,,det]m9ism ,,or ,,free-,,w8 ,pr9t$ & ,publi%$ by ,,! ,,pione] ,,press 7,g4 ,w4 ,,foote ,,co41 ,,ltd471 #fa ,f>r+don ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 #d4 ,det]m9ism ,,or ,free-,w8 ,,by ,,*apman ,,coh54 ,new ,edition4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,,london3 ,,! ,,pione] ,,press1 #fa ,,f>r+don ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #d4 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,,! ,,"q ,,/at$ #i ,,ii4--,,fre$om ,,& ,,w #bc ,,iii4--,,consci\sness1 ,,delib]ation1 ,,& ,,*oice #cf ,,iv4--,,"s ,,alleg$ ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,det]m9ism #ej ,v4--,,pr(essor ,,james ,,on ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,det]m9ism #fc ,,vi4--,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,implications ,,( ,,responsibility #gf ,,vii4--,,det]m9ism ,,& ,,"* #ib ,,viii4--,a ,,problem ,,9 ,,det]m9ism #aja ,,ix4--,,environm5t #aag ,,preface ,,to ,,new ,,edition4 ,! dem& = a new edition ( ,det]m9ism or ,free-,w is gratify+ z af=d+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a public1 ap>t f ! class cat]$ = by m exp5sive publications1 int]e/$ 9 philosophic que/ions#a4 ,x 01 inde$1 9 ! conviction t su* a public exi/$ t ! book 0 writt54 ,capacity1 9 spite ( a popul> impression to ! contr>y1 has no v close relation to ca%1 nor is int]e/ 9 philosophic que/ions indicat$ solely by ! ability to sp5d a half-gu9ea or gu9ea on a "w t might well h be5 publi%$ at ?ree or f\r %ill+s4 ,!re exi/s a fairly l>ge public ( suffici5t capacity & education intellig5tly to discuss ! deep] aspects ( life1 b :i* has nei!r "t nor pati5ce to give to ! /udy ( bulky works t s (t5 leave a subject m obscure at ! end ?an x 0 at ! beg9n+4 #a ,:5 ! ,mss4 ( ?is "w 0 submitt$ to a well-kn[n firm ( publi%]s1 ! reply came 9 ! =m ( an (f] to publi% ! "w provid$ x c\ld be exp&$ s z to admit ( its publication at #g_/f4 ,x w\ld h be5 q easy to h done ?is2 ! difficulty is to compress1 & ! less a subject is und]/ood ! easi] x is to write at l5g? on x4 ,b ! (f]1 ?\gh f9ancially tempt+1 w\ld h defeat$ ! purpose = :i* ! "w 0 writt51 & s 0 decl9$4 ,nor does !re appe> any adequate reason :y x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,a sane philosophy mu/ base itself on ! common ?+s ( life1 & mu/ deal ) ! common exp]i5ce ( all m54 ,! man :o _c f9d mat]ial = philosophic /udy by reflect+ on ^? :i* are ne> at h& is n likely to a*ieve success by travell+ all ov] ! globe4 ,he w only succe$ 9 pres5t+ to 8 read]s a m elaborately acquir$ & a m exp5sively ga9$ confusion4 ,nor is !re any reason :y philosophy %\ld be discuss$ only 9 ! j>gon ( ! s*ools1 except to keep x1 l ! religi\s my/]ies1 ! prop]ty ( ! initiat$ few4 ,we all talk philosophy1 z we all talk prose1 & d\btless _m are z surpris$ z 0 ,m4 ,j\rda91 :5 ! fact is po9t$ out to !m4 ,s :atev] m]it ?is little "w has is *iefly due to ! avoidance1 s f> z possible1 ( a /]eotyp$ phraseology1 & to ! elim9ation ( irrelevant matt] t has ga!r$ r\nd ! subject4 ,! pres5t writ] has long _h ! conviction t ! great ne$ 9 ! discussion ( e?ical & psy*ological que/ions is _! re/atem5t 9 ! simple/ possible t]ms4 ,! mo/ difficult ?+ t faces ! newcom] to ^! que/ions is to f9d out :at !y are really all ab\t4 ,writ] foll[s writ]1 ea* app>5tly m conc]n$ to discuss :at o!rs h said ?an to deal ) a /raight=w>d discussion ( ! subject itself4 ,impos+ z ?is me?od may be1 x is fatal to enlight5m5t4 ,= ! long] ! discussion cont9ues ! f>!r away f ! orig9al "q x seems to get4 ,"o has he>d ( ,! ,religion ( ,philosophy1 & its acquisition ( obscurity 9 ?\ght & prolixity 9 language seems to h gone "s di/ance t[>ds e>n+ ! title4 ,be+ nei!r anxi\s to p>ade ! ext5t ( my read+1 nor greatly ov]aw$ by ! l>ge numb] ( em95t m5 :o h writt5 on ! subject1 ,i decid$ t :at 0 ne$$ 0 a pla9 /atem5t ( ! problem itself4 ,my conc]n1 !re=e1 has be5 to keep out all t has n a direct be>+ on ! ess5tial "q1 & only to deal ) o!r writ]s s f> z a discussion ( :at !y say may help to make pla9 ! po9t at issue4 ,if ! result does n c>ry conviction x at lea/ makes cle> ! gr\nd ( disagreem5t4 ,& t is c]ta9ly some?+ ga9$4 ,moreov]1 !re is a real ne$ = a cle>+ away ( all ! v]bal lumb] t has be5 all[$ to ga!r r\nd subjects conc]n+ :i* intellig5t m5 & wom5 w ?9k ev5 ?\gh !y may be unable to rea* reliable or satisfactory conclusions4 ,& ,i h good gr\nds = believ+ t s f> ?is little "w has a*iev$ ! purpose = :i* x 0 writt54 ,if ,i may say x )\t be+ accus$ ( conceit1 x has made ! subject cle> to _m :o be=e f\nd x incompreh5sible4 ,&1 really1 philosophy w\ld n be s v obscure1 if x 7 n = ! philosoph]s4 ,we may n always be able to f9d answ]s to our que/ions1 b we ought always to und]/& :at ! que/ions are ab\t4 ,t x is n always ! case is l>gely due to ^? :o mi/ake obscurity = pr(undity1 & 9 _! ha/e to rise f ! gr\nd lose altoge!r _! t\* ) ! e>?4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,det]m9ism ,,or ,,free-,,w8 ,i4 ,,! ,,"q ,,/at$4 ,at ! tail end ( a l5g?y s]ies ( writ]s1 f ,augu/9e to ,m>t9eau1 & f ,sp9oza to ,william ,james1 "o might well be excus$ ! assumption t no?+ new rema9s to be said on s well-worn a topic z t ( ,free-,w4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 lies ! feel+ t 9 ! case ( any subject :i* cont9u\sly absorbs att5tion "s s]vice to ! cause ( tru? is r5d]$ by a re-/atem5t ( ! problem 9 contempor>y language1 ) su* modifications 9 t]m9ology z may be necess>y1 & ) su* illu/rations f curr5t positive k z may s]ve to make ! issue cle> to a new g5]ation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t new words are creat$1 :ile old ones *ange _! mean+s & implications4 ,?is results n only 9 ! t]m9ology ( a few g5]ations back tak+ on ! "* ( a dead language to ! av]age contempor>y read]1 b may occasion ! n unusual spectacle ( disputants us+ words ) su* widely diff]5t mean+s t ev5 a cle> compreh5sion ( ! "q at issue becomes impossible4 ,s mu* may be assum$ )\t directly controv]t+ or endors+ ,pr(essor ,pauls5's op9ion t ! ,free-,w problem is "o :i* arose "u c]ta9 conditions & has disappe>$ ) ! disappe>ance ( ^? conditions2 or ! opposite op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,william ,james t !re is no o!r subject on :i* an inv5tive g5ius has a bett] *ance ( break+ new gr\nd4 ,if mank9d--ev5 educat$ mank9d--7 compos$ ( individuals ^: bra9s function$ ) ! accuracy ( ! mo/ approv$ text-books ( logic1 ,pr(essor ,pauls5's op9ion w\ld be self-evid5tly true4 ,grant+ t ! conditions :i* gave rise to ! belief 9 ,free-,w h disappe>$1 ! belief itself %\ld h disappe>$ likewise4 ,pr(essor ,pauls5's own case proves t he is ei!r wrong 9 ?9k+ t ^! conditions h disappe>$1 or 9 assum+ t1 ?is be+ ! case1 ! belief has also di$ out4 ,! tru? is t beliefs d n always1 or ev5 usually1 die ) ! conditions t gave !m bir?4 ,society always has on h& a pl5tiful /ock ( beliefs t are1 l s _m intellectual vagrants1 )\t visible means ( support4 ,human hi/ory w\ld n pres5t ! cla% & conflict ( op9ion x does 7 x o!rwise4 ,inde$1 if a belief is 9 possession its ejection is ! mo/ difficult ( all op]ations4 ,possession is "h n m]ely n9e po9ts ( ! law1 x is (t5 all ! law t is ackn[l$g$4 ,beliefs once e/abli%$ acquire an indep5d5t vitality ( _! own1 & may defy all de/ructive ef=ts = g5]ations4 ,"o may1 !re=e1 agree ) ! fir/ half ( ,pr(essor ,pauls5's /atem5t )\t endors+ ! conclud+ portion4 ,! problem has n1 s f> z ! g5]ality ( civiliz$ mank9d is conc]n$1 disappe>$4 ,! orig9at+ conditions h gone1 b ! belief rema9s1 & its real nature & value c only be rightly e/imat$ by a m5tal recon/ruction ( ! conditions t gave x bir?4 ,z ,sp5c] has rem9d$ u1 ! p$igree ( a belief is z important z is ! p$igree ( a horse4 ,we _c be really c]ta9 :e!r a belief is ) u because ( its social value1 or because ( %e] unreason+ cons]vatism1 until we "k some?+ ( its hi/ory4 ,9 any case we und]/& bett] bo? x & ! human nature t gives x hospitality by kn[+ its ance/ry4 ,& ( ?is tru? no subject c\ld bett] (f] an illu/ration ?an ! "o "u discussion4 ,res]v+ ?is po9t = a mom5t1 let u ask1 ,:at is ! ess5tial issue betwe5 ! believ]s 9 ,free-,w & ! uphold]s ( ! doctr9e ( ,det]m9ism8 ,"o may put ! ,det]m9i/ic position 9 a few words4 ,ess5tially x is a ?or\gh-go+ application ( ! pr9ciple ( causation to human nature4 ,:at ,cop]nicus & ,kepl] did = ! _w ( a/ronomy1 ,det]m9ism aims at do+ = ! _w ( psy*ological ph5om5a4 ,human nature1 x ass]ts1 is "p & p>cel ( nature z a :ole1 & be>s to x ! same relation t a "p does to ! :ole4 ,:5 ! ,det]m9i/ ref]s to ! ,ord] ( ,nature he includes all1 & ass]ts t an accurate analysis ( human nature w be f\nd to exemplify ! same pr9ciple ( causation t is se5 to obta9 else:]e4 ,true1 m5tal ph5om5a h laws ( _! own1 z *emi/ry & biology h _! own peculi> laws1 b ^! are additional1 n contradictory to o!r natural laws4 ,any exception to ?is is app>5t1 n real4 ,man's nature1 physical1 biological1 psy*ological1 & sociological1 is to be /udi$ z we /udy o!r natural ph5om5a1 & ! clos] our /udy ! cle>] ! recognition t its manife/ations are dep5d5t ^u processes ) :i* no "o dreams ( associat+ ! conception ( fre$om4 ,det]m9ism ass]ts t if we knew ! quality & incl9ation ( all ! =ces be>+ ^u human nature1 9 ! same way t we "k ! =ces det]m9+ ! motions ( a planet1 !n ! =eca/+ ( conduct w\ld become a m]e problem 9 moral ma!matics4 ,t we _c d ?is1 nor may ev] be able to d x1 is due to ! enorm\s & ev]-*ang+ complexity ( ! =ces t det]m9e conduct4 ,b ?is ought n to bl9d u to ! g5]al tru? ( ! pr9ciple involv$4 ,to "s ext5t we d =eca/ human conduct2 t we _c always d s1 or _c d s completely1 only proves weakness or ignorance4 ,! ,det]m9i/ claims1 !re=e1 t 8 view ( human nature is ?or\ghly sci5tific1 & t he is only apply+ "h pr9ciples t h borne su* excell5t fruit else:]e2 &1 f9ally1 t unless ?is view ( human nature be accept$ ! sci5tific cultivation ( "* becomes an impossibility4 ,s f> ! ,det]m9i/4 ,! believ] 9 ,free-,w--= ! future x w be brief] & m conv5i5t to use ! t]m ,volitioni/ or ,indet]m9i/--does n on 8 "p d5y ! influ5ce on ! human organism ( ^? =ces on :i* ! ,det]m9i/ lays /ress4 ,:at he d5ies is t any ( !m s+ly1 or all ( !m collectively1 c ev] furni% an adequate & exhau/ive acc\nt ( human action4 ,he affirms t aft] analysis has done its utmo/ !re rema9s an unexpla9$ residuum beyond ! rea* ( ! in/rum5ts or ! me?ods ( positive sci5ce4 ,he d5ies t conduct--ev5 !oretically--admits ( explanation & pr$iction 9 ! same way t explanation & pr$iction apply to natural ph5om5a z a :ole4 ,x is admitt$ t circum/ances may influ5ce conduct1 b only 9 ! way t a *eque = five p\nds enables "o to become possess$ ( a c]ta9 quantity ( bullion--provid$ ! *eque is hon\r$ by ! bank4 ,s ! ,w may hon\r or respond to c]ta9 circum/ances or x may n4 ,9 o!r words1 ! det]m9i/ic influ5ce ( circum/ances is cont+5t1 n necess>y4 ,circum/ances det]m9e conduct only :5 a free volition ass5ts to _! op]ation4 ,s aga9/ ! proposition t conduct is ultimately ! condition$ expression ( "o aspect ( ! cosmic ord]1 !re is ! c\nt]-proposition t int5tional action is ! uncondition$ expression ( absolutely free be+s1 & is :at x is because ( ! selective action ( an undet]m9$ w4 ,fur!r1 aga9/ all det]m9i/ic analysis ! ,volitioni/ /ubbornly opposes ! te/imony ( consci\sness1 & ! necessity = ! belief 9 ,free-,w z a moral po/ulate4 ,?us1 ev5 :5 ! det]m9i/ic analysis ( an action--f its s\rce 9 "s ext]nal /imuli1 to ! f9al neural dis*>ge t secures its p]=mance is complete1 x is /ill urg$ t no possible analysis c ov]ride man's conviction ( fre$om4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is conviction is1 ( c\rse1 indisputable1 & x =ms ! b$-rock ( all =ms ( anti-det]m9ism4 ,b ! sci5tific or logical value ( a conviction1 z su*1 is surely op5 to "q4 ,equally /rong convictions 7 once held conc]n+ ! flatness ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! exi/5ce ( wit*es1 & a hundr$ & "o o!r matt]s4 ,besides1 a belief or a conviction is n a basal fact 9 human nature1 x is ! la/ /age ( a process1 & c !re=e prove no?+ save ! fact ( its own exi/5ce4 ,human nature at any /age ( its exi/5ce is an evolution f pa/ human nature1 & _m preval5t beliefs are z rem9isc5t 9 _! "* z our rudim5t>y tails are rem9isc5t ( a simian ance/ry4 ,i hope lat] to make x cle> t ! mu* talk$ ( te/imony ( consci\sness is q irrelevant to ! "q at issue2 & also t ! assum$ necessity = ! conception ( fre$om z a moral po/ulate is really due to a misconception ( bo? ! nature ( morality & ( volunt>y action4 ,ultimately ! "q1 z already indicat$1 resolves itself into "o ( h[ f> we are ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,! ,det]m9i/ d5ies any limit to its !oretical application4 ,! ,volitioni/ insi/s on plac+ man 9 a di/9ct & unique category4 ,b ?is conception ( causation is 9 itself ( ! nature ( a gr[?1 & a /udy ( its developm5t may well ?r[ light on ! pres5t "q4 ,a conception ( causation 9 "s =m or o!r c\ld h>dly h be5 altoge!r abs5t f ! mo/ primitive races ( mank9d4 ,"s exp]i5ces are s uni=m1 s p]si/5t1 & s univ]sal t !y w\ld inevitably be connect$ 9 t]ms ( cause & effect4 ,nev]!less1 ! primitive m9d 0 s dom9at$ by volitional conception ( nature t a s5se ( necess>y connection betwe5 ev5ts c\ld only h be5 ( a weak "*4 ,exp]i5ce may h %[n t c]ta9 physical ph5om5a succe$$ ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 b ! belief t ^! ph5om5a embodi$ ! action ( sup]normal consci\s =ces w\ld break 9 ^u t s5se ( inevitability :i* is ! v ess5ce ( sci5tific causation4 ,mod]n ?\ght fixes its att5tion ^u a giv5 s]ies ( ev5ts & decl9es to g fur!r4 ,) u ! ord] is inevitable4 ,) primitive man ! ord]1 ev5 :5 p]ceiv$1 is conditional ^u ! non-int]f]5ce ( assum$ sup]normal intellig5ces4 ,ea* ph5om5on1 or ea* gr\p ( ph5om5a1 ?us possesses to ! primitive m9d precisely t quality ( fre$om :i* is n[ claim$ = ! human w4 ,h[ difficult is ! task ( e/abli%+ causal connections betwe5 physical ph5om5a ! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce be>s witness4 ,to e/abli% causal connections betwe5 ext]nal conditions & subjective /ates1 :]e ! =ces are m num]\s & imm5sely m complex 9 _! comb9ations1 is a task ( inf9itely great] difficulty4 ,among/ savages x w\ld nev] be attempt$4 ,feel+s arise )\t any traceable connection ) surr\nd+ conditions1 nor does a recurr5ce ( ! same ext]nal circum/ances produce exactly ! same result4 ,a circum/ance t produces ang] "o day may give rise to laught] on ano!r occasion4 ,some?+ t produces a /rik+ effect on "o p]son leaves ano!r q unaffect$4 ,num]\s feel+s arise 9 consci\sness t h all ! sup]ficial signs ( be+ self-g5]at$4 ,! ph5om5a are too div]se 9 "*1 & ! connections too complex & obscure1 = un9/ruct$ man to rea* a det]m9i/ic conclusion4 ,! conclusion is inevitable2 man himself is ! absolute cause ( 8 own actions2 he is v]itably ma/] ( 8 own fate1 subject only to ! malign & magical influ5ce ( o!r extra-human p]sonalities4 ,primitive ?9k+ ab\t man is ?us q 9 l9e ) primitive ?9k+ ab\t o!r ?+s4 ,9 a way man's e>lie/ philosophy ( ?+s is m coh]5t & m rigor\sly logical ?an t ( mod]n times4 ,! same pr9ciple is appli$ all r\nd4 ,all =ce is conceiv$ z vital =ce2 s\ls or wills gov]n all4 ,! division betwe5 animate & inanimate ?+s is ( ! vague/ possible "*2 t betwe5 man & animals c h>dly be said to exi/4 ,only v gradually d ! di/9ctions betwe5 animate & inanimate1 volunt>y & involunt>y actions1 :i* are tak5 = grant$ by ! mod]n m9d1 arise4 ,& x is easy to conceive t 9 ! gr[? ( ^! di/9ctions1 modes ( ?9k+ *>act]i/ic ( primitive man1 w\ld l+] longe/ 9 ! always obscure field ( psy*ology4 ,broadly1 h[ev]1 ! gr[? ( k has consi/$1 z ,huxley po9t$ out1 9 ! sub/itution ( a me*anical = a volitional int]pretation ( ?+s4 ,9 "o dep>tm5t aft] ano!r purposeful action yields to inevitable causation4 ,9 physics1 *emi/ry1 geology1 a/ronomy1 & k9dr$ sci5ces ?is process is n[ complete4 ,! volitional int]pretation /ill betrays a feeble vitality 9 biology2 b ev5 "h ! signs ( an e>ly demise are unmi/akable4 ,its la/ /ronghold is 9 psy*ology1 & ?is because x is at once ! newe/ ( ! sci5ces to be plac$ ^u a positive basis1 & also ! mo/ obscure 9 its ramifications4 ,yet !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! same pr9ciple :i* has be5 f\nd to hold good 9 o!r directions w soon] or lat] be %[n to obta9 "h also4 ,sci5ce is by its v nature progressive2 & its progress is manife/$ by ! degree to :i* ph5om5a hi!rto unrelat$ are br\ght "u con/antly enl>g+ & m compreh5sive g5]alisations4 ,m5 7 once satisfi$ to expla9 ! wetness ( wat] z due to a _s ( aquosity1 ! movem5t ( ! blood z due to a c]ta9 _s dwell+ 9 ! ve9s & art]ies4 ,^! 7 n /atem5ts ( k1 b v]bose confessions ( ignorance4 ,to ?is same class ( belief belongs ! ,free-,w ( ! anti-det]m9i/4 ,x is ! liv+ repres5tative ( t imm5se family ( s\ls & spirits ) :i* e>ly animi/ic ?\ght peopl$ ! univ]se4 ,! surviv+ memb] ( a once num]\s family1 x c>ries ) x ! promise ( ! same fate t has already ov]tak5 its pr$ecessors4 ,! orig9 ( ! belief 9 free-w once und]/ood1 ! reasons = its p]petuation are n difficult to discov]4 ,fir/ comes ! obscurity ( ! processes und]ly+ human action4 ,?is alone w\ld secure a c]ta9 vitality = a belief t has always made ! impossibility ( expla9+ ! orig91 sequ5ce1 & relation ( m5tal /ates its pr9cipal def5ce4 ,beyond (f]+ z evid5ce ! que/ionable affirmation ( consci\sness volitioni/s h be5 unanim\s 9 re/+ _! case ^u _! adv]s>y's want ( k4 ,& x is fur!r *>act]i/ic t :ile hold+ to a !ory on behalf ( :i* n a s+le %r$ ( positive evid5ce has ev] be5 produc$1 !y yet dem& ! mo/ rigor\s & ! mo/ complete demon/ration ( det]m9ism be=e !y w accept x z true2 ?is despite ! presumptive evid5ce 9 its fav\r aris+ f ! fact ( its h>mony ) our k 9 o!r directions4 ,secondly1 ! human m9d does n at any "t comm5ce its philosophic speculations de novo4 ,x necess>ily builds ^u ! mat]ials accumulat$ by previ\s g5]ations2 & usually reta9s ! =m 9 :i* previ\s ?9k+ has be5 ca/1 ev5 :5 ! cont5ts und]go m>k$ modifications4 ,?us ! gho/-s\l ( ! savage1 a v]itable mat]ial copy ( ! body1 by c5turies ( philosophiz+ gets ref9$ into ! di/9ct spiritual sub/ance ( ! metaphysician4 ,& ?is1 n because ! notion ( a s\l 0 d]iv$ f curr5t k or ?9k+1 b because x 0 "o ( ! inh]it$ =ms ( ?\ght to :i* philosophy _h to accommodate itself4 ,! result ( ?is pressure ( ! pa/ ^u contempor>y ?9k+ is t a l>ge proportion ( m5tal activity is 9 ea* g5]ation devot$ to reconcil+ pa/ !ories ( ?+s ) curr5t k4 ,9 our own "t ! numb] ( volumes writt5 to reconcile ! !ory ( evolution ) already exi/+ religi\s views is a /rik+ example ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,& beyond ! philosophic few !re lies ! mass ( ! p ) :om an e/abli%$ op9ion ( any k9d takes on some?+ ( a sacr$ "*4 ,un=tunately1 too1 _m writ]s "w ) an eye to ! prejudices ( ?is class1 :i* prejudices are 9 turn /r5g!n$ by ! tacit support ( m5 ( ability1 or at lea/ by _! n op5ly controv]t+ !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! greate/ significance t s9ce ! op5+ ( ! mod]n sci5tific p]iod1 :]ev] qualifi$ ?9k]s h delib]ately bas$ _! conclusions ^u contempor>y k ! !ory ( det]m9ism has be5 g5]ally upheld4 ,a ?ird cause ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! belief 9 ,free-,w is its association ) !ology4 ,= at lea/ f\r c5turies1 :5ev] ! discussion ( ! subject has assum$ an acute =m1 x has be5 due to !ological requirem5ts r ?an to e?ical or psy*ological consid]ations4 ,true1 _m o!r reasons h be5 advanc$1 b ^! h be5 little m ?an cloaks = ! !ological int]e/4 ,ap>t f !ology !re does n seem any valid reason :y ! pr9ciple ( det]m9ism %\ld r\se m opposition 9 connection ) human "* ?an x does 9 connection ) ! c\rse ( physical nature4 ,or if x be po9t$ out t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal causation1 z appli$ to nature at l>ge1 0 n e/abli%$ )\t opposition1 !n ! reply is t "h aga9 x 0 ! religi\s int]e/ t dictat$ ! opposition4 ,x 0 felt t ! r$uction ( all physical ph5om5a to a me*anical sequ5ce 0 d]ogatory to ! maje/y ( ,god1 exclud$ ! deity f 8 own univ]se1 & g5]ally weak5$ ! =ce ( religi\s beliefs4 ,&1 z a m]e matt] ( hi/oric fact1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sci5tific conception ( nature did h1 ) ! bulk ( mank9d1 precisely ! consequ5ces pr$ict$4 ,& :5 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts !ological consid]ations 7 bani%$ f "o dep>tm5t ( sci5ce aft] ano!r1 x 0 only natural t !ologians %\ld fight ) ! great] t5acity to ma9ta9 a foot+ 9 ! region ( human nature4 ,al?\gh ! subject is 9 orig9 pre-,*ri/ian1 x 0 9 connection ) ,*ri/ian !ology t x assum$ an important place 9 ,european ?9k+4 ,! developm5t ( mono!ism gave ! problem a %>p] po9t & a deep] mean+4 ,! issue "h 0 a simple "o4 ,giv5 ! belief 9 ,god z sole creator & gov]nor ( ! _w1 & he may conceivably be relat$ to mank9d 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r he induces man to c>ry out 8 w by an appeal to human reason & emotion1 or he has s arrang$ matt]s t c]ta9 ev5ts w inevitably come to pass at a c]ta9 "t1 human ef=t be+ "o ( ! contributory ag5cies to t end4 ,! fir/ supposition leaves man free--at lea/ 9 8 relation to deity4 ,! second leads /raight to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,ei!r supposition has1 f ! !ological po9t ( view1 its disadvantages4 ,! fir/ leaves man free z aga9/ ,god1 b x limits ! p[] ( deity by creat+ an autonom\s =ce t may act contr>y to ! div9e w4 ,! second op5s up ! "q ( ! div9e wisdom & goodness1 & by mak+ ,god responsible = evil conflicts ) ! dem&s ( ! moral s5se4 ,evil & goodness are made p>ts ( ! div9e plan1 & z man mu/ fit 9 ) ! g5]al pre-arrang$ s*eme1 p]sonal m]it & dem]it disappe>4 ,^! consid]ations expla9 :y 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,free-,w controv]sy (ficial ,*ri/ianity has rang$ itself n[ on "o side & n[ on ! o!r4 ,x has *ampion$ ,det]m9ism or ,indet]m9ism z ! occasion s]v$ its int]e/4 ,to-day1 ow+ to easily discov]able reasons1 ,*ri/ian writ]s are1 9 ! ma91 m>k$ly anti-det]m9i/ic4 ,! fir/ cle> /atem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian position1 if we omit ! ,paul9e tea*+ t we are all z clay 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]1 appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,augu/9e4 ,9 opposition to ! ,pelagians1 ,augu/9e ma9ta9$ a doctr9e ( absolute pr$e/9ation4 ,no room 0 all[$ = human self-det]m9ation to anyone b ! fir/ man4 ,adam 0 creat$ & end[$ ) free-w1 & *ose evil--a curi\s v]ification ( ,voltaire's def9ition ( ,free-,w z a capacity by means ( :i* man gets himself damn$4 ,& z 9 ,adam !re 7 conta9$1 pot5tially1 all future g5]ations1 all are pre-de/9$ to et]nal damnation except su* z are sav$ ?r\gh ! free gift ( div9e grace4 ,?is !ory ( ,augu/9e's1 c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ass]t+ ! damnation ( infants1 0 modifi$ 9 sev]al respects by t great m$ieval ,*ri/ian tea*]1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o held t :ile ! w might be free f ext]nal re/ra9t1 x 0 det]m9$ by our reason1 b 0 re9/at$ 9 full =ce by ,john ,calv94 ,he d5i$ t ! goodness or badness ( man _h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! be/[al or )hold+ ( grace4 ,god dooms m5 ei!r to heav5 or hell1 = no o!r reason ?an t he *ooses to d s4 ,mo/ ( ! lead+ ,prote/ants ( ! e>ly ,re=mation p]iod 7 /rongly oppos$ to free-w4 ,= in/ance1 ,zw+li ass]t$ t ,god 0 ! au?or1 mov]1 & impell] to s94 ,/ill m emphatic 0 ,lu!r4 ,! w ( man he comp>$ to a horse1 ,if m\nt$ by ,god x wills & w5ds :i!rsoev] ,god may w2 if m\nt$ by ,satan x wills & w5ds :i!rsoev] ,satan may w2 nei!r ha? x any lib]ty ( *oice to :i* ( ! rid]s x %all run1 or :i* x %all *oose2 b ! rid]s !mselves cont5d = its acquisition & possession4 ,among ! mo/ p[]ful essays ev] writt5 9 def5ce ( ,det]m9ism 0 ,jona?an ,edw>ds's1 ! fam\s ,prote/ant div9e1 ,inquiry into ! ,mod]n ,prevail+ ,notions respect+ t ,fre$om ( ,w :i* is suppos$ to be ess5tial to moral ag5cy1 virtue & vice1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 praise & blame1 & to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] lat]4 ,f9ally1 ! explicit decl>ations ( ! ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai? & ! ,articles ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 t man's w1--9 ! abs5ce ( grace1--_c accompli% good works1 ?r[ a curi\s light on ! !ological oppon5ts ( ,det]m9ism :o d5\nce x z anti-,*ri/ian & immoral4 ,,ii4 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,w4 ,to ,david ,hume ! dispute betwe5 ! advocates ( ,free-,w & ! advocates ( ,necessity 0 almo/ entirely a matt] ( words4 ,! ess5ce ( ! "q1 he ?\ght1 bo? sides 7 agre$ on1 & consequ5tly express$ ! op9ion t a few intelligible def9itions w\ld imm$iately h put an end to ! :ole controv]sy4 ,t ,hume 0 ov] sangu9e is %[n by ! controv]sy be+ /ill ) u4 ,yet 8 recomm5dation z to intelligible def9itions1 :ile p]t95t to all controv]sy1 is specially s ) reg>d to su* a subject z t ( ,free-,w4 ,= mu* ( ! anti-,det]m9i/ case actually re/s ^u giv+ a mislead+ significance to c]ta9 phrases1 :ile apply+ o!rs 9 a direction :]e !y h no legitimate application4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! controv]sial significance ( su* a phrase z ,lib]ty v]sus ,necessity--! old] "n = ,det]m9ism4 ,we all love lib]ty1 we all res5t compulsion1 &1 z ,mill po9t$ out1 he :o ann\nces himself z a *ampion ( ,lib]ty has ga9$ ! sympa?ies ( 8 he>]s be=e he has comm5c$ to argue 8 case4 ,su* words play ! same "p t cat*y election cries d 9 secur+ votes4 ,su* phrases z ,p[] ( ,*oice1 ,s5se ( ,responsibility1 ,te/imony ( ,consci\sness1 ,consci\sness ( ,fre$om1 are all expressions t1 :ile helpful & legitimate :5 us$ ) due c>e & und]/&+1 z usually employ$ s]ve only to confuse ! issue & prev5t compreh5sion4 ,n t ! dispute betwe5 ! ,volitioni/ & ! ,det]m9i/ is a m]ely v]bal "o4 ,! controv]sy c>ries ) x a significance ( ! deepe/ k9d4 ,fundam5tally ! issue expresses ! antagonism ( two culture /ages1 an antagonism :i* f9ds expression 9 _m o!r directions4 ,we are 9 fact conc]n$ ) :at ,tylor well calls ! deepe/ ( all di/9ctions 9 human ?\ght1 ! di/9ction t sep>ates ,animism f ,mat]ialism4 ,mu* z philosophic +5uity may d 9 ! way ( inv5t+ def5ces aga9/ ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( causation to human action1 ! deep] our analysis ( ! controv]sy1 ! m cle>ly is x se5 t we are deal+ ) an att5uat$ =m ( t primitive animism :i* once *>act]is$ all human ?9k+4 ,! p]si/5ce ( types is a ph5om5on t occurs z frequ5tly 9 ! _w ( m9d z x does 9 ! _w ( biology4 ,or j z :5 a c\ntry is ov]run by a sup]ior civilisation1 primitive cu/oms are f\nd l+]+ 9 remote di/ricts1 s unsci5tific modes ( ?9k+ l+] 9 relation to ! m obscure m5tal processes 9 spite ( ! conque/s ( sci5ce 9 o!r directions4 ,x is well to be> ^! consid]ations 9 m9d1 ev5 :ile admitt+ t a great deal ( ! dispute does turn ^u ! fitness ( ! language employ$1 & ! accuracy ) :i* x is us$4 ,& if intelligible def9ition may n1 z ,hume hop$1 end ! controv]sy1 x w at lea/ h ! m]it ( mak+ ! issue pla94 ,:at is x t p h 9 _! m9ds :5 !y speak ( ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w8 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! advocates ( free-w seldom condesc5d to fav\r u ) any?+ s commonplace z a def9ition1 or if !y d x tells u little4 ,we are consequ5tly compell$ to dig out ! mean+s ( _! c>d9al t]ms f ! argum5ts us$4 ,n[ ! :ole ( ! argum5t = free-w makes ! ^w free or fre$om ! equival5t to an abs5ce ( det]m9+ conditions2 ei!r ?is1 or ! case = free-w is surr5d]$4 ,= if a man's decisions are 9 any way influ5c$--influ5c$ is "h only ano!r ^w = det]m9$--,det]m9ism is admitt$4 ,i ne$ n argue :e!r decisions are :olly or p>tly det]m9$1 ! real & only "q be+ :e!r !y are det]m9$ at all4 ,:at is call$ by "s a limit$ free-w is really only ano!r "n = unlimit$ nons5se4 ,fre$om1 z us$ by ! ,volitioni/1 be+ an equival5t = abs5ce ( det]m9+ conditions1 let u ask next :at ?is means4 ,"h ,i am br\ght to a dead halt4 ,i d n "k :at x means4 ,i _c ev5 conceive x z mean+ any?+ at all4 ,at any rate1 ,i am q c]ta9 t x is outside ! region ( sci5tific ?\ght & nom5clature4 ,sci5tifically1 atoms ( matt] are n free to move 9 any direction1 ! planets are n free to move 9 any %ap$ orbit1 ! blood is n free to circulate1 ! muscles are n free to contract1 ! bra9 is n free to function4 ,9 all ^! cases :at takes place is ! result ( all conv]g+ circum/ances & conditions4 ,giv5 ^! & ! result foll[s4 ,sci5tifically1 ! ?+ t occurs is ! only ?+ possible4 ,if ! ^w free is us$ 9 sci5ce1 x is z a figure ( spee*1 z :5 "o speaks ( a free gas1 or ( ! blood n be+ free to circulate ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( a con/rict$ art]y4 ,b 9 ei!r case all t is meant is t a *ange 9 ! nature ( ! conditions gives rise to a correspond+ *ange ( result4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! gas or ! blood to behave 9 a def9ite way is z great 9 any case4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce1 !n1 to speak ( an abs5ce ( det]m9+ conditions is ! mo/ complete nons5se4 ,all sci5ce is a se>* = ! conditions t det]m9e ph5om5a4 ,save z a metaphor1 fre$om has no place :atev] 9 positive sci5ce4 ,are we !n to disc>d ! use ( su* a ^w z fre$om altoge!r8 ,by no means4 ,prop]ly appli$1 ! ^w is intelligible & useful en\gh4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we speak ( a free man1 a free /ate1 a free c\ntry1 or free trade1 we are us+ ! ^w free 9 a legitimate mann]1 & c give to x a precise significance4 ,a free /ate is "o 9 :i* ! p compos+ x pursue _! way unco]c$ by o!r /ates4 ,a free man is "o :o is at lib]ty to ex]t bodily action or express 8 op9ions4 ,we d n mean t 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! p are n gov]n$ by laws1 or t physical conditions are )\t influ5ce on !m2 nor d we mean1 9 ! second in/ance1 t ! actions & op9ions ( ! free man are n ! result ( h]$ity1 bodily /ructure1 education1 social position1 etc4 ,! obvi\s mean+ ( fre$om 9 ea* ( ^! cases is an abs5ce ( ext]nal & non-ess5tial co]cion4 ,x does n t\* ! "q ( :y we act z we d1 or ( :y we please to act 9 ?is or t mann]4 ,z ,jona?an ,edw>ds puts x3 ,! pla91 obvi\s mean+ ( ! words 'fre$om' & 'lib]ty' is p[] & opportunity1 or advantage t any "o has to d z he pleases4 ,or z ,hume put x m elaborately3-- ,:at is meant by lib]ty :5 appli$ to volunt>y actions8 ,we _c surely mean t actions h s little connection ) motives1 incl9ations1 & circum/ances t "o does n foll[ ) a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity f ! o!r4 ,= ^! are pla9 & ackn[l$g$ matt]s ( fact4 ,by lib]ty1 !n1 we c only mean a p[] ( act+ or n act+1 accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( ! w--t is1 if we *oose to rema9 at re/ we may2 & if we *oose to move1 we also may4 ,! ultimate significance ( lib]ty or fre$om is ?us sociological4 ,"h x expresses a fact2 9 positive sci5ce x is a m]e metaphor1 &1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 a mislead+ "o4 ,its use 9 philosophy dates f ! "t ( ! ,greeks1 & :5 !y spoke ( a free man !y 7 borr[+ an illu/ration f _! social life4 ,!re 7 slaves & !re 7 free m51 & 9 speak+ ( a free man p 7 n s likely z !y 7 at a lat] date to be misl$ by a metaphor4 ,un=tunately1 its use 9 philosophy has cont9u$1 :ile its limitations h be5 ignor$4 ,to ask if a man is free is an intelligible "q4 ,to ask :e!r actions are free f ! det]m9+ associations ( organization & environm5t admits ( b "o intelligible reply4 ,p]sonally1 ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,ba9 t ! t]m is br\ght 9 by ma9 =ce1 into a ph5om5on to :i* x is altoge!r incomm5surable1 & x w\ld be well if x c\ld be exclud$ altoge!r f s]i\s discussion#b4 #b ,! subjective s5se ( fre$om1 sometimes alleg$ aga9/ ,det]m9ism1 has no be>+ on ! "q :atev]4 ,! view t x has a be>+ re/s ^u ! belief t causes compel _! effects1 or t nature en=ces ob$i5ce to its laws z gov]nm5ts d4 ,^! are m]e an?ropomorphic sup]/itions1 due to assimilation ( causes ) volitions1 & ( natural laws ) human edicts4 ,we feel t our w is n compell$1 b t only means t x is n o!r ?an we *oose x to be4 ,x is "o ( ! dem]its ( ! traditional !ory ( causality t x has creat$ an artificial opposition betwe5 det]m9ism & ! fre$om ( :i* we are introspectively consci\s4 7,b]tr& ,russell1 ,my/icism & ,logic1 p4 #bjf47 ,s also ,wundt3 ,fre$om & con/ra9t are reciprocal concepts2 !y are bo? necess>ily connect$ ) consci\sness2 outside ( consci\sness !y are bo? imag9>y concepts1 :i* only a my?ologis+ imag9ation c\ld relate to ?+s4 7,human & ,animal ,psy*ology1 p4 #dbf47 ,n[ let u take t equally confus+ ^w w4 ,un=tunately1 few ( ^? :o *ampion ! fre$om ( ! w ?9k x wor? :ile to tr\ble _! read]s ) a cle> def9ition ( :at !y mean by x4 ,! or?odox def9ition ( ! w z a faculty ( ! s\l tells u no?+4 ,x is expla9+ some?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* is que/ion$ by ref]5ce to some?+ else ! exi/5ce ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,or ! def9ition is volunte]$1 ,w is ! p[] to decide1 a description :i* only tells u t to w is to w4 ,pr(essor ,james tells u t ,desire1 wi%1 w1 are /ates ( m9d :i* e "o kn[s1 & :i* no def9ition c make pla9]4 ,?is may be true ( desire & wi%2 x c]ta9ly is n true ( w4 ,!re is no "q z to w be+ a /ate ( m9d1 b z to e "o kn[+ its "*1 & above all possess+ ! k enabl+ him to discrim9ate betwe5 w & desire & wi%1 ?is is highly que/ionable4 ,"o may also be p]mitt$ ! op9ion t if advocates ( free-w 7 to s]i\sly set !mselves ! task ( discov]+ :at !y d mean by w1 & also 9 :at way x may be diff]5tiat$ f o!r m5tal /ates1 ! numb] ( ! *ampions ( t curi\s doctr9e w\ld rapidly dim9i%4 ,:at is x t con/itutes an act ( volition1 or supplies u ) ! fact ( w8 ,! l>g] "p ( our bodily movem5ts d n come "u ! head+ ( volition at all4 ,! prim>y bodily movem5ts are reflex1 in/9ctive1 emotional1 ! action foll[+ )\t any int]position ( consci\sness4 ,( c\rse1 an action t is p]=m$ q automatically at "o "t may be volunt>ily p]=m$ at ano!r "t4 ,i may close my eyelid delib]ately1 or x may be because ( ! approa* ( "s =eign object4 ,or an action1 if x be p]=m$ frequ5tly1 t5ds to become automatic4 ,to come )9 ! category ( a volunt>y action1 x mu/ be p]=m$ consci\sly1 & !re is also pres5t "s consci\sness ( an end to be realiz$4 ,e volunt>y action is ?us really dep5d5t ^u memory4 ,a newly-born *ild has no volitions1 only reflexes4 ,x is only :5 exp]i5ce has suppli$ u ) an idea ( :at may be done t we w x %all be done4 ,?is consid]ation alone is en\gh to %att] ! case = ! suppos$ fre$om ( ! w4#c #c ,! ess5tial issue is aga9 confus$ by ! language employ$4 ,if all volitional action is action p]=m$ ) ! view to an end1 a q correct & completely adequate ^w w\ld be int5tional6 ,if we 7 to speak ( an int5tional action in/ead ( a volunt>y "o1 ! nature ( ! act w\ld be cle>1 ! factors ( exp]i5ce1 memory1 consci\sness ( an end1 w\ld be indicat$1 & ! mislead+ associations ( will+ avoid$4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to introduce a new t]m9ology1 & s ,i mu/ beg ! read]1 9 ! int]e/s ( cl>ity1 to be> 9 m9d t :5ev] volunt>y action is ref]r$ to1 x is int5tional action t is connot$ by ! phrase4 ,if we analyze any simple act ( volition :at has j be5 said w be made q cle>4 ,i am sitt+ 9 a room & w to op5 a w9d[2 x may be to get fre% air1 to look out1 or = "s o!r reason4 ,assume t ! fir/ is ! correct reason1 ! room be+ close & /uffy4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 ,i become aw>e ( a m or less unpleasant feel+2 my exp]i5ce tells me ?is is because ! air 9 ! room ne$s purify+4 ,exp]i5ce also tells me t by op5+ a w9d[ ! desir$ result w be obta9$4 ,f9ally1 ,i op5 ! w9d[ & exp]i5ce a feel+ ( relief & satisfaction4 ,n[ _h ! room be5 )\t a w9d[1 & ! door bolt$ f ! outside1 or _h ! w9d[ be5 too heavy = me to raise1 no volition w\ld h aris54 ,i %\ld /ill h _h ! desire = fre% air1 b n see+ any means by :i* ?is c\ld be obta9$1 ,i %\ld h _h no motive = action1 & %\ld h rema9$ p]fectly passive4 ,9 ord] t my desire may op]ate z a motive !re mu/ be n only a consci\sness ( a ne$1 b also a m5tal repres5tation ( ! means by :i* t ne$ is to be gratifi$4 ,i w to d a ?+1 :5 alli$ to ! desire = t ?+ !re is a conception ( h[ x is to be done1 ( ! means to be employ$4 ,)\t ?is ,i h no motive1 only a desire2 )\t a consci\sness ( ! nature ( ! desire1 !re is no?+ b pure feel+4 ,will+ t]m9ates ) ! preval5ce ( ! idea4444 ,att5tion ) ef=t is all t any case ( volition implies4 7,pr(4 ,w4 ,james1 ,pr9cip4 ( ,psy*ology1 ,,ii4 #efj-a47 ,! /ages ( ! process are1 feel+ ris+ into consci\sness z desire1 ! p]ception ( ! means to realize an end :i* raises ! desire f ! /atical to ! dynamic /age ( motive1 & f9ally a volunt>y or int5tional action4 ,n[ at no /age ( ?is process is !re room = ! int]v5tion ( any p[] or faculty n express$ 9 a /rictly sequ5tial process4 ,( c\rse1 ! action ,i h tak5 z an example is an exce$+ly simple "o1 b ! m complex actions only (f] great] difficulties ( analysis )\t lead+ to any diff]5t result4 ,?is w be se5 m cle>ly :5 we come to deal ) *oice & delib]ation4 ,f ! mom5t t a c]ta9 /imulus creates a desire 9 an organism1 to ! "t t desire expresses itself 9 action1 !re is no gap 9 ! *a9 ?r\gh :i* a ,free-,w may manife/ its be+4 ,! physiologi/ po9ts out t at ! basis ( all our feel+s & ideas !re lie c]ta9 neural processes4 ,! psy*ologi/ takes up ! /ory & f ! dawn ( desire to action f9ds no break--or at lea/ none t future k may n reasonably hope to make good4 ,want ( k may at pres5t prev5t our trac+ all ! details ( ! process1 b ?is is surely a v inadequate gr\nd on :i* to affirm ! exi/5ce ( a p[] at v>iance ) our k ( nature 9 o!r directions4#d #d ,:e!r we "w backw>d or =w>d ! result is ! same4 ,/rip (f f ! m9d all feel+s1 desires1 all consci\sness ( ends & means to ends1 & :at !re is left is n a w ready to ?r[ ! weight ( its pref]5ce 9 ?is or t direction1 b a complete blank4 ,n[ 9 ?us trac+ ! c\rse ( a volunt>y action are we do+ any m ?an obs]v+ ! action ( desire 9 consci\sness8 ,if1 yes1 ! writ] is q unaw>e ( ! fact4 ,if ,i remove all feel+1 all desire1 all motive1 ! w disappe>s4 ,excite feel+1 g5]ate desire1 & !re is ! occasion = a volunt>y action4 ,multiply ! numb] ( desires & ! op]ation ( w becomes evid5t4 ,?us :5 a writ] l ,pr(essor ,hyslop says1 ,if two motives (f] diff]5t attractions to ! w1 ! reply is t ! w is n "o ?+1 & motives o!r ?+s1 b two aspects ( "o fact4 ,! w is n some?+ t decides or *ooses betwe5 motives2 ! w is no?+ m ?an ! "n giv5 to t motive or clu/] ( motives :i* is suffici5tly /rong to ov]come resi/ance & to express itself 9 action4 ,i emphasize ! expression ov]come resi/ance because )\t compet+ motives & a s5se ( resi/ance we h no cle> consci\sness ( volition4 ,:]e only "o desire is pres5t 9 consci\sness1 or :]e x is ( ov]:elm+ /r5g?1 feel+ is succe$$ by action )\t any recognizable hiatus4 ,x is ! s5se ( conflict1 ! break1 t is ess5tial to creat+ a lively s5se ( volition1 & also1 z %all see lat]1 to ! s5se ( *oice & delib]ation4 ,b 9 speak+ ( an action z ! expression ( motives1 or z an expression ( w1 bo? /atem5ts are id5tical s f> z ! fact is conc]n$4 ,we h n desires1 motives1 & w1 !re is simply a desire or desires t assume ! quality ( a motive by be+ /rong en\gh to result 9 action4 ,z ,sp5c] has put x1 ,w is no m an exi/5ce ap>t f ! pr$om9ant feel+ ?an a k+ is an exi/5ce ap>t f ! man occupy+ ! ?rone4 ,all t is to be f\nd 9 any act ( w is a desire accompani$ by ! consci\sness ( an end4 ,to put ! same ?+ 9 ano!r way1 we h a desire1 ! consci\sness ( an end & ! means ( realiz+ x1 &1 f9ally1 action4 ,to ! physiological & psy*ological processes t culm9ate 9 action we give ! "n ( motive4 ,prop]ly speak+ a motive t does n issue 9 action--or inhibition--is n a motive at all1 x is a m]e desire4 ,& ap>t f ! pres5ce ( desire1 or ( desires1 w does n exi/4 ,x is a pure ab/raction1 valuable en\gh z an ab/raction1 b hav+ no m real exi/5ce ap>t f p>ticul> motives1 ?an tree is a real exi/5ce ap>t f p>ticul> trees4 ,physiologically1 says ,dr4 ,maudsley3-- ,we _c *oose b reject ! w4444 ,z physiologi/s we h to deal ) volition z a function ( ! supreme c5tres1 foll[+ reflection1 v>y+ 9 quantity & quality z its cause v>ies1 /r5g!n$ by education & ex]cise1 enfeebl$ by disuse1 decay+ ) decay ( /ructure4444 ,we h to deal ) w n z a s+le undecomposable faculty unaffect$ by bodily conditions1 b z a result ( organic *anges 9 ! supreme c5tres1 affect$ z c]ta9ly & z s]i\sly by disord]s ( !m z our motor faculties are by disord]s ( _! c5tres4 ,&1 says ,pr(essor ,sully1 ref]r+ to ! w3-- ,mod]n sci5tific psy*ology kn[s no?+ ( su* an entity4 ,z a sci5ce ( ph5om5a & _! laws1 x conf9es itself to a consid]ation ( ! processes ( volition1 & :olly disc>ds ! hypo!sis ( a sub/antial w z unnecess>y & unsci5tific4 ,nei!r physiology nor psy*ology1 nei!r a sane sci5ce nor a s\nd philosophy1 kn[s any?+ (1 or c f9d use =1 an autonom\s w4 ,w z ! f9al t]m ( a discov]able s]ies may be admitt$2 w z a self-direct+ =ce1 decid+ :e!r p>ticul> desires %all or %all n prevail1 answ]s to no?+ con=mable to our k ( man1 & is pla9ly b ! gho/ ( ! wills & s\ls ( our savage ance/ors4 ,if in/ead ( speak+ ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 we spoke ( uncaus$ volitions1 ! position ( ! volitioni/ w\ld be cle>1 & its indef5sible "* pla9 to all4 ,b by giv+ ! ab/raction w a concrete exi/5ce1 & by tak+ f sociology a ^w su* z fre$om & us+ x 9 a sph]e 9 :i* x has no legitimate application1 ! issue is confus$1 & a sci5tifically absurd !ory giv5 an air ( plausibility4 ,! dispute betwe5 ! ,det]m9i/ & ! ,indet]m9i/ is c]ta9ly n "o ( words only1 b x is "o 9 :i* ! c>d9al t]ms employ$ ne$ ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation if we are to cle> away f ! subject ! v]bal fog creat$ by !ologians & metaphysicians4 ,,iii4 ,,consci\sness1 ,,delib]ation1 ,,& ,,*oice4 ,! "o argum5t us$ by ! ,indet]m9i/ aga9/ ! ,det]m9i/ic position ) "s degree ( univ]sality is t ( ! te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,x is ! "o to :i* practically all h appeal$1 & :i* all h flatt]$ !mselves 0 simple 9 nature & conv9c+ 9 "*4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 al?\gh he admitt$ t ?is te/imony might be illusory1 yet ass]t$ ,!re is b "o oppos+ argum5t ( real =ce1 namely1 ! imm$iate affirmation ( consci\sness 9 ! mom5t ( delib]ate action4 ,& by ! te/imony ( consci\sness mu/ be meant1 n1 ( c\rse1 a consci\sness ( act+1 b t at ! mom5t ( act+ we c\ld1 "u id5tical conditions1 h select$ & act$ ^u an alt]native t has be5 reject$4 ,i emphasize ! phrase "u id5tical conditions1 because o!rwise no?+ is 9 dispute1 & because1 z we %all see1 ?is important consid]ation has n be5 always or ev5 frequ5tly borne 9 m9d4 ,! "q is1 ,:at does consci\sness really tell u1 & h[ f> is its te/imony valid8 ,9 "s directions x mu/ be admitt$ t ! te/imony ( consci\sness is absolute4 ,9 o!rs x _c1 )\t v]ification1 claim any au?ority :atev]4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i h a feel+ ( heat or coldness1 ( pleasure or pa91 !re is "h a direct deliv]ance ( consci\sness aga9/ :i* !re is no appeal4 ,b consci\sness does n & _c tell me :y ,i feel hot or cold1 or :at is ! cause ( a pa9 ,i am exp]i5c+4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! te/imony ( consci\sness may be di/9ctly mislead+4 ,z x tells u no?+ ( ! exi/5ce ( a bra91 a n]v\s sy/em1 visc]a1 etc41 its te/imony z to ! cause ( pa9 is obvi\sly ( no value4 ,we are consci\s ( /ates ( m9d1 & t is all4 ,a man seiz$ ) sudd5 p>alysis may be consci\s ( 8 p[] to move a limb1 only to discov] by exp]i5ce 8 impot5ce4 ,9 %ort1 consci\sness _c1 inde$ does n1 tell u ! causes ( our /ates ( m9d4 ,= ?is in=mation we are ?r[n back ^u obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/1 !n1 make q sure :5 we int]rogate consci\sness1 exactly :at x is t consci\sness says1 & :e!r :at x says is on a subject t comes )9 its prov9ce4 ,:at is1 !n1 ! te/imony ( consci\sness8 ,:5 x is said t we are consci\s ( our ability to h select$ "o alt]native at ! "t t ano!r is *os51 ,i ?9k ?is may be fairly met ) ! retort t consci\sness is unable to in=m u z to our actual ability to d any?+ at all4 ,i may be q consci\s ( a desire to jump a six foot f5ce1 or lift a weight ( half a ton1 b :e!r ,i am actually able to d s or n1 only exp]i5ce c decide4 ,:at ,i am really consci\s ( is a desire to vault a giv5 height or lift a giv5 weight1 & x is surely an inexcusable confusion to speak ( a desire to d a p>ticul> ?+ z ! equival5t ( an ability to d x4 ,if a consci\sness ( desire equall$ ! ability to p]=m failure w\ld be b little kn[n among m54 ,all t consci\sness really tells u is ( ! exi/5ce ( pass+ /ates ( m9d4 ,x c tell u no?+ ( _! orig91 _! value1 or _! consequ5ces4 ,9 ! p>ticul> in/ance "u consid]ation consci\sness in=ms u ( ! fact ( *oice1 & ?is no ,det]m9i/ has ev] dream$ ( d5y+4 ,he does ass]t t *oice1 z ! ,indet]m9i/ p]si/s 9 us+ ! t]m1 is a delusion1 b o!rwise1 z w be %[n lat]1 he claims t x is only on det]m9i/ic l9es t *oice c h any mean+ or e?ical significance4 ,9 any volunt>y action ,i am consci\s ( ! possibility ( *oice & ( hav+ *os51 & t is really all4 ,:at is ! nature ( t possibility1 & :y ,i *oose "o ?+ r ?an ano!r--on ^! po9ts consci\sness c give u no in=mation :atev]4 ,"o might z reasonably argue t a consci\sness ( hung] gives u a k ( ! process ( dige/ion1 z argue t a consci\sness ( *oice supplies u ) a k ( ! me*anism ( ! process4 ,we are consci\s ( ! pres5ce ( sev]al desires1 we are also consci\s t out ( ^! sev]al desires "o is /rong en\gh to rank z a motive1 b x tells u absolutely no?+ ( ! causes or conditions t h result$ 9 ! em]g5ce ( t motive4 ,in/ead ( tell+ u t we c\ld h act$ 9 opposition to ! /ronge/ motive--:i* is really ! indet]m9i/ position--consci\sness simply reveals :i* desire is ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,we are consci\s t o!r desires 7 pres5t1 we are also aw>e ( ! possibility t ano!r desire ?an ! "o t actually prevail$ might h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful2 b :5 we admit ?is & say t we c\ld h act$ diff]5tly1 we h really displac$ ! actual conditions by imag9>y ones4 ,we might h pref]r$ to act diff]5tly4 ,?is is n d5i$4 ,x is n que/ion$ t we d *oose1 or t ! same p]son *ooses1 diff]5tly or diff]5t occasions4 ,! "q really is1 ,:y h we *os5 ?us or ?us8 ,& s f> z consci\sness is conc]n$ we are q 9 ! d>k z to :y "o *oice is made r ?an ano!r1 :at are ! conditions t give rise to our consci\s desires1 or :y "o desire is m p[]ful ?an ano!r4 ,consci\sness1 !n1 c te/ify only to ! reality ( its own /ates2 no m4 ,x c tell u no?+ ( _! causes4 ,x _c tell u t man has a bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 & c tell u no?+ ( ! connection betwe5 m5tal /ates & ! condition ( ! bodily organs4 ,! *ief factor 9 conduct 7habit7 lies outside ! region ( consci\sness altoge!r4 ,9 mo/ cases we act z we h be5 9 ! habit ( act+1 & our pres5t conduct expresses ! sum ( our previ\s actions & incl9ations4 ,e action we p]=m assi/s ! =mation ( a habit1 & ) e repetition ( a p>ticul> action we f9d its p]=mance easi]4 ,inde$1 a v p[]ful criticism ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( consci\sness is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! det]m9+ causes ( conduct lie l>gely 9 ! region ( ! unconsci\s or subconsci\s1 & ( ?is t]ritory consci\sness c tell u no m ?an a ripple on ! surface ( a riv] c tell u ( its dep?s4 ,next to ! emphasis ^u ! te/imony ( consci\sness ! ,indet]m9i/ lays special /ress ^u ! facts ( *oice & delib]ation4 ,c we really say1 x is ask$1 t man *ooses & delib]ates1 or ev5 t 9 any g5u9e s5se he does any?+ at all1 if all 8 actions are pre-det]m9$ by 8 con/itution & environm5t8 ,if e act ( man is det]m9$ & man himself a m]e /age 9 ! process un5d+ & unbrok51 is x n idle to speak ( man delib]at+ on alt]natives & *oos+ t :i* seems to him be/8 ,we cont9ue us+ words t on det]m9i/ic l9es h lo/ all mean+4 ,& if ,det]m9i/s d n realise ?is1 x is because ! logical implications ( _! doctr9es h nev] be5 fully explor$4 ,well1 x entirely dep5ds ^u ! s5se 9 :i* "o uses ! c>d9al t]ms 9 ! discussion4 ,if delib]ation & *oice :5 appli$ to m5tal processes are us$ 9 ! same s5se z :5 ^! t]ms are us$ z descriptive ( ! proce$+s ( a committee1 !n we c all agree t delib]ation w\ld be z great a %am z x w\ld be if ! memb]s ( a committee be=e meet+ _h det]m9$ ^u _! decision4 ,b1 we may note 9 pass+1 t ev5 "h1 :5 ! delib]ations are g5u9e1 ! votes ( ea* memb] are suppos$ to be decid$ by ! reasons advanc$ dur+ ! discussion--t is ! decision ( ea* individual memb] is det]m9$ by ! =ces evok$ dur+ ! delib]ations4 ,! sci5tific me?od1 & x may be add$1 ! sane & pr(itable me?od1 is n to come to ! /udy ( a problem ) ready-made mean+s & compel ! facts1 "u p5alty ( disqualification1 to agree ) !m1 b to let ! facts det]m9e :at mean+ is to be atta*$ to ! words us$4 ,x is m]e *ildi% petulance = ! ,indet]m9i/ to say t unless c]ta9 words are us$ ) 8 mean+ !y %all n be us$ at all1 b %all be expell$ f our vocabul>y4 ,:5 gravity 0 conceiv$ z a =ce mov+ d[nw>d ?r\gh inf9ite space1 ! exi/5ce ( p on ! o!r side ( ! e>? 0 d5i$ z be+ contr>y to ! law ( gravitation4 ,a m correct k ( ! ph5om5a did n lead p to disc>d gravity2 ! mean+ ( ! ^w 0 revis$4 ,& really nei!r language nor morality is ! private prop]ty ( ! ,indet]m9i/1 & he is1 !re=e1 n at lib]ty to annihilate ei!r = n com+ up to 8 expectations4 ,he mu/ submit to su* revision ( 8 ideas1 or 8 language1 or ( bo?1 z m accurate k may dem&4 ,! "q is n1 !n1 :e!r ,det]m9ism de/roys delib]ation & *oice & responsibility1 b :at mean+ ,det]m9ism c legitimately place ^u ^! words1 & is ?is mean+ 9 h>mony ) :at we "k to be true4 ,) responsibility we w deal at l5g? lat]4 ,= ! pres5t let u see :at is really involv$ 9 ! fact ( *oice4 ,det]m9ism1 we are advis$1 mu/ d5y ! reality ( *oice1 because *oice assumes alt]natives1 & !re c be no g5u9e alt]natives if ev5ts are det]m9$4 ,let u see4 ,if ,i am wat*+ a /one roll+ d[n a hillside1 & am 9 d\bt z to :e!r x w pass to ! "r or to ! left ( a giv5 po9t1 ,i %all n recognize any resid5t capacity 9 ! /one = *oos+ "o pa? r ?an ! o!r4 ,! abs5ce ( consci\sness 9 ! /one precludes su* an assumption4 ,b suppose we sub/itute = ! /one a b>efoot$ human be+1 & assume t "o pa? is smoo? :ile ! o!r is lib]ally spr9kl$ ) %>p po9t$ /ones4 ,!re w\ld !n be an obvi\s reason = ! selection ( "o pa?1 & no "o w\ld hesitate to say t "h 0 an illu/ration ( ! ex]cise ( *oice4 ,*oice1 !n1 is a ph5om5on ( consci\sness1 & x implies a recognition ( alt]natives4 ,b a recognition ( alt]natives does n by any means imply t ei!r ( two are equally eligible4 ,x is m]ely a consci\sness ( ! fact t !y exi/1 & t ei!r might be select$ 7 circum/ances fav\rable to its selection4 ,)\t lab\r+ ! po9t we may safely say t all t is giv5 9 ! fact ( *oice is ! consci\sness ( a *oice4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x t tells u ( ! conditions ( ! selection1 or :e!r x 0 possible = ! ag5t to h *os5 diff]5tly or n4 ,s f> !re is no?+ 9 ,det]m9ism t is discordant ) ! fact ( *oice1 inde$1 x has a p]fectly reasonable !ory ( ! process4 ,:y is !re a *oice or selection ( ?+s or actions8 ,cle>ly ! reason mu/ be look$ = 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ select$1 or 9 ! nature ( ! ag5t t selects1 or 9 a comb9ation ( bo? factors4 ,ei!r !re is an organic prompt+ 9 fav\r ( ! ?+ select$1 z :5 a baby takes a bottle ( milk & rejects a bottle ( v9eg>1 or !re is a recognition t ! selection w enable ! ag5t to bett] realize :atev] end he has 9 view4 ,! alt]natives are !re1 & !y are real 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* !y c be real4 ,b !y are n real 9 ! s5se ( _! be+ equally eligible--:i* is ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,indet]m9i/ uses ! ^w4 ,= t w\ld de/roy *oice altoge!r4 ,unless a selection is made because c]ta9 ?+s (f] great] attractions ?an o!r ?+s to ! ag5t1 no intelligible mean+ c be atta*$ to su* a ^w z ,*oice4 ,we %\ld h a m]e bl9d explosion ( en]gy1 ! direction tak5 no m involv+ *oice ?an ! /one's pa? d[n a hillside4 ,& if ! ,w *ooses betwe5 alt]natives because "o is m desirable ?an ! o!r1 its fre$om 79 ! ,indet]m9i/ s5se7 is sacrific$1 & ! selection is correspond+ly det]m9$4 ,!re c be no real *oice 9 ! abs5ce ( a det]m9ative influ5ce ex]cis$ by "o ( ! ?+s *os54 ,b x is urg$ t ?is l9e ( reason+ does n expla9 ! feel+ ( possibility t we h at ! mom5t ( action4 ,i ?9k x expla9s possibility z x expla9s *oice1 provid$ we all[ facts to det]m9e ! mean+ ( words in/ead ( tortur+ facts to suit c]ta9 =ms ( language4 ,if by possibility we mean t "u id5tical conditions1 o!r ?+s ?an ^? :i* actually occur are possible1 !n ?is may be confid5tly met ) a flat d5ial4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is meant t by v>y+ ! conditions o!r possibilities become actualities1 ?is is a /atem5t t to a ,det]m9i/ is self-evid5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re are only two s5ses 9 :i* ! ^w possibility may be rightly us$1 & nei!r s5se yields any evid5ce aga9/ ,det]m9ism4 ,"o ( ^! mean+s is simply an expression ( our own ignorance on ! matt] t happ5s to be be=e u4 ,if ,i am ask$ :at k9d ( wea!r we are likely to h a mon? h5ce1 ,i %\ld reply t x is equally possible ! day may be dry or wet1 bright or dull4 ,i d n mean to imply t _h ,i adequate k x w\ld n be z easy to pr$ict ! k9d ( wea!r on t date z x is to pr$ict ! position ( ,neptune4 ,x is simply an expression ( my own ignorance4 ,b1 z ,sp9oza po9t$ out1 possibility n>r[s z k gr[s4 ,to complete ignorance any?+ is possible because ! c\rse ( ev5ts is unkn[n4 ,z a compreh5sion ( natural causation develops1 p speak less ( :at may possibly occur1 & m ( :at w occur4 ,possibility "h has no ref]5ce to ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 only to our k1 or want ( k1 conc]n+ _! ord]4 ,to say t x is possible = a man to d ei!r ?is or t is1 s f> z a spectator is conc]n$1 only to say t our k conc]n+ ! man's :ole nature is n ext5sive en\gh1 or exact en\gh = u to pr$ict :at he w d4 ,nor is ! case alt]$ if in/ead ( an outsid]1 x is ! ag5t himself :o is incapable ( pr$iction4 ,= all t am\nts to is ! ass]tion t ! ag5t is ignorant ( ! relative /r5g? ( desires t may be ar\s$ "u a p>ticul> conjuncture ( circum/ances4 ,! second s5se ( possibility dep5ds ^u our ability to imag9e conditions n actually pres5t at ! mom5t ( action4 ,by a trick ( imag9ation ,i c picture myself act+ diff]5tly1 or1 on look+ back1 ,i c see t ,i might h act$ diff]5tly4 ,b 9 ei!r case ,i h alt]$ 9 ?\ght ! conditions t actually exi/$ at ! mom5t ( action4 ,g5]ally1 all x means is t ) a numb] ( conflict+ desires pres5t1 ,i am consci\s t a v slight v>iation 9 ! relative /r5g? ( ^! desires w\ld result 9 a diff]5t c\rse ( conduct4 ,& ! conditions affect+ conduct are s complex & s easily v>i$ t x is small wond] !re is lack+ 9 ?is in/ance t s5se ( inevitability pres5t :5 "o is deal+ ) physical processes4 ,b ! ess5tial "q is n :e!r a slight *ange ( conditions w\ld produce a diff]5t result1 b :e!r "u id5tical conditions two opposite c\rses ( action are equally possible8 ,& ?is is n only untrue 9 fact1 x is un?9kable1 z a =mal proposition4 ,ev5 ! old adage1 ,!re1 b = ! grace ( ,god1 g ,i1 :ile recogniz+ a diff]5t possibility1 also recogniz$ t a v>iation 9 ! factors--! elim9ation ( ! grace ( ,god--is ess5tial if ! possibility 0 to become an actuality4 ,t ! s5se ( possibility implies m ?an ?is may be safely d5i$1 let :o w make ! opposite affirmation4 ,?is discussion ( ! nature & function ( *oice w help u to realize m cle>ly ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case ! nature ( delib]ation4 ,?is "q has always play$ an important "p 9 ! ,free-,w controv]sy1 because x has /ood z ! v anti!sis ( a reflex or obvi\sly me*anical action4 ,delib]ation1 x has be5 argu$1 does v cle>ly po9t to a det]m9ative p[] ex]cis$ by ! human w1 & a p[] t _c be expla9$ 9 ! same t]ms ) :i* we expla9 o!r ev5ts4 ,"o anti-det]m9i/ writ] rem>ks t if a volition is ! effect ( a 'motive1' x %\ld foll[ imm$iately ^u ! occurr5ce ( ! motive4 ,b if !re is delib]ation betwe5 motives1 !y d n seem to h casual p[] to initiate a volition until a prior causal p[] directs !m1 & ?is w\ld be ! delib]at+ subject4 ,n[ !re are num]\s cases1 ! majority probably1 :]e action does foll[ imm$iately ^u ! pres5ce ( desire4 ,& 9 su* cases we are n aw>e ( any process ( delib]ation1 al?\gh !re may be a truly int5tional action4 ,& f ?is s+le case we h a :ole s]ies ( examples t w take u to ! o!r extreme :]e ! desires are s num]\s & s conflict+ t an excess ( delib]ation may prev5t action altoge!r4 ,let u take an illu/ration4 ,sitt+ 9 my room on a f9e day ,i am consci\s ( a desire = a walk4 ,provid$ no oppos+ feel+ or desire is pres5t ,i %\ld at once rise & g out4 ,b ,i may be consci\s ( a numb] ( o!r feel+s bas$ ^u v>i\s consid]ations4 ,!re is ! fact ( leav+ ! task on :i* ,i am engag$1 & ! desire to get x f9i%$4 ,!re is ! tr\ble ( dress+1 ! consid]ation t once out ,i may wi% ,i _h /ay$ 91 or t x may ra91 or t ,i may be ne$$ at home3 all ^! result 9 a /ate ( indecision1 & induce delib]ation4 ,imag9ation is excit$1 ideal feel+s are ar\s$1 & ev5tually a *oice is made4 ,i decide on ! walk4 ,:at is x1 n[1 t has occurr$8 ,my fir/ desire = a walk has be5 en=c$ by a repres5tation ( all ! advantages t may be ga9$ by go+ out1 & ^! h prov$ !mselves /rong en\gh to be> d[n all opposition4 ,_h any o!r desire ga9$ /r5g?1 or _h ! conviction t x w\ld ra9 be5 /rong en\gh1 a diff]5t motive w\ld h em]g$ f ?is conflict ( desires & ideas4 ,no matt] h[ we v>y ! circum/ances1 ?is is sub/antially :at occurs 9 e case :]e delib]ation & *oice are involv$4 ,n only is ?is :at does occur1 b x is impossible to picture cle>ly any o!r process4 ,! only evid5ce we c h ( ! relative /r5g? ( ideas is t "o triumphs ov] o!rs4 ,to say t ! weak] desire triumphs is to make a /atem5t ! absurdity ( :i* is self-evid5t4 ,?is conclusion _c be invalidat$ by ! argum5t t a p>ticul> desire becomes ! /rong] because ! w decl>es 9 its fav\r4 ,"o ne$ only ask1 by way ( reply1 ,:y does ! w decl>e 9 fav\r ( "o desire r ?an ano!r8 ,!re is no dispute t a *oice is made4 ,^? :o say t a man c *oose :at he likes are n mak+ a /atem5t t conflicts 9 ! slighte/ degree ) ,det]m9ism4 ,! ,det]m9i/ says z cle>ly z anyone t ,i d :at ,i *oose to d4 ,! real "q is :y d ,i *oose ?is r ?an t8 ,:y does ! w pron\nce 9 fav\r ( "o desire r ?an ano!r8 ,no "o c believe t all desires are ( equal /r5g? or value to ! ag5t4 ,su* an assumption w\ld be too absurd = s]i\s argum5t4 ,b if all desires are n ( equal /r5g? & value1 ! only conclusion left is t c]ta9 ones op]ate because !y are1 9 relation to ! p>ticul> organism1 ( great] value ?an o!rs4 ,& 9 t case we are simply re/at+ ,det]m9ism4 ,! action ( ! environm5t is condition$ by ! nature ( ! organism4 ,! reaction ( ! organism is condition$ by ! "* ( ! environm5t4 ,! resultant is a comp\nd ( ! two4 ,x is1 moreov]1 an absurdity to speak ( ! w or ! self z ?\gh ?is 7 some?+ ap>t f ! v>i\s phases ( consci\sness4 ,9 ! conte/ ( feel+s & desires t calls =? delib]ation ,i am equally involv$ 9 e aspect ( ! process4 ,z ,pr(essor ,james po9ts out1 bo? ef=t & resi/ance are ours1 & ! id5tification ( our self ) "o ( ^! factors is an illusion & a trick ( spee*4 ,my self & my m5tal /ates are n two di/9ct ?+s2 !y con/itute myself1 & if ^! are elim9at$ !re is no self left to talk ab\t4 ,fur!r1 9 ! gr[? ( ea* individual1 consci\s & delib]ative action c be se5 develop+ out ( automatic action--! simple/ & e>lie/ type ( action4 ,n only does delib]ative action develop f reflex action1 b x s9ks into reflex action aga94 ,"o ( ! commone/ ( exp]i5ces is t actions p]=m$ at "o "t sl[ly & aft] delib]ation are at ano!r "t p]=m$ rapidly & automatically4 ,e action contributes to ! =mation ( a habit1 & frequ5tly repetition results 9 ! habit becom+ a p]sonal *>act]i/ic4 ,delib]ation & *oice are n ev5 always ! m>k ( a highly develop$ "*2 !y may d5ote a poorly-develop$ "o--"o t is ill adapt$ to social requirem5ts4 ,"o man1 on go+ into a room :]e !re is a purse ( money1 may only aft] long delib]ation & f consci\s *oice refra9 f /eal+ x4 ,ano!r p]son1 "u ! same conditions1 may be consci\s ( no *oice1 no ef=t1 ! desire to /eal ! purse be+ "o t is =eign to 8 nature4 ,9 two su* by no means uncommon in/ances1 we %\ld h no d\bt z to :i* repres5t$ ! high] type ( "*4 ,morally1 x is n ! feel+1 ,i c\ld h act$ di%one/ly in/ead ( hone/ly _h ,i s *os51 t m>ks ! e?ically develop$ "*1 b ! p]=mance ( ! "r action at ! "r mom5t1 )\t a consci\sness ( t5d5cy 9 ! opposite direction4 ,b ! aim ( education is1 9 ! "o direction1 to weak5 ! s5se ( *oice by ! =mation ( "r habits1 moral & intellectual2 & on ! o!r h& by br++ man into a m direct contact ) a wid] & m complex environm5t1 delib]ation becomes "o ( ! conditions ( a co-ord9ation ( ideas & actions t w result 9 a m p]fect adaptation4 ,,iv4 ,,"s ,,alleg$ ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,det]m9ism4 ,n ! lea/ curi\s aspect ( ! ,free-,w controv]sy is t ^? :o oppose ,det]m9ism base a l>ge "p ( _! argum5tation ^u ! suppos$ evil consequ5ces t w foll[ its acceptance4 ,9 a "w f :i* ,i h already cit$1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] falls f\l ( ,det]m9ism because1 he says1 :ile incompatible ) morality1 its *ampions nev]!less imag9e !y are leav+ morality undi/urb$4 ,! real difficulty ( ,det]m9ism is1 he says1 t 9 its _w1 ev5ts be+ fully det]m9$1 !re c be no alt]natives4 ,?+s are :at !y mu/ be4 ,!y mu/ be because !y are4 ,no man c help do+ :at he does4 ,man himself belongs to a sequ5ce un5d+ & unbrok54 ,to imag9e !re=e t ,det]m9ism1 aft] annihilat+ ! moral ag5t1 rema9s compatible ) morality1 simply means t ! logical implications ( ! doctr9e h nev] be5 fully explor$4 ,& he adds3 ,! *>ge aga9/ x is n m]ely t x fails to d full ju/ice to ! e?ical fact ( responsibility1 b t x utt]ly annihilates ! moral ag5t4 ,?is1 he says1 is ! real dilemma1 & ,det]m9ism has nev] answ]$ x4 ,x is curi\s t s clev] a writ] z ,mr4 ,s*ill] %\ld fail to realize t tak+ ,det]m9ism 9 its mo/ dra/ic =m1 & accept+ x 9 ! mo/ unequivocal mann]1 no?+ c suff]1 because ev]y?+ rema9s z x mu/ be--includ+ ! facts1 feel+s1 & consequ5ces ( ! moral life4 ,obs]ve1 x is "p ( ,mr4 ,s*ill]'s case aga9/ ,det]m9ism t on det]m9i/ l9es ev]y?+1 d[n to ! m9ute/ happ5+s1 is ! necess>y result ( all antec$5t & co-op]at+ conditions4 ,b ?is be+ ! case1 if ,det]m9ism leaves no room = *ance or absolute orig9ation1 h[ comes x t an acceptance ( ,det]m9ism initiates an absolutely new ?+--! de/ruction ( morality8 ,surely x is com+ v ne> ! absurd to *>ge ,det]m9ism ) break+ an unbreakable sequ5ce4 ,x is surely idle to cr$it ,det]m9ism ) do+ :at is impossible = x to accompli%4 ,s f> z morality is a real ?+1 s f> z ! facts ( ! moral life are real ?+s1 ,det]m9ism mu/ leave !m sub/antially unalt]$4 ,! problem is1 z has be5 already said1 to f9d out = :at exactly all ^! ?+s /&4 ,to read wrong mean+s into ! facts ( life1 & !n to decl>e t ! facts cease to exi/ if ! mean+s are correct$1 is unphilosophical petulance4 ,x is1 inde$1 q op5 to ! ,det]m9i/ to meet ^! grave fe>s z to ! consequ5ces ( ,det]m9ism ) a d5ial t morality is vitally conc]n$ ) ! "q ( :e!r man's w be free or n4 ,! "q ( ,det]m9ism may ent] into ! subject ( h[ to develop "* along desirable l9es2 &1 ap>t f ,det]m9ism1 x is difficult to see h[ !re c be any?+ l a sci5tific cultivation ( "*4 ,b ! fact ( morality & ! value ( morality are n b\nd up ) :e!r conduct be ! expression ( !oretically calculable factors1 or :e!r x is1 on ! "o side1 det]m9$ by a self :i* orig9ates its own impulses4 ,det]m9ism or no ,det]m9ism1 murd]1 to take an extreme illu/ration1 is nev] likely to become an e-day occupation 9 human society4 ,nei!r c any o!r action t is obvi\sly injuri\s to ! well-be+ ( society be practis$ beyond c]ta9 well-def9$ limits4 ,! laws ( social heal? op]ate to *eck socially injuri\s actions1 z ! laws ( individual heal? op]ate to *eck injuri\s conduct 9 diet>y or 9 hygi5e4 ,det]m9i/s & ,indet]m9i/s1 z may easily be obs]v$1 manife/ a fairly uni=m measure ( conduct1 & :atev] v>iations f ! normal /&>d ea* displays _c well be put d[n to _! acceptance or rejection ( ,det]m9ism4 ,! real nature ( morality is be/ se5 if "o asks oneself ! "q1 ,:at is morality8 ,let u imag9e ! human race r$uc$ to a s+le individual4 ,:at w\ld !n be ! scope & "* ( morality8 ,x is )\t "q t a l>ge "p ( our moral rules w\ld lose all mean+4 ,!ft1 murd]1 un*a/ity1 sl&]1 etc41 w\ld be )\t mean+s1 = ! simple reason t !re w\ld be none aga9/ :om su* (f5ces c\ld be committ$4 ,w\ld !re be any moral laws or moral feel+s left8 ,w\ld !re ev5 be a man left "u su* conditions8 ,"o might safely qu]y bo? /atem5ts4 ,= if we take away f ?is solit>y individual all t social culture & int]c\rse h giv5 him--language1 k1 habits bo? m5tal & moral1 all1 9 %ort1 t has be5 develop$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! social m$ium--man1 z we "k him1 disappe>s1 & a m]e animal is left 9 8 place4 ,ev5 ! feel+ t a man has a duty to himself1 & t to realize 8 highe/ possibilities is ! mo/ imp]ative ( moral obligations1 is only an illu/ration ( ! same tru?4 ,= v little analysis s]ves to %[ t ev5 ?is d]ives its value f ! significance ( ! individual to ! social /ructure4 ,morality1 !n1 is :olly a "q ( relation%ip4 ,n :e!r my actions spr+ f a self-det]m9$ w or ev5 :e!r !y are ! inevitable consequ5t ( prec$+ conditions makes !m moral or immoral1 b _! influ5ce 9 =w>d+ or ret>d+ c]ta9 ideal social relations4 ,! rightness or wrongness ( an action lies 9 its consequ5ces4 ,:e!r "o is ( ! ,utilit>ian or o!r s*ool ( morals does n sub/antially affect ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,action )\t consequ5ces--assum+ its possibility--w\ld h no moral significance :atev]4 ,& consequ5ces rema9 :e!r we accept or reject ,det]m9ism4 ,det]m9ism _c alt] or regulate ! consequ5ces ( actions1 x c only indicate _! causes & _! results4 ,:at a sci5ce ( morals is really conc]n$ ) is1 objectively1 ! consequ5ces ( actions1 & subjectively ! feel+s t lead to _! p]=mance4 ,:5 a sci5ce ( morals has det]m9$ :at actions be/ promote desirable relations betwe5 human be+s1 & :at /ates ( m9d are mo/ fav\rable to ! p]=mance ( su* actions1 its task z a sci5ce ( morals is conclud$4 ,! g5esis ( su* /ates ( m9d belongs to psy*ology1 j z to sociology belong ! creation & ma9t5ance ( su* social conditions z w be/ give !m expression & actuality4 ,! "q ( ! moral consequ5ces ( ,det]m9ism is n1 !re=e1 discuss$ because we believe !re is any relevancy 9 ! issue ?us rais$1 b solely because x is rais$1 & n to deal ) x may create a prejudice aga9/ ,det]m9ism4 ,_m ( ^? :o q admit ! sci5tific "* ( ,det]m9ism1 yet insi/ on ! necessity = "s sort ( ,indet]m9ism 9 ! region ( morals4 ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 = in/ance1 admits t a pr(itable /udy ( m5tal ph5om5a is impossible unless we po/ulate ,det]m9ism 7,pr94 ,psy*4 ii4 #egc74 ,b hav+ admitt$ ?is1 & 9 fact illu/rat$ x ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 two volumes1 8 next endeav\r is to f9d a place = free-w z a moral po/ulate4 ,! region ( morals is ?us made to play ! "p ( a hav5 ( refuge = illegitimate & unsci5tific !ories1 a k9d ( workh\se = all m5tal vagrants f\nd at l>ge )\t visible means ( support4 ,! moral po/ulate :i* is to re9/ate ,free-,w1 is t ,:at ought to be c be1 & t bad acts _c be fat$1 b t good ones mu/ be possible 9 _! place4 ,9 a writ] usually s cle> ?is some:at ambigu\s deliv]ance is f> m indicative ( a desire to befri5d an oppress$ !ory ?an ( ! possession ( any good evid5ce 9 its behalf4 ,! matt] really turns ^u :at is meant by ought & possible4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t if by possible x is meant t al?\gh "o ?+ actually occurs1 ano!r ?+--a diff]5t ?+--might h occurr$ )\t any alt]ation 9 ! accompany+ conditions1 ! /atem5t is n only untrue 9 fact1 b x is inconceivable z possibly true4 ,& if x does n mean ?is1 !n ,pr(essor ,james is m]ely /at+ :at e ,det]m9i/ mo/ *e]fully endorses4 ,b 9 t case ! possibility gives no support :atev] to ! ,indet]m9i/4 ,fur!r1 ,pr(essor ,james says t ,det]m9ism is a cle> & s$uctive conception s long z "o /&s by ! great sci5tific po/ulate t ! _w mu/ be "o unbrok5 fact1 & t pr$iction ( all ?+s )\t exception mu/ be ideally1 ev5 if n actually1 possible4 ,on :i* "o may enquire1 h[ pr$iction c\ld be at all possible unless1 giv5 ! co-op]at+ conditions1 a def9ite & p>ticul> result is inevitable8 ,b if pr$iction be possible--& ! :ole p[] ( sci5ce lies 9 its p[] ( pr$iction--:at becomes ( ! value ( possibility to ! ,indet]m9i/8 ,is x any m ?an an expression ( our ignorance ( ! p[] ( p>ticul> factors1 & a consequ5t ignorance ( _! resultant8 ,to say t c]ta9 ?+s ought to be1 or t "o ought to act 9 ?is or t p>ticul> mann]1 are common expressions1 & )9 limits1 relevant & intelligible expressions4 ,b ought "h cle>ly /&s = no m ?an ideal conception4 ,its ref]5ce is to ! future1 n to ! pa/4 ,x does n imply a belief t ?+s c\ld h result$ o!r ?an ^? :i* actually did result1 b a belief t giv5 a suitable alt]ation 9 ! conditions diff]5t results might ensue 9 ! future4 ,:51 = example1 ,i say t m5 ought to ?9k wisely1 ,i d n affirm ei!r t all m5 d ?9k wisely1 or t fooli% m5 c d s )\t "s *ange 9 _! m5tal make-up4 ,i m]ely elim9ate all ^? conditions t make = unwise ?9k+1 leav+ wise ?9k+ z ! only possible result4 ,t is1 recogniz+ t f diff]5t conditions diff]5t consequ5ces w foll[1 9 imag9ation1 all =ces t are inimical to ! ideal end are elim9at$4 ,we say t no man ought to commit murd]1 & yet if we take z an illu/ration ! cong5ital homicide1 no "o c ass]t t 9 8 case1 at lea/1 any?+ b murd] is possible1 giv5 fav\rable conditions = its p]petration4 ,or if x is said t cong5ital homicide is a purely pa?ological case1 x may surely be ass]t$ t ! same g5]al consid]ations apply to cases t are n classifi$ z pa?ological4 ,! m we "k ( ! crim9al's h]$ity1 environm5t1 & education1 ! m cle>ly x is se5 t 8 de$s result f ! int]-action ( ^! factors1 & t ^! mu/ be modifi$ if we are reasonably to expect any alt]ation 9 8 conduct4 ,9 fact1 ! crim9al--or ! sa9t--be+ :at he is z ! result ( ! int]-action ( possibly calculable factors is ! ess5tial condition t[>ds mak+ ! pr$iction ( all ?+s ideally1 if n actually possible4 ,9 say+1 !n1 t a man ought n to d wrong1 we are only say+ t our ideal ( a p]fect man elim9ates ! idea ( wrong-do+1 & t our imag9ation is p[]ful en\gh to con/ruct a human "* to :i* wrong-do+ %all be ali54 ,! fallacy "h is due to a confusion ( ! actual ) ! desirable4 ,if we are look+ to ! pa/ we are b\nd to say t ought is mean+less1 because :at has be5 is ! only ?+ t c\ld h be54 ,?us x is mean+less to say t a piece ( /r+ capable ( )/&+ a /ra9 ( half a hundr$weight ought to h )/ood a /ra9 ( half a ton4 ,x is equally absurd to say t a man ought to h )/ood ! g]m ( mal>ial fev]1 :5 8 con/itution r5d]$ him susceptible to attack4 ,bo? ( ^! in/ances w be readily admitt$4 ,is x1 !n1 any m reasonable to say t a man ought to h )/ood a temptation to drunk5ness1 or !ft1 or cruelty--9 ! s5se t giv5 8 nature he c\ld h )/ood x--:5 all ! circum/ances ( "*1 h]$ity1 & environm5t made = 8 d[nfall8 ,we say t c]ta9 consid]ations ought to h re/ra9$ ,jones because !y 7 en\gh to re/ra9 ,smi?4 ,are we1 !n1 to conclude t ,smi? & ,jones are s mu* alike--are1 9 fact1 id5tical 9 "*--t ! same =ces w influ5ce ea* 9 ! same mann] & to ! same degree8 ,! assumption is obvi\sly absurd4 ,:at ought to h happ5$ ) ,smi? & ,jones1 be>+ 9 m9d all ! conditions ( ! problem1 is :at did happ54 ,:at ought to happ5 to ,smi? & ,jones 9 ! future w be equally dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! "* ( ! two becomes modifi$4 ,9 ?is s5se our conception ( :at ought to be 9 ! future w guide u z to ! nature ( ! influ5ces we br+ to be> ^u ,smi? & ,jones4 ,we believe t good actions may be possible 9 ! future :]e bad ones occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 because we see t a *ange ( conditions may produce ! desir$ result4 ,! moral po/ulate1 !re=e1 does n conta9 any?+1 or imply any?+1 9 fav\r ( ,indet]m9ism4 ,x does ass]t t c]ta9 ?+s ought to be1 b x c only realize ?is by recogniz+1 & act+ ^u ! recognition1 t j z c]ta9 =ces 9 ! pa/ h issu$ 9 c]ta9 results1 s a modification 9 ! nature or incid5ce ( ^! =ces w produce a correspond+ modification ( conduct 9 ! future4 ,:atev] else !re appe>s to be 9 ! ought is a m]e trick ( ! imag9ation2 & ! surpris+ ?+ is t a writ] ( ! calibre ( ,pr(essor ,james %\ld n h be5 p]fectly alive to ?is4 ,a crud] =m ( ! same position1 al?\gh introduc+ o!r issues1 0 upheld by ,dr4 ,m>t9eau 9 ! categorical /atem5t1 ei!r free-w is a fact1 or moral judgm5t a delusion4 ,8 reason = ?is rem>kable /atem5t is3-- ,we c\ld nev] condemn "o turn ( act or ?\ght did we n believe ! ag5t to h comm& ( ano!r2 & j 9 proportion z we p]ceive1 9 8 temp]am5t or education or circum/ances1 ! c]ta9 prepond]ance ( p>ticul> sugge/ions1 & ! ne> approa* to an inn] necessity1 d we criticize him r z a natural object ?an z a responsible be+1 & deal ) 8 ab]rations z maladies in/ead ( s9s4#e #e ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #da4 ,well1 human nature might easily h be5 ne>] p]fection ?an x is _h moral ab]rations be5 treat$ z maladies r ?an s9s1 & "o c]ta9ly w\ld n h felt great] regret _h judges & critics always be5 capable ( ris+ to ?is level ( judgm5t4 ,social1 political1 & religi\s malevol5ce might n h receiv$ ! gratification & support x has receiv$ _h ?is be5 ! rule ( judgm5t & ! guide to me?ods ( treatm5t1 b our social consci\sness w\ld h be5 ( a sup]ior texture ?an is n[ ! case4 ,& "o may ask :e!r !re is any human action conceivable = :i* an adequate cause _c be f\nd 9 temp]am5t or education or circum/ances1 or 9 a comb9ation ( ! ?ree8 ,x w\ld tax any "o's +5uity to "n an action t lies outside ! scope ( ^! influ5ces4 ,temp]am5t1 education1 circum/ances1 are ! great & controll+ conditions ( human action1 & only 9 proportion z ?is is recogniz$ & act$ ^u d we approa* a sci5ce ( human nature & beg9 to realize me?ods ( pr(itable modification4 ,aga9/ ,det]m9ism ,dr4 ,m>t9eau argues t ! moral life dwells exclusively 9 ! volunt>y sph]e1 & also t impulses ( spontane\s action d n con/itute "*4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts is at lea/ v debatable1 al?\gh x may turn ^u a matt] ( def9ition4 ,b ! second /atem5t is di/9ctly inaccurate4 ,"o may ass]t ! exact opposite1 & in/ead ( say+ t ! impulses ( spontane\s action d n con/itute "*1 argue t !y are ! true/ indications ( "*4 ,( c\rse1 f "o po9t ( view1 all t a man does1 :e!r x be spontane\s or reflective1 mu/ be equally ! expression ( ! :ole man4 ,b f ano!r po9t ( view ! m p]man5t & endur+ *>act]i/ics ( a man may be ov]borne by a pass+ flood ( emotion or by a casual comb9ation ( unusual circum/ances4 ,by ^! means an habitually mean man may be r\s$ to acts ( g5]osity1 an habitual ?ief r\s$ to acts ( hone/y4 ,long reflection may cause a p]son to decide ?is or t1 :5 8 spontane\s impulses are 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,& :ile ^! reflections & floods ( emotion are equally ) ! spontane\s impulses "p ( a giv5 p]sonality1 yet x w h>dly be disput$ t ! latt] are ! m deeply seat$1 w express !mselves 9 a m uni=m mann]1 & are ?us a tru] & m reliable index to ! "* ( ! p]son ) :om we are deal+4 ,h[ f> we are to accept morality z dwell+ exclusively 9 ! volunt>y1 t is ! int5tional1 sph]e1 is1 z ,i h said1 l>gely a matt] ( def9ition4 ,we may s def9e morality t x %all cov] only int5tional acts1 9 :i* case ! /atem5t mu/ be accept$1 or we c def9e morality 9 a wid] s5se1 z cov]+ all action by means ( :i* desirable relations betwe5 p are ma9ta9$1 9 :i* case ! /atem5t is n true4 ,= we %\ld !n be committ$ to ! curi\s position t all moral developm5t t5ds to make man less moral4 ,to h ! quality ( volunt>9ess an act mu/ be consci\sly p]=m$ ) a p>ticul> end 9 view4 ,b a l>ge "p ( ! m important functions ( life d n come "u ?is category1 :ile a /ill l>g] portion are only semi-volunt>y4 ,! :ole set ( in/9cts t clu/] r\nd ! family1 ! feel+s :i* urge human be+s to seek o!rs' society1 & :i* are ! ess5tial conditions ( all social ph5om5a1 d n prop]ly come "u ! head ( volition4 ,our conduct 9 any ( ^! directions may easily be ju/ifi$ by reason1 b x w\ld be absurd to argue t !re is any int5tional *oice involv$4 ,moreov]1 ! *ief aim ( education1 ( ! moralization ( "*1 is to dive/ actions ( _! quality ( reflectiv5ess or int5tion4 ,our aim "h is s to fa%ion "* t x w unque/ion+ly & in/9ctively place itself on ! "r side4 ,?is is a =ce t op]ates on all individuals m or less1 & f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,family influ5ces curb & fa%ion ! egotism ( ! *ild until !re is an unconsci\s & (t5 unreason+ adh]5ce to ! family circle4 ,social influ5ces cont9ue ! "w & tra9 ! individual into an in/9ctive h>mony1 m or less complete ) ! /ructure ( ! society to :i* he belongs4 ,! m]e repetition ( a p>ticul> action involves ! =mation ( a habit1 & habit is mean+less 9 ! abs5ce ( a modifi$ n]ve /ructure :i* reacts 9 a special mann]4 ,p]si/5ce 9 "r action1 !re=e1 no matt] h[ consci\sly x may be p]=m$ 9 its initial /ages1 inevitably passes ov] into unconsci\s or in/9ctive action4 ,& let x be not$1 too1 t x is only :5 ?is *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t t a p]son c be said to be a ?or\ghly moraliz$ "*4 ,x is n ! man :o does "r aft] a long int]nal /ruggle t is mo/ moral1 b ! "o ) :om do+ "r is ! mo/ imp]ative ( organic necessities4 ,we praise ! man :o does "r aft] /ruggle1 b *iefly because ( our admiration at ! triumph ( "r ov] wrong1 or because 8 weakness cries = support1 or because he has 9 him ! mak+ ( a m p]fect "*4 ,b to place him z ! sup]ior ( "o ^: "r do+ is ! effloresc5ce ( 8 :ole nature is to misund]/& ! e?ical problem4 ,& equally to conf9e morality to m]ely volunt>y or int5tional action is to truncate ! sph]e ( morals to an ext5t t w\ld meet ) ! approval ( v few writ]s on e?ics4 ,9 brief1 "o may n m]ely say ) ,less+1 ,det]m9ism has no?+ to fe> f ! side ( morals1 "o may add t x is only on ! !ory ( ,det]m9ism t ! moralization ( "* becomes a rational possibility4 ,v4 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,,on ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,det]m9ism4 ,we h se5 9 :at has gone be=e h[ mu* ( ! case = ,free-,w is bas$ ^u ! wrong use ( language1 & ^u a display ( petulance aris+ f ! degree to :i* x is assum$ t ! univ]se ought to fulfil c]ta9 a priori expectations4 ,9 ?is la/ respect ! ,volitioni/ behaves z if he 7 on a k9d ( %opp+ excursion1 ) full lib]ty to pur*ase or reject ! goods br\ght out = inspection4 ,bo? ( ^! po9ts are well illu/rat$ 9 an apology = ,indet]m9ism (f]$ by ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 & al?\gh 9 exam9+ 8 argum5t x may be necess>y to repeat 9 sub/ance "s ( ! argum5ts already us$1 ?is w n be )\t its value 9 enabl+ ! read] to realize ! %ifts to :i* ! def5d] ( ,free-,w is compell$ to resort4 ,9 ju/ice to ,pr(essor ,james1 h[ev]1 x is only fair to po9t out t x is n q cle> t he is ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! position he sees fit to /ate4 ,mu* ( 8 argum5t reads z ?\gh he 7 m]ely /at+ a speculation t might prove valuable1 b :i* might also turn out valueless4 ,/ill1 :atev] conviction he has1 or _h1 appe>s to lean to ! side ( ,indet]m9ism1 & ,i %all accord+ly deal ) 8 argum5t z ?\gh he 7 q conv9c$ ( its s\ndness4 ,9 8 *ief "w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,pr(essor ,james took up ! p]fectly sane position t a man w\ld be fooli% n to esp\se ! great sci5tific po/ulate t ! pr$iction ( all ?+s )\t exception mu/ be possible1 & drew a prop] di/9ction betwe5 :at is ideally possible--t is to complete k--& :at is actually possible to incomplete k4 ,9 a lat] deliv]ance he1 = ! "t at lea/1 =sakes ?is position & *ampions a case :i* re/s = its coh]5ce v l>gely ^u ! neglect ( ^? precautions previ\sly insi/$ on4#f ,to suit ! necessities ( ! argum5t ! ,det]m9i/ is made to say ?+s t ,i ?9k few1 if any1 det]m9i/s ev] dream$ ( say+1 :ile c]ta9 lead+ words are us$ ) a mean+ obvi\sly fram$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 #f ,see ! lecture on ,! ,dilemma ( ,det]m9ism 9 ! volume ,! ,w to ,believe1 & o!r ,essays4 ,london2 #aijc4 ,at ! outset ( 8 essay ,pr(essor ,james rem>ks t if a c]ta9 =mula--9 ?is case ! ,det]m9i/ =mula--= express+ ! nature ( ! _w violates my moral dem&s1 ,i %all feel z free to ?r[ x ov]bo>d1 or at lea/ to d\bt x1 z if x disappo9t$ my dem& = uni=mity ( sequ5ce4 ,& he proce$s to argue t all our sci5tific laws are ideal con/ructions1 built up 9 ord] to satisfy c]ta9 dem&s ( our nature4 ,uni=mity 9 nature is ?us z mu* a =mula fram$ to ?is end z is ,free-,w4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 he says1 we c debate on ev5 t]ms4 ,un=tunately = ! ,pr(essor's argum5t ! two in/ances are n analog\s--n1 at lea/1 9 ! direction requir$4 ,! s5se ( causality is n some?+ t is innate 9 human nature4 ,*ildr5 at an e>ly age h>dly possess x1 & primitive man has x 9 only a v vague mann]4 ,! conviction t all ?+s are b\nd toge!r 9 t]ms ( causation is "o t belongs1 ev5 to-day1 to ! educat$1 ?\ghtful m9d4 ,at any rate x is a conviction t has be5 =c$ ^u ! human m9d by ! %e] pressure ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is a gr[? consequ5t ^u ! m9d's int]c\rse ) ! objective univ]se4 ,& its validity is n call$ into "q4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is assum$ moral dem& = ,free-,w is ! v po9t 9 dispute4 ,:e!r !re is su* a dem&1 & if s is x a legitimate "o1 are ! que/ions ^u :i* ! discussion turns4 ,& x w n d = ,pr(essor ,james to claim ,free-,w 9 ! "n ( c]ta9 moral dem&s & res]ve ! "r to ?r[ ov]bo>d any !ory t does n grant !m4 ,man's moral nature1 equally ) 8 intellectual nature1 mu/ 9 ! la/ resort yield to facts4 ,x w n d to exalt into a moral in/9ct :at may be no m ?an a p]sonal idiosyncrasy4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no m ?an ?is 9 su* expressions z some?+ mu/ be fatally unreasonable1 absurd1 & wrong 9 ! _w1 or ,i delib]ately refuse to keep on t]ms ( loyalty ) ! univ]se1 if c]ta9 ?+s turn out to be true4 ,su* phrases are completely out ( place 9 a sci5tific enquiry4 ,! univ]se w rema9 :at x is :e!r we call x absurd or rational1 & may ev5 survive ! rais+ ( ! /&>d ( revolt by s em95t a psy*ologi/ z ,pr(essor ,james1 to :om we w\ld comm5d1 7 he /ill alive1 ,s*op5hau]'s pr(\nd rem>k t !re are no moral ph5om5a1 only moral int]pretations ( ph5om5a4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! insup]able dilemma :i* ,pr(essor ,james places be=e uphold]s ( ,det]m9ism8 ,! :ole ( x turns out to be little m ?an a play ^u ! words possible & actual4 ,det]m9ism1 he says1 pr(esses t ^? p>ts ( ! univ]se already laid d[n absolutely appo9t & decree 7,:y 'appo9t' & 'decree'8 ,:y n ! imp]sonal ^w 'det]m9e8'7 :at ! o!r p>ts %all be4 ,! future is det]m9$ by ! pa/2 & giv5 ! pa/1 only "o future is possible4 ,indet]m9ism says t ! p>ts h a c]ta9 am\nt ( loose play on "o ano!r1 s t ! lay+ d[n ( "o ( !m does n necess>ily det]m9e :at ! o!rs %all be4 ,?us1 /ill foll[+ ,pr(essor ,james's exposition1 giv5 a special in/ance1 bo? sides admit ! occurr5ce ( a volition4 ,! ,det]m9i/ ass]ts t no o!r volition c\ld h occurr$4 ,! ,indet]m9i/ ass]ts t ano!r volition might h occurr$1 o!r ?+s rema9+ ! same4 ,&1 asks ! ,pr(essor1 c sci5ce tell u :i* is correct8 ,8 reply is1 ,no4 ,h[ c any am\nt ( assurance t some?+ actually happ5$ give u ! lea/ gra9 ( in=mation z to :e!r ano!r ?+ might or might n h happ5$ 9 its place8 ,only facts c be prov$ by o!r facts4 ,) ?+s t are possibilities & n facts1 facts h no conc]n4 ,! position may be made cle>] by tak+ ! ,pr(essor's own illu/ration4 ,:51 he says1 ,i leave ?is lecture hall ,i may g home via ,div9ity ,av5ue1 or trav]se ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,x is a matt] ( *ance :i* r\te is select$4 ,b assume t by "s miracle1 aft] hav+ walk$ d[n ,div9ity ,av5ue1 t5 m9utes ( "t are annihilat$1 & rea*+ ! ,hall door aga9 ,ox=d ,/reet is ! r\te select$4 ,spectators ?us h two alt]native univ]ses4 ,"o univ]se ) ! ,pr(essor walk+ ?r\gh ,div9ity ,av5ue1 ! o!r ) him walk+ ?r\gh ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,if ! spectators are ,det]m9i/s !y w believe only "o univ]se to h be5 f et]nity possible4 ,b1 asks ,pr(essor ,james1 look+ outw>dly at ^! two univ]ses1 c anyone say :i* is ! accid5tal & :i* is ! necess>y "o8 ,9 o!r words1 ei!r univ]se aft] ! fact & once !re w\ld1 to our means ( obs]vation & und]/&+1 appe> j z rational z ! o!r4 ,!re is no means by :i* we c di/+ui% *ance f a rational necessity4 ,a univ]se :i* all[s a c]ta9 loose play ( ! p>ts is z rational z "o :i* submits to ! mo/ rigid det]m9ism4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! above1 x is necess>y to take ano!r phrase on :i* mu* ( ! above argum5t dep5ds4 ,pr(essor ,james says t ! /ronghold ( ! ,det]m9i/ s5tim5t is antipa?y to ! idea ( ,*ance1 & *ance is a notion n to be ent]ta9$ by any sane m9d4 ,& ! /+1 he says1 seems to re/ on ! assumption t *ance is some?+ positive1 & if a ?+ happ5s by *ance x mu/ ne$s be irrational & prepo/]\s4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t any sci5tific ,det]m9i/ ev] us$ *ance z be+ a positive t]m at all4 ,c]ta9ly ! la/ ?+ ! pres5t writ] w\ld dream ( do+ w\ld be to pr$icate *ance ( any portion ( ! objective univ]se :atsoev]4 ,! only legitimate use ( ! ^w is 9 ref]5ce to ! /ate ( our k conc]n+ ph5om5a4 ,to say t a ?+ *anc$1 or happ5$ by *ance1 is only say+ t we are n aw>e ( ! causes t produc$ x4 ,we say no?+ ( ! ?+ itself1 we only express ! /ate ( our m9d 9 relation to x4 ,pr(essor ,james says all y mean by *ance is t a ?+ is n gu>ante$1 x may fall out o!rwise4 ,n gu>ante$ by our k ab\t ! ?+1 c]ta9ly2 9 any o!r s5se1 8 def9ition seems inv5t$ = ! express purpose ( bol/]+ up 8 hypo!sis4 ,=1 he says1 a *ance ?+ means t ! g5]al sy/em ( ?+s has no hold on x4 ,x appe>s 9 relation to o!r ?+s1 b x escapes _! det]m9+ influ5ce1 & appe>s z a free gift4 ,?us :e!r he walk$ d[n ,div9ity ,av5ue or ,ox=d ,/reet 0 a matt] ( *ance2 & ! future ( ! _w is full ( simil> *ances--ev5ts t may take "o ( sev]al =ms1 ei!r ( :i* is consi/5t ) ! :ole4 ,we n[ h ! ess5ce ( ,pr(essor ,james's case1 & c consid] x 9 detail4 ,fir/ ( all we may note ! curi\sly d\ble s5se 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,james uses ! ^w fact & ! agility ) :i* he skips f "o mean+ to ano!r1 z x suits 8 argum5t4 ,9 a broad & g5]al s5se a m5tal fact is z mu* a fact z any o!r fact4 ,a man rid+ on horseback is a fact4 ,my vision or conception ( a horse ) ! head ( a man is equally a fact1 ?\gh no?+ l x exi/s 9 nature4 ,we %\ld discrim9ate betwe5 ! two by say+ t "o is a m5tal fact /rictly relative to a p>ticul> m9d1 ! o!r is an objective fact relative to all m9ds normally con/itut$4 ,n[ sci5ce does n d5y possibilities z m5tal facts4 ,b x w\ld be a v que] sci5ce inde$ t all[$ all sorts ( possibilities ( a giv5 gr\p ( ph5om5a "u id5tical conditions4 ,l *ance1 ! possibilities ( ! ,univ]se are /rictly relative to our k conc]n+ x4 ,if opposite ?+s appe> equally possible1 x is only because we are n suffici5tly conv]sant ) ! processes to say :i* ?+ is c]ta94 ,a univ]se ) ,pr(essor ,james walk+ d[n ,div9ity ,av5ue appe>s z ord]ly & z natural z "o ) him p>ad+ ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,b ?is is because we _c unravel ! complex conditions t may det]m9e ! selection ( "o r\te or ! o!r4 ,or if x be said 9 reply1 t ! walk] is unaw>e ( any *oice 9 ! matt]1 ! answ] is t !re is pres5t ! desire to get away f ! lecture hall & arrive at home1 & ?is is /rong en\gh to make ! *oice ( means to t end unimportant4 ,if ! *oice lay betwe5 walk+ d[n a sunlit /reet or wad+ ?r\gh a mile ( wat]1 five feet deep1 :ile ! latt] w\ld /ill rema9 a possibility1 s9ce x c\ld be done 7 ! inducem5t to d x /rong en\gh1 !re is n mu* d\bt z to :at ! *oice w\ld actually be4 ,! complete reply !re=e to ,pr(essor ,james's illu/ration is t f ! /&po9t ( m]e possibility1 be>+ 9 m9d ! prop] significance ( possibility1 opposite alt]natives may be equally real4 ,we c1 t is1 conceive conditions "u :i* a c]ta9 ?+ may occur1 & we c conceive ano!r set ( conditions "u :i* exactly ! opposite may occur4 ,& ei!r alt]native pres5ts u ) a univ]se t is equally rational1 because 9 ei!r case we v>y ! co-op]at+ conditions 9 ord] to produce ! imag9$ consequ5ce4 ,b giv5 a complete k ( all ! co-op]at+ conditions1 & n only d two views ( ! univ]se cease to be equally rational1 b "o ( !m ceases to be ev5 conceivable4 ,= let u note t ! resultant ( any calculation is no m & no less ?an a syn!sis ( ! factors t are includ$ 9 ! calculation4 ,if we d n und]/& ! factors includ$ 9 a giv5 syn!sis x w be a matt] ( *ance :at ! resultant may be4 ,b if we d und]/& ! nature ( ! factors1 & ! consequ5ce ( _! syn!sis1 possibility & actuality become conv]tible t]ms4 ,f9ally1 :e!r a man on leav+ a lecture hall turns to ! "r or ! left appe>s1 "u ord9>y conditions1 equally rational & natural only because we are aw>e t x may be a matt] ( indiff]5ce :i* direction he takes1 & 9 t case 8 action w be gov]n$ by ! simple desire to get away1 or to get to a p>ticul> spot4 ,x is a simple d$uction f exp]i5ce pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,james 9 a ne$lessly confus+ mann]4 ,! next1 & practically ! only example cit$ by ,pr(essor ,james to prove t ?is _w is a _w ( *ances1 is conc]n$ ) a "q ( morals4 ,we con/antly1 he says1 h occasion to make judgm5ts ( regret4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 he cites ! case ( a p>ticul>ly brutal murd]1 & adds1 ,we feel t1 al?\gh a p]fect me*anical fit to ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 x is a bad moral fit1 & t some?+ else w\ld really h be5 bett] 9 its place4 ,b call+ a ?+ bad means1 if x means any?+ at all1 t ! ?+ ought n to be1 t some?+ else ought to be 9 its /ead4 ,if ,det]m9ism d5ies ?is x is def9+ ! univ]se z a place 9 :i* :at ought to be is impossible1 & ?is l&s u 9 pessimism1 or if we are to escape pessimism we c only d s by ab&on+ ! judgm5t ( regret4 ,b if our regrets are necessitat$ no?+ else c be 9 _! place1 & ! univ]se is :at x 0 be=e--a place 9 :i* :at ought to be appe>s impossible4 ,murd] & trea*]y _c be good )\t regret be+ bad1 regret _c be good )\t murd] & trea*]y be+ bad4 ,z bo?1 h[ev]1 are =$oom$1 some?+ mu/ be fatally wrong & absurd 9 ! _w4 ,n[1 ,i mu/ confess all ?is seems a deal ( bo!r conc]n+ a fairly simple matt]4 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,james seems to be engag$ 9 rais+ a du/ & !n compla9+ ( ! murk9ess ( ! atmosph]e4 ,com+ f a writ] ( less /&+ ,i might1 9 view ( :at has be5 said else:]e 9 ?is essay1 h left ! reply to ! c>eful read]'s und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,b f s em95t a psy*ologi/ z ,william ,james1 sil5ce might well be con/ru$ z det]m9i/ic inability to reply to ! position laid d[n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i may be p>don$ = aga9 rem9d+ ! read] t1 9 ?is connection1 ought /&s ^u precisely ! same level z possible4 ,:e!r we say t a man ought to d a c]ta9 ?+1 or t x is possible = him to d a c]ta9 ?+1 we are mak+ id5tical /atem5ts1 = no "o w\ld dream ( say+ t a man ought to d t :i* x is impossible = him to p]=m4 ,:5 we say t murd] & trea*]y ought n to be1 we d n imply--if we use language prop]ly--t ^! are n z mu* "p ( ! cosmic ord]1 & z mu* ! expression ( co-op]at+ conditions1 z are k9dness & loyalty4 ,x is say+ no m ?an t 9 our judgm5t human nature may be s tra9$ & condition$ z to practise nei!r murd] nor trea*]y4 ,we are express+ a judgm5t z to :at our ideal ( human nature is1 & our ideal ( :at human nature %\ld be is bas$ ^u :at exp]i5ce has taught u conc]n+ its possibilities4 ,man's judgm5t ( regret is ju/ifiable & admirable1 n because he recognizes t ! pa/ c\ld h be5 diff]5t f :at x 01 b because x furni%es him ) ! requisite exp]i5ce = a bett] direction ( action 9 ! future1 & because ! feel+ ( regret is itself "o ( ! det]m9+ conditions t w decide conduct 9 ! future4 ,! "q1 says ,pr(essor ,james1 is ( ?+s1 n ( eulogi/ic names = !m4 ,) ?is ,i cordially agree2 b 9 t case :at are we to make ( ! foll[+3-- ,! only consi/5t way ( repres5t+ 444 a _w ^: p>ts may affect "o ano!r ?r\gh _! conduct be+ ei!r good or bad is ! indet]m9ate way4 ,:at int]e/1 ze/1 or excitem5t c !re be 9 a*iev+ ! "r way1 unless we are enabl$ to feel t ! wrong way is also a possible & a natural way--nay1 m1 a m5ac+ & an imm95t way8 ,& :at s5se c !re be 9 condemn+ ourselves = tak+ ! wrong way1 unless we ne$ h done no?+ ( ! sort1 unless ! "r way 0 op5 to u z well8 ,i _c und]/& ! will+ness to act1 no matt] h[ we feel1 )\t ! belief t acts are really good or bad4 ,i _c und]/& ! belief t an act is bad1 )\t regret at its happ5+4 ,i _c und]/& regret )\t ! admission ( real g5u9e possibilities 9 ! _w4 ,elim9ate f ?is all t is matt] ( common agreem5t betwe5 ,det]m9i/s & ,indet]m9i/s1 & :at h we left b %e] v]bal confusion8 ,! pleasurable feel+ t results f a s5se ( a*ievem5t is real no matt] :at are ! l9es on :i* ! univ]se is con/ruct$4 ,"o might z reasonably ask1 ,:y feel a great] int]e/ 9 a fir/-class or*e/ral p]=mance1 ?an 9 ! h>monic outrages ( a hurdy-gurdy1 s9ce bo? are1 f ! physical side1 vibratory ph5om5a8 ,& is x n cle>1 to repeat a tru? already emphasiz$1 t a mo/ important factor 9 our condemn+ ourselves = do+ a wrong action is ! fact t we h done s4 ,x is "o ( ! det]m9+ conditions ( do+ bett] actions 9 future4 ,( c\rse1 ,pr(essor ,james _c und]/& ! belief t an act is bad1 )\t regret at its happ5+4 ,nei!r c anyone else1 = ! simple reason t "o involves ! o!r4 ,! /atem5t is z mu* a truism z is ! "o t we c h no will+ness to act unless we believe t acts are ei!r good or bad4 ,equally true is x t regret implies real possibilities 9 ! _w--n always1 ?\gh1 = we may regret dea? or ! radiation into extra t]re/rial space ( sol> en]gy )\t believ+ t ! prev5tion ( ei!r is possible4 ,b our possibilities 9 relation to conduct d n1 z ! argum5t implies1 relate to ! pa/1 b to ! future4 ,inde$1 ! s5se ( possibility w\ld be morally wor?less 7 x o!rwise4 ,f9ally1 & ?is br+s me to :at is "o ( ! c>d9al weaknesses ( s mu* ( ! writ+ on psy*ology1 ,pr(essor ,james's argum5t is vitiat$ by non-recognition ( ! fact t regret & satisfaction1 praise & blame1 ) mo/ ( ! c>d9al moral qualities1 are social 9 _! orig9 & application4 ,!y repres5t ! reaction ( our social feel+s aga9/ anti-social conduct1 or _! expression ( satisfaction at conduct ( an opposite "*4 ,!y are consequ5tly ! creations1 n ( an indwell+ w1 b ( an outdwell+ social relation%ip4 ,!y are n impress$ by ! ego ^u ! _w1 !y are impress$ by ! _w ^u ! ego4 ,"* is n some?+ t ea* individual br+s ready fa%ion$ to ! s]vice ( society2 x is some?+ t society itself creates4 ,x has be5 fa%ion$ by c\ntless g5]ations ( social evolution1 &1 9 ! ma91 t evolution has ( necessity plac$ due emphasis ^u ^? intellectual & moral qualities on :i* social welf>e dep5ds4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,implications ,,( ,,responsibility4 ,if ,hume 0 n "r 9 ass]t+ t a few intelligible def9itions w\ld put an end to ! ,free-,w controv]sy1 8 error lay 9 assum+ a great] receptivity ( m9d ?an mo/ p possess4 ,= x may safely be ass]t$ t once ! legitimate mean+s ( ! t]ms employ$ are ackn[l$g$1 & !y are prop]ly appli$ to ! matt] 9 dispute1 x may be %[n t ! oppon5ts ( ,det]m9ism h be5 beat+ ! air4 ,! ,det]m9ism !y attack is n ! ,det]m9ism t is ei!r pr(ess$ or def5d$4 ,! consequ5ces !y =eca/ foll[ only f a di/ort$1 & (t5 mean+less1 use ( ! t]ms employ$4 ,in/ead ( ! ,det]m9i/ d5y+ ! moral & m5tal value ( c]ta9 qualities ( :i* ! ,indet]m9i/ ann\nces himself ! *ampion1 he admits _! value1 gives !m a def9ite mean+1 & proves t x is only by an assumption ( ! tru? ( ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ,det]m9ism t !y h any reality4 ,?is has already be5 %[n to be true 9 ! case ( ,fre$om1 ,*oice1 ,delib]ation1 etc42 x rema9s to pursue ! same me?od ) su* conceptions z praise & blame or puni%m5t & rew>d1 & responsibility4 ,! *>ge is1 aga91 t ,det]m9ism robs praise & blame & responsibility ( all mean+1 & r$uces !m to m]e v]bal expressions :i* "s may mi/ake = ! equival5ts ( reality1 b :i* cle>] ?9k]s w e/imate at _! true wor?4 ,:at is ! use ( prais+ or blam+ if ea* "o does :at h]$ity1 con/itution1 & environm5t compels8 ,:y puni% a man = be+ :at he is8 ,:y hold him responsible = ! expressions ( a "* provid$ = him1 & = ! influ5ce ( an environm5t :i* he _h no "p 9 =m+8 ,s ! /r+ ( que/ions run on4 ,none ( !m1 x may safely be said1 w\ld ev] be ask$ if all prop]ly realiz$ ! precise mean+ & application ( ! t]ms employ$4 ,= z ) ! previ\s t]ms exam9$1 x is an acceptance ( ,indet]m9ism t w\ld rob ^! words ( all value4 ,rationally conceiv$ !y are n only consonant ) ,det]m9ism1 b ea* ( !m implies x4 ,( ! f\r t]ms m5tion$ above--,praise1 ,blame1 ,puni%m5t1 & ,responsibility1 ! c>d9al & gov]n+ "o is ! la/4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to endeav\r to fix ?is ) "s degree ( cle>ness4 ,to comm5ce ) we may note t 9 contra-di/9ction to fre$om :]e ! te/imony ( consci\sness is illegitimately invok$1 a consci\sness ( responsibility is ess5tial to its exi/5ce4 ,a p]son 9 :om x 0 manife/ly impossible to ar\se su* a consci\sness w\ld be unhesitat+ly decl>$ to be irresponsible4 ,!re is "h1 consequ5tly1 bo? ! fact ( responsibility & our consci\sness ( x t calls = explanation4 ,& bo? require = an adequate explanation a l>g] area ?an is (f]$ by m]e individual psy*ology4 ,inde$1 s long z we re/rict ourselves to ! individual we _c und]/& ei!r ! fact or ! consci\sness ( responsibility4 ,by limit+ !mselves 9 ?is mann] "s ,det]m9i/s h be5 l$ to d5y responsibility altoge!r4 ,! individual1 !y h said1 does n create ei!r 8 own organism or its environm5t1 & consequ5tly all reasonable basis = responsibility disappe>s4 ,to :i* !re is ! effective reply t ! datum = responsibility is f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! organism & 9 ! possibility ( its be+ affect$ by c]ta9 social =ces1 & n 9 ! absolute orig9ation ( its own impulses & actions4 ,x is play+ "r into ! h&s ( ! ,indet]m9i/ to d5y s l>ge & s important a social ph5om5on z responsibility4 ,& to ! ,indet]m9i/ attack1 t if action is ! expression ( h]$ity1 organism1 & environm5t1 !re is no room = responsibility1 !re is ! effective reply t x is precisely because ! individual's actions are ! expression ( all ! =ces br\ght to be> ^u him t he may be acc\nt$ responsible4 ,! ,det]m9i/ has (t5 be5 too ready to take ! mean+s & implications ( words f 8 oppon5t1 in/ead ( *eck+ ! s5se 9 :i* !y 7 us$4 ,! g5]al s5se ( responsibility--omitt+ all second>y mean+s--is t ( acc\ntability1 to be able to reply to a *>ge1 or to be able to answ] a claim made ^u u4 ,?is at once gives u ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( responsibility1 & also /amps x z a ph5om5on ( social e?ics4 ,a man liv+ on a des]t isl& w\ld n be responsible1 unless we assume 8 responsibility to deity2 & ev5 "h we h ! ess5tial social fact--relation to a p]son--re9troduc$4 ,x is our relations to o!rs1 t & ! influ5ce ( our actions ^u o!rs1 comb9$ ) ! possibility ( our natures be+ affect$ by ! praise or c5sure ( ! social body to :i* we belong1 :i* sets up ! fact ( responsibility4 ,conduct creates a social reaction1 good or bad1 agreeable or disagreeable1 & ! react+ judgm5t ( society awak5s 9 ea* ( u a consci\sness ( responsibility1 m or less acute1 & m or less dra/ic1 to society at l>ge4 ,! individual sees himself 9 ! social mirror4 ,8 nature is fa%ion$ by ! social m$ium1 8 p]sonal life becomes an expression ( ! social life4 ,j z ! social consci5ce1 9 ! %ape ( a legal tribunal1 judges ea* = actions t are pa/1 s ! l>g] social consci5ce1 z express$ 9 a ?\s& & "o diff]5t =ms1 cu/oms1 & associations1 judges u = ^? desires & dispositions t may result 9 action 9 ! future4 ,responsibility z a ph5om5on ( social psy*ology is obvi\s1 educative1 inescapable1 & admirable4 ,responsibility z a ph5om5on ( individual psy*ology1 :e!r f ! ,det]m9i/ or ,indet]m9i/ po9t ( view1 is positively mean+less4 ,tak+1 !n1 responsibility z a fact ( social life1 ) its true significance ( acc\ntability1 let u see its mean+ on det]m9i/ic l9es4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness we w fir/ take legal responsibility z illu/rat+ ! matt]4 ,9 law a man is acc\nt$ guilty provid$ he kn[s ! law he is break+1 & also t he is capable ( appreciat+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 actions4 ,a fur!r consid]ation ( no mean importance is t ! consequ5ces att5d+ ! infr+em5t ( ! law are assum$ to be suffici5tly s]i\s to c\nt]balance ! inducem5ts to break ! regulation4 ,& z all citiz5s are assum$ to "k ! law1 we may conf9e our att5tion to ! la/ two aspects4 ,:at1 !n1 is meant by ability to appreciate consequ5ces8 ,!re c be no o!r mean+ ?an ! capacity to create an ideal pres5tm5t ( ! p5alties atta*+ to c]ta9 actions4 ,e promise ( rew>d or ?reat ( puni%m5t assumes ?is1 & assumes also t provid$ ! ideal pres5tm5t is /rong en\gh1 c]ta9 g5]al results w foll[4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple alone t puni%m5ts are proportion$ to (f5ces1 & t c]ta9 revisions ( p5alties take place f "t to "t4 ,negatively ! same ?+ is %[n by ! fact t "y *ildr51 idiots1 & lunatics are n legally held responsible = _! actions4 ,! gr\nd "h is t ! p[] to repres5t ideally ! full consequ5ces ( actions is abs5t1 or op]ates 9 an abnormal mann]4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole l9e ( pro( to e/abli% insanity 9 a c\rt ( law is t a p]son is n am5able to c]ta9 desires & impulses 9 ! same mann] z are normally con/itut$ p4 ,sub/antially ! same ?+ is se5 if we take ! fact ( responsibility 9 non-legal matt]s4 ,a v "y *ild1 incapable ( ideally repres5t+ consequ5ces1 is n consid]$ a responsible be+4 ,an old] *ild has a limit$ responsibility 9 c]ta9 simple matt]s4 ,z x gr[s old]1 & gr[? br+s ) x ! p[] ( m fully appreciat+ ! consequ5ce ( actions1 its responsibility increases 9 ! home1 9 ! s*ool1 9 bus9ess1 social1 religi\s1 & political circles x is held acc\ntable = its conduct1 9 proportion z ! p[] ( e/imat+ ! consequ5ces ( actions is assum$4 ,9 o!r words1 we assume n t !re is at any /age an autonom\s or self-direct+ w 9 op]ation1 b t a p>ticul> quality ( motive w op]ate at c]ta9 /ages ( m5tal developm5t1 & ! :ole ( ! educative process1 9 ! home1 ! s*ool1 & 9 society1 aims at mak+ ^! motives effective4 ,t is1 ! :ole fact ( responsibility assumes z a datum ! v condition t ! ,indet]m9i/ reg>ds z de/roy+ responsibility altoge!r4 ,he argues t if action is ! expression ( "*1 responsibility is a f>ce4 ,b x is precisely because action is ! expression ( "* t responsibility exi/s4 ,:5 ! law1 or :5 society1 calls a man to acc\nt = some?+ he has done1 x does n d5y t _h he possess$ a diff]5t "* he w\ld h act$ diff]5tly4 ,x does n ass]t t at ! "t ( action he c\ld h help$ do+ :at he did4 ,bo? may be admitt$4 ,:at x does say is t hav+ a "* ( su* & su* a k9d c]ta9 ?+s are b\nd to foll[4 ,b inasmu* z t "* may be modifi$ by social op9ion or social co]cion1 inasmu* z x w respond to c]ta9 influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u x1 x is a responsible "*1 & s may be held acc\ntable = its actions4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ incompatible betwe5 ,det]m9ism & ,responsibility4 ,! incompatibility lies betwe5 ,indet]m9ism & ,responsibility4 ,:at mean+ c we atta* to x1 on :at gr\nd c we call a p]son to acc\nt1 if our call+ him to acc\nt is n "o ( ! consid]ations t w affect 8 conduct8 ,grant t a consci\sness ( responsibility decides h[ a p]son %all act1 & ! pr9ciple ( ,det]m9ism is admitt$4 ,d5y t a consci\sness ( responsibility det]m9es action1 & ! phrase loses all mean+ & value4 ,! difficulty arises1 z has be5 said1 by ignor+ ! fact t responsibility is ( social orig91 & 9 look+ = an explanation 9 individual psy*ology4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be absurd to make man responsible = be+ :at he is1 b s long z he is am5able to ! pressure ( normal social =ces he is responsible or acc\ntable = :at he may be4 ,:atev] 8 "* be1 s long z x has ! capacity ( be+ affect$ by social pressure1 x is a responsible "*4 ,& ?is is ! sole condition t makes responsibility intelligible4 ,hav+ said ?is1 x is n difficult to see ! place ( puni%m5t & rew>d1 or praise & blame1 9 ! ,det]m9i/ s*eme ( ?+s4 ,ano!r ^w ?an puni%m5t might be select$1 & "o t w\ld be )\t its unpleasant associations1 b on ! :ole x is advisable p]haps to reta9 ! ^w 9 ord] to see ! nature ( ! problem cle>ly4 ,( c\rse1 puni%m5t 9 ! s5se ( ! infliction ( pa9 m]ely because c]ta9 actions h be5 committ$1 no ,det]m9i/ w\ld c\nt5ance4 ,s f> z puni%m5t is inflict$ 9 ?is _s ( %e] retaliation x s]ves only to gratify feel+s ( malevol5ce4 ,a society t puni%es m]ely to gratify res5tm5t is only %[+ t x c be z brutal collectively z individuals c be s+ly4 ,& if puni%m5t beg9s & ends ) ref]5ce to ! pa/1 !n x is c]ta9ly revolt+ to inflict pa9 ^u a p]son because he has done :at education & organization impell$ him to d4 ,s f> "o c agree ) ,pr(essor ,sidgwick t :5 a man's conduct is comp>$ ) a code1 to ! violation ( :i* puni%m5ts are atta*$1 ! "q :e!r he really c\ld obey ! rule by :i* he is judg$ is obvi\s & inevitable4 ,b :5 he goes on to reply ,if he c\ld n1 x seems contr>y to our s5se ( ju/ice to puni% him1 ! reply is1 ,n if ! code is "o t normal human nature c obey1 & ! individual "o :o c be modifi$ 9 a requir$ direction 9 bo? 8 own int]e/ & ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,= if our puni%m5t is prospective in/ead ( retrospective1 or at lea/ retrospective only s f> z to enable u to und]/& ! "* ( ! individual ) :om we are deal+1 & us+ puni%m5t z "o ( ! means ( secur+ a desirable modification ( "*1 !n puni%m5t is m]g$ 9 correction1 & receives a complete ju/ification ^u ,det]m9i/ic l9es4 ,! problem is comp>atively simple4 ,actions be+ decid$ by motives1 ! problem ) a socially defective "* is h[ to secure ! preval5ce ( desires t w issue 9 desirable conduct4 ,a man /eals2 ! problem !n is1 ,h[ c we s modify ! "* ( :i* /eal+ is ! expression1 s t we may weak5 ! desire to /eal & /r5g!n feel+s t w secure hone/y ( action8 ,on ! l[] plane society resorts to ?reats ( pa9s & p5alties1 s t :5 ! desire to /eal arises aga91 ! k t c]ta9 measures w be tak5 aga9/ ! (f5d] w arre/ ?is desire4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal gr\nds on :i* a measure l ! ,fir/ ,(f5d]s ,act is bas$4 ,on a high] plane ! approval & respect ( society s]ve to awak5 a positive lik+ = hone/y & ! =mation ( desirable m5tal habits4 ,praise & blame re/ ^u a precisely simil> basis4 ,man be+ ! socializ$ animal he is1 ! approbation & disapprobation ( 8 fell[s mu/ always ex]t consid]able influ5ce on 8 conduct4 ,! memory ( c5sure pass$ or ( praise be/[$ acts z "o ( ! _m influ5ces t w det]m9e conduct :5 ! critical mom5t = action arrives4 ,man does n always consci\sly put ! "q ( :at 8 social circle w ?9k ( 8 actions1 b ?is feel+ re/s ^u a deep] & m secure basis ?an t ( consci\sness4 ,x has be51 s to speak1 work$ into 8 nature by all ! g5]ations ( social life t h prec$$ 8 exi/5ce1 & to escape x means to put (f all t is di/9ctly human 9 8 "*4 ,e "t we praise or blame an action we are help+ to m\ld "*1 = bo? w s]ve z guides 9 ! future4 ,& x is j because at ! mom5t ( action a p]son c\ld n help do+ :at he did t !re is any reasonable ju/ification = ei!r approval or c5sure4 ,social approval & disapproval become an important portion ( ! environm5t to :i* ! human be+ mu/ p]=ce adapt himself4 ,:at use c\ld !re be 9 puni%+ or blam+ a man if 8 actions are det]m9$1 n by realizable motives1 b by a my/]i\s w t 9 spite ( our endeav\rs rema9s un9flu5c$8 ,if nei!r ! promise nor ! recollection ( puni%m5t creates feel+s t w det]m9e conduct1 !n "o might z well :ip ! w9d4 ,its only purpose is to gratify our own feel+s ( ang] or malevol5ce4 ,x is equally futile to look = ! cause ( wrong-do+ 9 education1 organization1 or environm5t4 ,= 9 proportion z we recognize any or all ( ^! factors z det]m9+ conduct we are des]t+ ! ,indet]m9i/ position1 & rel9qui%+ ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,if ,indet]m9ism be true we are =c$ to believe t al?\gh z a consequ5ce ( ill-conduct evil feel+s may arise ) great] frequ5cy1 yet !y mu/ be :olly ineffective z influ5c+ action4 ,x _c ev5 be argu$ t c]ta9 motives (f] /rong] attraction ?an o!rs to ! w1 = ?is 9 itself w\ld be a =m ( det]m9ism4 ,!re is no middle c\rse4 ,ei!r ! w rema9s absolutely un9flu5c$ by ?reat ( puni%m5t or desire = praise1 s]5ely indiff]5t to ! conflict ( desires1 & pro( aga9/ ! influ5ce ( education1 or x =ms a "p ( ! causative sequ5ce & ! tru? ( ,det]m9ism is admitt$4 ,y _c at ! same "t hold t man does n act 9 accordance ) ! /ronge/ motive1 & decide t ! w ma9ta9s its fre$om by decid+ :i* motive %all be ! /ronge/--its own det]m9ation n be+ ! product ( previ\s tra9+4 ,"o ne$1 inde$1 only /ate ! ,indet]m9i/ position pla9ly to see its inh]5t absurdity4 ,if ev] 9 any case ! argum5t ad absurdum 0 applicable x is surely "h4 ,x may safely be said t ! l>g] "p ( ! life ( ea* ( u is pass$ 9 anticipat+ ! future 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce4 ,b if ,free-,w be a fact1 on :at gr\nd c we =eca/ ! future4 ,if motives d n det]m9e conduct1 any prophecy ( :at c]ta9 p may d 9 a giv5 situation is futile4 ,! w be+ indet]m9$1 :at !y h done 9 ! pa/ is no guide z to :at !y w d 9 ! future4 ,if motives did n decide !n !y w n decide n[4 ,:e!r we read backw>d or =w>d makes no diff]5ce4 ,we h no "r to say t ! actions ( c]ta9 /atesm5 prove !m to h be5 animat$ by ! desire = weal? or p[]4 ,t w\ld imply ,det]m9ism4 ,we _c say t because a murd] has be5 committ$ a c]ta9 p]son :o bore ! deceas$ ill-w is rightly suspect$4 ,?is is assum+ t conduct is det]m9$ by motives4 ,if we see a p]son jump into ! riv]1 we h no "r to argue t depress$ heal?1 or f9ancial worry1 or imp5d+ social disgrace1 has caus$ him to commit suicide4 ,! "m may z easily murd] h] *ild z nurse x4 ,! workman may lab\r z well = a b>e pittance z = a com=table wage4 ,a man outside a h\se 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+1 arm$ ) a d>k lant]n & a jemmy1 may h no desire to commit a burgl>y4 ,a p]son ) a game bag & a gun furni%es no reliable data = believ+ t he int5ds to %oot some?+4 ,9 all ( ^! cases1 & 9 hundr$s ( o!rs1 if free-w be a fact we h no "r to argue f actions to motives1 or inf] motives f actions4 ,motives d n rule1 & we are witness+ ! uncaus$ & unacc\ntable vag>ies ( an autonom\s w4 ,x is sometimes said t no matt] h[ conv9c$ a ,det]m9i/ "o may be1 "o always acts z ?\gh ! w 7 free4 ,?is1 s f> f be+ true1 is ! rev]se ( :at really happ5s4 ,9 all ! affairs ( life p ( all %ades ( op9ion conc]n+ ,det]m9ism really act z ?\gh ,free-,w _h no exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be /range 7 x o!rwise4 ,facts are m insi/5t ?an !ories1 & 9 ! la/ resort x is ! nature ( ?+s :i* det]m9es ! c\rse ( our actions4 ,nature1 :ile p]mitt+ consid]able latitude 9 matt]s ( !ory or op9ion1 all[s comp>atively little play 9 matt]s ( conduct4 ,& x may be ass]t$ t a society :i* fail$ to ackn[l$ge 9 its conduct ! pr9ciple ( ,det]m9ism w\ld /& b small *ance ( survival4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 x comes to practical "w ! !ory ( ,free-,w is ignor$ & ! !ory ( ,det]m9ism act$ ^u4 ,! un=tunate ?+ is t ! ma9t5ance ( ,free-,w 9 ! sph]e ( op9ion s]ves to *eck ! :olesome application ( ! opposite pr9ciple4 ,!ory is us$ to *eck action in/ead ( s]v+ its prop] function z a guide to conduct4 ,/ill1 x is in/ructive to note to :at ext5t 9 ! sph]e ( practice ! pr9ciple ( ,det]m9ism is admitt$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! dr9k "q1 = in/ance1 temp]ance re=m]s argue t a dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( public-h\ses1 & ! creation ( opportunities = heal?y me?ods ( enjoym5t1 w dim9i% temptation & weak5 ! desire = alcoholic /imulants4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 /ress is rightly laid ^u ! importance ( ! "r k9d ( associates1 ! p[] ( education1 & ( heal?y physical surr\nd+s4 ,) adults1 ! b5eficial influ5ces ( fre% air1 good food1 well-built h\ses1 op5 spaces1 & heal?y conditions ( lab\r h become common-places ( sociology4 ,9 e rational biography att5tion is paid to ! =mative influ5ces ( p>5ts1 fri5ds1 & g5]al environm5t4 ,m$ical m5 seek ! cause ( frames ( m9d 9 n]v\s /ructure1 & pr$isposition to physical1 m5tal1 & moral disease 9 h]$ity4 ,/ati/icians po9t to absolute uni=mity ( g5]al human action "u c]ta9 social conditions4 ,morali/s po9t to ! p[] ( ideals on p's m9ds4 ,religi\s tea*]s emphasize ! p[] ( c]ta9 tea*+s 9 r$uc+ p>ticul> habits4 ,9 all ^! cases no all[ance :atev] is made = ! op]ation ( an undet]m9$ w4 ,! motive !ory ( action may n be consci\sly 9 ! m9ds ( all1 b x is ev]y:]e & at all times impli$ 9 practice4 ,9 /rict tru?1 we _c und]take a s+le affair 9 life )\t mak+ ! assumption t p w act 9 accordance ) c]ta9 motives1 & t ^! 9 turn w be ! outcome ( specific desires4 ,if ,i j\rney f "h to ,p>is ,i unconsci\sly assume t c]ta9 =ces--! desire to reta9 a situation1 to e>n a liv+1 to satisfy a s5se ( duty--w cause all ! (ficials connect$ ) boat & tra9 s]vice to c>ry out _! duties 9 a giv5 mann]4 ,if ,i appeal = ! protection ( ! police ,i am aga9 c\nt+ ^u c]ta9 motives influ5c+ ! (ficial m9d 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,all comm]cial transactions re/ ^u ! same unconsci\s assumption4 ,a m]*ant :o places an ord] ) a firm 9 ,russia1 ,am]ica1 or ,japan1 or :o s5ds goods abroad1 c\nts ) absolute confid5ce ^u c]ta9 desires & m5tal /ates s influ5c+ a numb] ( p ) :om he has no direct connection1 t !y w co-op]ate 9 l&+ ! goods at ! po9t desir$4 ,or if ! goods are n transmitt$ z desir$1 x is n because ! pr9ciple ^u :i* he reli$ is invalid1 b because o!r desires h op]at$ 9 a m p[]ful mann]4 ,a g5]al comm&+ an army acts on precisely ! same pr9ciple4 ,! ideal ( duty1 ( ! hon\r ( ! regim5t1 ! desire = di/9ction1 are all c\nt$ ^u z be+ p[]ful en\gh to s]ve z motives t w cause m5 to jo9 9 battle1 /orm a risky position1 or take "p 9 a =lorn hope4 ,hi/ory is read ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,! /atem5t t ,n]o 0 cruel1 t ,h5ry ! ,eigh? 0 ( an amatory nature1 t ,*>les ,i4 0 tyrannical1 or t ,l\is ! ,fifte5? 0 lic5ti\s1 c\ld n be made unless we argue t _! actions imply ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 motives4 ,t ! motive !ory ( ! w is true is admitt$ 9 practice by all4 ,! ,indet]m9i/ admits x ev5 9 8 appeal to ,lib]ty4 ,he is c\nt+ ^u ! desire = fre$om 7sociologically7 z be+ /rong en\gh to lead p to reject a !ory :i* d5ies its applicability to morals4 ,human nature becomes a *aos if ,det]m9ism is d5i$4 ,nei!r a sci5ce ( human conduct nor ( hi/ory is possible 9 its abs5ce2 = bo? assume a fundam5tal id5tity ( human nature b5ea? all ! comp>atively sup]ficial di/9ctions ( col\r1 cre$1 or national divisions4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! influ5ce ( climate1 food1 int]-tribal or int]national relations1 ( ! p[] ( ideals--moral1 religi\s1 milit>y1 national1 etc4--are all s _m ex]cises 9 ! philosophy ( ,det]m9ism4 ,9 none ( ^! directions d we make ! lea/ all[ance = ! op]ation ( an uncaus$ w4 ,we say ) absolute confid5ce t giv5 a p ) a milit>y environm5t1 & ei!r its discom=ts produce an anti-milit>i/ feel+1 or its glam\r evokes a /rong milit>i/ feel+4 ,s ) all o!r consid]ation t comes be=e u4 ,& z ,det]m9ism enables u to read & und]/& hi/ory & life1 s x also provides a basis ^u :i* we c "w = re=m4 ,9 ! belief t c]ta9 influ5ces w produce1 9 ! ma91 a p>ticul> result1 we c lay our plans & "w ) e prospect ( ultimate success4 ,in/ead ( our be/ endeav\rs be+ left at ! m]cy ( an undet]m9$ w1 !y take _! place z "p ( ! det]m9+ influ5ces t are m\ld+ human nature4 ,e action becomes a portion ( ! environm5t ) :i* ea* has to deal4 ,m1 x becomes a portion ( ! ag5t's own environm5t1 a "p ( t ideal _w 9 :i* we all m or less live4 ,& ! height5$ consci\sness t e action leaves a c]ta9 residuum = ei!r good or ill1 supplies 9 itself "o ( ! /ronge/ inc5tives = ! ex]cise ( self-control & furni%es an un%akable basis = self-developm5t4 ,,vii4 ,,det]m9ism ,,& ,,"*4 ,9 spite ( :at has be5 said1 x may be t a prote/ w /ill be rais$ by "s on behalf ( "*4 ,a man's "*1 x w be argu$1 is an ali5able p]sonal possession4 ,:at he does belongs to him 9 a s5se t is peculi> to 8 p]sonality4 ,9 _m important in/ances 8 actions be> ! /amp ( individuality 9 s pla9 a mann] t :ile we _c pr$ict :at he w d1 once x is done we recognize by ! peculi> nature ( ! action t x mu/ h be5 done by him & by none o!r4 ,9 pa9t+1 9 music1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 _m o!r walks ( life1 we are able to inf] au?or%ip by ! p]sonality /amp$ ^u ! production4 ,moreov]1 no?+ t we c d or say w ev] de/roy ! conviction t my actions are m9e4 ,!y proce$ f me2 !y are ! expressions ( my "*2 x is ?is feel+ t induces me to plead guilty to ! *>ge ( responsibility1 & ?is conviction rema9s aft] all argum5t has be5 urg$4 ,b1 x is fur!r ask$1 h[ c ?is be aught b an illusion if ,i am n ! real & det]m9+ cause ( my conduct8 ,if ,i & my actions are ! products ( a conv]g+ s]ies ( calculable or indet]m9$ =ces1 are we n compell$ to dismiss ?is conviction z pure my?8 ,mu/ ,i n conclude t ,i am no m ! det]m9+ cause ( my conduct ?an a /one det]m9es :e!r x %all fall to ! gr\nd or n8 ,& is n ! cultivation ( "*1 !re=e1 an absurd futility8 ,n[ al?\gh ! ,det]m9i/ w diss5t f ! conclusions ( ^? :o argue 9 ?is way1 ) a great deal ( ! argum5t he w\ld agree2 m ?an t1 he w\ld en=ce ! same l9e ( reason+ z a legitimate inf]5ce f 8 own position4 ,& he might also submit t x is only by an acceptance ( ! det]m9i/ic position t su* reason+ c receive full ju/ification4 ,:at d we mean by "*8 ,suppose we reply ) ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 by def9+ "* z ! way 9 :i* a man seeks self-satisfaction4#g ,we are next fac$ ) ! problem ( acc\nt+ = ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* self-satisfaction is s\ght4 ,"o man is a drunk>d & ano!r temp]ate1 "o is b5evol5t & ano!r grasp+1 "o is cruel & ano!r k9d2 !re are endless div]sities ( human conduct1 & all come )9 ! scope ( ,gre5's def9ition ( "*4 ,we h to look f>!r & deep]4 ,a satisfactory answ] cle>ly _c be f\nd 9 ! assumption t ea* p]son's actions proce$ f an unfett]$1 autonom\s w4 ,! reason = ! *oice w\ld /ill h to be discov]$4 ,nor w x d to attribute ! diff]5ce ( *oice to diff]5t environm5tal influ5ces 9 :i* ! self is plac$4 ,?is w\ld inde$ be r$uc+ ! man to ! level ( a ma*9e1 or to a l[] level /ill4 ,& ! same environm5tal influ5ces d n produce id5tical results4 ,?is is "o ( ! commone/ facts ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,/imulus f ! environm5t is ! ess5tial condition ( action1 b ! precise nature ( ! action elicit$ is an affair ( ! organism4 ,if ,i am c\rage\s by nature ,i %all /ay & face a ?reat5$ dang]4 ,if ,i am c[>dly ,i %all run away4 ,?us1 :ile circum/ances are ! cause ( my act+1 h[ ,i %all act is 9 turn caus$ by my "*1 ! net result be+ due to _! int]action4 ,?is seems s obvi\s t x may well be accept$ z a datum common to bo? p>ties 9 ! dispute4 #g ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adb4 ,we may1 !n1 freely grant ! ,indet]m9i/--:at he fooli%ly assumes is inconsi/5t ) ! ,det]m9i/ic position--t environm5t may be modifi$ by "*1 t a man is n ! creature ( circum/ances1 if we re/rict t ^w to ext]nal circum/ances1 z is s (t5 done4 ,a man1 we w say1 all[+ = ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 acts accord+ to 8 "*4 ,! "q !n becomes1 ,:at is 8 "*8 ,h[ does he acquire x8#h ,& :5ce ! v>ieties ( "*8 ,to ^! qu]ies ! only intelligible reply is t a man's "* repres5ts 8 psy*ic h]itage1 z 8 body repres5ts 8 physical h]itage1 bo? ( !m be+ subject to developm5t & modification by po/-natal influ5ces4 ,ea* "o ?us br+s a diff]5t psy*ic =ce1 or a diff]5t "*1 to be> ^u ! _w ar\nd him4 ,he is ?us ! au?or ( 8 acts1 n 9 ! un9telligible s5se ( absolutely orig9at+ ! sequ5ce t proce$s f 8 actions1 b 9 ! rational s5se ( be+ t po9t 9 ! sequ5ce t is repres5t$ by 8 p]sonality4 ,& 8 actions be> ! /amp ( 8 p]sonality because _h 8 antec$5ts be5 diff]5t 8 actions w\ld h v>i$ accord+ly4 ,ea* is prop]ly judg$ 9 t]ms ( "*1 because x is ! "* :i* det]m9es ! =m tak5 by ! reaction ( ! organism on ! environm5t4 #h ,( c\rse1 ! man & 8 "* are n two di/9ct ?+s4 ,! "* is ! man4 ,b x w\ld involve ne$less circumlocution to insi/ on sup]f9e di/9ctions1 & x may ev5 help to a compreh5sion ( ! argum5t to keep to famili> =ms ( spee*4 ,we may g ev5 fur!r ?an ?is & say t x is only actions :i* proce$ f "* t are prop]ly ! subject ( moral judgm5t4 ,let u take a concrete illu/ration ( ?is4 ,a man di/ributes a l>ge sum ( money among ! inhabitants ( a t[n1 "s ( x 9 ! =m ( p]sonal gifts among its ne$y inhabitants1 ! re/ 9 end[+ v>i\s in/itutions connect$ ) its social & municipal life4 ,twelve mon?s lat] he comes =w>d z c&idate 9 a p>liam5t>y election4 ,! "q ( 8 donations at once comes up = judgm5t1 & 9 def5ce he may plead t he 0 only invit$ to conte/ ! seat aft] ! money 0 giv54 ,h[ %all we det]m9e :at 8 motives 78 ,obvi\sly by an appeal to 8 "*4 ,if he 7 well kn[n z a weal?y p]son ( recogniz$ b5evol5t disposition1 x w\ld be argu$ t :ile 8 c&idature w\ld inevitably reap b5efit f 8 donations x 0 highly probable t 9 giv+ ! money he 0 only act+ z "o w\ld expect him to act4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 well kn[n z a p]son ( a mean & grasp+ disposition1 x w\ld be conclud$ t ! donation 0 an attempt to bribe ! electorate1 8 giv+ ! money s long be=e be+ an intellig5t anticipation ( ev5ts4 ,9 ei!r case we %\ld be appeal+ to "*1 & judg+ ! man by :at ( 8 "* 0 kn[n4 ,num]\s in/ances ( a l k9d might be giv51 b 9 e case x w\ld be f\nd t we inf] f an action a p>ticul> k9d ( motive1 & t our judgm5t ( ! motive is det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! individual4 ,?is is s f> ! case t we are apt to mi/ru/ our own judgm5t :5 we f9d a b5evol5t p]son do+ :at looks l a mean action1 or a brave p]son committ+ :at looks l an act ( c[>dice4 ,:ile action is ?us--s f> z x is int5tional--always ! regi/ration ( motive1 & motive ! expression ( a prepond]at+ desire1 ! desire1 :e!r x be lic5ti\s or *a/e1 noble or ignoble1 is ! outcome ( "*4 ,det]m9ism ?us f9ds a fit & prop] place = "* 9 its philosophy ( ?+s4 ,x does n say t ! fact or ! consid]ation ( "* is irrelevant2 on ! contr>y1 x says x is all-important4 ,& 9 say+ ?is x *all5ges ! position ( ! ,indet]m9i/ by ! implication t x is only on l9es ( ,det]m9ism t "* is important or t x c be pr(itably cultivat$4 ,= consid] :at is meant by say+ t conduct implies & proce$s f "*4 ,x cle>ly implies t a man acts 9 ?is or t mann] because he has be5 9 ! habit ( act+ 9 ?is or t mann]4 ,we d n ga!r grapes f ?i/les1 & we d n exp]i5ce noble actions f a deprav$ "*4 ,! actions ( ea* are det]m9$ by ! "* ( ea*1 & "* is 9 turn ! outcome ( psy*ic inh]itance1 plus ! effects ( ! int]action ( organism & environm5t f ! mom5t ( bir? onw>d4 ,p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 hone/y1 c\rage1 tru?fulness1 loyalty1 ?us imply /rictly det]m9$ qualities4 ,!y are qualities det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! organism4 ,!y c\ld n be express$ unless ! surr\nd+ circum/ances 7 fav\rable to _! expression2 b nei!r c\ld !y be manife/$ unless ! "* 0 ( a p>ticul> ord]4 ,conduct is1 9 fact1 always a product ( ! two ?+s4 ,let u also note t x is ?is det]m9ation ( qualities t is impli$ :5 we speak ( a good or a bad1 a /rong or a weak "*4 ,we %\ld n call a man a good "* :o to-day f$ a />v+ *ild1 & to-morr[ kick$ x f 8 door/ep4 ,we %\ld describe him z1 at be/1 a p]son ( an exce$+ly v>iable disposition :o satisfi$ ! caprice ( ! mom5t irrespective ( ! feel+s & ne$s ( o!rs4 ,we %\ld n call a p]son /rong :o )/ood a temptation "o h\r & yield$ to x ! next4 ,he w\ld be describ$ z weak1 & lack+ ! compell+ =ce ( a /able disposition4 ,x is also true t ! moralization ( "* is ! m complete z ! det]m9$ nature ( impulses is ! m evid5t4 ,mo/ p w\ld n only res5t ! imputation ( hav+ committ$ a mean action1 !y w\ld also res5t ! likelihood ( _! committ+ "o4 ,& 9 common spee*1 & 9 fact1 ! highe/ tribute we c pay a man is to say t a c]ta9 k9d ( action is b5ea? him4 ,we say t we "k ,a w\ld n h committ$ a !ft1 b we are q will+ to believe x ( ,b4 ,9 ea* case we make no all[ance = ! op]ation ( an undet]m9$ w2 su* d\bts z we h be+ connect$ ) our inability to completely analyze ! "* 9 "q4 ,b our progno/ications are /rictly bas$ ^u our k ( "* & ^u ! conviction t giv5 a c]ta9 "* & ! op]ation ( p>ticul> motives1 specific action foll[s ) ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is1 z has previ\sly be5 po9t$ out1 gives ! only reliable basis = ! cultivation ( "*4 ,! :ole aim ( education1 :e!r x be t receiv$ 9 ! home1 9 ! s*ool1 or ! l>g] & m protract$ education ( social life1 has ! aim & purpose ( secur+ ! spontane\s response ( a p>ticul> action to a p>ticul> /imulus1 or on ! negative side t c]ta9 circum/ances %all n ar\se desires ( a socially unwelcome "*4 ,! phrase ,patriotism ?us s]ves to ar\se a gr\p ( feel+s t clu/] r\nd ! /ate & social life4 ,home awak5s its own gr\ps ( dome/ic & p>5tal feel+s4 ,duty1 aga91 cov]s a wid] sph]e1 b involves ! same process4 ,by in/ruction & by tra9+1 c]ta9 conditions1 circum/ances1 words1 or associations are made to call up tra9s ( connect$ feel+s :i*1 culm9at+ 9 a desire1 imp]atively dem& conduct along a giv5 l9e4 ,! m complete ! education1 ! /rong] ! desire2 ! /rong] ! desire1 ! m c]ta9 ! action4 ,! m defective ! education ! less ! c]ta9ty ) :i* we c c\nt ^u specific conduct4 ,! man :o acts to-day 9 "o way & to-morr[ 9 ano!r way is n a man ( /rong desires1 s mu* z he is a man ^: desires are undiscipl9$4 ,! man :o acts ) uni=m c]ta9ty is n a man ( weak desire1 b "o ^: desires run ) /r5g? & swiftness 9 a uni=m direction4 ,& x is a curi\s feature ( indet]m9i/ic psy*ology t x %\ld take z cle> evid5ce ( ! subord9ation ( desire to w ! man ^: desire is s /rong z to preclude hesitation betwe5 x & action4 ,! :ole ( education1 ! :ole ( ! discipl9e ( life1 is ?us bas$ ^u ! det]m9ation ( conduct by circum/ances & "*4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( cause & effect does n fully apply to conduct1 all our tra9+ is s mu* wa/e ( "t4 ,b x is because we _c really ?9k ( ! pa/ n influ5c+ ! pres5t1 once we br+ ! two into relation1 t we1 ,det]m9i/ & ,indet]m9i/ alike1 proce$ ) our det]m9i/ic me?ods ( tra9+1 & 9 ?is in/ance at lea/ wisdom is ju/ifi$ ( h] *ildr54 ,f9ally1 if ! above be grant$1 c we long] atta* mean+ to ! expression t man =ms 8 own "*8 ,well1 if x means t a man has any %>e 9 8 psy*ic end[m5ts1 or t !y be+ :at !y are at any giv5 "t he c\ld at t "t act diff]5tly f ! way 9 :i* he does act1 ! expression is mean+less4 ,x is absolute nons5se4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se x does convey an important tru?4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 always be> 9 m9d t 9 speak+ ( a man's "* we are n deal+ ) two ?+s1 b ) "o ?+4 ,! "* is ! man1 ! man is ! "*4 ,or to be q accurate1 body & m9d1 physical & psy*ical qualities toge!r1 =m ! man1 & any sep>ation ( ^! is = purposes ( analysis & /udy only4 ,if we say1 !n1 t a man is ma/] ( 8 own "*1 or t a man may m\ld 8 own "*1 we d n imply ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t entity m\ld+ or ma/]+ some?+ else4 ,we are say+ no m ?an t e exp]i5ce c>ries its resultant into ! sum ( "*4 ,action g5]ates habit1 & habit means a m or less p]man5t modification ( "*4 ,:at a man is1 is ! outcome ( :at he has be51 & a p]ception ( ?is tru? no m conflicts ) ! pr9ciples ( ,det]m9ism z above expla9$1 ?an a /one be+ int]cept$ 9 its fall d[n ! side ( a hill by lodg+ aga9/ a tree is an infraction ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,9 ?is s5se1 us+ figurative language1 a man may be said to be ma/] ( himself4 ,:at he does proce$s f himself2 x is ! expression ( 8 "*1 & 8 do+ cuts deep] ! grooves ( habit1 & s makes m c]ta9 ! p]=mance ( simil> actions 9 ! future4 ,x is ! fact ( ! motive spr++ f "* :i* det]m9es ! act t makes ! man its au?or4 ,& ! k ( ?is supplies him )1 n alone ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive t[>ds ! det]m9ation ( 8 own "*1 b1 :at is equally important1 ! only me?od :]eby to fa%ion ! "* ( o!rs4 ,,viii4 ,a ,,problem ,,9 ,,det]m9ism4 ,if human feel+ foll[$ logical conviction ! discussion ( ,det]m9ism might1 s f> z ! pres5t writ] is conc]n$1 be consid]$ z f9i%$4 ,ultimately ?is d\btless occurs2 b 9 ! int]im "o has to reckon ) ! play ( feel+1 fa%ion$ by long-/&+ conviction1 ^u convictions t are ( rec5t orig94 ,?us x happ5s t _m :o realise ! logical =ce ( argum5ts simil> to ^? hi!rto advanc$1 f9d !mselves 9 a /ate ( fe>fulness conc]n+ ! ultimate effect on human life ( a conv9c$ ,det]m9ism4 ,! conflict betwe5 feel+ & conviction t exi/s 9 _! own m9ds !y naturally ascribe to o!rs1 & end[ x ) a p]man5cy :i* mature consid]ation might %[ to be unw>rant$4 ,x w\ld inde$ be /range & lam5table if ! divorce betwe5 feel+ & conviction--to adopt a popul> classification--0 n simply incid5tal to *ange1 b 0 also an inexpugnable "p ( fundam5tal aspects ( human life4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r has inde$ gone s f> z to sugge/1#i z a !ory to meet ?is ph5om5on1 t ! imm$iate consci\sness ( our actions be+ det]m9$ w\ld be s p>alyz+ to action1 t ,nature has by a process ( selective slaught] made a consci\sness ( ?is "* a practical impossibility4 ,b x w\ld seem t ! fact ( a consci\sness ( det]m9ation develop+ at all af=ds /rong presumptions 9 fav\r ( ! belief t no su* selective slaught] is really necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( vital social relations4 ,mr4 ,balf\r's argum5t might h "s weight aga9/ ,fatalism1 :i* says t :at is to be w be 9 despite ( all t may be done to prev5t its occurr5ce2 b we are on diff]5t gr\nd ) a !ory :i* makes :at ,i d "p ( ! sequ5ce t issues 9 a p>ticul> result4 #i ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #dba-dbb4 ,! problem is put v pla9ly 9 ! foll[+ two quotations4 ,! fir/ is f a private s\rce1 writt5 by "o :o fe>s ! consequ5ces ( ,det]m9ism on conduct4 ,! writ] says3-- ,9 a moral crisis1 & ) ! consci\sness ( a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! direction ( :at is felt to be wrong1 is !re no dang] ( ?is desire ga9+ fur!r /r5g? & becom+ ! pr$om9ant feel+ by accept+ ,det]m9ism1 caus+ a weak5$ s5se ( responsibility1 besides provid+ a conv5i5t excuse = giv+ way to ! l[] in/ead ( ! high]8 ,?us 9 a "q ( alt]natives is x n conceivable t by dwell+ on ?is ?\ght1 ! ag5t is resi/+ possibilities :i* might o!rwise h a diff]5t effect _h ,det]m9ism no advocacy & ) a diff]5t competitive factor to oppose8 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is :at ! ,indet]m9i/ fe>s1 & ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ n )\t "s reason4 ,! second comes f ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,headley's "w1 ,life & ,evolution4 ,mr4 ,headley1 aft] discuss+ ! evolution ( m9d1 & aft] admitt+ ! impregnable nature ( ! det]m9i/ position1 says t not)/&+ ! evid5ce to ! contr>y we _c help *]i%+ ! belief t we are 9 "s s5se free1 & adds3-- ,= practical purposes :at is want$ is n free-w b a work+ belief 9 x4 ,:5 ! "t = decision & = action comes1 a man mu/ feel t he is free to *oose or he is lo/4 ,& ?is work+ belief 9 free-w1 ev5 ?\gh ! ?+ itself be prov$ to be a phantom & an illusion1 is ! inali5able prop]ty ( e heal?y man4 ,bo? ^! criticisms might be met by ! me?od ( analys+ ! use made ( c]ta9 lead+ words4 ,= example1 ! ,det]m9i/ w\ld q agree t = conduct to be fruitful a man mu/ feel t he is free to *oose4 ,b unless 8 fre$om consi/s 9 lib]ty to obey ! dictates ( 8 real nature1 ! t]m is )\t significance4 ,! fact ( *oice1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is common gr\nd = bo? ,det]m9i/ & ,indet]m9i/4 ,! real "q is :e!r ! *oice itself is det]m9$ or n4 ,:at a man ne$s to feel is t 8 *oice is decisive1 & t x is bas$ ^u an imp>tial review ( ! alt]natives z !y appe> to him4 ,det]m9ism makes full all[ance = ?is2 x is ,indet]m9ism :i* 9 d5y+ ! application ( causality to ! w sub/antially ass]ts t ! :ole tra9+ ( a lifetime may be c\nt]act$ by ! decision ( an uncaus$ w1 & s r5d]s ! :ole process un9telligible4 ,& z to ,det]m9ism caus+ a weak5$ s5se ( responsibility1 surely "o may fairly argue t ! consci\sness ( ! cumulative =ce ( practice may well s]ve to w>n u aga9/ yield+ to a vici\s prop5sity1 & s /r5g!n ! feel+ ( resi/ance to x4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be conceiv$ a /rong] inc5tive to "r action1 or to /ruggle aga9/ un:olesome desires1 ?an ?is conviction4 ,moreov]1 ! practical te/imony ( ^? :o are conv9c$ ,det]m9i/s is all 9 ?is direction4 ,! fe>s are express$ by ^? ^: advocacy ( ,det]m9ism is at be/ ( b a lukew>m description4 ,b 9 ord] t ! full weight ( ! difficulty may be realiz$ let u put ! matt] 9 a /ill m =cible =m4 ,det]m9ism1 x is to be rememb]$1 is an attempt to apply to m9d & morals t pr9ciple ( causation :i* is ( univ]sal application 9 ! physical _w1 & :]e x has prov$ itself s fruitful & sugge/ive4 ,on ?is pr9ciple all t is fl[s f all t has be5 9 su* a way t1 giv5 a complete k ( ! capacities ( all ! =ces 9 op]ation at any "o "t1 ! _w a c5tury h5ce c\ld be pr$ict$ ) ma!matical accuracy4 ,s likewise ) human nature4 ,human conduct be+ due to ! int]action ( organism ) environm5t1 our inability to say :at a p]son w d "u giv5 circum/ances is no m ?an an expression ( our ignorance ( ! quantitative & qualitative value ( ! =ces op]at+4 ,! possibilities ( action are co-ext5sive ) ! actualities ( ignorance4 ,!re is no break 9 ! work+ ( causation1 no matt] :at ! sph]e ( exi/5ce ) :i* we happ5 to be deal+4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ,det]m9ism l&s "o 9 :at is app>5tly an e?ical cul-de-sac4 ,if all t is1 is ! necess>y result ( all t has be51 if no?+ diff]5t f :at does occur c\ld occur1 :at is ! mean+ ( ! s5se ( p[] ov] circum/ances t we possess8 ,& :y urge p to make an ef=t 9 ?is or t direction if ev]y?+1 includ+ ! ef=t or its abs5ce1 is det]m9$8 ,i may flatt] myself ) ! notion t ?+s are bett] because ( "s action ( m9e4 ,b beyond ! m]e fact t my action is "p ( ! /ream ( causation1 all else is a trick ( ! imag9ation4 ,my conduct is1 all ! "t1 ! result ( ! co-op]ation ( pa/ conditions ) pres5t circum/ances4 ,to say t praise or blame ( o!r p's conduct1 or approval or disapproval ( my own conduct1 is itself a det]m9ative =ce1 h>dly meets ! po9t4 ,= ^!1 too1 are "p ( ! det]m9$ ord]4 ,x might be urg$ t ! k t by excit+ c]ta9 feel+s o!rs are proportionately weak5$ op]ates 9 ! direction ( improvem5t4 ,q s2 & z a m]e description ( :at occurs ! /atem5t is correct4 ,b to ! ,det]m9i/ !re is no ,i t det]m9es :i* feel+ or clu/] ( feel+s %all pr$om9ate4 ,i am ! expression ( ! succession & co-ord9ation ( m5tal /ates2 we are /ill )9 a clos$ circle ( causation4 ,:e!r ,i am good or bad1 wise or unwise1 ,i %all be :at ,i mu/ be1 & no?+ else2 d z ,i mu/ d1 & no m4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 putt+ ! ,indet]m9i/s' case z /rongly z x c be put4 ,h[ is ! ,det]m9i/ to meet ! attack8 ,a common retort is t all ?is be+ grant$ ?+s rema9 z !y 74 ,if ! crim9al action is det]m9$ s is t ( ! judge1 & s no h>m is done4 ,we %all g on prais+ or blam+1 puni%+ or rew>d+1 do+ or n do+1 exactly z be=e1 simply because we _c d o!rwise4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 :ile effective z a m]e retort1 is n v satisfactory z an answ]4 ,= x nei!r expla9s ! s5se ( p[] p feel !y possess1 nor does x meet ! criticism rais$4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! fact t "* does und]go modification1 & ! conviction t my ef=t does play a "p 9 secur+ t modification4 ,& ) ?is !re goes ! feel+--) "s--t if ev]y?+1 m5tal /ates & dispositions includ$1 is "p ( an unbrok5 & unbreakable ord]1 :y delude ourselves ) ! notion ( p]sonal p[]8 ,:y n let ?+s drift8 ,& on ! o!r h& !re is ! conviction t sci5tific ,det]m9ism holds ! field4 ,! /ate ( m9d is !re1 & x is fairly express$ 9 ! two quotations already giv52 p>ticul>ly 9 ,mr4 ,headley's /atem5t t we ought to act z ?\gh ,free-,w 7 a fact1 ev5 ?\gh we "k x to be o!rwise4 ,! difficulty is !re1 & "o mu/ admit t x is n always fairly fac$ by writ]s on ,det]m9ism4 ,an appeal is made to man's moral s5se1 & ?is1 :ile legitimate en\gh 9 "s connections1 is q irrelevant 9 ?is4 ,or x is said t a k ( ! causational nature ( morals %\ld place p on _! gu>d aga9/ enc\rag+ h>mful /ates ( m9d4 ,?is is also good c\nsel1 b x cle>ly does n t\* ! po9t t1 :e!r ,i enc\rage h>mful or b5eficial /ates ( m9d1 x is all "p ( ! det]m9$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,z an example ( :at has be5 said we may take a passage f ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,9 8 criticism ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,mill rem>ks3-- ,! true doctr9e ( ! causation ( human actions ma9ta9s 444 t n only our conduct1 b our "*1 is1 9 "p1 am5able to our w2 t we c by employ+ ! prop] means1 improve our "*2 & t if our "* is su* t :ile x rema9s :at x is1 x necessitates u to d wrong1 x w be j to apply motives :i* w necessitate u to /rive = its improvem5t1 & s emancipate ourselves f ! o!r necessity2 9 o!r words1 we are "u a moral obligation to seek ! improvem5t ( our moral "*4 ,admirable z is ?is passage x is cle>ly no reply to ! criticism t :e!r we seek moral improvem5t or n1 ei!r c\rse is z mu* necessitat$ z is ! "* t ne$s improv+4 ,to give a real relevance to ?is passage we %\ld h to assume ! exi/5ce ( an ego outside ! /ream ( causation decid+ at :at precise po9t x %\ld ex]t a det]m9+ influ5ce4 ,t s cle> a ?9k] z ,mill %\ld h ov]look$ ?is gives po9t to :at has be5 said z to writ]s on ,det]m9ism hav+ fail$ to squ>ely face ! issue4 ,a m valid reply to ,mr4 ,headley's position w\ld be t s long z we believe a !ory to be s\nd !re is no real ga9 9 act+ z ?\gh we 7 conv9c$ o!rwise4 ,grant+ t an illusion may h its uses1 x c only be ( s]vice s long z we d n "k x to be an illusion4 ,a mirage ( cool trees & sp>kl+ pools may inspire tir$ travell]s 9 a des]t to r5ew$ ef=ts ( locomotion4 ,b if !y "k x to be a mirage x only s]ves to disc\rage ef=t4 ,& once we believe 9 ,det]m9ism1 our "r c\rse1 & our only pr(itable c\rse1 is to face all ! issues z c\rage\sly z may be4 ,n t a correct read+ ( ,det]m9ism leads to our sitt+ ) fold$ h&s lack+ ! _s to /rive = bett] ?+s4 ,x may be t c]ta9 p s read ,det]m9ism1 b "o _c reasonably hold a !ory responsible = e misread+ ( x t exi/s4 ,!ologians 9 p>ticul> w\ld be 9 a v uncom=table position if ?is rule 7 adopt$4 ,a !ory is responsible = su* conclusions or consequ5ces z are logically d$ucible !refrom1 b no m4 ,& :at we are n[ conc]n$ ) is1 fir/1 w ,det]m9ism1 prop]ly und]/ood1 really h ! effect fe>$2 &1 second1 is x possible = ,det]m9ism to acc\nt adequately = ! belief t x is possible to modify o!r p's "*1 & 9 s do+ modify our own8 ,9 ,mill's words1 c we ex*ange ! necessity to d wrong = ! necessity to d "r8 ,i believe t a satisfactory reply c be giv5 to bo? que/ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h to get rid ( ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( an atomi/ic psy*ology4 ,a v little /udy ( works on psy*ology--p>ticul>ly ( ! m or?odox s*ools--is en\gh to %[ t ! social m$ium z a factor det]m9+ man's m5tal nature has be5 ei!r ignor$1 or giv5 a q subord9ate position4 ,because 9 /udy+ ! m5tal qualities ( man we are necess>ily deal+ ) an individual bra91 x has be5 assum$ t m5tal ph5om5a may be expla9$ ) no m ?an a casual ref]5ce to any?+ beyond ! individual organism4 ,?is assumption may be s\nd s long z we are deal+ ) m9d z ! function ( def9itely localiz$ organs1 or if we are m]ely describ+ m5tal ph5om5a4 ,x is :5 we pass to ! cont5ts ( ! m9d1 & /udy ! significance ( m5tal /ates1 or enquire h[ !y came into exi/5ce1 t we f9d ! atomi/ic psy*ology break+ d[n1 & we f9d ourselves compell$ to deal ) m9d z a psy*o-sociologic ph5om5on1 ) its relation to ! social m$ium4 ,!n we discov] t x is man's social relation%ips1 ! innum]able g5]ations ( reaction betwe5 individual organisms & ! social m$ium1 :i* supply ! key to problems t are o!rwise insoluble4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! :ole significance ( morality is social4 ,if we re/rict ourselves to ! individual no adequate explanation c be giv5 ( su* qualities z sympa?y1 hone/y1 tru?fulness1 *a/ity1 k9dness1 etc4 ,sep>ate x 9 ?\ght f ! social m$ium & morality becomes mean+less4 ,prop]ly /udi$1 psy*ology yields mu* ! same result4 ,:5 we get beyond ! appreh5sion ( su* fundam5tal qualities z "t & space1 heat & cold1 col\r & s\nd1 ! cont\r ( man's m9d1 s to speak1 is a social product4 ,8 feel+s & impulses imply a social m$ium z surely z does morality4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! phrase ,social s5se is no m]e figure ( spee*2 x is ! expression ( a pregnant tru?1 ! /atem5t ( some?+ z real z any sci5tific law ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,= ! ess5ce ( a sci5tific law is ! expression ( a relation4 ,! law ( gravitation1 = in/ance1 =mulates ! relations exi/+ betwe5 p>ticles ( matt]4 ,if !re exi/$ b "o p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se gravitation w\ld be a mean+less t]m4 ,introduce a second p>ticle1 & a relation is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two1 & ! mat]ial = a sci5tific law creat$4 ,9 ! same way a description ( individual human qualities is fundam5tally a /atem5t ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 individuals liv+ 9 gr\ps2 & any attempt to und]/& human nature )\t consid]+ ^! relations is z c]ta9ly =$oom$ to failure z w\ld be ! attempt to /udy a p>ticle ( matt] ap>t f ! op]ation ( all kn[n =ces4 ,! individual z he exi/s to-day is n some?+ t exi/s ap>t f ! social =ces2 he is an expression1 an epitome1 ( all _! pa/ & pres5t op]ations4 ,! really ess5tial ?+ 9 ! /udy ( human nature is n s mu* ! discrete individual ,a or ,b1 b ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,x is ^! :i* make ea* end ( ! t]m :at x is--det]m9es ! individual's language1 feel+s1 ?\ghts1 & "*4 ,x is along ^! l9es t we h to look = an explanation ( ! feel+ t we c initiate a re=m 9 "*1 & ( a s5se ( p[] 9 det]m9+ ev5ts4 ,we />t ) a s5se ( p[] ov] ! c\rse ( ev5ts--:i* is int]pret$ z ! equival5t ( our ability to initiate absolutely a *ange 9 our own "* or 9 t ( o!rs4 ,b a little reflection conv9ces u--p>ticul>ly if we call ourselves ,det]m9i/s--t ?is int]pretation is q errone\s4 ,an absolute beg9n+ is no m conceivable 9 ! m5tal or moral sph]e ?an x is 9 ! physical _w4 ,! sum ( all t is is ! product ( all t has be51 & 9 ?is1 desires1 feel+s1 dispositions are includ$ no less ?an physical prop]ties4 ,n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! conviction t an absolute *ange 9 "* c be initiat$ exi/s ) mu* great] /r5g? 9 reg>d to oneself ?an x does ) reg>d to o!rs4 ,x is easi] to obs]ve o!rs ?an to analyze "o's own m5tal /ates1 ) ! result t mo/ p c m readily realize t :at o!rs d is ! product ( _! h]$ity & _! environm5t ?an !y c realize x 9 _! own case4 ,( c\rse1 reflection %[s t ! same pr9ciple applies 9 bo? directions1 b we are "h deal+ ) moods r ?an ) c>efully reason$ out convictions4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 :ile we feel ourselves ma/]s ( our own fate1 we only suspect a simil> /r5g? 9 o!rs4 ,b ea* "o realizes1 & ) increas+ vividness1 ! p[] he possesses 9 modify+ o!r p's "* by a *ange ( circum/ances4 ,we see ?is illu/rat$ by ! increas$ emphasis plac$ ^u ! importance ( bett] sanitation1 bett] h\s+1 bett] conditions ( lab\r1 & ( an improv$ education4 ,m f obs]v+ o!rs ?an by /udy+ ourselves we see h[ modifiable a ?+ human nature is4 ,we see h[ "* is modifi$ by an alt]ation ( ! mat]ial environm5t1 & we also note our own individual function z a det]m9ative influ5ce 9 effect+ ?is modification4 ,n[ ,i q fail to see t !re is 9 ?is s5se ( p[] ov] circum/ances any?+ m ?an a recognition ( our own ef=ts z "p ( ! det]m9ative sequ5ce4 ,! add$ factor to ! g5]al causative s]ies is ! consci\sness ( man himself4 ,we are consci\s1 m or less cle>ly1 ( our place 9 ! sequ5ce2 we are able to recognize & /udy our relations to pa/ & pres5t ev5ts1 & our probable relation to future ones4 ,we see ourselves z s _m effici5t causes ( ^? social reactions t g to make up a sci5ce ( sociology1 & x is ?is :i* gives u a s5se ( p[] ( det]m9+ ev5ts4 ,i say p[] because fre$om is an altoge!r diff]5t ?+4 ,! "q ( :e!r we are free to det]m9e ev5ts is1 z ,i h %[n1 mean+less :5 appli$ to sci5tific matt]s4 ,b ! "q ( :e!r or n we h ! p[] ( det]m9+ ev5ts may be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative--an answ] n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! belief t ?is p[] is /rictly condition$ by pa/ & pres5t circum/ances4 ,! s5se ( p[] is real1 & x expresses a fact1 ev5 ?\gh ! fact be an inevitable "o4 ,we are all %ap]s ( ea* o!r's "*1 m\ld]s ( ea* o!r's de/9y4 ,! recognition ( our p[] to act 9 ?is relation is n contr>y to ,det]m9ism1 ,det]m9ism implies x4 ,x is ?is :i* gives a real mean+ to ! expression social s5se4 ,= ! social s5se c h no o!r mean+ or value ?an z a recognition ( ! action ( "o individual ^u ano!r1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( a *emical comp\nd1 results 9 ! production ( some?+ t is n giv5 by ! m]e sum ( individual qualities4 ,s1 too1 d we get by ?is me?od a high] mean+ to ! ^w fre$om4 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is essay x 0 po9t$ out t fre$om 0 ( social orig9 & application4 ,its ess5tial mean+ is lib]ty to c>ry out ! impulses ( "o's nature unre/rict$ by ! co]cive action ( "o's fell[s4 ,b !re is a high] & a m positive mean+ ?an ?is4 ,man is a social animal2 8 "* is a social product4 ,! purely human qualities n only lose _! value :5 divorc$ f social relation%ips1 x is ^! relation%ips t provide ! only m$ium = _! activity4 ,to say t a p]son is free to express moral qualities 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 fell[s is mean+less1 s9ce x is only 9 _! pres5ce t ! manife/ation ( !m is possible4 ,x is ! int]c\rse ( man ) man t gives to ea* :atev] fre$om he possesses4 ,! re/ra9ts impos$ ^u ea* memb] ( a society 9 ! int]e/s ( all are n a curtail+ ( human fre$om b ! condition ( its realization4 ,to *afe aga9/ !m is1 to use ,kant's fam\s illu/ration1 z unreasonable z a bird's revolt aga9/ ! oppos+ m$ium or atmosph]e1 9 ignorance ( ! fact t x is ?is opposition :i* makes flight possible4 ,! only g5u9e fre$om t man c "k & enjoy is t provid$ by social life4 ,human fre$om has its orig9 9 social relation%ips1 & to ^! we are ultimately driv5 to discov] its mean+ & significance4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! s5se ( p[] 9 controll+ ev5ts :i* ea* possesses pres5ts no insup]able difficulty to a !ory ( ,det]m9ism4 ,only "o o!r po9t rema9s on :i* to say a ^w1 & t is :e!r a conviction ( ! causative "* ( human action w\ld lead to a weak5+ ( ef=t or to moral depression4 ,:y %\ld x h ?is effect8 ,x is curi\s t ^? :o fe> ?is result seem to h only 9 m9d ! t5d5cies to wrongdo+4 ,b if x op]ates at all x mu/ op]ate 9 all directions1 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly /r5g!n good resolutions z well z bad ones4 ,& ev5 ?\gh no m 7 to be said1 ?is w\ld ju/ify ! ass]tion t m]it & dem]it w\ld rema9 unaffect$1 & t any h>m done 9 "o direction w\ld be comp5sat$ by good done 9 ano!r4 ,b ano!r important consid]ation is to be add$4 ,?is is t :ile a consci\sness ( ! p[] ( habit acts z a ret>d+ influ5ce on wrongdo+1 x has an accel]at+ influ5ce 9 ! rev]se direction--t is1 unless we assume a "* act+ ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( cultivat+ an evil disposition4 ,besides1 ! really vici\s *>act]s are n usually giv5 to reflect+ ^u ! orig9 & nature ( _! desires1 & are !re=e q unaffect$ by any !ory ( volition2 :ile ^? :o are giv5 to su* reflection are n usually ( a vici\s disposition4 ,we are really cr$it+ ! vici\s ) a degree ( intellig5ce & reflective p[] q unw>rant$ by ! facts ( ! case4 ,f9ally1 ! criticism ) :i* ,i h be5 deal+ takes a too purely intellectual view ( conduct4 ,x does n all[ = ! op]ation ( sympa?y1 or = ! p[] ( social reaction4 ,& ^! are n only real1 !y are ( vital importance :5 we are deal+ ) human nature4 ,= man _c1 ev5 if he w\ld1 rema9 purely passive4 ,! p[] ( sympa?y1 ! desire = social int]c\rse1 ! inv9cible feel+ t 9 "s way he is vitally conc]n$ ) ! well-be+ ( ! society to :i* he belongs1 ^! are always 9 op]ation1 ev5 ?\gh _! degree ( int5sity v>ies ) diff]5t individuals4 ,we _c possibly isolate man 9 consid]+ conduct1 because 8 :ole nature has be5 m\ld$ by social int]c\rse1 & craves cont9u\sly = social approval4 ,& x is su* feel+s t are p[]ful ag5ts 9 ! imm$iate det]m9ation ( conduct4 ,! m5tal p]ception ( ! causes & conditions ( conduct are feeble by comp>ison & c only op]ate ) relative sl[ness4 ,& 9 _! op]ation !y are all ! "t *eck$ & modifi$ by ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( ! social /ructure4 ,,ix4 ,,environm5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! =ego+ pages we h made frequ5t ref]5ce to environm5t1 )\t ! ^w be+ precisely describ$ or def9$4 ,! subject 0 ( too great importance to be dismiss$ ) a bald def9ition1 & to h dealt ) x e>li] at suitable l5g? might h div]t$ att5tion f ! ma9 argum5t4 ,b s mu* turns on a correct und]/&+ ( ! ^w environm5t t a discussion ( ,det]m9ism w\ld be incomplete t fail$ to fix its mean+ ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,a v casual /udy ( anti-det]m9i/ic lit]ature is en\gh to %[ t a great deal ( ! opposition to a sci5tific int]pretation ( human conduct has its orig9 9 a q wrong conception ( :at ! det]m9i/ has 9 m9d :5 he speaks ( ! "p play$ by ! environm5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( conduct4 ,ev5 writ+s o/5sibly det]m9i/ic 9 aim h n be5 free f blame 9 _! use ( ! ^w4 ,?us on ! "o h& we f9d x said t man is a creature ( 8 environm5t1 & by environm5t we are to und]/&1 by implication1 only ! mat]ial =ces1 :i* are assum$ to someh[ drive man hi!r & ?i!r 9 mu* ! same way z a t5nis ball is driv5 ?is way or t by ! play]4 ,aga9/ ?is !re has be5 a natural &1 let x be said1 a ju/ifiable reaction4 ,express$ 9 ?is way x 0 felt t man 0 n at ! m]cy ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 felt t1 :atev] be its nature ! organism does ex]t "s influ5ce ov] environm5tal =ces1 & t x is n a m]ely passive regi/] ( _! op]ations4 ,nei!r ( ^! views expresses ! :ole tru?4 ,x may be t ea* expresses a tru?1 & x is /ill m probable1 z is ! case ) "s t]ms already exam9$1 t ! confusion arises f a mis-use ( ! language employ$4 ,to-day we are all famili> ) ! dictum t ! ma9t5ance ( life is a "q ( adaptation to environm5t--a tru? t is equally applicable to ideas & in/itutions4 ,b ! g5]al tru? admitt$1 !re is next requir$ a consid]ation ( its application to ! p>ticul> subject 9 h&1 & 9 connection ) our pres5t topic "s att5tion mu/ be paid bo? to ! nature ( ! organism & ( ! environm5t ) :i* we are deal+4 ,we !n discov] t n alone are we deal+ ) an organism :i* is extremely pla/ic 9 its nature1 b t ! environm5t may also v>y )9 v wide limits4 ,on ! "o side1 & 9 relation to man1 we may be deal+ ) an environm5t t is ma9ly physical 9 "*1 or x may be a comb9ation ( physical conditions & biological =ces1 or1 yet aga91 x may be pr$om9antly psy*ological 9 its nature4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reaction ( ! organism on ! environm5t may v>y f extreme feebl5ess to an almo/ ov]p[]+ det]m9ation4 ,we may1 inde$1 anticipate our argum5t by say+ t "o ( ! *ief features ( human progress is ! gradual subord9ation ( ! mat]ial environm5t to ! psy*ologic p[]s ( man4 ,if1 n[1 we contra/ ! environm5t ( an unciviliz$ ) t ( a civiliz$ p ! diff]5ce is /rik+4 ,! environm5t ( an unciviliz$ race w consi/ ( ! imm$iate physical surr\nd+s1 ! animals t are hunt$ = sport or kill$ = food1 & a comp>atively meagre /ock ( cu/oms & traditions4 ,! environm5t ( a mod]n ,european w add to ! physical surr\nd+s an enorm\sly enl>g$ mass ( social traditions & cu/oms1 an ext5sive lit]ature1 contact ) num]\s o!r societies 9 v>i\s /ages ( culture1 & relations1 m or less obscure1 to a va/ lit]>y & social pa/4 ,! environm5t ?us includes n m]ely ! liv+1 b also ! dead4 ,roman law1 ,greek philosophy1 ,ea/]n religi\s ideas1 etc41 all affect ! tw5tie? c5tury ,european4 ,x w\ld require a l5g?y essay to enum]ate all ! influ5ces t dom9ate ! life ( a p>ticul> p ( to-day1 b en\gh has be5 said to illu/rate ! tru? t we mu/ use ! t]m environm5t s z to include all t affects ! organism4 ,& :5 ?is is done x soon becomes cle> t by ! v gr[? ( humanity ! influ5ce ( ! physical portion ( ! environm5t becomes ( relatively less importance ) ! progress ( ! race--x is ! subord9ation ( ! physical environm5t t is ! pr9cipal condition ( ! advance ( civilization4 ,b ev5 :5 our conception ( ! mean+ ( environm5t has be5 ?us enl>g$1 we ne$ to be on our gu>d aga9/ misconception f ano!r side4 ,= ! environm5t is only "o factor 9 ! problem2 ! organism is ano!r1 & ! relative importance ( ! two is a matt] ( vital significance4 ,we may /ill make ! mi/ake ( treat+ ! environm5t z active & ! organism z passive4 ,?is w\ld be a simil> mi/ake to t :i* is made :5 morality & religion are treat$ z be+ no m ?an a reflection ( economic conditions4 ,! action ( ! environm5t is giv5 a place ( fir/ importance1 :ile ! reaction ( ! organism on its environm5t is treat$ z a negligible quantity4 ,hi/orically ?is may be tak5 z a reaction aga9/ ! extreme spirituali/ic view :i*1 9 uphold+1 a !ory ( ,free-,w made no all[ance = ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,an extreme view 9 "o direction usually sets up an extreme view by way ( opposition1 & x mu/ be confess$ t 9 social philosophy ! p[] ( ! environm5t has (t5 be5 made omnipot5t4 ,! m$ium has be5 pres5t$ z active & ! organism z passive4 ,diff]5t results occur because ! susceptibilities ( organisms v>y4 ,good or bad influ5ces affect individuals diff]5tly = mu* ! same reason t soils diff] 9 _! capacity = absorb+ wat]4 ,f ! sci5tific & ! philosophic side ?is conception d]iv$ a c]ta9 adv5titi\s /r5g?4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re 0 ! n[ g5]ally disc>d$ psy*ology :i* taught t ! individual m9d 0 z a %eet ( blank pap] on :i* exp]i5ce inscrib$ its lessons4 ,& 9 ! second place ! gr[? ( biological sci5ce br\ght out ) great di/9ctness ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t on organic life4 ,x 0 v pla9 t ! quality & quantity ( ! food supply1 ! action ( air & light1 & o!r purely environm5tal =ces ex]cis$ an important influ5ce4 ,9 ! plant _w x 0 se5 h[ mu* c\ld be effect$ by a m]e *ange ( habitat4 ,9 ! animal _w m>k+s & /ructure seem$ to h an obvi\s ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! environm5t4 ,x1 !re=e1 seem$ no?+ b a logical inf]5ce to ext5d ! same reason+ to man1 & treat n only 8 /ructure b 8 m5tal capacities z be+ ! outcome ( ! same k9d ( correspond5ce4 ,b a too rigid application ( biological pr9ciples l&s "o 9 error4 ,society is m ?an a m]e biological gr\p1 & no reason+ t proce$s on ! assumption t x is no m ?an t c avoid confusion4 ,& we c]ta9ly _c squ>e ! facts ) a !ory :i* treats ! human organism z passive "u ! op]ation ( environm5tal =ces4 ,! conviction t man plays a positive "p 9 life is g5]al1 p[]ful1 &1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ifiable4 ,b if :at ,i d is at any "t ! product ( ! environm5tal =ces1 physical & o!r1 !re does n seem any room = me z an active p>ticipant4 ,& ! facts seem to dem& t ! individual %\ld appe> 9 "s capacity o!r ?an t ( repres5t+ ! total 9 an environm5tal calculation4 ,?is w\ld leave man ) no o!r function ?an t ( a billi>d ball pu%$ ov] a table by rival play]s4 ,giv5 ! =ce ex]t$ by ! play]1 add$ to ! size1 weight1 & position ( ! ball1 & ! product ( ! comb9ation gives u ! correct answ]4 ,b ?is k9d ( calculation w n d 9 ! case ( man4 ,"h we mu/ all[1 9 addition to ext]nal influ5ces1 ! positive action ( man on 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! conception ( ! organism z a plexus ( =ces capable ( ?is reaction is1 inde$1 vital to our conception ( a liv+ be+4 ,grant$ t 9 ei!r case1 t ( ! billi>d ball & t ( ! man1 ! result expresses ! exact sum ( all ! =ces aid+ at ! "t1 !re /ill rema9s an important di/9ction 9 ! two cases4 ,:e!r ! billi>d ball is /ruck by a pr(essional play] or by an amateur1 provid$ x be /ruck 9 a p>ticul> way ! result is 9 bo? cases id5tical4 ,an id5tity ( result is produc$ by an id5tity ( ext]nal conditions4 ,) ! human organism--)1 9 fact1 any organism--?is rule does n apply4 ,9 any two cases ! ext]nal factors may be id5tical1 b ! results may be entirely diff]5t4 ,a temptation t leaves "o unaffect$ may prove ov]p[]+ ) ano!r4 ,exactly ! same conditions ( food1 occupation1 resid5ce1 & social position may co-exi/ ) entirely diff]5t effects on ! organism4 ,^! diff]5ces w be manife/$ f ! e>lie/ ye>s & are a direct consequ5ce ( ! positive reaction ( ! organism on its environm5t1 a reaction t is m pr(\nd 9 ! case ( man ?an 9 t ( any o!r animal4 ,to put ! matt] briefly4 ,9 ! case ( ! billi>d play] ! ball rema9s a con/ant factor 9 a problem 9 :i* ext]nal conditions repres5t a v>iant4 ,9 ! case ( man & 8 environm5t we are deal+ ) two sets ( factors1 nei!r ( :i* is con/ant & "o ( :i*--! human "o--v>ies enorm\sly4 ,& ! reaction ( man on 8 environm5t becomes s great z to result 9 its practical trans=mation4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be urg$ t all ?is is cov]$ & all[$ = by h]$ity4 ,?is may be s1 b ,i am argu+ aga9/ ^? :o :ile recogniz+ h]$ity fail to make adequate all[ance = its op]ations4 ,or x may be said t environm5t cov]s all =ces1 includ+ h]$ity4 ,b 9 t case ! di/9ction betwe5 organism & environm5t is useless--9 fact1 x disappe>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is reta9$1 our !oriz+ mu/ give full appreciation to bo?4 ,& 9 t case we mu/ n fail to all[ = ! trans=m+ p[] ( man ov] 8 surr\nd+s4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ano!r & a v vital fact1 t 9 a l>ge measure ! environm5t to :i* civilis$ mank9d mu/ adapt itself is l>gely a ?+ ( human creation4 ,view$ z m]ely ext]nal circum/ances1 ! physical environm5t ( man rema9s con/ant4 ,at any rate1 su* *anges z d take place occur ) su* sl[ness t = g5]ations we may safely deal ) !m z un*ang$4 ,! dissipation ( ! heat ( ! e>? may be a fact1 b no "o takes ?is into acc\nt 9 deal+ ) ! probabilities ( human life dur+ ! next few g5]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! organism repres5ts ! cumulative1 & consequ5tly1 ev]-*ang+ p[] ( human nature1 & x is ?is t gives u ! c5tral fact ( human civilization4 ,:e!r acquir$ *>act]s be inh]it$ or n may be /ill an op5 "q1 b 9 any case !re is no d5y+ t capacity is h]itable1 & natural selection w move along ! l9e ( fav\r+ ! survival ( t capacity :i* is mo/ s]viceable4 ,& h[ does increas+ capacity express itself8 ,x c d s only 9 ! direction ( giv+ man a great] ability to control & m\ld to 8 own uses ! mat]ial environm5t 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,look+ at ! c\rse ( social evolution1 we see ?is increas$ & increas+ capacity express$ 9 art1 indu/ries1 inv5tions1 etc41 all ( :i* mean 9 effect a trans=mation ( ! mat]ial surr\nd+s & _! subjugation to ! ne$s ( man4 ,^! inv5tions1 etc41 n only involve a trans=mation ( ! exi/+ environm5t2 !y also mean ! creat+ ( a new environm5t = succe$+ g5]ations4 ,ea* me*anical inv5tion1 = example1 is dep5d5t ^u ! inv5tions & discov]ies t h prec$$ x1 & to t ext5t x is dep5d5t ^u ! environm5t4 ,b ea* inv5tion places a new p[] 9 ! h&s ( man1 & s enables him to /ill fur!r modify & control 8 surr\nd+s4 ,human h]$ity is ?us express$ 9 capacity z repres5t$ by a def9ite organic /ructure4 ,?is is "o factor 9 ! ph5om5on ( social evolution4 ,! o!r factor is ! environm5t 9 :i* ! organism is plac$ & to :i* x responds4 ,! two factors1 organism & environm5t1 rema9 con/ant ?r\gh\t ! animal _w4 ,x is :5 we come to deal ) human society specifically1 t we f9d a radical *ange 9 ! nature ( ! environm5t to be consid]$4 ,grant$ t "s influ5ce mu/ always be ex]t$ by ! purely mat]ial conditions1 ! fact rema9s t !y become relatively less p[]ful ) ! advance ( civilization4 ,! developm5t ( agriculture1 ! inv5tion ( weapons & tools1 ! discov]y ( ! nature ( natural =ces1 all help to give ! develop+ human a great] measure ( control ov] bo? ! physical & organic portion ( 8 environm5t1 & to manife/ a measure ( indep5d5ce conc]n+ !m4 ,b ! supreme & peculi> feature ( human society is ! creation ( a new m$ium to :i* ! individual mu/ adapt himself4 ,by means ( language & writ+ ! k & exp]i5ce ga9$ by "o g5]ation are transmitt$ to its successors4 ,! human intellect elaborates def9ite !ories conc]n+ ! univ]se ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,^! !ories & beliefs =m & fa%ion in/itutions t are transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,language /]eotypes tradition & sl[ly creates a lit]ature4 ,9 ?is way a new m$ium is creat$ :i* is psy*ological 9 "*1 & ultimately dom9ates life4 ,:5 a dog is ab\t to re/ x (t5 tramps r\nd & r\nd ! spot on :i* x is to recl9e4 ,naturali/s expla9 ?is z ! survival ( an in/9ct :i* 9 ! wild dog s]v$ ! useful function ( gu>d+ x aga9/ ! pres5ce ( h>mful creatures hidd5 9 ! grass4 ,! dome/icat$ dog is "h exhibit+ an in/9ct t belongs to a pa/ condition ( life4 ,b man has few in/9cts--few] p]haps ?an any o!r animal4 ,9 _! /ead he has a great] pla/icity ( nature1 & a m educable intellig5ce4 ,& x is 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is educable organization t ! psy*ological m$ium z express$ 9 art1 lit]ature1 & inv5tions1 plays its "p = good & ill4 ,s soon z he is able to und]/&1 ! individual f9ds himself surr\nd$ by ideas conc]n+ home1 ! ,/ate1 ! mon>*y1 ! ,*ur*1 & a ?\s& & "o o!r ?+s4 ,he is br\ght into relation ) a va/ lit]ature1 & also ) ! play ( myriads ( m9ds simil> to 8 own4 ,h5ce=?1 x is ?is environm5t ) :i* he has *iefly to reckon 9 t]ms ( ei!r h>mony or conflict4 ,he c no m escape x ?an he c disp5se ) ! atmosph]e4 ,x is "p & p>cel ( himself4 ,)\t x he ceases to be himself2 = if we cut away f man all t ?is psy*ological h]$ity gives him he ceases to be man z we und]/& ! t]m4 ,he becomes a m]e animat$ object4 ,f9ally1 we h to note t ?is psy*ological environm5t is cumulative 9 "* z be+ is all p[]ful 9 its influ5ce4 ,by its own unceas+ activity humanity is cont9ually triumph+ ov] ! difficulties ( its mat]ial environm5t & add+ to ! complexity & p[] ( its m5tal "o4 ,inevitably ! environm5t ?us becomes m psy*ic 9 "* & m p[]ful 9 its op]ations4 ,we may ov]come ! difficulties ( climate1 poor soil1 geographical position1 etc41 b x is impossible to ignore ! great & gr[+ pressure ( ?is pa/ m5tal life ( ! race4 ,x defies all attempts at mat]ial co]cion1 & gradually trans=ms a mat]ial m$ium into :at is sub/antially a psy*ological "o4 ,man _c escape ! dom9ation ( 8 own m5tal life4 ,its unfett]$ ex]cise supplies ! only fre$om he is capable ( realis+1 z x con/itutes ! s\rce ( 8 influ5ce z a l9k 9 ! causative process ( det]m9+ 8 own de/9y & m\ld+ t ( 8 successors4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation has n be5 *ang$4 ,9 ! pla9-text v]sion1 decorative italics h n be5 repres5t$4 ,! foll[+ corrections 7 made to ! text3 p4 #ag3 contantly to con/antly 7con/antly enl>g+ & m compreh5sive7 p4 #bd3 admit+ to admitt+ 7ev5 :ile admitt+7 p4 #bd3 :i* :i* to ) :i* 7) :i* x is us$7 p4 #bh 7,footnote #b73 contra9t to con/ra9t 7,fre$om & con/ra9t7 p4 #cj 7,footnote #c73 acton to action 7all volitional action7 p4 #cd3 ,maudesley to ,maudsley 7says ,dr4 ,maudsley7 p4 #da3 miss+ f add$ 7%all be expell$ f our7 p4 #eh3 occur$ to occurr$ 7occurr$ 9 ! pa/7 p4 #hf3 absurdem to absurdum 7argum5t ad absurdum7 p4 #ih3 condiitons to conditions 7c]ta9 conditions1 circum/ances7 p4 #ajg3 ,hamiliton to ,hamilton 7,sir ,william ,hamilton7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------