,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,e ef=t has 
be5 made to replicate ?is text z        
fai?fully     z possible1 includ+       
inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation4    
,"s corrections ( spell+ & punctuation h
 be5 made4 ,!y     are li/$ at ! end ( !
 text4      ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) 
und]scores4          ,h[ to ,write      
,music    ,musical ,or?ography    ,by   
,clem5t ,a4 ,h>ris   ,associate ( !     
,royal ,college ( ,organi/s    ,edit$ by
   ,mall9son ,r&all    ,new ,york   ,!  
,h4 ,w4 ,gray ,co4   ,sole ,ag5ts =     
,novello  ,co41 ,ltd4     ,copyright1   
#aiag   ,,by   ,,! ,h4 ,w4 ,,gray ,,co4 
,made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica       
,,cont5ts   ,! numb]s ref] to !         
,p>agraph1 n ! ,page4    ,introductory  
#a    ,*oice ( ,pap]                    
#b    ,scor+                            
#c    ,b>r+                             
#d    ,clefs                            
#e    ,signatures                       
#f    ,notation ( ,rhy?m                
#h    ,plac+ ( ,notes                   

#ad    ,re/s                            
#ae    ,dots                            
#bj    ,/ems                            
#bb    ,hooks                           
#bi    ,leg]-,l9es                      
#cf    ,vocal ,music                    
#cg    ,op5 ,score to ,%ort             
#da    ,%ort ,score to ,op5             
#dg    ,extract+ a ,s+le ,"p f ,score   
#ej    ,accid5tals                      
#ea    ,legibility                      
#eb    ,facility                        
#ed    ,copyright                       
#ee    ,pro( ,read+                     
#ef    ,,index1 ,page #ec4     ,h[ to   
,write ,music   ,introductory4  #a4--;,x
 is reasonable to expect t a musician   
%all be at lea/ an accurate & legible   
writ] z well z a read] ( ! language ( 8 
,art4 ,! imm5se increase 9 ! am\nt (    
music publi%$1 & its *eapness1 seem r to
 h increas$ ?an decreas$ ?is necessity1 
= !y h va/ly multipli$ activity 9 !     
,art4 ,if !y h n int5sifi$ ! necessity =
 music-writ+1 !y h increas$ ! numb] ( ^?

 by :om ! necessity is felt4            
,intellig5t k ( ,notation is ! m        
necess>y inasmu* z music-writ+ is 9 only
 a comp>atively few cases m]e copy+4    
,ev5 :5 writ+ f a copy1 "s alt]ation is 
frequ5tly necess>y1 z w be %[n 9 !      
foll[+ pages1 requir+ indep5d5t k ( !   
subject on ! "p ( ! copyi/4 7,see e4g41 
p>4 #bh47  ,yet _m musicians1 ?or\ghly  
compet5t z p]=m]s1 _c write a measure ( 
music )\t br++ a smile to ! lips ( !    
initiat$4  ,_m p]=m]s w play or s+ a    
note at sight )\t hesitation1 :i*1 ask$ 
to write1 !y w fir/ falt] ov] & !n      
bungle--at lea/ by writ+ x at ! wrong   
octave4  ,! admirable work+ ( !oretical 
exam9ation pap]s is sometimes 9         
ridicul\s contra/ ) ! pu]ility ( !      
writ+4  ,psy*ologi/s w\ld probably say t
 ?is 0 because conceptual action is a   
high] m5tal function ?an p]ceptual3 9   
o!r words1 t recollection is h>d] ?an   
recognition4  ,! rem$y is simple4       
,recognition mu/ be develop$ till x     
becomes recollection3 ! writ+ ( music   

mu/ be taught concurr5tly ) ! read+ ( x4
  ,?is 0 once ! case3 music-writ+ 0 a   
necess>y "p ( a musician's education4   
,"o may be ! m surpris$ at its fall+    
into disuse1 inasmu* z phonography--9 ! 
musical s5se--is a di/9ctly pleasant    
occupation4 ,)\t be+ ei!r draw+ or      
writ+1 x p>takes ( ! nature ( bo?4  ,b  
_m po9ts 9 ! writ+ ( music are n n[     
consid]$ to =m "p ( ! ,rudim5ts (       
,music1 & are n includ$ 9 prim]s on !   
subject4  ,h5ce ! foll[+ pages4  ,:ile  
conta9+ "s matt] :i* may h escap$ !     
att5tion ( m advanc$ musicians1 !y %\ld1
 9 an educational c\rse1 ei!r be us$    
along ) a ,prim] on ! ,elem5ts1 or      
imm$iately foll[ x4                     
99       99       99       99       99  
,*oice ( ,pap]4  #b4--,! fir/ matt] to  
claim att5tion 9 mak+ a manuscript copy 
( music is *oice ( ! "r k9d (           
music-pap]4 ,?is w prim>ily be det]m9$  
by ! numb] ( /aves ea* score requires4  
,mo/ pap] conta9s twelve /aves to !     
page4 ,?is is a mo/ conv5i5t numb]1     

all[+ = a two-1 ?ree-1 f\r-1 or six-/ave
 score4  ,song-pap]3 ?ree-/ave score1   
two /aves be+ brac$ = ! piano "p1 ) a   
?ird = ! voice "p4 ,?is latt] is at a   
consid]able di/ance above ! o!r /aves1  
to all[ room = writ+ 9 ! words4         
,organ-music pap]3 ?ree-/ave score1 two 
/aves brac$ = manual "p1 & ano!r        
und]nea? = p$al "p4  ,qu>tet-pap]3      
f\r-/ave score1 no brackets or clefs4   
,qu>tet-pap] ) accompanim5t3 six-/ave   
score1 two bracket$ = piano "p4         
,full-score pap]3 mu* small] ?an        
%ort-score /aves4 ,v useful = o!r       
purposes :]e a small1 n>r[ /ave is      
requir$4  ,= piano & viol9 music1 pap]  
%\ld be *os5 ! /aves ( :i* are wide     
ap>t1 to all[ ( ! l>ge numb] ( leg] l9es
 frequ5tly requir$4                     
99       99       99       99       99  
,scor+4  #c4--,! pap] *os51 ! fir/ use (
 a p5 w be 9 rul+ ! score-l9es4 ,a score
 te*nically is z _m /aves z are p]=m$   
simultane\sly3 two 9 pian(orte music1   
?ree 9 organ music1 f\r 9 an            

unaccompani$ qu>tet1 six 9 f\r-"p vocal 
music ) piano accompanim5t1 & s on4 ,^! 
/aves h a l9e drawn d[n _! left-h& edge4
 ,h5ce ! "n1 f _! be+ scor$ ?r\gh4  ,_! 
position always be+ at ! left-h& edge ( 
! /aves1 & _! l5g? det]m9$ by ! numb] ( 
/aves1 !y may be drawn be=e ! l5g? ( !  
measures has be5 arrang$4  ,c>e mu/ be  
tak5 :5 a page is rul$ at a "t n to draw
 ! score-l9e ?r\gh m ?an ! necess>y     
numb] ( /aves4 ,except 9 a full score   
!re w g5]ally be at lea/ two1 &1 (      
c\rse1 v (t5 m1 scores to ! page4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,b>r+4  #d4--;,aft] ! score-l9es come ! 
b>-l9es4 ,& ) ! arrang+ ( ^! beg9s t    
c>eful mapp+-out ( ! :ole "w1 neglect ( 
:i* w lead to endless annoyance &       
dissatisfaction4  ,"s music is s uni=m t
 a giv5 space may be assign$ to ea*     
measure1 & consequ5tly a uni=m numb] (  
measures to ea* score1 provid$ t !re is 
no *ange ( key or "t4 ,9 det]m9+ ?is    
space all[ance mu/ be made 7#a7 9 ! fir/
 measure ( ea* movem5t = ! key & "t     

signatures1 :i* may require a           
consid]able space2 7#b7 9 ! fir/ measure
 ( ea* score = ! key signature3 ! "t    
signature is only repeat$ at ! beg9n+ ( 
ea* movem5t or :5 ! "t is *ang$2 7#c7   
reg>d mu/ be _h to :]e a turn-ov] w     
come1 "s passages all[+ ( ?is s mu* m   
easily ?an o!rs2 7#d7 also to ! numb] ( 
measures 9 ! entire movem5t1 o!rwise a  
new page may h to be add$ = only "o     
measure6 7#e7 9 vocal music c>eful reg>d
 mu/ be paid to ! words z well z !      
notes4 ,a syllable w (t5 require m space
 ?an a note1 consequ5tly 9 v simple     
music ! words require m space ?an !     
music4 ,9 florid compositions a         
syllable1 on ! o!r h&1 is (t5 sung1 n to
 sev]al notes m]ely1 b to sev]al        
measures1 & ! music requires mu* m space
 ?an ! words4 ,9 ! =m] case ! au?or has 
f\nd x a good plan to write ! words     
fir/1 or at lea/ a measure or two ( !m1 
z a guide 9 e/imat+ _! av]age l5g?4 ,b1 
:ile ! words mu/ n be cramp$1 !y mu/    
fall "u ! notes to :i* !y are to be     

sung1 & z ^! notes mu/ occupy z ne>ly z 
possible _! proportionate "p ( !        
measure1 ! skilful scribe w keep bo?    
words & music 9 m9d simultane\sly4 ,:]e1
 h[ev]1 9 vocal or in/rum5tal music !   
measures v>y greatly1 "o hav+1 p]haps1 a
 s+le :ole note & ! next ?irty-two      
?irty-second notes1 x is necess>y to    
plan ea* score sep>ately1 or ! end may  
be rea*$ ) too mu* space = ! la/        
measure1 b n en\gh = ano!r "o4 ,c>ry+ a 
measure f ! end ( "o score to ! beg9n+ (
 ! next is n practis$ n[1 z x once 04   
,b>-l9es are usually drawn ?r\gh ea*    
/ave ( vocal music sep>ately1 & 9       
in/rum5tal music ?r\gh z _m /aves z     
belong to ! same in/rum5t or gr\p (     
in/rum5ts1 e4g41 ?r\gh ! two /aves ( a  
piano "p1 & ! f\r or five belong+ to !  
/r+s 9 a full score4 ,^! in/rum5tal     
/aves are also usually connect$ by a    
brace at ! left-h& edge ( ea* score ?us3
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  ,uni=m       
b>-l9es may be rul$ a page at a "t1 if  
c>e be tak5 n to make ! l9e cont9u\s    

?r\gh m ?an ! requir$ numb] ( /aves4 ,x 
is a fault :i* "o commits ! mom5t       
wat*fulness is relax$1 & entails mu*    
scrat*+ out4 ,:]e ! measures v>y 9 l5g? 
! rul+ w mo/ readily be done 9 light    
p5cil ) a ,t squ>e1 & aft]w>ds ink$4 ,a 
s+le b>-l9e out ( ! p]p5dicul> w spoil !
 appe>ance ( a :ole page4               
99       99       99       99       99  
,clefs4  #e4--,! fir/ actual musical    
*>act]s to be writt5 are ! clefs4       
,misconception ( ! function ( ^! is s   
common1 n among practical musicians     
only1 b on ! "p ( elem5t>y !ori/s1 t a  
few words ( explanation are necess>y4 ,!
 commone/ fallacies are to suppose t if 
clefs are ! "r %ape _! exact position on
 ! /ave does n matt]1 & t _! position   
v>ies4 ,bo? suppositions are1 to quote a
 delightful ,rusk9ism1 accurately false4
 ,a clef id5tifies & orig9ally 0 us$ ) a
 s+le l9e1 & id5tifies o!rs only by _!  
relation%ip to ?is4 ,h5ce its precise   
%ape is ( less importance ?an its be+ on
 ! "r l9e4 ,inde$1 ! %ape ( clefs has   

v>i$ s mu* t _m able practical musicians
 d n "k t !y 7 orig9ally simple lett]s1 
! treble clef a small g1 ! bass clef a  
small f4 ,f ?is beg9n+ has be5 evolv$ s 
elaborate a sign1 sometimes n m]ely     
cov]+ all ! l9es ( a /ave1 b go+ beyond 
!m1 t x is necess>y to expla9 :i* l9e a 
clef is on4 ,?us ! ,g1 or treble clef1  
is on t l9e :i* its int]ior t]m9ation is
 on1 & :i* x curls r\nd1 t\*+ x 9 all   
f\r times4 ,! upp] "p ( ! treble clef is
 sometimes kept )9 ! /ave1 b1 z 9 !     
pres5t examples1 m (t5 rises above !    
/ave4 ,! po9t is m]ely a matt] ( ta/e4  
,! ,c clef is on t l9e :i* has an       
oblique or /raight /roke1 or pot-hook1  
above & bel[4  ,! ,f clef is on t l9e   
:i* its int]ior t]m9ation is on1 & :i* x
 curls r\nd ei!r to ! "r or ! left1 &   
:i* has a dot above & bel[4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4  ,& ?is position
 nev] v>ies4 ,:atev] l9e ! ,f clef is on
 is ,f1 h[ev] _m or few l9es may be     
above or bel[ x4  ,9 old5 days any clef 
l9e might be tak5 ) any numb] ( l9es    

above & bel[4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,f l9e ) two
 l9es bel[ & two above2 or ?ree bel[ &  
"o above4 ,?is is n n[ done ) treble &  
bass clefs1 :i* are only us$ )          
respectively ! top & bottom five l9es ( 
! ,great ,/ave ( elev5 l9es4 ,h5ce c>e  
mu/ be tak5 to write ! treble clef on ! 
second1 & ! bass clef on ! f\r? l9e (   
its /ave4 ,b x is /ill cu/om>y to use ! 
,c clef1 especially 9 viola & trombone  
music1 ) bo? two l9es above & two bel[1 
mak+ ! alto /ave2 & ?ree bel[ & "o      
above1 mak+ ! t5or /ave4 ,^! /aves are  
also us$ 9 old vocal music1 & famili>ity
 ) !m is absolutely necess>y 9 all      
advanc$ !oretical exam9ations4 ,! ,c    
clef1 !re=e1 appe>s to move1 be+        
sometimes on ! ?ird & sometimes on !    
f\r? l9e4 ,really x is always on ! same 
l9e1 & x is ! selection ( l9es :i*      
v>ies4 ,h5ce ! misdescription ( ! treble
 & bass clefs z immovable1 ! ,c clef z  
movable4  ,note t all clefs are on l9es2
 no clef is 9 a space4 ,?is is because !
 fir/ attempt to accurately repres5t    

music to ! eye 0 by means ( a s+le l9e )
 a lett] at ! beg9n+4 ,?is 0 :at has    
s9ce become ! f\r? l9e1 ! clef l9e1 ( ! 
bass /ave4  ,9 pian(orte & organ music1 
high p>ts = ! left h&1 or l[ ones = !   
"r1 may be writt5 ei!r3  ,by means (    
leg] l9es 7,fig4 #c1 a72  ,by *ang+ !   
clef 7b72 or  ,by writ+ ! "p 9 ! /ave   
prop] to ! o!r h& 7c74  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #c4  ,! example1 ( c\rse1         
illu/rates a high "p = ! left h&4  ,!   
fir/ me?od is ! h>de/ to write & read4  
,!re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 ! second &
 ?ird4 ,if ! ?ird be adopt$ c>e mu/ be  
tak5 n to ins]t re/s 9 ! vacant /ave3 _!
 abs5ce %[s t ! h& is n re/+4  ,:5 a "p1
 9 organ or piano music1 ?\gh ma9ly 9   
its prop] /ave1 beg9s ) notes m easily  
writt5 9 ! o!r1 ! clef prop] to ! "p    
%\ld be ins]t$1 z %[+ its g5]al "*1 &   
imm$iately foll[$ by t 9 :i* ! notes are
 mo/ conv5i5tly writt54 ,?us ,fig4 #c1  
b1 if ! fir/ measure ( a composition1   
%\ld h an ,f clef imm$iately prec$+ ! ,g
 clef 9 ! left-h& "p4  ,a *ange ( clef  

affect+ ! fir/ note ( a score %\ld be   
anticipat$ 9 ! la/ measure ( ! previ\s  
score1 & repeat$ 9 ! measure affect$4   
,?is is especially ! case 9 reg>d to !  
fir/ score ( a new page involv+ a       
turn-ov]4 ,9 addition to anticipat+ !   
clef1 ! old plan ( ins]t+ a direct is to
 be recomm5d$4 ,see ,fig4 #d4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4  ,! signature   
%\ld be repeat$ 9 ! *ang$ clef4 ,aft] a 
*ange ( clef 9 ! middle ( a score ?is   
is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y4                
99       99       99       99       99  
,signatures4  #f4--;,foll[+ ! clef comes
 ! key signature4 ,9 pr9t$ music ?is is 
repeat$ at ! beg9n+ ( e score4 ,z       
prev5t+ _m mi/akes ! repetition is      
desirable4 ,b 9 manuscript music x is v 
usual to repeat x only at ! head ( ea*  
page4 ,common faults are3  7#a7 ,plac+ !
 %>ps or flats at ! wrong octave4 ,!    
fir/ %>p %\ld1 9 ! treble clef1 be on ! 
top l9e1 n 9 ! bottom space4 ,& ! second
 flat %\ld be 9 ! top space1 n on !     
bottom l9e4 ,! cu/om>y way ( writ+      

signatures is n1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1    
inv>iably ! be/4 ,b solecisms1 ?\gh n 9 
!mselves inaccurate1 %\ld be avoid$ z   
caus+ unnecess>y tr\ble & confusion4    
7#b7 ,a p]haps common] fault is 9 n     
all[+ suffici5t space = ! signature1 &  
!re=e cramp+ x4 ,ea* %>p or flat %\ld be
 well to ! "r-h& ( ! prec$+ "o1 nev] ov]
 or "u x4  7#c7 ,%>ps1 flats1 &         
naturals1 l clefs1 cov] mu* m ( ! /ave  
?an ! s+le l9e or space :i* !y gov]n4 ,n
 ne>ly en\gh c>e is usually ex]cis$ to  
make ! c5t] ( ! %>p1 or ! loop ( ! flat1
 exactly correspond ) ?is1 z x %\ld4    
99       99       99       99       99  
#g4--,! "t signature ne$ only be ins]t$ 
:]e !re is a *ange ( movem5t4 ,9 common 
"t !re is a *oice betwe5 ! num]al       
signature #d_/d & ! lett] signature ,c4 
,! latt] is ! m int]e/+ hi/orically4    
,orig9ally x 0 n a lett] at all2 !      
monks1 :o orig9at$ mod]n musical        
notation1 call$ triple "t p]fect 9 honor
 ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 & repres5t$ x ) ! 
sign ( p]fection--a circle3 common1 or  

quadruple "t1 !y call$ imp]fect1 & cut a
 slice out ( ! "r-h& side ( ! circle to 
repres5t imp]fection4 ,?is pr9t]s1 n    
unnaturally1 mi/ook = ! initial lett] ( 
,common ,"t4 ,b ! num]al signature is   
rapidly sup]s$+ ?is1 z %[+ ! exact value
 ( a measure1 & be+ 9 accordance ) !    
signatures ( all o!r k9ds ( "t4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,notation ( ,rhy?m4  #h4--;,foll[+ !    
"t-signature come ! notes4 ,! guid+     
pr9ciple 9 writ+ ^! is t _! "r          
int]pretation %all be app>5t to ! eye4  
,two po9ts are ( p>am\nt importance4 ,^!
 are 7#a7 ! selection ( ! "r *>act]s    
7?is ( c\rse only affects ^? :o are     
writ+ orig9al compositions or           
arrangem5ts1 n m]e copi/s71 & 7#b7 !    
correct plac+ ( ^! 9 ! measure4 ,! b>e  
duration ( a note1 its m]ely ari?metical
 value1 c g5]ally be express$ 9 m ways  
?an "o4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t4 ,t way   
mu/ be select$ :i* repres5ts its rhy?m1 
its correct acc5tuation1 to ! eye4      
,simple =ms ( "t1 z di/9ct f ,comp\nd1  

conta9 b few pitfalls1 & ev5 an         
inexp]i5c$ writ] is n likely to g f>    
wrong4                     99       99  
99       99       99  #i4--;,x may be z 
well to w>n su* an "o1 h[ev]1 t x is n  
n[adays cu/om>y to dot an unacc5t$ note 
or re/4 ,! dot 9 ?is case w\ld repres5t 
! succe$+ acc5t$ beat1 & n repres5t x   
ne>ly z significantly z does a ti$ note 
or sep>ate re/2 comp>e a & b1 ,fig4 #e4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4                 
99       99       99       99       99  
#aj4--,ti$ notes %\ld n be employ$ :]e a
 s+le note w\ld repres5t ! same s\nd )\t
 misrepres5t+ ! rhy?m4 ,_! *ief function
 is to repres5t durations :i* _c be     
repres5t$ by a s+le "*1 su* z five eigh?
 notes4                     99       99 
99       99       99  #aa4--;,9         
pian(orte music a note is v occasionally
 int5d$ to be reit]at$ be=e ! fir/      
it]ation has ceas$ to s\nd4 ,?is is     
effect$ by all[+ ! key to rise          
suffici5tly to release ! hamm]1 b n     
suffici5tly to reimpose ! damp] on !    

/r+4 ,! second s\nd !re=e ov]takes !    
fir/4 7,x is comp>atively easy on "s    
pianos & v h>d on o!rs47 ,z ! s\nd1 ?\gh
 p]iodically re9=c$1 is cont9u\s1 !     
compos] indicates 8 int5tion by a tie4  
,!re is no?+ b "o's judgm5t to di/+ui%  
?is f ! ord9>y k9d ( tie4 ,! *ief       
indication is ! employm5t ( a tie :]e a 
s+le musical "* w\ld o!rwise h be5      
bett]4 ,= in/ance1 ! foll[+ ti$ sixte5? 
notes f ! ,adagio ( ,bee?ov5's ,sonata1 
,op4 #ajf1 c\ld bett] h be5 repres5t$ by
 eigh? notes1 _h x n be5 = ! int5tion ( 
ov]lapp+ it]ation 7,fig4 #f74           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4  ,! ties comm5c+
 9 measure #acd ( ,bee?ov5's well-kn[n  
,sonata ,pa/orale 7 evid5tly reg>d$ by  
,cipriani ,pott] z ( ?is ord]4 ,z hav+  
be5 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,bee?ov5's he 0   
likely to "k4 7,! great compos] ref]s to
 him 9 correspond+ ) ,ries 9 #ahah47 ,! 
duration ( ^! notes c\ld n h be5 writt5 
o!rwise ?an by means ( ties4 ,! above   
te/ is !re=e inapplicable2 ?is is       
evid5tly :y1 9 ! edition edit$ by       

,pott]1 !y are m>k$ ) a tie plus a dot &
 horizontal /roke 7,fig4 #f;a74         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f;a4  ,ano!r       
indication is ! ty+ ( an unacc5t$ note  
to an acc5t$ "o1 ?us oblit]at+ ! acc5t  
if ! tie be obs]v$ lit]ally 7in/ances   
occur 9 ,*op9's ,valse1 ,op4 #ca1 ,no4  
#a74 ,s mu* critical judgm5t1 h[ev]1 is 
requir$ to di/+ui% ?is treatm5t f t     
prop] to a tie1 t compos]s w\ld d well  
to adopt "s su* me?od z ,cipriani       
,pott]'s to make _! exact mean+ cle>4   
,?is int]pretation ( a tie1 accord+ to  
:i* ! notes1 s9ce !y ov]lap1 are j n    
sep>at$1 mu/ n be confus$ ) !           
mezzo-/accato t\*1 also indicat$ ) a    
slur1 b hav+ dots also 79 ! case ( a    
s+le note indicat$ by a /roke ) a dot71 
& :i* means t ! notes are to be j n     
jo9$4 ,9 legato1 ( c\rse1 !y %\ld be    
nei!r sep>at$ nor ov]lapp+1 b exactly   
contigu\s4                     99       
99       99       99       99  #ab4--,! 
commone/ errors 9 simple "t are n 9     
reg>d to notes1 b re/s4 ,?is is because 

sil5ce _c be divid$ or syncopat$1 &     
!re=e t w\ld (t5 be q "r z a            
repres5tation ( s\nd :i* is q wrong z a 
repres5tation ( sil5ce4 ,?us a beat %\ld
 n be repres5t$ by two re/s :]e "o w\ld 
d1 ?\gh x might be by two notes 7see a1 
,fig4 #g74 ,nor "o re/ repres5t p>ts (  
two beats 7see b1 ,fig4 #g74 ,nor "o re/
 repres5t an unacc5t$ & an acc5t$ beat  
7see c1 ,fig4 #g74 ,9 triple "t x is    
bett] to avoid a s+le re/ repres5t+ !   
latt] & great] "p ( a measure 7see d1   
,fig4 #g71 inde$1 x may be said t       
half-note re/s %\ld n be us$ 9 triple   
"t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4            
99       99       99       99       99  
#ac4--;,b 9 comp\nd "t errors1 if n m   
num]\s 9 k9d1 are mu* m common anyway 9 
reg>d to notes z di/9ct f re/s4 ,a note 
%\ld nev] be writt5 :i* repres5ts a beat
 & "p ( ano!r4 ,! commone/ violation (  
?is pr9ciple--& x is v common--is 9     
writ+ a dott$ half note 9 six-eight "t2 
?is divides ! measure into ?ree ?irds   
in/ead ( two halves1 by repres5t+ a     

beat-&-a-?ird & two ?irds ( a beat 7see 
a1 ,fig4 #h74 ,a beat-&-a-?ird1 if      
requir$1 %\ld be repres5t$ by a note ( !
 value ( a beat ti$ to "o ( ! value ( a 
?ird1 nev] by a s+le note equall+ bo?--a
 half note 9 ?is case 7see b1 ,fig4 #h74
 ,a simil> pr9ciple applies to re/s4 ,a 
measure's sil5ce %\ld be repres5t$ by   
re/s divisible into beats1 n by re/s :i*
 fuse a beat & "p ( ! next 7see c1 ,fig4
 #h74 ,two dott$ qu>t] notes 9          
twelve-sixte5 "t are n s bad z a dott$  
half note 9 six-eight "t1 z !y correctly
 repres5t ! division ( ! measure into   
two halves1 b !y misrepres5t ^! halves z
 consi/+ ( ?ree six?s ( a measure :]eas 
!y rhy?mically consi/ ( two qu>t]s 7see 
d1 ,fig4 #h74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4  
,a twelve-sixte5 measure ( sil5ce is mu*
 easi] to write1 s9ce x c be done by a  
s+le :ole note re/1 :i* is also commonly
 us$ z a measure-re/1 irrespective ( !  
value ( ! measure4 7,h5ce ! ,g]man "n   
taktpause47 ,! six-eight measure (      
sil5ce 7see c1 ,fig4 #h7 might also1 (  

c\rse1 h be5 writt5 9 ! above way1 or by
 qu>t]1 eigh?1 qu>t]1 eigh? re/s 9 place
 ( ! dott$ re/s4                     99 
99       99       99       99  ,plac+ ( 
,notes4  #ad4--,! *>act]s :i* w         
correctly repres5t ! giv5 rhy?m hav+ be5
 det]m9$1 ! second po9t is ! correct    
plac+ ( !m 9 ! measure4 ,m5tally1 at    
lea/1 ! measure %\ld be divid$ into z _m
 equal portions z !re are beats 9 x4 ,"o
 well-kn[n compos]1 x is said1 rules    
beat-l9es 9 light p5cil1 z well z       
b>-l9es1 9 8 full scores4 ,9 v elaborate
 music ?is symmetrical arrangem5t _c be 
fully c>ri$ out2 sixty-f\r sixty-f\r?   
notes _c be writt5 9 ! same space z "o  
:ole note2 & a :ole note w\ld look lo/ 9
 ! space requir$ = ! sixty-f\r? notes4  
,b simple music c be made q symmetrical1
 & 9 all music su* beat-l9es1 actual or 
m5tal1 are an invaluable *eck & guide4  
,ea* note %\ld be plac$ 9 ! left-h& end 
( its space4 ,?is is = ! simple reason t
 music1 l words1 is read f left to "r &1
 r\ghly1 space repres5ts duration4 ,any 

o!r arrangem5t is mislead+1 z may be se5
 f old music1 9 :i* a note 0 (t5 plac$ 9
 ! middle ( its space4 ,! foll[+ 7,fig4 
#i7 is an example f an organ "w (       
,r9ck's 7#aggj-ahdf74  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #i4  ,b = ! fact t 9 op5 score    
half notes bel[ ! middle l9e h _! /ems  
turn$ d[n1 ev5 an exp]t w\ld n          
improbably suppose ! "t to be f\r half  
notes 9 ! b>4 ,?is is n ! case1 ! "t is 
two half notes & ! :ole note is to be   
s\nd$ simultane\sly ) ! two half notes4 
,confusion worse conf\nd$1 is1 s f> z ! 
eye is conc]n$1 h>dly too /rong a t]m to
 apply to ! results ( ?is illogical     
me?od :5 appli$ to polyphonic music4    
,comp>e a & b1 ,fig4 #aj1 9 ! =m] ( :i* 
f\r notes int5d$ to be begun            
simultane\sly are no two ( !m 9 l9e1 ow+
 to ea* be+ 9 ! middle ( its space6     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4  ,?is practice 
0 consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 ev5 :5 x involv$
 writ+ a note on ! b>-l9e6 or a note 9  
"o measure & its dot 9 ! next 7see ,fig4
 #aa74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4        

7,piani/s w recall a mod]n in/ance1 s f>
 z ! dot is conc]n$1 9 a little ex]cise 
9 ,c major ( ,cz]ny's47  ,! practice _c 
h be5 due to ! non-inv5tion ( ! tie or  
b9d4 ,= ?\gh ! fir/ use ( ?is is        
difficult to trace1 cle> in/ances1 9 !  
=m ( a bracket1 1 occur 9 ,morley's     
,practical ,music1 publi%$ 9 #aeig4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,re/s4  #ae4--,re/s1 especially :ole    
note re/s1 :5 us$ = a :ole measure1 are 
/ill v (t5 illogically plac$ 9 ! middle 
( ! space !y repres5t4 ,?is has be5     
def5d$ on ! gr\nd t !y repres5t sil5ce  
or inaction1 & t !re=e no error c arise 
f _! appe>ance be+ def]r$4 ,b a p]=m]   
%\ld be consci\s ( ! action or inaction 
( e voice or "p4 ,if !re be a seem+     
vacuum or hiatus1 h[ is he to "k :e!r x 
is a note or re/ :i* has be5 omitt$8 ,if
 he concludes1 f ! abs5ce ( any note1 t 
a re/ is int5d$1 he c only guess h[ long
 x w prove to be :5 x does come4 ,!re=e1
 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 re/s %\ld be locat$
 on ! same pr9ciple z notes4 ,if x be n 

a pr(anation to say s1 s9ce ! example is
 f ,ba*1 ! re/ 9 ,fig4 #ab w\ld h be5   
bett] plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! measure4    
,let a %eet ( pap] be held ov] ! "r half
 ( ! measure1 & ?\gh ! play] w be able  
to beg91 he w n "k 9 h[ _m p>ts ! piece 
is writt54  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4    
99       99       99       99       99  
#af4--;,9 op5 score1 t is1 9 writ+ a    
s+le melody or "p on "o /ave1 x is usual
 to make :ole note re/s bel[ ! f\r? l9e1
 & half note re/s above ! ?ird4 ,qu>t]  
note re/s %\ld be writt5 exactly 9 !    
middle ( ! /ave4 ,! crook ( eigh? note  
re/s1 & ! upp] crook ( %ort] re/s1 is   
g5]ally plac$ 9 ! ?ird space1 9 ! abs5ce
 ( any reason to ! contr>y4 ,! /ems (   
re/s are1 9 manuscript music especially1
 bett] slant$ some:at4 ,?is helps to    
di/+ui% !m f ! /ems ( notes--9 rapidly  
writt5 manuscript a n unimportant ?+6   
99       99       99       99       99  
#ag4--,!re are two =ms ( qu>t] note re/1
 ! ,engli%1 :i* is l ! eigh? note re/ b 
turn$ to ! "r-h&1 & ! ,g]man1 :i* is    

some:at difficult to describe4 ,! ,g]man
 is f> ! bett] ( ! two z be+ mu* m      
di/9ct f ! eigh? note re/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1
 h>d] to write1 & ( ! slightly v>y+ =ms1
 p]haps ! easie/ is t ) a crook at ea*  
end ( a v oblique /em & :i* is ?us v mu*
 l a rev]s$ lett] ,z 7see ! fir/ example
 9 ,fig4 #ac74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4
 ,manuscript =ms ( ,g]man qu>t] note    
re/4                     99       99    
99       99       99  #ah4--;,9 %ort    
score1 t is1 9 writ+ two or m p>ts or   
voices on "o /ave1 ! re/s are plac$1 n  
only 9 ! top or bottom space ( ! /ave z 
may be/ indicate to :i* "p !y apply1 b  
above & bel[ x1 involv+1 9 ! case ( :ole
 note & half note re/s1 ! use ( a       
leg]-l9e 7see b1 ,fig4 #ad74 ,?is is    
p>tly because ! /ems ( all re/s are     
turn$ d[n1 & !re=e _c be made1 z ! /ems 
( notes c1 to indicate ! "p !y belong to
 by ! direction tak54 ,?is1 !re=e1 has  
to be %[n by _! position on1 or (f1 !   
/ave 7see ,fig4 #ad74  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ad4 ,j4 ,s4 ,ba*4  ,x w be se5 t 

! l[] eigh? note re/ 9 ! fir/ example   
belongs to ! same "p z ! foll[+ sixte5? 
note re/1 ?\gh by no means on a l9e ) x4
                     99       99        
99       99       99  #ai4--;,9 mod]n   
piano music :i* is n ( a /rictly        
"p-writ+ "*1 re/s (t5 repres5t ! abs5ce1
 n ( a "p or voice1 b ( ! h&4 ,if !     
notes1 ?\gh repres5t+ z _m p>ts z !     
piece c be suppos$ to possess1 are all  
to be play$ by "o h&1 re/s are employ$  
to repres5t ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4  ,& 9     
music :i* is ( a "p-writ+ "*1 ?\gh !    
p>ts are incomplete1 re/s are (t5 n     
employ$ if bo? h&s are engag$ 7see ,fig4
 #c1 c1 bass clef1 suppos+ x to be ( m  
?an two p>ts74  ,ba* r>ely1 if ev]1     
employ$ re/s to repres5t ! h&2 ) him !y 
always repres5t a voice4 ,?us 9 a       
melodic or "o-"p passage divid$ betwe5 !
 h&s1 ea* play+ alt]nate gr\ps1 he us$  
no re/s to repres5t ! abs5t h&4 ,^!1    
appe>+ simultane\sly ) ! notes1 w\ld h  
impli$ a second "p4 ,) him re/s repres5t
 a liv+1 ?\gh abs5t1 voice2 9 mod]n     

usage !y frequ5tly repres5t1 n music1 b 
! way ( play+ x4 ,see ,fig4 #ae1 ! fir/ 
half ( :i* is 9 two p>ts1 !re=e re/s    
repres5t ! ?irty-second note sil5ces2 & 
! second half ( :i* is 9 "o "p1 !re=e no
 re/s are employ$ ?\gh only "o h& is    
engag$ at a "t4 ,x is f a ,b flat       
,prelude 9 ,ba*'s ,well-temp]$ ,clavi]4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4                
99       99       99       99       99  
,dots4  #bj4--;,dots are us$ 9 music =  
?ree purposes3 7#a7 z repeat m>ks1 7#b7 
to indicate semi-/accato1 7#c7 to       
prolong a note "o half4 ,z repeat m>ks1 
!y may be plac$ 9 ea* ( ! f\r spaces ( !
 /ave 7:i* 9 ! writ]'s op9ion is ! bett]
 plan1 z be+ less liable to confusion ) 
"t-dots71 or 9 ! second & ?ird spaces   
only1 9 accordance ) a mod]n cu/om4     
,/accato dots & /accatissimo da%es1 :5  
two p>ts are be+ writt5 on "o /ave1 %\ld
 be plac$ bel[ ! note if apply+ to ! l[]
 "p1 & above if apply+ to ! high]4 ,9 ! 
case ( op5 score 7a s+le "p on "o /ave71
 !y are be/ plac$ on ! side opposite !  

/em4  ,"t-dots1 or ^? :i* prolong a note
 "o half1 if appli$ to a note 9 a space1
 %\ld be 9 ! same space z ! note2 if    
appli$ to a note on a l9e !y %\ld be    
plac$ 9 ! space above1 if ! next note ( 
! "p is high]1 & 9 ! space bel[ if x is 
l[]4 ,! importance ( ?is usage is (t5   
ov]look$4 ,if x _c be call$ a rule1 x is
 high "t x 0 made "o6 ,:5 two p>ts are  
writt5 on "o /ave1 & a note is d\bl$1   
hav+ two /ems1 "o up & ! o!r d[n1 to    
indicate ?is1 & 9 "o "p x is dott$1 & 9 
! o!r n1 x is impossible1 ap>t f ?is    
rule1 to tell :i* "p has ! note dott$ & 
:i* n 7except1 ( c\rse1 f ! context1 :i*
 may expose any mi/ake74 ,! foll[+      
example f ,h5ry ,sm>t's ,fe/ive ,m>* 9  
,d1 = ! organ1 appe>s to conta9 two     
dott$ half notes4 ,x w\ld probably be s 
read by anyone play+ ! passage at sight4
 ,! context %[s t x is ! eigh? note n ! 
half note :i* is int5d$ to be dott$4    
,all ! dots except t to ! la/ note b "o 
%\ld h be5 9 ! space bel[ ! note1 :]e   
?is is on a l9e4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   

#af4  ,logic w\ld sugge/ t :]e a d\bl$1 
t is a two-/emm$1 note is dott$ 9 bo?   
p>ts or voices1 two dots %\ld foll[ "o  
above ! o!r4 ,?is w\ld1 h[ev]1 be awkw>d
 :5 ! note 0 9 a space2 & also :5 x 0 on
 a l9e1 if1 z 9 ! la/ gr\p above1 bo?   
voices proce$$ to a l[] note 7or bo? to 
a high]74 ,= accord+ to ! rule "h be+   
consid]$1 bo? dots w\ld h to be 9 !     
space bel[ 7or above74  ,!re is ano!r   
slight inaccuracy 9 ! above example :i* 
w be notic$ lat] on4 ,let ! tyro try &  
f9d x6                     99       99  
99       99       99  #ba4--;,z reg>ds  
di/ance f ! note !y prolong1 "t-dots may
 be writt5 ei!r imm$iately aft] su*     
note1 z 9 ,fig4 #af1 or 9 ! "p ( !      
measure ) :i* !y syn*ronize1 z 9 !      
foll[+ exc]pt f ,/]ndale ,b5nett's piano
 /udy ,! ,lake4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#ag4  ,else:]e ?r\gh\t ! same /udy !    
compos] has plac$ dots imm$iately aft] !
 note !y prolong4 ,"h1 !re=e1 he seems  
to h anticipat$ ! objection t he 0 dott+
 un-acc5t$ notes 7see ,notation (       

,rhy?m1 ,p>4 #i71 & to refute x by %[+ t
 !re are 9 reality two s]ies ( acc5ts 9 
ea* measure1 at cross purposes ) ea*    
o!r1 t1 inde$1 ! alto1 & t5or measures  
are an eigh? note beh9d ! treble1 ?\gh  
!y c\ld n be writt5 ) sep>ate b>-l9es4  
,?is is cle> :5 ! :ole passage is se54  
,obs]ve t ! dot to ! la/ note ( a       
measure is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! next1  
to make ! ov]lapp+ cle> to ! eye4 7,also
 t ! dots to ! la/ alto & t5or qu>t]    
notes are plac$ n 9 ! space next1 b 9 ! 
space next-b-"o high] ?an ! note !y     
prolong47 ,dots are n infrequ5tly plac$ 
?us--t is1 9 or ne> ! "p ( ! measure )  
:i* !y syn*ronize--ap>t f any su*       
purpose z t j expla9$4  ,! dot made its 
fir/ appe>ance 9 music ab\t ,a4,d4      
#acjj4 ,sometimes x _h a tail 7punctus  
caudatus7 & look$ n unlike an inv]t$    
comma4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 acquire its     
pres5t mean+ till ab\t a c5tury lat]4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,/ems4  #bb4--,!re is no rule z to !    
l5g? ( /ems1 & !y v>y greatly4 ,! /ems 9

 a s+le gr\p ( notes are z (t5 z n (    
diff]5t l5g?s1 accord+ to ! position ( !
 notes & ! direction tak5 by ! hook4 ,a 
common fault is to make !m too %ort1    
especially :5 ! f\r hooks ( a sixty-f\r?
 note h to be add$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is     
g5]ally ! result ( a badly direct$ hook 
7see a1 ,fig4 #ah74                     
99       99       99       99       99  
#bc4--;,z to ! direction !y take !re is 
a def9ite rule4 ,9 op5 score 7:5 "o "p  
only is be+ writt5 on a /ave71 ! /ems ( 
notes above ! middle l9e %\ld be turn$  
d[n1 ! /ems ( ^? bel[ ! middle l9e %\ld 
be turn$ up 7see b1 ,fig4 #ah74 ,!      
object ( ?is is to keep ! /ems )9 ! /ave
 & prev5t _! sprawl+ above or bel[4 ,!  
ill-equipp$ writ] betrays himself by    
no?+ m (t5 ?an by sprawl+ /ems4  ,! /ems
 9 a gr\p ( notes are g5]ally turn$     
accord+ to ! direction ( ! fir/ note1 or
 ! majority4 ,9 a gr\p conta9+ a wide   
skip !y are (t5 turn$ individually      
accord+ to ! rule1 involv+ opposite     
directions1 ! hook be+ drawn betwe5 !m  

7see c1 ,fig4 #ah74  ,five exceptions   
are common3 7#a7 ,! /em ( a grace note  
is almo/ inv>iably turn$ upw>ds1 ?\gh   
accord+ to ,dr4 ,hullah x %\ld be turn$ 
9 ! direction contr>y to t ( ! /em ( !  
pr9cipal note1 = ! sake ( great]        
di/9ctness 7see d1 ,fig4 #ah74 ,9 copy =
 ! pr9t] grace-notes are be/ writt5 9 r$
 ink4 7#b7 ,9 piano music :5 a s+le "p1 
or r[ ( notes1 is to be divid$ betwe5 ! 
h&s1 "o play+ "o gr\p & ! o!r ! next1 ! 
/ems ( ! "r-h& notes are turn$ up1 & ^? 
( ! left d[n 7see ,fig4 #ae1 latt] half 
( measure74 7#c7 ,simil>ly 9 "s organ   
music1 especially t pr9t$ 9 ,g]many1    
p$al notes :i* are to be play$ by ! "r  
foot h ! /ems turn$ up1 ^? by ! left1   
d[n4 7#d7 ,9 vocal music1 :5 a subsequ5t
 v]se1 ?\gh hav+ ! same notes1 requires 
diff]5t "t-values f ! fir/ v]se1 or a   
translation requires diff]5t "t-values f
 ! orig9al language1 ! "t-values requir$
 by "o v]se or language h ! /ems ( !    
notes turn$ up1 ^? requir$ by ! o!r d[n 
7see e1 ,fig4 #ah1 f ,molique's oratorio

 ,abraham74 7#e7 ,9 music writt5 on two 
/aves1 :5 ! notes ( a s+le gr\p skip f  
"o /ave to ! o!r1 ! hook is plac$ betwe5
 ! /aves1 & ! /ems ( ! notes on ! l[]   
/ave are turn$ up1 & ( ^? on ! upp] /ave
 d[n1 irrespective ( _! relation to !   
middle l9e ( ! /ave 7see f1 ,fig4 #ah1 f
 ! ,moonlight ,sonata74  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ah4                     99       
99       99       99       99  #bd4--;,9
 %ort score1 t is :5 two p>ts h to be   
writt5 on "o /ave1 ! /ems belong+ to !  
upp] "p %\ld be turn$ upw>ds1 & ^? to ! 
l[] d[nw>ds4 ,only by ?is means c !     
c\rse ( ! p>ts be made cle> to ! eye4   
,:5 ! p>ts cross1 ! rule mu/ be /rictly 
adh]$ to3 ! note belong+ to ! upp] "p1 n
 ! upp] note1 mu/ h ! upw>d /em4 ,to    
make q cle> :i* note ea* /em belongs to1
 x is well 9 ?is case to make ! notes a 
little less close toge!r ?an !y o!rwise 
w\ld be 7see a1 ,fig4 #ai1 a well-kn[n  
case f a *ant by ,sir ,john ,goss1 :]e !
 t5or goes bel[ ! bass74 ,sometimes m   
?an two p>ts are writt5 on "o /ave2 9   

?is case ! /ems ( two p>ts mu/ be turn$ 
! same way1 & consid]able +5uity is     
requir$ to make ! c\rse ( ! p>ts cle>4  
,usually ! middle "p v>ies 9 ! direction
 ( its /ems4 ,simultane\s notes are     
g5]ally writt5 n q 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r1 to
 all[ ( sep>ate /ems3 ! /ems are g5]ally
 r %ort1 s z n to run into ea* o!r1 & ! 
hooks ( simultane\s eigh?s & %ort] notes
 d n concur4 ,two measures f ,ba*'s     
piano fugues w illu/rate ^! po9ts 7b &  
c1 ,fig4 #ai74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4
                     99       99        
99       99       99  #be4--,! /ems (   
re/s are always turn$ d[nw>ds4          
99       99       99       99       99  
#bf4--,!re is also a def9ite rule z to !
 side ( a note at :i* ! /em %\ld be     
plac$3 /ems turn$ upw>ds %\ld be at !   
"r-h& side ( ! note-head1 ^? d[nw>ds1 at
 ! left4 ,?is rule is obs]v$ less 9 !   
case ( half notes ?an ( %ort] notes--=  
:at reason ! writ] is unable to say4    
99       99       99       99       99  
#bg4--;,at "o "t :ole notes & %ort]     

notes 7 n r\nd1 b loz5ge-%ap$1 ! long]  
notes be+ squ>e1 & ! /em 0 !n 9 !       
middle1 ?us ,symbol3 squ>e note4 ,^!    
gave way to r\nd notes ab\t ! sev5te5?  
c5tury4 ,play=d's well-kn[n ,:ole ,booke
 ( ,psalms1 publi%$ ab\t #afge1 0       
probably "o ( ! e>lie/ books pr9t$ :olly
 ) r\nd notes4                     99   
99       99       99       99  #bh4--;,x
 foll[s f ! =ego+ rules t ev5 s app>5tly
 simple a task z transcrib+ a           
"p--soprano1 alto1 t5or1 or bass--f a   
%ort-score hymn or *ant book into a *oir
 "p-book is n m]e copy+4 ,9 ! hymn or   
*ant book ! /ems ( "o "p are all turn$ !
 same way3 9 ! "p-book !y mu/ be turn$  
accord+ to _! relation to ! middle l9e4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,hooks4  #bi4--,) "o exception1 hooks   
%\ld be made at ! "r-h& side ( ! /em2 !y
 are !re=e sometimes at ! same side z ! 
note-head1 & sometimes n4               
99       99       99       99       99  
#cj4--,! exception is :5 long] & %ort]  
notes are comb9$ 9 ! same gr\p4 ,9 ?is  

case ! hooks n common to ! :ole gr\p are
 inv>iably turn$ s z to lie )9 ! gr\p1  
&1 subject to ?is1 if ! gr\p conta9s m  
?an "o beat1 s z to lie )9 ! beat ( :i* 
!y =m "p4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4     
99       99       99       99       99  
#ca4--,previ\s to #affj1 ea* eigh? or   
%ort] note _h a sep>ate hook or hooks4  
,b at ! "t ( ! ,re/oration1 ,john       
,play=d sub/itut$ a connect+ horizontal 
l9e = ! sep>ate hooks ( two or m eigh?s 
belong+ to ! same division ( ! measure4 
,! device 0 copi$ by ! ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 &  
,g]mans4 ,! ,italians did n adopt x till
 lat]4 ,?us1 ,m>cello's ,psalms1 publi%$
 9 ,v5ice z late z #agbd-bg1 h sep>ate  
hooks4 7,9 an edition 9 ! writ]'s       
possession1 publi%$ 9 #ageg1 unit$ hooks
 are us$1 b ?is is probably r due to !  
v5ue ?an to ! lat] date47               
99       99       99       99       99  
#cb4--;,hooks 9 in/rum5tal music mu/ be 
unit$ 9 /rict accordance ) ! laws (     
rhy?m 7see ,notation ( ,rhy?m1 p>s4     
#h-ac74 ,?us1 f\r eigh? notes mu/ n h ! 

same hook 9 ,comp\nd ,"t3 !y mu/ be     
gr\p$ z ?ree & "o1 or "o & ?ree1 or two 
& two1 accord+ to ! position !y occupy 9
 ! beat !y belong to4 ,9 ?ree-f\r "t1   
six eigh? notes may h "o hook1 b 9      
six-eight "t !y %\ld pref]ably h sep>ate
 hooks ( ?ree eigh? notes ea*4 ,broadly 
speak+1 ! notes =m+ a s+le beat ( !     
measure %\ld be unit$ 9 "o hook1 b v    
commonly two beats h "o hook betwe5 !m1 
especially 9 f\r-f\r "t4  ,9 ! case (   
sixte5?s & %ort] notes1 ! out]mo/ hook  
(t5 %[s ! half-measure1 & ! inn] hook or
 hooks ! sub-division into beats 7see   
,fig4 #ba74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4   
99       99       99       99       99  
#cc4--,s closely %\ld ! hooks foll[ !   
rhy?m1 t :]e a phrase crosses ! measure 
beg9n+ at ! end ( "o measure1 & end+ at 
! beg9n+ ( ! next1 ! hook crosses !     
b>-l9e too1 unit+ notes 9 diff]5t       
measures 7see a1 ,fig4 #bb74 ,notes may 
h ! same hook ?\gh sep>at$ by a re/ 7see
 b1 ,fig4 #bb74                     99  
99       99       99       99  #cd4--,! 

hook to a gr\p ( notes :i* asc5ds or    
desc5ds may ei!r slant 9 ! direction    
tak5 by ! notes1 or may be /raight 7see 
c1 ,fig4 #bb74 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion      
slant$ hooks are pref]able z be+ a bett]
 guide to ! eye4 ,9 manuscript music1 :5
 hooks h to be drawn )9 ! /ave1 & n     
above or bel[ x1 !y %\ld inv>iably be   
slant$ :5 ?is is possible2 o!rwise !y   
are v apt to co9cide ) ! /ave-l9es1 &   
fail ( di/9ctness4 ,a common fault is 9 
n mak+ !m ?ick en\gh4 ,notes are        
sometimes hook$ 9 accordance1 n ) !     
rhy?m1 b ) ! h& :i* is to play !m 7see  
d1 ,fig4 #bb74 ,?is is necessitat$ by ! 
usage ) reg>d to /ems 9 su* cases see   
,/ems1 p>4 #bb1 exception 7#b74         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4                
99       99       99       99       99  
#ce4--;,9 vocal music notes %\ld n h !  
same hook :i* are sung to a diff]5t     
syllable 7see ,vocal ,music1 p>4 #cg74  
,subject to ^! exceptions1 notes mu/ be 
gr\p$ accord+ to _! rhy?m4              
99       99       99       99       99  

,leg]-l9es4  #cf4--,! appeal to ! eye   
7see ,notation ( ,rhy?m1 p>4 #h1 &      
,plac+ ( ,notes1 p>4 #ad7 mu/ be ma9ta9$
 z reg>ds ! pit* z well z ! duration (  
notes--_! p]p5dicul> z well z _!        
horizontal position4 ,consequ5tly       
leg]-l9es mu/ be ! same di/ance f !     
/ave1 & f ea* o!r1 z ! /ave-l9es are "o 
f ano!r4 ,c>elessness 9 ?is matt] is v  
common & v confus+4 ,h[ (t5 a l[] note  
looks z ?\gh above a high] "o1 because  
leg]-l9es are cramp$ toge!r 9 "o case & 
too wide ap>t 9 ano!r 7see ,fig4 #bc74  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4  ,two ?+s :i*  
are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* 
o!r1 z ,euclid says3 let leg]-l9es be   
equidi/ant ) /ave-l9es1 & !y w be level 
) ea* o!r4  ,b accuracy 9 ! numb] ( l9es
 is ( m importance ?an ! appeal to !    
eye1 & ! appeal to ! eye mu/ ( c\rse n  
be made a sub/itute = x4 ,! context %[s 
! high note 9 ,fig4 #bd 7:i* is sev]al  
times repeat$7 to h be5 int5d$ = ,e1 !  
position ( :i*1 on ! pap]1 x ab\t       
occupies4 ,b1 be+ on ! fir/ leg]-l9e1 x 

is ,a1 & w\ld be 7 x a y>d above ! /ave6
 7,! example is tak5 f a pr9t$1 n a     
manuscript copy6 ,! fir/ two notes are  
evid5tly int5d$ z grace-notes1 ?\gh !   
/ems are turn$ d[n2 ! /ems 9 ! second   
half ( ! fir/ measure %\ld h be5 turn$  
up47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,vocal ,music4  #cg4--;,9 vocal music ! 
s++ ( "o syllable to two or m notes is  
%[n 9 ! case ( :ole notes1 half notes1 &
 qu>t]s1 by a slur 7see ,fig4 #be74     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,te ,deum4 ,c4 
,v4 ,/an=d4  ,x w be se5 f ! above t a  
slur does n disp5se ) ! necessity = ty+ 
consecutive notes ( ! same pit*1 occurr+
 9 a passage sung to "o syllable4 ,= an 
app>5t exception see a passage f ,h&el's
 ,b :o may abide3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bf4  ,b "h1 ! repeat$ note occurr+ on a
 /rong acc5t prec$$ by a weak "o1 is    
evid5tly int5d$ n to be ti$1 b to       
receive an emphasis4 7,simil> exceptions
 may be f\nd 9 ,e ,valley47  ,9 mod]n   
music1 :5 all ! notes ( a measure are to

 be sung to ! same syllable1 & !re is no
 likelihood ( confusion1 ! slur is (t5  
disp5s$ )4 ,?is is especially ! case 9  
,m5delssohn's music4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #bg4 ,m5delssohn's ,/4 ,paul4     
99       99       99       99       99  
#ch4--;,eigh?s & %ort] notes1 to :i* "o 
syllable is to be sung1 %\ld h a unit$  
hook1 provid$ t !y belong to ! same     
rhy?mic gr\p2 & sep>ate hooks1 ?\gh     
belong+ to ! same rhy?mic gr\p1 if sung 
to sep>ate syllables3  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bh4                     99       
99       99       99       99  #ci4--,_m
 writ]s place a slur ov] eigh? notes1 z 
well z qu>t]s & long] notes1 :5 sung to 
"o syllable4 ,b ?is is q unnecess>y )   
hook$ notes unless1 z 9 ! prec$+        
example1 a syllable is sung to a :ole   
gr\p & "p ( ano!r1 or p>ts ( two gr\ps4 
,r$undancy ( slurs--v common 9 old      
music--is confus+ r ?an helpful4        
,intelligibility dep5ds mu* ^u gett+ !  
syllables exactly "u or ov] ! notes to  
:i* !y are to be sung4                  

99       99       99       99       99  
#dj4--,syllables sung to notes ext5d+   
ov] m space ?an !mselves %\ld be foll[$ 
by dots if =m+ a complete ^w1 & by      
/rokes1 or hyph5s1 if p>ts ( a ^w4 ,see 
prec$+ examples4                     99 
99       99       99       99  ,op5     
,score to ,%ort ,score4  #da4--;,9      
transcrib+ f op5 score to %ort score1 a 
s+le s\nd sung by two voices            
simultane\sly beg9n+ & end+ at ! same   
"t1 %\ld1 if a :ole note1 be repres5t$  
by two note-heads l9k$2 if a half note  
or %ort] note1 by hav+ two /ems1 "o up &
 ! o!r d[n3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4   
99       99       99       99       99  
#db4--;,black notes1 ?\gh ( diff]5t     
l5g?s1 may h ! same note-head if !y beg9
 at ! same "t1 ! diff]5ce be+ %[n 9 !   
hook or hooks3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4
  ,b a :ole note & a half note mu/ h    
sep>ate note-heads1 s9ce a /em w\ld turn
 a :ole note into a half note2 & a :ole 
note or half note & a qu>t] note mu/ h  
sep>ate note-heads1 s9ce a note _c be   

:ite & black at ! same "t4 ,9 ?is case !
 note-head ( %ort] duration mu/ be      
writt5 fir/3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4  
,! rule is sometimes relax$1 & ! long]  
note writt5 fir/1 :5 ! %ort] note is !  
fir/ ( a gr\p4  ,albeit a half note & an
 eigh?1 or o!r hook$ note1 may h ! same 
note-head1 provid$ ?is be t ( ! half    
note1 because ! hook %[s t 9 "o "p !    
note is int5d$ to be read z an eigh?    
note4 ,!y _c h an eigh? note-head       
because !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! /em ( a
 half note f t ( a qu>t]3  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #cb4 ,s4 ,hell]4                 
99       99       99       99       99  
#dc4--,notes _c h ! same note-head :i*  
beg9 at diff]5t times1 ev5 ?\gh !y end  
at ! same "t4 ,?is w\ld involve writ+ "o
 ( !m 9 ! wrong "p ( ! measure 7see     
,plac+ ( ,notes1 p>4 #ad74              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4  ,h5ce1 z a    
dott$ qu>t] is a sixte5? %ort] ?an two  
dott$ eigh?s & a sixte5?1 & !re=e ! f9al
 note does n beg9 at ! same "t 7?\gh x  
ends at ! same "t7 9 ! treble & alto    

p>ts ( ! la/ gr\p ( ,fig4 #af 7p>4 #ce71
 ! example is inaccurate4 ,x %\ld h be5 
writt5 ?us3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4  &
 w\ld be s play$ 7 ! passage giv51 say1 
to two viol9s4  ,! tyro mu/ n mi/ake !  
above two f9al note-heads1 ! long] ( :i*
 comes fir/1 = a brea* ( ! rule         
exemplifi$ 9 ,fig4 #ca 7p>4 #db71 & :i* 
applies to two notes :i* beg9 at ! same 
"t4 ,"h ! long] note beg9s be=e ! %ort] 
"o4                     99       99     
99       99       99  #dd4--;,9 "p-music
 all ! accid5tals 9 an op5 score w h to 
be reproduc$ 9 %ort score4 ,ea* p]=m] is
 only suppos$ to read 8 own "p1 & _c be 
assum$ to h se5 an accid5tal 9 ano!r "p 
:i*1 _h x be5 se51 w\ld h r5d]$ "o 9 8  
own unnecess>y4 ,?us ! %>ps 9 ,fig4 #ce 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4  w rema9 9 a   
transcription to %ort score1            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4  if int5d$ =   
"p-s+]s or play]s4 7,a piani/ or organi/
 w\ld n ne$ ! second %>p 9 ea* /ave1    
:ile probably pref]r+ x z a recognition 
( ! "p-writ+ "* ( ! music47             

99       99       99       99       99  
#de4--;,9 music :i* is n "p-writ+1 !    
transcrib] w h to use 8 discretion z to 
! repetition ( accid5tals :i* h already 
appe>$ 9 ano!r "p 9 ! same measure4 ,!  
guid+ pr9ciple w be to avoid !          
likelihood ( error on ! "p ( a compet5t 
read]4                     99       99  
99       99       99  #df4--;,c>e mu/ be
 tak5 to turn ! /ems ( half notes &     
%ort] notes accord+ to ! pr9ciples (    
%ort score1 & n necess>ily z !y are 9 ! 
op5 score4                     99       
99       99       99       99  ,%ort    
,score to ,op5 ,score4                  
#dg4--;,co-relatively1 9 transcrib+ f   
%ort score to op51 x w occasionally be  
necess>y to put accid5tals 9 ! latt] :i*
 are n 9 ! =m]4 ,! commone/ =m ( ?is is 
probably 9 extract+ a s+le "p1 soprano1 
alto1 t5or1 or bass1 f an ord9>y %ort   
score hymn or *ant book1 & writ+ x 9 a  
"p-book = ! p>ticul> voice4 ,?us1 9     
transcrib+ ! t5or ( ! foll[+ extract f !
 hymn-tune ,hea?l&s into a "p-book1 x   

w\ld be necess>y to ins]t a natural be=e
 ! ,a4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4        
99       99       99       99       99  
#dh4--;,f> m (t51 h[ev]1 x is necess>y  
to omit naturals us$ to contradict an   
accid5tal occurr+ 9 a "p :i* is n be+   
copi$4 ,?us1 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! tune
 ,endless ,alleluia1 ! natural 9 bo? !  
t5or & bass w\ld be unnecess>y 7 ^! p>ts
 writt5 out sep>ately f ! o!r p>ts & ea*
 o!r4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4  7,! ,a 
%>p 9 ! t5or ( ?is extract sugge/s ,c   
%>p s /rongly ap>t f ! re/ ( ! h>mony1 t
 ! natural is almo/ a necessity ev5 _h !
 previ\s treble ,c %>p n be5 includ$4 ,n
 be+ requir$ accord+ to rule1 h[ev]1 x  
%\ld be enclos$ 9 brackets--a n         
infrequ5t1 & v comm5dable1 device )     
c>eful writ]s1 :5 an accid5tal is       
desirable b n necess>y accord+ to rule47
                     99       99        
99       99       99  #di4--,! /ems1 (  
c\rse1 mu/ be turn$ up or d[n accord+ to
 _! position above or bel[ ! middle l9e1
 & n z 9 ! %ort score4                  

99       99       99       99       99  
,extract+ a ,s+le ,"p4  #ej4--;,9 copy+ 
out a s+le "p f a score1 full or %ort1  
c>e mu/ be tak5 9 abbreviat+ a numb] (  
measures' re/4 ,! usual way ( do+ ?is is
 to write ! numb] ( measures ov] a s+le 
measure1 ?us3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 
,b if a pause occurs 9 any ( ! o!r p>ts 
( ! score ?is w n d4 ,! numb] ( b>s be=e
 ! pause mu/ be c\nt$1 & ! pause--or    
pauses--%[n 9 ! abbreviation z foll[s1  
assum+ x to occur 9 ! ?irte5? b>3       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4                
99       99       99       99       99  
,accid5tals4  #ea4--,! necessity =      
ins]t+ accid5tals 9 a "p-copy :i* may n 
appe> 9 a %ort-score1 has j be5 po9t$   
out4 ,yet ! musical ,h]cules is beset ) 
a ,*>ybdis z well z a ,scylla4 ,he may  
be drawn into ! bad & v irritat+ mod]n  
habit ( us+ accid5tals :i* are n really 
call$ =4 ,accid5tals :]e unnecess>y are 
d\btless us$ ) ! object ( mak+ assurance
 d\bly sure4 ,!y h precisely ! rev]se   
effect1 besides be+ uncomplim5t>y--to   

put x mildly--to ! intellig5ce ( !      
p]=m]4 ,%>ps1 flats1 & naturals :i*     
sometimes are =eign to ! signature1 &   
sometimes duplicate x1 cause confusion  
:]e !re 0 previ\sly assurance4 ,bad     
en\gh at all times1 !y are1 :5 "o is    
transpos+ at sight1 exasp]at+ to ! la/  
degree4  ,an accid5tal is op]ative dur+ 
! b> 9 :i* x occurs1 & no fur!r1 unless 
x inflects ! la/ note ( a b>1 & ! next  
b> beg9s ) ! same note4 ,x is s usual1  
h[ev]1 to contradict an accid5tal 9 ! b>
 next to t 9 :i* x occurs1 t ?is        
practice may almo/ be said to h become a
 rule1 brea* ( :i* might cause unc]ta9ty
 9 all b ! cle>e/ cases4 ,?is is no     
ju/ification = ! absurd practice ( "s   
writ]s1 ( contradict+ an inflection !   
next "t ! same note un-inflect$ occurs1 
h[ev] f> (f ?is may be6  ,z a rule1 a   
natural %\ld only be us$ :]e ! %>p or   
flat to be cancell$ w\ld n h to be      
repeat$ 7 ! inflection int5d$ to        
cont9ue4                     99       99
       99       99       99             

,legibility4  #eb4--;,a common cause (  
illegibility 9 manuscript music is :at  
may be call$ a spid]-l sam5ess 9 ! web4 
,/ems & hooks--inde$ sometimes /ems &   
note-heads6--are mu* ( ! same ?ickness &
 blackness4 ,comp>e !m 9 pr9t$ music1 & 
x w be se5 t a doz51 p]haps a score1 (  
/ems c\ld be spun out ( "o hook4        
99       99       99       99       99  
#ec4--,%\ld x be necess>y to erase &    
rewrite a note1 ! blurr$ effect too (t5 
result+ may be almo/ entirely avoid$ by 
p5cil+ ! correct note be=e trac+ x 9    
ink4 ,?is produces a lead-l9$ groove &  
prev5ts ! ink f runn+4                  
99       99       99       99       99  
,facility4  #ed4--,or?ography is taught 
by ! c>eful mak+--draw+ r ?an writ+--(  
l>ge lett]s4 ,! =mation ( a m rapid &   
individual h& does n come till lat]4 ,s 
) musical phonography4 ,! /ud5t1 at     
:atev] co/ ( "t & pati5ce1 mu/ fir/     
acquire accuracy & cle>ness4 ,n till ^! 
are ga9$ mu/ he ?9k ( rapidity & ease4  
,h5ce ! consid]ation ( facility has be5 

def]r$ to ! la/4  ,facility is well     
wor?y ( consid]ation1 especially on ! "p
 ( ^? :o h mu* music to write4 ,a little
 ?\ght w (t5 %[ h[ a "* may be made 9 "o
 /roke1 :i* 9 any o!r way w take two or 
m1 & t )\t any loss ( cle>ness4  ,?us a 
half note c be made 9 "o /roke if begun 
at ! po9t :]e ! r+ jo9s ! /em2 t is1 at 
! top ( ! r+ = upw>d /ems1 at ! "u "p = 
d[nw>d /ems4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4  
,qu>t] notes may be made 9 "o /roke if !
 head be begun fir/ :5 ! /em is upw>d1 &
 ! /em fir/ :5 ! /em is d[nw>d4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4  ,if ?is v     
simple exp$i5t 7 m g5]ally kn[n1 !      
practice ( writ+ d[nw>d z well z upw>d  
/ems at ! "r-h& side ( ! note-head--nev]
 done 9 pr9t$ music--w\ld n be z common 
z x is4 ,x %\ld be add$ t to make a     
qu>t] or half note satisfactorily 9 "o  
/roke1 a pliable p51 f9e1 b spread+ "u  
pressure1 & rapidly recov]+ itself1 is  
necess>y1 o!rwise ! head w be too ?9 or 
! /em too ?ick4  ,eigh? notes1          
especially ^? ) d[nw>d /ems1 are be/    

made 9 two /rokes4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 be made
 9 "o if begun at ! bottom4 ,t is to    
say1 ^? ) upw>d /ems mu/ be begun at !  
head1 & ^? ) d[nw>d /ems at ! hook4 ,?is
 hook mu/ be drawn ?91 if made ?ick ! p5
 w scrat* :5 mak+ ! /em3 if ! head be   
made fir/ ! p5 ends at ! wrong side = a 
d[nw>d /em4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4   
,ea* %ort] note requires an additional  
action4  ,! ,g clef c be made 9 "o /roke
 if begun at ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! curl1 or  
at ! d[nw>d extremity4 ,! ,f clef       
requires ?ree /rokes1 ow+ to ! dots1 ea*
 ( :i* takes "o to itself4  ,! ,c clef  
requires f\r movem5ts1 s does a %>p4 ,a 
flat may be made 9 "o /roke1 b is v apt 
to look l a half note4 ,a natural       
requires two movem5ts4  ,*ords may be   
exp$iti\sly =m$1 if ) d[nw>d /em1 by    
mak+ ! top note1 ) /em1 fir/1 & !n add+ 
! o!r notes4 ,*ords ) upw>d /ems %\ld be
 begun at ! bottom4  7,! jo9+s are      
purposely left imp]fect to %[ ! me?od4  
,! numb]s %[ ! ord] ( ! f\r actions = ! 
f\r notes47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4   

99       99       99       99       99  
,copyright4  #ee4--;,a prim] on musical 
or?ography is h>dly complete )\t a few  
words on ,copyright4 ,z long z a "w is 9
 manuscript & copies are n (f]$ = sale x
 enjoys ! same protection1 "u ! common  
law1 z if prop]ly ent]$ = copyright4 ,x 
is an infr+em5t ( copyright to copy1    
repr9t1 publi%1 or v5d ! :ole or any    
portion ( a copyright "w = any purpose  
:atsoev]4 ,x is an infr+em5t to copy a  
hymn tune1 a portion ( an an!m1 or*e/ral
 p>ts1 or to transpose a song2 su*      
infr+em5ts c be prosecut$ & ! full      
p5alty exact$4 ,x c be readily und]/ood 
t su* copy+ deprives ! compos] or       
proprietor ( 8 j returns f ! sales ( 8  
"w4 ,to secure a copyright 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates ( ,am]ica x is necess>y to pr9t  
on ea* & e copy1 ,copyright 7date7 by   
7"n ( proprietor71 & to s5d to !        
,regi/r> ( ,copyright1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4    
,c41 two complete copies ) a fee ( "o   
doll> = regi/ration & a c]tificate "u   
seal4 ,! copyright is secur$ =          

tw5ty-eight ye>s f ! date ( fir/        
publication ) ! privilege ( a r5ewal =  
tw5ty-eight ye>s1 provid$ t notice (    
r5ewal is giv5 ! copyright (fice "o ye> 
prior to ! expiration ( ! fir/ t]m4     
,secur+ an int]national copyright is    
usually und]tak5 by ! publi%]1 z are    
also su* matt]s z me*anical rights4     
99       99       99       99       99  
#ef4--,:5 ! f9i%$ composition is ready =
 publication1 a fair copy %\ld be made &
 c>e ex]cis$ to see t x is legible &    
correct 9 e p>ticul>4 ,a few sugge/ions 
z to pro(read+ & correct+ may prove     
useful4 ,!re are c]ta9 symbols 9        
univ]sal use :i* are z foll[s3          
,illu/ration3 move ov]  ,illu/ration3   
take out  ,illu/ration3 turn ov]        
,illu/ration3 transpose  ,illu/ration3  
close up  ,illu/ration3 space           
,illu/ration3 wrong font  ,illu/ration3 
l[] case  ,^! symbols %\ld be m>k$ on ! 
m>g9 ( ! pro( 7see sample page71 & no   
o!r in/ructions are necess>y4 ,notes are
 indicat$ by _! position on ! /aff n by 

_! names4 ,! value ( a note is indicat$ 
by a fraction4 ,slurs are drawn 9 &     
indicat$ by ! ^w slur4 ,dots are        
encircl$ ) a l9e to give !m prom95ce4   
,illu/ration     ,,index   ,! numb]s    
ref] to ! ,p>agraph1 n ! ,page4         
,,p>agraph    ,accid5tals               
#dd-dh1 #ea     ,b>r+                   
#d    ,beat-l9es                        
#ad    ,b9d                             
#ad    ,black-notes                     
#db     ,*ange ( ,key                   
#d    ,*ange ( ,"t                      
#g    ,*ords                            
#ed    ,clefs                           
#e    ,common ,faults      #e1 #f1 #ab1 
#ac1 #bb1 #cd1 #cf1 #eb    ,comp\nd ,"t 
#ac    ,copyright                       
#ee    ,cross+ ,p>ts                    
#bd     ,direct                         
#e    ,dots                             
#bj1 #i1 #ad1 #dj     ,erasures         
#ec    ,extract+ a ,s+le ,"p            
#ej     ,facility                       
#ed     ,g]man ,qu>t] ,note ,re/s       

#ag    ,grace-notes                     
#bc    ,gr\ps                   #ac1    
#bc1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce1 #ch     ,half ,note 
,head ) ,eigh? ,note ,hook         #db  
,hi/orical ,notes              #g1 #ad1 
#ba1 #bg1 #ca    ,hooks                 
#bi1 #db     ,introductory              
#a     ,key ,signature                  
#d1 #f     ,leg]-l9es                   
#cf    ,legibility                      
#eb     ,mapp+-out                      
#d    ,m]c]'s ,psalt]                   
#d    ,morley's ,practical ,music       
#ad     ,notation ( ,rhy?m              
#h1 #cb     ,op5 ,score                 
#af1 #bj1 #bc    ,op5 ,score to ,%ort   
,score                    #da    ,organ 
,music                                  
#bc    ,ov]-lapp+ ,it]ation 7,piano7    
#aa     ,pap]                           
#b    ,"p ,writ+                        
#ai1 #dd    ,pause                      
#ej    ,plac+ ( ,notes                  
#ad    ,play=d's ,:ole ,booke ( ,psalms 
#bg1 #ca     ,re/s                      

#ae-ai1 #ab1 #ej    ,rhy?m1 ,notation ( 
#h1 #cb     ,scor+                      
#c    ,%ort ,score                      
#ah1 #bd    ,%ort ,score to ,op5        
#db    ,sign ( ,p]fection               
#g    ,signatures                       
#f1 #d1 #g    ,simple ,"t               
#ab    ,slur                            
#cg1 #ci    ,sonata ,pa/orale           
#i    ,/ems                             
#bb      ,( ,re/s                       
#be1 #af1 #ah    ,/roke & ,dot          
#i     ,?ree ,p>ts on ,"o ,/ave         
#bd    ,ties                            
#aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #cg    ,"t ,signature    
#g    ,turn ,ov]                        
#d1 #e     ,unnecess>y ,accid5tals      
#ea     ,vocal music                    
#cg1 #bc      7,exception #d7           
#ce1 #dj     ,words 7,see also ,vocal   
,music7                #d   ,:5 a high] 
numb] prec$es a l[] 9 ! above index1 x  
is because x ref]s to a m important     
,p>agraph4        ,transcrib]'s ,note3  
,! foll[+ is a li/ ( corrections made to

 ! orig9al4     ,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al
 l9e1 ! second ! correct$ "o4           
,qu>tet-pap]3 f\r /ave score1 no        
brackets or clefs4   ,qu>tet-pap]3      
f\r-/ave score1 no brackets or clefs4   
,leg]-l9es1   ,leg]-l9es4    _c be :ite 
& black at ! same "t4 ,9 ?is case !     
notehead   _c be :ite & black at ! same 
"t4 ,9 ?is case ! note-head