,,viol9s ,,& ,,viol9 ,,mak]s4           
,,biographical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,!      
,,great ,,italian ,,arti/es1 ,,_!       
,,foll[]s ,,& ,,imitators1  ,,to ,,!    
,,pres5t ,,"t4  ,,) ,,essays ,,on       
,,important ,,subjects ,,connect$ ,,)   
,,! ,,viol94   ,,by ,,joseph ,,pe>ce1   
,,jun4   ,,london3 ,,longman ,,& ,,co41 
,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 ,,%effield3 ,j4        
,,pe>ce1 ,,jun4 #ahff4     ,,cont5ts4   
,,page4  ,preface                       
#e  ,introduction                       
#h  ,viol9 ,mak]s1 alphabetically       
arrang$                       #ae  ,b[  
,mak]s                                  
#hh  ,cremona                           
#ic  ,amati ,family                     
#ic  ,/radiu>ius                        
#ajg  ,on ! ,cremona ,v>ni%             
#aai  ,gu>n]ius                         
#aba  ,/e9]                             
#aca  ,:y are c]ta9 ,viol9s ( m ,value  
?an o!rs8          #adj  ,on !          
,production ( ,good ,tone 9 ,viol9s     
#adh  ,great ,play]s & _! ,in/rum5ts    

#aeb  ,g5]al ,notes                     
#aed  ,repairs ( ,in/rum5ts             
#afb  ,add5da                           
#afg     ,,preface4   ,! ,viol9 is an   
in/rum5t :i*1 ?\gh small & ( trifl+     
orig9al co/1 has yet comm&$ mo/         
extraord9>y prices4 ,! reason ( ! imm5se
 diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ^! in/rum5ts mu/  
!re=e be a subject possess+ /rong claims
 to notice f virtuoso & amateur4  ,to   
di/+ui% by ! outw>d *>act]i/ics &       
peculi>ities ( tone1 t :i* w be (       
pecuni>y value to ! possessor1 & yield !
 utmo/ delight to ! he>]1 is an         
acquirem5t at once difficult to obta9 & 
v valuable :5 obta9$4 ,to assi/ !       
amateur & collector 9 ?is pursuit is !  
object ( ! pres5t little "w4 ,su* a "w  
has long be5 a desid]atum4  ,( late     
ye>s1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,viol9 & its cong5]s
 has receiv$ mu* att5tion4 ,elaborate & 
co/ly treatises h be5 publi%$1 "s ( :i* 
be+ writt5 9 ,=eign tongues1 are        
exce$+ly difficult to obta91 & n        
accessible to _m ( ^? :o desire to p]use

 !m1 on t acc\nt4 ,o!rs are v imp]fect &
 unsatisfy+4 ,o!rs aga91 are1 f _! high 
price1 beyond ! rea* ( ! great] numb] ( 
amateurs4  ,! pres5t "w is int5d$ *iefly
 = ! use ( ^? :o desire a h&y guide to !
 pr9cipal *>act]i/ics bo? ( make & tone 
:i* m>k ! *ief build]s ( ?is mo/ fam\s  
in/rum5t4 ,_m p]sons anxi\s to possess a
 good in/rum5t1 & l$ away by ! v natural
 desire to possess an ,amati1 a         
,gu>n]ius1 or a ,/radiu>ius are tempt$  
into pur*as+ ,viol9s :i* are pres5t$ to 
!m "u false & delusive titles1 & reject 
frequ5tly good & g5u9e in/rum5ts ( less 
fam\s mak]s1 b /ill valuable because !y 
are good & g5u9e4 ,und\bt$ specim5s ( ! 
great ma/]s are n[ v r>ely to be _h1    
unless at a v high price4 ,yet1 :5 we   
consid] t ev5 ,/radiu>ius himself obta9$
 no m ?an f\r p\nds = 8 be/ in/rum5ts1  
:i* n[ comm& z _m hundr$s--x is evid5t  
t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? great productions1 ! 
works ( 8 pupils & successors are well  
wor?y ! att5tion ( amateurs4 ,!re is no 
d\bt1 inde$1 t _m ( ^!1 :i* f be+ built 

on 8 pr9ciples are ( fir/-rate quality1 
h be5 sold z ^? ( ! ma/] himself4 ,x _c1
 !re=e1 be que/ion$ t a k :i* w lead !  
amateur to buy an in/rum5t = :at x      
really is1 in/ead ( :at x pr(esses to   
be1 w at once save him f !              
unpleasantness ( pay+ too de>ly1 & 9    
real enjoym5t yield all t c be desir$4  
,! au?or believes he has 9 ?is "w giv5 !
 amateur & connoisseur in=mation n      
easily atta9able else:]e1 b z he is     
fully consci\s t !re may be imp]fections
 9 x /ill1 he w be glad to receive any  
sugge/ions or in=mation :i* may enable  
him to r5d] x /ill m complete4          
,%effield1 ,febru>y1 #ahff4             
,,introduction4   ,! two mo/ pleas+1    
expressive1 & p[]ful s+le in/rum5ts (   
music are ! human voice & ! viol94 ,!   
"o1 ! gift ( b5efic5t nature1 has f !   
creation ex]cis$ its t\*+ influ5ce on ! 
human s\l--! o!r1 ! product ( ! +5uity (
 man1 has only )9 ! la/ ?ree c5turies   
atta9$ to p]fection1 b s9ce t p]iod :at 
delight1 :at rapture has aris5 f s      

simple a con/ruction1 :5 act$ ^u by ! h&
 ( g5ius6  ,:ile ! melodi\s tones (     
,grisi & ,m>io h t\*$ ) sympa!tic feel+s
 ! he>ts & imag9ations ( spell b\nd     
li/5]s1 h[ h ! magic tones ( ,pagan9i & 
,ern/ wrapp$ ! s\ls ( wond]+ ?\s&s 9 an 
elysium ( delight & admiration6 ,:at    
effect _c be produc$ by ! ,viol91       
7except t ( spee*17 :i* ! voice c       
accompli%8  ,! ,viol9 9 ! h&s ( g5ius c 
draw te>s or create laught]4 ,:oev] has 
he>d ! great ma/]s ( ?is extraord9>y    
in/rum5t1 has he>d all ! sweetness (    
tone1 ! int5sity ( feel+1 ! p[] (       
expression t ! mo/ gift$ sons & daught]s
 ( song c\ld possibly produce )\t !     
additional aid ( spee*4 ,! ,viol91 9    
fact1 9 its p[] ( expression f> excels  
^? s+]s1 ( :om !re are too _m1 :o :ile  
s++ ! notes1 fail to make _! he>]s      
und]/& ! s5se ( _! songs4 ,if a m]ry    
dance is produc$ by ! agile b[1 its     
sympa!tic tones at once excite a        
correspond+ feel+4 ,if a pla9tive air   
/reams 9 delici\s & he>t-t\*+ cad5ces f 

! /r+s1 :at s\l is !re s dead to feel+ z
 n to respond8  ,! p]fection ( ! ,viol9 
is t its ma/]1 if alive to ! subtle &   
my/]i\s influ5ces ( ! imag9ation1 c     
elicit f x ! mo/ p]fect & t\*+ songs )\t
 words4  ,x is besides ! only in/rum5t1 
except ! voice1 :i* is p]fect4 ,e %ade (
 expression1 e nicety ( tone c be       
produc$ on x4 ,all o!r in/rum5ts s9k    
into insignificance 9 comp>ison ) !     
,viol91 because !y _c d ?is4 ,!y are all
 m or less imp]fect2 & !re=e fail 9 ^?  
subtleties ( expression ( :i* ! ,viol9 &
 ! voice are su* able expon5ts4  ,:at   
gratitude d we owe !re=e to ^? great    
ma/]s ( ,cremona1 m especially ! ,amati 
& ,/radiu>ius1 :o h succe$$ 9 br++ !    
,viol9 to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection4  
,music has 9 all ages be5 a s\rce ( !   
pure/ delight4 ,! greate/ poet &        
dramati/ ! _w ev] knew says t :oev] has 
n music 9 8 s\l is fit = treasons1      
/ratagems1 & spoils4 ,9 ! pres5t age !  
cultivation ( ,music =ms "o ( ! mo/     
g5]al & ! mo/ ref9$ s\rces ( amusem5t & 

pleasure4 ,all ranks ( p are n[         
privileg$ to jo9 9 its delightful       
enjoym5ts4  ,ev5 ! cottage ( ! artisan  
is n[ (t5 elevat$ by ! elegant practice 
( music1 ?r\gh ! increas$ facilities =  
produc+ in/rum5ts at a *eap rate4 ,!    
consequ5ce is t 9 ! pres5t age !re is a 
m g5]al /udy & a f9] p]ception ( :at is 
good & beautiful1 & _! elevat+ t5d5cies 
are do+ mu* = ! m5tal cultivation &     
ref9em5t ( all classes4  ,a v           
extraord9>y feature ( ! musical _w ( !  
pres5t day is ! enorm\s or*e/ras :i* c  
be produc$ on special occasions4 ,a     
*orus ( sev]al ?\s& voices support$ by  
hundr$s ( in/rum5ts may n[ be he>d1     
r5d]+ ! immortal compositions ( !       
greate/ ma/]s ( ! div9e ,art1 9 !       
,peoples' ,palace at ,syd5ham & else:]e4
 ,^! ,or*e/ras are *iefly select$ f !   
ranks ( ! p1 ( :om ! artisan is ! *ief  
contributor4  ,! r$uction ( ! co/ (     
in/rum5ts & ! adoption ( :at may be     
call$ ! jo9t /ock pr9ciple are t5d+ /ill
 fur!r to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( !         

practical musical _w4 ,at any "t & = any
 special purpose x is n[ easy to secure 
a b& & *orus suffici5t 9 numb]s &       
executive p[] to r5d] 9 an effici5t &   
p[]ful mann]1 ! glori\s productions (   
,bee?ov51 ,moz>t1 ,h&el1 & o!r great    
ma/]s4  ,9 all ^! transitions1 ! ,viol9 
be>s a mo/ important "p4 ,x is ! lead+  
in/rum5t 9 ^! great p]=mances1 z x is   
also1 aft] ! voice1 ! mo/ p[]ful m$ium (
 expression 9 solo4 ,x is also !        
peoples' in/rum5t4  ,! lab\rs ( _m em95t
 viol9 mak]s :o h foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( !   
great ma/]s h ( late s imm5sely improv$ 
! art1 t a good in/rum5t may n[ be      
possess$ by any "o4 ,& x may safely be  
said t ) its improvem5t1 has aris5 also 
! ext5sion & wide spread practice (     
music g5]ally4 ,an e> accu/om$ to ! f9e 
tone ( a good viol9 w n n[ tol]ate a bad
 piano-=te4  ,! ,piano-=te & ! ,viol9   
are ! mo/ g5]al in/rum5ts1 & !y h alike 
p>ticipat$ 9 ! improvem5ts effect$1 9   
becom+ *eap] by ! advance ( sci5ce4 ,e  
description ( ma*9]y has )9 ! la/ fifty 

ye>s receiv$ ! att5tion ( able m51 & !  
me*anical con/ruction ( ! ,piano-=te is 
"o prom95t pro( ( ! advantages :i* c be 
conf]r$ by sci5ce on ev5 ! luxuries (   
life4  ,! ,viol91 also1 seem+ly ! mo/   
incapable ( me*anical application to its
 manufacture1 is said to be n[ made by a
 mo/ p]sev]+ & en?usia/ic lov] & foll[] 
( ! great mak]s1 by me*anical means4    
,copies ( ^! celebrat$ mak]s1 are n[    
said to be manufactur$ by him ) an      
uni=mity1 a c]ta9ty1 & a precision      
impossible except by ! aid ( sci5tific  
improvem5ts4 ,^! in/rum5ts are !re=e    
und]/ood to require only ! ameliorat+   
influ5ces ( "t & use to become f9e 9    
tone & satisfactory 9 e respect4  ,e "o 
int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( music1 mu/       
rejoice at ! rapid developm5t ( its     
res\rces & ! g5]al spread ( its         
pleasures among ! p4 ,we are a pr(\ndly 
comm]cial nation1 & x is delightful to  
see t 9 our great] weal? & prosp]ity1   
rational amusem5ts1 & m especially      
music1 g on increas+ /ep by /ep ) our m 

bus9ess-l occupations4 ,?is class (     
amusem5ts mu/ ex]cise a humanis+ & ref9+
 influ5ce on ! habits & mann]s ( ! p1 & 
!y %\ld be1 !re=e1 patronis$ & enc\rag$ 
by all ^? ^: means are l>ge & _! example
 p[]ful4 ,!re c be no d\bt t _! t5d5cy  
is = good1 & t ^? ^: leisure h\rs are   
devot$ to _! practice & /udy1 w be ri*ly
 b5efit$ by !m 9 all ^? qualities :i*   
comb9e to make ! good citiz5 & !        
e/imable fri5d4                   99    
99       99       99       99  ,,note4  
,to prev5t too mu* space be+ tak5 up 9 !
 alphabetical portion ( ?is "w1 sep>ate 
*apt]s are giv5 on ! f\r r5[n$ ,viol9   
,mak]s1 ,amati1 ,/radiu>ius1 ,gu>n]ius &
 ,/e9]4 ,! names & dates ( ea* ( !      
memb]s ( ^! celebrat$ families are h[ev]
 giv5 9 _! prop] places1 = prompt       
ref]5ce4  ,we h n 9 "s cases be5 able to
 f9d any records beyond ! names ( c]ta9 
mak]s4 ,:]ev] possible we h giv5 dates1 
places1 & /yle ( "w4     ,,diction>y ,,(
 ,,viol9 ,,mak]s4   ,a4  ,,acevo1 ---   
,cremona1 ,pupil ( ,guiseppe ,cappa4    

,?is arti/e made v good viol9s 9 ! /yle 
( ! ,amati4  ,,addison1 ,,william1      
,london1 #afgj4  ,,aireton1 ,,edmund1   
,london1 #agcj4 ,a good & neat ,mak]4   
,,aldr$1 --- ,london1 ,e>ly ,engli%     
,lute ,mak]4  ,,aletzie1 ,,paulo1       
,monaco1 #agbj-cj4 ,fam\s = 8           
,violoncellos4  ,,albani1 ,,mat?ias1    
born at ,botz5 or ,bulsani1 9 ! ,tyrol1 
ab\t #afba4 ,?is arti/ 0 highly e/eem$  
=m]ly1 & ,otto says t x is exce$+ly     
difficult to give s exact a description 
( !m z readily to di/+ui% !m f ^? (     
,ni*olas ,amati1 :o 0 said to be 8 ma/]4
 ,9 ! pres5t day1 op9ions are v diff]5t4
 ,nev]!less !re are "s f9e in/rum5ts by 
?is mak]1 ( high model1 ) r$di% br[n    
v>ni% & be>+ a great simil>ity to ^? (  
,/e9]1 ( :om he 0 also said to be a     
pupil4 ,! ,diction>y ( ,musicians speaks
 highly ( ?is mak]4 ,?is 0 decid$ly !   
be/ arti/e ( ?is "n4  ,,albani1 ,,paolo1
 ,pal]mo & ,cremona1 0 also "u ,ni*olas 
,amati1 ab\t #afei4  ,,albani1 --- son (
 ! above1 ab\t #agab1 0 also a c>eful   

mak]1 & turn$ out "s good ,in/rum5ts4   
,,amati ,,family4  ,= full] p>ticul>s ( 
^! em95t mak]s1 see sep>ate ,article4   
,,amati1 ,,&reas1 ,cremona1 born #aebj1 
di$ #aehj4  ,,amati1 ,,ni*olas1 bro!r ( 
! above1 celebrat$ = 8 ,basses4         
,,amati1 ,,ni*olas1 son ( ,&reas4       
,,amati1 ,,antonius & ,,hi]onymus4 ,sons
 ( ,&reas1 #aeej to #afcd1 fir/ made    
toge!r & aft]w>ds sep>ately4  ,,amati1  
,,ni*olas1 born #aeif1 di$ #afhd1 son ( 
,hi]onymus4 ,?is 0 ! greate/ mak] ( !   
family4  ,,amati1 ,,antonio ,,j]ome1 d4 
#afdj to #afgj4  ,,amati1 ,,hi]onymus1  
,son ( ,ni*olas1 born #afdi1 said to be 
! la/ ( ! ,amati family4 ,a viol9 ( 8 is
 m5tion$1 dat$ #afgb4  ,,amel+ue1 ---   
,p>is1 #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,anselmo1        
,,pietro1 ,v5ezia1 #ah? ,c5tury4        
,,artmann1 ,,go?a4 ,foll[$ ,cremona     
patt]n4  ,,assalone1 ,,gasp>d1 ,rome1   
#ah? ,c5tury4 ,cremona patt]ns4   ,b4   
,,ba*mann1 ,,l\is ,,*>les1 ,b]l91 born  
#agaf1 di$ #ahjj4 ,consid]$ to be "o ( !
 be/ mak]s ( ,g]many4 ,otto says1 !     

,in/rum5ts by ?is ,mak] are next 9 po9t 
( quality to ! ,cremonese4 ,)\t go+ s   
f>1 ) our pres5t increas$ k ( ! pupils (
 ! ,cremona mak]s1 x may /ill be admitt$
 t ,ba*mann 0 an excell5t mak] & 0 v    
c>eful 9 8 proportions1 s t ,amateurs h 
be5 (t5 deceiv$ into ?9k+ !m g5u9e      
,cremonas4 ,!y are ( ! flat ,/radiu>ius 
,model1 made ( good wood1 ) amb] v>ni%1 
& !re=e pres5t consid]able simil>ity to 
_! patt]ns4  ,,baganzi1 --- see         
,b]gonzi4  ,,bagatella1                 
,,pietro1--,padua1 #agff4 ,said n to be 
v good4  ,,bagatella1                   
,,antonio1--,padua1 #aghb4 ,au?or ( a   
,"w on ! con/ruction ( ,in/rum5ts1 f :i*
 ,bi%op 9 8 ,translation ( ,otto1 has   
app5d$ a ,!ory = mak+ a ,viol9 on a v   
simple plan4 ,he made "s excell5t       
,viol9s aft] ,cremona patt]ns4  ,,ba9es1
 --- ,london1 ab\t #aghj4  ,,bak]1 ---  
,ox=d ab\t #agbj4  ,,bale/ri]i1 ,,?omas1
 ,?is excell5t ,mak] 0 a pupil (        
,/radiu>ius1 & made aft] 8 model4 ,!    
,au?or has se5 an ,in/rum5t by ?is      

,arti/1 :i* is ( ! l>ge flat patt]n &   
has a magnific5t & brilliant tone4 ,!   
wood ( ! back & ribs r pla9--! belly v  
f9e op5 gra91 purfl+ n v neat--v>ni%    
r$di% yell[4 ,pron\nc$ by judges to be  
equal to a f9e ,/radiu>ius4 ,x is dat$  
,?omas ,bale/ri]i1 ,cremon5sis1 fecit   
,mantua1 #ageg4 ,?is in/rum5t is a pro( 
t amateurs may 9 future look ) safety to
 ! pupils ( ,/radiu>ius = viol9s to take
 ! place ( ^? ( ! great ma/]s1 :i* are  
ye>ly becom+ sc>c] & de>]4  ,,bale/ri]i1
 ,,pietro1 ,cremona1 r e>li] ?an ,?omas4
  ,,banks1 ,,b5jam91 ,salisbury4 ,born  
#agbg1 di$ #agie4 ,fo/] 9 8 excell5t "w 
calls him "o ( ,engl&'s be/             
manufactur]s4 ,too mu* _c be said 9     
praise ( ?is ju/ly celebrat$ ,mak]4 ,!  
"w ( all ! bett] class ( in/rum5ts is   
excell5t1 ! tone good ( all2 b t ( !    
,violoncellos 9 p>ticul> is full &      
sonor\s4 ,mr4 ,g>d9] 9 8 ,music &       
,fri5ds1 says ,banks ( ,salisbury's     
,violoncellos are ( ! f9e/ quality (    
tone--n s /rong & fi]y z ,fo/]'s1 b 9   

sweetness & purity excell+ !m4 ,!y are  
*iefly ( ! ,amati patt]n4--,! be/       
,in/rum5ts h br[ni% yell[ ,v>ni% ) a t+e
 ( r$1 o!rs deep r$ ( a blacki% t+e1    
,v>ni% n brilliant4  ,,banks1 ,,b5jam91 
,son ( ! =m]1 ,london1 born #aged1 di$  
#ahbj4  ,,banks1 ,,james & ,,h5ry1      
,salisbury1 o!r sons ( ! same4 ,james is
 said to h be5 an excell5t workman 9 8  
fa!r's /yle1 & dates ab\t #ahje4        
,,b>rett1 ,,john1 ,london1 ab\t #agbe4  
,8 labels /ate him to live at ! ,h>p &  
,cr[n1 9 ,picadilly4 ,he made "s good   
in/rum5ts1 b did n purfle !m4 ,! au?or  
has se5 a ,violoncello by ?is mak] :i* 0
 ev]y?+ t c\ld be desir$ 9 ! matt] (    
tone4 ,! wood & workman%ip1 h[ev]1 7 n  
equal to ! tone1 & ?is circum/ance w    
probably p>tly acc\nt = ! settl$        
pref]5ce n[ giv5 to ! ,italian in/rum5ts
 ov] all ! old ,engli% mak]s4  ,,b>ton1 
,,george1 ,london1 di$ #ahaj4  ,,bekman1
 ,,sw5o1 ,/ockholm1 #agjf4  ,,bellosio1 
--- "o ( ! ,v5etian mak]s1 #ah? ,c5tury4
  ,,b5oi/1 --- ,p>is1 #ah? ,c5tury4     

,,b5te1 ,,matteo1 ,brescia1 ab\t #aehj4 
,well kn[n among virtuosi z a mak] (    
m]it 9 ! /yle ( ,gasp> di ,salo &       
,mag9i4  ,,b]gonzi1 or ,,baganzi1       
,,francisco1 ,cremona1 #afhg4           
,,b]gonzi1 ,,c>lo1 ,cremona1 #agab to   
#agej4 ,consid]$ by au?orities to be !  
be/ pupil ( ,/radiu>ius4 ,he made       
in/rum5ts ( ! same beautiful & brilliant
 tone :i* has r5d]$ ! productions ( 8   
ma/] fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,con/ruct$ on  
simil> pr9ciples1 & g5]ally ( well-*os5 
wood1 !re is no d\bt ! productions ( ?is
 excell5t arti/e w h]eaft] rank v high4 
,l ,/radiu>ius himself1 ,c>lo ,b]gonzi  
is by "s consid]$ to h be5 at "o "t a   
pupil ( ,ni*olas ,amati4 ,e amateur     
w\ld1 if x 7 possible1 get a            
,/radiu>ius1 an ,amati1 or a ,gu>n]ius1 
b z ! g5u9e viol9s ( ^! mak]s are v r>e 
& valuable1 !y %\ld look = ! v]itable   
in/rum5ts ( _! pupils1 :i* are n[ beg9n+
 to be highly e/eem$ on acc\nt ( _!     
intr9sic excell5ce4  ,,b]gonzi1         
,,ni*olas1 ,son ( ,c>lo1 b said to be   

inf]ior to 8 fa!r4  ,,b]gonzi1 ,,mi*ael 
,,angelo1 ,probably ano!r son ( ,c>lo4  
,he1 also1 has ! cr$it ( be+ a pupil (  
,/radiu>ius1 ?\gh t seems r d\btful1    
because ! latt] di$ 9 #agcg1 at :i* "t1 
if a son ( ,c>lo1 he w\ld n h be5 old   
en\gh4  ,,b]nadel1 --- ,p>is1 #ah?      
,c5tury4  ,,betts1 ,,john1 call$ ,old   
,betts1 ,london1  &  ,,betts1 ,,edw>d1 8
 nephew4  ,^! two well kn[n mak]s 7 said
 to be pupils ( ,duke1 b (t5 employ$ o!r
 arti/es1 su* z ,c>t]1 ,panormo1 ,b4    
,f5dt1 & 8 sons1 ^: "w1 *iefly          
imitations ( ! ,cremona in/rum5ts1 ga9$ 
!m great reputation bo? at home &       
abroad4 #aghb to #ahbc4  ,,b9t]nagle1   
--- ,go?a1 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,?is mak] 0 a  
,g]man imitator ( ! ,cremona ,viol9s1 & 
is said to h be5 v successful4          
,,bocquay1 ,,jaques1 ,p>is1 ab\t #afbj4 
,a v good mak]1 & highly e/eem$ 9       
,france4  ,,bodio1 --- ,v5ezia1 #ah?    
,c5tury4  ,,bolles1 --- ,an e>ly ,engli%
 ,lute & ,viol ,mak]4 ,mace1 #afge1 says
 "o bass ( ,bolles1 ,i h kn[n valu$ at  

,l#ajj1 equal to at lea/ ,l#fjj ( our   
pres5t money4  ,,borelli1 ,,&reas1      
,p>ma1 #agdj4  ,,b\lla+]1 --- ,london4  
,a c>eful mak]1 :o fir/ work$ = o!rs1 & 
n[ on 8 own acc\nt4  ,,bremei/]1 ,,jan41
 ,am/]dam1 #agjg4  ,,bros*i1 ,,c>lo1    
,p>ma1 #agdd4  ,,breton1 ,le1 ,p>is4    
,,br[n1 ,,james1 born #afgj1 di$ #ahcd1 
&  ,,br[n1 ,,james1 son ( d41 born      
#aghf1 di$ #ahfj4 ,bo? good workm51 b   
)\t any speciality4  ,,bu*/adt]1 ---    
,ratisbon1 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,us$ ! flat    
model4 ,otto says ! wood is n good1 &   
!re=e1 ?\gh well built1 ! tone is n f9e2
 b ,spohr puts 8 viol9s on 8 li/ z      
excell5t in/rum5ts4 ,he may1 !re=e1 be  
rank$ among ! good ,g]man mak]s4        
,,budiani1 ,,javietta1 ,brescia1 ab\t   
#aehj4 ,made aft] ! /yle ( ,gasp> di    
,salo4   ,c4  ,,cae/a1 ,,pietro         
,,antonio ,,della1 ,trevisa1 #ah?       
,c5tury1 imitat$ ,/radiu>ius4  ,,camile1
 ,,camilus de1 ,mantua1 e/eem$ z a pupil
 ( ,/radiu>ius4  ,,cappa1 ,,gia*imo or  
,,gi(r$a or probably two ,bro!rs1 born  

at ,cremona & work$ "u ,amati4 ,date !re
 ab\t #aeij & 7 9 ,pi$mont #afdj4 ,!re  
are "s good ,violoncellos ( ?is make4   
,,cappa1 ,,guiseppe--,saluzzo--end (    
#af? ,c5tury4  ,,capp]1 --- or probably 
,cappa1 ,mantua4 ,a ,viol9 ( ?is make 0 
sold by auction 9 ,london 9 #ahfa1 &    
said to be v good4  ,,c>t]1 ,,john1     
,london1 #aghi1 made "s excell5t        
in/rum5ts :i* 7 sold bo? "u 8 own "n &  
"u t ( ,john ,betts = :om he _h work$4  
,,c>lo1 ,,guiseppe1 ,milan #agfi4       
,,cass9o1 ,,antonio1 ,mod5a1 #ag?       
,c5tury4  ,,ca/agn]y1 ,,jean ,,paul1    
,p>is #afci to #affb4 ,?is arti/ is     
consid]$ to be "o ( ! be/ ( ! old ,fr5* 
,mak]s4 ,"o au?ority says !y h a f9e    
silv]y tone b n p[]ful4  ,,ca/agn]i1    
,,&rea1 ,p>is4 #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,*anot1  
--- ,mirec\rt1 ,france1 a good mak]1    
#ah? ,c5tury4  ,,*anot1 --- ,london4    
,,*appuis1 7or ,*appuy17 ,,augu/9e1 ab\t
 #agaj4  ,,*>les1 ,,!ress1 ,london4     
,,*]otte1 --- ,mirec\rt1 #ah? ,c5tury4  
,,*evri]1 --- ,p>is1 #ah? ,c5tury4      

,,*ri/a1 ,,joseph ,,paul1 ,muni*1 #agcj4
  ,,*ri/ophori1 ,,b>tolomeo1 ,flor5ce1  
#ah? ,c5tury4  ,,circapa1 ,,?omaso4     
,naples1 #agcj4  ,,cl>k1 --- ,london4   
,,cole1 ,,?omas1 ,london4 ,=/] says no  
in/rum5t has be5 pres]v$ ( ?is mak]1 b t
 is a mi/ake4 ,!re is 9 ! neighborhood (
 ,%effield1 a v l>ge ,t5or ) a f9e deep 
tone & ! foll[+ curi\s label4      ,made
      #afij1      by           ,,?omas  
,,cole (     ,london1 on ,holborn ,hill1
 :o selle?     all sorts ( ,musical     
,in/rum5ts4  ,,coll+wood1 ,,joseph1     
,london1 #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,corsby1       
,,george1 believ$ to be =m]ly a mak] at 
,nor?ampton1 & n[ & = a long "t a deal] 
9 ,viol9s1 c41 9 ,pr9ces' ,/reet1 ,soho1
 ,london4  ,,conway1 ,,william1 #agde4  
,,colli]1 ,,samuel1 #agee4  ,,crask1    
,,george1 ( v>i\s places1 has made _m   
,viol9s 9 imitation ( ! ,cremona ,mak]s1
 "s ( :i* h be5 sold by unscrupul\s     
deal]s z g5u9e in/rum5ts1 an example (  
:i* we h se5 :i* 0 pur*as$ by a         
pr(essional man1 s9ce dead1 ( a ,viol9i/

 !n on a ,musical ,t\r4 ,x is only "r "h
 to say t we believe ,mr4 ,crask to be  
entirely free f blame 9 ?is matt]1 z he 
sells ^! in/rum5ts z 8 own productions4 
,,cr[!r1 ,,john1 #agee to #ahaj4        
,,cross1 ,,na?aniel1 ,london1 ab\t      
#agbj4 ,he 0 p>tn] at "o "t ) ,b>ak     
,norman & us$ 8 monogram sometimes4 ,he 
also /amp$ a ,cross 9 ! inside ( 8      
in/rum5ts z well z us$ x 9 8 labels4 ,he
 made "s good ,viol9s1 :i* resemble ^? (
 ,/e9]4 ,8 m>k 9 ! inside ( ! back is "h
 giv54             ,n4 ,c4  ,a viol9 (  
?is make :i* we h se51 has ! great fault
 ( hav+ ! bass b> cut out ( ! solid1    
in/ead ( be+ glu$ 91 ?us contrav5+ !    
e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! art4  ,,contr]as1
 ,,joseph1 ,madrid1 #agdf4 ,an excell5t 
mak]1 :o 0 p>ticul>ly celebrat$ = 8     
copies ( ,/radiu>ius4   ,d4  ,,d>delli1 
,,pietro1 ,mantua1 ab\t #aejj4 ,made    
good rebecs1 violas & viols da gamba4   
,fetis m5tions "s ( !m z /ill exi/+4    
,,decombre1 ,,ambroise1 ,t\rnay1 #agjj  
to #agce1 0 said to be "o ( ! pupils (  

,/radiu>ius & made "s good in/rum5ts ( 8
 patt]n4  ,,despons1 ,,anto9e1          
,p>is1--"o ( ! good ,fr5* ,mak]s1 ab\t  
#agbe4  ,,dick5son1 ,,edw>d1 #aged4     
,,dickson1 ,,john1 ,cambridge1 #aggi4   
,,diehl1 ,,ni*olaus1 ,d>m/adt1 #ag?     
,c5tury4  ,,ditton1 ---- ,london1 ab\t  
#agbj4  ,,dodd1 ,,?omas1 ,son ( ,edw>d  
,dodd ( ,%effield1 & :o di$ 9 ,london 9 
#ahaj1 at ! great age ( #aje ye>s 7see  
,b[ ,mak]s74 ,?omas ,dodd's in/rum5ts h 
_h consid]able reputation1 b x is       
believ$ he 0 n a mak] himself1 b employ$
 ,b]n>d ,f5dt & ,john ,lott1 ?r\gh ^:   
excell5t workman%ip 8 "n1 :i* he put on 
! labels1 became well kn[n4  ,,dodd1    
,,?omas4 ,son ( ! above2 he 0 dr[n$ 9   
#ahdc4  ,,dom9iscelli--,f]r>a1 #ah?     
,c5tury4 ,a good workman4  ,,duke1      
,,ri*>d1 ,london1 #agfg to #aggg4 ,?is  
,arti/ 0 v celebrat$ 9 8 day & 8        
in/rum5ts comm&$ v good prices4 ,he     
frequ5tly /amp$ 8 "n on ! back1 b z f> z
 we h se51 only on inf]ior productions4 
,v good in/rum5ts may n[ occasionally be

 met ) at l[ prices 9 consequ5ce ( !    
great prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! ,italian &  
o!r =eign mak]s4  ,,durfel1 ----        
,alt5burg1 made good d\ble ,basses4 ,8  
viol9s are also said by "o au?ority to  
be excell5t 9 po9t ( tone4              
,,duiffoprugc>1 ,,gasp>d1 born 9 !      
,tyrol1 e/abli%$ 9 ,bologna 9 #aeaj1 &  
w5t to ,p>is at ! invitation ( ,francis 
#a/4 ,he aft]w>ds remov$ to ,lyons4 ,?is
 appe>s to be ! fir/ mak] ( ! g5u9e     
,viol9 we h on record1 & "s in/rum5ts   
/ill exi/ to atte/ ! excell5ce to :i* he
 _h rea*$4 ,m4 ,vuillaume1 possesses a  
,bass ,viol1 & o!r ,p>isian ,collectors 
possess in/rum5ts by ?is anci5t arti/e4 
,e4  ,,eb]le1 ,,jean ,,ulric1 ,prague1  
#agdi4 ,otto says ?is is "o ( ! mo/     
celebrat$ ,g]man ,mak]s & 8 in/rum5ts h 
be5 frequ5tly tak5 by exp]i5c$          
connoisseurs = ,italian2 ! diff]5ce be+ 
t !y h a %>p] or r n s r\nd & full a    
tone4 ,connoisseurs c\ld n be v exp]i5c$
 at t "t1 if !y c\ld mi/ake =           
,cremonese1 in/rum5ts possess+ ?is      

*>act]i/ic1 :i* is exactly :at di/+ui%es
 ! inf]ior in/rum5ts f ! g5u9e4         
,,eb]ti1 ,,tommaso1 ab\t #agcj4         
,,edl+]1 ,,?omas1 ,prague #agae4        
,,edl+]1 ,,joseph ,,joa*im1 ,prague1 son
 ( ,?omas4 ,visit$ ,italy1 & aft]w>ds   
built "s excell5t in/rum5ts2 di$ 9      
#agdh4  ,,ern/1 ,,francois ,,anto9e1    
born 9 ,bohemia 9 #agde4 ,?is arti/e    
made "s excell5t in/rum5ts :i* are said 
almo/ to rea* ! ,cremonas 9 tone4 ,he 0 
also ! ,au?or ( a ,treatise on          
,in/rum5ts4 ,! celebrat$ ,viol9i/       
,spohr1 au?or ( ! ,viol9 ,s*ool1 is said
 to h at "o "t us$ "o ( ?is mak]'s      
in/rum5ts4  ,,evans1 ,,ri*>d ,london1   
#agdb4   ,f4  ,,f>9ato1 ,,paul1 ,v5ezia1
 ab\t #agjj4  ,,f5dt1 or ,,f9?1 ,p>is1  
#agfc-hj4 ,made good in/rum5ts aft] !   
,/radiu>ius model1 "s ( :i* foll[$ 8    
/yle s c>efully z to h be5 tak5 = ^? ( t
 ma/]4  ,,f5dt1 ,,b]nh>d1 born #agge1   
di$ #ahbe4 ,nephew ( ! above4 ,he work$ 
fir/ = ,dodd & aft]w>ds = old ,john     
,betts4 ,he 0 a capital workman & made  

_m f9e imitations ( ! ,cremonese        
in/rum5ts4  ,,f5dt1 ,,b]n>d ,,simon1    
,son ( ! above1 born #ahjj1 di$ #aheb1  
became p>tn] ) ,purdy 9 ! well kn[n firm
 ( ,purdy & ,f5dt4  ,,f5dt1 ,,m>t91     
bro!r ( ! above1 born #ahab1 di$ #ahde4 
,,f5dt1 ,,jacob1 born #ahae1 di$ #ahdi4 
,,f5dt1 ,,francis4  ,,f5dt1 ,,william1  
,son ( ,b]n>d ,simon1 born #ahcc1 di$   
#aheb4  ,all ! ,f5dts h ! reputation (  
be+ excell5t workm54  ,,fi*told1 ,,hans1
 #afab1 is said to h made good          
in/rum5ts4  ,,fick]1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian1
 ,cremona #agbb4  ,,fick]1 ,,johann     
,,gotlieb1 ,cremona #aghh4  ,,fleury1   
,,b5oi/1 ,p>is1 ab\t #agbj4  ,,flor5tus1
 ,,flor9us1 ,bologna1 #afij4 ,foll[$ !  
,amati patt]ns1 & has a good reputation 
9 t /yle4  ,,=/]1 ,,william4 ,! fir/    
,viol9 mak] ( ?is n[ celebrat$ "n1 born 
#agac1 di$ #ahja4  ,,=/]1 ,,william1    
born #agci1 di$ #ahjh4 ,?is mak] 0 v    
celebrat$ = 8 ,violas & ,violoncellos4  
,he appe>s to h foll[$ ! ,/e9] patt]n 9 
#agfb1 & ! ,amati patt]n 9 #aggb4 ,8    

common in/rum5ts 7 n purfl$1 second     
class purfl$ b /ill mu* inf]ior to !    
?ird class1 9 :i*1 says an au?ority1    
ev]y?+ 0 embodi$ to conduce to excell5ce
 & beautiful appe>ance & to ! f9e/ tone2
 & aga91 8 in/rum5ts are second to none 
9 m]it & ! be/ ,europe has ev] kn[n1    
especially 8 amb] col\r$ ,violoncellos1 
:i* are r5[n$ = mell[ness1 volume1 & p[]
 ( tone1 equall$ by few1 surpass$ by    
none4 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t ?is op9ion  
is r /rongly express$1 & may be consid]$
 p>tial4 ,)\t at all detract+ f ! real  
excell5ce ( ,wm4 ,=/]'s in/rum5ts1 :i*  
is v great1 we may confid5tly ass]t t ! 
great ,cremona ,mak]s h _h no rivals4   
,:e!r 9 p[]1 purity1 & sweetness (      
tone--or beauty ( wood & workman%ip--!  
be/ in/rum5ts ( ,ni*olas ,amati1        
,antonius ,/radiu>ius1 & ,joseph        
,gu>n]ius h nev] yet be5 equall$4 ,wm4  
,=/]'s ,violoncellos h1 h[ev]1 79 ,engl&
 at any rate17 be5 held 9 high e/eem bo?
 by play]s & amateurs1 & h realis$ good 
prices4  ,,=/]1 ,,william1 ! ?ird ( ! "n

 born #agfd1 di$ #ahbd1 kn[n z "y ,=/]4 
,8 in/rum5ts are n s good z ^? ( 8 fa!r1
 b /ill excell5t productions4  ,,=/]1   
,,william1 ! f\r? ( ! "n1 born #aghh1   
di$ #ahbd4 ,a good workman1 b n equal to
 ! second ,william ,=/]4  ,,=/]1 ,,simon
 ,,&rew1 son ( ! above1 born #ahja1     
au?or1 9 conjunction ) ,william ,s&ys1  
,f4,s4,a41 ( a mo/ elaborate & excell5t 
"w f :i* ^! p>ticul>s are tak51 entitl$ 
,hi/ory ( ! ,viol9 & o!r ,in/rum5ts     
play$ on ) ! ,b[1 f ! remote/ times to !
 pres5t4 ,he is also l ! re/ ( ! family1
 a mak] & be>s a good reputation4       
,,=/]4--,( ?is not$ family ,dub\rg 9 8  
amus+ & int]e/+ book1 ,! ,viol91 speaks 
9 complim5t>y t]ms4 ,he says1 ,! ,=/]s1 
old & "y1 gr&fa!r & gr&son1 h1 9 _!     
dep>tm5t ( art1 a "n t lives4  ,,f\rri]1
 ,,ni*olas1 born at ,mirec\rt4 ,settl$ 9
 ,p>is1 di$ #ahaf2 good mak]1 aft] !    
,cremona s*ool4  ,,fritz*e1 ,,samuel1   
,leipsic1 #aghg1 pupil ( ,hung]1 & made 
simil> in/rum5ts4 ,!y are ( ! ,italian  
model & h amb] v>ni%4  ,,fritz1         

,,b]?old1 ,leipsic1 #ageg4  ,,frankl&1  
---- ,london1 #aghe4  ,,frey1 ,,hans1   
,nuremb]g1 lute mak]1 #ae? ,c5tury4     
,,furb]1 ,,david1 ab\t #agjj4  ,,furb]1 
,,mat!w1 son ( ,david1 #agdj4  ,,furb]1 
,,john1 gr&son ( ,david1 #agei4         
,,furb]1 ,,mat!w1 son ( ! above1 di$    
#ahdj4  ,,furb]1 ,,john1 son ( ,mat!w1  
#ahdj4   ,g4  ,,gabrielle1 ,,giovanni1  
,,bapti/a1 ,flor5ce1 #ah? ,c5tury1      
consid]$ to be a good ,mak]4            
,,gagliano1 or ,,galiano1 ,,aless&ro1   
,naples1 ab\t #agaj1 is g5]ally reckon$ 
z "o ( ! pupils ( ,/radiu>ius1 b 0 m    
probably only "o ( 8 imitators4 ,he made
 "s good in/rum5ts ( ! ,/radiu>ius      
model1 :i* possess a bright & sp>kl+    
tone2 !y are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally *>act]is$  
by less p[] ( tone1 ,/radiu>ius hav+ 9  
?is p>ticul> ! advantage ov] ne>ly all 8
 imitators1 "s ( 8 p]sonal pupils be+   
p]haps ! only exceptions4  ,,note4--,m4 
,fetis comm5ces ! l9e ( ! ,gaglianos )  
,nicolo1 #agjj1 t5 ye>s e>li] ?an       
,aless&ro1 :om he also calls ,g5n>o1 &  

ranks him z a mak] =m$ "u "o ( !        
imm$iate pupils ( ,/radiu>ius4          
,,gagliano1 ,,janu>ius1 ,naples1 #agdj4 
,son ( ,aless&ro4  ,,gagliano1          
,,ni*olaus1 ,naples4 ,ano!r son (       
,aless&ro4  ,,gagliano1 ,,f]d9&o1       
,naples1 made to #agij4  ,,gagliano1    
,,guiseppe1 ,naples1 #agij4  ,,gagliano1
 ,,giovanni1 ,naples4  ,,gagliano1      
,,antonio1 ,naples4  ,,gagliano1        
,,raphael1 ,naples1 son ( ,giovanni4    
,,gagliano1 ,,antonio1 ,naples1 son (   
,giovanni4  ,,gagliano ,,family4  ,mo/ (
 ! in/rum5ts made by ! ,gagliano family 
possess a good quality ( tone1 &        
,amateurs :o h no necessity = t great   
p[] :i* ,/radiu>ius & ,gu>n]ius conf]r$ 
on _! be/ productions1 w d well to      
secure any g5u9e ,gagliano :i* !y may   
meet )1 r ?an risk ! *ance ( gett+ less 
m]it1 "u a m pret5ti\s "n4  ,,gal]z5a1  
---- ,pi$mont1 #agij4  ,,g&1 ---- ,p>is4
 ,a fir/-rate mak]4 ,he 0 son-9-law to  
,lupot4  ,,g>ana1 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo1    
,bologna4 ,an excell5t mak]1 ab\t #agjj1

 consid]$ by ,fetis to be a pupil ( "o (
 ^? celebrat$ mak]s =m$ 9 ! ,cremona    
s*ools4  ,,gattanani1 ---- ,pi$mont1    
#agij4  ,,gav9ies1 ---- ,p>is1 #ah?     
,c5tury4  ,,g$l]1 ,,johann ,,antony1    
,fiss51 ,bav>ia1 #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,g$l]1 
,,johann ,,b5$ict1 same place & same    
date4  ,,g]ans1 ,,paul1 ,cremona1 ab\t  
#afae4  ,,g]le1 ,,jean1 ,nuremb]g1 ab\t 
#aedj4 ,made ,lutes1 ,viols da ,gamba1  
c4  ,,gilkes1 ,,samuel1 ,london1 #aghg  
to #ahbg4 ,pupil ( ! ,second ,william   
,=/]4 ,an excell5t mak]4 ,8 "w 0 mo/    
highly f9i%$ & 8 v>ni% ( a ri* quality4 
,,gilkes1 ,,william1 born #ahaa4 ,n     
equal z a mak] to ,samuel4  ,,giordane1 
,,alb]to1 ,cremona1 #agce4  ,,gobetti1  
,,francisco1 ,v5ezia1 ab\t #agjj4 ,a    
pupil ( ,/radiu>ius1 & an excell5t      
arti/e4  ,,g(ill]1 ,,matteo1 ,v5ezia1   
ab\t #agbe4 ,a good mak] aft] ,cremona  
patt]ns4  ,,g(ill]1 ,,francisco1        
,v5ezia4 ,bro!r to ,matteo1 simil>1 same
 date4  ,,gragn>ius1 ,,antonio1 e>ly "p 
( #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,granc9o1 ,,giovanni1 

,milan1 middle ( #ag? ,c5tury4          
,,granc9o1 ,,paolo1    d4    d4         
,,granc9o1 ,,giovanni ,,bapti/a1 ,milan1
 son ( fir/ nam$4  ,,granc9o1 ,,giovanni
 ,,bapti/a1 ,milan1 e>ly 9 #ah? ,c5tury4
  ,,granc9o1 ,,francisco1 son (         
,giovanni ,bapti/a4 ,?is arti/e made to 
ab\t #agfj1 or r lat]4  ,,granc9o       
,,family4  ,^! mak]s produc$ "s v good b
 n h&some in/rum5ts4 ,l9dley is said to 
h _h a ,violoncello by "o ( ! ,granc9os1
 ! tone ( :i* 0 v f9e & p[]ful1 ) light 
yell[ v>ni% d>k5$ by age2 ! wood ( back 
& sides v pla91 b ! belly v f9e4        
,,grobitz1 ---- ,w>saw1 ab\t #agej4     
,made "s good in/rum5ts ( ! ,/e9] model4
  ,,gu]san1 ---- ,p>is4 ,an excell5t    
mak]1 small model1 c>eful f9i%1 & f9e   
tone2 ab\t #agcj4  ,,gugemmos1 ----     
,fiss51 ,bav>ia4  ,,guidantus1          
,,giovanni ,,flor5us1 ,bologna1 ab\t    
#agej4 ,an excell5t mak]4  ,,guletto1   
,,ni*olas1 ,cremona1 ab\t #agij4        
,,guadagn9i1 ,,lor5zo1 ,cremona1 #afij  
to #agbj4 ,pupil ( ,/radiu>ius & highly 

e/eem$ z a mak]4 ,foll[$ ! /yle ( 8     
celebrat$ tea*]4  ,guadagn9i is "o ( !  
mak]s especially recomm5d$ by ,spohr :5 
"o ( ! ?ree great ma/]s _c be procur$4  
,a good specim5 ( 8 "w w always comm& a 
good price4  ,,guadagn9i1 ,,lor5zo1     
,plac5tia & ,milan1 #agdb4 ,made        
in/rum5ts g5]ally ( ! small] model4 ,0 a
 c>eful workman & f9i%$ 8 in/rum5ts     
well1 & us$ good v>ni%4  ,,guadagn9i1   
,,bapti/a4 ,same places & ab\t same     
dates1 & made simil> in/rum5ts4         
,,guadagn9i1 ,,guiseppe1 ,tur91 #agea4  
,,guadagn9i1 ,,guiseppe1 ,p>ma1 #agic4  
,,gu>n]ius ,,family4  ,a m ext5d$ acc\nt
 ( ^! great ma/]s w be f\nd 9 a sep>ate 
*apt]4  ,,gu>n]ius1 ,,&reas1 ,cremona1  
horn #afcj1 dates to #afhj4 ,pupil (    
,hi]onymus ,amati4  ,,gu>n]ius1         
,,guiseppe1 son ( ,&reas1 ,cremona1     
dates f #afij to #agcj4  ,,gu>n]ius1    
,,pietro1 ano!r son ( ,&reas4 ,remov$ 9 
! latt] "p ( 8 life f ,cremona to       
,mantua4  ,,gu>n]ius1 ,,joseph1 nephew (
 ,&reas4 ,kn[n z ,joseph to di/+ui% him 

f 8 c\s9 ( ! same "n1 b :o is g5]ally   
kn[n z ,guiseppe4 ,joseph 0 ! great mak]
 ( ! family1 born #afhc1 di$ #agde1 at  
,cremona4   ,h4  ,,h>b\r1 ---- ,london1 
#aghe4  ,,h>die1 ,,mat!w1 ,ed9burgh1    
ab\t #ahbj4 ,made "s good in/rum5ts :i* 
occasionally possess$ great p[]1 b n    
always v neat f9i%4  ,,h>die1 ,,?omas4  
,son ( ,mat!w1 ,ed9burgh1 0 also a good 
workman--di$ 9 #ahef1 f accid5tally     
fall+ d[n /airs4  ,,h>e1 ,,joseph1      
,london1 #agbj1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ 
9 ,engl& to introduce ! flat model1 all 
! mak]s be=e him & = "s "t aft]1 foll[+ 
! elevat$ model ( ,/e9]4 ,he also       
introduc$ a v>ni% ( great] transp>5cy   
?an 0 g5]ally us$ at t "t 9 ,engl&4     
,,h>ris1 ,,*>les1 ,london1 ab\t #ahae4  
,,h>ris1 ,,*>les4 ,son ( ! above4       
,,h>t1 ,,john1 ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1        
,leice/] ,squ>e1 ,london1 pupil (       
,samuel ,gilkes1 is a mak]2 & re/or] (  
in/rum5ts1 9 :i* latt] capacity we h    
pleasure 9 /at+ him to be wor?y ( !     
ext5sive reputation he has acquir$4 ,he 

is also a great connoisseur 9 old       
in/rum5ts1 & has ! hon\r ( hav+ =m$ mo/ 
( ! f9e collections 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!    
l>ge/ price ev] giv5 = a ,viol9 0 = "o  
import$ by him & :i* f its beauty1      
model1 v>ni% & p]fection ( condition is 
kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius4 
,?is in/rum5t is consid]$ q unique & 0  
sold = #gjj gu9eas4 ,! celebrat$        
collection ( ,*>les ,pl[d51 ,esq41 :i*  
embraces f\r f9e in/rum5ts ( ,/radiu>ius
 & f\r ( ,joseph ,gu>n]ius1 & :i* is    
ackn[l$g$ to be ! f9e/ collection 9 !   
_w1 0 also =m$ by ,mr4 ,h>t4 ,mr4       
,pl[d5's ta/e be+ highly cultivat$1 he  
rejects any in/rum5t :i* is n ( ! v     
highe/ ord]1 & !re=e x reflects great   
cr$it on ,mr4 ,h>t's judgm5t to h       
succe$$ 9 plac+ s _m f9e in/rum5ts 9 !  
collection ( s critical a connoisseur4  
,we %all h occasion to m5tion o!r       
celebrat$ in/rum5ts 9 ! ,*apt]s on !    
,great ,ma/]s ( ! ,art4  ,,hass]t1 ---- 
,rudol/adt1 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,made         
in/rum5ts ( a high model1 :i* ?\gh he   

us$ good wood & f9i%$ !m c>efully1 did n
 possess v good tone4 ,v few mak]s h    
succe$$ 9 imp>t+ sup]ior tone to high   
built in/rum5ts4  ,,hass]t1 ----1       
,eis5a*1 #ah? ,c5tury1 bro!r ( !        
above--adopt$ a diff]5t sy/em1 & foll[$ 
! flatt] model ( ! ,cremona ,s*ool )    
consid]able success4 ,8 in/rum5ts are   
rem>kable = beautiful wood1 & ,otto     
speaks v highly ( !m1 say+ t _m ( !m c  
only be di/+ui%$ f ! g5u9e ,italians by 
exp]i5c$ judges4 ,9 ! pres5t day we ?9k 
,otto 0 p>tial to 8 own c\ntrym5's "w1 &
 t !re are v few ,g]man in/rum5ts :i* c 
be tak5 = ,italian by judges4  ,,heesom1
 ,,edw>d1 ,london1 #agej4  ,,helm]1     
,,*>les1 ,prague1 #agdj4 ,?is arti/e 0 a
 pupil ( ,eb]le1 & is consid]$ a c>eful 
workman1 b us$ too light a bass b>1 :i*1
 unless a /rong] "o be sub/itut$1       
depreciates ! "* ( 8 in/rum5ts4         
,,hildebrant1 ,,mi*ael ,,*ri/oph]1      
,hamburg1 #agfe4 ,e/eem$ z a good mak]4 
,,hill1 ,,william1 ,london1 #agdj4 ,made
 "s good in/rum5ts1 b !y are said to be 

defici5t 9 quality 9 consequ5ce ( be+   
built on a wrong pr9ciple1 ! c5tres hav+
 too little wood4  ,,hill1 ,,joseph1    
,london1 #aggj1 bro!r ( ! above4        
,reckon$ a sup]ior mak] to 8 bro!r1 &   
produc$ "s v excell5t ,violoncellos :i* 
obta9$ him a good reputation1 & caus$   
him to be class$ high among ,engli%     
mak]s1 b l ! o!rs1 he is n[ depreciat$ 9
 value bel[ 8 real m]its4  ,,hircutt1   
---- ,engli% mak]1 ab\t #afjj4          
,,h(fman1 ,,m>t91 ,leipsic1 is said to  
be *iefly kn[n z a skilful lute mak]4 ,8
 ,t5ors are consid]$ good1 & ,otto says 
8 viol9s h an excell5t quality ( tone :5
 unspoil$1 b are n e/eem$ on acc\nt ( _!
 ungraceful appe>ance4  ,,holl[ay1 ,j41 
,london1 #agid4  ,,horil1 ----          
7,italian7 ab\t #agbj4  ,,hull]1        
,,augu/9e1 ,%o5eck1 #agge4  ,,hume1     
,,ri*>d1 ,ed9burgh4 ,an e>ly ,engli%    
lute mak]2 ab\t #aecj4  ,,hung]1        
,,*ri/oph] ,,fr$]ick1 ,leipsic1 #aghg4  
,a good mak] :o foll[$ ! ,italian /yle1 
us$ good wood & amb] v>ni%4 ,?is mak] is

 class$ among ! sup]ior ,g]man arti/es1 
& 8 in/rum5ts are said to be beautiful4 
,j4  ,,jacobs1 ---- ,am/]dam1 #ah?      
,c5tury4 ,?is mak] imitat$ ! ,amatis &  
produc$ "s good in/rum5ts aft] _!       
,models :i* also p>took ( _! sweet tone 
b _h little p[]4 ,"o au?ority we h      
consult$ calls ?is mak] a pupil (       
,amati1 & /ates t he us$ :alebone       
purfl+4  ,,jaye1 ,,h5ry1 ,london1 #afae4
 ,( ?is mak] we h n be5 able to f9d any 
acc\nt unless x be to him t ,mace       
7#afgf17 ref]s :5 he says1 speak+ ( !   
mak]s ( ,viols1 ,( su* !re are no bett] 
9 ! _w1 ?an ^? ( ,aldr$1 ,jay1 ,smi? c4 
,he 0 c]ta9ly an excell5t mak] judg+ f  
an in/rum5t we h se5 :i* has be5 conv]t$
 into a small ,violoncello ) f\r /r+s4  
,x is h&somely f9i%$1 ) ornam5tal purfl+
 & good v>ni% & a well c>v$ head4 ,z a  
small violoncello ! tone is also v good4
 ,dat$ 9 ,s\?w>ke1 #afae4  ,,jay1       
,,?omas1 ,london1 ab\t #agjj4  ,,jay1   
,,h5ry1 ,london1 #agej4 ,x appe>s t ?is 
arti/e 0 be/ kn[n z a mak] ( ,kits1 :i* 

7 v well made & = :i* he obta9$ !       
extraord9>y price 9 ^? days ( five p\nds
 ea*4 ,:5 we rememb] t f\r p\nds 0 !    
price t ,/radiu>ius got = 8 be/ viol9s 9
 8 life "t1 & f an anecdote told by ,mr4
 ,=/]1 t ,c]vetto c\ld n ev5 get t price
 = "s he got direct f ! mak]1 we see "o 
( ^? extraord9>y freaks ( fa%ion = :i*1 
to use ! expression ( my ,"l ,dundre>y1 
no fell[ c acc\nt4  ,,jau*1 ----        
,dresd51 ab\t #agfe1 is said to h made  
good in/rum5ts on ,cremona models1 & is 
g5]ally plac$ among ! good ,g]man mak]s4
  ,,johnson1 ,,john1 ,london1 #agec4    
,,juliano1 ,,francisco1 ,rome1 #agjj4   
,k4  ,,kambl1 ,,johann1 ,,cornelius1    
#afce4  ,,k5n$y1 ,,alex&]1 ,london1 di$ 
#aghe1 & consid]$ to be ab\t #ij ye>s ( 
age4 ,?is arti/e obta9$ consid]able     
reputation = good & neat "w4 ,he foll[$ 
! ,/e9] model1 & us$ yell[ v>ni%4 ,x is 
n kn[n t he made any o!r in/rum5ts ?an  
viol9s4  ,,k5n$y1 ,,john1 ,london1 di$ 9
 #ahaf1 & consid]$ to be #hf ye>s ( age4
 ,made viol9s & t5ors ( ! ,/e9] model4  

,,k5n$y1 ,,?omas1 son ( ,john1 ,london1 
be>s ! reputation ( a good & neat       
arti/e1 & is said to h made at lea/ #cjj
 violoncellos & o!r in/rum5ts 9         
proportion4  ,,kekl91 ,,joan1 ,brescia1 
ab\t #adej4 ,?is arti/e is believ$ by "s
 inquir]s to be ! e>lie/ mak] ( ! viol9 
prop]1 b ,fetis says t ! only in/rum5t (
 8 t is kn[n1 & :i* 0 9 ! possession (  
,kolik] ( ,p>is1 & dat$ #addi1 0 n      
really a viol91 b a viol ) *ang$ neck & 
m\nt$ ) f\r /r+s4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 
t ! m]it ( ! actual introduction ( !    
real viol9 belongs prop]ly to ,gasp> di 
,salo4  ,,kiaposse1 ,,sawes1 ,pet]sburg1
 #agdh4  ,,klotz1 ,,mat?ias1 ,tyrolese1 
ab\t #afge1 consid]$ by ,fetis to h be5 
a pupil ( ,/e9]1 & ! fir/ viol9 mak] (  
?is well kn[n "n4 ,he made "s in/rum5ts1
 :i* e/abli%$ 8 reputation z a c>eful   
arti/e4  ,,klotz1 ,,egitia4 ,?is mak]1  
:o appe>s to h be5 a son ( ,mat?ias1 is 
(t5 consid]$ to be ! be/ mak] ( ?is     
,family4 ,he is commonly call$ ! pupil (
 ,/e9]1 b t mu/ be d\btful4 ,m probably 

he foll[$ ! ,/e9] traditions z          
exemplifi$ by 8 fa!r4 ,he us$ amb]      
v>ni%1 good wood1 & 8 in/rum5ts are well
 made & h 8 own "n ^u !m4  ,,klotz1     
,,george1 bro!r ( ,egitia4  ,,klotz1    
,,seba/ian1 ano!r bro!r4 ,we believe ?is
 arti/e to be ! be/ mak] ( ! ,klotz     
family4 ,he built l>ge siz$ viol9s1 :i* 
possess a f9e tone & h excell5t v>ni%4  
,,klotz1 ,,mi*ael1--#agga4  ,,klotz1    
,,joseph1 son ( ,egitia1 ,mitt5wald an  
d] ,is]1 #aggd4 ,otto says ?is arti/e   
built aft] 8 fa!r's sy/em--b 0 bett]    
acqua9t$ ) ! qualities ( wood1 & 8      
in/rum5ts are !re=e sup]ior 9 tone1 b   
are badly v>ni%$ 9 _! orig9al /ate4  ,,!
 ,,klotz ,,family4  ,spohr enum]ates    
,klotz among ! mak]s ^: in/rum5ts are   
wor?y ( att5tion1 b does n indicate :i* 
( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,we h be=e express$ our
 op9ion t ,seba/ian ranks highe/ 9 m]it1
 :i* is corroborat$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$   
connoisseur ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s viol9s (
 ?is "n h a*iev$ a high reputation4     
,p>kes1 9 8 ,musical ,memoirs1 m5tions a

 ,klotz ,viol9 belong+ to ,mr4 ,hay1 !  
,lead] ( ! ,k+'s ,b&1 = :i* a ,noble ,"l
 (f]$ ,l#cjj & an annuity ( ,l#ajj4 ,?is
 seems a mo/ extraord9>y (f]1 = any     
in/rum5t1 unless x 7 a v f9e ,/radiu>ius
 or ,gu>n]ius4  ,,kohl1 ,,jean1 ,muni*1 
,lu?i] to ! ,c\rt1 ab\t #aegj4 ,fetis   
/ates t f "s old acc\nts he f9ds he 0   
paid two flor9s = a lute1 a /range      
discrepancy 9 value f ! /atem5t ( ,mace 
a c5tury lat]4--7,see ,bolles47         
,,kolditz1 ,,mat?ias ,,johann1 ,muni*1  
#agbb4  ,,kolditz1 ,,jaques1 ,rumb\rg1 9
 ,bohemia1 #agij2 said to be v good4    
,,kolik]1 ---- ,p>is1 a not$ mak] &     
collector1 ab\t #agej4  ,,knitt+1       
,,philip1 ,mitt5wald1 #agfj4  ,,knitl1  
,,joseph1 ,mitt5wald1 #agij4  ,,kr9]1   
,,joseph1 ,mitt5wald1 #aghe4   ,l4      
,,lacasso1 ,,antonio ,,m>ia1 ,milan1    
probably ! same z ,lausa4  ,,lagetto1   
,p>is1 ab\t #afej4 ,foll[$ ! ,amati     
patt]ns4  ,,lamb]t1 ,,johann ,,h5ry1    
,b]l91 #agfj4  ,,lamb]t1 ---- ,nancy1   
#agfj4 ,a prolific b n v c>eful mak]1   

:i* ga9$ him ! "n ( ! ,lute ,c>p5t]4    
,,l&olphi1 ,,c>lo1 ,flor5ce1 #agej4 ,an 
excell5t mak]1 :o foll[$ ! ,cremona     
patt]ns ) consid]able success4          
,,l&olphi1 ,,f]d9&1 ,milan1 ab\t same   
date4  ,!re appe>s to be "s d\bt :e!r   
!re 0 m ?an "o ,l&olphi1 8 "n be+ ,c>lo 
,f]d9&1 b be+ m5tion$ z ( bo? ,flor5ce &
 ,milan1 & ! ,*ri/ian names giv5        
sep>ately1 !re may h be5 two4 ,fetis    
only m5tions ,c>lo1 & locates him at    
,milan4  ,,lausa1 ,,antonio ,,m>ia1     
#afge4 ,a capital imitator ( ,mag9i &   
,gasp> di ,salo's in/rum5ts1 b is said n
 to h succe$$ 9 rivall+ !m 9 tone4      
,,lautt51 ,l4 ,w4 ,no p>ticul>s ( ?is   
mak]2 b we f9d a viol9 by him 9 a       
,catalogue1 describ$ z f9e & h&some4    
,,lecl]c1 ---- ,p>is1 #ah? ,c5tury4     
,,l5tz1 ,,johann ,,ni*olaus1 ,london1   
ab\t #ahjj4 ,consid]$ a good workman4   
,,lewis1 ,,edw>d4 ,london1 ab\t #agjj4  
,an excell5t mak]1 us$ good wood1 f9e   
v>ni%1 *iefly ( a yell[ col\r1 & 0      
notable = 8 excell5t f9i%4  ,,l9elli1 or

 ,,l9>olla1 ---- ,v5ezia1 ab\t #aebj4 ,a
 mak] ( rebecs1 viols1 & viols da gamba4
  ,,lott1 ,,john ,,fr$]ick1 ,london1    
born #agge1 di$ #ahec4 ,an excell5t     
workman1 :o made _m in/rum5ts = ,?omas  
,dodd4 ,he is also v g5]ally kn[n z a   
fir/-rate d\ble bass mak]4  ,,lott1     
,,george ,,fr$]ick1 son ( ! above1 0    
also an excell5t workman1 & is said to h
 be5 *iefly employ$ by deal]s4  ,,lotz1 
,,!odore1 ,pre/burg1 ab\t #agce1 has a  
good reputation z a mak] ( viol9s4      
,,lupot1 ,,francois1 ,/uttg>d1 ab\t     
#aggj4  ,,lupot1 ,,ni*olas1 son (       
,francois1 born at ,/uttg>d1 #ageh2 w5t 
to ,orleans1 #aghf1 & ,p>is1 #agid2 di$ 
#ahbd4 ,?is arti/e des]ves ! title ( !  
,k+ ( ! ,fr5* mak]s4 ,he foll[$ ! model 
( ,/radiu>ius1 us$ excell5t wood & good 
v>ni%1 mu* 9 ! /yle ( t ma/]4 ,8 viol9s 
are v f9e 9 tone & resemble ! ,italian m
 ?an any o!r mak]'s4 ,tolbecque1 !      
viol9i/ has two v f9e specim5s4 ,8      
in/rum5ts h be5 frequ5tly select$ by !  
,fr5* ,cons]vatoire z prizes = _!       

pupils4 ,!y n[ fet* high prices4 ,dub\rg
 calls him a /udi\s arti/1 ^: in/rum5ts 
are 9 reque/ :5 a good ,cremona is      
unatta9able4 ,he also says1 sixty gu9eas
 h be5 refus$ = "o ( 8 be/ viol9s4      
,spohr 9 8 ,viol9 ,s*ool1 also recomm5ds
 8 in/rum5ts4 ,?is arti/e publi%$ a "w  
on ! con/ruction ( viol9s1 call$ ,la    
,*elonomie1 on le p>fait ,lu?i]4   ,m4  
,,magg9i1 ,,giovanni ,,paolo1 ,brescia1 
#aeij to #afdj4 ,?is celebrat$ arti/e 0 
a pupil ( ,gasp> di ,salo4 ,8 in/rum5ts 
are highly e/eem$1 & are bo? r>e &      
valuable4 ,!y are g5]ally ( a l>ge      
patt]n1 ) elevat$ model1 rea*+ almo/ to 
! edges2 n>r[ ribs1 d\ble purfl+1       
frequ5tly end+ on ! top & bottom ( !    
back ) an ornam5t 9 ! %ape ( a leaf--&  
f9e yell[i% br[n or gold5 col\r$ v>ni%1 
( good quality4 ,"s few are said to h   
deep br[n v>ni%4 ,!y possess a tone ( a 
peculi> "*--deep1 solemn1 & some:at     
pla9tive4 ,dub\rg describes x z less s(t
 ?an t ( a ,/radiu>ius1 & less pot5t ?an
 a ,gu>n]ius1 approa*+ t ( a viol1 & has

 9 x a t\* ( melan*oly4 ,f _! size ^!   
in/rum5ts _h n be5 9 great fav\r )      
viol9i/s until ! celebrat$ ,de,beriot   
introduc$ "o1 :i* f its spl5did tone    
br\ght !m at once into e/eem1 & = :i* he
 has be5 (f]$ almo/ fabul\s sums4       
,,magg9i1 ,,pietro ,,santo1 ,brescia1   
son ( ,giovanni ,paolo1 #afcj to #afhj4 
,foll[$ ! same /yle z 8 fa!r1 b 0 m     
p>ticul>ly fam\s = 8 d\ble basses1 :i* !
 ,italians consid] to be ! be/ ev] made1
 aft] ^? ( ,gasp> di ,salo4  ,,mai]1    
,,&rea ,,f]d9&1 ,salzburg1 #agdf4       
,little is kn[n ( ?is mak] except t he  
made ! small in/rum5t on :i* ! immortal 
,moz>t fir/ le>n$ to play ! viol91 :i*  
ev5t1 c\ld he h =ese51 w\ld no d\bt h   
comp5sat$ him = ! want ( m g5]al fame4  
,,maldonn]1 ---- ,bav>ia1 ab\t #agfj4   
,,mall]1 ,,laux1 ,v5ice4 ,?is arti/e 0  
an e>ly & highly e/eem$ mak] ( lutes4   
,mace 9 8 curi\s & v int]e/+ book1      
,music's ,monum5t1 m5tions him z "o ( ! 
be/ au?ors1 i4e4 mak]s4 ,he also says he
 has se5 two ( 8 lutes 7'pittiful1      

batt]$1 crack$ ,?+s1'7 valu$ at ,l#ajj  
apiece4 ,mace's book 0 publi%$ 9 #afgf4 
,?9k ( ,l#ajj = a lute two hundr$ ye>s  
ago1 :5 ! value ( money 0 at lea/ six   
times less ?an x is n[6 ,?is w\ld make !
 comp>ative value ( a batt]$ old lute   
ab\t ,l#fjj1 a sum 7) ! exception ( !   
,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius1 m5tion$ else:]e7 
exce$+ ! highe/ price we h he>d ( 9     
mod]n times4 ,ev5 ! mo/ spl5did & p]fect
 viol9s ( ,/radiu>ius h nev] realis$ z  
mu* z ?is pittiful batt]$ lute6 ,9 !    
face ( ?is fact 7z we suppose x is7 we  
_c be surpris$ t en?usia/ic amateurs    
%\ld 9 ! pres5t day give su* l>ge prices
 = ! spl5did productions ( ! great      
,cremona ,mak]s4  ,,m>iani1 ,,antonio1  
,pes>o1 #aegj to #afbj4 ,an imitator (  
,gasp> di ,salo4  ,,m>atti1 ---- ,v]ona1
 #afij4 ,made good ton$ viol9s1 b !     
workman%ip has little "*4  ,,m>quis ,,de
 ,,lair1 ---- ,a ,fr5* mak] ab\t #ahjj4 
,,m>%all1 ,,john1 ,london1 #agfj4       
,,m>t91 ---- ,london1 #agij4            
,,maucotel1 ,,*>les1 ,london4 ,an       

excell5t workman1 :o has produc$ "s     
beautiful in/rum5ts4  ,,mausiell1       
,,leon>d1 ,nuremburg1 #agbe4 ,a capital 
imitator ( ,/e9]1 ^: /yle he foll[$ s   
closely z to r5d] x 7z x is /at$7       
difficult to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,?is 
is "o ( ! mak]s prais$ by ,spohr 9 8    
,viol9 ,s*ool1 z wor?y att5tion :5 a    
good ,cremona _c be got4  ,,mayrh(1     
,,&rea ,,f]d9&1 ,salzburg1 #agdj4       
,,m$>d1 ,,h5ry1 ,p>is & ,nancy4 ,a ,fr5*
 mak]1 :o is g5]ally consid]$ to h be5 a
 pupil ( ,ni*olas ,amati1 & 0 e/eem$    
ne>ly equal to 8 ma/]2 b ,fetis includes
 him 9 8 li/ ( ! p]sonal pupils (       
,antonius ,/radiu>ius4  ,,m]l91         
,,joseph1 ,london1 ab\t #aghj4 ,a v     
+5i\s p]son1 :o obta9$ ! hon\r ( be+    
m5tion$ 9 ,madame ,d',arblay's ,di>y &  
,lett]s4 ,8 viol9s 7 aft] ! ,/e9]       
patt]n1 & well made1 b did n approa* !  
,/e9] tone4  ,,meusidl]1 ,,jean1        
,nuremb]g1 ab\t #aedj4 ,a mak] ( viols1 
viols da gamba1 c4  ,,mezzadie1         
,,alex&]1 ,f]r>a1 ab\t #agjj4 ,a good   

mak] :o foll[$ ! ,amati /yle1 & is      
reckon$ by ,fetis z "o ( t s*ool4       
,,mi]1 ---- ,london1 #aghf4  ,,milani1  
,,francisco1 ,milan1 is suppos$ to be a 
pupil ( ,guadagn9i & foll[$ 8           
/yle1--ab\t #agfj4  ,,mill]1 ----       
,london1 ab\t #agej4  ,,mohr1 ,,philip1 
,hamburg1 #afej4  ,,montade1 ,,gregorio1
 ,cremona1 #agce4 ,consid]$ to be a     
pupil ( ,/radiu>ius1 b m probably an    
imitator4  ,,montagnana1 ,,dom9ico1     
,v5ezia1 #agbe4 ,?is excell5t arti/e    
made in/rum5ts g5]ally ( a l>ge size1 & 
us$ wood ( a l>ge & beautiful figure4 ,!
 v>ni% exce$+ly brilliant & ( a ri*     
yell[ or yell[ r$ col\r1 & ! tone ev]y?+
 t c be desir$4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s _h a        
violoncello ( ?is make1 :i* 0 orig9ally 
sold z a ,joseph ,gu>n]ius1 & 0 said 9 !
 catalogue to be uncommonly f9e &       
h&some4 ,?is is ano!r ( ^? c>eful       
arti/es1 ^: productions are n[ 9 high   
e/eem :5 "o ( ! ?ree great ma/]s _c be  
obta9$1 & :i* w v probably h]eaft] rank 
) !m & become v fam\s4  ,,morrison1     

,,john1 ,london1 #aghj to #ahai4        
,,morella1 ,,morglato1 ,mantua1 ab\t    
#aeej4 ,fam\s = rebecs1 viols1 & viols  
da gamba4   ,n4  ,,namy1 ---- ,p>is1    
ab\t #ahjj4  ,,naylor1 ,,isaac1 ,le$s1  
#aghh4  ,,newton1 ,,isaac1 #aghj4       
,,ni*olas1 ---- ,g5eva1 #agij4          
,,niggel1 ,,symp]tus1 ,p>is1 ab\t #afej4
  ,,norman1 ,,b>ak1 ,london1 #afij to   
#agdj4 ,he g5]ally us$ a monogram =m$ ( 
! lett]s ,,nb4 int]lac$4 ,?is arti/e has
 long be5 a fav\rite1 & he c]ta9ly made 
"s good in/rum5ts1 :i* 9 ! pres5t day   
are depreciat$ bel[ _! real wor?1 z is !
 case also ) o!r ,engli% mak]s1 ^:      
productions h _h to give way be=e !     
prevail+ pref]5ce = ,italian in/rum5ts4 
,he 0 p>tn] at "o "t ) ,na?aniel ,cross1
 & ! in/rum5ts !n made be> _! jo9t names
 on ! labels4  ,,norris ,,& ,,b>nes1    
pupils ( ,?omas ,smi?1 #aghe to #ahah4  
,,novello1 ,,val5t9o1 ,v5ezia1 ab\t !   
middle ( #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,novello1      
,,m>co ,,antonio1 ,v5ezia1 same date4   
,bo? ^! mak]s are 9 good e/eem4   ,o4   

,,obue1 ,,b>tolomeo1 ,v]ona4  ,,odo>di1 
,,guiseppe1 e>ly #ah? ,c5tury4  ,,ott1  
,,jean1 ,nuremb]g4 ,lute mak]1 #ae?     
,c5tury4  ,,otto1 ,,jacob ,,augu/us1    
born at ,go?a1 #agfb1 di$ #ahcj4 ,au?or 
( ! celebrat$ ,book on ! ,con/ruction ( 
! ,viol94 ,he made "s good in/rum5ts    
:i*1 9 8 book he says he prov$ by a     
ma*9e :i* play$ !m 9 ?irds1 f\r?s1 &    
fif?s = a cont9u$ p]iod1 ?us mell[+ &   
p]fect+ ! tone4 ,we d n believe 9 ?is   
doctr9e4 ,f all pa/ exp]i5ce1 !re c be  
no d\bt t :atev] pa9s or tr\ble a mak]  
may take to br+ 8 in/rum5ts1 :ile new1  
to be> ! "* ( old1 8 lab\r is q useless4
 ,!re is no in/ance ( an in/rum5t becom+
 fam\s = its f9e tone till x _h atta9$ a
 good old age4 ,"s mod]n mak]s use      
*emical means to mature _! viol9s2 b ?is
 process is utt]ly de/ructive to !m1 z  
!y become q rott5 ?r\gh ! action ( !    
acid aft] a lapse ( ye>s4 ,"t alone c   
rip5 & mell[ all musical in/rum5ts made 
( wood1 ! viol9 & ! organ especially4   
,p4  ,,panormo1 ,,v9c5zio1 born ne>     

,pal]mo1 #agcd4 ,he appe>s to h left 8  
native place1 & aft] a tempor>y soj\rn 9
 sev]al t[ns came to ,engl& ab\t #aggb1 
& di$ 9 #ahac4 ,he 0 an excell5t arti/e4
 ,8 in/rum5ts are c>efully con/ruct$ on 
,cremona models1 & possess a f9e tone4  
,he made a few violoncellos :i* are     
highly priz$1 _! tone be+ extremely ri* 
& p[]ful4 ,!y are ( ! ,/radiu>ius       
patt]n1 mo/ly ( h&some maple = ! back & 
ribs4 ,all 8 in/rum5ts are ( a good     
,italian quality ( tone1 & are among ^? 
:i* are ris+ 9 value z ! great ma/]s    
become r>] & de>]4  ,,panormo1 ,,joseph1
 son ( ,v9c5zio1 also a good workman4   
,,panormo1 ,,george ,,lewis1 ano!r son (
 ,v9c5zio1 a celebrat$ b[ mak]4         
,,panormo1 ,edw>d4  ,,panormo1 ,,george1
 probably gr&son ( ,v9c5zio4            
,,pamphilon1 ,,edw>d1 ,london1 #afhe4 ,a
 v clev] arti/e4 ,made viol9s ( r small 
model1 some:at high built1 ri* yell[    
v>ni%1 & sometimes d\ble purfl$4 ,!     
,editor has kn[n "o ( 8 in/rum5ts1 :i* 0
 9 ! h&s ( a ri* amateur1 9 ^: h\se he  

has he>d x play$ & v mu* approv$4       
,,pansani1 ,,antonio1 ,rome1 #aghe4     
,,p>k]1 ,,daniel1 ,london1 #agad1 is    
consid]$ "o ( ! good old ,engli% mak]s4 
,8 in/rum5ts h a cle> & p[]ful tone4 ,a 
fir/-rate au?ority calls him an excell5t
 workman2 ano!r says ?\gh he 0 o!rwise  
good he us$ a bad brick r$ v>ni%4       
,,pa/a1 ,,gaetano1 ,brescia1 e>ly 9 #ah?
 ,c5tury4  ,,pa/a1 ,,dom9ico1 ,brescia1 
same date4 ,said to h foll[$ ! ,amati   
patt]ns1 & des]t$ ! ,brescian /&>d (    
,gasp> di ,salo & ,magg9i4  ,,pe>ce1    
,,james & ,,?omas1 ,london1 #aghj4      
,,pemb]ton1 ,j41 ,london1 #aehj4 ,an    
,engli% mak] ( consid]able tal5t4 ,is   
suppos$ to h be5 ! mak] ( ! in/rum5t    
pres5t$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? to ! ,e>l (  
,leice/]4  ,,pfretzs*n]1 ,,gottlob1     
,cremona1 #agdi4  ,,pfretzs*n]1 ,,c>l   
,,fr$]ick1 ,cremona4  ,,pi*ol1 ----     
,p>is4  ,,pique1 ---- ,p>is4 ,an        
excell5t mak]1 & ! ma/] ( ,lupot4 ,spohr
 recomm5ds ,pique's in/rum5ts1 & ,dub\rg
 says !y 7 giv5 z prizes by ! ,fr5*     

,cons]vatoire 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t     
,c5tury4  ,,pi]ray1 or ,,pi]ret1        
,,claude1 ,p>is4 ,a *>m+ workman4 ,8    
viol9s h be5 frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ,italian
 by inexp]i5c$ judges4 ,!y are ( a deep 
r$ col\r & f9ely f9i%$1 ) an excell5t   
quality ( tone4  ,,piete1 ,,noel1 ,p>is1
 ab\t #aghe1 pupil ( ,sauni]4 ,an arti/e
 well spok5 (4  ,,plack1 ,,francis1     
,s*o5back1 #agch4 ,consid]$ a good mak]4
  ,,pollu%a1 ,,antonio1 ,rome1 #agea4   
,,pons1 ---- ,gr5oble1 ,france1 #aghg4  
,made l>ge patt]n viol9s ) high model1  
:i* h no great value4  ,,poss51         
,,lauxm91 ,bav>ia1 ab\t #aedj4 ,made    
rebecs1 viols1 & viols da gamba4        
,,p[ell1 ,,royal & ,,?omas1 ,london1    
#aghe4  ,,pre/on1 ,,john1 ,york1 #aghi4 
,r4  ,,racc]is1 ---- ,mantua1 #afgj1    
believ$ to h be5 a p>tn] ) "o ( !       
,gaglianos1 & made simil> in/rum5ts4    
,,raf1 ---- ,bav>ia4  ,,rambeaux1 ----  
,p>is1 a pupil ( ,g&1 & an excell5t     
workman4  ,,raphael1 ,,nella1 ,brescia1 
#ah? ,c5tury4 ,?is arti/e 0 ( ! s*ool ( 

,magg9i1 & 8 in/rum5ts are said to h !  
scrolls sculptur$1 & to h inscriptions  
on ! sides4  ,,rau*1 ,,jaques1          
,mannheim1 #agcj to #agdj4 ,consid]$ to 
be a v good mak]4  ,,rau*1 ,,seba/ian1  
#agdb to #agfc4  ,,rau*1 ---- ,breslau4 
,,rau*1 ---- ,wurtzburg4  ,otto praises 
! in/rum5ts ( ! two bro!rs ( ,breslau & 
,wurtzburg4 ,he says !y are excell5t    
viol9s b h a %ape & model peculi> to    
!mselves & entirely diff]5t to !        
,italian or ,/e9]s1 b possess :5 un9jur$
 a full1 r\nd & p[]ful tone4 ,if ,otto  
_h told u :at in/rum5ts 7 l in/ead ( :at
 !y 7 n l1 8 book w\ld h be5 m valuable4
  ,,raut1 ,,jean1 ,bretagne4 ,he 0 at   
,r5nes till #agij4 ,made good in/rum5ts 
aft] ! ,gu>n]ius s*ool4  ,,rayman1      
,,jacob1 ,london1 #afda4 ,! in/rum5ts ( 
?is mak] 7 v highly valu$ =m]ly4 ,he is 
consid]$ "o ( our be/ old ,engli%       
arti/es4  ,,rei*el1 ,,johann ,,gottfri$1
 ,absom4 ,an imitator ( ,/e9]4          
,,rei*el1 ,,johann ,,conrad1 ,neukir*1  
#aggi4  ,,reiss1 ---- ,bamburg4 ,a      

capital imitator ( ,/e9]1 & made        
excell5t in/rum5ts4  ,,remy1 ---- ,p>is4
  ,,r5i/o1 ---- ,cremona1 #agdj1 pupil (
 ,c>lo ,b]gonzi4 ,8 in/rum5ts are v     
simil> to ^? ( 8 ma/]1 b r high]        
modell$1 & ! workman%ip some:at r\gh]4  
,,retant9o1 ---- ,no p>ticul>s ( ?is    
mak]4  ,,rimb\ts1 ,,pet]1 ,am/]dam4     
,,rook1 ,,joseph1 ,london1 #aggg to     
#aheb4 ,a good workman1 :o imitat$ ,=/]4
  ,,ross1 ,,john1 #aefb4 ,an e>ly mak] (
 lutes4  ,,ro?1 ,,*ri/ian1 ,augsburg1   
#afge4  ,,rovel91 ---- #ah? ,c5tury4    
,,rudg]1 ---- ,cremona--n "o ( ! ,rugg]i
 ,family4 ,made "s good in/rum5ts ( !   
high build1 & deep sides1 & us$ f9e     
v>ni%4  ,,rugg]i1 ,,francisco1 ,cremona1
 #afdj to #afhd4 ,?is celebrat$ mak] is 
consid]$ to h be5 a pupil ( ,antonius   
,amati1 & made _m excell5t in/rum5ts :i*
 be> a high reputation4 ,!y rank next to
 ! ,amati4 ,_! quality is simil>1 & !   
/yle ( "w is easily se5 to belong to !  
same class4 ,!re are a few viol9s by ?is
 mak] ( ! same patt]n z ! ,gr& ,amatis1 

:i* are said to surpass ! latt]1 hav+ m 
wood 9 !m1 :i* 0 detrim5tal :5 !y 7     
made1 b :i* age has mell[$1 & !y n[     
possess a /rong & free vibration4 ,_m ( 
! ,rugg]is h v>ni% little inf]ior to t (
 ,/radiu>ius & ,gu>n]ius4 ,?is arti/e   
ranks highe/ 9 ! family 9 ! e/imation ( 
! connoisseur4 ,8 "w is extremely clean4
 ,! next is ,giovanni ,bapti/a1 r high] 
built & s\nd holes r broad]4 ,! scrolls 
are l>g] ?an ^? ( ,amati b ( ! same     
type1 ,!re are _m spl5did violoncellos (
 ^! mak]s & a few t5ors4 ,"s ( ! =m] are
 v l>ge4 ,francisco ,rugg]i is m5tion$  
by ,spohr 9 8 li/ ( in/rum5ts to be     
s\ght = 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ?ree great mak]s1
 ,ni*olas ,amati1 ,antonio ,/radiu>ius &
 ,joseph ,gu>n]ius4  ,,rugg]i1 ,,guido1 
,cremona1 #afgi4  ,,rugg]i1 ,,giovanni  
,,bapti/a1 son ( ,francisco4 ,brescia1  
#afij4 ,m5tion$ above4  ,,rugg]i1       
,,pietro ,,giacomo4 ,brescia #agjj to   
#agbj4 ,! celebrat$ violoncelli/ ,piatti
 plays on an in/rum5t by ?is mak]1 & !  
tone is uncommonly f9e & sonor\s z all  

:o h he>d him "k4  ,,rugg]i1 ,,v9c5zio1 
,cremona1 #agjj to #agcj4  ,,rupp]t1    
,,francis1 ,erfru?1 made "s excell5t    
in/rum5ts ( a v flat model1 b g5]ally   
omitt$ ! l9+s & corn] blocks z well u ! 
purfl+4 ,!y are nev]!less e/eem$ 9      
,g]many4 ,!y h a d>k br[n amb] v>ni%4   
,s4  ,,sa9t1 ,,paul4 ,p>is1 ab\t #afej4 
,an excell5t ,fr5* mak]4  ,,salo1       
,,gasp> ,,di1 ,brescia1 dates f #aefj to
 #afaj4 ,?is celebrat$ arti/e 0 !       
contempor>y ( ! anci5t ,amatis1 & is    
?\ght by "s connoisseurs to h be5 ! ma/]
 ( ,&rew4 ,h[ev] t may be1 z !re c be no
 c]ta9ty ( ! fact1 ! v>ni% on :i* !     
great ,cremonese mak]s e/abli%$ t       
notable reputation :i* di/+ui%es !m to !
 pres5t day1 be>s a /rong analogy to t (
 ,gasp> di ,salo1 h[ev] !y may h d]iv$  
x4 ,9 ?is respect1 also1 ,gasp> excels  
,magg9i1 8 pupil & foll[]1 :o 0 evid5tly
 n initiat$ into ! secret ( mak+ t      
excell5t v>ni% :i* *>act]ises 8 ma/]4   
,! patt]n ( ! in/rum5ts :i* ! two e>ly &
 fam\s *iefs ( ! ,cremonese & ,brescian 

,s*ools built1 is h[ev] totally diff]5t4
 ,^? ( ,gasp> are l>ge1 massive1 d\ble  
purfl$1 & ) l>ge s\nd holes4 ,&rew is   
not$ = a small patt]n1 & if he /udi$ 9 !
 ,brescian work%op1 he disc>d$ ! /yle he
 f\nd !re 7v>ni% except$7 & aim$ at     
altoge!r a diff]5t object 9 8 own       
productions4 ,^? ( ,gasp> di ,salo are  
con/ruct$ ) capacity & /r5g? to produce 
a consid]able volume ( tone4 ,!         
,cremonese ,arti/e on ! o!r h&1 made    
in/rum5ts :i*1 bo? 9 _! proportions &   
adju/m5t1 7 especially adapt$ = !       
production ( a sweet b n p[]ful tone4   
,gasp>'s in/rum5ts seem to =e%ad[ 9 _!  
tone & p[]1 ^? ( ,/radiu>ius & ,joseph  
,gu>n]ius1 :ile ! ,amatis seem g5]ally  
to h be5 cont5t$ ) produc+ a tone (     
surpass+ sweetness4 ,gasp> also succe$$ 
9 giv+ to 8 productions t f9e tone :i*  
seems to h be5 especially aim$ at by !  
e>ly mak]s1 b z he also f ! size & /r5g?
 ( 8 in/rum5ts1 produc$ m tone1 he may  
be consid]$ f> ! sup]ior ( ,&rew1 ! fir/
 ( ! ,amatis4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t 9 ! 

pres5t day1 ,gasp> di ,salo is e/eem$ z 
! greate/ mak] ( 8 "t1 & connoisseurs   
value 8 in/rum5ts accord+ly4  ,!re are n
 _m viol9s by ?is great ma/]1 b ( t5ors 
& d\ble basses m4 ,^! are v f9e & ri* 9 
tone4 ,he 0 n h[ev] fam\s = giv+ s v    
high a f9i% to 8 works z 0 aft]w>ds     
atta9$ at ,cremona4 ,8 viol9s are       
describ$ z r long1 & ) a g5tle elevation
 f ! sides to ! c5tre4 ,! s\nd holes    
/raight & l>ge1 well cut & p>allel1 &   
d\ble purfl+4 ,! v>ni% is g5]ally ( a   
ri* br[n4 ,^! are ! *ief ext]nal        
*>act]i/ics1 b !y h always possess$ t   
:i* passe? %[1 & comm&$ ! e/eem ( !     
dilettanti 9 t ri* quality ( tone :i* is
 ! fir/ ess5tial 9 a p]fect in/rum5t4   
,signor ,dragonetti1 ! greate/ d\ble    
bass play] ( our day1 us$ "o ( ,gasp>'s 
in/rum5ts1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to him on      
acc\nt ( _! admiration ( 8 wond]ful     
tal5t1 by ! ord] ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,m>k 
at ,v5ice4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? ! ,duke (
 ,le9/] (f]$ him ,l#gjj = x1 a pr9cely  
sum1 b x 0 refus$1 z ,dragonetti did n  

feel ju/ifi$ 9 p>t+ ) x1 & he ord]$ 9 8 
w t x %\ld be return$ to ! conv5t at    
,v5ice1 :i* 0 accord+ly done4 ,ole ,bull
 has a v celebrat$ viol9 ( ,gasp>'s     
make4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 sculptur$ )  
,c>yatides1 by ! great ,flor5t9e arti/1 
,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 at ! special comm& (  
ano!r em95t p]son1 ,c>d9al ,aldobr&9i1  
:o pres5t$ x to ! museum ( ,inspruck 9 !
 ,tyrol4 ,9 #ahji t city 0 assault$ by !
 ,fr5*1 ! museum 0 plund]$1 & ?is viol9 
c>ri$ to ,vi5na1 :]e x became ! prop]ty 
( ano!r notable p]son1 ! ,c\ncillor     
,rehazek1 :o 0 fam\s = 8 collection (   
anci5t musical in/rum5ts4 ,he left x by 
w to ano!r /ill m celebrat$ p]son1 ,ole 
,bull1 ! di/+ui%$ ,norwegian viol9i/1 by
 :om x 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfb1 & )
 :om x /ill rema9s4 ,to our description 
( ,gasp>'s in/rum5ts we %\ld add t 8    
t5ors & d\ble basses are ( a r broad] =m
 ?an 8 viol9s4  ,,salle1 ---- ,p>is1    
#ahjj4 ,?is arti/e 0 an excell5t        
workman1 & fam\s also z a judge ( old   
in/rum5ts4  ,,sanoni1 ,,giovanni        

,,bapti/a1 ,v]ona4  ,,santi1 ,,giovanni1
 ,naples1 #agcj4  ,,sanctus ,,s]aph9o1  
,v5ezia1 ab\t #agcj4 ,an excell5t       
workman1 ^: in/rum5ts possess almo/ !   
beautiful f9i% ( ,/radiu>ius4 ,he us$   
h&some wood ( small figure1 & 8 v>ni% is
 (t5 beautiful 9 ! extreme4 ,! model    
h[ev] approa*es t ( ! ,/e9] s*ool1 & !  
tone is !re=e g5]ally want+ 9 fullness &
 r\ndness4 ,he made also a few          
violoncellos ) simil> *>act]i/ics4      
,,sap9o1 ---- ,cremona4 ,pupil (        
,guiseppe ,cappa1 made in/rum5ts aft] ! 
/yle ( ! ,amati4  ,,sanzo ,,sant9o1 ----
 ,milan4  ,,sauni]1 ---- born 9 ,lorra9e
 #agdj4 ,an excell5t arti/e ^: in/rum5ts
 are reckon$ among ! be/ ( ! ,fr5*      
s*ool4  ,,s*e9le91 ,,mat?ias ,,fr$]ick1 
,lang5feld1 born #agaj1 di$ #agga4      
,,s*e9le91 ,,jean ,,mi*ael1 ,lang5feld1 
born #agea4 ,made in/rum5ts :i* are said
 to be good b n /rongly built4          
,,s*midt1 ---- ,cassel1 m5tion$ by ,otto
 z liv+ 9 #ahag1 & prais$ by him z an   
excell5t mak]4 ,8 in/rum5ts are ( ! flat

 model ( ,/radiu>ius b h ! edges l>g] & 
! purfl+ fur!r f ! sides4  ,,s*ong]1    
,,francis1 ,erfur?1 made high modell$   
in/rum5ts1 b ( poor tone4  ,,s*ong]1    
,,george1 ,erfur?1 son ( ! above1       
modell$ 8 in/rum5ts 9 ! ,italian /yle & 
produc$ "s v sup]ior examples4  ,,s*orn1
 ,,jacob1 ,salzb\rg4  ,,s*orn1 ,,johann1
 ,inspruck1 #afhh4  ,,s*ott1 ,,m>t91    
,prague4  ,,%aw1 ---- ,london1 #afef4   
,,simpson1 ,,john1 ,london1 #agij4      
,,simpson1 ,j4 & ,j41 son ( ! above4    
,,simon1 ---- ,salzb\rg1 #agbb4         
,,simon1 ---- ,p>is4  ,,smi?1 ,,h5ry1   
,london1 #afbi4 ,?is may be a celebrat$ 
mak] ( viols1 c41 m5tion$ by ,mace1     
#afgf1 z "o ( ! be/ !n kn[n4  ,,smi?1   
,,?omas1 ,london1 #agef to #agii4 ,?is  
well kn[n mak] 0 a pupil ( ,pet]        
,wamsley4 ,8 violoncellos are ( ! ,/e9] 
model1 & "s ( !m possess consid]able    
p[]1 & 7 =m]ly highly e/eem$1 b !y are  
n[ consid]$ to be defici5t 9 quality &  
want+ 9 ! ri* f9e tone ( ! ,italian     
arti/es4 ,not)/&+1 !y are /ill fav\rites

 9 ! c\ntry2 ! editor kn[s two ( 8      
violoncellos :i* h be5 respectively sold
 = ,l#cj & ,l#dj )9 a few ye>s4  ,,smi?1
 ,,william1 ,london1 #agga4  ,,solomon1 
---- pupil ( ,bocquay1 a good ,fr5*     
arti/e4  ,,speil]1 ---- #ah? ,c5tury4   
,,/adelmans1 ,,daniel1 #agdd1 ,vi5na4   
,,/adelmans1 ,,johann ,,joseph1 ,vi5na1 
#aghd4 ,fame speaks v highly ( ?is mak]1
 :o closely imitat$ ,jacob ,/e9] & ranks
 next to him among ! ,g]man mak]s4      
,,/e9]1 ,,jacob1 ( ,absom 9 ! ,tyrol1   
born ab\t #afbj1 date ( dea? n kn[n1 b  
at ab\t ! age ( sev5ty retir$ to a      
,conv5t4      ,see sep>ate *apt] on ?is 
celebrat$ arti/e4  ,,/oss1 ,,francis1   
,bav>ia4  ,,/orioni1 ,,lor5zo1 ,cremona1
 liv+ 9 #aghb1 said to be ! la/ ( !     
great ,cremona mak]s4 ,=/] says 8       
in/rum5ts resemble ^? ( ,joseph         
,gu>n]ius1 & t ,vieuxtemps' solo viol9 9
 #ahfa1 0 by ?is ma/]1 & 0 v mu* admir$4
 ,8 violoncellos are v p[]ful4 ,! au?or 
kn[s a viol9 :i* an au?ority says is by 
,/orioni1 b :i* ! own] consid]$ to be by

 ,antonius & ,hi]onymus ,amati4 ,! same 
au?ority says !re are only two 9 ,engl& 
( ?is make4 ,x possesses a spl5did f9e  
full & ri* tone1 beautiful wood = !     
belly1 b ! back r pla91 v>ni% deep yell[
 ) r$di% t+e4 ,workman%ip n v f9e4 ,we  
m5tion ^? little kn[n arti/es' in/rum5ts
 :5 we h se5 !m1 because !y are n[ ris+ 
9 value & are e/eem$ z likely to af=d   
good in/rum5ts to ^? :o _c af=d ^? ( !  
?ree great ma/]s4  ,,/radiu>ius1        
,,antonius1 ,cremona1 born #afdd1 di$   
#agcg4      ,see sep>ate *apt] = a full]
 acc\nt ( ?is celebrat$     arti/e4     
,,/radiu>ius1 ,,homobono1 ,cremona1 son 
( ,antonius2 made in/rum5ts "u !        
direction ( 8 fa!r1 :i* 7 sign$ ,sub    
discipl9a ,a4 ,/radiu>ius4              
,,/radiu>ius1 ,,francisco1 ,cremona1    
ano!r son ( ,antonius1 & sign$ 9 ! same 
mann] z 8 bro!r4  ,,/raube1 ---- ,b]l91 
#aggj4 ,con/ruct$ aft] ! ,italian model4
 ,8 in/rum5ts are sc>ce & good4         
,,/rnad1 ,,gasp>1 ,prague1 #agha to     
#agic4 ,?is mak] be>s a good reputation4

  ,,/urionus1 ,,laur5tius4 ,see         
,/orioni4  ,,sursano1 ,,spiritus1 ,coni1
 #agfd4   ,t4  ,,taylor1 ---- ,london1  
#aggj to #ahbj4  ,,te*l]1 ,,david1 fir/ 
e/abli%$ himself at ,salzburg1 &        
aft]w>ds w5t to ,v5ice1 :]e ! /ory goes 
t he 0 s p]secut$ by o!r mak]s t he fl$ 
to ,rome1 ab\t #agjf4 ,he made "s       
excell5t & beautiful in/rum5ts4 ,!y h   
f9e yell[ v>ni% & resemble ^? ( !       
,tyrolean s*ool ( ,albani & o!rs4       
,l9dley _h a violoncello by ?is mak] :i*
 0 v f9e1 & p[]ful 9 tone4 ,ano!r 0 sold
 a few ye>s ago by auction1 = ,l#ej4 ,we
 h se5 a viol9 ( ?is mak]1 ) v beautiful
 wood & highly f9i%$ workman%ip1 ! tone 
( :i* 0 v pure & poli%$4  ,,t5zel1 ---- 
,"o ( our catalogues conta9s a viol9 by 
?is mak]1 b we h no p>ticul>s4          
,,teoditi1 ,,j]ome1 ,rome1 #agej4       
,,te/ator1 ,,il ,,vec*io1 ,milan1 ab\t  
#aebj4 ,a claim has be5 made = ?is mak] 
t he 0 ! fir/ to give ! "n ( viol9o to !
 r$uc$ viol4  ,,t]resio1 ---- ,an       
,italian :o di$ 9 #ahec1 0 a mo/ em95t  

judge ( in/rum5ts4 ,8 :ole exi/5ce seem$
 to be c5t]$ 9 8 art1 & 8 eye became s  
practis$ t :5 travell+ to discov] old   
in/rum5ts1 he took !m all to pieces1    
sides1 backs1 heads1 & all p>ts1 =m+ a  
conglom]ate mass ( pieces ( valuable    
viol9s4 ,! object ( s do+ 0 to avoid !  
cu/oms' dues :i* are ( c\rse heavy on   
old in/rum5ts4 ,:5 he rea*$ 8 de/9ation1
 he w\ld replace !m )\t ! aid ( a s+le  
m>k4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 h\se1 or r 8        
h]mitage1 0 visit$ by connoisseurs1 :o  
f\nd x /rew$ ) diff]5t p>ts ( in/rum5ts1
 "s be+ f\nd 9 ! mo/ out ( ! way places4
 ,he _h ! major "p ( all ! great        
in/rum5ts ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,among o!r       
valuable in/rum5ts f\nd 9 8 h\se aft] 8 
dea?1 0 a ,gasp> di ,salo d\ble bass & a
 ,b]gonzi d\ble bass--! latt] unique4   
,bo? ^! in/rum5ts are n[ 9 ,mr4 ,h>t's  
possession4 ,! ,gasp> di ,salo is v     
p]fect & its tone is unsurpass$4 ,!     
,b]gonzi is q a curiosity1 f its be+ !  
only "o ( 8 make kn[n4 ,he visit$ ?is   
c\ntry dur+ ! ,exhibition ( #ahea1 & 0  

deeply gratifi$ ^u see+ s _m high class 
in/rum5ts among ! dilettanti "h1 & !    
ta/e & ze/ ! ,engli% h 9 =m+            
collections4  ,,te/ore1 ,,c>lo          
,,guiseppe1 ,cremona1 ab\t #agjj4 ,?is  
arti/e made "s v good in/rum5ts aft] !  
,gu>n]ius patt]n4 ,! wood ( ! backs ( 8 
violoncellos is mo/ly pe> tree1 & !     
bellies are ( spl5did wood4 ,! tone is v
 p[]ful1 b n always s smoo? z might be  
wi%$4 ,?is is ano!r ris+ "n4 ,!         
celebrat$ d\ble bass play] ,bottes9i1   
uses "o ( ?is mak]'s in/rum5ts :i*      
possesses a spl5did tone1 & is suffici5t
 to /amp ,te/ore z an excell5t mak]4 ,if
 any ( 8 small] in/rum5ts possess z good
 & f9e a tone z ?is d\ble bass he mu/ be
 rank$ among ! be/ ,italian arti/es4    
,use w probably we> away ! want (       
smoo?ness at pres5t compla9$ ( 9 "s (   
!m4  ,,te/ore1 ,,c>lo ,,antonio1 ,milan1
 ab\t #agaj to #agcj4  ,,te/ore1 ,,paolo
 ,,antonio1 ,milan1 ab\t #agbj to #agdj4
 ,bo? ! above h ! reputation ( be+ good 
mak]s4 ,( ^! arti/es we h a note :i*    

/ates t _! model 0 flat1 resembl+       
,joseph ,gu>n]ius 9 %ape1 b ! v>ni% v   
inf]ior & void ( col\r4  ,,?or[good4    
,,h5ry1 ,london1 ! #ah? ,c5tury4        
,,tob91 ---- ,london1 #ahjj to #ahcf4   
,?is mak] cut mo/ beautiful heads1 & 8  
"w 0 neatness 9 ! extreme1 s mu* s inde$
 z to rob x ( decid$ "*4  ,,ton9i1      
,,felice1 ,bologna4  ,,ton9i1 ,,antonio1
 ,bologna4  ,,ton9i1 ,,c>lo1 ,bologna4  
,,ton9i1 ,,guido1 ,bologna4  ,we h no   
special in=mation on ^! mak]s1 b !y are 
g5]ally rank$ among ! good ,italian     
mak]s4  ,,tononi1 ,,c>lo1 ,v5ezia1 #afii
  ,,tononi1 ,,giovanni1 ,v5ezia1 #afii4 
,! in/rum5ts by ,tononi are wor?y ( !   
highe/ praise4 ,!y are h[ev] v sc>ce4   
,!y are ( ! l>ge patt]n1 & flat model1 )
 good v>ni%1 & ev]y?+ ab\t !m1 includ+ a
 sup]ior tone1 to entitle !m to be rank$
 z excell5t in/rum5ts4  ,,tor+1 ----    
,london4  ,,trunco1 ---- ,cremona1      
#affj4   ,u4  ,,urqu>t1 ,,?omas1        
,london1 #afej4 ,an excell5t old ,engli%
 mak]4 ,he us$ beautiful v>ni% 7=       

,engli%7 & made _m small viol9s :i* are 
useful to "y play]s1 be+ old & ! price  
reasonable4   ,v4  ,,vall]1 ----        
,m>seilles1 #afhc4  ,,v]on1 ---- ,p>is1 
ab\t #agbe4 ,highly e/eem$ 9 ,france4   
,,vi>d1 ,,ni*olas1 ,v]sailles1 ab\t     
#agcj4  ,,vibre*t1 ,,gysb]t1 ,am/]dam1  
#agjg4  ,,vim]cati1 ,,paulo1 ,v5ezia1   
#agjj4  ,,vogel1 ,,wolfgang1 ,nuremb]g4 
,,vuillaume1 ,,jean1 #agjj to #agdj4    
,work$ ) ,/radu>ius1 & made "s good     
in/rum5ts "u 8 own "n4  ,,vuillaume1    
,,jean ,,bapti/e1 ,p>is4 ,n[ liv+4      
,fam\s = 8 copies ( ,cremonese          
in/rum5ts4 ,?is arti/e obta9$ by p]sonal
 rese>*es 9 ,cremona ! p>ticul>s ( !    
life ( ,/radiu>ius1 :i* ,fetis has      
embodi$ 9 8 book4   ,w4  ,,wagn]1       
,,joseph1 ,con/ance1 #agcc4  ,,wamsley1 
,,pet]1 ,london1 #agbg4 ,a celebrat$    
arti/e1 :o made _m excell5t in/rum5ts4  
,^? ) ! d>k br[n v>ni% are ! mo/        
valuable4 ,!y 7 mo/ly ( ! ,/e9] patt]ns4
 ,mr4 ,j4 ,rodg]s1 organi/ ( ,donca/]   
,p>i% ,*ur*1 has a v beautiful t5or by  

?is mak]1 :i* is built 9 ! %ape ( a     
d\ble bass1 & ) v peculi> s\nd holes    
in/ead ( ! usual ,s ,s4  ,,weav]1       
,,samuel1 ,london4  ,,weiss1 ,,jacob1   
,salzburg1 #agfa4  ,,w5g]1 ,,gregorio   
,,f]d9&1 ,salzburg1 #agfa4  ,,weymann1  
,,cornelius1 ,am/]dam1 #afhb4           
,,wightman1 ,,george1 #agfa4  ,,)alm1   
,,leopold1 ,nuremb]g1 #agfe to #aghh4   
,otto says ?is mak]'s in/rum5ts are     
wor?y ! att5tion ( ! virtuoso1 & are    
extremely l ^? ( ,/e9]1 & difficult to  
di/+ui% f !m4  ,,wise1 ,,*ri/oph]1      
,london1 #afef4  ,,wornum1 ---- ,london1
 #agid4  ,,wright1 ,,daniel1 ,london1   
#agde4   ,y4  ,,y\nge1 ,,john1 ,london1 
#agbd4   ,z4  ,,zanetto1 ,,p]egr9o1     
,brescia1 ab\t #aedj4 ,a mak] ( rebecs1 
violas1 & viols da gamba4  ,,zanti1     
,,aless&ro1 ,mantua1 ab\t #aggj4        
,reckon$ among ! good ,italian mak]s4   
,,b[ ,,mak]s4   ,x w n be consid]$ out (
 place 9 ! c\rse ( a biographical acc\nt
 ( ! pr9cipal mak]s ( viol9s1 to give a 
%ort notice ( "s em95t p]sons )\t ^:    

lab\rs1 ! viol9 itself w\ld nev] h be5  
develop$ z x has be51 to wit1 viol9 b[  
mak]s4 ,mu* ( ! elegant f9i% & ref9em5t 
( tone & /yle :i* di/+ui% ! great play]s
 ( ! viol91 if n due altoge!r to ! b[1  
by :i* ! tone is produc$1 is at all     
ev5ts greatly aid$ by x4 ,a ,pagan9i w h
 a ,t\rte b[1 & s w e o!r great ma/]1 if
 he c get "o4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ !re=e 9
 ! b[1 z well z 9 ! viol91 m ?an meets !
 eye ( a casual obs]v]4 ,we h n "h space
 to ent] into ! subtle niceties :i*     
di/+ui% ! b[s ( ,t\rte ( ,france1 (     
,dodd ( ,engl&1 & o!rs4 ,suffice x to   
say t :oev] boa/s ( an excell5t viol9   
%\ld mat* x ) a sup]ior b[4 ,"o is      
incomplete )\t ! o!r4 ,!re are _m       
excell5t mak]s1 b we mu/ cont5t         
ourselves ) briefly notic+ ! mo/        
prom95t4 ,suffice x to say 9 ! way (    
advice & w>n+ t :e!r ! amateur buy an   
old or a new b[1 let him see t its      
flexibility1 :i* is its great m]it1 is  
p]fect1 & t x is /ill /rong ?\gh light &
 /raight4 ,mr4 ,bi%op 9 8 edition (     

,otto says ! f9e/ b[s are ^? (          
,vuillaume6 ,he does n ev5 m5tion any   
o!rs4 ,t\rte & ,dodd d n deem to be     
wor?y 8 remembrance6 ,!re mu/ be        
nev]!less some?+ 9 ! b[s ( ^! mak]s :i* 
comm&s great respect1 = any p]=m] (     
skill w give 7if he c get "o1 t is !    
difficulty17 t5 or twelve times ! am\nt 
= a p]fect ,t\rte1 :i* w buy a          
,vuillaume6 ,!re is no d\bt t ,vuillaume
 manufactures good b[s--b to rank !m    
highe/ is s palpable a misrepres5tation 
t we h ?\ght x necess>y to ent] a prote/
 aga9/ x4  ,,t\rte1 ,,francis1 ,p>is1   
born #agdg1 di$ #ahce4 ,?is is conc$$1  
by all ! be/ judges1 to be ! greate/    
mak] we h ev] kn[n1 9 fact ! ,/radiu>ius
 ( ! b[4 ,8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 7 in/rum5tal 
9 improv+ ! b[1 b ,francis ,t\rte br\ght
 x to ! greate/ p]fection4 ,8 b[s are   
light & flexible1 yet /raight4 ,!y are  
highly f9i%$ & made ( ! f9e/ ,brazil    
wood4 ,he himself sold 8 b[s m\nt$ )    
gold1 at #ab l\is1 7,l#aa #ds4 #f;d47   
ea*2 ) silv] #c-a_/b l\is 7,l#c #es4    

#f;d47 ,x is said ! reason ( 8 *>g+ s   
mu* 0 t he f\nd s great a difficulty 9  
gett+ wood f9e en\gh to satisfy 8       
critical judgm5t1 & t he also made no   
scruple to break any :i* did n rea* 8   
/&>d ( p]fection2 he 0 !re=e compell$ to
 *>ge ^? sums = su* z he p]mitt$ to g   
=?4 ,:oev] wi%es to mat* 8 *]i%$        
,cremona ) an equally f9e b[ w get a    
,t\rte if he c4  ,,lupot1 ( ,p>is1 0    
ano!r excell5t mak]4 ,8 b[s are n q s   
light z ^? ( ,t\rte1 b !y are 9 all o!r 
respects highly e/eem$4  ,,dodd1        
,,edw>d1 born at ,%effield1 & di$ 9     
,london1 at ! age ( #aje ye>s1 9 #ahaj1 
0 di/+ui%$ z an improv] ( ! b[ 9 ,engl&1
 ab\t ! same "t t ! ,t\rtes 7 f\nd+ _!  
great reputation 9 ,france4 ,! great    
mak] ( ?is "n1 h[ev]1 & :o has a*iev$ ! 
hon\rable title ( ! ,t\rte ( ,engl&1 is 
,,dodd1 ,,john1 ! son ( ,edw>d4 ,! be/  
b[s ( ?is mak] are highly e/eem$1 &     
p>take ( all ! excell5cies ( ^? (       
,t\rte4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are r %ort1 :i*
 is p]haps _! only defect4  ,aft] ^!    

come ! b[s ( ,panormo1 ,pecatte1 ,tubbs1
 ,vuillaume1 & o!r ,engli% & ,=eign     
arti/es1 ^: be/ b[s are mu* e/eem$4  ,z 
betwe5 old & new b[s1 we w\ld obs]ve t 9
 g5]al mod]n b[s are ne>ly u useless z  
new viol9s4 ,! wood ( :i* mo/ ( !m are  
made is v inf]ior to t ( ! old] arti/es1
 & !re is always a d\bt :e!r !y w /&    
cont9u$ use & rema9 /raight & flexible4 
,) an old b[1 if x is /raight1 !re is no
 fe>1 ) ord9>y c>e1 ( its rema9+ s4 ,a  
good b[ is z important z a good viol94  
,,! ,,great ,,cremona ,,mak]s4     ,,!  
,,amati ,,family4   ,cremona6 ,:o has n 
he>d ( ?is n[ celebrat$ ,italian city8  
,& yet b = a fiddle mak] x is v probable
 inde$ t x w\ld nev] h be5 kn[n beyond !
 circle ( its own local int]e/s & its   
relations ) neighb\r+ cities4 ,n[1      
h[ev]1 its "n is a spell to conjure )4  
,a ,cremona ,viol9 is1 to a ri* amateur1
 a load/one t is sure to attract ! %9+  
metal f ! dep?s ( 8 purse4 ,sev5 hundr$ 
p\nds h be5 giv5 = a ,gu>n]ius ,viol96  
,?9k ( t ye dilettanti :o are s pr\d (  

y\r pictures & m>bles6 ,ev5 ! poor      
fiddl] has 8 ,mecca f> away1 & x is     
call$ ,cremona4 ,l pictures1 ! ,cremona 
,viol9s are real works ( art1 & l !m    
also1 7 once to be _h = trifl+ sums4    
,cuyps & ,paul ,pott]s1 ,/radiu>ii &    
,gu>n]ii 7 once to be _h = ?ree or f\r  
p\nds ea* t are n[ wor? z _m hundr$s4 ,a
 ,cremona in/rum5t has ev5 be5 consid]$ 
a wor?y gift to pass betwe5 cr[n$ heads1
 ,pope ,pius ,v4 hav+ pres5t$ a         
violoncello by ,&reas ,amati to ,*>les  
,,ix4 ( ,france4 ,fleet+ h[ev] are !    
hon\rs ( "t6 ,cremona has lo/ its mo/   
fam\s names f among its citiz5s1 & ) !m 
its mo/ di/+ui%$ *>act]i/ic4 ,= ne>ly a 
hundr$ ye>s no mak] ( great skill has   
aris5 to dispute ! glory ( ! place ) !  
,amati1 ,/radiu>ius1 & ,gu>n]ius1 by :om
 ! fame ( ,cremona w be c>ri$ to ! late/
 g5]ations4  ,x is n[ ab\t ?ree c5turies
 s9ce !re fl\ri%$ at ,cremona its fir/  
great viol9 mak]4 ,&reas ,amati appe>s  
to h be5 born !re 9 #aebj1 & di$ 9      
#aehj4 ,! family 0 an anci5t "o1 & is   

m5tion$ z e>ly z #ajig 9 ! records ( !  
city4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 & %[s 9 a 
/rong light ! diff]5ce ( mann]s & cu/oms
 9 diff]5t c\ntries t bo? ,amati &      
,/radiu>ius seem to h be5 ( anci5t &    
hon\rable families1 & yet not)/&+ _!    
adopt+ an avocation :i* w\ld 9 ,engl& be
 ?\ght to t>ni% an old family "n1 !y    
liv$ & di$ respect$ & hon\r$ by _! fell[
 citiz5s4 ,!re is no acc\nt ( h[ or (   
:om ,&rew ,amati acquir$ ! art ( viol9  
mak+2 b x is cle> t by "s means he _h   
atta9$ to a consid]able am\nt ( skill4  
,"u ! head ( ,gasp> di ,salo1 we h h[ev]
 haz>d$ a conjecture t he _h be5 to     
,brescia = ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! art1 b t
 he _h adopt$ little t he f\nd !re      
except ! v>ni% & ! g5]al r\t9e ( !      
work%op4 ,"s ( 8 in/rum5ts are describ$ 
z beautifully made1 & to h amb] v>ni% ( 
excell5t quality ( a deep ri* yell[ t9t$
 ) br[n or light r$ col\r4 ,8 viol9s    
appe> to h be5 *iefly ( ! small patt]n &
 high model4 ,! backs are mo/ly cut !   
rev]se way ( ! gra9 to ! pres5t rule1   

=m+ :at are n[ t]m$ slab backs4 ,!y     
possess a delicate graceful tone (      
wond]ful sweetness1 :i* has also be5 m  
or less ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! o!r mak]s 
( ?is family4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is         
peculi>ity1 an em95t writ] obs]ves t 9 !
 times 9 :i* ! ,amati liv$1 ! tone 0 n  
requir$ to be ( t p[]ful "* :i* mod]n   
play]s dem&1 & t su* an imm5se tone z _m
 lat] in/rum5ts possess w\ld n !n h be5 
tol]at$4 ,?is is v probable1 & may      
acc\nt also = ! elevat$ model :i* 0     
adopt$ bo? by ,&rew & "s o!rs ( !       
,amati4 ,?is model conjo9$ ) _!         
beautiful workman%ip & g5]ally small    
size1 comb9$ to produce t elegant       
delici\s sweet tone :i* ( all o!r mak]s1
 ! ,amatis especially possess4 ,!y also1
 all ( !m1 made a great] numb] (        
in/rum5ts ( ! small] size ?an :at is    
kn[n z ! gr& patt]n1 no d\bt because !  
tone produc$ by !m 0 f\nd g5]ally       
suffici5t4 ,!y 7 also made to c>ry a mu*
 l[] bridge & a light] bass b> ?an are  
n[ us$1 & ! proportions 7 arrang$       

accord+ly4 ,on ?is po9t ,m4 ,maug91     
au?or ( a ,treatise1 entitl$ ,manuel du 
,lu?i]1 makes "s rem>ks :i* we h        
translat$ z p]t95t & valuable4 ,speak+  
on ! subject ( repair+ old in/rum5ts1 he
 says1 ,!re is no viol9 mak] n[1 :o does
 n put1 :e!r 9 ! in/rum5ts he has to    
repair1 or 9 ^? :i* he makes1 a mu*     
/rong] b> ?an ^? :i* 7 employ$ by !     
great mak]s !mselves4 ,!y mu/ h felt !  
necessity ( do+ ?is or !y w\ld n all act
 9 ?is way4 ,n[ :at is ! reason ( ?is   
mode ( work+8 ,i h se5 9 ! h&s ( ri*    
amateurs1 sev]al in/rum5ts :i* h be5    
pres]v$ ) a religi\s c>e1 absolutely 9 !
 =m :i* ,amati & ,/radiu>ius _h giv5 to 
!m4 ,! bridges ( ^! viol9s _h only an   
in* & a fraction ( height above ! belly1
 :ile n[-adays bridges h a height ( an  
in* & 7say7 ?ree-eigh?s4 ,n[1 ! belly   
be+ put into vibration by /r+s at a     
great di/ance f x1 & ^! /r+s vibrat+ by 
!mselves m at ! di/ance ( f\rte5 l9es   
?an at twelve1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y  
to /r5g!n ! b> :i*1 )\t t1 be+ drawn    

into too great a vibration1 w\ld give to
 ! /r+s sol & re a cottony s\nd :i* w\ld
 h q spoil$ ! goodness ( ! in/rum5t4 ,m4
 ,maug9 does n say :y high] bridges are 
n[ us$1 b !re is no d\bt on ?is po9t4   
,all judges concur t ! pit* hav+ be5 s  
greatly rais$ s9ce ! old in/rum5ts 7    
built1 a /rong] b> has be5 f\nd         
necess>y1 to c\nt]balance ! increas$    
t5sion ( ! high] bridge4  ,&rew ,amati  
gave to 8 in/rum5ts a /ill m decid$     
swell ?an ! lat] memb]s ( 8 family1 8   
successors no d\bt f9d+ a dim9ution 9 ! 
rise ( ! model to produce a full] if n a
 sweet] tone4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 gradually 
c>ri$ =w>d till x culm9at$ 9 ,antonius  
,/radiu>ius1 :o br\ght x to p]fection & 
demon/rat$ t ! flat model produc$ !     
greate/ vibration & consequ5tly ! mo/   
p[]ful tone4 ,otto 9 8 celebrat$ "w on !
 ,con/ruction ( ! ,viol91 does n m5tion 
,&rew ,amati1 b says t ^? ( ,hi]onymus 7
 ! olde/ ,cremona ,viol9s4 ,?is is "o ( 
! mi/akes 9 8 orig9al "w :i* r5d]s x    
comp>atively useless4 ,connoisseurs &   

collectors h dissipat$ ^? errors1 & we  
n[ "k to a c]ta9ty t to ,&rew ,amati (  
,cremona1 & ,gasp> di ,salo ( ,brescia1 
7( :om also ,otto 0 ignorant17 we owe ! 
e/abli%m5t ( ^! two great s*ools ( viol9
 mak+4 ,f _! great age1 ! in/rum5ts ( ^!
 two great mak]s are n[ v r>e4 ,!y are  
mo/ ( !m ab\t ?ree c5turies old1 & ?\gh 
!y appe> to h made a consid]able numb]1 
!y h ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( "t & accid5t   
gradually disappe>$4 ,"s ( ,&rew        
,amati's in/rum5ts are /ill left h[ev] 9
 ! h&s ( dilettanti & collectors1 &     
reta9 t di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( delici\s &
 sympa!tic quality :i* has be5 ! *ief   
*>m ( all ! ,amati productions4 ,&rew _h
 a bro!r call$ ,,ni*olas1 ( :om little  
appe>s to be kn[n4  ,aft] ,,&rew1 z     
great mak]s1 come 8 two sons ,,antonius 
& ,,hi]onymus1 :o fl\ri%$ f #aeej to    
#afcd4 ,,antonius made _m small patt]n  
viol9s1 :i* possess 9 ! highe/ degree ! 
di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! family--a sweet 
b n p[]ful tone4 ,he also con/ruct$ "s (
 a l>g] patt]n4 ,,antonius & ,,hi]onymus

 conjo9tly built a numb] ( l>ge patt]n  
viol9s1 :i* are ( high f9i% & beautiful 
wood4 ,!y are v highly e/eem$1 & a well 
pres]v$ example w comm& a l>ge price4   
,,ni*olas 0 ! greate/ arti/e ( ?is      
des]v$ly celebrat$ family1 & _m         
in/rum5ts /ill exi/ to atte/ ! excell5ce
 ( 8 workman%ip & 8 k ( ! proportions   
requisite to produce a f9e tone4 ,he    
also built _m small patt]n in/rum5ts1 b 
he appe>s to h almo/ anticipat$         
,/radiu>ius & succe$$ 9 produc+ "s      
in/rum5ts ( ! gr& patt]n :i* possess a v
 p[]ful z well z sweet tone1 & are      
consid]$ to rival 9 e respect ! fam\s   
in/rum5ts ( t great ma/]4 ,"s ( 8 viol9s
 possess a di/+ui%+ m>k 9 a r abrupt    
rise 9 ! c5tre4 ,otto describes x z a   
%>p ridge4 ,x is n exactly s1 b is /ill 
v diff]5t to ! gradual swell on ! o!r   
,cremona in/rum5ts4 ,8 be/ viol9s1 :i*  
are kn[n by ! title ( ,gr& ,amatis1 are 
^? :i* approximate closely to ! v be/   
in/rum5ts ( ,/radiu>ius & ,gu>n]ius4    
,!re c be no d\bt !re=e1 t 9 ^! f9e     

specim5s ( 8 skill1 he _h hit ^u ! same 
pr9ciples :i* aft]w>ds guid$ ^? di/+ui%$
 arti/es 9 ! con/ruction ( ^? mo/ r5[n$ 
viol9s :i* n[ comm& ! admiration (      
viol9i/s ?r\gh\t ! _w4  ,we h said t !  
*ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ,amati viol9s is a  
sweet b n p[]ful tone4 ,x is necess>y to
 qualify & expla9 ?is rem>k4 ,f _!      
excell5t con/ruction & beautiful wood1  
:i* has evid5tly be5 select$ ) ! greate/
 c>e = its resonant quality--_! age &   
long & c>eful use1 _! tone is dive/$ (  
all extrane\s prop]ties1 & become f9e & 
pure4 ,not)/&+ !re=e _! orig9al small   
tone1 :5 fitt$ ) ! mod]n appliances (   
l>g] b>s & high] bridges1 "s h be5 f\nd 
q compet5t = all purposes4 ,9 #ahfa !   
celebrat$ in/rum5t by ,antonius ,amati1 
:i* 0 pres5t$ by ,george ,,iv4 to       
,francois ,cram]1 0 sold by auction1 & x
 0 /at$ 9 ! catalogue t t great p]=m]   
always l$ ! ,anci5t & o!r conc]ts on t  
in/rum5t4 ,! fact no d\bt is t x is !   
f9e & pure quality ( tone t tells1 aris+
 f age1 con/ant use1 & beautiful woods4 

,!y seem to be n[ dive/$ ( all extrane\s
 *>act]i/ics & are become ref9$ &       
e!real1 & are 9 fact ! night+ales ( !   
/r+$ tribe4 ,t ! ,/radiu>ius & ,gu>n]ius
 h equal quality comb9$ ) m p[] aris+ f 
_! flatt] model is und\bt$1 & !re=e !y  
are ! mo/ valu$4 ,x is believ$ t ! f9e/ 
specim5 ( ! skill ( ,ni*olas ,amati is 9
 ! possession ( ,ole ,bull4 ,x is ( !   
l>ge patt]n1 & possesses a magnific5t   
tone1 z _m ( our read]s h no d\bt he>d4 
,we ?9k we %all please our read]s by    
ins]t+ v]batim ! foll[+ excell5t        
description ( ! ,amati in/rum5ts1       
furni%$ to u by an able & exp]i5c$      
connoisseur4 ,he says3--  ,,ni*olas     
,,amati & ! ,,bro!rs ,,amati4 ,! tone is
 ) few exceptions sweet 9 quality &     
seldom p[]ful1 b admirably suit$ to !   
amateur4 ,! workman%ip is ( ! highe/    
ord]1 :i* conduces to ?is result4 ,!    
wood mu/ h be5 select$ ) great judgm5t4 
,! bellies are ne>ly always ( a f9e re$y
 nature4 ,sometimes ! backs are :ole    
backs 79 "o piece71 at o!rs 9 two1 m (t5

 ! latt]4 ,! v>ni% ( a beautiful amb]   
col\r1 & !re are a few in/ances ( f9e   
r$4 ,! sides g5]ally r %all[1 heads (   
exquisite =m & well def9$4 ,! c>e be/[$ 
^u !m alone bespeaks ! h& ( ! arti/4    
,!re are sev]al magnific5t t5ors &      
violoncellos1 & p]haps ?ree or f\r d\ble
 basses4 ,! t5ors are sometimes se5 (   
l>ge size4 ,! ,amati family made sev]al 
sets ( in/rum5ts = =eign c\rts1 :i* be> 
_! p>ticul> arms1 mo/ly beautifully     
pa9t$ on ! backs4 ,! viol9s kn[n z ,gr& 
,amatis are ! be/1 & 7 made by ,ni*olas 
,amati4 ,!y take _! "n f _! size4 ,he   
also made _m long patt]n in/rum5ts1 &   
also sev]al ?ree qu>t] viol9s1 :i* h    
conf]r$ a great boon ^u juv5ile viol9i/s
 :o are able to pur*ase !m1 by giv+ !m  
an opportunity ( e>ly becom+ famili> ) !
 irreproa*able ,italian quality ( tone4 
,9 ref]5ce to ! rem>k made 9 ! prec$+   
p>agraph1 x is record$ t a set (        
in/rum5ts1 no d\bt "o ( ^? !re9 allud$  
to1 0 made = ,*>les #i? ( ,france by    
,&rew ,amati1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-f\r       

viol9s1 six violas1 & eight basses4 ,^! 
7 lo/ f ,v]sailles 9 #agij1 & h n be5   
recov]$1 except two :i* ,m4 ,c>ti]      
discov]$ "s ye>s s9ce4 ,not)/&+ t ,&rew 
,amati 0 ! fir/ mak] ( any note1 except 
,gasp> di ,salo ( ,brescia1 x is cle> t 
he _h atta9$ an a/oni%+ am\nt ( skill1 z
 !re is an acc\nt ( a violoncello :i* 0 
(f]$ by auction at ! sale ( ! celebrat$ 
,sir ,wm4 ,curtis's in/rum5ts by ,mr4   
,musgrave1 :o 9 ! catalogue /at$ t a    
docum5t 0 giv5 to ! proprietor :5 he    
pur*as$ ?is in/rum5t1 /at+ t x 0 pres5t$
 by ,pope ,pius #e? to ,*>les #i? (     
,france = 8 *apel4 ,x has be5 ri*ly     
pa9t$1 ! arms ( ,france be+ on ! back1 &
 ! motto ',pietate et ,ju/itia' on !    
sides4 ,! tone ( ?is violoncello is (   
extraord9>y p[] & ri*ness4 ,mr4 ,=/]    
supposes ?is to h be5 "o ( ! in/rum5ts  
m5tion$ be=e1 b t w\ld de/roy ! value ( 
! docum5t giv5 to ,sir ,william1 because
 if ,&rew ,amati made x = ,pope ,pius   
#e?1 :o pres5t$ x to ,*>les #i? x c\ld n
 h be5 "o ( ^? made by him expressly = t

 mon>*4 ,x is cle> h[ev] t ! tone 0 bo? 
gr& & f9e1 & !re=e ! fir/ ( ! ,amatis   
mu/ h atta9$ great ability 9 8 art4 ,we 
h be=e m5tion$ ! celebrat$ ,ni*olas     
,amati viol91 dat$ #afgi1 =m]ly !       
prop]ty ( ! same di/+ui%$ collector1    
,sir ,w4 ,curtis1 & :i* has s9ce be5    
sold by ,mr4 ,h>t to ! great viol9i/    
,ole ,bull4 ,?is is consid]$ ! f9e/     
specim5 ( ! ,amati skill & 0 ?us        
describ$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! sale--,?is is
 ju/ly consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful &
 f9e/ in/rum5ts 9 ! ,,:ole ,,_w4 ,!     
,c\nt de ,ca/elb>co ( ,milan1 possess$ a
 qu>tett ( in/rum5ts by ,ni*olas ,amati1
 :i* h s9ce be5 sold 9 ,london 7see !   
article on ,/radiu>ius47 ,m4 ,fetis     
describes ^! z admirable1 b z our read]s
 w see1 ! ,engli% connoisseurs d n appe>
 to h co9cid$ g5]ally ) ! critic on _!  
quality1 z only "o ( !m produc$ any     
great price4 ,!re is a spl5did gr&      
,amati 9 ! h&s ( an amateur 9 ,d]by%ire1
 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,mr4 ,hankey !    
bank]1 = :om x 0 pur*as$ ) o!rs by      

,viotti1 :o d$icat$ sev]al ( 8          
compositions to him4 ,?is in/rum5t      
possesses 9 an em95t degree ! admirable 
qualities ( ! ,amati tone1 ) also       
consid]able p[]4 ,ano!r ( ! same set 9 !
 same h&s is a spl5did ,/radiu>ius ( !  
l>ge patt]n ) a magnific5t tone4 ,!re   
are _m f9e examples ( ! diff]5t mak]s ( 
?is celebrat$ "n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,engli%  
connoisseurs suff] ^? ( no o!r nation to
 excel !m 9 _! collections4             
,,antonius ,,/radiu>ius4   ,a mo/       
int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,antonius ,/radiu>ius1 
:o is g5]ally ?\ght to be ! greate/ mak]
 ( ! viol9--has be5 publi%$ by ,m4      
,fetis1 & translat$ into ,engli% by ,mr4
 ,bi%op ( ,*elt5ham4 ,9 addition to     
records ( 8 family1 :i* 0 an anci5t "o 9
 ,cremona1 obta9$ by ,m4 ,vuillaume 9 8 
p]sev]+ lab\rs 9 se>* ( in=mation1 & :i*
 he plac$ at ! s]vice ( ,m4 ,fetis--!   
latt] ent]s deeply into :at we may call 
! sci5ce ( viol9 mak+1 & pres5ts u ) _m 
int]e/+ & valuable exp]im5ts :i* h be5  
made on fragm5ts ( ! great in/rum5ts1 9 

ord] to asc]ta9 ! exact pr9ciples :i*   
enabl$ ,/radiu>ius to build ) su*       
undeviat+ & brilliant success4 ,! book  
is well wor?y ! p]usal ( all amateurs ( 
! viol94  ,,antonius ,,/radiu>ius 0 born
 9 ,cremona1 9 #afdd1 & di$ !re 9 #agcg1
 hav+ liv$ 9 ! peaceful ex]cise ( 8 art 
to ! great age ( n9ety-?ree4 ,!re is a  
viol9 /ill extant :i* be>s 8 signature &
 proves ?is fact4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1
 he 0 a pupil ( ,ni*olas ,amati1 & "s ( 
8 e>ly productions be> 8 ma/]'s "n1 z   
seems to h be5 ! cu/om4 ,^! in/rum5ts h 
! ,amati *>act]i/ics1 & h "s ( ! backs  
cut ! contr>y way ( ! gra91 =m+ :at are 
kn[n by ! "n ( slab backs4 ,he aft]w>ds 
enl>g$ 8 model & adopt$ a flatt] patt]n1
 & arriv$ at ! greate/ p]fection ab\t   
#agjj4 ,f t p]iod to #agbe1 ev]y?+ he   
made bore ! impress ( ! great ma/]4 ,9  
%ape1 ! cutt+ ( ! ,s holes1 ! v>ni%1 & !
 accuracy ) :i* all ! p>ts 7 adju/$ 9   
h>monical relation1 f t "t he excell$   
all :o _h gone be=e him1 or :o h s9ce   
attempt$ ! difficult task ( vy+ ) him4  

,all ^! in/rum5ts are ( ! flat patt]n1  
:i* is n[ prov$ to be be/ adapt$ = !    
production ( a ri*1 deep & p[]ful tone4 
,x w\ld appe> t ! m elevat$ model us$   
be=e 8 "t1 al?\gh x all[$ ( v f9e       
quality ( tone1 t5d$ to prev5t t /rong  
vibration :i* is ! cause ( great tone4  
,m4 ,fetis insi/s t ! viol9s (          
,/radiu>ius 7 z good & f9e 9 quality (  
tone :5 made z !y are n[1 contr>y to !  
e/abli%$ op9ion t "t is necess>y z well 
z use = ref9+ & p]fect+ all viol9s4 ,he 
gives an in/ance ( a viol9 made by      
,/radiu>ius1 n[ 9 ,p>is1 :i* he /ates   
has nev] be5 play$ ^u--b we mu/ beg to  
d\bt ?is fact4 ,?\gh we are ready to    
admit t ! c>eful adju/m5t ( ! diff]5t   
p>ts & ! selection ( f9e wood1 w\ld t5d 
to p]fect ! tone ( ^! in/rum5ts1 mu*    
soon] ?an o!rs less c>efully fa%ion$1   
yet 9 ! in/ance he br+s =w>d 9 support (
 8 !ory1 x does n appe> q s cle> t !    
viol9 nev] _h be5 play$ ^u4 ,on !       
contr>y1 !re are _m ye>s unacc\nt$ =1 9 
8 description ( x1 dur+ :i* x might h   

und]gone consid]able use4 ,x appe>s     
almo/ impossible t :ile 9 ! h&s ( v>i\s 
possessors1 s f9e an in/rum5t %\ld h be5
 suff]$ to lie idle 9 a cab9et1 z ?\gh x
 7 a picture to be look$ at1 b n t\*$4  
,f its condition1 h[ev]1 x is cle> t x  
_h always be5 9 h&s t priz$ x1 = he     
describes x z hav+ q ! appe>ance ( a new
 in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 we mu/
 /ill adopt ! op9ion ( ! mo/ em95t      
judges1 includ+ t record$ by ,spohr1 t x
 requires bo? "t & use to p]fect all    
in/rum5ts ( ! viol9 class4 ,x w\ld appe>
 moreov] t ?is has always be5 a settl$  
belief1 = ev5 ,mace 9 8 ,music's        
,monum5t1 publi%$ 9 #afgf1 says ,we     
*iefly value old in/rum5ts be=e new = by
 exp]i5ce !y are f\nd to be f> ! be/4 ,z
 to ! condition ( ?is in/rum5t :i*      
,fetis /ates to be q unique = its       
p]fection & app>5t newness1 our         
c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,g>d9]1 9 8 int]e/+ "w1 
,music & ,fri5ds1 says t ,mr4 ,*ampion1 
an amateur _h giv5 #cjj gu9eas = a      
,/radiu>ius viol9 & t5or1 ( a beautiful 

yell[ col\r incl9+ to orange1 & :i*     
appe>$ to h be5 unt\*$ s9ce ! day !y 7  
made4 ,"h !n 9 ?is c\ntry is a d\ble    
in/ance ( ! same fact z to condition1 = 
:i* ,m4 ,fetis claims = ! ,p>is in/rum5t
 ! title ( unique4 ,! fact is t ^! f9e  
viol9s h = _m ye>s be5 s highly         
appreciat$ t _! possessors h tak5 ! mo/ 
extraord9>y c>e to prev5t _! be+ damag$ 
or disfigur$1 & !re are _m in/ances (   
viol9s 9 equally p]fect condition4      
,aft] #agbe1 at :i* date ,/radiu>ius 0  
#hj ye>s old1 8 "w lo/ "s ( its         
*>act]i/ic excell5ce ?\gh /ill ( great  
m]it4 ,8 sons1 ,homobono & ,francesco1  
n[ assi/$ him1 b he appe>s /ill to h    
sign$ !m1 occasionally add+ to _! names 
h[ev]1 ! words sub discipl9a ,a4        
,/radiu>ius4 ,he _h _m pupils1 ! *ief & 
! be/ ( :om 0 ,c>lo ,b]gonzi4 ,!re 7    
also ,gobetti ( ,v5ice1 ,guadagn9i (    
,cremona1 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,b]gonzi1 &   
o!rs m5tion$ 9 ! diction>y4 ,f9e        
examples ( ! works ( 8 pupils are n[    
becom+ v valuable1 & are well wor?y     

att5tion4  ,/radiu>ius made a few       
in/rum5ts inlaid ) ebony & ivory r\nd ! 
edges4 ,!re is a qu>tett ( !m1 all be>+ 
! same date #afhg4 ,"o is 9 ! collection
 ( ,*>les ,pl[d51 ,esq42 ! o!r viol9    
belongs to a g5tleman 9 ,/af=d%ire2 !   
violoncello belongs to ! ,que5 ( ,spa91 
& ! t5or 0 once ! prop]ty ( ,sir ,wm4   
,curtis4 ,?is is a v curi\s & rem>kable 
set ( in/rum5ts1 v highly f9i%$ & 9 f9e 
pres]vation4 ,!re is also ano!r viol9   
inlaid :i* belong$ to ! late ,dr4       
,camidge ( ,york1 be>+ date #agac4 ,a4  
,f\nta91 ,esq41 has 9 8 possession1 !   
la/ viol9 :i* ,/radiu>ius made4 ,?is    
in/rum5t is kn[n z ! ,hab5ock ,viol9 f !
 previ\s own]'s "n f :om ,mr4 ,f\nta9 _h
 x4 ,*>les ,pl[d51 ,esq41 has a qu>tett 
( spl5did in/rum5ts by ,/radiu>ius1 (   
:i* "o viol9 is ( ! ,gr& ,patt]n1 dat$  
#agai2 ano!r dat$ #agaa2 :i* are p]fect 
9 model & pres]vation1 & bo? fir/-class2
 ! ?ird is a rem>kable viol91 ) ri*     
gold5 v>ni%1 dat$ #agji--;a p]fect      
in/rum5t1 :i* has be5 twice sold =      

,l#fjj1 0 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( ,emiliani & 
is /ill kn[n by 8 "n4 ,! f\r? viol9 is !
 inlaid in/rum5t m5tion$ above4 ,besides
 ^!1 ,mr4 ,pl[d5 possesses a magnific5t 
violoncello by ,/radiu>ius--a rem>kable 
specim5 bo? = beauty & tone2 & also1 f\r
 viol9s by ,joseph ,gu>n]ius :i* w be   
m5tion$ "u ! head ( t ma/]4  ,!re is 9  
,d]by%ire a v f9e ,/radiu>ius :i* 0     
pur*as$ by ,viotti = 8 fri5d ,mr4       
,hankey1 f :om ?is & ! ,amati m5tion$   
else:]e w5t to 8 bro!r1 a di/+ui%$      
amateur1 :o di$ "s ye>s ago4 ,wm4 ,h[>d1
 ,esq41 ( ,%effield1 has a f9e          
,/radiu>ius viol91 ( ! mo/ beautiful    
yell[ v>ni%1 spl5did wood1 f9e tone1 &  
p]fect condition1 :i* =m]ly belong$ to  
,salomon4  ,we may also m5tion "h t !   
late em95t viol9i/ ,ern/1 play$ ^u a v  
f9e ,/radiu>ius ,viol9 :i* 0 pres5t$ to 
him by ,a4 ,f\nta91 ,esq41 an ard5t     
admir] ( t fam\s play]4 ,joa*im also    
uses a ,/radiu>ius4 ,s]vais1 ! great    
,fr5* p]=m]1 uses a ,/radiu>ius         
,violoncello1 :i* is said to be !       

h&some/ kn[n1 & :i* co/ him #ejj gu9eas4
  ,! value ( ! be/ productions ( ! g5ius
 ( ,/radiu>ius is n[ v great4 ,mr4      
,betts1 ( ,london1 _h "o = :i* he refus$
 ! enorm\s sum ( ,l#ejj1 & ,dragonetti  
also refus$ ,l#hjj = a d\ble bass4 ,!   
highe/ price1 ,l#fjj h[ev] 0 giv5 twice 
= ! viol9 n[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,pl[d54 ,b 
ev5 su* prices h be5 exce$$ by t ( !    
celebrat$ ,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius m5tion$ 
else:]e1 :i* realis$ ,l#gjj4 ,x mu/ n be
 und]/ood h[ev] t su* prices are ! rule1
 = x is only = extraord9>y specim5s t   
any su* great sum c be obta9$4 ,excell5t
 in/rum5ts are frequ5tly sold = mu*     
small] am\nts1 & x mu/ also be rememb]$ 
t none b ^? made f ab\t #agjj to #agbe  
realise su* enorm\s sums4 ,8 e>li]      
productions1 :i* resemble ^? ( 8 ma/]1 &
 :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( ,/radiu>ius     
,amatis1 c be _h occasionally = mod]ate 
prices4 ,an und\bt$ viol9 ( any p]iod ( 
?is great ma/]'s make1 is well wor?y !  
att5tion ( ! virtuoso4 ,!y are all good1
 b ! gr& patt]n ( ?is wond]ful g5ius1   

possess+ equal sweetness ) greatly      
increas$ p[]1 are only n[ to be _h by   
connoisseurs ( unlimit$ means4  ,z an   
illu/ration ( ! m mod]ate prices :i* ^! 
f9e productions comm&1 we ?9k x may     
int]e/ our read]s to give "h ! result ( 
a public sale ( ,cremona in/rum5ts      
belong+ to ! ,c\nt de ,ca/elb>co (      
,milan1 a di/+ui%$ amateur4 ,m4 ,fetis 9
 8 "w /ates t ! ,c\nt possess$ two      
qu>tetts ( ,/radiu>ius1 v rem>kable     
in/rum5ts2 ano!r ( ,joseph ,gu>n]ius2 a 
f\r? ( ,ni*olas ,amati1 & la/ly a       
qu>tett ( ,/e9]1 ( :i* he specially     
p>ticul>ises ! ,t5or z be+ a model (    
p]fection z to workman%ip1 & ! tone (   
:i* is ( extreme beauty4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7
 sold by auction by ,messrs4 ,puttick & 
,simpson1 on ! #bf? ,june1 #ahfb4 ,we   
quote ! report ( ! ,times1 by :i* x w be
 se5 t our ,engli% connoisseurs did n   
appreciate !m s highly z ,m4 ,fetis4 ,! 
,times did n m5tion ! ,gu>n]ii & ! ,/e9]
 at all1 we presume because ! prices 7  
no?+ rem>kable4      ,,lot4      #a     

,viol9 by ,/radiu>ius1                  
#agab   ,l #gj      #b  ,viol9 by       
,/radiu>ius1               #afii   ,l   
#ef      #e  ,t5or ,viol9 by            
,/radiu>ius1         #agae   ,l#ajj     
#f  ,viol9 by ,/radiu>ius1              
#agja   ,l#ace      #h  ,viol9 by       
,/radiu>ius1               #afhe        
,l#ace      #i  ,viol9 by ,/radiu>ius1  
#agac   ,l #ij     #ab  ,viol9 by       
,ni*olas ,amati                    #ci  
gs4     #ac  ,viol9 by ,&rew ,amati     
#cf gs4     #bf  ,violoncello1          
,/radiu>ius             #afig   ,l#baj  
#bh  ,violoncello1 ,/radiu>ius          
#afhg   ,l#aae     #cj  ,violoncello1   
,ni*olas ,amati           #afhg   ,l#acj
     #ca  ,orig9al ,lett] by ,/radiu>ius
              ,l  #h  ,at ! same sale a 
,gr& ,amati ,viol91 jewell$ at ! corn]s1
 ,l#fj2 ,viol9 by ,gu>n]ius1 #ch gu9eas4
  ,9 addition to ! above we may m5tion t
 ! ,/radiu>ius ,viol91 :i* once belong$ 
to a memb] ( ! ,m$ici ,family1 0 sold by
 auction a %ort "t ago1 at ! ,hotel de  

,dr\et 9 ,p>is1 = #e1gde;f41 ab\t       
,l#bcj1 an excell5t price = a ,p>isian  
connoisseur4 ,we h already m5tion$ _m   
f9e in/rum5ts by ,/radiu>ius :i* are 9 !
 h&s ( connoisseurs & p]=m]s4 ,we w n[  
m5tion a fact :i* 9 ! e/imation ( all   
true lov]s ( ^! f9e viol9s is to be     
greatly regrett$4 ,x is n ! only        
in/ance1 z probably our read]s are aw>e 
t ! celebrat$ ,gu>n]ius ,viol9 (        
,pagan9i1 is n[ lock$ up 9 a museum at  
,g5oa4 ,!re is at a museum 9 ! city (   
,flor5ce1 a qu>tett ( beautiful         
in/rum5ts by ,/radiu>ius1 consi/+ ( two 
viol9s1 t5or1 & violoncello1 :i* 7      
pres5t$ to ! in/itution by an ,italian  
,nobleman1 ^: ance/ors pur*as$ !m f !   
ma/] himself4 ,^! in/rum5ts are mo/     
beautiful & 9 ! highe/ pres]vation4 ,b (
 all o!r curiosities1 ,cremona ,viol9s  
are ! mo/ unsuitable = a museum1 because
 !y lie !re dead1 & are no m ?an names4 
,! s\l ( music :i* is embodi$ 9 !m is   
imprison$ )9 wood & cry/al1 & is no m   
he>d ( m54 ,let no "o leave 8 ,cremona  

to a museum4  ,be=e clos+ our acc\nt (  
?is great ma/]1 x may n be un9t]e/+ to  
/ate 9 8 life "t1 he appe>s to h *>g$   
ab\t ,l#d = a viol91 & t he made s _m   
dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 long & indu/ri\s c>e]1 
t 8 fell[ citiz5s spoke ( him z ri*4 ,z 
ri* z ,/radiu>ius1 0 a common rem>k1 z  
we see by ,m4 ,fetis' notice4 ,ano!r    
anecdote is1 t ,c]vetto1 an ,italian    
m]*ant 9 ,london1 _h a consignm5t (     
viol9s f ! ma/] himself1 & z he c\ld n  
get f\r p\nds ea* = !m he return$ !m4   
,?is appe>s /rongly to disprove !       
ass]tion t 8 in/rum5ts 7 z good :5 made 
z !y are n[1 especially :5 we f9d t 9   
#affb1 ,l#dj 0 giv5 = two ,cremona      
viol9s = ,k+ ,*>les' b&1 no d\bt ! eld] 
,amati's1 :i* at t date w\ld be gett+   
mell[$ by "t4 ,x is cle> t ,k+ ,*>les1  
or ! lead] ( 8 b&1 knew ! value (       
,cremona in/rum5ts1 = reckon+ ! diff]5ce
 9 ! value ( money at ! two p]iods1     
,l#bj !n w\ld pur*ase ,l#abj wor? (     
goods n[4 ,x is !re=e extraord9>y t if  
!y 7 z good new z :5 !y are old1 !      

paltry sum ( f\r p\nds c\ld n be got =  
!m4 ,! real tru? no d\bt is t :oev] !   
mak]1 "t mu/ be ! ref9]1 & ev5 g5ius l t
 ( ,/radiu>ius & ,gu>n]ius c\ld n imp>t 
t gr&1 ri*1 & mell[ tone :i* di/+ui%es  
!m )\t ! aid ( old ,fa!r ,"t4   ,,!     
,,cremona ,,v>ni%4  ,^? :o desire to    
make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! *ief         
*>act]i/ics ( ! great ,cremona mak]s    
%\ld take e opportunity ( exam9+ g5u9e  
in/rum5ts4 ,9 addition to ! o!r ext]nal 
indications we h po9t$ out1 "o ( ! mo/  
important1 :i* is also ! mo/ difficult1 
if n impossible to imitate1 is ! v>ni%1 
includ+ ! col\r4 ,none ( !m seem to h   
adh]$ to "o col\r only4 ,! pres5t ma/] =
 in/ance cov]$ "s ( 8 f9e/ viol9s ) a   
deep ri* yell[1 almo/ approa*+ to       
orange4 ,o!rs aga9 w be f\nd ( a f9e r$1
 hav+ some?+ ( a mo/ lovely light *]ry  
t9t4 ,n[ ^! col\rs 7 mix$ by ! be/ mak]s
 ) amb] v>ni% ( ! pure/ & cle>e/        
consi/5cy1 & bo? col\rs & v>ni% are     
p]fectly free f t muddy sort ( appe>ance
 :i* s (t5 disfigures mod]n in/rum5ts4  

,! effect is t ( p]fect transp>5cy4 ,y  
look at a cle> p]fect ri* col\r1 z x 71 
?r\gh ! pure/ cry/al4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/
 c]ta9 indications ( a g5u9e in/rum5t4  
,! mod]ns un=tunately seem to h lo/ !   
secret ( mak+ ?is lovely transp>5t cle> 
col\r$ v>ni%1 & ! consequ5ce is t a     
connoisseur ( ability & exp]i5ce nev]   
d\bts :5 he sees an in/rum5t :e!r x be !
 "w ( a great ma/]4 ,x is h[ev] suppos$ 
t all ! g5u9e productions ( ! *ief      
,cremona mak]s are n[ kn[n1 & we w\ld n 
!re=e h our read]s flatt] !mselves !y c 
pick up any ( !m 9 a casual way4        
,vigilant eyes & %>p judgm5ts h long    
swept ov] ,europe 9 se>* ( !m4 ,b !     
advantage is ?is--t a k ( ! be/ enables 
! amateur to disc]n a ne> approa* to x1 
& ?us di/+ui% ^? mak]s :o are n s well  
kn[n1 ?\gh1 be+ ! pupils & foll[]s ( !  
great ma/]s1 !y are well wor?y ( 8      
*oice4 ,l>ge diamonds are r>e & v de>4  
,a small] gem mu/ suffice ! amateur (   
mod]ate means4     ,,! ,,gu>n]ius       
,,family4   ,?is is ano!r glori\s "n 9 !

 annals ( ,cremona4 ,_m ( ! fir/        
connoisseurs1 n[ hesitate :e!r to apply 
! epi!t greate/ to ,gu>n]ius or to      
,/radiu>ius4 ,! palm is !re=e divid$    
betwe5 !m4 ,c]ta9 x is h[ev] t inasmu* z
 money rules ! _w1 if we resort to t    
te/1 ,gu>n]ius is ! brighte/ gem1 = x is
 record$ t he has sold = ,l#gjj &       
,/radiu>ius = only ,l#fjj4 ,mo/ ( ! ri* 
connoisseurs !re=e desire to possess    
bo?4 ,! great play]s1 to :om money is m 
an object1 divide _! affections betwe5  
!m1 & are satisfi$ ) ei!r "o or ! o!r1 z
 *ance or opportunity may decide4  ,!   
fir/ ( ?is celebrat$ family 0 ,&reas1 :o
 0 born 9 #afcj & di$ ab\t #afie4 ,he   
appe>s to h be5 a pupil ( ,ni*olas      
,amati1 & %[s mu* ( 8 tea*]'s c>eful    
f9i%4 ,8 in/rum5ts are g5]ally          
beautifully made1 ( good & h&some wood1 
) excell5t v>ni%1 pr9cipally ( amb]     
col\r l t ( ! ,amatis4 ,he also         
occasionally1 b mu* m seldom1 us$ r$    
col\r$ v>ni%4 ,?is arti/e is n fam\s =  
produc+ a great tone 9 8 in/rum5ts1 & he

 is !re=e n elevat$ to ! fir/ class1 b  
he made v good viol9s :i* are well wor?y
 ! att5tion ( ! amateur4 ,we h se5 a v  
f9e specim5 9 ! h&s ( ,a4 ,bright1      
,esq41 ( ,%effield1 :i* 0 pur*as$ ( ,mr4
 ,h>t1 & :i* is decid$ly ! be/ in/rum5t 
we h se5 ( ?is ma/]4 ,x is rem>kably    
h&some1 ( a beautiful yell[ col\r1 !    
back ( "o piece ) r small figure1 ! ribs
 simil>1 ! head mo/ c>efully &          
accurately =m$ & ! belly ( f9e wood4 ,! 
tone is also m p[]ful ?an ,&rew's viol9s
 g5]ally are1 & x is altoge!r a v f9e   
example ( 8 "w4  ,,guiseppe ,,gu>n]ius  
is consid]$ to be ! son ( ,&rew1 & 8    
in/rum5ts are g5]ally sign$ z filius    
,&rae1 v probably to di/+ui% him f 8 m  
celebrat$ c\s9 & namesake1 :o is besides
 g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,joseph del     
,gesu4 ,guiseppe's in/rum5ts are v      
simil> to 8 c\s9's 9 quality--b less    
p[]ful & probably n s r\nd 9 tone4 ,!y h
 h[ev]1 a firm well def9$ k9d ( s\nd1   
:i* is always pleas+ bo? to ! play] & ! 
he>]1 ! =m] nev] feel+ t ! tone w give  

way "u 8 b[4 ,!re are a great numb] )   
slab backs4 ,! v>ni% is ( fir/ quality1 
& 8 viol9s are ye>ly becom+ m valuable &
 ( great] importance4 ,we h se5 a       
violoncello by ?is ma/]1 :i* is v f9e4  
,! back1 ribs & head ( v beautiful small
 figur$ wood4 ,! belly ( v f9e gra9$    
wood1 ! bate look+ l f9e ?reads ( silk  
/ret*$ at regul> int]vals ! :ole wid? & 
l5g? ( ! in/rum5t1 & ) an exce$+ly ri*  
r$ v>ni%4 ,x possesses also a f9e       
quality ( tone1 & is dat$ #agac4        
,,pietro1 ano!r son ( ,&reas1 dates f   
#afij to #agbj4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 
he appe>s to h remov$ f ,cremona to     
,mantua1 8 labels be>+ date f !nce4 ,he 
0 a pupil ( 8 fa!r1 b is said n to h    
equall$ him 9 c>eful f9i%4 ,8 in/rum5ts1
 h[ev]1 comm& consid]able respect & fet*
 a good price1 a violoncello ( 8 be+    
record$ to h sold a few ye>s ago =      
,l#abj4  ,,joseph1 nephew ( ,&reas1 born
 9 #afhc1 & di$ 9 #agde1 is ! la/ & be/ 
( ! race ( viol9 mak]s ( ?is "n4 ,he 0  
di/+ui%$ by ! title ( ,joseph del ,gesu1

 ?r\gh 8 us+ on 8 labels1 ! monogram    
,i4,h4,s41 ) a cross ov] or ?r\gh ! ,h4 
,8 c>e] appe>s to h be5 ( a v *equ]$    
complexion4 ,f all ! acc\nts t h come   
d[n to u1 he seems to h be5 a man (     
irregul> habits & ecc5tric g5ius4 ,9    
consequ5ce ( ^! peculi>ities1 8         
in/rum5ts diff] greatly 9 _!            
*>act]i/ics4 ,nei!r ! model1 ! wood1 nor
 ! v>ni% possesses mu* v]isimilitude at 
diff]5t p]iods ( 8 c>e]4 ,!y are all1   
h[ev]1 m>k$ by ! /amp ( g5ius1 & give b 
little tr\ble to a well in=m$           
connoisseur4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ di/ress+     
circum/ances1 :5 on "s acc\nt1 he 0     
conf9$ 9 prison1 & 0 oblig$ to be       
indebt$ to 8 gaol]'s daught] = !        
mat]ials ) :i* he work$1 !y /ill be> !  
*>act]i/ics & orig9ality ( a great ma/]4
 ,! f9i%1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :i* he made at ?is
 p]iod 0 inf]ior to ! o!rs1 be+ r co>se 
& slov5ly1 & ! "w altoge!r little       
indicat+ ext]nally ! signs ( t real     
excell5ce :i* !y possess4 ,at 8 be/     
p]iod1 h[ev]1 8 in/rum5ts are ( r>e     

beauty & m]it1 & equal or p]haps excel  
^? ( ,/radiu>ius4 ,! wood he !n us$ 0 ( 
f9e quality1 & ! v>ni% ri* & lu/r\s & v 
(t5 ( simil> lovely t9ts z ^? ( t ma/]4 
,_m ( 8 in/rum5ts are ( r small patt]n1 
b 9 8 be/ p]iod1 he produc$ "s ( l>ge   
size & ( extraord9>y p[] & gr&eur (     
tone4 ,among !m 0 ! fam\s fav\rite viol9
 ( ,pagan9i1 ! r5[n ( :i*1 says ,m4     
,vuillaume1 0 equal to t ( its ma/]4    
,?is 0 ! in/rum5t on :i*1 ! mo/         
celebrat$ ( all viol9 play]s ! _w ev]   
saw1 produc$ ^? extraord9>y effects :i* 
a/oni%$ ! :ole musical _w1 & :i* w nev] 
be =gott5 by ^? :o he>d !m1 nor p]haps  
excell$ by any o!r4 ,^! in/rum5ts are   
h[ev] un=tunately v r>e1 & z ri*        
connoisseurs w h !m if possible1 ! value
 ( !m has come to be v great4 ,we h     
else:]e m5tion$ ! magnific5t viol9 kn[n 
by ! "n ( ! ,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius1 = :i*
 ,mr4 ,h>t receiv$ ! enorm\s sum (      
,l#gjj1 :i* is ! l>ge/ am\nt ev] obta9$ 
= a viol9 on record4 ,?is spl5did viol9 
is ( l>ge patt]n1 ) beautiful ri* orange

 yell[ v>ni% & spl5did wood4 ,x 0       
import$ into ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,h>t1 & 
has be5 9 ! h&s ( ^? en?usia/ic &       
judici\s collectors1 ,mr4 ,james ,god+ &
 ,mr4 ,/ew>t4 ,joseph ,gu>n]ius appe>s  
to h endeav\r$ to produce ! gr&e/ tone1 
comb9+ maje/y & ref9em5t4 ,_m p ?9k he  
did s )\t ?\ght or design1 b we ?9k     
o!rwise4 ,9 ! fir/ place he seems to h  
fix$ on ,gasp> di ,salo & ,mag9i z 8    
models1 = if a comp>ison be made we %all
 f9d !re are _m po9ts :i* resemble ^!   
in/rum5ts1 = example1 ! peculi> %ap$    
s\nd holes1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are plac$ &
 ! flat model1 all ( :i* t5d to produce 
p[]1 :ile he obta9$ ! quality f !       
wond]ful +5uity he ex]cis$ 9 leav+ !    
?icknesses ( ! wood 9 evid5tly ! correct
 places1 :i* 0 ! necess>y /ep 9 advance4
 ,he c]ta9ly made _m r\gh in/rum5ts :i* 
are ascrib$ to 8 imprisonm5t1 & :i* are 
n[ call$ ! ,prison ,gu>n]ii1 b ! v>ni%  
on ^! ev5 is n surpass$4 ,he made _m ( a
 ri* yell[ col\r1 & o!rs ( r$1 ! latt] (
 :i* are mat*less in/rum5ts4 ,8 heads   

are n f9ely cut1 b ! "* he gave !m has  
nev] be5 excell$4  ,9 ! fir/ rank (     
,joseph ,gu>n]ius in/rum5ts we mu/ no   
d\bt place t belong+ to ,pagan9i1 :i*   
w\ld1 if x c\ld be obta9$1 comm& an     
extraord9>y price1 & !re are also _m o!r
 noble productions ( 8 skill extant4 ,! 
,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius we h be=e m5tion$4
 ,mr4 ,pl[d5 has f\r v valuable viol9s  
by ?is ma/]4 ,"o 0 =m]ly ! prop]ty (    
,mr4 ,god+1 & 0 e/eem$ by him ! f9e/ 9 8
 collection4 ,ano!r is q equal1 m highly
 f9i%$ & has 8 spl5did r$ v>ni%4 ,! ?ird
 0 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( ,ole ,bull1 & is   
consid]$ ( ! f9e/ model ( ! ma/] 9 8 m  
unf9i%$ & l>g] siz$ in/rum5ts1 dat$     
#agad4 ,! f\r?1 less well kn[n1 b p]haps
 m p]fect1 c]ta9ly 9 tone1 #agdb4 ,^!   
f\r in/rum5ts are consid]$ by mo/ ( !   
virtuosi1 to be probably ! f9e/ examples
 extant ( ?is great ma/]4 ,c]ta9ly !re  
are few collectors :o c boa/ ( hav+ s _m
 f9e viol9s z ^! f\r by ,gu>n]ius1 & !  
f\r by ,/radiu>ius previ\sly describ$4  
,mr4 ,pl[d5 has always gone on !        

pr9ciple ( gett+ ! v be/ in/rum5ts ( ea*
 ma/]1 & 8 ta/e & judgm5t are well      
evid5c$ 9 8 collection4 ,! late ,e>l (  
,falm\? possess$ "s v valuable in/rum5ts
 su* z ! ,kiesewett] ,gu>n]ius & !      
,j>novick ,gu>n]ius1 s nam$ aft] _!     
own]s1 & also a f9e ,mag9i ,t5or1 all ( 
:i* 7 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,h>t4 ,! late     
lam5t$ ,pr9ce ,consort _h a v f9e t5or  
by ,joseph ,gu>n]ius1 :i* 0 highly f9i%$
 & _h belong$ to ,dragonetti4 ,!re are  
_m o!r f9e specim5s ( ,gu>n]ius 9 ?is   
c\ntry4 ,engli% collectors1 ) t spl5did 
contempt = co/ :i* di/+ui%es !m1 all[ no
 f9e in/rum5ts to leave ! c\ntry if !y  
"k x1 & ! consequ5ce is t 9 ! pres5t    
day1 & = "s "t back1 ,engl& ranks fir/ 9
 ! numb] & value ( ! ,cremona ,viol9s %e
 possesses4 ,next comes ,france1 :o has 
"s able connoisseurs2 !n ,russia &      
,g]many4 ,italy1 /range to say1 has     
suff]$ !m all to leave h]1 & ?\gh !     
native c\ntry ( ,/radiu>ius & ,gu>n]ius1
 x is d\btful :e!r o!r nations h n      
attract$ all ! f9e/ in/rum5ts out ( h]  

own possession4 ,! great rise 9 ! value 
( ^! extraord9>y in/rum5ts is no d\bt   
due to ! fact t !y 7 built v /rong 9    
wood1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld be to         
depreciate ! tone :5 !y 7 built1 b :i*1 
n[ "t has ameliorat$ !m & ! wood has    
become capable ( free vibration1 has    
ref9$ ! quality & increas$ ! tone4      
,fifty ye>s ago1 a ,gu>n]ius ( ! be/ "t 
might h be5 b\ght = ,l#ej t w n[ comm&  
,l#ejj4 ,nei!r does x appe> t !y h yet  
rea*$ _! climax1 = !y are ye>ly increas+
 9 value z ! examples we h m5tion$      
cle>ly %[4     ,,! ,,great ,,tyrolese   
,,mak]4  ,,jacob ,,/e9]4   ,! "t has be5
 :5 ! in/rum5ts ( ?is ma/]1 ^: "n is    
p]haps yet z widely kn[n z ! ,cremonese1
 7 v highly e/eem$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,g]many 
x is s yet1 & _m ( ! amateurs ( t c\ntry
 flatt] !mselves t ,/e9] ranks fir/ 9 ! 
roll ( fam\s viol9 mak]s4 ,_! celebrat$ 
viol9i/1 ,spohr1 h[ev]1 9 8 rem>ks on ! 
subject ins]t$ 9 8 ,viol9 ,s*ool does n 
co9cide ) ! op9ion ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym5 to
 ?is effect1 = he puts ,/e9] 9 ! second 

rank1 res]v+ to ! fir/ ,ni*olas ,amati1 
,antonius ,/radiu>ius1 & ,joseph        
,gu>n]ius4 ,9 ?is decision he also      
g5]ally expresses ! op9ion ( ! travell$ 
pr(essional viol9i/s ( 8 own c\ntry z   
well z all ,europe4 ,b x is well kn[n t 
9 ,g]many a well pres]v$ in/rum5t (     
,/e9]'s be/ p]iod w sell = mu* m money  
?an any :]e else4 ,9 ,engl& m especially
 we adopt exactly ! rev]se valuation4   
,/e9] w n n[ comm& a great] price ?an _m
 ( ! pupils ( ! great ma/]s1 & p]haps to
 "s ext5t ?is may arise f ! imm5se numb]
 ( spuri\s in/rum5ts be>+ 8 "n1 :i* !   
inf]ior ,tyrolese mak]s put =? to ! _w &
 palm$ on a cr$ul\s public z 8 g5u9e    
in/rum5ts4 ,p]haps no ma/] has be5 m    
copi$ & imitat$1 bo? 9 ,g]many &        
else:]e4 ,9 ,engl& ! viol9 mak]s 9 !    
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 mo/ly copi$ 
! patt]n & model ( ,/e9]4 ,!re mu/1     
!re=e1 be "s good & p[]ful reason = ?is 
g5]al depreciation 9 value & reputation 
:i* ,/e9] has suff]$4 ,?is ! c&id       
inquir] readily f9ds 9 ! fact t !       

in/rum5ts ( ,/e9]1 :i* 7 g5]ally        
con/ruct$ on a high & peculi> model 7   
only calculat$ = ! production ( a ?9    
?\gh sp>kl+ tone1 :ile ! ,italians aim$1
 p>ticul>ly 9 ! flatt] in/rum5ts1 to    
obta9 a full ri* & r\nd tone4 ,?is      
di/9ction is app>5t ev5 9 ! old]        
,cremona mak]s1 b if we comp>e ^? (     
,/e9] ) ^? ( ,ni*olas ,amati1 (         
,/radiu>ius1 or ,gu>n]ius1 ! ?9 tone ( !
 =m] & ! ri* r\nd tone ( ! latt] become 
in/antly mo/ /rik+4 ,! consequ5ce is t !
 ri* amateurs :o =m collections1 & !    
great p]=m]s ^: int]e/ x is to please by
 ! quality ( tone z well z ! grace &    
f9i% ( _! execution1 no long] pur*ase ! 
,/e9] viol9s except z matt]s ( curiosity
 9 ! case ( a v f9e example4 ,we d n "k 
any great play] :o uses a ,/e9]         
in/rum5t1 z we %all %[ 9 ano!r article4 
,we !re=e only n[ class ,/e9] among !   
great ma/]s1 f 8 pa/ reputation1 & =    
c]ta9 special in/rum5ts4  ,,jacob ,,/e9]
 0 a native ( ! ,tyrol1 & 0 born at     
,absom1 ne> ,inspruck1 ab\t #afbj4 ,x is

 said t an old in/rum5t by ,k]l9o1 :i*  
he f\nd 9 ! h\se1 gave him 8 fir/       
t5d5cies t[>ds ! art ( viol9 mak+4      
,c]ta9 x is h[ev] t :ile yet a y\? he   
obta9$ employm5t 9 ! work%op ( ,ni*olas 
,amati4 ,?is 0 an excell5t s*ool = ! "y 
aspirant1 & aft] "s ye>s he made "s     
in/rum5ts :i*1 ) ! exception ( sixte5   
:i* w be m5tion$ lat]1 are consid]$ to  
be ! f9e/ specim5s ( 8 tal5t4 ,^! f9e   
viol9s are ! product ( 8 ,cremonese     
inspiration1 & be> a writt5 label sign$ 
by himself & dat$ f ,cremona ab\t #afdd4
 ,^! in/rum5ts are modell$ high] ?an ^? 
( 8 ma/]1 ?us %[+ a s+ul> div]g5ce f !  
pr9ciple ( gradual decrease 9 ! height (
 ! model ( ! ,amatis1 f ,&rew to        
,ni*olas4 ,?is div]g5ce f t pr9ciple1   
:i* end$ 9 ! flat model ( ,/radiu>ius1  
mu/ be consid]$ to be ! real cause ( !  
loss ( fav\r :i* ! ,/e9] viol9s1 ?\gh   
beautiful 9 o!r respects1 h und]gone4   
,/e9] exagg]at$ ! old practice in/ead ( 
foll[+ ! new lights ( sci5ce1 & :ile !  
latt] h yield$ ! brighte/ results1 ! =m]

 has t>ni%$ ! real tal5t ( ?is o!rwise  
excell5t arti/e4 ,probably ano!r reason 
= ! defective tone ( ,/e9]'s in/rum5ts 9
 comp>ison ) ! ,cremonese & ,brescian1  
is ! practice ( modell+ 8 viol9s ) an   
extraord9>y & peculi> rise to ab\t !    
foot ( ! bridge1 & !n keep+ x ne>ly     
flat4 ,otto describes x ?us1 ! bread? ( 
?is rais$ "p is ab\t ! same z ! bridge  
itself1 & !n x falls (f t[>ds ! edges4  
,! model is precisely simil> t[>ds !    
neck & on ! broad "p 7b5ea? ! f+] bo>d47
 ,?is description is only imp]fect 9 ?is
 po9t t suffici5t /ress is n laid on !  
words fall (f4 ,x is lit]ally a fall+   
(f1 & on ! pr9ciples ( ac\/ics mu/ (    
necessity make ! tone ?94 ,&rew ,amati1 
on ! contr>y1 built ne>ly z high1 b     
beautifully & gradually slop$ !m d[n to 
! purfl+1 & 8 in/rum5ts1 ?\gh small 9   
tone1 are yet full1 r\nd & sweet4 ,9 o!r
 respects ,/e9] at ?is p]iod 0 a mo/    
c>eful mak]1 & 8 in/rum5ts %[ v f9e f9i%
 & workman%ip4 ,!y are ( ! small patt]n1
 ) ! ,s holes r %ort] ?an ! ,cremonas1  

some:at n>r[ & beautifully =m$2 ! head  
also small] & p>ticul>ly r\nd & smoo?4  
,! v>ni% is simil> to t ( ! ,amatis1 & !
 wood ( ! belly has a f9e op5 gra94     
,aft] ! production ( ^! in/rum5ts at    
,cremona1 ,/e9] remov$ to 8 native place
 & hav+ m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,antonius     
,amati appe>s to h lo/ 8 ambition1 &    
made _m v inf]ior in/rum5ts4 ,8 hi/ory  
at ?is p]iod is some:at melan*oly4      
,press$ by ! necessities ( a family & ! 
want ( active patronage1 8 g5ius        
langui%$ & he became neglig5t & c>eless 
9 8 "w4 ,?is cont9u$ = "s "t till =tune 
aga9 smil$ ^u him1 :5 n be+ compell$ to 
sell = imm$iate wants he aga9 resum$ 8  
c>eful f9i% & began to be di/+ui%$ z a  
good mak]4 ,at ab\t ?is p]iod ,klotz &  
,albani became 8 pupils1 & he produc$ "s
 excell5t in/rum5ts1 :i* are (t5        
di/+ui%$ by ! scrolls be+ ornam5t$ )    
lions heads :i* are beautifully c>v$4   
,^! & ! heads ( o!r animals are suppos$ 
to d5ote ! cre/s ( 8 patrons at ?is     
p]iod4 ,!y are dat$ f ab\t #afej to     

#affg at ,absom4 ,fetis says ! ,fr5*    
viol9i/1 ,al>d1 has a viol9 ( ?is p]iod 
( ! greate/ beauty1 & t !re is 9 ,p>is a
 g5u9e ,/e9]1 :i* he has he>d ,sivori   
play ^u1 :i* al?\gh ( a v small patt]n  
has an unusually brilliant tone4  ,n[   
comes ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ?is       
arti/e's hi/ory 9 a musical s5se1 ?\gh  
some:at romantic & my/]i\s o!rwise4     
,retir+ to a mona/]y1 x is said aft] !  
dea? ( 8 wife1 he !re pass$ ! rema9d] ( 
8 life1 b !re does n appe> to be any    
positive in=mation :5 he di$4 ,:ile !re1
 h[ev]1 he resolv$ to di/+ui% ! close ( 
8 c>e] by ! con/ruction ( "s viol9s (   
sup]-em95t beauty & quality4 ,?is he    
accompli%$ by ! aid ( ! sup]ior1 :o     
obta9$ = him "s v f9e wood1 out ( :i* ^?
 mo/ fam\s in/rum5ts1 kn[n by ! "n (    
,elector ,/e9]s 7 made by him4 ,^! are !
 viol9s :i* by common cons5t mo/ entitle
 ?is arti/e to rank ) ! great ma/]s4 ,!y
 are ( ! v highe/ quality ( ! ,/e9]     
tone1 :i* ,dub\rg describes z a pure r++
 e!real tone1 comp>able to t ( a woman's

 p]fect voice--a %ape ( elegance--/udi$ 
f9i% 9 e detail1 & a diaphon\s v>ni% (  
gold5 hue4 ,su* are ! *>act]i/ics1 says 
?is en?usia/ic admir] ( ^! productions (
 ,/e9]'s ?ird or la/ epo*4 ,!re 7 sixte5
 ( ^! viol9s1 "o ( :i* he pres5t$ to ea*
 ( ! twelve ,electors1 & ! rema9+ f\r to
 ! ,emp]or4 ,un=tunately ?irte5 ( !m    
appe> to h be5 lo/1 & ! rema9d] h all   
be5 9 royal h&s1 ! ,empress ,m>ia       
,!resa1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 gr&fa!r (   
,k+ ,l\is ,philippe1 & ,fr$]ick ,william
 ( ,prussia1 & be5 pres5t$ by !m 7except
 ! la/7 to em95t =eign viol9i/s4  ,we h 
n[ pres5t$ a concise sket* ( ! c>e] (   
?is celebrat$ arti/e1 & x is to be      
regrett$ t none ( 8 m celebrat$ viol9s  
are kn[n to be 9 ?is c\ntry1 to enable u
 to judge m accurately1 :e!r he succe$$1
 9 any ( !m1 9 produc+ any close        
approximation to ! ri* r\nd tone ( ! be/
 ,cremona mak]s4 ,! be/ ( ^? kn[n to    
,engli% connoisseurs are *>act]is$ by ! 
?9 ?\gh brilliant tone we h describ$1   
:i*1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,italian ma/]pieces1 

has l$ to _! g5]al depreciation 9 !     
e/imation ( ! highe/ au?orities & ! mo/ 
di/+ui%$ p]=m]s on ! viol94     ,,:y    
,,are ,,c]ta9 ,,viol9s ,,( ,,m ,,value  
,,?an ,,o!rs8   ,9 consid]+ ?is "q1     
sev]al difficulties pres5t !mselves to !
 inquir]4 ,we are all aw>e ( ! inf9ite  
div]sity ( ta/es 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & 9 !
 next1 accurate judgm5t is a matt] :i*  
dep5ds on ! union ( s _m qualities t x  
is r>e inde$ to f9d two op9ions         
completely alike4 ,nev]!less we d f9d t 
!re are a few in/rum5ts :i* by univ]sal 
cons5t h become ! /&>d ( ta/e4 ,!y are !
 glass ( fa%ion & ! m\ld ( =m 9 ! viol9 
_w4 ,an appeal to ^! fam\s viol9s mu/   
!re=e be ( "s s]vice 9 ?is inquiry1 :i* 
is ( v consid]able importance1 because  
its object is to decide :at is t tone   
:i* conf]s t imm5se value :i* "s viol9s 
h realis$ z di/+ui%$ f t :i* possesses  
only a m]it ( s inf]ior a "* z to become
 sc>cely valuable 9 any degree4 ,9 o!r  
words1 :at are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( 
tone ( ! viol9s made by ,ni*olas ,amati1

 ,antonius ,/radiu>ius1 & ,joseph       
,gu>n]ius4 ,^! ?ree mak]s are n[ !      
,raphaels1 ! ,titians1 & ! ,claudes ( ! 
musical _w1 & a few ?\ghts on _! works 9
 connection ) ?is subject may help u to 
a decision on ?is difficult po9t1 at    
lea/ to ! great bulk ( amateurs4 ,we w  
divide ! inquiry into ?ree heads4       
#a4 ,p[]4     #b4 ,sweetness4     #c4   
,purity4  ,9 consid]+ ! fir/ po9t1 p[]1 
! amateur w h to bew>e ( a v possible   
mi/ake he may fall into4 ,!re is app>5t 
p[] "u ! e>1 aris+ f co>s5ess4 ,?is is a
 species ( p[] :i* is obs]vable *iefly  
by ! play]4 ,! li/5]1 especially if at a
 little di/ance1 does n he> ?is p[]4 ,! 
tone is clogg$ & ?ick5$ ) ! res9\s      
p>ticles :i* h rema9$ 9 ! wood & :i*    
p]haps1 f its nature may nev] leave x   
altoge!r1 & ! vibration is n !re=e      
p]fect4 ,ano!r cause ( false p[] is a   
c]ta9 imp]fect build :]e9 ! p>ts are n  
prop]ly calculat$ z 9 ! f9e ,cremona    
productions4 ,^! two classes ( in/rum5ts
 are v apt to deceive unpractis$ e>s4 ,b

 a mom5t's comp>ison ) "o ( ! g5u9e     
great ma/]s w %[ !m 9 a mo/ unmi/akable 
mann] ! diff]5ce4 ,:at !n is real p[]8  
,x is simply musical tone1 dive/$ ( all 
adv5titi\s qualities4 ,:5 tone ( ?is    
class is he>d ne>1 ! effect is *>m+ to !
 e>4 ,:5 he>d af> (f1 x seems to swell  
out & become magnific5t & tell+4 ,:o t  
has he>d a great play] on a f9e         
in/rum5t1 t has n be5 a/oni%$ at !      
imm5se quantity ( tone :i* arises f ?is 
exce$+ly f9e quality4 ,& x is 9 ?is way 
t ev5 ! small ,amatis1 built :5 great   
am\nt ( tone 0 n want$ & w\ld n h be5   
appreciat$1 are /ill mo/ delightful z   
solo in/rum5ts4 ,its purity & f9e       
quality c>ry x to a mu* great] di/ance &
 produce a great] effect1 ?an w\ld arise
 f l>g] in/rum5ts ( less c>eful build & 
euphonic qualities4 ,h]e9 is discov]$ ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 viol9s ( ! ?ree great   
ma/]s nam$ & o!rs ( ! same "n4 ,if a    
small ,ni*olas ,amati be comp>$ ) a l>ge
 model1 x w be f\nd t ! quality is      
simil>1 b ! quantity is great]1 & !re=e 

! in/rum5t becomes m valuable4 ,aga91 9 
a ,/radiu>ius or ,joseph ,gu>n]ius ( !  
be/ p]iod1 :i* are ( ! flat model & mo/ 
accurate build1 we f9d a pure r++ &     
delici\sly ri* quality1 )\t r\ghness or 
co>s5ess1 t f9ds its way ?r\gh ev]y?+ to
 a great di/ance1 ev5 9 a cr[d$ conc]t  
room4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! ?ree great mak]s 
seems to be n[ decid$ to consi/ 9       
fullness ( tone & quantity ( p[]4 ,!    
,amatis are ess5tially sweet & vocal4 ,!
 ,/radiu>ius--( simil> quality1 greatly 
increas$ 9 body & ( a m r++ bell-l "*4  
,! ,gu>n]ius ( ! be/ model is ev5 /ill m
 p[]ful4 ,b !y all possess t ess5tial   
purity & ri*ness ( tone )\t :i* !re is  
no real excell5ce4 ,on ?is head we f9d1 
!re=e1 t p[]1 provid+ x be accompani$ by
 ! o!r ess5tials ( sweetness & purity1  
conf]s on viol9s ! greate/ value4 ,a    
,ni*olas ,amati ( ! gr& patt]n--a       
,/radiu>ius ( ! l>ge flat model1 or a   
,gu>n]ius ( simil> *>act]i/ics--all (   
:i* h be5 built ) ! greate/ c>e &       
att5tion to ! resonant qualities ( !    

wood1 & possess all ^! ess5tials--are   
!re=e ! in/rum5ts t h & w always comm& !
 greate/ admiration4  ,! next ess5tial  
po9t 9 a good in/rum5t we h to consid]  
is sweetness4 ,?is comb9es *>act]i/ics  
:i* are n ess5tial to p[]4 ,a viol9 may 
possess ! latt] )\t ! =m]4 ,! tone may  
be ( a quality :i* w tell & c>ry1 b n ( 
t s(t delici\s voice l nature :i* we    
call sweetness4 ,! mo/ admirable        
in/rum5ts ( ?is *>act]i/ic h be5 v>i\sly
 comp>$ to a flute or to ! female voice4
 ,! latt] is ! be/ comp>ison4 ,= !      
brighte/ examples ( ?is quality alone we
 mu/ look to ! small viol9s ( ,antonius 
& ,hi]onymus1 & also ( ,ni*olas ,amati4 
,!y are ( ! mo/ delici\s quality1 & =   
solo in/rum5ts _c be excell$4 ,!y       
respond ) ! mo/ *>m+ effect to ! mo/    
t\*+ & passionate expression4 ,a great  
play] c really s+ on ^! ) su* a         
delightful effect z almo/ to comp5sate =
 ! want ( spee*4  ,! ?ird po9t is purity
 ( tone4 ,we may be said to h t\*$ ^u   
?is already 9 treat+ ( ! o!r two4 ,b x  

is necess>y to allude to ?is also1      
because x is possible to h purity ( tone
 )\t sweetness or p[]4 ,!re are _m      
in/rum5ts :i* f age & use h lo/ all     
h>%ness or r\ghness ( tone1 b are /ill (
 a ?9 pi]c+ quality4 ,^! may be said to 
be pure 9 tone1 b n possess+ ! o!r      
requisites !y fail 9 comm&+ att5tion4   
,:at we h to look = 9 a viol9 is t      
r\ndness & fullness ( quality :i* are   
comb9$ 9 ! t]m sweetness4 ,tone _c be   
said to be sweet :i* is ?9 or pi]c+4 ,x 
lacks "o ess5tial *>act]i/ic4 ,x is on  
?is acc\nt t 9 ! pres5t day _m ( ! ,/e9]
 in/rum5ts h lo/ fav\r4 ,!re are a few  
:i* possess bo? sweetness & purity1 & !y
 rank ) ! small ,amatis4 ,b ! be/ ( !m  
are want+ 9 p[]4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is only
 he>d 9 p]fection 9 ! ,/radiu>ius or !  
,gu>n]ius ( ,cremona1 & ! great         
,brescian mak]s ,gasp> di ,salo &       
,mag9i4 ,an amateur %\ld look !re=e 9   
pur*as+ an in/rum5t :e!r x possesses ^! 
?ree *>act]i/ics or any or :i* ( !m4    
,we h n[ %[n :at are ! ess5tials ( a f9e

 in/rum5t1 b z ! g5u9e productions ( ^! 
great ma/]s are mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( ri*     
amateurs x is sc>cely possible to become
 ! happy possessor ( "o ( ! p]fect      
in/rum5ts4 ,:at !n %all we d8 ,! reply  
is simple4 ,/udy ! *>act]i/ics we h     
describ$1 & y w f9d 9 "s ( ! pupils ( ! 
,amati1 ,/radiu>ius1 or ,gu>n]ius a ne> 
approa* to ?is excell5ce4 ,9 fact x is  
well kn[n t 9 ! sc>city ( orig9als f9e  
examples by ! pupils h frequ5tly be5    
sold z ! "w ( ! ma/]s !mselves4 ,!      
,diction>y we h compil$ w tell ! amateur
 :at names w mo/ probably supply !      
qualities he desires4 ,c>e & att5tion w 
d ! re/4     ,,on ,,! ,,production ,,(  
,,good ,,tone ,,9 ,,viol9s4   ,9 !      
prec$+ *apt] we h endeav\r$ to solve !  
"q :at are ! qualities t con/itute good 
tone4 ,we n[ propose to inquire h[ good 
tone is provid$ = 9 ! con/ruction ( !   
viol94 ,we are n ab\t to ent] into !    
sci5tific "q4 ,we wi% m]ely to give to !
 g5]al amateur a k :i* is (t5 only      
acquir$ aft] ye>s ( pati5t /udy & trial 

( in/rum5ts1 by c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples   
:i* w seldom or nev] be f\nd to be      
incorrect 9 fact1 & !n only ?r\gh       
in/rum5ts be+ built on false rules 9 o!r
 respects4 ,9 good in/rum5ts ^! rules   
may be said to be infallible4  ,x is a  
curi\s fact t ,gasp> di ,salo & ,mag9i1 
bo? e>ly mak]s1 />t$ ) ! pr9ciple :i*   
has s9ce be5 br\ght to ! greate/        
p]fection by ! ,cremona mak]s1 & built  
on ! flat model4 ,_! in/rum5ts are      
consequ5tly f\nd to possess mu* ( ! f9e 
& p[]ful tone :i* di/+ui%es ,/radiu>ius 
& ,gu>n]ius4 ,! e>ly ,amatis1 9 ! second
 place1 built on a high] model1 & _!    
in/rum5ts possess a sweet b n p[]ful    
tone4 ,/e9]1 ?irdly1 built on a high]   
model /ill1 & 8 in/rum5ts h a ?9 pi]c+  
tone4 ,we c only draw "o conclusion f ^!
 facts--namely1 t ! ne>] we approa* an  
entire flat 9 ! model ( a viol9 ! full]1
 r\nd]1 & m p[]ful ! tone2 o!r po9ts (  
c>eful "w & good v>ni% be+ tak5 into    
consid]ation4 ,?is fact has /rongly     
impress$ itself on ! m9ds ( sci5tific   

inquir]s1 & ! result has be51 z te/s ( !
 pr9ciple1 ! production ( flat viol9s4  
,^! h be5 tri$ & report$ satisfactory 9 
! matt] ( tone4 ,b !re are o!r po9ts to 
provide = :i* a flat box does n all[4   
,to ga9 ! requisite mass ( air to       
produce good tone a flat viol9 has to be
 made ( a clumsy awkw>d %ape4 ,9 !      
beautiful modell$ viol9 ?is is provid$ =
 9 ! rise ( ! back & belly4 ,! ribs may 
!re=e be m or less %all[ accord+ to !   
height ( ! model1 & yet provide a       
suffici5t space = ! necess>y am\nt ( air
 = ! production ( good tone4 ,we arrive 
!n at ?is "o c]ta9 fact1 t ! flatt] !   
model ( a viol9 ! great] ! probability (
 a good f9e tone4 ,x is ( su* viol9s    
!re=e t we f9d ! great p]=m]s possess   
!mselves4 ,?is may be said to be an     
infallible rule1 & an exam9ation ( !    
in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ celebrat$ mak]s fully 
confirms x4  ,:y !re=e did ! eld]       
,amati1 contempor>y & probably pupil (  
,gasp> di ,salo1 *ange ! model & size ( 
! in/rum5t8 ,?is inquiry br+s u to !    

second rule = ! amateur4 ,!re _c be a   
d\bt t he adopt$ ?is plan because ! flat
 model produc$ a m p[]ful tone ?an 0 !n 
requir$4 ,he !re=e1 no d\bt acqua9t$    
practically1 if n !oretically1 ) !      
pr9ciples ( ac\/ics1 rais$ 8 model &    
decreas$ 8 size to provide = !          
production ( t em95tly sweet tone :i*   
*>act]ises 8 in/rum5ts4 ,! amateur !re=e
 :o desires tone ( ?is description1 b   
does n want p[]1 w g5]ally f9d x 9 !    
model ( m$ium height1 provid+ z 9 all   
o!r cases1 ! "w & ! wood are good4 ,(   
?is model are "s ( ! sweete/ ton$ viol9s
 to be f\nd1 ( :i* ! ,amatis are ! type4
  ,f9ally1 _m in/rum5ts are to be f\nd  
con/ruct$ on ,/e9]'s plan ) v elevat$   
model flat on ! c5tre1 & fall+ (f       
abruptly t[>ds ! sides4 ,^! are all     
contr>y to ac\/ic pr9ciples1 & _! ?9    
pi]c+ tone is to be ascrib$ to ! want ( 
t h>moni\s communication ( vibration :i*
 _! peculi> con/ruction inevitably      
indicates4  ,let1 !re=e1 ! amateur :o   
wi%es to be 8 own purveyor1 exam9e1 ) ^!

 pr9ciples impress$ on 8 m9d1 :atev]    
in/rum5ts he c ga9 access to & ! result 
w be t he w seldom err 9 ?is matt]4     
,aft] ?is he mu/ /udy ! *>act]i/ics (   
good wood1 c>eful f9i%1 & f9e v>ni%4 ,a 
k ( ^! is be/ acquir$ by exam9+ !       
in/rum5ts ( ! great ma/]s4 ,to g fully  
into ^! also is n necess>y "h1 hav+     
already comm5t$ on !m "u _! respective  
heads4 ,"o rem>k is1 h[ev]1 necess>y "h4
 ,_m p fooli%ly imag9e t any viol9 may  
be made to produce z sweet s\nds 9 ! h&s
 ( a skilful play] z a high class       
in/rum5t4 ,?is is a great mi/ake1 & a   
conv9c+ pro( ( its fallacy may be drawn 
f ! fact t all ! great soloi/s play ^u  
high class viol9s4 ,!y d ?is moreov] at 
a "t :5 !y w\ld gladly save ! exp5se 7 x
 possible4 ,a few in/ances may int]e/ ! 
read]4   ,,great ,,play]s ,,& ,,_!      
,,in/rum5ts4  ,joa*im plays ^u a        
,/radiu>ius1 ,vieuxtemps on a ,gu>n]ius1
 ,ole ,bull on a ,gu>n]ius & an ,amati1 
,de ,b]iot on a ,mag9i1 7( :i* he _h two
 v spl5did examples1 ! second be+ n[ 9 !

 possession ( ! au?or17 ,c>rodus a      
,gu>n]ius1 & _m o!r liv+ in/ances4      
,piatti a ,rugg]ius violoncello1 ,s]vais
 a ,/radiu>ius violoncello4 ,pa/        
examples may be cit$ 9 ,pagan9i1 :o     
play$ ^u a ,gu>n]ius1 ,mori a ,gu>n]ius1
 & ,spagnoletti ! same4 ,ern/ us$ a     
,/radiu>ius4 ,dragonetti play$ on a     
,gasp> di ,salo & a ,/radiu>ius d\ble   
bass4     ,,g5]al ,,notes4   ,9 ! la/   
article1 we h giv5 "s g5]al rules =     
judg+ ( ! probable tone ( an in/rum5t f 
its model4 ,a few fur!r rem>ks on ?is & 
o!r important topics w well supplem5t   
:at we h said4   #a4--;,accurate judgm5t
 9 viol9s c only be obta9$ by long      
exp]i5ce & see+ _m in/rum5ts1 & if      
possible ^? ( a high class4 ,!re are _m 
little po9ts :i* to a casual or c>eless 
obs]v] are invisible1 b :i* a practis$  
connoisseur detects imm$iately1 & !reby 
is enabl$ to decl>e ! mak]4 ,a          
difficulty w (t5 pres5t itself to a tyro
 9 ! k ( viol9s1 f ! family lik5ess :i* 
x is possible to trace1 = example1      

betwe5 ,amati1 ,/radiu>ius & ,b]gonzi4  
,^! h a g5]al resemblance :i* indicates 
! com+ f "o s*ool4 ,?is applies also 9  
_m o!r cases--b e ma/] has "s di/9ct    
diff]5ce :i* is p]ceptible to ! practis$
 eye4 ,! faces ( a flock ( %eep are to a
 /rang] all alike2 to ! %eph]d1 ea* has 
its p]sonal individuality4 ,x is ! same 
) viol9s1 :i* c be read by ! practis$   
/ud5t z easily z we "k ea* o!r by !     
c\nt5ance4   #b4--;,x is errone\s to    
imag9e t ,cremonese in/rum5ts c be      
successfully imitat$1 a v popul> /ory   
ab\t ,pagan9i's ,gu>n]ius to ! contr>y  
not)/&+1 z ! lawy]s say4 ,an attempt to 
impose an imitation on a practis$ judge 
is always productive ( an unpleasant    
result4 ,to fall f ! sublime to !       
ridicul\s is especially awkw>d1 &       
results 9 becom+ v p>ticul>ly ridicul\s 
y\rself4 ,?is mu/ be :5ev] a mod]n mak] 
attempts to make an anci5t viol94 ,!re  
are practical difficulties impossible n[
 to get ov]--su* z ! v>ni%4 ,! secret ( 
mak+ ! gr& old v>ni% is lo/1 & !re=e    

:atev] is put on by a mod]n tells ! tale
 & cries al\d to ! judge--,?is is a     
*eat6   #c4--;,x is easi] to imitate an 
old pa9t+ ?an an old viol91 ?\gh t is   
difficult en\gh to a good judge1 b su*  
an insup]able ob/acle z ! old amb] v>ni%
 does n puzzle ! picture =g]4   #d4--;,9
 *oos+ an in/rum5t x is bett] to select 
"o ( a flat model1 ! sides ( m$ium      
height1 well proportion$ & ) good oil   
v>ni%4   #e4--,we are incl9$ to ?9k t   
all ! great in/rum5ts ( ! great mak]s   
are well kn[n1 & t !re are none ly+ by  
unkn[n to fame4   #f4--,mo/ ( ! m       
celebrat$ in/rum5ts are giv5 a "n (     
di/9ction1 su* z ! ,yell[ ,/radiu>ius1 !
 ,blood ,r$ ,knight ,gu>n]ius1 ! ,ole   
,bull ,gu>n]ius1 ! ,de ,b]iot ,mag9i1 ! 
,emmeliani ,/radiu>ius1 ! ,g5]al ,kidd  
,/radiu>ius ,violoncello1 ! ,s]vais     
,/radiu>ius ,violoncello1 & o!rs4 ,^! c 
be recognis$ l ! human face4   #g4--,!  
reason :y ,italian in/rum5ts are s      
sup]ior to all o!rs mu/ be ascrib$ to _!
 exquisite make1 ! c>eful adju/m5t ( !  

v>i\s ?icknesses ( wood & ! v>ni%1 !    
secret ( :i* appe>s gone = ev]4 ,p]haps 
ano!r reason may be nam$ 9 ! wood be+ s 
ripe & dry z to p]mit free vibration4   
#h4--,! ,cremonese obta9$ _! col\r 9    
oil4 ,! mod]ns get x only 9 _s1 :i*     
imp>ts a h>dness to ! tone4 ,comp>e a   
,cremona ) ! ,g]man & o!r imitations4   
,c't y he> h[ p]ceptible ! diff]5ce8 ,! 
=m] is mell[ & ri*--! latt] fl9ty & h>%4
 ,?is arises no d\bt f ! v>ni%4         
#i4--,! ,cremonese violoncellos 7 mo/ly 
made deep] by half an in* at ! bottom   
?an at ! upp] "p4 ,guiseppe fil ,&reae1 
,gu>n]ius1 ,/radiu>ius1 ,l&ulphus1 &    
o!rs obs]v$ ?is rule4 ,! tone is said to
 be greatly improv$ by x4  #aj4--,"s    
p]sons ?9k x is v difficult to obta9 an 
,italian viol9 at a mod]ate price4 ,x is
 n s4 ,!re are _m ^: mak]s are n kn[n1 &
 also ?ird class in/rum5ts ( good       
qualities1 :i* c be obta9$ f ,l#aj to   
,l#be4 ,x is bett] to pur*ase "o ( ^!   
?an a bak$ copy or a new viol94 ,!n aga9
 amateurs may resort to ! old ,fr5*     

mak]s1 "s old ,engli% & ! ,tyrolean1 :i*
 may be _h *eap] /ill4  #aa4--;,a       
respectable deal] :o is kn[n to be a    
connoisseur ( exp]i5ce1 w nev] sell y a 
mod]n copy = an old ,italian viol9 ) a  
long /ory ( h[ he got x 9 "s wond]ful   
way4 ,8 "* is at /ake4 ,bew>e (         
ignorance :i* assumes ! mask ( k1 or (  
design+ rogu]y :i* apes ! appe>ance (   
innoc5ce4  #ab4--,! pres5t excell5ce ( !
 old in/rum5ts arises f _! hav+ be5 made
 ?ick 9 wood1 :i* "t has ameliorat$ &   
mell[$1 & n[ p]mits free vibration4 ,x  
is mu* to be deplor$ t _m in/rum5ts h n 
be5 suff]$ to rema9 z ! mak]s left !m1 &
 t o!rs "u a false notion ( giv+ an old 
tone h be5 made too ?94  #ac4--;,_h     
,mag9i1 ,gasp> di ,salo1 & o!r v old    
mak]s us$ z little wood z "s ( _!       
successors1 :]e w\ld _! in/rum5ts h be5 
n[8 ,we are at ! pres5t "t reap+ !      
b5efit ( _! =esight4  #ad4--,!re is     
evid5t pro( ( ! deep int]e/ ! high class
 mak]s took 9 endeav\r+ to advance !    
int]e/s ( _! art4 ,= example1           

,/radiu>ius sometimes put ! wide/ gra9$ 
wood on ! f\r? /r+ side1 feel+ x 0 !    
weake/ & ne$$ ! op5 gra94 ,sometimes he 
put x on ! fir/ /r+ side4 ,he 0 evid5tly
 try+ exp]im5ts4 ,b he mo/ly adopt$ !   
=m] plan1 no d\bt correctly4 ,aga91 !y  
made in/rum5ts l>g] at ! bottom ?an at !
 upp] "p1 gradually r$uc+ 9 size & dep?1
 an exp]im5t :i* obs]vation has s9ce    
f\nd to be correct4 ,!y also made       
in/rum5ts ?ick] "u ! bridge to enable !m
 to be> ! great t5sion to :i* !y are    
subject1 & _m o!r po9ts %[+ h[ p]fect !y
 became4 ,!y left little = mod]n +5uity 
to discov]4  #ae4--,old in/rum5ts ( "*  
%\ld be greatly priz$ & c>efully        
pres]v$1 = x seems probable t !re w be  
no o!rs to take _! places1 f _m well    
kn[n causes4  #af4--,mak]s ( ! pres5t "t
 h p]v]t$ _! tal5ts to discov] a means (
 produc+ ! qualities ( old in/rum5ts 9  
new ones1 an a*ievem5t utt]ly           
impossible1 z _! ef=ts %[4 ,_m make     
in/rum5ts ) ! greate/ c>e1 copy+ ! plans
 ( ! old ma/]s--b in/ead ( all[+ ,fa!r  

,"t to rip5 !m1 !y use an acid to dry up
 ! wood1 or bake !m4 ,^! are kn[n by a  
peculi> smell :i* tells ! tale1 & !y get
 worse in/ead ( bett]4 ,aga91 !y deem x 
wise to get a col\r at any price1 :i* c 
only be done 9 our day by ! use ( _s    
v>ni%4 ,did !y use oil v>ni%1 our       
successors w\ld at all ev5ts reap !     
b5efit1 if n ourselves4 ,! great ma/]s 7
 will+ to wait = fame & tri$ none ( ^!  
dodges4 ,o!rs aga9 put ! v>ni% on & rub 
x (f 9 places to resemble ! we> ( age4  
,mu* bett] w\ld x be to cov] ! in/rum5t 
) v>ni% & leave age to d ! re/4 ,su*    
s*emes are futile & reflect discr$it on 
^? :o adopt !m4  #ag4--,! peg holes se5 
9 old ,italian violoncellos 9 ! middle (
 ! back are :]e a peg 0 put to fa/5 !   
in/rum5t r\nd ! neck :ile play+ 9 !     
,ca?olic ,*ur*es4  #ah4--,/radiu>ius 9 8
 e>ly c>e] frequ5tly cut 8 wood to =m   
:at are call$ slab backs1 7expla9$      
else:]e17 & sometimes us$ pe> tree =    
violoncellos4     ,,repairs ,,(         
,,in/rum5ts4   ,we _c "p ) ! read] :o   

has ?us f> accompani$ u 9 our lab\rs1   
)\t mak+ a few rem>ks on ! important    
subject ( repairs4 ,s _m f9e in/rum5ts h
 be5 ru9$ & ! beauty ( s _m m t>ni%$ by 
! mal-addresse & ignorance ( "s s-call$ 
re/or]s & repair]s1 t we ?9k we %all be 
s]v+ ! admir]s ( ! viol9 by w>n+ !m     
aga9/ entru/+ valuable in/rum5ts to     
incompet5t h&s4 ,a few notes w s]ve to  
illu/rate ! *ief subjects = c>e & "s    
important items 9 fitt+ in/rum5ts       
prop]ly4  #a4--,s-call$ repairs h be5   
frequ5tly s clumsily done1 z to damage  
old & valuable in/rum5ts to an ext5t    
impossible to rem$y4  #b4--,!re are _m  
in/ances :]e wood has be5 tak5 out ( !  
in/rum5t "u ! idea ( improv+ ! tone4    
,?is is a fatal error1 & :5 ! mis*ief is
 discov]$ x is replac$ by new wood4     
,o!rs h done ! same "u ano!r errone\s   
impression1 t x w give /r5g? to !       
in/rum5t to enable x to be> ! increas$  
pressure caus$ by ! high] pit* us$ at ! 
pres5t "t4 ,:atev] ! notion1 ! result is
 always bad4 ,! gra9 ( ! new wood does n

 come level ) ! old1 & causes a sudd5   
*eck to ! vibration4 ,! glue also ly+   
betwe5 ! old & ! new wood dead5s ! s\nd4
 ,"s repair]s h be5 guilty ( ?is        
practice to a great ext5t1 & _m f9e     
in/rum5ts h be5 ?us damag$4 ,let no "o  
"u any plea tamp] ) ! ?icknesses ( wood 
9 a good viol94  #c4--,! s\nd b> us$ by 
! old ma/]s 7z we h be=e /at$7 & o!rs ( 
t p]iod1 0 mu* %ort] ?an is n[ us$1 &   
consequ5tly all h be5 *ang$4 ,! pres5t  
b> is q suffici5t to be> ! increas$     
pressure requir$ 9 our "t1 )\t resort+  
to any o!r means4 ,if an alt]ation be   
requir$ an exp]i5c$ repair] only c "k ! 
k9d ( b> requir$4  #d4--,! necks ( ! old
 in/rum5ts 7 %ort2 !y h !re=e to be     
l5g!n$ if f\nd 9 _! old /ate4 ,a good   
repair] w splice a neck 9 s z to be     
sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,mu* ( ! ease &     
com=t ( play+ dep5ds h[ ?is is done4    
#e4--,! s\nd po/ is a v important item 9
 fitt+ an in/rum5t4 ,!re is a m>vell\s  
p[] 9 ?is simple contrivance4 ,x %\ld   
fit z ?\gh x 7 "p ( ! back & belly4 ,an 

in/rum5t c be frequ5tly cur$ ( a bad    
description ( tone by ! slighte/ move ( 
! po/4 ,^? subject to :at are t]m$ wolfy
 notes c be rem$i$ or ! bad notes %ift$ 
to less important ones4 ,x is a mi/ake  
to suppose !re is a p>ticul> place = !  
s\nd po/ 9 all in/rum5ts alike4 ,x      
dep5ds ^u ! model ( ! in/rum5t to a     
great ext5t4 ,high models require ! po/ 
ne>] ! foot ( ! bridge ?an flat models4 
,o!rs require ! po/ ?ick or ?94 ,!      
regulat+ ( ! po/ %\ld only be entru/$ to
 ! skill$ h&1 & we w\ld impress ^u      
amateurs t x is bett] nev] to %ift ! po/
 !mselves4 ,_m in/rum5ts h _h ! s\nd    
holes spoil$ & ! surface ( ! wood inside
 gor$ by unskilful tamp]+ ) ! po/4      
#f4--,! bridge is ano!r v important ag5t
 9 regulat+ an in/rum5t4 ,no g5]al rule 
w s]ve = ?is matt]4 ,"s in/rum5ts       
require ! bridge ?ick1 o!rs ?94 ,"s a   
close gra9 & o!rs ! contr>y4 ,! bridge  
%\ld be fitt$ z accurately z ! po/1 & z 
?\gh x grew f ! belly1 ! feet t\*+      
equally all r\nd4  #g4--,tail pieces are

 bett] q free f ornam5ts1 :i* frequ5tly 
cause ! in/rum5t to j> disagreeably4    
#h4--,! /r+s are ( great importance4 ,!y
 %\ld be adju/$ to be 9 p]fect fif?s4   
,?is is ess5tial1 o!rwise x is          
impossible to play d\ble notes correctly
 9 tune4 ,x may be done ) a little      
tr\ble4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is 9 tune on !   
op5 notes1 place ! f+] across ! /r+s1 = 
example1 at ,b on ! second /r+1 & ,f on 
! fir/ /r+4 ,if ! fif? is imp]fect1 tune
 "o /r+ a %ade high]1 & try aga94 ,if !n
 p]fect x requires a small] /r+4 ,if n1 
tune a %ade l[] ?an ! p]fect op5 fif?1  
if !n "r :5 tri$ z be=e1 x requires a   
?ick] /r+4#a        #a ,we h se5 a      
little in/rum5t adv]tis$ to accompli%   
?is important matt] )\t tr\ble4         
,,! ,,p]fect ,,fif?',s ,,gauge4--,?is   
useful gauge is m>k$ )       su*        
precision z to r5d] all /r+s gaug$ by x 
9       accordance ) ea* o!r produc+    
p]fect fif?s1 enabl+       ! p]=m] to   
execute passages ( d\ble notes ) !      
greate/ facility & correctness1 at !    

same "t effect+ a       consid]able sav+
 ( "t & exp5se by entirely sup]s$+      
! old me?od ( obta9+ fif?s by *ang+ !   
/r+s4 ,x       is manufactur$ & sold by 
,mr4 ,john ,h>t1 #ad1 ,pr9ce's-/reet1   
,leice/]-squ>e1 ,london4     ,,add5da4  
,,l>*e1 ---- ,brussels1 #ahdg4 ,copyi/ (
 old mak]s4 ,"o ( ^? :o endeav\r$ to    
produce an old tone by ! use ( acid1 &  
consequ5tly spoil$ ! wood4  ,,albanesi1 
---- ,cremona1 #agcg4 ,simil> to ,te/ore
 ( ,milan1 b broad patt]n4 ,8 in/rum5ts 
h a l>ge tone1 b poor v>ni%4  ,,gobit1  
---- ,v5ice1 #agaf4 ,made simil>        
in/rum5ts to ,rugg]ius1 & us$ beautiful 
v>ni%4  ,,gabrielli1 ---- ,flor5ce1     
#agdj4 ,made excell5t ,violoncellos1    
yell[ v>ni%4 ,writt5 labels4            
,,antoniazzi1 ,,gaetano1 ,cremona1      
#ahfj4 ,?is mak] s5t a viol9 to !       
,exhibition ( #ahfb1 b is mu* beh9d 8   
pr$ecessors4  ,,falco1 ---- ,cremona1   
#ageb4 ,made well proportion$ in/rum5ts4
  ,,h>ris1 ,,*>les1 ,london4 ,an        
admirable workman4 ,8 in/rum5ts are     

among ! f9e/ ( ! ,engli%4  ,,gagliano1  
,,ni*olas1 ,naples1 pupil ( ,/radiu>ius4
 ,we h a note 7omitt$ 9 its prop] place7
 t ?is mak] excell$ 9 violoncellos1 _m (
 :i* are cov]$ ) f9e ri* v>ni%1 seldom  
se5 on in/rum5ts by ! ,gagliano family4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 our notice ( ,/radiu>ius ,viol9s at  
page #aac we %\ld h said t ,william     
,h[>d1 ,esq41 ( ,%effield1 possess$ two 
f9e examples--"o z describ$ & ! o!r ( ! 
beautiful r$ v>ni%1 ! latt] =m]ly !     
prop]ty ( ! celebrat$ viol9i/ ,salomon1 
= :om ,haydn wrote 8 twelve gr&         
symphonies4   ,,pe>ce1 ,,pr9t]1         
,,%effield4