,,sup]natural ,,religion3 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,div9e ,,revelation4 ,by ,walt] ,ri*>d ,cassels ,9 ,?ree ,volumes3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,complete ,edition4 ,c>efully ,revis$4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre5l& ,co41 #ahgi4 ,,pg ,,editor',s ,,note3 ,?is file has be5 provid$ ) an image ( ! orig9al scan = ea* page :i* is l9k$ to ! page numb] 9 ! html file4 ,ne>ly e page 9 ! text has _m ,greek passages :i* h be5 indicat$ :]e !y occur by ------ z h _m complex tables2 ^! passages may be view$ 9 ! page images4 ,"s ( ! pages h only a few l9es ( text & !n ! re/ ( ! page is tak5 up ) complex footnotes 9 ,engli%1 ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,! read] may click on ! page numb]s 9 ! html file to see ! entire page ) ! footnotes4 --,,dw ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,div9e ,,revelation ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,clem5t9es--,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,diognetus ,we mu/ n[ z briefly z possible exam9e ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! apocryphal religi\s romance g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,! ,clem5t9es1 & assum+1 falsely ( c\rse17#a7 to be ! composition ( ! ,roman ,clem5t4 ,! ,clem5t9es are compos$ ( ?ree pr9cipal works1 ! ,homilies1 ,recognitions1 & a s-call$ ,epitome4 ,! ,homilies1 aga91 are prefac$ by a pret5d$ epi/le address$ by ! ,apo/le ,pet] to ,james1 & ano!r f ,clem5t4 ,^! ,homilies 7 only kn[n 9 an imp]fect =m till #ahec1 :5 ,dressel7#b7 publi%$ a complete ,greek text4 ,( ! ,recognitions we only possess a ,lat9 translation by ,ruf9us 7a4d4 #djb74 #b ,al?\gh !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! claims to priority ( ! ,homilies & ,recognitions1 _m critics assign+ t place to ! ,homilies17#a7 :il/ o!rs ass]t ! e>li] orig9 ( ! ,recognitions17#b7 all are agre$ t ! "o is m]ely a v]sion ( ! o!r1 ! =m] be+ embodi$ almo/ ^w = ^w 9 ! latt]1 :il/ ! ,epitome is a bl5d+ ( ! o!r two1 probably int5d$ to purge !m f h]etical doctr9e4 ,^! works1 h[ev]1 :i* are g5]ally admitt$ to h emanat$ f ! ,ebionitic p>ty ( ! e>ly ,*ur*17#c7 are suppos$ to be bas$ ^u old] ,petr9e writ+s1 su* z ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet] ------1 & ! ,travels ( ,pet] ------47#d7 #c ,x is n necess>y = our purpose to g into any analysis ( ! "* ( ! ,clem5t9es4 ,x w suffice to say t !y almo/ entirely consi/ ( discussions betwe5 ! ,apo/le ,pet] & ,simon ! ,magician reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! true ,mosaic & ,*ri/ian religions4 ,pet] foll[s ! ,magician f city to city = ! purpose ( expos+ & refut+ him1 ! "o1 9 fact1 repres5t+ ,apo/olic doctr9e & ! o!r h]esy1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ^! discussions occur ! v num]\s quotations ( say+s ( ,jesus & ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory :i* we h to exam9e4 ,! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions1 z we h already rem>k$1 are only kn[n to u ?r\gh ! ,lat9 translation ( ,ruf9us2 & f a comp>ison ( ! evangelical quotations occurr+ 9 t "w ) ! same 9 ! ,homilies1 x is evid5t t ,ruf9us has assimilat$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( translation to ! p>allel passages ( our ,gospels4 ,x is admitt$1 !re=e1 t no argum5t reg>d+ ! s\rce ( ! quotations c rightly be bas$ ^u ! ,recognitions1 & t "w may1 consequ5tly1 be entirely set aside17#a7 & ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies alone ne$ occupy our att5tion4 ,we ne$ sc>cely rem>k t1 unless ! date at :i* ^! ,homilies 7 compos$ c be asc]ta9$1 _! value z te/imony = ! exi/5ce ( our ,synoptic ,gospels is s]i\sly affect$4 ,! difficulty ( arriv+ at a correct conclusion reg>d+ ?is po9t1 great "u almo/ any circum/ances1 is ( c\rse increas$ by ! fact t ! "w is altoge!r apocryphal1 & mo/ c]ta9ly n held by any "o to h #d be5 writt5 by ! p]son ^: "n x be>s4 ,!re is 9 fact no?+ b int]nal evid5ce by :i* to fix ! date1 & t int]nal evid5ce is ( a "* :i* admits ( v wide ext5sion d[n ! c\rse ( "t1 al?\gh a %>p limit is set beyond :i* x _c m\nt upw>ds4 ,( ext]nal evid5ce !re is almo/ none1 & :at little exi/s does n w>rant an e>ly date4 ,orig51 x is true1 m5tions ------17#a7 :i*1 x is conjectur$1 may ei!r be ! same "w z ! ------1 or ,recognitions1 translat$ by ,ruf9us1 or relat$ to x1 & ,epiphanius & o!rs ref] to ------27#b7 b our ,clem5t9e ,homilies are n m5tion$ by any writ] be=e pseudo-,a?anasius47#c7 ,! "w1 !re=e1 c at ! be/ af=d no sub/antial te/imony to ! antiquity & apo/olic orig9 ( our ,gospels4 ,hilg5feld1 foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ,baur1 arrives at ! conclusion t ! ,homilies are direct$ aga9/ ! ,gno/icism ( ,m>cion 7& also1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 aga9/ ! ,apo/le ,paul71 & he1 !re=e1 necess>ily assigns to !m a date subsequ5t to a4d4 #afj4 ,z ,reuss1 h[ev]1 inquires3 ^u ?is gr\nd1 :y %\ld a /ill lat] date n be nam$1 s9ce ev5 ,t]tullian wrote vehem5tly aga9/ ! same ,gnosis47#d7 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! au?or 0 a repres5tative ( ,ebionitic ,gno/icism1 :i* _h once be5 ! pure/ =m ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 b lat]1 ?r\gh its own developm5t1 ?\gh /ill m ?r\gh ! rapid gr[? ar\nd x ( ,paul9ian doctr9e1 _h #e assum$ a position closely v]g+ ^u h]esy4 ,x is n necess>y = u1 h[ev]1 to ent] ^u any exhau/ive discussion ( ! date at :i* ! ,clem5t9es 7 writt52 x is suffici5t to %[ t !re is no c]ta9 gr\nd ^u :i* a decision c be bas$1 & t ev5 an approximate conjecture c sc>cely be reasonably advanc$4 ,critics v>i\sly date ! composition ( ! orig9al ,recognitions f ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury to ! end ( ! ?ird1 ?\gh ! majority are agre$ 9 plac+ !m at lea/ 9 ! latt] c5tury47#a7 ,!y assign to ! ,homilies an orig9 at diff]5t dates )9 a p]iod comm5c+ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & ext5d+ to a c5tury lat]4#b ,9 ! ,homilies !re are v num]\s quotations #f ( say+s ( ,jesus & ( ,gospel hi/ory1 :i* are g5]ally plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,pet]1 or introduc$ ) su* =mulae z3 ,! tea*] said1 ,jesus said1 ,he said1 ,! prophet said1 b 9 no case does ! au?or "n ! s\rce f :i* ^! say+s & quotations are d]iv$4 ,t he does1 h[ev]1 quote f a writt5 s\rce1 & n f tradition1 is cle> f ! use ( su* expressions z 9 ano!r place ------7#a7 he has said1 :i* ref] n to o!r localities or circum/ances1 b ano!r "p ( a writt5 hi/ory47#b7 ,!re are 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies upw>ds ( a hundr$ quotations ( say+s ( ,jesus or ref]5ces to 8 hi/ory1 too _m by f> = u to exam9e 9 detail "h2 b1 not)/&+ ! numb] ( ^! passages1 s sy/ematically d !y v>y1 m or less1 f ! p>allels 9 our canonical ,gospels1 t1 z 9 ! case ( ,ju/91 ,apologi/s are oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! ela/ic explanation1 already worn s ?readb>e1 ( free quotation f memory & bl5d+ ( passages to acc\nt = ! rem>kable ph5om5a pres5t$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be evid5t t ! necessity = su* an apology at all %[s ! insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by ^! quotations4 ,de ,wette says3 ,! quotations ( evangelical works & hi/ories 9 ! pseudo-,clem5t9e writ+s1 f _! nature free & inaccurate1 p]mit only an unc]ta9 conclusion to be #g drawn z to _! writt5 s\rce47#a7 ,critics h ma9ta9$ v diff]5t & conflict+ views reg>d+ t s\rce4 ,apologi/s1 ( c\rse1 ass]t t ! quotations 9 ! ,homilies are tak5 f our ,gospels only47#b7 ,o!rs ascribe !m to our ,gospels1 ) a supplem5t>y apocryphal "w3 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]47#c7 ,"s1 :il/ admitt+ a subsidi>y use ( "s ( our ,gospels1 ass]t t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies employs1 9 pref]5ce1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]27#d7 :il/ o!rs1 recogniz+ also ! simil>ity ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ^! quotations ) ^? ( ,ju/9's1 conclude t ! au?or does n quote our ,gospels at all1 b makes use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#e7 ,evid5ce p]mitt+ ( su* div]g5t conclusions manife/ly _c be ( a decid$ "*4 ,we may affirm1 h[ev]1 t few ( ^? :o are #h will+ to admit ! use ( our ,synoptics by ! au?or ( ! ,homilies along ) o!r s\rces1 make t concession on ! /r5g? ( ! absolute isolat$ evid5ce ( ! ,homilies !mselves1 b !y are g5]ally mov$ by antec$5t views on ! po9t4 ,9 an inquiry l t :i* we h und]tak51 h[ev]1 su* easy & indiff]5t judgm5t w\ld obvi\sly be out ( place1 & ! po9t we h to det]m9e is n :e!r an au?or may h be5 acqua9t$ ) our ,gospels1 b :e!r he furni%es te/imony t he actually 0 9 possession ( our pres5t ,gospels & reg>d$ !m z au?oritative4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ! au?or ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies nev] names ! s\rce f :i* 8 quotations are d]iv$4 ,( ^! v num]\s quotations we mu/ aga9 di/9ctly /ate t only two or ?ree1 ( a v brief & fragm5t>y "*1 lit]ally agree ) our ,synoptics1 :il/ all ! re/ diff] m or less widely f ! p>allel passages 9 ^? ,gospels4 ,"s ( ^! quotations are repeat$ m ?an once ) ! same p]si/5t & *>act]i/ic v>iations1 & 9 sev]al cases1 z we h already se51 !y agree m or less closely ) quotations ( ,ju/9 f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h no p>allels at all 9 our ,gospels1 & ev5 ,apologi/s are consequ5tly compell$ to admit ! collat]al use ( an apocryphal ,gospel4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,ju/91 !re=e1 ! s+ul> ph5om5on is pres5t$ ( a va/ numb] ( quotations ( :i* only "o or two brief phrases1 too fragm5t>y to avail z evid5ce1 p]fectly agree ) our ,gospels2 :il/ ( ! re/1 :i* all v>y m or less1 "s m]ely resemble comb9$ passages ( two ,gospels1 o!rs m]ely conta9 ! s5se1 "s #i pres5t v>iations likewise f\nd 9 o!r writ]s or 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,homilies are repeat$ly quot$ ) ! same v>iations1 & o!rs are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels at all4 ,su* ph5om5a _c be fairly acc\nt$ = by any m]e !ory ( imp]fect memory or neglig5ce4 ,! sy/ematic v>iation f our ,synoptics1 v>iation prov$ by repetition n to be accid5tal1 c\pl$ ) quotations :i* h no p>allels at all 9 our ,gospels1 m naturally po9t to ! use ( a diff]5t ,gospel4 ,9 no case c ! ,homilies be accept$ z furni%+ evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,gospels4 ,z x is impossible "h to exam9e 9 detail all ( ! quotations 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ?is di/9ct /atem5t ( _! "*1 & m]ely illu/rate briefly ! diff]5t classes ( quotations1 exhau/+1 h[ev]1 ^? :i* lit]ally agree ) passages 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! mo/ det]m9$ ( rec5t ,apologi/s d n af=d u an opportunity ( te/+ ! passages ^u :i* !y base _! ass]tion ( ! use ( our ,synoptics1 = !y simply assume t ! au?or us$ !m )\t produc+ in/ances47#a7 ,! fir/ quotation agree+ ) a passage 9 our ,synoptics occurs 9 ,hom4 iii4 #eb3 ,& he cri$1 say+3 ,come unto me all ye t are we>y1 :i* agrees ) ! op5+ words ( ,matt4 xi4 #bh1 b ! phrase does #a ,tes*5dorf only devotes a doz5 l9os1 ) a note1 to ! ,clemont9os1 & only 9 connection ) our f\r? ,gospel1 :i* %all h]o-aft] h our att5tion4 ,wann wurd5 u4 s4 w41 p4 #ij4 ,9 ! same way ,canon ,we/cott passes !m ov] 9 a %ort p>agraph1 m]ely ass]t+ ! allusions to our ,gospels to be g5]ally admitt$1 & only directly ref]r+ to "o suppos$ quotation f ,m>k :i* we %all pres5tly exam9e1 & "o :i* he affirms to be f ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bea f4 ,9 ! #d? edition he has enl>g$ 8 rem>ks1 p4 #bhb ff4 #aj n cont9ue1 & is foll[$ by ! explanation3 t is1 :o are seek+ ! tru? & n f9d+ x47#a7 ,x is evid5t1 t s %ort & fragm5t>y a phrase _c prove any?+47#b7 ,! next passage occurs 9 ,hom4 xviii4 #ae3 ,= ,isaiah said3 ,i w op5 my m\? 9 p>ables1 & ,i w utt] ?+s t h be5 kept secret f ! f\ndation ( ! _w47#c7 ,n[ ?is passage1 ) a slightly diff]5t ord] ( words1 is f\nd 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #ce4 ,aft] giv+ a s]ies ( p>ables1 ! au?or ( ! ,gospel says 7v4 #cd71 ,all ^! ?+s spake ,jesus unto ! multitudes 9 p>ables2 & )\t a p>able spake he n unto !m2 7v4 #ce7 ,t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet 7,isaiah71 say+3 ,i w op5 my m\? 9 p>ables1 c4 ,!re are two peculi>ities :i* mu/ be po9t$ out 9 ?is passage4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ,isaiah1 b 9 ,psalm lxxviii4 #b17d7 & x pres5ts a v>iation f ! v]sion ( ! lxx4 ,bo? ! v>iation & ! errone\s ref]5ce to ,isaiah1 !re=e1 occur also 9 ! ,homily4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce agrees )1 b ! latt] "p is q diff]5t f1 ! ,greek ( ! lxx41 :i* reads3 ,i w utt] problems f ! beg9n+1 ------47#e7 ,! ,psalm f :i* ! quotation is really tak5 is1 by its sup]scription1 ascrib$ to ,asaph1 :o1 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ,,ii4 ,*ronicles xxix4 #cj1 is call$ a #aa prophet47#a7 ,x 01 !re=e1 e>ly ass]t$ t ! orig9al read+ ( ,mat!w 0 ,asaph1 in/ead ( ,isaiah4 ,porphyry1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 twitt$ ,*ri/ians ) ?is errone\s ascription by _! inspir$ evangeli/ to ,isaiah ( a passage f a ,psalm1 & r$uc$ ! ,fa!rs to great /raits4 ,eusebius1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is v]se ( ! ,psalm1 attributes ! ins]tion ( ! words1 by ! prophet ,isaiah1 to un9tellig5t copyi/s1 & ass]ts t 9 accurate ,,mss4 ! "n is n add$ to ! ^w prophet4 ,j]ome likewise ascribes ! ins]tion ( ! "n ,isaiah = t ( ,asaph1 :i* 0 orig9ally writt51 to an ignorant scribe17#b7 & 9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,psalms1 g5]ally1 ?\gh probably falsely1 ascrib$ to him1 ! rem>k is made t _m copies ( ! ,gospel to t day _h ! "n ,isaiah1 = :i* ,porphyry _h reproa*$ ,*ri/ians17#c7 & ! writ] ( ! same comm5t>y actually all[s himself to make ! ass]tion t ,asaph 0 f\nd 9 all ! old codices1 b ignorant m5 _h remov$ x47#d7 ,! fact is1 t ! read+ ,asaph = ,isaiah is n f\nd 9 any extant ,,ms41 &1 al?\gh ,isaiah has disappe>$ f all b a few obscure codices1 x _c be d5i$ t ! "n anci5tly /ood 9 ! text47#e7 ,9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex1 :i* is probably ! e>lie/ ,,ms4 extant1 & :i* is assign$ to ! f\r? c5tury1 ! prophet ,isaiah /&s 9 ! text by ! fir/ h&1 b is eras$ by ! second 7b74 #ab ,! quotation 9 ! ,homily1 h[ev]1 is cle>ly n f our ,gospel4 ,x is introduc$ by ! words ,= ,isaiah says3 & ! context is s diff]5t f t 9 ,mat!w1 t x seems mo/ improbable t ! au?or ( ! ,homily c\ld h _h ! passage sugge/$ to him by ! ,gospel4 ,x occurs 9 a discussion betwe5 ,simon ! ,magician & ,pet]4 ,! =m] und]takes to prove t ! ,mak] ( ! _w is n ! highe/ ,god1 & among/ o!r argum5ts he advances ! passage3 ,no man knew ! ,fa!r1 c41 to %[ t ! ,fa!r _h rema9$ conceal$ f ! ,patri>*s1 c41 until reveal$ by ! ,son1 & 9 reply to ,pet] he retorts1 t if ! supposition t ! ,patri>*s 7 n deem$ wor?y to "k ! ,fa!r 0 unju/1 ! ,*ri/ian tea*] 0 himself to blame1 :o said3 ,i ?ank !e1 ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 t :at 0 conceal$ f ! wise ?\ ha/ reveal$ to suckl+ babes4 ,pet] argues t 9 ! /atem5t ( ,jesus3 ,no man knew ! ,fa!r1 c41 he _c be consid]$ to indicate ano!r ,god & ,fa!r f him :o made ! _w1 & he cont9ues3 ,= ! conceal$ ?+s ( :i* he spoke may be ^? ( ! ,creator himself2 = ,isaiah says3 ',i w op5 my m\?1 c4' ,d y admit1 !re=e1 t ! prophet 0 n ignorant ( ! ?+s conceal$17#a7 & s on4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ 9 ?is argum5t to indicate t ! passage 0 sugge/$ by ! ,gospel1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is us$ 9 a totally diff]5t way1 & is quot$ n z an evangelical text1 b z a say+ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & treat$ 9 connection ) ! prophet himself1 & n ) its suppos$ fulfilm5t 9 ,jesus4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t 9 ! correspond+ "p ( #ac ! ,recognitions1 :e!r t "w be ( old] or m rec5t date1 ! passage does n occur at all4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is impossible to say h[ & :]e ?is errone\s ref]5ce to a passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t fir/ occurr$1 !re is no reason = affirm+ t x orig9at$ 9 our fir/ ,synoptic1 & z little = ass]t+ t its occurr5ce 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ) s diff]5t a context & object1 involves ! conclusion t _! au?or d]iv$ x f ! ,gospel1 & n f ! ,old ,te/am5t or "s o!r s\rce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! peculi> argum5t bas$ ^u x 9 ! ,homilies sugge/s a diff]5t orig91 & x is v probable t ! passage1 ) its errone\s ref]5ce1 0 d]iv$ by bo? f ano!r & common s\rce4 ,ano!r passage is a phrase f ! ,"l's ,pray]1 :i* occurs 9 ,hom4 xix4 #b3 ,b also 9 ! pray] :i* he comm5d$ to u1 we h x said3 ,deliv] u f ! evil "o ------4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said1 h[ev]1 t few ,gospels c h be5 compos$ )\t includ+ ?is pray]1 & ! occurr5ce ( ?is %ort phrase demon/rates no?+ m ?an ! m]e fact1 t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies 0 acqua9t$ ) "o ( ! mo/ univ]sally kn[n lessons ( ,jesus1 or made use ( a ,gospel :i* conta9$ x4 ,!re w\ld h be5 cause = wond] _h he be5 ignorant ( x4 ,! only o!r passage :i* agrees lit]ally ) our ,gospels is also a m]e fragm5t f ! p>able ( ! ,tal5ts1 & :5 ! o!r ref]5ces to ! same p>able are add$1 x is evid5t t ! quotation is n f our ,gospels4 ,9 ,hom4 iii4 #fe1 ! address to ! good s]vant is introduc$3 ,well done1 good & fai?ful s]vant ------1 :i* agrees #ad ) ! words 9 ,matt4 xxv4 #ba4 ,! allusion to ! p>able ( ! tal5ts 9 ! context is p]fectly cle>1 & ! passage occurs 9 an address ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] to ov]come ! mode/ scruples ( ,zac*eus1 ! =m] publican1 :o has be5 select$ by ,pet] z 8 successor 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,caes>ea :5 he is ab\t to leave 9 pursuit ( ,simon ! ,magician4 ,anticipat+ ! possibility ( 8 hesitat+ to accept ! (fice1 ,pet]1 9 an e>li] "p ( 8 address1 h[ev]1 makes full] allusions to ! same p>able ( ! tal5ts1 :i* we mu/ contra/ ) ! p>allel 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic4 ,b if any ( ^? pres5t1 hav+ ! ability to in/ruct ! ignorance ( m51 %r9k back f x1 consid]+ only 8 own ease1 !n let him expect to he>3 --,table-- #ae ,! ,homily does n end "h1 h[ev]1 b cont9ues 9 words n f\nd 9 our ,gospels at all3 ,& reasonably3 ',=1' he says1 'x is ?9e1 ,o man1 to put my words z silv] ) ex*ang]s1 & to prove !m z money_/7#a7 ,?is passage is v analog\s to ano!r say+ ( ,jesus1 frequ5tly quot$ f an apocryphal ,gospel1 by ! au?or ( ! ,homilies1 to :i* we %all h]eaft] m p>ticul>ly ref]1 b "h m]ely po9t out3 ,be ye approv$ money-*ang]s ------47#b7 ,! v>iations f ! p>allel passages 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels1 ! peculi> application ( ! p>able to ! words ( ,jesus1 & ! addition ( a say+ n f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 w>rant u 9 d5y+ t ! quotations we are consid]+ c be appropriat$ by our canonical ,gospels1 &1 on ! contr>y1 give good reason = ! conclusion1 t ! au?or d]iv$ 8 k ( ! p>able f ano!r s\rce4 ,!re is no o!r quotation 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies :i* lit]ally agrees ) our ,gospels1 & x is difficult1 )\t incurr+ ! *>ge ( p>tial selection1 to illu/rate ! sy/ematic v>iation 9 su* v num]\s passages z occur 9 ^! writ+s4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s & unnecess>y to repeat ! te/ appli$ to ! quotations ( ,ju/91 & give 9 detail ! passages f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,homilies4 ,"s ( ^! w come be=e u pres5tly1 b ) reg>d to ! :ole1 :i* are n less ?an fifty1 we may broadly & positively /ate t !y all m or less diff] f our ,gospels4 ,to take ! #af sev]e/ te/1 h[ev]1 we %all comp>e ^? fur!r passages :i* are specially adduc$ z mo/ closely foll[+ our ,gospels1 & neglect ! va/ majority :i* mo/ widely diff] f !m4 ,9 addition to ! passages :i* we h already exam9$1 ,cr$n]7#a7 po9ts out ! foll[+4 ,! fir/ is f ,hom4 xix4 #b47b7 ,if ,satan ca/ out ,satan he is divid$ aga9/ himself3 h[ !n c 8 k+dom /&8 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is s5t5ce1 ! ,homily reads1 ------ = ! ------ ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 & ! la/ phrase 9 ea* is z foll[s3-- ------ ,! ?ird ,gospel diff]s f ! fir/ z ! ,homily does f bo?4 ,! next passage is f ,hom4 xix4 #g4s ,= ?us1 said our ,fa!r1 :o 0 )\t deceit3 out ( abundance ( he>t m\? speake?4 ,! ,greek comp>$ ) t ( ,matt4 xii4 #cd4 ------ ,! =m ( ! homily is mu* m prov]bial4 ,! next passage occurs 9 ,hom4 iii4 #eb3 ,e plant :i* ! heav5ly ,fa!r did n plant %all be root$ up4 ,?is agrees ) ! p>allel 9 ,matt4 xv4 #ac1 ) ! important exception1 t al?\gh 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus1 ! heav5ly ,fa!r is sub/itut$ = ! my heav5ly ,fa!r ( ! ,gospel4 ,! la/ passage po9t$ out by ,cr$n]1 is f ,hom4 viii4 #d3 ,b also '_m1' he said1 'call$1 b few *os52' :i* may be comp>$ ) ,matt4 xx4 #af1 c4 ------ #ag ,we h already fully discuss$ ?is passage ( ! ,gospel 9 connection ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1#a & ne$ n say m "h4 ,! v>iations 9 ^! passages1 x may be argu$1 are n v important4 ,c]ta9ly1 if !y 7 ! exceptional v>iations among/ a mass ( quotations p]fectly agree+ ) p>allels 9 our ,gospels1 x might be exagg]ation to base ^u su* div]g5ces a conclusion t !y 7 d]iv$ f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,:5 x is consid]$1 h[ev]1 t ! v rev]se is ! case1 & t ^! are passages select$ = _! clos] agreem5t out ( a multitude ( o!rs ei!r m decid$ly diff]+ f our ,gospels or n f\nd 9 !m at all1 ! case entirely *anges1 & v>iations be+ ! rule in/ead ( ! exception1 ^!1 h[ev] slight1 become evid5ce ( ! use ( a ,gospel diff]5t f ours4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! importance ( slight v>iations 9 connection ) ! "q z to ! s\rce f :i* quotations are d]iv$1 ! foll[+ may at r&om be po9t$ out4 ,! passage ,see ?\ say no?+ to any man1 b g ?y way1 %[ ?yself to ! prie/ ------ occurr+ 9 a "w l ! ,homilies w\ld1 suppos+ our second ,gospel no long] extant1 be ref]r$ to ,matt viii4 #d1 ) :i* x entirely agrees ) ! exception ( its conta9+ ! "o extra ^w ------4 ,x is h[ev] actually tak5 f ,m>k i4 #dd1 & n f ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,!n aga91 suppos+ t our fir/ ,gospel _h %>$ ! fate ( s _m o!rs ( ! ------ ( ,luke1 & 9 "s e>ly "w ! foll[+ passage 7 f\nd3 ,a prophet is n )\t hon\r except 9 8 own c\ntry #ah & 9 8 own h\se ------t ?is passage w\ld und\bt$ly be claim$ by apologi/s z a quotation f ,m>k vi4 #d1 & z prov+ ! exi/5ce & use ( t ,gospel4 ,! omission ( ! words & among 8 own k9 ------ w\ld at fir/ be expla9$ z m]e abbreviation1 or defect ( memory1 b on ! discov]y t "p or all ( ^! words are omitt$ f "s ,,mss41 t = in/ance ! phrase is eras$ f ! olde/ manuscript kn[n1 ! ,cod4 ,s9aiticus1 ! d]ivation f ! second ,gospel w\ld be consid]$ z e/abli%$4 ,! au?or not)/&+ might nev] h se5 t ,gospel1 = ! quotation is tak5 f ,matt4 xiii4 #eg47b7 ,we h already quot$ ! op9ion ( ,de ,wette z to ! inconclusive nature ( ! d$uctions to be drawn f ! quotations 9 ! pseudo-,clem5t9e writ+s reg>d+ _! s\rce1 b 9 pursuance ( ! plan we h adopt$ we %all n[ exam9e ! passages :i* he cites z mo/ ne>ly agree+ ) our ,gospels47#c7 ,! fir/ ( ^! occurs 9 ,hom4 iii4 #ah3 ,! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees sit ^u ,moses' seat2 all ?+s !re=e1 :atsoev] !y speak to y1 he> !m1 :i* is comp>$ ) ,matt1 xxiii4 #b1 #c3 ,! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees sit ^u ,moses' seat2 all ?+s !re=e1 :atsoev] !y say to y1 d & obs]ve4 ,we subjo9 ! ,greek ( ! latt] half ( ^! passages4 #ai ,t ! v>iation 9 ! ,homily is delib]ate & d]iv$ f ! ,gospel us$ by ! au?or is cle> f ! cont9uation3 ,he> !m ------1 he said1 z entru/$ ) ! key ( ! k+dom1 :i* is k1 :i* alone is able to op5 ! gate ( life1 ?r\gh :i* alone is ! entrance to et]nal life4 ,b v]ily1 he says3 ,!y possess ! key inde$1 b to ^? :o wi% to ent] 9 !y d n grant x47#a7 ,! ------ is "h emphatically repeat$1 & ! fur!r quotation & ref]5ce to ! d5unciation ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees cont9ues to diff] di/9ctly f ! acc\nt bo? 9 our fir/ & ?ird ,gospels4 ,! passage 9 ,matt1 xxiii4 #ac1 reads3 ,b woe unto y1 ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye %ut ! k+dom ( heav5 aga9/ m52 = ye g n 9 y\rselves nei!r suff] ye !m t are ent]+ to g 947#b7 ,! p>allel 9 ,luke xi4 #eb is n clos]4 ,!re ! passage reg>d+ ,moses' seat is altoge!r want+1 & 9 v]4 #eb1 :]e ! greate/ simil>ity exi/s1 ! lawy]s in/ead ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees are address$4 ,! v]se reads3 ,woe unto y1 ,lawy]s6 = ye h tak5 away ! key ( k3 ye ent]$ n 9 y\rselves1 & !m t 7 ent]+ 9 ye h9d]$47#c7 ,! fir/ ,gospel has n ! direct image ( ! key at all3 ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees %ut ! k+dom ( #bj heav52 ! ?ird has ! key ( k ------ tak5 away by ! lawy]s1 & n by ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 :il/ ! ,gospel ( ! ,homilies has ! key ( ! k+dom ------1 & expla9s t ?is key is k ------4 ,x is app>5t t ! fir/ ,gospel uses an expression m direct ?an ! o!rs1 :il/ ! ?ird ,gospel expla9s x1 b ! ,gospel ( ! ,homilies has 9 all probability ! simpl] orig9al words3 ! key ( ! k+dom1 :i* bo? ( ! o!rs h alt]$ = ! purpose ( m imm$iate cle>ness4 ,9 any case x is c]ta9 t ! passage does n agree ) our ,gospel47#a7 ,! next quotation ref]r$ to by ,de ,wette is 9 ,hom4 iii4 #ea3 ,& also t he said3 ',i am n come to de/roy ! law4444 ! heav5 & ! e>? w pass away1 b "o jot or "o tittle %all 9 n[ise pass f ! law4' ,?is is comp>$ ) ,matt4 v4 #ag1 #ah37b7 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law or ! prophets3 ,i am n come to de/roy b to fulfil1 7v4 #ah7 ,= v]ily ,i say unto y3 ,till heav5 & e>? pass away "o jot or "o tittle %all 9 n[ise pass f ! law1 till all be fulfill$4 ,! ,greek ( bo? passages reads z foll[s3-- ------ #ba ,t ! omissions & v>iations 9 ?is passage are n accid5tal is prov$ by ! fact t ! same quotation occurs aga9 lit]ally 9 ! ,epi/le f ,pet]7#a7 :i* is prefix$ to ! ,homilies 9 :i* ! ------ is repeat$1 & ! s5t5ce closes at ! same po9t ,! au?or 9 t place adds3 ,?is he said t all might be fulfill$ ------4 ,hilg5feld consid]s ?is ,epi/le ( mu* m e>ly date ?an ! ,homilies1 & t ?is agreem5t bespeaks a p>ticul> text47#b7 ,! quotation does n agree ) our ,gospels1 & mu/ be assign$ to ano!r s\rce4 ,! next passage po9t$ out by ,de ,wette is ! errone\s quotation f ,isaiah :i* we h already exam9$47#c7 ,t :i* foll[s is f\nd 9 ,hom4 viii4 #g3 ,= on ?is acc\nt our ,jesus himself said to "o :o frequ5tly call$ him ,"l1 yet did no?+ :i* he comm&$3 ,:y do/ ?\ say to me ,"l1 ,"l1 & doe/ n ! ?+s :i* ,i say8 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,luke vi4 #df37d7 ,b :y call ye me ,"l1 ,"l1 & d n ! ?+s :i* ,i say8 ------ ,?is passage diff]s f our ,gospels 9 hav+ ! second p]son s+ul> in/ead ( ! plural1 & 9 sub/itut+ ------ = ------ 9 ! fir/ phrase4 ,! ,homily1 moreov]1 9 accordance ) ! use ( ! second p]son s+ul>1 di/9ctly /ates t ! say+ 0 address$ to a p]son :o frequ5tly call$ ,jesus ,"l1 :]eas 9 ! ,gospels x =ms "p ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ) a totally imp]sonal application to ! multitude4 #bb ,! next passage ref]r$ to by ,de ,wette is 9 ,hom4 xix4 #b3 ,& he decl>$ t he saw ! evil "o z lightn+ fall f heav54 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,luke x4 #ah1 :i* has no p>allel 9 ! o!r ,gospels3 ,& he said to !m1 ,i beheld ,satan z lightn+ fall f heav54 ------ ,! sub/itution ( ------- = -------1 _h he f\nd ! latt] 9 8 ,gospel1 w\ld be all ! m rem>kable f ! fact t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies has j be=e quot$ ! say+ ,if ,satan ca/ out ,satan17#a7 c4 & he cont9ues 9 ! above words to %[ t ,satan _h be5 ca/ out1 s t ! evid5ce w\ld h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! ret5tion ( ! ^w 9 ,luke _h he quot$ t ,gospel4 ,! v>iations1 h[ev]1 indicate t he quot$ f ano!r s\rce47#b7 ,! next passage po9t$ out by ,de ,wette likewise f9ds a p>allel only 9 ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,x occurs 9 ,hom4 ix4 #bb3 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh all demons ) all ! diseases flee be=e y1 9 ?is only is n to be y\r rejoic+1 b 9 t1 ?r\gh grace1 y\r names1 z ( ! ev]-liv+1 are record$ 9 heav54 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,luke x4 #bj3 ,not)/&+1 9 ?is rejoice n t ! spirits are subject unto y1 b rejoice t y\r names are writt5 9 ! heav5s4 ------ #bc ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two passages are too great & ! peculi>ities ( ! ,homily too m>k$ to require any argum5t to demon/rate t ! quotation _c be successfully claim$ by our ?ird ,gospel4 ,on ! contr>y1 z "o ( s _m o!r passages sy/ematically v>y+ f ! canonical ,gospels1 x mu/ r be assign$ to ano!r s\rce4 ,de ,wette says3 ,a few o!rs 7quotations7 presuppose 7voraussetz57 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k17#a7 & he gives !m4 ,! fir/ occurs 9 ,hom4 ii4 #ai3 ,!re is a c]ta9 ,ju/a7#b7 among/ u1 a ,syropho5ician1 a ,canaantte by race1 ^: daught] 0 affect$ by a sore disease1 & :o came to our ,"l cry+ out & supplicat+ t he w\ld heal h] daught]4 ,b he be+ also ask$ by u1 said3 ',x is n meet to heal ! ,g5tiles :o are l dogs f _! us+ diff]5t meats & practices1 :il/ ! table 9 ! k+dom has be5 grant$ to ! sons ( ,israel4' ,b %e1 he>+ ?is & ex*ang+ h] =m] mann] ( life = t ( ! sons ( ! k+dom1 9 ord] t %e might1 l a dog1 p>take ( ! crumbs fall+ f t same table1 obta9$1 z %e desir$1 heal+ = h] daught]47#c7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,m>k vii4 #bd--cj17d7 z x is ! only ,gospel :i* calls ! woman a ,syropho5ician4 ,! ,homily1 h[ev]1 n only calls h] s1 a v unimportant po9t1 b gives h] "n z ,ju/a4 #bd ,if1 !re=e1 x be argu$ t ! m5tion ( h] nationality supposes t ! au?or f\nd ! fact 9 8 ,gospel1 & t z we "k no o!r b ,m>k7#a7 :i* gives t in=mation1 t he !re=e d]iv$ x f our second ,gospel1 ! additional m5tion ( ! "n ( ,ju/a on ! same gr\nds necess>ily po9ts to ! use ( a ,gospel :i* likewise conta9$ x1 :i* our ,gospel does n4 ,no?+ c be m decid$ ?an ! v>iation 9 language ?r\gh\t ?is :ole passage f ! acc\nt 9 ,m>k1 & ! reply ( ,jesus is q =eign to our ,gospels4 ,9 ,m>k 7vii4 #be7 ! daught] has an unclean _s ------2 9 ,mat!w 7xv4 #bb7 %e is griev\sly possess$ by a devil ------1 b 9 ! ,homily %e is affect$ by a sore disease ------4 ,! second ,gospel kn[s no?+ ( any int]cession on ! "p ( ! disciples1 b ,mat!w has3 ,& ! disciples came & bes\ght him ------ say+3 ',s5d h] away1 = %e crie? aft] u1'7#b7 :il/ ! ,homily has m]ely be+ also ask$ by u1 ------ 9 ! s5se ( int]cession 9 h] fav\r4 ,! second ,gospel gives ! reply ( ,jesus z foll[s3 ,let ! *ildr5 fir/ be fill$3 = x is n meet to take ! bread ( ! *ildr51 & to ca/ x to ! dogs4 ,& %e answ]$ & said unto him3 ',yea1 ,"l1 = ! dogs also eat "u ! table ( ! crumbs ( ! *ildr54 ,& he said unto h]3 ,= ?is say+ g ?y way2 ! devil is gone out ( ?y daught]47#c7 ,! nature ( ! reply ( ! woman is1 #be 9 ! ,gospels1 ! reason giv5 = grant+ h] reque/2 b 9 ! ,homily ! woman's conv]sion to ,judaism17#a7 t is to say ,judeo-,*ri/ianity1 is prom95tly advanc$ z ! cause ( h] successful plead+4 ,x is c]ta9 f ! :ole "* ( ?is passage1 ! v>iation ( ! language1 & ! reply ( ,jesus :i* is n 9 our ,gospels at all1 t ! n>rative _c rightly be assign$ to !m1 b ! m reasonable inf]5ce is t x 0 d]iv$ f ano!r s\rce47#b7 ,! la/ ( ,de ,wette's7#c7 passages is f ,hom4 iii4 #eg3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel2 ! ,"l ?y7#d7 ,god is "o ,"l4 ,?is is a quotation f ,deut]onomy vi4 #d1 :i* is likewise quot$ 9 ! second ,gospel1 xii4 #bi1 9 reply to ! "q1 ,:i* is ! fir/ ,comm&m5t ( all8 ,jesus answ]$3 ,! fir/ is1 ,he>1 ,o ,israel2 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l1 & ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 c4 c4 ,9 ! ,homily1 h[ev]1 ! quotation is made 9 a totally diff]5t connection1 = !re is no "q ( comm&m5ts at all1 b a cle> /atem5t ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! passage 0 us$1 :i* excludes ! idea t ?is quotation 0 d]iv$ f ,m>k xii4 #bi4 ,! context 9 ! ,homily is z foll[s3 ,b to ^? :o 7 beguil$ to imag9e _m gods z ! ,scriptures say1 he said3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 c1 c47#e7 ,!re is no h9t ( ! ass]tion ( _m gods 9 ! ,gospels2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! "q is put by "o ( ! scribes 9 ,m>k to :om ,jesus says3 ,?\ art n f> f ! ,k+dom ( ,god4#f ,! quotation1 #bf !re=e1 beyond d\bt1 _c be legitimately appropriat$ by ! second ,synoptic1 b may ) mu* great] probability be assign$ to a diff]5t ,gospel4 ,we may "h ref] to ! passage1 ! only "o po9t$ out by him 9 connection ) ! ,synoptics1 ! discov]y ( :i* ,canon ,we/cott affirms1 has remov$ ! d\bts :i* _h long be5 rais$ ab\t ^? 7allusions7 to ,/4 ,m>k47#a7 ,! discov]y ref]r$ to is t ( ! ,codex ,ottobonianus by ,dressel1 :i* conta9s ! conclud+ "p ( ! ,homilies1 & :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ by him 9 #ahec4 ,canon ,we/cott says3 ,?\gh ,/ ,m>k has few peculi> phrases1 "o ( ^! is repeat$ v]bally 9 ! conclud+ "p ( ! #ai? ,homily47#b7 ,! passage is z foll[s3 ,hom4 xix4 #bj3 ,:]e=e also he expla9$ to 8 disciples privately ! my/]ies ( ! k+dom ( ! heav5s4 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,m>k iv4 #cd4444 & privately to 8 own disciples1 he expla9$ all ?+s4 ------ ,we h only a few words to add to complete ! :ole ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's rem>ks ^u ! subject4 ,he adds aft] ! quotation3 ,?is is ! only place :]e ------ occurs 9 ! ,gospels47#d7 ,we may1 h[ev]1 po9t out t x occurs also 9 ,acts xix4 #ci & #b ,pet] i4 #bj4 ,x is ^u ! co9cid5ce ( ?is ^w t #bg ,canon ,we/cott re/s 8 argum5t t ?is passage is a ref]5ce to ,m>k4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be m unt5able ?an su* a conclusion f su* an indication4 ,! phrase 9 ! ,homily pres5ts a v m>k$ v>iation f ! passage 9 ,m>k4 ,! all ?+s ------ ( ! ,gospel1 reads3 ,! my/]ies ( ! k+dom ( ! heav5s ------ 9 ! ,homily4 ,! passage 9 ,m>k iv4 #aa1 to :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott does n ref]1 reads ------4 ,!re is "o v important matt]1 h[ev]1 :i* our ,apologi/ has omitt$ to po9t out1 & :i*1 x seems to u1 decides ! case--! context 9 ! ,homily4 ,! *apt] comm5ces ?us3 ,& ,pet] said3 ,we rememb] t our ,"l & ,tea*]1 z comm&+1 said to u3 ',gu>d ! my/]ies = me1 & ! sons ( my h\se4' ,:]e=e also he expla9$ to 8 disciples privately1 c437l7 & !n comes our passage4 ,n[1 "h is a comm& ( ,jesus1 9 imm$iate connection ) :i* ! phrase be=e u is quot$1 :i* does n appe> 9 our ,gospels at all1 & :i* cle>ly e/abli%es ! use ( a diff]5t s\rce4 ,! phrase itself :i* diff]s f ,m>k1 z we h se51 may ) all "r be ref]r$ to ! same unkn[n ,gospel4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t all ! quotations :i* we h hi!rto exam9$ are ^? :i* h be5 select$ z mo/ closely approximat+ to passages 9 our ,gospels4 ,space =bids our giv+ illu/rations ( ! va/ numb] :i* s mu* m widely diff] f p>allel texts 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,we %all conf9e #bh ourselves to po9t+ out 9 ! briefe/ possible mann] "s ( ! passages :i* are p]si/5t 9 _! v>iations or recall simil> passages 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,ju/94 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! injunction 9 ,hom4 iii4 #ee3 ,let y\r yea be yea1 y\r nay nay1 = :atsoev] is m ?an ^! come? ( ! evil "o4 ,! same say+ is repeat$ 9 ,hom4 xix4 ) ! sole addition ( &4 ,we subjo9 ! ,greek ( ^!1 toge!r ) t ( ! ,gospel & ,ju/9 ) :i* ! ,homilies agree4 ------ ,z we h already discuss$ ?is passage7#a7 we ne$ n repeat our rem>ks "h4 ,t ?is passage comes f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels is r5d]$ /ill m probable by ! quotation 9 ,hom4 xix4 #b be+ prec$$ by ano!r :i* has no p>allel at all 9 our ,gospels4 ,& else:]e he said1 ',he :o s[$ ! bad se$ is ! devil' ------7#b73 & aga93 ',give no pretext to ! evil "o4'7#b7 ------4 ,b 9 exhort+ he prescribes3 ',let y\r yea be yea4' c4 ,! fir/ ( ^! phrases diff]s m>k$ly f our ,gospels2 ! second is n 9 !m at all2 ! ?ird1 :i* we are consid]+1 diff]s likewise 9 an important degree 9 common ) ,ju/9's quotation1 & !re is e reason = suppos+ t ! :ole 7 d]iv$ f ! same unkn[n s\rce47#c7 ,9 ! same ,homily1 xix4 #b1 !re occurs also ! passage :i* exhibits v>iations likewise f\nd 9 ,ju/91 :i* we h already exam9$17#d7 & n[ #bi m]ely po9t out3 ,begone into ! d>kness )\t1 :i* ! ,fa!r ha? prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels47#a7 ,! quotation 9 ,ju/9 7,dial4 #gf7 agrees exactly ) ?is1 ) ! exception t ,ju/9 has ------ in/ead ( ------1 :i* is n important1 :il/ ! agreem5t 9 ! m>k$ v>iation f ! p>allel 9 ! fir/ ,gospel e/abli%es ! probability ( a common s\rce diff]5t f ours47#b7 ,we h also already7#c7 ref]r$ to ! passage 9 ,hom4 xvii4 #d4 ,no "o knew ------ ! ,fa!r b ! ,son1 ev5 z no "o kn[e? ! ,son b ! ,fa!r & ^? to :om ! ,son is m9d$ to reveal him4 ,?is quotation diff]s f ,matt4 xi4 #bg 9 =m1 9 language1 & 9 mean+1 b agrees ) ,ju/9's read+ ( ! same text1 & z we h %[n ! use ( ! aori/ "h1 & ! transposition ( ! ord]1 7 *>act]i/ics ( ,gospels us$ by ,gno/ics & o!r p>ties 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & ! passage ) ^! v>iations 0 reg>d$ by !m z ! basis ( "s ( _! lead+ doctr9es47#d7 ,t ! v>iation is n accid5tal1 b a delib]ate quotation f a writt5 s\rce1 is prov$ by ?is1 & by ! circum/ance t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies repeat$ly quotes x else:]e 9 ! same =m47#e7 ,x is unreasonable to suppose t ! quotations 9 ^! ,homilies are s sy/ematically & consi/5tly errone\s1 & n only c !y n1 f _! actual v>iations1 be legitimately ref]r$ to ! ,synoptics exclusively1 b1 consid]+ all ! circum/ances1 ! #cj only natural conclusion is t !y are d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels47#a7 ,ano!r passage occurs 9 ,hom4 iii4 #ej3 ,:]e=e ye d err1 n kn[+ ! true ?+s ( ! ,scriptures2 & on ?is acc\nt ye are ignorant ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,m>k xii4 #bd37b7 ,d ye n !re=e err1 n kn[+ ! ,scriptures nor ! p[] ( ,god8 ,! v same quotation is made bo? 9 ,hom4 ii4 #ea & xviii4 #bj1 & 9 ea* case 9 :i* ! passage is introduc$ x is 9 connection ) ! ass]tion t !re are true & false ,scriptures1 & t z !re are 9 ! ,scriptures "s true say+s & "s false1 ,jesus by ?is say+ %[$ to ^? :o err$ by reason ( ! false ! cause ( _! error4 ,!re c sc>cely be a d\bt t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies quotes ?is passage f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours1 & ?is is demon/rat$ bo? by ! important v>iation f our text & also by its consi/5t repetition1 & by ! context 9 :i* x /&s47#c7 ,^u ea* occasion1 also1 t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies quotes ! =ego+ passage he likewise quotes ano!r say+ ( ,jesus :i* is =eign to our ,gospels3 ,be ye approv$ money-*ang]s1 ------47#d7d ,! say+ is ?rice quot$ )\t #ca v>iation1 & ea* "t1 toge!r ) ! prec$+ passage1 x ref]s to ! necessity ( discrim9ation betwe5 true & false say+s 9 ! ,scriptures1 z = in/ance3 ,& ,pet] said3 ,if1 !re=e1 ( ! ,scriptures "s are true & "s are false1 our ,tea*] rightly said3 ',be ye approv$ money-*ang]s1' z 9 ! ,scriptures !re are "s approv$ say+s & "s spuri\s47#a7 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! apocryphal say+s ( ,jesus1 & x is quot$ by ne>ly all ! ,fa!rs17#b7 by _m z f ,holy ,scripture1 & by "s ascrib$ to ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,!re c be no "q "h t ! au?or quotes an apocryphal ,gospel47#c7 ,!re is1 9 imm$iate connection ) bo? ! prec$+ passages1 ano!r say+ ( ,jesus quot$ :i* is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels3 ,:y d ye n disc]n ! good reason ( ! ,scriptures8 ------2 7#d7 ,?is passage also comes f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours17#e7 & ! connection & sequ5ce ( ^! quotations is v significant4 ,"o fur!r illu/ration1 & we h done4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ 9 ,hom4 iii4 #ee3 ,& to ^? :o 7#cb7 ?9k t ,god tempts1 z ! ,scriptures say1 he said3 ',! evil "o is ! tempt]1' :o also tempt$ himself4 l ,?is %ort say+ is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,x probably occurr$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,homilies 9 connection ) ! temptation ( ,jesus4 ,x is n improbable t ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 :o %[s acqua9tance ) a ,gospel diff]5t f ours17#b7 also knew ?is say+47#c7 ,we are "h aga9 direct$ to ! ,ebionite ,gospel4 ,c]ta9ly ! quotation is d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels47#d7 ,^! illu/rations ( ! evangelical quotations 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies give b an imp]fect impression ( ! "* ( ! extremely num]\s passages :i* occur 9 ! "w4 ,we h select$ = our exam9ation ! quotations :i* h be5 specially cit$ by critics z close/ to p>allels 9 our ,gospels1 & h ?us submitt$ ! "q to ! te/ :i* is mo/ fav\rable to ! claims ( our ,synoptics4 ,space =bids our adequately %[+ ! mu* wid] div]g5ce :i* exi/s 9 ! great majority ( cases betwe5 !m & ! quotations 9 ! ,homilies4 ,to sum up ! case3 ,out ( m ?an a hundr$ ( ^! quotations only f\r brief & fragm5t>y phrases really agree ) p>allels 9 our ,synoptics1 & ^!1 we h %[n1 are ei!r n us$ 9 ! same context z 9 our ,gospels or are ( a nature f> f special to !m4 ,( ! re/1 all )\t exception sy/ematically v>y m or less f our ,gospels1 & _m 9 _! v>iations agree ) simil> quotations 9 o!r writ]s1 #cc or on repeat$ quotation always pres5t ! same peculi>ities1 :il/ o!rs1 pr(ess$ to be direct quotations ( say+s ( ,jesus1 h no p>allels 9 our ,gospels at all4 ,^u ! hypo!sis t ! au?or made use ( our ,gospels1 su* sy/ematic div]g5ce w\ld be p]fectly un9telligible & a/\nd+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! agreem5t ( a few passages ) p>allels 9 our ,gospels _c prove any?+4 ,! only extraord9>y circum/ance is t1 ev5 us+ a totally diff]5t s\rce1 !re %\ld n h be5 a great] agreem5t ) our ,synoptics4 ,b = ! univ]sal inaccuracy ( ! human m9d1 e important hi/orical say+1 hav+ obvi\sly only "o di/9ct orig9al =m1 w\ld 9 all tru?ful hi/ories h be5 report$ 9 t "o unv>y+ =m4 ,! nature ( ! quotations 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies leads to ! inevitable conclusion t _! au?or d]iv$ !m f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours2 at lea/1 s9ce ! s\rce ( ^! quotations is nev] nam$ ?r\gh\t ! "w1 & !re is n ! fa9te/ direct indication ( our ,gospels1 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies _c be consid]$ witnesses ( any value z to ! orig9 & au!nticity ( ! canonical ,gospels4 ,t ?is c be said ( a "w writt5 a c5tury & a half aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ab\nd+ ) quotations ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 is 9 itself s+ul>ly sugge/ive4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies has no idea :atev] ( any canonical writ+s b ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ev5 ) reg>d to ^! "s ( our quotations h %[n t he held peculi> views1 & believ$ t !y conta9$ spuri\s elem5ts4 ,!re is no ref]5ce 9 ! #cd ,homilies to any ( ! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47#a7 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ po9ts 9 ?is "w1 on ! o!r h&1 is its det]m9$ animosity aga9/ ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,we h se5 t a /rong anti-,paul9e t5d5cy 0 exhibit$ by _m ( ! ,fa!rs1 :o1 l ! au?or ( ! ,homilies1 made use ( ,judeo-,*ri/ian ,gospels diff]5t f ours4 ,9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 ! antagonism aga9/ ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles assumes a tone ( peculi> virul5ce4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t ! ,apo/le ,paul is attack$ 9 x1 z ! great enemy ( ! true fai?1 "u ! hat$ "n ( ,simon ! ,magician17#b7 :om ,pet] foll[s ev]y:]e = ! purpose ( unmask+ & confut+ him4 ,he is robb$ ( 8 title ( ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! hon\r ( f\nd+ ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 ( ,laodicaae1 & ( ,rome1 is ascrib$ to ,pet]4 ,all t opposition to ,paul :i* is impli$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians & else:]e7#c7 is "h realiz$ & exagg]at$1 & #ce ! p]sonal diff]5ce ) ,pet] to :i* ,paul ref]s7#a7 is wid5$ into ! mo/ bitt] animosity4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,pet] to ,james :i* is prefix$ to ! ,homilies1 ,pet] says1 9 allusion to ,paul3 ,= "s among ! ,g5tiles h reject$ my lawful prea*+ & accept$ c]ta9 lawless & fooli% tea*+ ( ! ho/ile man47#b7 ,fir/ exp\nd+ a doctr9e ( duality1 z heav5 & e>?1 day & night1 life & dea?17#c7 ,pet] ass]ts t 9 nature ! great] ?+s come fir/1 b among/ m5 ! opposite is ! case1 & ! fir/ is worse & ! second bett]47#d7 ,he !n says to ,clem5t t x is easy accord+ to ?is ord] to disc]n to :at class ,simon 7,paul7 belongs1 :o came be=e me to ! ,g5tiles1 & to :i* ,i belong :o h come aft] him1 & h foll[$ him z light ^u d>kness1 z k ^u ignorance1 z heal? ^u disease47#e7 ,he cont9ues3 ,if he _h be5 kn[n he w\ld n h be5 believ$1 b n[1 n be+ kn[n1 he is wrongly believ$2 & ?\gh by 8 acts he is a hat]1 he has be5 lov$2 & al?\gh an enemy1 he has be5 welcom$ z a fri5d2 & ?\gh he is dea?1 he has be5 desir$ z a savi\r2 & ?\gh fire1 e/eem$ z light2 & ?\gh a deceiv]1 he is li/5$ to z speak+ ! tru?47#f7 ,!re is mu* m ( ?is acrimoni\s abuse put into ! m\? ( ,pet]47#g7 ,! indications t x is ,paul :o is really attack$ "u ! "n ( ,simon are mu* too cle> to admit ( d\bt4 ,9 ,hom4 xi4 #ce1 ,pet]1 w>n+ ! ,*ur* aga9/ false #cf tea*]s1 says3 ,he :o ha? s5t u1 our ,"l & ,prophet1 decl>$ to u t ! evil "o4444 ann\nc$ t he w\ld s5d f among/ 8 foll[]s apo/les7#a7 to deceive4 ,!re=e1 above all rememb] to avoid e apo/le1 or tea*]1 or prophet1 :o fir/ does n accurately comp>e 8 tea*+ ) t ( ,james call$ ! bro!r ( my ,"l1 & to :om 0 confid$ ! ord]+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,hebrews 9 ,j]usalem1 c41 le/ ?is evil "o %\ld s5d a false prea*] to !m1 z he has s5t to u ,simon prea*+ a c\nt]feit ( tru? 9 ! "n ( our ,"l & dissem9at+ error47#b7 ,fur!r on he speaks m pla9ly /ill4 ,simon ma9ta9s t he has a tru] appreciation ( ! doctr9es & tea*+ ( ,jesus because he has receiv$ 8 inspiration by sup]natural vision1 & n m]ely by ! common exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses17#c7 & ,pet] replies3 ,if1 !re=e1 our ,jesus inde$ 0 se5 9 a vision1 0 kn[n by !e1 & conv]s$ ) !e1 x 0 only z "o angry ) an adv]s>y4444 ,b c any "o ?r\gh a vision be made wise to tea*8 ,& if ?\ saye/3 ',x is possible1' !n :]e=e did ! ,tea*] rema9 & disc\rse = a :ole ye> to u :o 7 awake8 ,& h[ c we believe ?y /ory t he 0 se5 by !e8 ,& h[ c\ld he h be5 se5 by !e :5 ?y ?\ghts are contr>y to 8 tea*+8 ,b if se5 & taught by him = a s+le h\r ?\ became/ an apo/le37#d7 prea* 8 words1 int]pret 8 say+s1 love 8 #cg apo/les1 oppose n me :o consort$ ) him4 ,= ?\ ha/ directly )/ood me :o am a firm rock1 ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if ?\ had/ n be5 an adv]s>y ?\ w\ld/ n h calumniat$ me1 ?\ w\ld/ n h revil$ my tea*+ 9 ord] t1 :5 decl>+ :at ,i h myself he>d f ! ,"l4 ,i might n be believ$1 z ?\gh ,i 7 condemn$4444 ,b if ?\ calle/ me condemn$1 ?\ speake/ aga9/ ,god :o reveal$ ,*ri/ to me1'7#a7 c4 ,?is la/ phrase3 ,if ?\ calle/ me condemn$ ------ is an evid5t allusion to ,galat4 ii4 ,,ii3 ,i )/ood him to ! face1 because he 0 condemn$ ------4 ,we h digress$ to a great] ext5t ?an we int5d$1 b x is n unimportant to %[ ! g5]al "* & t5d5cy ( ! "w we h be5 exam9+4 ,! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1--writt5 p]haps ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1 :i* nev] "n nor indicate any ,gospel z ! s\rce ( ! au?or's k ( evangelical hi/ory1 ^: quotations ( say+s ( ,jesus1 num]\s z !y are1 sy/ematically diff] f ! p>allel passages ( our ,synoptics1 or are altoge!r =eign to !m1 :i* d5\nce ! ,apo/le ,paul z an impo/or1 enemy ( ! fai?1 & dissem9ator ( false doctr9e1 & !re=e repudiate 8 ,epi/les1 at ! same "t equally ignor+ all ! o!r writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1--c sc>cely be consid]$ z giv+ mu* support to any !ory ( ! e>ly =mation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 or z af=d+ evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( its sep>ate books4 #ch #b4 ,among ! writ+s :i* us$ =m]ly to be ascrib$ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & to be publi%$ along ) 8 g5u9e works1 is ! %ort composition commonly kn[n z ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus4 ,! ascription ( ?is composition to ,ju/9 arose solely f ! fact t 9 ! only kn[n ,,ms4 ( ! lett] !re is an inscription ------ :i*1 f its connection1 0 ref]r$ to ,ju/947#a7 ,! /yle & cont5ts ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 soon conv9c$ critics t x c\ld n possibly be writt5 by ,ju/917#b7 & al?\gh x has be5 ascrib$ by v>i\s isolat$ writ]s to ,apollos1 ,clem5t1 ,m>cion1 ,quadratus1 & o!rs1 none ( ^! guesses h be5 s]i\sly support$1 & critics are almo/ univ]sally agre$ 9 confess+ t ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le is entirely unkn[n4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x ne$ sc>cely be said t ! difficulty ( assign+ a date to ! "w ) any degree ( c]ta9ty is extreme1 if x be n absolutely impossible to d s4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 is increas$ by sev]al circum/ances4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! is ! fact t ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus is nei!r quot$ nor m5tion$ by any anci5t #ci writ]1 & consequ5tly !re is no ext]nal evid5ce :atev] to indicate ! p]iod ( its composition47#a7 ,moreov]1 x is n only anonym\s b incomplete1 or1 at lea/1 z we h x1 n ! "w ( a s+le writ]4 ,at ! end ( ,*apt] x4 a break is indicat$1 & ! two conclud+ *apt]s are unmi/akably by a diff]5t & lat] h&47#b7 ,x is n s+ul>1 !re=e1 t !re exi/s a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! date ( ! fir/ t5 *apt]s1 al?\gh all agree reg>d+ ! lat] composition ( ! conclud+ portion4 ,x is assign$ by critics to v>i\s p]iods rang+ f ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury to ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury or lat]17#c7 :il/ "s d5\nce x z a m]e mod]n =g]y47#d7 ,no?+ c be m insecure 9 "o #dj direction ?an ! date ( a "w d]iv$ alone f int]nal evid5ce4 ,allusions to actual occurr5ces may ) c]ta9ty prove t a "w c\ld only h be5 writt5 aft] !y _h tak5 place4 ,! m]e abs5ce ( lat] indications 9 an anonym\s ,epi/le only f\nd 9 a s+le ,,ms4 ( ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 & :i* may h be51 & probably 01 writt5 expressly 9 imitation ( e>ly ,*ri/ian feel+1 _c furni% any solid basis = an e>ly date4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ! det]m9ation ( ! date ( ?is ,epi/le _c !re=e be reg>d$ z o!rwise ?an d\btful & arbitr>y4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! purity ( its ,greek & ! elegance ( its /yle di/+ui% x f all o!r ,*ri/ian works ( ! p]iod to :i* s _m assign x47#a7 ,! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 h[ev]1 does n furni% any evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics1 = x is admitt$ t x does n conta9 a s+le direct quotation f any evangelical "w47#b7,we %all h]eaft] h to ref] to ?is ,epi/le 9 connection ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 b 9 ! meantime x may be well to add t 9 ,*apt] xii41 "o ( ^?1 x w be rememb]$1 :i* are admitt$ to be ( lat] date1 a brief quotation is made f #a ,cor4 viii4 #a1 introduc$ m]ely by ! words1 ------4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,basilides--,,val5t9us4 ,we mu/ n[ turn back to an e>li] p]iod1 & consid] any evid5ce reg>d+ ! ,synoptic ,gospels :i* may be furni%$ by ! s-call$ h]etical writ]s ( ! second c5tury4 ,! fir/ ( ^! :o claims our att5tion is ,basilides1 ! f\nd] ( a sy/em ( ,gno/icism1 :o liv$ 9 ,alex&ria ab\t ! ye> #abe ( our era47#a7 ,) ! exception ( a v few brief fragm5ts17#b7 none ( ! writ+s ( ?is ,gno/ic h be5 pres]v$1 & all our in=mation reg>d+ !m is1 !re=e1 d]iv$ at second-h& f ecclesia/ical writ]s oppos$ to him & 8 doctr9es2 & _! /atem5ts1 especially :]e acqua9tance )1 & ! use (1 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures are assum$1 mu/ be receiv$ ) v great caution4 ,! uncritical & inaccurate "* ( ! ,fa!rs r5d]$ !m peculi>ly liable to be misl$ by =egone dev\t conclusions4 ,eusebius /ates t ,agrippa ,ca/or1 :o _h writt5 a refutation ( ! doctr9es ( ,basilides3 says t he _h compos$ tw5ty-f\r books ^u ! ,gospel47#c7 #db ,?is is int]pret$ by ,tis*5dorf1 )\t argum5t1 & 9 a mo/ arbitr>y & errone\s mann]1 to imply t ! "w 0 a comm5t>y ^u our f\r canonical ,gospels27#a7 a conclusion ! audacity ( :i* c sc>cely be exce$$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 almo/ surpass$ by ! treatm5t ( ,canon ,we/cott1 :o writes reg>d+ ,basilides3 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t he himself publi%$ a ,gospel--a ',life ( ,*ri/' z x w\ld p]haps be call$ 9 our days1 or ',! ,philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity17#b7--;b he admitt$ ! hi/oric tru? ( all ! facts conta9$ 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 & us$ !m z ,scripture4 ,=1 9 spite ( 8 peculi> op9ions1 ! te/imony1 ( ,basilides to our 'ackn[l$g$' books is compreh5sive & cle>4 ,9 ! few pages ( 8 writ+s :i* rema9 !re are c]ta9 ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,luke1 & ,/4 ,john17#c7 c4 ,n[ 9 mak+1 9 su* a mann]1 ^! ass]tions3 9 totally ignor+ ! :ole ( ! discussion ) reg>d to ! suppos$ quotations ( ,basilides 9 ! "w commonly ascrib$ to ,hippolytus & ! adv]se results ( le>n$ criticism3 9 ! unqualifi$ ass]tions ?us made & ! abs5ce ei!r ( explanation ( ! facts or ! reasons = ! conclusion3 ?is /atem5t mu/ be condemn$ z only calculat$ to mislead read]s :o mu/ g5]ally be ignorant ( ! actual facts ( ! case4 ,we "k f ! evid5ce ( antiquity t ,basilides made use ( a ,gospel1 writt5 by himself x is said1 b c]ta9ly call$ aft] 8 own "n47#d7 ,an attempt has #b ,^! names are pure inv5tions ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's fancy1 ( c\rse4 #c ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bee f4 ,s9ce ^! rem>ks 7 fir/ made1 ,dr4 ,we/cott has some:at enl>g$ 8 acc\nt ( ,basilides1 b we /ill consid] t 8 treatm5t ( ! subject is deceptive & incomplete4 #dc be5 made to expla9 ?is by sugge/+ t p]haps ! "w m5tion$ by ,agrippa ,ca/or may h be5 mi/ak5 = a ,gospel27#a7 b ! fragm5ts ( t "w :i* are /ill extant7#b7 are ( a "* :i* precludes ! possibility t any writ+ ( :i* !y =m$ a "p c\ld h be5 consid]$ a ,gospel47#c7 ,v>i\s op9ions h be5 express$ z to ! exact nature ( ! ,gospel ( ,basilides4 ,ne&] affirm$ x to be ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews :i* he br\ght f ,syria to ,egypt27#d7 :il/ ,s*neck5burg] held x to be ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians47#e7 ,o!rs believe x to h at lea/ be5 bas$ ^u "o or o!r ( ^! ,gospels47#f7 ,!re seems mo/ reason = ! hypo!sis t x 0 a =m ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* 0 s g5]ally 9 use4 ,return+ to ! passage already quot$1 9 :i* ,eusebius /ates1 on ! au?ority ( ,agrippa ,ca/or1 ^: works are no long] extant1 t ,basilides _h compos$ a "w 9 tw5ty-f\r books on ! ,gospel #dd ------1 & to ! unw>rantable inf]5ce t ?is mu/ h be5 a "w on our f\r ,gospels1 we mu/ add t1 s f> f d]iv+ 8 doctr9es f our ,gospels or o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 or ackn[l$g+ _! au?ority1 ,basilides pr(ess$ t he receiv$ 8 k ( ! tru? f ,glaucias1 ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 ^: disciple he claim$ to be17#a7 & ?us practically sets ,gospels aside & pref]s tradition47#b7 ,basilides also claim$ to h receiv$ f a c]ta9 ,mat?ias ! report ( private disc\rses :i* he _h he>d f ! ,savi\r = 8 special in/ruction47#c7 ,agrippa ,ca/or fur!r /at$1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 t 9 8 ------ ,basilides nam$ = himself1 z prophets1 ,b>cabbas & ,b>coph 7,p>*or7#d771 z well z inv5t$ o!rs :o nev] exi/$1 & claim$ _! au?ority = 8 doctr9es47#e7 ,) reg>d to all ?is ,canon ,we/cott writes3 ,s9ce ,basilides liv$ on ! v]ge ( ! apo/olic times1 x is n surpris+ t he made use ( o!r s\rces ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e besides ! canonical books4 ,! belief 9 ,div9e ,inspiration 0 /ill fre% & real17#f7 c4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ,basilides1 9 bas+ 8 doctr9es ^u tradition & #de ^u ^! ,apocryphal books z inspir$1 & 9 hav+ a special ,gospel call$ aft] 8 own "n1 :i*1 !re=e1 he cle>ly adopts z ! expon5t ( 8 ideas ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 completely ignores ! canonical ,gospels1 & n only does n (f] any evid5ce = _! exi/5ce1 b proves1 on ! contr>y1 t he did n recognize any su* works z ( au?ority4 ,!re is no gr\nd1 !re=e1 = ,tis*5dorfs assumption t ! comm5t>y ( ,basilides on ! ,gospel 0 writt5 ^u our ,gospels1 b t idea is negativ$ 9 ! /ronge/ way by all ! facts ( ! case47#a7 ,! p]fectly simple int]pretation ( ! /atem5t is t long ago sugge/$ by ,valesius17#b7 t ! ,comm5t>y ( ,basilides 0 compos$ ^u 8 own ,gospel17#c7 :e!r x 0 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews or ! ,egyptians4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,basilides us$ ! ^w ,gospel 9 a peculi> s5se4 ,hippolytus1 9 ! "w usually ascrib$ to him1 writ+ ( ! ,basilidians & describ+ _! doctr9es1 says3 ,:5 !re=e x 0 necess>y1 he 787 says1 t we1 ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 %\ld be reveal$1 9 expectation ( ^: revelation1 he says1 ! creation groan$ & travail$1 ! ,gospel came into ! _w1 & pass$ ?r\gh e pr9cipality & p[] & dom9ion1 & e "n t is nam$47#d7 ,! ,gospel1 !re=e1 #df came fir/ f ! ,son%ip1 he says1 ?r\gh ! ,son1 sitt+ by ! ,ar*on1 to ! ,ar*on1 & ! ,ar*on le>nt t he 0 n ! ,god ( all ?+s b begott517#a7 c4 ,! ,gospel1 accord+ to !m1 is ! k ( supramundane matt]s17#b7 c4 ,?is may n be v intelligible1 b x is suffici5t to %[ t ! ,gospel 9 a te*nical s5se7#c7 =m$ a v important "p ( ! sy/em ( ,basilides4 ,n[ !re is no?+ :atev] to %[ t ! tw5ty-f\r books :i* he compos$ on ! ,gospel 7 n 9 elucidation ( ! ,gospel z te*nically und]/ood by him1 illu/rat$ by extracts f 8 own special ,gospel & f ! tradition h&$ d[n to him by ,glaucias & ,mat?ias4 ,! emphatic ass]tion ( ,canon ,we/cott t ,basilides admitt$ ! hi/oric tru? ( all ! facts conta9$ 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 is bas$ solely ^u ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ! "w attribut$ to ,hippolytus2 ,jesus1 h[ev]1 0 g5]at$ accord+ to ^! 7foll[]s ( ,basilides7 z we h already said47#d7 ,b :5 ! g5]ation :i* has already be5 decl>$ _h tak5 place1 all ?+s reg>d+ ! ,savi\r1 accord+ to !m1 occurr$ 9 l mann] z !y h be5 writt5 9 ! ,gospel47#e7 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al important po9ts to be borne 9 m9d 9 ref]5ce to ?is passage4 ,! /atem5t 9 "q is n made 9 #dg connection ) ,basilides himself1 b di/9ctly 9 ref]5ce to 8 foll[]s1 ( :om !re 7 _m 9 ! "t ( ,hippolytus & long aft] him4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a g5]al obs]vation ! accuracy ( :i* we h no means ( te/+1 & ^u ! correctness ( :i* !re is no special reason to rely4 ,! rem>k1 made at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 h[ev]1 t ! foll[]s ( ,basilides believ$ t ! actual ev5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus occurr$ 9 ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 writt5 9 ! ,gospels1 is no pro( :atev] t ei!r !y or ,basilides us$ or admitt$ ! au?ority ( our ,gospels4 ,! exclusive use by any "o ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 = in/ance1 w\ld be p]fectly consi/5t ) ! /atem5t4 ,no "o :o consid]s :at is kn[n ( t ,gospel1 or :o ?9ks ( ! use made ( x 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury by p]fectly or?odox ,fa!rs1 c d\bt ?is4 ,! passage is1 !re=e1 ( no weight z evid5ce = ! use ( our ,gospels4 ,canon ,we/cott himself admits t 9 ! extant fragm5ts ( ,isidorus1 ! son & disciple ( ,basilides1 :o ma9ta9$ ! doctr9es ( 8 fa!r1 he has notic$ no?+ be>+ on ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t447#a7 ,on ! supposition t ,basilides actually wrote a ,comm5t>y on our ,gospels1 & us$ !m z ,scripture1 x is inde$ pass+ /range t we h s little evid5ce on ! po9t4 ,we mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 exam9e 9 detail all ( ! quotations1 & !y are few1 alleg$ to %[ ! use ( our ,gospels1 & we %all comm5ce ) ^? ( ,tis*5dorf4 ,! fir/ passage :i* he po9ts out is f\nd 9 ! ,/romata ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,tis*5dorf gu>ds himself1 9 ref]5ce to ^! quotations1 #dh by m]ely speak+ ( !m z ,basilidian 7,basilidianis*717#a7 b x might h be5 m frank to h /at$ cle>ly t ,clem5t di/9ctly assigns ! quotation to ! foll[]s ( ,basilides ------17#b7 & n to ,basilides himself47#c7 ,! suppos$ quotation1 !re=e1 h[ev] surely trac$ to our ,gospels1 c\ld really n prove any?+ 9 reg>d to ,basilides4 ,! passage itself comp>$ ) ! p>allel 9 ,matt4 xix4 #aa1 #ab1 is z foll[s3-- ------ ,n[ ?is passage 9 its aff9ity to1 & mat]ial v>iation f1 our fir/ ,gospel might be quot$ z evid5ce = ! use ( ano!r ,gospel1 b x _c reasonably be cit$ z evid5ce = ! use ( ,mat!w4 ,apologi/s 9 _! anxiety to grasp at ! fa9te/ analogies z te/imony seem altoge!r to ignore ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( writt5 ,gospels1 & to =get ! v exi/5ce ( ! ------ ( ,luke47#d7 ,! next passage ref]r$ to by ,tis*5dorf7#e7 is "o #di quot$ by ,epiphanius7#a7 :i* we subjo9 9 contra/ ) ! p>allel 9 ,matt4 vii4 #f3-- ------ ,"h1 aga91 ! v>iation 9 ord] is j :at "o might h expect$ f ! use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews or a simil> "w1 & !re is no indication :atev] t ! passage did n end "h1 )\t ! cont9uation ( our fir/ ,synoptic4 ,:at is /ill m important1 al?\gh ,tes*5dorf does n m5tion ! fact1 nor o!rwise h9t a d\bt ?an by ! use1 aga91 ( an unexpla9$ description ( ?is quotation z ,basilidianis* in/ead ( a m direct ascription ( x to ,basilides himself1 ?is passage is by no means attribut$ by ,epiphanius to t h]etic4 ,x is introduc$ into ! section ( 8 "w direct$ aga9/ ! ,basilidians1 b he uses1 l ,clem5t1 ! indef9ite ------1 & z 9 deal+ ) all ^! h]esies !re is cont9ual int]*ange ( ref]5ce to ! head & ! lat] foll[]s1 !re is no c]ta9ty :o is ref]r$ to 9 ^! quotations &1 9 ?is in/ance1 no?+ to indicate t ?is passage is ascrib$ to ,basilides himself1 ,8 "n is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is h]esy1 b n aga9 be=e ?is ------ occurs 9 *apt] v4 ,tes*5dorf does n claim any o!r quotations4 #ej ,canon ,we/cott /ates3 ,9 ! few pages ( 8 7,basilides'7 writ+s :i* rema9 !re are c]ta9 ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,luke17#a7 c4 ,"o might suppose f ?is t ! c]ta9 ref]5ces occurr$ 9 actual extracts made f 8 works1 & t ! quotations1 !re=e1 appe>$ sc7#e7 7sp47 9 a context ( 8 own words4 ,?is impression is /r5g!n$ :5 we read z an introduction to ! in/ances3 ,! foll[+ examples w be suffici5t to %[ 8 me?od ( quotation47#b7 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ^! examples are f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,hippolytus1 9 an epitome ( ! views ( ! s*ool by t writ] himself1 ) no?+ m def9ite ?an a subjectless ------ to indicate :o is ref]r$ to4 ,! only examples ,canon ,we/cott c give ( ^! c]ta9 ref]5ces to our fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics1 d n %[ 8 me?od ( quotation to mu* advantage4 ,! fir/ is n a quotation at all1 b a m]e ref]5ce to ! ,magi & ! ,/>4 ,b t e ?+1 he says ------1 has its own seasons1 ! ,savi\r suffici5tly tea*es :5 he says3444 & ! ,magi hav+ se5 ! />17#c7 c4 ,?is ( c\rse ,canon ,we/cott consid]s a ref]5ce to ,matt4 ii4 #a1 #b1 b we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t ?is falls to ! gr\nd in/antly1 if x be admitt$1 z x mu/ be1 t ! ,/> & ! ,magi may h be5 m5tion$ 9 o!r ,gospels ?an ! fir/ ,synoptic4 ,we h already se51 :5 exam9+ ! evid5ce ( ,ju/91 t ?is is ! case4 ,! only quotation ass]t$ to be tak5 f ,luke is ! phrase3 ,! ,holy ,_s %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ #ea !e17#a7 :i* agrees ) ,luke i4 #ce4 ,?is aga9 is introduc$ by ,hippolytus ) ano!r subjectless he says1 & ap>t f ! unc]ta9ty z to :o he is1 ?is is v unsatisfactory evid5ce z to ! =m ( ! quotation 9 ! orig9al text1 = x may easily h be5 correct$ by ,hippolytus1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 9 ! c\rse ( transf] to 8 pages4 ,we h already met ) ?is passage z quot$ by ,ju/9 f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours4 ,z we h already /at$1 h[ev]1 none ( ! quotations :i* we h consid]$ are directly ref]r$ to ,basilides himself1 b !y are all introduc$ by ! utt]ly vague expression1 he says1 ------ )\t any subject accompany+ ! v]b4 ,n[ x is admitt$ t writ]s ( ! "t ( ,hippolytus1 & notably ,hippolytus himself1 made use ( ! "n ( ! f\nd] ( a sect to repres5t ! :ole ( 8 s*ool1 & appli$ to him1 app>5tly1 quotations tak5 f unkn[n & lat] foll[]s47#b7 ,! passages :i* he cites1 !re=e1 & :i* appe> to indicate ! use ( ,gospels1 in/ead ( be+ extract$ f ! works ( ! f\nd] himself1 9 all probability 7 tak5 f writ+s ( ,gno/ics ( 8 own "t4 ,canon ,we/cott himself admits ! possibility ( ?is1 9 writ+ ( o!r e>ly h]etics4 ,he says3 ,! evid5ce t has be5 collect$ f #eb ! docum5ts ( ^! primitive sects is necess>ily some:at vague4 ,x w\ld be m satisfactory to "k ! exact position ( _! au?ors1 & ! precise date ( _! be+ compos$4 ,x is j possible t ,hippolytus made use ( writ+s :i* 7 curr5t 9 8 own "t )\t fur!r exam9ation1 & transf]r$ to ! apo/olic age =ms ( ?\ght & expression :i* _h be5 ! gr[? ( two1 or ev5 ( ?ree g5]ations47#a7 ,s mu* z to ! reliance to be plac$ on ! "w ascrib$ to ,hippolytus4 ,x is c]ta91 = in/ance1 t 9 writ+ ( ! sect ( ,naas5i & ,ophites1 ,hippolytus p]petually quotes passages f ! writ+s ( ! s*ool1 ) ! indef9ite ------17#b7 z he likewise does 9 deal+ ) ! ,p]atici17#c7 & ,docetae17#d7 no individual au?or be+ nam$2 yet he evid5tly quotes v>i\s writ]s1 pass+ f "o to ano!r )\t explanation1 & mak+ use ( ! same unv>y+ ------ ,9 "o place17#e7 :]e he has ! ,greeks say1 ------ he gives1 )\t fur!r indication1 a quotation f ,p9d>47#f7 ,a /ill m apt in/ance ( 8 me?od is t po9t$ out by ,volkm>17#g7 :]e ,hippolytus1 writ+ ( ,m>cion1 or "s "o ( 8 h\nds1 uses1 )\t fur!r explanation1 ! subjectless ------ to introduce matt] f ! lat] foll[]s ( ,m>cion47#h7 ,n[1 ) reg>d to #ec ,basilides1 ,hippolytus directly ref]s n only to ! h]etic *ief1 b also to 8 disciple ,isidorus & all _! foll[]s17#a7 ------ & !n proce$s to use ! indef9ite he says1 int]sp]s$ ) ref]5ces 9 ! plural to ^! h]etics1 exhibit+ ! same c>eless me?od ( quotation1 & leav+ ! same complete unc]ta9ty z to ! speak]'s id5tity z 9 ! o!r cases m5tion$47#b7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,hilg5feld1 t ! gno/icism ascrib$ to ,basilides by ,hippolytus1 9 connection ) ^! quotations1 is ( a mu* lat] & m develop$ type ?an t :i* ,basilides himself held17#c7 z %[n 9 ! actual fragm5ts ( 8 own writ+s :i* are /ill extant1 & z report$ by ,ir5aeus17#d7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria17#e7 & ! "w ,adv]sus omnes ,ha]eses1 annex$ to ! ,praescriptio ha]eticorum ( ,t]tullian1 :i* is #ed consid]$ to be ! epitome ( an e>li] "w ( ,hippolytus4 ,! fact probably is t ,hippolytus d]iv$ 8 views ( ! doctr9es ( ,basilides f ! writ+s ( 8 lat] foll[]s1 & f !m made ! quotations :i* are attribut$ to ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool47#a7 ,9 any case !re is no gr\nd = ref]r+ ^! quotations ) an indef9ite ------ to ,basilides himself4 ,( all ?is !re is n a ^w f ,canon ,we/cott17#b7 b he v5tures to speak ( ! te/imony ( ,basilides to our 'ackn[l$g$' books1 z compreh5sive & cle>47#c7 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t ! passages ref]r$ to h no weight :atev] z evid5ce = ! use ( our ,synoptics4 ,! =mulae 7z ------ to t comp>$ ) ,luke i4 #ce1 & ------ ) ref]5ces comp>$ ) "s ( ! ,epi/les7 :i* accompany ^! quotations1 & to :i* ,canon ,we/cott po9ts z an indication t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s 7 already recogniz$ z ,holy ,scripture17#d7 ne$ no special att5tion1 because1 z x _c be %[n t ! expressions 7 us$ by ,basilides himself at all1 !y d n come into "q4 ,if any?+1 h[ev]1 7 requir$ to complete ! evid5ce t ^! quotations are n f ! works ( ,basilides himself1 b f lat] writ+s by 8 foll[]s1 x w\ld be ! use ( su* =mulae1 = z ! writ+s ( pseudo-,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,papias1 ,hegesippus1 #ee & o!rs ( ! ,fa!rs 9 sev]al ways positively demon/rate1 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s 7 n admitt$1 ev5 among/ or?odox ,fa!rs1 to ! rank ( ,holy ,scripture1 until a v mu* lat] p]iod47#a7 #b4 ,mu* ( :at has be5 said ) reg>d to ! claim :i* is laid to ,basilides1 by "s apologi/s1 z a witness = ! ,gospels & ! exi/5ce ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 & ! mann] 9 :i* t claim is advanc$1 likewise applies to ,val5t9us1 ano!r ,gno/ic lead]1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #adj1 came f ,alex&ria to ,rome & fl\ri%$ till ab\t a4d4 #afj47b7 ,v little rema9s ( ! writ+s ( ?is ,gno/ic1 & we ga9 our only k ( !m f a few %ort quotations 9 ! works ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & "s d\btful fragm5ts pres]v$ by o!rs4 ,we %all pres5tly h occasion to ref] m directly to ^!1 & ne$ n "h m p>ticul>ly m5tion !m4 ,tis*5dorf1 ! self-con/itut$ mod]n ,def5sor fidei17#c7 ass]ts1 ) an assurance :i* c sc>cely be *>act]iz$ o!rwise ?an z an unp>donable calculation ^u ! ignorance ( 8 read]s1 t ,val5t9us us$ #ef ! :ole ( our f\r ,canonical ,gospels4 ,to d him full ju/ice1 we %all z mu* z possible give 8 own words2 &1 al?\gh we set aside sy/ematically all discussion reg>d+ ! f\r? ,gospel = sep>ate treatm5t h]eaft]1 we mu/1 9 ord] to convey ! full s5se ( ,dr4 ,tis*5dorf s proce$+1 comm5ce ) a s5t5ce reg>d+ t ,gospel4 ,ref]r+ to a /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus1 t ! foll[]s ( ,val5t9us made use ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,tis*5dorf cont9ues3 ,hippolytus confirms & completes ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus1 = he quotes sev]al expressions ( ,john1 :i* ,val5t9us employ$4 ,?is mo/ cle>ly occurs 9 ! case ( ,john x4 #h2 = ,hippolytus writes3 ',because ! prophets & ! law1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,val5t9us1 7 only fill$ ) a subord9ate & fooli% _s1 ,val5t9us says3 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 ! ,savi\r says3 ,all :o came be=e me 7 ?ieves & robb]s4'7l7 ,n[ ?is1 to beg9 )1 is a practical falsification ( ! text ( ! ,philosophum5a1 :i* reads3 ,!re=e all ! ,prophets & ! ,law spoke "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,demiurge1 a fooli% ,god1 he says1 7!y !mselves be+7 fooli%1 kn[+ no?+4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 he says1 ! ,savi\r sai?3 ,all :o came be=e me1 c4 c47#b7 ,!re is no m5tion :atev] ( ! "n ( ,val5t9us 9 ! passage1 &1 z we %all pres5tly #eg %[1 !re is no direct ref]5ce 9 ! :ole *apt] to ,val5t9us himself4 ,! introduction ( 8 "n 9 ?is mann] into ! text1 )\t a ^w ( explanation1 is highly repreh5sible4 ,x is true t 9 a note ,tis*5dorf gives a clos] translation ( ! passage1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any explanation2 & "h aga9 he adds1 9 p>5!sis to ! says he1 namely1 ,val5t9us4 ,su* a note1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld probably be unread by a majority ( read]s1 does n rectify ! impression convey$ by s positive & emphatic an ass]tion z is convey$ by ! alt]ation 9 ! text4 ,tis*5dorf cont9ues3 ,& z ! ,gospel ( ,john1 s also 7 ! o!r ,gospels us$ by ,val5t9us4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus 7,i4 #g1 ,sec4 #d71 he f\nd ! said subord9ate _s1 :i* he calls ,demiurge1 ,ma/]work]1 emblematically repres5t$ by ! ,c5turion ( ,cap]naum 7,matt4 viii4 #i1 ,luke vii4 #h72 9 ! dead & resuscitat$ daught] ( ,jairus1 :5 twelve ye>s old1 7,luke viii4 #da71 he recogniz$ a symbol ( 8 ',wisdom' 7,a*amo?71 ! "m ( ! ,ma/]work] 7,i4 #h1 ,sec4 #b72 9 l mann]1 he saw repres5t$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! woman :o _h suff]$ twelve ye>s f ! bloody issue1 & 0 cur$ by ! ,"l 7,matt4 ix4 #bj71 ! suff]+s & salvation ( 8 twelf? primitive _s 7,aeon7 7,i4 #c1 ,sec4 #c72 ! expression ( ! ,"l 7,matt4 v4 #ah7 on ! num]ical value ( ! iota 7'! smalle/ lett]'7 he appli$ to 8 t5 aeons 9 repose4l ,n[1 9 e in/ance :]e ,tis*5dorf "h speaks ( ,val5t9us by ! s+ul> he1 ,ir5aeus uses ! plural !y1 ref]r+ n to ! orig9al f\nd] ( ! sect1 b to 8 foll[]s 9 8 own day1 & ! #eh text is ?us aga9 9 e in/ance falsifi$ by ! pi\s zeal ( ! apologi/4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,c5turions !y say ------ t he is ! ,demiurge27#a7 !y decl>e ------ t ! daught] ( ,jairus is ! type ( ,a*amo?27#b7 !y say ------ t ! apo/asy ( ,judas po9ts to ! passion 9 connection ) ! twelf? aeon1 & also ! fact t ,jesus suff]$ 9 ! twelf? mon? aft] 8 baptism2 = !y w h x ------ t he only prea*$ = "o ye>4 ,! case ( ! woman ) ! bloody issue = twelve ye>s1 & ! p[] :i* w5t =? f ! ,son to heal h]1 !y w h to be ,horos ------#c ,9 l mann] !y ass]t t ! t5 aeons are indicat$ ------ by ! lett] ,iota1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,savi\r's expression1 ,matt v4 #ah47d7 ,at ! end ( ^! & num]\s o!r simil> ref]5ces 9 ?is *apt] to ,new ,te/am5t expressions & passages1 ,ir5aeus says3 ,?us !y int]pret1 c4 ------47#e7 ,! plural !y is employ$ ?r\gh\t4 ,tis*5dorf proce$s to give ! answ] to 8 /atem5t :i* is suppos$ to be made by objectors43 ,!y say3 all t has ref]5ce to ! ,gospel ( ,john 0 n advanc$ by ,val5t9us himself1 b by 8 disciples4 ,& 9 fact1 9 ,ir5aeus1 '!y--! ,val5-t9ians--say1' occurs mu* (t5] ?an 'he--,val5t9us--says4' ,b :o is !re s sapi5t z to draw ! l9e betwe5 :at ! ma/] alone says1 & t :i* ! disciples /ate )\t 9 ! lea/ repeat+ ! #ei ma/]87#a7 ,tis*5dorf solves ! difficulty by ref]r+ ev]y?+ indiscrim9ately to ! ma/]4 ,n[1 9 reply to ^! obs]vations1 we mu/ rem>k 9 ! fir/ place t ! admission "h made by ,tis*5dorf1 t ,ir5aeus mu* m (t5 uses !y say ?an he says is /ill q dis+5u\s1 inasmu* z inv>iably1 & )\t exception1 ,ir5aeus uses ! plural 9 connection ) ! texts 9 "q4 ,secondly1 x is q obvi\s t a ,gno/ic1 writ+ ab\t a4d4 #ahe-aie1 0 likely to use argum5ts :i* 7 nev] ?\ght ( by a ,gno/ic1 writ+ at ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,at ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h acquir$ consid]ation & au?ority1 & ,gno/ic writ]s _h !re=e a reason to ref] to !m1 & to endeav\r to %[ t !y support$ _! peculi> views1 :i* did n exi/ at all at ! "t :5 ,val5t9us prop\nd$ 8 sy/em4 ,tis*5dorf1 h[ev]1 _c be all[$ ! b5efit ev5 ( su* a d\bt z he ins9uates1 z to :at belongs to ! ma/]1 & :at to ! foll[]s4 ,su* d\btful te/imony c\ld n e/abli% any?+1 b x is 9 po9t ( fact also totally exclud$ by ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus himself4 ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ book ( 8 great "w1 ,ir5aeus cle>ly /ates ! motives & objects = :i* he writes4 ,he says3 ,i consid]$ x necess>y1 hav+ read ! comm5t>ies ------ ( ! disciples ( ,val5t9us1 z !y call !mselves1 & hav+ _h p]sonal int]c\rse ) "s ( !m & acquir$ full k ( _! op9ions1 to unfold to !e1 c41 & he goes on to say t he int5ds to set =? ! op9ions ( ^? :o are n[ tea*+ h]esy2 ,i speak #fj p>ticul>ly ( ! foll[]s ( ,ptolemaeus1 ^: sy/em is an (f%oot ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us47#a7 ,no?+ c\ld be m explicit ?an ?is /atem5t t ,ir5aeus nei!r int5d$ nor pret5d$ to write ^u ! works ( ,val5t9us himself1 b ^u ! comm5t>ies ( 8 foll[]s ( 8 own "t1 ) "s ( :om he _h _h p]sonal int]c\rse1 & t ! sy/em :i* he int5d$ to attack 0 t actually be+ taught 9 8 day by ,ptolemaeus & 8 s*ool1 ! (f%oot f ,val5t9us4 ,all ! quotations to :i* ,tis*5dorf ref]s are made )9 a few pages ( ?is explicit decl>ation4 ,imm$iately aft] ! passage ab\t ! ,c5turion1 he says3 su* is _! sy/em ------1 & ?ree l9es bel[ he /ates t !y d]ive _! views f unwritt5 s\rces ------47#b7 ,! fir/ direct ref]5ce to ,val5t9us does n occur until aft] ^! quotations1 & is = ! purpose ( %[+ ! v>iation ( op9ion ( 8 foll[]s4 ,he says3 ,let u n[ see ! unc]ta9 op9ions ( ^! h]etics1 = !re are two or ?ree ( !m1 h[ !y d n speak alike ( ! same ?+s1 b contradict$ "o ano!r 9 facts & names4 ,!n he cont9ues3 ,= ! fir/ ( !m1 ,val5t9us1 hav+ d]iv$ 8 pr9ciples f ! s-call$ ,gno/ic h]esy1 & adapt$ !m to ! peculi> "* ( 8 s*ool decl>$ ?is3 c41 c4#c ,& #fa aft] a brief description ( 8 sy/em1 9 :i* no ,scriptural allusion occurs1 he goes on to comp>e ! views ( ! re/1 & 9 *ap4 xii4 he returns to ,ptolemaeus & 8 foll[]s ------4 ,9 ! preface to ,book ii1 he aga9 says t he has be5 expos+ ! falsity ( ! foll[]s ( ,val5t9us 7qui sunt a ,val5t9o7 & w proce$ to e/abli% :at he has advanc$2 & ev]y:]e he uses ! plural !y1 ) occasional direct ref]5ces to ! foll[]s ( ,val5t9us 7qui sunt a ,val5t9o747#a7 ,! same c\rse is adopt$ 9 ,book iii41 ! plural be+ sy/ematically us$1 & ! same di/9ct def9ition introduc$ at int]vals47#b7 ,& aga91 9 ! preface to ,book iv4 he recapitulates t ! prec$+ books _h be5 writt5 aga9/ ^!1 qui sunt a ,val5t9o 7,sec4 #b74 ,9 fact1 x w\ld almo/ be impossible = any writ] m frequ5tly & emphatically to %[ t he is n1 z he began by decl>+1 deal+ ) ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool himself1 b ) 8 foll[]s liv+ & tea*+ at ! "t at :i* he wrote4 ,canon ,we/cott1 ) ^: sy/em ( positively enunciat+ unsupport$ & controv]t$ /atem5ts we are already acqua9t$1 is only slightly out/ripp$ by ! ,g]man apologi/ 9 8 misrepres5tation ( ! evid5ce ( ,val5t9us4 ,x mu/ be /at$1 h[ev]1 t1 ackn[l$g+1 z no d\bt he does1 t ,ir5aeus nev] ref]s to ,val5t9us himself1 ,canon ,we/cott passes ov] 9 complete sil5ce ! suppos$ ref]5ces ^u #fb :i* ,tes*5dorf relies z 8 only evid5ce = ! use ( ! ,synoptics by t ,gno/ic4 ,he1 h[ev]1 makes ! foll[+ extraord9>y /atem5t reg>d+ ,val5t9us3 ,! fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s :i* rema9 %[ ! same natural & tru/ful use ( ,scripture z o!r ,*ri/ian works ( ! same p]iod2 & !re is no div]sity ( "* 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! quotations giv5 9 ,hippolytus & ^? f\nd 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,he cites ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians z ',scripture1' & ref]s cle>ly to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,luke1 & ,/4 ,john1 to ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans17#a7 c4 ,we %all n[ give ! passages :i* he po9ts out 9 support ( ^! ass]tions47#b7 ,! fir/ two are said to occur 9 ! ,/romata ( ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t1 :o pr(esses to quote ! v words ( a lett] ( ,val5t9us to c]ta9 p reg>d+ ! passions1 :i* are call$ by ! foll[]s ( ,basilides ! app5dages ( ! s\l4 ,! passage is z foll[s3 ,b "o only is good1 ^: pres5ce is ! manife/ation ?r\gh ! ,son1 & #a ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bei f4 ,9 ! #d? ed4 ( 8 "w1 publi%$ s9ce ! above rem>ks 7 made1 ,dr4 ,we/cott has modifi$ or )drawn 8 ass]tions reg>d+ ,val5t9us4 ,z we _c well omit ! above passage1 x is "r to /ate t ! l9es quot$ n[ read3 ,! few unque/ionable fragm5ts ( ,val5t9us conta9 b little :i* po9ts to passages ( ,scripture4 ,if x 7 cle> t ! anonym\s quotations 9 ,hippolytus 7 d]iv$ f ,val5t9us himself1 ! li/ w\ld be mu* enl>g$1 & include a citation ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians z ',scripture1' & cle> ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,john1 to #a ,cor9?ians1 p]haps also to ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 7p4 #bie f474 ,9 a note he adds3 ,b a fre% & c>eful exam9ation ( ! :ole section ( ,hippolytus makes me feel t ! evid5ce is s unc]ta91 t ,i _c be sure 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( ,basilides1 t ,hippolytus is quot+ ! words ( ! ,f\nd] 7p4 #bie1 n4 #e74 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! /atem5ts ev5 9 ! am5d$ edition pres5t _m curi\s features4 #fc ?r\gh ,him alone w ! he>t be enabl$ to become pure1 by ! expulsion ( e evil _s f ! he>t4 ,= _m spirits dwell+ 9 x d n all[ x to be pure1 b ea* ( !m1 :ile 9 div]s p>ts !y riot !re 9 unseemly lu/s1 p]=ms its own works4 ,&1 x seems to me1 ! he>t is some:at l an inn4 ,= t1 also1 is bo? bor$ & dug into1 & (t5 fill$ ) ! ordure ( m51 :o abide !re 9 revelry1 & be/[ n "o s+le ?\ght ^u ! place1 see+ x is ! prop]ty ( ano!r4 ,& 9 su* wise is x ) ! he>t1 s long z no ?\ght is giv5 to x1 be+ impure1 & ! dwell+-place ( _m demons1 b z soon z ! alone good ,fa!r has visit$ x1 x is sanctifi$ & %9es ?r\gh ) light1 & ! possessor ( su* a he>t becomes s bless$1 t he %all see ,god47#a7 ,accord+ to ,canon ,we/cott ?is passage conta9s two ( ! cle> ref]5ces to our ,gospels ^u :i* he bases 8 /atem5t1 namely to ,matt4 v4 #h1 & to ,matt4 xix4 #ag4 ,n[ x is cle> t !re is no actual quotation f any evangelical "w 9 ?is passage f ! ,epi/le ( ,val5t9us1 & ! utmo/ = :i* ! mo/ zeal\s apologi/ c\ld cont5d is1 t !re is a slight simil>ity ) "s words 9 ! ,gospel1 & ,canon #fd ,we/cott himself does n v5ture to call !m m ?an ref]5ces4 ,t su* di/ant co9cid5ces %\ld be quot$ z evid5ce = ! use ( ! fir/ ,gospel %[s h[ weak is 8 case4 ,at be/ su* vague allusions c\ld n prove any?+1 b :5 ! passages to :i* ref]5ce is suppos$ to be made are exam9$1 x w be app>5t t no?+ c\ld be m unf\nd$ or arbitr>y ?an ! claim ( ref]5ce specially to our ,gospel1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!r ,gospels !n exi/+1 :i* to our k conta9$ bo? passages4 ,we may1 inde$1 g /ill fur!r1 & affirm t if ^! co9cid5ces are ref]5ces to any ,gospel at all1 t ,gospel is n ! canonical1 b "o diff]5t f x4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce allud$ to consi/s ( ! foll[+ two phrases3 ,b "o only is good ------44444 ! alone good ,fa!r ------4 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,matt4 xix4 #ag3a ,:y aske/ ?\ me conc]n+ good8 !re is "o t is good ------47#b7 ,n[ ! passage 9 ! epi/le1 if a ref]5ce to any p>allel episode1 su* z ,matt4 xix4 #ag1 indicates ) c]ta9ty ! read+3 ,"o is good ! ,fa!r ------4 ,!re is no su* read+ 9 any ( our ,gospels4 ,b al?\gh ?is read+ does n exi/ 9 any ( ! ,canonical ,gospels1 x is well kn[n t x did exi/ 9 uncanonical ,gospels no long] extant1 & t ! passage 0 "o ^u :i* v>i\s sects ( s-call$ h]etics laid great /ress4 ,ir5seus quotes x z "o ( #fe ! texts to :i* ! ,m>cosians1 :o made use ( apocryphal ,gospels17#a7 & notably ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 gave a diff]5t col\r+3 ------7#b7 ,epiphanius also quotes ?is read+ z "o ( ! v>iations ( ! ,m>cionites3 ------47#c7 ,orig51 likewise1 rem>ks t ?is passage is misus$ by "s ,h]etics3 ,velut proprie sibi datum scutum putant 7ha]etici7 quod dixit ,dom9us 9 ,evangelio3 ,nemo bonus nisi unus ,deus pat]47#d7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr quotes ! same read+ f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels17#e7 ------7#f7 & 9 agreem5t ) ! repeat$ simil> read+s ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 :i* likewise d]iv$ x f an extra canonical s\rce17#g7 ------4#h ,! use ( a simil> expression by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1#i z well z by ,orig51 only s]ves to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! read+ 9 ext9ct ,gospels1 al?\gh x is n f\nd 9 any ,,ms4 ( any ( our ,gospels4 ,! second ( ! suppos$ ref]5ces is m diffuse3 ,"o is good & ?r\gh him alone w ! he>t be enabl$ to become pure ------444 b :5 ! alone good ,fa!r has visit$ x1 x is sanctifi$ & %9es ?r\gh ) light1 & ! possessor ( su* a he>t becomes s bless$1 t he %all see ,god ------ #ff ------4 ,?is is comp>$7#a7 ) ,mat!w v4 #h3 ,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all see ,god ------4 ,x might be argu$ t ?is is q z mu* a ref]5ce to ,psalm xxiv4 #c-f z to ,matt4 v4 #h1 b ev5 if treat$ z a ref]5ce to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t ?is disc\rse _h its place 9 mu* old] =ms ( ! ,gospel ?an our pres5t ,canonical ,gospels17#b7 & t x =m$ "p ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews & o!r evangelical writ+s 9 circulation 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,su* a ref]5ce z ?is is absolutely wor?less z evid5ce ( special acqua9tance ) our fir/ ,synoptic47#c7 ,tis*5dorf does n appeal at all to ^! suppos$ ref]5ces conta9$ 9 ! passages pres]v$ by ,clem5t1 b bo? ! ,g]man & ! ,engli% apologi/ jo9 9 rely+ ^u ! te/imony ( ,hippolytus17#d7 ) reg>d to ! use ( ! ,gospels by ,val5t9us1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! =m] does s ) great] fairness ( treatm5t ?an ,canon ,we/cott4 ,tis*5dorf does ref] to1 & admit1 "s ( ! difficulties ( ! case1 z we %all pres5tly see1 :il/ ,canon ,we/cott1 z 9 ! case ( ,basilides1 boldly makes 8 ass]tion1 & totally ignores all adv]se facts4 ,! only ,gospel #fg ref]5ce :i* c be adduc$ ev5 9 ! ,philosophum5a1 exclusive ( "o ass]t$ to be to ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* w be sep>ately consid]$ h]eaft]1 is advanc$ by ,canon ,we/cott1 = ,tes*5dorf does n ref] to x1 b conf9es himself solely to ! suppos$ ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! passage is ! same z "o also imput$ to ,basilides3 ,! ,holy ,_s %all come ^u !e & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e2 :i* happ5s to agree ) ! words 9 ,luke i4 #ce2 b1 z we h se5 9 connection ) ,ju/91 !re is good reason = conclud+ t ! n>rative to :i* x belongs 0 conta9$ 9 o!r ,gospels47#a7 ,9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! quotation is c>ri$ fur!r & pres5ts an important v>iation f ! text ( ,luke4 ,! ,holy ,_s %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e2 !re=e ! ?+ begott5 ( !e %all be call$ holy7#b7 ------4 ,! read+ ( ,luke is3 ,!re=e also ! holy ?+ begott5 %all be call$ ! ,son ( ,god ------4 ,x is probable t ! passage ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! foll[]s ( ,basilides may h end$ 9 ! same way z ?is1 & be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be cle>] ?an ! fact t ?is quotation1 by :oev] made1 is n tak5 f our ?ird ,synoptic1 inasmu* z !re does n exi/ a s+le ,,ms4 :i* conta9s su* a passage4 ,we aga91 h[ev]1 come to ! "q3 ,:o really made ! quotations :i* ,hippolytus introduces s indef9itely8 ,we h already1 9 speak+ ( ,basilides1 #fh po9t$ out ! loose mann] 9 :i* ,hippolytus & o!r e>ly writ]s1 9 deal+ ) diff]5t s*ools ( h]etics1 indiff]5tly quote ! f\nd] or 8 foll[]s )\t indicat+ ! precise p]son quot$4 ,?is practice is p>ticul>ly app>5t 9 ! "w ( ,hippolytus :5 ! foll[]s ( ,val5t9us are 9 "q4 ,tis*5dorf himself is oblig$ to admit ?is4 ,he asks3 ,ev5 ?\gh x be also inconte/able t ! au?or 7,hippolytus7 does n always %>ply di/+ui% betwe5 ! sect & ! f\nd] ( ! sect1 does ?is apply to ! pres5t case87#a7 ,he d5ies t x does 9 ! in/ance to :i* he ref]s1 b he admits ! g5]al fact4 ,9 ! same way ano!r apologi/ ( ! f\r? ,gospel 7& z ! use ( t ,gospel is ma9ta9$ 9 consequ5ce ( a quotation 9 ! v same *apt] z we are n[ consid]+1 only a few l9es high] up1 bo? ! ?ird & f\r? are 9 ! same position7 is =c$ to admit3 ,! use ( ! ,gospel ( ,john by ,val5t9us _c s c]ta9ly be prov$ f our refutation-writ+ 7! "w ( ,hippolytus74 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! /atem5t ( ^! doctr9es x gives ab/racts1 :i* conta9 an expression ( ,john 7x4 #h71 & !re _c be any d\bt t ?is is tak5 f "s writ+ ( ! sect4 ,b ! apologi/1 9 8 expressions reg>d+ ! ,val5t9ian doctr9es1 does n seem to conf9e himself to "o & ! same "w1 b to h alt]nately made use ( diff]5t writ+s ( ! s*ool1 = :i* reason we _c say any?+ z to ! age ( ?is quotation1 & f ?is te/imony1 !re=e1 we m]ely h fur!r confirmation t ! ,gospel 0 e>ly7#b7 787 us$ 9 ! #b ,:y e>ly8 s9ce ,hippolytus writes ab\t a4d4 #bbe4 #fi ,s*ool ( ! ,val5t9ians17#a7 c4 ,( all ?is n a ^w f ,canon ,we/cott1 :o adh]es to 8 sy/em ( b>e ass]tion4 ,n[ we h already quot$7#b7 ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ,book vi4 #ce1 ( ! "w ascrib$ to ,hippolytus1 9 :i* ! quotation f ,john x4 #h1 ref]r$ to above occurs1 & t5 l9e#c fur!r on1 ) ano!r int]m$iate & equally indef9ite he says ------1 occurs ! suppos$ quotation f ,luke i4 #ce1 :i*1 equally ) t f ! f\r? ,gospel1 mu/1 accord+ to ,weizsaeck]1 be ab&on$ z a quotation :i* c fairly be ascrib$ to ,val5t9us himself1 ^: "n is n once m5tion$ 9 ! :ole *apt]4 ,a few l9es bel[ ! quotation1 h[ev]1 a passage occurs :i* ?r[s mu* light up\ ! "q4 ,aft] expla9+ ! views ( ! ,val5t9ians reg>d+ ! v]se3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ %all come ^u !e1 c41 ! writ] ?us proce$s3 ,reg>d+ ?is !re is among !m ------ a great "q1 a cause bo? ( s*ism & diss5sion4 ,& h5ce _! ------ tea*+ has become divid$1 & ! "o tea*+ accord+ to !m ------ is call$ ,ea/]n '------ & ! o!r ,italian4 ,!y f ,italy1 ( :om is ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus1 say ------ t ! body ( ,jesus 0 animal1 & on acc\nt ( ?is1 on ! occasion ( ! baptism1 ! ,holy ,_s l a dove came d[n--t is1 ! ,logos f ! ,"m above1 ,sophia--& became jo9$ to ! animal1 & rais$ him f ! dead4 ,?is1 he says ------ is ! decl>ation ------1--& "h be x obs]v$ we come to ano!r ( ! cle> #gj ref]5ces :i* ,canon ,we/cott v5tures1 delib]ately & )\t a ^w ( d\bt1 to attribute to ,val5t9us himself17#a7--,?is1 he says1 is ! decl>ation3 ',he :o rais$ ,*ri/ f ! dead %all also quick5 y\r mortal bodies1'7#c7 t is animal4 ,= ! e>? has come "u a curse3 ',= du/1 he says ------ ?\ art & unto du/ %alt ?\ return4'7#c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? f ! ,ea/ ------1 ( :om is ,axionicus & ,b>desanes1 say ------ t ! body ( ! ,savi\r 0 spiritual1 = ! ,holy ,_s came ^u ,m>y1 t is ! ,sophia & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/47#d7 c4 ,9 ?is passage we h a good illu/ration ( ! mode 9 :i* ! writ] introduces 8 quotations ) ! subjectless he says4 ,"h he is convey+ ! div]g5t op9ions ( ! two p>ties ( ,val5t9ians1 & expla9+ ! peculi> doctr9es ( ! ,italian s*ool ( :om is ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus1 & he sudd5ly dep>ts f ! plural !y to quote ! passage f ,romans viii4 #aa1 9 support ( _! views ) ! s+ul> he says4 ,no?+ c be m obvi\s ?an t he _c possibly be ,val5t9us himself1 = ! s*ism is repres5t$ z tak+ place #ga among/ 8 foll[]s1 & ! quotation is evid5tly made by "o ( !m to support ! views ( 8 p>ty 9 ! s*ism1 b :e!r ,hippolytus is quot+ f ,h]aclcon or ,ptolemaeus or "s o!r ( ! ,italian7#a7 s*ool1 !re is no means ( kn[+4 ,( all ?is1 aga91 no?+ is said by ,canon ,we/cott1 :o quietly ass]ts )\t hesitation or argum5t1 t ,val5t9us himself is ! p]son :o "h makes ! quotation4 ,we h already said t ! "n ( ,val5t9us does n occur once 9 ! :ole *apt] 7vi4 #ce7 :i* we h be5 exam9+1 & if we turn back we f9d t ! prec$+ context confirms ! result at :i* we h arriv$1 t ! ------ has no ref]5ce to ! ,f\nd] himself1 b is applicable only to "s lat] memb] ( 8 s*ool1 mo/ probably contempor>y ) ,hippolytus4 ,9 vi4 #ba1 ,hippolytus discusses ! h]esy ( ,val5t9us1 :i* he traces to ,py?agoras & ,plato1 b 9 ,*4 #bi he passes f direct ref]5ce to ! ,f\nd] to deal entirely ) 8 s*ool4 ,?is is s manife/1 t ! le>n$ editors ( ! "w ( ,hippolytus1 ,pr(essors ,dunck] & ,s*neidew91 alt] ! prec$+ head+ at t "p f ,val5t9us to ,val5t9iani4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,*4 #bi ,hippolytus writes3 ,val5t9us1 !re=e1 & ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus & ! :ole s*ool ( ^! 7h]etics7444 h laid d[n z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( _! tea*+ ! ari?metical sy/em4 ,= accord+ to ^!1 c4 ,& a few l9es l[] d[n3 ,!re is disc]nible among/ !m1 h[ev]1 consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,= _m ( !m1 9 ord] t #a ,! quotation f an ,epi/le to ! ,romans by ! ,italian s*ool is appropriate4 #gb ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ,val5t9us may be :olly pure1 suppose1 c41 b o!rs1 c4 ,he %ortly aft] says t he w proce$ to /ate _! doctr9es z !y !mselves tea* !m ------4 ,he !n cont9ues3 ,!re is1 he says ------ c4 c41 quot+ evid5tly "o ( ^! foll[]s :o want to keep ! doctr9e ( ,val5t9us pure1 or ( ! o!rs1 al?\gh )\t nam+ him1 & ?ree l9es fur!r on aga91 )\t any prep>ation1 return+ to ! plural !y say ------ & s on ?r\gh ! foll[+ *apt]s1 he says alt]nat+ ) ! plural1 z ! au?or app>5tly has 9 view some?+ said by individuals or m]ely expresses g5]al views4 ,9 ! ,*apt] 7#cd7 prec$+ t :i* we h pr9cipally be5 exam9+1 ,hippolytus beg9s by ref]r+ to ! ,quat]nion accord+ to ,val5t9us1 b aft] five l9es on x1 he cont9ues3 ,?is is :at !y say3 ------7#a7 & !n goes on to speak ( _! :ole tea*+ ------1 & l[] d[n he di/9ctly sets himself to discuss ! op9ions ( ! s*ool 9 ! plural3 ,?us ^! 7,val5t9ians7 subdivide ! cont5ts ( ! ,pl]oma1 c4 ------1 & cont9ues ) an occasional accord+ to !m ------ until1 )\t any "n be+ m5tion$1 he makes use ( ! indef9ite he says to introduce ! quotation ref]r$ to by ,canon ,we/cott z a citation by ,val5t9us himself ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians z ,scripture47#b7 ,?is is1 he says1 :at is writt5 9 ,scripture1 & !re foll[s a quotation :i*1 x may m]ely be m5tion$ z ,canon ,we/cott says no?+ ( x1 diff]s consid]ably f ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le #gc iii4 #ad--ah4 ,imm$iately aft]1 ano!r ( ,canon ,we/-cott's quotations f #a ,cor4 ii4 #ad1 is giv51 ) ! same indef9ite he says1 & 9 ! same way1 )\t fur!r m5tion ( names1 ! quotations 9 ,*4 #ce comp>$ ) ,john x4 #h1 & ,luke i4 #ce4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 absolutely no gr\nd :atev] = ref]r+ ^! ------ to ,val5t9us himself2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ,hippolytus %[s 9 ! cle>e/ way t he is discuss+ ! views ( ! lat] writ]s ( ! sect1 & x is "o ( ^!1 & n ! ,f\nd] himself1 :om 9 8 usual indef9ite way he ?us quotes4 ,we h be5 =c$ by ^! bald & unsupport$ ass]tions ( apologi/s to g at su* l5g? into ^! que/ions at ! risk ( be+ v we>isome to our read]s1 b x has be5 our aim z mu* z possible to make no /atem5ts )\t plac+ be=e ^? :o are int]e/$ ! mat]ials = =m+ an intellig5t op9ion4 ,any o!r c\rse w\ld be to meet m]e ass]tion by simple d5ial1 & x is only by bold & unsub/antiat$ /atem5ts :i* h be5 simply & 9 good fai? accept$ by ord9>y read]s :o h n ! opportunity1 if !y h ev5 ! w1 to te/ _! v]acity1 t apologi/s h s long held _! gr\nd4 ,our results reg>d+ ,val5t9us s f> may be /at$ z foll[s3 ! quotations :i* )\t any explanation are s positively imput$ to ,val5t9us are n made by him1 b by lat] writ]s ( 8 s*ool27#a7 &1 moreov]1 ! passages :i* are indicat$ by ! ,engli% apologi/ z ref]5ces to our two ,synoptic ,gospels n only d 7#gd7 n emanate f ,val5t9us1 b d n agree ) our ,gospels1 & are app>5tly d]iv$ f o!r s\rces47#a7 ,! rem>ks ( ,canon ,we/cott ) reg>d1 to ! connection ( ,val5t9us ) our ,new ,te/am5t are on a p> ) ! re/ ( 8 ass]tions4 ,he says3 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,val5t9us diff]$ f ,ca?olic writ]s on ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47#b7 ,we might ironically adopt ?is s5t5ce1 = z no writ] :atev] ( ! "t ( ,val5t9us1 z we h se51 recogniz$ any ,new ,te/am5t ,canon at all1 he c]ta9ly did n 9 ?is respect diff] f ! o!r writ]s ( t p]iod4 ,canon ,we/cott relies ^u ! /atem5t ( ,t]tullian1 b ev5 "h1 al?\gh he quotes ! ,lat9 passage 9 a note1 he does n fully give its real s5se 9 8 text4 ,he writes 9 imm$iate cont9uation ( ! quotation giv5 above3 ,t]tullian says t 9 ?is he diff]$ f ,m>cion1 t he at lea/ pr(ess$ to accept '! :ole in/rum5t1' p]v]t+ ! int]pretation1 :]e ,m>cion mutilat$ ! text4 ,n[ ! ass]tion ( ,t]tullian has a v important modification1 :i*1 to any "o acqua9t$ ) ! v unscrupul\s boldness ( ! ,great ,african 9 deal+ ) religi\s controv]sy1 is extremely significant4 ,he does n make ! ass]tion positively & ( 8 own k1 b modifies x by say+3 ,nor1 inde$1 if ,val5t9us seems to use ! #b ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bei4 ,dr4 ,we/cott omits ^! words f 8 #d? ed41 b he uses o!rs "h & else:]e :i* imply v ne>ly ! same ass]tion4 #ge :ole in/rum5t1 7neque enim si ,val5t9us integro in/rum5to uti videtur717#a7 c4 ,t]tullian evid5tly knew v little ( ,val5t9us himself1 & _h probably n read 8 writ+s at all47#b7 ,8 treatise aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians is av[$ly n orig9al1 b1 z he himself admits1 is compil$ f ! writ+s ( ,ju/91 ,miltiades1 ,ir5aeus1 & ,proclus47#c7 ,t]tullian w\ld n h hesitat$ to affirm any?+ ( ?is k9d positively1 _h !re be5 any gr\nd = x1 b 8 ass]tion is at once too unc]ta91 & ! value ( 8 /atem5ts ( ?is nature mu* too small1 = su* a rem>k to h any weight z evid5ce47#d7 ,besides1 by 8 own %[+ ,val5t9us alt]$ ,scripture 7s9e dubio em5-dans717#e7 :i* he c\ld n h done _h he recogniz$ x z ( canonical au?ority47#f7 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 place any reliance ^u criticism emanat+ f ,t]tullian4 ,all t ,orig5 seems to "k on ?is subject is t ! foll[]s ( ,val5t9us ------ h alt]$ ! =m ( ! ,gospel ------47#g7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 h[ev]1 in=ms u t ,val5t9us1 l ,basilides1 pr(ess$ to h direct traditions f ! ,apo/les1 8 tea*] be+ ,!odas1 a disciple ( ! ,apo/le ,paul47#h7 ,if he _h kn[n any ,gospels :i* he believ$ to h apo/olic au?ority1 !re w\ld cle>ly n h be5 any ne$ ( su* tradition4 ,hippolytus di/9ctly affirms t ,val5t9us d]iv$ 8 sy/em f ,py?agoras & ,plato1 #gf & n f ! ,gospels -----1 & t consequ5tly he might m prop]ly be consid]$ a ,py?agorean & ,platoni/ ?an a ,*ri/ian47#a7 ,ir5aeus1 9 l mann]1 ass]ts t ! ,val5t9ians d]ive _! views f unwritt5 s\rces ------17#b7 & he accuses !m ( reject+ ! ,gospels1 = aft] enum]at+ !m17#c7 he cont9ues3 ,:51 inde$1 !y are refut$ out ( ! ,scriptures1 !y turn r\nd 9 accusation ( ^! same ,scriptures1 z ?\gh !y 7 n correct1 nor ( au?ority4444 ,= 7!y say7 t x 7! tru?7 0 n convey$ by writt5 records b by ! liv+ voice47#d7 ,9 ! same *apt] he goes on to %[ t ! ,val5-t9ians n only reject ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 b also reject ecclesia/ical tradition4 ,he says3 ,b1 aga91 :5 we ref] !m to t tradition :i* is f ! ,apo/les1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh a succession ( ,presbyt]s 9 ! ,*ur*es1 !y are oppos$ to tradition1 affirm+ !mselves wis] n only ?an ,presbyt]s1 b ev5 ?an ! ,apo/les1 9 t !y h discov]$ ! uncorrupt$ tru?4 ,= 7!y say7 ! ,apo/les mix$ up matt]s :i* are ( ! law ) ! words ( ! ,savi\r1 c4444 ,x comes to ?is1 !y nei!r cons5t to ,scripture nor to tradition4 7,ev5it itaque1 neque ,scripturis jam1 neque ,traditioni cons5tire eos477#f7 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t ev5 9 ! "t ( ,ir5aeus ! ,val5t9ians reject$ ! writ+s #gg ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z au?oritative docum5ts1 :i* !y c]ta9ly w\ld n h done _h ! ,f\nd] ( _! sect himself ackn[l$g$ !m4 ,s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 !re 0 absolutely no ,new ,te/am5t ,canon = ,val5t9us himself to deal )17#a7 & 8 p]fectly or?odox contempor>ies recogniz$ no o!r ,holy ,scriptures ?an ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ir5aeus1 h[ev]1 goes /ill fur!r1 & /ates t ! ,val5t9ians ( 8 "t n only _h _m ,gospels1 b t !y possess$ "o peculi> to !mselves4 ,^? inde$ :o are foll[]s ( ,val5t9us1 he says1 aga9 pass+ beyond all fe>1 & putt+ =? _! own compositions1 boa/ t !y h m ,gospels ?an !re actually are4 ,inde$ !y h proce$$ s f> 9 audacity t !y entitle _! n long writt5 "w1 agree+ 9 no?+ ) ! ,gospels ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,gospel ( ,tru?1 s t !re _c be any ,gospel among !m )\t blasphemy47#b7 ,x foll[s cle>ly1 f ! v "n ( ! ,val5t9ian ,gospel1 t !y did n consid] t o!rs conta9$ ! tru?17#c7 & inde$ ,ir5aeus himself p]ceiv$ ?is1 = he cont9ues3 ,= if :at is publi%$ by !m be ! ,gospel ( ,tru?1 yet is dissimil> f ^? :i* h be5 deliv]$ to u by ! ,apo/les1 any may p]ceive :o please1 z is demon/rat$ by ^! v ,scriptures1 t t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n f ! ,apo/les is n ! ,gospel ( ,tru?47#d7 ,^! passages speak = #gh !mselves4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,gospel ( ,tru? 0 a h>mony ( ! f\r ,gospels47#a7 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c by any possibility h be5 ! case1 inasmu* z ,ir5aeus di/9ctly says t x did n agree 9 any?+ ) ! ,gospels ( ! ,apo/les4 ,we h be5 compell$ to devote too mu* space to ,val5t9us1 & we n[ leave him ) ! c]ta9ty t 9 no?+ does he af=d any evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,synoptic ,gospels4 #gi ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,m>cion ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! great ,h]esi>* ( ! second c5tury1 ,m>cion1 & consid] ! evid5ce reg>d+ our ,gospels :i* may be d]iv$ f :at we "k ( him4 ,! importance1 & at ! same "t ! difficulty1 ( arriv+ at a j conclusion f ! mat]ials )9 our rea* h r5d]$ ,m>cion's ,gospel ! object ( v elaborate criticism1 & ! discussion ( its actual "* has cont9u$ ) fluctuat+ results = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,m>cion 0 born at ,s9ope1 9 ,pontus1 ( :i* place 8 fa!r 0 ,bi%op17#a7 & al?\gh x is said t he aspir$ to ! fir/ place 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome17#b7 ! ,presbyt]s refus$ him communion on acc\nt ( 8 peculi> views ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we %all pres5tly m fully ref] to 8 op9ions1 b "h x w be suffici5t to say t he object$ to :at he consid]$ ! debasem5t ( true ,*ri/ianity by ,jewi% elem5ts1 & he upheld ! tea*+ ( ,paul alone1 9 opposition to t ( all ! o!r ,apo/les1 :om he accus$ ( mix+ #hj up matt]s ( ! law ) ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 & falsify+ ,*ri/ianity17#a7 z ,paul himself _h prote/$47#i7 ,he came to ,rome ab\t a4d4 #aci--adb17c7 & cont9u$ tea*+ = "s tw5ty ye>s47#d7 ,8 high p]sonal "* & elevat$ views produc$ a p[]ful effect ^u 8 "t17#e7 &1 al?\gh dur+ 8 own lifetime & long aft]w>ds vehem5tly & ) e opprobri\s epi!t d5\nc$ by ecclesia/ical writ]s1 8 op9ions 7 s widely adopt$ t 9 ! "t ( ,epiphanius 8 foll[]s 7 to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w47#f7 ,m>cion is said to h recogniz$ z 8 s\rces ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 besides tradition1 a s+le ,gospel & t5 ,epi/les ( ,paul1 :i* 9 8 collection /ood 9 ! foll[+ ord]2--,epi/le to ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians 7#b71 ,romans1 ,!ssalonians 7#b71 ,ephesians 7:i* he _h ) #ha ! sup]scription to ! ,laodiceans717#a7 ,colossians1 ,philippians1 & ,philemon47#b7 ,none ( ! o!r books :i* n[ =m "p ( ! canonical ,new ,te/am5t 7 ei!r m5tion$ or recogniz$ by ,m>cion47#c7 ,?is is ! olde/ collection ( ,apo/olic writ+s ( :i* !re is any trace17#d7 b !re 0 at t "t no o!r ,holy ,scripture ?an ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & no ,new ,te/am5t ,canon _h yet be5 imag9$4 ,m>cion nei!r claim$ canonical au?ority = ^! writ+s17#e7 nor did he associate ) !m any idea ( div9e inspiration47#f7 ,we h already se5 ! animosity express$ by contempor>ies ( ,m>cion aga9/ ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ 9 connection ) ! collection ( ,m>cion1 h[ev]1 c5tres 9 8 s+le ,gospel1 ! nature1 orig91 & id5tity ( :i* h long be5 actively & m9utely discuss$ by le>n$ m5 ( all %ades ( op9ion ) v v>y+ results4 ,! "w itself is un=tunately no long] extant1 & our only k ( x is d]iv$ f ! bitt] & v inaccurate oppon5ts ( ,m>cion4 ,x seems to h borne mu* ! same analogy to our ?ird ,canonical ,gospel :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,gospel accord+ to #hb ! ,hebrews & our fir/ ,synoptic47#a7 ,! ,fa!rs1 ^: uncritical &1 9 su* matt]s1 prejudic$ "* l$ !m to d5\nce e v>iation f _! actual texts z a m]e falsification1 & )\t argum5t to assume ! exclusive au!nticity & orig9ality ( our ,gospels1 :i* t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury _h acquir$ wide circulation 9 ! ,*ur*1 vehem5tly /igmatiz$ ,m>cion z an audaci\s adult]ator ( ! ,gospel1 & affirm$ 8 evangelical "w to be m]ely a mutilat$ & falsifi$ v]sion ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke47#b7 ,?is view cont9u$ to prevail1 almo/ )\t "q or exam9ation1 till t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,biblical criticism began to exhibit ! e>ne/ness & activity :i* h ev] s9ce m or less *>act]iz$ x4 ,seml] fir/ ab&on$ ! preval5t tradition1 &1 aft] analyz+ ! evid5ce1 he conclud$ t ,m>cion's ,gospel & ,luke's 7 diff]5t v]sions ( an e>li] "w17#c7 & t ! s-call$ h]etical ,gospel 0 "o ( ! num]\s ,gospels f among/ :i* ! ,canonical _h be5 select$ by ! ,*ur*47#d7 ,griesba* ab\t ! same "t also reject$ ! rul+ op9ion1 & d5i$ ! close relation%ip usually ass]t$ to exi/ betwe5 ! two ,gospels47#e7 ,l(fl]7#f7 & ,corrodi7#g7 /rongly support$ ,s5d]'s #hc conclusion1 t ,m>cion 0 no m]e falsifi] ( ,luke's ,gospel1 & ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s*midt7#a7 w5t /ill fur!r1 & ass]t$ t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 ! g5u9e ,luke1 & our actual ,gospel a lat] v]sion ( x ) alt]ations & additions4 ,ei*horn17#b7 aft] a full] & m exhau/ive exam9ation1 adopt$ simil> views2 he repudiat$ ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian reg>d+ ,m>cion's ,gospel z utt]ly untru/wor?y1 ass]t+ t he _h n t "w itself be=e him at all1 & he ma9ta9$ t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 ! m orig9al text & "o ( ! s\rces ( ,luke4 ,bolt517#c7 ,b]?oldt17#d7 ,s*lei]ma*]17#e7 & ,d4 ,s*ulz7#f7 likewise ma9ta9$ t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 by no means a mutilat$ v]sion ( ,luke1 b1 on ! contr>y1 an indep5d5t orig9al ,gospel ,a simil> conclusion 0 arriv$ at by ,giesel]17#g7 b lat]1 aft] ,hahn's criticism1 he ab&on$ x1 & adopt$ ! op9ion t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 con/ruct$ out ( ,luke47#h7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! traditional view 0 ma9ta9$ by ,/orr17#i7 ,arne?17#aj7 ,hug17#aa7 ,ne&]17#ab7 & ,gratz17#ac7 al?\gh ) little orig9ality ( inve/igation or argum5t2 & #hd ,paulus7#a7 s\ght to reconcile bo? views by admitt+ t ,m>cion _h be=e him ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 b d5y+ t he mutilat$ x1 argu+ t ,t]tullian did n base 8 argum5ts on ! actual ,gospel ( ,m>cion1 b ^u 8 "w1 ! ,anti!ses4 ,hahn17#b7 h[ev]1 und]took a m exhau/ive exam9ation ( ! problem1 attempt+ to recon/ruct ! text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel7#c7 f ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 & he came to ! conclusion t ! "w 0 a m]e v]sion1 ) omissions & alt]ations made by ! ,h]esi>* 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 sy/em1 ( ! ?ird ,canonical ,gospel4 ,ol%aus57#d7 arriv$ at ! same result1 & ) m or less ( modification b no detail$ argum5t1 simil> op9ions 7 express$ by ,cr$n]17#e7 ,de ,wette17#f7 & o!rs47#g7 ,n satisfi$1 h[ev]1 ) ! me?od & results ( #he ,hahn & ,ol%aus51 ^: exam9ation1 al?\gh m m9ute ?an any previ\sly und]tak51 /ill left mu* to be desir$1 ,rits*l7l7 made a fur!r ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! "* ( ,mansion's ,gospel1 & decid$ t x 0 9 no case a mutilat$ v]sion ( ,luke1 b1 on ! contr>y1 an orig9al & indep5d5t "w1 f :i* ! ,canonical ,gospel 0 produc$ by ! introduction ( anti-,m>cioniti% passages & read+s4 ,baur7#b7 /rongly enunciat$ simil> views1 & ma9ta9$ t ! :ole error lay 9 ! mi/ake ( ! ,fa!rs1 :o _h1 ) *>act]i/ic assumption1 ass]t$ ! e>li] & %ort] ,gospel ( ,m>cion to be an abbreviation ( ! lat] ,canonical ,gospel1 in/ead ( recogniz+ ! latt] z a m]e ext5sion ( ! =m]4 ,s*wegl]7#c7 _h already1 9 a rem>kable criticism ( ,m>cion's ,gospel decl>$ x to be an indep5d5t & orig9al "w1 & 9 no s5se a mutilat$ ,luke1 b1 on ! contr>y1 probably ! s\rce ( t ,gospel4 ,ko/l917#d7 :ile /at+ t ! !ory t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 an e>li] "w & ! basis ( t ascrib$ to ,luke 0 n v probable1 affirm$ t mu* ( ! ,m>cioniti% text 0 m orig9al ?an ! ,canonical1 & t bo? ,gospels mu/ be consid]$ v]sions ( ! same orig9al1 al?\gh ,luke's 0 ! lat] & m corrupt4 ,^! results1 h[ev]1 did n satisfy ,volkm>17#e7 :o ent]$ afre% ^u a se>*+ exam9ation ( ! :ole subject1 & conclud$ t :il/1 on ! "o h&1 ! #hf ,gospel ( ,m>cion 0 n a m]e falsifi$ & mutilat$ =m ( ! ,canonical ,gospel1 nei!r 0 x1 on ! o!r1 an e>li] "w1 & /ill less ! orig9al ,gospel ( ,luke1 b m]ely a ,gno/ic compilation f :at1 s f> z we are conc]n$1 may be call$ ! olde/ codex ( ,luke's ,gospel1 :i* itself is no?+ m ?an a simil> ,paul9e edition ( ! orig9al ,gospel4 ,volkm>'s analysis1 toge!r ) ! argum5ts ( ,hilg5feld1 succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ,rits*l1#a :o )drew f 8 previ\s op9ions1 &1 ) ^? critics1 m]ely ma9ta9$ "s ( ,m>cion's read+s to be m orig9al ?an ^? ( ,luke1#b & g5]ally def5d$ ,m>cion f ! asp]sions ( ! ,fa!rs1 on ! gr\nd t 8 proc$ure ) reg>d to ,luke's ,gospel 0 precisely t ( ! ,canonical ,evangeli/s to ea* o!r2#c ,luke himself be+ cle>ly dep5d5t bo? on ,m>k & ,mat!w4#d ,baur 0 likewise induc$ by ,volkm>'s & ,hilg5feld's argum5ts to modify 8 views2#e b al?\gh = ! fir/ "t he admitt$ t ,m>cion _h alt]$ ! orig9al ( 8 ,gospel frequ5tly = dogmatic reasons1 he /ill ma9ta9$ t !re 0 an old] =m ( ! ,gospel )\t ! e>li] *apt]s1 f :i* bo? ,m>cion & ,luke directly con/ruct$ _! ,gospels2--bo? ( !m /ood 9 ! same l9e 9 reg>d to ! orig9al2 bo? alt]$ x2 ! "o abbreviat$1 ! o!r ext5d$ x4#f ,enc\rag$ by ?is success1 b n yet satisfi$1 ,volkm> imm$iately und]took a fur!r & m exhau/ive exam9ation ( ! text ( ,m>cion1 9 ! hope ( f9ally settl+ ! #hg discussion1 & he aga91 b ) great] emphasis1 confirm$ 8 previ\s results47#a7 ,9 ! meantime ,hilg5feld7#b7 _h s]i\sly attack$ ! problem1 &1 l ,hahn & ,volkm>1 _h s\ght to recon/ruct ! text ( ,m>cion1 &1 :il/ admitt+ _m m orig9al & g5u9e read+s 9 ! text ( ,m>cion1 he _h also decid$ t 8 ,gospel 0 dep5d5t on ,luke1 al?\gh he fur!r conclud$ t ! text ( ,luke _h subsequ5tly gone ?r\gh ano!r1 ?\gh slight1 manipulation be=e x assum$ its pres5t =m4 ,^! conclusions he aga9 fully confirm$ aft] a r5ew$ inve/igation ( ! subject47#c7 ,?is brief sket* ( ! controv]sy :i* has s long occupi$ ! att5tion ( critics w at lea/ %[ ! unc]ta9ty ( ! data ^u :i* any decision is to be bas$4 ,we h n attempt$ to give m ?an ! b>e/ outl9es1 b x w appe> z we g on t mo/ ( ^? :o decide aga9/ ! g5]al indep5d5ce ( ,mansion's ,gospel1 at ! same "t admit 8 p>tial orig9ality & ! sup]iority ( "s ( 8 read+s ov] ^? ( ! ?ird ,synoptic1 & ju/ify 8 treatm5t ( ,luke z a proc$ure common to ! ,evangeli/s1 & w>rant$ n only by _! example b by ! fact t no ,gospels _h 9 8 "t em]g$ f ! position ( private docum5ts 9 limit$ circulation4 ,m>cion's ,gospel n be+ any long] extant1 x is important to e/abli% cle>ly ! nature ( our k reg>d+ x1 & ! exact value ( ! data f :i* v>i\s attempts h be5 made to recon/ruct ! text4 ,x is manife/ t ! evid5tial =ce ( any d$uctions f a recon/ruct$ text is almo/ :olly #hh dep5d5t on ! accuracy & suffici5cy ( ! mat]ials f :i* t text is d]iv$4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( our in=mation reg>d+ ,m>cion's ,gospel are ! works ( 8 mo/ bitt] d5\nc]s ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 :o1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 wrote long aft] 8 "t1--! "w ( ,t]tullian aga9/ ,m>cion hav+ be5 compos$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjh17a7 & t ( ,epiphanius a c5tury lat]4 ,we may likewise m]ely m5tion "h ! ,dialogus de recta 9 deum fide1 commonly attribut$ to ,orig51 al?\gh x _c h be5 compos$ e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury47#c7 ,! fir/ ?ree sections are direct$ aga9/ ! ,m>cionites1 b only deal ) a late =m ( _! doctr9es47#c7 ,z ,volkm> admits t ! au?or cle>ly _h only a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! ,anti!ses1 & pr9cipal pro( passages ( ! ,m>cionites1 b1 al?\gh he c]ta9ly possess$ ! ,epi/les1 _h n ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion itself17#d7 we ne$ n n[ m p>ticul>ly consid] x4 ,we are1 !re=e1 dep5d5t ^u ! dogmatic & p>tly bl9d & unju/ adv]s>ies7#e7 ( ,m>cion = our only k ( ! text !y /igmatize2 & :5 ! "* ( polemical discussion 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era is consid]$1 x is c]ta9 t great caution mu/ be ex]cis$1 & n too mu* weight atta*$ to ! /atem5ts ( oppon5ts :o reg>d$ a h]etic ) abhorr5ce1 & attack$ him ) an acrimony :i* c>ri$ !m f> beyond ! limits ( fairness & tru?4 ,_! religi\s controv]sy bri/les ) #hi mis/atem5ts1 & is turbid ) pi\s abuse4 ,t]tullian 0 a ma/] ( ?is /yle1 & ! vehem5t vitup]ation ) :i* he op5s7#a7 & (t5 int]l>ds 8 "w aga9/ ! impi\s & sacrilegi\s ,m>cion (f]s any?+ b a gu>antee ( fair & legitimate criticism4 ,epiphanius 01 if possible1 /ill m passionate & exagg]at$ 9 8 repres5tations aga9/ him47#b7 ,undue importance mu/ n1 !re=e1 be attribut$ to _! /atem5ts47#c7 ,n only %\ld !re be caution ex]cis$ 9 receiv+ ! repres5tations ( "o side 9 a religi\s discussion1 b m p>ticul>ly is su* caution necess>y 9 ! case ( ,t]tullian1 ^: tru/wor?9ess is v f> f be+ above suspicion1 & ^: inaccuracy is (t5 app>5t47#d7 ,son *ri/ianisme1 says ,reuss1 e/ ard5t1 s9c]e1 pr(ondem5t ancre dans son ame4 ,l'on voit qu'il en vit4 ,mais ce *ri/ianisme e/ apre1 insol5t1 brutal1 f]railleur4 ,,ii e/ sans onction et sans *>ite1 quelquefois m]ae sans loyaute1 des qu'il se tr\ve en face d'une opposition quelconque4 ,c'e/ un soldat qui ne sait que se battre et qui oublie1 t\t en se battant1 qu'il faut aussi respect] son ennemi4 ,dialectici5 subtil et ruse1 il excelle h1 ridiculis] ses adv]saires4 ,l'injure1 le s>casme1 un langage qui rappelle p>fois en v]ite le g5re de ,rabelais1 une effront]ie d'affirmation dans les mom5ts de faiblesse qui frise et atte9t meme la mauvaise foi1 voila ses armes4 ,je sais ce qu'il faut en cela mettre surde compte de l'epoque4444 ,si1 au second siecle1 #ij t\s les p>tis1 sauf quelques gno/iques1 sont intol]ants1 ,t]tullian ,te/ plus que t\t le monde47#a7 ,! *>ge ( mutilat+ & int]polat+ ! ,gospel ( ,luke is fir/ br\ght aga9/ ,m>cion by ,ir5aeus17#b7 & x is repeat$ ) /ill great] vehem5ce & fulness by ,t]tullian17#c7 & ,epiphanius27#d7 b ! m]e ass]tion by ,fa!rs at ! end ( ! second & 9 ! ?ird c5turies1 t a ,gospel diff]5t f _! own 0 "o ( ! ,canonical ,gospels falsifi$ & mutilat$1 c h no weight :atev] 9 itself 9 ! inquiry z to ! real nature ( t "w47#e7 ,_! arbitr>y assumption ( exclusive orig9ality & priority = ! f\r ,gospels ( ! ,*ur* l$ !m1 )\t any attempt at argum5t1 to treat e o!r evangelical "w z an (f%oot or falsification ( ^!4 ,! argum5ts by :i* ,t]tullian endeav\rs to e/abli% t ! ,gospels ( ,luke & ! o!r ,canonical ,evangeli/s 7 m anci5t ?an t ( ,m>cion7#f7 %[ t he _h no idea ( hi/orical or critical evid5ce47#g7 ,we are1 h[ev]1 driv5 back ^u su* actual data reg>d+ ! text & cont5ts ( ,m>cion's ,gospel z are giv5 by ! ,fa!rs1 z ! only basis1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,gospel itself1 ^u :i* any hypo!sis z to its real "* c be built4 ,! "q !re=e is3 ,are ^! data suffici5tly ample & tru/wor?y = a decisive judgm5t #ia f int]nal evid5ce8 if inde$ int]nal evid5ce 9 su* a case c be decisive at all4 ,all t we "k1 !n1 ( ,m>cion's ,gospel is simply :at ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius h /at$ ) reg>d to x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 und5iable1 & inde$ is univ]sally admitt$1 t _! object 9 deal+ ) x at all 0 entirely dogmatic1 & n 9 ! lea/ degree critical7#a74 ,! _s ( t age 0 inde$ s ess5tially uncritical7#b7 t n ev5 ! canonical text c\ld wak5 x into activity4 ,t]tullian v cle>ly /ates :at 8 object 0 9 attack+ ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,aft] ass]t+ t ! :ole aim ( ! ,h]esi>* 0 to prove a disagreem5t betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 & t = ?is purpose he _h eras$ f ! ,gospel all t 0 contr>y to 8 op9ion1 & reta9$ all t he _h consid]$ fav\rable1 ,t]tullian proce$s to exam9e ! passages reta9$17#c7 ) ! view ( prov+ t ! ,h]etic has %[n ! same bl9dness ( h]esy bo? 9 t :i* he has eras$ & 9 t :i* he has reta9$1 inasmu* z ! passages :i* ,m>cion has all[$ to rema9 are z oppos$ to 8 sy/em1 z ^? :i* he has omitt$4 ,he conducts ! controv]sy 9 a free & discursive mann]1 & :il/ he appe>s to g ?r\gh ,m>cion's ,gospel ) "s regul>ity1 x w be app>5t1 z we proce$1 t #ib m]e conjecture has to play a l>ge "p 9 any attempt to recon/ruct1 f 8 data1 ! actual text ( ,m>cion4 ,epiphanius expla9s 8 aim ) equal cle>ness4 ,he _h made a numb] ( extracts f ! s-call$ ,gospel ( ,m>cion :i* seem$ to him to refute ! h]etic1 & aft] giv+ a detail$ & numb]$ li/ ( ^! passages1 :i* he calls ------1 he takes !m consecutively & to ea* adds 8 ,refutation4 ,8 int5tion is to %[ h[ wick$ly & disgracefully ,m>cion has mutilat$ & falsifi$ ! ,gospel1 & h[ fruitlessly he has done s1 inasmu* z he has /upidly1 or by ov]sight1 all[$ mu* to rema9 9 8 ,gospel by :i* he may be completely refut$47#a7 ,z x is impossible )9 our limits fully to illu/rate ! proc$ure ( ! ,fa!rs ) reg>d to ,m>cion's ,gospel1 & ! nature & value ( ! mat]ials !y supply1 we %all z f> z possible quote ! decl>ations ( critics1 & m especially ( ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld1 :o1 9 ! true & enlight5$ _s ( criticism1 imp>tially /ate ! "* ( ! data available = ! und]/&+ ( ! text4 ,z ^! two critics h1 by _! able & le>n$ inve/igations1 done m ?an any o!rs to educe & r5d] possible a decision ( ! problem1 _! own e/imate ( ! mat]ials ^u :i* a judgm5t has to be =m$ is ( d\ble value4 ,) reg>d to ,t]tullian1 ,volkm> expla9s t 8 desire is totally to annihilate ! mo/ dang]\s h]etic ( 8 "t1--fir/ 7,books i4--iii471 to ov]?r[ ,m>cion's sy/em 9 g5]al z exp\nd$ 9 8 ,anti!ses1--& !n 7,book iv47 to %[ t ev5 ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion #ic only conta9s ,ca?olic doctr9e 7he concludes1 ,*ri/us ,jesus 9 ,evangelio tuo m5s e/ c4 #dc72 & !re=e he exam9es ! ,gospel only s f> z may s]ve to e/abli% 8 own view & refute t ( ,m>cion4 ,to %[1 ,volkm> cont9ues1 :]e9 ?is ,gospel 0 falsifi$ or mutilat$1 i4e41 v>i$ f 8 own1 on ! contr>y1 is 9 no way 8 design1 = he p]ceives t ,m>cion c\ld retort ! reproa* ( int]polation1 & 9 8 "t pro( f int]nal gr\nds 0 h>dly possible1 s t only exceptionally1 :]e a v>iation seems to him rem>kable1 does he specially m5tion x47#a7 ,on ! o!r h& ,volkm> rem>ks t ,t]tullian's ,lat9 r5d]+ ( ! text ( ,m>cion :i* lay be=e him1--:i*1 al?\gh c]ta9ly free & hav+ *iefly ! sub/ance 9 view1 is /ill 9 weighti] passages v]bally accurate1--directly indicates important v>iations 9 t text4 ,he goes on to argue t ! sil5ce ( ,t]tullian may be weighty te/imony = ! fact t passages :i* exi/ 9 ,luke1 b :i* he does n m5tion1 7 miss+ 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel1 b he does s ) consid]able res]vation4 ,b 8 sil5ce alone1 he says1 c only "u c]ta9 conditions repres5t ) diplomatic c]ta9ty an omission 9 ,m>cion4 ,x is inde$ probable t he w\ld n lightly h pass$ ov] a passage 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion :i* might 9 any way be contradictory to its sy/em1 if "o altoge!r simil> _h n prec$$ x1 all ! m z he frequ5tly drags 9 by =ce su* pro( passages f ,m>cion's text1 & (t5 pla9ly ) b a c]ta9 sophi/ry tries to refute 8 adv]s>y out ( ! words ( 8 own ,gospel4 ,b x rema9s always possible t 9 8 eag]ness he has #id ov]look$ mu*2 & besides1 he believes t by 8 replies to p>ticul> passages he has already suffici5tly dealt ) _m o!rs ( a simil> k9d2 inde$1 av[$ly1 he w n will+ly repeat himself4 ,a c]ta9 conclusion1 !re=e1 c only be d$uc$ f ! sil5ce ( ,t]tullian :5 special circum/ances ent]47l7 ,volkm>1 h[ev]1 d$uces ) c]ta9ty f ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian t1 :il/ he wrote1 he _h n be=e him ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 b int5tionally laid x aside1 & m]ely ref]r$ to ! ,m>cioniti% text1 & fur!r t1 l all ! ,fa!rs ( ! ?ird ,c5tury1 he pref]r$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w to ! o!r ,synoptics1 & 0 well acqua9t$ ) x alone1 s t 9 speak+ ( ! ,gospel g5]ally he only has 9 8 memory ! s5se1 & ! s5se alone ( ,luke except 9 s f> z x agrees or seems to agree ) ,mat!w47#b7 ,) reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ,t]tullian p]=m$ ! "w he _h und]tak51 ,hilg5feld rem>ks3 ,z ,t]tullian1 9 go+ ?r\gh ! ,m>cioniti% ,gospel1 has only ! object ( refutation 9 view1 he v r>ely /ates explicitly :at is miss+ 9 x2 & z1 on ! "o h&1 we c only v5ture to conclude f ! sil5ce ( ,t]tullian t a passage is want+1 :5 x is altoge!r inexplicable t he %\ld n h made use ( x = ! purpose ( refutation2 s1 on ! o!r1 we mu/ also "k h[ ,m>cion us$ & int]pret$ ! ,gospel1 & %\ld nev] lose sight ( ,t]tullian's refutation & def5ce47#c7 ,hahn sub/antially expresses ! same op9ions4 ,he #ie says3 ,inasmu* z ,t]tullian goes ?r\gh ! ,m>-cioniti% text ) ! view ( refut+ ! h]etic out ( t :i* he accepts1 & n ( critically po9t+ out all v>iations1 falsifications1 & passages reject$1 he frequ5tly quotes ! falsifi$ or alt]$ ,m>cioniti% text )\t expressly m5tion+ ! v>iations47#a7444 ,yet he _c refra9--al?\gh ?is 0 n 8 object--occasionally1 f notic+ among/ o!r ?+s any falsifications & omissions :i*1 :5 he p]haps exam9$ ! text ( ,luke or _h a lively recollection ( x1 /ruck & too griev\sly (f5d$ him47#b7 ,volkm>'s op9ion ( ! proc$ure ( ,epiphanius is /ill m unfav\rable4 ,contra/+ x ) t ( ,t]tullian1 he *>act]izes x z m sup]ficial1 & he consid]s t its only m]it is its pres5t+ an indep5d5t view ( ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 he says3 ,h[ f> we c build ^u 8 /atem5ts1 :e!r z reg>ds _! complet5ess or _! tru/wor?9ess is n yet made altoge!r cle>47#c7 ,volk-m> goes on to %[ h[ ?or\ghly ,epiphanius int5d$ to d 8 "w1 & yet t1 al?\gh f :at he himself leads u to expect1 we might hope to f9d a complete /atem5t ( ,m>cion's s9s1 ! ,fa!r himself disappo9ts su* an expectation by 8 own admission ( incomplet5ess4 ,he compla9s g5]ally ( 8 free & mislead+ me?od ( quotation1 su*1 = in/ance1 z 8 alt]ation ( ! text )\t explanation2 alt]ation ( ! same passage on diff]5t occasions 9 m ?an "o way2 abbreviations1 & omissions ( p>ts ( quotations2 ! sudd5 break+ (f ( passages j comm5c$ ) #if ! indef9ite ------1 )\t any indication h[ mu* ?is may include47#a7 ,volkm>1 inde$1 expla9s t ,epiphanius is only ?or\ghly tru/wor?y :]e1 & s f> z1 he wi%es to /ate 9 8 ,s*olia an omission or v>iation 9 ,m>cion's text f 8 own ,canonical ,gospel1 9 :i* case he m9utely regi/]s ! smalle/ po9t1 b ?is is to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f any *>ge ( falsification br\ght aga9/ ,m>cion 9 8 ,refutations2 = only :ile e>li] draw+ up 8 ,s*olia _h he ! ,m>-cioniti% ,gospel be=e him & comp>$ x ) ,luke2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,refutations1 on ! contr>y1 :i* he wrote lat]1 he did n at lea/ aga9 comp>e ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 altoge!r diff]5t1 cont9ues ,volkm>1 z reg>ds ! /atem5ts ( ,epiphanius conc]n+ ! "p ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke :i* is pres]v$ 9 ,m>cion4 ,:il/ he desires to be /rictly lit]al 9 ! acc\nt ( ! v>iations1 & also ) two exceptions is s1 he s g5]ally adh]es only to ! purport ( ! passages reta9$ by ,m>cion1 t altoge!r lit]al quotations are q exceptional2 ?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 :]e passages ( great] ext5t are ref]r$ to1 ^! are n m]ely abbreviat$1 b also are quot$ 9 v free fa%ion1 & n[h]e c we reckon t ! passage 9 ,m>cion ran v]bally z ,epiphanius quotes x47#b7 ,& to ?is we may add a rem>k made fur!r on3 ,we _c 9 g5]al rely ^u ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5ts 9 reg>d to t :i* ,m>cion _h 9 common ) ,luke47#c7 ,on ! o!r h& ,volkm> _h previ\sly #ig said3 ,absolute complet5ess 9 reg>d to t :i* ,m>cion's ,gospel did n conta9 is n to be reckon$ ^u 9 8 ,s*olia4 ,he has c]ta9ly n int5d$ to pass ov] any?+1 b 9 ! eag]ness :i* s easily r5d]s m5 sup]ficial & bl9d mu* has escap$ him47l7 ,hahn be>s simil> te/imony to ! incomplet5ess ( ,epiphanius4 ,x 0 n 8 purpose1 he says1 fully to notice all falsifications1 v>iations1 & omissions1 al?\gh he does m>k mo/ ( !m1 b m]ely to extract f ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion1 z well z f 8 collection ( ,epi/les1 :at seem$ to him well suit$ = refutation47#b7 ,b he imm$iately adds3 ,:5 he quotes a passage f ,m>cion's text1 h[ev]1 9 :i* su* falsifications occur1 he g5]ally1--b n always1--notes !m m or less precisely1 & he _h himself laid x d[n z a subsidi>y object ( 8 "w to pay att5tion to su* falsifications47#c7 ,a little fur!r on he says3 ,9 ! quotations ( ! rema9+ passages :i* ,epiphanius did n f9d diff]5t f ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 & :]e he !re=e says no?+ ( falsification or omission1 he is (t5 v free1 nei!r adh]+ /rictly to ! p>ticul> words1 nor to _! arrangem5t1 b 8 fav\rite practice is to give _! sub/ance & s5se = ! purpose ( refut+ 8 oppon5t4 ,he presupposes ! words kn[n f ! ,gospel ( ,luke47#d7 ,x mu/ be /at$1 h[ev]1 t bo? ,volkm>7#e7 & ,hilg5feld7#f7 consid] t ! repres5tations ( #ih ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius supplem5t ea* o!r & enable ! cont5ts ( ,m>cion's ,gospel to be asc]ta9$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,yet a few pages e>li] ,volkm> _h po9t$ out t3 ,! gr\nd = a c]ta9 fixture ( ! text ( ! ,m>cioniti% ,gospel1 h[ev]1 seems completely tak5 away by ! fact t ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 9 _! /atem5ts reg>d+ its /ate1 n m]ely repeat$ly seem to1 b 9 "p actually d1 directly contradict ea* o!r47#a7 ,hahn endeav\rs to expla9 "s ( ^! contradictions by imag9+ t lat] ,m>cionites _h alt]$ ! text ( _! ,gospel1 & t ,epiphanius _h ! "o =m & ,t]tullian ano!r27#b7 b su* a d\bt only r5d]s ! :ole ( ! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! "w m unc]ta9 & insecure4 ,t x is n )\t "s reason1 h[ev]1 appe>s f ! *>ge :i* ,t]tullian br+s aga9/ ! disciples ( ,m>cion3 = !y daily alt] x 7_! ,gospel7 z !y are daily refut$ by u47#c7 ,9 fact1 we h no assurance :atev] t ! "w ^u :i* ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius base _! *>ge aga9/ ,m>cion ( falsification & mutilation ( ,luke 0 ,m>cion's orig9al ,gospel at all1 & we c]ta9ly h no hi/orical evid5ce on ! po9t47#d7 ,! "q ev5 arises1 :e!r ,t]tullian1 & inde$ ,epiphanius1 _h ,m>cion's ,gospel 9 any %ape be=e !m :5 !y wrote1 or m]ely 8 "w ! #ii ,anti!ses47#a7 ,9 comm5c+ 8 onslaught on ,m>cion's ,gospel1 ,t]lullian says3 ,m>cion seems 7videtur7 to h select$ ,luke1 to mutilate x47#b7 ,?is is ! fir/ s]i\s introduction ( 8 mutilation hypo!sis1 :i* he !nce=w>d presses ) s mu* assurance1 b ! expression is v unc]ta9 = s decid$ a controv]siali/1 if he _h be5 able to speak m positively47#c7 ,we h se5 t x is admitt$ t ,epiphanius wrote )\t aga9 comp>+ ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion ) ,luke1 & x is also conc$$ t ,t]tullian at lea/ _h n ! ,canonical ,gospel1 b 9 pr(ess+ to quote ,luke evid5tly does s f memory1 & approximates 8 text to ,mat!w1 ) :i* ,gospel1 l mo/ ( ! ,fa!rs1 he 0 bett] acqua9t$4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! fact t bo? ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius reproa* ,m>cion ) eras+ passages f ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 :i* nev] 7 9 ,luke at all47#d7 ,9 "o place ,t]tullian says3 ,m>cion1 y mu/ also remove ?is f ! ,gospel3 ',i am n s5t b unto ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel1'7#c7 &3 ',x is n meet to take ! *ildr5's bread1 & give x to dogs1'7#f7 9 ord]1 be x kn[n1 t ,*ri/ may n seem to be an ,israelite47#g7 ,! ,great ,african #ajj ?us taunts 8 oppon5t1 evid5tly "u ! impression t ! two passages 7 9 ,luke1 imm$iately aft] he _h accus$ ,m>cion ( hav+ actually expung$ f t ,gospel1 z an int]polation17#a7 ! say+ t ,*ri/ _h n come to de/roy ! law & ! prophets1 b to fulfil !m17#b7 :i* likewise nev] =m$ "p ( x4 ,he repeats a simil> *>ge on sev]al o!r occasions47#c7 ,epiphanius commits ! same mi/ake ( reproa*+ ,m>cion ) omitt+ f ,luke :at is only f\nd 9 ,mat!w47#d7 ,we h1 9 fact1 no c]ta9 gu>antee ( ! accuracy or tru/wor?9ess ( _! /atem5ts4 ,we h said en\gh1 we tru/1 to %[ t ! s\rces = ! recon/ruction ( a text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel are mo/ unsatisfactory1 & no "o :o att5tively /udies ! analysis ( ,hahn1 ,rits*l1 ,volkm>1 ,hilg5feld1 & o!rs1 :o h exam9$ & sy/ematiz$ ! data ( ! ,fa!rs1 c fail to be /ruck by ! unc]ta9ty :i* prevails ?r\gh\t1 ! almo/ cont9u\s vagu5ess & consequ5t op5+1 nay1 necessity1 = conjecture1 & ! abs5ce ( really sure indications4 ,! ,fa!rs _h no int5tion ( %[+ :at ,m>cion's text actually 01 & _! object be+ solely dogmatic & n critical1 _! /atem5ts are v insuffici5t = ! purpose47#e7 ,! mat]ials h _h to be +5i\sly collect$ & sift$ f polemical writ+s ^: au?ors1 s f> f pr(ess+ to furni% !m1 7 only b5t ^u seek+ 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel su* po9ts z c\ld legitimately1 or by sophi/ical skill1 be us$ aga9/ him4 ,pass+ obs]vations1 g5]al #aja rem>ks1 z well z direct /atem5ts1 h too (t5 be5 ! only indications guid+ ! pati5t explor]s &1 9 ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 in=mation1 ! sil5ce ( ! angry ,fa!rs has be5 made ! basis = important conclusions4 ,x is evid5t t n only is su* a proc$ure necess>ily unc]ta9 & insecure1 b t x re/s ^u assumptions ) reg>d to ! intellig5ce1 c>e & accuracy ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 :i* are n suffici5tly ju/ifi$ by t "p ( _! treatm5t ( ,m>cion's text :i* we c exam9e & appreciate4 ,& :5 all ^! d\btful l&m>ks h fail$1 too _m passages h be5 left to ! m]e judgm5t ( critics1 z to :e!r !y 7 too oppos$ to ,m>cion's sy/em to h be5 reta9$ by him1 or too fav\rable to h be5 omitt$4 ,! recon/ruct$ texts1 z might be expect$1 diff] f ea* o!r1 & "o ,editor f9ds ! results ( 8 pr$ecessors incomplete or unsatisfactory1#a al?\gh naturally at ea* successive attempt1 ! mat]ials previ\sly collect$ & adopt$ h contribut$ to an app>5tly m complete result4 ,aft] compla9+ ( ! incomplet5ess & unc]ta9ty ( ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 ,rits*l affirms t !y furni% s little solid mat]ial on :i* to base a hypo!sis1 t r by means ( a hypo!sis mu/ we det]m9e ! rema9s ( ! ,gospel f ,t]tullian47#c7 ,hilg5feld quotes ?is ) approval1 & adds1 t at lea/ ,rits*l's op9ion is s f> "r1 t all ! facts ( ! case c no long] be settl$ f ext]nal data1 & t ! g5]al view reg>d+ ! #ajb ,gospel only c decide _m po9ts47#a7 ,?is means ( c\rse t hypo!sis is to supply t :i* is want+ 9 ! ,fa!rs4 ,volkm>1 9 ! introduction to 8 la/ compreh5sive "w on ,m>cion's ,gospel1 says3 ,&1 9 fact1 x is no wond] t critics h = s long1 & sub/antially to s little effect1 f\ght ov] ! protean "q1 = !re has be5 s mu* unc]ta9ty z to ! v basis 7,fundam5t7 itself1--! precise text ( ! rem>kable docum5t1--t ,baur has f\nd full gr\nd = reject+1 z unf\nd$1 ! supposition on :i* t f9ally-atta9$ decision 78 previ\s "o7 re/$47#b7 ,critics ( all %ades ( op9ion are =c$ to admit ! incomplet5ess ( ! mat]ials = any c]ta9 recon/ruction ( ,m>cion's text &1 consequ5tly1 = an absolute settlem5t ( ! "q f int]nal evid5ce17#c7 al?\gh ! lab\rs ( ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld h mat]ially increas$ our k ( ! cont5ts ( 8 ,gospel4 ,we mu/ cont5d1 h[ev]1 t1 desirable & important z x is to asc]ta9 z p]fectly z possible ! precise nature ( ,m>cion's text1 ! "q ( its orig9 & relation to ,luke w\ld n by any means be settl$ ev5 by its f9al recon/ruction4 ,!re w\ld1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 rema9 unsolv$ ! problem ( its place 9 t successive manipulation ( mat]ials by :i* a few ,gospels gradually absorb$ & displac$ ! re/4 ,our own synoptics #ajc exhibit unmi/akable traces ( ! process1 & cle>ly =bid our lightly sett+ aside ! claim ( ,m>cion's ,gospel to be consid]$ a g5u9e "w1 & no m]e falsification & abbreviation ( ,luke4 ,be=e proce$+ to a clos] exam9ation ( ,m>cion's ,gospel & ! g5]al evid5ce be>+ ^u x1 x may be well "h briefly to ref] to ! sy/em ( ! ,h]esi>* ^: high p]sonal "* ex]t$ s p[]ful an influ5ce ^u 8 own "t17#a7 & ^: views cont9u$ to prevail widely = a c\ple ( c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,x 0 ! mis=tune ( ,m>cion to live 9 an age :5 ,*ri/ianity _h pass$ out ( ! pure morality ( its infancy1 :51 untr\bl$ by complicat$ que/ions ( dogma1 simple fai? & pi\s en?usiasm _h be5 ! "o great bond ( ,*ri/ian bro!rhood1 into a phase ( ecclesia/ical developm5t 9 :i* religion 0 fa/ deg5]at+ into !ology1 & complicat$ doctr9es 7 rapidly assum+ t rampant attitude :i* l$ to s mu* bitt]ness1 p]secution1 & s*ism4 ,9 lat] times ,m>cion might h be5 hon\r$ z a re=m]1 9 8 own he 0 d5\nc$ z a h]etic47#b7 ,au/]e & ascetic 9 8 op9ions1 he aim$ at sup]human purity1 & al?\gh 8 cl]ical adv]s>ies might sc(f at 8 impracticable doctr9es reg>d+ m>riage & ! subjugation ( ! fle%1 !y h _h _! p>allels among/ ^? :om ! ,*ur* has s9ce mo/ delight$ to hon\r2 & at lea/ ! :ole t5d5cy ( 8 sy/em 0 m>k$ly t[>ds ! side ( virtue47#c7 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be =eign to our #ajd purpose to ent] ^u any detail$ /atem5t ( its pr9ciples1 & we mu/ conf9e ourselves to su* p>ticul>s only z are necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! "q be=e u4 ,z we h already frequ5tly _h occasion to m5tion1 !re 7 two broad p>ties 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 & ! v exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 0 9 "o s5se endang]$ by ! national exclusiv5ess ( ! p among/ :om x orig9at$4 ,! "o p>ty consid]$ ,*ri/ianity a m]e cont9uation ( ! ,law1 & dw>f$ x into an ,isrealiti% in/itution1 a n>r[ sect ( ,judaism2 ! o!r repres5t$ ! glad tid+s z ! introduction ( a new sy/em applicable to all & supplant+ ! ,mosaic disp5sation ( ! ,law by a univ]sal disp5sation ( grace4 ,^! two p>ties 7 popul>ly repres5t$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* by ! ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul1 & _! antagonism is fa9tly reveal$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,m>cion1 a g5tile ,*ri/ian1 appreciat+ ! true "* ( ! new religion & its elevat$ spirituality1 & pr(\ndly impress$ by ! comp>atively degrad$ & an?ropomorphic features ( ,judaism1 drew a v %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m1 & repres5t$ ,*ri/ianity z an entirely new & sep>ate sy/em abrogat+ ! old & hav+ absolutely no connection ) x4 ,jesus 0 n to him ! ,messiah ( ! ,jews1 ! son ( ,david come p]man5tly to e/abli% ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 b a div9e be+ s5t to reveal to man a :olly new spiritual religion1 & a hi!rto unkn[n ,god ( goodness & grace4 ,! ,creator ------1 #aje ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 diff]5t f ! ,god ( grace :o _h s5t ,jesus to reveal ! ,tru?1 to br+ reconciliation & salvation to all1 & to abrogate ! ,jewi% ,god ( ! ,_w & ( ! ,law1 :o 0 oppos$ to ! ,god & ,fa!r ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,matt] is to ,_s1 impurity to purity4 ,*ri/ianity 0 9 di/9ct antagonism to ,judaism1 ! ,spiritual ,god ( heav51 ^: goodness & love 7 = ! ,univ]se1 to ! ,god ( ! ,_w1 ^: *os5 & peculi> p 7 ! ,jews1 ! ,gospel ( ,grace to ! disp5sation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 mu/ be kept pure f ! ,judai/ic elem5ts humanly ?ru/ into x1 :i* 7 s ess5tially oppos$ to its :ole _s4 ,m>cion wrote a "w call$ ,anti!ses ------1 9 :i* he contra/$ ! old sy/em ) ! new1 ! ,god ( ! "o ) ! ,god ( ! o!r1 ! ,law ) ! ,gospel1 & 9 ?is he ma9ta9$ op9ions :i* anticipat$ _m held 9 our own "t4 ,t]tullian attacks ?is "w 9 ! fir/ ?ree books ( 8 treatise aga9/ ,m>cion1 & he ent]s ^u ! discussion ( its details ) true !ological vig\r3 ,n[1 !n1 ye h\nds1 yelp+ at ! ,god ( tru?1 :om ! ,apo/le ca/s out17#a7 to all y\r que/ions6 ,^! are ! bones ( cont5tion :i* ye gnaw67#b7 ,! pov]ty ( ! ,great ,african's argum5ts keeps pace ) 8 abuse4 ,m>cion object$3 ,if ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be good1 presci5t ( ! future1 & able to av]t evil1 :y did he all[ man1 made 9 8 own image1 to be deceiv$ #ajf by ! devil1 & to fall f ob$i5ce ( ! ,law into s9 & dea?87#a7 ,h[ came ! devil1 ! orig9 ( ly+ & deceit1 to be made at all87#b7 ,aft] ! fall1 ,god became a judge bo? sev]e & cruel2 woman is at once condemn$ to br+ =? 9 sorr[ & to s]ve h] husb&1 *ang$ f a help into a slave2 ! e>? is curs$ :i* be=e 0 bless$1 & man is doom$ to lab\r & to dea?47#c7 ,! law 0 "o ( retaliation & n ( ju/ice1--lex talionis--eye = eye1 too? = too?1 /ripe = /ripe47#d7 ,& x 0 n consi/5t1 = 9 contrav5tion ( ! ,decalogue1 ,god is made to in/igate ! ,israelites to spoil ! ,egyptians1 & fraudul5tly rob !m ( _! gold & silv]27#e7 to incite !m to "w on ! ,sabba? by ord]+ !m to c>ry ! ark = eight days r\nd ,j]i*o27#f7 to break ! second comm&m5t by mak+ & sett+ up ! braz5 s]p5t & ! gold5 *]ubim47#g7 ,!n ,god is incon/ant1 elect+ m51 z ,saul & ,solomon1 :om he subsequ5tly rejects27#h7 rep5t+ t he _h set up ,saul1 & t he _h doom$ ! ,n9evites17#i7 & s on4 ,god calls out3 ,adam1 :]e art ?\8 inquires :e!r he _h eat5 ! =bidd5 fruit2 asks ( ,ca9 :]e 8 bro!r 01 z if he _h n yet he>d ! blood ( ,abel cry+ f ! gr\nd1 & did n already "k all ^! ?+s47#aj7 ,anticipat+ ! results ( modem criticism1 ,m>cion d5ies ! applicability to ,jesus ( ! s-call$ ,messianic prophecies4 ,! ,emmanuel ( #ajg ,isaiah 7vii4 #ad1 cf4 viii4 #d7 is n ,*ri/27#a7 ! ,virg9 8 "m is simply a "y woman accord+ to ,jewi% phraseology27#b7 & ! suff]+s ( ! ,s]vant ( ,god 7,isaiah lii4 #ac--liii4 #i7 are n pr$ictions ( ! dea? ( ,jesus47#c7 ,!re is a complete sev]ance betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 & ! ,god ( ! latt] is ! ,anti!sis ( t ( ! =m]47#d7 ,! "o 0 p]fect1 pure1 b5efic5t1 passionless2 ! o!r1 ?\gh n unju/ by nature1 infect$ by matt]1--subject to all ! passions ( man1--cruel1 *angeable2 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 especially z remodell$ by ,m>cion17#e7 0 holy1 wise1 amiable2 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,law1 b>b>\s1 inhuman1 contradictory1 & dete/able47#f7 ,m>cion ard5tly ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! impurity ( matt]1 & he c>ri$ x to its logical conclusion1 bo? 9 speculation & practice4 ,he1 !re=e1 ass]t+ ! incr$ibility ( an inc>nate ,god1 d5i$ ! corporeal reality ( ! fle% ( ,*ri/4 ,8 body 0 a m]e semblance & n ( human sub/ance1 0 n born ( a human "m1 & ! div9e nature 0 n degrad$ by contact ) ! fle%47#g7 ,m>cion f9ds 9 ,paul ! pure/ promulgator ( ! tru? z he und]/&s x1 & embold5$ by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 9 :i* t ,apo/le rebukes ev5 ,apo/les = n walk+ uprightly accord+ to ! tru? ( ! ,gospel1 he accuses ! o!r ,apo/les ( hav+ deprav$ ! pure =m ( ! ,gospel doctr9es deliv]$ to !m by #e ,we give ?is quotation z a resume by an ,engli% hi/orian & div9e1 b ! idea ( ! ,new ,te/am5t remodell$ by ,m>cion1 is a m]e ecclesia/ical imag9ation4 #ajh ,jesus17#a7 mix+ up matt]s ( ! ,law ) ! words ( ! ,savi\r47#b7 ,t]tullian reproa*es ,m>cion ) hav+ writt5 ! "w 9 :i* he details ! contra/s betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 ( :i* we h giv5 ! briefe/ sket*1 z an introduction & enc\ragem5t to belief 9 8 ,gospel1 :i* he ironically calls ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,anti!ses27#c7 & ! *>ge :i* ! ,fa!rs br+ aga9/ ,m>cion is t he laid viol5t h&s on ! ,canonical ,gospel ( ,luke1 & manipulat$ x to suit 8 own views4 ,= c]ta9ly ! :ole object at :i* he lab\r$ 9 draw+ up ! ',anti!ses4' says ,t]tullian1 am\nts to ?is3 t he may prove a disagreem5t betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 s t 8 own ,*ri/ may be sep>at$ f ! ,creator1 z ( ano!r ,god1 z ali5 f ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,= ?is purpose x is c]ta9 t he has eras$ :atev] 0 contr>y to 8 own op9ion & 9 h>mony ) ! ,creator1 z if int]polat$ by 8 p>tisans1 b has reta9$ ev]y?+ consi/5t ) 8 own op9ion47#d7 ,! :ole hypo!sis t ,m>cion's ,gospel is a mutilat$ v]sion ( our ?ird ,synoptic 9 fact re/$ ^u ?is accusation4 ,x is obvi\s t if x _c be %[n t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 our ,canonical ,gospel m]ely g>bl$ by ! ,h]esi>* = dogmatic reasons 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 sy/em1--= !re c\ld n be any o!r conceivable #aji reason = tamp]+ ) x1--! claim ( ,m>cion's ,gospel to ! rank ( a m orig9al & au!ntic "w ?an ,luke's acquires d\ble =ce4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 inquire into ! "* ( ! v>iations betwe5 ! s-call$ h]etical1 & ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & see h[ f> ! hypo!sis ( ! ,fa!rs accord ) ! cont5ts ( ,m>cion's ,gospel s f> z we are acqua9t$ ) x4 ,at ! v outset we are met by ! s+ul> ph5om5on1 t bo? ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 :o accuse ,m>cion ( omitt+ ev]y?+ :i* 0 unfav\rable1 & reta9+ only :at 0 fav\rable to 8 views1 und]take to refute him out ( :at rema9s 9 8 ,gospel4 ,t]tullian says3 ,x w !n be prov$ t he has %[n ! same defect ( bl9dness ( h]esy bo? 9 t :i* he has eras$ & t :i* he has reta9$47#a7 ,epiphanius also confid5tly /ates t1 out ( t :i* ,m>cion has all[$ to rema9 ( ! ,gospel1 he c prove 8 fraud & impo/ure1 & ?or\ghly refute him47#b7 ,n[ if ,m>cion mutilat$ ,luke to s little purpose z ?is1 :at 0 ! use ( 8 t\*+ x at all8 ,he is kn[n z an able man1 ! mo/ influ5tial & di/+ui%$ ( all ! h]etical lead]s ( ! second c5tury1 & x seems unreasonable to suppose t1 on ! !ory ( 8 eras+ or alt]+ all t contradict$ 8 sy/em1 he %\ld h done 8 "w s imp]fectly47#c7 ,! ,fa!rs say t he endeav\rs to get rid ( ! contradictory passages :i* rema9 by a sy/em ( false int]pretation2 b surely he w\ld n h all[$ himself to be driv5 #aaj to ?is extremity1 leav+ weapons 9 ! h&s ( 8 oppon5ts1 :5 he might s easily h excis$ ! obnoxi\s texts along ) ! re/8 ,x is admitt$ by critics1 moreov]1 t passages said to h be5 omitt$ by ,m>cion are (t5 n oppos$ to 8 sy/em at all1 & sometimes1 inde$1 ev5 9 fav\r ( x27#a7 & on ! o!r h&1 t passages :i* 7 reta9$ are contradictory to 8 views47#b7 ,?is is n intelligible ^u any !ory ( arbitr>y g>bl+ ( a ,gospel 9 ! int]e/ ( a sy/em4 ,x may be well to give a few in/ances ( ! anomalies pres5t$1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 by ,m>cion's text4 ,"s critics believe t ! v]ses ,luke vii4 #bi--ce1 7 want+ 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel47#c7 ,hahn acc\nts = ! omission ( v]ses #bi1 #cj1 reg>d+ ! baptism ( ,john1 because !y repres5t$ ! relation ( ! ,bapti/ to ,jesus 9 a way :i* ,m>cion did n admit47#d7 ,b z he all[$ ! prec$+ v]ses to rema91 su* a proce$+ 0 absurd4 ,9 v]se #bf he calls ,john a prophet1 & mu* m ?an a prophet1 & 9 ! next v]se 7#bg7 quotes respect+ him ! words ( #aaa ,mala*i iii4 #a3 ,?is is he ( :om x is writt53 ,behold ,i s5d my mess5g] be=e ?y face1 :i* %all prep>e ?y way be=e !e4 ,x is impossible on any reasonable gr\nd to acc\nt = ! ret5tion ( su* hon\rable m5tion ( ! ,bapti/1 if v]ses #bi1 #cj 7 eras$ = su* dogmatic reasons47#a7 ,/ill m incompreh5sible on su* a hypo!sis is ! omission ( ,luke vii4 #ca--ce1 :]e t g5]ation is lik5$ unto *ildr5 play+ 9 ! m>ket-place & call+ to ea* o!r3 ,we pip$ unto y & ye danc$ n1 & ,jesus cont9ues3 ,= ,john is come nei!r eat+ bread nor dr9k+ w9e2 & ye say1 ,he ha? a devil 7#cd74 ,! ,son ( ,man is come1 eat+ & dr9k+2 & ye say3 ,behold a glutton\s man & a w9ebibb]1 a fri5d ( publicans & s9n]s4 ,hahn attributes ! omission ( ^! v]ses to ! s5su\s repres5tation !y give ( ,jesus z eat+ & dr9k+47#b7 ,:at 0 ! use ( elim9at+ ^! v]ses :5 he all[$ to rema9 unalt]$ v]se #cf ( ! same *apt]17#c7 9 :i* ,jesus is invit$ to eat ) ! ,ph>isee1 & goes into 8 h\se & sits d[n to meat8 or v4 #bi--ce17d7 9 :i* ,jesus accepts ! fea/ ( ,levi1 & def5ds 8 disciples = eat+ & dr9k+ aga9/ ! murmurs ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees8 or xv4 #b17e7 #aab :]e ! ,ph>isees say ( him3 ,?is man receive? s9n]s & eate? ) !m8 ,h[ absurdly futile ! omission ( ! "o passage = dogmatic reasons1 :ile s _m o!rs 7 all[$ to rema9 unalt]$47#a7 ,! next passage to :i* we mu/ ref] is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 connection ) ,m>cion's ,docetic doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,x is said t he omitt$ viii4 #ai3 ,& 8 "m & 8 bre?r5 came to him & c\ld n come at him = ! cr[d1 & t he ins]t$ 9 v]se #ba1 ------2 mak+ ! :ole episode 9 8 ,gospel read 7#bj73 ,& x 0 told him by c]ta9 :i* said3 ,?y "m & ?y bre?r5 /& )\t desir+ to see !e3 #ba4 ,b he answ]$ & said unto !m3 ,:o are my "m & bre?r58 ,my "m & my bre?r5 are ^!1 c4 ,! omission ( v]se #ai is said to h be5 made because1 accord+ to ,m>cion1 ,*ri/ 0 n born l an ord9>y man1 & consequ5tly _h nei!r "m nor bre?r547#c7 ,! m]e fact1 h[ev]1 t ,m>cion reta9s v]se #bj1 9 :i* ! cr[d simply /ate z a matt] fully recogniz$1 ! relation%ip ( ^? :o 7 seek+ ,jesus1 r5d]s ! omission ( ! prec$+ v]se useless17#d7 except on ! gr\nd ( m]e r$undancy4 ,m>cion is report$ n to h _h ! ^w ------ 9 x4 #be17e7 s t ! "q ( ! lawy] simply ran3 #aac ,ma/]1 :at %all ,i d to inh]it life8 ,! omission ( ?is ^w is suppos$ to h be5 made 9 ord] to make ! passage ref] back to ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :o promises m]ely long life on e>? = keep+ ! comm&m5ts1 :il/ x is only 9 ! ,gospel t et]nal life is promis$47#a7 ,b 9 ! correspond+ passage1 xviii4 #ah17b7 ! ------ is reta9$1 & ! "q ( ! rul] is3 ,good ma/]1 :at %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! introduction ( ! "o ?+ /ill lack+ 7v]se #bb7 aft] ! keep+ ( ! law & ! injunction to sell all & give to ! poor1 *anges ! context1 & ju/ifies ! use !re ( et]nal life z ! rew>d = fulfilm5t ( ! high] comm&m5t47#c7 ,?is reason+1 h[ev]1 seems to u )\t gr\nds1 & m]ely an +5i\s attempt to acc\nt = an emb>rass+ fact4 ,9 reality ! v same context occurs 9 ! o!r passage1 =1 expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w neighb\r1 love to :om is enjo9$ z "p ( ! way to obta9 life1 ,jesus inculcates ! v same duty z 9 xviii4 #bb1 ( di/ribut+ to ! poor 7cf4 x4 #bh--cg74 ,!re seems1 !re=e1 no reasonable motive = omitt+ ! ^w f ! "o passage :il/ reta9+ x 9 ! o!r47#d7 ,! passage 9 ,luke xi4 #bi--cb1 f ! conclud+ words ( v]se #bi1 b ! sign ( ! prophet ,jonah #aad 0 n f\nd 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel47#a7 ,?is omission is acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd t su* a respectful ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 q contr>y to ! sy/em ( ,m>cion47#b7 ,v]ses #di--ea ( ! same *apt]1 conta9+ ! say+ ( ! ,wisdom ( ,god1 reg>d+ ! s5d+ ( ! prophets t ! ,jews might slay !m1 & _! blood be requir$ ( t g5]ation1 7 also omitt$47#c7 ,! reason giv5 = ?is omission is1 t ! words ( ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are too respectfully quot$ & adopt$ to suit ! views ( ! ,h]etic47#d7 ,! words 9 v]ses #ca--cb1 ,& a great] ?an ,solomon--?an ,jonah is "h1 might well h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 ! text1 = ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ ov] ! k+s & prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* is ass]t$ directly suits & supports ! sy/em ( ,m>cion4 ,h[ mu* less1 h[ev]1 is ! omission ( ^! passages to be expla9$ ^u any intellig5t dogmatic pr9ciple1 :5 we f9d 9 ,m>cion's text ! passage 9 :i* ,jesus ju/ifies 8 conduct on ! ,sabba? by ! example ( ,david 7vi4 #c--d717e7 & t 9 :i* he assures ! disciples ( ! greatness ( _! rew>d 9 heav5 = ! p]secutions !y 7 to endure3 #aae ,= behold y\r rew>d is great 9 heav53 = aft] ! same mann] did _! fa!rs unto ! prophets 7vi4 #bc747a7 ,z we h se51 ,jesus is also all[$ to quote an ,old ,te/am5t prophecy 7vii4 #bg7 z fulfill$ 9 ! com+ ( ,john to prep>e ! way = himself4 ,! que/ions :i* ,jesus puts to ! ,scribes 7xx4 #da--dd7 reg>d+ ! ,*ri/ be+ ,david's son1 ) ! quotation f ,ps4 ex4 #a1 :i* ,m>cion is /at$ to h reta9$17#b7 equally refute ! supposition z to 8 motive = omitt+ xi4 #bi ff4 ,x has be5 argu$ ) reg>d to ! la/ passage t ,jesus m]ely uses ! words ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to meet 8 own !ory17#c7 b ! dilemma 9 :i* ,jesus places ! ,scribes is cle>ly n ! real object ( 8 "q3 its aim is a sugge/ion ( ! true "* ( ! ,*ri/4 ,b among/ 8 o!r s9s ) reg>d to ,luke's ,gospel1 ,m>cion is also accus$ ( int]polat+ x4 ,& 9 :at way8 ,:y ! ,h]esi>*1 :o is s av]se to all ref]5ces to ! ,old ,te/am5t t he is suppos$ to erase !m1 actually1 among/ 8 few int]polations1 adds a ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,betwe5 xvii4 #ad & #ae 7"s critics say 9 v]se #ah7 ,m>cion introduc$ ! v]se :i* is f\nd 9 ,luke iv4 #bg3 ,& _m lep]s 7 9 ,israel 9 ! "t ( ,eli%a ! prophet2 & none ( !m 0 cleans$ sav+ ,naaman1 ! ,syrian47#d7 ,n[ is x conceivable t a man :o ins]ts1 z x is said1 ref]5ces to ! #aaf ,old ,te/am5t into 8 text s gratuit\sly1 c h be5 s inconsi/5t z to h omitt$ ^! passages because !y conta9 simil> ref]5ces8 ,we mu/ say t ! :ole ( ! reason+ reg>d+ ^! passages omitt$ & reta9$1 & ! f9e di/9ctions :i* are drawn betwe5 !m1 are any?+ b conv9c+4 ,a g5]al !ory be+ adopt$1 no?+ is m easy ?an to h>monise ev]y?+ ) x 9 ?is way2 no?+ is m easy ?an to assign "s reason1 good or bad1 app>5tly 9 accordance ) ! =egone conclusion1 :y "o passage 0 reta9$1 & :y ano!r 0 omitt$1 b 9 almo/ e case ! reason+ might ) equal propriety be rev]s$ if ! passages 7 s1 & ! ret5tion ( ! omitt$ passage z well z ! omission ( t reta9$ be q z reasonably ju/ifi$4 ,! critics :o h exam9$ ,m>cion's ,gospel d n tr\ble !mselves to inquire if ! g5]al connection ( ! text be improv$ by ! abs5ce ( passages suppos$ to be omitt$1 b simply try :e!r ! suppos$ omissions are expla9able on ! gr\nd ( a dogmatic t5d5cy 9 ,m>cion4 ,9 fact1 ! argum5t ?r\gh\t is bas$ ^u =egone conclusions1 & r>ely ^u any solid gr\nds :atev]4 ,! ret5tion ( su* passages z we h quot$ above r5d]s ! omission ( ! o!r = dogmatic reasons q purposeless47#a7 ,! passage1 xii4 #f1 #g1 :i* argues t z ! sp>r[s are n =gott5 be=e ,god1 & ! hairs ( our head are numb]$1 ! disciples ne$ n fe>1 0 n f\nd 9 ,mansion's ,gospel47#b7 ,! suppos$ omission #aag is expla9$ on ! gr\nd t1 accord+ to ,m>cion's sy/em1 ,god does n int]e/ himself ab\t su* trifles z sp>r[s & ! hairs ( our head1 b m]ely ab\t s\ls47#a7 ,t su* reason+ is arbitr>y1 h[ev]1 is app>5t f ! fact1 t ,m>cion's text _h v]se #bd ( ! same *apt]37#b7 ,consid] ! rav5s1 c41 c41 & ,god fe$e? !m3 c41 & also v4 #bh17c7 ,b if ,god s clo! ! grass1 c41 c41 h[ mu* m w he clo! y1 ,o6 ye ( little fai?8 ,z no "o v5tures to argue t ,m>cion limit$ ! provid5ce ( ,god to ! rav5s1 & to ! grass1 b exclud$ ! sp>r[s & ! hair1 no dogmatic reason c be assign$ = ! omission ( ! "o1 :il/ ! o!r is reta9$47#d7 ,! fir/ n9e v]ses ( *4 xiii4 7 likewise abs5t f ,m>cion's text17#e7 :]e9 ,jesus decl>es t l ! ,galilaeans1 ^: blood ,pilate _h mix$ ) _! sacrifices 7v4 #a1 #b71 & ! eighte5 ^u :om ! t[] 9 ,siloam fell 7v4 #d71 except ye rep5t1 ye %all all likewise p]i%1 7v4 #c & #e71 & !n recites ! p>able ( ! unfruitful fig-tree 7v4 #f--i71 :i* ! ma/] ( ! v9ey>d ord]s to be cut d[n 7v4 #g71 b !n sp>es = a season 7v4 #h1 #i74 ,! !ory advanc$ to acc\nt = ! ass]t$ omission ( ^! #aah v]ses is t !y c\ld n be reconcil$ ) ,m>cion's sy/em1 accord+ to :i* ! good ,god nev] positively puni%es ! wick$1 b m]ely leaves !m to puni% !mselves 9 t1 by n accept+ ! pr(f]$ grace1 !y h no "p 9 ! bless$ness ( ,*ri/ians47#a7 ,9 8 e>li] "w1 ,volkm> di/9ctly admitt$ t ! :ole ( ?is passage might be omitt$ )\t prejudice to ! text ( ,luke1 & t he c\ld n /ate any gr\nd1 9 connection ) ,m>cion's sy/em1 :i* r5d]$ its omission ei!r necess>y or ev5 conceivable4 ,he !n decid$ t ! passage 0 n conta9$ at all 9 ! v]sion ( ,luke1 :i* ,m>cion possess$1 b 0 ins]t$ at a lat] p]iod 9 our ,codices47#b7 ,x 0 only on 8 second attempt to acc\nt = all omissions on dogmatic gr\nds t he argu$ z above4 ,9 l mann] ,hilg5feld also1 ) ,rettig1 consid]$ t ! passage did n =m "p ( ! orig9al ,luke1 s t "h aga9 ,m>cion's text 0 free f a v abrupt passage1 n belong+ to ! m pure & primitive ,gospel47#c7 ,baur recognizes n only t !re is no dogmatic gr\nd to expla9 ! omission1 b on ! contr>y1 t ! passage fully agrees ) ! sy/em ( ,m>cion47#d7 ,! total insuffici5cy ( ! argum5t to expla9 ! omission1 h[ev]1 is app>5t f ! num]\s passages1 :i* 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! text1 :i* /ill m cle>ly outrag$ ?is "p ( ,m>cion's sy/em4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! great supp]1 xiv4 #ae--bd1 ! ,"l is angry 7v4 #ba71 & decl>es t none ( ^? :o 7 #aai bidd5 %\ld ta/e ( 8 supp] 7v4 #bd74 ,9 xii4 #e1 ,jesus w>ns 8 own disciples3 ,fe> him1 :i* aft] he ha? kill$ ha? p[] to ca/ into hell2 yea1 ,i say unto y3 fe> him4 ,x is n p]missible to argue t ,m>cion "h und]/&s ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,creator1 = he w\ld ?us repres5t 8 ,*ri/ z =ew>n+ 8 own disciples to fe> ! p[] ( t v ,demiurge1 ^: reign he _h come to t]m9ate4 ,!n aga91 9 ! p>able ( ! wise /ew>d1 & ! fooli% s]vants1 xii4 #da ff1 he decl>es 7v4 #df71 t ! "l ( ! fooli% s]vant w cut him 9 sund]1 & w appo9t him 8 portion ) ! unbeliev]s1 & 7vs4 #dg1 #dh7 t ! s]vants %all be beat5 ) /ripes1 9 proportion to _! fault4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! nobleman :o goes to a f> c\ntry & leaves ! t5 p\nds ) 8 s]vants1 xix4 #aa ff1 ! "l ord]s 8 enemies1 :o w\ld n t he %\ld reign ov] !m1 to be br\ght & sla9 be=e him 7v4 #bg74 ,!n1 h[ v mu* !re 0 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 :i* he upheld1 ( a /ill m contradictory "*4 ,!re is no dogmatic reason = su* inconsi/5cy47#a7 ,m>cion is accus$ ( hav+ falsifi$ xiii4 #bh 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!re %all be weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?1 :5 ye %all see all ! j ------ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 b y y\rselves be+ ?ru/1 & b\nd ------ )\t4 ,! sub/itution ( all ! j = ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & all ! prophets1 is "o ( ^? v>iations :i* ! support] ( ! dogmatic !ory gre$ily lays hold (1 z be>+ evid5t tok5s ( falsification 9 anti-judai/ic int]e/47#b7 ,b ,m>cion _h 9 8 ,gospel #abj ! p>able ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us1 xvi4 #ai--ca1 :]e ! begg> is c>ri$ up into ,abraham's bosom47#a7 ,& aga91 !re 0 ! acc\nt ( ! ,transfiguration1 ix4 #bh--cf1 9 :i* ,moses & ,elias are se5 9 conv]se ) ,jesus47#b7 ,! alt]ation ( ! "o passage = dogmatic reasons1 :il/ ! p>able ( ,laz>us is reta9$1 w\ld h be5 useless4 ,hilg5feld1 h[ev]1 9 agreem5t ) ,baur & ,rits*l1 has %[n t ,m>cion's read+ ------ is evid5tly ! contra/ to ! ------ ( ! prec$+ v]se1 & is sup]ior to ! canonical v]sion1 :i* 0 ei!r alt]$ aft] ,mat?4 viii4 #ab1 or ) ! anti-,m>cioniti% object ( br++ ! reject$ ,patri>*s into recognition47#c7 ,! :ole !ory 9 ?is case aga9 goes into ?9 air1 & x is consequ5tly weak5$ 9 e o!r4 ,m>cion's ,gospel did n conta9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 xv4 #aa--bc47d7 ,! omission ( ?is passage1 #aba :i* is univ]sally recogniz$ z 9 ! pure/ ,paul9ian _s1 is acc\nt$ = p>tly on ! gr\nd t a portion ( x 7v4 #bb--cb7 0 repugnant to ! ascetic discipl9e ( ,m>cion1 to :om ! kill+ ( ! fatt$ calf1 ! fea/+1 danc+ & m]ry-mak+1 mu/ h be5 obnoxi\s1 &1 p>tly because1 und]/&+ "u ! similitude ( ! eld] son ! ,jews1 & ( ! y\ng] son ! ,g5tiles1 ! id5tity ( ! ,god ( ! ,jews & ( ! ,*ri/ians w\ld be recogniz$47#a7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! v greate/ d\bt admitt$ z to ! int]pretation :i* ,m>cion w\ld be likely to put ^u ?is p>able1 & c]ta9ly ! repres5tation :i* x gives ( ! ,g5tiles1 n only z receiv$ completely on a p> ) ! ,jews1 b z only hav+ be5 lo/ = a "t1 & f\nd aga91 is ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( ,paul1 :o 0 held by ,m>cion to be ! only true ,apo/le4 ,x c\ld n1 !re=e1 h be5 repugnant to him4 ,any po9ts ( disagreem5t c\ld v easily h be5 expla9$ away1 z 8 critics are s fond ( ass]t+ to be 8 practice 9 o!r passages47#c7 ,z to ! suppos$ dislike ( ,m>cion = ! fe/ive "* ( ! p>able1 :at object c\ld he h _h = omitt+ ?is1 :5 he reta9$ ! p>able ( ! #abb great supp]1 xiv4 #ae--bd2 ! fea/ 9 ! h\se ( ,levi1 v4 #bg--cb2 ! /atem5ts ( ,jesus eat+ ) ! ,ph>isees1 vii4 #cf1 xv4 #b8 ,if ,m>cion _h any objection to su* matt]s1 he _h /ill great] to m>riage1 & yet ,jesus ju/ifies 8 disciples = eat+ & dr9k+ by ! similitude ( a m>riage fea/1 himself be+ ! bridegroom3 v4 #cd1 #ce1 ,c ye make ! sons ( ! bride*amb] fa/1 :ile ! bridegroom is ) !m8 ,b ! days w come :5 ! bridegroom %all be tak5 away f !m3 !n w !y fa/ 9 ^? days4 ,& he bids 8 disciples to be ready l m5 t wait = _! "l1 :5 he %all return f ! w$d+1 7xii4 #cf71 & makes ano!r p>able on a w$d+ fea/ 7xiv4 #g--aj74 ,leav+ ^! passages1 x is impossible to see any dogmatic reason = exclud+ ! o!rs47#a7 ,! omission ( a passage 9 e way s suitable to ,m>cion's sy/em z ! p>able ( ! v9ey>d1 xx4 #i--af1 is equally un9telligible ^u ! dogmatic !ory4 ,m>cion is accus$ ( falsify+ xvi4 #ag1 by alt]+ ------17#b7 mak+ ! passage read3 ,b x is easi] = heav5 & e>? to pass1 ?an = "o tittle ( my words to fail4 ,! words 9 ! canonical ,gospel1 x is argu$1 7 too repugnant to him to be all[$ to rema9 unalt]$1 repres5t+ z !y d ! p]man5cy ( ! ,law to :i* he 0 oppos$47#c7 ,^u ?is hypo!sis1 :y did he leave #abc x4 #be f4 7especially v4 #bf7 & xviii4 #ah ff1 9 :i* ! keep+ ( ! law is made ess5tial to life8 or xvii4 #ad1 :]e ,jesus bids ! lep]s con=m to ! requirem5ts ( ! law8 or xvi4 #bi1 :]e ! answ] is giv5 to ! ri* man plead+ = 8 relatives3 ,!y h ,moses & ! prophets1 let !m he> !m87l7 ,hilg5feld1 h[ev]1 ) o!rs1 po9ts out t x has be5 fully prov$ t ! read+ 9 ,m>cion's text is n an arbitr>y alt]ation at all1 b ! orig9al expression1 & t ! v]sion 9 ,luke xvi4 #ag1 on ! contr>y1 is a v>iation ( ! orig9al introduc$ to give ! passage an anti-,m>cioniti% t5d5cy47#b7 ,"h1 aga91 x is cle> t ! suppos$ falsification is r a falsification on ! "p ( ! editor ( ! ?ird canonical ,gospel47#c7 ,"o m illu/ration may be giv54 ,m>cion is accus$ ( omitt+ f xix4 #i ! words3 =asmu* z he also is a son ( ,abraham1 ------ leav+ m]ely3 ,& ,jesus said unto him3 ,?is day is salvation come to ?is h\se4#d ,m>cion's sy/em1 x is said1 c\ld n tol]ate ! phrase :i* 0 eras$47#e7 ,x 0 "o1 h[ev]1 em95tly 9 ! _s ( 8 ,apo/le ,paul1 & 9 8 fav\rite ,epi/le to ! ,galatians he reta9$ ! v p>allel #abd passage iii4 #g1 ,ye "k1 !re=e1 t !y :i* are ( fai?1 ^! are ! sons ( ,abraham47#a7 ,h[ c\ld he1 !re=e1 f9d any difficulty 9 su* words address$ to ! rep5tant ,zac*aeus1 :o _h j believ$ 9 ! mission ( ,*ri/8 ,moreov]1 :y %\ld he h eras$ ! words "h1 & left !m /&+ 9 xiii4 #af1 9 reg>d to ! woman heal$ ( ! _s ( infirmity3 & ought n ?is woman1 be+ a daught] ( ,abraham1 :om ,satan ha? b\nd1 lo6 ^! eighte5 ye>s1 to be loos$ f ?is bond on ! ,sabba? day8 ,no reason+ c expla9 away ! sub/antial id5tity ( ! two phrases4 ,^u :at pr9ciple ( dogmatic int]e/1 !n1 c ,m>cion h eras$ ! "o :ile he reta9$ ! o!r87#b7 ,we h tak5 a v few passages = illu/ration1 & treat$ !m v briefly1 b x may r\ndly be said t !re is sc>cely a s+le v>iation ( ,m>cion's text reg>d+ :i* simil> reasons are n giv51 & :i* d n pres5t simil> anomalies 9 consequ5ce ( :at has else:]e be5 reta9$47#c7 ,z we h already /at$1 mu* t is really contradictory to ,m>cion's sy/em 0 f\nd 9 8 text1 & mu* :i* ei!r is n oppos$ or is fav\rable to x is omitt$ #abe & _c be set d[n to arbitr>y alt]ation4 ,moreov]1 x has nev] be5 %[n t ! suppos$ alt]ations 7 made by ,m>cion himself17#a7 & till ?is is done ! pi? ( ! :ole !ory is want+4 ,!re is no pr9ciple ( intellig5t motive :i* c acc\nt = ! anomalies pres5t$ by ,m>cion's ,gospel1 consid]$ z a v]sion ( ,luke mutilat$ & falsifi$ 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 sy/em4 ,! contra/ ( :at is reta9$ ) t :i* is omitt$ r$uces ! hypo!sis ad absurdum4 ,m>cion 0 too able a man to d 8 "w s imp]fectly1 if he _h propos$ to assimilate ! ,gospel ( ,luke to 8 own views4 ,z x is av[$ly necess>y to expla9 away by false & =c$ int]pretations requir+ intricate def9itions7#b7 v mu* ( :at 0 all[$ to rema9 9 8 text1 x is inconceivable t he %\ld n h cut ! ,gordian knot ) ! same unscrupul\s knife ) :i* x is ass]t$ he excis$ ! re/ ,! +5uity ( mo/ able & le>n$ critics endeav\r+ to discov] :e!r a motive 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 sy/em _c be conceiv$ = e alt]ation is1 not)/&+ ! evid5t scope af=d$ by ! proc$ure1 (t5 foil$4 ,yet a m ela/ic hypo!sis c\ld n possibly h be5 advanc$1 & t ! text ob/9ately refuses to fit into x1 is ev5 m ?an c\ld h be5 expect$4 ,m>cion is l a prison] at ! b> )\t witnesses1 :o is treat$ f ! fir/ z guilty1 attack$ by able & passionate adv]s>ies :o w>p e possible circum/ance aga9/ him1 & yet :o _c be convict$4 ,! =egone conclusion by :i* e suppos$ omission f 8 ,gospel is expla9$1 is1 z we h %[n1 almo/ 9 #abf e case contradict$ by passages :i* h be5 all[$ to rema91 & ?is is r5d]$ m significant by ! fact1 :i* is g5]ally admitt$1 t ,m>cion's text conta9s _m read+s :i* are manife/ly sup]ior to1 & m orig9al ?an1 ! =m 9 :i* ! passages /& 9 our ?ird ,synoptic47#a7 ,! only "o ( ^! to :i* we %all ref] is ! int]e/+ v>iation f ! passage 9 ,luke xi4 #b1 9 ! sub/itution ( a pray] = ! ,holy ,_s = ! hall[$ be ?y "n1--------4 ,! =m] is recogniz$ to be ! true orig9al read+4 ,?is phrase is evid5tly ref]r$ to 9 v4 #ac4 ,we are1 !re=e1 indebt$ to ,m>cion = ! correct v]sion ( ! ,"l's ,pray]47#b7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,m>cion's ,gospelbore great analogy to our ,luke1 al?\gh x 0 v consid]ably %ort]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y to repeat t !re 7 _m ,gospels 9 ! second c5tury :i*1 al?\gh ne>ly relat$ to ^? :i* h become canonical1 7 indep5d5t works1 & ! mo/ fav\rable int]pretation :i* c be giv5 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 our ?ree ,synoptics leaves !m v mu* 9 a l9e ) ,m>cion's "w4 ,8 ,gospel 0 *iefly di/+ui%$ #abg by a %ort] text17#a7 b besides l>ge & important omissions !re are a few additions17#b7 & v _m v>iations ( text4 ,! :ole ( ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,luke1 z well z all ! ?ird1 0 want+1 ) ! exception ( "p ( ! fir/ v]se ( ! ?ird *apt]1 :i*1 jo9$ to iv4 #ca1 =m$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,gospel4 ,( *apt] iv4 v]ses #a--ac1 #ag--bj & #bd 7 likewise probably abs5t4 ,"s ( ! o!r m important omissions are xi4 #bi--cb1 #di--ea1 xiii4 #a--i1 #bi--ce1 xv4 #aa--cb1 xvii4 #e--aj 7probably71 xviii4 #ca--cd1 xix4 #bi--dh1 xx4 #i--ai1 #cg--ch1 xxi4 #a--d1 #ah1 #ba--bb xxii4 #af--ah1 #bh--cj1 #ce--ch1 #di--ea1 & !re is great d\bt ab\t ! conclud+ v]ses ( xxiv4 f #dd to ! end1 b x may h t]m9at$ ) v4 #di4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! ord] 0 ! same z ,luke17#c7 b !re are in/ances ( decid$ v>iation1 especially at ! op5+4 ,z ! peculi>ities ( ! op5+ v>iations h _h an important effect 9 incl9+ "s critics t[>ds ! acceptance ( ! mutilation hypo!sis17#d7 x may be well = u briefly to exam9e ! m important among/ !m4 ,m>cion's ,gospel is g5]ally said to h comm5c$ ?us3 ,9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes>1 ,jesus came d[n to ,cap]naum1 a city ( ,galilee47#e7 #abh ,!re are v>i\s slightly diff]+ read+s ( ?is4 ,epiphanius gives ! op5+ words1 ------4#a ,t]tullian has3 ,anno qu9todecimo pr9cipatus ,tib]iani4444 de-sc5disse 9 civitatem ,galilsaeae ,caph>naum47#b7 ,! -------s ( ,epiphanius has p]mitt$ ! conjecture t !re might h be5 an additional indication ( ! "t1 su* z ,pontius ,pilate be+ gov]nor ( ,judaea17#c7 b ?is has n be5 g5]ally adopt$47#d7 ,x is n necess>y = u to discuss ! s5se 9 :i* ! came d[n ------ 0 int]pret$1 s9ce x is ! ^w us$ 9 ,luke4 ,m>cion's ,gospel !n proce$s ) iv4 #ca3 & taught !m on ! sabba? days1 7v4 #cb71 & !y 7 exce$+ly a/oni%$ at 8 tea*+1 = 8 ^w 0 p[]4 ,!n foll[ vs4 #cc--ci conta9+ ! heal+ ( ! man ) an unclean _s17#e7 & ( ,simon's wife's "m1 ) ! important omission ( ! expression ( ,naz>e? 7,najapipc7#f aft] ,jesus 9 ! cry ( ! possess$ 7v4 #cd74 ,! vs4 #af--cjg imm$iately foll[ iv4 #ci1 ) important #abi omissions & v>iations4 ,9 iv4 #af1 :]e ,jesus comes to ,naz>e?1 ! words :]e he _h be5 br\ght up are omitt$1 z is also ! conclud+ phrase & /ood up to read47#a7 ,v]ses #ag--ai1 9 :i* ,jesus reads f ,isaiah1 are altoge!r want+47#b7 ,volkm> omits ! :ole ( v4 #bj1 ,hilg5feld only ! fir/ half d[n to ! sitt+ d[n1 reta9+ ! re/2 ,hahn reta9s f & he sat d[n to ! end47#c7 ,( v4 #ba only3 ,he began to speak to !m is reta9$47#d7 ,f v4 #bb ! conclud+ phrase3 ,& said3 ,is n ?is ,joseph's son is omitt$17#e7 z are also ! words 9 ?y c\ntry f v4 #bc47f7 ,v]se #bd1 conta9+ ! prov]b3 ,a prophet has no hon\r is :olly omitt$17#g7 b ! be/ critics diff] reg>d+ ! two foll[+ v]ses #be--bf2 !y are omitt$ accord+ to ,hahn1 ,rits*l & ,de ,wette17#h7 b reta9$ by ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld47#i7 ,v]se #bg1 #acj ref]r+ to ! leprosy ( ,naaman1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 is int]polat$ at xvii4 #ad1 is omitt$ "h by mo/ critics1 b reta9$ by ,vojkm>47#a7 ,v]ses #bh--cj come next17#b7 & ! f\r v]ses iv4 #dj--dd1 :i* !n imm$iately foll[1 complete ! *apt]4 ,?is brief analysis1 ) ! accompany+ notes1 illu/rates ! unc]ta9ty ( ! text1 &1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,gospel1 conjecture simil>ly plays ! l>g] "p4 ,we d n propose to criticise m9utely ! v>i\s conclusions arriv$ at z to ! /ate ( ! text1 b mu/ emphatically rem>k t :]e !re is s little c]ta9ty !re _c be any safe gr\nd = delicate d$uctions reg>d+ motives & sequ5ces ( matt]4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t1 if we criticise & comp>e ! ,synoptics on ! same pr9ciple1 we meet ) ! mo/ />tl+ results & ! mo/ irreconcileable difficulties47#c7 ,! op5+ ( ,m>cion's ,gospel is m free f abruptness & crudity ?an t ( ,luke4 ,x is n necess>y to %[ t ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,luke pres5t v _m diff]5ces f ! o!r ,synoptics4 ,m>k omits !m altoge!r1 & !y d n ev5 agree ) ! acc\nt 9 ,mat!w4 ,"s ( ! olde/ ,gospels ( :i* we h any k1 su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 are said n to h _h ! n>rative ( ! fir/ two *apt]s at all17#d7 & !re is mu* m ?an d\bt z to _! orig9ality4 ,! m]e omission ( ! hi/ory ( #aca ! infancy1 c41 f ,m>k1 h[ev]1 r5d]s x unnecess>y to %[ t ! abs5ce ( ^! *apt]s f ,m>cion's ,gospel has ! /ronge/ support & ju/ification4 ,n[ ,luke's acc\nt ( ! e>ly ev5ts & geography ( ! ,gospel hi/ory is briefly z foll[s3 ,naz>e? is ! p]man5t dwell+-place ( ,joseph & ,m>y17#a7 b on acc\nt ( ! c5sus !y travel to ,be?lehem1 :]e ,jesus is born27#b7 & aft] visit+ ,j]usalem to pres5t him at ! ,temple17#c7 !y return to _! own city ,naz>e?47#d7 ,aft] ! baptism & temptation ,jesus comes to ,naz>e? :]e he _h be5 br\ght up17#e7 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 address to ! p he says3 ,ye w surely say unto me ?is prov]b3 ,physician heal ?yself3 :atsoev] we h he>d done 9 ,cap]naum d also "h 9 ?y c\ntry47#f7 ,no m5tion1 h[ev]1 has be=e ?is be5 made ( ,cap]naum1 & no acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( any works done !re2 b1 on ! contr>y1 aft] escap+ f ! angry mob at ,naz>e?1 ,jesus goes = ! fir/ "t to ,cap]naum1 :i*1 on be+ ?us fir/ m5tion$1 is p>ticul>iz$ z a city ( ,galilee17#g7 :]e he heals a man :o _h an unclean _s1 9 ! synagogue1 :o addresses him z ,jesus ( ,naz>e?27#h7 & ! fame ( him goes ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry47#i7 ,he cures ,simon's wife's "m ( a fev]7#aj7 & :5 ! sun is set !y br+ ! sick & he heals !m47#aa7 ,! acc\nt 9 ,mat!w contradicts ?is 9 _m po9ts1 "s ( :i* _h bett] be indicat$ "h4 ,jesus is born 9 ,be?lehem1 :i* is ! ord9>y #acb dwell+-place ( ! family27#a7 8 p>5ts fly !nce ) him into ,egypt17#b7 & on _! return1 !y dwell 9 a city call$ ,naz>e?2 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophets3 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e47#c7 ,aft] ,john's imprisonm5t1 ,jesus leaves ,naz>e?1 & goes to dwell 9 ,cap]naum47#d7 ,f t "t he beg9s to prea*47#e7 ,"h !n1 he comm5ces 8 public c>e] 9 ,cap]naum4 ,9 ,m>k1 ,jesus comes f ,naz>e? to be baptiz$17#f7 & aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john1 he comes into ,galilee prea*+47#g7 ,9 ,cap]naum1 he heals ! man ( ! unclean _s1 & ,simon's wife's "m17#h7 & !n retires to a solit>y place17#i7 returns aft] "s days to ,cap]naum7#aj7 )\t go+ to ,naz>e? at all1 & x is only at a lat] p]iod t he comes to 8 own c\ntry1 & quotes ! prov]b reg>d+ a prophet47#aa7 ,x is evid5t f ?is comp>ison1 t !re is v consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree ,synoptics1 reg>d+ ! outset ( ! c>e] ( ,jesus1 & t !re mu/ h be5 decid$ ela/icity 9 ! tradition1 & v>iety 9 ! e>ly writt5 acc\nts ( ?is "p ( ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,luke alone commits ! error ( mak+ ,jesus appe> 9 ! synagogue at ,naz>e?1 & ref] to works wr\ght at ,cap]naum1 be=e any m5tion _h be5 made ( 8 hav+ prea*$ or work$ wond]s !re to ju/ify ! allusions #c ii4 #cc4 ,we ne$ n pause "h to po9t out t !re is no su* prophecy kn[n 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ref]5ce may v probably bo a s+ul>ly mi/ak5 application ( ! ^w 9 ,isaiah xi4 #a1 ! ,hebrew ^w = bran* be+ ---- ,naz]4 #acc & ! consequ5t agitation4 ,x is obvi\s t !re has be5 confusion 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ?ird ,synoptic & a transposition ( ! episodes1 cle>ly po9t+ to a comb9ation ( passages f o!r s\rces47#a7 ,n[ ,m>cion's ,gospel did n conta9 ^! anomalies4 ,x repres5t$ ,jesus z fir/ appe>+ 9 ,cap]naum1 tea*+ 9 ! synagogue1 & p]=m+ mighty works !re1 & !n go+ to ,naz>e?1 & address+ ! p ) ! natural ref]5ce to ! previ\s ev5ts at ,cap]naum1 & 9 ?is x is n only m consecutive1 b also adh]es m closely to ! o!r two ,synoptics4 ,t ,luke happ5s to be ! only "o ( our canonical ,gospels1 :i* has ! words ) :i* ,m>cion's ,gospel comm5ces1 is no pro( t ^! words 7 orig9al 9 t "w1 & n f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! writ+s :i* exi/$ be=e ! ?ird ,synoptic 0 compil$4 ,inde$1 ! close relation%ip betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels is /&+ te/imony to ! fact t "o ,gospel 0 built ^u ! basis ( o!rs previ\sly exi/+4 ,?is :i* has be5 call$ ! *ief prop ( ! mutilation hypo!sis17#b7 has really no solid gr\nd to /& on beyond ! accid5t t only "o ( ?ree ,gospels survives out ( _m :i* may h _h ! phrase4 ,! fact t ,m>cion's ,gospel really _h ! words ( ,luke1 moreov]1 is m]e conjecture1 inasmu* z ,epiphanius1 :o alone gives ! ,greek1 %[s a di/9ct v>iation ( read+4 ,he has3 ------ #a ,cf4 ,luke iv4 #bc2 ,matt4 viii4 #ed2 ,m>k vi4 #a--f4 ,we d n g into ! "q z to ! suffici5cy ( ! motives ascrib$ = ! agitation at ,naz>e?1 or ! contradiction betwe5 ! facts n>rat$ z to ! attempt to kill ,jesus1 & ! /atem5t ( _! wond] at 8 graci\s words1 v4 #bb1 o4 ,!re is no evid5ce :]e ! v>i\s discrepancies arose1 & no c]ta9 conclusions c be bas$ ^u su* argum5ts4 #acd ------47#a7 ,luke reads3 ------4 ,we d n ( c\rse lay mu* /ress ^u ?is1 b ! fact t !re is a v>iation %\ld be notic$4 ,critics quietly assume1 because !re is a diff]5ce1 t ,epiphanius has abbreviat$1 b t is by no means sure4 ,9 any case1 in/ances c\ld be multipli$ to %[ t if "o ( our ,synoptic ,gospels 7 lo/1 "o ( ! survivors w\ld 9 ?is mann] h cr$it = passages :i* x _h 9 reality ei!r d]iv$ f ! lo/ ,gospel1 or ) x drawn f a common orig9al s\rce4 ,n[ />t+ f ! und5iable fact t ! ,synoptic ,gospels are 9 no case purely orig9al indep5d5t works1 b are bas$ ^u old] writ+s1 or ^u ea* o!r1 ea* ,gospel remodell+ & add+ to already exi/+ mat]ials1 z ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 inde$1 v frankly & di/9ctly indicates17#b7 x seems a bold ?+ to affirm t ,m>cion's ,gospel mu/ necess>ily h be5 d]iv$ f ! latt]4 ,ewald has made a m9ute analysis ( ! ,synoptics assign+ ! mat]ials ( ea* to :at he consid]s _! orig9al s\rce4 ,we d n ( c\rse atta* any v specific importance to su* results1 = x is cle> t !y mu/ to a great ext5t be arbitr>y & incapable ( pro(1 b be+ effect$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! "q be=e u1 x may be int]e/+ to comp>e ,ewald's conclusions reg>d+ ! p>allel "p ( ,luke1 ) ! fir/ *apt] ( ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,ewald details ! mat]ials f :i* our ,synoptic ,gospels #b ,luke i4 #a--d4 ,he pr(esses to write 9 ord] ! ?+s 9 :i* ,!ophilus _h already be5 in/ruct$1 n to tell some?+ new1 b m]ely t he might "k ! c]ta9ty !re(4 #ace 7 d]iv$1 & ! ord] ( _! composition z foll[s1 ea* ,synoptic ( c\rse mak+ use ( ! e>li] mat]ials3 ,i4 ! olde/ ,gospel4 ,,ii4 ! collection ( ,disc\rses 7,spru*sammlung74 ,,iii4 ,m>k4 ,,iv4 ! ,book ( e>li] ,hi/ory4 ,v4 our pres5t ,mat!w4 ,,vi4 ! six? recognizable book4 ,,vii4 ! sev5? book4 ,,viii4 ! eigh? book2 & ,,ix4 ,luke47#a7 ,n[ ! only "p ( our ?ird canonical ,gospel correspond+ ) any "p ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,m>cion's ,gospel :i* ,ewald ascribes to ! au?or ( our actual ,luke is ! op5+ date47#b7 ,! passage to :i* ! few op5+ words are jo9$1 & :i* con/itute ! comm5cem5t ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 ,luke iv4 #ca--ci1 is a section comm5c+ ) v]se #ca1 & ext5d+ to ! end ( ! *apt]1 !reby includ+ v]ses #dj--dd1 :i* ,ewald assigns to ,m>k47#c7 ,v]ses #af--bd1 :i* imm$iately foll[1 also =m a complete & isolat$ passage assign$ by ,ewald1 to ! six? recognizable book47#d7 ,v]ses #be--bg1 also are ! :ole #b ,! v]ses iv4 #ad--ae1 :i*4 ,volkm> wi%$ to include1 b :i* all o!r critics reject 7see p4 #abh1 note #g71 f ,m>cion's text1 ,ewald likewise id5tifies z an isolat$ c\ple ( v]ses by ! au?or ( our ,luke ins]t$ betwe5 episodes d]iv$ f o!r writt5 s\rces4 ,cf4 ,ewald1 #a4 c4 #acf ( ano!r isolat$ section attribut$ by ,ewald1 to ! ,book ( e>li] hi/ory1 :il/ #bh--cj1 9 l mann] =m ano!r complete & isolat$ episode1 assign$ by him to ! eigh? recognizable book47#a7 ,accord+ to ,ewald1 !re=e1 ,luke's ,gospel at ?is place is a m]e pat*work ( old] writ+s1 & if ?is be 9 any degree accept$1 z 9 ! ab/ract1 inde$1 x is by ! great mass ( critics1 !n ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion might be an arrangem5t diff]5t f ,luke ( mat]ials n 81 b previ\sly exi/+1 & ( :i*1 !re=e1 !re is no w>rant to limit ! use & reproduction to ! canonical ,gospel4 ,! c\rse pursu$ by critics1 ) reg>d to ,m>cion's ,gospel1 is necess>ily v unsatisfactory4 ,!y comm5ce ) a def9ite hypo!sis1 & try :e!r all ! peculi>ities ( ! text may n be m or less well expla9$ by x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! attempt to settle ! "q by a comp>ison ( ! recon/ruct$ text ) ,luke's is equally inconclusive4 ,! det]m9ation ( priority ( composition f int]nal evid5ce1 :]e !re are no *ronological ref]5ces1 mu/ z a g5]al rule be arbitr>y1 & c r>ely be accept$ z f9al4 ,int]nal evid5ce w\ld1 inde$1 decid$ly fav\r ! priority ( ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,! great unc]ta9ty ( ! :ole sy/em1 ev5 :5 appli$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 is well illu/rat$ by ! contradictory results at :i* critics h arriv$ z to ! ord] ( production & dep5d5ce on ea* o!r ( our ?ree ,synoptics4 ,)\t go+ into details1 we may say t critics :o are all agre$ ^u ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ^? ,gospels h v>i\sly arrang$ !m 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,i4 ,mat!w-- #acg ,m>k--,luke47#a7 ,,ii4 ,mat!w--,luke--,m>k47#c7 ,,iii4 ,m>k--,mat!w--,luke47#c7 ,,iv4 ,m>k--,luke--,mat!w47#d7 ,v4 ,luke--,mat!w--,m>k47#e7 ,,vi4 ,all ?ree out ( common writt5 s\rces47#f7 ,7 we to /ate ! v>i\s !ories /ill m 9 detail1 we might l>gely increase ! v>iety ( conclusions4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 suffice to %[ ! unc]ta9ty ( results d]iv$ f int]nal evid5ce4 ,x is always assum$ t ,m>cion alt]$ a ,gospel to suit 8 own p>ticul> sy/em1 b z "o ( 8 mo/ or?odox critics1 :ile ass]t+ t ,luke's n>rative lay at ! basis ( 8 ,gospel1 admits3 x is n equally cle> t all ! *anges 7 due to ,m>cion himself27#g7 &1 al?\gh he consid]s t "s ( ! omissions c be expla9$ by 8 peculi> doctr9es1 he cont9ues3 o!rs are unlike arbitr>y corrections1 & mu/ be consid]$ z v>i\s read+s ( ! greate/ int]e/1 dat+ z !y d f a "t ant]ior to all #a ,( c\rse we only pret5d to indicate a few ( ! critics :o adopt ea* ord]4 ,s ,b5gel1 ,bolton1 ,ebr>d1 ,grotius1 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,hug1 ,hilg5feld1 ,holtzmann1 ,mill1 ,seil]1 ,t[nson1 ,wet/e94 #b ,s ,ammon1 ,baur1 ,bleek1 ,delitzs*1 ,fritzs*e1 ,gfror]1 ,griesba*1 ,k]n1 ,eo/l91 ,neudeck]1 ,sauni]1 ,s*w>z1 ,s*wegl]1 ,sieff]t1 ,/ro?1 ,!ilo1 ,owon1 ,paulus1 ,de ,wette4 #c ,s ,cr$n]1 ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,la*mann1 787 ,xteuss1 ,bits*l1 ,mey]1 ,/orr1 ,?i]s*4 #d ,b4 ,bau]1 ,hitzig 787 ,s*nockonburg]1 ,volkm>1 ,weisse1 ,wilke4 #e ,bus*+1 ,eyanson4 #f ,bor?oldt1 ,le ,cl]c1 ,corrodi1 ,ei*horn1 ,gratz1 ,hanle91 ,koppe1 ,ku9oel1 ,leas+1 ,m>%1 ,mi*aelis1 ,niemey]1 ,seml]1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,s*midt1 ,web]4 ,?is view 0 p>tly %>$ by _m ( ^? m5tion$ "u o!r ord]s4 #ach o!r au?orities 9 our possession47#a7 ,n[1 und\bt$ly1 ! m develop$ =ms ( ! ,gospel n>rative 7 ! result ( additions1 mat]ially influ5c$ by dogmatic & o!r reasons1 made to e>li] & m fragm5t>y works1 b x is an argum5t contr>y to g5]al critical exp]i5ce to affirm t a ,gospel1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( :i* is great] brevity1 0 produc$ by omissions 9 ! int]e/ ( a sy/em f a long] "w4 ,9 ! e>li] editions ( ?is "w1 we cont5d$ t ! !ory t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 a mutilat$ =m ( our ?ird ,synoptic _h n be5 e/abli%$1 & t m probably x 0 an e>li] "w1 f :i* our ,gospel might h be5 elaborat$4 ,we leave ! /atem5t ( ! case1 s f>1 ne>ly 9 its =m] %ape1 9 ord] t ! true nature ( ! problem & ! v>y+ results & gradual developm5t ( critical op9ion may be bett] und]/ood4 ,s9ce ! six? edition ( ?is "w 0 complet$1 h[ev]1 a v able exam9ation ( ,m>cion's ,gospel has be5 made by ,dr4 ,s&ay17#b7 :i* has conv9c$ u t our e>li] hypo!sis is unt5able1 t ! portions ( our ?ird ,synoptic exclud$ f ,m>cion's ,gospel 7 really writt5 by ! same p5 :i* compos$ ! mass ( ! "w &1 consequ5tly1 t our ?ird ,synoptic exi/$ 9 8 "t1 & 0 sub/antially 9 ! h&s ( ,m>cion4 ,?is conviction is ma9ly ! result ( ! l+ui/ic analysis1 suffici5tly indicat$ by ,dr4 ,s&ay &1 s9ce1 exhau/ively c>ri$ out = ourselves4 ,we /ill consid] ! argum5t bas$ ^u ! m]e dogmatic views ( ,m>cion1 :i* has hi!rto be5 almo/ #aci exclusively reli$ on1 q inconclusive by itself1 b ! l+ui/ic te/1 appli$ practically = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is controv]sy by ,dr4 ,s&ay1 mu/1 we ?9k1 prove irresi/ible to all :o are famili> ) ! comp>atively limit$ vocabul>y ( ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,?r\gh\t ! omitt$ sections1 peculi>ities ( language & expression ab\nd :i* cle>ly di/+ui% ! g5]al compos] ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 & x is1 consequ5tly1 n possible reasonably to ma9ta9 t ^! sections are additions subsequ5tly made by a diff]5t h&1 :i* seems to be ! only legitimate c\rse op5 to ^? :o w\ld d5y t ,m>cion's ,gospel orig9ally conta9$ !m4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( our ?ird ,synoptic ab\t ! ye> #adj1 & x may ( c\rse be inf]r$ t x mu/ h be5 compos$ at lea/ "s "t be=e t date4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to e/imate aright ! facts actually be=e u & ! d$uctions :i* may be drawn f !m4 ,! te/imony ( ,m>cion does n ?r[ any light ^u ! au?or%ip or orig9 ( ! ,gospel ( :i* he made use4 ,its sup]scription 0 simply3 ,! ,gospel1 or1 ,! ,gospel ( ! ,"l ------17#a7 & no au?or's "n 0 atta*$ to x4 ,! ,h]esi>* did n pret5d to h writt5 x himself1 nor did he ascribe x to any o!r p]son4 ,t]tullian1 9 fact1 reproa*es him ) its anonymity4 ,& "h #aaj already ,i might make a /&1 he says at ! v op5+ ( 8 attack on ,m>cion's ,gospel1 cont5d+ t a "w %\ld n be recogniz$ :i* does n hold its front erect444 :i* does n give a pl$ge ( its tru/wor?9ess by ! fulness ( its title1 & ! due decl>ation ( its au?or47#a7 ,n only did ,m>cion himself n 9 any way connect ! "n ( ,luke ) 8 ,gospel1 b 8 foll[]s repudiat$ ! idea t ,luke 0 its au?or47#b7 ,9 e/abli%+ ! sub/antial id5tity ( ,m>cion's ,gospel & our ?ird ,synoptic1 !re=e1 no advance is made t[>ds e/abli%+ ! au?or%ip ( ,luke4 ,! ,gospel rema9s anonym\s /ill4 ,on ! o!r h& we asc]ta9 ! important fact t1 s f> f its hav+ any au?oritative or infallible "* at t "t1 ,m>cion reg>d$ our ,synoptic z a "w p]v]t$ by ,jewi% influ5ces1 & requir+ to be freely expurgat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( tru?47#c7 ,am5d$ by v consid]able omissions & alt]ations1 ,m>cion c]ta9ly held x 9 high respect z a record ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b beyond ?is circum/ance1 & ! m]e fact ( its exi/5ce 9 8 day1 we le>n no?+ f ! evid5ce ( ,m>cion4 ,x c sc>cely be ma9ta9$ t ?is does mu* to au!nticate ! ?ird ,synoptic z a record ( miracles & a witness = ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 #ada ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] t ,m>cion _h any k ( ! o!r canonical ,gospels 9 any =m47#a7 ,none ( 8 writ+s are extant1 & no direct ass]tion is made ev5 by ! ,fa!rs t he knew !m1 al?\gh f _! dogmatic po9t ( view !y assume t ^! ,gospels exi/$ f ! v fir/1 & !re=e ins9uate t z he only recogniz$ "o ,gospel1 he reject$ ! re/47#b7 ,:5 ,ir5aeus says3 ,he p]suad$ 8 disciples t he himself 0 m v]aci\s ?an 7 ! apo/les :o h&$ d[n ! ,gospel1 ?\gh he deliv]$ to !m n ! ,gospel1 b "p ( ! ,gospel17#c7 x is q cle> t he speaks ( ! ,gospel--! good tid+s--,*ri/ianity--& n ( specific writt5 ,gospels4 ,9 ano!r passage :i* is ref]r$ to by ,apologi/s1 ,ir5aeus says ( ! ,m>cionites t !y h ass]t$3 ,t ev5 ! apo/les proclaim$ ! ,gospel /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% s5tim5ts2 b t !y !mselves are m s\nd & m judici\s ?an ! apo/les4 ,:]e=e also ,m>cion & 8 foll[]s h _h rec\rse to mutilat+ ! ,scriptures1 n recogniz+ "s books at all1 b curtail+ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke & ! ,epi/les ( ,paul2 ^! !y say are alone au!ntic :i* !y !mselves h abbreviat$47#d7 #adb ,^! rem>ks *iefly ref] to ! foll[]s ( ,m>cion1 & z we h %[n1 :5 treat+ ( ,val5t9us1 ,ir5aeus is expressly writ+ aga9/ memb]s ( h]etical sects liv+ 9 8 own day & n ( ! f\nd]s ( ^? sects47#a7 ,! ,m>cionites ( ! "t ( ,ir5aeus no d\bt delib]ately reject$ ! ,gospels1 b x does1 n by any means foll[ t ,m>cion himself knew any?+ ( !m4 ,z yet we h n met ) any evid5ce ev5 ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! evid5ce ( ,t]tullian is n a :it m valuable4 ,9 ! passage usually cit$1 he says3 ,b ,m>cion1 light+ ^u ! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,gaia-tians1 9 :i* he reproa*es ev5 ,apo/les = n walk+ uprightly accord+ to ! tru? ( ! ,gospel1 z well z accuses c]ta9 false ,apo/les ( p]v]t+ ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 tries ) all 8 might to de/roy ! /atus ( ^? ,gospels :i* are put =? z g5u9e & "u ! "n ( ,apo/les or at lea/ ( contempor>ies ( ! ,apo/les1 9 ord]1 be x kn[n1 to conf] ^u 8 own ! cr$it :i* he takes f !m47#b7 ,n[ "h aga9 x is cle> t ,t]tullian is simply apply+1 by inf]5ce1 ,m>cion's views ) reg>d to ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel by ! two p>ties 9 ! ,*ur*1 repres5t$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul & ! pill> ,apo/les ^: lean+ to ,jewi% doctr9es he condemn$1 to ! writt5 ,gospels recogniz$ 9 8 day ?\gh n 9 ,m>cion's4 ,x is unc]ta91 says ev5 ,canon ,we/cott1 #adc :e!r ,t]tullian 9 ! passage quot$ speaks f a k ( :at ,m>cion may h writt5 on ! subject1 or simply f 8 own po9t ( sight47#a7 ,any d\bt is1 h[ev]1 remov$ on exam9+ ! context1 = ,t]tullian proce$s to argue t if ,paul c5sur$ ,pet]1 ,john & ,james1 x 0 = *ang+ _! company f respect ( p]sons1 & simil>ly1 if false apo/les crept 91 !y betray$ _! "* by insi/+ on ,jewi% obs]vances4 ,s t x 0 n on acc\nt ( _! prea*+1 b ( _! conv]sation t !y 7 po9t$ out by ,paul17#b7 & he goes on to argue t if ,m>cion ?us accuses ,apo/les ( hav+ deprav$ ! ,gospel by _! dissimulation1 he accuses ,*ri/ 9 accus+ ^? :om ,*ri/ select$47#c7 ,x is palpable1 !re=e1 t ,m>cion1 9 :atev] he may h writt51 ref]r$ to ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 or ,*ri/ianity1 by ,apo/les :o reta9$ _! ,jewi% prejudices 9 fav\r ( circumcision & legal obs]vances1 & n to writt5 ,gospels4 ,t]tullian m]ely assumes1 ) 8 usual audacity1 t ! ,*ur* _h ! f\r ,gospels f ! v fir/1 & !re=e t ,m>cion1 :o _h only "o ,gospel1 knew ! o!rs & delib]ately reject$ !m4 #add ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,tatian--,,dionysius ,,( ,,cor9? ,f ,m>cion we n[ turn to ,tatian1 ano!r s-call$ h]etic lead]4 ,tatian1 an ,assyrian by bir?17#a7 embrac$ ,*ri/ianity & became a disciple ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr7#b7 9 ,rome1 %>+ ) him1 z x seems1 ! p]secution excit$ by ,cresc5s ! ,cynic7#c7 to :i* ,ju/9 fell a victim4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/91 ,tatian1 :o till !n _h cont9u$ ?or\ghly or?odox1 left ,rome1 & jo9$ ! sect ( ! ,encratites1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 n ! f\nd]17#d7 & became ! lead+ expon5t ( _! au/]e & ascetic doctr9es47#e7 ,! only "o ( 8 writ+s :i* is /ill extant is 8 ,oration to ! ,greeks------4 ,?is "w 0 writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/91 = 9 x he ref]s to t ev5t17#f7 & x is g5]ally dat$ betwe5 #ade a4 d4 #agj-age4 7l7 ,tes*5dorf does n ass]t t !re is any quotation 9 ?is address tak5 f ! ,synoptic ,gospels27#b7 & ,canon ,we/cott only affirms t x conta9s a cle> ref]5ce to a p>able record$ by ,/4 ,mat!w1 & he excuses ! slightness ( ?is evid5ce by add+3 ,! abs5ce ( m explicit te/imony to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is to be acc\nt$ = by ! /yle ( 8 writ+1 & n by 8 unwor?y e/imate ( _! importance47#c7 ,?is rem>k is )\t f\ndation1 z we "k no?+ :atev] ) reg>d to ,tatian's e/imate ( any su* books4 ,! suppos$ cle> ref]5ce is z foll[s3 ,= by means ( a c]ta9 hidd5 treasure ------ he made himself "l ( all t we possess1 9 digg+ = :i* ?\gh we 7 cov]$ ) du/1 yet we give x ! occasion ( fall+ into our h&s & abid+ ) u47#d7 ,?is is claim$ z a ref]5ce to ,matt4 xiii4 #dd3 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto treasure hidd5 ------ 9 ! field1 :i* a man f\nd & hid1 & = 8 joy he goe? & selle? all t he ha? & buye? t field4 ,s fa9t a simil>ity c\ld n prove any?+1 b x is evid5t t !re are decid$ diff]5ces "h4 ,7 ! probability fifty times great] ?an x is t ,tatian _h 9 8 m9d ! p>able1 :i* is report$ 9 our fir/ ,gospel1 no?+ c\ld be m unw>rantable ?an ! d$uction t he mu/ h d]iv$ x f our ,mat!w1 & n f any o!r ( ! num]\s ,gospels :i* we "k to h e>ly be5 9 circulation4 ,ewald ascribes ! p>able 9 ,mat!w orig9ally to ! ,spru*sammlung or collection ( ,disc\rses1 ! second ( ! f\r works out ( :i* he consid]s our fir/ ,synoptic to h be5 compil$47#a7 ,z evid5ce ev5 = ! exi/5ce ( our fir/ canonical ,gospel1 no su* anonym\s allusion c\ld h ! slighte/ value4 ,al?\gh nei!r ,tis*5dorf nor ,canon ,we/cott ?9k x wor? :ile to ref] to x1 "s apologi/s claim ano!r passage 9 ! ,oration z a ref]5ce to our ?ird ,synoptic4 ,laugh ye3 nev]!less y %all weep47#b7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,luke vi4 #be3 ,woe unto y t laugh n[3 = ye %all m\rn & weep17#c7 ,"h aga91 x is impossible to trace a ref]5ce 9 ! words ( ,tatian specially to our ?ird ,gospel1 & manife/ly no?+ c\ld be m fooli% ?an to build ^u su* vague simil>ity any hypo!sis ( ,tatian's acqua9tance ) ,luke4 ,if !re be "o "p ( ! ,gospel :i* 0 m kn[n ?an ano!r 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & !re c be no d\bt t _m evangelical works n[ lo/ conta9$ v]sions ( x4 ,ewald likewise assigns ?is passage ( ,luke orig9ally to ! ,spru*sammlung1#d & no "o c d\bt t ! say+ 0 record$ long be=e ! writ] ( ! ?ird ,gospel #adg und]took to compile evangelical hi/ory1 z s _m _h done be=e him4 ,fur!r on1 h[ev]1 ,canon ,we/cott says3 x c be ga!r$ f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria444 t he 7,tatian7 endeav\r$ to d]ive au?ority = 8 peculi> op9ions f ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians & ,galatians1 & probably f ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 & ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w47#a7 ,! allusion "h is to a passage 9 ! ,/romata ( ,clem5t1 9 :i* ref]5ce is suppos$ by ! apologi/ to be made to ,tatian4 ,no writ]1 h[ev]1 is nam$1 & ,clem5t m]ely introduces 8 rem>k by ! words3 a c]ta9 p]son1 ------ & !n proce$s to give 8 application ( ! ,savi\r's words n to treasure ^u e>? :]e mo? & ru/ corrupt ------47#b7 ,! p>allel passage 9 ,mat!w vi4 #ai1 reads3 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1 :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt1 ------4 ,canon ,we/cott1 x is true1 m]ely sugge/s t probably ?is may be ascrib$ to ,tatian1 b x is almo/ absolutely c]ta9 t x 0 n attribut$ to him by ,clem5t4 ,tatian is sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 ! c\rse ( ! same *apt]1 & 8 words are cont9u$ by ! use ( ------ or ------1 & x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t ,clem5t %\ld introduce ano!r quotation f him 9 su* imm$iate context by ! vague & di/ant ref]5ce a c]ta9 p]son ------4 ,on ! o!r h& ref]5ce is made 9 ! *apt] to #a ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bgi4 ,9 ! #d? edition ,dr4 ,we/cott has alt]$ ! probably ( ! above s5t5ce to p]haps1 & 9 a note has add$3 ,^! two la/ ref]5ces are f an anonym\s citation ------ :i* has be5 commonly assign$ to ,tatian4 ,p4 #cah1 n4 #a4 #adh o!r writ]s & sects1 to "o ( :om ) inf9itely great] propriety ?is expression applies4 ,no weight1 !re=e1 c\ld be atta*$ to any su* passage 9 connection ) ,tatian4 ,moreov] ! quotation n only does n agree ) our ,synoptic1 b may mu* m probably h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#a7 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr quotes ! same passage1 ) ! same omission ( ------1 f a ,gospel diff]5t f our ,synoptics47#b7 ,tatian1 h[ev]1 is claim$ by apologi/s z a witness = ! exi/5ce ( our ,gospels--m ?an ?is he c\ld n possibly be--pr9cipally on ! gr\nd t 8 ,gospel 0 call$ by "s ,diatess>on ------ or by f\r1 & x is assum$ to h be5 a h>mony ( f\r ,gospels4 ,! "w is no long] extant &1 z we %all see1 our in=mation reg>d+ x is ( ! scantie/ & mo/ unsatisfactory description4 ,critics h arriv$ at v v>i\s conclusions ) reg>d to ! composition ( ! "w4 ,"s ( c\rse affirm1 ) m or less ( hesitation nev]!less1 t x 0 no?+ else ?an a h>mony ( our f\r canonical ,gospels27#c7 _m ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are con/ra9$ to admit t x 0 also p>tly bas$ ^u ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#d7 ,"s ma9ta9 t x 0 #adi a h>mony ( our ?ree ,synoptics toge!r ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews27#a7 :il/ _m d5y t x 0 compos$ ( our ,gospels at all17#b7 & ei!r decl>e x to h be5 a h>mony ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews ) ?ree o!r ,gospels ^: id5tity _c be det]m9$1 or t x 0 simply ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews itself17#c7 by :i* "n1 z ,epiphanius /ates1 x 0 call$ by "s 9 8 day47#d7 ,tatian's ,gospel1 h[ev]1 0 n only call$ ,diatess>on1 b1 accord+ to ,victor ( ,capua1 x 0 also call$ ,diap5te ------ by five17#e7 a complication :i* %[s ! incorrectness ( ! ecclesia/ical !ory ( its composition4 ,tis*5dorf1 anxi\s to date ,tatian's ,gospel z e>ly z possible1 says t 9 all probability x 0 compos$ e>li] ?an ! address to ! ,greeks47#f7 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 he does n (f] any evid5ce1 & ^u #aej exam9ation x is v evid5t t ! "w 01 on ! contr>y1 compos$ or adopt$ aft] ! ,oration & 8 av[al ( h]etical op9ions4 ,!odoret /ates t ,tatian _h 9 x omitt$ ! g5ealogies & all o!r passages %[+ t ,*ri/ 0 born ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%1 & he condemn$ ! "w1 & caus$ x to be ab&on$1 on acc\nt ( its evil design47#a7 ,if ! assumption be correct1 !re=e1 z ,tis*5dorf ma9ta9s1 t ,tatian alt]$ our ,gospels1 & did n m]ely f ! fir/1 l 8 ma/] ,ju/91 make use ( ,gospels diff]5t f ^? :i* aft]w>ds became canonical1 he mu/ h compos$ ! "w aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/91 up to :i* "t he is /at$ to h rema9$ q or?odox47#b7 ,! date may ) mu* great] probability be set betwe5 a4d4 #agj--ahj47c7 ,! e>lie/ writ] :o m5tions ,tatian's ,gospel is ,eusebius17#d7 :o wrote "s c5tury & a half aft] its suppos$ composition1 )\t1 h[ev]1 hav+ himself se5 ! "w at all1 or be+ really acqua9t$ ) its nature & cont5ts47#e7 ,eusebius says3 ,tatian1 h[ev]1 _! =m] *ief1 hav+ put toge!r a c]ta9 amalgamation & collection1 ,i "k n h[1 ( ! ,gospels1 nam$ ?is ! ,diatess>on1 :i* ev5 n[ is curr5t ) "s47#f7 #aea ,x is cle> t su* he>say in=mation is n to be reli$ on4 ,nei!r ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 nor ,j]ome1 :o ref] to o!r works ( ,tatian1 make any m5tion ( ?is "o4 ,epiphanius1 h[ev]1 does s1 b1 l ,eusebius1 evid5tly )\t hav+ himself se5 x47#a7 ,?is second ref]5ce to ,tatian's ,gospel is made upw>ds ( two c5turies aft] its suppos$ composition4 ,epiphanius says3 ,x is said t he 7,tatian7 compos$ ! ,diatess>on1 :i* is call$ by "s ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#b7 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t x is n said t ,tatian himself gave ?is ,gospel ! "n ( ,diates-s>on17#c7 b on ! contr>y ! expression ( ,epiphanius implies t he did n d s17#d7 & ! fact t x 0 also call$ by "s ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & ,diap5te1 %[s t ! "w _h no sup]scription f ,tatian ( a contradictory "*4 ,!odoret1 ,bi%op ( ,cyrus 7#deg71 is ! next writ] :o m5tions ,tatian's ,gospel1 & he is ! only "o :o _h p]sonally se5 x ,he says3 ,he 7,tatian7 also compos$ ! ,gospel :i* is call$ ,diatess>on1 excis+ ! g5ealogies & all ! o!r p>ts :i* decl>e t ! ,"l 0 born ( ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%4 ,?is 0 us$ n only by ^? ( 8 own sect1 b also by ^? :o held ! apo/olic doctr9es1 :o did n p]ceive ! evil ( ! composition1 b made use ( ! book 9 simplicity on acc\nt ( its concis5ess4 ,i myself f\nd upw>ds ( two hundr$ su* books held 9 hon\r among our *ur*es1 & collect+ !m all toge!r1 ,i _h !m put aside &1 in/ead1 introduc$ ! ,gospels ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,aga9 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,!odoret does n say t ! ,gospel ( ,tatian 0 a ,diatess>on1 b m]ely t x 0 call$ s ------47#a7 ,aft] quot+ ?is passage1 & t f ,epiphanius1 ,canon ,we/cott says ) an assurance :i*1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! evid5ce1 is s+ul>3--,n only !n 0 ! ,diatess>on gr\nd$ on ! f\r canonical ,gospels1 b 9 its g5]al =m x 0 s or?odox z to enjoy a wide ecclesia/ical popul>ity4 ,! h]etical "* ( ! book 0 n evid5t ^u ! surface ( x1 & consi/$ r 9 faults ( defect ?an 9 errone\s tea*+4 ,!odoret _h c]ta9ly exam9$ x1 & he1 l e>li] writ]s1 reg>d$ x z a compilation f ! f\r ,gospels4 ,he speaks ( omissions :i* 7 at lea/ 9 "p natural 9 a ,h>mony1 b notices no su* apocryphal additions z w\ld h f\nd place 9 any ,gospel n d]iv$ f canonical s\rces47#b7 ,n[ x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! evid5ce reg>d+ ,tatian's ,gospel is ( ! v vague/ description4 ,x is n m5tion$ by any writ] until a c5tury & a half aft] ! date ( its suppos$ #b ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bha4 ,9 ! #d? edition1 ! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ! above passage is alt]$ to3 ,f ?is /atem5t x is cle> t ! ,diatess>on 0 s or?odox z to enjoy a wide ecclesia/ical popul>ity4 ,p4 #cbj4 #aec composition1 & !n only ref]r$ to by ,eusebius1 :o _h n se5 ! "w1 & c&idly confesses 8 ignorance ) reg>d to x1 s t a critic :o is almo/ z or?odox z ,canon ,we/cott himself ackn[l$ges3 ,= ! tru? is t we "k no m ab\t ,tatian's "w ?an :at ,eusebius1 :o nev] saw x1 knew47#a7 ,! only o!r writ] :o ref]s to x1 ,epiphanius1 _h n se5 x ei!r1 & :ile %[+ t ! title ( ,diatess>on _h n be5 giv5 to x by ,tatian himself1 he /ates ! important fact t "s call$ x ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,!odoret1 ! la/ writ] :o m5tions x1 & ( :om ,dr4 ,donaldson also says3 ,!odoret's in=mation _c be dep5d$ ^u17#b7 n only does n say t x is bas$ ^u our f\r ,gospels1 b1 on ! contr>y1 po9ts out t ,tatian's ,gospel did n conta9 ! g5ealogies & passages trac+ ! desc5t ( ,jesus ?r\gh ! race ( ,david1 :i* our ,synoptics possess1 & he s mu* condemn$ ! mis*iev\s design ( ! "w t he confiscat$ ! copies 9 circulation 9 8 diocese z h]etical4 ,canon ,we/cott's ass]tion t ,!odoret reg>d$ x z a compilation ( our f\r ,gospels is mo/ arbitr>y4 ,omissions1 z he himself po9ts out1 are natural to a ,h>mony1 & concis5ess c]ta9ly w\ld be ! la/ quality = :i* x c\ld h be5 s highly priz$1 if e "p ( ! f\r ,gospels _h be5 reta9$4 ,! omission ( ! p>ts ref]r$ to1 :i* are equally omitt$ f ! canonical f\r? ,gospel1 c\ld n h be5 suffici5t to m]it ! condemnation ( ! "w z h]etical1 & _h ,tatian's ,gospel n be5 diff]5t 9 v>i\s respects f our f\r ,gospels1 su* summ>y treatm5t w\ld h be5 totally #aed unw>rantable4 ,! /atem5t1 moreov]1 t 9 place ( ,tatian's ,gospel1 ,!odoret introduc$ ! ,gospels ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 seems to indicate t ! displac$ ,gospel 0 n a compilation f !m1 b a sub/antially diff]5t "w4 ,_h ?is n be5 ! case1 ,!odoret w\ld naturally h qualifi$ su* an expression4 ,speak+ ( ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ,tatian's ,h>mony f o!rs :i* mu/1 ! writ] supposes1 h be5 compos$ 9 8 "t1 ,dr4 ,donaldson po9ts out3 ,& !n we mu/ rememb] t ! ,h>mony ( ,tatian 0 conf\nd$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews2 & x is n beyond ! rea* ( possibility t ,!odoret %\ld h made "s su* mi/ake47#a7 ,t is to say1 t ! only writ] :o ref]s to ,tatian's ,gospel :o pr(esses to h se5 ! "w is n only n to be dep5d$ on1 b may actually h mi/ak5 = x ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no au?ority = say+ t ,tatian's ,gospel 0 a h>mony ( f\r ,gospels at all1 & ! "n ,diatess>on 0 n only n giv5 by ,tatian himself to ! "w1 b 0 probably ! usual =egone conclusion ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 t ev]y?+ 9 ! %ape ( evangelical lit]ature mu/ be dep5d5t on ! ,gospels adopt$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o call$ ! ,gospel us$ by ,tatian ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews mu/ app>5tly h read ! "w1 & all t we "k confirms _! conclusion4 ,! ,gospel 01 9 po9t ( fact1 f\nd 9 wide circulation precisely 9 ! places 9 :i*1 e>li]1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 m p>ticul>ly curr5t47#b7 ,! s+ul> #aee fact t ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ,tatian's ,h>mony1 is made a c5tury & a half aft] its suppos$ composition1 & t no writ] be=e ! fif? c5tury _h se5 ! "w itself1 inde$ t only two writ]s be=e t p]iod m5tion x at all1 receives its natural explanation 9 ! conclusion t ,tatian did n compose any ,h>mony at all1 b simply made use ( ! same ,gospel z 8 ma/] ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 namely1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews17#a7 by :i* "n 8 ,gospel _h be5 actually call$ by ^? be/ in=m$4 ,al?\gh ,!odoret1 writ+ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 says 9 ! usual arbitr>y mann] ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 t ,tatian excis$ f 8 ,gospel ! g5ealogies & c]ta9 passages f\nd 9 ! ,synoptics1 he (f]s no explanation or pro( ( 8 ass]tion1 & ! utmo/ t c be receiv$ is t ,tatian's ,gospel did n conta9 !m47#c7 ,did he omit !m or m]ely use a ,gospel :i* nev] includ$ !m8 ,! latt] is ! m probable conclusion4 ,nei!r ,ju/9's ,gospel nor ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews conta9$ ! g5ealogies or ref]5ces to ! ,son ( ,david1 & :y1 z ,cr$n] sugge/s1 %\ld ,tatian h tak5 ! tr\ble to prep>e a ,h>mony ) ^! omissions :5 he already f\nd "o su* z he desir$ 9 ,ju/9's ,gospel8 ,tatian's ,gospel1 l t ( 8 ma/] ,ju/91 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 0 diff]5t f1 yet ne>ly relat$ to1 our canonical ,gospels1 & z we h already se51 ,ju/9's ,gospel1 l ,tatian's1 0 consid]$ by _m to be a h>mony ( our ,gospels47#c7 ,no #aef "o seems to h se5 ,tatian's ,h>mony1 probably = ! v simple reason t !re 0 no su* "w1 & ! real ,gospel us$ by him 0 t accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 z "s di/9ctly & correctly call$ x4 ,! "n ,diatess>on is fir/ he>d ( 9 a "w ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 x is naturally giv5 by p accu/om$ to trace e su* "w to our f\r ,gospels1 b z we h cle>ly se51 !re is n up to ! "t ( ,tatian any evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ?ree ( our ,gospels1 & mu* less ( ! f\r 9 a collect$ =m4 ,"h is an attempt to id5tify a suppos$1 b n demon/rat$1 h>mony ( ,gospels ^: sep>ate exi/5ce has n be5 he>d (4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,we/cott /ates t ,tatian's ,diatess>on is app>5tly ! fir/ recognition ( a f\rfold ,gospel17#a7 b1 z we h se51 t recognition emanates only f a writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury :o _h n se5 ! "w ( :i* he speaks4 ,no su* mod]n ideas1 bas$ ^u m]e =egone conclusions1 c be all[$ to ent] into a discussion reg>d+ a "w dat+ f ! "t ( ,tatian47#b7 ,! fact t ! "w f\nd by ,!odoret 9 8 diocese 0 us$ by or?odox ,*ri/ians )\t #b ,dr4 ,lightfoot 7,contemp4 ,rev41 #ahgf-gg1 p4 #aacg7 ref]s to an apocryphal "w1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 rec5tly edit$ & publi%$ by ,dr4 ,phillips1 9 :i* x is /at$ t a l>ge multitude assembl$ daily at ,edessa = pray] & ! read+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! new ( ! ,diatess>on4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot assumes t ?is is ,tatian's ,gospel4 ,ev5 if x 7 s1 h[ev]1 we _c discov] 9 ?is any addition to our in=mation reg>d+ ! composition ( ! "w4 ,we h already ! full] /atem5t ( ,!odoret respect+ ! use ( ,tatian's "w 9 ! *ur*es ( 8 diocese1 s t beyond an int]e/+ ref]5ce1 no fre% light is ?r[n ^u ! "q by ! phrase quot$4 ,b we _c see any gr\nd = ass]t+ t ! ,diatess>on "h spok5 ( 0 ,tatian's ,gospel4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems p]fectly cle> t ! writ] speaks only ( ! f\r ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #aeg consci\sness ( its suppos$ het]odoxy1 is q consi/5t ) ! fact t x 0 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* at "o "t 0 9 v g5]al use1 b lat] gradually became an object ( suspicion & jeal\sy 9 ! ,*ur* z our canonical ,gospels took its place4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,!odoret dealt ) ,tatian's ,gospel1 or t accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 recalls ! treatm5t by ,s]apion ( ano!r =m ( ! same "w3 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]4 ,he f\nd t "w 9 circulation & greatly valu$ among/ ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rhossus1 & all[$ !m peaceably to reta9 x = a "t1 until1 al>m$ at ! ,docetic h]esy1 he m closely exam9$ ! ,gospel1 & discov]$ 9 x :at he consid]$ h]etical matt]47#a7 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* n>r[ly miss$ a p]man5t place 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,*ur*1 might well seem or?odox to ! simple ,*ri/ians ( ,cyrus1 yet z diff]5t f1 ?\gh closely relat$ to1 ! ,canonical ,gospels1 x w\ld seem h]etical to _! ,bi%op4 ,z diff]5t f ! ,gospels ( ! f\r evangeli/s1 x 0 d\btless suppress$ by ,!odoret ) p]fect indiff]5ce z to :e!r x 7 call$ ,tatian's ,gospel or ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,x is obvi\s t !re is no evid5ce ( any value connect+ ,tatian's ,gospel ) ^? 9 our ,canon4 ,we "k s little ab\t ! "w 9 "q1 inde$1 t z ,dr4 ,donaldson frankly admits1 we %\ld n be able to id5tify x1 ev5 if x did come d[n to u1 unless x told u some?+ reliable ab\t itself47#b7 ,its e>li] hi/ory is envelop$ 9 obscurity1 & z ,canon ,we/cott obs]ves3 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ! ,diatess>on is #aeh involv$ 9 confusion47#a7 ,we h se5 t 9 ! six? c5tury x 0 describ$ by ,victor ( ,capua z ,diap5te1 by five1 in/ead ( by f\r4 ,x 0 also conf\nd$ ) ano!r ,h>mony writt51 n long aft] ,tatian's day1 by ,ammonius ( ,alex&ria 7#bdc74 ,dionysius ,b>-,salibi17#b7 a writ] ( ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 m5tions t ! ,syrian ,ephrem1 ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 :i* ,diatess>on comm5c$ ) ! op5+ words ( ! f\r? ,gospel3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ^w4 ,! /atem5t ( ,b>-,salibi1 h[ev]1 is contradict$ by ,gregory ,b>-,hebraeus1 ,bi%op ( ,tagrit1 :o says t ,ephrem ,syrus wrote 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 & t ?is ,diatess>on comm5c$ ) ! words ( ! f\r? ,gospel3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ^w47#c7 ,! ,syrian ,eb$-,jesu 7l#cjh7 held ,tatian & ,ammonius to be "o & ! same p]son2 & x is probable t ,dionysius mi/ook ! ,h>mony ( ,ammonius = t ( ,tatian4 ,x is n necess>y fur!r to foll[ ?is discussion1 = x 9 no way affects our "q1 & no important d$uction c be d]iv$ f x47#d7 ,we allude to ! po9t = ! m]e sake ( %[+ t1 up to ! la/1 we h no c]ta9 in=mation ?r[+ light on ! composition ( ,tatian's ,gospel4 ,all t we d "k ( x1--:at x did n conta9--! places :]e x l>gely circulat$1 & ! "n by :i* x 0 #aei call$1 t5ds to id5tify x ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,= ! re/1 ,tatian _h no idea ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 & evid5tly did n recognize z inspir$1 any ,scriptures except ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t47#a7 ,x is well kn[n t ! sect ( ! ,encratites made use ( apocryphal ,gospels until a mu* lat] p]iod1 & reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & ,tatian himself is accus$ ( repudiat+ "s ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & ( alt]+ & mutilat+ o!rs47#b7 #b4 ,dionysius ( ,cor9? ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,eusebius in=ms u t he 0 ! au?or ( sev5 ,epi/les address$ to v>i\s ,*ri/ian communities1 & also ( a lett] to ,*rysophora1 a mo/ fai?ful si/]4 ,eusebius speaks ( ^! writ+s z ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 & briefly *>act]izes ea*1 b ) ! exception ( a few %ort fragm5ts pres]v$ by him1 none ( ^! fruits ( ! inspir$ indu/ry ------ ( ,dionysius are n[ extant47#c7 ,^! fragm5ts are all f an ,epi/le said to h be5 address$ to ,sot]1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 & give u a clue to ! "t at :i* !y 7 writt54 ,! ,bi%opric ( ,sot] is g5]ally dat$ betwe5 a4d4 #afh--agf17d7 dur+ :i* ye>s ! ,epi/le mu/ h be5 compos$4 ,x c\ld n h #afj be5 writt51 h[ev]1 until aft] ,dionysius became ,bi%op ( ,cor9? 9 a4d4 #agj17a7 & x 0 probably writt5 "s ye>s aft]47#b7 ,no quotation f1 or allusion to1 any writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t occurs 9 any ( ! fragm5ts ( ! ,epi/les /ill extant2 nor does ,eusebius make m5tion ( any su* ref]5ce 9 ! ,epi/les :i* h p]i%$4 ,z te/imony = our ,gospels1 !re=e1 ,dionysius is an absolute blank4 ,"s expressions & /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 are put =w>d by apologi/s :i* we mu/ exam9e4 ,9 ! few l9es :i* ,tis*5dorf accords to ,dionysius he ref]s to two ( ^!4 ,! fir/ is an expression us$1 n by ,dionysius himself1 b by ,eusebius1 9 speak+ ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,*ur*es at ,ama/ris & at ,pontus4 ,eusebius says t ,dionysius adds "s expositions ( ,div9e ,scriptures ------47#c7 ,!re c be no d\bt1 we ?9k1 t ?is ref]s to ! ,old ,te/am5t only1 & ,tis*5dorf himself does n d5y x47#d7 ,! second passage :i* ,tis*5dorf7#e7 po9ts out1 & :i* he claims ) "s o!r apologi/s z evid5ce ( ! actual exi/5ce ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon :5 ,dionysius wrote1 occurs 9 a fragm5t f ! ,epi/le #afa to ,sot] & ! ,romans :i* is pres]v$ by ,eusebius4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,= ! bre?r5 hav+ reque/$ me to write ,epi/les1 ,i wrote !m4 ,& ! ,apo/les ( ! devil h fill$ ^! ) t>es1 bo? tak+ away p>ts & add+ o!rs2 = :om ! woe is de/9$4 ,x is n surpris+ !n if "s h recklessly v5tur$ to adult]ate ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l ------ :5 !y h =m$ designs aga9/ ^! :i* are n ( su* importance47#a7 ,reg>d+ ?is passage1 ,canon ,we/cott1 ) 8 usual boldness1 says3 ,x is evid5t t ! ',scriptures ( ! ,"l'--! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--7 at ?is "t collect$1 t !y 7 di/+ui%$ f o!r books1 t !y 7 jeal\sly gu>d$1 t !y _h be5 corrupt$ = h]etical purposes47#b7 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t !re has n be5 a trace ( any ,new ,te/am5t ,canon 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs be=e & dur+ ?is age1 & x is n p]missible to put su* an int]pretation ^u ! rem>k ( ,dionysius4 ,dr4 ,donaldson1 ) great] critical ju/ice & res]ve1 rem>ks reg>d+ ! expression ,scriptures ( ! #b ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aff4 ,dr4 ,we/cott1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 translates ! expression3 ------ ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 a note to 8 f\r? edition1 h[ev]1 he is k9d en\gh to expla93 ,( c\rse x is n affirm$ t ! collection "h call$ ------ 0 id5tical ) our ',new ,te/am5t1' b simply t ! phrase %[s t a collection ( writ+s belong+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t exi/$1 p4 #ahh1 n4 #b4 ,su* a translation1 9 su* a "w1 assum+ z x does ! :ole "q1 & conceal+ :at is d\btful1 is mo/ unw>rantable4 ,! fact is t n only is !re no m5tion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t at all1 b ! words z little necess>ily imply a collection ( writ+s z !y d a collection ( ! ,epi/les ( ,dionyaius4 #afb ,"l3 ,x is n easy to settle :at ?is t]m means1 al?\gh he adds 8 own p]sonal op9ion1 b mo/ probably x ref]s to ! ,gospels z conta9+ ! say+s & do+s ( ! ,"l4 ,x is n likely1 z ,l>dn] supposes1 t su* a t]m w\ld be appli$ to ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t7#a7 ,! idea ( our collect$ ,new ,te/am5t be+ ref]r$ to is ( c\rse q unt5able1 & al?\gh x is op5 to argum5t t ,dionysius may h ref]r$ to evangelical works1 x is obvi\s t !re are no means ( prov+ ! fact1 & mu* less t he ref]r$ specially to our ,gospels4 ,9 fact1 ! fragm5ts ( ,dionysius pres5t no evid5ce :atev] ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics4 ,9 ord] fur!r to illu/rate ! inconclusiv5ess ( ! argum5ts bas$ ^u s vague an expression1 we may add t x does n ( necessity apply to any ,gospels or works ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory at all1 & may ) p]fect propriety h indicat$ ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we f9d ,ju/9 ,m>tyr compla9+ 9 ! same _s z ,dionysius1 ?r\gh sev]al *apt]s1 t ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 & m especially ^? relat+ to ! ,"l1 _h be5 adult]at$1 t p>ts _h be5 tak5 away1 & o!rs add$1 ) ! int5tion ( de/roy+ or weak5+ _! application to ,*ri/47#b7 ,ju/9's argum5t ?r\gh\t is1 t ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures ref] to ,*ri/1 & ,tryphon1 8 antagoni/1 ! repres5tative ( ,jewi% op9ion1 is made to av[ t ! ,jews n only wait = ,*ri/1 b1 he adds3 ,we admit t all ! ,scriptures :i* y h cit$ ref] to him47#c7 ,n only1 !re=e1 7 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t #afc closely connect$ ) _! ,"l by ! ,fa!rs &1 at ! date ( :i* we are treat+1 7 ! only ,holy ,scriptures recognis$1 b !y made ! same compla9ts :i* we meet ) 9 ,dionysius t ^! ,scriptures 7 adult]at$ by omissions & int]polations47#a7 ,! expression ( ,eusebius reg>d+ expositions ( ,div9e ,scriptures ------ add$ by ,dionysius1 :i* appli$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t5ds to connect ! ,old ,te/am5t also ) ?is t]m ,scriptures ( ! ,"l4 ,if ! t]m ,scriptures ( ! ,"l1 h[ev]1 be ref]r$ to ,gospels1 ! difficulty ( us+ x z evid5ce cont9ues undim9i%$4 ,we h no indication ( ! p>ticul> evangelical works :i* 7 9 ! ,bi%op's m9d4 ,we h se5 t o!r ,gospels 7 us$ by ! ,fa!rs1 & 9 exclusive circulation among/ v>i\s communities1 & ev5 until mu* lat] times _m works 7 reg>d$ by !m z div9ely inspir$ :i* h no place 9 our ,canon4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews = in/ance 0 probably us$ by "s at lea/ ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs17#b7 by pseudo-,ignatius17#c7 ,polyc>p17#d7 ,papias17#e7 ,hegesippus17#f7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr17#g7 & at lea/ employ$ along ) our ,gospels by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 & ,j]ome47#h7 ,! fact t ,s]apion1 9 ! ?ird c5tury all[$ ! ,gospel ( ,pet] to be us$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,rhossus7#i7 %[s at ! same "t ! consid]ation 9 :i* x 0 held1 & ! incomplet5ess ( ! ,canonical position ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,s does ! circum/ance #a ,?is *>ge is made ) insi/ance ?r\gh\t ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 #afd t 9 ! fif? c5tury ,!odoret f\nd ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or ,tatians ,gospel1 widely circulat$ & held 9 hon\r among/ or?odox *ur*es 9 8 diocese47#a7 ,! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 :i* 0 read 9 ! ,*ur*es & ne>ly secur$ a p]man5t place 9 ! ,canon1 0 quot$ z inspir$ by ,ir5aeus47#b7 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 held 9 simil> hon\r1 & quot$ z inspir$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria7#c7 & by ,orig517#d7 z 0 likewise ! ,epi/le ( ! ,roman ,clem5t4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] 0 includ$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,canonical ,scriptures & ^? :i* are disput$1 su* z ! ,epi/le ( ,jude & ! o!r ,ca?olic ,epi/les17#e7 & x /&s side by side ) ! ,apocalypse ( ,john 9 ! ,canon ( ,muratori1 be+ long aft] publicly read 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,pale/9e47#f7 ,tis*5dorf inde$ conjectures t a blank 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus aft] ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 =m]ly fill$ by x4 ,ju/91 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,lactantius quote ! ,sibyll9e books z ! ,^w ( ,god1 & pay simil> hon\r to ! ,book ( ,hy/aspes47#g7 ,s great inde$ 0 ! consid]ation & use ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 t ,*ri/ians f t fact 7 nicknam$ ,sibylli/s47#h7 ,x is unnecess>y to multiply1 z #g ,ju/91 ,apol41 i4 #bj1 #dd2 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/rom41 vi4 #e1 ,sec4,sec4 #db1 #dc2 ,ladantius1 ,in/it4 ,div41 i4 #f1 #g1 vii4 #ae1 #ai4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes ) p]fect fai? & s]i\sness "s apocryphal book1 9 :i*1 he says1 ! ,apo/le ,paul recomm5ds ! ,hell5ic books1 ! ,sibyl & ! books ( ,hy/aspes1 z giv+ notably cle> prophetic descriptions ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,/rom41 vi4 #e1 ,sec4 #db1 #dc4 #afe might s easily be done1 ^! illu/rations2 x is too well kn[n t a va/ numb] ( ,gospels & simil> works1 :i* h be5 exclud$ f ! ,canon1 7 held 9 ! deepe/ v5]ation by ! ,*ur* 9 ! second c5tury1 to :i* ! words ( ,dionysius may apply4 ,s vague & indef9ite an expression at any rate is useless z evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( our ,canonical ,gospels4 ,canon ,we/cott's d$uction f ! words ( ,dionysius1 t n only 7 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t already collect$1 b t !y 7 jeal\sly gu>d$1 is imag9ative inde$4 ,x is mu* & dev\tly to be wi%$ t !y _h be5 z c>efully gu>d$ z he supposes1 b x is well kn[n t ?is 0 n ! case1 & t num]\s int]polations h be5 introduc$ into ! text4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,canon & ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies displays ! mo/ deplorable c>elessness & want ( critical judgm5t on ! "p ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,:atev] 0 consid]$ z conducive to ,*ri/ian edification 0 bl9dly adopt$ by !m1 & a va/ numb] ( works 7 laun*$ into circulation & falsely ascrib$ to ,apo/les & o!rs likely to secure = !m great] consid]ation4 ,su* pi\s fraud 0 r>ely suspect$1 /ill m r>ely detect$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 & sev]al ( su* pseudographs h secur$ a place 9 our ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! words ( ,dionysius ne$ n receive any wid] signification ?an a ref]5ce to well-kn[n ,epi/les4 ,x is cle> f ! words attribut$ to ! ,apo/le ,paul 9 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #b1 iii4 #ag1 t 8 ,epi/les 7 falsifi$1 & sett+ aside "s ( ^? :i* be> 8 "n 9 our ,canon1 spuri\s ,epi/les 7 long #aff ascrib$ to him1 su* z ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans & a ?ird ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,we ne$ n d m ?an allude to ! second ,epi/le falsely be>+ ! "n ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 z well z ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies & ,recognitions1 ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions1 & ! spuri\s lett]s ( ,ignatius1 ! lett]s & leg5d ( ,abg>us quot$ by ,eusebius1 & ! ,epi/les1 ( ,paul & ,s5eca1 9 addition to o!rs already po9t$ out1 z in/ances ( ! :olesale falsification ( t p]iod1 _m ( :i* gross =g]ies 7 at once accept$ z g5u9e by ! ,fa!rs1 s slight 0 _! critical faculty & s ready _! cr$ulity47#a7 ,9 "o case ! ,*ur* puni%$ ! au?or :o1 f mi/ak5 zeal = ! hon\r ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 fabricat$ ! ,acta ,pauli et ,!clae 9 8 "n17#b7 b ! =g$ production 0 n ! less made use ( 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 no lack ( falsification & adult]ation ( works ( ,apo/les & o!rs ( great] note ?an himself to w>rant ! rem>k ( ,dionysius1 )\t any =c$ application ( x to our ,gospels or to a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re is no?+ to sub/antiate1 b on ! contr>y e reason to discr$it4 ,be=e leav+ ?is passage we may add t al?\gh ev5 ,tis*5dorf does n1 ,canon ,we/cott does f9d 9 x ref]5ces to our fir/ ,synoptic1 & to ! ,apocalypse4 ,! %ort fragm5t j quot$1 he says1 conta9s two obvi\s allusions1 "o to ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w1 & "o to ! ,apocalypse47#c7 ,! words3 ! ,apo/les ( ! devil h fill$ ^! ) t>es1 are1 he supposes1 #a ,! ,epi/le ( ,jude quotes z g5u9e ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 & also ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & ! def5ce ( ! au!nticity ( ! latt] by ,t]tullian 7de ,cultu fem41 i4 #c7 w n be =gott54 #afg an allusion to ,matt4 xiii4 #bd ff4 ,b ev5 if ! expression 7 an e*o ( ! ,p>able ( ! ,:eat & ,t>es1 x is n p]missible to ref] x 9 ?is arbitr>y way to our fir/ ,gospel1 to ! exclusion ( ! num]\s o!r works :i* exi/$1 _m ( :i* d\btless conta9$ x ,obvi\sly ! words h no evid5tial value4 ,cont9u+ 8 previ\s ass]tions1 h[ev]1 ,canon ,we/cott affirms ) equal boldness3 ,! allusion 9 ! la/ clause--to ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l--w be cle> :5 x is rememb]$ t ,dionysius 'w>r$ aga9/ ! h]esy ( ,m>cion & def5d$ ! rule ( tru? ' ------47#a7 ,tis*5dorf1 :o is ready en\gh to /ra9 e expression into evid5ce1 recognizes too well t ?is is n capable ( su* an int]pretation4 ,dr4 ,we/cott omits to m5tion t ! words1 moreov]1 are n us$ by ,dionysius at all1 b simply proce$ f ,eusebius47#b7 ,dr4 ,donaldson di/9ctly /ates ! fact t1 !re is no ref]5ce to ! ,bible 9 ! words ( ,eusebius3 he def5ds ! rule ( ! tru? 7#c7 ------4 ,!re is only "o o!r po9t to m5tion4 ,canon ,we/cott ref]s to ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,dionysius1 :i* has already be5 quot$ 9 ?is "w reg>d+ ! read+ ( ,*ri/ian writ+s 9 *ur*es4 ,today1 he writes to ,sot]1 we h kept ! ,"l's holy day1 9 :i* we h read y\r ,epi/le1 f ! read+ ( :i* we %all ev] d]ive admonition1 z we d f ! =m] "o writt5 to u by ,clem5t47#d7 ,x is evid5t t !re 0 no idea1 9 select+ ! works to be read at ! weekly assembly ( ,*ri/ians1 ( any #afh ,canon ( a ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we "h le>n t ! ,epi/les ( ,clem5t & ( ,sot] 7 habitually read1 & :ile we he> ( ?is1 & ( ! simil> read+ ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les17#a7 ( ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas17#b7 ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]17#c7 & o!r apocryphal works1 we d n at ! same "t he> ( ! public read+ ( our ,gospels4 #afi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,melito ,,( ,,s>dis--,,claudius ,,apoll9>is--,,a!nagoras--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,vi5ne ,,& ,,lyons4 ,we might "h altoge!r h pass$ ov] ,melito1 ,bi%op ( ,s>dis 9 ,lydia1 _h x n be5 = ! use ( c]ta9 fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s made by ,canon ,we/cott4 ,melito1 naturally1 is n cit$ by ,tis*5dorf at all1 b ! ,engli% ,apologi/1 ) great] zeal1 we ?9k1 ?an critical discretion1 =ces him into s]vice z evid5ce = ! ,gospels & a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon4 ,! date ( ,melito1 x is g5]ally agre$1 falls aft] a4d4 #agf1 a phrase 9 8 apology pres5t$ to ,m>cus ,anton9us pres]v$ 9 ,eusebius7l7 ------ indicat+ t ,commodus _h already be5 admitt$ to a %>e ( ! ,gov]nm5t47#c7 ,canon ,we/cott affirms t1 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 ,melito speaks ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 a collect$ =m4 ,he says3 ,! words ( ,melito on ! o!r h& are simple & casual1 & yet _! mean+ c sc>cely be mi/ak54 ,he writes to ,onesimus1 a fell[-,*ri/ian :o _h urg$ him 'to #agj make selections = him f ! ,law & ! ,prophets conc]n+ ! ,savi\r & ! fai? g5]ally1 & fur!rmore desir$ to le>n ! accurate acc\nt ( ! ,old ------ ,books2' 'hav+ gone !re=e to ! ,ea/1' ,melito says1 '& rea*$ ! spot :]e ea* ?+ 0 prea*$ & done1 & hav+ le>n$ accurately ! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,i h s5t a li/ ( !m4' ,! m5tion ( '! ,old ,books'--'! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1' naturally implies a def9ite ,new ,te/am5t1 a writt5 antitype to ! ,old2 & ! =m ( language implies a famili> recognition ( its cont5ts47#a7 ,?is is truly a/oni%+6 ,! =m ( language c only ref] to ! words3 conc]n+ ! ,savi\r & ! fai? g5]ally1 :i* mu/ h an amaz+ fulness ( mean+ to convey to ,canon ,we/-cott ! implication ( a famili> recognition ( ! cont5ts ( a suppos$ already collect$ ,new ,te/am5t1 see+ t a simple ,*ri/ian1 n to say a ,bi%op1 might at lea/ "k ( a ,savi\r & ! fai? g5]ally f ! oral prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 f a s+le ,epi/le ( ,paul1 or f any ( ! ------ ( ,luke4 ,?is reason+ =ms a wor?y p5dant to 8 argum5t t because ,melito speaks ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t he implies ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite collect$ ,new ,te/am5t4 ,su* an ass]tion is calculat$ to mislead a l>ge class ( read]s47#b7 ,! fragm5t ( ,melito is z foll[s3 ,melito to 8 #a ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aic4 ,9 ! f\r? edition ,dr4 ,we/cott omits ! la/ phrase1 mak+ a full /op at ,old4 p4 #bah4 #b ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t ,canon ,we/cott m]ely foll[s & exagg]ates ,l>dn]1 "h1 :o says3 ,f ?is passage ,i w\ld conclude t !re 0 !n also a volume or collection ( books call$ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 conta9+ ! writ+s ( ,apo/les & ,apo/olical m51 b we _c f h5ce inf] ! names or ! exact numb] ( ^? books4 ,cr$ibility1 c41 ,works1 ii4 p4 #adh4 #aga bro!r ,onesimus1 greet+4 ,z ?\ ha/ frequ5tly desir$ 9 ?y zeal = ! ^w ------ to h extracts made = !e1 bo? f ! law & ! prophets conc]n+ ! ,savi\r & our :ole fai?2 nay1 m1 ha/ wi%$ to le>n ! exact /atem5t ( ! old books ------1 h[ _m !y are & :at is _! ord]1 ,i h e>ne/ly endeav\r$ to accompli% ?is1 kn[+ ?y zeal conc]n+ ! fai?1 & ?y desire to be in=m$ conc]n+ ! ^w ------1 & especially t ?\ pref]re/ ^! matt]s to all o!rs f love t[>ds ,god1 /riv+ to ga9 et]nal salvation4 ,hav+1 !re=e1 gone to ! ,ea/1 & rea*$ ! place :]e ?is 0 prea*$ & done1 & hav+ accurately asc]ta9$ ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ------1 ,i h1 subjo9$1 s5t a li/ ( !m unto !e1 ( :i* ^! are ! names--!n foll[s a li/ ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 omitt+1 h[ev]1 ,e/h]4 ,he !n concludes ) ! words3 ,( ^! ,i h made ! extracts divid+ !m into six books47#a7 ,canon ,we/cott's ass]tion t ! expression ,old ,books1 ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 involves "h by anti!sis a def9ite writt5 ,new ,te/am5t1 requires u to say a few words z to ! "n ( ,te/am5t z appli$ to bo? divisions ( ! ,bible4 ,x is ( c\rse well kn[n t ?is ^w came into use orig9ally f ! translation ( ! ,hebrew ^w cov5ant ------1 or compact made betwe5 ,god & ! ,israelites17#b7 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 by ! ,greek ^w ------1 :i* 9 a legal s5se also means a w or ,te/am5t17#c7 & t ^w is adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,new #b ,! legal s5se ( ------ z a ,w or ,te/am5t is di/9ctly int5d$ 9 ,heb4 ix4 #af4 ,= :]e a ,te/am5t ------ is1 !re mu/ also ( necessity be ! dea? ( ! te/ator ------4 ,! same ^w ------ is employ$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole passage4 ,heb4 ix4 #ae--bj4 #agb ,te/am5t47l7 ,! ,vulgate translation1 in/ead ( reta9+ ! orig9al ,hebrew signification1 translat$ ! ^w 9 ! ,gospels & ,epi/les1 ,te/am5tum & ------ became ,vetus ,te/am5tum in/ead ( ,vetus ,fo$us & :5ev] ! ^w occurs 9 ! ,engli% v]sion x is almo/ inv>iably r5d]$ ,te/am5t in/ead ( cov5ant4 ,! expression ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 or ,te/am5t1 ------1 frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,,lxx v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & its ,apocrypha17#b7 & 9 ,j]emiah xxxi4 #ca-cd17c7 ! prophet speaks ( mak+ a new cov5ant ------ ) ! h\se ( ,israel1 :i* is inde$ quot$ 9 ,hebrews viii4 #h4 ,x is ! doctr9al idea ( ! new cov5ant1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ confirm+ ! =m] "o made to ! ,israelites1 :i* has l$ to ! di/9ction ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,g5]ally ! ,old ,te/am5t 01 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 indicat$ by ! simple expressions ,! ,books ------1 ,holy ,scriptures ------17#e7 or ,! ,scriptures ------17#f7 b ! prep>ation = ! di/9ction ( ,old ,te/am5t began v e>ly 9 ! developm5t ( ! doctr9al idea ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ,*ri/1 be=e !re 0 any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books writt5 at all4 ,! expression ,new ,te/am5t1 d]iv$ ?us #agc anti!tically f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 occurs con/antly ?r\gh\t ! second "p ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews viii4 #f-ac1 ! ,mosaic disp5sation is contra/$ ) ! ,*ri/ian1 & ,jesus is call$ ! ,m$iator ( a bett] ,te/am5t ------47#a7 ,! fir/ ,te/am5t n be+ faultless1 is replac$ by ! second1 & ! writ] quotes ! passage f ,j]emiah to :i* we h ref]r$ reg>d+ a ,new ,te/am5t1 w9d+ up 8 argum5t ) ! words1 v4 #ac3 ,9 t he sai? a new 7,te/am5t7 he ha? made ! fir/ old4 ,aga91 9 our fir/ ,gospel1 dur+ ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,jesus is repres5t$ z say+3 ,?is is my blood ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ------27#b7 & 9 ,luke he says3 ,?is cup is ! ,new ,te/am5t ------ 9 my blood47#c7 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a v di/9ct ref]5ce made to ! two ,te/am5ts z ,new & ,old1 & 9 speak+ ( ! books ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets z ! ,old ,books & ,books ( ! old ,te/am5t1 aft] ! g5]al acceptance ( ! ,gospel ( ,jesus z ! ,new ,te/am5t or ,cov5ant1 !re 0 no anti!tical implication :atev] ( a writt5 ,new ,te/am5t1 b a m]e ref]5ce to ! doctr9al idea4 ,we might multiply illu/rations %[+ h[ ev]-pres5t to ! m9d ( ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 ! contra/ ( ! ,mosaic & ,*ri/ian ,cov5ants z ,old & ,new4 ,two m we may v5ture to po9t out4 ,9 ,romans ix4 #d1 & ,gal4 iv4 #bd1 ! two ,te/am5ts or ,cov5ants ------1 typifi$ by ,s9ai & ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 are discuss$1 & ! sup]iority ( ! latt] ass]t$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a passage1 /ill m cle> & decisive4 ,paul says 9 #b ,cor9?ians iii4 #f3 ,:o also 7,god7 made u suffici5t to be m9i/]s ( ! ,new #agd ,te/am5t ------ n ( ! lett]1 b ( ! _s ------4 ,:y does n ,canon ,we/cott boldly claim ?is z evid5ce ( a def9ite writt5 ,new ,te/am5t1 :5 n only is !re ref]5ce to ! "n1 b a di/9ction drawn betwe5 ! lett] & ! _s ( x1 f :i* an apologi/ might make a tell+ argum5t8 ,b proce$+ to contra/ ! glory ( ! ,new ) ! ,old disp5sation1 ! ,apo/le1 9 ref]5ce to ! veil ) :i* ,moses cov]$ 8 face1 says3 ,b _! und]/&+s 7 h>d5$3 = until ?is v day rema9e? ! same veil 9 ! read+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ------27l 7 & z if to make ! matt] /ill cle>] he repeats 9 ! next v]se3 ,b ev5 unto ?is day :5 ,moses is read1 ! veil lie? ^u _! he>t4 ,n[ "h ! actual read+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ------ is di/9ctly m5tion$1 & ! expression q z aptly z t ( ,melito1 implies a def9ite ,new ,te/am5t1 a writt5 antitype to ! ,old1 b ev5 ,canon ,we/cott w\ld n d>e to sugge/ t1 :5 ! second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 0 compos$1 !re 0 a def9ite writt5 ,new ,te/am5t 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is conclusively %[s t ! :ole argum5t f ,melito's m5tion ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is absolutely gr\ndless4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,canon ,we/cott %\ld "k v well t ! fir/ g5]al designation = ! ,new ,te/am5t collection 0 ,! ,gospel ------ & ,! ,apo/le ------1 = ! two portions ( ! collection1 9 contra/ ) ! divisions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,law & ! ,prophets ------ #age ------17#a7 & ! "n ,new ,te/am5t occurs = ! v fir/ "t 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ,t]tullian call$ ! collection ( ,*ri/ian ,scriptures ,novum ,in/rum5tum & ,novum ,te/am5tum47#b7 ,! t]m ------ is n1 s f> z we are aw>e1 appli$ 9 ! ,greek to ! ,new ,te/am5t collection 9 any e>li] "w ?an ,orig5's ,de ,pr9cipiis1 iv4 #a4 ,x 0 only 9 ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury t ! d\ble designation ------ 0 g5]ally ab&on$47#c7 ,z to ! evid5ce = a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott supposes he ga9s by 8 unf\nd$ inf]5ce f ,melito's expression1 we may judge ( its value f ! fact t he himself1 l ,l>dn]1 admits3 ,b !re is little evid5ce 9 ! fragm5t ( ,melito to %[ :at writ+s he w\ld h includ$ 9 ! new collection47#d7 ,little evid5ce8 ,!re is none at all4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o s+ul> & in/ructive po9t 9 ?is fragm5t to :i* ,canon ,we/cott does n 9 any way ref]1 b :i* well m]its att5tion z #agf illu/rat+ ! /ate ( religi\s k at t "t1 &1 by analogy1 giv+ a glimpse ( ! difficulties :i* beset e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,we are told by ,melito t ,onesimus _h frequ5tly urg$ him to give him exact in=mation z to ! numb] & ord] ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to h extracts made = him f !m conc]n+ ! ,savi\r & ! fai?4 ,n[ x is app>5t t ,melito1 ?\gh a ,bi%op1 0 n able to give ! desir$ in=mation reg>d+ ! numb] & ord] ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t himself1 b t he _h to make a j\rney to collect x4 ,if ?is 0 ! ext5t ( k possess$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,s>dis ( :at 0 to ! ,fa!rs ! only ,holy ,scripture1 h[ ignorant 8 flock mu/ h be51 & h[ unfitt$1 bo?1 to =m any critical judgm5t z to ! connection ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! ,mosaic disp5sation4 ,! =mation ( a ,*ri/ian ,canon at a p]iod :5 su* ignorance 0 n only possible b g5]ally prevail$1 & :5 ! zeal ( believ]s l$ to ! composition ( su* a mass ( pseudonymic & o!r lit]ature1 9 :i* e consid]ation ( correctness & tru? 0 subord9at$ to a *ildi% desire = edification1 mu/ h be5 sl[ inde$ & unc]ta92 & 9 su* an age =tuit\s circum/ances mu/ h ma9ly l$ to ! canonization or actual loss ( _m a "w4 ,s f> f af=d+ any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 ! fragm5t ( ,melito only %[s ! ignorance ( ! ,bi%op ( ,s>dis z to ! ,canon ev5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we h n yet f9i%$ ) ,melito 9 connection ) ,canon ,we/cott1 h[ev]1 & x is necess>y to foll[ him fur!r 9 ord] fully to appreciate ! nature ( ! evid5ce = ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 :i*1 9 default #agg ( bett]1 he is oblig$ to (f]4 ,eusebius gives a li/ ( ! works ( ,melito :i* h come to 8 k1 & 9 addition to ! fragm5t already quot$1 he extracts a brief passage f ,melito's "w on ! ,passov]1 & "s mu* long] quotations f 8 ,apology1 to :i* we h 9 pass+ ref]r$47#a7 ,) ^! exceptions1 none ( ,melito's writ+s are n[ extant4 ,dr4 ,cureton1 h[ev]1 has publi%$ a ,syriac v]sion1 ) translation1 ( a s-call$ ,oration ( ,meliton1 ! ,philosoph]1 :o 0 9 ! pres5ce ( ,anton9us ,caes>1 toge!r ) five o!r fragm5ts attribut$ to ,melito47#b7 ,) reg>d to ?is ,syriac ,oration1 ,canon ,we/cott says3 ,?\gh if x be entire1 x is n ! ,apology ) :i* ,eusebius 0 acqua9t$1 ! g5]al "* ( ! writ+ leads to ! belief t x is a g5u9e book ( ,melito ( ,s>dis27#c7 & he proce$s to treat x z au!ntic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h s little ( ,melito's g5u9e compositions extant1 t x is haz>d\s inde$ to draw any positive d$uction f ! "* ( ! writ+4 ,cureton1 ,buns51 & o!rs ma9ta9 t ?is ,apology is n a fragm5t1 & x _c be ! "w m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 = x does n conta9 ! quotations f ! au!ntic ,orations :i* he has pres]v$1 & :i* are consid]able4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cle> f ! sub/ance ( ! composition t x _c h be5 spok5 be=e ! ,emp]or17#d7 &1 moreov]1 x has 9 no way ! "* ( an ,apology1 = !re is n a s+le ^w 9 x ab\t ei!r ,*ri/ianity or ,*ri/ians4 ,!re is #agh e reason to believe t x is n a g5u9e "w ( ,melito47#a7 ,!re is no gr\nd :atev] = suppos+ t he wrote two ,apologies1 nor is ?is ascrib$ to him ^u any o!r gr\nd ?an ! inscription ( an unkn[n ,syriac writ]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! only spuri\s "w attribut$ to ,melito4 ,( ?is "w ,canon ,we/cott says3 ,l o!r ,apologies1 ?is oration conta9s only indirect ref]5ces to ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,! allusions 9 x to ! ,gospels are extremely r>e1 & except s f> z !y %[ ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,john's writ+s1 ( no special int]e/47#b7 ,x w\ld h be5 m correct to h said t !re are no allusions 9 x to ! ,gospels at all4 ,canon ,we/cott is some:at en?usia/ic 9 speak+ ( ,melito & 8 lit]>y activity z ev9c$ 9 ! titles ( 8 works record$ by ,eusebius1 & he quotes a fragm5t1 said to be f a treatise ,on ,fai?1 among/ ^! ,syriac rema9s1 & :i* he consid]s to be a v /rik+ expansion ( ! e>ly hi/oric cre$ ( ! ,*ur*47#c7 ,z usual1 we %all give ! entire fragm5t3 ,we h made collections f ! ,law & ! ,prophets relative to ^? ?+s :i* h be5 decl>$ respect+ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t we may prove to y\r love t he is p]fect ,reason1 ! ,^w ( ,god2 :o 0 begott5 be=e ! light2 :o 0 ,creator toge!r ) ! ,fa!r2 :o 0 ! ,fa%ion] ( man2 :o 0 all 9 all2 :o among ! ,patri>*s 0 ,patri>*2 :o 9 ! ,law 0 ! ,law2 among ! ,prie/s *ief ,prie/2 among ,k+s ,gov]nor2 among ! ,prophets ! ,prophet2 #agi among ! ,angels ,ar*angel2 9 ! voice ! ,^w2 among ,spirits ,_s2 9 ! ,fa!r ! ,son2 9 ,god ,god ! ,k+ = ev] & ev]4 ,= ?is 0 he :o 0 ,pilot to ,noah2 :o conduct$ ,abraham2 :o 0 b\nd ) ,isaac2 :o 0 9 exile ) ,jacob2 :o 0 sold ) ,joseph2 :o 0 capta9 ) ,moses2 :o 0 ! ,divid] ( ! inh]itance ) ,jesus ! son ( ,nun2 :o 9 ,david & ! ,prophets =etold 8 own suff]+s2 :o 0 inc>nate 9 ! ,virg92 :o 0 born at ,be?lehem2 :o 0 wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s 9 ! mang]2 :o 0 se5 ( %eph]ds2 :o 0 glorifi$ ( angels2 :o 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,magi2 :o 0 po9t$ out by ,john2 :o assembl$ ! ,apo/les2 :o prea*$ ! k+dom2 :o heal$ ! maim$2 :o gave light to ! bl9d2 :o rais$ ! dead2 :o appe>$ 9 ! ,temple2 :o 0 n believ$ by ! p2 :o 0 betray$ by ,judas2 :o 0 laid hold ( by ! ,prie/s2 :o 0 condemn$ by ,pilate2 :o 0 pi]c$ 9 ! fle%2 :o 0 hang$ ^u ! tree2 :o 0 buri$ 9 ! e>?2 :o rose f ! dead2 :o appe>$ to ! ,apo/les2 :o asc5d$ to heav52 :o sitte? on ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r2 :o is ! ,re/ ( ^? :o are dep>t$2 ! ,recov]] ( ^? :o are lo/2 ! ,light ( ^? :o are 9 d>kness2 ! ,deliv]] ( ^? :o are captives2 ! ,f9d] ( ^? :o h gone a/ray2 ! ,refuge ( ! afflict$2 ! ,bridegroom ( ! ,*ur*2 ! ,*>iote] ( ! ,*]ubim2 ! ,capta9 ( ! ,angels2 ,god :o is ( ,god2 ! ,son :o is ( ! ,fa!r2 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,k+ = ev] & ev]4 ,am547l7 #ahj ,canon ,we/cott comm5ces 8 comm5t>y ^u ?is passage ) ! rem>k3 ,no writ] c\ld /ate ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity m unhesitat+ly1 or quote ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts ) m p]fect confid5ce47#a7 ,we ne$ n d m ?an rem>k t !re is n a s+le quotation 9 ! fragm5t1 & t !re is n a s+le "o ( ! ref]5ces to ,gospel hi/ory or to ecclesia/ical dogmas :i* might n h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 f any ( ! =ms ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,protevangelium ( ,james1 or f _m ano!r apocryphal ,gospel1 or ! oral tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is s+ul>1 h[ev]1 t ! only h9t :i* ,canon ,we/cott gives ( ! m ?an d\btful au!nticity ( ?is fragm5t consi/s ( ! introductory rem>k1 aft] allud+ to ! titles ( 8 g5u9e & supposititi\s writ+s3 ,( ^! multif>i\s writ+s v few fragm5ts rema9 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 b ! g5]al tone ( !m is s decid$ 9 its !ological "* z to g f> to e/abli% ! g5u95ess ( ^? :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,syriac translation47#b7 ,n[1 ! fragm5t ,on ,fai? :i* has j be5 quot$ is "o ( ! five ,syriac pieces ( ,dr4 ,cureton to :i* we h ref]r$1 & :i* ev5 ,apologi/s agree _c be reg>d$ z g5u9e47#c7 ,x is well kn[n t !re 7 o!r writ]s 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* be>+ ! names ( ,melito & ,miletius or ,meletius17#d7 #aha :i* 7 frequ5tly conf\nd$4 ,( ^! five ,syriac fragm5ts "o be>s ! sup]scription3 ,( ,meliton1 ,bi%op ( ! city ( ,attica1 & ano!r1 ,( ! holy ,meliton1 ,bi%op ( ,utica1 & ,cureton himself evid5tly leant to ! op9ion t !y are n by our ,melito1 b by a ,meletius or ,melitius1 ,bi%op ( ,seba/opolis 9 ,pontus47#a7 ,! ?ird fragm5t is said to be tak5 f a disc\rse ,on ! ,cross1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ,eusebius1 & f its doctr9al peculi>ities 0 probably writt5 aft] 8 "t47#b7 ,ano!r fragm5t purports to be f a "w on ! ,s\l & ,body2 & ! la/ "o f ! treatise ,on ,fai?1 :i* we are discuss+4 ,! la/ two works are m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 b ^! fragm5ts1 besides com+ 9 su* suspici\s company1 mu/ = o!r reasons be pron\nc$ spuri\s47#c7 ,!y h 9 fact no atte/ation :atev] except t ( ! ,syriac translator1 :o is unkn[n1 & :i* !re=e is wor?less1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole /yle & ?\ght ( ! fragm5ts are unlike any?+ else ( ,melito's "t1 & cle>ly indicate a lat] /age ( !ological developm5t47#d7 ,moreov]1 9 ! ,me*it>i/ ,libr>y at ,v5ice !re is a %ort] v]sion ( ! same passage 9 a ,syriac ,,ms41 & an ,arm5ian v]sion ( ! extract z giv5 above1 ) "s v>iation ( ! op5+ l9es1 9 bo? ( :i* ! passage is di/9ctly ascrib$ to ,ir5aeus47#e7 ,besides ! ,oration & ! five ,syriac fragm5ts1 we h o!r two works extant falsely attribut$ to ,melito1 "o1 ,de ,transitu ,virg9is ,m>iae1 describ+ ! miracul\s pres5ce ( ! ,apo/les at ! #ahb dea? ( ,m>y27#a7 & ! o!r1 ,de ,actibus ,joannis ,apo/oli1 relates ! hi/ory ( miracles p]=m$ by ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,bo? are univ]sally admitt$ to be spuri\s17#b7 z are a few o!r fragm5ts also be>+ 8 "n4 ,melito did n escape f ! falsification to :i* _m ( 8 m di/+ui%$ pr$ecessors & contempor>ies 7 victims1 ?r\gh ! lit]>y activity & unscrupul\s religi\s zeal ( ! fir/ ?ree or f\r c5turies ( our era4 #b4 ,v little is kn[n reg>d+ ,claudius ,apoll9>is to :om we mu/ n[ = a mom5t turn4 ,eusebius in=ms u t he 0 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis17#c7 & 9 ?is he is support$ by ! fragm5t ( a lett] ( ,s]apion ,bi%op ( ,antio* pres]v$ to u by him1 :i* ref]s to ,apoll9>is z ! mo/ bless$47#d7 ,tis*5dorf1 )\t any precise date1 sets him d[n z contempor>y ) ,tatian & ,!ophilus 7! latt] ( :om1 he ?9ks1 wrote 8 "w address$ to ,autolycus ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj--aha 747#e7 ,eusebius7#f7 m5tions t1 l 8 some:at e>li] contempor>y ,melito ( ,s>dis1 ,apoll9>is pres5t$ an ,apology to ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,anton9us1 & he gives u fur!r mat]ials = a date7#g7 by /at+ t ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 probably 9 8 ,apology1 ref]s to #a ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! ,virg9 is introduc$ into all ^! fragm5ts 9 a mann] q =eign to ! p]iod at :i* ,melito liv$4 #g ,eusebius himself sets him d[n 9 8 ,*ronicle z fl\ri%+ 9 ! elev5? ye> ( ,m>cus1 or a4d4 #aga1 a ye> lat] ?an he dates ,melito4 #ahc ! miracle ( ! ,?und]+ ,legion1 :i* is said to h occurr$ dur+ ! w> ( ,m>cus ,anton9us aga9/ ! ,m>comanni 9 a4d4 #agd47a7 ,! date ( 8 writ+s may1 !re=e1 ) mod]ation be fix$ betwe5 a4d4 #agg--ahj47b7 ,eusebius & o!rs m5tion v>i\s works compos$ by him17#c7 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are extant2 & we h only to deal ) two brief fragm5ts 9 connection ) ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 :i* are ascrib$ to ,apoll9>is 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is controv]sy1 z to ! day ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,passov] %\ld be celebrat$1 broke out ab\t a4d4 #agj1 & long cont9u$ to divide ! ,*ur*47#d7 ,9 ! preface to ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 a "w ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! unkn[n *ronicl] says3 ,n[ ev5 ,apoll9>is1 ! mo/ holy ,bi%op ( ,hi]a-polis1 9 ,asia1 :o liv$ ne> apo/olic times1 taught ! l ?+s 9 8 "w on ! ,passov]1 say+ ?us3 ',!re are "s1 h[ev]1 :o ?r\gh ignorance raise cont5tions reg>d+ ^! matt]s 9 a way :i* #a ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e41 v4 #e2 ,mo%eim1 ,in/4 ,hi/4 ,ecclee41 ,book i4 c5t4 ii4 "p4 i4 *4 i4 ,sec4 #i4 ,apoll9>is /ates t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is miracle1 ! ,emp]or _h be/[$ ^u ! ,legion ! "n ( ! ,?und]+ ,legion4 ,we _c "h discuss ?is subject1 b ! :ole /ory illu/rates ! rapidity ) :i* a fiction is magnifi$ into tru? by religi\s zeal1 & is surr\nd$ by false circum/antial evid5ce4 ,cf4 ,t]tullian1 ,apol4 #e1 ad ,scapulam1 #d2 ,dion ,cassius1 lib4 #ee2 ,scaliy]1 ,animadv4 9 ,euseb41 p4 #bbc f42 cf4 ,donaldson1 ,hi/4 ,*r4 ,lit4 & ,doctr41 iii4 p4 #bda f4 #ahd %\ld be p>don$1 = ignorance does n admit ( accusation1 b requires in/ruction4 ,& !y say t ! ,"l1 toge!r ) 8 disciples1 ate ! %eep ------ on ! #ad? ,nisan1 b himself suff]$ on ! great day ( unleav5$ bread4 ,& !y /ate ------ t ,mat!w says precisely :at !y h und]/ood2 h5ce _! und]/&+ ( x is at v>iance ) ! law1 & accord+ to !m ! ,gospels seem to contradict ea* o!r4'7#a7 ,! la/ s5t5ce is int]pret$ z po9t+ out t ! fir/ synoptic ,gospel is suppos$ to be at v>iance ) our f\r? ,gospel4 ,?is fragm5t is claim$ by ,tes*5dorf7#b7 & o!rs z evid5ce ( ! g5]al acceptance at t "t bo? ( ! ,synoptics & ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,canon ,we/cott1 ) obvi\s exagg]ation1 says3 ,! ,gospels are evid5tly quot$ z books c]ta9ly kn[n & recogniz$2 _! au?ority is plac$ on ! same foot+ z ! ,old ,te/am5t437#c7 ,! ,gospels are ref]r$ to m]ely = ! settlem5t ( ! hi/orical fact z to ! day on :i* ! la/ ,passov] _h be5 eat51 a n>rative ( :i* !y conta9$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v grave reasons = d\bt+ ! au!nticity ( ! two fragm5ts ascrib$ to #ahe ,apoll9>is1 & we mu/ m5tion t ^! d\bts are mu* less ^? ( ,g]man critics1 :o1 on ! :ole1 ei!r d n raise ! "q at all1 or ha/ily dispose ( x1 ?an d\bts ent]ta9$ by or?odox ,apologi/s1 :o see little gr\nd = accept+ !m z g5u9e47#a7 ,eusebius1 :o gives a catalogue ( ! works ( ,apol-l9>is :i* _h rea*$ him17#b7 0 evid5tly n acqua9t$ ) any writ+ ( 8 on ! ,passov]4 ,x is argu$1 h[ev]1 t !re is n any suffici5t gr\nd = d\bt+ ! g5u95ess ( ^! fragm5ts ',on ,ea/]1' 9 ! fact t ,eusebius m5tions no su* book by ,apoll9>is47#c7 ,x is q true t ,eusebius does n pret5d to give a complete li/ ( ^! works1 b m]ely says t !re are _m pres]v$ by _m1 & t he m5tions ^? ) :i* he _h met47#d7 ,at ! same "t1 ent]+ ) great int]e/1 z he does1 into ! ,pas*al ,controv]sy1 & acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal writ+s on ! subject17#e7 x w\ld inde$ h be5 /range _h he n met ) ! "w itself1 or at lea/ ) "s notice ( x 9 ! works ( o!rs4 ,eusebius gives an acc\nt ( ! writ+s ( ,melito & ,apoll9>is toge!r4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,melito on ! ,passov]1 & quotes x17#f7 & x is extremely improbable t he c\ld h be5 ignorant ( a treatise by 8 di/+ui%$ contempor>y #c ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aih1 note #c2 cf4 ,baur1 ,unt]s4 kan4 ,evv41 p4 #cdj f4 ,?is is ! only rem>k :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott makes z to any d\bt ( ! au!nticity ( ^! fragm5ts4 ,tis*5dorf does n m5tion a d\bt at all4 #ahf on ! same subject1 _h he actually writt5 "o4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ,eusebius seem to "k no?+ ( 8 hav+ compos$ su* a "w1 b nei!r d ,!odoret17#a7 ,j]ome17#b7 nor ,photius17#c7 :o ref] to 8 writ+s1 m5tion x2 & we _c suppose t x 0 ref]r$ to 9 ! lo/ works ( ,ir5aeus or ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria on ! ,passov]4 ,eusebius1 :o quotes f !m17#d7 w\ld 9 t case h probably m5tion$ ! fact1 z he does ! /atem5t by ,clem5t reg>d+ ,melito's "w1 or at lea/ w\ld h be5 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a writ+1 & allud$ to x :5 speak+ ( ! works ( ,apoll9>is4 ,?is sil5ce is equally significant :e!r we reg>d ,apoll9>is z a ,qu>todeciman or z a support] ( ! views ( ,victor & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,eusebius /ates t all ! *ur*es ( ,asia7#e7 kept ! #ad? ,nisan1 & x is difficult to believe t1 _h ,apoll9>is diff]$ f ?is practice &1 m especially1 _h he writt5 aga9/ x1 ! "n ( s em95t an exception w\ld n h be5 m5tion$4 ,! views ( ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 z a prom95t repres5tative ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*1 mu/ h be5 quot$ 9 _m controv]sial works on ! subject1 & ev5 if ! writ+ itself _h n come into _! h&s1 ,eusebius & o!rs c\ld sc>cely fail to become indirectly acqua9t$ ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppos+ ,apoll9>is to h be5 a ,qu>todeciman1 :il/ ! ignorance ( ,eusebius & o!rs reg>d+ any contribution by him to ! discussion is sc>cely less rem>kable1 x is /ill m surpris+ t no allusion is made to #ahg him by ,polycrates7#a7 :5 he names s _m less di/+ui%$ m5 ( ,asia1 !n pass$ away1 :o kept ! #ad? ,nisan1 su* z ,?aseas ( ,eum5ia1 ,sagoris ( ,laodicea1 ,papirius ( ,s>dis1 & ! sev5 ,bi%ops ( 8 k9dr$1 n to m5tion ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna & ! ,apo/les ,philip & ,john4 ,he also cites ,melito ( ,s>dis3 :y does he n ref] to ,apoll9>is ( ,hi]apolis8 ,if x be argu$ t he 0 /ill liv+1 !n :y does ,eusebius n m5tion him among/ ^? :o prote/$ aga9/ ! measures ( ,victor ( ,rome87#b7 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! view tak5 by ! writ] ( ^! fragm5ts1 ,hilg5feld & o!rs7#c7 ma9ta9+ t he is oppos$ to ! ,qu>todeciman p>ty4 ,into ?is x is n necess>y = u to ent]1 z our cont5tion simply is t 9 no case c ! au!nticity ( ! fragm5ts be e/abli%$4 ,suppos+ !m1 h[ev]1 to be direct$ aga9/ ^? :o kept ! #ad? ,nisan1 h[ c x be cr$it$ t ?is isolat$ conv]t to ! views ( ,victor & ! ,roman ,*ur*1 c\ld write ( s va/ & di/+ui%$ a majority ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia1 includ+ ,polyc>p & ,melito1 z "s :o ?r\gh ignorance rais$ cont5tions on ! po9t1 :5 !y really rais$ no new cont5tion at all1 b1 z ,polycrates repres5t$1 foll[$ ! tradition h&$ d[n to !m f _! ,fa!rs1 & au?oriz$ by ! practice ( ! ,apo/le ,john himself8 ,none ( 8 contempor>ies nor writ]s ab\t 8 own "t seem to h kn[n t ,apoll9>is wrote any "w f :i* ^! fragm5ts c h be5 tak51 & !re is absolutely no indep5d5t evid5ce t he #ahh ev] took any "p 9 ! ,pas*al controv]sy at all4 ,! only gr\nd we h = attribut+ ^! fragm5ts to him is ! ,preface to ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle ( ,alex&ria1 writt5 by an unkn[n au?or ( ! sev5? c5tury1 "s five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,apoll9>is1 ^: te/imony has rightly be5 describ$ z wor? almo/ no?+47#a7 ,mo/ c]ta9ly _m passages pres]v$ by him are inau!ntic1 & g5]ally all[$ to be s47#b7 ,! two fragm5ts h by "s be5 conjecturally ascrib$ to ,pi]ius ( ,alex&ria17#c7 a writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :o compos$ a "w on ,ea/]1 b !re is no evid5ce on ! po9t ,9 any case1 !re is su* exce$+ly slight reason = attribut+ ^! fragm5ts to ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 & s _m /rong gr\nds = believ+ t he _c h writt5 !m1 t !y h no mat]ial value z evid5ce = ! antiquity ( ! ,gospels4 #c4 ,we "k little or no?+ ( ,a!nagoras4 ,he is n m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 & our only in=mation reg>d+ him is d]iv$ f a fragm5t ( ,philip ,sidetes1 a writ] ( ! fif? c5tury1 fir/ publi%$ by #b ,dr4 ,donaldson rightly calls a fragm5t 9 ! ,*ronicle ascrib$ to ,melito1 unque/ionably spuri\s4 ,hi/4 ,*r4 ,lit4 & ,doctr41 iii4 p4 #bca4 #ahi ,dodwell47#a7 ,philip /ates t he 0 ! fir/ lead] ( ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria dur+ ! "t ( ,hadrian & ,anton9us1 to ! latt] ( :om he address$ 8 ,apology1 & he fur!r says t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 8 disciple1 & t ,pants5us 0 ! disciple ( ,clem5t4 ,"p ( ?is /atem5t we "k to be errone\s1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,hi/ory ( ,philip1 f :i* ! fragm5t is tak51 is v slight+ly spok5 ( bo? by ,socrates7#b7 & ,photius47#c7 ,no reliance c be plac$ ^u ?is in=mation47#d7 ,! only works ascrib$ to ,a!nagoras are an ,apology--call$ an ,embassy1 --------be>+ ! inscription3 ,! ,embassy ( ,a!nagoras ! ,a!nian1 a philosoph] & a ,*ri/ian1 conc]n+ ,*ri/ians1 to ! ,emp]ors ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us & ,lucius ,aurelius ,commodus1 ,arm5iaci ,s>matici &1 above all1 philosoph]s2 & fur!r1 a ,treatise3 ,on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 ,a quotation f ! ,apology by ,me?odius 9 8 "w on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body1 is pres]v$ by ,epiphanius7#e7 & ,photius17#f7 & ?is1 ! m5tion by ,philip ,sidetes1 & ! inscription by an unkn[n h&1 j quot$1 are all ! evid5ce we possess reg>d+ ! ,apology4 ,we h no evid5ce at all reg>d+ ! treatise on ! ,resurrection1 beyond ! inscription4 ,! au!nticity ( nei!r1 !re=e1 /&s on v sure gr\nds47#g7 ,! address ( ! ,apology & int]nal evid5ce furni%$ by x1 into :i* we ne$ n g1 %[ t x c\ld n #aij h be5 writt5 be=e a4d4 #agf--agg1 ! date assign$ to x by mo/ critics17#a7 al?\gh !re are _m reasons = dat+ x "s ye>s lat]4 ,9 ! six l9es :i* ,tis*5dorf devotes to ,a!nagoras1 he says t ! ,apology conta9s sev]al quotations f ,mat!w & ,luke17#b7 )\t1 h[ev]1 indicat+ !m4 ,9 ! v few s5t5ces :i* ,canon ,we/cott v\*safes to him1 he says3 ,a!nagoras quotes ! words ( our ,"l z !y /& 9 ,/4 ,mat!w f\r times1 & appe>s to allude to passages 9 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,john1 ,b he n[h]e m5tions ! "n ( an ,evangeli/47#c7 ,"h ! ?ird ,synoptic is n m5tion$4 ,9 ano!r place he says3 ,a!nagoras at ,a!ns1 & ,!ophilus at ,antio*1 make use ( ! same books g5]ally1 & treat !m ) ! same respect2 & 9 a note3 ,a!nagoras quotes ! ,gospels ( ,/ ,mat!w & ,/4 ,john47#d7 ,"h x w be obs]v$ t also ! ,gospel ( ,m>k is quietly dropp$ out ( sight1 b /ill ! positive mann] 9 :i* x is ass]t$ t ,a!nagoras quotes f ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 )\t fur!r explanation1 is calculat$ to mislead4 ,we %all ref] to ea* ( ! suppos$ quotations4 ,a!nagoras n only does n m5tion any ,gospel1 b s+ul>ly en\gh he nev] once introduces ! #aia "n ( ,*ri/ into ! works ascrib$ to him1 & all ! words ( ! ,"l ref]r$ to are introduc$ simply by ! indef9ite he says1 ------1 & )\t any indication :atev] ( a writt5 s\rce47#a7 ,! only exception to ?is is an occasion on :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ! ,logos a say+ :i* is n f\nd 9 any ( our ,gospels4 ,! fir/ passage to :i* ,canon ,we/cott alludes is ! foll[+1 :i* we contra/ ) ! suppos$ p>allel 9 ! ,gospel3-- ------ ,x is sc>cely possible to imag9e a great] diff]5ce 9 language convey+ a simil> idea ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 ,a!nagoras & ! fir/ ,gospel1 & ! p>allel passage 9 ,luke is 9 _m respects /ill m di/ant4 ,no e*o ( ! words 9 ,mat!w has l+]$ 9 ! e> ( ! writ]1 = he employs utt]ly diff]5t phraseology ?r\gh\t1 & no?+ c be m c]ta9 #aib ?an ! fact t !re is n a l+ui/ic trace 9 x ( acqua9tance ) our ,synoptics4 ,! next passage :i* is ref]r$ to is z foll[s3 ------ ,! same idea is cont9u$ 9 ! next *apt]1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3 ------ ,!re is no p>allel at all 9 ! fir/ ,gospel to ! phrase & l5d to !m t l5d to y1 & 9 ,luke vi4 #cd1 ! passage reads3 & if ye l5d to !m ( :om ye hope to receive1 :at ?ank h ye8 #aic ------2 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t !re are decid$ v>iations "h1 & t ! passage ( ,a!nagoras does n agree ) ei!r ( ! ,synoptics4 ,we h se5 ! p]si/5t v>iation 9 ! quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt :i* occur 9 ,ju/917#a7 & !re is no "p ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus m c]ta9 to h be5 pres]v$ by liv+ ,*ri/ian tradition1 or to h be5 record$ 9 e =m ( ,gospel4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ^! passages f our ,synoptic pres5t ! same features z m>k ! sev]al v]sions ( ! same disc\rse 9 our fir/ & ?ird ,gospels1 & indicate a di/9ct s\rce4 ,! same rem>ks also apply to ! next passage3 ------ ,! omission ( ------1 ) h]1 is n accid5tal1 b is an important v>iation 9 ! s5se1 :i* we h already met ) 9 ! ,gospel us$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr47#d7 ,!re is ano!r passage1 9 ! next *apt]1 ! p>allel to :i* foll[s closely on ?is 9 ! great ,s]mon z report$ 9 our fir/ ,gospel1 to :i* ,canon ,we/cott does n ref]1 b :i* we mu/ po9t out3 ------ #ajd ------ ,x is evid5t t ! passage 9 ! ,apology is q diff]5t f t 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic4 ,if we comp>e x ) ,matt4 xix4 #i1 !re /ill rema9s ! express limitation ------1 :i* ,a!nagoras does n admit1 8 own express doctr9e be+ 9 accordance ) ! positive decl>ation 9 8 text4 ,9 ! imm$iate context1 inde$1 he insi/s t ev5 to m>ry ano!r wife aft] ! dea? ( ! fir/ is cloak$ adult]y4 ,we f9d 9 ,luke xvi4 #ah1 ! read+ ( ,a!nagoras17#c7 b ) important l+ui/ic v>iations3 ------ ,x _c1 obvi\sly1 be rightly affirm$ t ,a!nagoras mu/ h d]iv$ ?is f ,luke1 & ! s5se ( ! passage 9 t ,gospel1 comp>$ ) ! passage 9 ,mat!w xix4 #i1 on ! contr>y1 r makes x c]ta9 t ! read+ ( ,a!nagoras 0 d]iv$ f a s\rce comb9+ ! language ( ! "o & ! ?\ght ( ! o!r4 ,9 ,m>k x4 #aa1 ! read+ is ne>] t ( ,a!nagoras & confirms ?is conclusion2 & ! addition !re ( ------ aga9/ h] aft] #aie ------1 fur!r t5ds to prove t 8 s\rce 0 n t ,gospel4 ,we may at once give ! la/ passage :i* is suppos$ to be a quotation f our ,synoptics1 & x is t :i* is affirm$ to be a ref]5ce to ,m>k4 ,a!nagoras /ates 9 almo/ imm$iate context ) ! above3 = 9 ! beg9n+ ,god =m$ "o man & "o woman47#a7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,m>k x4 #f3 ,b f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ,god made !m male & female3 ------ ,n[ ?is passage diff]s mat]ially 9 e way f ! second ,synoptic4 ,! ref]5ce to "o man & "o woman is us$ 9 a totally diff]5t s5se1 & en=ces ! previ\s ass]tion t a man may only m>ry "o wife4 ,su* an argum5t directly d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t is p]fectly natural to "o :o1 l ,a!nagoras1 d]iv$ all 8 au?ority f x alone4 ,x is n p]missible to claim x z evid5ce ( ! use ( ,m>k4 ,n[ we mu/ repeat t ,a!nagoras does n "n any s\rce f :i* he d]ives 8 k ( ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,^! say+s are all f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & are introduc$ by ! indef9ite phrase ------1 & x is rem>kable t all diff] di/9ctly f ! p>allels 9 our ,gospels4 ,! :ole mu/ be tak5 toge!r z com+ f "o s\rce1 & :ile ! decid$ v>iation excludes ! inf]5ce t !y mu/ h be5 tak5 f our ,gospels1 !re is reasonable gr\nd = assign+ !m to a diff]5t #aif s\rce4 ,dr4 ,donaldson /ates ! case ) great fairness3 ,a!nagoras makes no allusion to ! inspiration ( any ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,he does n m5tion "o ( !m by "n1 & "o _c be sure t he quotes f any except ,paul4 ,all ! passages tak5 f ! ,gospels are p>ts ( our ,"l's disc\rses1 & may h come d[n to ,a!nagoras by tradition47#a7 ,he might h add$ t !y might also h be5 d]iv$ f ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews or _m ano!r collection n[ unhappily lo/4 ,"o circum/ance /rongly confirm+ ?is conclusion is ! fact already m5tion$1 t ,a!nagoras1 9 ! same *apt] 9 :i* "o ( ^! quotations occurs1 introduces an apocryphal say+ ( ! ,logos1 & connects x ) previ\s say+s by ! expression ,! ,logos aga9 ------ say+ to u4 ,?is c only ref] to ! say+s previ\sly introduc$ by ! indef9ite ------4 ,! s5t5ce1 :i* is 9 ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian salutation ( peace1 is z foll[s3 ,! ,logos aga9 say+ to u3 ',if any "o = ?is reason kiss a second "t because x pleas$ him 7he s9s72' & add+3 ',?us ! kiss or r ! salutation mu/ be us$ ) caution1 z1 if x be defil$ ev5 a little by ?\ght1 x excludes u f ! life et]nal4'7#b7 ,?is say+1 :i* is directly attribut$ to ! ,logos1 is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,! only natural d$uction is t x comes f ! same s\rce z ! o!r say+s1 & t s\rce 0 n our synoptic ,gospels4 #aig ,! total abs5ce ( any allusion to ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures 9 ,a!nagoras1 h[ev]1 is r5d]$ m /rik+ & significant by ! m>k$ expression ( 8 belief 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t47#a7 ,he appeals to ! prophets = te/imony z to ! tru? ( ! op9ions ( ,*ri/ians3 m51 he says1 :o spoke by ! inspiration ( ,god1 ^: ,_s mov$ _! m\?s to express ,god's w z musical in/rum5ts are play$ ^u37#b7 ,b s9ce ! voices ( ! prophets support our argum5ts1 ,i ?9k t y1 be+ mo/ le>n$ & wise1 _c be ignorant ( ! writ+s ( ,moses1 or ( ^? ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah & ( ! o!r prophets1 :o be+ rais$ 9 ec/asy above ! reason+ t 0 9 !mselves1 utt]$ ! ?+s :i* 7 wr\ght 9 !m1 :5 ! ,div9e ,_s mov$ !m1 ! ,_s us+ !m z a flute play] w\ld bl[ into ! flute47#c7 ,he ?us enunciates ! !ory ( ! me*anical inspiration ( ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ! cle>e/ mann]17#d7 & x w\ld inde$ h be5 /range1 on ! supposition t he ext5d$ 8 views ( inspiration to any ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t he nev] names a s+le "o ( !m1 nor indicates to ! ,emp]ors 9 ! same way1 z wor?y ( _! att5tion1 any ( ^! ,scriptures along ) ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he n[h]e gives reason = suppos+ t he reg>d$ any o!r writ+s ?an ! ,old ,te/am5t z inspir$ or ,holy ,scripture47#e7 #e ,9 ! treatise on ! ,resurrection !re are no argum5ts d]iv$ f ,scripture4 #aih #d4 ,9 ! #ag? ye> ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 betwe5 ! #g? ,m>*1 #agg-agh1 a fi]ce p]secution 01 x is said17#a7 comm5c$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,gaul1 & m especially at ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 dur+ ! c\rse ( :i* ! ag$ ,bi%op ,po?9us1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,ir5aeus1 suff]$ m>tyrdom = ! fai?4 ,! two communities "s "t aft] address$ an ,epi/le to _! bre?r5 9 ,asia & ,phrygia1 & also to ,eleu!rus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome17#b7 relat+ ! ev5ts :i* _h occurr$1 & ! noble te/imony :i* _h be5 borne to ,*ri/ by ! num]\s m>tyrs :o _h be5 cruelly put to dea?4 ,! ,epi/le has 9 great "p be5 pres]v$ by ,eusebius17#c7 & critics g5]ally agree 9 dat+ x ab\t a4d4 #agg17d7 al?\gh x 0 mo/ probably n writt5 until ! foll[+ ye>47#e7 ,no writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is m5tion$ 9 ?is ,epi/le17#f7 b x is ass]t$ t !re are unequivocal co9cid5ces ( language7#g7 ) ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 & o!rs ( its books4 ,! passage :i* is ref]r$ to z #aii %[+ k ( our ,synoptic1 is z foll[s4 ,! lett] speaks ( "o ( ! suff]]s1 a c]ta9 ,vettius ,epaga?us1 ^: life 0 s au/]e t1 al?\gh a "y man1 he 0 ?\ght wor?y ( ! te/imony ------ borne by ! eld] ------ ,za*>ias4 ,he _h walk$1 ( a tru?1 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless1 & 0 untir+ 9 e k9d (fice t[>ds 8 neighb\r2 hav+ mu* zeal = ,god & be+ f]v5t 9 _s47#a7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ! description ( ,za*>ias & ,elizabe? 9 ,luke i4 #f3 ,& !y 7 bo? righte\s be=e ,god1 walk+ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless47#b7 ,a little fur!r on 9 ! ,epi/le x is said ( ! same p]son3 ,hav+ 9 himself ! advocate ------1 ! _s ------1 m abundantly ?an ,za*>ias1 c47#c7 :i* aga9 is ref]r$ to ,luke i4 #fg1 ,& 8 fa!r ,za*>ias 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,_s & prophesi$1 say+1 c47#d7 ,a few words mu/ be said reg>d+ ! phrase ------1 ! te/imony ( ! presbyt] ,za*>ias4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 may ei!r be r5d]$3 ! te/imony borne to ,za*>ias1 t is to say1 borne by o!rs to 8 holy life2 or1 ! #bjj te/imony borne by ,za*>ias1 8 own te/imony to ! ,fai?3 8 m>tyrdom4 ,we adopt ! latt] r5d]+ = v>i\s reasons4 ,! ,epi/le is an acc\nt ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ian community ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 & ,vettius ,epaga?us is ! fir/ ( ! m>tyrs :o is nam$ 9 x3 ------ 0 at t "t ! t]m us$ to express ! supreme te/imony ( ,*ri/ians--m>tyrdom1 & ! ,epi/le seems "h simply to ref] to ! m>tyrdom1 ! hon\r ( :i* he %>$ ) ,za*>ias4 ,x is1 we ?9k1 v improbable t1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! ^w ------ w\ld h be5 us$ to express a m]e description ( ! "* ( ,za*>ias giv5 by "s o!r writ]4 ,! int]pretation :i* we pref] is t adopt$ by ,tis*5dorf4#a ,we mu/ add t ! ,za*>ias "h spok5 ( is g5]ally und]/ood to be ! fa!r ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & no critic1 s f> z we c rememb]1 has sugge/$ t ! ref]5ce 9 ,luke xi4 #ea1 applies to him47#b7 ,s9ce ! ,epi/le1 !re=e1 ref]s to ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias1 ! fa!r ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :5 us+ ! expressions :i* are suppos$ to be tak5 f our ?ird ,synoptic1 is x n reasonable to suppose t ^? expressions 7 d]iv$ f "s "w :i* likewise conta9$ an acc\nt ( 8 dea?1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,synoptic8 ,:5 we exam9e ! matt] m closely1 we f9d t1 al?\gh none ( ! ,canonical ,gospels1 except ! ?ird1 gives any n>rative ( ! bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 t portion ( ! ,gospel1 9 :i* are ! words we are discuss+1 _c be consid]$ an orig9al #b ,! great majority ( critics consid] x a ref]5ce to #b ,*ron4 xxiv41 #ba1 ?\gh "s apply x to a lat] ,za*>ias4 #bja production by ! ?ird ,synopti/1 b l ! re/ ( 8 "w is m]ely a composition bas$ ^u e>li] writt5 n>ratives47#a7 ,ewald1 = in/ance1 assigns ! :ole ( ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,luke 7i4 #e--;ii4 #dj7 to :at he t]ms ! eigh? recognizable book47#b7 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact t o!r works exi/$ at an e>li] p]iod 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ,za*>ias ! fa!r ( ! ,bapti/ 0 giv51 & 9 :i* n only ! words us$ 9 ! ,epi/le 7 f\nd b also ! m>tyrdom1 is 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 &1 s f> z ! hi/ory is conc]n$1 ?is is plac$ almo/ beyond d\bt by ! ,protevangclium ,jacobi :i* conta9s x4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o does n make use ( ?is ,epi/le at all z evid5ce = ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 does ref] to x1 & to ?is v allusion 9 x to ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias1 z te/imony to ! exi/5ce & use ( ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 a "w ^: orig9 he dates s f> back z ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! second c5tury17#c7 & :i* he consid]s 0 also us$ by ,ju/91 z ,hilg5feld _h already obs]v$47#d7 ,tis*5dorf & ,hilg5feld1 !re=e1 agree 9 affirm+ t ! ref]5ce to ,za*>ias :i* we h quot$1 indicates acqua9tance ) a diff]5t ,gospel f our ?ird ,synoptic4 ,hilg5feld rightly ma9ta9s t ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi 9 its pres5t %ape is m]ely an #bjb alt]$ =m ( an old] "w17#a7 :i* he conjectures to h be5 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or ! ,gno/ic "w ------17#b7 & bo? he & ,tis*5dorf %[ t _m ( ! ,fa!rs7#c7 7 ei!r acqua9t$ ) ! ,protevangelium itself or ! works on :i* x 0 bas$4 ,! /ate ( ! case1 !n1 is z foll[s3 ,we f9d a co9cid5ce 9 a few words 9 connection ) ,za*>ias betwe5 ! ,epi/le & our ?ird ,gospel1 b s f> f ! ,gospel be+ 9 any way indicat$ z _! s\rce1 ! words 9 "q are connect$ ) a ref]5ce to ev5ts unkn[n to our ,gospel1 b :i* 7 indubitably *ronicl$ else:]e4 ,z "p ( ! passage 9 ! epi/le1 !re=e1 c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f our ?ird ,synoptic1 ! natural inf]5ce is t ! :ole emanates f a ,gospel1 diff]5t f ours1 :i* likewise conta9$ t "p ,9 any case1 ! agreem5t ( ^! few words1 )\t ! slighte/ m5tion ( ! ?ird ,synoptic 9 ! epi/le1 _c be admitt$ z pro( t !y mu/ necess>ily h be5 d]iv$ f x & f no o!r s\rce4 #bjc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,ptolemaeus ,,& ,,h]acleon--,,celsus--,,! ,,canon ,,( ,,muratori--,,results4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! extreme limit ( "t )9 :i* we ?9k x 9 any degree wor? :ile to seek = evid5ce z to ! date & au?or%ip ( ! synoptic ,gospels1 & we might n[ proce$ to ! f\r? ,gospel2 b be=e do+ s x may be well to exam9e "o or two o!r witnesses ^: support has be5 claim$ by apologi/s1 al?\gh our att5tion may be *iefly conf9$ to an inquiry into ! date ( su* te/imony1 ^u :i* its value1 ev5 if real1 ma9ly dep5ds s f> z we are conc]n$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! :om we mu/ notice are ! two ,gno/ic lead]s1 ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon4 ,epiphanius has pres]v$ a c]ta9 ,epi/le to ,flora ascrib$ to ,ptolemseus1 9 :i*1 x is cont5d$1 !re are sev]al quotations f ,mat!w1 & "o f ! fir/ *apt] ( ,john47#a7 ,:at date mu/ be assign$ to ?is ,epi/le8 ,9 reply to ^? :o date x ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ,tis*5dorf produces ! evid5ce = an e>li] p]iod to :i* he assigns x4 ,he says3 ,he 7,ptolemaeus7 appe>s 9 all ! olde/ s\rces #a ,tis*5dorf ,wann wurd51 u4 s4 w41 p4 #df4 ,canon ,we/cott ) great] caution says3 ,he quot$ words ( our ,"l record$ by ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! prologue ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 c4 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bfg4 #bjd z "o ( ! mo/ important1 mo/ influ5tial ( ! disciples ( ,val5t9us4 ,z ! p]iod at :i* ! latt] himself fl\ri%$ falls ab\t #adj1 d we say too mu* :5 we repres5t ,ptolemaeus z work+ at ! late/ ab\t #afj8 ,ir5aeus 79 ! #bnd ,book7 & ,hippolytus "n him toge!r ) ,h]acleon2 likewise pseudo-,t]tullian 79 ! app5dix to ,de ,praescriptionibus ,ha]eticorum7 & ,phila/rius make him appe> imm$iately aft] ,val5t9us4 ,ir5aeus wrote ! fir/ & second books ( 8 great "w mo/ probably 7ho*/ w>s*e9li*7 be=e #ahj1 & 9 bo? he occupies himself mu* ) ,ptolemaeus47#a7 ,canon ,we/cott1 beyond call+ ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon disciples ( ,val5t9us1 does n assign any date to ei!r1 & does n ( c\rse (f] any fur!r evid5ce on ! po9t1 al?\gh1 9 reg>d to ,h]acleon1 he admits ! ignorance 9 :i* we are z to all po9ts ( 8 hi/ory17#b7 & /ates g5]ally1 9 treat+ ( him1 t ! exact *ronology ( ! e>ly h]etics is v unc]ta947#c7 ,let u1 h[ev]1 exam9e ! evid5ce ^u :i* ,tis*5dorf relies = ! date he assigns to ,ptolemaeus4 ,he /ates 9 vague t]ms t ,ptolemaeus appe>s 9 all ! olde/ s\rces 79 ali5 d5 alte/5 ,quell57 z "o ( ! mo/ important disciples ( ,val5t9us4 ,we %all pres5tly see :at ^! s\rces are1 b mu/ n[ foll[ ! argum5t3 ,z ! date ( ,val5t9us falls ab\t #adj1 d we say too mu* :5 we repres5t ,ptolemaeus z work+ at ! late/ ab\t #afj8 ,x is obvi\s t !re is no evid5ce "h1 b m]ely assumption1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! p]iod ab\t #afj is begg$1 is a cle> admission t !re are no c]ta9 data4 ,! ye> #bje might ) equal propriety ^u ^? gr\nds h be5 put t5 ye>s e>li] or t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! deceptive & arbitr>y "* ( ! conclusion1 h[ev]1 w be m app>5t :5 we exam9e ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! relative dates #adj & #afj re/4 ,tis*5dorf "h /ates t ! "t at :i* ,val5t9us fl\ri%$ falls ab\t a4d4 #adj1 b ! fact is t1 z all critics are agre$17#a7 & z ev5 ,tis*5dorf himself else:]e /ates17#b7 ,val5t9us came out ( ,egypt to ,rome 9 t ye>1 :5 8 public c>e] practically comm5c$1 & he cont9u$ to fl\ri% = at lea/ tw5ty ye>s aft]47#c7 ,tis*5dorf s pret5d$ mod]ation1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 dat+ ! p]iod :5 ,val5t9us fl\ri%$ f ! v ye> ( 8 fir/ appe>ance1 & 9 assign+ ! active c>e] ( ,ptolemseus to #afj :5 ,val5t9us 0 /ill alive & tea*+4 ,he might on ! same pr9ciple be dat$ #ahj1 & ev5 9 t case !re c\ld be no reason = ascrib+ ! ,epi/le to ,flora to s e>ly a p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,tis*5dorf nev] ev5 pret5ds to /ate any gr\nd ^u :i* ,ptolemaeus mu/ be connect$ ) any precise "p ( ! public life ( ,val5t9us1 & /ill less = discrim9at+ ! p]iod ( ! c>e] ( ,ptolemaeus at :i* ! ,epi/le may h be5 compos$4 ,x is obvi\s t a wide limit = date ?us exi/s4 ,aft] ^! g5]al /atem5ts ,tis*5dorf details ! only evid5ce :i* is available4 7#a7 ,ir5aeus 79 ! #bnd ,book7 & ,hippolytus "n him toge!r ) ,h]acleon2 likewise 7#b7 pseudo-,t]tullian 79 ! #bjf app5dix to ,de ,praescriptionibus ,ha]eticorum7 & ,phila/rius make him appe> imm$iately aft] ,val5t9us1 c4 ,we mu/ fir/ exam9e ^! two po9ts a little m closely 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! value ( su* /atem5ts4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ 7#a/7 ( ^! po9ts1 we %all pres5tly see t ! m5tion ( ! "n ( ,ptolemseus along ) t ( ,h]acleon ?r[s no light ^u ! matt] f any po9t ( view1 inasmu* z ,tis*5dorf has z little au?ority = ! date he assigns to ! latt]1 & is 9 z complete ignorance conc]n+ him1 z 9 ! case ( ,ptolemseus4 ,x is amus+1 moreov]1 t ,tis*5dorf employs ! v same argum5t1 :i* s\nds well al?\gh x means no?+1 inv]sely to e/abli% ! date ( ,h]acleon4 ,"h1 he argues3 ,ir5aeus & ,hippolytus "n him 7,ptolemaeus7 toge!r ) ,h]acleon27l7 !re1 he reasons3 ,ir5aeus names ,h]acleon toge!r ) ,ptolemaeus17#b7 c4 ,z nei!r ! date assign$ to ! "o nor to ! o!r c /& alone1 he tries to get !m into some?+ l an upright position by propp+ ! "o aga9/ ! o!r1 an exp$i5t :i*1 naturally1 meets ) little success4 ,we %all 9 deal+ ) ! case ( ,h]acleon %[ h[ unt5able is ! argum5t f ! m]e ord] 9 :i* su* names are m5tion$ by ^! writ]s2 meantime we may simply say t ,ir5aeus only once m5tions ! "n ( ,h]acleon 9 8 works1 & t ! occasion on :i* he does s1 & to :i* ref]5ce is "h made1 is m]ely an allusion to ! ,a,eons ( ,ptolemseus himself1 & ( ,h]acleon1 & all ! re/ :o hold ^! views47#c7 ,?is phrase might h be5 us$1 exactly z x /&s1 ) #bjg p]fect propriety ev5 if ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon _h be5 sep>at$ by a c5tury4 ,! only po9t :i* c be d$uc$ f ?is m]e c\pl+ ( names is t1 9 us+ ! pres5t t5se1 ,ir5aeus is speak+ ( 8 own contempor>ies4 ,we may make ! same rem>k reg>d+ ,hippolytus1 =1 if 8 m5tion ( ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon has any weight at all1 x is to prove t !y 7 fl\ri%+ 9 8 "t3 ,^? :o are ( ,italy1 ( :om is ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus1 say4447#a7 c4 ,we %all h to g fur!r into ?is po9t pres5tly4 ,z to 7#b7 pseudo-,t]tullian & ,phila/rius we ne$ only say t ev5 if ! fact ( ! names ( ! two ,gno/ics be+ c\pl$ toge!r c\ld prove any?+ 9 reg>d to ! date1 ! repetition by ^! writ]s c\ld h no importance = u1 _! works be+ altoge!r bas$ on ^? ( ,ir5aeus & ,hippolytus17#b7 & sc>cely1 if at all1 convey+ indep5d5t in=mation47#c7 ,we h m]ely indicat$ ! weakness ( ^! argum5ts 9 pass+1 b %all aga9 take !m up fur!r on4 ,! next & f9al consid]ation advanc$ by ,tis*5dorf is ! only "o :i* m]its s]i\s att5tion4 ,ir5aeus wrote ! fir/ & second book ( 8 great "w mo/ probably be=e #ahj1 & 9 bo? he occupies himself mu* ) ,ptolemaeus4 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t reg>d+ ! "t at :i* ,ir5aeus wrote1 we may ask :at conclusion w\ld be involv$ if ,ir5aeus really did compose ! two books 9 a4d4 #ahj 9 :i* he m5tions #c ,inde$ ! direct & av[$ dep5d5ce ( ,hippolytus himself ^u ! "w ( ,ir5aeus deprives ! ,philosophum5a1 9 _m p>ts1 ( all sep>ate au?ority4 #bjh our ,gno/ics 9 ! pres5t t5se8 ,no?+ m ?an ! simple fact t ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon 7 promulgat+ _! doctr9es at t "t4 ,!re is n a s+le ^w to %[ t !y did n cont9ue to fl\ri% long aft]2 & z to ! ,epi/le to ,flora ,ir5aeus app>5tly kn[s no?+ ( x1 nor has any attempt be5 made to assign x to an e>ly "p ( ! ,gno/ic's c>e]4 ,tis*5dorf1 9 fact1 does n produce a s+le passage nor ! slighte/ argum5t to %[ t ,ir5aeus treats our two ,gno/ics z m5 ( ! pa/1 or o!rwise ?an z h]etics !n actively dissem9at+ _! het]odox op9ions1 &1 ev5 tak5 lit]ally1 ! argum5t ( ,tis*5dorf w\ld simply g to prove t ab\t a4d4 #ahj ,ir5seus wrote "p ( a "w 9 :i* he attacks ,ptolemaeus & m5tions ,h]acleon4 ,:5 did ,ir5aeus1 h[ev]1 really write 8 "w aga9/ ,h]esies8 ,al?\gh our s\rces ( cr$ible in=mation reg>d+ him are exce$+ly limit$1 we are n )\t mat]ials = =m+ a judgm5t on ! po9t ,ir5aeus 0 probably born ab\t a4d4 #adj-ade1 & is g5]ally suppos$ to h di$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury 7a4d4 #bjb747a7 ,we "k t he 0 deput$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,lyons to be> to ,eleu!rus1 !n ,bi%op ( ,rome1 ! ,epi/le ( t ,*ri/ian community describ+ _! suff]+s dur+ ! p]secution comm5c$ aga9/ !m 9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us 7#g? ,m>*1 #agg--agh747b7 ,x is v improbable t ?is j\rney 0 und]tak51 9 any case1 be=e ! spr+ ( a4d4 #agh at ! e>lie/1 &1 inde$1 9 accordance ) ! giv5 data1 ! #bji p]secution itself may n h comm5c$ e>li] ?an ! beg9n+ ( t ye>1 s t 8 j\rney ne$ n h be5 und]tak5 be=e ! close ( #agh or ! spr+ ( #agi1 to :i* epo* o!r circum/ances might lead u47#a7 ,!re is reason to believe t he rema9$ "s "t 9 ,rome4 ,b>onius /ates t ,ir5aeus 0 n appo9t$ ,bi%op ( ,lyons till a4d4 #ahj1 = he says t ! see rema9$ vacant = t p]iod aft] ! dea? ( ,po?9us 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]secution4 ,n[ c]ta9 expressions 9 8 "w %[ t ,ir5aeus did n write x until he became ,bi%op47#b7 ,x is n kn[n h[ long ,ir5aeus rema9$ 9 ,rome1 b !re is e probability t he mu/ h made a some:at protract$ /ay1 = ! purpose ( mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s t5ets ( ,gno/ic & o!r h]etics !n be+ actively taught1 & ! preface to ! fir/ ,book ref]s to ! pa9s he took4 ,he wrote 8 "w 9 ,gaul1 h[ev]1 aft] 8 return f ?is visit to ,rome4 ,?is is app>5t f :at he himself /ates 9 ! ,preface to ! fir/ ,book3 ,i h ?\ght x necess>y1 he says1 aft] hav+ read ! ,memoirs ------ ( ! disciples ( ,val5t9us z !y call !mselves1 & hav+ _h p]sonal int]c\rse ) "s ( !m & acquir$ full k ( _! op9ions1 to unfold to !e17#c7 c4 ,a little fur!r on1 he claims f ! fri5d to :om he addresses 8 "w indulg5ce = any defects ( /yle on ! score ( 8 be+ resid5t among/ ! ,keltae47#d7 ,ir5aeus no d\bt dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,rome came 9 #baj contact ) ! s*ool ( ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon1 if n ) ! ,gno/ic lead]s !mselves1 & %ock$ z he describes himself z be+ at ! doctr9es :i* !y insidi\sly taught1 he und]took1 on 8 return to ,lyons1 to expla9 !m t o!rs might be exhort$ to avoid su* an abyss ( madness & blasphemy aga9/ ,*ri/47#a7 ,ir5aeus gives u o!r mat]ials = assign+ a date to 8 "w4 ,9 ! ?ird ,book he enum]ates ! bi%ops :o _h fill$ ! ,episcopal ,*air ( ,rome1 & ! la/ :om he names is ,eleu!rus 7a4d4 #agg--aij71 :o1 he says1 n[ 9 ! twelf? place f ! apo/les1 holds ! inh]itance ( ! episcopate47#b7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r clue :i*1 tak5 along ) ?is1 leads u to a close approximation to ! actual date4 ,9 ! same ,book1 ,ir5aeus m5tions ,!odotion's v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ,b n z "s ( ^? say1 he writes1 :o n[ ------ presume to alt] ! int]pretation ( ! ,scripture3 ',behold ! "y woman %all conceive1 & br+ =? a son1' z ,!odotion1 ! ,ephesian1 translat$ x1 & ,aquila ( ,pontus1 bo? ,jewi% proselytes47#c7 ,n[ we are in=m$ by ,epiphanius t ,!odotion publi%$ 8 translation dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,commodus7#d7 7a4d4 #ahj--aib74 ,! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale adds t x 0 dur+ ! ,consul%ip ( ,m>cellus1 or z ,massuet7#e7 proposes to read ,m>ullus1 :o1 jo9tly ) ,a,elianus1 assum$ (fice a4d4 #ahd4 ,^! dates decid$ly agree ) ! passage ( ,ir5aeus & ) ! o!r data1 all ( :i* lead #baa u to ab\t ! same p]iod )9 ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rus 7 c4 #aij747a7 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 a clue to ! date at :i* ,ir5aeus wrote4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t at t p]iod ! multiplication & dissem9ation ( books 0 a v sl[ process4 ,a "w publi%$ ab\t #ahd or #ahe c\ld sc>cely h come into ! possession ( ,ir5aeus 9 ,gaul till "s ye>s lat]1 & we are1 !re=e1 br\ght t[>ds ! end ( ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rus z ! e>lie/ date at :i* ! fir/ ?ree books ( 8 "w aga9/ ,h]esies c well h be5 writt51 & ! re/ mu/ be assign$ to a lat] p]iod "u ! episcopate ( ,victor 7 #aih--aii747b7 ,at ?is po9t we mu/ pause & turn to ! evid5ce :i* ,tis*5dorf (f]s reg>d+ ! date to be assign$ to ,h]acleon47#c7 ,z 9 ! case ( ,ptolemaeus1 we %all give x entire & !n exam9e x 9 detail4 ,to ! all-important "q3 ,h[ old is ,h]acleon8 ,tis*5dorf replies3 ,ir5aeus names ,h]acleon1 toge!r #c ,canon ,we/cott adds no sep>ate te/imony4 ,he admits t3 ,! hi/ory ( ,h]acleon1 ! great ,val5t9ian ,comm5tator1 is full ( unc]ta9ty4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( 8 c\ntry or p>5tage4 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bfc1 & 9 a note3 ,! exact *ronology ( ! e>ly h]etics is v unc]ta91 p4 #bfd1 note #b4 p #b #bab ) ,ptolemaeus ,,ii4 #d1 ,sec4 #a1 9 a way :i* makes !m appe> z well-kn[n repres5tatives ( ! ,val5t9ian s*ool4 ,?is int]pretation ( 8 words is all ! m au?oriz$ because he nev] aga9 m5tions ,h]acleon4 ,clem5t1 9 ! #d? ,book ( 8 ,/romata1 writt5 %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,commodus 7#aic71 recalls an explanation by ,h]acleon ( ,luke xii4 #h1 :5 he calls him ! mo/ not$1 man ( ! ,val5t9ian s*ool ------ is ,clem5t's expression74 ,orig51 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 quotation f ,h]acleon1 says t he 0 held to be a fri5d ( ,val5t9us ------4 ,hippolytus m5tions him1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ way3 7vi4 #bi72 ',val5t9us1 & ,h]acleon1 & ,ptolemaeus1 & ! :ole s*ool ( ^!1 disciples ( ,py?agoras & ,plato4444' ,epiphanius says 7,hs]4 #da73 ',c]do 7! same :o1 accord+ to ,ir5aeus ,,iii4 #d1 ,sec4 #c1 0 9 ,rome "u ,bi%op ,hyg9us ) ,val5t9us7 foll[s ^! 7! ,ophites1 ,ka9ites1 ,se?iani71 & ,h]acleon4' ,aft] all ?is ,h]acleon c]ta9ly _c be plac$ lat] ?an #aej to #afj4 ,! expression :i* ,orig5 uses reg>d+ 8 relation to ,val5t9us mu/1 accord+ to l+ui/ic usage1 be und]/ood ( a p]sonal relation47#a7 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! fact t ! names ( ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon are ?us c\pl$ toge!r af=ds no clue 9 itself to ! date ( ei!r1 & _! be+ m5tion$ z lead+ repres5tatives ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us does n 9 any way involve ! inf]5ce t !y 7 n contempor>ies ( ,ir5aeus1 liv+ & work+ at ! "t he wrote4 ,! way 9 :i* ,ir5aeus m5tions !m 9 ?is ! only passage ?r\gh\t 8 :ole "w 9 :i* he names #bac ,h]acleon1 & to :i* ,tis*5dorf po9t$ly ref]s1 is z foll[s3 ,b if x 0 n produc$1 b 0 g5]at$ by itself1 !n t :i* is void is bo? l1 & bro!r to1 & ( ! same hon\r )1 t ,fa!r :o has be=e be5 m5tion$ by ,val5t9us2 b x is really m anci5t1 hav+ exi/$ long be=e1 & is m exalt$ ?an ! re/ ( ! ,a,eons ( ,ptolemseus himself1 & ( ,h]acleon1 & all ! re/ :o hold ^! views47#a7 ,we fail to recognize any?+ special1 "h1 ( ! k9d inf]r$ by ,tis*5dorf1 9 ! way 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! two lat] ,gno/ics4 ,if any?+ be cle>1 on ! contr>y1 x is t a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 ,val5t9us & ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon1 & t ,ir5aeus po9ts out inconsi/5cies betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ! f\nd] & ^? ( 8 lat] foll[]s4 ,x is q irrelevant to insi/ m]ely1 z ,tis*5dorf does1 t ,ir5aeus & subsequ5t writ]s repres5t ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon & o!r ,gno/ics ( 8 "t z ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us4 ,! "q simply is1 :e!r 9 do+ s !y at all imply t ^! m5 7 n contempor>ies ( ,ir5aeus1 or necess>ily assign _! p]iod ( indep5d5t activity to ! lifetime ( ,val5t9us1 z ,tis*5dorf appe>s to argue8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly !y d n1 & ,tis*5dorf does n attempt to (f] any evid5ce t !y d s4 ,we may p]ceive h[ utt]ly wor?less su* a fact is = ! purpose ( affix+ an e>ly date by m]ely consid]+ ! quotation :i* ,tis*5dorf himself makes f ,hippolytus3 ,val5t9us1 !re=e1 & ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus1 & #bad ! :ole s*ool ( ^!1 disciples ( ,py?agoras & ,plato4444 7l7 ,if ! /atem5t t m5 are ( a c]ta9 s*ool involves ! supposition ( co9cid5ce ( "t1 ! ?ree ,gno/ic lead]s mu/ be consid]$ contempor>ies ( ,py?agoras or ,plato1 ^: disciples !y are said to be4 ,aga91 if ! ord] 9 :i* names are m5tion$1 z ,tes*5dorf cont5ds by inf]5ce ?r\gh\t 8 :ole argum5t1 is to involve /rict simil> sequ5ce ( date1 ! pr9ciple appli$ to ! :ole ( ! e>ly writ]s w\ld lead to ! mo/ ridicul\s confusion4 ,tes*5dorf quotes ,epiphanius3 ,c]do foll[s ^! 7! ,ophites1 ,ka9ites1 ,se?iani71 & ,h]acleon4 ,:y he does s x is difficult to und]/&1 unless x be to give ! appe>ance ( multiply+ te/imonies1 = two s5t5ces fur!r on he is oblig$ to admit3 ,epiphanius has c]ta9ly made a mi/ake1 z 9 su* ?+s n unfrequ5tly happ5s to him1 :5 he makes ,c]do1 :o1 h[ev]1 is to be plac$ ab\t #adj1 foll[ ,h]acleon47#b7 ,?is k9d ( mi/ake is1 inde$1 common to all ! writ]s quot$1 & :5 x is rememb]$ t su* an error is committ$ :]e a di/9ct & delib]ate affirmation ( ! po9t is conc]n$1 x w easily be conceiv$ h[ little dep5d5ce is to be plac$ on ! m]e m5tion ( names 9 ! c\rse ( argum5t4 ,we f9d ,ir5aeus say+ t nei!r ,val5t9us1 nor ,m>cion1 nor ,saturn9us1 nor ,basilides possesses c]ta9 k17#c7 & else:]e3 ( su* an "o z ,val5t9us1 or ,ptolemaeus1 or ,basilides47#d7 ,to base #bae an argum5t z to date on ! ord] 9 :i* names appe> 9 su* writ]s is prepo/]\s4 ,tis*5dorf draws an inf]5ce f ! /atem5t t ,h]acleon 0 said to be a ------ ( ,val5t9us1 t ,orig5 decl>es him to h be5 8 fri5d1 hold+ p]sonal int]c\rse ) him4 ,orig51 h[ev]1 evid5tly knew no?+ individually on ! po9t1 & speaks f m]e he>say1 gu>d$ly us+ ! expression said to be ------4 ,b accord+ to ! lat] & patri/ic use ( ! ^w1 ------ meant no?+ m ?an a disciple1 & x _c "h be necess>ily int]pret$ into a contempor>y47#a7 ,"u no circum/ances c\ld su* a phrase1 av[$ly limit$ to he>say1 h any weight4 ,! loose mann] 9 :i* ! ,fa!rs repeat ea* o!r1 ev5 9 s]i\s matt]s1 is too well kn[n to e "o acqua9t$ ) _! writ+s to require any rem>k4 ,_! inaccuracy keeps pace ) _! want ( critical judgm5t ,we h se5 "o ( ! mi/akes ( ,epiphanius1 admitt$ by ,tis*5dorf to be only too common ) him1 :i* illu/rates h[ little su* data are to be reli$ on4 ,we may po9t out ano!r ( ! same k9d committ$ by him 9 common ) ,hippolytus1 pseudo-,t]tullian & ,phila/rius4 ,mi/ak+ a passage ( ,ir5aeus17#b7 reg>d+ ! sacr$ ,tetrad 7,kol-,arbas7 ( ! ,val5t9ian ,gnosis1 ,hippolytus supposes ,ir5aeus to ref] to ano!r h]etic lead]4 ,he at once treats ! ,tetrad z su* a lead] nam$ ,kol>basus1 & aft] deal+ 7vi4 #d7 ) ! doctr9es ( ,secundud1 & ,ptolemaeus1 & ,h]acleon1 he proposes1 ,sec4 #e1 to %[ :at are ! op9ions held by ,m>cus & #baf ,kol>basus47#a7 ,at ! end ( ! same book he decl>es t ,ir5aeus1 to :om he /ates t he is indebt$ = a k ( _! inv5tions1 has completely refut$ ! op9ions ( ^! h]etics1 & he proce$s to treat ( ,basilides1 consid]+ t x has be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$ ^: disciples are ,m>cus & ,kol>basus1 ! successors ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us47#b7 ,at an e>li] "p ( ! "w he _h spok5 9 a m indep5d5t way 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 :o _h promulgat$ great h]esies3 ,( ^!1 he says1 "o is ,kol>basus1 :o endeav\rs to expla9 religion by measures & numb]s47#c7 ,! same mi/ake is committ$ by pseudo-,t]tullian17#d7 & ,phila/rius17#e7 ea* ( :om devotes a *apt] to ?is suppos$ h]etic4 ,epiphanius1 z might h be5 expect$1 fell into ! same error1 & he proce$s elaborately to refute ! h]esy ( ! ,kol>basians1 :i* is ,h]esy ,,xv4 ,he /ates t ,kol>basus foll[s ,m>cus & ,ptolemaeus17#f7 & aft] discuss+ ! op9ions ( ?is my?ical h]etic he devotes ! next *apt]1 :i* is ,h]esy ,,xvi41 to ! ,h]acleonites1 comm5c+ x ) ! in=mation t3 ,a c]ta9 ,h]acleon foll[s aft] ,kol>basus47#g7 ,?is absurd mi/ake7#h7 %[s h[ little ^! writ]s #bag knew ( ! ,gno/ics ( :om !y wrote1 & h[ ! "o ignorantly foll[s ! o!r4 ,! ord]1 moreov]1 9 :i* !y set ! h]etic lead]s v>ies consid]ably4 ,x w be suffici5t = u m]ely to rem>k "h t :ile pseudo-,t]tullian7#a7 & ,phila/rius7#b7 adopt ! foll[+ ord] aft] ! ,val5t9ians3 ,ptolemaeus1 ,secundus1 ,h]acleon1 ,m>cus1 & ,kol>basus1 ,epiphanius7#c7 places !m3 ,secundus1 ,ptolemaeus1 ,m>cosians1 ,kol>basus1 & ,h]acleon2 & ,hippolytus7#d7 aga93 ,secundus1 ,ptolemaeus1 ,h]acleon1 ,m>cus1 & ,kol>basus4 ,! vagu5ess ( ,ir5aeus _h left "s latitude "h1 & 8 foll[]s 7 unc]ta94 ,! some:at s+ul> fact t ,ir5aeus only once m5tions ,h]acleon :il/ he s con/antly ref]s to ,ptolemaeus1 tak5 9 connection ) ?is ord]1 9 :i* ,h]acleon is always plac$ aft] ,ptolemaeus17#e7 & by ,epiphanius aft] ,m>cus1 may be reasonably expla9$ by ! fact t :il/ ,ptolemaeus _h already ga9$ consid]able notoriety :5 ,ir5aeus wrote1 ,h]acleon may only h begun to come into notice4 ,s9ce ,tis*5dorf lays s mu* /ress ^u pseudo-,t]tullian & ,phila/rius mak+ ,ptolemaeus appe> imm$iately aft] ,val5t9us1 ?is explanation is aft] 8 own pr9ciple4 ,we h already po9t$ out t !re is n a s+le passage 9 ,ir5aeus1 or any o!r e>ly writ]1 assign+ ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon to a p]iod ant]ior to ! "t :5 ,ir5aeus und]took to refute _! op9ions4 ,inde$1 ,tis*5dorf has n attempt$ to %[ t #bah !y d1 & he has m]ely1 on ! /r5g? ( ! g5]al expression t ^! ,gno/ics 7 ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us1 boldly assign$ to !m an e>ly date4 ,n[1 z we h /at$1 he himself admits t ,val5t9us only came f ,egypt to ,rome 9 a4d4 #adj1 & cont9u$ tea*+ till #afj17a7 & ^! dates are mo/ cle>ly giv5 by ,ir5aeus himself47#b7 ,:y !n %\ld ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon1 to take an extreme case1 n h kn[n ,val5t9us 9 _! y\?1 & yet h fl\ri%$ *iefly dur+ ! la/ two decades ( ! second c5tury8 ,ir5aeus himself may be cit$ z a p>allel case1 :i* ,tis*5dorf at lea/ _c ga9say4 ,he is nev] tir$ ( tell+ u t ,ir5aeus 0 ! disciple ( ,polyc>p17#c7 ^: m>tyrdom he sets ab\t ,a4,d4 #afe1 & he consid]s t ! int]c\rse ( ,ir5aeus ) ! ag$ ,fa!r mu/ prop]ly be put ab\t a4d4 #aej17d7 yet he himself dates ! dea? ( ,ir5aeus1 a4d4 #bjb17e7 & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ! p]iod ( 8 greate/ activity & influ5ce falls precisely 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! second c5tury4 ,^u 8 own data1 !re=e1 t ,val5t9us may h taught = tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,rome 9 a4d4 #adj--;& !re is no gr\nd :atev] = ass]t+ t he did n tea* = ev5 a mu* long] p]iod--,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon might well h p]sonally sat at ! feet ( ,val5t9us 9 _! y\?1 z ,ir5seus is said to h done ab\t ! v same p]iod at ^? ( ,polyc>p1 & yet1 l him1 h fl\ri%$ *iefly t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury4 #bai ,al?\gh !re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd = ass]t+ t ,ptolemaeus & ,h]aclcon 7 n contempor>ies ) ,ir5aeus1 fl\ri%+ l him t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 _m circum/ances :i* altoge!r e/abli%1 ! conclusion t !y 74 ,we h already %[n1 9 treat+ ( ,val5t9us17#a7 t ,ir5aeus pr9cipally directs 8 "w aga9/ ! foll[]s ( ,val5t9us liv+ at ! "t he wrote1 & notably ( ,ptolemaeus & 8 s*ool47#b7 ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ book1 hav+ /at$ t he writes aft] p]sonal int]c\rse ) "s ( ! disciples ( ,val5t9us17#c7 he m def9itely decl>es 8 purpose3 ,we w1 !n1 to ! be/ ( our ability1 cle>ly & concisely set =? ! op9ions ( ^? :o are n[ ------ tea*+ h]esy1 ,i speak p>ticul>ly ( ! disciples ( ,ptolemaeus ------ ^: sy/em is an (f%oot f ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us47#d7 ,no?+ c\ld be m explicit4 ,ir5aeus 9 ?is passage di/9ctly repres5ts ,ptolemaeus z tea*+ at ! "t he is writ+1 & ?is /atem5t alone is decisive1 m especially z !re is n a s+le kn[n fact :i* is ei!r directly or indirectly oppos$ to x4 ,tis*5dorf lays mu* /ress on ! evid5ce ( ,hippolytus 9 c\pl+ toge!r ! names ( ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon ) t ( ,val5t9us2 simil> te/imony ( ! same writ]1 fully confirm+ ! above /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus1 w1 !re=e1 h ! great] =ce4 ,hippolytus says t ! ,val5t9ians diff]$ mat]ially among !mselves reg>d+ c]ta9 po9ts :i* l$ to divisions1 "o p>ty be+ call$ ! #bbj ,ori5tal & ! o!r ! ,italian4 ,!y ( ! ,italian p>ty1 ( :om is ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus1 say1 c4444 ,!y1 h[ev]1 :o are ( ! ,ori5tal p>ty1 ( :om is ,axionicus & ,b>desanes1 ma9ta91 c47#a7 ,n[1 ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon are "h q cle>ly repres5t$ z be+ contempor>y ) ,axionicus & ,b>desanes1 & )\t discuss+ :e!r ,hippolytus does n1 9 cont9uation1 describe !m z all liv+ at ! "t he wrote17#b7 !re c be no d\bt t "s ( !m 71 & t ?is evid5ce confirms aga9 ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus4 ,hippolytus1 9 a subsequ5t "p ( 8 "w1 /ates t a c]ta9 ,prepon1 a ,m>cionite1 has introduc$ some?+ new1 & n[ 9 our own "t ------ has writt5 a "w reg>d+ ! h]esy 9 reply to ,b>desanes47#c7 ,! rese>*es ( ,hilg5feld h prov$ t ,b>desanes liv$ at lea/ ov] ! reign ( ,heliogabalus 7#bah--bbb71 & ! /atem5t ( ,hippolytus is ?us confirm$47#d7 ,axionicus aga9 0 /ill fl\ri%+ :5 ,t]tullian wrote 8 "w aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians #bba 7#bja--bbf74 ,t]tullian says3 ,axionicus ( ,antio* alone to ! pres5t day 7ad hodi]num7 respects ! memory ( ,val5t9us1 by keep+ fully ! rules ( 8 sy/em47#a7 ,al?\gh on ! :ole !y may be consid]$ to h fl\ri%$ some:at e>li]1 ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon are ?us %[n to h be5 = a "t at lea/ contempor>ies ( ,axionicus & ,b>desanes47#b7 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t ! doctr9es ( ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon repres5t a mu* lat] =m ( ,gno/icism ?an t ( ,val5t9us4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ,ptolemaeus r$uc$ ! sy/em ( ,val5t9us to consi/5cy17#c7 & ! inconsi/5cies :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! views ( ! ,ma/] & ^! lat] foll[]s1 & :i* indicate a mu* m advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 are con/antly po9t$ out by ,ir5aeus & ! ,fa!rs :o wrote 9 refutation ( h]esy4 ,orig5 also repres5ts ,h]acleon z among/ ^? :o held op9ions sanction$ by ! ,*ur*17#d7 & bo? he & ,ptolemaeus mu/ indubitably be class$ among/ ! late/ ,gno/ics47#e7 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon 7 contempor>ies ( ,ir5aeus7#f7 at ! "t he compos$ 8 "w aga9/ ,h]esies 7#ahe--aie71 bo?1 & especially #bbb ! latt]1 fl\ri%+ & writ+ t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury47#a7 ,we m5tion$1 9 fir/ speak+ ( ^! ,gno/ics1 t ,epiphanius has pres]v$ an ,epi/le1 attribut$ to ,ptolemaeus1 :i* is address$ to ,flora1 "o ( 8 disciples47#b7 ,?is ,epi/le is nei!r m5tion$ by ,ir5aeus nor by any o!r writ] be=e ,epiphanius4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,epi/le itself to %[ t x 0 really writt5 by ,ptolemaeus himself4 ,assum+ x to be by him1 h[ev]1 ! ,epi/le 0 9 all probability writt5 t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & x does n1 !re=e1 come )9 ! scope ( our inquiry4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 briefly notice ! suppos$ ref]5ces to our ,gospels :i* x conta9s4 ,! writ] ( ! ,epi/le1 )\t any indication :atev] ( a writt5 s\rce f :i* he d]iv$ !m1 quotes say+s ( ,jesus = :i* p>allels are f\nd 9 our fir/ ,gospel4 ,^! say+s are introduc$ by su* expressions z he said1 our ,savi\r decl>$1 b nev] z quotations f any ,scripture4 ,n[1 9 affirm+ t !y are tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,apologi/s exhibit _! usual arbitr>y ha/e1 = we mu/ cle>ly & decid$ly /ate t !re is n a s+le "o ( ! passages :i* does n pres5t decid$ v>iations f ! p>allel passages 9 our fir/ ,synoptic4 ,we subjo9 = comp>ison 9 p>allel columns ! passages f ! ,epi/le & ,gospel3-- ------ ------ #bbc ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,ira5eus makes v explicit /atem5ts z to ! recognition ( o!r s\rces ( evangelical tru? ?an our ,gospels by ! ,val5t9ians1 reg>d+ :i* we h fully writt5 :5 discuss+ ! f\nd] ( t sect47#e7 ,we "k t !y pr(ess$ to h direct traditions f ! ,apo/les ?r\gh ,!odas1 a disciple ( ! ,apo/le ,paul27#f7 & 9 ! #bbd ,epi/le to ,flora allusion is made to ! succession ( doctr9e receiv$ by direct tradition f ! ,apo/les47#a7 ,ir5aeus says t ! ,val5t9ians pr(ess to d]ive _! views f unwritt5 s\rces17#b7 & he accuses !m ( reject+ ! ,gospels ( ! ,*ur*17#c7 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he /ates t !y _h _m ,gospels diff]5t f :at he calls ! ,gospels ( ! ,apo/les47#d7 ,) reg>d to ,h]acleon1 x is said t he wrote ,comm5t>ies on ! ?ird & f\r? ,gospels4 ,! au?ority = ?is /atem5t is v insuffici5t4 ,! ass]tion ) ref]5ce to ! ?ird ,gospel is bas$ solely ^u a passage 9 ! ,/romata ( ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t4 ,clem5t quotes a passage f\nd 9 ,luke xii4 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 & says3 ,exp\nd+ ?is passage1 ,h]acleon1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,s*ool ( ,val5t9us1 says z foll[s1 c47#e7 ,?is is imm$iately int]pret$ into a quotation f a ,comm5t>y on ,luke47#f7 ,we m]ely po9t out t f ,clem5t's rem>k x by no means foll[s t ,h]acleon wrote a ,comm5t>y at all1 & fur!r !re is no evid5ce t ! passage comm5t$ ^u 0 actually f our ?ird ,gospel47#g7 ,! ,/romata ( ,clem5t 7 n writt5 until aft] a4d4 #aic1 & 9 !m we f9d ! fir/ & only ref]5ce to ?is suppos$ ,comm5t>y4 ,we ne$ n "h ref] to ! ,comm5t>y on ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* is m]ely #bbe inf]r$ f ref]5ces 9 ,orig5 7c4 a4d4 #bbe71 b ( :i* we h nei!r e>li] nor full] in=mation47#a7 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be=e leav+ ?is subject1 m5tion t ,orig5 in=ms u t ,h]acleon quotes f ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet] ------1 ,pes$icatio ,petri71 a "w :i*1 z we h already sev]al times m5tion$1 0 cit$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria z au!ntic & inspir$ ,holy ,scripture47#b7 ,! epo* at :i* ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon fl\ri%$ w\ld 9 any case r5d] te/imony reg>d+ our ,gospels ( little value4 ,! actual evid5ce :i* !y furni%1 h[ev]1 is n ( a "* to prove ev5 ! exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics1 & mu* less does x 9 any way be> ^u _! "* or au!nticity4 #b4 ,a simil> "q ( date arises reg>d+ ,celsus1 :o wrote a "w1 entitl$ ------1 ,true ,doctr9e1 :i* is no long] extant1 ( :i* ,orig5 compos$ an elaborate refutation4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ] takes ! argum5ts ( ,celsus 9 detail1 pres5t+ to u1 !re=e1 its g5]al features1 & giv+ _m extracts2 & z ,celsus pr(esses to base mu* ( 8 accusation ^u ! writ+s 9 use among/ ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh he does n "n a s+le "o ( !m1 x becomes desirable to asc]ta9 :at ^? works 71 & ! date at :i* #bbf ,celsus wrote4 ,z usual1 we %all /ate ! case by giv+ ! reasons assign$ = an e>ly date4 ,argu+ aga9/ ,volkm> & o!rs1 :o ma9ta91 f a passage at ! close ( 8 "w1 t ,olig51 writ+ ab\t ! second qu>t] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 repres5ts ,celsus z 8 contempor>y17#a7 ,tis*5dorf1 ref]r+ to ! passage1 :i* we %all give 9 its place1 proce$s to assign an e>li] date ^u ! foll[+ gr\nds3 ,b inde$1 ev5 9 ! fir/ book1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! :ole "w1 ,orig5 says3 ',!re=e1 ,i _c complim5t a ,*ri/ian ^: fai? is 9 dang] ( be+ %ak5 by ,celsus1 :o yet does n ev5 ------ /ill ------ live ! common life among m51 b already & long s9ce ------ is dead4'444 ,9 ! same fir/ book ,orig5 says3 ',we h he>d t !re 7 two m5 ( ! "n ( ,celsus1 ,epicureans1 ! fir/ "u ,n]o2 ?is "o' 7t is to say1 ours7 '"u ,hadrian & lat]4' ,x is n impossible t ,orig5 mi/akes :5 he id5tifi$ 8 ,celsus ) ! ,epicurean liv+ '"u ,hadrian & lat]2' b x is impossible to conv]t ! same ,celsus ( :om ,orig5 says ?is into a contempor>y ( ,orig54 ,or w\ld ,orig5 himself 9 ! fir/ book really h set 8 ,celsus '"u ,hadrian 7#aag--ach7 & lat]1' yet 9 ! eigh? h said3 ',we w wait 7ab\t #bbe71 to see :e!r he w /ill accompli% ?is design ( mak+ ano!r "w foll[8' ,n[1 until "s bett] discov]y reg>d+ ,celsus is atta9$1 x w be well to hold to ! old op9ion t ,celsus wrote 8 book ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 probably betwe5 #aej--afj1 c47#b7 #bbg ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t ! only argum5t advanc$ by ,tis*5dorf be>s solely aga9/ ! ass]tion t ,celsus 0 a contempor>y ( ,orig51 ab\t #bbe1 & leaves ! actual date entirely unsettl$4 ,he n only admits t ! /atem5t ( ,orig5 reg>d+ ! id5tity ( 8 oppon5t ) ! ,epicurean ( ! reign ( ,hadrian & lat]1 may be errone\s1 b he tacitly rejects x1 & hav+ ab&on$ ! conjecture ( ,orig5 z gr\ndless & unt5able1 he sub/itutes a conjecture ( 8 own1 equally unsupport$ by reasons1 t ,celsus probably wrote betwe5 #aej-afj4 ,inde$1 he does n attempt to ju/ify ?is date1 b arbitr>ily decides to hold by x until a bett] c be demon/rat$4 ,he is =c$ to admit ! ignorance ( ,orig5 on ! po9t1 & he does n conceal 8 own4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! /atem5t ( ,orig5 9 ! preface to 8 "w1 quot$ above1 t ,celsus1 aga9/ :om he writes1 is long s9ce dead17#a7 is made 9 ! belief t ?is ,celsus 0 ! ,epicurean :o liv$ "u ,hadrian17#b7 #bbh :i* ,tis*5dorf1 al?\gh he avoids explanation ( ! reason1 rightly recognizes to be a mi/ake4 ,orig5 und\bt$ly knew no?+ ( 8 adv]s>y1 & x obvi\sly foll[s t1 8 impression t he is ,celsus ! ,epicurean be+ errone\s1 8 /atem5t t he 0 long s9ce dead1 :i* is bas$ ^u t impression1 loses all its value4 ,orig5 c]ta9ly at "o "t conjectur$ 8 ,celsus to be ! ,epicurean ( ! reign ( ,hadrian1 = he n only says s directly 9 ! passage quot$1 b on ! /r5g? ( 8 belief 9 ! fact1 he accuses him ( inconsi/5cy3 ,b ,celsus1 he says1 mu/ be convict$ ( contradict+ himself2 = he is discov]$ f o!r ( 8 works to h be5 an ,epicurean1 b "h1 because he consid]$ t he c\ld attack ! ,^w m effectively by n av[+ ! views ( ,epicurus1 he pret5ds1 c4444 ,rem>k1 !re=e1 ! fals5ess ( 8 m9d1 c47#a7 ,& f "t to "t he cont9ues to ref] to him z an ,epicurean17#b7 al?\gh x is evid5t t 9 ! writ+ be=e him he con/antly f9ds evid5ce t he is ( a :olly diff]5t s*ool4 ,beyond ?is belief1 f\nd$ av[$ly on m]e he>say1 ,orig5 absolutely kn[s no?+ :atev] z to ! p]sonality ( ,celsus1 or ! "t at :i* he wrote17#c7 & he sometimes v naively expresses 8 unc]ta9ty reg>d+ him4 ,ref]r+ 9 "o place to c]ta9 passages :i* seem to imply a belief 9 magic on ! "p ( ,celsus1 ,orig5 adds3 ,i d n "k :e!r he is ! same :o has writt5 sev]al books #bbi aga9/ magic47#a7 ,else:]e he says3 444 ! ,epicurean ,celsus 7if he be ! same :o compos$ two o!r books aga9/ ,*ri/ians71 c47#b7 ,n only is x app>5t t ,orig5 kn[s no?+ ( ! ,celsus ) :om he is deal+1 h[ev]1 b x is almo/ impossible to avoid ! conviction t dur+ ! "t he 0 compos+ 8 "w 8 impressions conc]n+ ! date & id5tity ( 8 oppon5t became consid]ably modifi$4 ,9 ! e>li] portion ( ! fir/ book7#c7 he has he>d t 8 ,celsus is ! ,epicurean ( ! reign ( ,hadrian1 b a little fur!r on17#d7 he confesses 8 ignorance z to :e!r he is ! same ,celsus :o wrote aga9/ magic1 :i* ,celsus ! ,epicurean actually did4 ,9 ! f\r? book7#e7 he expresses unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ! ,epicurean ,celsus _h compos$ ! "w aga9/ ,*ri/ians :i* he is refut+1 & at ! close ( 8 treatise he seems to treat him z a contempor>y4 ,he writes to 8 fri5d ,ambrosius1 at ^: reque/ ! refutation ( ,celsus 0 und]tak53 ,"k1 h[ev]1 t ,celsus has promis$ to write ano!r treatise aft] ?is "o4444 ,if1 !re=e1 he has n fulfill$ 8 promise to write a second book1 we may well be satisfi$ ) ! eight books 9 reply to 8 ,disc\rse4 ,if1 #bcj h[ev]1 he has comm5c$ & f9i%$ ?is "w also1 seek x & s5d x 9 ord] t we may answ] x also1 & confute ! false tea*+ 9 x1 ,c47#a7 ,f ?is passage1 & support$ by o!r consid]ations1 ,volkm> & o!rs ass]t t ,celsus 0 really a contempor>y ( ,orig547#b7 ,to ?is1 z we h se51 ,tis*5dorf m]ely replies by po9t+ out t ,orig5 9 ! preface says t ,celsus 0 already dead1 & t he 0 id5tical ) ! ,epicurean ,celsus :o fl\ri%$ "u ,hadrian & lat]4 ,! =m] ( ^! /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 0 made "u ! impression t ! latt] 0 correct1 & z x is g5]ally agre$ t ,orig5 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t ,celsus ! ,epicurean 0 ! au?or ( ! ------17#c7 & ,tis*5dorf himself admits ! fact1 ! two e>li] /atem5ts1 t ,celsus fl\ri%$ "u ,hadrian & consequ5tly t he _h long be5 dead1 fall toge!r1 :il/ ! subsequ5t d\bts reg>d+ 8 id5tity n only /&1 b #bca rise into assurance at ! close ( ! "w 9 ! f9al reque/ to ,ambrosius47#a7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fir/ /atem5ts & ! clos+ p>agraphs are contradictory1 & :il/ almo/ all critics pron\nce aga9/ ! accuracy ( ! =m]1 ! inf]5ces f ! latt] reta9 full =ce1 confirm$ z !y are by ! int]m$iate d\bts express$ by ,orig5 himself4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 l ,tis*5dorf1 9 an arbitr>y mann] assign an e>ly date to ,celsus1 al?\gh !y d n support _! conjectures by any satisfactory reasons ( _! own1 all tacitly set aside ^! ( ,orig547#b7 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ by ^!1 ) ,l>dn]7#c7 & ,mi*aelis17#d7 t ! ,epicurean ,celsus to :om ,orig5 0 at "o "t dispos$ to ref] ! "w aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 0 ! writ] ( t "n to :om ,lucian1 8 fri5d & contempor>y1 address$ 8 ,alex&] or ,pseudomantis1 & :o really wrote aga9/ magic17#e7 z ,orig5 m5tions47#f7 ,b al?\gh on ?is acc\nt ,l>dn] assigns to him ! date ( a4d4 #agf1 ! fact is t ,lucian did n write 8 ,pseudomantis1 z ,l>dn] is oblig$ to admit17#g7 until ! reign ( ! #bcb ,emp]or ,commodus 7#ahj--aic71 & ev5 ^u ! supposition t ?is ,celsus wrote aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 ( :i* !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd :atev] = dat+ ! "w be=e a4d4 #ahj4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,lucian does n 9 any way ref] to su* a writ+ by 8 fri5d1 !re w\ld be /rong reason = assign+ ! "w1 if x be suppos$ to be writt5 by him1 to a date subsequ5t to ! ,pseudo-mantis4 ,x ne$ n be rem>k$ t ! ref]5ces ( ,celsus to ! ,m>cionites17#a7 & to ! foll[]s ( ,m>cell9a17#b7 only s f> be> ^u ! matt] z to exclude an e>ly date47#c7 ,x requires v slight exam9ation ( ! num]\s extracts f1 & ref]5ces to1 ! "w :i* ,orig5 seeks to refute1 h[ev]1 to conv9ce any imp>tial m9d t ! d\bts ( ,orig5 7 well f\nd$ z to :e!r ,celsus ! ,epicurean 7 really ! au?or ( ! ------4 ,z _m critics ( all %ades ( op9ion h long s9ce det]m9$1 s f> f be+ an ,epicurean1 ! ,celsus attack$ by ,orig51 z ! philosophical op9ions :i* he ev]y:]e expresses cle>ly %[1 0 a ,neo-,platoni/47#d7 ,inde$1 al?\gh ,orig5 seems to reta9 "s impression t 8 antagoni/ mu/ be an ,epicurean1 z he _h he>d1 & frequ5tly ref]s to him z su*1 he does n po9t out ,epicurean #bcc s5tim5ts 9 8 writ+s1 b on ! contr>y1 n only calls ^u him no long] to conceal ! s*ool to :i* he belongs & av[ himself an ,epicurean17#a7 :i* ,celsus evid5tly does n1 b accuses him ( express+ views inconsi/5t ) t philosophy17#b7 or ( s conceal+ 8 ,epicurean op9ions t x might be said t he is an ,epicurean only 9 "n47#c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,orig5 is cle>ly surpris$ to f9d t he quotes s l>gely f ! writ+s1 & %[s su* m>k$ lean+ t[>ds ! tea*+1 ( ,plato1 9 :i* ,celsus inde$ f9ds ! orig9al & pur] =m ( _m ,*ri/ian doctr9es17#d7 & ,orig5 is con/antly =c$ to discuss ,plato 9 meet+ ! argum5ts ( ,celsus4 ,! au?or ( ! "w :i* ,orig5 refut$1 !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ an ,epicurean1 z ,orig5 suppos$ m]ely f !re hav+ be5 an ,epicurean ( ! same "n1 0 und\bt$ly a ,neo-,platoni/1 z ,mo%eim long ago demon/rat$1 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ammonius1 :o f\nd$ ! sect at ! close ( ! second c5tury47#e7 ,! promise ( ,celsus to write a second book ) practical rules = liv+ 9 accordance ) ! philosophy he promulgates1 to :i* ,orig5 ref]s at ! close ( 8 "w1 confirms ?is conclusion1 & indicates a new & rec5t sy/em ( philosophy47#f7 ,an ,epicurean w\ld n h ?\ght ( su* a "w--x w\ld h be5 bo? appropriate & necess>y 9 connection ) ,neo-,platonism4 ,we are1 !re=e1 con/ra9$ to assign ! "w ( #bca ,celsus to at lea/ ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & to ! reign ( ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,celsus repeat$ly accuses ,*ri/ians1 9 x1 ( tea*+ _! doctr9es secretly & aga9/ ! law1 :i* seeks !m out & puni%es !m ) dea?17#a7 & ?is indicates a p]iod ( p]secution4 ,l>dn]1 assum+ ! writ] to be ! ,epicurean fri5d ( ,lucian1 f ?is clue supposes t ! p]secution ref]r$ to mu/ h be5 t "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 7f #ahj71 & practically reject+ ! data ( ,orig5 himself1 )\t advanc+ suffici5t reasons ( 8 own1 dates ,celsus a4d4 #agf47b7 ,z a ,neo-,platoni/1 h[ev]1 we are m accurately l$ to ! p]iod ( p]secution :i*1 f emb]s nev] :olly ext9ct s9ce ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 bur/ into fi]ce flame m especially 9 ! t5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,sev]us7#c7 7a4d4 #bjb71 & cont9u$ = _m ye>s to afflict ,*ri/ians4 ,x is evid5t t ! dates assign$ by apologi/s are :olly arbitr>y1 & ev5 if our argum5t = ! lat] epo* 7 v mu* less conclusive ?an x is1 ! total abs5ce ( evid5ce = an e>li] date w\ld completely nullify any te/imony d]iv$ f ,celsus4 ,x is suffici5t = u to add t1 :il/ he ref]s to incid5ts ( ,gospel hi/ory & quotes "s say+s :i* h p&lels1 ) m or less ( v>iation1 9 our ,gospels1 ,celsus n[h]e m5tions ! "n ( any ,*ri/ian book1 unless we except ! ,book ( ,eno*27#d7 & he accuses ,*ri/ians1 n )\t reason1 ( int]polat+ ! books ( ! ,sibyl1 ^: au?ority1 he /ates1 "s ( !m ackn[l$g$47#e7 #bce #c4 ,! la/ docum5t :i* we ne$ exam9e 9 connection ) ! synoptic ,gospels is ! li/ ( ,new ,te/am5t & o!r writ+s held 9 consid]ation by ! ,*ur*1 :i* is g5]ally call$1 aft] its discov]] & fir/ editor1 ! ,canon ( ,muratori4 ,?is int]e/+ fragm5t1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agdj by ,muratori 9 8 collection ( ,italian antiquities17#a7 at "o "t belong$ to ! mona/]y ( ,bobbio1 f\nd$ by ! ,iri% monk ,columban1 & 0 f\nd by ,muratori 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan 9 a ,,ms4 conta9+ extracts ( little int]e/ f writ+s ( ,eu*]ius1 ,ambrose1 ,*ryso/om1 & o!rs4 ,muratori e/imat$ ! age ( ! ,,ms4 at ab\t a ?\s& ye>s1 b s f> z we are aw>e no ?or\ghly compet5t judge has s9ce express$ any op9ion ^u ! po9t4 ,! fragm5t1 :i* is defective bo? at ! comm5cem5t & at ! end1 is writt5 9 an apologetic tone1 & pr(esses to give a li/ ( ! writ+s :i* are recognis$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x is a docum5t :i* has no (ficial "*17#b7 b :i* m]ely conveys ! private views & in=mation ( ! anonym\s writ]1 reg>d+ :om no?+ :atev] is kn[n4 ,f any po9t ( view1 ! composition is ( a nature p]mitt+ ! wide/ diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,x is by "s affirm$ to be a complete treatise on ! books receiv$ by ! ,*ur*1 f :i* fragm5ts h be5 lo/27#c7 :il/ #bcf o!rs consid] x a m]e fragm5t 9 itself47#a7 ,x is writt5 9 ,lat9 :i* by "s is repres5t$ z mo/ corrupt17#b7 :il/ o!rs uphold x z mo/ correct47#c7 ,! text is fur!r r5d]$ almo/ un9telligible by e possible inaccuracy ( or?ography & gramm>1 :i* is ascrib$ div]sely to ! transcrib]1 to ! translator1 & to bo?47#d7 ,inde$ su* is ! ela/ic condition ( ! text1 result+ f errors & obscurity ( e imag9able description1 t by means ( +5i\s conjectures critics are able to f9d 9 x almo/ any s5se !y desire47#e7 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! orig9al language ( ! fragm5t1 ! great] numb] ( critics ma9ta9+ t ! composition is a translation f ! ,greek17#f7 :il/ o!rs ass]t x to #bcg h be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ,lat947#a7 ,its composition is v>i\sly attribut$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,africa7#b7 & to a memb] ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,rome47#c7 ,! fragm5t comm5ces ) ! conclud+ portion ( a s5t5ce4444 quibus tam5 int]fuit et ita posuit--at :i* nev]!less he 0 pres5t1 & ?us he plac$ x4 ,! ,,ms4 !n proce$s3 ,?ird book ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke4 ,luke1 t physician1 aft] ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/ :5 ,paul took him ) him4441 wrote x 9 8 "n z he deem$ be/ 7ex op9ione7--nev]!less he _h n himself se5 ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1--& he too1 z f> z he c\ld obta9 in=mation1 also beg9s to speak f ! nativity ( ,john4 ,! text1 at ! s5se ( :i* ?is is a closely approximate guess1 ?\gh sev]al o!r #bch int]pretations might be ma9ta9$1 is z foll[s3 ,t]tio evangelii librum secundo ,lucan ,lucas i/e m$icus po/ asc5sum ,*ri/i cum eo ,paulus quasi ut juris /udiosum secundum adsumsisset num5i suo ex op9ione concribset dom9um tam5 nec ipse vidit 9 c>ne et idem pr\t asequi potuit ita et ad nativitate ,johannis incipet dic]e4 ,! ,,ms4 goes on to speak 9 m intelligible language ( ! f\r? ( ! ,gospels ( ,john1 "o ( ! disciples4 7,qu>ti evangeliorum ,johannis ex decipolis7 reg>d+ ! composition ( :i* ! writ] relates a leg5d1 :i* we %all quote :5 we come to deal ) t ,gospel ,! fragm5t !n proce$s to m5tion ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1--:i* is ascrib$ to ,luke--?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul 9 peculi> ord]1 & x !n ref]s to an ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans & ano!r to ! ,alex&rians1 =g$1 9 ! "n ( ,paul1 aft] ! h]esy ( ,m>cion1 & _m o!rs :i* _c be receiv$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z gall mu/ n be mix$ ) v9eg>4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians bore ! "n ( ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans 9 ! li/ ( ,m>cion1 & ?is may be a ref]5ce to x47#a7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,alex&rians is g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews17#b7 al?\gh "s critics ?9k ?is d\btful1 or d5y ! fact1 & consid] bo? ,epi/les ref]r$ to pseudographs #bci attribut$ to ! ,apo/le ,paul4#a ,! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 & two 7! second & ?ird7 ,epi/les ( ,john are1 ) "s tone ( d\bt1 m5tion$ among/ ! receiv$ books1 & s is ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,! ,apocalypses ( ,john & ( ,pet] only are receiv$1 b "s object to ! latt] be+ read 9 *ur*4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,james1 bo? ,epi/les ( ,pet]1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7:i* is1 h[ev]1 probably indicat$ z ! ,epi/le to ! ,alex&rians71 & ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john are omitt$ altoge!r1 ) ! exception ( a quotation :i* is suppos$ to be f ! la/-nam$ ,epi/le1 to :i* we %all h]eaft] ref]4 ,special ref]5ce is made to ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 :i* we %all pres5tly discuss1 reg>d+ :i* ! writ] expresses 8 op9ion t x %\ld be read privately b n publicly 9 *ur*1 z x c nei!r be class$ among/ ! books ( ! prophets nor ( ! apo/les4 ,! fragm5t concludes ) ! rejection ( ! writ+s ( sev]al h]etics47#b7 ,x is inf]r$ t1 9 ! miss+ comm5cem5t ( ! fragm5t1 ! fir/ two ,synoptics mu/ h be5 m5tion$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ( c\rse mo/ probable1 _c actually be asc]ta9$1 & s f> z ^! ,gospels are conc]n$1 !re=e1 ! ,canon ( ,muratori only furni%es conjectural evid5ce4 ,! /atem5t reg>d+ ! ?ird ,synoptic m]ely proves ! exi/5ce ( t ,gospel at ! "t ! fragm5t #bdj 0 compos$1 & we %all pres5tly endeav\r to =m "s idea ( t date1 b beyond ?is fact ! in=mation giv5 any?+ b t5ds to e/abli% ! unusual cr$ibility claim$ = ! ,gospels4 ,x is decl>$ by ! fragm5t1 z we h se51 t ! ?ird ,synoptic 0 writt5 by ,luke1 :o _h n himself se5 ! ,"l1 b n>rat$ ! hi/ory z be/ he 0 able4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 moreov]1 t ev5 ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :o took ,luke ) him aft] ! ,asc5sion1 _h n be5 a foll[] ( ,jesus ei!r1 nor _h se5 him 9 ! fle%1 & c]ta9ly he did n1 by ! %[+ ( 8 own ,epi/les1 associate mu* ) ! o!r ,apo/les1 s t ,luke c\ld n h _h mu* opportunity :ile ) him ( acquir+ f !m any intimate k ( ! ev5ts ( ,gospel hi/ory4 ,x is und5iable t ! ?ird ,synoptic is n ! n>rative ( an eye-witness1 & ! occurr5ces :i* x records did n take place 9 ! pres5ce1 or )9 ! p]sonal k1 ( ! writ]1 b 7 d]iv$ f tradition1 or f writt5 s\rces4 ,su* te/imony1 !re=e1 c\ld n 9 any case be ( mu* s]vice to our ?ird ,synoptic2 b :5 we consid] ! unc]ta9ty ( ! date at :i* ! fragm5t 0 compos$1 & ! c]ta9ty t x c\ld n h be5 writt5 at an e>ly p]iod1 x w become app>5t t ! value ( its evid5ce is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,we h already incid5tally m5tion$ t ! writ] ( ?is fragm5t is totally unkn[n1 nor does !re exi/ any clue by :i* he c be id5tifi$4 ,all ! critics :o h assign$ an e>ly date to ! composition ( ! fragm5t h bas$ _! conclusion1 almo/ solely1 ^u a /atem5t made by ! ,au?or reg>d+ ! ,pa/or ( ,h5nas4 ,he says3 ,h]mas 9 #bda tru? compos$ ! ,pa/or v rec5tly 9 our times 9 ! city ( ,rome1 ! ,bi%op ,pius 8 bro!r1 sitt+ 9 ! *air ( ! *ur* ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,&1 !re=e1 x %\ld inde$ be read1 b x _c be publi%$ 9 ! *ur* to ! p1 nei!r be+ among ! prophets1 ^: numb] is complete1 nor among/ ! apo/les 9 ! latt] days4 ,pa/orem v]o nup]rime temporibus no/ris 9 urbe ,roma ,h]ma conscripsit s$5te ca!dra urbis ,romae ecclesiae ,pio episcopus fratre ejus et ideo legi eum quidem oportet se public>e v]o 9 ecclesia populo neque int] prophetas completum num]o neque int] apo/olos 9 f9e temporum pote/47#a7 ,muratori1 ! discov]] ( ! ,,ms41 conjectur$ = v>i\s reasons1 :i* ne$ n be "h detail$1 t ! fragm5t 0 writt5 by ,caius ! ,roman ,presbyt]1 :o fl\ri%$ at ! end ( ! second 7c4 a4d4 #aif7 & beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & 9 ?is he 0 foll[$ by a few o!rs47#b7 ,! great mass ( critics1 h[ev]1 h reject$ ?is conjecture1 z !y h likewise negativ$ ! fanciful ascription ( ! composition by ,simon de ,magi/ris to ,papias ( ,hi]apolis17#c7 & by ,buns5 to ,hegesippus47#d7 ,su* attempts to id5tify ! unkn[n au?or are obvi\sly m]e speculation1 & x is impossible to suppose t1 _h ,papias1 ,hegesippus1 or any o!r well-kn[n writ] ( ! same p]iod compos$ su* a li/1 ,eusebius c\ld h fail$ to ref] to #bdb x1 z s imm$iately relevant to ! purpose ( 8 "w4 ,?i]s* ev5 express$ a suspicion t ! fragm5t 0 a lit]>y my/ification on ! "p ( ,muratori himself47#a7 ,! mass ( critics1 ) v little indep5d5t consid]ation1 h tak5 lit]ally ! /atem5t ( ! au?or reg>d+ ! composition ( ! ,pa/or v rec5tly 9 our times 7nup]rime temporibus no/ris71 dur+ ! ,episcopate ( ,pius 7a4d4 #adb--aeg71 & h conclud$ ! fragm5t to h be5 writt5 t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ?\gh we ne$ sc>cely say t a few writ]s w\ld date x ev5 e>li]47#b7 ,on ! o!r h&1 & we consid] ) reason1 _m critics1 #bdc includ+ m5 :o w n be accus$ ( opposition to an e>ly ,canon1 assign ! composition to a lat] p]iod1 betwe5 ! end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury & ! f\r? c5tury47#a7 ,:5 we exam9e ! gr\nd ^u :i* alone an e>ly date c be support$1 x becomes app>5t h[ slight ! f\ndation is4 ,! only argum5t ( any weight is ! /atem5t ) reg>d to ! composition ( ! ,pa/or1 b ) ! exception ( ! few apologi/s :o d n hesitate to assign a date totally inconsi/5t ) ! /ate ( ! ,canon describ$ 9 ! fragm5t1 ! great majority ( critics feel t !y are =c$ to place ! composition at lea/ t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 at a p]iod :5 ! /atem5t 9 ! composition may agree ) ! actual op9ions 9 ! ,*ur*1 & yet 9 a suffici5t degree accord ) ! expression v rec5tly 9 our times1 z appli$ to ! p]iod ( ,pius ( ,rome1 #adb--aeg4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t1 tak5 lit]ally1 a v arbitr>y int]pretation is giv5 to ?is indication1 & 9 suppos+ t ! writ] may h appropriately us$ ! phrase ?irty or =ty ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,pius1 s mu* lic5ce is tak5 t !re is absolutely no reason :y a /ill great] int]val may n be all[$4 ,) ?is sole exception1 !re is n a s+le ^w or /atem5t 9 ! fragm5t :i* w\ld oppose our assign+ ! #bdd composition to a late p]iod ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,volkm> has v ju/ly po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t 9 say+ v rec5tly 9 our times ! writ] m]ely int5d$ to di/+ui% ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas f ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets & ,apo/les3 ,x _c be class$ among/ ! ,prophets ^: numb] is complete1 nor among/ ! ,apo/les1 inasmu* z x 0 only writt5 9 our po/-apo/olic "t4 ,?is is an accurate int]pretation ( ! expression17#a7 :i* might ) p]fect propriety be us$ a c5tury aft] ! "t ( ,pius4 ,we h se5 t !re has n appe>$ a s+le trace ( any ,canon 9 ! writ+s ( any ( ! ,fa!rs :om we h exam9$1 & t ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 ! only ,holy ,scripture !y h ackn[l$g$2 & x is !re=e unsafe1 ^u ! m]e int]pretation ( a phrase :i* w\ld be applicable ev5 a c5tury lat]1 to date ?is anonym\s fragm5t1 reg>d+ :i* we "k no?+1 e>li] ?an ! v end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & x is /ill m probable t x 0 n writt5 until an advanc$ p]iod ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! expression us$ ) reg>d to ,pius3 ,sitt+ 9 ! *air ( ! *ur*1 is q unprec$5t$ 9 ! second c5tury or until a v mu* lat] date47#b7 ,x is argu$ t ! fragm5t is imp]fect1 & t s5t5ces h fall5 out2 & 9 reg>d to ?is1 & to ! ass]tion t x is a translation f ! ,greek1 x has be5 well rem>k$ by a writ] ^: judgm5t on ! po9t w sc>cely be call$ prejudic$3 ,if x is ?us mutilat$1 :y might x n also be int]polat$8 ,if moreov] ! translator #bde 0 s ignorant ( ,lat91 c we tru/ 8 translation8 & :at gu>antee h we t he has n p>aphras$ & exp&$ ! orig9al8 ,! =ce ( ^! rem>ks is peculi>ly felt 9 deal+ ) ! p>agraph :i* gives ! date4 ,! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas 0 n well kn[n to ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & x 0 n highly e/eem$4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z inspir$ by ! ,ea/]n1 & read 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es4 ,we h se51 moreov]1 t x 0 extremely unlikely t ,h]mas 0 a real p]sonage4 ,x w\ld be1 !re=e1 f> m probable t we h "h an int]polation1 or addition by a memb] ( ! ,roman or ,african ,*ur*1 probably by ! translator1 made expressly = ! purpose ( s]v+ z pro( t ! ,pa/or ( ,h5nas 0 n inspir$4 ,! p>agraph itself be>s unque/ionable m>k ( tamp]+17#a7 c4 ,x w\ld take u too f> 7 we to discuss ! v>i\s /atem5ts ( ! fragm5t z indications ( date1 & ! matt] is n ( suffici5t importance4 ,x conta9s no?+ involv+ an e>li] date ?an ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! facts ( ! case may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s1 s f> z our object is conc]n$4 ,! ?ird ,synoptic is m5tion$ by a totally unkn[n writ]1 at an unkn[n1 b c]ta9ly n e>ly1 date1 9 all probability dur+ ! ?ird c5tury1 9 a fragm5t :i* we possess 9 a v corrupt v]sion v f> f free f suspicion ( int]polation 9 ! precise "p f :i* ! e>ly date is inf]r$4 ,! ,gospel is attribut$ to ,luke1 :o 0 n "o ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 & ( :om x is expressly said t he himself _h n se5 ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1 b wrote z he deem$ be/ 7ex op9ione71 & foll[$ 8 hi/ory z he 0 able 7et #bdf idem pr\t assequi potuit747#a7 ,if ! fragm5t ( ,muratori1 !re=e1 ev5 came )9 our limits z to date1 its evid5ce w\ld be ( no value1 =1 in/ead ( e/abli%+ ! tru/wor?9ess & absolute accuracy ( ! n>rative ( ! ?ird ,synoptic1 x di/9ctly t5ds to discr$it x1 inasmu* z x decl>es x to be ! composition ( "o :o und5iably 0 n an eye-witness ( ! miracles report$1 b collect$ 8 mat]ials1 long aft]1 z be/ he c\ld47#b7 #d4 ,we may n[ briefly sum up ! results ( our exam9ation ( ! evid5ce = ! synoptic ,gospels4 ,aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! lit]ature & ! te/imony be>+ on ! po9t1 we h n f\nd a s+le di/9ct trace ( any ( ^? ,gospels1 ) ! exception ( ! ?ird1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury & a half aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,only once dur+ ! :ole ( t p]iod d we f9d ev5 a tradition t any ( our ,evangeli/s compos$ a ,gospel at all1 & t tradition1 s f> f fav\r+ our ,synoptics1 is fatal to ! claims ( ! fir/ & second4 ,papias1 ab\t ! middle ( #a ,! passage is freely r5d]$ ?us by ,canon ,we/cott3 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke1 x is !n said1 /&s ?ird 9 ord] 9 ! ,canon1 hav+ be5 writt5 by ',luke ! physician1' ! companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o1 n be+ himself an eye-witness1 bas$ 8 n>rative on su* in=mation z he c\ld obta91 beg9n+ f ?o bir? ( ,john4 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #ahg4 #b ,we d n propose1 to consid] ! ,ophites & ,p]atici1 obscure ,gno/ic sects t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,!re is no direct evid5ce reg>d+ !m1 & ! te/imony ( writ]s 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 l ,hippolytus1 is ( no value = ! ,gospels4 #bdg ! second c5tury1 on ! occasion to :i* we ref]1 records t ,mat!w compos$ ! ,disc\rses ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 a /atem5t :i* totally excludes ! claim ( our ,greek ,gospel to apo/olic orig94 ,m>k1 he said1 wrote d[n f ! casual prea*+ ( ,pet] ! say+s & do+s ( ,jesus1 b )\t ord]ly arrangem5t1 z he 0 n himself a foll[] ( ! ,ma/]1 & m]ely record$ :at fell f ! ,apo/le4 ,?is description1 likewise1 %[s t our actual second ,gospel c\ld n1 9 its pres5t =m1 h be5 ! "w ( ,m>k4 ,!re is no o!r ref]5ce dur+ ! p]iod to any writ+ ( ,mat!w or ,m>k1 & no m5tion at all ( any "w ascrib$ to ,luke4 ,! id5tification ( ,m>cion's ,gospel ) our ?ird ,synoptic proves ! exi/5ce ( t "w be=e ,a4,d4 #adj1 b no evid5ce is ?us obta9$ ei!r z to ! au?or or ! "* ( 8 "w1 b on ! contr>y ! te/imony ( ! great h]esi>* is s f> unfav\rable to t ,gospel1 z x involves a *>ge aga9/ x1 ( be+ int]polat$ & debas$ by ,jewi% elem5ts4 ,! fre$om ) :i* ,m>cion expurgat$ & alt]$ x cle>ly %[s t he did n reg>d x ei!r z a sacr$ or canonical "w4 ,any argum5t = ! m]e exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics bas$ up\ _! suppos$ rejection by h]etical lead]s & sects has ! inevitable disadvantage1 t ! v te/imony :i* w\ld %[ _! exi/5ce w\ld oppose _! au!nticity4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( _! use by h]etical lead]s1 h[ev]1 & no direct ref]5ce to !m by any writ]1 h]etical or or?odox1 :om we h exam9$4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t no reason :atev] has be5 %[n = accept+ ! te/imony ( ^! ,gospels z suffici5t to e/abli% ! reality ( #bdh miracles & ( a direct ,div9e ,revelation47#a7 ,x is n pret5d$ t m ?an "o ( ! synoptic ,gospels 0 writt5 by an eye-witness ( ! miracul\s occurr5ces report$1 & :il/ no evid5ce has be51 or c be1 produc$ ev5 ( ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! n>ratives1 no te/imony z to ! correctness ( ! inf]5ces f ! ext]nal ph5om5a exi/s1 or is n[ ev5 conceivable4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! am\nt ( evid5ce requir$ & t :i* is =?com+1 h[ev]1 is great] ?an "u ! circum/ances c\ld h be5 ?\ght possible4 #a ,a comp>ison ( ! cont5ts ( ! ?ree ,synoptics w\ld h confirm$ ?is conclusion1 b ?is is n at pres5t necess>y1 & we mu/ ha/5 on4 #bdi ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,evid5ce ,we %all n[ exam9e1 9 ! same ord]1 ! witnesses already cit$ 9 connection ) ! ,synoptics1 & asc]ta9 :at evid5ce !y furni% = ! date & au!nticity ( ! f\r? ,gospel ,apologi/s d n ev5 allege t !re is any ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians47#a7 ,a few critics7#b7 pret5d to f9d a trace ( x 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 9 ! ref]5ce to ! braz5 ,s]p5t z a type ( ,jesus4 ,tis*5dorf /ates ! case z foll[s3-- #bej ,& :5 9 ! same *apt] xii4 x is %[n h[ ,moses 9 ! braz5 s]p5t made a type ( ,jesus ':o %\ld suff] 7die7 & yet himself make alive1' ! natural inf]5ce is t ,b>nabas connect$ !re) ,john iii4 #ad1 f4 ev5 if ! use ( ?is passage 9 p>ticul> _c be prov$4 ,al?\gh ?is connection _c be affirm$1 s9ce ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le1 9 ?is passage z 9 _m o!rs1 may be indep5d5t1 yet x is ju/ifiable to ascribe ! greate/ probability to its dep5d5ce on ! passage 9 ,john1 z ! t5d5cy ( ! ,epi/le 9 no way requir$ a p>ticul> lean+ to ! expression ( ,john4 ,! disproportionately m abundant use ( express quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,b>nabas is1 on ! contr>y1 connect$ mo/ intimately ) ! t5d5cy ( 8 :ole composition47#a7 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! sugge/ion ( ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel is "h advanc$ 9 a v hesitat+ way1 & does n inde$ g beyond an ass]tion ( probability4 ,we might1 !re=e1 well leave ! matt] )\t fur!r notice1 z ! ref]5ce 9 no case c\ld be ( any weight z evid5ce4 ,on exam9ation ( ! context1 h[ev]1 we f9d t !re is e reason to conclude t ! ref]5ce to ! braz5 s]p5t is made direct to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! au?or :o delights 9 typology is b5t ^u %[+ t ! cross is prefigur$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he gives a numb] ( in/ances1 involv+ ! necessity = a display ( ridicul\s +5uity ( explanation1 :i* %\ld prep>e u to f9d ! comp>atively simple type ( ! braz5 s]p5t naturally select$4 ,aft] po9t+ out t ,moses1 ) 8 arms /ret*$ out 9 pray] t ! ,israelites might prevail 9 ! fight1 0 a type ( ! #bea cross1 he goes on to say3 ,aga9 ,moses makes a type ( ,jesus1 t he mu/ suff] & himself make alive ------1 :om !y w appe> to h de/roy$1 9 a figure1 :ile ,israel 0 fall+27l7 & connect+ ! circum/ance t ! p 7 bit by s]p5ts & di$ ) ! transgression ( ,eve by means ( ! s]p5t1 he goes on to n>rate m9utely ! /ory ( ,moses & ! braz5 s]p5t1 & !n w9ds up ) ! words3 ,?\ ha/ 9 ?is ! glory ( ,jesus2 t 9 him are all ?+s & = him47#b7 ,no "o c read ! :ole passage c>efully )\t see+ t ! ref]5ce is direct to ! ,old ,te/am5t47#c7 ,!re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ! au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,to ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas ,tis*5dorf devotes only two l9es1 9 :i* he /ates t x has nei!r quotations f ! ,old nor f ! ,new ,te/am5t47#d7 ,canon #beb ,we/cott makes ! same /atem5t17#a7 b1 unlike ! ,g]man apologi/1 he proce$s subsequ5tly to affirm t ,h]mas makes cle> allusions to ,/4 ,john2 :i* few or no apologi/s support4 ,?is ass]tion he elaborates & illu/rates z foll[s3-- ,! view :i* ,h]mas gives ( ,*ri/'s nature & "w is no less h>moni\s ) apo/olic doctr9e1 & x (f]s /rik+ analogies to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,n only did ! ,son 'appo9t angels to pres]ve ea* ( ^? :om ! ,fa!r gave to him2' b ',he himself toil$ v mu* & suff]$ v mu* to cleanse our s9s4444 ,& s :5 he himself _h cleans$ ! s9s ( ! p1 he %[$ !m ! pa?s ( life by giv+ !m ! ,law :i* he receiv$ f 84 ,fa!r4'7#b7 ,he is 'a ,rock high] ?an ! m\nta9s1 able to hold ! :ole _w1 anci5t1 & yet hav+ a new gate4'7#c7 ',8 "n is great & inf9ite1 & ! :ole _w is support$ by him4'7#d7 ',he is old] ?an ,creation1 s t he took c\nsel ) ! ,fa!r ab\t ! #bec creation :i* he made4'7#a7 ',he is ! sole way ( access to ! ,"l2 & no "o %all ent] 9 unto him o!rwise ?an by 8 ,son4'7#b7 ,?is is all ,canon ,we/cott says on ! subject47#c7 ,he does n attempt to po9t out any precise portions ( ! f\r? ,gospel ) :i* to comp>e ^! /rik+ analogies1 nor does he produce any in/ances ( simil>ity ( language1 or ( ! use ( ! same t]m9ology z ! ,gospel 9 ?is apocalyptic allegory4 ,x is evid5t t su* evid5ce c\ld 9 no case be ( any value = ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,:5 we exam9e m closely1 h[ev]1 x becomes c]ta9 t ^! passages possess no real analogy ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 & 7 n d]iv$ f x4 ,!re is no "p ( !m t has n close p>allels 9 writ+s antec$5t to our ,gospel1 & !re is no use ( t]m9ology peculi> to x4 ,! au?or does n ev5 once use ! t]m ,logos4 ,canon ,we/cott makes no m5tion ( ! fact t ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos & ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus 0 enunciat$ long be=e ! composition ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ) almo/ equal cle>ness & fulness1 & t its developm5t c be trac$ ?r\gh ! ,septuag9t translation1 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 "s ( ! ,apocryphal works ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! writ+s ( ,philo1 & 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 z well z ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,to any "o :o exam9es ! passages cit$ f ! works ( ,h5nas1 & /ill m to any "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 x w1 we fe>1 #bed seem wa/$ "t to ent] ^u any m9ute refutation ( su* imag9>y analogies4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 z briefly z possible ref] to ea* passage quot$4 ,! fir/ is tak5 f an elaborate similitude ) reg>d to true fa/+1 9 :i* ! _w is lik5$ to a v9ey>d &1 9 expla9+ 8 p>able1 ! ,%eph]d says3 ,god plant$ ! v9ey>d1 t is1 he creat$ ! p & gave !m to 8 ,son3 & ! ,son appo9t$ 8 angels ov] !m to keep !m3 & he himself cleans$ _! s9s1 hav+ suff]$ _m ?+s & endur$ _m lab\rs4444 ,he himself1 !re=e1 hav+ cleans$ ! s9s ( ! p1 %[$ !m ! pa?s ( life by giv+ !m ! ,law :i* he receiv$ f 8 ,fa!r47#a7 ,x is difficult inde$ to f9d any?+ 9 ?is passage :i* is 9 ! slighte/ degree peculi> to ! f\r? ,gospel1 or ap>t f ! :ole c\rse ( :at is taught 9 ! ,epi/les1 & m especially ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,we may po9t out a few passages = comp>ison3 ,heb4 i4 #b-d2 ii4 #aj-aa2 v4 #h-i2 vii4 #ab1 #ag-ai2 viii4 #f-aj2 x4 #aj-af2 ,romans viii4 #bd-ag2 ,matt4 xxi4 #cc2 ,m>k xii4 #a2 ,isaiah v4 #g1 liii4 ,! second passage is tak5 f an elaborate p>able on ! build+ ( ! ,*ur*3 ------ ,& 9 ! middle ( ! pla9 he %[$ me a great :ite rock :i* _h ris5 out ( ! pla91 & ! rock 0 high] ?an ! m\nta9s1 rectangul> s z to be able to hold ! :ole _w1 b t rock 0 old hav+ a gate ------ hewn out ( x1 & ! hew+ out ( ! gate ------ seem$ to me to be rec5t47#b7 ,^u ?is rock ! t[] ( ! ,*ur* is built4 ,fur!r on an explanation is giv5 ( ! similitude1 9 :i* occurs ano!r ( ! #bee passages ref]r$ to4------ ,?is rock ------ & ?is gate ------ are ! ,son ( ,god4 ',h[1 ,"l1' ,i said1 'is ! rock old & ! gate new8' ',li/51' he said1 '& und]/&1 ?\ ignorant man4 ------ ,! ,son ( ,god is old] ?an all ( 8 creation ------1 s t he 0 a c\ncillor ) ! ,fa!r 9 8 "w ( creation2 & = ?is is he old4' ------ ',& :y is ! gate new1 ,"l8' ,i said2 ',because1' he repli$1 'he 0 manife/$ at ! la/ days ------ ( ! disp5sation2 = ?is cause ! gate 0 made new1 9 ord] t !y :o %all be sav$ might ent] by x into ! k+dom ( ,god4'7#a7 ,& a few l9es l[] d[n ! ,%eph]d fur!r expla9s1 ref]r+ to entrance ?r\gh ! gate1 & introduc+ ano!r ( ! passages cit$3 ------ ',9 ?is way1' he said1 'no "o %all ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god unless he receive 8 holy "n4 ,if1 !re=e1 y _c ent] into ! ,city unless ?r\gh its gate1 s also1' he said1 'a man _c ent] 9 any o!r way into ! k+dom ( ,god ?an by ! "n ( 8 ,son belov$ by him'444 '& ! gate ------ is ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is is ! "o entrance to ! ,"l4' ,9 no o!r way1 !re=e1 %all any "o ent] 9 to him1 except ?r\gh 8 ,son47#b7 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! similitude ( a rock we ne$ sc>cely say t ! ,old ,te/am5t teems ) x2 & we ne$ n po9t to ! p>able ( ! h\se built ^u a rock 9 ! fir/ ,gospel47#c7 ,a m apt illu/ration is ! fam\s say+ ) reg>d to ,pet]3 ,& ^u ?is rock ------ ,i w build my ,*ur*1 ^u :i* #bef inde$ ! :ole similitude ( ,h]mas turns2 & 9 #a ,cor4 x4 #d1 we read3 ,= !y drank ( ! ,spiritual ,rock accompany+ !m2 b ! ,rock 0 ,*ri/ ------4 ,!re is no su* similitude 9 ! f\r? ,gospel at all4 ,we !n h ! gate1 on :i* we presume ,canon ,we/cott *iefly relies4 ,! p>able 9 ,john x4 #a--i is q diff]5t f t ( ,h]mas17#a7 & !re is a p]si/5t use ( diff]5t t]m9ology4 ,! door into ! %eepfold is always ------1 ! gate 9 ! rock always ------4 ,i am ! door17#b7 ------ is twice repeat$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! gate is ! ,son ( ,god ------ is ! decl>ation ( ,h]mas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are num]\s passages1 else:]e1 analog\s to t 9 ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas4 ,e "o w rememb] ! injunction 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt3 ,mat?4 vii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,ent] 9 ?r\gh ! /rait gate ------1 = wide is ! gate ------1 c41 #ad4 ,because n>r[ is ! gate ------ & /rait5$ is ! way :i* leade? unto life1 & few !re be t f9d x47#c7 ,! limitation to ! "o way ( entrance into ! k+dom ( ,god3 by ! "n ( 8 ,son1 is also f\nd ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/les1 & likewise 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 z = in/ance3 ,acts iv4 #ab1 ,& !re is no salvation 9 any o!r3 = nei!r is !re any o!r "n "u heav5 giv5 among m5 :]eby we mu/ be sav$4 ,! reasons giv5 :y ! rock is old & ! gate new ------ h any?+ b special analogy ) #c ,comp>e ! acc\nt ( ! new ,j]usalem1 ,rev4 xxi4 #ab ff42 cf4 xxii4 #d1 #ad4 ,9 ,simil4 ix4 #ac1 x is insi/$ t1 to ent] into ! k+dom1 n only 8 "n mu/ be borne1 b t we mu/ put on c]ta9 clo?+4 #beg ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,we are1 on ! contr>y1 tak5 directly to ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 9 :i* ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus is prom95tly ass]t$1 & betwe5 :i* & ! ,pa/or1 z 9 a =m] passage1 we f9d s+ul> l+ui/ic analogies4 ,= in/ance1 take ! :ole op5+ portion ( ,heb4 i4 #a3 ,god hav+ at _m times & 9 _m mann]s spok5 9 times pa/ to ! fa!rs by ! prophets1 #b4 ,at ! end ( ^! days ------ spake to u 9 ! ,son :om he appo9t$ heir ------7#a7 ( all ?+s1 by :om he also made ! worlds1 #c4 ,:o be+ ! brightness ( 8 glory & ! express image ( 8 sub/ance1 uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( 8 p[]1 :5 he _h made by himself a cleans+ ( our s9s sat d[n at ! "r h& ( ,maje/y on high1 #d4 ,hav+ become s mu* bett] ?an ! angels17#b7 c41 c2 & if we take ! diff]5t clauses we may also f9d !m else:]e con/antly repeat$1 z = in/ance3 ------ ,! son old] ?an all 8 creation3 comp>e #b ,tim4 i4 #i1 ,colossiansi4 #ae 7:o is444 ! fir/ born ( all creation--------1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 ,rev4 iii4 #ad1 x4 #f4 ,! works ( ,philo are full ( ?is repres5tation ( ! ,logos4 ,= example3 ,= ! ,^w ( ,god is ov] all ! univ]se1 & ! olde/ & mo/ univ]sal ( all ?+s creat$ ------ #beh ------47#a7 ,aga91 z to ! second clause1 t he assi/$ ! ,fa!r 9 ! "w ( creation1 comp>e ,heb4 ii4 #aj1 i4 #b1 xi4 #c1 ,rom4 xi4 #cf1 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f1 ,coloss4 i4 #ae1 #af47b7 ,! only rema9+ passage is ! foll[+3 ,! "n ( ! ,son ( ,god is great & inf9ite & supports ! :ole _w4 ,= ! fir/ phrase1 comp>e #b ,tim4 iv4 #ah1 ,heb4 i4 #h2 & = ! second "p ( ! s5t5ce1 ,heb4 i4 #c1 ,coloss4 i4 #ag1 & _m o!r passages quot$ above47#c7 ,! :ole ass]tion7#d7 is devoid ( f\ndation1 & might well h be5 left unnotic$4 ,! att5tion call$ to x1 h[ev]1 may n be wa/$ 9 obs]v+ ! k9d ( evid5ce ) :i* apologi/s are compell$ to be cont5t4 ,tis*5dorf po9ts out two passages 9 ! ,epi/les ( pseudo-,ignatius :i*1 he consid]s1 %[ ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#e7 ,!y are z foll[s--,epi/le to ! ,romans vii43 ,i desire ! bread ( ,god1 ! bread ( #bei heav51 ! bread ( life1 :i* is ! fle% ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ! son ( ,god1 :o 0 born at a lat] "t ( ! se$ ( ,david & ,abraham2 & ,i desire ! dr9k ( ,god ------1 t is 8 blood1 :i* is love incorruptible1 & et]nal life ------47#a7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,john vi4 #da3 ,i am ! bread :i* came d[n f heav5 #dh4444 ,i am ! bread ( life1 #ea4444 ,& ! bread t ,i w give is my fle%2 #ed4 ,he :o eate? my fle% & dr9ke? my blood ha? ev]la/+ life ------4 ,s*olt5 has po9t$ out t ! ref]5ce to ,jesus z born ( ! se$ ( ,david & ,abraham is n 9 ! _s ( ! f\r? ,gospel2 & ! use ( ------ = ! ------ ( vi4 #ee1 & ------2 in/ead ( ------ are also oppos$ to ! connection ) t ,gospel47#c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]1 ! bread is describ$ z ! body ( ,jesus1 & ! w9e z 8 blood2 & ref]5ce is made !re1 & else:]e1 to eat+ bread & dr9k+ w9e 9 ! k+dom ( ,god17#c7 & ! passage seems to be no?+ b a developm5t ( ?is tea*+47#d7 ,no?+ c\ld be prov$ by su* an analogy47#e7 ,! second passage ref]r$ to by ,tis*5dorf is 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philadelphians vii43 ,= if "s #bfj w\ld h l$ me a/ray accord+ to ! fle%1 yet ! ,_s is n l$ a/ray1 be+ f ,god1 = x kn[e? :5ce x come? & :i!r x goe?1 & detecte? ! ?+s t are hidd547#a7 ,tes*5dorf consid]s t ^! words are bas$ ^u ,john iii4 #f--h1 & ! la/ phrase3 ,& detecte? ! hidd5 ?+s1 ^u v]se #bj4 ,! s5se ( ! ,epi/le1 h[ev]1 is precisely ! rev]se ( t ( ! ,gospel1 :i* reads3 ,! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?2 & ?\ he>e/ ! s\nd !re( b kn[e/ n :5ce x come? & :i!r x goe?2 s is e "o t is born ( ! ,_s27#c7 :il/ ! ,epi/le does n ref] to ! w9d at all1 b affirms t ! ,_s ( ,god does "k :5ce x come?1 c4 ,! analogy 9 v]se #bj is /ill m remote3 ,= e "o t doe? evil hate? ! light1 nei!r come? to ! light1 le/ 8 de$s %\ld be detect$47#c7 ,9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #aj1 ! s5se is f\nd m closely3 ,= ! ,_s se>*e? all ?+s1 yea1 ev5 ! deep ?+s ( ,god47#d7 ,x is evid5tly unreasonable to ass]t f su* a passage ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#e7 ,ev5 ,tis*5dorf recognizes t 9 !mselves ! phrases :i* he po9ts out 9 pseudo-,ignatius c\ld n1 unsupport$ by o!r corroboration1 possess mu* weight z te/imony = ! use ( our ,gospels4 ,he says3 ,7 ^! allusions ( ,ignatius to ,mat!w & ,john a :olly isolat$ ph5om5on1 & "o :i* p]haps o!r und\bt$ results #bfa ( inquiry :olly contradict$1 !y w\ld h>dly h any conclusive weight4 ,b--47#a7 ,canon ,we/cott says3 ,! ,ignatian writ+s1 z might be expect$1 are n )\t traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$ requir$ a special enunciation ( ,paul9e doctr9e2 b ?is is n s express$ z to exclude ! p>allel l9es ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,love is '! /amp ( ! ,*ri/ian4' 7,ad ,magn4 v47 ',fai? is ! beg9n+ & love ! end ( life4' 7,ad ,ephes4 xiv47 ',fai? is our guide upw>d' ------1 b love is ! road t 'leads to ,god4' 7,ad ,eph4 ix47 ',! ,et]nal ------ ,^w is ! manife/ation ( ,god' 7,ad ,magn4 viii471 '! door by :i* we come to ! ,fa!r' 7,ad ,philad4 ix41 cf4 ,john x4 #g71 '& )\t ,him we h n ! pr9ciple ( true life' 7,ad ,trail1 ix43 ------4 cf4 ,ad ,eph4 iii43 ------4 ,! true meat ( ! ,*ri/ian is ! 'bread ( ,god1 ! bread ( heav51 ! bread ( life1 :i* is ! fle% ( ,jesus ,*ri/1' & 8 dr9k is ',*ri/'s blood1 :i* is love incorruptible' 7,ad ,rom4 vii41 cf4 ,john vi4 #cb1 #ea1 #ec74 ,he has no love ( ?is life2 '8 love has be5 crucifi$1 & he has 9 him no burn+ passion = ! _w1 b liv+ wat] 7z ! spr+ ( a new life7 speak+ )9 him1 & bidd+ him come to 8 ,fa!r' 7,ad ,rom4 #a4 c74 ,mean:ile 8 enemy is ! enemy ( 8 ,ma/]1 ev5 ! 'rul] ( ?is age4' 7,ad ,rom4 #a4 c1 ------4 ,cf4 ,john xii4 #ca1 xvi4 #aa3 ------ & see #a ,cor4 ii4 #f1 #h47b77 ,"p ( ^! ref]5ces we h already consid]$2 #bfb o!rs ( !m really d n require any notice :atev]1 & ! only "o to :i* we ne$ to direct our att5tion = a mom5t may be ! passage f ! ,epi/le to ! ,philadelphians ix41 :i* reads3 ,he is ! door ( ! ,fa!r1 by :i* ent] 9 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob & ! prophets1 & ! apo/les1 & ! ,*ur*47l7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,john x4 #g4 ,!re=e said ,jesus aga93 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,i am ! door ( ! ,%eep ------4 ,we h already ref]r$1 a few pages back17#b7 to ! image ( ! door4 ,"h aga9 x is obvi\s t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! s5se ( ! ,epi/le f t ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 ! latt] ,jesus is said to be ! door into ! ,%eepfold27#c7 :il/ 9 ! ,epi/le1 he is ! door into ! ,fa!r1 ?r\gh :i* n only ! patri>*s1 prophets1 & apo/les ent]1 b also ! ,*ur* itself4 ,su* di/ant analogy _c w>rant ! conclusion t ! passage %[s any acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel47#d7 ,z = ! o!r phrases1 !y are n only )\t special be>+ ^u ! f\r? ,gospel1 b !y are ev]y:]e f\nd 9 ! canonical ,epi/les1 z well z else:]e4 ,reg>d+ love & fai?1 = in/ance1 comp>e ,gal4 v4 #f1 #ad1 #bb2 ,rom4 xii4 #i1 #aj1 viii4 #ci1 xiii4 #i2 #a ,cor4 ii4 #i1 viii4 #c2 ,ephea iii4 #ag1 v4 #a1 #b1 vi4 #bc2 ,philip1 i4 #i1 ii4 #b2 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #e2 #a ,tim4 i4 #ad1 vi4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 i4 #ac2 ,heb4 x4 #ch f41 xi41 c41 c4 ,we might po9t out _m equally close analogies 9 #bfc ! works ( ,philo17#a7 b x is unnecess>y to d s1 al?\gh we may indicate "o or two :i* fir/ pres5t !mselves4 ,philo equally has ! ,et]nal ,logos ------17#b7 :om he repres5ts z ! manife/ation ( ,god 9 e way4 ,! ,^w is ! lik5ess ( ,god1 by :om ! univ]se 0 creat$ ------47#c7 ,he is ! viceg]5t ------ ( ,god17#d7 ! heav5ly incorruptible food ( ! s\l1 ! bread ------ f heav54 ,9 "o place he says3 & !y :o inquir$ :at is ! food ( ! s\l444 le>nt at la/ t x is ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ! ,div9e ,logos4444 ,?is is ! heav5ly n\ri%m5t1 & x is m5tion$ 9 ! holy ,scriptures444 say+1 ',lo6 ,i ra9 ^u y bread ------ f heav54' 7,exod4 xvi4 #d47 ',?is is ! bread ------ :i* ! ,"l has giv5 !m to eat' 7,exod4 xvi4 #ae747e7 ,& aga93 ,= ! "o inde$ raises 8 eyes t[>ds ! sky1 contemplat+ ! manna1 ! div9e ,^w1 ! heav5ly incorruptible food ( ! long+ s\l47#f7 ,else:]e3 444 b x is #bfd taught by ! ,hi]ophant & ,prophet ,moses1 :o w say3 ',?is is ! bread ------1 ! n\ri%m5t :i* ,god gave to ! s\l'--t he (f]$ 8 own ,^w & 8 own ,logos2 = ?is is bread ------ :i* he has giv5 u to eat1 ?is is ! ,^w ------47#a7 ,he also says3 ,!re=e he exhorts him t c run swiftly to /rive ) brea?less eag]ness t[>ds ! ,div9e ,^w :o is above all ?+s1 ! f\nta9 ( ,wisdom1 9 ord] t by dr9k+ ( ! /ream1 in/ead ( dea? he may = 8 rew>d obta9 et]nal life7#b7 ,x is ! ,logos :o guides u to ! ,fa!r1 ,god by ! same ,logos bo? creat+ all ?+s & lead+ up ------ ! p]fect man f ! ?+s ( e>? to himself47#c7 ,^! are v imp]fect examples1 b x may be ass]t$ t !re is n a repres5tation ( ! ,logos 9 ! f\r? ,gospel :i* has n close p>allels 9 ! works ( ,philo4 ,we h giv5 ^! passages ( ! pseudo-,ignatian ,epi/les :i* are po9t$ out z indicat+ acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 9 ord] t ! :ole case might be /at$ & appreciat$4 ,! analogies are too di/ant to prove any?+1 b 7 !y fifty times m close1 !y c\ld d little or no?+ to e/abli% an e>ly orig9 = ! f\r? ,gospel1 & no?+ at all to elucidate ! "q z to its "* & au?or%ip47#d7 #d ,9 g5]al ! ,epi/les foll[ ! ,synoptic n>ratives1 & n ! acc\nt ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,see = in/ance ! ref]5ce to ! ano9t+ ( ,jesus1 ,ad ,eph4 xvii41 cf4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #g ff42 ,m>k ziy4 #c flf42 cf4 ,john xii4 #a ff4 #bfe ,! ,epi/les 9 :i* ! passages occur are spuri\s & ( no value z evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,only-"o ( !m is f\nd 9 ! ?ree ,syriac ,epi/les4 ,we h already /at$ ! facts connect$ ) ! s-call$ ,epi/les ( ,ignatius17#a7 & no "o :o has att5tively exam9$ !m c fail to see t ! te/imony ( su* docum5ts _c be consid]$ ( any hi/oric weight1 except = a p]iod :5 evid5ce ( ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel ceases to be ( any significance4 ,!re are fifte5 ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius--( ^! eight are univ]sally recogniz$ to be spuri\s4 ,( ! rema9+ sev51 !re are two ,greek & ,lat9 v]sions1 ! "o mu* long] ?an ! o!r4 ,! long] v]sion is almo/ unanim\sly reject$ z int]polat$4 ,! discov]y ( a /ill %ort] ,syriac v]sion ( ! ?ree ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 conv9c$ ! majority ( critics t ev5 ! %ort] ,greek v]sion ( sev5 ,epi/les mu/ be condemn$1 & t :atev] matt] c\ld be ascrib$ to ,ignatius himself1 if any1 mu/ be look$ = 9 ^! ?ree ,epi/les alone4 ,! ?ree m>tyrologies ( ,ignatius are likewise univ]sally repudiat$ z m]e fictions4 ,f su* a mass ( =g]y1 9 :i* x is impossible to id5tify ev5 a k]nel ( tru?1 no te/imony c\ld be produc$ :i* c\ld 9 any degree e/abli% ! apo/olic orig9 & au!nticity ( our ,gospels4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians conta9s any ref]5ces to ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,tis*5dorf1 h[ev]1 affirms t x is weighty te/imony = t ,gospel1 inasmu* z he discov]s 9 x a c]ta9 trace ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( #bff ,john1 & z he ma9ta9s t ! ,epi/le & ! ,gospel are ! works ( ! same au?or1 any evid5ce = ! "o is at ! same "t evid5ce = ! o!r47#a7 ,we %all h]eaft] consid] ! po9t ( ! common au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/les & f\r? ,gospel1 & "h conf9e ourselves *iefly to ! alleg$ fact ( ! ref]5ce4 ,! passage to :i* ,tes*5dorf alludes we subjo91 ) ! suppos$ p>allel 9 ! ,epi/le4------ #bfg ,?is passage does n occur z a quotation1 & ! utmo/ t c be said ( ! few words ) :i* x op5s is t a phrase some:at resembl+1 b at ! same "t mat]ially diff]+ f1 ! ,epi/le ( ,john is int]wov5 ) ! text ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians4 ,if ?is 7 really a quotation f ! canonical ,epi/le1 x w\ld inde$ be s+ul> t1 consid]+ ! suppos$ relations ( ,polyc>p & ,john1 ! "n ( ! apo/le %\ld n h be5 m5tion$1 & a quotation h be5 di/9ctly & correctly made47#a7 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no e>li] trace ( ! canonical ,epi/le1 &1 z ,volkm> argues1 x may well be d\bt$ :e!r x may n r be dep5d5t on ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 ?an ! latt] ^u ! ,epi/le ( ,john47#b7 ,we believe ) ,s*olt5 t nei!r is dep5d5t on ! o!r1 b t bo? adopt$ a =mula 9 use 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* aga9/ v>i\s h]esies1#c ! sup]ficial co9cid5ce ( :i* is )\t any weight z evid5ce = ! use ( ei!r ,epi/le by ! writ] ( ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 x is cle> t ! writ]s ref] to diff]5t classes ( h]etics4 ,polyc>p attacks ! ,docetae :o d5y t ,jesus ,*ri/ has come 9 ! fle%1 t is ) a human body ( fle% & blood2 :il/ ! ,epi/le ( ,john is direct$ aga9/ ^? :o d5y t ,jesus :o has come 9 ! fle% is ! #bfh ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god47#a7 ,volkm> po9ts out t 9 ,polyc>p ! ^w ,anti*ri/ is made a prop] "n1 :il/ 9 ! ,epi/le ! expression us$ is ! ab/ract ,_s ( ,anti*ri/4 ,polyc>p 9 fact says t :oev] d5ies ! fle% ( ,*ri/ is no ,*ri/ian b ,anti*ri/1 & ,volkm> f9ds ?is direct ass]tion m orig9al ?an ! ass]tion ( ! ,epi/le2 ,e _s t confesse? t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle% is ( ,god17#b7 c4 ,9 any case x seems to u cle> t 9 bo? writ+s we h only ! indep5d5t enunciation1 ) decid$ diff]5ce ( language & s5se1 ( a =mula curr5t 9 ! ,*ur*1 & t nei!r writ] c be held to h orig9at$ ! condemnation1 9 ^! words1 ( h]esies :i* ! ,*ur* _h begun vehem5tly to oppose1 & :i* 7 m]ely an application ( ideas already well kn[n1 z we see f ! expression ( ! ,epi/le 9 ref]5ce to ! ,_s ( ,anti*ri/1 ( :i* ye h he>d t x come?4 ,:e!r ?is phrase be an allusion to ! ,apocalypse xiii41 or to #b ,!ssalonians ii41 or to traditions curr5t 9 ! ,*ur*1 we ne$ n inquire2 x is suffici5t t ! ,epi/le ( ,john av[$ly applies a prophecy reg>d+ ,anti*ri/ already kn[n among/ ,*ri/ians1 :i* 0 equally op5 to ! o!r writ] & probably famili> 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?is _c "u any circum/ances be admitt$ z evid5ce ( weight = ! use ( ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john4 ,!re is no te/imony :atev] ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,john previ\s to ?is date1 & t fact w\ld h to #bfi be e/abli%$ on sure gr\nds be=e ! argum5t we are consid]+ c h any value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h already se57#a7 t !re is /rong reason to d\bt ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le attribut$ to ,polyc>p1 & a c]ta9ty t 9 any case x is1 9 its pres5t =m1 consid]ably int]polat$4 ,ev5 if g5u9e 9 any "p1 ! use ( ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 if e/abli%$1 c\ld n be ( mu* value z evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel1 ( :i* ! writ+ does n %[ a trace4 ,s f> f !re be+ any evid5ce t ,polyc>p knew ! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ po9ts to ! opposite conclusion4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aed-aee we f9d him tak+ "p 9 ! ,pas*al controv]sy17#b7 contradict+ ! /atem5ts ( ! f\r? ,gospel17#c7 & support+ ! ,synoptic view1 cont5d+ t ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival %\ld be celebrat$ on ! #ad? ,nisan1 ! day on :i* he affirm$ t ! ,apo/le ,john himself _h obs]v$ x47#d7 ,ir5aeus1 :o repres5ts ,polyc>p z ! disciple ( ,john1 says ( him3 ,= nei!r 0 ,anicetus able to p]suade ,polyc>p n to obs]ve x 7on ! #ad?7 because he _h always obs]v$ x ) ,john ! disciple ( our ,"l1 & ) ! re/ ( ! apo/les ) :om he consort$47#e7 ,n only1 !re=e1 does ,polyc>p n ref] to ! f\r? ,gospel1 b he is on ! #b ,! date has1 hi!rto1 g5]ally be5 fix$ at ,a4,d4 #afj1 b ! rec5t inve/igations ref]r$ to 9 vol4 i4 p4 #bgd f4 h l$ to ! adoption ( ?is e>li] date1 & ! visit to ,rome mu/1 !re=e1 probably h tak5 place j aft] ! accession ( ,anicetus to ! ,roman bi%opric4 ,cf4 ,lipsius1 ,zeits*r4 w4 ,!ol4 #ahgd1 p4 #bje f4 #bgj contr>y an important witness aga9/ x z ! "w ( ,john1 = he repres5ts t apo/le z practically contradict+ ! ,gospel ( :i* he is said to be ! au?or4 ,! fulness ) :i* we h discuss$ ! "* ( ! evangelical quotations ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr r5d]s ! task ( asc]ta9+ :e!r 8 works indicate any acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel comp>atively easy4 ,! detail$ /atem5ts already made enable u )\t prelim9>y explanation directly to attack ! problem1 & we are fre$ f ! necessity ( mak+ ext5sive quotations to illu/rate ! facts ( ! case4 ,:il/ apologi/s ass]t ) "s boldness t ,ju/9 made use ( our ,synoptics1 !y are evid5tly1 & ) good reason1 less confid5t 9 ma9ta9+ 8 acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,canon ,we/cott /ates3 ,8 ref]5ces to ,/ ,john are unc]ta92 b ?is1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 foll[s f ! "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,x 0 unlikely t he %\ld quote its peculi> tea*+ 9 apologetic writ+s address$ to ,jews & hea!ns2 & at ! same "t he exhibits types ( language & doctr9e :i*1 if n imm$iately drawn f ,/4 ,john1 yet m>k ! pres5ce ( 8 influ5ce & ! recognition ( 8 au?ority47#a7 ,?is apology = ! neglect ( ! f\r? ,gospel #bga illu/rates ! obvi\s scant9ess ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by ,ju/94 ,tis*5dorf1 h[ev]1 ) 8 usual tem]ity1 claims ,ju/9 z a p[]ful witness = ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,he says3 ,accord+ to our judgm5t !re are conv9c+ gr\nds ( pro( = ! fact t ,john also 0 kn[n & us$ by ,ju/91 provid$ t an unprejudic$ consid]ation be n made to give way to ! antagoni/ic pr$ilection aga9/ ! ,johann9e ,gospel4 ,9 ord] fully & fairly to /ate ! case :i* he puts =w>d1 we %all quote 8 own words1 b to avoid repetition we %all p]mit ourselves to int]rupt him by rem>ks & by p>allel passages f o!r writ+s = comp>ison ) ,ju/94 ,tis*5dorf says3 ,! repres5tation ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ altoge!r peculi> to ,john z x is giv5 p>ticul>ly 9 8 ,prologue i4 #a 7 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god71 & v]se #ad 7& ! ^w became fle%71 9 ! designation ( him z ,logos1 z ! ,^w ( ,god1 unmi/akably re-e*oes 9 n a few passages 9 ,ju/92 = in/ance37#a7 ',& ,jesus ,*ri/ is alone ! special ,son begott5 by ,god1 be+ 8 ,^w & fir/-begott5 & p[]4'7#b7 ,) ?is we may comp>e ano!r passage ( ,ju/9 f ! second ,apology4 ,b 8 son1 :o alone is rightly call$ ,son1 ! ,^w be=e ! works ( creation1 #a ,tis*5dorf uses great lib]ty 9 translat+ "s ( ^! passages1 abbreviat+ & o!rwise alt]+ !m z x suits him4 ,we %all !re=e give 8 ,g]man translation bel[1 & we add ! ,greek :i* ,tis*5dorf does n quote--inde$ he does n1 9 mo/ cases1 ev5 /ate :]e ! passages are to be f\nd4 #bgb :o 0 bo? ) him & begott5 :5 9 ! beg9n+ he creat$ & ord]$ all ?+s by him17#a7 c4 ,n[ ! same words & ideas are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,canonical ,epi/les & o!r writ+s1 z well z 9 e>li] works4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse17#b7 ! only book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t m5tion$ by ,ju/91 & :i* is directly ascrib$ by him to ,john17#c7 ! t]m ,logos is appli$ to ,jesus ! ,lamb1 7xix4 #ac73 & 8 "n is call$ ! ,^w ( ,god ------4 ,else:]e 7iii4 #ad7 he is call$ ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,creation ( ,god ------2 & aga9 9 ! same book 7i4 #e7 he is ! fir/-begott5 ( ! dead ------4 ,9 ,heb4 i #f he is ! fir/-born ------1 z 9 ,coloss4 i4 #ae he is ! fir/-born ( e creature ------2 & 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #bd we h3 ,*ri/ ! ,p[] ( ,god & ! ,wisdom ( ,god------1 & x w be rememb]$ t ,wisdom 0 ! e>li] t]m :i* became an alt]native ) ,^w = ! int]m$iate ,be+4 ,9 ,heb4 i4 #b1 ,god is repres5t$ z speak+ to u 9 ! ,son4444 by :om he also made ! worlds ------4 ,9 #b ,tim4 i4 #i1 he is be=e all worlds ------1 cf4 ,heb4 ,l #aj1 ii4 #aj1 ,kom4 xi4 #cf1 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f1 ,ephes4 iii4 #i4 ,! works ( ,philo are fill$ ) simil> repres5tations ( ! ,logos1 b we mu/ re/rict ourselves to a v #bgc few4 ,god z a ,%eph]d & ,k+ gov]ns ! univ]se hav+ appo9t$ 8 true ,logos1 8 fir/ begott5 ,son1 to h ! c>e ( ?is sacr$ flock1 z ! ,viceg]5t (-a great ,k+47#a7 ,9 ano!r place ,philo exhorts m5 to /rive to become l ,god's fir/ begott5 ,^w ------17#b7 & he adds1 a few l9es fur!r on3 = ! mo/ anci5t ,^w is ! image ( ,god ------4 ,! high prie/ ( ,god 9 ! _w is ! div9e ,^w1 8 fir/-begott5 son ------47#c7 ,speak+ ( ! creation ( ! _w ,philo says3 ,! in/rum5t by :i* x 0 =m$ is ! ,^w ( ,god ------47#d7 ,else:]e3 ,= ! ,^w is ! image ( ,god by :i* ! :ole _w 0 creat$ ------47#e7 ,^! passages might be indef9itely multipli$4 ,tis*5dorf's next passage is3 ,! fir/ p[] ------ aft] ! ,fa!r ( all & ,god ! ,"l1 & ,son1 is ! ,^w ------2 9 :at mann] hav+ be5 made fle% ------ he became man1 we %all 9 :at foll[s relate47#f7 #bgd ,we f9d ev]y:]e p>allels = ?is passage )\t seek+ !m 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,9 #a ,cor4 i4 #bd1 ,*ri/ ! ,p[] ------ ( ,god & ! ,wisdom ( ,god2 cf4 ,heb4 i4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #h2 ii4 #h4 ,9 ,heb4 ii4 #ad--ah1 !re is a di/9ct acc\nt ( 8 becom+ fle%2 cf4 v]se #g4 ,9 ,phil4 ii4 #f--h3 ,:o 7,jesus ,*ri/7 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 deem$ x n grasp+ to be equal ) ,god1 7#g7 ,b gave himself up1 tak+ ! =m ( a s]vant1 be+ made 9 ! lik5ess ( m51 c4 ,9 ,rom4 viii4 #c we h3 ,god s5d+ 8 own ,son 9 ! lik5ess ( ! fle% ( s91 c4 ------ ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! t]m9ology ( ,john i4 #ad1 & ! ^w became fle% ------ is diff]5t f t ( ,ju/91 :o uses ! ^w ------4 ,! s5se & language "h is1 !re=e1 q z close z t ( ! f\r? ,gospel ,we h also ano!r p>allel 9 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 ,:o 7,god7 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle% ------1 cf4 #a ,cor4 xv4 #d1 #dg4 ,9 l mann] we f9d _m simil> passages 9 ! ,works ( ,philo4 ,he says 9 "o place t man 0 n made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! mo/ high ,god ! ,fa!r ( ! univ]se1 b 9 t ( ! ,second ,god :o is 8 ,^w ------47#a7 ,9 ano!r place ! ,logos is said to be ! int]pret] ( ! highe/ ,god1 & he cont9ues3 t mu/ be ,god ( u imp]fect be+s ------47#b7 ,else:]e he says3 ,b ! #bge div9e ,^w :i* is above ^! 7! ,w+$ ,*]ubim74444 b be+ itself ! image ( ,god1 at once ! mo/ anci5t ( all conceivable ?+s1 & ! "o plac$ ne>e/ to ! only true & absolute exi/5ce )\t any sep>ation or di/ance betwe5 !m 27#a7 & a few l9es fur!r on he expla9s ! cities ( refuge to be3 ,! ,^w ( ! ,gov]nor 7( all ?+s7 & 8 creative & k+ly p[]1 = ( ^! are ! heav5s & ! :ole _w47#b7 ,! ,logos ( ,god is above all ?+s 9 ! _w1 & is ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ univ]sal ( all ?+s :i* are47#c7 ,! ,^w is also ! ,ambassador s5t by ! ,gov]nor 7( ! univ]se7 to 8 subject 7man7 ------47#d7 ,su* views ( ! ,logos are ev]y:]e met ) 9 ! pages ( ,philo4 ,tis*5dorf cont9ues3 ,! ,^w 7,logos7 ( ,god is 8 ,son47#e7 ,we h already 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs abundantly illu/rat$ ?is s5t5ce1 & may proce$ to ! next3 ,b s9ce !y did n "k all ?+s conc]n+ ! ,logos1 :i* is ,*ri/1 !y h frequ5tly contradict$ ea* o!r47#f7 ,^! words are #bgf us$ ) ref]5ce to ,lawgiv]s & philosoph]s4 ,ju/91 :o frankly admits ! delight he took 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato7#a7 & o!r ,greek philosoph]s1 held ! view t ,socrates & ,plato _h 9 an elem5t>y =m enunciat$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos17#b7 al?\gh he cont5ds t !y borr[$ x f ! writ+s ( ,moses1 & ) a l>g5ess ( m9d v uncommon 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & inde$1 we might add1 9 any age1 he believ$ ,socrates & su* philosoph]s to h be5 ,*ri/ians1 ev5 al?\gh !y _h be5 consid]$ ,a!i/s47#c7 ,z !y did n ( c\rse "k ,*ri/ to be ! ,logos1 he makes ! ass]tion j quot$4 ,n[ ! only po9t 9 ! passage :i* requires notice is ! id5tification ( ! ,logos ) ,jesus1 :i* has already be5 dealt )1 & z ?is 0 ass]t$ 9 ! ,apocalypse xix4 #ac1 be=e ! f\r? ,gospel 0 writt51 no evid5ce 9 its fav\r is d$ucible f ! /atem5t4 ,we %all h m to say reg>d+ ?is pres5tly4 ,tis*5dorf cont9ues3 ,b 9 :at mann] ?r\gh ! ,^w ( ,god1 ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r hav+ be5 made fle%17#d7 c4 ,x mu/ be app>5t t ! doctr9e "h is n t ( ! f\r? ,gospel :i* makes ! ^w become fle% simply1 :il/ ,ju/91 repres5t+ a less advanc$ =m1 & m unc]ta9 /age1 ( its developm5t1 draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,logos & ,jesus1 & describes ,jesus ,*ri/ z be+ made fle% by ! p[] #bgg ( ! ,logos4 ,?is is no accid5tal use ( words1 = he repeat$ly /ates ! same fact1 z = in/ance3 ,b :y ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,^w1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ,"l ( all1 he 0 born a man ( a ,virg917#a7 c4 ,tis*5dorf cont9ues3 ,to ^! passages out ( ! %ort second ,apology we extract f ! fir/ 7cap4 #cc747b7 ,by ! ,_s1 !re=e1 & p[] ( ,god 79 ref]5ce to ,luke i4 #ce3 ',! ,holy ,_s %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e'7 we h no?+ else to und]/& b ! ,logos1 :i* is ! fir/-born ( ,god47#c7 ,"h aga9 we h ! same diff]5ce f ! doctr9e ( ! f\r? ,gospel :i* we h j po9t$ out1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 s completely 9 agreem5t ) ! views ( ,philo17#d7 & *>act]i/ic ( a less develop$ =m ( ! idea4 ,we %all fur!r ref] to ! t]m9ology h]eaft]1 & meantime we proce$ to ! la/ illu/ration giv5 by ,tis*5dorf4 ,out ( ! ,dialogue 7c4 #aje73 ',= t he 0 ! only-begott5 ( ! ,fa!r ( all1 9 peculi> wise begott5 ( him z ,^w & ,p[] ------1 & aft]w>ds became man ?r\gh ! ,virg91 z we h le>nt f ! ,memoirs1 ,i h already /at$4'7#e7 #bgh ,! allusion "h is to ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ! ,dialogue1 :]e91 ) special ref]5ce 7c4 #ajj7 to ! passage :i* has a p>allel 9 ,luke i4 #ce1 quot$ by ,tis*5dorf 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration1 ,ju/9 n>rates ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,?is ref]5ce v appropriately leads u to a m g5]al discussion ( ! real s\rce ( ! t]m9ology & ,logos doctr9e ( ,ju/94 ,we d n propose1 9 ?is "w1 to ent] fully into ! hi/ory ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 & we mu/ conf9e ourselves /rictly to %[+1 9 ! mo/ simple mann] possible1 t n only is !re no evid5ce :atev] t ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 ideas reg>d+ x f ! f\r? ,gospel1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 8 t]m9ology & doctr9e may be trac$ to ano!r s\rce4 ,n[1 9 ! v *apt] 7#ajj7 f :i* ?is la/ illu/ration is tak51 ,ju/9 %[s cle>ly :5ce he d]ives ! expression3 only-begott54 ,9 *ap4 #ig he ref]s to ! ,ps4 xxii4 7,sept4 xxi47 z a prophecy apply+ to ,jesus1 quotes ! :ole ,psalm1 & comm5ts ^u x 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s2 ref]s to ,ps4 ii4 #g3 ,?\ art my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e1 utt]$ by ! voice at ! baptism1 9 *4 #ajc1 9 illu/ration ( x2 & 9 *4 #aje he arrives1 9 8 exposition ( x1 at ,v]se #bj3 ,deliv] my s\l f ! sword1 & my7#a7 only-begott5 ------ f ! h& ( ! dog4 ,!n foll[s ! passage we are discuss+1 9 :i* ,ju/9 affirms t #a ,?is %\ld probably be ?y4 #bgi he has prov$ t he 0 ! only-begott5 ------ ( ! ,fa!r1 & at ! close he aga9 quotes ! v]se z indicative ( 8 suff]+s4 ,! ,memoirs are ref]r$ to 9 reg>d to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy1 & 8 bir? z man ?r\gh ! ,virg94 ,! phrase 9 ,ju/9 is q diff]5t f t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 i4 #ad3 ,& ! ,^w became fle% ------ & tab]nacl$ among u1 f9d we beheld 8 glory1 glory z ( ! only-begott5 f ! ,fa!r ------1 c4 ,9 ,ju/9 he is ! only-begott5 ( ! ,fa!r ( all ------1 & he became man ------ ?r\gh ! ,virg91 & ,ju/9 nev] once employs ! peculi> t]m9ology ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ------1 9 any "p ( 8 writ+s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 h[ev] ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,logos may at "o p]iod ( its developm5t h be5 influ5c$ by ,greek philosophy1 x 0 9 its c5tral idea ma9ly ( ,jewi% orig91 & ! m]e application to an individual ( a !ory :i* _h long occupi$ ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,aft] ! orig9al simplicity :i* repres5t$ ,god z hold+ p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! ,patri>*s1 & commun+ face to face ) ! great lead]s ( ,israel1 _h be5 outgr[n1 an increas+ t5d5cy set 9 to %r\d ! ,div9ity 9 imp5etrable my/]y1 & to reg>d him z unapproa*able & undisc]nible by man4 ,?is l$ to ! recognition ( a ,div9e repres5tative & sub/itute ( ! ,highe/ ,god & ,fa!r1 :o communicat$ ) 8 creatures1 & ?r\gh :om alone he reveal$ himself4 ,a new sy/em ( int]pretation ( ! anci5t traditions ( ! nation 0 r5d]$ necess>y1 & 9 ! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,bible we are =tunately able to trace #bhj ! progress ( ! !ory :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 ,:]ev] 9 ! sacr$ records ,god _h be5 repres5t$ z hold+ int]c\rse ) man1 ! translators ei!r symboliz$ ! appe>ance or int]pos$ an angel1 :o 0 aft]w>ds und]/ood to be ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,! fir/ "n "u :i* ! ,div9e ,m$iator 0 kn[n 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ,wisdom ------1 al?\gh 9 its ,apocrypha ! t]m ,logos 0 n unkn[n4 ,! p]sonification ( ! idea 0 v rapidly effect$1 & 9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 z well z 9 ! lat] ,apocrypha bas$ ^u x3 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & ! ,wisdom ( ,sira*1 ,ecclesia/icus3 we f9d x 9 ev] increas+ cle>ness & concretion4 ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria ! active ,jewi% intellect eag]ly occupi$ itself ) ! speculation1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,philo especially we f9d ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos--! t]m :i* by t "t _h almo/ entirely supplant$ t ( ,wisdom--elaborat$ to almo/ its f9al po9t1 & want+ little or no?+ b its application 9 an inc>nate =m to an individual man to repres5t ! doctr9e ( ! e>li] ,canonical writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & notably ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1--! "w ( a ,*ri/ian ,philo17#a7--! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & la/ly ! f\r? ,gospel7#b7 #bha ,9 ,prov]bs viii4 #bb ff41 we h a repres5tation ( ,wisdom correspond+ closely ) ! prelude to ! f\r? ,gospel1 & /ill m s ) ! doctr9e enunciat$ by ,ju/93 #bb4 ,! ,"l creat$ me ! ,beg9n+ ( 8 ways = 8 works4 #bc4 ,be=e ! ages he e/abli%$ me1 9 ! beg9n+ be=e he made ! e>?4 #bd4 ,& be=e he made ! abysses1 be=e ! spr+s ( ! wat]s issu$ =?4 #be4 ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1 & be=e all ! hills he begets me4 #bf4 ,! ,"l made ! l&s1 bo? ^? :i* are un9habit$ & ! inhabit$ heights ( ! e>? b5ea? ! sky4 #bg4 ,:5 he prep>$ ! heav5s ,i 0 pres5t ) him1 & :5 he set 8 ?rone ^u ! w9ds1 #bh1 & made /rong ! high cl\ds1 & ! deeps "u ! heav5 made secure1 #bi1 & made /rong ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 #cj1 ,i 0 ) him adju/+1 ,i 0 t 9 :i* he delight$2 daily ,i rejoic$ 9 8 pres5ce at all times47#a7 ,9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon we f9d ! writ] address+ ,god3 ix4 #a444 ,:o made/ all ?+s by ?y ,^w ------2 & fur!r on 9 ! same *apt]1 v4 #i1 ,& ,wisdom 0 ) !e :o kn[e? ?y works1 & 0 pres5t :5 ?\ made/ ! _w1 & knew :at 0 acceptable #bhb 9 ?y sight1 & "r 9 ?y comm&m5ts4 7#a7 ,9 v]se #d1 ! writ] prays3 ,give me ,wisdom t sitte? by ?y ?rones -----47#b7 ,9 a simil> way ! son ( ,sira* makes ,wisdom say 7,ecclesia/4 xxiv4 #i73 ,he 7! ,mo/ ,high7 creat$ me f ! beg9n+ be=e ! _w1 & z long z ! _w ,i %all n fail47#c7 ,we h already incid5tally se5 h[ ^! ?\ghts grew into an elaborate doctr9e ( ! ,logos 9 ! works ( ,philo4 ,n[ ,ju/91 :il/ he n[h]e adopts ! t]m9ology ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & n[h]e ref]s to its introductory cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 closely foll[s ,philo &1 l him1 traces x back to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! mo/ direct way1 acc\nt+ = ! int]position ( ! div9e ,m$iator 9 precisely ! same mann] z ,philo1 & express+ ! views :i* _h l$ ! ,sev5ty to modify ! /atem5t ( ! ,hebrew orig9al 9 _! ,greek translation4 ,he is1 9 fact1 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,logos doctr9e & its e>li] enunciation "u ! symbol ( ,wisdom1 & 8 k ( x is cle>ly indep5d5t (1 & antec$5t to1 ! /atem5ts ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,ref]r+ to v>i\s episodes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* ,god is repres5t$ z appe>+ to ,moses & ! ,patri>*s1 & 9 :i* x is said t ,god w5t up f ,abraham17#d7 or ,! ,"l spake to ,moses17#e7 or ,! ,"l came d[n to behold ! t[n1 c417#f7 or ,god #bhc %ut ,noah into ! ark17#a7 & s on1 ,ju/9 w>ns 8 antagoni/ t he is n to suppose t ! unbegott5 ,god ------ did any ( ^! ?+s1 = he has nei!r to come to any place1 nor walks1 b f 8 own place1 :]ev] x may be1 kn[s ev]y?+ al?\gh he has nei!r eyes nor e>s4 ,!re=e he4 c\ld n talk ) anyone1 nor be se5 by anyone1 & none ( ! ,patri>*s saw ! ,fa!r at all1 b !y saw him :o 0 accord+ to 8 w bo? 8 ,son 7be+ ,god7 & ! ,angel1 9 t he m9i/]$ to 8 purpose1 :om also he will$ to be born man by ! ,virg91 :o became fire :5 he spoke ) ,moses f ! bu%47#b7 ,he ref]s ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s to ! v>i\s appe>ances ( ,god to ! ,patri>*s1 all ( :i* he ascribes to ! pre-exi/5t ,jesus1 ! ,^w17#c7 & 9 ! v next *apt]1 aft] allud+ to "s ( ^!1 he says3 he is call$ ,angel because he came to m51 s9ce by him ! decrees ( ! ,fa!r are ann\nc$ to m5444 ,at o!r times he is also call$ ,man & human be+1 because he appe>s clo!d 9 ^! =ms z ! ,fa!r wills1 & !y call him ,logos because #bhd he be>s ! communications ( ! ,fa!r to mank9d47#a7 ,ju/91 moreov]1 repeat$ly ref]s to ! fact t he 0 call$ ,wisdom by ,solomon1 & quotes ! passage we h indicat$ 9 ,prov]bs4 ,9 "o place he says1 9 pro( ( 8 ass]tion t ! ,god :o appe>$ to ,moses & ! ,patri>*s 0 di/+ui%$ f ! ,fa!r1 & 0 9 fact ! ,^w 7*4 #ff--gj73 ,ano!r te/imony ,i w give y1 my fri5ds1 ,i said1 f ! ,scriptures t ,god begat be=e all ( ! creatures ------ a ,beg9n+ ------17#b7 a c]ta9 rational ,p[] ------ out ( himself1 :o is call$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 n[ ! ,glory ( ! ,"l1 !n ! ,son1 aga9 ,wisdom1 aga9 ,angel1 aga9 ,god1 & aga9 ,"l & ,logos2 c41 & a little fur!r on3 ,! ,^w ( ,wisdom w te/ify to me1 :o is himself ?is ,god begott5 ( ! ,fa!r ( ! univ]se1 be+ ,^w1 & ,wisdom1 & ,p[] ------1 & ! ,glory ( ! ,begett]1 c417#c7 & he quotes1 f ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 ,prov]bs viii4 #bb--cf1 "p ( :i* we h giv5 above1 & inde$1 else:]e 7*4 #abi71 he quotes ! passage a second "t z evid5ce1 ) a simil> context4 ,ju/9 ref]s to x #bhe aga9 9 ! next *apt]1 & ! peculi>ity ( 8 t]m9ology 9 all ^! passages1 s m>k$ly diff]5t f1 & inde$ oppos$ to1 t ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 w naturally /rike ! read]3 ,b ?is (fspr+ ------ be+ truly br\ght =? by ! ,fa!r 0 ) ! ,fa!r be=e all creat$ be+s ------1 & ! ,fa!r communes ) him1 z ! ,logos decl>$ ?r\gh ,solomon1 t ?is same1 :o is call$ ,wisdom by ,solomon1 _h be5 begott5 ( ,god be=e all creat$ be+s ------1 bo? ,beg9n+ ------ & ,(fspr+ ------1 ,c47#a7 ,9 ano!r place aft] quot+ ! words3 ,no man kn[e? ! ,fa!r b ! ,son1 nor ! ,son b ! ,fa!r1 & !y to :om ! ,son w reveal him1 ,ju/9 cont9ues3 ,!re=e he reveal$ to u all t we h by 8 grace und]/ood out ( ! ,scriptures1 recogniz+ him to be inde$ ! fir/-begott5 ------ ( ,god1 & be=e all creatures ------4444 & call+ him ,son1 we h und]/ood t he proce$$ f ! ,fa!r by 8 p[] & w be=e all creat$ be+s ------1 = 9 "o =m or ano!r he is spok5 ( 9 ! writ+s ( ! prophets z ,wisdom1 c427#b7 & aga91 9 two o!r places he ref]s to ! same fact47#c7 ,on fur!r exam9ation1 we f9d on e side /ill #bhf /rong] confirmation ( ! conclusion t ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 ,logos doctr9e f ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,philo1 toge!r ) e>ly ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,we h quot$ sev]al passages 9 :i* ,ju/9 details ! v>i\s names ( ! ,logos1 & we may add "o m4 ,ref]r+ to ,ps4 lxxii41 :i* ! ,jews apply to ,solomon1 b :i* ,ju/9 ma9ta9s to be applicable to ,*ri/1 he says3 ,= ,*ri/ is ,k+1 & ,prie/1 & ,god1 & ,"l1 & ,angel1 & ,man1 & ,capta91 & ,/one1 & a ,son born ------1 c4 c41 z ,i prove by all ( ! ,scriptures47#a7 ,n[ ^! repres5tations1 :i* are con/antly repeat$ ?r\gh\t ,ju/9's writ+s1 are q oppos$ to ! ,_s ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 b are on ! o!r h& equally common 9 ! works ( ,philo1 & _m ( !m also to be f\nd 9 ! ,philonian ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,tak+ ! *ief among/ !m we may briefly illu/rate !m4 ,! ,logos z ,k+1 ,ju/9 av[$ly d]ives f ,ps4 lxxii41 9 :i* he f9ds t ref]5ce is made to ! ,ev]la/+ ,k+1 t is to say ,*ri/47#b7 ,we f9d ?is repres5tation ( ! ,logos ?r\gh\t ! writ+s ( ,philo4 ,9 "o place already briefly ref]r$ to17#c7 b :i* we %all n[ m fully quote1 he says3 ,= ,god z ,%eph]d & ,k+ gov]ns accord+ to ,law & ju/ice l a flock ( %eep1 ! e>?1 & wat]1 & air1 & fire1 & all ! plants & liv+ ?+s t are 9 !m1 :e!r !y be mortal or div9e1 z well z ! c\rse ( heav51 & ! p]iods ( sun & moon1 & ! v>iations & h>moni\s revolutions ( ! o!r />s2 hav+ appo9t$ 8 true ,^w ------ #bhg ------ 8 fir/-begott5 ,son ------ to h ! c>e ( ?is sacr$ flock z ! ,viceg]5t ( a great ,k+27#a7 & a little fur!r on1 he says3 v reasonably1 !re=e1 he w assume ! "n ( a ,k+1 be+ address$ z a ,%eph]d47#b7 ,9 ano!r place1 ,philo speaks ( ! ,logos ( ! ,gov]nor1 & 8 creative & k+ly p[]1 = ( ^! is ! heav5 & ! :ole _w47#c7 ,!n if we take ! second epi!t1 ! ,logos z ,prie/ ------1 :i* is q =eign to ! f\r? ,gospel1 we f9d x repeat$ by ,ju/91 z = in/ance3 ,*ri/ ! et]nal ,prie/ ------17#d7 & x is n only a fav\rite repres5tation ( ,philo1 b is almo/ ! lead+ idea ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 9 connection ) ! episode ( ,mel*is$ec1 9 :om also bo? ,philo17#e7 & ,ju/917#f7 recognize ! ,logos4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 vii4 #c1 speak+ ( ,mel*is$ec3 b lik5$ to ! ,son ( ,god1 abide? a ,prie/ = ev]37#g7 aga9 9 iv4 #ad3 ,see+ !n t we h a great ,high ,prie/ t is pass$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 ,jesus ! ,son #bhh ( ,god1 c427#a7 ix4 #aa3 ,*ri/ hav+ appe>$ a ,high ,prie/ ( ! good ?+s to come27#b7 xii4 #ba3 ,?\ art a ,prie/ = ev]47#c7 ,! passages are inde$ f> too num]\s to quote47#d7 ,!y are equally num]\s 9 ! writ+s ( ,philo4 ,9 "o place already quot$17#e7 he says3 ,= !re are z x seems two temples ( ,god1 "o ( :i* is ?is _w1 9 :i* ! ,high ,prie/ is ! div9e ,^w1 8 fir/-begott5 ,son ------47#f7 ,else:]e1 speak+ ( ! p]iod = ! return ( fugitives1 ! dea? ( ! high prie/1 :i* tak5 lit]ally w\ld emb>rass him 9 8 allegory1 ,philo says3 ,= we ma9ta9 ! ,high ,prie/ n to be a man1 b ! div9e ,^w1 :o is )\t p>ticipation n only 9 volunt>y b also 9 involunt>y s9s27#g7 & he goes on to speak ( ?is prie/ z ! mo/ sacr$ ,^w ------47#h7 ,inde$1 9 _m long passages he descants ^u ! high prie/ ,^w ------47#i7 ,proce$+ to ! next repres5tations ( ! ,logos #bhi z ,god & ,"l1 we meet ) ! idea ev]y:]e4 ,9 ,hebrews i4 #h3 ,b reg>d+ ! ,son he sai?3 ,?y ?rone1 ,o ,god1 is = ev] & ev] ------1 & aga9 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 ii4 #f1 ,:o 7,jesus ,*ri/7 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 deem$ x n grasp+ to be equal ) ,god ------47#a7 ,philo1 9 ! fragm5t pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 to :i* we h already ref]r$17#b7 calls ! ,logos ! ,second ,god ------47#c7 ,9 ano!r passage he has3 ,b he calls ! mo/ anci5t ,god 8 pres5t ,logos1 c4 ------27#d7 & a little fur!r on1 speak+ ( ! inability ( m5 to look on ! ,fa!r himself3 ?us !y reg>d ! image ( ,god1 8 ,angel ,^w1 z himself ------47#e7 ,else:]e discuss+ ! possibility ( ,god's swe>+ by himself1 :i* he applies to ! ,logos1 he says3 ,= 9 reg>d to u imp]fect be+s he w be a ,god1 b 9 reg>d to wise & p]fect be+s ! fir/4 ,& yet ,moses1 9 awe ( ! sup]iority ( ! unbegott5 ------ ,god1 says3 ',& ?\ %alt swe> by 8 "n1' n by himself2 = x is suffici5t = ! creature to receive assurance & te/imony by ! div9e ,^w47#f7 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t bo? ,ju/9 & #bij ,philo place ! ,logos 9 a position m cle>ly second>y to ,god ! ,fa!r1 ?an ! prelude to ! f\r? ,gospel i4 #a4 ,bo? ,ju/9 & ,philo apply ! t]m ------ to ! ,logos )\t ! article4 ,ju/9 di/9ctly says t ,*ri/ians wor%ip ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ! true ,god1 hold+ him 9 ! second place ------17#a7 & ?is second>y position is sy/ematically def9$ ?r\gh ,ju/9's writ+s 9 a v decid$ way1 z x is 9 ! works ( ,philo by ! contra/ ( ! begott5 ,logos ) ! unbegott5 ,god4 ,ju/9 speaks ( ! ,^w z ! fir/-born ( ! unbegott5 ,god ------17#b7 & ! di/9ctive appellation ( ! unbegott5 ,god appli$ to ! ,fa!r is mo/ common ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s47#c7 ,we may 9 cont9uation ( ?is rem>k po9t out ano!r phrase ( ,ju/9 :i* is cont9ually repeat$1 b is ?or\ghly oppos$ bo? to ! _s & to ! t]m9ology ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & :i* likewise indicates ! second>y consid]ation 9 :i* he held ! ,logos4 ,he calls ! ,^w con/antly ! fir/-born ( all creat$ be+s ------ ! fir/-born ( all creation1 e*o+ ! expression ( ,col4 i4 #ae4 7,! ,son7 :o is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/-born ( all creation ------4 ,?is is a totally diff]5t view f t ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* 9 s emphatic a mann] #bia enunciates ! doctr9e3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god1 a /atem5t :i* ,ju/91 ) ,philo1 only makes 9 a v modifi$ s5se4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 ! next repres5tation ( ! ,logos by ,ju/9 is z ,angel4 ,?is p]petually recurs 9 8 writ+s47#a7 ,9 "o place1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 he says3 ,! ,^w ( ,god is 8 ,son1 z we h already /at$1 & he is also call$ ,mess5g] ------ & ,apo/le1 = he br+s ! message ( all we ne$ to "k1 & is s5t an ,apo/le to decl>e all ! message conta9s47#b7 ,9 ! same *apt] ref]5ce is aga9 made to passages quot$ = ! sake ( prov+3 t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god & ,apo/le1 be+ a=etime ! ,^w & hav+ appe>$ n[ 9 ! =m ( fire1 & n[ 9 ! lik5ess ( incorporeal be+s27#c7 & he gives _m illu/rations47#d7 ,! passages1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! ,logos is call$ ,angel1 are too num]\s to be m fully dealt ) "h4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t ?is repres5tation ( ! ,logos z ,angel1 is n only =eign to1 b oppos$ to ! _s (1 ! f\r? ,gospel1 al?\gh x is ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) ! writ+s ( ,philo4 ,be=e illu/rat+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we may incid5tally rem>k t ! ascription to ! ,logos ( ! "n ,apo/le :i* occurs 9 ! two passages j quot$ above1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! writ+s ( ,ju/917#e7 #bib is likewise oppos$ to ! f\r? ,gospel1 al?\gh x is f\nd 9 e>li] writ+s1 exhibit+ a less develop$ =m ( ! ,logos doctr9e2 = ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews iii4 #a1 has3 ,consid] ! ,apo/le & ,high ,prie/ ( our confession1 ,jesus1 c4 ------4 ,we are1 9 fact1 con/antly direct$ by ! rem>ks ( ,ju/9 to o!r s\rces ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 & nev] to ! f\r? ,gospel1 ) :i* 8 tone & t]m9ology d n agree4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! writ+s ( ,philo we meet ) ! ,logos z ,angel4 ,he speaks ( ! ,angel ,^w ( ,god 9 a s5t5ce already quot$17#a7 & else:]e 9 a passage1 "o ( _m o!rs1 ^u :i* ! l9es ( ,ju/9 :i* we are n[ consid]+ 7z well z sev]al simil> passages77#b7 are 9 all probability m\ld$4 ,philo calls ^u m5 to /rive e>ne/ly to be fa%ion$ accord+ to ,god's fir/-begott5 ,^w1 ! elde/ ,angel1 :o is ! ,ar*angel be>+ _m names1 = he is call$ #bic ! ,beg9n+ ------1 & ,"n ( ,god1 & ,logos1 & ! ,man accord+ to 8 image1 & ! ,se] ( ,israel47#a7 ,else:]e1 9 a rem>kable passage1 he says3 ,to 8 ,ar*angel & elde/ ,^w1 ! ,fa!r1 :o creat$ ! univ]se1 gave ! supreme gift t hav+ /ood on ! conf9e he may sep>ate ! creature f ! ,creator4 ,! same is an int]cessor on behalf ( ! ev] wa/+ mortal to ! immortal2 he is also ! ambassador ( ! ,rul] to 8 subjects4 ,& he rejoices 9 ! gift1 & ! maje/y ( x he describes1 say+3 ',& ,i /ood 9 ! mid/ betwe5 ! ,"l & y' 7,numb]s xvi #dh72 be+ nei!r unbegott5 l ,god1 nor begott5 l y1 b betwe5 ! two extremes1 c47#b7 ,we h be5 tempt$ to give m ( ?is passage ?an is necess>y = our imm$iate purpose1 because x af=ds ! read] ano!r glimpse ( ,philo's doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 & g5]ally illu/rates its position 9 connection ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! la/ ( ,ju/9's names :i* we %all "h notice is ! ,logos z ,man z well z ,god4 ,9 ano!r place ,ju/9 expla9s t he is sometimes call$ a ,man & human be+1 because he appe>s 9 ^! =ms z ! ,fa!r wills47#c7 ,b "h conf9+ ourselves m]ely #bid to ! concrete idea1 we f9d a /rik+ repres5tation ( x 9 #a ,tim4 ii4 #e3 ,= !re is "o ,god & "o m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 ! ,man ,*ri/ ,jesus2 ------2 & aga9 9 ,rom4 v4 #ae3 444 by ! grace ( ! "o man ,jesus ,*ri/ ------1 z well z o!r passages47#a7 ,we h already se5 9 ! passage quot$ above f ,de ,confus4 ,l+4 ,sec4 #bh1 t ,philo m5tions1 among ! _m names ( ! ,logos1 t ( ! ,man accord+ to 7,god's7 image ------17#b7 or ! typical man74 ,if1 h[ev]1 we pass to ! application ( ! ,logos doctr9e to ,jesus1 we h ! /ronge/ reason = inf]r+ ,ju/9's total indep5d5ce ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! title ( ,logos is giv5 to ,jesus 9 ,new ,te/am5t writ+s e>li] ?an ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,we h rem>k$ t1 al?\gh ! passages are innum]able 9 :i* ,ju/9 speaks ( ! ,^w hav+ become man ?r\gh ! ,virg91 he nev] once ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s makes use ( ! peculi> expression ( ! f\r? ,gospel3 ! ,^w became fle% ------4 ,on ! few occasions on :i* he speaks ( ! ,^w hav+ be5 made fle%1 he uses ! t]m ------47#c7 ,9 "o in/ance he has ------17#d7 & speak+ ( ! ,eu*>i/ ,ju/9 once expla9s t x is 9 memory ( ,*ri/'s hav+ made himself body1 ------#e ,ju/9's mo/ common phrase1 #bie h[ev]1 & he repeats x 9 numb]less in/ances1 is t ! ,logos submitt$ to be born1 & become man ------1 by a ,virg91 or he uses v>i\sly ! expressions3 ------47#a7 ,9 sev]al places he speaks ( him z ! fir/ production or (fspr+ ------ ( ,god be=e all creat$ be+s1 z1 = in/ance3 ,! ,logos444 :o is ! fir/ (fspr+ ( ,god ------27#b7 & aga91 & t ?is (fspr+ 0 begott5 ( ! ,fa!r absolutely be=e all creatures ! ,^w 0 decl>+ ------47#c7 ,we ne$ n say m ( ! expressions3 fir/-born ------1 fir/-begott5 ------1 s con/antly appli$ to ! ,logos by ,ju/91 9 agreem5t ) ,philo2 nor to only begott5 ------1 directly d]iv$ f ,ps4 xxii994 #bj 7,ps4 xxi4 #bj1 ,sept474 ,x mu/ be app>5t to ev]yone :o s]i\sly exam9es ! subject1 t ,ju/9's t]m9ology is m>k$ly diff]5t f1 & 9 _s sometimes oppos$ to1 t ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & 9 fact t ! peculi>ities ( ! ,gospel are n f\nd 9 ,ju/9's writ+s at all47#d7 ,on ! #bif o!r h&1 8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos is precisely t ( ,philo17#a7 & ( writ+s long antec$5t to ! f\r? ,gospel1 & !re c be no d\bt1 we ?9k1 t x 0 d]iv$ f !m47#b7 #big ,we may n[ proce$ to consid] o!r passages adduc$ by ,tis*5dorf to support 8 ass]tion t ,ju/9 made use ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,he says3 ,passages ( ! ,johann9e ,gospel1 h[ev]1 are also n want+ to :i* passages 9 ,ju/9 ref] back4 ,9 ! ,dialogue1 *4 #hh1 he writes ( ,john ! ,bapti/3 ',! p believ$ t he 0 ! ,*ri/1 b he cri$ to !m3 ,i am n ! ,*ri/1 b ! voice ( a prea*]4' ,?is is connect$ ) ,john i4 #bj & #bc2 = no o!r ,evangeli/ has report$ ! fir/ words 9 ! ,bapti/'s reply47#a7 ,n[ ! passage 9 ,ju/91 ) its context1 reads z foll[s3 ,= ,john sat by ! ,jordan ------ & prea*$ ! ,baptism ( rep5tance1 we>+ only a lea!rn girdle & raim5t ( camel's hair1 & eat+ no?+ b locu/s & wild honey2 m5 suppos$ ------ him to be ! ,*ri/1 :]e=e he himself cri$ to !m3 ',i am n ! ,*ri/1 b ! voice ( "o cry+3 ,= he %all come ------ :o is /rong] ?an ,i1 ^: %oes ,i am n meet ------ to be>4'7#b7 ,n[ ! only gr\nd ^u :i* ?is passage c be comp>$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel is ! reply3 ,i am n ! ,*ri/ ------1 :i* 9 ,john i4 #bj reads3------ #bih ------3 & x is p]fectly cle> t1 if ! direct negation occurr$ 9 any o!r ,gospel1 ! diff]5ce ( ! :ole passage 9 ! ,dialogue w\ld prev5t ev5 an apologi/ f advanc+ any claim to its dep5d5ce on t ,gospel4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! nature ( ! two passages1 x may be well to collect ! ne>e/ p>allels 9 ! ,gospel1 & comp>e !m ) ,ju/9's n>rative4 ------ #bii ,! introductory description ( ,john's dress & habits is q contr>y to ! f\r? ,gospel1 b corresponds to "s ext5t ) ,matt4 iii4 #d4 ,x is difficult to conceive two acc\nts m fundam5tally diff]5t1 & ! discrepancy becomes m app>5t :5 we consid] ! sc5e & actors 9 ! episode4 ,9 ,ju/91 x is evid5t t ! he>]s ( ,john _h receiv$ ! impression t he 0 ! ,*ri/1 & ! ,bapti/ becom+ aw>e ( x volunt>ily disabus$ _! m9ds ( ?is idea4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel ! words ( ,john are extract$ f him 7he confess$ & d5i$ n7 by emiss>ies s5t by ! ,ph>isees ( ,j]usalem specially to "q him on ! subject4 ,! acc\nt ( ,ju/9 betrays no k ( any su* int]rogation4 ,! utt] diff]5ce is br\ght to a climax by ! conclud+ /atem5t ( ! f\r? ,gospel3-- ------ ,9 fact ! sc5e 9 ! two n>ratives is z little ! same z _! details4 ,"o c sc>cely avoid ! conclusion1 9 read+ ! f\r? ,gospel1 t x quotes "s o!r acc\nt & does n pret5d to report ! sc5e direct4 ,= in/ance1 i4 #ae1 ,john be>e? witness ( him1 & cri$1 say+3 ',?is 0 he ( :om ,i said3 ,he t come? aft] me is become be=e me1 because he 0 be=e me1' c4 ,v4 #ai3 ,& ?is is ! te/imony ( ,john1 :5 ! ,jews s5t prie/s & ,levites f ,j]usalem to ask him3 ,:o art ?\8 & he confess$ & d5i$ n1 & confess$ t ,i am n ! ,*ri/1 c4 ,n[1 z usual1 ! ,gospel :i* ,ju/9 uses m ne>ly approximates to our fir/ ,synoptic #cjj ?an ! o!r ,gospels1 al?\gh x diff]s 9 v important po9ts f t also--/ill1 tak5 9 connection ) ! ?ird ,synoptic1 & ,acts xiii4 #be1 ?is indicates ! great probability ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r writ+s comb9+ ! p>ticul>s z !y occur 9 ,ju/94 ,luke iii4 #ae1 reads3 ,& z ! p 7 9 expectation1 & all mus$ 9 _! he>ts conc]n+ ,john :e!r he 7 ! ,*ri/1 #af4 ,john answ]$1 say+ to !m all3 ,i inde$ baptize y ) wat]1 b he t is /rong] ?an ,i come?1 ! lat*et ( ^: %oes ,i am n wor?y to unloose3 he %all baptize y ) ! ,holy ,_s & ) fire1 c4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 ) ! sole exception ( ! simple /atem5t ( ! ,bapti/ t he 0 n ! ,*ri/1 :i* 9 all ! acc\nts is cle>ly involv$ 9 ! re/ ( ! reply1 !re is no analogy :atev] betwe5 ! p>allel 9 ! f\r? ,gospel & ! passage 9 ,ju/91 _m important circum/ances r5d] x c]ta9 t ,ju/9 did n d]ive 8 n>rative f t s\rce4 ,we h already7#a7 fully discuss$ ! peculi>ities ( ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! ,bapti/1 & 9 ! context to ! v passage be=e u !re are details q =eign to our ,gospels :i* %[ t ,ju/9 made use ( ano!r & diff]5t "w4 ,:5 ,jesus /epp$ into ! wat] to be baptiz$ a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan1 & ! voice f heav5 makes use ( words n f\nd 9 our ,gospels2 b bo? ! incid5t & ! words are kn[n to h be5 conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews & o!r works4 ,ju/9 likewise /ates1 9 imm$iate cont9uation ( ! passage be=e u1 t ,jesus 0 consid]$ ! son ( #cja ,joseph ! c>p5t]1 & himself 0 a c>p5t] & accu/om$ to make pl\ghs & yokes47#a7 ,! ,evangelical "w ( :i* ,ju/9 made use 0 obvi\sly diff]5t f our ,gospels1 !re=e1 & ! evid5t conclusion to :i* any imp>tial m9d mu/ arrive is1 t !re is n only n ! slighte/ gr\nd = affirm+ t ,ju/9 quot$ ! passage be=e u f ! f\r? ,gospel1 f :i* he s fundam5tally diff]s1 b e reason on ! contr>y to believe t he d]iv$ x f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours47#b7 ,! next po9t advanc$ by ,tis*5dorf is1 t on two occasions he speaks ( ! re/oration ( sight to p]sons born bl9d1#c ! only in/ance ( :i* 9 our ,gospels is t record$1 ,john ix4 #a4 ,! ref]5ces 9 ,ju/9 are v vague & g5]al4 ,9 ! fir/ place he is speak+ ( ! analogies 9 ! life ( ,jesus ) ev5ts believ$ 9 connection ) my?ological deities1 & he says t he w\ld appe> to relate acts v simil> to ^? attribut$ to ,a,esculapius :5 he says t ,jesus heal$ ! lame & p>alytic1 & ! maim$ f bir? ------1 & rais$ ! dead47#d7 ,9 ! ,dialogue1 aga9 ref]r+ to ,a,esculapius1 he says t ,*ri/ heal$ ^? :o 7 f bir? & accord+ to ! fle% bl9d ------1 & deaf1 & lame47#e7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel #cjb ! born-bl9d is describ$ z ------4 ,!re is a v>iation x w be obs]v$ 9 ! t]m employ$ by ,ju/91 & t su* a rem>k %\ld be seiz$ ^u z an argum5t = ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel s]ves to %[ ! pov]ty ( ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( t "w4 ,)\t seek+ any fur!r1 we might at once reply t su* g5]al ref]5ces z ^? ( ,ju/9 might well be ref]r$ to ! common tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* c]ta9ly ascrib$ all k9ds ( m>vell\s cures & miracles to ,jesus4 ,x is moreov] unreasonable to suppose t ! only ,gospel 9 :i* ! cure ( "o born bl9d 0 n>rat$ 0 t :i* is ! f\r? 9 our ,canon4 ,su* a miracle may h =m$ "p ( a doz5 simil> collections extant at ! "t ( ,ju/91 & 9 no case c\ld su* an allusion be recogniz$ z evid5ce ( ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,b 9 ! ,dialogue1 along ) ?is rem>k1 ,ju/9 c\ples ! /atem5t t al?\gh ! p saw su* cures3 ,!y ass]t$ !m to be magical illusion2 = !y also v5tur$ to call him a magician & deceiv] ( ! p47#a7 ,?is is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 b traces ( ! same tradition are met ) else:]e1 z we h already m5tion$27#b7 & x is probable t ,ju/9 ei!r f\nd all ^! p>ticul>s 9 ! ,gospel ( :i* he made use1 or t he ref]s to traditions famili> among/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,tis*5dorfs next po9t is t ,ju/9 quotes ! words ( ,ze*>iah xii4 #aj1 ) ! same v>iation f ! text ( ! ,septuag9t z ,john xix4 #cg--,!y %all look on him :om !y pi]c$ ------ #cjc ------ in/ead ( ------1 aris+ out ( an em5dation ( ! translation ( ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,tis*5dorf says3 ,no?+ c be m oppos$ to probability1 ?an ! supposition t ,john & ,ju/9 h "h1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 foll[$ a translation ( ! ,hebrew text :i* else:]e has rema9$ unkn[n to u47#b7 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! translation :i* has be5 foll[$ is n else:]e unkn[n4 ,we meet ) ! same v>iation1 mu* e>li]1 9 ! only book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* ,ju/9 m5tions1 & ) :i*1 !re=e1 he 0 beyond any d\bt well acqua9t$1 ,rev4 i4 #g3 ,behold he come? ) cl\ds1 & e eye %all see him ------1 & !y :i* pi]c$ ------ him1 & all ! tribes ( ! e>? %all bewail him4 ,yea1 ,am54 ,?is is a direct ref]5ce to ! passage 9 ,ze*4 xii4 #aj4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! quotation 9 ! ,gospel3 ,!y %all look ^u him :om !y pi]c$1 is made solely 9 ref]5ce to ! ?ru/ ( ! lance 9 ! side ( ,jesus1 :ile t ( ! ,apocalypse is a connection ( ! prophecy ) ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 :i*1 except 9 a spiritual s5se1 is oppos$ to ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,n[1 ,ju/9 ^u ea* occasion quotes ! :ole passage also 9 ref]5ce to ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ z ! ,apocalypse does1 & ?is alone settles ! po9t s f> z ^! two s\rces are conc]n$4 ,if ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 v>iation f ei!r ( ! ,canonical works1 #cjd !re=e1 we %\ld be b\nd to conclude t x mu/ h be5 f ! ,apocalypse4 ,! correction ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 :i* has ?us be5 trac$ back z f> z a4d4 #fh :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 compos$1 0 notic$ by ,j]ome 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! text27#a7 & ,aquila1 a contempor>y ( ,ir5aeus1 & lat] ,symma*us & ,!odotion1 z well z o!rs1 simil>ly adopt$ ------4 ,t5 important ,,mss41 ( ! ,septuag9t1 at lea/1 h ! read+ ( ,ju/9 & ( ! ,apocalypse1 & ^! ,,mss4 likewise frequ5tly agree ) ! o!r peculi>ities ( ,ju/9's text4 ,9 all probability1 z ,cr$n]1 :o long ago po9t$ out all ^! circum/ances1 conjectur$1 an em5dation ( ! r5d]+ ( ! ,,lxx4 _h e>ly be5 made1 p>tly 9 ,*ri/ian int]e/ & p>tly = ! critical improvem5t ( ! text17#b7 & ?is am5d$ v]sion 0 us$ by ,ju/9 & e>li] ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,ewald7#c7c & "s o!rs sugge/ t probably ------ orig9ally /ood 9 ! ,septuag9t text4 ,e consid]ation is oppos$ to ! dep5d5ce ( ,ju/9 ^u ! f\r? ,gospel = ! v>iation47#d7 ,! next & la/ po9t advanc$ by ,tis*5dorf is a passage 9 ,apol4 i4 #fa1 :i* is comp>$ ) ,john iii4 #cje #c--e1 & 9 ord] to %[ ! exact "* ( ! two passages1 we %all at once place !m 9 p>allel columns3-------- ,?is is ! mo/ important passage by :i* apologi/s endeav\r to e/abli% ! use by ,ju/9 ( ! #cjf f\r? ,gospel1 & x is t ^u :i* ! :ole claim may be said to re/4 ,we %all be able to appreciate ! nature ( ! case by ! weakness ( its /ronge/ evid5ce4 ,! fir/ po9t :i* mu/ h /ruck any att5tive read]1 mu/ h be5 ! s+ul> diff]5ce ( ! language ( ,ju/91 & ! abs5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ! ,johann9e ,gospel4 ,! d\ble v]ily1 v]ily1 :i* occurs twice ev5 9 ^! ?ree v]ses1 & con/antly ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel7#a71 is abs5t 9 ,ju/92 & ap>t f ! total diff]5ce ( ! =m 9 :i* ! :ole passage is giv5 7! episode ( ,nicodemus be+ entirely ignor$71 & omitt+ m9or diff]5ces1 ! foll[+ l+ui/ic v>iations occur3 ,ju/9 has3 ------ ,inde$ x is almo/ impossible to imag9e a m complete diff]5ce1 bo? 9 =m & language1 & x seems to u t !re does n exi/ a s+le l+ui/ic trace by :i* ! passage 9 ,ju/9 c be connect$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! fact t ,ju/9 kn[s no?+ ( ! expression ------ 7born f above71 ^u :i* ! :ole /atem5t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel turns1 b uses a totally diff]5t ^w1 ------ 7born aga971 #cjg is ( great significance4 ,tis*5dorf wi%es to translate ------ anew 7or aga971 z ! v]sion ( ,lu!r & ! au?oris$ ,engli% translation read1 & ?us r5d] ! ------ ( ,ju/9 a fair equival5t = x2 b ev5 ?is w\ld n alt] ! fact t s little does ,ju/9 quote ! f\r? ,gospel1 t he has n ev5 ! te/ ^w ( ! passage4 ,! ^w ------1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly _c "h be tak5 to signify any?+ b f above7l7--f ,god1 f heav51--& ?is is n only its natural mean+1 b ! t]m is sev]al times us$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 always ) ?is same s5se17#b7 & !re is no?+ :i* w>rants a diff]5t int]pretation 9 ?is place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! same signification is manife/ly indicat$ by ! context1 & =ms ! po9t ( ! :ole lesson4 ,except a man be born ( wat] & ( ,_s7#c7 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 #f4 ,t :i* ha? be5 born ( ! fle% is fle%1 & t :i* ha? be5 born ( ! ,_s is ,_s4 #g4 ,m>vel n t ,i said unto !e3 ye mu/ be born f above ------4 ,! explanation ( ------ is giv5 9 v]se #f4 ,! bir? ( ! ,_s is ! bir? f above1 :i* is ess5tial to entrance into ! k+dom ( ,god47#d7 #cjh ,! s5se ( ! passage 9 ,ju/9 is diff]5t & mu* m simple4 ,he is speak+ ( reg5]ation ?r\gh baptism1 & ! mann] 9 :i* conv]ts are consecrat$ to ,god :5 !y are made new ------ ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,aft] !y are taught to fa/ & pray = ! remission ( _! s9s1 he says3 ,!y are !n tak5 by u :]e !re is wat]1 t !y may be reg5]at$ 7born aga91 ------71 by ! same mann] ( reg5]ation 7be+ born aga91 ------7 by :i* we also 7 reg5]at$ 7born aga91 ------4 ,= 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r ( ! ,univ]se ! ,"l ,god1 & ( our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ( ! ,holy ,_s !y !n make ! wa%+ ) ! wat]4 ,= ! ,*ri/ also said1 'unless ye be born aga9 ------1 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav541 ,n[ t x is impossible = ^? :o h once be5 born to g into ! matrices ( ! p>5ts is evid5t to all4 ,& !n he quotes ,isaiah i4 #af--bj1 ,wa% y1 make y clean1 c41 & !n proce$s3 ,& reg>d+ ?is 7,baptism7 we h be5 taught ?is reason4 ,s9ce at our fir/ bir? we 7 born )\t our k1 & p]=ce1 c41 & br\ght up 9 evil habits & wick$ ways1 !re=e 9 ord] t we %\ld n cont9ue *ildr5 ( necessity & ignorance1 b become *ildr5 ( election & k1 & obta9 9 ! wat] remission ( s9s :i* we _h previ\sly committ$1 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r ( ! ,univ]se & ,"l ,god is pron\nc$ ov] him :o desires to be born aga9 ------1 & has rep5t$ ( 8 s9s1 c47#a7 ,n[ x is cle> t :]eas ,ju/9 speaks simply ( reg5]ation by baptism1 ! f\r? ,gospel indicates a lat] developm5t ( ! doctr9e by spiritualiz+ ! idea1 #cji & requir+ n only reg5]ation ?r\gh ! wat] 7,except a man be born ( wat]71 b t a man %\ld be born f above 7& ( ! ,_s71 n m]ely ------1 b ------4 ,! ^w us$ by ,ju/9 is t :i* 0 commonly employ$ 9 ! ,*ur* = reg5]ation1 & o!r in/ances ( x occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t47#a7 ,! idea ( reg5]ation or be+ born aga91 z ess5tial to conv]sion1 0 q famili> to ! ,jews !mselves1 & ,lightfoot gives in/ances ( ?is f ,talmudic writ+s3 ,if any "o become a proselyte he is l a *ild 'new born4' ,! ,g5tile t is made a proselyte & ! s]vant t is made free he is l a *ild new born47#b7 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 bas$ ^u ! belief 9 special privileges grant$ to ! ,jews1 & ! ,g5tile conv]t admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! b5efits ( ! ,messiah became a ,jew by spiritual new bir?4 ,ju/9 9 giv+ ! words ( ,jesus cle>ly pr(ess$ to make an exact quotation37#c7 ,= ,*ri/ also said3 ,unless ye be born aga91 c4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,ju/9 is address+ ! ,roman emp]ors1 :o w\ld n und]/& ! expression t x 0 necess>y to be born aga9 9 ord] to ent] ! k+dom ( heav54 ,he1 !re=e1 expla9s t he does n mean a physical new bir? by m5 already born2 & ?is explanation may be reg>d$ z natural1 "u ! circum/ances1 & indep5d5t ( any writt5 s\rce4 ,9 any case1 ! /rik+ diff]5ce ( 8 language f t ( ! f\r? ,gospel at lea/ =bids ! inf]5ce t x mu/ necess>ily h be5 d]iv$ f t ,gospel4 #caj ,to argue o!rwise w\ld be to assume ! utt]ly unt5able premiss t say+s ( ,jesus :i* are ma9ta9$ to be hi/orical 7 n record$ 9 m ?an f\r ,gospels1 & inde$ 9 ?is in/ance 7 limit$ to "o4 ,?is is n only 9 itself inadmissible1 b hi/orically untrue17#a7 & a mom5t ( consid]ation mu/ conv9ce e imp>tial m9d t x _c legitimately be ass]t$ t an express quotation ( a suppos$ hi/orical say+ mu/ h be5 tak5 f a p>allel 9 "o ( our ,gospels1 f :i* x diff]s s mat]ially 9 language & circum/ance1 simply because t ,gospel happ5s to be ! only "o n[ surviv+ :i* conta9s p>ticul>s some:at simil>4 ,! express quotation fundam5tally diff]s f ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! natural explanation ( ,ju/9 :i* foll[s is n a quotation at all1 & likewise fundam5tally diff]s f ! ,johann9e p>allel4 ,ju/9 n only ignores ! peculi> episode 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 9 :i* ! passage occurs1 b nei!r "h nor any:]e ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s makes any m5tion ( ,nicodemus4 ,! accid5t ( survival is almo/ ! only ju/ification ( ! affirmation t ! f\r? ,gospel is ! s\rce ( ,ju/9's quotation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h _m /rong indications ( ano!r s\rce4 ,9 our fir/ ,synoptic 7xviii4 #c71 we f9d traces ( ano!r v]sion ( ! say+ ( ,jesus1 mu* m ne>ly correspond+ ) ! quotation ( ,ju/93 ,& he said1 v]ily ,i say unto y3 ,except ye be turn$ & become z ! little *ildr5 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav547#b7 ,! la/ phrase ( ?is say+ is lit]ally ! same z ! quotation ( ,ju/91 #caa & gives 8 expression1 k+dom ( heav51 s *>act]i/ic ( 8 ,gospel1 & s =eign to ! ,johann9e4 ,we meet ) a simil> quotation 9 connection ) baptism1 /ill m closely agree+ ) ,ju/91 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 xi4 #bf3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y3 ,except ye be born aga9 ------ by liv+ wat] 9 ! "n ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s1 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav547#a7 ,"h aga9 we h bo? ! ------1 & ! ------ z well z ! ref]5ce only to wat] 9 ! baptism1 & ?is is /rong confirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( a v]sion ( ! passage1 diff]5t f ! ,johann9e1 f :i* ,ju/9 quotes4 ,z bo? ! au?or ( ! ,clem5t9es & ,ju/9 probably made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 "s mo/ compet5t critics h1 ) reason1 adopt$ ! conclusion t ! passage we are discuss+ 0 probably d]iv$ f t ,gospel2 at any rate x _c be ma9ta9$ z a quotation f our f\r? ,gospel17#b7 & x is1 !re=e1 ( no value z evid5ce ev5 #cab = its exi/5ce4 ,7 x successfully trac$ to t "w1 h[ev]1 ! passage w\ld ?r[ no light on ! au?or%ip & "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,if we turn = a mom5t f ?is la/ ( ! po9ts ( evid5ce adduc$ by ,tis*5dorf = ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel by ,ju/91 to consid] h[ f> ! circum/ances ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus n>rat$ by ,ju/9 be> ^u ?is quotation1 we h a /rik+ confirmation ( ! results we h o!rwise atta9$4 ,n only is !re a total abs5ce f 8 writ+s ( ! peculi> t]m9ology & *>act]i/ic expressions ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 b !re is n an allusion made to any "o ( ! occurr5ces exclusively n>rat$ by t ,gospel1 al?\gh _m ( ^!1 & _m p>ts ( ! ,johann9e disc\rses ( ,jesus1 w\ld h be5 peculi>ly suitable = 8 purpose4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! rem>kable abs5ce ( any use ( ! expressions by :i* ! ,logos doctr9e is /at$ 9 ! prologue4 ,we may n[ po9t out t ,ju/9 makes no ref]5ce :atev] to any ( ! special miracles ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,he is app>5tly q ignorant ev5 ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us3 on ! o!r h&1 he gives repres5tations ( ! bir?1 life1 & dea? ( ,jesus1 :i* are ignor$ by ! ,johann9e ,gospel1 & are inde$ oppos$ to its :ole conception ( ,jesus z ! ,logos2 & :5 he ref]s to circum/ances :i* are also n>rat$ 9 t ,gospel1 8 acc\nt is diff]5t f t :i* x gives4 ,ju/9 p]petually ref]s to ! bir? ( ,jesus by ! ,virg9 ( ! race ( ,david & ! ,patri>*s2 8 ,logos ?us becomes man17#a7 7n fle%--------1n ------72 he is born 9 a cave 9 ,be?lehem27#b7 he gr[s 9 /ature & intellect by ! use ( ord9>y means l o!r m52 he is acc\nt$ #cac ! son ( ,joseph ! c>p5t] & ,m>y3 he himself works z a c>p5t]1 & makes pl\ghs & yokes47#a7 ,:5 ,jesus is baptiz$ by ,john1 a fire is k9dl$ 9 ,jordan2 & ,ju/9 evid5tly kn[s no?+ ( ,john's express decl>ation 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 t ,jesus is ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,god47#b7 ,ju/9 ref]s to ! *ange ( "n ( ,simon 9 connection ) 8 recognition ( ! ,ma/] z ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god17#c7 :i* is n>rat$ q diff]5tly 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7i4 #dj--db71 :]e1 inde$1 su* a decl>ation is put into ! m\? ( ,na?aniel 7i4 #di71 :i* ,ju/9 ignores4 ,ju/9 does n m5tion ,nicodemus ei!r 9 connection ) ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! necessity ( be+ born f above1 or ) ! entombm5t 7xix4 #ci74 ,he has ! pray] & agony 9 ! g>d517#d7 :i* ! f\r? ,gospel excludes1 z well z ! cries on ! cross1 :i* t ,gospel ignores4 ,!n1 accord+ to ,ju/91 ! la/ supp] takes place on ! #ad? ,nisan17#e7 :il/ ! f\r? ,gospel1 ignor+ ! ,passov] & la/ supp]1 repres5ts ! la/ meal z eat5 on ! #ac? ,nisan 7,john xiii4 #a f41 cf4 xviii4 #bh74 ,he likewise contradicts ! f\r? ,gospel1 9 limit+ ! "w ( ,jesus to "o ye>4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible = writ+s1 s full ( quotations ( ! words ( ,jesus & ( allusions to ! ev5ts ( 8 life1 m completely to ignore or v>y f ! f\r? ,gospel ?r\gh\t2 & if x c\ld be %[n t ,ju/9 0 acqua9t$ ) su* a "w1 x w\ld foll[ c]ta9ly t he did n consid] x an ,apo/olical or au?oritative composition4 #e ,& x is writt5 t on ! day ( ! ,passov] y seiz$ him1 & likewise dur+ ! ,passov] y crucifi$ him4 ,dial41 ,ill2 cf4 ,dial4 #gj2 ,matt1 xxvi4 #b1 #ag ff41 #cj1 #eg4 #cad ,we may add t1 z ,ju/9 s di/9ctly & directly ref]s to ! ,apo/le ,john z ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse17#a7 !re is confirmation ( ! conclusion1 o!rwise arriv$ at1 t he did n1 & c\ld n1 "k ! ,gospel & also ascribe x to him4 ,f9ally1 ! description :i* ,ju/9 gives ( ! mann] ( tea*+ ( ,jesus excludes ! idea t he knew ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,brief & concise 7 ! s5t5ces utt]$ by him3 = he 0 no ,sophi/1 b 8 ^w 0 ! p[] ( ,god47#b7 ,no "o c\ld = a mom5t ass]t t ?is description applies to ! long & artificial disc\rses ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 x em95tly describes ! /yle ( tea*+ 9 ! ,synoptics1 ) :i* ! num]\s ,gospels 9 circulation among/ e>ly ,*ri/ians 71 ( c\rse1 m ne>ly alli$4 ,! inevitable conclusion at :i* we mu/ arrive is t1 s f> f indicat+ any acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! writ+s ( ,ju/9 n only d n furni% ! slighte/ evid5ce ( its exi/5ce1 b (f] presumptive te/imony aga9/ its ,apo/olical orig94 ,tis*5dorf only devotes a %ort note to ,hegesippus17#c7 & does n pret5d to f9d 9 ! fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s1 pres]v$ to u by ,eusebius1 or ! details ( 8 life :i* he has record$1 any evid5ce = our ,gospels4 ,apologi/s g5]ally admit t ?is s\rce1 at lea/1 is b>r5 ( all te/imony = ! f\r? ,gospel1 b ,canon ,we/cott _c r5\nce s important a witness )\t an ef=t1 & he !re=e boldly says3 ,:5 he1 7,hegesippus7 speaks ( '! door ( ,jesus' 9 8 acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,/4 ,james1 !re c be little #cae d\bt t he alludes to ! language ( our ,"l record$ by ,/4 ,john47#a7 ,! passage to :i* ,canon ,we/cott ref]s1 b :i* he does n quote1 is z foll[s3--,c]ta91 !re=e1 ( ! sev5 h]etical p>ties among/ ! p1 already describ$ by me 9 ! ,memoirs1 inquir$ ( him1 :at 0 ! door ( ,jesus2 & he decl>$ ?is 7--------,jesus7 to be ! ,savi\r4 ,f :i* "s believ$ t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,b ! a=em5tion$ h]etics did n believe ei!r a resurrection1 or t he %all come to r5d] to e "o accord+ to 8 works4 ,z _m z believ$1 h[ev]1 did s1 ?r\gh ,james4 ,! rul]s fe>+ t ! p w\ld cause a tumult1 f consid]+ ,jesus to be ! ,messiah ------1 entreat ,james to p]suade !m conc]n+ ,jesus1 & prev5t _! be+ deceiv$ by him2 & 9 ord] t he may be he>d by ! multitude1 !y place ,james ^u a w+ ( ! temple1 & cry to him3 ,o j man1 :om we all are b\nd to believe1 inasmu* z ! p are l$ a/ray aft] ,jesus1 ! crucifi$1 decl>e pla9ly to u :at is ! door ( ,jesus47#b7 ,to f9d 9 ?is a ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel1 requires a good deal ( apologetic +5uity4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t1 z an allusion to ,john x4 #g1 #i3 ,i am ! door1 ! "q3 ,:at is ! door ( ,jesus8 is m]e nons5se1 & ! reply ( ,james totally irrelevant4 ,su* a "q 9 ref]5ce to ! disc\rse #caf 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 moreov]1 9 ! m\?s ( ! antagoni/ic ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 is q inconceivable1 & x is unreasonable to suppose t x has any connection ) x4 ,v>i\s em5dations ( ! text h be5 propos$ to obviate ! difficulty ( ! "q1 b none ( ^! h be5 adopt$1 & x has n[ be5 g5]ally accept$1 t ------ is us$ 9 an idiomatic s5se4 ,! ^w is v frequ5tly employ$ 9 su* a mann]1 or symbolically1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t17#a7 & by ! ,fa!rs4 ,! ,jews 7 well acqua9t$ ) a simil> use ( ! ^w 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 "s ( ! ,messianic ,psalms1 z = in/ance3 ,ps4 cxviii4 #ai1 #bj 7cxvii4 #ai1 #bj ,sept474 #ai1 ,op5 to me ! gates ------ ( righte\sness2 ent]+ into !m1 ,i w give praise to ! ,"l2 #bj1 ,?is is ! gate ------ ( ! ,"l1 ! righte\s %all ent] into x7#b7 ,quot+ ?is passage1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria rem>ks3 ,b expla9+ ! say+ ( ! prophet1 ,b>nabas adds3 ,_m gates ------ be+ op51 t :i* is 9 righte\sness is 9 ,*ri/1 9 :i* all ^? :o ent] are bless$47#c7 ,grabe expla9s ! passage ( ,hegesippus1 by a ref]5ce to ! frequ5t allusions 9 ,scripture to ! two ways3 "o ( light1 ! o!r ( d>kness2 ! "o lead+ to life1 ! o!r to dea?2 z well z ! simile ( two gates :i* is c\pl$ ) !m1 z 9 ,matt4 vi,l #ac ff4 ,he1 !re=e1 expla9s ! "q ( ! rul]s3 ,:at is ! door ( ,jesus8 z an inquiry into ! judgm5t ( ,james conc]n+ him3 #cag :e!r he 0 a tea*] ( tru? or a deceiv] ( ! p2 :e!r belief 9 him 0 ! way & gate ( life & salvation1 or ( dea? & p]dition47#a7 ,he ref]s z an illu/ration to ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 xviii43 ,!re are two ways ( tea*+ & ( p[]3 "o ( light1 ! o!r ( d>kness4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ways47#b7 ,! ,epi/le1 "u ! symbol ( ! two ways1 classifies ! :ole ( ! moral law47#c7 ,9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 xviii4 #ag1 !re is a v]sion ( ! say+1 ,matt4 vii4 #ac;f1 d]iv$ f ano!r s\rce1 9 :i* way is m decid$ly ev5 ?an 9 our fir/ ,synoptic made ! equival5t ( gate3 ,ent] ye ?r\gh ! n>r[ & /rait5$ way ------ ?r\gh :i* ye %all ent] into life4 ,eusebius himself1 :o has pres]v$ ! fragm5t1 evid5tly und]/ood x di/9ctly 9 ! same s5se1 & he gave its true mean+ 9 ano!r ( 8 works1 :]e he p>aphrases ! "q into an enquiry1 z to ! op9ion :i* ,jamas held conc]n+ ,jesus ------47#d7 ,?is view is support$ by _m le>n$ m51 & ,r\? has po9t$ out t ,erne/i consid]$ he w\ld h be5 "r 9 mak+ ------1 doctr9e1 tea*+1 ! equival5t ( ------1 al?\gh he admits t ,eusebius does n once use x 9 8 hi/ory1 9 connection ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e47#e7 #cah ,he might1 h[ev]1 h in/anc$ ?is passage1 9 :i* x is cle>ly us$ 9 ?is s5se1 & s expla9$ by ,eusebius4 ,9 any o!r s5se ! "q is simple nons5se4 ,!re is evid5tly no int5tion on ! "p ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees "h to ridicule1 9 ask+3 ,:at is ! door ( ,jesus8 b !y desire ,james to decl>e pla9ly to ! p1 :at is ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 & 8 p]sonal pret5sion4 ,to suppose t ! rul]s ( ! ,jews set ,james ^u a w+ ( ! temple1 9 ord] t !y might ask him a "q1 = ! b5efit ( ! multitude1 bas$ ^u a disc\rse 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 unkn[n to ! ,synoptics1 & ev5 9 relation to :i* su* an inquiry z3 ,:at is ! door ( ,jesus8 becomes m]e ironical nons5se1 surpasses all t we c\ld h imag9$ ev5 ( apologetic zeal4 ,we h already7#a7 said all t is necess>y ) reg>d to ,hegesippus1 9 connection ) ! ,synoptics1 & ne$ n add m "h4 ,x is c]ta9 t _h he said any?+ int]e/+ ab\t our ,gospels &1 we may say1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ! f\r?1 ! fact w\ld h be5 record$ by ,eusebius4 ,nor ne$ we add mu* to our rem>ks reg>d+ ,papias ( ,hi]apolis47#b7 ,x is p]fectly cle> t ! works ( ,mat!w & ,m>k17#c7 reg>d+ :i* he records #c ,x is evid5t t ,papias did n reg>d ! works by ,mat!w & ,m>k :i* he m5tions1 z ( any au?ority4 ,inde$1 all t he reports reg>d+ ! latt] is m]ely apologetic1 & 9 deprecation ( criticism4 #cai su* important p>ticul>s1 are n ! ,gospels 9 our ,canon1 :i* pass "u _! names2 he does n seem to h kn[n any?+ ( ! ?ird ,synoptic2 & !re is no reason to suppose t he ref]r$ to ! f\r? ,gospel or made use ( x4 ,he is1 !re=e1 at lea/1 a total blank s f> z ! ,johann9e ,gospel & our ?ird ,synoptic are conc]n$1 b he is m ?an ?is1 & x may1 we ?9k1 be conclud$ t ,papias 0 n acqua9t$ ) any su* ,gospels :i* he reg>d$ z ,apo/olic compositions1 or au?oritative docum5ts4 ,_h he said any?+ reg>d+ ! composition or au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,eusebius w\ld c]ta9ly h m5tion$ ! fact1 & ?is sil5ce ( ,papias is /rong presumptive evid5ce aga9/ ! ,johann9e ,gospel47#a7 ,tis*5dorfs argum5t 9 reg>d to ! ,phrygian ,bi%op is ma9ly direct$ to ?is po9t1 & he ma9ta9s t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius does n make ,papias a witness aga9/ ! f\r? ,gospel1 & does n involve ! conclusion t he did n "k x1 inasmu* z x 0 n1 he affirms1 ! purpose ( ,eusebius to record ! m5tion or use ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* 7 n disput$47#b7 ,x might be cont5d$ t ?is reason+ is oppos$ to ! practice & express decl>ation ( ,eusebius himself1 :o says3 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ,i %all1 ) ! successions 7f ! ,apo/les71 c>efully intimate :at ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! v>i\s p]iods made use ( #cbj ! ,antilegom5a 7or disput$ writ+s71 & :i* ( !m1 & :at has be5 /at$ by ^! z well reg>d+ ! collect$ ------ & ,homologum5a 7or accept$ writ+s71 z reg>d+ ^? :i* are n ( ?is k9d47#a7 ,x is n wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to dwell ^u ?is1 "h4 ,! argum5t 9 ! case ( ,papias /&s ^u a broad] basis4 ,x is admitt$ t ,eusebius engages c>efully to record :at ecclesia/ical writ]s /ate reg>d+ ! ,homologum5a1 & t he actually does s4 ,n[ ,papias has himself express$ ! high value he atta*$ to tradition1 & 8 eag]ness 9 seek+ in=mation f ! ,presbyt]s4 ,! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! ,gospels compos$ by ,mat!w & ,m>k1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 are illu/rative at once bo? ( ! in=mation collect$ by ,papias & ( t cit$ by ,eusebius4 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t no?+ :atev] is said ab\t ! f\r? ,gospel1 a "w s peculi> & ( su* exceptional importance1 said to be compos$ by ! ,apo/le :om ,jesus lov$8 ,is x possible to suppose t :5 ,papias collect$ f ! ,presbyt] ! facts :i* he has record$ conc]n+ ,mat!w & ,m>k he w\ld n also h inquir$ ab\t a ,gospel by ,john _h he kn[n ( x8 ,is x possible t he c\ld h _h no?+ int]e/+ to tell ab\t a "w pres5t+ s _m /rik+ & di/9ctive features8 ,_h he collect$ any in=mation on ! subject he w\ld c]ta9ly h record$ x1 & z c]ta9ly ,eusebius w\ld h quot$ :at he said17#b7 z he did ! acc\nt ( ! o!r two ,gospels1 = he ev5 m5tions t ,papias #cba made use ( ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & #a/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 two equally accept$ writ+s4 ,! legitimate presumption1 !re=e1 is t1 z ,eusebius did n m5tion ! fact1 he did n f9d any?+ reg>d+ ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! "w ( ,papias1 & t ,papias 0 n acqua9t$ ) x4 ,?is presumption is confirm$ by ! circum/ance t :5 ,eusebius writes1 else:]e 7,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bd71 ( ! ord] ( ! ,gospels1 & ! composition ( ,john's ,gospel1 he has no great] au?ority to give = 8 acc\nt ?an m]e tradition3 !y say ------4 ,proce$+ f ?is m]ely negative argum5t1 ,tis*5dorf endeav\rs to %[ t n only is ,papias n a witness aga9/ ! f\r? ,gospel1 b t he pres5ts te/imony 9 its fav\r4 ,! fir/ reason he advances is t ,eusebius /ates3 ,! same 7,papias7 made use ( te/imonies out ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & likewise out ( t ( ,pet]47l7 ,on ! suppos$ id5tity ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le & ,gospel1 ,tis*5dorf1 z 9 ! case ( ,polyc>p1 claims ?is z evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,eusebius1 h[ev]1 does n quote ! passages ^u :i* he bases ?is /atem5t1 & kn[+ 8 inaccuracy & ! ha/y & uncritical mann] 9 :i* he & ! ,fa!rs g5]ally jump at su* conclusions1 we mu/ reject ?is z suffici5t evid5ce t ,papias really did use ! ,epi/le1 & t ,eusebius did n adopt 8 op9ion f a m]e sup]ficial analogy ( passages47#b7 ,b if x 7 c]ta9 t ,papias actually quot$ f ! ,epi/le1 x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t he #cbb ascrib$ x to ! ,apo/le ,john1 & ! use ( ! ,epi/le w\ld sc>cely affect ! "q z to ! "* & au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel ,! next te/imony advanc$ by ,tis*5dorf is inde$ ( an extraord9>y "*4 ,!re is a ,lat9 ,,ms4 7,vat4 ,alex4 #ad7 9 ! ,vatican1 :i* ,tis*5dorf assigns to ! n9? c5tury1 9 :i* !re is a preface by an unkn[n h& to ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john1 :i* comm5ces z foll[s3 ,evangelium iohannis manife/atum et datum e/ ecclesiis ab iohannc ad hue 9 corpore con/ituto1 sicut papias nom9e hicrapolitanus discipulus iohannis c>us 9 exot]icis id e/ 9 extremis qu9que libris retulit4 ,! ,gospel ( ,john 0 publi%$ & giv5 to ! *ur*es by ,john :il/ he 0 /ill 9 ! fle%1 z ,papias1 nam$ ( ,hi]apolis1 an e/eem$ disciple ( ,john1 relat$ 9 8 ',exot]ics' t is 8 la/ five books4 ,tis*5dorf says3 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no m decid$ decl>ation made ( ! te/imony ( ,papias = ! ,johann9e ,gospel47#a7 ,he wi%es to end ! quotation "h1 & only ref]s to ! cont9uation1 :i* he is oblig$ to admit to be unt5able1 9 a note4 ,! passage proce$s3 ,disscripsit v]o evangelium dictante iohanne recte4 ,he 7,papias7 inde$ wrote out ! ,gospel1 ,john duly dictat+2 !n foll[s ano!r passage reg>d+ ,m>cion1 repres5t+ him also z a contempor>y ( ,john1 :i* ,tis*5dorf likewise confesses to be untrue47#b7 ,n[ ,tis*5dorf admits t ! writ] desires x to be und]/ood t he d]iv$ ! in=mation t ,papias wrote ! f\r? ,gospel at ! dictation ( ,john likewise f ! "w ( ,papias1 & z x is p]fectly impossible1 by 8 own admissions1 t ,papias1 :o 0 n a #cbc contempor>y ( ! ,apo/le1 c\ld h /at$ ?is1 ! :ole passage is cle>ly fabul\s & writt5 by a p]son :o nev] saw ! book at all4 ,?is extraord9>y piece ( evid5ce is s obvi\sly absurd t x is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by o!r critics1 ev5 ( ! /ronge/ apologetic t5d5cy1 & x /&s "h a pitiable in/ance ( ! argum5ts to :i* de/itute criticism c be r$uc$4 ,9 ord] to d full ju/ice to ! la/ ( ! argum5ts ( ,tis*5dorf1 we %all give x 9 8 own words3 ,be=e we sep>ate f ,papias1 we h /ill to consid] "o te/imony = ! ,gospel ( ,john :i* ,ir5aeus1 v4 #cf1 ,sec4 #b1 quotes out ( ! v m\? ( ! ,presbyt]s1 ^? high au?orities ( ,papias3 ',& !re=e1 say !y1 ! ,"l decl>$3 ,9 my ,fa!r's h\se are _m mansions7#a7 7,john xiv4 #b74 ,z ! ,presbyt]s set ?is decl>ation 9 connection ) ! bless$ness ( ! righte\s 9 ! ,city ( ,god1 9 ,p>adise1 9 ,heav51 accord+ z !y be> ?irty1 sixty1 or "o hundr$-fold fruit1 no?+ is m probable ?an t ,ir5aeus takes ?is :ole decl>ation ( ! ,presbyt]s1 :i* he gives1 ,sec4,sec4 #a-b1 l ! prec$+ description ( ! ?\s& ye>s' reign1 f ! "w ( ,papias4 ,b :e!r ?is be its orig9 or n1 ! au?ority ( ! ,presbyt]s is 9 any case high] ?an t ( ,papias1 c47#a7 ,n[ 9 ! quotation f ,ir5seus giv5 9 ?is #cbd passage1 ,tis*5dorf r5d]s ! oblique con/ruction ( ! text by ins]t+ say !y1 ref]r+ to ! ,presbyt]s ( ,papias1 &1 z he does n give ! orig9al1 he %\ld at lea/ h indicat$ t ^! words are supplem5t>y4 ,we %all endeav\r z briefly z possible to /ate ! facts ( ! case4 ,ir5aeus1 ) _m quotations f ,scripture1 is argu+ t our bodies are pres]v$1 & t ! ,sa9ts :o h suff]$ s mu* 9 ! fle% %all 9 t fle% receive ! fruits ( _! lab\rs4 ,9 v4 #cc1 ,sec4 #b1 he ref]s to ! say+ giv5 9 ,matt4 xix4 #bi 7,luke xviii4 #bi1 #cj7 t :osoev] has left l&s1 c41 because ( ,*ri/ %all receive a hundr$-fold 9 ?is _w1 & 9 ! next1 et]nal life2 & !n1 enl>g+ on ! abundance ( ! bless+s 9 ! ,mill5nial k+dom1 he affirms t ,creation w be r5ovat$1 & ! ,e>? acquire wond]ful f]tility1 & he adds3 ,sec4 #c1 ,z ! ,presbyt]s :o saw ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 rememb] t !y he>d f him1 h[ ! ,"l taught conc]n+ ^? times & said3 c4 7,quemadmodum pres-byt]i mem9]unt1 qui ,joannem discipulum ,dom9i vid]unt1 audisse se ab eo1 quemadmodum de temporibus illis docebat ,dom9us1 et dicebat1 c471 & !n he quotes ! passage3 ,! days w come 9 :i* v9es w gr[ ea* hav+ t5 ?\s& ,bran*es1 c42 & ,9 l mann] t a gra9 ( :eat w\ld produce t5 ?\s& e>s1 c4 ,) reg>d to ^! he says1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! next p>agraph1 v4 #cc1 ,sec4 #d1 ,^! ?+s are te/ifi$ 9 writ+ by ,papias1 a he>] ( ,john & associate ( ,polyc>p1 an anci5t #cbc man1 9 ! f\r? ( 8 books3 = !re 7 five books compos$ by him47#a7 ,& he add$ say+3 ',b ^! ?+s are cr$ible to believ]s4 ,& ,judas ! traitor n believ+1 & ask+ h[ %all su* gr[?s be effect$ by ! ,"l1 ! ,"l said3 ,!y :o %all come to !m %all see4' ,prophesy+ ( ^! times1 !re=e1 ,isaiah says3 ',! ,wolf also %all fe$ ) ! ,lamb1' c4 c4 7quot+ ,isaiah xi4 #f--i71 & aga9 he says1 recapitulat+3 ',wolves & lambs %all !n fe$ toge!r1' c4 7quot+ ,isaiah lxv4 #be71 & s on1 cont9u+ 8 argum5t4 ,x is cle> t ,ir5aeus introduces ! quotation f ,papias1 & end+ 8 ref]5ce at3 ,!y :o %all come to !m %all see1 he cont9ues1 ) a quotation f ,isaiah1 8 own tra9 ( reason+4 ,we give ?is passage to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ,ir5aeus proce$s4 ,he !n cont9ues ) ! same subject1 quot+ 7v4 #cd1ce7 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,j]emiah1 ,daniel1 ! ,apocalypse1 & say+s f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t be>+ ^u ! ,mill5nium4 ,9 c4 #ce he argues t ! prophecies he quotes ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ! ,apocalypse mu/ n be allegoriz$ away1 b t !y lit]ally describe ! bless+s to be enjoy$1 aft] ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/ & ! resurrection1 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem on e>?1 & he quotes ,isaiah vi4 #ab1 lx4 #e1 #ba1 & a long passage f ,b>u* iv4 #cf1 v4 #i 7:i* he ascribes to ,j]emiah71 ,isaiah xlix4 #af1 ,gala-tians iv4 #bf1 ,rev4 xxi4 #b1 xx4 #b--ae1 xxi4 #a--f1 all descriptive1 z he ma9ta9s1 ( ! ,mill5nial k+dom prep>$ = ! ,sa9ts2 & !n 9 v4 #cf1 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 "w on ,h]esies1 z if resum+ 8 #a ,eusebius has pres]v$ ! ,greek ( ?is passage 7,h4 ,e41 iii4 #ci71 & goes on to contradict ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus t ,papias 0 a he>] & contempor>y ( ! ,apo/les4 ,eusebius /ates t ,papias 9 8 prefaco by no means ass]ts t he 04 #cbf previ\s argum5t1 he proce$s37#a7 ,sec4 #a4 ,& t ^! ?+s %all ev] rema9 )\t end ,isaiah says3 ',= l z ! new heav5 & ! new e>? :i* ,i make rema9 be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l1 s %all y\r se$ & y\r "n cont9ue1'7#b7 & z ! ,presbyt]s say1 !n ^? :o h be5 deem$ wor?y ( liv+ 9 heav5 %all g ?i!r1 & o!rs %all enjoy ! delights ( ,p>adise1 & o!rs %all possess ! glory ( ! ,city2 = ev]y:]e ! ,savi\r %all be se5 z ^? :o see him %all be wor?y4 ,sec4 #b4 ,b t !re is ?is di/9ction ( dwell+ ------ ( ^? be>+ fruit ! hundr$ fold1 & ( ! 7be>]s7 ( ! sixty fold1 & ( ! 7be>]s (7 ! ?irty fold3 ( :om "s inde$ %all be tak5 up into ! heav5s1 "s %all live 9 ,p>adise1 & "s %all inhabit ! ,city1 & t = ?is reason ------ propt] hoc7 ! ,"l decl>$3 ,9 !444 7plural7 ( my ,fa!r are _m mansions ------47#c7 ,= all ?+s are ( ,god1 :o prep>es = all ! fitt+ habitation1 z 8 ,^w says1 t di/ribution is made to all by ! ,fa!r accord+ #cbg z ea* is or %all be wor?y4 ,& ?is is ! c\* ^u :i* !y recl9e :o are invit$ to banquet at ! ,w$d+4 ,! ,presbyt]s disciples ( ! ,apo/les /ate t ?is is ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ^? :o are sav$1 & t by su* /eps !y advance17#a7 c4 c4 ,n[ x is impossible = any "o :o att5tively consid]s ! :ole ( ?is passage1 & :o makes himself acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,ir5aeus conducts 8 argum5t1 & int]weaves x ) quotations1 to ass]t t ! phrase we are consid]+ mu/ h be5 tak5 f a book ref]r$ to ?ree *apt]s e>li]1 & 0 n introduc$ by ,ir5aeus f "s o!r s\rce4 ,9 ! passage f ! comm5cem5t ( ! second p>agraph ,ir5aeus enl>ges ^u1 & illu/rates1 :at ! ,presbyt]s say reg>d+ ! bless$ness ( ! sa9ts1 by quot+ ! view held z to ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? be>+ fruit ?irty fold1 sixty fold1 & "o hundr$ fold17#b7 & ! int]pretation giv5 ( ! #cbh say+ reg>d+ _m mansions1 b ! s\rce ( 8 quotation is q indef9ite1 & may simply be ! exegesis ( 8 own day4 ,t ?is is probably ! case is %[n by ! cont9uation3 ,& ?is is ! ,c\* ^u :i* !y recl9e :o are invit$ to banquet at ! ,w$d+--an allusion to ! m>riage supp] ^u :i* ,ir5aeus _h previ\sly enl>g$27#a7 imm$iately aft] :i* phrase1 introduc$ by ,ir5aeus himself1 he says3 ,! ,presbyt]s1 ! disciples ( ! apo/les1 /ate t ?is is ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ^? :o are sav$1 c4 ,n[1 if ! prec$+ passages _h be5 a m]e quotation f ! ,presbyt]s ( ,papias1 su* a rem>k w\ld h be5 out ( place & useless1 b be+ ! exposition ( ! prevail+ views1 ,ir5aeus confirms x & prep>es to w9d up ! :ole subject by ! g5]al /atem5t t ! ,presbyt]s1 ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 affirm t ?is is ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ^? :o are sav$1 & t by su* /eps !y advance & asc5d ?r\gh ! ,_s to ! ,son1 & ?r\gh ! ,son to ! ,fa!r1 c41 & a few s5t5ces aft] he closes 8 "w4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 c x be legitimately affirm$ t ! citation ( ! ,presbyt]s1 & ! ,presbyt]s1 disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 is a ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,papias4 ,:5 quot+ ! ,presbyt]s :o saw ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 ?ree *apt]s be=e1 ,ir5aeus di/9ctly /ates t ,papias te/ifies :at he quotes 9 writ+ 9 ! f\r? ( 8 books1 b !re is no?+ :atev] to indicate t ! ,presbyt]s1 & ! ,presbyt]s1 disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 subsequ5tly ref]r$ to1 aft] a complete *ange ( context1 h any?+ to d ) ,papias4 ,! ref]5ces to ,presbyt]s 9 ?is #cbi "w ( ,ir5aeus are v num]\s1 & :5 we rememb] ! importance :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,lyons atta*$ to t tradition :i* comes f ! ,apo/les1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! *ur*es by a succession ( ,presbyt]s17#a7 ! ref]5ce be=e u assumes a v diff]5t complexion4 ,9 "o place1 ,ir5aeus quotes ! div9e ,presbyt] ------1 ! ,god-lov+ ,presbyt] ------17#b7 :o wrote v]ses aga9/ ! h]etic ,m>cus4 ,else:]e he supports 8 extraord9>y /atem5t t ! public c>e] ( ,jesus1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ to a s+le ye>1 ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 & t he 0 ne>ly fifty :5 he suff]$17#c7 by ! appeal3 ,z ! gospel & all ! ,presbyt]s te/ify1 :o 9 ,asia met ) ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l 7/at+7 t ^! ?+s 7 transmitt$ to !m by ,john4 ,= he cont9u$ among !m till ! times ( ,trajan47#d7 ,t ^! ,presbyt]s are n quot$ f ! "w ( ,papias may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ,eusebius1 :o _h 8 "w1 quotes ! passage f ,ir5seus )\t allusion to ,papias1 & z he adduces two witnesses only1 ,ir5aeus & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 to prove ! ass]tion reg>d+ ,john1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h ref]r$ to ! e>li] au?ority1 _h ! "w ( ,papias conta9$ ! /atem5t1 z he does = ! /ories reg>d+ ! #ccj daught]s ( ! ,apo/le ,philip2 ! miracle 9 fav\r ( ,ju/us1 & o!r matt]s47#a7 ,we ne$ n ref] to ,clem5t1 nor to ,polyc>p1 :o _h be5 taught by ,apo/les1 & ! latt] ( :om ,ir5aeus knew 9 8 y\?47#b7 ,ir5aeus 9 "o place also gives a long acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( "s "o ^u ! s9s ( ,david & o!r m5 ( old1 :i* he introduces3 ,z ,i h he>d f a c]ta9 ,presbyt]1 :o _h he>d x f ^? :o _h se5 ! ,apo/les1 & f ^? :o le>nt f !m47#c7 c4 ,fur!r on1 speak+ evid5tly ( a diff]5t p]son1 he says3 ,9 ?is mann] also a ,presbyt] disciple ( ! ,apo/les1 reason$ reg>d+ ! two ,te/am5ts37#d7 & quotes fully4 ,9 ano!r place ,ir5aeus1 aft] quot+ ,g54 ii4 #h1 ,& ,god plant$ a ,p>adise ea/w>d 9 ,ed51 c41 /ates3 ,:]e=e ! ,presbyt]s :o are disciples ( ! ,apo/les ------1 say t ^? :o 7 translat$ _h be5 translat$ ?i!r1 !re to rema9 till ! consummation ( all ?+s await+ immortality1 & ,ir5aeus expla9s t x 0 into ?is ,p>adise t ,paul 0 caught up 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #d747e7 ,x seems highly probable t ^! ,presbyt]s ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les :o are quot$ on ,p>adise1 are ! same ,presbyt]s ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les ref]r$ to on ! same subject 7v4 #cf1 ,sec4,sec4 #a1b7 :om we #cca are discuss+1 b !re is no?+ :atev] to connect !m ) ,papias4 ,he also speaks ( ! ,scptuag9t translation ( ! ,bible z ! v]sion ( ! ,presbyt]s17#a7 & on sev]al occasions he calls ,luke ! foll[] & disciple ( ! ,apo/les 7,sectator et discipulus apo/olorum77#b71 & *>act]izes ,m>k z ! int]pret] & foll[] ( ,pet] 7int]pres et sectator ,petri77#c71 & ref]s to bo? z hav+ le>nt f ! words ( ! ,apo/les47#d7 ,"h is1 !re=e1 a wide *oice ( ,presbyt]s1 includ+ ev5 ,evangeli/s1 to :om ! ref]5ce ( ,ir5aeus may ) equal "r be ascrib$17#e7 s t x is unreasonable to claim x z an allusion to ! "w ( ,papias47#f7 ,9 fact1 ,dr4 ,tis*5dorf & ,canon ,we/cott7#g7 /& almo/ alone 9 #e ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! t]m ,presbyt] is ev5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,patri>*s & ,prophets4 ,heb4 xi4 #b2 cf4 ,matt xv4 #b2 ,m>k vii4 #c1 #e4 #f ,) reg>d to ! ,presbyt]s quot$ by ,ir5aeus g5]ally4 ,cf4 ,r\?1 ,reliq4 ,sacrse1 i4 p4 #dg ff4 #ccb advanc+ ?is passage z evid5ce t ei!r ,papias or 8 ,presbyt]s7#a7 7 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ?is r5d]s ! /atem5t :i* is made by !m )\t any discussion all ! m indef5sible4 ,sc>cely a s+le writ]1 h[ev] apologetic1 s]i\sly cites x among/ ! ext]nal te/imonies = ! e>ly exi/5ce ( ! ,gospel1 & ! few :o d ref] to ! passage m]ely m5tion1 9 ord] to ab&on1 x47#b7 ,s f> z ! "q z to :e!r ! f\r? ,gospel 0 m5tion$ 9 ! "w ( ,papias is conc]n$1 ! passage has practically nev] ent]$ into ! controv]sy at all1 ! great mass ( critics hav+ recogniz$ t x is ( no evid5tial value :atev]1 &1 by common cons5t1 tacitly exclud$ x47#c7 ,x is #ccc admitt$ t ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis _c be %[n to h kn[n ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! majority affirm t he actually 0 n acqua9t$ ) x4 ,be+1 !re=e1 s completely deta*$ f ,papias1 x is obvi\s t ! passage does n 9 any way assi/ ! f\r? ,gospel1 b becomes assignable to vague tradition1 & subject to ! cumulative =ce ( objections1 :i* prohibit an e>ly date be+ ascrib$ to s indef9ite a ref]5ce4 ,be=e pass+ on !re is "o o!r po9t to m5tion3 ,&rew ( ,caes>ea1 9 ! preface to 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 m5tions t ,papias ma9ta9$ ! cr$ibility ------ ( t book1 or 9 o!r words1 its apo/olic orig947#a7 ,8 /rong mill5>ian op9ions w\ld naturally make su* a composition /& high 9 8 e/eem1 if inde$ x did n mat]ially contribute to ! =mation ( 8 views1 :i* is /ill m probable4 ,apologi/s admit ! g5u95ess ( ?is /atem5t1 nay1 claim x z und\bt$ evid5ce ( ! acqua9tance ( ,papias ) ! ,apocalypse47#b7 ,canon ,we/cott1 = in/ance1 says3 ,he ma9ta9$1 moreov]1 '! div9e inspiration' ( ! ,apocalypse1 & comm5t$1 at lea/1 ^u "p ( x47#c7 ,n[1 he mu/1 !re=e1 h recogniz$ ! book z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & we %all1 h]eaft]1 %[ t x is impossible t ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse is ! au?or ( ! ,gospel2 !re=e1 9 ?is way also1 ,papias #ccd is a witness aga9/ ! ,apo/olic orig9 ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 al?\gh1 z we h %[n17#a7 ! unc]ta9ty z to ! date ( ?is spuri\s "w1 & ! late p]iod :i* mu/ und\bt$ly he assign$ to its composition1 r5d] its evid5ce ( v little value = ! canonical ,gospels4 ,! passages po9t$ out 9 ! ,homilies z indicat+ acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel 7 long advanc$ ) hesitation1 & 7 g5]ally felt to be inconclusive1 b on ! discov]y ( ! conclud+ portion ( ! "w & its publication by ,dressel 9 #ahec1 x 0 f\nd to conta9 a passage :i* apologi/s n[ claim z decisive evid5ce ( ! use ( ! ,gospel1 & :i* ev5 succe$$ 9 conv]t+ "s indep5d5t critics47#b7 ,tis*5dorf7#c7 & ,canon ,we/cott17#d7 9 ! few l9es devot$ to ! ,clem5t9es1 d n ref] to ! e>li] pro( passages1 b rely entirely ^u t la/ discov]$4 ,) a view1 h[ev]1 to mak+ ! :ole ( ! evid5ce cle>1 we %all give all ( ! suppos$ allusions to ! f\r? ,gospel1 confront+ !m ) ! text4 ,! fir/ is z foll[s3-- ------ #cce ------ ,! fir/ po9t :i* is app>5t "h is t !re is a total diff]5ce bo? 9 ! language & real mean+ ( ^! two passages4 ,! ,homily uses ! ^w ------ in/ead ( ! ------ ( ! ,gospel1 & speaks ( ! gate ( life1 in/ead ( ! door ( ! ,%eepfold4 ,we h already7#a7 discuss$ ! passage 9 ! ,pa/or ( ,h]nias 9 :i* simil> ref]5ce is made to ! gate ------ into ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ne$ n "h repeat our argum5t4 ,9 ,matt4 vii4 #ac1 #ad1 we h ! direct description ( ! gate ------ :i* leads to life ------1 & we h else:]e quot$ ! ,messianic ,psalm cxviii4 #ai1 #bj3 ,?is is ! gate ( ! ,"l ------17#b7 ! righte\s %all ent] into x4 ,9 ano!r place1 ! au?or ( ! ,homilies1 ref]r+ to a passage p>allel to1 b diff]+ f1 ,matt4 xxiii4 #b1 :i* we h else:]e consid]$17#c7 & :i* is d]iv$ f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours1 says3 ,he> !m 7,scribes & ,ph>isees :o sit ^u ,moses' seat71 he said1 z entru/$ ) ! key ( ! k+dom :i* is k1 :i* alone is able to op5 ! gate ( life ------1 ?r\gh :i* alone is ! entrance to ,et]nal life47#d7 ,n[ 9 ! v next *apt] to t 9 :i* ! say+ :i* we are discuss+ occurs1 a v few l9es aft] x inde$1 we h ! foll[+ passage3 ,inde$ he said fur!r3 ',i am he #ccf conc]n+ :om ,moses prophesi$1 say+3 'a prophet %all ! ,"l our ,god raise up to y f among y\r bre?r5 z also 7he rais$7 me2 he> ye him reg>d+ all ?+s1 b :osoev] w n he> t prophet he %all die4'7#a7 ,!re is no su* say+ 9 ! canonical ,gospels or o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t attribut$ to ,jesus1 b a quotation f ,deut]onomy xviii4 #ae f41 mat]ially diff]5t f ?is1 occurs twice 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 once be+ put into ! m\? ( ,pet] appli$ to ,jesus17#b7 & ! second "t also appli$ to him1 be+ quot$ by ,/eph547#c7 ,x is q cle> t ! writ] is quot+ f uncanonical s\rces1 & "h is ano!r express decl>ation reg>d+ himself3 ,i am he1 c41 :i* is q 9 ! _s ( ! prec$+ passage :i* we are discuss+1 & probably d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,9 ano!r place we f9d ! foll[+ argum5t3 ,b ! way is ! mann] ( life1 z also ,moses says3 ',behold ,i h set be=e ?y face ! way ( life1 & ! way ( dea?'7#d7 & 9 agreem5t ! tea*] said3 ',ent] ye ?r\gh ! n>r[ & /rait5$ way ?r\gh :i* ye %all ent] into life1' & 9 ano!r place a c]ta9 p]son inquir+3 ',:at %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8' he intimat$ ! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,law47#e7 ,x has to be obs]v$ t ! ,homilies tea* ! doctr9e #ccg t ! _s 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ _h already appe>$ 9 ,adam1 & by a species ( transmigration pass$ ?r\gh ,moses & ! ,patri>*s & prophets3 :o f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 *ang+ names & =ms1 passes ?r\gh ,"t ------ until1 atta9+ 8 own seasons1 be+ on acc\nt ( 8 lab\rs ano9t$ by ! m]cy ( ,god1 he %all h re/ = ev]47#a7 ,j 9 ! same way1 !re=e1 z ! ,homilies repres5t ,jesus z quot+ a prophecy ( ,moses1 & alt]+ x to a p]sonal decl>ation3 ,i am ! prophet1 c41 s "h aga9 !y make him adopt ?is say+ ( ,moses &1 be+ ! true prophet1 decl>e3 ,i am ! gate or ! way ( life1--inculcat+ ! same comm&m5ts ( ! law :i* ! ,gospel ( ! ,homilies repres5ts ,jesus z com+ to confirm & n to aboli%4 ,! :ole sy/em ( doctr9e ( ! ,clem5t9es1 z we %all pres5tly see1 indicat$ "h ev5 by ! def9ition ( ! true prophet1 is s fundam5tally oppos$ to t ( ! f\r? ,gospel t !re is no reasonable gr\nd = suppos+ t ! au?or made use ( x1 & ?is brief say+1 v>y+ z x does 9 language & s5se f ! p>allel 9 t "w1 _c prove acqua9tance ) x4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :o mo/ und5iably d]iv$ mat]ials f e>li] ,evangelical works1 may h drawn f a s\rce likewise us$ by ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & !nce _m analogies might well be pres5t$ ) quotations f t or k9dr$ ,gospels47#b7 ,we f9d1 fur!r1 ?is community ( s\rce 9 ! fact1 #cch t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 )\t actual quotation1 !re is a ref]5ce to ,moses1 &1 no d\bt1 to ! v passage 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae71 :i* ! ,gospel ( ! ,clem5t9es puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 ,john v4 #df3 ,= _h ye believ$ ,moses ye w\ld believe me1 = he wrote ( me4 ,:il/ ! ,ebionite ,gospel gave prom95ce to ?is view ( ! case1 ! dogmatic sy/em ( ! ,logos ,gospel did n p]mit ( m ?an m]e ref]5ce to x4 ,! next passage po9t$ out z d]iv$ f ! ,johann9e ,gospel occurs 9 ! same *apt]3 ,my %eep he> my voice4 ------ ,!re 0 no m common repres5tation among/ ! ,jews ( ! relation betwe5 ,god & 8 p ?an t ( a ,%eph]d & 8 ,%eep17#a7 nor any m curr5t expression ?an3 he>+ 8 voice4 ,?is brief anonym\s say+ 0 9 all probability d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z ! prec$+17#b7 :i* _c be id5tifi$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,tradition1 & ! ackn[l$g$ exi/5ce ( o!r writt5 records ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus oppose any exclusive claim to ?is fragm5t>y say+4 ,we h already discuss$ ! ?ird passage reg>d+ ! new bir? 9 connection ) ,ju/917#c7 & may !re=e pass on to ! la/ & mo/ important passage1 to :i* we h ref]r$ z conta9$ 9 ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,homilies fir/ publi%$ by ,dressel 9 #cci #ahec4 ,we subjo9 x 9 contra/ ) ! p>allel 9 ! f\r? ,gospel ------ ,x is necess>y t we %\ld consid] ! context ( ?is passage 9 ! ,homily1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are m>k$ly oppos$ to ! !ory t x 0 d]iv$ f ! f\r? ,gospel ,we mu/ m5tion t1 9 ! ,clem5t9es1 ! ,apo/le ,pet] is repres5t$ z ma9ta9+ t ! ,scriptures are n all true1 b are mix$ up ) :at is false1 & t on ?is acc\nt1 & 9 ord] to inculcate ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! true & ! false1 ,jesus taught 8 disciples1 ,be ye approv$ money *ang]s17#a7 an injunction n f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,"o ( ! po9ts :i* ,pet] d5ies is ! fall ( ,adam1 a doctr9e :i*1 z ,ne&] rem>k$1 he mu/ combat z blasphemy47#b7 ,at ! "p we are #cdj consid]+ he is discuss+ ) ,simon1--"u ^: dete/$ p]sonality1 z we h else:]e %[n1 ! ,apo/le ,paul is really attack$1--& refut+ ! *>ges he br+s =w>d reg>d+ ! orig9 & cont9uance ( evil4 ,! ,apo/le ,pet] 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ass]ts t evil is ! same z pa9 & dea?1 b t evil does n exi/ et]nally &1 inde$1 does n really exi/ at all1 = pa9 & dea? are only accid5ts )\t p]man5t =ce--pa9 is m]ely ! di/urbance ( h>mony1 & dea? no?+ b ! sep>ation ( s\l f body47#a7 ,! passions also mu/ be class$ among/ ! ?+s :i* are accid5tal1 & are n always to exi/2 b ^!1 al?\gh capable ( abuse1 are 9 reality b5eficial to ! s\l :5 prop]ly re/ra9$1 & c>ry out ! w ( ,god4 ,! man :o gives !m unbridl$ c\rse ensures 8 own puni%m5t47#b7 ,simon inquires :y m5 die prematurely & p]iodical diseases come1 & also visitations ( demons & ( madness & o!r afflictions2 9 reply to :i* ,pet] expla9s t p>5ts by foll[+ _! own pleasure 9 all ?+s & neglect+ prop] sanit>y consid]ations1 produce a multitude ( evils = _! *ildr51 & ?is ei!r ?r\gh #cda c>elessness or ignorance47#a7 ,& !n foll[s ! passage we are discuss+3 ,:]e=e also our ,tea*]1 c41 & at ! end ( ! quotation1 he cont9ues3 & truly su* suff]+s ensue 9 consequ5ce ( ignorance1 & giv+ an in/ance17#b7 he proce$s3 ,n[ ! suff]+s :i* y be=e m5tion$ are ! consequ5ce ( ignorance1 & c]ta9ly n ( an evil act1 :i* has be5 committ$17#c7 c4 ,n[ x is q app>5t t ! peculi> v>iation f ! p>allel 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! latt] "p ( ! quotation is n accid5tal1 b is ! po9t ^u :i* ! :ole propriety ( ! quotation dep5ds4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,clem5t9es ! man is n bl9d f 8 bir?1 t ! works ( ,god might be made manife/ 9 him1--a doctr9e :i* w\ld be revolt+ to ! au?or ( ! ,homilies1--b ! calamity has befall5 him 9 consequ5ce ( "s error ( ignorance on ! "p ( 8 p>5ts :i* br+s its puni%m5t2 b ! p[] ( ,god is made manife/ 9 heal+ ! s9s ( ignorance4 ,! reply ( ,jesus is a pr(ess$ quotation1 & x v>ies v sub/antially f ! p>allel 9 ! ,gospel1 pres5t+ evid5tly a di/9ctly diff]5t v]sion ( ! episode4 ,! sub/itution ( ------ = ------ 9 ! op5+ is also significant1 m especially z ,ju/9 likewise 9 8 g5]al rem>k1 :i* we h discuss$1 uses ! same ^w4 ,assum+ ! passage 9 ! f\r? ,gospel to be ! acc\nt ( a hi/orical episode1 z apologi/s1 ( c\rse1 ma9ta91 ! case /&s ?us3--,! au?or ( ! ,homilies introduces a n>rative ( a hi/orical #cdb incid5t 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* may h be51 & probably 01 report$ 9 _m e>ly gospels 9 language :i*1 ?\gh analog\s to1 is at ! same "t decid$ly diff]5t1 9 ! "p :i* is a pr(ess$ quotation1 f t ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & pres5ts ano!r & natural comm5t ^u ! c5tral ev5t4 ,! ref]5ce to ! hi/orical incid5t is1 ( c\rse1 no evid5ce :atev] ( dep5d5ce on ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i*1 al?\gh x may be ! only accid5tally surviv+ "w :i* conta9s ! n>rative1 _h no prescriptive & exclusive prop]ty 9 x1 & s f> f ! p>tial agreem5t 9 ! n>rative prov+ ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! only rem>kable po9t is1 t all n>ratives ( ! same ev5t & reports ( words actually spok5 d n m p]fectly agree1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v decid$ v>iation 9 ! reply ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! ,homily1 f t giv5 9 ! f\r? ,gospel leads to ! di/9ct presumption t x is n ! s\rce ( ! quotation4 ,x is p]fectly unreasonable to ass]t t su* a ref]5ce1 )\t ! slighte/ indication ( ! s\rce f :i* ! au?or d]iv$ 8 in=mation1 mu/ be dep5d5t on "o p>ticul> "w1 m especially :5 ! "p :i* is giv5 z di/9ct quotation sub/antially diff]s f ! record 9 t "w4 ,we h already illu/rat$ ?is on sev]al occasions1 & may once m (f] an in/ance4 ,if ! fir/ ,synoptic _h un=tunately p]i%$1 l s _m o!r gospels ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & 9 ! ,clem5t9es we met ) ! quotation3 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav5 ------1 apologi/s w\ld c]ta9ly ass]t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y act 9 #cdc ! pres5t case1 t ?is quotation 0 cle> evid5ce ( ! use ( ,luke vi4 #bj3 ,bless$ are ye poor1 = y\rs is ! k+dom ( ,god4 ------1 m especially z a few codices actually ins]t ------1 ! slight v>iations be+ m]ely ascrib$ to free quotation f memory4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! ?ird ,synoptic might n at ! "t h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & ! quotation might h be5 d]iv$1 z x is1 f ,matt4 v4 #c4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 & und5iable ?an ! fact t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel made use ( mat]ials d]iv$ f oral tradition & e>li] records = its composition47#a7 ,x is equally und5iable t o!r gospels _h access to ! same mat]ials1 & made use ( !m2 & a comp>ison ( our ?ree ,synoptics r5d]s v evid5t ! community ( mat]ials1 includ+ ! use ( ! "o by ! o!r1 z well z ! div]sity ( lit]>y h&l+ to :i* ^? mat]ials 7 subject$4 ,x is impossible ) reason to d5y t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 = in/ance1 z well z o!r e>li] evangelical works n[ lo/1 may h drawn f ! same s\rces z ! f\r? ,gospel1 & t n>ratives d]iv$ f ! "o may1 !re=e1 pres5t analogies ) ! o!r :il/ /ill p]fectly indep5d5t ( x47#b7 ,:atev] private op9ion1 !re=e1 any "o may =m z to ! s\rce ( ! anonym\s quotations :i* we h be5 consid]+1 x is evid5t t !y are totally insuffici5t to prove t ! ,au?or ( #cdd ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies mu/ h made use ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & consequ5tly !y d n e/abli% ev5 ! contempor>y exi/5ce ( t "w4 ,if su* quotations1 moreov]1 c\ld be trac$ ) fifty times great] probability to ! f\r? ,gospel1 x is obvi\s t !y c\ld d no?+ t[>ds e/abli%+ its hi/orical "* & apo/olic orig94 ,leav+1 h[ev]1 ! few & feeble analogies by :i* apologi/s va9ly seek to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ! f\r? ,gospel & its use by ! au?or ( ! pseudo-,clem5t9e ,homilies1 & consid]+ ! "q = a mom5t f a wid] po9t ( view1 ! results already atta9$ are m ?an confirm$4 ,! doctr9es held & /rongly enunciat$ 9 ! ,clem5t9es seem to u to exclude ! supposition t ! au?or c h made use ( a "w s fundam5tally at v>iance ) all 8 views z ! f\r? ,gospel1 & x is c]ta9 t1 hold+ ^? op9ions1 he c\ld h>dly h reg>d$ su* a ,gospel z an apo/olic & au?oritative docum5t4 ,space w n p]mit our ent]+ adequately into ?is argum5t1 & we mu/ ref] our read]s to works m imm$iately devot$ to ! exam9ation ( ! ,homilies = a close analysis ( _! dogmatic tea*+17#a7 b we may 9 ! briefe/ mann] po9t out "s ( _! m prom95t doctr9es 9 contra/ ) ^? ( ! ,johann9e ,gospel4 #cde ,"o ( ! lead+ & mo/ *>act]i/ic ideas ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies is ! ess5tial id5tity ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ reveal$ no?+ new ) reg>d to ,god1 b promulgat$ ! v same tru? conc]n+ him z ,adam1 ,moses1 & ! ,patri>*s1 & 9 fact ! "r belief is t ,moses & ,jesus 7 ess5tially "o & ! same47#a7 ,inde$1 x may be said t ! tea*+ ( ! ,homilies is m ,jewi% ?an ,*ri/ian47#b7 ,9 ! prelim9>y ,epi/le ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] to ! ,apo/le ,james1 :5 s5d+ ! book1 ,pet] entreats t ,james w n give x to any ( ! ,g5tiles17#c7 & ,james says3 ,necess>ily & rightly our ,pet] rem9d$ u to take precautions = ! security ( ! tru?1 t we %\ld n communicate ! books ( 8 prea*+s1 s5t to u1 indiscrim9ately to all1 b to him :o is good & discreet & *os5 to tea*1 & :o is circumcis$17#d7 be+ fai?ful47#e7 c4 ,clem5t also is repres5t$ z describ+ 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,= ?is cause ,i fl$ = refuge to ! ,holy ,god & ,law ( ! ,jews1 ) fai? 9 ! c]ta9 conclusion t1 by ! righte\s judgm5t ( ,god1 bo? ! ,law is prescrib$1 & ! s\l beyond d\bt ev]y:]e receives #cdf ! des]t ( its actions47#a7 ,pet] recomm5ds ! inhabitants ( ,tyre to foll[ :at are really ,jewi% rites1 & to he> z ! ,god-fe>+ ,jews h he>d 7#b7 ,! ,jew has ! same tru? z ! ,*ri/ian3 ,= z !re is "o tea*+ by bo? 7,moses & ,jesus71 ,god accepts him :o believes ei!r ( ^!47#c7 ,! ,law 0 9 fact giv5 by ,adam z a true prophet kn[+ all ?+s1 & x is call$ ,et]nal1 & nei!r to be abrogat$ by enemies nor falsifi$ by ! impi\s47#d7 ,! au?or1 !re=e1 prote/s aga9/ ! idea t ,*ri/ianity is any new ?+1 & insi/s t ,jesus came to confirm1 n abrogate1 ! ,mosaic ,law47#e7 ,on ! o!r h& ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel repres5ts ,*ri/ianity 9 /rong contra/ & antagonism to ,judaism47#f7 ,9 8 anti!tical sy/em1 ! religion ( ,jesus is oppos$ to ,judaism z well z all o!r belief1 z ,light to ,d>kness & ,life to ,dea?47#g7 ,! ,law :i* ,moses gave is treat$ z m]ely national1 & nei!r ( #cdg g5]al application nor int5d$ to be p]man5t1 be+ only address$ to ! ,jews4 ,x is p]petually ref]r$ to z ! ,law ( ! ,jews1 y\r ,law1--& ! ,jewi% fe/ivals z ,fea/s ( ! ,jews1 & ,jesus nei!r held ! "o 9 any consid]ation nor did he scruple to %ew 8 indiff]5ce to ! o!r47#a7 ,! v "n ( ! ,jews inde$ is us$ z an equival5t = ! enemies ( ,*ri/47#b7 ,! religion ( ,jesus is n only absolute1 b x communicates k ( ! ,fa!r :i* ! ,jews did n previ\sly possess47#c7 ,! inf]iority ( ,mosaism is ev]y:]e repres5t$3 & out ( 8 fulness all we receiv$1 & grace = grace4 ,because ! ,law 0 giv5 ?r\gh ,moses2 grace & tru? came ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/47#d7 ,v]ily v]ily ,i say unto y3 ,moses did n give y ! bread f heav51 b my ,fa!r give? y ! true bread f heav547#f7 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce ( ,*ri/ianity f ,judaism w fur!r appe> z we proce$4 ,! mo/ ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! ,clem5t9es1 aga91 is ,mono!ism1--! absolute on5ess ( ,god1--:i* ! au?or vehem5tly ma9ta9s z well aga9/ ! ascription ( div9ity to ,*ri/ z aga9/ hea!n ,poly!ism & ! ,gno/ic !ory ( ! ,demiurge z di/+ui%$ f ! ,supreme ,god47#f7 ,*ri/ n only is n ,god1 #cdh b he nev] ass]t$ himself to be s47#a7 ,he :olly ignores ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 & 8 speculation is conf9$ to ! ------1 ! ,wisdom ( ,prov]bs viii41 c41 & is1 z we %all see1 at ! same "t a less develop$ & v diff]5t doctr9e f t ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#b7 ,! idea ( a hypo/atic ,tr9ity seems to be q unkn[n to him1 & w\ld h be5 utt]ly abhorr5t to 8 m9d z %e] ,poly!ism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r? ,gospel proclaims ! doctr9e ( a hypo/atic ,tr9ity 9 a m advanc$ =m ?an any o!r writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! "w17#c7 z ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos is its mo/ *>act]i/ic feature4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! ,^w n only 0 ) ,god1 b ! ,^w 0 ,god ------47#d7 ,he is ! only begott5 ,god ------17#e7 equival5t to ! ,second ,god ------ ( ,philo1 &1 ?r\gh\t1 8 absolutely div9e nature is ass]t$ bo? by ! ,evangeli/1 & 9 express t]ms 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus47#f7 ,no?+ c\ld be m oppos$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,clem5t9es4 #cdi ,accord+ to ! ,homilies1 ! same ,_s1 ! ------1 appe>$ 9 ,adam1 ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 & f9ally 9 ,jesus1 :o are ! only true prophets & are call$ ! sev5 ,pill>s ------ ( ! _w47#a7 ,^! sev57#b7 p]sons1 !re=e1 are id5tical1 ! same true ,prophet & ,_s :o f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 *ang+ names & =ms1 passes ?r\gh ,"t17#c7 & ^! m5 7 ?us ess5tially ! same z ,jesus47#d7 ,z ,ne&] rightly obs]ves1 ! au?or ( ! ,homilies saw 9 ,jesus a new appe>ance ( t ,adam :om he _h ev] v5]at$ z ! s\rce ( all ! true & div9e 9 man47#e7 ,we ne$ n po9t out h[ diff]5t ^! views are f ! ,logos doctr9e ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#f7 ,9 o!r po9ts !re is an equally wide gulf betwe5 ! ,clem5t9es & ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,accord+ to ! au?or ( ! ,homilies1 ! *ief dogma ( #f ,x is v unc]ta9 by :at means ! au?or ( ! ,homilies consid]$ ?is p]iodical reappe>ance to be effect$1 :e!r by a k9d ( transmigration or o!rwise4 ,critics consid] x v d\btful :e!r he admitt$ ! sup]natural bir? ( ,jesus 7?\gh "s hold x to be probable71 b at any rate he does n expla9 ! matt]3 ,uhlhorn1 ,die ,homili51 p4 #bji f42 ,ne&]1 ,k4 ,g41 ii4 p4 #fah1 anm4 #a2 ,cr$n] ?\ght t he did n admit x1 #a4 c4 p4 #bec2 ,s*liemann1 :il/ ?9k+ t he did admit x1 consid]s t 9 t case he equally attribut$ a sup]natural bir? to ! o!r sev5 prophets3 ,die ,clem5t951 p4 #bjg ff4 #cej true ,religion is ,mono!ism4 ,belief 9 ,*ri/1 9 ! specific ,johann9e s5se1 is n[h]e inculcat$1 & :]e belief is spok5 (1 x is m]ely belief 9 ,god4 ,no dogmatic importance :atev] is atta*$ to fai? 9 ,*ri/ or to 8 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection1 & ( ! doctr9es ( ,atonem5t & ,r$emption !re is no?+ 9 ! ,homilies17#a7--;ev]yone mu/ make 8 own reconciliation ) ,god1 & be> ! puni%m5t ( 8 own s9s47#b7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! repres5tation ( ,jesus z ! ,lamb ( ,god tak+ away ! s9s ( ! _w17#c7 is ! v basis ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! passages are innum]able 9 :i* belief 9 ,jesus is insi/$ ^u z ess5tial4 ,he t believe? 9 ! ,son ha? et]nal life1 b he t believe? n ! ,son %all n see life1 b ! wra? ( ,god abide? on him 7#d74444;= if ye believe n t ,i am he1 ye %all die 9 y\r s9s47#e7 ,9 fact1 ! :ole ( ,*ri/ianity accord+ to ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel is conc5trat$ 9 ! possession ( fai? 9 ,*ri/47#f7 ,belief 9 ,god alone is nev] held to be suffici5t2 belief 9 ,*ri/ is necess>y = salvation2 he di$ = ! s9s ( ! _w1 & is ! object ( fai?1 by :i* alone =giv5ess & ju/ification be=e ,god c be secur$47#g7 ,! same discrepancy is app>5t 9 small] details4 ,9 ! ,clem5t9es ! ,apo/le ,pet] #cea is ! pr9cipal actor1 & is repres5t$ z ! *ief among/ ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ,james1 :i* prec$es ! ,homilies1 ,pet] is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,simon1 :o1 on acc\nt ( 8 true fai? & ( ! pr9ciples ( 8 doctr9e1 :i* 7 mo/ sure1 0 appo9t$ to be ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*1 & = ?is reason 8 "n 0 by ! un]r+ voice ( ,jesus himself *ang$ to ,pet]2 ! fir/-fruit ( our ,"l2 ! fir/ ( ! ,apo/les to :om fir/ ! ,fa!r reveal$ ! ,son2 :om ! ,*ri/ des]v$ly pron\nc$ bless$2 ! call$ & *os5 & companion & fell[-travell] 7( ,jesus72 ! admirable & approv$ disciple1 :o z fitte/ ( all 0 comm&$ to enlight5 ! ,we/1 ! d>k] "p ( ! _w1 & 0 enabl$ to guide x aright1 ,c47#a7 ,he is "h repres5t$ z ! ,apo/le to ! ,hea!n1 ! hat$ ,apo/le ,paul be+ robb$ ( t hon\rable title1 & he is1 9 ! _s ( ?is introduction1 made to play1 ?r\gh\t1 ! fir/ "p among/ ! ,apo/les47#b7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 he is assign$ a place q second>y to ,john17#c7 :o is ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ & :o leans on 8 bosom47#d7 ,we %all only m5tion "o o!r po9t ,! ,homili/1 :5 attack+ ! ,apo/le ,paul1 "u ! #ceb "n ( ,simon ! ,magician1 = 8 boa/ t he _h n be5 taught by man1 b by a revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/17#a7 :om he _h only se5 9 a vision1 inquires3 ,:y1 !n1 did ! ,tea*] rema9 & disc\rse a :ole ye> to u :o 7 awake1 if y became 8 ,apo/le aft] a s+le h\r ( in/ruction87#b7 ,z ,ne&] aptly rem>ks3 ,b if ! au?or _h kn[n f ! ,johann9e ,gospel t ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ _h cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h _h p>ticul>ly good reason in/ead ( "o ye> to set sev]al47#c7 ,x is obvi\s t an au?or ) s vehem5t an animosity aga9/ ,paul w\ld assur$ly h /r5g!n$ 8 argum5t1 by adopt+ ! m fav\rable /atem5t ( ! f\r? ,gospel z to ! duration ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 _h he be5 acqua9t$ ) t "w4 ,our att5tion mu/ n[ be turn$ to ! anonym\s composition1 kn[n z ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 g5]al p>ticul>s reg>d+ :i* we h else:]e giv547#d7 ,?is epi/le1 x is admitt$1 does n conta9 any quotation f any evangelical "w1 b on ! /r5g? ( "s suppos$ ref]5ces x is claim$ by apologi/s z evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o only devotes a doz5 l9es to ?is "w1 /ates 8 case z foll[s3 ,al?\gh ?is %ort apologetic epi/le conta9s no precise quotation f any gospel1 yet x conta9s repeat$ ref]5ces to evangelical1 & p>ticul>ly to ,johann9e1 passages4 ,= :5 ! au?or writes1 *4 #f3 ',*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w1 b !y are n ( ! _w2' & 9 #cec *4 #aj3 ',= ,god has lov$ m51 = ^: sakes he made ! _w4444 to :om he s5t 8 only begott5 ,son1' ! ref]5ce to ,john xvii4 #aa 7',b !y are 9 ! _w'72 #ad 7',! _w hate? !m1 = !y are n ( ! _w'72 #af 7',!y are n ( ! _w z ,i am n ( ! _w'72 & to ,john iii4 #af 7',god s lov$ ! _w t he gave 8 only begott5 ,son'71 is h>dly to be mi/ak547#a7 ,dr4 ,we/cott /ill m emphatically claims ! epi/le z evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel1 & we %all1 9 ord] imp>tially to consid] ! "q1 likewise quote 8 rem>ks 9 full ^u ! po9t1 b z he introduces 8 own p>aphrase ( ! context 9 a mann] :i* does n prop]ly convey its true nature to a read] :o has n ! epi/le be=e him1 we %all take ! lib]ty ( putt+ ! actual quotations 9 italics1 & ! re/ mu/ be tak5 z purely ! language ( ,canon ,we/cott4 ,we %all h]eaft] %[ also ! exact sep>ation :i* exi/s betwe5 phrases :i* are "h1 ) ! m]e indication ( "s omission1 br\ght toge!r to =m ! suppos$ ref]5ces to ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,canon ,we/cott says3 ,9 "o respect ! two p>ts ( ! book are unit$17#b7 inasmu* z !y bo? exhibit a comb9ation ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 ,! love ( ,god1 x is said 9 ! lett] to ,diognetus1 is ! s\rce ( love 9 ! ,*ri/ian1 :o mu/ ne$s 'love ,god :o ?us fir/ lov$ him' ------1 & f9d an expression = ?is love by lov+ 8 neighb\r1 #ced :]eby he w be 'an imitator ( ,god6' ,= ,god lov$ m51 = ^: sakes ,he made ! _w1 to :om ,he subject$ all ?+s t are 9 ! e>?4444 unto :om ------ ,he s5t ,8 only begott5 ,son1 to :om ,he promis$ ! k+dom 9 heav5 ------1 & w give x to ^? :o love ,him4' ,god's w is m]cy2 ',he s5t ,8 ,son z wi%+ to save ------4444 & n to condemn' & z witnesses ( ?is1 ',*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w1 ?\gh !y are n ( ! _w67#a7 ,at ! close ( ! p>agraph he proce$s3 ,! pres5ce ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,john is "h plac$ beyond all d\bt4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no direct ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ?r\gh\t ! lett]1 nor inde$ any allusions to our ,"l's disc\rses47#b7 ,x is cle> t z !re is no direct ref]5ce to any ,gospel 9 ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 ev5 if x 7 asc]ta9$ to be a composition dat+ f ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 :i* x is n1 & ev5 if ! indirect allusions 7 t5 times m probable ?an !y are1 ?is anonym\s "w c\ld d no?+ t[>ds e/abli%+ ! apo/olic orig9 & hi/orical "* #cee ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,writt51 h[ev]1 z we believe x to h be51 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 x sc>cely requires any consid]ation "h4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 = ^? :o may be int]e/$ 9 m m9utely discuss+ ! po9t1 at once proce$ to exam9e :e!r ! composition ev5 indicates ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospel1 & = ?is purpose we %all take ea* ( ! passages 9 "q & place !m ) _! context be=e ! read]2 & we only regret t ! exam9ation ( a docum5t :i*1 nei!r f its date nor evid5ce c be ( any real weight1 %\ld deta9 u s long4 ,! fir/ passage is3 ,*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w b are n ( ! _w ------4 ,dr4 ,we/cott1 :o rev]ses ! ord] ( all ! passages indicat$1 introduces ?is s5t5ce 7:i* occurs 9 *apt] vi47 z ! consequ5ce ( a passage foll[+ x 9 *apt] vii4 by ! words & z witnesses ( ?is3 ,*ri/ians1 c4444 ,! fir/ p>allel :i* is po9t$ out 9 ! ,gospel reads1 ,john xvii4 #aa3 ,& ,i am no m 9 ! _w1 & ^! are 9 ! _w ------1 & ,i come to !e1 ,holy ,fa!r keep !m1c4 ,n[ x mu/ be evid5t t 9 m]e direct po9t ( language & s5se !re is no p>allel "h at all4 ,9 ! ,gospel1 ! disciples are ref]r$ to z be+ left beh9d 9 ! _w by ,jesus :o goes to ! ,fa!r1 :il/1 9 ! ,epi/le1 ! object is ! anti!sis t :ile ,*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w !y are n ( ! _w4 ,9 ! second p>allel1 :i* is suppos$ to complete ! analogy1 ! ,gospel reads3 v4 #ad1 ,i h giv5 !m ?y ^w3 & ! _w hat$ !m because !y are n ( ! _w1 ------ ev5 z ,i am n ( ! _w4 ,"h1 aga91 ! p>allel words are m]ely introduc$ z a reason :y ! _w hat$ !m1 & n anti!tically1 & f ?is v connection we %all see t ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,epi/le & ! ,gospel is m]ely sup]ficial4 ,9 ord] to =m a correct judgm5t reg>d+ ! nature ( ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le1 we mu/ c>efully exam9e ! context4 ,9 *apt] v4 ! au?or is speak+ ( ! mann]s ( ,*ri/ians1 & he says t !y are n di/+ui%$ f o!rs ei!r #cef by c\ntry or language or by _! cu/oms1 = !y h nei!r cities nor spee* ( _! own1 nor d !y lead a s+ul> life4 ,!y dwell 9 _! native c\ntries1 b only z soj\rn]s ------1 & ! writ] proce$s by a long sequ5ce ( anti!tical s5t5ces to depict _! habits4 ,e =eign l& is z _! native c\ntry1 yet ! l& ( _! bir? is a =eign l& ------1 & s on4 ,n[ ?is epi/le is 9 great "p a m]e plagi>ism ( ! ,paul9e & o!r canonical epi/les1 :il/ pr(ess+ to describe ! actual life ( ,*ri/ians1 & ! fif? & six? *apt]s1 p>ticul>ly1 are bas$ ^u ! epi/les ( ,paul & notably ! #bnd ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 f :i* ev5 ! anti!tical /yle is d]iv$4 ,we may give a specim5 ( ?is 9 ref]r+ to ! context ( ! passage be=e u1 & x is important t we %\ld d s4 ,aft] a few s5t5ces l ! above ! fif? *apt] cont9ues3 ,!y are 9 ! fle%1 b d n live accord+ to ! fle%4 ,!y cont9ue on e>?1 b are citiz5s ( heav5 ------47#a7 ,x is v evid5t "h1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le1 t ! ,epi/les ( ,paul *iefly1 toge!r ) ! o!r canonical ,epi/les1 are ! s\rces ( ! writ]'s inspiration4 ,! next *apt] 7vi7 beg9s & proce$s z foll[s3 ,to say all 9 a ^w3 :at ! s\l is 9 ! body1 t ,*ri/ians are 9 ! _w4 ,! s\l is disp]s$ ?r\gh\t all ! memb]s ( ! body1 & ,*ri/ians ?r\gh\t all ! cities ( ! _w4 ,! s\l dwells 9 ! body b is n ( ! body1 & ,*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w1 b are n ( ! _w4 ------4 ,! invisible s\l is kept 9 ! visible body1 & ,*ri/ians are kn[n1 inde$1 to be 9 ! _w1 b _! wor%ip ( ,god rema9s invisible4 ,! fle% hates ! s\l & wages w> aga9/ x1 al?\gh 9 no way wrong$ by x1 because x is re/ra9$ f indulg5ce 9 s5sual pleasures1 & ! _w hates ,*ri/ians1 #ceh al?\gh 9 no way wrong$ by !m1 because !y are oppos$ to s5sual pleasures ------4 ,! s\l loves ! fle% t hates x1 & ! memb]s1 & ,*ri/ians love ^? :o hate !m ------4 ,& s on ) ?ree or f\r simil> s5t5ces1 "o ( :i*1 at lea/1 is tak5 f ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians17#a7 to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,n[ ! passages po9t$ out z ref]5ces to ! f\r? ,gospel1 x w be rememb]$1 di/9ctly diff] f ! p>allels 9 ! ,gospel1 & x seems to u cle> t !y arise naturally out ( ! anti!tical mann] :i* ! writ] adopts f ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 & are bas$ ^u passages 9 ^? ,epi/les closely alli$ to !m 9 s5se & also 9 language4 ,! simile 9 connection ) :i* ! words occur is comm5c$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 :]e ,*ri/ians are repres5t$ z liv+ z /rang]s ev5 9 _! native l&1 & ! v ess5ce ( ! passage 9 dispute is giv5 9 ! two s5t5ces3 ,!y are 9 ! fle%1 b d n live accord+ to ! fle% ------1 :i* is bas$ ^u #b ,cor4 x4 #c1 ,= we walk 9 ! fle%1 b d n w>7#b7 accord+ to ! fle% ------1 & simil> passages ab\nd2 z = in/ance1 ,rom4 viii4 #d444 9 u :o walk n accord+ to ! fle%1 b accord+ to ! ,_s2 #i4 ,b ye are n 9 ! fle% b 9 ! ,_s ------3 #ab444 ,s !n1 bre?r51 we are debtors n to ! fle%1 t we %\ld live aft] ! fle% ------ c41 c4 7,cf4 #d1 #ad474 ,& ! second3 ,!y cont9ue on e>? b are citiz5s ( heav5 ------1 :i* recall ,philip1 iii4 #bj3 ,= our c\ntry 7our citiz5%ip7 is 9 heav5 ------47#c7 ,! s5se ( ! passage is ev]y:]e f\nd1 & no?+ is m natural ?an #cei ! use ( ! words aris+ bo? out ( ! previ\s ref]5ce to ! position ( ,*ri/ians z m]e soj\rn]s 9 ! _w1 & z ! anti!sis to ! prec$+ "p ( ! s5t5ce3 ,! s\l dwells 9 ! body1 b is n ( ! body1 &3 ,*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w b are n ( ! _w4 ,cf4 #a ,cor4 ii4 #ab2 vii4 #ca2 #b ,cor4 ,l #ab4 ,gal4 iv4 #bi1 v4 #af ff4 #bd1 #be1 vi4 #ad4 ,rom4 viii4 #c ff4 ,ephes4 ii4 #b1 #c1 #aa ff4 ,coloss4 iii4 #b ff3 ,titus ii4 #ab4 ,james i4 #bg4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 :i* we ?9k %[s t ! words 7 n d]iv$ f ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! p>allel ) ! ,epi/le c only be made by tak+ a few words out ( xvii4 #aa & add+ to !m a few words 9 v]se #ad1 :]e !y /& 9 ! foll[+ connection ,& ! _w hat$ !m1 because !y are n ( ! _w ------4 ,9 ! ,epi/le1 9 a passage quot$ above1 we h3 ,! fle% hates ! s\l1 & wages w> aga9/ x1 al?\gh unju/ly1 because x is re/ra9$ f indulg5ce 9 s5sual pleasures1 & ! _w hates ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh 9 no way wrong$ by !m1 because !y are oppos$ to s5sual pleasures4 ------4,n[ no?+ c\ld m cle>ly %[ t ^! analogies are m]e accid5tal co9cid5ce1 & n d]iv$ f ! f\r? ,gospel1 ?an ?is passage4 ,if ! writ] _h really _h ! passage 9 ! ,gospel 9 8 m9d1 x is impossible t he c\ld 9 ?is mann] h completely brok5 x up & *ang$ its :ole context & language4 ,! phrase3 !y are n ( ! _w w\ld h be5 introduc$ "h z ! reason = ! hatr$1 in/ead ( be+ us$ ) q diff]5t context else:]e 9 ! passage4 ,9 fact1 9 ! only place 9 :i* ! words w\ld h pres5t$ a true p>allel ) ! ,gospel1 !y are n us$4 ,n ! slighte/ ref]5ce is made ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus to any ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h se5 t ! :ole ( ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le 9 :i* ^! s5t5ces occur is bas$ bo? 9 matt]1 & 9 its peculi> anti!tical =m1 ^u ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 & 9 ^! & o!r canonical ,epi/les aga91 we f9d ! s\rce ( ! s5t5ce j quot$3 ,gal4 iv4 #bi4 ,b z !n1 he t 0 born aft] ! fle% #cfj p]secut$ him 7t 0 born7 aft] ! ,_s1 ev5 s x is n[47#a7 v4 #af4 ,walk by ! ,_s1 & ye %all n fulfill ! lu/ ( ! fle%4 #ag4 ,= ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! ,_s & ! ,_s aga9/ ! fle%3 = ^! are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r1 t ye may n d ! ?+s t ye w\ld47#b7 ,!re are innum]able passages 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les to ! same effect4 ,we pass on n[ to ! next passage 9 ! ord] ( ! ,epi/le4 ,x is n m5tion$ at all by ,tis*5dorf3 ,dr4 ,we/-cott introduces x ) ! words3 ,god's w is m]cy1 by :i* we presume t he means to p>aphrase ! context ,he s5t 8 ,son z wi%+ to save ------4444 & n to condemn47#c7 ,?is s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* is giv5 z quotation )\t any explanation1 is purely a composition by ,canon ,we/cott himself out ( diff]5t mat]ials :i* he f9ds 9 ! ,epi/le1 & is n a quotation at all4 ,! actual passage 9 ! ,epi/le1 ) its imm$iate context1 is z foll[s3 ,?is 7,mess5g]--! ,tru?1 ! holy ,^w7 he s5t to !m2 n[1 0 x1 z "o ( m5 might reason1 = tyranny & to cause fe> & con/]nation8 ,n s1 b 9 clem5cy & g5tl5ess1 z a ,k+ s5d+ 8 ,son ------ a k+1 he s5t ------2 z ,god he s5t 7him72 z t[>ds m5 he s5t2 z sav+ he s5t------ 7him72 z p]suad+ ------1 n =c+1 = viol5ce has no place ) ,god4 ,he s5t z invit+1 n v9dictively pursu+2 he s5t z lov+1 n condemn+ ------4 ,= he w s5d him to judge1 & :o %all abide 8 pres5ce87#d7 ,! suppos$ p>allel 9 ! ,gospel is z foll[s 7,john iii4 #ag73 ,= ,god s5t n 8 ,son into ! _w t he might condemn ! #cfa _w1 b t ! _w ?r\gh him might be sav$7#a7 ------4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s at a glance t ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le is completely diff]5t f t 9 ! ,gospel 9 e mat]ial po9t ( con/ruction & language1 & ! only simil>ity consi/s 9 ! idea t ,god's int5tion 9 s5d+ 8 ,son 0 to save & n to condemn1 & x is important to notice t ! lett] does n1 ei!r "h or else:]e1 ref] to ! condition atta*$ to salvation s cle>ly enunciat$ 9 ! prec$+ v]se3 ,t :osoev] believe? 9 him might n p]i%4 ,! doctr9e enunciat$ 9 ?is passage is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mu* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & x is express$ ) m especial cle>ness & =ce1 & close analogy ) ! language ( ! lett]1 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 to :i* ! lett] m p>ticul>ly leads u1 z well z 9 o!r canonical ,epi/les1 & 9 ^! we f9d analogies ) ! context quot$ above1 :i* confirm our belief t !y1 & n ! ,gospel1 are ! s\rce ( ! passage--,rom4 v4 #h3 ,b ,god prove? 8 own love t[>ds u1 9 t :ile we 7 yet s9n]s ,*ri/ di$ = u4 #i4 ,mu* m !n4444444 %all we be sav$ ------ ?r\gh him f ! wra? 7to come74' ,cf4 #af1ag4 ,rom4 viii4 #a3 ,!re is1 !re=e1 n[ no condemnation ------ to !m :i* are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus47#b7 #c4444 ,god s5d+ 8 own ,son ------ c4 ,& com+ to ! v #bnd ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 f :i* we f9d ! writ] borr[+ :olesale1 we meet ) ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! passage we h quot$3 v4 #ai4444 ,god 0 reconcil+ ! _w unto himself 9 ,*ri/1 n reckon+ unto !m _! trespasses44444 #bj4 ,on ,*ri/'s behalf1 !n1 we are ambassadors1 z ?\gh ,god 7 entreat+ by u2 we pray on ,*ri/'s behalf3 ,be reconcil$ to ,god4 v4 #aj4 ,= we mu/ all appe> be=e ! judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/1 c4 #aa4 ,kn[+1 !n1 ! fe> ( #cfb ! ,"l1 we p]suade ------ m51 c4 ,galatians iv4 #d3 ,b :5 ! fulness ( "t came1 ,god s5t out 8 ,son ------1 #e4 ,t he might r$eem !m t 7 "u ! law1 t we might receive ! adoption ( sons17#a7 c4 ,ephes4 ii4 #d4 ,b ,god be+ ri* 9 m]cy because ( 8 great love :]e) he lov$ u1 #e4 ,ev5 :5 we 7 dead 9 our trespasses1 quick5$ u toge!r ) ,*ri/--by grace ye h be5 sav$--cf4 v]ses #g1h4 #a ,!ss4 v4 #i4 ,= ,god appo9t$ u n to wra?1 b to ! obta9+ salvation ------ ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 #a ,tim4 i4 #ae4 ,?is is a fai?ful say+4444 t ,*ri/ ,jesus came into ! _w to save s9n]s ------4 #a ,tim4 ii4 #c4 ,= ?is is good & acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god our ,savi\r ------4 #d4 ,:o wille? all m5 to be sav$ ------4 ,cf4 v4 #e1 #f4 #b ,tim4 i4 #i4 ,:o sav$ u ------1 & call$ u ) a holy call+1 n accord+ to our works1 b accord+ to 8 own purpose1 & ! grace :i* 0 giv5 to u 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus be=e "t began2 #aj4 ,b ha? be5 made manife/ by ! appe>+ ( our ,savi\r ------ ,jesus ,*ri/#c ,^! passages might be indef9itely multipli$2 & !y conta9 ! s5se ( ! passage1 & 9 _m cases ! language1 m closely ?an ! f\r? ,gospel1 ) :i* ! con/ruction & =m ( ! s5t5ce has no analogy4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! ,logos doctr9e ( ! ,epi/le to #cfc ,diognetus1 to :i* we may appropriately "h ref]1 al?\gh we mu/ deal ) x 9 ! briefe/ mann] possible1 s f> is x f connect+ ! ,epi/le ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 t x mu* m proves ! writ]'s ignorance ( t ,gospel4 ,! peculi> t]m9ology ( ! prologue to ! ,gospel is n[h]e f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le1 & we h already se5 t ! t]m ,logos 0 appli$ to ,jesus 9 works ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ackn[l$g$ by all to h be5 writt5 long be=e ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,inde$1 x is q c]ta91 n only hi/orically1 b also f ! abrupt enunciation ( ! doctr9e 9 ! prologue1 t ! !ory ( ! ,logos 0 well kn[n & already appli$ to ,jesus be=e ! ,gospel 0 compos$4 ,! au?or knew t 8 /atem5t w\ld be und]/ood )\t explanation4 ,al?\gh ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le makes use ( ! designation ,logos1 he %[s 8 ,greek culture by giv+ ! prec$5ce to ! t]m ,tru? or ,reason4 ,x has inde$ be5 rem>k$7#a7 t ! "n ,jesus or ,*ri/ does n occur any:]e 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,by way ( %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,^w is spok5 (1 we w give ! entire passage1 "p ( :i* is quot$ above2 ! fir/ & only "o 9 ! fir/ t5 *apt]s 9 :i* ! t]m is us$3 ,=1 z ,i said1 ?is 0 n an e>?ly inv5tion :i* 0 deliv]$ to !m 7,*ri/ians71 nei!r is x a mortal sy/em :i* !y deem x "r to ma9ta9 s c>efully2 nor is an adm9i/ration ( human my/]ies entru/$ to !m1 b ! ,almighty & invisible ,god himself1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s ------ has implant$ 9 m51 & e/abli%$ 9 _! he>ts f heav51 ! ,tru? & ! ,^w1 ! holy & incompreh5sible ------1 n z "o might suppose1 s5d+ to m5 "s s]vant or angel or rul] ------1 or "o ( ^? ord]+ e>?ly affairs1 or "o ( ^? entru/$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( heav5ly ?+s1 b ! artific] & creator ( ! univ]se ------ himself1 by :om he creat$ ! heav5s ------27#c7 by #cfd :om he conf9$ ! sea )9 its own b\nds2 ^: comm&s ------ all ! />s --------elem5ts7 fai?fully obs]ve2 f :om 7! sun7 has receiv$ ! measure ( ! daily c\rse to obs]ve2 :om ! moon obeys1 be+ bidd5 to %9e at night2 :om ! />s obey1 foll[+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! moon2 by :om all ?+s h be5 arrang$ & limit$ & subject$1 ! heav5s & ! ?+s 9 ! heav5s1 ! e>? & ! ?+s 9 ! e>?1 ! sea & ! ?+s 9 ! sea ------1 fire1 air1 abyss1 ! ?+s 9 ! heights1 ! ?+s 9 ! dep?s1 ! ?+s 9 ! space betwe54 ,?is 7,mess5g]--! tru?1 ! ,^w7 he s5t to !m4 ,n[1 0 x1 z "o ( m5 might reason1 = tyranny & to cause fe> & con/]nation8 ,n s1 b 9 clem5cy & g5tl5ess1 z a ,k+ s5d+ 8 ,son1 a k+1 he s5t2 z ,god he s5t 7him72 z t[>ds m5 he s5t1 z sav+ he s5t 7him72 z p]suad+1 c41 c47#a7 ,! description "h giv51 h[ ,god 9 fact by ,reason or ,wisdom creat$ ! ,univ]se1 has mu* clos] analogy ) e>li] repres5tations ( ! doctr9e ?an ) t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & if ! writ] does also repres5t ! ,reason 9 a hypo/atic =m1 x is by no means ) ! concret5ess ( ! ,gospel doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 ) :i* l+ui/ically1 moreov]1 z we h obs]v$1 x has no simil>ity4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 8 ,*ri/ology pres5ts diff]5ces f t ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#b7 ,we h already se5 h[ ,jesus is call$ ! ,^w 9 works ( ! ,new ,te/am5t e>li] ?an ! f\r? ,gospel17#c7 & h[ ! doctr9e is con/antly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & x is to ^!1 & n to ! f\r? ,gospel1 t ! acc\nt 9 ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus may be m prop]ly trac$4 ,heb4 ,l #b4 ,! ,son ( ,god by :om also he made ! worlds4 #aj4 ,! heav5s are works ( ?y h&s ------4 xi4 #c4 ,by fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 fram$ ------1 by ! ^w ( ,god ------4 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f4 ,jesus ,*ri/ by :om are all ?+s ------4 ,coloss4 i4 #ac4 444 ,! #cfe ,son ( 8 love3 #ae4 ,:o is ! image ( ! invisible ,god ------ ! fir/-born ( all creation2 #af4 ,because 9 him 7 all ?+s creat$1 ! ?+s 9 ! heav5s1 & ! ?+s 9 ! e>?1 ! ?+s visible & ! ?+s invisible ------ :e!r !y be ?rones or dom9ions1 or pr9cipalities1 or p[]s2 ,all ?+s h be5 creat$ by him & = him ------4 #ag4 ,& he is be=e all ?+s1 & 9 him all ?+s subsi/4 #ah4 ,& he is ! head ( ! body1 ! ,*ur*1 :o is ! ,beg9n+7#a7 ------2 ! fir/-born f ! dead2 t 9 all ?+s he might be ! fir/4 #ai4 ,because he 0 well pleas$ t 9 him %\ld all ! fulness dwell4 #bj4 ,& ?r\gh him to reconcile all ?+s unto himself1 c41 c4 ,^! passages might be greatly multipli$1 b x is unnecess>y1 = ! matt] ( ! lett] is sub/antially "h4 ,z to ! titles ( ,k+ & ,god !y are ev]y:]e to be f\nd4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,lamb ^: "n is ,! ,^w ( ,god ------1 7xix4 #ah7 has also 8 "n writt5 7xix4 #af71 ,k+ ( k+s & ,"l ( lords ------47#b7 ,we h already quot$ ! views ( ,philo reg>d+ ! ,logos1 :i* also m]it comp>ison ) ! passage ( ! ,epi/le1 b we _c repeat !m "h4 ,! la/ passage to :i* we h to ref] is ! foll[+3 ,= ,god lov$ m51 = ^: sakes ,he made ! _w1 to :om ,he subject$ all ?+s t are 9 ! e>?444 ,unto :om ------ ,he s5t 8 only-begott5 ,son1 to :om ,he promis$ ! k+dom 9 heav5 ------ & w give x to ^? :o love ,him47#c7 ,! context is z foll[s3 ,= ,god lov$ m5 ------ = ^: sake he made ! _w1 to :om he subject$ all ?+s t are 9 x1 to :om he gave reason & intellig5ce1 to :om alone he grant$ ! "r ( look+ t[>ds him1 :om he =m$ aft] 8 own image1 to :om he s5t 8 only begott5 son ------1 to :om he has promis$ ! k+dom 9 heav51 & w give x to ^? :o h lov$ him4 ,& :5 y "k ?is1 ) :at #cff gladness1 ?9k y1 y w be fill$8 ,or h[ w y love him1 :o be=eh& s lov$ y8 ------4 ,b if y love1 y w be an imitator ( 8 k9dness1 c4 ------47#a7 ,?is is claim$ z a ref]5ce to ,john iii4 #af f4 ,= ,god s lov$ ! _w ------ t he gave 8 only begott5 son ------ t :osoev] believe? 9 him might n p]i%1 c4 #ag4 ,= ,god s5t n 8 son into ! _w t he might judge ! _w1 c4 ------4 ,"h1 aga91 a s5t5ce is pat*$ toge!r by tak+ fragm5ts f ! beg9n+ & middle ( a passage1 & f9d+ 9 !m a sup]ficial resemblance to words 9 ! ,gospel4 ,we f9d p>allels = ! passage1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,epi/les f :i* ! unkn[n writ] obvi\sly d]ives s mu* ( 8 matt]4 ,rom4 v4 #h3 ,b ,god give? pro( ( 8 love t[>ds u1 9 t :ile we 7 yet s9n]s ,*ri/ di$ = u4 #aj4444 ?r\gh ! dea? ( 8 son4 ,*ap4 viii4 #h1 ,god s5d+ 8 son1 c4 #bi4444 ,!m he also =eorda9$ to be> ! lik5ess ( ! image ( 8 son1 c4 #cb4 ,he t sp>$ n 8 own son1 b deliv]$ him up = u all1 c4 #ci4 7,no?+ c sep>ate u7 f ! love ( ,god :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4 ,gal4 ii4 #bj4444 by ! fai? ( ! ,son ( ,god :o lov$ me & gave himself = me4 ,*ap4 iv4 #d4 ,god s5t out 8 son ------ 4444 t he might r$eem1 c4 ,ephes4 ii4 #d4 ,b ,god be+ ri* 9 m]cy because ( 8 great love :]e) he lov$ u4 #e4 ,ev5 :5 we 7 dead 9 our trespasses ha? quick5$ u toge!r ) ,*ri/4 #g4 ,t he might %[ =? ! exce$+ ri*es ( 8 grace 9 k9dness ------ t[>ds u 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,*ap4 iv4 #cb4 ,be ye k9d ------ "o to ano!r1 t5d]-he>t$1 =giv+ "o ano!r1 ev5 z ,god also 9 ,*ri/ =gave y499 ,*ap4 v4 #a4 ,beye !re=e imitators ------ ( ,god z belov$ *ildr54 #b4 ,& walk #cfg 9 love ------ ev5 z ,*ri/ also lov$ y ------1 & gave himself = u1 c41 c4 ,titus iii4 #d4 ,b :5 ! k9dness ------ & love t[>ds m5 ------ ( our ,savi\r ,god 0 manife/$4 #e444 accord+ to 8 m]cy he sav$ u4444 #f4444 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r4 #g4 ,t be+ ju/ifi$ by 8 grace1 we %\ld become heirs accord+ to ! hope ( ,et]nal life4 ,! words3 ,or h[ w y love him :o s be=eh& lov$ y8 ------1 ,canon ,we/cott ref]s to #a ,john iv4 #ai1 ,we love ,god7#b7 because he fir/ lov$ u ------4 ,! l+ui/ic diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 & specially ! sub/itution ( ------1 di/9ctly oppose ! claim4 ,! words are a p]fectly natural comm5t ^u ! words 9 ,ephesians1 f :i* x is obvi\s ! writ] d]iv$ o!r p>ts ( ! s5t5ce1 z ! /rik+ ^w k9dness ------1 :i* is commonly us$ 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 b n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t17#c7 %[s4 ,dr4 ,we/cott _c call to m9d1 a p>allel to ! phrase '! k+dom 9 heav5'7#d7 :i* occurs above 9 ! phrase to :om he has promis$ ! k+dom 9 heav51 & w give x to ^? :o h lov$ him ------4 ,?is also we f9d 9 ! ,epi/les to :i* ! writ] exclusively ref]s 9 ?is lett]3 ,james il #e1 heirs ( ! k+dom :i* he promis$ to !m t love him ------ i4 #ab4 444 he %all receive ! cr[n ( life :i* he promis$ to !m t love him ------4 ,9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #ah1 we h3 ,! ,"l444 %all pres]ve me safe unto 8 heav5ly k+dom ------7#e7 ,! v fact t !re is no exact p>allel to ! phrase k+dom 9 heav5 9 our ,gospels is unfav\rable to ! argum5t t !y 7 us$ by ! au?or4 ,:atev] evangelical works he may h read1 #cfh x is indisputable t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le does n quote any ( !m1 & he uses no expressions & no t]m9ology :i* w>rants ! inf]5ce t he mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,z we h already /at$1 ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus is unkn[n2 ,diognetus1 ! fri5d to :om x is address$1 is equally unkn[n2 ! lett] is nei!r m5tion$ nor quot$ by any ( ! ,fa!rs1 nor by any anci5t writ]1 & !re is no ext]nal evid5ce z to ! date ( ! composition4 ,x exi/$ only 9 "o codex1 de/roy$ at ,/rasburg dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 ! h&writ+ ( :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury1 b x is f> f c]ta9 t x 0 s old4 ,! la/ two *apt]s are a falsification by a lat] writ] ?an ! au?or ( ! fir/ t54 ,!re is no int]nal evid5ce :atev] 9 ?is brief didactic composition requir+ or ev5 sugge/+ its assignm5t to ! second or ?ird c5turies1 b on ! contr>y1 we v5ture to ass]t t !re is evid5ce1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 ju/ify+ ! belief t x 0 writt5 at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,ap>t f ! unc]ta9ty ( date1 h[ev]1 !re is no allusion 9 x to any ,gospel4 ,ev5 if !re 71 ! te/imony ( a lett] by an unkn[n writ] at an unkn[n p]iod c\ld n h any weight1 b "u ! actual circum/ances ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus furni%es absolutely no te/imony at all = ! apo/olical orig9 & hi/orical "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#a7 ,! fulness ) :i* we h discuss$ ! suppos$ te/imony ( ,basilides7#b7 r5d]s x unnecess>y = u to re-ent] at any l5g? into ! argum5t z to 8 k ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,tis*5dorf7#c7 & #cfi ,canon ,we/cott7l7 ass]t t two passages1 namely3 ,! true light :i* lighte? e man came into ! _w1 correspond+ ) ,john i4 #i1 &3 m9e h\r is n yet come1 agree+ ) ,john ii4 #d1 :i* are introduc$ by ,hippolytus 9 8 "w aga9/ ,h]esies7#b7 ) a subjectless ------ he says1are quotations made 9 "s lo/ "w by ,basilides4 ,we h %[n t ,hippolytus & o!r writ]s ( 8 "t 7 9 ! habit ( quot+ passages f works by ! f\nd]s ( sects & by _! lat] foll[]s )\t any di/9ction1 an utt]ly vague ------ do+ s]vice equally = all4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 & !re is no legitimate reason = assign+ ^! passages to ,basilides himself17#c7 b on ! contr>y _m consid]ations :i* =bid our do+ s1 :i* we h else:]e detail$4 ,^! rem>ks mo/ fully apply to ,val5t9us1 ^: suppos$ quotations we h exhau/ively discuss$17#d7 z well z ! "o passage giv5 by ,hippolytus conta9+ a s5t5ce f\nd 9 ,john x4 #h17e7 ! only "o :i* c be po9t$ out4 ,we h di/9ctly prov$ t ! quotations 9 "q are n assignable to ,val5t9us himself1 a fact :i* ev5 apologi/s admit4 ,!re is no j gr\nd = ass]t+ t 8 t]m9ology 0 d]iv$ f ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! :ole hav+ be5 9 curr5t use long be=e t ,gospel 0 compos$4 #cgj ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] t ,val5t9 u 0 acqua9t$ ) su* a "w47#a7 ,we mu/ g5]ally rem>k1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ,basilides1 ,val5t9us & all su* ,h]esi>*s & writ]s1 t1 ev5 if x c\ld be %[n1 z actually x _c1 t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! fact w\ld only prove ! exi/5ce ( ! "w at a late p]iod 9 ! second c5tury1 b w\ld furni% no evid5ce ( ! slighte/ value reg>d+ its apo/olic orig91 or t[>ds e/abli%+ its hi/orical value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 z apologi/s ass]t1 ^! h]etics possess$ ! f\r? ,gospel1 _! delib]ate & total rejection ( ! "w furni%es evid5ce positively antagoni/ic to its claims4 ,x is difficult to decide :e!r _! rejection ( ! ,gospel1 or _! ignorance ( its exi/5ce is ! m unfav\rable alt]native4 ,! dilemma is ! v same 9 ! case ( ,m>cion4 ,we h already fully discuss$ 8 k ( our ,gospels17#b7 & ne$ n add any?+ "h4 ,x is n pret5d$ t he made any use ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! only gr\nd ^u :i* x is argu$ t he supplies evid5ce ev5 ( its exi/5ce is ! vague g5]al /atem5t ( ,t]tullian1 t ,m>cion reject$ ! ,gospels :i* are put =? z g5u9e1 & "u ! "n ( ,apo/les or at lea/ ( contempor>ies ( ! ,apo/les1 d5y+ _! tru? & integrity1 & ma9ta9+ ! sole #cga au?ority ( 8 own ,gospel47#a7 ,we h %[n7#b7 h[ unw>rantable x is to affirm f su* data t ,m>cion knew1 & delib]ately repudiat$1 ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,! ,fa!rs1 ) uncritical ha/e & zeal1 assum$ t ! ,gospels adopt$ by ! ,*ur* at ! close ( ! second & beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5turies mu/ equally h be5 inve/$ ) canonical au?ority f ! fir/1 & ,t]tullian took x = grant$ t ,m>cion1 ( :om he knew v little1 mu/ h actually reject$ ! f\r ,gospels ( 8 own ,canon4 ,ev5 ,canon ,we/cott admits t3 x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,t]tullian 9 ! passage quot$ speaks f a k ( :at ,m>cion may h writt5 on ! subject1 or simply f 8 own po9t ( sight47#c7 ,!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t ,m>cion knew ! f\r? ,gospel17#d7 & if he did1 x is p]fectly inexplicable t he did n adopt x z peculi>ly fav\rable to 8 own views47#e7 ,if he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w &1 nev]!less1 reject$ x z false & adult]at$1 8 te/imony is obvi\sly oppos$ to ! ,apo/olic orig9 & hi/orical accuracy ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! critical acum5 :i* he exhibit$ 9 8 selection ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les r5d]s 8 judgm5t ( great] weight ?an t ( mo/ ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,we h n[ rea*$ an epo* :5 no evid5ce reg>d+ ! f\r? ,gospel c h mu* weight1 #cgb & ! rema9+ witnesses ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,we h discuss$ at l5g? ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian17#a7 & %[n t :il/ !re is no evid5ce t x 0 bas$ ^u our f\r ,gospels1 !re is reason to believe t x may h be5 id5tical ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 by :i* "n1 z ,epiphanius7#b7 /ates1 x 0 actually call$4 ,we h only n[ briefly to ref] to ! address to ! ,greeks ------1 & to asc]ta9 :at te/imony x be>s reg>d+ ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,x 0 compos$ aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/91 & sc>cely dates e>li] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury4 ,no ,gospel & no "w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is m5tion$ 9 ?is composition1 b ,tis*5dorf7#c7 & o!rs po9t out "o or two suppos$ ref]5ces to passages 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 9 ord]1 is "o indicat$ by ,canon ,we/cott17#d7 b to :i* ,tis*5dorf does n call att5tion3 ,god 0 9 ! beg9n+1 b we h le>n$ t ! beg9n+ is ! p[] ( ,reason ------4 ,= ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se ------ be+ himself ! sub/ance ------ ( all1 9 t creation _h n be5 accompli%$ 0 alone1 b inasmu* z he 0 all p[]1 & himself ! sub/ance ( ?+s visible & invisible1 all ?+s 7 ) him ------4 ,) him by means ( rational p[] ! ,reason ------ itself also :i* 0 9 him subsi/$4 ,b by ! w ( 8 simplicity1 ,reason ------ spr+s =?2 b ! ,reason ------ n #cgc proce$+ 9 va91 because ! fir/-born "w ------ ( ! ,fa!r4 ,him we "k to be ! ,beg9n+ ( ! _w ------4 ,b he came into exi/5ce by division1 n by cutt+ (f1 = t :i* is cut (f is sep>at$ f ! fir/3 b t :i* is divid$1 receiv+ ! *oice ( adm9i/ration1 did n r5d] him defective f :om x 0 tak51 c41 c4 ,& z ! ,logos 7,reason71 9 ! beg9n+ begott51 begat aga9 our creation1 himself = himself creat+ ! matt] ------1 s ,i1 c41 ,c47#a7 ,x is q evid5t t ?is doctr9e ( ! ,logos is n t ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 f :i* x _c h be5 d]iv$4 ,tatian himself7#b7 seems to ass]t t he d]iv$ x f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we h quot$ ! passage at l5g? t x might be cle>ly #cgd und]/ood2 & ) ! op5+ words1 we presume1 = he does n quote at all b m]ely indicates ! *apt]1 ,canon ,we/cott comp>es ,john i4 #a3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god ------4 ,! /atem5t ( ,tatian is q diff]5t2 ,god 0 9 ! beg9n+ ------1 & he c]ta9ly did n id5tify ! ,^w ) ,god1 s z to trans=m ! /atem5t ( ! ,gospel into ?is simple affirmation4 ,9 all probability 8 =mula 0 m]ely bas$ ^u ,g5esis i4 #a3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>? ------47#a7a ,! expressions3 ,b we h le>n$ t ! ,beg9n+ ------ 0 ! p[] ( ,reason1 c41 b ! ,reason ------ n proce$+ 9 va9 became ! fir/-born "w ------ ( ! ,fa!r4 ,him we "k to be ! ,beg9n+ ------ ( ! _w1 recall _m e>ly repres5tations ( ! ,logos1 to :i* we h already1 ref]r$3 ,pro v4 viii4 #bb3 ,! ,"l creat$ me ! ,beg9n+ ------ ( ways = 8 works ------1 #bc4 ,be=e ! ages he e/abli%$ me1 9 ! beg9n+ ------ be=e he made ! e>?1 c41 c4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse also ! ,^w is call$ ! ,beg9n+ ------ ( ! creation ( ,god1 & x w be rememb]$ t ,ju/9 gives te/imony f ,prov4 viii4 #ba if4 t ,god begat be=e all ! creatures a ,beg9n+ ------ a c]ta9 rational ,p[] ------1 out ( himself1 #b c41 c41 & else:]e3 ,z ! ,logos decl>$ ?r\gh ,solomon1 t ?is same4444 _h be5 begott5 ( ,god1 be=e all creat$ be+s1 bo? ,beg9n+ ------ c47#c7 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 ref] to #cge ! num]\s passages 9 ,philo & 9 ,ju/91 n d]iv$ f ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* po9t to a diff]5t s\rce = ,tatian's doctr9e4 ,x is suffici5t t bo? 8 op9ions & 8 t]m9ology diff] di/9ctly f t ,gospel47#a7 ,! next passage we at once subjo9 9 contra/ ) ! p>allel 9 ! f\r? ,gospel3 ------ ,! context to ?is passage 9 ! ,oration is z foll[s3 ,tatian is argu+ ab\t ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & he /ates t ! s\l is n 9 itself immortal b mortal1 b t nev]!less x is possible = x n to die4 ,if x d n "k ! tru? x dies1 b rises aga9 at ! end ( ! _w1 receiv+ et]nal dea? z a puni%m5t4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 x does n die1 ?\gh x be = a "t dissolv$1 if x has acquir$ k ( ,god2 = 9 itself x is d>kness1 & !re is no?+ lum9\s 9 x1 & ?is1 !re=e1 is 7! mean+ (7 ! say+3 ,! d>kness compreh5ds n ! light4 ,= ! s\l ------ did n itself save ! _s ------1 b 0 sav$ by x1 & ! light compreh5d$ ! d>kness4 ,! ,logos 7,reason7 truly is ! light ( ,god1 b ! ignorant s\l is d>kness ------4 ,= ?is reason1 if x rema9 #a ,we h already m5tion$ t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] conta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 #cgf alone1 x t5ds d[nw>ds to matt]1 dy+ ) ! fle%1 c41 c47#a7 ,! s\rce ( ! say+ is n m5tion$1 & x is evid5t t1 ev5 if x 7 tak5 to be a ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel1 no?+ w\ld !reby be prov$ b ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! ,gospel4 ,! say+1 h[ev]1 is di/9ctly diff]5t 9 language f ! p>allel 9 ! ,gospel1 & x may be f a diff]5t ,gospel4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ,philo calls ! ,logos ! ,light17#b7 & quot+ 9 a peculi> =m ,ps4 xxvi4 #a3 ,= ! ,"l is my light ------ & my ,savi\r1 he goes on to say t1 z ! sun divides day & night1 s1 ,moses says1 ,god divides light & d>kness ------47#c7 ,:5 we turn away to ?+s ( s5se we use ano!r light1 :i* is 9 no way diff]5t f d>kness47#d7 ,! con/ant use ( ! same similitude ( ,light & d>kness 9 ! ,canonical ,epi/les7#e7 %[s h[ curr5t x 0 9 ! ,*ur*2 & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t x 0 nei!r orig9at$ by1 nor conf9$ to1 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! ?ird & la/ passage is z foll[s3 ------ #cgg ,tatian "h speaks ( ,god1 & n ( ! ,logos1 & 9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 language & context1 ! passage diff]s f ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! phrase is n introduc$ z a quotation1 & no ref]5ce is made to any ,gospel4 ,! purpose = :i* ! words are us$1 aga91 r po9ts to ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis ?an to ! dogmatic prologue enunciat+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos47#a7 ,"u all ^! circum/ances1 ! s\rce f :i* ! expression may h be5 d]iv$ _c ) c]ta9ty be asc]ta9$ &1 z 9 ! prec$+ in/ance1 ev5 if x be assum$ t ! words %[ acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 no?+ c\ld be prov$ b ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! "w ab\t a c5tury & a half aft] ! ev5ts :i* x records4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 no case does ,tatian af=d ! slighte/ evid5ce ( ! ,apo/olic orig9 or hi/orical v]acity ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot po9ts out ano!r passage1 ,sec4 #d1 ------1 :i* he comp>es ) ,john iv4 #bd1 :]e ! same words occur4 ,x is "r to add t he himself rem>ks3 ,if x _h /ood alone ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h reg>d$ x z decisive4 ,b ! epigrammatic =m is rem>kable1 & x is a *>act]i/ic passage ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#b7 ,nei!r ,tis*5dorf nor ,dr4 ,we/cott ref] to x4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! epigrammatic =m only exi/s :5 ! phrase is quot$ )\t its context4 ,god is a _s1 n p]vad+ matt]1 b ! creator ( mat]ial spirits1 & ( ! =ms t are 9 x4 ,he is invisible & impalpable1 c4 c4 ,fur!r on1 ,tatian says 7,sec4#ae71 ,= ! p]fect ,god is )\t fle%1 b man is fle%4 c4 ,a l>ge #cgh "p ( ! oration is devot$ to discuss+ ! nature ( ,god1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 _s ------ & s\l ------1 & x is unreasonable to ass]t t a man l ,tatian c\ld n make ! decl>ation t ,god is a _s )\t quot+ ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,we h g5]ally discuss$ ! te/imony ( ,dionysius ( ,cor9?17#a7 ,melito ( ,s>dis17#b7 & ,claudius ,apol-l9>is17#c7 & ne$ n say m "h4 ,! fragm5ts attribut$ to !m nei!r m5tion nor quote ! f\r? ,gospel1 b 9 no case c\ld !y furni% evid5ce to au!nticate ! "w4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ,a!nagoras47#d7 ,canon ,we/cott only v5tures to say t he appe>s to allude to passages 9 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,john1 b !y are all anonym\s47#e7 ,! passages 9 :i* he speaks ( ! ,logos1 :i* are ^? ref]r$ to "h1 are c]ta9ly n tak5 f ! f\r? ,gospel1 & 8 doctr9e is express$ 9 t]m9ology :i* is diff]5t f t ( ! ,gospel1 & is deeply t+$ ) ,platonism47#f7 ,he appeals to ,prov]bs viii4 #bb1 already s frequ5tly quot$ by u1 = confirmation by ! ,prophetic ,_s ( 8 exposition ( ! ,logos doctr9e47#g7 ,he n[h]e id5tifies ! ,logos ) ,jesus27#h7 inde$ he does n once make use ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ 9 8 works4 ,he does n %[ ! slighte/ k ( ! doctr9e ( salvation s con/antly enunciat$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 z we h already %[n17#i7 t he consid]$ ! ,old ,te/am5t to #cgi be ! only inspir$ ,holy ,scriptures4 ,n only does he n m5tion nor quote any ( our ,gospels1 b ! only in/ance 9 :i* he makes any ref]5ce to say+s ( ,jesus1 o!rwise ?an by ! indef9ite ------ he says1 is "o 9 :i* he introduces a say+ :i* is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels by ! words3 ,! ,logos aga9 say+ to u3 ------1 c4 ,f ! same s\rce1 :i* 0 obvi\sly n our ,canonical ,gospels1 we h1 !re=e1 reason to conclude t ,a!nagoras d]iv$ all 8 k ( ,gospel hi/ory & doctr9e4 ,we ne$ n add t ?is writ] af=ds no te/imony :atev] z to ! orig9 or "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is sc>cely wor? :ile to ref] to ! ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 a composition dat+ at ! e>lie/ a4d4 #agg-agh1 9 :i* no direct ref]5ce is made to any writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47#a7 ,acqua9tance ) ! f\r? ,gospel is argu$ f ! foll[+ passage3 ------ ,n[ su* a passage _c prove ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,no s\rce is indicat$ 9 ! ,epi/le f :i* ! say+ ( ,jesus1 :i* ( c\rse apologi/s ass]t to be hi/orical1 0 d]iv$4 ,x pres5ts decid$ v>iations f ! p>allel 9 ! f\r? ,gospel2 & 9 ! #chj ,synoptics we f9d suffici5t indications ( simil> disc\rses l to r5d] x v probable t o!r ,gospels may h conta9$ ! passage quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,9 no case c\ld an anonym\s ref]5ce l ?is be ( any weight z evid5ce = ! ,apo/olic orig9 ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,we ne$ n fur!r discuss ,ptolemoeus & ,h]acleon4 ,we h %[n7#b7 t ! date at :i* ^! h]etics fl\ri%$ places !m beyond ! limits )9 :i* we propose to conf9e ourselves4 ,9 reg>d to ,ptolemaeus all t is affirm$ is t1 9 ! ,epi/le to ,flora ascrib$ to him1 expressions f\nd 9 ,john i4 #c are us$4 ,! passage z x is giv5 by ,epiphanius is z foll[s3 ,besides1 t ! _w 0 creat$ by ! same1 ! ,apo/le /ates 7say+ all ?+s h be5 made ------ by him & )\t him no?+ 0 made74 ------47#c7 ,n[ ! suppos$ quotation is introduc$ "h 9 a p>5!sis int]rupt+ ! s5se1 & !re is e probability t x 0 add$ z an illu/ration by ,epiphanius1 & 0 n 9 ! ,epi/le to ,flora at all4 ,omitt+ ! p>5!sis1 ! s5t5ce is a v palpable ref]5ce to ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & ,coloss4 i4 #af47d7 ,9 reg>d to ,h]aclcon1 x is ass]t$ f ! unsupport$ ref]5ces ( ,orig57#e7 t he wrote a comm5t>y on ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,ev5 if ?is be a fact1 !re is n a s+le ^w ( x pres]v$ by ,orig5 :i* 9 ! lea/ degree be>s ^u ! ,apo/olic orig9 #cha & tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospel4 ,nei!r ( ^! h]esi>*s1 !re=e1 is ( any value z a witness = ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! hea!n ,celsus1 z we h %[n17#a7 wrote at a p]iod :5 no evid5ce :i* he c\ld well give ( 8 own c\ld h be5 ( mu* value 9 support+ our ,gospels4 ,he is press$ into s]vice17#b7 h[ev]1 because aft] allud+ to v>i\s circum/ances ( ,gospel hi/ory he says3 ,^! ?+s1 !re=e1 be+ tak5 out ( y\r own writ+s1 we h no ne$ ( o!r te/imony1 = y fall ^u y\r own swords17#c7 & 9 ano!r place he says t c]ta9 ,*ri/ians alt] ! ,gospel f its fir/ writt5 =m 9 ?ree-fold1 f\r-fold1 & _m-fold ways1 & re-m\ld x 9 ord] to h ! means ( contradict+ ! argum5ts 7( oppon5ts74 7#d7 ,?is is suppos$ to ref] to ! f\r ,canonical ,gospels4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ,orig5 replies to ! fir/ ( ^! passages1 t ,celsus has br\ght =w>d mu* conc]n+ ,jesus :i* is n 9 accordance ) ! n>ratives ( ! ,gospels1 x is unreasonable to limit ! accusation ( _m-fold corruption to f\r ,gospels1 :5 x is und5iable t ! ,gospels & writ+s long curr5t 9 ! ,*ur* 7 v num]\s4 ,9 any case1 :at c\ld su* a /atem5t z ?is d t[>ds e/abli%+ ! ,apo/olic orig9 & cr$ibility ( ! f\r? ,gospel8 ,we might pass ov] ! ,canon ( ,muratori entirely1 #chb z be+ beyond ! limit ( "t to :i* we conf9e ourselves17#a7 b ! unkn[n writ] ( ! fragm5t gives a leg5d ) reg>d to ! composition ( ! f\r? ,gospel :i* we may quote "h1 al?\gh its obvi\sly my?ical "* r5d]s x ( no value z evid5ce reg>d+ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel4 ,! writ] says3 ,qu>ti euangeliorum ,iohannis ex decipolis ,cohortantibus condescipulis et episcopis suis dixit conieiunate mihi hodie triduo et quid cuique fu]it reuelatum alt]utrum nobis enn>remus eadem nocte reue latum ,&rew ex apo/olis ut recognis c5tibus cunctis ,iohannis suo nom9e cuncta describ]et et ideo 7#b7 licit u>ia s9 culis euangeliorum libris pr9cipia docoantur nihil tam5 dif=t cr$5 tium fidei cum uno ac pr9cipali spiritu de cl>ata s9t 9 omnibus omnia de natiui tate de passione de resurrectione de conu]satione cum decipulis suis ac de gem9o eius adu5tu primo 9 humilitate dispectus quod fo444 4u 7#c7 secundum pote/ate regali444 pre cl>um quod futurum e/ 7#d7 quid ergo m9im si ,iohannes t>n con/ant] s9cula etiam 9 epi/ulis suis pr(]at dic5s 9 semeipsu quae uidimus oculis no/ris et auribus audiuimus et manus no/ra palpau]unt heec scripsimus nobis sic enim non solum uisurem s$ et auditorem s$ et scriptorem omnium mirabilium dom9i p] ordi nem pr(etetur #chc ,! f\r? ( ! ,gospels1 ( ,john1 "o ( ! disciples4 ,to 8 fell[-disciples & bi%ops 7,episcopis7 urg+ him he said3 ',fa/ ) me to-day = ?ree days1 & let u relate to ea* o!r t :i* %all be reveal$ to ea*4' ,on ! same night x 0 reveal$ to ,&rew1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 t1 ) ! sup]vision ( all1 ,john %\ld relate all ?+s 9 8 own "n4 ,&1 !re=e1 ?\gh v>i\s pr9ciples 7pr9cipia7 are taught by ea* book ( ! ,gospels1 nev]!less x makes no diff]5ce to ! fai? ( believ]s1 s9ce1 9 all1 all ?+s are decl>$ by "o rul+ ,_s conc]n+ ! nativity1 conc]n+ ! passion1 conc]n+ ! resurrection1 conc]n+ ! int]c\rse ) ! disciples1 & conc]n+ 8 d\ble adv5t2 ! fir/ 9 l[l9ess ( e/ate1 :i* has tak5 place1 ! second 9 regal p[] & spl5d\r1 :i* is /ill future4 ,:at wond]1 !re=e1 if ,john %\ld s con/antly br+ =w>d ea* ?+ 7s+ula7 also 9 8 ,epi/les1 say+ 9 reg>d to himself3 ,! ?+s :i* we h se5 ) our eyes1 & h he>d ) our e>s1 & our h&s h h&l$1 ^! ?+s h we writt5 unto y4 ,= ?us he pr(esses himself n only an eye-witness & he>]1 b also a writ] ( all ! wond]s ( ! ,"l 9 ord]4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is passage we h an apologetic def5ce ( ! f\r? ,gospel17#a7 :i* unmi/akably implies antec$5t d5ial ( its au?ority & apo/olic orig94 ,! writ] n only ascribes x to ,john1 b he clo!s x ) ! unit$ au?ority ( ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 9 #chd a mann] :i* v possibly aims at expla9+ ! supplem5t>y *apt] xxi41 ) its te/imony to ! tru? ( ! prec$+ n>rative4 ,9 8 zeal1 ! writ] goes s f> z to falsify a passage ( ! ,epi/le1 & conv]t x into a decl>ation by ! au?or ( ! lett] himself t he _h writt5 ! ,gospel4 ',! ?+s :i* we h se51 c41 ^! ?+s h we writt5 unto y' 7haec scripsi-mus vobis747#a7 ,= ?us he pr(esses himself n only an eye-witness & he>]1 b also a writ] ( all ! wond]s ( ! ,"l 9 ord]4 ,cr$n] argues t 9 speak+ ( ,john z "o ( ! disciples 7ex discipulis71 & ( ,&rew z "o ( ! ,apo/les1 ! writ] int5ds to di/+ui% betwe5 ,john ! disciple1 :o wrote ! ,gospel & ,epi/le1 & ,john ! ,apo/le1 :o wrote ! ,apocalypse1 & t x 0 = ?is reason t he s\ght to dignify him by a special revelation1 ?r\gh ! ,apo/le ,&rew1 select+ him to write ! ,gospel4 ,cr$n]1 !re=e1 concludes t "h we h an anci5t ecclesia/ical tradition ascrib+ ! ,gospel & fir/ ,epi/le to "o ( ! disciples ( ,jesus diff]5t f ! ,apo/le ,john47#b7 ,into ?is1 h[ev]1 we ne$ n ent]1 nor is x necess>y = u to demon/rate ! my?ical nature ( ?is n>rative reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel4 ,we h m]ely giv5 ?is extract f ! fragm5t to make our /atem5t reg>d+ x complete4 ,n only is ! evid5ce ( ! fragm5t ( no value1 f ! lat5ess ( its date & ! uncritical "* ( its au?or1 b a vague & fabul\s tradition record$ by an unkn[n writ] c\ld n1 9 any case1 furni% te/imony calculat$ to e/abli% ! ,apo/olic orig9 & tru/wor?9ess ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 #che ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,au?or%ip ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,! result ( our inquiry into ! evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel is suffici5tly decid$ to r5d] fur!r exam9ation unnecess>y4 ,we h se5 t1 = "s c5tury & a half aft] ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! "w1 !re is n only no te/imony :atev] connect+ ! f\r? ,gospel ) ! ,apo/le ,john1 b no c]ta9 trace ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re has n be5 ! slighte/ evid5ce 9 any ( ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs :i* we h exam9$ ev5 ( a tradition t ! ,apo/le ,john _h compos$ any evangelical "w at all1 & ! claim advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles to contemporane\s evid5ce ( extraord9>y =ce & v]acity by und\bt$ eye-witnesses s completely falls to ! gr\nd1 t we might "h well br+ ?is "p ( our inquiry to a close4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s _m peculi> circum/ances connect$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 bo? 9 reg>d to its au?or%ip & to its relation%ip ) ! ?ree ,synoptics1 :i* invite fur!r att5tion1 t we propose briefly to review "s ( !m4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 c>efully re/rict ourselves to ! limits ( our inquiry1 & resi/ any temptation to ent] ^u an exhau/ive discussion ( ! problem pres5t$ by ! f\r? ,gospel f a m g5]al lit]>y po9t ( view4 #chf ,! endeav\r to obta9 "s positive1 or at lea/ negative1 in=mation reg>d+ ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel is facilitat$ by ! fact t sev]al o!r works 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon are ascrib$ to him4 ,^! works pres5t su* m>k$ & di/9ct *>act]i/ics t1 ap>t f ! fact t _! numb] ext5ds ! range ( evid5ce1 !y af=d an unusual opportunity ( te/+ ! tradition :i* assigns !m all to ! ,apo/le ,john1 by comp>+ ! cle> indications :i* !y give ( ! idiosyncrasies ( _! au?or ) ! indep5d5t data :i* we possess reg>d+ ! hi/ory & "* ( ! ,apo/le4 ,x is ass]t$ by ! ,*ur* t ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 "o ( ! disciples ( ,jesus1 is ! compos] ( no less ?an five ( our canonical writ+s1 & x w\ld be impossible to select any books ( our ,new ,te/am5t pres5t+ m di/9ct features1 or m widely div]g5t views1 ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse on ! "o h&1 & ! ,gospel & ?ree ,epi/les on ! o!r4 ,:il/ a /rong family lik5ess exi/s betwe5 ! ,epi/les & ! ,gospel1 & !y exhibit close analogies bo? 9 ?\ght & language1 ! ,apocalypse1 on ! contr>y1 is s diff]5t f !m 9 language1 9 /yle1 9 religi\s views & t]m9ology1 t x is almo/ impossible to believe t ! writ] ( ! "o c\ld be ! au?or ( ! o!r4 ,! translators ( our ,new ,te/am5t h lab\r$1 & n 9 va91 to elim9ate z f> z possible all individuality ( /yle & language1 & to r$uce ! v>i\s books ( :i* x is compos$ to "o uni=m smoo?ness ( diction4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible = ! m]e ,engli% read] to appreciate ! imm5se diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! h>% & ,hebrai/ic ,greek ( ! ,apocalypse & ! poli%$ #chg elegance ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & x is to be fe>$ t ! r>ity ( critical /udy has prev5t$ any g5]al recognition ( ! almo/ equally /rik+ contra/ ( ?\ght betwe5 ! two works4 ,! rem>kable peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% ! ,apocalypse & ,gospel ( ,john1 h[ev]1 7 v e>ly appreciat$1 & almo/ ! fir/ application ( critical judgm5t to ! ,canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! argum5t ( ,dionysius ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel c\ld n be ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,revelation47#a7 ,! dogmatic pr$ilections :i* at t "t _h begun to turn aga9/ ! ,apocalypse1 ! nonfulfilm5t ( ! prophecies ( :i* disappo9t$ & puzzl$ ! e>ly ,*ur*1 l$ ,dionysius to solve ! difficulty by decid+ 9 fav\r ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel1 b at lea/ he recogniz$ ! dilemma :i* has s9ce occupi$ s mu* ( biblical criticism4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] ^u any exhau/ive analysis ( ! ,apocalypse & ,gospel to demon/rate anew t bo? works _c h emanat$ f ! same m9d4 ,?is has already be5 conclusively done by o!rs4 ,"s apologetic writ]s1--greatly influ5c$1 no d\bt1 by ! express decl>ation ( ! ,*ur*1 & satisfi$ by analogies :i* c\ld sc>cely fail to exi/ betwe5 two works deal+ ) a simil> !me1--toge!r ) a v few indep5d5t critics1 h ass]t$ ! au!nticity ( bo? works47#b7 ,! great majority ( #chh critics1 h[ev]1 h fully admitt$ ! impossibility ( recogniz+ a common s\rce = ! f\r? ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse ( ,john47#a7 ,! critical "q reg>d+ ! two works has1 9 fact1 r$uc$ itself to ! dilemma :i* may be express$ z foll[s1 9 ! words ( ,llicke3 ,ei!r ! ,gospel & ! fir/ ,epi/le are g5u9e writ+s ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & 9 t case ! ,apocalypse is no g5u9e "w ( t ,apo/le1 or ! inv]se47#b7 ,aft] an elaborate comp>ison ( ! two writ+s1 ! same writ]1 :o c]ta9ly w n be suspect$ ( wilfully subv]sive criticism1 resumes3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! language1 way #chi ( expression1 & mode ( ?\ght & doctr9e ( ! ,apocalypse & ! re/ ( ! ,johann9e writ+s1 is s compreh5sive & int5se1 s individual & s radical2 ! aff9ity & agreem5t1 on ! contr>y1 are s g5]al1 & 9 details s fragm5t>y & unc]ta9 7zuruckwei*5d71 t ! ,apo/le ,john1 if he really he ! au?or ( ! ,gospel & ( ! ,epi/le--:i* we "h assume--_c h compos$ ! ,apocalypse ei!r be=e or aft] ! ,gospel & ! ,epi/le4 ,if all critical exp]i5ce & rules 9 su* lit]>y que/ions are n deceptive1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,evangeli/ & ,apocalypti/ are two diff]5t p]sons ( ! "n ( ,john17l7 c4 ,de ,wette1 ano!r cons]vative critic1 speaks ) equal decision4 ,aft] an able comp>ison ( ! two works1 he says3 ,f all ?is x foll[s 7& 9 ,new ,te/am5t criticism no result is m c]ta971 t ! ,apo/le ,john1 if he be ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel & ( ! ,johann9e ,epi/les1 did n write ! ,apocalypse1 or1 if ! ,apocalypse be 8 "w1 t he is n ! au?or ( ! o!r writ+s47#b7 ,ewald is equally positive3 ,above all1 he says1 we %\ld err 9 trac+ ?is "w 7! ,gospel7 to ! ,apo/le1 if ! ,apocalypse ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 by him4 ,t ?is mu* e>li] writ+ _c h be5 compos$ by ! au?or ( ! lat] is an axiom :i* ,i consid] ,i h already1 79 #ahbf-bh7 s conv9c+ly demon/rat$1 t x w\ld be sup]flu\s n[ to return to x1 especially z1 s9ce !n1 all m5 capable ( =m+ a judgm5t are ( ! same op9ion1 & :at has be5 br\ght =w>d by a few writ]s aga9/ x too cle>ly dep5ds ^u #cij influ5ces =eign to sci5ce47#a7 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] ! po9t g5]ally admitt$1 & proce$ v briefly to discuss ! "q ^u ?is basis4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce t ! ,apo/le ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse is m anci5t ?an t = ! au?or%ip ( any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ "s ( ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 & ?is is admitt$ ev5 by critics :o ultimately d5y ! au!nticity ( ! "w47#b7 ,pass+ ov] ! v probable /atem5t ( ,&rew ( ,caes>ea17#c7 t ,papias recogniz$ ! ,apocalypse z an inspir$ "w1 & ! inf]5ce drawn f ?is fact t he ref]r$ x to ! ,apo/le1 we at once proce$ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o affirms 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ positive mann] ! ,apo/olic orig9 ( ! "w4 ,he speaks to ,tryphon ( a c]ta9 man ^: "n 0 ,john1 "o ( ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/1 :o prophesi$ by a revelation made to him1 ( ! ,mill5nium1 & subsequ5t g5]al resurrection & judgm5t47#d7 ,! /atem5t ( ,ju/9 is all ! m important f ! fact t he does n "n any o!r writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 /ill = him ! only ,holy ,scripture4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is #cia te/imony is n call$ 9 "q by any "o4 ,eusebius /ates t ,melito ( ,s>dis wrote a "w on ! ,apocalypse ( ,john17#a7 & ,j]ome m5tions ! treatise47#b7 ,!re c be no d\bt t _h ,melito ?r[n ! slighte/ d\bt on ! ,apo/olic orig9 ( ! ,apocalypse1 ,eusebius1 ^: dogmatic views l$ him to depreciate t writ+1 w\ld h ref]r$ to ! fact4 ,eusebius also m5tions t ,apollonius1 a ,presbyt] ( ,ephesus1 quot$ ! ,apocalypse aga9/ ! ,montani/s1 & !re is reason to suppose t he did s z an ,apo/olic "w47#c7 ,eusebius fur!r /ates t ,!ophilus ( ,antio* made use ( te/imony f ! ,apocalypse ( ,john27#d7 b al?\gh1 z ,eusebius does n m5tion any?+ to ! contr>y1 x is probable t ,!ophilus really recogniz$ ! book to be by ,john ! ,apo/le1 ! uncritical ha/e ( ,eusebius r5d]s 8 vague /atem5t ( little value4 ,we d n ?9k x wor? :ile to quote ! evid5ce ( lat] writ]s4 ,al?\gh ,ir5aeus1 :o repeat$ly assigns ! ,apocalypse to ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l17#e7 is cit$ by ,apologi/s z a v important witness1 m especially f 8 int]c\rse ) ,polyc>p1 we d n attribute any value to 8 te/imony1 bo? f ! late date at :i* he wrote1 & f ! uncritical & cr$ul\s "* ( 8 m9d4 ,al?\gh he appeals to ! te/imony ( ^? :o saw ,john face to face ) reg>d to ! numb] ( ! "n ( ! ,bea/1 8 own utt] ignorance ( ! int]pretation %[s h[ little in=mation he c h d]iv$ f ,polyc>p47#f7 ,! same rem>ks apply /ill m /rongly to ,t]tullian1 :o1 h[ev]1 mo/ #cib unhesitat+ly assigns ! ,apocalypse to ! ,apo/le ,john47#a7 ,x w\ld be useless m p>ticul>ly to ref] to lat] evid5ce1 h[ev]1 or quote ev5 ! decid$ te/imony 9 its fav\r ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria17#b7 or ,orig547#c7 ,! fir/ d\bt ca/ ^u ! au!nticity ( ! ,apocalypse occurs 9 ! argum5t ( ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 "o ( ! disciples ( ,orig51 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,he m5tions t "s _h object$ to ! :ole "w z )\t s5se or reason1 & z display+ su* d5se ignorance1 t x 0 impossible t an ,apo/le or ev5 "o 9 ! ,*ur*1 c\ld h writt5 x1 & !y assign$ x to ,c]9?us1 :o held ! doctr9e ( ! reign ( ,*ri/ on e>?47#d7 ,^! objections1 x is obvi\s1 are m]ely dogmatic1 & d n affect to be hi/orical4 ,!y are 9 fact a good illu/ration ( ! me?od by :i* ! ,canon 0 =m$4 ,if ! doctr9e ( any writ+ met ) ! approval ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 x 0 accept$ ) unhesitat+ fai?1 & its pret5sion to ,apo/olic orig9 0 admitt$ z a natural consequ5ce2 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e ( ! writ+ 0 n cle>ly t ( ! community1 x 0 reject$ )\t fur!r exam9ation4 ,x is an und5iable fact1 t n a s+le trace exi/s ( ! application ( hi/orical criticism to any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! case ( ! ,apocalypse is mo/ intelligible3--s long z ! expectation & hope ( a second adv5t & ( a p]sonal reign ( ! ris5 & glorifi$ ,*ri/1 ( ! preval5ce ( :i* we h abundant te/imony 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & o!r e>ly works1 cont9u$ to animate ! ,*ur*1 ! #cic ,apocalypse :i* excit$ & fo/]$ !m 0 a popul> volume3 b z ye>s pass$ away & ! g5]al long+ ( ,*ri/ians1 eag]ly m>k+ ! signs ( ! times1 0 aga9 & aga9 disappo9t$1 & ! hope ( a ,mill5nium began ei!r to be ab&on$ or indef9itely po/pon$1 ! ,apocalypse proportionately lo/ fav\r1 or 0 reg>d$ z an incompreh5sible book mislead+ ! _w by illusory promises4 ,its hi/ory is t ( a highly dogmatic treatise e/eem$ or contemn$ 9 proportion to ! ebb & fl[ ( op9ion reg>d+ ! doctr9es :i* x expresses4 ,! objections ( ,dionysius1 re/+ fir/ ^u dogmatic gr\nds & 8 inability to und]/& ! ,apocalyptic utt]ances ( ! book1 took ! %ape we h m5tion$ ( a critical dilemma3--,! au?or ( ! ,gospel c\ld n at ! same "t be ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,dogmatic pr$ilection decid$ ! "q 9 fav\r ( ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! reason+ by :i* t decision is arriv$ at has1 !re=e1 no critical =ce or value4 ,! fact /ill rema9s t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr di/9ctly ref]s to ! ,apocalypse z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john &1 z we h se51 no simil> te/imony exi/s 9 support ( ! claims ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,z ano!r mo/ important po9t1 we may m5tion t !re is probably n ano!r "w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! precise date ( ! composition ( :i*1 )9 a v few weeks1 c s positively be affirm$4 ,no result ( criticism re/s ^u a m secure basis & is n[ m univ]sally accept$ by all compet5t critics ?an ! fact t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #fh-fi47a7 ,! writ] di/9ctly & repeat$ly m5tions 8 "n3 i4 #a1 ,! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4444 #cid unto 8 s]vant ,john27#a7 i4 #d1 ,john to ! sev5 *ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia27#b7 & he /ates t ! "w 0 writt5 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos :]e he 0 on acc\nt ( ! ,^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus47#c7 ,ewald1 :o decides 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann] aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,apocalypse & 9 fav\r ( ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel1 objects t ! au?or1 al?\gh he c]ta9ly calls himself ,john1 does n assume to be an ,apo/le1 b m]ely t]ms himself ! s]vant ------ ( ,*ri/ l o!r true ,*ri/ians1 & di/9ctly classes himself among/ ! ,prophets7#d7 & n among/ ! ,apo/les47#e7 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ,paul1 :o 0 n apt to waive 8 claims to ! ,apo/olate1 0 cont5t to call himself3 ,paul a s]vant ------ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 call$ to be an ,apo/le1 9 writ+ to ! ,romans2 7i4 #a7 & ! sup]scription ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians is3 ,paul & ,timo?y s]vants ------ ( ,*ri/ ,jesus47#f7 ,!re 01 moreov]1 reason :y #cie ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 a "w ! =m ( :i* 0 decid$ly bas$ ^u t ( ,daniel & o!r ,jewi% ,apocalyptic writ+s1 %\ld r adopt ! "* ( ,prophet ?an ! less suitable designation ( ,apo/le ^u su* an occasion4 ,x is cle> t he c\nt$ fully ^u be+ g5]ally kn[n "u ! simple designation ( ,john1 & :5 we consid] ! unmi/akeable t]ms ( au?ority ) :i* he addresses ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 x is sc>cely possible to d5y t ! writ] ei!r 0 ! ,apo/le1 or di/9ctly desir$ to assume 8 p]sonality4 ,x is n necess>y = u "h to ent] into any discussion reg>d+ ! ,presbyt] ,john1 = x is g5]ally admitt$ t ev5 he c\ld n h _h at t "t any position 9 ,asia ,m9or :i* c\ld h w>rant$ su* a tone4 ,if ! "n ( ,apo/le1 !re=e1 be n directly assum$--& x 0 n necess>y to assume x--! au?ority ( "o is und5iably inf]r$4 ,ewald1 h[ev]1 argues t1 on ! contr>y1 ! au?or c\ld n m cle>ly express t he 0 n "o ( ! ,twelve1 ?an :5 he imag9es 7,apoc4 xxi4 #ad7 ! names ( ! 'twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb' %9+ ^u ! twelve f\ndation /ones ( ! wall ( ! future heav5ly ,j]usalem4 ,he consid]s t no intellig5t p]son c\ld ?us publicly glorify himself or anticipate ! hon\r :i* ,god alone c be/[4 ,& c any "o s]i\sly believe1 he indignantly inquires1 t "o ( ! ,twelve1 yea1 t ev5 he :om we "k z ! mo/ delicate & ref9$ among/ !m c\ld h writt5 ?is ( himself87#a7 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ rem>k t 9 ?is discussion #cif x is n p]missible to speak ( our kn[+ ,john ! ,apo/le z di/+ui%$ above all ! re/ ( ! ,twelve = su* qualities4 ,n[h]e d we f9d su* a repres5tation ( him except 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 if ev5 !re1 b1 z we %all pres5tly see1 r ! contr>y1 & ! f\r? ,gospel _c "h be receiv$ z evid5ce4 ,we might1 by way ( retort1 po9t out to ^? :o ass]t ! inspiration ( ! ,apocalypse1 t ! symbolical repres5tation ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem is held to be practically objective1 a revelation ( ?+s t mu/ %ortly come to pass1 & n a m]e subjective sket* col\r$ accord+ to ! phantasy ( ! writ]4 ,pass+ on1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be app>5t t ! :ole acc\nt ( ! heav5ly city is typical1 & t 9 bas+ its walls ^u ! ,twelve1 he does n glorify himself p]sonally1 b simply gives its place to ! idea :i* 0 symbolis$ :5 ,jesus is repres5t$ z select+ twelve disciples1 ! numb] ( ! twelve tribes1 ^u ^: prea*+ ! spiritual city 0 to be built up4 ,! ,jewi% belief 9 a special pref]5ce ( ! ,jews be=e all nations d\btless sugge/$ ?is1 & x =ms a lead+ feature 9 ! /rong ,hebrai/ic =m ( ! writ]'s ,*ri/ianity4 ,! heav5ly city is simply a glorifi$ ,j]usalem2 ! twelve ,apo/les1 repres5tatives ( ! twelve tribes1 set ap>t = ! reg5]ation ( ,israel1 are ! f\ndation-/ones ( ! ,new ,city ) its twelve gates1 on :i* are writt5 ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel7#a7 = :om ! city is m p>ticul>ly provid$4 ,= #add1jjj ( ,israel are fir/ seal$1 #ab1jjj ( ea* ( ! twelve tribes be=e ! ,se] beholds ! great multitude ( all nations & tribes & peoples47#b7 ,! :ole description is a #cig m]e allegory *>act]iz$ by ! /ronge/ ,jewi% dogmatism1 & x is ( s+ul> value = ! purpose ( id5tify+ ! au?or4 ,moreov]1 ! app>5t glorification ( ! ,twelve is m ?an ju/ifi$ by ! promise :i* ,jesus is repres5t$ by ! ,synoptics7l7 z mak+ to !m 9 p]son4 ,:5 ,pet]1 9 ! "n ( ! ,twelve1 asks :at is res]v$ = ^? :o h =sak5 all & foll[$ him1 ,jesus replies3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y t ye :i* h foll[$ me1 9 ! reg5]ation :5 ! ,son ( ,man %all sit 9 ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also %all be set ^u twelve ?rones judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel47#b7 ,ewald himself1 9 8 di/ribution ( ! mat]ials ( our exi/+ fir/ ,synoptic to ! suppos$ orig9al s\rces1 assigns ?is passage to ! v olde/ ,gospel47#c7 ,:at impropriety is !re1 & :at improbability1 !re=e1 t an ,apo/le1 9 an apocalyptic allegory1 %\ld repres5t ! names ( ! twelve ,apo/les z inscrib$ ^u ! twelve f\ndation /ones ( ! spiritual ,j]usalem1 z ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel 7 inscrib$ ^u ! twelve gates ( ! city8 ,on ! contr>y1 we submit t x is probable "u ! circum/ances t an ,apo/le %\ld make su* a repres5tation1 & 9 view ( ! facts reg>d+ ! ,apo/le ,john himself :i* we h f ! ,synoptics1 x is p>ticul>ly 9 h>mony ) 8 "*1 & ^! *>act]i/ics directly t5d to e/abli% 8 id5tity ) ! au?or4 ,h[ mu* less is x cr$ible ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 says ,ewald1 else:]e1 pursu+ ! same argum5t1 :o1 z a writ]1 is s incomp>ably mode/ & #cih delicate 9 feel+1 & does n 9 a s+le "o ( ! writ+s really emanat+ f him "n himself z ! au?or1 or ev5 proclaim 8 own praise47l7 ,?is is m]ely s5tim5tal assumption ( facts to :i* we %all h]eaft] allude1 b if ! incomp>able mode/y ( :i* he speaks really exi/$1 no?+ c\ld m conclusively sep>ate ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel f ! son ( ,zeb$ee :om we "k 9 ! ,synoptics1 or m support ! claims ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ ass]t t1 9 writ+ a s]i\s hi/ory ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus1 full ( m>vell\s ev5ts & a/\nd+ doctr9es1 ! omission ( 8 "n by an ,apo/le c n only n be recogniz$ z g5u9e mode/y1 b mu/ be condemn$ z culpable neglect4 ,x is p]fectly incr$ible t an ,apo/le c\ld h writt5 su* a "w )\t atta*+ 8 "n z ! gu>antee ( 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ! ev5ts & /atem5ts he records4 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( a hi/orian :o publi%$ a hi/ory )\t a s+le ref]5ce to recogniz$ au?orities1 & yet :o did n decl>e ev5 8 own "n z "s evid5ce ( 8 tru?8 ,! fact is1 t ! fir/ two ,synoptics be> no au?or's "n because !y are n ! "w ( any "o man1 b ! collect$ mat]ials ( _m2 ! ?ird ,synoptic only pret5ds to be a compilation = private use2 & ! f\r? ,gospel be>s no simple signature because x is nei!r ! "w ( an ,apo/le1 nor ( an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts & he>] ( ! tea*+ x records4 ,if x be consid]$ incr$ible1 h[ev]1 t an ,apo/le c\ld1 ev5 9 an ,allegory1 repres5t ! names ( ! ,twelve z writt5 on ! f\ndation /ones ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 & ! incomp>able mode/y & delicacy #cii ( feel+ ( ! assum$ au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel be contra/$ ) x s mu* to ! disadvantage ( ! writ] ( ! ,apocalypse1 we ask :e!r ?is ref]5ce to ! collective ,twelve c be consid]$ at all on a p> ) ! self-glorification ( ! disguis$ au?or ( ! ,gospel1 :o1 n cont5t ) ! simple indication ( himself z ,john a s]vant ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ) %>+ di/9ction equally ) ! re/ ( ! ,twelve1 assumes to himself alone a pre-em95ce 9 ! fav\r & affection ( 8 ,ma/]1 z well z a di/9ction among/ 8 fell[ disciples1 ( :i* we fir/ he> f himself1 & :i* is any?+ b corroborat$ by ! ?ree ,synoptics8 ,! suppos$ au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 x is true1 does n pla9ly m5tion 8 "n1 b he di/+ui%es himself z ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 & repres5ts himself z lean+ on ,jesus' brea/ at supp]47#a7 ,?is di/9ction assum$ to himself1 & ?is pref]5ce ov] ! o!r disciples 9 ! love ( him :om he repres5ts z ,god1 is mu* great] self-glorification ?an t ( ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ f> ,ewald is "r 9 say+1 moreov]1 t ! au?or does n cle>ly indicate ! p]son = :om at lea/ he desires to be mi/ak54 ,we mu/ conclude t ^! objections h no weight1 & t !re is no int]nal evid5ce :atev] aga9/ ! supposition t ! ,john :o ann\nces himself z ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse 0 ! ,apo/le4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! tone ( au?ority adopt$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! evid5t c]ta9ty t 8 id5tity w\ld ev]y:]e be recogniz$1 d5ote a position 9 ! ,*ur* :i* no o!r p]son ( ! "n ( ,john c\ld well h held at ! "t :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt54 #djj ,! ext]nal evid5ce1 !re=e1 :i* indicates ! ,apo/le ,john z ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse is q 9 h>mony ) ! int]nal te/imony ( ! book itself4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! /rong col\r+ ( ,judaism 9 ! views ( ! writ]4 ,its imag]y is ?or\ghly ,jewi%1 & its allegorical repres5tations are entirely bas$ ^u ,jewi% traditions1 & hopes4 ,! heav5ly ,city is a ,new ,j]usalem2 its twelve gates are d$icat$ to ! twelve tribes ( ,israel2 ,god & ! ,lamb are ! ,temple ( x2 & ! seal$ ( ! twelve tribes h ! prec$5ce ov] ! nations1 & /& ) ! ,lamb on ,m\nt ,zion 7xiv4 #a7 hav+ 8 "n & 8 ,fa!r's writt5 on _! =eheads4 ,! language 9 :i* ! book is writt5 is ! mo/ ,hebrai/ic ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z its cont5ts are ! mo/ deeply t+$ ) ,judaism4 ,if1 f9ally1 we seek = "s traces ( ! "* ( ! writ]1 we see 9 e page ! impress ( an impetu\s fi]y _s1 ^: symbol is ! ,eagle1 brea?+ =? v5geance aga9/ ! enemies ( ! ,messiah & impati5t till x be accompli%$1 & ! :ole ( ! visions ( ! ,apocalypse proce$ to ! accompanim5t ( ! roll+ ?und]s ( ,god's wra?4 ,we may n[ turn to exam9e su* hi/orical data z exi/ reg>d+ ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & to inquire :e!r !y accord bett] ) ! "* & op9ions ( ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse or ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,john & 8 bro!r ,james are repres5t$ by ! ,synoptics z be+ ! sons ( ,zeb$ee & ,salome4 ,!y 7 fi%]m5 on ! sea ( ,galilee1 & at ! call ( ,jesus !y left _! %ip & _! fa!r & foll[$ him47#a7 ,_! fi]y & impetu\s "* l$ #dja ,jesus to give !m ! surname ( ------3 ,sons ( ?und]17#a7 an epi!t ju/ifi$ by sev]al incid5ts :i* are relat$ reg>d+ !m4 ,^u "o occasion1 ,john sees "o ca/+ out devils 9 8 ma/]'s "n1 & 9 an intol]ant _s =bids him because he did n foll[ !m1 = :i* he is rebuk$ by ,jesus47#b7 ,ano!r "t1 :5 ! inhabitants ( a ,sam>itan village w\ld n receive !m1 ,john & ,james angrily turn to ,jesus & say3 ,"l1 wilt ?\ t we comm& fire to come d[n f heav51 & consume !m1 ev5 z ,elijah did87#c7 ,a rem>kable episode w h pres5t$ itself already to ! m9d ( e read]1 :i* ! second ,synoptic ,gospel n>rates z foll[s3 ,m>k x4 #ce1 ,& ,james & ,john ! sons ( ,zeb$ee come unto him say+ unto him3 ,tea*]1 we w\ld t ?\ %\lde/ d = u :atsoev] we %all ask !e4 #cf4 ,& he said unto !m3 ,:at w\ld ye t ,i %\ld d = y8 #cg4 ,!y said unto him3 ,grant t we may sit1 "o on ?y "r h&1 & ! o!r on ?y left h& 9 ?y glory4 #ch4 ,b ,jesus said to !m3 ,ye "k n :at ye ask3 c ye dr9k ! cup t ,i dr9k8 or be baptiz$ ) ! baptism t ,i am baptiz$ )8 #ci4 ,& !y said unto him3 ,we c4 ,& ,jesus said unto !m3 ,! cup t ,i dr9k ye %all dr9k2 & ) ! baptism t ,i am baptiz$ )al %all ye be baptiz$3 #dj4 ,b to sit on my "r h& or on my left h& is n m9e to give1 b = :om x has be5 prep>$4 #da4 ,& :5 ! t5 he>d x !y began to be mu* displeas$ ) ,james & ,john4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! #djb effront]y & selfi%ness ( ! reque/1 or ! assurance ) :i* ! bre?r5 ass]t _! p[] to emulate ! ,ma/] is m /rik+ 9 ?is sc5e4 ,app>5tly1 ! grossness ( ! proce$+ already began to be felt :5 our fir/ ,gospel 0 edit$1 = x repres5ts ! reque/ z made by ! "m ( ,james & ,john2 b t is a v slight decrease ( ! (f5ce1 inasmu* z ! bre?r5 are obvi\sly cons5t+1 if n incit+1 p>ties to ! pray]1 & utt] _! ,we c1 ) ! same abs5ce ( incomp>able mode/y47#a7 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ,john rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem17#b7 & *iefly conf9$ 8 m9i/ry to ! city & its neighb\rhood47#c7 ,! acc\nt :i* ,hegesippus gives ( ,james ! bro!r ( ,jesus :o 0 appo9t$ ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem w n be =gott517#d7 & we ref] to x m]ely 9 illu/ration ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,h[ev] my?ical elem5ts are work$ up into ! n>rative1 "o po9t is und\bt$ fact1 t ! ,*ri/ians ( t community 7 b a sect ( ,judaism1 m]ely sup]add+ to ,mosaic doctr9es belief 9 ! actual adv5t ( ! ,messiah :om ,moses & ! prophets _h =etold2 & we f9d1 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ,pet] & ,john repres5t$ z go+ up into ! ,temple at ! h\r ( pray]17#f7 l o!r ,jews4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,galatians1 we h mo/ valuable evid5ce ) reg>d to ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,paul f\nd him /ill 9 ,j]usalem on ! occasion ( ! visit ref]r$ to 9 t lett]1 ab\t a4d4 #ej--ec4 ,we ne$ n quote at l5g? ! important passage ,gal4 ii4 #a ff41 b ! fact #djc is und5iable1 & /&s ^u /rong] evid5ce ?an almo/ any o!r p>ticul> reg>d+ ! e>ly ,*ur*1 be+ di/9ctly & directly /at$ by ,paul himself3 t ! ?ree pill> ,apo/les repres5t+ ! ,*ur* !re 7 ,james1 ,pet]1 & ,john4 ,pet] is m>k$ly t]m$ ! ,apo/le ( ! circumcision1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 him & ,paul are evid5ce ( ! opposition ( _! views4 ,james & ,john are cle>ly repres5t$ z %>+ ! views ( ,pet]1 & :il/ ,paul f9ally agrees ) !m t he is to g to ! ,g5tiles1 ! ?ree ------ elect to cont9ue _! m9i/ry to ! circumcision47#a7 ,"h is ,john1 !re=e1 cle>ly devot$ to ! ,apo/le%ip ( ! circumcision z oppos$ to ,paul1 ^: views1 z we ga!r f ! :ole ( ,paul's acc\nt1 7 little m ?an tol]at$ by ! ------4 ,be=e leav+ ,new ,te/am5t data1 we may "h po9t out ! /atem5t 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les t ,pet] & ,john 7 kn[n to be unlett]$ & ignorant m57#b7 ------4 ,lat] tradition m5tions "o or two circum/ances reg>d+ ,john to :i* we may briefly ref]4 ,ir5aeus /ates3 ,!re are ^? :o he>d him 7,polyc>p7 say t ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 go+ to ba! at ,ephesus & p]ceiv+ ,c]9?us )91 ru%$ =? f ! ba?-h\se )\t ba?+1 b cry+ out3 ',let u fly le/ ! ba?-h\se fall d[n3 ,c]9?us1 ! enemy ( ! tru?1 be+ )9 x4'444 ,s great 0 ! c>e :i* ! ,apo/les & _! disciples took n to hold ev5 v]bal int]c\rse ) any ( ! corrupt]s ( ! tru?17#c7 c4 ,polycrates1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,ephesus #djd ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 /ates t ! ,apo/le ,john wore ! mitre & petalon ( ! high prie/ ------17#a7 a tradition :i* agrees ) ! ,jewi% t5d5cies ( ! ,apo/le ( ! circumcision z ,paul describes him47#b7 ,n[ if we comp>e ^! data reg>d+ ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee ) ! "* ( ,john ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 z we trace x 9 ! "w itself1 x is impossible n to be /ruck by ! s+ul> agreem5t4 ,! ,hebrai/ic ,greek & abrupt inelegant diction are natural to ! unlett]$ fi%]man ( ,galilee1 & ! fi]ce & intol]ant _s :i* p]vades ! book is precisely t :i* =m]ly =bade ! work+ ( miracles1 ev5 9 ! "n ( ! ,ma/]1 by any n ( ! imm$iate circle ( ,jesus1 & :i* desir$ to consume an inhospitable village ) fire f heav547#c7 ,! ,judai/ic =m ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is repres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! ,apocalypse1 & ! ,jewi% elem5ts :i* ent] s l>gely into its :ole composition1 are precisely ^? #b ,we ne$ n ref] to any ( ! o!r leg5ds reg>d+ ,john1 b x may be well to m5tion ! tradition common among/ ! ,fa!rs :i* assign$ to him ! cognom5 ( ! ,virg94 ,"o ,codex gives z ! sup]scription ( ! ,apocalypse3 t------ & we "k t x is report$ 9 e>ly writ+s t1 ( all ! ,apo/les1 only ,john & ! ,apo/le ,paul rema9$ unm>ri$1 :5ce probably1 9 "p1 ?is title4 ,9 connection ) ?is we may po9t to ! importance atta*$ to virg9ity 9 ! ,apocalypse1 xiv4 #d2 cf4 ,s*wegl]1 ,das naohap4 ,zeit1 ii4 p4 #bfd2 ,lilcke1 ,comm4 lib4 d4 ,br4 ,joh41 #ahcf1 p4 #cb f42 ,crafti]1 ,e9l4 ,n4 ,t41 i4 p4 #ba4 #c ,! v objection ( ,ewald reg>d+ ! glorification ( ! ,twelve1 if true1 w\ld be s+ul>ly 9 keep+ ) ! audaci\s reque/ ( ,john & 8 bro!r1 to sit on ! "r & left h& ( ! glorifi$ ,jesus1 = we f9d none ( ! incomp>able mode/y :i* ! imag9ative critic attributes to ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! ,john ( ! ,synoptics4 #dje :i* we might expect f ,john ! ,apo/le ( ! circumcision & ! associate ( ,james & ( ,pet] 9 ! v c5tre ( ,judaism4 ,p>ts ( ! ,apocalypse1 inde$1 d]ive a new significance :5 we rememb] ! opposition :i* ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles met ) f ! ,apo/les ( ! circumcision1 z pla9ly decl>$ by ,paul 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ii4 #a4 ff41 & app>5t 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,we h already se5 ! sc>cely disguis$ attack :i* is made on ,paul 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies "u ! "n ( ,simon ! ,magician1 ! ,apo/le ,pet] foll[+ him f city to city = ! purpose ( d5\nc+ & refut+ 8 tea*+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! animosity aga9/ ,paul :i* 0 felt by ! ,ebionitic p>ty1 to :i* ,john z well z ,pet] belong$1 0 extreme1 & :5 ! novelty ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? alone1 taught by him1 is consid]$1 x is v compreh5sible4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 we f9d und5iable traces ( x :i* accord ) :at ,paul himself says1 & ) ! und\bt$ tradition ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,n only is ,paul sil5tly exclud$ f ! numb] ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* might be intelligible :5 ! typical nature ( ! numb] twelve is consid]$1 b allusion is und\bt$ly made to him1 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,*ur*es4 ,x is cle> t ,paul is ref]r$ to 9 ! address to ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus3 ,& ?\ did/ try !m :i* say t !y are ,apo/les & are n1 & did/ f9d !m false27#a7 & also 9 ! words to ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna3 ,b ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ !re !m t hold ! tea*+ ( ,balaam1 :o taught #djf ,balak to ca/ a /umbl+ block be=e ! sons ( ,israel1 to eat ?+s sacrific$ unto idols17#a7 c41 z well z else:]e47#b7 ,)\t dwell+ on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we ?9k x mu/ be app>5t to e unprejudic$ p]son t ! ,apocalypse s+ul>ly corresponds 9 e respect--language1 con/ruction1 & ?\ght--) :at we are told ( ! "* ( ! ,apo/le ,john by ! ,synoptic ,gospels & by tradition1 & t ! int]nal evid5ce1 !re=e1 accords ) ! ext]nal 9 attribut+ ! composition ( ! ,apocalypse to t ,apo/le4#c #djg ,we may )\t hesitation affirm1 at lea/1 t ) ! exception ( "o or two ( ! ,epi/les ( ,paul !re is #djh no "w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* is support$ by su* close evid5ce4 ,we ne$ n discuss ! tradition z to ! resid5ce ( ! ,apo/le ,john 9 ,asia ,m9or1 reg>d+ :i* mu* might be said4 ,^? :o accept ! au!nticity ( ! ,apocalypse ( c\rse admit its composition 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ephesus17#a7 & see 9 ?is ! confirmation ( ! wide-spread tradition t ! ,apo/le sp5t a consid]able p]iod ( ! latt] "p ( 8 life 9 t city4 ,we may m]ely m5tion1 9 pass+1 t a hi/orical basis = ! tradition has occasionally be5 disput$1 & has latt]ly aga9 be5 d5i$ by "s able critics47#b7 ,! evid5ce = ?is1 z = ev]y?+ else connect$ ) ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 is extremely unsatisfactory4 ,nor ne$ we tr\ble ourselves ) ! dispute z to ! ,presbyt] ,john1 to :om _m ascribe ! composition1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! ,apocalypse &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! ,gospel1 accord+ z !y f9ally accept ! "o or ! o!r alt]native ( ! critical dilemma :i* we h expla9$4 ,we h only to d ) ! ,apo/le ,john & 8 connection ) ei!r ( ! two writ+s4 ,if we proce$ to comp>e ! "* ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 z we h x depict$ 9 ! ,synoptics & o!r writ+s to :i* we h ref]r$1 ) t ( ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & to contra/ ! peculi>ities ( bo?1 we h a v diff]5t result4 ,in/ead ( ! ,hebrai/ic ,greek & h>% diction :i* might #dji be expect$ f ! unlett]$ & ignorant fi%]man ( ,galilee1 we f9d1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! pure/ & lea/ ,hebrai/ic ,greek ( any ( ! ,gospels 7"s p>ts ( ! ?ird ,synoptic1 p]haps1 alone except$71 & a ref9em5t & beauty ( composition ^: *>m has captivat$ ! _w1 & 9 too _m cases prev5t$ ! calm ex]cise ( judgm5t ,in/ead ( ! fi]ce & intol]ant temp] ( ! ,son ( ?und]1 we f9d a _s brea?+ =? no?+ b g5tl5ess & love4 ,in/ead ( ! ,judai/ic ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,apo/le ( ,circumcision :o m]ely tol]ates ,paul1 we f9d a m9d :i* has s completely deta*$ itself f ,judaism t ! writ] makes ! v appellation ( ,jew equival5t to t ( an enemy ( ! tru?4 ,n only are ! cu/oms & fea/s ( ! ,jews disreg>d$ & spok5 ( z obs]vances ( a p ) :om ! writ] has no conc]n1 b he anticipates ! day :5 nei!r on ,m\nt ,g]izim nor yet at ,j]usalem m5 %all wor%ip ! ,fa!r1 b :5 x %all be recogniz$ t ! only true wor%ip is t :i* is (f]$ 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ & ! m]its ( 8 dea? is ! only way by :i* man c atta9 to et]nal life1 & ! ,mosaic ,law is practically aboli%$4 ,we v5ture to ass]t t1 tak+ ! portrait ( ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 :i* is drawn 9 ! ,synoptics & ! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,galatians1 supplem5t$ by lat] tradition1 to :i* we h ref]r$1 & comp>+ x ) t ( ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 no unprejudic$ m9d c fail to recognize t !re are n two features alike4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( ?is case1 t ! beauty ( ! ,gospel "u trial has too frequ5tly influ5c$ ! decision ( ! judges1 & m5 :o h1 9 o!r #daj matt]s1 exhibit$ s\nd critical judgm5t1 9 ?is ab&on !mselves to %e] s5tim5tality1 & indulge 9 rhapsodies :5 reasons w\ld be m appropriate4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t we h giv5 ! :ole ( ! data reg>d+ ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee furni%$ by ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1--exclud+ m]ely ! f\r? ,gospel itself1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _c at pres5t be receiv$ 9 evid5ce1--z well z ! only traditional in=mation possess+1 f its date & "*1 any appreciable value1 x w become app>5t t e argum5t :i* proce$s on ! assumption t ,john 0 ! belov$ disciple1 & possess$ ( *>act]i/ics q diff]5t f ^? we meet ) 9 ! writ+s to :i* we h ref]r$1 is wor?less & a m]e petitio pr9cipii4 ,we c1 !re=e1 appreciate ! /ate ( ! case :51 = in/ance1 we f9d an able man l ,cr$n] comm5c+ 8 inquiry z to :o 0 ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ) su* words z ! foll[+3 ,7 we entirely )\t hi/orical data reg>d+ ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :o is n nam$ 9 ! writ+ itself1 we %\ld /ill1 f int]nal gr\nds 9 ! ,gospel itself--f ! nature ( ! language1 f ! fre%ness & p]spicacity ( ! n>rative1 f ! exactness & precision ( ! /atem5ts1 f ! peculi>4mann] ( ! m5tion ( ! ,bapti/ & ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 f ! love & f]v\r ris+ to ec/acy :i* ! writ] manife/s t[>ds ,jesus1 f ! irresi/ible *>m :i* is p\r$ out ov] ! :ole ideally-compos$ evangelical hi/ory1 f ! philosophical consid]ations ) :i* ! ,gospel beg9s--be l$ to ! result3 t ! au?or ( su* a ,gospel c only be a native ( ,pale/9e1 c only be a direct eye-witness1 c only be an ,apo/le1 c #daa only be a fav\rite ( ,jesus1 c only be t ,john :om ,jesus held captivat$ to himself by ! :ole heav5ly spell ( 8 tea*+1 t ,john :o re/$ on ! bosom ( ,jesus1 /ood b5ea? 8 cross1 & ^: lat] resid5ce 9 a city l ,ephesus proves t philosophical speculation n m]ely attract$ him1 b t he also knew h[ to ma9ta9 8 place among/ philosophically cultivat$ ,greeks47#a7 ,x is almo/ impossible to proce$ fur!r 9 build+ up !ory ^u baseless assumption2 b we %all h]eaft] see t he is kept 9 c\nt5ance by ,ewald1 :o out/rips him 9 ! boldness & m9ut5ess ( 8 conjectures4 ,we mu/ n[ m c>efully exam9e ! details ( ! case4 ,! language 9 :i* ! ,gospel is writt51 z we h already m5tion$1 is mu* less ,hebraic ?an t ( ! o!r ,gospels1 ) ! exception ( p>ts ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 & its ,hebraisms are n on ! :ole great] ?an 0 almo/ inv>iably ! case ) ,hell5i/ic ,greek1 b its composition is di/+ui%$ by peculi> smoo?ness1 grace1 & beauty1 & 9 ?is respect x is assign$ ! fir/ rank among/ ! ,gospels4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! connection :i* ,cr$n] f9ds betwe5 ! language & ! ,apo/le ,john arises out ( ! supposition1 t long resid5ce 9 ,ephesus _h enabl$ him to acquire t fecility ( composition 9 ! ,greek language :i* is "o ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,ewald1 :o exagg]ates ! ,hebraism ( ! "w1 resorts nev]!less to ! conjecture1 :i* we %all h]eaft] m fully consid]1 t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 f dictation by "y fri5ds ( ,john 9 ,ephesus1 :o put ! ag$ ,apo/le's ?\ghts1 9 _m places1 into pur] ,greek z !y #dab wrote !m d[n47#a7 ,! arbitr>y nature ( su* an explanation1 adopt$ 9 "o %ape or ano!r by _m apologi/s1 requires no rem>k1 b we %all at e turn meet ) simil> assumptions advanc$ to ov]come difficulties4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re is no c]ta9 in=mation z to ! "t :51 if ev]1 ! ,apo/le remov$ into ,asia ,m9or1 x is at lea/ pretty c]ta9 t he did n leave ,pale/9e be=e a4d4 #fj47b7 ,we f9d him /ill at ,j]usalem ab\t a4d4 #ej--ec1 :5 ,paul w5t ?i!r1 & he _h n at t "t any int5tion ( leav+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 8 d$ication ( himself to ! m9i/ry ( ! circumcision is di/9ctly m5tion$ by ! ,apo/le47#c7 ,! unlett]$ & ignorant fi%]man ( ,galilee1 !re=e1 _h obvi\sly atta9$ an age :5 habits ( ?\ght & expression h become fix$1 & :5 a new language _c )\t great difficulty be acquir$4 ,if we consid] ! ,apocalypse to be 8 "w1 we f9d positive evid5ce ( su* m>k$ly diff]5t ?\ght & language actually exi/+ :5 ! ,apo/le mu/ h be5 betwe5 sixty & sev5ty ye>s ( age1 t x is q impossible to conceive t he c\ld h subsequ5tly acquir$ ! language & m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#d7 ,x w\ld be p]fectly absurd1 s f> z language goes1 to f9d 9 ! f\r? ,gospel ! slighte/ indication ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 ( ^: language we h no in=mation :atev] except f ! ,apocalypse1 a composition #dac :i*1 if accept$ z writt5 by ! ,apo/le1 w\ld at once exclude all consid]ation ( ! ,gospel z 8 "w4 ,!re are _m circum/ances1 h[ev]1 :i* seem cle>ly to indicate t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel 0 nei!r a native ( ,pale/9e nor a ,jew1 & to "s ( ^! we mu/ briefly ref]4 ,! philosophical /atem5ts ) :i* ! ,gospel comm5ces1 x w be admitt$1 are any?+ b *>act]i/ic ( ! ,son ( ?und]1 ! ignorant & unle>n$ fi%]man ( ,galilee :o1 to a comp>atively advanc$ p]iod ( life1 cont9u$ prea*+ 9 8 native c\ntry to 8 bre?r5 ( ! circumcision4 ,attempts h be5 made to trace ! ,logos doctr9e ( ! f\r? ,gospel to ! purely ,hebraic s\rce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b e imp>tial m9d mu/ p]ceive t "h !re is no direct & simple trans=mation ( ! !ory ( ,wisdom ( ! ,prov]bs & ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha1 & no m]e developm5t ( ! lat] ,memra ( ! ,t>gums1 b a v advanc$ application to ,*ri/ianity ( ,alex&rian philosophy1 ) :i* we h become famili> ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,philo1 to :i* ref]5ce has s frequ5tly be5 made4 ,x is q true t a decid$ /ep beyond ! doctr9e ( ,philo is made :5 ! ,logos is repres5t$ z ------ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 b ?is argum5t is equally applicable to ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,wisdom1 & t /ep _h already be5 tak5 be=e ! composition ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 ! ,alex&rian philosophy ev]y?+ 0 prep>$ = ! f9al application ( ! doctr9e1 & no?+ is m cle> ?an ! fact t ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 f :i* he d]iv$ 8 philosophy1 & its elaborate & sy/ematic application to ,jesus alone indicates a late #dad developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* we ma9ta9 c\ld n h be5 atta9$ by ! ,judai/ic son ( ,zeb$ec47#a7 ,we h already on sev]al occasions ref]r$ to ! attitude :i* ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel assumes t[>ds ! ,jews4 ,ap>t f ! fact t he places ,*ri/ianity g5]ally 9 /rong antagonism to ,judaism1 z light to d>kness1 tru? to a lie1 & pres5ts ! doctr9e ( a hypo/atic ,tr9ity 9 ! mo/ develop$ =m to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! ?ree ,synoptics1 & 9 contradiction to ,hebrew ,mono!ism1 he writes at all times z "o :o n only is n a ,jew himself1 b has no?+ to d ) _! laws & cu/oms4 ,he speaks ev]y:]e ( ! fea/s ( ! ,jews1 ! passov] ( ! ,jews1 ! mann] ( ! purify+ ( ! ,jews1 ! ,jews' fea/ ( tab]nacles1 z ! mann] ( ! ,jews is to bury1 ! ,jews' prep>ation day1 & s on47#b7 ,! ,law ( ,moses is spok5 ( z y\r law1 _! law1 z ( a p ) :i* ! writ] 0 n connect$47#c7 ,moreov]1 ! ,jews are repres5t$ z cont9ually 9 virul5t opposition to ,jesus1 & seek+ to kill him2 & ! ^w ,jew is ! unfail+ indication ( ! enemies ( ! tru?1 & ! p]secutors ( ! ,*ri/47#d7 ,! ,jews are n once spok5 ( z ! fav\r$ p ( ,god1 b !y are d5\nc$ z *ildr5 ( ! devil1 :o is ! fa!r ( lies & a murd]] f ! beg9n+47#e7 ,! au?or makes ,caiaphas & ! *ief #a ,mo/ critics agree t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! f\r? ,gospel r5d] ! supposition t x 0 ! "w ( an old man unt5able4 #dae prie/s & ,ph>isees speak ( ! ,jewi% p n z ------1 b z ------1 ! t]m employ$ by ! ,jews to designate ! ,g5tiles47#a7 ,we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t ! ,jesus ( ! f\r? ,gospel is no long] ( ! race ( ,david1 b ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! expectation ( ! ,jews t ! ,messiah %\ld be ( ! se$ ( ,david is entirely set aside1 & ! g5ealogies ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics trac+ 8 desc5t are n only ignor$1 b ! :ole idea absolutely exclud$4 ,!n ! writ] calls ,annas ! high prie/1 al?\gh at ! same "t ,caiaphas is repres5t$ z hold+ t (fice47#b7 ,! expression :i* he uses is3 ,caiaphas be+ ! high prie/ t ye>------4 ,?is /atem5t1 made m ?an once1 indicates ! belief t ! (fice 0 m]ely annual1 :i* is errone\s4 ,josephus /ates ) reg>d to ,caiaphas1 t he 0 high prie/ = t5 ye>s f ,a4,d4 #be--cf47c7 ,ewald & o!rs argue t ! expression t ye> ref]s to ! ye> 9 :i* ! #daf dea? ( ,jesus1 s memorable to ! writ]1 took place1 & t x does n exclude ! possibility ( 8 hav+ be5 high prie/ = successive ye>s also47#a7 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 is q arbitr>y & insuffici5t1 & ?is is %[n by ! additional error 9 repres5t+ ,annas z also high prie/ at1! same "t4 ,! ,synopti/s "k no?+ ( ! prelim9>y exam9ation be=e ,annas1 & ! reason giv5 by ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel :y ! soldi]s fir/ took ,jesus to ,annas3 = he 0 fa!r-9-law to ,caiaphas1 :o 0 high prie/ t same ye>17#b7 is inadmissible4 ,! ass]tion is a cle> mi/ake1 & x probably orig9at$ 9 a /rang]1 writ+ ( facts & in/itutions ) :i* he 0 n well acqua9t$1 be+ misl$ by an error equally committ$ by ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ,luke iii4 #b1 ! ^w ( ,god is said to come to ,john ! ,bapti/3 9 ! high prie/hood ( ,annas & ,caiaphas ------1 & aga91 9 ,acts iv4 #f1 ,annas is spok5 ( z ! high prie/ :5 ,pet] & ,john heal$ ! lame man at ! gate ( ! ,temple :i* 0 call$ ,beautiful1 & ,caiaphas is m5tion$ imm$iately aft]3 & ,annas ! high prie/1 & ,caiaphas1 & ,john1 & ,alex&]1 & z _m z 7 ( ! k9dr$ ( ! high prie/4 ,su* /atem5ts1 errone\s 9 !mselves & n und]/ood by ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 may h l$ to ! confusion 9 ! n>rative4 ,annas _h previ\sly be5 high prie/1 z we "k f ,josephus17#c7 b no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t ! title 0 n cont9u$ aft] ! (fice 0 resign$2 aud ,i%mael #dag ,eleaz>1 & ,simon1 :o succe$$ ,annas & sep>at$ 8 t]m ( (fice f t ( ,caiaphas1 did n subsequ5tly be> ! title4 ,! n>rative is a mi/ake1 & su* an error c\ld n h be5 committ$ by a native ( ,pale/9e17#a7 & mu* less by an acqua9tance ( ! high prie/47#b7 ,!re are also sev]al geographical errors committ$ :i* d5ote a =eign]4 ,9 i4 #bh1 ! writ] speaks ( a ,be?any beyond ,jordan1 :]e ,john 0 baptiz+4 ,! sub/itution ( ,be?ab>a1 m5tion$ by ,orig51 :i* has errone\sly crept into ! vulg> text1 is ( c\rse repudiat$ by critics1 ,be?any /&+ 9 all ! old] codices4 ,! alt]ation 0 evid5tly propos$ to obviate ! difficulty t1 ev5 9 ,orig5's "t1 !re did n exi/ any trace ( a ,be?any beyond ,jordan 9 ,p]aea4 ,! place c\ld n be ! ,be?any ne> #dah ,j]usalem1 & x is suppos$ t ! writ] ei!r mi/ook its position or1 inv5t+ a second ,be?any1 :i* he describ$ z beyond ,jordan1 display$ an ignorance ( ! locality improbable ei!r 9 a ,jew or a ,pale/9ian47#a7 ,aga91 9 iii4 #bc1 ! writ] says t ,john 0 baptiz+ 9 ,a,enon1 ne> to ,salim1 because !re 0 mu* wat] !re4 ,?is ,a,enon ne> to ,salim 0 9 ,judaea1 z is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! previ\s v]se4 ,! place1 h[ev]1 0 q unkn[n ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 & ! ne>e/ locality :i* c\ld be indicat$ z possible 0 9 ! nor? ( ,sam>ia &1 !re=e1 diff]+ f ! /atem5ts 9 iii4 #bb1 iv4 #c47b7 ,a,enon1 h[ev]1 signifies spr+s1 & ! "q arises :e!r ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 n kn[+ ! real mean+ ( ! ^w1 did n simply mi/ake x = ! "n ( a place47#c7 ,9 any case1 !re seems to be "h ano!r error into :i* ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 _h he be5 ! ,apo/le ,john1 c\ld n h fall547#d7 #dai ,! acc\nt ( ! miracle ( ! pool ( ,be!sda is a rem>kable "o = _m reasons4 ,! words :i* mo/ po9t$ly relate ! miracul\s ph5om5a *>act]iz+ ! pool1 are reject$ by _m critics z an int]polation4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract we put !m 9 italics3 v4 #c4--;,9 ^! 7five por*es7 lay a multitude ( ! sick1 halt1 )]$1 wait+ = ! mov+ ( ! wat]4 #d4 ,= an angel w5t d[n at c]ta9 seasons into ! pool & 0 tr\bl+ ! wat]3 he1 !re=e1 :o fir/ w5t 9 aft] ! tr\bl+ ( ! wat] 0 made :ole ( :atsoev] disease he _h4 ,we ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t ! obnoxi\s passage is no spuri\s int]polation1 b t !re is ample evid5ce1 ext]nal & int]nal1 to sub/antiate its claim to a place 9 ! text4 ,x is true t ! :ole passage is omitt$ by ! ,s9aitic & ,vatican ,codices1 & by ,c3 t ,a7#a71 ,l1 #ah1 & o!rs omit ! la/ phrase ( v]se #c1 & t ,d1 #cc1 :i* conta9 t phrase1 omit ! :ole ( v]se #d1 toge!r ) #aeg1 #cad & "s o!r ,,mss43 t 9 _m codices 9 :i* ! passage is f\nd x is m>k$ by an a/]isk or obelus1 & t x pres5ts consid]able v>iation 9 read+s4 ,x is also true t x is omitt$ by ,cureton's ,syriac1 by ! ,!baic1 & by mo/ ( ! ,memphitic v]sions4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x exi/s 9 ! ,alex&rian ,codex1 ,c#c1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,,x1 ,v1 r1 ,a & o!r ,,mss7#a71 & x =ms "p ( ! ,pes*ito1 ,j]usalem ,syriac1 ,vulgate1 ,watk9's ,memphitic1 ,a,ethiopic & ,arm5ian v]sions47#b7 #dbj ,m important /ill is ! fact t x exi/$ 9 ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion ( ,t]tillian1 :o ref]s to ! passage27#a7 & x is quot$ by ,didymus1 ,*ryso/om1 ,cyril1 ,ambrose1 ,!ophylact1 ,eu?ymius1 & o!r ,fa!rs4 ,its pres5ce 9 ! ,alex&rian ,codex alone might n comp5sate = ! omission ( ! passage by ! ,s9aitic & ,vatican ,codices & ,c1 ,d1 b :5 ! ,alex&rian ,,ms4 is support$ by ! v]sion us$ by ,t]tullian1 :i* is a c\ple ( c5turies old] ?an any ( ! o!r au?orities1 z well z by ! ,pes*ito1 n to m5tion o!r codices1 ! balance ( ext]nal evid5ce is di/9ctly 9 its fav\r4 ,! int]nal evid5ce is altoge!r on ! side ( ! au!nticity ( ! passage4 ,x is true t !re are a consid]able numb] ( ------ 9 ! few l9es3 ------ & p]haps ------2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ph5om5a describ$ are exceptional1 & may well expla9 exceptional phraseology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ------ is specially a ,johann9e ^w1 us$ v4 #d & six times m 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 b only five times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & ------ ) ------ occurs 9 v4 #d1 #f1 #i1 #ad1 & ) ------ 9 v4 #aa1 #ae1 vii4 #bc & n[h]e else4 ------ also may be indicat$ z employ$ 9 v4 #d1 #g & five times m 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,gospel1 & only elev5 times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! use ( ------ 9 v4 #d is ?us p]haps naturally #dba acc\nt$ =4 ,! context1 h[ev]1 =bids ! removal ( ?is passage4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t v]se #c c\ld h end$ ) )]$ ------1 & al?\gh _m critics wi% to reta9 ! la/ phrase 9 v]se #c1 9 ord] to expla9 v]se #g1 ?is only %[s ! necessity1 )\t ju/ify+ ! arbitr>y ma9t5ance1 ( ^! words1 :il/ v]se #d1 :i* is /ill bett] atte/$1 is exclud$ to get rid ( ! inconv5i5t angel4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! expression3 :5 ! wat] 0 tr\bl$ ------ ( ! und\bt$ v]se #g is un9telligible )\t ! explanation t ! angel 0 tr\bl+ ! wat]1 ------ ( v]se #d1 & also t ! /atem5t ( ! v]se #g1 b :ile ,i am com+1 ano!r goe? d[n be=e me ------ absolutely requires ! acc\nt3 he1 !re=e1 :o fir/ w5t 9 c4 ------ ( v]se #d4 ,! argum5t t ! int]polation 0 made to expla9 ! /atem5t 9 v]se #g is unt5able1 = t /atem5t necess>ily presupposes ! acc\nt 9 ! v]ses "u discussion1 & _c be sev]$ f x4 ,ev5 if ! in=mation t ! wat] 0 tr\bl$ at c]ta9 seasons only c\ld h be5 disp5s$ )1 x is obvi\s t ! explanation ( ! condition ( heal+1 giv5 9 v]se #d1 is indisp5sable to ! appreciation ( ! lame man's compla9t 9 v]se #g1 = )\t kn[+ t priority 0 ess5tial1 ! reason = ! protract$ wait+ is inconceivable4 ,x is also argu$1 t ! passage ab\t ! angel may h be5 int]polat$ to br+ out! pres5ce ( sup]natural ag5cy1 b x is mu* m reasonable to believe t attempts h be5 made to omit ^! v]ses1 ( :i* !re is su* anci5t atte/ation1 9 ord] to elim9ate an emb>rass+ excess ( #dbb sup]natural ag5cy1 & get rid ( ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! fact1 = :i* ev5 ,t]tullian7#a7 endeav\r$ to acc\nt1 t ! suppos$ pool _h ceas$ to exhibit any miracul\s ph5om5a4 ,?is natural explanation is illu/rat$ by ! alacrity ) :i* apologi/s at ! pres5t day ab&on ! obnoxi\s passage47#b7 ,! comb9$ =ce ( ! ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce1 h[ev]1 _c1 we ?9k1 be fairly resi/$47#c7 ,n[1 n only is ! pool ( ,be!sda totally unkn[n at ! pres5t day1 b al?\gh possess$ ( su* miracul\s prop]ties1 x 0 n kn[n ev5 to ,josephus1 or any o!r writ] ( t "t4 ,x is inconceivable t1 7 ! n>rative g5u9e1 ! ph5om5a c\ld h be5 unkn[n & unm5tion$ by ! ,jewi% hi/orian47#d7 ,!re is "h evid5tly nei!r ! n>rative ( an ,apo/le nor ( an eye-witness4 ,ano!r v significant mi/ake occurs 9 ! acc\nt ( ! conv]sation ) ! ,sam>itan woman1 :i* is said to h tak5 place 7iv4 #e7 ne> a city ( ,sam>ia #b ,! ,biblical critic is glad t he c remove ^! words f ! record1 & _c be call$ ^u to expla9 !m4--,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,watk9s1 ,m4,a41 9 ,a ,new ,te/4 ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 edit$ by ,*>les ,john ,ellicott1 ,d4,d41 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/] & ,bri/ol1 i4 p4 #daf4 #dbc :i* is call$ ,sy*>4 ,x is evid5t t !re 0 no su* place--& apologetic +5uity is sev]ely tax$ to expla9 ! difficulty4 ,! common conjecture has be5 t ! t[n ( ,si*em is int5d$1 b ?is is rightly reject$ by ,delitzs*17#a7 & ,ewald47#b7 ,cr$n]17#c7 n unsupport$ by o!rs1 & borne out 9 p>ticul> by ! !ory ( ,ewald1 conjectures t ,sy*> is a corruption ( ,si*em1 introduc$ into ! ,gospel by a ,greek secret>y to :om ?is "p ( ! ,gospel 0 dictat$1 & :o mi/ook ! ,apo/le's pronunciation ( ! f9al syllable4 ,we con/antly meet ) ?is ela/ic explanation ( difficulties 9 ! ,gospel1 b its m]e enunciation displays at once ! reality ( ! difficulties & ! imag9>y nature ( ! explanation4 ,h5g/5b]g adopts ! view1 & presses x ) pi\s e>ne/ness1 t ! t]m is a m]e nickname = ! city ( ,si*em1 & t1 by s slight a *ange 9 ! pronunciation1 ! ,apo/le call$ ! place a city ( ,lies ------ a lie71 a play ^u words :i* he does n consid] unwor?y47#d7 ,! only support :i* ?is latt] !ory c secure f int]nal evid5ce is to be d]iv$ f ! fact t ! :ole disc\rse ) ! woman is ideal4 ,h5g/5b]g7#e7 conjectures t ! five husb&s ( ! woman are typical ( ! ,gods ( ! five nations ) :i* ! ,k+ ( ,assyria peopl$ ,sam>ia1 ,,ii4 ,k+s1 xvii4 #bd--da1 & :i* !y wor%ipp$ in/ead ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 & z ! actual ,god ( ! ,sam>itans 0 n recogniz$ z ! true ,god by ! ,jews1 nor _! #dbd wor%ip ( him on ,m\nt ,g]izim held to be valid1 he consid]s t "u ! "n ( ! ,city ( ,sy*>1 _! :ole religion1 pa/ & pres5t1 0 d5\nc$ z a lie4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! episode is allegorical1 b su* a def5ce ( ! geographical error1 ! reality ( :i* is ev]y:]e felt1 :il/ x is q insuffici5t on ! "o h&1 effectually de/roys ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,gospel on ! o!r47#a7 ,! inf]5ces f all ( ! =ego+ examples are /r5g!n$ by ! fact t1 9 ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! ma9 foll[s ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 or %[s its influ5ce1 & n[h]e c be %[n directly to translate f ! ,hebrew4 ,^! in/ances might be multipli$1 b we mu/ proce$ to exam9e m closely ! indications giv5 9 ! ,gospel z to ! id5tity ( its au?or4 ,we ne$ n po9t out t ! writ] n[h]e cle>ly /ates :o he is1 nor m5tions 8 "n1 b expressions are frequ5tly us$ :i* evid5tly %[ ! desire t a p>ticul> p]son %\ld be und]/ood4 ,he g5]ally calls himself ! o!r disciple1 or ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$47#b7 ,x is univ]sally und]/ood t he #dbe repres5ts himself z hav+ previ\sly be5 a disciple ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 7i4 #ce ff4717#a7 & also t he is ! o!r disciple :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! high prie/ 7xviii4 #ae1 #af717b7 if n an actual relative z ,ewald & o!rs ass]t47#c7 ,! assumption t ! disciple ?us indicat$ is ,john1 re/s pr9cipally on ! fact t :il/ ! au?or m5tions ! o!r ,apo/les1 he seems /udi\sly to avoid directly nam+ ,john1 & also t he nev] di/+ui%es ,john ! ,bapti/ by ! appellation ------1 :il/ he c>efully di/+ui%es ! two disciples ( ! "n ( ,judas1 & always speaks ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] z ,simon ,pet]1 or ,pet]1 b r>ely z ,simon only47#d7 ,)\t paus+ to consid] ! slightness ( ?is evid5ce1 x is obvi\s t1 suppos+ ! disciple indicat$ to be ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ! f\r? ,gospel gives a repres5tation ( him q diff]5t f ! ,synoptics & o!r writ+s4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7i4 #ce ff47 ! call+ ( ! ,apo/le is describ$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,john 7! ,bapti/7 is /&+ ) two ( 8 disciples1 & po9ts out ,jesus to !m z ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :]eupon ! two disciples foll[ ,jesus &1 f9d+ out :]e he lives1 #dbf abide ) him t day & subsequ5tly atta* !mselves to 8 p]son4 ,9 v]se #dj x is /at$3 ,"o ( ! two :i* he>d ,john speak1 & foll[$ him1 0 ,&rew1 ,simon ,pet]'s bro!r4 ,we are left to imag9e :o 0 ! o!r1 & ! answ] ( critics is3 ,john4 ,n[1 ! call+ ( ,john is relat$ 9 a totally diff]5t mann] 9 ! ,synoptics--,jesus1 walk+ by ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 sees two bre?r51 ,simon call$ ,pet] & ,&rew 8 bro!r1 ca/+ a net into ! sea1 = !y 7 fi%]s1 & he sai? unto !m3 ,foll[ me1 & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m54 ,& !y /raightway left _! nets & foll[$ him4 ,& :5 he _h gone f !nce1 he saw o!r two bre?r51 ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee & ,john 8 bro!r1 9 ! %ip ) ,zeb$ee _! fa!r m5d+ _! nets2 & he call$ !m4 ,& !y imm$iately left ! %ip & _! fa!r & foll[$ him47#a7 ,^! acc\nts are 9 complete contradiction to ea* o!r1 & bo? _c be true4 ,we see1 f ! fir/ introduction ( ! o!r disciple on ! sc5e1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! evid5t design to give him ! prec$5ce be=e ,pet] & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les4 ,we h above giv5 ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ two ,synopti/s ( ! call+ ( ,pet]1 accord+ to :i* he is ! fir/ ( ! disciples :o is select$1 & he is directly invit$ by ,jesus to foll[ him & become1 ) 8 bro!r ,&rew1 fi%]s ( m54 ,james & ,john are n call$ till lat] 9 ! day1 & )\t ! record ( any special address4 ,9 ! ?ird ,gospel1 ! call+ ( ,pet] is introduc$ ) /ill m important details4 ,jesus ent]s ! boat ( ,simon & bids him pu% out into ! ,lake & let d[n 8 net1 & ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es is tak53 ,:5 ,simon ,pet] #dbg saw x1 he fell d[n at ,jesus' knees1 say+3 ,dep>t f me1 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o ,"l4 ,= he 0 a/oni%$1 & all t 7 ) him1 at ! draught ( fi%es :i* !y _h tak54 ,! call+ ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee becomes ev5 less important "h1 = ! acc\nt simply cont9ues3 ,& s 0 also ,james & ,john1 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 :o 7 p>tn]s ) ,simon4 ,jesus !n addresses 8 invitation to ,simon1 & ! acc\nt concludes3 ,& :5 !y _h br\ght _! boats to l&1 !y =sook all1 & foll[$ him47#a7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! call+ ( ! two disciples ( ,john is fir/ n>rat$1 z we h se5 & ! fir/ call ( ,pet] is f 8 bro!r ,&rew1 & n f ,jesus himself4 ,he 7,&rew7 fir/ f9de? 8 own bro!r ,simon1 & sai? unto him3 ,we h f\nd ! ,messias 7:i* is1 be+ int]pret$1 ,*ri/71 & he br\ght him to ,jesus4 ,jesus look$ on him & said3 ,?\ art ,simon1 ! son ( ,jonas27#b7 ?\ %alt be call$ ,cephas 7:i* is by int]pretation1 ,pet]747#c7 ,?is explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! cognom5 ,pet] is giv51 we ne$ n po9t out1 is likewise contradictory to ! ,synoptics1 & betrays ! same purpose ( suppress+ ! prom95ce ( ,pet]4 ,! f\r? ,gospel /ates t ! o!r disciple1 :o is decl>$ to be ,john1 ! au?or ( ! ,gospel1 0 kn[n to ! high prie/1 ano!r trait among/ _m o!rs elevat+ him above ! son ( ,zeb$ee z he is depict$ else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! #dbh acc\nt :i* ! f\r? ,gospel gives ( ! trial ( ,jesus is 9 v _m important p>ticul>s at v>iance ) t ( ! ,synoptics4 ,we ne$ only m5tion "h ! po9t t ! latt] "k no?+ ( ! prelim9>y exam9ation by ,annas4 ,we %all n discuss ! "q z to :]e ! d5ial ( ,pet] is repres5t$ z tak+ place 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 b may m]ely say t no o!r disciple b ,pet] is m5tion$ 9 ! ,synoptics z hav+ foll[$ ,jesus2 & ,pet] ent]s )\t difficulty into ! high prie/'s palace47#a7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,pet] is made to wait )\t at ! door until ,john1 :o is a fri5d ( ! high prie/ & freely ent]s1 obta9s p]mission = ,pet] to g 91 ano!r in/ance ( ! prec$5ce :i* is sy/ematically giv5 to ,john4 ,! ,synoptics d n 9 ?is p>ticul> case give any support to ! /atem5t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & c]ta9ly 9 no?+ t is said ( ,john else:]e d !y r5d] 8 acqua9tance ) ! high prie/ 9 ! lea/ degree probable4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 improbable 9 ! extreme t ! "y fi%]man ( ,galilee1 :o %[s v little enlight5m5t 9 ! anecdotes told ( him 9 ! ,synoptics1 & :o is describ$ z an unlett]$ & ignorant man 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 c\ld h any acqua9tance ) ! high prie/4 ,ewald1 :o1 on ! /r5g? ( ! ^w ------17#b7 at once elevates him into a relation ( ! high prie/1 sees 9 ! /atem5t ( ,polycrates t late 9 life he wore ! prie/ly ------1 a confirmation ( ! supposition t he 0 ( ! high prie/'s race & family47#c7 ,! #dbi evid5t ,judai/ic t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 :i* made ,john we> ! prie/ly mitre may di/+ui% him z au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 b x is fatal to ! !ory :i* makes him au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 9 :i* !re is s complete a sev]ance f ,judaism4 ,a mu* m important po9t1 h[ev]1 is ! designation ( ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :o is id5tifi$ ) ! ,apo/le ,john1 z ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say1 t ?is sugge/ive appellation alone has done m ?an any argum5ts to ensure ! recognition ( ! "w1 & to ov]come d\bts z to its au!nticity4 ,religi\s s5tim5tality1 evok$ by ! influ5ce ( ?is t5d] epi!t1 has be5 bl9d to hi/orical incongruities1 & has be5 will+ to accept ) little "q f ! belov$ disciple a portrait ( ,jesus totally unlike t ( ! ,synoptics1 & to elevate ! dogmatic my/icism & artificial disc\rses ( ! "o ov] ! sublime morality & simple eloqu5ce ( ! o!r4 ,x is impossible to reflect s]i\sly ^u ?is repres5tation ( ! relations betwe5 "o ( ! disciples & ,jesus )\t ! conviction t e record ( ! life ( ! great ,tea*] mu/ h borne di/9ct traces ( ! pref]5ce1 & t ! disciple s hon\r$ mu/ h attract$ ! notice ( e e>ly writ] acqua9t$ ) ! facts4 ,if we seek = any evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ,john 0 di/+ui%$ ) su* special affection1--t he lay on ! brea/ ( ,jesus at supp]--t ev5 ! ,apo/le ,pet] recognis$ 8 sup]ior intimacy & influ5ce7#a7--;& t he receiv$ at ! foot ( ! cross ! c>e ( 8 "m f ! dy+ ,jesus17#b7--we seek 9 va94 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels1 :i* m9utely record ! details #dcj ( ! la/ supp] & ( ! crucifixion1 s f> f report+ any su* circum/ances or su* di/9ction ( ,john1 d n ev5 m5tion 8 "n1 & ,pet] ev]y:]e has prec$5ce be=e ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,almo/ ! only occasions ^u :i* any prom95ce is giv5 to !m are episodes 9 :i* !y incur ! ,ma/]'s displeasure1 & ! cognom5 ( ,sons ( ?und] has c]ta9ly no sugge/ion 9 x ( special affection1 nor ( p]sonal qualities likely to attract ! great ,tea*]4 ,! selfi% ambition ( ! bro!rs :o desire to sit on ?rones on 8 "r & on 8 left1 & ! intol]ant temp] :i* w\ld h call$ d[n fire f heav5 to consume a ,sam>itan village1 mu* r contradict ?an support ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,^u "o occasion1 inde$1 ,jesus 9 rebuk+ !m1 adds3 ,ye "k n :at mann] ( _s ye are (47#a7 ,x is p]fectly und5iable t ,john n[h]e has any su* position accord$ to him 9 ! ,synoptics z ?is designation 9 ! f\r? ,gospel implies4 ,9 ! li/s ( ! disciples he is always put 9 ! f\r? place17#c7 & 9 ! fir/ two ,gospels 8 only di/+ui%+ designation is t ( ! bro!r ( ,james1 or "o ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,! ,apo/le ,pet] 9 all ( ! ,synoptics is ! lead] ( ! disciples4 ,he x is :o alone is repres5t$ z ! m\?-piece ( ! twelve or z hold+ conv]sation ) ,jesus2 & ! only occasions on :i* ! sons ( ,zeb$ee address ,jesus are ^? to :i* we h ref]r$1 ^u :i* #a ,luke ix4 #ee4 ,^! words are omitt$ f "s ( ! olde/ ,,mss41 b !y are 9 ,cod4 ,d 7,bezae7 & _m o!r v important texts1 z well z 9 "s ( ! olde/ ,torsions1 besides be+ quot$ by ! ,fa!rs4 ,!y 7 probably omitt$ aft] ! claim ( ,john to be ! belov$ disciple became admitt$4 #dca 8 displeasure 0 incurr$4 ,! angel :o appe>s to ! wom5 aft] ! resurrection desires !m to tell 8 disciples & ,pet] t ,jesus w meet !m 9 ,galilee17#a7 b !re is no message = any disciple :om he lov$4 ,if ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john accompany ! ,ma/] to ! m\nt ( transfiguration1 & are witnesses ( 8 agony 9 ! g>d51 reg>d+ :i*1 h[ev]1 ! f\r? ,gospel is totally sil5t1 ! two bre?r5 rema9 9 ! back gr\nd1 & ,pet] alone acts a prom95t "p4 ,if we turn to ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 we d n f9d a s+le trace ( acqua9tance ) ! fact t ,jesus hon\r$ ,john ) any special affection1 & ! opportunity ( ref]r+ to su* a di/9ction 0 n want+ :5 he writes to ! ,galatians ( 8 visit to ! ,pill> ,apo/les 9 ,j]usalem4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 we f9d no prom95ce giv5 to ,john1 b ! contr>y1 8 "n /ill be+ m5tion$ la/ & )\t any special comm5t4 ,9 none ( ! ,paul9e or o!r ,epi/les is !re any allusion1 h[ev] di/ant1 to any disciple :om ,jesus specially lov$4 ,! ,apocalypse1 :i*1 if any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c be trac$ to him1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! ,apo/le ,john1 makes no claim :atev] to su* a di/9ction4 ,9 none ( ! ,apocryphal ,gospels is !re ! slighte/ indication ( k ( ! fact1 & if we come to ! ,fa!rs ev51 x is a /rik+ circum/ance t !re is n a trace ( x 9 any e>ly "w1 & n ! mo/ remote indication ( any indep5d5t tradition t ,jesus di/+ui%$ ,john or any o!r individual disciple ) peculi> fri5d%ip4 ,! ,roman ,clem5t1 9 ref]r+ to ! example ( ! ,apo/les1 only m5tions ,pet] & ,paul47#b7 ,polyc>p1 :o is describ$ z a disciple ( ! #dcb ,apo/le ,john1 app>5tly kn[s no?+ ( 8 hav+ be5 especially lov$ by ,jesus4 ,pseudo-,ignatius does n ref] to him at all 9 ! ,syriac ,epi/les1 or 9 ei!r v]sion ( ! sev5 ,epi/les47#a7 ,papias1 9 describ+ 8 int]e/ 9 he>+ :at ! ,apo/les said1 gives ,john no prom95ce3 ,i inquir$ m9utely aft] ! words ( ! ,presbyt]s3 ,:at ,&rew1 or :at ,pet] said1 or :at ,philip or :at ,?omas or ,james1 or :at ,john or ,mat!w1 or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say17#b7 c4 ,z a fact1 x is und5i$ & und5iable t ! repres5tation ( ,john1 or ( any o!r disciple1 z specially belov$ by ,jesus1 is limit$ solely & entirely to ! f\r? ,gospel1 & t !re is n ev5 a trace ( indep5d5t tradition to support ! claim1 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! total sil5ce ( ! e>li] ,gospels & ( ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ+s on ! po9t1 & inde$ _! data ( a positive & unmi/akeable "*1 oppose r ?an support ! correctness ( ! lat] & m]e p]sonal ass]tion4 ,^? :o ab&on sob] criticism1 & indulge 9 m]e s5tim5tal rhapsodies on ! impossibility ( ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel be+ any o!r ?an ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 /rangely ignore ! fact t we h no reason :atev]1 except ! assurance ( ! au?or himself1 to believe t ,jesus specially lov$ any disciple1 & mu* less ,john ! ,son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,inde$1 ! /atem5ts ( ! f\r? ,gospel itself on ! subject are #a ,inde$ 9 ! univ]sally repudiat$ ,epi/les1 beyond ! fact t two are address$ to ,john1 9 :i* he is n call$ ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 ! only m5tion ( him is ! /atem5t1 ,john 0 bani%$ to ,patmos4 ,ad ,t>s41 iii4 #dcc s indirect & int5tionally vague t x is n absolutely cle> :at disciple is indicat$ z ! belov$1 & x has ev5 be5 ma9ta9$ t n ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 b ,&rew ! bro!r ( ,simon ,pet] 0 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 & consequ5tly ! suppos$ au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#a7 ,we h hi!rto refra9$ f ref]r+ to "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> features ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! *apt] xxi41 :i* is by _m cit$ z ! mo/ anci5t te/imony = ! au!nticity ( ! "w1 & :i* requires p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ,gospel is br\ght to a conclusion by v]ses #cj1 #ca ( *apt] xx41 & critics are univ]sally agre$ at lea/ t1 :oev] may be its au?or1 *apt] xxi4 is a supplem5t only add$ aft] an int]val4 ,by :om 0 x writt58 ,z may be suppos$1 critics h giv5 v diff]5t replies to ?is important "q4 ,_m affirm1 & ) mu* probability1 t *apt] xxi4 0 subsequ5tly add$ to ! ,gospel by ! au?or himself47#b7 ,a few1 h[ev]1 exclude ! la/ two v]ses1 :i* !y consid] to h be5 add$ by ano!r h&47#c7 ,a mu* l>g] numb] ass]t t ! :ole #dcd *apt] is an anci5t app5dix to ! ,gospel by a writ] :o 0 n ! au?or ( ! ,gospel47#a7 ,a few likewise reject ! la/ two v]ses ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 ?is supplem5t 7v4 #bj71 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 :o also lean$ on 8 brea/ at ! supp] & said3 ,"l1 :i* is he t betraye? !e8 is 7v4 #bd7 id5tifi$ ) ! au?or ( ! ,gospel4 ,we may "h /ate ! !ory ( ,ewald ) reg>d to ! composition ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* is l>gely d$uc$ f consid]ations connect$ ) ! la/ *apt]1 & :i*1 al?\gh m audaci\sly m9ute 9 its positive & arbitr>y /atem5t ( details ?an any o!r ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 introduces m or less ! explanations g5]ally giv5 reg>d+ ! composition ( *apt] xxi4 ,out ( all ! indications 9 ! "w1 ,ewald decides3 #a4 ,t ! ,gospel1 complet$ at ! end ( *apt] xx41 0 compos$ by ! ,apo/le ab\t ! ye> #hj1 ) ! free help ( fri5ds1 n to be imm$iately circulat$ #dce ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b to rema9 limit$ to ! n>r[] circle ( fri5ds until 8 dea?1 & only !n to be publi%$ z 8 legacy to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ?is position x rema9$ t5 ye>s1 or ev5 long]4 #b4 ,z ! preconceiv$ op9ion reg>d+ ! life or dea? ( ! ,apo/le 7xxi4 #bc7 _h p]nici\sly spread itself ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! ,apo/le himself decid$1 ev5 be=e 8 dea?1 to c\nt]act x 9 ! "r way by giv+ a correct /atem5t ( ! circum/ances4 ,! same fri5ds1 !re=e1 assi/$ him to design ! v important supplem5t1 *apt] xxi41 & ?is c\ld /ill be v easily add$1 z ! book 0 n yet publi%$4 ,8 fri5ds proce$$1 nev]!less1 some:at m freely 9 its composition ?an previ\sly 9 writ+ ! book itself1 & all[$ _! own h& m cle>ly to gleam ?r\gh1 al?\gh "h1 z 9 ! re/ ( ! "w1 !y con=m$ to ! w ( ! ,apo/le1 & did n1 ev5 9 ! supplem5t1 op5ly decl>e 8 "n z ! au?or4 ,z ! supplem5t1 h[ev]1 0 to =m a closely connect$ "p ( ! :ole "w1 !y gave at its end 7v]ses #bd f471 z x n[ seem$ to !m suitable1 a new conclusion to ! augm5t$ "w4 #c4 ,z ! ,apo/le himself desir$ t ! preconceiv$ op9ion reg>d+ him1 :i* _h be5 spread abroad to ! prejudice ( ,*ri/5dom1 %\ld be contradict$ z soon z possible1 & ev5 be=e 8 dea?1 he n[ s f> dep>t$ f 8 e>li] wi%1 t he p]mitt$ ! circulation ( 8 ,gospel be=e 8 dea?4 ,we c accept ?is ) all c]ta9ty1 & h !re9 tru/wor?y te/imony reg>d+ ! :ole orig9al hi/ory ( our book4 #d4 ,:5 ! ,gospel 0 ?us publi%$ x 0 = #dcf ! fir/ "t gradually nam$ aft] our ,apo/le1 ev5 9 its ext]nal sup]scription3 a nom9ation :i* _h !n become all ! m necess>y & p]man5t = ! purpose ( di/9ction1 z x 0 unit$ 9 "o :ole ) ! o!r ,gospels4 ,! _w1 h[ev]1 has at all times kn[n x only "u ?is :olly "r title1 & c\ld 9 no way o!rwise "k x & o!rwise "n x47#a7 ,9 address+ ourselves to ea* ( ^! po9ts 9 detail1 we %all be able to discuss ! pr9cipal que/ions connect$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! !ory ( ,ewald1 t ! f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 d[n ) ! assi/ance ( fri5ds 9 ,ephesus1 has be5 imag9$ solely to conciliate c]ta9 ph5om5a pres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel1 & notably 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ) ! =egone conclusion t x 0 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,x is app>5t t !re is n a s+le ^w 9 ! "w itself expla9+ su* a mode ( composition1 & t ! hypo!sis proce$s purely f ! +5i\s imag9ation ( ! critic4 ,! "* ( ! language1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! writ] is indirectly indicat$ 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & ! ref]5ce1 ev5 9 ! body ( ! "w 7xix4 #ce71 to ! te/imony ( a ?ird p]son1 comb9$ ) ! simil>ity ( ! /yle ( ! supplem5t>y *apt]1 :i* is an obvi\s addition int5d$1 h[ev]1 to be und]/ood z writt5 by a diff]5t h&1 h r5d]$ ^! conjectures necess>y to reconcile su* obvi\s incongruities ) ! ascription ( ! "w to ! ,apo/le4 ,! sub/antial id5tity ( ! /yle & vocabul>y ( *apt] xxi4 ) ! re/ ( ! ,gospel is ass]t$ by a multitude ( ! mo/ compet5t critics4 ,ewald1 :il/ he recognizes ! great #dcg simil>ity1 ma9ta9s at ! same "t a real dissimil>ity1 = :i* he acc\nts 9 ! mann] j quot$4 ,! language1 ,ewald admits1 agrees fully 9 _m r>e nuances ) t ( ! re/ ( ! ,gospel1 b he does n take ! tr\ble to prove ! decid$ dissimil>ities :i*1 he ass]ts1 likewise exi/4 ,a less diff]5ce ?an t :i* he f9ds might1 he ?9ks1 be expla9$ by ! int]val :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 ! writ+ ( ! "w & ( ! supplem5t1 b ! wond]ful simil>ity1 9 ! mid/ ( ev5 great] dissimil>ity1 ( ! :ole tone & p>ticul>ly ( ! /yle ( ! composition is n !reby acc\nt$ =4 ,?is1 !re=e1 leads u1 he cont9ues1 to ! op9ion3 ,! ,apo/le made use1 = writ+ d[n 8 words1 ( ! h& & ev5 ( ! skill ( a tru/$ fri5d :o lat]1 on 8 own au?ority 7fur si* alle971 wrote ! supplem5t4 ,! great simil>ity1 z well z dissimil>ity1 ( ! /yle ( bo? p>ts 9 ?is way becomes intelligible3 ! tru/$ fri5d 7probably a ,presbyt] 9 ,ephesus7 adopt$ mu* ( ! language & mode ( expression ( ! y\?ful old ,apo/le1 )\t1 h[ev]1 :]e he wrote m 9 8 own p]son1 be+ c>efully solicit\s ( imitat+ !m4 ,b ev5 ?r\gh ?is contra/1 & ! def9ite decl>ation 9 v4 #bd1 ! ,apo/olical orig9 ( ! book itself becomes all ! m cle>ly app>5t2 & ?us ! supplem5t proves f ! mo/ div]se sides h[ c]ta9ly ?is ,gospel 0 writt5 by ! tru/$ disciple47#a7 ,else:]e1 ,ewald m cle>ly expla9s ! %>e 9 ! "w :i* he assigns to ! ,apo/le's disciple3 ,! proposition t ! ,apo/le compos$ 9 a unique way our likewise unique ,gospel is to be und]/ood only ) ! #dch important limitation ^u :i* ,i h always laid s mu* /ress3 = ,john himself did n compose ?is "w q s directly z ,paul did mo/ ( 8 ,epi/les1 b ! "y fri5d :o wrote x d[n f 8 lips1 & :o1 9 ! lat] app5dix1 *apt] xxi41 comes =w>d 9 ! mo/ op5 way1 )\t desir+ 9 ! slighte/ to conceal 8 sep>ate id5tity1 does 8 "w at o!r times some:at freely1 9 t he nev] introduces ! n>rator speak+ ( himself & 8 p>ticipation 9 ! ev5ts ) ',i' or 'we' b only indirectly indicates 8 pres5ce at su* ev5ts &1 t[>ds ! end1 9 pref]5ce ref]s to him1 f 8 altoge!r peculi> relation to ,*ri/1 z '! disciple :om ! ,"l lov$1' s t1 9 "o passage1 9 reg>d to an important hi/orical te/imony 7xix4 #ce71 he ev5 speaks ( him z ( a ?ird p]son4 ,ewald !n ma9ta9s t ! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,gospel & ! ,epi/les1 & m especially ! fir/1 :i* he affirms1 )\t v\*saf+ a ^w ( evid5ce1 to h be5 writt5 d[n by a diff]5t h&1 proves t we h sub/antially only ! ,apo/le's v peculi> composition1 & t 8 fri5d z mu* z possible gave 8 own words47#a7 ,x is obvi\s f ?is elaborate explanation1 :i* we ne$ sc>cely say is compos$ ( m]e assumptions1 t1 9 ord] to connect ! ,apo/le ,john ) ! ,gospel1 ,ewald is oblig$ to assign him a v peculi> position 9 reg>d to x3 he recognizes t "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! "w exclude ! supposition t ! ,apo/le c\ld himself h writt5 ! ,gospel1 s he repres5ts him z dictat+ x1 & 8 ,secret>y z tak+ consid]able lib]ties ) ! composition z he writes x #dci d[n1 & ev5 z introduc+ ref]5ces ( 8 own2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! passage to :i* he ref]s1 :]e1 9 reg>d to ! /atem5t t at ! ,crucifixion a soldi] pi]c$ ! side ( ! already dead ,jesus & t =?) !re came out blood & wat] 7xix4 #ce71 x is said3 ,& he t saw x ha? borne witness1 & 8 witness is true2 & he kn[e? t he sai? true1 t ye may believe47#a7 ,x is p]fectly cle> t ! writ] ref]s to ! te/imony ( ano!r p]son7#b7--! fri5d :o is writ+ d[n ! n>rative1 says ,h]r ,ewald1 ref]s to ! ,apo/le :o is actually dictat+ x4 ,aga91 9 ! la/ *apt]1 z else:]e ?r\gh\t ! "w1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 :o is ! au?or1 is spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & also 9 v]se #bd3 ,?is is ! disciple :i* te/ifie? ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s ------4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,ewald1 is ! same secret>y1 n[ writ+ 9 8 own p]son4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ?is decl>ation & ! appeal to ! te/imony ( ano!r p]son 9 xix4 #ce1 is c]ta9ly complete1 & !re c be no d\bt t bo? proce$ f ! same p52 b beyond ! ass]tion ( ,h]r ,ewald !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t a secret>y wrote ! ,gospel f ! dictation ( ano!r1 & v5tur$ to int]rupt ! n>rative by su* a ref]5ce to te/imony1 :i*1 ^u ! supposition t ! #ddj ,apo/le ,john 0 kn[n z ! actual au?or1 is s+ul>ly out ( place4 ,if ,john wrote ! ,gospel1 :y %\ld he appeal 9 utt]ly vague t]ms to 8 own te/imony1 & ^u su* a po9t1 :5 ! m]e fact t he himself wrote ! /atem5t 0 ! mo/ direct te/imony 9 itself8 ,an au?or :o compos$ a "w :i* he desir$ to ascribe to a disciple :om ,jesus lov$ might h made su* a ref]5ce z xix4 #ce1 9 8 anxiety to support su* an affirmation1 )\t suppos+ t he _h really compromis$ 8 design1 & might h naturally add$ su* a /atem5t z t 9 ! la/ two v]ses1 b no?+ b ! =egone conclusion t ! ,apo/le ,john 0 ! real au?or c\ld h sugge/$ su* an explanation ( ^! passages4 ,x is ?r\gh\t assum$ by ,ewald & o!rs1 t ,john wrote 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 at lea/1 specially = a n>r[ circle ( fri5ds1 & ! pro( ( ?is is consid]$ to be ! /atem5t ( ! object ) :i* x 0 writt53 t ye may believe17l7 c41 a phrase1 we may rem>k1 :i* is id5tical ) t ( ! v v]se 7xix4 #ce7 ) :i* ! secret>y is suppos$ to h _h s mu* to d4 ,x is v rem>kable1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 t 9 xix4 #ce1 x is consid]$ necess>y ev5 = ?is n>r[ circle1 :o knew ! ,apo/le s well1 to make su* an appeal1 z well z to atta* at its close 7xxi4 #bd71 = ! b5efit ( ! _w 9 g5]al z ,ewald w h x1 a c]tificate ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospe,l ,^u no hypo!sis :i* supposes ! ,apo/le ,john ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel is su* an explanation cr$ible4 ,t ! ,apo/le himself c\ld h writt5 ( himself ! words 9 xix4 #ce is impossible4 ,aft] #dda hav+ /at$ s mu* t is mu* m surpris+ & contradictory to all exp]i5ce )\t ref]5ce to any witness1 x w\ld inde$ h be5 /range _h he "h appeal$ to himself z to a sep>ate individual1 & on ! o!r h& x is q inadmissible to assume t a ,m5d to :om he is dictat+ %\ld int]rupt ! n>rative to introduce a passage s inappropriate to ! "w1 & s unnecess>y = any circle acqua9t$ ) ! ,apo/olic au?or4 ,if1 z ,ewald argues1 ! peculi>ities ( 8 /yle ( composition 7 s well kn[n t x 0 unnecess>y = ! writ] m cle>ly to designate himself ei!r = ! fir/ read]s or = ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ! passages we are discuss+ are all ! m inappropriate4 ,t any gu>antee ( ! tru? ( ! ,gospel %\ld h be5 ?\ght desirable = read]s :o knew ! "w is to be compos$ by ! ,apo/le ,john1 & :o believ$ him to be ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 is inconceivable1 & t any anonym\s & q indirect te/imony to its g5u95ess %\ld ei!r h be5 consid]$ necess>y or ( any value is /ill m incr$ible4 ,x is impossible t nameless ,presbyt]s ( ,ephesus c\ld v5ture to accr$it a ,gospel writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john2 & any int5d$ atte/ation mu/ h tak5 ! simple & direct c\rse ( /at+ t ! "w _h be5 compos$ by ! ,apo/le4 ,! peculi>ities we are discuss+ seem to u explicable only ^u ! supposition t ! unkn[n writ] ( ! ,gospel desir$ t x %\ld be und]/ood to be writt5 by a c]ta9 disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 b did n *oose di/9ctly to "n him or directly to make su* an affirmation4 ,x is1 we ass]t1 impossible t an ,apo/le :o compos$ a hi/ory ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus c\ld #dab h fail$ to atta* 8 "n1 naturally & simply1 z te/imony ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( 8 /atem5ts1 & ( 8 fitness z an eye-witness to compose su* a record4 ,z ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel does n /ate 8 "n1 ,h]r ,ewald ascribes ! omission to ! incomp>able mode/y & delicacy ( feel+ ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,we mu/ fur!r briefly exam9e ! validity ( ?is explanation4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$1 & by ,ewald himself1 t al?\gh ! writ] does n directly "n himself1 he v cle>ly indicates t he is ! o!r disciple & ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,we mu/ affirm t su* a mode ( indicat+ himself is incomp>ably less mode/ ?an ! simple /atem5t ( 8 "n1 & x is inde$ a glorification ( himself beyond any?+ 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,b n only is ! explanation ?us discr$it$ b1 9 comp>+ ! details ( ! ,gospel ) ^? ( ! ,synoptics1 we f9d /ill m c]ta9ly h[ little mode/y _h to d ) ! suppression ( 8 "n4 ,9 ! ,synoptics a v m>k$ prec$5ce ( ! re/ ( ! disciples is ascrib$ to ! ,apo/le ,pet]2 & ! sons ( ,zeb$ee are repres5t$ 9 all ( !m z hold+ a subord9ate place4 ,?is repres5tation is confirm$ by ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & by tradition4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 a v diff]5t acc\nt is giv51 & ! au?or /udi\sly elevates ! ,apo/le ,john1--t is to say1 accord+ to ! !ory t he is ! writ] ( ! ,gospel1 himself1--9 e way above ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al pre-em95ce claim$ = himself 9 ! v "n ( ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 we h se5 t he deprives ,pet] 9 8 own fav\r ( ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ ( ! disciples :o 0 call$2 he suppresses ! acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* #ddc t ,apo/le 0 nam$ ,pet]1 & gives ano!r & trifl+ v]sion ( ! incid5t1 report+ else:]e inde$ 9 a v subdu$ & modifi$ =m1 & )\t ! comm5dation ( ! ,ma/]1 ! recognition ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 :i* 9 ! fir/ ,gospel is ! cause ( 8 *ange ( "n47#a7 ,he is ! intimate fri5d ( ! ,ma/]1 & ev5 ,pet] has to beg him to ask at ! ,supp] :o 0 ! betray]4 ,he describes himself z ! fri5d ( ! ,high ,prie/1 & :ile ,pet] is exclud$1 he n only is able to ent] into 8 palace1 b he is ! means ( introduc+ ,pet]4 ,! d5ial ( ,pet] is giv5 )\t mitigation1 b 8 bitt] rep5tance is n m5tion$4 ,he x is :o is s+l$ out by ! dy+ ,jesus & entru/$ ) ! *>ge ( 8 "m4 ,he outruns ,pet] 9 _! race to ! ,sepul*re1 & 9 ! f9al appe>ance ( ,jesus 7xxi4 #ae7 ! m important position is assign$ to ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 absurd to speak ( ! incomp>able mode/y ( ! writ]1 :o1 if he does n give 8 "n1 n only cle>ly indicates himself1 b ?r\gh\t assumes a pre-em95ce :i* is n support$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,synoptics & o!r writ+s1 b is he>d ( alone f 8 own n>rative4 ,ewald argues t *apt] xxi4 mu/ h be5 writt51 & ! ,gospel z we h x1 !re=e1 h be5 complet$1 be=e ! dea? ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,he consid]s ! supplem5t to h be5 add$ specially to contradict ! report reg>d+ ,john 7xxi4 #bc74 ,! supplem5t mu/ h be5 writt5 :il/ ,john /ill liv$1 he ass]ts1 = only be=e 8 dea? 0 x wor? :ile to contradict su* a false hope2 & if 8 dea? _h actually tak5 place1 ! result itself w\ld #ddd h already refut$ s errone\s an int]pretation ( ! words ( ,*ri/1 & x w\ld !n h be5 mu* m appropriate to expla9 afre% ! s5se ( ! words 'till ,i come4' ,moreov]1 !re is no ref]5ce "h to ! dea? z hav+ already occurr$1 al?\gh a small addition to t effect 9 v]4 #bd w\ld h be5 s easy4 ,b if we 7 to suppose t ,john _h long be5 dead :5 ?is 0 writt51 ! :ole rectification z x is giv5 w\ld be utt]ly )\t s5se47#a7 ,on ! contr>y1 we affirm t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! fir/ two c5turies r5d]s x c]ta9 t ! ,apo/le 0 already dead1 & t ! explanation 0 n a rectification ( false hopes dur+ 8 lifetime1 b an explanation ( ! failure ( expectations :i* _h already tak5 place1 & probably excit$ "s sc&al4 ,we "k h[ ! e>ly ,*ur* look$ = ! imm$iate com+ ( ! glorifi$ ,*ri/1 & h[ su* hopes su/a9$ p]secut$ ,*ri/ians 9 _! sorr[ & suff]+4 ,?is is v cle>ly express$ 9 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae--ah1 :]e ! expectation ( ! second com+ )9 ! lifetime ( ! writ] & read]s ( ! ,epi/le is confid5tly /at$1 & else:]e1 & ev5 9 #a ,john ii4 #ah1 ! belief t ! la/ times _h arriv$ is express$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,apocalypse 9 relation to ! ,canon illu/rates ! case4 ,s long z ! belief 9 ! e>ly consummation ( all ?+s cont9u$ /rong1 ! ,apocalypse 0 ! fav\rite writ+ ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 b :5 "t w5t on1 & ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ did n take place1 ! op9ion ( ,*ri/5dom reg>d+ ! "w *ang$1 & disappo9tm5t1 z well z ! desire to expla9 ! non-fulfilm5t ( prophecies ^u :i* s mu* hope _h be5 bas$1 l$ _m to reject ! ,apocalypse #dde z an un9telligible & fallaci\s book4 ,we v5ture to conjecture t ! tradition t ,john %\ld n die until ! second com+ ( ,jesus may h orig9at$ ) ! ,apocalypse1 :]e t ev5t is ann\nc$ to ,john z imm$iately to take place1 xxii4 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 & ! words ) :i* ! book ends are ( ?is nature1 & express ! expectation ( ! writ]1 #bj3 ,he :i* te/ifie? ^! ?+s sai?3 ,surely ,i come quickly4 ,am54 ,come1 ,"l ,jesus4 ,x 0 n 9 ! _s ( ! age to hesitate ab\t su* anticipations1 & s long z ! ,apo/le liv$1 su* a tradition w\ld sc>cely h requir$ or receiv$ contradiction f any "o1 ! belief be+ univ]sal t ! com+ ( ,jesus might take place any day1 & assur$ly w\ld n be long delay$4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le 0 dead1 h[ev]1 & ! tradition t x _h be5 =etold t he %\ld live until ! com+ ( ! ,"l ex]cis$ m5's m9ds1 & d\bt & disappo9tm5t at ! non-fulfilm5t ( :at may h be5 reg>d$ z prophecy produc$ a prejudicial effect ^u ,*ri/5dom1 x seem$ to ! writ] ( ?is ,gospel a desirable ?+ to po9t out t too mu* /ress _h be5 laid ^u ! tradition1 & t ! words :i* _h be5 reli$ ^u 9 ! fir/ in/ance did n ju/ify ! expectations :i* _h be5 =m$ f !m4 ,?is also contradicts ! hypo!sis t ! ,apo/le ,john 0 ! au?or ( ! ,gospel4 ,su* a passage z xix4 #ce1 receiv$ 9 any natural s5se1 or int]pret$ 9 any way :i* c be support$ by evid5ce1 %[s t ! writ] ( ! ,gospel 0 n an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts record$1 b appeals to ! te/imony ( o!rs4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! expressions 9 *4 i4 #ad are ( univ]sal application1 & capable ( be+ adopt$ by all ,*ri/ians1 &1 #ddf consequ5tly1 t !y d n imply any direct claim on ! "p ( ! writ] to p]sonal k ( ,jesus4 ,we mu/ n[ exam9e :e!r ! ,gospel itself be>s special m>ks ( hav+ be5 writt5 by an eye-witness1 & h[ f> 9 ?is respect x be>s out ! ass]tion t x 0 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,x is con/antly ass]t$ t ! m9ut5ess ( ! details 9 ! f\r? ,gospel indicates t x mu/ h be5 writt5 by "o :o 0 pres5t at ! sc5es he records4 ,) reg>d to ?is po9t we ne$ only g5]ally rem>k1 t 9 ! works ( imag9ation ( :i* ! _w is full1 & ! s+ul> realism ( _m ( :i* is recogniz$ by all1 we h ! mo/ m9ute & natural details ( sc5es :i* nev] occurr$1 & ( conv]sations :i* nev] took place1 ! actors 9 :i* nev] actually exi/$4 ,ewald admits t x is und5iable t ! f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 ) a fix$ purpose1 & ) arti/ic design &1 inde$1 he goes fur!r & recognizes t ! ,apo/le c\ld n possibly s long h recollect$ ! disc\rses ( ,jesus & v]bally reproduc$ !m1 s t1 9 fact1 we h only1 at be/1 a sub/antial report ( ! matt] ( ^? disc\rses col\r$ by ! m9d ( ! au?or himself47#a7 ,details ( sc5es at :i* we 7 n pres5t may be admirably suppli$ by imag9ation1 & z we _c comp>e :at is "h describ$ z tak+ place ) :at actually took place1 ! argum5t t ! au?or mu/ h be5 an eyewitness because he gives su* details is )\t validity4 ,moreov]1 ! details ( ! f\r? ,gospel 9 _m cases d n agree ) ^? ( ! ?ree ,synoptics1 & x is an und\bt$ fact t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel gives ! details ( sc5es at :i* ! ,apo/le ,john 0 n #ddg pres5t1 & reports ! disc\rses & conv]sations on su* occasions1 ) ! v same m9ut5ess z ^? at :i* he is said to h be5 pres5t2 z1 = in/ance1 ! int]view betwe5 ,jesus & ! woman ( ,sam>ia4 ,x is p]fectly und5iable t ! writ] _h o!r ,gospels be=e him :5 he compos$ 8 "w1 & t he made use ( o!r mat]ials ?an 8 own47#a7 ,x is by no means difficult1 h[ev]1 to po9t out v cle> indications t ! au?or 0 n an eye-witness1 b con/ruct$ 8 sc5es & disc\rses arti/ically & = effect4 ,we %all n1 at pres5t1 dwell ^u ! almo/ uni=m artifice adopt$ 9 mo/ ( ! dialogues1 9 :i* ! li/5]s ei!r misund]/& altoge!r ! words ( ,jesus1 or int]pret !m 9 a fooli% & mat]ial way1 & ?us af=d him an opportunity ( enl>g+ ^u ! !me4 ,= in/ance1 ,nicodemus1 a rul] ( ! ,jews1 misund]/&s ! expression ( ,jesus1 t 9 ord] to see ! k+dom ( ,god a man mu/ be born f above1 & asks3 ,h[ c a man be born :5 he is old8 c he ent] a second "t into 8 mo!rs womb & be born87#b7 ,n[1 z x is well kn[n1 & z we h already %[n1 ! common expression us$ 9 reg>d to a proselyte to ,judaism 0 t ( be+ born aga91 ) :i* e ,jew1 & m especially e rul] ( ! ,jews1 mu/ h be5 well acqua9t$4 ,! /upidity :i* he displays #ddh 9 8 conv]sation ) ,jesus1 & ) :i* ! au?or end[$ all :o came 9 contact ) him1 9 ord]1 by ! contra/1 to m>k m /rongly ! sup]iority ( ! ,ma/]1 ev5 draws f ,jesus ! rem>k3 ,art ?\ ! tea*] ( ,israel & und]/&e/ n ^! ?+s87l7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! sc5e 0 ideal1 & x is sc>cely possible t a ,jew c\ld h writt5 x4 ,9 ! ,synoptics1 ,jesus is report$ z quot+ aga9/ ! p ( 8 own city1 ,naz>e?1 :o reject$ him1 ! prov]b3 ,a prophet has no hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry47#b7 ,! appropriat5ess ( ! rem>k "h is obvi\s4 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 %[s cle>ly t he 0 nei!r an eye-witness nor acqua9t$ ) ! subject or c\ntry :5 he introduces ?is prov]b 9 a diff]5t place4 ,jesus is repres5t$ z /ay+ two days at ,sy*> aft] 8 conv]sation ) ! ,sam>itan woman4 ,n[ aft] ! two days he dep>t$ !nce into ,galilee4 ,= ------ ,jesus himself te/ifi$ t a prophet ha? no hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,:51 !re=e ------1 he came into ,galilee1 ! ,galilaeans receiv$ him1 hav+ se5 all ! ?+s t he did 9 ,j]usalem1 at ! fea/--= !y also w5t unto ! fea/47#c7 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! quotation "h is q out ( place1 & none ( ! +5i\s b unt5able explanations ( apologi/s c make x appropriate4 ,he is made to g into ,galilee1 :i* 0 8 c\ntry1 because a prophet has no hon\r 9 8 c\ntry1 & ! ,galilaeans are repres5t$ z receiv+ him1 :i* is a contradiction ( ! prov]b4 ,! writ] evid5tly misund]/ood ! facts ( ! case or #ddi delib]ately desir$ to d5y ! connection ( ,jesus ) ,naz>e? & ,galilee1 9 accordance ) 8 evid5t int5tion ( associat+ ! ,logos only ) ! ,holy ,city4 ,we mu/ n pause to %[ t ! au?or is g5]ally unju/ to ! ,galilaeans1 & displays an ignorance reg>d+ !m v unlike :at we %\ld expect f ! fi%]man ( ,galilee47#a7 ,we h already allud$ to ! artificial "* ( ! conv]sation ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 :i*1 al?\gh giv5 ) s mu* detail1 occurr$ at a place totally unkn[n 7p]haps allegorically call$ ! ,city ( ,lies71 at :i* ! ,apo/le ,john 0 n pres5t1 & ! sub/ance ( :i* 0 typical ( ,sam>ia & its five nations & false gods4 ,! cont9uation 9 ! ,gospel is z unreal z ! conv]sation4 ,ano!r in/ance display+ p]sonal ignorance is ! ins]tion into a disc\rse at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & )\t any appropriate connection ) ! context1 ! passage ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y3 he t receive? :omsoev] ,i s5d1 receive? me1 & he t receive? me receive? him t s5t me47#b7 ,9 ! ,synoptics1 ?is s5t5ce is naturally repres5t$ z "p ( ! address to ! disciples :o are to be s5t =? to prea* ! ,gospel27#c7 b x is cle> t its ins]tion "h is a mi/ake47#d7 ,aga91 a v obvi\s slip1 :i* betrays t :at 0 int5d$ = reali/ic detail is no?+ b a rem9isc5ce ( "s e>li] ,gospel misappli$1 occurs 9 a lat] "p #dej ( ! disc\rses v inappropriately introduc$ z be+ deliv]$ on ! same occasion4 ,at ! end ( xiv4 #ca1 ,jesus is repres5t$1 aft] say+ t he w\ld no m talk mu* ) ! disciples1 z sudd5ly break+ (f ) ! words3 ,arise1 let u g h5ce ------4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 arise & g !nce1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ,jesus at once comm5ces ano!r long disc\rse3 ,i am ! true v9e1 c4 ,! expression is m]ely introduc$ arti/ically to close "o disc\rse1 & enable ! writ] to beg9 ano!r1 & ! idea is tak5 f "s e>li] "w4 ,= in/ance1 9 our fir/ ,synoptic1 at ! close ( ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 :i* ! f\r? ,gospel ignores altoge!r1 ,jesus says to ! awak5$ disciples3 ,rise1 let u g ------47#a7 ,we ne$ n g on ) ^! illu/rations1 b ! fact t ! au?or is n an eyewitness record+ sc5es :i* he beheld & disc\rses :i* he he>d1 b a writ] compos+ an ideal ,gospel on a fix$ plan1 w become m palpable z we proce$4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] ^u any argum5t to prove ! fundam5tal diff]5ce :i* exi/s 9 e respect betwe5 ! ,synoptics & ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,?is is admitt$ ev5 by apologi/s1 ^: ef=ts to reconcile ! discordant elem5ts are totally unsuccessful4 ,x is impossible to pass f ! ,synoptic ,gospels to t ( ,/ ,john1 says ,canon ,we/cott1 )\t feel+ t ! transition involves ! passage f "o _w ( ?\ght to ano!r4 ,no famili>ity ) ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! ,gospels1 no wide conception ( ! "* ( ! ,savi\r is suffici5t to de/roy ! #dea contra/ :i* exi/s 9 =m & _s betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] n>ratives47l7 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f\r? ,gospel & ! ,synoptics1 n only z reg>ds ! tea*+ ( ,jesus b also ! facts ( ! n>rative1 is s great t x is impossible to h>monize !m1 & no "o :o s]i\sly consid]s ! matt] c fail to see t bo? _c be accept$ z correct4 ,if we believe t ! ,synoptics give a tru?ful repres5tation ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus1 x foll[s ( necessity t1 9 :atev] category we may decide to place ! f\r? ,gospel1 x mu/ be reject$ z a hi/orical "w4 ,! !ories :i* are mo/ 9 fav\r z reg>ds x may place ! ,gospel 9 a high position z an ideal composition1 b sob] criticism mu/ infallibly pron\nce t !y exclude x altoge!r f ! prov9ce ( hi/ory4 ,!re is no option b to accept x z ! only g5u9e report ( ! say+s & do+s ( ,jesus1 reject+ ! ,synoptics1 or to remove x at once to ano!r dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,! ,synoptics c]ta9ly contradict ea* o!r 9 _m m9or details1 b !y are n 9 fundam5tal disagreem5t ) ea* o!r & evid5tly pres5t ! same portrait ( ,jesus1 & ! same view ( 8 tea*+ d]iv$ f ! same s\rces4 ,! va/ diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! repres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? ,gospel & 9 ! ,synoptics is too well recogniz$ to require m9ute demon/ration4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 po9t out "s ( ! di/9ctive features4 ,we ne$ n d m "h ?an ref] to ! fact t1 :il/ ! ,synoptics relate ! circum/ances ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 two ( !m at lea/1 & give "s hi/ory ( 8 family & orig91 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ignor+ all ?is1 introduces ! great #deb ,tea*] at once z ! ,logos :o f ! beg9n+ 0 ) ,god & 0 himself ,god4 ,! key-note is /ruck f ! fir/1 & 9 ! philosophical prelude to ! ,gospel we h ! ann\ncem5t to ^? :o h e>s to he>1 t "h we ne$ expect no simple hi/ory1 b an arti/ic demon/ration ( ! philosophical po/ulate4 ,accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 ,jesus is baptiz$ by ,john1 & z he goes out ( ! wat] ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5ds ^u him l a dove4 ,! f\r? ,gospel says no?+ ( ! baptism1 & makes ,john ! ,bapti/ n>rate vaguely t he saw ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d l a dove & re/ ^u ,jesus1 z a sign previ\sly indicat$ to him by ,god by :i* to recognize ! ,lamb ( ,god47#a7 ,f ! v fir/1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 recognizes & decl>es ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/17#b7 ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9s ( ! _w47#c7 ,accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 ,john comes prea*+ ! baptism ( rep5tance1 & s f> is he f mak+ su* decl>ations1 or =m+ su* di/9ct op9ions conc]n+ ,jesus1 t ev5 aft] he has be5 ca/ into prison & j be=e 8 dea?1--:5 9 fact 8 prea*+ 0 at an end1--he is repres5t$ z s5d+ disciples to ,jesus1 on he>+ 9 prison ( 8 works1 to ask him3 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come1 or look we = ano!r8 7#d7 ,jesus c>ries on 8 m9i/ry & baptizes simultane\sly ) ,john1 accord+ to ! f\r? ,gospel1 b 8 public c>e]1 accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 does n beg9 until aft] ! ,bapti/'s has conclud$1 & ,john is ca/ into prison47#e7 ,! ,synoptics cle>ly #dec repres5t ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus z hav+ be5 limit$ to a s+le ye>17#a7 & 8 prea*+ is conf9$ to ,galilee & ,j]usalem1 :]e 8 c>e] culm9ates at ! fatal ,passov]4 ,! f\r? ,gospel di/ributes ! tea*+ ( ,jesus-betwe5 ,galilee1 ,sam>ia1 & ,j]usalem1 makes x ext5d at lea/ ov] ?ree ye>s1 & ref]s to ?ree ,passov]s sp5t by ,jesus at ,j]usalem47#b7 ,! ,fa!rs felt ?is difficulty & exp5d$ a good deal ( apologetic +5uity ^u x2 b no "o is n[ cont5t ) ! explanation ( ,eusebius1 t ! ,synoptics m]ely int5d$ to write ! hi/ory ( ,jesus dur+ ! "o ye> aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/1 :il/ ! f\r? ,evangeli/ rec\nt$ ! ev5ts ( ! "t n record$ by ! o!rs1 a !ory :i* is totally contradict$ by ! f\r ,gospels !mselves47#c7 ,! f\r? ,gospel repres5ts ! expulsion ( ! money-*ang]s by ,jesus z tak+ place at ! v outset ( 8 c>e]17#d7 :5 he c\ld n h be5 kn[n1 & :5 su* a proce$+ is incr$ible2 :il/ ! ,synoptics place x at ! v close ( 8 m9i/ry1 aft] 8 triumphal entry into ,j]usalem1 :51 if ev]1 su* an act1 :i* might h contribut$ to ! f9al cata/rophe1 becomes conceivable47#e7 ,! v>iation f ! p>allels 9 ! ,synoptics1 moreov]1 is exce$+ly in/ructive1 & fur!r indicates ! amplification ( a lat] writ] imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances4 ,! #ded fir/ & second ,synopti/s1 9 addition to ! g5]al expression ^? buy+ & sell+ 9 ! ,temple1 m5tion only t ,jesus ov]?rew ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s & ! seats ( ^? sell+ doves4 ,! ?ird ,synopti/ does n ev5 give ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 n only-makes ,jesus expel ! sell]s ( doves & ! money*ang]s1 b adds3 ^? sell+ ox5 & %eep4 ,n[1 n only is !re n ! slighte/ evid5ce t %eep & ox5 7 b\ght & sold 9 ! ,temple1 b x is obvi\s t !re 0 no room !re to d s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is kn[n t ! m>ket = cattle 0 n only di/ant f ! ,temple1 b ev5 f ! city47#a7 ,! au?or himself betrays ! =eign elem5t 9 8 acc\nt by mak+ ,jesus address 8 words1 :5 driv+ !m all out1 only to !m sell+ doves4 ,:y s+le ^! out & seem to exclude ! sell]s ( %eep & ox58 ,he has app>5tly =gott5 8 own int]polation4 ,9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 ! connection ( ! words ( ,jesus ) ! n>rative sugge/s an explanation3 xxi4 #ab 444 & ov]?rew ! tables ( ! money*ang]s1 & ! seats ( ^? sell+ doves1 & sai? to !m1 c4 ,^u ! occasion ( ?is episode1 ! f\r? ,gospel repres5ts ,jesus z reply+ to ! dem& ( ! ,jews = a sign :y he did su* ?+s3 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & )9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up1 :i* ! ,jews und]/& v naturally only 9 a mat]ial s5se1 & :i* ev5 ! disciples only compreh5d$ & believ$ aft] ! resurrection4 ,! ,synopti/s n only "k no?+ ( ?is1 b repres5t ! say+ z ! false te/imony :i* ! false witnesses b>e #dee aga9/ ,jesus47#a7 ,no su* *>ge is br\ght aga9/ ,jesus at all 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,s little d ! ,synopti/s "k ( ! conv]sation ( ,jesus ) ! ,sam>itan woman1 & 8 soj\rn = two days at ,sy*>1 t 9 8 in/ructions to 8 disciples1 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 ,jesus positively =bids !m ei!r to g to ! ,g5tiles or to ent] into any city ( ! ,sam>itans47#b7 ,! f\r? ,gospel has v few miracles 9 common ) ! ,synoptics1 & ^? few pres5t notable v>iations4 ,aft] ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ,jesus1 accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 con/ra9s 8 disciples to ent] a %ip & to g to ! o!r side ( ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et1 :il/ he himself goes up a m\nta9 ap>t to pray4 ,a /orm arises1 & ,jesus appe>s walk+ to !m ov] ! sea1 :]eat ! disciples are tr\bl$1 b ,pet] says to him3 ,"l1 if x be ?\1 bid me come unto !e ov] ! wat]1 & on 8 go+ out ( ! %ip ov] ! wat]1 & beg9n+ to s9k1 he cries3 ,"l save me2 ,jesus /ret*$ out 8 h& & caught him1 & :5 !y _h come into ! %ip1 ! w9d ceas$1 & !y t 7 9 ! %ip came & wor%ipp$ him1 say+3 ,( a tru? ?\ art ! ,son ( ,god4 7#c7 ,! f\r? ,gospel1 in/ead ( repres5t+ ,jesus z retir+ to ! m\nta9 to pray1 :i* w\ld h be5 oppos$ to ! au?ors idea ( ! ,logos1 makes ! motive = go+ ?i!r ! k ( ,jesus t ! p w\ld come & take him by =ce t !y might make him a k+47#d7 ,! writ] altoge!r ignores ! episode ( ,pet] walk+ on ! sea1 & adds a new miracle by /at+ t1 z soon z ,jesus 0 receiv$ on #def bo>d1 ! %ip 0 at ! l& :i!r !y 7 go+47#a7 ,! ,synoptics g on to describe ! dev\t excitem5t & fai? ( all ! c\ntry r\nd1 b ! f\r? ,gospel1 limit+ ! effect on ! multitude 9 ! fir/ in/ance to curiosity z to h[ ,jesus _h cross$ ! lake1 repres5ts ,jesus z upbraid+ !m = foll[+ him1 n because !y saw miracles1 b because !y _h eat5 ( ! loaves & be5 fill$17#b7 & makes him deliv] "o ( ^? long dogmatic disc\rses1 int]rupt$ by1 & bas$ ^u1 ! rem>ks ( ! cr[d1 :i* s peculi>ly di/+ui% ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u su* details ( miracles1 h[ev]1 we proce$ ) our slight comp>ison4 ,:il/ ! f\r? ,gospel f ! v comm5cem5t ass]ts ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,jesus z to :o %\ld betray him1 & makes him in=m ! ,twelve t "o ( !m is a devil1 allud+ to ,judas ,isc>iot17#c7 ! ,synopti/s repres5t ,jesus z hav+ s little =ekn[l$ge t ,judas %\ld betray him t1 %ortly be=e ! end &1 inde$1 accord+ to ! ?ird ,gospel1 only at ! la/ supp]1 ,jesus promises t ! disciples %all sit ^u twelve ?rones judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel17#d7 & x is only at ! la/ supp]1 aft] ,judas has actually arrang$ ) ! *ief prie/s1 & app>5tly f k ( ! fact1 t ,jesus = ! fir/ "t speaks ( 8 betrayal by him47#e7 ,on 8 way to ,j]usalem1 two days be=e ! ,passov]17#f7 ,jesus comes to ,be?any :]e1 #deg accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 be+ 9 ! h\se ( ,simon ! lep]1 a woman ) an alaba/] box ( v preci\s o9tm5t came & p\r$ ! o9tm5t ^u 8 head1 mu* to ! indignation ( ! disciples1 :o say3 ,to :at purpose is ?is wa/e8 ,= ?is might h be5 sold = mu*1 & giv5 to ! poor47#a7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel ! episode takes place six days be=e ! ,passov]17#b7 9 ! h\se ( ,laz>us1 & x is 8 si/] ,m>y :o takes a p\nd ( v co/ly o9tm5t1 b %e ano9ts ! feet ( ,jesus & wipes 8 feet ) h] hair4 ,x is ,judas ,isc>iot1 & n ! disciples1 :o says3 ,:y 0 n ?is o9tm5t sold = ?ree hundr$ p5ce & giv5 to ! poor8 ,& ,jesus makes a simil> reply to t 9 ! ,synoptics1 %[+ ! id5tity ( ! occurr5ce describ$ s diff]5tly47#c7 ,! ,synoptics repres5t mo/ cle>ly t ,jesus on ! ev5+ ( ! #ad? ,nisan1 aft] ! cu/om ( ! ,jews1 ate ! ,passov] ) 8 disciples17#d7 & t he 0 arre/$ 9 ! fir/ h\rs ( ! #ae? ,nisan1 ! day on :i* he 0 put to dea?4 ,no?+ c be m di/9ct ?an ! /atem5t t ! la/ supp] 0 ! ,pas*al fea/4 ,!y made ready ! ,passov] ------1 & :5 ! h\r 0 come1 he sat d[n & ! apo/les ) him1 & he said to !m3 ,) desire ,i desir$ to eat ?is ,passov] ) y be=e ,i suff] ------47#e7 ,! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple :i* is dom9ant ?r\gh\t1 repres5ts ! la/ repa/ #deh :i* ,jesus eats ) 8 disciples z a common supp] ------1 :i* takes place1 n on ! #ad?1 b on ! #ac? ,nisan1 ! day be=e ! fea/ ( ! ,passov] ------17#a7 & 8 dea? takes place on ! #ad?1 ! day on :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 sla94 ,jesus is deliv]$ by ,pilate to ! ,jews to be crucifi$ ab\t ! six? h\r ( ! prep>ation ( ! ,passov] ------17#b7 & because x 0 ! prep>ation1 ! legs ( ! two m5 crucifi$ ) ,jesus 7 brok51 t ! bodies might n rema9 on ! cross on ! great day ( ! fea/47#c7 ,! f\r? ,gospel totally ignores ! in/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival at ! la/ supp]1 b1 in/ead1 repres5ts ,jesus z wa%+ ! feet ( ! disciples1 enjo9+ !m also to wa% ea* o!r's feet3 ,= ,i gave y an example t ye %\ld d accord+ z ,i did to y47#d7 ,! ,synoptics h no k ( ?is incid5t4 ,imm$iately aft] ! w>n+ to ,pet] ( 8 future d5ial1 ,jesus goes out ) ! disciples to ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane &1 tak+ ,pet] & ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee ap>t1 began to be sorr[ful & v depress$ &1 z he pray$ 9 8 agony t if possible ! cup might pass f him1 an angel com=ts him4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! f\r? ,gospel repres5ts ,jesus z deliv]+1 aft] ! w>n+ to ,pet]1 ! longe/ disc\rses 9 ! ,gospel3 ,let n y\r he>t be tr\bl$1 c2 ,i am ! true v9e17#e7 c2 &1 al?\gh said to be writt5 by "o ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee :o 7 ) ,jesus on ! occasion1 ! f\r? ,gospel does n m5tion ! agony 9 ! g>d5 b1 on ! contr>y1 makes ,jesus utt] ! long #dei pray] xvii4 #a--bf1 9 a calm & ev5 exult+ _s v f> remov$ f ! sorr[ & depression ( ! m natural sc5e 9 ,ge?semane4 ,! pray]1 l ! re/ ( ! pray]s 9 ! ,gospel1 is a m]e didactic & dogmatic address = ! b5efit ( ! he>]s4 ,! arre/ ( ,jesus pres5ts a simil> contra/4 ,9 ! ,synoptics1 ,judas comes ) a multitude f ! *ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p arm$ ) swords & /aves1 &1 indicat+ 8 ,ma/] by a kiss1 ,jesus is simply arre/$ &1 aft] ! slight resi/ance ( "o ( ! disciples1 is l$ away47#a7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! case is v diff]5t4 ,judas comes ) a b& ( m5 f ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees1 ) lant]ns & tor*es & weapons1 & ,jesus--kn[+ all ?+s :i* 7 com+ to pass--himself goes t[>ds !m & asks3 ,:om seek ye8 ,judas plays no active "p1 & no kiss is giv54 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ is1 z ev]1 b5t on %[+ t all :i* happ5s to ! ,logos is pr$et]m9$ by himself & volunt>ily enc\nt]$4 ,z soon z ,jesus replies3 ,i am he1 ! :ole b& ( soldi]s g backw>ds & fall to ! gr\nd1 an incid5t ?or\ghly 9 ! _s ( ! e>ly apocryphal ,gospels /ill extant1 & ( an evid5tly leg5d>y "*4 ,he is !n l$ away fir/ to ,annas1 :o s5ds him to ,caiaphas1 :il/ ! ,synoptics naturally "k no?+ ( ,annas1 :o 0 n ! high prie/ & _h no au?ority4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! trial1 :i* is fundam5tally diff]5t 9 ! ,synoptics & f\r? ,gospel2 & we h already po9t$ out t1 9 ! ,synoptics1 ,jesus is crucifi$ on ! #ae? ,nisan1 :]eas 9 ! f\r? ,gospel he is put to dea?--! spiritual ,pas*al lamb--on ! #ad? ,nisan4 ,accord+ #dfj to ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,jesus be>s 8 own cross to ,calv>y17#a7 b ! ,synoptics repres5t x z be+ borne by ,simon ( ,cyr5e47#b7 ,z a v s+ul> illu/ration ( ! inaccuracy ( all ! ,gospels1 we may po9t to ! circum/ance t no two ( !m agree ev5 ab\t s simple a matt] ( fact z ! inscription on ! cross1 assum+ t !re 0 "o at all4 ,!y give x respectively z foll[s3 ,?is is ,jesus ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 ,?is 7is7 ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 & ! f\r? ,gospel3 ,jesus ! ,naz>5e ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews47#c7 ,! occurr5ces dur+ ! ,crucifixion are pr(\ndly diff]5t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel f ^? n>rat$ 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,9 ! latt]1 only ! wom5 are repres5t$ z behold+ af> (f17#d7 b ! belov$ disciple is add$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & in/ead ( be+ f> (f1 !y are close to ! cross2 & = ! la/ cries ( ,jesus report$ 9 ! ,synoptics we h ! episode 9 :i* ,jesus confides 8 "m to ! disciple's c>e4 ,we ne$ n at pres5t comp>e ! o!r details ( ! ,crucifixion & ,resurrection1 :i* are diff]5tly report$ by ea* ( ! ,gospels4 ,we h only indicat$ a few ( ! m sali5t diff]5ces betwe5 ! f\r? ,gospel & ! ,synoptics1 :i* are r5d]$ mu* m /rik+1 9 ! ,gospels !mselves1 by ! pr(\nd dissimil>ity ( ! s5tim5ts utt]$ by ,jesus4 ,we m]ely po9t out1 9 pass+1 ! omission ( important episodes f ! f\r? #dfa ,gospel1 su* z ! ,temptation 9 ! wild]ness2 ! ,transfiguration1 at :i*1 accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee 7 pres5t2 ! la/ ,supp]2 ! agony 9 ! g>d52 ! m\rnful cries on ! cross2 &1 we may add1 ! ,asc5sion2 & if we turn to ! miracles ( ,jesus1 we f9d t almo/ all ( ^? n>rat$ by ! ,synoptics are ignor$1 :il/ an almo/ entirely new s]ies is introduc$4 ,!re is n a s+le in/ance ( ! cure ( demoniacal possession 9 any =m record$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,inde$ ! numb] ( miracles is r$uc$ 9 t ,gospel to a few typical cases2 & al?\gh at ! close x is g5]ally said t ,jesus did _m o!r signs 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples1 ^! alone are writt5 ) ! decl>$ purpose3 t ye might believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god47#a7 ,we may briefly ref] 9 detail to "o miracle ( ! f\r? ,gospel--! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,! extraord9>y fact t ! ,synopti/s are utt]ly ignorant ( ?is ! greate/ ( ! miracles attribut$ to ,jesus has be5 too frequ5tly discuss$ to require mu* comm5t "h4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 z ! case ( ! daught] ( ,jairus is1 by ! express decl>ation ( ,jesus1 "o ( m]e susp5sion ( consci\sness17#b7 ! only in/ance 9 :i* a dead p]son is di/9ctly said1 9 any ( ! ,synoptics1 to h be5 re/or$ to life by ,jesus is t ( ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,na947#c7 ,x is1 !re=e1 q impossible to suppose t ! ,synopti/s c\ld h kn[n ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us & wilfully omitt$ x4 ,x is equally impossible to believe t ! au?ors ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 f :atev] s\rces !y may h drawn _! mat]ials1 #dfb c\ld h be5 ignorant ( su* a miracle _h x really-tak5 place4 ,?is a/\nd+ miracle1 accord+ to ! f\r? ,gospel1 creat$ su* g5]al excitem5t t x 0 "o ( ! lead+ ev5ts :i* l$ to ! arre/ & crucifixion ( ,jesus47#a7 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,synoptics _h any connection ) ! writ]s to :om !y are ref]r$1 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us mu/ h be5 p]sonally kn[n to _! reput$ au?ors ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! ,apo/les :o are suppos$ to h inspir$ !m1 or ev5 if !y h any claim to contempor>y orig9 ! tradition ( ! greate/ miracle ( ,jesus mu/ h be5 fre% ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*1 if su* a wond] _h ev] be5 p]=m$47#b7 ,! total ignorance ( su* a miracle display$ by ! :ole ( ! works ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re=e1 =ms ! /ronge/ presumptive evid5ce t ! n>rative 9 ! f\r? ,gospel is a m]e imag9>y sc5e1 illu/rative ( ! dogma3 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life1 ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! peculi>ities ( ! n>rative itself4 ,:5 ,jesus fir/ he>s1 f ! message ( ! si/]s1 t ,laz>us :om he lov$ 0 sick1 he decl>es1 xi4 #d3 ,?is sickness is n unto dea?1 b = ! glory ( ,god1 t ! ,son ( ,god may be glorifi$ !reby2 & v4 #f3 ,:51 !re=e ------1 he he>d t he 0 sick1 at t "t he cont9u$ two days 9 ! place :]e he 04 ,aft] t "t he proposes to g into ,judaea1 & expla9s to ! disciples1 v4 #aa3 ,our fri5d ,laz>us is fall5 asleep2 b ,i g t ,i may awake him out ( sleep4 ,! disciples reply1 ) ! /upidity ) :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ end[s all ^? :o hold colloquy ) ,jesus1 #dfc v4 #ab3 ,"l1 if he is fall5 asleep1 he w recov]4 ,h[beit1 ,jesus spake ( 8 dea?2 b !y ?\ght t he 0 speak+ ( ! tak+ ( re/ 9 sleep4 ,!n said ,jesus unto !m pla9ly3 ,laz>us is dead1 & ,i am glad = y\r sakes t ,i 0 n !re1 to ! int5t t ye may believe4 ,! artificial nature ( all ?is introductory matt] w n h escap$ ! read]1 & x is fur!r illu/rat$ by t :i* foll[s4 ,arriv$ at ,be?any1 !y f9d t ,laz>us has la9 9 ! grave already f\r days4 ,m>?a says to ,jesus 7v4 #ba ,l73 ,"l1 if ?\ had/ be5 "h1 my bro!r _h n di$4 ,& ,i "k t ev5 n[ :atsoev] ?\ %alt ask ( ,god1 ,god w give !e4 ,jesus sai? unto h]3 ,!y bro!r %all rise aga94 ,m>?a1 ( c\rse1 z usual1 misund]/&s ?is say+ z apply+ to ! resurrection at ! la/ day1 9 ord] to introduce ! reply3 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life1 c4 ,:5 !y come to ! h\se1 & ,jesus sees ,m>y & ! ,jews weep+1 he groan$ 9 _s & tr\bl$ himself1 & on rea*+ ! grave itself 7v4 #ce4 f471 ,jesus wept3 ,!n said ! ,jews3 ,behold h[ he lov$ him6 ,n[ ?is repres5tation1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 ! admiration ( ,*ri/5dom1 pres5ts ! v /ronge/ m>ks ( unreality4 ,jesus1 :o loves ,laz>us s mu*1 disreg>ds ! urg5t message ( ! si/]s &1 :il/ op5ly decl>+ t 8 sickness is n unto dea?1 int5tionally l+]s until 8 fri5d dies4 ,:5 he does g to ,be?any1 & is on ! v po9t ( re/or+ ,laz>us to life & dissipat+ ! grief ( 8 family & fri5ds he actually weeps & groans 9 8 _s4 ,!re is s total an abs5ce ( reason = su* grief at su* a mom5t t ^! te>s1 to any sob] read]1 are unmi/akably m]e !atrical adjuncts ( a sc5e #dfd elaborat$ out ( ! imag9ation ( ! writ]4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! by/&]s 7v4 #cg71 t he might h prev5t$ ! dea?1 is n m probable ?an ! cont9uation 7v4 #ch73 ,jesus1 !re=e1 aga9 groan+ 9 himself come? to ! grave4 ,!re1 hav+ ord]$ ! /one to be remov$1 he deliv]s a pray] av[$ly int5d$ m]ely = ! by/&]s 7v4 #da ff73 ,& ,jesus lift$ up 8 eyes & said1 ,fa!r1 ,i ?ank !e t ?\ ha/ he>d me1 & ,i knew t ?\ he>e/ me always3 b = ! sake ( ! multitude :i* /& ar\nd ,i said ?is1 t !y may believe t ?\ ha/ s5t me4 ,?is pray] is z evid5tly artificial z ! re/ ( ! details ( ! miracle b1 z 9 o!r elaborately arrang$ sc5ic repres5tations1 ! *>m is altoge!r dispell$ :5 clos] exam9ation %[s ! "* ( ! dramatic elem5ts4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! n>rative & ( all ! facts ( ! case mu/1 we ?9k1 lead to ! conclusion t ?is miracle is n ev5 a hi/orical tradition ( ! life ( ,jesus1 b is :olly an ideal composition by ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! o!r miracles ( ! ,gospel ne$ n deta9 u4 ,if ! hi/orical "p ( ! f\r? ,gospel be 9 irreconcilable contradiction to ! ,synoptics1 ! didactic is inf9itely m s4 ,! tea*+ ( ! "o is totally diff]5t f t ( ! o!rs1 9 _s1 =m1 & t]m9ology2 & al?\gh !re are und\bt$ly f9e say+s ?r\gh\t ! "w1 9 ! prolix disc\rses ( ! f\r? ,gospel !re is n a s+le *>act]i/ic ( ! simple eloqu5ce ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 ! diffuse my/icism ( ! ,logos1 we c sc>cely recognise a trace ( ! t]se practical wisdom ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be app>5t ev5 to ! mo/ sup]ficial #dfe obs]v] t1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 we are introduc$ to a p]fectly new sy/em ( in/ruction1 & to an ord] ( ideas ( :i* !re is n a ve/ige 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,in/ead ( %ort & concise lessons full ( /rik+ tru? & po9t1 we f9d no?+ b long & involv$ dogmatic disc\rses ( little practical utility4 ,! limpid spontaneity ( t e>li] tea*+1 ) its fre% illu/rations & pr(\nd s5t5ces utt]$ )\t ef=t & unt+$ by art1 is ex*ang$ = diffuse addresses & artificial dialogues1 9 :i* lab\r & design are ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,f pure & liv+ morality c\*$ 9 brief incisive say+s1 :i* ent] ! he>t & dwell ^u ! e>1 we turn to elaborate philosophical orations )\t cle>ness or ord]1 & to doctr9al ann\ncem5ts unkn[n to ! ,synoptics4 ,to ! inquiry3 ,:at %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8 ,jesus replies1 9 ! ,synoptics3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d2 & ?y neighb\r z ?yself1444 ?is d1 & ?\ %alt live47#a7 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 to ! "q3 ,:at mu/ we d1 t we may "w ! works ( ,god8 ,jesus answ]s1 ,?is is ! "w ( ,god1 t ye %\ld believe 9 him :om he s5t47#b7 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 9 ! ,synoptics1 is almo/ :olly moral &1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 x is almo/ :olly dogmatic4 ,if ,*ri/ianity consi/ ( ! doctr9es prea*$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 x is n too mu* to say t ! ,synoptics d n tea* ,*ri/ianity at all4 ,! extraord9>y ph5om5on is pres5t$ ( ?ree ,gospels1 ea* pr(ess+ to be complete 9 itself & to convey ! good tid+s ( salvation to man1 #dff :i* h actually omitt$ ! doctr9es :i* are ! condition ( t salvation4 ,! f\r? ,gospel practically exp\nds a new religion4 ,x is und5iable t morality & precepts ( love & *>ity = ! conduct ( life are ! /aple ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synoptics1 & t dogma occupies s small a place t x is reg>d$ z a subord9ate & second>y consid]ation4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev]1 dogma is ! "o ?+ ne$ful1 & =ms ! :ole sub/ance ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,logos4 ,! burd5 ( 8 tea*+ is3 ,he t believe? on ! ,son1 ha? et]nal life1 b he t believe? n ! ,son1 %all n see life1 b ! wra? ( ,god abide? on him47#a7 ,x is sc>cely possible to put ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,synoptics & ! f\r? ,gospel 9 too /rong a light ,if we possess$ ! ,synoptics )\t ! f\r? ,gospel1 we %\ld h ! exposition ( pure morality bas$ on p]fect love to ,god & man4 ,if we _h ! f\r? ,gospel )\t ! ,synoptics1 we %\ld h little m ?an a sy/em ( dogmatic !ology )\t morality4 ,n only is ! doctr9e & ! t]m9ology ( ! ,jesus ( ! f\r? ,gospel q diff]5t f t ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,synoptics1 b s is ! tea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! ,synoptics1 he comes prea*+ ! ,baptism ( rep5tance7#b7 &1 l ! ,ma/]1 inculcat+ pr9ciples ( morality27#c7 b 9 ! f\r? ,gospel he has adopt$ ! peculi> views ( ! au?or1 proclaims ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9s ( ! _w17#d7 & be>s witness t he is ! ,son ( ,god47#e7 ,we he> ( ! ,p>aclete = ! fir/ "t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel ,x is s impossible to ignore ! di/9ct individuality #dfg ( ! ,jesus ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ( 8 tea*+1 t ev5 apologi/s are oblig$ to admit t ! peculi>ities ( ! au?or h col\r$ ! portrait1 & introduc$ an elem5t ( subjectivity into ! disc\rses4 ,x 0 impossible1 !y confess1 t ! ,apo/le c\ld rememb] v]bally su* long orations = half a c5tury1 & at be/ t !y c only be accept$ z sub/antially correct reports ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus47#a7 ,above all1 says ,ewald1 ! disc\rses ( ,*ri/ & ( o!rs 9 ?is ,gospel are clo!d z by an entirely new col\r3 on ?is acc\nt also scepticism has desir$ to conclude t ! ,apo/le _c h compos$ ! ,gospel2 & yet no conclusion is m unf\nd$4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le at s late a p]iod det]m9$ to compose ! "w1 x 0 c]ta9ly impossible = him to reproduce all ! words exactly z !y 7 spok51 if he did n p]haps desire n m]ely to recall a few memorable s5t5ces b1 9 long] discussions ( m weighty subjects1 to *>m back all ! animation ) :i* !y 7 once giv54 ,s he avail$ himself ( t fre$om 9 _! revivification :i* is bo? q intelligible 9 itself1 & suffici5tly w>rant$ by ! prec$5t ( s _m great examples ( antiquity3 & :]e ! disc\rses ext5d to great] l5g?1 !re ent]$ involunt>ily into ! /ructure mu* ( t fundam5tal conception & language reg>d+ ! #dfh manife/ation ( ,*ri/1 :i* _h long become deeply root$ 9 ! ,apo/le's s\l4 ,b z c]ta9ly z ^! disc\rses be> ^u !m ! col\r+ ( ! ,apo/le's m9d1 s c]ta9ly d !y agree 9 _! sub/antial cont5ts ) 8 be/ recollections--because ! ,spru*sammlung proves t ! disc\rses ( ,*ri/ 9 c]ta9 mom5ts really c\ld rise to ! full elevation1 :i* 9 ,john only surprises u ?r\gh\t m ?an 9 ,mat!w4 ,to d5y ! apo/olical au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel = su* reasons1 !re=e1 7 pure folly1 & 9 ! highe/ degree unju/4 ,moreov]1 ! circum/ance t1 9 ! draw+ up ( su* disc\rses1 we sometimes see him reproduce or fur!r develop say+s :i* _h already be5 record$ 9 ! old] ,gospels1 c prove no?+ aga9/ ! apo/olical orig9 ( ! ,gospel1 z he 0 inde$ at p]fect lib]ty1 if he pleas$1 to make use ( ! cont5ts ( su* old] writ+s :5 he consid]$ x desirable1 & :5 !y came to ! help ( 8 own memory ( ^? long pass$ days3 = he c]ta9ly reta9$ _m or all ( su* expressions also 9 8 own memory47#a7 ,else:]e1 he describes ! "w z glorifi$ ,gospel hi/ory1 compos$ out ( glorifi$ recollection47#b7 ,ano!r /r5u\s def5d] ( ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? ,gospel wrote ( x z foll[s3 ,nev]!less1 ev]y?+ is reconcilable1 says ,gfro]]1 if "o accepts t te/imony ( ! eld]s z true4 ,= z ,john mu/ h writt5 ! ,gospel z an old man1 t is to say n be=e ! ye> #ij--ie ( our era1 !re is an int]val ( m ?an half a c5tury betwe5 ! "t #dfi :5 ! ev5ts :i* he relates really happ5$1 & ! "t ( ! composition ( 8 book1--space en\gh c]ta9ly to make a few mi/akes conceivable1 ev5 presuppos+ a good memory & un%ak5 love ( tru?4 ,let u imag9e1 = in/ance1 t to-day 79 #ahda7 an old man ( eighty to n9ety ye>s ( age %\ld write d[n f m]e memory ! occurr5ces ( ! ,am]ican ,w> 7( ,indep5d5ce71 9 :i* he himself 9 8 e>ly y\? play$ a "p4 ,c]ta9ly 9 8 n>rative1 ev5 ?\gh x might o!rwise be true1 _m traits w\ld be f\nd :i* w\ld n agree ) ! orig9al ev5t4 ,moreov]1 ano!r p>ticul> circum/ance mu/ be add$ 9 connection ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,two-?irds ( x consi/ ( disc\rses1 :i* ,john places 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n[ e day's exp]i5ce proves t oral impressions are mu* m fleet+ ?an ^? ( sight4 ,! happie/ memory sc>cely reta9s long orations aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s3 h[1 !n1 c\ld ,john ) v]bal accuracy report ! disc\rses ( ,jesus aft] fifty or sixty ye>s6 ,we mu/ be cont5t if he truly r5d] ! *ief cont5ts & _s ( !m1 & t he does ?is1 z a rule1 c be prov$4 ,x has be5 %[n above t already1 be=e ,*ri/1 a v peculi> philosophy ( religion _h be5 =m$ among ! ,egyptian ,jews1 :i* f\nd its way into ,pale/9e ?r\gh ! ,ess5es1 & also numb]$ num]\s adh]5ts among/ ! ,jews ( ! adjac5t c\ntries ( ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul pr(ess$ ?is3 n less ! ,evangeli/ ,john4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! latt] all[$ ?is ,!osophy to ex]cise a /rong influ5ce ^u 8 repres5tation ( ! life-hi/ory ( ,jesus17#a7 c4 #dgj ,n[ all su* admissions1 :il/ !y are absolutely requisite to expla9 ! und5iable ph5om5a ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 h "o obvi\s consequ5ce3 ,! f\r? ,gospel1 by :omsoev] writt51--ev5 if x c\ld be trac$ to ! ,apo/le ,john himself1--has no real hi/orical value1 be+ at be/ ! glorifi$ recollections ( an old man1 writt5 d[n half a c5tury aft] ! ev5ts record$4 ,! absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ?is ,gospel & ( ! ,synoptics becomes p]fectly intelligible1 :5 ! long disc\rses are recogniz$ to be ! result ( ,alex&rian ,philosophy arti/ically int]wov5 ) develop$ ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 & put into ! m\? ( ,jesus4 ,x w h be5 rem>k$ t along ) ! admission ( great subjectivity 9 ! report ( ! disc\rses1 & ! plea t no?+ beyond ! m]e sub/ance ( ! orig9al tea*+ c reasonably be look$ =1 !re is1 9 ! extracts we h giv51 an ass]tion t !re actually is a fai?ful reproduction 9 ?is ,gospel ( ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,!re is n a %ad[ ( pro( ( ?is1 b on ! contr>y ! /ronge/ reason = d5y+ ! fact2 =1 unless x be admitt$ t ! ,synoptics h s completely omitt$ ! :ole doctr9al "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 h s c>efully avoid$ ! v peculi> t]m9ology ( ! ,logos ,gospel1 & h convey$ s unhi/orical & errone\s an impression ( ! life & religi\s sy/em ( ,jesus t1 )\t ! f\r? ,gospel1 we %\ld n actually h _h an idea ( 8 fundam5tal doctr9es1 we mu/ inevitably recognize t ! f\r? ,gospel _c possibly be a true reproduction ( 8 tea*+4 ,x is impossible t ,jesus c h _h two su* diametrically oppos$ sy/ems ( tea*+1--"o purely moral1 ! o!r :olly dogmatic2 "o express$ 9 #dga wond]fully t]se1 cle>1 brief say+s & p>ables1 ! o!r 9 long1 involv$1 & diffuse disc\rses2 "o clo!d 9 ! great language ( humanity1 ! o!r conceal$ 9 obscure philosophic t]m9ology2--& t ^! %\ld h be5 kept s di/9ct z !y are 9 ! ,synoptics1 on ! "o h&1 & ! f\r? ,gospel1 on ! o!r4 ,! tradition ( ,ju/9 ,m>t9 applies solely to ! sy/em ( ! ,synoptics3 ,brief & concise 7 ! s5t5ces utt]$ by him3 = he 0 no ,sophi/1 b 8 ^w 0 ! p[] ( ,god47#a7 ,we h already po9t$ out ! evid5t traces ( artificial con/ruction 9 ! disc\rses & dialogues ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! m closely ^! are exam9$1 ! m cle> does x become t !y are n g5u9e reports ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b m]e ideal compositions by ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! spee*es ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 & ! reflections ( ! ,evangeli/ himself17#b7 are m>k$ by ! same peculi>ity ( /yle & proce$ f ! same m9d4 ,x is sc>cely possible to det]m9e :]e ! "o beg9s & ! o!r ends47#c7 ,x is q cle>1 = in/ance1 t ! au?or himself1 )\t a break1 cont9ues ! words :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 9 ! colloquy ) ,nicodemus1 b x is n easy to det]m9e :]e4 ,! :ole dialogue is artificial 9 ! extreme1 & is c]ta9ly n g5u9e1 & ?is is app>5t n only f ! replies attribut$ to ! tea*] ( ,israel1 b to ! irrelevant mann] 9 :i* ! reflections loosely ramble f ! new bir? to ! dogmatic /atem5ts 9 ! ?irte5? & foll[+ v]ses1 :i* are ! nev]-fail+ res\rce ( ! #dgb ,evangeli/ :5 o!r subjects are exhau/$4 ,! s5tim5ts & almo/ ! words ei!r attribut$ to ,jesus1 or add$ by ! writ]1 to :i* we are n[ ref]r+1 iii4 #ab ff41 we f9d aga9 9 ! v same *apt]1 ei!r put into ! m\? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 or z reflections ( ! au?or1 v]ses #ca--cf1 = aga9 we add t x is difficult any:]e to discrim9ate ! speak]4 ,inde$1 :ile ! ,synoptics are ri* 9 ! abundance ( practical c\nsel & pr(\nd moral insight1 z well z 9 v>iety ( illu/rative p>ables1 x is rem>kable h[ mu* sam5ess !re is 9 all ! disc\rses ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 a v few ideas be+ con/antly reproduc$4 ,:il/ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synoptics is s+ul>ly univ]sal & imp]sonal1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel x is purely p]sonal1 & r>ely passes beyond ! decl>ation ( 8 own dignity1 & ! inculcation ( belief 9 him z ! only means ( salvation4 ,!re are c]ta9ly "s say+s ( r>e beauty :i* tradition or e>li] records may h pres]v$1 b ^! may easily be di/+ui%$ f ! mass ( ! "w4 ,a v di/9ct trace ( ideal composition is f\nd 9 xvii4 #c3 ,& ?is is et]nal life1 to "k !e ! only true ,god1 & him :om ?\ did/ s5d1 ev5 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,ev5 apologi/s admit t x is impossible t ,jesus c\ld speak ( himself z ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 proce$ fur!r ) su* analysis4 ,we believe t no "o c calmly & imp>tially exam9e ! f\r? ,gospel )\t be+ conv9c$ ( its artificial "*4 ,if "s portions possess real *>m1 x is ( a purely ideal k9d1 & _! attraction consi/s *iefly 9 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 vague b sugge/ive my/icism4 ,! natural long+ ( humanity = any revelation reg>d+ a future /ate has n be5 #dgc appeal$ to 9 va94 ,t ! diffuse & (t5 monoton\s disc\rses ( ?is ,gospel1 h[ev]1 %\ld ev] h be5 pref]r$ to ! gr& simplicity ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,synoptics1 illu/rat$ by su* p>ables z ! wise & fooli% virg9s1 ! s[]1 & ! ,prodigal ,son1 & culm9at+ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ea* s5t5ce ( :i* is s full ( pr(\nd tru? & beauty1 is little to ! cr$it ( critical s5se & judgm5t4 ,! elaborate explanations by :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! f\r? ,gospel are reconcil$ ) ! assumption t x 0 compos$ by ! ,apo/le ,john are 9 va91 & !re is n a s+le item ( evid5ce )9 ! fir/ c5tury & a half :i* does n agree ) int]nal te/imony 9 oppos+ ! supposition4 ,to "o po9t1 h[ev]1 we mu/ briefly ref] 9 connection ) ?is /atem5t4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! ,gospel & ,epi/les--or at lea/ ! fir/ ,epi/le--( ! ,canon ascrib$ to ! ,apo/le ,john are by "o au?or1 al?\gh ?is is n )\t contradiction17#a7 & v _m ( ^? :o agree z to ! id5tity ( au?or%ip by no means admit ! au?or to h be5 ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,x is argu$1 !re=e1 t ! use ( ! ,epi/le by ,polyc>p & ,papias is evid5ce ( ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! ,gospel4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se51 t n only is x v unc]ta9 t ,polyc>p made use ( ! ,epi/le at all1 b t he does n 9 any case m5tion its au?or's "n4 ,!re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce t he ascrib$ ! ,epi/le1 ev5 suppos+ he knew x1 to ! #dgd ,apo/le ,john4 ,) reg>d to ,papias1 ! only au?ority = ! ass]tion t he knew ! ,epi/le is ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius already quot$ & discuss$1 t3 ,he us$ te/imonies out ( ,john's fir/ ,epi/le17#a7 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ev5 suppos+ ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius to be correct1 t he ascrib$ x to ! ,apo/le4 ,! e>lie/ und\bt$ ref]5ces to ! ,epi/le1 9 fact1 are by ,ir5aeus & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 s t ?is evid5ce is ( little avail = ! ,gospel4 ,!re is no "n atta*$ to ! fir/ ,epi/le1 & ! second & ?ird h ! sup]scription ( ! ,presbyt]1 :i*1 apply+ ! argum5t ( ,ewald reg>d+ ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 ought to be conclusive aga9/ _! be+ writt5 by an ,apo/le4 ,z all ?ree are evid5tly by ! same writ]1 & int5d$ to be und]/ood z by ! au?or ( ! ,gospel1 & t writ] does n pret5d to be an ,apo/le1 b calls himself a simple ,presbyt]1 ! ,epi/les likewise give presumptive evid5ce aga9/ ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re is ano!r important te/imony aga9/ ! ,johann9e orig9 ( ! f\r? ,gospel to :i* we mu/ briefly ref]4 ,we h po9t$ out t1 accord+ to ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,jesus did n eat ! ,pas*al ,supp] ) 8 disciples1 b t be+ arre/$ on ! #ac? ,nisan1 he 0 put to dea? on ! #ad?1 ! actual day ^u :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 sacrific$4 ,! ,synoptics1 on ! contr>y1 repres5t t ,jesus ate ! ,passov] ) 8 disciples on ! ev5+ ( ! #ad?1 & 0 crucifi$ on ! #ae? ,nisan4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion indicat$ by ^! contradictory acc\nts actually prevail$ 9 v>i\s ,*ur*es1 & 9 ! #dge second half ( ! second c5tury a viol5t discussion arose z to ! day ^u :i* ! true ,passov] ( ! ,"l %\ld be celebrat$1 ! ,*ur* 9 ,asia ,m9or ma9ta9+ t x %\ld be obs]v$ on ! #ad? ,nisan1--! day on :i*1 accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 ,jesus himself celebrat$ ! ,passov] & in/itut$ ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival1--:il/ ! ,roman ,*ur* z well z mo/ o!r ,*ri/ians1--foll[+ ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* repres5ts ,jesus z n celebrat+ ! la/ ,passov]1 b be+ himself sla9 ^u ! #ad? ,nisan1 ! true ,pas*al lamb1--_h ab&on$ ! day ( ! ,jewi% fea/ altoge!r1 & celebrat$ ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival on ,ea/] ,sunday1 ^u :i* ! ,resurrection 0 suppos$ to h tak5 place4 ,polyc>p1 :o w5t to ,rome to repres5t ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! discussions ^u ! subject1 c\ld n be induc$ to give up ! celebration on ! #ad? ,nisan1 ! day :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 _h always be5 obs]v$1 & he appeal$ to ! practice ( ! ,apo/le ,john himself 9 support ( t date4 ,eusebius quotes f ,ir5aeus ! /atem5t ( ! case3 ,= nei!r c\ld ,anicetus p]suade ,polyc>p n to obs]ve x 7! #ad? ,nisan71 because he _h ev] obs]v$ x ) ,john ! disciple ( our ,"l1 & ) ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les ) :om he consort$47#a7 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,polycrates1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ephesus1 likewise appeals to ! practice ( ,john :o recl9$ ^u ! bosom ( ! ,"l1 z well z ( ! ,apo/le ,philip & 8 daught]s1 & ( ,polyc>p & o!rs 9 support ( ! same day3 ,all ^! obs]v$ #dgf ! #ad? day ( ! ,passov]1 accord+ to ! ,gospel1 deviat+ f x 9 no respect1 b foll[+ accord+ to ! rule ( ! fai?47l7 ,n[ x is evid5t t1 accord+ to ?is und\bt$ te/imony1 ! ,apo/le ,john by 8 own practice1 ratifi$ ! acc\nt ( ! ,synoptics1 & contradict$ ! data ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ^u ! supposition t he s long liv$ 9 ,asia ,m9or x is probable t 8 au?ority l>gely contribut$ to e/abli% ! obs]vance ( ! #ad? ,nisan !re4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ei!r admit t ! ,apo/le ,john by 8 practice rev]s$ ! /atem5t ( 8 own ,gospel1 or t he 0 n its au?or1 :i* ( c\rse is ! natural conclusion4 ,)\t go+ fur!r into ! discussion1 :i* w\ld deta9 u too long1 x is cle> t ! ,pas*al controv]sy is oppos$ to ! supposition t ! ,apo/le ,john 0 ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel47#b7 ,we h se5 t1 :il/ !re is n "o p>ticle ( evid5ce dur+ a c5tury & a half aft] ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel t x 0 compos$ by ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 !re is1 on ! contr>y1 ! /ronge/ reason = believ+ t he did n write x4 ,! fir/ writ] :o quotes a passage ( ! ,gospel ) ! m5tion ( 8 "n is ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 :o gives ! few words3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 z spok5 by ,john1 :om he consid]s among/ ! div9ely inspir$ ------ #dgg ------17#a7 ?\gh ev5 he does n di/+ui%4 him z ! ,apo/le4 ,we h se5 ! leg5d>y nature ( ! late traditions reg>d+ ! composition ( ! ,gospel1 ( :i* a specim5 0 giv5 9 ! def5ce ( x 9 ! ,canon ( ,muratori1 & we mu/ n fur!r quote !m4 ,! fir/ writ] :o di/9ctly classes ! f\r ,gospels toge!r is ,ir5aeus2 & ! reasons :i* he gives = ! exi/5ce ( precisely t numb] 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,*ur* illu/rate ! ?or\ghly uncritical "* ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ! slight dep5d5ce :i* c be plac$ ^u _! judgm5ts4 ,b nei!r c ! ,gospels be m 9 numb] ?an !y are1 says ,ir5aeus1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c !y be few]4 ,= z !re are f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w 9 :i* we are1 & f\r g5]al w9ds ------1 & ! ,*ur* is dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 & ! ,gospel is ! pill> & prop ( ! ,*ur* & ! _s ( life1 x is "r t %e %\ld h f\r pill>s1 on all sides brea?+ out immortality & revivify+ m54 ,f :i* x is manife/ t ! ,^w1 ! mak] ( all1 he :o sitte? ^u ! ,*]ubim & conta9e? all ?+s1 :o 0 manife/$ to man1 has giv5 to u ! ,gospel1 f\r-=m$ b possess$ by "o _s2 z ,david also says1 supplicat+ 8 adv5t3 ',?\ t sitte/ betwe5 ! ,*]ubim1 %9e =?4' ,= ! ,*]ubim also are f\r-fac$1 & _! faces are symbols ( ! work+ ( ! ,son ( ,god4444 & ! ,gospels1 !re=e1 are 9 h>mony ) ^! among/ :i* ,*ri/ is seat$4 ,= ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john relates 8 fir/ effectual & glori\s g5]ation f ! ,fa!r1 say+3 ',9 ! #a ,ad ,autolyc1 ii4 #bb4 ,tis*5dorf dates ?is "w ab\t a4d4 #ahj4 ,wann wurd51 a4 s4 w41 p4 #af1 anm4 #a4 #dgh beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god1' & 'all ?+s 7 made by him1 & )\t him no?+ 0 made4' ,on ?is acc\nt also ?is ,gospel is full ( all tru/wor?9ess1 = su* is 8 p]son47#a7 ,b ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 be+ z x 7 ( prie/ly "*1 op5$ ) ,za*>ias ! prie/ sacrific+ to ,god4444 ,b ,mat!w n>rates 8 g5]ation z a man1 say+3 ',! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! son ( ,david1 ! son ( ,abraham1' & '! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 on ?is wise1' ,?is ,gospel1 !re=e1 is an?ropomorphic1 & on ?is acc\nt a man1 humble & mild 9 "*1 is pres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel4 ,b ,m>k makes 8 comm5cem5t aft] a prophetic ,_s com+ d[n f on high unto m51 say+3 ',! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z x is writt5 9 ,isaiah ! prophet2' indicat+ ! w+$ =m ( ! ,gospel2 & = ?is reason he makes a comp5di\s & precursory decl>ation1 = ?is is ! prophetic "*4444 ,su*1 !re=e1 z 0 ! c\rse ( ! ,son ( ,god1 su* also is ! =m ( ! liv+ creatures2 & su* z is ! =m ( ! liv+ creatures1 su* also is ! "* ( ! ,gospel4 ,= quadri=m are ! liv+ creatures1 quadri=m is ! ,gospel1 & quadri=m ! c\rse ( ! ,"l4 ,& on ?is acc\nt f\r cov5ants 7 giv5 to ! human race4444 ,^! ?+s be+ ?us3 va9 & ignorant &1 moreov]1 audaci\s are ^? :o set aside ! =m ( ! ,gospel1 & decl>e ! aspects ( ! ,gospels z ei!r m or less ?an has be5 said47#b7 ,z su* pr9ciples ( criticism presid$ #a ,! ,greek ( ?is r un9telligible s5t5ce is n pres]v$4 ,! ,lat9 v]sion reads z foll[s3 ,propt] hoc et omni fiducia pl5um e/ ,evangelium i/ud2 talis e/ enim p]sona ejus4 #dgi ov] ! =mation ( ! ,canon1 x is n s+ul> t s _m ( ! decisions ( ! ,fa!rs h be5 rev]s$4 ,ir5aeus himself m5tion$ ! exi/5ce ( h]etics :o reject$ ! f\r? ,gospel17#a7 & ,epiphanius7#b7 ref]s to ! ,alogi1 :o equally d5i$ its au!nticity1 b x is n ne$ful = u fur!r to discuss ?is po9t4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! te/imony ( ! f\r? ,gospel is ( no value t[>ds e/abli%+ ! tru? ( miracles & ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4