 introduc$ only ab\t two     
hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,spani% ,conque/4 ,!y
 7 at fir/ exceptional1 b became m      
frequ5t z ! ,aztec empire ext5d$1 until 
! numb] ( ^? sacrific$ annually ?r\gh\t 
! empire is calculat$ at tw5ty ?\s&1 :i*
 is ! l[e/ e/imate giv54 ,x 0 cu/om>y to
 pres]ve ! skulls ( ! victims 9 build+s 
erect$ = ! purpose4 ,"o hundr$ &        
?irty-six ?\s& ( ^! gha/ly relics 7     
c\nt$ 9 a s+le edifice4 ,wom5 7         

occasionally (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 b        
,tlaloc1 ! god ( ra91 c\ld only be      
propitiat$ by ! blood ( "y *ildr5 &     
infants4 ,9 seasons ( dr\ght1 ^! innoc5t
 victims1 deck$ 9 ! ri*e/ attire1 &     
cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 7 borne to ! temple 9 op5
 litt]s1 _! cries be+ dr[n$ 9 ! wild    
*ant+ ( ! prie/s4  ,! fea/ (            
,tezcatlipoca1 "o ( ! *ief gods1 :o 0   
call$ ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 0 celebrat$ by !  
sacrifice ( a s+le victim1 ) reg>d to   
:om _m peculi> c]emonies 7 obs]v$4 ,a   
ye> be=e ! sacrifice1 a "y man1 di/+ui%$
 = grace & beauty1 0 *os5 f among !     
captives4 ,he 0 spl5didly attir$1       
surr\nd$ by e luxury1 & 0 receiv$       
ev]y:]e ) ! homage due to ! div9ity :om 
he 0 suppos$ to repres5t4  ,:5 ! fatal  
day arriv$1 ! victim1 :o _h be5 tra9$ to
 p]=m 8 "p ) calmness & dignity1 0      
conduct$ to ! temple4 ,z ! melan*oly    
procession w\nd up ! sides ( ! pyramid1 
he play$ ^u a musical in/rum5t2 at fir/1
 joy\s airs1 :i* grew grav] & m m\rnful 
z ! cortege advanc$1 until at l5g? he   

broke 8 lute1 & ca/ x aside4 ,he !n ?rew
 f him1 "o by "o1 8 *aplets ( fl[]s1 &  
/ood unadorn$ be=e ! /one ( sacrifice4  
,! bloody "w 0 soon accompli%$1 & ! yet 
palpitat+ he>t ( ! victim 0 ?r[n at !   
feet ( ! idol4 ,! c>e] ( ?is captive1 & 
8 progress to ! alt>1 0 int5d$ z an     
allegorical repres5tation ( human life1 
:i*1 joy\s at fir/1 t]m9ates 9 sorr[ & 9
 dea?4 ,9 speak+ ( human sacrifices1 we 
h yet to m5tion ! mo/ revolt+ feature4  
,! ,mexicans1 bo? m5 & wom51 fea/$ on ! 
bodies ( ! victims2 & no ,aztec noble   
w\ld v5ture to ent]ta9 8 fri5ds on a    
fe/ival day )\t plac+ be=e !m ?is       
loa?some food4  ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t   
,montezuma surpass$ all 8 pr$ecessors 9 
! pomp ) :i* he celebrat$ ! fe/ivals ( !
 ,aztec gods1 & ! numb] ( human victims 
:i* he (f]$ on _! alt>s4     ,,*apt] ,x4
   ,,p]u4  ,ques4 ,:at deities 7        
wor%ipp$ by ! anci5t ,p]uvians8  ,ans4  
,l mo/ ( ! races inhabit+ ! ,am]ican    
cont95t1 ! ,p]uvians believ$ 9 "o       
,supreme ,god1 immat]ial & inf9ite4 ,?is

 sublime doctr9e did n1 h[ev]1 lead to !
 practical results t might h be5        
expect$4  ,ques4 ,:at "n did ! ,p]uvians
 give to ?is ,supreme deity8  ,ans4 ,he 
0 ador$ "u ! diff]5t names ( ,pa*acamac 
& ,viraco*a4 ,!y rais$ no temples 9 8   
honor2 t :i* /ood ne> ! pres5t site (   
,lima1 hav+ be5 erect$ be=e ! c\ntry    
came "u ! sway ( ! ,incas4 ,x seems     
probable1 !re=e1 t ! wor%ip ( ?is ,great
 ,_s did n orig9ate ) ! ,p]uvians4 ,_!  
entire sy/em ( religion 0 direct$ to !  
adoration ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ,sun 0 
ador$ z ! fa!r ( ! _w1 ! s\rce ( light &
 life4 ,! ,moon 0 honor$ z 8 si/]-wife1 
& ! ,/>s 7 wor%ipp$ z h] heav5ly tra94  
,! planet kn[n to u z ,v5us 0 an        
especial object ( devotion4 ,! ,p]uvians
 nam$ x ,*asca1 or ! ,y\? ) ! long &    
curl+ locks2 !y wor%ipp$ x z ! page ( ! 
,sun1 :om he att5ds 9 8 ris+ & sett+4   
,! ,sun 0 honor$ also z ! fa!r ( ! royal
 ,inca race2 &1 connect$ ) ?is belief1  
we h "o ( ! few leg5ds wor?y ( note 9 ! 
b>r5 my?ology ( ! ,p]uvians4  ,ques4    

,relate ?is leg5d4  ,ans4 ,accord+ to   
tradition1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! anci5t races 
( ! cont95t 7 plung$ 9 ! mo/ complete   
b>b>ism3 ! w ( ! /ronge/ 0 ! only law2  
w> 0 _! pa/ime2 !y wor%ipp$ ! vile/     
objects 9 nature1 & fea/$ on ! fle% ( _!
 slaught]$ enemies4 ,! ,sun1 ! great    
p>5t ( mank9d1 took compassion on _!    
degrad$ /ate1 & s5t two ( 8 *ildr51     
,manco-,capac1 & ,mama ,oello ,huaco1 to
 =m m5 into regul> communities1 & tea*  
!m ! arts ( civiliz$ life4 ,! cele/ial  
pair advanc$ along ! high pla9s 9 !     
neighborhood ( ,lake ,titicaca1 z f> z !
 sixte5? degree ( s\? latitude4 ,!y bore
 ) !m a gold5 w$ge1 & 7 direct$ to take 
up _! abode :]ev] ! sacr$ emblem %\ld   
s9k into ! e>? ( its own accord4 ,?is   
prodigy took place 9 ! valley ( ,cuzco1 
:]e ! w$ge sank into ! gr\nd1 &         
disappe>$ =ev]4 ,"h ! *ildr5 ( ! ,sun   
ent]$ ^u _! b5evol5t mission2           
,manco-,capac in/ruct+ ! m5 9 ! arts (  
agriculture1 :ile ,mama ,oello initiat$ 
! wom5 into ! my/]ies ( weav+ & sp9n+4  

,! rude1 b simple-he>t$ natives 7 n sl[ 
to appreciate ! b5efits conf]r$ by !    
mess5g]s ( heav53 a l>ge community 0    
gradually =m$1 & ! city ( ,cuzco 0 f\nd$
 9 ! valley4 ,! mon>*y ?us =m$1 0 gov]n$
 by ! ,incas1 :o claim$ desc5t f        
,manco-,capac & ,mama ,oello1 & always  
/yl$ !mselves1 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun4  ,ques4
 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ?is leg5d8  ,ans4 ,x 0
 evid5tly a fiction1 inv5t$ at a lat]   
p]iod to gratify ! vanity ( ! ,incas1 by
 attribut+ to _! race a cele/ial orig94 
,! ext5sive ru9s on ! %ores ( ,lake     
,titicaca prove t ?is region 0 inhabit$ 
by a p[]ful1 & comp>atively civiliz$ p1 
long be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,p]uvian      
mon>*y4  ,ques4 ,are !re any o!r        
,p]uvian leg5ds8  ,ans4 ,among !        
traditions ( ?is race1 is "o ( ! deluge1
 :i* resembles 9 "o or two curi\s       
p>ticul>s ! ,mexican leg5d on ! same    
subject4 ,accord+ to bo? ^! traditions1 
sev5 p]sons took refuge 9 caves1 9 :i*  
!y 7 pres]v$ f ! univ]sal de/ruction2 & 
f ^!1 ! e>? 0 re-peopl$4 ,! ,p]uvians   

ma9ta9$ t :ite & be>d$ m5 f ! ea/ _h    
visit$ ! c\ntry 9 anci5t times1 &       
in/ruct$ ! natives 9 ! arts ( civiliz$  
life4 ,?is leg5d recalls ! ,mexican /ory
 ( ,quetzalcoatl1 & ! co9cid5ce is      
s+ul>1 because no communication is      
believ$ to h exi/$ betwe5 ! two         
c\ntries4  ,ques4 ,:]e 7 ! mo/ celebrat$
 temples ( ! ,sun8  ,ans4 ,! mo/ anci5t 
( ^! edifices 0 9 ! isl& ( ,titicaca1   
:5ce ! f\nd]s ( ! ,inca dyna/y 7 said to
 h proce$$4 ,ev]y?+ belong+ to ?is      
sanctu>y 0 held 9 p>ticul> v5]ation4    
,ev5 ! fields ( maize :i* 7 atta*$ to ! 
temple 7 suppos$ to p>take ( its        
sanctity2 & ! ye>ly produce 0 di/ribut$ 
9 small quantities ?r\gh all ! public   
gran>ies1 to br+ a bless+ on ! re/ ( !  
/ore4  ,a ,p]uvian e/eem$ himself happy 
9 secur+ ev5 a s+le e> ( ! sacr$ gra94  
,ques4 ,describe ! temple ( ,cuzco4     
,ans4 ,?is edifice 0 con/ruct$ ( /one1 &
 cov]$ a l>ge ext5t ( gr\nd 9 ! he>t ( !
 city4 ,! int]ior ( ! temple has be5    
describ$1 by ^? :o saw x 9 its glory1 z 

be+ lit]ally a m9e ( preci\s metals4 ,x 
0 call$ by ! natives ,corican*a1 or     
,place ( ,gold4 ,on ! we/]n wall 0 !    
image ( ! ,sun2 ?is 0 a massive gold5   
plate1 ( enorm\s dim5sions1 on :i* 0    
emblazon$ a human c\nt5ance d>t+ =? rays
 on e side4 ,! image 0 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) 
em]alds & preci\s /ones4 ,x front$ !    
ea/]n portal ( ! temple 9 su* a mann] t 
! fir/ rays ( ! morn+ ,sun fell directly
 on 8 gold5 image1 & 7 reflect$ f ! ri* 
ornam5ts ) :i* ! walls & ceil+ 7        
encru/$4 ,e "p ( ! temple gl[$ ) !      
preci\s metal1 & ev5 ! ext]ior 0        
encompass$ ) a broad frieze ( gold set 9
 ! solid /one-"w ( ! edifice4 ,adjo9+ ! 
pr9cipal /ructure 0 ! temple ( ! ,moon4 
,h] effigy 0 ( silv]1 b o!rwise resembl$
 t ( ! ,sun4 ,! same metal 0 us$ 9 all !
 decorations ( ! build+1 z resembl+ 9   
its pale lu/re ! mild] radiance ( !     
beautiful planet4  ,"o *apel 0 d$icat$  
to ! />s1 ano!r to ?und] & lightn+1 & a 
?ird to ! ra9b[4 ,?is la/ 0 decorat$ ) a
 _m-color$ ar* ( respl5d5t hues4 ,atta*$

 to ! temple ( ,cuzco 7 ! celebrat$     
g>d5s1 sp>kl+ ) fl[]s ( gold & silv]4   
,animals also 7 repres5t$ 9 preci\s ore1
 & ! classic fable ( ! gold5 fleece 0   
realiz$ 9 ! llama ( ?is fairy g>d54     
,ques4 ,does any?+ n[ rema9 ( ?is       
magnific5t temple8  ,ans4 ,no2 its ri*es
 became ! prey ( ! conqu]ors1 & !       
desecrat$ %r9e (f]$ an inexhau/ible     
supply ( mat]ial = ! erection ( o!r     
build+s4 ,fields ( maize are n[ wav+ :]e
 ! gold5 g>d5s once sp>kl$ 9 ! sun1 & ! 
*ur* ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 "o ( ! mo/          
magnific5t build+s ( ! ,new ,_w1        
occupies ! site ( ! fam\s ,corican*a4 ,!
 temples ( ,p]u 7 _m & magnific5t2 b    
,cuzco 0 to ! ,inca noble :at ,mecca is 
to ! dev\t foll[] ( ,mahomet1 & he w\ld 
consid] t he _h neglect$ a sacr$ duty1  
if he _h n made at lea/ "o pilgrimage to
 ! holy %r9e4  ,ques4 ,f :at class 7 !  
,p]uvian prie/s g5]ally *os58  ,ans4 ,!y
 7 all1 )\t exception1 ,inca nobles1 &  
!re=e *ildr5 ( ! ,sun4 ,! ,high ,prie/1 
call$ ,villac ,vmu1 0 second only to !  

,inca1 & 0 *os5 f among 8 bro!rs or     
ne>e/ k9dr$4  ,ques4 ,:at sacrifices 7  
(f]$ to ! ,sun8  ,ans4 ,animals1 ripe   
maize1 fl[]s & sweet-sc5t$ gums4 ,human 
sacrifices 7 r>e1 & 7 only (f]$ on great
 occasions1 su* z a coronation1 a       
victory1 etc4 ,a *ild or a beautiful    
maid5 0 !n select$ z ! victim2 b !      
cannibal repa/s ( ! ,mexicans 7 unkn[n  
among ! m ref9$ ,p]uvians4  ,ques4 ,:at 
7 ! pr9cipal fe/ivals ( ! ,sun8  ,ans4  
,! sol/ices & equ9oxes 7 celebrat$ by   
f\r great fe/ivals2 b ! mo/ solemn 0 !  
fea/ ( ,raymi1 held at ! p]iod ( _!     
summ] sol/ice4 ,?is fe/ival la/$ _m     
days4 ,! animals (f]$ 9 sacrifice 7 s]v$
 at ! tables ( ! ,inca & ( 8 nobles2 b (
 ! flocks belong+ to ! temple1 a va/    
numb] 7 slaught]$ & di/ribut$ among ! p4
  ,ques4 ,:at po9ts ( resemblance h be5 
notic$ betwe5 ! religi\s obs]vances ( ! 
,p]uvians & ^? ( ! anci5t ,romans8      
,ans4 ,9 ! mode ( procur+ ! sacr$ fire1 
! obta9+ ( om5s f ! animals (f]$ 9      
sacrifice1 & 9 "s ( ! laws ) reg>d to ! 

,virg9s ( ! ,sun4 ,at ! fe/ival (       
,raymi1 ! sacr$ fire 0 obta9$1 z "u !   
reign ( ,numa1 by means ( a concave     
mirror ( poli%$ metal4 ,! sun's rays 7 9
 ?is mann] collect$ 9 a focus (         
suffici5t int5sity to ignite dri$       
cotton4 ,:5 ! sky 0 ov]ca/1 :i* 0 e/eem$
 a v bad om51 ! fire 0 obta9$ by means (
 friction4 ,?is fire 0 wat*$ by !       
,virg9s ( ! ,sun4  ,ques4 ,:o 7 ^!8     
,ans4 ,!y 7 maid5s ( noble bir? :o 7    
d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,sun4 ,!y 7 tak5
 f _! families at an e>ly age1 & plac$  
"u ! c>e ( eld]ly matrons1 :o in/ruct$  
!m 9 _! religi\s duties1 & 9 e bran* (  
female indu/ry4 ,!y spun g>m5ts1 :i* !y 
7 taught to embroid] ) exquisite skill4 
,!y also wove1 ( ! f9e hair ( ! vicua1 !
 hang+s ( ! temples & ! g>m5ts worn by !
 ,inca & 8 h\sehold4 ,!y 7 completely   
seclud$1 ev5 f _! own ne>e/ relatives4  
,! wives ( ! ,inca1 & !y 7 num]\s1 7    
*os5 f among ! ,virg9s ( ! ,sun4 ,) ?is 
exception1 !y 7 =bidd5 to m>ry4 ,!      
unhappy maid5 :o v5tur$ to =m 9 secret a

 less exalt$ alliance1 0 condemn$ to !  
cruel puni%m5t decre$ 9 l circum/ances  
aga9/ ! ,roman ,ve/al4 ,%e 0 buri$      
alive2 h] accomplice 0 /rangl$1 & !     
village to :i* he belong$ 0 raz$ to !   
gr\nd & s[$ ) /ones4  ,ques4 ,h[ did !  
,p]uvians bury _! dead8  ,ans4 ,! body 0
 embalm$1 n1 z 9 ,egypt1 ) gums &       
spices1 b by simple exposure to ! cold1 
dry & r>efi$ atmosph]e ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!  
mummies are g5]ally 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,z
 ! ,p]uvians imag9$ t ! wants &         
occupations ( m5 w\ld be ! same beyond !
 grave z 9 ?is life1 co/ly app>el1 arms1
 ut5sils & sometimes treasures 7 plac$ 9
 ! tomb ( a deceas$ noble4 ,t he might n
 lack att5dance & society1 8 favorite   
wives & dome/ics 7 sacrific$ on 8 tomb4 
,! ,p]uvians believ$ 9 an evil _s :om !y
 call$ ,cupay1 b !y did n attempt to    
propitiate him by any =m ( wor%ip4      
,cupay seems1 9 fact1 to h be5 only a   
p]sonification ( s94     ,,supplem5t4   
,a ,,brief ,,notice ,,( ,,au?ors1       
,,etc41 ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume4   

,,s*ylus1  ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek         
dramati/s1 0 born at ,eleusis 9 ,attica1
 #ebe ,b4 ,c4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself 9 !  
battles ( ,m>a?on1 ,salamis & ,plata4   
s*ylus has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ,grecian  
trag$y1 z he 0 ! fir/ to give rules to !
 dialogue1 & def9e ! duties ( ! *orus2  
he also plann$ ! dress ( ! actors1 !    
sc5]y & ! :ole me*anism ( ! /age4 s*ylus
 wrote sixty-six dramas1 9 ?irte5 ( :i* 
he obta9$ ! victory ov] all 8           
competitors4 ,he 0 at l5g? defeat$ by a 
y\ng] rival1 ,sophocles4 ,he retir$ !   
same ye> to ! c\rt ( ,hi]o1 k+ (        
,syracuse1 & "s writ]s attribute ?is /ep
 to ! mortification felt by ! poet on   
?is occasion4 ,o!rs say t he 0 accus$ z 
guilty ( pr(anity 9 exhibit+ on ! /age  
c]ta9 ?+s connect$ ) ! ,eleus9ian       
my/]ies4 ,! p 7 ab\t to /one him1 :5 he 
0 sav$ by ! pres5ce ( m9d ( 8 bro!r     
,am9ias4 ,! latt] _h won mu* glory 9 !  
,p]sian w>1 & n[1 :ile int]c$+ = 8 bro!r
 he dext]\sly dropp$ 8 mantle s z to    
expose ! /ump ( ! arm he _h lo/ at      

,salamis4 ,! sil5t appeal 0 n )\t its   
effect on ! impulsive ,a!nians1 & s*ylus
 0 p>don$4 ,he deem$ x prud5t1 h[ev]1 to
 retire to ,sicily1 :]e he 0 k9dly      
ent]ta9$ by ,hi]o4 ,8 dea? is said to h 
occurr$ 9 a v extraord9>y mann]4  ,z he 
slept 9 ! fields1 an eagle :i* 0 fly+   
ov] him ) a tortoise 9 8 claws1 mi/ook !
 bald head ( ! poet = a /one4 ,! bird   
dropp$ ! tortoise = ! purpose ( break+ !
 %ell1 & he 0 kill$ by ! bl[1 ?us v]ify+
 a prophecy t 8 dea? w\ld come f on     
high4  ,( ! dramas writt5 by s*ylus1 b  
sev5 rema94 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ admir$ is !    
,prome!us ,*a9$4 ,! subject is !        
puni%m5t ( ,prome!us on ,m\nt ,caucasus2
 ! sc5]y is gr& & t]rific1 & all !      
p]sons ( ! drama are div9ities4   ,c,,s>
 7,caius ,julius71  ,! ,roman g5]al &   
dictator1 holds a high rank among ,lat9 
au?ors4 ,dur+ ! mo/ active p]iod ( 8    
life1 he f\nd "t to devote to lit]>y    
pursuits4 ,( ! works writt5 by him on   
v>i\s subjects1 bo? 9 prose & v]se1 we h
 only 8 ,comm5t>ies1 9 t5 books4 ,sev5 (

 ^! treat ( ! ,gallic w>1 ! re/ conta9  
an acc\nt ( ! ,civil w>4 ,! hurry (     
milit>y exp$itions did n prev5t ?is     
extraord9>y man f obs]v+ closely !      
mann]s & cu/oms ( ! diff]5t nations )   
:om he cont5d$4 ,we are indebt$ to !    
,comm5t>ies = almo/ all ! accurate      
in=mation we possess ) reg>d to !       
inhabitants ( anci5t ,gaul4  ,cs> 0 n   
surpass$1 ev5 by ! writ]s ( ! ,augu/an  
age1 9 cle>ness & beauty ( /yle4 ,he    
exagg]ates no?+1 & 8 mo/ brilliant      
a*ievem5ts are relat$ ) a c]ta9 mode/   
simplicity :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics (  
true greatness4   ,,cic]o4  ,a ,roman   
orator & /atesman4 ,he fill$ ! highe/   
(fices 9 ! gift ( 8 c\ntry1 & took s    
prom95t a "p 9 public affairs1 t an     
acc\nt ( 8 life w\ld be also a hi/ory ( 
8 times4 ,cic]o wrote on ! art ( public 
speak+1 on philosophy & jurisprud5ce4   
,?is great man1 :o _h sav$ ,rome f !    
plots ( ,catil9e1 & r5d]$ _m o!r signal 
s]vices to 8 c\ntry1 0 basely murd]$ by 
! ord] ( ! second ,triumvirate1 9 ! ye> 

#dc ,b4 ,c4   ,,demo/h5es4  ,a fam\s    
,a!nian orator1 :o def5d$ ! lib]ties ( 8
 c\ntry aga9/ ! aggressions ( ,philip ( 
,mac$on4   ,,diodorus1  ,surnam$        
,siculus1 f ,sicily1 8 bir?-place4 ,he 0
 a celebrat$ hi/orian1 contempor>y )    
,julius ,cs> & ,augu/us4 ,he wrote a    
,g5]al ,hi/ory 9 =ty books1 ( :i* we h  
n[ fifte5 entire1 ) scatt]$ fragm5ts ( !
 o!rs4 ,diodorus devot$ ?irty ye>s to   
?is great "w4   ,,euripides1  ,a ,greek 
trag$ian1 0 born 9 #dhj ,b4 ,c41 on !   
day r5d]$ fam\s by ! victory ( ,salamis4
 ,aft] ga9+ a high reputation z a       
dramati/1 ,euripides retir$ to ,mac$on1 
to ! c\rt ( ,k+ ,ar*elas4 ,on ! dea? ( !
 poet1 ! ,a!nians begg$ t 8 body might  
be s5t to ,a!ns = int]m5t4 ,?is reque/  
,ar*elas refus$1 & ,euripides 0 buri$ ) 
mu* pomp at ,pella1 9 ,mac$on4 ,?is poet
 is inf]ior to s*ylus & ,sophocles1 n   
only 9 dignity ( s5tim5t1 b 9 ! moral   
tone ( 8 dramas4 ,sophocles is said to h
 obs]v$ t :ile he repres5t$ m5 z !y     
ought to be1 ,euripides describ$ !m z !y

 74   ,,h]odotus1  ,:o has be5 call$ !  
,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 0 born at              
,halic>nassus1 #dhd ,b4 ,c4 ,he sp5t _m 
ye>s travell+ ?r\gh ,europe1 ,asia &    
,africa1 obs]v+ ev]y:]e ! mann]s &      
cu/oms ( ! p1 & collect+ mat]ials = 8   
great "w4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! ,p]sian w> is   
full ( int]e/1 & won = him great        
popul>ity among 8 c\ntrym54  ,h]odotus  
relates _m ?+s :i* seem /range1 & ev5   
incr$ible2 b ^! are ei!r traditions (   
remote times1 or acc\nts receiv$ f o!r  
travell]s4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t :]e     
,h]odotus speaks f 8 own obs]vation1 or 
relates ev5ts ( :i* ! memory 0 /ill     
rec5t1 he may be reli$ ^u z an accurate 
& tru?ful hi/orian4   ,,ju/9 7,sa9t74   
,a ,*ri/ian writ] ( ! second c5tury4 ,he
 is pr9cipally celebrat$ = 8 ,apology = 
! ,*ri/ians1 address$ to ! ,emp]or      
,anton9us4 ,x is writt5 9 a /yle at once
 eloqu5t & p]suasive1 & x is believ$ t x
 _h ! desir$ effect1 & 0 ! imm$iate     
cause ( ! edict issu$ by ,anton9us 9    
favor ( ! ,*ri/ians4  ,/4 ,ju/9 address$

 a second ,apology to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 
b ) f> diff]5t success4 ,?is ,emp]or 0  
too mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! hea!n         
philosoph]s :om he _h assembl$ at 8     
c\rt1 to judge imp>tially 9 ! matt]4 ,"o
 ( ^!1 ,cresc5tius1 a bitt] enemy ( !   
,*ri/ians1 procur$ ! dea? ( _! intrepid 
def5d]4 ,! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,ju/9 took    
place at ,rome1 ab\t ! ye> #afa ,a4 ,d4 
,,juv5al4  ,a ,roman poet ( ! fir/      
c5tury4 ,he 0 born 9 ! reign (          
,caligula1 b ! exact date is n kn[n4    
,juv5al is celebrat$ = 8 satires1 9 :i* 
he attack$ ! vices & follies ( 8 day1 n 
sp>+ ! emp]ors !mselves :]e _! conduct 0
 des]v+ ( reproa*4 ,hadrian believ$ t "o
 ( ! satires ( ,juv5al 0 direct$ aga9/  
himself2 he _h n ! magnanimity to       
ov]look ! (f5ce1 & ,juv5al 0 exil$ to   
,lybia1 :]e he di$ soon aft]4           
,m,,c5as4  ,m9i/] & favorite ( ! ,emp]or
 ,augu/us4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ = ! wisdom ( 8
 c\nsels1 & 8 r>e abilities z a         
/atesman4 ,al?\gh himself an indiff]5t  
poet1 he 0 /ill a patron ( lit]ature &  

lit]>y m52 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,ovid & o!r
 celebrat$ writ]s ( ! ,augu/an age1 7   
among 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds4 ,su* 0 !   
c>e ) :i* ,mc5as s\ght out & rew>d$ e   
species ( m]it1 t 8 "n is prov]bially   
us$ to d5ote a g5]\s patron4  ,admirable
 9 8 public capacity1 he 0 9 private    
life z indol5t & luxuri\s z ! mo/       
effem9ate ori5tal4 ,8 villas 7 laid out 
) unexampl$ magnific5ce1 & 8 banquets   
surpass$1 9 ta/e & display1 ^? giv5 by  
,augu/us himself4  ,! lat] ye>s ( ,mc5as
 (f] a sad comm5t>y on ! value ( human  
greatness4 ,8 con/itution1 :i* _h nev]  
be5 /rong1 0 weak5$ by excess4 ,he 0    
torm5t$ by con/ant wakefulness1 & ?is   
great man1 ) ! res\rces ( ! _w at 8     
comm&1 w\ld probably h sacrific$ bo?    
weal? & p[] = ! common boon ( sleep     
enjoy$ by ! meane/ ( 8 slaves4 ,9 va9 ! 
physicians ex]cis$ _! skill2 n>cotics1  
monoton\s s\nds1 di/ant music1 all fail$
 to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,a /ream 01
 at l5g?1 conduct$ ?r\gh a g>d5 adjo9+ !
 *amb] :]e he lay1 & ! s(t murmur ( !   

fall+ wat]s procur$ a tempor>y          
alleviation4 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 t =   
?ree ye>s prec$+ 8 dea?1 ,mc5as nev]    
slept4   ,,pelasgi4  ,a "n giv5 to ! mo/
 anci5t inhabitants ( ,greece4 ,!y f\nd$
 colonies 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! isl&s ( !    
gean ,sea1 & 9 ,italy4 ,! ,cyclopean    
rema9s 9 ^! c\ntries are g5]ally        
attribut$ to ! ,pelasgi4 ,^! /ructures  
are rem>kable = ! imm5se size ( ! /ones 
( :i* !y are built4   ,,pl9ius1         
7,secundus ,c47  ,a ,roman writ]1       
g5]ally kn[n z ,pl9y ! ,eld]2 is equally
 celebrat$ z a hi/orian & a naturali/4  
,x is n easy to und]/& h[ "o man c\ld h 
foll[$ s _m diff]5t avocations1 fill$   
high (fices "u diff]5t emp]ors1 & yet h 
f\nd "t = su* a va/ am\nt ( composition4
 ,:ile /ill q "y1 ,pl9y s]v$ 9 ,g]many1 
:]e he comm&$ a troop ( cavalry2 he     
aft]w>ds practis$ z a plead] at ! ,roman
 b>1 fill$ ! (fice ( procurator 9 ,spa91
 & we f9d him1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 comm&
 ( ! fleet :i* gu>d$ ! coa/ ( ,italy4   
,! application ( ,pl9y to lit]>y        

pursuits 0 un9t]rupt$4 ,he rose to 8    
/udies at two 9 ! morn+1 & dur+ ! entire
 day1 :e!r 9 ! ba?1 at table1 or sitt+ 9
 8 g>d51 he ei!r li/5$ to read+1 wrote1 
or dictat$4 ,ev5 on 8 j\rneys & milit>y 
exp$itions1 a secret>y always sat 9 8   
*>iot4 ,we are told t 9 w9t] ,pl9y 0    
c>eful to provide him ) a w>m glove (   
peculi> make1 t 8 f+]s might n be too   
mu* b5umb$ to hold ! /ylus4  ,we h b "o 
complete "w ( ?is au?or1 8 ,natural     
,hi/ory1 9 ?irty-sev5 books4 ,x treats1 
n only ( natural hi/ory1 prop]ly s      
call$1 b also ( a/ronomy1 biography1    
hi/ory1 physiology1 m$ic9e & ! f9e arts4
 ,! portion :i* treats ( animals        
possesses n[ b little int]e/4  ,9 _m    
in/ances1 ! description is s vague z to 
leave u 9 d\bt z to ! p>ticul> animal he
 w\ld designate4 ,he also m+les facts1  
really obs]v$1 ) fables ( w+$ horses1   
mon/]s ) human heads & ! tails (        
scorpions1 etc4 ,! t5 books on botany   
are op5 to ! same objections4 ,he       
attributes to _m plants prop]ties       

altoge!r fabul\s1 & 8 "w1 al?\gh =m]ly  
mu* quot$ on ^! po9ts1 has r5d]$ v      
little s]vice to ! art ( m$ic9e4 ,! case
 is diff]5t :]e he speaks ( geography1  
hi/ory & ! f9e arts4 ,on all ^! po9ts1  
he imp>ts mu* valuable in=mation ( :i*  
we w\ld o!rwise be depriv$4 ,! ,natural 
,hi/ory may be consid]$1 f its wide     
range ( subjects1 a sort ( ,cyclopdia1 &
 x is said t if ! ,lat9 language 7 lo/1 
x might be re/or$ f ?is "w alone4  ,pl9y
 p]i%$ 9 ! great eruption ( ,m\nt       
,vesuvius :i* de/roy$ ! t[ns (          
,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,he obs]v$ !    
ph5om5a accompany+ x f ! deck ( 8 %ip4  
,wi%+ to take a ne>] view1 & also to    
succor "s ( 8 fri5ds ^: villas lay ne> !
 sc5e ( p]il1 he /e]$ across ! bay1 &   
l&$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,! next morn+1
 :ile pursu+ 8 inve/igations1 reg>dless 
( ! remon/rances ( 8 fri5ds1 he 0       
suffocat$ by ! noxi\s vapors ( !        
volcano4 ,8 body 0 discov]$ ?ree days   
lat]1 entirely un9jur$1 & 9 an attitude 
( repose4  ,c4 ,pl9ius ,ccilius         

,secundus1 nephew ( ! prec$+1 is g5]ally
 di/+ui%$ z ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]4 ,"u ! c>e ( 
8 uncle he made su* rapid progress 9    
lit]ature1 t he 0 g5]ally acc\nt$ "o ( !
 mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 age4  ,he began 8 c>e]
 z an orator at ! e>ly age ( n9ete54    
,aft] fill+ ! high (fices ( qu/or1      
consul & augur1 ,pl9y 0 appo9t$ by      
,trajan gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia4 ,x 0 f ?is  
c\ntry t he wrote 8 celebrat$ lett] 9   
favor ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x is int]e/+ &    
important1 z %[+ ! progress (           
,*ri/ianity1 & be>+ te/imony to ! purity
 ( life :i* 0 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( its      
pr(essors4  ,pl9y has left a collection 
( lett]s 9 t5 books4 ,!y are address$ to
 "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ p]sons ( ! "t1 &  
are valuable & int]e/+ = ! in=mation !y 
convey ) reg>d to public ev5ts1 & !     
mann]s & habits ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,!   
/yle ( ^! lett]s is /udi$1 & !y h none (
 ! ease & famili>ity ( fri5dly          
correspond5ce4 ,x seems probable t !y 7 
int5d$ r = po/]ity1 ?an = ! p]sons to   
:om !y 7 o/5sibly address$4             

,,procopius4  ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$     
hi/orians ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,he       
fl\ri%$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,ju/9 ! ,eld] & 
,ju/9ian1 & accompani$ ,belis>ius z     
secret>y on 8 milit>y exp$itions4       
,,simonides4  ,?is poet excell$         
p>ticul>ly 9 elegiac v]se4 ,:5 ! mo/    
di/+ui%$ poets ( ,greece wrote v]ses 9  
honor ( ^? :o fell at ,m>a?on1 ! elegy (
 ,simonides took ! prize1 al?\gh s*ylus 
0 "o ( ! competitors4 ,! compositions ( 
! great trag$ian 7 defici5t 9 ! t5d]ness
 & pa?os = :i* ,simonides 0 p>ticul>ly  
di/+ui%$4 ,! lam5t ( ,dana1 & a few     
scatt]$ fragm5ts1 are all t rema9 ( 8   
v]ses1 b ^! are suffici5t to prove t 8  
reputation 9 ?is respect 0 well des]v$4 
,simonides br\ght ! epigram to all !    
p]fection ( :i* x 0 capable4 ,! mo/     
celebrat$ ( 8 epitaphs is ! monum5tal   
inscription compos$ = ! ,sp>tans :o di$ 
at ,!rmopyl3 ,/rang]1 tell !            
,lac$monians t we lie "h 9 ob$i5ce to _!
 laws4  ,simonides 0 held 9 high e/eem  
at ! c\rt ( ,hi]o1 k+ ( ,syracuse4 ,?is 

pr9ce hav+ inquir$ ( him conc]n+ !      
nature ( ,god1 ! poet reque/$ a day to  
delib]ate on ! subject4 ,:5 ,hi]o       
repeat$ 8 "q on ! morr[1 he ask$ = two  
days4 ,z he cont9u$ 9 ?is mann]1 d\bl+ !
 numb] ( days1 ! k+ requir$ an          
explanation4 ,simonides repli$ t he     
po/pon$ 8 answ]1 because1 ! long] he    
m$itat$ on ! subject1 ! m obscure x     
became1 & ! m he felt 8 inability to    
treat x 9 an adequate mann]4  ,simonides
 0 ! ma/] ( ,p9d>2 he liv$ to a v       
advanc$ age1 s t he became ! contempor>y
 ( ! ,pisi/ratid & ( ,pausanias1 k+ (   
,sp>ta4 ,?is poet is accus$ ( hav+      
become m]c5>y 9 8 old age1 & ,greek     
writ]s speak ( him z ! fir/ :o wrote    
v]ses = money4 ,9 ?is connection1 we h a
 /ory :i* w\ld %[ t ! poet 0 n believ$  
to h =feit$ ! favor ( ! gods by 8       
av>ice4  ,:ile resid+ at ! c\rt (       
,scopas1 k+ ( ,!ssaly1 he 0 engag$ by t 
pr9ce to compose a poem 9 8 honor = an  
approa*+ banquet4 ,:e!r ,simonides f\nd 
! exploits ( ,scopas too b>r5 a subject 

= 8 muse1 or t 8 piety l$ him to        
introduce high] !mes1 we d n "k2 b :5 ! 
v]ses 7 recit$ be=e ! assembl$ c\rt1 !  
praises ( ,ca/or & ,pollux 7 m+l$ l>gely
 ) ^? ( 8 royal patron4  ,a mortal might
 h be5 cont5t to %>e 8 honors ) ! div9e 
pair2 b ,scopas grudg$ e l9e :i* did n  
celebrate 8 own fame4 ,:5 ,simonides    
approa*$ to receive 8 rew>d1 ! k+ gave  
him half ! appo9t$ sum1 say+1 t 0 = 8   
"p2 = :at relat$ to ,ca/or & ,pollux1 !y
 w\ld no d\bt be/[ a g5]\s recomp5se4 ,!
 disconc]t$ poet return$ to 8 place amid
 ! je]s & laught] ( ! gue/s4 ,9 a little
 :ile1 a slave br\ght him ^w t two "y m5
 on horseback 7 at ! gate1 & desir$     
e>ne/ly to speak ) him4 ,simonides w5t  
out1 b f\nd no "o2 :ile he 0 look+ to   
see :i* way ! /rang]s _h gone1 ! ro( ( !
 palace fell ) a t]rible cra%1 bury+    
,scopas & 8 gue/s b5ea? ! ru9s4  ,on be+
 in=m$ ( ! appe>ance ( ! "y m5 :o _h s5t
 = him--( _! sn[ :ite /e$s & %9+ armor1 
he knew t x 0 inde$ ,ca/or & ,pollux :o 
_h ackn[l$g$1 9 ?is mann]1 ! homage ( 8 

v]se4   ,,sophocles4  ,0 ! second 9 ord]
 ( "t ( ! great tragic poets ( ,greece4 
,9 true dramatic excell5ce1 he is       
g5]ally consid]$ ! fir/4 ,! poet 0 only 
sixte5 :5 he 0 select$ to lead ! *orus (
 ,a!nian y\?s :o celebrat$ ) lyre & song
 ! erection ( ! trophy 9 honor ( !      
victory at ,salamis4 ,9 8 tw5ty-fif?    
ye>1 he c>ri$ (f ! tragic prize f       
s*ylus4 ,he ga9$ ! same triumph ov] o!r 
competitors1 tak+ ! fir/ prize on       
tw5ty-f\r diff]5t occasions4            
,irreproa*able 9 private life1 di/+ui%$ 
= 8 skill 9 e manly ex]cise1 & a r>e    
excell5ce 9 ! arts ( poetry & music1    
,sophocles 0 consid]$ by 8 admir+       
c\ntrym5 z an especial favorite ( !     
gods4 ,! rem>k ( ! anci5t sage t no man 
is to be acc\nt$ happy be=e he dies1 0  
v]ifi$ 9 ! case ( ?is great poet4 ,if ! 
morn+ ( 8 life 0 bright 9 ! lu/re (     
national glory & p]sonal r5[n1 ! ev5+ 0 
cl\d$ by ! mis=tunes ( 8 c\ntry1 &      
dome/ic unhapp9ess4 ,sophocles s]v$ )   
c\rage1 b )\t ga9+ mu* di/9ction1 9 !   

,peloponnesian w>1 & 0 a witness ( !    
mis]ies :i* t fatal /ruggle br\ght ^u   
,greece4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #dje1 ,b4 ,c41 
a few mon?s be=e ! defeat ( gos-potamos 
complet$ ! mis=tunes ( ,a!ns4 ,he 0     
deeply lam5t$ by ! ,a!nians1 :o seem to 
=get ! calamities ( ! "t 9 _! grief at !
 loss ( s illu/ri\s a citiz54 ,sophocles
 wrote "o hundr$ & ?irty dramas1 ( :i*  
sev5 rema94 ,( ^!1 ! ,o$ipus ,tyrannus &
 ! ,antigone are ! mo/ admir$4          
,,/rabo4  ,a celebrat$ geograph]1 born  
at ,amaseia1 9 ,pontus1 ab\t ! ye> #bd1 
,b4 ,c4 ,he sp5t _m ye>s 9 travell+1 at 
fir/ = 8 own gratification1 & 9 !       
pursuit ( k1 b aft]w>ds by ! ord] (     
,augu/us4 ,he 0 already advanc$ 9 life  
:5 he compil$ 8 great "w on geography4  
,x is divid$ into sev5te5 books1 &      
conta9s mu* valuable & int]e/+ in=mation
 ) reg>d to ! mann]s & cu/oms ( !       
nations he _h visit$4  ,little 0 kn[n at
 t "t ( ! ext5t & =m ( e>?4 ,/rabo      
imag9$ t ! entire habitable portion 0   
includ$ betwe5 two m]idians1 "o ( :i*   

pass$ ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,i]ne1 7,irel&17 & 
! o!r ?r\gh ,ceylon4   ,,titicaca4  ,a  
lake 9 ,bolivia1 celebrat$ = ! ru9s (   
,tiahuanico on its %ores4 ,!y /& on an  
em95ce :i*1 f ! wat]-m>ks surr\nd+ x1   
seems to h be5 =m]ly an isl& 9 ! lake4  
,s great a *ange has tak5 place1 t !    
level ( ! lake is n[ #ace feet l[]1 &   
its %ores #ab miles di/ant4 ,^! ru9s are
 believ$ to be ! mo/ anci5t on !        
,am]ican cont95t4 ,! ,p]uvians knew no?+
 ( _! orig91 b _h a vague tradition t !y
 7 built by giants 9 a s+le night4 ,!y  
reg>d$ !m1 !re=e1 ) sup]/iti\s awe1 &   
connect$ !m1 z we h se51 ) ! fables ( _!
 my?ology4 ,^! ru9s1 l "s 9 ! ! ,old    
,_w1 are (t5 call$ cyclopean1 on acc\nt 
( ! size ( ! blocks ( /one us$ 9 _!     
con/ruction4 ,!re are /ill rema9+1      
monoli?ic pill>s1 /atues & doorways1    
sculptur$ 9 a /yle entirely diff]5t f t 
obs]v$ on any o!r ,am]ican monum5ts4 ,we
 may =m "s idea ( ! size ( ! blocks us$1
 f ! measurem5t ( "o doorway1 :i* is #aj
 ft4 high1 & #ac ft4 broad1 ) an op5+1  

#f ft4 #d in*es1 by #c ft4 #b in*es1 !  
:ole be+ cut f a s+le /one4  ,"s ( !    
build+s appe> to h be5 ( pyramidal =m1 &
 to h cov]$ sev]al acres4 ,( ! p :o     
execut$ su* /up5d\s works1 we "k        
absolutely no?+1 except t !y prec$$ !   
,p]uvians1 & 7 f>!r advanc$ 9 ! arts (  
civiliz$ life ?an any nation exi/+ on ! 
cont95t at ! "t ( its discov]y4         
,,v>ro4  ,a ,lat9 writ]1 celebrat$ = 8  
ext5sive le>n+4 ,he is said to h compos$
 five hundr$ volumes1 all ( :i* are n[  
lo/1 ) ! exception ( two treatises2 "o  
on agriculture1 ! o!r on ! ,lat9        
language4 ,! latt] is d$icat$ to ,cic]o1
 an intimate fri5d ( ! au?or4  ,! life (
 ,v>ro 0 ev5tful3 he 0 favor$ by ,julius
 ,cs>1 proscrib$ by ,antony1 & pass$ 8  
lat] ye>s 9 lit]>y ease "u ! protection 
( ,augu/us4 ,speak+ ( ,v>ro1 ,/4        
,augu/9e says1 t x is an equal subject (
 wond]1 h[ "o :o read su* a numb] (     
books1 c\ld f9d "t to compose s _m      
volumes2 & h[ he :o compos$ s _m        
volumes1 c\ld h f\nd leisure to p]use   

su* a v>iety ( books4     ,,index4      
,a4      ,ace/es1 #agc4      ,a*ab1     
#bad4      ,a*illes1 #eh1 #aeb1 #aec1   
#aff1 #ih4      ,acoetes1 #db4          
,acrisius1 #aca      ,admetus1 #ca4     
,adonis1 #ec1 #baf4      ,adra/us1 #afh4
      acus1 #ajb4      geus1 #aba1 #abb4
      gi/hus1 #aec1 #afd4      neas1    
#aga4      neid1 #adh4      olus1 #fg4  
s*ylus1 #agj1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bia4         
sculapius1 #cj1 #ahh4      son1 #aai4   
etes1 #abj4      ,agam$es1 #ahd4        
,agamemnon1 #aeb4      ,aga?ocles1 #bad4
      ,ages ( ! ,_w1 #ah4      ,ag5or1  
#bf4      ,aglaia1 #ec4      ,ajax1     
#ada1 #aeg4      ,ahriman1 #bah4        
,alce/is1 #ca4      ,alci?oe1 #da4      
,alcibiades1 #ch1 #aic4      ,alcm5a1   
#aad4      ,alecto1 #aja4      ,alex&]1 
#ahg1 #aic4      ,alfheim1 #beb4        
,alpheus1 #ia4      ,al!a1 #adj4        
,amazons1 #ace4      ,amb>valia1 #gi4   
,amphion1 #hh1 #abh4      ,amphitrite1  
#ic4      ,an*ises1 #aga1 #agd4         
,&roma*e1 #afg1 #agb4      ,&rom$a1     

#acb4      ,antigone1 #afi4             
,antilo*us1 #eh4      ,apelles1 #aac1   
#aic4      ,apis1 ,s]apis1 #bji1 #baj4  
,apollo1 ,phoebus1 #agf1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 
#cc1 #bei1 #ahd1 #ahb1 #aeb4            
,ara*ne1 #dg4      ,arcas1 #dd4         
,are?usa1 #ia4      ,argonauts1 #abj4   
,argus1 #cg4      ,ariadne1 #abb4       
,arion1 #abf4      ,ascalaphus1 #gf4    
,ascanius1 #aga4      ,asg>d1 #bda4     
,a/>o?1 ,a/>te1 #baf4      ,aske1 #bdj4 
,a/ra1 #hj4      ,a/yanax1 #afg4        
,atalanta1 #eb1 #ada4      ,attalus1    
#gc4      ,a?amas1 #ig1 #aai4           
,atlas1 #cf1 #abi4      ,atropos1 #aja4 
,audax1 ,ap4 ,cl41 #ga4      ,augurs1   
#agh4      ,aurora1 ,eos1 #ef4          
,avat>s1 #bbb4      ,av]nus1 #ajj4      
,aztecs1 #bgd4       ,b4      ,baal1    
,bel1 #bac1 #beh4      ,bac*analia1 #dj4
      ,bac*antes1 #da4      ,bac*us1    
#cb1 #ci1 #abb1 #abf1 #ahf4      ,bakoo1
 #bai4      ,baldur1 #bdh4      ,b>ds1  
#bfj4      ,belides1 #ajd4              
,bell]ophon1 #ajd1 #acg4      ,bellona1 

#ce4      ,belus1 #bac4      ,belvid]e1 
,apollo1 #bjh4      ,bifro/1 #bda4      
,bona ,dea1 #gc4      ,bonzes1 #bcb4    
,bragi1 #bde4      ,brahma1 #bba4       
,br5nus1 #hd4      ,bri>eus1 #ajc4      
,buddha1 #bbf4       ,c4      ,cacus1   
#fe4      ,cadmus1 #bf4      ,caduceus1 
#cf4      ,cculus1 #fe4      ,cs>1      
,augu/us1 #fc1 #adg1 #adi4      ,cs>1   
,julius1 #beh1 #bib4      ,cal*as1 #aeb1
 #aec1 #afg4      ,calliope1 #hb1 #abe4 
,calli/a1 #dd4      ,calypso1 #aei4     
,cambyses1 #ei1 #ahg4      ,camul1 #bfj4
      ,c>nac1 #bgb4      ,cass&ra1 #aeb1
 #agb4      ,cassiopeia1 #acb4          
,ca/alian f\nt1 #ahi4      ,ca/es1 #bbe4
      ,cecrops1 #df4      ,ca/or1 #abc1 
#ada4      ,celeus1 #gh4      ,c5taurs1 
#ajd4      ,cephalus1 #ef4              
,cepheus1 #acb4      ,c]b]us1 #aja1     
#aaf4      ,c]es1 ,demet]1 #ag1 #ge1    
#gf1 #adc4      ,ce/us1 #ej4      ,ceyx1
 #ach4      ,*>on1 #ajj4      ,*>ybdis1 
#aeh4      ,*imra1 #ajd1 #acd4          
,*ione1 #hh4      ,*iron1 #aad4         

,*olula1 #bhj4      ,cic]o1 #adh1 #bic4 
,c9yras1 #ec4      ,circe1 #if4         
,claudia1 #gc4      ,cleom5es1 #bjh4    
,clio1 #hb4      ,clo?o1 #aja4          
,clym5e1 #cc1 #abc4      ,clytemne/ra1  
#aec1 #afd4      ,co5eus1 #eb4          
,confucius1 #bbh-i4      ,consualia1    
#id4      ,con/ant9e1 #ahd1 #hf4        
,corcyreans1 #aha4      ,corican*a1     
#bhg4      ,corybantes1 ,galli1 #gc4    
,creon1 #afi4      ,creusa1 #abj4       
,croesus1 #ahc4      ,cromle*s1 #bga4   
,cupid1 #ej4      ,cuzco1 #bhg4         
,cyane1 #gf4      ,cybele1 #gb4         
,cyclops1 #cj1 #fe4      ,cynisca1 #aic4
      ,cyp>issus1 #cj4       ,d4        
,ddalus1 #acg4      ,dagon1 #bag4       
,dana1 #aca4      ,danaus1 #ajd4        
,daphne1 #cc4      ,deianira1 #aag4     
,delos1 #ed4      ,delphi1 #aha4        
,demo/h5es1 #aha1 #bie4      ,deucalion1
 #acf4      ,diana1 #bi1 #hg1 #ia1 #aeb4
      ,dictys1 #acb4      ,dido1 #agb4  
,diodorus1 #aha1 #bei1 #bie4            
,diom$es1 #df1 #aaf4      ,d9dymus1     

,mt41 #gb4      ,dionysius1 #bc1 #aid4  
,dodona1 #ahj4      ,dolm5s1 #bgb4      
,domitian1 #gj4      ,druids1 #beh1     
#bfa4      ,druidesses1 #bfd4           
,dryades1 #ij1 #adc4       ,e4          
,e*o1 #ia4      ,eclogues1 #adg1 #agh4  
,eddas1 #bci4      ,electra1 #afd4      
,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 #gg4      ,elves1  
#bej1 #bea1 #beb4      ,elysium1 #agd1  
#ajd4      ,embla1 #bda4      ,ephesus1 
,temple (1 #hi4      ,epidaurus1 #ahh4  
,epime!us1 #abd4      ,erato1 #hb4      
,erigone1 #ha4      ,erisi*?on1 #adc-d4 
,ero/ratus1 #hi4      ,esus1 #beh4      
,eteocles1 #afh4      ,eum5ides1 #ajb4  
,euphrosyne1 #ec4      ,euripides1 #agj1
 #aic1 #bie4      ,europa1 #bf4         
,euryale1 #aca4      ,eurydice1 #abe4   
,eury/heus1 #aad4      ,eut]pe1 #hb4    
,f4      ,fates1 #aja1 #adj4            
,fauns1 #he4      ,f5ris1 #bdg-h1 #bee4 
,flora1 #ib4      ,fo1 #bcc4      ,frey1
 #bdd4      ,freya1 #bdd4      ,frigga1 
#bdh1 #bdi4      ,fro/ ,giants1 #bdj1   
#bdi4      ,furies1 #aja1 #bja4         

,g4      ,games1 ,classic1 #aia4        
,ganym$e1 #dc4      ,georgics1 #adh4    
,g5ghis1 ,kan1 #bcg4      ,g]manicus1   
#baa4      ,g]yon1 #ajd1 #aaf4          
,giants1 #bji4      ,gnomes1 #bdd1 #beb4
      ,gorgons1 #dg1 #acb4      ,graces1
 #ec4      ,gradivus1 ,m>s1 #ce4        
,guatama1 #bbf4      ,gueb]s or         
,guebres1 #bbj4       ,h4      ,hadrian1
 #ahi4      ,hmon1 #ajf4      ,halcyone1
 #ach4      ,halcyons1 #aci4            
,hamadryades1 #ij4      ,h>pies1 #ajd4  
,h>pocrates1 #bab4      ,hebe1 #aah4    
,hecate1 #hg4      ,hector1 #aed1 #aff4 
,hecuba1 #aee4      ,heimdall1 #bde4    
,hela1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bei4      ,hel51    
#eb1 #aee4      ,hel5us1 #agb4          
,helicon1 ,mt41 #dh1 #adf4      ,hell1  
#ajj4      ,helle1 #aai4      ,h]cules1 
#ca1 #gg1 #aad1 #aia1 #aib1 #aie4       
,h]mione1 #aff4      ,h]mod1 #bdi4      
,h]odotus1 #ahg1 #aid1 #bif4            
,hesiod1 #adf1 #hc4      ,hesp]ides1    
#aaf1 #acj4      ,h9nom1 #bae4          
,hippocr5e1 #dh4      ,hippolytus1 #cj4 

,hippom5es1 #eb4      ,hodur1 #bdf4     
,hom]1 #ade4      ,huitzilopot*li1 #bge4
      ,hyac9?us1 #cj4      ,hyades1 #dj1
 #acj4      ,hyp]boreans1 #ahb1 #bei4   
,hyp]ion1 #aeh4       ,i4      ,iapetus1
 #abc4      ,ibycus1 #bjb4      ,ic>us1 
#acg1 #aef4      ,ida1 ,mt41 #ea1 #bd1  
#aga4      ,iduna1 #bde4      ,iliad1   
#adf4      ,ina*us1 #ch4      ,incas1   
#bhe4      ,ino1 #ig1 #aai4      ,io1   
#ch1 #bji4      ,iole1 #aag4      ,iona1
 #bgj4      ,iphig5ia1 #eb1 #afe4       
,iphitus1 #aia1 #aib4      ,iris1 #dc4  
,isis1 #ch1 #baj4      ,i/hmian ,games1 
#aif4      ,ixion1 #ajc4      ,iulus1   
#age4       ,j4      ,janus1 #ag1 #fa1  
#fc4      ,jason1 #aai1 #ada4           
,jobates1 #acd4      ,joca/a1 #ajf4     
,jotunheim1 #bda1 #bdc4      ,jugg]naut1
 #bbd4      ,juno1 #be1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc1  
#ea1 #aad1 #age4      ,jupit]1 #ag1 #ai1
 #bc1 #aca1 #aei4      ,jupit] ,ammon1  
#ahf4      ,ju/91 7,sa9t17 #agh1 #bif4  
,juv5al1 #baj1 #bab1 #big4       ,k4    
,kalki1 #bbc4      ,kri%na1 #bbc4       

,l4      ,labyr9?1 #aba1 #acg4          
,la*esis1 #aja4      ,laius1 #afg4      
,lama1 ,gr&1 #bce-g4      ,laom$on1 #eg4
      ,lao-tze1 #bbh-bca4      ,l>a1    
#ajh4      ,l>es1 #ajh4      ,lat9us1   
#agd4      ,latona1 #bi1 #ed4           
,lav9ia1 #agd4      ,l$a1 #abc4         
,lemnos1 #fd4      ,le!1 #aja1 #ajd4    
,leuco!a1 #ih4      ,loki1 #bdg-bej1    
#bdc1 #bea1 #bef4      ,lotus-eat]s1    
#aeh4      ,lup]cus1 #hd4      ,luxor1  
#ei4      ,lycaon1 #bh4      ,lycom$es1 
#aec4       ,m4      ,mc5as1 #adg1 #big4
      ,maia1 #cf4      ,mama ,oello     
,huaco1 #bhe4      ,manco-,capac1 #bhe4 
,mania1 #ajh4      ,m>a?on1 #ha4        
,m>s1 ,ares1 #cd4      ,m>syas1 #ca4    
,m$ea1 #aai4      ,m$usa1 #dg1 #id4     
,megra1 #aja4      ,megalesia1 #gc4     
,meganira1 #gh4      ,meleag]1 #adj4    
,melic]tes1 #ig1 #aif4      ,melpom5e1  
#hb4      ,memnon1 #eh4      ,m5elaus1  
#eb4      ,m5hirs1 #bga4      ,m5tor1   
#adf4      ,m]cury1 ,h]mes1 #cf1 #cg4   
,me/ra1 #add4      ,metamorphoses1 #aej4

      ,metempsy*oses1 #bbc4             
,mez5tius1 #age4      ,midas1 #ca4      
,midg>d s]p5t1 #bdg4      ,m9]va1       
,pallas ,a!na1 #bg1 #de1 #ea1 #hh1 #aff4
      ,m9os1 #ajb1 #aba1 #adb1 #acg4    
,m9otaur1 #aba4      ,mi/letoe1 rite (  
!1 #bfb4      ,mnemosyne1 #hb4          
,molo*1 #bad4      ,momus1 #fg4         
,mona1 #bgj4      ,montezuma1 #bhc4     
,muses1 #dh1 #hb4       ,n4             
,naiades1 #ij4      ,n>cissus1 #ib4     
,nemesis1 #ha4      ,neptune1 #ag1 #bd1 
#ed1 #fh1 #ic1 #add4      ,n]eides1 #ij4
      ,n]o1 #ahd-ij1 #abg4      ,nessus1
 #aag4      ,ne/or1 #ada4               
,niffleheim1 #bda1 #bdf4      ,niobe1   
#hh1 #abh4      ,nisus1 #adb4           
,norns1 #bda4      ,numa1 #fc1 #aaj4    
,nymphs1 #ij4       ,o4      ,oannes1   
#bag4      ,od91 #bdj-b1 #bde-f4        
,odyssey1 #adf1 #aeg4      ,oceanus1    
#hg4      ,oceanides1 #hg1 #ij4         
,o$ipus1 #afg1 #ajf4      ,o5eus1 #adj4 
,olympiads1 #aib4      ,olympic ,games1 
#aia4      ,olympus1 ,mt41 #ah4         

,ops1 ,rhea1 #bd4      ,oracles1 #ahj4  
,oreades1 #ij4      ,ore/es1 #afd4      
,orion1 #aca4      ,ormuzd1 ,ormasdes1  
#bai4      ,orpheus1 #if1 #abe4         
,osiris1 #ch1 #bji4      ,ouisnea*1     
#bfh4      ,ovid1 #adh4       ,p4       
,pa*acamac1 #bhd4      ,palam$es1 #aeg4 
,pales1 #ib4      ,palmon1 #ih4         
,palladium1 #df1 #aeg4      ,pan1 #ca1  
#hd1 #ahd4      ,p&ora1 #abd4           
,p>iahs1 #bbe4      ,p>is1 #ea4         
,p>nassus1 ,mt41 #aha1 #ahi1 #acf4      
,p>!non1 #bjg4      ,p>sees1 #bbj4      
,patroclus1 #aed4      ,pausanias1 #ahd4
      ,pegasus1 #dh1 #ace4              
,pelasgi1 #aha1 #bfc1 #bii4             
,peleus1 #ea1 #ih1 #ada1 #aec4          
,pelops1 #ajc4      ,p5ates1 #ajh1 #aga4
      ,p5elope1 #aef1 #afj4      ,p5!us1
 #da4      ,p]dix1 #acg4      ,p]i&]1   
#abf4      ,p]icles1 #bjd4      ,p]seus1
 #dg1 #id1 #abi4      ,p]u1 #bhd4       
,petasus1 #cf4      ,phton1 #cc4        
,phacia1 #afj4      ,pho5ix1 #ajg4      
,phidias1 #ha1 #bjf4      ,philip1 #aic4

      ,philoctetes1 #aah4               
,philomelus1 #ahd4      ,ph9eus1 #acc4  
,phorcus or ,proteus1 #id4              
,phryxus1 #aai4      ,pi]ides1 #hc4     
,pleiades1 #acj4      ,pl9y1 #aci1 #bii4
      ,pluto1 #bd1 #gf1 #ii4            
,plutus1 #ajj4      ,pollux1 #abc1 #ada4
      ,polydectes1 #acb4      ,polybus1 
#afh4      ,polydorus1 #aee4            
,polyhymnia1 #hc4      ,polyidus1 #ace4 
,polymne/or1 #aee4      ,polynices1     
#afh4      ,polyphemus1 #fe4            
,polyx5a1 #aee4      ,pomona1 #ib4      
,p\-t\1 #bcd4      ,prie/s1 ,aztec1     
#bgh4      ,prie/esses1 ,aztec1 #bgi4   
,priam1 #ea1 #aed4      ,procris1 #ef4  
,procopius1 #bfi1 #cjb4      ,proetus1  
#acg4      ,prome!us1 #ih1 #abc4        
,pros]p9e1 ,p]sephone1 #ca1 #gf1 #ajj4  
,proteus1 #ie4      ,pul*]1 ,cl41 #agi4 
,pylades1 #afd4      ,pyrrha1 #acf4     
,py?ia1 #afe1 #aha4      ,py?ian ,games1
 #aie4      ,py?on1 #bi1 #aie4       ,q4
      ,quetzalcoatl1 #bge4              
,quir9us1 ,m>s1 #cd4       ,r4          

,ragn>ok1 #bed4      ,raymi1 #bhi4      
,rhadaman?us1 #ajb4      ,runic ,lett]s1
 #beh1 #bfc4       ,s4      ,salii1 #ce4
      ,salmoneus1 #ajd4      ,samha91   
#bff4      ,smund ,sigfsson1 #bci4      
,santa ,sophia1 #ij4      ,saturnalia1  
#fb4      ,saturn1 #ag1 #bd1 #fa4       
,satyrs1 #he4      ,scylla1 #if1 #adb4  
,semele1 #ci4      ,sibyls1 #agf4       
,sibyl1 ,cuman1 #agc1 #agf4      ,sifa1 
#bdc4      ,siguna1 #beb4      ,sil5us1 
#cb1 #dj4      ,sir5s1 #ie4             
,sisyphus1 #ajc1 #acd4      ,siva1 #bbb4
      ,skalds1 #bci4      ,solymi1 #ace4
      ,sophocles1 #agj1 #cjd4           
,sph9x1 #aje4      ,/atues1 #bjf4       
,/oneh5ge1 #bei1 #bgb4      ,/rabo1     
#cjf4      ,/rophius1 #afd4      ,/yx1  
#cc1 #aja4      ,sudras1 #bbd4          
,sylla1 #aeh1 #ahd1 #ahi4      ,syr9x1  
#he4       ,t4      ,tantalus1 #hh1     
#ajc4      ,tao-sse1 #bbi4      ,t>a1   
#bfh4      ,t>ann1 #bfj4      ,t>qu91   
#hf1 #agg4      ,tauric fe/ival1 #beh1  
#bfg4      ,telamon1 #ada4              

,telema*us1 #aeg1 #afa4      ,t]m9us1   
#he4      ,tezcatlipoca1 #bha4          
,t]psi*ore1 #hb4      ,teutates1 #bei1  
#bff4      ,?alia1 #ec1 #hc4            
,?ammuz1 #baf4      ,?amyris1 #hc4      
,!atres1 #aig4      ,!mis1 #hj4         
,!seus1 #aba1 #ada4      ,!tis1 #ih1    
#aec4      ,?or1 #bdb-d4      ,?o?1     
#bei4      ,?rym1 #bdb-c4               
,tisiphone1 #aja4      ,titan1 #bd4     
,ti?onus1 #eg4      ,titicaca1 #bhe1    
#cjf4      ,tityus1 #ajc4      ,tlaloc1 
#bha4      ,toltecs1 #bgd4      ,triads1
 #bei4      ,triptolemus1 #gh4          
,tri/ia1 #adi4      ,triton1 #id4       
,trophonius1 #ahd4      ,tse-tse1 #bca4 
,tuisco1 #bef4      ,turnus1 #age4      
,typhon1 #ajb1 #bji4       ,u4          
,ulysses1 #df1 #aed1 #aef1 #if4         
,urania1 #hc4       ,v4      ,valhalla1 
#bdb4      ,valkyrior1 #bdg4      ,v>ro1
 #agf1 #cjg4      ,ve1 #bdj4      ,v$as1
 #bba4      ,v5us1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #fe1  
#aga4      ,v]tumnus1 #hf4      ,ve/a1  
#fi4      ,ve/al ,virg9s1 #gj4          

,vid>1 #bdf4      ,vili1 #bdj4          
,viraco*a1 #bhd4      ,virgil1 #adg4    
,virg9s ( ! ,sun1 #bij-a4      ,virg9ia1
 #aaa4      ,virtues p]sonifi$1 #aaj4   
,vi%nu1 #bbb4      ,vulcan1 ,heph/us1   
#ai1 #fd1 #fh1 #aed4      ,vulcania1    
#fe4      ,vyasa1 #bba4       ,x4       
,x]xes1 #ahc4       ,y4      ,ymir1     
#bdj4       ,z4      ,z5d-ave/a1 #bah4  
,z5odorus1 #bfj4      ,zoroa/]1 #bah4   
99   99   99   99   99   99   99        
,transcrib]'s note3  ,a numb] ( ! page  
numb]s 9 ! index are incorrect1 g5]ally 
only be+ out by a s+le page2 z su*1 !y h
 be5 pres]v$ z pr9t$4  ,ar*aic & v>iable
 spell+ is pres]v$ z pr9t$4  ,"s names  
include acute acc5ts to indicate        
pron\nciation4 ,! position+ ( ^! acc5ts 
has be5 made consi/5t :]e !re 0 a       
v>iation 9 a few in/ances4 ,h[ev]1 o!r  
occurr5ces ( ! same "n may n include !  
acc5t4 ,^! h be5 pres]v$ z pr9t$4  ,m9or
 punctuation errors1 e4g4 omitt$ p]iods1
 h be5 correct$4 ,hyph5ation & acc5t    
usage h be5 made consi/5t :]e !re 0 a   

preval5ce ( "o =m ov] ano!r4  ,page #bgj
 conta9s ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,!          
sup]/iti\s obs]vances :i* are /ill      
practis$ on ,novemb]1 or ,all ,hall[    
,eve1 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & "s p>ts (    
,engl&1 are ( pagan orig91 & seem to be 
relics ( ?is fe/ival4 ,!re seems to be a
 specific day miss+ f ! ref]5ce to      
,novemb]1 presumably 'fir/1' al?\gh ,all
 ,hall[ ,eve is g5]ally reg>d$ z be+    
,octob] #ca/1 ) ,novemb] #a/ be+ ,all   
,hall[1 or ,all ,sa9ts ,day4 ,z x is    
unc]ta9 :at precisely ! au?or 0 ref]5c+1
 ! text is pres]v$ z pr9t$4  ,! foll[+  
am5dm5ts h be5 made to give consi/5cy 9 
! table ( cont5ts or index ) ! ma9 text3
      ,page #g--;,coeculus am5d$ to     
,cculus--444 ,cacus--,cculus 444        
,page #g--,megalecia am5d$ to           
,megalesia--444 ,fe/ival (              
,megalesia 444      ,page #aa--;,a%t>o? 
am5d$ to ,a/>o?--444 ,a/>o? or          
,a/>te 444      ,page #ac--;,bealtime   
am5d$ to ,beal-,t9ne--444 ,beltane or   
,beal-,t9ne 444      ,page              

#ac--,tetzcatlipoca am5d$ to            
,tezcatlipoca--444 ,victims     (f]$    
annually to ,tezcatlipoca 444      ,page
 #cji--;,a%t>o? am5d$ to ,a/>o?--,a/>o?1
 ,a/>te1     #baf4      ,page           
#cji--;,a?ropos am5d$ to                
,atropos--,atropos1 #aja4      ,page    
#cac--,megalecia am5d$ to               
,megalesia--,megalesia1 #gc4      ,page 
#cac--;,a!n am5d$ to ,a!na--,m9]va1     
,pallas ,a!na1     #bg1 444      ,page  
#cae--,vyassa am5d$ to ,vyasa--,vyasa1  
#bba4  ,! foll[+ typographic errors h   
be5 correct$3      ,page                
#ca--presumpti\s am5d$ to               
presumptu\s--,! god 0     n cont5t )    
defeat+ ! presumptu\s musician1 444     
,page #dj--p]sonfication am5d$ to       
p]sonification--,he seems     to be !   
p]sonification ( drunk5ness2 444        
,page #dj--:]e am5d$ to 7--,:at fea/s 7 
held 9 8     honor8      ,page          
#df--;det]m$ am5d$ to det]m9$--444 !y   
det]m9$1 !re=e1 to /eal ! ,palladium4   
,page #dg--;because am5d$ to            

,because--,ans4 ,because     ?is bird   
sees 9 ! d>k2 444      ,page #fd--7     
am5d$ to :]e--444 :]e he manufactur$    
,jupit]'s ?und]bolts1 444      ,page    
#fg--;be- am5d$ to be=e--444 he 0 enabl$
 to     =etell /orms a long "t be=e !y  
happ5$2 444      ,page #ia--refuse am5d$
 to refus$--444 b refus$ to     li/5 to 
8 addresses4      ,page #ia--repeat$ 'a'
 delet$--444 & 0 imm$iately     dissolv$
 into a f\nta94      ,page #ih--%ipwreek
 am5d$ to %ipwreck--,he 0 suppos$ to    
h p[] 9 sav+ vessels f %ipwreck1 444    
,page #ajf--;,hman am5d$ to ,hmon--,at  
l5g? ,hmon1 son (     ,creon1 444       
,page #bjc--;,iybcus am5d$ to           
,ibycus--444 ! fate ( ,ibycus     be+   
/ill on e tongue4      ,page #bac--(    
am5d$ to or--,:]e 0 ! ,sun wor%ipp$     
"u ! "n ( ,baal or ,bel 444      ,page  
#bfj--;excut$ am5d$ to execut$--444     
execut$ a /atue     ( ,teutates 444     
,page #bga--;ef am5d$ to (--444 ext5sive
 gr\ps ( m5hirs     occur1 444          
,page #bhj--me>sures am5d$ to           

measures--,x measures #agf     feet 9   
p]p5dicul> height1 444      ,page       
#cjb--repect am5d$ to respect--444 to   
prove t 8     reputation 9 ?is respect 0
 well des]v$4  ,! foll[+ am5dm5ts 7 made
 to ! index3      ,page #cab--!re 7 two 
entries = ,iphitus 7"o ref]5c+     p4   
#aib & incorrectly locat$ be=e ! entry =
 ,ino74 ,!     two h be5 m]g$ into a    
s+le entry 9 ! correct place4      ,page
 #cab--;,japetus am5d$ to ,iapetus1 &   
entry mov$ to correct     place 9       
index--,iapetus1 #abc4      ,page       
#cab--,luco!a am5d$ to                  
,leuco!a--,leuco!a1 #ih4      ,page     
#cae--page ref]5ce = ,virg9s ( ! ,sun   
entry     add$--,virg9s ( ! ,sun1       
#bij-a4