---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 99 ,words pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al docum5t are repres5t$ "h betwe5 und]scores1 z 9 text2 bold text is simil>ly repres5t$ betwe5 1 z 9 text4 ,small caps 9 ! orig9al h be5 conv]t$ to ,,all ,,capitals4 99 ,"s ( ! tables h be5 laid out diff]5tly ?an 9 ! orig9al book1 ) e ef=t made to keep ! orig9al data & mean+ un*ang$4 99 ,all inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 lay-out1 hyph5ation1 etc4 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$ 9 ?is text1 except :5 m5tion$ bel[4 99 ,*anges made to ! orig9al text3 99 page #e3 '& ! us$ (' *ang$ to '& ! use ('2 99 page #ac3 'di/ance1 is x1 ( c\rse' *ang$ to 'di/ance1 x is1 ( c\rse'2 99 page #ac3 'f\r ye> depreciation' *ang$ to 'f\r-ye> depreciation'2 99 page #af3 'twi/+ ! ! rubb]' *ang$ to 'twi/+ ( ! rubb]'2 99 page #bf3 'page --' *ang$ to 'page #be'2 99 page #ci3 'plank' *ang$ to 'planks'2 99 page #ci3 'is h&y' *ang$ to 'is a h&y'2 99 page #df1 table3 ',a4,m4' mov$ d[n "o r[1 simil> to ',p4,m4' fur!r d[n 9 ! table2 99 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 page numb] '#d' *ang$ to '#e' 7#b *anges72 99 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 ',load+ & ,haul+' *ang$ to ',load+ & ,unload+' z 9 text2 99 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 ',fires' *ang$ to ',tires' z 9 text4 99 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly bel[ ! p>agraph or table to :i* !y ref]4 99 ,o!r issues3 99 ,page #cc conta9$ a ref]5ce to an illu/ration on page #dj1 b ?is page has no illu/ration4 ,! ref]5ce has be5 *ang$ to 'page #ch'1 :i* is probably ! illu/ration ! au?or int5d$4 99 ,bo? ',meicklejohn & ,br[n' & ',meickeljohn & ,br[n' occur 9 ! text1 z d ',hill>d' & ,hilli>d'4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 9 ord] to coord9ate inve/igations 9 progress & to facilitate ! developm5t ( eng9e]+ & indu/rial rese>* 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,its purpose is to aid 9 ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! /ate & nation by sci5tific rese>* & by furni%+ in=mation = ! solution ( eng9e]+ problems4 ,! scope ( ! "w is tw(old3-- 7a7 ,to inve/igate & to publi% in=mation conc]n+ eng9e]+ problems ( a m or less g5]al nature t w\ld be helpful 9 municipal1 rural & indu/rial affairs4 7b7 ,to und]take ext5d$ rese>* & to publi% reports on eng9e]+ & sci5tific problems4 ,! control ( ! ,/ation is ve/$ 9 a ,/ation ,/aff consi/+ ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity1 ! ,dean ( ! ,college ( ,eng9e]+ z ex-(ficio ,director1 & sev5 memb]s ( ! ,faculty4 ,! ,/aff det]m9es ! "* ( ! inve/igations to be und]tak5 & sup]vises ! "w4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ! "w ( ! ,/ation is organiz$ into sev5 divisions-- #a4 ,=e/ ,products #b4 ,m9+ & ,metallurgy #c4 ,*emical ,eng9e]+ & ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry #d4 ,civil ,eng9e]+ #e4 ,electrical ,eng9e]+ #f4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ #g4 ,physics ,/&>ds & ,te/s ,! results ( ! inve/igations are publi%$ 9 ! =m ( bullet9s4 ,reque/s = copies ( ! bullet9s & inquiries = in=mation on eng9e]+ & indu/rial problems %\ld be address$ to ! ,director1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,seattle4 ,,bullet9 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wa%+ton ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,s]ies ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #ab ,,motor ,,truck ,,logg+ ,,me?ods ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,malcolm ,,knapp ,/ud5t 9 ! ,college ( ,=e/ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration ,,seattle1 ,,wa%+ton ,,publi%$ ,,qu>t]ly ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,april1 #aiba ,ent]$ z second class matt]1 at ,seattle1 "u ! ,act ( ,july #af1 #ahid4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,,introduction #e ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,truck ,,logg+ #e ,fir/ use ( motor truck 9 logg+--,developm5t ( logg+ trail]--,possibilities 9 ! use ( motor trucks4 ,,transportation ,,( ,,logs--,,railroads ,,v]sus ,,motor ,,trucks #g ,comp>ative advantages & uses ( motor trucks & railroads-- ,relative co/ ( road con/ruction--,advantage ( flexibility ( motor trucks4 ,,co/s #h ,op]at+ co/s ( a typical #e-ton truck--,actual ca% outlay-- ,total exp5se--,v>iable *>ges--,recapitulation ( "w p]=m$4 ,,roll+ ,,/ock ,,equipm5t #aj ,rigid v]sus flexible truck bodies--,*a9 drive v]sus worm drive--,weight ( trucks--,spe$--,depreciation4 ,,insurance #ad ,fire & !ft insurance--,collision insurance--,liability insurance--,prop]ty damage insurance4 ,,truck ,,equipm5t #ad ,bunks--,tires--,relative advantages ( diff]5t types ( tires --,laws gov]n+ op]ation ( motor vehicles--,legal limit ( weight ( load--,*a9 drives--,tops4 ,,trail]s #ag ,draw-b> pull ( motor trucks--,effect ( grades on draw-b> pull--,advantage ( trail]--,description ( trail]--,brakes on trail]--,air brakes on trail]s4 ,,life ,,& ,,depreciation #bj ,,co/ ,,data #bj ,op]at+ exp5ses = #ca_/b & #e-ton trucks--,fix$ *>ges-- ,total exp5ses4 ,,road ,,con/ruction #bd ,sub-grade--,cross-plank roads--,=e & aft pole roads--,cem5t roads--,gu>d rails--,co/ ( road con/ruction4 ,,bridges #cf ,,turn+ ,,devices ,,& ,,turn\ts #cg ,con/ruction ( turn-tables--,turn+ ( trucks4 ,,telephones #ci ,,incl9es #ci ,snubb+ me?ods--,practicability ( incl9es4 ,,y>d+ #da ,,load+ ,,& ,,haul+ #da ,me?ods ( load+ trucks--,load+ ) boom--,rigg+ ( boom--,unload+4 ,,"t ,,/udies #de ,,conclusion #df ,future use ( ! motor truck--,motor trucks & =e/ry4 ,,bibliography #dh ,,introduction ,9 ?is pap] an attempt has be5 made to br+ toge!r "s useful facts conc]n+ ! application ( ! motor truck to ! logg+ indu/ry4 ,! t]m motor truck z "h us$ is appli$ to ! ord9>y truck type ( motor vehicle ) trail] adapt$ to c>ry+ logs1 & does n include ! tractor & ! cat]pill> tractor4 ,^! latt] types pres5t special problems ( _! own4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! discussion ( motor truck logg+ is premis$ ^u conditions z !y exi/ 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,truck ,,logg+ ,motor trucks 9 ! logg+ indu/ry are a comp>atively rec5t developm5t4 ,z ne>ly z c be det]m9$1 ! fir/ use ( a truck 9 a logg+ op]ation 0 made 9 ?is region by ,palms & ,%ields ne> ,cov+ton1 ,wa%+ton1 9 ! spr+ ( #aiac4 ,s9ce t "t v>i\s types ( road con/ruction suitable = heavy trucks h be5 devis$ & ! use ( ! motor truck = logg+ has /eadily increas$ until at ! pres5t "t !re are ab\t six hundr$ trucks op]at+ 9 ! woods 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,! fir/ real progress 9 ! use ( ! motor truck = logg+ purposes came ) ! developm5t ( ! trail]4 ,al?\gh ! motor truck has be5 br\ght to its pres5t high /ate ( p]fection 9 ea/]n factories ! problem ( adapt+ x to ! haul+ ( massive logs 0 solv$ 9 ,seattle1 ,wa%+ton1 ) ! p]fect+ ( a trail] :i* c\ld c>ry unprec$5t$ loads & /& up "u ! spe$ atta9$ by a motor truck4 ,9 ! e>ly attempts to design a trail]1 x 0 f\nd t too great tractive ef=t on ! "p ( ! truck 0 requir$ if ! trail] 0 patt]n$ aft] old] types ) simply increas$ dim5sions 9 all ( its p>ts4 ,?r\gh successive improvem5ts ! mod]n =m ( heavy duty trail] 0 f9ally evolv$4 ,x has solv$ a s]i\s problem by p]mitt+ ! haul+ ( heavi] weights ) ! aid ( ! trail] ?an is possible ) ! use ( ! truck alone4 ,) ! help ( ! trail] & an adju/able rea*1 ! motor truck has successfully ent]$ ! logg+ field4 ,9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ tracts ( timb] ( suffici5t area well situat$ = economical logg+ by old e/abli%$ me?ods are no long] pl5tiful4 ,almo/ e logg+ *ance :i* exi/s today pres5ts its own peculi> conditions & individual problems4 ,an op]ator mu/ !re=e analyze ! situation ?or\ghly be=e arriv+ at a decision z to ! mo/ economical logg+ me?ods t w apply 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,ev5 9 diff]5t sections ( ! same op]ation x is (t5 necess>y to use diff]5t me?ods4 ,s9ce prop] co/ acc\nt+ sy/ems are n usually kept by logg+ companies1 p>ticul>ly ! small] conc]ns1 ^! companies (t5 d n "k t !y are los+ money ^u "o "p ( an op]ation because ! success ( ! :ole absorbs ?is loss4 ,illu/ration3 ,pione] logg+ ) a motor truck 9 #aiac4 ,! use ( a motor truck has prov$ to be practicable 9 _m in/ances1 & bids fair to become ( increas+ importance4 ,x w !re=e be advantage\s = e op]ator to inquire into its possible applications4 ,x %\ld be emphasiz$1 h[ev]1 t ! motor truck is n economically adapt$ to all conditions4 ,!re h be5 _m failures4 ,ea* project$ application ( ! motor truck 9 ! logg+ field mu/ be ?or\ghly analyz$ & if a d\bt z to its successful p]=mance exi/s1 exp]t advice %\ld be s\ght4 ,,transportation ,,( ,,logs--,,railroads ,,v]sus ,,motor ,,trucks ,! pr9cipal me?ods ( transport+ logs are by rail1 by motor truck & by animal p[]4 ,! la/ ( ^! me?ods is1 = obvi\s reasons1 impracticable 9 ! ,nor?we/1 & s ne$s no fur!r comm5t4 ,:ile x is impossible to give specific details 9 a g5]al discussion ( ?is k9d to %[ :]e ! motor truck may be m economically suit$ to ! conditions at h& ?an ! railroad1 a comp>ison ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples involv$ %\ld enable any op]ator famili> ) logg+ to det]m9e :e!r or n to use ! truck = 8 p>ticul> *ance4 ,9 g5]al ! *oice betwe5 railroad & motor truck logg+ dep5ds1 fundam5tally1 ^u two ?+s3 7#a7 comp>ative co/1 & 7#b7 adaptability4 ,suffici5t motive p[] & roll+ /ock c be obta9$ mu* m *eaply = motor truck logg+ ?an = a railroad4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m situations :]e ! locomotive & c> co/s1 z well z ^? ( con/ruct+ a logg+ railroad1 are obvi\sly prohibitive1 & ! "q revolves entirely ^u ! adaptability ( ! motor truck to exi/+ conditions4 ,!re is no "q at all t ! logg+ railroad is n adapt$ to small1 isolat$ & scatt]+ tracts1 & to c]ta9 portions ( l>g] op]ations4 ,!re are almo/ innum]able tracts situat$ close to public highways1 or :]e tempor>y roads c be built1 :i* may be v s]viceable dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 giv+ ample "t to clean up ! timb] be=e wet wea!r sets 94 ,9 su* in/ances1 road con/ruction & ma9t5ance co/s are ( v m9or importance4 ,9 ! l>g] op]ations & 9 ! use ( ! motor truck z an auxili>y to railroad logg+1 !re are _m opportunities = ! r$uction ( logg+ co/s4 ,h[ev]1 x is impossible to discuss ^! problems specifically 9 a pap] ( ?is k9d4 ,!y w ne$ to be work$ out on ! gr\nd ) ea* case z a di/9ct problem4 ,! fundam5tal problems cov]$ 9 ?is pap] w s]ve z a basis = ! m detail$ problems t mu/ be solv$ on ! gr\nd4 ,:]ev] ! item ( road con/ruction is important1 x may be /at$ 9 g5]al t ! "t requir$ & ! co/ ( build+ roads = motor trucks are v mu* less ?an = a logg+ railroad4 ,?is is due to ! less] importance ( grades1 curves1 balla/+1 bridges & o!r con/ruction "w1 all ( :i* is mu* *eap] & takes less "t4 ,9 case a pole road is built ! mat]ial f\nd adjac5t to ! "r ( way c be utiliz$ = :at x co/s to fell x4 ,f ! /&po9t ( adaptability ! motor truck is v flexible4 ,x c op]ate on grades & curves t are impossible ) ! railroad4 ,! :ole logg+ equipm5t1 includ+ ! donkey eng9e1 c be load$ on ! truck & trail] & easily mov$ f "o sett+ to ano!r4 ,by replac+ ! log bunk ) a plat=m ! truck c take out all ! small] m>ketable mat]ial1 su* z %+le bolts1 poles & cordwood4 ,! mod]n truck c also be provid$ ) ! necess>y equipm5t = use 9 snak+ out ! logs 9 /&s ( small timb] & :5 us$ ) a w9* & an ,a %ap$ boom1 w load itself4 ,if ! truck becomes mir$ 9 a mud hole1 ! w9* may be us$ to pull x out4 ,f9ally1 ! item ( fire risk is practically negligible4 ,,co/s ,9 ord] to arrive at def9ite figures z a basis = a comp>ison betwe5 railroad & motor truck transportation co/s1 ! foll[+ case is cit$ z an example repres5t+ av]age good conditions3#a ,a #e-ton truck ) trail] 0 us$1 op]at+ on a sev5 & "o-half mile haul ov] ord9>y unpav$ roads4 ,an av]age ( f\r trips a day 7 made & ! actual runn+ exp5se = haul+ 0 4#ija_/b p] ?\s& feet4 ,add+ to ?is ! ov]head exp5ses ( int]e/1 depreciation1 etc41 ! total co/ ( haul+ 0 #a4dd p] ?\s& feet4 ,! /atem5t ( ?is co/ is z foll[s3 ,,actual ,,ca% ,,outlay ,,9 ,,haul+ #abh1dbj ,,bo>d ,,feet ,,( ,,logs ,gasol9e1 #bhd gallons 4#ai #ec4if ,oil1 #c gallons 4#fj #a4hj ,oil1 #bja_/b gallons 4#de #i4bc ,incid5tals--,"o electric light globe 4#ce ,h>dw>e #d4jc ,blacksmi? #c4jj ,driv]1 #aa days #d4jj #dd4jj -------- ,total #aaf4cg #abh1dbj feet #aaf4cg1 or 4#ija_/b p] ?\s& feet4 #a ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,nov4 #a1 #aiaf1 page #bff4 ,labor1 gas & oil h s9ce advanc$ 9 co/4 ,,total ,,exp5se ,,( ,,haul+ #abh1dbj ,,bo>d ,,feet ,,( ,,logs ,inve/m5t3 ,*assis #d1ijj4jj ,trail] #gjj4jj ---------- ,total ,inve/m5t #e1fjj4jj ,,v>iable ,,*>ges ,gasol9e1 #bhd gallons 4#ai #ec4if ,oil1 #c gallons 4#fj #a4hj ,oil1 #bja_/b gallons 4#de #i4bc ,tires1 4#jga_/b p] mile on #fae miles #df4ab ,incid5tals #g4dc ------- ,total v>iable *>ges #aah4ed ,depreciation 7bas$ on #ae p] annum on #e1fjj1 less #efj1 ! co/ ( ! tires1 or #e1jdj4jj7 #a4cdi ,int]e/ on amortiz$ value at #g 4#fc ,/orage1 #e4jj a mon? 4#bj ,driv] #d4jj a day #d4jj -------- ,total fix$ *>ges #f4agi ,total v>iable *>ges #aah4ed ,total fix$ *>ges at #f4agi a day = #aa days #fg4ig ------- ,total co/ #ahf4ea #abh1dbj bo>d feet ( logs #ahf4ea1 or #a4dd p] #ajjj feet4 ,foll[+ is a recapitulation ( ! "w p]=m$ by a #e-ton logg+ truck1 ,jan4 #bj to ,jan4 #ca1 #aiaf1 inclusive4 ,! logs 7 haul$ f ,o',neill's ,camp on ! ,bo!ll-,ev]ett road #ga_/b miles & dump$ into ,lake ,wa%+ton at ,bo!ll4 ,date ,trips ,mileage ,no4 ,ft4 ,haul$ ,gas ,us$ ,oil ,us$ #a_/bj_/af #d #fj #aj1gfh #cj #b4be #a_/ba_/af #d #fj #aa1hhh #bd #b4be #a_/bb_/af #d #fj #aa1gjg #cj #b4be #a_/bc_/af ,did n haul4 ,roads 9 bad condition4 #a_/bd_/af #d #fj #h1hid #cd #b4be #a_/be_/af #b #cj #e1bjj #af #ba4jj #a_/bf_/af #d #fj #af1agd #bi #b4be #a_/bg_/af #d #fj #aa1bgf #be #b4be #a_/bh_/af #d #fj #ae1ead #bf #b4be #a_/bi_/af #d #fj #ae1eaa #ca #b4be #a_/cj_/af #c #de #i1aeb #bj #cb4be #a_/ca_/af #d #fj #ab1ccf #ai #b4be -- --- ------- --- ----- ,total #da #fae #abh1dbj #bhd #bc4ej #b ,freight truck 9 ! dit*4 ,f\r h\rs lo/ gett+ ! road cle>$4 #c ,two h\rs lo/ at ! l&+ due to a spr+ slipp+ out ( place1 :i* made x necess>y to unload & load aga94 ,_m logg]s :o h us$ bo? ! /eam railroad & ! motor truck claim t ! latt] is pref]able 9 "s cases & (t5 is ! only me?od by means ( :i* logs c be gott5 to ! mill at a reasonable co/4 ,:]e ! /& is scatt]$ & ( poor quality1 ! build+ ( a railroad is n practical4 ,9 su* a case ! motor truck may (f] ! only solution4 ,! motor truck makes ! be/ %[+ :5 haul+ f "o side4 ,) a two or ?ree side op]ation ! railroad is by f> ! m practical4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! railroad & ! motor truck are n competitors 9 ! logg+ indu/ry--!y are allies4 ,,roll+ ,,/ock ,,equipm5t ,9 g5]al two plans are foll[$ 9 build+ a motor truck4 ,! fir/ is to build a rigid truck s t x w resi/ all %ocks & di/ortions t come f r\gh & unev5 roads4 ,! second plan is to build a flexible body s t ! *assis w give r ?an resi/ :5 subject$ to h>d /ra9s4 ,al?\gh ! rigidly-built truck may be entirely satisfactory = mo/ =ms ( truck+1 x is practically impossible to build "o on ! rigid pr9ciple t w /& up "u ! heavy /ra9s to :i* a logg+ truck is subject$ unless x is to be op]at$ ov] good pav$ roads4 ,:5 only ord9>y unpav$ public roads are available1 flexibility is "o ( ! mo/ important *>act]i/ics to look = :5 select+ a truck4 ,:]e ! op]ator is haul+ ov] 8 own pole or plank road ?is consid]ation does n play s important a "p1 z ! road b$ !n is m likely to be free f holes & irregul>ities4 ,all makes ( trucks are m or less alike 9 g5]al con/ruction1 diff]+ only 9 m9or details1 s t ! p]sonal :ims ( ! buy] w l>gely det]m9e ! k9d he w select4 ,x is advantage\s to h z long a di/ance z possible betwe5 ! driv]'s seat & ! bunk ov] ! re> axle1 9 ord] to all[ m ( ! load to be c>ri$ by ! truck1 & less by ! trail]1 giv+ bett] traction to ! drive :eels1 b necessitat+ extra /rong re> spr+s & axles4 ,! type ( p[] transmission be/ suit$ to ! use ( ! logg+ truck is a "q t has receiv$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al me?ods ( transmitt+ ! p[]3 7#a7 by *a92 7#b7 by worm drive1 & 7#c7 by int]nal ge> drive4 ,ea* has its advantages4 ,x is claim$ by _m t ! *a9 drive saves _m h\rs ( %ut-d[n "t due to ! fact t if any?+ breaks 9 ! transmission1 x w be a l9k 9 ! *a9 z ?is is ! weake/ po9t4 ,x is !n only a matt] ( a few m9utes to ins]t ano!r l9k4 ,) ! worm driv5 vehicle1 a break 9 ! transmission requires an exp5sive %ut-d[n be=e ! matt] c be repair$4 ,! worm drive1 on ! o!r h&1 v seldom breaks if prop] c>e is us$4 ,! *a9 drive also all[s ! replacem5t ( ! sprocket ) "o ( a l>g] or small] diamet] !reby giv+ a high] or l[] ge> ratio1 :i* _c be done ) ! worm ge>4 ,?is seems to be ( "s advantage to an op]ator :5 *ang+ 8 sett+ f "o ) a %ort haul & /eep grades :]e a l[ ge> ratio is requir$1 to "o :]e ! haul is long & fairly level1 & :]e spe$ 9 transit is an advantage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 />t+ on slipp]y grades or :]ev] ! traction is poor1 ! worm drive w give bett] traction ?an a *a9 drive because !re is difficulty 9 tak+ up ! slack t is always pres5t 9 ! *a9 be=e lett+ 9 ! clut* fully4 ,! slighte/ j]k giv5 to ! :eels :5 ! slack is tak5 up is likely to cause !m to sp91 !reby los+ all ! tractive p[] ( ! drive :eels4 ,9 ! worm ge> !re is no slack to take up & ! p[] c be appli$ m gradually1 ?us r$uc+ ! *ances ( sp9n+ ! :eels & los+ ! traction4 ,! "q ( ! weight ( ! truck us$ = logg+ purposes is n z important n[ z x w be 9 ! future4 ,laws are be+ pass$ 9 ne>ly e /ate limit+ ! maximum weight to be c>ri$ on ea* :eel by trucks us+ /ate or c\nty roads s t ! total weight ( ! truck )\t load w be important4 ,:5 op]at+ ov] /ate or c\nty roads ! load is limit$ to f #bdjj to #cjjj feet1 ,b4 ,m41 ( ,d\glas fir1 dep5d+ ^u ! locality4 ,9 su* cases1 x is an advantage to h a light] truck1 say "o ( #ca_/b tons capacity4 ,by add+ additional leaves to ! re> spr+s ( a truck ( ?is capacity x may be made to c>ry a l>g] load ?an x w\ld be possible to put on a #e-ton truck & /ill comply ) ! law4 ,! pull+ p[] ( ! #ca_/b-ton truck & ! #e-ton truck is practically ! same s t ! diff]5ce 9 dead weight betwe5 ! two may be c>ri$ 9 a pr(itable mann] by add+ f\r or five hundr$ feet ,b4 ,m4 ( logs4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! light] weight truck is spe$4 ,! #ca_/b-ton truck is ge>$ to make f #ad to #af miles an h\r1 :ile ! #e-ton truck is usually limit$ to f #aj to #ab miles an h\r4 ,:5ev] ! legal weight limit does n ent] into ! problem1 z 9 op]at+ ov] a pole or plank road = ! entire di/ance1 x is1 ( c\rse1 advantage\s to c>ry ! l>ge/ loads possible4 ,9 su* cases a #e-ton truck ) an #ha_/b-ton trail] is ! mo/ pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,?is all[s a mu* l>g] load to be c>ri$ 9 proportion to ! ov]head *>ges4 ,! disadvantage ( ! #e-ton truck is t x is v heavy & unless ! roads are good1 x w easily s9k into ! gr\nd & cause tr\ble4 ,a common fault ( ! #e-ton truck today is ! ov]weight ( ! front end1 :i* is too heavy = ! wid? ( tire on ! front :eels4 ,?is c be v easily ov]come by ! use ( wid] tires4 ,,life ,,& ,,depreciation ,! life ( a truck is directly proportional to ! c>e t x receives1 h5ce1 a good driv] is a mo/ important consid]ation4 ,if ! "r man c be secur$ 8 wages %\ld be a second>y consid]ation4 ,! *>ge to be made = ! depreciation ( a truck is an unc]ta9 "q4 ,"s logg]s figure on ! basis ( f\r & a half ye>s1 o!rs on z mu* z sev5 ye>s4 ,! depreciation *>ge on a truck us$ 9 ! logg+ indu/ry %\ld dep5d l>gely ^u ! type ( road ov] :i* x is op]at$4 ,logg]s 9 g5]al ov]-rate ! life ( _! equipm5t because !y d n fully realize ! sev]ity ( ! "w4 ,ov] a =e & aft plank road or a cem5t road1 :]e ! j> & vibration are r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! we> & te> on ! equipm5t is v mu* less ?an :]e ! truck is op]at$ ov] a cross-plank road or an unpav$ public road4 ,! matt] ( depreciation1 !n1 w dep5d l>gely ^u ! type ( road ov] :i* ! truck is to op]ate4 ,9 g5]al a f\r-ye> depreciation *>ge less #be sale value at ! end ( t "t %\ld be us$ z a basis = figur+ co/s unless ! haul+ conditions are v favorable4 ,only "u v r>e circum/ances %\ld m ?an f\r ye>s be all[$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! depreciation on a truck is v heavy dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & ! sale value at ! end ( a ye> is only half ! orig9al price4 ,_m truck op]ators n[ haul+ ov] good roads :o are depreciat+ on ! basis ( five ye>s say t a f\r-ye> depreciation w\ld be m ne>ly correct4 ,ano!r factor 9 favor ( a f\r-ye> depreciation *>ge is t me?ods ( logg+ are *ang+ con/antly & t trucks 9 t "t may be improv$ ^u to su* an ext5t t ! use ( ! old equipm5t w\ld be unpr(itable & ineffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,swivel bunk on truck equipp$ = motor truck logg+4 ,! base on :i* ! bunk re/s is made ( two heavy timb]s ab\t #ah in*es by #bd in*es 9 section & #d feet long1 bolt$ toge!r & clamp$ to ! frame ( ! truck by means ( heavy ,n-bolts1 7,d74 ,! bunk is fa/5$ by a k+-p9 7,e7 to ! base & is free to rotate ^u a /eel c5t] plate & two side-be>+ plates 7,f74 ,,insurance ,! insurance rates on trucks dep5d ^u ! use to :i* !y are put4 ,! insurance usually c>ri$ by logg]s cov]s fire & !ft1 al?\gh "s companies also c>ry liability & ei!r collision or prop]ty damage insurance4 ,! equipm5t c be insur$ = only n9ety p] c5t ( its value4 ,fire & !ft insurance is bas$ ^u ! li/ price ( ! truck & body :5 new & ! usual premium = ! logg+ truck is "o doll> = e hundr$ doll>s ( insur$ value4 ,!ft rates on ! trail] are bas$ on a flat *>ge ( tw5ty-five c5ts p] hundr$ doll>s ( insurance tak51 reg>dless ( age1 li/ price1 etcet]a4 ,collision insurance is bas$ ^u ! li/ price ( ! equipm5t & cov]s full value at ! "t ( loss ( ! damage to ! truck by collid+ ) any?+ movable or immovable4 ,! liability rate = logg+ trucks is #cc4ge & is bas$ ^u occupation alone4 ,?is cov]s ! public z well z ! employee & is limit$ to #e1jjj = "o p]son & #aj1jjj = two p]sons or m4 ,! prop]ty damage rate = logg+ trucks is #ac4ej1 & cov]s ! damage done to ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,x is arriv$ at 9 ! same way z liability insurance4 ,! usual limit = prop]ty damage is #a1jjj4 ,,truck ,,equipm5t ,bunks4 ,all trucks = use 9 log haul+ are equipp$ ) a pat5t bunk ov] ! re> axle on :i* ! logs re/ 7see illu/ration on page #ac74 ,?is is ess5tially a /eel ,i-beam 7,a7 :i* grips ! logs s t !y w n slip4 ,at ea* end ( ! bunk are ,v-%ap$ iron *ock-blocks 7,b7 held by *a9s :i* run "u ! ,i-beam & are fa/5$ by an iron goos5eck hook 7,c7 s t ! load is kept f spread+4 ,^! blocks may be adju/$ to any wid? ( load4 ,! :ole bunk is m\nt$ on a swivel s t x w turn ) ! logs :5 r\nd+ a %>p turn 9 ! road4 ,:5 dump+ ! logs at ! l&+1 ea* block is loos5$ f ! opposite side s t ! dang] ( ! logs roll+ (f on ! m5 is greatly less5$4 ,tires4 ,solid rubb] tires are g5]ally conc$$ to be ! be/ suit$ = ! heavy duty requir$ 9 logg+4 ,! use ( /eel tires is rapidly decl9+4 ,! j> on ! equipm5t is 9 itself en\gh to condemn _! use4 ,rubb] tires d\ble ! mileage ( a day's "w1 m ?an d\ble ! life ( ! equipm5t1 all[ ! weight ( ! equipm5t to be cut 9 half1 & "w well on dirt1 cem5t1 or any o!r type ( road4 ,! sav+ on ! life ( a pole or plank road by ! use ( rubb] tires is also an item ( consid]able importance4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al types ( solid rubb] tires 9 use on ! logg+ truck3 ! s-call$ giant tires1 ! duals1 & ! non-skid or cat]pill> tires4 ,x is a "q z to :i* ( ! ?ree is ! be/4 ,traction = ! drive :eels & also = ! trail] :eels1 if ! latt] are equipp$ ) brakes1 is ! problem to be solv$4 ,! duals are satisfactory ) light loads & easy grades1 on cem5t1 brick1 or o!r p]fect surface road1 b :5 ! haul is heavy & ! brak+ difficult on acc\nt ( heavy grades1 ! l>g] s+le-tread giant tires are m effici5t4 ,dur+ dry wea!r x is safe to "w ) ! s+le-tread tires on grades z high z n9e or t5 p] c5t1 b 9 wet wea!r a sev5 p] c5t grade %\ld be ! maximum unless "s extra means are tak5 to secure traction1 & ev5 !n ! :eels w skid if p>ticles ( soil get on ! surface ( a plank road1 unless *a9s are us$ or ! :eel is wrapp$ ) a light cable4#d ,= v heavy-duty truck+1 :]e resili5cy & long s]vice are prime consid]ations1 ! giant type is rapidly sup]s$+ ! old dual type z ! =m] conta9s m rubb] & gives m mileage ) ! lea/ truck vibration4 #d ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,octob]1 #aiai4 ,page #be4 ,! non-skid or cat]pill> tire may well be us$ on heavy grades or :]e ! traction is v poor1 ! g5]al op9ion be+ t x gives a firm] grip on ! road & makes x saf] to h&le ! truck 9 wet wea!r4 ,!re is no /&>d wid? ( tread = truck :eels4 ,! wid?s usually us$ on ! drive :eels ( ! logg+ truck & ! :eels ( ! trail] are twelve & f\rte5 in*es1 respectively4 ,! use ( tires ( small] wid? on ei!r trail] or truck _c be recomm5d$4 ,! wid] ! tires on ! trail]1 ! bett] x is bo? = ! life ( ! equipm5t & = ease 9 h&l+ ! load4 ,:5 ! surface ( ! giant tires becomes worn d[n s t ! grooves become v %all[1 x is desirable to h ! tires re-groov$4 ,!y w la/ a great deal long] if ?is is done & w also give bett] traction on ! road4 ,! groove makes ! tire lobes act sep>ately on ! unev5 places 9 ! road s t only "o lobe is subject$ to ! /ra9 ( ! irregul>ities in/ead ( ! :ole tire4 ,?is is also true ) ref]5ce to ! /ra9s t are set up int]nally due to ! twi/+ ( ! rubb]4 ,,laws ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,motor ,,vehicles ,! ,laws gov]n+ ! op]ation ( motor vehicles ^u ! public highways ( ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton are conta9$ & summ>iz$ 9 ,s5ate ,bill ,no4 #bbj1 ,session ( #aiba ( ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,!y include ! foll[+ provisions gov]n+ ! op]ation ( motor trucks & trail]s3 7a7 ,*apt] #aec ( ! laws ( #aiac & ,*apt] #adb ( ! laws ( #aiae are repeal$4 7b7 ,motor truck vehicles weigh+ less ?an #a1ejj p\nds mu/ pay an annual lic5se fee ( t5 doll>s 7#aj4jj72 ,trucks weigh+ m ?an #a1ejj p\nds & n to exce$ #f1ejj p\nds1 t5 doll>s 7#aj4jj7 plus =ty c5ts p] hundr$weight = all 9 excess ( #a1ejj p\nds & 9 addition !reto fifty c5ts p] hundr$weight at ! rat$ c>ry+ capacity4 ,motor trucks weigh+ m ?an #f1ejj p\nds mu/ pay a lic5se fee ( t5 doll>s 7#aj4jj7 plus fifty c5ts p] hundr$weight = all 9 excess ( #a1ejj p\nds & 9 addition !reto fifty c5ts p] hundr$weight at ! rat$ c>ry+ capacity4 ,trail]s us$ z trucks %all be classifi$ & rat$ z1 & %all pay ! same fees z h]e9be=e provid$ = motor trucks ( l weight & capacity4 7c7 ,no vehicle ( f\r :eels or less ^: gross weight ) load is ov] #bd1jjj p\nds is p]mitt$ to op]ate ov] or along a public highway4 ,any vehicle hav+ a great] weight ?an #bb1djj p\nds on "o axle1 or any vehicle hav+ a comb9$ weight ( #hjj p\nds p] in*-wid? ( tire conc5trat$ ^u ! surface ( ! highway 7said wid? ( tire 9 ! case ( solid rubb] tires to be measur$ betwe5 ! flanges ( ! rim7 is also b>r$ by ! provisions ( ?is law1 ) ! foll[+ exception3 ,,provid$1 t 9 special cases vehicles ^: weight includ+ loads ^: weight exce$s ^? h]e9 prescrib$1 may op]ate "u special writt5 p]mits1 :i* mu/ be fir/ obta9$ & "u su* t]ms & conditions z to "t1 r\te1 equipm5t1 spe$ & o!rwise z %all be det]m9$ by ! director ( lic5ses if x is desir$ to use a /ate highway2 ! c\nty commission]s1 if x is desir$ to use a c\nty road2 ! city or t[n c\ncil1 if x is desir$ to use a city or t[n /reet2 f ea* ( :i* (fic] or (fic]s su* p]mit %all be obta9$ 9 ! respective cases4 ,provid$1 t no motor truck or trail] %all be driv5 ov] or on a public highway ) a load exce$+ ! lic5s$ capacity4 ,*a9 ,drive4 ,trucks equipp$ ) a *a9 drive %\ld be suppli$ ) an extra set ( *a9s s t !y may be *ang$ & clean$ e week4 ,to clean ! *a9s1 !y %\ld be soak$ 9 k]os5e :i* removes ! dirt1 grease & gum t has accumulat$4 ,by do+ ?is ! life ( ! *a9s w be quadrupl$4 ,! small am\nt ( "t t x takes w pay4 ,top4 ,! truck %\ld come equipp$ ) a top ov] ! driv]'s seat t is easily deta*able4 ,9 bad wea!r ! driv] %\ld be protect$ f ! elem5ts1 b ! top %\ld be remov$ 9 good wea!r z x is 9 con/ant dang] ( be+ brok5 dur+ load+4 ,_m op]ators leave ! top (f entirely & ! driv] mu/ dress = ! wea!r4 ,a good dem\ntable top w add to ! com=t ( ! m5 & (t5 helps to keep a good man at 8 job4 ,,trail]s ,! developm5t ( ! trail] has made motor truck logg+ practical4 ,e truck has great] tractive p[] ?an x c utilize 9 ! propulsion ( ! ord9>y load4 ,its limitations are due to a %ort-bulk c>ry+ capacity & n to any lack ( pull+ p[]4 ,! ord9>y truck has a draw-b> pull ( #bfjj p\nds4 ,! draw-b> pull p] ton ( load v>ies f ! m9imum ( #ej p\nds on a level pavem5t to #bej p\nds on a level dirt road1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( surface4#e ,tw5ty p\nds ( additional pull are requir$ = ea* degree ( gradi5t4 ,= example1 a =e & aft plank road (f]s a resi/ance ( ab\t #fj p\nds pull to a ton ( load4 ,if ?is 7 locat$ on a sev5 p] c5t grade1 x w\ld require a #fj p\nd pull to ov]come ! load resi/ance plus sev5 times tw5ty or #adj p\nds additional pull = ! grade1 a total ( #bjj p\nds to pull "o ton4 ,divid+ #bfjj1 ! draw-b> pull ( ! truck1 by #bjj1 ! resi/ance (f]$ by road & grade1 gives #ac tons z ! load t c be pull$ by ! truck ov] ?is surface & grade4 ,z ?is mu/ include ! weight ( ! trail]1 :i* :5 equipp$ = logg+ is ab\t ?ree tons1 x leaves a total ( #aj tons t ! truck c pull4 ,?is is equival5t to ab\t #cjjj feet ,b4 ,m4 ( ,d\glas fir logs1 ! av]age load t is haul$4 ,:ile su* an adv]se grade z cit$ 9 ?is illu/ration is avoid$ if possible ) a load$ truck1 ! illu/ration w s]ve to %[ ! pull+ capacity ( ! truck4 ,! haul+ ( loads ( ?is size w\ld be impossible )\t ! use ( ! trail]4 ,! normal load1 !n1 may be increas$ two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r times1 by ! use ( ! trail]1 ov] ! maximum load t c be c>ri$ by ! truck alone4 #e ,op]at+ ,co/ ( ,motor ,truck ,comput$4 ,timb]man4 ,feb41 #aiah4 ,page #fj4 ,objection to ! trail] t x t5ds to %ort5 ! life ( ! truck is h>dly wor? consid]ation4 ,accord+ to a c>eful analysis x has be5 e/imat$ t ! use ( ! trail] does n %ort5 ! life ( ! truck by m ?an "o ye>1 :i* is ( little consequ5ce :5 ! sav+ due to ! size ( ! load t c be c>ri$ is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,description ( ! ,trail]3 ,! frame ( ! trail] is con/ruct$ ( heavy /eel *annel b>s :i* support ! tw9 bunks us$ = logg+1 & = ! sub/ructure to c>ry ! body :5 us$ = o!r s]vice4 ,! /eel frame is support$ by semi-elliptic spr+s held by %ackles simil> to ^? ( ! truck4 ,! spr+s re/ securely ^u ! axle1 are clamp$ to x by ,u-bolts1 & are reliev$ f side /resses by radius rods :i* connect ! axle to ! frame4 ,! trail] is c\pl$ to ! truck by a rea* :i* is pass$ ?r\gh guides secur$ to ! h\nds ( ! trail]4 ,! latt] may slide ^u ! rea* & is held 9 ! desir$ position ) ref]5ce to ! truck by means ( clamps4 ,! h\nds are locat$ =e & aft ( ! axle & are connect$ to x by /eel plates4 ,! squ>e rea* is m favor$ g5]ally by logg]s ?an ! r\nd type = ! reason t x c be m easily adju/$1 p>ticul>ly ! r\nd rea* t is cut 9 ! woods1 :i* is irregul> & has to be clamp$ v tightly 9 ord] to make x /ay 9 place4 ,holes bor$ ?r\gh ! squ>e rea* makes ! adju/m5t easy4 ,comb9ation /eel & wood rea*es1 ! sides be+ ( *annel iron & ! c5t] ( wood1 are favor$ by "s op]ators4 ,! tw9 bunks ( ! trail] c>ry ! load 9 balance ^u ! axle indep5d5t ( ! rea*1 !reby reliev+ ! rea* ( all v]tical /ress4 7,see illu/ration bel[74 ,! re> bunk is j an ord9>y wood5 affair design$ only to help support ! weight ( ! logs4 ,! front bunk is ( ! same con/ruction z ! "o on ! truck 7describ$ above7 & s]ves to hold ! load 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ( trail] adapt$ = heavy ,pacific coa/ logg+4 ,! trail] is guid$ ?r\gh ! rea* directly to ! axles1 ?us reliev+ ! spr+s & frame f side /resses4 ,! spr+s & _! susp5sion f ! frame p]mit a limit$ movem5t ( ! frame & ! load indep5d5t ( ! :eels & axles & vice v]sa4 ,?is enables ! :eels to pass ov] an ob/ruction or drop into a hole )\t subject+ ! trail] to %ocks t w\ld o!rwise ensue4 ,o!r types ( trail]s are us$ to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! trail] describ$ above 0 evolv$ by local eng9e]s & is 9 almo/ univ]sal use 9 motor truck logg+ op]ations4 ,brakes4 ,all trail]s %\ld be equipp$ ) brakes :5 negotiat+ heavy grades4 ,a device connect+ ! trail] brakes to ! truck p]mits a ready control f ! driv]'s seat on ! truck4 ,! brake outfit is easily atta*$ to ! truck & consi/s ( a rat*et & lev] :i* w9ds a "o-qu>t] in* cable on a small drum4 ,! cable w9ds ar\nd a second drum :i* is atta*$ to ! frame ( ! truck ab\t six feet back ( ! driv]'s seat4 ,a ?ird drum 9 ! c5t] ( ! *assis atta*$ to ! %aft ( ! second drum w9ds a cable :i* goes to an equaliz+ b> j 9 front ( ! trail] brake4 ,z ! rat*et & drum are tight5$1 ! motion is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! second & ?ird drums to ! equaliz+ b>4 ,two arms ext5d f ?is b> to roads :i* :5 pull$ =w>d1 move a b> atta*$ to ! road 9 su* a way t ! brake b& 9 ! inside ( ! brake %oe is ext5d$ aga9/ ! %oe1 apply+ ! brakes ev5ly to ea* :eel no matt] h[ unev5 ! road-b$ or h[ %>p ! curve4 ,a spr+ atta*$ to ! rea* clamp pulls back ! equaliz+ b> :5 ! brakes are releas$4 ,a heavy spr+ on ! drum 9 ! c5t] ( ! %aft on ! truck all[s = curves s t an ev5 pressure is always ma9ta9$4 ,! use ( a trail] equipp$ ) brakes w d away ) ! num]\s devices = snubb+ a load ( logs d[n a grade n /eep] ?an twelve p] c5t4 ,grades up to ?is degree ( /eepness are safe to op]ate ov] 9 dry wea!r )\t add$ brak+ p[] if ! trail] is prop]ly equipp$4 ,a simple & x is claim$ an effective air brake = motor trucks & trail]s is n[ be+ m>ket$ by an air-brake conc]n ( ,san ,francisco b x has n yet be5 tri$ out 9 ! logg+ indu/ry4 ,brak+ action is secur$ by means ( a diaphragm & pressure plate4 ,! diaphragm is directly connect$ to ! brake-b& lev]4 ,no air compressor is us$ 9 ?is sy/em4 ,a small air receiv] or /orage tank takes ! sp5t gases f "o ( ! cyl9d]s by utiliz+ ! outlet af=d$ by a prim+ cock4 ,! brakes are appli$ by a control sy/em m\nt$ on ! /e]+ column4 ,by means ( a quickly adju/$ hose connection1 air c be appli$ to ! :eels ( ! trail] us+ ! control :i* gov]ns ! brak+ ( ! truck4 ,! air pressure 9 ! /orage tank is automatically ma9ta9$ by means ( an accumulator valve :i* closes :5 ! tank pressure rea*es #aej to #age p\nds4 ,if ! tank %\ld be empty at ! top ( a long grade1 suffici5t pressure is g5]at$ by ! compression ( ! eng9e to op]ate ! brakes4 ,op5+ ! ?rottle to full em]g5cy position w apply maximum brak+ effect )\t slid+ ! :eels4#f #f ,air ,brakes = ,trucks4 ,timb]man4 ,m>*1 #aibj4 ,page #dh;g4 ,?is sy/em has n be5 tri$ out "u ! conditions z f\nd 9 ! woods b if x c be made to "w satisfactorily x w be a big improvem5t ov] ! old sy/em z ! driv] w !n h in/antane\s control ov] ! load at all times4 ,,life ,,& ,,depreciation ,! life ( ! trail] is ab\t ! same z t ( ! truck1 & 9 depreciation1 a p]iod ( f\r ye>s is usually all[$4 ,! ma9t5ance & upkeep ( ! trail] is v l[4 ,x r>ely gives out & ) ! ord9>y usage requires only a few m9or repairs e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,,co/ ,,data ,! items ( exp5se are "h segregat$ 9 su* a mann] t !y may be us$ z a basis = figur+ ! co/ ( haul+ logs "u av]age conditions4 ,^! co/s are = ! truck & trail] z a unit4 ,if a road has to be built1 ! ov]head *>ge ( ! road p] ?\s& feet ( timb] haul$ ov] x toge!r ) ! co/ ( upkeep mu/ be add$ to ! figures giv5 bel[ 9 ord] to "k ! total co/ ( transportation p] ?\s& feet4 #cjjj ,,foot ,,capacity1 ,,outfit ,,complete ,! foll[+ figures are = a #ca_/b-ton logg+ truck ) a #e-ton trail]4 ,! figures are bas$ ^u a #bge work+ day ye>4 ,co/ ( equipm5t 7z a basis7 #fgjj4jj ,less resale value at expiration ( #d ye>s at #be ( ! orig9al co/ #afge4jj ,less co/ ( tires1 #b--cf x #f #adj4ej #d--dj x #ab #ggf4jj #iaf4ej -------- -------- ,total #iaf4ej #beia4ej #beia4ej -------- ,basis = comput+ #dajh4ej ,,runn+ ,,exp5ses ,,p] ,,mile ,p] ,mile ,tires1 bas$ on a co/ ( #iaf4ej & a life ( #hjjj miles 4#aade ,gasol9e1 f\r miles to a gallon 4#bh p] gal4 4#jg ,oil & grease 4#jb ,g5]al repairs 4#jc -------- ,total runn+ exp5ses p] mile 4#bcde ,,fix$ ,,*>ges ,,p] #bge ,,work+ ,,day ,,ye> ,depreciation1 bas$ on #be p] ye> on #dajh4ej #ajbg4ab ,int]e/ on money inve/$ at #f 7figur$ on truck less co/ ( tires7 #cdg4ja ,driv] at #g4jj a day #aibe4jj ,lic5se #bg4jj ,insurance1 ,fire1 ,!ft & ,liability bas$ on #a a hundr$ on #ij ( ! value ( ! new truck = fire & !ft1 & a flat rate ( #cc4ge = liability #ij4ge ------- ,total fix$ *>ges = #bge day ye> #cdaf4hh ,total fix$ *>ges p] day #ab4dah ,,total ,,exp5ses #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj miles miles miles miles miles ,uni=m v>iable *>ges #g4jce #i4ch #aa4gbe #ad4jg #af4dae ,fix$ *>ges #ab4dah #ab4dah #ab4dah #ab4dah #ab4dah ,total *>ges 7p] day7 #ai4dec #ba4gih #bd4adc #bf4dhh #bh4hcc ,total co/ p] mile1 load$ "o way only 4#fdh 4#ede 4#dhb 4#dda 4#dab ,total co/ p] #ajjj ft4 p] mile ) #cjjj ft4 to ! load 4#baf 4#aha 4#afj 4#adg 4#acg #djjj ,,foot ,,capacity1 ,,outfit ,,complete ,! foll[+ figures are = ! #e-ton logg+ truck equipp$ ) an #ha_/b-ton trail]1 bas$ on a #bge work+ day ye>3 ,co/ ( equipm5t 7z a basis7 #gfjj4jj ,less resale value at expiration ( f\r ye>s at #be ( orig9al co/ #aijj4jj ,less co/ ( tires3 #b--cf-;94 x #f-;9 #adj4ej #d--dj-;94 x #ad-;9 #ibc4jj -------- ,total #ajfc4ej #ajfc4ej -------- #bifc4ej #bifc4ej -------- ,basis = computation #dfcf4ej ,,runn+ ,,exp5ses ,,p] ,,mile p] mile ,tires1 bas$ on co/ ( #ajfc4ej & a life ( #hjjj miles 4#abi ,gasol9e1 #ca_/b miles to ! gallon 4#bh p] gal4 4#jh ,oil & grease 4#jb ,g5]al repairs 4#jce ------ ,total runn+ exp5ses p] mile 4#bfd ,,fix$ ,,*>ges ,,p] #bge ,,day ,,ye> ,depreciation1 bas$ ^u #be p] ye> on #dfcf4ej #aaeg4ac ,int]e/ on money inve/$ at #f 7figur$ on equipm5t less co/ ( tires7 #cib4ai ,driv] at #g4jj a day #aibe4jj ,lic5se #bg4jj ,insurance1 fire1 !ft & liability1 bas$ on #a a hundr$ on #ij ( ! value ( ! new truck = fire & !ft1 & a flat rate ( #cc4ge = liability #aja4ge ------- ,total fix$ *>ges = #bge day ye> #cfjc4jg ,total fix$ *>ges p] day #ab4ib ,,total ,,exp5ses #cj #dj #ej #fj ,uni=m v>iable *>ges p] miles miles miles miles mile 4#bdg #g4ib #aj4ef #ac4bj #ae4hd ,fix$ *>ges p] day #ab4ib #ab4ib #ab4ib #ab4ib ,total *>ges p] day #bj4hd #bc4dh #bf4ab #bh4gf ,total co/ p] mile load$ "o way only 4#fid 4#ehg 4#ebb 4#dgi ,total co/ p] #ajjj feet p] mile ) a #djjj foot load 4#agc 4#adf 4#acj 4#aai ,! above co/s w be f\nd to be approximately correct = av]age op]ations4 ,!y w v>y some:at ) ! road conditions1 loads1 grades1 & ! effici5cy ( ! driv]4 ,^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 w be slight4 ,!y w n am\nt to m ?an "o c5t p] ?\s& feet p] mile ( haul4 ,! inve/m5t pays ! own] six p] c5t & provides r5ewals = all "t4 ,! int]e/ *>ge is bas$ on ! total co/ ( ! equipm5t less ! co/ ( ! tires4 ,! tire co/ is d$uct$ 9 figur+ ! int]e/ *>ges because ?is item is cov]$ "u runn+ exp5ses4 ,! resale value ( ! truck at ! end ( f\r ye>s is n d$uct$ f ! int]e/ *>ge1 because ?is sum is ti$ up = t l5g? ( "t4 ,r5ewal = ! equipm5t is tak5 c>e ( by ! creation ( a s9k+ fund bas$ on an av]age life ( f\r ye>s4 ,!oretically1 on a #e-ton truck1 #aaeg4ac is put aside ea* ye> = f\r ye>s at ! expiration ( :i* "t ! aggregate ( ^! sav+s toge!r ) ! resale value ( #aijj1 automatically provides = ! pur*ase ( new equipm5t4#g #g ,timb]man4 ,feb41 #aiah4 ,page #fj4 ,a fifty-mile haul may be us$ z an illu/ration = figur+ ! total runn+ exp5se ( ! #e-ton truck4 ,?is means t ! truck makes trips en\gh to total fifty miles = ! day's run4 ,! co/ p] mile1 includ+ gasol9e1 oil & repairs is #bf4d c5ts4 ,x w1 !re=e1 co/ #ac4bj = ! fifty miles4 ,to ?is am\nt mu/ be add$ #ab4ib1 daily ov]head *>ge1 mak+ a total ( #bf4ab = fifty miles travel$ or #eb4b c5ts a mile4 ,) an av]age load ( f\r ?\s& feet ! co/ w be #ac4j c5ts p] mile p] ?\s& feet4 ,a glance at ! table w %[ t ! great] ! mileage & ! l>g] ! load1 ! less w be ! ov]head exp5se & consequ5tly ! co/ p] mile p] ?\s& feet4 ,to ^! items mu/ be add$ ! co/ & ma9t5ance ( ! road if "o has to be built4 ,,road ,,con/ruction ,! "q ( ! k9d ( road = haul+ logs ) ! motor truck is a v important "o4 ,x is impossible to move a fifte5-ton load day 9 & day out unless !re are good roads1 & no motor truck op]ation ( reasonably l>ge proportions c be successfully ma9ta9$ )\t a road t is well con/ruct$ & :i* w n give way dur+ any k9d ( wea!r1 "u ! loads t are c>ri$4 ,"o _c successfully & cont9u\sly op]ate on dirt or ev5 gravel roads z !y are good only :5 dry4 ,good roads are z important to ! motor truck op]ator z ! railroad is to ! transportation ( logs by rail4 ,! big h&icap 9 motor truck logg+ 9 ! pa/ has be5 poor roads4 ,! same man :o w survey1 grade1 c>efully lay & balla/ ! /eel = a logg+ railroad w _m times put a truck & trail] on a poor dirt road & expect ! truck to haul economically & satisfactorily4 ,a motor truck w haul ov] "s mighty poor apologies = roads b x does n pay4 ,a good road is an excell5t inve/m5t4 ,x makes l>g] loads & m trips a day possible1 w save on tires & repairs1 & w require less gasol9e to ! mile2 ! effici5cy & output w be increas$ & ! "t & op]at+ co/s w be decreas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sub-grade = motor truck logg+ road4 ,!re h be5 "s v successful op]ators :o h secur$ a small body ( timb] at a l[ price on a public road :o made ! motor truck pay )\t build+ a road4 ,?is me?od ( logg+ 9 a small way w cont9ue to be c>ri$ on by small op]ators :o w haul only dur+ ?ree seasons ( ! ye> or ev5 less4 ,h[ev]1 ! big future = ! motor truck = logg+ is 9 ! l>g] tracts ( timb] :]e x w\ld n pay to put 9 a railroad b :]e a good type ( motor truck road c be built *eaply & loads z l>ge z ! truck c h&le be c>ri$ ) no road re/rictions z to ! weight4 ,9 g5]al f\r types ( roads are us$ by logg]s3 7#a7 ! cross-plank road1 7#b7 ! =e & aft pole road1 7#c7 ! =e & aft plank road1 & 7#d7 ! cem5t road4 ,! pun*eon road is a modification ( ! =e & aft plank road & w be tak5 up ) ! latt]4 ,! me?ods & co/ ( con/ruction1 ! advantages & ! disadvantages ( ^! v>i\s types ( roads foll[ 9 detail4 ,sub-,grade3 ,! sub-grade is put 9 ! same way = ea* type ( road4 ,! av]age wid? ( ! truck is sev5 feet & six in*es1 call+ = a road ab\t eight & a half feet wide1 s t ! sub-grade %\ld be twelve feet 9 wid?4 ,an illu/ration ( ! am\nt ( grad+ necess>y is %[n on page #be4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 ! matt] ( dit*es = dra9+4 ,9 a ra9y climate1 ! wat] %\ld be c>ri$ away f ! hill side ( ! grade e fifty feet4 ,cross-,plank ,road3 ,! cross-plank road is con/ruct$ by lay+ cull ties on hewn poles l5g?wise ( ! road4 ,?ree r[s1 f\r feet ap>t are us$ & second grade t5 foot plank1 six in*es ?ick & ( r&om wid?s1 are securely nail$ to ! ties4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! ties laid fairly smoo? if ! road is to be ev54 ,plank less ?an six in*es 9 ?ickness %\ld n be us$ z ! ?9n] ones v soon crack & g to piece "u ! excessive j> & vibration4 ,?is is a v exp5sive road to build z x wa/es mat]ial4 ,six ?\s& feet ( lumb] is necess>y = e hundr$ foot /ation1 at a co/ ( #bbb a /ation = ! mat]ial alone1 )\t consid]+ ! co/ ( lay+ x4 ,! ma9t5ance co/ also is v heavy because ! nails pull out z a result ( ! vibration caus$ by ! truck4 ,?is type ( road is us$ only ov] %ort /ret*es1 su* z swampy gr\nd 9 connection ) ! dirt road1 & on /eep grades & %>p turns 9 connection ) ! pole or plank road4 ,! ,es>y ,logg+ ,company at ,camano ,isl&1 ,wa%+ton1 put 9 a cross-plank road = a %ort di/ance on a %>p curve & a /eep grade1 to see h[ x w\ld affect ! traction4 ,x 0 f\nd t cross plank+ 0 n necess>y on curves :]e ! grade is t5 p] c5t or less :5 com+ d[n ) a load1 provid+ trail] brakes are us$4 ,9 ! future ! company w n use ?is type ( road unless grades above ?is maximum are enc\nt]$4 ,x is impossible to lay a cross-plank road smoo?ly because ! /r+]s settle & make ! road bumpy4 ,! result+ j> on ! equipm5t & ! fact t ^! /ret*es h to be tak5 at a mu* r$uc$ spe$1 furni% ample reason to condemn its use4 ,! only real use = a cross-plank road is to secure bett] traction on grades exce$+ t5 or twelve p] c5t1 & !n x %\ld be laid ) a space ( ab\t "o in* betwe5 ! planks4 ,ev5 9 su* cases x w\ld be bett] to use "s o!r me?od = secur+ traction1 su* z s&+ ! track or w9d+ ! drive :eels ) a light cable4 ,! wa/e ( mat]ial & ! excessive vibration limit ! use ( ?is type ( road4 ,=e & ,aft ,pole ,road4 ,9 ! =e & aft pole road1 poles f twelve to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet] are hewn on "o or m faces & laid longitud9ally ) ! road1 ) "o or m logs = ea* :eel track4 ,?is type ( road is commonly us$ by motor truck logg]s & is "o t l5ds itself readily to _! use4 ,x is ! mo/ practical road t c be built unless !re is a small saw-mill h&y to saw planks = ! =e & aft plank road4 ,! small] mat]ial gr[+ along ! "r ( way is us$ at an exp5se ( only :at x co/s to fell x1 hew x & put ! poles 9 place4 ,hemlock poles may be us$ to advantage4 ,"s op]ators use ! s+le l>ge pole plac$ on cross-ties eight or t5 feet ap>t & use light] eight-in* poles plac$ on ! outside = a gu>d rail to keep ! truck f leav+ ! track4 ,! ma9 pole is laid 9 a dit* ab\t eight in*es deep1 leav+ x half buri$4 ,?is helps to keep ! poles f spread+ & increases _! firmness & /r5g?4 ,! pole is not*$ into ! cross-ties1 :i* are made ( logs n less ?an eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & is securely nail$ or bolt$ to prev5t x f roll+4 ,! outside gu>d rail is laid on ! surface ( ! gr\nd close to ! ma9 track & is securely brac$ f ! outside by means ( po/s sunk into ! gr\nd or x may be spik$ to ! ma9 pole or to ! ties4 ,:5 runn+ ) ! trail] on ?is n>r[ type ( road1 ! gu>d rail is v necess>y4 ,aft] ! poles h be5 laid1 ! sub-grade %\ld be dit*$ 9 ! c5t] deep en\gh to c>ry away ! wat] t falls 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,! success ( ! road dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u good dra9age4 ,! ,meicklejohn & ,br[n ,logg+ ,company ne> ,monroe1 ,wa%+ton1 op]ate ov] a pole road ) ?ree poles = ea* :eel4 ,! poles are f t5 to twelve in*es 9 diamet] at ! small end & are hewn to a six in* face1 giv+ an eighte5 in* be>+ surface = ea* :eel4 7,see illu/ration on page #bi47 ,! m9imum siz$ pole t %\ld be us$ = roads ( ?is "* is "o eight in*es 9 diamet] at ! small end4 ,! road is con/ruct$ ! same way z ! s+le pole road & ! poles are laid on cross ties twelve in*es 9 diamet] plac$ f eight to t5 feet ap>t4 ,:]e ! road is (f ! gr\nd z :5 cross+ ov] a small depression1 ^! sleep]s mu/ n be ov] five feet ap>t4 ,! gu>d rails at ?is op]ation are held 9 place by means ( a wood5 brace nail$ f ea* end ( ! rail to a ne>-by /ump4 ,! ends ( ! poles us$ = ! track are adz$ s t !y mat* ev5ly4 ,by break+ ! jo9ts & hew+ !m ! road pres5ts a level surface ) no bumps4 ,9 plann+ ! curves1 x is necess>y to make ! tracks some:at wid] ?an on /raight /ret*es 9 ord] to keep ! trail] f runn+ (f4 ,! track %\ld be ?ree feet wide on %>p curves & provid$ ) a /\t gu>d rail if !re is any dang] ( ! truck leav+ ! track4 ,! curves are bank$ on ! opposite side f t us$ on railroad curves4 ,t is1 ! inn] rail is rais$ ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,?is is to ?r[ ! load to ! outside away f ! inn] gu>d rail1 mak+ x easi] to make ! turn )\t ! re> :eels b9d+4 ,9 ?is way a #ce degree curve may be negotiat$ ) =ty or fifty foot logs4 ,z ! curves h to be pass$ at a mu* r$uc$ spe$1 !re is little dang] ( ! logs roll+ (f due to ! rais$ inn] rail4 ,! grad+ = a road ( ?is con/ruction is usually light4 ,! grades %\ld1 if possible1 be kept bel[ five p] c5t4 ,a truck w op]ate bett] on a t5 p] c5t grade 9 dry wea!r ?an on a five p] c5t "o 9 wet wea!r4 ,on a road ( ?is type1 grades up to t5 p] c5t c be op]at$ ov] unless !re is sn[4 ,:5 ! grades are above ?is & ! wea!r is wet1 traction /ill may be secur$ by s&+ ! road or by tack+ an old half in* /eel cable to ! road 9 ! =m ( a figure s4 ,if ?is is s&$ 9 addition1 ! truck may safely be tak5 up a /eep] grade ?an x w\ld be safe to br+ x d[n )\t s&+4 ,! pole road c\ld be greatly improv$ by hew+ ! faces ( ! poles :]e !y come toge!r side by side s t an ev5 fit is made4 ,! details ( ?is improv$ =m ( con/ruction are %[n 9 figure #a1 page #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,! mo/ common type ( motor truck logg+ road--a =e-&-aft pole road4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,cross section ( pole road4 ,scale--#a in* equals #b feet4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is is n done & !re are "o or m ruts 9 ! surface ( ! road due to ! r\nd+ (f ( ! poles :]e !y are plac$ side by side4 ,! front :eels ( ! truck are con/antly dropp+ into ^! ruts1 t5d+ to spread ! track ap>t & mak+ x h>d] = ! driv] to /e]4 ,! tires also suff] f unev5 we>4 ,) ?is deep groove 9 ! track1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! traction ( ! re> :eels is also lo/4 ,h5ce a mu* bett] road w\ld be "o ) ! inn] faces ( ! poles hewn s t a tight fit is secur$4 ,?is road c be built ( two l>ge poles or ?ree small] ones to give a flat track two & a half feet wide = ea* :eel4 ,laid ne>ly flu% ) ! gr\nd ! gu>d rail c be elim9at$ ) ?is wid? ( track1 except on %>p curves & o!r locations :]e !re w\ld be dang] if ! truck left ! track4 ,on su* a road ! traction w also be increas$1 bett] "t c be made1 ! truck w be easi] to /e] & h5ce saf] to op]ate1 & !re w be less we> on ! tires4 ,su* a road c be v easily & *eaply built by br++ 9 a portable sawmill & slabb+ ! mat]ial on two sides to ! desir$ face4 ,! life ( a good pole road is f ?ree to f\r ye>s if kept 9 good repair4 ,! ma9t5ance co/ is v light if ! road is prop]ly con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ place1 consi/+ *iefly 9 remov+ a pole "h & !re t %[s signs ( too mu* we>1 & 9 brac+ gu>d rails :]e !y weak54 ,! use ( two or ?ree hewn poles laid l5g?wise = ea* :eel )\t cross-ties does n pay z ! poles soon get out ( place ev5 :5 tr5*$1 & ! loss ( traction due to ! irregul>ities & ( "t & money 9 ! upkeep ( su* a road m ?an ju/ifies putt+ 9 a good road 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! co/ ( a =e & aft pole road v>ies ) ! accessibility ( ! mat]ial & ! co/ ( ! labor4 ,9 ! pa/ !y h be5 built = z l[ z #bjjj a mile1 b ) ! pres5t prices co/s w range f #ejjj to #gjjj a mile4 ,"o company )9 ! ye> contract$ ! grad+ & con/ruction ( ! road = #gj a hundr$ foot /ation1 n includ+ ! co/ ( cle>+ & *unk+ out ! "r ( way4 ,! total co/ 0 ab\t #abe a /ation or #ffjj a mile4 ,"s ( ! advantages ( ! pole road are t x is t\gh & /rong & does n crack1 split or break easily s t if x is prop]ly put 9 x la/s & requires b little ma9t5ance4 ,! mat]ial = its con/ruction is f\nd along ! "r ( way & be+ small 9 diamet] is less exp5sive ?an o!r road mat]ials4 ,=e & ,aft ,plank ,roads4 ,?is type ( road is con/ruct$ by plac+ cross-ties f eight to t5 feet ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]1 ^u :i* are plac$ l5g?wise = ea* :eel1 two or ?ree saw$ timb]s n less ?an six in*es 9 ?ickness & f twelve to fifte5 in*es 9 wid?4 ,a good road ( ?is type w deliv] #aej million feet ( logs at a cons]vative e/imate4 ,! grad+ is usually light & 9 _m places entirely unnecess>y4 ,second-grade six by eight ties ) ! eight in* face plac$ d[n1 or hewn poles are laid ab\t eight feet ap>t4 ,:]e ! road b$ is s(t1 ! ties are plac$ clos] & 9 "s places z ne> z two & a half feet ap>t4 ,ov] v swampy gr\nd1 ! road kn[n z ! =e & aft pun*eon road is us$4 ,x consi/s simply ( c$> pun*eon plac$ crosswise ( ! road ) ! usual plank+ nail$ securely to x4 ,! plank us$ %\ld nev] be less ?an six in*es 9 ?ickness 9 ! ma9 road z x has be5 prov$ t f\r in* plank v soon give way "u ! heavy loads4 ,on ! spur l9es x is practicable to use f\r in* plank because ! road is us$ only a %ort "t4 ,! total wid? ( ! road is eight feet & ! plank are laid on top ( ! gr\nd1 b if !y are sunk ne>ly to ! level ( ! gr\nd ! road is made consid]ably m firm & endur+1 & ( c\rse is saf]4 ,! ends are adz$ smoo? to pres5t an ev5 surface1 drift-bolt$ to ! ties1 & all jo9ts brok54 ,! plank 9 ! track are kept toge!r by means ( a ?ree by f\r in* timb] driv5 tightly betwe5 ! tracks on top ( ! cross-ties at ea* jo9t1 & a block nail$ to ! outside ( ! tie at ea* jo9t ) a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( wood driv5 betwe5 x & ! plank4 7,see illu/ration on page #cc47 ,?is w$ge is driv5 9 f "t to "t z occasion may dem&4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is con/ruction1 dirt or gravel is fill$ 9 ! c5t] to ! level ( ! track1 ! road is made v solid4 ,illu/ration3 ,=e-&-aft plank road ) w$ges on cross ties to facilitate ! re-align+ ( ! planks4 ,) a good road ( ?is type & a be>+ surface ( ?irty in*es1 ! tr\ble & exp5se ( a gu>d rail may be elim9at$4 ,:5 a light truck is us$ = a small body ( timb] su* a wide & heavily con/ruct$ road is n practical4 ,9 ?is case1 a f\r in* plank ) a fifte5 in* surface & an eight in* pole = a gu>d rail w\ld be us$4 ,"h aga9 ! track mu/ be made wid] on ! %>p curves1 (t5 z wide z ?ree & a half feet4 ,usually1 ! inn] rail is made wid] ?an ! out] "o4 ,on v %>p curves ! track may h to be plank$ solid to keep ! trail] f runn+ (f4 ,by saw+ out *ips f "o-half to "o in* wide two-?irds ( ! way ?r\gh ! plank1 & ab\t six feet ap>t on ! inn] side1 a long plank may be b5t ar\nd q a %>p curve4 ,! ties1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be plac$ s z to all[ ! cut sections ( ! plank to re/ squ>ely on !m4 ,?is does away ) ! %ort pieces & s /r5g!ns ! track4 ,! company logg+ at ,camano ,isl&1 ,wa%+ton1 op]ates ov] a road ( ?is type1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n on page #ch4 ,! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is p>ticul> road 7 v consid]able z a cut ?r\gh v h>d %ale1 9 "s places z mu* z sev5 feet1 0 necess>y4 ,! ma9t5ance on ?is road is heavi] ?an is usual4 ,two m5 are employ$ to "w on x cont9ually4 ,! "w consi/s ( block+ up ! loose ties & plank1 mak+ any necess>y repairs & keep+ s& & gravel on ! /eep grades4 ,! co/ ( ?is "w is good insurance z x keeps ! road 9 ! be/ ( condition at all times & saves on o!r op]at+ exp5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail$ view ( =e-&-aft plank road1 %[+ me?od ( w$g+4 ,co/4 ,! fir/ co/ ( a road ( ?is type is high b x m ?an pays 9 ! long run if a l>ge body ( timb] is to be haul$ ov] x4 ,! timb] us$ 9 its con/ruction am\nts to ab\t #afj ?\s& feet p] mile4 ,second grade mat]ial c be us$ at a co/ ( approximately #e1ejj a mile = ! plank4 ,! total co/ p] mile v>ies f #f1jjj to #h1jjj4 ,! plank road at ,camano ,isl& co/ #bj1jjj = two & ?ree-qu>t] miles1 :i* includes ! co/ ( ! plank1 ! grad+ & labor ( putt+ ! plank 9 place4 ,?is is at ! rate ( ab\t #g1bge a mile1 or approximately #ach a hundr$ foot /ation4 ,! ov]head *>ge = ! road at ?is op]ation is 4#ge a ?\s& feet ( timb] haul$ ov] x4 ,plank roads ( light] con/ruction h be5 built = #d1jjj a mile4 ,! l5g? ( life is ab\t ! same z t ( a pole road1 ?ree to f\r ye>s4 ,! =e & aft plank road is "o ( ! be/ roads t c be put 9 :]e ! timb] is ( suffici5t quantity to ju/ify ! exp5se4 ,! big advantage is ! spe$ t c be made & ! sav+ 9 ! equipm5t4 ,su* a road is v free f bumps & ! j> & vibration on ! truck is no great] ?an on a city pavem5t4 ,! depreciation on a truck dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! road op]at$ ov]4 ,) ! above type1 depreciation on ! truck w n be less ?an five ye>s4 ,9 addition1 tire mileage w be d\ble t obta9$ ov] a pole road1 & ! gasol9e & repair exp5se w be v mat]ially cut4 ,ow+ to ! v small vibration1 a load ( logs c be br\ght to ! l&+ z fa/ z x is safe to let ! truck glide on a d[n grade4 ,spe$s z high z #bj miles an h\r c easily be tak5 )\t excessive vibration4 ,! traction is great] on ?is type ( road ?an x is on ! pole road1 due to ! great] be>+ surface4 ,traction on grades up to #ab is easily secur$ by s&+ ! plank4 ,concrete ,roads4 ,concrete has be5 sugge/$ z an ideal road mat]ial4 ,h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t "t1 logg]s h n be5 v en?usia/ic ab\t ?is type ( road on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( con/ruction1 :i* is some:at m exp5sive ?an ! o!r types ( roads1 & on acc\nt ( ! p]man5ce ( ! f9i%$ road :i* is beyond t ne$$4 ,to ! writ]'s k1 !re is no company op]at+ 9 ! ,nor?we/ ov] a concrete road ( _! own build+4 ,9 ! future su* roads may be us$ to a limit$ ext5t on ! ma9 haul by companies :i* h op]ations ext5d+ ov] at lea/ a five ye> p]iod4 ,! spur roads w probably always be ( "s o!r mat]ial4 ,9 build+ su* roads two tracks ( concrete1 "o = ea* :eel are provid$4 ,! sub-grade %\ld be well dit*$ 9 ! c5t] ) cross dit*es e fifty feet1 z is done ) ! pole road4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! dit*es hold+ ! track be six in*es deep & tw5ty-six in*es wide4 ,!y are fill$ to ! top ) concrete & built ) a lip f\r in*es high & f\r in*es wide along ! outside on top ( ! ma9 surface to s]ve z a gu>d rail4 ,no =ms are necess>y except = ! gu>d lip4 ,a ^w ( caution "h may n be amiss4 ,concrete roads ( ?is nature mu/ be reg>d$ z only exp]im5tal1 = no specific data are available = det]m9+ ! prop] section ( concrete to be us$ = c>ry+ heavy loads on s n>r[ a be>+ surface4 ,x is evid5t t ! c>ry+ capacity ( su* /rips ( concrete w\ld be greatly affect$ by ! "* ( ! sub-base4 ,x w !re=e be impossible to specify a /&>d t c be us$ "u all conditions4 ,! use ( ! concrete gu>d rail is "o ( ! disadvantages ( ?is road4 ,! edges ( ! rail _c be made r\nd+ except by special =ms & ! rubb+ ( ! tires aga9/ ?is r\gh surface w\ld greatly r$uce ! tire mileage4 ,9 addition1 ! rail is s expos$ to wea!r & h>d we> t x _c be reli$ ^u to s]ve effectively = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,! plac+ ( =ms is also a consid]able item ( exp5se 9 build+ su* a road4 ,a me?od :i* w\ld elim9ate su* an exp5se & at ! same "t provide a m practical rail w\ld be an advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,cross section ( concrete road4 ,scale--#a in* equals #b feet4 ,x has already be5 said t gu>d rails are unnecess>y ) a ?irty in* track except on %>p curves & o!rwise dang]\s places4 ,h[ev]1 :]e rails are necess>y ! wood5 rail fa/5$ by bolts emb$d$ 9 ! concrete z illu/rat$ above1 is q effective & readily in/all$4 ,?is consi/s ( a f\r by six in* plank plac$ on edge & drift-bolt$ to ! concrete e ?ree to five feet by a ?ree-qu>t] in* bolt4 ,^! bolts are plac$ 9 ! concrete :5 x is p\r$ & %\ld be emb$d$ six in*es4 ,?is w provide a rail less exp5sive to build ?an a concrete rail & "o :i* w la/ long] & save on tires4 ,replacem5ts are easily made by remov+ ! nuts & plac+ a new plank 9 place ( ! old4 ,) a gu>d rail ( ?is type1 !re is left a tw5ty-six in* track = ! :eels to run 94 ,exp]im5ts by ,w4 ,d4 ,p5ce 7,j\rn4 ,we/4 ,soc4 ,eng4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #aija1 ,page #edi7 on #a3b3d concrete give an av]age value ( #j4jjjjjee in*es p] degree ,fahr5heit = ! coeffici5t ( expansion4 ,! ri*] ! concrete1 ! great] ! *ange 9 dim5sion4 ,due to ! expansion1 9 lay+ ! concrete ! track mu/ be brok5 e tw5ty-five or ?irty feet by plac+ a half-in* bo>d 9 ! dit* :5 ! concrete is be+ fill$ 94 ,lat] ?is bo>d is remov$ & ! jo9t fill$ ) asphalt s t ! concrete may exp& )\t dang] ( crack+ ! road4 ,co/4 ,! be/ mix to use 9 build+ ?is road is :at is kn[n z ! #a3ba_/b3e4 ,= "o cubic y>d ( concrete1 ! foll[+ am\nts ( mat]ials w be us$ = ! above mix3 #a4ba b>rels ( cem5t1 #j4df cubic y>ds ( s&1 & #j4ib cubic y>ds ( /one4 ,at ! pres5t prices1 ! co/ = ! mat]ials = ?is road is ab\t tw5ty c5ts a cubic foot or ab\t #d1djj a mile4 ,! total co/ ( ! road includ+ ! necess>y grad+1 dit*+ & labor1 w be f #g1jjj to #i1jjj p] mile4 ,"o ( ! big advantages ( ! concrete road is ! l>ge ga9 9 traction secur$ :5 op]at+ on /eep grades4 ,a motor truck w haul up a twelve p] c5t & d[n a fifte5 p] c5t grade 9 wet wea!r on concrete due to ! r\gh5$ surface on :i* ! tires d n easily slip4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be dang]\s to attempt on ! o!r types ( roads4 ,ano!r advantage is ! small item ( upkeep necess>y4 ,a road well laid 9 ! fir/ place %\ld ne$ no repair except to replace worn gu>d rails z !y %[ signs ( weak5+4 ,! concrete road1 h[ev]1 w n be g5]ally us$ except on ! ma9l9e by ! l>g] conc]ns1 or = %ort di/ances on /eep grades :]e great] traction is desir$4 ,,bridges ,9 mo/ cases ! con/ruction ( bridges is unnecess>y on acc\nt ( ! /eep grades ! trucks c take & because !y c negotiate %>p curves1 :i* make x easi] to avoid exp5sive bridge "w4 ,:]e !y are absolutely necess>y a s]viceable bridge is made ( cribwork4 ,! ,es>y ,logg+ ,company ( ,camano ,isl&1 ,wa%+ton1 op]ates ov] a crib bridge #age feet long & #ae feet high4 ,! sub-/ructure ( ?is bridge is made ( logs laid alt]nately crosswise 9 ti]s4 ,six by twelve in* plank are laid diagonally on ! cribb+ & f\r by twelve in* plank are plac$ on crosswise to ! road on top4 ,?is makes a bumpy surface4 ,a bett] "o c\ld be made ) cross-ties plac$ on ! cribb+ ) =e & aft plank+ on top4 ,a gu>d rail is plac$ on all bridges4 ,%ort bridges up to eighty or n9ety feet 9 l5g? are con/ruct$ by ! use ( two l>ge logs hewn flat on ! upp] surface4 ,! logs %\ld be at lea/ ?irty-six in*es 9 diamet] & p]fectly s\nd4 ,!y are plac$ at ! prop] gauge & ! regul> road on cross-ties con/ruct$ on top4 ,on su* %ort /ret*es ?is type ( bridge has be5 op]at$ ov] )\t supports4 ,x is n us$1 h[ev]1 = long /ret*es4 ,! long bridges are1 ( c\rse1 con/ruct$ ( b5ts or pil+ b are v seldom us$ 9 connection ) motor truck transportation on acc\nt ( ! exp5sive con/ruction & because !y are usually unnecess>y4 ,,turn+ ,,devices ,,& ,,turn\ts ,:5 ! truck & trail] rea* ! place :]e !y are to be load$1 "s me?od mu/ be us$ to turn !m ar\nd4 ,v>i\s means are us$ to accompli% ?is4 ,"o is ! motor truck turn-table4 ,! turn-table %\ld be slightly long] ?an ! l5g? ( ! truck & trail] comb9$4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( heavy plank & timb]s s t ea* track is ab\t #af in*es wide & tap]s 9 ?ickness f ab\t #ad in*es at ! c5t] to #d in*es at ! ends4 ,! two tracks are held toge!r at ! c5t] & ea* end by heavy timb]s4 ,a heavy timb] is sunk to ! level ( ! road & at ! c5t] two circul> saws are laid4 ,a k+ bolt ?r\gh ! c5t] brace ( ! turn-table & ?r\gh ! two saws into ! sunk5 timb] provides a pivot ^u :i* ! table turns4 ,:5 prop]ly balanc$ & ) a little oil betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! saws1 ! turn-table c be op]at$ by h& ) v little ef=t4 ,x is usually plac$ at ! end ( ! road4 ,a turn-table c be load$ on ! truck & trail] :5 x is desir$ to move x1 s t z ! road is ext5d$ into ! timb]1 a means ( turn+ ! truck c be obta9$ close to ! po9t :]e ! logs are to be load$4 ,?is device c be built at a co/ ( f #ge to #abe & is v s]viceable4 ,! ma9 objection to its use is t ! sett+ has to be j "r to make x "w satisfactorily & x is sometimes difficult to get a spot t is level en\gh4 ,x is always a difficult problem & a diff]5t "o = ea* set-up4 ,! use ( ! back ar\nd is m common ) truck logg]s at pres5t because x is easi] to build4 ,! back-ar\nd is simply a pocket or %ort spur along ! road above ! l&+ gr\nd :i* is plank$ solid4 ,! truck & trail] are back$ into ?is f> en\gh s t ! truck c pull ahead 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is me?od ( turn+ ! truck requires only a little extra cle>+ & grad+ & is less exp5sive & m easily con/ruct$ ?an a turn-table4 ,illu/ration3 ,turn out on =e-&-aft plank road4 ,:5 two or m truck units are to be us$ on a s+le track1 a c>eful calculation mu/ be made to det]m9e ! be/ pass+ places4 ,! location ( ^! po9ts may det]m9e ! success ( ! op]ation4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ s t ! truck return+ empty c rea* ! turn\t be=e ! load$ "o comes along 9 ord] t ! load$ "o may n be held up4 ,at ! same "t1 ! turn\t %\ld n be s f> away f ! load+ gr\nd t ! load+ crew w be idle = any l5g? ( "t :ile wait+ = an empty truck4 ,x is bett] to h an extra turn\t1 ev5 if seldom us$1 ?an conditions t w\ld h9d] effici5t op]ation or might ev5 result 9 a collision :i* w\ld tie up ! logg+ = sev]al days4 ,a few logg]s build a turn\t ( ! same mat]ial z ! ma9 road = a %ort di/ance to ! side4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is type ( turn\t is %[n above4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 simply cle> (f a "r ( way & put 9 a gravel bottom = ! road z ! wait+ truck at ?is po9t is empty & w n ord9>ily s9k into ! gr\nd & get /all$4 ,a few heavy planks laid =e & aft 9 ! =m ( a track are sometimes us$4 ,! con/ruction ( pass+ places is v simple--! only important ?+ to be tak5 into consid]ation is ! prop] po9t at :i* ! trucks %\ld pass 9 ord] to keep ! op]ation go+ at maximum effici5cy4 ,,telephones ,9 connection ) ! pass+ places1 ! in/allation ( a telephone l9e is an important b (t5 neglect$ item4 ,) two or m transportation units1 a telephone l9e is a h&y if n well nigh indisp5sable accessory4 ,x is a great advantage to h su* a sy/em ) /ations at ea* end ( ! road & also at ! pass+ places1 z unavoidable delays w frequ5tly all[ a wait+ truck to move on to ano!r pass+ place1 ?us sav+ "t4 ,to avoid accid5ts1 ! driv] at ! pass+ place %\ld call ! load] at ! sp> tree to see if ! road is cle> be=e com+ any f>!r4 ,v (t5 some?+ breaks on ! y>d+ or load+ donkey4 ,) ! telephone1 p]haps a half day ( %utd[n may be sav$ by call+ ! ma9 camp = ! repair p>ts & hav+ !m br\ght up by ! next truck4 ,! sav+ due to avoid$ accid5ts & ! sav+ ( "t m ?an pays = ! initial exp5se ( in/allation4 ,! telephone l9e %\ld n be neglect$ at ! l>g] op]ations4 ,,incl9es ,9 r\gh c\ntry ! use ( ! incl9e has be5 a great help & has prov$ to be entirely practical & q economical4 ,grades z high z sixty or ev5 sev5ty p] c5t c be safely tak5 ) an incl9e if ! prop] measures are tak5 to prev5t accid5ts4 ,a typical incl9e is successfully op]at$ by ! ,meickeljohn1 ,br[n ,logg+ ,company ne> ,monroe1 ,wa%+ton4 ,x is fifte5 hundr$ feet long & ! /eepe/ grade is tw5ty-eight p] c5t4 ,an #aa-;94 x #ad-;94 road] donkey locat$ at ! top ( ! incl9e snubs ! loads d[n & hauls up ! empty trucks4 ,a "o & "o-eigh? in* wire cable is ?r[n ar\nd ! logs & made fa/ by means ( a clevis4 ,?is holds ! truck & prev5ts ! logs f slipp+ =w>d & injur+ ! driv]4 ,on all incl9es1 ! l9e %\ld be *ok$ ar\nd ! logs r ?an simply atta*$ to ! truck to prev5t !m f slipp+ ahead4 ,! snubb+ device consi/s ( an ord9>y donkey eng9e fitt$ ) a h& brake ( extra l>ge size & special air valves s t air is suck$ into ! cyl9d]s & let out ( ! exhau/ :5 ! eng9e is be+ pull$ backw>ds by ! weight ( ! load4 ,! load is controll$ by ! am\nt ( air let out ( ! valves4 ,! brak+ action is v positive & ! load c be /opp$ 9 a few revolutions ( ! crank %aft4 ,! av]age "t to l[] ! load d[n ! incl9e is ?ree & a half m9utes4 ,at ! bottom ( ! incl9e1 ! cable is releas$ & ! truck goes on its way4 ,! cable is atta*$ to ! wait+ truck by means ( a r+ fa/5$ to ! frame & ! donkey pulls ! empty truck to ! top4 ,! "t tak5 to raise ! trucks is ?ree m9utes4 ,on grades too /eep to op]ate a truck safely ) ! ord9>y brakes & yet n /eep en\gh to w>rant ! exp5se ( ! donkey snubb]1 ! difficulty is ov]come by means ( a friction snubb]4 ,?is consi/s simply ( a cable :i* is hook$ to ! truck & ext5ds ?r\gh a sy/em ( ?ree or f\r pulleys & !nce on d[n ! track4 ,! friction ( ?is l9e dragg+ on ! gr\nd & pass+ ?r\gh ! pulleys is en\gh to hold ! load s t ! truck eng9e mu/ ex]t p[] to pull ! load d[n ! grade4 ,! l9e is made long en\gh s t z ! load rea*es ! bottom ( ! grade1 ! free end ( ! cable has be5 pull$ up to ! sy/em ( pulleys & is ready to be atta*$ to ! next load4 ,?is sy/em is effici5t = small grades1 is inexp5sive to in/all1 & requires no fur!r att5tion4 ,by ! use ( ! incl9e ) ! donkey eng9e snubb]1 v heavy grades c be tak54 ,! con/ruction ( ! incl9e is ! same z ! re/ ( ! road & is only slightly m exp5sive to build because ( ! inconv5i5ce ( lay+ x on su* a /eep slope4 ,! use ( ! incl9e w n sl[ up ! op]ation to any great ext5t z f fifty to sev5ty ?\s& feet ( logs 7:i* is ab\t ! av]age y>d+ & load+ capacity ( "o motor-truck side71 c be tak5 ov] x 9 a day4 ,?is me?od ( haul+ d[n /eep grades is us$ 9 sev]al op]ations & has be5 f\nd to be entirely successful4 ,,y>d+ ,a v>iety ( me?ods are us$ by motor truck logg]s to get ! logs to ! l&+ to be load$4 ,! l>g] op]ations inv>iably use ! high-lead me?od ( y>d+ z ! logs come 9 quick] & ) few] hang-ups4 ,9 a few places ! old gr\nd me?od ( y>d+ ) a bull block is /ill us$4 ,! horse team & skid road is us$ 9 a small timb] :]e poles & pil+ are be+ m>ket$4 ,! latt] is a sl[ me?od b w keep "o truck busy & is /ill us$ 9 "s places :]e small /&s are locat$ along ! highway or 9 o!r readily accessible places4 ,,load+ ,,& ,,unload+ ,! load+ ( a motor truck is v mu* ! same proposition z ! load+ ( a flat-c>4 ,! pr9cipal difficulties t trucks h _h to cont5d ) h be5 poor roads & ineffici5t me?ods ( load+4 ,9 load+1 ! ma9 tr\ble has be5 9 regulat+ ! y>d+ s t a supply ( logs is always on h&4 ,! use ( ! g9 pole & crot* l9e op]at$ by ! /raw drum ( ! y>d+ donkey ties up ! y>d+ until ! truck is load$4 ,?is is be+ ov]come by us+ a sep>ate eng9e ) ! high lead = y>d+ & do+ ! logg+ indep5d5tly ( ! y>d+ z is done 9 ! case ( railroad logg+4 ,9 ?is way ! y>d] c keep ahead ( ! load+ eng9e & !re w be no delay at ! l&+4 ,mo/ ( ! l>g] companies load ) ! ,duplex load] & use tongs4 ,?is is a saf] way to load ?an ) ! crot* l9e z ! logs c be m easily controll$4 ,! dang] ( dropp+ a log ?r\gh ! truck or ( knock+ (f ! top ( ! truck or ! driv]'s seat is greatly less5$4 ,9 pole & pil+ timb] :]e a skid road & horses are us$1 load+ is done by h& or ) a team4 ,a l&+ is built ( cribwork & ! logs are simply roll$ on ! truck ) peavies or cant hooks1 or a p>buckle sy/em ) skids & horses is us$4 ,?is works fairly well = small op]ations 9 small timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,load+ a motor truck & trail] ?r\gh ! use ( a boom4 ,! late/ developm5t 9 load+ is ! boom4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is me?od is %[n above4 ,! boom itself is a fifty to sixty foot pole ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] at ! base & is atta*$ to ! sp> tree by means ( a metal /rap ) two lugs :i* are fitt$ into holes bor$ 9 ! sp> to keep ! /rap f slipp+4 ,! base ( ! boom is fitt$ ) a metal jo9t :i* moves freely on an upright p9 set 9 ! metal /rap4 7,see ,a1 above47 ,! :ole rig is set high en\gh on ! tree s t x may be swung 9 a semi-circle & cle> ! load$ truck by sev]al feet4 ,a light l9e 7,b7 f ! haulback drum ( ! donkey passes ?r\gh a block atta*$ l[ on ! sp> tree & !nce to ano!r block on a /ump to ! "r ( ! l&+4 ,f "h x passes ?r\gh a ?ird block at ! end ( ! boom & back to ! /ump aga94 ,?is secures ! ne$$ pull+ p[] f ! haulback drum4 ,! lift+ l9e f ! ma9l9e drum passes ?r\gh a block half way up ! tree & !nce ?r\gh a free sw++ block 7,c7 & back to ! tree aga94 ,on ! second block is a r+ to :i* two "o in* l9es 7,d7 are atta*$4 ,^! l9es pass ?r\gh ! boom /ick on roll]s 7,e7 ab\t fifte5 feet ap>t4 ,on ! ends ( ^! l9es hooks are atta*$4 ,^! two l9es %\ld be s arrang$ t ! hooks rema9 p>allel to ! gr\nd4 ,two ?ree-qu>t]s in* cables 7,f7 ) an eye splice 9 ea* end are atta*$ to ! hooks4 ,^! l9es1 or *ok]s1 are !n wrapp$ ar\nd ! log & x is lift$ cle> ( ! gr\nd by means ( ! block hold 9 ! ma9 l9e4 ,! haulback l9e 7,b7 f ! donkey is slack$ & ! boom travels ov] to ! truck by means ( a l9e 7,g7 atta*$ f ! boom to a dummy log runn+ on a special guy l9e4 ,a log two feet 9 diamet] & sixte5 feet long is wrapp$ at ea* end ) a cable & fa/5$ to a pulley4 ,! two pulleys & atta*$ dummy log travel up & d[n ! guy l9e z ! boom moves4 ,a l9e is atta*$ to ! boom & runs ?r\gh a pulley atta*$ to ! dummy log & ext5ds back to ! boom aga94 ,?is pulls ! boom ov] above ! truck z ! dummy log travels d[n ! guy l9e4 ,! logs are held p>allel to ! gr\nd above ! truck & ! truck is run "u ! boom to ! location designat$ by ! head load]4 ,) ?is sy/em ! logs w n drop sudd5ly on ! trucks z ! log w fall (f :ile be+ c>ri$ ov] to ! truck if !re is any dang] ( its fall+ at all4 ,aft] ! log is plac$1 ! boom is pull$ back to ! l&+ by ! haulback l9e4 ,?is sy/em has work$ ) success 9 a numb] ( motor truck op]ations & is a saf] me?od ?an load+ ) tongs because ! logs _c accid5tally drop & injure ! truck4 ,h[ev]1 ! load+ situation %\ld be /udi$ c>efully4 ,! mo/ effici5t load+ device = ! p>ticul> ne$s ( ! op]ation may be in/all$ z any loss ( "t 9 load+ s]i\sly affects ! output ( ! op]ation4 ,mo/ ( ! truck logg]s unload _! logs into wat]2 ei!r into a lake1 a riv] t c be driv51 or into tide-wat]4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 unload directly into ! log pond at ! mill or at ! log y>d 9 case ! mill has no log pond4 ,! road is usually plank$ solid at ! unload+ gr\nd4 ,a great help 9 unload+ is a dock f six to twelve in*es high] on "o side ?an on ! o!r s ! logs w roll (f ! truck easily4 ,! br[-skid %\ld be close to ! log bunks & j a little l[] ?an ^! :5 ! truck is tilt$4 ,:5 unload+ into %all[ wat]1 su* z a small riv]1 six or eight skids a foot & a half 9 diamet] are plac$ s t !y slope f ! br[-skid to ! wat] at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is me?od ( unload+ is %[n bel[4 ,! skids are s plac$ t ! unload+ gr\nd w n be und]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,unload+ truck & trail] ?r\gh ! use ( an incl9e1 %[+ br[-skids & roll-way4 ,:5 ! truck comes to a /op on ! incl9e1 ! *ock blocks are releas$ f ! opposite side & ! logs roll (f ( _! own accord4 ,9 "s in/ances a gill-poke has be5 us$ 9 connection ) ! unload+ incl9e1 ! logs be+ %e>$ (f z ! truck moves ahead4 ,usually ! logs roll (f readily )\t ! use ( ! gill-poke & if a load does /ick x c be loos5$ ) a cant-hook1 s t ! gill-poke really is unnecess>y4 ,unload+ on public :>ves or roads :]e no p]man5t incl9e c be us$ is accompli%$ by plac+ a portable w$ge-%ap$ timb] 9 front ( ! outside truck & trail] :eels & driv+ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>buckl+ a load ( logs f ! truck & trail]4 ,9 ! mo/ effici5t way ( unload+ ! usual br[-skid is plac$ a few in*es bel[ ! log bunk & ! logs are p>buckl$ f ! truck & trail]1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n above4 ,! trucks are run on an incl9e s t "o side is rais$ ab\t f\r in*es4 ,a crot*-l9e consi/+ ( two half-in* cables is atta*$ to ! br[-skid & pass$ "u ! logs to a r+ fa/5$ to an in* cable4 ,! l>g] cable passes ?ru a block locat$ on a g9 pole4 ,a light y>d+ or a l& cle>+ donkey furni%es ! p[] to p>buckle ! logs into ! wat]4 ,by ?is me?od ! logs are lift$ f ! truck z !y are roll$ into ! wat] ) little dang] ( ! top log dropp+ on ! log bunk z is (t5 ! case :5 o!r me?ods are us$1 result+ 9 exp5sive repairs = brok5 spr+s or be>+s4 ,,"t ,,/udies ,"t is a v important item 9 load+ & unload+4 ,usually ! mo/ "t is consum$ 9 load+1 = :i* reason any improvem5t t w r$uce ! "t tak5 to load w greatly increase ! effici5cy ( ! op]ation4 ,) ! prop] unload+ devices1 ! truck may be unload$ 9 ! "t requir$ to knock d[n ! *ock blocks4 ,! foll[+ table is a record kept = "o day ( ! actual "t tak5 by a truck at ea* /ep 9 ! haul+ ( logs at "o op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible to give only arbitr>y figures to fit ! p>ticul> op]ation ( :i* !y are tak54 ,no av]age figures c be giv5 t fit all conditions4 ,,donkey ,,eng9e ,,dump ,,at ,,mill ,"t ,"t ,unload- ,"t ,arrive ,load+ ,leave ,d[n ,arrive + ,leave ,up ,scale ,a4,m4 #g3ae #aj ,m94 #g3be #bj ,m94 #g3de #be ,m94 #h3aj #bj ,m94 #beib #h3cj #e ,m94 #h3ce #bg ,m94 #h3eg #ac ,m94 #i3aj #bj ,m94 #bjib #i3cj #ab ,m94 #i3db #ba ,m94 #aj3jc #g ,m94 #aj3aj #bj ,m94 #aijh #aj3cj #ab ,m94 #aj3db #cc ,m94 #aa3ae #cj ,m94 #aa3de #bj ,m94 #cjgd ,p4,m4 #ab3je #aj ,m94 #ab3ae #ce ,m94 #ab3ej #ag ,m94 #a3jg #bj ,m94 #bedb #a3bg #ae ,m94 #a3db #ah ,m94 #b3jj #bg ,m94 #b3bg #bj ,m94 #ahbh #b3dg #h ,m94 #b3ee #ba ,m94 #c3af #h ,m94 #c3bd #bj ,m94 #afhi #c3dd #aa ,m94 #c3ee #bc ,m94 #d3ah #i ,m94 #d3bg #bj ,m94 #bdjg #d3dg #ad ,m94 #e3ja #bf ,m94 #e3bg #ab ,m94 #e3ci #bj ,m94 #beeh ----- ,total #bjfij ,l5g? ( haul #e4i miles r\nd trip4 ,am\nt ( gasol9e1 #ae gallons4 ,! above figures 7 tak5 sev]al ye>s ago :5 ! facilities = unload+ 7 sl[] ?an ! pres5t day me?ods1 :i* acc\nts = ! excessive l5g? ( "t tak5 to unload4#h #h ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,george ,gunn1 ,jr41 = ^! figures4 ,! unload+ ( a truck is a "t :5 a little c>e tak5 w save consid]able exp5se = repairs4 ,su* a me?od z ! p>buckl+ sy/em %\ld be us$ by companies ) suffici5t /umpage to w>rant ! exp5se ( ! extra donkey1 to prev5t ! top logs f dropp+ to ! log bunks1 !reby sav+ ! co/ ( repair+ brok5 spr+s & be>+s4 ,,conclusion ,at pres5t1 ! possibilities = ! use ( ! motor truck = logg+ are j beg9n+ to be realiz$4 ,:at effect _! use w h ^u ! future me?ods ( logg+ rema9s to be se54 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! adv5t ( motor truck transportation w h a m>k$ effect ^u ! sci5ce ( =e/ry & w br+ ab\t a clos] utilization ( our timb] res\rces4 ,! motor truck & ! portable b& mill seem likely to furni% a comb9ation :i* w d away ) ! old wa/eful circul> mill because x supplies ! *eapness & effici5cy ( railroad transportation & is applicable to small & scatt]$ tracts & to /&s ( l[-grade lumb]4 ,! fact t ! portable b& mill may be mov$ = a cut ( a million feet assures adaptability4 ,?is is n only an indu/rial advance b also a silvicultural advance 9 t x af=ds ! possibility ( cutt+s at frequ5t int]vals )\t greatly add+ to ! co/4 ,a clos] utilization ( our pres5t /&s ( timb] may be practic$ by ! use ( ! motor truck4 ,9 ! nor?we/1 only ! l>g] mat]ial is tak5 f ! =e/1 leav+ a l>ge am\nt ( good timb] on ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( poles & pil+ & *unks too %ort to be made into saw lumb] b f :i* high grade ties c be made4 ,! truck1 9 connection ) a b& mill1 w furni% a means ( utiliz+ ?is pres5t wa/e at a pr(it to ! op]ator4 ,! motor truck w be a valuable aid 9 ! work+ out ( a s\nd national =e/ policy = ! prop] use ( our timb] res\rces s t ! timb] w be utiliz$ to ! greate/ possible ext5t & at ! same "t me?ods tak5 to provide = ! p]petuation ( ! =e/ = future g5]ations4 ,?is sugge/s a way ( op5+ ! timb] = ! m>ket on "s ( our national =e/s4 ,mo/ ( ! gov]nm5t own$ =e/s are situat$ 9 m or less rugg$ c\ntry back f ! regul> r\tes ( travel4 ,! timb] on a great _m ( ^! =e/s is ov]-mature & %\ld be cut b at ?is "t x is inaccessible4 ,! problem confront+ ! c\ntry is h[ to make x accessible4 ,! plan = op5+ ^! =e/s is to build p]man5t concrete or asphalt roads f ! ne>e/ comm]cial c5t]s ?ru ^! tracts tak+ into consid]ation ! ae/hetic value ( ! location z well z ! possibilities ( logg+ ! timb] f !m4 ,! timb]1 !n1 is to be tak5 out1 "u "s silvicultural sy/em & "u gov]nm5t sup]vision1 by motor truck op]ators :o build _! own roads f ! ne>e/ concrete road to ! timb] to be cut4 ,"u ?is sy/em ( managem5t1 ! /ate & f$]al gov]nm5t pays a "p ( ! exp5se ( build+ ! p]man5t road & ! op]ator pays a small sum = ! use ( ! road by be+ tax$ additional /umpage4 ,! sy/em ( managem5t has _m advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mature timb] w be logg$1 ! old] decad5t mat]ial com+ out fir/1 9 small bodies & at ! same "t c>e be+ tak5 to reproduce a new /&4 ,! total area is divid$ s t z ! timb] is logg$ 9 rotation a cont9u\s cutt+ w be assur$4 ,due to ! use ( ! trucks & on acc\nt ( ! timb] be+ cut 9 rotation1 ! fire dang] w be greatly less5$4 ,9 case a fire gets beyond control1 ! roads ?ru ! =e/ make an excell5t way to br+ 9 m5 & supplies to fight ! fire4 ,9 ?is way1 a fire is readily accessible 9 a few h\rs :]e =m]ly x took p]haps sev]al days to organize ! fire fight+ p>ty & rea* ! sc5e ( action4 ,! concrete roads !mselves make good fire l9es4 ,by means ( ! good roads1 ! =e/ is op5$ to camp]s & t\ri/s ea* ( :om pays a small sum z !y ent] ! =e/ to help pay = ! co/ ( build+ ! roads & to provide funds = m ext5sive highways4 ,9 ?is way ! =e/ is op5$ = ! timb]1 ! be/ me?ods ( utilization & =e/ reg5]ation are practic$1 fire haz>d is r$uc$1 & ! area is op5$ z a recreational gr\nd s t ! greate/ possible value is obta9$ f ! tract4 ,a great _m o!r uses ( ! motor truck = logg+ & sci5tific =e/ utilization are be+ recogniz$1 z example1 = transport+ pulpwood1 v5e] /ock1 cordwood1 ros9 & turp5t9e1 & o!r =e/ products4 ,suffice x to say t ?is me?od ( transportation has f\nd a place 9 ! indu/ry & is "h to /ay4 ,its value has be5 recogniz$ beyond d\bt & 9 ! future w play an important "p 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ?is c\ntry4 ,,bibliography #aiaf4 ,motor ,truck ,logg+4 ,! ,p[] ,wagon4 ,sept4 #ae4 ,page #cd4 7,p]iodical74 #aiaf4 ,! ,law ( ! ,public ,highway 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,sept4 #ae4 ,page #bc4 7,p]iodical74 #aiaf4 ,motor ,truck ,logg+ ,n[ ,mak+ ,great ,/rides on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,nov4 #a4 ,page #bfj4 7,p]iodical74 #aiag4 ,motor ,truck ,logg+ 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,m>4 #ae4 ,page #gj4 7,p]iodical74 #aiag4 ,motor ,trucks 9 ,high ,favor ,among ,lumb]m54 ,lumb] ,_w ,review4 ,m>4 #be4 ,page #bc4 7,p]iodical74 #aiag4 ,motor ,truck ,logg+ on ,camano ,isl&4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,july #a4 ,page #bh4 7,p]iodical74 #aiag4 ,motor ,truck ,logg+4 ,! ,comm]cial ,vehicle4 ,sept4 #a4 ,page #ab4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,pole ,roads4 ,a4 ,r4 ,hill>d4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,feb4 #a4 ,page #cd4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,op]at+ ,co/ ( ,motor ,trucks ,comput$4 ,h4 ,s4 ,f9*4 ,timb]man4 ,feb4 #a4 ,page #fj4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,w9* = ,motor ,trucks4 ,am]ican ,lumb]man4 ,m>4 #b4 ,page #eh4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,motor ,truck ,roads4 ,am]ican ,lumb]man4 ,m>4 #af4 ,page #ch4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,! ,motor ,truck 9 ! ,logg+ ,indu/ry4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w>wood4 ,timb]man4 ,april #a4 ,page #gd4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,road ,con/ruction = ,motor ,trucks4 ,jay ,c4 ,smi?4 ,timb]man4 ,april #a4 ,page #ch4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,adju/able ,rea* ,logg+ ,trail]4 ,am]ican ,lumb]man4 ,may #ah4 ,page #fc4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,demon/rat+ ,duplex ,trucks4 ,am]ican ,lumb]man4 ,june #a4 ,page #fc4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,mod]n ,motor ,truck ,solves ,difficult ,logg+ ,problems4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,july #a4 ,page #ah;,d4 7,p]iodical74 #aiah4 ,motor ,trucks 9 ,w9t] ,logg+4 ,a4 ,r4 ,hilli>d4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,sept4 #a4 ,page #be4 7,p]iodical74 #aiai4 ,! ,effect ( ,*ang$ ,conditions ,^u ,=e/ry4 ,w4 ,w4 ,a%e4 ,j\rnal ( ,=e/ry4 ,oct4 #a4 ,page #feg4 7,p]iodical74 #aiai4 ,puget ,s\nd ,logg] ,tells ,congress ,h[ to ,log ,) ,motor ,trucks4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,lumb]man4 ,octob]4 ,page #be4 7,p]iodical74 #aibj4 ,air ,brakes = ,trucks4 ,timb]man4 ,m>4 #a4 ,page #dh;g4 7,p]iodical74 ,! writ] has drawn freely f ! mat]ial f\nd 9 ! above p]iodicals & trade j\rnals1 b wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! great] bulk ( in=mation 9 writ+ ?is pap] receiv$ f ! v>i\s truck salesm5 & truck op]ators :o 7 int]view$ p]sonally4 ,)\t _! assi/ance1 ! ga!r+ ( ?is in=mation w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,publications ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton ,bullet9 ,no4 #a--;,creosot$ ,wood ,/ave ,pipe & ,its ,effect ,^u ,wat] = ,dome/ic & ,irrigational ,uses4 #aiag4 7,bureau ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*47 #bj pp4 ,price1 #be c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #b--;,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,iron ,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,nor?-we/4 ,by ,william ,h>rison ,:itti]4 #aiag4 7,bureau ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*47 #abh pp4 ,price1 #fj c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #c--;,an ,indu/rial ,survey ( ,seattle4 ,by ,curtis ,c4 ,all]4 #aiah4 7,bureau ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*47 #fd pp4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #d--;,a ,summ>y ( ,m9+ & ,metallif]\s ,m9]al ,res\rces 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton ) ,bibliography4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hom] ,fis*]4 #aiai4 #abd pp4 ,price1 #ge c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e--;,electrometallurgical & ,electro*emical ,indu/ry 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,by ,*>les ,d5ham ,gri]4 #aiai4 #dc pp4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #f--,ornam5tal ,concrete ,lamp ,po/s4 ,by ,c>l ,edw>d ,magnusson4 #aiai4 #bd pp4 ,price1 #dj c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #g--,multiplex ,radio ,telegraphy & ,telephony4 #aibj4 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,ryan1 ,j4 ,r4 ,tolmie1 ,r4 ,o4 ,ba*4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #h--,voltage ,wave ,analysis ) ,indicat+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,leslie ,=re/ ,curtis4 #aibj4 #bh pp4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #i--,! ,cok+ ,indu/ry ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,by ,joseph ,daniels4 #aibj4 #cf pp4 ,price1 #fj c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aj--;,an ,inve/igation ( ,compress$ ,spruce ,pulleys4 ,by ,george ,samuel ,wilson4 #aibj4 #gb pp4 ,price1 #hj c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa--,! ,!ory ( ,l9e>-,s9oidal ,oscillations4 ,by ,h5ry ,godfrey ,cordes4 #aibj4 #bd pp4 ,price1 #dj c5ts4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ab--,motor ,truck ,logg+ ,me?ods4 ,by ,fr$]ick ,malcolm ,knapp4 #aiba4 #eb pp4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,reque/s = bullet9s %\ld be address$ to ! ,director1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,seattle4