by ,case ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity      
,pres]vation ,dep>tm5t ,digital ,libr>y7
          ,,relations ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,&  
,,religion4  ,uni=m ) ?is ,volume4  ,i4 
,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,bible4  ,a ,c\rse (  
,lectures on ! ,morse ,f\ndation ( !    
,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 by ,j4 ,w4   
,,dawson1 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 #a4ge4        
,pr(essor ,dawson discusses 8 topic f ! 
v>i\s     /&po9ts ( a /ud5t ( nature1 n 
f ! s+le     /&po9t :i* has mo/ly be5   
occupi$ by !ologians ,!     book is n a 
p>tisan publication4 ,x w be f\nd by ^? 
oppos$ to be p]fectly c&id & fair1      
admitt+ difficulties     9 _! full =ce1 
& n seek+ to evade1 mis9t]pret1 or      
exagg]ate any fact or argum5t--,int]ior4
  ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,positivism4  
,a ,s]ies ( ,lectures to ! ,times on    
,natural ,!ology & ,apologetics4 ,by    
,,james ,,mcco%1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41      
,presid5t ( ,pr9ceton ,college4 #abmo4  
#a4ge4      ,?is book grapples directly 
) ! vital que/ions4 ,e     read] mu/    
admire its fairness ,x is all ! bett]   

adapt$ to     popul> read+ f hav+ be5   
writt5 to be deliv]$ to an     audi5ce4 
,inde$1 ! ?9k+ is g5]ally s cle>1 & !   
/yle s animat$ & lum9\s1 t any p]son (  
av]age     intellig5ce & culture may    
und]/& & enjoy ! discussion     & no su*
 p]son :o has begun to read ! "w w be   
likely     to re/ satisfi$ till he has  
f9i%$ x4 ,x is 9 "s p>ts     eloqu5t &  
beautiful1 & is ?r\gh\t =cible &        
effective     = its end4 ,w\ld t ?\s&s (
 ! "y p ( our     c\ntry1 & ( all       
classes ^: fai? may be 9 p]il1 might    
read x ) ! att5tion x des]ves           
,indep5d5t4  ,,iii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,&    
,,sci5ce4  ,a ,s]ies ( ,lectures4 ,by   
,rev4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,peabody1 ,d4,d41 (      
,h>v>d ,college4 #a4ge4      ,"o ( ! be/
 books we h read 9 a long "t1--a manly1 
c&id1 noble1 reasonable def5ce ( !      
,*ri/ian fai?4 ,we d     n see h[ any   
?\ghtful p]son c read x 9 va94 ,dr      
,peabody plants himself fairly on ! v   
po/ulates (     sci5tific m51 & proce$s 
to %[ h[ all t !y claim =     true      

sci5ce is fulfill$ 9 ! religion (       
,jesus--,illu/rat$ ,*ri/ian ,weekly4    
,,rob]t ,,c>t] ,,& ,,bro!rs4            
,illu/ration3 ,,n]ve ,,cells  #a        
,,multipol> #b ,,bipol> #c ,,unipol> #d 
,,cell ,,) ,,ramification4 ,,nucleus    
,,or ,,life ,,c5tre ,,is ,,m>k$ ,,9     
,,ea*  ,illu/ration3 ,,n]ve ,,fibres  #a
 ,,section1 ,,%[+ ,,n]ve ,,%ea? ,,cut   
,,& ,,n]ve ,,l9e ,,project+ #b ,,bundle 
,,( ,,n]ves ,,split ,,up ,,into         
,,filam5ts #c ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,n]ves  
#d ,,n]ve ,,loops #e ,,s5sory           
,,corpuscles ,,on ,,! ,,n]ve ,,fibres   
,,! ,,relations    ,,(    ,,sci5ce ,,&  
,,religion4    ,! ,morse ,lecture1      
#ahhj1    ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,union    
,,!ological   ,,sem9>y1 ,,new ,,york4   
,,by    ,,h5ry ,,cald]wood1 ,,ll4,d41   
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy1    
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 ,,au?or     
,,( ,,relations ,,( ,,m9d ,,& ,,bra91   
,,etc4    ,,new ,,york3   ,,rob]t ,,c>t]
  ,,bro!rs1    #ecj ,,broadway4         
#ahha4     ,copyright1 #ahha1   ,,by    

,,rob]t ,,c>t]  ,,bro!rs4               
,,cambridge3   ,,press ,,(   ,,john     
,,wilson ,,& ,,son4    ,,/4 ,,johnl&    
,,/]eotype ,,f\ndry   ,,suffolk ,,co41  
,n4 ,y4     ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,de$ ,,( 
,,tru/1 ,,e/abli%+ ,,! ,,morse          
,,lecture%ip4   ,! g5]al subject ( !    
,lectures1 ,i desire to be3  ,! relation
 ( ! ,bible to any ( ! ,sci5ces1 z      
,geography1 ,geology1 ,hi/ory1 &        
,e?nology1 ! v9dication ( ! inspiration 
& au!nticity ( ! ,bible1 aga9/ attacks  
made on sci5tific gr\nds1 & ! relation (
 ! facts & tru?s conta9$ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1
 to ! pr9ciples1 me?ods & aims ( any ( !
 ,sci5ces4  ,^u "o or m ( ^! topics a   
c\rse ( t5 public ,lectures %all be giv5
 at lea/ once 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 by a  
,lectur]1 ord9>ily to be *os5 two ye>s 9
 advance ( ! "t = deliv]+ ( ! ,lectures4
  ,! appo9tm5t ( ! ,lectur] %all be by !
 concurr5t action ( ! ,f\nd] ( !        
,lecture%ip1 dur+ 8 life1 ! ,bo>d (     
,directors1 & ! faculty ( said ,sem9>y4 
,! funds %all be securely inve/$1 & !   

int]e/ ( ! same %all be devot$ to !     
paym5t ( ! ,lectur]1 & to ! publication 
( ! ,lectures )9 a ye> aft] ! deliv]y ( 
! same4  ,! copyright ( ! ,lectures %all
 be ve/$ 9 ! ,sem9>y4    7,sign$7       
,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4     ,,preface4
   ,! aim ( ! pres5t volume is to       
indicate ! measure ( h>mony traceable   
betwe5 rec5t advances 9 sci5ce1 & !     
fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( religi\s ?\ght1
 & ! ext5t to :i* h>mony is possible4   
,?is attempt has be5 made 9 ! hope (    
contribut+ t[>ds a bett] und]/&+ ( !    
relative positions ( sci5ti/s &         
!ologians1 !reby aid+ ! =mation ( public
 op9ion on que/ions appe>+ to involve   
s]i\s antagonism4  ,! plan foll[$ is to 
br+ "u review ! great fields ( sci5tific
 inquiry1 advanc+ f unorganiz$ exi/5ce  
to ,man2 to pres5t ! mo/ rec5t results (
 rese>* 9 ^! sep>ate fields1 )\t ext5d+ 
to m9ute details2 z f> z possible1 to   
all[ sci5tific obs]v]s to /ate results 9
 _! own words2 & !n to exam9e c>efully !
 reason+s d$uc$ f asc]ta9$ facts1 & !   

be>+ ( facts & inf]5ces on religi\s     
?\ght4  ,! g5]al result is t m>k$       
modifications ( ?\ght conc]n+ ! /ructure
 & ord] ( ! univ]se h aris5 on acc\nt ( 
sci5tific discov]ies1 to be accept$ by  
!ologians1 z by all ?9k]s2 t ! be>+ ( ^!
 modifications on religi\s conceptions  
has be5 greatly mi/ak5 by _m sci5tific  
obs]v]s2 & t x mu/ be held cle> by      
sci5ti/s & !ologians alike1 t :ile      
sci5tific me?ods are reliable )9 _! own 
sph]es1 sci5ce c be> no te/imony1 & c   
(f] no criticism1 z to ! sup]natural1   
inasmu* z sci5ce is only an explanation 
( asc]ta9$ facts by recognition (       
natural law4 ,9 accordance ) ?is la/    
/atem5t1 x is ma9ta9$1 t sci5ce does n  
rea*1 f> less deal )1 ! problem conc]n+ 
! orig9 ( ,nature1 ! solution ( :i* c be
 f\nd only by transc5d+ ,nature1 t is1  
by recogniz+ ! sup]natural4  ,9 ! c\rse 
foll[$ ,i believe ! purpose ( ! em95t   
,physici/ :o f\nd$ ! lecture1 has be5   
rigidly kept 9 view4  ,i desire "h to   
express to ! ,presid5t & ,pr(essors (   

,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 my s5se ( _! 
great k9dness :ile ,i deliv]$ ! c\rse ( 
lectures 9 ,new ,york1 & specially = s  
arrang+ z to all[ ( includ+ ! full c\rse
 )9 eight lectures1--a =m :i* has be5   
reta9$ 9 publication4  ,i h also to     
express my ?anks = ! k9d mann] 9 :i* ^! 
lectures 7 receiv$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 :]e1 ) !
 exception ( ! two fir/1 ! c\rse 01 by  
reque/1 r$eliv]$4    ,h4 ,c4            
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh1   ,janu>y   
#ca/1 #ahha     ,,cont5ts4   ,,lecture  
,i4  ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,inquiry4    
,advantages result+ f rec5t advances 9  
physical sci5ce   -- ,advance does n    
unsettle ! :ole mass ( conviction --    
,religion & sci5ce agree 9 seek+ a      
rational basis1 &   bo? pres5t a body ( 
h>moniz$ conceptions -- ,div]sity (     
view is to be expect$ 9 bo? sph]es --   
,ne$less anxiety z   to alleg$ conflict 
betwe5 sci5ce & religion -- ,! fir/     
requisite is to trace ! b\nd>ies ( ! two
 dep>tm5ts   ( ?\ght -- ,description (  
religion1 natural & reveal$   --        

,description ( sci5ce1 its me?od & sph]e
 -- ,common   />t+ gr\nd = bo? -- ,ea*  
supplies inducem5t =   seek+ a h>mony   
#i   ,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,exp]i5ce ,,ga!r$
 ,,f ,,pa/ ,,conflicts4    ,value ( !   
lessons f pa/ failures -- ,discussions z
 to   spontane\s g5]ation -- ,range (   
exp]im5ts & mode (   conduct+ !m --     
,difficulties 9 exclud+ g]m9al =ms1   & 
9 det]m9+ ! temp]ature at :i* _!        
de/ruction   0 ensur$ -- ,hopefulness   
awak5$ by e>li] inve/igations   --      
,ackn[l$g$ failure z ! result ( m rigid 
te/s --   ,conclusions ( ,pa/eur1       
,rob]ts1 ,tyndall -- ,close ( !         
discussion z ma9ta9$ by ,ba/ian -- ,dr4 
,drap]'s ,hi/ory   ( ! ,conflict betwe5 
,religion & ,sci5ce -- ,objections   to 
! plan ( ! book -- ,mislead+            
repres5tations (   conflict -- ,alleg$  
scriptural view ( ! nature ( !   _w1    
incapable ( v9dication -- ,! ,bible n a 
book (   sci5ce1 b a revelation ( ! way 
( deliv]ance =   s9ful man              
#dc   ,,lecture ,,iii4  ,,inorganic     

,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se4    ,two =ms
 ( exi/5ce to be recogniz$ -- ,matt] &  
,en]gy   -- ,di/9ction ( ! two -- ,tait 
on en]gy -- ,,matt] -- ,its             
inde/ructibility & uncreatability by any
 process at !   comm& ( man -- ,! atomic
 !ory z relat$ to !   divisibility &    
compressibility ( matt] -- ,sci5tific   
belief1 z analog\s to !ologic -- ,,en]gy
 -- ,p]petual   *ange 9 =m & di/ribution
 ( mat]ials -- ,position1   motion1 &   
=ce -- ,transmutation or conv]sion (    
en]gy --   ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy --     
,det]ioration & dissipation (   en]gy --
 ,heat z a =m ( motion -- ,results (    
sci5tific   rese>* are su* z to support 
religi\s ?\ght conc]n+   ! orig9 ( ! _w 
-- ,! *angeable c n be !   et]nal --    
,sci5ce "h rea*es its ultimatum z to !  
/ructure ( ! _w1 & gives all ! support  
possible to   ! reality ( ! sup]natural 
#hb   ,,lecture ,,iv4  ,,organiz$       
,,exi/5ce4 ,,life ,,& ,,its             
,,developm5t4    ,! new problem --      
,orig9 ( life1 relation ( ! organiz$    

to ! unorganiz$ -- ,orig9 ( species --  
,d>w9's !ory (   evolution by natural   
selection -- ,*>act]i/ics ( life --   ,!
 prom95t features ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory --
 ,p[] (   adaptability to environm5t    
inh]5t 9 organism -- ,hi/ory   ( ! /eps 
by :i* ! au?or 0 l$ to ! adoption (   8 
!ory -- ,wallace's ,contributions --    
,d>w9's   ackn[l$gm5t t sci5ce does n   
favor ! belief t   liv+ creatures are   
produc$ f inorganic matt] --            
,admission ( creation ( life --         
,favorable impression made by   ! !ory  
-- ,common ance/ry ( alli$ species --   
,rejection   ( fix$ness ( species --    
,difficulties :i* beset !   !ory -- ,all
 *ange does n indicate progress --      
,difficulty   connect$ ) ! e>ly /ages ( 
evolution -- ,p]si/5ce   ( species      
#aai   ,,lecture ,v4  ,,relations ,,(   
,,l[] ,,& ,,high] ,,organisms4          
,f]tilization ( fl[]+ plants --         
,relation ( poll5 to   ! se$ vessels -- 
,ne$ = transf]5ce ( poll5 -- ,means   to
 prev5t self-f]tilization -- ,relation  

betwe5 animal life   & vegetable --     
,se>* = honey by bees & o!r insects   --
 ,be>+ ! poll5 to di/ant fl[]s --       
,di/ribution (   "w among insects &     
birds -- ,evid5ce ( adaptation --       
,int]dep5d5ce ( l[] & high] organisms --
 ,,ants --   ,_! exclusion f c]ta9 fl[]s
 -- ,_! "w1   p]sev]ance1 intellig5ce1  
slave-hold+1 extract+ honey   f o!r     
insects1 con/ruct+ bridges              
#afb   ,,lecture ,,vi4  ,,high]         
,,organisms2 -- ,,resemblances ,,&      
,,contra/s4    ,s5sibility & motor      
activity *>act]i/ic ( animal life   --  
,bo? uni=mly provid$ = by id5tical      
arrangem5ts (   n]ve sy/em -- ,two      
di/9ct l9es ( n]ve fibre comb9$ 9   a   
n]ve c5tre -- ,/ructure ( n]ve fibre -- 
,isolation --   ,comb9ation -- ,bra9    
/ructure -- ,:ite matt]1 & grey --      
,subdivisions ( ! organ -- ,complexity (
 bra9 /ructure   accord+ to complexity (
 organism -- ,bra9 9 insects1   fi%es1  
reptiles1 small] quadrup$s1 l>g]        
quadrup$s1   monkeys1 apes1 man --      

,close resemblance ( ! bra9 ( !   ape to
 ! human bra9 -- ,rese>*es z to bra9    
function by   means ( electric          
excitation ( ! organ -- ,frits* &       
,hitzig -- ,f]ri] -- ,id5tification (   
s5sory & ( motor   c5tres -- ,sil5ce (  
front & back regions -- ,confirmatory   
evid5ce f bra9 diseases                 
#bjd   ,,lecture ,,vii4  ,,man',s       
,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4    ,human organism
 modell$ on ! same plan z l[] organisms 
-- ,prevail+ op9ion opposes an attempt  
to ref] all human   activity to organism
 -- ,religi\s ?\ght n directly   involv$
 -- ,sci5ce mu/ include ! /udy ( human  
life --   ,sci5ce by discov]y ( !       
/ructure & functions ( !   n]ve sy/em   
has expla9$ _m phases ( action =m]ly    
reg>d$ z volunt>y -- ,! contra/ rema9s  
betwe5   muscul> action & human conduct 
-- ,acquir$ aptitudes --   ,intellectual
 sup]iority -- ,hckel's sugge/ion ( m9d 
cells -- ,adv]se evid5ce -- ,n]ve cells1
 v>i$ sizes1 !   l>ge/ f\nd 9 ! sp9al   
canal1 z well z 9 ! bra9 --   ,gov]nm5t 

( human conduct -- ,man's application ( 
a high]   law -- ,b5evol5ce1 z an       
illu/ration -- ,contra/ )   /ruggle =   
exi/5ce -- ,man's ideal law1 con/itut+ !
   ought 9 human conduct                
#bci   ,,lecture ,,viii4  ,,div9e       
,,int]position ,,= ,,moral ,,gov]nm5t4  
,summ>y ( rec5t sci5tific conclusions ) 
:i* religi\s   ?\ght is to be h>moniz$  
-- ,religi\s conceptions z to   div9e   
int]position1 9 _! relation to fix$ law 
--   ,,miracle -- ,its place z evid5ce =
 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus   ,*ri/ --      
,cr$ibility ( miracles -- ,our ,savi\r's
 miracles   -- ,_! b5evol5t purpose z   
be>+ on _! evid5tial   value -- ,h[     
relat$ to ! laws ( nature -- ,incapable 
(   explanation by ^! laws -- ,!y d n   
conflict ) ^!   laws 9 any intelligible 
s5se -- ,mean+ ( ! old =mula1   a       
violation ( ! laws ( nature --          
,importance ( !   sci5tific position t  
violation ( natural law is   inconsi/5t 
) our k ( ! gov]nm5t ( !   _w -- ,me?od 
& result 9 miracle-work+1 z relat$ to   

natural law -- ,explanation ( !         
antagonism ( sci5tific   ?\ght to !     
conception ( miracle -- ,,pray] -- ,h[  
its   answ] /&s relat$ to natural law --
 ,! crud] ?\ghts   conc]n+ ! prov9ce (  
pray] -- ,all law1 fix$ law1   :e!r     
physical1 intellectual1 or moral -- ,^! 
laws a   h>mony -- ,x is 9 recognition (
 ?is1 ) subord9ation   ( physical to    
moral1 t ! _s ( pray] lives --   ,fix$  
law is conc]n$ ) v>y+ conditions1 & )   
v>y+ results -- ,int]pretation ( fix$   
law --   ,dep5d5ce ( physical results on
 moral action -- ,t !re   are two sph]es
 is no help out ( difficulty -- ,no?+ 9 
sci5tific tea*+ to w>rant d5ial ( !     
doctr9e t   ,god int]poses = moral ends 
-- ,w>rant = pray] re/s on   a div9e    
promise1 involv+ moral conditions -- ,to
 ask   evid5ce ( its answ]1 irrespective
 ( ^! conditions1 is   to seek evid5ce 9
 neglect ( t :i* is ess5tial =   !      
result -- ,! answ] ( pray] mu/ be 9 all 
cases m   an evid5ce ( div9e            
righte\sness ?an x is ( div9e   p[]     

#bge     ,,app5dix4    ,i4 ,relations ( 
,sci5ce & ,religion                     
#cac    ,,ii4 ,spontane\s ,g5]ation     
#cac    ,,iii4 ,en]gy & ,=ce            
#cad    ,,iv4 ,all ,organiz$ ,exi/5ce is
 ,con/ruct$ on a ,common ,plan          
#cad    ,v4 ,embryology                 
#caf    ,,vi4 ,non-advancem5t ( ,l[]    
,ord]s                                  
#cai    ,,vii4 ,protoplasm              
#cai    ,,viii4 ,numb] ( ,species (     
,insects                                
#cbj    ,,ix4 ,f]tilization ( ,fl[]s by 
,insects                           #cbj 
,x4 ,ants                               
#cbj    ,,xi4 ,lik5ess ( ! ,ape's ,bra9 
to ! ,human ,bra9                #cba   
,,xii4 ,! ,l>ge ,siz$ or ,multipol>     
,cells                          #cbb    
,,xiii4 ,! ,conception ( ,duty          
#cbc     ,,relations ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,&   
,,religion4     ,,lecture ,i4           
,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,inquiry4   ,among
 ! _m advantages enjoy$ by ! pres5t     
g5]ation1 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s is t    

aris+ f ! l>ge advance made 9 physical  
sci5ce4 ,! high value ( ?is is app>5t f 
:atev] /&po9t x is reg>d$4 ,! va/ly wid]
 range ( k1 ! increase ( appliances =   
inquiry1 ! great] facilities = "w ( all 
k9ds1 ! fre] int]communion ( all !      
divisions ( our race1 & ! great]        
altitude f :i* ! :ole realm ( exi/5ce c 
be contemplat$2 all ^! involve an imm5se
 ga9 = ! pres5t c5tury4  ,) ^!          
advantages1 h[ev]1 !re comes !          
difficulty ( us+ !m aright1 a difficulty
 :i* we may expect to be great] :5 we   
are deal+ ) wid] & m g5]al aspects (    
exi/5ce1 ?an :5 we are conc]n$ ) m      
re/rict$ ranges ( k4 ,x may be a mu*    
easi] ?+ to /ate precisely h[ rec5t     
advances h affect$ a p>ticul> bran* (   
sci5ce1 su* z a/ronomy or geology1 ?an  
to say h[ !y be> ^u ! g5]al conception (
 ! univ]se4 ,yet1 :ile ! latt] is ! m   
difficult "q1 x is t ) :i* m5 g5]ally   
mu/ be m conc]n$4 ,only a v limit$ numb]
 ( m5 c belong to ! ranks ( speciali/s  
devot$ to a s+le bran* ( sci5ce4 ,all   

m51 speciali/s z well z o!rs1 are       
conc]n$ ) ! wid] "q z to ! true         
conception ( ! univ]se1 & ! be>+ x has  
on human life & de/9y4 ,x is impossible 
to imag9e t m>k$ advance c be made 9 any
 ( ! sci5ces1 )\t its hav+ "s be>+ on ! 
m g5]al problem 9 :i* all m5 are        
practically int]e/$4 ,ea* speciali/     
p]ceives ?is m or less cle>ly z he is   
work+ out ! result ( complicat$         
obs]vations or calculations4 ,! public  
m9d may be said r to feel t "s          
modification ( common belief is tak+    
place1 :ile !re is great unc]ta9ty z to 
! actual *ange4 ,:at gives a s5se (     
security to ! g5]al conviction ( educat$
 m5 is t all increase ( k is cle> ga91 &
 t all advance is secur$ on famili> &   
well-tri$ l9es4 ,progress is transition1
 & 9 a s5se unsettl+2 b x is also       
accumulation1 & ?us 9 a m endur+ s5se1  
consolidat+4 ,fre% obs]vation 9 "s "o   
dep>tm5t ( rese>* does n ov]?r[ all t 0 
cr$it$ previ\sly4 ,x ext5ds ! area ( k1 
or c>ries u into a m m9ute acqua9tance )

 p>ticul>s1 & only 9 a re/rict$ way     
modifies accept$ positions1 by introduc+
 relations =m]ly unrecogniz$4 ,?us1     
progress 9 a p>ticul> sci5ce does n     
unsettle sci5tific belief4  ,9 a mann]  
exactly analog\s1 because re/+ on ! same
 intellectual conditions1 ! comb9$      
advance ( ! :ole ord] ( sci5ces does n  
unsettle ! mass ( conviction belong+ to 
in/ruct$ & ord9>ily reflective m54 ,x   
mu/1 inde$1 modify ! =m ( g5]al         
conviction1 z x quick5s intellectual    
int]e/1 = ! public m9d receives1 n      
reluctantly b gladly1 additional results
 ga!r$ "u c>efully te/$ sci5tific       
me?ods4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an say+1 t love 
( tru?1 & submission to ! laws (        
evid5ce1 are *>act]i/ic ( all discipl9$ 
intellig5ce4 ,sci5tific inquir]s are !  
tra9$ in/ructors ( ! race1 & o!rs       
receive :at !y communicate1 ) true s5se 
( its abid+ wor?4 ,at ! same "t1 su*    
inquir]s "w f an intellectual basis :i* 
is common to all1 f9d+ application 9 all
 fields ( activity4 ,^u t basis all m5  

lean z !y %ape & regulate _! life1 f9d+ 
!mselves involv$ 9 disa/]1 or confirm$ 9
 a wise c\rse1 accord+ z !y are p>tial  
or ?or\gh 9 _! adh]5ce to ! conditions (
 rational life4 ,z ! mass ( human       
int]e/s c n be isolat$ f ! results      
discov]$ 9 ! pa? ( advanc+ sci5ce2 s    
nei!r c any =m ( inquiry be sep>at$ f ! 
conditions :i* are common to all        
intellectual life1 includ+ ev5 ! lea/   
cultivat$4 ,s x happ5s t ! race z a :ole
 has a cle> %>e 9 all ! products (      
sci5ce1 su* z x has n 9 ! products (    
indu/ry4 ,rational conditions provide = 
a community ( int]e/ 9 intellectual "w &
 results1 great] ?an c be approa*$ by   
all ! value ( mat]ial production4  ,^!  
few g5]al & v obvi\s consid]ations br+ u
 into direct l9e ) ! relations (        
religion & sci5ce4 ,religion has a      
rational basis1 z ! condition ( its     
practical wor?4 ,x takes its />t f t    
common intellectual basis1 :i* af=ds to 
sci5ce its ess5tial conditions4         
,religion & sci5ce are exactly alike 9  

^! respects1 t bo? pres5t a body (      
h>moniz$ conceptions1 a cle>ly def9$    
circle ( intelligible /atem5ts1 & bo? h 
a def9ite be>+ on human action4 ,_!     
practical value dep5ds ^u con=mity ) !  
common requirem5ts ( intellig5ce1 &     
h>mony ) recogniz$ fact4 ,i place ?is   
decl>ation 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! pres5t       
discussion1 n only z a cle> av[al ( !   
foot+ on :i* religion pres5ts its claims
 to acceptance1 b m especially z a      
di/9ct & broad ackn[l$gm5t t ! :ole     
range ( te/s af=d$ by ! entire circle ( 
! sci5ces is legitimately appli$ to     
religion1 & is to be delib]ately met4   
,! object ( ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures is
 to consid] ! relations ( sci5ce to !   
,*ri/ian religion1 z au?oritatively     
reveal$ 9 ! ,bible1 & z und]/ood &      
accept$ by ^? :o pr(ess !mselves        
,*ri/ians1 9 grateful ackn[l$gm5t ( :at 
! ,scriptures decl>e4 ,! relations n[ to
 be dealt ) are ^? subsi/+ betwe5       
religion z pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible1 7:i* is 9
 ! h&s ( all1 to be exam9$ & dealt ) by 

sci5tific inquir]s71 & sci5ce z pres5t$ 
to u 9 ! pres5t day1 = ! acceptance (   
all4 ,! claim to univ]sal acceptance    
f\nd "h on bo? sides1 is t :i* gives    
special int]e/ & true logical importance
 to ! problem4 ,*ri/ianity pr(esses to  
discov] a religion to be accept$ ( all  
m51 & a practice to be obs]v$ by all3   
sci5ce pr(esses to give an acc\nt ( !   
/ate ( ?+s ar\nd u 9 ! _w1 to be accept$
 by all1 & ackn[l$g$ 9 practice if m5   
w\ld adapt !mselves to ! natural        
conditions ( _! life4 ,?is claim to     
univ]sal acceptance is n affect$ on ei!r
 side by ! fact t div]sities (          
int]pretation & application em]ge among 
! uphold]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! exp\nd]s (
 sci5ce4 ,su* div]sities are well kn[n  
to exi/ 9 bo? sph]es ( ?\ght4 ,x ne$s to
 be recogniz$ at all times1 & prom95tly 
/at$ 9 su* a discussion z ! pres5t1 t "u
 ! conditions det]m9+ ! atta9m5t ( k1   
!re mu/ be div]sity ( op9ion4 ,inde$1 ! 
wid] ! area ( acquir$ tru?1 ! m ext5sive
 becomes ! field ( possible diff]5ces1  

bo? 9 respect ( :at is involv$ "u       
conclusions already rea*$1 & ( :at may  
transc5d ! b\nd>ies ( pres5t k4 ,x is1  
!re=e1 no m>vel t !re is l>ge div]sity (
 op9ion among sci5tific m51 on _m       
problems aris+ out ( univ]sally accept$ 
positions4 ,x is only by ! same         
necessity t !re is div]sity ( op9ion on 
matt]s ( religion4 ,! mat]ials ( /udy   
are set be=e u 9 ! mass1 & our k is to  
be obta9$ by ! sl[ processes (          
intellectual proc$ure1 9 accordance )   
:i* "s ?+s become cle>1 :ile _m m rema9 
obscure4 ,:e!r we are deal+ ) book k1 or
 ) k obta9$ by direct obs]vation ( exi/+
 ?+s1 does n affect ?is matt]4 ,!       
intellectual conditions are ! same 9 bo?
 cases1 & x is f exactly ! same         
intellectual s\rce t inevitable conflict
 ( op9ion arises4  ,! simple & obvi\s   
tru? is t !re c be no field ( human     
inquiry 9 :i* div]sity ( op9ion c be    
avoid$1 = two reasons1 t all k possess$ 
by u is incomplete1 & active intellig5ce
 c n re/ 9 ! incomplete4 ,nei!r sci5ce  

nor !ology c af=d to disp5se ) hypo!sis1
 t is conjecture1 & :]e conjecture is1  
!re is a wide region = devi\s w&]+4     
,conjecture means inquiry into ! unkn[n1
 & ?is is ess5tial to intellectual life1
 equally necess>y = sci5ce & religion1 &
 accord+ly div]sity ( op9ion is         
inevitable 9 ! hi/ory ( bo?1 z 9 !      
hi/ory ( all =ms ( human activity4 ,9 e 
region ( human k !re is a realm ( !     
c]ta91 & ano!r ( ! unc]ta91 & accord+ly 
!re is div]sity ( op9ion & conviction4  
,occasionally1 9 controv]sial writ+1 x  
is sugge/$ t !re is great] div]sity (   
view 9 matt]s religi\s1 ?an 9 matt]s    
sci5tific2 & x is impli$ t su* div]sity 
is a reasonable gr\nd ( reproa*4 ,bo?   
allegations are at fault1 & ! error     
arises f want ( obs]vation1 involv+     
imp]fect acqua9tance ) ! facts4         
,religion z x is conc]n$ ) ! life ( man 
himself1 & is ! subject ( int]e/ to all1
 has n only its common positions g5]ally
 recogniz$1 b also _m ( its phases (    
conflict+ ?\ght4 ,sci5ce1 z x is beyond 

! range ( ! great majority z a subject (
 p]sonal rese>*1 & )9 rea* ( only a     
limit$ numb] z a subject ev5 ( book k1  
has its que/ions ( conflict conceal$ to 
"s ext5t f ! public view4 ,b1 ev5       
mod]ate acqua9tance ) sci5ce makes u    
aw>e ( ! fact t !re is conflict ( op9ion
 9 e region ( inquiry4 ,inde$ x %\ld be 
ali5 to ! reflective obs]v]1 to m>vel at
 ! discov]y ( div]sity ( ?\ght 9 any    
region1 or to make its exi/5ce a gr\nd =
 adv]se criticism4 ,commonly accept$    
conclusions mu/ af=d ! basis = compet5t 
criticism1 :atev] be ! field ( inquiry  
br\ght "u review2 div]sity ( op9ion     
beyond & ar\nd ^!1 mu/ be accept$ z !   
uni=m att5dant ( human k1 indicat+ at   
once ! provision = intellectual progress
 & ! inducem5t to x4 ,?us1 on gr\nds    
indisputable f a sci5tific basis1 we    
escape ! ne$ = v9dicat+ religion f !    
*>ge ( hav+ its claims to rational      
homage weak5$1 by ! div]sity ( op9ion   
f\nd )9 ! b\nd>ies ( religi\s ?\ght4    
,su* div]sity is 9 /rict accordance )   

famili> facts connect$ ) e bran* (      
sci5ce4 ,:atev] may be said ( ! /rong & 
p>adoxical1 because "o-sid$1 utt]ance ( 
,less+1,a x mu/ be manife/ t 9 all      
directions we are ( necessity se>*]s    
aft] tru?1 & x is 9 su* circum/ances an 
intellectual weakness to object to !    
reliability ( g5]ally accept$           
conclusions1 because !y become          
/>t+-po9ts = _m l9es ( conflict+        
speculation4 ,9 religi\s ?\ght1 z 9     
sci5tific1 !re are on all h&s ! m>ks ( !
 unf9i%$2 & ! v>ieties ( op9ion         
associat$ ) g5]ally accept$ conviction  
only af=d ne$ful evid5ce ( heal?y       
intellectual activity4  ,z we daily he> 
mu* ( ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce &        
religion1 & z x is "o "p ( ! purpose ( !
 pres5t c\rse to deal ) :at is l\dly    
proclaim$ to be a s]i\s feature 9 mod]n 
?\ght1 x becomes ne$ful to cle> ! gr\nd 
consid]ably1 ) ! view ( discov]+ :]e !  
alleg$ conflict is1 & :at =m x assumes4 
,9 ?is1 z 9 _m conflicts1 !re is mu* m  
d9 & tumult1 ?an damage4 ,we %all by &  

by he> mu* less ( conflict ?an we are   
he>+ at pres5t4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! "w  
is consid]able :i* ne$s to be done 9    
cle>+ ! field1 trac+ b\nd>ies1 &        
disclos+ ! exact position ( p>ties4 ,9 !
 rud] w>f>e ( nations1 ?is cle>+ "w is  
und]tak5 by ! combatants !mselves1 & if 
n accompli%$ by prelim9>y measures1 x is
 at l5g? a*iev$ by ! actual ev5ts ( !   
/ruggle4 ,b 9 ?is case1 x may be done   
quietly en\gh by non-combatants1 :ile x 
may contribute l>gely to ! re/rict+ ( ! 
conflict1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( peace4 ,?is  
,i desire to attempt1 9 ! hope t "s     
s]vice may be r5d]$ bo? to ! sci5tific1 
& non-sci5tific1 by contribut+ t[>ds a  
g5]al und]/&+ ( ! actual position (     
affairs4 ,a quiet survey ( ev5ts occurr+
 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s or s1 :i* h 
influ5c$ ! relations ( sci5ce &         
religion1 may suffice to conv9ce u t !re
 has be5 on bo? sides ne$less plant+ (  
batt]ies1 & p\r+ =? ( %ot4 ,9 _m cases1 
! %ot has only sunk into s& banks ) no  
o!r result ?an heavy exp5diture2 9 o!r  

cases1 x has only %att]$ timb] def5ces  
:i* 7 go+ at any rate1 & soon to be     
ab&on$4 ,! wor/ result has be5 t ! :ole 
di/rict ar\nd has be5 ?r[n into tr\ble  
"u fe> ( disa/r\s results4 ,?is         
description mu/ be held to apply to     
outbreaks ( !ological fury1 z well z (  
sci5tific4 ,i appreh5d t !re are few    
fri5ds ( religion conv]sant ) ! high]   
phases ( intellectual life dur+ ! p]iod 
to :i* ref]5ce is "h made1 :o w n grant 
t sci5tific !ories h be5 assail$ ) undue
 sev]ity1 & q ne$less appreh5sion1 "u ! 
influ5ce ( religi\s zeal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
x is equally beyond dispute t !re has   
be5 9 "s sci5tific qu>t]s an eag]ness to
 int]pret sci5tific !ories 9 a mann]    
adv]se to !ological belief1 & (t5 )     
undisguis$ pleasure 9 ! task1 z if "s   
real ga9 to ?\ght & practical int]e/s 7 
to be secur$ by injury to religion4 ,!  
be/ "w on bo? sides has be5 done q ap>t 
f ^! outbreaks ( antagonism4 ,b x w\ld  
be unwise to omit ref]5ce to !m "h1 or  
to ov]look ! lesson !y convey1 all ! m t

 bo? sides admit reasonable gr\nd =     
regret4 ,!re has be51 on ! "o h&1 too   
great read9ess 9 *>g+ an a!i/ic         
conclusion z ! logical result (         
sci5tific !ory2 &1 on ! o!r1 too ha/y an
 assumption t newly recogniz$ facts mu/ 
prove damag+ to ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,detail$ 
illu/ration w\ld be 9 e s5se undesirable
 "h1 b out/&+ examples w readily occur4 
,take ! !ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,species 
by ,natural ,selection1 to :i* detail$  
ref]5ce w be made h]eaft]1 :i* has a    
great multitude ( facts to favor x1 & at
 ! same "t a mass ( facts pres5t+ mo/   
s]i\s logical difficulties2 x is obvi\s 
t ev5 if ?is !ory 7 accept$ 9 ! =m 9 :i*
 x is at pres5t prop\nd$1 n only w\ld ! 
rational basis = belief 9 ! ,div9e      
exi/5ce & gov]nm5t n be affect$ by x1 b 
! dem& on a ,sov]eign ,intellig5ce w\ld 
be int5sifi$4 ,! contra/ 9 ! =m ( !     
g5]al "q may be repres5t$ ?us3 9 ! "o   
case1 to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( v>i$ =ms (  
life entirely di/9ct & indep5d5t2 9 !   
o!r1 to acc\nt = an orig9 9 ! simple/   

g]m9al =m1 or 9 a few primordial =ms1   
:i* %all nev]!less provide = ! appe>ance
 ( all ! v>ieties ( species ( animal    
life n[ kn[n to u4 ,9 pres5t+ ! latt]   
hypo!sis1 sci5ce presses into notice a  
mu* great] p]plexity affect+ ! orig9 ( !
 univ]se1 orig9at+ a difficulty t[>ds ! 
solution ( :i* x is altoge!r unable to  
(f] ! slighte/ contribution4 ,9 ?is s+le
 illu/ration1 !re is mu* to conv9ce     
!ologians & sci5tific m5 t ea* division 
( ?9k]s w be/ fulfil its own "p1 & mo/  
honor religion & sci5ce1 by work+       
unres]v$ly on data )9 its own rea*1 )\t 
appreh5sion z to ultimate conflict4  ,f 
! o!r side1 x is n difficult to f9d     
evid5ce t cont9u$ inquiry & reflection h
 l$ to ! abatem5t1 if n ! actual        
)drawal1 ( sci5tific hypo!ses :i* seem$ 
at v>iance ) common belief1 & :i* might 
be tak5 z adv]se to religi\s ?\ght4 ,=  
example1 z a bran* ( ! inquiry connect$ 
) ! !ory ( developm5t ( species1 & com+ 
directly ^u ! position ( man 9 ! scale (
 be+1 we _h = a "t a wond]ful am\nt (   

obs]vation1 description1 & discussion   
conc]n+ monkeys & apes4 ,labori\s       
inquiries became provocative ( grotesque
 fancy4 ,9 ! tra9 ( sci5ce came ! work]s
 :o m9i/] to ! popul> imag9ation1 & !re 
appe>$ a :ole s]ies ( comic pictures1   
amus+ n>ratives1 & ev5 musical          
compositions1 repres5t+ monkeys & apes z
 tak+ "p 9 human occupations4 ,^! h left
 _! te/imony to ! p[] ( sci5tific       
hypo!sis 9 det]m9+ ! ?\ght & int]e/ ( ! 
"t dur+ :i* !y f9d favor4 ,x 0          
demon/rat$ inconte/ably t ! anatomical  
/ructure ( ! ape 0 mu* m l to t ( man   
?an ! /ructure ( ! dog1 or ! horse2 & t 
! bra9 ( ! ape 0 s l 9 =m & arrangem5t  
to ! human bra91 t x might be repres5t$ 
z a small] & undevelop$ example ( !     
human bra94 ,b :5 ! "w ( obs]vation &   
description _h be5 well nigh complet$2  
:5 ! "w ( delib]ate ?9k+ 0 comm5c$ ) !  
assurance t ! facts 7 pretty fully &    
fairly be=e u1 !re came a consid]able   
abatem5t = ! en?usiasm ( sci5tific      
speculation 9 ! new l9e ( discov]y4     

,next came ! ackn[l$gm5t t ev5 ) all !  
analogies & homologies ( /ructure1 se5 &
 unse51 !re 0 a va/ *asm betwe5 ! ape & 
man4 ,=?)1 ! /imulus to comic tal5t     
began to die away2 & x mu/ be confess$ t
 ! dep>tm5t ( an?ropology has n be5     
greatly advanc$ f ?is new region (      
obs]vation4  ,^! examples may suffice to
 impress at once ^u !ologians &         
sci5ti/s1--& ^u ! public m9d also1--!   
obvi\s1 b easily =gott5 lesson1 t !re is
 ne$ = delib]ation be=e we c cle>ly     
decide ! exact significance ( new       
sci5tific discov]ies4 ,nei!r ! _s (     
religion1 nor ! sci5tific _s1 disposes  
inquir]s to make ha/e4 ,!re is a basis (
 c]ta9ty1 suffici5tly broad & deep to   
deliv] ! m9d f conc]n le/ intellectual  
confusion %\ld arise f cont9u$          
obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,en?usiasm1         
acut5ess1 pati5ce1 & also boldness (    
speculation1 are ne$$ 9 ord] to wid5 !  
range ( our k ( ! my/]ies ( exi/5ce2 b  
caution is z c]ta9ly a necess>y feature 
9 ! ga!r+ ( appliances :i* mu/ lie at ! 

comm& ( !ologians & also ( sci5tific    
obs]v]s4 ,9 fact1 !re is at e fre%      
advance 9 sci5ce1 mu* ?9k+ to be done1  
aft] obs]vation & exposition h          
accompli%$ _! "p1 & ?is ?9k+ c n be     
quickly done4  ,t[>ds a cle> m>k+ out ( 
! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce & religion1 x is    
ne$ful t "s def9ition or description (  
bo? be attempt$4 ,x is easy to be       
religi\s )\t %>ply m>k+ (f = "o's self !
 exact b\nd>ies ( religion2 & equally   
easy to be sci5tific1 )\t exactly lay+  
d[n ! limits ( sci5ce4 ,b any intellig5t
 view ( ! relations ( ! two is n to be  
_h )\t c>efully m>k+ (f ! t]ritory :i*  
!y respectively occupy4 ,sci5ce at lea/ 
%\ld seek = itself a sci5tific b\nd>y1 &
 ?\gh ?is is n always easily f\nd1 x is 
ess5tial = keep+ up fri5dly relations ) 
neighbor+ /ates4 ,9 view1 !re=e1 ( !    
requirem5ts ( ! pres5t subject1 some?+  
mu/ "h be done 9 ! way ( def9ition1 or  
at lea/1 description1 delicate &        
difficult z is ! task4  ,! object ( ^!  
lectures is1 to v9dicate ! place ( !    

,*ri/ian religion )9 ! region ( human   
intellig5ce1 to %[ its rational h>mony )
 sci5ce1 & to promote active co-op]ation
 betwe5 ! two4 ,& ?is is to be done = ! 
,*ri/ian religion 9 view ( all !        
advantages1 & ( all ! alleg$            
disadvantages too1 ( :at has be5        
reproa*fully nam$ a book religion1 :i*  
assur$ly x is1 j z all sci5ce mu/ become
 book sci5ce1 if x is to become a liv+ &
 abid+ intellectual p[] among m54 ,= all
 reliable k mu/ be =mulat$1 mu/ take a  
def9ite ord]ly %ape1 if x is to f9d a   
place & dom9ion4 ,9 ! hi/ory (          
intellig5t be+ 9 ?is _w1 religion fir/ (
 all met ?is requirem5t1 & subject$     
itself to ?is te/1 adapt+ itself also to
 successive ages1 & submitt+ itself to  
_! criticism4 ,sci5ce owns a l          
intellectual necessity1 & has _h to     
write & rewrite1 to correct & exp&1 9   
ord] t ! book-sci5ce might be ! true    
sci5ce ( ! day4 ,:atev] be ! nature ( ! 
tru? receiv$ by man1 its /atem5t is     
greatly enhanc$ 9 value :5 x has be5    

r$uc$ to writt5 =m1 suitable n only =   
be+ pass$ f h& to h&1 b = be+ pond]$ )  
all delib]ation4  ,:ile1 h[ev]1 x is a  
great advantage to ,*ri/ianity t x c be 
describ$ z ! religion ( ! ,bible1--& x  
is to ,*ri/ianity t ref]5ce is directly 
made "h :5 religion is nam$1--!re is 9  
religion z 9 sci5ce t :i* comes be=e !  
writt5 =m4 ,obs]vation & reflection are 
natural av5ues to religion1 z well z to 
sci5ce4 ,! ,bible appeals to !          
intellig5ce ( man = its acceptance1     
subject+ to rational te/ n only its     
evid5ce b also its tea*+4 ,its uni=m    
dem& is t m5 put its tea*+ to pro(4 ,x  
?us presupposes a natural religion z !  
pr]equisite = special revelation ( !    
sup]natural4 ,! full bread? ( ! argum5t 
9 exposition & def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity is  
se5 only by />t+ f ?is position1 t all  
religion1 :atev] its =m1 re/s on a      
rational basis4 ,& its correlative is   
?is1 irreligion is ! irrational4 ,!     
v9dication ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ?us    
implies at its basis ! def5ce ( religi\s

 ?\ght & feel+ 9 :atev] associations !y 
may be f\nd4 ,= ?\gh x is true t !      
,*ri/ian religion may be said to w>     
aga9/ all religions besides1 seek+ to   
supplant !m1 9 ord] to become ! univ]sal
 religion1 x does s only on ! foot+ t   
religi\s ?\ght & feel+ :]ev] f\nd h a   
g5u9e intellectual value1 :i* mu/ "w    
t[>ds deliv]ance f :at is immoral & :at 
is inconsi/5t 9 tradition4 ,if x be "h  
rem>k$ t sci5ce also t5ds to !          
de/ruction ( ! traditional beliefs      
belong+ to _m ( ! religions ( ! _w1 x   
may !reby appe> t sci5ce becomes a      
fell[-work] ) ,*ri/ianity 9 a process ( 
demolition requir$ 9 ! int]e/s equally (
 intellig5ce1 morality1 & religion4 ,b  
:atev] may be said ( ?is de/ructive     
process z "o 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity p]=ms a  
conspicu\s "p1 ! religion ( ,jesus      
recognizes a voice 9 ! works ( creation 
speak+ to ! he>ts ( m51 9 all l&s1      
insomu* t !re is no spee* nor language  
:]e _! voice is n he>d4 ,religi\s belief
 is ?us recogniz$ z a natural           

possession1 & rev]5ce = ! ,mo/ ,high z  
foll[+ by rational sequ5ce4  ,:5 !re=e  
we (f] a def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? &     
practice1 we necess>ily und]take "s     
def5ce ( ! v>i$ manife/ations ( natural 
religion pres5t+ !mselves 9 ! _w's      
hi/ory4 ,we are n preclud$ f assign+    
value to ! l(ti] & pur] ?\ght ( anci5t  
civilization te/ify+ aga9/ ! gods _m &  
lords _m ( ! popul> religion2 nor d we  
refuse to make ackn[l$gm5t ( ^? rud] &  
bas] examples ( religi\s obs]vance      
appe>+ among tribes ( unciviliz$ m5 9   
mod]n times4 ,9 def5d+ religion1 we are 
uphold+ ! l(ty conceptions ( ! ,greek   
philosoph]1 :o said t ,god is n ! au?or 
( evil1 b ( good only2 :o decl>$ t ,god 
is "o & ! same1 immutably fix$ 9 8 own  
prop] nature1 & t ,god & 8 attributes   
are absolutely p]fect4,b ,on ! o!r h&1  
we c n escape ! s]i\s entanglem5t f\nd  
among hea!n idolatries1 = ev5 :ile su*  
idolatries are utt]ly condemn$1 we are  
ready to ma9ta9 t ! mo/ irrational      
idolatries h m ( reason 9 !m ?an ! life 

:i* has be5 empti$ ( religi\s fai? &    
ex]cise4  ,9 view ( ! wide range (      
natural religion1 & ! def5ce ( x "h     
impli$1 we may def9e religion1 z !      
recognition ( a ,sov]eign ,intellig5ce  
orig9at+ & gov]n+ all dep5d5t be+1 ) !  
homage due f intellig5t be+s to !       
,sov]eign ,intellig5ce4 ,?is is !       
def9ition :i* w include all natural     
religion1 & pres5t ! gr\nd ( its def5ce 
9 view ( sci5tific sugge/ions &         
p]plexities4  ,b tak+ ! ,*ri/ian        
religion z ! cr[n & c5tre ( religi\s    
life 9 ! _w1 we h a m full & comm&+     
te/imony z to ! glory ( ! div9e nature1 
& ! g5u9e ex]cises ( a religi\s life4   
,he is ,god creat+ & su/a9+ all1 rul+ 9 
righte\sness1 reveal+ himself 9 ,jesus  
,*ri/1 ^: glory is ! glory z ( ! only   
begott5 ( ! ,fa!r full ( grace & tru?4  
,he is a ,god seek+ ! reconciliation ( !
 guilty ) himself4 ,he is a ,god ( m]cy1
 call+ all intellig5t creatures to      
fell[%ip ) him1 & requir+ !m all to be  
holy ev5 z he is holy4 ,su* is a summ>y 

( ! tea*+ ( ,scripture z to ! ,div9e    
,be+1 & our relation to him4 ,?us are we
 guid$ 9 our utt]ance be=e him1 ,o ,"l (
 ho/s1 ,god ( ,israel1 t dwelle/ betwe5 
! *]ubim1 ?\ art ! ,god1 ev5 ?\ alone1 (
 all ! k+doms ( ! e>?3 ?\ ha/ made heav5
 & e>? 7,isa4 xxxvii4 #af74  ,i cont5t  
myself ) a m]e summ>y2 = a full k we mu/
 take ! ,bible itself1 k ( :i* mu/ be   
presum$ z ! condition ( criticism1 ?\gh 
criticism has be5 abundant :i* has borne
 witness to ignorance ( ! revelation    
criticis$1--ignorance s m>k$ t _h x     
appli$ to sci5ce x w\ld h be5 held a    
pro( ( incompet5ce = criticism4 ,we are 
n[ to take ! ,bible repres5tation (     
,god1 & ( 8 relation to u2 & on ! o!r h&
 ( man's fai? 9 him1 & spiritual        
devotion & s]vice4 ,^! are ! mat]ials to
 be h>moniz$ ) ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 by    
demon/rat+ t ! te/imony ( sci5ce po9ts  
to a gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se h>moniz+ ) !  
te/imony ( ,scripture4 ,& "h x is ne$ful
 t !re be explicitness1 t our !sis may  
be plac$ beyond d\bt4 ,! purpose is n   

m]ely to %[ t sci5ce lays no f\ndation =
 d5ial ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 or =  
an a!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se2 nor   
m]ely t x af=ds no place = belief 9     
,deity )\t k ( 8 nature1 = utt]ance ( an
 empty "n1 )\t intelligible cont5t1 or  
an agno/icism1 :i* affects to celebrate 
! praises ( ,ignorance1 9 homage to ! "n
 ( sci5ce2 nor m]ely an imman5t or      
indwell+ ,deity1 :o is 9 all ?+s1 & all 
?+s 9 him1 s t he is ! unify+ p[]1 ! s\l
 & life ( all t is1 includ+ ^? /range   
contra/s :i* we call good & evil2 b     
pass+ all ^! repres5tations z /range &  
ali5 to ! ,bible1 to %[ t religion &    
sci5ce f9d _! h>mony 9 recognition ( a  
,transc5d5t ,deity1 a p]sonal ,deity1   
di/9ct f ! univ]se1--a p]sonality rul+ 9
 righte\sness1 & delight+ to meet !     
desires ( intellig5t be+s long+ aft] !  
p]fection ( hol9ess4  ,i c imag9e t "s  
devot$ /ud5ts ( sci5ce are prep>$ to    
object to hav+ any %>e 9 a discussion   
:i* is to include z "o ( its t]ms su* a 
purely spiritual conception z ?is1      

involv+ a spiritual relation1--& hav+ z 
its practical expression a spiritual    
life4  ,n a few sci5tific m5 may be     
prep>$ to say t all ?is is q remote f ! 
region ) :i* !y are famili>1--t sci5ce c
 h>dly be said to come into contact )   
su* a spiritual region ( inquiry4 ,& ,i 
grant t !re is reason = urg+ su* a      
consid]ation4 ,sci5ce c n occupy ! place
 ( religion1 any m ?an religion c occupy
 ! place ( sci5ce4 ,b if !re be any on t
 acc\nt feel+ !mselves preclud$ f ent]+ 
on ! discussion1 !y d !reby proclaim    
!mselves disqualifi$ = mak+ any         
affirmation z to conflict betwe5 ! two  
c\rses ( ?\ght & int]e/4 ,! logical     
fairness ( ?is argum5t admits ( no      
*all5ge4 ,ei!r sci5ti/s mu/ refra9 f    
ass]tions ( conflict1--or !y mu/ take ! 
decl>ations ( ! ,bible1 & prove _!      
antagonism to ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1        
recogniz$ z belong+ to a diff]5t sph]e (
 inquiry4 ,z well propose to criticise !
 conclusions ( a/ronomy 9 disreg>d (    
spectrum analysis1 z propose to         

criticise ! intellectual wor? ( religion
 9 neglect ( its spiritual significance4
  ,i next pass ov] to inquire :at       
,sci5ce is1 tak+ its own te/imony       
conc]n+ its prov9ce & purpose1 z ,i h   
tak5 ! te/imony ( religion4 ,sci5ce has 
= its sph]e or prov9ce ! :ole field (   
outw>d obs]vation2 & has = its purpose !
 explanation ( facts )9 ?is field1 ei!r 
by means ( direct obs]vations z to !    
relations ( ?+s1 or by logical inf]5ce f
 su* obs]vations4 ,?is field ( /udy is  
full ( int]e/1 & practically            
inexhau/ible4 ,! tru/wor?9ess ( ! me?od 
admits ( no d\bt1 :e!r we consid] direct
 obs]vation1 or gu>d$ & c>eful inf]5ce f
 ?+s obs]v$4 ,to tru/ our p[]s (        
obs]vation1 & to rely on our reason+    
faculty1 are ! fundam5tal conditions (  
all k4 ,?r\gh ^! av5ues religi\s k mu/  
come1 z well z sci5tific4 ,! risk (     
conflict is ?us exclud$ "h4 ,nor w any  
"o dispute ! inh]5t value ( sci5tific   
k4,c ,lea/ ( all c\ld su* a *all5ge come
 f a religi\s basis1 = ! book ( nature  

is to ! religi\s m9d ! revelation ( ,god
 9 its own place & =m1 j z ! ,bible is 9
 a diff]5t & high] =m4 ,! rev]5ce       
belong+ to religion w n d]ogate f !     
dignity ( sci5ce4 ,! natural & g5u9e    
t5d5cy ( religi\s ?\ght mu/ be to exalt 
sci5ce1 9 its prop] s5se1 z a v]ifi$    
explanation ( ! facts ( exi/5ce4 ,a     
contr>y t5d5cy c arise only 9 "o ( two  
ways1 ei!r :5 religion is driv5 back on 
! def5sive on acc\nt ( sci5tific !ory   
assum+ an attitude ( antagonism2 or :5  
religi\s ?\ght has be5 contract$ into   
n>r[ & h>d5$ =m1 su* z to enc\rage      
isolation f regions ( inve/igation      
p]sonally dislik$4 ,9 ! "o case1 di%onor
 is reflect$ on sci5tific ?9k+1 9 ! o!r1
 di%onor is ca/ on religi\s ?\ght4  ,^! 
consid]ations w indicate ! true         
intellectual _s 9 :i* we %\ld face ! "q 
conc]n+ ! relations ( religion & sci5ce4
 ,to our rational nature1 e ?+ :i* is   
entitl$ to rank z g5u9e k mu/ be matt] (
 int]e/2 & reliance on common means (   
acquir+ k1 mu/ involve confid5ce 9 !    

unity ( all tru?1 & ! possibility (     
demon/rat+ su* unity1 if only x be      
possible = u to p5etrate deep en\gh1 &  
ext5d our rese>*es wide en\gh1--a       
confid5ce :i* w n be sacrific$ ev5 :5 ! 
actual unity waits discov]y4 ,z ea* "o (
 ! planets diffuses its own %>e ( light1
 & all comb9e to con/itute ! sol> sy/em1
 s ea* sci5ce mu/ be a c5tre ( k1 & all 
comb9$ mu/ con/itute a sy/em ( tru?4    
,?is be+ grant$ on purely intellectual  
gr\nds1 our conclud+ po9t is connect$ ) 
compet5cy to ent] ^u critical inquiry z 
to ! h>mony ( religion & sci5ce4 ,:at   
has be5 said z to k ( ! ,bible z a      
pr]equisite = ! discussion ( our        
problem1 mu/ equally hold z to sci5ce4  
,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ne$s to be fairly /at$ & 
delib]ately all[$2 ! possibility (      
intellig5t & adequate criticism does n  
imply full acqua9tance ) sci5tific      
me?ods1 & p]sonal ability to te/ !      
results ( _! application4 ,mo/ ( u mu/  
be cont5t to take our sci5tific k on    
tru/1 z ,*auc] did1 :5 he decl9$ to ent]

 ^u ! intricacies ( a/ronomical /udy1   
because he 0 too old = mak+ satisfactory
 progress4,d ,to accept sci5tific       
conclusions )\t p]sonal v]ification is  
simply inevitable4 ,:5 sci5tific m5     
!mselves h come to a g5]al agreem5t1 &  
are n any long] 9 conflict on a p>ticul>
 conclusion1 ?is mu/ be en\gh = ! great 
majority ( intellig5t inquir]s4 ,!re is 
n1 9 ?is1 absolute security = accuracy1 
b nei!r is !re su* security 9 !         
circum/ances = sci5tific m5 !mselves1 & 
!re c be no reasonable gr\nd = hesitancy
 or compla9t1 ei!r on our "p or on !irs1
 if we are ready to accept g5]al        
agreem5t z suffici5t te/imony = ! "t4 ,x
 w\ld be utt]ly impracticable &         
unreason+ to insi/ t we c n intellig5tly
 accept ! conclusions ( a/ronomy unless 
we are able to g ?r\gh ! ma!matical     
processes2 or ! ma9 facts ( human       
physiology unless we h v]ifi$ ea*       
position by p]sonal inve/igation into ! 
/ructure ( ! organs1 & ! conditions (   
functional activity4 ,conjectures f9d f 

an intellig5t public no high]           
ackn[l$gm5t ?an is due to conjecture1   
simply because ^? :o h devot$ !mselves  
to rese>* 9 ! dep>tm5t conc]n$ are n    
agre$ 9 attribut+ to !m any high]       
significance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 conclusions 
are accept$ z true1 h[ev] mu* !y may be 
at v>iance ) previ\sly exi/+ conviction1
 :5 ! great majority ( sci5tific        
inquir]s h admitt$ ! obs]vations to be  
und\bt$ or ! reason+s conclusive4 ,?is  
is ! only conceivable te/4 ,x is t :i*  
sci5tific ?9k]s mu/ !mselves recognize z
 ! rule ( cr$5ce 9 all dep>tm5ts (      
inve/igation ly+ beyond _! own famili>  
field ( /udy2 & x is t :i* is naturally 
accept$ by ! :ole body ( non-sci5tific  
read]s & ?9k]s int]e/$ 9 ! advance ( k4 
,all practic$ !ologians1 & all uphold]s 
( religion on ! gr\nd ( intellig5t      
w>rant = belief & practice1 only take ! 
gr\nd ( common intellig5ce :5 !y accept 
implicitly ! conclusions rea*$ by       
sci5tific proc$ure4  ,:atev] !n may be !
 evid5ce ( conflict betwe5 sci5ce &     

religion1 & :atev] ! difficulties ly+ 9 
! way ( work+ out reconciliation1 !re is
 cle> w>rant = claim+ common gr\nd f :i*
 to />t1 & t s ample & secure t x is    
provid$ by sci5tific inquiry itself1 &  
g5]ally accept$ by educat$ m5 ( all     
classes4 ,!re c be no pat*work          
contrivance1 made up ( :at may be tak5  
to be f9al /atem5ts ( !ological &       
sci5tific positions4 ,we d n aim at "s  
agglom]ation ( mat]ials ga!r$ f opposite
 qu>t]s & br\ght toge!r ) ! design (    
con/ruct+ a compact & durable unity4    
,nei!r f ! side ( religion1 nor f t (   
sci5ce1 c\ld su* a proposal f9d         
c\nt5ance4 ,ea* mu/ "w f its own basis1 
! "o f ,revelation1 ! o!r f ,nature4    
,ea* mu/ g on its own c\rse ( developm5t
 & active s]vice1 unaid$ & undet]r$ by !
 o!r4 ,& f age to age 9 ! _w's progress 
x mu/ cont9ue "p ( ! task connect$ )    
intellig5t exi/5ce1 to g f "o to ! o!r1 
9 se>* ( ! l9es ( h>mony4 ,f bo? sides  
mu/ come an impulse to ?is se>* =       
agreem5t4 ,f ! sci5tific side1 by an    

intellectual necessity1 = all intellig5t
 rese>* presses on t[>ds unity 9 a      
complete conque/ ( ! region (           
inve/igation1 pu%+ out 9 di/9ct l9es )  
full conviction ( ! h>mony ( be+1 & (   
conclusions express+ s mu* ( ?is h>mony 
z has be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,& :at is 
no less c]ta91 ?\gh n s freely admitt$1 
all inve/igation z to ! laws ( exi/5ce1 
ev5 t :i* proclaims confid5ce only 9    
obs]vation1 ) inf]5ce f :at x discloses1
 is urg+ ! human m9d onw>d to a high]   
range ( que/ions z to exi/5ce beyond    
obs]vation1 & ! causes ( ?+s visible4   
,impot5t 9 ! extreme has be5 ! voice ( a
 positive philosophy1 d5\nc+ ! se>* =   
causes1 s\nd+ its trumpet call to rally 
all divisions ( sci5tific work]s to se>*
 exclusively = facts1 z if su* work]s 7 
b a b& ( qu>rym51 bor+1 bla/+1 & ga!r+  
up %att]$ fragm5ts ( rock4 ,= facts mu/ 
sci5ce ev] se>*2 ) no?+ %ort ( asc]ta9$ 
facts c x be satisfi$2 b1 hav+ f\nd !m1 
x mu/ classify & h>monize1 seek+ = !    
laws :i* regulate _! occurr5ce1 & = !   

causes by :i* !y may be rationally      
expla9$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! sph]e (     
religion mu/ ev] arise a p[]ful impulse 
to seek h>mony ( conviction ) ! v]ifi$  
results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,?is may be 
expect$ to prove a m urg5t & practical  
necessity ?an t :i* op]ates f )9 !      
region ( sci5ce4 ,! belief 9 a p]sonal  
,deity1 z ! s\rce ( all dep5d5t exi/5ce1
 & ! controll] ( all1 leads by a        
necessity bo? intellectual & spiritual  
to a se>* = ord] 9 all ?+s1 & a h>mony (
 ! univ]se4 ,view$ only z an            
intellectual discipl9e1--& ?is is an    
important ?\gh p>tial view (            
x1--religion develops :at may be        
describ$ z ! intellectual in/9ct1 crav+ 
= k1 ) expectation ( ord] & h>mony      
ev]y:]e1 & ) prospect ( ample rew>d =   
pati5t rese>*4 ,religion1 beg9n+ ) !    
conception ( a transc5d5t ,be+1--see+ 9 
f9ite exi/5ce a creation & a            
cosmos1--gives m p[]ful /imulus to se>* 
= h>mony ( tru?1 ?an c be said to spr+ f
 sci5ce4 ,! latt] by ! necessity ( its  

proc$ure beg9s by contract+ ?\ght 9 ord]
 to conc5trate1 & is apt to enc\rage its
 mo/ devot$ s]vants to "w on isolat$    
divisions ( exi/5ce1 relegat+ to a      
di/ant future ! great] & m puzzl+ task (
 contemplat+ ! h>mony ( all sci5ces4 ,x 
is1 !n1 by press+ into view an urg5t    
practical & p]sonal ne$1 t religion may 
be said 9 ! hi/ory ( individual life to 
contribute ! /ronge/ motive p[] t[>ds   
su* intellectual ef=t z is conc]n$ ) !  
h>moniz+ ( all tru?4 ,?is w appe> 9     
p]sonal exp]i5ce accord+ to !           
intellectual activity ( ! individual1 "u
 ! requirem5ts ( 8 religi\s life1 & 9   
/udy ( all t belongs to ! sy/em ( !     
univ]se4 ,?is be+ recogniz$ & av[$1 z   
foll[+ f ! v nature ( religion1 x       
devolves on ! ,*ur* 9 all its           
divisions1--! bro!rhood ( believ]s1--to 
manife/ a g5u9e & pr(\nd int]e/ 9 !     
progress ( sci5ce1 mak+ felt 9 ! _w !   
full influ5ce ( ! _s1 at once sci5tific 
& religi\s1 :i* seeks to discov] &      
demon/rate ! h>mony ( creat$ exi/5ce4   

,,footnotes3  ,a ,if ,god _h held all   
tru? 9 8 "r h&1 & 9 8 left ! ev]-liv+   
desire = tru?1 al?\gh ) ! condition t ,i
 %\ld rema9 9 error = ev]1 & if he %\ld 
say to me '*oose1' ,i %\ld humbly incl9e
 t[>ds 8 left1 & say1 ',fa!r1 give3 pure
 tru? is = !e alone8'--,wolf]buttel     
,fragm5ts4 ,see ,zimm]n's ,life (       
,less+1 p4 #cfa4  ,b ,plato's ,republic 
,,ii4 #chj1 #cha4  ,c ,see ,app5dix ,i4 
,d      ',wilt ?\ le>ne ( /]res ought8' 
',nay1 c]ta9ly1' quod ,i1 '"r naught4'  
',& :y8' quod he4 ',= ,i am old4'       
,,h\se ,,( ,,fame1 ,b4 ,,ii1 #dhg4      
,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,exp]i5ce ,,ga!r$ ,,f 
,,pa/ ,,conflicts4   ,!re h be5 )9 q    
rec5t times conflicts z to ! relations (
 sci5ce & religion1 :i* h n[ lo/ _! liv+
 int]e/4 ,all classes greatly affect$ by
 curr5t lit]ature1 & sci5tific          
discussion1 :e!r rank+ !mselves on !    
side ( religion1 or o!rwise1 7 deeply   
mov$ by !m4 ,x appe>$ at ! "t1 z if "s  
new position 7 to be m>k$ (f1 de/9$ to  
affect our :ole conception ( ! gov]nm5t 

( ! univ]se4 ,! expectation 0 n v]ifi$2 
public int]e/ di$ away2 & prep>ations = 
conflict 7 ab&on$1 on acc\nt ( !        
unexpect$ discov]y t !re 0 no?+ to fight
 ab\t4  ,x is a wise rule affect+ our   
busy life1 cr[d$ ) pres5t-day duties1 t 
we all[ subjects quietly to drop out (  
view :i* h lo/ liv+ int]e/4 ,b ?is wise 
rule is turn$ to unwise ends1 if x make 
u =getful ( ! lessons ( ! pa/4          
,sci5tific progress consi/s 9 ! ab&onm5t
 ( unt5able positions1 = occupancy (    
o!rs prov$ to be m reliable4 ,accord+ly 
! conflict :i* seems to ?reat5 ! int]e/s
 ( religion we>s n[ "o aspect & n[      
ano!r1 z det]m9$ by ! /age ( sci5tific  
progress :i* has be5 rea*$4 ,b all      
intellectual progress is an evolution1  
be>+ at e mom5t "s trace ( :at has be5  
left beh9d1 z well z evid5ce (          
accretion4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( ! exp]i5ce   
connect$ ) intellectual life is ga!r$ f 
ev5ts connect$ ) ab&on+ positions ( pa/ 
int]e/1 z well z f ^? associat$ ) :at is
 new4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 ?\gh )9        

comp>atively n>r[ limits1 to ref] to pa/
 conflicts1 q rec5t1 b practically at an
 end4 ,! ebb & fl[ ( intellectual       
int]e/s foll[ 9 su* rapid succession1 & 
ea* is s absorb+ dur+ its cont9uance1 t 
we readily =get ! tangl$ wa/e buri$ f   
sight "u ! spr+-tide ( ris+ expectation4
 ,we easily lose sight ( ! pa/1 ev5 ?\gh
 x lie close at h&1 & z we feel ! pulse 
( life beat high 9 proportion to !      
vividness & app>5t value ( our          
prospects1 we are ev] liable to         
ov]e/imate ! importance ( ! pres5t      
position1 ?us sev]+ ourselves too       
readily f all t lies beh9d4 ,!re may be 
reason = cutt+ d[n bridges 9 ! re>1 if  
!re be appreh5sion ( c[>dice 9 ! ranks2 
b :]e ! calmness & c\rage ( resolute    
progress are f\nd1 !re is no ne$ = a    
yawn+ *asm beh9d4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t j
 beyond "s bridges rec5tly cross$1 !re  
lie a good _m traces ( humiliation4 ,& x
 is accord+ to ! t5d5cy ( human nature1 
:e!r religi\s or anti-religi\s1 to turn 
away f t :i* occasions uneas9ess4 ,b !re

 is a moral1 z well z an intellectual   
dem&1 = ?or\ghness 9 recogniz+ !        
cont9uity ( ev5ts4 ,! sci5tific _s c n  
excuse a cov]+ up ( pa/ failures1 z !   
=mulat+ ( v]ifi$ results mu/ imply      
te/imony conc]n+ !m4 ,x is ( ! v nature 
( religi\s conviction t we %\ld le>n f !
 failures ( ! pa/1 & %\ld advance out ( 
!m ) high] wisdom4 ,by common cons5t1   
!re=e1 we c h no accurate survey ( !    
pres5t situation1 )\t mak+ acc\nt ( :at 
has be5 rec5tly pass$1 z well z :at may 
be reg>d$ z press+ ^u our notice 9 ^!   
days4  ,we d n ne$ to travel a long way 
to ! re> 9 ord] to discov] h[ f> a/ray  
we may be1 bo? 9 expectations & 9       
appreh5sions2 h[ readily we may get into
 confusion z to ! int]e/s involv$ 9     
excit+ controv]sies2 & h[ mu* we ne$    
caution1 mak+ all[ance = our p>tial     
survey ( facts1 & our unc]ta9ty z to :at
 may op5 up4  ,by way ( illu/ration1 ,i 
%all ref] to ! hi/ory ( discussions     
conc]n+ s-call$ spontane\s g5]ation1    
mix$ up ) asc]ta9$ facts z to           

protoplasm1 ba?ybius1 or liv+ slime1 z x
 has be5 call$1 & bact]ium4 ,! "q eag]ly
 discuss$ 0 :e!r !re might be orig9 (   
life1 )\t developm5t f g]m1 se$1 or     
ovum4 ,! problem 0 "o ( ^? sugge/ions   
apt to arise "u pressure ( new          
conjectures & !ories4 ,:ile ! sci5tific 
_w 0 a/ir on ! "q ( developm5t1 att5tion
 0 turn$ = a "t t[>ds ! possibility ( a 
fre% beg9n+ ( organic =ms1 life :i* %\ld
 be no developm5t1 b %\ld r seem z an   
uncaus$ exi/5ce1--spontane\s g5]ation4  
,x might h be5 urg$ t ! sugge/ion 0     
contr>y to reason2 t inexorable logic1 (
 :i* we (t5 he> f sci5tific obs]v]s1    
=bade ! supposition2 t all ! conditions 
( sci5tific ?\ght 7 aga9/ x2 t ! v      
conception ( spontane\s g5]ation 0 a    
logical inconsi/5cy1 ali5 to !          
requirem5ts ( sci5tific ?\ght1 z imply+ 
uncaus$ exi/5ce2 b we 7 rem9d$ t we are 
prohibit$ f suppos+ any ?+ is impossible
 9 ! pa?way ( sci5ce1 t obs]vation mu/  
be fir/1 & reason only second1 &        
accord+ly ! ne$ful exp]im5ts w5t on "u  

all due precautions4 ,! brief *apt] 9 ! 
hi/ory ( sci5ce :i* records expectations
 & results connect$ ) ^! exp]im5ts1 well
 des]ves to be rememb]$4 ,x is "h       
select$ = illu/ration1 bo? on acc\nt (  
its inh]5t importance1 & its relation to
 ! !ory ( developm5t1 :i* mu/ aft]w>ds h
 special att5tion4  ,"s desc5t is       
requir$ f ord9>y sci5tific obs]vation to
 ! level :]e ?is "q is discuss$4 ,f !   
g]m-cell1 we pass d[n to an album9\s    
sub/ance spread ov] ! ocean-b$1 said to 
h life1 or we desc5d to microscopic     
organisms1 su* z bact]ia2 & a /ep l[]   
d[n /ill1 we are introduc$ to ! "q :e!r 
9 wat] pass$ ?r\gh ! boil+ process s z  
to gu>d aga9/ ! pres5ce ( g]m9al =ms1 we
 may n witness ! orig9 ( life4  ,! "q s 
rais$ _h additional int]e/ because ( !  
be>+ x might h on ! fir/ appe>ance (    
life 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is _w4 ,?is int]e/ 0 
%>$ on bo? sides1 by ^? :o held t       
creation is a conception n only ali5 to 
sci5tific ?\ght 7:i* x may well be,e71 b
 inconsi/5t ) x2 & by ^? :o reg>d$      

creation z ! only conception adequate to
 meet rational requirem5ts4 ,! "q _h at 
! same "t a direct practical int]e/     
connect$ ) public heal?1 on acc\nt ( its
 be>+ ^u ! diffusion & vital t5acity (  
spores or g]m9al =ms capable ( spread+  
contagi\s disease4,f  ,! controv]sy on  
?is subject 0 at its height 9 ! ye>s    
#ahgf1 & #ahgg1 hav+ a l>ge am\nt ( mo/ 
c>eful & difficult exp]im5t devot$ to x4
 ,! result has be5 a valuable addition  
to sci5tific k z to ! vitality ( g]m9al 
=ms1 & a quietus to !ories z to         
spontane\s g5]ation4  ,! direct object  
plac$ be=e ! sci5tific m9d :5 !         
discussion arose 0 ?is1--to asc]ta9 :e!r
 an orig9 ( vital activity c\ld be      
obs]v$ 9 ! mid/ ( mat]ials f :i* all    
g]m9al =ms ( life 7 c]ta9ly exclud$4  ,!
 selection ( mat]ials to exp]im5t ^u 0 =
 a "t accord+ to ! fancy ( ! exp]im5t]4 
,x 0 n propos$ t a vacuum %\ld be made  
by )drawal ( all air f a glass vessel1  
!reaft] wat*+ = ! appe>ance ( "s organic
 =m4 ,nor 0 x sugge/$ t pure wat] might 

be tak5 f a spr+1 & boil$1 & left /&+ "u
 daily obs]vation4 ,a great v>iety (    
mat]ials 0 select$ to provide an        
infusion :i* might af=d ! conditions =  
application ( sci5tific te/s4 ,9 ?is way
 ! foll[+ mat]ials 7 us$ & te/$1        
infusion ( turnip1 ( p\nd$ *eese1 hay1  
meat1 fi%1 besides egg-album51 blood1 & 
ur9e4 ,vegetable productions1 animal    
tissue1 & secretions ( ! human body     
closely connect$ ) vital processes1 7   
?us subject$ to te/4 ,9 ! hi/ory (      
inve/igation1 att5tion ultimately       
conc5trat$ on ! infusion ( hay & on     
ur9e4 ,obs]vations 7 conduct$ 9 ,p>is & 
,london2 results 7 publi%$ f "t to "t2  
s+ul> div]g5ce became app>5t 9 ^!       
record$ results2 ?is l$ to controv]sy1  
:i* became s ke51 t ! ,academy (        
,sci5ces 9 ,p>is appo9t$ a commission ( 
?ree to adjudicate ^u a *all5ge giv5 by 
,m4 ,pa/eur ( ,p>is to ,dr4 ,ba/ian (   
,london2 :i* ,commission met 9 ,p>is on 
#ae? ,july1 #ahgg1 b nev] adjudicat$ 9 !
 matt]4,g  ,! p]plexities enc\nt]$ 9    

conduct+ obs]vations arose *iefly f two 
causes3 ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ !       
temp]ature at :i* liv+ organisms 7      
c]ta9ly de/roy$1 & ! mat]ials /]iliz$2 &
 t ( gu>d+ aga9/ int]f]5ce ) ?is /ate :5
 e/abli%$1 by contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,! 
latt] p]plexity1 involv+ mu* c>e1       
skilful manipulation1 & me*anical       
contrivance1 0 at la/ ov]come by !      
con/ruction ( glass tubes1 sep>at+ = a  
"t ! di/9ct mat]ials1 ) facility = _!   
mixture at ! prop] mom5t )\t contact ) !
 air4  ,! true sci5tific difficulty1    
h[ev]1 0 det]m9ation ( a reliable te/ = 
de/ruction ( g]m9al =ms1 ei!r adh]+ to !
 mat]ials1 emb$d$ 9 !m1 or float+ 9 !   
atmosph]e4 ,! hi/ory ( obs]vations be>+ 
on ?is "q is deeply int]e/+4 ,9 ! e>li] 
t5tative exp]im5ts1 ! mat]ial plac$ "u  
obs]vation 0 boil$2 x 0 conclud$ t no   
vital organism c\ld endure ?is process2 
& ! mat]ial 0 kept = a "t 9 a temp]ature
 ( f sev5ty to eighty degrees ,fahr41   
:i* 0 reg>d$ z favorable to ! developm5t
 ( life4 ,9 process ( "t1 a deposit     

appe>$ 9 ! tube1 & ?is :5 exam9$ "u !   
microscope 0 f\nd to conta9 bact]ia1,h  
liv+1 mov+ g]m9al =ms s m9ute z to      
require high magnify+ p[] = _! discov]y4
 ,"h !n 0 spontane\s g5]ation4 ,:o c\ld 
be s cr$ul\s z to believe t m9ute       
organic =ms c\ld live ?r\gh ! boil+     
process8 ,if ?is appe>$ too absurd to   
fancy1 !n spontane\s g5]ation1 or actual
 orig9 ( life out ( non-organiz$ matt]1 
mu/ be held to be e/abli%$4 ,x 0 only ! 
audacity ( prejudice1 & hopeless        
ali5ation f ! advanc$ ?\ght ( ! "t1 :i* 
c\ld induce any "o to d\bt1 9 face ( ^! 
exp]im5ts1 c>efully record$ & publi%$4,i
 ,sci5tific obs]v]s ( great exp]i5ce &  
reputation felt x ne$ful to express     
!mselves ) caution1 leav+ results to be 
te/$4  ,a consid]able numb] (           
inve/igators began to turn _! att5tion  
to ! subject1 & a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s 0   
occupi$ be=e ! results became s c]ta9 z 
to be practically f9al4 ,pa/eur1 ,p\*et1
 & ,j\b]t 7 at "w 9 ,france1 ,crookes1  
,*ild1 ,beale1 ,rob]ts1 ,ba/ian1        

,tyndall & o!rs 9 ,engl&4  ,all         
exp]im5ts conc5trat$ ^u c]ta9ty 9       
/]iliz+ ! sub/ance op]at$ ^u4 ,pa/eur   
po9t$ out t ! *emical prop]ties ( !     
infusion affect$ ! vitality ( !         
microscopic g]ms inclos$ 9 x2 & ,rob]ts 
at a lat] /age confirm$ ?is by indep5d5t
 inve/igation1 prov+ t slightly alkal9e 
liquids are m difficult to /]ilize by   
heat ?an slightly acid liquids4,j ,9 ?is
 way1 x 0 %[n t di/9ct records (        
temp]ature 7 ne$ful1 great] int5sity (  
heat be+ requir$ 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs1 
9 ord] to secure de/ruction ( g]ms4 ,!  
facts 7 illu/rat$ by hay infusion1 !    
acid infusion inv>iably rema9+ b>r5 aft]
 a few m9utes' boil+1 & ! neutraliz$    
infusion inv>iably becom+ f]tile aft] a 
simil> boil+4,k ,! neutraliz+ elem5t 0  
liquor potass1 & ! next "q />t$ 0 ?is1  
,did ! liquor potass enable ! g]ms to   
live long] "u ! boil+ process1 or did   
its infusion op]ate s z to orig9ate life
 :]e g]ms no long] _h any exi/5ce8 ,a   
contrivance 0 adopt$ by :i* ! boil+ c\ld

 be appli$ to ! hay infusion1 :ile !    
liquor potass 0 kept enclos$ 9 ano!r "p 
( ! tube1 ready to be add$ )\t exposure 
to ! air1 aft] ! boil+ process 0 ov]4   
,:5 add$ 9 ?is way1 ! liquor potass _h n
 any p[] to excite g]m9ation3 !         
expectation t a c]ta9 mixture ( acid &  
alkali w\ld orig9ate life 0 disappo9t$2 
all ! e>li] exp]im5ts 7 discr$it$4      
,/ill1 "s clung to _! express$ belief1 =
 !re is a prejudice ( advanc$ ?\ght1 z  
!re is a prejudice ( old beliefs4       
,t5acity ( av[$ op9ion1 ) /rong love (  
rese>*1 prolong$ ! inquiry1 & l$ to m   
decid$ evid5ce4  ,! controv]sy 0        
conduct$ by ,dr4 ,rob]ts aga9/ ,dr4     
,ba/ian1 :ile all ! exp]im5ts (         
,pr(essor ,tyndall 7 conv]g+ ^u ! same  
conclusions z ^? rea*$ by ,rob]ts4,l ,t 
,ba/ian _h obta9$ bact]ia aft] boil+1   
admitt$ ( no d\bt1 & he naturally clung 
to ?is fact z enc\rag+2 o!rs reg>d$ x z 
only mislead+4 ,ba/ian ma9ta9$ t !      
alkali _h a positive p[] ( orig9at+     
life1 & /at$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two      

degrees ,fahr4 z favorable to !         
appe>ance ( life4 ,rob]ts took t5       
examples ( /]iliz$ ur9e1 & tw5ty-n9e    
examples ( f]m5tible liquids :i* _h     
rema9$ ov] f ! e>li] exp]im5ts (        
#ahgc-gd1 & ^! ?irty-n9e examples 7     
subject$ to c>eful exp]im5t &           
obs]vation4 ,9 ! fir/ t5 cases1 ! tube 0
 heat$ 9 oil = fifte5 m9utes up to two  
hundr$ & eighty degrees ,fahr42 ! t5    
tubes 7 !n set 9 a w>m place 7f sev5ty  
degrees to eighty degrees ,fahr47 = a   
=tnight2 ! cont5ts 7 transp>5t2 ! alkali
 0 !n all[$ to m+le ) x1 & ! tubes 7    
plac$ 9 an incubator kept at a          
temp]ature ( "o hundr$ & fifte5 degrees 
,fahr42 at ! end ( two days !re 0 a     
s$im5t1 & ! liquor 0 cle>2 ! tubes 7    
replac$ 9 ! incubator1 ! temp]ature be+ 
rais$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two degrees  
,fahr4 z recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,ba/ian2 !re 
!y cont9u$ = ?ree days2 !y 7 !n )drawn &
 plac$ "u ! microscope1 b no trace (    
liv+ organism 0 f\nd ei!r 9 ! fluid or 9
 ! deposit "u x4 ,! tw5ty-n9e cases1    

includ+ a v>iety ( vegetable & animal   
prep>ations 7 next treat$ 9 l mann]1 & )
 l results4 ,tyndall's exp]im5ts 7      
report$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london  
at ! same "t1 ) exactly ! same result4  
,m4 ,pa/eur _h previ\sly report$ to !   
,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is to ! same   
effect4 ,x 0 ?us prov$ by a mass (      
evid5ce t if prop] precautions 7 tak5 to
 de/roy g]m9al =ms1 no mixture ( alkali 
) acid1 :atev] ! v>iety ( mat]ials      
select$1 0 adequate to produce life4  ,a
 few mon?s lat] ?an ! communications (  
,rob]ts & ,tyndall1 t is1 ,may1 #ahgg1 !
 results ( t5 ye>s' exp]im5t1 fir/ by   
,mr4 ,dall+] himself1 & !reaft] by ,mr4 
,dall+] & ,mr4 ,drysdale conjo9tly1 7   
communicat$ to ! ,royal ,in/itution1    
,london1 on ! orig9 & developm5t ( m9ute
 & l[ly life =ms4,a ,! purpose ( ^!     
exp]im5ts 0 to wat* ! gr[? ( ! m9ute/   
g]ms1 capable ( be+ se5 only "u a p[]ful
 microscope1 putt+ to actual te/ _!     
t5acity ( life4 ,! l>ge/ objects 7      
"o-?\s&? ( an in*1 ! smalle/1 !         

f\r-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,six di/9ct =ms 7   
select$ = obs]vation1 & _! hi/ory 0 made
 out4 ,a magnify+ p[] ( five ?\s&       
degrees 0 us$4 ,9 ! glairy fluid a monad
 l>g] ?an usual seiz$ on a small]2 !y   
became fus$ aft] swimm+ ab\t toge!r2 !  
s+le object !n appe>$ a motionless spec2
 ?is prov$ to be a sac1 f :i* at ! close
 ( a p]iod v>y+ f t5 to ?irty-six h\rs1 
x bur/1 & "y spores became visible 9 !  
fluid1 :i* 7 kept "u obs]vation till !y 
rea*$ maturity4 ,special int]e/ 0       
connect$ ) ^! obs]vations n only z      
illu/rat+ ! gr[? ( spores1 or g]ms2 b z 
all[+ application ( ! te/ ( heat at     
diff]5t /ages ( gr[?4 ,:5 ?is te/ 0     
appli$1 x 0 f\nd t "o hundr$ & =ty      
degrees ,fahr4 0 suffici5t to cause !   
dea? ( adults1 :]eas ! "y spores 7 able 
to live not)/&+ ! application ( ?ree    
hundr$ degrees ,fahr4 = t5 m9utes4 ,9   
?is direction fre% discov]y 0 to be     
made4  ,9 ,june #ahgg1--;a mon?         
lat]1--,pr(essor ,tyndall gave ! record 
( fur!r rese>*es4,m ,^! pres5t$         

additional results z to degrees (       
temp]ature requisite = de/roy+          
microscopic organisms4 ,x _h be5 already
 %[n t alkal9e liquids are m difficult  
to /]ilize1 ?an acid liquids2 x 0 fur!r 
%[n t ! dea? po9t 0 high] 9 air1 ?an 9  
wat]2 = ,pr(essor ,tyndall ext5d$ 8     
rese>*es to air1 z well z liquid4 ,fir/ 
deal+ ) ! fluid =m1 he f\nd g]ms        
possess$ ( vitality s s+ul> t five or   
six h\rs ( boil+ did n de/roy !m1 & 9 "o
 case eight h\rs 0 insuffici5t = !      
purpose4 ,9 ?is connection1 he came to !
 conclusion t "s g]m9al ord]s 7 m easily
 de/roy$ ?an o!rs4  ,:5 deal+ ) bact]ia1
 he f\nd t !y diff]$ f o!r =ms 9 ?is1 t 
!y rose to ! air z if x 7 a requisite1  
:]eas o!r g]ms1 su* z ^? belong+ to !   
process ( f]m5tation1 c\ld exi/ )\t     
oxyg54 ,?is l$ to an additional =m (    
exp]im5t1 ) ! view ( decid+ :e!r bact]ia
 c\ld be de/roy$ by )drawal ( air2 & if 
s1 :e!r ! bact]ia w\ld reappe> aft] !   
exi/+ microscopic life _h be5 /ifl$4    
,tyndall began by apply+ ! air-pump4 ,"u

 ?is process ! bact]ia 7 enfeebl$       
greatly1 b n de/roy$4 ,!reaft] ,spr5gel 
pumps 7 us$1 by means ( :i* ! air       
dissolv$ 9 ! infusions 0 )drawn1 z well 
z t diffus$ 9 ! spaces above4 ,9 num]\s 
cases !re 0 success 9 de/roy+ ! g]ms by 
removal ( ! air 9 ?is way )\t any boil+ 
process4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! air 0 c>efully  
re/or$1 precautions be+ adopt$ to gu>d  
aga9/ admission ( g]m9al =ms1 & 9 no    
case did life reappe> 9 ! infusions4 ,z 
9 ! m common /yle ( exp]im5t1 ! w>m?    
suitable c\ld n *>m ! life back aga92 s 
9 ?is1 ! re/oration ( oxyg51 c\ld n     
secure re/oration ( life4  ,?us evid5ce 
f all sides direct$ surely to !         
conclusion t ! alleg$ discov]y (        
spontane\s g5]ation 0 a delusion1 !     
result ( ha/y & insuffici5t exp]im5t4   
,dr4 ,ba/ian1 nev]!less1 /uck h]oically 
to 8 orig9al position1 & came into      
conflict ) ,m4 ,pa/eur ( ,p>is1 by means
 ( a communication :i* ! ,engli%        
,pr(essor _h s5t to ! ,academy (        
,sci5ces 9 ,july ( ! previ\s ye>1 #ahgf4

 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahgg1 ,m4 ,pa/eur ?rew  
d[n an explicit *all5ge to ,pr(essor    
,ba/ian1 :i* result$ 9 ! appo9tm5t ( a  
commission to obs]ve ! exp]im5ts &      
adjudicate4 ,) ?is t]m9ates ! hi/ory (  
ne>ly t5 ye>s ( curi\s & s+ul>          
inve/igation1 & ,dr4 ,ba/ian himself has
 suppli$ ! hi/ory ( ! clos+ sc5e1 lay+  
op5 ! :ole correspond5ce to public      
inve/igation1 z if he 7 unconsci\s ( !  
complete demolition ( 8 favorite !ory ( 
spontane\s g5]ation4 ,! #ae? ( ,july1   
#ahgg1 witness$ ! close ( a battle he _h
 be5 fight+ aga9/ /eadily increas+ odds1
 & :i* he _h begun 9 ,june1 #ahgj4 ,dr4 
,ba/ian's position 0 t a solution (     
boil$ pota% caus$ bact]ia to appe> 9    
/]ile ur9e at fifty degrees ,c5t41 add$ 
9 a quantity suffici5t to neutralize !  
latt]4 ,^! he reg>d$ z ! physico-*emical
 conditions = spontane\s g5]ation (     
bact]ia4  ,! *all5ge f ,m4 ,pa/eur 0 9  
^! t]ms2--,i defy ,dr4 ,ba/ian to obta91
 9 ! pres5ce ( compet5t judges1 ! result
 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ ) /]ile ur9e1 on !  

sole condition t ! solution ( pota% :i* 
he employs be pure1 i4 e41 made ) pure  
wat] & pure pota%1 bo? free f organic   
matt]4 ,if ,dr4 ,ba/ian wi%es to use a  
solution ( impure pota%1 ,i freely      
au?orize him to take any 9 ! ,engli% or 
any o!r ,ph>macopoeia1 be+ dilut$ or    
conc5trat$1 on ! sole condition t t     
solution %all be rais$ be=eh& to "o     
hundr$ & t5 degrees = tw5ty m9utes1 or  
to "o hundr$ & ?irty degrees = five     
m9utes4  ,a ,commission 0 appo9t$ by !  
,academy1 & ,dr4 ,ba/ian agre$ to appe> 
be=e x1 b only on conditions he laid d[n
 greatly re/rict+ ! range ( inquiry4 ,he
 ignor$ ! fir/ & mo/ se>*+ =m ( ,m4     
,pa/eur's *all5ge2 claim$ t !           
adjudication ( ! ,commission %\ld be    
only on ! second2 & fur!r /at$ t if !   
,commission 7 to express an op9ion ^u ! 
int]pretation ( ! fact atte/$1 & ^u its 
be>+s on '! g]m !ory ( f]m5tation1' or  
'spontane\s g5]ation1' he w\ld          
respectfully decl9e to take "p 9 ?is    
wid] inquiry4 ,! ,commission refus$ to  

be re/rict$ to ! wor/ =m ( ! exp]im5t1 &
 to be b\nd to )hold an op9ion z to its 
be>+ on ! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,dr4
 ,ba/ian w5t to ,p>is1 b ! memb]s ( !   
,commission decl9$ to deal ) less ?an ! 
*all5ge giv51 & ! meet+ 0 nev] prop]ly  
con/itut$4 ,?us end$1 z ,dr4 ,ba/ian has
 said1 ! proce$+s ( ?is rem>kable       
,commission ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,!      
proce$+s end$ be=e !y _h begun4 ,dr4    
,ba/ian by 8 re/rictions1 surr5d]$ !    
real "q at issue1 & practically         
ackn[l$g$ t he w\ld n submit x to !     
judgm5t ( ! ,commission4 ,he s\ght only 
te/imony z to 8 own =m ( exp]im5t1 :i*  
!re 0 !n good reason to "k 0 accurate1  
because ,m4 ,pa/eur _h /at$ a temp]ature
 too l[1 & a "t too %ort1 b :i* 0 at !  
same "t an exp]im5t ( no sci5tific value
 = e/abli%+ spontane\s g5]ation4 ,?us   
end$ a battle :i* _h be5 protract$ long 
aft] x 0 to all obs]v]s manife/ly lo/4  
,! discussion ?us n>rat$ may be easily  
ov]e/imat$1 b !re seems ev5 m risk t !  
manife/ failure %\ld lead to an ov]sight

 ( ! value ( ! protract$ inve/igations4 
,^! convey lessons ( special value to   
sci5tific inquir]s on ! "o h&1 & to     
!ologians on ! o!r4 ,!y are ( great     
value = illu/rative purposes 9 su* a    
c\rse ( lectures z ! pres5t1 & t because
 !y provide ne$ful tra9+ = intellig5t   
obs]vation ( ! advance ( sci5ce4  ,!    
promulgation ( ! developm5t !ory (      
species has giv5 a conception ( ! unity 
( organic life 9 ! _w1 :i* ev5 9 its mo/
 modifi$ =m has an impos+ gr&eur4       
,influ5c$ by ?is1 sci5tific m5 are      
naturally conc]n$ to make out1 if       
possible1 "s connection betwe5 inorganic
 & organic be+4 ,to "w at ?is1 is "p ( !
 inevitable task ( sci5ce1 ev5 ?\gh !   
result %\ld be only to e/abli% !        
helplessness ( sci5ce 9 deal+ ) x4  ,we 
h *emical & dynamical !ories ( life :i* 
/imulate repetition ( exp]im5ts1 9 !    
hope t "s gr& discov]y may be made4 ,^? 
j describ$ pres5t a curi\s illu/ration4 
,9 ! circum/ances1 we c well und]/& !   
p]si/5ce ) :i* ,dr4 ,ba/ian clung to 8  

suppos$ discov]y ( ! physico-*emical    
conditions = production ( liv+ organism4
  ,sci5ce f9ds 9 ^! exp]im5ts a fre%    
lesson ( ! ne$ = caution1 gu>d+ aga9/ ! 
hamp]+ influ5ce ( popul> notions1 z 9   
ref]5ce to ! probable effects ( ! boil+ 
process4 ,= if ! exp]im5ts h prov$ a    
failure s f> z support to a !ory (      
spontane\s g5]ation is conc]n$1 !y h    
reveal$ a t5acity ( life belong+ to !   
l[e/ microscopic organisms1 f> beyond   
high] organic =ms1 & ! consequ5t        
weakness ( ord9>y human devices 9       
/ruggl+ aga9/ ! developm5t ( su* g]ms4  
,^! exp]im5ts also emphasize ! ne$ =    
att5tion to ! laws ( rational proc$ure1 
z well z to skill 9 exp]im5tal          
obs]vation1 if sci5ce is to be exempt$ f
 ne$less toils4  ,!ology has "h also a  
lesson ( pati5ce1 = x may well leave    
sci5ce to d its own "w1 undi/urb$ by    
appreh5sions z to possible consequ5ces  
to morality & religion4 ,all t !        
telescope c reveal1 & ! microscope c    
make kn[n1 ?r\gh ye>s ( exp]im5t+1 we   

wi% to h discov]$1 = only ?us %all we   
come to und]/& ! _w's lessons ( wisdom &
 p[] ly+ f> beyond ! range ( our unaid$ 
vision4 ,all ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/ h reason  
to hail ! ext5sion ( sci5tific k4 ,^? :o
 set high acc\nt on pati5t int]pretation
 ( ! writt5 ,revelation1 h reason to    
value ?is labori\s read+ out ( ! lessons
 writt5 9 ! book ( ,nature4  ,a wid] & m
 g5]al result may be expect$ ?an t :i*  
be>s directly on ! relations ( sci5ce & 
religion4 ,all intellig5t read]s (      
sci5tific discussions w f9d discipl9e f 
pond]+ ^! exp]im5ts4 ,!y illu/rate !    
toil connect$ ) sci5tific rese>*1 !     
risks :i* beset su* inquiry1 & ! limits 
( sci5tific inve/igations4 ,!re lies 9  
^! exp]im5ts a w>n+ ( ! con/ant ne$ =   
fall+ back n only on ! laws ( evid5ce1 b
 also on ! laws ( reason4 ,! m]e        
conception ( spontane\s g5]ation1       
rigidly int]pret$1 7 a curiosity1 com+  
wond]fully ne> a contradiction (        
sci5tific ?\ght itself1 :i* seeks =     
causes1 & repudiates uncaus$ occurr5ces4

 ,!re may naturally en\gh be a discov]y 
( ! *emical elem5ts belong+ to def9ite  
types ( organism1 or ( ! =m & measure ( 
en]gy op]at+ 9 life4 ,ev5 :5 surmis+ t  
possibly we may by ! help ( physical    
pr9ciples1 especially t ( ! dissipation 
( en]gy1 sometime atta9 to a notion (   
:at con/itutes life1 m]e vitality1 no?+ 
high]1 ,pr(essor ,tait has ?\ght x      
ne$ful to add1 b let no "o imag9e t1    
%\ld we ev] p5etrate ?is my/]y1 we %all 
!reby be enabl$ to produce1 except f    
life1 ev5 ! l[e/ =m ( life4,n ,if x 7   
sugge/$ t physico-*emical elem5ts c\ld  
orig9ate life1 *emi/ry w\ld easily      
supply ! +r$i5ts4 ,if x 7 h9t$ t        
reliance might be plac$ exclusively on !
 action ( air or ( heat = produc+ liv+  
organism f inorganic matt]1 ?is 7 to    
fall back on ! old elem5tal philosophy (
 anci5t ,greece1 :i* ! ?\ght ( ,greece  
easily repudiat$ )\t ! aid ( exp]im5tal 
sci5ce4  ,att5tion is1 h[ev]1 "h        
conc5trat$ on ! failure ( ^! exp]im5ts  
meant to e/abli% spontane\s g5]ation1 & 

9 ?is failure we f9d illu/ration ( !    
fact t suppos$ conflicts betwe5 sci5ce &
 religion are (t5 misund]/&+s & no?+ m1 
bas$ on unreliable exp]im5ts or         
unw>rant$ expectations4  ,"o o!r fact   
des]ves to be record$ & plac$ 9         
companion%ip ) t j /at$1 t "s ( ! alleg$
 conflicts betwe5 sci5ce & religion are 
delusively s describ$1 on acc\nt (      
misund]/&+ or misrepres5tation (        
religion4 ,!y are fictiti\s articles1   
requir+ to be prop]ly br&$1 & quietly   
laid aside4 ,a s+le illu/ration may     
suffice1 tak5 f ,dr4 ,drap]'s ,hi/ory ( 
! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 
:i* is easily accessible1 & reasonably  
claims "s att5tion 9 connection ) !     
pres5t subject4 ,! criticism "h (f]$ is 
n meant to c>ry a g5]al condemnation ( !
 book4 ,?is "w includes a va/ deal m ?an
 x's title sugge/s2 9 ! mid/ ( mu* t is 
extrane\s1 !re is n a little ( valuable 
hi/orical matt] writt5 9 a cle> &       
attractive /yle4 ,! book is1 h[ev]1 9 _m
 p>ts mislead+1 (t5 by its /yle sugge/+ 

t ! au?or has all[$ himself to be c>ri$ 
away 9 8 eag]ness to make out s]i\s     
conflict4 ,! plan ( ! book is h>dly     
compatible ) fairness4 ,?is may be      
illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! gr\nds =      
select+ illu/rations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,our
 au?or says1 ,9 speak+ ( ,*ri/ianity    
ref]5ce is g5]ally made to ! ,roman     
,*ur*1 p>tly because its adh]5ts compose
 ! majority ( ,*ri/5dom1 p>tly because  
its dem&s are ! mo/ pret5ti\s1 & p>tly  
because x has commonly s\ght to en=ce ^?
 dem&s by ! civil p[]4,o ,9 view ( ^!   
explanations1 x may be 9 a s5se         
satisfactory1 z sugge/+ m h>mony betwe5 
sci5ce & religion ?an ! g5]al t5or ( !  
book conveys1 t ,pr(essor ,drap] has _h 
little to say respect+ ! ,prote/ant &   
,greek ,*ur*es4 ,b ! reasons = mak+ !   
,roman division ( ! ,*ur* repres5tative 
( ! :ole are f> f satisfactory4 ,x is z 
if "o 7 b5t on fight+1 b det]m9$ always 
to select ! weake/ antagoni/ to be f\nd4
 ,nor is ! case improv$ by ! def5ce     
(f]$4 ,dr4 ,drap] says1 ,9 ?us treat+ ! 

subject1 x has n be5 necess>y to pay mu*
 reg>d to m mod]ate or int]m$iate       
op9ions1 =1 ?\gh !y may be intr9sically 
( great value1 9 conflicts ( ?is k9d x  
is n ) ! mod]ates1 b ) ! extremi/s1 t ! 
imp>tial read] is ma9ly conc]n$4 ,_!    
movem5ts det]m9e ! issue4,p ,?is is1 ,i 
?9k1 an unwise conclusion4 ,extremi/s   
may det]m9e ! erratic deflections ( a   
movem5t2 !y d n decide its issues4 ,!y  
discov] ! heat1 r ?an ! ?\ght1 involv$ 9
 intellectual conflict4 ,!y contribute  
to vortex movem5t1 r ?an onw>d4  ,9     
consequ5ce ( 8 plan ( proc$ure1 ,dr4    
,drap] gives (t5 a mislead+ view ( !    
relative positions ( religion & sci5ce4 
,a ref]5ce to ,*apt] ,,vi4 w af=d       
illu/ration4 ,! subject is1 ,conflict   
,respect+ ! ,nature ( ! ,_w4 ,! two     
prom95t contra/s plac$ at ! head ( ?is  
*apt] are ^!3--,scriptural view ( ! _w2 
! e>? a flat surface3 sci5tific view2 ! 
e>? a globe4 ,^! are1 inde$1 complete   
contra/s2 b ! "q is1 ,are !y accurately 
/at$8 ,is !re any w>rant = say+ t       

,scripture tea*es t ! e>? is a flat     
surface8 ,mo/ ,bible read]s ( ! pres5t  
day w take ?is z q a discov]y4 ,t !re 0 
long & e>ne/ discussion ( ! "q :e!r !   
e>? 0 flat or a globe1 is c]ta94 ,b x is
 errone\s to ref] to ,scripture z !     
s\rce ( ! =m] position4 ,! op5+ ( !     
*apt] suffici5tly disposes ( !          
sugge/ion4 ,dr4 ,drap] says1--,an       
uncritical obs]vation ( ! aspect (      
nature p]suades u t ! e>? is an ext5d$  
level surface :i* su/a9s ! dome ( ! sky1
 a firmam5t divid+ ! wat]s above f !    
wat]s b5ea?2 t ! heav5ly bodies--! sun1 
! moon1 ! />s--pursue _! way mov+ f ea/ 
to we/1 _! insignificant size1 & motion 
r\nd ! motionless e>?1 proclaim+ _!     
inf]iority4 ,( ! v>i\s organic =ms      
surr\nd+ man none rival him 9 dignity1 &
 h5ce he seems ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t e ?+
 has be5 creat$ = 8 use--! sun = !      
purpose ( giv+ him light by day1 ! moon 
& />s by night4 ,comp>ative !ology %[s t
 ?is is ! conception ( nature univ]sally
 adopt$ 9 ! e>ly phase ( intellectual   

life4 ,x is ! belief ( all nations 9 all
 p>ts ( ! _w 9 ! beg9n+ ( _!            
civilization4,q  ,9 det]m9+ ! relations 
( religion & sci5ce x is impossible to  
accept a passage s g5]al1 & full ( mix$ 
ref]5ces z ?is4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no      
reason to compla9 ( /atem5ts z to !     
g5]al impressions result+ f an          
uncritical obs]vation ( nature1 & ( !   
te/imony :i* may be drawn f comp>ative  
!ology4 ,su* ref]5ces are to be valu$1 z
 belong+ to an important bran* (        
inquiry2 b !y are n to be mix$ up )     
/atem5ts conc]n+ ,scripture tea*+4 ,su* 
comm+l+ leads to confusion1 & deprives a
 discussion ( hi/orical accuracy &      
sci5tific precision4 ,9 view ( ! imm5se 
practical1 z well z sci5tific int]e/s   
involv$1 x is ne$ful to gu>d aga9/ loose
 /atem5ts enc\rag+ a belief 9 conflict  
betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 :]e no su*    
conflict exi/s4 ,! passage "h select$ is
 tak5 z an example1 & its criticism w   
indicate :at claims religion has a "r to
 make ^u sci5tific m5 9 _! managem5t (  

su* discussions4 ,x may be t ) equal    
reason a simil> claim c be turn$ ^u     
def5d]s ( religion 9 view ( _!          
criticisms ( sci5tific discussions4 ,b !
 real value ( su* inve/igations1 f      
:atev] side !y come1 dep5ds ^u accurate 
& gu>d$ /atem5t4 ,x is to be fe>$1      
h[ev]1 t ,dr4 ,drap]'s !ory t extremi/s 
det]m9e ! issue1 may tempt him to favor 
a diff]5t rule4  ,to /ate t ! scriptural
 view ( ! _w is1 t ! e>? is a flat      
surface1 is misrepres5tation4 ,& !      
v>iety ( =m into :i* ?is /atem5t is ?r[n
 ?r\gh\t ! *apt] makes x greatly worse4 
,?us our au?or speaks ( ! flat figure ( 
! e>?1 z reveal$ 9 ! ,scriptures1,r z if
 ?is quasi-sci5tific /atem5t 7 "p (     
,bible revelation4 ,aga9 he speaks ( !  
!ological doctr9e ( ! flatness ( ! e>?  
be+ irretrievably ov]?r[n4,s ,once m1   
:]e speak+ ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em (       
a/ronomy1 he speaks ( ,cop]nicus n only 
z influ5c$ by 8 exposure to puni%m5t f !
 ,roman ,*ur*1 b z be+ aw>e t 8 doctr9es
 7 totally oppos$ to reveal$ tru?4,t ,^!

 successive /atem5ts involve additional 
exagg]ation4  ,our au?or gives no       
ref]5ces :i* ! read] may exam9e =       
himself4 ,!re c be little d\bt t he     
po9ts to ! exce$+ly gr& & impressive    
passage at ! op5+ ( ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,b
 9 t passage !re is no?+ to support !   
/atem5t t ! flat figure ( ! e>? is "p ( 
,bible revelation4 ,t ! e>? has be5     
suppos$ flat1 & t ?is is really taught 9
 ,scripture1 are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,!  
,bible :i* says1 t ! e>? 0 )\t =m &     
void1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 & 
records ! w ( ! ,supreme ,rul] at a lat]
 /age 9 ^! words1 ,& ,god said let !    
wat]s "u ! heav5 be ga!r$ toge!r into "o
 place1 & let ! dry l& appe>1,u does    
some?+ q ! opposite ( tea*+ t ! e>? is a
 flat surface4  ,nor d ! ,scriptures    
tea* t ! e>? su/a9s ! dome ( ! sky4 ,9  
remote times su* an op9ion z to !       
re/+-place = ! great dome _h its        
support]s4 ,b !re is no pretext =       
attribut+ ! tea*+ ( ?is to ! ,bible4 ,! 
scriptural /atem5t is ,god made !       

firmam5t1 & divid$ ! wat]s :i* 7 "u !   
firmam5t f ! wat]s :i* 7 above !        
firmam5t2 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god call$ !      
firmam5t ,heav54 ,!re is no read] ( ^!  
words1 ev5 if he h only an uncritical   
obs]vation ( ! aspect ( nature1 :o c    
suppose t ! firmam5t "h means ! dome ( !
 sky4 ,?is /atem5t places c]ta9 wat]s   
above ! firmam5t1 & !re is no "o :o is  
at once a read] ( ! ,bible1 & an obs]v] 
( nature1 :o ?9ks ( ! cl\ds z above !   
sky2 b e "o kn[s t !re is an expanse :i*
 be>s ^! wat] treasures f> up f ! e>?'s 
surface4 ,! ^w r5d]$ firmam5t1,v f !    
,vulgate firmam5tum1 really means       
expanse1 & mo/ naturally & obvi\sly     
ref]s to ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! e>?1 ^u 
:i* ! cl\ds are borne al(t1 & c>ri$ to &
 fro4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! want (        
sci5tific k ( ! /ructure ( ! e>? 9 f>   
pa/ ages1 & ! repres5tations inconsi/5t 
) facts :i* f\nd curr5cy1 ! true m>vel  
is t ! /atem5ts ( ,scripture s simply & 
naturally h>monize ) discov]ies n made  
till ! sixte5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 

,?is is a m>vel :i* w m deeply impress u
 ! long] x is pond]$4  ,if we ext5d our 
consid]ation to ! crud] notions :i* f\nd
 acceptance 9 ! d>k ages1 su* z t to :i*
 ,bruno ref]r$1 t ! e>? is a flat       
surface1 support$ on pill>s1 !          
scriptural evid5ce pl$ 9 its favor      
appe>s grotesquely inadequate4 ,!       
passages are ^!4 ,fir/ /&s ,hannah's    
outbur/ ( devotional feel+ on ! occasion
 ( pres5t+ h] son ,samuel be=e ! ,"l4 ,9
 magnify+ ! greatness ( ,god1 %e says1 !
 pill>s ( ! e>? are ! ,"l's1 & he ha?   
set ! _w ^u !m4,w ,next come ! utt]ances
 ( ,job1 :5 enl>g+ on ! p[] ( !         
,almighty4 ,9 "o ( 8 replies to 8       
irritat+ c\nsellors1 :5 speak+ ( ! works
 ( ,jehovah1 he says1 :i* %ake? ! e>?   
out ( h] place1 & ! pill>s !re(         
tremble4,x ,9 ano!r passage ( simil>    
con/ruction1 he says ( ,god1 ,he ha?    
compass$ ! wat]s ) b\nds1 until ! day & 
night come to an end4 ,! pill>s ( heav5 
tremble1 & are a/oni%$ at 8 repro(4,y   
,!re is no ,bible read] :o c readily    

fall into su* an obvi\s mi/ake z to     
treat ^! highly figurative utt]ances1 z 
if !y 7 =mal revelations conc]n+ !      
/ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,z well might we1 
9 read+ ! words ( ,paul conc]n+ !       
position & influ5ce ( prom95t disciples 
9 ! e>ly *ur*1 9 :i* he says t ,james1  
,cephas1 & ,john seem$ to be pill>s1    
proce$ to d$uce f ?is /atem5t !         
revelation t ! spiritual k+dom is a flat
 surface on :i* are bas$ ! pill>s       
uphold+ ! heav5ly k+dom into :i* !      
,savi\r has ent]$4  ,?is %ort ref]5ce to
 ! /ructure & relative position ( ! e>?1
 w suffice to illu/rate ! fact t 9 deal+
 ) ! alleg$ conflicts betwe5 religion & 
sci5ce1 x is ne$ful to ca/ aside a numb]
 ( manufactur$ difficulties1 :i* d n    
arise f legitimate int]pretation (      
,scripture4 ,! p>ticul> criticism "h    
introduc$ is adopt$ = a g5]al           
purpose1--to less5 complications1 &     
secure a prop] und]/&+ ( ! actual       
relation ( ! ,bible to sci5tific rese>*4
  ,f a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory (        

sci5tific inquiry1 x has be5 m or less  
cle>ly recogniz$ t ! ,bible is n a      
sci5ce-revelation1 b a revelation (     
religi\s tru? & duty1 discov]+ ! true   
ideal & de/9y ( man 9 fell[%ip ) ,god4  
,let u h x kept cle> on bo? sides1 t !re
 is no div9e revelation ( sci5tific     
tru?4 ,nature is its own revelation1 & !
 only revelation1 ^: secrets mu/ be     
labori\sly s\ght out by successive      
g5]ations ( inve/igators1 f all ( :om is
 requir$ pati5t1 p]sev]+ rese>*1 )      
undeviat+ & s+le love ( tru?4 ,^? e>ly  
inquir]s :o f\nd !mselves 9 pa9ful      
contact ) ! p]secut+ p[] ( ! ,roman     
,*ur*1 su* z ,galileo1 & ,bruno1        
recogniz$ to "s ext5t t conflict ) !    
,*ur* & conflict ) ! ,bible 7 n exactly 
id5tical4 ,& ^? ( u :o are cle>ly &     
resolutely on ! side ( religi\s fai? &  
religi\s life1 h ne$ to pond] ?is lesson
 ( hi/ory1 t ^? def5d+ ! ,bible h n     
always be5 guid$ by its tea*+ 9 _!      
def5ce1 & h n always fully appreh5d$ !  
,bible tea*+ on ! subject ) :i* _! ef=ts

 7 conc]n$4  ,b :at we mo/ ne$ 9 ^! days
 to keep conspicu\s is ! true view ( !  
,bible z a pr(ess$ revelation f ,god4 ,x
 does n pr(ess to be a revelation (     
facts su* z sci5tific appliances are    
adequate to asc]ta91 :ile x does pr(ess 
to discov] facts bo? z to ! univ]se & z 
to man1 :i* sci5ce c n approa*4 ,x is n 
a hi/ory ( ! e>?1 b x includes )9 x1    
hi/orical records ( ev5ts closely       
connect$ ) man's moral & spiritual      
well-be+4 ,x does n tra9 man to reg>d   
himself z ! pr9cipal object ( ! c>e (   
,nature2,z x does n ev5 sugge/ ?\ght 9  
?is direction1 b x tea*es t ,god c>es = 
righte\sness m ?an he c>es = mat]ial    
?+s2 t man z a be+ ( fle% & blood is    
unspeakably insignificant1 8 life be+   
ev5 a vapor t appe>e? = a little "t1 &  
!n vani%e? away2,,aa t 8 spiritual life1
 9 ! love ( ,god & 9 fell[%ip ) him1 is 
immeasurably great1 ! purpose ( ! ,bible
 conc]n+ man1 z reveal$ by ,jesus ,*ri/1
 ,god's ,son1 be+ ?is1 t man %all be l  
to ,god 9 moral purity4  ,f ^! few      

/atem5ts x may readily appe> :at is !   
attitude ( ! ,bible t[>ds sci5ce4 ,x    
leaves man to 8 own rese>* = ! /ructure 
( sci5ce 9 all its divisions2 x pr(f]s  
no help 9 su* "w2 b has a range (       
application q beyond ! area trav]s$ by  
sci5ce4  ,9 ?is way we f9d ! natural    
int]pretation ( inevitable conflicts 9 !
 pa/1 :i* h be5 r\ghly & (t5            
inaccurately describ$ z conflicts betwe5
 religion & sci5ce4 ,^! conflicts 7 9 ! 
/ricte/ s5se inevitable1 simply because 
?\ght & discov]y h be5 progressive2 & x 
is impossible = ^? n p]sonally engag$ 9 
rese>* to accept )\t reluctance new     
repres5tations ( famili> facts4 ,if m5  
long cont9u$ unwill+ to admit t ! e>?   
moves r\nd ! sun1 & t ! ris+ & sett+ ( !
 lum9>y are delusions1 :ile ! succession
 ( light & d>kness is real1 we c n wond]
 at ?is sl[ness ( ass5t1 or *>ge x to ! 
p[] ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! conflict 0 n   
betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 b betwe5      
popul> notions & sci5tific obs]vations4 
,(t5 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( awak5$ ?\ght1   

foll[+ ! slumb] ( ! middle ages1 !      
conte/ accid5tally wore a religi\s      
aspect1 b x 0 s only because ! high]    
intellig5ce & ! g5]al "w ( in/ruction   
belong$ to ! religi\s ord]s4  ,if1      
h[ev]1 we give due weight to hi/orical  
facts1 x w appe> t ! rectification (    
common ?\ght z to ! =m ( ! e>?1 & its   
place 9 relation to ! heav5ly bodies1 0 
a*iev$ ?r\gh ! conflict ( a lat] sci5ce 
) an e>li]4 ,sci5ce has fir/ taught "o  
?+1 & !n ab&on$ its old positions to    
tea* some?+ diff]5t1 & if religi\s ?\ght
 0 at times f\nd 9 ! ranks ( !          
antagoni/s ( *ange1 x 0 only z ! popul> 
?\ght 0 oppos$1 & z all _h be5 plac$ 9  
opposition by ! e>li] =ms ( sci5tific   
tea*+4 ,we rightly int]pret ! facts1    
only 9 repres5t+ t sci5ce bo? makes its 
own difficulties & cle>s !m2 fir/       
pres5ts ! imp]fect or errone\s views :i*
 are to be swept away1 & aft]w>ds tra9s 
m5 to m c>eful sift+ ( evid5ce & ex]cise
 ( ?\ght1 !reby cle>+ & wid5+ its own   
pa?4  ,?us are we enabl$ to trace !     

b\nd>ies ( two di/9ct regions ( ?\ght1  
closely relat$1 yet cle>ly sep>at$4     
,sci5ce c n d ! "w ( religion1 nor c    
religion d ! "w ( sci5ce4 ,ea* mu/      
fulfil its own "p1 & abide its prop]    
te/s4 ,sci5ce has its own place & its   
own task4 ,religion w simply wait ^u    
sci5ce1 leav+ x to make its own         
discov]ies1 gladly accept+ ea* "o ( !m z
 x is e/abli%$4 ,! mo/ rev]5d /ud5ts ( !
 ,bible d n reg>d x z a revelation      
pres5t+ a key to sci5tific rese>*2 ?\gh 
!y d n hesitate to express _! conviction
 t nei!r 9 express /atem5t1 nor 9 ! _s  
inculcat$1 does x place itself 9        
antagonism to ! se>* = tru?1 or ! claims
 ( any conclusions :i* c be legitimately
 describ$ z philosophical or sci5tific4 
,b its uphold]s press ?is consid]ation  
specially on sci5tific m51 t ! ,bible   
has ?is title to be reg>d$ z a book =   
all nations & = all ages1 t x has prov$ 
itself intelligible to m5 9 ages ! lea/ 
enlight5$1 & has also ma9ta9$ a comm&+  
influ5ce 9 ages specially di/+ui%$ &    

favor$ by ! advance ( sci5ce & ! wid5+  
p[] ( lit]ature4  ,,footnotes3  ,e      
,sci5ce c n rea* ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4  ,f    
,see ,disease ,g]ms1 _! ,nature &       
,orig91 by ,beale4 ,london1 ,*ur*ill2   
,philadelphia1 ,l9dsay & ,blaiki/on4  ,g
 ,nature vol4 xvi4 p4 #bgf4  ,h         
,examples ( ! bact]ia magnifi$ #a1hjj1  
#c1jjj1 & #e1jjj times are giv5 9 ,plate
 ,i4 p4 #af1 ( ,beale's ,disease ,g]ms4 
,i ,= ,dr4 ,ba/ian's exp]im5ts see      
,times1 ,april #ac1 #ahgj2 & ,nature1   
,june & ,july1 #ahgj4  ,j ,contribution 
to ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,nature   
xv4 p4 #cjb1 ,feb4 ,i1 #ahgg4  ,k ,ib4  
,l ,nature vol4 xv4 p4 #cjb1 & ,app5dix 
,,ii4  ,m ,nature vol4 xvi4 p4 #abg4  ,n
 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1  
p4 #bd4  ,o ,preface x4  ,p ,preface x4 
,q ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5         
,religion & ,sci5ce1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 
,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 !         
,univ]sity ( ,new ,york1 #ab ed41 p4    
#aeb4  ,r ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5  
,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #afc4  ,s ,ib4  

p4 #afe4  ,t ,ib4 p4 #afg4  ,u ,g5esis  
i4 #b1 #i4  ,v ,hebrew3 rakiya1 ,raqia1 
f ,hebrew3 raka1 to spread out4  ,w ,i  
,samuel ii4 #h4  ,x ,job xi4 #f4  ,y    
,job xxvi4 #aj1 #aa4  ,z ,conflict      
betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #agb4    
,,aa ,james iv4 #ad4     ,,lecture      
,,iii4  ,,inorganic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,!   
,,univ]se4   ,9 view ( ! wide range (   
mat]ials at comm&1 & ! limits ( ! pres5t
 inquiry1 !re is ne$ = "s def9ite me?od 
( selection1 :i* may secure a c>eful1   
?\gh necess>ily v g5]al survey ( ! :ole 
gr\nd4 ,t :i* seems to give mo/ promise 
( meet+ ^! requirem5ts is !             
contemplation 9 ord] ( ! great lead+    
conceptions :i* h receiv$ prom95ce )9   
rec5t ye>s 9 consequ5ce ( cont9u$ rese>*
 "u /rictly sci5tific me?ods4 ,^! may be
 said to con/itute ! sci5tific          
revolution ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 giv+     
occasion = recon/ruct+ ! popul>         
conceptions ( ! univ]se4 ,!y claim to   
m>k ! truly sci5tific p]iod1 inaugurat$ 
by comm& ( in/rum5ts nev] be=e )9 rea*1 

all[+ an imm5se advance 9 ! modes (     
rese>*1 & plac+ ! secrets ( nature )9   
compass ( human obs]vation z !y _h nev] 
be5 be=e4 ,! intellectual conditions =  
obs]vation & inf]5ce no d\bt rema9      
simply :at !y h be52 ! laws ( intellig5t
 inquiry are ! same1 det]m9+ suffici5cy 
( evid5ce1 & tru/wor?9ess 9 reason+2 b !
 range ( obs]vation has be5 indef9itely 
multipli$1 & ?+s transc5d+ previ\s      
conjecture h become matt]s ( c]ta9      
obs]vation4 ,! telescope & ! microscope 
provid$ = ?is revolution4 ,!y br\ght !  
univ]se )9 range z x _h nev] previ\sly  
be51 & ?us mak+ an enorm\s addition to !
 sum ( human k1 sugge/$ new modes (     
contemplat+ & expla9+ ! facts :i* _h be5
 famili> ?r\gh all ! ages4 ,!re c be no 
rev]sal ( all ?is--no return on ! old   
me?ods4 ,nor c !re be rev]sal 9 ! s5se (
 ov]turn+ pres5tly recogniz$            
conclusions4 ,!re are inde$ ho/s (      
!ories ( :i* x may be safely pr$ict$ t  
!y w be ov]turn$ & =gott52 b a v]itable 
k has be5 acquir$1 :i* w c]ta9ly be     

pres]v$ among ! treasures ( ! race4 ,we 
n[ "k ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( _m =ms (    
exi/5ce1 & ! laws :i* det]m9e *ange &   
cont9uance1 z ^! 7 nev] previ\sly kn[n2 
& ?us !re has be5 va/ly ext5d$ = u !    
range ( recogniz$ facts4  ,to ?is       
advance1 ! :ole human race has to adapt 
itself4 ,x is n m]ely "o class ( m51 b  
all2 n m]ely "o dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 b all 
dep>tm5ts :i* mu/ adju/ !mselves to ?is 
new ord] ( ?+s4 ,religi\s ?\ght is n    
?r[n into any s+ul> position2 x m]ely   
%>es 9 ! common exp]i5ce1 t is1 ! common
 advantage4 ,& we may say religi\s ?\ght
 is mo/ prep>$ = ! mighty revolution4   
,?is />tl+ success 9 unlock+ ! my/]ies (
 nature2 ?is sudd5 accession to ! weal? 
( our ideas1 apt to h an intoxicat+     
effect ^u ^? :o value sci5ce & no?+     
high]1 awak5s rev]5ce & gratitude 9 !   
religi\s ?9k]4 ,! great] ! application (
 human intellig5ce to ! /udy ( nature1 &
 ! great] ! discov]ies :i* rew>d su*    
labor1 s mu* great] becomes ! dem& ^u   
intellig5ce 9 acc\nt+ = ! orig9 &       

cont9uance ( ! univ]se1 involv+         
innum]able phases ( activity nev] to be 
witness$ by ord9>y obs]v]s :o are       
absorb$ 9 _! daily avocations4 ,!       
sup]natural is n m remote f u by su*    
discov]ies z sci5ce c boa/1 b is 9      
reality br\ght ne>]4 ,! fancy t enl>g$ k
 ( ! natural1 is /eadily driv+ be=e x   
all recognition ( ! sup]natural1 is "o (
 :i* ?9k+ m5 w by & by be a%am$4 ,t m5  
%\ld consid] ! discov]y ( ! compon5t    
p>ts ( c]ta9 =ms ( exi/5ce1 or ( ! laws 
( well kn[n movem5ts1 z a f9al disposal 
( ! dem&s ( intellig5ce1 only %[s h[    
little ! intellect ( inquir]s has be5   
prep>$ = appreciation ( ! full dem&s (  
reason4 ,9 ?is connection1 x %\ld be    
rememb]$ t ! mo/ pr(\ndly sci5tific1 h  
be5 ! mo/ cauti\s1 lea/ incl9$ to boa/ (
 discov]y1 or to anticipate ! ov]?r[ ( !
 deep] convictions ( ! moral & spiritual
 life1 :i*1 z ! necess>ies ( life 9 all 
ages1 are lea/ liable to be t\*$ by any 
?+ belong+ to ! region ( sci5ce4 ,ev5   
aft] e all[ance has be5 made = sangu9e &

 passionate temp]am5t1 & = reaction     
aga9/ unt5able =ms ( religi\s belief    
among oppon5ts ( religion1,,ab ! aw>d c 
n be o!rwise ?an sugge/$4 ,! facts are  
already on record be>+ on ! mo/ te/+    
p]iod1--! transition f an old & re/rict$
 k1 to a new & greatly enl>g$ k ( !     
univ]se1--& ! roll ( names /&+ high 9 ! 
annals ( sci5ce1 :ile devot$ to religi\s
 fai? & practice1 may be accept$ z a    
reasonable =eca/ ( com+ results4,,ac  ,t
 great] k ( nature by discov]y ( !      
natural causes 9 op]ation1 int5sifies ! 
rational dem& = recognition (           
,sup]natural ,intellig5ce1 is ! position
 to be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ?is argum5t4 ,!  
mo/ rigid te/ ( ?is position is to be   
f\nd 9 ! out/&+ sci5tific conceptions   
conc]n+ inorganic & organic nature1 & ! 
contra/s recogniz$ betwe5 l[] & high]   
organisms4 ,! ord] mo/ suitable =       
application ( ?is te/ is progress upw>ds
 f ! mo/ subord9ate =ms ( exi/5ce to !  
mo/ complex organism4 ,a beg9n+ w1      
!re=e1 be male ) ! inorganic _w1 aft]   

:i* l[] organisms may be consid]$1 aft] 
t ! relative place ( high] organisms1 & 
f9ally ! :ole class ( que/ions conc]n+ !
 p[]s & requirem5ts ( m9d4 ,9 ea* ( ^!  
relations1 ,i desire to inquire into !  
reasonabl5ess ( our ackn[l$gm5t ( !     
sup]natural4  ,z ! _w pres5ts a va/     
range ( inorganic exi/5ce1 we h to      
consid] ! mo/ prom95t sci5tific         
conceptions conc]n+ inorganic elem5ts1 z
 ^! af=d a g5]al view ( ! mat]ial       
/ructure ( ! e>?4  ,conc5trat+ on ?is   
region ( obs]vation1 & tak+ no acc\nt1  
mean:ile1 ( ! manifold phases ( life1   
!re are two =ms ( exi/5ce to be         
recogniz$1 ,matt] & ,en]gy4 ,matt] is   
solid1 visible1 tangible2 ,en]gy is     
invisible & intangible1 b measurable by 
! "w x is capable ( do+4 ,! "o may be   
repres5t$ z ! solid in]t mass1 ! o!r z !
 mov+ p[] ^: action is ! s\rce (        
cont9ual *ange4 ,?is duality we mu/     
reg>d z ess5tial to ! /ructure ( !      
univ]se1 = x is impossible to id5tify ! 
two1 s z to reg>d ! _w z m]ely a mass ( 

matt]4 ,?is duality is n[ commonly      
admitt$ z ! result ( rec5t sci5tific    
inve/igations4 ,to quote ! words (      
,pr(essor ,tait1--,x is only )9         
comp>atively rec5t ye>s t x has be5     
g5]ally recogniz$ t !re is some?+ else 9
 ! physical univ]se :i* possesses to !  
full z high a claim to objective reality
 z matt] possesses1 ?\gh x is by no     
means s tangible1 & !re=e ! conception (
 x 0 mu* long] 9 =c+ itself ^u ! human  
m9d4,,ad ,?is is ,en]gy4 ,j z gold1     
lead1 oxyg51 etc41 are diff]5t k9ds (   
matt]1 s s\nd1 light1 heat1 etc41 are n[
 rank$ z diff]5t =ms ( en]gy4,,ae  ,"h1 
!n1 is "o ( ! conspicu\s results ( rec5t
 sci5tific rese>* to :i* all our ?\ghts 
& !ories ne$ to adapt !mselves4 ,& x mu/
 be obvi\s )\t argum5tation1 t !ological
 ?\ght w n exp]i5ce any s]i\s %ock1 or  
ev5 jolt1 9 pass+ ov] to ?is new l9e (  
rails prep>$ = x4  ,tak+ ^! two1 ,matt] 
& ,en]gy1 z di/9ct1 let u conc5trate = a
 little ^u ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,let u   
fir/ turn att5tion ^u ,,matt]4 ,?is =m (

 exi/5ce is mo/ easily contemplat$1 z   
mo/ directly pres5t+ itself to          
obs]vation4 ,a piece ( metal may be/    
s]ve = illu/ration1 su* z ! iron out (  
:i* we =m s _m ( our indu/rial          
implem5ts4 ,?is metal may be m+l$ ?r\gh 
e>? or rock2 x may be held 9 solution 9 
wat]1 or made to fl[ out 9 liquid =m f !
 furnace2 x may be h>d5$ ei!r 9 ! m     
brittle =m ( ca/ iron1 or 9 ! m rigid =m
 kn[n z malleable2 b ?r\gh all ^! *anges
 ! mat]ial is ! same4 ,fur!r1 suppose we
 7 to receive a quantity ( ore1 & = !   
sake ( exp]im5t 7 to h "p pres5t$ 9 ea* 
"o ( ^! =ms1 ! quantity w\ld cont9ue    
exactly ! same z 0 orig9ally receiv$4   
,to quote aga9 f ! same au?or3--,! gr&  
te/ ( ! reality ( :at we call ,matt]1 ! 
pro( t x has an objective exi/5ce1 is   
its inde/ructibility &                  
uncreatability--if ! t]m may be us$--by 
any process at ! comm& ( man4 ,! value (
 ?is te/ to mod]n *emi/ry c sc>cely be  
e/imat$4 ,9 fact we c b>ely believe t   
!re c\ld h exi/$ an exact sci5ce (      

*emi/ry _h x n be5 = ! e>ly recognition 
( ?is prop]ty ( matt]2 nor 9 fact w\ld  
!re be ! possibility ( a *emical        
analysis1 suppos+ t we _h n ! assurance 
by enorm\sly ext5d$ s]ies ( previ\s     
exp]im5ts1 t no portion ( matt]1 h[ev]  
small1 goes out ( exi/5ce1 or comes into
 exi/5ce 9 any op]ation :atev]4 ,if !   
*emi/ 7 n c]ta9 t at ! end ( 8          
op]ations1 provid$ he has tak5 c>e to   
admit no?+ & to let no?+ escape1 !      
cont5ts ( 8 vessels mu/ be precisely !  
same 9 quantity z at ! beg9n+ ( !       
exp]im5t1 !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z       
*emical analysis4,,af  ,if n[ we press  
our inquiry fur!r1 seek+ "s explanation 
( ! ultimate nature or /ructure ( matt]1
 t is1 ! common physical *>act]i/ics (  
matt] 9 all its =ms1 :e!r air1 wat]1 or 
solid mass1 sci5ce has no c]ta9 answ] to
 give4 ,!re is no !ory ( ! ultimate     
/ructure ( matt] :i* has secur$ g5]al   
acceptance4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is !     
ackn[l$gm5t t ! complexity ( ! problem  
is s great z completely to baffle !     

pres5t res\rces ( sci5ce4 ,!re h be5    
discussions1 & c>eful inve/igations z to
 ! divisibility ( matt]1 & x has be5    
g5]ally admitt$ on rational gr\nds1 t   
!re mu/ be 9 all matt] p>ticles or atoms
 s m9ute z to be q beyond ! range ( !   
microscope4 ,?is has l$ to ! acceptance 
( an atomic !ory z 9 "o =m or ano!r     
applicable to ! /ructure ( matt]1 belief
 9 su* p>ticles or molecules be+ a      
natural result ( sci5tific proc$ure4 ,i 
say belief1 = ! exi/5ce ( su* ultimate  
atoms is n e/abli%$ on exp]im5tal       
evid5ce1 & yet is g5]ally ackn[l$g$2 = x
 is cle>ly en\gh recogniz$ t !re is a   
region ( fai? = sci5ce1 z = !ology1 j z 
!re mu/ be = all ord9>y ex]cise ( human 
intellig5ce4 ,besides ! actual          
divisibility ( matt]1 we h 9 ! same     
connection to consid] its               
compressibility1 = ! recogniz$ facts z  
to compression ( iron1 = example1 or (  
any metal1 seem to imply t !re are c]ta9
 p>ticles relat$ to ea* o!r1 :i* c be   
press$ 9 ^u ea* o!r1 or br\ght into ne>]

 proximity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a cle> limit
 to compressibility1 z !re is to        
divisibility ( matt]4 ,ev5 if ?is be    
grant$1 h[ev]1 we are /ill )\t a        
sci5tific acc\nt ( ! ultimate /ructure (
 matt]4 ,?is is /ill a p]plexity to be  
h&$ on to future work]s4 ,!re may1      
inde$1 seem to be promise ( aid 9 !     
analysis ( diff]5t =ms ( matt]1 z 9 !   
r$uction ( wat] to its con/itu5t gases  
by ! action ( a galvanic batt]y2 b su*  
processes1 h[ev] ri* 9 sugge/iv5ess1 are
 insuffici5t to advance ! ma9 inquiry4  
,x is (t5times 9 ?is v class (          
exp]im5ts1 t sci5ce at once manife/s its
 p[]1 & discov]s ! limits :i* encircle &
 re/ra9 its ef=ts4 ,x c decompose1 :at x
 c n recompose1 ?us leav+ difficulties z
 p]plex+ z be=e4 ,& besides1 ev5 :5 by  
analysis ! ultimate p>ts or *emical     
con/itu5ts1 ( comp\nd sub/ances h be5   
discov]$1 sci5ce is unable to demon/rate
 t ! con/itu5t elem5ts are ultimately   
compos$ ( di/9ct atoms1 z = example t   
oxyg5 & hydrog5 are s con/itut$4 ,we are

 ?us )\t a sci5ce ( ! ultimate nature ( 
matt]4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ! sugge/ion (    
,sir ,william ,?omson t matt] ( all k9ds
 may be reg>d$ z ( a common nature1 only
 v>i\sly comp\nd$1 fill+ space 9 a fluid
 /ate1 & t its compressibility c be     
acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t its        
ultimate =ms are vortex r+s capable (   
compression & expansion l an india-rubb]
 ball2 b ?is c n be reg>d$ o!rwise ?an z
 a bold conjecture1 beset ) a ho/ (     
difficulties bo? physical & ma!matical  
:i* nei!r ,?omson nor any ( 8           
fell[-work]s 9 physical sci5ce1 pr(esses
 to h yet grappl$ )4  ,!re are ?us be=e 
u ! *ief results ( physical sci5ce1 z to
 ! nature ( ,,matt]1 :5 we specify t x  
is inde/ructible1 t x consi/s ( ultimate
 molecules or atoms1 & t its            
compressibility is to be expla9$ by     
pressure ^u su* atoms1 or cohesion1 or  
comp>ative clos5ess ( relation betwe5   
!m1 ?is be+ great] 9 solids1 less 9     
liquids1 & lea/ 9 gases4  ,f ! /ructure 
( matt]1 we are l$ by sci5ce to !       

consid]ation ( ,,en]gy1 z di/9ct f      
matt]4 ,^! two /& 9 "s respect 9 contra/
 ) ea* o!r4 ,9 tak+ a survey ( !        
physical aspects ( ! _w1 we c n limit   
att5tion to ! m]e mass1 or to que/ions  
be>+ on its /ructure4 ,obs]vation mu/ n[
 be turn$ on ! p]petual *ange go+ on 9  
=m1 arrangem5t1 & di/ribution (         
mat]ials4 ,!re is ne$ = a sci5ce ( all  
?is1 9 accordance ) :i* ! p]petual r\nd 
( *ange may be r$uc$ to ord] by ref]5ce 
to causality & ! laws ( its op]ation4   
,?us we are introduc$ to our ord9>y     
conceptions conc]n+ position1 t is1 !   
situation or place ( objects1 or (      
masses ( mat]ial1 or ev5 ( worlds1 to   
ea* o!r2 motion1 or *ange ( position1   
modify+ or alt]+ ! relations ( objects2 
& =ce1 t is ! relative am\nt or         
proportion ( en]gy at "w = !            
accompli%m5t ( su* *anges z ^? already  
m5tion$4 ,9 ^! connections we are       
introduc$ to rec5tly =mulat$ doctr9es ( 
en]gy1 rea*$ 9 se>*+ = ! cause :i* alt]s
 or t5ds to alt] a body's natural /ate (

 re/1 z ?is problem 0 indicat$ 9        
,newton's fir/ law ( motion4 ,9 ! e>li] 
/ages ( inquiry1 att5tion 0 direct$     
ma9ly on ! active =ces ( nature1 z ^!   
are recogniz$ 9 op]ation1 admitt+ (     
calculation z to rate ( movem5t on ! "o 
h&1 & relative am\nt ( =ce on ! o!r4    
,computations ( ?is k9d 7 necess>ily    
involv$ 9 rese>* connect$ ) ! movem5ts (
 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:5 a/ronomical !ory 
_h be5 matur$ & a truly sci5tific       
und]/&+ ( ! sol> sy/em _h be5 rea*$1    
physical sci5ce _h next to deal ) ! m   
g5]al problem rais$ by ! contemplat$    
=ces ( nature1 hav+ a ref]5ce at once   
wid] & m m9ute4 ,x is n possible "h to d
 m ?an give a v summ>y view ( ! doctr9e 
( en]gy1 its mutations1 dissipation1 &  
cons]vation1 z develop$ ?r\gh /udy ( !  
laws ( gravitation1 electricity1 light1 
heat1 etc41 & n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,an   
outl9e w1 h[ev]1 suffice = an und]/&+ ( 
! g5]al conclusions4  ,en]gy is ! t]m n[
 employ$ to designate e =m ( p[] belong+
 to ! physical _w capable ( do+ "w1 & ( 

be+ e/imat$ accord+ to ! comp>ative     
am\nt ( "w x c p]=m4 ,! :ole ph5om5a (  
motion ?us belong to ?is dep>tm5t (     
inquiry4 ,! fir/ di/9ction "h has be5   
describ$ z ! diff]5ce betwe5 en]gy (    
position & en]gy ( motion4,,ag ,bo? ( ^!
 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ord] to h a  
full view ( ! facts4 ,,en]gy ,,(        
,,position1 is illu/rat$ by a wat]-head1
 or res]voir1 :]e an accumulation ( wat]
 is laid up 9 /ore1 ready to be drawn ^u
 = motive p[] :5 ma*9]y set up 9 a      
position some:at l[] is to be br\ght    
into action & made to d ! "w = :i* x has
 be5 con/ruct$4 ,,en]gy ,,( ,,motion is 
se5 :5 ! /oreh\se ( wat] is op5$ & ! ru%
 ( ! curr5t sweeps along ! prep>$ *annel
 desc5d+ ^u ! great :eel1 :i* sets 9    
motion ! :ole ma*9]y4 ,9 su* a case z   
?is1 ! am\nt ( "w done by ! revolutions 
( ! great :eel is an exact measure ( !  
am\nt ( wat] :i* has pass$ to a l[]     
level4 ,or let u suppose !re is only a  
limit$ supply 9 ! wat]-head1 & t !re are
 no fe$]s1 b t ! /reamlets & spr+s f :i*

 x is suppli$1 h ceas$ to fl[1 & let u  
suppose t ! mill comes to a /& because (
 failure ( motive p[]1 ! am\nt ( "w done
 up to t mom5t is ! measure ( ! en]gy   
/or$ 9 ! wat]-head be=e ! sluice 0 op5$4
 ,?is illu/ration indicates ! mode (    
calculation to be appli$ to en]gy 9 all 
its =ms1 includ+ ! great =ces ( nature1 
be=e :i* human p[] is z no?+4 ,tak+ ?us 
! correlatives position & motion1 we may
 reg>d ! =m] z prep>ation = ! latt]1 =1 
z ,pr(essor ,balf\r ,/ew>t has said1 ,x 
is ! fate ( all k9ds ( en]gy ( position 
to be ultimately conv]t$ into en]gy (   
motion4,,ah ,on ?is acc\nt1 en]gy (     
motion mo/ naturally exemplifies :at we 
und]/& by en]gy2 b on ! o!r h& :at has  
be5 call$ ! en]gy ( position mu/ be     
reg>d$ z a p[] di/9ctly calculable4 ,if 
a /one be ?r[n into ! air1 ! en]gy      
exp5d$ 9 propell+ x to a c]ta9 height1  
is ! exact measure ( ! en]gy exp5d$ 9   
its desc5t4 ,!re is no ne$ = ent]+ "h ^u
 ! calculations ( ! relation betwe5     
en]gy & velocity1 %[+ ! exact proportion

 ( ! "o to ! o!r1 or ! ratio ( increase 
accord+ to velocity1 :i* is express$ 9 !
 =mula t ! en]gy v>ies z ! squ>e ( !    
velocity1 giv+ u an exact measure ( =ce4
  ,aid$ by ! conceptions ( position &   
motion1 we take ! next /ep :5 we advance
 to transmutation or conv]sion ( en]gy4 
,:at is made visible to u by motion is !
 transf]5ce ( en]gy f "o object or      
portion ( matt] to ano!r4 ,& ?is is !   
sole explanation ( :at occurs4 ,!re is  
no su* ?+ kn[n to physical sci5ce z !   
orig9 or creation ( en]gy2 all t is     
recogniz$ is ! disappe>ance ( en]gy f "o
 position & its appe>ance 9 ano!r4 ,if  
"w has be5 done1 en]gy 0 some:]e /or$   
capable ( do+ x2 a transmutation has    
tak5 place2 & ! "w accompli%$ is !      
record ( ! process4 ,9 recognition (    
?is1 e ma*9e is m]ely a m or less       
skilful contrivance = transmut+ en]gy   
into a =m m conv5i5t or suitable = human
 purposes4 ,! intellig5ce ( man simply  
recognizes ! law ( transmutation1 &     
deals ) ! problems :i* arise connect$ ) 

! me*anical arrangem5ts facilitat+ !    
process4  ,we next advance a fur!r /ep1 
only to embrace ano!r phase ( ! same    
tru?1--! complem5t ( :at has be5 already
 /at$1--t is1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,z 
we h se51 all t appe>s 9 motion1 is     
transmutation or conv]sion ( en]gy2     
accord+ly x foll[s1 t !re is *ange (    
position1 b no de/ruction ( en]gy1 or   
absolute disappe>ance ( x f exi/5ce4    
,?is g5]alization is illu/rat$ by a mo/ 
attractive s]ies ( obs]vations1         
introduc+ to a full] k ( ! laws ( heat4 
,! natural t5d5cy ( ord9>y obs]vation is
 to favor ! op9ion t :5 "w has be5 done1
 en]gy is sp5t or lo/4 ,& ?is popul>    
notion1 :i* has a k9d ( accuracy1 9 s f>
 z x is ne$ful to make fre% draughts ^u 
available res\rces1 is favor$ by ref]5ce
 to ! economy ( our bodily exi/5ce      
con/antly r5ew+ its dem& = fre% food    
supply4 ,b ?is popul> t5d5cy is easily  
expla9$ by ! circum/ance t ord9>y       
obs]vation makes mu* m acc\nt ( !       
ph5om5a ( motion1 ?an ( ! developm5t (  

heat z a direct consequ5ce4 ,! ma*9i/ c 
n1 inde$1 af=d to make little ( !       
consequ5ces ( friction2 b ! ord9>y      
obs]v] makes mu* m ( mass1 &            
complication ( me*anical contrivance1 & 
velocity ( movem5t4 ,f ?is he passes    
easily to ! fabric1 or o!r production1  
s5t =?2 & !n he may occupy himself )    
calculations be>+ on ! exp5diture =     
coals & labor1 along ) te> & we> (      
ma*9]y4 ,b sci5tific obs]vation has     
conc5trat$ mu* m on ! evolution ( heat1 
& out ( ?is has come ! complet$ !ory ( !
 laws ( en]gy4 ,9 ?is way1 x became     
matt] ( di/9ct calculation t friction & 
p]cussion conv]t en]gy into heat4       
,along ) ^! obs]vations we h to rem>k ^u
 an att5dant conclusion1 :i* has an     
important be>+ on all speculation       
conc]n+ ! de/9y ( ! univ]se4 ,i ref] to 
! fact t transmutation ( en]gy involves 
a det]ioration & dissipation ( en]gy4 ,z
 9 ! hi/ory ( en]gy1 improv$ position   
adds to ! advantage = ! do+ ( "w1 s     
transmutation t5ds to dim9i% ! advantage

 or utility ( ! en]gy = human purposes4 
,?us ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 work+ a ma*9e     
gives return 9 a product ( recogniz$    
value1 b ! en]gy sp5t 9 cont5d+ )       
friction g5]ates heat :i* is ( no       
practical value 9 respect ( accompli%$  
"w4 ,or z ! latt] fact has be5 /at$ by  
,pr(essor ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 friction      
proves itself to be1 n ! de/roy] (      
en]gy1 b m]ely ! conv]t] ( x into "s    
less app>5t1 & p]haps less useful       
=m4,,ai ,9 ?is connection1 sci5tific    
obs]vation 0 direct$ ^u ! appe>ance (   
heat simultane\sly ) ! disappe>ance (   
visible en]gy4 ,gradually ! conception  
dawn$ ^u sci5tific obs]v]s t heat is a  
=m ( motion1 & ?is has f\nd g5]al       
acceptance1 al?\gh x is impossible to   
give direct pro( ( ! doctr9e4 ,!        
conclusion has be5 support$ by all !    
exp]im5ts ( ,davis1 ,rum=d1 ,j\le1      
,cold+1 & ,helmholtz4 ,?is conception   
hav+ be5 laun*$ z to ! probable         
explanation ( heat1 x imm$iately f\nd1 9
 accordance ) ! analogies ( sci5tific   

?\ght1 a greatly ext5d$ circle (        
application4 ,light & s\nd came to be   
classifi$ ) heat1 z only diff]5t =ms (  
motion4 ,x w\ld involve too ext5d$ a    
range to include "h a detail$ acc\nt (  
^! exp]im5ts1 or to consid] :at is      
involv$ 9 dissipation ( en]gy1 z be>+ ^u
 a /ill wid] aspect ( ! ord] ( ?+s 9 !  
univ]se4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be cont5t ) !   
ref]5ce j giv5 to ! conception ( heat z 
a =m ( molecul> motion2 & 9 do+ s may   
rev]t to ! consid]ation already adduc$1 
t ?is is ano!r doctr9e ( sci5tific      
belief1 ( :i* !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to
 increase ! numb]1 z sci5ce wid5s !     
range ( its inquiries & speculations4   
,! out/&+ g5]al results ( sci5ce z to ! 
nature ( en]gy are n[ be=e u4 ,all      
obs]vations conc]n+ motion only pres5t  
to view transmutations ( en]gy1 all ( !m
 imply t !re is no su* ?+ z ! orig9 (   
en]gy1 & no su* ?+ z its ext9ction4 ,!re
 is inde$ a con/ant t5d5cy t[>ds !      
degradation ( en]gy1 & a con/ant        
equaliz+ process :i* may br+ to an end !

 pres5t ord] ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,b !    
lead+ sci5tific conception ) :i* we h   
specially to deal is t express$ 9 !     
phrase1 ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* mu/ be
 reg>d$ z complet+ our view ( inorganic 
exi/5ce along ) ! o!r doctr9e ( !       
inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,z ,pr(essor  
,tait has express$ x1--,! gr& pr9ciple (
 cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* ass]ts t no   
portion ( en]gy c be put out ( exi/5ce1 
& no am\nt ( en]gy c be br\ght into     
exi/5ce by any process at our comm&1 is 
simply a /atem5t ( ! inv>iability ( !   
quantity ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se1--a        
companion /atem5t to t ( ! inv>iability 
( ! quantity ( matt]4,,aj  ,! position  
is n[ rea*$ at :i* x becomes possible to
 comb9e ! results ( sci5tific rese>* z  
to matt] & en]gy into a h>moni\s unity1 
) :i* to te/ ! view ( ! _w recogniz$ by 
religi\s ?\ght4 ,religion z an          
intellig5t & devotional ackn[l$gm5t ( a 
,supreme ,be+1 involves a v cle> &      
def9ite conception conc]n+ ! orig9 ( !  
univ]se & its cont9uance4 ,:at is ?us   

impli$ w be be/ indicat$ by negative z  
well z positive /atem5ts1 9 "s su* =m z 
! foll[+4 ,fir/1 negatively1 ! _w we    
inhabit does n c>ry )9 x any explanation
 ( ! orig9 ( its own exi/5ce2 t is to   
say1 nei!r ! mat]ials exi/+1 nor ! =ces 
op]at+1 are suffici5t to acc\nt = its   
orig92 nei!r c x h _h exi/5ce )\t       
beg9n+4 ,9 positive =m1 ! univ]se c be  
acc\nt$ = only by t :i* transc5ds       
itself2 ! sup]natural is ! key to !     
natural2 ,nature is a creation to be    
attribut$ to an ,intellig5t ,fir/       
,cause4  ,are sci5ce & religion "h 9    
h>mony 9 ! =m & measure compatible 9 !  
circum/ances8 ,?is qualifi$ & gu>d$ =m (
 ! "q is obvi\sly requir$1 = religi\s   
?\ght does n pr(ess to be sci5tific1 or 
9 any s5se au?oritative z to ! ph5om5a (
 nature1 t is1 z to ! facts :i*         
obs]vation alone c asc]ta91 or z to !   
imm$iate causes by :i* ^! facts are to  
be expla9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sci5ce is     
exclusively a k ( nature1 consi/+ (     
me?odiz$ obs]vations conc]n+ di/9ct     

ord]s ( facts1 & rational inf]5ces f\nd$
 ^u ^!4 ,x c n 9 true s5se be conc]n$ ) 
! sup]natural1 b c only pres5t          
conclusions z to ! ord] & processes (   
nature1 :i* by subsequ5t & indep5d5t    
ex]cise ( our intellig5ce may be        
contemplat$ 9 _! relation to !          
conception ( ! sup]natural1 z           
,intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause4 ,?is subsequ5t
 ex]cise ( ?\ght1 :e!r critical or      
con/ructive1 is m prop]ly ! task (      
philosophy1 9 prosecution ( ^?          
reflective & speculative ex]cises1 :i*1 
proce$+ f sci5tific conclusions z       
accept$ data1 consid] _! intellectual   
value z contribut+ t[>ds a !ory ( !     
univ]se4 ,sci5tific m5 w1 ( c\rse1 m or 
less readily pass ov] to take "s %>e 9  
su* philosophic speculation2 j z        
religi\s m51 purely "u ! impulse (      
religi\s int]e/s1 w be m or less dispos$
 to d1 9 proportion to ! range ( _!     
intellectual life4 ,:at is "h said is n 
int5d$ z an argum5t = any re/riction ^u 
su* speculation on ! "p ei!r ( sci5tific

 or ( religi\s m51 = su* que/ions are   
common prop]ty1 & ! argum5ts be>+ ^u !m 
are to be te/$ by all4 ,b x is ( "s     
consequ5ce1 specially 9 ! pres5t        
unsettl$ & s5sitive /ate ( ! public m9d1
 t x be cle>ly recogniz$ t sci5ce is n  
itself responsible = ! ?\ghts (         
sci5tific m5 on ^! que/ions2 & t        
religion is n responsible = ! ?\ghts (  
religi\s m5 ^u !m4 ,sci5ce c n det]m9e  
any ?+ z to a philosophy ( !            
sup]natural1 any m ?an religion c       
det]m9e any ?+ z to a sci5ce ( nature4  
,:e!r we take ! viol5t & ev5 passionate 
antipa?y to any ackn[l$gm5t ( !         
sup]natural :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,essays (   
,clif=d1 or ! pr(\ndly rev]5tial        
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,deity 9 ! writ+s & life
 ( ,f>aday1 sci5ce is to be cr$it$ )    
nei!r4 ,& s 9 l mann]1 :5 we h viol5t   
d5unciations ( sci5ce pr(ess$ly 9 ! "n (
 religion1 or intellig5t appreciation ( 
its high value f accr$it$ uphold]s (    
religi\s tru?1 religion itself is to be 
cr$it$ ) nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,?is is a

 matt] :i* comes )9 ! range ( ord9>y    
intellig5ce4 ,x may inde$ belong to     
philosophy to =mulate & develop !       
argum5ts 9 /rict h>mony ) ! recogniz$   
laws ( m9d2 b x belongs equally to all  
m5 to e/imate ! g5]al sweep & range (   
acquir$ k z to ! /ructure & ord] ( !    
univ]se1 z be>+ ^u ! m g5]al conceptions
 to be rationally ent]ta9$ reg>d+ its   
gov]nm5t4 ,) ?is bran* ( ! subject1     
ord9>y ?\ght may readily deal )\t       
entanglem5t 9 te*nicalities4  ,!re is z 
we h se5 a duality ( exi/5ce 9 !        
inorganic /ructure ( ! _w1 & a cont9ual 
succession ( *anges1 on acc\nt ( !      
int]action ( ^! two4 ,diff]5t =ms (     
matt] /& 9 diff]5t relations2 & ^!      
relations are be+ con/antly int]*ang$ by
 ! transmutation ( en]gy4 ,?us tak+ ! _w
 z pres5t$ to u1 x has a con/itution :i*
 requires = its explanation t we g      
beyond e ?+ to be f\nd )9 itself4 ,!    
matt] 9 ! univ]se c n acc\nt = ! en]gy2 
nor c ! en]gy acc\nt = ! matt]2 & !     
relations betwe5 ! two mu/ f9d          

explanation 9 some?+ high] ?an bo?4 ,:at
 _! s\rce may be1 sci5ce is incapable ( 
tell+2 x c n contribute t[>ds satisfy+ !
 requirem5ts ( ! law ( causality 9 view 
( ! mutual relations ( matt] & en]gy :i*
 x has itself reveal$4 ,b equally by :at
 x has reveal$1 & by ackn[l$gm5t ( its  
inability to transc5d ! limits ( its own
 discov]ies1 does x pres5t h>mony )     
religi\s ?\ght 9 ! =m & measure 9 :i* x 
is possible t su* h>mony c\ld be        
manife/$4 ,discov]+ ! objective exi/5ce 
( matt] & en]gy1 & ! laws 9 accordance )
 :i* ! latt] acts ^u ! =m]1 x pres5ts an
 unsolv$ problem af=d+ ! mo/ direct &   
positive te/imony possible to sci5ce 9  
support ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,cause1   
transc5d+ ! univ]se itself4 ,h[ matt] & 
en]gy came into be+1 x c n tell2 b x mo/
 explicitly decl>es t by no p[] exi/+ & 
op]at+ )9 range ( obs]vation is x       
possible ei!r to add to ! sum ( exi/5ce1
 or 9 ! lea/ degree to dim9i% x4        
,religi\s ?\ght c\ld expect no?+ m      
direct & explicit 9 ! =m ( sci5tific    

te/imony z confirmation ( its fundam5tal
 position4 ,sci5tific ?\ght :ile deal+ )
 inorganic exi/5ce c\ld n1 ev5 by a s+le
 l9e ( approa*1 be br\ght ne>] to !     
actual support ( religi\s belief4  ,"h !
 "q may be rais$1--,may n ! _w h exi/$ f
 et]nity8 ,9 ! answ] to ?is "q !re are  
sev]al consid]ations requir+ to be      
di/+ui%$4 ,fir/1 sci5ce has no te/imony 
to (f]1 inasmu* z x does n get beyond ! 
area ( laws n[ op]at+4 ,second1 !       
te/imony ( sci5ce conc]n+ ! _w z n[     
exi/+ is inconsi/5t ) ! supposition (   
its et]nal exi/5ce4 ,! matt] :i* is     
con/antly op]at$ ^u by en]gy di/9ct f   
itself1 does n possess ! prop]ty (      
self-subsi/5ce2 nei!r does ! en]gy :i*  
is con/antly und]go+ *ange4 ,cont9ual   
transition or *ange f "o phase (        
exi/5ce1 or set ( relations1 to ano!r1  
is a m>k ( ! n-abid+1 an evid5ce (      
subjection to1 & dep5d5ce on1 :at is    
beyond & above itself4 ,! non-endur+1 or
 ev]-*ang+1 is con/antly po9t+ to !     
ev]-endur+4  ,full und]/&+ ( ! situation

 ( ?+s z discov]$ by sci5ce w produce a 
mu* deep] impression on ! public m9d ?an
 has yet be5 effect$4 ,! reasonabl5ess (
 ?is expectation w readily appe>1 if    
only "s few ( ! positions be plac$      
conspicu\sly 9 view4  ,x is ( special   
consequ5ce to note t sci5ce has 9 ?is   
direction f9i%$ its "w1 & rea*$ its     
ultimatum1 9 demon/rat+ ! physical      
impossibility ( ei!r increas+ or dim9i%+
 ! exi/+ sum total ( matt]1 or ( en]gy4 
,! conclusions are n su* z c be reg>d$ z
 provisional1 liable to be ov]rea*$1    
modifi$1 or enl>g$1 by :at may aft]w>ds 
be discov]$4 ,we are s mu* influ5c$ at  
pres5t1--& sci5tific m5 %>e 9 !         
exp]i5ce1 z well z o!rs1--by ! g5]al &  
well-gr\nd$ expectation ( ! unceas+     
advance ( sci5ce1 t x is peculi>ly easy 
9 sight ( a great g5]al problem su* z ! 
orig9 & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 to ov]look !   
significance ( ultimate conclusions 9   
giv5 directions4 ,9 ?is way1 we too     
readily fall into ! delusive t5d5cy (   
reg>d+ accr$it$ conclusions z /ill hang+

 9 a measure ( unc]ta9ty1 or at lea/ z  
hav+ a dubi\s future be=e !m1 because !y
 bord] ^u ! region ( ! unkn[n s f> z    
sci5ce is conc]n$1 or ^u a realm (      
my/]y1 :i* sci5ce reg>ds ei!r ) av]sion1
 or ) *]i%$ det]m9ation ( attack4 ,9 !  
pres5t s+ul>ly favorable position (     
sci5ce1 x is impossible = ! public m9d  
to escape ?is t5d5cy2 b x becomes only !
 m imp]ative to di/+ui% z occasion (f]s1
 ^? conclusions :i* are to be tak5 z    
f9al4 ,?is is ( imm5se consequ5ce z be>+
 ^u g5]al conceptions conc]n+ ! univ]se4
  ,t matt] c n be orig9at$1 & c n by ev5
 a s+le atom be de/roy$1 is "o ( ^?     
ultimate /atem5ts1 ^u :i* physical      
sci5ce itself relies z on a f\ndation4  
,?is is a univ]sally accr$it$ tru?1 t no
 portion ( matt]1 h[ev] small1 goes out 
( exi/5ce or comes into exi/5ce 9 any   
op]ation :atev]4,,ak ,! wond]ful *emical
 laboratory ( liv+ organism may *ange _m
 =ms ( matt] into liv+ tissue1 b all    
returns aga9 to its place 9 ! inorganic 
mass4 ,mat]ial may pass f "o phase into 

ano!r1 b !re is no?+ m ?an *ange4 ,! sum
 total ( mat]ial exi/5ce is unalt]$4 ,to
 sugge/ ! contr>y1--& specially to d s 9
 ! "n ( sci5ce1--7 to br+ sci5ce face to
 face ) ! conceptions reject$ z ali5 to 
its v nature2 = to say t matt] may be   
orig9at$1 is to affirm creation2 to say 
t x may be de/roy$1 is to affirm !      
possibility ( annihilation2 & ^! two are
 beyond ! range ( sci5ce1 & if once     
admitt$ )9 its b\nd>ies1 !y w\ld de/roy 
sci5ce itself4  ,s x is :5 we pass ov]  
to ! doctr9e ( en]gy4 ,! same cle> &    
ultimate conclusion is proclaim$4 ,!    
doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is !    
ultimatum on :i* physical sci5ce f9ds   
sure & firm foo?old4 ,9 ^? two ultimate 
positions ( sci5tific rese>* conc]n+    
inorganic exi/5ce1 religion f9ds        
support1 & t ( a k9d s p[]ful1 t sci5ce 
itself dep5ds ^u its immovability4  ,!re
 is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r po9t connect$ ) !   
doctr9e ( en]gy1 :i* des]ves            
consid]ation z be>+ on ! t5d5cy to      
anticipate an indef9ite l9e (           

progression 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is _w1 t is1  
det]ioration or degradation 9 ! =m (    
en]gy1 :ile x cont9ues ( equal am\nt4 ,!
 effici5t value ( en]gy is accord+ to ! 
possibilities ( trans=mation or         
transmutation4 ,b its use implies       
limitation ( ! available =ms1 or /eady  
det]ioration ( value4 ,?us ! en]gy ( !  
univ]se is1 on ! :ole1 con/antly pass+ f
 high] to l[] =ms1 & !re=e ! possibility
 ( trans=mation is becom+ small] &      
small]1 s t aft] ! lapse ( suffici5t "t 
all high] =ms ( en]gy mu/ h pass$ f !   
physical univ]se1 & we c imag9e no?+ z  
rema9+1 except ^? l[] =ms :i* are       
incapable1 s f> z we yet "k1 ( any fur!r
 trans=mation4,,al ,su* a /atem5t ( !   
position1 ?\gh x c n be reg>d$ z an     
ultimate "o 9 sci5tific rese>*1 is s    
obvi\sly a d$uction f pres5t k t x mu/  
to "s ext5t modify prevail+ conceptions4
 ,x may1 inde$ be sugge/$ t "s          
cata/rophe may t]m9ate ! pres5t ord] (  
?+s1 & t "s action ( ! law ( gravitation
 may comb9e ! fragm5ts ( worlds1 & give 

a fre% />t ) new comb9ations ( en]gy2 b 
! b>e sugge/ion ( ?is implies a mu* wid]
 range = sci5tific rese>* ?an any ?+ yet
 kn[n to u1 & at ! same "t a l>g] dem&  
^u intellig5ce 9 ! control & regulation 
( :at mu/ nev]!less seem to u viol5t    
cata/rophes4 ,su* speculation1 if x may 
w>rantably f9d enc\ragem5t "u purely    
sci5tific conditions1 religi\s ?\ght w  
nei!r ga9say nor resi/2 b w f9d itself 9
 no p]plexity to accept4  ,waiv+1 h[ev]1
 all speculation z to ! possible future 
( ! physical univ]se1 we "h conc5trate  
att5tion on ! pa/2 we take ! mo/ rec5t  
sci5tific te/imony z to ! /ructure ( !  
physical univ]se1 z x be>s on ! problem 
conc]n+ ! orig9 ( our _w4 ,"h ! te/imony
 ( sci5ce is cle>ly & unmi/akably 9     
favor ( ! creation or absolute orig9 (  
matt] & en]gy1 9 ! only =m 9 :i* sci5ce 
c be> any te/imony on ! subject4 ,x is1 
( c\rse1 impossible t sci5ce %\ld pres5t
 direct te/imony to ! fact ( creation1 z
 x is impossible t hi/ory %\ld2 = su* a 
fact z creation mu/ be entirely beyond !

 range ( sci5ce4 ,b 9 te/ify+ to !      
inde/ructibility & uncreatability (     
matt] "u ! conditions capable ( be+     
inve/igat$ by obs]vational sci5ce2 & 9  
be>+ ! same te/imony z to ! en]gy 9 !   
_w1 x (f]s all ! support x is capable ( 
(f]+ to ! reality ( !                   
sup]natural1--te/ify+ to ! dep5d5ce (   
nature on "s p[] altoge!r transc5d+     
itself4 ,b "h ,i pref] r to use ! words 
( a purely sci5tific obs]v]4 ,:5 deal+ )
 ! doctr9e ( en]gy1 & specially ) !     
consequ5ces ( dissipation ( en]gy1      
,pr(essor ,tait uses ^! words1--,z x    
alone is able to lead u1 by sure /eps ( 
d$uctive reason+1 to ! necess>y future (
 ! univ]se--necess>y1 t is1 if physical 
laws rema9 =ev] un*ang$--s x enables u  
di/9ctly to say t ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s   
has n be5 evolv$ ?r\gh inf9ite pa/ "t by
 ! ag5cy ( laws n[ at "w2 b mu/ h _h a  
di/9ctive beg9n+1 a /ate beyond :i* we  
are totally unable to p5etrate2 a /ate1 
9 fact1 :i* mu/ h be5 produc$ by o!r ?an
 ! n[ visibly act+ causes4,,am ,?is is !

 utmo/ t sci5ce c say1 be>+ on ! great  
problem ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se2 & no?+ m 
p[]ful c\ld be said 9 direct te/imony to
 ! reality ( ! sup]natural1 & !         
reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 ?us %[n  
to be 9 complete h>mony ) sci5ce4  ,x is
 n "h sugge/$ t all sci5tific m5 w\ld   
employ su* language z t n[ quot$1 or ev5
 readily acquiesce 9 its use4 ,i h be5  
c>eful to indicate1 t a passionately    
excit$ antagonism to any recognition ( !
 sup]natural is av[$ by "s sci5tific m54
 ,accord+ly1 x mu/ be grant$ t !        
conclusion "h /at$ is n s manife/ a     
d$uction z to preclude d5ial4 ,!        
te/imony ( ! s5ses commonly t]m9ates    
dispute1 b su* te/imony is n available z
 to ! reality ( ! sup]natural4 ,! only  
te/imony t c be giv5 "h mu/ be ( a      
diff]5t k9d2 & if !re be "s :o refuse to
 cr$it any?+ save :at comes )9 range ( !
 s5ses1 or is d$ucible directly & simply
 f :at ! s5ses make kn[n1 !re is no help
 = !m4 ,nei!r sci5ce1 nor philosophy1   
nor religion c deliv] !m f ! n>r[ r\nd (

 mat]ialism4 ,b nei!r sci5ce1 nor       
philosophy1 nor religion1 c re/rict     
itself to ! te/imony ( ! s5ses4 ,a      
deep]1 & wid] range ( inquiry is dem&$ (
 ! man :o w\ld walk at l>ge 9 ! va/     
field spread out 9 nature4 ,all human   
life is subject$ to ! te/ ( accept+     
evid5ce o!r ?an t ! s5ses supply4 ,if "s
 refuse to submit to ?is deep] & wid]   
te/1 n>r[+ _! convictions accord+ly1    
o!rs are n to be re/rict$ 9 ?is way1 nor
 are !y to be influ5c$ by su*           
det]m9ation ev5 on ! "p ( highly        
di/+ui%$ sci5tific m54 ,=1 x c n be     
ov]look$ t ?is is n a "q ( sci5ce1 nor  
does x imply any ?+ b an ord9>y ex]cise 
( intellig5ce4 ,! "o te/ = ! public m9d 
is ?is1--,is x or is x n true t n an    
atom ( matt] c be orig9at$ or de/roy$8  
,is ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy to
 be tak5 z sci5tifically demon/rat$8 ,^!
 ?+s sci5ce mu/ decide1 & beyond ^!1 all
 is cle> = ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,( !     
te/imony ( sci5ce on ^! two que/ions !re
 is no d\bt :atev]4 ,religion1 !re=e1   

has no conflict ) sci5ce "h2 x simply   
accepts ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 f9d+ 9 x ample
 support = its fundam5tal position4 ,:at
 creation really means1 or h[ we c      
fitt+ly repres5t x to our m9ds1 does n 9
 ! lea/ affect ! "q "h "u discussion1 = 
^! are n po9ts on :i* sci5ce c (f] any  
te/imony4 ,nor h ! def5d]s ( religion   
any compla9t to urge aga9/ ! claims :i* 
sci5ce makes to expla9 all t belongs to 
nature4 ,b :5 ^? :o make ! l>ge/ claims 
= sci5ce1 ackn[l$ge t sci5ce is baffl$  
"h1 _! te/imony ga9s 9 value by reason (
 ! /r5g? ( _! antipa?y to ! ackn[l$gm5t 
( ! miracul\s4 ,:5 f an accr$it$        
sci5tific witness we h ^! words3--,!    
inve/igation ( nature does n %r9k f     
enroll+ life & ! processes ( life 9 ! _w
 ( ! compreh5sible1 foll[$ up by ?is    
explicit /atem5t1 ,we are foil$ only at 
! conception ( matt] & =ce2,,an ! claims
 ( sci5ce are rais$ to ! highe/ pit*2 & 
yet its insup]able limits are cle>ly    
def9$4 ,! def5d] ( ! h>mony ( sci5tific 
) religi\s ?\ght has no?+ m to desire4  

,! v place :]e sci5ce comes to a halt1  
ackn[l$g+ t its utmo/ b\nd>y has be5    
rea*$1 is ! place :]e x is demon/rat$ t 
sci5tific ?\ght & religi\s are n involv$
 9 real conflict4   ,,footnotes3  ,,ab  
,^! all[ances may well be made =        
,pr(essor ,clif=d1 "o ( ! mo/           
extravagant assailants ( religi\s fai?4 
,,ac ,pr(essor ,tait 9 answ] to ,mr4    
,fr\de has advanc$ ! evid5ce4           
,int]national ,review1 ,nov4 #ahgh1 vol4
 v4 ,no4 #f4 ,! collect$ pap]s h be5    
republi%$1 ,atlas ,s]ies1 ,no4 #aa4     
,,ad ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical       
,sci5ce1 by ,p4 ,g4 ,tait1 ,pr(essor (  
,natural ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity (      
,ed9burgh1 p4 #ag4  ,,ae ,ib4 p4 #b4    
,,af ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical       
,sci5ce1 p4 #ad4  ,,ag ,see ,app5dix    
,,iii4  ,,ah ,! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1  
by ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 p4 #bf4  ,,ai ,!     
,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 p4 #cf4  ,,aj    
,rec5t ,advances ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 p4
 #ag4  ,,ak ,tait's ,rec5t ,advances1 p4
 #ae4  ,,al ,rec5t ,advances1 p4 #bj4   

,,am ,rec5t ,advances1 p4 #bb4  ,,an ,! 
,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 by ,osc> ,s*midt1 p4
 #bj4     ,,lecture ,,iv4  ,,organiz$   
,,exi/5ce3 ,,life ,,& ,,its             
,,developm5t4--7,,d>w9',s ,,!ory ,,(    
,,evolution47   ,9 prosecut+ our inquiry
 z to ! mo/ rec5t advances 9 sci5ce1 we 
pass n[ f inorganic to organic exi/5ce2 
f ! te/imony ( physici/s1 to t (        
zologi/s4 ,?is transition 9 itself />ts 
a sci5tific problem1 beyond :i* we are  
c>ri$ onw>d to a di/9ct & v complicat$  
area ( exi/5ce1 high] 9 ord]1 & press+  
^u att5tion an incalculable v>iety (    
details1 exce$+ly difficult to h>monize4
 ,9 ! e>li] /age ( physical rese>*1 all 
obs]vation & exp]im5t lead =w>d to g5]al
 results1 :i* ga9 ready acceptance      
because !y may be said to be involv$ 9  
sci5tific proc$ure itself4 ,9 ?is m     
advanc$ /age x is o!rwise4 ,9 ! =m]1    
unorganiz$ matt] is ! same ev]y:]e2 & ! 
laws ( en]gy c be /udi$ ) equal facility
 9 ,europe or 9 ,am]ica1 9 nor!rn       
latitudes or 9 s\!rn4 ,b :5 we beg9 to  

direct att5tion ^u life 9 its manifold  
=ms1 z ^! are scatt]$ all ov] ! _w1     
multitudes ( di/9ct obs]vations h to be 
prosecut$1 & _! results sl[ly           
accumulat$1 be=e ev5 ! mo/ compet5t     
work]s c occupy a position f :i* x is   
possible to make a beg9n+ ) our =eca/ ( 
g5]al conclusions4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/         
favorable circum/ances1 a great deal mu/
 be left to problematic inf]5ce1 & ev5  
to imag9ation4 ,ga!r+s ( facts may be   
record$ 9 a mann] :i* places !m beyond  
rea* ( d\bt1 :ile !ories f\nd$ ^u !m    
hang long 9 susp5se1 wait+ confirmation 
on condition ( be+ able to endure       
protract$ criticism1 & manifold         
applications4 ,?is acc\nts = !          
difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ ready to h&  
g5]al conclusions :i* h secur$ univ]sal 
acceptance1 :5 we beg9 to move some:at  
freely ov] ! wide regions pres5t+ !     
manifold problems ( organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,&
 z x is solely ) g5]al conclusions1 t   
religi\s ?\ght is conc]n$1 "s %>e (     
p]plexity mu/ atta* to ! attempt to     

discuss ! "q ( h>mony4 ,we mu/ "h !re=e 
be consid]ably involv$ 9 que/ions       
affect+ !ories :i* h ga9$ wide favor 9  
sci5tific circles1 z well z ) cle>ly    
record$ & c]ta9 results4 ,"s g5]al      
que/ions1 su* z t affect+ !             
classification ( animals1 mu/ be reg>d$ 
z peculi>ly sci5tific4 ,:e!r !          
classification ( ,l9nu1 or ( ,cuvi]1 or 
"s o!r m rec5tly sugge/$1 is to be      
pref]r$1 is a matt] :i* does n "h conc]n
 u4 ,b a !ory ( ! orig9 ( species mu/ be
 consid]$1 because x is n purely        
sci5tific1 b br+s sci5ce into direct    
relation ) common ?\ght z to ! ord] ( ! 
univ]se1 & may !re=e /& relat$ to       
religi\s ?\ght4  ,imm$iately on direct+ 
att5tion to organiz$ exi/5ce1--to ,,life
 9 any =m1--we enc\nt] a new problem1   
namely ! relation ( ! organiz$ to !     
unorganiz$4 ,h[ is ! appe>ance ( ?is    
high] ord] ( exi/5ce to be acc\nt$ =8 ,c
 we f9d 9 ! nature ( matt]1 & 9 !       
me*anical & *emical laws influ5c+ its   
position & comb9ation1 any explanation (

 ! appe>ance ( life 9 ! _w8 ,or mu/ we  
reg>d life z a new & high] fact1        
unexpla9$ by ref]5ce to ! l[] =m (      
exi/5ce1 & incapable ( explanation 9 ?is
 way8 ,:e!r !re is a cle> l9e (         
dem>cation betwe5 vegetable & animal    
life is a comp>atively subord9ate "q4 ,x
 is ! wid] & m p]plex+ "q :i* mo/       
fundam5tally affects our g5]al          
conceptions z to ! hi/ory & gov]nm5t ( !
 _w8 ,& :5 ?is "q is press$ s+ly1--h[ c 
we acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( life 9 !      
_w8--sci5ce has no answ] to pres5t4     
,life /ill rema9s a my/]y 9 sci5tific   
times1 z x _h be5 9 pa/ ages4 ,mu* has  
be5 writt5 z to ! orig9 ( species2 no?+ 
to any purpose has yet be5 said z to !  
orig9 ( life itself4 ,! secrets ( !     
univ]se 9 ?is respect h elud$ discov]y1 
& a con/ra9$ sil5ce is ! consequ5ce4  ,b
 if sci5ce itself has no?+ to say z to  
?is fundam5tal problem1 sci5tific m5 h  
mu* to say z to ! probability ( a true  
solution ( ! my/]y be+ =?com+4 ,!re is 9
 _m qu>t]s an expectation t we may yet  

und]/& ! physical pr9ciples1 t is1 !    
me*anical & *emical comb9ations1 :i* g  
to expla9 life z a work+ organism4,,ao  
,! sugge/ions ( ,rum=d & ,j\le may yet  
be> results 9 ?is direction1 = x is     
matt] ( g5]al agreem5t t liv+ organism  
may be reg>d$ z an eng9e do+ a giv5     
am\nt ( "w1 on condition ( be+ suppli$ )
 a giv5 am\nt ( fuel 9 ! =m ( n\ri%m5t4 
,:5 !re=e ,rum=d sugge/s t ! animal is a
 m economical eng9e ?an any ( !         
me*anical contrivances :i* man          
con/ructs1 & :5 ,j\le advances          
consid]ably beyond ?is to sugge/ t !    
animal m resembles an electro-magnetic  
eng9e1 ?an a heat eng9e1 x seems q )9 ! 
range ( possibility t 9 "s su* direction
 discov]y may yet be made ( ! physical  
pr9ciples involv$ 9 life4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 
leaves unt\*$ ! deep] "q z to ! orig9 ( 
life4 ,we are entirely ignorant ( any   
beg9n+ ( life :i* is n trac$ directly to
 a prec$+ liv+ organism4 ,ei!r1 z 9 !   
case ( plants1 !re is increase ( life by
 fission1 or sep>ation f an e>li] gr[?1 

or by means ( se$ gr[n ^u ! p>5t plant2 
or1 z 9 ! case ( animals1 by g]m or     
ovum4 ,b ! "q ( ! orig9 ( life is remote
 f u hi/orically1 & p]plex+ to u        
exp]im5tally4 ,if we seek guidance      
hi/orically1 we turn to geology1 & le>n 
t ! /ructure ( ! e>? has involv$        
successive =mations4 ,! mat]ials ( !    
e>?'s cru/ are n ?r[n toge!r confus$ly1 
b exhibit a c]ta9 ord] ( arrangem5t2,,ap
 ! m9]al masses are p>tly aque\s1 p>tly 
igne\s1 9 =mation2 accord+ z !y are "o  
or o!r1 !y conta9 organic rema9s1 or are
 m>k$ by _! abs5ce4 ,all t c be inf]r$ f
 ! data ?us af=d$ is t at a c]ta9 p]iod 
9 ! _w's hi/ory1 :5 temp]ature & o!r    
conditions affect+ ! possibility (      
organic exi/5ce 7 favorable1 life       
appe>$4 ,z to ! cause ( its appe>ance1  
geology c give no te/imony4 ,if next1 we
 ref] to palontology1 we le>n ( !       
exi/5ce ( colossal animals :i* h long   
s9ce become ext9ct2 b su* rese>*es only 
wid5 our acqua9tance ) diff]5t ord]s (  
animals1 contribut+ no?+ t[>ds !        

solution ( ! problem conc]n+ ! orig9 (  
life4 ,! exp]im5tal sci5ce ( ! pres5t   
day1 ) all ! advantages aris+ f         
microscopical obs]vation1 is altoge!r   
unable to (f] any explanation4          
,exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( te/+ !         
probability ( spontane\s g5]ation h be5 
already describ$1 & _! failure leaves   
exp]im5tal sci5ce )\t any direct        
te/imony2 :ile _! hi/ory yields p[]ful  
indirect evid5ce 9 support ( ! position 
t orig9 ( life ap>t f g]m is unkn[n4  ,x
 is1 h[ev]1 desirable "h1 9 ord] to give
 complet5ess to our view ( ! pres5t     
situation1 to rem>k t among sci5tific m5
 !re are "s :o h no expectation ( a     
sci5tific explanation ( ! orig9 ( life2 
:ile o!rs are exce$+ly hopeful t su*    
explanation may be rea*$1 9 ! latt]     
class appe>+ naturally all ^? :o op5ly  
proclaim aga9/ :at !y "n an             
incompreh5sible act ( creation1 &       
volunt>ily place !mselves 9 antagonism  
to religi\s ?\ght4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( "s   
consequ5ce to indicate ! gr\nds on :i*  

su* opposite views re/4 ,on ! "o side1  
,pr(essor ,tait1 :ile sugge/+ !         
possibility ( yet discov]+ ! physical   
pr9ciples :i* det]m9e life1 nev]!less   
adds1 ,let no "o imag9e t1 %\ld we ev]  
p5etrate ?is my/]y1 we %all !reby be    
enabl$ to produce1 except f life1 ev5 ! 
l[e/ =m ( life4,,aq ,on ! o!r h&        
,pr(essor ,s*midt ( ,/rasburg ma9ta9s ! 
opposite view1 affirm+ t ! inve/igation 
( nature does n %r9k f enroll+ life1 & !
 processes ( life 9 ! _w ( !            
compreh5sible4,,ar ,?is latt] ass]tion  
is n to be acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd t       
,s*midt is ! ard5t admir] & def5d] ( !  
!ory ( orig9 ( species by natural       
selection1 = x is cle>1 z he ma9ta9s 9  
reply+ to ,max ,mll]1 t ! orig9 ( life  
has 9 fact no?+ to d ) actual ,d>w9ism1 
or natural selection1 unless ! pr9ciple 
( selection be ext5d$ to ! inorganic _w 
( matt]4,,z ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself does n   
sugge/ any su* ext5sion1 & 8 !ory (     
species is n *>geable ) x4 ,x %\ld1     
inde$1 be cle>ly recogniz$ on all h&s t 

! naturali/ conf9es himself to a n>r[]  
range ( inquiry1 tak+ exi/+ phases (    
life z ! subject ( 8 /udy4 ,accord+ly1  
:oev] claims t ! orig9 ( life comes )9 !
 compass ( sci5ce1 does s on ! gr\nd t  
!re is no dem>cation betwe5 ! organic & 
! inorganic1--t ! =m] may arise directly
 f ! latt]1--& s he commits himself to a
 doctr9e ( desc5t _w-wide 9 its         
application1 involv+ developm5t 9 ! _w (
 all its v>i$ phases ( exi/5ce f a mass 
( unorganiz$ matt]4  ,?is expla9s !     
diff]5ce ( op9ion among sci5tific m5 z  
to ! possibility ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 (  
life4 ,a c]ta9 numb] d5y ! possibility1 
z !y d ! possibility ( expla9+          
sci5tifically ! orig9 ( matt] on !      
explicit gr\nd indicat$ by              
,laplace1--,pres5t ev5ts are connect$ ) 
! ev5ts ( ! pa/ by a l9k re/+ on !      
obvi\s pr9ciple1 t a ?+ c n beg9 to exi/
 )\t a cause :i* produces x4,,at ,!y d n
 f9d 9 inorganic matt] suffici5t cause  
to acc\nt = life1 & _! expectations are 
re/rict$ accord+ly4 ,^? :o *]i% a       

contr>y expectation1 d n v9dicate x by  
contradiction ( ! obvi\s pr9ciple       
enunciat$ by ,laplace1 or ev5 by ma9ta9+
 t inorganic matt] is adequate to       
produce liv+ organism4 ,!y cl+ to ! m   
g5]al & d\btful position t no limits are
 to be assign$ to sci5ce1 or z x is (t5 
/at$1 all nature belongs to !           
compreh5sible4 ,! failure ( pa/         
exp]im5ts is no pro( t inevitable       
failure awaits o!r exp]im5ts :i* may yet
 be made4 ,to ab&on expectation seems to
 !m to be unfai?ful to sci5ce4 ,9 ?is   
fa%ion1 ,pr(essor ,s*midt decl>es t to  
any "o :o holds op5 ! possibility t1 ev5
 n[1 animate may be evolv$ f inanimate1 
)\t ! m$iation ( prog5itors1 ! fir/     
orig9 ( life 9 ?is natural me?od is at  
once self-evid5t4,,au ,to ?is view ! o!r
 side may legitimately reply1 t if !    
orig9 ( life be z easily acc\nt$ =1 z   
provision is "h made = ! self-evid5t1   
sci5ce w soon be at a disc\nt4 ,to ^?   
reg>d+ ! matt] f )\t1 & wait+ = te/imony
 z to :at is sci5tifically e/abli%$1 x  

is cle> t !re is no explanation ( !     
orig9 ( life2 & ,i ?9k x w be mo/       
commonly held t ! weight ( reason z to  
expectations = ! future lies ) ^? :o    
ab&on ! anticipation ( any sci5tific    
explanation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 actual   
conclusions on sci5tific evid5ce no?+   
involv+ conflict ) religi\s conviction2 
& all[ance w be made = cont9u$ & ext5d$ 
exp]im5ts1 provid$ only t ! hold+ op5 ! 
possibility1 does n make ! probability  
self-evid5t4  ,pass+ ?us f ! unsolv$    
problem ( ! orig9 ( life1--) ! att5dant 
ackn[l$gm5t t !re is no sci5tific !ory (
 ! _w's desc5t f primordial atoms1 we   
advance to ! te/imony ( sci5ce conc]n+  
diff]5t ord]s ( life1 & _! relations to 
ea* o!r4 ,"h !re is no re/riction z to !
 use ( sci5tific me?ods2 !re is wide    
range = free action by ! ho/s ( obs]v]s 
requir$ = ! "w4 ,a s5se ( ! relief :i*  
?is implies1 9 contra/ ) ! hamp]+       
re/ra9ts surr\nd+ ! e>li] "q1 imp>ts to 
! words ( ,s*midt a m jubilant tone1 z  
he says1 ,betwe5 beg9n+ & end1 we       

naturali/s may d z we please4,,av  ,9   
?is region x w be univ]sally admitt$ t !
 developm5t ( species by selection is ! 
conception :i* has ga9$ greate/ hold ^u 
! sci5tific m9d )9 rec5t times4         
,accord+ly x seems bett] to beg9 ) an   
outl9e ( ?is !ory1 & ( its hi/ory z     
develop$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 keep+1 h[ev]1   
/eadily 9 view ! range ( problem ) :i* !
 !ory has to deal4  ,z already rem>k$ ! 
orig9 ( life is a problem q di/9ct1 & ! 
!ory ( selection does n entangle itself 
by ma9ta9+ orig9 ( life by developm5t f 
unorganiz$ matt]4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cle>ly     
gu>d$ himself aga9/ responsibility = su*
 a conception ( its orig94,,aw ,re/rict+
 ?us f>1 we h to keep 9 view ! va/ range
 ( ! problem dem&+ sci5tific            
explanation4  ,animal life manife/s     
itself by spontane\s movem5t1--movem5t f
 )9 ! liv+ organism1 9 contra/ ) movem5t
 caus$ by en]gy appli$ f )\t4 ,?is holds
 true ( e liv+ g]m1 f :i* a mature      
animal =m may be develop$4 ,?is is ! te/
 ( ! pres5ce ( life "u ! microscope 9   

m9ute g]m9al /ructures o!rwise incapable
 ( obs]vation4 ,9 its l[e/ kn[n =m life 
appe>s 9 a m9ute vessel conta9+ s mu*   
n\ri%m5t1 :i* is )9 a nucleus or vital  
c5tre f :i* movem5t orig9ates4,,ax ,?is 
dep5ds = its developm5t on ext]nal      
conditions su* z heat & moi/ure4,,ay    
,advance 9 ! scale is connect$ ) great] 
complexity 9 ! organism4 ,z we asc5d1   
sep>ate organs appe>1 fulfill+ di/9ct   
functions1 & controll$ by means ( a n]ve
 sy/em ^: ramifications are accord+ to !
 intricacy ( ! organism4 ,! appe>ance ( 
su* a n]ve sy/em implies s5sibility &   
motor activity1 provision = an exp]i5ce 
m or less v>i$1 & movem5t 9 "s measure  
accord+ ) x1 or adapt$ to x4 ,f a n]ve  
sy/em consi/+ ( a c5tre & a few fibres1 
we gradually asc5d1 until 9 ! high]     
v]tebrate ord]s1 we f9d a va/ sy/em (   
n]ves h>moniz$ & gov]n$ f a gr& c5tre or
 t]m9us con/itut+ ! bra94,,az ,) !      
/eadily advanc+ complexity ( n]ve sy/em1
 !re is great div]sity 9 ! ord]s (      
animals1 9 ! v>iety ( actions ( :i* !y  

are capable1 9 adaptation to diff]5t    
conditions ( life1 & 9 ! modes 9 :i* !y 
obta9 subsi/5ce4 ,! sci5tific problem   
is--,h[ f> c we acc\nt = all ?is complex
 sy/em ( ?+s by ! action ( natural      
causes8  ,z we are "h specially conc]n$ 
) rul+ conceptions1 & only indirectly ) 
details1 ! relations ( ! animal &       
vegetable k+doms may be pass$1 ) !      
ackn[l$gm5t t ! two are obvi\sly di/9ct1
 & yet t ! vegetable v ne>ly m]ges into 
! animal at c]ta9 po9ts1 z illu/rat$ by 
s5sibility1 if n by locomotion4 ,s may  
we waive discussion ( ! classification (
 animals1 :i* involves important po9ts  
closely connect$ ) ! ma9 "q4 ,all[+ t ! 
wond]ful div]sity 9 animal organization1
 may admit ( diff]5t modes (            
classification2 & yet grant+ t !        
/ructure ( ! animal economy 9 all its   
=ms proce$s on common pr9ciples1 :i* mu/
 lead to practical agreem5t z to modes (
 classification2 we deal ) ! s+le "q z  
to ! natural causes s]v+ to expla9      
diff]5t ord]s4  ,mr4 ,d>w9's sugge/ion1 

l>gely support$ by evid5ce f _m qu>t]s1 
& n[ comm&+ a v g5]al support is1 t all 
?is div]sity may be reg>d$ z ! product (
 a long process ( developm5t4 ,?is !ory 
takes ! :ole ord]s ( exi/5ce into "o    
sweep4 ,! l[e/ type ( animal life       
pres5ts to view ! beg9n+ ( a protract$  
hi/ory2 ! highe/ ord] ( animate exi/5ce 
indicates ! /age ( advance at :i* we    
obs]ve ?+s at ! pres5t p]iod4 ,= su* a  
!ory ! hi/ory ( individual developm5t   
belong+ to :atev] ord]1 & ! hi/ory (    
di/9ct ord]s z indicat+ improvem5t &    
deviation ( :atev] aspect1 pres5t       
evid5ce ( special value4 ,! mo/         
important causes reli$ ^u z contribut+  
to ! =mation ( a sci5tific !ory may be  
pres5t$ "u ^! f\r heads--7#a7 ,! action 
( ext]nal causes z provid$ = by         
environm5t2 7#b7 p[] ( adaptability )9  
ea* organism1 provid+ = *anges accord+  
to requirem5t f )\t1 :i* may be describ$
 z adaptive *anges ( /ructure2 7#c7 !   
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 accordance ) :i* ! 
/ronge/ ga9 ! ma/]y & consequ5t         

advantage 9 obta9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce2 
& 7#d7 natural selection among ! sexes1 
giv+ to ! (fspr+ all advantages accord+ 
to ! laws ( h]$it>y desc5t4  ,! ess5tial
 feature 9 ?is !ory is ! p[] (          
adaptability inh]5t 9 ! organism4 ,?is  
is po/ulat$ z *>act]i/ic ( all organiz$ 
exi/5ce2 & x is impli$1 t ?is p[] (     
adaptability multiplies 9 a degree      
approximat+ to ! measure ( complexity   
belong+ to ! organism4 ,! inh]5t        
capacity = deviation is ?us mu* less 9 !
 mollusk ?an 9 ! bird2 & 9 ! bird mu*   
less ?an 9 ! quadrup$4 ,?us ! developm5t
 process :i* mu/1 accord+ to ?is view1 h
 be5 exce$+ly sl[ 9 ! e>li] /ages1 mu/ h
 be5 greatly accel]at$ :5 m complex     
organisms _h come into exi/5ce1 & all ! 
advantages accru$ f great] div]sity (   
mat]ials4 ,su* is a brief outl9e ( !    
!ory2 & look$ at simply z a !ory1 !re is
 a manife/ attraction 9 ! boldness ( !  
conception1 & ! wide sweep ( !          
g5]alization :i* x includes4 ,tak5 m]ely
 z an intellectual repres5tation sett+  

=? a conceivable ord] ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se1
 x has a great deal to comm& att5tion & 
awak5 int]e/4 ,x is1 inde$1 a novelty 9 
! hi/ory ( sci5tific ?\ght1 & z su* at  
v>iance ) previ\s conceptions1 bo?      
sci5tific & non-sci5tific4 ,b x is no m 
at v>iance ) religi\s ?\ght1 ?an )      
ord9>y notions ( prec$+ times2 :ile to !
 au?or ^: "n is n[ associat$ ) x all ov]
 ! sci5tific _w1 x is a m /rik+ te/imony
 ( ! m>vels ( creative p[]1,,ba ?an     
notions previ\sly curr5t1 :i* reg>d$ x z
 hi/orically true t e exi/+ v>iety (    
animal 0 laun*$ into be+ by a di/9ct    
creative act4 ,:atev] may be ! ultimate 
view ( ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>?1 bas$ on
 purely sci5tific data1--& we are /ill a
 f> way remov$ f :at may be reg>d$ z    
sci5tific evid5ce = su* a view1--! few] 
! primordial =ms to :i* ! multiplicity (
 exi/+ species c be trac$1 ! great] is !
 m>vel :i* sci5ce pres5ts1 & ! m conv9c+
 becomes ! intellectual necessity by :i*
 we travel back to a ,sup]natural       
,intellig5ce z ! s\rce ( all4 ,on ! o!r 

h&1 ! sl[ process by :i* sci5tific      
rese>* t5ds to make out ! natural hi/ory
 ( liv+ organisms f> remov$ f ea* o!r 9 
! scale ( be+1 trac+ _m gr\ps to a      
common p>5tage1 & assign+ _! appe>ance 9
 ! _w to di/9ct p]iods 9 its hi/ory1 w  
be se5 to be s f> anticipat$ & favor$ by
 ! graphic description ( ! introduction 
( animal life giv5 9 ! op5+ page (      
revelation1 :]e diff]5t ord]s are       
assign$ to successive epo*s4  ,:ile1    
h[ev]1 ^! ?+s are said at ! outset1 z   
af=d+ comm5cem5t = ! /udy ( an evolution
 !ory1 & deliv]+ u f ! supposition t !re
 is an inevitable antagonism betwe5     
sci5ce & recognition ( ! sup]natural1 we
 rev]t to ! rul+ pr9ciple = ?is :ole    
inquiry1 t sci5ce mu/ prosecute its own 
rese>*es1 unfett]$ by =eca/ (           
consequ5ces2 & t ! ,bible is n to be    
h&l$ z if x 7 a book ( sci5ce1 = x nei!r
 lays re/ra9ts ^u human inquiry1 nor    
deliv]s u f ! ne$ = x4  ,! be/ me?od =  
ent]+ ^u a /udy ( ! !ory ( evolution by 
natural selection is to take ,mr4       

,d>w9's own acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* x    
began to take %ape be=e 8 m9d4 ,9 8     
hi/orical sket* ( ! rec5t progress (    
op9ion on ! orig9 ( species1,,bb he     
traces to ,lam>k ! fir/ sugge/ions on ! 
subject1 direct+ public att5tion to ! "q
 9 #ahja2 !reaft] a succession (        
naturali/s includ+ ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,wells1
 & ,patrick ,mat!w1 f sep>ate &         
incid5tal obs]vations1 dwelt ^u !       
difficulty ( di/+ui%+ species1 & on !   
evid5ce ( an ar*etypal idea1 or common  
plan ( /ructure1 be+ applicable 9 !     
hi/ory ( :ole ord]s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 !n gives
 ! foll[+ biographical ref]5ces at !    
outset1--,:5 on bo>d ,h4 ,m4 ,s4        
',beagle1' z naturali/1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck )
 c]ta9 facts 9 ! di/ribution ( ! organic
 be+s inhabit+ ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 !      
geological relations ( ! pres5t to ! pa/
 inhabitants ( t cont95t4 ,^! facts     
seem$ to ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 (      
species--t my/]y ( my/]ies1 z x has be5 
call$ by "o ( our greate/ philosoph]s4  
,on my return home1 x occurr$ to me 9   

#ahcg1 t some?+ might p]haps be made out
 on ?is "q by pati5tly accumulat+ &     
reflect+ on all sorts ( facts :i* c\ld  
possibly h any be>+ on x4 ,aft] five    
ye>s' "w ,i all[$ myself to speculate on
 ! subject1 & drew up "s %ort notes2 ^! 
,i enl>g$ 9 #ahdd into a sket* ( !      
conclusions :i* !n seem$ to me probable3
 f t p]iod to ! pres5t day ,i h /eadily 
pursu$ ! same object4,,bc ,su* is ,mr4  
,d>w9's op5+ p>agraph 9 ! n[ celebrat$  
,orig9 ( ,species4 ,no "o int]e/$ 9 su* 
inve/igations w hesitate to approve &   
tru/ ! pati5tly accumulat+ & reflect+ on
 all sorts ( facts2 nor c !re be any    
hesitation 9 grant+ ! w>rantabl5ess ( 8 
beg9n+ to speculate z to ! probable     
results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! mo/ ard5t  
admir]s ( ! evolution !ory c n refuse to
 all[ t only its pr9ciples are c]ta91   
:ile its ultimate =m is /ill matt] (    
conjecture & speculation4 ,q div]g5t    
l9es ( speculation h f\nd a />t )9 !    
compass ( ! ph5om5a br\ght "u review1 & 
x is already app>5t t opposite t5d5cies 

( ?\ght h effect$ a lodgm5t "u ! common 
"n ( evolution4 ,9 ^! circum/ances !re  
is no direct call1 z !re are no prop]   
mat]ials1 = attempt+ a reconciliation   
betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( religion1 & def9ite
 sci5tific conclusions z to ! orig9 (   
species4 ,we are /ill occupy+ t position
 :i* makes hi/orical treatm5t ( !       
subject ! mo/ appropriate1 leav+ to     
speculation ! probable l9es ( adju/m5t  
:i* may r5d] possible a wid] induction  
be>+ on a g5]al !ory ( ! univ]se4  ,!   
obs]vations ( ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace 9
 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago l$ t[>ds ! same   
conclusions z ^? indicat$ by ,d>w91 to  
:om ,mr4 ,wallace d$icat$ 8 book1,,bd   
giv+ ! results ( rese>* ext5d+ f #ahed  
to #ahfb1 & 9 confirmation ( ,d>w9's    
!ory1 ?\gh diff]+ on important po9ts1   
,wallace publi%$ 9 #ahgj 8 ,contribution
 to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,mr4 
,d>w9's views :5 fir/ promulgat$ receiv$
 decid$ ?\gh some:at gu>d$ support f    
,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ^: geological /udies
 m>k$ him out z a highly qualifi$       

witness on ! subject1 & 7 /rongly favor$
 by ,dr4 ,hook]1 au?or ( ,introduction  
to ! ,au/ralian ,flora1 :ile !y enc\nt]$
 n a little criticism1 & 7 met )        
ann\ncem5ts ( =mal res]vations1 on ! "p 
( di/+ui%$ naturali/s4  ,a full] /atem5t
 z to ! hi/ory ( 8 own ?\ght 0 giv5 by  
,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! fif? edition ( 8 "w1 &   
also 9 a lett] to ,hckel1 au?or ( !     
bold] v5ture z to ! ,hi/ory ( !         
,creation1 & ! ,evolution ( ,man4 ,?is  
lett] to ,hckel may be giv5 "h z hav+   
consid]able value 9 its be>+ on !       
=mation ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,aft]     
ref]r+ to 8 e>ly rese>*es z to l[] =ms (
 life1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 proce$s ?us--,hav+    
reflect$ mu* on ! =ego+ facts1 x seem$  
to me probable t alli$ species 7 desc5d$
 f a common ance/or4 ,b dur+ sev]al ye>s
 ,i c\ld n conceive h[ ea* =m c\ld h be5
 modifi$ s z to become admirably adapt$ 
to its place 9 nature4 ,i began !re=e to
 /udy dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$    
plants1 & aft] a "t p]ceiv$ t man's p[] 
( select+ & bre$+ f c]ta9 individuals 0 

! mo/ p[]ful ( all means 9 ! production 
( new races4 ,hav+ att5d$ to ! habits ( 
animals & _! relations to ! surr\nd+    
conditions1 ,i 0 able to realize ! sev]e
 /ruggle = exi/5ce to :i* all organisms 
are subject$2 & my geological           
obs]vations _h all[$ me to appreciate to
 a c]ta9 ext5t ! duration ( pa/         
geological p]iods4 ,) my m9d ?us prep>$1
 ,i =tunately happ5$ to read ,mal?us's  
,essay on ,population2 & ! idea (       
natural selection ?r\gh ! /ruggle =     
exi/5ce at once occurr$ to me4 ,( all ! 
subord9ate po9ts 9 ! !ory1 ! la/ :i* ,i 
und]/ood 0 ! cause ( ! t5d5cy 9 !       
desc5dants f a common prog5itor to      
div]ge 9 "*4,,be ,?is %ort passage 9    
p]sonal hi/ory may consid]ably aid o!rs 
9 _! /udy ( ! !ory4  ,?is lett] may )   
advantage be supplem5t$ by "o or two    
brief extracts f ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4  
,9 "o ( 8 mo/ rec5t editions1 our au?or 
says1--,x may be metaphorically said1 t 
natural selection is daily2 & h\rly     
scrut9iz+ ?r\gh\t ! _w ! slighte/       

v>iations1 reject+ ^? t are bad1 pres]v+
 & add+ up all t are good2 sil5tly &    
ins5sibly work+1 :5ev] & :]ev]          
opportunity (f]s1 at ! improvem5t ( ea* 
organic be+ 9 relation to its organic & 
inorganic conditions ( life4 ,su* a     
metaphorical repres5tation attribut+ to 
nature diff]5t processes1 su* z         
scrut9iz+1 reject+1 pres]v+1 & work+1   
consid]ably aids u by po9t+ to !        
intellectual conditions involv$ 9 !     
acceptance ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,to ?is
 x may suffice if !re be add$ ! clos+   
passage 9 our au?or's "w on species1    
indicat+ 8 view ( ! relation ( all to ! 
sup]natural4 ,x is 9 ^! words--,?us1 f !
 w> ( nature1 f fam9e & dea?1 ! mo/     
exalt$ object :i* we are capable (      
conceiv+1,,bf namely1 ! production ( !  
high] animals1 directly foll[s4 ,!re is 
gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al  
p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by !    
,creator into a few =ms or into "o2 & t 
:il/ ?is planet has gone cycl+ on       
accord+ to ! fix$ law ( gravity1 f s    

simple a beg9n+ endless =ms mo/         
beautiful & mo/ wond]ful h be51 & are   
be+ evolv$4,,bg ,on ?is passage1 ,s*midt
 has rem>k$--,9 ?is concession1 ,d>w9   
has c]ta9ly be5 untrue to himself2 & x  
satisfies nei!r ^? :o believe 9 !       
cont9u\s "w ( creation by a p]sonal     
,god1 nor ! p>tisans ( natural          
evolution4 ,9 ?is criticism we h a good 
example ( ! mann] 9 :i* an impression ( 
conflict is fo/]$4 ,! rejo9d] to ,s*midt
 is obvi\s4 ,^? :o value religion seek  
no concessions1 b desire to bani% f     
sci5tific & philosophic writ+ all ?\ght 
t5d+ 9 ?is direction4 ,if1 h[ev]1       
ne$less complications are to be avoid$1 
we mu/ h exact /atem5ts ( ! relative    
positions4 ,! s5t5ce j quot$ involves a 
misrepres5tation equally ( religion &   
sci5ce4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural does n  
imply belief 9 a cont9u\s "w ( creation1
 & !re=e does n c>ry any ?+ inh]5tly    
antagoni/ic to ! conception ( evolution 
"u natural law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 belief 9  
evolution ( species "u ! action (       

natural law does n decide ! "q1 conc]n+ 
! orig9 ( life1 j z a sci5ce ( nature c 
decide no?+ conc]n+ ! sup]natural4      
,pr(essor ,s*midt is1 h[ev]1 s f> f     
cle>ly & consi/5tly recogniz+ ! exact   
limit ( ! !ory1 t )9 ! compass ( a s+le 
page he fir/ affirms ! limitation1 & !n 
d5ies x4 ,fir/ v9dicat+ ,d>w9 f ! attack
 ( ,max ,mll] z to beg9n+ & end ( liv+  
organism1 he says1 ,! orig9 ( life has 9
 fact no?+ to d ) actual ,d>w9ism1 or   
natural selection1 unless ! pr9ciple (  
selection be ext5d$ to ! inorganic _w ( 
matt]1,,bh an entanglem5t :i* ,s*midt is
 will+ to avoid1 & :i* ,d>w9 c>efully   
%uns1 di/9ctly /at+ t ,sci5ce 9 h]      
pres5t /ate does n c\nt5ance ! belief t 
liv+ creatures are n[ ev] produc$ f     
inorganic matt]4,,bi ,b ,s*midt has no  
soon] plac$ himself beh9d ?is l9e (     
def5ce1 ?an he attacks ,d>w9 = ackn[l$g+
 orig9 ( life by creation1 ma9ta9+ t x  
is directly incompatible ) ! doctr9e (  
desc5t4,,bj ,! !ori/ mu/ take ei!r "o   
side or ! o!r4 ,ei!r he mu/ ma9ta9 t !  

!ory ( desc5t has no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( 
life1 & 9 t case !re is no conflict )   
religi\s ?\ght2 or t ! !ory ( desc5t is 
incompatible ) creation1 & 9 t case !re 
is conflict ) religi\s ?\ght1 & at !    
same "t inconsi/5cy ) sci5ce1 9 respect 
( its own def9ition z an explanation (  
nature1 & 9 respect ( its own results   
:i* d n involve spontane\s g5]ation1 b d
 include ! position t n a s+le p>ticle (
 matt] c be orig9at$ or de/roy$ by any  
p[] recogniz$ 9 op]ation4 ,no "o w      
dispute ! claims ( ! inve/igation (     
nature to its logical inf]5ces1 b :]e ! 
mat]ial sub/ratum is defici5t1 mo/      
reasonable m5 w dem& t di/9ct           
ackn[l$gm5t be made ( ! fact1 & t !     
b\nd>ies ( sci5ce be def9$ accord+ly4   
,if1 h[ev]1 any "o be incl9$ to ma9ta9 t
 :]e ! mat]ial sub/ratum is defici5t1   
all inquiry mu/ t]m9ate1 & human ?\ght  
mu/ refuse to g fur!r1 or to attempt to 
rise high]1 ?is c]ta9ly is n sci5ce1 b  
an illogical attempt to make ! sci5ce ( 
nature comm5surate ) ! b\nd>ies (       

?\ght1--an arbitr>y decl>ation t !      
causal s]ies )9 ! mat]ial univ]se is !  
sum total ( causality4 ,su* an          
affirmation c n w>rantably atta* itself 
to a !ory ( desc5t1 z x c n be te/$ by  
obs]vational me?ods1 b altoge!r by      
ref]5ce to ! laws ( ?\ght det]m9+ !     
value ( rationaliz+ processes4 ,! !ory (
 natural evolution1 implies evolution f 
some?+2 x po/ulates a beg9n+ f :i* x    
takes proc$ure1 & x exhau/s itself 9    
obs]vations conc]n+ su* deviations z    
occur 9 ! annals ( natural hi/ory4 ,if1 
!re=e1 any ( ! p>tisans ( natural       
evolution1 take up a position involv+   
d5ial ( a rational ackn[l$gm5t ( !      
sup]natural1 !y isolate !mselves 9 s    
do+1 leav+ ! !ory free f responsibility 
z to _! attitude1 & tak+ ^u !mselves !  
logical necessity = v9dicat+ _! position
 on gr\nds ) :i* ! !ory ( evolution     
itself has no conc]n4  ,hav+ ?us        
v9dicat$ ! !ory ( natural evolution f   
all %>e 9 ! d5ial ( creation1 & hav+    
ent]$ a prote/ ^u purely sci5tific      

gr\nds aga9/ ! attempt to translate a   
sci5tific !ory conc]n+ a limit$ ord] (  
facts )9 ! univ]se into a metaphysical  
!ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 we are
 9 a position to conc5trate ^u ! !ory   
itself z an attempt to provide a        
sci5tific explanation ( ! hi/ory ( liv+ 
organism4 ,& ?is is "h done ) ! view (  
asc]ta9+1 9 a g5]al & necess>ily        
re/rict$ mann]1 ! value ( ! evid5ce     
pres5t$ = its acceptance1 !reby asc]ta9+
 its relations to ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics
 ( religi\s ?\ght4  ,! fir/ & simple/ "p
 ( ! task is to indicate ! favorable    
impression x has made on ! m9ds ( m51--!
 conque/ x has already won = itself1--z 
a !ory c>ry+ )9 x a l>ge am\nt ( tru?1  
:atev] may be its f9al =m1 aft] ! v     
intricate & difficult que/ions involv$ h
 be5 c>efully exam9$4 ,! !ory has c>ri$ 
g5]al approval = ! position t alli$     
species are desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 
or1 /at+ ! same view 9 ! mann] sugge/$  
by exp]im5t1 t x is possible to obta9 9 
! hi/ory ( a s+le race ( animals1       

consid]able deviations 9 /ructure1 & to 
give ^! deviations fix$ness or p]man5ce 
by cont9uance ( select$ features along !
 l9e ( h]$it>y desc5t4 ,?is has be5     
amply illu/rat$ by ! examples ( ! v>i\s 
ord]s ( pigeons1 & ( dogs2 bo? classes (
 animals hav+ be5 l>gely exp]im5t$ ^u1 &
 ! di/9ct v>ieties be+ easily recogniz$ 
& popul>ly kn[n4 ,comp>atively little   
hesitation exi/s z to ackn[l$g+ t !     
diff]5t ord]s ( pigeons h _h a common   
ance/ry2 & t ! same may be said ( !     
diff]5t races ( dogs4 ,^! examples af=d 
! gov]n+ conception ( ! evolution !ory1 
pres5t+ ! type ( evid5ce :i* has l$ on  
to ! wid] g5]alization4 ,"u !           
discussions :i* ! !ory has orig9at$     
facts previ\sly famili> h be5           
contemplat$ 9 a diff]5t light1 z be>+ ^u
 a g5]al plan or ord] ( proc$ure app>5t 
9 ! hi/ory ( organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,!       
consequ5t ga9 = ! !ory is altoge!r      
favorable to ! re/rict$ doctr9e t alli$ 
species h _h a common desc5t1 or t a    
s+le type ( organism may "u ! law (     

evolution lead to ! appe>ance ( diff]5t 
ord]s or races ( animals4  ,! cle>      
advance ?us made 9 our conceptions ( !  
hi/ory ( ! univ]se w appe> by simple    
/atem5t ( negative results foll[+ f !   
admission ( ! modifi$ =m ( doctr9e j    
giv54 ,^! involve ! rejection ( views   
previ\sly held1 n by religi\s m5 9      
religi\s int]e/s1 b by m5 g5]ally1 z !  
natural consequ5ce ( ! want ( sci5tific 
inve/igations fitt$ to guide ! public   
m9d4 ,s f> z a g5]al conclusion has ga9$
 ass5t1 m5 %[ no reluctance to accept ! 
cle> logical inf]5ces foll[+ f !        
inve/igation ( nature4  ,among ^!       
results is rejection ( fix$ness (       
species z imply+ impossibility (        
deviation f a s+le normal type (        
/ructure4 ,! possibility ( adaptive     
*anges be+ grant$1 ! absolute fix$ness (
 species 9 ! rigid s5se =m]ly ackn[l$g$ 
is ab&on$4 ,h[ great ! modification (   
view mu/ be1 is mu* m difficult to      
decide1 & h>dly admits ( exact /atem5t4 
,!re is c]ta9ly no d5ial ( di/9ction (  

species1 nor c su* d5ial ev] f9d        
acceptance1 :atev] be ! advance ( !ory1 
= ! di/9ctions are s broad z to r5d] ?is
 impossible4 ,b ! :ole "w (             
classification ( ! diff]5t ord]s (      
animal life1 exce$+ly difficult 9 any   
case1 has be5 r5d]$ mu* m p]plex+ 9     
consequ5ce ( ! accumulation ( evid5ce   
favor+ ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,:at c    
prop]ly be reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( a new     
species1 & :at z a m]e modification or  
advance 9 a species already recogniz$1  
are que/ions = :i* x is difficult to f9d
 an exact answ]4 ,! !ory ( ! orig9 (    
species by natural selection seems plac$
 9 an awkw>d p]plexity z to :at         
con/itutes orig9 ( a new ord] ( life4 ,&
 ?is difficulty mu/ be reg>d$ z a       
con/ant att5dant on ! s*eme ( ?\ght1    
s9ce adaptive *anges mu/ be ( sl[       
progress1 & hi/orically obscure1 inasmu*
 z a succession ( v slight diff]5ces mu/
 contribute to a g5]al result4 ,9 ?is   
way x may ev5 become matt] ( ke5        
discussion :at actually con/itutes      

organic advance4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits s]i\s
 difficulty at ?is po9t4 ,he says1 ,"h  
we ent] on a v intricate subject1 =     
naturali/s h n def9$ to ea* o!r's       
satisfaction :at is meant by an advance 
9 organization4,,bk ,?us !re is dispute 
among compet5t au?orities z to :i* may  
prop]ly be consid]$ ! highe/ ord] (     
plants1 & :i* ! highe/ ord] ( fi%es4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 x is comp>atively easy to    
decide among ! m highly organiz$        
animals1 :5 an advance is made1 by      
ref]5ce to increas$ complexity 9        
/ructure1 or provision ( sep>ate organs 
= accompli%m5t ( di/9ct functions4 ,^!  
consid]ations1 h[ev]1 suffice to        
indicate h[ _m & complicat$ are !       
subjects requir+ to be exam9$ on        
evid5ce1 & adju/$ 9 _! relations to ea* 
o!r1 be=e x c be possible to get beyond 
surmise1 9 ord] to =mulate a complete   
sci5tific !ory4 ,t adaptive *anges by   
natural law ( evolution are n only      
possible1 b t !y frequ5tly occur "u     
obs]vation1 admits ( no "q2 b :e!r ?is  

includes *anges ( /ructure su* z imply  
orig9 ( species may /ill be subject (   
grave d\bt4 ,! alt]ations made by ,mr4  
,d>w9 9 successive editions ( 8 book1 f 
! fir/ edition 9 #ahei1 to ! six?       
edition 9 #ahgb1;,,bl introduc$1 z he   
expla9s1 accord+ z ! evid5ce has become 
some:at /rong] or weak]1 are suffici5t  
to sugge/ t a va/ am\nt ( "w rema9s to  
be done be=e a well-def9$ !ory c be     
=mulat$4 ,:ile !re is univ]sal agreem5t 
z to ! possibility ( adaptive *anges to 
:i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 provisionally re/rict$ 8 
!ory on acc\nt ( ! inve/igations (      
,nageli z to plants1 & ^? ( ,broca z to 
animals1 !re is mu* div]sity ( op9ion   
conc]n+ ! wid] application ( ! !ory (   
evolution4 ,?is div]sity arises 9 "p f !
 v>y+ e/imate ( ! value ( evid5ce z n[  
accumulat$1 & 9 "p f ! v>y+ conception (
 ! complet5ess ( our records ( ! anci5t 
hi/ory ( organism z pres5t$ by geology4 
,!re is z yet no g5]al cons5sus (       
op9ion1 nor is !re likely to be = a long
 "t to come4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself is      

suffici5tly cauti\s & fai?ful to        
obs]vational me?ods1 to admit t !re are 
s]i\s difficulties1 ( "s ( :i* he       
v5tures only to say t !y are greatly    
dim9i%$1 :ile "s h disappe>$4 ,o!r      
writ]s1 su* z ,hckel1 ) greatly less    
caution1 & ) mu* great] alacrity 9 leap+
 ov] *asms1 are prep>$ to g mu* fur!r & 
fa/] ?an ,d>w94 ,_m m are exce$+ly      
d\btful z to ! sci5tific value ( !      
evid5ce at comm&1 be+1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has 
said1 mu* %ak5 9 _! =m] belief4,,bm ,& (
 _m x mu/ be said t !y are conv9c$ t !  
evid5ce is f> f w>rant+ ! conclusion t  
all organiz$ exi/5ce c be trac$ to only 
a few =ms1 or to "o1 accord+ to !       
alt]natives sugge/$ by ,d>w9 9 ! clos+  
s5t5ce ( 8 book4  ,waiv+1 !n1 mean:ile1 
z ! /ate ( sci5tific evid5ce w>rants u  
to d1 ! "q ( ! probable numb] (         
primordial =ms 9 :i* organiz$ exi/5ce   
appe>$1 !re is at lea/ ano!r def9ite    
result to be record$ z foll[+ f ev5 a   
modifi$ recognition ( a !ory (          
developm5t1 t is ! rejection ( belief 9 

! simultane\s orig9 ( all species or    
ord]s ( animal life exi/+ n[ 9 ! _w4 ,! 
sci5tific conception ( ! hi/ory ( animal
 life is1 t !re has be5 a hi/orical     
progression 9 ! appe>ance ( animals1 9 s
 f> z l[] ord]s took prec$5ce ( high]1  
:ile ! high] h %[n l>ge p[] ( adaptation
 to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y h be5 plac$4
 ,9 accordance ) ! :ole pr9ciples       
regulat+ ! relations ( religion &       
sci5ce1 religi\s m51 sci5tific &        
non-sci5tific1 w readily acquiesce 9 ?is
 modification ( g5]al belief1 z l>gely  
favor$ by evid5ce :i* geology supplies1 
& support$ by te/imony drawn f !        
actually exi/+ ord] ( ?+s2 & !y w d s ) 
cle> recognition t ?is view involves no 
conflict ) scriptural /atem5t1 & is s f>
 f conta9+ 9 x any ?+ antagoni/ic to !  
fundam5tal conception ( ! sup]natural   
orig9 ( exi/5ce1 t x h>monizes ) x1 ev5 
int5sify+ ! dem& ^u a transc5d5t cause =
 ! rational explanation ( ! admitt$ ord]
 ( ?+s4  ,hav+ ?us indicat$ 9 def9ite =m
 ! favorable impression made on ! public

 m9d by ! !ory ( evolution "u a law (   
natural selection1 x w suffice to       
indicate v briefly ! m prom95t          
difficulties ) :i* ! !ory has grappl$1 b
 f :i* x has n escap$4 ,9 do+ s1 x %\ld 
be said t ! c>eful & delib]ate mann] 9  
:i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has fac$ ! ho/ (         
difficulties :i* h ga!r$ ar\nd is des]v+
 ( highe/ praise1 z 9 h>mony ) !        
sci5tific _s1 & 9 m>k$ contra/ ) !      
light-&-g-easy /yle 9 :i* o!rs1 su* z   
,hckel1 & ev5 ,s*midt1 pass ov] ! gr\nd1
 ann\nc+ ?+s z und\bt$ facts1 & ev5     
self-evid5t tru?s1 ( :i* no man c speak 
) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 
seems a reasonable gr\nd ( compla9t     
aga9/ _m oppon5ts ( ! !ory1 :i* ,mr4    
,d>w9 urges specially aga9/ ,mr4 ,/4    
,george ,miv>t1 t x is no "p ( _! plan  
to give ! v>i\s facts & consid]ations   
oppos$ to _! own conclusions1 :ile      
m>%all+ ! difficulties aga9/ an         
evolution !ory4 ,& yet x %\ld be        
rememb]$ t a great s]vice is done to    
sci5ce 9 a p]iod ( transition1 :5       

difficulties are p[]fully urg$ aga9/ a  
popul> hypo!sis1 z an injury is done to 
sci5ce by precipitate & ill-consid]$    
argum5ts 9 support ( su* a hypo!sis4  ,(
 ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties 9 ! way ( a   
!ory ( desc5t by evolution1 ! fir/      
conc]ns ! nature ( ! evid5ce1 inasmu* z 
all *ange com+ "u obs]vation does n     
indicate progression or improvem5t 9 !  
organism4 ,! importance ( ?is may be be/
 indicat$ by quot+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's         
explanatory words z to alt]ations 9 !   
fif? edition ( 8 book on species4 ,he   
says1 ,9 ! e>li] editions ( my ,orig9 ( 
,species1 ,i probably attribut$ too mu* 
to ! action ( natural selection or      
survival ( ! fitte/4 ,i h alt]$ ! fif?  
edition ( ! ,orig9 s z to conf9e my     
rem>ks to adaptive *anges ( /ructure4 ,i
 _h n =m]ly suffici5tly consid]$ !      
exi/5ce ( _m /ructures1 :i* appe> to be1
 z f> z we c judge1 nei!r b5eficial nor 
injuri\s1 & ?is ,i believe to be "o ( ! 
greate/ ov]sights z yet detect$ 9 my "w4
 ,:5 x is c]ta9 t deviation f ! normal  

/ructure may take place :i* is a        
disadvantage to ! individual1 & t ?is   
may desc5d to (fspr+2 :5 x is also %[n t
 deviation may occur :i* appe>s to s]ve 
no end1 t is1 contributes to no phase ( 
functional activity2 :5 besides         
advantages ga9$ are lo/1 & ! race       
returns to its orig9al type ( /ructure2 
& :5 f>!r !re are examples ( deg5]ation1
 z 9 p>asitic races1--su* facts int]pose
 special difficulties 9 ! way ( an      
all-embrac+ !ory ( progress by natural  
selection4 ,besides1 z deviations occur 
( an unfavorable k9d among dome/icat$   
animals "u ! c>e ( man1 x becomes obvi\s
 t progress may be readily lo/ ev5 9 mo/
 favorable circum/ances4  ,! next out/&+
 difficulty is t ( meet+ ! requirem5ts (
 logical inf]5ce4 ,?is has be5 specially
 urg$ by ,mr4 ,miv>t z be>+ ^u !        
incipi5t /ages ( advance1 & ! difficulty
 c]ta9ly presses heavily at t po9t4     
,natural selection may acc\nt = mu* 9 ! 
hi/ory ( high] organisms :]e p[]s (     
s5sibility & locomotion are great1 b h[ 

c we f9d 9 natural selection an adequate
 explanation ( progress 9 organisms )9  
:i* ^! p[]s are at ! l[e/4 ,! difficulty
 is to get a cause suffici5t to acc\nt =
 ! />t ( a movem5t s va/ z t :i* is to  
culm9ate 9 man4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 feels ! =ce (
 ?is difficulty1 & replies ?us1 z we h  
no facts to guide u1 speculation on !   
subject is almo/ useless4,,bn ,b ?is    
p]plexity :i* is mo/ gl>+ at ! beg9n+ ( 
! upw>d c\rse1 cl+s to ! !ory at e /age 
9 ! comb9ation ( /ruggle &              
improvem5t1--desc5t involv+ a real      
asc5t4 ,:e!r ! organism be m or less    
complex1 x dep5ds ^u ext]nal causes =   
its improvem5t1 & ! dep5d5ce cont9ues at
 e /age4 ,grant+ t !re is ev]y:]e       
/ruggle = exi/5ce & survival ( ! fitte/1
 are ^! suffici5t to acc\nt = results s 
great z are involv$ 9 unceas+ advance ( 
organism8  ,if x be argu$ t !y are      
suffici5t1 a s]i\s p]plexity comes f !  
opposite qu>t]1--,h[ does x happ5 t all 
organic exi/5ce does n advance toge!r to
 a common elevation8 ,if ! !ory acc\nts 

= advance1 h[ %all we acc\nt = ! want ( 
x8 ,! difficulties are z great = ! !ory 
9 view ( ! l>ge body ( facts x does n   
attempt to include1 z 9 ! facts x /rives
 to embrace4 ,agassiz put ?is difficulty
 ) mu* =ce 9 #aheg1 & x has n receiv$   
any satisfactory answ]4 ,he said1 ,x is 
a fact :i* seems to be entirely ov]look$
 by ^? :o assume an ext5sive influ5ce ( 
physical causes ^u ! v exi/5ce (        
organiz$ be+s1 t ! mo/ div]sifi$ types (
 animals & plants are ev]y:]e f\nd "u   
id5tical circum/ances4,,bo ,if1 z ,mr4  
,d>w9 says1 look+ to ! fir/ dawn ( life1
 we may believe t all organic be+s      
pres5t$ ! simple/ /ructure2 if ! /ruggle
 = exi/5ce is uni=mly enc\nt]$ & leads  
to survival ( ! fitte/1 h[ is x t )9 !  
same area1 organism has n advanc$ to    
simil> complexity8 ,if "u con/ra9t ( !  
evid5ce = ! !ory1 we surr5d] ! doctr9e (
 inevitable fix$ness ( species1 h[ %all 
we nev]!less acc\nt = ! p]man5ce (      
species8 ,x is n sugge/$ t !re is at    
successive /ages new & simple =ms       

cont9ually be+ produc$ by spontane\s    
g5]ation4 ,?is hypo!sis ( ,lam>k is     
reject$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91,,bp z x is by    
almo/ all sci5tific obs]v]s8 ,h[1 !n1 c 
we expla9 ! facts8 ,we are told t c]ta9 
ord]s h fall5 out 9 ! m>* ( progress2 b 
we ne$ a sci5tific acc\nt ( ?is :i* %all
 h>monize ) a !ory ( action (           
environm5t1 & su* an acc\nt is n =?com+4
 ,x may be said t ! v success ( ! !ory  
by accumulation ( mo/ /rik+ & important 
evid5ce1 is br++ x into difficulty1 &   
sugge/+ its insuffici5cy4 ,! m p[]ful & 
impos+ ! action ( ! law ( natural       
selection1 ! m press+ becomes ! ne$ = a 
sci5tific explanation1 at once di/9ct & 
h>moni\s1 :i* w acc\nt = ! p]si/5ce (   
species1 :5 /ruggle = exi/5ce goes on "u
 simil> or ev5 analog\s action (        
environm5t4 ,! pres5ce ev]y:]e ( ^! l[] 
=ms alongside ( ! high]1 adds greatly to
 ! attractiv5ess ( nature1 & n ev5 !    
gr&eur ( a univ]sal advance t[>ds !     
high] levels ( organization w\ld make up
 = ! disappe>ance ( ! m>vels ( l[] ord]s

 ( animals4 ,a monotony ( gr&eur may    
comp>e unfavorably ) ! weal? ( v>iety & 
adv]sity2 & s a law ( cont9uity or      
p]si/5ce may be f\nd add+ to ! greatness
 ( a univ]se 9 :i* a law ( progress or  
evolution also f9ds uni=m application4  
,^u ?is contra/ betwe5 p]si/5ce &       
progress1 g5]al att5tion w h5ce=? be    
conc5trat$ 9 judg+ ( ! place & value ( a
 !ory ( desc5t4 ,!re is no ne$ = hurry  
or impati5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,! words (    
,mr4 ,d>w9 w f9d ready ass5t z he says1 
,no "o ought to feel surprise at mu* yet
 rema9+ unexpla9$ on ! orig9 ( species1 
if we make due all[ance = our pr(\nd    
ignorance on ! mutual relations ( !     
inhabitants ( ! _w at ! pres5t "t1 &    
/ill m dur+ pa/ ages4,,bq ,9 accordance 
) ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 a wide range (       
sci5tific rese>* /ill rema9s to be      
und]tak51 & religi\s ?\ght c h no?+ b   
fri5dly int]e/ 9 ! "w1 z x may well be  
assur$ ( draw+ !nce fre% contributions (
 great value = high] speculation conc]n+
 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4  ,,footnotes3  

,,ao ,tait's ,rec5t ,advances1 p4 #bc4  
,,ap ,lyell's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4   
#b4  ,,aq ,rec5t ,advances1 p4 #bd4     
,,ar ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 p4 #bj4  ,,z   
,ib4 p4 #afa4  ,,at ,introduction to !  
,!ory ( ,sci5ce4  ,,au ,doctr9e (       
,desc5t1 p4 #afc4  ,,av ,doctr9e (      
,desc5t1 p4 #afb4  ,,aw ,orig9 (        
,species1 p4 #egg4  ,,ax ,see ,app5dix  
,,vii4  ,,ay ,see ,app5dix ,v4  ,,az    
,see ,app5dix ,,iv4  ,,ba ,orig9 (      
,species1 p4 #egg4  ,,bb ,! ,orig9 (    
,species1 xiii4 #d? ed4  ,,bc ,! ,orig9 
( ,species1 p4 #a4  ,,bd ,malay         
,ar*ipelago1 #ahfi4  ,,be ,! passage is 
quot$ z giv5 by ,s*midt 9 8 ,doctr9e (  
,desc5t1 p4 #acb4 ,italics are ins]t$ to
 guide ! eye ( ! read] to ! successive  
/ages4  ,,bf ,ref]r+ to organiz$ be+4   
,,bg ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #egg4  ,,bh  
,doct4 ( ,desc5t1 p4 #afa-b4  ,,bi      
,orig9 ( ,species1 #d? ed4 p4 #adc4     
,,bj ,doct4 ( ,desc5t1 #afb4  ,,bk      
,orig9 ( ,species1 #d? ed4 p4 #ada4     
,,bl ,x may be well to m5tion "h t !    

?ird ,am]ican edition is f ! fif?       
,engli% edition4  ,,bm ,orig9 (         
,species1 #f? ed41 p4 #bhi4  ,,bn ,orig9
 ( ,species1 #f?4 ed4 *ap4 iv4 p4 #ajj4 
,,bo ,contributions to ! ,natural       
,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1              
,introduction1 ,bo/on1 #aheg2 & ,essay  
on ,classification1 p4 #ae1 publi%$     
sep>ately2 ,london1 #ahei4 ,see ,app5dix
 ,,vi4  ,,bp ,orig91 #d? ed4 p4 #adc4   
,,bq ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f?4 ed4 *ap4   
iv4 p4 #ajj4     ,,lecture ,v4          
,,relations ,,( ,,l[] ,,& ,,high]       
,,organisms4   ,f ! g5]al aspects ( !   
!ory ( species1 we pass to !            
consid]ation ( di/9ct gr\ps ( organism1 
) ! view ( asc]ta9+ _! relations to ea* 
o!r4 ,9 do+ s1 x is bett] to beg9 at !  
l[] end ( ! scale1 leav+ = a m advanc$  
/age ( inquiry ! high] types ( organism4
 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! subject1 special   
obligations are due to ! wide range (   
inve/igations ei!r occasion$ or /imulat$
 by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,=1 :atev] may  
be ! ultimate aw>d pass$ on ?is !ory1   

!re w be a unanim\s recognition ( !     
great value to sci5ce att5d+ on ! v>i$  
=ms ( inquiry /imulat$ by ! writ+s (    
,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,& "o obvi\s & /rong 
reason = su* ackn[l$gm5t is t s _m ( !  
results ( ^! rese>*es h an inh]5t value 
q di/9ct f _! te/imony 9 favor ( ! !ory 
t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ! pr9cipal     
factor 9 ! orig9 ( new species4  ,"o ( !
 mo/ int]e/+ fields ( obs]vation ?us    
op5$1 is t conc]n$ ) ! f]tilization (   
plants by ! int]v5tion ( insects &      
birds4 ,a beg9n+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t 0 made  
by ! ,g]man naturali/1 ,*ri/ian ,konrad 
,spr5gel1 :o publi%$ 9 #agic ! report ( 
8 obs]vations4 ,9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ 
by ,d>w91 9 #ahfb2 by ,dr4 ,hook]1      
,pr(essor ,asa ,gray ^: contributions   
appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & 
,art 9 #ahfb1 & #ahfc1 ,moggridge1      
,fritz ,mll]1 & ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 ,! 
facts n[ accumulat$1 rank z an important
 contribution to botany & zology1 &     
naturally fall )9 ! circle ( rec5t      
advances to :i* x is desirable t        

att5tion be turn$4  ,! g5]al result is  
"o ( great int]e/1 z illu/rat+ a /rik+  
degree ( int]dep5d5ce betwe5 l[] & high]
 organisms1--! vegetable & animal k+dom 
contribut+ to ea* o!r's subsi/5ce &     
propagation4 ,fl[]s pres5t special      
attractions to insects fly+ ar\nd1      
allur+ !m by v>i$ colors1 & provid+ = !m
 by secret+ /ores ( honey2 on ! o!r h&1 
^! insects 7flies1 bees1 wasps1 etc471  
seek+ ! honey :i* satisfies _! wants1 at
 ! same "t c>ry ! poll5 f "o fl[] to    
ano!r1 ?us provid+ = ! f]tiliz+ ( !     
plants4 ,9 "s cases1 f]tilization is    
secur$ by a natural process )9 !        
organism itself2 9 o!r cases1 ! poll5 is
 scatt]$ ov] a region by ! w9d2 b ! mo/ 
wond]ful1 & at ! same "t effici5t mode (
 provid+ = ! gr[? ( vigor\s plants1 is  
f]tilization by ! ag5cy ( insect life4  
,a brief outl9e ( ! ord9>y /ructure ( ! 
fl[] w introduce to a ready appreciation
 ( ! sci5tific int]e/ atta*+ to ?is la/ 
mode ( f]tilization1 bo? z conc]n+ !    
functions ( diff]5t portions ( ! fl[]s1 

& ! relation ( dep5d5ce e/abli%$ betwe5 
high] & l[] =ms ( organism1 s t ea* is  
dep5d5t on ! o!r4  ,e fl[] z x unfolds f
 ! bud1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( :orls1 or   
lay]s ( sub/ance tw9$ or twirl$ r\nd 9  
su* a mann] z to unfold or coil back1 z 
! fl[] op5s4 ,! out]mo/ ( ^! :orls      
7calyx7 is a m]e cov]+ or %ea?1 usually 
( a gre5 color1 :i* protects ! bud dur+ 
! m t5d] p]iod1 curl+ up & )]+ z ! fl[] 
op5s1 spread+ =? its beauty4 ,! second  
:orl 7corolla7 is :at we m commonly     
reg>d z ! fl[] prop]1 ! color$ leaves1  
or cup1 or bell1 accord+ to ! specific  
%ape di/+ui%+ ! plant4 ,! ?ird :orl     
consi/s ( a s]ies ( /alks or filam5ts   
7/am5s7 :i* z ! fl[] matures or rip5s /&
 up di/9ct f ea* o!r1 ea* "o hav+ at its
 summit a little tuft or cu%ion 7an!r7  
cov]$ ) a f9e du/ or p[d] 7poll574 ,!   
f\r? or inn]-mo/ :orl1 ! c5tre piece ( !
 fl[] 7pi/il7 is t 9 :i* ! se$ is g5]at$
 & br\ght to maturity4 ,we may ?us say (
 ! fl[]1 t its out]mo/ :orl is a        
tempor>y cov]+ :i* )]s & %r9ks out (    

view1 :5 ! beauty ( ! inn] /ructure is  
laid op52 t ! second is t :i* attracts !
 eye by ! lovel9ess ( its hues2 :ile !  
two :i* belong to ! int]nal /ructure ( !
 fl[] are conc]n$ ) ! reproduction or   
propagation ( ! plant1 provid+ = !      
heal?y g]m f :i* a fre% plant ( ! same  
ord] may spr+ up4 ,! relation ( ! f9e   
yell[ p[d] produc$ at ! tips ( ! ?ird   
:orl1 to ! se$s :i* are ga!r$ toge!r )9 
! f\r? :orl1 is ! matt] to :i* special  
att5tion has be5 direct$ by ! rec5t     
discov]ies :i* h rew>d$ pati5t rese>*4  
,! f9e p[d] or poll5 ne$s to be c>ri$ to
 ! se$1 s t its prop]ties may op]ate ^u 
t se$1 if x is to be f]tiliz$1 or s     
matur$1 z to fulfil its function 9      
g5]at+ a new plant :5 x is committ$ to !
 soil4 ,9 _m cases x is en\gh t ! f9e   
p[d] %\ld fall d[n f its elevation on ! 
se$s bel[4 ,?is is self-f]tilization1 & 
is easily provid$ = by ! m]e b5d+ ( !   
head ( ! fl[] z x approa*es maturity1 or
 by ! sway+ ( x 9 ! breeze4 ,b a m      
difficult1 & z we might be incl9$ to    

add1 m prec>i\s1 because less c]ta91    
me?od = f]tilization is requir$ 9 _m    
cases4 ,! exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by all our 
g>d5]s1 & 9 a /ill m ext5d$ scale 9 all 
our c5tres ( botanic rese>*1 h e/abli%$ 
! fact t 9 _m cases1 ! yell[ p[d] ( "o  
plant mu/ be 9 "s mann] c>ri$ ov] to !  
se$ produc$ )9 ano!r fl[]1 if t se$ is  
to yield a satisfactory result to !     
horticulturi/4  ,we h ?us two prom95t   
facts "h4 ,! "o is ! ess5tial importance
 ( ! poll5 = f]tilization2 & ! o!r1 !   
ne$ = ! transf]5ce ( ! poll5 f "o plant 
to ano!r 9 ord] to secure reproduction (
 vigor\s gr[? by ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,z to ! 
fir/1 ! poll51 :i* appe>s a f9e p[d] or 
fl\r conta9s fluid protoplasm1 t :i*    
,pr(essor ,huxley has describ$ z ! s+le 
physical basis ( life "u all !          
div]sities ( vital exi/5ce4,,br ,^!     
poll5 gra9s fall+ on ! se$ dis*>ge _!   
protoplasmic fluid ^u x1 & by ?is means 
contribute to f]tilization4 ,?is orig9al
 or primordial =m ( vitalis+ ag5cy is   
c>ri$ f "o "p ( ! fl[] to ano!r1 & ?is  

transf]5ce is ! law regulat+ !          
propagation ( fl[]+ plants4  ,b1 j at   
?is po9t1 we come ^u ! mo/ /rik+ results
 ( rec5t rese>*4 ,?\gh all poll5 is (   
?is prim>y nature1 nam$ protoplasm1 x is
 n f\nd to hold true t poll5 is ( ! same
 value = f]tilization f :atev] qu>t] x  
comes4 ,on ! contr>y1 mo/ important     
diff]5ces result accord+ to ! s\rce ( ! 
poll54 ,!re is fir/ ! process (         
self-f]tilization4 ,b 9 _m cases1--,mr4 
,d>w9 has %[n t ?is holds ( ! majority (
 ! or*ids1--transf]5ce ( ! poll5 f "o   
plant to ano!r proves to be a great     
advantage1 if n an actual necessity =   
propagation ( ! plant4 ,?is process1    
kn[n z cross-f]tilization1 gives a      
heal?y & vigor\s gr[?2 want ( x1 w lead 
to deg5]ation1 & ultimate ext9ction4    
,?is discov]y has introduc$ a :ole s]ies
 ( ! mo/ /rik+ obs]vations1 ?r[+ a flood
 ( light on ! di/ribution & int]dep5d5ce
 ( di/9ct =ms ( organism4 ,! necess>y   
relation betwe5 ! poll5 & ! se$ hav+ be5
 ackn[l$g$1 & next ! value ( transf]5ce 

( poll5 f "o plant to ano!r1 ! fir/ /ep 
9 ! l9e ( discov]y 0 made by !          
obs]vation ( a natural provision to     
prev5t self-f]tilization by r5d]+ x     
impossible t ! poll5 ( a plant %\ld fall
 on ! se$ ( t plant4 ,?is entrance on ! 
l9e ( discov]y 0 made by ,spr5gel s f>  
back z #agij1 by :om x 0 obs]v$ t 9 _m  
plants ! poll5 & ! se$ did n come to    
rip5ess at ! same "t4,,bs ,9 "s cases1 !
 poll5 is rip5$ be=e ! se$s are ready2 9
 o!r cases1 ! ord] ( ev5ts is rev]s$4   
,?is obs]vation naturally sugge/$       
transf]5ce ( poll5 f "o plant to ano!r2 
& ?is1 connect$ ) ! cont9ual com+ & go+ 
( flies1 bees1 & butt]flies1 l$ to !    
fur!r discov]y1 t insects unwitt+ly p]=m
 a l>ge "p ( ! "w ne$ful 9 ord] to      
provide = f]tilization4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has  
po9t$ out t f ! pap] ( ,rob]t ,br[n 9 ! 
,l9nean ,transactions1 9 #ahcc2 & f t ( 
,dr4 ,hook] 9 ! ,philosophic            
,transactions = #ahed1 ! peculi> ph5om5a
 _h begun to awak5 sci5tific int]e/4 ,x 
01 h[ev]1 :5 ! rese>*es z to orig9 (    

species _h giv5 fre% motive to          
obs]vation conc]n+ ! relations ( diff]5t
 types ( organism1 t ! :ole facts 7     
br\ght to view1 sep>ately record$1 & at 
l5g? sy/ematiz$ s z to lead to _! full  
int]pretation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself       
conc5trat$ on ! or*ids z peculi>ly      
int]e/+ & sugge/ive1 :ile a ho/ ( work]s
 all ov] ! _w 7 turn+ _! en]gies into   
?is new field ( obs]vation :i* promis$  
ample return = pati5t rese>*4  ,z a     
rew>d ( ^! inve/igations important facts
 h be5 e/abli%$ on ample evid5ce4 ,fir/1
 x has be5 confirm$ by v>y+ l9es (      
evid5ce t transf]5ce ( poll51 or        
cross-f]tilization1 is ( special value 9
 ! developm5t ( plant life4             
,inve/igation has /r5g!n$ ! evid5ce (   
disadvantage aris+ f f]tilization by    
exclusive dep5d5ce on self-produc$      
poll54 ,fritz ,mll] has record$ a v>iety
 ( obs]vations t ! poll5 ( "s fl[]s has 
s little influ5ce on ! se$ produc$ on ! 
same /em t :5 x falls ^u ! se$s no      
effect is produc$2 ! poll5 lies !re z if

 possess$ ( no m vitaliz+ p[] ?an gra9s 
( du/4 ,&1 :at is ev5 m surpris+1 ,mll] 
has f\nd examples 9 :i* ! poll5 does act
 ^u ! se$s ( its own fl[]1 b acts       
injuri\sly1 insomu* t ! fl[]1 ! poll51 &
 ! se$-produc+ portion ( ! plant beg9 to
 decay4,,bt ,s deep has be5 ! impression
 made on ,mr4 ,d>w9's m9d by ! evid5ce (
 provision = transf]5ce ( poll51 t he   
closes 8 valuable & int]e/+ book on !   
,f]tilization ( ,or*ids ) ! foll[+      
/atem5ts4 ,hav+ rem>k$ t                
self-f]tilization w\ld h be5 an         
incomp>ably saf] & easi] process ?an !  
transportal ( poll5 f fl[] to fl[]1 he  
adds ^! words1--,x is h>dly an          
exagg]ation to say t ,nature tells u1 9 
! mo/ emphatic mann]1 t %e abhors       
p]petual self-f]tilization4,,bu  ,! next
 result secur$ pres5ts an important     
relation betwe5 animal life & vegetable4
 ,^! fl[]s d n dep5d = _! f]tilization  
^u ! action ( ! w9d1 :i* 9 scatt]+      
pr(usely 9 all directions mu/ occasion  
l>ge wa/e ( poll54 ,!re is f\nd to be   

di/9ct provision = c>ry+ ! poll5 f "o   
fl[] to ano!r by insects1 su* z ! bees1 
^: indu/ry 9 ga!r+ honey has be5        
celebrat$ f anci5t times1 specially     
because ( our int]e/ 9 ! /oreh\se1 b )  
little suspicion ( ! d\ble "w be+ done  
by ! bees1 :o add to _! o!r indu/ry t ( 
horticulturi/s4 ,^! bees are !          
poll5-be>]s1--! recogniz$ local c>ri]s1 
regul>ly on ! road1--do+ ! "w :i* !     
fl[]s1 9 lack ( locomotive p[]1 c\ld n d
 = ea* o!r4 ,or1 look+ at ! relation (  
?+s f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! bees are at !
 same "t ga!r+ ! honey1 & s[+ ! se$ = a 
future h>ve/4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! honey1  
h[ev]1 introduces to notice a companion 
s]ies ( facts1 %[+ ! provision 9        
complet$ =m = an int]*ange ( s]vices4 ,!
 plants supply an attraction to !       
animals1 :ile ! animals r5d] a s]vice to
 ! plants4 ,?is phase ( int]dep5d5ce is 
made m conspicu\s by ! contra/ app>5t 9 
! /ructure & functions ( plants f]tiliz$
 by ! w9d1 su* z ! l>g] %rubs & trees1  
:i* z !y pres5t a great] surface to !   

breeze1 d n call = ! same detail$       
provision = c>ry+ ! poll54 ,9 contra/ ) 
^! m bulky repres5tatives ( ! vegetable 
k+dom1 ! m l[ly & insignificant 9 size1 
z well z m %ort-liv$1 pres5t _m         
attractions 9 color1 sc5t1 & secretion (
 honey1 all adapt$ to ! nature (        
insects1 suit$ = ! "w ( poll5 c>ry+4 ,! 
attractions ( =m1 color1 & sc5t 9 !     
fl[]s are well kn[n to u2 b !y are also 
appreciat$ by ! insects1--a fact :i* may
 possibly sugge/ t a high degree (      
intellectual p[] is n requir$ =         
appreciation ( ^! qualities1 z no "o    
pr(esses t bees rank high               
intellectually4 ,at ! same "t1 if       
comp>isons are to be made at ?is po9t1 !
 f>!r sugge/ion may also be introduc$1 t
 !re is little te/imony to intellig5ce  
:]e se>* = food is conc]n$1 & :ile !    
human race d n fe$ on fl[]s1 insects are
 con/antly fe$+ f !m4 ,! attractions 9 !
 two cases !re=e v>y consid]ably 9 _!   
significance4 ,re/rict+ att5tion1 h[ev]1
 to ! special field ( obs]vation n[ be=e

 u1 ) ! view simply ( asc]ta9+ !        
relations ( plants & insects1 color &   
honey pres5t ! two mo/ prom95t          
attractions acc\nt+ = ! p]petual hum (  
life he>d among/ ! fl[]+ plants4        
,diff]5t p>ts ( ! fl[] provide =        
v>iegat$ color+1 & /ores ( honey2 ^!    
pres5t attractions to ! insects2 & !    
/ructure ( ! fl[]s z !y provide = ! l&+ 
( ! insects1 & require t !y p5etrate to 
_! c5tre = ! secret$ honey1 secures t ! 
"w ne$ful = f]tilization be effectually 
done4 ,?is la/ feature ( adaptation is t
 on :i* att5tion may be specially       
conc5trat$ "h4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 treat+ (    
or*ids has describ$ ?is "p ( _! /ructure
 9 ^! words2--,9 almo/ all ! species1 "o
 ( ! petals 7or leaves ( ! fl[]7 :i* is 
prop]ly ! upp] "o1 is l>g] ?an ! o!rs & 
/&s on ! l[] side ( ! fl[]1 :]e x (f]s a
 l&+-place = insects4,,bv ,t[>ds ! inn] 
or root end ( ?is leaf 7labellum7 is !  
gl&1 9 "s fl[]s appe>+ only z a slit1 9 
o!rs =m+ l a tube1 7nect>y7 :i* secrets 
! honey4 ,j ov] ! entrance to ! "p :]e !

 honey is to be f\nd /&s t :i* secrets !
 poll5 prep>$ = f]tiliz+ "s o!r fl[]4 ,s
 soon z ! bee or o!r insect presses its 
head well into ! c5tre ( ! fl[]1 "s ( ! 
poll5 adh]es to x2 :5 ! head is )drawn1 
?is poll5 is borne (f to ! fl[] :i* !   
bee next visits2 & z ! head is press$   
into ! core ( ?is fl[] ! poll5 is       
deposit$1 & provision = f]tilization is 
complete4 ,special features appe>+ 9    
c]ta9 classes ( ! or*ids illu/rate h[ x 
is possible = ! bee s lad5 to visit _m  
fl[]s )\t deposit+ ! poll51 yet a little
 lat] accompli% ! object q simply4 ,!   
foll[+ illu/ration f ,mr4 ,d>w9's acc\nt
 ( ! fir/ or*id select$1 w suffice4 ,j  
above ! entrance to ! honey /ore1 lies a
 p\* connect$ ) ! poll5 /ore4 ,z ! head 
( ! bee is press$ d[n t[>ds ! honey1 ?is
 p\* is bur/ op51 & f x issues a little 
/icky gl& or disc1 or x may be two ( ^! 
discs4 ,^! adh]e at once to ! head ( !  
bee1 & be+ connect$ by a slight b& )    
packets ( poll5 gra9s s soon z ! animal 
retires ! poll5 is drawn ) x1 /&+ out l 

a se$ vessel on ! head4 ,! /range/ "p ( 
! contrivance appe>s 9 :at !reaft]      
foll[s4 ,! viscid matt] has ! peculi>   
*emical quality1 ( sett+ l cem5t1 h>d & 
dry 9 a few m9utes4 ,suppose bo? !      
little viscid balls h be5 )drawn1 ! b&s 
be>+ ! poll5 w appe> project+ up l      
horns4 ,h[ !n c ! fl[] be f]tiliz$8 ,?is
 is effect$ by a beautiful contrivance2 
?\gh ! viscid surface rema9s immovably  
affix$1 ! app>5tly insignificant & m9ute
 disc ( membrane to :i* ! caudicle      
adh]es is end[$ ) a rem>kable p[] (     
contraction1 :i* causes ! poll9ium to   
sweep ?r\gh an angle ( ab\t n9ety       
degrees1 always 9 "o direction t[>ds !  
apex ( ! proboscis1 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty   
seconds on an av]age4,,bw ,t is1 ! two  
erections be>+ packets ( poll5 :i* =m]ly
 /ood up almo/ p]p5dicul>1 l horns1 beg9
 to l[] until !y rea* ! horizontal2 9   
?is way :5 ! bee ent]s a fl[] ! packets 
( poll5 inevitably t\* ! se$ /ores1     
communicat+ :at is requir$ = _!         
f]tilization4 ,nor h we ev5 yet ! :ole (

 ! contrivances adapt$ = ?is end4 ,"h   
comes into play ano!r pretty adaptation4
 ,! se$ vessel to be f]tiliz$ is v      
/icky1 b n s viscid z :5 t\*$ by a      
poll9ium to pull ! :ole (f an insect's  
head4 ,b x is suffici5tly adhesive to   
break ! ela/ic ?reads by :i* ! packets (
 poll5 gra9s are ti$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is way1
 x te>s (f s mu* f ! /ore adh]+ to !    
head ( ! bee1 & /ill leaves !re :at may 
supply ! requirem5ts ( _m fl[]s besides4
 ,! description ?us giv5 w suffice to   
indicate h[ close is ! relation ( ! l[] 
ord]s ( animal life ) vegetable life1 & 
w illu/rate h[ ! l[] organism may be    
dep5d5t = exi/5ce on ! high]1 an        
illu/ration 9 "s respect ! conv]se ( !  
facts illu/rat+ orig9 ( species by      
developm5t4  ,!re rema9s 9 ?is dep>tm5t 
( inquiry only "o additional set (      
facts1 to :i* ref]5ce may be made1 z    
illu/rat+ di/ribution ( "w among insects
 & birds1 assign+ !m to diff]5t ord]s ( 
plants4 ,?is w illu/rate contrivance on 
a /ill wid] scale1 discov]+ di/9ct sets 

( aff9ity1 :i* imply common localization
 = giv5 plants & animals4 ,9 ?is x      
appe>s t flies1 humble bees1 & birds )  
long sl5d] bills1 su* z ! humm+ birds1  
all h a %>e 9 ! "w requir$ = f]tiliz+   
plants4  ,!re is "o example1 epipactis  
latifolia1 ) a cup-%ap$ labellum1 9 :i* 
honey is secret$1 & :i* bees are nev]   
se5 to frequ5t4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 ! bees     
pass1 ! wasps suck eag]ly1 & by !m x is 
f]tiliz$4 ,( ?is fl[]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9       
says1--,x is v rem>kable t ! sweet nect>
 ( ?is epipactis %\ld n be attractive to
 any k9d ( bee4 ,if wasps 7 to become   
ext9ct 9 any di/rict1 s probably w\ld ! 
,epipactis ,latifolia4,,bx  ,ano!r      
example !re is ( an or*id 7,spiran!s    
,autumnalis71 commonly kn[n z ,ladies'  
,tresses1 hav+ a s]ies ( spikes1 ( :i* !
 l[e/ fl[]s are fir/ matur$1 ! o!rs     
foll[+ 9 ord] z !y rise t[>ds ! summit4 
,?is plant is frequ5t$ by bees1 ^:      
practice x is to beg9 ) ! l[e/ fl[]s &  
asc5d gradually to ! top4 ,?is ord] 9   
seek+ to extract ! honey1 proves to be !

 prop] "o = f]tiliz+ ( ! plant1 because 
! poll5 :i* ! bee br+s w be receiv$ by !
 rip] fl[] on :i* x l&s1 & :5 t has be5 
deposit$1 fre% poll5 w adh]e to ! bee z 
x rises to ! less matur$ fl[]s1 & ?us x 
dep>ts lad5 ) poll5 de/9$ = ! l[e/ fl[]s
 ( ! next plant x visits4,,by           
,illu/ration3 #a ,,section ,,( ,,or*id  
,,fl[] ,,%[+ ,,poll5 ,,vessel1 ,,se$    
,,/ore ,,& ,,honey ,,/ore #b ,,bee      
,,ent]+ #c ,,poll5 ,,vessel #d ,,bee    
,,retreat+ #e ,,bee ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,ent]+
 ,,ano!r ,,fl[]  ,^! examples introduce 
u to a g5]al plan = f]tilization (      
plants by ! int]v5tion ( insects1 s     
complete 9 ! ord] ( di/ribution t we may
 classify ! plants accord+ to ! insect  
by :i* !y are f]tiliz$1 mak+ x natural  
to speak ( fly or*ids1 spid] or*ids1    
wasp or*ids1 & bee or*ids4 ,9 all cases 
! se>* = honey det]m9es ! visits made1  
leav+ /ill unexpla9$1 h[ev]1 ! fact t ! 
nect> ( "s plants is %unn$ by c]ta9     
insects1 & eag]ly absorb$ by o!rs4 ,) ! 
g5]al s\rce ( attraction 9 ! fl[]+      

plants1 !re are div]sities ( arrangem5t 
among ! insects1 accord+ to ! comp>ative
 size ( ! fl[]1 & /r5g? requir$ 9 ord]  
to p5etrate to ! inn] *amb] :]e ! honey 
is /or$4 ,because ( ! m9ut5ess ( !      
ap]ture1 !re are fl[]s f :i* ! bee c n  
draw supplies2 on ! o!r h&1 because ( ! 
size & /r5g? ( ! fl[]1 !re are cases 9  
:i* ! ord9>y bee is incapable ( rea*+ ! 
/ore1 & ! /rong] humble bee alone       
succe$s 9 effect+ an entrance4  ,!re is 
?us pres5t$ 9 m]e outl9e a g5]al view ( 
! int]dep5d5ce ( l[] & high] ord]s (    
organism4 ,:ile ea* fl[] develops poll5 
& se$1 !re are arrangem5ts connect$ ) ! 
rip5+ ( ^! two1 :i* re/ra9 or ev5 prev5t
 self-f]tilization4 ,along ) ?is !re are
 di/9ct l9es ( evid5ce to e/abli% ! rule
 t cross-f]tilization1 or transf]5ce (  
poll5 f "o fl[] to ! se$ ( ano!r1       
secures ! gr[? ( a mu* heal?i] & m      
vigor\s ord]4 ,:]e su* transf]5ce is    
provid$ = o!rwise ?an by ! w9d1 !       
attractiv5ess ( ! fl[]s br+s to !m at ! 
prop] season1 ! insects :i* c>ry !      

poll51 & to ea* class ( insect is       
di/ribut$ a di/9ct %>e 9 ! "w4 ,9 ^!    
facts we h a natural law = pres]vation (
 species1 discov]+ 9 a v /rik+ mann] !  
dep5d5ce ( l[] organism on high]4 ,z    
,mr4 ,d>w9 has said1-- ,! mean+ ( ^!    
facts is cle>4 ,ref]r+ to ! examples 9  
:i* ! insects h to bore holes 9 ord] to 
rea* ! honey1 :]e !re is ne$ = "t to    
all[ = ! h>d5+ ( ! viscid matt]1 he has 
us$ ! foll[+ words :i* are mo/ fitly    
appli$1--,if ?is d\ble relation is      
accid5tal1 x is a =tunate accid5t = !   
plants2 b ,i c n believe x to be s1 & x 
appe>s to me "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful cases (
 adaptation :i* has ev] be5 record$4,,bz
 ,x is mo/ obvi\sly true1 z ,sir ,john  
,lubbock has said1 t nei!r plants nor   
insects w\ld be :at !y are1 b = !       
influ5ce :i* ea* has ex]cis$ on !       
o!r4,,ca ,9 view ( ! facts "h v briefly 
describ$ x w g5]ally be all[$ t ,mr4    
,d>w9's expectation f ! /udy ( or*ids w 
be v]ifi$1--,an exam9ation ( _! _m      
beautiful contrivances w exalt ! :ole   

vegetable k+dom 9 mo/ p]sons'           
e/imation4,,cb ,we h en\gh be=e u to    
enable u to appreciate our au?or's feel+
 :5 he says1 ,h>dly any fact has /ruck  
me s mu* z ! endless div]sities (       
/ructure1--! prodigality ( res\rces =   
ga9+ ! v same end4,,cc ,aga9 :5 giv+ u 8
 prevail+ impression he says1--,! m ,i  
/udy nature1 ! m ,i become impress$ )   
ev]-increas+ =ce1 t ! contrivances &    
beautiful adaptations1 sl[ly acquir$    
?r\gh ea* "p occasionally v>y+ 9 a      
slight degree1 b 9 _m ways1 ) !         
pres]vation ( ^? v>iations :i* 7        
b5eficial to ! organism "u complex & ev]
 v>y+ conditions ( life1 transc5d 9 an  
incomp>able mann] ! contrivances &      
adaptations :i* ! mo/ f]tile imag9ation 
( man c\ld inv5t4,,cd  ,9 prep>+ !      
pres5t summ>y ( rec5t advances 9 ?is    
dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory1 ,i h resort$ 
freely to quotation1 because ( ! obvi\s 
rule1 t x is bett] = sci5tific int]e/1 =
 prop] und]/&+1 & = regulation ( all    
subsequ5t reason+ on ! facts1 t we h !  

obs]vations pres5t$ z ne>ly z possible  
by ^? :o made !m1 & t we h m g5]al      
inf]5ces 9 ! v words ( ^? ^: m9ds h be5 
fill$ & sway$ by impressions made 9 !   
field ( obs]vation itself4 ,9 n[ proce$+
 to consid] ! be>+ ( ^! advances on     
religi\s ?\ght1 ,i %all keep z f> z     
possible by ! same rule1 desir+ t sci5ce
 may int]pret itself1 & translate its   
own special conclusions into _! fit     
place )9 a s*eme ( ! univ]se4 ,& :atev] 
!re may be "h ( mat]ial = detail$       
inf]5ce1 x w be tak5 by religi\s m5 z   
abundantly cle>1 t sci5ce 9 sl[ly       
unfold+ to g5]al view ^! secrets (      
nature1 r5d]s a la/+ & mo/ valuable     
s]vice to religion4 ,our religi\s       
convictions & emotions re/ on a wid]    
intellectual basis accord+ to ! fulness 
) :i* we und]/& ! m>vels ( adaptation & 
contrivance :i* lie cov]$ f ord9>y      
obs]vation "u ! attractive surface (    
nature4  ,altoge!r beyond su* a g5]al   
admission z ?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be obvi\s 
t 9 ! mass ( deeply int]e/+ mat]ial n[  

be=e u1 !re lies a consid]able numb] (  
tru?s ne$+ to be ga!r$ into g5]aliz$ =m1
 be>+ ^u ! laws ( nature apply+ to liv+ 
organism4 ,z records ( details are      
ext5d$ be=e u1 ! m>vels ( /ructure are  
obvi\s4 ,! multif>i\s contrivances      
become q />tl+1 until we are ready to   
lose our reckon+ 9 ! v multiplicity (   
facts n>rat$4 ,9 ord] to make sure (    
g5]al result1 we ne$ to draw (f some:at 
f details1--to be cont5t ev5 to lose    
sight ( _m ( !m1--9 ord] to ga9 a       
position1 suffici5tly remov$ = a sight (
 g5]al relations4 ,9 attempt+ ?is x is  
cle> t !re are c]ta9 tru?s be>+ on !    
pres]vation & developm5t ( species 9 !  
vegetable k+dom1 & an analog\s set (    
tru?s z to ! animal k+dom1 & above ^!1  
possibly /ill m important = g5]al       
appreciation ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 a    
body ( tru? z to ! relations ( plants & 
animals4  ,z to ! fir/ ( ^!1 x seems    
obvi\s t )9 ! s+le field ( obs]vation   
pres5t$ by or*ids1--comp>atively n>r[1 9
 view ( ! wide doma9 ( ! vegetable      

k+dom1 & yet a/oni%+ly ext5sive1 on     
acc\nt ( ! ri*ness ( detail1--!re is a  
l>ge body ( evid5ce to support ! !ory ( 
orig9 ( species by selection &          
adaptation4 ,:e!r all ! or*ide n[ f\nd 9
 exi/5ce h sprung f "o ord] ( plant1 or 
f sev]al1 ! te/imony appe>s ample to    
support at lea/ ! foll[+ conclusion z   
pres5t$ 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ! n[  
wond]fully *ang$ /ructure ( ! fl[] is   
due to a long c\rse ( sl[               
modification1--ea* modification hav+ be5
 pres]v$ :i* 0 useful to ! plant1 dur+ !
 incessant *anges to :i* ! organic &    
inorganic _w has be5 expos$4,,ce   ,by a
 l9e ( inf]5ce exactly simil>1 a l      
conclusion1 mu/ be rea*$ z to insect    
life4 ,=1 important z ! obs]vations are1
 be>+ on ! transf]5ce ( poll5 f ! place 
:]e x is g5]at$ to ! place :]e x is     
want$1 we mu/ notice t ! :ole "w is done
 9 consequ5ce ( se>* = honey by flies1  
mo?s1 ants1 wasps1 & bees4 ,x naturally 
foll[s t all ^! insects h be5 go+ ?r\gh 
"s measure ( adaptation1 z well z !     

plants4 ,! same law mu/ h be5 op]at+ 9  
_! hi/ory :ile prosecut+ ! unceas+ se>* 
= food4 ,x may be exce$+ly difficult to 
fill up ! l9e ( progress1 or trace !    
causes 9 op]ation1 :i* c\ld favor !     
conclusion t all ! insects nam$ h sprung
 f a common /ock4 ,/ill m p]plex+ might 
x be to ma9ta9 ! argum5t t ^! v insects 
h sprung accord+ to a sure law ( desc5t1
 f vegetable life itself4 ,b !re is     
ample evid5ce to w>rant ! inf]5ce t 9   
l5g? ( proboscis1 =mation ( limbs1 & o!r
 features 9 _! /ructure1 modifications h
 result$ f ! /ruggle ne$ful to rea* !   
nect> secret$ 9 ! fl[]s4  ,b x is cle>ly
 impossible to /op "h 9 our inf]5ces4   
,!re is int]dep5d5ce ( l[] & high]      
organisms1 to :i* a di/9ct place ne$s to
 be assign$ 9 our !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,ev5
 if x be grant$1 z x readily w be by ^? 
:o h /udi$ ! results ( rec5t rese>*1 t  
!re is a va/ body ( evid5ce to prove t  
!re is developm5t ( species by          
adaptation & selection1 x is equally    
evid5t t ?is is n ! only law affect+ !  

exi/5ce ( diff]5t ord]s ( organiz$ be+s4
 ,j z cle> z x is t poll5 & se$ are bo? 
requir$ to provide = ! cont9uance (     
plant life1 s cle> is x t plants are    
ne$$ to support insects1 & insects to   
propagate plants4 ,proce$+ on ! same    
l9es ( reason+ z h be5 already employ$1 
we mu/ inquire h[ ?is int]dep5d5ce is to
 be acc\nt$ = "u natural law8 ,! /ruggle
 = exi/5ce is cle>ly p]=m+ an important 
"p 9 ! developm5t ( plants1 & also (    
animals2 & s long z we reg>d ^! two     
ord]s s+ly1 x seems obvi\s h[ *anges 9  
/ructure may be acc\nt$ =2 b obs]vations
 h become s int]lac$1 t a new problem   
has be5 rais$ 9 connection ) facts      
manife/ly abat+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 
view ( ?is problem ,dr4 ,hook] has      
said1--,! adju/m5t ( ! p>ts ( ! fl[] to 
! =m & habits ( ! insect or bird1 & ( ^!
 to ! fl[]1 is s accurate1 t x is 9 va9 
to speculate :e!r ! plant 0 adapt$ to   
fe$ ! animal1 or ! animal adapt$ to     
f]tilize ! plant4,,cf ,?is sugge/ion ( !
 ne$lessness ( speculation is natural f 

a sci5tific po9t ( view1 & we may d well
 to rememb] ! w>n+s aga9/ risks att5d+ !
 se>* = f9al causes1 :i* h be5 s\nd$ f !
 days ( ,sp9oza to ! pres5t "t2 b !re is
 a problem "h :i* sci5ce c n leave 9    
abeyance4 ,! facts are und\bt$1 & !     
natural causes mu/ be s\ght4 ,! p>ts ( !
 fl[]s are adapt$ to ! =ms & habits ( ! 
insects2 ! insects are adapt$ to ! "w ( 
f]tiliz+ ! plants2 ! "q is1 ,h[ are ^!  
two ?+s secur$8 ,! inquiry :i* has      
awak5$ g5]al int]e/ z to ! developm5t ( 
species 9 ! hi/ory ( di/9ct ord]s su* z 
or*ids1 insects1 pigeons1 & dogs1 mu/   
/rive to complete its "w1 by press+ on  
to ?is m complicat$ "q conc]n+ !        
adaptation ( di/9ct organisms to        
influ5ce & aid ea* o!r 9 ! "w (         
developm5t4 ,9 :at way sci5ce may deal )
 ?is "q1 & h[ f> x may be able to       
advance 9 ! se>* = an answ]1 x may be   
difficult to decide4 ,= x is mu* easi]  
to indicate ! logical necessity = an    
advance1 ?an to say 9 :at mann] !       
advance is to be accompli%$4 ,! "o is a 

simple "q ( logical requirem5t2 ! o!r   
mu/ be a matt] ( cont9u$ obs]vation1 &  
sci5tific inf]5ce4 ,:e!r sci5ce may yet 
discov] an answ]2 or :e!r x may prove   
true at ?is po9t1 z at o!r po9ts already
 m5tion$1 t sci5ce has "h rea*$ cle>    
m>ks ( its own limits1 mu/ be left to ! 
future1 to be det]m9$ by ^? devot$ to   
sci5tific rese>*4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z ?is 
"q ( int]dep5d5ce rema9s )\t a sci5tific
 explanation1 x mu/ be obvi\s t !re are 
important facts :i* seem to imply "s    
modification ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 or      
evolution ( species by means (          
selection1 "u ! sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce4
 ,or1 to put x f ano!r po9t ( view1     
nature has m>vell\sly provid$ =         
mitigation ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 by    
contrivances provid+ bo? = vegetable &  
animal life2 !re=e ! !ory ( ! orig9 &   
developm5t ( life :i* dep5ds *iefly on !
 /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ be adju/$ to all[
 = a !ory ( ! effects aris+ f ! natural 
provision = obviat+ ! /ruggle1 & provid+
 = a l>ge increase ( life4  ,q beyond   

?is1 z a matt] entirely di/9ct1 is ! "q 
z to ! primordial =ms ( exi/5ce 9 !     
hi/ory ( plants & insects4 ,z to ?is1   
sci5ce may be able to give v little     
te/imony1 z x is a "q ( ! remote pa/1 on
 :i* pres5t facts may af=d little       
evid5ce4 ,/ill1 beyond ^! primordial    
=ms1 9 a region :i* sci5ce c n ent]1 !re
 lies ! "q ( orig91 ( actual beg9n+1    
creation ( life1 z to ! reality ( :i*   
sci5ce c speak only indirectly by       
discov]y ( its own limits1 9 ! t]ms (   
its ultimatum1 nature has provid$ t su* 
& su* ?+s %all be4  ,be=e leav+ !       
dep>tm5t ( insect life1 !re is a        
collat]al & complem5t>y s]ies (         
obs]vations1 be>+ ^u ! nature & activity
 ( ,,ants1 :i* des]ves att5tion4 ,! ants
 are a race ( insects z dilig5tly       
indu/ri\s z ! bees1 l !m also fond (    
honey & ( all sweet sub/ances2 b unlike 
!m ready to dev\r o!r insects4 ,along ) 
! indu/ry ( ! bee1 !y h pr$atory        
t5d5cies1 lead+ !m into conflict ) o!r  
races1 or ev5 involv+ diff]5t ord]s ( _!

 own race 9 w>f>e4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 
9 ?is connection1 t _m ( ! fl[]+ plants 
h contrivances :i* gu>d !m f ! approa* (
 ants4 ,creep+ insects f9d ! way b>r$   
aga9/ !m :ile ! fly+ insect at once &   
easily rea*es ! /ores ( honey1 n kn[+   
any ?+ ( ! difficulties 9 ! pa? ( ! less
 favor$ rival4 ,spikes gr[ ) _! po9ts 9 
a d[nw>d direction1 aga9/ :i* no creep+ 
insect c make way2 waxy or glut9\s matt]
 is spread ov] ! leaves1 :i* insects %un
 z a trap2 & !re are velvety flexible   
leaves f ! edge ( :i* ! insect easily   
slips (f4 ,special att5tion has be5     
turn$ to ?is field ( rese>* by ,k]n]1,a 
an int]e/+ outl9e ( ! results ( 8       
obs]vations be+ giv5 by ,sir ,john      
,lubbock4,,cg ,! conclusion rea*$ z to !
 utility ( ^! contrivances = exclusion (
 creep+ insects1 is t !y p]=m an        
auxili>y "p 9 ! g5]al plan =            
f]tilization :i* has be5 describ$4 ,to  
all[ ! /ore ( honey to g to ! ants w\ld 
be m]ely to fe$ !m )\t any equival5t    
advantage to ! fl[]s4 ,to dim9i% !      

supply 9 ?is way1 might cause ! bees to 
ab&on _m fl[]s1 & s greatly dim9i%      
f]tilization4 ,?is w\ld ultimately lead 
to %ort supplies1 & probable ext9ction (
 sev]al ord]s ( plants & animals1 &     
accord+ly ^! contrivances to h9d] !     
access ( ants1 mu/ be add$ to ^? =      
facilitat+ ! approa* ( bees1 & o!r fly+ 
insects1 af=d+ fur!r evid5ce ( !        
adju/m5t ( rival int]e/s involv$ 9 !    
relations ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms4
 ,! s]ri$ spikes are a phalanx (        
bayonets plant$ = resi/ance ( an advanc+
 foe4  ,contemplat+ n[ ! ants z 9 "s    
respects an exclud$ race1 :i* ) a l>ge  
%>e ( pugnacity c n f9d a basis (       
op]ations = cont5d+ aga9/ ! bees1 we h  
to turn att5tion briefly on _! modes (  
life4 ,! indu/ry ( ! ant is prov]bial1 &
 c n fail to arre/ ! att5tion ( any "o  
:o sp5ds a few m9utes be=e an ant-hill4 
,b c>efully record$ obs]vations prove x 
to be mu* great] ?an c\ld h be5 imag9$4 
,sir ,john ,lubbock has r5d]$ special   
s]vice "h by c>efully not+ ! "t occupi$1

 z well z ! am\nt ( "w done1 ?us pres]v+
 a s]ies ( obs]vations exce$+ly         
sugge/ive 9 _m ways1 & hav+ an important
 be>+ on a consid]able numb] ( difficult
 que/ions connect$ ) ! relative p[]s (  
l[] & high] ord]s ( life4 ,a simil>     
s]vice has be5 r5d]$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! "w ( 
! ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mc,cook (              
,philadelphia1 on ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( 
! ,agricultural ,ant ( ,texas1--a book  
record+ c>eful & mo/ important          
obs]vations1 add+ mu* to ! /ores ( k    
conc]n+ ants4,,*  ,! "w ( ! ants is     
direct$ ma9ly to ! two great objects (  
animal life1 procur+ food1 & c>+ = ! "y1
 to :i* falls to be add$1 ! repell+ (   
attacks ^u _! ne/s1 or removal ( any ?+ 
obnoxi\s4 ,!y de/roy great numb]s (     
small] insects1 be>+ !m to _! ne/s =    
consumption1 besides go+ (f 9 se>* (    
honey :i* may be )9 rea*1 & n gu>d$ )   
spikes4 ,?is mode ( provid+ implies a v 
busy life1 & !y d n z a rule grudge "w4 
,besides procur+ supplies1 h[ev]1 !re is
 a l>ge am\nt ( labor 9 ! c>e be/[$ ^u  

_! "y4 ,)\t attempt+ to di/+ui% v>i\s   
ord]s1 ( :i* m ?an sev5 hundr$ k9ds are 
kn[n1,,ci a g5]al description ( _! "y w 
suffice4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age ( _! exi/5ce1 
! l>v are small conical %ap$ grubs1 )\t 
p[] ( movem5t4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are f$1   
c>ri$ ab\t f place to place z if _!     
s5iors 7 seek+ *ange ( air & temp]ature 
= !m2 & 9 process ( ^! removals &       
arrangem5ts1 !y are (t5 gr\p$ toge!r 9  
sep>ate companies1 & 9 exact ord]       
accord+ to _! size4 ,9 _! next /age1 !y 
become pup1 sometimes q expos$1 9 o!r   
cases cov]$ ) a ?9 silk5 cov]+4 ,f ?is1 
!y pass into ! mature /ate z p]fect     
insects1 & 9 process ( ?is transition   
old] ants r5d] assi/ance by way ( aid+ !
 transition1 c>efully unfold+ _! legs & 
smoo?+ out _! w+s4  ,9 ! ant ne/ !re is 
a s+ul> di/9ction ( ord]s :i* prev5ts u 
speak+ ( ! p>5t ants z do+ all ?is "w = 
! "y4 ,! great majority 9 e ne/ are     
neut]s1 n produc+ "y2 ^! are ! work]s1 &
 !y are de/itute ( w+s4 ,! small] numb]s
 only are ! males & females produc+ !   

"y4 ,! work]s1 %orn ( w+s1 & entru/$ )  
all t is requir$ 9 h\sehold & out-door  
duties1 labor assidu\sly4 ,^! neut] ants
 h occasion$ special p]plexity to ,mr4  
,d>w9 z be>+ on ! !ory ( evolution1 a   
difficulty :i* is s]i\sly increas$ by ! 
fact t 9 "s cases !y diff] f ea* o!r1   
sometimes to an almo/ incr$ible degree1 
& are ?us divid$ into two or ev5 ?ree   
ca/es1 & ^! d n commonly graduate into  
ea* o!r1 b are z di/9ct f ea* o!r z any 
two species4,,cj ,)\t foll[+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 
?r\gh 8 reason+ z to ! adaptation (     
neut]s = _! task 9 life1 x may be well  
to quote 8 words t[>ds its close1 :]e he
 says1 ,i mu/ confess1 t1 ) all my fai? 
9 natural selection1 ,i %\ld nev] h     
anticipat$ t ?is pr9ciple c\ld h be5    
effici5t 9 s high a degree1 _h n ! case 
( ^! neut] insects l$ me to ?is         
conclusion4,,ck ,besides ! fact t ^!    
neut]s are ! work]s1 !re is an          
additional circum/ance1 e/abli%$ by ,mr4
 ,fr$]ick ,smi? by obs]vations 9 ,engl&1
 confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( ,pi]re     

,hub] 9 ,switz]l&1 & aft]w>ds v]ifi$ 9 !
 cle>e/ way by ,mr4 ,d>w91 t !re is a   
species ( ant 7=mica sangu9ea7 :i*      
captures slaves ( a weak] ord]1 mak+ w> 
aga9/ ! weak] race1 c>ry+ (f _! "y1 re>+
 !m )9 _! own ne/s1 & tra9+ !m to s]ve4 
,mr4 ,d>w9 0 himself sceptical ( su* a  
/atem5t1 b gives an int]e/+ n>rative (  
di/9ct obs]vations by :i* x 0 confirm$4 
,! am\nt ( labor und]tak5 by ! work]s f 
an ants' ne/1 may be judg$ by "o or two 
extracts f ! records ( ,sir ,john       
,lubbock4 ,he says1 ,i once wat*$ an ant
 f six 9 ! morn+1 & %e work$ )\t        
int]mission till a qu>t] to t5 at night1
 & 9 t "t %e _h c>ri$ "o hundr$ &       
eighty-sev5 l>v into ! ne/4,,cl ,!re is 
evid5ce n only ( cop]ation1 b ( division
 ( labor among ! work]s4 ,! obs]vations 
( ,mr4 ,=el lead to ! conclusion t v "y 
ants devote !mselves at fir/ to ! c>e ( 
! l>v & pup1 & t !y d n take %>e 9 !    
def5ce ( ! ne/ or o!r out-(-door "w1    
until !y are "s days old4,,cm ,by a     
di/9ct set ( obs]vations1 wat*+ all ants

 t came & w5t f ! ne/1 & lay+ up 9      
captivity "s ( ! numb]1 ,mr4 ,lubbock   
came to ! conclusion t c]ta9 ants are   
told (f z =ag]s4,,cn ,& 9 ! w9t] season1
 :5 9 ! case ( "s ord]s little food is  
requir$1 a few only ( ! inhabitants ( ! 
ne/ come & g1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ 9     
supplies4 ,?is makes obs]vation mu* m   
easy at t season1 r5d]+ x possible to   
numb] & id5tify individual work]s4 ,!   
results z applicable to "o ( ! ne/s are 
giv5 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,f ! #a/ (     
,novemb] to ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 ) two or   
?ree casual exceptions1 ! :ole ( !      
supplies 7 c>ri$ 9 by ?ree ants1 "o (   
:om1 h[ev]1 did comp>atively little4 ,! 
o!r two 7 imprison$1 & !n1 b n till !n1 
a fre% ant appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,%e c>ri$ 9
 ! food = a week1 & !n %e be+ imprison$1
 two o!rs und]took ! task4,,co  ,"o     
consid]ation m be>+ ^u obta9+ supplies  
des]ves to be record$ z altoge!r s+ul>4 
,"s species ( ants wat* ov] a di/9ct    
ord] ( insects1 ! aphides1 :i* exude a  
sweet fluid1 us+ !m exactly z we d c[s =

 obta9+ supplies ( milk4 ,! ant comes up
 to ! aphis1 g5tly /rokes x ) h] feel]s1
 =?) ! aphis gives =? its supply (      
honey1 :i* ! ant dr9ks up & dep>ts4 ,!  
facts 7 obs]v$ by ,pi]re ,hub]1 & v]ifi$
 by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,?is v]ification 0 s    
int]e/+1 t ,i give ! n>rative 9 a       
slightly cond5s$ =m4 ,mr4 ,d>w9         
says1--,i remov$ all ! ants f a gr\p (  
ab\t a doz5 aphides on a dock-plant1 &  
prev5t$ _! att5dance dur+ sev]al h\rs4  
,mr4 ,d>w9 tri$ 9 va9 by /rok+ ! aphides
 ) a hair1 9 imitation ( ! play ( !     
feel]s ( ! ants1 to induce !m to give up
 ! honey4 ,aft]w>ds1 he says1 ,i all[$  
an ant to visit !m1 & x imm$iately      
seem$1 by its eag] way ( runn+ ab\t1 to 
be well aw>e :at a ri* flock x _h       
discov]$2 x !n began to play ) its ant5n
 on ! abdom5 fir/ ( "o aphis & !n (     
ano!r2 & ea*1 z soon z x felt ! ant5n1  
imm$iately lift$ up its abdom5 & excret$
 a limpid drop ( sweet juice1 :i* 0     
eag]ly dev\r$ by ! ant4,,cp ,s ! ants h 
_! c[s & milk !m4  ,to attempt any      

acc\nt ( ! ants ( tropical c\ntries1 :]e
 ants are mo/ num]\s1 sw>m+ 9 ! regions 
!y inhabit1 & m>*+ 9 ho/s1 w\ld occupy  
too mu* space4 ,i give1 !re=e1 only a   
s+le ref]5ce extract$ f ! te/imony (    
,mr4 ,savage conc]n+ ! driv] ant (      
,we/]n ,africa 7,anomma ,arc5s71 s call$
 because ( ! success ) :i* x drives e ?+
 be=e x4 ,mr4 ,savage annoy$ by !       
proximity ( a l>ge settlem5t1 discov]$  
its qu>t]s 9 "s decay+ granite4 ,k9dl+ a
 fire ar\nd x1 he believ$ he _h succe$$ 
9 dispos+ ( t settlem5t4 ,two days aft]1
 he w5t back to ! spot1 & in/ead (      
desolation & dea?1 he f\nd a tree at a  
%ort di/ance1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9      
diamet]1 to ! height ( f\r feet f !     
gr\nd1 ) ! adjac5t plants & e>? p]fectly
 black ) !m4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ?+1 h[ev]1 0 t
 ! ants _h made fe/oons f ! l[] bran*es 
to ! gr\nd1 =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 z     
witness$ by ,mr4 ,savage3 ant aft] ant  
com+ d[n f above1 ext5d+ _! long limbs1 
& op5+ wide _! jaws1 gradually l5g!n+   
out ! liv+ *a9 until fir/ x 0 sway+ to &

 fro1 & ultimately fa/5$ to ! gr\nd1 :5 
o!rs 7 asc5d+ & desc5d+ ^u !m1 ?us hold+
 free & ready communication ) ! l[] &   
upp] portions ( ?is d5se mass4 ,9 ?is   
same mann] ^! ants provide = ! cross+ ( 
wat] :5 on ! m>*4 ,!y make a l9e or *a9 
( "o ano!r1 gradually ext5d+ !mselves by
 numb]s across till ! opposite side is  
rea*$4,,cq ,?is is exactly simil> to !  
mann] 9 :i* "s monkeys are kn[n to      
con/ruct a natural bridge1 only t !     
monkeys h ! advantage ( great] size &   
muscul> /r5g?1 z well z preh5sile p[] by
 ! use ( _! tails4 ,) su* *>act]i/ics z 
h be5 briefly describ$1 !re is little   
wond] t a high place 9 ! scale (        
intellig5ce has be5 claim$ = ^! small   
insects4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 :o has s  
pati5tly conduct$ 8 obs]vations z to _! 
modes ( life1 has /at$ ?is 9 ! foll[+   
mann]1--,! an?ropoid apes no d\bt       
approa* m to man 9 bodily /ructure ?an d
 any o!r animals2 b :5 we consid] !     
habits ( ants1 _! social organization1  
_! l>ge communities1 elaborate          

habitations1 _! roadways1 _! possession 
( dome/ic animals1 & ev5 9 "s cases (   
slaves1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !y h a fair  
claim to rank next to man 9 ! scale (   
intellig5ce4,,cr ,:e!r1 ev5 ) all ?is   
evid5ce1 we may be able to rank ! ants q
 z high z ,lubbock "h sugge/s1 may be   
op5 to "q4 ,!re may1 = example1 be      
reasonable debate :e!r ! dog does n     
pres5t /ill high] signs ( intellig5ce1 b
 x says a great deal = ! ants t debate 9
 ! case %\ld be possible4 ,a "q ( v     
great sci5tific importance is "h rais$1 
affect+ ! :ole s*eme ( int]pretation    
applicable to animal life1 z connect$ ) 
developm5t ( bra94  ,)\t attempt+ to    
ent] ^u ! argum5t yet to be conduct$    
?r\gh ! wid] relations conc]n$1 x mu/ be
 obvi\s t ! facts be>+ on insect life   
mu/ erelong h a l>g] %>e ?an !y h yet _h
 9 influ5c+ our g5]alizations4 ,by      
ref]5ce to ^!1 x becomes app>5t1 t      
anatomical /ructure is n 9 itself an    
adequate guide 9 det]m9+ comp>ative     
importance on ! scale ( organic exi/5ce2

 &1 :at is /ill m />tl+1 t ev5          
comp>ative bra9 /ructure c n be tak5 z !
 sole te/ ( ! measure ( intellig5ce     
belong+ to animals4 ,! :ole ord]s (     
ants1 tak5 collectively1 mu/ be reg>d$ z
 pres5t+ q exceptional difficulties1 n  
only = a !ory ( evolution reg>d$ z an   
all-embrac+ sci5ce ( life2 b also = t   
!ory ( intellig5ce :i* seeks to acc\nt =
 div]sities ( p[] by ! comp>ative       
complexity ( bra9 /ructure4  ,pass+ f m 
detail$ discussion1 x is ne$ful to      
obs]ve h[ wide & valuable are ! results 
( ^! rese>*es conc]n+ ! relation ( !    
vegetable k+dom ) l[] ord]s ( animals4  
,facts n[ record$ 9 multitudes (        
sci5tific j\rnals1 & m elaborate        
treatises1 illu/rate wond]ful m9ut5ess (
 contrivance & complet5ess ( adaptation 
9 ! works ( nature1 giv+ to ! range ( k 
possess$ only a c5tury ago an aspect (  
insignificance4 ,:at ! microscope has   
done by enl>g+ ! range ( human vision1  
subdivision ( labor among sci5tific     
inquir]s1 & proportionate conc5tration1 

h done1 9 ! way ( embrac+ ! va/ &       
complicat$ field1 ( obs]vation ly+ op5  
to all eyes4 ,! results exalt to a      
greatly high] place 9 our appreciation !
 evid5ce ( design 9 ! _w4 ,! consequ5ce 
is t :ile ! l9e ( ?\ght foll[$ by       
,paley1 9 :at he designat$ ,natural     
,!ology1 has become a ?\s&-fold m       
int]e/+1 ! famili> & n[ almo/ antiquat$ 
illu/ration ( ! wat*1 tak5 z a model (  
human design1 by ! comp>ative simplicity
 ( its adju/m5ts1 seems /rangely        
inadequate to repres5t ev5 9 ! mo/      
tempor>y =m1 a m9ut5ess ( design q      
ov]:elm+ to ! human m9d 9 its attempts  
to br+ x )9 a uni=m s*eme4 ,:e!r all ?is
 0 provid$ = by manifold creative acts1 
or by developm5t f a few primordial =ms1
 does n affect ! argum5t2 ! latt]       
sugge/ion only greatly increases its    
=ce4 ,to ^? :o are sway$ only by an     
intellectual int]e/1 ! facts ( vegetable
 & insect life mu/ be full (            
significance1 sugge/ive ( f>-rea*+      
reflection4 ,b to no body ( m5 c ^!     

results ( sci5tific rese>* be s         
attractive z to ^? :o require = all     
nature a sup]natural explanation4       
,,footnotes3  ,,br ,lay ,s]mons1 *ap1   
vii41 p4 #acd4  ,,bs ,d>w9's            
,f]tilization ( ,or*ids1 p4 #b2         
,lubbock's ,sci5tific ,lectures1 p4 #h4 
,,bt ,sir ,john ,lubbock's ,sci5tific   
,lectures1 p4 #c4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ref]s to   
,fritz ,mll]'s pap]s z report$ 9        
,botanis*e ,zeitung1 #ahfi-gj4 ,app5dix 
,,ix4  ,,bu ,! ,v>i\s ,contrivances by  
:i* ,or*ids are f]tiliz$ by ,insects1   
#b;d ed4 p4 #bic4  ,,bv ,f]tilization1  
p4 #e4  ,,bw ,f]tilization1 p4 #ab4     
,,bx ,f]tilization1 p4 #ajb4  ,,by ,ib4 
p4 #aac4  ,,bz ,f]tilization1 p4 #dd4   
,,ca ,sci5tific ,lectures1 p4 #ca4  ,,cb
 ,f]tilization1 p4 #b4  ,,cc ,ib4 p4    
#bhd4  ,,cd ,f]tilization1 p4 #bhe4     
,,ce ,f]tilization1 p4 #bdf4  ,,cf      
,botany1 7,sci5ce ,prim]s7 by ,dr4 ,j4  
,d4 ,hook]1 ,c4,b41 ,p4,r4,s41 p4 #gi4  
,,cg ,sci5tific ,lectures1 p4 #cf4  ,,* 
,see ,app5dix ,x4  ,,ci ,see ,app5dix   

,,viii4  ,,cj ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f? ed4
 p4 #bcj4  ,,ck ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f?  
ed4 p4 #bcc4  ,,cl ,sci5t4 ,lects4 p4   
#gc4  ,,cm ,ib4 p4 #gh4  ,,cn ,ib4 p4   
#ace4  ,,co ,sci5tific ,lectures1 p4    
#ace4  ,,cp ,orig9 ( ,species #f? ed4 p4
 #bjg4  ,,cq ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 
edit$ by ,ri*>dson1 ,dallas1 ,cobbold1  
,baird1 & ,:ite1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahd4  ,,cr
 ,sci5t4 ,lects4 p4 #fh4     ,,lecture  
,,vi4  ,,high]                          
,,organisms4--,,resemblances ,,&        
,,contra/s4--,,bra9 ,,/ructure4   ,!    
/age ( inve/igation n[ rea*$ requires u 
to consid] rec5t advances 9 our k ( m   
complicat$ organisms4 ,?is leads into ! 
l9e ( obs]vation disclos+ /eadily       
advanc+ complexity ( /ructure1 & br+s u 
into contact ) ! claim t man be includ$ 
)9 ! area ( sci5tific inquiry1 & reg>d$ 
z a m fully organiz$ life to :i* l[]    
ord]s are n only po9t+1 b actually t5d+4
  ,z to ?is la/ claim1 ab\t :i* m mu/ be
 said z we approa* ! close ( ^!         
inve/igations1 x may be rem>k$ by way ( 

prelim9>y1 t z man belongs to nature1   
all ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 life mu/ come )9 !
 area ( sci5tific inquiry1 & inde$ ! te/
 ( any !ory ( exi/5ce :i* may be (f]$1 w
 be f\nd 9 ! measure ( success ) :i* x  
expla9s our own nature4 ,t man /&s      
highe/ 9 ! scale ( organism belong+ to  
?is _w admits ( no d\bt1 !re=e !        
explanation ( human nature may be reg>d$
 z ! supreme ef=t ( sci5ce4 ,ar\nd ?is  
subject1 h[ev]1 s]i\s diff]5ces h aris5 
among sci5tific m51 b ^! diff]5ces d n  
conc]n ! v simple "q :e!r all t belongs 
to nature comes )9 ! range ( ! sci5ce ( 
nature4 ,?is is grant$ by all1 :e!r !re 
be a pref]5ce = includ+ all su* inquiry 
"u ! s+le "n ( sci5ce1 or = di/+ui%+    
betwe5 physical sci5ce & m5tal          
philosophy4 ,?is is simply a matt] (    
def9+ t]ms1 & trac+ ! b\nd>ies (        
recogniz$ dep>tm5ts ( inquiry4 ,b :e!r a
 cont9u$ /udy ( organism w conduct u to 
an adequate und]/&+ ( human nature1 mu/ 
be a matt] ( obs]vation & inf]5ce4 ,if x
 d1 sci5ce has complet$ its "w4 ,if x d 

n1 !re rema9s a /ill high] "q1 h[ %all  
we acc\nt = features ( life = :i*       
organism af=ds no sci5tific explanation8
 ,! :ole field is c]ta9ly free to       
sci5ce1 & ! :ole task :i* ?is imm5se    
field ( rese>* imposes mu/ be und]tak51 
& p]si/5tly prosecut$ to a rational     
issue4  ,ent]+ n[1 !re=e1 on !          
contemplation ( animal life1 reg>d$ z a 
high] ord]1 di/+ui%able f vegetable     
life1 we h ! out/&+ *>act]i/ics (       
s5sibility & locomotion4 ,:e!r !re is a 
di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 vegetable
 & animal does n require special        
att5tion1 = no matt] ( controv]sy on ?is
 po9t c delay proc$ure4 ,!re is1 z      
already rem>k$1 9 ! vegetable k+dom a   
s+ul> approximation t[>ds animal life1 9
 s f> z we h evid5ce ( s5sibility to t\*
 among ! plants1 to a degree :i* appe>s 
wond]ful *iefly by contra/ ) ! common   
*>act]i/ics ( ! vegetable k+dom4  ,on ! 
o!r h&1 s5sibility to influ5ces op]at+ f
 )\t is a common feature ( animal life4 
,ev5 ! v l[e/ ord]s ( animals are       

s5sitive to t\*1 & z ?is =m ( exp]i5ce  
is closely connect$ ) p[] ( locomotion1 
all animals h ! conditions ( _! life    
l>gely affect$ by int]f]5ce ) _! own    
movem5ts1 or resi/ance (f]$1 :e!r by    
objects ly+ 9 _! way1 or by "s =ce      
re/ra9+ _! progress1 or caus+ movem5t 9 
an opposite direction4 ,n[ ^! two       
*>act]i/ics--s5sibility to impression f 
)\t1 & movem5t caus$ by an ex]cise (    
en]gy f )9 ! organism itself--are bo?   
provid$ = by means ( ! n]ve sy/em       
belong+ to ! animal4 ,?is n]ve sy/em    
v>ies 9 ! numb] & complexity ( its      
arrangem5ts1 accord+ to ! complexity ( !
 organism ) :i* x is associat$4 ,z1     
!re=e1 we rise 9 ! scale1 pass+ f ! s(t 
pulpy =m ( ! l[e/ ord]s1 to ^? =m$ 9    
segm5ts or r+s1 next to ^? ) di/9ct     
portions ( organism fulfill+ sep>ate    
functions1 z 9 insect life1 ) head1     
body1 & legs2 & next pass up to !       
v]tebrates1 ) back-bone & skeleton1 on  
:i* is built up a m or less complicat$  
muscul> sy/em1 we f9d a n]ve sy/em1 gr[+

 9 complexity along ) ! appe>ance (     
diff]5t organs ( ! body4 ,& 9 all cases1
 ?is sy/em fulfils ^! two               
functions--s5sibility to t\*1 & movem5t 
( ! body4 ,^! two are provid$ = by      
di/9ct l9es or n]ve fibres2 & 9 all     
cases1 ^! two sets are comb9$ 9 a c5tre1
 !reby secur+ t ! two sets be cop]ative1
 unit$ly contribut+ to ! managem5t ( !  
liv+ organism4 ,?is appe>s ev5 if we    
take = illu/ration an organism s l[ z ! 
ascidian mollusk1 :i* floats 9 ! wat] z 
if x 7 a sack drawn toge!r t[>ds ! top1 
bulg+ out bel[2 & :i* is n\ri%$ simply  
by ! pass+ ( a curr5t ( wat] 9 at ! m\?1
 & out at a v5t t[>ds ! l[] end ( ! sac4
 ,a s]ies ( n]ve l9es comes f ! m\?2 a  
di/9ct ramification spreads ov] ! l[]   
portion ( ! sac2 & ^! two are unit$ 9 a 
s+le knot or ganglion1 a little above ! 
v5t4 ,by ^! contrivances1 ?is little    
body1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p /ation>y1 is      
s5sitive to ! approa* ( any ?+ injuri\s1
 & by contraction ( its mass expels !   
wat] ) consid]able =ce1 driv+ ! injuri\s

 matt] to a di/ance4 ,?is comb9ation ( !
 two sets ( n]ves appe>s m /rik+ly 9 su*
 an animal z ! c5tip$e1 along ^: body   
are successive gr\ps ( n]ves1 comb9$ 9  
regul> ord] 9 a s]ies ( knots1 & unit$  
longitud9ally by connect+ ?reads1 atta*+
 ! successive knots4 ,! same plan is    
c>ri$ up into a m articulat$ =m 9 ! case
 ( ! w+$ insect1 ) head1 ant5n or feel]s
 project+ f ! head1 w+s1 & legs1 lead+  
to a m m>k$ appe>ance ( sep>ate         
comb9ations1 giv+ great] prom95ce to !  
head4 ,:5 f ?is we rise to ! fi%1 !nce  
to ! bird1 !nce to ! quadrup$1 we f9d ! 
head made conspicu\sly ! c5tral organ ( 
! entire n]ve sy/em ( ! animal1 :ile x  
occupies ! front position 9 ! body4 ,x  
is no long] "o ( a set or s]ies ( knots2
 nor ev5 ! l>ge/ or m conspicu\s 9 a    
graduat$ ord] ( c5tres2 b 9 ! head ( !  
animal is f\nd t :i* is ! true n]ve     
c5tre = ! :ole n]ve sy/em1 designat$ !  
bra94 ,9 ! case ( ! v]tebrates1 n only  
does ! skeleton af=d ! solid frame-"w on
 :i* ! muscul> sy/em is built1 b !      

back-bone conta9s )9 x ! ma9 column (   
n]ve fibres1 :i* are giv5 out at !      
sev]al jo9ts accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( 
! body4  ,if mean:ile we conc5trate     
att5tion on our own bodies1 we may by ! 
aid ( p]sonal exp]i5ce f9d easy         
illu/ration ( ! prom95t features ( !    
n]ve sy/em4 ,we %all take fir/ ! two    
di/9ct l9es ( n]ves already m5tion$1 !  
"o set conc]n$ ) s5sibility1 ! o!r )    
movem5t ( ! muscles4 ,f ! tips ( ! f+]s 
!re run l9es ( n]ve fibre1 :i* are      
br\ght into comb9ation at ! wri/1 & are 
c>ri$ up ! arm1 & onw>d by ! %\ld] &    
upp] portion ( ! back-bone to ! head4   
,^! are ! n]ves ( s5sibility1 by means (
 :i*1 z by telegraph wires1 ! slighte/  
impression made on ! tips ( ! f+]s is   
in/antly convey$ to ! great n]ve c5tre 9
 ! bra94 ,di/9ct f ^! is ano!r set (    
n]ves issu+ f ! bra91 & desc5d+ ! arm1  
giv+ (f its fibres z x passes to !      
sev]al muscles above ! elb[1 next to ^? 
above ! wri/1 & next to ! muscles ( ! h&
 & f+]s4 ,^! are ! n]ves ( movem5t1 by  

means ( :i* ! :ole arm may be br\ght    
into action at pleasure1 or ! h& may be 
set to "w1 :ile ! arm is at re/4  ,^!   
two sets ( n]ves--! s5sory & motor--are 
exactly simil> 9 /ructure1 consi/+ ( an 
out] cov]+1 )9 :i* float+ 9 a :ite fluid
 is a ?read :i* con/itutes ! n]ve prop]4
 ,! out] cov]+ provides = isolation ( ! 
fibre1 f o!r fibres laid alongside ( x1 
j z copp] wire is isolat$ by a          
gutta-p]*a cov]+ :5 ! two connect+ l9es 
f an electric batt]y are laid d[n 9     
close proximity z 9 ! arrangem5t =      
electric bells4 ,by ?is provision ! n]ve
 fibres are completely isolat$ mak+ x   
possible to di/+ui% s5sory impressions s
 z to tell :i* f+] has be5 t\*$4 ,!     
simil>ity ( /ructure 9 ! two l9es (     
n]ves is a /rik+ fact 9 view ( !        
completely di/9ct functions fulfill$4   
,?is leads to a special explanation ( ! 
provision = diff]5t modes ( action4 ,?is
 is secur$ by div]sity 9 ! t]m9al       
arrangem5ts = ! two classes ( n]ves4 ,! 
n]ves ( s5sibility h a peculi>ly        

s5sitive arrangem5t spread "u ! sk91    
con/itut+ an end-bulb or t\* organ4 ,9  
c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body m s5sitive ?an o!rs1
 su* z ! tips ( ! f+]s1 !re are         
additional m9ute corpuscles1 gr\p$      
alongside ( ! n]ve1 liable to contract  
"u ! slighte/ pressure1 & :i* add       
greatly to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! p>ticul>   
p>ts ab\t :i* !y clu/]4 ,! t]m9al       
arrangem5ts ( ! motor n]ves are q       
diff]5t4 ,! n]ve fibres pass into !     
sub/ance ( ! muscle to be mov$ by !m1 & 
! n]ve fibre is subdivid$ & di/ribut$1 s
 z to br+ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! muscle "u   
control4 ,^! fibres are s laid &        
connect$1 t a :ole set ( muscles c be   
mov$ simultane\sly1 be+ made to "w 9    
p]fect h>mony4  ,! vital activity ( ?is 
:ole arrangem5t ( n]ve fibres1 includ+  
s5sory & motor 9 "o sy/em1 dep5ds ^u    
liv+ connection ( all ) ! great n]ve    
c5tre 9 ! bra91 :]e ! n]ve en]gy is     
provid$ :i* keeps all 9 functional      
activity4 ,only1 !re is ?is /rik+       
diff]5ce ) ! two sets ( fibres1 t 9 !   

case ( ! s5sory n]ve ! pulsation ( en]gy
 is upw>ds to ! bra91 9 ! case ( ! motor
 n]ve x is d[nw>ds t[>ds ! muscle4 ,!re 
is no sci5tific explanation yet rea*$ ( 
?is contra/ ( molecul> action4 ,b by    
means ( x ! "o ord] ( n]ves plays ! "p (
 a vehicle ( impression provid+ = k (   
:at is )\t1 ! o!r ord] fulfils ! "p ( an
 in/rum5t = mov+ ! muscul> sy/em :i* is 
"p ( ! organism itself4  ,illu/ration3  
,,diagram ,,( ,,c]ebro-,,sp9al ,,n]ve   
,,c5tres4 ,,d>k ,,repres5t+ ,,s5sory2   
,,! ,,light1 ,,motor ,,c5tres4 ,,!      
,,arr[s ,,indicate ,,! ,,direction ,,(  
,,! ,,curr5t ,,( ,,influ5ce4            
,illu/ration3 ,,n]ve ,,sy/em ,,( ,,!    
,,insect1 ,,%[+ ,,di/9ct ,,c5tres4  ,^! 
two ord]s are n1 h[ev]1 to be reg>d$ z  
sep>ate sy/ems q ap>t f ea* o!r1 b z two
 sides ( "o sy/em1 :i* are ess5tially & 
closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,!re is a    
provision = comb9$ action ( ! two sets1 
s t an impulse communicat$ along a      
s5sory n]ve or set ( n]ves1 may pass ov]
 to ! motor sy/em & t]m9ate 9 muscul>   

activity4 ,?is is mo/ simply illu/rat$  
by ! circum/ance t ! n]ves ( s5sibility 
become in/rum5ts ( pa91 :5 a sev]e %ock 
or bl[ is giv51 or "s injury is         
inflict$4 ,suff]+ becomes a signal (    
risk & in/antly ! injur$ "p %r9ks or    
/>ts away f ! s\rce ( suff]+4 ,?is is a 
phase ( s5sori-motor activity illu/rat+ 
a law :i* has a wide range ( application
 9 animal life4 ,?is sket* ( !          
arrangem5ts & functions ( ! two sides ( 
! n]ve sy/em ?\gh trac$ 9 view ( its    
application to human nature1 w suffice  
to indicate ! g5]al plan 9 accordance ) 
:i* s5sibility & muscul> activity are   
provid$ = 9 ! animal k+dom g5]ally4 ,!  
ramification ( ! n]ve l9es w 9 ea* case 
be accord+ to ! simplicity or complexity
 ( /ructure belong+ to ! animal2 b !    
provisions = s5sitiv5ess to t\*1 & p[] (
 movem5t are 9 all cases ! same4 ,fi%1  
bird1 & quadrup$ are alike s5sitive to  
t\*1 & !y are alike capable ( movem5t1  
?\gh ! me*anical contrivances by :i*    
locomotion is secur$ v>y greatly2 b a   

d\ble di/ribution ( n]ve fibres 9 all   
cases provides = ^! two *>act]i/ics (   
animal life4  ,f ?is1 we advance to !   
n]ve c5tre1--! bra91--to :i* ! n]ves (  
s5sibility run up1 & f :i* ! n]ves (    
motion come =?4 ,"h also !re is id5tity 
9 ! nature ( ! organ1 :ile !re is v>iety
 9 its size1 ) m or less complicat$     
plans ( arrangem5t1 accord+ to ! ext5t (
 ! n]ve sy/em ( :i* x is ! c5tral organ4
 ,/ill keep+ to ! human body =          
illu/ration1 we may f9d 9 ! mo/ complex 
organism kn[n to u illu/ration ( :at    
holds good 9 ! ma9 s f> z ess5tial      
/ructure is conc]n$4  ,! bra9 is made up
 ( two entirely di/9ct sub/ances4 ,9 !  
int]ior ( ! organ1 & altoge!r conceal$ f
 view :5 a draw+ ( x is made1 or ! organ
 itself is expos$ to obs]vation1 is a   
:ite mass consi/+ ( a multitude (       
fibres4 ,^! are simply cr[ds ( n]ve l9es
 ga!r$ toge!r1 l$ up f ! extremities &  
trunk1 or provid$ = int]communication ) 
! sev]al p>ts ( ?is c5tral organ4 ,ga!r$
 all r\nd ab\t ?is1 & con/itut+ !       

ext]nal mass1 on ! summit1 sides1 & base
 ( ! bra91 is a completely di/9ct       
sub/ance kn[n z ! grey matt]1 fold$ up 9
 wav+s1 twi/+s1 or convolutions1 enclos+
 myriads ( cells f :i* n]ve en]gy is    
dis*>g$4 ,^! cells diff] consid]ably 9  
=m & size1 sugge/+ ! possibility (      
di/9ct functions be+ assign$ to cells ( 
diff]5t /ructure1 "s be+ small] & less  
intimately connect$ ) ^? ar\nd1 o!rs s  
mu* l>g] & m important z to h sugge/$ ! 
"n ( pyramidal cells1 & also hav+ l9es (
 connection betwe5 !mselves & o!r p>ts  
mu* m num]\s ?an 9 ! case ( ! small]    
cells4 ,e cell has a nucleus or c5tral  
po9t1 :i* is ! c5tre ( vitality1 :ile ! 
fibres :i* !y s5d out1 v>y+ 9 numb] f "o
 to f\r or five1 e/abli% connection     
betwe5 cells1 or pass into ! n]ves      
prop]4 ,^! cells are pack$ toge!r 9 a   
s(t glut9\s sub/ance1 9 ! out] lay] (   
:i* !y are few] 9 numb]2 approa*+ !     
int]ior1 !y become m num]\s2 & !y are   
bo? m abundant1 l>g] 9 size1 & m        
di/+ui%$ by ! numb] ( _!                

protoplasmic,,cs fibres z !y lie ne>] to
 ! mass ( n]ve fibres4 ,9 ?is cr[d (    
n]ve cells are ! /ores ( n]ve en]gy     
suppli$ to ! n]ve sy/em1 ) e ex]cise (  
:i* molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 are believ$
 to take place4 ,on ?is acc\nt !re mu/  
be regul> & ample supply ( n\ri%m5t = ! 
bra91 = :i* su* provision has be5 made  
t1 accord+ to ,hall]'s computation1 "o  
fif? "p ( ! :ole blood supply goes to ! 
bra94  ,illu/ration3 ,,human ,,bra91 ,,)
 ,,c5tres ,,( ,,electric ,,excitation4  
,reg>d$ z ! great c5tral organ1 ! bra9  
is divid$ into two halves or hemisph]es1
 f ea* "o ( :i* goes =? supply ( n]ve   
fibres & n]ve en]gy = ! opposite side ( 
! body4 ,its greate/ dep? is 9 ! c5tral 
"p1 ! front & back be+ r\nd$ d[n1 !     
frontal region be+1 h[ev]1 consid]ably m
 massive ?an ! re>4 ,besides ?is great  
c5tral body1 !re are sev]al dep5d5t     
subord9ate bodies1 plac$ und]nea?1 &    
directly above ! upp] "p ( ! sp9e4 ,mo/ 
important ( ^! is ! c]ebellum1 or little
 bra91 ^: functions are n[ g5]ally      

believ$ to be closely connect$ ) !      
equilibrium ( ! body :5 mov+4 ,some:at  
ne>] ! c5tre1 & q "u ! bra9 prop] is !  
pons or bridge1 provid+ = ! int]lac+ ( !
 fibres on _! way out f ! ! c5tral      
organ1 & j bel[ t are c]ta9 elongat$    
bodies 7m$ulla oblongata71 consi/+ (    
masses ( fibre j above ! sp9al cord4    
,be=e clos+ ?is v brief & ha/y          
description ( ! n]ve sy/em1 !re is "o   
peculi>ly /rik+ arrangem5t to :i*       
special ref]5ce may be made4 ,! mass (  
n]ve fibre :i* passes d[n )9 ! back-bone
 con/itut+ ! sp9al column1 :i* is =m$ 9 
two divisions equival5t to ! hemisph]es 
( ! bra91 gives out at ea* ( ! v]tebr or
 sp9al jo9ts a supply ( n]ve = ! portion
 ( ! body contigu\s4 ,?is supply is s5t 
out f ea* side ( ! column1 & issues 9   
two roots1 a po/]ior & ant]ior2 !       
po/]ior root be+ a body ( s5sory n]ves1 
! ant]ior root ( motor n]ves4 ,%ortly   
aft] pass+ out1 ^! two =m into "o1 unit+
 to con/itute a n]ve trunk4 ,j aft] !y h
 ?us unit$1 ! trunk aga9 op5s up into   

two1 & 9 ea* "o ( ^! two a %>e ( !      
s5sory & motor roots f9ds a place1 & ?us
 prep>ation is made = s5d+ out t[>ds bo?
 ! front & back ( ! body suitable       
proportion ( bo? sets ( n]ves4 ,! two   
roots drawn toge!r z if to b9d !m into  
"o1 are by "s inexplicable process      
subdivid$1 & ! two b&s issu+ f ! unit$  
b& are f\nd to h ea* a %>e ( ! cont5ts (
 ea* root4 ,( all ! s+ul> occurr5ces    
com+ "u sci5tific obs]vation !re is no?+
 m surpris+4 ,! fact is c]ta91 b !re is 
no sci5tific explanation ( ! contrivance
 by :i* su* a s+ul> result is secur$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,( ,,! ,,crab4    
,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,( ,,! ,,cod1 ,,! 
,,two ,,l>g] ,,lobes ,,be+ ,,^? ,,(     
,,vision1 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,be+ ,,9 ,,front  
,,( ,,^!4  ,hav+ n[ be=e u 9 outl9e a   
repres5tation ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( man1 &  
hav+ 9 ?is a guide to ! und]/&+ ( !     
prom95t features involv$ 9 ! di/ribution
 ( two ord]s ( n]ves ov] ! body1 & _!   
conc5tration 9 a c5tral organ1 we are   
prep>$ = consid]+ ! comp>ative bra9     

developm5t pres5t$ to view z we asc5d ! 
scale ( animal life4 ,! ma9 features (  
gradation may be %ortly /at$4 ,9 all    
cases1 ! bra9 is a s(t pulpy body1      
compos$ z describ$1 ! ext]ior portion   
be+ cellul> tissue1 ! int]ior fibr\s1 f 
! ga!r+ ( n]ve l9es4 ,9 ! l[e/ ord]s (  
animals1 ! bra9 is ( v small size4 ,9 ! 
insects1 su* z ! ant1 bee1 & wasp1 x is 
only a slight b& /ret*+ f eye to eye4 ,9
 ! :ole ord] ( fi%es an advance 9       
organization appe>s1 ?\gh ! bra9 is     
small relatively to ! size ( ! body1 a  
fact :i* seems readily expla9$ by ! fact
 t !re is little articulation 9 !       
/ructure ( ! fi%1 ! :ole body mov+ 9 "o 
mass1 by simple managem5t ( ! f9s &     
tail4 ,! bra9 z a rule is simply two    
small r\nd lobes ( smoo? surface laid   
toge!r2 & :at is mo/ to be rem>k$ is t !
 bra9 prop] is q inf]ior 9 size to lobes
 ( vision4,,ct ,9 front ( ! bra9 are    
slight /r&s connect$ ) ! organ ( smell2 
& beh9d x are ! two l>ge lobes kn[n z   
optic lobes1 be=e :i* ! bra9 appe>s     

comp>atively insignificant4 ,?is is !   
ord9>y arrangem5t1 b 9 ! case ( ! %>k ! 
bra9 ext5ds to mu* l>g] proportions1    
greatly surpass+ ! optic lobes1 & hav+ 9
 front ( x unusually ample provision = !
 organ ( smell4,,cu  ,:5 we rea* !      
reptiles ! normal ord] appe>s :i*       
cont9ues !reaft] up ! :ole range (      
animal life4 ,! bra9 takes prec$5ce ( ! 
lobes ( special s5se1 & is ! mo/        
important organ4 ,?is appe>s q          
decisively 9 ! bra9 ( ! frog4 ,on acc\nt
 ( ! possession ( f\r limbs1 & its p[] (
 locomotion by =w>d leaps1 provid$ = by 
! sup]ior size & /r5g? ( ! h9d legs1 !re
 is mu* great] ne$ = di/ribution ( n]ve 
l9es1 to place di/9ct muscles "u        
control1 & z a consequ5ce ! bra9 or     
c5tral organ assumes a position ( great]
 importance4  ,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,(  
,,! ,,bird4  ,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,(   
,,! ,,cat1 ,,) ,,bulb ,,( ,,smell ,,9   
,,front1 ,,& ,,little ,,bra9 ,,beh9d4   
,pass+ next to birds1 we f9d a m>k$     
advance 9 ! /ructure ( ! bra94 ,! two   

hemisph]es are consid]ably ext5d$ t[>ds 
! re>1 & ! two optic lobes und]nea? !   
back "p ( ! bra9 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 
be+ plac$ some:at to ! side4 ,!         
c]ebellum1 or little bra91 regulat+     
equilibrium becomes m important 9 size &
 =m1 be+ laid up 9 transv]se furr[s4 ,^!
 important advances indicate a life (   
mu* m v>i$ activity ?an 9 ! l[] ord]s4  
,?is animal walks1 hops1 p]*es on       
bran*es by ! clut*+ ( its claws1 & flies
 f place to place4 ,to provide = ^! v>i$
 =ms ( activity1 !re mu/ be a m detail$ 
arrangem5t ( n]ve sy/em1 :i* is cle>ly  
indicat$ 9 ! complexity ( ! c5tral      
organ4  ,! next advance introduces to   
notice ! small] quadrup$s1 kn[n z !     
rod5ts1 ( :i* ! rat1 rabbit1 & h>e may  
be tak5 z ! mo/ famili> examples4 ,"h we
 /ill h ! smoo? surface ( ! bra91 )\t   
any subdivision & tw9+ into folds su* z 
aft]w>ds appe>s1 b x is some:at elongat$
 9 %ape4 ,an additional elem5t "h comes 
into view1 t is1 extra provision =      
acut5ess ( smell1 9 accordance ) !      

well-kn[n *>act]i/ics ( ! class (       
animals4 ,set out 9 front ( ! bra9 are  
two di/9ct lobes1 :i* are ! olfactory   
lobes4 ,:]ev] ^! are s plac$ 9 front ( !
 bra91 x is a cle> pro( t ! life ( !    
animal is l>gely direct$ by smell1 t is1
 9 a relatively great] degree ?an by    
sight1 ?\gh con/antly us+ ! organs (    
vision ) rapidity & acut5ess4 ,!        
c]ebellum is 9 all cases prom95t to !   
re>1 pres5t+ ! lam9at$ appe>ance always 
di/9ctive ( ! organ4  ,we n[ make a v   
m>k$ transition 9 ! developm5t ( bra91  
introduc+ to view ! d\bl$ or convolut$  
=m occasion$ by ! fold+ ( ! mat]ial 9 a 
s]ies ( w9d+s1--a =m :i* is 9 complete  
contra/ f ! smoo? surface *>act]i/ic ( !
 bra9 9 all l[] ord]s4 ,?is s]ies (     
w9d+s or convolutions appe>s q decid$ly 
9 ! bra9 ( ! cat1 9 a mann] v simil> 9 !
 bra9 ( ! dog1 & ) /ill great] beauty & 
amplitude ( fold 9 ! bra9 ( ! horse4    
,?is fold+ process :i* is resort$ to 9 !
 case ( all ! high] quadrup$s1 seems a  
contrivance by :i* x is possible to pack

 a great] am\nt ( mat]ial 9 su* a way z 
to expose a great] degree ( surface1 )9 
! n>r[ space at comm& inside ! cranium4 
,9 all ! ?ree examples nam$1 great      
prom95ce is giv5 to ! bulbs ( smell1 :i*
 are spread out q conspicu\sly 9 front (
 ! bra91--imply+1 z 9 l[] examples1 a   
life l>gely gov]n$ by s5se ( smell4     
,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,( ,,horse1 ,,)   
,,bulb ,,( ,,smell ,,9 ,,front1 ,,little
 ,,bra9 ,,9 ,,re>4  ,illu/ration3       
,,diagram ,,( ,,s5sory ,,& ,,motor      
,,app>atus4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,is ,,!         
,,s5sory1 ,,) ,,bulb1 ,,n]ve ,,l9e1 ,,& 
,,n]ve ,,cell4 ,,! ,,"u ,,is ,,!        
,,motor1 ,,) ,,muscle1 ,,n]ve ,,l9e1 ,,&
 ,,n]ve ,,cell4  ,omitt+ special ref]5ce
 to animals ( great bulk1 & possess+    
enorm\s muscul> p[]1 su* z ! elephant & 
! :ale1 bo? ( :i* h s+ul>ly complicat$ &
 beautiful bra9s1 ,i pass to ! races (  
monkeys & apes1 :i* are ne>e/ 9 /ructure
 to man4 ,9 ^! animals ! configuration (
 body is c]ta9ly ! ne>e/ approa* to !   
human figure :i* is to be f\nd any:]e 9 

! animal k+dom4 ,!y c n1 inde$1 assume !
 p]fectly erect po/ure ( man1 b !y come 
v ne> to x2 & ?\gh !y move on all f\r   
limbs1 feel+ !mselves m secure 9 t mode 
( advance1 !y h a =mation ( h& analog\s 
to t ( man1 ) a di/9ctly =m$ ?umb1      
enabl+ !m to grasp an object 9 a mann]  
closely resembl+ ! human grasp4 ,! apes 
h ev5 an advantage ov] ! human race1 =  
!y h a ?umb on ! foot1 z well z on ! h&2
 :i* may also h its own disadvantages1 =
 x might prove no conv5i5ce to u if we 7
 s end[$4 ,b ! pres5ce ( ! ?umb on ! l[]
 extremities sugge/s ! use :i* x s]ves 9
 ! animal's ord9>y life1 9 grasp+ !     
bran*es along :i* x moves4 ,if f !      
simil>ity ( outw>d configuration1 we    
pass to contemplate ! bra91 we f9d "h   
also great simil>ity ( /ructure4 ,&     
inde$ if ! relations ( muscle1 n]ve1 &  
bra9 be z already indicat$1 x foll[s f !
 resemblances ( outw>d =m t !re mu/ be a
 great] resemblance betwe5 ! bra9 ( man 
& ! bra9 ( ! monkey & ( ! ape1 ?an      
betwe5 ! human bra9 & t ( any o!r animal

 kn[n to u4 ,& s x proves to be4 ,! bra9
 ( ! monkey has its subdivisions &      
convolutions v simil> to ^? ( ! human   
bra91 only ! convolutions are simpl] 9  
arrangem5t4 ,9 outl9e x is defici5t only
 9 ! dim9i%$ bulk ( ! front "p1 & also !
 back "p ( ! organ2 b 9 its expansion x 
resembles ! human bra9 9 ?is1 t to ! re>
 x spreads back ov] ! c]ebellum1 s z to 
cov] x4 ,! bra9 ( ! ape1 includ+ "u ?is 
designation ! orang1 gorilla1 &         
*impanzee1 is 9 /ill clos] resemblance  
to ! human1 be+ /ill1 h[ev]1 some:at    
simpl] 9 ! arrangem5t ( its             
convolutions1 b s closely approximat+ t 
! exact /ate ( ! case is z ne>ly z      
possible describ$1 if we say t ! bra9 ( 
! ape1 :ile x is decid$ly small]1 appe>s
 l a m9iature ( ! human bra9 9 a        
slightly undevelop$ /ate4,,cv           
,illu/ration3 ,,human ,,bra9            
,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,( ,,monkey1 ,,)  
,,c]ebellum ,,b5ea?  ,! human bra9 is an
 elaborate organ1 exce$+ly complicat$ 9 
its convolutions4 ,we c n1 inde$1       

describe x z ! mo/ convolut$1 = ! bra9 (
 ! elephant is at lea/ z di/+ui%$ = !   
beauty & complication ( its fold+1 & !  
bra9 ( ! :ale is f> m m9ute & detail$1  
pres5t+ q a multitude ( m9ute           
convolutions4 ,= descriptive purposes1 !
 human bra9 is divid$ into f\r          
sup]ficial areas1 kn[n z lobes1 & pretty
 cle>ly def9$ by c]ta9 natural b\nd>ies4
 ,f ! l[] "p ( ! organ1 ent]+ at a po9t 
sc>cely half way back is a fissure or   
cutt+ runn+ up into ! mass 9 a direction
 uni=mly incl9+ t[>ds ! re>1 kn[n z !   
,sylvian fissure2 :ile com+ ov] !       
summit1 at a po9t ne> ! middle1 & incl9+
 d[n t[>ds t j describ$1 is ano!r       
fissure1 kn[n z ! fissure ( ,rol&o4 ,by 
^! two deeply cut holl[s1 ! bra9 is m>k$
 (f into f\r sep>ate areas sup]ficially1
 a front & a re> lobe2 & two c5tral     
lobes1 ! "o upp] & ! o!r "u4 ,besides   
?is !re is a conceal$ & isolat$ lobe1   
describ$ on acc\nt ( its situation z an 
isl&1 :i* is cov]$ f view by ! ov]lapp+ 
( ! two sides ( ! ,sylvian fissure4 ,su*

 is a description 9 outl9e ( !          
configuration ( ! human bra91 to :i* mu/
 be add$ ! /atem5t t ea* lobe is fill$ 9
 ) its own special arrangem5t (         
convolutions1 ea* "o hav+ at lea/ ?ree  
well def9$ l9es ( convolution4 ,ea* ( ! 
hemisph]es is simil>ly arrang$1 ?\gh n  
by any means q id5tical 9 disposal (    
convolutions1 yet ! g5]al description n[
 giv5 is /rictly applicable to bo?4 ,!  
two hemisph]es1 connect$ ma9ly ) !      
ramification ( n]ve fibre runn+ to !    
opposite sides ( ! body1 are unit$      
toge!r a consid]able way d[n by a       
transv]se b& ( n]ve fibres1 :i* at once 
unite ! two into "o organ1 & make !     
union s effect$ a liv+ effici5t union by
 c>ry+ a multitude ( l9es (             
communication f ! "o side to ! o!r4 ,j  
bel[ ?is1 9 ! int]ior ( ! organ are two 
great c5tral bodies1 kn[n z ! basal     
ganglia1 & consi/+ ( n]ve fibres mass$  
toge!r ) grey matt] ar\nd !m1 t 9 front 
be+ *iefly motor n]ves br\ght to a      
junction1 ! latt] s5sory n]ves comb9$ 9 

l mann]4 ,! same arrangem5t holds 9 bo? 
hemisph]es1 !reby provid+ t ! respective
 masses ( motor1 & ( s5sory n]ves lie   
exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,beh9d ^! 9 ! 
c5tre1 ly+ 9 a position "u bo?          
hemisph]es are f\r small bulbs connect$ 
) ! n]ves ( vision1 & also ) !          
c]ebellum2 & beh9d !m1 cov]$ by !       
po/]ior lobe ( ! bra9 is ! c]ebellum    
itself1 or little bra91 l>gely conc]n$ )
 cord9ation ( movem5ts1 or equilibrium (
 ! two sides ( ! sy/em4 ,j bel[ ^!      
arrangem5ts ! two great cords ( n]ve    
fibre desc5d t[>ds ! body1 :i* are cov]$
 by a transv]se mass1 kn[n z ! bridge1  
appe>+ complete z a cross+1 & conta9+   
transv]se fibres f ! c]ebellum1 z well z
 a s]ies ( longitud9al fibres4          
,imm$iately und]nea? ! bridge are pill>s
 or masses ( n]ve1 con/itut+ ! cr[n+    
portion ( ! sp9al sy/em1 & =m$ 9 eight  
di/9ct bodies1 ! two 9 front & ! two 9  
re> be+ elongat$ & kn[n z pyramids1 ^? 9
 ! c5tre be+ r\nd$ 9 figure4 ,f !       
elongat$ bodies1 ! n]ve fibres pass     

across to ! opposite sides ( ! body4    
,?is ga!r+ is kn[n z ! m$ulla oblongata4
 ,j b5ea? comes ! sp9al canal1 f :i* at 
! diff]5t jo9ts ( ! sp9e are giv5 out a 
suitable supply ( s5sory & motor n]ves z
 previ\sly describ$4  ,hav+ ?us giv5 a  
g5]al acc\nt ( ! c5tral arrangem5ts ( ! 
n]ve sy/em ( ! human body1 x is         
important to /ate t an ord] ( ?+s       
closely analog\s obta9s 9 o!r & l[]     
ord]s ( organism1 9 respect ( int]ior   
plan1 s t if ! int]ior ( ! bra9 ( ! dog 
7 laid op5 to view x w\ld pres5t a plan 
( di/ribution v simil> to t n[ describ$4
  ,to complete ! view ( ! functions ( ! 
bra9 z indicat$ by rec5t rese>*1 ,i h   
next to give a brief acc\nt ( an ext5d$ 
c\rse ( exp]im5ts ( great delicacy      
design$ to asc]ta9 :e!r x may be        
possible to localize c]ta9 functions )9 
a def9ite area ( ! bra94 ,all are       
famili> ) ! fanciful subdivisions ( !   
out] surface ( ! human skull1 "u ! "n ( 
phr5ology1 repres5t$ on m\lds ( ! head1 
all m>k$ ) divid+ l9es & figures4 ,?is  

pret5ti\s & unsci5tific assumption ( k  
:i* no "o possess$1 has _h its "t (     
popul>ity1 aid$ by a g5]al recognition (
 comp>ative sup]iority 9 head =mation 9 
p]sons ( kn[n ability4 ,any ?+ equival5t
 to an exact p>tition ( ! bony cov]+    
protect+ ! bra91 has n be5 favor$ by    
sci5tific obs]vations2 b ^! fanciful    
maps ( ! head1 :i* h be5 sold *eap1 &   
fully c]tifi$1 may s]ve z a guide to a  
g5]al notion ( :at has be5 attempt$ on !
 surface ( ! bra9 itself1 aft] removal (
 ! skull4 ,! illu/rative aid1 h[ev]1    
consi/s 9 no?+ m ?an ! sugge/ion (      
di/9ct areas1 = !re is no analogy betwe5
 :at has be5 discov]$ by ! obs]vations  
n[ to be describ$1 & ! bumps alleg$ to  
be f\nd on ! cranium4  ,! conjecture :i*
 may be said to h orig9at$ exp]im5ts z  
to localization 0 t !re 0 a close       
resemblance betwe5 ! action ( n]ve      
en]gy1 & an electric curr5t4 ,! attempt 
made 0 to similate ! action ( ! n]ve    
cells1 by dis*>g+ a curr5t ( electricity
 ^u ! grey matt] ( ! bra91 & record+ !  

results :i* came "u obs]vation4         
,exp]im5ts 7 begun 9 #ahgj 9 ,g]many by 
,frits* & ,hitzig1 ! dog be+ ! animal   
exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,! inve/igation 0 und]tak5
 also by ,dr4 ,f]ri] ( ,k+'s ,college   
,london1 & mu* m ext5d$ & v>i$ results 7
 publi%$ by him 9 #ahgc4 ,confirmatory  
"w1 execut$ ) _m precautions1 0 und]tak5
 on ! subject 9 #ahgd by a committee ( !
 ,new ,york ,society ( ,neurology &     
,electrology1--a committee :i* includ$  
,drs4 ,dalton1 ,arnold1 ,be>d1 ,fl9t1 & 
,masson1--te/+ results by frequ5t r5ewal
 ( ! exp]im5ts2 & at ! same "t1 a simil>
 c\rse ( inquiry 0 be+ conduct$ 9 ,p>is 
by ,c>ville & ,duret4,,cw  ,by ^!       
inve/igations1 ! possibility ( electric 
/imulation ( ! cortical or grey matt] ( 
! bra91 & consequ5t activity ( ! n]ve   
sy/em has be5 fully e/abli%$2 & ?\gh !re
 is /ill consid]able div]sity ( op9ion  
conc]n+ ! int]pretation ( ! facts1 x c n
 be disput$ t by direct+ ! electrode on 
c]ta9 well def9$ areas ( ! surface ( !  
bra91 x is possible to br+ into natural 

activity c]ta9 portions ( ! muscul>     
sy/em1 z controll$ by ! motor n]ves4  ,!
 plan adopt$ is1 aft] putt+ ! animal    
into an ins5sible /ate by use (         
*lor(orm1 & remov+ ! cranium s z to     
expose ! bra91 to apply ! electrode     
connect$ ) an electric batt]y to a giv5 
po9t on ! surface1 record ! result1 &   
gradually %ift ! ne$le r\nd ! orig9al   
spot until a new result is obta9$1 9 :i*
 ! spot previ\sly te/$ becomes an index 
= ! b\nd>y ( "o circle1 & ?is m>ks !    
fact t a new circle has be5 ent]$4  ,by 
?is process ( inve/igation a s]ies (    
c5tres = active /imulation h be5        
discov]$4 ,^! numb]1 9 ! bra9 ( ! rat1  
six2 9 ! bra9 ( ! rabbit1 sev52 ( ! cat1
 elev52 ( ! dog1 ?irte52 & ( ! monkey1  
at lea/1 sev5te54 ,a curi\s limitation  
to ! area ( exp]im5t has be5 enc\nt]$   
"h1 = all ! c5tres id5tifi$ are f\nd to 
clu/] ov] ! c5tral region ( ! bra91 &   
bo? ! front & re> p>ts ( ! organ are    
sil5t1 (f]+ no response h[ev] greatly   
/imulat$4 ,! explanation ( ?is sil5ce   

rema9s a matt] ( d\bt4 ,x may be t ^!   
portions ( ! bra9 are conc]n$ ) movem5ts
 :i* d n come "u ! obs]vation ( !       
op]ator1 or t !y are c5tres ( s5sibility
 f :i* no movem5t c naturally foll[1 or 
t !y fulfil functions :i* c n be        
recogniz$ by ?is mode ( exp]im5t4       
,unc]ta9ty hangs ov] ?is dep>tm5t 9 !   
inve/igation4  ,! actual results may be 
indicat$ by a few examples4 ,at a po9t  
well =w>d 9 ! bra9 ( ! dog1 m>k$ numb]  
"o by ,f]ri]1 is a c5tre :i* :5 /imulat$
 leads to movem5t ( ! h9d leg on !      
opposite side2 & by excit+ ano!r portion
 ( ! bra9 q contigu\s1 m>k$ numb] f\r1  
movem5t ( ! opposite =e leg is produc$4 
,by excit+ a po9t situat$ ov] ^! two &  
on a di/9ct convolution1 wagg+ ( ! tail 
is induc$4 ,by transf]r+ ! ne$le to a   
po9t mu* l[] d[n1 t[>ds ! base ( ! bra91
 b /ill well =w>d1 m>k$ by ,f]ri] n9e1 !
 m\? is op5$ & ! tongue mov$1 :ile 9 _m 
cases a decid$ b>k is emitt$4 ,^!       
examples may suffice to indicate ! class
 ( results obta9$2 & simil> results h   

be5 se5 9 all animals subject$ to ?is   
te/1 ) su* v>iations z may be consid]$  
inevitable 9 view ( ! configuration ( ! 
animal4  ,:ile di/9ct areas or circles (
 ! bra9 h ?us be5 m>k$1 w>rant+ localiz+
 ( c]ta9 functions1 ! facts connect$ )  
^! exp]im5ts d n favor ! view t ea* area
 is to be tak5 z s rigidly di/9ct t x   
may be suppos$ to op]ate sep>ately 9 a q
 isolat$ mann]4 ,on ! contr>y1 a conjo9t
 action ( sev]al c5tres seems m commonly
 impli$ :5 ! natural activity ( ! bra9  
is contemplat$ 9 l9e ( ^! results4      
,additional weight mu/ be giv5 to ?is   
consid]ation1 :5 x is notic$ t ! c5tres 
are nom9ally motor c5tres1--movem5t & n 
s5sibility be+ ! result mo/ pat5t to !  
obs]v]1--nev]!less on clos] scrut9y x   
proves true1 t _m ( ! movem5ts occasion$
 by electric /imulation are ^? induc$   
naturally z ! result ( s5sation4 ,su* = 
example are ! movem5ts ( ! eyelids      
consequ5t ^u a dazzl+ ( ! eyes1 or      
movem5t ( ! e>s because ( a />tl+ s\nd4 
,9 ?is way x becomes cle> t )9 a giv5   

area a c5tre ( s5sibility is 9          
communication ) a motor c5tre close by1 
or x may be ev5 at "s little di/ance4   
,?us ?is mo/ delicate & difficult c\rse 
( inve/igation supports ! view t mu* ( !
 activity ( ! animal organism is provid$
 = by an e/abli%$ connection betwe5 n]ve
 cells respectively pres5t+ ! t]m9us 9 !
 bra9 = a s5sory n]ve1 & ! />t+ po9t = a
 motor n]ve1 or po9t ( communication )  
su* a n]ve4 ,f ?is conclusion1 x foll[s 
t a v l>ge am\nt ( ! activity :i* we    
witness 9 ! case ( animals1 (t5         
attribut$ to in/9ct1 or ev5 to volunt>y 
det]m9ation1 is to be describ$ z        
s5sori-motor activity4 ,t is to say1 !  
action is br\ght ab\t by a contrivance  
:i* may be describ$ z p>tly me*anical1  
p>tly *emical4 ,its hi/ory may be sket*$
 9 ?is way3 an impression is made on "o 
( ! n]ves ( s5sibility1 or on "o ( !    
organs ( special s5se1 su* z ! eye or   
e>2 a wave ( impulse passes along !     
inc>ry+ n]ve fibre1 lead+ to molecul>   
*ange 9 ! n]ve cell1 & to s5sibility 9  

"s way unkn[n2 ! excitation occasion$   
!re is ext5d$ along a connect+ fibre to 
a second n]ve cell1 :i* is ! />t+ po9t =
 a motor n]ve2 along t l9e ! impulse is 
in/antly & inevitably cont9u$2 & z an   
almo/ in/antane\s result1 )\t any =m (  
s5sibility to indicate :at is tak+      
place1 ! muscul> en]gy is lib]at$1 &    
action is ! direct consequ5ce4 ,!       
problem :i* imm$iately arises is        
?is1--,h[ f> may ! activity ( all liv+  
organism be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way1 includ+
 ev5 ! activity ( man8 ,?is is a problem
 :i* w pres5t an int]e/+ subject =      
discussion 9 ! next /age ( ?is inquiry1 
! import ( :i* mu/ n[ be made app>5t by 
! sket* ( ! /ructure ( ! n]ve sy/em1 & !
 results ( ! exp]im5ts z to             
localization4  ,no?+ m is n[ requir$ to 
complete ?is n>rative lead+ up to ?is   
problem1 & discov]+ its proportions1 ?an
 a brief acc\nt ( correlative inquiry   
:i* has af=d$ /rong confirmatory evid5ce
 z to ! tru? ( ! conclusions favor+     
localization1 & cord9ate action (       

diff]5t portions ( ! bra9 z ! c5tral    
organ gov]n+ ! :ole n]ve sy/em4 ,!      
corroborative evid5ce at once support+ !
 conclusions z to localization & favor+ 
_! ext5sion to human nature is obta9$ by
 ref]5ce to ! results ( injury to ! n]ve
 sy/em at v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & injury 
to ! bra9 z asc]ta9$ aft] dea?4 ,cont9u+
 exp]im5ts on ! animals1 x has be5 %[n t
 ev5 if a portion ( ! bra9 be cut away1 
x is /ill possible to op]ate on ! n]ve  
l9es 9 ! usual mann] by means (         
electricity4 ,pu%+ exp]im5t 9 ?is       
direction /ill fur!r x has be5 f\nd t m 
s]i\s injury p]man5tly de/roys ! c5tre1 
& entails p>alysis ( ! muscles controll$
 by x :5 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,9 l mann] x  
has be5 prov$ t if ! n]ve itself be cut1
 ! communication is at an end1 & movem5t
 by /imulation has become impossible4   
,by p]petually occurr+ cases ( p>alysis 
9 human exp]i5ce1 & c>eful exam9ation   
aft] dea? ( ! exact situation & ext5t ( 
disease 9 ! bra91 x has be5 %[n by      
accumulation ( evid5ce1 t ! laws :i*    

provide = s5sibility & = muscul>        
activity 9 ! hi/ory ( ! l[] animals1 d  
also hold 9 ! case ( man4 ,:ile ! bra9  
cont9ues 9 full vigor1 all ! usual =ms (
 s5sibility1 & modes ( action are       
simple2 :]e ^! h become di/urb$1        
re/rict$ or impossible1 "s injury has   
be5 accid5tally inflict$ on ! bra9 ( !  
suff]]1 or disease has begun 9 ! organ1 
& has ga9$ a hold exactly proportionate 
to ! =ms ( re/ra9t & di/urbance :i* h   
become outw>dly manife/4 ,^! are results
 :i* %[ h[ mu* is due by way ( sympa?y1 
& pati5ce1 & enc\ragem5t to ^? :o suff] 
"u any degree ( bra9 injury or disease1 
due f all ar\nd !m ^: conduct may h any 
"p 9 det]m9+ _! exp]i5ce4 ,^! results   
te/ify h[ closely ! human organism /&s  
alli$ to l[] ord]s ( organism ar\nd2 h[ 
_m homologies ( /ructure !re are1 & h[  
_m analogies 9 exp]i5ce4 ,^! ?+s decl>e 
t sci5ce has a cle> & un*all5geable     
field ( inquiry 9 seek+ an explanation (
 human nature on ! same l9es ( proc$ure 
z ^? :i* h be5 foll[$ 9 asc5d+ ! scale (

 liv+ organism4 ,! nature & ext5t (     
mat]ials at its disposal z ! result ( ! 
mo/ rec5t inve/igations h n[ be5        
indicat$4 ,! problem is1 ,h[ f> c !     
anatomy & physiology ( ! human frame    
acc\nt = ! facts ( human life8 ,! /r5g? 
& practical p[] ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! _w 
w dep5d ^u ! answ]1 = sci5ce mu/ "h c>ry
 "s te/ ( religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !     
problem :i* human life pres5ts is by f> 
! mo/ sev]e te/ :i* sci5ce has to       
enc\nt]4 ,9 fac+ ! facts1 sci5ce is     
engag$ ) ! settlem5t ( its own          
b\nd>ies1--! demon/ration ( its own     
limits4 ,9 fac+ ?is highe/ problem :i*  
human obs]vation enc\nt]s1--man's       
explanation ( himself1--let u cease f   
comp>isons betwe5 sci5tific claims &    
religi\s1 & let u face ) pati5ce &      
resolution ! "q--,:at is ! exact place1 
& :at ! de/9y ( man1 :o has pil$ up !   
sci5ces1 & mid/ ! turmoil & conflict (  
life1 has f\nd 8 mo/ elevat+ ex]cise1 & 
mo/ pr(\nd calm1 9 wor%ip ( ! ,k+       
et]nal1 immortal1 invisible1 ! only wise

 ,god8  ,,footnotes3  ,,cs ,protoplasm1 
see ,app5dix ,,vii4  ,,ct ,unless       
ref]5ces are o!rwise giv51 illu/ration (
 ! /ructure ( bra9 "h ref]r$ to1 w be   
f\nd 9 my "w1 ,! ,relations ( ,m9d &    
,bra91 f p4 #abe1 onw>ds4  ,,cu ,! ,bra9
 z ! ,organ ( ,m9d1 by ,dr4 ,ba/ian1 p4 
#aae4  ,,cv ,see ,app5dix ,,xi4  ,,cw ,=
 detail$ n>rative1 see my "w on ,!      
,relations ( ,m9d & ,bra91 *ap4 iv4 p4  
#gi4     ,,lecture ,,vii4  ,,man',s     
,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4   ,! accumulat$   
int]e/ ga!r$ ar\nd ! direct & collat]al 
inve/igations be>+ on ! developm5t (    
species1 has naturally turn$ greatly    
increas$ att5tion on man's position 9 ! 
univ]se4 ,z has be5 %[n by /udy ( !     
n]v\s sy/em belong+ to animal life1 all 
organism has be5 con/ruct$ on a uni=m   
plan1 advanc+ 9 complication z !        
organism becomes m intricate 9 /ructure1
 hav+ sep>ate p>ts assign$ to di/9ct    
functions4 ,?is uni=m plan is se5 to    
culm9ate 9 man4 ,?us x foll[s1 t man    
appe>s to ! sci5tific obs]v]1 z ! la/ or

 mo/ advanc$ figure 9 a gradually asc5d+
 scale4 ,t ?is is man's place 9 ! field 
( organiz$ exi/5ce no "o w d\bt4  ,!    
prevail+ view ( our nature1 h[ev]1      
recognizes m 9 x ?an bone1 muscle1 n]ve1
 & cellul> tissue1 :ile obs]vational    
sci5ce is capable ( recogniz+ no m ?an  
^!1 s t1 if !re be any ?+ m1 x is q     
beyond ! range ( physical sci5ce1 & )9 !
 t]ritory ( m5tal philosophy4 ,"h !n1 is
 prep>ation = conflict1 :i* may be      
accept$ z inevitable1 because ( !       
advance ( sci5ce4 ,! occasion = ?is     
expectation %\ld1 h[ev]1 be fully       
und]/ood4 ,its c]ta9ty may be ma9ta9$ on
 two obvi\s gr\nds4 ,! fir/ is conc]n$ )
 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific progress4 ,sci5ce 
is pu%+ its way up ! ext5d$ scale (     
exi/5ce ) no exact k ( its own limits2  
kn[+ :at its a*ievem5ts h be51 animat$  
to a high degree by ! va/ness ( !       
problems /ill be=e x1 b kn[+ no?+ q     
def9ite z to its own b\nd>ies4 ,!       
aggressive =ce ( sci5ce at su* a /age   
mu/ be great4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a    

l>ge body ( settl$ conviction1 :i* has  
sway$ m5 & m\ld$ society 9 all ages1 :i*
 is an oppos+ =ce op]at+ on t v l9e     
along :i* sci5ce is advanc+1 & :i* mu/  
be enc\nt]$ :5ev] man's place 9 !       
univ]se becomes ! subject ( inquiry4    
,?is oppos+ conviction is n necess>ily  
religi\s 9 type1 ?\gh x is support$ by !
 :ole range ( ?\ght conc]n$ ) !         
sup]natural4 ,! conviction "h ref]r$ to1
 z ly+ m obvi\sly across ! pa? on :i*   
sci5ce is travell+1 is t conc]n$ ) !    
p]sonality ( man1 ) ! rights &          
responsibilities ( individuals1 imply+  
accept$ conclusions on :i* ! gov]nm5t1 &
 police1 & adm9i/ration ( affairs 9 e   
nation are bas$4 ,x mu/1 !n1 be cle>ly  
recogniz$ t ! conflict anticipat$ z     
inevitable is ! conflict ( k ( "o ord]1 
) k ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,x is conflict ( k
 obta9$ by ! sl[ & difficult processes  
available to sci5ce1 ) k possess$ by    
all1 appli$ 9 ! regulation ( individual 
& social life1 & sy/ematiz$ 9 ! annals (
 m5tal philosophy2 or1 we may m ne>ly   

describe ! condition ( matt]s by say+ t 
! occasion ( conflict is ! det]m9ation (
 sci5ce to include all )9 its own area1 
r ?an ! possession ( actual k z to !    
highe/ ord] ( life1 = sci5ce is only    
seek+1 & c n pr(ess to h f\nd1 an       
explanation ( ! functions ( human life1 
z x c pr(ess to h done 9 ! case ( l[]   
ord]s4 ,!re c\ld1 !re=e1 be no m mi/ak5 
repres5tation ( ! p5d+ conflict ?an !   
allegation t x is a conflict ( k )      
ignorance4 ,to put x 9 ! be/ light =    
sci5ce1 x is ! conflict ( "o k9d ( k )  
ano!r2 b !re is a ne>] approa* to       
accuracy if we say t ! conflict is      
occasion$ by ! want ( v]ifi$ conclusions
 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce itself1 9       
contra/ ) v def9ite conclusions belong+ 
to m5 g5]ally1 & v]ifi$ by practical    
te/s :i* sci5tific m5 c n refuse4 ,x is 
n ess5tial to ! po9t1 b may be (        
consequ5ce 9 view ( ! range (           
application belong+ to ?is inquiry1 to  
rem>k t religi\s ?\ght is n itself      
directly involv$ "h2 nev]!less1 religi\s

 ?\ght is deeply conc]n$ 9 ! issue ( !  
conflict4  ,hav+ ?us briefly indicat$ ! 
occasion ( ! conflict1 & ! cont5d+ =ces1
 x is desirable to f9d ! /&po9t (       
sci5ce4 ,! nature & orig9 ( life hav+   
be5 pass$ z problems = :i* no solution  
has yet be5 f\nd1 sci5ce has conc5trat$ 
on ! functions ( ! v>i\s portions ( ea* 
organism1 & on ! contrivances = its     
protection & cont9uance 9 ! _w2 & /ill m
 9 advance1 on ! laws favor+ !          
developm5t ( species4 ,f outw>d =m x has
 pass$ to inw>d /ructure1 & press+ /ill 
m closely t[>ds ! secrets ( life has    
endeavor$ to asc]ta9 by microscopic     
inve/igation :at provision has be5 made 
= ma9ta9+ ! vital processes involv$ 9 ! 
action ( organism4 ,travell+ up !       
advanc+ ord]s ( animate exi/5ce1 sci5ce 
has discov]$ a uni=m plan adapt$ to v>y+
 complexity ( /ructure4 ,?us ent]$ & f> 
advanc$ on ! c\rse ( inve/igation1      
sci5ce sees no limit to its field (     
inquiry save ! limits ( organism itself4
 ,:at has already be5 a*iev$1 gives full

 w>rant = ! claim ( inclusion1 9 :i* all
 sci5tific m5 naturally concur1 & ) :i* 
m5 g5]ally w readily agree4 ,?is        
agreem5t1 h[ev]1 lies on ! v b\nd>y l9e 
( disagreem5t & diss5sion4 ,imm$iately  
:5 an attempt is made to set =? :at is  
impli$1 x becomes cle> t "s sci5tific m5
 include v l>ge expectations z to :at   
sci5ce is yet to accompli%1 :ile o!rs1  
%[+ m ( ! caution ( ! sci5tific _s1     
decl9e to commit !mselves to dogmatic   
ass]tions4 ,up to ! l9e ( agreem5t      
indicat$ we are deal+ ) sci5ce2 beyond t
 l9e1 :]e we come ^u disagreem5ts1 we   
are n deal+ ) sci5ce1 b ) ! comp>ative  
sangu95ess or caution ( sci5tific m54   
,:at we h be=e u z cle>ly admitt$ on all
 sides is t human life pres5ts ! common 
*>act]i/ics ( organic life1 & is        
subject$ to ! ord9>y laws ( organism4 ,!
 problem ) :i* we h n[ to deal 9 view ( 
?is admission is ?is1--,h[ f> d !       
functions ( organism acc\nt = !         
univ]sally recogniz$ *>act]i/ics ( human
 life8  ,9 fac+ ?is problem !re are n a 

few sci5tific inquir]s :o look ^u ! m]e 
rais+ ( x z a claim to include all t    
belongs to human nature )9 ! realm (    
physical sci5ce4 ,!y h all[$ !mselves to
 reg>d ! two ?+s z int]*angeable1 & all 
_! rese>*es are 9 _! view s involv$ 9   
?is id5tification1 t !y res5t ! *all5g+ 
( x1 z if x impli$ antagonism to sci5ce4
 ,b ! sci5tific inconsi/5cy ( ?is is    
easily %[n4 ,t sci5ce mu/ ext5d its     
inve/igations to human organism1 admits 
( no d\bt2 t by means ( ?is inve/igation
 all ! ph5om5a ( human life w be trac$  
to organism1 is ! v ?+ to be prov$1 &   
until e/abli%$ on cle> & full evid5ce is
 n to be reg>d$ o!rwise ?an problematic4
 ,if we are 9 ?is matt] to be influ5c$  
by reg>d to ! sl[ & difficult proc$ure 9
 cases ( mu* great] simplicity1 we %all 
be gu>d$ 9 ! utt]ance ( expectations2 if
 we make acc\nt ( ! enorm\s difficulties
 to be enc\nt]$ 9 arrang+ ! facts to be 
expla9$1 we %all be /ill m gu>d$2 & if  
we rememb] t ! practical dem&s ( life   
mu/ all be met day by day )\t wait+ =   

sci5ce z an aid1 x w n appe> /range t ! 
non-sci5tific ?9k] reg>ds ! :ole        
sci5tific inve/igation z wide ( ! sph]e 
9 :i* que/ions ( self-gov]nm5t are      
settl$1 ev5 ?\gh ?is view seems to      
affirm1 )\t k ( bo? sides1 t !re is a   
sph]e belong+ to human life into :i*    
sci5ce c n ent]4  ,/ill1 x mu/ be all[$ 
t 9 ! pa?way ( sci5ce no?+ is to be     
=eclos$1 & no area1 :e!r l>ge or small1 
is to be %ut (f on :i* ! appliances (   
sci5ce c be br\ght to be>4 ,sci5ce c n  
exclude man f ! range ( inve/igation2 c 
n on any w>rant suppli$ by ! conditions 
( its own proc$ure1 draw a l9e )9 !     
circumf]5ce ( nature1 ev5 ?\gh x may be 
con/ra9$ to all[ t !re are _m ?+s )9    
nature ( :i* x c (f] no explanation4  ,t
 sci5ce has by rec5t rese>* done mu* to 
expla9 phases ( human activity previ\sly
 unexpla9$1 may be cle>ly %[n4 ,!       
modification ( previ\sly receiv$ op9ion 
may be indicat$ ?us1--t _m =ms =m]ly    
reg>d$ z 9 ! true s5se volunt>y1 & s    
describ$ 9 ! life n only ( man1 b also (

 ! high] animals1 c be expla9$ by !     
action ( bra9 & n]ve4 ,?is involves a   
consid]able ext5sion ( ! area ( !       
me*anical 9 human action1 & a           
consid]able re/riction ( ! area ( !     
volunt>y4 ,9 seek+ to indicate r\ghly ! 
=m ( ?is re/riction1 we may f9d en\gh = 
our purpose 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 :at we 
may describe z muscul> action1 & :at we 
w\ld m naturally d5om9ate p]sonal       
conduct4 ,?is contra/ w s]ve ?r\gh\t1 z 
we proce$ to e/imate ! explanations :i* 
sci5ce has rea*$ 9 deal+ ) ! *>act]i/ics
 ( human life4  ,! prov$ sup]iority (   
bra9 & n]ve 9 man af=ds an adequate     
explanation ( 8 g5]ally recogniz$       
sup]iority 9 ! v>iety ( ! =ms ( 8       
muscul> activity4 ,9 m]e muscul> p[] man
 c n compete ) ! m p[]ful animals4 ,8   
practical sup]iority is se5 9           
manipulation & ! va/ly great] v>iety (  
occupations to :i* he c turn2 & 9 !     
great] wisdom he has = self-gov]nm5t4   
,leav+ mean:ile out ( acc\nt comp>ative 
intellig5ce1 we h only to consid] !     

sup]ior use man has ( ! g5]al           
s5sibilities ( ! body1 & ( ! special    
s5ses ( t\* & sight2 ! great] v>iety ( !
 jo9ts & muscles 9 8 body2 ! m          
complicat$ arrangem5ts ( 8 n]ve sy/em2 &
 ! relation ( all ^! 9 a s+le economy1 9
 ord] to p]ceive a di/9ct phase ( !     
sup]iority ( man1 suffici5tly acc\nt$ = 
by cle>ly recogniz$ facts1 anatomical & 
physiological4 ,9 a multitude (         
well-kn[n =ms ( action1 ( :i* !         
me*anical arts af=d illu/ration1 man c d
 :at c n be attempt$ by l[] =ms (       
organism4  ,ano!r /ep high] is tak5 by !
 advance ( physiological sci5ce1 involv+
 an explanation ( acquir$ aptitudes4 ,! 
int]action ( s5sibility & motor activity
 has be5 %[n to be great4 ,a message    
convey$ along a s5sory l9e is readily   
transf]r$ to a motor l9e2 ! s5se ( t\*  
becomes a natural guide to famili> =ms (
 action2 a =m ( s5sibility may ?us be   
connect$ ) a giv5 range ( motor         
app>atus1 j z ! hi/ory ( ! bl9d         
illu/rates h[ mu* m c be accompli%$ by  

aid ( t\* )\t sight1 ?an is ord9>ily    
a*iev$4 ,by ^! means1 :at at fir/       
requires consid]ation & c>e 7nei!r ( :i*
 is acc\nt$ = by physiological          
explanations71 comes at la/ to be done  
)\t delib]ation1 & ) s mu* facility1 t x
 does n seem to engage mu* att5tion4    
,physiological sci5ce ?us acc\nts = a   
consid]able am\nt ( sup]ior activity    
*>act]i/ic ( man 9 8 daily engagem5ts4  
,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be notic$ t ! explanation
 is n a complete "o1 inasmu* z ! action 
( ! s5sory & motor app>atus ref]r$ to1  
presupposes consid]ation & c>e1 t is    
intellectual & volunt>y guidance        
comm5surate ) ! initial difficulties (  
atta9m5t1 9 ord] t ! n]ve sy/em may be  
br\ght to accompli% :at becomes possible
 aft]w>ds by m]e me*anical & *emical    
contrivance )9 ! liv+ organism4  ,hav+  
?us briefly indicat$ ! advances 9 k ( ! 
work+ ( our own organism ga9$ by rec5t  
rese>*1 & ! explanation ?us af=d$ ( mu* 
( ! sup]iority manife/ 9 human life1 we 
come ^u ! gr& difficulty ( sci5ce1--,h[ 

to acc\nt = intellectual sup]iority4 ,x 
is obvi\s t animals give pro(s (        
intellig5ce z well z m52 & t ! human    
bra9 has a m>k$ sup]iority 9 ! frontal  
region1 to :i* intellig5ce is commonly  
ref]r$1 z x c]ta9ly is sup]ior also 9 ! 
back "p ( ! organ1 to :i* intellig5ce is
 n s commonly ref]r$4 ,b ! press+       
difficulty is ?is1 to %[ h[ n]ve cells1 
confess$ly conc]n$ ) ! developm5t ( n]ve
 en]gy1 & ! production ( s5sory & motor 
activity1 c be fur!r consid]$ capable ( 
p]=m+ ! function ( ?\ght1 cov]+ ! :ole  
v>iety ( m5tal occupations4 ,att5tion   
has be5 direct$ to ! recogniz$          
div]sities ( n]ve cells1 :i* are        
unipol>1 bipol>1 & multipol>1 on !      
hypo!sis t ^! div]sities may po9t to    
diff]5ces ( function s great z to       
provide :at is requir$4 ,b !re is a     
total failure ( evid5ce to sub/antiate  
?is hypo!sis4 ,! diff]5ces among ! n]ve 
cells ( ! bra9 are diff]5ces 9 size1 & 9
 ! numb] ( ! l9es ( communication tak+  
rise f !m4 ,9 accordance ) ! plan (     

arrangem5t ev]y:]e recogniz$1 ! numb] ( 
protoplasmic l9es orig9at+ f a cell     
gives an index to ! po9ts ( contact x   
has 9 ! surr\nd+ tissue1 & ?us to ! "p x
 may p]=m 9 ! "w ( cord9ation or        
int]action4 ,a small cell ) only a s+le 
l9e or fibre proce$+ f x1 mu/ be reg>d$ 
z a cell convey+ n]ve /imulus 9 only a  
s+le direction1 & to only a s+le        
de/9ation4 ,a bipol> cell 9 accordance )
 ! same rule ( int]pretation1 is a cell 
hav+ communication 9 two opposite       
directions1 & ?us may be capable (      
transmitt+ /imulus by ! "o *annel or by 
! o!r1 besides :i* x is possible1 s f> z
 /ructure is conc]n$1 t su* a cell may  
receive /imulus f "o direction & s5d x  
=? 9 an opposite1 ?us prov+ a c5tre (   
int]communication4 ,on ! same plan1 a   
multipol> cell1 be+ ( great] size1 &    
hav+ f five to t5 fibres proce$+ f x1   
holds a m important place 9 ! manifold  
ramifications ( cellul> tissue1 s5d+ out
 /imulus 9 an increas$ v>iety ( c\rses  
accord+ to ! numb] ( ! l9es p]ta9+ to x1

 & prov+ ?us an int]m$iate /ation 9     
communication ) a v>iety ( di/9ct       
c5tres4 ,no obs]vation yet direct$ ^u ! 
n]ve cells has prov$ suffici5t to       
e/abli% all ?is1 b ! supposition is 9   
/rict h>mony ) :at has be5 asc]ta9$ z to
 ! laws gov]n+ ! action ( ! n]ve sy/em4 
,:51 h[ev]1 an attempt is made to proce$
 f>!r1 select+ ! l>ge/ cells z m9d      
cells1,,cx or cells g5]at+ ?\ght &      
volition1 !re is a complete break away f
 evid5ce1 & f ! cle> l9es (             
int]pretation already e/abli%$4 ,we are 
deal+ ) conjecture1 n ) sci5ce4 ,!re is 
no reason 9 ! int]e/s ( tru? to object  
to hypo!sis 9 ?is region1 any m ?an 9   
ano!r1 = conjecture has (t5 prov$ !     
h&maid ( discov]y1 & x is likely to be s
 9 a /ill l>g] degree4 ,b an ess5tial   
condition ( ?is ackn[l$gm5t is1 t       
conjecture d n claim any respect beyond 
:at its nature w>rants1 & specially d n 
take to itself ! "n ( sci5ce1--k1 or    
c]ta9ty4 ,beyond ?is1 x mu/ be recogniz$
 9 e intellig5t circle1 t conjectures1 l

 m5 ( diff]5t "*1 are entitl$ to diff]5t
 degrees ( respect1 "s to only a mod]ate
 & gu>d$ measure1 o!rs to a v high      
degree1 & "s to v little inde$4 ,9 a    
case l ! pres5t1 we c h no sure te/ = a 
provisional judgm5t entitl$ to regulate 
provisional proc$ure1 o!r ?an ! h>mony (
 ! conjecture ) sci5tific k already     
acquir$ z to ! same region ( exi/5ce4   
,judg$ by ?is te/1 ! conjecture t !     
intellectual life ( man is to be acc\nt$
 = by ! pres5ce 9 ! bra9 ( myriads (    
?\ght cells1 volitional cells1 memory   
cells1 imag9ation cells1 & emotional    
cells1 has little on :i* to claim a high
 degree ( consid]ation4 ,its mo/ obvi\s 
sci5tific difficulties are ^! two1 t x  
implies a dep>ture f ! s*eme ( bra9     
action sci5tifically e/abli%$1 & t x    
passes away f ! sci5tific appliances    
employ$ to obta9 k ( bra9 action4 ,!    
real discov]ies :i* h be5 made are !    
exi/5ce ( s5sory & motor app>atus1 & !  
int]action ( ^! two bran*es or divisions
 ( ! sy/em4 ,beyond ?is1 sci5ce has made

 no advance4 ,! sci5tific appliances by 
:i* ^! discov]ies h be5 rea*$ are ^?    
available 9 po/-mortem dissection1 & 9  
exp]im5t "u su* exposure ( ! bra9 tissue
 z has be5 f\nd compatible ) functional 
activity ( ! organ4 ,?is conjecture (   
m9d-cells does n ei!r exp]im5tally or   
logically connect itself ) ! rec5t      
advances 9 k ( ! bra94 ,! sy/em ( s5sory
 & motor app>atus spread ov] ! body =   
:i* ! bra9 is ! great c5tral & gov]n+   
organ does n "u ! sci5tific explanation 
( x already obta9$1 lead on by natural  
sequ5ce to ! conjecture ( additional &  
greatly high] functions be+ assign$ to !
 bra94 ,besides1 ! sugge/ion t place    
%\ld be f\nd 9 ! bra9 = some?+ m & high]
 ?an s5sori-motor activity1 does n come 
f any necessity :i* has aris5 9 ! c\rse 
( sci5tific obs]vation4 ,x is only      
because we "k1 9 a mann] q diff]5t f t 9
 :i* sci5tific k ( n]ve & bra9 has be5  
acquir$1 t man does obs]ve1 & reason1   
con/ruct hypo!ses & *]i% expectations1  
contemplate rules ( conduct & regulate 8

 actions 9 accordance ) !m1 t sci5tific 
inquir]s1 attempt+ to include ! :ole    
range ( human p[]s1 h felt !mselves urg$
 =w>d to seek an explanation ( !        
*>act]i/ics ( m5tal life :i* are !      
famili> facts ( man's exp]i5ce4 ,! c\rse
 ( exp]im5t has n br\ght !m up to ^!    
facts2 common acqua9tance ) !m has      
press$ on sci5tific inquir]s ! ne$ =    
deal+ ) !m 9 ord] to make good ! claim t
 sci5ce conta9s ! explanation ( all     
exi/5ce1 man includ$4 ,! dilemma = ?is  
conjecture t ! bra9 ?9ks & wills is     
s]i\s4 ,if ! bra9 is capable ( :at is   
commonly nam$ m5tal activity1 all t     
sci5ce has demon/rat$ is susceptibility 
& motor activity1 t is n]ve impulse     
involv+ molecul> & muscul> action1 & ?is
 c>ries no explanation ( m5tal action4  
,9 ?is1 z 9 previ\s cases1 x is bett] to
 take purely sci5tific /atem5ts conc]n+ 
! /ructure & functions ( ! n]ve cells1  
)\t reg>d to !oretical result4 ,! foll[+
 quotations w %[ :at acc\nt has be5 giv5
 ( ! v>iety ( appe>ance & position ( !  

n]ve cells4 ,pr(essor ,turn] says1 n]ve 
cells are ! *>act]i/ic /ructures 9 !    
n]ve c5tres1 are susceptible to         
impressions or n]v\s impulses1 & are !  
texture 9 :i* ! molecul> *anges occur t 
produce or dis5gage ! special =m ( en]gy
 nam$ n]ve en]gy1 ! evolution ( :i* is !
 di/9ctive m>k ( a n]ve c5tre4,,cy ,!   
c5tral extremities ( ! n]ve fibres lie 9
 relation to1 & are (t5 directly        
connect$ ) ! n]ve cells4 ,f opposite    
po9ts ( ! surface ( ! bipol> cell a     
/rong process is giv5 (f1 :i* is        
directly cont9u$ into a n]ve fibre4,,cz 
,:5 we pass next to multipol> cells1 we 
h ! foll[+ explanations4 ,9 _m          
localities !y pres5t *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,9 
! gray matt] ( ! sp9al cord1 m          
especially 9 its ant]ior horn1,,da !y   
give rise to num]\s processes1 & h a    
/ellate or radiate =m4 ,9 ! gray matt]  
on ! surface ( ! convolutions ( !       
c]ebrum !y are pyramidal 9 %ape2 ! apex 
is direct$ to ! surface ( ! convolution1
 ! base t[>ds ! :ite matt]2 ! processes 

arise f ! base1 apex1 & sides ( !       
pyramid4,,db ,! processes :i* arise f a 
multipol> n]ve cell z a rule divide &   
subdivide z !y pass away f ! body ( !   
cell1 until at la/ !y give rise to      
bran*es ( extreme t5uity4 ,^! bran*+    
processes app>5tly consi/ exclusively ( 
cell protoplasm1 & h be5 call$          
protoplasm processes4 ,g]la* has        
describ$ ! protoplasm processes ( !     
multipol> n]ve cells ( ! bra9 & sp9al   
cord z =m+ an excessively m9ute net-"w1 
f :i* m9ute m$ullat$ n]ve fibres        
arise4,,dc ,f ! obs]vations ( ,lockh>t  
,cl>k1 ,arndt1 ,clel& & ,meyn]t1 !re c  
be no d\bt t ! pyramidal n]ve cells v>y 
9 relative size & 9 numb]s 9 ! diff]5t  
lay]s ( ! gray cortex1 & t ! l>ge/ siz$ 
pyramidal cells lie 9 ! ?ird & f\r?     
lay]s4,,dd ,l>ge pyramidal cells are    
f\nd 9 ! frontal lobe 9 consid]able     
numb]s1 b x is add$1 !re is no          
difficulty 9 recogniz+ 9 ! occipital    
lobe 7! back region ( ! bra97 a small   
proportion ( cells q equal 9 magnitude  

to ! l>ge/ cells ( ! frontal lobe4,,de  
,f ^! /atem5ts1 x is easy to judge :at  
value c be atta*$ to ! conjecture t     
multipol> or pyramidal cells are to be  
reg>d$ z m9d-cells4 ,! result may be    
summ>iz$ ?us2 7#a7 ,! l>g] cells are    
inv>iably di/+ui%$ by ! numb] ( fibres  
giv5 (f1 or ! l9es ( communication !y h 
) o!r p>ts ( ! tissue2 7#b7 ,z to       
di/ribution ( ^! cell-fibres appe>+ 9 ! 
bra91 x is f\nd t z ! cells !mselves are
 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! gray matt]1 !        
majority ( _! fibres /ret* d[nw>ds1 !   
mass ( ! n]ve fibres ?us communicat+ ) !
 organism2 7#c7 ,^! pyramidal cells are 
n peculi> to any "p ( ! bra91 & !y d n  
belong to ! bra9 alone1 b are f\nd 9 !  
gray matt] ( ! sp9al cord1 & also ( !   
sympa!tic sy/em1 :i* provides = ! action
 ( ! he>t1 lungs1 & o!r vital organs4   
,all ^! *>act]i/ics are adv]se to !     
conjecture t = ! l>g] siz$ cells a claim
 c be made assign+ to !m di/9ctively    
intellectual or m5tal functions4  ,9    
contra/ ) ?is view1 ,i %all "h introduce

 an extract f ,hckel's ,evolution (     
,man1 z he may be acc\nt$ ! mo/ advanc$ 
advocate ( ! !ory ( m9d-cells4 ,he      
says1--,! n]ve cell ( ! bra9 is an      
extremely "o-sid$ =mation4 ,x c n1 l !  
egg-cell1 develop f itself num]\s       
g5]ations ( cells1 ( :i* "s trans=m     
!mselves into sk9-cells1 "s into        
fle%-cells1 & o!rs into bone-cells1 etc4
 ,b in/ead1 ! n]ve-cell1 :i* is =m$ = ! 
highe/ activities ( life1 possesses !   
capacity to feel1 to w1 to ?9k4 ,x is a 
true m9d-cell1 an elem5t>y organ ( m5tal
 activity4 ,correspond+ly1 x has an     
extremely complex m9ute /ructure4       
,innum]able filam5ts ( exce$+ f95ess1   
:i* may be comp>$ to ! num]\s electric  
wires ( a great c5tral telegraph /ation1
 trav]se 7cross+ ea* o!r aga9 & aga971 !
 f9ely granulat$ protoplasm ( !         
n]ve-cell1 & pass into bran*$ processes1
 :i* proce$ f ?is m9d-cell1 & connect ) 
o!r n]ve-cells & n]ve-fibres4 ,x is     
sc>cely possible to trace1 ev5          
approximately1 ! tangl$ pa?s ( ^!       

filam5ts 9 ! f9e sub/ance ( !           
protoplasmic body4 ,we ?us1 h be=e u a  
highly complex app>atus1 ! m m9ute      
/ructure ( :i* we h h>dly begun to "k1  
ev5 ) ! help ( our /ronge/ microscope1 &
 ! significance ( :i* we r guess ?an "k4
 ,its complex me*anism is capable ( !   
mo/ intricate physical functions4 ,b ev5
 ?is elem5t>y organ ( m5tal activity1 ( 
:i* !re are ?\s&s 9 our bra91 is only a 
s+le cell4 ,our :ole intellectual life  
is b ! sum ( ! results ( all su*        
n]ve-cells1 or m9d-cells4,,df  ,f ?is   
passage x w be se5 t asc]ta9$ facts are 
giv5 9 h>mony ) previ\s descriptions2 b 
t :ile nam+ "s z s5sory1 o!rs z motor1  
!re is no di/9ct evid5ce = classify+    
c]ta9 cells z m9d-cells4 ,along ) !     
admission ( our comp>ative ignorance ( !
 m9ute /ructure ( ! cell1 is ! ass]tion 
t ?is cell possesses ! capacity to feel1
 to w1 to ?9k4 ,?is latt] /atem5t is    
advanc$ )\t any trace ( sci5tific       
evid5ce1 & has no bett] sub/ratum on :i*
 to re/ ?an ! admission t man n only    

feels1 b also ?9ks & wills4 ,fur!r1 :5  
we recall ! s+ul> v>iety ( situation 9  
:i* ^! cells are f\nd1 z !y lie )9 !    
sp9al canal1 subord9ate c5tres1 & !     
bra91 ! insuffici5cy ( ! :ole !ory (    
m9d-cells is app>5t4 ,/ill m conspicu\s 
does ?is become :5 we turn to ,hckel's  
illu/rative diagram1 & read und]nea? x  
?is description1--,a l>ge bran*$        
n]ve-cell1 or 'm9d-cell' f ! bra9 ( an  
electric fi%4 ,! inve/igator :o makes 9 
! directe/ mann] /atem5ts z to ?9k+ &   
will+1 :i* he has n v]ifi$ & c n v]ify2 
& :o ) undi/urb$ composure ( m9d proce$s
 to illu/rate & support 8 position by   
giv+ a draw+ ( ! m9d-cell ( an electric 
fi%1 does almo/ e ?+ t c be done to     
discr$it 8 te/imony on sci5tific        
subjects4  ,hav+ n[ set =? ! gr\nds on  
:i* ,i ?9k x cle>ly %[n t physiological 
sci5ce has done no m ?an id5tify s5sory 
& motor cells2 & t ! se>* = ! true      
m9d-cell has prov$ a failure2 ,i pass f 
?is division ( ! subject ) ! ackn[l$gm5t
 t ! front & back portions ( ! bra9 /ill

 pres5t area = fre% rese>*1 & to ?is mu/
 be add$ ! /rik+ fact t 9 all ! bra9s   
subject$ to electric excitation ^! two  
portions h uni=mly rema9$ sil5t4 ,^!    
consid]ations may possibly h]eaft] af=d 
valuable sugge/ions t[>ds guidance ( !  
"w yet to be done 9 ! inve/igation (    
bra9 /ructure & functions4  ,9 view ( ! 
limits ( ! pres5t discussion1 ,i %all at
 ?is po9t pass ov] at once & directly to
 ! region conc]n$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( human  
conduct1 ) ! view ( illu/rat+ 9 :at     
respects human life diff]s f m]ely      
animal life4 ,on ?is s+le te/1 ,i mu/ "h
 be cont5t to re/ an argum5t = !        
insuffici5cy ( physiology1 & ! necessity
 = obs]vation ( our own exp]i5ce1 if we 
are to h an intelligible acc\nt ( ! mo/ 
famili> *>act]i/ics ( human life4 ,by   
way ( secur+ a %>p contra/ s]viceable = 
illu/rative & argum5tative purposes1 ,i 
take an extract f ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,8 /atem5t
 is ?is1--,!re is no evid5ce t any      
animal p]=ms an action = ! exclusive    
good ( ano!r4,,dg ,alongside ( ?is      

/atem5t1 = ! purpose ( comp>ison &      
contra/1 let me place ?is4 ,x is an     
ess5tial law ( human life1 hav+ daily   
application1 t man %all s act z to make 
! good ( 8 fell[man ! express end ( 8   
action4 ,?is is a law ( moral life :i*  
we d n dream ( apply+ to any l[] ord] ( 
be+s1 b :i* we d reg>d z b9d+ on all m5 
equally4 ,explicit te/imony to ?is law (
 human life may be drawn f ! philosophy 
( ,greece & ( ,*9a 9 times s remote z to
 prec$e ! ,*ri/ian era1 or f ! tea*+ (  
our ,savi\r1 or f ! daily life ( m5 9   
any l& 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! contra/ 
is ?us %>p en\gh1 & x pres5ts ! mo/     
p]plex+ difficulty = physiologi/s ( !   
s*ool ( ,hckel2 :ile x af=ds ! /ronge/  
l9e ( evid5ce = t philosophy :i* acc\nts
 = ! high] *>act]i/ics ( human life by  
ref]5ce to m9d z di/9ct f bra91 &       
immeasurably high] 9 function4  ,:e!r   
,mr4 ,d>w9's acc\nt ( animal conduct w  
be uni=mly accept$ by naturali/s1 ne$ n 
conc]n u1 z ! possibility ( diss5sion   
w\ld n s]i\sly affect ! argum5t1 ! ma9  

/ress ( :i* mu/ fall on ^! two po9ts1 t 
! law ( pure b5evol5ce is a law ( human 
life1 & t ! m]e recognition ( ?is law   
7,i d n say ob$i5ce to x1 :i* is a /age 
fur!r 9 advance71 c n be includ$ )9 !   
functions ( bra94,,dh  ,f :at has be5   
writt5 by "s naturali/s z to ! b5evol5ce
 ( animals1 x is probable t "s may be   
prep>$ to take exception to ! /atem5t ( 
,mr4 ,d>w94 ,!re is no ne$ = "h ent]+ ^u
 discussion :i* might ?us be rais$1 &   
:i* w\ld entail ! task ( criticis+      
multitudes ( /atem5ts made 9 a s+ul>ly  
loose & unsci5tific mann]4 ,!re is n any
 m c>eful obs]v] ?an ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! :ole 
record ( ^: obs]vations gives confid5ce 
9 8 te/imony1 & 8 pati5t reflection on !
 real significance ( :at he has se54 ,we
 may1 h[ev]1 leave ?is matt] to         
naturali/s1 t !y may decide :e!r ?is    
conclusion z to animals requires "s     
modification4 ,! purpose ( ! pres5t     
argum5t is to %[ t an au?oritative law (
 b5evol5ce does apply to human life1 9  
direct contra/ ) ! ord9>y law ( animal  

life1 giv+ special =ce to ! /ruggle =   
exi/5ce z witness$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! l[]   
ord]s ( be+s4  ,"o possible entanglem5t 
= ! pres5t argum5t mu/1 h[ev]1 be       
c>efully %unn$4 ,9 ! comp>ison betwe5   
man & animal1 we are apt to div]ge into 
a discussion ( :at m5 & animals sev]ally
 d4 ,?is is a "q consid]ably diff]5t f t
 n[ "u discussion1 & yet x lies 9 su*   
close proximity z to af=d ! greate/     
facilities = confusion ( ?\ght4 ,we are 
n "h comp>+ :at animals d1 ) :at m5 d2  
we are comp>+ ! actions ( animals ) :at 
we "k m5 ought to d4 ,x is ?is "q (     
ought :i* appe>s z ! out/&+ & di/+ui%+  
feature 9 human life1 on :i* we are n[  
seek+ to direct att5tion ) all !        
conc5tration :i* physiologi/s secure :5 
! microscope is direct$ on bra9 tissue4 
,! true feature "h is elevation &       
complexity ( intellectual action1 & !   
possibility ( assign+ ?is to bra9       
action4 ,! "q is no d\bt conc]n$ )      
conduct bo? 9 ! animal1 & 9 man1--b :at 
we wi% to asc]ta9 is1 h[ f> action or   

conduct 9 ! two cases ?r[s light on !   
ex]cise ( intellig5ce possible to man & 
to animal4 ,x is admitt$ t to act on a  
law ( b5evol5ce requires a high] ex]cise
 ( intellig5ce1 ?an to act "u a law (   
desire or s5sitive impulse2 & we wi% to 
rea* def9ite conclusions on two po9ts2  
fir/1 & subord9ately1 :e!r animals ev]  
act on ! high] law2 second1 & *iefly1   
:e!r su* action does n involve z its    
condition an intellectual ex]cise ( a   
high] ord] ?an c be assign$ to bra94 ,! 
=m] ( ^! que/ions1 subord9ate to !      
pres5t inquiry1 may be left to          
naturali/s4 ,! second conc]ns u directly
 "h1 9 ! m important discussion z to    
man4  ,) ! view ( complet+ ! def5ce     
aga9/ di/urb+ entanglem5t1 x may be well
 fur!r to ins]t "h ! explicit /atem5t t 
m5 d v commonly act 9 neglect ( ! law ( 
b5evol5ce1 & ev5 9 violation ( x4 ,!    
fact is too well kn[n 9 society to be   
ov]look$4 ,x may be en\gh1 h[ev]1 9 !   
pres5t connection1 to admit t m5 d (t5  
act l ! animals2 or1 to /ate ! fact m   

precisely 9 =m1 ! animal nature is (t5  
f\nd gov]n+ m51 s z to make _! action   
resemble t ( ! l[] animals 9 ! /ruggle =
 exi/5ce4  ,^! l9es ( sev]ance w n[ make
 cle> :at is our ma9 "q1--,is man       
capable ( recogniz+ a high] law ( life8 
,does a law ( b5evol5ce apply to him z a
 rational creature1 z x c n apply 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! animals ar\nd u8 ,& if ?is "q
 be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 does su*    
answ] imply ! ex]cise ( a high] p[] ?an 
c be sci5tifically assign$ to bra9      
cells8  ,t man recognizes a law (       
b5evol5ce z det]m9+ p]sonal conduct w n 
be =mally disput$ by any "o4 ,yet s v   
mu* be>+ on ! pres5t argum5t is involv$ 
9 ! int]pretation to be assign$ to ?is  
admission1 t x is desirable to pres5t at
 lea/ 9 outl9e1 ! evid5ce on :i* !      
/atem5t re/s4 ,if we look at ! facts 9  
view ( ! ord9>y actions ( ! l[] animals1
 a s]ies ( contra/s is pres5t$4 ,!      
animals are se5 to compete ) ea* o!r =  
:at is a common object ( desire1 su* z a
 favorite article ( food2 & to fight )  

ea* o!r = possession2 ! consequ5ce is t 
! /ronge/ & mo/ d>+ get :at !y seek1    
:ile ! weak] & m timid mu/ be cont5t )  
:at is ( less value = gratification ( _!
 desire4 ,^! facts are s conspicu\s & s 
con/ant 9 _! influ5ce on ! :ole race (  
animals t ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( species by 
desc5t f\nds ^u !m4 ,a complete contra/ 
appe>s 9 :at man recognizes z ! rule ( 8
 conduct1 :5 he admits ! obligation to  
b5evol5ce4 ,!re is a reflective ex]cise 
conc]n$ ) ! "r & wrong 9 human conduct  
:i* reg>ds x z a wrong ?+ = a man to    
snat* f ano!r ! enjoym5t )9 8 rea*1 or  
subv]t 8 opportunity = happ9ess 9 ord]  
to increase 8 own pleasure4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 !re is an ex]cise ( ?\ght :i*       
contemplates ef=t = ! good ( o!rs z "r1 
ev5 ext5d+ ! application ( ?is law (    
moral life s f> z to require self-d5ial1
 &1 9 circum/ances ( special importance1
 self-sacrifice1 = ! good ( o!rs4 ,^!   
are facts s elem5t>y1 t ! /atem5t ( !m  
w\ld be felt to be uncall$ =1 7 we n    
seek+ to di/+ui% ! elem5ts ( our ord9>y 

exp]i5ce4 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5   
said1 we are agre$ 9 reg>d+ x z a wrong 
done to ano!r if we deprive him (       
enjoym5t simply = ! sake ( our own      
satisfaction4 ,su* conduct is :at we    
condemn z selfi%ness 9 ! ag5t1 & a wrong
 to ! suff]]4 ,:5 on ! contr>y we       
subord9ate p]sonal pleasure 9 ord] to   
secure ! happ9ess ( ano!r1 we comm5d !  
b5evol5t disposition 9 :i* ! act        
orig9ates1 & we honor att5tion %[n to ! 
rights ( a fell[man4 ,z ! contr>y l9es (
 conduct are s (t5 foll[$1 & ev5        
v9dicat$ z p]missible 9 ! competitions (
 life1 we ne$ to %[ ) "s c>e t ! law (  
b5evol5ce is uni=mly reg>d$ z a law (   
human conduct ev5 :5 its requirem5ts are
 unfulfill$4 ,?is becomes obvi\s if we  
look along ano!r l9e ( obs]vation4 ,if  
we pass f :at a man does to 8 fell[m5 to
 :at he is se5 to expect ( !m1 we at    
once p]ceive t ! au?oritative feature   
alleg$ to belong to ! pr9ciple (        
b5evol5ce is admitt$ by him4 ,he res5ts 
! selfi%ness f :i* he has suff]$1       

compla9s ( ! unmanly act :i* f\nd its   
pleasure 9 8 injury1 & an appeal to     
public op9ion1 on any occasion          
suffici5tly important to involve a "q ( 
! int]e/s ( society1 at once calls =?   
g5]al condemnation ( ! selfi% act z a   
real inju/ice4  ,t su* a =m & direction 
( ?\ght belongs naturally to man has be5
 fur!r %[n by ! ready ass5t ( ! "y to ! 
law ( b5evol5ce1 & _! unhesitat+ te/ (  
_! s5iors by ref]5ce to x4 ,if _!       
irritability & res5tm5t h be5 /irr$1 x  
may be difficult to ga9 _! ass5t to !   
special application ( ! law ( b5evol5ce 
9 ! circum/ances4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only  
an example 9 e>ly life1 ( :at we f9d 9 m
 advanc$ ye>s1 t x is h>d to d ! "r1 &  
easy to excuse ! wrong we d1 :ile res5t+
 ! wrong done to u4 ,b1 ap>t f excit+   
causes1 & simply 9 ! ex]cise ( a quiet  
reflection1 ! *ild recognizes ! duty (  
b5evol5ce2 &1 not)/&+ ! disadvantages ( 
weakness & inexp]i5ce1 proce$s to te/   
o!rs by ?is /&>d1 & is felt by o!rs to  
be p[]ful by reason ( ! =ce belong+ to !

 law1 h[ev] sup]ior 9 ye>s1 & 9 au?ority
 may be ! p]sons ( :om ! *ild expects t 
he be k9dly treat$4 ,^! are 9 v cond5s$ 
=m ! facts ( human life1 :i* are z      
out/&+ z ! contr>y facts insi/$ ^u z    
*>act]i/ic ( animal life4 ,we ne$ an    
explanation :i* %all put ! nature ( man 
z truly 9 contra/ ) ! nature ( ! animal1
 :ile x is at ! same "t all[$ t man has 
an animal nature :i* may op]ate to !    
influ5ce ( 8 conduct1 9 neglect ( ?is   
high] law ( intellig5ce4  ,n[ ! mo/     
advanc$ results ( physiological sci5ce  
c>ry no explanation ( ?is simple1 ord9>y
 fact1 man's recognition ( a law (      
b5evol5ce z au?oritative4 ,aft] we h    
assign$ full value to ! s5sibilities ( a
 physical nature ov]spread ) a s5sitive 
n]ve-sy/em2 aft] we h made acc\nt ( !   
motor activity possible to an animal    
possess$ ( a complicat$ muscul> sy/em   
controll$ by motor n]ves1 we h n come   
ne> a region 9 :i* ! reflective process 
takes place :i* applies ! law (         
b5evol5ce = ! regulation ( conduct4 ,we 

discov] )9 ! range ( physiological      
possibility1 s5sitiv5ess to impression f
 )\t1 & to ! influ5ce ( ! crav+s &      
appetites ( a nature requir+ support &  
satisfaction1 & impell+ p[] :i* urges to
 action = ! sake ( pres5t satisfaction4 
,all ^! ?+s we f9d easily expla9$ "u !  
tea*+ ( physiology2 b we h no           
explanation ( ! act ( intellig5ce 9     
p]ceiv+ a law ( b5evol5ce & own+        
submission to x4 ,we d n ev5 f9d a      
sci5tific acc\nt ( ! subord9ate         
intellectual ex]cises involv$ 9 !       
application ( ! law ( b5evol5ce :5      
recogniz$4 ,!re is a =m ( discrim9ation 
"h1 includ+ ! di/9ction ( m5 z p]sons1 !
 claims involv$ 9 p]sonal rights1 & !   
phase ( individual duty asc]ta9$ :ile   
contemplat+ ! circum/ances 9 ! mid/ (   
:i* x is ne$ful to act4 ,all ?is is     
outside ! range ( ! =mulat$ results (   
physiological rese>*4 ,!re c be no      
hesitation 9 accept+ all t has be5      
e/abli%$ z to n]ve-s5sibility1--!       
subjection ( human life to ! int]action 

( ext]nal influ5ces1--& ! inevitable =ms
 ( exp]i5ce :i* result 9 individual     
hi/ory4 ,b we see 9 ^!1 only conditions 
9 ! mid/ ( :i* man by ex]cise ( 8       
intellig5ce is to und]take ! managem5t (
 life on a high] level ?an t ( animal   
life4 ,we cle>ly recognize ! laws (     
motor activity1 includ+ ! full be>+ (   
outw>d influ5ces1 & inw>d t5d5cies ^u   
human action4 ,b ) ^! ?+s we see :at is 
meant :5 x is recogniz$ t intellect mu/ 
gov]n passion3 :ile we see physiological
 sci5ce lay+ op5 to u only ! laws (     
passion1 & n ! law = its gov]nm5t4 ,we  
admit ! conv9c+ nature ( ! evid5ce by   
:i* x is %[n t our nature ) all !       
special phases ( individuality1 (t5     
involv+ /range p]ils & p]plexities1 has 
be5 inh]it$ by u1 ga!r+ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( 
our life a task :i* we w\ld will+ly h   
%unn$4 ,we p]ceive 9 ?is a sci5ce ( !   
specialities ( individual nature1 /&+   
alongside ! sci5ce expla9+ ! common     
*>act]i/ics ( man :i* come )9 ! range ( 
physiological rese>*4 ,b x is beyond    

?is1 t ! problem arises conc]n+ ! moral 
gov]nm5t ( life1 s t equally :at is     
common1 & :at is peculi> to man %all be 
regulat$ accord+ to rational law4 ,= ?is
 all see to be true1 except+ always     
cases ( manife/ infirmity & disord]1 t  
equally ! common & ! special p[]s ( !   
individual are to be regulat$ by ! law (
 b5evol5ce4 ,!re are no exemptions =    
special temp]am5t1 :atev] div]sities !re
 may be 9 ! task :i* application ( ! law
 may involve = "s4 ,! ought has asc5d5cy
 ov] human life2,,di ! b>e p]ception (  
?is gr& reality1 tak5 ) all ! di/9ctions
 involv$ 9 its application to p]sonal   
conduct1 & all ! =ms ( p]sonal control  
ex]cis$ = its fulfilm5t1 lies ap>t f !  
discov]ies ( physiology4 ,9 ^! ?+s we   
see mo/ cle>ly :at m9d is1 & :at m9d    
does 9 ! managem5t ( human life4 ,we    
discov] cle>ly ?us :at x is :i* makes   
human life sup]ior to ! life ( ! animals
 ar\nd u2 :at x is :i* makes ! be/ 9    
human life /& ess5tially connect$ ) !   
subord9ation ( ! animal nature to a     

high] nature )92 & 9 :at respect x /&s  
true t physiology is a sci5ce ( only a  
"p ( our nature1 & t ! l[]1 because !   
subject "p4 ,9 ?is man kn[s1 ap>t f all 
sci5ce1 & q indep5d5tly ( philosophy    
too1 t he has a high] life1 work+1      
rejoic+1 & advanc+ to nobl] excell5ce1 j
 z he gov]ns 8 body1 keep+ x 9          
subjection1 :ile rev]+ an ideal ( moral 
& spiritual excell5ce t[>ds ! atta9m5t (
 :i* x is ! duty & honor ( humanity to  
/rive4  ,,footnotes3  ,,cx ,hckel's     
,evolution ( ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4     
,,cy ,human ,anatomy1 i4 p4 #aih4  ,,cz 
,human ,anatomy1 i4 p4 #aii4  ,,da ,f   
:i* motor n]ves em]ge4  ,,db ,human     
,anat41 i4 p4 #bjj4  ,,dc ,human ,anat41
 i4 p4 #bja4  ,,dd ,ib4 p4 #bhb4  ,,de  
,see ,app5dix ,,xii4  ,,df ,evolution ( 
,man1 i4 p4 #abi4  ,,dg ,orig9 (        
,species1 #f? ed4 p4 #bjh4  ,,dh ,:e!r  
"s ( ! animals may possess an inf]ior   
ord] ( m9d1 is a "q :i* ne$ n be "h     
discuss$4  ,,di ,see ,app5dix ,,xiii4   
,,lecture ,,viii4  ,,relation ,,(       

,,sci5ce ,,to ,,our ,,conceptions ,,(   
,,div9e ,,int]position ,,= ,,moral      
,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4   ,! view giv5 
9 previ\s lectures ( ! mo/ prom95t      
features ( ! rec5t advances 9 sci5tific 
k mo/ intimately conc]n+ our religi\s   
conceptions ( ! orig9 & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1
 may af=d "s aid t[>ds =m+ a judgm5t ( !
 po9ts ( contact & app>5t conflict4 ,a  
brief summ>y w af=d ! be/ introduction  
to ! l9es ( inquiry ) :i* ! pres5t      
discussion may be br\ght to a close4    
,fir/1 z to ! inorganic 9 ! univ]se1    
rec5t inve/igations favor ! conclusion t
 nei!r ! matt] 9 ! _w1 nor ! en]gy1 c be
 increas$ or dim9i%$ by op]ation ( any  
laws kn[n to apply to su* exi/5ce4 ,!   
laws "u :i* ^! two =ms ( be+ hold _!    
place 9 ! _w involve only *ange (       
di/ribution & relation4 ,bo? matt] &    
en]gy are1 h[ev]1 p]petually und]go+    
*ange or trans=mation1 & :e!r ! *ange be
 = ! bett] or = ! worse 9 ! hi/ory ( !  
univ]se z a :ole1 ! fact ( unceas+ *ange
 9 subord9ation to fix$ law1 is cle>    

evid5ce t matt] & en]gy are n et]nal or 
self-subsi/+1 b are dep5d5t on "s       
transc5d5t exi/5ce impos+ ! laws det]m9+
 _! relations4  ,second1 z to organiz$  
exi/5ce1 rec5t rese>*es g to prove t !re
 is 9 all animals a measure (           
adaptability to surr\nd+ conditions (   
life1 provid+ = adaptive *anges 9 !     
organism1 :i* become fix$1 & are        
transmitt$ to succe$+ g5]ations ( ! same
 ord] "u ! law ( h]$ity4 ,on w>rant ( ! 
evid5ce = ?is1 x is to be tak5 z c]ta9 t
 ! v>i\s ord]s ( animals n[ famili> to u
 did n at fir/ come into be+ ) all !    
*>act]i/ics n[ p]ta9+ to !m4 ,! law ( _!
 life has provid$ = a progression 9     
developm5t1 9 accordance ) :i* we h     
di/9ct ord]s ( ! pigeon1 ! dog1 & !     
horse1 ) v>iations 9 animals ( e class4 
,?is law ( developm5t1 applicable to all
 animal life1 admits ( great] or less   
div]sity ( result 9 ! hi/ory ( di/9ct   
races1 accord+ to ! complexity ( !      
organism4  ,?ird1 z to ! relations (    
diff]5t ord]s 9 ! scale ( animal life1 x

 is prov$ t all vital organism has be5  
modell$ on a common plan z appe>s 9 !   
arrangem5t & functions ( ! n]ve sy/em1  
provid+ = s5sibility & motor activity4  
,9 accordance ) ?is1 we f9d 9 diff]5t   
ord]s ( animal life n m]ely analogies or
 resemblances 9 /ructure1 b homologies  
or examples ( complete id5tity (        
/ructure & function4 ,?us ! bra91 & !   
two sets ( n]ve l9es1 namely s5sory &   
motor1 are ! same 9 nature & functions 9
 all animals1 f ! frog to man inclusive1
 & !y diff] only 9 complexity (         
arrangem5t )9 ! c5tral organ1 & ext5t ( 
ramification ( ! n]ve l9es4 ,div]sity ( 
nature ?us f> appe>s 9 ! relative       
complexity ( organism4 ,?is is a        
conclusion :i* assigns to man 8 place 9 
! scale ( animal life2 t is1 9 s f> z we
 reg>d man exclusively by ref]5ce to 8  
animal nature1 he /&s highe/ 9 ! scale (
 organism1--fir/ 9 rank1 judg$ simply by
 complexity ( bra9 /ructure1 & m9ut5ess 
( n]ve sy/em4  ,f\r?1 9 respect ( moral 
life1 t is1 ability to contemplate a law

 ( life absolutely au?oritative z well z
 univ]sally applicable among/ intellig5t
 be+s1--su* = example z ! law (         
b5evol5ce2 ability to control ! :ole    
animal nature s z to subject x to ?is   
high] law ( b5evol5ce2 ability to /rive 
aft] ! h>moniz+ ( all dispositions &    
actions 9 accordance ) ! law (          
b5evol5ce1--man occupies a di/9ct place 
9 ! ord] ( be+s exi/+ 9 ! _w1 no o!r    
liv+ be+ /&+ associat$ ) him4 ,!re are  
innum]able =ms ( organiz$ be+ 9 ! _w2 b 
only a s+le repres5tative ( moral life 9
 x4 ,no be+ save man contemplates a     
g5]al law ( life1 mak+ its fulfilm5t a  
delib]ate end ( action2 no be+ save man 
possesses a conception ( duty or        
oughtness1 :i*1 if x be reg>d$ simply z 
an intellectual ex]cise1 c be appreh5d$ 
only "u application ( a law ( conduct   
su* z b5evol5ce4 ,t man /&s entirely    
alone 9 ^! respects1 & is1 !re=e1 to be 
rank$ z a di/9ct ord] ( be+1 appe>s f ! 
foll[+ def9ite l9es ( evid5ce3 no animal
 contemplates a g5]al law ( conduct1 or 

intelligible rule ( life applicable = ! 
gov]nm5t ( ! ord] to :i* x belongs2 no  
animal subord9ates physical impulse at !
 bidd+ ( su* a law2 no animal aims at ! 
p]fect+ ( its nature "u a g5]al         
conception ( ! excell5ce ( its own      
nature1 z dog1 horse1 or ape4 ,!re=e we 
conclude t man alone ( all liv+ be+s    
kn[n to u 9 ?is _w is a moral be+4      
,tak+ n[ ^! f\r aspects ( exi/5ce z kn[n
 to u 9 ?is _w1--)\t advanc+ to deal    
directly ) ! phases & conditions (      
religi\s life1--! :ole f\r c be freely  
accept$ by religi\s m5 9 /rict h>mony ) 
all ! requirem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,!  
?ree fir/ nam$ are di/9ct advances 9 !  
hi/ory ( physical sci5ce1 & w be g5]ally
 admitt$ to include ! mo/ important     
accessions to our k ( ! physical univ]se
 hav+ any be>+ on ! conceptions ly+ at !
 basis ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! f\r? is !   
product ( philosophical inquiry1 proce$+
 9 accordance ) direct obs]vation (     
p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & by means ( simple   
analysis ( our intellig5t activity z t  

is conc]n$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( p]sonal life1 
especially 9 view ( ! relations subsi/+ 
9 society4 ,?is la/ z a philosophic     
conclusion1 n atta9$ by physiological   
rese>*1 n prop]ly any "p ( physical     
sci5ce1 b rea*$ only by di/+ui%+ prop]ly
 c]ta9 cont5ts ( our e-day ?\ght1 may be
 liable to rejection f ^? :o rely only  
on ! me?ods peculi> to physical sci5ce4 
,b su* treatm5t ( ! propositions has no 
be>+ on _! tru?2 z d5ial ( !m w n deliv]
 any man f ! obligations ( b5evol5ce1 or
 exempt him f ! dem&s ( 8 fell[m51      
requir+ t 9 seek+ 8 own satisfaction he 
%all n be selfi%1 & c]ta9ly n h>%1 z if 
! /ronge/ might h all !y desire1 & !    
weake/ mu/ be cont5t to wait on _!      
pleasure4 ,d5ial ( ! recognition ( a law
 ( b5evol5ce w n exempt him f ! exp]i5ce
 consequ5t on ! expectations ( 8 fell[m5
 z !y seek help = ! suff]+1 or sympa?y =
 ! sorr[ful1 or rescue = ! p]i%+4 ,?\gh 
:at has be5 said z to ! law ( b5evol5ce 
implies t x is univ]sally au?oritative1 
!re is no express philosophic !ory "h   

introduc$ z to ! mode by :i* ?is k is   
atta9$1 or ! gr\nds on :i* its          
univ]sality is ass]t$4 ,! b>e fact t ea*
 man expects 8 fell[man to be b5evol5t  
is en\gh = ! pres5t purpose4 ,! simple  
decl>ation t ! man :o seeks only 8 own  
gratification1 sett+ at defiance all !  
rights ( 8 fell[m51 is unwor?y ! "n (   
man & acts a brute's "p1 is all t any "o
 ne$s :o w\ld make good ! argum5t t     
human nature is di/9ct f t ( ! brutes4  
,no man c escape ! obligation to        
b5evol5t disposition2 no man except !   
man ( gross "* attempts to live z if he 
reg>d$ ! violation ( x z capable (      
v9dication4 ,^! two ?+s be+ s1 !        
te/imony is z /rong z t e/abli%+ !      
elem5t>y tru?s ( sci5ce1 :i* demon/rates
 t man owns a univ]sal moral law1 & s   
di/+ui%es himself f ! animals4 ,!       
conditions ( human life are too cle>ly  
recogniz$1 & too con/antly insi/$ ^u 9  
ord9>y society1 to all[ cov] =          
ambiguities1 & d5ials :i* w\ld favor !  
position ( ^? :o accept only :at is     

asc]ta9$ by ! me?ods ( physiological    
inve/igation4 ,h5ce x happ5s t popul>   
favor runs deeply & /rongly = ! k9d &   
good2 & sci5ce itself mu/ yield :5 !    
te/imony ( ! race is uni=m4  ,be=e clos+
 ?is inquiry1 x is desirable to pass ov]
 f ! out/&+ conceptions ( sci5ce &      
philosophy1 to di/9ctive & prom95t      
conceptions belong+ to religi\s ?\ght1 )
 ! view ( consid]+ :e!r ^! c be held 9  
h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,( ^!1       
ref]5ce may be made specially to two :i*
 enc\nt] opposition on pr(ess$ly        
sci5tific gr\nds3--,miracle z an evid5ce
 ( ! ,messiah%ip ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2
 & ! efficacy ( ,pray] 9 ! economy (    
spiritual life4 ,^! two conceptions h   
enc\nt]$ /rong opposition on !          
allegation ( inconsi/5cy ) !            
un*angeabl5ess ( ! laws ( nature4 ,x    
becomes1 !re=e1 an important "p ( !     
pres5t inve/igation1 to asc]ta9 h[ f> ^!
 two articles ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 miracul\s
 te/imony to ! div9ity ( our ,savi\r1 & 
habitual answ] to ! pray] (f]$ to ,god  

by ^? :o approa* ,him 9 ! m]it ( !      
,r$eem]1 are consi/5t ) ! tea*+ (       
sci5ce4 ,^! two conceptions are         
naturally includ$ 9 ! "o "q z to !      
compatibility ) ! laws ( nature ( !     
int]position ( sup]natural ag5cy =      
atta9m5t ( moral & spiritual ends 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! _w4  ,fir/ 9 ord] /&s ! "q ( 
,,miracle z involv$ 9 ! evid5ce ( div9e 
p[] & au?ority giv5 by our ,"l1 dur+ ,8 
soj\rn 9 ?is _w to accompli% ! great "w 
( r$emption4,,dj ,! te/imony ( miracle z
 pres5t$ 9 ! hi/orical n>rative (       
,*ri/'s life is frequ5t & abundant 9    
v>iety2 & its connection ) ,8 "w = !    
r$emption ( s9ful m5 is ev]y:]e         
proclaim$4 ,x is impossible to          
contemplate ! scriptural te/imony to !  
glory ( ,*ri/'s nature )\t includ+      
miracle z a conspicu\s "p ( x2 & x is   
equally impossible to deta* ?is te/imony
 f relation to ! m$iatorial "w ( !      
,r$eem] z conc]n$ ) ! p>don ( s91 &     
re/oration ( man to hol9ess ( "*4 ,x ?us
 becomes an ess5tial te/ ( ! validity ( 

,*ri/ian evid5ce to settle !            
compatibility ( miracle ) ! k n[        
possess$ ( ! laws ( nature4  ,x is n    
necess>y "h to discuss ! cr$ibility (   
miracles1 z affect$ by ! "q :e!r !re c  
be suffici5cy ( te/imony to support !   
occurr5ce ( a miracle1--a "q :i* has    
engag$ an am\nt ( att5tion              
disproportionate to its intellectual    
wor?4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! "q 0 no?+ bett]  
?an an example ( mislead+ +5uity1 all[$ 
to /& on ! page on :i* x 0 indit$ 9     
manife/ violation ( ! laws ( evid5ce & !
 ess5tial conditions ( human k4 ,! value
 ( te/imony does n dep5d on ! nature ( !
 ?+ to :i* x applies1 b on ! "* ( !     
witness1 & ! opportunity = obs]v+ & te/+
 ! facts describ$4 ,!re are1 = example1 
a s]ies ( surgical op]ations be+ p]=m$ 9
 ,ed9burgh = removal ( tumors           
7,ov>iotomy71 & be+ repeat$ at int]vals 
( two or ?ree weeks1 :i* h hi!rto be5   
decl>$ by ! pr(ession to be impossible  
)\t sacrifice ( life2 & yet !y are      
successfully accompli%$1 leav+ only an  

exce$+ly small p]c5tage ( dea?4 ,! :ole 
comb9$ te/imony ( prec$+ ages has be5   
aga9/ ! possibility ( su* op]ations2 b  
?is is a consid]ation ( no value :atev] 
9 view ( ! te/imony ( ! surgeons :o take
 "p 9 ! haz>d\s & responsible1 b mo/    
b5efic5t "w1 & ( ^? pr(essional m5 :o h 
come f ,france1 & ,russia1 & o!r l&s1 to
 witness ! op]ation1 & ( citiz5s well   
acqua9t$ ) pati5ts :o h be5 deliv]$ f a 
burd5$ life1 ov]%ad[$ ) prospect ( e>ly 
dea?4 ,! laws ( evid5ce are too well    
und]/ood to call = ab/ract reason+ z to 
! cr$ibility ( ! witnesses :o are at    
pres5t giv+ _! te/imony to ! sci5tific  
_w1 ( ! successful repetition ( an      
op]ation hi!rto believ$ to be           
impossible4 ,! be>+ ( su* an illu/ration
 on ! discussions rais$ conc]n+ !       
cr$ibility ( ! evid5ce ( our ,"l's      
disciples to ! miracles ,he p]=m$ is    
obvi\s4 ,nor is !re ne$ = occupy+ "t 9  
trampl+ out ! beat5 /raw by l+]+ ov] !  
argum5t t no evid5ce c be suffici5t to  
e/abli% a miracle1 because a miracle is 

contr>y to common exp]i5ce2 =1 x is     
obvi\s t a miracle mu/ be contr>y to    
common exp]i5ce1 s9ce t :i* is matt] (  
common exp]i5ce c n be a miracle1 b mu/ 
be an ev5t det]m9$ by "s law ( nature4  
,! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature is ev5 a  
necess>y condition = ! evid5tial value (
 miracles4  ,we pass to ! real m]its ( !
 "q 9 discuss+ ! possibility ( !        
miracles ( ,*ri/ )\t violation ( any ( !
 laws ( nature z asc]ta9$ by ! mo/ rec5t
 advances ( sci5ce4  ,! miracles (      
,jesus ,*ri/ pr(ess to be sup]natural   
int]positions = accompli%m5t ( an       
imm$iate b5evol5t purpose1 :ile 9       
comb9ation !y af=d a body ( evid5ce     
te/ify+ to ! p[] & b5evol5t mission ( a 
div9e ,savi\r ( ! s9ful4 ,_! directly   
b5evol5t aim is conspicu\s ?r\gh\t4     
,jesus nev] p]=ms any wond]ful "w =     
display ( p[]2 :5 a desire is indicat$ =
 signs 9 ! heav5s1 ^! are refus$2 :5 ,8 
own wants are conc]n$1 !re is no ex]cise
 ( p[] to deliv] ,himself f suff]+2 b :5
 a poor suff]] appeals = deliv]ance1 ,he

 is ready to act2 or :5 ! feeble1       
oppress$ condition ( "o :o has be5 a    
long "t 9 ?is case comes "u ,8 eye1 ,he 
is mov$ to compassion & gives unexpect$ 
deliv]ance ev5 )\t int]v5tion ( a       
reque/4 ,all ?is is done1 n z if x 7 any
 "p ( ! div9e purpose to keep m5 exempt 
f suff]+1 nor z if x 7 inconsi/5t ) !   
div9e b5evol5ce to all[ its return &    
cont9uance1 = ,he is at pa9s to w>n t   
ev5 a worse ?+ may come2 b z if         
deliv]ance f suff]+ 7 9 h>mony ) ,8     
mission1 & peculi>ly appropriate z      
illu/rative ( a ,savi\r's design z well 
z ( ,8 div9e p[]4 ,by way ( sign ,he    
w\ld rescue f disease1 9 ord] !reby to  
po9t to a gr&] deliv]ance1 ev5 f s9 :i* 
causes all ! _w's sorr[4  ,! "q "h call+
 = att5tion is1 ,h[ d ^! miracles /&    
relat$ to ! laws ( nature :i* we n[     
recognize z fix$ & un*angeable8 ,! fir/ 
portion ( ! answ] mu/ be t !y are       
incapable ( explanation "u ^! laws4 ,!y 
are v]itable examples1--ref]r+ = !      
pres5t exclusively to _! nature1 n to ! 

evid5ce on :i* we ackn[l$ge t !y        
occurr$1--!y are v]itable examples (    
results incapable ( be+ atta9$ "u !     
op]ation ( natural law4 ,! effects      
secur$ 7 inde$ only su* z w\ld h be5    
atta9$ _h m$ical sci5ce be5 able to     
accompli% ! result1 = ! great majority (
 !m belong to ! region 9 :i* ! gr& heal+
 art works out its b5efic5t contribution
 to human well be+4 ,b 9 respect ( !    
mode ( _! execution !y 7 9 no s5se      
analog\s to :at is a*iev$ by unexpect$  
advance 9 sci5tific k & skill4 ,!re 0   
no?+ 9 ! :ole c\rse ( our ,"l's life1   
be>+ resemblance to ! "w ( him :o       
labori\sly pond]s ! v>i$ aspects ( "s   
select$ =m ( disease1 & ultimately      
atta9s to skill 9 a new mode ( treatm5t1
 or a dang]\s & difficult =m ( op]ation4
 ,! ^w spok5 to ! lep] or ! p>alytic2 ! 
ano9t+ ( ! eyes ) clay & s5d+ ! bl9d man
 ) 8 clay-cov]$ eyelids to wa% 9 a pool2
 ! comm& to ,jairus's daught]1 ,maid1   
arise2 & ! call to ! man ( ,be?any1     
,laz>us1 come =?1--pres5t no lik5ess to 

! conduct ( "o m]ely ex]cis+ a deep] k (
 ! rem$ial measures :i* are con/antly   
be+ employ$ 9 "s mode or o!r = relief ( 
suff]+4 ,:at we witness 9 ! v>i$ =ms (  
,8 works is sup]natural int]v5tion1     
ex]cise ( div9e au?ority & p[]4 ,!re is 
no compet5t v9dication ( ! sacr$        
n>rative by r$uction ( our ,"l's works  
to ! level ( ^? =ms ( k & skill :i* are 
)9 ! rea* ( human discov]y4 ,! sacr$    
writ+s (f] no sugge/ion po9t+ 9 ?is     
direction2 ,*ri/ian fai?1 9 ! def5ce x  
(f]s = its recognition ( ! miracul\s 9  
,*ri/'s life1 does n %elt] itself beh9d 
su* a poor brea/work1 z t :i* is ga9$ by
 elim9at+ ! sup]natural1--seek+ to def5d
 itself by surr5d]+ all t is di/9ctive (
 ! ,god-man1 :o n only spake z man nev] 
spake1 b :o ) pr(use lib]ality p]=m$    
works ( heal+ :i* made ! e>s ( ! nation 
to t+le1 compell+ reluctant witnesses to
 te/ify1 t x 0 nev] s se5 9 ,israel4 ,! 
sup]natural works ( ,jesus belong to !  
same place 9 hi/ory1 z t :i* records !  
sup]natural attributes belong+ to ,8    

p]sonality4  ,to ! "q1 ,h[ d ! works (  
,jesus /& relat$ to ! laws ( nature8 !  
next portion ( ! answ] is t !y d n      
conflict ) ^! laws 9 any intelligible   
s5se4 ,! believ] 9 ,*ri/'s miracles1 z  
he meets ! manife/ requirem5ts ( sci5ce1
 may fairly ask ( sci5tific critics t !y
 /ate any law ( nature :i* 0 violat$ 9  
any example ( ! ,savi\r's b5evol5t do+s1
 9 a s5se ( ! ^w violation :i* conflicts
 ) ! indubitable tea*+ ( sci5ce conc]n+ 
! un*angeabl5ess ( ! laws ( nature4 ,x  
might well suffice = exposition (       
,*ri/ian ?\ght at an e>li] p]iod (      
,bible int]pretation :5 ! sole object 0 
to set =? ! transc5d5t gr&eur ( ,*ri/'s 
works1 to repres5t a miracle z a        
violation ( ! laws ( nature1 mean+ !reby
 to conc5trate on ! fact t equally by   
its "*1 & by pr(ession ( ! ag5t1 x 0 a  
"w :i* ord9>y p[] 0 insuffici5t to      
expla94 ,by p>ity ( reason+1 x may      
equally be all[$ t a legitimate c\rse is
 foll[$1 & an important s]vice is r5d]$ 
to ! advance ( ,*ri/ian evid5ce1 if x be

 urg$ by sci5tific m5 t a violation ( ! 
laws ( nature is inconsi/5t ) :at is n[ 
asc]ta9$ z to ! gov]nm5t ( ! physical   
_w4 ,?is collision betwe5 old =ms (     
/atem5t & new =ms ( te/ is a ga9 to all 
int]e/s conc]n$4 ,x mu/ press into      
notice ! inquiry z to ! s5se 9 :i* ! old
 t]m9ology 0 employ$1 & also ! s5se 9   
:i* ?is new te/ is pres5t$4 ,if ?is     
comp>ison be prosecut$ to its f9al      
result1 no ,*ri/ian believ] w f9d       
himself di/urb$ by appreh5sion ( a      
possible call to conflict ) sci5ce1 & no
 sci5tific m5 w feel !mselves drawn into
 antagonism ) ! accr$it$ =ms ( ,*ri/ian 
belief z to ! miracul\s4 ,a few c>efully
 /at$ propositions %\ld help t[>ds mak+ 
?is cle>1 if only ^! c be s drawn z to  
meet ! dem&s ( sci5ce1 & also accurately
 repres5t ,*ri/'s life4  ,! te/imony (  
sci5ce deal+ ) ! evid5ce op5 to         
obs]vation is t ! laws ( nature1 su* z !
 laws ( gravitation1 transmutation (    
en]gy1 & ! developm5t & support ( liv+  
organism1 are fix$ & un*angeable1 s t   

p]si/5t antagonism to !m is only        
conflict ( a weak] =ce ) a /rong] :i*   
mu/ end 9 disa/] or de/ruction to !     
weak]4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is we d n f9d x      
possible to place any /atem5t1 ei!r 9 ! 
=m ( direct affirmation1 or ( inf]5ce   
d$ucible f ! implications ( ,*ri/'s     
actions or words1 :i* c be reg>d$ z     
directly contradictory4 ,on ! contr>y ! 
de$s & say+s ( ,*ri/ c>ry a multitude ( 
sugge/ions 9 /rict h>mony ) ?is g5]al   
tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,:5 ,he w\ld indicate to
 ,8 he>]s h[ !y are guid$ 9 _! judgm5t  
by ! uni=mity ( natural law1 ,he po9ts  
to ! signs :i* !y int]pret 9 ! aspect ( 
! atmosph]e morn+ & ev5+4 ,:5 !         
sugge/ion is plac$ be=e ,him t ,he %\ld 
ca/ ,himself f an em95ce 9 tok5 ( ,8    
sup]iority to ord9>y risks1 ,he does n  
h9t at a susp5sion ( ! law (            
gravitation1 b tea*es t man %\ld n      
transgress ! div9e w by ra%ly expos+    
himself to dang]4 ,:5 ,he w\ld tea* m5  
to comb9e labor & tru/1 ,he po9ts !m to 
! uni=m provision = ! clo?+ & adorn+ ( !

 vegetable _w :i* c n 9 any measure c>e 
= itself4 ,& s we might proce$1 7 !re   
any ne$ = multiply+ evid5ce z to a      
feature ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ manife/ to e    
,bible read]4  ,! record ( ,scripture   
pres5t+ ! n>ratives ( ,*ri/'s miracles  
does n at any "t repres5t our ,savi\r z 
int]pos+ to /ay = a brief p]iod ! action
 ( fix$ law1 or to prev5t ! application 
( su* law 9 ! hi/ory ( a p>ticul>       
individual4 ,9 all ^! wond]s ( heal+    
no?+ m happ5s z to actual result1 hav+ a
 g5]al be>+ on proc$ure 9 ! physical _w1
 ?an does happ5 :5 a cure ( a critical  
phase ( disease is accompli%$ by "s     
newly discov]$ appliance at comm& (     
m$ical art4 ,^! two cases are ess5tially
 diff]5t z to mode ( action1 b !y are   
/rictly id5tical z to result1 & ?is     
id5tity am\nts to a demon/ration (      
h>mony ) sci5tific requirem5ts1 z ^!    
actually guide m5 to ! discov]y ( new   
me?ods4 ,t !re is id5tity ( result only 
9 "s cases does n affect ! argum5t1 b   
arises f ! ess5tial features ( !        

comp>ison1 z a product ( sup]natural    
int]v5tion mu/ transc5d :at is          
ultimately atta9$ by labori\s processes 
( human rese>*4 ,b t !re is 9 any case  
an id5tity ( result "u ! v diff]5t      
conditions1 is an indication t          
sup]natural int]v5tion is n an int]f]5ce
 ) ! laws ( nature su* z w\ld be involv$
 9 _! susp5sion or subv]sion4 ,!re is a 
great diff]5ce betwe5 recov]y f susp5d$ 
animation & resurrection f ! dead z 9 ! 
case ( ,laz>us1 b ! fix$ ord] ( !       
univ]se is no m di/urb$ 9 ! latt] case  
?an 9 ! =m]4  ,a fur!r consid]ation be>+
 on ! miracles ( ,*ri/ ne$s to be /at$1 
?\gh x comes m directly into relation ) 
philosophy ?an ) sci5ce prop]ly s call$4
 ,e "o ( ^! miracles 0 p]=m$ av[$ly =   
moral ends1 & "u application ( moral    
conditions1 :ile = imm$iate physical    
effects4 ,!re is moral law z well z     
physical law1 & our ,savi\r subord9ates 
! latt] to ! =m] 9 det]m9+ ! use ,he    
makes ( sup]natural ag5cy4 ,! evid5ce ( 
?is is int]wov5 ?r\gh ! v texture ( !   

n>rative1 s t an attempt to sev] ,8     
miracles f _! moral purpose c result    
only 9 te>+ ! n>rative into             
fragm5ts1--mutilat+ ! record :i* mu/ be 
/udi$ & int]pret$ z x has be5 put into  
our h&s4 ,moral law is z un*angeable z  
physical law1 ?\gh ! "* & =m ( its sway 
diff] f ^? ( physical law1 & x is easi] 
= man wilfully to violate ! high] law ( 
life ?an to violate ! l[]4 ,yet s       
closely are ! high] & l[] connect$ 9    
human hi/ory1 t ! easy violation ( moral
 law is foll[$ by pa9ful consequ5ces "u 
! reign ( physical law4 ,x lay )9 !     
purpose ( ,jesus to deliv] f bo?1 & x is
 only 9 recognition ( ?is comb9$ or     
complex purpose t we discov] ! rational 
basis on :i* sup]natural deliv]ance f   
disease becomes a natural vehicle =     
pres5t+ to rational be+s requisite      
evid5ce ( div9e int]v5tion on _! behalf 
z !y are entangl$ 9 ! disa/r\s          
consequ5ces ( violat+ un*angeable moral 
law4 ,if on o!r gr\nds x be app>5t t    
sup]natural int]f]5ce = re/oration (    

heal? or life does n involve int]f]5ce )
 physical law by :i* ! gov]nm5t ( !     
univ]se c\ld be 9 any degree affect$2 on
 ! gr\nds n[ contemplat$ we come to     
recognize a h>mony ( high] & l[] ord]s (
 fix$ law be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ! human    
race1 & = ?is h>mony ( law our ,savi\r  
manife/$ a supreme conc]n4  ,) ^! brief 
/atem5ts be=e u1 we are n[ prep>$ =     
turn+ 9 a diff]5t direction to asc]ta9  
:at is ! special view ( miracle :i* has 
f\nd curr5cy )9 "s sci5tific circles1   
c>ry+ ! explanation ( int5se antipa?y to
 its ackn[l$gm5t1 & unhesitat+          
decl>ation t ! :ole body ( sci5tific    
tea*+1 & ev5 ! *>act]i/ics ( sci5tific  
me?od1 are adv]se to ! v conception (   
miracle4 ,= ! purpose n[ 9 view x may be
 well to pres5t 9 close connection !    
successive utt]ances ( a s+le au?or1 :o 
may be tak5 z repres5tative ( a class4  
,! "w ( ,pr(essor ,s*midt on ,! ,doctr9e
 ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism w supply          
illu/rations ( ! k9d to :i* ref]5ce has 
be5 made1 z ?is au?or /ates at ! outset 

t ! doctr9e ( desc5t f9ds its antagoni/s
 among ^? :o p]ceive1 m or less         
di/9ctly1 ! dang] ) :i* ! new doctr9e   
?reat5s _! /&po9t ( miracle4,,dk ,f ?is 
allusion x appe>s t he reg>ds a doctr9e 
( desc5t z oppos$ to :at he describes z 
an incompreh5sible act ( creation4,,dl  
,accord+ly he celebrates ! praises ( ?is
 !ory 9 ^! t]ms1--x int]prets by a s+le 
pr9ciple ^? great ph5om5a :i* )\t its   
aid rema9 a mass ( un9telligible        
miracles4,,dm ,9 h>mony ) ^! utt]ances  
he speaks ( gradual evolution ( ! organs
 ( special s5se1 su* z ! organs ( he>+ &
 smell1 z giv+ a negative to ! sudd5 &  
incompreh5sible orig9ation ( ^! organs 9
 an imm$iate /ate ( completion4,,dn  ,^!
 few extracts may suffice to indicate ! 
m5tal attitude ( ^? :o %[ av]sion to !  
ackn[l$gm5t ( miracle4 ,) ,s*midt !     
miracul\s is ano!r "n = !               
incompreh5sible2 to him ! sugge/ion (   
miracle is disagreeable z imply+ !      
impossibility ( sci5tific explanation4  
,if ^! ?+s be kept 9 m9d1 x w be cle> h[

 widely ap>t ?is notion is f ! ,*ri/ian 
conception ( miracle4 ,! "o view is t   
obs]vational sci5ce c make no acc\nt (  
miracle3 ! o!r is t ?\ght conc]n+ a     
sup]natural ,be+ really involv$ !       
conception ( miracle4 ,sci5ce c assign  
no place to ! incompreh5sible1 c make no
 acc\nt ( x4 ,religion f9ds a high]     
sph]e ( compreh5sibility 9 ! action (   
sup]natural p[]4 ,! two positions are   
radically di/9ct1 & d n come into actual
 conflict4 ,h5ce religion has no        
opposition to ! view ( miracle j /at$1  
:i* am\nts to little m ?an a negative   
def9ition ( sci5ce4 ,to say t sci5ce c  
take no acc\nt ( ! miracul\s1 is only 9 
o!r words to say t sci5ce is explanation
 ( natural ph5om5a by recognition ( !   
action ( natural causes1 consequ5tly !  
miracul\s does n come )9 ! b\nd>ies (   
sci5ce4 ,?is is self-evid5t1 & on ?is   
foot+ !ology has no acc\nt to make ( :at
 is only a semblance ( opposition1      
involv+ no real conflict4 ,creation1 =  
example1 c n come )9 ! compass (        

obs]vational sci5ce2 b creation may     
nev]!less be a rational conception 9    
deal+ ) a purely rational problem1 :i*  
does n at all belong to physical sci5ce4
 ,9 ! same mann] x appe>s t ! :ole s]ies
 ( our ,"l's miracles are outside ! area
 ( sci5ce1 :i*1 z x has no?+ ( au?ority 
to advance aga9/ !m1 has n ev5 a basis  
on :i* to (f] any te/imony conc]n+ _!   
possibility4  ,"o topic m requires to be
 briefly consid]$ z con/itut+ an        
ess5tial ( religi\s ?\ght1 namely !     
ackn[l$gm5t ( div9e int]position = !    
answ] ( ,,pray]4 ,our "q is1 ,h[ ?is    
conception ( div9e answ] to pray] /&s   
relat$ to sci5tific ?\ght conc]n+ !     
gov]nm5t ( ! _w by fix$ law8 ,if ! laws 
( nature are fix$1 h[ c ! gov]nm5t ( !  
_w all[ = fulfilm5t ( human desire z    
express$ 9 supplication8 ,! "q to be    
discuss$ has two sides1 ! "o conc]n$ ) !
 conditions on :i* an answ] to pray] is 
expect$2 ! o!r ) ! exact significance ( 
! sci5tific conception ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! 
_w by fix$ law4 ,if !re be a rational   

basis = pray] z enc\rag$ by ! tea*+ (   
,scripture1 !re c be no su* dilemma z   
w\ld be impli$ 9 suppos+ t law is fix$  
yet n fix$1 or t law is un*angeable 9   
all cases save 9 ! hi/ory ( ! man (     
pray]1 9 ^: behalf ! laws ( nature are  
liable to be held 9 *eck4 ,!re may be   
among ,*ri/ian m5 consid]able div]sity 9
 ! cle>ness ( appreh5sion ) :i* !y grasp
 ! mean+ ( ! div9e promise to answ]     
pray]2 b !re is no "o taught by !       
,scriptures z to ! privilege ( pray]1 :o
 ?9ks ( x z imply+ t ! laws ( ! univ]se 
are liable to be held 9 susp5sion       
because ! desires ( 8 he>t are ris+ to  
,god 9 humble1 e>ne/ supplication4 ,!   
man tra9$ to recognize ?is tru? affect+ 
,god's gov]nm5t t ,he make? ,8 sun to   
rise on ! evil & on ! good2 & s5de? ra9 
on ! j1 & on ! unju/1 does n readily    
fall into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t all !    
laws ( ! univ]se are at ,8 bidd+1       
because ( ! div9e enc\ragem5t to pray]4 
,! ,*ri/ian prays only "u div9e w>rant1 
& ?is does n convey any su* sugge/ion4  

,fir/1 !n1 we c cle> away at once !     
crud] ?\ghts ( ! un9tellig5t believ] 9 !
 p[] ( pray]2 & ^? ( ! sci5tific        
objector to pray]1 :o is n in/ruct$ 9   
scriptural doctr9e4 ,pray] does n imply 
a probable rev]sal ( ! laws ( nature2 b 
x does imply a moral gov]nm5t 9 ! mid/ (
 ! physical _w1 & ! subord9ation ( !    
physical to ! moral "u regulation ( an  
all-wise & almighty ,rul]4 ,! "q be=e u 
conc]ns ?is subord9ation1 & !           
possibilities :i* x implies4  ,t[>ds !  
atta9m5t ( exact conceptions "h ! fir/  
requisite is a cle> und]/&+ ( !         
sci5tific doctr9e ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by
 fix$ law4 ,9 :atev] s5se we take ! ^w  
law z applicable to ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! 
univ]se1 !re is no law :i* is fluctuat+1
 or liable to h "o signification at "o  
"t1 & a q diff]5t signification at ano!r
 "t2 a n>r[] range ( application at "o  
p]iod1 & a wid] range at a lat]4 ,su*   
fluctuation w\ld imply a susp5sion ( a  
law ( nature1 & ! conception ( su* a ?+ 
is inconsi/5t ) absolute rational       

gov]nm5t1 ali5 equally to ! pr9ciples ( 
sci5ce & ( religion4 ,laws physical1    
moral1 & spiritual are equally fix$     
laws4  ,b ! laws ( ! univ]se are a      
h>mony1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! int]dep5d5ce (   
laws di/9ct 9 "*1 ! h>mony ( ! :ole is  
secur$ by ! subord9ation ( physical law 
to moral & spiritual4 ,x is 9 ! mid/ (  
?is h>moniz$ relation%ip ( ! div]se laws
 ( ! div9e gov]nm5t t ! _s ( pray]      
lives1 & makes good its rational        
consi/5cy4 ,& x is only on condition (  
ackn[l$gm5t ( div]se laws1 includ+ moral
 ) physical1 t ! sci5tific man c        
int]pose any criticism z to ! efficacy (
 pray]4 ,any d5ial ( a moral gov]nm5t 9 
! mid/ ( ! physical univ]se1 "u sway ( a
 ,god ( righte\sness1 places an objector
 entirely out ( ! sph]e 9 :i* criticism 
c proce$4 ,physical law det]m9+         
conditions ( bodily life is fix$ law2   
moral law decid+ ! conditions ( "r      
conduct 9 intellig5t life is fix$ law2  
spiritual law decid+ ! conditions (     
fell[%ip ) ! ,fa!r ( our spirits is fix$

 law4 ,! believ] 9 ! ,bible has no      
hesitancy 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( all ?is2 he is
 a believ] 9 fix$ law 9 a high] & gr&]  
s5se ?an sci5tific tea*+ indicates1 & he
 believes 9 ! h>mony ( all exi/5ce "u an
 un*angeable gov]nm5t1 not)/&+ all !    
wrong do+ 9 ! _w1 & ! dreadful mis]y    
result+ f x4 ,8 belief 9 ! h>mony ( !   
univ]se re/s on 8 belief 9 ! fix$ness ( 
law physical z well z moral1 & moral z  
well z physical4  ,b ! fix$ness belong+ 
to v>i\s ord]s ( law1 subsi/+ 9 a /ate (
 int]dep5d5ce1 & involv+ subord9ation ( 
l[] to high]1 ne$s "s m exact           
int]pretation4 ,! fix$ness ( law1       
physical1 intellectual1 moral1 &        
spiritual1 9 no case involves fix$ness (
 result1 b v>y+ results accord+ to      
div]sity ( conditions4 ,!re is fix$ness 
( physical law1 b )al !re is div]sity ( 
wea!r1 & seasons1 & h>ve/s1 & t because 
a v>iety ( conditions are h>moniz$ "u   
fix$ law4 ,!re is fix$ness (            
intellectual law 9 accordance ) :i*     
accuracy ( ?\ght is det]m9$1 b div]sity 

( result accord+ to ! mat]ials ) :i* we 
deal4 ,& s x is ) moral & spiritual law1
 provid+ = ! regulation ( our high]     
life4  ,:at !n ne$s to be pond]$ by way 
( rea*+ an ampl] int]pretation ( ! =mula
 ( fix$ law is t x does n 9 any case    
imply an iron rigidity ( result1 an     
undeviat+ uni=mity ( occurr5ce4 ,!re is 
no region 9 :i* p]petual *ange c be m   
accurately po/ulat$ ?an 9 ! physical _w4
 ,b !re is ord] & sy/em 9 ^! *anges1    
admirably illu/rat$ 9 ! wea!r =eca/s ( !
 pres5t advanc$ /age ( physical sci5ce1 
:i* are atta9able only by cont9ual wat*+
 ( %ift+ conditions ) application ( fix$
 law to ! appe>ance ( w9d & cl\d & ra94 
,b !re are no =eca/s )\t ^! two ?+s1    
fix$ laws & v>y+ conditions = _!        
application4 ,) ! wid] g5]alization :i* 
admits ( recognition ( fix$ law1 !re is 
always ! n>r[]1 conc]n$ ) v>iable       
conditions to :i* ! wid] is to be       
appli$4 ,s x is "u moral law1 & s "u    
spiritual4 ,s also does x hold :5 our   
obs]vation is direct$ on int]dep5d5ce ( 

two ord]s ( law1 su* z ! moral &        
physical4 ,?is comb9ation we h 9 human  
life1 z x is subject$ to bo?4 ,physical 
law reigns 9 human hi/ory z illu/rat$ by
 ! laws ( heal?1 :i* are fix$           
irrespective ( moral law1 s t sew]age   
gas w be prejudicial to heal?1 ap>t f ! 
moral "* ( a man4 ,moral law reigns 9   
human life1 & tru?fulness 9 utt]ance1 or
 ju/ice 9 action1 w ma9ta9 a h>mony ( ! 
inn] life1 :e!r outw>dly !re be pov]ty  
or weal?4 ,^! two ord]s ( law are       
indep5d5t1 yet int]wov5 9 _! application
 to ! complex life ( man4 ,immorality w 
f9d its accompanim5t 9 physical disord]2
 ! rep5tance :i* has heal+ p[] )9 ! m9d 
w n heal ! body1 yet may !re be advance 
9 moral life by reason ( ! weakness &   
suff]+ :i* rep5tance c n remove4 ,su* is
 at once ! indep5d5ce & ! int]dep5d5ce (
 physical & moral law1 9 accordance ) ! 
fix$ness ( law 9 ea* case1 & ! h>mony ( 
bo? "u "o gov]nm5t1 by means (          
subord9ation ( ! physical to ! moral4   
,!re are ?us two sph]es1 physical &     

moral1 b "o life1 br\ght to h>mony "u ! 
laws ( bo? sph]es4 ,:at !n is ! be>+ (  
?is di/9ction ( sph]es on ! problem ( ! 
efficacy ( pray]1 view+ ! "q only 9 !   
light ( sci5ce & philosophy8 ,an obvi\s 
be>+1 9 s1 f> z ! conditions ( physical 
& moral life are set =? & di/+ui%$2 b no
 det]m9+ value = int]pretation ( !      
possible influ5ce ( pray] z conc]n+ a   
life subject at once to physical & moral
 conditions4 ,pray] c be ex]cis$ 9      
accordance ) sci5tific tea*+1 only by   
intellig5t recognition ( ! physical     
conditions ( life2 9 accordance )       
philosophy1 only by intellig5t          
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! subord9ation ( physical 
life to moral4 ,if !n1 we turn to !     
tea*+ ( sci5ce1 mak+ acc\nt ( all t x   
includes z to fix$ laws applicable to   
ev]-v>y+ conditions1 !re is no?+ 9 x to 
w>rant ! conclusion t !re c be no       
int]position f a high] sph]e 9 ord] to  
secure application ( physical law =     
atta9m5t ( moral ends4 ,! :ole product (
 sci5tific inve/igation leaves cle> !   

possibility ( ! adm9i/ration ( a moral  
gov]nm5t 9 accordance ) subord9ation (  
physical law to ! atta9m5t ( its high]  
ends4 ,x does n help ! und]/&+ ( !      
gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 b r hamp]s our         
reflection1 if x be sugge/$ t !re are   
two sph]es1 physical & moral1 & t !     
application ( pray] is re/rict$ to "o ( 
^! sph]es4 ,human life c n be s sev]$   
into p>ts2 x is a unity self-regulat$ by
 h>mony ( submission to moral & physical
 law1 & x mu/ be gov]n$ by ! ,supreme   
,rul] 9 ! h>moni\s application ( ^!     
laws4 ,!re is no sph]e ( life into :i* !
 moral does n ent]1 & accord+ly no sph]e
 )9 :i* pray]1 :i* necess>ily re/s on   
moral conditions1 may n apply4  ,if next
 we pass to ,scripture tea*+ conc]n+    
pray]1 :]e alone we f9d full in/ruction 
on ! subject1 9 precept1 example1 & a   
v>iety ( enc\ragem5ts1 x w appe> t !    
w>rant = pray] is f\nd exclusively 9 !  
div9e promise1 & t ! application ( t    
promise is to e phase ( life1 subject to
 moral conditions :i* are explicitly    

reveal$4 ,pray] is a privilege div9ely  
be/[$ ?r\gh ! ,savi\r1 9 accordance )   
:i* fell[%ip ) ,god is grant$ on ! m]its
 ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,its nature reveals ! true
 h>mony betwe5 ,god & ! moral creature1 
z a reality transc5d+ all physical      
exi/5ce & all k com+ f /udy ( physical  
law4 ,! accept+ ( ?is privilege1 & !    
cont9uance ( its ex]cise are ! tok5s (  
return+ h>mony ( s9ful man ) ! holy     
,god4 ,elevation 9 ! ex]cise by /eadily 
ext5d+ inclusion ( a wid] circle (      
p]sonal desire & activity )9 ! area (   
consci\s fell[%ip ) ,god1 is ! advance (
 ! moral nature into full] h>mony )     
,god1 & ) ! :ole gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4  
,! tea*+ ( ,scripture :i* assures ( all 
?is1 & guides man t[>ds realization ( x1
 cle>ly di/+ui%es betwe5 mat]ial & moral
 good1 yet does n exclude ! "o any m ?an
 ! o!r1 b subord9ates ! physical to !   
moral1 h>moniz+ ! two 9 recognition ( ! 
supreme importance ( all t is moral4 ,x 
does n exclude desire ( temporal good1 b
 re/ricts its illu/ration to desire (   

daily bread1--assures u t our ,fa!r     
kn[e? we h ne$ ( su* good1 & w supply   
x1--& promises t hav+ giv5 mo/ freely   
:at is be/1 he w assur$ly give t :i* is 
lea/4  ,if !n x be said t ! answ] to    
pray] is a miracle ( div9e int]position 
9 human hi/ory1 ( :i* sci5ce f9ds no    
trace1 we d n m>vel1 = sci5ce does n    
ext5d its obs]vations to ! inclusion (  
:at p]ta9s to ! high] life ( man4 ,if   
any man asks = evid5ce 9 an exclusively 
physical sph]e t ,god answ]s pray]1 he  
asks t evid5ce %\ld be discov]$ ap>t f !
 conditions involv$4 ,a m unsci5tific   
dem& !re c\ld n be4 ,:5 he refuses to   
admit t !re c be any tru/wor?y evid5ce (
 ! answ] ( pray] ap>t f ! te/ he        
proposes1 he ei!r misund]/&s ! ,*ri/ian 
doctr9e ( pray]1 or he is criticis+ a   
conception ( pray] o!r ?an ! ,*ri/ian   
"o4 ,if we turn to ! philosophy ( human 
life z subject$ to moral law1 & call$ to
 its p]fect fulfilm5t1 we d n f9d any ?+
 b h>moni\s tru? 9 ! sugge/ion t ,god   
c>es m = ! moral life ( man ?an = !     

physical univ]se4 ,if we turn to        
,scripture1 receiv+ its tea*+ z to      
pray]1 we f9d t ! promis$ int]position 9
 man's behalf is ev5 less an illu/ration
 ( div9e p[] ?an ( ,div9e righte\sness2 
an evid5ce t ! ,div9e ,rul] seeks       
righte\sness above all ?+s1 = ! entire  
significance ( ! ex]cise is ?is1 tru/ 9 
! holy ,"o1 & fell[%ip ) ,him ?r\gh     
life4 ,on ?is gr\nd alone does ,he      
promise an answ] to pray]1 9 ?is promise
 mak+ moral conditions ! ess5tial te/ = 
use ( ! privilege1 requir+ ! suppliant  
to subord9ate to ^! all desire ( mat]ial
 good4 ,x is t[>ds success 9 atta9+ true
 fell[%ip ) ,himself t ,god is ev] giv+ 
promise ( bless+4 ,x is 9 full view ( ! 
transc5d5t value ( a life ( hol9ess1 t !
 ,supreme ,rul] is daily condesc5d+ to  
/oop t[>ds ,8 *ildr51 t !y may be help$ 
9 all t p]ta9s to hol9ess ( "* & life4  
,! ,bible makes x ess5tial to ! gov]nm5t
 ( ! _w1 9 h>mony ) fix$ law1 t ,god    
%\ld be ! he>] & answ]] ( ! pray] ( ,8  
intellig5t creatures1 always po9t+ to   

reliance on ! ,savi\r's "w z ! te/ ( !  
reality ( ! ex]cise1 9 ! case ( all :o  
possess ! writt5 revelation ( ,8 w1 9 ! 
glori\s ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4         
,,footnotes3  ,,dj ,! limits ( ! pres5t 
discussion make x impossible to include 
a wid] range2 b ?is really embraces !   
:ole "q ( ! miracles ( ,scripture4  ,,dk
 p4 #f4  ,,dl p4 #aa4  ,,dm p4 #ab  ,,dn
 p4 #aea4     ,,app5dix4     ,,app5dix4 
,i4  ,,relations ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,&       
,,religion4 ,page #cd4  ,he :o          
contemplates ! univ]se f ! religi\s po9t
 ( view1 mu/ le>n to see t ?is :i* we   
call sci5ce1 is "o con/itu5t ( ! great  
:ole2 & z su* ought to be reg>d$ ) a    
s5tim5t l t :i* ! rema9d] excites4 ,:ile
 he :o contemplates ! univ]se f !       
sci5tific po9t ( view1 mu/ le>n to see t
 ?is :i* we call ,religion is simil>ly a
 con/itu5t ( ! great :ole2 & be+ su*1   
mu/ be treat$ z a subject ( sci5ce ) no 
m prejudice ?an any o!r reality4 ,x     
behooves ea* p>ty to /rive to und]/& !  
o!r1 ) ! conviction t ! o!r has some?+  

wor?y to be und]/ood2 & ) ! conviction t
 :5 mutually recogniz$ ?is some?+ w be !
 basis ( a complete                     
reconciliation4--,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]1 ,fir/ 
,pr9ciples1 p4 #ba4   ,,ii4             
,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation4 ,page #ed4     
,pr(essor ,tyndall1 describ+ 8 own      
exp]im5ts1 says1 ,! exp]im5ts h already 
ext5d$ to #aje in/ances1 n "o ( :i* %[s 
! lea/ c\nt5ance to ! doctr9e (         
spontane\s g5]ation4 ,communicat$ to    
,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,decemb] #ba1
 #ahgf4--,nature1 vol4 xv4 p4 #cjc4     
,,iii4  ,,en]gy ,,& ,,=ce4 ,page #if4   
,! t]m ,=ce is by _m au?ors us$ z       
equival5t to ,en]gy1 r ?an z a di/9ct   
t]m = ! am\nt ( ,en]gy4 ,=ce is ?us us$ 
by ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,groves4 ,! t]m ,=ce1   
al?\gh us$ 9 v diff]5t s5ses by diff]5t 
au?ors1 9 its limit$ s5se may be def9$ z
 t :i* produces or resi/s motion4 444 ,i
 use ! t]m ,=ce 444 z mean+ t active    
pr9ciple insep>able f matt] :i* is      
suppos$ to induce its v>i\s *anges4 444 
,all we "k or see is ! effect2 we d n   

see ,=ce--we see motion or mov+         
matt]4--,! ,correlation ( ,physical     
,=ces1 six? edition1 by ! ,hon4 ,sir ,w4
 ,r4 ,grove1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4   ,,iv4      
,,all ,,organiz$ ,,exi/5ce ,,is         
,,con/ruct$ ,,on ,a ,,common ,,plan4    
,page #aca4  ,biologi/s turn to !       
physical organization ( man4 ,!y exam9e 
8 :ole /ructure1 8 bony frame1 & all t  
clo!s x4 ,!y resolve him into ! f9e/    
p>ticles into :i* ! microscope w enable 
!m to break him up4 ,!y consid] !       
p]=mance ( 8 v>i\s functions &          
activities1 & !y look at ! mann] 9 :i*  
he occurs on ! surface ( ! _w4 ,!n !y   
turn to o!r animals1 & tak+ ! fir/ h&y  
dome/ic animal--say a dog1--!y pr(ess to
 be able to demon/rate t ! analysis ( ! 
dog leads !m1 9 gross1 to precisely !   
same results z ! analysis ( ! man2 t !y 
f9d almo/ id5tically ! same bones1 hav+ 
! same relations2 t !y c "n ! muscles ( 
! dog by ! names ( ! muscles ( ! man1 & 
! n]ves ( ! dog by ^? ( ! n]ves ( ! man1
 & t su* /ructures & organs ( s5se z we 

f9d 9 ! man1 su* also we f9d 9 ! dog2 !y
 analyze ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & !y f9d t
 ! nom5clature :i* fits ! "o answ]s = ! 
o!r4 ,moreov]1 !y trace back ! dog's & !
 man's developm5t1 & !y f9d t at a c]ta9
 /age ( _! exi/5ce1 ! two creatures are 
n di/+ui%able ! "o f ! o!r2 !y f9d t !  
dog & 8 k9d h a c]ta9 di/ribution ov] ! 
surface ( ! _w comp>able 9 its way to ! 
di/ribution ( ! human species4444 ,?us  
biologi/s h arriv$ at ! conclusion t a  
fundam5tal uni=mity ( /ructure p]vades !
 animal & vegetable worlds1 & t plants &
 animals diff] f "o ano!r simply z      
modifications ( ! same great plan4 ,aga9
 !y tell u ! same /ory 9 reg>d to ! /udy
 ( function4 ,!y admit ! l>ge &         
important int]val :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1  
sep>ates ! manife/ations ( ! m5tal      
faculties obs]vable 9 ! high] =ms (     
mank9d1 & ev5 9 ! l[e/ =ms1 su* z we "k 
!m1 m5tally f ^? exhibit$ by o!r        
animals2 b1 at ! same "t1 !y tell u t ! 
f\ndations or rudim5ts ( almo/ all !    
faculties ( man are to be met ) 9 ! l[] 

animals2 t !re is a unity ( m5tal       
faculty1 z well z ( bodily /ructure1 & t
 "h also1 ! diff]5ce is a diff]5ce (    
degree & n ( k9d4--,lecture on ,! ,/udy 
( ,biology1 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1       
,nature1 vol4 xv4 p4 #bai4 ,deliv]$ at  
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london1 ,decemb]
 #af1 #ahgf4 ,on ! gr\nds "h admirably  
summ>iz$1 x is cle> t ! :ole organism ( 
our _w has be5 con/ruct$ on a common    
plan4 ,?is be+ true1 simil>ities w appe>
 9 process ( developm5t1 & 9 ! /ructure 
& functions ( diff]5t ord]s4 ,?is       
simil>ity1 h[ev]1 does n help u to      
expla9 ! l>ge & important int]val :i*   
appe>s :5 m5tal *>act]i/ics are         
consid]$4 ,x makes ! div]sity ( m5tal   
p[] m difficult to expla9 by ref]5ce to 
organism1 9 fact contribut+ to ! /r5g? (
 evid5ce = m9d z a =m ( exi/5ce di/9ct f
 organism4   ,v4  ,,embryology4 ,page   
#aca4  ,i h n felt w>rant$ to include 9 
! text any summ>y ( results secur$ by ! 
important1 b v difficult1 inve/igations 
conc]n+ ! gr[? ( animal life 9 ! womb4  

,?is :ole dep>tm5t ( inquiry is 9 su* an
 unf9i%$ & unc]ta9 /ate1 t !re is n     
w>rant to f\nd ^u ! evid5ce already     
obta9$ any g5]al argum5t z to its be>+  
on a !ory ( evolution4 ,! mo/ compet5t  
obs]v]s admit t !y are p]plex$ by facts 
asc]ta9$1 & confess t !y c n z yet (f]  
an explanation4 ,to o!rs all is z pla9 z
 possible2 embryology supplies a conv9c+
 pro( ( ! accuracy ( an evolution !ory2 
b ^! are sci5tific !ori/s :o see by     
imag9ation1 & are impati5t ( unc]ta9ty4 
,!re are c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations :i*  
mu/ int]pose difficulties 9 ! way (     
con/ruct+ an argum5t f ,embryology to   
evolution ( species4 7#a7 ,! action (   
environm5t be=e bir? is altoge!r diff]5t
 f ! action ( environm5t aft] bir?4 7#b7
 ,! !ory ( ! evolution ( species        
emphasizes ?is diff]5ce by insi/+ on !  
/ruggle = exi/5ce4 7#c7 ,?is diff]5ce   
be+ admitt$1 an argum5t f ! "o to ! o!r 
c n hold4 ,9 ! l9e ( discov]y ! po9t (  
*ief int]e/ has be5 ! fact t 9 "s cases 
embryonic life %[s a transition ?r\gh   

l[] =ms analog\s to l[] ord]s ( animal  
exi/5ce prior to rea*+ ! mature /age :5 
bir? occurs4 ,b 9 connection ) ! facts  
asc]ta9$1 two ?+s are to be rem>k$4 7#a7
 ,evid5ce ( transition is mo/ /rik+ 9 ! 
hi/ory ( animal life develop$ ext]nal to
 ! p>5tal life1 z 9 ! transition f l>v  
to pup among insects1 & 9 ! *anges 9 !  
life ( ! tadpole4 7#b7 ,if x be admitt$ 
t !re is a common plan ( /ructure = all 
organism1 x is impli$ t !re mu/ be      
simil>ities 9 process ( developm5t4 ,!  
"q requir+ answ]1 !re=e1 is :e!r 9 !    
gradual developm5t f ! g]m1 any fur!r   
resemblance to l[] ord]s appe>s ?an is  
to be anticipat$ on ! admission ( a     
common plan = organic /ructure4 ,!re are
 s+ul> examples ( transition4 ,b !re are
 no illu/rations ( uni=m progress 9 !   
case ( ! high] ord]s su* z w\ld w>rant !
 supposition t a hi/ory ( evolution ( ! 
species c be read 9 ! developm5t ( !    
foetus4 ,! supposition has1 h[ev]1 f\nd 
curr5cy 9 n a little ( our sci5tific    
tea*+4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ?is evid5ce   

may appe> f examples4 ,take ! tadpole4  
,huxley /ates ! facts ?us1--,! tadpole  
is fir/ a fi%1 !n a tail$ amphibian1    
provid$ ) gills & lungs1 be=e x became a
 frog4 ,?is is developm5t outside p>5tal
 life1 & does n belong to evid5ce 9     
,embryology4 ,conf9+ att5tion to        
embryonic life1 let u take ,huxley's    
/atem5t1 biologi/s trace back ! dog's & 
! man's developm5t1 & !y f9d t at a     
c]ta9 /age ( _! exi/5ce1 ! two creatures
 are n di/+ui%able ! "o f ! o!r4 ,:at is
 ! inf]5ce to be drawn8 ,if ! two are n 
di/+ui%able1 our p[]s ( di/+ui%+ are    
insuffici5t1 = no biologi/ sugge/s t !  
two are alike4 ,! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ 
two g]ms1 or two examples ( foetus1 is  
analog\s to ! difficulty :i* ,d>w9 has  
po9t$ out ( di/+ui%+ ! ord]s ( dogs :5  
!y are six-days-old puppies1 or ! bre$ (
 ?ree-days-old colt1 or ( ne/l+ pigeons4
 ,at ^! /ages1 ! animals may be s       
simil>1 t x is h>dly possible to di/+ui%
 !m1 & yet 9 ! full gr[n /ate !y are q  
diff]5t 7,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 six?

 edition1 p4 #cia74 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has      
pres5t$ ! out/&+ facts ?us2--,! v g5]al1
 ?\gh n univ]sal1 diff]5ce 9 /ructure   
betwe5 ! embryo & ! adult2--! v>i\s p>ts
 9 ! same individual embryo1 :i*        
ultimately become v unlike & s]ve =     
div]se purposes1 be+ at an e>ly p]iod ( 
gr[? alike2--! common1 b n inv>iable    
resemblance betwe5 ! embryos or l>v ( ! 
mo/ di/9ct species 9 ! same class2--!   
embryo (t5 reta9+ :il/ )9 ! egg or womb1
 /ructures :i* are ( no s]vice to x1    
ei!r at t or at a lat] p]iod ( life4    
,,vi4  ,,non-,,advancem5t ,,( ,,l[]     
,,ord]s4 ,page #aeh4  ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ]
 to ! difficulty put by ,agassiz is     
?is2--,on our !ory ! cont9u$ exi/5ce (  
l[ly organisms (f]s no difficulty2 =    
natural selection1 or ! survival ( !    
fitte/1 does n necess>ily include       
progressive developm5t1--x only takes   
advantage ( su* v>iations z arise & are 
b5eficial to ea* creature "u its complex
 relations ( life4--,orig9 ( ,species1  
six? edition1 p4 #ih4 ,?is we>s ! aspect

 ( a limitation ( ! !ory1 & to t ext5t  
an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! =ce ( ! reason+ (    
,agassiz4   ,,vii4  ,,protoplasm4 ,page 
#aca4  ,protoplasm1 simple or nucleat$1 
is ! =mal basis ( all life2 ?us all liv+
 =ms are fundam5tally ( "o "*4 ,all !   
=ms ( ,protoplasm :i* h yet be5 exam9$  
conta9 ! f\r elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51   
oxyg51 & nitrog51 9 v complex union4    
,?us !re is a g5]al uni=mity 9 ! "* ( ! 
,protoplasm1 or physical basis ( life1 9
 :atev] gr\p ( liv+ be+s x may be       
/udi$4--,,huxley',s ,lay ,s]mons1 p4    
#adb4   ,,viii4  ,,numb] ,,( ,,species  
,,( ,,insects4 ,page #aic4  ,pr(essor   
,huxley m5tions t ,g]/sck] 9 ! new      
edition ( ,br\n's ',?i]-,rei*' gives    
#bjj1jjj z ! total numb] ( species (    
,ar?ropoda4 ,9 ?is connection ,mr4      
,mc,lauchlan1 :5 claim+ t !re are       
#bjj1jjj species ( ,insects1 adds1 ,9 "o
 ord] alone 7,coleopt]a7 x is e/imat$ t 
#hj1jjj species h be5                   
describ$4--,nature1 xv4 p4 #bge4   ,,ix4
  ,,f]tilization ,,( ,,fl[]s ,,by       

,,insects4 ,page #agj4  ,dr4 ,h]mann    
,mll]'s ,obs]vations are describ$ 9     
,nature1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #age2 vol4 xv4 pp4
 #cag1 #dgc2 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #bfe1 #ejg4  
,x4  ,,ants4 ,page #aib4  ,mr4          
,mc,cook's ,obs]vations are summ>iz$ 9  
,nature1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #dcc4   ,,xi4    
,,lik5ess ,,( ,,! ,,ape',s ,,bra9 ,,to  
,,! ,,human ,,bra94 ,page #bbe4  ,!     
close resemblance ( ! bra9 ( ! ape to t 
( man1 has be5 held to prove t ! ape    
comes next to man 9 intellig5ce4 ,b !   
facts be>+ on ?is sugge/ion are fitt$ to
 occasion s]i\s p]plexity to its        
uphold]s4 ,fir/ /&s ! resemblance (     
bodily /ructure z l>gely expla9+        
simil>ity ( bra94 ,! results ( electric 
/imulation ( ! monkey's bra9 l5d        
additional =ce to ?is consid]ation4     
,aga91 facts are want+ to support !     
claim = sup]ior intellig5ce 9 behalf ( !
 monkey & ape4 ,! habits ( ! ape 9 its  
natural /ate af=d little evid5ce ( an   
enc\rag+ k9d4 ,! ape ga!rs toge!r a few 
/icks = a ne/1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! "w ( 

v small birds pres5ts m>vels (          
ar*itecture4 ,& ne/-build+ seems !      
highe/ evid5ce ga!r$ f ! natural habits 
( ! animal1 :5 we comp>e x ) lean+ !    
back aga9/ a tree = re/1 or /aun*+ !    
blood ( a w\nd4 ,9 ! captive /ate ! ape 
gives no su* evid5ce ( sup]ior          
intellig5ce z ! simil>ity ( its bra9 to 
! human1 w\ld lead u to expect1 if bra9 
/ructure af=d ! te/ ( intellectual p[]4 
,ev5 aft] all[ance has be5 made = sudd5 
transition f ! wild /ate to ! captive1 !
 evid5ce ( capability does n appe> :i* !
 !ory requires4 ,! highe/ results rea*$ 
by tra9+ monkeys1 d n support a claim = 
intellectual sup]iority4 ,^! are ma9ly  
=ms ( mimicry1 g5]ally inf]ior to !     
ef=ts ( "s o!r animals4 ,add to ^!      
consid]ations ! evid5ce z to ! s+ul>    
intellig5ce %[n by ants1 & ! !ory :i*   
measures intellect by bra9 /ructure is  
plac$ at a great disadvantage4 ,:e!r    
sci5ce may n ere long po9t to "s !ory ( 
m9d connect$ ) animal exi/5ce mu/ be    
matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! easy & 

famili> op]ations ( our own intellig5ce 
are analyz$ & classifi$2 & if a /atem5t 
( ! asc]ta9$ functions ( ! bra9 is laid 
alongside1 x w appe> t no?+ kn[n to u 9 
! action ( bra91 c supply a sci5ce ( !  
op]ations ( ! human m9d4   ,,xii4  ,,!  
,,l>ge ,,siz$ ,,or ,,multipol> ,,cells4 
,page #beg4  ,on ! functions ( ! l>ge   
siz$ cells1 x seems desirable to add a  
few words z to ! direction 9 :i* evid5ce
 z to _! functions actually po9ts4 ,=   
?is purpose1 a fur!r quotation is       
desirable1 ref]r+ to ! numb] ( fibres or
 processes pass+ (f f ^! l>ge cells1    
di/+ui%+ ^? :i* bran* out into a f9e    
net-"w1 & ^? :i* pass directly to a n]ve
 fibre4 ,"o at lea/ ( ! processes ( a   
multipol> n]ve cell does n bran*1 b     
becomes directly cont9u\s ) a n]ve      
fibre1 & has be5 nam$ ! axial-cyl9d]    
process4--,pr(essor ,turn]'s ,human     
,anatomy1 i4 #bja4 ,?is tak5 ) ! facts  
giv5 9 ,lecture ,,vii1 seems to favor ! 
conclusions1 7#a7 t ! l>ge cell spreads 
n]ve en]gy ?r\gh ! tissue ( ! bra91 :ile

 ea* has at lea/ "o direct l9e (        
communication ) ! sy/em ( n]ve fibres2  
7#b7 t ! l>ge cell has intimate & ext5d$
 relations ) ! motor sy/em4   ,,xiii4   
,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,duty4 ,page #bgc4
  ,duty6 ,?\ great1 ?\ exalt$ "n6       
,wondr\s ?\ght t worke/ nei!r by fond   
ins9uation1 flatt]y1 nor by any ?reat1 b
 by m]ely hold+ up ?y nak$ law 9 ! s\l1 
& s extort+ = ?yself always rev]5ce1 if 
n always ob$i5ce1--be=e :om all         
appetites are dumb1 h[ev] secretly !y   
rebel1--:5ce ?y orig9al8--,,kant',s     
,critique ( ,practical ,reason4     #ecj
 ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1  ,,octob]1   
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,,editions ,,( ,,important ,,books1     
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,,bro!rs4   999999 ,any ,book 9 ?is     
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price4  ,! ,end ( a ,coil4 ,a ,/ory4 ,by
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#a4ge4  ,my ,desire4 ,a ,tale4 ,by !    
au?or ( ! ,wide ,wide ,_w4 #a4ge4       

,*ri/ie's ,old ,organ1 ,sav$ at ,sea1 & 
,little ,fai?4 ,9 "o volume4 #a4jj4     
,*ri/ & ,8 ,religion4 ,by ,rev4 ,john   
,reid1 au?or ( ,voices ( ! ,s\l1 c4     
#a4ej4  ,! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s4 ,by     
,agnes ,gilb]ne4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4     
#a4ej4  ,! ,g5tle ,he>t4 ,by ,rev4      
,alex4 ,macleod1 ,d4,d41 au?or (        
,wond]ful ,lamp1 c4 #a4be4  ,! ,cup (   
,consolation2 or1 ,bright ,messages = ! 
,sick-,b$4 #a4be4  ,9 ,*ri/o4 ,by ,j4   
,r4 ,macduff1 ,d4,d4  ,family ,pray]s4  
,by ,j4 ,oswald ,dykes1 ,d4,d4  ,voices 
( ,hope & ,gladness4 ,by ,ray ,palm]1   
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#a4ej4  99 ,murdock's ,mo%eim's         
,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,a *eap edition4
 ,?ree volumes 9 "o4 #a1dfa pp4 #c4jj4  
,nora ,cr5a4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,meade4 #a4be4 
,&rew ,h>vey's ,wife4 ,by ,l4 ,t4       
,meade4 #a4be4  99 ,pool's ,annotations4
 #c vols4 ,royal #hvo4 #c1jgg pages4 ,9 
clo?4 ,price1 #g4ej4 7,half ! =m]       
price47      ,pool's ,annotations are   

s\nd1 cle>1 & s5sible2 &1 tak+     = all
 9 all1 ,i place him at ! head ( ,engli%
 comm5tators     on ! :ole              
,bible4--,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ryle4  99 ,mat!w
 ,h5ry's ,comm5t>y on ! ,bible4 #e      
vols41 qu>to4 7,%eep1 #bj4jj47 ,clo?1   
#ae4jj4 ,ano!r edition 9 #i vols41      
octavo4 ,clo?1 #bj4jj4      ,rev4 ,c4   
,h4 ,spurgeon says3 ,fir/ among ! mighty
 = g5]al     usefulness we are b\nd to  
m5tion ! man ^: "n is a     h\sehold    
^w1--,mat!w ,h5ry4 ,he is mo/ pi\s &    
pi?y1     s\nd & s5sible1 sugge/ive &   
sob]1 t]se &     tru/wor?y4444 ,i v5ture
 to say t no bett] inve/m5t c     be    
made by a m9i/] ?an t pe]less           
exposition4  99 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh's ,works4 
,new & neat edition 7r$uc$ f #ae4jj74 #e
 vols41 #hvo41 uni=m1 #aj4jj4           
,compris+3--    #a4 ,,div9e ,,gov]nm5t4 
#b4 ,,typical ,,=ms4   #c4 ,,!          
,,intuitions ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4   #d4       
,,def5ce ,,( ,,fundam5talism   #e4 ,,!  
,,scotti% ,,philosophy4  ,any volume    
sold sep>ately at #b4jj4      ,?\s&s (  

e>ne/1 ?\ghtful m5 h f\nd treasures (   
argum5t1 illu/ration1 & le>n+ 9 ^!      
pages1 ) :i*     _! m9ds & he>ts h be5  
enri*$ & =tifi$ =     bett] "w & wid]   
influ5ces4--,n4 ,y4 ,obs]v]4    ,,dr4   
,,mcco%',s ,,logic4 #abmo               
#a4ej   ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,positivism4  
#abmo    #a4ge  99 ,dr4 ,m]le           
,d',aubigne's ,hi/ory4 #ac vols41 uni=m1
 #ab4ej1 viz43--  99 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,!   
,,re=mation ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 
#e vols4 ,br[n clo?4 ,9 a box4 #d4ej4   
99 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,! 
,,"t ,,( ,,calv94 ,br[n clo?4 ,9 a box4 
,r$uc$ f #af4jj to #h4jj4      ,! "w is 
n[ complete2 & ^! lat] volumes1 toge!r  
) ! orig9al five1 =m a libr>y relat+ to 
!     ,re=mation ( incalculable value & 
( int5se int]e/4 ,!     p5 ( ?is ma/] ( 
hi/ory gave a *>m to e ?+ t     he      
t\*$4--,n4 ,y4 ,obs]v]4  ,guide to      
,family ,devotion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,alex&]  
,flet*]1 ,d4,d4 ,royal qu>to1 ) #aj /eel
 plates 7half morocco1 #g4ej2 ,turkey   
morocco1 #ab4jj71 clo?1 gilt1 & gilt    

edges1 #e4jj4      ,! m we look ov] !   
volume ! m we admire x1 & !     m       
he>tily feel to comm5d x to families &  
dev\t     ,*ri/ians4 ,x is emphatically 
a book ( devotion1 f !     /&po9t ( an  
intellig5t1 broad-m9d$ ,*ri/ian m9i/]1  
:o has "h express$ _m ( ! deepe/        
emotions & wants (     ! s\l4 ,!        
selections ( ,scripture & ! hymns are   
all     admirably adapt$ to increase    
devotion2 & ! pray]s are su*     z c b  
aid ! suppliant1 ev5 :5 n utt]$ f 8     
precise /&po9t1 & are especially        
valuable to _m heads (     families :o  
f9d x difficult to frame words =        
!mselves 9     conduct+ family          
wor%ip4--,j\rnal & ,mess5g]4  ,! ,a4 ,l4
 ,o4 ,e4 ,libr>y4 ,9 #ee vols41 #ahmo1 9
 a neat wood5 case1 #dj4jj4      ,all ^!
 /ories h ! *>m & pure ,*ri/ian "*      
:i* h made ! "n ( ,a4 ,l4 ,o4 ,e4 de> to
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writ+s ( ?is au?or h become a /&>d1 & ! 
my/ic impr9t1 ,a4 ,l4 ,o4 ,e41 is ample 
assurance t ! tru?     ( ! ,gospel is   

b5ea?4--,episcopalian4  ,bick]/e? 7,rev4
 ,e4 ,h474 ,ye/]day1 ,to-day1 & ,=ev]4  
,a ,poem4 ,pocket edition1 4#ej2 #afmo1 
#a4jj2 #abmo1 #a4ej4      ,if any poem  
is de/9$ to endure 9 ! companion%ip (   
,milton's hi!rto mat*less epic1 we      
believe x w be     ',ye/]day1 ,to-day1 &
 ,=ev]4'--,london ,globe4  ,butl] 7,rev4
 ,william ,ar*]74 ,s]mons4 #b vols41    
#b4ej4 ,lectures on ,anci5t ,philosophy4
 #b vols41 #b4ej4      ,a few weeks ago 
we spoke ( ! repr9t+1 by ,c>t]          
,bro!rs1 ( ! ,s]mons ( ,ar*] ,butl]1 a  
body ( prea*+     s /rong & massive z to
 be really wond]ful4 ,! ',lectures      
on ,anci5t ,philosophy' t are n[ add$1 7
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ab\t ! ye> #ahdj1 :5 ! au?or 0          
sc>cely ?irty ye>s old4--,wat*man4  ,!  
,book & ,its ,/ory4 #abmo4 #a4ej4  ,fre%
 ,leaves f ! ,book & ,its ,/ory4 #abmo4 
#a4ej4      ,let any "o :o is incl9$ to 
?9k ! b>e ,scriptures 'dry'     read+1  
p]use !m 9 connection ) a volume l ?is1 
&     !y w be clo!d to him ) a new life4

 ,he w le>n h[     ! sep>ate books ( !  
,bible 71 z x 71 built into "o          
ano!r1 & made to =m a glori\s :ole3 he w
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int]e/4--,key/one4  ,bon> 7,horatius1   
,d4,d474 ,hymns ( ,fai? & ,hope4 #c     
vols41 #ahmo4 #b4be4  ,bible ,?\ghts &  
,!mes4 #f vols4 #abmo1 viz43--          
,,g5esis             #b4jj   ,,old      
,,te/am5t        #b4jj   ,,gospels      
#b4jj   ,,acts1 ,c4            #b4jj    
,,less] ,,epi/les      #b4jj            
,,revelation           #b4jj      ,) no 
attempt at exposition1 except :at is    
f\nd 9     comp>+ ,scripture )          
,scripture1 & draw+ illu/rations     &  
means ( impress+ ri* gospel tru? f almo/
 e     s\rce1 ! au?or proce$s ) !me ^u  
!me1 giv+ floods     ( edify+ & com=t+  
light f beg9n+ to end4 ,x is a     good 
book = ! private ,*ri/ian to h on 8     
table =     frequ5t use1 & m9i/]s w (t5 
f9d 9 x t :i*     w be sugge/ive &      
useful4--,*ri/ian ,in/ructor4    ,,way  
,,( ,,peace                  #j4ej      

,,way ,,( ,,hol9ess                 4#fj
   ,,night ,,( ,,weep+                  
4#ej   ,,morn+ ,,( ,,joy                
4#fj   ,,foll[ ,,! ,,lamb               
4#dj   ,,! ,,r5t ,,veil                 
#a4be   ,,my ,,old ,,lett]s             
#b4jj   ,,hymns ,,( ,,! ,,nativity1     
gilt1   #a4jj   ,,! ,,*ri/ ,,( ,,god    
#a4be   ,,tru? ,,& ,,error              
4#fj   ,,! ,,ev]la/+ ,,righte\sness     
4#fj  ,*alm]s 7,?omas1 ,d4,d474 ,s]mons4
 #b vols4 9 "o #c4jj4  ,c[p] 7,wm474 ,! 
,task4 ,illu/rat$ by ,birket ,fo/]      
#c4ej4  ,cuyl] 7,rev4 ,t4 ,l474         
,,po9t$ ,,pap]s  #a4ej   ,,?\ght ,,hives
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,dr4 ,cuyl] holds /eadily ! position :i*
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po9t$1 racy1 religi\s articles 9     our
 c\ntry4--,presbyt]ian4  ,dick 7,john1  
,d4,d474 ,lectures on ,!ology4 #hvo4    
#c4jj4      ,x is1 z a :ole1 sup]ior to 
any o!r sy/em ( !ology 9     our        
language4--,*ri/ian ,j\rnal4  ,dickson  
7,rev4 ,alex&]1 ,d4,d474    ,,all ,,ab\t

 ,,jesus    #b4jj   ,,beauty ,,= ,,a%es 
#b4jj      ,8 book is a 'bundle (       
myrrh1' & w be specially enjoy$     by  
^? :o are 9 tr\ble4--,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 
,taylor4      ,lusci\s z a honeycomb )  
sweetness drawn f ,god's     ^w--,rev4  
,dr4 ,cuyl]4  ,dykes 7,oswald1 ,d4,d471 
on ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 #c vols41 #c4jj4
    ,,abraham1 ,,! ,,fri5d ,,( ,,god    
#a4ej      ,we are ev] & anon surpris$  
by "s new view or fre%     ?\ght t nev] 
_h occurr$ to u 9 ?is connection4 ,!    
book 7,abraham7 is a ?\ghtful1 s*ol>ly  
production1 9     vigor\s ,engli%4--,n4 
,*ri/ian ,advocate4  99 ,edw>ds         
7,jona?an74 ,works4 ,9 #d vols41 octavo4
 #f4jj4      ,i consid] ,jona?an ,edw>ds
 ! greate/ ( ! sons (     m54--,rob]t   
,hall4  ,fras] 7,rev4 ,donald74         
,synoptical ,lectures on ! ,books ( !   
,bible4 #c vols41 #f4jj4      ,dr4      
,fras] has obs]v$1 l _m o!rs ( u1 !     
mis*ief     :i* results f cutt+ ! ,bible
 into fragm5ts1 & us+     x piecemeal4  
,9 ^! volumes he disc\rses ( ! ,bible at

     l>ge1 indicates ! scope ( ea* book1
 & furni%es a brief     dige/ ( its     
cont5ts4 ,! design 0 9 itself mo/       
laudable1     & x has be5 well c>ri$    
out4--,spurgeon4  ,gre5 7,pr(4 ,w94     
,h5ry1 ,d4,d474 ,! ,argum5t ( ! ,book ( 
,job ,unfold$4 #abmo4 #a4ge4      ,t    
anci5t composition s m>vell\s 9 beauty1 
& s ri*     9 philosophy1 is "h treat$ 9
 a ?or\ghly analytical     mann]1 & new 
dep?s & gr&] proportions ( ! div9e      
orig9al portray$4 ,x is a book to       
/imulate     rese>*--,me?odi/ ,record]4 
,gu?rie 7,?omas1 ,d4,d474 ,life &       
,works4 #aa vols4 #ae4jj4      ,8 pages 
gl[ ) ! deep piety1 ! ,scriptural       
beauty1 !     ri* imag]y1 & ! t5d] pa?os
 :i* brea!d f 8     lips4--,n4 ,y4      
,obs]v]4  ,hamilton 7,james1 ,d4,d474   
,select ,works4 #d vols4 #e4jj4 ,conta9+
 ,! ,royal ,prea*]2 ,m\nt ( ,olives2    
,pe>l ( ,p>ables2 ,lamp & ,lant]n2      
,great ,biography2 ,h>p on ! ,will[s2   
,lake ( ,galilee2 ,emblems f ,ed52 ,life
 9 ,e>ne/4      ,^? famili> ) ! works ( 

,dr ,hamilton w p]ceive t     ?is set ( 
volumes conta9s ! *oice gold f ! au?or's
     m9e4 ,!y are put up 9 a neat box1 &
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set4--,int]ior4  ,haml9 7,cyrus74 ,among
 ! ,turks4 #abmo4 #a4ej4  ,hanna 7,rev4 
,william1 ,d4,d474 ,life ( ,*ri/4 #c    
vols4 #abmo4 #d4ej4      ,we c he>tily  
comm5d ! ',life ( our ,"l1' by ,dr4     
,hanna4--,congregational ,qu>t]ly4      
,besides ! beauty ( ! /yle & ! c>eful   
s*ol>%ip     :i* m>k ^! volumes1 we _c  
too w>mly comm5d !m =     _! deep piety 
& he>ty en=cem5t ( ! doctr9es (         
,*ri/ianity4--,n4 ,y4 ,obs]v]4  ,hill   
7,george74 ,lectures on ,div9ity4 #hvo4 
#b4ej4      ,! c&or & fairness ( ?is    
au?or are rem>kable1 an     unfail+     
indication ( real greatness4--,*ri/ian  
,mirror4  ,hodge 7,*>les1 ,d4,d474      
,comm5t>ies4    ,,on ,,romans4 #abmo    
#a4ge   ,,on ,,ephesians4 #abmo         
#a4ge   ,,on ,,cor9?ians4 #b vols4 #abmo
   #c4ej      ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon   
says3 ,mo/ valuable4 ,) no writ] d we   

m fully agree4 ,! m we use ,hodge1 ! m  
we value him4     ,?is applies to all 8 
,comm5t>ies4  ,hodge 7,rev4 ,a4 ,a41    
,d4,d474 ,outl9es ( ,!ology4 ,revis$ &  
,enl>g$ ,edition4 #hvo4 #c4jj4      ,at 
its fir/ publication 9 #ahfj1 ?is "w    
attract$ mu*     att5tion1 & ev] s9ce x 
has _h a l>ge sale1 & be5     c>efully  
/udi$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,great       
,brita94 ,x     has be5 translat$ into  
,wel% & mod]n ,greek1 & has be5     us$ 
z a text-book 9 sev]al !ological s*ools4
 ,prep>$     orig9ally 9 good "p f notes
 tak5 by ! au?or f 8     di/+ui%$ fa!r's
 lectures1 ) ! assi/ance ( /&>d         
!ological writ]s1 aft] f\rte5 ye>s (    
s]vice z a     !ological in/ructor1 he  
has1 ) increas$ k &     exp]i5ce z a    
tea*]1 embodi$ 9 ?is new & enl>g$       
edition n only ! treasures ( ! volume z 
x fir/     appe>$1 b ! ri* results ( 8  
additional /udies &     inve/igations4  
,?is new edition conta9s fifty p] c5t m 
(     matt] ?an ! =m] "o4 ,two *apt]s h 
be5 dropp$1 &     five new ones h be5   

add$4--,presbyt]ian ,bann]4  ,holt      
7,emily ,s>ah74 ,hi/orical ,tales4      
,,is\lt ,,b>ry4 #abmo              #a4ej
   ,,rob9 ,,tremayne4 #abmo             
#a4ej   ,,! ,,well ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4     
#afmo     #a4be   ,,a%cliffe ,,hall4    
#afmo             #a4be   ,,v]5a2 ,a    
,,tale4 #abmo             #a4ej   ,,!   
,,:ite ,,rose ,,( ,,langley4 #abmo      
#a4ej   ,,imog54 #abmo                  
#a4ej   ,,cl>e ,,av]y4 #abmo            
#a4ej   ,,lettice ,,ed54 #abmo          
#a4ej   ,,= ,,! ,,ma/]',s ,,sake4 #afmo 
#a4jj   ,,m>g]y',s ,,son4 #abmo         
#a4ej   ,,lady ,,sybil',s ,,*oice4 #abmo
        #a4ej   ,,! ,,maid5',s ,,lodge4 
#abmo         #a4be      ,:e!r x is     
reg>d$ 9 its hi/orical or its religi\s  
aspect1 ',is\lt ,b>ry ( ,wynscote' is ! 
f9e/ contribution to     ,engli%        
lit]ature1 ( its peculi> class1 :i* has 
be5 made     9 ! pres5t                 
c5tury4--,am]ican ,bapti/4              
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,italics are not$
 by und]scores surr\nd+ ! ^w_/words4    

,bold words are surr\nd$ by equal signs4
  ,footnote ,v  ,v ,hebrew3 rakiya1     
,raqia1 f ,hebrew3 raka1 to spread out4 
,page #ade  7an arbitr>y decl>ation7    
,*ang$ 7arbit>y7 to 7arbitr>y74  ,page  
#bab ,illu/ration  7direction ( ! curr5t
 ( influ5ce47  ,*ang$ 7currnt7 to       
7curr5t74  ,page #bce  7:ole n]ve sy/em4
 ,! corroborative7  ,*ang$              
7corrob]ative7 to 7corroborative74      
,page #bcg  7has a cle> & un*all5geable 
field (7  ,*ang$ 7un*allangeable7 to    
7un*all5geable74