,,sup]natural ,,religion3 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,div9e ,,revelation ,by ,walt] ,ri*>d ,cassels ,9 ,?ree ,volumes3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,complete ,edition4 ,c>efully ,revis$4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,& ,co41 #ahgi4 ,,pg ,,editor',s ,,note3 ,?is file has be5 provid$ ) an image ( ! orig9al scan = ea* page :i* is l9k$ to ! page numb] 9 ! html file4 ,ne>ly e page 9 ! text has _m ,greek passages :i* h be5 indicat$ :]e !y occur by ------ z h _m complex tables2 ^! passages may be view$ 9 ! page images4 ,"s ( ! pages h only a few l9es ( text & !n ! re/ ( ! page is tak5 up ) complex footnotes 9 ,engli%1 ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,! read] may click on ! page numb]s 9 ! html file to see ! entire page ) ! footnotes4 --,,dw ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,complete ,,edition ,9 prep>+ a complete edition ( ?is "w1 ,i h revis$ x ?r\gh\t4 ,i h n hesitat$ to make any alt]ations1 omissions or additions :i* seem$ to me likely to improve x4 ,i h endeav\r$ z mu* z possible to avoid pres5t+ op5+s = side issues1 &1 ) ?is object1 ,i h s(t5$ /atem5ts :i*1 h[ev] su/a9able 9 !mselves1 might give rise to discussions ap>t f ! direct purpose ( ! ,inquiry4 ,:]ev] my argum5t has appe>$ to me ei!r involv$ or insuffici5tly express$ ,i h z freely reca/ x z my limits p]mitt$1 & ,i h 9 sev]al p>ts introduc$ new data discov]$ or elaborat$ s9ce ! "w 0 fir/ writt51 or :i* ,i may !n h ov]look$4 ,9 "o in/ance only has any alt]ation be5 requisite :i* dem&s special m5tion "h4 ,s9ce ! six? edition 0 publi%$1 ,i h be5 conv9c$ t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 bas$ ^u our ?ird ,synoptic1 & ,i h accord+ly s f> modifi$ my results4 ,x may n be unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 pla9ly to repeat t1 ) ?is exception1 :i* is n ( mat]ial consequ5ce1 my convictions n only rema9 fundam5tally un*ang$1 b h be5 confirm$ & /r5g!n$ bo? by ?or\gh reconsid]ation ( my own argum5t1 & by c>eful att5tion to ! replies made by able (ficial apologi/s4 ,z reg>ds ! philosophical & o!r objections to miracles1 _! cog5cy is s fully recogniz$ t ,bampton ,lectur]s & em95t ,*ur*m5 practically ab&on miracles z evid5ce1 & press ^u _! bre?r5 ! necessity ( recon/ruct+ ! ,*ri/ian argum5t ,! necessity ( recon/ruction is inde$ app>5t1 b ! mat]ials h n yet be5 made manife/4 ,mean:ile1 su* apologi/s h be5 =c$ virtually to repudiate ! great ,*ri/ian repres5tatives :o h hi!rto def5d$ ! ,fai?4 ,! case may fairly be consid]$ desp]ate :5 ! crew ?r[ _! (fic]s ov]bo>d by way ( light5+ ! %ip4 ,! hi/orical argum5t is n 9 a bett] position4 ,! le>n$ pr(essors & critics :o h und]tak5 to deal ) x d n ev5 pret5d1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( ,papias1 to d m ?an ass]t ! anonym\s use ( ! ,gospels by "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & _! consequ5t exi/5ce2 b1 if ?is 7 e/abli%$1 :at support c\ld t give to ! record ( miracles8 ,z = ,papias1 ) 8 ,hebrew ,mat!w & fragm5t>y indirect ,m>k1 ev5 if secur$ z a solit>y witness to ! composition ( two ,gospels1 he w\ld prove b a fatal fri5d to ! apologetic cause4 ,! ,conclusions h be5 almo/ entirely rewritt54 ,?is 0 ess5tial to ! f9i%$ "w2 b x 0 fur!r necess>y 9 ord] m adequately to convey my own views1 & to )draw expressions reg>d+ ! ,unkn[able1 hi!rto us$ f consid]ation = preval5t ideas & feel+s1 :i* ,i n[ recognize to h be5 too def9ite & calculat$ to mislead4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,six? ,,edition4 ,?is "w has sc>cely yet be5 twelve mon?s be=e ! public1 b bo? 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ,am]ica & else:]e1 x has be5 subject$ to su* wide & se>*+ criticism by writ]s ( all %ades ( op9ion1 t ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to make a few rem>ks1 & to review "s ( my ,review]s4 ,i mu/ fir/1 h[ev]1 beg leave to express my gratitude to t l>ge majority ( my critics :o h be/[$ g5]\s comm5dation ^u ! "w1 & lib]ally enc\rag$ its completion4 ,i h to ?ank o!rs1 :o1 diff]+ totally f my conclusions1 h nev]!less temp]ately argu$ aga9/ !m1 = ! c\rtesy ) :i* !y h treat$ an oppon5t ^: views mu/ necess>ily h (f5d$ !m1 & ,i c only say t1 :il/ su* a c\rse has comm&$ my unfeign$ respect1 x has c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ ! att5tion ) :i* ,i h foll[$ _! argum5ts4 ,!re are two s]i\s misappreh5sions ( ! purpose & l9e ( argum5t ( ?is "w :i* ,i desire to correct4 ,"s critics h object$ t1 if ,i _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! proposition advanc$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 ! second & ?ird p>ts ne$ n h be5 writt53 9 fact1 t ! hi/orical argum5t aga9/ miracles is only necess>y 9 consequ5ce ( ! failure ( ! philosophical4 ,n[ ,i cont5d t ! hi/orical is ! necess>y complem5t ( ! philosophical argum5t1 & t bo? are equally requisite to complet5ess 9 deal+ ) ! subject4 ,! prelim9>y affirmation is n t miracles are impossible1 b t !y are antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,! c\nt] allegation is t1 al?\gh miracles may be antec$5tly incr$ible1 !y nev]!less actually took place4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y1 n only to e/abli% ! antec$5t incr$ibility1 b to exam9e ! validity ( ! allegation t c]ta9 miracles occurr$1 & ?is involves ! hi/orical inquiry into ! evid5ce = ! ,gospels :i* occupies ! second & ?ird p>ts4 ,inde$1 _m w n ackn[l$ge ! case to be complete until o!r witnesses are que/ion$ 9 a succe$+ volume4 ,! view ,i h tak5 is cle>ly support$ by ,mr4 ,mill4 ,9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,essays on ,religion1 he directly replies to ! "q :e!r any evid5ce c suffice to prove a ,div9e ,revelation1 & def9es :at ! nature & am\nt ( t evid5ce mu/ be4 ,he %[s t int]nal evid5ces1 t is to say1 ! indications :i* ! ,revelation itself is ?\ght to furni% ( its div9e orig91 c only be negative4 ,! bad moral "* ( ! doctr9es ( an alleg$ ,revelation1 he consid]s1 may be good reason = reject+ x1 b ! excell5ce ( _! morality c nev] entitle u to ascribe to !m a sup]natural orig93 = we _c h conclusive reason = believ+ t ! human faculties 7 incompet5t to f9d out moral doctr9es ( :i* ! human faculties c p]ceive & recognise ! excell5ce4 ,a ,revelation1 !re=e1 he decides1 _c be prov$ div9e unless by ext]nal evid5ce2 t is1 by ! exhibition ( sup]natural facts47#a7 ,he ma9ta9s t x is possible to prove ! reality ( a sup]natural fact if x actually occurr$2 & aft] %[+ ! great prepond]ance ( evid5ce aga9/ miracles1 or _! antec$5t incr$ibility1 he proce$s3 ,aga9/ ?is weight ( negative evid5ce we h to set su* positive evid5ce z is produc$ 9 atte/ation ( exceptions2 9 o!r words1 ! positive evid5ces ( miracles7#b7 ,?is is precisely :at ,i h done4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ,mr4 ,mill's e/imate ( ! nature ( ?is positive evid5ce = miracles does n ess5tially diff] f ! results ( ?is "w1 ! foll[+ l9es may be quot$3-- ,b ! evid5ce ( miracles1 at lea/ to ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians1 is n1 9 our day1 ( ?is cog5t description4 ,x is n ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 b ( witnesses1 & ev5 ?is n at fir/ h&1 b re/+ on ! atte/ation ( books & traditions4 ,& ev5 9 ! case ( ! orig9al eye-witnesses1 ! sup]natural facts ass]t$ on _! alleg$ te/imony1 are n ( ! transc5d5t "* suppos$ 9 our example1 ab\t ! nature ( :i*1 or ! impossibility ( _! hav+ _h a natural orig91 !re c\ld be little room = d\bt4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! record$ miracles are1 9 ! fir/ place1 g5]ally su* z x w\ld h be5 extremely difficult to v]ify z matt]s ( fact1 & 9 ! next place1 are h>dly ev] beyond ! possibility ( hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t by human means or by ! spontane\s ag5cies ( nature4 ,! second po9t to :i* ,i desire to ref] is a /atem5t :i* has frequ5tly be5 made t1 9 ! second & ?ird p>ts1 ,i endeav\r to prove t ! f\r canonical ,gospels 7 n writt5 until ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,?is error is ( c\rse closely connect$ ) t :i* has j be5 discuss$1 b x is difficult to und]/& h[ any "o :o _h tak5 ! slighte/ tr\ble to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! argum5t1 & to /ate x fairly1 c\ld h fall5 into x4 ,! fact is t no attempt is made to prove any?+ ) reg>d to ! ,gospels4 ,! evid5ce = !m is m]ely exam9$1 & x is f\nd t1 s f> f _! af=d+ viii suffici5t te/imony to w>rant belief 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( miracles decl>$ to be antec$5tly incr$ible1 !re is n a c]ta9 trace ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels = a c5tury & a half aft] ^? miracles are alleg$ to h occurr$1 & no?+ :atev] to atte/ _! au!nticity & tru?4 ,?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f an endeav\r to e/abli% "s special !ory ( my own1 & x is because ?is l9e ( argum5t has n be5 und]/ood1 t "s critics h express$ surprise at ! decisive rejection ( m]e conjectures & possibilities z evid5ce4 ,9 a case ( su* importance1 no te/imony :i* is n cle> & indubitable c\ld be ( any value1 b ! evid5ce producible = ! canonical ,gospels falls v f> %ort ev5 ( ord9>y requirem5ts1 & 9 relation to miracles x is sc>cely des]v+ ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,x has be5 argu$ t1 ev5 if !re be no evid5ce = our special gospels1 ,i admit t gospels v simil> mu/ e>ly h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & t ^! equally repres5t ! same prevail+ belief z ! canonical ,gospels3 consequ5tly t ,i m]ely *ange1 )\t %ak+1 ! witnesses4 ,^? :o advance ?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 totally ov]look ! fact t x is n ! reality ( ! sup]/iti\s belief :i* is 9 "q1 b ! reality ( ! miracles1 & ! suffici5cy ( ! witnesses to e/abli% !m4 ,:at su* objectors urge practically am\nts to ?is3 t we %\ld believe 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( c]ta9 miracles contradictory to all exp]i5ce1 out ( a mass ( false miracles :i* are report$ b nev] really took place1 because "s unkn[n p]sons 9 an ignorant & sup]/iti\s age1 :o give no evid5ce ( p]sonal k1 or ( c>eful inve/igation1 h writt5 an acc\nt ( !m1 & o!r ix p]sons1 equally ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 h believ$ !m4 ,i v5ture to say t no "o :o advances ! argum5t to :i* ,i am ref]r+ c h realiz$ ! nature ( ! "q at issue1 & ! relation ( miracles to ! ord] ( nature4 ,! la/ ( ^! g5]al objections to :i* ,i ne$ n[ ref] is ! /atem5t1 t ! difficulty ) reg>d to ! ,gospels comm5ces precisely :]e my exam9ation ends1 & t ,i am b\nd to expla9 h[1 if no trace ( _! exi/5ce is previ\sly discov]able1 ! f\r ,gospels are sudd5ly f\nd 9 g5]al circulation at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & quot$ z au?oritative docum5ts by su* writ]s z ,ir5aeus4 ,my reply is t x is totally unnecess>y = me to acc\nt = ?is4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( pseudonymic lit]ature 9 ! second c5tury1 & ) ! rapid circulation & ready acceptance ( spuri\s works t5d+ to edification1 c\ld = a mom5t reg>d ! canonical position ( any ,gospel at ! end ( t c5tury ei!r z evid5ce ( its au!nticity or e>ly orig94 ,t :i* conc]ns u *iefly is n evid5ce reg>d+ ! end ( ! second b ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,ev5 if we took ! /atem5ts ( ,ir5aeus1 & lat] ,fa!rs l ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t1 ,t]tullian1 & ,orig51 ab\t ! ,gospels1 !y are absolutely )\t value except z p]sonal op9ion at a late date1 = :i* no suffici5t gr\nds are %[n4 ,( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ^? ,gospels !re is n a di/9ct trace1 except ( a nature :i* altoge!r discr$its !m z witnesses = miracles4 ,aft] hav+ c>efully weigh$ ! argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$ aga9/ ?is "w1 ,i v5ture to express /r5g!n$ conviction ( ! tru? ( its conclusions4 x ,! be/ & mo/ p[]ful reasons :i* able div9es & apologi/s h be5 able to br+ =w>d aga9/ its ma9 argum5t h1 ,i submit1 n only fail$ to %ake x1 b h1 by inf]5ce1 %[n x to be unassailable4 ,v _m ( ^? :o h pr(ess$ly advanc$ aga9/ ! citadel itself h practically attack$ no?+ b "s outly+ =t1 :i* 0 sc>cely wor? def5ce1 :il/ o!rs1 :o h s]i\sly attempt$ an assault1 h %[n t ! ,*ur* has no artill]y capable ( mak+ a practicable brea* 9 ! rationali/ic /ronghold4 ,i say ?is solely 9 ref]5ce to ! argum5t :i* ,i h tak5 ^u myself to repres5t1 & 9 no s5se ( my own individual %>e 9 its ma9t5ance4 ,i mu/ n[ address myself m p>ticul>ly to two ( my critics :o1 ) great ability & le>n+1 h subject$ ?is "w to ! mo/ elaborate & microscopic criticism ( :i* p]sonal e>ne/ness & (ficial zeal are capable4 ,i am s9c]ely oblig$ to ,pr(essor ,lightfoot & ,dr4 ,we/cott = ! m9ute att5tion !y h be/[$ ^u my book4 ,i _h myself directly attack$ ! views ( ,dr4 ,we/cott1 & ( c\rse c\ld only expect him to d 8 be/ or 8 wor/ aga9/ me 9 reply2 & ,i am n surpris$ at ! vig\r ) :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has assail$ a "w s oppos$ to pr9ciples :i* he himself holds sacr$1 al?\gh ,i may be p]mitt$ to express my regret t he has n done s 9 a _s m wor?y ( ! cause :i* he def5ds4 ,9 spite ( ho/ile criticism ( v unusual m9ut5ess & ability1 no flaw or error has be5 po9t$ out :i* 9 ! slighte/ degree affects my ma9 argum5t1 & ,i consid] t e po9t yet object$ to by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 or indicat$ by ,dr4 xi ,we/cott1 might be )drawn )\t at all weak5+ my position4 ,^! objections1 ,i may say1 ref] solely to details1 & only foll[ side issues1 b ! attack1 if impot5t aga9/ ! ma9 position1 has 9 _m cases be5 insidi\sly direct$ aga9/ notes & pass+ ref]5ces1 & a pl5tiful spr9kl+ ( su* words z mis/atem5ts & misrepres5tations along ! l9e may h giv5 x a =midable appe>ance1 & malici\s effect1 :i* r5d] x wor? :ile once = all to meet x 9 detail4 ,! fir/ po9t 7#a7 to :i* ,i %all ref] is an elaborate argum5t by ,dr4 ,lightfoot reg>d+ ! ,sil5ce ( ,eusebius4 7#b7 ,i _h call$ att5tion to ! importance ( consid]+ ! sil5ce ( ! ,fa!rs1 "u c]ta9 conditions27#c7 & ,i might1 omitt+ 8 curi\s limitation1 adopt ,dr4 ,lightfoot's op5+ comm5t ^u ?is z s+ul>ly descriptive ( ! /ate ( ! case3 ,9 "o prov9ce m especially1 relat+ to ! ext]nal evid5ces = ! ,gospels1 sil5ce occupies a prom95t place4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot proposes to int]rogate ?is my/]i\s oracle1 & he consid]s t ! response elicit$ w n be at all ambigu\s4 ,i might aga9 agree ) him1 b t unambigu\s response c sc>cely be pron\nc$ v satisfactory = ! ,gospels4 ,su* sil5ce may be v eloqu5t1 b aft] all x is only ! eloqu5ce (--sil5ce4 ,i h n yet met ) ! argum5t any:]e t1 because none ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs quote our ,canonical ,gospels1 or say any?+ ) reg>d to !m1 ! fact is unambigu\s xii evid5ce t !y 7 well acqua9t$ ) !m1 & consid]$ !m apo/olic & au?oritative4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5t f ,sil5ce is1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 limit$ to ,eusebius4 ,! po9t on :i* ! argum5t turns is ?is3 ,aft] exam9+ ! :ole ( ! extant writ+s ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 & f9d+ !m a complete blank z reg>ds ! canonical ,gospels1 if1 by _! use ( apocryphal works & o!r indications !y are n evid5ce aga9/ !m1 ,i supplem5t ?is1 9 ! case ( ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 by ! inf]5ce t1 z ,eusebius does n /ate t _! lo/ works conta9$ any evid5ce = ! ,gospels1 !y actually did n conta9 any4 ,b be=e proce$+ to discuss ! po9t1 x is necess>y t a prop] e/imate %\ld be =m$ ( its importance to ! ma9 argum5t ( my "w4 ,! evid5t lab\r :i* ,pr(essor ,lightfoot has exp5d$ ^u ! prep>ation ( 8 attack1 ! space devot$ to x1 & 8 own express words1 w\ld naturally lead mo/ read]s to suppose t x has almo/ a vital be>+ ^u my conclusions4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says1 aft] quot+ ! passages 9 :i* ,i appeal to ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius3 ,?is inde$ is ! fundam5tal assumption :i* lies at ! basis ( 8 reason+2 & ! read] w n ne$ to be rem9d$ h[ mu* ( ! argum5t falls to pieces1 if ?is basis %\ld prove to be uns\nd4 ,a wise ma/]-build] w\ld !re=e h look$ to 8 f\ndations fir/1 & assur$ himself ( _! /r5g?1 be=e he pil$ up 8 fabric to ?is height4 ,?is our au?or has altoge!r neglect$ to d4 7#a7 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 article1 aft] triumphantly express+ 8 belief t 8 ma9 conclusions are irrefragable1 he fur!r says3 xiii ,if !y are1 !n ! read] w n fail to see h[ l>ge a "p ( ! argum5t 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' has crumbl$ to pieces4 7#a7 ,i d n d\bt t ,dr4 ,lightfoot s9c]ely believes ?is1 b he mu/ all[ me to say t he is ?or\ghly mi/ak5 9 8 e/imate ( ! importance ( ! po9t1 & t1 z reg>ds ?is "w1 ! repres5tations made 9 ! above passages are a v /range exagg]ation4 ,i am un=tunately too famili>1 9 connection ) criticism on ?is book1 ) in/ances ( va/ exp5diture ( "t & /r5g? 9 attack+ po9ts to :i* ,i atta* no importance :atev]1 & :i* 9 !mselves h sc>cely any value4 ,:5 writ]s1 aft] an am\nt ( demon/ration :i* mu/ h convey$ ! impression t vital int]e/s 7 at /ake1 h1 at lea/ 9 _! own op9ion1 prov$ t ,i h omitt$ to dot an i1 cross a t1 or ins]t an inv]t$ comma1 !y h really left ! "q precisely :]e x 04 ,n[1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! :ole ext5t ( ! argum5t :i* is bas$ ^u ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is an inf]5ce reg>d+ "s lo/ works ( ?ree writ]s only1 :i* might altoge!r be )drawn )\t affect+ ! case4 ,! object ( my inve/igation is to discov] :at evid5ce actually exi/s 9 ! works ( e>ly writ]s reg>d+ our ,gospels4 ,9 ! fragm5ts :i* rema9 ( ! works ( ?ree writ]s1 ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 ,i d n f9d any evid5ce ( acqua9tance ) ^! ,gospels1--! works m5tion$ by ,papias be+1 ,i cont5d1 diff]5t f ! exi/+ ,gospels attribut$ to ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,:e!r ,i am "r or n 9 ?is does n affect ! pres5t discussion4 ,x is an unque/ion$ fact t ,eusebius does n m5tion t ! lo/ works ( ^! xiv writ]s conta9$ any ref]5ce to1 or in=mation ab\t1 ! ,gospels1 nor h we any /atem5t f any o!r au?or to t effect4 ,! objection ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot is limit$ to a d5ial t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius w>rants ! inf]5ce t1 because he does n /ate t ^! writ]s made quotations f or ref]5ces to undisput$ canonical books1 ! lo/ works did n conta9 any2 x does n1 h[ev]1 ext5d to int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ^? books1 :i* he admits x 0 ! purpose ( ,eusebius to record4 ,to give ,dr4 ,lightfoot's /atem5ts1 :i* ,i am exam9+1 ! fulle/ possible support1 h[ev]1 suppose t ,i ab&on ,eusebius altoge!r1 & d n draw any inf]5ce ( any k9d f him beyond 8 positive /atem5ts1 h[ w\ld my case /&8 ,simply z complete z x well c\ld be3 ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius d n furni% any evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,gospels4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 w n fail to see h[ s]i\s a mis/atem5t ,dr4 ,lightfoot has made1 & h[ little ! argum5t ( ,sup]natural ,religion w\ld be affect$ ev5 if he e/abli%$ mu* m ?an he has attempt$ to d4 ,we may n[ proce$ to consid] ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5t itself4 ,he c>efully & di/9ctly def9es :at he und]/&s to be ! decl>$ int5tion ( ,eusebius 9 compos+ 8 hi/ory1 z reg>ds ! m5tion or use ( ! disput$ & undisput$ canonical books 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & 9 ord] to d him full ju/ice ,i w quote 8 words1 m]ely tak+ ! lib]ty1 = facility ( ref]5ce1 ( divid+ 8 /atem5t into ?ree p>agraphs4 ,he says3 ,eusebius !re=e proposes to treat ^! two classes ( writ+s 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,?is is ! c>d9al po9t ( ! passage4 xv 7#a7 ,( ! ,antilegom5a he pl$ges himself to record :5 any anci5t writ] employs any book belong+ to _! class --,greek--2 7#b7 b z reg>ds ! undisput$ ,canonical books he only pr(esses to m5tion !m1 :5 su* a writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t !m --,greek--4 ,any anecdote ( int]e/ respect+ !m1 z also respect+ ! o!rs --,greek--1 w be record$4 7#c7 ,b 9 _! case he n[h]e leads u to expect t he w allude to m]e quotations h[ev] num]\s & h[ev] precise47#a7 ,9 ord] to dispose ( ! only "o ( ^! po9ts ^u :i* we c diff]1 ,i w fir/ ref] to ! ?ird4 ,did ,eusebius int5d to po9t out m]e quotations ( ! books :i* he consid]$ undisput$8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he actually did po9t su* out 9 ! case ( ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] & #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 :i* he repeat$ly & 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann] decl>$ to be undisput$47#b7 ,?is is admitt$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,t he omitt$ to m5tion a ref]5ce to ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 or ! ref]5ce by ,!ophilus to ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & o!r suppos$ quotations1 might be set d[n z mu* to ov]sight z int5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t he did m5tion disput$ books is evid5ce only t he n only pl$g$ himself to d s1 b actually fulfill$ 8 promise4 ,al?\gh mu* might be said ^u ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ,i consid] x ( s little importance t ,i d n int5d to wa/e "t 9 m9utely discuss+ x4 ,if my ass]tions ) reg>d to ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius likewise include ! supposition t he propos$ to m5tion m]e quotations ( ! undisput$ books1 !y are s f> f limit$ to ?is v subsidi>y te/imony t ,i #b ,i regret v mu* t "s ambiguity 9 my language 7,s4 ,r41 i4 p4 #dhc7 %\ld h misl$1 & giv5 ,dr4 ,lightfoot mu* tr\ble4 ,i us$ ! ^w quotation 9 ! s5se ( a use ( ! ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 & n 9 ref]5ce to any "o s5t5ce 9 ,polyc>p4 ,i tru/ t 9 ?is edition ,i h made my mean+ cle>4 xvi %\ld h no reluctance 9 waiv+ x altoge!r4 ,ev5 if ! mo/ di/9ct quotations ( ?is k9d _h occurr$ 9 ! lo/ works ( ! ?ree writ]s 9 "q1 !y c\ld h prov$ no?+ beyond ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! book quot$1 at ! "t t "w 0 writt51 b w\ld h done no?+ to e/abli% its au!nticity & tru/wor?9ess4 ,9 ! evid5tial de/itution ( ! ,gospels1 apologi/s w\ld ?ankfully h receiv$ ev5 su* vague indications1 inde$ !re is sc>cely any o!r evid5ce1 b some?+ mu* m def9ite is requir$ to e/abli% ! reality ( miracles & ,div9e ,revelation4 ,if ?is po9t be1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 set aside1 :at is ! position8 ,we are n entitl$ to inf] t !re 7 no quotations f ! ,gospels 9 ! works ( ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 because ,eusebius does n record !m2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we are /ill less entitl$ to inf] t !re 7 any4 ,! only inf]5ce :i* ,i c>e to draw f ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is precisely t :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits t1 bo? f 8 promise & practice1 ,i am entitl$ to d$uce3 :5 any anci5t writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t ! ,gospels1 any anecdote ( int]e/ respect+ !m1 ,eusebius w record x4 ,?is is ! only in=mation ( ! slighte/ value to ?is "w :i* c\ld be look$ = 9 ^! writ]s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f produc+ ! de/ructive effect ^u "s ( ! argum5ts ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 ^u :i* he some:at prematurely congratulates himself1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's elaborate & le>n$ article on ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius supports !m 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann]4 xvii ,be=e proce$+ to speak m directly ( ! ?ree writ]s "u discussion1 x may be well to glance a little at ! proc$ure ( ,eusebius1 & note1 = ^? :o c>e to g m closely into ! matt]1 h[ he fulfils 8 promise to record :at ! ,fa!rs h to tell ab\t ! ,gospels4 ,i may m5tion1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,eusebius /ates :at he himself kn[s ( ! composition ( ! ,gospels & o!r canonical works47#a7 ,^u two occasions he quotes ! acc\nt :i* ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria gives ( ! composition ( ,m>k's ,gospel1 & also cites 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ ! o!r ,gospels47#b7 ,9 l mann] he records ! in=mation1 su* z x is1 :i* ,ir5aeus has to imp>t ab\t ! f\r ,gospels & o!r works17#c7 & :at ,orig5 has to say conc]n+ !m47#d7 ,int]rogat+ extant works1 we f9d 9 fact t ,eusebius does n neglect to quote any?+ useful or int]e/+ reg>d+ ^! books f e>ly writ]s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says t ,eusebius re/ricts himself to ! n>r[e/ limits :i* ju/ice to 8 subject w all[1 & he illu/rates ?is by ! case ( ,ir5aeus4 ,he says3 ,?\gh he 7,eusebius7 gives ! pr9cipal passage 9 ?is au?or relat+ to ! ,f\r ,gospels 7,ir5aeus1 ,ady4 ,i,ler4 iii4 #a1 #a7 he omits to m5tion o!rs :i* conta9 int]e/+ /atem5ts directly or indirectly affect+ ! "q1 e4g4 t ,/4 ,john wrote 8 ,gospel to c\nt]act ! errors ( ,c]9?us & ! ,nicolaitans 7,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa1 #a74 ,i mu/ expla91 h[ev]1 t ! int]e/+ /atem5t omitt$1 :i* is n 9 ! context ( ! "p quot$1 is n advanc$ z in=mation d]iv$ f any au?ority1 b only 9 ! c\rse ( argum5t1 & !re is no?+ to di/+ui% x f m]e p]sonal op9ion1 s t on ?is gr\nd ,eusebius may well h pass$ x ov]4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot f>!r says3 ,?us too :5 he quotes a few l9es allud+ to ! unanim\s tradition ( ! ,asiatic ,eld]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ,/4 ,john17#f7 he omits ! context1 f :i* we f9d t ?is tradition _h an important be>+ on ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 = x decl>$ t ,*ri/'s m9i/ry ext5d$ mu* beyond a s+le ye>1 ?us confirm+ ! obvi\s *ronology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel aga9/ ! app>5t *ronology ( ! ,synopti/s47#g7 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be fur!r f ! desire or int5tion ( ,eusebius ?an to repres5t any discordance betwe5 ! ,gospels1 or to support ! "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ent]s into an elaborate explanation 9 ord] to %[ t !re is no discrepancy betwe5 !m1 affirm+1 & support+ 8 view by s+ul> quotations1 t x 0 evid5tly ! int5tion ( ! ?ree ,synopti/s only to write ! do+s ( ! ,"l = "o ye> aft] xviii ! imprisonm5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & t ,john1 hav+ ! o!r ,gospels be=e him1 wrote an acc\nt ( ! p]iod n embrac$ by ! o!r evangeli/s47#a7 ,moreov]1 ! extraord9>y ass]tions ( ,ir5aeus n only contradict ! ,synoptics1 b also ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ,eusebius c]ta9ly c\ld n h felt mu* incl9ation to quote su* op9ions1 ev5 al?\gh ,ir5aeus seem$ to base !m ^u traditions h&$ d[n by ! ,presbyt]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ,john4 ,x be+ !n admitt$ t ,eusebius n only pl$ges himself to record :5 any anci5t writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t ! undisput$ canonical books1 b t1 judg$ by ! te/ ( extant writ+s :i* we c exam9e1 he actually does s1 let u sec ! conclusions :i* we are entitl$ to draw 9 ! case ( ! only ?ree writ]s ) reg>d to :om ,i h inf]r$ any?+ f ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius4 ,i ne$ sc>cely repeat t ,eusebius held ,hegesippus 9 v high e/imation4 ,he ref]s to him v frequ5tly1 & he cle>ly %[s t he n only valu$1 b 0 intimately acqua9t$ )1 8 writ+s4 ,eusebius quotes f ! "w ( ,hegesippus a v long acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,james27#b7 he ref]s to ,hegesippus z 8 au?ority = ! /atem5t t ,simeon 0 a c\s9 --,greek-- ( ,jesus1 ,cleophas 8 fa!r be+1 accord+ to t au?or1 ! bro!r ( ,joseph27#c7 he confirms a passage 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t by ref]5ce to ,hegesippus27#d7 he quotes f ,hegesippus a /ory reg>d+ "s memb]s ( ! family ( ,jesus1 ( ! race ( ,david1 :o 7 br\ght be=e ,domitian27#e7 he cites 8 n>rative ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,simeon1 toge!r ) o!r matt]s conc]n+ ! e>ly ,*ur*27#f7 9 ano!r place he gives a laudatory acc\nt ( ,hegesippus & 8 writ+s27#g7 %ortly aft]1 he ref]s to ! xix /atem5t ( ,hegesippus t he 0 9 ,rome until ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rus17#a7 & fur!r speaks 9 praise ( 8 "w1 m5tions 8 obs]vation on ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 & quotes 8 rem>ks ab\t ! ,*ur* 9 ,cor9?1 ! succession ( ,roman bi%ops1 ! g5]al /ate ( ! ,*ur*1 ! rise ( h]esies1 & o!r matt]s47#c7 ,i m5tion ^! num]\s ref]5ces to ,hegesippus z ,i h notic$ !m 9 turn+ ov] ! pages ( ,eusebius1 b o!rs may v probably h escap$ me4 ,eusebius fulfils 8 pl$ge1 & /ates :at disput$ works 7 us$ by ,hegesippus & :at he said ab\t !m1 & "o ( ^! 0 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 record a s+le rem>k ( any k9d reg>d+ our ,gospels1 & ! legitimate inf]5ce1 & x is ! only "o ,i c>e to draw1 is1 t ,hegesippus did n say any?+ ab\t !m4 ,i may simply add t1 z ,eusebius quotes ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w & ,m>k f ,papias1 a man ( :om he expresses some?+ l contempt1 & aga9 ref]s to him 9 confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t reg>d+ ! composition ( ,m>k's ,gospel17#c7 x w\ld be aga9/ all reason1 z well z oppos$ to 8 pl$ge & g5]al practice1 to suppose t ,eusebius w\ld h omitt$ to record any in=mation giv5 by ,hegesippus1 a writ] ) :om he 0 s well acqua9t$1 & ( :om he speaks ) s mu* respect4 ,i h said t ,eusebius w\ld m p>ticul>ly h quot$ any?+ ) reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & = ^? :o c>e to g m closely into ! po9t my reasons may be briefly giv54 ,no "o c read ,eusebius att5tively )\t not+ ! peculi> c>e ) :i* he speaks ( ,john & 8 writ+s1 & ! sub/antially apologetic tone :i* he adopts 9 reg>d to !m4 ,ap>t f any d\bts express$ xx reg>d+ ! ,gospel itself1 ! controv]sy z to ! au!nticity ( ! ,apocalypse & second & ?ird ,epi/les call$ by 8 "n1 ) :i* ,eusebius 0 s well acqua9t$1 & ! critical dilemma z to ! impossibility ( ! same ,john hav+ writt5 bo? ! ,gospel & ,apocalypse1 reg>d+ :i* he s fully quotes ! argum5t ( ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria17#a7 evid5tly made him peculi>ly int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 & 8 att5tion to ! f\r? ,gospel 0 c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ by 8 recognition ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 t "w & ! ?ree ,synoptics4 ,! fir/ occasion on :i* he speaks ( ,john1 he records ! tradition t he 0 bani%$ to ,patmos dur+ ! p]secution "u ,domitian1 & ref]s to ! ,apocalypse4 ,he quotes ,ir5aeus 9 support ( ?is tradition1 & ! composition ( ! "w at ! close ( ,domitian's reign47#c7 ,he goes on to speak ( ! p]secution "u ,domitian1 & quotes ,hegesippus z to a comm& giv5 by t ,emp]or to slay all ! po/]ity ( ,david17#c7 z also ,t]tullian's acc\nt17#d7 w9d+ up 8 extracts f ! hi/orians ( ! "t by ! /atem5t t1 aft] ,n]va succe$$ ,domitian1 & ! ,s5ate _h revok$ ! cruel decrees ( ! latt]1 ! ,apo/le ,john return$ f exile 9 ,patmos &1 accord+ to ecclesia/ical tradition1 settl$ at ,ephesus47#e7 ,he /ates t ,john1 ! belov$ disciple1 apo/le & evangeli/1 gov]n$ ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia aft] ! dea? ( ,domitian & 8 return f ,patmos1 & t he 0 /ill liv+ :5 ,trajan succe$$ ,n]va1 & = ! tru? ( ?is he quotes passages f ,iremeus & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria47#f7 ,he !n gives an acc\nt ( ! writ+s ( ,john1 & :il/ ass]t+ t ! ,gospel mu/ be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ z g5u9e1 he says t x is rightly put la/ 9 ord] among/ ! f\r1 ( ! composition ( :i* he gives an elaborate description4 ,x is n necess>y to quote 8 acc\nt ( ! f\r? ,gospel & ( ! occasion ( its composition1 :i* he /ates to h be5 ,john's receiv+ ! o!r ?ree ,gospels1 &1 :il/ admitt+ _! tru?1 p]ceiv+ t !y did n conta9 a n>rative ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,*ri/4 ,= ?is reason1 be+ entreat$ to d s1 he wrote an acc\nt ( ! do+s ( ,jesus be=e ! ,bapti/ 0 ca/ into prison4 ,aft] "s v extraord9>y reason+1 ,eusebius says t no "o :o c>efully consid]s ! po9ts he m5tions c ?9k t ! ,gospels are at v>iance ) ea* o!r1 & he conjectures t ,john probably omitt$ ! g5ealogies because ,mat!w & ,luke _h giv5 !m47#g7 ,)\t fur!r anticipat+ :at ,i h to say :5 speak+ ( ,papias1 x is cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ,eusebius1 be+ aw>e (1 & int]e/$ 91 ! peculi> difficulties connect$ ) ! writ+s attribut$ to ,john1 n to put a /ill /rong] case1 & quot+ traditions f lat] & consequ5tly less weighty au?orities1 w\ld c]ta9ly h record$ ) m special read9ess any in=mation on ! subject giv5 by ,hegesippus1 :om he s frequ5tly lays "u contribution1 _h 8 writ+s conta9$ any4 xxi ,9 reg>d to ,papias ! case is /ill cle>]4 ,we f9d t ,eusebius quotes 8 acc\nt ( ! composition ( ,gospels by ,mat!w & ,m>k17#a7 al?\gh he _h already giv5 a closely simil> n>rative reg>d+ ,m>k f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & appeal$ to ,papias 9 confirmation ( x4 ,is x ei!r possible or p]missible to suppose t1 _h ,papias kn[n any?+ ( ! o!r two ,gospels1 he w\ld n h inquir$ ab\t !m f ! ,presbyt]s & record$ _! in=mation8 ,& is x ei!r possible or p]missible to suppose t if ,papias _h record$ any simil> in=mation reg>d+ ! composition ( ! ?ird & f\r? ,gospels1 ,eusebius w\ld h omitt$ to quote x8 ,c]ta9ly n2 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot's article proves x4 ,eusebius _h n only pl$g$ himself to give su* in=mation1 & does s 9 e case :i* we c te/1 b he fulfils x by actually quot+ :at ,papias _h to say ab\t ! ,gospels4 ,ev5 if he _h be5 c>eless1 8 v ref]5ce to ! fir/ two ,gospels mu/ h rem9d$ him ( ! claims ( ! re/4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 special reasons :i* r5d] x /ill m c]ta9 t _h ,papias _h any?+ to tell ab\t ! ,f\r? ,gospel1--& if !re 0 a ,f\r? ,gospel 9 8 k he mu/ h _h some?+ to tell ab\t x1--,eusebius w\ld h record$ x4 ,! fir/ quotation :i* he makes f ,papias is ! passage 9 :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis /ates ! int]e/ ) :i* he _h inquir$ ab\t ! words ( ! ,presbyt]s1 :at ,john or ,mat!w or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l said1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 disciples ( ! ,"l1 #a ,i am mu* oblig$ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot = call+ my att5tion to ! accid5tal ins]tion ( ! words & ! ,apocalypse 7,s4 ,e4 i4 p4 #dcc74 ,?is 0 a m]e slip ( ! p51 ( :i* no use is made1 & ! error is effectually correct$ by my own di/9ct /atem5ts4 ,,vol4 ,i4 xxii say47l7 ,eusebius obs]ves1 & p>ticul>ly po9ts out1 t ! "n ( ,john is twice m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ! =m]1 m5tion$ ) ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,mat!w1 & o!r ,apo/les1 evid5tly be+1 he ?9ks1 ! ,evangeli/1 & ! latt] be+ cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ! designation ( ,presbyt]4 ,eusebius /ates t ?is proves ! tru? ( ! ass]tion t !re 7 two m5 ( ! "n ( ,john 9 ,asia1 & t two tombs 7 /ill %[n at ,ephesus be>+ ! "n ( ,john4 ,eusebius !n proce$s to argue t probably ! second ( ! two ,johns1 if n ! fir/1 0 ! man :o saw ! ,revelation4 ,:at an occasion = quot+ any in=mation be>+ at all on ! subject f ,papias1 :o _h que/ion$ ^? :o _h be5 acqua9t$ ) bo?6 ,8 att5tion is s po9t$ly turn$ to ,john at ! v mom5t :5 he makes 8 quotations reg>d+ ,mat!w & ,m>k1 t ,i am fully w>rant$1 bo? by ! conclusions ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot & ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case1 9 affirm+ t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius proves t ,papias said no?+ ab\t ei!r ! ?ird or f\r? ,gospels4 ,i ne$ n g on to discuss ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 = ! same reason+ equally applies to 8 case4 ,i h1 !re=e1 only a v few m words to say on ! subject ( ,eusebius4 ,n cont5t ) :at he int5d$ to be de/ructive criticism1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot valiantly proce$s to ! con/ructive &1 z a sob] d$uction f facts1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i* he pr9ts 9 italics3 ,! sil5ce ( ,eusebius respect+ e>ly witnesses to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is an evid5ce 9 its fav\r47#b7 ,n[1 int]pret$ ev5 by ! rules laid d[n 7xxiii7 by ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself1 :at does ?is sil5ce really mean8 ,x means1 n t ! e>ly writ]s ab\t :om he is suppos$ to be sil5t are witnesses ab\t any?+ connect$ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b simply t if ,eusebius notic$ & did n record ! m]e use ( t ,gospel by any "o1 he !reby indicates t he himself1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 class$ x among/ ! undisput$ books1 ! m]e use ( :i* he does n und]take to m5tion4 ,! value ( 8 op9ion at s late a date is v small4 ,pr(essor ,lightfoot next makes a vehem5t attack ^u me 9 connection ) ,! ,ignatian ,epi/les17#a7 :i* is equally abortive & limit$ to details4 ,i d n int5d to compla9 ( ! _s 9 :i* ! article is writt51 nor ( its unfairness4 ,on ! :ole ,i ?9k t read]s may safely be left to judge ( ! tone 9 :i* a controv]sy is c>ri$ on4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! p]petual accusation ( mis-/atem5t br\ght aga9/ me 9 ?is article1 & bas$ ^u m9ute criticism into :i* few c>e to foll[1 is apt to leave ! impression t x is well-f\nd$1 = !re is ! v natural feel+ 9 mo/ "r m9ds t no "o w\ld recklessly scatt] su* ins9uations4 ,x is ?is :i* alone makes su* an attack dang]\s4 ,n[ 9 a "w l ?is1 deal+ ) s _m details1 x mu/ be obvi\s t x is n possible altoge!r to escape errors4 ,a critic or oppon5t is ( c\rse entitl$ to po9t ^! out1 al?\gh1 if he be high-m9d$ or ev5 alive to 8 own int]e/s1 ,i sc>cely ?9k t he w d s 9 a _s ( unfair detraction4 ,b 9 do+ ?is a writ] is b\nd to be accurate1 = if he be lib]al ( su* accusations xxiv & x c be %[n t 8 *>ges are unf\nd$1 !y recoil ) d\ble =ce ^u himself4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 z x is impossible = me to reply to all su* attacks1 to foll[ ,pr(essor ,lightfoot & ,dr4 ,we/cott ) "s m9ut5ess 9 _! discussion ( my treatm5t ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 & once = all to %[ ! grave mis-/atem5ts to :i* !y commit !mselves4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n ignore ! "* ( ! discussion ^u :i* he ent]s1 b x w be se5 t 8 appreciation ( its difficulty by no means inspires him ) *>itable emotions4 ,he says3 ,! ,ignatian "q is ! mo/ p]plex+ :i* confronts ! /ud5t ( e>li] ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,! lit]ature is volum9\s2 ! consid]ations involv$ are v wide1 v v>i$1 & v intricate4 ,a writ]1 !re=e1 may well be p>don$ if he betrays a want ( famili>ity ) ?is subject ,b 9 ?is case ! read] naturally expects t ! op9ions at :i* he has arriv$ w be /at$ ) "s diffid5ce47#a7 ,my critic objects t ,i express my op9ions ) decision4 ,i %all h]eaft] ju/ify ?is decision1 b ,i w\ld "h po9t out t ! v reasons :i* r5d] x difficult = ,dr4 ,lightfoot to =m a f9al & decisive judgm5t on ! "q make x easy = me4 ,x requires b little logical p]ception to recognize t ,epi/les1 ! au!nticity ( :i* x is s difficult to e/abli%1 _c h mu* influ5ce z te/imony = ! ,gospels4 ,! /atem5t j quot$1 h[ev]1 is made ! base ( ! attack1 & w> is decl>$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- xxv ,! read] is naturally l$ to ?9k t a writ] w\ld n use su* v decid$ language unless he _h obta9$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( 8 subject2 & :5 he f9ds ! notes ?rong$ ) ref]5ces to ! mo/ recondite s\rces ( in=mation1 he at once cr$its ! au?or ) an 'exhau/ive' k ( ! lit]ature be>+ ^u x4 ,x becomes important !re=e to inquire :e!r ! writ] %[s t accurate acqua9tance ) ! subject1 :i* ju/ifies u 9 atta*+ weight to 8 dicta z di/+ui%$ f 8 argum5ts47l7 ,?is s5t5ce %[s ! scope ( ! discussion4 ,my dicta1 h[ev]1 play a v subord9ate "p ?r\gh\t1 & ev5 if no weight be atta*$ to !m1 & ,i h nev] desir$ t any %\ld be1 my argum5t w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ degree affect$4 ,! fir/ po9t attack$1 l mo/ ( ^? subsequ5tly assail$1 is "o ( m]e critical hi/ory4 ,i wrote3 ,! /ronge/ int]nal1 z well z o!r evid5ce1 into :i* space =bids our go+ 9 detail1 has l$ 7#a7 ! majority ( critics to recognize ! ,syriac v]sion z ! mo/ g5u9e =m ( ! lett]s ( ,ignatius extant1 & 7#b7 ?is is admitt$ by mo/ ( ^? :o nev]!less d5y ! au!nticity ( any ( ! epi/les47#b7 ,^u ?is ,dr4 ,lightfoot rem>ks3-- ,no /atem5t c\ld be m errone\s z a summ>y ( ! results ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy s9ce ! publication ( ! ,syriac epi/les ?an ?is47#a7 ,x w be admitt$ t ?is is pretty decid$ language = "o :o is prea*+ diffid5ce4 ,:5 we come to details1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits3 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 "o or o!r ( ! two =ms1 may be said to be almo/ ev5ly divid$ on ?is "q ( priority4 ,he seems to consid] t he suffici5tly %[s ?is :5 he m5tions five or six critics on ei!r side2 b ev5 xxvi on ?is modifi$ int]pretation ( my /atem5t its correctness may be lit]ally ma9ta9$4 ,to ! five names quot$ z recogniz+ ! priority ( ! ,syriac ,epi/les may be add$ ^? ( ,milman1 ,boehr+]1 ,de ,press5se1 & ,dr4 ,tregelles1 :i* imm$iately occur to me4 ,b ,i mu/ ask ^u :at gr\nd he limits my rem>k to ^? :o absolutely admit ! g5u95ess8 ,i c]ta9ly d n s limit x1 b affirm t a majority pref] ! ?ree ,curetonian ,epi/les1 & t ?is majority is made up p>tly ( ^? :o1 d5y+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! lett]s1 /ill consid] ! ,syriac ! pure/ & lea/ adult]at$ =m ( ! ,epi/les4 ,?is w be evid5t to any "o :o reads ! context4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] 7#b7 "p ( ! s5t5ce1 ,i w at once say t mo/ is a slip ( ! p5 = _m1 :i* ,i correct 9 ?is edition4 ,_m ( ^? :o d5y or d n admit ! au!nticity pref] ! ,curetonian v]sion4 ,! ,tub+5 s*ool are n unanim\s on ! po9t1 & !re are critics :o d n belong to x4 ,bleek1 = in/ance1 :o does n commit himself to belief1 consid]s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian im hoe*/5 ,grade wahrs*e9li*411 ,volkm>1 ,lipsius1 & ,rumpf pref] !m4 ,dr4 ,light-foot says3-- ,! case ( ,lipsius is especially in/ructive1 z illu/rat+ ?is po9t4 ,hav+ at "o "t ma9ta9$ ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 he has lately1 if ,i rightly und]/& him1 retract$ 8 =m] op9ion on bo? que/ions alike47#b7 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 has n rightly und]/ood him4 ,lipsius has only )drawn 8 op9ion t ! ,syriac lett]s are au!ntic1 b :il/ n[ ass]t+ t 9 all _! =ms ! ,ignatian ,epi/les are spuri\s1 he /ill xxvii ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian v]sion4 ,he fir/ ann\nc$ ?is *ange ( view emphatically 9 #ahgc1 :5 he add$3 ,an dem relativ gross]n ,alt] d] syris*5 ,textge/alt geg5ub] d] ku]z]5 grie*is*5 halte i* ubrig5s na* wie vor fe/7#a7 ,9 ! v pap] to :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot ref]s ,lipsius also aga9 says q di/9ctly3 ,i* b9 no* jetzt ueb]zeugt1 dass d] ,syr] 9 zahlrei*5 ,fall5 d5 relativ urspru5gli*/5 ,text bewahrt hat 7vgl4 me9e ,na*weise 9 ,ni$n]'s ,zeits*r4 ,s4 #ae;fl747#b7 ,) reg>d to ! :ole ( ?is 7#b7 po9t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! only matt] 9 "q is simply a %ade ( op9ion among/ critics :o d5y ! au!nticity ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 all =ms4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 goes on to ?r[ "s light on ?is po9t by analys+ my g5]al /atem5t ( ! c\rse ( op9ion on ?is subject giv5 9 an e>li] passage47#c7 ,! light :i* he ?r[s seems to pass ?r\gh s peculi> a m$ium1 t ,i %\ld be mu* r tempt$ to call x d>kness4 ,i beg ! read] to fav\r me ) 8 att5tion to ?is matt]1 = "h comm5ces a s]i\s attack ^u ! accuracy ( my notes & /atem5ts1 :i* is s+ul>ly full ( error & misrepres5tation4 ,! g5]al /atem5t ref]r$ to & quot$ is z foll[s3-- ,^? ?ree ,syriac epi/les hive be5 subject$ to ! sev]e/ scrut9y1 & _m ( ! able/ critics h pron\nc$ !m to be ! only au!ntic ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :il/ o!rs1 :o d n admit t ev5 ^! are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess47#a7 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! /ronge/ d\bts 7 express$ reg>d+ ! au!nticity xxviii ( any ( ! epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators fir/ attack$ !m1 & ,calv9 decl>$ 7p4 #bfj7 !m to be spuri\s17#a7 an op9ion fully %>$ by ,*emnitz1 ,dallseus1 & o!rs1 & simil> d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 7 express$ ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury17#b7 & onw>d to comp>atively rec5t times17#c7 al?\gh ! means ( =m+ a judgm5t 7 n !n s complete z n[4 ,t ! epi/les 7 int]polat$ !re 0 no d\bt4 ,full] exam9ation & m compreh5sive k ( ! subject h confirm$ e>li] d\bts1 & a l>ge mass ( critics recognize t ! au!nticity ( none ( ^! epi/les c be e/abli%$1 & t !y c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions47#d77a7 ,9 ! fir/ note 7#a7 on p4 #bei ,i ref]r$ to ,buns51 ,bleek1 ,boehr+]1 ,cureton1 ,ewald1 ,lipsius1 ,milman1 ,rits*l1 & ,weiss1 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot proce$s to analyze my /atem5ts z foll[s3 & ,i at once put 8 explanation & my text 9 p>allel columns1 italicis+ p>ts ( bo? to call m imm$iate att5tion to ! po9t3-- ,! ,text4 ,_m ( ! able/ critics h pron\nc$ !m to be ! only au!ntic ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :il/ o!rs :o d n admit t ev5 ^! are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek ,epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess47#a7 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's ,/atem5t4 ,^! ref]5ces1 x w be obs]v$1 are giv5 to illu/rate m imm$iately1 ?\gh p]haps n solely1 ! /atem5t t writ]s ':o d n admit t ev5 ^! 7! ,curetonian ,epi/les7 are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek ,epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess4'7#b7 ,x mu/ be evid5t to any "o :o reads ! context7#c7 t 9 ?is s5t5ce ,i am /at+ op9ions express$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les1 & t ! note1 :i* is naturally put at ! end ( t s5t5ce1 mu/ be int5d$ to repres5t ?is fav\rable op9ion1 :e!r ( ^? :o absolutely ma9ta9 ! au!nticity or xxix m]ely ! relative priority4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot quietly suppresses1 9 8 comm5ts1 ! ma9 /atem5t ( ! text :i* ! note illu/rates1 & !n ?r[s light ^u ! po9t by ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- ,dr4 ,lightfoot's ,/atem5t3 ,! read]1 !re=e1 w h>dly be prep>$ to he> t n "o ( ^! n9e writ]s condemns ! ,ignatian lett]s z spuri\s4 ,bleek alone leaves ! matt] 9 "s unc]ta9ty :ile incl9+ to ,buns5's view2 ! o!r eight di/9ctly ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian lett]s4' ,! ,tru?3 ,cureton1 ,buns51 ,boehr+]1 ,ewald1 ,milman1 ,rits*l1 & ,weiss ma9ta9 bo? ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,syriac ,epi/les4 ,bleek w n commit himself to a di/9ct recognition ( ! lett]s 9 any =m4 ,( ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 he says3 ,ab] au* die ,e*!it dies] ,rec5sion i/ ke9eswegs si*]4 ,he consid]s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,lipsius rejects all ! ,epi/les1 z ,i h already said1 b ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,syriac4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's /atem5t1 !re=e1 is a total misrepres5tation ( ! facts1 & ( t mis*iev\s k9d :i* does mo/ subtle injury4 ,n "o read] 9 tw5ty w\ld take ! tr\ble to inve/igate1 b w\ld receive f su* positive ass]tions an impression t my note 0 totally wrong1 :5 9 fact x is lit]ally correct4 ,cont9u+ 8 analysis1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot fights almo/ e in* ( ! gr\nd 9 ! v same /yle4 ,he _c contradict my /atem5t t s e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury ! /ronge/ d\bts 7 express$ reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ #a ,contempor>y ,beview1 ,febru>y1 #ahge1 p4 #cdb4 ,9 a note ,dr4 ,lightfoot /ates t my ref]5ces to ,lipsius are to 8 e>li] works1 :]e he /ill ma9ta9s ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les4 ,c]ta9ly !y are s1 b 9 ! "r place1 two pages f>!r on1 ,i ref] to ! writ+s 9 :i* he rejects ! au!nticity1 :il/ /ill ma9ta9+ 8 previ\s view ( ! priority ( ^! lett]s xxx to ,ignatius1 & t ! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators attack$ !m1 & ,calv9 decl>$ !m to be spuri\s17#a7 b ,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,! criticisms ( ,calv9 m especially ref] to ^? passages :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion alone47#b7 ,( c\rse only ! ,long ,rec5sion 0 at t "t kn[n4 ,rivet replies to ,campianus t ,calv9's objections 7 n aga9/ ,ignatius b ! ,jesuits :o _h corrupt$ him47#c7 ,?is is ! usual retort !ological1 b z ,i h quot$ ! words ( ,calv9 ! read] may judge = himself4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot !n says3 ,! clause :i* foll[s conta9s a direct mis/atem5t4 ,*emnitz did n folly %>e ! op9ion t !y 7 spuri\s2 on ! contr>y1 he quotes !m sev]al times z au?oritative2 b he says t !y 'seem to h be5 alt]$ 9 _m places to /r5g!n ! position ( ! ,papal p[]1 d4' 7#d7 ,pe>son's /atem5t "h quot$ mu/ be receiv$ ) res]ve1 = ,*emnitz r speaks s>ca/ically ( ^? :o quote ^! ,epi/les z evid5ce4 ,9 treat+ !m z anci5t docum5ts or speak+ ( p>ts ( !m ) respect1 ,*emnitz does no?+ m ?an ! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators1 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f directly ascrib+ !m to ,ignatius himself4 ,! ,epi/les 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion 7 be=e ,*emnitz bo? 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek =ms4 ,he says ( !m3 4444 et multas hab5t non contemn5das s5t5tias1 pres]tim sicut ,graece leguntur4 ,admixta v]o sunt et alia non pauca1 quae pr(ecto non ref]unt gravitatem ,apo/olicam4 #a ,calv9's expressions are3 ,nihil moniis illis1 quro sub ,ignatii nom9e editae sunt1 putidius4 ,quo m9us tol]abilis e/ eorum impud5tia1 qui talibus l>vis ad fall5dum se in/ruunt4 ,in/4 ,*r4 ,bel4 i4 #ac1 p#ci4 xxxi ,adult]atas enim jam esse illas epi/olas1 vel inde colligitur4 ,he !n %[s t quotations 9 anci5t writ]s purport+ to be tak5 f ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius are n f\nd 9 ^! extant epi/les at all1 & says3 ,de ,epi/olis igitur illis ,ignatii1 quae nunc ejus titulo f]untur1 m]ito dubitamus3 trans=matse enim vid5tur 9 multis locis1 ad /abili5dum /atum regni ,pontificii47l7 ,ev5 :5 he speaks 9 fav\r ( !m he damns !m ) fa9t praise4 ,! :ole ( ! discussion turns ^u ! ^w fully1 & is an in/ance ( ! m9ute criticism ( my critic1 :o evid5tly is n directly acqua9t$ ) ,*emnitz4 ,a %ade m or less ( d\bt or c]ta9ty 9 convey+ ! impression receiv$ f ! words ( a writ] is sc>cely wor? mu* indignation4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes a v detail$ attack ^u my next two notes1 & "h aga9 ,i mu/ closely foll[ him4 ,my note 7#b7 p4 #bfj reads z foll[s3-- #b ,by ,bo*>tus1 ,aub]t91 ,blondel1 ,basnage1 ,casaubon1 ,cocus1 ,humfrey1 ,rivetus1 ,salmasius1 ,soc9us 7,fau/us71 ,p>k]1 ,petau1 c2 c42 cf4 ,jacobson1 ,patr4 ,apo/41 i4 p4 jolt42 ,cureton ,v9diciae ,ignatianae1 #ahdf1 app5dix4 ,^u ?is ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes ! foll[+ prelim9>y rem>ks3 ,b ! mo/ important po9t ( all is ! purpose = :i* !y are quot$4 ',simil> d\bts' c\ld only1 ,i ?9k1 be int]pret$ f ! context z d\bts 'reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4'7#b7 ,z ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce j quot$1 recognizes :at is ! mo/ important po9t ( all1 x is a pity t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! subsequ5t analysis ( ! ref]5ces 9 "q1 he p]si/5tly ignores my xxxii v c>eful def9ition ( ! purpose = :i* !y are quot$4 ,x is difficult1 )\t ent]+ into m9ute classifications1 accurately to repres5t 9 a few words ! op9ions ( a great numb] ( writ]s1 & briefly convey a fair idea ( ! c\rse ( critical judgm5t4 ,desir\s1 !re=e1 ( embrac+ a l>ge class1--= bo? ?is note & ! next1 ) m]e diff]5ce ( epo*1 illu/rate ! same /atem5t 9 ! text1--& n to ov]/ate ! case on my own side1 ,i us$ :at seem$ to me a v mod]ate phrase1 decreas+ ! =ce ( ! op9ion ( ^? :o positively reject$ ! ,epi/les1 & n unfairly repres5t+ ! hesitation ( ^? :o did n fully accept !m4 ,i said1 !n1 9 gu>d$ t]ms1--& ,i italicise ! "p :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot *ooses to suppress1--t simil> d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 7 express$ by ! writ]s ref]r$ to4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits t ,bo*>t directly condemns "o ,epi/le1 & w\ld probably h condemn$ ! re/ also2 t ,aub]t91 ,blondel1 ,basnage1 ,r4 ,p>k]1 & ,saumaise actually reject$ all2 & t ,cook pron\nces !m ei!r supposititi\s or %amefully corrupt$4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 !re c be no dispute4 ,i w n[ take ! re/ 9 succession4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says t ,humfrey consid]s t !y h be5 int]polat$ & mutilat$1 b he believes !m g5u9e 9 ! ma94 ,dr4 ,google has s completely w>p$ ! /atem5t 9 ! text1 t he seems to dem& no?+ %ort ( a total condemnation ( ! ,epi/les 9 ! note1 b _h ,i int5d$ to say t ,humfrey & all ( ^! writ]s def9itely reject$ ! :ole ( ! ,epi/les ,i %\ld n h limit$ myself to m]ely say+ t !y express$ d\bts m or less def9ite1 :i* ,humfrey does4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says t ,soc9us d5\nces corruptions & xxxiii ana*ronisms1 b s f> z ,i c see does n "q a nucleus ( g5u9e matt]4 ,8 v d5unciations1 h[ev]1 are c]ta9ly ! expression ( d\bts1 m or less def9ite4 ,casaubon1 s f> f reject+ !m altoge!r1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says1 promises to def5d ! antiquity ( "s ( ! ,epi/les ) new argum5ts4 ,b ,i h nev] affirm$ t he reject$ !m altoge!r4 ,casaubon di$ be=e he fulfill$ ! promise ref]r$ to1 s t we _c det]m9e :at argum5ts he might h us$4 ,i mu/ po9t out1 h[ev]1 t ! antiquity does n necess>ily involve ! au!nticity ( a docum5t4 ,) reg>d to ,rivet ! case is diff]5t ,i _h ov]look$ ! fact t 9 a subsequ5t edition ( ! "w ref]r$ to1 aft] receiv+ ,ar*bi%op ,u%]s edition ( ! ,%ort ,rec5sion1 he _h giv5 8 adhesion to t =m ( ! ,epi/les47#a7 ,?is fact is also m5tion$ by ,pe>son1 & ,i ought to h obs]v$ x47#b7 ,petau1 ! la/ ( ! writ]s ref]r$ to1 says3 ,equidem haud abnu]im epi/olas illius v>ie int]polatas et quibusdam additis mutatas1 ac depravatas fuisse3 turn aliquas esse supposititias3 v]um nullas omn9o ab ,ignatio ,epi/olas esse scriptas1 id v]o nimium tem]e affirm>i s5tio4 ,he !n goes on to m5tion ! rec5t publication ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les & ! v]sion ( ,u%]1 & ! le>n$ ,jesuit ,fa!r has no m decid$ op9ion to express ?an3 ut haec prud5s1 ac ju/a suspicio sit1 illas esse g5u9as ,ignatii epi/olas1 quas antiquorum cons5sus illu/ribus te/imoniis comm5datas ac approbatas reliquit7#c7 ,! next note 7#c71 p4 #bfj1 0 only sep>at$ f ! xxxiv prec$+ = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot quotes & comm5ts ^u x z foll[s3 ,! next note1 p4 #bfj1 is z foll[s3--7,see scann$ page4 ,ed47 ,! brackets are n ! au?or's1 b my own4 ,?is is d\btless "o ( ^? exhibitions ( le>n+ :i* h made su* a deep impression on ! review]s4 ,c]ta9ly1 z x /&s1 ?is note sugge/s a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) all ! by-pa?s ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature1 & seems to repres5t ! glean+s ( _m ye>s' read+4 ,x is important to obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t e "o ( ^! ref]5ces1 except ^? :i* ,i h includ$ 9 brackets1 is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ,cureton's ,v9dicia ,ignatianae1 :]e ! passages are quot$ 9 full4 ,?us two-?irds ( ?is elaborate note might h be5 compil$ 9 t5 m9utes4 ,our au?or has "h & !re transpos$ ! ord] ( ! quotations1 & confus$ x by s do+1 = x is *ronological 9 ,cureton4 ,b :at purpose 0 s]v$ by ?us import+ into 8 notes a mass ( borr[$ & unsort$ ref]5ces8 ,&1 if he ?\ght fit to d s1 :y 0 ! key-ref]5ce to ,cureton buri$ among ! re/1 s t x /&s 9 imm$iate connection ) "s additional ref]5ces on :i* x has no be>+87#a7 ,i d n see any special virtue 9 ! am\nt ( "t :i* might suffice1 "u "s circum/ances1 to compile a note1 al?\gh x is "h advanc$ z an important xxxv po9t to obs]ve1 b ,i call att5tion to ! unfair _s 9 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot's criticisms are made4 ,i ask e j-m9d$ read] to consid] :at "r any critic has to ins9uate1 if n directly to say1 t1 because "s ( ! ref]5ces 9 a note are also giv5 by ,cureton1 ,i simply took !m f him1 & ?us import$ into my notes a mass ( borr[$ & unsort$ ref]5ces1 & fur!r to ins9uate t ,i "h & !re transpos$ ! ord] app>5tly to conceal ! s\rce8 ,?is is a k9d ( criticism :i* ,i v gladly rel9qui% entirely to my high-m9d$ & rev]5d oppon5t4 ,n[1 z full quotations are giv5 9 ,cureton's app5dix1 ,i %\ld h be5 p]fectly entitl$ to take ref]5ces f x1 _h ,i pleas$1 & = ! conv5i5ce ( _m read]s ,i di/9ctly indicate ,cureton's "w1 9 ! note1 z a s\rce to be comp>$4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ,i did n take ! ref]5ces f ,cureton1 b 9 e case d]iv$ !m f ! works !mselves1 & if ! note seems to repres5t ! glean+s ( _m ye>s' read+1 x c]ta9ly does n misrepres5t ! fact1 = ,i took ! tr\ble to make myself acqua9t$ ) ! by-pa?s ( ,ignatian lit]ature4 ,n[ 9 analys+ ! ref]5ces 9 ?is note x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y illu/rate ! /atem5t t d\bts1 m or less def9ite cont9u$ to be express$ reg>d+ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot = draw+ my att5tion to ,wotton4 ,8 "n is ! fir/ 9 ! note1 & x un=tunately 0 ! la/ 9 a li/ on ano!r po9t 9 my note-book1 imm$iately prec$+ ?is "o1 & 0 by mi/ake includ$ 9 x4 ,i also frankly give up ,weismann1 ^: d\bts ,i f9d ,i _h exagg]at$1 & proce$ to exam9e ,dr4 ,lightfoot's fur!r /atem5ts4 ,he says t ,?i]s* xxxvi uses ! ,curetonian z g5u9e1 & t 8 only d\bt is :e!r he ought n to accept ! ,vossian4 ,?i]s*1 h[ev]1 admits t he _c quote ei!r ! sev5 or ! ?ree ,epi/les z g5u9e4 ,he says di/9ctly3 ,^! ?ree ,syriac ,epi/les lie "u ! suspicion t !y are n an old] text1 b m]ely an epitome ( ! sev51 = ! o!r notes f\nd 9 ! same ,,ms4 seem to be exc]pts4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! d\bts reg>d+ ! g5u95ess ( ! sev5 ,epi/les1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are kn[n s9ce ,u%]'s "t1 are n yet entirely remov$4 ,= no ,,ms4 has yet be5 f\nd :i* conta9s only ! sev5 ,epi/les atte/$ by ,eusebius1 a ,,ms4 su* z lay be=e ,eusebius47#a7 ,?i]s*1 !re=e1 does express d\bts1 m or less def9ite4 ,dr4 ,light-foot !n cont9ues3 ,( ! re/ a consid]able numb]1 z1 = in/ance1 ,l>dn]1 ,beausobre1 ,s*roeckh1 ,griesba*1 ,ke/n]1 ,ne&]1 & ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 ) diff]5t degrees ( c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty1 pron\nce !mselves 9 fav\r ( a g5u9e nucleus47#b7 ,! words :i* ,i h italicis$ are a m]e p>aphrase ( my words descriptive ( ! d\bts ent]ta9$4 ,i mu/ po9t out t a lean+ t[>ds belief 9 a g5u9e nucleus on ! "p ( "s ( ^! writ]s1 by no means excludes ! expression ( d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 :i* is all ,i quote !m =4 ,i w take ea* "n 9 ord]4 ,l>dn] says3 ,b :e!r ! small] 7,vossian ,epi/les7 !mselves are ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 is a "q t has be5 mu* disput$1 & has employ$ ! p5s ( ! able/ critics4 ,& :atev] positiv5ess "s may h xxxvii %[n on ei!r side1 ,i mu/ own ,i h f\nd x a v difficult "q4 ,! op9ion :i* he expresses f9ally is m]ely3 x appe>s to me probable1 t !y are = ! ma9 ! g5u9e epi/les ( ,ignatius4 ,beausobre says3 ,je ne veux1 ni def5dre1 ni combattre l'au!nticite' des ,lettres de ,/4 ,ignace4 ,si elles ne sont pas v]itables1 elles ne laiss5t pas d'etre =t anci5nes2 et l'op9ion1 qui me p>oit la plus raisonnable1 e/ que les plus pures ont ete int]-poises4 ,s*roeckh says t along ) ! fav\rable consid]ations = ! %ort] 7,vossian7 ,epi/les _m d\bts arise :i* make !m suspici\s4 ,he proce$s to po9t out _m grave difficulties1 & ana*ronisms :i* ca/ d\bt bo? on individual epi/les & ^u ! :ole1 & he rem>ks t a v common way ( evad+ ^! & o!r difficulties is to affirm t all ! passages :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ! mode ( ?\ght ( ,ignatius are int]polations ( a lat] "t4 ,he concludes ) ! p]t95t obs]vation3 ,h[ev] probable ?is is1 x nev]!less rema9s z difficult to prove :i* are ! int]polat$ passages4 ,9 fact x w\ld be difficult to po9t out any writ] :o m ?or\ghly d\bts1 )\t def9itely reject+1 all ! ,epi/les4 ,grtesba* & ,ke/n] bo? express d\bts m or less def9ite1 b to make suffici5t extracts to illu/rate ?is w\ld occupy too mu* space4 ,ne&]4--,dr4 ,lightfoot has be5 misl$ by ! %ort extract f ! ,engli% translation ( ! fir/ xxxviii edition ( ,ne&]'s ,hi/ory giv5 by ,cureton 9 8 ,app5dix1 has n att5d$ to ! brief ,g]man quotation f ! second edition1 & has n exam9$ ! orig9al at all1 or he w\ld h se5 t1 s f> f pron\nc+ 9 fav\r ( a g5u9e nucleus1 ,ne&] might well h be5 class$ by me among/ ^? :o di/9ctly reject ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 in/ead ( be+ mod]ately quot$ among/ ^? :o m]ely express d\bt4 ,ne&] says3 ,z ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius is v suspici\s1 s also ! ,epi/les :i* suppose ! correctness ( ?is suspici\s leg5d1 d n be> ?r\gh\t ! impress ( a di/9ct individuality1 & ( a man ( t "t :o is address+ 8 la/ words to ! communities4 ,a hi]>*ical purpose is n to be mi/ak54 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ! "w he /ill m emphatically says t1 9 ! s-call$ ,ignatian ,epi/les1 he recognizes a decid$ design 7absi*tli*keit7 & !n he cont9ues3 z ! tradition reg>d+ ! j\rney ( ,ignatius to ,rome1 !re to be ca/ to ! wild bea/s1 seems to me = ! above-m5tion$ reasons v suspici\s1 8 ,epi/les1 :i* pre-suppose ! tru? ( ?is tradition1 c no long] inspire me ) fai? 9 _! au!nticity4 ,he goes on to /ate additional gr\nds = disbelief4 ,baumg>t5-,crusius /at$ 9 "o place1 9 reg>d to ! sev5 ,epi/les1 t x is no long] possible to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! extant may h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al ,epi/les1 & 9 a note he excepts only ! passages quot$ by ! ,fa!rs4 xxxix ,he seems to agree ) ,seml] & o!rs t ! two ,rec5sions are probably ! result ( manipulations ( ! orig9al1 ! %ort] =m be+ m 9 ecclesia/ical1 ! long] 9 dogmatic int]e/4 ,"s ye>s lat] he rem>k$ t inquiries into ! ,epi/les1 al?\gh n yet conclud$1 _h r t5d$ t[>ds ! e>li] view t ! ,%ort] ,rec5sion 0 m orig9al ?an ! ,long1 b t ev5 ! %ort] may h suff]$1 if n f manipulations 7,ueb]>beitung57 f int]polations4 ,?is v cauti\s /atem5t1 x w be obs]v$1 is :olly relative1 & does n 9 ! lea/ modify ! previ\s conclusion t ! orig9al mat]ial ( ! lett]s _c be asc]ta9$4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's objections reg>d+ ^! sev5 writ]s are ?or\ghly unf\nd$1 & 9 mo/ cases gl>+ly errone\s4 #a ,dr4 ,lightfoot d\bts1 & a l>ge mass ( critics recognize t ! au!nticity ( none ( ^! ,epi/les c be e/abli%$ & t !y c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions4 ,he proce$s to ! next note 7#d7 ) ! same unhesitat+ vig\r1 & *>act]izes x z equally un=tunate4 ,:]ev] x has be5 possible1 ,dr4 ,light-foot has succe$$ 9 misrepres5t+ ! purpose ( my notes1 al?\gh he has recogniz$ h[ important x is to asc]ta9 ?is correctly1 & 9 ?is in/ance he has done s aga94 ,i w put my text & 8 explanation1 ^u ! basis ( :i* he analyses ! note1 9 juxtaposition1 italicis+ "p ( my own /atem5t :i* he altoge!r disreg>ds3-- ,fur!r exam9ation & m ,ref]5ces to tw5ty au?orities compreh5sive k ( ! are !n giv51 z belong+ to ! subject h confirm$ e>li] a l>ge mass ( critics :o recognize xl t ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 'c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions4'7#a7 ,!re are "h1 9 ord] to embrace a numb] ( ref]5ces1 two approximate /ates ( op9ion repres5t$3 ! fir/1 :i* leaves ! ,epi/les 9 p]man5t d\bt1 z suffici5t evid5ce is n =?com+ to e/abli% _! au!nticity2 & ! second1 :i* positively pron\nces !m to be spuri\s4 ,out ( ! tw5ty au?orities ref]r$ to1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot objects to six z contradictory or n confirm+ :at he /ates to be ! purpose ( ! note4 ,he seems to consid] t a res]vation = ! possibility ( a g5u9e sub/ratum :i* _c be def9$ invalidates my ref]5ce4 ,i ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t x does n4 ,x is q possible to consid] t ! au!nticity ( ! extant1 lett]s _c be e/abli%$ )\t d5y+ t !re may h be5 "s orig9al nucleus ^u :i* ^! actual docum5ts may h be5 bas$4 ,i w analyse ! six ref]5ces4 ,bleek4--,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,( ^! ,bleek 7already cit$ 9 a previ\s note7 expresses no def9ite op9ion4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot omits to m5tion t ,i d n ref] to ,bleek directly1 b by ,cf4 m]ely reque/ consid]ation ( 8 op9ions4 ,i h already p>tly /at$ ,bleek's view4 ,aft] po9t+ out "s difficulties1 he says g5]ally3 ,x comes to ?is1 t ! orig9 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les !mselves is /ill v d\btful4 ,he refuses xli to make use ( a passage because x is only f\nd 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion1 & ano!r :i* occurs 9 ! ,%ort] ,rec5sion he does n consid] evid5ce1 because1 fir/1 he says1 ,! au!nticity ( ?is ,rec5sion also is by no means c]ta91 &1 next1 ! ,cureton ,epi/les discr$it ! o!rs4 ,:e!r ?is ,rec5sion 7! ,curetonian7 is m orig9al ?an ! %ort] ,greek is c]ta9ly n altoge!r c]ta91 b4444 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,9 ano!r place he refuses to make use ( rem9isc5ces 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 because x is /ill v d\btful h[ ! case /&s z reg>ds ! au!nticity & integrity ( ^! ,ignatian ,epi/les !mselves1 9 ! diff]5t ,rec5sions 9 :i* we possess !m47#a7 ,9 fact he did n consid] t _! au!nticity c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 include him "h at all4 ,gfro]]4--,dr4 ,lightfoot1 aga91 omits to /ate t ,i d n cite ?is writ] l ! o!rs1 b by a ,cf4 m]ely sugge/ a ref]5ce to 8 rem>ks4 ,h>less1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 av[s t he mu/ 'decid$ly reject ) ! mo/ consid]able critics ( old] & m rec5t times' ! op9ion ma9ta9$ by c]ta9 p]sons t ! ,epi/les are 'altoge!r spuri\s1' & proce$s to treat a passage z g5u9e because x /&s 9 ! ,vossian lett]s z well z 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,h>less quotes a passage 9 connection ) ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians ) ! di/9ct rem>k3 ,9 ?is case ! disadvantage ( ! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! ,rec5sions is 9 xlii "p remov$ ?r\gh ! circum/ance t bo? ,rec5sions h ! passage4 ,he recognizes t ! complet5ess ( ! pro( t ecclesia/ical tradition goes back beyond ! "t ( ,m>cion is some:at want+ f ! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! text ( ,ignatius4 ,he did n 9 fact v5ture to consid] ! ,ignatian ,epi/les evid5ce ev5 = ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,s*liemann1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot /ates1 says t '! ext]nal te/imonies oblige him to recognize a g5u9e sub/ratum1' ?\gh he is n satisfi$ ) ei!r exi/+ rec5sion4 ,n[ :at ,s*liemann says is ?is3 ,c]ta9ly nei!r ! ,%ort] & /ill less ! ,long] ,rec5sion 9 :i* we possess ^! ,epi/les c lay claim to au!nticity4 ,only if we mu/1 nev]!less1 )\t d\bt suppose a g5u9e sub/ratum1 c4 ,9 a note he adds3 ,! ext]nal te/imonies oblige me to recognize a g5u9e sub/ratum--,poly-c>p already speaks ( ! same 9 ,*4 xiii4 ( 8 ,epi/le4 ,b t 9 _! pres5t =m !y d n proce$ f ,ignatius ! cont5ts suffici5tly %[4 ,hase1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 commits himself to no op9ion4 ,if he does n delib]ately & directly d s1 he indicates :at t op9ion is ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,! ,long ,rec5sion1 he says1 be>s ! m>ks ( lat] manipulation1 & excites suspicion ( an inv5tion 9 fav\r ( ,episcopacy1 & ! %ort] text is n fully atte/$ ei!r4 ,! ,curetonian ,epi/les ) ! %orte/ & lea/ hi]>*ical text give ! impression ( be+ an epitome4 ,b xliii ev5 if no au!ntic k]nel lay at ! basis ( ^! ,epi/les1 yet !y w\ld be a significant docum5t at late/ out ( ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,^! la/ words are a cle> admission ( 8 op9ion t ! au!nticity _c be e/abli%$4 ,le*l] c&idly confesses t he comm5c$ ) a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les 9 ! ,%ort] ,rec5sion1 b on read+ !m ?r\gh1 he says t an impression unfav\rable to _! au!nticity 0 produc$ ^u him :i* he _h n be5 able to %ake (f4 ,he proce$s to po9t out _! int]nal improbability1 & o!r difficulties connect$ ) ! suppos$ j\rney1 :i* make x /ill m improbable t ,ignatius himself c really h writt5 ^! ,epi/les 9 ?is situation4 ,le*l] does n consid] t ! ,curetonian ,epi/les /r5g!n ! case2 & al?\gh he admits t he _c congratulate himself on ! possession ( c]ta9ty & *e]fulness ( conviction ( ! inau!nticity ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 he at lea/ v cle>ly ju/ifies ! affirmation t ! au!nticity _c be e/abli%$4 ,n[ :at has be5 ! result ( ?is m9ute & prejudic$ attack ^u my notes8 ,out ( ne>ly sev5ty critics & writ]s 9 connection ) :at is admitt$ to be "o ( ! mo/ intricate que/ions ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 x appe>s t--mu* to my regret--,i h ins]t$ "o "n totally by accid5t1 ov]look$ t ! d\bts ( ano!r _h be5 remov$ by ! subsequ5t publication ( ! ,%ort ,rec5sion & consequ5tly xliv errone\sly class$ him1 & ,i )draw a ?ird ^: d\bts ,i consid] t ,i h ov]rat$4 ,mi/akes to ?is ext5t 9 deal+ ) su* a mass ( ref]5ces1 or a diff]5ce ( a %ade m or less 9 ! repres5tation ( critical op9ions1 n always cle>ly express$1 may1 ,i hope1 be excusable1 & ,i c only say t ,i am only too glad to correct su* errors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a critic :o attacks su* ref]5ces1 9 su* a tone1 & ) su* :olesale accusations ( mis/atem5t & misrepres5tation1 0 b\nd to be accurate1 & ,i h %[n t ,dr4 ,lightfoot is n only inaccurate 9 matt]s ( fact1 b unfair 9 8 /atem5ts ( my purpose4 ,i am happy1 h[ev]1 to be able to make use ( 8 own words & say3 ,i may p]haps h fall5 into "s errors ( detail1 ?\gh ,i h endeav\r$ to avoid !m1 b ! ma9 conclusions are1 ,i believe1 irrefragable47l7 ,!re are fur!r mis/atem5ts made by ,dr4 ,lightfoot to :i* ,i mu/ briefly ref] be=e turn+ to o!r matt]s4 ,he says1 ) unhesitat+ boldness3-- ,"o highly important omission is significant4 ,!re is no m5tion1 f fir/ to la/1 ( ! ,arm5ian v]sion4 ,n[ x happ5s t ?is v]sion 7s f> z reg>ds ! docum5t>y evid5ce7 has be5 felt to be ! key to ! position1 & ar\nd x ! battle has rag$ fi]cely s9ce its publication4 ,"o :o 7l our au?or7 ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 0 especially b\nd to give x "s consid]ation1 = x furni%es ! mo/ =midable argum5t to 8 oppon5ts4 ,?is v]sion 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,pet]mann 9 #ahdi1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,cureton's lat] "w1 ! ,corpus ,ignatianum1 appe>$1 & !re=e 0 unkn[n to him4 ,its be>+ occupies a m or less prom95t place 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 ! writ]s :o h specially discuss$ ! ,ignatian "q dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,?is is true ( ,lipsius & ,weiss & ,hilg5feld & ,uhlhom1 :om he cites1 n less ?an ( ,m]x & ,d5z+] & ,zahn1 :om he neglects to cite4 ,n[ fir/ z reg>ds ! facts4 ,i d n ma9ta9 ! #a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahge1 p4 #ahc4 xlv priority ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les 9 ?is book myself1 inde$ ,i express no p]sonal op9ion :atev] reg>d+ !m :i* is n conta9$ 9 t g5]al decl>ation ( belief1 ! decision ( :i* excites ! wra? ( my diffid5t critic1 t ! ,epi/les 9 no =m h any value z evid5ce = an e>li] p]iod ?an ! end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ev5 if !y h any value at all4 ,i m]ely repres5t ! op9ion ( o!rs reg>d+ ^? ,epi/les4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot v greatly exagg]ates ! importance atta*$ to ! ,arm5ian v]sion1 & ,i call special att5tion to ! passages 9 ! above quotation :i* ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( italicis+4 ,i v5ture to say emphatically t1 s f> f be+ consid]$ ! key ( ! position1 ?is v]sion has1 ) "s exceptions1 play$ a mo/ subord9ate & insignificant "p 9 ! controv]sy1 & z ,dr4 ,lightfoot has expressly m5tion$ c]ta9 writ]s1 ,i w /ate h[ ! case /&s ) reg>d to !m4 ,weiss1 ,lipsius1 ,uhlhorn1 ,m]x1 & ,zahn c]ta9ly m or less prom95tly deal ) !m4 ,d5z+]1 h[ev]1 only ref]s to ,pet]mann's publication1 :i* appe>$ :ile 8 own bro*ure 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 9 a %ort note at ! end1 & 9 aga9 writ+ on ! ,ignatian "q1 two ye>s aft]17#a7 he does n ev5 allude to ! ,arm5ian v]sion4 ,beyond ! b>e/ hi/orical ref]5ce to ,pet]mann's "w1 ,hilg5feld does n discuss ! ,arm5ian v]sion at all ,s mu* = ! writ]s actually m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,z = ! writ]s :o h specially discuss$ ! ,ignatian "q dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury3 ,cureton app>5tly did n ?9k x wor? :ile to add any?+ reg>d+ ! ,arm5ian v]sion ( ,pet]mann xlvi aft] its appe>ance2 ,buns5 refutes ,pet]mann's argum5ts 9 a few pages ( 8 ,hippolytus27#a7 ,baur1 :o wrote aga9/ ,buns5 & ! ,curetonian lett]s1 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot's repres5tation1 %\ld h f\nd ?is ! mo/ =midable argum5t aga9/ !m1 does n any:]e1 subsequ5t to _! publication1 ev5 allude to ! ,arm5ian ,epi/les2 ,ewald1 9 a note ( a c\ple ( l9es17#b7 ref]s to ,pet]mann's ,epi/les z id5tical ) a po/-,eusebian manipulat$ =m ( ! ,epi/les :i* he m5tions 9 a s5t5ce 9 8 text2 ,dressel devotes a few unfav\rable l9es to !m27#c7 ,hefele7#d7 supports !m at some:at great] l5g?2 b ,bleek1 ,volkm>1 ,tis*5dorf1 ,bohr+]1 ,s*olt51 & o!rs h n ?\ght !m wor?y ( special notice1 at any rate none ( ^! nor any o!r writ]s ( any weight h1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 introduc$ !m into ! controv]sy at all4 ,! argum5t itself did n seem to me ( suffici5t importance to introduce into a discussion already too long & complicat$1 & ,i ref] ! read] to ,buns5's reply to x1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i may quote ! foll[+ l9es3 ,b x appe>s to me sc>cely s]i\s to say3 !re are ! ,sev5 ,lett]s 9 ,arm5ian1 & ,i ma9ta91 !y prove t ,coreton's text is an incomplete extract1 because1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h f\nd "s ,syriac idioms 9 ! ,arm5ian text6 ,well1 if t is n a joke1 x simply proves1 accord+ to ord9>y logic1 t ! ,sev5 ,lett]s mu/ h once be5 translat$ into ,syriac4 ,b h[ c x prove t ! ,greek orig9al ( xlvii ?is suppos$ ,syriac v]sion is ! g5u9e text1 & n an int]polat$ & p>tially =g$ "o8 7l7 ,dr4 ,lightfoot blames me = omitt+ to introduce ?is argum5t1 on ! gr\nd t a discussion :i*1 :ile assum+ ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 ignores ?is v]sion altoge!r1 has omitt$ a vital problem ( :i* x 0 b\nd to give an acc\nt ,n[ all ?is is %e] misrepres5tation4 ,i d n assume ! priority ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les1 & ,i exam9e all ! passages conta9$ 9 ! sev5 ,greek ,epi/les :i* h any be>+ ^u our ,gospels4 ,pass+ on to ano!r po9t1 ,i say3 ,sev5 ,epi/les h be5 select$ out ( fifte5 extant1 all equally purport+ to be by ,ignatius1 simply because only t numb] 7 m5tion$ by ,eusebius47#b7 ,ano!r passage is also quot$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 :i* w be f\nd a little fur!r on1 :]e x is tak5 = facility ( ref]5ce4 ,^u ?is he writes z foll[s3 ,?is attempt to conf\nd ! sev5 ,epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius ) ! o!r confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les1 z if !y pres5t$ !mselves to u ) ! same cr$5tials1 ignores all ! important facts be>+ on ! "q4 7#a74 ,!odoret1 a c5tury aft] ,eusebius1 betrays no k ( any o!r ,epi/les1 & !re is no di/9ct trace ( ! use ( ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les till late 9 ! six? c5tury at ! e>lie/4 7#b74 ,! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les diff] widely 9 /yle f ! sev5 ,epi/les1 & betray ! same h& :i* int]polat$ ! sev5 ,epi/les4 ,9 o!r words1 !y cle>ly =m$ "p ( ! ,long ,rec5sion 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 7#c74 ,!y ab\nd 9 ana*ronisms :i* po9t to an age lat] ?an ,eusebius1 z ! date ( _! composition47#c7 ,al?\gh ,i d n really say 9 ! above t no o!r pleas are advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! sev5 ,epi/les1 xlviii ,i cont5d t1 r$uc$ to its simple/ =m1 ! argum5t = t special numb] re/s ma9ly1 if n altoge!r1 ^u _! m5tion by ,eusebius4 ,! v fir/ reason 7#a7 advanc$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot to refute me is a practical admission ( ! correctness ( my /atem5t1 = ! eight ,epi/les are put out ( c\rt because ev5 ,!odoret1 a c5tury aft] ,eusebius1 does n betray any k ( !m1 b ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 ! e>li] witness1 is inf9itely m important1 & x m]ely receives "s increase ( significance f ! sil5ce ( ,!odoret4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,eusebius _h ref]r$ to any ( !m1 h[ *ang$ _! position w\ld h be56 ,! ,epi/les ref]r$ to w\ld h atta9$ ! exceptional di/9ction :i* 8 m5tion has conf]r$ ^u ! re/ ,! fact is1 moreov]1 t1 ?r\gh\t ! controv]sy1 ! two divisions ( ,epi/les are commonly designat$ ! prae- & po/-,eusebian1 mak+ him ! turn+-po9t ( ! controv]sy4 ,inde$1 fur!r on1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself admits3 ,! te/imony ( ,eusebius fir/ diff]5tiates !m47#a7 ,! argum5t 7#b & #c7 t ! eight reject$ ,epi/les betray ana*ronisms & int]polations1 is no refutation ( my /atem5t1 = ! same accusation is br\ght by ! majority ( critics aga9/ ! ,vossian ,epi/les4 ,! f\r? & la/ argum5t seems m directly address$ to a second p>agraph quot$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 to :i* ,i ref] above1 & :i* ,i h res]v$ till n[ z x requires m detail$ notice4 ,x is ?is3 ,x is a total mi/ake to suppose t ! sev5 ,epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius h be5 transmitt$ to u 9 any special way4 ,^! ,epi/les are mix$ up 9 ! ,m$icean & correspond+ anci5t ,lat9 ,,mss4 ) ! o!r eight ,epi/les1 univ]sally pron\nc$ to be spuri\s1 )\t di/9ction ( any k9d1 & all h equal hon\r47#b7 xlix ,i w at once give ,dr4 ,lightfoot's comm5t on ?is1 9 contra/ ) ! /atem5t ( a writ] equally di/+ui%$ = le>n+ & or?odoxy--,dr4 ,tregelles3 ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 7#d74 ,x is n /rictly true t ! sev5 ,epi/les are mix$ up ) ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss41 z also 9 ! ,arm5ian v]sion1 ! spuri\s ,epi/les come aft] ! o!rs2 & ?is circum/ance1 comb9$ ) ! facts already m5tion$1 pla9ly %[s t !y 7 a lat] addition1 borr[$ f ! ,long ,rec5sion to complete ! body ( ,ignatian lett]s47#a7 ,dr4 ,tregelles4 ,x is a mi/ake to speak ( sev5 ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 ,greek hav+ be5 transmitt$ to u1 = no su* sev5 exi/1 except ?r\gh _! hav+ be5 select$ by editors f ! ,m$icean ,,ms4 :i* conta9s s mu* t is confess$ly spuri\s2--a fact :i* "s :o imag9e a diplomatic transmission ( sev5 h ov]look$47#b7 ,i w fur!r quote ! words ( ,cureton1 = z ,dr4 ,lightfoot advances no?+ b ass]tions1 x is well to meet him ) ! te/imony ( o!rs r ?an ! m]e reit]ation ( my own /atem5t ,cureton says3 ,aga91 !re is ano!r circum/ance :i* w naturally lead u to look ) "s suspicion ^u ! rec5sion ( ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,ignatius1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,m$icean ,,ms41 & 9 ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion correspond+ ) x1 :i* is1 t ! ,epi/les presum$ to be ! g5u9e production ( t holy ,m>tyr are mix$ up ) o!rs1 :i* are almo/ univ]sally all[$ to be spuri\s4 ,bo? 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss4 all ^! are plac$ ^u ! same foot+1 & no di/9ction is drawn betwe5 !m2 & ! only gr\nd :i* has hi!rto be5 a ,note to ,home's ,int4 to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 #ab? ed41 #ahfi1 iv4 p4 #ccb1 note #a4 ,! italics are 9 ! orig9al4 #a ,contempor>y ,beview1 ,febru>y1 #ahge1 p4 #cdg4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes ! foll[+ important admission 9 a note3 ,! ,roman ,epi/le inde$ has be5 sep>at$ f its companions1 & is emb$d$ 9 ! ,m>tyrology :i* /&s at ! end ( ?is collection 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion1 :]e d\btless x /ood also 9 ! ,greek1 be=e ! ,,ms4 ( ?is latt] 0 mutilat$4 ,o!rwise ! ,vossian ,epi/les come toge!r1 & are foll[$ by ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian all ! ,vossian ,epi/les are toge!r1 & ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les foll[4 ,see ,zahn1 ,ignatius von ,antio*i51 p4 #aaa4 l assum$ = _! sep>ation has be5 ! specification ( "s ( !m by ,eusebius & 8 omission ( any m5tion ( ! o!rs4' ,! ext]nal evid5ce f ! te/imony ( manuscripts 9 fav\r ( ! reject$ ,greek ,epi/les1 ) ! exception ( t to ! ,philip-pians1 is c]ta9ly great] ?an t 9 fav\r ( ^? :i* h be5 receiv$4' ,!y are f\nd 9 all ! manuscripts1 bo? ,greek & ,lat91 9 ! same =m2 :ile ! o!rs exhibit two di/9ct & v diff]5t rec5sions1 if we except ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p1 9 :i* ! v>iations are v few4 ,( ^! two rec5sions ! %ort] has be5 mo/ g5]ally receiv$3 ! circum/ance ( its be+ %ort] seems mu* to h influ5c$ its reception2 & ! text ( ! ,m$icean ,codex & ( ! two copies ( ! correspond+ ,lat9 v]sion belong+ to ,ca9s ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d1 has be5 adopt$4444 ,9 all ^! !re is no di/9ction :atev] drawn betwe5 ! =m] & latt] ,epi/les3 all are plac$ ^u ! same basis2 & !re is no gr\nd :atev] to conclude ei!r t ! arrang] ( ! ,greek rec5sion or ! translator ( ! ,lat9 v]sion e/eem$ "o to be bett] or m g5u9e ?an ano!r4 ,nor c any prejudice result to ! ,epi/les to ! ,t>sians1 to ! ,antio*ians1 & to ,h]o1 f ! circum/ance ( _! be+ plac$ aft] ! o!rs 9 ! collection2 = !y are evid5tly arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 & rank aft] ! re/ z hav+ be5 writt5 f ,philippi1 at :i* place ,ignatius is said to h arriv$ aft] he _h despat*$ ! previ\s ,lett]s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! evid5ce ( all ! exi/+ copies1 ,lat9 z well z ,greek1 ( bo? ! rec5sions is to be consid]$1 x is c]ta9ly 9 fav\r ( ! reject$ ,epi/les1 r ?an ( ^? :i* h be5 reta9$4 7#b7 ,proce$+ f c\nt]-/atem5ts to actual facts1 ,i w v briefly %[ ! ord] 9 :i* ^! ,epi/les h be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal ,,mss4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ publi%$ 0 ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion ( elev5 ,epi/les edit$ by ,j4 ,fab] ,/apul5sis 9 #adih1 :i* 0 at lea/ quot$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & :i* 9 ! subjo9$ table ,i %all m>k ,a17#c7 & :i* also exhibits ! ord] ( ,cod4 ,vat #hei1 assign$ to ! elev5? c5tury47#d7 ,! next 7,b7 is a ,greek ,,ms4 edit$ by ,val5t9us ,pacaeus 9 #aeeg17e7 & ! ord] at li ! same "t repres5ts t ( ! ,cod4 ,pal4 #aej47a7 ,! ?ird 7,c7 is ! anci5t ,lat9 translation1 ref]r$ to above1 publi%$ by ,ar*bi%op ,u%]47#b7 ,! f\r? 7,d7 is ! celebrat$ ,m$icean ,,ms4 assign$ to ! elev5? c5tury1 & publi%$ by ,vossius9 #afdf47c7 ,?is also repres5ts ! ord] ( ! ,cod4 ,casanat5sis ,g4 ,v4 #ad47d7 ,i italicise ! reject$ ,epi/les3 7,see scann$ page 9 ! html file1 ,ed47 ,i h giv5 ! ord] 9 ,,mss4 conta9+ ! ,long ,rec5sion z well z ! ,vossian1 because1 h[ev] mu* "s may desire to exclude !m1 ! v>iety ( arrangem5t is notable1 & pres5ts features :i* h an und5iable be>+ ^u ?is "q4 ,tak+ ! ,vossian ,,ms41 x is obvi\s t1 )\t any di/9ction :atev] betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! spuri\s1 x conta9s lii ?ree ( ! false ,epi/les1 & does n conta9 ! s-call$ g5u9e ,epi/le to ! ,romans at all4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 9 fact1 is1 to use ,dr4 ,lightfoot's own expression1 emb$d$ 9 ! ,m>tyrology1 :i* is z spuri\s z any ( ! epi/les4 ,?is circum/ance alone w\ld ju/ify ! ass]tion :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot contradicts4 ,i mu/ n[1 9 ord] f9ally to dispose ( ?is matt] ( notes1 turn = a %ort "t to consid] objections rais$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott4 ,:il/ ,i h to ?ank him = great] c\rtesy1 ,i regret t ,i mu/ po9t out s]i\s errors into :i* he has fall5 9 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ my ref]5ces :i*1 z matt]s ( fact1 admit ( practical te/4 ,be=e proce$+ to !m ,i may make "o or two g5]al obs]vations4 ,dr4 ,we/cott says3 ,i may p]haps express my surprise t a writ] :o is q capable ( ?9k+ = himself %\ld h consid]$ x wor? 8 :ile to burd5 8 pages ) li/s ( names & writ+s1 arrang$1 = ! mo/ "p1 alphabetically1 :i* h 9 v _m cases no value :atev] = a s*ol>1 :ile !y c only oppress ! g5]al read] ) a vague feel+ t all 'pr(\nd' critics are on "o side4 ,! que/ions to be discuss$ mu/ be decid$ by evid5ce & by argum5t & n by au?ority47#a7 ,n[ ! fact is t hi!rto1 9 ,engl&1 argum5t & evid5ce h almo/ be5 ignor$ 9 connection ) ! great "q discuss$ 9 ?is "w1 & x has practically be5 decid$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 r5d]$ d\bly pot5t by =ce ( habit & transmitt$ rev]5ce4 ,! or?odox works usually writt5 on ! subject h1 to a v great ext5t1 suppress$ ! objections rais$ by a mass ( le>n$ & indep5d5t critics1 or treat$ !m z insignificant1 & wor?y ( little m ?an a pass+ ^w ( pi\s indignation4 ,at ! same "t1 !re=e1 t ,i endeav\r1 to liii ! be/ ( my ability1 to decide ^! que/ions by evid5ce & argum5t1 9 opposition to m]e ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ,i ref] read]s desir\s ( fur!r pursu+ ! subject to works :]e !y may f9d !m dis-4 cuss$4 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to add1 t ,i d n consid] ,i uselessly burd5 my pages by ref]5ces to critics :o confirm ! views 9 ! text or discuss !m1 = x is "r t e>ne/ ?9k]s %\ld be told ! /ate ( op9ion1 & recognize t belief is n s easy & matt] ( c\rse a ?+ z !y h be5 l$ to suppose1 or ! unanimity q s complete z ,engli% div9es h (t5 seem$ to repres5t x ,dr4 ,we/cott1 h[ev]1 omits to /ate t ,i z p]si/5tly ref] to writ]s :o oppose1 z to ^? :o fav\r1 my own conclusions4 ,dr4 ,we/cott proce$s to make ! accusation :i* ,i n[ desire to inve/igate4 ,he says3 ,writ]s are quot$ z hold+ on indep5d5t gr\nds an op9ion :i* is involv$ 9 _! *>act]i/ic assumptions4 ,& m ?an ?is1 ! ref]5ces are n unfrequ5tly actually mislead+4 ,"o example w %[ t ,i d n speak too /rongly47l7 ,dr4 ,we/cott has scrut9iz$ ?is "w ) great m9ut5ess1 &1 z ,i %all pres5tly expla91 he has select$ 8 example ) evid5t c>e4 ,! idea ( illu/rat+ ! va/ mass ( ref]5ces 9 ^! volumes by a s+le in/ance is some:at />tl+1 b to ins9uate t a suppos$ contradiction po9t$ out 9 "o note runs ?r\gh ! :ole "w1 z he does1 if ,i rightly und]/& 8 subsequ5t expressions1 is sc>cely wor?y ( ,dr4 ,we/cott1 al?\gh ,i am sure he does n mean to be unfair4 ,! example select$ is z foll[s3 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself on ! #b77? ,decemb]1 a4d4 #aae liv :5 he 0 condemn$ to be ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanatical excitem5t produc$ by ! e>?quake :i* took place on ! #ac? ( t mon?4#d' ,! ref]5ces 9 support ( ^! /atem5ts are ! foll[+3 #h ,baur1 ,urspr4 d4 ,epiec4,tub4 ,zeits*r4 f4,!ol4 #ahch1 ,h4 #c1 p4 #aee anm42 ,brets*neid]1 ,probabilia1 c1 p4 #ahe2 ,bleek1 ,e9l4,n4 ,t41 p4 #add2 ,gu]icke1 ,h99bu*t ,kt 41 i p4 #adh2 ,hag5ba*1 ,k4 ,g41 i4 p4 #aac f42 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4 ,t41i4 p4 #ai2 ,may]h(f1 ,eitll4 petr4 ,s*r41 p4 #gi2 ,s*olt51 ,die ,sit4 ,zeugnisse1 p4 #dj1 p4 #ej f42 ,volkm>1 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb2 ,r'bu* ,e9l4 ,apocr41 i4 p4 #aba f41 p4 #acf4 #d ,volkm>1 ,wu* ,e9l4 ,apocr41 i4 p4 #aba ff41 #acf f42 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb ff42 ,baur1 ,ursp4 d4 ,episc4 ,tub4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,?4 #ahch1 ,h4 #c1 p4 #adi f42 ,ges*4 *r4 ,kirehe1 #ahfc1 i4 p4 #ddj1 anm4 #a42 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4 ,t41 ,lp4 #ai2 ,s*olt51 ,die ,hit4 ,zeugnisse1 p4 #ea f42 cf4 ,francke1 ,zur ,ges*4 ,trojans1 u4 s4 w4 #ahdj1 p4 #bec f42 ,hilg5feld1 ,die ap4 ,v/]1 p4 #bad4 ,^u ?is ,dr4 ,we/cott rem>ks3 ,su* an array ( au?orities1 drawn f diff]5t s*ools1 _c b appe> ov]:elm+2 & ! fact t ab\t half ( !m are quot$ twice ov] emphasizes ! impli$ precision ( _! te/imony z to ! two po9ts affirm$4 ,dr4 ,we/cott1 h[ev]1 has ei!r ov]look$ or omitt$ to /ate ! fact t1 al?\gh "s ( ! writ]s are quot$ twice1 ! two notes diff] 9 almo/ e p>ticul>1 _m ( ! names 9 note #c be+ abs5t f note #d1 o!r names be+ ins]t$ 9 ! latt] :i* d n appe> 9 ! =m]1 an alt]ation be+ 9 mo/ cases made 9 ! place ref]r$ to1 & ! ord] 9 :i* ! au?orities are plac$ be+ significantly v>i$4 ,= in/ance1 9 note #c ! ref]5ce to ,volkm> is ! la/1 b x is ! fir/ 9 note #d2 :il/ a simil> transposition ( ord] takes place 9 8 works1 & alt]ations 9 ! pages4 ,! ref]5ces 9 note #c1 9 fact1 are giv5 = ! date occurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! s5t5ce1 :il/ ^? 9 note #d1 plac$ at ! end1 are int5d$ to support ! :ole /atem5t :i* is lv made4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 expla9 an omission1 :i* is pretty obvi\s1 b :i* ,i regret may h misl$ ,dr4 ,we/cott 9 reg>d to note #c1 al?\gh x does n affect note #d4 ,head]s are probably aw>e t !re has be51 among/ o!r po9ts1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion n only z to ! place1 b also ! date ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius4 ,i h 9 e o!r case c>efully /at$ ! "q ( date1 & my omission 9 ?is in/ance is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only exception 9 ! book4 ,! fact is1 t ,i _h orig9ally 9 ! text ! words :i* ,i n[ add to ! note3 ,! m>tyrdom has be5 v>i\sly dat$ ab\t a4d4 #ajg1 or a4d4 #aae-aaf1 b :e!r assign+ ! ev5t to ,home or to ,antio* a majority ( critics ( all %ades ( op9ion h adopt$ ! lat] date4 ,?9k+ x unnecess>y1 "u ! circum/ances1 to burd5 ! text ) ?is1 ,i remov$ x ) ! design ( putt+ ! /atem5t at ! head ( note #c1 ) ref]5ce to a4d4 #aae 9 ! text1 b un=tunately an int]ruption at ! "t prev5t$ ! completion ( ?is int5tion1 z well4z ! addition ( "s full] ref]5ces to ! writ]s quot$1 :i* _h be5 omitt$1 & ! po9t1 to my inf9ite regret1 0 ov]look$4 ,! :ole ( ! au?orities 9 note #c1 !re=e1 d n support ! app>5t /atem5t ( m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*1 al?\gh !y all confirm ! date1 = :i* ,i really ref]r$ to !m4 ,) ?is explanation1 & m>k+ ! omitt$ ref]5ces7#a7 by plac+ !m )9 brackets1 ,i proce$ to analyze ! two notes 9 contra/ ) ,dr4 ,we/cott's /atem5ts4 #a ,^! consi/ only ( an additional page ( ,baur's "w fir/ quot$1 & a ref]5ce to ano!r ( 8 works quot$ 9 ! second note1 b accid5tally left out ( ! note #c4 lvi ,see page scan1 ,ed4 lvii ,see page scan1 ,ed4 lviii ,see page scan1 ,ed4 lix ,x w ?us be se5 t ! :ole ( ^! au?orities confirm ! lat] date assign$ to ! m>tyrdom1 & t ,baur1 9 ! note 9 :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott f9ds no?+ 9 any way be>+ ^u ! hi/ory except a pass+ supposition1 really advances a weighty argum5t = x & aga9/ ! e>li] date1 & z ,dr4 ,we/cott consid]s1 rightly1 t argum5t %\ld decide ev]y?+1 ,i am surpris$ t he has n p]ceiv$ ! propriety ( my ref]r+ to argum5ts z well z /atem5ts ( evid5ce4 ,to sum up ! op9ions express$1 ,i may /ate t :il/ all ! n9e writ]s support ! lat] date1 = :i* purpose !y 7 quot$1 ?ree ( !m 7,bleek1 ,gu]icke1 & ,may]h(f7 ascribe ! m>tyrdom to ,rome1 "o 7,brcts*neid]7 m5tions no place1 "o 7,hag5ba*7 is d\btful1 b leans to ,antio*1 & ! o!r f\r decl>e = ! m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld %[ m conclusively ! purpose ( note #c1 :i* ,i h expla9$1 ?an ?is v contradiction1 & ! fact t ,i claim = ! g5]al /atem5t 9 ! text1 reg>d+ ! m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself 9 opposition to ! leg5d ( ! j\rney to & dea? 9 ,rome1 only ! au?orities 9 note #d1 :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to analyse 9 contra/ ) ,dr4 ,we/cott's /atem5ts1 & "h #a beg ! fav\r ( ! read]s att5tion4 7,see page scans1 lix to lxii ,ed47 lxiii ,at ! close ( ?is analysis ,dr4 ,we/cott sums up ! result z foll[s3 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 aga91 ,volkm> alone (f]s any argum5ts 9 support ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text2 & ! f9al result ( ! ref]5ces is1 t ! alleg$ 'demon/ration' is1 at ! mo/1 :at ,s*olt5 calls 'a n gr\ndless conjecture4'7#c7 #c ,on ! ,canon1 ,preface #d? ed4 p4 xxiv4 ,dr4 ,we/cott adds1 9 a note1 ,x may be wor? :ile to add t 9 spite ( ! pr(use display ( le>n+ 9 connexion ) ,ignatius1 ,i d n see ev5 9 ! second edition any ref]5ce to ! full & elaborate "w ( ,zahn4 ,i might reply to ?is t my ,,ms4 _h left my h&s be=e ,zahn's "w _h rea*$ ,engl&1 b1 moreov]1 ! "w conta9s no?+ new to :i* ref]5ce 0 necess>y4 lxiv ,x is sc>cely possible to imag9e a m complete misrepres5tation ( ! fact ?an ! /atem5t t ,volkm> alone (f]s any argum5ts 9 support ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text1 & x is incompreh5sible ^u any ord9>y !ory4 ,my m]e sket* _c possibly convey an adequate idea ( ! elaborate argum5ts ( ,volkm>1 ,baur1 & ,hilg5feld1 b ,i hope to /ate _! ma9 features1 a few pages on4 ,) reg>d to ,dr4 ,we/cott's rem>k on ! alleg$ 'demon/ration1' x mu/ be evid5t t :5 a writ] /ates any?+ to be demon/rat$ he expresses 8 own belief4 ,x is impossible to secure absolute unanimity ( op9ion1 & ! only "q 9 su* a case is :e!r ,i ref] to writ]s1 9 connection ) ! circum/ances :i* ,i affirm to be demon/rat$1 :o advance argum5ts & evid5ce be>+ ^u x4 ,a critic is q at lib]ty to say t ! argum5ts are insuffici5t1 b he is n at lib]ty to d5y t !re are any argum5ts at all :5 ! elaborate reason+ ( m5 l ,volkm>1 ,baur & ,hilg5feld is ref]r$ to4 ,!re=e1 :5 he goes on to say3 ,x seems q ne$less to multiply comm5ts on ^! results4 ,any "o :o w c&idly consid] ?is analysis w1 ,i believe1 agree ) me 9 ?9k+ t su* a /yle ( annotation1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole "w1 is ju/ly *>act]iz$ z frivol\s & mislead+47#a7 ,dr4 ,we/cott mu/ excuse my retort+ t1 n my annotation1 b 8 own criticism ( x1 endors$ by ,pr(essor ,lightfoot1 is frivol\s & mislead+1 & ,i v5ture to hope t ?is analysis1 t$i\s z x has be51 may once = all e/abli% ! propriety & sub/antial accuracy ( my ref]5ces4 ,z ,dr4 ,we/cott does n advance any fur!r argum5ts lxv ( 8 own 9 reg>d to ! ,ignatian controv]sy1 ,i may n[ return to ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 & complete my reply to 8 objections2 b ,i mu/ d s ) extreme brevity1 z ,i h already devot$ too mu* space to ?is subject1 & mu/ n[ come to a close4 ,to ! argum5t t x is impossible to suppose t soldi]s su* z ! t5 leop>ds describ$ 9 ! ,epi/les w\ld all[ a prison]1 condemn$ to wild bea/s = pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 delib]ately to write long epi/les at e /age ( 8 j\rney1 promulgat+ ! v doctr9es = :i* he 0 condemn$1 z well z to hold ! free/ int]c\rse ) deputations f ! v>i\s *ur*es1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot advances argum5ts1 d]iv$ f ,zahn1 reg>d+ ! ,roman proc$ure 9 cases t are said to be kn[n4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 are nei!r analog\s1 nor h !y ! =ce :i* is assum$4 ,t ,*ri/ians imprison$ = _! religi\s belief %\ld receive _! n\ri%m5t1 :ile 9 prison1 f fri5ds1 is any?+ b extraord9>y1 & t bribes %\ld secure access to !m 9 _m cases1 & "s mitigation ( suff]+1 is possible4 ,! case ( ,ignatius1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t4 ,if ! mean+ ( --,greek-- be t1 al?\gh receiv+ bribes1 ! t5 leop>ds only became m cruel1 ! v rev]se ( ! l5i5cy & mild treatm5t ascrib$ to ! ,roman proc$ure is describ$ by ! writ] himself z actually tak+ place1 & c]ta9ly no?+ approa*+ a p>allel to ! correspond5ce ( pseudo-,ignatius c be po9t$ out 9 any kn[n in/ance4 ,! case ( ,saturus & ,p]petua1 ev5 if true1 is no confirmation1 ! circum/ances be+ v diff]5t2 7l7 b 9 lxvi fact !re is no evid5ce :atev] t ! extant hi/ory 0 writt5 by ei!r ( !m17#a7 b on ! contr>y1 ,i ma9ta91 e reason to believe t x 0 n4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot advances ! in/ance ( ,paul z a case 9 po9t ( a ,*ri/ian prison] treat$ ) great consid]ation1 & :o writes lett]s freely1 receives visits f 8 fri5ds1 communicates ) *ur*es & individuals z he desires47#b7 ,x is sc>cely possible to imag9e two cases m dissimil> ?an ^? ( pseudo-,ignatius & ,paul1 z n>rat$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 al?\gh d\btless ! /ory ( ! =m] has be5 fram$ ^u "s ( ! l9es ( ! latt]4 ,:il/ ,ignatius is condemn$ to be ca/ to ! wild bea/s z a ,*ri/ian1 ,paul is n condemn$ at all1 b /&s 9 ! position ( a ,roman citiz51 rescu$ f infuriat$ ,jews 7xxiii4 #bg71 repeat$ly decl>$ by 8 judges to h done no?+ wor?y ( dea? or ( bonds 7xxv4 #be1 xxvi4 #ca71 & :o might h be5 set at lib]ty b t he _h appeal$ to ,caes> 7xxv4 #aa f41 xxvi4 #cb74 ,8 position 0 "o :i* secur$ ! sympa?y ( ! ,roman soldi]s4 ,ignatius 'fights ) bea/s f ,syria ev5 unto ,rome1' & is cruelly treat$ by 8 t5 leop>ds1 b ,paul is repres5t$ z receiv+ v diff]5t treatm5t4 ,felix comm&s t 8 own p %\ld be all[$ to come & m9i/] to him 7xxiv4 #bc71 & :5 ! voyage is comm5c$ x is said t ,julius1 :o _h *>ge ( ,paul1 treat$ him c\rte\sly1 & gave him lib]ty to g to see 8 fri5ds at ,sidon 7xxvii4 #c74 ,at ,rome he 0 all[$ to live by himself ) a s+le soldi] to gu>d him 7xxviii4 #af71 & he cont9u$ = two ye>s 9 8 own hir$ h\se4 lxvii ,^! circum/ances are totally diff]5t f ^? "u :i* ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius are said to h be5 writt54 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful te/imony1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot goes on to say1 is d]iv$ f ! repres5tations ( a hea!n writ]47#a7 ,! case ( ,p]egr9us1 to :i* he ref]s1 seems to me ev5 m un=tunate ?an t ( ,paul4 ,( ,p]egr9us himself1 hi/orically1 we really "k little or no?+1 = ! acc\nt ( ,lucian is sc>cely receiv$ z s]i\s by any "o4 ,lucian n>rates t ?is ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 a cynic philosoph]1 hav+ be5 guilty ( p>ricide & o!r crimes1 f\nd x conv5i5t to leave 8 own c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels he fell 9 ) ,*ri/ians & le>nt _! doctr9es1 &1 accord+ to ,lucian1 ! ,*ri/ians soon 7 m]e *ildr5 9 8 h&s1 s t he became 9 8 own p]son prophet1 high-prie/1 & rul] ( a synagogue1 & fur!r !y spoke ( him z a god1 us$ him z a law-giv]1 & elect$ him _! *ief man47#b7 ,aft] a "t he 0 put 9 prison = 8 new fai?1 :i* ,lucian says 0 a real s]vice to him aft]w>ds 9 8 impo/ures4 ,dur+ ! "t he 0 9 prison1 he is said to h receiv$ ^? s]vices f ,*ri/ians :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot quotes4 ,p]egr9us 0 aft]w>ds set at lib]ty by ! ,gov]nor ( ,syria1 :o lov$ philosophy17#c7 & travell$ ab\t liv+ 9 great com=t at ! exp5se ( ! ,*ri/ians1 until at la/ !y qu>rell$ 9 consequ5ce1 ,lucian ?9ks1 ( 8 eat+ "s =bidd5 food4 ,f9ally1 ,p]egr9us end$ 8 c>e] by ?r[+ himself into ! flames ( a fun]al pile dur+ ! ,olympian games4 ,an e>?quake is said to h tak5 lxviii place at ! "t2 a vulture flew out f ! pile cry+ out ) a human voice2 & %ortly aft] ,p]egr9us rose aga9 & appe>$ clo!d 9 :ite raim5t unhurt by ! fire4 ,n[ ?is writ+1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 ! b>e/ sket*1 is a direct satire ^u ,*ri/ians1 or ev51 z ,baur affirms1 a p>ody ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus47#a7 ,!re are no means ( asc]ta9+ t any ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian c>e] ( ,p]egr9us 7 true1 b x is obvi\s t1 ,lucian's policy 0 to exagg]ate ! facility ( access to prison]s1 z well z ! assiduity & att5tion ( ! ,*ri/ians to ,p]egr9us1 ! ease ) :i* !y 7 dup$ be+ ! *ief po9t ( ! satire4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance :i* mu/ be m5tion$4 ,lucian's acc\nt ( ,p]egr9us is claim$ by support]s ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les z evid5ce = !m47#b7 ,! s+ul> correspond5ce 9 ?is n>rative ) ! acc\nt ( ,ignatius1 comb9$ ) "s /rik+ co9cid5ces ( expression1 !y argue1 %[ t ,lucian 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,ignatian hi/ory1 if n ) ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,^! are ! words ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 al?\gh he gu>ds himself1 9 ref]r+ to ?is argum5t1 by ! words3 if x be true1 & does n express 8 own op9ion2 b he goes on to say3 ,at all ev5ts x is conclusive = ! matt] 9 h&1 z %[+ t ,*ri/ian prison]s 7 treat$ 9 ! v way describ$ 9 ^! epi/les47#c7 ,on ! contr>y1 x is 9 no case conclusive ( any?+4 ,if x 7 true t ,lucian employ$1 z ! basis ( 8 satire1 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les & ,m>tyrology1 lxix x is cle> t 8 n>rative _c be us$ z indep5d5t te/imony = ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian prison]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ?is _c be %[n1 8 /ory rema9s a m]e satire ) v little hi/orical value4 ,ap>t f all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! case ( ,p]egr9us1 a man conf9$ 9 prison = a %ort "t1 "u a fav\rable gov]nor1 & n pursu$ ) any sev]ity1 is no p>allel to t ( ,ignatius condemn$ ad be/ias &1 accord+ to 8 own express /atem5t1 cruelly treat$ by ! t5 leop>ds2 & fur!r ! lib]ty ( pseudo-,ignatius mu/ greatly h exce$$ all t is said ( ,p]egr9us1 if he 0 able to write su* epi/les1 & hold su* free int]c\rse z !y repres5t4 ,i w n[1 9 ! briefe/ mann] possible1 indicate ! argum5ts ( ! writ]s ref]r$ to 9 ! note7l7 attack$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 9 :i* he _c f9d any relevancy1 b :i*1 9 my op9ion1 demon/rate t ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself4 ,! read] :o wi%es to g m9utely into ! matt] mu/ be good en\gh to consult ! writ]s !re cit$1 & ,i w only sket* ! case "h1 )\t specifically indicat+ ! s\rce ( ea* argum5t4 ,:]e ,i add any p>ticul>s ,i w1 :5 necess>y1 give my au?orities4 ,! ,ignatian ,epi/les & m>tyrologies set =? t1 dur+ a g5]al p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 9 ,syria at lea/1 ,ignatius 0 condemn$ by ,trajan1 :5 he w9t]$ 9 ,antio* dur+ ! ,p>?ian ,w>1 to be tak5 to ,rome & ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre4 ,in/ead ( be+ s5t to ,rome by ! %ort sea voyage1 he is repres5t$ z tak5 ?i!r by ! long & incomp>ably m difficult l& r\te4 ,! t5 soldi]s :o lxx gu>d him are describ$ by himself z only r5d]$ m cruel by ! pres5ts made to !m to secure k9d treatm5t = him1 s t n 9 ! amphi!atre only1 b all ! way f ,syria to ,rome1 by night & day1 by sea & l&1 he fights ) bea/s4 ,not)/&+ ?is sev]ity1 ! ,m>tyr freely receives deputations f ! v>i\s ,*ur*es1 :o1 f> f be+ mole/$1 are able to h con/ant int]c\rse ) him1 & ev5 to accompany him 9 8 j\rney4 ,he n only conv]ses ) ^! freely1 b he is repres5t$ z writ+ long ,epi/les to ! v>i\s ,*ur*es :i*1 in/ead ( conta9+ ! la/ exhortations & f>ewell words :i* might be consid]$ natural f ! expectant m>tyr1 are fill$ ) advanc$ views ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 & ! dignity ( ! episcopate4 ,^! circum/ances1 at ! outset1 excite grave suspicions ( ! tru? ( ! docum5ts1 & ( ! /ory :i* !y set =?4 ,:5 we inquire :e!r ! alleg$ facts ( ! case are support$ by hi/orical data1 ! reply is emphatically adv]se4 ,all t is kn[n ( ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians dur+ ! reign ( ,trajan1 z well z ( ! "* ( ! ,emp]or1 is oppos$ to ! supposition t ,ignatius c\ld h be5 condemn$ by ,trajan himself1 or ev5 by a prov9cial gov]nor1 to be tak5 to ,rome & !re ca/ to ! bea/s4 ,x is well kn[n t "u ,trajan !re 0 no g5]al p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh !re may h be5 in/ances 9 :i* prom95t memb]s ( ! body 7 ei!r puni%$ or fell victims to popul> fury & sup]/ition47#a7 #a ,dean ,milman says3 ,trajan1 inde$1 is absolv$1 at lea/ by ! almo/ g5]al voice ( antiquity1 f ! crime ( p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 a note1 he adds3 ,except+ ( ,ignatius1 probably ( ,simeon ( ,j]usalem1 !re is no au!ntic m>tyrdom 9 ! reign ( ,trajan4--,hi/1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahfg1 ii4 p4 #ajc4 lxxi ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 ! m>tyrdom ( ,simeon1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 report$ by ,hegesippus4 ,he 0 n condemn$ ad be/ias1 h[ev]1 & mu* less deport$ to ,rome = ! purpose4 ,:y %\ld ,ignatius h be5 s exceptionally treat$8 ,9 fact1 ev5 dur+ ! p]secutions "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 al?\gh ,*ri/ians 9 ,syria 7 frequ5tly en\gh ca/ to ! bea/s1 !re is no in/ance record$ 9 :i* any "o condemn$ to ?is fate 0 s5t to ,rome4 ,su* a s5t5ce is q at v>iance ) ! clem5t "* ( ,trajan & 8 pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,ne&]1 9 a passage quot$ by ,baur1 says3 ,z he 7,trajan71 l ,pl9y1 consid]$ ,*ri/ianity m]e fanaticism1 he also probably ?\ght t if sev]ity 7 comb9$ ) clem5cy1 if too mu* noise 7 n made ab\t x1 ! op5 demon/ration n left unpuni%$ b also m9ds n /irr$ up by p]secution1 ! fanatical en?usiasm w\ld mo/ easily cool d[n1 & ! matt] by degrees come to an end47#a7 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! policy :i* ma9ly *>act]iz$ 8 reign4 ,n[ n only w\ld su* a sev]e s5t5ce h be5 contr>y to su* pr9ciples1 b ! agitation excit$ w\ld h be5 enorm\sly increas$ by s5d+ ! m>tyr a long j\rney by l& ?r\gh ,asia1 & all[+ him to pass ?r\gh "s ( ! pr9cipal cities1 hold con/ant int]c\rse ) ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian communities1 & address long epi/les to !m4 ,) ! f]vid desire = m>tyrdom !n preval5t1 su* a j\rney w\ld h be5 a triumphal progress1 spread+ ev]y:]e excitem5t & en?usiasm4 ,x may n be out ( place1 z an indication ( ! results ( imp>tial exam9ation1 to lxxii po9t out t ,ne&]'s inability to accept ! ,ignatian epi/les l>gely re/s on 8 disbelief ( ! :ole tradition ( ?is s5t5ce & m>tyr-j\rney4 ,we d n recognize ! ,emp]or ,trajan 9 ?is n>rative1 7! m>tyrology7 he says1 !re=e _c b d\bt e ?+ :i* is relat$ by ?is docum5t1 z well z t1 dur+ ?is reign1 ,*ri/ians c h be5 ca/ to ! wild bea/s47#a7 ,if1 = a mom5t1 we suppose t1 in/ead ( be+ condemn$ by ,trajan himself1 ,ignatius receiv$ 8 s5t5ce f a prov9cial gov]nor1 ! /ory does n ga9 great] probability4 ,x is n cr$ible t su* an (ficial w\ld h v5tur$ to act s mu* 9 opposition to ! _s ( ! ,emp]or's gov]nm5t ,besides1 if su* a gov]nor did pron\nce s sev]e a s5t5ce1 :y did he n execute x 9 ,antio*8 ,:y s5d ! prison] to ,rome8 ,by do+ s he made all ! m conspicu\s a sev]ity :i* 0 n likely to be pleas+ to ! clem5t ,trajan4 ,! cruelty :i* dictat$ a condemnation ad be/ias w\ld h be5 m gratifi$ by execution on ! spot1 & !re is besides no in/ance kn[n1 ev5 dur+ ! foll[+ g5]al p]secution1 ( ,*ri/ians be+ s5t = execution 9 ,rome4 ,! transport to ,rome is 9 no case cr$ible1 & ! utmo/ t c be admitt$ is1 t ,ignatius1 l ,simeon ( ,j]usalem1 may h be5 condemn$ to dea? dur+ ?is reign1 m especially if ! ev5t be associat$ ) "s sudd5 outbreak ( sup]/iti\s fury aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 to :i* ! m>tyr may at once h fall5 a victim4 ,we are n )\t indications ( su* a cause op]at+ 9 ! case ( ,ignatius4 lxxiii ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! date ( ,trajan's visit to ,antio* is a4d4 #aae1 :5 he w9t]$ !re dur+ ! ,p>?ian ,w>4 ,an e>?quake occurr$ on ! #ac? ,decemb] ( t ye>1 :i* 0 well calculat$ to excite popul> sup]/ition4 ,x may n be out ( place to quote "h ! acc\nt ( ! e>?quake giv5 by ,dean ,milmau1 :o1 al?\gh he m5tions a diff]5t date1 & adh]es to ! m>tyrdom 9 ,rome1 /ill associates ! condemnation ( ,ignatius ) ! e>?quake4 ,he says3 ,nev]!less1 at t "t !re 7 circum/ances :i* acc\nt ) s+ul> likelihood = t sudd5 outbur/ ( p]secution 9 ,antio*4444 ,at ?is v "t an e>?quake1 m ?an usually t]rible & de/ructive1 %ook ! cities ( ! ,ea/4 ,antio* suff]$ its mo/ appall+ ravages--,antio*1 cr[d$ ) ! legion>ies prep>$ = ! ,emp]or's invasion ( ! ,ea/1 ) ambassadors & tribut>y k+s f all p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,! city %ook ?r\gh all its /reets2 h\ses1 palaces1 !atres1 temples fell cra%+ d[n4 ,_m 7 kill$3 ! ,consul ,p$o di$ ( 8 hurts4 ,! ,emp]or himself h>dly escap$ ?r\gh a w9d[1 & took refuge 9 ! ,circus1 :]e he pass$ "s days 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5ce ?is t]rible bl[ b f ! wra? ( ! ,gods1 :o mu/ be appeas$ by unusual sacrifices8 ,?is 0 t[>ds ! end ( ,janu>y2 e>ly 9 ,febru>y ! ,*ri/ian ,bi%op1 ,ignatius1 0 arre/$4 ,we "k h[1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 at e p]iod ( public calamity1 :atev] t calamity might be1 ! cry ( ! panic-/rick5 ,hea!ns 01 ',! ,*ri/ians to ! lions6' ,x may be t1 9 ,trajan's humanity1 9 ord] to prev5t a g5]al massacre by ! infuriat$ populace1 or to give great] solemnity to ! sacrifice1 ! execution 0 ord]$ to lxxiv take place1 n 9 ,antio*1 b 9 ,rome47#a7 ,i cont5d t ^! reasons1 on ! contr>y1 r5d] execution 9 ,antio* inf9itely m probable4 ,to cont9ue1 h[ev]3 ! e>?quake occurr$ on ! #ac?1 & ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius took place on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 j a week aft] ! e>?quake4 ,8 rema9s1 z we "k f ,*ryso/om & o!rs1 71 z an actual fact1 int]r$ at ,antio*4 ,! natural inf]5ce is t ! m>tyrdom1 ! only "p ( ! ,ignatian /ory :i* is cr$ible1 occurr$ n 9 ,rome b 9 ,antio* itself1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sup]/iti\s fury aga9/ ! --,greek-- ar\s$ by ! e>?quake4 ,i w n[ g m into ! details ( ! brief /atem5ts ,i h j made1 & "h we come = ! fir/ "t to ,john ,malalas4 ,9 ! fir/ place he m5tions ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake on ! #ac ? ,decemb]4 ,i w quote ,dr4 ,lightfoot's own r5d]+ ( 8 fur!r important /atem5t4 ,he says3 ,! words ( ,john ,malalas are3 ',! same k+ ,trajan 0 resid+ 9 ! same city 7,antio*7 :5 ! visitation ( ,god 7i4e4 ! e>?quake7 occurr$4 ,& at t "t ! holy ,ignatius1 ! bi%op ( ! city ( ,antio*1 0 m>tyr$ 7or bore te/imony71 --,greek-- be=e him --,greek--2 = he 0 exasp]at$ aga9/ him1 because he revil$ him4'7#b7 ,dr4 ,lightfoot endeav\rs 9 e way to discr$it ?is /atem5t4 ,he argues t ,malalas tells fooli% /ories ab\t o!r matt]s1 &1 !re=e1 is n to be believ$ "h2 b s simple a piece ( in=mation may well be correctly convey$ by a writ] :o else:]e may record /upid traditions47#c7 ,if ! n>rative ( fooli% /ories & fabul\s traditions is to exclude belief 9 ev]y?+ else /at$ by ^? :o relate !m1 ! lxxv :ole ( ! ,fa!rs are dispos$ ( at "o fell swoop1 = !y all d s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot also ass]ts t ! !ory ( ! cause ( ! m>tyrdom advanc$ by ,volkm> receives no c\nt5ance f ! /ory ( ,malalas1 :o gives a :olly diff]5t reason--! irritat+ language us$ to ! emp]or47l7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 9 no way contradicts x1 = ,ignatius c only h revil$ ,trajan :5 br\ght be=e him1 & 8 be+ tak5 be=e him may well h be5 caus$ by ! fury excit$ by ! e>?quake1 ev5 if ! language ( ! ,bi%op influ5c$ 8 condemnation2 ! :ole /atem5t ( ,malalas is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! !ory 9 its details1 & 9 ! ma91 ( c\rse1 directly supports x4 ,!n ,dr4 ,lightfoot actually makes use ( ! foll[+ extraord9>y argum5t3 ,b x may be wor? :ile add+ t ! error ( ,malalas is capable ( easy explanation4 ,he has probably mis9t]pret$ "s e>li] au?ority1 ^: language l5t itself to mis9t]pretation4 ,! words --,greek--1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds us$ especially ( m>tyrdom1 _h 9 ! e>li] ages a wid] s5se1 includ+ o!r modes ( witness+ to ! fai?3 ! expression --,greek-- aga9 is ambigu\s & might d5ote ei!r 'dur+ ! reign ( ,trajan1' or '9 ! pres5ce ( ,trajan4' ,a blund]+ writ] l ,malalas might h /umbl$ ov] ei!r expression47#b7 ,?is is a fav\rite device4 ,9 case 8 abuse ( poor ,malalas %\ld n suffici5tly discr$it him1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot attempts to expla9 away 8 language4 ,x w\ld be difficult inde$ to %[ t ! words --,greek--1 already us$ 9 t s5se 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 n1 at ! date at :i* any record ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius :i* ,malalas c\ld h _h be=e him 0 writt51 employ$ to express m>tyrdom1 :5 appli$ to su* a case1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot inde$ has 9 ! lxxvi fir/ in/ance r5d]$ ! phrase4 ,ev5 ,zahn1 :om ,dr4 ,lightfoot s implicitly foll[s1 emphatically decides aga9/ him on bo? po9ts4 ,! --,greek-- toge!r ) --,greek-- c only signify 'coram ,trajano' 7'9 ! pres5ce ( ,trajan'71 & --,greek-- only ! execution47#a7 ,let any "o simply read ov] ,dr4 ,lightfoot's own r5d]+1 :i* ,i h quot$ above1 & he w see t su* quibbles are exclud$1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ,malalas seems excell5tly well & directly to h int]pret$ 8 e>li] au?ority4 ,t ! /atem5t ( ,malalas does n agree ) ! reports ( ! ,fa!rs is no real objection1 = we h good reason to believe t none ( !m _h in=mation f any o!r s\rce ?an ! ,ignatian ,epi/les !mselves1 or tradition4 ,eusebius evid5tly _h n4 ,ir5aeus1 ,orig51 & "s lat] ,fa!rs tell u no?+ ab\t him4 ,j]ome & ,*ryso/om cle>ly take _! acc\nts f ^! s\rces4 ,malalas is ! fir/ :o1 by 8 v>iation1 proves t he _h ano!r & diff]5t au?ority be=e him1 & 9 ab&on+ ! m>tyr-j\rney to ,rome1 8 acc\nt has inf9itely great] app>5t probability4 ,malalas liv$ at ,antio*1 :i* adds "s weight to 8 /atem5t4 ,x is object$ t s also did ,*ryso/om1 & at an e>li] p]iod1 & yet he repeats ! ,roman /ory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no valid argum5t aga9/ ,malalas4 ,*ryso/om 0 too good a *ur*man to d\bt ! /ory ( ,epi/les s mu* t5d+ to edification1 :i* 7 9 wide circulation1 & _h be5 quot$ by e>li] ,fa!rs4 ,x is 9 no way surpris+ t1 "s two c5turies & a half aft] ! m>tyrdom1 he %\ld quietly h accept$ ! repres5tations ( ! ,epi/les purport+ to h be5 lxxvii writt5 by ! m>tyr himself1 & t _! /ory %\ld h %ap$ ! prevail+ tradition4 ,! rema9s ( ,ignatius1 z we are in=m$ by ,*ryso/om & ,j]ome1 long rema9$ int]r$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,antio*1 b f9ally1--9 ! "t ( ,!odosius1 x is said1--7 translat$ ) great pomp & c]emony to a build+ :i*1--su* is ! irony ( ev5ts1--_h previ\sly be5 a ,temple ( ,=tune4 ,! /ory told1 ( c\rse1 is t ! relics ( ! m>tyr _h be5 c>efully collect$ 9 ! ,coliseum & c>ri$ f ,rome to ,antio*4 ,aft] repos+ !re = "s c5turies1 ! relics1 :i* are said to h be5 transport$ f ,rome to ,antio*1 71 ab\t ! sev5? c5tury1 c>ri$ back f ,antio* to ,rome47#a7 ,! natural & m simple conclusion is t1 in/ead ( ?is d\ble translation1 ! bones ( ,ignatius _h always rema9$ 9 ,antio*1 :]e he _h suff]$ m>tyrdom1 & ! tradition t !y _h be5 br\ght back f ,rome 0 m]ely ! explanation :i* reconcil$ ! fact ( _! actually be+ 9 ,antio* ) ! leg5d ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,! #bj? ( ,decemb] is ! date assign$ to ! dea? ( ,ignatius 9 ! ,m>tyrology17#b7 & ,zahn admits t ?is int]pretation is und5iable47#c7 ,moreov]1 ! anniv]s>y ( 8 dea? 0 celebrat$ on t day 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*es & ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* x is kept on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is 0 ! day ( ! translation ( ! relics to ,rome1 & ?is 0 evid5tly ! #a ,i ne$ n ref] to ! /atem5t ( ,nicephorus t ^! relics 7 fir/ br\ght f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople & aft]w>ds translat$ to ,antio*4 lxxviii view ( ,ru9>t1 :o1 al?\gh he c\ld n positively contradict ! views ( 8 own ,*ur*1 says3 ,ignatii fe/um ,graeci vigesima die m5sis ,decembris celebrant1 quo ipsum passum fuisse ,acta te/antur2 ,lat9i v]o die prima ,febru>ii1 an ob aliquam sacr>um ejus reli-qui>um translationem8 plures enim fuisse con/at47#a7 ,zahn7#b7 /ates t ! ,fea/ ( ! translation 9 lat] cal5d>s 0 celebrat$ on ! #bi? ,janu>y1 & he po9ts out ! evid5t ignorance :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,we/ reg>d+ ,ignatius47#c7 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 all ! hi/orical data :i* we possess reg>d+ ! reign & "* ( ,trajan discr$it ! /ory t ,ignatius 0 s5t to ,rme to be expos$ to bea/s 9 ! ,coliseum2 & all ! positive evid5ce :i* exi/s1 indep5d5t ( ! ,epi/les !mselves1 t5ds to e/abli% ! fact t he suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! evid5ce :i* is (f]$ = ! /atem5t t ,ignatius 0 s5t to ,rme is m or less directly bas$ ^u ! repres5tations ( ! lett]s1 ! au!nticity ( :i* is 9 discussion1 & x is surr\nd$ ) improbabilities ( e k9d4 ,& :at is ! value ( any evid5ce emanat+ f ! ,ignatian ,epi/les & m>tyrologies8 ,!re are ?ree m>tyrologies :i*1 z ,ewald says1 are ! "o m fabul\s ?an ! o!r4 ,!re are fifte5 ,epi/les all equally purport+ to be by xxix ,ignatius1 & mo/ ( !m h&$ d[n toge!r 9 ,,mss41 )\t any di/9ction4 ,?ree ( ^!1 9 ,lat9 only1 are univ]sally reject$1 z are also o!r five ,epi/les1 ( :i* !re are ,greek1 ,lat91 & o!r v]sions4 ,( ! rema9+ sev5 !re are two =ms1 "o call$ ! ,long ,rec5sion & ano!r %ort]1 kn[n z ! ,vossian ,epi/les4 ,! =m] is almo/ unanim\sly reject$ z %amefully int]polat$ & falsifi$2 & a majority ( critics ass]t t ! text ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les is likewise v impure4 ,besides ^! !re is a /ill %ort] v]sion ( ?ree ,epi/les only1 ! ,cure-tonian1 :i* _m able critics decl>e to be ! only g5u9e lett]s ( ,ignatius1 :il/ a /ill great] numb]1 bo? f int]nal & ext]nal reasons1 d5y ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les 9 any =m4 ,! second & ?ird c5turies teem ) pseudonymic lit]ature1 b ,i v5ture to say t pi\s fraud has nev] be5 m busy & conspicu\s ?an 9 deal+ ) ! ,m>tyr ( ,antio*4 ,! m]e /atem5t ( ! simple & ackn[l$g$ facts reg>d+ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les is ample ju/ification ( ! ass]tion1 :i* s mightily (f5ds ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 t ! :ole ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature is a mass ( falsification & fraud4 ,ev5 my indignant critic himself has n v5tur$ to use z g5u9e m ?an ! ?ree %ort ,syriac lett]s7#a7 out ( ?is mass ( =g]y :i* he rebukes me = hold+ s *eap4 ,docum5ts :i* lie "u su* grave & p]man5t suspicion _c prove any?+4 ,z ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 :atev] ! value ( _! te/imony1 s f> f support+ ! claims advanc$ 9 fav\r ( our ,gospels1 r discr$it !m4 lxxx ,i h n[ m9utely foll[$ ,pr(essor ,lightfoot & ,dr4 ,we/cott 9 _! attacks ^u me 9 connection ) ,eusebius & ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 & ,i tru/ t ,i h %[n once = all t ! *>ges ( misrepres5tation & mis/atem5t s lightly & lib]ally advanc$1 f> f be+ well-f\nd$1 recoil ^u !mselves4 ,x is impossible 9 a "w l ?is1 deal+ ) su* volum9\s mat]ials1 to escape errors ( detail1 z bo? ( ^! g5tlem5 be> witness1 b ,i h at lea/ consci5ti\sly endeav\r$ to be fair1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t few writ]s h ev] m fully laid be=e read]s ! actual means ( judg+ ( ! accuracy ( e /atem5t :i* has be5 made4 ,be=e clos+1 ,i mu/ say a few words reg>d+ ano!r ( my critics1 :o is1 h[ev]1 ( a v diff]5t ord]4 ,my sy/em ( criticism is naturally uncong5ial to ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 b :ile he says s ) *>act]i/ic vig\r1 he likewise speaks ( ?is "w ) equally *>act]i/ic g5]osity1 & ,i cordially ?ank him4 ,i c\ld only be class$ by mi/ake among/ ! objectors to ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 & h[ev] diff]5t may be ! proc$ure 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 !re is fundam5tal agreem5t betwe5 ! two works1 & ! "o may be consid]$ ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,"s "o mu/ d ! p\nd+1 if religion is to be a matt] ( belief & n ( m]e %ifty op9ion4 ,we really address two di/9ct classes ( read]s4 ,! read] :o has read & accept$ ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's half doz5 l9es ab\t ! composition ( ! ,gospels1 & 8 half doz5 pages ab\t miracles1 may 9 "o s5se be j 9 ! same position z :5 he has read ! :ole ( ?is "w17#a7 b lxxxi ,i h writt5 = ^? :o d n accept !m1 & :o1--z ,i ?9k rightly1--di/ru/ ! conclusions m]ely =c$ ^u !m by ord9>y reflection & exp]i5ce1 & 9 su* important matt]s dem& evid5ce ( a mu* m tangible k9d4 ,i w\ld put x to ,mr4 ,arnold :e!r1 9 seem+ to depreciate any attempt to sy/ematize & c>ry to logical conclusions ! :ole argum5t reg>d+ ! reality ( ,miracles & ,div9e ,revelation1 he does n d himself inju/ice1 & enunciate a dang]\s doctr9e4 ,no d\bt 8 own cle> insight & wide culture h enabl$ him to disc]n tru? m surely1 & ) less app>5t ef=t1 ?an mo/ ( ^? :om he addresses1 b 9 enc\rag+1 z he ?us practically does1 ! adoption by o!rs ( religi\s views ) v little tr\ble or ?\ght1 :i* h c]ta9ly co/ himself ye>s ( tra9+ & /udy1 he bo? *eap5s 8 own intellectual lab\r1 & advocates a sup]ficiality :i* already has too _m attractions4 ,:e!r he address read]s ^: belief is already e/abli%$1 or ^? :o are ready to accept x second h& f himself1 x seems to me t no "w %\ld be unwelcome :i* supplies evid5ce ( ! results1 :i* x has suit$ 8 own imm$iate purpose m]ely to assume4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold objects t my book leaves ! read] ) ! feel+ t ! ,bible /&s be=e him l a fair tree all /ripp$1 torn & defac$1 n at all l a tree ^: leaves are = ! heal+ ( ! nations17#a7 b if ?is be ! case1 ,i submit t x is a necess>y process ?r\gh :i* ! ,bible mu/ g1 be=e x c be successfully transplant$ into t heal?y soil1 9 :i* alone its leaves c truly be = ! #dd ,contempor>y ,bovi[1 ,octob]1 #ahgd1 p4 #gih4 lxxxii heal+ ( any "o4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 de/ructive mu/ prec$e con/ructive criticism4 ,x is only :5 we cle>ly recognize t ! ,bible is n ! ^w ( ,god t we c wor?ily hon\r & enjoy x z ! ^w ( ,man4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold f9ely says1 ) reg>d to :at ,jesus said & did1 t3 8 report]s 7 incapable ( r5d]+ x1 he 0 s mu* above !m2 & he rightly consid]s t ! gov]n+ idea ( our criticism ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s %\ld be to make out :at 9 _! report ( ,jesus1 is ,jesus1 & :at is ! report]s4 ,i hold1 h[ev]1 t x is only aft] su* an exam9ation z ,i h endeav\r$ to c>ry out1 & :i* = ! "t mu/ seem h>d & want+ 9 sympa!tic appreciation1 t mo/ p]sons educat$ 9 ,*ri/5dom c rightly put any su* gov]n+ idea into practice4 ,x is only :5 we are entitl$ to reject ! !ory ( miracul\s ,div9e ,revelation t ! ,bible atta9s its full beauty1 los+ ! blots & anomalies :i* x pres5t$ 9 its =m] "*1 & acquir+ wondr\s significance z ! expression ( ! hopes & aspirations ( humanity1 f :i* e man may le>n wisdom & d]ive inspiration4 ,! value ( su* a ,book seems to me inde/ructible4 ,i he>tily sympa?ise ) ,mr4 ,arnold's desire to secure due appreciation = ! v5]able volume1 ( ! beauty ( :i* he has s f9e & delicate a p]ception4 ,a tru] insight into its mean+ may c]ta9ly be imp>t$ by su* eloqu5t & appreciat+ criticism1 & no "o is a bett] judge ?an ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold ( ! necessity to plead = ! ,book1 ) ^? :o are incl9$ ?\ghtlessly to reject x along ) ! errors :i* h gr[n ) & be5 bas$ ^u x4 ,b1 9 ! end1 e man :o lxxxiii has a m9d & a he>t mu/ love & hon\r ! ,bible1 & he :o has nei!r is beyond ! rea* ( p]suasion4 ,?is "w has be5 revis$ ?r\gh\t47#a7 ,x 01 z ,i /at$ at ! "t1 orig9ally c>ri$ ?r\gh ! press "u v great difficulties1 & ! revision ( details1 ^u :i* ,i _h c\nt$1 0 n only prev5t$1 b1 beyond a c>eful revision ( ! ,fir/ ,"p = ! second edition1 circum/ances h until n[ ev5 prev5t$ my s]i\sly read+ ?r\gh ! "w s9ce x has be5 9 pr9t4 ,to ^? :o h be5 good en\gh to call my att5tion to errors1 or to sugge/ improvem5ts1 ,i return v s9c]e ?anks4 ,9 mak+ ?is revision ,i h endeav\r$ to modify unimportant po9ts1 9 "s ( :i* ,i h be5 misund]/ood1 s z to avoid z f> z possible rais+ difficulties1 or invit+ discussion )\t real be>+ ^u ! ma9 argum5t4 ,z ,i "k ! alacrity ) :i* "s critics seize ^u su* po9ts z s]i\s concessions1 ,i beg leave to say t ,i h n alt]$ any?+ f *ange ( op9ion4 ,i tru/ t great] cle>ness & accuracy may h be5 secur$4 ,m>* #ae?1 #ahge4 #a ,x is "r to m5tion t1 :il/ ,i h exam9$ a great _m ( ! ref]5ces1 ,i h n _h "t to v]ify !m all4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! pres5t "w is ! result ( _m ye>s ( e>ne/ & s]i\s inve/igation1 und]tak5 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ! regulation ( p]sonal belief1 & n[ publi%$ z a contribution t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( ,tru? 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs :o are seek+ = x4 ,! au?or's ma9 object has be5 consci5ti\sly & fully to /ate ! facts ( ! case1 to make no ass]tions ! gr\nds = :i* are n cle>ly giv51 & z f> z possible to place be=e ! read] ! mat]ials f :i* a judgm5t may be intellig5tly =m$ reg>d+ ! important subject discuss$4 ,! great ,tea*] is report$ to h said3 ,be ye approv$ money-*ang]s1 wisely disc]n+ ! gold ( ,tru?1 & no man ne$ hesitate hone/ly to te/ its reality1 & unfl9*+ly to reject base c\nt]feits4 ,x is obvi\s t ! mo/ indisp5sable requisite 9 reg>d to ,religion is t x %\ld be true4 ,no speci\s hopes or flatt]+ promises c h ! slighte/ value unless !y be g5u9e & bas$ ^u sub/antial realities4 ,fe> ( ! results ( inve/igation1 !re=e1 %\ld det] no man1 = ! issue 9 any case is ga93 emancipation f delusion1 or increase ( assurance4 ,x is poor hon\r to seque/] a cre$ f heal?y h&l+1 or to %r9k f ! s]i\s exam9ation ( its doctr9es4 ,t :i* is true 9 ,religion _c be %ak52 t :i* is false no "o c desire to pres]ve4 lxxxvi ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! ,au?or has tak5 advantage ( ! issue ( a second edition to revise ?is "w4 ,he has re-writt5 portions ( ! fir/ "p1 & o!rwise re-arrang$ x4 ,he hopes t ! argum5t has ?us be5 made m cle> & consecutive4 ,,introduction4 ,!oretically1 ! duty ( adequate inquiry into ! tru? ( any /atem5t ( s]i\s importance be=e believ+ x is univ]sally admitt$4 ,practically1 no duty is m univ]sally neglect$4 ,?is is m especially ! case 9 reg>d to ,religion1 9 :i* our conc]n is s great1 yet ! cr$5tials ( :i* s few p]sonally exam9e4 ,! difficulty ( su* an inve/igation & ! inability ( mo/ m5 to pursue x1 :e!r f want ( opportunity or want ( k1 are no d\bt ! *ief reasons = ?is neglect2 b ano!r1 & sc>cely less pot5t1 ob/acle has probably be5 ! odium :i* has be5 atta*$ to any d\bt reg>d+ ! dom9ant religion1 z well z ! s]i\s1 ?\gh cov]t1 disc\ragem5t ( ! ,*ur* to all critical exam9ation ( ! title-de$s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! _s ( d\bt1 if n ( intellig5t inquiry1 has1 h[ev]1 ( late ye>s become too /rong = repression1 &1 at ! pres5t day1 ! p]t95cy ( ! "q ( a ,g]man writ]3 ,are we /ill ,*ri/ians8 receives unconsci\s xcii illu/ration f _m a popul> pulpit1 & _m a social discussion4 ,! preval5t *>act]i/ic ( popul> !ology 9 ,engl&1 at ?is "t1 may be said to be a t5d5cy to elim9ate f ,*ri/ianity1 ) ?\ghtless dext]ity1 e sup]natural elem5t :i* does n q accord ) curr5t op9ion1 & yet to ignore ! fact t1 9 s do+1 ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity has practically be5 altoge!r ab&on$4 ,?is t5d5cy is fo/]$ ) pr(\ndly illogical zeal by _m di/+ui%$ m5 )9 ! ,*ur* itself1 :o endeav\r to arre/ = a mom5t ! pursu+ wolves ( d\bt & unbelief :i* press ^u x1 by practically ?r[+ to !m1 scrap by scrap1 ! v doctr9es :i* con/itute ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity to be reg>d$ z a ,div9e ,revelation at all4 ,! moral ,*ri/ianity :i* !y hope to pres]ve1 noble ?\gh x be1 has n "o feature left to di/+ui% x z a miracul\sly communicat$ religion4 ,*ri/ianity itself di/9ctly pret5ds to be a direct ,div9e ,revelation ( tru?s beyond ! natural atta9m5t ( ! human intellect4 ,to submit ! doctr9es ?us reveal$1 !re=e1 to criticism1 & to clip & prune !m d[n to ! /&>d ( human reason1 :il/ at ! same "t _! sup]natural "* is ma9ta9$1 is an obvi\s absurdity4 ,*ri/ianity mu/ ei!r be recogniz$ to be a ,div9e ,revelation beyond man's criticism1 & 9 t case its doctr9es mu/ be receiv$ ev5 ?\gh ,reason _c be satisfi$1 or ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity to be su* a ,div9e ,revelation mu/ be disall[$1 9 :i* case x becomes ! legitimate subject ( criticism l e o!r human sy/em4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! alt]natives mu/ be adopt$1 b to xciii ass]t t ,*ri/ianity is ,div9e1 & yet to deal ) x z human1 is illogical & wrong4 ,:5 we consid] ! va/ importance ( ! int]e/s involv$1 !re=e1 x mu/ be app>5t t !re c be no m urg5t problem = humanity to solve ?an ! "q3 ,is ,*ri/ianity a sup]natural ,div9e ,revelation or n8 ,to ?is we may dem& a cle> & decisive answ]4 ,! evid5ce mu/ be ( no unc]ta9 "* :i* c w>rant our ab&on+ ! guidance ( ,reason1 & bl9dly accept+ doctr9es :i*1 if n sup]natural tru?s1 mu/ be reject$ by ! human intellect z mon/r\s delusions4 ,we propose 9 ?is "w to seek a conclusive answ] to ?is mom5t\s "q4 ,x appe>s to u t at no "t has su* an inve/igation be5 m requisite4 ,! results ( sci5tific inquiry & ( ,biblical criticism h creat$ wide-spread d\bt reg>d+ ! mo/ mat]ial "p ( ,*ri/ianity consid]$ z a ,div9e ,revelation4 ,! mass ( intellig5t m5 9 ,engl& are halt+ betwe5 two op9ions1 & /&+ 9 :at seems to u ! mo/ unsatisfactory position conceivable3 !y ab&on1 be=e a k9d ( vague & indef9ite1 if irresi/ible1 conviction1 "s ( ! mo/ c5tral sup]natural doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity2 !y try to spiritualize or dilute ! re/ into a =m :i* does n %ock _! reason2 & yet !y cl+ to ! delusion1 t !y /ill reta9 ! consolation & ! hope ( tru?s :i*1 if n div9ely reveal$1 are m]e human speculation reg>d+ matt]s beyond reason4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 z little w>rant to ab&on ! "o "p z !y h to reta9 ! o!r4 ,!y build _! h\se ^u ! s&1 & ! waves :i* h already c>ri$ away s mu* may any day engulf ! re/4 ,at ! same "t1 amid ?is g5]al eclipse ( fai?1 _m xciv an e>ne/ m9d1 eag]ly seek+ = tru?1 endures mu* bitt] pa91--unable to believe--unable freely to reject--& yet )\t ! means ( secur+ any cle> & intellig5t reply to ! inquiry3 ,:at is tru?8 ,any di/9ct assurance1 :atev] its nature1 bas$ ^u solid gr\nds1 w\ld be pref]able to su* a /ate ( d\bt & hesitation4 ,once p]suad$ t we h atta9$ tru?1 !re c be no p]man5t regret = vani%$ illusions4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 by c>eful & imp>tial inve/igation1 acquire ! "r to our belief1 :atev] x may be1 & n float l a m]e waif into ! ne>e/ hav54 ,flippant unbelief is mu* worse ?an e>ne/ cr$ulity4 ,! "t is ripe = arriv+ at a def9ite conviction z to ! "* ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is no lack ( mat]ials = a f9al decision1 al?\gh hi!rto !y h be5 beyond ! rea* ( mo/ ,engli% read]s1 & a c>eful & hone/ exam9ation ( ! subject1 ev5 if x be n f9al1 _c fail to contribute t[>ds a result m satisfactory ?an ! g5]ally vague & illogical religi\s op9ion ( ! pres5t day4 ,ev5 true conclusions :i* are arriv$ at ei!r accid5tally or by wrong me?ods are dang]\s4 ,! curr5t :i* by good =tune l$ to-day to tru? may to-morr[ waft u to falsehood4 ,t su* an inve/igation _c1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 be c>ri$ on 9 ,engl& )\t incurr+ mu* enmity & opposition ne$ sc>cely be rem>k$1 h[ev] l\dly ! duty & lib]ty ( inquiry be !oretically proclaim$1 & ! reason is obvi\s4 ,if we look at ! s+ul> div]sity ( views ent]ta9$1 n only ) reg>d to ! doctr9es1 b also to ! evid5ces1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 we _c b be /ruck by ! helpless position 9 :i* ,div9e ,revelation is n[ plac$4 xcv ,or?odox ,*ri/ians at ! pres5t day may be divid$ into two broad classes1 "o ( :i* pr(esses to base ! ,*ur* ^u ! ,bible1 & ! o!r ! ,bible ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,! "o p>ty ass]t t ! ,bible is fully & absolutely inspir$1 t x conta9s ,god's revelation to man1 & t x is ! only & suffici5t gr\nd = all religi\s belief2 & !y ma9ta9 t its au!nticity is prov$ by ! mo/ ample & irrefragable ext]nal z well z int]nal evid5ce4 ,:at !n mu/ be ! feel+ ( any ord9>y m9d on he>+1 on ! o!r h&1 t m5 ( und\bt$ piety & le>n+1 z well z unque/ion$ or?odoxy1 )9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 admit t ! ,bible is totally )\t lit]>y or hi/orical evid5ce1 & _c = a mom5t be upheld ^u any su* gr\nds z ! reveal$ ^w ( ,god2 t none ( ! great doctr9es ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity c be d$uc$ f ! ,bible alone27#a7 & t1 if x be impossible to accept ! lit]>y me?od ( deal+ ) ,holy ,scripture1 ! usual mode ( argu+ ! tru? ( ,revelation1 ab extra1 m]ely f :at are call$ ',evid5ces'--:e!r ( ,miracles done or ,prophecies utt]$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1--mu/ also be insuffici5t487#b7 ,x _c be mu* com=t to be assur$ by !m t1 not)/&+ ?is abs5ce ( ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce1 ?is ,revelation /&s ^u ! sure basis ( ! inspiration ( a ,*ur*1 :i* has s little gr\nd 9 hi/ory = any claim to infallibility4 ,! unsupport$ te/imony ( a ,*ur* :i* 9 e age has vehem5tly ma9ta9$ errors & d5\nc$ tru?s :i* are n[ univ]sally recogniz$ is no xcvi suffici5t gu>antee ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,obvi\sly1 !re is no gr\nd = accept+ f a fallible ,*ur* & fallaci\s tradition doctr9es :i*1 av[$ly1 are beyond ! crit]ion ( reason1 & !re=e require miracul\s evid5ce4 ,) belief bas$ ^u su* unc]ta9 gr\nds1 & ) su* vital diff]5ce ( views reg>d+ evid5ce1 x is n surpris+ t ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity has felt its own weakness1 & entr5*$ itself aga9/ ! assaults ( inve/igation4 ,x is n /range t intellectual vig\r 9 any direction %\ld1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 h be5 reg>d$ z dang]\s to ! repose & au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & t1 in/ead ( be+ welcom$ z a virtue1 religi\s inquiry has almo/ be5 repell$ z a crime4 ,su* inquiry1 h[ev]1 _c be suppress$4 ,m]e sci5tific que/ions may be reg>d$ ) apa?y by ^? :o d n feel _! p]sonal be>+4 ,x may possibly seem to "s a matt] ( little practical importance to !m to det]m9e :e!r ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun1 or ! sun r\nd ! e>?2 b no e>ne/ m9d c fail to p]ceive ! imm5se p]sonal importance ( ,tru? 9 reg>d to ,religion--! necessity ( inve/igat+1 be=e accept+1 dogmas1 ! "r int]pretation ( :i* is repres5t$ z necess>y to salvation1--& ! cle> duty1 be=e ab&on+ reason = fai?1 to ex]cise reason1 9 ord] t fai? may n be m]e cr$ulity4 ,z ,bacon rem>k$1 ! injunction3 ,hold fa/ t :i* is good1 mu/ always be prec$$ by ! maxim3 ,prove all ?+s4 ,ev5 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* has said3 ,cr$ulity is z real1 if n s great1 a s9 z unbelief1 apply+ ! obs]vation to ! duty ( dem&+ a sign f any "o pr(ess+ to be ! utt]] ( a revelation3 ,else might he lightly xcvii be p]suad$ to receive t z f ,god1 :i*1 inde$1 0 only ! ^w ( man47#a7 ,! acceptance ( any revelation or dogma1 h[ev] app>5tly true 9 itself1 )\t sign--)\t evid5ce satisfy+ ! reason1 is absolute cr$ulity4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ?or\gh advocate ( ,fai? mu/ recognise t reason mu/ be its basis1 & t fai? c only legitimately comm5ce :]e reason fails4 ,! appeal is fir/ to reason if aft]w>ds to fai?1 & no man pret5d+ to intellectual consci5ce c ov]look ! prim>y claim ( reason4 ,if x is to be m ?an a m]e "q ( priority ( pres5tation :e!r we are to accept ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 or ,mahometanism1 we mu/ /rictly & fe>lessly exam9e ! evid5ce ^u :i* !y pr(ess to /&4 ,! neglect ( exam9ation c nev] advance tru?1 z ! sev]e/ scrut9y c nev] ret>d x1 b belief )\t discrim9ation c only fo/] ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,x 0 9 ?is conviction t ! foll[+ inquiry into ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation 0 orig9ally und]tak51 & t o!rs %\ld ent] ^u x4 ,an able writ]1 :o w n be suspect$ ( exagg]ation on ?is subject1 has said3 ,! majority ( mank9d1 p]haps1 owe _! belief r to ! outw>d influ5ce ( cu/om & education1 ?an to any /rong pr9ciple ( fai? )92 & x is to be fe>$ t _m if !y came to p]ceive h[ wond]ful :at !y believ$ 01 w\ld n f9d _! belief s easy1 & s matt]-(-c\rse a ?+ z !y appe> to f9d x47#b7 ,to no e>ne/ m9d c su* inquiry be o!rwise ?an a s]i\s & (t5 a xcviii pa9ful task1 b1 dismiss+ preconceiv$ ideas & pref]5ces d]iv$ f habit & education1 & seek+ only ! ,tru?1 hold+ x1 :atev] x may be1 to be ! only object wor?y ( desire1 or capable ( satisfy+ a rational m9d1 ! que/ _c b end 9 peace & satisfaction4 ,9 su* an inve/igation1 h[ev]1 to quote words ( ,ar*bi%op ,:ately3 ,x makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w :e!r we place ,tru? 9 ! fir/ place or 9 ! second place4--= if ,tru? acquir$ d n comp5sate = e pet illusion dispell$1 ! pa? is ?orny inde$1 al?\gh x mu/ /ill be fai?fully trodd54 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,div9e ,,revelation4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,miracles ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,*ri/ianity ,at ! v outset ( inquiry into ! orig9 & true "* ( ,*ri/ianity we are br\ght face to face ) ! ,sup]natural4 ,*ri/ianity pr(esses to be a ,div9e ,revelation ( tru?s :i* ! human intellect c\ld n o!rwise h discov]$4 ,x is n a =m ( religion develop$ by ! wisdom ( man & appeal+ to 8 reason1 b a sy/em miracul\sly communicat$ to ! human race1 ! c5tral doctr9es ( :i* are ei!r sup]human or unt5able4 ,if ! tru?s said to be reveal$ 7 ei!r ( an ord9>y "* or naturally atta9able !y w\ld at once discr$it ! claim to a ,div9e orig94 ,no "o c\ld ma9ta9 t a sy/em discov]able by ,reason w\ld be sup]naturally communicat$4 ,! :ole argum5t = ,*ri/ianity turns ^u ! necessity ( su* a ,revelation & ! consequ5t probability t x w\ld be made4 #b ,!re is no?+ s+ul>1 x may be rem>k$1 9 ! claim ( ,*ri/ianity to be a direct ,revelation f ,god4 ,) ! exception ( ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome1 :i*1 h[ev]1 also _h _! subsidi>y supposition ( div9e inspiration1 !re has sc>cely be5 any sy/em ( ,religion :i* has n be5 proclaim$ to ! _w z a direct div9e communication4 ,long be=e ,*ri/ianity claim$ ?is "*1 ! religions ( ,india _h anticipat$ ! idea4 ,to quote ! words ( an accompli%$ s*ol>3--,accord+ to ! or?odox views ( ,indian !ologians1 n a s+le l9e ( ! ,v$a 0 ! "w ( human au?ors4 ,! :ole ,v$a is 9 "s way or o!r ! "w ( ! ,deity2 & ev5 ^? :o receiv$ x 7 n suppos$ to be ord9>y mortals1 b be+s rais$ above ! level ( common humanity1 & less liable1 !re=e1 to error 9 ! reception ( reveal$ tru?47#a7 ,! same orig9 is claim$ = ! religion ( ,zoroa/]1 ^: doctr9es1 beyond d\bt1 ex]cis$ great influ5ce at lea/ ^u lat] ,jewi% !ology1 & ^: ,magian foll[]s are appropriately introduc$ beside ! cradle ( ,jesus1 z ! fir/ to d hon\r to ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! same way ,mahomet ann\nc$ 8 religion z directly communicat$ f heav54 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 z a religion pr(ess+ to be div9ely reveal$1 is n only sup]natural 9 orig9 & doctr9e1 b its claim to acceptance is necess>ily bas$ ^u sup]natural evid5ce2 = x is obvi\s t tru?s :i* require to be miracul\sly communicat$ d n come )9 ! range ( our intellect1 & _c1 !re=e1 be intellig5tly receiv$ ^u int]nal te/imony4 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 says a rec5t able ,bampton ,lectur]1 if x 0 ! w ( ,god to give a revelation1 !re are #c pla9 & obvi\s reasons = ass]t+ t miracles are necess>y z ! gu>antee & v\*] = t revelation4 ,a revelation is1 prop]ly speak+1 su* only by virtue ( tell+ u some?+ :i* we c\ld n "k )\t x4 ,b h[ d we "k t t communication ( :at is undiscov]able by human reason is true8 ,our reason _c prove ! tru? ( x1 = x is by ! v supposition beyond our reason4 ,!re mu/ be1 !n1 "s note or sign to c]tify to x & di/+ui% x z a true communication f ,god1 :i* note c be no?+ else ?an a miracle47#a7 ,9 ano!r place ! same ,lectur] /igmatizes ! belief ( ! ,mahometan z 9 its v pr9ciple irrational1 because he accepts ! acc\nt :i* ,mahomet gave ( himself1 )\t sup]natural evid5ce47#b7 ,! belief ( ! ,*ri/ian is contra/$ ) x z rational1 because ! ,*ri/ian believes 9 a sup]natural disp5sation ^u ! prop] evid5ce ( su* a disp5sation1 viz41 ! miracul\s47#c7 ,mahomet is reproa*$ ) hav+ an utt]ly b>b>\s idea ( evid5ce1 & a total miscalculation ( ! claims ( reason1 because he did n consid] miracul\s evid5ce necess>y to atte/ a sup]natural disp5sation2 :]eas ! ,gospel is adapt$ to p]petuity = ?is cause especially1 ) o!rs1 t x 0 f\nd$ ^u a true calculation1 & a =esight ( ! p]man5t ne$ ( evid5ce2 our ,"l admitt+ ! inadequacy ( ,8 own m]e ^w1 & ! necessity ( a rational gu>antee to ,8 revelation ( ,8 own nature & commission47#d7 #d ,! spontane\s (f] ( miracul\s evid5ce1 inde$1 has always be5 advanc$ z a special *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity1 logically entitl+ x to acceptance 9 contradi/9ction to all o!r religions4 ,x is an ackn[l$g$ hi/orical fact1 says ,bi%op ,butl]1 t ,*ri/ianity (f]$ itself to ! _w1 & dem&$ to be receiv$1 ^u ! allegation1 i4 e11 z unbeliev]s w\ld speak1 ^u ! pret5ce1 ( miracles1 publicly wr\ght to atte/ ! tru? ( x 9 su* an age2444 & ,*ri/ianity1 includ+ ! disp5sation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 seems di/+ui%$ by ?is f all o!r religions47#a7 ,mo/ ( ! great ,engli% div9es h cle>ly recogniz$ & ass]t$ ! necessity ( sup]natural evid5ce to e/abli% ! reality ( a sup]natural revelation4 ,bi%op ,butl] affirms miracles & ! completion ( prophecy to be ! direct & fundam5tal pro(s ( ,*ri/ianity47#b7 ,else:]e he says3 ,! notion ( a miracle1 consid]$ z a pro( ( a div9e mission1 has be5 /at$ ) great exactness by div9es1 & is1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly und]/ood by e "o4 ,!re are also invisible miracles1 ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 = in/ance1 :i*1 be+ secret1 _c be alleg$ z a pro( ( su* a mission2 b require !mselves to be prov$ by visible miracles4 ,revelation itself1 too1 is miracul\s2 & miracles are ! pro( ( x47#c7 ,paley /ates ! case ) equal cle>ness3 ,9 :at way c a revelation be made b by miracles8 ,9 none :i* we are able to conceive47#d7 ,8 argum5t 9 fact is f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple t3 no?+ b miracles #e c\ld decide ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ianity47#a7 ,9 ano!r "w he ass]ts t no man c prove a future retribution1 b ! tea*] :o te/ifies by miracles t 8 doctr9e comes f ,god47#b7 ,bi%op ,att]bury1 aga91 ref]r+ to ! pr9cipal doctr9es ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 says3 ,x is ?is k9d ( ,tru? t ,god is prop]ly said to reveal2 ,tru?s1 ( :i*1 unless reveal$1 we %\ld h always cont9u$ ignorant2 & 'tis 9 ord] only to prove ^! ,tru?s to h be5 really reveal$1 t we affirm ,miracles to be ,necess>y47#c7 ,dr4 ,heurtley1 ! ,m>g>et ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 aft] po9t+ out t ! doctr9es taught z ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation are su* z c\ld n by any possibility h be5 atta9$ by ! unassi/$ human reason1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x is reasonable t !y %\ld be atte/$ by miracles1 cont9ues3 ,inde$1 x seems inconceivable h[ )\t miracles--includ+ prophecy 9 ! notion ( a miracle--x c\ld suffici5tly h comm5d$ itself to m5's belief8 ,:o w\ld believe1 or w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+1 ! great facts :i* con/itute its sub/ance on ! ipse dixit ( an unaccr$it$ tea*]8 & h[1 except by miracles1 c\ld ! fir/ tea*] be accr$it$8 ,paley1 !n1 0 fully w>rant$ 9 ! ass]tion4444 t 'we _c conceive a revelation'--su* a revelation ( c\rse z ,*ri/ianity pr(esses to be1 a revelation ( tru?s :i* transc5d man's ability to discov]1--' to be #f sub/antiat$ )\t miracles4' ,o!r cr$5tials1 x is true1 might be exhibit$ 9 addition to miracles1--& su* x w\ld be natural to look =1--b x seems impossible t miracles c\ld be disp5s$ )47#a7 ,dr4 ,mansel1 ! late ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 be>s simil> te/imony3 ,a tea*] :o proclaims himself to be specially s5t by ,god1 & ^: tea*+ is to be receiv$ on ! au?ority ( t mission1 mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 e/abli% 8 claim by pro(s ( ano!r k9d ?an ^? :i* m]ely ev9ce 8 human wisdom or goodness4 ,a sup]human au?ority ne$s to be sub/antiat$ by sup]human evid5ce2 & :at is sup]human is miracul\s47#b7 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 9 discuss+ ! idea & scope ( miracles1 says3 ,a ,revelation1 t is1 a direct message f ,god to man1 itself be>s 9 "s degree a miracul\s "*2444 ,& z a ,revelation itself1 s aga9 ! evid5ces ( a ,revelation may all m or less be consid]$ miracul\s4444 ,x might ev5 be said t1 /rictly speak+1 no evid5ce ( a ,revelation is conceivable :i* does n p>take ( ! "* ( a ,miracle2 s9ce no?+ b a display ( p[] ov] ! exi/+ sy/em ( ?+s c atte/ ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,him by :om x 0 orig9ally e/abli%$47#c7 ,dr4 ,mozley has /at$ 9 /ill /rong] t]ms ! necessity t ,*ri/ianity %\ld be au!nticat$ by ! evid5ce ( miracles4 ,he supposes ! case t a p]son ( evid5t integrity & l(t9ess ( "* _h appe>$1 eighte5 c5turies ago1 ann\nc+ himself z pre-exi/5t f all et]nity1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ,mak] #g ( ! _w1 :o _h come d[n f heav5 & assum$ ! =m & nature ( man 9 ord] to be ! ,lamb ( ,god t take? away ! s9s ( ! _w1 & s on1 enum]at+ o!r doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,dr4 ,mozley !n asks3 ,:at w\ld be ! inevitable conclusion ( sob] reason respect+ t p]son8 ,! necess>y conclusion ( sob] reason respect+ t p]son w\ld be t he 0 disord]$ 9 8 und]/&+444 ,by no rational be+ c\ld a j & b5evol5t life be accept$ z pro( ( su* a/oni%+ ann\ncem5ts4 ,miracles are ! necess>y complem5t1 !n1 ( ! tru? ( su* ann\ncem5ts1 :i*1 )\t !m1 are purposeless & abortive1 ! unf9i%$ fragm5ts ( a design :i* is no?+ unless x is ! :ole4 ,!y are necess>y to ! ju/ification ( su* ann\ncem5ts1 :i* inde$1 unless !y are sup]natural tru?s1 are ! wilde/ delusions47#a7 ,he1 !re=e1 concludes t3 ,*ri/ianity _c be ma9ta9$ z a revelation undiscov]able by human reason1 a revelation ( a sup]natural s*eme = man's salvation1 )\t ! evid5ce ( miracles47#b7 ,9 all po9ts1 ,*ri/ianity is emphatically a ,sup]natural ,religion claim+ to be div9e 9 its orig91 sup]human 9 its ess5ce & miracul\s 9 its evid5ce4 ,x _c be accept$ )\t an absolute belief 9 ,miracles1 & ^? :o pr(ess to hold ! religion :il/ !y discr$it its sup]natural elem5ts--& !y are _m at ! pres5t day--h widely sec$$ f ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity4 ,miracles1 x is true1 are ext]nal to ,*ri/ianity 9 s f> z !y are evid5tial1 b inasmu* z x is admitt$ t miracles alone c atte/ ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation !y are /ill insep>able #h f x2 & z ! cont5ts ( ! ,revelation are s to say m miracul\s ?an its atte/+ miracles1 ! sup]natural ent]s into ! v sub/ance ( ,*ri/ianity & _c be elim9at$4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! reality ( miracles is ! vital po9t 9 ! inve/igation :i* we h und]tak54 ,if ! reality ( miracles _c be e/abli%$1 ,*ri/ianity loses ! only evid5ce by :i* its tru? c be suffici5tly atte/$4 ,if miracles be incr$ible ! sup]natural ,revelation & its miracul\s evid5ce mu/ toge!r be reject$4 ,?is fact is ?or\ghly recogniz$ by ! able/ ,*ri/ian div9es4 ,dean ,mansel1 speak+ ( ! position ( miracles 9 reg>d to ,*ri/ianity1 says3 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 assumes a v diff]5t "* :5 x relates1 n to ! comp>ative importance ( miracles z evid5ces1 b to _! reality z facts1 & z facts ( a sup]natural k9d4 ,= if ?is is d5i$1 ! d5ial does n m]ely remove "o ( ! supports ( a fai? :i* may yet re/ securely on o!r gr\nds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! :ole sy/em ( ,*ri/ian belief ) its evid5ces444 all ,*ri/ianity 9 %ort1 s f> z x has any title to t "n1 s f> z x has any special relation to ! p]son or ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 is ov]?r[n at ! same "t47#a7 ,a little fur!r on he says3 ,if !re be "o fact record$ 9 ,scripture :i* is entitl$1 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w1 to ! "n ( a ,miracle1 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ is t fact4 ,"h1 at lea/1 is an in/ance 9 :i* ! entire ,*ri/ian fai? mu/ /& or fall ) our belief 9 ! sup]natural47#b7 ,he1 !re=e1 prop]ly repudiates ! view1 :i* repres5ts ! "q ( ! possibility #i ( miracles z "o :i* m]ely affects ! ext]nal accessories ( ,*ri/ianity1 leav+ ! ess5tial doctr9es unt\*$47#a7 ,dr4 ,mozley 9 a simil> mann] argues ! insep>able union ( miracles ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,inde$ n only are miracles conjo9$ ) doctr9e 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b miracles are ins]t$ 9 ! doctr9e & are "p ( its cont5ts4 ,a man _c /ate 8 belief z a ,*ri/ian 9 ! t]ms ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ )\t ass]t+ !m4 ,c ! doctr9e ( our ,"l's ,inc>nation be disjo9$ f "o physical miracle8 ,c ! doctr9e ( ,8 ju/ification ( u & int]cession = u1 be disjo9$ f ano!r8444 ,if a miracle is incorporat$ z an article 9 a cre$1 t article ( ! cre$1 ! miracle1 & ! pro( ( x by a miracle1 are all "o ?+4 ,! great miracles1 !re=e1 ^u ! evid5ce ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian s*eme re/$1 be+ ?us ins]t$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,cre$1 ! belief 9 ! ,cre$ 0 ( itself ! belief 9 ! miracul\s evid5ce ( x4444 ,?us miracles & ! sup]natural cont5ts ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ /& or fall toge!r47#b7 ,dr4 ,heurtley1 ref]r+ to ! discussion ( ! reality ( miracles1 exclaims3 ,x is n too mu* to say1 !re=e1 t ! "q is vital z reg>ds ,*ri/ianity47#c7 ,canon ,we/cott n less emphatically makes ! same /atem5t4 ,x is evid5t1 he says1 t if ! claim to be a miracul\s religion is ess5tially incr$ible apo/olic ,*ri/ianity is simply false4444 ,! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity lies 9 a miracle2 & if x c be %[n t a miracle is ei!r impossible or incr$ible1 all fur!r inquiry into ! details ( its hi/ory is sup]flu\s #aj 9 a religi\s po9t ( view47#a7 ,simil>ly1 a rec5t ,hulsean lectur]1 ,dr4 ,f>r>1 has said3 ,h[ev] skilfully ! mod]n +5uity ( semi-belief may h tamp]$ ) sup]natural int]positions1 x is cle> to e hone/ & unsophi/icat$ m9d t1 if miracles be incr$ible1 ,*ri/ianity is false4 ,if ,*ri/ wr\ght no miracles1 !n ! ,gospels are untru/wor?y2444 ,if ! ,resurrection be m]ely a spiritual idea1 or a my?iciz$ halluc9ation1 !n our religion has be5 f\nd$ on an error4444 7#b7 ,x has be5 necess>y cle>ly to po9t out ?is indissoluble connection betwe5 ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity & ! sup]natural1 9 ord] t ! p>am\nt importance ( ! "q z to ! cr$ibility ( miracles %\ld be duly appreciat$4 ,our inquiry into ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation1 !n1 :e!r we consid] its cont5ts or its evid5ce1 practically r$uces itself to ! v simple issue3 ,are miracles antec$5tly cr$ible8 ,did !y ev] really take place8 ,we d n int5d to conf9e ourselves m]ely to a discussion ( ! ab/ract "q1 b %all also endeav\r to =m a correct e/imate ( ! value ( ! specific allegations :i* are advanc$4 #b4 ,hav+ !n asc]ta9$ t miracles are absolutely necess>y to atte/ ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation we may proce$ to exam9e !m m closely1 & = ! pres5t we %all conf9e ourselves to ! repres5tations ( ^! ph5om5a :i* are giv5 9 ! ,bible4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t ! doctr9e is inculcat$ #aa t sup]natural communications mu/ h sup]natural atte/ation4 ,god is describ$ z arm+ 8 s]vants ) p[] to p]=m wond]s1 9 ord] t !y may ?us be accr$it$ z 8 special mess5g]s4 ,! ,patri>*s & ! p ( ,israel g5]ally are repres5t$ z dem&+ a sign ( ! reality ( communications said to come f ,god1 )\t :i*1 we are l$ to suppose1 !y n only w\ld n h believ$1 b w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 disbeliev+1 t ! message actually came f him4 ,?us ,gideon7#a7 asks = a sign t ! ,"l talk$ ) him1 & ,hezekiah7#b7 dem&s pro( ( ! tru? ( ,isaiah's prophecy t he %\ld be re/or$ to heal?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y to ref] to in/ances1 = x may be affirm$ t ^u all occasions miracul\s evid5ce ( an alleg$ div9e mission is /at$ to h be5 requir$ & accord$4 ,! />tl+ in=mation is at ! same "t giv51 h[ev]1 t miracles may be wr\ght to atte/ :at is false z well z to accr$it :at is true4 ,9 "o place17#c7 x is decl>$ t if a prophet actually gives a sign or wond] & x comes to pass1 b tea*es ! p1 on ! /r5g? ( x1 to foll[ o!r gods1 !y are n to he>k5 to him1 & ! prophet is to be put to dea?4 ,! false miracle is1 "h17#d7 attribut$ to ,god himself3 ,= ! ,"l y\r ,god prove? y1 to "k :e!r ye love ! ,"l y\r ,god ) all y\r he>t & ) all y\r s\l4 ,9 ! book ( ! ,prophet ,ezekiel1 ! case is /at$ 9 a /ill /rong] way1 & ,god is repres5t$ z directly deceiv+ ! prophet3 ,& if ! prophet be deceiv$ :5 he ha? spok5 a ?+1 ,i ! ,"l h deceiv$ t prophet1 & ,i w #ab /ret* out my h& ^u him1 & w de/roy him f ! mid/ ( my p ,israel47#a7 ,god1 9 fact1 is repres5t$ z ex]t+ 8 almighty p[] to deceive a man & !n z de/roy+ him = be+ deceiv$4 ,9 ! same _s is ! passage7#b7 9 :i* ,micaiah describes ! ,"l z putt+ a ly+ _s into ! m\?s ( ! prophets :o incit$ ,ahab to g to ,ramo?-,gilead4 ,else:]e17#c7 & notably 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we f9d an ascription ( real signs & wond]s to ano!r p[] ?an ,god4 ,jesus himself is repres5t$ z w>n+ 8 disciples aga9/ false prophets1 :o "w signs & wond]s3 ,_m w say to me 9 t day1 ,"l1 ,"l1 h we n prophesi$ 9 ?y "n8 & 9 ?y "n ca/ out devils8 & 9 ?y "n done _m wond]ful works8 ( :om he %\ld say3 ,i nev] knew y2 dep>t f me1 ye t "w iniquity47#d7 ,& aga9 9 ano!r place3 ,= false prophets %all arise1 & %all "w signs & wond]s --,greek-- to s$uce1 if x 7 possible1 ! elect47#e7 ,also1 :5 ! ,ph>isees accuse him ( ca/+ out devils by ,beelzebub ! pr9ce ( ! devils1 ,jesus asks3 ,by :om d y\r *ildr5 ca/ !m out87#f7 a reply :i* w\ld lose all its po9t if !y 7 n admitt$ to be able to ca/ out devils4 ,9 ano!r passage ,john is describ$ z say+3 ,ma/]1 we saw "o ca/+ out devils 9 ?y "n1 :o foll[e? n u1 & we =bad him47#g7 ,)\t multiply+ in/ances1 h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! fact #ac t ! reality ( false miracles & ly+ wond]s is admitt$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! obvi\s d$uction f ?is repres5tation ( miracles is t ! s\rce & purpose ( su* sup]natural ph5om5a mu/ always be exce$+ly unc]ta947#a7 ,_! evid5tial value is1 !re=e1 pr(\ndly affect$1 x be+1 z ,dr4 ,newman has said ( ambigu\s miracles1 antec$5tly improbable t ! ,almighty %\ld re/ ! cr$it ( ,8 ,revelation ^u ev5ts :i* b obscurely impli$ ,8 imm$iate pres5ce47#b7 ,z x is affirm$ t o!r sup]natural be+s exi/1 z well z an assum$ ,p]sonal ,god1 by ^: ag5cy miracles are p]=m$1 x is impossible to argue ) reason t su* ph5om5a are at any "t specially due to ! int]v5tion ( ! ,deity4 ,dr4 ,newman recognizes ?is1 b passes ov] ! difficulty ) ma/]ly lightness ( t\*4 ,aft] advanc+ ! s+ul> argum5t t our k ( spirits is only d]iv$ f ,scripture1 & t _! exi/5ce _c be d$uc$ f nature1 :il/ he ass]ts t ! be+ ( a ,god--a ,p]sonal ,god be x rememb]$--c be s discov]$1 & t1 !re=e1 miracles c only prop]ly be attribut$ to him1 he proce$s3 ,/ill x may be necess>y to %[ t on our own pr9ciples we are n op5 to inconsi/5cy4 ,t is1 x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r1 9 admitt+ ! exi/5ce & p[] ( ,spirits on ! au?ority ( ,revelation1 we are n 9 dang] ( #ad invalidat+ ! evid5ce ^u :i* t au?ority re/s4 ,= ! cog5cy ( ! argum5t = ,miracles dep5ds on ! assumption1 t int]ruptions 9 ! c\rse ( nature mu/ ultimately proce$ f ,god2 :i* is n true1 if !y may be effect$ by o!r be+s )\t ,8 sanction4 ,& x mu/ be conc$$1 t1 explicit z ,scripture is 9 consid]+ ,miracles z signs ( div9e ag5cy1 x /ill does seem to give creat$ ,spirits "s p[] ( work+ !m2 & ev51 9 its mo/ lit]al s5se1 intimates ! possibility ( _! work+ !m 9 opposition to ! true doctr9e4 7,deut4 xiii4 #a-c2 ,matt4 xxiv4 #bd2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #i-ll477#a7 ,dr4 ,newman repudiates ! attempts ( v>i\s writ]s to ov]come ?is difficulty by mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 great miracles & small1 _m miracles & few1 or by ref]r+ to ! nature ( ! doctr9e atte/$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! au?or ( ! miracle1 or by d5y+ ! p[] ( spirits altoge!r1 & expla9+ away ,scripture /atem5ts ( demoniacal possession & ! n>rative ( ! ,"l's ,temptation4 ,)\t hav+ rec\rse to any ( ^! dang]\s modes ( answ]+ ! objection1 he says1 x may be suffici5t to reply1 t1 s9ce1 agreeably to ! antec$5t s5tim5t ( reason1 ,god has adopt$ miracles z ! seal ( a div9e message1 we believe ,he w nev] suff] !m to be s c\nt]feit$ z to deceive ! humble inquir]47#b7 ,?is is ! only reply :i* ev5 s p[]ful a reason] z ,dr4 ,newman c give to an objection bas$ on di/9ct /atem5ts ( ,scripture itself4 ,he _c d5y ! validity ( ! objection1 he c only hope or believe 9 spite ( x ,p]sonal belief indep5d5t ( evid5ce is ! mo/ common & ! weake/ ( argum5ts2 at ! #ae be/ x is prejudice mask$ 9 ! g>b ( ,reason4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t miracles be+ ?us ackn[l$g$ to be common bo? to ,god & to o!r spirits !y _c be consid]$ a di/9ctive atte/ation ( div9e int]v5tion2 &1 z ,sp9oza f9ely argu$1 n ev5 ! m]e exi/5ce ( ,god c be inf]r$ f !m2 = z a miracle is a limit$ act1 & nev] expresses m ?an a c]ta9 & limit$ p[]1 x is c]ta9 t we _c f su* an effect1 conclude ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a cause ^: p[] is inf9ite47#a7 ,?is dual "* obvi\sly leads to _m difficulties 9 def9+ ! evid5tial function & =ce ( miracles1 & we may be/ appreciate ! dilemma :i* is involv$ by cont9u+ to foll[ ! /atem5ts & argum5ts ( div9es !mselves4 ,to ! "q :e!r miracles are absolutely to comm& ! ob$i5ce ( ^? 9 ^: sight !y are p]=m$1 & :e!r1 ^u _! atte/ation1 ! do] & 8 doctr9e are to be accept$ z ( ,god1 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* unhesitat+ly replies3 ,x _c be s1 = side by side ) ! miracles :i* s]ve = ! fur!r+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god runs ano!r l9e ( wond]s1 ! c\nt]-work+s ( him :o is ev] ! ape ( ! ,mo/ ,high47#b7 ,! d$uction is absolutely logical & _c be d5i$4 ,?is fact1 he says1 t ! k+dom ( lies has its wond]s no less ?an ! k+dom ( tru?1 is itself suffici5t evid5ce t miracles _c be appeal$ #af to absolutely & f9ally1 9 pro( ( ! doctr9e :i* ! work] ( !m proclaims4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is important to discov] h[ miracles p]=m _! function z ! indisp5sable evid5ce = a ,div9e ,revelation1 = ) ?is disability !y d n seem to possess mu* pot5tiality4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 !n1 (f]s ! foll[+ def9ition ( ! function ( miracles3 ,a miracle does n prove ! tru? ( a doctr9e1 or ! div9e mission ( him t br+s x to pass4 ,t :i* alone x claims = him at ! fir/ is a "r to be li/5$ to3 x puts him 9 ! alt]native ( be+ f heav5 or f hell4 ,! doctr9e mu/ fir/ comm5d itself to ! consci5ce z be+ good1 & only !n c ! miracle seal x z div9e4 ,b ! fir/ appeal is f ! doctr9e to ! consci5ce1 to ! moral nature ( man47#a7 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 he ma9ta9s1 _! evid5ce is utt]ly to be reject$4 ,b ! purpose ( ! miracle1 he says1 be+1 z we h se51 to confirm t :i* is good1 s1 ^u ! o!r h&1 :]e ! m9d & consci5ce witness aga9/ ! doctr9e1 n all ! miracles 9 ! _w h a "r to dem& submission to ! ^w :i* !y seal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! great act ( fai? #ag is to believe1 aga9/1 & 9 despite ( !m all1 9 :at ,god has reveal$ to1 & implant$ 9 ! s\l ( ! holy & ! true2 n to believe ano!r ,gospel1 ?\gh an ,angel f heav51 or "o trans=m$ into su*1 %\ld br+ x 7,deut4 xiii4 #c2 ,gal4 i4 #h72 & in/ead ( compell+ ass5t1 miracles are !n r w>n+s to u t we keep alo(1 = !y tell u t n m]ely lies are "h1 = to t ! consci5ce bore witness already1 b t he :o utt]s !m is m ?an a common deceiv]1 is em95tly 'a li> & an ,anti-*ri/1' a false prophet1 --/&+ 9 m imm$iate connection ?an o!r deceiv$ & evil m5 to ! k+dom ( d>kness1 s t ,satan has giv5 him 8 p[] 7,rev4 xiii4 #b71 is us+ him to be an especial organ ( 81 & to d a special "w = him47#a7 ,& he lays d[n ! di/9ct pr9ciple t3 ,! miracle mu/ witness = itself1 & ! doctr9e mu/ witness = itself1 & !n1 & !n only1 ! fir/ is capable ( witness+ = ! second47#b7 ,^! op9ions are n peculi> to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91 b are g5]ally held by div9es1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,tr5* expresses !m ) unusual abs5ce ( res]ve4 ,dr4 ,mozley emphatically affirms ! same doctr9e :5 he says3 ,a miracle _c oblige u to accept any doctr9e :i* is contr>y to our moral nature1 or to a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( religion47#c7 ,dr4 ,mansel speaks to ! same effect3 ,if a tea*] claim+ to "w miracles proclaims doctr9es contradictory to previ\sly e/abli%$ tru?s1 :e!r to ! conclusions ( natural religion or to ! tea*+ ( a =m] revelation1 su* a contradiction is all[$ ev5 by ! mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( ! evid5tial value ( miracles1 to #ah invalidate ! au?ority ( ! tea*]4 ,b ! "r conclusion f ?is admission is n t true miracles are invalid z evid5ces1 b t ! suppos$ miracles 9 ?is case are n true miracles at all2 i4 e41 are n ! effects ( ,div9e p[]1 b ( human deception or ( "s o!r ag5cy47#a7 ,a passage f a lett] writt5 by ,dr4 ,arnold :i* is quot$ by ,dr4 ,tr5* 9 support ( 8 views1 bo? illu/rates ! doctr9e & ! necessity :i* has l$ to its adoption3 ,y compla91 says ,dr4 ,arnold1 writ+ to ,dr4 ,hawk9s1 ( ^? p]sons :o judge ( a revelation n by its evid5ce1 b by its sub/ance4 ,x has always seem$ to me t its sub/ance is a mo/ ess5tial "p ( its evid5ce2 & t miracles wr\ght 9 fav\r ( :at 0 fooli% or wick$ w\ld only prove ,mani*eism4 ,we are s p]fectly ignorant ( ! unse5 _w1 t ! "* ( any sup]natural p[] c only be judg$ by ! moral "* ( ! /atem5ts :i* x sanctions4 ,?us only c we tell :e!r x be a revelation f ,god or f ! ,devil47#b7 ,9 ano!r place ,dr4 ,arnold decl>es3 ,miracles mu/ n be all[$ to ov]rule ! ,gospel2 = x is only ?r\gh our belief 9 ! ,gospel t we accord our belief to !m47#c7 #ai ,x is obvi\s t ! mutual dep5d5ce :i* is ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 miracles & ! doctr9es 9 connection ) :i* !y are wr\ght de/roys ! evid5tial =ce ( miracles1 & t ! fir/ & ! f9al appeal is made to reason4 ,! doctr9e 9 fact proves ! miracle in/ead ( ! miracle atte/+ ! doctr9e4 ,div9es ( c\rse attempt to d5y ?is1 b no o!r d$uction f _! own /atem5ts is logically possible4 ,miracles1 accord+ to ,scripture itself1 are producible by v>i\s sup]natural be+s & may be ,satanic z well z ,div9e2 man1 on ! o!r h&1 is s ignorant ( ! unse5 _w t av[$ly he _c1 f ! miracle itself1 det]m9e ! ag5t by :om x 0 p]=m$27l7 ! miracle1 !re=e1 has no intr9sic evid5tial value4 ,h[1 !n1 accord+ to div9es1 does x atta9 any pot5tiality8 ,only ?r\gh a fav\rable decision on ! "p ( ,reason or ! moral nature 9 man reg>d+ ! #bj "* ( ! doctr9e4 ,! result ( ! appeal to ,reason respect+ ! morality & cr$ibility ( ! doctr9e det]m9es ! evid5tial /atus ( ! miracle4 ,! doctr9e1 !re=e1 is ! real crit]ion ( ! miracle :i*1 )\t x1 is necess>ily an object ( d\bt & suspicion4 ,we h already casually ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,newman's view ( su* a relation betwe5 ,miracle & doctr9e1 b may "h m fully quote 8 sugge/ive rem>ks4 ,o!rs by ref]r+ to ! nature ( ! doctr9e atte/$1 he says1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! au?or ( ! miracle1 h expos$ !mselves to ! plausible *>ge ( adduc+1 fir/ ! miracle to atte/ ! div9ity ( ! doctr9e1 & !n ! doctr9e to prove ! div9ity ( ! ,miracle47#a7 ,?is argum5t he *>act]izes z "o ( ! dang]\s modes ( remov+ a difficulty1 al?\gh he does n himself po9t out a saf]1 &1 9 a note1 he adds3 ,!re is an appe>ance ( do+ hon\r to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es 9 repres5t+ !m z intr9sically cr$ible1 :i* leads _m into support+ op9ions :i*1 c>ri$ to _! full ext5t1 sup]s$e ! ne$ ( ,miracles altoge!r4 ,x mu/ be recollect$1 too1 t !y :o are all[$ to praise h ! privilege ( f9d+ fault1 & may reject1 accord+ to _! a priori notions1 z well z receive4 ,d\btless ! div9ity ( a cle>ly immoral doctr9e c\ld n be evid5c$ by ,miracles2 = our belief 9 ! moral attributes ( ,god is mu* /rong] ?an our conviction ( ! negative proposition1 t none b ,he c int]f]e ) ! sy/em ( nature47#c7 ,b !re is always #ba ! dang] ( ext5d+ ?is admission beyond its prop] limits1 ( suppos+ ourselves adequate judges ( ! t5d5cy ( doctr9es2 &1 because unassi/$ ,reason in=ms u :at is moral & immoral 9 our own case1 ( attempt+ to decide on ! ab/ract morality ( actions2444 ,^! rem>ks are 9 n[ise inconsi/5t ) us+ 7z 0 done 9 a =m] section7 our actual k ( ,god's attributes1 obta9$ f a survey ( nature & human affairs1 9 det]m9+ ! probability ( c]ta9 pr(ess$ ,miracles hav+ proce$$ f ,him4 ,x is "o ?+ to inf] f ! exp]i5ce ( life1 ano!r to imag9e ! "* ( ,god f ! gratuit\s conceptions ( our own m9ds47#a7 ,al?\gh ,dr4 ,newman app>5tly fails to p]ceive t he himself ?us makes reason ! crit]ion ( miracles & !re=e incurs ! condemnation ) :i* our quotation op5s1 ! v indecision ( 8 argum5t illu/rates ! dilemma 9 :i* div9es are plac$4 ,dr4 ,mozley1 h[ev]1 /ill m directly condemns ! pr9ciple :i* we are discuss+--t ! doctr9e mu/ be ! crit]ion ( ! miracle--al?\gh he also1 z we h purposes = :i* x nev] 0 int5d$1 & is unfitt$4 ,to rationalise 9 matt]s ( ,revelation is to make our reason ! /&>d & measure ( ! doctr9es reveal$2 to /ipulate t ^? doctr9es %\ld be su* z to c>ry ) !m _! own ju/ification2 to reject !m1 if !y come 9 collision ) our exi/+ op9ions or habits ( ?\ght1 or are ) difficulty h>monis$ ) our exi/+ /ock ( k 7,essays1 ,crit4 & ,hi/41 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca72 & a little fur!r on3 ,a l desire ( judg+ = "o's self is disc]nible 9 ! orig9al fall ( man4 ,eve did n believe ! ,tempt] any m ?an ,god's ^w1 till %e p]ceiv$ ! fruit 0 good = food ' 7#gf41 p4 #cc74 ,dr4 ,newman1 ( c\rse1 wi%es to limit 8 pr9ciple precisely to suit 8 own conv5i5ce1 b 9 p]mitt+ ! rejection ( a suppos$ ,revelation 9 spite ( miracles1 on ! gr\nd ( our disapproval ( its morality1 x is obvi\s t ! doctr9e is sub/antially made ! f9al crit]ion ( ! miracle4 #bb se51 else:]e sub/antially affirms x4 ,he says3 ,! position t ! revelation proves ! miracles1 & n ! miracles ! revelation1 admits ( a good qualifi$ mean+2 b tak5 lit]ally1 x is a d\ble (f5ce aga9/ ! rule1 t ?+s are prop]ly prov$ by ! prop] pro( ( !m2 = a sup]natural fact is ! prop] pro( ( a sup]natural doctr9e2 :ile a sup]natural doctr9e1 on ! o!r h&1 is c]ta9ly n ! prop] pro( ( a sup]natural fact7#a7 ,?is /atem5t is obvi\sly true1 b x is equally und5iable t1 _! orig9 be+ unc]ta91 miracles h no di/9ctive evid5tial =ce4 ,h[ f>1 !n1 we may inquire 9 ord] ?or\ghly to und]/& ! position1 c doctr9es prove ! reality ( miracles or det]m9e ! ag5cy by :i* !y are p]=m$8 ,9 ! case ( moral tru?s )9 ! limits ( reason1 x is evid5t t doctr9es :i* are 9 accordance ) our ideas ( :at is good & "r d n require miracul\s evid5ce at all4 ,!y c secure acceptance by _! own m]its alone4 ,at ! same "t x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! tru? or goodness ( a doctr9e is 9 itself no pro( t x emanates directly f ,god1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ obvi\s wisdom & beauty 9 ! doctr9e c\ld n atte/ ! div9e orig9 ( a miracle4 ,su* tru?s1 h[ev]1 h no prop] connection ) revelation at all4 ,^! tru?s1 to quote ! words ( ,bi%op ,att]bury1 7 ( !mselves suffici5tly obvi\s & pla91 & ne$$ n a ,div9e ,te/imony to make !m pla9]4 ,b ! ,tru?s :i* are necess>y 9 ?is ,mann] to be atte/$1 are ^? :i* are ( ,positive ,in/itution2 ^?1 :i* if ,god _h n pleas$ to reveal !m1 ,human ,reason c\ld n #bc h discov]$2 & ^?1 :i*1 ev5 n[ !y are reveal$1 ,human ,reason _c fully acc\nt =1 & p]fectly compreh5d47#a7 ,h[ is x possible !n t ,reason or ! moral nature 9 man c approve z good1 or appreciate ! fitness (1 doctr9es :i* 9 _! v nature are beyond ! crit]ion ( reason87#b7 ,:at reply1 = in/ance1 c reason give to any appeal to x reg>d+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity or ( ! ,inc>nation8 ,if doctr9es ! tru? & goodness ( :i* are app>5t d n af=d any evid5ce ( ,div9e ,revelation1 h[ c doctr9es :i* ,reason c nei!r discov] nor compreh5d atte/ ! ,div9e orig9 ( miracles8 ,dr4 ,mozley cle>ly recognizes t !y _c d s4 ,! pro( ( a revelation1 he says1 & we may add1 ! pro( ( a miracle--itself a species ( revelation--:i* is conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance ( a revelation has ?is inh]5t *eck or limit 9 x3 viz4 t x _c rea* to :at is undiscov]able by reason4 ,int]nal evid5ce is itself an appeal to reason1 because at e /ep ! te/ is our own appreciation ( su* & su* an idea or doctr9e1 our own p]ception ( its fitness2 b human reason _c 9 ! nature ( ! case prove t :i*1 by ! v hypo!sis1 lies beyond human reason47#c7 ,x naturally foll[s t no doctr9e :i* lies beyond reason1 & !re=e requires ! atte/ation ( miracles1 c possibly af=d t indication ( ! s\rce & reality ( miracles :i* is necess>y to end[ !m ) evid5tial value1 & ! sup]natural doctr9e mu/1 !re=e1 be reject$ 9 ! abs5ce ( miracul\s evid5ce ( a decisive "*4 #bd ,canon ,mozley lab\rs e>ne/ly1 b unsuccessfully1 to re/ore to ,miracles z evid5ce "s "p ( t pot5tiality ( :i* ^! un=tunate limitations h depriv$ !m4 ,:il/ on ! "o h& he says3 ,we mu/ admit1 inde$1 an inh]5t modification 9 ! function ( a miracle z an in/rum5t ( pro(17#a7 he argues t ?is is only a limitation1 & no dispro( ( x1 & he cont5ds t3 ,! evid5ce ( miracles is n negativ$ because x has conditions47#b7 ,8 reason+1 h[ev]1 is purely apologetic1 & attempts by ! unreal analogy ( suppos$ limitations ( natural pr9ciples & evid5ce to excuse ! disqualify+ limitation ( ! sup]natural4 ,he is q consci\s ( ! s]i\s difficulty ( ! position3 ,! "q1 he says1 may at fir/ sight create a dilemma--,if a miracle is nugatory on ! side ( "o doctr9e1 :at cog5cy has x on ! side ( ano!r8 ,is x legitimate to accept its evid5ce :5 we please1 & reject x :5 we please8 ,! only reply he seems able to give to ^! v p]t95t que/ions is ! rem>k :i* imm$iately foll[s !m3 ,b 9 tru? a miracle is nev] )\t an argum5tative =ce1 al?\gh t =ce may be c\nt]balanc$47#c7 ,9 o!r words a miracle is always an argum5t al?\gh x is (t5 a bad "o4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to g to ! sup]natural = bad argum5ts4 ,x might naturally be expect$ t ! miracul\s evid5ce select$ to accr$it a ,div9e ,revelation %\ld possess c]ta9 unique & m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,x mu/1 at lea/1 be cle>ly di/9ctive ( ,div9e p[]1 & exclusively associat$ ) ,div9e tru?4 ,x is inconceivable t ! ,deity1 deign+ ?us to atte/ #be ! reality ( a communication f himself ( tru?s beyond ! crit]ion ( reason1 %\ld n make ! evid5ce simple & complete1 because1 ! doctr9es prop] to su* a revelation n be+ appreciable f int]nal evid5ce1 x is obvi\s t ! ext]nal te/imony = !m--if x is to be ( any use--mu/ be unmi/akable & decisive4 ,! evid5ce :i* is actually produc$1 h[ev]1 s f> f satisfy+ ^! legitimate anticipations1 lacks e "o ( ! qualifications :i* reason antec$5tly decl>es to be necess>y4 ,miracles are n di/9ctive ( ,div9e p[] b are common to ,satan1 & !y are admitt$ to be p]=m$ 9 support ( falsehood z well z 9 ! s]vice ( tru?4 ,!y be>1 inde$1 s little ^u !m ! impress ( _! orig9 & true "*1 t !y arc dep5d5t = _! recognition ^u our judgm5t ( ! v doctr9es to atte/ :i* !y are said to h be5 design$4 ,ev5 tak+ ! repres5tation ( miracles1 !re=e1 :i* div9es !mselves give1 !y are utt]ly incompet5t to p]=m _! contemplat$ functions4 ,if !y are sup]human !y are n sup]-satanic1 & !re is no s5se 9 :i* !y c be consid]$ miracul\sly evid5tial ( any?+4 ,to argue1 z !ologians d1 t ! ambiguity ( _! te/imony is delib]ately int5d$ z a trial ( our fai? is absurd1 = ,reason be+ unable to judge ( ! nature ei!r ( sup]natural fact or sup]natural doctr9e1 x w\ld be m]e folly & inju/ice to subject to su* a te/ be+s av[$ly incapable ( su/a9+ x4 ,:il/ x is absolutely necess>y1 !n1 t a ,div9e ,revelation %\ld be atte/$ by miracul\s evid5ce to ju/ify our believ+ x ! te/imony s call$ seems 9 all respects #bf unwor?y ( ! "n1 & pres5ts anomalies mu* m sugge/ive ( human inv5tion ?an ,div9e orig9ality4 ,we are1 9 fact1 prep>$ ev5 by ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( miracles to expect t fur!r exam9ation w supply an explanation ( su* ph5om5a :i* w :olly remove !m f ! region ( ! sup]natural4 #bg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,miracles ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,)\t at pres5t t\*+ ! "q z to _! reality1 x may be well to asc]ta9 :at miracles are consid]$ to be1 & h[ f>1 & 9 :at s5se x is ass]t$ t !y are sup]natural ,we h1 hi!rto1 almo/ entirely conf9$ our att5tion to ! argum5ts ( ,engli% div9es1 & we mu/ = ! pres5t cont9ue *iefly to deal ) !m1 = x may broadly be said1 t !y alone1 at ! pres5t day1 ma9ta9 ! reality & sup]natural "* ( su* ph5om5a4 ,no ?\ghtful m9d c fail to see t1 consid]+ ! function ( miracles1 ?is is ! only logical & consi/5t c\rse47#a7 ,! insup]able difficulties 9 ! way ( admitt+ ! reality ( miracles1 h[ev]1 h driv5 ! great majority ( cont95tal1 z well z v _m ,engli%1 !ologians :o /ill pret5d to a c]ta9 or?odoxy1 ei!r to expla9 ! miracles ( ! ,gospel naturally1 or to suppress !m altoge!r4 ,s9ce ,s*lei]ma*] d5\nc$ ! idea ( ,div9e int]ruptions ( ! ord] ( nature1 & expla9$ away ! sup]natural "* #bh ( miracles1 by def9+ !m z m]ely relative3 miracles to u1 b 9 reality m]e anticipations ( human k & p[]1 8 example has be5 m or less foll[$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 & almo/ e exp$i5t has be5 adopt$1 by w\ld-be or?odox writ]s1 to r$uce or altoge!r elim9ate ! miracul\s elem5ts4 ,! attempts :i* h be5 made to d ?is1 & yet to ma9ta9 ! semblance ( un%ak5 belief 9 ! ma9 po9ts ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 h lam5tably fail$1 f ! hopeless nature ( ! task & ! fundam5tal error ( ! conception4 ,! endeav\r ( ,paulus & 8 s*ool to get rid ( ! sup]natural by a bold naturali/ic int]pretation ( ! language ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 :il/ ! cr$ibility ( ! record 0 repres5t$ z intact1 0 too gl>+ an outrage ^u common s5se to be successful1 b x 0 sc>cely m illogical ?an subsequ5t ef=ts to suppress ! miracul\s1 yet reta9 ! cre$4 ,! great majority ( mod]n ,g]man critics1 h[ev]1 reject ! miracul\s altoge!r1 & consid] ! "q z no long] wor?y ( discussion1 & mo/ ( ^? :o h n di/9ctly express$ ?is view ei!r resort to e l+ui/ic device to evade ! difficulty1 or betray1 by _! hesitation1 ! feebl5ess ( _! belief47#a7 ,9 deal+ ) ! #bi "q ( miracles1 !re=e1 x is n to ,g]many we mu/ turn1 b to ,engl&1 :]e _! reality is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* rejects ) disda9 ! attempts ( ,s*lei]ma*] & o!rs to get rid ( ! miracul\s elem5ts ( miracles1 by mak+ !m relative1 :i* he rightly consid]s to be m]ely a dec5tly veil$ d5ial ( ! miracle altoge!r27#a7 & he w n accept any reconciliation :i* sacrifices ! miracle1 :i*1 he logically affirms1 is1 9 fact1 no miracle1 if x lay 9 nature already1 if x 0 only ! evok+ ( =ces lat5t !re91 n a new ?+1 n ! br++ 9 ( ! novel p[]s ( a high] _w2 if ! my/]i\s processes & p[]s by :i* ^? works 7 br\ght ab\t _h be5 only undiscov]$ hi!rto1 & n undiscov]able1 by ! ef=ts ( human inquiry47#b7 ,:5 ,dr4 ,tr5* tries to def9e :at he consid]s ! real "* ( miracles1 h[ev]1 he becomes1 z might be expect$1 #cj volum9\s & obscure4 ,he says3 ,an extraord9>y ,div9e casualty1 & n t ord9>y :i* we ackn[l$ge ev]y:]e1 & 9 ev]y?+1 belongs1 !n1 to ! ess5ce ( ! miracle2 p[]s ( ,god o!r ?an ^? :i* h always be5 work+2 su*1 inde$1 z mo/ seldom or nev] h be5 work+ be=e4 ,! unre/+ activity ( ,god1 :i* at o!r times hides & conceals itself beh9d ! veil ( :at we t]m natural laws1 does 9 ! miracle unveil itself2 x /eps out f its concealm5t1 & ! h& :i* works is laid b>e4 ,beside & beyond ! ord9>y op]ation ( nature1 high] p[]s 7high]1 n z com+ f a high] s\rce1 b z be>+ ^u high] ends7 intrude & make !mselves felt ev5 at ! v spr+s & s\rces ( h] p[]47#a7 ,n1 z we %all see ! greate/ !ologians h always e>ne/ly cont5d$1 contra naturam1 b praet] naturam1 & supra naturam47#b7 ,fur!r on he adds3 ,beyond nature1 beyond & above ! nature :i* we "k1 !y are1 b n contr>y to x47#c7 ,dr4 ,newman1 9 a simil> /ra91 ?\gh ) great] directness1 says3 ,! miracles ( ,scripture are und5iably beyond nature2 & he expla9s !m z wr\ght by p]sons consci\sly ex]cis+1 "u ,div9e guidance1 a p[] committ$ to !m = def9ite ends1 pr(ess+ to be imm$iate mess5g]s f heav51 & to be evid5c+ _! mission by _! miracles47#d7 ,miracles are "h describ$ z beside1 & beyond1 & above nature1 b a mom5t's consid]ation mu/ #ca %[ t1 9 s f> z ^! t]ms h any mean+ at all1 !y are simply evasions1 n solutions1 ( a difficulty4 ,dr4 ,tr5* is q s5sible ( ! dang] 9 :i* ! def9ition ( miracles places !m1 & h[ fatal to 8 argum5t is w\ld be to admit t !y are contr>y to ! ord] ( nature4 ,! miracle1 he prote/s1 is n ?us unnatural2 nor c\ld x be su*1 s9ce ! unnatural1 ! contr>y to ord]1 is ( itself ! ungodly1 & c 9 no way1 !re=e1 be affirm$ ( a ,div9e "w1 su* z t ) :i* we h to d47#a7 ,! ar*bi%op 9 ?is2 h[ev]1 is cle>ly argu+ f nature to miracles1 & n f miracles to nature4 ,he does n1 ( c\rse1 "k :at miracles really are1 b z he recognizes t ! ord] ( nature mu/ be ma9ta9$1 he is =c$ to ass]t t miracles are n contr>y to nature4 ,he repudiates ! idea ( _! be+ natural ph5om5a2 & yet attempts to d5y t !y are unnatural4 ,!y mu/ ei!r be ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! ar*bi%op1 besides2 =gets t he ascribes miracles to ,satan z well z to ,god4 ,inde$1 t 8 di/9ction is purely imag9>y1 & inconsi/5t ) ! alleg$ facts ( ,scriptural miracles1 is app>5t f ,dr4 ,tr5*'s own illu/rations2 ,! :ole argum5t is a m]e quibble ( words to evade a palpable dilemma4 ,dr4 ,newman does n fall into ?is error1 & m boldly faces ! difficulty4 ,he admits t ! ,scripture miracles innovate ^u ! impressions :i* are made ^u u by ! ord] & ! laws ( ! natural _w27#b7 & t walk+ on ! sea1 or ! resurrection ( ! dead1 is a pla9 rev]sal ( its laws47#c7 #cb ,take1 = in/ance1 ! multiplication ( loaves & fi%es4 ,five ?\s& p are f$ ^u five b>ley loaves & two small fi%es3 & !y took up ( ! fragm5ts :i* rema9$ twelve baskets full47#a7 ,dr4 ,tr5* is =c$ to r5\nce all help 9 expla9+ ?is miracle f natural analogies1 & he admits3 ,we mu/ simply behold 9 ! multiply+ ( ! bread 7& fi%es87 an act ( ,div9e omnipot5ce on ,8 "p :o 0 ! ,^w ( ,god1--n1 inde$1 n[ z at ! fir/1 ( absolute creation out ( no?+1 s9ce !re 0 a sub/ratum to "w on 9 ! orig9al loaves & fi%es1 b an act ( creative accretion47#b7 ,x w sc>cely be argu$ by any "o t su* an act ( ,div9e omnipot5ce & creative accretion z ?is multiplication ( five bak$ loaves & two small fi%es is n contr>y to ! ord] ( nature47#c7 ,= ,dr4 ,tr5* has himself po9t$ out t !re mu/ be int]position ( man's art "h1 & t a gra9 ( :eat c\ld nev] by itself1 & accord+ to ! laws ( natural developm5t1 issue 9 a loaf ( bread47#d7 ,undaunt$ by1 or r unconsci\s (1 su* contradictions1 ! ar*bi%op proce$s ) 8 argum5t1 & ) new def9itions ( ! miracul\s4 ,s f> f be+ disord] ( nature1 he cont9ues ) audaci\s precision3 ! true miracle is a high] & a pur] #cc nature com+ d[n out ( ! _w ( untr\bl$ h>monies into ?is _w ( ours1 :i* s _m discords h j>r$ & di/urb$1 & br++ ?is back aga91 ?\gh x be b = "o my/]i\s prophetic mom5t1 into h>mony ) t high]47#a7 ,9 t high] & pur] nature c a gra9 ( :eat issue 9 a loaf ( bread8 ,we h only to apply ?is !ory to ! miracul\s multiplication ( loaves & fi%es to p]ceive h[ completely x is ! creation ( ,dr4 ,tr5*'s poetical fancy4 ,^! passages fairly illu/rate ! purely imag9>y & arbitr>y nature ( ! def9itions :i* ^? :o ma9ta9 ! reality & sup]natural "* ( miracles give ( !m4 ,t explanation is g5]ally adopt$ :i* seems mo/ conv5i5t at ! mom5t1 & none ev] passes1 or1 inde$1 ev] c pass1 beyond ! limits ( assumption4 ,! fav\rite hypo!sis is t :i* ascribes miracles to ! action ( unkn[n law4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* naturally adopts x3 ,we %\ld see 9 ! miracle1 he says1 n ! infraction ( a law1 b ! neutraliz+ ( a l[] law1 ! susp5sion ( x = a "t by a high]2 & he asks ) indignation1 :5ce we d>e conclude t1 because we "k ( no p[]s suffici5t to produce miracles1 none exi/4 ,!y exce$ ! laws ( our nature2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t !y exce$ ! laws ( all nature47#b7 ,x is n easy #cd to foll[ ! di/9ction "h betwe5 our nature & all nature1 s9ce ! ord] ( nature1 by :i* miracles are judg$1 is1 s f> z k goes1 univ]sal1 & we h no gr\nds = assum+ t !re is any o!r4 ,! same hypo!sis is elaborat$ by ,dr4 ,mozley4 ,assum+ ! facts ( miracles1 he proce$s to discuss ! "q ( _! ref]ribl5ess to unkn[n law1 9 :i* expression he includes bo? unkn[n law1 or unkn[n connexion ) kn[n law47#a7 ,tak+ fir/ ! supposition ( 7unkn[n7 connection ) kn[n law1 ,dr4 ,mozley argues t1 z a law ( nature1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 _c possibly produce s+le or isolat$ facts1 x foll[s t no isolat$ or exceptional ev5t c come "u a law ( nature by direct obs]vation1 b1 if x comes "u x at all1 x c only d s by "s explanation1 :i* takes x out ( its isolation & jo9s x to a class ( facts1 ^: recurr5ce inde$ con/itutes ! law4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,mozley admits t no explanation c be giv5 by :i* miracles c h an unkn[n connexion ) kn[n law4 ,tak+ ! l>ge/ class ( miracles1 bodily cures1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 a simple comm& or prophetic notification & ! cure is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( miracles1 & di/+ui%es !m f m]e m>vels4 #ce ,no violation ( any law ( nature takes place 9 ei!r ! cure or ! prophetic ann\ncem5t tak5 sep>ately1 b ! two1 tak5 toge!r1 are ! pro( ( sup]human ag5cy4 ,dr4 ,mozley concludes t no physical hypo!sis c be fram$ acc\nt+ = ! sup]human k & p[] involv$ 9 ?is class ( miracles1 suppos+ ! miracles to /& z !y are record$ 9 ,scripture47#a7 ,dr4 ,mozley !n %ifts ! inquiry to ! o!r & diff]5t "q1 :e!r miracles may n be in/ances ( laws :i* are z yet :olly unkn[n47#b7 ,?is is g5]ally call$ a "q ( high] law1 --t is to say1 a law :i* compreh5ds "u itself two or m l[] or less wide laws4 ,& ! pr9ciple w\ld be applicable to miracles by suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[n law1 h]eaft] to be discov]$1 "u :i* miracles w\ld come1 & !n consid]+ :e!r ?is new law ( miracles1 & ! old law ( common facts1 might n bo? be r$ucible to a /ill m g5]al law :i* compreh5d$ !m bo?4 ,n[ a law ( nature1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 _c exi/ )\t a class ( facts :i* comes "u x1 & 9 reality con/itutes ! law2 b ,dr4 ,mozley ( c\rse recognizes t ! discov]y ( su* a law ( miracles w\ld necess>ily involve ! discov]y ( fre% miracles1 = to talk ( a law ( miracles )\t miracles w\ld be an absurdity47#c7 ,! supposition ( ! discov]y ( su* a law ( miracles1 h[ev]1 w\ld be tantam\nt to ! supposition ( a future new ord] ( nature1 f :i* x imm$iately foll[s t ! :ole supposition is irrelevant & futile z reg>ds ! pres5t "q47#d7 #cf ,= no new ord] ( ?+s c\ld make ! pres5t ord] diff]5t1 & a miracle1 c\ld we suppose x becom+ ! ord9>y fact ( ano!r diff]5t ord] ( nature1 w\ld n be less a violation ( ! laws ( nature 9 ! pres5t "o47#a7 ,dr4 ,mozley also rejects ?is explanation4 ,we pause "h to rem>k t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole inquiry into ! "q ( miracles1 we meet ) no?+ f !ologians b m]e assumptions1 aga9/ :i* ! inv>iability ( ! kn[n ord] ( nature /eadily opposes itself4 ,! facts ( ! n>rative ( ! miracle are fir/ assum$1 & s are ! !ories by :i* x is expla9$4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to e !ory :i* seeks to expla9 miracles by assumption1 we may quote words appli$ by "o ( ! able/ def5d]s ( miracles to "s conclusion ( /raw1 :i* he plac$ 9 ! m\? ( an imag9>y antagoni/ 9 ord] t he might refute x3 ,b ! "q is1 said ! late ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 n :e!r su* a conclusion has be5 ass]t$1 z _m o!r absurdities h be5 ass]t$1 by ! advocates ( a !ory1 b :e!r x has be5 e/abli%$ on su* sci5tific gr\nds z to be entitl$ to ! ass5t ( all duly cultivat$ m9ds1 :atev] _! own consci5ces may say to ! contr>y47#b7 ,div9es are v /rict 9 dem&+ absolute demon/rations f m5 ( sci5ce & o!rs1 b we d n f9d !m at all ready to furni% conclusions ( simil> accuracy reg>d+ dogmatic !ology4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 indignant dem& = sci5tific accuracy ( demon/ration1 ,dr4 ,mansel proce$s to argue z foll[s3 ,9 ! w ( man we h ! solit>y in/ance ( an effici5t cause1 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! #cg t]m1 act+ among ! physical causes ( ! mat]ial _w1 & produc+ results :i* c\ld n h be5 br\ght ab\t by any m]e sequ5ce ( physical causes4 ,if a man ( 8 own w ?r[ a /one into ! air1 its motion1 z soon z x has left 8 h&1 is det]m9$ by a comb9ation ( purely mat]ial laws2 b by :at law came x to be ?r[n at all8 ,! law ( gravitation1 no d\bt1 rema9s con/ant & unbrok51 :e!r ! /one is ly+ on ! gr\nd1 or mov+ ?r\gh ! air1 b all ! laws ( matt] c\ld n h br\ght ab\t ! p>ticul> result )\t ! int]position ( ! free w ( ! man :o ?r[s ! /one4 ,sub/itute ! w ( ,god = ! w ( man1 & ! argum5t becomes applicable to ! :ole ext5t ( ,creation & to all ! ph5om5a :i* x embraces47#a7 ,x is evid5t t ,dr4 ,mansel's argum5t m]ely t5ds to prove t e effect mu/ h a cause1 a proposition too obvi\s to require any argum5t at all4 ,if a man _h n ?r[n ! /one1 ! /one w\ld h rema9$ ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,no "o d\bts ?is4 ,we h "h1 h[ev]1 ?is solit>y in/ance ( an effici5t cause act+ among ! physical causes ( ! mat]ial _w1 produc+ results :i* are :olly det]m9$ by mat]ial laws17#b7 & incapable ( produc+ any oppos$ to !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 we sub/itute1 z ,dr4 ,mansel desires1 ! w ( ,god = ! w ( man1 we arrive at no results :i* are n 9 h>mony #ch ) ! ord] ( nature4 ,we h no gr\nd :atev] = assum+ any effici5t cause act+ 9 any o!r way ?an 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature4 ,x is1 h[-fev]1 "o ( ! gross fallacies ( ?is argum5t1 z appli$ to miracles1 to pass f ! effici5t cause produc+ results :i* are /rictly 9 accordance ) natural laws1 & det]m9$ by !m1 to an assum$ effici5t cause produc+ effects :i* are oppos$ to natural law4 ,! re/oration to life ( a decompos$ human body & ! miracul\s multiplication ( loaves & fi%es are oppos$ to natural laws1 & no assum$ effici5t cause conceivable to :i* !y may be ref]r$ c h>monize !m4 ,dr4 ,mozley cont9ues 8 argum5t 9 a simil> way4 ,he inquires3 ,is ! susp5sion ( physical & mat]ial laws by a ,spiritual ,be+ inconceivable8 ,we reply t1 h[ev] inconceivable ?is k9d ( susp5sion ( physical law is1 x is a fact4 ,physical laws are susp5d$ any "t an animate be+ moves any "p ( its body2 ! laws ( matt] are susp5d$ by ! laws ( life47l7 ,he goes on to ma9ta9 t1 al?\gh x is true t 8 _s is unit$ ) ! matt] 9 :i* x moves 9 a way 9 :i* ! ,great ,_s :o acts on matt] 9 ! miracle is n1 yet ! action ( ,god's ,_s 9 ! miracle ( walk+ on ! wat] is no m inconceivable ?an ! action ( 8 own _s 9 hold+ up 8 own h&4 ,antec$5tly1 "o /ep on ! gr\nd & an asc5t to heav5 are alike incr$ible4 ,b ?is appe>ance ( incr$ibility is answ]$ 9 "o case lit]ally ambul&o4 ,h[ c ,i place any reliance ^u x 9 ! o!r87#b7 ,f ?is illu/ration1 #ci ,dr4 ,mozley1 ) a ha/e v unlike 8 previ\s c>eful proc$ure1 jumps at ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,! con/itution ( nature1 !n1 disprov$ ! incr$ibility ( ! ,div9e susp5sion ( physical law2 b m ?an ?is1 x creates a presumption = x47l7 ,! laws ( life ( :i* we h exp]i5ce1 he argues1 are !mselves 9 an asc5d+ scale4 ,fir/ come ! laws :i* regulate unorganiz$ matt]2 next ! laws ( vegetation2 !n ! laws ( animal life1 ) its volunt>y motion2 & above ^! aga91 ! laws ( moral be+4 ,a suppos$ intellig5t be+ ^: exp]i5ce 0 limit$ to "o or m classes 9 ?is asc5d+ scale ( laws w\ld be totally incapable ( conceiv+ ! action ( ! high] classes4 ,! progressive succession ( laws is p]fectly conceivable backw>d1 b an absolute my/]y =w>d4 ,analogy1 !re=e1 :5 9 ?is asc5d+ s]ies we arrive at man1 leads u to expect t !re is a high] sph]e ( law z mu* above him z he is above ! l[] natures 9 ! scale1 & supplies a presumption 9 fav\r ( su* a belief47#b7 ,& s we arrive at ! "q :e!r !re is or is n a ,god1 a ,p]sonal ,head 9 nature1 ^: free w p5etrates ! univ]sal frame invisibly to u1 & is an omnipres5t ag5t4 ,if !re be1 ,dr4 ,mozley concludes1 !n1 e miracle 9 ,scripture is z natural an ev5t 9 ! univ]se z any *emical exp]im5t 9 ! physical _w47#c7 ,?is is precisely ! argum5t ( ,dr4 ,mansel1 reg>d+ ! ,effici5t ,cause1 some:at elaborat$1 b1 h[ev] +5i\sly devis$1 x is equally bas$ ^u assumption & defective 9 analogy4 ,! classes ( #dj law to :i* ! ,bampton ,lectur] ref]s "w h>moni\sly side by side1 regulat+ ! matt] to :i* !y apply4 ,unorganiz$ matt]1 vegetation1 & animal life1 may ea* h special conditions modify+ ph5om5a1 b !y are all equally subject to ! same g5]al laws4 ,man is z mu* "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation z a /one is4 ,! special op]ation ( physical laws is less a modification ( law ?an t law act+ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! law ( gravitation suff]s no alt]ation1 :e!r x cause ! fall ( an apple or %ape ! orbit ( a planet4 ,! reproduction ( ! plant & ( ! animal is regulat$ by ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple act+ ?r\gh diff]5t organisms4 ,! h>moni\s action ( physical laws1 & _! adaptability to an inf9ite v>iety ( =ms1 con/itute ! p]fection ( t code :i* produces ! ord] ( nature47#a7 ,! m]e sup]iority ( man ov] l[] =ms ( organic & inorganic matt] does n lift him above physical laws1 & ! analogy ( e grade 9 nature =bids ! presumption t high] =ms may exi/ :i* are exempt f _! control4 ,if 9 animat$ be+s1 z is affirm$1 we _h ! solit>y in/ance ( an effici5t cause act+ among ! =ces ( nature1 & possess+ ! p[] ( initiation1 ?is effici5t cause produces no di/urbance ( physical law4 ,its exi/5ce is z mu* a recogniz$ "p ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( =m )9 ! ord] ( nature z ! exi/5ce ( a cry/al or a plant2 & al?\gh ! "* ( ! =ce ex]cis$ by x may n be cle>ly und]/ood1 its effects are regulat$ by ! same laws z #da gov]n all o!r =ces 9 nature4 ,if ! laws ( matt] are susp5d$ by ! laws ( life ea* "t an animat$ be+ moves any "p ( its body1 "o physical law is c\nt]act$ 9 precisely ! same mann]1 & to an equival5t degree1 ea* "t ano!r physical law is call$ into action4 ,! ,law ( gravitation1 = in/ance1 is equally neutraliz$ by ! law ( magnetism ea* "t a magnet susp5ds a weight 9 ! air4 ,9 ea* case1 a law is successfully resi/$ precisely to ! ext5t ( ! =ce employ$4 ,! arm t is rais$ by ! animat$ be+ falls aga91 9 ob$i5ce to law1 z soon z ! =ce :i* rais$ x is exhau/$1 q z c]ta9ly z ! weight desc5ds :5 ! magnetic curr5t fails4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! susp5sion ( law 9 ! s5se ( a miracle1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is simply ! natural op]ation ^u ea* o!r ( co-exi/5t laws4 ,x is a recogniz$ "p ( ! ord] ( nature17#a7 & in/ead ( #db r5d]+ cr$ible any sup]natural susp5sion ( laws1 ! analogy ( animat$ be+s di/9ctly excludes x4 ,! introduction ( life 9 no way *anges ! relation betwe5 cause & effect1 :i* con/itutes ! ord] ( nature1 & is ! ess5ce ( its law4 ,life fav\rs no presumption = ! susp5sion ( law1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :il/ act+ 9 nature1 univ]sally exhibits ! preval5ce & inv>iability ( law4 ,! laws ( life may be subtle1 b !y are an integral portion ( ! great ord] ( nature1 work+ h>moni\sly ) ! laws ( matt]1 & n "o :it m indep5d5t ( !m ?an any "o natural law is ( ano!r4 ,! suppos$ ,effici5t ,cause1 is :olly circumscrib$ by law4 ,x is br\ght into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( immutable physical laws1 & f ! cradle to ! grave x is subject to ^? laws4 ,s insep>ably is x connect$ ) matt]1 & consequ5tly ) ! laws :i* regulate matt]1 t x _c ev5 become consci\s ( its own exi/5ce )\t ! int]v5tion ( matt]4 ,! :ole process ( life is dep5d5t on ob$i5ce to natural laws1 & s p[]less is ?is effici5t cause to resi/ _! jurisdiction1 t1 9 spite ( its highe/ ef=ts1 x p9es or ceases to exi/ 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]e natural op]ation ( law ^u ! matt] ) :i* x is unit$1 & )\t #dc :i* x is impot5t4 ,x _c receive an impression f )\t t is n convey$ 9 accordance ) law1 & p]ceiv$ by an exquisitely ord]$ organism1 9 e "p ( :i* law reigns supreme2 nor c x communicate f )9 except ?r\gh *annels equally ord]$ by law4 ,a slight injury may d]ange ! delicate me*anical contrivances ( eye1 e>1 & vocal *ords1 & may fur!r de/roy ! reason & p>alyze ! body1 r$uc+ ! animat$ be+1 by ! d]angem5t ( ^? *annels to :i* physical law limits its action1 to a m]e sm\ld]+ sp>k ( life1 )\t consci\sness & )\t expression4 ,! laws ( life act among/ ! laws ( matt]1 b are n indep5d5t ( !m1 & ! action ( bo? classes ( law is regulat$ by precisely ! same pr9ciples4 ,dr4 ,mozley's affirmation1 t antec$5tly "o /ep on ! gr\nd & an asc5t to heav5 are alike incr$ible1 does n help him4 ,9 t s5se x foll[s t !re is no?+ t is n antec$5tly incr$ible1 no?+ cr$ible until x has happ5$4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 :ile x limits u to actual exp]i5ce1 prohibits presumptions ) reg>d to t :i* is beyond exp]i5ce4 ,to argue t1 because a /ep on ! gr\nd & an asc5t to heav5 are antec$5tly alike incr$ible1 yet z we subsequ5tly make t /ep1 !re=e ! asc5t to heav51 :i* we _c make1 f incr$ible becomes cr$ible1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,if ! asc5t be antec$5tly incr$ible1 x _c at ! same "t be antec$5tly cr$ible4 ,t :i* is incr$ible _c become cr$ible because some?+ else q diff]5t becomes cr$ible4 ,x is app>5t t su* an argum5t is vici\s4 ,exp]i5ce comes #dd ) its sob] wisdom to *eck su* reason+4 ,we believe 9 our p[] to walk because we habitually ex]cise x3 we disbelieve 9 bodily asc5sions because all exp]i5ce excludes !m4 ,! /ep is "p ( ! recognis$ ord] ( nature1 & has none ( ! elem5ts 9 x ( ! miracul\s4 ,b if we leap into ! air on ! br9k ( a precipice1 belief 9 an asc5t to heav5 is %att]$ to pieces at ! bottom to :i* ! law ( gravitation infallibly drags u4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! con/itution ( nature1 we may say1 rev]s+ ,dr4 ,mozley's ass]tion1 :i* does n prove ! incr$ibility ( a ,div9e susp5sion ( physical laws1 & does n create a presumption aga9/ x4 ,!re is no in/ance producible1 or ev5 logically conceivable1 ( any p[] ^: effects are oppos$ to ! ultimate rul+ ( ! laws ( nature4 ,! occurr5ce ( any?+ oppos$ to ^? laws is incr$ible4 ,dr4 ,mozley has himself %[n t miracles _c be expla9$ ei!r by unkn[n connection ) kn[n law1 or by ref]5ce to unkn[n law2 & he r5\nces ! explanation ( high] law4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 ! laws ( nature & ! laws ( ! univ]se17#a7 by :i* he nev]!less endeav\rs to make a miracle cr$ible1 is "o :i* is purely imag9>y1 & _c affect u 9 our pres5t position )9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,we "k ( no laws ( ! univ]se diff]+ f ! laws ( nature4 ,s f> z human obs]vation c range1 ^! laws alone prevail4 ,= all practical purposes1 !re=e1 su* a di/9ction is futile1 & belief is necess>ily limit$ to ! actual op]ation ( natural laws4 ,! occasional int]v5tion ( an unkn[n effici5t cause1 produc+ ! effects #de call$ miracles--effects :i* are n ref]rible to any kn[n law--is totally oppos$ to exp]i5ce1 & su* a hypo!sis to expla9 alleg$ occurr5ces ( a miracul\s "* _c f9d a legitimate place )9 ! ord] ( nature4 #b4 ,! proposition ) :i* ,dr4 ,mozley comm5ces ^! ,bampton ,lectures1 & = :i* he cont5ds to _! close1 is ?is3 ,t miracles1 or visible susp5sions ( ! ord] ( nature = a provid5tial purpose1 are n 9 contradiction to reason47#a7 ,he %[s t1 ! purpose ( miracles is to atte/ a sup]natural revelation1 :i*1 )\t !m1 we c\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+4 ,*ri/ianity1 he di/9ctly /ates1 _c be ma9ta9$ z a revelation undiscov]able by human reason--a revelation ( a sup]natural s*eme = man's salvation )\t ! evid5ce ( miracles47#b7 ,out ( ?is v admission he attempts to con/ruct an argum5t 9 support ( miracles3 ,h5ce x foll[s1 he cont9ues1 t ^u ! supposition ( ! ,div9e design ( a revelation1 a miracle is n an anomaly or irregul>ity1 b "p ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se2 because1 ?\gh an irregul>ity & an anomaly 9 relation to ei!r "p1 x has a complete adaptation to ! :ole4 ,!re be+ two worlds1 a visible & invisible1 & a communication betwe5 ! two be+ want$1 a miracle is ! in/rum5t ( t communication47#c7 ,"h1 aga91 ! argum5t is bas$ ^u m]e assumption4 #df ,! supposition ( ! ,div9e design ( a revelation is ! result ( a =egone conclusion 9 its fav\r1 & is n sugge/$ by antec$5t probability4 ,x is1 9 fact1 d]iv$ solely f ! cont5ts ( ! revelation itself4 ,div9es assume t a communication ( ?is nature is 9 accordance ) reason1 & 0 necess>y = ! salvation ( ! human race1 simply because !y believe t x took place4 ,no attempt is s]i\sly made indep5d5tly to prove ! reality ( ! suppos$ ,div9e design ( a revelation4 ,a revelation hav+1 x is suppos$1 be5 made1 t revelation is consequ5tly suppos$ to h be5 contemplat$1 & to h necessitat$ & ju/ifi$ susp5sions ( ! ord] ( nature to effect x4 ,! proposition = :i* ! evid5ce ( miracles is dem&$ is vici\sly employ$ z evid5ce = miracles4 ,! circum/ances ^u :i* ! assumption ( ! necessity & reasonabl5ess ( a revelation is bas$1 h[ev]1 are incr$ible1 & contr>y to reason4 ,we are ask$ to believe t ,god made man 9 8 own image1 pure & s9less1 & int5d$ him to cont9ue s1 b t sc>cely _h ?is1 8 noble/ "w1 left ! h&s ( ! ,creator1 ?an man 0 tempt$ into s9 by ,satan1 an all-p[]ful & p]si/5t enemy ( ,god1 ^: exi/5ce & antagonism to a ,be+ 9 ^: eyes s9 is abom9ation are n acc\nt$ = & are incr$ible47#a7 ,adam's fall br\ght a curse ^u ! e>?1 & incurr$ ! p5alty ( dea? = himself & = ! :ole ( 8 po/]ity4 ,! human race1 al?\gh creat$ p]fect & )\t s91 #dg ?us disappo9t$ ! expectations ( ! ,creator1 & became daily m wick$1 ! ,evil ,_s hav+ succe$$ 9 fru/rat+ ! designs ( ! ,almighty1 s t ,god rep5t$ t he _h made man1 & at l5g? de/roy$ by a deluge all ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 ) ! exception ( eight p]sons :o fe>$ him4 ,?is sweep+ purification1 h[ev]1 0 z futile z ! orig9al design1 & ! race ( m5 soon became m wick$ ?an ev]4 ,! f9al & only adequate rem$y devis$ by ,god = ! salvation ( 8 creatures1 become s desp]ately & hopelessly evil1 0 ! inc>nation ( himself 9 ! p]son ( ! ,son1 ! second p]son 9 a my/]i\s ,tr9ity ( :i* ! ,godhead is said to be compos$1 7:o 0 conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y17 & 8 dea? ^u ! cross z a vic>i\s expiation ( ! s9s ( ! _w1 )\t :i* suppos$ satisfaction ( ! ju/ice ( ,god 8 m]cy c\ld n possibly h be5 ext5d$ to ! frail & s9ful "w ( 8 own h&s4 ,! crucifixion ( ! inc>nate ,god 0 ! cr[n+ guilt ( a nation :om ,god himself _h select$ z 8 own peculi> p1 & :om he _h condesc5d$ to guide by con/ant direct revelations ( 8 w1 b :o1 f ! fir/1 _h display$ ! mo/ p]si/5t & rem>kable proclivity to s9 aga9/ him1 &1 9 spite ( ! wond]ful miracles wr\ght on _! behalf1 to =sake 8 s]vice = ! wor%ip ( o!r gods4 ,we are ask$ to believe1 !re=e1 9 ! fru/ration ( ! ,div9e design ( creation1 & 9 ! fall ( man into a /ate ( wick$ness hateful to ,god1 requir+ & ju/ify+ ! ,div9e design ( a revelation1 & su* a revelation z ?is1 z a prelim9>y to ! fur!r proposition t1 on ! supposition ( su* a design1 miracles w\ld n be contr>y to reason4 #dh ,antec$5tly1 no?+ c\ld be m absolutely incr$ible or contr>y to reason ?an ^! /atem5ts1 or ! supposition ( su* a design4 ,dr4 ,mozley himself admits t1 z human ann\ncem5ts1 ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be ! wilde/ delusions1 :i* we c\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+1 & t su* a s*eme c\ld n be ma9ta9$ )\t miracul\s evid5ce4 ,! supposition ( ! ,div9e design ( ! revelation is solely d]iv$ f ! doctr9es suppos$ to h be5 reveal$1 &1 inde$1 t design =ms "p ( !m4 ,until !y are prov$ to be ,div9e tru?s1 ^! /atem5ts mu/ obvi\sly be consid]$ human ann\ncem5ts1 & consequ5tly !y are antec$5tly incr$ible1 & ! wilde/ delusions4 ,z ,dr4 ,mozley does n pret5d t !re is any?+ antec$5tly cr$ible ^u :i* he c base an ass]tion t !re 0 actually #di any ,div9e design ( a revelation1 or t any communication betwe5 ! two worlds 0 requisite1 x is !re=e cle> t 8 argum5t consi/s m]ely ( assumptions admitt$ to be antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,x advances a supposition ( t :i* is contr>y to reason to ju/ify suppos$ visible susp5sions ( ! ord] ( nature1 :i* are also contr>y to reason4 ,incr$ible assumptions _c give probability to incr$ible evid5ce- ,t]tullian's audaci\s p>adox3 ,cr$o quia impossible1 ( :i* su* reason+ is illu/rative1 is b ! cry ( en?usia/ic cr$ulity4 ,! :ole !ory ( ?is abortive design ( creation1 ) su* impot5t ef=ts to am5d x1 is emphatically contradict$ by ! glori\s p]fection & inv>iability ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! details ( ! s*eme1 or ! circum/ances :i* are suppos$ to h l$ to its adoption1 are m %ock+ to reason or to moral s5se4 ,! imp]fection ascrib$ to ! ,div9e "w is sc>cely m d]ogatory to ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,creator1 ?an ! suppos$ satisfaction ( 8 ju/ice 9 ! dea? ( himself inc>nate1 ! innoc5t = ! guilty1 is degrad+ to ! idea ( 8 moral p]fection4 ,! suppos$ necessity = repeat$ int]f]5ce to correct ! imp]fection ( ! orig9al creation1 ! nature ( ! means employ$1 & ! triumphant opposition ( ,satan1 are an?ropomorphic conceptions totally incompatible ) ! idea ( an ,inf9itely ,wise & ,almighty ,be+4 ,! con/itution ( nature1 s f> f fav\r+ any hypo!sis ( orig9al p]fection & subsequ5t det]ioration1 be>s ev]y:]e ! record ( sy/ematic upw>d progression4 ,n only is ! assumption1 t any revelation ( ! nature ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity 0 necess>y1 exclud$ ^u #ej philosophical gr\nds1 b x is contradict$ by ! :ole op]ation ( natural laws1 :i* conta9 9 !mselves inexorable p5alties aga9/ natural retrogression1 or ev5 unprogressiv5ess1 & furni% ! only requisite /imulus to improvem5t47#a7 ,! survival only ( ! fitte/ is ! #a ,we v5ture to add a passage f ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,social ,/atics1 :i* we h met ) = ! fir/ "t s9ce ?is "w 0 publi%$1 9 illu/ration ( ?is ass]tion4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] affirms ! evanesc5ce ( evil & ! p]fectibility ( man1 ^u ! gr\nd t3 ,all evil results f ! non-adaptation ( con/itution to conditions4 ,aft] an elaborate demon/ration ( ?is1 he resumes z foll[s3 ,if !re be any conclusiv5ess 9 ! =ego+ argum5ts1 su* a fai? is well f\nd$4 ,z commonly support$ by evid5ce drawn f hi/ory1 x _c be consid]$ indisputable4 ,! inf]5ce t z adyancem5t has be5 hi!rto ! rule1 x w be ! rule h5ce=?1 may be call$ a plausible speculation4 ,b :5 x is %[n t ?is adyancem5t is due to ! work+ ( a univ]sal law2 & t 9 virtue ( t law x mu/ cont9ue until ! /ate we call p]fection is rea*$1 !n ! adv5t ( su* a /ate is remov$ out ( ! region ( probability into t ( c]ta9ty4 ,if any "o demurs to ?is let him po9t out ! error4 ,"h are ! sev]al /eps ( ! argum5t4 ,all imp]fection is unfitness to ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,?is unfitness mu/ consi/ ei!r 9 hav+ a faculty or faculties 9 excess2 or 9 hav+ a faculty or faculties defici5t2 or 9 bo?4 ,a faculty 9 excess is "o :i* ! conditions ( exi/5ce d n af=d full ex]cise to2 & a faculty t is defici5t is "o f :i* ! conditions ( exi/5ce dem& m ?an x c p]=m4 ,b x is an ess5tial pr9ciple ( life t a faculty to :i* circum/ances d n all[ full ex]cise dim9i%es2 & t a faculty on :i* circum/ances make excessive dem&s increases4 ,& s long z ?is excess & ?is defici5cy cont9ue1 !re mu/ cont9ue decrease on ! "o h&1 & gr[? on ! o!r4 ,f9ally all excess & all defici5cy mu/ disappe>1 t is1 all unfitness mu/ disappe>2 t is1 all imp]fection mu/ disappe>4 ,?us ! ultimate developm5t ( ! ideal man is logically c]ta9-- z c]ta9 z any conclusion 9 :i* we place ! mo/ implicit fai?2 = in/ance1 t all m5 w die4 ,= :y d we inf] t all m5 w die ,p ,simply because1 9 an imm5se numb] ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 dea? has uni=mly occurr$4 ,simil>ly !n z ! exp]i5ces ( all p 9 all times--exp]i5ces t are embodi$ 9 maxims1 prov]bs1 & moral precepts1 & t are illu/rat$ 9 biographies & hi/ories1 g to prove t organs1 faculties1 p[]s1 capacities1 or :atev] else we call !m gr[ by use & dim9i% f disuse1 x is inf]r$ t !y w cont9ue to d s4 ,& if ?is inf]5ce is unque/ionable1 !n is ! "o above d$uc$ f x--t humanity mu/ 9 ! end become completely adapt$ to its conditions-- unque/ionable also4 ,progress1 !re=e1 is n an accid5t1 b a necessity4 ,in/ead ( civilization be+ artificial1 x is a "p ( nature2 all ( a piece ) ! developm5t ( ! embryo or ! unfold+ ( a fl[]4 ,! modifications mank9d h und]gone1 & are /ill und]go+1 result f a law und]ly+ ! :ole organic creation2 & provid$ ! human race cont9ues1 & ! con/itution ( ?+s rema9s ! same1 ^? modifications mu/ end 9 complet5ess4 ,z surely z ! tree becomes bulky :5 x /&s alone1 & sl5d] if "o ( a gr\p2 z surely z ! same creature assumes ! diff]5t =ms ( c>t-horse & racehorse1 accord+ z its habits dem& /r5g? or spe$2 z surely z a blacksmi?'s arm gr[s l>ge1 & ! sk9 ( a lab\r]'s h& ?ick2 z surely z ! eye t5ds to become long-sight$ 9 ! sailor1 & %ortsight$ 9 ! /ud5t2 z surely z ! bl9d atta9 a m delicate s5se ( t\*2 z surely z a cl]k acquires rapidity 9 writ+ & calculation2 z surely z ! musician le>ns to detect an error ( a semitone amid/ :at seems to o!rs a v babel ( s\nds2 z surely z a passion gr[s by indulg5ce & dim9i%es :5 re/ra9$2 z surely z a disreg>d$ consci5ce becomes in]t1 & "o t is obey$ active2 z surely z !re is any efficacy 9 educational culture1 or any mean+ 9 su* t]ms z habit1 cu/om1 practice2 s surely mu/ ! human faculties be m\ld$ into complete fitness = ! social /ate2 s surely mu/ ! ?+s we call evil & immorality disappe>2 s surely mu/ man become p]fect4 ,social ,/atics1 /]eotyp$ ed4 #ahfh1 p4 #gh f4 #ea /]n decree ( nature4 ,! inv>iable action ( law ( itself elim9ates ! unfit ,progress is necess>y to exi/5ce2 ext9ction is ! doom ( retrogression4 ,! highe/ effect contemplat$ by ! suppos$ ,revelation is to br+ man into p]fect h>mony ) law1 & ?is is ensur$ by law itself act+ ^u intellig5ce4 ,only 9 ob$i5ce to law is !re life & safety4 ,k ( law is imp]atively dem&$ by nature4 ,ignorance ( x is a capital (f5ce4 ,if we ignore ! law ( gravitation we are da%$ to pieces at ! foot ( a precipice1 or are cru%$ by a fall+ rock2 if we neglect sanatory law1 we are de/roy$ by a pe/il5ce2 if we disreg>d *emical laws1 we are poison$ by a vap\r4 ,!re is n1 9 reality1 a gradation ( brea* ( law t is n foll[$ by an equival5t gradation ( puni%m5t4 ,civilization is no?+ b ! k & obs]vance ( natural laws4 ,! savage mu/ le>n !m or be ext+ui%$2 ! cultivat$ mu/ obs]ve !m or die4 ,! balance ( moral & physical developm5t _c be d]ang$ ) impunity4 ,9 ! spiritual z well z ! physical s5se only ! fitte/ ev5tually c survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 an absolute upw>d impulse to ! :ole human race suppli$ by ! inv>iable op]ation ( ! laws ( nature act+ ^u ! common in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,z1 on ! "o h&1 ! highe/ human conception ( inf9ite wisdom & p[] is d]iv$ f ! univ]sality & inv>iability ( law1 s t univ]sality & inv>iability1 on ! o!r h&1 exclude ! idea ( int]ruption or occasional susp5sion ( law = any purpose :atev]1 & m especially = ! correction ( suppos$ orig9al errors ( design :i* _c h exi/$1 or = ! atta9m5t ( objects already provid$ = 9 ! ord] ( nature4 #eb ,^u ! fir/ gr\ndless assumption ( a ,div9e design ( su* a revelation foll[s ! hypo!tical inf]5ce t1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! communication f ! unse5 _w1 a miracle or visible susp5sion ( ! ord] or nature is no irregul>ity1 b "p ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a m]e ass]tion1 & no argum5t ,an av[$ assumption :i* is contr>y to reason is foll[$ by ano!r :i* is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,x is simply absurd to speak ( a visible susp5sion ( ! ord] ( nature be+ "p ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,su* a /atem5t has no mean+ :atev] )9 ! range ( human conception4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t miracles--or visible susp5sions ( ! ord] ( nature--are ascrib$ indiff]5tly to ,div9e & to ,satanic ag5cy4 ,if miracles are n an anomaly or irregul>ity on ! supposition ( ! ,div9e design ( a revelation1 ^u :at supposition d ,satanic miracles cease to be irregul>ities8 ,is ! ord] ( nature1 :i* x is ass]t$ is "u ! p]sonal control ( ,god1 at ! same "t at ! m]cy ( ! ,devil8 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* has1 z usual1 a s+ul> way ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,he says3--,s long z we abide 9 ! region ( nature1 miracul\s & improbable1 miracul\s & incr$ible may be admitt$ z conv]tible t]ms4 ,b once lift up ! :ole discussion into a high] region1 once ackn[l$ge some?+ high] ?an nature1 a k+dom ( ,god1 & m5 ! int5d$ d5iz5s ( x1 & ! :ole argum5t loses its /r5g? & ! =ce ( its conclusions4444 ,he :o already c\nts x likely t ,god w int]f]e = ! high] welf>e ( m51 :o believes t !re is a #ec nobl] _w-ord] ?an t 9 :i* we live & move1 & t x w\ld be ! bless+ ( bless+s = t nobl] to intrude into & to make itself felt 9 ! region ( ?is l[]1 :o has f\nd t "h 9 ?is _w we are b\nd by heavy laws ( nature1 ( s91 ( dea?1 :i* no p[]s t we n[ possess c break1 yet :i* mu/ be brok5 if we are truly to live1--he w n f9d x h>d to believe ! great miracle1 ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! fle%1 c444 ,& z he believes t greate/ miracle1 s w he believe all o!r miracles1 c47#a7 ,9 o!r words1 if we already believe ! premises we %all n f9d x difficult to adopt ! conclusions--if we already believe ! greate/ miracle we %all n hesitate to believe ! less--if we already believe ! dogmas we %all n f9d x h>d to believe ! evid5ce by :i* !y are suppos$ to be au!nticat$4 ,z we necess>ily d abide 9 ! #ed region ( nature1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,tr5* admits t miracul\s & incr$ible are conv]tible t]ms1 x w\ld seem r difficult to lift ! discussion into ! high] region "h describ$ )\t hav+ already ab&on$ x altoge!r4 #ee ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,reason ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,! argum5t ( ^? :o ass]t ! possibility & reality ( miracles g5]ally takes ! %ape ( an attack1 m or less direct1 ^u our k ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,to e/abli% an exception !y conte/ ! rule4 ,dr4 ,mozley1 h[ev]1 is n cont5t ) ! ord9>y objections advanc$ by apologi/s b1 boldly ent]+ into ! mazes ( a delicate philosophical problem1 he adopts sceptical argum5ts & seeks to turn ! flank ( ! enemy ^u 8 own gr\nd4 ,he conducts 8 attack ) unusual =ce & ability4 ,:atev] difficulty !re is 9 believ+ 9 miracles 9 g5]al1 he says1 arises f ! circum/ance t !y are 9 contradiction to or unlike ! ord] ( nature4 ,to e/imate ! =ce ( ?is difficulty1 !n1 we mu/ fir/ und]/& :at k9d ( belief x is :i* we h 9 ! ord] ( nature2 = ! weight ( ! objection to ! miracul\s mu/ dep5d on ! nature ( ! belief to :i* ! miracul\s is oppos$47#a7 ,dr4 ,mozley def9es ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 ord] ( nature z ! connection ( t "p ( ! ord] ( nature ( :i* we are ignorant ) t "p ( x :i* we "k1 ! =m] be+ expect$ to be su* & su*1 because ! latt] is4 ,b h[ d we ju/ify ?is expectation ( #ef lik5ess8 ,we _c d s1 & all our argum5ts are m]e /atem5ts ( ! belief itself1 he affirms1 & n reasons to acc\nt = x4 ,x may be said1 e4g41 t :5 a fact ( nature has gone on repeat+ itself a c]ta9 "t1 su* repetition %[s t !re is a p]man5t cause at "w1 & t a p]man5t cause produces p]man5tly recurr+ effects4 ,b :at is !re to %[ ! exi/5ce ( a p]man5t cause8 ,no?+4 ,! effects :i* h tak5 place %[ a cause at "w to ! ext5t ( ^! effects1 b n fur!r4 ,t ?is cause is ( a m p]man5t nature we h no evid5ce4 ,:y !n d we expect ! fur!r cont9uance ( ^! effects47#b7 ,we c only say3 because we believe ! future w be l ! pa/4 ,aft] a physical ph5om5on has ev5 occurr$ e day = ye>s we h no?+ b ! pa/ repetition to ju/ify our c]ta9 expectation ( its future repetition47#c7 ,d we ?9k x giv+ a reason = our confid5ce 9 ! future to say t1 ?\gh no man has _h exp]i5ce ( :at is future1 e man has _h exp]i5ce ( :at 0 future8 ,x is true t :at is future becomes at e /ep ( our advance :at 0 future1 b t :i* is n[ /ill future is n ! lea/ alt]$ by t circum/ance2 x is z invisible1 z unkn[n1 & z unexplor$ z if x 7 ! v beg9n+ & ! v />t+-po9t ( nature4 ,at ?is />t+-po9t ( nature :at w\ld a man "k ( its future c\rse8 ,no?+4 ,at ?is mom5t he kn[s no m47#d7 ,:at gr\nd ( reason1 !n1 c we assign = our expectation t any "p ( ! c\rse ( nature w ! next mom5t be l :at x has be5 up to ?is mom5t1 i4e41 = our belief #eg 9 ! uni=mity ( nature8 ,none4 ,x is )\t a reason4 ,x re/s ^u no rational gr\nd1 & c be trac$ to no rational pr9ciple47#a7 ,! belief 9 ! ord] ( nature be+ ?us an un9tellig5t impulse ( :i* we _c give any rational acc\nt1 ,dr4 ,mozley concludes1 ! gr\nd is gone ^u :i* x c\ld be ma9ta9$ t miracles1 z oppos$ to ! ord] ( nature1 7 oppos$ to reason4 ,a miracle 9 be+ oppos$ to our exp]i5ce is n only n oppos$ to necess>y reason+1 b to any reason+47#b7 ,we ne$ n fur!r foll[ ! ,bampton ,lectur]1 z ) cle>ness & ability he applies ?is reason+ to ! argum5t ( ,exp]i5ce1 until he pauses triumphantly to exclaim3 ,?us /ep by /ep has philosophy loos5$ ! connection ( ! ord] ( nature ) ! gr\nd ( reason1 befri5d+1 9 exact proportion z x has done ?is1 ! pr9ciple ( miracles47#c7 ,we ne$ n "h ent] ^u any ab/ract argum5t reg>d+ ! p]man5ce or o!rwise ( cause3 x w be suffici5t to deal ) ^! objections 9 a simpl] & m direct way4 ,dr4 ,mozley1 ( c\rse1 ackn[l$ges t ! pr9ciple ( ! argum5t f exp]i5ce is t :i* makes human life practicable2 :i* utilizes all our k2 :i* makes ! pa/ any?+ m ?an an irrelevant picture to u2 = ( :at use is ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ to u unless we believe ! future w be l x8'7#d7 ,our k 9 all ?+s is relative1 & !re are %>p & n>r[ limits to human ?\ght4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 9 ! abs5ce ( absolute k1 our belief mu/ be accord$ to t ( :i* we h #eh m full cognizance r ?an to t :i* is contradict$ by all t we d "k4 ,x may be irrational to feel entire confid5ce t ! sun w rise tomorr[1 or t ! moon w cont9ue to wax & wane z 9 ! pa/1 b we %all )\t d\bt reta9 ?is belief1 & reject any ass]tion1 h[ev] positive1 t ! e>? w /& /ill to-morr[1 or t x did s "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,evid5ce mu/ take its relative place 9 ! f9ite scale ( k & ?\ght1 & if we d n absolutely "k any?+ :atev]1 s long z "o ?+ is m fully e/abli%$ ?an ano!r1 we mu/ hold to t :i* re/s ^u ! m c]ta9 basis4 ,our belief 9 ! inv>iability ( ! ord] ( nature1 !re=e1 be+ bas$ ^u m c]ta9 gr\nds ?an any o!r human op9ion1 we mu/ ( necessity refuse cr$5ce to a /atem5t support$ by inf9itely less complete te/imony1 & contradict$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce1 t ph5om5a subv]sive ( t ord] occurr$ _m ye>s ago1 or we mu/ cease to believe any?+ at all4 ,if belief bas$ ^u unv>y+ exp]i5ce be irrational1 h[ mu* m irrational mu/ belief be :i* is oppos$ to t exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,mozley1 x is q irrational to believe t a /one dropp$ f ! h&1 = in/ance1 w fall to ! gr\nd4 ,x is true t all ! /ones we ourselves h ev] dropp$1 or se5 dropp$1 h s fall51 & equally true t all /ones s dropp$ z f> back z hi/oric records1 & ^? /ill m au!ntic & anci5t records ( e>?'s cru/ itself g1 h done ! same1 b t does n ju/ify our belief1 ^u any gr\nds ( reason1 t ! next /one we drop w d s4 ,if we be told1 h[ev]1 t ^u "o occasion a /one s dropp$1 in/ead ( fall+ to ! gr\nd1 rose #ei up into ! air & cont9u$ !re1 we h only two c\rses op5 to u3 ei!r to disbelieve ! fact1 & attribute ! /atem5t to error ( obs]vation1 or to r$uce ! pa/ to a m]e irrelevant picture1 & ! m9d to a blank page equally devoid ( all belief & ( all intellig5t reason+4 ,dr4 ,mozley's argum5t1 h[ev]1 is fatal to 8 own cause4 ,x is admitt$ t miracles1 or visible susp5sions ( ! ord] ( nature17#a7 _c h any evid5tial =ce unless !y be sup]natural1 & out ( ! natural sequ5ce ( ord9>y ph5om5a4 ,n[1 unless !re be an actual ord] ( nature1 h[ c !re be any exception to x8 ,if our belief 9 x be n bas$ ^u any gr\nd ( reason1--z ,dr4 ,mozley ma9ta9s1 9 ord] to ass]t t miracles or visible susp5sions ( t ord] are n contr>y to reason1--h[ c x be ass]t$ t miracles are sup]natural8 ,if we h no rational gr\nd = believ+ t ! future w be l ! pa/1 :at rational gr\nd c we h = ?9k+ t any?+ :i* happ5s is exceptional1 & out ( ! common c\rse ( nature8 ,because x has n happ5$ be=e8 ,t is no reason :atev]2 because ! fact t a ?+ has happ5$ t5 millions ( times is no rational ju/ification ( our expectation t x w happ5 aga94 ,if ! rev]se ( t :i* _h happ5$ previ\sly took place on ! t5 million & fir/ "t we %\ld h no rational gr\nd = surprise1 & no reason = affirm+ t x did n occur 9 ! mo/ natural mann]4 ,because we _c expla9 its cause8 ,we _c expla9 ! cause ( any?+4 ,our belief t !re is any p]man5t cause is a m]e un9tellig5t impulse4 ,we c only say t !re is a cause #fj suffici5t to produce an isolat$ effect1 b we d n "k ! nature ( t cause1 & x is a m]e irrational in/9ct to suppose t any cause produces cont9u\s effects1 or is m ?an mom5t>y4 ,a miracle1 consequ5tly1 becomes a m]e isolat$ effect f an unkn[n cause1 9 ! mid/ ( o!r m]ely isolat$ ph5om5a f unkn[n causes1 & x is z irrational to wond] at ! occurr5ce ( :at is new1 z to expect ! recurr5ce ( :at is old4 ,9 fact1 an ord] ( nature is at once necess>y1 & fatal1 to miracles4 ,if !re be no ord] ( nature1 miracles _c be consid]$ sup]natural occurr5ces1 & h no evid5tial value2 if !re be an ord] ( nature1 ! evid5ce = its immutability mu/ consequ5tly exce$ ! evid5ce = ^! isolat$ deviations f x4 ,if we are unable rationally to =m expectations ( ! future f unv>y+ exp]i5ce 9 ! pa/1 x is /ill m irrational to call t sup]natural :i* is m]ely diff]5t f our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( suppos$ exemption f ! action ( ! law ( gravitation1 :i* ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* calls a lo/ pr]ogative ( our race37#a7 we _c rationally affirm t next week we may n be able to walk on ! sea1 or asc5d bodily into ! air4 ,to d5y ?is because we h n hi!rto be5 able to d s is unreasonable2 =1 z ,dr4 ,mozley ma9ta9s1 x is a m]e irrational impulse :i* expects t :i* has hi!rto happ5$1 :5 we h made su* attempts1 to happ5 aga9 next week4 ,if we _c rationally d5y ! possibility1 h[ev]1 t we may be able at "s future "t to walk on ! sea or asc5d into ! air1 ! /atem5t t ^! ph5om5a h already occurr$ loses all its =ce1 & su* occurr5ces #fa cease to be 9 any way sup]natural4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be irrational to affirm t we may next week become exempt f ! op]ation ( ! law ( gravitation1 x c only be s by ! admission t unv>y+ exp]i5ce =bids ! ent]ta9m5t ( su* a hypo!sis1 & 9 t case x equally =bids belief 9 ! /atem5t t su* acts ev] actually took place4 ,if we d5y ! future possibility on any gr\nd ( reason1 we admit t we h gr\nds ( reason = expect+ ! future to be l ! pa/1 & !re=e contradict ,dr4 ,mozley's conclusion2 & if we _c d5y x ^u any gr\nd ( reason1 we ext+ui% ! claim ( su* occurr5ces 9 ! pa/ to any sup]natural "*4 ,any argum5t :i* c\ld de/roy fai? 9 ! ord] ( nature w\ld be equally de/ructive to miracles4 ,if we h no "r to believe 9 a rule1 !re c be no "r to speak ( exceptions4 ,! result 9 any case is ?is1 t :e!r ! pr9ciple ( ! ord] ( nature be e/abli%$ or refut$1 ! sup]natural pret5sions ( miracles are disall[$4 ,m ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ inevitably be d$uc$ f ,dr4 ,mozley's reason+4 ,9 d5y+1 z he does1 ! doctr9e ( a p]man5t cause1 ,dr4 ,mozley mu/ equally r5\nce1 z )\t f\ndation 9 reason1 ! assumption ( a p]man5t ag5t work+ miracles4 ,n only d ! suppos$ miracles1 9 ! complete isolation ( all effects1 cease to be sup]natural or ev5 exceptional1 b z x _c be affirm$ t !re is any cause ( a nature m p]man5t ?an its exi/+ or kn[n effects1 x is obvi\s t miracles _c be trac$ to an et]nal ,be+ ( p]man5t omnipot5ce4 ,if ,dr4 ,mozley1 !re=e1 be und]/ood to adopt ?is reason+ z 8 own1 he has involv$ himself1 9 ! #fb necess>y ab&onm5t bo? ( miracles z sup]natural occurr5ces1 & ( a p]man5t & unlimit$ cause ( miracles4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he has m]ely snat*$ ! sword ( an adv]s>y to turn x aga9/ him1 he has un=tunately impal$ himself ^u ! borr[$ weapon4 #b4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 argum5t aga9/ ! rationality ( belief 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ! rigor\s precision :i* ,dr4 ,mozley unrel5t+ly dem&s f 8 antagoni/s is rem>kable4 ,!y are n p]mitt$ to deviate by a hair's bread? f ! l9e ( /rict logic1 & ! mo/ absolute exactness ( demon/ration is requir$4 ,any?+ l an assumption or argum5t f analogy is exclud$2 induction is all[$ to add no reason to b>e & isolat$ facts2 & ! belief t ! sun w rise to-morr[ morn+ is1 ) pitiless sev]ity1 writt5 d[n z m]e un9tellig5t impulse4 ,belief 9 ! return ( day1 bas$ ^u ! unv>y+ exp]i5ce ( all pa/ "t1 is decl>$ to be )\t any gr\nd ( reason4 ,we f9d any?+ b fault ) /rictness ( argum5t2 b x is fair t equal precision %\ld be obs]v$ by ^? :o ass]t miracles1 & t assumption & inaccuracy %\ld be exclud$4 ,hi!rto1 z we h frequ5tly po9t$ out1 we h met ) v little or no?+ b assumption 9 support ( miracles2 b1 enc\rag$ by ! inflexible _s ( ,dr4 ,mozley's attack ^u ! argum5t f exp]i5ce1 we may look = simil> precision f himself4 #fc ,proce$+1 h[ev]1 f 8 argum5t aga9/ ! rationality ( belief 9 ! ord] ( nature to 8 m direct argum5t = miracles1 we are a/oni%$ to f9d a total ab&onm5t ( ! rigor\s exactness impos$ ^u 8 antagoni/s1 & a complete relapse into assumptions4 ,dr4 ,mozley does n conceal ! fact4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! argum5t ( miracles1 he frankly admits1 is1 t x beg9s & ends ) an assumption2 ,i mean relatively to t argum5t47#a7 ,su* an argum5t is no argum5t at all2 x is a m]e petitio pr9cipii1 incapable ( prov+ any?+4 ,! nature ( ! assumptions obvi\sly does n 9 ! slighte/ degree affect ?is conclusion4 ,x is true t ! /atem5t ( ! p>ticul> assumptions may con/itute an appeal to belief o!rwise d]iv$1 & evolve feel+s :i* may r5d] ! calm ex]cise ( judgm5t m difficult1 b ! fact rema9s absolute1 t an argum5t :i* beg9s & ends ) an assumption is totally impot5t4 ,x rema9s an assumption1 & is n an argum5t at all4 #fd ,not)/&+ ?is un=tunate & disqualify+ peculi>ity we may exam9e ! argum5t4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,we assume ! exi/5ce ( a ,p]sonal ,deity prior to ! pro( ( miracles 9 ! religi\s s5se2 b ) ?is assumption ! "q ( miracles is at an end2 because su* a ,be+ has necess>ily ! p[] to susp5d ^? laws ( nature :i* ,he has ,himself enact$47#a7 ,! "q ( miracles1 :i* ,dr4 ,mozley "h ass]ts to be at an end on ! assumption ( a ,p]sonal ,deity1 is ( c\rse m]ely t ( ! possibility ( miracles2 b x is obvi\s t1 ev5 ) ! precise def9ition ( ,deity :i* is assum$1 in/ead ( ! real "q be+ at an end1 x only comm5ces4 ,! p[] to susp5d ! laws ( nature be+ assum$1 ! w to susp5d !m has to be demon/rat$1 & ! actual occurr5ce ( any su* susp5sion1 :i*1 x has already be5 %[n1 is contr>y to reason4 ,! subject is1 moreov]1 complicat$ by ! occurr5ce ( ,satanic z well z ,div9e susp5sions ( ! ord] ( nature1 & by ! necessity ( assum+ a ,p]sonal ,devil z well z a ,p]sonal ,deity1 & 8 p[] to usurp t control ov] ! laws ( nature1 :i* is assum$ z ! pr]ogative ( ! ,deity1 & to susp5d !m 9 direct opposition to ,god4 ,! express ascription ( miracles to ! special int]v5tion ( a ,p]sonal ,god is also1 z we h se51 exclud$ by ! ,scriptural admission t !re are o!r sup]natural be+s capable ( p]=m+ !m4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,newman has recogniz$ ?is1 &1 9 a passage already quot$1 he says3 ,= ! cog5cy ( ! argum5t f ,miracles dep5ds on ! assumption1 t int]ruptions 9 ! c\rse ( nature mu/ ultimately proce$ f ,god2 :i* is n true1 if !y may be #fe effect$ by o!r be+s )\t ,8 sanction47#a7 ,! fir/ assumption1 9 fact1 leads to no?+ b assumptions connect$ ) ! unse51 unkn[n & sup]natural1 :i* are beyond ! limits ( reason4 ,dr4 ,mozley is well aw>e t 8 assumption ( a ,p]sonal ,deity is n susceptible ( pro(27#b7 inde$1 ?is is admitt$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! def9ition is an assumption4 ,he quotes ! obvi\s reply :i* may be made reg>d+ ?is assumption3--,ev]ybody mu/ collect f ! h>mony ( ! physical univ]se ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 b 9 ackn[l$g+ a ,god1 we d n !reby ackn[l$ge ?is peculi> doctr9al conception ( a ,god4 ,we see 9 ! /ructure ( nature a m9d--a univ]sal m9d--b /ill a m9d :i* only op]ates & expresses itself by law4 ,nature only does & only c in=m u ( m9d 9 nature1 ! p>tn] & correlative ( organiz$ matt]4 ,nature1 !re=e1 c speak to ! exi/5ce ( a ,god 9 ?is s5se1 & c speak to ! omnipot5ce ( ,god 9 a s5se co9cid+ ) ! actual facts ( nature2 b 9 no o!r s5se does nature witness to ! exi/5ce ( an ,omnipot5t ,supreme ,be+4 ,( a univ]sal ,m9d out ( nature1 nature says no?+1 & ( an ,omnipot5ce :i* does n possess an inh]5t limit 9 nature1 %e says no?+ ei!r4 ,&1 !re=e1 t conception ( a ,supreme ,be+ :i* repres5ts him z a ,_s #ff indep5d5t ( ! physical univ]se1 & able f a /&+-place ext]nal to nature to int]rupt its ord]1 is a conception ( ,god = :i* we mu/ g else:]e4 ,t conception is obta9$ f revelation :i* is ass]t$ to be prov$ by miracles4 ,b t be+ ! case1 ?is doctr9e ( ,!ism re/s itself ^u miracles1 &1 !re=e1 miracles _c re/ ^u ?is doctr9e ( ,!ism47#a7 ,) 8 usual fairness1 ,dr4 ,mozley1 :ile que/ion+ ! correctness ( ! premiss ( ?is argum5t1 admits t1 if e/abli%$1 ! consequ5ce /at$ w\ld foll[1 & m1 = miracles be+ ?r[n back ^u ! same gr\nd on :i* ,!ism is1 ! :ole evid5ce ( revelation becomes a vici\s circle1 & ! fabric is left susp5d$ 9 space1 revelation re/+ on miracles & miracles re/+ on revelation47#b7 ,he n only recognizes1 h[ev]1 t ! conception ( a ,p]son al ,deity _c be prov$1 b he di/9ctly confesses t x 0 obta9$ f revelation17#c7 & f n[h]e else1 & ^! necess>y admissions obvi\sly e/abli% ! correctness ( ! premiss1 & involve ! consequ5ce po9t$ out1 t ! evid5ce ( revelation is a m]e vici\s circle4 ,dr4 ,mozley attempts to argue t1 al?\gh ! idea 0 fir/ obta9$ ?r\gh ?is *annel1 ! tru? once possess$ is se5 to re/ ^u gr\nds ( natural reason47#d7 ,:y1 !n1 does he call x an assumption8 ,! argum5t by :i* he seeks to %[ t ! conception is se5 to re/ ^u gr\nds ( natural reason is3 ,we naturally attribute to ! design ( a ,p]sonal ,be+ a contrivance :i* is direct$ to ! exi/5ce ( a ,p]sonal ,be+4444 ,f p]sonality #fg at "o end ,i inf] p]sonality at ! o!r4 ,dr4 ,mozley's own s5se ( ! weakness ( 8 argum5t1 h[ev]1 & 8 natural hone/y ( m9d oblige him cont9ually to confess ! abs5ce ( evid5ce4 ,a few p>agraphs fur!r on he admits3--,n1 h[ev]1 t ! exi/5ce ( a ,god is s cle>ly se5 by reason z to disp5se ) fai?27#a7 b he endeav\rs to conv9ce u t fai? is reason1 only reason act+ "u peculi> circum/ances3 :5 reason draws conclusions :i* are n back$ by exp]i5ce1 reason is !n call$ fai?47#b7 ,! issue ( ! argum5t1 he cont5ds1 is s amaz+1 t if we d n tremble = its safety x mu/ be on acc\nt ( a practical pr9ciple1 :i* makes u confide & tru/ 9 reasons1 & t pr9ciple is fai?4 ,we are n aw>e t conviction c be arriv$ at reg>d+ any matt] o!rwise ?an by confid5ce 9 ! correctness ( ! reasons1 & :at ,dr4 ,mozley really means by fai?1 "h1 is confid5ce & tru/ 9 a conclusion = :i* !re are no reasons4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t ! same p]son :o _h j be5 d5y+ gr\nds ( reason to conclusions f unv>y+ exp]i5ce1 & exclud+ f !m ! results ( inductive reason+--:o _h d5\nc$ z un9tellig5t impulse & irrational in/9ct ! fai? t ! sun1 :i* has ris5 )\t fail e morn+ s9ce "t began1 w rise aga9 to-morr[1 c\ld ?us argue4 ,9 fact1 f ! v comm5cem5t ( ! direct plea = miracles1 calm logical reason+ is ab&on$1 & ! argum5t becomes entirely ad hom9em4 ,m]e feel+ is sub/itut$ = ?\ght1 & 9 ! inability to be precise & logical1 ! lectur] appeals #fh to ! g5]ally prevail+ inaccuracy ( ?\ght47#a7 ,fai?1 !n1 he concludes1 is unv]ifi$ reason2 reason :i* has n yet receiv$ ! v]ification ( ! f9al te/1 b is /ill expectant4 ,9 sci5ce ?is1 at ! be/1 w\ld be call$ m]e hypo!sis1 b accuracy c sc>cely be expect$ :]e ! argum5t cont9ues3 ,inde$1 does n our he>t be> witness to ! fact t to believe 9 a ,god--i4 e41 a ,p]sonal ,god --is an ex]cise ( fai?8 c47#b7 ,x does n help ,dr4 ,mozley t ,butl]1 ,paley1 & all o!r div9es h equally be5 oblig$ to comm5ce ) ! same assumption2 &1 inde$1 z we h already rem>k$1 ,dr4 ,mozley hone/ly admits ! difficulty ( ! case1 & :ile naturally mak+ ! mo/ ( 8 own views1 he does n disguise ! insecurity ( ! position4 ,he deprecates t s*ool :i* ma9ta9s t any av]age man1 tak5 out ( a cr[d1 :o has suffici5t common s5se to manage 8 own affairs1 is a fit judge1 & su* a judge z 0 orig9ally contemplat$1 ( ! ,*ri/ian evid5ces27#c7 & he says3 ,x is n1 inde$1 consi/5t ) tru?1 nor w\ld x conduce to ! real def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 to und]rate ! difficulties ( ! ,*ri/ian evid5ce2 or to disguise ?is *>act]i/ic ( x1 t ! v facts :i* con/itute ! evid5ce ( revelation h to be accept$ by an act ( fai? !mselves1 be=e !y c op]ate z a pro( ( t fur!r tru?47#d7 ,su* evid5ce is manife/ly wor?less4 ,aft] all 8 assumptions1 ,dr4 ,mozley is r$uc$ to ! necessity ( plead+3 ,a probable fact is a probable evid5ce4 ,i may1 !re=e1 use a miracle z evid5ce ( a revelation1 ?\gh #fi ,i h only probable evid5ce = ! miracle47#a7 ,! probability ( ! miracle1 h[ev]1 is precisely :at is d5i$1 z oppos$ to reason & exp]i5ce1 & incompatible ) ! ord] ( nature4 ,a cause is1 inde$1 weak :5 s able an advocate is r$uc$ to su* reason+4 ,! d$uction :i* is drawn f ! assumption ( a ,p]sonal ,deity is1 z we h se51 m]ely ! possibility ( miracles4 ,paley's criticism1 said ! late ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 is1 aft] all1 ! true "o--'once believe t !re is a ,god1 & miracles are n incr$ible4'7#b7 ,! assumption1 !re=e1 al?\gh ( vital importance 9 ! ev5t ( its rejection1 does n v mat]ially advance ! cause ( miracles if e/abli%$4 ,we h already se5 t ! assumption is av[$ly incapable ( pro(1 b x may be well to exam9e x a little m closely 9 connection ) ! inf]5ces suppos$ to be d]ivable f x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 9 do+ s c>efully avoid be+ l$ into a metaphysical argum5t1 :i* w\ld be =eign to ! purpose ( ?is inquiry4 ,9 8 ,bampton ,lectures on ,! ,limit ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 deliv]$ 9 #aheh1 ,dr4 ,mansel1 ! v able editor & disciple ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 discuss$ ?is subject ) great m9ut5ess1 & al?\gh we _c pret5d "h to foll[ him ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 s+ul> argum5t--a !ological application ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's philosophy--we mu/ suffici5tly repres5t x4 ,dr4 ,mansel argues3 ,we are absolutely incapable ( conceiv+ or prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god z he is2 & s f> is human reason f be+ able to #gj con/ruct a !ology indep5d5t ( revelation t x _c ev5 read ! alphabet out ( :i* t !ology mu/ be =m$47#a7 ,we are compell$1 by ! con/itution ( our m9ds1 to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute & ,inf9ite ,be+2 b ! in/ant we attempt to analyse1 we are involv$ 9 inextricable confusion47#b7 ,our moral consci\sness dem&s t we %\ld conceive him z a ,p]sonality1 b p]sonality1 z we conceive x1 is ess5tially a limitation2 to speak ( an ,absolute & ,inf9ite ,p]son is simply to use language to :i* no mode ( human ?\ght c possibly atta* itself47#c7 ,?is am\nts simply to an admission t our k ( ,god does n satisfy ! conditions ( speculative philosophy1 & is incapable ( r$uction to an ultimate & absolute tru?47#d7 ,x is1 !re=e1 reasonable t we %\ld expect to f9d t ! reveal$ manife/ation ( ! ,div9e nature & attributes %\ld likewise c>ry ! m>ks ( subord9ation to "s high] tru?1 ( :i* x indicates ! exi/5ce1 b does n make kn[n ! sub/ance2 & t our appreh5sion ( ! reveal$ ,deity %\ld involve my/]ies inscrutable1 & #ga d\bts insoluble by our pres5t faculties1 :ile at ! same "t x inculcates ! true _s 9 :i* d\bt %\ld be dealt ) by w>n+ u t our k ( ,god1 ?\gh reveal$ by himself1 is reveal$ 9 relation to human faculties1 & subject to ! limitations & imp]fections insep>able f ! con/itution ( ! human m9d47#a7 ,we ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 po9t out t ! reality ( revelation is "h assum$4 ,else:]e1 ,dr4 ,mansel ma9ta9s t philosophy1 by its own incongruities1 has no claim to be accept$ z a compet5t witness2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 human p]sonality _c be assum$ z an exact copy ( ! ,div9e1 b only z t :i* is mo/ ne>ly analog\s to x among f9ite ?+s47#b7 ,z we are1 !re=e1 incapable on ! "o h& ( a cle> conception ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 & h only analogy to guide u 9 conceiv+ 8 attributes1 we h no crit]ion ( religi\s tru? or falsehood1 enabl+ u to judge ( ! ways ( ,god1 repres5t$ by revelation17#c7 & h no "r to judge ( 8 ju/ice1 or m]cy1 or goodness1 by ! /&>d ( human morality4 ,x is impossible to conceive an argum5t m vici\s1 or m obvi\sly w>p$ to fav\r already accept$ #gb conclusions ( revelation3--,z f9ite be+s we are n only incapable ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b ev5 ( conceiv+ him z he is2 !re=e we may conceive him z he is n4 ,to attribute p]sonality to him is a limitation totally incompatible ) ! idea ( an ,absolute & ,inf9ite ,be+1 9 :i* we are compell$ by ! con/itution ( our m9ds to believe2 & to speak ( him z a p]sonality is to use language to :i* no mode ( human ?\ght c possibly atta* itself2 b1 nev]!less1 to satisfy suppos$ dem&s ( our moral consci\sness1 we are to conceive him z a p]sonality4 ,al?\gh we mu/ def9e ! ,supreme ,be+ z a p]sonality to satisfy our moral consci\sness1 we mu/ n1 we are told1 make ! same moral consci\sness ! crit]ion ( ! attributes ( t p]sonality4 ,we mu/ n suppose him to be end[$1 = in/ance1 ) ! p]fection ( morality accord+ to our ideas ( x2 b1 on ! contr>y1 we mu/ hold t 8 moral p]fections are at be/ only analog\s1 & (t5 contradictory1 to our /&>d ( morality4#a ,z soon z we conceive a ,p]sonal ,deity to satisfy our moral consci\sness1 we h to ab&on ! p]sonality :i* satisfies t consci\sness1 9 ord] to accept ! *>act]i/ics ( a suppos$ ,revelation1 to reconcile c]ta9 /atem5ts ( :i* we mu/ admit t we h no crit]ion ( tru? or falsehood enabl+ u to judge ( ! ways ( ,god4 ,n[1 9 ref]5ce to ! assumption ( a ,p]sonal ,deity z a prelim9>y to ! pro( ( miracles1 x mu/ be cle>ly rememb]$ t ! cont5ts ( ! revelation :i* miracles are to au!nticate _c #gc h any weight4 ,antec$5tly1 !n1 x is admitt$ t p]sonality is a limitation :i* is absolutely exclud$ by ! ideas ( ! ,deity1 :i*1 x is ass]t$1 ! con/itution ( our m9ds compete u to =m4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be rationally assum$4 ,to admit t su* a conception is false1 & !n to base conclusions ^u x1 z ?\gh x 7 true1 is absurd4 ,x is *ild's play to satisfy our feel+ & imag9ation by ! consci\s sacrifice ( our reason4 ,moreov]1 ,dr4 ,mansel admits t ! conception ( a ,p]sonal ,deity is really d]iv$ f ! revelation1 :i* has to be r5d]$ cr$ible by miracles2 !re=e ! consequ5ce already po9t$ out ensues1 t ! assumption _c be us$ to prove miracles4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t x is n ?r\gh reason+ t m5 obta9 ! fir/ intimation ( _! relation to ! ,deity2 & t1 _h !y be5 left to ! guidance ( _! intellectual faculties alone1 x is possible t no su* intimation might h tak5 place2 or at be/1 t x w\ld h be5 b z "o guess1 out ( _m equally plausible & equally natural47#a7 ,! vici\s circle ( ! argum5t is "h aga9 app>5t1 & ! s+ul> reason+ by :i* ! late ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's seeks to drive u into an acceptance ( ,revelation is really ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ x4 ,! impossibility ( conceiv+ ,god z he is17#b7 :i* is insi/$ ^u1 in/ead ( be+ a #gd reason = assum+ 8 p]sonality1 or = accept+ ,jewi% conceptions ( him1 totally excludes su* an assumption4 ,?is great religi\s assumption7#a7 is n sugge/$ by any antec$5t consid]ations1 b is requir$ to acc\nt = miracles1 & is d]iv$ f ! v ,revelation :i* miracles are to atte/4 ,9 nature & f nature1 to quote ,words ( ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell1 by sci5ce & by reason1 we nei!r h nor c possibly h any evid5ce ( a ,deity work+ miracles2--= t we mu/ g out ( nature & beyond sci5ce4 ,if we c\ld h any su* evid5ce f nature1 x c\ld only prove extraord9>y natural effects1 :i* w\ld n be miracles 9 ! old !ological s5se1 z isolat$1 unrelat$1 & uncaus$2 :]eas no physical fact c be conceiv$ z unique1 or )\t analogy & relation to o!rs1 & to ! :ole sy/em ( natural causes47#b7 ,be+1 !re=e1 limit$ to ,reason = any feeble conception ( a ,div9e ,be+ ( :i* we may be capable1 & ,reason be+ totally oppos$ to ! idea ( an ord] ( nature s imp]fect z to require or p]mit repeat$ int]f]5ce1 & reject+ ! supposition ( arbitr>y #ge susp5sions ( ,law1 su* a conception ( a ,deity z is propos$ by !ologians mu/ be pron\nc$ irrational & d]ogatory4 ,x is impossible = u to conceive a ,supreme ,be+ act+ o!rwise ?an we actually see 9 nature1 & if we recognize 9 ! univ]se ! op]ation ( inf9ite wisdom & p[]1 x is 9 ! immutable ord] & regul>ity ( all ph5om5a1 & 9 ! et]nal preval5ce ( ,law1 t we see _! highe/ manife/ation4 ,?is is no conception bas$ m]ely ^u obs]vation ( law & ord] 9 ! mat]ial _w1 z ,dr4 ,mansel ins9uates17#a7 b x is likewise ! result ( ! highe/ ex]cise ( m9d4 ,dr4 ,mansel does n hesitate to affirm ) ,sir ,william ,hamilton t ! class ( ph5om5a :i* requires t k9d ( cause we d5om9ate a ,deity is exclusively giv5 9 ! ph5om5a ( m9d2 t ! ph5om5a ( matt]1 tak5 by !mselves1 d n w>rant any inf]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( a ,god47#b7 ,aft] decl>+ a ,supreme ,be+1 f e po9t ( view1 inconceivable by our f9ite m9ds1 x is s+ul> to f9d him ?ru/+ ^u u1 9 consequ5ce1 a conception ( t ,be+ :i* almo/ makes u exclaim ) ,bacon3 ,x 7 bett] to h no op9ion ( ,god at all ?an su* an op9ion z is unwor?y ( him2 = ! "o is unbelief1 ! o!r is contumely47#c7 ,dr4 ,mansel asks3 ,is matt] or m9d ! tru] image ( ,god87#d7 ,b bo? matt] & m9d unite 9 repudiat+ s unwor?y a conception ( a ,god1 & 9 reject+ ! idea ( susp5sions ( ,law4 ,9 ! words ( ,sp9oza3 ,f miracles #gf we c nei!r inf] ! nature1 ! exi/5ce1 nor ! provid5ce ( ,god1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ^! may be mu* bett] compreh5d$ f ! fix$ & immutable ord] ( nature27#a7 inde$1 z he adds1 miracles1 z contr>y to ! ord] ( nature1 w\ld r lead u to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ,god47#b7 ,six c5turies be=e our era1 a noble ?9k]1 ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon1 ^: pure m9d so>$ f> above ! base an?ropomorphic my?ologies ( ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & anticipat$ "s ( ! highe/ results ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 f9ely said3-- ,!re is "o ,god supreme ov] all gods1 div9] ?an mortals1 ,^: =m is n l unto man's1 & z unlike 8 nature2 ,b va9 mortals imag9e t gods l !mselves are begott51 ,) human s5sations1 & voice1 & corporeal memb]s2' ,s if ox5 or lions _h h&s & c\ld "w iu man's fa%ion1 ,& trace out ) *isel or bru% _! conception ( ,godhead1 ,!n w\ld horses depict gods l horses1 & ox5 l ox51 ,ea* k9d ! ,div9e ) its own =m & nature end[+47#d7 ,he illu/rates ?is pr(\nd obs]vation by po9t+ out t ! ,e?iopians repres5t _! deities z black ) flat noses1 :ile ! ,?racians make !m blue-ey$ ) ruddy complexions1 &1 simil>ly1 ! ,m$es & ! ,p]sians & ,egyptians portray _! gods l #gg !mselves47#a7 ,! ,jewi% idea ( ,god 0 equally an?ropomorphic2 b _! highe/ conception 0 c]ta9ly t :i* ! lea/ resembl$ !mselves1 & :i* describ$ ! ,almighty z )\t v>iabl5ess or %ad[ ( turn+1 & z giv+ a law to ! univ]se :i* %all n be brok547#b7 #c4 ,none ( ! argum5ts ) :i* we h yet met h succe$$ 9 mak+ miracles 9 ! lea/ degree antec$5tly cr$ible4 ,on ! contr>y !y h be5 bas$ ^u m]e assumptions incapable ( pro( & devoid ( probability4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are ! /ronge/ reasons = affirm+ t su* ph5om5a are antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,dr4 ,mozley's attack :i* we discuss$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]1 & :i* ( c\rse 0 *iefly bas$ ^u ,hume's celebrat$ argum5t1 #gh nev] s]i\sly grappl$ ! doctr9e at all4 ,! pr9ciple :i* opposes itself to belief 9 miracles is v simple4 ,:atev] is contradictory to univ]sal & inv>iable exp]i5ce is antec$5tly incr$ible1 & z t sequ5ce ( ph5om5a :i* is call$ ! ord] ( nature is e/abli%$ by & 9 accordance ) univ]sal exp]i5ce1 miracles or alleg$ violations ( t ord]1 by :atev] "n !y may be call$1 or :atev] def9ition may be giv5 ( _! *>act]i/ics or object1 are antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,! prepond]ance ( evid5ce = ! inv>iability ( ! ord] ( nature1 9 fact1 is s enorm\s t x is impossible to cr$it ! reality ( su* v>iations f x1 & reason & exp]i5ce concur 9 attribut+ ! ascription ( a miracul\s "* to any actual occurr5ces :i* may h be5 witness$ to imp]fect obs]vation1 mi/ak5 inf]5ce or "s o!r ( ! num]\s s\rces ( error4 ,any allegation ( ! int]f]5ce ( a new & sup]natural ag5t1 ^u su* an occasion1 to acc\nt = results1 9 contradiction ( ! kn[n sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 is exclud$ by ! v same pr9ciple1 = inv>iable exp]i5ce be+ z oppos$ to ! ass]tion t su* int]f]5ce ev] takes place z x is to ! occurr5ce ( miracul\s ph5om5a1 ! allegation is necess>ily disbeliev$4 ,apologi/s f9d x mu* m conv5i5t to evade ! simple b effective argum5ts ( ,hume ?an to answ] !m1 & :]e x is possible !y dismiss !m ) a sne]1 & ha/5 on to less dang]\s gr\nd4 ,= in/ance1 a rec5t ,hulsean ,lectur]1 argu+ ! antec$5t cr$ibility ( ! miracul\s1 makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! inadequacy ( te/imony to e/abli% a miracle1 mod]n scepticism has n advanc$ #gi "o s+le /ep beyond ! blank ass]tion4 ,& x is a/oni%+ t ?is ass]tion %\ld /ill be consid]$ cog5t1 :5 its logical consi/5cy has be5 %att]$ to pieces by a ho/ ( writ]s z well sceptical z ,*ri/ian 7,mill's ,logic1 ii41 #aeg--afj74 ,=1 z ! greate/ ( our liv+ logicians has rem>k$1 ! suppos$ recondite & dang]\s =mula ( ,hume--t x is m probable t te/imony %\ld be mi/ak5 ?an t miracles %\ld be true--r$uces itself to ! v h>mless proposition t any?+ is incr$ible :i* is contr>y to a complete induction4 ,x is 9 fact a flagrant petitio pr9cipii1 us$ to support a :olly unphilosophical ass]tion47#a7 ,x is mu* m a/oni%+ t s able a man z ,dr4 ,f>r> c\ld s misund]/& ,hume's argum5t & s mis9t]pret & mis-/ate ,mr4 ,mill's rem>ks ^u x4 ,s f> f %att]+ to pieces ! logical consi/5cy ( ,hume's reason+1 ,mr4 ,mill sub/antially confirms x1 & p]t95tly rem>ks t x speaks ill = ! /ate ( philosophical speculation on su* subjects t s simple & evid5t a doctr9e %\ld h be5 acc\nt$ a dang]\s h]esy4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! /atem5t ( a tru? :i* %\ld h be5 univ]sally recogniz$1 & w\ld h be5 s1 b = its unwelcome & de/ructive be>+ ^u popul> !ology4 ,mr4 ,mill /ates ! evid5t pr9ciple1 t--,if an alleg$ fact be 9 contradiction1 n to any numb] ( approximate g5]alizations1 b to a complet$ g5]alization gr\nd$ on a rigor\s induction1 x is said to be impossible1 & is to be disbeliev$ totally4 ,mr4 ,mill cont9ues43 ,?is la/ pr9ciple1 simple & evid5t z x #hj appe>s1 is ! doctr9e :i*1 on ! occasion ( an attempt to apply x to ! "q ( ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 excit$ s viol5t a controv]sy4 ,hume's celebrat$ doctr9e1 t no?+ is cr$ible :i* is contradictory to exp]i5ce or at v>iance ) laws ( nature1 is m]ely ?is v pla9 & h>mless proposition1 t :atev] is contradictory to a complete induction is incr$ible47#a7 ,he !n proce$s to meet possible objections3 ,b does n 7x may be ask$7 ! v /atem5t ( ! proposition imply a contradiction8 ,an alleg$ fact accord+ to ?is !ory is n to be believ$ if x contradict a complete induction4 ,b x is ess5tial to ! complet5ess ( an induction t x %\ld n contradict any kn[n fact4 ,is x n1 !n1 a petitio pr9cipii to say1 t ! fact ought to be disbeliev$ because ! induction to x is complete8 ,h[ c we h a "r to decl>e ! induction complete1 :ile facts1 support$ by cr$ible evid5ce1 pres5t !mselves 9 opposition to x8 ,i answ]1 we h t "r :5ev] ! sci5tific canons ( induction give x to u2 t is1 :5ev] ! induction c be complete4 ,we h x1 = example1 9 a case ( causation 9 :i* !re has be5 an exp]im5tum cruris4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ,dr4 ,f>r> adopts ,mr4 ,mill's phraseology 9 "o ( ! above que/ions to affirm ! rev]se ( 8 op9ion4 ,mr4 ,mill decides t ! proposition is n a petitio pr9cipii2 ,dr4 ,f>r> says1 z 9 cont9uation ( 8 ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,mill1 t x is a flagrant petitio pr9cipii4 ,mr4 ,mill proce$s to prove 8 /atem5t1 & he naturally argues t1 if obs]vations or exp]im5ts h be5 repeat$ s (t51 & by s _m p]sons1 z to exclude all supposition ( #ha error 9 ! obs]v]1 a law ( nature is e/abli%$2 & s long z ?is law is receiv$ z su*1 ! ass]tion t on any p>ticul> occasion ! cause ,a took place & yet ! effect ,b did n foll[1 )\t any c\nt]act+ cause1 mu/ be disbeliev$4 ,9 fact1 z he w9ds up ?is "p ( ! argum5t by say+3 ,we _c admit a proposition z a law ( nature1 & yet believe a fact 9 real contradiction to x4 ,we mu/ disbelieve ! alleg$ fact1 or believe t we 7 mi/ak5 9 admitt+ ! suppos$ law47#a7 ,mr4 ,mill po9ts out1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ord] t any alleg$ fact %\ld be contradictory to a law ( causation1 ! allegation mu/ be n simply t ! cause exi/$ )\t be+ foll[$ by ! effect1 b t ?is happ5$ 9 ! abs5ce ( any adequate c\nt]act+ cause4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( an alleg$ miracle1 ! ass]tion is ! exact opposite ( ?is4 ,x is1 t ! effect 0 defeat$1 n 9 ! abs5ce1 b 9 consequ5ce ( a c\nt]act+ cause1 namely1 a direct int]position ( an act ( ! w ( "s be+ :o has p[] ov] nature2 & 9 p>ticul> ( a ,be+1 ^: w be+ assum$ to h end[$ all ! causes ) ! p[]s by :i* !y produce _! effects1 may well be suppos$ able to c\nt]act !m47#b7 ,a miracle1 !n1 is no contradiction to ! law ( cause & effect2 x is m]ely a new effect suppos$ to be introduc$ by ! introduction ( a new cause2 ( ! adequacy ( t cause if pres5t17#c7 !re c be no d\bt2 & ! only antec$5t improbability :i* c be ascrib$ to ! miracle is ! improbability t any su* cause exi/$4 ,mr4 ,mill !n cont9ues1 resum+ 8 criticism on ,hume's argum5t3 #hb ,all1 !re=e1 :i* ,hume has made out1 & ?is he mu/ be consid]$ to h made out1 is t 7at lea/ 9 ! imp]fect /ate ( our k ( natural ag5cies1 :i* leaves x always possible t "s ( ! physical antec$5ts may h be5 hidd5 f u17 no evid5ce c prove a miracle to any "o :o did n previ\sly believe ! exi/5ce ( a be+ or be+s ) sup]natural p[]2 or :o believes himself to h full pro( t ! "* ( ! ,be+ :om he recognizes is inconsi/5t ) 8 hav+ se5 fit to int]f]e on ! occasion 9 "q4 ,mr4 ,mill proce$s to enl>ge on ?is conclusion4 ,if we d n already believe 9 sup]natural ag5cies1 no miracle c prove to u _! exi/5ce4 ,! miracle itself1 consid]$ m]ely z an extraord9>y fact1 may be satisfactorily c]tifi$ by our s5ses or by te/imony2 b no?+ c ev] prove t x is a miracle3 !re is /ill ano!r possible hypo!sis1 t ( its be+ ! result ( "s unkn[n natural cause3 & ?is possibility _c be s completely %ut out z to leave no alt]native b t ( admitt+ ! exi/5ce & int]v5tion ( a be+ sup]ior to nature4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o already believe 9 su* a be+ h two hypo!ses to *oose f1 a sup]natural1 & an unkn[n natural ag5cy2 & !y h to judge :i* ( ! two is ! mo/ probable 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,9 =m+ ?is judgm5t1 an important elem5t ( ! "q w be ! con=mity ( ! result to ! laws ( ! suppos$ ag5t2 t is1 to ! "* ( ! ,deity z !y conceive x4 ,b1 ) ! k :i* we n[ possess ( ! g5]al uni=mity ( ! c\rse ( nature1 religion1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( sci5ce1 has be5 compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se z #hc be+ on ! :ole c>ri$ on by g5]al laws1 & n by special int]positions4 ,to :oev] holds ?is belief1 !re is a g5]al presumption aga9/ any supposition ( div9e ag5cy n op]at+ ?r\gh g5]al laws1 or1 9 o!r words1 !re is an antec$5t improbability 9 e miracle1 :i*1 9 ord] to outweigh x1 requires an extraord9>y /r5g? ( antec$5t probability d]iv$ f ! special circum/ances ( ! case47#a7 ,mr4 ,mill rightly consid]s t x is n m difficult to e/imate ?is ?an 9 ! case ( o!r probabilities4 ,we are seldom1 !re=e1 )\t ! means 7:5 ! circum/ances ( ! case are at all kn[n to u7 ( judg+ h[ f> x is likely t su* a cause %\ld h exi/$ at t "t & place )\t manife/+ its pres5ce by "s o!r m>ks1 & 79 ! case ( an unkn[n cause7 )\t hav+ hi!rto manife/$ its exi/5ce 9 any o!r in/ance4 ,accord+ z ?is circum/ance1 or ! falsity ( ! te/imony1 appe>s m improbable1 t is1 conflicts ) an approximate g5]alization ( a high] ord]1 we believe ! te/imony1 or disbelieve x2 ) a /rong] or weak] degree ( conviction1 accord+ to ! prepond]ance3 at lea/ until we h sift$ ! matt] fur!r47#b7 ,?is is precisely ,hume's argum5t weak5$ by ! introduction ( res]vations :i* h no cog5cy4 ,we h wi%$ to avoid int]rupt+ ,mr4 ,mill's tra9 ( reason+ by any rem>ks ( our own1 & h1 !re=e1 def]r$ till n[ ! foll[+ obs]vations reg>d+ 8 criticism on ,hume's argum5t4 ,9 r$uc+ ,hume's celebrat$ doctr9e to ! v pla9 proposition t :atev] is contradictory to a complete induction is incr$ible1 ,mr4 ,mill 9 no way #hd dim9i%es its pot5cy aga9/ miracles2 & he does n call t proposition h>mless 9 ref]5ce to its be>+ on miracles1 z ,dr4 ,f>r> evid5tly supposes1 b m]ely 9 opposition to ! "* ( a recondite & dang]\s h]esy assign$ by dismay$ !ologians to s obvi\s & simple a pr9ciple4 ,! proposition1 h[ev]1 :il/ x r$uces ,hume's doctr9e 9 ! ab/ract to m te*nical t]ms1 does n altoge!r repres5t 8 argum5t4 ,)\t ass]t+ t exp]i5ce is an absolutely infallible guide1 ,hume ma9ta9s t-- ,a wise man proportions 8 belief to ! evid5ce4 ,9 su* conclusions z are f\nd$ on an infallible exp]i5ce1 he expects ! ev5t ) ! la/ degree ( assurance1 & reg>ds 8 pa/ exp]i5ce z a full pro( ( ! future exi/5ce ( t ev5t4 ,9 o!r cases he proce$s ) m caution1 he weighs ! opposite exp]im5ts3 he consid]s :i* side is support$ by ! great] numb] ( exp]im5ts3 to t side he incl9es ) d\bt & hesitation2 & :5 at la/ he fixes 8 judgm5t1 ! evid5ce exce$s n :at we prop]ly call probability4 ,all probability1 !n1 supposes an opposition ( exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 :]e ! "o side is f\nd to ov]balance ! o!r1 & to produce a degree ( evid5ce proportion$ to ! sup]iority4 7l7 ,aft] elaborat+ ?is proposition1 ,hume cont9ues3 ,a miracle is a violation ( ! laws ( nature2 & z a firm & unalt]able exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ ^! laws1 ! pro( aga9/ a miracle1 f ! v nature ( ! fact1 is z entire z any argum5t f exp]i5ce c possibly be imag9$4 ,:y is x m ?an probable t all m5 mu/ die2 t lead #he _c1 ( itself1 rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air2 t fire consumes wood1 & is ext+ui%$ by wat]2 unless x be t ^! ev5ts are f\nd agreeable to ! laws ( nature1 & !re is requir$ a violation ( ^! laws1 or1 9 o!r words1 a miracle1 to prev5t !m8 ,no?+ is e/eem$ a miracle if x ev] happ5 9 ! common c\rse ( nature4 ,x is no miracle t a man seem+ly 9 good heal? %\ld die on a sudd52 because su* a k9d ( dea?1 ?\gh m unusual ?an any o!r1 has yet be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ to happ54 ,b x is a miracle t a dead man %\ld come to life2 because t has nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 any age or c\ntry4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be an uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ e miracul\s ev5t1 o!rwise ! ev5t w\ld n m]it t appellation4 ,& z an uni=m exp]i5ce am\nts to a pro(1 !re is "h a direct & full pro(1 f ! nature ( ! fact1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any miracle2 nor c su* a pro( be de/roy$1 or ! miracle r5d]$ cr$ible1 b by an opposite pro( :i* is sup]ior4 ,! pla9 consequ5ce is1 7& x is a g5]al maxim wor?y ( our att5tion71 ',t no te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle1 unless ! te/imony be ( su* a k9d1 t its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! fact :i* x endeav\rs to e/abli%3 & ev5 9 t case !re is a mutual de/ruction ( argum5ts1 & ! sup]ior only gives u an assurance suitable to t degree ( =ce :i* rema9s aft] d$uct+ ! inf]ior4' ,:5 any "o tells me t he saw a dead man re/or$ to life1 ,i imm$iately consid] ) myself :e!r x be m probable t ?is p]son %\ld ei!r deceive or be deceiv$1 or t ! fact :i* he relates %\ld really h happ5$4 ,i weigh ! "o miracle aga9/ ! #hf o!r2 & accord+ to ! sup]iority :i* #a discov]1 ,i pron\nce my decision1 & always reject ! great] miracle4 ,if ! falsehood ( 8 te/imony w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! ev5t :i* he relates1 !n1 & n till !n1 c he pret5d to comm& my belief or op9ion47#a7 ,! gr\nd ^u :i* ,mr4 ,mill admits t a miracle may n be contradictory to complete induction is t x is n an ass]tion t a c]ta9 cause 0 n foll[$ by a c]ta9 effect1 b an allegation ( ! int]f]5ce ( an adequate c\nt]act+ cause4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 by 8 own %[+1 remove a miracle f ! action ( ,hume's pr9ciple1 b simply modifies ! nature ( ! antec$5t improbability4 ,mr4 ,mill qualifies 8 admission reg>d+ ! effect ( ! alleg$ c\nt]act+ cause1 by ! all-important words if pres5t2 =1 9 ord] to be valid1 ! reality ( ! alleg$ c\nt]act+ cause mu/ be e/abli%$1 :i* is impossible1 !re=e ! allegations fall to ! gr\nd4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an ,mr4 ,mill t ! ass]tion ( a ,p]sonal ,deity work+ miracles1 ^u :i* a miracle is all[$ = a mom5t to come into c\rt1 _c be prov$1 &1 !re=e1 t x _c /& 9 opposition to complete induction :i* ,hume takes z 8 /&>d4 ,9 admitt+ t ,hume has made out1 t no evid5ce c prove a miracle to any "o :o does n previ\sly believe 9 a be+ ( sup]natural p[] will+ to "w miracles1 ,mr4 ,mill conc$es ev]y?+ to ,hume1 = 8 only limitation is bas$ ^u a supposition ( m]e p]sonal belief 9 some?+ :i* is n capable ( pro(1 & :i* belief1 !re=e1 is n #hg m valid ?an any o!r purely imag9>y hypo!sis4 ,! belief may seem sub/antial to ! individual ent]ta9+ x1 b1 n be+ capable ( pro(1 x _c h weight ) o!rs1 or 9 any way affect ! ,value ( evid5ce 9 ! ab/ract4 ,t m]e individual belief1 ap>t f pro(1 %\ld ?us be advanc$ 9 limitation ( a logical pr9ciple1 seems to u mo/ unw>rant$1 & at ! mo/ x c only be receiv$ z a /atem5t ( :at practically takes place among/ illogical reason ers4 ,! assumption ( a ,p]sonal ,deity work+ miracles is1 9 fact1 exclud$ by ,hume's argum5t1 &1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,mill app>5tly ov]looks ! fact1 ,hume has n only anticipat$ b refut$ ! reason+ :i* is bas$ ^u x4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt] on a ,p>ticul> ,provid5ce & a ,future ,/ate1 he directly disposes ( su* an assumption1 b he does s ) equal effect also 9 ! ,essay :i* we are discuss+4 ,tak+ an imag9>y miracle z an illu/ration1 he argues3 ,?\gh ! be+ to :om ! miracle is ascrib$ be 9 ?is case ,almighty1 x does n1 ^u t acc\nt1 become a :it m probable2 s9ce x is impossible = u to "k ! attributes or actions ( su* a ,be+1 o!rwise ?an f ! exp]i5ce :i* we h ( 8 productions 9 ! usual c\rse ( nature4 ,?is /ill r$uces u to pa/ obs]vation1 & obliges u to comp>e ! in/ances ( ! violation ( tru? 9 ! te/imony ( m51 ) ^? ( ! violation ( ! laws ( nature by miracles1 9 ord] to judge :i* ( !m is mo/ likely & probable4 ,z ! violations ( tru? are m common 9 ! te/imony conc]n+ religi\s miracles ?an 9 t conc]n+ any o!r matt] ( fact1 ?is mu/ dim9i% v mu* ! au?ority ( ! =m] te/imony1 & #hh make u =m a g5]al resolution nev] to l5d any att5tion to x1 ) :atev] speci\s pret5ce x may be cov]$47#a7 ,a p]son :o believes any?+ contradictory to a complete induction m]ely on ! /r5g? ( an assumption :i* is incapable ( pro( is simply cr$ul\s1 b su* an assumption _c affect ! real evid5ce = t ?+4 ,! argum5t ( ,paley aga9/ ,hume is an illu/ration ( ! reason+ sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,mill4 ,paley alleges ! int]position ( a ,p]sonal ,deity 9 explanation ( miracles1 b he prote/s t he does n assume ! attributes ( ! ,deity or ! exi/5ce ( a future /ate 9 ord] to prove _! reality4 ,t reality1 he admits1 always mu/ be prov$ by evid5ce4 ,we ass]t only t 9 miracles adduc$ 9 support ( revelation !re is n su* antec$5t improbability z no te/imony c surm\nt4 ,8 argum5t culm9ates 9 ! %ort /atem5t3 ,9 a ^w1 once believe t !re is a ,god 7i4e41 a ,p]sonal ,god work+ miracles71 & miracles are n incr$ible47#b7 ,we h already quot$ ,hume's refutation ( ?is reason+1 & we may at once proce$ to ! f9al argum5t by :i* ,paley endeav\rs to ov]?r[ ,hume's doctr9e1 & ^u :i* he ma9ly re/s 8 case4 ,b ! %ort consid]ation1 he says1 :i*1 indep5d5tly ( e o!r1 conv9ces me t !re is no solid f\ndation 9 ,mr4 ,hume's conclusion1 is ! foll[+3 ,:5 a !orem is propos$ to a ma!matician1 ! fir/ ?+ he does ) x is to try x ^u a simple case1 & if x produces a false result1 he is sure t !re #hi mu/ be "s mi/ake 9 ! demon/ration4 ,n[1 to proce$ 9 ?is way ) :at may be call$ ,mr4 ,hume's !orem4 ,if twelve m51 ^: probity & good s5se ,i _h long kn[n1 %\ld s]i\sly & circum/antially relate to me an acc\nt ( a miracle wr\ght be=e _! eyes1 & 9 :i* x 0 impossible t !y %\ld be deceiv$2 if ! gov]nor ( ! c\ntry1 he>+ a rum\r ( ?is acc\nt1 %\ld call ^! m5 into 8 pres5ce1 & (f] !m a %ort proposal1 ei!r to confess ! impo/ure or submit to be ti$ up to a gibbet2 if !y %\ld refuse ) "o voice to ackn[l$ge t !re exi/$ any falsehood or impo/ure 9 ! case2 if ?is ?reat 0 communicat$ to !m sep>ately1 yet ) no diff]5t effect2 if x 0 at la/ execut$2 if ,i myself saw !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 cons5t+ to be rack$1 burn$1 or /rangl$1 r ?an give up ! tru? ( _! acc\nt1--/ill1 if ,mr4 ,hume's rule be my guide1 ,i am n to believe !m4 ,n[ ,i und]take to say t !re exi/s n a sceptic 9 ! _w :o w\ld n believe !m1 or :o w\ld def5d su* incr$ulity47#a7 ,x is obvi\s t ?is reason+1 besides be+ purely hypo!tical1 is utt]ly )\t cog5cy aga9/ ,hume's doctr9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is cle> t no ass]tion ( any twelve m5 w\ld be suffici5t to ov]?r[ a law ( nature1 :i* is ! result ( a complete induction1 & 9 ord] to e/abli% ! reality ( a miracle or ! occurr5ce on "o occasion ( an unprec$5t$ effect1 f any cause1 n 9 accordance ) natural law1 no small] am\nt ( evid5ce w\ld suffice ?an w\ld s]ve to refute ! complete induction4 ,! allegation ( su* an int]v5+ cause z a ,p]sonal #ij ,deity work+ miracles is exclud$ z oppos$ to a complete induction4 ,s long z we ma9ta9 ! law1 we are necess>ily compell$ to reject any evid5ce :i* contradicts x4 ,we _c at ! same "t believe ! contradictory evid5ce1 & yet ass]t ! tru? ( ! law4 ,! specific allegation1 moreov]1 is completely prohibit$ by ! ,scriptural admission t miracles are also p]=m$ by o!r sup]natural be+s 9 opposition to ! ,deity4 ,! evid5ce ( ! twelve m51 h[ev]1 simply am\nts to a /atem5t t !y saw1 or fanci$ t !y saw1 a c]ta9 occurr5ce 9 contradiction to ! law1 b t :i* !y actually saw 0 only an ext]nal ph5om5on1 ! real nature ( :i* is a m]e inf]5ce1 & an inf]5ce :i*1 f ! necess>ily isolat$ position ( ! miracul\s ph5om5on1 is nei!r support$ by o!r in/ances capable ( =m+ a complete c\nt] induction1 nor by analogies )9 ! ord] ( nature4#a ,! b>e inf]5ce f an occurr5ce suppos$ to h be5 witness$ by twelve m5 is all t is oppos$ to ! law ( nature1 :i* is bas$ ^u a complete induction1 & x is1 !re=e1 incr$ible4 ,if we proce$ to exam9e ,paley's simple case a little m closely1 h[ev]1 we f9d t n only is x utt]ly inadmissible z a hypo!sis1 b t z an illu/ration ( ! case ( ,gospel miracles x is completely devoid ( relevancy & argum5tative =ce4 ,! only po9t :i* gives a mom5t>y value to ! suppos$ in/ance is ! condition atta*$ to ! acc\nt ( ! miracle relat$ by ! twelve m51 t n only 0 x wr\ght be=e _! eyes1 b t x 0 "o 9 :i* x 0 impossible t !y %\ld be deceiv$4 ,n[ #ia ?is qualification ( infallibility on ! "p ( ! twelve witnesses is z incr$ible z ! miracle :i* !y are suppos$ to atte/4 ,! exi/5ce ( twelve m5 incapable ( error or mi/ake is z oppos$ to exp]i5ce z ! hypo!sis ( a miracle 9 :i* x is impossible = ! twelve m5 to be deceiv$ is contradictory to reason4 ,! exclusion ( all error 9 ! obs]vation ( ! actual occurr5ce & its antec$5ts & consequ5ces1 ^: unit$ sum con/itutes ! miracle1 is an assumption :i* deprives ! argum5t ( all pot5cy4 ,x _c be ent]ta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mom5t ! possibility ( error is admitt$1 ! reason+ breaks d[n1 = ! probability ( error on ! "p ( ! obs]v]s1 ei!r z reg>ds ! ext]nal ph5om5a1 or ! inf]5ces drawn f !m1 be+ s inf9itely great] ?an ! probability ( mi/ake 9 ! complete induction1 we mu/ unque/ionably hold by ! law & reject ! te/imony ( ! twelve m54 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t ! ass]tion ( liability to error on ! "p ( ! obs]v]s by no means involves any ins9uation ( wilful falsehood or impo/ure 9 ! case4 ,x is q intelligible t twelve m5 might witness an occurr5ce :i* might seem to !m & o!rs miracul\s1--b :i* 0 susceptible ( a p]fectly natural explanation1--& tru?fully relate :at !y believ$ to h se51 & t !y might1 !re=e1 refuse ) "o voice to ackn[l$ge t !re exi/$ any falsehood or impo/ure 9 ! case1 ev5 al?\gh ! alt]native might be dea? on a gibbet4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld 9 no way affect ! "* ( ! actual occurr5ce4 ,x w\ld n conv]t a natural1 ?\gh by !m inexplicable1 ph5om5on into a miracle4 ,_! con/ancy 9 adh]+ to ! acc\nt !y _h #ib giv5 w\ld m]ely be> ^u ! tru? ( _! own /atem5ts1 & ! fact ( see+ !m "o aft] ano!r cons5t+ to be rack$1 burn$1 or /rangl$1 r ?an give up ! tru? ( _! acc\nt1 w\ld n 9 ! lea/ ju/ify our believ+ 9 a miracle4 ,ev5 m>tyrdom _c trans=m imag9ations into facts4 ,! tru? ( a n>rative is no gu>antee = ! correctness ( an inf]5ce4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible t argum5ts l ^! %\ld = s _m ye>s h be5 tol]at$ 9 ! text-book ( a ,univ]sity4 ,z reg>ds ! applicability ( ,paleys illu/ration to ! ,gospel miracles1 ! failure ( 8 analogy is complete4 ,we %all pres5tly see ! condition ( ! p among/ :om ^! miracles are suppos$ to h occurr$1 & t1 s f> f ! nature ( ! ph5om5a1 & ! "* ( ! witnesses1 support+ ! inf]5ce t x 0 impossible t ! obs]v]s c\ld h be5 deceiv$1 !re is e reason = conclud+ ) c]ta9ty t _! ignorance ( natural laws1 _! pron5ess to sup]/ition1 _! love ( ! m>vell\s1 & _! extreme religi\s excitem5t1 r5d]$ !m peculi>ly liable to incorrectness 9 ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a1 & to error 9 ! inf]5ces drawn f !m4 ,we %all likewise see t we h no s]i\s & circum/antial acc\nts ( ^? miracles f eye-witnesses ( ^: probity & good s5se we h any k1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! n>ratives ( !m :i* we possess 7 compos$ by unkn[n p]sons1 :o 7 n eyewitnesses at all1 b wrote v long aft] ! ev5ts relat$1 & 9 t my?ic p]iod 9 :i* reality melt$ into fable1 & inv5tion unconsci\sly trespass$ on ! prov9ce ( hi/ory4 ,! proposition3 ,t #ic !re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^! acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct1 is made by ,paley ! argum5t ( ! fir/ n9e *apt]s ( 8 "w1 z ! conv]se ( ! proposition1 t simil> atte/ation ( o!r miracles _c be produc$1 is ( ! foll[+ two4 ,?is %[s ! importance :i* he atta*es to ! po9t2 b1 not)/&+1 ev5 if he c\ld sub/antiate ?is /atem5t1 ! cause ( miracles w\ld n be "o :it advanc$4 ,we h freely quot$ ^! argum5ts 9 ord] to illu/rate ! real position ( miracles2 & no "o :o has s]i\sly consid]$ ! matt] c d\bt ! necessity = v extraord9>y evid5ce1 ev5 to r5d] ! report ( su* ph5om5a wor?y ( a mom5t's att5tion4 ,! argum5t = miracles1 h[ev]1 has hi!rto proce$$ ^u ! m]e/ assumption1 &1 z we %all fur!r see1 ! utmo/ t !y c d :o support miracles1 "u ! fatal disadvantage ( be+ contradictory to uni=m exp]i5ce1 is to ref] to ! alleg$ contemporane\s nature ( ! evid5ce = _! occurr5ce1 & to ! "* ( ! suppos$ witnesses4 ,mr4 ,mill has ably %[n ! s]i\s misappreh5sion ( s _m writ]s aga9/ ,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 :i* has l$ !m to :at he calls ! extraord9>y conclusion1 t no?+ support$ by cr$ible te/imony ought ev] to be disbeliev$47#a7 ,9 reg>d to hi/orical facts1 n contradictory to all #id exp]i5ce1 simple & imp>tial te/imony may be suffici5t to w>rant belief1 b ev5 su* qualities z ^! c g b a v small way t[>ds e/abli%+ ! reality ( an occurr5ce :i* is oppos$ to complete induction47#a7 ,x is admitt$ t ! evid5ce requisite to e/abli% ! reality ( a sup]natural ,div9e ,revelation ( doctr9es beyond human reason1 & compris+ 9 its v ess5ce su* /up5d\s miracles z ! ,inc>nation1 ,resurrection1 & ,asc5sion1 mu/ be miracul\s4 ,! evid5ce = ! miracul\s evid5ce1 :i* is sc>cely less a/\nd+ ?an ! cont5ts ( ! ,revelation itself1 mu/1 logically1 be miracul\s also1 = x is n a :it m easy to prove ! reality ( an evid5tial miracle ?an ( a dogmatic miracle4 ,x is evid5t t ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 = in/ance1 is z contradictory to complete induction z ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,bo? ! ,sup]natural ,religion1 !re=e1 & its sup]natural evid5ce lab\r "u ! fatal disability ( be+ antec$5tly incr$ible4 #ie ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,miracles ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 proce$ to exam9e ! evid5ce = ! reality ( miracles1 & to inquire :e!r !y are support$ by su* an am\nt ( te/imony z c 9 any degree outweigh ! reasons :i*1 antec$5tly1 seem to r5d] !m incr$ible4 ,x is und5iable t belief 9 ! miracul\s has gradually be5 dispell$1 & t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! only miracles :i* are n[ ma9ta9$ are limit$ to brief & di/ant p]iods ( "t4 ,fai? 9 _! reality1 once s compreh5sive1 does n1 except among/ a c]ta9 class1 ext5d beyond ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & a few ( ^? ( ! ,old17#a7 & ! c\ntless myriads ( ecclesia/ical #if & o!r miracles1 = c5turies dev\tly & implicitly believ$1 are n[ commonly repudiat$1 & h sunk into discr$it & contempt4 ,! "q is inevitably sugge/$ h[ s mu* c be ab&on$ & ! remnant /ill be upheld4 ,z an ess5tial "p ( our inquiry into ! value ( ! evid5ce = miracles1 we mu/ endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r ^? :o are said to h witness$ ! suppos$ miracul\s occurr5ces 7 ei!r compet5t to appreciate !m aright1 or likely to report !m )\t exagg]ation4 ,= ?is purpose1 we mu/ consid] :at 0 kn[n ( ! ord] ( nature 9 ! age 9 :i* miracles are said to h tak5 place1 & :at 0 ! intellectual "* ( ! p among/ :om !y are report$ to h be5 p]=m$4 ,no?+ is m r>e1 ev5 among/ intellig5t & cultivat$ m51 ?an accuracy ( obs]vation & correctness ( report1 ev5 9 matt]s ( suffici5t importance to attract vivid att5tion1 & 9 :i* !re is no special int]e/ unconsci\sly to bias ! obs]v]4 ,x w sc>cely be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t 9 p]sons ( f]vid imag9ation1 & ) a /rong natural love ( ! m>vell\s1 ^: m9ds are n only unre/ra9$ by specific k1 b pr$ispos$ by sup]/ition t[>ds false conclusions1 ! probability ( inaccuracy & exagg]ation is enorm\sly #ig increas$4 ,if we add to ?is su* a di/urb+ elem5t z religi\s excitem5t1 inaccuracy1 exagg]ation1 & extravagance are c]ta9 to occur4 ,! effect ( ev5 "o ( ^! influ5ces1 religi\s feel+1 9 w>p+ ! judgm5t1 is admitt$ by "o ( ! mo/ uncompromis+ support]s ( miracles4 ,x is d\btless ! t5d5cy ( religi\s m9ds1 says ,dr4 ,newman1 to imag9e my/]ies & wond]s :]e !re are none2 & mu* m1 :]e causes ( awe really exi/1 w !y un9t5tionally mis-/ate1 exagg]ate1 & embelli%1 :5 !y set !mselves to relate :at !y h witness$ or h he>d2 & he adds3 & fur!r1 ! imag9ation1 z is well kn[n1 is a fruitful cause ( app>5t miracles47#a7 ,we ne$ n (f] any evid5ce t ! miracles :i* we h to exam9e 7 witness$ & report$ by p]sons expos$ to ! effects ( ! /ronge/ possible religi\s feel+ & excitem5t1 & our att5tion may1 !re=e1 be m freely direct$ to ! inquiry h[ f> ?is influ5ce 0 modifi$ by o!r circum/ances4 ,did ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,jesus possess su* calmness ( judgm5t & sobriety ( imag9ation z to inspire u ) any confid5ce 9 acc\nts ( m>vell\s occurr5ces1 unwitness$ except by !m1 & limit$ to _! "t1 :i* contradict all k & all exp]i5ce8 ,7 _! m9ds suffici5tly enlight5$ & free f sup]/ition to w>rant our atta*+ weight to _! report ( ev5ts ( su* an a/\nd+ nature8 & 7 !y !mselves suffici5tly impress$ ) ! exceptional "* ( #ih any app>5t sup]natural & miracul\s int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( nature8 ,let an ,engli% hi/orian & div9e1 :o w be ackn[l$g$ z no prejudic$ witness1 be> te/imony ^u "s ( ^! po9ts4 ,nor is x less important1 says ! late ,dean ,milman1 ?r\gh\t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 to seize ! _s ( ! times4 ,ev5ts :i* appe> to u s extraord9>y1 t we c sc>cely conceive t !y %\ld ei!r fail 9 excit+ a p[]ful s5sation1 or ev] be oblit]at$ f ! popul> remembrance1 9 _! own day might pass (f z ( little m ?an ord9>y occurr5ce4 ,dur+ ! :ole life ( ,*ri/1 & ! e>ly propagation ( ! religion1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y took place 9 an age1 & among a p1 :i* sup]/ition _h made s famili> ) :at 7 suppos$ to be pret]natural ev5ts1 t wond]s awak5$ no emotion1 or 7 spe$ily sup]s$$ by "s new dem& on ! ev]-ready belief4 ,! ,jews ( t p]iod n only believ$ t ! ,supreme ,be+ _h ! p[] ( controll+ ! c\rse ( nature1 b t ! same influ5ce 0 possess$ by multitudes ( subord9ate spirits1 bo? good & evil4 ,:]e ! pi\s ,*ri/ian ( ! pres5t day w\ld behold ! direct ag5cy ( ! ,almighty1 ! ,jews w\ld inv>iably h int]pos$ an angel z ! au?or or m9i/]ial ag5t 9 ! wond]ful transaction4 ,:]e ! ,*ri/ian morali/ w\ld condemn ! fi]ce passion1 ! ungov]nable lu/1 or ! inhuman temp]1 ! ,jew disc]n$ ! work+s ( diabolical possession4 ,sc>cely a malady 0 endur$1 or crime committ$1 b x 0 trac$ to ! op]ation ( "o ( ^! myriad daemons1 :o wat*$ e opportunity #ii ( ex]cis+ _! malice 9 ! suff]+s & ! s9s ( m547#a7 ,ano!r ,engli% div9e1 ( c]ta9ly n less or?odoxy1 b ( mu* great] k ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 be>s simil> te/imony reg>d+ ! ,jewi% nation at ! same p]iod4 ,n to be m t$i\s1 !re=e1 9 ?is matt]1 7reg>d+ ! ,ba? ,kol1 a ,jewi% sup]/ition17 let two ?+s only be obs]v$3 ,i4 ,t ! nation1 "u ! second ,temple1 0 giv5 to magical arts beyond measure2 &1 ,,ii4 ,t x 0 giv5 to an eas9ess ( believ+ all mann] ( delusions beyond measure47#b7 ,& 9 ano!r place3 ,x is a disputable case1 :e!r ! ,jewi% nation 7 m mad ) sup]/ition 9 matt]s ( religion1 or ) sup]/ition 9 curi\s arts3--,i4 ,!re 0 n a p ^u e>? t /udi$ or attribut$ m to dreams ?an !y4 ,,ii4 ,!re 0 h>dly any p 9 ! :ole _w t m us$1 or 7 m fond (1 amulets1 *>ms1 mutt]+s1 exorcisms1 & all k9ds ( en*antm5ts4 ,we might "h produce innum]able in/ances47#c7 ,we %all pres5tly see t ^! /atem5ts are f> f be+ exagg]at$4 ,no read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t c fail to h be5 /ruck by ! s+ul>ly cr$ul\s fickl5ess ( ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,al?\gh claim+ ! title ( ! specially select$ p ( ,jehovah1 ! ,israelites exhibit$ a con/ant & invet]ate t5d5cy to =sake 8 s]vice = ! wor%ip ( o!r gods4 ,! mighty signs & wond]s :i* ,god is repres5t$ z incessantly work+ #ajj on _! behalf1 & 9 _! sight1 _h app>5tly no effect ^u !m4 ,! miracul\s ev5 !n _h1 z x w\ld seem1 already lo/ all novelty1 & ceas$1 accord+ to ! records1 to excite m ?an m]e pass+ a/oni%m5t4 ,! lead]s & prophets ( ,israel _h a p]petual /ruggle to re/ra9 ! p f foll[+ aft] hea!n deities1 & :il/ ! burd5 ( ! ,prophets is "o gr& d5unciation ( ! idolatry into :i* ! nation 0 incessantly fall+1 ! v]dict ( ! hi/orical books ^u ! sev]al k+s & rul]s ( ,israel proves h[ common x 01 & h[ r>e ev5 ! nom9al s]vice ( ,jehovah4 ,at ! be/ ! m9d ( ! ,jewi% nation only aft] long & sl[ progression1 atta9$ ! idea ( a p]fect mono!ism1 b add$ to ! belief 9 ,jehovah ! recognition ( a ho/ ( o!r gods1 ov] :om x m]ely gave him supremacy47#a7 ,?is is app>5t ev5 9 ! fir/ comm&m5t3 ,?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me2 & ! necessity = su* a law receiv$ its illu/ration f a p :o are repres5t$ z actually wor%ipp+ ! gold5 calf1 made = !m by ! complaisant ,a>on1 dur+ ! v "t t ! great ,decalogue 0 be+ writt5 on ! ,m\nt by 8 colleague ,moses47#b7 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be wond]$ at t1 at a lat] p]iod1 & ?r\gh\t patri/ic days1 ! gods ( ! ,greeks & o!r hea!n nations 7 s f> g5tly treat$1 t1 al?\gh repudiat$ z ,deities1 #aja !y 7 recogniz$ z ,demons4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :]e idols are spok5 ( 9 ! ,hebrew1 ! ^w is sometimes translat$ demons2 z1 = in/ance1 ,psalm xcvi4 #e is r5d]$3 ,= all ! gods ( ! nations are demons47l7 ,! national sup]/ition betrays itself 9 ?is & _m o!r passages ( ?is v]sion1 :i* s well repres5t$ ! views ( ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur* t ! ,fa!rs reg>d$ x z miracul\s4 ,ir5aeus relates h[ ,ptolemy1 ! son ( ,lagus1 br\ght sev5ty ( ! eld]s ( ! ,jews toge!r to ,alex&ria 9 ord] to translate ! ,hebrew ,scriptures into ,greek1 b fe>+ t !y might agree among/ !mselves to conceal ! real mean+ ( ! ,hebrew1 he sep>at$ !m1 & comm&$ ea* to make a translation4 ,:5 ! sev5ty translations ( ! ,bible 7 complet$ & comp>$1 x 0 f\nd t1 by ! inspiration ( ,god1 ! v same words & ! v same names f beg9n+ to end _h be5 us$ by !m all47#b7 ,! same sup]/ition is q z cle>ly express$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul1 = in/ance1 speak+ ( ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 says3 ,b 7,i say7 t ! ?+s :i* ! ,g5tiles sacrifice1 !y sacrifice to demons1 & n to ,god2 & ,i w\ld n t ye %\ld be p>tak]s ) #ajb demons4 ,ye _c dr9k ! cup ( ! ,"l1 & ! cup ( demons2 ye _c p>take ( ! ,"l's table1 & ( ! table ( demons47l7 ,! apocryphal ,book ( ,tobit af=ds "s illu/ration ( ! op9ions ( ! m enlight5$ ,jews dur+ ! la/ c5tury be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era47#b7 ,! angel ,raphael prescribes1 z an infallible means ( driv+ a demon out ( man or woman s effectually t x %\ld nev] m come back1 fumigation ) ! he>t & liv] ( a fi%47#c7 ,by ?is exorcism ! demon ,asmodeus1 :o f love ( ,s>a1 ! daught] ( ,raguel1 has /rangl$ sev5 husb&s :o attempt$ to m>ry h]17#d7 is ov]come1 & flies into ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ,egypt1 :]e ! angel b9ds him47#e7 ,! belief 9 demons1 & 9 ! necessity ( exorcism1 is s complete t ! au?or sees no incongruity 9 describ+ ! angel ,raphael1 :o has be5 s5t1 9 answ] to pray]1 specially to help him1 z in/ruct+ ,tobias to adopt su* means ( subject+ demons4 ,raphael is describ$ 9 ?is book z ! angel ( heal+17#f7 ! (fice g5]ally assign$ to him by ! ,fa!rs4 ,he is also repres5t$ z say+ ( himself t he is "o ( ! sev5 holy angels :i* pres5t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts to ,god47#g7 #ajc ,!re are _m curi\s p>ticul>s reg>d+ angels & demons 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*47#a7 ,?is "w1 :i* is quot$ by ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le ( ,jude17#b7 & by "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 z inspir$ ,scripture17#c7 0 suppos$ by ,t]tullian to h surviv$ ! univ]sal deluge1 or to h be5 aft]w>ds transmitt$ by means ( ,noah1 ! great-gr&son ( ! au?or ,eno*47#d7 ,x may be assign$ to ab\t a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 b additions 7 made to ! text1 & m especially to its angelology1 ext5d+ probably to aft] ! comm5cem5t ( our era47#e7 ,x und\bt$ly repres5ts views popul>ly prevail+ ab\t ! epo* 9 :i* we are int]e/$4 ,! au?or n only relates ! fall ( ! angels ?r\gh love = ! daught]s ( m51 b gives ! names ( tw5ty-"o ( !m & ( _! lead]s2 ( :om ,jequn 0 he :o s$uc$ ! holy angels1 & ,a%beel x 0 :o gave !m evil c\nsel & corrupt$ !m47#f7 ,a ?ird1 ,gadreel17#g7 0 he :o s$uc$ ,eve4 ,he also taught to ! *ildr5 ( m5 ! use & manufacture ( all murd]\s weapons1 ( coats ( mail1 %ields1 #ajd swords1 & ( all ! implem5ts ( dea?4 ,ano!r evil angel1 nam$ ,p5emue1 taught !m _m my/]ies ( wisdom4 ,he in/ruct$ m5 9 ! art ( writ+ ) pap] --,greek-- & ink1 by means ( :i*1 ! au?or rem>ks1 _m fall into s9 ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,kaodeja1 ano!r evil angel1 taught ! human race all ! wick$ practices ( spirits & demons17#a7 & also magic & exorcism47#b7 ,! (fspr+ ( ! fall5 angels & ( ! daught]s ( m5 7 giants1 ^: height 0 #cjjj ells27#c7 ( ^! are ! demons work+ evil ^u e>?47#d7 ,azazel taught m5 v>i\s arts3 ! mak+ ( bracelets & ornam5ts2 ! use ( cosmetics1 ! way to beautify ! eyebr[s2 preci\s /ones1 & all dye-/uffs & metals2 :il/ o!r wick$ angels in/ruct$ !m 9 all k9ds ( p]nici\s k47#e7 ,! elem5ts & all ! ph5om5a ( nature are controll$ & produc$ by ! ag5cy ( angels4 ,uriel is ! angel ( ?und] & e>?quakes2 ,raphael1 ( ! spirits ( m52 ,raguel is ! angel :o executes v5geance on ! _w & ! />s2 ,mi*ael is set ov] ! be/ ( mank9d1 i4e41 ov] ! p ( ,israel27#f7 ,s>aqael1 ov] ! s\ls ( ! *ildr5 ( m51 :o are misl$ by ! spirits ( s92 & ,gabriel is ov] s]p5ts & ov] ,p>adise1 & ov] ! ,*]ubim47#g7 ,eno* is %[n ! my/]y ( all ! op]ations ( nature1 & ! action ( ! elem5ts1 & he describes ! spirits :i* guide !m1 & control ! ?und] & lightn+ & ! w9ds2 ! _s ( ! seas1 :o curbs !m ) 8 might1 or tosses !m =? & scatt]s !m ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ( ! e>?2 ! #aje _s ( ho> fro/1 & ! _s ( hail1 & ! _s ( sn[4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 special spirits set ov] e ph5om5on ( nature--fro/1 ?aw1 mi/1 ra91 light1 & s on47#a7 ,! heav5s & ! e>? are fill$ ) spirits4 ,raphael is ! angel set ov] all ! diseases & w\nds ( mank9d1 ,gabriel ov] all p[]s1 & ,fanuel ov] ! p5it5ce & ! hope ( ^? :o inh]it et]nal life47#b7 ,! decree = ! de/ruction ( ! human race goes =? f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l1 because m5 "k all ! my/]ies ( ! angels1 all ! evil works ( ,satan1 & all ! secret might & p[] ( ^? :o practise ! art ( magic1 & ! p[] ( conjur+1 & su* arts47#c7 ,! />s are repres5t$ z animat$ be+s47#d7 ,eno* sees sev5 />s b\nd toge!r 9 space l great m\nta9s1 & flam+ z ) fire2 & he inquires ( ! angel :o leads him1 on acc\nt ( :at s9 !y are s b\nd8 ,uriel in=ms him t !y are />s :i* h transgress$ ! comm&s ( ! ,highe/ ,god1 & !y are ?us b\nd until t5 ?\s& worlds1 ! numb] ( ! days ( _! transgression1 %all be accompli%$47#e7 ,! belief t sun1 moon1 & />s 7 liv+ entities possess$ ( s\ls 0 g5]ally held by ! ,jews at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 along ) ,greek philosoph]s1 & we %all pres5tly see x express$ by ! ,fa!rs4 ,philo ,judaeus consid]s ! />s spiritual be+s full ( virtue & p]fection17#f7 & t to !m is grant$ lord%ip ov] o!r heav5ly bodies1 n absolute1 b z vic]oys "u ! ,supreme #ajf ,be+47#a7 ,we f9d a simil> view reg>d+ ! nature ( ! />s express$ 9 ! ,apocalypse17#b7 & x con/antly appe>s 9 ! ,talmud & ,t>gums47#c7 ,an angel ( ! sun & moon is describ$ 9 ! ,asc5sio ,isaiae47#d7 ,we are able to obta9 a full & m9ute conception ( ! belief reg>d+ angels & demons & _! influ5ce ov] cosmical ph5om5a1 z well z ( o!r sup]/itions curr5t among/ ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,jesus17#e7 f ! ,talmud1 ,t>gums1 & o!r ,rabb9ical s\rces4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 d m1 "h1 ?an m]ely glance at ^! volum9\s mat]ials4 ,! angels are p]fectly pure spirits1 )\t s91 & n visible to mortal eyes4 ,:5 !y come d[n to e>? on any mission1 !y are clad 9 light & veil$ 9 air4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y rema9 long] ?an sev5 days on e>?1 !y become s clogg$ ) ! e>?ly matt] 9 :i* !y h be5 imm]s$ t !y _c aga9 asc5d to ! upp] heav5s47#f7 ,_! multitude is innum]able17#g7 & new angels are e day creat$1 :o 9 succession praise #ajg ,god & make way = o!rs47#a7 ,! expression1 ho/ ( heav51 is a common "o 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! idea 0 develop$ into a heav5ly army4 ,! fir/ ,gospel repres5ts ,jesus z speak+ ( m ?an twelve legions ( angels47#b7 ,e angel has "o p>ticul> duty to p]=m1 & no m2 ?us ( ! ?ree angels :o appe>$ to ,abraham1 "o 0 s5t to ann\nce t ,s>ah %\ld h a son1 ! second to rescue ,lot1 & ! ?ird to de/roy ,sodom & ,gomorrah47#c7 ,! angels s]ve ,god 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se1 & to special angels are assign$ ! diff]5t p>ts ( nature4 ,!re is n a ?+ 9 ! _w1 n ev5 a little h]b1 ov] :i* !re is n an angel set1 & ev]y?+ happ5s accord+ to ! comm& ( ^! appo9t$ angels47#d7 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ag5cy ( angels is frequ5tly introduc$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & /ill m s 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 by alt]ations ( ! text4 ,"o notable case ( su* ag5cy may be ref]r$ to1 :]e ! pe/il5ce :i* is s5t to puni% ,david = numb]+ ! p is said to be caus$ by an angel1 :om ,david ev5 sees4 ,! ,"l is repres5t$ z rep5t+ ( ! evil1 :5 ! angel 0 /ret*+ =? 8 h& aga9/ ,j]usalem1 & bidd+ him /ay 8 h& aft] ! angel _h de/roy$ sev5ty ?\s& m5 by ! pe/il5ce47#e7 ,?is !ory ( disease has prevail$ until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! names ( _m ( ! sup]9t5d+ angels are giv51 z1 = in/ance3 ,jehuel #ajh is set ov] fire1 ,mi*ael ov] wat]1 ,je*iel ov] wild bea/s1 & ,anpiel ov] birds4 ,ov] cattle ,h>iel is appo9t$1 & ,samniel ov] creat$ ?+s mov+ 9 ! wat]s1 & ov] ! face ( ! e>?2 ,messannahel ov] reptiles1 ,deliel ov] fi%4 ,ru*iel is set ov] ! w9ds1 ,gabriel ov] ?und] & also ov] fire1 & ov] ! rip5+ ( fruit1 ,xuriel ov] hail1 ,makturiel ov] rocks1 ,alpiel ov] fruit-be>+ trees1 ,s>oel ov] ^? :i* d n be> fruit1 & ,s&alfon ov] ! human race2 & "u ea* ( ^! !re are subord9ate angels47#a7 ,x 0 believ$ t !re 7 two angels ( ,dea?1 "o = ^? :o di$ out ( ! l& ( ,israel1 :o 0 an evil angel1 call$ ,samael 7& at o!r times ,satan1 ,asmodeus1 c71 & ! o!r1 :o presid$ ov] ! dead ( ! l& ( ,israel1 ! holy angel ,gabriel2 & "u ^! !re 0 a ho/ ( evil spirits & angels47#b7 ,! ,jews 7 unanim\s 9 ass]t+ t angels sup]9t5d ! v>i\s op]ations ( nature1 al?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! names assign$ to ^! angels47#c7 ,! ,soh> on ,numb]s /ates t ,mi*ael1 ,gabriel1 ,nuriel1 ,raphael are set ov] ! f\r elem5ts1 wat]1 fire1 air1 e>?47#d7 ,we %all pres5tly sec h[ g5]al ?is belief reg>d+ angels 0 among/ ! ,fa!rs1 b x is also express$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse !re appe>s an angel #aji :o has p[] ov] fire17#a7 & 9 ano!r place f\r angels h p[] to hurt ! e>? & ! sea47#b7 ,! angels 7 likewise ! in/ructors ( m51 & communicat$ k to ! ,patri>*s4 ,! angel ,gabriel taught ,joseph ! sev5ty languages ( ! e>?47#c7 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 "o language--! ,syriac--:i* ! angels d n und]/&1 & = ?is reason m5 7 n p]mitt$ to pray = ?+s ne$ful1 9 t tongue47#d7 ,angels are appo9t$ z pr9ces ov] ! sev5ty nations ( ! _w2 b ! ,jews consid] ! angels set ov] ,g5tile nations m]ely demons47#f7 ,! ,septuag9t translation ( ,deut]onomy xxxii4 #h introduces ! /atem5t into ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,in/ead ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 :5 he divid$ to ! nations _! inh]itance1 sett+ ! b\nds ( ! p accord+ to ! numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ! passage becomes1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! angels ( ,god --,greek--4 ,! numb] ( ! nations 0 fix$ at sev5ty1 ! numb] ( ! s\ls :o w5t d[n into ,egypt47#f7 ,! ,j]usalem ,t>gum on ,g5esis xi4 #g1 #h1 reads z foll[s3 ,god spake to ! sev5ty angels :i* /& be=e him3 ,come1 let u g d[n & conf\nd _! language t !y may n und]/& ea* o!r4 ,& ! ,^w ( ! ,"l appe>$ !re 7at ,babel71 ) ! sev5ty angels1 accord+ to ! sev5ty nations1 & #aaj ea* _h ! language ( ! p :i* 0 allott$ to him1 & ! record ( ! writ+ 9 8 h&1 & scatt]$ ! nations f !nce ov] ! :ole e>?1 9 sev5ty languages1 s t ! "o did n und]/& :at ! o!r said47l7 ,mi*ael 0 ! angel ( ! p ( ,israel17#b7 & he is always set 9 ! highe/ place among/ ! angels1 & (t5 call$ ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,heav547#c7 ,x 0 believ$ t ! angels ( ! nations f\ght 9 heav5 :5 _! allott$ peoples made w> on e>?4 ,we see an allusion to ?is 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel17#d7 & 9 ! ,apocalypse !re is w> 9 heav52 ,mi*ael & 8 angels f\ght aga9/ ! dragon2 & ! dragon f\ght1 & 8 angels47#e7 ,! ,jews ( ! "t ( ,jesus n only held t !re 7 angels set ov] ! nations1 b also t ea* individual _h a gu>dian angel47#f7 ,?is belief appe>s 9 sev]al places 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= in/ance1 ,jesus is repres5t$ z say+ ( ! *ildr53 ,= ,i say unto y t _! angels d always behold ! face ( my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav547#g7 ,aga91 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :5 ,pet] is deliv]$ f prison by an angel1 & comes to ! h\se ( 8 fri5d1 !y w n believe ! maid :o _h op5$ ! gate & se5 him1 b say3 ,x is 8 angel --,greek--4#h ,! passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews w likewise be rememb]$1 :]e x is said ( ! angels3 ,are !y n all m9i/]+ spirits s5t =? = m9i/ry on #aaa acc\nt ( !m :o %all be heirs ( salvation47#a7 ,!re 0 at ! same "t a s+ul> belief t :5 any p]son w5t into ! private closet1 ! gu>dian angel rema9$ at ! door till he came out aga91 & 9 ! ,talmud a pray] is giv5 = /r5g? & help "u ! circum/ances1 & t ! gu>dian angel may wait :ile ! p]son is !re4 ,! reason :y ! angel does n ent] is t su* places are haunt$ by demons47#b7 ,! belief 9 demons at ! "t ( ,jesus 0 equally emphatic & compreh5sive1 & we ne$ sc>cely m5tion t ! ,new ,te/am5t is full ( ref]5ces to !m47#c7 ,!y are 9 ! air1 on e>?1 9 ! bodies ( m5 & animals1 & ev5 at ! bottom ( ! sea47#d7 ,!y are ! (fspr+ ( ! fall5 angels :o lov$ ! daught]s ( m547#e7 ,!y h w+s l ! angels1 & c fly f "o end ( heav5 to ano!r2 !y obta9 a k ( ! future1 l ! angels1 by li/5+ beh9d ! veil ( ! ,temple ( ,god 9 ,heav547#f7 ,_! numb] is inf9ite4 ,! e>? is s full ( !m t if man _h p[] to see he c\ld n exi/1 on acc\nt ( !m2 !re are m demons ?an m51 & !y are ab\t z close z ! e>? ?r[n up out ( a newly-made grave47#g7 ,x is /at$ t ea* man has #aj1jjj demons at 8 "r h&1 & #a1jjj on 8 left1 & ! passage cont9ues3 ,! cru% on ! ,sabba? 9 ! ,synagogue arises f !m1 also ! dresses ( ! ,rabb9s become s soon old & torn ?r\gh _! rubb+2 9 l mann] !y cause ! tott]+ ( ! feet4 ,he :o wi%es to discov] ^! spirits mu/ take sift$ a%es & /rew !m ab\t 8 b$1 & 9 ! morn+ he w p]ceive _! footpr9ts ^u !m l a cock's tread4 ,if any "o wi% to see !m1 he mu/ take ! aft]bir? ( a black cat1 :i* has be5 litt]$ by a fir/-born black cat1 ^: "m 0 also a fir/-bir?1 burn & r$uce x to p[d]1 & put "s ( x 9 8 eyes1 & he w see !m47l7 ,sometimes demons assume ! =m ( a goat4 ,evil spirits fly *iefly dur+ ! d>kness1 = !y are *ildr5 ( night47#b7 ,= ?is reason ! ,talmud /ates t m5 are =bidd5 to greet any "o by night1 le/ x might be a devil17#c7 or to g out alone ev5 by day1 b mu* m by night1 into solit>y places47#d7 ,x 0 likewise =bidd5 = any man to sleep alone 9 a h\se1 because any "o s do+ w\ld be seiz$ by ! %e-devil ,lili?1 & die47#e7 ,fur!r1 no man %\ld dr9k wat] by night on acc\nt ( ! demon ,s*afriri1 ! angel ( bl9dness47#f7 #aac ,an evil _s desc5d$ on any "o go+ into a cemet]y by night47#a7 ,a necromanc] is def9$ z "o :o fa/s & lodges at night among/ tombs 9 ord] t ! evil _s may come ^u him47#b7 ,demons1 h[ev]1 take m especial delight 9 f\l & (f5sive places1 & an evil _s inhabits e private closet 9 ! _w47#c7 ,demons haunt des]t$ places1 ru9s1 graves1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( trees47#d7 ,we f9d indications ( ^! sup]/itions ?r\gh\t ! ,gospels4 ,! possess$ are repres5t$ z dwell+ among ! tombs1 & be+ driv5 by ! unclean spirits into ! wild]ness1 & ! demons c f9d no re/ 9 clean places47#e7 ,demons also frequ5t$ spr+s & f\nta9s47#f7 ,! episode ( ! angel :o 0 said to desc5d at c]ta9 seasons & tr\ble ! wat] ( ! pool ( ,be!sda1 s t he :o fir/ /epp$ 9 0 cur$ ( :atev] disease he _h1 may be m5tion$ "h 9 pass+1 al?\gh ! passage is n f\nd 9 "s ( ! old] ,,mss4 ( ! f\r? ,gospel17#g7 & x is argu$ by "s t x is a lat] int]polation4 ,!re 7 demons :o hurt ^? :o did n wa% _! h&s be=e meat4 ,%ibta is an evil _s :i* sits ^u m5's h&s 9 ! night2 & if any t\* 8 food ) unwa%5 h&s1 t _s sits ^u t food1 & !re is dang] f x47#h7 #aad ,! demon ,asmodeus is frequ5tly call$ ! k+ ( ! devils17#a7 & x 0 believ$ t he tempt$ p to apo/atize2 he x 0 :o entic$ ,noah into 8 drunk5ness1 & l$ ,solomon into s947#b7 ,he is repres5t$ z alt]nately asc5d+ to /udy 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 & desc5d+ to /udy 9 ! s*ool ( ! e>?47#c7 ,! injury ( ! human race 9 e possible way 0 believ$ to be ! *ief delight ( evil spirits4 ,! ,talmud & o!r ,rabb9ical writ+s are full ( ref]5ces to demoniacal possession1 b we ne$ n ent] into details ^u ?is po9t1 z ! ,new ,te/am5t itself pres5ts suffici5t evid5ce reg>d+ x4 ,n only "o evil _s c\ld ent] into a body1 b _m took possession ( ! same individual4 ,!re are _m in/ances m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels1 su* z ,m>y ,magdal5e1 out ( :om w5t sev5 demons --,greek--1#d & ! man ^: "n 0 ,legion1 because _m demons --,greek-- 7 ent]$ into him47#e7 ,demons likewise ent]$ into ! bodies ( animals1 & 9 ! n>rative to :i* we h j ref]r$1 ! demons1 on be+ expell$ f ! man1 reque/ t !y may be all[$ to ent] into ! h]d ( sw9e1 :i* be+ p]mitt$1 ! demons w5t out ( #aae ! man into ! sw9e1 & ! h]d ran viol5tly d[n ! cliff into ! lake1 & 7 dr[n$17#a7 ! evil spirits1 z usual1 tak+ pleasure only 9 ! de/ruction & injury ( man & bea/4 ,besides possession1 all ! diseases ( m5 & animals 7 ascrib$ to ! action ( ! devil & ( demons47#b7 ,9 ! ,gospels1 = in/ance1 ! woman ) a _s ( infirmity1 :o 0 b[$ toge!r & c\ld n lift h]self up1 is describ$ z b\nd by ,satan1 al?\gh ! case 0 n "o ( demoniacal possession47#c7 ,z might be expect$ f ! univ]sality ( ! belief 9 demons & _! influ5ce ov] ! human race1 ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,jesus occupi$ !mselves mu* ) ! means ( conjur+ !m4 ,!re 0 h>dly any p 9 ! :ole _w1 we h already he>d f a great ,hebrew s*ol>1 t m us$1 or 7 m fond (1 amulets1 *>ms1 mutt]+s1 exorcisms1 & all k9ds ( en*antm5ts47#d7 ,s*oettg5 be>s simil> te/imony3 ,caet]um judoeos magicis artibus admodum d$itos esse1 notissimum e/47#e7 ,all compet5t s*ol>s are agre$ ^u ?is po9t1 & ! ,talmud & ,rabb9ical writ+s are full ( x4 ,! exce$+ preval5ce ( su* arts alone proves ! exi/5ce ( ! grosse/ ignorance & sup]/ition4 #aaf ,!re are elaborate rules 9 ! ,talmud ) reg>d to dreams1 bo? z to h[ !y are to be obta9$ & h[ int]pret$47#a7 ,fa/s 7 enjo9$ 9 ord] to secure good dreams1 & ^! fa/s 7 n only obs]v$ by ! ignorant1 b also by ! pr9cipal ,rabb9s1 & !y 7 p]mitt$ ev5 on ! ,sabba?1 :i* 0 unlawful 9 o!r cases47#b7 ,inde$1 ! int]pretation ( dreams became a public pr(ession47#c7 ,x w\ld be impossible )9 our limits to convey an adequate idea ( ! g5]al sup]/ition preval5t among/ ! ,jews reg>d+ ?+s & actions lucky & unlucky1 or ! m9ute p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to e common act prescrib$ = safety aga9/ demons & evil influ5ces ( all k9ds4 ,no?+ 0 consid]$ indiff]5t or too trifl+1 & ! dang] f ! mo/ trivial movem5ts or omissions to :i* m5 7 suppos$ to be expos$ f ! malignity ( evil spirits 0 believ$ to be great47#d7 ,amulets1 consi/+ ( roots1 or pieces ( pap] ) *>ms writt5 ^u !m1 7 hung r\nd ! neck ( ! sick1 & consid]$ efficaci\s = _! cure4 ,*>ms1 mutt]+s1 & spells 7 commonly said ov] w\nds1 aga9/ unlucky meet+s1 to make p sleep1 to heal diseases1 & to av]t en*antm5ts47#e7 ,! ,talmud gives =ms ( en*antm5ts aga9/ mad dogs1 = in/ance1 aga9/ ! demon ( bl9dness1 & ! l1 z well z =mulae = av]t+ ! evil eye1 & #aag mutt]+s ov] diseases47#a7 ,s common 0 ! practice ( sorc]y & magic t ! ,talmud enjo9s t ! s5ior :o is *os5 into ! ,c\ncil ought to be skill$ 9 ! arts ( a/rolog]s1 juggl]s1 div9]s1 sorc]]s1 c1 t he may be able to judge ( ^? :o are guilty ( ! same47#b7 ,num]\s cases are record$ ( p]sons de/roy$ by means ( sorc]y47#c7 ,! ,jewi% wom5 7 p>ticul>ly addict$ to sorc]y1 & inde$ ! ,talmud decl>es t !y _h g5]ally fall5 into x47#d7 ,! ,new ,te/am5t be>s abundant te/imony to ! preval5ce ( magic & exorcism at ! "t at :i* its books 7 writt54 ,9 ! ,gospels1 ,jesus is repres5t$ z argu+ ) ! ,ph>isees1 :o accuse him ( ca/+ out devils by ,beelzebub1 ! pr9ce ( ! devils4 ,if ,i by ,beelzebub ca/ out ! demons --,greek-- by :om d y\r sons ca/ !m out8 ,!re=e let !m be y\r judges47#e7 ,! ?or\ghness & univ]sality ( ! ,jewi% popul> belief 9 demons & evil spirits & 9 ! p[] ( magic is exhibit$ 9 ! ascription to ,solomon1 ! mon>* 9 :om ! greatness & glory ( ! nation atta9$ its culm9at+ po9t1 ( ! "* ( a p[]ful magician4 ,! mo/ effectual =ms ( invocation & exorcism1 & ! mo/ pot5t spells ( magic1 7 said to h be5 compos$ by him1 & ?us ! grosse/ sup]/ition ( ! nation acquir$ ! sanction ( _! wise/ k+4 ,rabb9ical writ+s are #aah nev] we>y ( enl>g+ ^u ! magical p[] & k ( ,solomon4 ,he 0 repres5t$ z n only k+ ( ! :ole e>?1 b also z reign+ ov] devils & evil spirits1 & hav+ ! p[] ( expell+ !m f ! bodies ( m5 & animals1 & also ( deliv]+ p to !m47#a7 ,x 0 inde$ believ$ t ! two demons ,asa & ,asael taught ,solomon all wisdom & all arts47#b7 ,! ,talmud relates _m in/ances ( 8 p[] ov] evil spirits1 & among/ o!rs h[ he made !m assi/ 9 build+ ! ,temple4 ,solomon desir$ to h ! help ( ! worm ,s*amir 9 prep>+ ! /ones = ! sacr$ build+1 & he conjur$ up a devil & a %e-devil to in=m him :]e ,s*amir 0 to be f\nd4 ,!y ref]r$ him to ,asmodeus1 :om ! ,k+ craftily captur$1 & by :om he 0 in=m$ t ,s*amir is "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,seas1 & ,asmodeus fur!r told him h[ he might be secur$4 ,by 8 means ! ,temple 0 built1 b1 f ! mom5t x 0 de/roy$1 ,s*amir = ev] disappe>$47#c7 ,x 0 likewise believ$ t "o ( ! ,*amb]s ( ! second ,temple 0 built by a magician call$ ,p>vah1 by means ( magic47#d7 ,! ,talmud n>rates _m /ories ( miracles p]=m$ by v>i\s ,rabb9s47#f7 ,! ,jewi% hi/orian1 ,josephus1 in=ms u t1 among/ #aai o!r gifts1 ,god be/[$ ^u ,k+ ,solomon k ( ! way to expel demons1 an art :i* is useful & salut>y = mank9d4 ,he compos$ incantations by :i* diseases are cur$1 & he left beh9d him =ms ( exorcism by :i* demons may be s effectually expell$ t !y nev] return1 a me?od ( cure1 ,josephus adds1 :i* is ( great efficacy to 8 own day4 ,he himself _h se5 a c\ntryman ( 8 own1 nam$ ,eliez]1 release p possess$ ( devils 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,emp]or ,vespasian & 8 sons1 & ( 8 army4 ,he put a r+ conta9+ "o ( ! roots prescrib$ by ,solomon to ! nose ( ! demoniac1 & drew ! demon out by 8 no/rils1 &1 9 ! "n ( ,solomon1 & recit+ "o ( 8 incantations1 he adjur$ x to return no m4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate to ! spectators t he _h ! p[] to ca/ out devils1 ,eliez] 0 accu/om$ to set a vessel full ( wat] a little way (f1 & he comm&$ ! demon z he left ! body ( ! man to ov]turn x1 by :i* means1 says ,josephus1 ! skill & wisdom ( ,solomon 7 made v manife/47#a7 ,jewi% ,rabb9s g5]ally 7 kn[n z p[]ful exorcis]s1 practis+ ! art accord+ to ! =mulae ( _! great mon>*4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr reproa*es 8 ,jewi% oppon5t1 ,tryphon1 ) ! fact t 8 c\ntrym5 use ! same art z ! ,g5tiles1 & exorcise ) fumigations & *>ms --,greek--1 & he %[s ! common belief 9 demoniacal influ5ce :5 he ass]ts t1 :ile ,jewi% exorci/s _c ov]come demons by su* means1 or ev5 by exorcis+ !m 9 ! "n ( _! ,k+s1 ,prophets1 or ,patri>*s1 ?\gh he admits t !y might d s if !y adjur$ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & #abj ,jacob1 yet ,*ri/ians at once subdu$ demons by exorcis+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,son ( ,god47#a7 ,! ,jew & ! ,*ri/ian 7 q agre$ t demons 7 to be exorcis$1 & m]ely diff]$ z to ! =mula ( exorcism4 ,josephus gives an acc\nt ( a root pot5t aga9/ evil spirits4 ,x is call$ ,ba>as1 & is flame-col\r$1 & 9 ! ev5+ s5ds out fla%es l lightn+4 ,x is c]ta9 dea? to t\* x1 except "u peculi> conditions4 ,"o mode ( secur+ x is to dig d[n till ! small] "p ( ! root is expos$1 & !n to atta* ! root to a dog's tail4 ,:5 ! dog tries to foll[ its ma/] f ! place1 & pulls viol5tly1 ! root is pluck$ up1 & may !n be safely h&l$1 b ! dog in/antly dies1 z ! man w\ld h done _h he pluck$ x up himself4 ,:5 ! root is br\ght to sick p1 x at once expels demons47#b7 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 demons are ! spirits ( ! wick$ dead2 !y ent] into ! bodies ( ! liv+1 :o die1 unless succ\r be spe$ily obta9$47#c7 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 0 n g5]al1 demons be+ commonly consid]$ ! (fspr+ ( ! fall5 angels & ( ! daught]s ( m54 ,! ,jewi% hi/orian gives a s]i\s acc\nt ( ! pret]natural port5ts :i* w>n$ ! ,jews ( ! approa*+ fall ( ,j]usalem1 & he lam5ts ! infatuation ( ! p1 :o disreg>d$ ^! ,div9e d5unciations4 ,a /> 9 ! %ape ( a sword1 & also a comet1 /ood ov] ! doom$ city = ! space ( a :ole ye>4 ,!n1 at ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread1 be=e ! rebellion ( ! ,jews :i* prec$$ ! w>1 at ! n9? h\r ( ! night a #aba great light %one r\nd ! alt> & ! ,temple1 s t = half an h\r x seem$ z ?\gh x 7 brilliant daylight4 ,at ! same fe/ival o!r sup]natural w>n+s 7 giv54 ,a heif]1 z %e 0 l$ by ! high-prie/ to be sacrific$1 br\ght =? a lamb 9 ! ,temple2 moreov]1 ! ea/]n gate ( ! inn] c\rt ( ! ,temple1 :i* 0 ( brass1 & s pond]\s t tw5ty m5 _h mu* difficulty 9 clos+ x1 & :i* 0 fa/5$ by heavy bolts desc5d+ deep into ! solid /one floor1 0 se5 to op5 ( its own accord1 ab\t ! six? h\r ( ! night4 ,! ignorant consid]$ "s ( ^! ev5ts good om5s1 b ! prie/s int]pret$ !m z port5ts ( evil4 ,ano!r prodigi\s ph5om5on occurr$1 :i* ,josephus supposes w\ld be consid]$ incr$ible 7 x n report$ by ^? :o saw x1 & 7 ! subsequ5t ev5ts n ( suffici5t importance to m]it su* port5ts3 be=e sunset1 *>iots & troops ( soldieis 9 arm\r 7 se5 among ! cl\ds1 mov+ ab\t1 & surr\nd+ cities4 ,& fur!r1 at ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 z ! prie/s 7 ent]+ ! inn] c\rt ( ! ,temple to p]=m _! sacr$ duties1 !y felt an e>?quake1 & he>d a great noise1 & !n ! s\nd z ( a great multitude say+3 ,let u remove h5ce47l7 ,!re is n a %ad[ ( d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ,josephus z to ! reality ( any ( ^! wond]s4 ,if we turn to patri/ic lit]ature1 we f9d1 ev]y:]e1 ! same sup]/itions & ! same !ories ( angelic ag5cy & demoniacal int]f]5ce 9 cosmical ph5om5a4 ,accord+ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 aft] ,god _h made ! _w & duly regulat$ ! elem5ts & ! rotation ( ! seasons1 he committ$ man & all #abb ?+s "u heav5 to ! c>e ( angels4 ,"s ( ^! angels1 h[ev]1 prov$ unwor?y ( ?is *>ge1 &1 l$ away by love ( ! daught]s ( m51 begat *ildr51 :o are ! demons :o h corrupt$ ! human race1 p>tly by magical writ+s --,greek-- & p>tly by fe>s & puni%m5ts1 & :o h introduc$ w>s1 murd]s1 & o!r evils among/ !m1 :i* are ignorantly ascrib$ by poets to ,god himself47#a7 ,he consid]s t demoniacs are possess$ & tortur$ by ! s\ls ( ! wick$ dead17#b7 & he repres5ts evil spirits z wat*+ to seize ! s\l at dea?47#c7 ,! food ( ! angels is manna47#d7 ,! angels1 says ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 s]ve ,god 9 ! adm9i/ration ( e>?ly affairs47#e7 ,! ho/ ( angels & ( gods --,greek-- is plac$ "u subjection to ! ,logos47#f7 ,presid+ angels are di/ribut$ ov] nations & cities1 & p]haps are also deput$ to individuals17#g7 & x is by _! ag5cy1 ei!r visible or invisible1 t ,god gives all good ?+s47#h7 ,he accuses ! ,greeks ( plagi>iz+ _! miracles f ! ,bible1 & he argues t if c]ta9 p[]s d move ! w9ds & di/ribute %[]s1 !y are ag5ts subject to ,god47#i7 ,clem5t affirms t ! ,son gave philosophy to ! ,greeks by means ( ! inf]ior angels17#aj7 & argues t x is absurd to attribute x to ! devil47#aa7 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 on ! o!r h&1 says t ! ,greek poets 7 inspir$ by demons47#ab7 ,a!nagoras /ates1 z "o ( ! pr9cipal #abc po9ts ( belief among ,*ri/ians1 t a multitude ( angels & m9i/]s are di/ribut$ & appo9t$ by ! ,logos to occupy !mselves ab\t ! elem5ts1 & ! heav5s1 & ! univ]se & ! ?+s 9 x1 & ! regulat+ ( ! :ole47#a7 ,= x is ! duty ( ! angels to ex]cise provid5ce ov] all t ,god has creat$2 s t ,god may h ! univ]sal c>e ( ! :ole1 b ! sev]al p>ts be m9i/]$ to by ! angels appo9t$ ov] !m4 ,!re is fre$om ( w among/ ! angels z among human be+s1 & "s ( ! angels abus$ _! tru/1 & fell ?r\gh love ( ! daught]s ( m51 ( :om 7 begott5 ^? :o are call$ ,giants47#b7 ,^! angels :o h fall5 f heav5 busy !mselves ab\t ! air & ! e>?2 & ! s\ls ( ! ,giants17#c7 :i* are ! demons t roam ab\t ! _w1 "w evil accord+ to _! respective natures47#d7 ,!re are p[]s :i* ex]cise dom9ion ov] matt]1 & by means ( x1 & m especially "o1 :o is oppos$ to ,god4 ,?is ,pr9ce ( matt] ex]ts au?ority & control 9 opposition to ! good design$ by ,god47#e7 ,demons are gre$y = sacrificial od\rs & ! blood ( ! victims1 :i* !y lick2 & !y influ5ce ! multitude to idolatry by inspir+ ?\ghts & visions :i* seem to come f idols & /atues47#f7 ,accord+ to ,tatian1 ,god made ev]y?+ :i* is good1 b ! wick$ness ( demons p]v]ts #abd ! productions ( nature = bad purposes1 & ! evil 9 ^! is due to demons & n to ,god47#a7 ,none ( ! demons h bodies2 !y are spiritual1 l fire or air1 & c only be se5 by ^? 9 :om ! ,_s ( ,god dwells4 ,!y attack m5 by means ( l[] =ms ( matt]1 & come to !m :5ev] !y are diseas$1 & sometimes !y cause disord]s ( ! body1 b :5 !y are /ruck by ! p[] ( ! ^w ( ,god1 !y flee 9 t]ror1 & ! sick p]son is heal$47#b7 ,v>i\s k9ds ( roots1 & ! relations ( bones & s9ews1 are ! mat]ial elem5ts ?r\gh :i* demons "w47#c7 ,"s ( ^? :o are call$ gods by ! ,greeks1 b are 9 reality demons1 possess ! bodies ( c]ta9 m51 & !n by publicly leav+ !m !y de/roy ! disease !y !mselves _h creat$1 & ! sick are re/or$ to heal?47#d7 ,demons1 says ,cyprian ( ,c>?age1 lurk "u consecrat$ /atues1 & inspire false oracles1 & control ! lots & om5s47#e7 ,!y ent] into human bodies & feign v>i\s maladies 9 ord] to induce m5 to (f] sacrifices = _! recov]y t !y may gorge !mselves ) ! fumes1 & !n !y heal !m4 ,!y are really ! au?ors ( ! miracles attribut$ to hea!n deities47#f7 ,t]tullian ent]s into m9ute details reg>d+ angels & demons4 ,demons are ! (fspr+ ( ! fall5 angels1 & _! "w is ! de/ruction ( ! human race4 ,!y inflict diseases & o!r pa9ful calamities ^u our bodies1 & lead a/ray our s\ls4 ,f _! #abe wond]ful subtl5ess & t5uity !y f9d _! way into bo? p>ts ( our composition4 ,_! spirituality enables !m to d mu* h>m to m51 = be+ invisible & impalpable !y appe> r 9 _! effects ?an 9 _! action4 ,!y blight ! apples & ! gra9 :ile 9 ! fl[]1 z by "s my/]i\s poison 9 ! breeze1 & kill !m 9 ! bud1 or nip !m be=e !y are ripe1 z ?\gh 9 "s inexpressible way ! ta9t$ air p\r$ =? its pe/il5tial brea?4 ,9 ! same way demons & angels brea! into ! s\l & excite its corruptions1 & especially mislead m5 by induc+ !m to sacrifice to false deities 9 ord] t !y may ?us obta9 _! peculi> food ( fumes ( fle% & blood4 ,e _s1 :e!r angel or demon1 has w+s2 !re=e !y are ev]y:]e 9 a mom5t4 ,! :ole _w is b "o place to !m1 & all t takes place any:]e !y c "k & report ) equal facility4 ,_! swiftness is believ$ to be div9e because _! sub/ance is unkn[n1 & ?us !y seek to be consid]$ ! au?ors ( effects :i* !y m]ely report1 z1 inde$1 !y sometimes are ( ! evil1 b nev] ( ! good4 ,!y ga!r intimations ( ! future f he>+ ! ,prophets read al\d1 & set !mselves up z rivals ( ! true ,god by /eal+ ,8 div9ations4 ,f inhabit+ ! air1 & f _! proximity to ! />s & comm]ce ) ! cl\ds1 !y "k ! prep>ation ( cele/ial ph5om5a1 & promise be=eh& ! ra9s :i* !y already feel com+4 ,!y are v k9d 9 ref]5ce to ! cure ( diseases1 ,t]tullian ironically says1 = !y fir/ make p ill1 & !n1 by way ( p]=m+ a miracle1 !y prescribe rem$ies ei!r novel or contr>y to common exp]i5ce1 & !n1 remov+ ! cause1 !y are #abf believ$ to h heal$ ! sick47#a7 ,if any "o possess$ by a demon be br\ght be=e a tribunal1 ,t]tullian affirms t ! evil _s1 :5 ord]$ by a ,*ri/ian1 w at once confess t he is a demon47#b7 ,! fall5 angels 7 ! discov]]s ( a/rology & magic47#c7 ,unclean spirits hov] ov] wat]s 9 imitation ( ! brood+ 7ge/atio7 ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! beg9n+1 z1 = in/ance1 ov] d>k f\nta9s & solit>y /reams1 & ci/]ns 9 ba?s & dwell+-h\ses1 & simil> places1 :i* are said to c>ry "o (f 7rap]e71 t is to say1 by ! =ce ( ! evil _s47#d7 ,! fall5 angels disclos$ to ! _w unkn[n mat]ial sub/ances1 & v>i\s arts1 su* z metallurgy1 ! prop]ties ( h]bs1 incantations1 & int]pretation ( ! />s2 & to wom5 specially !y reveal$ all ! secrets ( p]sonal adornm5t47#e7 ,!re is sc>cely any man :o is n att5d$ by a demon2 & x is well kn[n t untimely & viol5t dea?s1 :i* are attribut$ to accid5ts1 are really caus$ by demons47#f7 ,^? :o g to !atres may become specially accessible to demons4 ,!re is ! in/ance1 ! ,"l is witness 7dom9o te/e71 ( ! woman :o w5t to a !atre & came back possess$ by a demon2 &1 on be+ ca/ out1 ! evil _s repli$ t he _h a "r to act z he did1 hav+ f\nd h] )9 8 limits4 ,!re 0 ano!r case1 also well kn[n1 ( a woman :o1 at night1 aft] hav+ be5 to a !atre1 _h a vision ( a #abg w9d+ %eet 7l9teum71 & he>d ! "n ( ! trag$ian :om %e _h se5 m5tion$ ) reprobation &1 five days aft]1 ! woman 0 dead47#a7 ,orig5 attributes augury & div9ation ?r\gh animals to demons4 ,9 8 op9ion c]ta9 demons1 (fspr+ ( ! ,titans or ,giants1 :o haunt ! gross] p>ts ( bodies & ! unclean places ( ! e>?1 & :o1 f n hav+ e>?ly bodies1 h "s p[] ( div9+ ! future1 occupy !mselves ) ?is4 ,!y secretly ent] ! bodies ( ! m brutal & savage animals1 & =ce !m to make flights or indications ( div9ation to lead m5 away f ,god4 ,!y h a special lean+ to birds & s]p5ts1 & ev5 to foxes & wolves1 because ! demons act bett] ?r\gh ^! 9 consequ5ce ( an app>5t analogy 9 wick$ness betwe5 !m47#b7 ,x is = ?is reason t ,moses1 :o _h ei!r be5 taught by ,god :at 0 simil> 9 ! nature ( animals & _! k9dr$ demons1 or _h discov]$ x himself1 prohibit$ z unclean ! p>ticul> birds & animals mo/ us$ = div9ation4 ,!re=e ea* k9d ( demon seems to h an aff9ity ) a c]ta9 k9d ( animal4 ,!y are s wick$ t demons ev5 assume ! bodies ( weasels to =etell ! future47#c7 ,!y fe$ on ! blood & od\r ( ! victims sacrific$ 9 idol temples47#d7 ,! spirits ( ! wick$ dead w&] ab\t sepul*res & sometimes = ages haunt p>ticul> h\ses1 & o!r places47#e7 ,! pray]s ( ,*ri/ians drive demons out ( m51 & f places :]e !y h #abh tak5 up _! abode1 & ev5 sometimes f ! bodies ( animals1 :i* are frequ5tly injur$ by !m47#a7 ,9 reply to a /atem5t ( ,celsus t we _c eat bread or fruit1 or dr9k w9e or ev5 wat] )\t eat+ & dr9k+ ) demons1 & t ! v air we brea! is receiv$ f demons1 & t1 consequ5tly1 we _c inhale )\t receiv+ air f ! demons :o are set ov] ! air17#b7 ,orig5 ma9ta9s1 on ! contr>y1 t ! angels ( ,god1 & n demons1 h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( su* natural ph5om5a1 & h be5 appo9t$ to communicate all ^! bless+s4 ,n demons1 b angels1 h be5 set ov] ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & ov] ! bir? ( animals1 & ov] all ?+s necess>y = our race47#c7 ,scripture =bids ! eat+ ( ?+s /rangl$ because ! blood is /ill 9 !m1 & blood1 & m especially ! fumes ( x1 is said to be ! food ( demons4 ,if we ate /rangl$ animals1 we might h demons fe$+ ) u17#d7 b 9 ,orig5's op9ion a man only eats & dr9ks ) demons :5 he eats ! fle% ( idol sacrifices1 & dr9ks ! w9e p\r$ out 9 hon\r ( demons47#f7 ,j]ome /ates ! common belief t ! air is fill$ ) demons47#f7 ,*ryso/om says t angels are ev]y:]e 9 ! atmosph]e47#g7 ,n cont5t1 h[ev]1 ) peopl+ e>? & air ) angels & demons1 ! ,fa!rs also %>$ ! op9ion common to ,jews7#h7 & hea!n philosoph]s1 t ! heav5ly bodies 7 animat$ be+s4 ,aft] fully discuss+ ! "q1 ) mu* ref]5ce to ,scripture1 #bj ,orig5 det]m9es t sun1 moon1 & />s are liv+ & rational be+s1 illum9at$ ) ! light ( k by ! wisdom :i* is ! reflection --,greek-- ( et]nal light4 ,!y h free w1 & z x w\ld appe> f a passage 9 ,job 7xxv4 #e7 !y are n only liable to s91 b actually n pure f ! uncleanness ( x4 ,orig5 is c>eful to expla9 t ?is has n ref]5ce m]ely to _! physical "p1 b to ! spiritual2 & he proce$s to discuss :e!r _! s\ls came into exi/5ce at ! same "t ) _! bodies or exi/$ previ\sly1 & :e!r1 at ! end ( ! _w1 !y w be releas$ f _! bodies or w cease f giv+ light to ! _w4 ,he argues t !y are rational be+s because _! motions c\ld n take place )\t a s\l4 ,z ! />s move ) s mu* ord] & me?od1 he says1 t "u no circum/ances :atev] does _! c\rse seem to be di/urb$1 is x n ! extreme ( absurdity to suppose t s mu* ord]1 s mu* obs]vance ( discipl9e & me?od c\ld be dem&$ f or fulfill$ by irrational be+s87#a7 ,!y possess life & reason1 he decides1 & he proves f ,scripture t _! s\ls 7 giv5 to !m n at ! creation ( _! bodily sub/ance1 b l ^? ( m5 implant$ /rictly f )\t1 aft] !y 7 made47#b7 ,!y are subject to vanity ) ! re/ ( ! creatures1 & wait = ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god47#c7 ,orig5 is p]suad$ #acj t sun1 moon1 & />s pray to ! ,supreme ,be+ ?r\gh ,8 only begott5 ,son47#a7 ,to return to angels1 h[ev]1 ,orig5 /ates t ! angels are n only ( v>i\s ord]s ( rank1 b h apportion$ to !m specific (fices & duties4 ,to ,raphael1 = in/ance1 is assign$ ! task ( cur+ & heal+2 to ,gabriel ! managem5t ( w>s2 to ,mi*ael ! duty ( receiv+ ! pray]s & ! supplications ( m54 ,angels are set ov] ! diff]5t *ur*es1 & h *>ge ev5 ( ! lea/ ( _! memb]s4 ,^! (fices 7 assign$ to ! angels by ,god agreeably to ! qualities display$ by ea*47#b7 ,else:]e1 ,orig5 expla9s t x is necess>y = ?is _w t !re %\ld be angels set ov] bea/s & ov] t]re/rial op]ations1 & also angels presid+ ov] ! bir? ( animals1 & ov] ! propagation & gr[? ( %rubs1 &1 aga91 angels ov] holy works1 :o et]nally tea* m5 ! p]ception ( ! hidd5 ways ( ,god1 & k ( div9e ?+s2 & he w>ns u n to br+ ^u ourselves ^? angels :o are set ov] bea/s1 by lead+ an animal life1 nor ^? :i* preside ov] t]re/rial works1 by tak+ delight 9 fle%ly & mundane ?+s1 b r to /udy h[ we may approximate to ! companion%ip ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 to ^: duty ( pres5t+ ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts to ,god he "h adds ! (fice ( presid+ ov] m$ic9e47#c7 ,x is ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( angels t ! wat]-spr+s 9 f\nta9s & runn+ /reams refre% ! e>?1 & t ! air we brea! is #aca kept pure47#a7 ,9 ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 a "w quot$ by ! ,fa!rs z inspir$ ,scripture1 :i* 0 publicly read 9 ! *ur*es1 :i* almo/ secur$ a p]man5t place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 & :i* appe>s aft] ! canonical books 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 ! olde/ extant ,,ms4 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 m5tion is made ( an angel :o has rule ov] bea/s1 & ^: "n is ,hegr947#b7 ,j]ome also quotes an apocryphal "w 9 :i* an angel ( simil> "n is said to be set ov] reptiles1 & 9 :i* fi%es1 trees1 & bea/s are assign$ to ! c>e ( p>ticul> angels47#c7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria m5tions )\t diss5t ! prevail+ belief t hail-/orms1 tempe/s1 & simil> ph5om5a d n occur m]ely f mat]ial di/urbance1 b also are caus$ by ! ang] ( demons & evil angels47#d7 ,orig5 /ates t :ile angels sup]9t5d all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & control :at is appo9t$ = our good1 fam9e1 ! blight+ ( v9es & fruit trees1 & ! de/ruction ( bea/s & ( m51 are1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]sonal works7#e7 ( demons1 !y1 z public execution]s1 receiv+ at c]ta9 times au?ority to c>ry into effect div9e decrees47#f7 ,we h already quot$ simil> views express$ by ,t]tullian17#g7 & ! univ]sality & p]man5ce ( su* op9ions may be illu/rat$ by ! fact t1 aft] ! lapse ( _m c5turies1 we f9d ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as z solemnly affirm+ t disease & tempe/s are ! direct "w ( ! devil27#h7 inde$1 ?is belief prevail$ #acb ?r\gh\t ! middle ages until v rec5t times4 ,! ,apo/le ,pet]1 9 ! ,recognitions ( ,clem5t1 in=ms ,clem5t t :5 ,god made ! _w ,he appo9t$ *iefs ov] ! v>i\s creatures1 ev5 ov] ! trees & ! m\nta9s & spr+s & riv]s1 & ov] ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,an angel 0 set ov] ! angels1 a _s ov] spirits1 a /> ov] ! />s1 a demon ov] ! demons1 & s on47#a7 ,he provid$ diff]5t (fices = all ,8 creatures1 :e!r good or bad17#b7 b c]ta9 angels hav+ left ! c\rse ( _! prop] ord]1 l$ m5 into s9 & taught !m t demons c\ld1 by magical invocations1 be made to obey man47#c7 ,ham 0 ! discov]] ( ! art ( magic47#d7 ,a/rolog]s suppose t evils happ5 9 consequ5ce ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & repres5t c]ta9 climact]ic p]iods z dang]\s1 n kn[+ t x is n ! c\rse ( ! />s1 b ! action ( demons t regulates ^! ?+s47#e7 ,god has committ$ ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! sev5ty-two nations into :i* ,he has divid$ ! e>? to z _m angels47#f7 ,demons ins9uate !mselves into ! bodies ( m51 & =ce !m to fulfil _! desires27#g7 !y sometimes appe> visibly to m51 & by ?reats or promises endeav\r to lead !m into error2 !y c trans=m !mselves into :atev] =ms !y please47#h7 ,! di/9ction betwe5 :at is spok5 by ! true ,god ?r\gh ! prophets or by visions1 & t :i* is deliv]$ by demons1 is ?is3 t :at proce$s f ! =m] is always true1 :]eas t :i* is =etold by demons is n always true47#i7 ,lactantius says t :5 ! #acc numb] ( m5 began to increase1 fe>+ t ! ,devil %\ld corrupt or de/roy !m1 ,god s5t angels to protect & in/ruct ! human race1 b ! angels !mselves fell b5ea? 8 wiles1 & f be+ angels !y became ! satellites & m9i/]s ( ,satan4 ,! (fspr+ ( ^! fall5 angels are unclean spirits1 au?ors ( all ! evils :i* are done1 & ! ,devil is _! *ief4 ,!y are acqua9t$ ) ! future1 b nob completely4 ,! art ( ! magi is altoge!r support$ by ^! demons1 & at _! invocation !y deceive m5 ) ly+ tricks1 mak+ m5 ?9k !y see ?+s :i* d n exi/4 ,^! contam9at$ spirits w&] ov] all ! e>?1 & console !mselves by ! de/ruction ( m54 ,!y fill e place ) frauds & deceits1 = !y adh]e to individuals1 & occupy :ole h\ses1 & assume ! "n ( g5ii1 z demons are call$ 9 ! ,lat9 language1 & make m5 wor%ip !m4 ,on acc\nt ( _! t5uity & impalpability !y ins9uate !mselves into ! bodies ( m51 & ?r\gh _! visc]a injure _! heal?1 excite diseases1 t]rify _! s\ls ) dreams1 agitate _! m9ds ) phr5sies1 s t !y may by ^! evils drive m5 to seek _! aid47#a7 ,be+ adjur$ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 h[ev]1 !y leave ! bodies ( ! possess$1 utt]+ ! greate/ h[l+1 & cry+ out t !y are beat51 or are on fire47#b7 ,^! demons are ! inv5tors ( a/rology1 div9ation1 oracles1 necromancy1 & ! art ( magic47#c7 ,! univ]se is gov]n$ by ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium ( angels4 ,! demons h a =e-k ( ! purposes ( ,god1 f hav+ be5 ,8 #acd m9i/]s1 & int]pos+ 9 :at is be+ done1 !y ascribe ! cr$it to !mselves47#a7 ,! sign ( ! cross is a t]ror to demons1 & at ! sight ( x !y flee f ! bodies ( m54 ,:5 sacrifices are be+ (f]$ to ! gods1 if "o be pres5t :o be>s on 8 =ehead ! sign ( ! cross1 ! sacr$ rites are n propiti\s 7sacra nullo modo litant71 & ! oracle gives no reply47#b7 ,eusebius1 l all ! ,fa!rs1 repres5ts ! gods ( ! ,greeks & o!r hea!n nations z m]ely wick$ demons4 ,demons1 he says1 :e!r !y circulate 9 ! d>k & heavy atmosph]e :i* encircles our sph]e1 or inhabit ! cav]n\s dwell+s :i* exi/ )9 x1 f9d *>ms only 9 tombs & 9 ! sepul*res ( ! dead1 & 9 impure & unclean places4 ,!y delight 9 ! blood ( animals1 & 9 ! putrid exhalations :i* rise f _! bodies1 z well z 9 e>?ly vap\rs4 ,_! lead]s1 :e!r z inhabitants ( ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 or plung$ 9 ! abyss ( hell1 hav+ discov]$ t ! human race _h deifi$ & (f]$ sacrifices to m5 :o 7 dead1 promot$ ! delusion 9 ord] to sav\r ! blood :i* fl[$4& ! fumes ( ! burn+ fle%4 ,!y deceiv$ m5 by ! motions convey$ to idols & /atues1 by ! oracles !y deliv]$1 & by heal+ diseases1 ) :i*1 by ! p[] inh]5t 9 _! nature1 !y _h be=e invisibly smitt5 bodies1 & :i* !y remov$ by ceas+ to torture !m4 ,^! demons fir/ introduc$ magic among/ m547#c7 ,we may "h ref] to ! acc\nt ( a miracle :i* ,eusebius s]i\sly quotes1 z exemplify+ ano!r occasional #ace function ( ! angels4 ,! h]etical ,bi%op ,natalius hav+ 9 va9 be5 admoni%$ by ,god 9 dreams1 0 at la/ la%$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( a night by holy angels1 till he 0 br\ght to rep5tance1 &1 clad 9 sackclo? & cov]$ ) a%es1 he at l5g? ?rew himself at ! feet ( ,zephyr9us1 !n ,bi%op ( ,rome1 po9t+ to ! m>ks ( ! sc\rges :i* he _h receiv$ f ! angels1 & implor$ to be aga9 receiv$ into communion ) ! ,*ur*47#a7 ,augu/9e says t demons inhabit ! atmosph]e z 9 a prison1 & deceive m51 p]suad+ !m by _! wond]ful & false signs1 or do+s1 or pr$ictions1 t !y are gods47#b7 ,he consid]s ! orig9 ( _! "n 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures wor?y ( notice3 !y are call$ --,greek-- 9 ,greek on acc\nt ( _! k47#c7 ,by _! exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 signs :i* are hidd5 f u1 !y c read mu* m ( ! future1 & sometimes ev5 ann\nce be=eh& :at !y int5d to d4 ,speak+ ( 8 own "t1 & ) /rong expressions ( assurance1 ,augu/9e says t n only ,scripture te/ifies t angels h appe>$ to m5 ) bodies :i* c\ld n only be se5 b felt1 b :at is m1 x is a g5]al report1 & _m h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( x1 or h le>n$ x f ^? :o h k ( ! fact1 & ( ^: tru? !re is no d\bt1 t satyrs & fauns1 g5]ally call$ ,incubi1 h frequ5tly p]petrat$ _! peculi> wick$ness27#d7 & also t c]ta9 demons call$ by ! ,gauls ,dusii e day attempt & effect ! same uncleanness1 z #acf witnesses equally num]\s & tru/wor?y ass]t1 s t x w\ld be imp]t95ce to d5y x47#a7 ,lactantius1 aga91 ridicules ! idea t !re c be antipodes1 & he c sc>cely cr$it t !re c be any "o s silly z to believe t !re are m5 ^: feet are high] ?an _! heads1 or t gra9 & trees gr[ d[nw>ds1 & ra91 sn[1 & hail fall upw>ds to ! e>?4 ,aft] je/+ at ^? :o hold su* ridicul\s views1 he po9ts out t _! blund]s arise f suppos+ t ! heav5 is r\nd1 & ! _w1 consequ5tly1 r\nd l a ball1 & enclos$ )9 x4 ,b if t 7 ! case1 x mu/ pres5t ! same appe>ance to all p>ts ( heav51 ) m\nta9s1 pla9s1 & seas1 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no "p ( ! e>? un9habit$ by m5 & animals4 ,lactantius does n "k :at to say to ^? :o1 hav+ fall5 into su* an error1 p]sev]e 9 _! folly 7/ultitia71 & def5d "o va9 ?+ by ano!r1 b sometimes he supposes t !y philosophize 9 je/1 or kn[+ly def5d falsehoods to display _! +5uity4 ,space alone prev5ts 8 prov+ t x is impossible = heav5 to be bel[ ! e>?47#b7 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ) equal boldness1 decl>es t ! /ories told ab\t ! antipodes1 t is to say1 t !re are m5 ^: feet are aga9/ our foot/eps1 & ^u :om ! sun rises :5 x sets to u1 are n to be believ$4 ,su* an ass]tion is n support$ by any hi/orical evid5ce1 #acg b re/s ^u m]e conjecture bas$ on ! rotundity ( ! e>?4 ,b ^? :o ma9ta9 su* a !ory d n consid] t ev5 if ! e>? be r\nd1 x does n foll[ t ! opposite side is n cov]$ ) wat]4 ,besides1 if x be n1 :y %\ld x be inhabit$1 see+ t on ! "o h& x is 9 no way possible t ! ,scriptures c lie1 & on ! o!r1 x is too absurd 7nimisque absurdum e/7 to affirm t any m5 c h trav]s$ su* an imm5sity ( ocean to e/abli% ! human race !re f t "o fir/ man ,adam47#a7 ,clem5t ( ,rome _h no d\bt ( ! tru? ( ! /ory ( ! ,pho5ix17#b7 t wond]ful bird ( ,arabia & ! adjo9+ c\ntries1 :i* lives #ejj ye>s2 at ! end ( :i* "t1 its dissolution be+ at h&1 x builds a ne/ ( spices1 9 :i* x dies4 ,f ! decay+ fle%1 h[ev]1 a worm is g5]at$1 :i* be+ /r5g!n$ by ! juices ( ! bird1 produces fea!rs & is trans=m$ into a ,pho5ix4 ,clem5t adds t x !n flies away ) ! ne/ conta9+ ! bones ( its defunct p>5t to ! city ( ,heliopolis 9 ,egypt1 & 9 full daylight1 & 9 ! sight ( all m51 x lays !m on ! alt> ( ! sun4 ,on exam9+ _! regi/]s1 ! prie/s f9d t ! bird has return$ precisely at ! completion ( ! #ejj ye>s4 ,?is bird1 ,clem5t consid]s1 is an emblem ( ! ,resurrection47#a7 ,s does ,t]tullian1 :o repeats ! /ory ) equal confid5ce47#b7 ,x is likewise ref]r$ to 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions47#c7 ,celsus quotes ! n>rative 9 8 "w aga9/ ,*ri/ianity z an in/ance ( ! piety ( irrational creatures1 & al?\gh ,orig51 9 reply1 :ile admitt+ t ! /ory is inde$ record$1 puts 9 a cauti\s if x be true1 he proce$s to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on on ! gr\nd t ,god may h made ?is isolat$ creature1 9 ord] t m5 might admire1 n ! bird1 b its creator47#d7 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 likewise1 quotes ! /ory f ,clem5t47#e7 ,! au?or ( ! almo/ canonical ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 expla9+ ! typical mean+ ( ! code ( ,moses reg>d+ clean & unclean animals :i* 7 or 7 n to be eat51 /ates z a fact t ! h>e annually increases ! numb] ( its =am9a1 = x has z _m z ! ye>s x lives47#f7 ,he also m5tions t ! hy5a *anges its sex e ye>1 be+ alt]nately male & female47#g7 ,t]tullian also po9ts out z a recogniz$ fact ! annual *ange ( sex ( ! hy5a1 & he adds3 ,i d n m5tion ! /ag1 s9ce itself is ! witness ( its own age2 fe$+ on ! s]p5t x langui%es into y\? f ! work+ ( ! poison47#h7 ,! geoc5tric #aci !ory ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* elevat$ man into ! supreme place 9 ! univ]se1 & consid]$ creation 9 g5]al to be solely = 8 use1 naturally l$ to ! mis9t]pretation ( all cosmical ph5om5a4 ,su* spectacles z eclipses & comets 7 univ]sally reg>d$ z awful port5ts ( imp5d+ evil1 signs ( ,god's ang]1 & =]unn]s ( national calamities47#a7 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! acc\nt giv5 by ,josephus ( ! port5ts :i* 7 suppos$ to ann\nce ! com+ de/ruction ( ! ,holy ,city1 among/ :i* 7 a /> %ap$ l a sword1 a comet1 & o!r cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,volcanoes 7 consid]$ op5+s into hell1 & n only does ,t]-tullian hold !m to be s1 b he asks :o w n deem ^! puni%m5ts sometimes inflict$ ^u m\nta9s z examples ( ! judgm5ts :i* m5ace ! wick$47#b7 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,/ream ,,( ,,miracul\s ,,pret5sion ,we h giv5 a mo/ imp]fect sket* ( "s ( ! op9ions & sup]/itions preval5t at ! "t ( ,jesus1 & :5 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt54 ,^!1 z we h se51 cont9u$ ) little or no modification ?r\gh\t ! fir/ c5turies ( our era4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! few details we h giv51 omitt+ mo/ ( ! gross] p>ticul>s1 are ! views delib]ately express$ by ! mo/ educat$ & intellig5t "p ( ! community1 & t x w\ld h requir$ inf9itely d>k] col\rs adequately to h portray$ ! d5se ignorance & sup]/ition ( ! mass ( ! ,jews4 ,x is impossible to receive ! report ( suppos$ m>vell\s occurr5ces f an age & p l ?is )\t ! grave/ suspicion4 ,ev5 s ?or\gh a def5d] ( miracles z ,dr4 ,newman admits t3 ,witnesses mu/ be n only hone/1 b compet5t also2 t is1 su* z h asc]ta9$ ! facts :i* !y atte/1 or :o report aft] exam9ation2l & al?\gh ! necessities ( 8 case oblige him to ass]t t ! te/imony ( m5 ( sci5ce & g5]al k mu/ n be requir$1 he admits1 "u ! head ( defici5cy ( exam9ation1 t--,en?usiasm1 ignorance1 & habitual cr$ulity #ada are defects :i* no numb] ( witnesses removes47#a7 ,we h %[n h[ rank 7 ^! defects at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & among ! *ief witnesses = ,*ri/ianity4 ,miracles :i* spr+ f su* a hot-b$ ( sup]/ition are too natural 9 su* a soil to be objects ( surprise &1 9 los+ _! exceptional "*1 _! claims ^u att5tion are proportionately weak5$ if n altoge!r de/roy$4 ,pret]natural int]f]5ce ) ! affairs ( life & ! ph5om5a ( nature 0 ! rule 9 ^? days1 n ! exception1 & miracles1 9 fact1 _h lo/ all novelty1 & ?r\gh famili>ity _h become degrad$ into m]e commonplace4 ,! ,gospel miracles 7 n orig9al 9 _! "*1 b 7 sub/antially m]e repetitions ( simil> wond]s well kn[n among/ ! ,jews1 or commonly suppos$ to be ( daily occurr5ce ev5 at t "t4 ,9 fact1 ! idea ( su* miracles1 9 su* an age & p]=m$ among/ su* a p1 z ! atte/ation ( a sup]natural ,revelation1 may ) s+ul> propriety be ascrib$ to ! m9d ( t p]iod1 b c sc>cely be said to be> any traces ( ! div9e4 ,inde$1 anticipat+ = a mom5t a "p ( our subject reg>d+ :i* we %all h m to say h]eaft]1 we may rem>k t1 s f> f be+ orig9al ei!r 9 its evid5ce or =m1 almo/ e religion :i* has be5 taught 9 ! _w has claim$ ! same div9e "* z ,*ri/ianity1 & has surr\nd$ ! p]son & orig9 ( its c5tral figure ) ! same sup]natural my/]y4 ,ev5 ! great h]oes ( hi/ory1 long be=e our era1 _h _! immaculate conception & miracul\s bir?4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t %>$ ! popul> sup]/itions ( ! ,jews4 #adb ,we h already giv5 m ?an "o in/ance ( ?is1 & n[ we h only to ref] = a mom5t to "o class ( ^! sup]/itions1 ! belief 9 demoniacal possession & orig9 ( disease1 involv+ cle>ly bo? ! exi/5ce ( demons & _! p[] ov] ! human race4 ,x w\ld be an insult to ! und]/&+ ( ^? :o are consid]+ ?is "q to pause "h to prove t ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t speak 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ unmi/akable t]ms ( actual demoniacal possession4 ,n[1 :at has become ( ?is !ory ( disease8 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl9 is probably ! only "o :o ass]ts ! reality ( demoniacal possession =m]ly & at ! pres5t day17#a7 & 9 ?is we mu/ say t he is consi/5t4 ,dean ,milman1 on ! o!r h&1 :o spoke ) ! enlight5m5t ( ! #ai? c5tury1 has no scruple 9 av[+ 8 op9ion on ! subject ( demoniacs to be t ( ,joseph ,m$e1 ,l>dn]1 ,dr4 ,mead1 ,paley1 & all ! le>n$ mod]n writ]s4 ,x 0 a k9d ( insanity4444 & no?+ 0 m probable ?an t lunacy %\ld take ! turn & speak ! language ( ! prevail+ sup]/ition ( ! times47#b7 ,! ,dean1 z well z all ! le>n$ mod]n writ]s to :om he ref]s1 felt ! difficulty1 b 9 seek+ to evade x !y sacrifice ! ,gospels4 ,!y ov]look ! fact t ! writ]s ( ^! n>ratives n only !mselves adopt ! prevail+ sup]/ition ( ! times1 b repres5t ,jesus z do+ s ) equal complet5ess4 ,!re is no possibility1 = in/ance1 ( evad+ su* /atem5ts z ^? 9 ! miracle ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es1 :]e ! objectivity ( ! demons is s fully recogniz$ t1 #adc on be+ ca/ out ( ! man1 !y are repres5t$ z reque/+ to be all[$ to g into ! h]d ( sw9e1 & be+ p]mitt$ by ,jesus to d s1 ! entry ( ! demons into ! sw9e is at once signaliz$ by ! h]d runn+ viol5tly d[n ! cliff into ! lake1 & be+ dr[n$47#a7 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* adopts no su* ineffectual evasion1 b rightly objects3 ,our ,"l ,himself uses language :i* is n reconcilable ) any su* explanation4 ,he ev]y:]e speaks ( demoniacs n z p]sons ( disord]$ intellects1 b z subjects & ?ralls ( an ali5 spiritual might2 ,he addresses ! evil _s z di/9ct f ! man3 ',hold ?y peace & come out ( him2' & he concludes t our idea ( ,*ri/'s absolute v]acity1 ap>t f ! value ( ! tru? :i* ,he communicat$1 =bids u to suppose t ,he c\ld h spok5 z ,he did1 be+ p]fectly aw>e all ! :ile t !re 0 no correspond+ reality to ju/ify ! language :i* ,he us$47#b7 ,! ,dean1 on ! o!r h&1 f9ds a v /rong reason1 :i* he does n rememb] to h se5 urg$ ) suffici5t =ce1 :i* may h contribut$ to induce our ,"l to adopt ! curr5t language on ! po9t4 ,! disbelief 9 ^! spiritual influ5ces 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! unpopul> sect ( ! ,sadducees4 ,a dep>ture f ! common language1 or ! endeav\r to correct ?is invet]ate error1 w\ld h rais$ an imm$iate outcry aga9/ ,him f ,8 wat*ful & malignant adv]s>ies z an unbeliev+ ,sadducec47#c7 ,su* ascription ( politic #add deception = ! sake ( popul>ity might be intelligible 9 an ord9>y case1 b :5 ref]r$ to ! c5tral p]sonage ( a ,div9e ,revelation1 :o is said to be ,god inc>nate1 x is p]fectly a/\nd+4 ,! ,ar*bi%op1 h[ev]1 rightly deems t if ,jesus knew t ! ,jewi% belief 9 demoniacal possession 0 baseless1 & t ,satan did n ex]cise su* p[] ov] ! bodies or spirits ( m51 !re w\ld be 9 su* language t abs5ce ( agreem5t betwe5 ?\ghts & words 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( a lie consi/s47#a7 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! dilemma ( ! ,dean or ( ! ,ar*bi%op is ! great]1--! "o oblig$ to sacrifice ! moral "* ( ,jesus1 9 ord] to escape ! admission = ,*ri/ianity ( unt5able sup]/ition1 ! o!r oblig$ to adopt ! sup]/ition 9 ord] to support ! v]acity ( ! language4 ,at lea/ ! c\rse ( ! ,ar*bi%op is consi/5t & wor?y ( respect4 ,! attempt to elim9ate ! sup]/iti\s diagnosis ( ! disease1 & yet to pres]ve intact ! miracul\s cure1 is q ineffectual4 ,dr4 ,tr5* anticipates ! natural "q1 :y !re are no demoniacs n[1 if !re 7 s _m 9 ^? days17#b7 & he is logically compell$ to ma9ta9 t !re may /ill be p]sons possess$4 ,x may well be a "q1 moreov]1 he says1 if an apo/le or "o ) apo/olic disc]nm5t ( spirits 7 to ent] into a mad-h\se n[1 h[ _m ( ! suff]]s !re he might n recognize z possess$87#c7 ,!re c sc>cely be a "q ^u ! po9t at all1 = su* a p]son issu+ direct #ade f t p]iod1 )\t subsequ5t sci5tific enlight5m5t1 w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly pron\nce !m all1 possess$4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 require an apo/le1 nor ev5 "o ) apo/olic disc]nm5t ( spirits1 to recognize ! possess$ at t "t4 ,all ^? :o are repres5t$ z be+ br\ght to ,jesus to be heal$ are describ$ by _! fri5ds z hav+ a devil or be+ possess$1 & !re 0 no =m ( disease m g5]al or m commonly recogniz$ by ! ,jews4 ,= :at reason has ! recognition (1 & belief 91 demoniacal possession pass$ away ) ! ignorance & sup]/ition :i* 7 !n preval5t8 ,x is important to rememb] t ! !ory ( demoniacal possession1 & its suppos$ cure by means ( exorcism & invocations1 0 mo/ common among ! ,jews long be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,z ca/+ out devils 0 ! mo/ common type ( ,*ri/ian miracles1 s x 0 ! commone/ belief & practice ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,*ri/ianity m]ely %>$ ! national sup]/ition1 & *ang$ no?+ b ! =m ( exorcism4 ,*ri/ianity did n ?r\gh a cle>] p]ception ( spirits1 !re=e1 orig9ate ! belief 9 demoniacal possession1 nor fir/ recognize its victims2 nor did su* sup]ior enlight5m5t accompany ! sup]ior morality ( ,*ri/ianity z to detect ! ignorant fallacy4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we f9d ! mo/ s]i\s evid5ce ( ! belief 9 demonology & wit*craft4 ,! laws aga9/ !m set ! example ( t unrel5t+ sev]ity ) :i* sorc]y 0 treat$ = s _m c5turies4 ,we read 9 ,exodus xxii4 #ah3 ,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live4 ,levit4 xix4 #ca3 ,reg>d n !m :i* h famili> spirits1 nei!r #adf seek aft] wiz>ds1 to be defil$ by !m4 ,levit4 xx4 #f3 ,& ! s\l t turne? aft] su* z h famili> spirits1 & aft] wiz>ds to g a-:or+ aft] !m1 ,i w ev5 set my face aga9/ t s\l1 & cut him (f f among 8 p2 & v]se #bg3 ,a man also or a woman t ha? a famili> _s1 or t is a wiz>d1 %all surely be put to dea?2 !y %all /one !m ) /ones2 _! blood %all be ^u !m4 ,deut4 xviii4 #aj3 ,!re %all n be f\nd among y any "o t make? 8 son or 8 daught] to pass ?r\gh ! fire1 or an en*ant]1 or a wit*2 #aa4 ,or a *>m]1 or a consult] ) famili> spirits1 or a wiz>d1 or a necromanc]2 #ab4 ,= all t d ^! ?+s are an abom9ation unto ! ,"l1 c4 ,! passages :i* ass]t ! reality ( demonology & wit*craft1 h[ev]1 are mu* too num]\s to p]mit _! citation "h4 ,b n only did ,*ri/ianity ?us inh]it ! long-preval5t sup]/ition1 b x transmitt$ x intact to succe$+ ages2 & !re c be no d\bt t ?is demonology1 ) its consequ5t & inevitable belief 9 wit*craft1 sorc]y1 & magic1 cont9u$ s long to prevail ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 z mu* ?r\gh ! au?ority ( ! sacr$ writ+s & ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* z ?r\gh ! sup]/iti\s ignorance ( ,europe4 ,x w\ld be impossible to select = illu/ration any type ( ! ,gospel miracles1 ^: fundam5tal pr9ciple1--belief 9 ! reality1 malignant action1 & p[] ( demons1 & 9 ! p[] ( man to control !m1--has receiv$ full] or m p]man5t liv+ acceptance f po/]ity1 d[n to v rec5t times1 ?an ! cure ( disease ascrib$ to demoniacal influ5ce4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs are full ( ! belief2 ! social #adg hi/ory ( ,europe teems ) x4 ,! m pi\s ! p1 ! m firm 0 _! conviction ( its reality4 ,f times antec$5t to ,*ri/ianity1 until m$ical sci5ce sl[ly came into exi/5ce & displac$ miracle cures by ! relics ( sa9ts1 e =m ( disease 0 ascrib$ to demons4 ,madness1 idiotcy1 epilepsy1 & e %ape ( hy/]ia 7 ! commone/ =ms ( _! malignity2 & ! bl9d1 ! dumb1 & ! de=m$ 7 reg>d$ z unque/ionable victims ( _! malice4 ,e dome/ic calamity1 f ! convulsions ( a *ild to ! dea? ( a c[1 0 unhesitat+ly attribut$ to _! ag5cy4 ,! m ignorant ! community1 ! great] ! numb] ( its possess$4 ,belief 9 ! p[] ( sorc]y1 wit*craft1 & magic 0 inh]5t 9 ! sup]/ition1 & ! univ]sal preval5ce %[s h[ ca?olic 0 ! belief 9 demoniacal influ5ce4 ,! practice ( ^! arts is solemnly d5\nc$ z s9 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & ?r\gh\t ,patri/ic lit]ature1 & ! *ur* has 9 all ages fulm9at$ aga9/ x4 ,no accusation 0 m common ?an t ( practis+ sorc]y1 & no class escap$ f ! fatal suspicion4 ,popes 7 *>g$ ) ! crime1 & bi%ops 7 f\nd guilty ( x4 ,/4 ,cyprian 0 said to h be5 a magician be=e he became a ,*ri/ian & a ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*47#a7 ,a?anasius 0 accus$ ( sorc]y be=e ! ,synod ( ,tyre47#b7 ,n only ! illit]ate b ev5 ! le>n$1 9 ! e/imation ( _! age1 believ$ 9 x4 ,no h]esy 0 ev] p]secut$ ) m unrel5t+ hatr$4 ,popes h issu$ bulls vehem5tly ana!matis+ wit*es & sorc]]s1 c\ncils h proscrib$ !m1 ecclesia/ical #adh c\rts h consign$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( p]sons suspect$ ( be+ su* to ! /ake1 mon>*s h writt5 treatises aga9/ !m & inv5t$ tortures = _! conviction1 & e nation 9 ,europe & almo/ e g5]ation h pass$ ! mo/ /r+5t laws aga9/ !m4 ,^u no po9t has !re ev] be5 great] unanimity ( belief4 ,*ur* & ,/ate h vi$ ) ea* o!r = ! suppression ( ! abom9able crime4 ,e ph5om5on ( nature1 e unwelcome occurr5ce ( social life1 z well z e natural disease1 has be5 ascrib$ to magic & demons4 ,! hi/orical records ( ,europe are fill$ ) ! delib]ate trial & conviction1 ^u :at 0 deem$ evid5ce1 ( ?\s&s ( sorc]]s & wit*es4 ,hundr$s h be5 f\nd guilty ( ex]cis+ demoniacal influ5ce ov] ! elem5ts1 f ,sopat] ! philosoph]1 execut$ "u ,con/ant9o = prev5t+1 by adv]se w9ds1 ! arrival ( corn %ips at ,con/ant9ople1 to ,dr4 ,fian & o!r wit*es horribly tortur$ & burnt = caus+ a /ormy passage on ! return ( ,james ,i4 f ,d5m>k47#a7 ,?\s&s ( m5 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( wom5 h be5 done to dea? by e conceivable torm5t = caus+ sickness or calamity by sorc]y1 or = fly+ ?r\gh ! air to att5d ! wit*es' sabba?4 ,:5 scepticism z to ! reality ( ! demoniacal p[]s ( sorc]y t>dily began to arise1 x 0 fi]cely reprobat$ by ! ,*ur* z infidelity4 ,ev5 s late z ! #ag? c5tury1 a man l ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne n only did n include ! belief among/ ! vulg> errors :i* he endeav\r$ to expose1 b on ! contr>y wrote3 ,= my "p1 ,i h ev] believ$1 & d n[ "k t !re are #a ,pitcairn's ,crim9al ,trials ( ,scotl&1 i4 pp4 #bac1 #bbc4 #adj wit*es4 ,!y t d\bt ( !m1 d n only d5y !m1 b spirits2 & are obliquely1 & ^u consequ5ce1 a sort n ( infidels1 b a!i/s47#a7 ,9 #affd ,sir ,?omas ,hale1 9 pass+ s5t5ce ( dea? aga9/ two wom5 convict$ ( be+ wit*es1 decl>$ t ! reality ( wit*craft 0 und5iable1 because fir/1 ! ,scriptures _h affirm$ s mu*2 & secondly1 ! wisdom ( all nations _h provid$ laws aga9/ su* p]sons1 :i* is an argum5t ( _! confid5ce ( su* a crime47#b7 ,ev5 ! #ah? c5tury 0 /a9$ ) ! blood ( p]sons tortur$ & execut$ = sorc]y4 ,not)/&+ all ?is p]si/5t & unanim\s confirmation1 we ask aga93 ,:at has n[ become ( ! belief 9 demoniacal possession & sorc]y8 ,x has utt]ly disappe>$4 ,joseph ,m$e1 ,l>dn]1 ,dr4 ,mead1 ,paley1 & all ! le>n$ mod]n writ]s ) ,dean ,mil9an1 z we h se51 expla9 x away1 & su* a !ory ( disease & elem5tal di/urbance is univ]sally recogniz$ to h be5 a gr\ndless sup]/ition4 ,! c\ntless numb] ( p]sons torm5t$ & put to dea? = ! suppos$ crime ( wit*craft & sorc]y 7 m]e innoc5t victims to ignorance & cr$ulity4 ,mr4 ,buckle has collect$ a mass ( evid5ce to %[ t !re is 9 e "p ( ! _w an intimate relation betwe5 ignorance respect+ ! nature & prop] treat+ ( a disease1 & #aej ! belief t su* disease is caus$ by sup]natural p[]1 & is to be cur$ by x47#a7 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( our era e disease 0 ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( demons simply because ! nature ( disease 0 n und]/ood1 & ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels 7 n1 9 ?is respect1 "o :it m enlight5$ ?an ! ,jews4 ,! progress ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 has n only dispell$ ! sup]/iti\s !ory z reg>ds disease 9 our "t2 its effects are retrospective4 ,sci5ce n only decl>es ! ascription ( disease to demoniacal possession or malignity to be an idle sup]/ition n[1 b x equally repudiates ! assumption ( su* a cause at any "t4 ,! diseases ref]r$ by ! ,gospels1 & by ! ,jews ( t "t1 to ! action ( devils1 exi/ n[1 b !y are kn[n to proce$ f purely physical causes4 ,! same sup]/ition & m$ical ignorance w\ld enunciate ! same diagnosis at ! pres5t day4 ,! sup]/ition & ignorance1 h[ev]1 h pass$ away1 & ) !m ! demoniacal !ory4 ,9 t day ! !ory 0 z baseless z 9 ?is4 ,?is is ! logical conclusion ( e educat$ man4 ,x is obvi\s t1 ) ! necess>y ab&onm5t ( ! !ory ( possession & demoniacal orig9 ( disease1 ! l>ge/ class ( miracles record$ 9 ! ,gospels is at once explod$4 ,! ass]t$ cause ( ! diseases ( ?is class1 said to h be5 miracul\sly heal$1 mu/ be recogniz$ to be a m]e vulg> sup]/ition1 & ! n>ratives ( su* miracles1 ascrib+ z !y d 9 p]fect simplicity di/9ct objectivity to ! suppos$ possess+ demons1 & report+ _! v words & actions1 at once assume ! "* ( m]e imag9ative & fabul\s writ+s bas$ ^u sup]/iti\s #aea tradition1 & _c be accept$ z ! sob] & intellig5t report ( eye-witnesses4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ f> ?is4inf]5ce is support$ by ! lit]>y evid5ce reg>d+ ! date & composition ( ! ,gospels4 ,! d$uction1 h[ev]1 does n end "h4 ,x is cle> t1 ?is l>ge class ( ,gospel miracles be+ due to ! sup]/ition ( an ignorant & cr$ul\s age1 ! insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce = any ( ! o!r suppos$ miracul\s occurr5ces n>rat$ 9 ! same docum5ts becomes at once app>5t4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ irrefragable te/imony c\ld possibly w>rant belief 9 /atem5ts ( sup]natural ev5ts :i* contradict all exp]i5ce1 & are oppos$ to all sci5ce4 ,:5 ^! /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 are n only r5d]$1 a priori1 suspici\s by _! proce$+ f a p]iod ( ! grosse/ sup]/ition & cr$ulity1 b x becomes evid5t t a consid]able "p ( !m is due solely to t sup]/ition & cr$ulity1 by :i*1 moreov]1 ! re/ may likewise be mo/ naturally expla9$1 x is obvi\s t !y _c /& aga9/ ! oppos+ conviction ( inv>iable exp]i5ce4 ,! =ce ( ! te/imony is gone4 ,we are f> f us+ ?is language 9 an (f5sive s5se conc]n+ ! ,gospel n>ratives1 :i*1 by ! simple fai? ( ! writ]s1 pres5t ! mo/ noble aspect ( ! occurr5ces ( :i* sup]/ition is capable4 ,inde$1 view$ z compositions gradually ris+ out ( pi\s tradition1 & repres5t+ ! be/ _s ( _! times1 ! ,gospels1 ev5 9 ascrib+ su* miracles to ,jesus1 are a t\*+ illu/ration ( ! v5]ation excit$ by 8 elevat$ "*4 ,dev\t en?usiasm surr\nd$ 8 memory ) ! tradition ( ! highe/ exhibitions ( p[] )9 ! range ( ,jewi% imag9ation1 #aeb & t ^! conceptions repres5t m]ely an idealiz$ =m ( preval5t sup]/ition 0 n only natural b inevitable4 ,we %all h]eaft] fully exam9e ! "* ( ! ,gospels1 b x w be suffici5t "h to po9t out t none ( ^! writ+s lays claim to any special inspiration1 or 9 ! slighte/ degree pret5ds to be m ?an a human composition17#a7 & subject to ! errors ( human hi/ory4 #b4 ,we h se5 h[ incompet5t ^? :o liv$ at ! "t :5 ! ,gospel miracles are suppos$ to h tak5 place 7 to furni% reliable te/imony reg>d+ su* ph5om5a2 & ! gross mi/ake committ$ 9 reg>d to ! l>ge/ class ( ^! miracles1 connect$ ) demoniacal possession1 seems altoge!r to de/roy ! value ( ! evid5ce = ! re/1 & to connect ! :ole1 z might h be5 expect$1 ) ! g5]al sup]/ition & ignorance ( ! p]iod4 ,x may be well to inquire fur!r1 :e!r !re is any valid reason = except+ any ( ! miracles ( ,scripture f ! fate ( ! re/1 & :e!r1 9 fact1 !re 0 any special ,age ( ,miracles at all1 r\nd :i* a privileg$ l9e c be drawn on any reasonable gr\nd4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! k9d ( evid5ce :i* is suppos$ to atte/ ! ,div9e revelation ( ,*ri/ianity1 s f> f be+ inv5t$ = ! purpose1 0 s hackney$1 s to speak1 z sc>cely to attract ! #aec notice ( ! nation to :i* ! revelation 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 address$4 ,n only did ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9 acc\nts ( miracles ( e "o ( ! types relat$ 9 ! ,new1 b mo/ ( !m 7 believ$ to be commonly p]=m$ bo? be=e & aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,t demons 7 successfully exorcis$1 & diseases cur$1 by means ( spells & incantations1 0 nev] d\bt$ by ! ,jewi% nation4 ,satanic miracles1 moreov]1 are n only recogniz$ ?r\gh\t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 b =m$ a lead+ feature ( ! ,patri/ic cre$4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 n m ready ?an ! hea!n to ascribe e inexplicable occurr5ce to sup]natural ag5cy1 & ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m 0 z to ! nature ( t ag5cy4 ,! ,jews & _! hea!n neighb\rs 7 too accu/om$ to suppos$ pret]natural occurr5ces to feel mu* surprise or incr$ulity at ! acc\nt ( ,*ri/ian miracles2 & x is *>act]i/ic ( ! univ]sal sup]/ition ( ! p]iod t ! ,fa!rs did n dream ( d5y+ ! reality ( ,pagan miracles1 b m]ely attribut$ !m to demons1 :il/ !y ass]t$ ! ,div9e orig9 ( _! own4 ,! reality ( ! p[]s ( sorc]y 0 nev] que/ion$4 ,e m>vel & e n>rative ( sup]natural int]f]5ce ) human affairs seem$ matt] ( c\rse to ! sup]/iti\s cr$ulity ( ! age4 ,h[ev] mu* miracles are exceptions to ! ord] ( nature1 !y h always be5 ! rule 9 ! hi/ory ( ignorance4 ,9 fact1 ! excess ( belief 9 !m ?r\gh\t _m c5turies ( d>kness is fatal to _! claims to cr$5ce n[4 ,! ,*ri/ian miracles are r5d]$ almo/ z suspici\s f _! place 9 a long sequ5ce ( simil> occurr5ces1 z !y are by be+ exceptions #aed to ! sequ5ce ( natural ph5om5a4 ,x w\ld inde$ be extraord9>y if :ole cycles ( miracles occurr+ be=e & s9ce ^? ( ! ,gospels1 & 9 connection ) e religion1 c\ld be repudiat$ z fables1 & ^? alone ma9ta9$ z g5u9e4 ,no attempt is made to d5y ! fact t miracles are common to all times & to all religi\s cre$s4 ,dr4 ,newman /ates among/ ! conclusions ( 8 essay on ! miracles ( e>ly ecclesia/ical hi/ory3 ,t !re 0 no ,age ( ,miracles1 aft] :i* miracles ceas$2 t !re h be5 at all times true miracles & false miracles1 true acc\nts & false acc\nts2 t no au?oritative guide is suppli$ to u = draw+ ! l9e betwe5 ! two47#a7 ,dr4 ,mozley also admits t morbid love ( ! m>vell\s 9 ! human race has produc$ a con/ant /ream ( miracul\s pret5sion 9 ! _w1 :i* accompanies man :]ev] he is f\nd1 & is a "p ( 8 m5tal & physical hi/ory47#b7 ,ignorance & its inv>iable att5dant1 sup]/ition1 h done m ?an m]e love ( ! m>vell\s to produce & p]petuate belief 9 miracles1 & !re _c be any d\bt t ! removal ( ignorance always leads to ! cessation ( miracles47#c7 ,! ,bampton lectur] proce$s3 ',hea!nism _h its runn+ /ream ( sup]natural pret5sions 9 ! %ape ( prophecy1 exorcism1 & ! miracul\s cures ( diseases1 :i* ! temples ( ,esculapius record$ ) pomp\s display47#d7 ,s f> f ! ,gospel miracles be+ orig9al1 & a pres5tation1 = ! fir/ "t1 ( ph5om5a until !n unkn[n #aee & unlikely to sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d1 ,jewi% sup]naturalism 0 inde$ go+ on side by side ) our ,"l's miracles47#a7 ,dr4 ,mozley1 h[ev]1 rebuts ! inf]5ce :i* has be5 drawn f ?is3 ,t ,8 miracles c\ld n1 9 ! v nature ( ! case1 be evid5ces ( ,8 di/9ctive tea*+ & mission1 inasmu* z miracles 7 common to ,himself & ,8 oppon5ts1 by ! ass]tion t a v m>k$ di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! ,gospel miracles & all o!rs47#b7 ,he p]fectly recognizes ! consequ5ce if su* a di/9ction _c be cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,! criticism1 !re=e1 :i* evid5tial miracles1 or miracles :i* s]ve z evid5ce ( a revelation1 mu/ come up to1 if !y are to accompli% ! object = :i* !y are design$1 involves at ! outset ?is condition1--t ! evid5ce ( su* miracles mu/ be di/+ui%able f ! evid5ces ( ?is p]man5t /ream ( miracul\s pret5sion 9 ! _w2 t su* miracles mu/ be sep>at$ by an int]val n only f ! facts ( ! ord] ( nature1 b also f ! common runn+ miracul\s1 :i* is ! simple (f%oot ( human nature4 ,c evid5tial miracles be ins]t$ 9 ?is promiscu\s mass1 s z n to be conf\nd$ ) x1 b to ass]t _! own tru? & di/9ctive s\rce8 ,if !y _c !re is an end to ! pro( ( a revelation by miracles3 if !y c1 x rema9s to see :e!r ! ,*ri/ian miracles are ?us di/+ui%able1 & :e!r _! nature1 _! object1 & _! evid5ce v9dicate _! claim to ?is di/9ctive tru? & ,div9e s\rce47#c7 ,n[1 reg>d+ ?is di/9ction betwe5 ,gospel & #aef o!r miracles1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! religi\s feel+ :i* influ5c$ ! composition ( ! ,scripture n>ratives ( miracles naturally l$ to ! exclusion ( all t 0 pu]ile or ignoble 9 ! traditions pres]v$ reg>d+ ! ,great ,ma/]4 ,! elevat$ "* ( ,jesus af=d$ no basis = :at 0 petty1 & ! devotion ) :i* he 0 reg>d$ :5 ! ,gospels 7 writt5 insur$ ! noble/ treatm5t ( 8 hi/ory )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 consid] ! b>e facts compos+ ! miracles r ?an ! n>rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are said to h be5 produc$1 9 ord] rightly to judge ( ! comp>ative features ( diff]5t miracles4 ,if we take ! case ( a p]son rais$ f ! dead1 lit]>y skill may inve/ ! acc\nt ) m or less ( dramatic int]e/ & dignity1 b :e!r ! ma9 fact be surr\nd$ ) pa!tic & picturesque details14z 9 ! acc\nt ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 or ! p]son be simply re/or$ to life )\t !m1 x is ! fact ( ! resurrection :i* con/itutes ! miracle1 & x is 9 ! facts alone t we mu/ seek di/9ction1 disreg>d+ & di/ru/+ ! accessories4 ,9 ! "o case ! effect may be mu* m impressive1 b 9 ! o!r ! b>e rais+ ( ! dead is n a :it less miracul\s4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ to read ! ,gospel n>ratives ( miracles ) s mu* special v5]ation1 t x is n[ difficult to recognize h[ mu* ( ! di/9ction ( ^! miracles is due to ! composition1 & to _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus4 ,no o!r miracles1 or acc\nt ( miracles1 ev] _h su* collat]al advantages4 ,z works attribut$ to our sublime/ ,tea*]1 describ$ ) simple eloqu5ce &1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? 9 #aeg ! f\r? ,gospel1 ) arti/ic p]fection1 & read g5]ally ) rev]5tial wond] untemp]$ by a ?\ght ( criticism1 ^! miracles h seem$ to be surr\nd$ by a my/ic halo c]ta9ly n emanat+ f !mselves4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 !re=e1 t ! miracle lies 9 ! b>e act1 & n 9 its dramatic arrangem5t4 ,! re/oration ( life to a dead man is ! v same miracle :e!r x be effect$ by ! relics ( a sa9t or by ! ^w ( an apo/le4 ,a miracle is n antec$5tly m cr$ible because ( ! out/ret*$ arm & ^w ( comm&1 ?an x is 9 ! sil5ce ( ! %r9e4 ,be+ sup]natural1 ! real ag5cy is n se5 9 ei!r case1 al?\gh ! human m9d is m satisfi$ by ! pres5tation ( an app>5t cause 9 ! "o case1 :i* seems to be abs5t 9 ! o!r4 ,9 pref]r+ ! =m] type1 we are n only influ5c$ by a m dramatic n>rative1 b we select = belief ! miracle f :i* we c unconsci\sly elim9ate m ( ! miracul\s elem5ts1 by trac+ x to a visible natural cause :i* _c be se5 9 ! latt]4 ,! antec$5t incr$ibility ( miracles1 h[ev]1 is n affect$ by lit]>y skill1 & is indep5d5t ( sc5ic effect4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl9 says3 ,few po9ts pres5t great] difficulties ?an ! attempt to fix accurately ! mom5t :5 ^! miracul\s p[]s 7 )drawn f ! ,*ur*2 & he argues t !y 7 )drawn :5 x ent]$ into :at he calls its p]man5t /ate1 & no long] requir$ ^! props & /r5g!n+s ( ! infant plant47#a7 ,t _! retrocession 0 gradual1 he consid]s natural1 & he imag9es ! fulness ( ,div9e p[] z gradually wan+ z x 0 #aeh subdivid$1 fir/ among ! ,apo/les1 & !n among/ ! ev]-multiply+ memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 until by sub-division x became virtually ext9ct1 leav+ z a sub/itute ! /&+ wond] ( a ,*ur*47#a7 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n argum5t1 b m]ely ! ,ar*bi%op's fanciful explanation ( a s]i\s difficulty4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! ,gospel miracles 7 prec$$ & accompani$ by o!rs ( ! same type1 & we may "h m]ely m5tion exorcism ( demons1 & ! miracul\s cure ( disease1 z popul> in/ances2 !y 7 also foll[$ by a long succession ( o!rs1 q z well au!nticat$1 ^: occurr5ce only became less frequ5t 9 proportion z ! diffusion ( k dispell$ popul> cr$ulity4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day a /ray miracle is f "t to "t report$ 9 outly+ di/ricts1 :]e ! ignorance & sup]/ition :i* =m]ly produc$ s abundant a gr[? ( !m are n yet entirely dispell$4 ,papias ( ,hi]apolis n>rates a wond]ful /ory1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 :i* he _h he>d f ! daught]s ( ! ,apo/le ,philip1 :o liv$ at ! same "t 9 ,hi]apolis3 ,= he relates t a dead man 0 re/or$ to life 9 8 day47#b7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 speak+ ( 8 own "t1 frequ5tly ass]ts t ,*ri/ians /ill receive ! gift ( heal+1 ( =ekn[l$ge1 & ( prophecy17#c7 & he po9ts out to ! ,roman ,s5ate z a fact happ5+ "u _! own obs]vation1 t _m demoniacs ?r\gh\t all ! _w --,greek-- & 9 _! own city h #aei be5 heal$ & are heal$1 _m ( ! ,*ri/ian' m5 among is --,greek-- exorcis+ !m 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 subdu+ & expell+ ! possess+ demons out ( ! man1 al?\gh all ! o!r exorci/s ) incantations & spells _h fail$ to d s47#a7 ,!ophilus ( ,antio* likewise /ates t to 8 day demons are exorcis$47#b7 ,ir5aeus 9 ! cle>e/ mann] claims = ! ,*ur* ( 8 "t ! cont9u$ possession ( ! ,div9e --,greek-- ,he contra/s ! miracles ( ! foll[]s ( ,simon & ,c>pocrates1 :i* he ascribes to magical illusions1 ) ^? ( ,*ri/ians4 ,= !y c nei!r give sight to ! bl9d1 he cont9ues1 nor to ! deaf he>+1 nor ca/ out all demons1 b only ^? introduc$ by !mselves1 if !y c ev5 d t2 nor heal ! sick1 ! lame1 ! p>alytic1 nor ^? afflict$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body1 z has be5 (t5 done 9 reg>d to bodily infirmity4444 ,b s f> are !y f rais+ ! dead1--z ! ,"l rais$ !m & ! ,apo/les by pray]1 & z frequ5tly 9 ! bro!rhood1 :5 ! :ole ,*ur* 9 a place made supplication ) mu* fa/+ & pray]1 ! _s ( ! dead 0 con/ra9$ to return1 & ! man 0 freely re/or$ 9 answ] to ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts--t !y d n believe ?is c possibly be done47#c7 ,canon #afj ,mozley1 :o desires = ! purpose ( 8 argum5t to weak5 ! evid5ce ( patri/ic belief 9 ! cont9uance ( miracles1 says reg>d+ ?is la/ passage on rais+ ! dead3--,b ! ref]5ce is s vague t x possesses b little weight z te/imony47#a7 ,we %\ld be sorry to ?9k t ! vice1 :i* seems at pres5t to *>act]ize ! ,*ur* to :i* ,dr4 ,mozley belongs1 ( mak+ simple language mean any?+ or no?+ j z any "o happ5s to wi%1 %\ld be introduc$ into critical or hi/orical /udies4 ,! language ( ,ir5aeus is vague only 9 s f> z specific detail$ in/ances are n giv5 ( ! miracles ref]r$ to2 b no language c\ld be m def9ite or explicit to express ! mean+ ( ,ir5aeus1 namely1 ! ass]tion t ! pray]s ( ,*ri/ian communities _h frequ5tly re/or$ ! dead to life4 ,eusebius1 :o quotes ! passage1 & :o has pres]v$ to u ! orig9al ,greek1 cle>ly recogniz$ ?is4 ,he says1 :5 mak+ ! quotations3 ,9 ! second book ( ! same "w he 7,ir5aeus7 te/ifies t up to 8 "t tok5s ( ,div9e & miracul\s p[] rema9$ 9 "s ,*ur*es17#b7 ,9 ! next *apt] ,ir5aeus fur!r says3--,on :i* acc\nt1 also1 8 true disciples receiv+ grace f him1 "w 7miracles7 9 8 "n = ! b5efit ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 accord+ to ! gift receiv$ f him by ea* ( !m4 ,= "s d c]ta9ly & truly --,greek-- ca/ out demons1 s t frequ5tly ^? v m5 :o h ?us be5 cleans$ f ! evil spirits bo? #afa believe & are n[ 9 ! *ur*4 ,& "s h =ekn[l$ge ( future occurr5ces1 & visions1 & prophetic utt]ances4 ,o!rs heal ! sick by ! imposition ( h&s & make !m :ole4 ,inde$1 z we h already /at$1 ev5 ! dead h be5 rais$ up1 & h rema9$ ) u = _m ye>s4 ,& :at m %all ,i say8 ,x is n possible to /ate ! numb] ( ! gifts :i* ! ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ! _w has receiv$ f ,god 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate1 & :i* %e ea* day employs = ! b5efit ( ! hea!n1 c47#a7 ,t]tullian speaks ) ! mo/ p]fect assurance ( miracles occurr+ 9 8 day1 & ( ! p[] ( heal+ & ( ca/+ out devils /ill possess$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,9 "o place1 = iu/ance1 aft] ass]t+ ! p[] :i* !y h g5]ally ov] demons1 s t if a p]son possess$ by a devil be br\ght be=e "o ( ! ,roman tribunals1 a foll[] ( ,*ri/ c at once compel ! wick$ _s )9 him to confess t he is a demon1 ev5 if he _h be=e ass]t$ himself to be a ,god1 he proce$s to say3 ,s at our t\* & brea?+1 viol5tly affect$ by ! contemplation & repres5tation ( ^? fires 7( hell7 !y 7demons7 also dep>t at our comm& out ( bodies1 reluctant & compla9+1 & put to %ame #afb 9 y\r pres5ce47#a7 ,he decl>es t al?\gh dreams are *iefly inflict$ ^u u by demons1 yet !y are also s5t by ,god1 & inde$ almo/ ! great] "p ( mank9d d]ive _! k conc]n+ ,god f visions47#b7 ,he1 else:]e1 /ates t he himself kn[s t a bro!r 0 sev]ely ca/igat$ by a vision ! same night on :i* 8 slaves _h1 )\t 8 k1 done some?+ repreh5sible47#c7 ,he n>rates z an in/ance ( ! cont9u$ possession ( spiritual *>ismata by ,*ri/ians3 ,!re is at ?is day among u a si/] :o has ! gift ( revelations1 :i* %e receives 9 *ur* amid/ ! solemnities ( ! ,"l's day by ec/asy 9 ! _s3 %e conv]ses ) angels1 & sometimes also ) ! ,"l1 & %e bo? he>s & sees my/]ies 7sacram5ta71 & %e reads ! he>ts ( "s m51 & prescribes m$ic9es to ^? :o are 9 ne$47#d7 ,t]tullian goes on to say t1 aft] ! p 7 dismiss$ f ! ,*ur*1 ?is si/] 0 9 ! regul> habit ( report+ :at %e _h se51 & t mo/ dilig5t inquiries 7 made 9 ord] to te/ ! tru? ( h] communications27#e7 & aft] n>rat+ a vision ( a disembodi$ s\l v\*saf$ to h]1 he /ates3 ,?is is ! vision1 ,god be+ witness1 & #afc ! ,apo/le7#a7 hav+ =etold t su* spiritual gifts %\ld be 9 ! ,*ur*47#b7 ,fur!r on ,t]tullian relates ano!r /ory )9 8 own k3 ,i "k ! case ( a woman1 born )9 ! fold ( ! ,*ur*1 :o 0 9 ! prime ( life & beauty4 ,aft] be+ b once1 & only a %ort "t1 m>ri$1 hav+ fall5 asleep 9 peace1 9 ! int]val be=e int]m5t 7sp47 :5 ! presbyt] began to pray z %e 0 be+ made ready = burial1 at ! fir/ brea? ( pray] %e remov$ h] h&s f h] sides1 fold$ !m 9 ! attitude ( supplication1 & aga91 :5 ! la/ rites 7 ov]1 re/or$ !m to _! =m] position47#c7 ,he !n m5tions ano!r /ory kn[n among/ !m3 t a dead body 9 a cemet]y mov$ itself 9 ord] to make room beside x = ano!r body27#d7 & !n he rem>ks3 ,if simil> cases are also report$ among/ ! hea!n1 we conclude t ,god displays signs ( 8 p[] = ! consolation ( 8 own p1 & z a te/imony to o!rs47#e7 ,aga91 he m5tions cases :]e ,*ri/ians _h cur$ p]sons ( demoniacal possession1 & adds3 ,& h[ _m m5 ( position 7= we d n speak ( ! vulg>7 h be5 deliv]$ ei!r f devils or f diseases47#f7 ,t]tullian #afd 9 ! same place ref]s to ! miracle ( ! ,?und]+ ,legion17#a7 & he exclaims3 ,:5 inde$ h n dr\ghts be5 remov$ by our pray]s & fa/+s47#b7 ,m9ucius ,felix speaks ( ! ca/+ out ( devils f sick p]sons by ,*ri/ians 9 8 own day1 z a matt] ( public notoriety ev5 among ,pagans47#c7 ,/4 ,cyprian e*oes ! same ass]tions47#d7 ,he likewise m5tions cases ( miracul\s puni%m5t inflict$ ^u p]sons :o _h laps$ f ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,"o ( ^!1 :o asc5d$ ! ,capitol to make d5ial ( ,*ri/1 sudd5ly became dumb aft] he _h spok5 ! words47#f7 ,ano!r1 a woman1 0 seiz$ by an unclean _s ev5 at ! ba?s1 & bit ) h] own tee? ! impi\s tongue :i* _h eat5 ! idolatr\s food1 or spok5 ! words1 & %e %ortly expir$ 9 great agony47#f7 ,he likewise ma9ta9s t ,*ri/ians are admoni%$ by ,god 9 dreams & by visions1 ( :i* he m5tions in/ances47#g7 ,orig5 claims = ,*ri/ians ! p[] /ill to expel demons1 & to heal diseases 9 ! "n ( ,jesus17#h7 & he /ates t he _h se5 _m p]sons s cur$ ( madness & c\ntless o!r evils1 :i* c\ld n be o!rwise cur$ by m5 or devils47#i7 ,lactantius repeat$ly ass]ts ! p[] ( ,*ri/ians ov] demons2 !y make !m flee f bodies :5 !y adjure !m 9 ! "n ( ,god47#aj7 ,pass+ ov] ! num]\s apocryphal writ+s ( ! e>ly c5turies ( our era1 9 :i* _m miracles are #afe record$1 we f9d 9 ! pages ( ,eusebius n>ratives ( _m miracul\s occurr5ces4 ,_m miracles are ascrib$ to ,n>cissus1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 ( :i* ,eusebius relates sev]al4 ,:il/ ! vigils ( ! great wat* ( ! ,passov] 7 be+ kept1 ! oil fail$1 :]eupon ,n>cissus comm&$ t wat] f ! neighb\r+ well %\ld be p\r$ into ! lamps4 ,hav+ pray$ ov] ! wat]1 x 0 *ang$ into oil1 ( :i* a specim5 _h be5 pres]v$ until t "t47#a7 ,on ano!r occasion1 ?ree m5 hav+ spread "s vile sl&]s aga9/ ,n>cissus1 :i* !y confirm$ by an oa?1 & ) imprecations ^u !mselves ( dea? by a mis]able disease1 ( dea? by fire1 & ( bl9dness1 respectively1 if _! /atem5ts 7 n true1 omnipot5t ju/ice 9 ea* case inflict$ ^u ! wret*es ! curse :i* ea* _h invok$47#b7 ,! election ( ,fabianus to ! ,episcopal *air ( ,rome 0 m>k$ by ! desc5t ( a dove f on high1 :i* re/$ ^u 8 head1 z ! ,holy ,gho/ _h desc5d$ ^u our ,savi\r47#c7 ,at ,caes>ea ,philippi !re is a /atue ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* ,eusebius /ates t he himself _h se51 said to h be5 erect$ by ! woman heal$ ( ! bloody issue1 & on ! p$e/al gr[s a /range plant z high z ! hem ( ! braz5 g>m5t1 :i* is an antidote to all diseases47#d7 ,great miracles are record$ z tak+ place dur+ ! p]secutions 9 ,caes>ea47#e7 ,gregory ( ,nyssa gives an acc\nt ( _m wond]ful works p]=m$ by 8 namesake ,gregory ( ,neo-,caes>ea1 :o 0 call$ ,?aumaturgus f ! miracul\s p[] :i* he possess$ & v freely #aff ex]cis$4 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! ,apo/le ,john appe>$ to him1 on "o occasion1 :5 he 0 9 d\bt z to ! doctr9e :i* he ought to prea*1 &1 at ! reque/ ( ,m>y1 ! ,apo/le gave him all ne$ful in/ructions47#a7 ,if 8 fai? did n move m\nta9s1 x mov$ a huge rock to conv]t a pagan prie/47#b7 ,he drove a demon out ( a hea!n temple 9 :i* he _h tak5 refuge1 & ! evil _s c\ld n re-ent] until he gave p]mission47#c7 ,nyss5 relates h[ ,/4 ,gregory av]t$ an arm$ conte/ ( two bro!rs :o qu>rell$ ab\t ! possession ( a lake on _! fa!r's prop]ty4 ,! sa9t pass$ ! night 9 pray] beside ! lake1 & 9 ! morn+ x 0 f\nd dri$ up47#d7 ,on ano!r occasion he rescu$ ! c\ntry f ! deva/ation ( a m\nta9 /ream1 :i* p]iodically bur/ ! dykes by :i* x 0 re/ra9$ & inundat$ ! pla94 ,he w5t on foot to ! place1 & invok+ ! "n ( ,*ri/1 fix$ 8 /aff 9 ! e>? at ! place :]e ! torr5t _h brok5 ?r\gh4 ,! /aff took root & became a tree1 & ! /ream nev] aga9 bur/ its b\nds4 ,! inhabitants ( ! di/rict 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by ?is miracle4 ,! tree 0 /ill liv+ 9 ,nyss5's "t1 & he _h se5 ! b$ ( ! lake cov]$ ) trees1 pa/ures1 & cottages47#e7 ,two vagabond ,jews once attempt$ to deceive him4 ,"o ( !m lay d[n & pret5d$ to be dead1 :ile ! o!r begg$ money f ! sa9t :]e) to buy him a %r\d4 ,/4 ,gregory quietly took (f 8 cloak & laid x on ! man1 & #afg walk$ away4 ,8 companion f\nd t he 0 really dead47#a7 ,/4 ,gregory expell$ demons f p]sons possess$1 heal$ ! sick & p]=m$ _m o!r miracles27#b7 & 8 signs & wond]s are n only atte/$ by ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 b by ,/4 ,basil17#c7 ^: gr&mo!r1 ,/4 ,macr9a1 0 br\ght up at ,neo-,caes>ea by ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ! sa9t4 ,a?anasius1 9 8 memoir ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 :o began to lead ! life ( a recluse ab\t a4d4 #bgj1 gives p>ticul>s ( _m miracles p]=m$ by ! sa9t4 ,al?\gh he possess$ great p[] ov] demons1 & deliv]$ _m p]sons possess$ by !m1 ,satan torm5t$ him sadly1 & he 0 con/antly beset by legions ( devils4 ,"o night ,satan ) a troop ( evil spirits s belab\r$ ! sa9t t he lay on ! gr\nd spee*less & almo/ dead f _! bl[s47#d7 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! case ( ,natalius1 :o 0 sc\rg$ by angels dur+ a :ole night1 till he 0 br\ght to rep5tance47#e7 ,^u "o occasion :5 ,/4 ,an?ony _h retir$ to 8 cell resolv$ to pass a "t 9 p]fect solitude1 a c]ta9 soldi] came to 8 door & rema9$ long !re knock+ & supplicat+ ! sa9t to come & deliv] 8 daught]1 :o 0 torm5t$ by a demon4 ,at l5g? ,/4 ,an?ony address$ ! man & told him to g1 & if he believ$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ & pray$ to ,god1 8 pray] %\ld #afh be fulfill$4 ,! man believ$1 invok$ ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 8 daught] 0 deliv]$ f ! demon47#a7 ,z ,an?ony 0 once travell+ across ! des]t to visit ano!r mona/]y1 ! wat] ( ! c>avan fail$ !m1 & 8 companions 9 despair ?rew !mselves on ! gr\nd4 ,/4 ,an?ony1 h[ev]1 retir$ a little ap>t1 & 9 answ] to 8 pray] a spr+ ( wat] issu$ at ! place :]e he 0 kneel+47#b7 ,a man nam$ ,fronto1 :o 0 afflict$ ) leprosy1 begg$ 8 pray]s1 & 0 ord]$ by ! sa9t to g into ,egypt1 :]e he %\ld be heal$4 ,fronto at fir/ refus$1 b be+ told t he c\ld n be heal$ if he rema9$1 ! sick man w5t believ+1 & z soon z he came 9 sight ( ,egypt he 0 made :ole47#c7 ,ano!r miracle 0 p]=m$ by ,an?ony at ,alex&ria 9 ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,a?anasius4 ,z !y 7 leav+ ! city a woman cri$ aft] him1 ,man ( ,god1 /ay2 my daught] is cruelly tr\bl$ by a demon2 & %e entreat$ him to /op le/ %e h]self %\ld die 9 runn+ aft] him4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,a?anasius & ! re/1 ! sa9t paus$1 & z ! woman came up h] daught] fell on ! gr\nd convuls$4 ,/4 ,an?ony pray$ 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & imm$iately ! girl rose p]fectly re/or$ to heal?1 & deliv]$ f ! evil _s47#d7 ,he a/oni%$ a numb] ( pagan philosoph]s1 :o _h come to dispute ) him1 by deliv]+ sev]al demoniacs1 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross ov] !m ?ree times1 & invok+ ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/47#e7 ,x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to multiply in/ances ( 8 miracul\s p[] to drive out demons & heal diseases17#f7 & to p]=m o!r #afi wond]ful works4 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 :o 0 himself = a long "t a p]sonal foll[] ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 prote/s 9 8 preface to ! biography 8 g5]al accuracy1 he hav+ ev]y:]e be5 m9dful ( ! tru?47#a7 ,hil>ion1 aga91 a disciple ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 p]=m$ _m miracles1 an acc\nt ( "s ( :i* is giv5 by ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,he re/or$ sight to a woman :o _h be5 bl9d = no less ?an t5 ye>s2 he ca/ out devils1 & miracul\sly cur$ _m diseases4 ,ra9 fell 9 answ] to 8 pray]s2 & he fur!r exhibit$ 8 p[] ov] ! elem5ts by calm+ a /ormy sea4 ,:5 he 0 buri$1 t5 mon?s aft] 8 dea?1 n only 0 8 body z p]fect z ?\gh he _h be5 alive1 b x emitt$ a delightful p]fume4 ,he 0 s fav\r$ ( ,god t1 long aft]1 diseases 7 heal$ & demons expell$ at 8 tomb47#b7 ,/4 ,mac>ius1 ! ,egyptian1 is said to h re/or$ a dead man to life 9 ord] to conv9ce an unbeliev] ( ! tru? ( ! resurrection47#c7 ,/4 ,m>t91 ( ,t\rs1 re/or$ to life a c]ta9 cate*um5 :o _h di$ ( a fev]1 & ,sulpicius1 8 disciple1 /ates t ! man1 :o liv$ = _m ye>s aft]1 0 kn[n to himself1 al?\gh n until aft] ! miracle4 ,he also re/or$ to life a s]vant :o _h hung himself47#d7 ,he p]=m$ a multitude ( o!r miracles1 to :i* we ne$ n "h m m9utely ref]4 ,! relics ( ! two m>tyrs ,protavius & ,g]vasius1 ^: bones1 ) mu* fre% blood1 ! miracul\s evid5ce ( _! m>tyrdom & id5tity1 7 discov]$ by ,/4 ,ambrose1 work$ a #agj numb] ( miracles4 ,a man suff]+ f demoniacal possession indicat$ ! proximity ( ! relics by 8 convulsions4 ,/4 ,augu/9e /ates t he himself 0 9 ,milan :5 a bl9d man1 :o m]ely t\*$ ! clo? :i* cov]$ ! two bodies z !y 7 be+ mov$ to a neighb\r+ *ur*1 rega9$ 8 sight47#a7 ,paul9us relates _m miracles p]=m$ by 8 ma/]1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 himself4 ,he n only ca/ out _m demons & heal$ ! sick17#b7 b he also rais$ ! dead4 ,:il/ ! sa9t 0 /ay+ 9 ! h\se ( a di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian fri5d1 8 *ild1 :o1 a few days be=e1 _h be5 deliv]$ f an unclean _s1 sudd5ly expir$4 ,! "m1 an exce$+ly religi\s woman1 full ( fai? & ! fe> ( ,god1 c>ri$ ! dead boy d[n & laid him on ! sa9t's b$ dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,:5 ,/4 ,ambrose return$1 fill$ ) compassion = ! "m & /ruck by h] fai?1 he /ret*$ himself1 l ,eli%a1 on ! body ( ! *ild1 pray+1 & re/or$ him liv+ to 8 "m4 ,paul9us relates ?is miracle ) m9ute p>ticul>s ( "n & address47#c7 ,/4 ,augu/9e ass]ts t miracles are /ill p]=m$ 9 8 day 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ei!r by means ( 8 sacram5ts or by ! pray]s or relics ( 8 sa9ts1 al?\gh !y are n s well-kn[n z ^? ( old1 & he gives an acc\nt ( _m miracles :i* _h rec5tly tak5 place47#d7 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! miracle p]=m$ by ! relics ( ! two m>tyrs ^u ! bl9d man 9 ,milan1 :i* occurr$ :5 he 0 !re1 he goes on to n>rate ! miracul\s cure ( a fri5d ( #aga 8 own1 nam$ ,innoc5t1 =m]ly advocate ( ! prefecture1 9 ,c>?age1 :]e ,augu/9e 01 & beheld x ) 8 own eyes 7ubi nos int]fuimus et oculis aspeximus no/ris74 ,a lady ( rank 9 ! same city 0 miracul\sly heal$ ( an incurable canc]1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e is indignant at ! apa?y ( h] fri5ds1 :i* all[$ s great a miracle to be s little kn[n47#a7 ,an inhabitant ( ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,curubis 0 cur$ ( p>alysis & o!r ills by be+ baptiz$4 ,:5 ,augu/9e he>d ( ?is1 al?\gh x 0 report$ on v good au?ority1 ! man himself 0 br\ght to ,c>?age by ord] ( ! holy bi%op ,aurelius1 9 ord] t ! tru? might be asc]ta9$4 ,augu/9e /ates t1 on "o occasion dur+ 8 abs5ce1 a tribunitian man among/ !m nam$ ,hesp]ius1 :o _h a f>m close by1 call$ ,zub$i1 9 ! ,fussalian di/rict1 begg$ "o ( ! ,*ri/ian presbyt]s to g & drive away "s evil spirits ^: malice sorely afflict$ 8 s]vants & cattle4 ,"o ( ! presbyt]s accord+ly w5t1 & (f]$ ! sacrifice ( ! body ( ,*ri/ ) e>ne/ pray]1 & by ! m]cy ( ,god1 ! evil 0 remov$4 ,n[ ,hesp]ius happ5$ to h receiv$ f "o ( 8 fri5ds a piece ( ! sacr$ e>? ( ,j]usalem1 :]e ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 buri$ & rose aga9 ! ?ird day1 & he _h hung x up 9 8 room to protect himself f ! evil spirits4 ,:5 8 h\se _h be5 fre$ f !m1 h[ev]1 he begg$ ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 colleague ,maxim9us1 :o happ5$ to be 9 t neighb\rhood1 to come to him1 & aft] tell+ !m all t _h happ5$1 he pray$ !m to bury ! piece ( e>? 9 "s place :]e ,*ri/ians c\ld assemble = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!y cons5t$1 & did z he desir$4 ,a "y peasant ( ! neighb\rhood1 :o 0 p>alytic1 he>+ ( ?is1 begg$ t he might be c>ri$ )\t delay to ! holy spot1 :]e he (f]$ up pray]1 & rose up & w5t away on 8 feet p]fectly cur$4 ,ab\t ?irty miles f ,hippo1 at a f>m call$ ,victoriana1 !re 0 a memorial to ! two m>tyrs ,protavius & ,g]vasius4 ,to ?is1 ,augu/9e relates1 0 br\ght a "y man :o1 hav+ gone "o summ] day at noon to wat] 8 horse 9 ! riv]1 0 possess$ by a demon4 ,! lady to :om ! place belong$ came accord+ to h] cu/om 9 ! ev5+1 ) h] s]vants & "s holy wom5 to s+ hymns & pray4 ,on he>+ !m ! demoniac />t$ up & seiz$ ! alt> ) a t]rible %udd]1 )\t d>+ to move1 & z if b\nd to x1 & ! demon pray+ ) a l\d voice = m]cy confess$ :]e & :5 he _h ent]$ into ! "y man4 ,at la/ ! demon nam$ all ! memb]s ( 8 body1 ) ?reats to cut !m (f z he made 8 exit1 &1 say+ ^! words1 came out ( him4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 ! eye ( ! y\? fell f its socket on to 8 *eek1 reta9$ only by a small ve9 z by a root1 :il/ ! pupil became altoge!r :ite4 ,well pleas$1 h[ev]1 t ! "y man _h be5 fre$ f ! evil _s1 !y return$ ! eye to its place z well z !y c\ld1 & b\nd x up ) a h&k]*ief1 pray+ f]v5tly1 & "o ( 8 relatives said3 ,god :o drove out ! demon at ! pray] ( 8 sa9ts c also re/ore ! sight4 ,on remov+ ! b&age sev5 days aft]1 ! eye 0 f\nd p]fectly :ole4 ,/4 ,augu/9e knew a girl ( #agc ,hippo :o 0 deliv]$ f a demon by ! application ( oil ) :i* _h m+l$ ! te>s ( ! presbyt] :o 0 pray+ = h]4 ,he also knew a bi%op :o pray$ = a y\? possess$ by a demon1 al?\gh he _h n ev5 se5 him1 & ! "y man 0 at once cur$4 ,augu/9e fur!r gives p>ticul>s ( _m miracles p]=m$ by ! relics ( ! mo/ glori\s m>tyr ,/eph547#a7 ,by _! virtue ! bl9d receive _! sight1 ! sick are heal$1 ! imp5it5t conv]t$1 & ! dead are re/or$ to life4 ,&urus is ! "n ( an e/ate1 ,augu/9e says1 :]e !re is a *ur* & 9 x a %r9e d$icat$ to ! m>tyr ,/eph54 ,a c]ta9 little boy 0 play+ 9 ! c\rt1 :5 unruly bullocks draw+ a waggon cru%$ him ) ! :eel1 & imm$iately he lay 9 ! agonies ( dea?4 ,!n 8 "m rais$ him up1 & plac$ him at ! %r9e1 & he n only came to life aga91 b _h manife/ly receiv$ no injury47#b7 ,a c]ta9 religi\s woman1 :o liv$ 9 a neighb\r+ prop]ty call$ ,caspalianus1 be+ dang]\sly ill & h] life despair$ (1 h] tunic 0 c>ri$ to ! same %r9e1 b be=e x 0 br\ght back %e _h expir$4 ,nev]!less1 h] relatives cov]$ ! body ) ?is tunic1 & %e receiv$ back ! _s & 0 made :ole47#c7 ,at ,hippo1 a c]ta9 man nam$ #agd ,bassus1 a ,syrian1 0 pray+ at ! %r9e ( ! same m>tyr = 8 daught] :o 0 sick & 9 great p]il1 & he _h br\ght h] dress ) him2 :5 lo6 "s ( 8 h\sehold came runn+ to ann\nce to him t %e 0 dead4 ,b z he 0 engag$ 9 pray] !y 7 /opp$ by 8 fri5ds1 :o prev5t$ _! tell+ him1 le/ he %\ld give way to 8 grief 9 public4 ,:5 he return$ to 8 h\se1 :i* already res\nd$ ) ! wail+ ( 8 h\sehold1 he ca/ ov] ! body ( 8 daught] h] mantle :i* he _h ) him1 & imm$iately %e 0 re/or$ to life47#a7 ,aga91 9 ! same city1 ! son ( a c]ta9 man among u nam$ ,ir5aeus1 a collector ( taxes1 became sick & di$4 ,z ! dead body lay1 & !y 7 prep>+ ) wail+ & lam5tation to bury x1 "o ( 8 fri5ds consol+ him sugge/$ t ! body %\ld be ano9t$ ) oil f ! same m>tyr4 ,?is 0 done1 & ! *ild came to life aga947#b7 ,9 ! same way a man among/ u nam$ ,eleus9us1 =m]ly a tribune1 laid ! body ( 8 *ild1 :o _h di$ f sickness1 on a memorial ( ! m>tyr :i* is 9 8 villa 9 ! suburbs1 & aft] he _h pray$1 ) _m te>s1 he took up ! *ild liv+47#c7 #age ,we %all meet ) m ( ^! miracles 9 consid]+ ! argum5ts ( ,dr4 ,mozley4 ,9 a note he says3 ,augu/9e aga91 long aft]1 alludes 9 8 li/ ( miracles 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xxii4 #h17 to "s cases 9 :i* p]sons _h be5 rais$ to life aga9 by pray] & ! int]cession ( m>tyrs1 ^: relics 7 appli$4 ,b ?\gh ,augu/9e relates ) great p>ticul>ity & l5g? ( detail "s cases ( recov]ies f compla9ts 9 answ] to pray]1 8 notices ( ! cases 9 :i* p]sons _h be5 rais$ to life aga91 are s %ort1 b>e1 & summ>y1 t !y evid5tly repres5t no m ?an m]e report1 & report ( a v vague k9d4 ,inde$1 ) ! preface :i* he prefixes to 8 li/1 he _c be said ev5 to pr(ess to gu>antee ! tru? or accuracy ( ! diff]5t in/ances conta9$ 9 x4 ',haec autem1 ubicunque fiunt1 ibi sciuntur vix a tota ipsa civitate vel quocumque comman5tium loco4 ,nam pl]umque etiam ibi paucissimi sciunt1 ignorantibus eset]is1 maxime si magna sit civitas2 et qu&o alibi aliisque n>rantur1 non tantum ea comm5dat auctoritas1 ut s9e difficultate vel dubitatione cr$antur1 quamvis ,*ri/ianis fidelibus a fidelibus indic5tur4' ,he puts d[n ! cases z he receiv$ !m1 !n1 )\t pl$g+ himself to _! au!nticity4 ',eu*>ius presbyt]444 mortuus sic jacebat ut ei jam pol-lices lig>5tur3 opitulatione memorati m>tyris1 cum de memoria ejus reportata fuisset et supra jac5tis corpus missa ipsius presbyt]i tunica1 suscitatus e/444 ,&urus nom5 e/ ,c417#a7 & !n ,dr4 ,mozley gives ! passage already quot$ by u4 ,be=e cont9u+1 #agf we mu/ rem>k ) reg>d to ! passages j quot$1 t1 9 ! miracle ( ,eu*>ius1 ,dr4 ,mozley1 )\t explanation1 omits details4 ,! :ole passage is z foll[s3 ,eu*>ius1 a presbyt] f ,spa91 resid$ at ,calama1 :o _h = a long "t suff]$ f /one4 ,by ! relics ( ! same m>tyr1 :i* ! ,bi%op ,possidius br\ght to him1 he 0 made :ole4 ,! same presbyt]1 aft]w>ds succumb+ to ano!r disease1 lay dead1 s t !y 7 already b9d+ 8 h&s4 ,succ\r came f ! relics ( ! m>tyr1 = ! tunic ( ! presbyt] be+ br\ght back f ! relics & plac$ ^u 8 body he reviv$47#a7 ,a writ] :o compla9s ( ! b>5ess ( n>ratives1 %\ld c]ta9ly n curtail _! /atem5ts4 ,dr4 ,mozley cont9ues3 ,!re are ?ree o!r cases ( ! same k9d1 9 :i* !re is no?+ to v]ify ! dea? f :i* ! return to life is said to take place1 z be+ m ?an m]e susp5sion ( ! vital p[]s2 b ! writ] does n g into p>ticul>s ( description or pro(1 b simply ins]ts !m 9 8 li/ z !y h be5 report$ to him47#c7 ,dr4 ,mozley is anxi\s to detract f ! miracles describ$ by ,augu/9e1 & we regret to be oblig$ to ma9ta9 t 9 ord] to d s he misrepres5ts1 no d\bt un9t5tionally1 ,augu/9e's /atem5ts1 &1 z we ?9k1 also unduly depreciates ! comp>ative value ( ! evid5ce4 ,we %all briefly ref] to ! two po9ts 9 "q4 ,i4 ,t 8 notices ( ! cases 9 :i* p]sons _h be5 rais$ to life aga9 are s %ort1 #agg b>e1 & summ>y t !y evid5tly repres5t no m ?an m]e report1 & report ( a v vague k9d4 ,,ii4 ,t ) ! preface :i* ,augu/9e prefixes to 8 li/1 he _c be said ev5 to pr(ess to gu>antee ! tru? or accuracy ( ! diff]5t in/ances conta9$ 9 x4 ,x is true t 9 sev]al cases ,augu/9e gives ! acc\nt ( miracul\s cures at great] l5g? ?an ^? ( re/oration to life4 ,x seems to u t ?is is almo/ inevitable at all times1 & t ! reason is obvi\s4 ,:]e ! miracle consi/s m]ely ( ! cure ( disease1 details are naturally giv5 to %[ ! nature & int5sity ( ! sickness1 & !y are necess>y n only = ! compreh5sion ( ! cure b to %[ its importance4 ,9 ! case ( re/oration to life1 ! m]e /atem5t ( ! dea? & ass]tion ( ! subsequ5t resurrection exclude all ne$ ( details4 ,! pi?y r$dita e/ vitae1 or factum e/ et revixit is m /rik+ ?an any m prolix n>rative4 ,9 fact1 ! great] ! miracle ! m natural is concis5ess & simplicity2 & practically1 we f9d t ,augu/9e gives a m l5g?y & v]bose report ( trifl+ cures1 :il/ he relates ! m important ) great] brevity & =ce4 ,he n>rates _m ( 8 cases ( miracul\s cure1 h[ev]1 z briefly z ^? 9 :i* ! dead are rais$4 ,we h quot$ ! latt]1 & ! read] mu/ judge :e!r !y are unduly curt4 ,"o ?+ may be affirm$1 t no?+ ( importance is omitt$1 & 9 reg>d to ess5tial details !y are z explicit z ! mass ( o!r cases report$4 ,9 e in/ance names & addresses are /at$1 & x w h be5 obs]v$ t all ^! miracles occurr$ 91 or close to1 ,hippo1 & 9 8 own diocese4 ,x is v c]ta9 t 9 #agh e case ! fact ( ! miracle is ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ direct & positive t]ms4 ,!re c be no mi/ake ei!r z to ! mean+ or int5tion ( ! n>rative1 & !re is no symptom :atev] ( a ?\ght on ! "p ( ,augu/9e to avoid ! responsibility ( 8 /atem5ts1 or to give !m z m]e vague report4 ,if wo comp>e ^! acc\nts ) ^? ( ! ,gospels1 we d n f9d !m defici5t 9 any ess5tial detail common to ! latt]4 ,!re is 9 ! synoptic ,gospels only "o case 9 :i* ,jesus is said to h rais$ ! dead4 ,! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]7#a7 has long be5 ab&on$1 z a case ( re/oration to life1 by all critics & !ologians1 except ! few :o /ill p]si/ 9 ignor+ ! di/9ct & positive decl>ation ( ,jesus1 ,! damsel is n dead b sleepe?4 ,! only case1 !re=e1 9 ! ,synoptics is ! acc\nt 9 ! ?ird ,gospel ( ! rais+ ( ! wid['s son17#c7 ( :i*1 /range to say1 ! o!r ,gospels "k no?+4 ,n[1 al?\gh1 z might h be5 expect$1 ?is n>rative is mu* m highly col\r$ & picturesque1 ! diff]5ce is *iefly lit]>y1 &1 inde$1 !re are really few] important details giv5 ?an 9 ! acc\nt by ,augu/9e1 = in/ance1 ( ! re/oration to life ( ! daught] ( ,bassus ! ,syrian1 :i* took place at ,hippo1 ( :i* he 0 bi%op1 & :]e he actually resid$4 ,augu/9e's object 9 giv+ 8 li/ ( miracles did n require him to write picturesque n>ratives4 ,he m]ely desir$ to /ate b>e facts1 :il/ ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels compos$ ! ,life ( _! ,ma/]1 9 :i* int]e/+ details 7 ev]y?+4 ,= _m reasons we refra9 "h f allud+ to ! arti/ic n>rative ( ! rais+ #agi ( ,laz>us1 ! greate/ miracle ascrib$ to ,jesus1 yet s s+ul>ly unkn[n to ! o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s1 :o1 s readily repeat+ ! acc\nts ( trifl+ cures1 w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly n h neglect$ ?is _h !y ev] he>d ( x4 ,dr4 ,mozley compla9s ( ! abs5ce ( v]ification & pro( ( actual dea? 9 ^! cases1 or t !y 7 m ?an m]e susp5sion ( ! vital p[]s4 ,we cordially agree ) him 9 ! desire = su* evid5ce1 n only 9 ^!1 b 9 all miracles4 ,we w\ld ask1 h[ev]1 :at v]ification ( ! dea? h we 9 ! case ( ! wid['s son :i* we h n "h8 ,if we apply su* a te/ to ! miracles ( ! ,gospels1 we mu/ reject !m z c]ta9ly z ^? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,9 nei!r case h we m ?an a m]e /atem5t t ! subjects ( ^! miracles 7 dead or diseas$4 ,s f> are we f hav+ any compet5t m$ical evid5ce ( ! reality ( ! dea?1 or ( ! disease1 or ( ! p]man5ce ( ! suppos$ cures 9 ! ,gospels1 t we h little m ?an ! b>e/ reports ( ^! miracles by writ]s :o1 ev5 if _! id5tity 7 e/abli%$1 7 n1 & d n pret5d to h be51 eye-witnesses ( ! occurr5ces :i* !y relate4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is v rais+ ( ! wid['s son 9 ! ?ird ,gospel1 :i* is unkn[n to ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 & ! n>rative ( :i* is giv5 only 9 a ,gospel :i* is n attribut$ to a p]sonal foll[] ( ,jesus4 ,n[ we turn to ! second /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,mozley1 t ) ! preface :i* ,augu/9e prefixes to 8 li/1 he _c be said ev5 to pr(ess to gu>antee ! tru? or accuracy ( ! diff]5t in/ances conta9$ 9 x4 ,?is extraord9>y ass]tion is support$ by a quotation #ahj giv5 above1 :i* ,dr4 ,mozley has sep>at$ f :at prec$es & foll[s x1 s t its real mean+ is sc>cely app>5t4 ,we %all z briefly z possible /ate :at is actually ! preface ( ,/4 ,augu/9e to 8 li/ ( miracles1 & 8 av[$ object = giv+ x4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ,augu/9e has be5 argu+ t ! _w believ$ 9 ,*ri/ by virtue ( div9e influ5ce & n by human p]suasion4 ,he cont5ds t x is ridicul\s to speak ( ! false div9ity ( ,romulus :5 ,*ri/ians speak ( ,*ri/4 ,if1 9 ! "t ( ,romulus1 "s #fjj ye>s be=e ,cic]o1 p 7 s enlight5$ t !y refus$ to believe any?+ ( :i* !y _h n exp]i5ce1 h[ mu* m1 9 ! /ill m enlight5$ days ( ,cic]o himself1 & notably 9 ! reigns ( ,augu/us & ,tib]ius1 w\ld !y h reject$ belief 9 ! resurrection & asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 if div9e tru? & ! te/imony ( miracles _h n prov$ n only t su* ?+s c\ld take place1 b t !y _h actually done s4 ,:5 ! evid5ce ( prophecy jo9$ ) t ( miracles1 & %[$ t ! new doctr9es 7 only contr>y to exp]i5ce & n contr>y to reason1 ! _w embrac$ ! fai?47#a7 ,:y1 !n1 say !y1 d ^! miracles :i* y decl>e to h tak5 place =m]ly1 n occur n[-a-days8 ,augu/9e1 9 reply+1 adopts a common rhetorical device3 ,i might1 inde$1 answ]1 he says1 t miracles 7 necess>y be=e ! _w believ$1 9 ord] t ! _w might believe4 ,any "o :o n[ requires miracles 9 ord] t he may believe1 is himself a great miracle 9 n believ+ :at all ! _w believes4 ,b1 really1 !y say ?is 9 ord] t ev5 ^? miracles %\ld n be believ$ ei!r4 #aha ,& he r$uces :at he consid]s to be ! position ( ! _w 9 reg>d to miracles & to ! sup]natural dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity to ! foll[+ dilemma3 ,ei!r ?+s incr$ible :i* nev]!less occurr$1 & 7 se51 l$ to belief 9 some?+ else incr$ible1 :i* 0 n se52 or t ?+ 0 9 itself s cr$ible t no miracles 7 requir$ to e/abli% x1 & s mu* m is ! unbelief ( ^? :o d5y confut$4 ,?is might ,i say to ^! mo/ frivol\s objectors4 ,he !n proce$s to affirm t x _c be d5i$ t _m miracles atte/ ! great miracle ( ! asc5sion 9 ! fle% ( ! ris5 ,*ri/1 & he po9ts out t ! actual occurr5ce ( all ^! ?+s is n only record$ 9 ! mo/ tru?ful books1 b ! reasons also giv5 :y !y took place4 ,^! ?+s h become kn[n t !y might create belief2 ^! ?+s by ! belief !y h creat$ h become mu* m cle>ly kn[n4 ,!y are read to ! p1 inde$1 t !y may believe2 yet1 nev]!less1 !y w\ld n be read to ! p if !y _h n be5 believ$4 ,aft] ?us /at+ ! answ] :i* he might give1 ,augu/9e n[ returns to answ] ! "q directly3--,b1 fur!rmore1 he cont9ues1 miracles are p]=m$ n[ 9 8 "n1 ei!r by means ( 8 sacram5ts1 or by ! pray]s or relics ( 8 sa9ts1 b !y are n br\ght "u ! same /rong light z caus$ ! =m] to be nois$ abroad ) s mu* glory2 inasmu* z ! canon ( sacr$ scriptures1 :i* mu/ be def9ite1 causes ^? miracles to be ev]y:]e publicly read1 & become firmly fix$ 9 ! memory ( all peoples27l7 & !n foll[s ,dr4 ,mozley's #ahb quotation3 b ^! are sc>cely kn[n to ! :ole ( a city itself 9 :i* !y are p]=m$1 or to its neighb\rhood4 ,inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ev5 !re v few "k ( !m1 & ! re/ are ignorant1 m especially if ! city be l>ge2 & :5 !y are relat$ else:]e & to o!rs1 ! au?ority does n s comm5d !m z to make !m be believ$ )\t difficulty or d\bt1 albeit !y are report$ by fai?ful ,*ri/ians to ! fai?ful4 ,he illu/rates ?is by po9t+ out 9 imm$iate cont9uation1 t ! miracle 9 ,milan by ! bodies ( ! two m>tyrs1 :i* took place :5 he himself 0 !re1 might rea* ! k ( _m1 because ! city is l>ge1 & ! ,emp]or & an imm5se cr[d ( p witness$ x1 b :o kn[s ( ! miracle p]=m$ at ,c>?age ^u 8 fri5d ,innoc5t1 :5 he 0 !re also1 & saw x ) 8 own eyes8 ,:o kn[s ( ! miracul\s cure ( canc]1 he cont9ues1 9 a lady ( rank 9 ! same city8 at ! sil5ce reg>d+ :i* he is s indignant4 ,:o kn[s ( ! next case he m5tions 9 8 li/8 ! cure ( a m$ical man ( ! same t[n1 to :i* he adds3 ,we1 nev]!less1 d "k x1 & a few bre?r5 to ^: k x may h come47#a7 ,:o out ( ,curubus1 besides ! v few :o may h he>d ( x1 kn[s ( ! miracul\s cure ( ! p>alytic man1 ^: case ,augu/9e p]sonally inve/igat$8 & s on4 ,obs]ve t !re is m]ely a "q ( ! comp>ative notoriety ( ! ,gospel #ahc miracles & ^? ( 8 own "t1 n a d\bt z to ! reality ( ! latt]4 ,aga91 t[>ds ! end ( 8 long li/1 imm$iately aft] ! n>rative ( ! re/oration to life ( ! *ild ( ,eleus9us1 :i* we h quot$1 ,augu/9e says3--,:at c ,i d8 ,! promise ( ! completion ( ?is "w is press+1 s t ,i _c "h rec\nt all 7! miracles7 t ,i "k2 & )\t d\bt _m ( our bre?r5 :5 !y read ?is "w w be griev$ t ,i h omitt$ s v mu*1 :i* !y "k z well z ,i d4 ,?is ,i ev5 n[ beg t !y w p>don1 & consid] h[ long w\ld be ! task ( do+ t :i*1 = ! completion ( ! "w1 x is ?\ght necess>y n to d4 ,= if ,i desir$ to record m]ely ! miracles ( heal+1 )\t speak+ ( o!rs1 :i* h be5 p]=m$ by ?is m>tyr1 t is to say1 ! mo/ glori\s ,/eph51 9 ! di/rict ( ,calama1 & 9 ours ( ,hippo1 _m volumes mu/ be compos$1 yet w x n be possible to make a complete collection ( !m1 b only ( su* z h be5 publi%$ = public read+4 ,= t 0 our object1 s9ce we saw repeat$ 9 our "t signs ( div9e p[] simil> to ^? ( old1 deem+ t !y ought n to be lo/ to ! k ( ! multitude4 ,n[ ?is relic has n yet be5 two ye>s at ,hippo-,regius1 & acc\nts ( _m ( ! miracles p]=m$ by x h n be5 writt51 z is mo/ c]ta9ly kn[n to u1 yet ! numb] ( ^? :i* h be5 publi%$1 up to ! "t ?is is writt51 am\nts ta ab\t sev5ty4 ,at ,calama1 h[ev]1 :]e ^! relics h be5 long]1 & m ( ! miracles 7 record$1 !y incomp>ably exce$ ?is numb]47#a7 #ahd ,augu/9e goes on to say t1 to 8 k1 _m v rem>kable miracles 7 p]=m$ by ! relics ( ! same m>tyr also at ,uzali1 a di/rict ne> to ,utica1 & ( "o ( ^!1 :i* _h rec5tly tak5 place :5 he himself 0 !re1 he gives an acc\nt4 ,!n1 be=e clos+ 8 li/ ) ! n>rative ( a miracle :i* took place at ,hippo1 9 8 own *ur*1 9 8 own pres5ce1 & 9 ! sight ( ! :ole congregation1 he resumes 8 reply to ! op5+ "q3--,_m miracles1 !re=e1 he says1 are also p]=m$ n[1 ! same ,god :o work$ ^? ( :i* we read1 p]=m+ ^! by :om he wills & z he wills2 b ^! miracles nei!r become simil>ly kn[n1 nor1 t !y may n slip out ( m9d1 are !y /amp$1 z x 7 l gravel1 into memory1 by frequ5t read+4 ,= ev5 9 places :]e c>e is tak51 z is n[ ! case among/ u1 t acc\nts ( ^? :o receive b5efit %\ld be publicly read1 ^? :o are pres5t he> !m only once1 & _m are n pres5t at all1 s t ^? :o 7 pres5t d n1 aft] a few days1 rememb] #ahe :at !y he>d1 & sc>cely a s+le p]son is met ) :o repeats :at he has he>d to "o :om he may h kn[n to h be5 abs5t7#a7 ,s f> f ca/+ d\bt ^u ! miracles :i* he n>rates1 ! ,preface ( ,augu/9e is cle>ly int5d$ to e/abli% !m4 ,^! signs ( div9e p[] simil> to ^? ( old1 are n less real & important1 b m]ely less kn[n1 because ! eyes ( ! _w are n direct$ to !m1 & !y h n ! advantage ( be+ ev]y:]e publi%$ abroad by means ( canonical scriptures con/antly read to ! p & ackn[l$g$ z au?oritative4 ,dr4 ,mozleys /atem5t is q unw>rant$1 & x seems to u gratuit\sly injuri\s to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,?is ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur* & ,bi%op mu/ h _h z little good fai? z good s5se1 if he did :at su* a /atem5t implies4 ,9 ord] to demon/ate ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion t miracles 7 /ill p]=m$ 9 8 day1 ,dr4 ,mozley repres5ts ,augu/9e z delib]ately produc+ a long li/ ( in/ances ( :i* he _c ev5 be said to gu>antee ! tru?1 & ! m important cases 9 :i* evid5tly repres5t no m ?an m]e report1 & report ( a v vague k9d4 ,we h furni%$ ! read] ) ! mat]ials = =m+ an op9ion on ^! po9ts4 ,! judgm5t ( ,dr4 ,mozley may ) equal ju/ice be appli$ to #ahf ! au?ors ( ! synoptic ,gospels4 ,!y c]ta9ly d n gu>antee ! tru? ( ! miracles !y relate 9 any m precise way ?an ,augu/9e4 ,l him1 !y m]ely n>rate !m z facts1 & he z evid5tly believes :at he /ates z !y d4 ,inde$1 z reg>ds comp>ative fulness ( te/imony1 ! advantage is altoge!r on ! side ( ! miracles report$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,^! miracles occurr$ )9 two ye>s ( ! "t at :i* he wrote1 & 7 at once record$ ) ! names ( ! subjects & ( ! places at :i* !y occurr$2 mo/ ( !m 7 p]=m$ 9 8 own diocese1 & sev]al ( !m 9 8 own pres5ce2 "s1 ( :i* he app>5tly did n feel sure1 he p]sonally inve/igat$2 he /ates 8 k ( o!rs1 & he n>rates ! :ole ( !m ) ! mo/ direct & simple affirmation ( ! facts1 )\t a s+le ^w indicat+ hesitation1 or directly or indirectly attribut+ ! n>rative to m]e report4 ,moreov]1 he n only advances ^! miracles delib]ately & 9 writ+1 9 support ( 8 positive ass]tion t miracles 7 /ill p]=m$1 b ^! acc\nts ( !m _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance be5 writt5 t !y might be publicly read 9 8 own *ur* = ! edification ( ,*ri/ians1 almo/ on ! v spot :]e !y are /at$ to h occurr$4 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t we d n advance ^! reasons 9 ord] to argue ! reality ( ! miracles !mselves1 b simply to ma9ta9 t1 s f> f 8 giv+ ! acc\nt ( !m z m]e report1 or n ev5 pr(ess+ to v\* = _! tru?1 ,/4 ,augu/9e bo? believ$ !m himself1 & ask$ o!rs to believe !m z facts1 & t !y are z unhesitat+ly affirm$ z any relat$ 9 ! ,gospels4 #ahg ,we %all n attempt any fur!r detail$ ref]5ce to ! myriads ( miracles ) :i* ! annals ( ! ,*ur* teem up to v rec5t times4 ,! fact is too well kn[n to require evid5ce4 ,! sa9ts 9 ! ,cal5d> are legion4 ,x has be5 comput$ t ! numb] ( ^? ^: lives are giv5 9 ! ,boll&i/ ,collection7#a7 am\nts to upw>ds ( #be1jjj1 al?\gh1 ! sa9ts be+ arrang$ accord+ to ! ,cal5d>1 ! unf9i%$ "w only rea*es ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,octob]4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t all ^? ^u :om ! hon\r ( canonization is conf]r$ h work$ miracles1 _m ( !m1 inde$1 almo/ daily p]=m+ su* wond]s1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! numb] ( miracles :i* h occurr$ 9 unbrok5 succession f ,apo/olic days1 & h be5 believ$ & recogniz$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,va/ numb]s ( ^! miracles are 9 all respects simil> to ^? n>rat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 & !y comprise hundr$s ( cases ( re/oration ( ! dead to life4 ,if x be necess>y to po9t out in/ances 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 we may m5tion ! miracles ( ?is k9d lib]ally ascrib$ to ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi1 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 & to 8 namesake ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 9 ! #af?1 z pretty well kn[n to all1 al?\gh we might ref] to mu* m rec5t miracles au!nticat$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,at ! pres5t day su* ph5om5a h almo/ disappe>$1 &1 inde$1 ) ! exception ( an occasional w9k+ picture1 p]iodical liquefaction ( blood1 or app>ition ( ! ,virg91 conf9$ to ! /ill ignorant & b5ight$ corn]s ( ! e>?1 miracles are ext9ct4 #ahh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,miracles ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,ignorance ,,& ,,sup]/ition ,we h ma9ta9$ t ! miracles :i* are report$ aft] apo/olic days1 in/ead ( pres5t+ ! enorm\s di/9ction :i* ,dr4 ,mozley ass]ts1 are precisely ( ! same types 9 all mat]ial po9ts z ! e>li] miracles4 ,sett+ aside miracles ( a trivial & unwor?y "*1 !re rema9s a c\ntless numb] ca/ 9 ! same m\ld z ^? ( ! ,gospels1--miracul\s cure ( diseases1 expulsion ( demons1 trans=mation ( elem5ts1 sup]natural n\ri%m5t1 resurrection ( dead--( _m ( :i* we h quot$ in/ances4 ,dr4 ,mozley anticipates an objection & says3 ,x w be urg$1 p]haps1 t a l>ge portion ev5 ( ! ,gospel miracles are ( ! class "h m5tion$ z ambigu\s2 cures1 visions1 expulsions ( evil spirits2 b ?is obs]vation does n affect ! "* ( ! ,gospel miracles z a body1 because we judge ( ! body or :ole f its highe/ specim51 n f its l[e/4 ,he takes 8 /& ^u1 e4g4 our ,"l's ,resurrection & ,asc5sion47#a7 ,n[1 )\t discuss+ ! pr9ciple laid d[n "h1 x is evid5t t ! great di/9ction betwe5 ! ,gospel & o!r miracles is ?us n>r[$ to a v small compass4 ,x is admitt$ t ! mass ( ! ,gospel miracles are ( a class *>act]iz$ z ambigu\s1 because ! curr5t #ahi miracles ( human hi/ory are also *iefly ( ! same type1 & ! di/9ctive "* is d]iv$ av[$ly only f a few high specim5s1 su* z ! ,resurrection4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! fact t 9 ! synoptic ,gospels !re is only "o case1 report$ by ! ?ird ,gospel alone1 9 :i* ,jesus is said to h rais$ ! dead4 ,/4 ,augu/9e alone1 h[ev]1 *ronicles sev]al cases 9 :i* life 0 re/or$ to ! dead4 ,po/-apo/olic miracles1 !re=e1 are f> f lack+ ?is ennobl+ type4 ,obs]ve t ,dr4 ,mozley is "h n s mu* discuss+ ! reality ( ! subsequ5t miracles ( ! ,*ur*1 z contra/+ !m & o!r reput$ miracles ) ^? ( ! ,gospel1 & f ?is po9t ( view x is impossible to ma9ta9 t ! ,gospels h a monopoly ( ! highe/ class ( miracles4 ,su* miracles are met ) long be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity1 & cont9u$ to occur long aft] apo/olic times4 ,mu* /ress is laid ^u ! =m ( ! ,gospel miracles2 b z we h already %[n1 x is ! actual resurrection ( ! dead1 = in/ance1 :i* is ! miracle1 & ?is is n affect$ by ! m or less dramatic mann] 9 :i* x is said to h be5 effect$1 or 9 :i* ! n>rative ( ! ev5t is compos$4 ,lit]>y skill1 & ! judici\s managem5t ( details1 may make or m> ! =m ( any miracle4 ,! n>rative ( ! re/oration ( ! dead *ild to life by ,eli%a might h be5 m impressive1 _h ! writ] omitt$ ! circum/ance t ! *ild sneez$ sev5 times be=e op5+ 8 eyes1 & ,dr4 ,mozley w\ld probably h consid]$ ! miracle great] _h ! prophet m]ely said to ! *ild1 ,arise6 in/ead ( /ret*+ himself on ! body2 b sett+ aside human crav+s #aij = ! picturesque & arti/ic1 ! ess5ce ( ! miracle w\ld h rema9$ ! same4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 reg>d+ :i* x may be well to make a few rem>ks4 ,:il/ a va/ numb] ( miracles are ascrib$ to direct p]sonal action ( sa9ts1 _m m are attribut$ to _! relics4 ,n[ ?is is no exclusive *>act]i/ic ( lat] miracles1 b ,*ri/ianity itself %>es x ) /ill e>li] times4 ,! case 9 :i* a dead body :i* t\*$ ! bones ( ,eli%a 0 re/or$ to life w occur to e "o4 ,& x came to pass1 z !y 7 bury+ a man1 t1 behold1 !y spi$ a b& ( ,moabites2 & !y ca/ ! man into ! sepul*re ( ,eli%a3 & :5 ! man 0 let d[n1 & t\*$ ! bones ( ,eli%a1 he reviv$1 & /ood up on 8 feet47#a7 ,! mantle ( ,elijah smit+ asund] ! wat]s be=e ,eli%a may be cit$ z ano!r in/ance47#b7 ,! woman :o t\*es ! hem ( ! g>m5t ( ,jesus 9 ! cr[d is made :ole17#c7 & all ! sick & possess$ ( ! c\ntry are repres5t$ z be+ heal$ by t\*+ ,jesus1 or ev5 ! m]e hem ( 8 g>m5t47#d7 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! %ad[ ( ,pet] fall+ on ! sick z he pass$ _h a curative effect17#e7 & x is v positively /at$3 ,& ,god wr\ght miracles ( no common k9d by ! h&s ( ,paul2 s t f 8 body 7 br\ght unto ! sick h&k]*iefs or aprons1 & ! diseases dep>t$ f !m1 & ! evil spirits w5t out ( !m4 7#f7 ,! argum5t :i* assumes an enorm\s di/9ction #aia betwe5 ,gospel & o!r miracles betrays ! preval5t scepticism1 ev5 9 ! ,*ur*1 ( all miracles except ^? :i* x is consid]$ an article ( fai? to ma9ta94 ,if we inquire h[ ^? ?9k :o are m logical & ?or\gh 9 _! belief 9 ! sup]natural1 we f9d ! di/9ction d5i$4 ,! "q1 says ,dr4 ,newman1 has hi!rto be5 argu$ on ! admission1 t a di/9ct l9e c be drawn 9 po9t ( "* & circum/ances1 betwe5 ! miracles ( ,scripture & ^? ( ,*ur* hi/ory2 b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! miracles ( ,scripture1 view$ z a :ole1 recomm5d !mselves to our reason1 & claim our v5]ation beyond all o!rs1 by a peculi> dignity & beauty2 b /ill x is only z a :ole t !y make ?is impression ^u u4 ,"s ( !m1 on ! contr>y1 fall %ort ( ! attributes :i* atta* to !m 9 g5]al2 nay1 are inf]ior 9 ^! respects to c]ta9 ecclesia/ical miracles1 & are receiv$ only on ! cr$it ( ! sy/em ( :i* !y =m "p4 ,aga91 specim5s are n want+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ( miracles z awful 9 _! "*1 & z mom5t\s 9 _! effects1 z ^? :i* are record$ 9 ,scripture47#a7 ,n[ "h is "o able & ?or\gh support] ( miracles d5y+ ! enorm\s di/9ction betwe5 ^? ( ! ,gospel & ^? ( human hi/ory1 :i* ano!r admits to be ess5tial to ! =m] z evid5ce ( a revelation4 ,dr4 ,mozley1 h[ev]1 meets su* a difficulty by ass]t+ t !re w\ld be no disadvantage to ! ,gospel miracles1 & no d\bt reg>d+ !m involv$1 if = "s lat] miracles !re 0 evid5ce z /rong z = ^? ( ! ,gospel4 ,all ! result w\ld be1 he says1 #aib t we %\ld admit ^! miracles ov] & above ! ,gospel ones47#a7 ,he d5ies ! equality ( ! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 9 any case4 ,betwe5 ! evid5ce1 !n1 ^u :i* ! ,gospel miracles /&1 & t = lat] miracles we see a broad di/9ction aris+1 n to m5tion aga9 ! nature & type ( ! ,gospel miracles !mselves--f ! contemporane\s date ( ! te/imony to !m1 ! "* ( ! witnesses1 ! probation ( ! te/imony2 especially :5 we contra/ ) ^! po9ts ! false doctr9e & audaci\s fraud :i* rose up 9 lat] ages1 & 9 connection ) :i* s l>ge a portion ( ! lat] miracles ( ,*ri/ianity made _! appe>ance47#b7 ,we consid] ! po9t t\*+ ! type ( ! ,gospel miracles dispos$ (1 & we may1 !re=e1 conf9e ourselves to ! re/ ( ?is argum5t4 ,if we look = any ext]nal evid5ce ( ! miracles ( ,jesus 9 any m>k$ effect produc$ by !m at ! "t !y are said to h occurr$1 we f9d any?+ b confirmation ( ! /atem5ts ( ! ,gospels4 ,x is a notori\s fact t1 9 spite ( ^! miracles1 v few ( ! ,jews among/ :om !y 7 p]=m$ believ$ 9 ,jesus1 & t ,*ri/ianity made its *ief conv]ts n :]e ! suppos$ miracles took place1 b :]e an acc\nt ( !m 0 alone giv5 by en?usia/ic mission>ies4 ,su* a/\nd+ exhibitions ( p[] z rais+ ! dead1 giv+ sight to ! bl9d1 walk+ on ! sea1 *ang+ wat] into w9e1 & indef9itely multiply+ a few loaves & fi%es1 n only did n make any impression on ! ,jews !mselves1 b 7 nev] he>d ( out ( ,pale/9e until long aft] ! ev5ts are said to h occurr$1 :5 ! n>rative ( !m 0 sl[ly dissem9at$ by ,*ri/ian tea*]s & writ]s4 #aic ,dr4 ,mozley ref]s to ! contempor>y te/imony = c]ta9 great & c>d9al ,gospel miracles :i*1 if grant$1 cle> away all antec$5t objection to ! reception ( ! re/1 & he says3 ,t ! fir/ promulgators ( ,*ri/ianity ass]t$1 z a fact :i* _h come "u ! cognizance ( _! s5ses1 ! ,resurrection ( our ,"l f ! dead1 is z c]ta9 z any?+ 9 hi/ory47#a7 ,:at !y really did ass]t1 s f> f be+ s c]ta9 z ,dr4 ,mozley /ates1 mu/1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 be consid]$ matt] ( ! greate/ d\bt4 ,b if ! g5]al /atem5t be tak5 t ! ,resurrection1 = in/ance1 0 promulgat$ z a fact :i* ! e>ly prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity !mselves believ$ to h tak5 place1 ! evid5ce does n 9 t case pres5t ! broad di/9ction he ass]ts4 ,! miracles rec\nt$ by ,/ ,a?anasius & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 = example1 7 likewise proclaim$ ) equal cle>ness1 & ev5 great] promptitude & publicity at ! v spot :]e _m ( !m 7 said to h be5 p]=m$1 & ! details 7 mu* m imm$iately r$uc$ to writ+4 ,! m]e ass]tion 9 nei!r case goes = mu* z evid5ce1 b ! fact is t we h absolutely no contemporane\s te/imony at all z to :at ! fir/ promulgators ( ,*ri/ianity actually ass]t$1 or z to ! real gr\nds ^u :i* !y made su* ass]tions4 ,we %all pres5tly ent] ^u a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! te/imony = ! ,gospel n>ratives1 _! au?or%ip & au!nticity1 b we may "h be p]mitt$1 s f> to anticipate1 z to rem>k t1 appli$ to docum5t>y evid5ce1 ,dr4 ,mozley's reason+ f ! contemporane\s date ( ! te/imony1 & ! "* ( #aid ! witnesses1 is contradict$ by ! :ole hi/ory ( ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,:il/ ! mo/ uncritically zeal\s ass]tors ( ! antiquity ( ! ,gospels nev] v5ture to date ! e>lie/ ( !m )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury f ! dea? ( ,jesus1 e tyro is aw>e t !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,gospels until v long aft] t int]val1--h]eaft] we %all %[ h[ long2--t two ( our synoptic ,gospels at lea/ 7 n1 9 any case1 compos$ 9 _! pres5t =m by ! writ]s to :om !y are attribut$2 t !re is1 inde$1 no?+ wor?y ( ! "n ( evid5ce t any "o ( ^! ,gospels 0 writt5 at all by ! p]son ^: "n x be>s2 t ! second ,gospel is attribut$ to "o :o 0 n an eye-witness1 & ( ^: id5tity !re is ! greate/ d\bt ev5 among/ ^? :o ass]t ! au?or%ip ( ,m>k2 t ! ?ird ,gospel is an av[$ lat] compilation17#a7 & likewise ascrib$ to "o :o 0 n a foll[] ( ,jesus himself2 & t ! au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel & its hi/orical "* are among/ ! mo/ unsettl$ que/ions ( criticism1 n to use "h any m def9ite t]ms4 ,?is be+ ! /ate ( ! case x is absurd to lay su* emphasis on ! contemporane\s date ( ! te/imony1 & on ! "* ( ! witnesses1 s9ce x has n ev5 be5 det]m9$ :o ^? witnesses are1 & two ev5 ( ! suppos$ evangeli/s 7 n p]sonal eye-witnesses at all47#b7 ,surely ! te/imony ( ,a?anasius reg>d+ ! miracles ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 & t ( ,augu/9e reg>d+ #a ,luke i4 #a--d4 #b ,we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t ,paul1 to :om s _m ( ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ascrib$1 & :o practically is ! au?or ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 n only 0 n an eye-witness ( ! ,gospel miracles b nev] ev5 saw ,jesus4 #aie 8 li/ ( miracles occurr+ 9 or close to 8 own diocese1 )9 two ye>s ( ! "t at :i* he writes1 or1 to ref] to m rec5t times1 ! evid5ce ( ,pascal = ! ,port-,royal miracles1 mu/ be admitt$1 n only n to pres5t ! broad di/9ction ( evid5ce ( :i* ,dr4 ,mozley speaks1 b on ! contr>y to be ev5 m unassailable ?an t ( ! ,gospel miracles4 ,! ,*ur*1 :i* is ! au?ority = ^? miracles1 is also ! au?ority = ! long succession ( su* works wr\ght by ! sa9ts4 ,! id5tity ( ! writ]s we h in/anc$ has nev] be5 d\bt$2 _! tru/wor?9ess1 9 s f> z /at+ :at !y believe to be true is conc]n$1 has nev] be5 impugn$2 ! same c\ld be affirm$ ( writ]s 9 e age :o record su* miracles4 ,! broad di/9ction ( evid5ce = :i* ,dr4 ,mozley cont5ds1 does n exi/2 x does n lie )9 ! scope ( 8 lectures ei!r to def9e or prove x1 & he does n ( c\rse commit ! error ( assum+ ! inspiration ( ! records4 ,! fact is t !ologians dem& evid5ce = lat] miracles1 :i* !y h n = ^? ( ! ,gospels1 & :i* transmitt$ rev]5ce =bids _! requir+4 ,!y /ra9 out a gnat & swall[ a camel4 ,dr4 ,mozley po9ts to ! life ( sacrifice & suff]+ ( ! ,apo/les z a rem>kable & peculi> te/imony to ! tru? ( ! ,gospel miracles1 & notably ( ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion47#a7 ,)\t exam9+1 "h1 h[ mu* we really "k ( ^? lives & suff]+s1 "o ?+ is p]fectly evid5t3 t sacrifice1 suff]+1 & m>tyrdom itself are evid5ce ( no?+ except ( ! p]sonal belief ( ! p]son endur+ !m2 !y d n prove ! tru? ( ! doctr9es believ$4 ,no #aif "o d\bts ! high religi\s en?usiasm ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 or ! e>ne/ & fanatical zeal ) :i* !y c\rt$ m>tyrdom1 b ?is is no exclusive *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,e religion has _h its m>tyrs1 e error its devot$ victims4 ,does ! m>vell\s endurance ( ! ,h9doo1 ^: limbs )] aft] ye>s ( pa9ful p]si/5ce 9 v[s to 8 ,deity1 prove ! tru? ( ,brahmanism8 or d ! fanatical believ]s :o ca/ !mselves "u ! :eels ( ! c> ( ,jaggana? e/abli% ! s\ndness ( _! cre$8 ,d ! ,jews1 :o = c5turies bore ! fi]ce/ contumelies ( ! _w1 & 7 p]secut$1 hunt$1 & done to dea? by e conceivable torture = p]si/+ 9 _! d5ial ( ! tru? ( ! ,inc>nation1 ,resurrection1 & ,asc5sion1 & 9 _! rejection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 d !y ?us furni% a conv9c+ argum5t = ! tru? ( _! belief & ! falsity ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,or h ! ?\s&s :o h be5 consign$ to ! /ake by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* h]self = p]si/+ 9 ass]t+ :at %e has d5\nc$ z damnable h]esy1 prov$ ! correctness ( _! views by _! suff]+s & dea?8 ,hi/ory is full ( ! records ( m5 :o h hone/ly believ$ e k9d ( error & h]esy1 & h be5 /$fa/ to ! dea?1 ?r\gh p]secution & torture1 9 _! mi/ak5 belief4 ,!re is no?+ s inflexible z sup]/iti\s fanaticism1 & p]secution1 in/ead ( ext+ui%+ x1 has inv>iably be5 ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( its propagation4 ,! suff]+s ( ! ,apo/les1 !re=e1 _c prove any?+ beyond _! own belief1 & ! "q :at x 0 !y really did believe & suff]$ = is by no means s simple z x appe>s4 ,n[ ! long succession ( ecclesia/ical & o!r #aig miracles has an important be>+ ^u ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :e!r we believe or d5y _! reality4 ,if we reg>d ! miracles ( ,*ur* hi/ory to be 9 ! ma9 real1 ! :ole =ce ( ! ,gospel miracles1 z exceptional sup]natural evid5ce ( a ,div9e ,revelation1 is annihilat$4 ,! miracul\s cr$5tials ( ,*ri/ianity assume a v diff]5t aspect :5 !y are consid]$ f su* a po9t ( view4 ,admitt$ to be sc>cely recognizable f miracles wr\ght by ,satanic ag5cy1 !y are se5 to be a cont9uation ( wond]s record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to be prec$$ & accompani$ by pret5sion to simil> p[] on ! "p ( ! ,jews & o!r nations1 & to be succe$$ by cycles ( miracles1 9 all ess5tial respects ! same1 p]=m$ subsequ5tly = upw>ds ( fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,sup]natural evid5ce ( s common & prodigal a nature c]ta9ly betrays a great want ( =ce & div9e speciality4 ,h[ c\ld t be consid]$ z express evid5ce = a new ,div9e ,revelation :i* 0 already s well kn[n to ! _w1 & :i* is scatt]$ broad-ca/ ov] s _m c5turies1 z well z successfully simulat$ by ,satan8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we dismiss ! miracles ( lat] ages z false1 & z m]ely ! creations ( sup]/ition or pi\s imag9ation1 h[ c ! miracles ( ! ,gospel1 :i* are precisely ! same 9 type1 & n bett] e/abli%$ z facts1 rema9 un%ak58 ,! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s 7 m5 ( l passions1 & also ( l sup]/itions ) o!rs ( _! "t1 & mu/ be measur$ by ! same /&>d4 ,dr4 ,mozley w n admit t1 ev5 9 su* a case1 ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! true miracles among/ ! mass ( #aih spuri\s ju/ifies ! rejection ( all1 & he dem&s a judicial process 9 ea* case1 & settlem5t accord+ to ! evid5ce 9 t case47#a7 ,we might reply t if ! great mass ( ass]t$ miracles be det]m9$ to be spuri\s1 !re is no reason %[n = ent]+ ^u a m m9ute consid]ation ( pret5sions1 :i* k & exp]i5ce =ce u a priori to reg>d z incr$ible1 & :i* exam9ation1 9 s _m cases1 has prov$ to be delusion4 ,ev5 if ! plea1 t ! evid5ce ( ! ,gospel miracles is a special case :i* mu/ be decid$ on its own gr\nds1 be admitt$1 x mu/ be app>5t t ! rejection ( ! mass ( o!r miracles is s]i\s presumptive evid5ce also aga9/ !m4 #b4 ,! argum5t = ! reality ( miracles receives v little /r5g? f ! "* ( ei!r ! e>ly or ! lat] ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is b too pla91 says ,dr4 ,mozley1 9 discuss+ ecclesia/ical miracles1 t 9 lat] ages1 z ! ,*ur* advanc$ 9 worldly p[] & position1 besides ! mi/akes ( imag9ation & impression1 a temp] ( delib]ate & audaci\s fraud set itself 9 action = ! spread ( c]ta9 doctr9es1 z well z = ! great object ( ! conc5tration ( ,*ur* p[] 9 "o absolute mon>*y47#b7 ,we h already quot$ words ( ,dean ,milman reg>d+ ! frame ( m9d ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & x may n be out ( place to add a few l9es f ! same writ]4 ,speak+ ( ! writ+s ( ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 he says3 ,t "s ( ! ,*ri/ian leg5ds 7 delib]ate =g]ies c sc>cely be que/ion$2 ! pr9ciple ( pi\s fraud #aii appe>$ to ju/ify ?is mode ( work+ on ! popul> m9d2 x 0 admitt$ & av[$4 ,to deceive into ,*ri/ianity 0 s valuable a s]vice z to hall[ deceit itself4 ,b ! l>ge/ portion 0 probably ! natural bir? ( t imag9ative excitem5t :i* quick5s its day-dreams & nightly visions into reality4 ,! ,*ri/ian liv$ 9 a sup]natural _w2 ! notion ( ! div9e p[]1 ! p]petual int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity1 ! ag5cy ( ! c\ntless invisible be+s :i* hov]$ ov] mank9d1 0 s /rongly impress$ ^u ! belief1 t e extraord9>y1 & almo/ e ord9>y incid5t became a miracle1 e inw>d emotion a sugge/ion ei!r ( a good or an evil _s4 ,a my?ic p]iod 0 ?us gradually =m$1 9 :i* reality melt$ into fable1 & inv5tion unconsci\sly trespass$ on ! prov9ce ( hi/ory47#a7 ,:e!r we look ^u ?is picture or on t1 ! result is equally unfav\rable to miracles1 & a ready explanation bo? ( ! e>li] & lat] in/ances is sugge/$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 aga9 recall ! fact t1 sett+ aside = ! pres5t ! effect ( pi\s fraud1 ?is vivid & sup]/iti\s imag9ation1 :i* s freely creat$ = itself ! miracul\s1 0 n m]ely develop$ by ,*ri/ianity1 b 0 equally rampant be=e x1 & 0 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jews4 ,! same writ]1 9 a passage already quot$1 says3 ,dur+ ! :ole life ( ,*ri/1 & ! e>ly propagation ( ! religion1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y took place 9 an age1 & among a p :i* sup]/ition _h made s famili> ) :at 7 suppos$ to be pret]natural ev5ts1 t wond]s awak5$ no emotion1 or 7 spe$ily sup]s$$ by "s new dem& on ! ev] #bjj ready belief4 ,! ,jews ( t p]iod n only believ$ t ! ,supreme ,be+ _h ! p[] ( controll+ ! c\rse ( nature1 b t ! same influ5ce 0 possess$ by multitudes ( subord9ate spirits1 bo? good & evil47#a7 ,betwe5 ! sup]/ition1 imag9ative excitem5t1 & pi\s fraud ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & ! delib]ate & audaci\s fraud ( ! lat]1 we h abundant mat]ial = ! natural explanation ( all suppos$ miracles1 )\t go+ to su* an extreme hypo!sis z exceptions to ! ord] ( nature1 or suppos+ t a few miracles c be accept$ z sup]natural facts1 :il/ all ! re/ mu/ be disc>d$ z human fables4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod dur+ :i* miracles are said to h be5 p]=m$1 gross ignorance & sup]/ition prevail$1 & n[h]e m s ?an among/ ! ,jews :]e ^? miracles occurr$4 ,almo/ e op]ation ( nature 0 inexplicable1 & ev]y?+ :i* 0 inexplicable 0 consid]$ sup]natural4 ,miracles seem$ z cr$ible to ! m9d ( t age z deviations f ! ord] ( nature seem incr$ible 9 ours4 ,x is a sugge/ive fact t miracles are limit$ to p]iods :5 almo/ e common incid5t 0 readily ascrib$ to sup]natural ag5cy4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o rem>kable circum/ance :i* ca/s "s light ^u ! orig9 ( n>ratives ( miracles4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 patri/ic lit]ature1 & ! records ( ecclesia/ical miracles1 al?\gh we h n>ratives ( c\ntless wond]ful works p]=m$ by o!rs ?an ! writ]s1 & abundant ass]tion ( ! possession ( miracul\s p[] by ! ,*ur*1 !re is no in/ance :atev]1 t we c rememb]1 9 :i* #bja a writ] claims to h himself p]=m$ a miracle47#a7 ,:]ev] !re has exi/$ ev5 ! comp>atively accurate means ( in=mation :i* a p]son :o himself p]=m$ a miracle might possess1 ! miracul\s entirely fails1 & x is f\nd only :]e fai? or cr$ulity usurps ! place ( k4 ,pi\s m5 7 p]fectly ready to believe ! suppos$ miracles ( o!rs1 & to report !m z facts1 :o 7 too v]aci\s to imag9e any ( _! own4 ,ev5 if ,apo/les & ,sa9ts _h *ronicl$ _! own miracul\s de$s1 ! argum5t = _! reality w\ld n h be5 mu* advanc$2 b ! uni=m abs5ce ( su* p]sonal pret5sion enables u m cle>ly to trace su* n>ratives to pi\s cr$ulity or sup]/ition4 ,if we consid] ! p>ticul> "p :i* miracles h play$ 9 human hi/ory1 we f9d precisely ! ph5om5a :i* might h be5 expect$ if miracles1 in/ead ( be+ consid]$ z real occurr5ces1 7 recogniz$ z ! mi/akes or creations ( ignorance & sup]/ition dur+ t p]iod 9 :i* reality melt$ into fable1 & inv5tion unconsci\sly trespass$ on ! prov9ce ( hi/ory4 ,_! occurr5ce is limit$ to ages :i* 7 totally ignorant ( physical laws1 & !y h be5 num]\s or r>e precisely 9 proportion to ! degree ( imag9ation & love ( ! m>vell\s *>act]iz+ ! p among/ :om !y are said to h occurr$4 ,in/ead ( a few evid5tial miracles tak+ place at "o epo* ( hi/ory1 & fill+ ! _w ) surprise at su* novel & exceptional ph5om5a1 we f9d miracles repres5t$ z tak+ place 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries4 ,! ,gospel miracles are set 9 ! mid/ ( a s]ies ( simil> wond]s1 :i* comm5c$ #a ,?is is fully discuss$ 9 ! ?ird volume4 #bjb _m c5turies be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity & cont9u$1 )\t int]ruption1 = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s aft] x4 ,!y did n 9 ! mo/ remote degree orig9ate ! belief 9 miracles1 or give ! fir/ sugge/ion ( spuri\s imitation4 ,x may1 on ! contr>y1 be mu* m truly said t ! already exi/+ belief creat$ ^! miracles4 ,no div9e orig9ality *>act]iz$ ! evid5ce select$ to accr$it ! ,div9e ,revelation4 ,! miracles ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ! _w is full occurr$ 9 ages ( d>kness & sup]/ition1 & !y gradually ceas$ :5 enlight5m5t became m g5]ally diffus$4 ,at ! v "t :5 k ( ! laws ( nature began to r5d] m5 capable ( judg+ ( ! reality ( miracles1 ^! wond]s entirely fail$4 ,?is extraord9>y cessation ( miracles1 precisely at ! "t :5 _! evid5ce might h acquir$ value by an appeal to p]sons capable ( appreciat+ !m1 is p]fectly un9telligible if !y be view$ z ! sup]natural cr$5tials ( a ,div9e revelation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y be reg>d$ z ! mi/akes ( imag9ative excitem5t & ignorance1 no?+ is m natural ?an _! ext9ction at ! "t :5 ! sup]/ition :i* creat$ !m gave place to k4 ,z a hi/orical fact1 !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t miracles1 & ! belief 9 !m1 disappe>$ exactly :5 education & k ( ! op]ation ( natural laws became diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & t ! la/ traces ( belief 9 sup]natural int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( nature are only to be f\nd 9 localities :]e ignorance & sup]/ition /ill prevail1 & r5d] delusion or pi\s fraud ( t description possible4 ,miracles are n[ d5i$ to places m enlight5$ #bjc ?an ,naples or ,la ,salette4 ,! inevitable inf]5ce f ?is fact is fatal to ! mass ( miracles1 & x is n possible to protect !m f x4 ,miracle cures by ! relics ( sa9ts1 upheld = fifte5 c5turies by all ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 utt]ly fail$ :5 m$ical sci5ce1 increas+ 9 spite ( p]secution1 demon/rat$ ! natural action ( physiological laws4 ,! !ory ( ! demoniacal orig9 ( disease has be5 entirely & = ev] dispell$1 & ! ho/ ( miracles 9 connection ) x retrospectively explod$ by ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,wit*craft & sorc]y1 ! belief 9 :i* reign$ supreme = s _m c5turies1 are kn[n to h be5 no?+ b ! delusions ( ignorant sup]/ition4 ,a l'epoque ou les faits m]veilleux qui s'y 7dans les leg5des7 tr\v5t consignes etai5t rapportes1 asks an able ,fr5* writ]1 posse dait-on les lumi]es suffisantes p\r ex]c] une critique v]itable et s]ieuse sur des temoignages que v5ai5t affirm] des faits en contradiction avec nos connaissances8 ,or1 on peut assur] h>dim5t que non4 ,au moy5-age1 l'intime conviction que la nature voit tres frequemm5t ses lois int]v]ties p> la volonte div9e regnait dans les esprits1 en sorte que p\r peu qu'un fait se pres5tat avec des app>5ces extraord9aires1 on se hatait de le reg>d] comme un miracle1 comme loeuvre directe de la div9ite4 ,auj\rd'hui on *]*e au contraire a t\t rapport] a la loi commune2 on e/ tellem5t sobre de faits miraculeux1 que ceux qui p>aiss5t tels sont c>tes comme des fables ou tonus p\r des faits ord9aires mal expliques4 ,la foi aux miracles a disp>u4 ,en outre1 au moy5-age le c]cle des connaissances qu'on poss$ait sur la nature etait =t re/re9t1 et t\t ce qui n'y r5trait pas etait reg>de comme surnatural4 #bjd ,actuellem5t ce c]cle s'agr&it sans cesse2 et lo9 d'en avoir arrete def9itivem5t la limite1 on le decl>e inf9i4 ,9 a note ! writ] adds3 ,on voit p> la que le nombre des miracles doit etre en raison inv]se du nombre des lois connues de la nature1 et1 qu'a mesure que celles-ci n\s sont revelees1 les faits m]veilleux ou miraculeux s'evan\iss5t47#a7 ,^! rem>ks are equally applicable to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h no o!r te/imony = ! reality ( miracles ?an t ( ages 9 :i* n only ! grosse/ sup]/ition & cr$ulity prevail$1 b 9 :i* !re 0 su* total ignorance ( natural laws t m5 7 incapable ( judg+ ( t reality1 ev5 if !y desir$ imp>tially to inve/igate su* occurr5ces1 :i* !y did n2 on ! o!r h&1 we h ! sob] te/imony ( sci5ce decl>+ su* ph5om5a violations ( ! inv>iable laws ( nature1 & exp]i5ce tea*+ u a p]fectly simple & natural int]pretation ( ! leg5ds reg>d+ !m4 ,are we to believe ignorance & sup]/ition or sci5ce & unv>y+ exp]i5ce8 ,sci5ce has already demon/rat$ ! delusion involv$ 9 ! l>ge/ class ( miracles1 & has s f> e/abli%$ ! sup]iority ( h] te/imony4 ,9 an e>ly "p ( 8 discussion ,dr4 ,mozley argues3 ,*ri/ianity is ! religion ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & #a ,l4 ,f4 ,alfr$ ,maury4 ,essai sur los ,leg5des pieuses du ,moy5-age1 #ahdc1 p4 #bcd f41 & p4 #bcc1 note 7#a74 ,! same argum5ts are employ$ by ! late ,mr4 ,buckle4 ,h5ce x is t1 suppos+ o!r ?+s equal1 ! sup]/ition ( a nation mu/ always be> an exact proportion to ! ext5t ( its physical k4 ,?is may be 9 "s degree v]ifi$ by ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,= if we comp>e ! diff]5t classes ( society1 we %all f9d t !y are sup]/iti\s 9 proportion z ! ph5om5a ) :i* !y are br\ght 9 contact h or h n be5 expla9$ by natural laws4 ,hi/1 ( ,civilization1 #ahfg1 i4 p4 #cgc4 #bje x is believ$ ^u its miracul\s evid5ce4 ,n[1 = a set ( miracles to be accept$ 9 a rude age1 & to reta9 _! au?ority ?r\gh\t a succession ( su* ages1 & ov] ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s "p ( mank9d1 may be no su* great result = ! miracle to accompli%1 because x is easy to satisfy ^? :o d n inquire4 ,b ?is is n ! /ate ( ! case :i* we h to meet on ! subject ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles4 ,! ,*ri/ian be+ ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! civiliz$ portion ( ! _w1 ^! miracles are accept$ by ! ,*ri/ian body z a :ole1 by ! ?9k+ & educat$ z well z ! un$ucat$ "p ( x1 & ! ,gospel is believ$ ^u t evid5ce47#a7 ,! picture ( ,*ri/5dom "h sugge/$ is purely imag9>y4 ,we are ask$ to believe t succe$+ g5]ations ( ?9k+ & educat$ z well z un$ucat$ m51 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! adequate inquiry into ! reality ( miracles became possible1 h made t adequate inquiry1 & h intellig5tly & individually accept$ miracles & believ$ ! ,gospel 9 consequ5ce ( _! atte/ation4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t ,*ri/ianity became ! religion ( ,europe be=e m5 ei!r possess$ ! k requisite to appreciate ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! acceptance ( miracles1 or m9ds suffici5tly fre$ f ignorant sup]/ition to "q ! reality ( ! suppos$ sup]natural int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( nature1 & belief _h become s mu* a matt] ( habit t1 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 ! great majority ( m5 h pr(ess$ belief = no bett] reason ?an t _! fa!rs believ$ be=e !m4 ,belief is n[ little m ?an a transmitt$ quality or h]$it>y cu/om4 ,few m51 ev5 #bjf n[1 h ei!r ! k or ! leisure requisite to enable !m to ent] ^u su* an exam9ation ( miracles z c entitle ,dr4 ,mozley to affirm t !y intellig5tly accept miracles = !mselves4 ,we h %[n1 moreov]1 t s loose are ! ideas ev5 ( ! cl]gy ^u ! subject1 t dignit>ies ( ! *ur* fail to see ei!r ! evid5tial purpose ( miracles or ! ne$ = evid5ce at all1 & ! fir/ intellig5t /ep t[>ds inquiry--d\bt--has g5]ally be5 /igmatiz$ almo/ z a crime4 ,s f> f ,dr4 ,mozley's /atem5t be+ correct1 x is notori\s t ! great mass ( ^? :o are compet5t to exam9e1 & :o h done s1 altoge!r reject miracles4 ,in/ead ( ! ?9k+ & educat$ m5 ( sci5ce accept+ miracles1 !y1 z a body1 di/9ctly d5y !m1 & h5ce ! antagonism betwe5 sci5ce & ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 & ,dr4 ,mozley surely does n require to be told h[ _m ( ! pr(\nde/ critics & s*ol>s ( ,g]many1 & ( all o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe1 :o h turn$ _! att5tion to ,biblical subjects1 h long ago reject$ ! miracul\s elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,su* be+ ! case we necess>ily rev]t to ! fir/ "p ( ,dr4 ,mozley's repres5tation1 & f9d ) him1 t x is no great result = miracles to accompli%1 m]ely to be accept$ by1 & reta9 au?ority ov]1 a succession ( ignorant & sup]/iti\s ages1 because x is easy to satisfy ^? :o d n inquire4 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld n[ ref] to ! circum/ance t all ! argum5ts :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ 9 support ( miracles1 :e!r to expla9 or acc\nt = !m1 h proce$$ ^u an assumption ( ! reality ( ! alleg$ ph5om5a4 #bjg ,_h x be5 fir/ requisite to e/abli% ! tru? ( facts ( su* an a/\nd+ nature1 ! necessity ( acc\nt+ = !m might nev] h aris54 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t an assumption :i* p]mits ! argum5t to atta9 any su* position begs almo/ ! :ole "q4 ,facts1 h[ev] a/\nd+1 :i*1 x is admitt$1 did actually occur1 claim a latitude ( explanation1 :i* a m]e n>rative ( ^? alleg$ facts1 writt5 by an unkn[n p]son "s eighte5 c5turies ago1 c\ld n obta94 ,if1 = in/ance1 x be once e/abli%$ z an absolute fact t a man actually dead1 & "s days buri$1 ^u ^: body decomposition _h already made "s progress17#a7 _h be5 re/or$ to life1 ! fact ( 8 dea? & ( 8 subsequ5t resuscitation be+ s absolutely prov$ t ! possibility ( deception or ( mi/ake on ! "p ( ! witnesses 0 totally exclud$--if su* conclusive evid5ce be suppos$ possible 9 su* a case--x is cle> t an argum5t1 z to :e!r su* an occurr5ce 7 to be ascrib$ to kn[n or unkn[n laws1 w\ld assume a v diff]5t "* inde$ f t :i* x w\ld h borne if ! argum5t m]ely s\ght to acc\nt = s a/\nd+ a ph5om5on ( ^: actual occurr5ce !re 0 no suffici5t evid5ce4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 !re=e1 t1 z ! late ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell po9t$ out3 ,at ! pres5t day x is n a miracle1 b ! n>rative ( a miracle1 to :i* any argum5t c ref]1 or to :i* fai? is accord$47#b7 ,! discussion ( miracles1 !n1 is n "o reg>d+ miracles actually p]=m$ )9 our own k1 b m]ely reg>d+ miracles said to h be5 p]=m$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! reality ( #bjh :i* 0 n v]ifi$ at ! "t by any sci5tific exam9ation1 & ^: occurr5ce is m]ely report$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,mozley rightly & logically ma9ta9s t ,*ri/ianity requires1 & %\ld be believ$ only ^u1 its miracul\s evid5ce1 ! fact is t popul> ,*ri/ianity is n believ$ because ( miracles1 b miracles are accept$ because !y are relat$ 9 ! ,gospels :i* are suppos$ to conta9 ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,gospels h = _m g5]ations be5 giv5 to ! *ild z inspir$ records1 & d\bt ( miracles has1 !re=e1 ei!r nev] aris5 or has be5 in/antly suppress$1 simply because miracles are record$ 9 ! sacr$ volume4 ,x c\ld sc>cely be o!rwise1 = 9 po9t ( fact ! ,gospel miracles /& ^u no o!r te/imony4 ,we are !re=e 9 ?is position3 ,we are ask$ to believe a/\nd+ ann\ncem5ts beyond ! limits ( human reason1 :i*1 z ,br4 ,mozley admits1 we c\ld only be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ ^u miracul\s evid5ce1 ^u ! te/imony ( miracles :i* are only report$ by ! records :i* also alone convey ! ann\ncem5ts :i* ^? miracles 7 int5d$ to accr$it4 ,!re is no o!r contempor>y evid5ce :atev]4 ,! importance ( ! ,gospels1 !re=e1 z ! almo/ solit>y te/imony to ! occurr5ce ( miracles c sc>cely be exagg]at$47#a7 ,we h already #a ,dr4 ,f>r>1 w9d+ up ! antec$5t discussion1 says3 4444 we arrive at ?is po9t--t ! cr$ibility ( miracles is 9 ea* in/ance simply & solely a "q ( evid5ce1 & consequ5tly t our belief or rejection ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles mu/ ma9ly dep5d on ! "* ( ! ,gospels 9 :i* !y are record$4 ,! ,witness ( ,hi/ory to ,*ri/1 #ahgb1 p4 #ea4 ,x is some:at s+ul> t aft] su* a decl>ation he consid]s x unnecess>y to ent] into ! "q ( ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! ,gospels1 deem+ x suffici5t = 8 purpose1 t ,/rauss & ,r5an admit t "s portion ( ^! docum5ts exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 or e>li]1 9 ! c\ntry :]e ! ev5ts n>rat$ took place4 #bji made an anticipatory rem>k reg>d+ ! nature ( ^! docum5ts1 to :i* we may add t !y are n ! "w ( p]fectly indep5d5t hi/orians1 b ( m5 :o 7 engag$ 9 dissem9at+ ! new doctr9es1 & 9 say+ ?is we h no int5tion ( accus+ ! writ]s ( consci\s deception2 x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to /ate ! fact 9 ord] t ! value ( ! te/imony may be fairly e/imat$4 ,! n>ratives ( miracles 7 writt5 by ard5t p>tizans1 ) m9ds inflam$ by religi\s zeal & en?usiasm1 9 an age ( ignorance & sup]/ition1 a consid]able "t aft] ! suppos$ miracul\s occurr5ces _h tak5 place4 ,all hi/ory %[s h[ rapidly pi\s memory exagg]ates & idealizes ! traditions ( ! pa/1 & simple actions might readily be trans=m$ into miracles1 z ! n>ratives circulat$1 9 a p]iod s prone to sup]/ition & s *>act]iz$ by love ( ! m>vell\s4 ,religi\s excitem5t & rev]5ce = ! noble/ ( ,tea*]s c\ld n1 "u su* circum/ances & 9 su* an age1 h escap$ ?is exagg]ation4 ,h[ few m5 9 m enlight5$ times h be5 able sob]ly to appreciate1 & accurately to record excit+ exp]i5ces1 :]e feel+ & religi\s emotion h be5 conc]n$4 ,prosaic accuracy ( obs]vation & ( language1 at all times r>e1 are ! la/ qualities we c\ld expect to f9d 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! c]ta9 fact t disputes arose among ! ,apo/les !mselves s %ortly aft] ! dea? ( _! great ,ma/]1 we h "o pro( t ev5 among/ !m !re 0 no accurate appreciation ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus17#a7 & ! frequ5t in/ances ( _! misund]/&+ ( v simple matt]s1 & ( _! want ( enlight5m5t1 :i* occur ?r\gh\t ! #baj ,gospels are c]ta9ly n calculat$ to inspire mu* confid5ce 9 _! intellig5ce & accuracy ( obs]vation4 ,n[ x is app>5t t ! evid5ce = ,miracles requires to embrace two di/9ct po9ts3 ! reality ( ! alleg$ facts1 & ! accuracy ( ! inf]5ce t ! ph5om5a 7 produc$ by sup]natural ,ag5cy4 ,! task w\ld ev5 !n rema9 ( demon/rat+ ! p>ticul> sup]natural ,be+ by :om ! miracles 7 p]=m$1 :i* is admitt$ to be impossible4 ,we h hi!rto *iefly conf9$ ourselves to a consid]ation ( ! antec$5t cr$ibility ( su* ev5ts1 & ( ! fitness ( ^? :o are suppos$ to h witness$ !m to draw accurate inf]5ces f ! alleg$ ph5om5a4 ,^? :o h =m$ any adequate conception ( ! am\nt ( te/imony :i* w\ld be requisite 9 ord] to e/abli% ! reality ( occurr5ces 9 violation ( an ord] ( ,nature1 :i* is bas$ ^u univ]sal & inv>iable exp]i5ce1 mu/ recognize t1 ev5 if ! e>lie/ ass]t$ orig9 ( our f\r ,gospels c\ld be e/abli%$ ^u ! mo/ irrefragable gr\nds1 ! te/imony ( ! writ]s--m5 ( l ignorance ) _! contempor>ies1 m5 ( l passions ) ourselves--w\ld be utt]ly incompet5tto prove ! reality ( ,miracles4 ,we h already suffici5tly discuss$ ?is po9t1 m especially 9 connection ) ,hume's argum5t1 & ne$ n "h resume x ,e consid]ation1 hi/orical & philosophical1 has hi!rto discr$it$ ! :ole !ory ( miracles1 & fur!r inquiry might be ab&on$ z unnecess>y4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to r5d] our conclusion complete1 x rema9s = u to see :e!r1 z affirm$1 !re be any special evid5ce reg>d+ ! alleg$ facts entitl+ ! ,gospel ,miracles to exceptional att5tion4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ #baa cle>1 direct1 ! und\bt$ te/imony ( kn[n eyewitnesses free f sup]/ition1 & capable1 ?r\gh adequate k1 rightly to e/imate ! alleg$ ph5om5a1 we f9d t ! actual acc\nts h none ( ^! qualifications1 ! f9al decision ) reg>d to ,miracles & ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation w be easy & conclusive4 #bab ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels ,,introduction4 ,be=e comm5c+ our exam9ation ( ! evid5ce z to ! date1 au?or%ip1 & "* ( ! ,gospels1 x may be well to make a few prelim9>y rem>ks1 & cle>ly /ate c]ta9 canons ( criticism4 ,we %all make no attempt to e/abli% any !ory z to ! date at :i* any ( ! ,gospels 0 actually writt51 b simply exam9e all ! te/imony :i* is extant ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :at is kn[n ( ^! works & _! au?ors1 c]ta9ly & di/9ctly1 z di/+ui%$ f :at is m]ely conjectur$ or inf]r$4 ,mod]n op9ion1 9 an ,inquiry l ours1 mu/ n be mi/ak5 = anci5t evid5ce4 ,we propose1 !re=e1 z exhau/ively z possible to se>* all ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* = in=mation reg>d+ ! ,gospels1 & to exam9e ev5 ! alleg$ indications ( _! use4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 t ! sil5ce ( e>ly writ]s %\ld receive z mu* att5tion z any suppos$ allusions to ! ,gospels4 ,:5 su* writ]s1 quot+ l>gely f ! ,old ,te/am5t & o!r s\rces1 deal #bac ) subjects :i* w\ld naturally be assi/$ by ref]5ce to our ,gospels1 & /ill m s by quot+ su* works z au?oritative1--& yet we f9d t n only !y d n %[ any k ( ^? ,gospels1 b actually quote passages f unkn[n s\rces1 or say+s ( ,jesus d]iv$ f tradition1--! inf]5ce mu/ be t our ,gospels 7 ei!r unkn[n1 or n recogniz$ z works ( au?ority at ! "t4 ,x is /ill m important t we %\ld con/antly be> 9 m9d1 t a great numb] ( ,gospels exi/$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* :i* are no long] extant1 & ( mo/ ( :i* ev5 ! names are lo/4 ,we ne$ n "h d m ?an ref]1 9 corroboration ( ?is fact1 to ! prelim9>y /atem5t ( ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel3 ,=asmu* z _m --,greek-- took 9 h& to set =? 9 ord] a decl>ation ( ! ?+s :i* h be5 accompli%$ among u1 c47#a7 ,x is !re=e evid5t t be=e our ?ird ,synoptic 0 writt5 _m simil> works 7 already 9 circulation4 ,look+ at ! close simil>ity ( l>ge portions ( ! ?ree ,synoptics1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t _m ( ! writ+s "h m5tion$ bore a close analogy to ea* o!r & to our ,gospels1 & ?is is kn[n to h be5 ! case1 = in/ance1 among/ ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 e>ly writ+s1 we meet ) quotations closely resembl+1 or we may add1 ev5 id5tical ) passages :i* are f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 ! s\rce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n m5tion$1 nor is any au?or's "n indicat$1 ! simil>ity or ev5 id5tity _c by any means be admitt$ z pro( t ! quotation is necess>ily f our ,gospels1 & n f "s o!r simil> "w #bad n[ no long] extant17#a7 & m especially n :51 9 ! same writ+s1 !re are o!r quotations f s\rces diff]5t f our ,gospels4 ,:e!r reg>d$ z hi/orical records or z writ+s embody+ ! m]e tradition ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 our ,gospels _c be recogniz$ z ! exclusive deposit>ies ( ! g5u9e say+s & do+s ( ,jesus4 ,s f> f ! common possession by _m works1 9 e>ly times1 ( say+s ( ,jesus 9 closely simil> =m be+ ei!r /range or improbable1 ! really rem>kable ph5om5on is t su* mat]ial v>iation 9 ! report ( ! m important hi/orical tea*+ %\ld exi/ among/ !m4 ,b :il/ simil>ity to our ,gospels 9 passages quot$ by e>ly writ]s f unnam$ s\rces _c prove ! use ( our ,gospels1 v>iation f !m w\ld sugge/ or prove a diff]5t orig91 & at lea/ x is obvi\s t anonym\s quotations :i* d n agree ) our ,gospels _c 9 any case necess>ily indicate _! exi/5ce4 ,we %all 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages m fully illu/rate ?is1 b su* a /atem5t is requisite at ! v outset f ! too g5]al practice ( ref]r+ e quotation ( hi/orical say+s ( ,jesus exclusively to our ,gospels1 z ?\gh !y 7 ! only s\rces ( su* matt] :i* _h ev] exi/$4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t1 9 proportion z we remove f apo/olic times )\t positive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & au!nticity ( our ,gospels1 s does ! value ( _! te/imony dw9dle away4 ,inde$1 requir+ z we d cle>1 direct1 & irrefragable evid5ce ( ! integrity1 au!nticity1 & hi/orical "* ( ^! ,gospels1 d\bt or obscurity on ^! po9ts mu/ inevitably be fatal to !m z suffici5t te/imony1--if #bae !y c\ld1 "u any circum/ances be consid]$ suffici5t te/imony1--= miracles & a direct ,div9e ,revelation l ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity4 ,we propose to exam9e fir/1 ! evid5ce = ! ?ree ,synoptics &1 !n1 sep>ately1 ! te/imony reg>d+ ! f\r? ,gospel4 #baf ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,clem5t ,,( ,,rome--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,b>nabas--,,! ,,pa/or ,,( ,,h]mas4 ,! fir/ "w :i* pres5ts itself = exam9ation is ! s-call$ fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 :i*1 toge!r ) a second ,epi/le to ! same community1 likewise attribut$ to ,clem5t1 is pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us17#a7 a ,,ms4 assign$ by ! mo/ compet5t judges to ! second half ( ! fif?1 or beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 9 :i* ^! ,epi/les foll[ ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! second ,epi/le1 :i* is evid5tly n epi/ol>y1 b ! fragm5t ( a ,homily17#b7 al?\gh x ?us %>es ) ! fir/ ! hon\r ( a canonical position 9 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t codices ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is n m5tion$ at all by ! e>li] fa!rs :o ref] to ! fir/27#c7 #bag & ,eusebius17#a7 :o is ! fir/ writ] :o m5tions x1 expresses d\bt reg>d+ x1 :ile ,j]ome7#b7 & ,photius7#c7 /ate t x 0 reject$ by ! anci5ts4 ,x is n[ univ]sally reg>d$ z spuri\s17#d7 & dat$ ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury17#e7 or lat]47#f7 ,we %all h]eaft] see t _m o!r pseudographs 7 circulat$ 9 ! "n ( ,clem5t1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 we ne$ n fur!r allude at pres5t4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy z to ! id5tity ( ! ,clem5t to :om ! fir/ ,epi/le is attribut$4 ,9 e>ly days he 0 suppos$ to be ! ,clem5t #bah m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians 7iv4 #c77a71 b ?is is n[ g5]ally d\bt$ or ab&on$17#b7 & ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le has1 inde$1 be5 call$ 9 "q bo? by e>li] & lat] critics47#c7 ,x is unnecess>y to detail ! v>i\s traditions reg>d+ ! suppos$ writ]1 b we mu/ po9t out t ! ,epi/le itself makes no m5tion ( ! au?or's "n4 ,x m]ely purports to be address$ by ,! ,*ur* ( ,god :i* soj\rns at ,rome to ! ,*ur* ( ,god soj\rn+ at ,cor9?2 b 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 ! title ( ,! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 is add$ at ! end4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria calls ! suppos$ writ] ! ,apo/le ,clem5t37#d7 ,orig5 reports t _m also ascrib$ to him ! au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews27#e7 & ,photius m5tions t he 0 likewise said to be ! writ] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les47#f7 ,we "k t until a comp>atively late date ?is ,epi/le 0 quot$ z ,holy ,scripture17#g7 & 0 publicly read 9 ! *ur*es at ! ,sunday meet+s ( ,*ri/ians47#h7 ,x has1 z we h se51 a place among/ #bai ! canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 b x did n long reta9 t position 9 ! canon1 = al?\gh 9 ! ,apo/olic ,canons7#a7 ( ! six? or sev5? c5tury bo? ,epi/les appe>1 yet 9 ! ,/i*ometry ( ,nicephorus1 a "w ( ! n9? c5tury1 d]iv$1 h[ev]1 z ,cr$n]7#b7 has demon/rat$1 f a ,syrian catalogue ( ! fif? c5tury1 bo? ,epi/les are class$ among ! ,apocrypha47#c7 ,great unc]ta9ty prevails z to ! date at :i* ! ,epi/le 0 writt54 ,ref]5ce is suppos$ to be made to x by ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p17#d7 b1 ow+ to ! probable inau!nticity ( t "w itself1 no weight c be atta*$ to ?is circum/ance4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 ref]5ce to x is by ,hegesippus1 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury1 m5tion$ by ,eusebius47#e7 ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 9 a lett] ascrib$ to him address$ to ,sot]1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 is ! fir/ :o di/9ctly m5tions ! "n ( ,clem5t z ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le47#f7 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! ord] ( 8 succession to ! ,bi%opric ( ,rome4 ,ir5aeus7#g7 & ,eusebius7#h7 say t he foll[$ ,anacletus1 & ! latt] adds ! date ( ! twelf? ye> ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7a4d4 #ia-ib71 & t he di$ n9e ye>s aft]1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,trajan's reign 7a4d4 #ajj747i7 ,int]nal evid5ce7#aj7 %[s t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 aft] "s p]secution #bbj ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & ! selection lies betwe5 ! p]secution "u ,n]o1 :i* w\ld sugge/ ! date a4d4 #fd-gj1 or t "u ,domitian1 :i* w\ld assign ! lett] to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 or to ! beg9n+ ( ! second4 ,^? :o adh]e to ! view t ! ,clem5t m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians is ! au?or1 ma9ta9 t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 "u ,n]o47#a7 ,"o ( _! pr9cipal argum5ts = ?is conclusion is a rem>k occurr+ 9 ,*apt] xli43 ,n ev]y:]e1 bre?r51 are ! daily sacrifices (f]$ up1 or ! votive (f]+s1 or ! s9-(f]+s & ! trespass-(f]+s1 b only 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b ev5 !re !y are n (f]$ 9 e place1 b only at ! alt> be=e ! ,sanctu>y1 exam9ation ( ! sacrifice (f]$ be+ fir/ made by ! ,high ,prie/ & ! m9i/]s already m5tion$47#b7 ,f ?is x is conclud$ t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n t ,josephus17#c7 ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus 7c4 #c71 & o!rs1 long aft] ! ,jewi% wor%ip ( ! ,temple 0 at an end1 cont9ually speak 9 ! pres5t t5se ( ! ,temple wor%ip 9 ,j]usalem2 & x is evid5t1 z ,coteli] long ago rem>k$1 t ?is may be done ) propriety ev5 9 ! pres5t #bba day4 ,! argum5t is !re=e recogniz$ to be )\t value47l7 ,tis*5dorf1 :o sy/ematically adopts ! e>lie/ possible or impossible dates = all ! writ+s ( ! fir/ two c5turies1 decides1 )\t /at+ 8 reasons1 t ! gr\nds = ! e>li] date1 ab\t a4d4 #fi1 z well z = ! episcopate ( ,clem5t f a4d4 #fh-gg7b7 are conclusive2 b he betrays 8 m correct impression by class+ ,clem5t1 9 8 index1 along ) ,ignatius & ,polyc>p1 z repres5tatives ( ! p]iod3 ,fir/ & second qu>t]s ( ! second c5tury37#c7 & 9 ! ,prolegom5a to 8 ,new ,te/am5t he dates ! episcopate ( ,clem5t ab anno #ib usque #ajb47d7 ,! e>li] episcopate assign$ to him by ,hefele ^u mo/ insuffici5t gr\nds is contradict$ by ! direct /atem5ts ( ,ir5aeus1 ,eusebius1 ,j]ome1 & o!rs :o give ! e>lie/ li/s ( ,roman ,bi%ops17#e7 z wrell z by ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! ,epi/le itself4 ,9 ,*apt] xliv4 ! writ] speaks ( ^? appo9t$ by ! apo/les to ! ov]sight ( ! ,*ur*1 or aft]w>ds by o!r notable m51 ! :ole ,*ur* cons5t+4444 :o h = a long "t be5 comm5d$ by all1 c417#f7 :i* indicates successions ( ,bi%ops s9ce apo/olic days4 ,9 ano!r #bbb place 7,*ap1 xlvii47 he ref]s ! ,cor9?ians to ! ,epi/le address$ to !m by ,paul 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel --,greek--1 & speaks ( ! mo/ /$fa/ & anci5t ,*ur* ( ! ,cor9?ians --,greek--1 :i* w\ld be absurd 9 an ,epi/le writt5 ab\t a4d4 #fi4 ,moreov]1 an advanc$ episcopal =m ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t is indicat$ ?r\gh\t ! lett]1 :i* is q inconsi/5t ) su* a date4 ,! great mass ( critics1 !re=e1 h decid$ aga9/ ! e>li] date ( ! episcopate ( ,clem5t1 & assign ! composition ( ! ,epi/le to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury 7a4d4 #ie-ajj747a7 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 date x /ill lat]4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! great numb] ( ,epi/les & #bbc o!r writ+s falsely circulat$ 9 ! "n ( ,clem5t may well excite suspicion z to ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le also1 :i* is f> f unsupport$ by int]nal pro(s4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 we %all only m5tion "o4 ,we h already incid5tally rem>k$ t ! writ] m5tions ! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! only in/ance 9 :i* any ,new ,te/am5t writ+ is ref]r$ to by "n2 b along ) ! ,epi/le ( ! bless$ ,paul --,greek-- ! au?or also speaks ( ! bless$ ,judi? --,greek--17#a7 & ?is leads to ! inquiry3 ,:5 0 ! ,book ( ,judi? writt58 ,hitzig1 ,volkm>1 & o!rs cont5d t x mu/ be dat$ a4d4 #aag-aah17c7 & if ?is be admitt$1 x foll[s ( c\rse t an ,epi/le :i* already %[s acqua9tance ) ! ,book ( ,judi? _c h be5 writt5 be=e a4d4 #abj-abe at ! e>lie/1 :i* _m1 = ?is & o!r reasons1 affirm to be ! case ) ! ,epi/le ( pseudo-,clem5t47#c7 ,:atev] date be assign$ to x1 h[ev]1 x is probable t ! ,epi/le is int]polat$1#d al?\gh x mu/ be add$ t ?is is n ! view ( ! majority ( critics4 ,x is important to asc]ta9 :e!r or n ?is anci5t *ri/ian ,epi/le af=ds any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( #bbd our ,synoptic ,gospels at ! "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,tis*5dorf1 :o is ev] ready to claim ! slighte/ resemblance 9 language z a ref]5ce to ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 /ates t al?\gh ?is ,epi/le is ri* 9 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t ,clem5t "h & !re also makes use ( passages f ,paul9e ,epi/les1 he n[h]e ref]s to ! ,gospels47#a7 ,?is is p]fectly true1 b sev]al passages occur 9 ?is ,epi/le :i* are ei!r quotations f ,evangelical works diff]5t f ours1 or d]iv$ f tradition17#b7 & 9 ei!r case !y h a v important be>+ ^u our inquiry4 ,! fir/ ( ^! passages occurs 9 ,*4 xiii41 & = great] facility ( comp>ison1 we %all at once place x bo? 9 ! ,greek & 9 translation1 9 juxta-position ) ! ne>e/ p>allel read+s 9 our ,synoptic ,gospels2 &1 z f> z may be1 we %all 9 ! ,engli% v]sion indicate diff]5ces exi/+ 9 ! orig9al texts4 ,! passage is introduc$ ?us3 ,especially rememb]+ ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 :i* he spake tea*+ g5tl5ess & long-suff]+4 ,= ?us he said37#c7-- #bbe ,( c\rse x is und]/ood t1 al?\gh = conv5i5ce #bbf ( comp>ison we h brok5 up ?is quotation into ^! phrases1 x is q cont9u\s 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to any "o :o c>efully exam9es ! p>allel passages1 t ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus 9 ! ,epi/le _c h be5 d]iv$ f our ,gospels4 ,n only is !re no simil> consecutive disc\rse 9 !m1 b ! scatt]$ phrases :i* are po9t$ out z pres5t+ sup]ficial simil>ity ) ! quotation are m>k$ly diff]5t bo? 9 ?\ght & language4 ,9 x1 z 9 ! beatitudes ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 ! con/ruction is peculi> & cont9u\s3 ,d ?is4444 9 ord] t --,greek--2 or1 ,z --,greek--444 s --,greek-- ,! !or ( a comb9ation ( passages f memory1 :i* is usually advanc$ to expla9 su* quotations1 _c s]ve "h1 = ?\ghts & expressions occur 9 ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le :i* h no p>allel at all 9 our ,gospels1 & su* dismemb]$ phrases z c be collect$ f our fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics1 = comp>ison ) x1 foll[ ! c\rse ( ! quotation 9 ! ensu+ ord]3 ,matt4 v4 #g1 vi4 #ad1 "p ( vii4 #ab1 phrase )\t p>allel1 fir/ "p ( vii4 #b1 phrase )\t p>allel1 la/ "p ( vii4 #b2 or1 ,luke vi4 #cf1 la/ phrase ( vi4 #cg1 vi4 #ca1 fir/ phrase ( vi4 #ch1 fir/ phrase ( vi4 #cg1 phrase )\t p>allel1 la/ phrase ( vi4 #ch4 ,! only "q ) reg>d to ?is passage1 !re=e1 is :e!r ! writ] quotes f an unkn[n writt5 s\rce or f tradition4 ,he c]ta9ly m]ely pr(esses to repeat words ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 & does n def9itely indicate a writt5 record1 b x is mu* m probable1 f ! context1 t he quotes f a gospel n[ no long] extant ?an t he d]ives ?is tea*+ f oral tradition4 ,he introduces ! quotation #bbg n only ) a rem>k imply+ a well-kn[n record3 ,rememb]+ ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus :i* he spake1 tea*+1 c4 b he reit]ates3 ,= ?us he said1 9 a way sugge/+ c>eful & precise quotation ( ! v words2 & he adds at ! end3 ,by ?is injunction & by ^! in/ructions let u e/abli% ourselves1 t we may walk 9 ob$i5ce to 8 holy words1 ?9k+ humbly ( ourselves47#a7 seems improbable t ! writ] w\ld s m>k$ly h indicat$ a precise quotation ( words ( ,jesus1 & w\ld s emphatically h comm5d$ !m z ! rule ( life to ! ,cor9?ians1 _h ^! precepts be5 m]e float+ tradition1 until !n un/amp$ ) writt5 p]man5ce4 ,! phrase3 ,z ye %[ k9dness --,greek-- :i* is n[h]e f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 recalls an expression quot$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr app>5tly f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours1 & frequ5tly repeat$ by him 9 ! same =m3 ,be ye k9d & m]ciful --,greek-- ,fa!r also is k9d --,greek-- & m]ciful47#b7 ,9 ! v next *apt] ( ! ,epi/le a simil> ref]5ce aga9 occurs3 ,let u be k9d to ea* o!r --,greek-- accord+ to ! m]cy & b5ignity ( our ,creator47#c7 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 go+ m m9utely into ?is "q1 x is c]ta9 f its ess5tial v>iations 9 language1 ?\ght & ord]1 t ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le _c be claim$ z a compilation f our ,gospels2 & we %all pres5tly see t "s ( ! expressions 9 x :i* are =eign to our ,gospels are else:]e quot$ by o!r ,fa!rs1 & !re is reason to believe t ^! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus 7 n d]iv$ f tradition b #bbh f a writt5 s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels47#a7 ,:5 ! great diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! p>allel passages 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics1 & /ill m betwe5 ^! & ! second1 is consid]$1 x is easy to und]/& t o!r ,gospels may h conta9$ a v]sion diff]+ z mu* f !m z !y d f ea* o!r4 ,we likewise subjo9 ! next passage to :i* we mu/ ref]1 ) ! ne>e/ p>allels 9 our ,synoptics4 ,we may expla9 t ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le is rebuk+ ! ,cor9?ians = /rifes & divisions among/ !m1 & = =gett+ t !y are memb]s "o ( ano!r1 & he cont9ues3 ,rememb] ! words ( our ,"l ,jesus2 = he said37#b7 #bbi ,?is quotation is cle>ly n f our ,gospels1 b mu/ be assign$ to a diff]5t writt5 s\rce4 ,! writ] w\ld sc>cely ref] ! ,cor9?ians to su* words ( ,jesus if !y 7 m]ely traditional4 ,x is nei!r a comb9ation ( texts1 nor a quotation f memory4 ,! language ?r\gh\t is m>k$ly diff]5t f any passage 9 ! ,synoptics1 & to pres5t ev5 a sup]ficial p>allel1 x is necess>y to take a fragm5t ( ! disc\rse ( ,jesus at ! ,la/ ,supp] reg>d+ ! traitor :o %\ld deliv] him up 7,mat?4 xxvi4 #bd71 & jo9 x to a fragm5t ( 8 rem>ks 9 connection ) ! little *ild :om he set 9 ! mid/ 7xviii4 #f74 ,! p>allel passage 9 ,luke has n #bcj ! op5+ words ( ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le at all1 & ! portion :i* x conta9s 7xvii4 #b71 is sep>at$ f ! context 9 :i* x /&s 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 & :i* expla9s its mean+4 ,if we contra/ ! p>allel passages 9 ! ?ree ,synoptics1 _! diff]5ces ( context are v sugge/ive1 & )\t ref]r+ to _! num]\s & important v>iations 9 detail1 ! confusion among/ !m is evid5ce ( v v>y+ tradition47#a7 ,?is alone w\ld make ! exi/5ce ( ano!r =m l t quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le be=e u m ?an probable4 ,tis*5dorf1 9 a note to 8 /atem5t t ,clem5t n[h]e ref]s to ! ,gospels1 quotes ! passage we are n[ consid]+1 ! only "o to :i* he alludes1 & says3 ,^! words are expressly cit$ z 'words ( ,jesus our ,"l2' b !y d5ote mu* m oral apo/olic tradition ?an a use ( ! p>allel passages 9 ,mat!w 7xxvi4 #bd1 xviii4 #f7 & ,luke 7xvii4 #b747b7 ,x is n[1 ( c\rse1 impossible to det]m9e f9ally :e!r ! passage 0 actually d]iv$ f tradition or f a writt5 s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels1 b 9 ei!r case ! fact is1 t ! ,epi/le n only does n af=d ! slighte/ evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( any ( our ,gospels1 b f only mak+ use ( tradition or an apocryphal "w z ! s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ words ( ,jesus1 x is decid$ly oppos$ to ! pret5sions made on behalf ( ! ,synoptics4 #bca ,be=e pass+ on1 we may1 9 ! briefe/ way possible1 ref] to "o or two o!r passages1 ) ! view ( fur!r illu/rat+ ! "* ( ! quotations 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,!re are _m passages cit$ :i* are n f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & o!rs :i* h no p>allels 9 ! ,new4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! v *apt] 9 :i* ! words :i* we h j be5 consid]+ occur1 !re is ! foll[+ quotation3 ,x-is writt53 ,cleave to ! holy1 = !y :o cleave to !m %all be made holy17#a7 ! s\rce ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ! writ] says3 ,& our ,apo/les knew1 ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t !re w be cont5tion reg>d+ ! "n1 --,greek--1 (fice1 dignity87 ( ! episcopate47#b7 ,:at 0 ! writ]s au?ority = ?is /atem5t8 ,we f9d ,ju/9 ,m>tyr quot+1 z an express pr$iction ( ,jesus3 ,!re %all be s*isms & h]esies17#c7 :i* is n conta9$ 9 our gospels1 b evid5tly d]iv$ f an uncanonical s\rce17#d7 a fact r5d]$ m app>5t by ! occurr5ce ( a simil> passage 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 /ill m closely be>+ ^u our ,epi/le3 ,= !re %all be1 z ! ,"l said1 false apo/les1 false prophets1 h]esies1 desires = supremacy47#e7 ,hegesippus also speaks 9 a simil> way3 ,f ^! came ! #bcb false ,*ri/s1 false prophets1 false apo/les :o divid$ ! unity ( ! ,*ur*47l7 ,z ,hegesippus1 & 9 all probability ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & ! au?or ( ! ,clem5t9es made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or to ,pet]1 x is mo/ probable t ^! ,gospels conta9$ passages to :i* ! words ( ! ,epi/le may ref]47#b7 ,x may be well to po9t out t ! au?or also cites a passage f ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra1 ii4 #af37c7 ,& ,i %all rememb] ! good day1 & ,i %all raise y f y\r tombs47#d7 ,ezra reads3 ,et resuscitabo mor-tuos de locis suis et de monum5tis educam illos1 c4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! quotation 9 ! ,epi/le1 ( :i* we h only giv5 ! latt] clause above1 is tak5 f ,isaiah xxvi4 #bj1 b !re c be no d\bt t ! above is f ?is apocryphal book17#e7 :i*1 z we %all see1 0 mu* us$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 #b4 ,we n[ turn to ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ano!r int]e/+ relic ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 _m po9ts 9 ^: hi/ory h consid]able analogy ) t ( ! ,epi/le ( pseudo-,clem5t4 ,! lett] itself be>s no au?or's "n1 is n dat$ f any place1 & is n address$ to any special community4 ,t[>ds ! #bcc end ( ! second c5tury1 h[ev]1 tradition began to ascribe x to ,b>nabas ! companion ( ,paul47#a7 ,! fir/ writ] :o m5tions x is ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o calls its au?or sev]al times ! ,apo/le ,b>nabas27#b7 & ,eusebius says t he gave an acc\nt ( x 9 "o ( 8 works n[ no long] extant47#c7 ,orig5 also ref]s to x1 call+ x a ,ca?olic ,epi/le1 & quot+ x z ,scripture47#d7 ,we h already se5 9 ! case ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,clem5t ( ,rome1 &1 z we proce$1 we %all become only too famili> ) ! fact1 ! s+ul> facility ) :i*1 9 ! total abs5ce ( critical discrim9ation1 spuri\s writ+s 7 ascrib$ by ! ,fa!rs to ,apo/les & _! foll[]s4 ,9 _m cases su* writ+s 7 delib]ately inscrib$ ) names well kn[n 9 ! ,*ur*1 b bo? 9 ! case ( ! two ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 & ! lett] we are n[ consid]+1 no su* pi\s fraud 0 attempt$1 nor 0 x necess>y4 ,cr$ul\s piety1 :i* attribut$ writ+s to e ,apo/le1 & ev5 to ,jesus himself1 soon f\nd au?ors = ea* anonym\s "w ( an edify+ "*4 ,to ,b>nabas1 ! fri5d ( ,paul1 n only ?is ,epi/le 0 ref]r$1 b he 0 also report$ by ,t]tullian & o!rs to be ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews27#e7 & an apocryphal ,gospel accord+ to ,b>nabas1 said to h _h close aff9ity ) our #bcd fir/ ,synoptic1 is condemn$ along ) _m o!rs 9 ! decretal ( ,gelasius47#a7 ,eusebius1 h[ev]1 classes ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas among/ ! spuri\s books --,greek--17#b7 & else:]e also speaks ( x z uncanonical47#c7 ,j]ome m5tions x z read among/ apocryphal writ+s47#d7 ,_h ! ,epi/le be5 s]i\sly reg>d$ z a "w ( ! ,apo/le ,b>nabas1 x c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to atta9 canonical rank4 ,t x 0 highly valu$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* is %[n by ! fact t x /&s1 along ) ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 aft] ! ,canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 :i* is probably ! mo/ anci5t ,,ms4 ( !m n[ kn[n4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( criticism1 "s writ]s1 )\t mu* "q1 adopt$ ! traditional view z to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le17#e7 b ! great mass ( critics are n[ agre$ 9 ass]t+ t ! composition1 :i* itself is p]fectly anonym\s1 _c be attribut$ to ,b>nabas ! fri5d & fell[-work] ( ,paul47#f7 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! =m] op9ion date #bce ! ,epi/le ab\t a4d4 #gj--gc1 or ev5 e>li]1 b ?is is sc>cely ! view ( any liv+ critic4 ,!re are _m indications 9 ! ,epi/le :i* r5d] su* a date impossible1 b we d n propose to g into ! argum5t m9utely1 = x is g5]ally admitt$ t1 :il/ !re is a cle> limit fur!r back ?an :i* ! ,epi/le _c be set17#a7 !re is little or no c]ta9ty h[ f> into ! second c5tury its composition may n reasonably be advanc$4 ,critics are divid$ ^u ! po9t2 a few are dispos$ to date ! ,epi/le ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ or beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury 7#b :ile a /ill great] numb] assign x to ! reign ( ,hadrian 7a4d4 #bcf #aag--ach727a7 & o!rs1 n )\t reason1 consid] t x exhibits m>ks ( a /ill lat] p]iod47#b7 ,x is probable t x is m or less int]polat$47#c7 ,until ! discov]y ( ! ,s9aitic ,,ms41 a portion ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 only kn[n ?r\gh an anci5t ,lat9 v]sion1 ! fir/ f\r & a half *apt]s ( ! ,greek hav+ be5 lo/4 ,! ,greek text1 h[ev]1 is n[ complete1 al?\gh (t5 v corrupt4 ,! au?or quotes l>gely f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & also f apocryphal works47#d7 ,he n[h]e m5tions any book or writ] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ) "o ass]t$ exception1 :i* we %all pres5tly exam9e1 he quotes no passage agree+ ) our ,gospels4 ,we %all ref] to ^!1 comm5c+ at once ) ! mo/ important4 ,9 ! anci5t ,lat9 translation ( ! ,epi/le1 ! only =m1 z we h j said1 9 :i* until ! discov]y #bcg ( ! ,codex ,s9aiticus ! fir/ f\r & a half *apt]s 7 extant1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 ,adt5damus ergo1 ne =te1 sicut scriptum e/1 multi vocati pauci electi inv5iamur47l7 ,let u1 !re=e1 bew>e le/ we %\ld be f\nd1 z x is writt53 ,_m are call$1 few are *os54 ,^! words are f\nd 9 our fir/ ,gospel 7xxii4 #ad71 & z ! =mula by :i* !y are "h introduc$--x is writt51 is g5]ally und]/ood to indicate a quotation f ,holy ,scripture1 x 0 & is argu$ by "s t "h we h a passage f "o ( our ,gospels quot$ 9 a mann] :i* %[s t1 at ! "t ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 writt51 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w 0 already consid]$ ,holy ,scripture47#c7 ,:il/ ?is portion ( ! text exi/$ only 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion1 x 0 argu$ t ! sicut scriptum e/1 at lea/1 mu/ be an int]polation1 & 9 any case t x c\ld n be delib]ately appli$1 at t date1 to a passage 9 any writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,on ! discov]y ( ! ,s9aitic ,,ms41 h[ev]1 ! words 7 f\nd 9 ! ,greek text 9 t ,codex3 --,greek--4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is s f> modifi$ t1 h[ev] mu* we may suspect ! ,greek text ( int]polation1 x mu/ be accept$ z ! basis ( discussion t ?is passage1 :atev] its value1 exi/s 9 ! olde/1 & inde$ only 7& ?is po9t mu/ n be =gott57 complete ,,ms4 ( ! ,greek ,epi/le4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! value ( ! expression x is writt51 x may be rem>k$ t 9 no case c\ld its use 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas indicate m ?an individual op9ion1 & x c\ld n1 = reasons to be pres5tly giv51 be consid]$ to repres5t ! decision ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! v same *apt] 9 :i* ! =mula is us$ 9 connection ) ! passage we are consid]+1 x is also employ$ to introduce a quotation f ! ,book ( ,eno*17#a7 --,greek--1 & else:]e 7c4 xii47 he quotes f ano!r apocryphal book7#b7 z "o ( ! prophets47#c7 ,aga91 he ref]s to ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ 9 ano!r prophet say+3 ',& :5 %all ^! ?+s come to pass8 & ! ,"l sai?3 ,:51 c4 444 --,greek--1 4444444--,greek--4 ,he also quotes 7*4 vi47 ! apocryphal ,book ( ,wisdom z ,holy ,scripture1 & 9 l mann] sev]al o!r unkn[n works4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! ,pa/or ( ,h5nas1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas itself1 & _m o!r apocryphal works h be5 quot$ by ! ,fa!rs z ,holy ,scripture1 ! di/9ctive value ( su* an expression may be und]/ood4 ,) ?is pass+ rem>k1 h[ev]1 we proce$ to say t ?is suppos$ quotation f ,mat!w z ,holy ,scripture1 by prov+ too mu*1 de/roys its own value z evid5ce4 ,! g5]ality ( compet5t & #bci imp>tial critics are agre$1 t x is impossible to ent]ta9 ! idea t "o ( our ,gospels c\ld h held ! rank ( ,holy ,scripture at ! date ( ?is ,epi/le1 see+ t1 = m ?an half a c5tury aft]1 ! %>pe/ l9e 0 drawn betwe5 ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( ! ,new1 & ! =m] alone quot$ z1 or accord$ ! consid]ation (1 ,holy ,scripture4#a ,if ?is 7 actually a quotation f our fir/ ,gospel1 already 9 ! position ( ,holy ,scripture1 x w\ld inde$ be a/oni%+ t ! ,epi/le1 putt+ out ( ! "q o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s = half a c5tury aft] x1 teem+ z x does ) extracts f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & f kn[n1 & unkn[n1 apocryphal works1 %\ld ?us limit its use ( ! ,gospel to a few words1 totally neglect+ ! ri* /ore :i* x conta9s1 & quot+1 on ! o!r h&1 say+s ( ,jesus n record$ at all 9 any ( our ,synoptics4 ,x is mo/ improbable t1 if ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 acqua9t$ ) any "o ( our ,gospels1 & consid]$ x an inspir$ & canonical "w1 he c\ld h neglect$ x 9 su* a mann]4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! quotation :i* he is suppos$ to make1 :i* we %all pres5tly po9t out1 r5d]s su* limitation to x d\bly s+ul> ^u any su* hypo!sis4 ,! unreasonable nature ( ! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 w become m app>5t z we proce$ ) our exam9ation1 & p]ceive t none ( ! e>ly writ]s quote our ,gospels1 #bdj if !y knew !m at all1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 make use ( o!r works1 & t ! inf]5ce t ,mat!w 0 consid]$ ,holy ,scripture1 !re=e1 re/s solely ^u ?is quotation ( half a doz5 words4 ,! application ( su* a =mula to a suppos$ quotation f "o ( our ,gospels1 9 s isolat$ an in/ance1 l$ to ! belief t1 ev5 if ! passage 7 tak5 f our fir/ ,synoptic1 ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le 9 quot+ x lab\r$ "u ! impression t x 0 d]iv$ f "s prophetical book47#a7 ,we daily see h[ difficult x is to trace ! s\rce ev5 ( ! mo/ famili> quotations4 ,in/ances ( su* confusion ( memory are frequ5t 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & _m c be po9t$ out 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t itself4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,matt1 xxvii4 #i f4 ! passage f ,ze*>iah xi4 #ab-ac is attribut$ to ,j]emiah2 9 ,m>k i4 #b1 a quotation f ,mala*i iii4 #a is ascrib$ to ,isaiah4 ,9 #a ,cor9?ians ii4 #i1 a passage is quot$ z ,holy ,scripture :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t at all1 b :i* is tak51 z ,orig5 & ,j]ome /ate1 f an apocryphal "w1 ,! ,revelation ( ,elias17#b7 & ! passage is simil>ly quot$ by ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians 7xxxiv74 ,!n 9 :at prophet did ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,gospel f9d ! words 7xiil #ce73 ,t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet17#c7 say+3 ,i w op5 my m\? 9 p>ables2 ,i #bda w utt] ?+s :i* h be5 kept secret f ! f\ndation ( ! _w 8 ,orelli17#a7 aft]w>ds foll[$ by _m o!rs17#b7 sugge/$ t ! quotation 0 probably int5d$ = "o 9 ,,iv ,ezra viii4 #c3 ,nam multi creati sunt1 pauci autem salvabuntur47#c7 ,= _m are creat$1 b few %all be sav$4 ,bretscl9eid] propos$ z an em5dation ( ! passage 9 ,ezra ! sub/itution ( vocati = creati b1 h[ev] plausible1 8 argum5t did n meet ) mu* fav\r47#d7 ,along ) ?is passage 0 also sugge/$ a simil> expression 9 ,,iv ,ezra ix4 #ae3 ,plures sunt qui p]eunt1 quam qui salvabuntur4 ,!re are m :o p]i% ?an :o %all be sav$47#e7 ,! ,greek ( ! ?ree passages may read z foll[s3-- --,greek-- --,greek-- --,greek-- ,!re c be no d\bt t ! s5se ( ! read+ 9 ,,iv ,ezra is exactly t ( ! ,epi/le1 b ! language is some:at diff]5t4 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9al ,greek ( ,,iv ,ezra7#f7 is lo/1 & t we are :olly dep5d5t on ! v]sions & ,,mss4 extant1 reg>d+ ^: num]\s v>iations & great #bdb corruption !re are no diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,orelli's !ory1 moreov]1 is support$ by ! fact t ! ,epi/le1 else:]e1 7c4 xii7 quotes f ,,iv ,ezra 7iv4 #cc1 v4 #e74 ,on exam9+ ! passage z x occurs 9 our fir/ ,synoptic1 we are at ! v outset /ruck by ! s+ul> fact1 t ?is %ort say+ appe>s twice 9 t ,gospel ) a diff]5t context1 & 9 ea* case )\t any propriety ( application to :at prec$es x1 :il/ x is n f\nd at all 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two ,synoptics4 ,! fir/ "t we meet ) x is at ! close ( ! p>able ( ! lab\r]s 9 ! v9ey>d47#a7 ,! h\sehold] engages ! lab\r]s at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 & pays ^? :o _h work$ b "o h\r ! same wages z ^? :o _h borne ! burd5 & heat ( ! day1 & ! reflection at ! close is1 xx4 #af3 ,?us ! la/ %all be fir/ & ! fir/ la/2 = _m are call$ b few *os54 ,x is p]fectly evid5t t nei!r ( ^! say+s1 b especially n t ) :i* we are conc]n$1 has any connection ) ! p>able at all4 ,!re is no "q ( _m or few1 or ( selection or rejection2 all ! lab\r]s are engag$ & paid alike4 ,if !re be a moral at all to ! p>able1 x is ! ju/ification ( ! ma/]3 ,is x n lawful = me to d :at ,i w ) m9e own8 ,x is impossible to imag9e a say+ m irrelevant to its context ?an _m are call$ b few *os51 9 su* a place4 ,! passage occurs aga9 7xxii4 #ad7 9 connection ) ! p>able ( ! k+ :o made a m>riage = 8 son4 ,! gue/s :o are at fir/ invit$ refuse to come1 & are de/roy$ by ! k+'s armies2 b ! w$d+ is nev]!less furni%$ #bdc ) gue/s by ga!r+ toge!r z _m z are f\nd 9 ! highways4 ,a new episode comm5ces :5 ! k+ comes 9 to see ! gue/s 7v4 #aa74 ,he obs]ves a man !re :o has n on a w$d+ g>m5t1 & he desires ! s]vants to 7v4 #ac7 ,b9d him h& & foot1 & ca/ him into ! d>kness )\t1 :]e !re %all be weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?27#a7 & !n comes our passage 7v4 #ad73 ,= _m are call$ b few *os54 ,n[1 :e!r appli$ to ! fir/ or to ! latt] "p ( ! p>able1 ! say+ is irrelevant4 ,! gue/s fir/ call$ 7 9 fact *os5 z mu* z ! la/1 b !mselves refus$ to come1 & ( all ^? :o1 be+ call$ f ! highways & byways1 ultimately furni%$ ! w$d+ ) gue/s 9 _! /ead1 only "o 0 reject$4 ,x is cle> t ! facts "h di/9ctly contradict ! moral t few are *os54 ,9 bo? places ! say+ is1 z x 71 dragg$ 9 by ! hair4 ,on exam9ation1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! olde/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t omit ! s5t5ce f ,mat!w xx4 #af4 ,x is nei!r f\nd 9 ! ,s9aitic nor ,vatican codices1 & :il/ x has n ! support ( ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 :i* is defective at ! "p1 nor ( ! ,dubl9 rescript 7z71 :i* omits x1 _m o!r ,,mss4 are also )\t x4 ,! total irrelevancy ( ! say+ to its context1 its omission by ! olde/ au?orities f ,mat?4 xx4 #af1 :]e x appe>s 9 lat] ,,mss41 & its total abs5ce f bo? ( ! o!r ,gospels1 mu/ at once /rike e "o z peculi>1 & z v un=tunate1 to say #a ,?is is n ! place to criticize ! expectation ( f9d+ a w$d+ g>m5t on a gue/ hurri$ 9 f highways & byways1 or ! puni%m5t inflict$ = su* an (f5ce1 z que/ions affect+ ! "* ( ! p>able4 #bdd ! lea/ ( x1 = ^? :o make extreme ass]tions ) reg>d to its suppos$ quotation by ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,weizsack]1 ) great probability1 sugge/s t 9 ?is passage we h m]ely a well-kn[n prov]b17#a7 :i* ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel has introduc$ into 8 "w f "s uncanonical or o!r s\rce1 & plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus47#b7 ,c]ta9ly "u ! circum/ances x c sc>cely be ma9ta9$ 9 its pres5t context z a hi/orical say+ ( ,jesus4 ,ewald1 :o naturally omits x f ,mat!w xx4 #af1 ascribes ! p>able xx4 #a--af z well z t xxii4 #a--ad1 9 :i* x /&s1 orig9ally to ! ,spru*sammlung7#c7 or collection ( disc\rses1 out ( :i*1 ) int]m$iate works1 he consid]s t our fir/ ,gospel 0 compos$47#d7 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is1 x seems to u1 good reason = believ+ t x 0 n orig9ally a "p ( ^! p>ables1 & t x is n 9 t s5se hi/orical2 & !re is1 !re=e1 no gr\nd = ass]t+ t x may n h be5 d]iv$ by ! au?or ( ! ,gospel f "s old] "w1 f :i* also x may h come into ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas47#e7 #bde ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r passage :i* des]ves to be m5tion$4 ,! ,epi/le has ! foll[+ quotation3 ,aga91 ,i w %[ !e h[1 9 reg>d to u1 ! ,"l sai?1 ,he made a new creation 9 ! la/ times4 ,! ,"l sai?3 ,behold ,i make ! fir/ z ! la/47l7 ,ev5 ,tis*5dorf does n pret5d t ?is is a quotation ( ,mat?4 xx4 #af17b7 ,?us ! la/ %all be fir/ & ! fir/ la/1 --,greek-- ! s5se ( :i* is q diff]5t4 ,! application ( ! say+ 9 ?is place 9 ! fir/1 & inde$ 9 ! o!r1 ,synoptic ,gospels is evid5tly q false1 & dep5ds m]ely on ! r+ ( words & n ( ideas4 ,9 xix4 #cj x is quot$ a second "t1 q irrelevantly1 ) "s v>iation3 ,b _m fir/ %all be la/ & la/ fir/ --,greek--4 ,n[ x w be rememb]$ t at xx4 #af x occurs 9 sev]al ,,mss4 9 connection ) ,_m are call$ b few are *os51 al?\gh ! olde/ codices omit ! latt] passage1 & mo/ critics consid] x int]polat$4 ,! sep>ate quotation ( ^! two passages by ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le1 ) s m>k$ a v>iation 9 ! second1 r5d]s x mo/ probable t he f\nd bo? 9 ! s\rce f :i* he quotes4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 m ?an suffici5tly discuss$ ?is passage4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le does n indicate any s\rce f :i* he makes 8 quotation2 & ! m]e exi/5ce 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic ( a prov]bial say+ #bdf l ?is does n 9 ! lea/ involve ! conclusion t x is necess>ily ! writ+ f :i* ! quotation 0 d]iv$1 m especially z apocryphal works are repeat$ly cit$ 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,if x be ma9ta9$ t ! say+ is really hi/orical1 x is obvi\s t ! prescriptive "r ( our ,synoptic is at once exclud$1 & x may h be5 ! common prop]ty ( a score ( evangelical works4 ,!re c be no d\bt t _m ,scriptural texts h crept into e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s :i* orig9ally _h no place !re2 & :]e att5dant circum/ances are suspici\s1 x is always well to rememb] ! fact4 ,an in/ance ( ! int]polation ( :i* we speak is f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,9 "o place ! phrase3 ,give to e "o t aske? ( !e --,greek--7#a7 occurs1 n z a quotation1 b m]ely wov5 into ! ,greek text z x exi/$ be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,s9aitic ,,ms4 ,?is phrase is ! same z ! precept 9 ,luke vi4 #cj1 al?\gh x 0 argu$ by "s t1 z no o!r trace ( ! ?ird ,gospel exi/$ 9 ! ,epi/le1 x 0 m probably an alt]ation ( ! text ( ,mat?4 v4 #db4 ,omitt+ ! phrase f ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le1 ! text read z foll[s3 ,?\ %alt n hesitate to give1 nei!r %alt ?\ murmur :5 ?\ give/444 s %alt ?\ "k :o is ! good ,recomp5s] ( ! rew>d4 ,! suppos$ quotation1 ins]t$ :]e we h left a blank1 really int]rupt$ ! s5se & repeat$ ! previ\s injunction4 ,! olde/ ,,ms41 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 omits ! quotation1 & s ends ! "q1 b x is aft]w>ds ins]t$ by ano!r h&4 ,"s pi\s scribe1 9 fact1 see+ ! relation ( ! passage to ! ,gospel1 _h add$ ! #bdg words 9 ! m>g9 z a gloss1 & !y aft]w>ds f\nd _! way into ! text ,9 ?is mann] v _m simil> glosses h crept into texts :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$ to illu/rate4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o does n allude to ?is1 lays mu* /ress ^u ! foll[+ passage3 ,b :5 he select$ ,8 own apo/les1 :o %\ld prea* ,8 ,gospel1 :o 7 s9n]s above all s91 9 ord] t he might %[ t ,he came n to call ! righte\s b s9n]s1 !n ,he manife/$ ,himself to be ! ,son ( ,god47#a7 ,we may rem>k t1 9 ! common ,greek text1 ! words to rep5tance 7 ins]t$ aft] s9n]s1 b !y are n f\nd 9 ! ,s9aitic ,,ms4 ,9 l mann] _m ,codices ins]t !m 9 ,mat?1 ix4 #ac & ,m>k ii4 #ag1 b !y are n f\nd 9 "s ( ! olde/ ,,mss41 & are g5]ally reject$4 ,tis*5dorf consid]s !m a lat] addition bo? to ! text ( ! ,gospel & ( ! ,epi/le47#c7 ,b ?is v fact is sugge/ive4 ,x is cle> t a suppos$ quotation has be5 delib]ately adju/$ to :at 0 consid]$ to be ! text ( ! ,gospel4 ,:y %\ld ! :ole phrase n be equally an int]polation8 ,we %all pres5tly see t !re is reason to ?9k t x is s4 ,alh\gh !re is no quotation 9 ! passage1 :o1 asks ,tis*5dorf17#c7 c\ld mi/ake ! words z !y /& 9 ,mat!w1 ix4 #ac1 ,= ,i came n to call ! righte\s b s9n]s8 ,n[ ?is passage is ref]r$ to by ,orig5 9 8 "w aga9/ ,celsus1 9 a way :i* indicates t ! suppos$ quotation did n exi/ 9 8 copy2 ,orig5 says3 ,& z ,celsus has call$ #bdh ! ,apo/les ( ,jesus infam\s m51 say+ t !y 7 tax-ga!r]s & wor?less sailors1 we h to rem>k on ?is1 t1 c4444 ,n[ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas f :i*1 p]haps1 ,celsus d]iv$ ! /atem5t t ! ,apo/les 7 infam\s & wick$ m51 x is writt5 t ',jesus select$ 8 own ,apo/les :o 7 s9n]s above all s917#a7--;& !n he goes on to quote ! expression ( ,pet] to ,jesus 7,luke v4 #h71 & !n ,i ,timo?y1 ,l #ae1 b he n[h]e ref]s to ! suppos$ quotation 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,n[1 if we read ! passage )\t ! quotation1 we h3 ,b :5 he select$ 8 own ,apo/les :o %\ld prea* 8 ,gospel1 :o 7 s9n]s above all s94444 !n he manife/$ himself to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,"h a pi\s scribe v probably add$ 9 ! m>g9 ! gloss3 9 ord] t he might %[ t he came n to call ! righte\s b s9n]s1 to expla9 ! passage1 & z 9 ! case ( ! phrase3 ,give to e "o t aske? ( !e1 ! gloss became subsequ5tly incorporat$ ) ! text4 ,! ,epi/le1 h[ev]1 goes on to give ! only explanation :i* ! au?or int5d$1 & :i* cla%es ) t ( ! scribe4 ,= if he _h n come 9 ! fle%1 h[ c\ld m5 h be5 sav$ by behold+ him8 ,see+ t look+ on ! sun t %all cease to be1 ! "w ( 8 h&s1 !y h n ev5 p[] to endure 8 rays4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,son ( ,man came 9 ! fle% = ?is1 t he might br+ to a head ! numb] ( _! s9s :o _h p]secut$ to dea? 8 prophets47#b7 ,! argum5t ( ,orig5 be>s out ?is view1 = he does n at all take ! explanation ( #bdi ! gloss z to :y ,jesus *ose 8 disciples f su* a class1 b he reasons3 ,:at is !re /range1 !re=e1 t ,jesus be+ m9d$ to manife/ to ! race ( m5 8 p[] to heal s\ls1 %\ld h select$ infam\s & wick$ m51 & %\ld h elevat$ !m s f>1 t !y became a patt]n ( ! pure/ virtue to ^? :o 7 br\ght by _! p]suasion to ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/47#a7 ,! argum5t1 bo? ( ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le & ( ,orig51 is diff]5t f t sugge/$ by ! phrase "u exam9ation1 & we consid] x a m]e gloss introduc$ into ! text2 :i*1 z ! --,greek-- %[s1 has1 9 ! e/imation ( ,tis*5dorf himself1 be5 delib]ately alt]$4 ,ev5 if x orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! text1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be wrong to affirm t x af=ds pro( ( ! use or exi/5ce ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,! words ( ,jesus 9 ,matt4 ix4 #ab--ad1 evid5tly belong to ! olde/ tradition ( ! ,gospel1 &1 9 fact1 ,ewald ascribes !m1 ap>t f ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]1 orig9ally to ! ,spru*sammlung1 f :i*1 ) two int]m$iate books1 he consid]s t our pres5t ,mat!w 0 compos$47#b ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t su* say+s1 if !y be admitt$ to be hi/orical at all1 mu/ h exi/$ 9 _m o!r works1 & ! m]e fact ( _! happ5+ to be also 9 "o ( ! ,gospels :i* has surviv$1 _c prove its use1 or ev5 #bej its exi/5ce at ! "t ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 writt51 m especially z ! phrase does n occur z a quotation1 & !re is no indication ( ! s\rce f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,tes*5dorf1 h[ev]1 f9ds a fur!r analogy betwe5 ! ,epi/le & ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 9 *4 xii4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 9 ! future1 !y 7 to say t ,*ri/ is ! son ( ,david1 fe>+ & p]ceiv+ cle>ly ! error ( ! wick$1 ,david himself prophesies--,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 sit at my "r h& until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool47#a7 ,tes*5dorf ^u ?is inquires3 ,c\ld ,b>nabas s write )\t ! supposition1 t 8 read]s _h ,mat!w1 xxii4 #da4 ff1 be=e !m1 & does n su* a supposition likewise inf] ! actual au?ority ( ,mat!w's ,gospel87#b7 ,su* rapid argum5t & extreme conclusions are />tl+ inde$1 b1 9 8 ha/e1 our critic has =gott5 to /ate ! :ole case4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le has be5 elaborately %[+ t ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ is repeat$ly typifi$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ! *apt]1 aft] quot+ ! passage f ,,iv ,ezra1 iv4 #cc1 v4 #e1 he po9ts to ! case ( ,moses1 to ^: he>t ! _s speaks t he %\ld make a =m ( ! cross1 by /ret*+ =? 8 arms 9 supplication1 & s long z he did s ,israel prevail$ ov] _! enemies2 & aga9 he typifi$ ! cross1 :5 he set up ! braz5 s]p5t ^u :i* ! p might look & be heal$4 ,!n t :i* ,moses1 z a prophet1 said to ,jo%ua 7,jesus7 ! son ( ,nave1 :5 he gave him t #bea "n1 0 solely = ! purpose t all ! p might he> t ! ,fa!r w\ld reveal all ?+s reg>d+ 8 ,son to ! son ( ,nave4 ,?is "n be+ giv5 to him :5 he 0 s5t to spy out ! l&1 ,moses said3 ,take a book 9 ?y h&s1 & write :at ! ,"l sai?1 t ! ,son ( ,god w 9 ! la/ days cut (f by ! roots all ! h\se ( ,amalek4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a falsification ( ! passage1 ,exodus1 xvii4 #ad1 = ! purpose ( mak+ x decl>e ,jesus to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,!n proce$+ 9 ! same /ra91 he says3 ,behold aga9 ,jesus is n ! son ( ,man1 b ! ,son ( ,god1 manife/$ 9 ! type & 9 ! fle%4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 9 ! future1 !y 7 to say t ,*ri/ is ! son ( ,david1 7& "h foll[s ! passage we are discuss+7 fe>+ & p]ceiv+ cle>ly ! error ( ! wick$1 ,david himself prophesi$3 ',! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 sit at my "r h& until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool4' ,& aga91 ?us speaks ,isaiah3 ',! ,"l said to ,*ri/ my ,"l1 ^: "r h& ,i h held1 t ! nations may obey ,him1 & ,i w break 9 pieces ! /r5g? ( k+s4' ,behold h[ ,david calle? ,him ,"l1 & ! ,son ( ,god4 ,& "h ends ! *apt] & ! subject4 ,n[ x is q cle> t ! passage occurs1 n z a ref]5ce to any su* dilemma z t 9 ,mat!w1 xxii4 #da ff41 b simply z "o ( _m passages :i*1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 7 consid]$ prophetic decl>ations ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 9 opposition to ! expectation ( ! ,jews t ! ,messiah 0 to be ! son ( ,david17#a7 &1 z we h se51 9 ord] to prove 8 po9t ! au?or alt]s ! text4 ,to argue t su* a passage ( a ,psalm1 quot$ 9 su* a mann] 9 ?is #beb epi/le1 proves ! use ( our fir/ ,synoptic1 is 9 ! highe/ degree arbitr>y4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! au?or quotes apocryphal works z ,holy ,scripture2 & we may n[ add t he likewise cites words ( ,jesus :i* are n[h]e f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,= in/ance1 9 *4 vii4 we meet ) ! folio w+ expressions directly attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,?us he say'3 ',^? :o desire to behold me1 & to atta9 my k+dom1 mu/ ?r\gh tribulation & suff]+ receive me4'7#a7 ,hilg5feld7#b7 comp>es ?is ) ano!r passage1 simil> 9 s5se1 9 ,,iv ,ezra1 vii4 #ad2 b 9 any case x is n a quotation f our ,gospels2 7#c7 & ) s _m passages 9 !m suitable to 8 purpose1 x w\ld be amaz+1 if he knew & held ,mat!w 9 ! consid]ation :i* ,tis*5dorf ass]ts1 t he %\ld neglect _! /ores1 & g else:]e = su* quotations4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is epi/le wor?y ( ! "n ( evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,gospels4 #c4 ,! ,pa/or ( ,h5nas is ano!r "w :i* v ne>ly secur$ p]man5t canonical rank ) ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 quot$ z ,holy ,scripture by ! ,fa!rs & held to be div9ely inspir$1 & x 0 publicly read 9 ! ,*ur*es47#d7 ,x has a #bec place1 ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex1 aft] ! canonical books4 ,9 e>ly times x 0 attribut$ to ! ,h]mas :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 xiv4 #ad1 9 consequ5ce ( a m]e conjecture to t effect by ,orig527l7 b ! ,canon ( ,muratori7#b7 confid5tly ascribes x to a bro!r ( ,pius1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 & at lea/ !re does n seem any gr\nd = ! /atem5t ( ,orig547#c7 ,x may h be5 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury or a little e>li]47#d7 #bed ,tis*5dorf dismisses ?is important memorial ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ) a note ( two l9es1 = x has no quotations ei!r f ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t47#a7 ,he does n ev5 sugge/ t x conta9s any indications ( acqua9tance ) our ,gospels4 ,! only direct quotation 9 ! ,pa/or is f an apocryphal "w :i* is cit$ z ,holy ,scripture3 ,! ,"l is nigh unto !m :o return to him1 z x is writt5 9 ,eldad & ,modat1 :o prophesi$ to ! p 9 ! wild]ness47#b7 ,?is "w1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,/i*ometry ( ,nicephorus among/ ! apocrypha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is no long] extant47#c7 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,ignatius--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,polyc>p ,al?\gh1 9 reality1 app]ta9+ to a v mu* lat] p]iod1 we %all "h ref] to ! s-call$ ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 & exam9e any te/imony :i* !y af=d reg>d+ ! date & au!nticity ( our ,gospels4 ,!re are 9 all fifte5 epi/les be>+ ! "n ( ,ignatius4 ,?ree ( ^!1 address$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! ,apo/le ,john #b1 exi/ only 9 a ,lat9 v]sion1 & ^!1 toge!r ) five o!rs direct$ to ,m>y ( ,cassobolita1 to ! ,t>sians1 to ! ,antio*ans1 to ,h]o ( ,antio*1 & to ! ,philippians1 ( :i* !re are v]sions bo? 9 ,greek & ,lat91 are univ]sally admitt$ to be spuri\s1 & may1 s f> z _! cont5ts are conc]n$1 be at once dismiss$ f all consid]ation47#a7 ,!y are n m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 nor does any e>ly writ] ref] to !m4 ,( ! rema9+ sev5 epi/les1 address$ to ! ,ephesians1 ,magnesians1 ,trallians1 ,romans1 ,philadelphians1 ,smyrnaeans1 & to ,polyc>p1 !re are two di/9ct v]sions extant1 "o long v]sion1 ( :i* !re are bo? ,greek & ,lat9 texts1 & ano!r mu* %ort]1 & pres5t+ consid]able v>iations1 ( :i* !re are also bo? ,greek & ,lat9 texts4 ,aft] a c\ple ( c5turies ( discussion1 critics #bef almo/ )\t exception h f9ally agre$ t ! long] v]sion is no?+ m ?an an int]polat$ v]sion ( ! %ort] & m anci5t =m ( ! ,epi/les4 ,! "q reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 h[ev]1 0 re-op5$ & complicat$ by ! publication1 9 #ahde1 by ,dr4 ,cureton1 ( a ,syriac v]sion ( ?ree epi/les only--to ,polyc>p1 to ! ,ephesians1 & to ! ,romans--9 a /ill %ort] =m1 discov]$ among/ a l>ge numb] ( ,,mss4 pur*as$ by ,dr4 ,tattam f ! monks ( ! ,des]t ( ,nitria4 ,^! ?ree ,syriac epi/les h be5 subject$ to ! sev]e/ scrut9y1 & _m ( ! able/ critics h pron\nc$ !m to be ! only au!ntic ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :il/ o!rs1 :o d n admit t ev5 ^! are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess47#a7 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! /ronge/ d\bts 7 express$ reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,! ,magdeburg #beg ,c5turiators fir/ attack$ !m1 & ,calv9 decl>$ !m to be spuri\s17#a7 an op9ion fully %>$ by ,dallaeus1 & o!rs2 ,*emnitz reg>d$ !m ) suspicion2 & simil> d\bts1 m or lass def9ite1 7 express$ ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury17#b7 & onw>d to comp>atively rec5t times17#c7 al?\gh ! means ( =m+ a judgm5t 7 n !n s complete z n[4 ,t ! epi/les 7 int]polat$ !re 0 no d\bt4 ,full] exam9ation & m compreh5sive k ( ! subject h confirm$ e>li] d\bts1 & a l>ge mass ( critics ei!r recognize t ! au!nticity ( none ( ^! epi/les c be e/abli%$1 or t !y #beh c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions47#a7 ,omitt+ = ! pres5t ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to any ( ^! epi/les1 or to ,ignatius himself1 is made by ,ir5aeus1 :o quotes a passage :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7*4 iv471 )\t1 h[ev]1 any m5tion ( "n1' introduc$ by ! foll[+ words3 ,z a c]ta9 man ( ours said1 be+ condemn$ to ! wild bea/s on acc\nt ( 8 te/imony to ,god3 ',i am ! :eat ( ,god1 & by ! tee? ( bea/s ,i am gr\nd1 t ,i may be f\nd pure #bei bread47#a7 ,orig5 likewise quotes two brief s5t5ces :i* he ref]s to ,ignatius4 ,! fir/ is m]ely3 ,b my love is crucifi$17#b7 :i* is likewise f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7*4 vii472 & ! o!r quot$ z out ( "o ( ! ,epi/les ( ! m>tyr ,ignatius3 ,f ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w 0 conceal$ ! virg9ity ( ,m>y17#c7 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 7*4 xix74 ,eusebius m5tions sev5 epi/les17#d7 & quotes "o passage f ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7*4 v471 & a few words f an apocryphal ,gospel conta9$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans 7*4 iii471 ! s\rce ( :i* he says t he does n "k1 & he cites f ,ir5aeus ! brief quotation giv5 above1 & ref]s to ! m5tion ( ! epi/les 9 ! lett] ( ,polyc>p :i* we res]ve4 ,else:]e17#e7 he fur!r quotes a %ort s5t5ce f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 7*4 xix471 "p ( :i* _h previ\sly be5 cit$ by ,orig54 ,x w be obs]v$ t all ^! quotations1 ) ! exception ( t f ,ir5aeus1 are tak5 f ! ?ree ,epi/les :i* exi/ 9 ! ,syriac translation1 & !y are f\nd 9 t v]sion2 & ! fir/ occasion on :i* any passage attribut$ to ,ignatius is quot$ :i* is n 9 ! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ?ree ,epi/les occurs 9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,a?anasius1 9 8 ,epi/le reg>d+ ! ,synods ( ,arim9um & ,selucia17#f7 quotes a few words f ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 7*4 vii472 b al?\gh =eign to ! ,syriac text1 x is to be not$ t ! words are #bfj at lea/ f a =m ( "o ( ! ?ree epi/les :i* exi/ 9 t v]sion47#a7 ,x is a fact1 !re=e1 t up to ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury no quotation ascrib$ to ,ignatius1 except "o by ,eusebius1 exi/s1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ?ree %ort ,syriac lett]s4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 ! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ?ree epi/les is v mu* %ort] ?an ! %ort] ,greek v]sion1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 = in/ance1 be+ only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! ,greek text4 ,^? :o /ill ma9ta9 ! sup]ior au!nticity ( ! ,greek %ort] v]sion argue t ! ,syriac is an epitome ( ! ,greek4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 seem t5able :5 ! matt] is c>efully exam9$4 ,al?\gh s mu* is abs5t f ! ,syriac v]sion1 n only is !re no int]ruption ( ! s5se & no obscurity or undue curtness 9 ! /yle1 b ! epi/les read m consecutively1 )\t faults ( con/ruction or gramm>1 & passages :i* 9 ! ,greek text 7 confus$ & almo/ un9telligible h become q cle> 9 ! ,syriac4 ,! int]polations ( ! text1 9 fact1 _h be5 s clumsily made1 t !y _h obscur$ ! mean+1 & _! m]e omission1 )\t any o!r alt]ation ( grammatical con/ruction1 has re/or$ ! epi/les to cle> & simple ord]47#b7 ,x is1 moreov]1 a rem>kable fact t ! passages :i*1 long be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,syriac epi/les1 7 po9t$ out z *iefly det]m9+ t ! epi/les 7 spuri\s1 are n f\nd 9 ! ,syriac v]sion at all4#c ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 :o only admitt$ ! au!nticity ( six epi/les1 %[$ t mu* int]polation ( ^! lett]s took place 9 ! #bfa six? c5tury17#a7 b ?is v fact increases ! probability ( mu* e>li] int]polation also1 at :i* ! v>i\s exi/+ v]sions mo/ cle>ly po9t4 ,! int]polations c be expla9$ ^u ! mo/ palpable dogmatic gr\nds1 b n s ! omissions ^u ! hypo!sis t ! ,syriac v]sion is an abridgm5t made ^u any di/9ct dogmatic pr9ciple1 = t :i* is all[$ to rema9 r5d]s ! omissions ineffectual = dogmatic reasons4 ,!re is no gr\nd ( int]e/ ^u :i* ! portions omitt$ & reta9$ by ! ,syriac v]sion c be intellig5tly expla9$47#b7 ,f9ally1 "h1 we may m5tion t ! ,,mss4 ( ! ?ree ,syriac epi/les are m anci5t by "s c5turies ?an ^? ( any ( ! ,greek v]sions ( ! ,sev5 epi/les47#c7 ,! /ronge/ int]nal1 z well z o!r evid5ce1 into :i* space =bids our go+ 9 detail1 has l$ ! majority ( critics to recognize ! ,syriac v]sion z ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s ( ,ignatius extant1 & ?is is admitt$ by _m ( ^? :o nev]!less d5y ! au!nticity ( any ( ! epi/les47#d7 ,sev5 epi/les h be5 select$ out ( fifte5 extant1 all equally purport+ to be by ,ignatius1 simply because only t numb] 0 m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 f :om = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1--except ! g5]al ref]5ce 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,poly-c>p1 to :i* we %all pres5tly ref]1--we he> ( !m4 ,n[ nei!r ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius reg>d+ ! eight epi/les1 nor 8 m5tion ( ! sev51 c h mu* weight 9 decid+ ! "q ( _! au!nticity4 ,! only po9t :i* is settl$ by ! ref]5ce #bfb ( ,eusebius is t1 at ! date at :i* he wrote1 sev5 epi/les 7 kn[n to him :i* 7 ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,he evid5tly knew little or no?+ reg>d+ ! man or ! ,epi/les1 beyond :at he _h le>nt f !mselves17#a7 & he m5tions ! m>tyr-j\rney to ,rome z a m]e report3 ,x is said t he 0 conduct$ f ,syria to ,rome to be ca/ to wild bea/s on acc\nt ( 8 te/imony to ,*ri/47#b7 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to argue t no o!r epi/les exi/$ simply because ,eusebius did n m5tion !m2 & on ! o!r h& x w\ld be /ill m unreasonable to affirm t ! sev5 epi/les are au!ntic m]ely because ,eusebius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1--t is to say1 "s two c5turies aft] !y are suppos$ to h be5 writt51--_h met ) !m4 ,does any "o believe ! lett] ( ,jesus to ,abg>us ,pr9ce ( ,edessa to be g5u9e1 because ,eusebius ins]ts x 9 8 hi/ory7#c7 z an au!ntic docum5t out ( ! public records ( ! city ( ,edessa ,!re is1 9 fact1 no evid5ce t ! brief quotations ( ,ir5aeus & ,orig5 are tak5 f ei!r ( ! extant ,greek v]sions ( ! epi/les2 =1 z we h m5tion$1 !y exi/ 9 ! ,syriac epi/les1 & !re is no?+ to %[ ! orig9al /ate ( ! lett]s f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t1 if any writ] wi%$ to circulate lett]s 9 ! "n ( ,ignatius1 he w\ld ins]t su* passages z 7 said to h be5 quot$ f g5u9e epi/les ( ,ignatius1 & suppos+ ^? quotations to be real1 all t c\ld be said on f9d+ su* passages w\ld be t at lea/ s mu* might be g5u9e47#d7 ,x is a total #bfc mi/ake to suppose t ! sev5 epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius h be5 transmitt$ to u 9 any special way4 ,^! epi/les are mix$ up 9 ! ,m$icean & correspond+ anci5t ,lat9 ,,mss4 ) ! o!r eight epi/les1 univ]sally pron\nc$ to be spuri\s1 )\t di/9ction ( any k9d1 & all h equal hon\r47#a7 ,! recognition ( ! numb] sev5 may1 !re=e1 be ascrib$ simply to ! ref]5ce to !m by ,eusebius1 & 8 sil5ce reg>d+ ! re/4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! position ( ! s-call$ ,ignatian ,epi/les8 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ,ir5aeus makes a v %ort quotation f a s\rce unnam$1 :i* ,eusebius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 f9ds 9 an epi/le attribut$ to ,ignatius4 ,orig51 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 quotes a v few words :i* he ascribes to ,ignatius1 al?\gh )\t def9ite ref]5ce to any p>ticul> epi/le2 &1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,eusebius m5tions sev5 epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,!re is no o!r evid5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 fifte5 epi/les extant1 all ( :i* are attribut$ to ,ignatius1 ( all ( :i*1 ) ! exception ( ?ree :i* are only kn[n 9 a ,lat9 v]sion1 we possess bo? ,greek & ,lat9 v]sions4 ,( sev5 ( ^! epi/les--& !y are ^? m5tion$ by ,eusebius--we h two ,greek v]sions1 "o ( :i* is v mu* %ort] ?an ! o!r2 & f9ally we n[ possess a ,syriac v]sion ( ?ree epi/les only7#b7 9 a =m /ill %ort] ?an ! %ort] ,greek v]sion1 9 :i* are f\nd all ! quotations ( ! ,fa!rs1 )\t exception1 up to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,eight ( ! fifte5 #b ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t at ! end ( ! ,syriac v]sion ! subscription is3 ,"h end ! ?ree ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 ,bi%op & ,m>tyr2 cf4 ,cureton1 ,! ,anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion1 c1 p4 #be4 #bfd epi/les are univ]sally reject$ z spuri\s4 ,! long] ,greek v]sion ( ! rema9+ sev5 epi/les is almo/ unanim\sly condemn$ z grossly int]polat$2 & ! great majority ( critics recognize t ! %ort] ,greek v]sion is also mu* int]polat$2 :il/ ! ,syriac v]sion1 :i* s f> z ,,mss4 are conc]n$ is by f> ! mo/ anci5t text ( any ( ! lett]s :i* we posses1 r$uces _! numb] to ?ree1 & _! cont5ts to a v small compass inde$4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! va/ majority ( critics h express$ d\bt m or less /rong reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( all ( ^! epi/les1 & t s l>ge a numb] h repudiat$ !m altoge!r4 ,"o ?+ is q evid5t1--t amid/ su* a mass ( falsification1 int]polation1 & fraud1 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les _c 9 any =m be consid]$ evid5ce on any important po9t47#a7 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 f9i%$4 ,all ( ^! epi/les1 includ+ ! ?ree ( ! ,syriac rec5sion1 pr(ess to h be5 writt5 by ,ignatius dur+ 8 j\rney f ,antio* to ,rome1 9 ! cu/ody ( ,roman soldi]s1 9 ord] to be expos$ to wild bea/s1 ! =m ( m>tyrdom to :i* he _h be5 condemn$4 ,! writ] describes ! circum/ances ( 8 j\rney z foll[s3 ,f ,syria ev5 unto ,rome ,i fight ) wild bea/s1 by sea & by l&1 by night & day2 be+ b\nd among/ t5 leop>ds1 :i* are ! b& ( soldi]s3 :o ev5 receiv+ b5efits become worse47#b7 ,n[ if ?is acc\nt be 9 ! lea/ degree true1 h[ is x possible to suppose t ! m>tyr c\ld h f\nd means to write #bfe s _m long epi/les1 ent]+ m9utely into dogmatic tea*+1 & express+ ! mo/ delib]ate & advanc$ views reg>d+ ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t8 ,inde$ x may be ask$ :y ,ignatius %\ld h consid]$ x necess>y 9 su* a j\rney1 ev5 if ! possibility be = a mom5t conc$$1 to address su* epi/les to communities & individuals to :om1 by ! %[+ ( ! lett]s !mselves1 he _h j _h opportunities ( address+ 8 c\nsels 9 p]son47#a7 ,! epi/les !mselves be> none ( ! m>ks ( composition "u su* circum/ances1 & x is impossible to suppose t soldi]s su* z ! quotation above describes w\ld all[ a prison]1 condemn$ to wild bea/s = pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 delib]ately to write long epi/les at e /age ( 8 j\rney1 promulgat+ ! v doctr9es = :i* he 0 condemn$4 ,& n only ?is1 b on 8 way to m>tyrdom1 he has1 accord+ to ! epi/les17#b7 p]fect fre$om to see 8 fri5ds4 ,he receives ! bi%ops1 deacons1 & memb]s ( v>i\s ,*ri/ian communities1 :o come ) greet+s to him1 & devot$ foll[]s accompany him on 8 j\rney4 ,all ?is )\t h9drance f ! t5 leop>ds1 ( ^: cruelty he compla9s1 & )\t p]secution or h>m to ^? :o s op5ly decl>e !mselves 8 fri5ds & fell[ believ]s4 ,! :ole /ory is absolutely incr$ible47#c7 ,?is conclusion1 irresi/ible 9 itself1 is1 h[ev]1 confirm$ by facte arriv$ at f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 #bff ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t1 mo/ probably1 ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself7l7 on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 a4d4 #aae17b7 :5 he 0 condemn$ to be ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanatical excitem5t produc$ by ! e>?quake :i* took place on ! #ac? ( t mon?47#c7 ,!re are no less ?an ?ree m>tyrologies ( ,ignatius17#d7 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! m>tyr's j\rney f ,antio* to ,rome1 b !y are all recognis$ to be m]e idle leg5ds1 ( ^: exi/5ce we d n he> till a v late p]iod47#e7 ,9 fact ! :ole ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature is a mass ( falsification & fraud4 ,we might well sp>e our read]s ! tr\ble ( exam9+ fur!r ! cont5ts ( ! epi/les ( pseudo-,ignatius1 = x is manife/ t !y _c af=d te/imony #bfg ( any value on ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 briefly po9t out all ! passages conta9$ 9 ! sev5 ,greek ,epi/les :i* h any be>+ ^u our synoptic ,gospels1 9 ord] t _! exact position may be m fully appreciat$4 ,tes*5dorf7#a7 ref]s to a passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 c4 vi41 z a v]bal quotation ( ,mat!w xvi4 #bf1 b he nei!r gives ! context nor /ates ! facts ( ! case4 ,! passage reads z foll[s3 ,! pleasures ( ! _w %all pr(it me no?+1 nor ! k+doms ( ?is "t2 x is bett] = me to die = ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?an to reign ov] ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,= :at is a man pr(it$ if he ga9 ! :ole _w1 b lose 8 s\l47#b7 ,n[ ?is quotation n only is n f\nd 9 ! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,epi/le1 b x is also omitt$ f ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion1 & is abs5t f ! passage 9 ! "w ( ,timo!us ( ,alex&ria aga9/ ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 & f o!r au?orities4 ,x is evid5tly a lat] addition1 & is recogniz$ z su* by mo/ critics47#c7 ,x 0 probably a gloss1 :i* subsequ5tly 0 ins]t$ 9 ! text4 ,( ^! facts1 h[ev]1 ,tis*5dorf does n say a ^w47#d7 ,! next passage to :i* he ref]s is 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans1 c4 i41 :]e ! writ] says ( ,jesus3 ,he 0 baptiz$ by ,john 9 ord] t all righte\sness #bfh might be fulfill$ by ,him17#a7--:i* ,tes*5dorf consid]s a rem9isc5ce ( ,mat!w iii4 #ae1 ,= ?us x become? u to fulfil all righte\sness47#b7 ,! phrase1 besides be+ no quotation1 has aga9 all ! appe>ance ( be+ an addition2 & :5 9 ,*4 iii4 ( ! same ,epi/le we f9d a palpable quotation f an apocryphal ,gospel1 :i* ,j]ome /ates to be ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 to :i* we %all pres5tly ref]1 a ,gospel :i* we "k to h conta9$ ! baptism ( ,jesus by ,john1 x is n possible1 ev5 if ! ,epi/le 7 g5u9e1 :i* x is n1 to base any su* conclusion ^u ^! words4 ,!re is n only ! alt]native ( tradition1 b ! use ( ! same apocryphal ,gospel1 else:]e quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le1 z ! s\rce ( ! rem9isc5ce4 ,tis*5dorf does n po9t out any m suppos$ ref]5ces to our synoptic ,gospels1 b we proce$ to notice all ! o!r passages :i* h be5 indicat$ by o!rs4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p1 c4 ii41 ! foll[+ s5t5ce occurs3 ,be ?\ wise z a s]p5t 9 ev]y?+1 & h>mless z ! dove4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 comp>$ ) ,mat?4 x4 #af1 ,be ye1 !re=e1 wise z s]p5ts & innoc5t z doves4 ,! ,greek ( bo? reads z foll[s3 --,greek-- ,9 ! ,syriac v]sion1 ! passage reads3 ,be ?\ wise z ! s]p5t 9 ev]y?+1 & h>mless z to ^? ?+s :i* are requisite z ! dove47#d7 ,x is unnecess>y #bfi to add t no s\rce is indicat$ = ! rem9isc5ce4 ,ewald assigns ?is "p ( our fir/ ,gospel orig9ally to ! ,spru*sammlung17#a7 & ev5 ap>t f ! v>iations pres5t$ 9 ! ,epi/le !re is no?+ to w>rant exclusive selection ( our fir/ ,gospel z ! s\rce ( ! say+4 ,! rema9+ passages we subjo9 9 p>allel columns4 ,none ( ^! passages are quotations1 & !y g5]ally pres5t su* m>k$ l+ui/ic v>iations f ! p>allel #bgj passages 9 our fir/ ,gospel1 t !re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd = specially ref]r+ !m to x4 ,! la/ words cit$ are introduc$ )\t any appropriate context4 ,9 no case are ! expressions indicat$ z quotations f1 or ref]5ces to1 any p>ticul> s\rce4 ,!y may ei!r be traditional1 or rem9isc5ces ( "s ( ! num]\s ,gospels curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,t ! writ] made use ( "o ( ^! _c be d\bt$4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans1 c4 iii41 !re occurs a quotation f an apocryphal ,gospel to :i* we h already1 9 pass+1 ref]r$3 ,= ,i "k t also aft] 8 resurrection he 0 9 ! fle%1 & ,i believe he is s n[4 ,& :5 he came to ^? :o 7 ) ,pet]1 he said to !m3 ,lay hold1 h&le me1 & see t ,i am n an incorporeal _s1 --,greek--4 ,& imm$iately !y t\*$ him & believ$1 be+ conv9c$ by 8 fle% & _s4 ,eusebius1 :o quotes ?is passage1 says t he does n "k :5ce x is tak547#b7 ,orig51 h[ev]1 quotes x f a "w well kn[n 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 call$ ,! ,doctr9e ( ,pet]1 --,greek--27#c7 & ,j]ome f\nd x 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 9 use among ! ,naz>5es17#d7 :i* he translat$1 z we %all h]eaft] sec4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 9 bo? ( ^? works4 ,! n>rative1 ,luke xxiv4 #ci f41 be+ neglect$1 & an apocryphal ,gospel us$ "h1 ! inevitable inf]5ce is cle> & v sugge/ive4 ,z x is c]ta9 t ?is quotation 0 tak5 f a s\rce #bga diff]5t f our ,gospels1 !re is reason to suppose t ! o!r passages :i* we h cit$ are rem9isc5ces ( ! same "w4 ,! passage on ! ?ree my/]ies 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 c4 xix41 is evid5tly ano!r quotation f an uncanonical s\rce47#a7 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 aga9 po9t out t1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! %ort passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p1 c4 ii41 :i* is n a quotation1 diff]s f ! read+ 9 ,mat!w1 & may well be f any o!r s\rce1 none ( ^! suppos$ rem9isc5ces ( our synoptic ,gospels are f\nd 9 ! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ?ree epi/les4 ,! evid5tial value ( ! sev5 ,greek epi/les is cle>ly /at$ by an ,engli% hi/orian & div9e3 ,my conclusion is1 t ,i %\ld be unwill+ to claim hi/orical au?ority = any passage n conta9$ 9 ,dr4 ,cureton's ,syriac repr9t47#c7 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 g mu* fur!r1 & ass]t t none ( ! ,epi/les h any value z evid5ce = an e>li] p]iod ?an ! end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 if inde$ !y possess any value at all4 ,! :ole ( ! lit]ature ascrib$ to ,ignatius is1 9 fact1 su* a tissue ( fraud & impo/ure1 & ! successive v]sions exhibit su* und5iable m>ks ( ! grosse/ int]polation1 t ev5 if any small orig9al elem5t exi/ ref]rible to ,ignatius1 x is impossible to def9e x1 or to di/+ui% ) ! slighte/ degree ( accuracy betwe5 :at is au!ntic & :at is spuri\s4 ,! ,epi/les d n1 h[ev]1 9 any case af=d evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our synoptic ,gospels4 #bgb #b4 ,we h hi!rto def]r$ all consid]ation ( ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 f ! fact t1 in/ead ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 ) :i* x is intimately associat$1 x is itself discr$it$ 9 proportion z !y are %[n to be 9 au!ntic4 ,we h j se5 t ! m>tyr-j\rney ( ,ignatius to ,rome is1 = cog5t reasons1 decl>$ to be :olly fabul\s1 & ! epi/les purport+ to be writt5 dur+ t j\rney mu/ be held to be spuri\s4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 h[ev]1 n only ref]s to ! m>tyr-j\rney 7c4 ix471 b to ! ,ignatian ,epi/les :i* are inau!ntic 7c4 xiii471 & ! manife/ inf]5ce is t x also is spuri\s4 ,polyc>p1 :o is said by ,ir5aeus7#a7 to h be5 9 8 y\? a disciple ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 became ,bi%op ( ,smyrna1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom at a v advanc$ age47#b7 ,on ! au?ority ( ,eusebius & ,j]ome1 x has hi!rto be5 g5]ally believ$ t 8 dea? took place 9 a4d4 #aff-afg4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( 8 m>tyrdom1 :i* we possess 9 ! %ape ( a lett] f ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna1 purport+ to h be5 writt5 by eye-witnesses1 :i* mu/ be pron\nc$ spuri\s1 ,polyc>p is said to h di$ "u ! ,proconsul ,/atius ,quadratus47#c7 ,if ?is /atem5t be correct1 ! date hi!rto receiv$ c no long] be ma9ta9$1 = rec5t inve/igations h det]m9$ t ,/atius ,quadratus 0 proconsul 9 a4d4 #aed-e or #aee-f47d7 ,"s critics1 #bgc :o affirm ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le attribut$ to ,polyc>p1 date ! ,epi/le be=e a4d4 #abj17a7 b ! prepond]ance ( op9ion assigns x to a mu* lat] p]iod47#b7 ,d\bts ( its au!nticity1 & ( ! integrity ( ! text1 7 v e>ly express$17#c7 & ! close scrut9y to :i* lat] & m compet5t criticism has subject$ x1 has l$ v _m to ! conclusion t ! ,epi/le is ei!r l>gely int]polat$17#d7 or altoge!r spuri\s47#e7 ,! pr9cipal argum5t 9 fav\r #bgd ( its au!nticity is ! fact t ! ,epi/le is m5tion$ by ,ir5aeus17#a7 :o 9 8 extreme y\? 0 acqua9t$ ) ,polyc>p47#b7 ,we h no v precise in=mation reg>d+ ! age ( ,ir5aeus1 b ,j]ome /ates t he fl\ri%$ "u ,commodus 7#ahj-aib71 & we may1 z a fav\rable conjecture1 suppose t he 0 !n ab\t #ce-cg4 ,9 t case 8 bir? mu/ be dat$ ab\t a4d4 #ade4 ,!re is reason to believe t he fell a victim to p]secution "u ,septimius ,sev]us1 & x is only d\btful :e!r he suff]$ dur+ ! fir/ outbreak 9 a4d4 #bjb1 or lat]4 ,accord+ to ?is calculation1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 9 a4d4 #aee-aef1 took place :5 he 0 t5 or elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,ev5 if a fur!r concession be made 9 reg>d to 8 age1 x is evid5t t ! int]c\rse ( ,ir5aeus ) ! ,bi%op ( ,smyrna mu/ h be5 conf9$ to 8 v e>lie/ ye>s17#c7 a fact :i* is confirm$ by ! almo/ total abs5ce ( any record 9 8 writ+s ( ! communications ( ,polyc>p4 ,?is c]ta9ly does n entitle ,ir5aeus to speak m au?oritatively ( an epi/le ascrib$ to ,polyc>p1 ?an any "o else ( 8 day47#d7 ,9 ! ,epi/le itself1 !re are sev]al ana*ronisms4 ,9 *4 ix4 ! bless$ ,ignatius is ref]r$ to z already dead1 & he is held up ) ,zosimus & ,rufus1 & also ) ,paul & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 z examples ( pati5ce3 m5 :o h n run 9 va91 b are ) ! ,"l2 b 9 *4 xiii4 he is spok5 ( z liv+1 & in=mation is reque/$ reg>d+ him1 #bge & ^? :o are ) him47#a7 ,yet1 al?\gh ?us spok5 ( z alive1 ! writ] already kn[s ( 8 ,epi/les1 & ref]s1 9 ! plural1 to ^? writt5 by him to u1 & all ! re/ :i* we h by u47#b7 ,! ref]5ce "h1 x w be obs]v$1 is n only to ! ,epi/les to ! ,smyrnaeans1 & to ,polyc>p himself1 b to o!r spuri\s epi/les :i* are n includ$ 9 ! ,syriac v]sion4 ,dallseus7#c7 po9t$ out long ago1 t *4 xiii4 abruptly int]rupts ! conclusion ( ! ,epi/le1 & mo/ critics1 includ+ ^? :o ass]t ! au!nticity ( ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le1 reject x at lea/1 al?\gh _m ( ^! likewise repudiate *4 ix4 z int]polat$47#d7 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 consid] t ! latt] *apt] is q consi/5t ) ! lat] date1 :i*1 accord+ to int]nal evid5ce1 mu/ be assign$ to ! ,epi/le4 ,! writ] vehem5tly d5\nces17#e7 z already widely spread1 ! ,gno/ic h]esy & o!r =ms ( false doctr9e :i* did n exi/ until ! "t ( ,m>cion1 to :om & to ^: foll[]s he ref]s 9 unmi/akable t]ms4 ,an expression is us$ 9 *4 vii4 9 speak+ ( ^! h]etics1 :i* ,polyc>p is report$ by ,ir5seus to h actually appli$ to ,m>cion 9 p]son1 dur+ 8 visit to ,home4 ,he is said to h call$ ,m>cion ! fir/-born ( ,satan1 --,greek--7#f7 & ! same t]m #bgf is employ$ 9 ?is epi/le ) reg>d to e "o :o holds su* false doctr9es4 ,! developm5t ( ^! h]esies1 !re=e1 implies a date = ! composition ( ! ,epi/le1 at e>lie/1 aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 a date :i* is fur!r confirm$ by o!r circum/ances47#a7 ,! writ] ( su* a lett] mu/ h held a position 9 ! ,*ur*1 to :i* ,polyc>p c\ld only h atta9$ 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 :5 he 0 deput$ to ,rome = ! ,pas*al discussion1 & ! ,epi/le depicts ! develop$ ecclesia/ical organization ( a lat] "t47#b7 ,! e>li] date :i* has n[ be5 adopt$ = ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 by limit+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* x is possible t he himself c\ld h writt5 any portion ( x1 only r5d]s ! inau!nticity ( ! ,epi/le m app>5t4 ,hilg5feld has po9t$ out1 z ano!r indication ( ! same date1 ! injunction ,pray = ! k+s 7,orate pro regibus71 :i*1 9 #a ,pet] ii4 #ag1 is ,hon\r ! k+ --,greek--1 :i*1 he argues1 accords ) ! p]iod aft] ,anton9us ,pius _h elevat$ ,m>cus ,aurelius #bgg to jo9t sov]eignty 7a4d4 #adg71 or bett] /ill1 ) t 9 :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius appo9t$ ,lucius ,v]us 8 colleague1 a4d4 #afa1 = to rul]s outside ( ! ,roman empire !re c be no ref]5ce4 ,if au!ntic1 h[ev]1 ! ,epi/le mu/ h be5 writt51 at late/1 %ortly aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius 9 a4d4 #aae1 b1 z we h se51 !re are /rong int]nal *>act]i/ics exclud+ su* a supposition4 ,! ref]5ce to ! m>tyr-j\rney ( ,ignatius & to ! epi/les falsely ascrib$ to him1 is alone suffici5t to betray ! spuri\s nature ( ! composition1 & to class ! ,epi/le ) ! re/ ( ! pseudo-,ignatian lit]ature4 ,we %all n[ exam9e all ! passages 9 ?is epi/le :i* are po9t$ out z indicat+ any acqua9tance ) our synoptic ,gospels47#a7 ,! fir/ occurs 9 *4 ii41 & we subjo9 x 9 contra/ ) ! ne>e/ p>allel passages ( ! ,gospels1 b al?\gh we break x up into p>agraphs1 x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t ! quotation is cont9u\s 9 ! ,epi/le4 ---,greek--- #bgh ,x w be rememb]$ t an almo/ simil> direct quotation ( words ( ,jesus occurs 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 c4 xiii41 :i* we h already exam9$47#a7 ,!re1 ! passage is introduc$ by ! same words1 & 9 ! mid/ ( brief phrases :i* h p>allels 9 our ,gospel !re occurs 9 bo? ,epi/les ! same expression1 ,be pitiful t ye may be piti$1 :i* is n f\nd 9 any ( our ,gospels4 ,9 ord] to f9d any p>allels = ! quotation1 ^u ! hypo!sis ( a comb9ation ( texts1 we h to add toge!r portions ( ! foll[+ v]ses 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,mat!w vii4 #a1 vi4 #ad 7al?\gh1 ) complete l+ui/ic v>iations1 ! s5se ( ,luke vi4 #cg is mu* clos]71 v4 #g1 vii4 #b1 v4 #c1 v4 #aj4 ,su* fragm5t>y compilation is 9 itself sc>cely conceivable 9 an epi/le ( ?is k9d1 b :5 9 ! mid/ we f9d a passage =eign to our ,gospels1 b :i* occurs 9 ano!r "w 9 connection ) s simil> a quotation1 x is reasonable to conclude t ! :ole is d]iv$ f tradition or f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours47#b7 ,9 no case c su* #bgi a passage be consid]$ mat]ial evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any "o ( our ,gospels4 ,ano!r expression :i* is po9t$ out occurs 9 *4 vii41 besee*+ 9 our pray]s ! all-se>*+ ,god n to lead u into temptation1 z ! ,"l said3 ,! _s inde$ is will+1 b ! fle% is weak47#a7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ! phrase 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] 7,mat!w vi4 #ac71 or ! passage 7xxvi4 #da73 ,wat* & pray t ye ent] n into temptation3 ! _s inde$ is will+1 b ! fle% is weak47#b7 ,! second ,gospel1 h[ev]1 equally has ! phrase 7xiv4 #ch71 & %[s h[ unreasonable x is to limit ^! hi/orical say+s to a s+le ,gospel4 ,! next passage is ( a simil> nature 7c4 vi473 ,if1 !re=e1 we pray ! ,"l t he may =give u1 we ought also ourselves to =give47#c7 ,! ?\ght b n ! language ( ?is passage corresponds ) ,mat!w vi4 #ab--ad1 b equally s ) ,luke xi4 #d4 ,n[ we mu/ repeat t all su* say+s ( ,jesus 7 ! common prop]ty ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians--7 no d\bt orally curr5t among/ !m1 & /ill m c]ta9ly 7 record$ by _m ( ! num]\s ,gospels !n 9 circulation1 z !y are by sev]al ( our own4 ,9 no case is !re any writt5 s\rce indicat$ f :i* ^! passages are d]iv$2 !y are simply quot$ z words ( ,jesus1 & be+ all connect$ ei!r ) ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! two portions ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* 7 mo/ #bhj popul>1 widely kn[n1 & *>act]i/ic1 !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 famili> ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & mu/ h =m$ a "p ( mo/ or all ( ! _m collections ( ! words ( ! ,ma/]4 ,to limit !m to our actual ,gospels1 :i* alone survive1 w\ld be q unw>rantable1 & no ref]5ce to !m1 )\t specification ( ! s\rce1 c be receiv$ z evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics4 ,we may "h briefly illu/rate ! po9t f ! ,synoptics !mselves4 ,assum+ ! p>able ( ! ,s[] to be a g5u9e example ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 z !re is e reason to believe1 x may ) c]ta9ty be ass]t$ t x mu/ h be5 includ$ 9 _m ( ! records circulat+ among e>ly ,*ri/ians1 to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! prologue to ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,x w\ld n be p]missible to affirm t no "p ( t p>able c\ld be ref]r$ to by an e>ly writ] )\t t ref]5ce be+ an indication ( acqua9tance ) our synoptic ,gospels4 ,! p>able is report$ 9 closely simil> words 9 ea* ( ^? ?ree ,gospels17#a7 & x may h be51 & probably 01 record$ simil>ly 9 a doz5 m4 ,conf9+ ourselves1 h[ev]1 = a mom5t to ! ?ree ,synoptics3 :at c\ld a g5]al allusion to ! p>able ( ! ,s[] prove reg>d+ _! exi/5ce & use1 no m5tion ( a p>ticul> s\rce be+ made8 ,w\ld x prove t all ! ?ree 7 extant1 & t ! writ] knew !m all1 = ea* ( !m conta9+ ! p>able w\ld possess an equal claim to ! ref]5ce8 ,c\ld x ) any reason be affirm$ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,mat!w & n ) ,m>k8 or ) ,m>k & n ) ,mat!w & ,luke8 or ) ! ?ird ,gospel & #bha n ) ei!r ( ! o!r two8 ,! case is ! v same if we ext5d ! illu/ration1 & along ) ! ,synoptics include ! num]\s o!r records ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! anonym\s quotation ( hi/orical expressions ( ,jesus _c prove ! exi/5ce ( "o special docum5t among _m to :i* we may *oose to trace x4 ,?is is m especially to be insi/$ on f ! fact1 t hi!rto we h n met ) any m5tion ( any "o ( our ,gospels1 & h no "r ev5 to assume _! exi/5ce f any evid5ce :i* has be5 furni%$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr ,we %all n[ consid] ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! works ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( our synoptic ,gospels at ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & we may rem>k1 9 anticipation1 t :atev] diff]5ces ( op9ion may f9ally exi/ reg>d+ ! solution ( ! problem :i* we h to exam9e1 at lea/ x is cle> t ! te/imony ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is n ( a nature to e/abli% ! date1 au!nticity1 & "* ( ,gospels pr(ess+ to communicate su* mom5t\s & a/\nd+ doctr9es4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! s\rce f :i* ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 facts ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory has = a c5tury attract$ m att5tion1 & excit$ m controv]sy1 ?an almo/ any o!r simil> "q 9 connection ) patri/ic lit]ature1 & ^u none h m div]g5t op9ions be5 express$4 ,ju/91 :o suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t a4d4 #aff--afg17a7 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 probably at ! in/igation ( ! cynical philosoph]1 ,cresc5s1 0 born 9 ! ,greek-,roman colony1 ,flavia ,neapolis17#b7 e/abli%$ dur+ ! #bhc reign ( ,vespasian1 ne> ! anci5t ,si*em 9 ,sam>ia4 ,by desc5t he 0 a ,greek1 & dur+ ! e>li] "p ( 8 life a hea!n1 b aft] long & disappo9t$ /udy ( ,greek philosophy1 he became a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity7l7 /rongly t+$ ) ,judaism4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] into any discussion z to ! au!nticity ( ! writ+s :i* h come d[n to u be>+ ,ju/9's "n1 _m ( :i* are und\bt$ly spuri\s1 = ! two ,apologies & ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 ) :i* we h almo/ exclusively to d1 are g5]ally admitt$ to be g5u9e4 ,x is true t !re has be5 a s+ul> controv]sy reg>d+ ! precise relation to ea* o!r ( ! two ,apologies n[ extant1 ! foll[+ contradictory views hav+ be5 ma9ta9$3 t !y are ! two ,apologies m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 & 9 _! orig9al ord]2 t !y are ,ju/9's two ,apologies1 b t ,eusebius 0 wrong 9 affirm+ t ! second 0 address$ to ,m>cus ,aurelius2 t our second ,apology 0 ! preface or app5dix to ! fir/1 & t ! orig9al second is lo/4 ,! %ort] ,apology conta9s no?+ ( int]e/ connect$ ) our inquiry4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy z to ! date ( ! two ,apologies1 & mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion /ill exi/s on ! po9t4 ,_m critics assign ! l>g] to ab\t a4d4 #ach--adj1 & ! %ort] to a4d4 #afj--afa47b7 ,a passage1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 ! long] ,apology1 :i* #bhd indicates t x mu/ h be5 writt5 ab\t a c5tury & a half aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 or1 accord+ to accurate reckon+1 ab\t a4d4 #adg4 ,ju/9 speaks1 9 "o "p ( x1 ( p]v]t$ d$uctions be+ drawn f 8 tea*+ t ,*ri/ 0 born #aej ye>s ago "u ,cyr5ius47l7 ,^? :o cont5d = ! e>li] date h no /rong] argum5t aga9/ ?is /atem5t ?an ! unsupport$ ass]tion1 t 9 ?is passage ,ju/9 m]ely speaks 9 r\nd numb]s1 b _m important circum/ances confirm ! date :i* ,ju/9 ?us gives u4 ,9 ! sup]scription ( ! ,apology1 ,anton9us is call$ ,pius1 a title :i* 0 fir/ be/[$ ^u him 9 ! ye> #aci4 ,moreov]1 ,ju/9 directly ref]s to ,m>cion1 z a man n[ liv+ & tea*+ 8 disciples4444 & :o has by ! aid ( demons caus$ _m ( all nations to utt] blasphemies1 c47#b7 ,n[ ! fact has be5 e/abli%$ t ,m>cion did n come to ,rome1 :]e ,ju/9 himself 01 until a4d4 #aci--adb17c7 :5 8 prom95t public c>e] comm5c$1 & x is app>5t t ! words ( ,ju/9 indicate a p]iod :5 8 doctr9es _h already #bhe become widely diffus$4 ,= ^! & _m o!r /rong reasons1 :i* ne$ n "h be detail$1 ! majority ( compet5t critics agree 9 m correctly assign+ ! fir/ ,apology to ab\t a4d4 #adg47a7 ,! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 z int]nal evid5ce %[s17#b7 0 writt5 aft] ! long] ,apology1 & x is !re=e g5]ally dat$ "s "t )9 ! fir/ decade ( ! second half ( ! second c5tury47#c7 ,9 ^! writ+s ,ju/9 quotes v copi\sly f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & he also v frequ5tly ref]s to facts ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory & to say+s ( ,jesus4 ,( ^! ref]5ces1 = in/ance1 "s fifty occur 9 ! fir/ ,apology1 & upw>ds ( sev5ty 9 ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 a goodly numb]1 x w be admitt$1 by means ( :i* to id5tify ! s\rce f :i* he quotes4 ,ju/9 himself frequ5tly & di/9ctly says t 8 in=mation & quotations are d]iv$ f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les --,greek--1 b except ^u "o occasion1 :i* we %all h]eaft] consid]1 :5 he indicates ,pet]1 he nev] m5tions an au?or's "n4 ,^u exam9ation x is f\nd t1 ) only "o or two brief exceptions1 ! #bhf num]\s quotations f ^! ,memoirs diff] m or less widely f p>allel passages 9 our synoptic ,gospels1 & 9 _m cases diff] 9 ! same respects z simil> quotations f\nd 9 o!r writ+s ( ! second c5tury1 ! writ]s ( :i* are kn[n to h made use ( uncanonical ,gospels1 & fur!r1 t ^! passages are quot$ sev]al times1 at int]vals1 by ,ju/9 ) ! same v>iations4 ,moreov]1 say+s ( ,jesus are quot$ f ^! ,memoirs :i* are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels at all1 & facts 9 ! life ( ,jesus & circum/ances ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 n only are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 b are 9 contradiction ) !m4 ,^! peculi>ities h1 z might h be5 expect$1 creat$ mu* div]sity ( op9ion reg>d+ ! nature ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism m especially1 _m ( c\rse at once id5tifi$ ! ,memoirs ) our ,gospels exclusively1 & ! v>iations 7 expla9$ by conv5i5tly ela/ic !ories ( free quotation f memory1 imp]fect & v>y+ ,,mss41 comb9ation1 cond5sation & transposition ( passages1 ) slight additions f tradition1 or ev5 f "s o!r writt5 s\rce1 & s on47#a7 ,o!rs endeav\r$ to expla9 #bhg away difficulties by ! supposition t !y 7 a simple h>mony ( our ,gospels17#a7 or a h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 ) passages add$ f "s apocryphal "w47#b7 ,a mu* great] numb] ( critics1 h[ev]1 adopt ! conclusion t1 along ) our ,gospels1 ,ju/9 made use ( "o or m apocryphal ,gospels1 & m especially ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or accord+ to ,pet]1 & also p]haps ( tradition47#c7 ,o!rs ass]t t he made use ( a special unkn[n ,gospel1 or ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews or accord+ to ,pet]1 ) a subsidi>y use ( a v]sion ( "o or two ( our ,gospels to :i*1 h[ev]1 he did n atta* mu* importance1 pref]r+ ! apocryphal "w27#d7 :il/ #bhh o!rs h conclud$ t ,ju/9 did n make use ( our ,gospels at all1 & t 8 quotations are ei!r f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or accord+ to ,pet]1 or f "s o!r special apocryphal ,gospel n[ no long] extant47#a7 ,evid5ce p]mitt+ ( su* wide div]sity ( results to s]i\s & labori\s inve/igation ( ! id5tity ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 _c be ( mu* value t[>ds e/abli%+ ! au!nticity ( our ,gospels1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any specific m5tion ( our ,synoptics any v elaborate exam9ation ( ! ,memoirs might be consid]$ unnecess>y1 m especially z x is admitt$ almo/ univ]sally by compet5t critics1 t ,ju/9 did n himself consid] ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les inspir$1 or ( any dogmatic au?ority1 & _h no idea ( attribut+ canonical rank to !m47#b7 ,9 pursuance ( ! sy/em :i* we desire inv>iably to adopt ( #bhi enabl+ e read] to =m 8 own op9ion1 we %all z briefly z possible /ate ! facts ( ! case1 & furni% mat]ials = a full compreh5sion ( ! subject4 ,ju/9 himself1 z we h already /at$1 frequ5tly & di/9ctly /ates t 8 in=mation reg>d+ ,*ri/ian hi/ory & 8 quotations are d]iv$ f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les --,greek--1 to adopt ! usual translation1 al?\gh ! ^w might m correctly be r5d]$ ,recollections1 or ,memorabilia4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 surmis$ t ?is "n 0 sugge/$ by ! --,greek-- ( ,x5ophon1 b1 z ,cr$n] has po9t$ out1 ! simil>ity is purely accid5tal1 & to con/itute a p>allel ! title %\ld h be5 ,memoirs ( ,jesus47#a7 ,! ^w --,greek-- is "h evid5tly us$ m]ely 9 ! s5se ( records writt5 f memory1 & x is s employ$ by ,papias 9 ! passage pres]v$ by ,eusebius reg>d+ ,m>k1 :o1 al?\gh he _h n himself foll[$ ! ,"l1 yet record$ 8 words f :at he he>d f ,pet]1 & :o1 hav+ done s )\t ord]1 is /ill def5d$ = ?us writ+ "s ?+s z he rememb]$ !m --,greek--47#b7 ,9 ! same way ,ir5seus ref]s to ! ,memoirs ( a c]ta9 ,presbyt] ( apo/olic times --,greek--7#c7 ^: "n he does n m5tion2 & ,orig5 /ill m closely approximates to ,ju/9's use ( ! ^w :51 express+ 8 !ory reg>d+1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 he says t ! ?\ghts are ! ,apo/le's1 b ! phraseology & ! composition are ( "o record+ f memory #bij :at ! ,apo/le said --,greek--1 & z ( "o writ+ at leisure ! dictation ( 8 ma/]47#a7 ,ju/9 himself speaks ( ! au?ors ( ! ,memoirs z --,greek--17#b7 & ! expression 0 !n & aft]w>ds con/antly 9 use among/ ecclesia/ical & o!r writ]s47#c7 ,?is title1 ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 h[ev]1 al?\gh mo/ appropriate to m]e recollections ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus1 evid5tly c\ld n be appli$ to works rank+ z canonical ,gospels1 b 9 fact excludes su* an idea2 & ! :ole ( ,ju/9's views reg>d+ ,holy ,scripture1 prove t he saw 9 ! ,memoirs m]ely records f memory to assi/ memory47#d7 ,he does n call !m --,greek--1 b adh]es always to ! famili> "n ( --,greek--1 & :il/ 8 con/ant appeals to a writt5 s\rce %[ v cle>ly 8 ab&onm5t ( oral tradition1 !re is no?+ 9 ! "n ( 8 records :i* c id5tify !m ) our ,gospels4 ,ju/9 designates ! s\rce ( 8 quotations t5 times1 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les17#e7 & five times he calls x simply ! ,memoirs47#f7 ,he says1 ^u "o occasion1 t ^! ,memoirs 7 compos$ by 8 ,apo/les & _! foll[]s17#g7 b except 9 "o place1 #bia to :i* we h already ref]r$1 & :i* we %all h]eaft] fully exam9e1 he nev] m5tions ! au?or's "n1 nor does he ev] give any m precise in=mation reg>d+ _! composition4 ,x has be5 argu$ t1 9 say+ t ^! ,memoirs 7 record$ by ! ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 ,ju/9 int5tionally & lit]ally describ$ ! f\r canonical ,gospels1 ! fir/ & f\r? ( :i* are ascrib$ to ,apo/les1 & ! o!r two to ,m>k & ,luke1 ! foll[]s ( ,apo/les27#a7 b su* an inf]5ce is equally =c$ & unf\nd$4 ,! language itself =bids ?is explanation1 = ,ju/9 does n speak indef9itely ( ,memoirs ( ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 b ( ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 inv>iably us+ ! article1 :i* ref]s ! ,memoirs to ! collective body ( ! ,apo/les47#b7 ,moreov]1 ! incorrectness ( su* an inf]5ce is manife/ f ! fact t circum/ances are /at$ by ,ju/9 z d]iv$ f ^! ,memoirs1 :i* d n exi/ 9 our ,gospels at all1 & :i*1 inde$1 are contradictory to !m4 ,va/ numb]s ( spuri\s writ+s1 moreov]1 be>+ ! names ( ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 & claim+ m or less direct apo/olic au?ority1 7 9 circulation 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*3 ,gospels accord+ to ,pet]17#c7 to ,?omas17#d7 to ,james17#e7 to ,judas17#f7 accord+ to ! #bib ,apo/les1 or accord+ to ! ,twelve17#a7 to ,b>nabas17#b7 to ,mat?ias17#c7 to ,nicodemus17#d7 c41 & ecclesia/ical writ]s be> abundant te/imony to ! e>ly & rapid gr[? ( apocryphal lit]ature47#e7 ,! v names ( mo/ ( su* apocryphal ,gospels are lo/1 :il/ ( o!rs we possess consid]able in=mation2 b no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact1 t !re exi/$ _m works be>+ names :i* r5d] ! attempt to int]pret ! title ( ,ju/9's ,gospel z a description ( ! f\r 9 our canon q unw>rantable4 ,! words ( ,ju/9 evid5tly imply simply t ! s\rce ( 8 quotations is ! collective recollections ( ! ,apo/les1 & ^? :o foll[$ !m1 reg>d+ ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! title3 ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les by no means indicates a plurality ( ,gospels47#f7 ,a s+le passage has be5 po9t$ out1 9 :i* ! ,memoirs are said to h be5 call$ --,greek-- 9 ! plural3 ,= ! ,apo/les 9 ! ,memoirs compos$ by !m1 :i* are call$ #bic ,gospels17#a7 c4 ,! la/ expression1 a --,greek--1 z _m s*ol>s h decl>$1 is probably an int]polation4 ,x is1 9 all likelihood1 a gloss on ! m>g9 ( "s old ,,ms4 :i* "s copyi/ aft]w>ds ins]t$ 9 ! text47#b7 ,if ,ju/9 really /at$ t ! ,memoirs 7 call$ ,gospels1 x seems incompreh5sible t he %\ld nev] call !m s himself4 ,9 no o!r place 9 8 writ+s does he apply ! plural to !m1 b1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d ,trypho ref]r+ to ! s-call$ ,gospel1 :i* he /ates t he has c>efully read17#c7 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 c only be ,ju/9's ,memoirs2 & aga91 9 ano!r "p ( ! same dialogue1 ,ju/9 quotes passages :i* are writt5 9 ! ,gospel7#d7 --,greek--4 ,! t]m ,gospel is n[h]e else us$ by ,ju/9 9 ref]5ce to a writt5 record47#e7 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 consid]+ ! num]\s ,gospels !n 9 circulation1 & ! fact t _m ( ^!1 diff]5t f ! canonical ,gospels1 are kn[n to h be5 exclusively us$ by di/+ui%$ contempor>ies ( ,ju/91 & by v>i\s communities ( ,*ri/ians 9 t day1 c\ld su* an expression be tak5 z a special indication ( ! canonical ,gospels47#f7 #bid ,describ+ ! religi\s practices among/ ,*ri/ians1 9 ano!r place1 ,ju/9 /ates t1 at _! assemblies on ,sundays1 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les or ! writ+s ( ! prophets are read z long z "t p]mits47#a7 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by no means id5tifies ! ,memoirs ) ! canonical ,gospels1 = x is well kn[n t _m writ+s :i* h be5 exclud$ f ! canon 7 publicly read 9 ! ,*ur*es1 until v long aft] ,ju/9's day47#b7 ,we h already met ) sev]al in/ances ( ?is4 ,eusebius m5tions t ! ,epi/le ( ! ,roman ,clem5t 0 publicly read 9 ,*ur*es 9 8 "t17#c7 & he quotes an ,epi/le ( ,dionysius ( ,cor9? to ,sot]1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 :i* /ates t fact = ! purpose ( %[+ t x 0 ! cu/om to read x 9 ! ,*ur*es1 ev5 f ! e>lie/ times47#d7 ,dionysius likewise m5tions ! public read+ ( ! ,epi/le ( ,sot] to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,epiphanius ref]s to ! read+ 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t17#e7 & x cont9u$ to be s read 9 ,j]ome's day47#f7 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas17#g7 ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]17#h7 & o!r works exclud$ f ! canon 7 publicly read 9 ! ,*ur* 9 e>ly days47#i7 ,x is c]ta9 t ,gospels :i* #bie did n p]man5tly secure a place 9 ! canon1 su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 & _m k9dr$ ,gospels1 :i* 9 e>ly times 7 exclusively us$ by v>i\s communities17#a7 mu/ h be5 read at _! public assemblies4 ,! public read+ ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs1 !re=e1 does n prove any?+1 = ?is practice 0 by no means limit$ to ! works n[ 9 our canon4 ,! idea ( attribut+ inspiration to ! ,memoirs1 or to any o!r "w ( ! ,apo/les1 ) ! s+le exception1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,john17#b7 :i*1 z prophecy1 ent]$ )9 8 limits1 0 q =eign to ,ju/91 :o recogniz$ ! ,old ,te/am5t alone z ! inspir$ ^w ( ,god47#c7 ,inde$1 z we #bif h already said1 ! v "n ,memoirs 9 itself excludes ! ?\ght ( inspiration17#a7 :i* ,ju/9 attribut$ only to prophetic writ+s2 & he c\ld n 9 any way reg>d z inspir$ ! writt5 tradition ( ! ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 or a m]e record ( ! words ( ,jesus4 ,on ! contr>y1 he held ! acc\nts ( ! ,apo/les to be cr$ible solely f _! be+ au!nticat$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & he cle>ly /ates t he believes ! facts record$ 9 ! ,memoirs because ! _s ( prophecy _h already =etold !m47#b7 ,accord+ to ,ju/91 ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ all t 0 necess>y = salvation1 & its prophecies are ! sole crit]ion ( tru?1 ! ,memoirs1 & ev5 ,*ri/ himself1 be+ m]ely its int]pret]s47#c7 ,he says t ,*ri/ comm&$ u n to put fai? 9 human doctr9es1 b 9 ^? proclaim$ by ! holy prophets1 & taught by himself47#d7 ,prophecy & ! words ( ,*ri/ himself are alone ( dogmatic value1 all else is human tea*+47#e7 ,inde$1 f a passage quot$ ) approval by ,ir5aeus1 ,ju/91 9 8 lo/ "w aga9/ ,m>cion1 said3 ,i w\ld n h believ$ ! ,"l himself1 if he _h proclaim$ any o!r ,god ?an ! ,creator2 t is to say1 ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t47#f7 #big ,t ,ju/9 does n m5tion ! "n ( ! au?or ( ! ,memoirs w\ld 9 any case r5d] any argum5t z to _! id5tity ) our canonical ,gospels inconclusive2 b ! total omission to d s is ! m rem>kable f ! circum/ance t ! names ( ,old ,te/am5t writ]s con/antly occur 9 8 writ+s4 ,semis* c\nts #aig quotations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* ,ju/9 ref]s to ! au?or by "n1 or to ! book1 & only #aag 9 :i* he omits to d s17#a7 & ! latt] numb] might be r$uc$ by consid]+ ! nature ( ! passages cit$1 & ! inutility ( repeat+ ! ref]5ce47#b7 ,:5 x is consid]$1 !re=e1 t not)/&+ ! extremely num]\s quotations1 & ref]5ces to facts ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 all purport+ to be d]iv$ f ! ,memoirs1 he absolutely nev]1 except 9 ! "o in/ance ref]r$ to1 m5tions an au?or's "n1 or specifies m cle>ly ! nature ( ! s\rce1 ! inf]5ce mu/ n only be t he atta*$ small importance to ! ,memoirs1 b also t he 0 actually ignorant ( ! au?or's "n1 & t 8 ,gospel _h no m def9ite sup]scription4 ,^u ! !ory t ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les 7 simply our #bih f\r canonical ,gospels1 ! s+ul>ity ( ! omission is increas$ by ! div]sity ( cont5ts & ( au?ors1 & ! consequ5tly great] necessity & probability t he %\ld1 ^u c]ta9 occasions1 di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! fact is t ! only writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to :i* ,ju/9 ref]s by "n is1 z we h already m5tion$1 ! ,apocalypse1 :i* he attributes to a c]ta9 man ^: "n 0 ,john1 "o ( ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/1 :o prophesi$ by a revelation made to him1 c47#a7 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,john is "h m5tion$1 aft] ! ,memoirs _h be5 s con/antly indef9itely ref]r$ to1 cle>ly %[s t ,ju/9 did n possess any ,gospel also attribut$ to ,john4 ,t he does "n ,john1 h[ev]1 z au?or ( ! ,apocalypse & s frequ5tly ref]s to ,old ,te/am5t writ]s by "n1 yet nev] id5tifies ! au?or ( ! ,memoirs1 is q irreconcilable ) ! idea t !y 7 ! canonical ,gospels47#b7 ,x is p]fectly cle>1 h[ev]1 & ?is is a po9t ( v great importance ^u :i* critics ( o!rwise widely div]g+ views are agre$1 t ,ju/9 quotes f a writt5 s\rce1 & t oral tradition is exclud$ f 8 sy/em47#c7 ,he n only does n1 l ,papias1 atta* value to tradition1 b1 on ! contr>y1 he affirms t 9 ! ,memoirs is record$ ev]y?+ t conc]ns our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4117#d7 ,he con/antly ref]s to !m #bii directly1 z ! s\rce ( 8 in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 & di/9ctly /ates t he has d]iv$ 8 quotations f !m4 ,!re is no reasonable gr\nd :atev] = affirm+ t ,ju/9 supplem5t$ or modifi$ ! cont5ts ( ! ,memoirs by oral tradition4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be rememb]$1 9 consid]+ ! nature ( ^! ,memoirs1 t ! facts ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory & ! say+s ( ,jesus are d]iv$ f a det]m9ate writt5 s\rce1 & are quot$ z ,ju/9 f\nd !m !re47#a7 ,^? :o attempt to expla9 ! div]g5ces ( ,ju/9's quotations f ! canonical ,gospels1 :i* !y /ill ma9ta9 to h be5 8 ,memoirs1 on ! plea ( oral tradition1 def5d ! id5tity at ! exp5se ( ! au?ority ( ! ,gospels4 ,= no?+ c\ld m =cibly %[ ,ju/9's disreg>d & disrespect = ! ,gospels1 ?an w\ld ! fact t1 possess+ !m1 he n only nev] names _! au?ors1 b consid]s himself at lib]ty cont9ually to contradict1 modify1 & revise _! /atem5ts4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 :5 we exam9e ! cont5ts ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 ?r\gh ,ju/9's num]\s quotations1 we f9d t _m p>ts ( ! ,gospel n>ratives are app>5tly q unkn[n1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 we meet ) facts ( evangelical hi/ory1 :i* are =eign to ! canonical ,gospels1 & o!rs :i* are contradictory ( ,gospel /atem5ts4 ,ju/9's quotations1 almo/ )\t exception1 v>y m or less f ! p>allels 9 ! canonical text1 & (t5 ^! v>iations are consi/5tly repeat$ by himself1 & are f\nd 9 o!r works ab\t 8 "t4 ,moreov]1 ,ju/9 quotes expressions ( ,jesus1 :i* are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels at all4 ,! omissions1 ?\gh (t5 v #cjj s+ul>1 suppos+ ! canonical ,gospels be=e him1 & almo/ inexplicable :5 x is consid]$ h[ important !y w\ld (t5 h be5 to 8 argum5t1 ne$ n1 z m]ely negative evid5ce1 be dwelt on "h1 b we %all briefly illu/rate ! o!r peculi>ities ( ,ju/9's quotations4 ,! only g5ealogy ( ,jesus :i* is recogniz$ by ,ju/9 is trac$ ?r\gh ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,%e x is :o is desc5d$ f ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & f ! h\se ( ,david1 & ,joseph is completely set aside47#a7 ,jesus 0 born ( a virg9 ( ! l9eage ( ,abraham & tribe ( ,judah & ( ,david1 ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god47#b7 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god has be5 born )\t s9 ( a virg9 sprung f ! l9eage ( ,abraham47#c7 ,= ( ! virg9 ( ! se$ ( ,jacob1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,judah1 :o1 z we h %[n1 0 ! fa!r ( ! ,jews1 by ! p[] ( ,god 0 he conceiv$2 & ,jesse 0 8 =efa!r accord+ to ! prophecy1 & he 7,jesus7 0 ! son ( ,jacob & ,judah accord+ to successive desc5t47#d7 ,! g5ealogy ( ,jesus 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 on ! contr>y1 is trac$ solely ?r\gh ,joseph1 :o alone is /at$ to be ( ! l9eage ( ,david47#e7 ,! g5ealogies ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 sev]al important po9ts1 at lea/ agree 9 exclud+ ,m>y4 ,t ( ! ?ird ,gospel comm5ces ) ,joseph1 #cja & t ( ! fir/ ends ) him3 ,& ,jacob begat ,joseph1 ! husb& ( ,m>y1 ( :om 0 born ,jesus1 :o is call$ ,*ri/47#a7 ,! angel :o w>ns ,joseph n to put away 8 wife1 addresses him z ,joseph1 ?\ son ( ,david17#b7 & ! angel ,gabriel1 :o1 accord+ to ! ?ird ,gospel1 ann\nces to ,m>y ! sup]natural conception1 is s5t to a virg9 esp\s$ to a man ^: "n 0 ,joseph1 ( ! h\se ( ,david47#c7 ,s p]si/5t1 h[ev]1 is ,ju/9 9 ignor+ ?is ,davidic desc5t ?r\gh ,joseph1 t n only does he at lea/ elev5 times trace x ?r\gh ,m>y1 b 8 ,gospel mat]ially diff]s f ! canonical1 :]e ! desc5t ( ,joseph f ,david is m5tion$ by ! latt]4 ,9 ! ?ird ,gospel1 ,joseph goes to ,judaea unto ! city ( ,david1 :i* is call$ ,be?lehem1 because he 0 ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david47#d7 ,ju/91 h[ev]1 simply /ates t he w5t to ,be?lehem444 = 8 desc5t 0 f ! tribe ( ,judah1 :i* inhabit$ t region47#e7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,ju/9 n only did n d]ive 8 g5ealogies f ! canonical ,gospels1 b t on ! contr>y ! ,memoirs1 f :i* he did le>n ! ,davidic desc5t ?r\gh ,m>y only1 diff]$ p]si/5tly & mat]ially f !m47#f7 ,_m traces /ill exi/ to %[ t ! view ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les ( ! ,davidic desc5t ( ,jesus ?r\gh ,m>y in/ead ( ?r\gh ,joseph1 z ! canonical ,gospels repres5t x1 0 anci5tly held 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,apocryphal ,gospels ( e>ly date1 bas$ )\t d\bt ^u m anci5t evangelical works1 are /ill extant1 9 :i* ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus is trac$1 z 9 #cjb ,ju/9's ,memoirs1 ?r\gh ,m>y4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,gospel ( ,james1 commonly call$ ! ,protevangelium1 a "w ref]r$ to by ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies17#a7 & :i* ,tis*5dorf ev5 ascribes to ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! second c5tury17#b7 9 :i* ,m>y is /at$ to be ( ! l9eage ( ,david47#c7 ,%e is also describ$ z ( ! royal race & family ( ,david 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,nativity ( ,m>y17#d7 & 9 ! ,gospel ( pseudo-,mat!w h] ,davidic desc5t is prom95tly m5tion$47#e7 ,!re c be no d\bt t all ( ^! works are bas$ ^u e>li] orig9als17#f7 & !re is no reason :y !y may n h be5 drawn f ! same s\rce f :i* ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 v]sion ( ! g5ealogy 9 contradiction to ! ,synoptics47#g7 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! ev5ts :i* prec$$ ! #cjc bir? ( ,jesus1 ! fir/ ,gospel describes ! angel z appe>+ only to ,joseph & expla9+ ! sup]natural conception17#a7 & ! au?or seems to "k no?+ ( any ann\ncem5t to ,m>y47#b7 ,! ?ird ,gospel1 on ! contr>y1 does n m5tion any su* angelic appe>ance to ,joseph1 b repres5ts ! angel z ann\nc+ ! conception to ,m>y h]self alone47#c7 ,ju/9's ,memoirs "k ( ! appe>ances bo? to ,joseph & to ,m>y1 b ! words spok5 by ! angel on ea* occasion diff] mat]ially f ^? ( bo? ,gospels47#d7 ,9 ?is place1 only "o po9t1 h[ev]1 c be notic$4 ,ju/9 describes ! angel z say+ to ,m>y3 ',behold1 ?\ %alt conceive ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & %alt be> a son1 & he %all be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/1 & ?\ %alt call 8 "n ,jesus1 = he %all save 8 p f _! s9s1' z !y taught :o record$ ev]y?+ t conc]ns our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/47#e7 ,n[ ?is is a cle> & direct quotation1 b besides di/9ctly diff]+ 9 =m f our ,gospels1 x pres5ts ! important peculi>ity t ! words1 = he %all save 8 p f #cjd _! s9s1 are n1 9 ,luke1 address$ to ,m>y at all1 b t !y occur 9 ! fir/ ,gospel 9 ! address ( ! angel to ,joseph47#a7 ,^! words1 h[ev]1 are n accid5tally ins]t$ 9 ?is place1 = we f9d t !y are jo9$ 9 ! same mann] to ! address ( ! angel to ,m>y 9 ! ,protevangelium ( ,james3 ,= ! p[] ( ! ,"l w ov]%ad[ !e2 :]e=e also t holy ?+ :i* is born ( !e %all be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/1 & ?\ %alt call 8 "n ,jesus1 = he %all save 8 p f _! s9s47#b7 ,tis*5dorf /ates 8 own op9ion t ?is passage is a recollection ( ! ,protevangelium unconsci\sly add$ by ,ju/9 to ! acc\nt 9 ,luke17#c7 b ! arbitr>y nature ( ! limitation unconsci\sly 7ohne dass er si* dess5 bewus/ w>7 "h is evid5t4 ,!re is a po9t 9 connection ) ?is :i* m]its a mom5t's att5tion4 ,9 ! text ( ! ,protevangelium1 edit$ by ,tis*5dorf1 ! angel comm5ces 8 address to ,m>y by say+3 ,fe> n1 ,m>y1 = ?\ ha/ f\nd fav\r be=e ! ,"l1 & ?\ %alt conceive ( 8 ,^w --,greek--47#d7 ,n[ ,ju/91 aft] quot+ ! passage above1 cont9ues to argue t ! ,_s & ! p[] ( ,god mu/ n be misund]/ood to mean any?+ else ?an ! ,^w1 :o is also ! fir/ born ( ,god z ! prophet ,moses decl>$2 & x 0 ?is :i*1 :5 x came ^u ! ,virg9 & ov]%ad[$ h]1 caus$ #cje h] to conceive47#a7 ,! occurr5ce ( ! s+ul> expression 9 ! ,protovangelium & ! simil> explanation ( ,ju/9 imm$iately accompany+ a v>iation f our ,gospels1 :i* is equally %>$ by ! apocryphal "w1 /r5g!ns ! suspicion ( a simil>ity ( orig94 ,ju/9's div]g5ces f ! ,protevangelium prev5t our suppos+ t1 9 its pres5t /ate1 x c\ld h be5 ! actual s\rce ( 8 quotations1 b ! wide diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ! extant ,,mss4 ( ! ,protevangelium %[ t ev5 ! mo/ anci5t does n pres5t x 9 its orig9al =m4 ,x is mu* m probable t ,ju/9 _h be=e him a /ill old] "w1 to :i* bo? ! ,protevangelium & ! ?ird ,gospel 7 indebt$47#b7 ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! removal ( ,joseph to ,be?lehem is peculi>1 & evid5tly is d]iv$ f a di/9ct un-canonical s\rce4 ,x may be well to pres5t 8 acc\nt & t ( ,luke side by side3 #cjf ,att5tion has already be5 drawn to ! sy/ematic mann] 9 :i* ! ,davidic desc5t ( ,jesus is trac$ by ,ju/9 ?r\gh ,m>y1 & to ! suppression 9 ?is passage ( all t might seem to indicate a claim ( desc5t ?r\gh ,joseph4 ,z ! cont9uation ( a peculi> repres5tation ( ! hi/ory ( ! infancy ( ,jesus1 diff]+ mat]ially f t ( ! ,synoptics1 x is impossible to reg>d ?is1 ) its rem>kable v>iations1 z an arbitr>y correction by ,ju/9 ( ! canonical text1 & we mu/ hold x to be d]iv$ f a diff]5t s\rce1 p]haps1 inde$1 "o ( ^? f :i* ,luke's ,gospel itself fir/ drew ! elem5ts ( ! n>rative1 & ?is p]suasion increases z fur!r v>iations 9 ! e>li] hi/ory1 pres5tly to be consid]$1 are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] into ! "q ( ! correctness ( ! date ( ?is c5sus1 b x is evid5t t ,ju/9's ,memoirs cle>ly & delib]ately modify ! canonical n>rative4 ,! limitation ( ! c5sus to ,judaea1 in/ead ( ext5d+ x to ! :ole ,roman ,empire2 ! designation ( ,cyr5ius z --,greek-- ( ,judaea in/ead ( --,greek-- ( ,syria2 & ! c>eful suppression ( ! ,davidic elem5t 9 connection ) ,joseph indicate a peculi> writt5 s\rce diff]5t f ! ,synoptics47#a7 ,_h ,ju/9 dep>t$ f ! acc\nt 9 ,luke ) ! view ( correct+ inaccurate /atem5ts1 ! matt] might h seem$ m consi/5t ) ! use ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 al?\gh at ! same "t x might h ev9c$ b little rev]5ce = x z a canonical #cjg "w4 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ev]1 ! /atem5ts ( ,ju/9 are /ill m inconsi/5t ) hi/ory ?an ^? 9 ,luke1 inasmu* z1 s f> f be+ ! fir/ procurator ( ,judsea1 z ,ju/9's n>rative /ates 9 opposition to ! ?ird ,gospel1 ,cyr5ius nev] held t (fice1 b 0 really1 lat]1 ! imp]ial proconsul ov] ,syria1 & z su*1 :5 ,judaea became a ,roman prov9ce aft] ! bani%m5t ( ,ar*elaus1 _h ! p[] to enrol ! inhabitants1 & in/itut$ ,coponius z fir/ ,procurator ( ,judaea4 ,ju/9's /atem5t involves ! position t at "o & ! same "t ,h]od 0 ! ,k+1 & ,cyr5ius ! ,roman ,procurator ( ,judsea47#a7 ,9 ! same _s1 & dep>t+ f ! usual n>rative ( ! ,synoptics1 :i* c\ples ! bir? ( ,jesus ) ! days ( ,h]od ! ,k+1 ,ju/9 9 ano!r place /ates t ,*ri/ 0 born "u ,cyr5ius47#b7 ,ju/9 evid5tly adopts )\t criticism a n>rative :i* he f\nd 9 8 ,memoirs1 & does n m]ely correct & remodel a passage ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 b1 on ! contr>y1 seems altoge!r ignorant ( x47#c7 ,! g5ealogies ( ,jesus 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels diff] irreconcileably f ea* o!r4 ,ju/9 diff]s f bo?4 ,9 ?is passage ano!r discrepancy arises4 ,:ile ,luke seems to repres5t ,naz>e? z ! dwell+-place ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & ,be?lehem z ! city to :i* !y w5t solely on acc\nt ( ! c5sus17#d7 #cjh ,mat!w1 :o seems to "k no?+ ( ! c5sus1 makes ,be?lehem1 on ! contr>y1 ! place ( resid5ce ( ,joseph17#a7 & on com+ back f ,egypt1 ) ! evid5t int5tion ( return+ to ,be?lehem1 ,joseph is w>n$ by a dream to turn aside into ,galilee1 & he goes & dwells1 app>5tly = ! fir/ "t1 9 a city call$ ,naz>e?1 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophets3 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e47#b7 ,ju/91 h[ev]1 goes /ill fur!r ?an ! ?ird ,gospel 9 8 dep>ture f ! data ( ,mat!w1 & :]e ,luke m]ely inf]s1 ,ju/9 di/9ctly ass]ts ,naz>e? to h be5 ! dwell+-place ( ,joseph --,greek--1 & ,be?lehem1 9 contradi/9ction1 ! place f :i* he d]iv$ 8 orig9 --,greek--4#c ,! same view is to be f\nd 9 sev]al apocryphal ,gospels /ill extant4 ,9 ! ,protevangelium ( ,james aga91 we f9d ,joseph j\rney+ to ,be?lehem ) ,m>y be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus47#d7 ,! c5sus "h is ord]$ by ,augu/us1 :o comm&s3 ,t all :o 7 9 ,be?lehem ( ,judeae1 %\ld be enroll$47#e7 a limitation wor?y ( notice 9 comp>ison ) t ( ,ju/94 ,9 l mann] ! ,gospel ( ! ,nativity4 ,?is ,gospel repres5ts ! p>5ts ( ,m>y z liv+ 9 ,naz>e?1 9 #cji :i* place %e 0 born17#a7 & x is "h t ! ,angel ,gabriel ann\nces to h] ! sup]natural conception47#b7 ,joseph goes to ,be?lehem to set 8 h\se 9 ord] & prep>e :at is necess>y = ! m>riage1 b !n returns to ,naz>e?1 :]e he rema9s ) ,m>y until h] "t 0 ne>ly accompli%$17#c7 :5 ,joseph hav+ tak5 8 wife ) :atev] else 0 necess>y w5t to ! city ( ,be?lehem1 :5ce he 047#d7 ,! phrase unde ipse erat recalls ! --,greek-- ( ,ju/947#f7 ,z we cont9ue ! n>rative ( ! bir? & infancy ( ,jesus1 we meet ) fur!r v>iations f ! acc\nt 9 ! canonical ,gospels = :i* ! prec$+ h prep>$ u1 & :i* indicate t ,ju/9's ,memorials c]ta9ly diff]$ f !m3 #caj ,at lea/ x is cle> t ^! p>ticul>s ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1--n tak+ place 9 ,be?lehem itself b 9 a cave --,greek-- ne> ! village1 because ,joseph c\ld n f9d a lodg+ !re1--are n d]iv$ f our ,gospels1 & "h ev5 ,scmis*7#a7 is =c$ to ab&on 8 !ory t ,ju/9's v>iations arise m]ely f imp]fectly quot+ f memory1 & to conjecture t he mu/ h adopt$ tradition4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n t ,ju/9 himself di/9ctly excludes tradition1 & 9 ?is case1 moreov]1 !re are _m special reasons = believ+ t he quotes f a writt5 s\rce4 ,ewald rightly po9ts out t "h1 & 9 o!r passages :]e1 9 common ) anci5t ecclesia/ical writ]s1 ,ju/9 dep>ts f our ,gospels1 ! v>iation c 9 no way be ref]r$ to oral tradition27#b7 &1 moreov]1 t :5 ,ju/9 proves7#c7 f ,isaiah xxxiii4 #af1 t ,*ri/ mu/ be born 9 a cave1 he !reby %[s h[ c]ta9ly he f\nd ! fact ( ! cave 9 8 writt5 ,gospel47#d7 ,! :ole argum5t ( ,ju/9 excludes ! idea t he c\ld avail himself ( m]e tradition4 ,he ma9ta9s t ev]y?+ :i* ! prophets _h =etold ( ,*ri/ _h actually be5 fulfill$1 & he p]petually ref]s to ! ,memoirs & o!r writt5 docum5ts = ! v]ification ( 8 ass]tions4 ,he ei!r ref]s to ! prophets = ! confirmation ( ! ,memoirs1 or %[s 9 ! #caa ,memoirs ! n>rative ( facts :i* are ! accompli%m5t ( prophecies1 b 9 bo? cases x is manife/ t !re mu/ h be5 a record ( ! facts :i* he m5tions4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! circum/ances we h j quot$1 & :i* are n f\nd 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 mu/ h be5 n>rat$ 9 ,ju/9's ,memoirs4 ,we f9d1 aga91 ! same v>iations z 9 ,ju/9 9 sev]al extant apocryphal ,gospels4 ,! ,protevangelium ( ,james repres5ts ! bir? ( ,jesus z tak+ place 9 a cave27#a7 s also ! ,arabic ,gospel ( ! ,infancy17#b7 & sev]al o!rs47#c7 ,?is uncanonical detail is also m5tion$ by sev]al ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,orig5 & ,eusebius bo? /at+ t ! cave & ! mang] 7 /ill %[n 9 _! day47#d7 ,tes*5dorf does n hesitate to affirm t ,ju/9 d]iv$ ?is circum/ance f ! ,protevangelium47#e7 ,ju/91 h[ev]1 does n di/+ui% su* a s\rce2 & ! m]e fact t we h a =m ( t ,gospel1 9 :i* x occurs1 /ill extant1 by no means ju/ifies su* a specific conclusion1 :5 s _m o!r works1 n[ lo/1 may equally h conta9$ #cab x4 ,if ! fact be d]iv$ f ! ,protevangelium1 t "w1 or :atev] o!r apocryphal ,gospel may h suppli$ x1 mu/ be admitt$ to h at lea/ =m$ "p ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 & ) t necess>y admission ends all special id5tification ( ! ,memoirs ) our canonical ,gospels4 ,mu* m probably1 h[ev]1 ,ju/9 quotes f ! m anci5t s\rce f :i* ! ,protevangelium &1 p]haps1 ,luke drew _! n>rative47#a7 ,!re c be v little d\bt t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews conta9$ an acc\nt ( ! bir? 9 ,be?lehem1 & z x is1 at lea/1 c]ta9 t ,ju/9 quotes o!r p>ticul>s kn[n to h be5 9 x1 !re is fair reason to suppose t he likewise f\nd ?is fact 9 t "w47#b7 ,9 any case x is indisputable t he d]iv$ x f a s\rce diff]5t f our canonical ,gospels47#c7 ,ju/9 does n app>5tly "k any?+ ( ! episode ( ! %eph]ds ( ! pla91 & ! angelic appe>ance to !m1 n>rat$ 9 ! ?ird ,gospel47#d7 ,to ! cave 9 :i* ! infant ,jesus is born came ! ,magi1 b in/ead ( employ+ ! phrase us$ by ! fir/ ,gospel1 ,magi f ! ,ea/17#e7 --,greek-- ,ju/9 always describes !m z ,magi f ,arabia1 --,greek--4 ,ju/9 is s punctili\s t he #cac nev] speaks ( ^! ,magi )\t add+ f ,arabia1 except twice1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he imm$iately m5tions ,arabia z ! po9t ( ! argum5t = :i* !y are introduc$2 & 9 ! same *apt] 9 :i* ?is occurs he f\r times calls !m directly ,magi f ,arabia47#a7 ,he uses ?is expression n less ?an n9e times47#b7 ,t he _h no objection to ! t]m ! ,ea/1 & t ) a diff]5t context x 0 common to 8 vocabul>y1 is prov$ by 8 use ( x else:]e47#c7 ,x is impossible to resi/ ! conviction t ,ju/9's ,memoirs conta9$ ! phrase ,magi f ,arabia1 :i* is =eign to our ,gospels47#d7 ,aga91 accord+ to ,ju/91 ! ,magi see ! /> 9 heav5 --,greek--17#e7 & n 9 ! ,ea/ --,greek-- z ! fir/ ,gospel has x37#f7 ,:5 a /> rose 9 heav5 --,greek-- at ! "t ( 8 bir? z is record$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/le47#g7 ,he app>5tly kn[s no?+ ( ! /> guid+ !m to ! place :]e ! "y *ild 047#h7 ,h]od1 moreov]1 que/ions ! eld]s --,greek--7#i7 z to ! place :]e ! ,*ri/ %\ld be born1 & n ! *ief prie/s & scribes ( ! p --,greek--47#aj7 ,^! div]g5ces1 tak5 9 connection ) ^? :i* are int]wov5 ) ! :ole n>rative ( ! bir?1 c only proce$ f ! fact t ,ju/9 quotes f a s\rce diff]5t f ours47#aa7 ,ju/9 relates t :5 ,jesus came to ,jordan he 0 #cad believ$ to be ! son ( ,joseph ! c>p5t]1 & he appe>$ )\t comel9ess1 z ! ,scriptures ann\nc$2 & be+ consid]$ a c>p5t]1--=1 :5 he 0 among/ m51 he made c>p5t]'s works1 pl\ghs & yokes --,greek--2 by ^! bo? tea*+ ! symbols ( righte\sness & an active life47#a7 ,^! details are =eign to ! canonical ,gospels4 ,m>k has ! expression3 ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]1 ! son ( ,m>y8 7#b7 b ,luke omits x altoge!r47#c7 ,! idea t ! ,son ( ,god %\ld d c>p5t]'s "w on e>? 0 v displeas+ to _m ,*ri/ians1 & attempts to get rid ( ! obnoxi\s phrase are evid5t 9 ,m>k4 ,app>5tly ! copy :i* ,orig5 us$ _h omitt$ ev5 ! modifi$ phrase1 = he decl>es t ,jesus himself is n[h]e call$ a c>p5t] 9 ! ,gospels curr5t 9 ! ,*ur*47#d7 ,a few ,,mss4 /ill extant are )\t x1 al?\gh x is f\nd 9 all ! m anci5t ,codices4 ,traces ( ^! details are f\nd 9 sev]al apocryphal works1 especially 9 ! ,gospel ( ,?omas1 :]e x is said3 ,n[ 8 fa!r 0 a c>p5t] & made at t "t pl\ghs & yokes --,greek--7#e71 an acc\nt :i*1 f ! simil>ity ( language1 0 9 all #cae probability d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z t ( ,ju/94 ,! explanation :i* ,ju/9 adds3 by :i* he taught ! symbols ( righte\sness & an active life1 seems to indicate t he ref]s to a writt5 n>rative conta9+ ! detail1 already1 p]haps1 fall+ into suffici5t disfav\r to require ! aid ( symbolical int]pretation4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! baptism !re are _m peculi>ities :i* prove t ,ju/9 did n d]ive x f our ,gospels4 ,?rice he speaks ( ,john sitt+ by ! riv] ,jordan3 ,he cri$ z he sat by ! riv] ,jordan27#a7 ,:ile he /ill sat by ! riv] ,jordan27#b7 & ,= :5 ,john sat by ! ,jordan47#c7 ,?is peculi> expression s frequ5tly repeat$ mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f a writt5 ,gospel47#d7 ,!n ,ju/91 9 prov+ t ,jesus pr$ict$ 8 second com+ & ! re-appe>ance ( ,elijah1 /ates3 ,& !re=e our ,"l 9 8 tea*+ ann\nc$ t ?is %\ld take place1 say+ ,elias also %\ld come --,greek--4 ,a little l[] d[n he aga9 expressly quotes ! words ( ,jesus3 ,= :i* reason our ,*ri/ decl>$ on e>? to ^? :o ass]t$ t ,elias mu/ come be=e ,*ri/3 ,elias1 inde$1 %all come1 c4 --,greek--47#e7 ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 reads3 ,elias inde$ come?1 --,greek--47#f7 ,n[ !re is no v]sion 9 :i* --,greek-- is sub/itut$ = --,greek-- z ,ju/9 does1 b1 z ,cr$n] has po9t$ out17#g7 ! :ole weight ( ,ju/9's argum5t lies 9 ! use ( ! future t5se4 ,z !re are s _m o!r v>iations #caf 9 ,ju/9's context1 ?is likewise appe>s to be d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels47#a7 ,:5 ,jesus goes to be baptiz$ by ,john _m-/rik+ peculi>ities occur 9 ,ju/9's n>rative3 ,z ,jesus w5t d[n to ! wat]1 a fire also 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan2 & :5 he came up f ! wat]1 ! ,holy ,_s l a dove fell ^u him1 z ! apo/les ( ?is v ,*ri/ ( ours wrote444 & at ! same "t a voice came f ! heav5s444 ,?\ art my son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e47#b7 ,! incid5t ( ! fire 9 ,jordan is ( c\rse q =eign to our ,gospels1 & fur!r ! words spok5 by ! heav5ly voice diff] f ^? report$ by !m1 = in/ead ( ! passage f ,psalm ii4 #g1 ! ,gospels h3 ,?\ art my belov$ son2 9 !e ,i am well pleas$47#c7 ,ju/9 repeats 8 v]sion a second "t 9 ! same *apt]1 & aga9 else:]e he says reg>d+ ! temptation3 ,= ?is devil also at ! "t :5 he 7,jesus7 w5t up f ! riv] ,jordan1 :5 ! voice decl>$ to him3 ',?\ art my son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e1' x is writt5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 came to him & tempt$ him1 c47#d7 ,9 bo? ( ^! passages1 x w be p]ceiv$ t ,ju/9 directly ref]s to ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les z ! s\rce ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,"s h argu$ t #cag ,ju/9 only appeals to !m = ! fact ( ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & n = ! re/ ( ! n>rative47#a7 ,x has ( c\rse be5 felt t1 if x c be %[n t ,ju/9 quotes f ! ,memoirs words & circum/ances :i* are n to be f\nd 9 our canonical ,gospels1 ! id5tity ( ! two c no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! highe/ degree arbitr>y to affirm t ,ju/9 int5ds to limit 8 appeal to ! te/imony ( ! apo/les to "o-half ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,to quote au?ority = "o ass]tion & to leave ano!r 9 ! same s5t5ce1 closely connect$ ) x & "p inde$ ( ! v same n>rative1 n only unsupport$1 b inde$ weak5$ by direct exclusion1 w\ld inde$ be s+ul>1 = ,ju/9 affirms ) equal directness & confid5ce ! fact ( ! fire 9 ,jordan1 ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ! words spok5 by ! heav5ly voice4 ,if 9 ! /ricte/ grammatical accuracy !re may be no absolute necessity to include 9 t :i* ! ,apo/les wrote m ?an ! phrase imm$iately prec$+1 !re is n1 on ! o!r h&1 any?+ :i* requires or w>rants ! exclusion ( ! =m] "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! matt] mu/ !re=e be decid$ accord+ to fair inf]5ce & reasonable probability1 & n to suit any =egone conclusion1 & ^! z well z all ! evid5ce conc]n+ ,ju/9's use ( ! ,memoirs irresi/ibly po9t to ! conclusion t ! :ole passage is d]iv$ f "o s\rce4 ,9 ! second extract giv5 above1 x is p]fectly cle> t ! words spok5 by ! heav5ly voice1 :i* ,ju/9 aga9 quotes1 & :i* are n 9 our ,gospels1 7 record$ 9 ! ,memoirs1 = ,ju/9 c\ld #cah n h ref]r$ to !m = an acc\nt ( ! temptation at ! "t :5 ,jesus w5t up f ,jordan & ! voice said to him3 ,?\ art my son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e1 if ^! facts & words 7 n record$ 9 !m at all47#a7 ,x is impossible to d\bt1 aft] imp>tial consid]ation1 t ! incid5t ( ! fire 9 ,jordan1 ! words spok5 by ! voice f heav51 & ! temptation 7 tak5 f ! same s\rce3 !y mu/ collectively be ref]r$ to ! ,memoirs47#b7 ,( "o ?+ we may be sure3 _h ,ju/9 kn[n ! =m ( words us$ by ! voice f heav5 accord+ to our ,gospels1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h made use ( x 9 pref]5ce to t :i* he actually f\nd 9 8 ,memoirs4 ,he is argu+ t ,*ri/ is preexi/+ ,god1 become inc>nate by ,god's w ?r\gh ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ,trypho dem&s h[ he c be demon/rat$ to h be5 pre-exi/5t1 :o is said to be fill$ ) ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ?\gh he _h requir$ ?is1 ,ju/9 replies t ^! p[]s ( ! ,_s h come ^u him n because he _h ne$ ( !m1 b because !y w\ld accompli% ,scripture1 :i* decl>$ t aft] him !re %\ld be no prophet47#c7 ,! pro( ( ?is1 he cont9ues1 is t1 z soon z ! *ild 0 born1 ! ,magi f ,arabia came to wor%ip him1 because ev5 at 8 bir? he 0 9 possession ( 8 p[]17#d7 & aft] he _h gr[n up l o!r m5 by ! use ( suitable means1 he came to #cai ! riv] ,jordan :]e ,john 0 baptiz+1 & z he w5t into ! wat] a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d$ l a dove4 ,he did n g to ! riv] because he _h any ne$ ( baptism or ( ! desc5t ( ! ,_s1 b because ( ! human race :i* _h fall5 "u ! p[] ( dea?4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( ! passage actually cit$1 ,ju/9 c\ld h quot$ ! words address$ to ,jesus by ! voice f heav5 accord+ to ! ,gospels3 ,?\ art my belov$ son2 9 !e ,i am well pleas$1 8 argum5t w\ld h be5 greatly /r5g!n$ by su* direct recognition ( an already exi/+1 &1 z he affirm$1 pre-exi/5t div9ity 9 ,jesus4 ,n hav+ ^! words 9 8 ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 h[ev]1 he 0 oblig$ to be cont5t ) ^? :i* he f\nd !re3 ,?\ art my son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e2--words :i*1 9 fact1 9 !mselves de/roy$ ! argum5t = pre-exi/5ce1 & dat$ ! div9e begett+ ( ,jesus z ! son ( ,god t v day4 ,! passage1 inde$1 support$ ^? :o actually ass]t$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ fir/ ent]$ into ,jesus at 8 baptism4 ,^! consid]ations1 & ! repeat$ quotation ( ! same words 9 ! same =m1 make x cle> t ,ju/9 quotes f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospel47#a7 ,9 ! scanty fragm5ts ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews :i* h be5 pres]v$1 we f9d bo? ! incid5t ( ! fire k9dl$ 9 ,jordan & ! words #cbj ( ! heav5ly voice z quot$ by ,ju/94 ,& z he w5t up f ! wat]1 ! heav5s 7 op5$1 & he saw ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god 9 ! =m ( a dove :i* came d[n & ent]$ into him4 ,& a voice came f heav5 say+3 ',?\ art my belov$ son2 9 !e ,i am well pleas$2' & aga93 ',?is day h ,i begott5 !e4' ,& imm$iately a great light %one r\nd ab\t ! place47#a7 ,epiphanius extracts ?is passage f ! v]sion 9 use among/ ! ,ebionites1 b x is well kn[n t !re 7 _m o!r v>y+ =ms ( ! same ,gospel2 & ,hilg5feld17#b7 ) all probability1 conjectures t ! v]sion kn[n to ,epiphanius 0 no long] 9 ! same purity z t us$ by ,ju/91 b repres5ts ! transition /age to ! ,canonical ,gospels1--adopt+ ! words ( ! voice :i* !y give )\t yet disc>d+ ! old] =m4 ,j]ome gives ano!r =m ( ! words f ! v]sion 9 use among/ ! ,naz>5es3 ,factum e/ autem cum asc5disset ,dom9us de aqua1 desc5dit fons omnis ,spiritus ,sancti et requievit sup] eum1 et dixit illi3 ,fili mi1 9 omnibus ,prophetis expectabam te ut v5ires et requiesc]em 9 te1 tu es enim requies mea1 tu es filius meus primo-g5itus qui regnas 9 sempit]num47#c7 ,?is supports ,ju/9's read+4 ,reg>d+ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews m mu/ be said h]eaft]1 b :5 x is rememb]$ t ,ju/91 a native ( ,sam>ia1 probably fir/ knew ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh believ]s 9 ,syria to ^: ,jewi% view ( ,*ri/ianity he all 8 #cba life adh]$1 & t ^! ,*ri/ians almo/ exclusively us$ ?is ,gospel7#a7 "u v>i\s =ms & names1 x is reasonable to suppose t he also l !m knew & made use ( x1 a supposition increas$ almo/ to c]ta9ty :5 x is f\nd t ,ju/9 quotes words & facts =eign to ! ,canonical ,gospels :i* are kn[n to h be5 conta9$ 9 x4 ,! argum5t ( ,ju/9 t ,jesus did n ne$ baptism may also be comp>$ to ano!r passage ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews pres]v$ by ,j]ome1 & :i* prec$$ ! circum/ances n>rat$ above1 9 :i* ! "m & bre?r5 ( ,jesus say to him t ,john ! ,bapti/ is baptiz+ = ! remission ( s9s1 & propose t !y %\ld g to be baptiz$ by him4 ,jesus replies1 ,9 :at way h ,i s9n$ t ,i %\ld g & be baptiz$ by him87#b7 ,! mo/ compet5t critics agree t ,ju/9 d]iv$ ! incid5ts ( ! fire 9 ,jordan & ! words spok5 by ! heav5ly voice f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews or "s k9dr$ "w17#c7 & !re is e probability t ! num]\s o!r quotations 9 8 works diff]+ f our ,gospels are tak5 f ! same s\rce4 ,! incid5t ( ! fire 9 ,jordan likewise occurs 9 ! anci5t "w ,pra$icatio ,pauli17#d7 c\pl$ ) a #cbb context :i* =cibly recalls ! passage ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* has j be5 quot$1 & app>5t allusions to x are f\nd 9 ! ,sibyll9e ,books & e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature47#a7 ,cr$n] has po9t$ out t ! m>k$ use :i* 0 made ( fire or lights at ,baptism by ! ,*ur*1 dur+ e>ly times1 probably rose out ( ?is tradition reg>d+ ! fire :i* appe>$ 9 ,jordan at ! baptism ( ,jesus47#b7 ,! peculi> =m ( words us$ by ! heav5ly voice accord+ to ,ju/9 & to ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 also kn[n to sev]al ( ! ,fa!rs47#c7 ,augu/9e m5tions t "s ,,mss4 9 8 "t conta9$ t read+ 9 ,luke iii4 #bb1 al?\gh )\t ! confirmation ( m anci5t ,greek codices47#d7 ,x is /ill extant 9 ! ,codex ,bezae 7,d74 ,! ,itala v]sion adds to ,mat!w iii4 #ae3 & :5 he 0 baptiz$ a great light %one r\nd f ! wat]1 s t all :o _h come 7 afraid 7et cum baptiz>etur1 lum5 +5s circumfulsit de aqua1 ita ut tim]5t omnes qui adv5]ant72 & aga9 at ,luke iii4 #bb x gives ! words ( ! voice 9 a =m agree+ at lea/ 9 s5se ) ^? :i* ,ju/9 f\nd 9 8 ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 #cbc ,^! circum/ances po9t ) c]ta9ty to an e>li] orig9al correspond+ ) ,ju/91 9 all probability ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & to ! subsequ5t gradual elim9ation ( ! passage f ! ,gospels f9ally adopt$ by ! ,*ur* = dogmatic reasons1 z v>i\s sects bas$ on ! words doctr9es :i* 7 at v>iance ) ! ev]-enl>g+ belief ( ! majority47#a7 ,!n ,ju/9 /ates t ! m5 ( 8 "t ass]t$ t ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 p]=m$ by magical art --,greek--1 = !y v5tur$ to call him a magician & deceiv] ( ! p47#b7 ,?is _c be accept$ z a m]e v]sion ( ! *>ge t ,jesus ca/ out demons by ,beelzebub1 b mu/ h be5 f\nd by ,ju/9 9 8 ,memoirs47#c7 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus or ,acta ,pilati1 ! ,jews accuse ,jesus be=e ,pilate ( be+ a magician17#d7 c\pl$ ) ! ass]tion t he ca/s out demons ?r\gh ,beelzebub ! pr9ce ( ! demons2 & aga9 !y simply say3 ,did we n tell !e t he is a magician87#e7 ,we %all pres5tly see t ,ju/9 actually ref]s to c]ta9 acts ( ,pontius ,pilate 9 ju/ification ( o!r ass]tions reg>d+ ! trial ( ,jesus47#f7 ,9 ! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions1 moreov]1 ! same *>ge is made by "o ( ! ,scribes1 :o says t ,jesus did n p]=m 8 miracles z a prophet1 b z a magician47#g7 #cbd ,oelsus makes a simil> *>ge17#a7 & ,lactantius ref]s to su* an op9ion z preval5t among ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,jesus17#b7 :i* we f9d confirm$ by _m passages 9 ,talmudic lit]ature47#c7 ,!re 0 inde$ a book call$ ,magia ,jesu ,*ri/i1 ( :i* ,jesus himself1 x 0 pret5d$1 0 ! au?or47#d7 ,9 speak+ ( ! trial ( ,jesus1 ,ju/9 says3 ,= also z ! prophet sai?1 !y revil$ him & set him on ! judgm5t seat & said3 ,judge = u17#e7 a peculi>ity :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,ju/9 _h j quot$ ! words ( ,isaiah 7lxv4 #b1 lviii4 #b7444 ,!y n[ ask ( me judgm5t & d>e to draw nigh to ,god1 & !n he cites ,psalm xxii4 #af1 #bb3 ,!y pi]c$ my h&s & my feet1 & ^u my ve/ure !y ca/ lots4 ,he says t ?is did n happ5 to ,david1 b 0 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/1 & ! expression reg>d+ ! pi]c+ ! h&s & feet ref]r$ to ! nails ( ! cross :i* 7 driv5 ?r\gh 8 h&s & feet4 ,& aft] he 0 crucifi$ !y ca/ lots ^u 8 ve/ure4 ,& t ^! ?+s occurr$1 he cont9ues1 y may le>n f ! ,acts drawn up "u ,pontius ,pilate47#f7 ,he likewise ^u ano!r occasion ref]s to ! same ,acta = confirmation ( /atem5ts47#g7 ,! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus or ,ge/a #cbe ,pilati1 n[ extant1 does n conta9 ! circum/ance to :i* we are n[ ref]r+1 b 9 contradiction to ! /atem5t 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xviii4 #bh1 #bi7 ! ,jews 9 ?is apocryphal "w freely g into ! v judgm5t seat ( ,pilate47#a7 ,tes*5dorf ma9ta9s t ! fir/ "p ( ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 or ,acta ,pilati1 /ill extant1 is ! "w1 ) m or less ( int]polation1 :i*1 exi/+ 9 ! second c5tury1 is ref]r$ to by ,ju/947#b7 ,a few reasons may "h be giv5 aga9/ su* a conclusion4 ,! fact ( ,jesus be+ set ^u ! judgm5t seat is n conta9$ 9 ! extant ,acta ,pilati at all1 & !re=e ?is "w does n correspond ) ,ju/9's /atem5t4 ,x seems mo/ unreasonable to suppose t ,ju/9 %\ld s]i\sly ref] ,roman ,emp]ors to a "w ( ?is description1 s manife/ly compos$ by a ,*ri/ian1 & ! ,acta to :i* he directs !m mu/ h be5 a presum$ (ficial docum5t1 to :i* !y _h access1 z ( c\rse no o!r evid5ce c\ld be ( any weight ) !m47#c7 ,! extant "w nei!r pret5ds to be1 nor has 9 ! slighte/ degree ! =m (1 an (ficial report4 ,moreov]1 ! prologue atta*$ to x di/9ctly /ates t ,ananias1 a prov9cial w>d5 9 ! reign ( ,flavius ,!odosius 7t[>ds ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury71 f\nd ^! ,acts writt5 9 ,hebrew by ,nicodemus1 & t he translat$ !m into ,greek47#d7 ,! "w itself1 !re=e1 only pret5ds to be a private composition 9 ,hebrew1 & does n claim any relation to ,pontius ,pilate4 ,! ,greek is v corrupt & #cbf degrad$1 & consid]ations ( /yle alone w\ld assign x to ! fif? c5tury1 z w\ld /ill m imp]atively ! ana*ronisms ) :i* x ab\nds4#a ,tis*5dorf consid]s t ,t]tullian ref]s to ! same "w z ,ju/91 b x is evid5t t he inf]s an (ficial report1 = he says di/9ctly1 aft] n>rat+ ! circum/ances ( ! crucifixion & resurrection3 ,all ^! facts reg>d+ ,*ri/1 ,pilate4444 report$ to ! reign+ ,emp]or ,tib]ius47#c7 ,x is extremely probable t 9 say+ ?is ,t]tullian m]ely ext5d$ ! /atem5t ( ,ju/94 ,he n[h]e /ates t he himself _h se5 ?is report1 nor does ,ju/91 & z is ! case ) ! latt]1 "s ( ! facts :i* ,t]tullian supposes to be report$ by ,pilate are n conta9$ 9 ! apocryphal "w47#c7 ,!re are /ill extant "s apocryphal writ+s 9 ! =m ( (ficial reports made by ,pilate ( ! trial1 crucifixion1 & resurrection ( ,jesus17#d7 b none are ( v anci5t date4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 on ! supposition t ,pilate may h made an (ficial report ( ev5ts s important 9 _! e/imation1 ,*ri/ian writ]s2 ) great] zeal ?an consci5ce1 compos$ fictiti\s reports 9 8 "n1 9 ! suppos$ int]e/ ( _! religion1 & !re 0 9 t day little or no critical s5se to detect & discr$it su* =g]ies4 ,!re is absolutely no evid5ce to %[ t ,ju/9 0 acqua9t$ ) any (ficial report ( ,pilate to ! ,roman ,emp]or1 nor inde$ is x easy to und]/& h[ he c\ld possibly h be51 ev5 if su* a docum5t exi/$1 & x is mo/ probable1 z #cbg ,s*olt5 conjectures1 t ,ju/9 m]ely ref]r$ to docum5ts :i* tradition suppos$ to h be5 writt51 b ( :i* he himself _h no p]sonal k47#a7 ,be ?is z x may1 z he consid]$ ! incid5t ( ! judgm5t seat a fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 !re c be little or no d\bt t x 0 n>rat$ 9 ! ,memoirs :i* conta9$ ev]y?+ relat+ to ,jesus ,*ri/1 & f9d+ x !re he all ! m naturally assum$ t x mu/ h be5 m5tion$ 9 any (ficial report4 ,9 n>rat+ ! agony 9 ! ,g>d51 !re are fur!r v>iations4 ,ju/9 says3 ,& ! passage3 ',all my bones are p\r$ out & disp]s$ l wat]2 my he>t has become l wax melt+ 9 ! mid/ ( my belly1' 0 a pr$iction ( t :i* occurr$ to him t night :5 !y came out aga9/ him to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives to seize him4 ,= 9 ! ,memoirs compos$1 ,i say1 by 8 ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 x is record$ t 8 sweat fell d[n l drops :ile he pray$1 say+3 ',if possible1 let ?is cup pass4'7#b7 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is a direct quotation f ! ,memoirs1 b !re is a mat]ial diff]5ce f our ,gospels4 ,luke is ! only ,gospel :i* m5tions ! bloody sweat1 & !re ! acc\nt reads 7xxii4 #dd71 z x 7 drops ( blood fall+ d[n to ! gr\nd4 --,greek-- --,greek-- ,9 addition to ! o!r l+ui/ic diff]5ces ,ju/9 omits ! emphatic --,greek-- :i* gives ! :ole po9t to ,luke's acc\nt1 & :i* evid5tly c\ld n h be5 9 ! text ( ! ,memoirs4 ,semis* argues t --,greek-- alone1 especially 9 m$ical phraseology1 meant #cbh drops ( blood1 )\t ! addition ( --,greek--27l7 b ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel did n ?9k s1 & und5iably makes use ( bo?1 & ,ju/9 does n4 ,moreov]1 ,luke introduces ! expression --,greek-- to %[ ! int5sity ( ! agony1 :]eas ,ju/9 evid5tly did n mean to express drops ( blood at all1 8 int5tion 9 ref]r+ to ! sweat be+ to %[ t ! prophecy3 ,all my bones are p\r$ out1 c1 l wat]1 _h be5 fulfill$1 ) :i* ! read+ 9 8 ,memoirs m closely correspond$4 ,! pray] also s directly quot$ decid$ly v>ies f ,luke xxii4 #db1 :i* reads3 ,fa!r1 if ?\ be will+ to remove ?is cup f me 3 --,greek-- --,greek-- ,9 ,mat!w xxvi4 #ci ?is "p ( ! pray] is m l ! read+ ( ,ju/93 ,fa!r1 if x be possible let ?is cup pass f me ----,greek-- b t ,gospel has no?+ ( ! sweat ( agony1 :i* excludes x f consid]ation4 ,9 ano!r place ,ju/9 also quotes ! pray] 9 ! ,g>d5 z foll[s3 ,he pray$1 say+3 ',fa!r1 if x be possible1 let ?is cup pass f me2' & besides ?is1 pray+1 he said3 ',n z ,i wi%1 b z ?\ wille/4'7#b7 ,! fir/ phrase 9 ?is place1 ap>t f "s transposition ( words1 agrees ) ,mat!w2 b ev5 if ?is read+ be pref]r$ ( ! two1 ! abs5ce ( ! incid5t ( ! sweat ( agony f ! fir/ ,gospel r5d]s x impossible to reg>d x z ! s\rce2 &1 fur!r1 ! second "p ( ! pray] :i* is "h #cbi giv5 diff]s mat]ially bo? f ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels4 --,greek-- ,! two p>ts ( ?is pray]1 moreov]1 seem to h be5 sep>ate 9 ! ,memoirs1 = n only does ,ju/9 n quote ! latt] portion at all 9 ,dial4 #ajc1 b "h he m>k$ly divides x f ! =m]4 ,ju/9 kn[s no?+ ( ! episode ( ! ,angel :o /r5g!ns ,jesus1 :i* is relat$ 9 ,luke xxii4 #dc4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /ill m important po9t to m5tion3 t al?\gh v]ses #dc1 #dd ) ! incid5ts ( ! angel & ! bloody sweat are c]ta9ly 9 a great numb] ( ,,mss41 !y are omitt$ by "s ( ! olde/ ,codices1 z = in/ance by ! ,alex&rian & ,vatican ,,mss47#a7 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is "p ,ju/9's ,memoirs diff]$ f our fir/ & ?ird ,gospels mu* 9 ! same way t !y d f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! same *apt] ,ju/9 /ates t :5 ! ,jews w5t out to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives to take ,jesus1 !re 0 n ev5 a s+le man to run to 8 help z a guiltless p]son47#b7 ,?is is 9 direct contradiction to all ! ,gospels17#c7 & ,ju/9 n only completely ignores ! episode ( ! e> ( ,mal*us1 b 9 ?is passage #a ,9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex !y are m>k$ = omission by a lat] h&4 ,la*mann brackets1 & ,drs4 ,we/cott & ,hort d\ble-bracket !m4 ,! ,,ms4 evid5ce may bo f\nd 9 detail 9 ,scriv5]'s ,int4 to ,crit4 ,n4 ,t4 #bnd ed4 p4 #eba1 /at$ 9 ! way :i* is mo/ fav\rable = ! au!nticity4 #ccj excludes x1 & 8 ,gospel c\ld n h conta9$ x47#a7 ,luke is specially m>k$ 9 g5]aliz+ ! resi/ance ( ^? ab\t ,jesus to 8 capture3 ,:5 !y :i* 7 ab\t him saw :at w\ld foll[1 !y said unto him3 ,"l1 %all we smite ) ! sword8 ,& a c]ta9 "o ( !m smote ! s]vant ( ! high prie/ & cut (f 8 "r e>47#b7 ,z ?is episode foll[s imm$iately aft] ! incid5t ( ! bloody sweat & pray] 9 ! ,g>d51 & ! /atem5t ( ,ju/9 occurs 9 ! v same *apt] 9 :i* he ref]s to !m1 ?is contradiction fur!r t5ds to confirm ! conclusion t ,ju/9 employ$ a diff]5t ,gospel4 ,x is q 9 h>mony ) ! same peculi> acc\nt t ,ju/9 /ates t1 aft] he 7,jesus7 0 crucifi$1 all 8 fri5ds 7! ,apo/les7 /ood alo( f him1 hav+ d5i$ him7#c74444 7:o1 aft] he rose f ! dead1 & aft] !y 7 conv9c$ by himself t be=e 8 passion he _h told !m t he mu/ suff] ^! ?+s1 & t !y 7 =etold by ! prophets1 rep5t$ ( _! flight f him :5 he 0 crucifi$71 & :ile rema9+ among !m he sang praises to ,god1 z is made evid5t 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les47#d7 ,ju/91 !re=e1 repeat$ly ass]ts t aft] ! crucifixion all ! ,apo/les =sook him1 & he ext5ds ! d5ial ( ,pet] #cca to ! :ole ( ! twelve4 ,x is impossible to consid] ?is di/9ct & reit]at$ affirmation a m]e ext5sion ( ! passage3 !y all =sook him & fl$ --,greek--17#a7 :5 ,jesus 0 arre/$1 :i* proce$$ ma9ly f mom5t>y fe>47#b7 ,ju/9 seems to indicate t ! disciples )drew f & d5i$ ,jesus :5 !y saw him crucifi$1 f d\bts :i* consequ5tly arose z to 8 ,messianic "*4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,canonical ,gospels repres5t ! disciples z be+ toge!r aft] ! ,crucifixion47#c7 ,ju/9 does n exhibit any k ( ! explanation giv5 by ! angels at ! sepul*re z to ,*ri/'s hav+ =etold all t _h happ5$17#d7 b makes ?is proce$ f ,jesus himself4 ,inde$1 he makes no m5tion ( ^! angels at all4 ,!re are "s traces else:]e ( ! view t ! disciples 7 (f5d$ aft] ! ,crucifixion47#e7 ,hilg5feld po9ts out ! appe>ance ( special ,petr9e t5d5cy 9 ?is passage1 9 ! fact t x is n ,pet] alone1 b all ! ,apo/les1 :o are said to d5y _! ma/]2 & he sugge/s t an indication ( ! s\rce f :i* ,ju/9 quot$ may be obta9$ f ! k9dr$ quotation 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans 7iii47 by pseudo-,ignatius3 ,= ,i "k t also aft] 8 resurrection he 0 9 ! fle%1 & ,i believe t he is s n[4 ,& :5 he came to ^? t 7 ) ,pet]1 he said to !m3 ,lay hold1 h&le me1 & see t ,i am #ccb n an incorporeal _s4 ,& imm$iately !y t\*$ him & believ$1 be+ conv9c$ by 8 fle% & _s4 ,j]ome1 x w be rememb]$1 f\nd ?is 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews us$ by ! ,naz>5es1 :i* he translat$17#a7 f :i* we h se5 t ,ju/9 9 all probability d]iv$ o!r p>ticul>s diff]+ f ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & ) :i* we %all con/antly meet1 9 a simil> way1 9 exam9+ ,ju/9's quotations4 ,orig5 also f\nd x 9 a "w call$ ! ,doctr9e ( ,pet] --,greek--17#b7 :i* mu/ h be5 ak9 to ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet] --,greek--47#c7 ,hilg5feld sugge/s t1 9 ! abs5ce ( m c]ta9 in=mation1 !re is no m probable s\rce f :i* ,ju/9 may h d]iv$ 8 /atem5t ?an ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* is kn[n to h conta9$ s mu* 9 ! same _s47#d7 ,x may well be expect$ t1 at lea/ 9 t\*+ su* s]i\s matt]s z ! ,crucifixion & la/ words ( ,jesus1 ,ju/9 mu/ adh]e ) c>e to au!ntic records1 & n fall into ! faults ( loose quotation f memory1 free h&l+ ( texts1 & c>eless omissions & additions1 by :i* ^? :o ma9ta9 ! id5tity ( ! ,memoirs ) ! ,canonical ,gospels seek to expla9 ! sy/ematic v>iations ( ,ju/9's quotations f ! text ( ! latt]4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd t "h also m>k$ discrepancies occur4 ,ju/9 says1 aft] ref]r+ to num]\s prophecies reg>d+ ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/3 ,& aga91 :5 he says3 ',!y spake ) _! lips1 !y wagg$ ! head1 say+3 ,let him #ccc deliv] himself4' ,t all ^! ?+s happ5$ to ! ,*ri/ f ! ,jews1 y c asc]ta94 ,= :5 he 0 be+ crucifi$ !y %ot out ! lips1 & wagg$ _! heads1 say+3 ',let him :o rais$ ! dead deliv] himself4'7#a7 ,& 9 ano!r place1 ref]r+ to ! same ,psalm 7xxii47 z a pr$iction ( :at 0 to happ5 to ,jesus1 ,ju/9 says3 ,= !y :o saw him crucifi$ also wagg$ _! heads1 ea* "o ( !m1 & di/ort$ --,greek-- _! lips1 & sne]+ly & 9 scornful irony repeat$ among !mselves ^? words :i* are also writt5 9 ! ,memoirs ( 8 ,apo/les3 ,he decl>$ himself ! ,son ( ,god2 7let him7 come d[n1 let him walk ab\t2 let ,god save him47#b7 ,9 bo? ( ^! passages ,ju/9 directly appeals to writt5 au?ority4 ,! --,greek-- may leave ! s\rce ( ! fir/ unc]ta917#c7 b ! second is di/9ctly /at$ to conta9 ! actual words writt5 9 ! ,memoirs ( 8 ,apo/les1 & x seems reasonable to suppose t ! =m] passage is also d]iv$ f !m4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t bo? diff] v mat]ially f ! ,canonical ,gospels47#d7 ,! taunt #d ,canon ,we/cott admits t 9 ! latt] passage ,ju/9 does pr(ess to give ! exact words :i* 7 record$ 9 ! ,memoirs1 & t !y are n to be f\nd 9 our ,gospels2 b1 he apologetically adds1 we d f9d ^! o!rs s closely connect$ ) !m t few read]s w\ld feel ! diff]5ce6 ,?is is a specim5 ( apologetic criticism4 ,dr4 ,we/cott goes on to say t z no ,,ms4 or ,fa!r kn[n to him has pres]v$ any read+ m closely resembl+ ,ju/9's1 if x appe> n to be d$ucible f our ,gospels1 due all[ance be+ made = ! object :i* he _h 9 view1 its s\rce7 mu/ rema9 conceal$4 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aad f4 ,cf4 ,matt1 xxvii4 #ci--dc2 ,m>k xv4 #bi--cb2 ,luke xxiii4 #cd--cg4 #ccd conta9$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! passages is altoge!r peculi> to ,ju/93 ,let him :o rais$ ! dead deliv] himself --,greek--27#a7 & ev5 if ,ju/9 did n himself indicate a writt5 s\rce1 x w\ld n be reasonable to suppose t he %\ld himself = ! fir/ "t record words to :i* he ref]s z ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy47#b7 ,x w\ld be /ill m ineffectual to endeav\r to remove ! difficulty pres5t$ by su* a v>iation by attribut+ ! words to tradition1 at ! same "t t x is ass]t$ t ,ju/9's ,memoirs 7 actually id5tical ) ! ,gospels4 ,no ab]ration ( memory c\ld acc\nt = su* a v>iation1 & x is impossible t ,ju/9 %\ld pref] tradition reg>d+ a =m ( words1 s liable to error & alt]ation1 ) writt5 ,gospels )9 8 rea*4 ,besides1 to argue t ,ju/9 affirm$ t ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t c\ld be asc]ta9$ --,greek--1 :il/ ! words :i* he /ates to h be5 spok5 7 n actually record$1 w\ld be aga9/ all reason4 ,! second ( ! mock+ spee*es 7#c7 ( ! look]s-on is ref]r$ di/9ctly to ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 b is also1 ) ! accompany+ description1 =eign #a ,! ne>e/ p>allel 9 our ,gospels is 9 ,luke xxiii4 #ce4 ,he sav$ o!rs1 let him save himself if ?is man be ! ,*ri/ ( ,god1 8 *os54 --,greek-- #c ,semis* argues t bo? =ms are quotations ( ! same s5t5ce1 & t !re is consequ5tly a contradiction 9 ! v quotations !mselves2 b !re c be no d\bt :atev] t ! two phrases are di/9ct p>ts ( ! mock]y1 & ! v same sep>ation & v>iation occur 9 ea* ( ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,die ap4 ,d5kw4 ,m>t4 ,j41 p4 #bhb2 cf4 ,hilg5feld1 ,die ,ew4 ,ju/9's1 p4 #bdd4 #cce to our ,gospels4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x occurs 9 our fir/ ,gospel1 & we subjo9 bo? passages = comp>ison3 --,greek-- ,x is evid5t t ,ju/9's v]sion is q di/9ct f ?is1 & _c h be5 tak5 f our ,gospels17#b7 al?\gh pr(ess$ly d]iv$ f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,ju/9 likewise m5tions ! cry ( ,jesus on ! ,cross1 ,o ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 --,greek--27#c7 z a fulfilm5t ( ! words ( ! ,psalm1 :i* he quotes "h1 & else:]e17#d7 ) ! peculi> addition ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 att5d to me --,greek--1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he omits :5 giv+ ! cry ( ,jesus1 !reby %[+ t he foll[s a writt5 s\rce :i* did n conta9 x1 = ! quotation ( ! ,psalm1 & ( #ccf ! cry :i* is cit$ to %[ t x ref]s to ,*ri/1 imm$iately foll[ ea* o!r4 ,he app>5tly kn[s no?+ :atev] ( ! ,*aldaic cry1 ,eli1 ,eli1 lama sabac?ani ( ! ,gospels47#a7 ,! fir/ & second ,gospels give ! words ( ! cry f ! ,*aldaic diff]5tly f ,ju/91 f ! v]sion ( ! ,,lxx41 & f ea* o!r4 ,mat!w xxvii4 #df1 --,greek-- ! ?ird ,gospel makes no m5tion at all ( ?is cry1 b in/ead has "o altoge!r =eign to ! o!r ,gospels3 ,& ,jesus cri$ ) a l\d voice1 & said3 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s3 & hav+ said ?is1 he expir$47#b7 ,ju/9 has ?is cry also1 & 9 ! same =m z ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,he says3 ,= :5 he 7,jesus7 0 giv+ up 8 _s on ! cross1 he said3 ',fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s1' z ,i h also le>n$ f ! ,memoirs47#c7 ,ju/9's ,gospel1 !re=e1 conta9$ bo? cries1 & z ev5 ! fir/ two ,synoptics m5tion a second cry ( ,jesus7#d7 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ ! words1 x is n surpris+ t o!r ,gospels %\ld h exi/$ :i* includ$ bo?4 ,ev5 if we _h no trace ( ?is cry 9 any o!r anci5t "w1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = ass]t+ t ,ju/9 mu/ h d]iv$ x f ! ?ird ,gospel1 = if !re be any hi/orical tru? 9 ! /atem5t t ^! words 7 actually spok5 by ,jesus1 x foll[s ( c\rse t !y may h be51 & probably 71 report$ 9 a doz5 ,*ri/ian writ+s n[ #ccg no long] ext5t1 & 9 all probability !y exi/$ 9 "s ( ! _m works ref]r$ to 9 ! prologue to ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,bo? cries1 h[ev]1 are giv5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,nieodemus1 or ,ge/a ,pilati1 to :i* ref]5ce has already s frequ5tly be5 made4 ,9 ! ,greek v]sions edit$ by ,tes*5dorf we f9d only ! =m conta9$ 9 ,luke4 ,9 ! ,codex ,a1 ! passage reads3 ,& cry+ ) a l\d voice1 ,jesus said3 ,fa!r1 ,badda* ephkid r\*i1 t is1 int]pret$3 'into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s2' & hav+ said ?is he gave up ! gho/47l7 ,9 ! ,codex ,b1 ! text is3 ,!n ,jesus hav+ call$ out ) a l\d voice3 ',fa!r1 into ?y h&s w ,i comm5d my _s1' expir$47#b7 ,9 ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion1 h[ev]1 bo? cries are giv53 ,& ab\t ! n9? h\r ,jesus cri$ ) a l\d voice1 say+1 ,hely1 ,hely1 lama zabac?ani1 :i* int]pret$ is3 ',my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me4' ,& aft] ?is1 ,jesus said3 ',fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s'3 & say+ ?is1 he gave up ! gho/47#c7 ,"o ( ! ,codices ( ! same apocryphal "w likewise gives ! taunt+ spee*es ( ! ,jews 9 a =m m ne>ly approa*+ t ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs #cch ?an any f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,& ! ,jews t /ood & look$ ridicul$ him1 & said3 ,if ?\ said/ truly t ?\ art ! ,son ( ,god1 come d[n f ! cross1 & at once1 t we may believe 9 !e4 ,o!rs ridicul+1 said3 ,he sav$ o!rs1 he heal$ o!rs1 & re/or$ ! sick1 ! p>alytic1 lep]s1 demoniacs1 ! bl9d1 ! lame1 ! dead1 & himself he _c heal47#a7 ,! fact t ,ju/9 actually ref]s to c]ta9 ,acta ,pilati 9 connection ) ! ,crucifixion r5d]s ?is co9cid5ce all ! m important4 ,o!r texts ( ?is ,gospel read3 ,& ! ,*ief ,prie/s1 & ! rul]s ) !m1 d]id$ him1 say+3 ,he sav$ o!rs1 let him save himself2 if he is ! ,son ( ,god1 let him come d[n f ! cross47#b7 ,x is cle> f ! :ole ( ,ju/9's treatm5t ( ! n>rative1 t he foll[$ a ,gospel adh]+ m closely ?an ! ,canonical to ! ,psalm xxii41 b yet ) peculi> v>iations f x4 ,our ,gospels diff] v mu* f ea* o!r2 ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les 9 l mann] diff]$ f !m4 ,x _h its *>act]i/ic features cle>ly & %>ply def9$4 ,9 ?is way 8 sy/ematic v>iations are natural & p]fectly intelligible1 b !y become totally inexplicable if x be suppos$ t1 hav+ our ,gospels = 8 s\rce1 he ?us #b ,ev4 ,niood41 ,p>s4 ,i4 ,a4 x42 ,tis*5dorf ,ev4 ,apocr41 p4 #bcb2 cf4 ,?ilo4 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t41 p4 #ehd2 ,fabricius1 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t41 i4 p4 #bei2 ,tia*5dorf ib41 p4 #cdj4 ,!re are diff]5ces betwe5 all ^! texts--inde$ !re are sc>cely two ,,mss4 :i* agree--cle>ly indicat+ t wo h n[ no?+ b corrupt v]sions ( a m anci5t text4 #cci p]si/5tly & 9 s arbitr>y a way ignor$1 modifi$1 or contradict$ _! /atem5ts4 ,^u two occasions ,ju/9 di/9ctly /ates t ! ,jews s5t p]sons ?r\gh\t ! _w to spread calumnies aga9/ ,*ri/ians4 ,:5 y knew t he _h ris5 f ! dead1 & asc5d$ into heav51 z ! prophets _h =etold1 n only did y 7! ,jews7 n rep5t ( ! wick$ness :i* y _h committ$1 b at t "t y select$ & s5t =? f ,j]usalem ?r\gh\t ! l& *os5 m51 say+ t ! a!i/ic h]esy ( ! ,*ri/ians _h aris5_/' c47#a74444 f a c]ta9 ,jesus1 a ,galilrean impo/or1 :om we crucifi$1 b 8 disciples /ole him by night f ! tomb :]e he _h be5 laid :5 he 0 unloos$ f ! cross1 & !y n[ deceive m51 say+ t he has ris5 f ! dead & asc5d$ into heav547#b7 ,?is circum/ance is n m5tion$ by our ,gospels1 b1 reit]at$ twice by ,ju/9 9 almo/ ! same words1 x 0 9 all probability conta9$ 9 ! ,memoirs4 ,eusebius quotes ! passage f ,ju/91 )\t comm5t1 evid5tly on acc\nt ( ! in=mation :i* x convey$4 ,^! in/ances1 :i*1 al?\gh f> f complete1 h already occupi$ too mu* ( our space1 %[ t ,ju/9 quotes f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les _m /atem5ts & facts ( ,gospel hi/ory :i* are n only =eign to our ,gospels1 b 9 "s cases contradictory to !m1 :il/ ! n>rative ( ! mo/ solemn ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus pres5ts di/9ct & sy/ematic v>iations f p>allel passages 9 ! ,synoptic records4 #cdj ,x w n[ be necess>y to comp>e 8 g5]al quotations f ! same ,memoirs ) ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & "h a v wide field op5s be=e u4 ,z we h already /at$1 ,ju/9's works teem ) ^! quotations1 & to take !m all 9 detail w\ld be impossible )9 ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,su* a c\rse1 moreov]1 is unnecess>y4 ,x may be broadly /at$ t ev5 ^? :o ma9ta9 ! use ( ! ,canonical ,gospels c only po9t out two or ?ree passages out ( ?is va/ array :i* v]bally agree ) !m47#a7 ,?is extraord9>y anomaly--on ! supposition t ,ju/9's ,memoirs 7 9 fact our ,gospels--is1 z we h m5tion$1 expla9$ by ! conv5i5t hypo!sis t ,ju/9 quotes imp]fectly f memory1 int]weaves & modifies texts1 & 9 %ort freely manipulates ^! ,gospels accord+ to 8 argum5t4 ,ev5 /ra9$ to ! utt]mo/1 h[ev]1 c\ld ?is be accept$ z a reasonable explanation ( su* sy/ematic v>iation1 t only twice or ?rice out ( ! va/ numb] ( 8 quotations does he lit]ally agree ) passages 9 !m8 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! case ) absolute imp>tiality we %all fir/ take ! in/ances br\ght =w>d z %[+ agreem5t ) our ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,tes*5dorf only cites two passages 9 support ( 8 affirmation t ,ju/9 makes use ( our fir/ ,gospel47#b7 ,x might be suppos$ t1 9 select+ ^!1 at lea/ two might h be5 produc$ lit]ally agree+1 b ?is is #cda n ! case1 & ?is may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ! almo/ univ]sal v>iation ( ,ju/9's quotations4 ,! fir/ ( ,tes*5dorf s examples is ! suppos$ use ( ,mat!w viii4 #aa1 #ab3 ,_m %all come f ! ea/ & f ! we/1 & %all sit d[n1 c4 --,greek--4 ,n[ ?is passage is repeat$ by ,ju/9 no less ?an ?ree times 9 ?ree v di/9ct p>ts ( 8 ,dialogue ) ,trypho17#a7 ) a uni=m v>iation f ! text ( ,mat!w--,!y %all come f ! we/ & f ! ea/1 c4 c4 --,greek--7#b7 ,t a hi/orical say+ ( ,jesus %\ld be reproduc$ 9 _m ,gospels1 & t no p>ticul> "w c h any prescriptive "r to x1 mu/ be admitt$1 s t ev5 if ! passage 9 ,ju/9 agre$ lit]ally ) our fir/ ,synoptic1 x w\ld n af=d any pro( ( ! actual use ( t ,gospel2 b :5 on ! contr>y ,ju/9 ^u ?ree sev]al occasions1 & at di/9ct int]vals ( "t1 repeats ! passage ) ! same p]si/5t v>iation f ! read+ 9 ,mat!w1 n only c x n be ascrib$ to t ,gospel1 b !re is reason to conclude t ,ju/9 d]iv$ x f ano!r s\rce4 ,x may be add$ t --,greek-- is any?+ b a ^w uncommon 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,ju/91 & t else:]e1 = in/ance1 he twice quotes a passage simil> to "o 9 ,mat!w1 9 :i*1 among/ o!r v>iations1 he reads ,_m %all come --,greek--1 in/ead ( ! phrase f\nd 9 t ,gospel47#c7 ,! second example adduc$ by ,tis*5dorf is ! suppos$ quotation ( ,mat!w xii4 #ci2 b 9 ord] fully #cdb to compreh5d ! nature ( ! affirmation1 we quote ! context ( ! ,gospel & ( ,ju/9 9 p>allel columns3-- --,greek-- ,n[ x is cle> t ,ju/9 "h directly pr(esses to quote f ! ,memoirs1 & consequ5tly t accuracy may be expect$2 b pass+ ov] ! prelim9>y sub/itution ( "s ( y\r nation1 = c]ta9 ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 al?\gh x recalls ! "s ( !m1 & o!rs1 by :i* ! p>allel passage1 o!rwise s diff]5t1 is introduc$ 9 ,luke xi4 #ae1 #af1 #bi ff417#a7 ! "q ( ! ,jews1 :i* %\ld be lit]al1 is q diff]5t f t ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 :il/ !re are v>iations 9 ! reply ( ,jesus1 :i*1 if n s important1 are /ill und5iable4 ,we _c comp>e ) ! fir/ ,gospel ! p>allel passages 9 ! second & ?ird ,gospels )\t recogniz+ t o!r works may h n>rat$ ! #cdc same episode ) simil> v>iations1 & :il/ ! di/9ct diff]5ces :i* exi/ totally exclude ! affirmation t ,ju/9 quotes f ,mat!w1 ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t he makes use ( ano!r s\rce4 ,?is is confirm$ by ano!r important circum/ance4 ,aft] enl>g+ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! *apt] ^u ! example ( ! p ( ,n9eveh1 ,ju/9 comm5ces ! next by return+ to ! answ] ( ,jesus1 & mak+ ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,& ?\gh all ( y\r nation 7 acqua9t$ ) ^! ?+s :i* occurr$ to ,jonah1 & ,*ri/ proclaim$ among y1 t he w\ld give y ! sign ( ,jonah1 exhort+ y at lea/ aft] 8 resurrection f ! dead to rep5t ( y\r evil de$s1 & l ! ,n9evites to supplicate ,god1 t y\r nation & city might n be captur$ & de/roy$ z x has be5 de/roy$2 yet n only h y n rep5t$ on le>n+ 8 resurrection f ! dead1 b z ,i h already said17#a7 y s5t *os57#b7 & select m5 ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 proclaim+ t an a!i/ic & impi\s h]esy _h aris5 f a c]ta9 ,jesus1 a ,galilaean impo/or1 c4 c47#c7 ,n[ n only d our ,gospels n m5tion ?is mission1 z we h already po9t$ out1 b !y d n conta9 ! exhortation to rep5t at lea/ aft] ! resurrection ( ,jesus "h ref]r$ to1 & :i* evid5tly mu/ h =m$ "p ( ! episode 9 ! ,memoirs4 ,tis*5dorf does n produce any o!r in/ances ( suppos$ quotations ( ,ju/9 f ,mat!w1 b re/s 8 case ^u ^!4 ,z ^! are ! be/ examples app>5tly :i* he c po9t out1 we may judge ( ! #cdd weakness ( 8 argum5t4 ,d ,wette divides ! quotations ( ,ju/9 :i* may be comp>$ ) our fir/ & ?ird ,gospels into sev]al categories4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ class1 he says3 ,"s agree q lit]ally1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is seldom3 7#a7 & "u ?is head he c only collect ?ree passages ( ,mat!w & ref] to "o ( ,luke4 ,( ! ?ree f ,mat!w ! fir/ is t1 viii4 #aa1 #ab17b7 also br\ght =w>d by ,tes*5dorf1 ( :i* we h already dispos$4 ,! second is ,matt4 v4 #bj3 ,= ,i say unto y1 t except y\r righte\sness %all exce$ t ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,a p>allel passage to ?is exi/s 9 ,dial4 #aje1 a *apt] 9 :i* !re are sev]al quotations n f\nd 9 our ,gospels at all1 ) ! exception t ! fir/ words1 ,= ,i say unto y t1 are n 9 ,ju/94 ,we %all speak ( ?is passage pres5tly4 ,de ,wette's ?ird passage is ,matt4 vii4 #ai3 ,e tree t br+e? n =? good fruit is hewn d[n & ca/ into ! fire1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( "o ^w1 b1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! s5t5ce 9 ,ju/91 also agrees ) 8 quotation47#c7 ,9 ^! two %ort passages !re are no peculi>ities specially po9t+ to ! fir/ ,gospel z _! s\rce1 & x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t ! m]e co9cid5ce ( %ort hi/orical say+s 9 two works by no means w>rants ! conclusion t ! "o is dep5d5t on ! o!r4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to enable ! read] to =m a correct e/imate ( ! value ( ! simil>ity ( ! two passages above not$1 & also at ! same "t to exam9e a consid]able body ( evid5ce1 select$ ) #cae evid5t imp>tiality1 we propose to take all ,ju/9's read+s ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 f :i* ! above passages are tak51 & comp>e !m ) our ,gospels4 ,?is %\ld furni% a fair te/ ( ! composition ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,tak+ fir/1 = ! sake ( cont9uity1 ! fir/ ,apology1 we f9d t ,*apt]s xv41 xvi41 xvii41 are compos$ almo/ entirely ( examples ( :at ,jesus himself taught1 introduc$ by ! rem>k ) :i* ,*apt] xiv4 closes1 t3 ,brief & concise s5t5ces 7 utt]$ by him1 = he 0 n a sophi/1 b 8 ^w 0 ! p[] ( ,god47#a7 ,x may broadly be affirm$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! few words quot$ above by ,de ,wette1 n a s+le quotation ( ! words ( ,jesus 9 ^! ?ree *apt]s agrees ) ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,we %all h[ev] conf9e ourselves at pres5t to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,we mu/ m5tion t ,ju/9's text is q cont9u\s1 except :]e we h ins]t$ a/]isks4 ,we subjo9 ,ju/9's quotations1 toge!r )' ! p>allel passages 9 our ,gospels1 side by side1 = great] facility ( comp>ison47#b7 #a --,greek-- ,h[ completely ?is description contradicts ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? ,gospel ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,x seems cle>ly to indicate t ,ju/9 _h no k ( t ,gospel4 #b ,x ne$ n be said t ! v>iations betwe5 ! quotations ( ,ju/9 & ! text ( our ,gospels mu/ be look$ = only 9 ! ,greek4 ,= ! sake ( ! read] unacqua9t$ ) ,greok1 h[ev]1 we %all endeav\r z f> z possible to indicate 9 translation :]e diff]5ces exi/1 al?\gh ?is _c ( c\rse be fully done1 nor (t51 )\t be+ m lit]al ?an is desirable4 ,:ore x is n necess>y to am5d ! au?oriz$ v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t = ! sake ( m closely foll[+ ! text1 & m>k+ diff]5ces f ,ju/91 wo %all adopt x4 ,we divide ! quotations :]e desirable by initial lett]s1 9 ord] to assi/ ref]5ce at ! end ( our quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 #cdj ---,greek--- #d ,matt4 v4 #bi1 #cj1 x w be rememb]$1 are repeat$ ) "s v>iation & also rev]s$ 9 ord]1 & ) a totally diff]5t context1 ,matt1 xviii4 #h1 #i4 ,! latt] v]se1 ! ,greek ( ! conclud+ "p ( :i* we give above1 approximates m ne>ly 9 =m to ,ju/9's1 b is /ill widely diff]5t4 ,& if ?9e eye 7'"r' omitt$7 (f5d !e pluck x out & ca/ x f !o2 x is good = !e to ent] into life ) "o eye1 r ?an hav+ two eyes to be ca/ into hell fire4 ,! sequ5ce ( ,matt4 v4 #bh1 #bi1 po9ts specially to x4 ,! d\ble occurr5ce ( ?is passage1 h[ev]1 ) a diff]5t context1 & ) ! ord] rev]s$ 9 ,mat!w1 r5d]s x almo/ c]ta9 t ! two passages ,a4 & ,b4 7 sep>ate 9 ! ,memoirs4 ,! read+ ( ,m>k ix4 #dg1 is equally di/9ct f ,ju/9's3 ,& if ?9e eye (f5d !e ca/ x out --,greek--2 x is good = !e --,greek-- to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god --,greek-- ) "o eye r ?an hav+ two eyes to be ca/ into hell1 --,greek-- #cdg ---,greek--- #cdh ---,greek--- #a ,9 ! fir/ ,gospel ! subject breaks (f at ! end ( v4 #db4 v4 #dj may be comp>$ ) ,ju/9's cont9uation1 b x is fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,! p>allel passages 9 ,luke vi4 #cj1 #cd1 pres5t /ill great] v>iations4 ,we h giv5 vi4 #cd above1 z ne>] ,ju/9 ?an ,matt4 v4 #df4 ,x w be rem>k$ t to f9d a p>allel = ,ju/9's cont9uation1 )\t break1 ( ! subject1 we mu/ jump f ,matt4 v4 #db1 #df1 to vi4 #ai1 #bj4 #cdi ---,greek--- #a ,?is phrase1 x w bo obs]v$1 is also introduc$ high] up 9 ! passage1 & its repetition 9 su* a mann]1 ) ! same v>iations1 emphatically demon/rates ! unity ( ! :ole quotation4 #b ,!re is no p>allel to ?is 9 ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,matt4 v4 #dh1 is too remote 9 s5se z well z language4 #c ,! fir/ "p ( v4 #de is q diff]5t f ! context 9 ,ju/93 ,t ye may be sons ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav53 = he make?1 c1 c4 #cej ---,greek--- #cea ---,greek--- #ceb ---,greek--- #cec ---,greek--- #ced ---,greek--- #cee ---,greek--- #cef ---,greek--- #ceg ---,greek--- ,we h tak5 ! :ole ( ,ju/9's quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt n only because1 adopt+ s l>ge a te/1 !re c be no suspicion t we select passages = any special purpose1 b also because1 on ! contr>y1 among/ ^! quotations are m ( ! passages claim$ z %[+ ! use ( our ,gospels ?an any s]ies :i* c\ld h be5 select$4 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ t mo/ ( ! passages foll[ ea* o!r 9 unbrok5 sequ5ce 9 ,ju/91 = ) ! exception ( a %ort break betwe5 y & #h ! :ole extract d[n to ! end ( #j is cont9u\s1 z inde$1 aft] ano!r brief int]ruption at ! end ( i1 x is aga9 to ! close ( ! v long & rem>kable passage k4 ,) two exceptions1 !re=e1 ! :ole ( ^! quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt occur consecutively 9 two succe$+ *apt]s ( ,ju/9's fir/ ,apology1 & "o passage foll[s 9 ! next *apt]4 ,only a s+le passage comes f a di/ant "p ( ! dialogue ) ,trypho4 ,^! passages are b\nd toge!r by cle> unity ( idea & context1 & z1 :]e !re is a sep>ation ( s5t5ces 9 8 ,gospel1 ,ju/9 cle>ly m>ks x by --,greek--1 !re is e reason to decide t ^? quotations :i* are cont9u\s 9 =m & 9 argum5t 7 likewise consecutive 9 ! ,memoirs4 ,n[ ! hypo!sis t ^! quotations are f ! #ceh ,canonical ,gospels requires ! assumption ( ! fact t ,ju/91 ) s+ul> c>e1 collect$ f di/ant & scatt]$ portions ( ^? ,gospels a s]ies ( passages 9 close sequ5ce to ea* o!r1 =m+ a :ole unkn[n to !m b complete 9 itself1 & yet1 al?\gh ?is is c>efully p]=m$1 he at ! same "t ) ! mo/ sy/ematic c>elessness misquot$ & mat]ially alt]$ almo/ e precept he pr(esses to cite4 ,! ord] ( ! ,canonical ,gospels is z entirely set at naught z _! language is disreg>d$4 ,z ,hilg5feld has po9t$ out1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is portion ( 8 quotations ! und5iable endeav\r aft] accuracy1 on ! "o h&1 is 9 ! mo/ gl>+ contradiction ) ! mon/r\s c>elessness on ! o!r1 if x be suppos$ t our ,gospels are ! s\rce f :i* ,ju/9 quotes4 ,no?+ is m improbable ?an ! conjecture t he made use ( ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & we mu/ accept ! conclusion t ,ju/9 quotes ) sub/antial correctness ! expressions 9 ! ord] 9 :i* he f\nd !m 9 8 peculi> ,gospel47#a7 ,x is a mo/ arbitr>y proce$+ to dissect a passage1 quot$ by ,ju/9 z a consecutive & h>moni\s :ole1 & f9d+ p>allels m or less approximate to its v>i\s phrases scatt]$ up & d[n di/ant p>ts ( our ,gospels1 sc>cely "o ( :i* is n mat]ially diff]5t f ! read+ ( ,ju/91 to ass]t t he is quot+ ^! ,gospels freely f memory1 alt]+1 excis+1 comb9+1 & int]weav+ texts1 & introv]t+ _! ord]1 b nev]!less mak+ use ( !m & n ( o!rs4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t su* an ass]tion is no?+ b ! m]e/ assumption4 ,our ,synoptic ,gospels !mselves condemn #cei x utt]ly1 = precisely simil> diff]5ces ( ord] & language exi/ 9 !m & di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,n only ! language b ! ord] ( a quotation mu/ h its due weight1 & we h no "r to dismemb] a passage &1 discov]+ fragm5t>y p>allels 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,gospels1 to ass]t t x is compil$ f !m & n d]iv$1 z x /&s1 f ano!r s\rce47#a7 ,z an illu/ration f our ,gospels1 let u = a mom5t suppose ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke to h be5 lo/1 l ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews & s _m o!rs4 ,9 ! works ( "o ( ! ,fa!rs1 we discov] ! foll[+ quotation f an unnam$ evangelical "w3 ,& he said unto !m --,greek--3 ,! h>ve/ truly is great b ! lab\r]s are few3 pray ye !re=e ! ,"l ( ! h>ve/ t he w\ld s5d =? lab\r]s into 8 h>ve/4 ,g y\r ways3 --,greek-- behold ,i s5d y =? z lambs --,greek-- 9 ! mid/ ( wolves4 ,foll[+ ! sy/em adopt$ 9 reg>d to ,ju/91 apologetic critics w\ld ( c\rse ma9ta9 t ?is 0 a compilation f memory ( passages quot$ freely f our fir/ ,gospel1 t is to say ,matt4 ix4 #cg4 ,!n sai? he unto 8 disciples --,greek-- ! h>ve/1 c1 & ,matt4 x4 #af1 ,behold ,i --,greek-- s5d y =? z %eep --,greek-- 9 ! mid/ ( wolves3 be ye !re=e1 c1 :i*1 ) ! diff]5ces :i* we h indicat$1 agree4 ,x w\ld probably be 9 va9 #a ,= ! argum5ts ( apologetic criticism1 ! read] may be ref]r$ to ,canon ,we/cott's "w ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aab-- #aci4 ,dr4 ,we/cott does n1 ( c\rse1 d5y ! fact t ,ju/9's quotations are diff]5t f ! text ( our ,gospels1 b he acc\nts = 8 v>iations ou gr\nds :i* seem to u purely imag9>y4 ,x is evid5t t1 s long z !re are su* v>iations to be expla9$ away1 at lea/ no pro( ( id5tity is possible4 #cfj to argue t ! quotation indicat$ a cont9u\s ord]1 & ! v>iations comb9$ to confirm ! probability ( a diff]5t s\rce1 & /ill m s to po9t out t1 al?\gh p>ts ( ! quotation sep>at$ f _! context might to a c]ta9 ext5t correspond ) scatt]$ v]ses 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 su* a circum/ance 0 no pro( t ! quotation 0 tak5 f t & f no o!r ,gospel4 ,! passage1 h[ev]1 is a lit]al quotation f ,luke x4 #b1 #c1 :i*1 z we h assum$1 _h be5 lo/4 ,aga91 /ill suppos+ ! ?ird ,gospel no long] extant1 we might f9d ! foll[+ quotation 9 a "w ( ! ,fa!rs3 ,take he$ to y\rselves --,greek-- ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees1 :i* is hypocrisy --,greek--4 ,= !re is no?+ cov]$ up --,greek-- :i* %all n be reveal$1 & hid :i* %all n be kn[n4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be affirm$ t ?is 0 evid5tly a comb9ation ( two v]ses ( our fir/ ,gospel quot$ almo/ lit]ally1 ) m]ely a few v immat]ial slips ( memory 9 ! p>ts we note1 & ! explanatory words :i* is hypocrisy introduc$ by ! ,fa!r1 & n a "p ( ! quotation at all4 ,! two v]ses are ,matt4 xvi4 #f3 ,bew>e & --,greek-- take he$ ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees --,greek-- & ,matt4 x4 #bf 4444 ,= --,greek-- !re is no?+ cov]$ --,greek-- t %all n be reveal$1 & hid t %all n be kn[n4 ,! s5t5ce w\ld 9 fact be divid$ z 9 ! case ( ,ju/91 & ea* "p w\ld h its p>allel po9t$ out 9 sep>ate portions ( ! ,gospel4 ,h[ wrong su* a sy/em is--& x is precisely t :i* is adopt$ ) reg>d to ,ju/9--is cle>ly e/abli%$ by ! fact t ! quotation1 #cfa in/ead ( be+ su* a comb9ation1 is simply tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke xii4 #a1 #b1 z x /&s4 ,to give "o m example1 & su* might easily be multipli$1 if our second ,gospel _h be5 lo/1 & ! foll[+ passage 7 met ) 9 "o ( ! ,fa!rs )\t its s\rce be+ indicat$1 :at w\ld be ! argum5t ( ^? :o insi/ t ,ju/9's quotations1 ?\gh diff]+ f our ,gospels1 7 yet tak5 f !m8 ,if any "o h --,greek-- e>s to he> let him he>4 ,& he said unto !m3 ,take he$ :at --,greek-- ye he>3 ) :at measure ye mete x %all be measur$ to y3 & m %all be giv5 unto y4 ,= he --,greek-- t ha? to him %all be giv51 & he --,greek-- t ha? n f him %all be tak5 ev5 t :i* he ha?4 ,^u ! pr9ciple on :i* ,ju/9's quotations are treat$1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be affirm$ positively t ?is passage 0 a quotation f our fir/ & ?ird ,gospels comb9$ & made f memory4 ,! exig5cies ( ! occasion might probably cause ! ass]tion to be made t ! words3 ,& he said to !m1 really indicat$ a sep>ation ( ! latt] "p ( ! quotation f ! prec$+1 & t ! ,fa!r ?us %[$ t ! passage 0 n consecutive2 & z to ! phrase3 & m %all be giv5 unto y1 t x 0 evid5tly an addition ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! passage w\ld be dissect$1 & its diff]5t memb]s comp>$ ) scatt]$ s5t5ces1 & decl>$ almo/ lit]al quotations f ! ,canonical ,gospels3 ,matt4 xiii4 #j4 ,he t ha? --,greek-- e>s to he> let him he>47l7 ,luke viii4 #ah1 ,take he$ !re=e h[ --,greek-- ye he>4 ,matt4 vii4 #b444 ) :at measure ye #cfb mete x %all be measur$ to y47#a7 ,matt4 xiii4 #ab3 ,= :osoev] --,greek-- ha?1 to him %all be giv5 7& he %all h abundance72 b :osoev] --,greek-- ha? n f him %all be tak5 ev5 t :i* he ha?4 a ,9 spite ( ^! +5i\s ass]tions1 h[ev]1 ! quotation 9 reality is lit]ally & consecutively tak5 f ,m>k iv4 #bc--be4 ,^! examples may suffice to %[ t any argum5t :i* comm5ces by ! assumption t ! ord] ( a passage quot$ may be entirely disreg>d$1 & t x is suffici5t to f9d p>allels scatt]$ irregul>ly up & d[n ! ,gospels to w>rant ! conclusion t ! passage is compil$ f !m1 & is n a consecutive quotation f "s o!r s\rce1 is utt]ly unf\nd$ & unt5able4 ,! supposition ( a lo/ ,gospel :i* has j be5 made to illu/rate ?is argum5t is1 h[ev]1 n a m]e supposition z appli$ to ,ju/9 b a fact1 = we no long] h ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] nor t accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 n to m5tion ! num]\s o!r works 9 use 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! in/ances we h giv5 %[ ! importance ( ! ord] z well z ! language ( ,ju/9's quotations1 & :ile !y prove ! impossibility ( demon/rat+ t a consecutive passage :i* diff]s n only 9 language b 9 ord] f ! p>allels 9 our ,gospels mu/ be d]iv$ f !m1 !y likewise prove ! probability t su* passages are actually quot$ f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,if we exam9e fur!r1 h[ev]1 9 ! same way1 quotations :i* diff] m]ely 9 language1 we arrive at ! v same conclusion4 ,suppos+ ! ?ird ,gospel to be lo/1 :at w\ld be ! s\rce assign$ to ! #cfc foll[+ quotation f an unnam$ ,gospel 9 ! "w ( "o ( ! ,fa!rs8 ,no s]vant --,greek-- c s]ve two lords1 = ei!r he w hate ! "o1 & love ! o!r2 or else he w hold to ! "o & despise ! o!r4 ,ye _c s]ve ,god & ,mammon4 ,( c\rse ! passage w\ld be claim$ z a quotation f memory ( ,matt4 vi4 #bd1 ) :i* x p]fectly corresponds ) ! exception ( ! addition ( ! second ^w --,greek--1 :i*1 x w\ld no d\bt be argu$1 is an evid5t & v natural amplification ( ! simple --,greek-- ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,yet ?is passage1 only diff]+ by ! s+le ^w f ,mat!w1 is a lit]al quotation f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke xvi4 #ac4 ,or1 to take ano!r in/ance1 suppos+ ! ?ird ,gospel to be lo/1 & ! foll[+ passage quot$1 f an unnam$ s\rce1 by "o ( ! ,fa!rs3 ,bew>e --,greek-- ( ! ,scribes :i* desire to walk 9 long robes1 & love --,greek-- greet+s 9 ! m>kets1 & *ief seats 9 ! synagogues & upp]mo/ places at fea/s2 :i* dev\r wid[s7#a7 h\ses1 & = a pret5ce make long pray]s3 ^! %all receive great] damnation4 ,?is w\ld )\t hesitation be decl>$ a quotation f memory ( ,m>k xii44#ch-dj 4444 ,bew>e --,greek-- ( ! ,scribes :i* desire to walk 9 long robes & greet+s 9 ! m>kets1 & *ief seats 9 ! synagogues & upp]mo/ places at fea/s3 :i* dev\r wid[s' h\ses1 & = a pret5ce make long pray]s3 ^! %all receive1 c4 ,x is h[ev] a lit]al quotation ( ,luke xx4 #df1 #dg2 yet probably x w\ld be 9 va9 to submit to apologetic critics t possibly1 n to say probably1 ! passage 0 n d]iv$ f ,m>k b f a lo/ ,gospel4 ,to quote "o m in/ance1 let u #cfd suppose ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k no long] extant1 & t 9 "s e>ly "w !re exi/$ ! foll[+ quotation3 ,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye --,greek-- ( a ne$le1 ?an = a ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is w\ld ( c\rse be claim$ z a quotation f memory ( ,matt4 xix4 #bd17a7 ) :i* x agrees ) ! exception ( ! sub/itution ( --,greek-- = ! --,greek--4 ,x w\ld n ! less h be5 an exact quotation f ,m>k x4 #be47b7 ,we h repeat$ly po9t$ out t ! actual agreem5t ( any say+ ( ,jesus1 quot$ by "o ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs f an unnam$ s\rce1 ) a passage 9 our ,gospels is by no means conclusive evid5ce t ! quotation 0 actually d]iv$ f t ,gospel4 ,x mu/ be app>5t t lit]al agreem5t 9 report+ %ort & important say+s is n 9 itself s surpris+ z to con/itute pro( t1 occurr+ 9 two hi/ories1 ! "o mu/ h copi$ f ! o!r4 ,! only ?+ :i* is surpris+ is t su* frequ5t inaccuracy %\ld occur4 ,:5 we add1 h[ev]1 ! fact t mo/ ( ! l>g] e>ly evangelical works1 includ+ our ,synoptic ,gospels1 mu/ h be5 compil$ out ( ! same orig9al s\rces1 & h be5 l>gely indebt$ to ea* o!r1 ! common possession ( su* say+s becomes #cfe a matt] ( natural occurr5ce4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be admitt$ ev5 by apologetic critics t1 9 a case ( su* va/ importance z ! report ( say+s ( ,jesus1 ^u ! v]bal accuracy ( :i* ! mo/ ess5tial doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity dep5d1 x _c be consid]$ /range if v>i\s ,gospels report ! same say+ 9 ! same words4 ,practically1 ! ,synoptic ,gospels diff] 9 _! reports a great deal m ?an is "r or desirable2 b we may take !m z an illu/ration ( ! fact1 t id5tity ( passages1 :]e ! s\rce is unnam$1 by no means proves t su* passages 9 a "w ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs 7 d]iv$ f "o ,gospel1 & n f any o!r4 ,let u suppose our fir/ ,gospel to h be5 lo/1 & ! foll[+ quotation f an unnam$ s\rce to be f\nd 9 an e>ly "w3 ,e tree t br+e? n =? good fruit is hewn d[n1 & ca/ into ! fire4 ,?is be+ 9 lit]al agreem5t ) ,luke iii4 #i1 w\ld c]ta9ly be decl>$ by mod]n apologi/s conclusive pro( t ! ,fa!r 0 acqua9t$ ) t ,gospel1 & al?\gh ! context 9 ! "w ( ! ,fa!r might = in/ance be3 ,ye %all "k !m f _! works1 & e tree1 c1 c1 & yet 9 ! ?ird ,gospel1 ! context is3 ,& n[ also1 ! axe is laid unto ! root ( ! trees3 & e tree1 c1 t w\ld by no means give !m pause4 ,! explanation ( comb9ation ( texts1 & quotation f memory1 is suffici5tly ela/ic = e em]g5cy4 ,n[ ! words 9 "q might 9 reality be a quotation f ! lo/ ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 9 :i* !y twice occur1 s t "h is a passage :i* is lit]ally repeat$ ?ree times1 ,mat!w iii4 #aj1 vii4 #ai1 & ,luke iii #i4 ,9 ,mat!w iii4 #aj1 & 9 ! ?ird ,gospel1 ! words are "p ( a say+ ( ,john ! #cff ,bapti/2 :il/ 9 ,mat!w vii4 #ai1 !y are giv5 z "p ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ) a diff]5t context1 ,?is passage is actually quot$ by ,ju/9 7k #h71 ) ! context3 ,ye %all "k !m f _! works1 :i* is diff]5t f t 9 any ( ! ?ree places 9 :i* ! words occur 9 our synoptics &1 on ! gr\nds we h cle>ly e/abli%$1 x _c be consid]$ 9 any case z necess>ily a quotation f our ,gospels1 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re are good reasons = ! v opposite conclusion4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ?is may be giv51 by suppos+ ! ,gospel ( ,luke to be no long] extant1 & ! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 "o ( ! ,fa!rs3 ,& ye %all be hat$ by all m51 = my "n's sake4 ,^! v words occur bo? 9 ,mat!w x4 #bb1 & ,m>k xiii4 #ac1 9 bo? ( :i* places !re foll[ ! words3 b he t endure? to ! end1 ! same %all be sav$4 ,!re might "h h be5 a d\bt1 z to :e!r ! ,fa!r d]iv$ ! words f ! fir/ or second ,gospel1 b !y w\ld h be5 ascrib$ ei!r to ! "o or to ! o!r1 :il/ 9 reality !y 7 tak5 f a diff]5t "w altoge!r1 ,luke xxi4 #ag4 ,"h aga91 we h ! same words 9 ?ree ,gospels4 ,9 h[ _m m may n ! same passage h be5 f\nd8 ,"o m in/ance to conclude4 ,! foll[+ passage might be quot$ f an unnam$ s\rce by "o ( ! ,fa!rs3 ,heav5 & e>? %all pass away1 b my words %all n pass away4 ,if ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k 7 no long] extant1 ?is w\ld be claim$ z a quotation ei!r f ,mat!w xxiv4 #ce1 or ,luke xxi4 #cc1 9 bo? ( :i* x occurs1 b1 not)/&+1 ! ,fa!r might n h be5 acqua9t$ ) ei!r ( !m1 & simply h quot$ f ,m>k #cfg xiii4 #ca4a ,& "h aga91 ! ?ree ,gospels conta9 ! same passage )\t v>iation4 ,n[ 9 all ^! cases1 n only is ! selection ( ! ,gospel f :i* ! quotation 0 actually tak5 completely an op5 "q1 s9ce !y all h x1 b /ill m is ! po9t unc]ta91 :5 x is consid]$ t _m o!r works may also h conta9$ x1 hi/orical say+s be+ naturally common prop]ty4 ,does ! agreem5t ( ! quotation ) a passage :i* is equally f\nd 9 ! ?ree ,gospels prove ! exi/5ce ( all ( !m8 & if n1 h[ is ! ,gospel f :i* x 0 actually tak5 to be di/+ui%$8 ,if x be difficult to d s1 h[ mu* m :5 ! possibility & probability1 demon/rat$ by ! agreem5t ( ! ?ree extant1 t x might h =m$ "p ( a doz5 o!r works is tak5 into acc\nt ,9 ! case ( ,ju/91 x is simply absurd & unreasonable1 9 ! face ( 8 p]si/5t v>iation f our ,gospels1 to ass]t positively t 8 quotations are d]iv$ f !m4 ,x mu/ h be5 app>5t to all t1 ?r\gh\t 8 quotation f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,ju/9 foll[s an ord] :i* is q diff]5t f t 9 our ,synoptic ,gospels1 & z might h be5 expect$1 ! inf]5ce ( a diff]5t s\rce1 :i* is naturally sugge/$ by ?is v>iation 9 ord]1 is m ?an confirm$ by p]si/5t & cont9u\s v>iation 9 language4 ,if x be true1 t examples ( confusion ( quotation are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 & o!r ,fa!rs1 x mu/ at ! same "t be rememb]$1 t ^! are q exceptional1 & we are #cfh sc>cely 9 a position to judge h[ f> confusion ( memory may n h aris5 f rem9isc5ces ( o!r =ms ( evangelical expressions occurr+ 9 apocryphal works1 ) :i* we "k ! ,fa!rs to h be5 well acqua9t$4 ,! mo/ vehem5t ass]t] ( ! id5tity ( ! ,memoirs ) our ,gospels1 h[ev]1 mu/ absolutely admit z a fact1 expla9 x z he may1 t v>iation f our ,gospel read+s is ! g5]al rule 9 ,ju/9's quotations1 & agreem5t ) !m ! v r>e exception4#a ,n[1 su* a ph5om5on is else:]e unp>allel$ 9 ^? times1 :5 memory 0 m cultivat$ ?an ) u 9 ^! days ( *eap pr9t$ books1 & x is unreasonable to *>ge ,ju/9 ) su* univ]sal want ( memory & c>elessness ab\t matt]s :i* he held s sacr$1 m]ely to support a =egone conclusion1 :5 ! recognition ( a diff]5ce ( s\rce1 indicat$ 9 e direction1 is s mu* m simple1 natural1 & ju/ifiable4 ,x is argu$ t ,ju/9's quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t likewise pres5t con/ant v>iation f ! text4 ,?is is true to a consid]able ext5t1 b !y are n s p]si/5tly inaccurate z ! quotations we are exam9+1 suppos+ !m to be d]iv$ f our ,gospels4 ,?is pica1 h[ev]1 is ( no avail1 = x is obvi\s t ! employm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is n e/abli%$ m]ely by inaccurate citations2 & x is q und5iable t ! use ( c]ta9 hi/orical docum5ts out ( _m ( closely simil>1 & 9 _m p>ts probably id5tical1 "* _c be prov$ by anonym\s quotations diff]+ f any?+ actually 9 ^! docum5ts4 ,!re are v _m ( ! quotations ( ,ju/9 :i* be> unmi/akable m>ks ( exactness & v]bal #cfi accuracy1 b :i* yet diff] mat]ially f our ,gospels1 & mo/ ( 8 quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt are ( ?is k9d4 ,= in/ance1 ,ju/9 introduces ! passages :i* we h m>k$ a1 b1 c1 ) ! words3 ,he 7,jesus7 spoke ?us ( ,*a/ity17l7 & aft] giv+ ! quotations1 a1 b1 & c1 ! fir/ two ( :i*1 al?\gh f9d+ a p>allel 9 two consecutive v]ses1 ,mat!w v4 #bh1 #bi1 are divid$ by ! sep>at+ --,greek--1 & !re=e d n appe> to h be5 unit$ 9 8 ,gospel1 ,ju/9 cont9ues3 ,j z ev5 ^? :o ) ! sanction ( human law contract a second m>riage are s9n]s 9 ! eye ( our ,ma/]1 s also are ^? :o look ^u a woman to lu/ aft] h]4 ,= n only he :o actually commits adult]y is reject$ by him1 b also he :o desires to commit adult]y1 s9ce n our acts alone are op5 be=e ,god1 b also our ?\ghts47#b7 ,n[ x is p]fectly cle> t ,ju/9 "h pr(esses to give ! actual words ( ,jesus1 & !n moralizes ^u !m2 & bo? ! quotation & 8 own subsequ5t p>aphrase ( x lose all _! significance1 if we suppose t ,ju/9 did n correctly quote 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b actually comm5ces by alt]+ ! text47#c7 ,^! passages a1 b1 & c1 h[ev]1 h all m>k$ & *>act]i/ic v>iations f ! ,gospel text1 b z we h already %[n1 !re is no reason = ass]t+ t !y are n accurate v]bal quotations f ano!r ,gospel4 #cgj ,! passage #h is likewise a pr(ess$ quotation17#a7 b n only does x diff] 9 language1 b x pres5ts delib]ate transpositions 9 ord] :i* cle>ly indicate t ,ju/9's s\rce 0 n our ,gospels4 ,! ne>e/ p>allels 9 our ,gospels are f\nd 9 ,mat!w v4 #df1 foll[$ by #dd4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! next passage ,euro1 :i* is introduc$ z a di/9ct quotation17#b7 b :i*1 l ! re/1 diff]s mat]ially1 l+ui/ically & 9 ord]1 f ! canonical ,gospels4 ,! :ole ( ! passage is consecutive1 & excludes ! explanation ( a m]e pat*work ( passages loosely put toge!r1 & v imp]fectly quot$ f memory4 ,ju/9 /ates t ,jesus taught t we %\ld communicate to ^? :o ne$1 & d no?+ = va9 glory1 & he !n gives ! v words ( ,jesus 9 an unbrok5 & cle>ly cont9u\s disc\rse4 ,*ri/ians are to give to all :o ask1 & n m]ely to ^? f :om !y hope to receive aga91 :i* w\ld be no new ?+--ev5 ! publicans d t2 b ,*ri/ians mu/ d m4 ,!y are n to lay up ri*es on e>?1 b 9 heav51 = x w\ld n pr(it a man to ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 s\l2 !re=e1 ! ,tea*] a second "t repeats ! injunction t ,*ri/ians %\ld lay up treasures 9 heav54 ,if ! unity ( ?\ght :i* b9ds ?is passage s closely toge!r 7 n suffici5t to prove t x /ood 9 ,ju/9's ,gospel 9 ! =m & ord] 9 :i* he quotes x1 ! requisite evid5ce w\ld be suppli$ by ! repetition at its close ( ! injunction3 ,lay up1 !re=e1 9 ! heav5s1 c4 ,x is impossible t ,ju/9 %\ld1 ?r\gh defect ( memory1 quote a second "t 9 s %ort a passage ! same injunction1 if ! passage 7 n ?us appropriately t]m9at$ 9 #cga 8 ,gospel4 ,! common s5se ( ! read] mu/ at once p]ceive t x is impossible t ,ju/91 pr(ess$ly quot+ words ( ,jesus1 %\ld ?us delib]ately fabricate a disc\rse r\nd$ (f by ! repetition ( "o ( its op5+ admonitions1 ) ! addition ( an argum5tative !re=e4 ,he mu/ h f\nd x s 9 ! ,gospel f :i* he quotes4 ,no?+ inde$ b ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! m>k$ v>iations pres5t$ by ?is passage1 on ! supposition t ,ju/9 mu/ quote f our ,gospels1 c\ld lead apologi/s to ins9uate su* a process ( compilation1 or "q ! consecutive "* ( ?is passage4 ,! ne>e/ p>allels to ! dismemb]$ p>ts ( ?is quotation1 pres5t+ ev]y:]e s]i\s v>iations1 h[ev]1 c only be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we cite !m1 ,mat!w v4 #db1 ,luke vi4 #cd1 ,mat!w vi4 #ai1 #bj1 xvi4 #bf1 & a repetition ( "p ( vi4 #bj1 ) v>iations4 ,moreov]1 ! expression3 ,:at new ?+ d ye8 is q peculi> to ,ju/94 ,we h already met ) x 9 ! prec$+ section #h4 ,if ye love !m :i* love y1 :at new ?+ d ye8 = ev51 c4 ,"h1 9 ! same v]se1 we h3 ,if ye l5d to !m f :om ye hope to receive1 :at new ?+ d ye8 = ev51 c4 ,x is evid5t1 bo? f its repetition & its di/9ct dogmatic view ( ,*ri/ianity z a new tea*+ 9 contra/ to ! old1 t ?is v>iation _c h be5 ! result ( defective memory1 b mu/ h be5 ! read+ ( ! ,memoirs1 &1 9 all probability1 x 0 ! orig9al =m ( ! tea*+4 ,su* anti!tical treatm5t is cle>ly indicat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt3 = in/ance1 ,mat!w v4 #ba1 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said by !m ( old4444 b ,i say unto y1' c1 cf4 v4 #cc1 #ch1 #dc4 ,x is c]ta9 t #cgb ! :ole ( ! quotation ,e diff]s v mat]ially f our ,gospels1 & !re is e reason to believe t n only 0 ! passage n d]iv$ f !m1 b t x 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les sub/antially 9 ! =m & ord] 9 :i* ,ju/9 quotes x47#a7 ,! next passage 7f77#b7 is sep>at$ f ! prec$+ m]ely by ! usual --,greek-- & x moves on to its close ) ! same cont9uity ( ?\ght & ! same peculi>ities ( con/ruction :i* *>act]ize t :i* we h j consid]$4 ,*ri/ians are to be k9d & m]ciful --,greek-- to all z _! ,fa!r is1 :o makes 8 sun to %9e alike on ! good & evil1 & !y ne$ n be anxi\s ab\t _! own temporal necessities3 :at !y %all eat & :at put on2 are !y n bett] ?an ! birds & bea/s :om ,god fe$e?8 !re=e1 !y are n to be c>eful ab\t :at !y are to eat & :at put on1 = _! heav5ly ,fa!r kn[s !y h ne$ ( ^! ?+s2 b !y are to seek ! k+dom ( heav51 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$3 = :]e ! treasure is--! ?+ he seeks & is c>eful ab\t--!re w also be ! m9d ( ! man4 ,9 fact1 ! passage is a suitable cont9uation ( c1 inculcat+1 l x1 ab/raction f worldly c>es & ?\ghts 9 reliance on ! heav5ly ,fa!r1 & ! m]e fact t a sep>ation is made :]e x is betwe5 ! two passages c & ,l %[s fur!r t ea* ( ^? passages 0 complete 9 itself4 ,!re is absolutely no reason = ! sep>at+ _/cat1 if ^! passages 7 a m]e comb9ation ( scatt]$ v]ses4 ,?is quotation1 h[ev]1 :i* is s consecutive 9 ,ju/91 c only f9d di/ant p>allels 9 passages widely divid$ ?r\gh\t ! ,synoptic #cgc ,gospels1 :i* h to be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,luke vi4 #cf1 ,matt4 v4 #de1 vi4 #be1 #bf1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 vi4 #ba1 ! :ole ( :i* pres5t /rik+ diff]5ces f ,ju/9's quotation4 ,! repetition ( ! injunction be n c>eful aga9 ) ! illative !re=e is q 9 ! _s ( ,e4 ,?is admonition3 ,!re=e1 be n c>eful1 c1 is reit]at$ no less ?an ?ree times 9 ! fir/ ,gospel 7vi #be1 #ca1 #cd71 & confirms ! *>act]i/ic repetition ( ,ju/9's ,gospel1 :i* seems to h held a middle c\rse betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 ! latt] ( :i* does n repeat ! phrase1 al?\gh ! injunction is made a second "t 9 m direct t]ms4 ,! repetition ( ! passage3 ,be ye k9d & m]ciful1 c1 9 ,dial4 #if1 ) ! same context & peculi>ities1 is a rem>kable confirmation ( ! natural conclusion t ,ju/9 quotes ! passage f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours4 ,! expression --,greek-- ?rice repeat$ by ,ju/9 himself1 & support$ by a simil> duplication 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7iii4 #eg77a7 _c possibly be an accid5tal dep>ture f our ,gospels47#b7 ,= ! re/ x is und5iable t ! :ole passage ,l diff]s mat]ially bo? 9 ord] & language f our ,gospels1 f :i* x _c )\t unw>rantable assumption be ma9ta9$ to h be5 tak5 ei!r collectively or 9 detail1 & /rong int]nal reasons lead u to conclude t x is quot$ sub/antially z x /&s f ,ju/9's #cgd ,gospel1 :i* mu/ h be5 diff]5t f our ,synoptics47#a7 ,9 #f aga91 we h an express quotation introduc$ by ! words3 ,& reg>d+ our be+ pati5t "u injuries & ready to help all1 & free f ang]1 ?is is :at he said2 & !n he proce$s to give ! actual words47#b7 ,at ! close ( ! quotation he cont9ues3 ,= we ought n to /rive1 nei!r w\ld he h u be imitators ( ! wick$1 b he has exhort$ u by pati5ce & g5tl5ess to lead m5 f %ame & ! love ( evil1 c41 c47#c7 ,x is evid5t t ^! obs]vations1 :i* are a m]e p>aphrase ( ! text1 indicate t ! quotation itself is delib]ate & precise4 ,ju/9 pr(esses fir/ to quote ! actual tea*+ ( ,jesus1 & !n makes 8 own comm5ts2 b if x be assum$ t he began by concoct+ out ( /ray texts1 alt]$ to suit 8 purpose1 a cont9u\s disc\rse1 ! subsequ5t obs]vations seem s+ul>ly useless & out ( place4 ,al?\gh ! passage =ms a consecutive & h>moni\s disc\rse1 ! ne>e/ p>allels 9 our ,gospels c only be f\nd by unit+ p>ts ( ! foll[+ scatt]$ v]ses3 ,mat!w v4 #ci1 #dj1 #bb1 #da1 #af4 ,! ,*ri/ian :o is /ruck on "o *eek is to turn ! o!r1 & n to resi/ ^? :o w\ld take away 8 cloak or coat2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 he be angry1 he is 9 dang] ( fire2 if1 !n1 he be compell$ to g "o mile1 let him %[ 8 g5tl5ess by go+ two1 & ?us let 8 good works %9e be=e m5 t1 see+ !m1 !y may adore 8 ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,x is evid5t t ! la/ two s5t5ces1 :i* f9d _! p>allels 9 ,matt by putt+ v4 #af aft] #da1 ! =m] v]se hav+ #cge q a diff]5t context 9 ! ,gospel1 mu/ h s foll[$ ea* o!r 9 ,ju/9's text4 ,8 purpose is to quote ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 reg>d+ our be+ pati5t "u injuries1 & ready to help all & free f ang]1 b 8 quotation ( ,let y\r good works %9e be=e m51 c1 has no direct ref]5ce to 8 subject1 & x _c reasonably be suppos$ t ,ju/9 w\ld h select$ x f a sep>ate "p ( ! ,gospel4 ,com+ z x no d\bt did 9 8 ,memoirs 9 ! ord] 9 :i* he quotes x1 x is q appropriate to 8 purpose4 ,x is difficult1 = in/ance1 to imag9e :y ,ju/9 fur!r omitt$ ! injunction 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,mat!w v4 #ci1 t ye resi/ n evil1 :5 suppos$ to quote ! re/ ( ! v]se1 s9ce 8 express object is to %[ t we ought n to /rive1 c4 ,! :ole quotation pres5ts ! same *>act]i/ics z ^? :i* we h already exam9$1 & 9 its cont9uity ( ?\ght & wide v>iation f ! p>allels 9 our ,gospels1 bo? 9 ord] & language1 we mu/ recognize a diff]5t & peculi> s\rce47#a7 ,! passage i1 aga91 is pr(ess$ly a lit]al quotation1 = ,ju/9 prefaces x ) ! words3 ,& reg>d+ our n swe>+ at all1 b ev] speak+ ! tru?1 he taught ?us2 & hav+ 9 ^! words actually /at$ :at ,jesus did tea*1 he proce$s to quote 8 v words47#b7 ,9 ! quotation !re is a cle> dep>ture f our ,gospel1 aris+1 n f accid5tal failure-( memory1 b f diff]5ce ( s\rce4 ,! p>allel passages 9 our ,gospels1 s f> z !y exi/ at all1 c only be f\nd by tak+ "p ( ,mat!w v4 #cd & jo9+ x to v4 #cg1 omitt+ ! int]m$iate v]ses4 ,! quotation 9 ! #cgf ,epi/le ( ,james v4 #ab1 :i* is evid5tly d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f ,mat!w1 supports ! read+ ( ,ju/94 ,?is1 ) ! passage twice repeat$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 9 agreem5t ) ,ju/91 &1 x may be add$1 ! peculi> v]sion f\nd 9 e>ly ecclesia/ical writ+s17#a7 all t5d to confirm ! belief t !re exi/$ a m anci5t =m ( ! injunction :i* ,ju/9 no d\bt f\nd 9 8 ,memoirs47#b7 ,! precept1 t]se1 simple1 & direct1 z x is "h1 is mu* m 9 accordance ) ,ju/9's own description ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 z he evid5tly f\nd x 9 8 ,gospel1 ?an ! diffus$ v]sion conta9$ 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 v4 #cc--cg4 ,ano!r rem>kable & *>act]i/ic illu/ration ( ! peculi>ity ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs is pres5t$ by ! long passage k1 :i* is also ?r\gh\t consecutive & b\nd toge!r by cle> unity ( ?\ght47#c7 ,x is pres5t$ ) ! context3 ,= n ^? :o m]ely make pr(essions b ^? :o d ! works1 z he 7,jesus7 said1 %all be sav$4 ,= he spake ?us4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 seem possible to indicate m cle>ly ! delib]ate int5tion to quote ! exact expressions ( ,jesus1 & yet n only d we f9d mat]ial diff]5ce f ! language 9 ! p>allel passages 9 our ,gospels1 b ^? p>allels1 su* z !y are1 c only be made by pat*+ toge!r ! foll[+ v]ses 9 ! ord] 9 #cgg :i* we give !m3 ,matt4 vii4 #ba1 ,luke x4 #af1 ,matt4 vii4 #bb1 #bc1 xiii4 #db1 #dc1 vii4 #ae1 "p ( #af1 #ai4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! passage 7k #b7 ,luke x4 #af1 is ?ru/ 9 betwe5 two consecutive v]ses 9 ,mat!w1 & tak5 f a totally diff]5t context z ! ne>e/ p>allel to k #b ( ,ju/91 al?\gh x is widely diff]5t f x1 omitt+ altoge!r ! mo/ important words3 & doe? :at ,i say4 ,! repetition ( ! same phrase3 ,he t he>e? me he>e? him t s5t me1 9 ,apol4 ,i1 #fc17a7 makes x c]ta9 t ,ju/9 accurately quotes 8 ,gospel1 :il/ ! omission ( ! words 9 t place3 & doe? :at ,i say1 evid5tly proce$s f ! fact t !y are an int]ruption ( ! phrase = :i* ,ju/9 makes ! quotation1 namely1 to prove t ,jesus is s5t =? to reveal ! ,fa!r47#b7 ,x may be well to comp>e ,ju/9's passage1 k #a--d1 ) "o occurr+ 9 ! s-call$ ,second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 iv4 ,let u n1 !re=e1 only call him ,"l1 = t w n save u4 ,= he sai?3 ',n e "o t sai? to me1 ,"l1 ,"l1 %all be sav$1 b he t worke? righte\sness4'444 ! ,"l said3 ',if ye be ) me ga!r$ toge!r 9 my bosom1 & d n my comm&m5ts1 ,i w ca/ y (f & say to y3 ,dep>t f me2 ,i "k y n1 :5ce y are1 work]s ( iniquity4'7#c7 ,! expression --,greek-- "h /rongly recalls ! read+ ( ,ju/947#d7 ,?is passage1 :i* is =eign to #cgh our ,gospels1 at lea/ %[s ! exi/5ce ( o!rs conta9+ p>allel disc\rses ) di/9ct v>iations4 ,"s ( ! quotations 9 ?is spuri\s ,epi/le are /at$ to be tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians17#a7 :i* 0 9 all probability a v]sion ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#b7 ,! v>iations :i* occur 9 ,ju/9's repetition1 9 ,dial #gf1 ( 8 quotation k #c are n important1 because ! m weighty dep>ture f ! ,gospel 9 ! words did we n eat & dr9k 9 ?y "n1 --,greek-- is delib]ately repeat$17#c7 & if1 !re=e1 !re be fre$om ( quotation x is free quotation n f ! canonical1 b f a diff]5t ,gospel47#d7 ,orig5's quotation7#e7 does n affect ?is conclusion1 = ! repetition ( ! phrase --,greek-- has ! =m ( ! ,gospel1 & besides1 :i* is mu* m important1 we "k t ,orig5 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews & o!r apocryphal works f :i* ?is may h be5 a rem9isc5ce47#f7 ,we mu/ add1 moreov]1 t ! passage 9 ,dial #gf appe>s 9 connection ) o!rs widely diff]+ f our ,gospels4 ,! passage k #e n only mat]ially v>ies f ! p>allel 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #db1 #dc 9 language b 9 connection ( ideas47#g7 ,"h also1 ^u exam9ation1 we mu/ conclude t ,ju/9 quotes f a s\rce diff]5t f our #cgi ,gospels1 & moreov]1 t 8 ,gospel gives ) great] correctness ! orig9al =m ( ! passage47#a7 ,! weep+ & gna%+ ( tee? are di/9ctly repres5t$ z ! consequ5ce :5 ! wick$ see ! bliss ( ! righte\s :ile !y are s5t into ev]la/+ fire1 & n z ! m]e *>act]i/ics ( hell4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! prec$+ passages k #c & #d1 f9d p>allels to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ,matt4 vii4 #bb1bc1 al?\gh ,luke xiii4 #bf1 #bg1 is 9 "s respects clos] to ! read+ ( ,ju/9 k #e1 h[ev]1 f9ds no cont9uation ( p>allel 9 ,matt1 vii41 f :i* ! context comes1 b we h to seek x 9 xiii4 #db1 #dc4 ,k #e1 h[ev]1 does f9d its cont9u+ p>allel 9 ! next v]se 9 ,luke xiii4 #bh1 :]e we h ,!re %all be 7!7 weep+ & 7!7 gna%+ ( tee? :5 ye %all see ,abraham1 c ,!re is "h1 x is evid5t1 ! connection ( ideas :i* is totally lack+ 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #db1 #dc1 :]e ! v]ses 9 "q occur z ! conclusion to ! exposition ( ! ,p>able ( ! ,t>es4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is manife/ t ,luke xiii4 #bh1 _c possibly h be5 ! s\rce f :i* ,ju/9 quotes1 /ill ! op5+ words & ! sequ5ce ( ideas demon/rate ! great probability t o!r ,gospels mu/ h giv51 aft] k #d1 a cont9uation :i* is want+ aft] ,matt4 vii4 #bc1 b :i* is indicat$ 9 ! p>allel ,luke xiii4 7#bf1 #bg7 #bh1 & is some:at closely foll[$ 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #db1 #dc4 ,:5 su* a sequ5ce is f\nd 9 an av[$ quotation f ,ju/9's ,gospel1 x is c]ta9 t he mu/ h f\nd x !re sub/antially z he quotes x4 ,! passage k #f17b7 ,= _m %all arrive1 c1 is a v important "o1 & x dep>ts #chj emphatically f ! p>allel 9 our fir/ ,gospel4 ,in/ead ( be+1 l ! latt]1 a w>n+ aga9/ false prophets1 x is m]ely ! ann\ncem5t t _m deceiv]s %all come4 ,?is passage is r5d]$ m weighty by ! fact t ,ju/9 repeats x ) little v>iation 9 ,dial4 #ce1 & imm$iately aft] quotes a say+ ( ,jesus ( only five words :i* is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 & !n he repeats a quotation to ! same effect 9 ! %ape ( a w>n+3 ,bew>e ( false prophets1 c1 l t 9 ,matt4 vii4 #ae1 b /ill di/9ctly diff]+ f x47#a7 ,x is p]fectly cle> t ,ju/9 quotes two sep>ate passages47#b7 ,x is impossible t he c\ld int5d to repeat ! same quotation at an int]val ( only five words2 x is equally impossible t1 hav+ quot$ x 9 ! "o =m1 he c\ld s imm$iately quote x 9 ! o!r ?r\gh error ( memory47#c7 ,! simple & v natural conclusion is t he f\nd bo? passages 9 8 ,gospel4 ,! object = :i* he quotes w\ld m ?an ju/ify ! quotation ( bo? passages1 ! "o ref]r+ to ! _m false ,*ri/ians & ! o!r to ! false prophets ( :om he is speak+4 ,t two passages s closely relat$ %\ld be f\nd 9 ! same ,gospel is n 9 ! lea/ s+ul>4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ! same 9 our ,synoptics47#d7 ,! actual facts ( ! case !n are ^!3 ,ju/9 quotes 9 ! ,dialogue1 ) ! same m>k$ deviations f ! #cha p>allel 9 ! ,gospel1 a passage quot$ by him m ! ,apology1 & aft] an int]val ( only five words he quotes a second passage to ! same effect1 ?\gh ) v palpable diff]5ce 9 its "*1 :i* likewise diff]s f ! ,gospel1 9 company ) o!r texts :i* /ill less f9d any p>allels 9 ! canonical ,gospels4 ,! two passages1 by _! diff]5ces1 di/+ui% ea* o!r z sep>ate1 :il/1 by _! agreem5t 9 common v>iations f ! p>allel 9 ,mat!w1 !y decl>e _! common orig9 f a special ,gospel1 a result /ill fur!r made manife/ by ! agreem5t betwe5 ! fir/ passage 9 ! ,dialogue & ! quotations 9 ! ,apology4 ,9 k #g17a7 ,ju/9's ,gospel sub/itutes --,greek-- = --,greek--1 & is q 9 ! _s ( ! passage ,o1 ,ye %all "k !m f _! works is ! natural read+4 ,! ,gospel v]sion cle>ly introduces fruit prematurely1 & weak5s ! =ce ( ! contra/ :i* foll[s4 ,x w be obs]v$1 moreov]1 t 9 ord] to f9d a p>allel to ,ju/9's passage k #g1 #h1 only ! fir/ "p ( ,matt4 vii4 #af1 is tak51 & ! ?read is only caught aga9 at vii4 #ai1 k #h be+ "o ( ! two passages indicat$ by de ,wette :i* we are consid]+1 & x agrees ) ,matt4 vii4 #ai1 ) ! exception ( ! s+le ^w --,greek--4 ,we mu/ aga9 po9t out1 h[ev]1 t ?is passage 9 ,matt4 vii4 #ai1 is repeat$ no less ?an ?ree times 9 our ,gospels1 a second "t 9 ,matt iii4 #aj1 & once 9 ,luke iii4 #ai4 ,^u two occasions x is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & =ms ! second portion ( a s5t5ce ! :ole ( :i* is f\nd 9 lit]al agreem5t bo? 9 ,matt4 iii4 #aj1 & ,luke iii4 #i1 ,b n[ ! axe is laid unto ! root ( ! trees1 !re=e e tree1 c1 c4 #chb ,! passage po9t$ out by de ,wette z ! p>allel to ,ju/9's anonym\s quotation1 ,matt4 vii4 #ai--;a selection :i* is ( c\rse obligatory f ! context--is itself a m]e quotation by ,jesus ( "p ( ! say+ ( ! ,bapti/1 pres5t+1 !re=e1 d\ble probability ( be+ well kn[n2 & z we h ?ree in/ances ( its lit]al reproduction 9 ! ,synoptics1 x w\ld inde$ be arbitr>y to affirm t x 0 n likewise giv5 lit]ally 9 o!r ,gospels4 ,! passage ,x7#a7 is v emphatically giv5 z a lit]al quotation ( ! words ( ,jesus1 = ,ju/9 cites x directly to au!nticate 8 own /atem5ts ( ,*ri/ian belief ,he says3 ,b if y disreg>d u bo? :5 we entreat1 & :5 we set all ?+s op5ly be=e y1 we %all n suff] loss1 believ+1 or r be+ fully p]suad$1 t e "o w be puni%$ by et]nal fire accord+ to ! des]t ( 8 de$s1 & 9 proportion to ! faculties :i* he receiv$ f ,god w 8 acc\nt be requir$1 z ,*ri/ decl>$ :5 he said3 ,to :om ,god gave m1 ( him %all m also be dem&$ aga94 ,?is quotation has no p>allel 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 b we add x "h z "p ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,! passage 9 ,luke xii4 #dh1 x w be p]ceiv$1 pres5ts di/9ct v>iation f x1 & t ,gospel _c = a mom5t be ma9ta9$ z ! s\rce ( ,ju/9's quotation4 ,! la/ passage1 ft1#b is "o ( ^? advanc$ by de ,wette :i* l$ to ?is exam9ation47#c7 ,x is likewise cle>ly a quotation1 b z we h already %[n1 its agreem5t ) ,matt v4 #bj1 is no evid5ce t x 0 actually d]iv$ f t ,gospel4 ,occurr+ z x does z "o ( num]\s quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ^: g5]al v>iation bo? 9 ord] & #chc language f ! p>allels 9 our ,gospel po9ts to ! inevitable conclusion t ,ju/9 d]iv$ !m f a diff]5t s\rce1 !re is no reason = suppos+ t ?is s5t5ce also did n come f ! same ,gospel4 ,no "o :o has att5tively consid]$ ! :ole ( ^! passages f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & /ill less ^? :o are aw>e ( ! g5]al rule ( v>iation 9 8 mass ( quotations z comp>$ ) p>allels 9 our ,gospels1 c fail to be /ruck by ! sy/ematic dep>ture f ! ord] & language ( ! ,synoptics4 ,! hypo!sis t !y are quotations f our ,gospels involves ! accusation aga9/ ,ju/9 ( an am\nt ( c>elessness & neglig5ce :i* is q unp>allel$ 9 lit]ature4 ,ju/9's "* & tra9+1 h[ev]1 by4 no means w>rant any su* asp]sion17#a7 & !re are no gr\nds = x4 ,inde$1 b = ! attempt arbitr>ily to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les ) our ,gospels1 su* a *>ge w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (4 ,x is unreasonable to suppose t av[$ & delib]ate quotations ( say+s ( ,jesus1 made = ! express purpose ( furni%+ au!ntic writt5 pro( ( ,ju/9's /atem5ts reg>d+ ,*ri/ianity1 c z an almo/ inv>iable rule be s s+ul>ly incorrect1 m especially :5 x is consid]$ t ^! quotations occur 9 an elaborate apology = ,*ri/ianity address$ to ! ,roman emp]ors1 & 9 a c>eful & /udi$ controv]sy ) a ,jew 9 def5ce ( ! new fai?4 ,! simple & natural conclusion1 support$ by _m /rong reasons1 is t ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 quotations f a ,gospel :i* 0 diff]5t f ours1 al?\gh naturally by subject & design x mu/ h be5 relat$ to !m4 ,8 #chd ,gospel1 9 fact1 diff]s f our ,synoptics z !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,we n[ return to ,tis*5dorf's /atem5ts ) reg>d to ,ju/9's acqua9tance ) our ,gospels4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! suppos$ ref]5ces to ! fir/ ,gospel1 we f9d t ,tis*5dorf speaks mu* less positively ) reg>d to 8 k ( ! o!r two ,synoptics4 ,he says3 ,!re is ! greate/ probability t 9 sev]al passages he also foll[s ,m>k & ,luke47#a7 ,fir/ tak+ ,m>k1 we f9d t ! only example :i* ,tis*5dorf gives is ! foll[+4 ,he says3 ,twice 7,dial4 #gf & #ajj7 he quotes z an expression ( ! ,"l3 ',! ,son ( ,man mu/ suff] _m ?+s1 & be reject$ by ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees 7,*4 #ajj by ! ',ph>isees & ,scribes'71 & be crucifi$ & ! ?ird day rise aga94'7#b7 ,?is agrees bett] ) ,m>k viii4 #ca & ,luke ix4 #bb ?an ) ,matt4 xvi4 #ba1 only 9 ,ju/9 ! ',ph>isees' are put in/ead ( ! ',eld]s & ,*ief ,prie/s' 7s ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke71 likewise 'be crucifi$' in/ead ( 'be kill$4'7#c7 ,?is is ! only in/ance ( simil>ity ) ,m>k t ,tis*5dorf c produce1 & we h giv5 8 own rem>ks to %[ h[ ?or\ghly weak 8 case is4 ,! passage 9 ,m>k viii4 #ca1 reads3 ,& he began to tea* !m t ! ,son ( ,man mu/ suff] _m ?+s1 & be reject$ by ! ,eld]s & ! ,*ief ,prie/s --,greek--1 & ! ,scribes & be kill$ --,greek--1 & aft] ?ree days --,greek-- #che rise aga94 ,& ! foll[+ is ! read+ ( ,luke ix4 #bb3 ,say+ t ! ,son ( ,man mu/ suff] _m ?+s1 & be reject$ by ! ,eld]s & ,*ief ,prie/s --,greek-- & ,scribes & be kill$ --,greek--1 & ! ?ird day rise aga94 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t1 diff]5t z x also is1 ! passage 9 ,luke is ne>] ?an t ( ,m>k1 :i* _c 9 any case h be5 ! s\rce ( ,ju/9's quotation4 ,tis*5dorf1 h[ev]1 does n po9t out t ,ju/91 else:]e1 a ?ird "t ref]s to ?is v passage 9 ! v same t]ms4 ,he says3 ,& ,*ri/4444 hav+ come4444 & himself also prea*$1 say+4444 t he mu/ suff] _m ?+s f ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees & be crucifi$1 & ! ?ird day rise aga947l7 ,al?\gh ?is omits ! words & be reject$1 x gives ! :ole ( ! passage lit]ally z be=e4 ,& ?us !re is ! v rem>kable te/imony ( a quotation ?ree times repeat$1 ) ! same m>k$ v>iations f our ,gospels1 to %[ t ,ju/9 f\nd ^? v words 9 8 ,memoirs47#b7 ,! p]si/5t v>iation cle>ly indicates a diff]5t s\rce f our ,synoptics4 ,we may1 9 ref]5ce to ?is read+1 comp>e ,luke xxiv4 #f3 ,he is n "h1 b is ris53 rememb] h[ he spake unto y :5 he 0 yet 9 ,galilee 7v4 #g71 say+ t ! ,son ( ,man mu/ be deliv]$ up into ! h&s ( s9ful m51 & be crucifi$1 & ! ?ird day rise aga94 ,?is ref]5ce to words ( ,jesus1 9 :i* ! words --,greek--4 occurr$1 z 9 ,ju/91 indicates t al?\gh our ,gospels d n conta9 x "s o!rs may well h #chf done s4 ,9 "o place ,ju/9 introduces ! say+ ) ! foll[+ words3 ,= he exclaim$ be=e ! crucifixion1 ! ,son ( ,man1 c417#a7 bo? indicat+ a "t = ! disc\rse1 & also quot+ a di/9ct & def9ite say+ 9 contradi/9ction to ?is report ( ! matt] ( 8 tea*+1 :i* is ! =m 9 :i* ! p>allel passage occurs 9 ! ,gospels4 ,9 ,ju/9's ,memoirs x no d\bt exi/$ z an actual disc\rse ( ,jesus1 :i* he v]bally & accurately quot$4 ,) reg>d to ! ?ird ,gospel1 ,tis*5dorf says3 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ,luke 7xxii4 #dd7 t ,ju/9 recalls 9 ! ,dialogue 7#ajc7 ! fall+ drops ( ! sweat ( agony on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & c]ta9ly ) an express appeal to ! ',memoirs compos$ by 8 ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1'7#b7 ,n[ we h already se57#c7 t ,ju/91 9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 does n make use ( ! peculi> expression :i* gives ! :ole ( its "* to ! acc\nt 9 ,luke1 & t !re is no gr\nd = affirm+ t ,ju/9 d]iv$ 8 in=mation f t ,gospel4 ,! only o!r ref]5ce to passages prov+ ! probability ( ,ju/9's use ( ,luke or ,m>k is t :i* we h j discuss$--,! ,son ( ,man mu/1 c4 ,f ?is ! "* ( ,tis*5dorf's assumptions may be inf]r$4 ,de ,wette does n advance any in/ances ( v]bal agreem5t ei!r ) ,m>k or ,luke47#d7 ,he says1 moreov]3 ,! hi/orical ref]5ces are mu* fre] /ill 7?an quotations71 & comb9e 9 "p #chg ! acc\nts ( ,mat!w & ,luke2 "s ( ! k9d1 h[ev]1 are n f\nd at all 9 our ,canonical ,gospels47#a7 ,?is we h already suffici5tly demon/rat$4 ,we might n[ well t]m9ate ! exam9ation ( ,ju/9's quotations1 :i* has already tak5 up too mu* ( our space1 b be=e do+ s x may be well v briefly to ref] to ano!r po9t4 ,9 8 "w ,on ! ,canon1 ,dr4 ,we/cott adopts a some:at s+ul> c\rse4 ,he evid5tly feels ! v great difficulty 9 :i* anyone :o ass]ts ! id5tity ( ! s\rce ( ,ju/9's quotations ) our ,gospels is plac$ by ! fact t1 z a rule1 ^! quotations diff] f p>allel passages 9 our ,gospels2 & :il/ on ! "o h& ma9ta9+ t ! quotations g5]ally are f ! ,canonical ,gospels1 he on ! o!r endeav\rs to r$uce ! numb] ( ^? :i* pr(ess to be quotations at all4 ,he says3 ,to exam9e 9 detail ! :ole ( ,ju/9's quotations w\ld be t$i\s & unnecess>y4 ,x w be en\gh to exam9e 7#a7 ^? :i* are alleg$ by him z quotations1 & 7#b7 ^? also :i*1 ?\gh anonym\s1 are yet f\nd repeat$ ) ! same v>iations ei!r 9 ,ju/9's own writ+s1 or 7#c7 9 h]etical works4 ,x is evid5tly on ^! quotations t ! decision hangs47#b7 ,n[ "u ! fir/ category ,dr4 ,we/cott f9ds v few4 ,he says3 ,9 sev5 passages only1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 does ,ju/9 pr(ess to give ! exact words record$ 9 ! ,memoirs2 & 9 ^!1 if !re be no reason to ! contr>y1 x is natural to expect t he w pres]ve ! exact language ( ! ,gospels :i* he us$1 j z 9 anonym\s quotations we may conclude t he is tru/+ to memory47#c7 #chh ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 we may po9t out ! /raits to :i* an apologi/ is r$uc$ :o />ts ) a =egone conclusion4 ,we h already se5 a numb] ( ,ju/9's pr(ess$ quotations2 b "h1 aft] r$uc+ ! numb] to sev5 only1 our critic prep>es a way ( escape ev5 out ( ^!4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :at reason to ! contr>y c possibly ju/ify a man :o pr(esses to give ! exact words record$ 9 ! ,memoirs = n do+ :at he pr(esses2 & fur!r1 x passes our compreh5sion to und]/& :y1 9 anonym\s quotations1 we may conclude t he is tru/+ to memory4 ,! cauti\s exception is z unt5able z ! gratuit\s assumption4 ,dr4 ,we/cott cont9ues z foll[s ! passage :i* we h j int]rupt$3--,! result ( a fir/ view ( ! passages is /rik+4 ,( ! sev51 five agree v]bally ) ! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w or ,/4 ,luke1 exhibit+ inde$ ?ree slight v>i\s read+s n else:]e f\nd1 b su* z are easily explicable2 ! six? is a comp\nd summ>y ( words relat$ by ,/4 ,mat!w2 ! sev5? alone pres5ts an important v>iation 9 ! text ( a v]se1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 o!rwise v unc]ta947#a7 ,! italics ( c\rse are ours4 ,! fir/ view ( ! passages & ( ! above /atem5t is inde$ /rik+4 ,x is rem>kable h[ easily difficulties are ov]come "u su* an apologetic sy/em4 ,! /rik+ result1 to summ>ize ,canon ,we/cott's own words1 is ?is3 out ( sev5 pr(ess$ quotations f ! ,memoirs1 9 :i* he admits we may expect to f9d ! exact language pres]v$1 five pres5t ?ree v>iations2 "o is a compress$ summ>y1 & does n agree v]bally at all2 & ! sev5? pres5ts an important v>iation4 ,dr4 #chi ,we/cott1 on ! same easy sy/em1 cont9ues3 ,our inquiry is ?us conf9$ to ! two la/ in/ances2 & x mu/ be se5 :e!r _! disagreem5t f ! ,synoptic ,gospel is su* z to outweigh ! agreem5t ( ! rema9+ five47l7 ,be=e proce$+ to consid] ^! sev5 passages admitt$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 we mu/ po9t out t1 9 a note to ! /atem5t ( ! numb]1 he m5tions t he excludes o!r two passages z n m]ely quotations ( words1 b concise n>ratives47#b7 ,b surely ?is is a mo/ extraord9>y reason = omitt+ !m1 & "o ! validity ( :i* _c be admitt$4 ,z ,ju/9 introduces !m delib]ately z quotations1 :y %\ld !y be exclud$ simply because !y are comb9$ ) a hi/orical /atem5t8 ,we %all produce !m4 ,! fir/ is 9 ,apol4 i4 #ff3 ,= ! ,apo/les1 9 ! ,memoirs compos$ by !m1 :i* are call$ ,gospels17#c7 h&$ d[n t x 0 ?us enjo9$ on !m1 t ,jesus1 hav+ tak5 bread & giv5 ?anks1 said3 ',?is d 9 remembrance ( me4 ,?is is my body4' ,& simil>ly1 hav+ tak5 ! cup & giv5 ?anks1 he said3 ',?is is my blood1' & deliv]$ x to !m alone47#d7 ,?is passage1 x w be rememb]$1 occurs 9 an elaborate apology = ,*ri/ianity address$ to ! ,roman emp]ors1 & ,ju/9 is giv+ an acc\nt ( ! mo/ solemn sacram5t ( 8 religion4 ,"h1 if ev]1 we might reasonably expect accuracy & c>e1 & ,ju/91 9 fact1 c>efully #cij indicates ! s\rce ( ! quotation he is go+ to make4 ,x is difficult to und]/& any gr\nd ^u :i* s direct a quotation f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les c\ld be set aside by ,canon ,we/cott4 ,ju/9 di/9ctly /ates t ! ,apo/les 9 ^! ,memoirs h ?us --,greek-- transmitt$ :at 0 enjo9$ on u by ,jesus1 & !n gives ! precise quotation4 ,_h ! quotation agre$ ) our ,gospels1 w\ld x n h be5 claim$ z a pr(ess$ly accurate quotation f !m8 ,surely no "o c reasonably pret5d1 = in/ance1 t :5 ,ju/91 aft] ?is preamble1 /ates t hav+ tak5 bread1 c41 ,jesus said3 ,?is d 9 remembrance ( me3 ?is is my body2 or hav+ tak5 ! cup1 c1 he said3 ,?is is my blood--,ju/9 does n delib]ately mean to quote :at ,jesus actually did say8 ,n[ ! acc\nt ( ! episode 9 ,luke is z foll[s 7xxii4 #ag73 ,& he took a cup1 gave ?anks1 & said3 ,take ?is1 & divide x among y\rselves4 #ah4 ,= ,i say unto y1 ,i w n dr9k ( ! fruit ( ! v9e1 until ! k+dom ( ,god %all come4 #ai4 ,& he took bread1 gave ?anks1 brake x1 & gave x unto !m1 say+3 ,?is is my body :i* is giv5 = y3 ?is d 9 remembrance ( me4 #bj4 ,& 9 l mann] ! cup aft] supp]1 say+3 ,?is is ! new cov5ant 9 my blood1 :i* is %$ = y47l7 ,dr4 ,we/cott ( c\rse only comp>es ?is passage ( ,ju/9 ) ,luke1 to :i* #cia & ! p>allel 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bd1 wide z ! diff]5ce is1 x is clos] ?an to ! acc\nts 9 ! o!r two ,gospels4 ,t ,ju/9 pr(ess$ly quot$ lit]ally f ! ,memoirs is evid5t1 & is r5d]$ /ill m cle> by ! s]i\s context by :i* ! quotation is introduc$1 ! quotation 9 fact be+ made to au!nticate by actual writt5 te/imony ! explanations ( ,ju/94 ,8 dogmatic views1 moreov]1 are di/9ctly drawn f a ,gospel1 :i*1 9 a m direct way ?an our ,synoptics d1 gave ! expressions3 ,?is is my body1 & ,?is is my blood1 & x mu/ h be5 obs]v$ t ,luke1 ) :i* ,ju/9's read+ alone is comp>$1 n only has n3 --,greek--1 at all1 b in/ead makes use ( a totally diff]5t expression3 ,?is cup is ! new cov5ant 9 my blood1 :i* is %$ = y4 ,! second quotation f ! ,memoirs :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott passes ov] is t 9 ,dial4 #ajc1 comp>$ ) ,luke xxii4 #db1 #dc1a on ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d51 :i* we h already exam9$17#b7 & f\nd at v>iance ) our ,gospel1 & )\t ! peculi> & di/9ctive expressions ( ! latt]4 ,we n[ come to ! sev5 passages :i* ,canon ,we/cott admits to be pr(ess$ quotations f ! ,memoirs1 & 9 :i* x is natural to expect t he w pres]ve ! exact words ( ! ,gospels :i* he us$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a passage 9 ! ,dialogue1 "p ( :i* has already be5 discuss$ 9 connection ) ! fire 9 ,jordan & ! voice at ! ,baptism1 & f\nd to be f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,synoptics47#c7 ,ju/9 says3 ,= ev5 he1 ! devil1 at ! "t :5 he also 7,jesus7 w5t up f ! riv] ,jordan :5 ! voice #cib said to ,him3 ',?\ art my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e1' is record$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les to h come to him & tempt$ him ev5 s f> z say+ to him3 ',wor%ip me2' & ,*ri/ answ]$ him ---,greek---1 ',get !e beh9d me1 ,satan' ---,greek---1 '?\ %alt wor%ip ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ,him only %alt ?\ s]ve4'7#a7 ,?is passage is comp>$ ) ! acc\nt ( ! temptation 9 ,matt iv4 #i1 #aj3 ,& he said unto him1 ,all ^! ?+s w ,i give !e1 if ?\ wilt fall d[n & wor%ip me4 #aj4 ,!n sai? ,jesus unto him ---,greek---1 ,get !e h5ce1 ,satan --,greek--3 x is writt51 ,?\ %alt wor%ip1 c ,all ! olde/ ,codices1 x %\ld be /at$1 omit ! --,greek--1 z we h done1 b ,cod4 ,d4 7,bezae7 & a few o!rs ( infirm au?ority1 ins]t ^! two words4 ,canon ,we/cott1 h[ev]1 ju/ly admits !m to be probably only a v e>ly int]polation47#b7 ,we h no reason :atev] = suppos+ t !y exi/$ 9 ,mat!w dur+ ,ju/9's "t4 ,! olde/ ,codices omit ! :ole phrase f ! p>allel passage1 ,luke iv4 #h1 b ,cod4 ,a4 is an exception1 & reads3 --,greek--4 ,! be/ mod]n editions1 h[ev]1 reject ?is z a m]e rec5t addition to ,luke4 ,a comp>ison ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels ) ,ju/9 cle>ly %[s t ! ,gospel :i* he us$ foll[$ ! =m] m closely ?an ,luke4 ,mat!w makes ! climax ( ! temptation #cic ! view ( all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 & ! (f] to give !m to ,jesus if he w fall d[n & wor%ip ,satan4 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 makes ! f9al temptation ! sugge/ion to ?r[ himself d[n f ! p9nacle ( ! temple4 ,ju/9's ,gospel1 z ! words1 s f> z say+ to him --,greek--1 c41 cle>ly indicate1 _h ! same climax z ,mat!w4 ,n[ ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be obs]v$4 ,ju/9 makes ! words ( ,satan1 ,wor%ip me --,greek--1 a di/9ct quotation2 ! ,gospel makes ,satan (f] all t he has %[n if ?\ wilt fall d[n & wor%ip me --,greek--4 ,!n ,ju/9's quotation proce$s3 ,& ,*ri/ answ]$ him --,greek--2 :il/ ,mat!w has1 ,!n ,jesus sai? to him ---,greek---1 :i* is a m>k$ v>iation47#a7 ,!--,greek-- ( ,ju/91 z we h already said1 is n f\nd 9 any ( ! old] ,codices ( ,mat!w4 ,!n ! words3 x is writt51 :i* =m "p ( ! reply ( ,jesus 9 our ,gospels1 are omitt$ 9 ,ju/9's2 b we mu/ add t1 9 ,dial #abe1 9 aga9 ref]r+ to ! temptation1 he adds1 x is writt54 ,/ill1 9 t passage he also omits ! :ole phrase1 ,get !e beh9d me1 ,satan1 & comm5ces3 ,= he answ]$ him3 ,x is writt51 ,?\ %alt wor%ip1 c4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 aga9 po9t out ! mo/ important fact1 t ?is acc\nt ( ! temptation is directly connect$ ) ano!r :i* is =eign to our ,gospels4 ,! ,devil is said to come at ! "t ,jesus w5t up out ( ! ,jordan & ! voice said to him3 ,?\ art my son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e--words :i* d n occur at all 9 our ,gospels1 & :i* are aga9 b\nd up ) ! incid5t ( ! fire 9 ,jordan4 ,x is altoge!r #cid unreasonable to ass]t t ,ju/9 c\ld h ref]r$ ! fact :i* he proce$s to quote f ! ,memoirs1 to ! "t ^? words 7 utt]$1 if !y 7 n to be f\nd 9 ! same ,memoirs4 ,! "o incid5t 0 mo/ c]ta9ly n d]iv$ f our ,gospels1 inasmu* z !y d n conta9 x1 & !re are ! v /ronge/ reasons = ass]t+ t ,ju/9 d]iv$ ! acc\nt ( ! temptation f a s\rce :i* conta9$ ! o!r4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 e v>iation is an indication1 & ^? :i* we h po9t$ out are n accid5tal1 b cle>ly exclude ! ass]tion t ! quotation is f our ,gospels4 ,! second ( ! sev5 passages ( ,canon ,we/cott is "o ( ^? f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,dial4 #aje1 comp>$ ) ,matt v4 #bj1 adduc$ by de ,wette1 :i* we h already consid]$47#a7 ,) ! exception ( ! op5+ words1 --,greek--1 ! two s5t5ces agree1 b ?is is no pro( t ,ju/9 d]iv$ ! passage f ,mat!w2 :ile on ! contr>y1 ! p]si/5t v>iation ( ! re/ ( 8 quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 bo? 9 ord] & language1 =ces ^u u ! conviction t he d]iv$ ! :ole f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels4 ,! ?ird passage ( ,dr4 ,we/cott is t reg>d+ ! sign ( ,jonas ! prophet1 ,matt1 xii4 #ci1 comp>$ ) ,dial4 #ajg1 :i* 0 ! second in/ance adduc$ by ,tis*5dorf ,we h already exam9$ x17#b7 & f\nd t x pres5ts di/9ct v>iations f our fir/ ,synoptic1 bo? l+ui/ically & o!rwise1 & t _m reasons lead to ! conclusion t x 0 quot$ f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours4 ,! f\r? ( ,canon ,we/cott's quotations is ! #cie foll[+1 to "p ( :i* we h already _h occasion to ref]37l7 ,= :i* reason our ,*ri/ decl>$ on e>? to ^? :o ass]t$ t ,elias mu/ come be=e ,*ri/3 ,elias inde$ %all come --,greek-- & %all re/ore all ?+s3 b ,i say unto y t ,elias is come already1 & !y knew him n1 b did unto him --,greek-- :atsoev] !y li/$4 ,& x is writt5 t !n ! disciples und]/ood t he spoke to !m ( ,john ! ,bapti/47#b7 ,! express quotation 9 ?is passage1 :i* is comp>$ ) ,matt4 xvii4 #aa--ac1 is limit$ by ,canon ,we/cott to ! la/ %ort s5t5ce7#c7 correspond+ ) ,matt xvii4 #ac1 & he po9ts out t ,cr$n] admits t x mu/ h be5 tak5 f ,mat!w4 ,x is q true t ,cr$n] consid]s t if any passage ( ,ju/9's quotations proves a necess>y connection betwe5 ,ju/9's ,gospels & ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 x is ?is s5t5ce3 ,& x is writt5 t !n ! disciples1 c4 ,he expla9s 8 reason = ?is op9ion z foll[s3 ,^! words c only be d]iv$ f our ,mat!w1 ) :i* !y lit]ally agree2 = x is ?or\ghly improbable t a rem>k ( s special a description c\ld h be5 made by two diff]5t & indep5d5t individuals s completely alike47#d7 ,we totally diff] f ?is argum5t1 #cif :i* is s+ul>ly oppos$ to ,cr$n]'s usual cle> & ?\ghtful mode ( reason+47#a7 ,no d\bt if su* ,gospels c\ld be consid]$ to be absolutely di/9ct & indep5d5t works1 d]iv+ all _! matt] f individual & sep>ate obs]vation ( ! occurr5ces n>rat$ by _! au?ors & p]sonal report ( ! disc\rses giv51 !re might be great] =ce 9 ! argum5t1 al?\gh ev5 9 t case x w\ld h be5 f> f conclusive "h1 inasmu* z ! obs]vation we are consid]+ is ! m]e simple /atem5t ( a fact necess>y to complete ! episode1 & x might well h be5 made 9 ! same t]ms by sep>ate report]s4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! num]\s ,gospels curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* _c h be51 & our synoptic ,gospels mo/ c]ta9ly are n1 indep5d5t works1 b are bas$ ^u e>li] evangelical writ+s no long] extant1 & h borr[$ f ea* o!r4 ,! ,gospels did n orig9ate full fl$g$ z we n[ h !m1 b are ! result ( _m revisions ( previ\sly exi/+ mat]ials4 ,critics may diff] z to ! relative ages & ord] ( ! ,synoptics1 b almo/ all are agre$ t 9 "o ord] or ano!r !y are dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 & on old] =ms ( ! ,gospel4 ,n[ su* an expression z ,matt4 xvii4 #ac 9 "s e>ly record ( ! disc\rse might h be5 transf]r$ to a doz5 ( o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,ewald assigns ! passage to ! olde/ ,gospel1 ,mat!w 9 its pres5t =m be+ fif? 9 desc5t47#b7 ,our ?ree canonical ,gospels are fill$ ) in/ances 9 :i* expressions /ill m individual are repeat$1 & ^! %[ t su* phrases _c be limit$ to #cig "o ,gospel1 b1 if conf9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to "o orig9al s\rce1 may h be5 transf]r$ to _m subsequ5t evangelical works4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a passage 9 ,matt4 vii4 #bh1 #bi3 4444 ! multitudes 7 a/oni%$ at 8 tea*+3 = he taught !m z hav+ au?ority1 & n z _! scribes47#a7 ,m>k i4 #bb has ! v same passage17#b7 ) ! m]e omission ( ! multitudes --,greek--1 :i* does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! argum5t2 & ,luke iv4 #cb3 ,& !y 7 a/oni%$ at 8 tea*+3 = 8 ^w 0 p[]47#c7 ,al?\gh ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel some:at alt]s ! language1 x is cle> t he foll[s ! same orig9al1 & reta9s x 9 ! same context z ! second ,gospel4 ,n[ ! occurr5ce ( su* a passage z ?is 9 "o ( ! ,fa!rs1 if ei!r ! fir/ or second ,gospels 7 lo/1 w\ld1 on ,cr$n]'s gr\nds1 be attribut$ und\bt$ly to ! survivor1 al?\gh 9 reality d]iv$ f ! ,gospel no long] extant1 :i* likewise conta9$ x4 ,ano!r example may be po9t$ out 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #cd3 ,all ^! ?+s spake ,jesus unto ! multitudes 9 p>ables2 & )\t a p>able spake he n unto !m1 comp>$ ) ,m>k iv4 #cc1 #cd1 ,& ) _m su* p>ables spake he ! ^w unto !m4444 & )\t a p>able spake he n unto !m4 ,! "p ( ?is v individual rem>k :i* we h italicis$ is lit]ally ! same 9 bo? ,gospels1 z a p]sonal comm5t at ! end ( ! p>able ( ! gra9 ( mu/>d se$4 ,!n1 = in/ance1 9 ! acc\nt #cih ( ! sleep ( ! ?ree disciples dur+ ! agony 9 ! ,g>d5 7,matt4 xxvi4 #dc1 ,m>k xiv4 #dj71 ! expression & he f\nd !m asleep1 = _! eyes 7 heavy1 :i* is equally individual1 is lit]ally ! same 9 ! fir/ two ,gospels4 ,ano!r special rem>k ( a simil> k9d reg>d+ ! ri* "y man3 he w5t away sorr[ful1 = he _h great possessions1 is f\nd bo? 9 ,matt4 xix4 #bb & ,m>k x4 #bb4 ,su* examples7#a7 might be multipli$1 & !y %[ t ! occurr5ce ( passages ( ! mo/ individual "* _c1 9 ,ju/9's "t1 be limit$ to any s+le ,gospel4 ,n[ ! v]se we are discuss+1 ,matt xvii4 #ac1 9 all probability1 z ,ewald supposes1 occurr$ 9 "o or m ( ! old] =ms ( ! ,gospel f :i* our ,synoptics & _m o!r simil> works d]iv$ _! matt]1 & no?+ is m likely ?an t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* 9 _m respects 0 ne>ly relat$ to ,mat!w1 may h conta9$ x4 ,at any rate we h %[n t su* say+s _c1 h[ev] app>5tly individual1 be consid]$ evid5ce ( ! use ( a p>ticul> ,gospel simply because x happ5s to be ! only "o n[ extant :i* conta9s x4 ,cr$n]1 h[ev]1 :il/ express+ ! op9ion :i* we h quot$ likewise adds 8 belief t by ! expression --,greek--1 ,ju/9 seems expressly to indicate t ?is s5t5ce is tak5 f a diff]5t "w f :at prec$es x1 & he has prov$ t ! prec$+ "p ( ! quotation 0 n d]iv$ f our ,gospels47#b7 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 co9cide ) ?is op9ion ei!r4 ,x seems to u t ! expression & #cii x is writt5 simply 0 made use ( by ,ju/9 to %[ t ! id5tification ( ,elias ) ,john ! ,bapti/ is n 81 b 0 ! impression convey$ at ! "t by ,jesus to 8 disciples4 ,n[ ! :ole n>rative ( ! baptism ( ,john 9 ,ju/9 be>s *>act]i/ic m>ks ( be+ f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours17#a7 & 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is v quotation we f9d di/9ct v>iation4 ,ju/9 fir/ affirms t ,jesus 9 8 tea*+ _h proclaim$ t ,elias %\ld also come --,greek--1 & !n fur!r on he gives ! actual words ( ,jesus3 --,greek--1 :i* we h be=e u1 :il/ 9 ,mat!w ! words are3 --,greek-- & !re is no ,,ms4 :i* reads --,greek-- = --,greek--1 & yet1 z ,cr$n] rem>ks1 ! :ole =ce ( ! quotation re/s ^u ! ^w1 & ,ju/9 is p]si/5t 9 8 v>iation f ! text ( our fir/ ,synoptic4 ,x is unreasonable to say t ,ju/9 quotes loosely ! important "p ( 8 passage1 & !n ab\t a few words at ! close pret5ds to be s p>ticul>ly c>eful4 ,consid]+ all ! facts ( ! case1 we mu/ conclude t ?is quotation also is f a s\rce diff]5t f our ,gospels47#b7 ,ano!r po9t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be not$4 ,dr4 ,we/cott claims ?is passage z an express quotation f ! ,memoirs1 app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an t ! few words happ5 to agree ) ,matt4 xvii4 #ac1 & t he wi%es to id5tify ! ,memoirs ) our ,gospels4 ,ju/91 h[ev]1 does n once m5tion ! ,memoirs 9 ?is *apt]2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ,canon ,we/cott :o is s exce$+ly /rict 9 8 limitation ( express quotations1 assumes t all quotations ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory & words ( ,jesus 9 ,ju/9 are to be consid]$ #djj z d]iv$ f ! ,memoirs :e!r !y be m5tion$ by "n or n4 ,we h already se5 t among/ ^! !re are n only quotations diff]+ f ! ,gospels1 & contradict+ !m1 b o!rs :i* h no p>allels at all 9 !m4 ,! fif? ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's express quotations occurs 9 ,dial4 #aje1 :]e ,ju/9 says3 ,= :5 he 7,jesus7 0 giv+ up 8 _s on ! cross he said3 ',fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s1' z ,i h also le>n$ f ! ,memoirs4 ,?is %ort s5t5ce agrees ) ,luke xxiii4 #df1 x is true1 b z we h already %[n1#a ,ju/9's :ole acc\nt ( ! ,crucifixion diff]s s mat]ially f t 9 our ,gospels t x _c h be5 d]iv$ f !m4 ,we see ?is =cibly 9 exam9+ ! six? ( ,canon ,we/cott's quotations1 :i* is likewise connect$ ) ! ,crucifixion4 ,= !y :o saw him crucifi$ also wagg$ _! heads ea* "o ( !m1 & di/ort$ _! lips1 & sne]+ly & 9 scornful irony repeat$ among !mselves ^? words :i* are also writt5 9 ! ,memoirs ( 8 ,apo/les3 ,he decl>$ himself ! son ( ,god3 7let him7 come d[n1 let him walk ab\t3 let ,god save him47#b7 ,we h ourselves already quot$ & discuss$ ?is passage17#c7 & ne$ n fur!r exam9e x "h4 ,canon ,we/cott has no?+ bett] to say reg>d+ ?is quotation1 9 an exam9ation ( ! accuracy ( p>allel passages1 ?an ?is3 ,^! exact words d n occur 9 our ,gospels1 b we d f9d !re o!rs s closely connect$ ) !m t few read]s w\ld feel ! diff]5ce 67#d7 ,:5 criticism desc5ds to language l ?is1 ! case is inde$ desp]ate4 ,x is cle> t1 z ,canon ,we/cott admits1 ! words are expressly decl>$ to be a #dja quotation f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 b !y d n exi/ 9 our ,gospels1 & consequ5tly our ,gospels are n id5tical ) ! ,memoirs4 ,canon ,we/cott ref]s to ! taunts 9 ,mat!w1 & !n ) comm5dable c&\r he concludes 8 exam9ation ( ! quotation ) ! foll[+ words3 ,no manuscript or ,fa!r 7s f> z we "k7 has pres]v$ any read+ ( ! passage m closely resembl+ ,ju/9's quotation2 & if x appe> n to be d$ucible f our ,gospels1 due all[ance be+ made = ! object :i* he _h 9 view1 its s\rce mu/ rema9 conceal$47#a7 ,we ne$ only add t x is futile to talk ( mak+ due all[ance = ! object :i* ,ju/9 _h 9 view4 ,8 imm$iate object 0 accurate quotation1 & no all[ance c acc\nt = su* v>iation 9 language & ?\ght z is pres5t$ 9 ?is passage4 ,t ?is passage1 ?\gh a pr(ess$ quotation f ! ,memoirs1 is n tak5 f our ,gospels is c]ta9 bo? f its own v>iations & ! diff]5ces 9 o!r p>ts ( ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! ,crucifixion1 an ev5t ^: solemnity & importance might well be expect$ to secure rev]5tial accuracy4 ,x is impossible to avoid ! conclusion t ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les 7 n id5tical ) our ,gospels1 & ! sy/ematic v>iation ( 8 quotations ?us receives its natural & reasonable explanation4 ,! sev5? & la/ ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's express quotations is1 z he /ates1 m rem>kable4 ,we subjo9 ! passage 9 contra/ ) ! p>allel texts ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels4 #djb --,greek-- ,x is app>5t t ,ju/9's quotation diff]s v mat]ially f our ,gospels 9 language1 9 con/ruction1 & 9 mean+4 ,^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 acquire v rem>kable confirmation & significance f ! fact t ,ju/9 9 two o!r places7#c7 quotes ! latt] & l>g] "p ( ! passage f --,greek-- 9 precisely ! same way1 ) ! sole exception t1 9 bo? ( ^! quotations1 he uses ! aori/ --,greek-- in/ead ( --,greek--4 ,?is ?reefold repetition 9 ! same peculi> =m cle>ly /amps ! passage z be+ a lit]al #djc quotation f 8 ,gospel1 & ! "o exception to ! v]bal agreem5t ( ! ?ree passages1 9 ! sub/itution ( ! pres5t = ! aori/ 9 ! ,dialogue1 does n 9 ! lea/ remove or less5 ! fundam5tal v>iation ( ! passage f our ,gospel4 ,z ! --,greek-- is twice repeat$ x 0 probably ! read+ ( 8 text4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ! peculi> =m ( ! quotation 9 ,ju/9 occurr$ 9 :at came to be consid]$ h]etical ,gospels1 & con/itut$ ! basis ( important ,gno/ic doctr9es47#a7 ,canon ,we/cott speaks ( ! use ( ?is passage by ! ,fa!rs 9 agreem5t ) ,ju/9 9 a mann] :i*1 un9t5tionally we h no d\bt1 absolutely misrepres5ts important facts4 ,he says3 ,! transposition ( ! words /ill rema9s2 & h[ little weight c be atta*$ to t w appe> ^u an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ! text is quot$ by ,fa!rs l ,orig51 ,ir5aeus & ,epiphanius1 :o admitt$ our ,gospels exclusively4 ,x occurs 9 !m z w be se5 f ! table ( read+s--,greek-- ) almo/ e possible v>iation4 ,ir5aeus 9 ! c\rse ( "o *apt] quotes ! v]se fir/ z x /&s 9 ! canonical text2 !n 9 ! same ord]1 b ) ! la/ clause l ,ju/9's2 & once aga9 altoge!r z he has giv5 x4 ,epiphanius likewise quotes ! text sev5 times 9 ! same ord] z ,ju/91 & f\r times z x /&s 9 ! ,gospels4--,greek-- ,n[ 9 ! *apt] to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ?is s5t5ce ,ir5aeus comm5ces by /at+ t ! ,"l _h decl>$3 ,nemo cognoscit ,filium nisi ,pat]2 neque #djd ,patrem quis cognoscit nisi ,films1 et cui volu]it ,filius revel>e17#a7 z he says1 ,?us ,mat!w has set x d[n & ,luke simil>ly1 & ,m>k ! v same47#b7 ,he goes on to /ate1 h[ev]1 t ^? :o w\ld be wis] ?an ! ,apo/les write ?is v]se z foll[s3 ,nemo cognovit ,patrem nisi ,filius2 nee ,filium nisi ,pat]1 et cui volu]it ,filius revel>e4 ,& he expla9s3 ,!y int]pret x z ?\gh ! true ,god 0 kn[n to no man be=e ! com+ ( our ,"l2 & t ,god :o 0 ann\nc$ by ! ,prophets !y affirm n to be ! ,fa!r ( ,*ri/47#c7 ,n[ 9 ?is passage we h ! --,greek-- ( ,ju/9 9 ! 'cognovit1' 9 contradi/9ction to ! 'cognoscit' ( ! ,gospel1 & 8 transposition ( ord] z n by any possibility an accid5tal ?+1 b z ! di/9ct basis ( doctr9es4 ,ir5aeus goes on to argue t no "o c "k ! ,fa!r unless ?r\gh ! ,^w ( ,god1 t is ?r\gh ! ,son1 & ?is is :y he said3 ',nemo cognoscit ,patrem nisi ,filius2 neque ,filium nisi ,pat]1 et quibuscunque ,filius reve-lav]it4' ,?us tea*+ t he himself also is ! ,fa!r1 z inde$ he is1 9 ord] t we may n receive any o!r ,fa!r except him :o is reveal$ by ! ,son47#d7 ,9 ?is ?ird quotation ,ir5seus alt]s ! --,greek-- into --,greek--1 b reta9s ! =m1 = ! re/1 ( ! ,gno/ics & ( ,ju/91 & 8 aim app>5tly is to %[ t adopt+ 8 pres5t t5se in/ead ( ! aori/ ! transposition #dje ( words is ( no importance4 ,a f\r? "t1 h[ev]1 9 ! same *apt]1 :i* 9 fact is :olly d$icat$ to ?is passage & to ! doctr9es bas$ ^u x1 ,ir5aeus quotes ! say+3 ,nemo cognoscit ,filium nisi ,pat]2 neque ,patrem nisi ,filius1 et quibuscunque ,filius reve-lav]it47#a7 ,"h ! language & ord] ( ! ,gospel are foll[$ ) ! exception t 'cui volu]it revel>e' is alt]$ to ! 'quibuscunque revelav]it' ( ,ju/92 & t ?is is int5tional is made cle> by ! cont9uation3 ,= revelav]it 0 said n ) ref]5ce to ! future alone17#b7 c4 ,n[ 9 ?is *apt] we le>n v cle>ly t1 al?\gh ! canonical ,gospels by ! express decl>ation ( ,ir5aeus _h _! pres5t read+ ( ! passage be=e u1 o!r ,gospels ( consid]able au?ority ev5 9 8 "t _h ! =m ( ,ju/91 = aga9 9 a fif? passage he quotes ! op5+ words3 ,he :o 0 kn[n1 !re=e1 0 n diff]5t f him :o decl>$3 ',no "o kn[e? ! ,fa!r1' b "o & ! same47#c7 ,) ! usual alt]ation ( ! v]b to ! pres5t t5se1 ,ir5aeus 9 ?is & 9 "o ( ! o!r quotations ( ?is passage j cit$ gives "s au?ority to ! transposition ( ! words ,fa!r & ,son1 al?\gh ! read+ 0 oppos$ to ! ,gospels1 b he inv>iably adh]es to --,greek-- & condemns --,greek--1 ! read+ ma9ta9$ by ^? :o 9 ! e/imation ( ,ir5aeus w\ld be wis] ?an ! ,apo/les4 ,else:]e1 descant+ on #djf ! passages ( ,scripture by :i* h]etics attempt to prove t ! ,fa!r 0 unkn[n be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 ,ir5seus1 aft] accus+ !m ( g>bl+ passages ( ,scripture17#a7 goes on to say ( ! ,m>cosians & o!rs3 ,besides ^!1 !y adduce a c\ntless numb] ( apocryphal & spuri\s works :i* !y !mselves h =g$ to ! bewild]m5t ( ! fooli%1 & ( ^? :o are n v]s$ 9 ! ,scriptures ( tru?47#b7 ,he also po9ts out passages occurr+ 9 our ,gospels to :i* !y give a peculi> int]pretation &1 among/ ^!1 t quot$ by ,ju/94 ,he says3 ,b !y adduce z ! highe/ te/imony1 & z x 7 ! cr[n ( _! sy/em1 ! foll[+ passage4444 ',all ?+s 7 deliv]$ to me by my ,fa!r1 & no "o knew --,greek-- ! ,fa!r b ! ,son1 & ! ,son b ! ,fa!r1 & he to :omsoev] --,greek-- ! ,son %all reveal --,greek--4'7#c7 ,9 ^! words !y ass]t t he cle>ly demon/rat$ t ! ,fa!r ( tru? :om !y h inv5t$ 0 kn[n to no "o be=e 8 com+2 & !y desire to int]pret ! words z ?\gh ! ,mak] & ,creator _h be5 kn[n to all1 & ! ,"l spoke ^! words reg>d+ ! ,fa!r unkn[n to all1 :om !y proclaim47#d7 ,"h we h ! exact quotation twice made by ,ju/91 ) ! --,greek-- & ! same ord]1 set #djg =? z ! read+ ( ! ,gospels ( ! ,m>cosians & o!r sects1 & ! highe/ te/imony to _! sy/em4 ,x is almo/ impossible t ,ju/9 c\ld h alt]$ ! passage by an error ( memory to ?is precise =m1 & x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! read+ ( 8 ,memoirs47#a7 ,! evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus is cle>3 ,! ,gospels _h ! read+ :i* we n[ f9d 9 !m1 b apocryphal ,gospels on ! o!r h& _h t :i* we f9d twice quot$ by ,ju/91 & ! passage 0 z x 7 ! text ^u :i* a l>ge sect ( ! e>ly ,*ur* bas$ its mo/ fundam5tal doctr9e4 ,! --,greek-- is inv>iably repudiat$1 b ! transposition ( ! words ,fa!r & ,son 0 app>5tly admitt$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 al?\gh ! au?ority = ?is 0 n d]iv$ f ! ,gospels recogniz$ by ! ,*ur* :i* conta9$ ! contr>y ord]4 ,we mu/ briefly ref] to ! use ( ?is passage by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,he quotes portions ( ! text eight times1 & al?\gh ) "s v>iation ( t]ms he inv>iably foll[s ! ord] ( ! ,gospels4 ,six times he makes use ( ! aori/ --,greek--17#b7 once ( --,greek--17#c7 & once ( --,greek--47#d7 ,he only once quotes ! :ole passage17#e7 b on ?is occasion1 z well z six o!rs 9 :i* he only quotes ! latt] "p ( ! s5t5ce17#f7 he omits --,greek--1 & reads & he to :om ! ,son %all reveal1 ?us support+ ! --,greek-- #djh ( ,ju/94 ,twice he has ,god in/ead ( ,fa!r17#a7 & once he sub/itutes --,greek-- = --,greek--47#b7 ,x is evid5t f ! loose & fragm5t>y way 9 :i* ,clem5t int]weaves ! passage ) 8 text1 t he is m conc]n$ ) ! s5se ?an ! v]bal accuracy ( ! quotation1 b ! result ( 8 evid5ce is t he nev] dep>ts f ! ,gospel ord] ( ,fa!r & ,son1 al?\gh he frequ5tly makes use ( --,greek-- & also employs --,greek-- 9 agreem5t ) ,ju/9 &1 !re=e1 he %[s ! preval5ce ( =ms approximat+ to1 ?\gh always pres5t+ mat]ial diff]5ce f1 ! read+ ( ,ju/94 ,epiphanius ref]s to ?is passage no less ?an t5 times17#c7 b he only quotes x fully five times1 & ^u ea* ( ^! occasions ) v>iations4 ,( ! five times to :i* we ref]1 he ?rice foll[s ! ord] ( ! ,gospels17#d7 z he does likewise 9 ano!r place :]e he does n complete ! s5t5ce47#e7 ,on ! rema9+ two occasions he adopts ! same ord] z ,ju/91 ) v>iations f 8 read+1 h[ev]1 to :i* we %all pres5tly ref]27#f7 & :]e he only p>tially quotes he foll[s ! same ord] on o!r ?ree occasions17#g7 & 9 "o o!r place ! quotation is too fragm5t>y to all[ u to di/+ui% ! ord]47#h7 ,n[ 9 all ( ^! t5 quotations1 ) "o exception1 ,epiphanius sub/itutes --,greek-- = --,greek-- at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #dji passage 9 ,mat!w1 & only ?rice does he repeat ! v]b 9 ! second clause z 9 t ,gospel1 & on ^! occasions he twice makes use ( --,greek--7#a7 & once ( --,greek--47#b7 ,he once uses --,greek-- ) ! same ord] z ,ju/91 b does n complete ! s5t5ce47#c7 ,ea* "t he completes ! quotation1 he uses --,greek-- ) ! ,gospel1 & --,greek-- ) ,ju/917#d7 b only once out ( ! five complete quotations does he ins]t --,greek-- 9 ! conclud+ phrase4 ,x is evid5t f ?is exam9ation1 :i* we mu/ n c>ry fur!r1 t ,epiphanius nev] v]bally agrees ) ! ,gospel 9 8 quotation ( ?is passage & nev] v]bally ) ,ju/91 b ma9ly foll[s a v]sion diff]5t f bo?4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t he is writ+ aga9/ v>i\s h]esies1 & x does n seem to u improbable t he reproduces =ms ( ! passage curr5t among/ ^? sects4 ,9 8 "w aga9/ ,m>cion1 ,t]tullian says3 ,) reg>d to ! ,fa!r1 h[ev]1 t he 0 nev] se51 ! ,gospel :i* is common to u w te/ify1 z x 0 said by ,*ri/3 ,nemo cognovit patrem nisi filius17#e7 b else:]e he translates ,nemo scit17#f7 evid5tly n fully appreciat+ ! diff]5ce ( --,greek--47#g7 ,! passage 9 ,m>-cion's ,gospel reads l ,ju/9's3 --,greek--47#h7 ,! use ( --,greek-- z appli$ to ! ,fa!r & --,greek-- z reg>ds ! ,son 9 ?is passage is sugge/ive4 ,orig5 #daj almo/ inv>iably uses --,greek--1 sometimes adopt+ ! ord] ( ! ,gospels & sometimes t ( ,ju/91 & always employ+ --,greek--47#a7 ,! ,clem5t9e ,homilies always read --,greek--1 & always foll[ ! same ord] z ,ju/91 pres5t+ o!r & p]si/5t v>iations f ! =m 9 ! ,gospels4 --,greek-- ,?is read+ occurs f\r times4 ,! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions h ! aori/ ) ! ord] ( ! ,gospels47#d7 ,!re only rema9 a few m l9es to add to ^? already quot$ to complete ! :ole ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's argum5t reg>d+ ?is passage4 ,he cont9ues & concludes ?us3 ,if1 inde$1 ,ju/9's quotations 7 made f memory1 no transposition c\ld be m natural2 & if we suppose t he copi$ ! passage directly f a manuscript1 !re is no difficulty 9 believ+ t he f\nd x s writt5 9 a manuscript ( ! ,canonical ,/4 ,mat!w1 s9ce ! v>iation is exclud$ by no int]nal improbability1 :ile x is f\nd else:]e1 & its orig9 is easily explicable47#e7 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,canon ,we/cott does n attempt any argum5t1 b simply conf9es himself to suppositions4 ,if su* explanations 7 only valid1 !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 believ+ any?+1 & e emb>rass+ circum/ance w\ld inde$ be easily explicable4 ,! facts ( ! case may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3 ,ju/9 delib]ately & expressly quotes f 8 ,gospel1 himself call+ x ,gospel1 be x obs]v$1 a #daa passage ^: ne>e/ p>allel 9 our ,gospels is ,matt4 xi4 #bg4 ,?is quotation pres5ts mat]ial v>iations f our ,canonical ,gospel bo? 9 =m & language4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! passage he quotes twice 9 a diff]5t "w1 writt5 ye>s be=e1 9 precisely ! same words z ! ?ird quotation1 ) ! sole exception t he uses ! aori/ in/ead ( ! pres5t t5se ( ! v]b4 ,no ,,ms4 ( our ,gospel extant approximates to ! read+ 9 ,ju/91 & we are expressly told by ,ir5aeus t ! pres5t read+ ( our ,mat!w 0 t exi/+ 9 8 day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ir5aeus /ates ) equal di/9ctness t ,gospels us$ by ,gno/ic sects _h ! read+ ( ,ju/91 & t ! passage 0 ! cr[n ( _! sy/em1 & "o ^u ^: te/imony !y bas$ _! lead+ doctr9es4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! cle> /atem5t t ,ju/9's quotation disagrees ) ! =m 9 ! ,gospels1 & agrees ) t ( o!r ,gospels4 ,! v>iations occurr+ 9 ! num]\s quotations ( ! same passage by ! ,fa!rs1 :i* we h analys$1 %[ t !y h&l$ x v loosely1 b also indicate t !re mu/ h be5 v>i\s read+s ( consid]able au?ority !n curr5t4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ ) mu* probability t ! =m 9 :i* ,ju/9 quotes ! passage twice 9 8 ,apology may h be5 ! read+ ( old] ,gospels1 & t x 0 gradually alt]$ by ! ,*ur* to ! =m 9 :i* we n[ h x1 = dogmatic reasons1 :5 ,gno/ic sects began to base doctr9es ^u x inconsi/5t ) ! prevail+ int]pretation47#a7 ,be ?is z x may1 ,ju/9's ,gospel cle>ly _h a read+ diff]5t f ours1 b 9 unison ) #dab t kn[n to exi/ 9 o!r ,gospels1 & ?is express quotation only adds additional pro( to ! mass ( evid5ce already adduc$ t ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les 7 n our ,canonical ,gospels47#a7 ,we h already occupi$ s mu* space ev5 ) ?is cursory exam9ation ( ,ju/9's quotations1 t we mu/ pass ov] 9 sil5ce passages :i* he quotes f ! ,memoirs ) v>iations f ! p>allels 9 our ,gospels :i* are also f\nd 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies & o!r works emanat+ f circles 9 :i* o!r ,gospels ?an ours 7 us$4 ,we %all n[ only briefly ref] to a few say+s ( ,jesus expressly quot$ by ,ju/91 :i* are altoge!r unkn[n to our ,gospels4 ,ju/9 says3 ,= ! ?+s :i* he =etold w\ld take place 9 8 "n1 ^! we see actually com+ to pass 9 our sight4 ,= he said3 ',_m %all come1' c41 c417#b7 & ',!re %all be s*isms & h]esies1'7#c7 & ',bew>e ( false prophets1'7#d7 c1 & ',_m false ,*ri/s & false ,apo/les %all arise & %all deceive _m ( ! fai?ful4'7#e7 ,nei!r ( ! two prophecies "h quot$ are to be f\nd any:]e 9 our ,gospels1 & to ! second ( !m ,ju/9 repeat$ly ref]s4 ,he says 9 "o place t ,jesus =etold t 9 ! int]val ( 8 com+1 z ,i previ\sly said17#f7 h]esies & false prophets w\ld arise 9 8 "n47#g7 ,x is admitt$ t ^! #dac prophecies are =eign to our ,gospels47#a7 ,x is v probable t ! ,apo/le ,paul ref]s to ! prophecy1 ,!re %all be s*isms & h]esies 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #ah-ai1 :]e x is said1 4444 ,i he> t s*isms exi/ among/ y2 & ,i p>tly believe x4 ,= !re mu/ also be h]esies among/ y1 c4 --,greek--47#b7 ,we f9d also1 else:]e1 traces bo? ( ?is say+ & t :i* accompanies x4 ,9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ,pet] is repres5t$ z /at+1 ,= !re %all be1 z ! ,"l said1 false apo/les1 false prophets1 h]esies1 desires = supremacy1 c4 --,greek--4#c ,we are likewise rem9d$ ( ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le attribut$ to ! ,roman ,clem5t1 xliv43 ,our ,apo/les knew ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ t !re w\ld be cont5tion reg>d+ ! dignity ( ! episcopate47#d7 ,9 our ,gospel !re is no ref]5ce any:]e to s*isms & h]esies1 nor are false ,apo/les once m5tion$1 ! ref]5ce be+ solely to false ,*ri/s & false prophets4 ,! recurr5ce "h & else:]e ( ! peculi> expression false apo/les is v /rik+17#e7 & ! evid5ce = ! passage z a say+ ( ,jesus is important4 ,hegesippus1 aft] enum]at+ a va/ numb] ( h]etical sects & tea*]s1 cont9ues3 ,f ^! sprang ! false ,*ri/s1 false prophets1 false apo/les1 :o divid$ ! #dad union ( ! ,*ur* by corrupt+ doctr9es conc]n+ ,god & conc]n+ 8 ,*ri/47#a7 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,hegesippus made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,clem5t9e lit]ature po9ts to ! same s\rce4 ,9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions we read3 ,= ^! are false ,*ri/s & false prophets1 & false apo/les1 deceiv]s1 & corrupt]s1 c417#b7 & 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions ! ,apo/le ,pet] is repres5t$ z say+ t ! ,devil1 aft] ! temptation1 t]rifi$ by ! f9al answ] ( ,jesus1 ha/5$ imm$iately to s5d =? into ?is _w false prophets1 & false apo/les1 & false tea*]s1 :o %\ld speak 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ inde$1 b %\ld p]=m ! w ( ! demon47#c7 ,ju/9's :ole sy/em =bids our recogniz+ 9 ^! two passages m]e tradition1 & we mu/ hold t we h "h quotations f a ,gospel diff]5t f ours4 ,else:]e1 ,ju/9 says3 ,out ( :i* 7affliction & fi]y trial ( ! ,devil7 aga9 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,god1 promis$ to deliv] u1 & to put on u prep>$ g>m5ts1 if we d 8 comm&m5ts1 & he is proclaim$ z hav+ provid$ an et]nal k+dom = u47#d7 ,?is promise is n[h]e f\nd 9 our ,gospel47#e7 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! passage 7k #c & #d7 :i* we h discuss$7#f7 z repeat$ 9 ! ,dialogue3 ,_m #dae %all say to me1 c1 c1 & ,i w say to !m1 ,dep>t f me1 ,ju/9 cont9ues3 ,& 9 o!r words by :i* he w condemn ^? :o are unwor?y to be sav$1 he said t he w say3 ,begone into ! d>kness )\t1 :i* ! ,fa!r ha? prep>$ = ,satan & 8 angels47#a7 ,! ne>e/ p>allel to ?is is 9 ,matt4 xxv4 #da3 ,!n %all he say also unto !m on ! left h&3 ,dep>t f me1 ye curs$1 into ! et]nal fire :i* is prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels4 --,greek-- ,x is app>5t t ,ju/9's quotation diff]s v widely f ! read+ ( our ,gospel4 ,! same read+1 ) ! exception ( a s+le ^w1 is f\nd 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7xix4 #b71 t is to say1 t ,devil is sub/itut$ = ,satan1 & ?is v>iation is n important4 ,! agreem5t ( ! re/1 on ! o!r h&1 seems to e/abli% ! conclusion t ! quotation is f a writt5 ,gospel diff]5t f ours17#b7 & "h we h fur!r /rong indications ( ,ju/9's use ( ! ,ebionite ,gospel4 ,ano!r ( ! say+s ( ,jesus :i* are =eign to our ,gospels is "o 9 ref]5ce to ! man :o falls away f righte\sness into s91 ( :om ,ju/9 says3 ,:]e=e also our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ said3 ,9 :atsoev] ?+s ,i may f9d y1 9 ^! ,i %all also judge y47#c7 --,greek-- #daf --,greek--7 ,a simil> expression is us$ by "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & 9 "s cases is ascrib$ to ! prophets47#a7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria has quot$ a phrase closely resembl+ ?is )\t indicat+ ! s\rce4 --,greek--47#b 7 ,grabe 0 ( op9ion t ,ju/9 d]iv$ ! passage f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews17#c7 an op9ion %>$ by ! great] numb] ( mod]n critics1 & :i* we are prep>$ to accept f _m previ\s in/ances ( agreem5t4 ,ev5 ! w>me/ ass]t]s ( ! !ory t ! ,memoirs are id5tical ) our ,gospels are oblig$ to admit t ?is say+ ( ,jesus is n conta9$ 9 !m1 & t x mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f an extra-canonical s\rce47#d7 ,o!r passages ( a simil> k9d might h be5 po9t$ out1 b we h already devot$ too mu* space to ,ju/9's quotations1 & mu/ ha/5 to a conclusion4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 to :i* we mu/ ref]4 ,we h m ?an once allud$ to ! fact t1 unless 9 "o place1 ,ju/9 nev] m5tions an au?or's "n 9 connection ) ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! exception to :i* we ref]r$ is ! foll[+4 ,ju/9 says3 ,! /atem5t also t he 7,jesus7 *ang$ ! "n ( ,pet]1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 & t ?is is also writt5 9 8 ,memoirs z hav+ be5 done1 #dag toge!r ) ! fact t he also *ang$ ! "n ( o!r two bro!rs1 :o 7 sons ( ,zeb$ee1 to ,boan]ges1 t is1 sons ( ,?und]1 c47#a7 ,accord+ to ! usual language ( ,ju/91 & ^u /rictly critical gr\nds1 ! --,greek-- 9 ?is passage mu/ be ref]r$ to ,pet]2 & ,ju/91 !re=e1 seems to ascribe ! ,memoirs to t ,apo/le1 & to speak ( a ,gospel ( ,pet]4 ,"s critics ma9ta9 t ! --,greek-- does n ref] to ,pet]1 b to ,jesus1 or1 m probably /ill1 t x %\ld be am5d$ to --,greek--1 & apply to ! ,apo/les47#c7 ,! great majority1 h[ev]1 are =c$ to admit ! ref]5ce ( ! ,memoirs to ,pet]1 al?\gh !y expla9 x1 z we %all see1 9 diff]5t ways4 ,x is argu$ by "s t ?is expression is us$ :5 ,ju/9 is allud+ to ! *ange ( "n n only ( ,pet] b ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ! n>rative ( :i* is only f\nd 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k4 ,n[ ,m>k 0 held by _m ( ! ,fa!rs to h be5 ! m]e m\?piece ( ,pet]1 & to h writt5 at 8 dictation27#c7 s t1 9 fact1 9 call+ ! second ,gospel by ! "n ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 !y argue1 ,ju/9 m]ely adopt$ ! tradition curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & ref]r$ to ! #dah ,gospel n[ kn[n z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k47#a7 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 h[ev]1 t aft] admitt+ t ,ju/9 speaks ( ! ,memoirs ( ,pet]1 x is inde$ ha/y 9 ! extreme to conclude f ! fact t ! m5tion ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee be+ surnam$ ,boan]ges is only record$ 9 ,m>k iii4 #ag1 & n 9 ! o!r canonical ,gospels1 t !re=e ! ,memoirs ( ,pet] & our ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k are "o & ! same4 ,we %all1 h]eaft]1 9 exam9+ ! te/imony ( ,papias1 see t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k1 ( :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis speaks1 0 n our canonical ,m>k at all4 ,x w\ld be v s+ul> inde$ on ?is hypo!sis t ,ju/9 %\ld n h quot$ a s+le passage f ! only ,gospel ^: au?or he names1 & ! numb] ( times he seems to quote f a ,petr9e ,gospel1 :i* 0 q diff]5t f ,m>k1 confirms ! inf]5ce t he _c possibly "h ref] to our second ,gospel4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 !re=e1 by num]\s o!r critics t ,ju/9 ref]s to a ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & n to ,m>k47#c7 ,we le>n f ,eusebius t ,s]apion1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,antio* ab\t a4d4 #aij1 compos$ a book on #dai ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] --,greek--1 :i* he f\nd 9 circulation 9 8 diocese4 ,at fir/ ,s]apion _h p]mitt$ ! use ( ?is ,gospel1 z x evid5tly 0 mu* priz$1 b he subsequ5tly condemn$ x z a "w fav\r+ ,docetic views1 & conta9+ _m ?+s sup]add$ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,savi\r47#a7 ,orig5 likewise makes m5tion ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] --,greek-- z agree+ ) ! tradition ( ! ,hebrews47#c7 ,b its relation%ip to ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews becomes m cle> :5 ,!odoret /ates t ! ,naz>5es made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]17#c7 = we "k by ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs g5]ally t ! ,naz>5e ,gospel 0 t commonly call$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews --,greek--4 ,! same ,gospel 0 9 use among/ ! ,ebionites1 & 9 fact1 z almo/ all critics are agre$1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 "u v>i\s names1 su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 accord+ to ! ,apo/les1 ! ,naz>5es1 ,ebionites1 ,egyptians1 c1 ) modifications c]ta9ly1 b sub/antially ! same "w1 0 circulat$ v widely ?r\gh\t ! e>ly ,*ur*47#d7 ,a quotation occurs 9 ! #dbj s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,ignatius to ! ,smyrnaeans1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 :i* is said by ,orig5 to be 9 ! "w call$ ! doctr9e ( ,pet]7l7 --,greek--1 b ,j]ome /ates t x is tak5 f ! ,hebrew ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es47#b7 ,delitzs* f9ds traces ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews be=e a4d4 #acj 9 ! ,talmud47#c7 ,eusebius7#d7 in=ms u t ,papias n>rat$ a /ory reg>d+ a woman accus$ be=e ! ,"l ( _m s9s :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#e7 ,! same writ] likewise /ates t ,hegesippus1 :o came to ,rome & comm5c$ 8 public c>e] "u ,anicetus1 quot$ f ! same ,gospel47#f7 ,! evid5ce ( ?is anci5t & apo/olic man is v important1 = al?\gh he evid5tly atta*es great value to tradition1 does n seem to "k ( any canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t #dba &1 l ,ju/91 app>5tly reject$ ! ,apo/le ,paul17#a7 he /ill reg>d$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews ) respect1 & probably made exclusive use ( x4 ,! be/ critics consid] t ?is ,gospel 0 ! evangelical "w us$ by ! au?or ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies47#b7 ,c]9?us & ,c>pocrates made use ( a =m ( x17#c7 & !re is good reason to suppose t ,tatian1 l 8 ma/] ,ju/91 us$ ! same ,gospel3 inde$ 8 ,diatess>on1 we are told1 0 by "s call$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#d7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes x z an au?ority1 ) q ! same respect z ! o!r ,gospels4 ,he says3 ,s also 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews3 ',he :o wond]s %all reign1' x is writt51 '& he :o reigns %all re/4'7#e7 ,a =m ( ?is ,gospel1 accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 is quot$ 9 ! second ,epi/le ( pseudo-,clem5t ( ,rome1 z we are in=m$ by ! ,alex&rian #dbb ,clem5t1 :o likewise quotes ! same passage47#a7 ,orig5 frequ5tly made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews17#b7 & t x long enjoy$ great consid]ation 9 ! ,*ur* is prov$ by ! fact t ,!odoret f\nd x 9 circulation n only among h]etics1 b also among/ or?odox ,*ri/ian communities27#c7 & ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,eusebius records d\bts z to ! rank ( ?is ,gospel among/ ,*ri/ian books1 speak+ ( x "u ! second class 9 :i* "s reckon$ ! ,apocalypse ( ,john47#d7 ,lat] /ill ,j]ome translat$ x27#e7 :il/ ,nicephorus ins]ts x1 9 8 ,/i*ometry1 n among/ ! ,apocrypha1 b among/ ! ,antilegom5a1 or m]ely d\btful books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 along ) ! ,apocalypse ( ,john47#f7 ,eusebius be>s te/imony to ! value atta*$ to x by ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians17#g7 & inde$ he says ( ! ,ebionites t1 mak+ use only ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 !y took little acc\nt ( ! re/47#h7 ,9 su* repute 0 ?is ,gospel among/ ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian communities1 t x 0 g5]ally believ$ to be ! orig9al ( ! ,greek ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,ir5aeus /ates t ! ,ebionites us$ solely ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w & reject ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ass]t+ t he 0 an apo/ate f ! law47#i7 ,we "k f /atem5ts #dbc reg>d+ ! ,ebionites7#a7 t ?is ,gospel c\ld n h be5 our ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 & besides1 bo? ,clem5t7#b7 ( ,alex&ria & ,orig57#c7 call x ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,eusebius1 h[ev]1 /ill m cle>ly id5tifies x1 z we h se5 above4 ,repeat+ ! /atem5ts ( ,ir5aeus1 he says3 ,^! inde$ 7! ,ebionites7 ?\ght t all ! ,epi/les ( ! ,apo/le 7,paul7 %\ld be reject$1 call+ him an apo/ate f ! law2 mak+ use only ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 !y took little acc\nt ( ! re/47#d7 ,epiphanius calls bo? ! s+le ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites & ( ! ,naz>5es ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & also ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w17#e7 z does also ,!odoret7#f7 ,j]ome translat$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews bo? into ,greek & ,lat917#g7 & x is cle> t 8 belief 0 t ?is ,gospel1 a copy ( :i* he f\nd 9 ! libr>y collect$ at ,caes>ea by ! ,m>tyr ,pamphilus 7f #cji71 0 ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,mat!w2 & 9 support ( ?is view he po9ts out t x did n foll[ ! v]sion ( ! ,,lxx4 9 its quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b quot$ directly f ! ,hebrew47#h 7 ,an attempt has be5 made to argue #dbd t1 lat]1 ,j]ome became d\btful ( ?is view1 b x seems to u t ?is is n ! case1 & c]ta9ly ,j]ome 9 8 subsequ5t writ+s /ates t x 0 g5]ally held to be ! orig9al ( ,mat!w47#a7 ,t ?is ,gospel 0 n id5tical ) ! ,greek ,mat!w is evid5t bo? f ! quotations ( ,j]ome & o!rs1 & also f ! fact t ,j]ome consid]$ x wor? :ile to translate x twice4 ,if ! ,greek ,gospel _h be5 an accurate translation ( x1 ( c\rse !re c\ld n h be5 inducem5t to make ano!r47#b7 ,z we %all h]eaft] see1 ! belief 0 univ]sal 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* t ,mat!w wrote 8 ,gospel 9 ,hebrew4 ,attempts h be5 made to argue t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 fir/ writt5 9 ,greek & !n translat$ into ,hebrew17#c7 b ! reasons advanc$ seem q insuffici5t & arbitr>y17#d7 & x is contradict$ by ! :ole tradition ( ! ,fa!rs4 #dbe ,x is n necess>y = our purpose to ent] fully "h into ! "q ( ! exact relation ( our canonical ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w to ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,x is suffici5t = u to po9t out t we meet ) ! latt] be=e ,mat!w's ,gospel1 & t ! g5]al op9ion ( ! e>ly *ur* 0 t x 0 ! orig9al ( ! canonical ,gospel ,?is op9ion1 z ,s*wegl]7#a7 rem>ks1 is support$ by ! fact t tradition assigns ! orig9 ( bo? ,gospels to ,pale/9e1 & t bo? 7 int5d$ = ,jewi% ,*ri/ians & exclusively us$ by !m4 ,t ! two works1 h[ev] orig9ally relat$1 _h by subsequ5t manipulation become di/9ct1 al?\gh /ill amid/ mu* v>iation pres]v+ "s sub/antial aff9ity1 _c be d\bt$1 & 9 addition to evid5ce already cit$ we may po9t out t 9 ! ,/i*ometry ( ,nicephorus1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w is said to h #bejj --,greek--1 :il/ t accord+ to ! ,hebrews has only #bbjj47b7 ,:e!r ?is ,gospel =m$ "o ( ! writ+s ( ! --,greek-- ( ,luke x is n our purpose to inquire1 b en\gh has be5 said to prove t x 0 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t7#c7 #dbf & mo/ valu$ evangelical works1 & to %[ ! probability t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian liv+ among/ ^? :o are kn[n to h made exclusive use ( ?is ,gospel1 may well1 l 8 contempor>y ,hegesippus1 h us$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews2 & ?is probability is1 z we h se51 greatly /r5g!n$ by ! fact t _m ( 8 quotations agree ) passages :i* we "k to h be5 conta9$ 9 x2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 almo/ all diff] f our ,gospels1 pres5t+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 a great] aff9ity to ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 z we might expect1 ?an to ! o!r two4 ,x is cle> t ! title ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews _c h be5 its actual sup]scription1 b m]ely 0 a "n descriptive ( ! read]s = :om x 0 prep>$ or among/ :om x *iefly circulat$1 & x is mo/ probable t x orig9ally bore no o!r title ?an ,! ,gospel --,greek--1 to :i* 7 add$ ! diff]5t designations "u :i* we f9d x kn[n among/ diff]5t communities47#a7 ,we h already se5 t ,ju/9 speaks ( ,! ,gospel & seems to ref] to ! ,memoirs ( ,pet]1 bo? di/+ui%+ appellations ( ?is ,gospel1 b !re is ano!r ( ! names borne by ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* s+ul>ly recalls ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 by :i* ,ju/9 pref]s to call 8 evangelical "w4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,apo/les7#b7 #dbg --,greek--1 &1 9 %ort1 comp>+ ,ju/9's ,memoirs ) ?is ,gospel1 we f9d at once simil>ity ( cont5ts & ev5 ( "n47#a7 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 =7 ! purposes ( ?is exam9ation to dwell m fully ^u ! "q z to :at specific ,gospel n[ no long] extant ,ju/9 employ$4 ,we h %[n t !re is no evid5ce t he made use ( any ( our ,gospels1 & he _c1 !re=e1 be cit$ ev5 to prove _! exi/5ce1 & mu* less to atte/ ! au!nticity & "* ( records ^: au?ors he does n once "n4 ,on ! o!r h& x has be5 made evid5t t !re 7 o!r ,gospels1 n[ lo/ b :i* !n enjoy$ ! highe/ consid]ation1 f :i* 8 quotations might h be51 & probably 71 tak54 ,we h se5 t ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les conta9$ facts ( ,gospel hi/ory unkn[n to our ,gospels1 :i* 7 conta9$ 9 apocryphal works & notably 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews2 t !y fur!r conta9$ matt] contradictory to our ,gospels1 & say+s ( ,jesus n conta9$ 9 !m2 & t 8 quotations1 al?\gh s num]\s1 sy/ematically v>y f simil> passages 9 our ,gospels4 ,no !ory ( quotation f memory c satisfactorily acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a1 & ! reasonable conclusion is t ,ju/9 did n make use ( our ,gospels1 b quot$ f ano!r s\rce4 ,9 no case c ! te/imony ( ,ju/9 af=d ! requisite support to ! ,gospels z records ( miracles & ( a ,div9e ,revelation4 #dbi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hegesippus--,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis4 ,we n[ turn to ,hegesippus1 "o ( ! contempor>ies ( ,ju/91 &1 l him1 a ,pale/9ian ,jewi% ,*ri/ian4 ,mo/ ( our in=mation reg>d+ him is d]iv$ f ,eusebius1 :o =tunately gives r copi\s extracts f 8 writ+s4 ,hegesippus 0 born 9 ,pale/9e1 ( ,jewi% p>5ts17l7 & 9 all probability belong$ to ! primitive community ( ,j]usalem47#b7 ,9 ord] to make himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( ! ,*ur*1 he travell$ widely & came to ,rome :5 ,anicetus 0 ,bi%op4 ,subsequ5tly he wrote a "w ( hi/orical ,memoirs1 --,greek--1 9 five books1 & ?us became ! fir/ ecclesia/ical hi/orian ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is "w is lo/1 b portions h be5 pres]v$ to u by ,eusebius1 & "o o!r fragm5t is also extant4 ,x mu/ h be51 9 "p at lea/1 writt5 aft] ! succession ( ,eleu!rus to ! ,roman bi%opric 7a4d4 #agg-aic71 z t ev5t is m5tion$ 9 ! book itself1 & 8 te/imony is all[$ by all critics to date f an advanc$ p]iod ( ! second half ( ! second c5tury47#c7 #dcj ,! te/imony ( ,hegesippus is ( great value1 n only z t ( a man born ne> ! primitive ,*ri/ian tradition1 b also z t ( an intellig5t travell] among/ _m ,*ri/ian communities4 ,eusebius evid5tly held him 9 high e/imation z record+ ! un]r+ tradition ( ! ,apo/olic prea*+ 9 ! mo/ simple /yle ( composition17#a7 & z a writ] ( au?ority :o 0 contempor>y ) ! fir/ successors ( ! ,apo/les7#b7 --,greek--4 ,any indications1 !re=e1 :i* we may d]ive f in=mation reg>d+ him1 & f ! fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s :i* survive1 mu/ be ( peculi> importance = our inquiry4 ,z might h be5 expect$ f a conv]t f ,judaism7#c7 --,greek--1 we f9d 9 ,hegesippus manife/ evid5ces ( g5]al t5d5cy to ! ,jewi% side ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= him1 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 0 ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les1 & he /ates t he _h receiv$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus47#d7 ,! acc\nt :i* he gives ( him is rem>kable4 ,he 0 holy f 8 mo!rs womb4 ,he drank nei!r w9e nor /rong dr9k1 nor ate he any liv+ ?+4 ,a razor nev] w5t ^u 8 head1 he ano9t$ n himself ) #dca oil1 & did n use a ba?4 ,he alone 0 all[$ to ent] into ! ,holies4 ,= he did n we> wooll5 g>m5ts1 b l954 ,& he alone ent]$ into ! ,sanctu>y & 0 wont to be f\nd ^u 8 knees seek+ =giv5ess on behalf ( ! p2 s t 8 knees became h>d l a camel's1 ?r\gh 8 con/ant kneel+ 9 supplication to ,god1 & ask+ = =giv5ess = ! p4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 exce$+ great righte\sness he 0 call$ ,righte\s & ',oblias1' t is1 ,protector ( ! p & ,righte\sness1 z ! prophets decl>e conc]n+ him17#a7 & s on4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 acc\nt ( ,james1 ,hegesippus describes him z a m]e ,jew1 & z frequ5t+ ! temple1 & ev5 ent]+ ! ,holy ( ,holies z a ,jewi% ,high ,prie/4 ,:e!r ! acc\nt be apocryphal or n is ( little consequ5ce "h2 x is cle> t ,hegesippus sees no incongruity 9 x1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,jew & ! ,*ri/ian 0 extremely small4 ,! head ( ! ,*ri/ian community c\ld assume all ! duties ( ! ,jewi% ,high-,prie/17#b7 & 8 ,*ri/ian doctr9es did n (f5d m ?an a small p>ty among/ ! ,jews47#c7 ,we are n1 !re=e1 surpris$ to f9d t 8 rule --,greek-- ( or?odoxy 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities #dcb :i* he visit$1 0 ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,"l4 ,speak+ ( ! result ( 8 obs]vations dur+ 8 travels1 & ( ! succession ( ,bi%ops 9 ,rome1 he says3 ,! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* has cont9u$ 9 ! true fai? until ,primus1 n[ ,bi%op ( ,cor9?4 ,i conv]s$ ) him on my voyage to ,rome1 & /ay$ _m days ) ! ,cor9?ians1 dur+ :i* "t we 7 refre%$ toge!r ) true doctr9e4 ,arriv$ 9 ,rome ,i compos$ ! succession until ,anicetus1 ^: deacon 0 ,eleu!rus4 ,aft] ,anicetus succe$$ ,sot]1 & aft]w>ds ,eleu!rus4 ,b ) e succession1 & 9 e city1 t prevails :i* ! ,law1 & ! ,prophets1 & ! ,"l enjo947#a7 ,! te/ ( true doctr9e --,greek-- ) ,hegesippus z ) ,ju/91 !re=e1 is no ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 :i* does n yet exi/ = him1 b ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! only ,holy ,scriptures :i* he ackn[l$ges1 & ! words ( ! ,"l himself17#c7 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians l ,ju/91 7 held to be e/abli%$ by1 & 9 direct con=mity )1 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he c>efully transmits ! un]r+ tradition ( apo/olic prea*+ --,greek--1 b he app>5tly kn[s no?+ ( any canonical s]ies ev5 ( apo/olic epi/les4 ,! c>e ) :i* ,eusebius se>*es = in=mation reg>d+ ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 e>ly writ]s1 & 8 anxiety to produce any evid5ce conc]n+ _! composition & au!nticity1 r5d] 8 sil5ce ^u ! subject almo/ z important z 8 di/9ct #dcc utt]ance :5 speak+ ( su* a man z ,hegesippus47#a7 ,n[1 :ile ,eusebius does n m5tion t ,hegesippus ref]s to any ( our ,canonical ,gospels or ,epi/les1 he v di/9ctly /ates t he made use 9 8 writ+s ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews --,greek--4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to give 8 rem>ks 9 a consecutive =m4 ,he sets =? "s matt]s f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews & ! ,syriac1 & p>ticul>ly f ! ,hebrew language1 %[+ t he 0 a conv]t f among ! ,hebrews1 & o!r ?+s he records z f unwritt5 ,jewi% tradition4 ,& n only he1 b also ,ir5aeus1 & ! :ole body ( ! anci5ts1 call$ ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon3 all-virtu\s ,wisdom4 ,& reg>d+ ! s-call$ ,apocrypha1 he /ates t "s ( !m _h be5 =g$ 9 8 own "t by c]ta9 h]etics47#b7 ,x is c]ta9 t ,eusebius1 :o quotes ) s mu* c>e ! te/imony ( ,papias1 a man ( :om he speaks disp>ag+ly1 reg>d+ ! composition ( ! fir/ two ,gospels1 w\ld n h neglect$ to h avail$ himself ( ! evid5ce ( ,hegesippus1 = :om he has s mu* respect1 _h t writ] furni%$ him ) any opportunity1 & !re c be no d\bt t he f\nd no facts conc]n+ ! orig9 & au?or%ip ( our ,gospels 9 8 writ+s4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 reasonable to inf] t ,hegesippus exclusively made use ( ! #dcd ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 toge!r ) unwritt5 tradition47#a7 ,9 ! passage reg>d+ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 z ev5 ,l>dn]7#b7 conjectures1 ! text ( ,eusebius is 9 all probability confus$1 & he d\btless said :at ,j]ome lat] f\nd to be ! fact1 t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews is writt5 9 ! ,*aldaic & ,syriac 7or ,syro-,*aldaic7 language1 b ) ,hebrew *>act]s47#c7 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,ruf9us translates x4 ,x may n be inappropriate to po9t out t fragm5ts ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 %[ ! same t5d5cy to give "s pre-em95ce to ,james among/ ! ,apo/les :i* we obs]ve 9 ,hegesippus47#d7 ,x has be5 argu$ by a few t ! words1 & reg>d+ ! s-call$ ,apocrypha1 he /ates t "s ( !m _h be5 =g$ 9 8 own times by c]ta9 h]etics1 are contradictory to 8 attribut+ au?ority to ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or at lea/ t !y indicate "s di/9ction among/ ,*ri/ians betwe5 recogniz$ & apocryphal works4 ,! apocryphal works ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 are cle>ly ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha47#e7 ,! words are introduc$ by ! /atem5t t ,hegesippus records matt]s z f unwritt5 ,jewi% tradition1 & !n proce$s1 & #dce n only he1 b also ,ir5aeus & ! :ole body ( ! anci5ts1 call$ ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon3 all-virtu\s ,wisdom4 ,!n foll[ ! words1 ,& ) reg>d to ! s-call$ ,apocrypha1 c1 c1 evid5tly pass+ f ! "w j m5tion$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha1 sev]al ( :i* /& also 9 ! "n ( ,solomon1 & x is n improbable t among/ ^! 7 includ$ ! ,asc5sio ,esaiae & ! ,apocalypsis ,eliae1 to :i* is ref]r$ a passage :i* ,hegesippus1 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ by ,photius17#a7 /rongly repudiates4 ,z ,hegesippus does n1 s f> z we "k1 m5tion any canonical "w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b takes z 8 rule ( fai? ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! words ( ! ,"l1 probably z he f9ds !m 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 quotes also ,jewi% tradition & discusses ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 ! only possible conclusion at :i* we c reasonably arrive is t he spoke ( ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t ,eusebius w\ld h record$ 8 repudiation ( ,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha1 reg>d+ :i* he s c>efully collects in=mation1 & 8 consequ5t recognition ( ,new ,te/am5t ,canonical works impli$ 9 su* a di/9ction4 ,we mu/ n[ see h[ f> 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! works ( ,hegesippus :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u !re are ref]5ces to assi/ our inquiry4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( c]ta9 surviv+ memb]s ( ! family ( ,jesus1 :o 7 br\ght be=e ,domitian1 ,hegesippus says3 ,= ,domitian fe>$ ! appe>+ ( ! ,*ri/ z mu* z ,h]od47#b7 ,x has be5 argu$ t ?is #dcf may be an allusion to ! massacre ( ! *ildr5 by ,h]od relat$ 9 ,matt ii41 m especially z x is d\btful t ! p>allel acc\nt to t conta9$ 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ! fir/ ,gospel exi/$ 9 ! olde/ =ms ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#a7 ,b ! tradition :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 our fir/ ,synoptic may h =m$ "p ( _m o!r evangelical works1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 & c]ta9ly _c be claim$ ) reason exclusively = t ,gospel4 ,?is argum5t1 !re=e1 has no weight :atev]1 & x obvi\sly re/s ^u ! vague/ conjecture4 ,! pr9cipal passages :i* apologi/s7#b7 adduce z ref]5ces to our ,gospels occur 9 ! acc\nt :i* ,hegesippus gives ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,james ! ,j4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! reply :i* ,james is said to h giv5 to ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees3 ,:y d ye ask me conc]n+ ,jesus ! ,son ( ,man8 ,he sits 9 heav5 on ! "r h& ( great p[]1 & is ab\t to come on ! cl\ds ( heav547#c7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd3 ,f ?is "t ye %all see ! ,son ( ,man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[] & com+ on ! cl\ds ( heav547#d7 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out ! v>iations betwe5 ^! two passages1 :i* are obvi\s4 ,if we _h n ! direct intimation t ,hegesippus made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* no d\bt conta9$ ?is passage1 x w\ld be app>5t t a man :o valu$ tradition #dcg s highly might well h d]iv$ ?is & o!r passages f t s\rce4 ,?is is precisely "o ( ^? say+s :i* 7 mo/ curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ^: hope & c\rage 7 su/a9$ amid p]secution & suff]+ by su* ,*ilia/ic expectations1 ) :i* accord+ to ! apo/olic injunction !y com=t$ ea* o!r47#a7 ,9 any case ! words d n agree ) ! passage 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 & z we h already e/abli%$1 ev5 p]fect agreem5t w\ld n "u ! circum/ances be suffici5t evid5ce t ! quotation is f t ,gospel1 & n f ano!r2 b ) su* discrepancy1 )\t any evid5ce :atev] t ,hegesippus knew any?+ ( our ,gospels1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ) ! k t he made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 we mu/ decide t any su* passages mu/ r be d]iv$ f x ?an f our ,gospels4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say any?+ reg>d+ ! phrase3 = we & all ! p te/ify to !e t ?\ art j & t ?\ respecte/ n p]sons47#b7 ,canon ,we/cott po9ts out t --,greek-- only occurs 9 ,luke xx4 #ba1 & ,galatians ii4 #f27c7 b ! simil>ity ( ?is s+le phrase1 :i* is n giv5 z a quotation1 b 9 a hi/orical =m put into ! m\? ( ^? :o are address+ ,james1 _c = a mom5t be accept$ z evid5ce ( a k ( ,luke4 ,! episode ( ! tribute money is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! olde/ =m ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 & al?\gh ! o!r two ,synoptics7#d7 read --,greek-- = --,greek--1 !re is #dch no gr\nd = ass]t+ t "s ( ! --,greek-- :o prec$$ ,luke did n use ! latt] =m1 & z little = ass]t+ t x did n s /&1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,! employm5t ( ! same expression 9 ! ,epi/le1 moreov]1 at once deprives ! ,gospel ( any individuality 9 its use4 ,hegesippus repres5ts ! dy+ ,james z kneel+ d[n & pray+ = ^? :o 7 /on+ him3 ,i besee* 7!e71 ,"l ,god ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d --,greek--47#a7 ,?is is comp>$ ) ! pray] :i* ,luke7#b7 puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus on ! cross3 ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d --,greek--1 & x is assum$ f ?is p>tial co9cid5ce t ,hegesippus 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ?ird ( our canonical ,gospels4 ,we are surpris$ to see an able & accompli%$ critic l ,hilg5feld adopt+ su* a conclusion )\t ei!r exam9ation or argum5t ( any k9d47#c7 ,su* a d$uction is totally unw>rant$ by ! facts ( ! case1 & if ! p>tial agreem5t ( a passage 9 su* a ,fa!r ) a hi/orical expression 9 a ,gospel :i*1 alone out ( _m previ\sly exi/5t1 has come d[n to u c be consid]$ evid5ce ( ! acqua9tance ( ! ,fa!r ) t p>ticul> ,gospel1 ! function ( criticism is at an end4 ,x may "h be obs]v$ t ! above passage ( ,luke xxiii4 #cd is omitt$ altoge!r f ! ,vatican ,,ms4 & ,codex ,d 7,bezse71 & 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus #dci its position is ( a v d\btful "*47#a7 ,! ,codex ,alex&r9us :i* conta9s x omits ! ^w --,greek--47#b7 ,luke's ,gospel 0 av[$ly compos$ aft] _m o!r simil> works 7 already 9 exi/5ce1 & we "k f our ,synoptics h[ closely su* writ+s (t5 foll[$ ea* o!r1 & drew f ! same s\rces47#c7 ,if any hi/orical "* is conc$$ to ?is pray] ( ,jesus x is natural to suppose t x mu/ h be5 giv5 9 at lea/ "s ( ^! num]\s ,gospels :i* h un=tunately p]i%$4 ,no "o c\ld reasonably ass]t t our ?ird ,gospel is ! only "o :i* ev] conta9$ ! passage4 ,x w\ld be prepo/]\s to affirm1 = in/ance1 t x did n exi/ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* ,hegesippus employ$4 ,on ! supposition t ! passage is hi/orical1 :i* apologi/s at lea/ w n dispute1 :at c\ld be m natural or probable ?an t su* a pray]1 emanat+ f ! inn]mo/ s\l ( ,jesus17#d7 %\ld h be5 adopt$ "u simil> circum/ances by ,james 8 bro!r & successor1 :o c]ta9ly c\ld n h d]iv$ x f ,luke4 ,! tradition ( su* words1 express+ s mu* ( ! orig9al _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 sett+ aside = ! mom5t writt5 #ddj ,gospels1 c\ld sc>cely fail to h rema9$ fre% 9 ! m9d ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & m especially 9 ! primitive community among/ :om !y 7 utt]$1 & ( :i* ,hegesippus 0 himself a lat] memb]2 & !y w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 treasur$ by "o :o 0 s c>eful a collector & transmitt] ( ! un]r+ tradition ( ! apo/olic prea*+4 ,no say+ is m likely to h be5 pres]v$ by tradition1 bo? f its own "*1 brevity1 & orig91 & f ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 utt]$1 & !re c be no reason = limit+ x among/ writt5 records to ,luke's ,gospel4 ,! omission ( ! pray] f v important codices ( ,luke fur!r weak5s ! claim ( t ,gospel to ! passage4 ,beyond ^! g5]al consid]ations1 h[ev]1 !re is ! important & und\bt$ fact t ! pray] :i* ,hegesippus repres5ts ,james z utt]+ does n actually agree ) ! pray] ( ,jesus 9 ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,s f> f prov+ ! use ( ,luke1 !re=e1 ?is m]ely fragm5t>y & p>tial agreem5t1 on ! contr>y1 r proves t he did n "k t ,gospel1 = on ! supposition ( 8 mak+ use ( ! ?ird ,synoptic at all = su* a purpose1 & n simply giv+ ! pray] :i* ,james may 9 reality h utt]$1 :y did he n quote ! pray] z he actually f\nd x 9 ,luke8 ,we h /ill to consid] a fragm5t ( ,hegesippus pres]v$ to u by ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 a le>n$ monophysite ( ! six? c5tury1 :i* reads z foll[s3 ,t ! good ?+s prep>$ = ! righte\s nei!r eye saw1 nor e> he>d1 nor ent]$ !y into ! he>t ( man4 ,hegesippus1 h[ev]1 an anci5t & apo/olic man1 h[ mov$ ,i "k n1 says 9 ! fif? book ( 8 ,memoirs t ^! words are va9ly #dda spok51 & t ^? :o say ^! ?+s give ! lie to ! div9e writ+s & to ! ,"l say+3 ',bless$ are y\r eyes t see1 & y\r c>s t he>1' c4 --,greek--47#a7 ,we believe t we h "h an expression ( ! /rong prejudice aga9/ ! ,apo/le ,paul & 8 tea*+ :i* cont9u$ = s long to prevail among/ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & :i* is app>5t 9 _m writ+s ( t p]iod47#b7 ,! quotation ( ,paul1 #a ,cor9?ians ii4 #i1 diff]s mat]ially f ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! passage 9 ,isaiah lxiv4 #d1 &1 z we h se51 ! same passage quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,rome17#c7 diff]s bo? f ! v]sion ( ! ,,lxx'4 & f ! ,epi/le1 al?\gh clos] to ! =m]4 ,j]ome h[ev] f\nd ! passage 9 ! apocryphal "w call$ ,asc5sio ,isaiae17#d7 & ,orig51 ,j]ome1 & o!rs likewise ascribe x to ! ,apocalypsis ,eliae47#e7 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n conc]n u "h1 & we h m]ely to exam9e ! say+ ( ! ,"l1 :i* ,hegesippus opposes to ! passage3 ,bless$ are y\r eyes t see & y\r e>s t he>4 ,?is is comp>$ ) ,matt4 xiii4 #af1 ,b bless$ are y\r eyes1 = !y see1 & y\r e>s1 = !y he> --,greek--1 & also ) ,luke x4 #bc1 ,bless$ are ! eyes :i* see ! ?+s t ye see1 c4 ,we ne$ n po9t out t ! say+ ref]r$ to by ,hegesippus1 :il/ convey+ ! #ddb same s5se z t 9 ! two ,gospels1 diff]s z mat]ially f !m bo? z !y d f ea* o!r1 & z we might expect a quotation tak5 f a diff]5t ?\gh k9dr$ s\rce1 l ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 to d4 ,! :ole ( ! passages :i* we h exam9$1 inde$1 exhibit ! same natural v>iation4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! expressions ( ,hegesippus reg>d+ ! h]esies 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*3 ,f ^! sprang ! false ,*ri/s1 & false prophets1 & false apo/les :o divid$ ! unity ( ! ,*ur* by corrupt+ doctr9es conc]n+ ,god & 8 ,*ri/47#a7 ,we h %[n h[ ?is recalls quotations 9 ,ju/9 ( say+s ( ,jesus =eign to our ,gospels1 9 common ) simil> expressions 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies17#b7 ,apo/olic ,con/itutions17#c7 & ,clem5t9e ,recognitions17#d7 & we ne$ n discuss ! matt] fur!r4 ,?is community ( ref]5ce1 9 a circle kn[n to h made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 to matt]s =eign to our ,synoptics1 furni%es collat]al illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( t ,gospel4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o s eag]ly se>*es = e trace1 real or imag9>y1 ( ! use ( our ,gospels & ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 passes ov] 9 sil5ce1 ) ! exception ( a %ort note7#e7 devot$ to ! d5ial t ,hegesippus 0 oppos$ to ,paul1 ?is fir/ writ] ( ,*ri/ian ,*ur* hi/ory1 ^: evid5ce1 c\ld x h be5 adduc$1 w\ld h be5 s valuable4 ,he does n pret5d t ,hegesippus made use ( ! ,canonical ,gospels1 or knew ( any o!r ,holy ,scriptures #ddc ?an ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he does n m5tion t he possess$1 & quot$ f1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t ,hegesippus f\nd a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon 9 any ( ! ,*ri/ian communities :i* he visit$1 & su* a rule ( fai? c]ta9ly did n yet exi/ 9 ,rome 9 a4d4 #afj-agj47a7 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] to %[ t ,hegesippus recogniz$ any o!r evangelical "w ?an ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 z ! writt5 s\rce ( 8 k ( ! words ( ! ,"l47#b7 #b4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias is ( great int]e/ & importance 9 connection ) our inquiry1 inasmu* z he is ! fir/ ecclesia/ical writ] :o m5tions ! tradition t ,mat!w & ,m>k compos$ writt5 records ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus2 b no "q has be5 m cont9u\sly conte/$ ?an t ( ! id5tity ( ! works to :i* he ref]s ) our actual ,canonical ,gospels4 ,papias 0 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 9 ,phrygia17#c7 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 & is said to h suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius ab\t a4d4 #afd-afg47d7 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury7#e7e he wrote a "w 9 five books1 entitl$ #ddd ,exposition ( ! ,"l's ,oracles 7l7 --,greek--1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( a few fragm5ts pres]v$ to u *iefly by ,eusebius & ,ir5aeus1 is un=tunately1 no long] extant4 ,9 ! preface to 8 book he /at$3 ,b ,i %all n hesitate also to set beside my int]pretations all t ,i rightly le>nt f ! ,presbyt]s1 & rightly rememb]$1 e>ne/ly te/ify+ to _! tru?4 ,= ,i 0 n1 l ! multitude1 tak+ pleasure 9 ^? :o speak mu*1 b 9 ^? :o tea* ! tru?1 nor 9 ^? :o relate ali5 comm&m5ts1 b 9 ^? :o record ^? deliv]$ by ! ,"l to ! fai?1 & :i* come f ! tru? itself4 ,if x happ5$ t any "o came :o _h foll[$ ! ,presbyt]s1 ,i inquir$ m9utely aft] ! words ( ! ,presbyt]s1 :at ,&rew or :at ,pet] said1 or :at ,philip or :at ,?omas or ,james1 or :at ,john or ,mat!w1 or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say1 = ,i held t :at 0 to be d]iv$ f books did n s pr(it me z t f ! liv+ & abid+ voice7#b74 --,greek-- ,x is cle> f ?is t ,papias pref]r$ tradition to any writt5 works ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 t he atta*$ little or #dde no value to any ,gospels ) :i* he _h met17#a7 & t he knew absolutely no?+ ( ,canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47#b7 ,8 "w 0 evid5tly int5d$ to furni% a collection ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus complet$ f oral tradition1 ) 8 own expositions1 & ?is is pla9ly indicat$ bo? by 8 own words1 & by ! /atem5ts ( ,eusebius :o1 among/ o!r ?+s1 m5tions t ,papias sets =? /range p>ables ( ! ,savi\r & tea*+s ( 8 f unwritt5 tradition --,greek--47#c7 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y to discuss m closely ! nature ( ! "w1 = !re is no d\bt t writt5 collections ( disc\rses ( ,jesus exi/$ be=e x 0 compos$ ( :i* x is probable he made use4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! "w ( ,papias :i* is pres]v$ to u is t relat+ to ,mat!w & #a ,) ref]5ce to ! la/ s5t5ce ( ,papias1 ,tes*5dorf asks3 ,:at books does he ref] to "h1 p]haps our ,gospels 8 ,accord+ to ! expression ?is is n impossible1 b f ! :ole "* ( ! book 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 7,wann wurd51 u4 s4 w4t p4 #aji47 ,we "k little or no?+ ( ! :ole "* ( ! book1 & :at we d "k is contradictory to our ,gospels4 ,! natural & only reasonable c\rse is to believe ! express decl>ation ( ,papias1 m especially z x is made1 9 ?is in/ance1 z a prefatory /atem5t ( 8 belief4 #ddf ,m>k4 ,aft] /at+ t ,papias _h ins]t$ 9 8 book acc\nts ( ,jesus giv5 by ,ari/ion1 ( :om no?+ is kn[n1 & by ! ,presbyt] ,john1 ,eusebius proce$s to extract a tradition reg>d+ ,m>k communicat$ by ! latt]4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy z to ! id5tity ( ! ,presbyt] ,john1 "s affirm+ him to h be5 ! ,apo/le17#a7 b ! great majority ( critics decid+ t he 0 a totally diff]5t p]son47#b7 ,ir5seus1 :o1 %>+ ! ,*ilia/ic op9ions ( ,papias1 held him 9 high respect1 boldly calls him ! he>] ( ,john 7mean+ ! ,apo/le7 & a companion ( ,polyc>p --,greek--7#c7 b ?is is expressly contradict$ by ,eusebius1 :o po9ts out t1 9 ! preface to 8 book1 ,papias by no means ass]ts t he 0 himself a he>] ( ! ,apo/les1 b m]ely t he receiv$ _! doctr9es f ^? :o _h p]sonally kn[n !m27#c7 & aft] mak+ ! quotation f ,papias :i* we h giv5 #ddg above1 he goes on to po9t out t ! "n ( ,john is twice m5tion$1 once toge!r ) ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,mat!w1 & ! o!r ,apo/les1 evid5tly ! ,evangeli/1 & ! o!r ,john he m5tions sep>ately1 rank+ him among/ ^? :o are n ,apo/les1 & plac+ ,ari/ion be=e him1 di/+ui%+ him cle>ly by ! "n ( ,presbyt]47#a7 ,he fur!r ref]s to ! /atem5t ( ! great ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 ,dionysius17#b7 t at ,ephesus !re 7 two tombs1 ea* be>+ ! "n ( ,john1 !reby lead+ to ! inf]5ce t !re 7 two m5 ( ! "n47#c7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,papias himself 9 ! passage quot$ m5tions two p]sons ( ! "n ( ,john1 di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r1 & class+ ! "o among/ ! ,apo/les & ! o!r aft] ,ari/ion1 an unkn[n disciple ( ! ,"l1 &1 b = ! phrase ( ,ir5aeus1 s *>act]i/ically uncritical & assumptive1 !re probably nev] w\ld h be5 any d\bt rais$ z to ! mean+ ( ! passage4 ,! "q is n ( importance to u1 & we may leave x1 ) ! rem>k t a writ] :o suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 c4 a4d4 #afe1 c sc>cely h be5 a he>] ( ! ,apo/les47#d7 ,! acc\nt :i* ! ,presbyt] ,john is said to h #ddh giv5 ( ,m>k's ,gospel is z foll[s3 ',?is also ! ,presbyt] said3 ,m>k hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote accurately :atev] he rememb]$1 ?\gh he did n arrange 9 ord] ! ?+s :i* 7 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/4 ,= he nei!r he>d ! ,"l1 nor foll[$ him2 b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said17#a7 accompani$ ,pet]1 :o adapt$ 8 tea*+ to ! occasion1 & n z mak+ a consecutive record ( ! ,"l's oracles4 ,m>k1 !re=e1 committ$ no error 9 ?us writ+ d[n "s ?+s z he rememb]$ !m4 ,= ( "o po9t he 0 c>eful1 to omit none ( ! ?+s :i* he he>d1 & n to n>rate any ( !m falsely4' ,^! facts ,papias relates conc]n+ ,m>k47#b7 ,! "q to decide is1 :e!r ! "w "h describ$ is our ,canonical ,gospel or n4 ,! fir/ po9t 9 ?is acc\nt is ! /atem5t t ,m>k 0 ! int]pret] ( ,pet] --,greek--4 ,0 he m]ely ! secret>y ( ! ,apo/le writ+ 9 a mann] f 8 dictation1 or does ! passage mean t he translat$ ! ,aramaic n>rative ( ,pet] into #a ,dr4 ,lightfoot 7,contemp4 ,bev41 #ahge1 p4 #hdb71 9 ! c\rse ( a highly fanciful argum5t says1 9 ref]5ce to ?is z ,i said3 ,x is q cle> t ,papias _h already said some?+ ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/ ,m>k previ\sly to ! extract :i* gives an acc\nt ( ! ,second ,gospel1 = he !re ref]s back to a prec$+ notice4 ,x is q cle> t he ref]s back1 b only to ! prec$+ s5t5ce 9 :i* he _h already said some?+ ( ! relations 9 /at+ ! fact t3 ,m>k1 hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote1 c4 #ddi ,greek87#a7 ,! =m] is ! m probable supposition & t :i* is mo/ g5]ally adopt$1 b ! "q is n mat]ial "h4 ,! connection ( ,pet] ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k 0 g5]ally affirm$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 z 0 also t ( ,paul ) ! ?ird ,gospel1#b ) ! evid5t purpose ( claim+ apo/olic orig9 = all ! ,canonical ,gospels47#c7 ,ir5aeus says3 ,aft] _! decease 7,pet] & ,paul71 ,m>k ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet] deliv]$ to1 u 9 writ+ t :i* _h be5 prea*$ by ,pet]47#d7 ,eusebius quotes a simil> tradition f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 embelli%$ h[ev] ) fur!r p>ticul>s4 ,he says3 444 ,! cause = :i* ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k 0 writt5 0 ?is3 ,:5 ,pet] _h publicly prea*$ ! ^w at ,rome1 & proclaim$ ! ,gospel by ! ,_s1 ^? :o 7 pres5t be+ _m1 reque/$ ,m>k1 z he _h foll[$ him f af> & rememb]$ :at he _h said1 to write d[n :at he _h spok52 & :5 he _h compos$ ! ,gospel1 he gave x to ^? :o _h ask$ x ( him2 :i* :5 ,pet] knew he nei!r absolutely h9d]$ nor enc\rag$ x997#e7 ,t]tullian repeats ! same tradition4 ,he says3 #dej ,& ! ,gospel :i* ,m>k publi%$ may be affirm$ to be ,pet]'s1 ^: int]pret] ,m>k 04444 = x may rightly appe> t works :i* disciples publi% are ( _! ma/]s47l7 ,we h x aga9 f ,orig53 ,! second 7,gospel7 is accord+ to ,m>k1 writt5 z ,pet] direct$ him47#b7 ,eusebius gives a m detail$ & advanc$ v]sion ( ! same tradition4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 did ! effulg5ce ( piety illum9ate ! m9ds ( ^? 7,romans7 :o he>d ,pet]1 t x did n cont5t !m to he> b once1 nor to receive only ! unwritt5 doctr9e ( ! div9e tea*+1 b ) reit]at$ entreaties !y bes\ght ,m>k1 to :om ! ,gospel is ascrib$1 z ! companion ( ,pet]1 t he %\ld leave !m a writt5 record ( ! doctr9e ?us orally convey$4 ,nor did !y cease _! entreaties until !y _h p]suad$ ! man1 & ?us became ! cause ( ! writ+ ( ! ,gospel call$ accord+ to ,m>k4 ,!y say1 moreov]1 t ! ,apo/le 7,pet]7 hav+ become aw>e1 ?r\gh revelation to him ( ! ,_s1 ( :at _h be5 done1 0 delight$ ) ! ard\r ( ! m51 & ratifi$ ! "w 9 ord] t x might be read 9 ! *ur*es4 ,?is n>rative is giv5 by ,clem5t 9 ! six? book ( 8 ,in/itutions1 ^: te/imony is support$ by t ( ,papias1 ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis47#c7 #dea ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,clem5t1 h[ev]1 by no means conta9$ ^! details1 z we h se54 ,9 8 ,demon/ration ( ! ,gospel ,eusebius1 ref]r+ to ! same tradition1 affirms t x 0 ! mode/y ( ,pet] :i* prev5t$ 8 writ+ a ,gospel himself47#a7 ,j]ome almo/ repeats ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ,eusebius3 ,m>k1 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet]1 be+ entreat$ by ! bre?r5 ( ,rome1 wrote a %ort ,gospel accord+ to :at he _h receiv$ f ,pet]1 :i* :5 ,pet] he>d1 he approv$1 & gave 8 au?ority = its be+ read 9 ! ,*ur*es1 z ,clem5t writes 9 ! six? book ( 8 ,in/itutions17#c7 c4 ,j]ome moreov] says t ,pet] _h ,m>k = an int]pret]1 ^: ,gospel 0 compos$3 ,pet] n>rat+ & he writ+ 7cujus evangelium ,petro n>rante et illo scrib5te compositum e/747#c7 ,x is evid5t t all ^! writ]s m]ely repeat ) v>iations ! tradition reg>d+ ! fir/ two ,gospels :i* ,papias orig9at$4 ,ir5aeus dates ! writ+ ( ,m>k aft] ! dea? ( ,pet] & ,paul 9 ,rome4 ,clem5t describes ,m>k z writ+ dur+ ,pet]'s life1 ! ,apo/le pres]v+ absolute neutrality4 ,by ! "t ( ,eusebius1 h[ev]1 ! tradition has acquir$ new & miracul\s elem5ts & a m decid$ "*--,pet] is made aw>e ( ! und]tak+ ( ,m>k ?r\gh a revelation ( ! ,_s1 & in/ead ( be+ neutral is delight$ & l5ds ! "w ! weight ( 8 au?ority4 ,eusebius ref]s to ,clem5t & ,papias z giv+ ! same acc\nt1 :i* !y d #deb n1 h[ev]1 & ,j]ome m]ely repeats ! /ory ( ,eusebius )\t nam+ him1 & ! tradition :i* he _h embelli%$ ?us becomes endors$ & p]petuat$4 ,su* is ! gr[? ( tradition27l7 x is impossible to ov]look ! my?ical "* ( ! in=mation we possess z to ! orig9 ( ! second ,canonical ,gospel47#b7 ,9 a ,gospel s completely inspir$ by ,pet] z ! tradition ( ,papias & ( ! e>ly ,*ur* indicates1 we may reasonably expect to f9d unmi/akable traces ( ,petr9e influ5ce1 b on exam9ation x w be se5 t ^! are totally want+47#c7 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* did n fail to rem>k ?is s+ul> discrepancy betwe5 ! ,gospel & ! tradition ( its dep5d5ce on ,pet]1 & 9 reply ,eusebius adopts an apologetic tone47#d7 ,= in/ance1 9 ! brief acc\nt ( ! call+ ( ,simon 9 #a ,a simil> discrepancy ( tradition is to be obs]v$ z to ! place 9 :i* ! ,gospel 0 writt51 ,ir5aeus & o!rs dat+ x f ,rome1 & o!rs 7z ,*ryso/om1 9 ,mat?4 ,homil41 i471 assign+ x to ,egypt4 ,inde$ "s ,,mss4 ( ! second ,gospel h ! words --,greek-- 9 accordance ) ?is tradition z to its orig94 ,cf4 ,s*olz1 ,e9l4 ,n4 ,t41 i4 p4 #bja4 ,v>i\s critics h argu$ = its composition at ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 & ,antio*4 ,we d n g into ! discussion z to :e!r ,pet] ev] 0 9 ,rome4 #dec ,m>k1 ! di/+ui%+ addition3 call$ ,pet]1 ( ! fir/ ,gospel is omitt$17#a7 & /ill m notably ! :ole n>rative ( ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es1 :i* gives ! ev5t su* prom95ce 9 ! ?ird ,gospel47#b7 ,9 ,mat!w1 ,jesus goes into ! h\se ( ,pet] to cure 8 wife's "m ( a fev]1 :il/ 9 ,m>k x is into ! h\se ( ,simon & ,&rew1 ! less hon\rable "n be+ /ill cont9u$47#c7 ,mat!w comm5ces ! catalogue ( ! twelve by ! po9t$ indication3 ,! fir/1 ,simon1 :o is call$ ,pet]17#d7 ?us giv+ him prec$5ce1 :il/ ,m>k m]ely says3 ,& ,simon he surnam$ ,pet]47#e7 ,! important episode ( ,pet]'s walk+ on ! sea1 ( ! fir/ ,gospel17#f7 is altoge!r ignor$ by ,m>k4 ,! en?usia/ic decl>ation ( ,pet]3 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/17#g7 is only foll[$ by ! *ill+ injunction to tell no "o1 9 ! second ,gospel17#h7 :il/ ,mat!w n only gives great] prom95ce to ! decl>ation ( ,pet]1 b gives ! reply ( ,jesus3 ,bless$ art ?\1 ,simon ,b>-jona1 c1--( :i* ,m>k app>5tly kn[s no?+1--& !n proce$s to ! mo/ important episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,apo/le1 ! celebrat$ words by :i* ! surname ( ,pet] 0 conf]r$ ^u him3 ,& ,i say unto !e1 t ?\ art ,pet]1 & ^u ?is rock w ,i build my ,*ur*1 c47#i7 ,! ,gospel suppos$ to be inspir$ by ,pet]1 h[ev]1 totally omits ?is mo/ important passage2 z x also does ! miracle ( ! f9d+ ! tribute money 9 ! fi%'s m\?1 n>rat$ by ! fir/ ,gospel47#aj7 ,luke /ates t ,pet] #ded & ,john are s5t to prep>e ! ,passov]1 :il/ ,m>k has only two disciples27#a7 & 9 ! acc\nt ( ! la/ ,supp]1 ,luke gives ! address ( ,jesus to ,pet]3 ,simon1 ,simon1 behold ,satan ha? desir$ to h y 7all7 t he may sift y z :eat2 b ,i h pray$ = !e t ?y fai? fail n2 & :5 ?\ art conv]t$1 /r5g!n ?y bre?r547#b7 ,( ?is ,m>k does n say a ^w4 ,aga91 aft] ! d5ial1 ,luke reads3 ,& ! ,"l turn$ & look$ ^u ,pet]1 & ,pet] rememb]$ ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 c1 & ,pet] w5t out & wept bitt]ly27#c7 :]eas ,m>k omits ! reproa*ful look ( ,jesus1 & makes ! p5it5ce ( ,pet] dep5d m]ely on ! second cr[+ ( ! cock1 & fur!r modifies ! p5it5ce by ! omission ( bitt]l-- ,& :5 he ?\ght !reon he wept47#d7 ,!re are o!r in/ances to :i* we ne$ n ref]4 ,n only are "s ( ! mo/ important episodes 9 :i* ,pet] is repres5t$ by ! o!r ,gospels z a pr9cipal actor altoge!r omitt$1 b ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel !re is ! total abs5ce ( any?+ :i* is specially *>act]i/ic ( ,petr9e influ5ce & tea*+4 ,! argum5t t ^! omissions are due to ! mode/y ( ,pet] is q unt5able1 = n only does ,ir5aeus1 ! mo/ anci5t au?ority on ! po9t1 /ate t ?is ,gospel 0 only writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]17#e7 b also !re is no mode/y 9 omitt+ passages ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 simply because ,pet] himself 0 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 !m1 or1 = in/ance1 9 decreas+ 8 p5it5ce = su* a d5ial #dee ( 8 ma/]1 :i* c\ld n b h fill$ a sad place 9 ! ,apo/le's memory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no adequate record ( special matt]1 :i* ! intimate k ( ! do+s & say+s ( ,jesus possess$ by ,pet] might h suppli$1 to c\nt]balance ! s+ul> omissions4 ,!re is inf9itely m ( ! _s ( ,pet] 9 ! fir/ ,gospel ?an !re is 9 ! second4 ,! :ole int]nal evid5ce1 !re=e1 %[s t ?is "p ( ! tradition ( ! ,presbyt] ,john transmitt$ by ,papias does n apply to our ,gospel4 ,! discrepancy1 h[ev]1 is /ill m m>k$ :5 we comp>e ) our actual second ,gospel ! acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,m>k :i* ,papias receiv$ f ! ,presbyt]4 ,m>k wrote d[n f memory "s p>ts --,greek-- ( ! tea*+ ( ,pet] reg>d+ ! life ( ,jesus1 b z ,pet] adapt$ 8 in/ructions to ! actual circum/ances --,greek--1 & did n give a consecutive report --,greek-- ( ! say+s or do+s ( ,jesus1 ,m>k 0 only c>eful to be accurate1 & did n tr\ble himself to arrange 9 hi/orical ord] --,greek-- 8 n>rative ( ! ?+s :i* 7 said & done by ,jesus1 b m]ely wrote d[n facts z he rememb]$ !m4 ,?is description w\ld lead u to expect a "w compos$ ( fragm5t>y rem9isc5ces ( ! tea*+ ( ,pet]1 )\t regul> sequ5ce or connection4 ,! abs5ce ( ord]ly arrangem5t is ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ! description1 & =ms ! burd5 ( ! :ole4 ,m>k writes :at he rememb]$2 he did n arrange 9 ord] ! ?+s t 7 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/2 & !n foll[ ! apologetic expressions ( explanation--he 0 n himself a he>] or foll[] ( ! ,"l1 b d]iv$ 8 #def in=mation f ! occasional prea*+ ( ,pet]1 :o did n attempt to give a consecutive n>rative4 ,n[ x is impossible 9 ! "w ( ,m>k "h describ$ to recognize our pres5t second ,gospel1 :i* does n dep>t 9 any important degree f ! ord] ( ! o!r two ,synoptics1 & :i*1 ?r\gh\t1 has ! mo/ evid5t "* ( ord]ly arrangem5t ,ea* ( ! ,synoptics comp>$ ) ! o!r two w\ld pres5t a simil> degree ( v>iation1 b none ( !m c\ld ju/ly be describ$ z n arrang$ 9 ord] or z n be+ consecutive4 ,! second ,gospel op5s =mally1 & aft] pres5t+ ,john ! ,bapti/ z ! mess5g] s5t to prep>e ! way ( ! ,"l1 proce$s to ! baptism ( ,jesus1 8 temptation1 8 entry ^u public life1 & 8 call+ ( ! disciples4 ,!n1 aft] a consecutive n>rative ( 8 tea*+ & works1 ! hi/ory ends ) a full & consecutive acc\nt ( ! la/ ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 8 trial1 crucifixion1 & resurrection1 ,!re is 9 ! ,gospel e *>act]i/ic ( arti/ic & ord]ly arrangem5t1 f ! /rik+ introduction by ! prophetic voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness to ! solemn close ( ! m>vell\s hi/ory47#a7 ,! great majority ( critics1 !re=e1 are agre$ 9 conclud+ t ! acc\nt ( ! ,presbyt] ,john record$ by ,papias does n apply to our second ,canonical ,gospel at all47#b7 ,_m #deg ( ^? :o affirm t ! description ( ,papias may apply to our second ,gospel7#a7 d s ) hesitation1 & few ma9ta9 t we n[ possess ! orig9al "w )\t consid]able subsequ5t alt]ation4 ,"s ( ^! critics1 h[ev]1 feel+ ! difficulty ( id5tify+ our second ,gospel ) ! "w "h describ$1 endeav\r #deh to reconcile ! discrepancy by a fanciful int]pretation ( ! acc\nt ( ,papias4 ,!y sugge/ t ! fir/ "p1 9 :i* ! want ( *ronological ord] is po9t$ out1 ref]s to ! r\gh notes :i* ,m>k made dur+ ! actual prea*+ & lifetime ( ,pet]1 & t ! latt] "p applies to our pres5t ,gospel1 :i* he lat] remodell$ into its pres5t %ape47#a7 ,?is mo/ unreasonable & arbitr>y application ( ! words ( ,papias is d5\nc$ ev5 by apologi/s47#b7 ,x has be5 well argu$ t ! "w "h describ$ z produc$ by ,m>k 9 ! "* ( --,greek-- is mu* m "o ( ! same family z ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies ?an ( our ,gospels47#c7 ,! "w 0 no sy/ematic n>rative ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 nor report ( 8 tea*+1 b ! dogmatic prea*+ ( ! ,apo/le1 illu/rat$ & int]sp]s$ ) passages f ! disc\rses ( ,jesus or facts f 8 life47#d7 ,( ?is "* seems actually to h be5 t anci5t "w ,! ,prea*+ ( ,pet] --,greek--1 :i* 0 us$ by ,h]acleon17#e7 & by ,clem5t7#f7 ( ,alex&ria z an au!ntic canonical "w17#g7 d5\nc$ by ,orig57#h7 #dei on acc\nt ( ! consid]ation 9 :i* x 0 held by-_m1 b /ill quot$ ) respect by ,gregory ( ,nazianzum47#a7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! --,greek-- al?\gh x fail$ to obta9 a p]man5t place 9 ! canon1 0 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t works ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 dat+ probably f ! fir/ c5tury1 f :i* inde$ ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies !mselves 7 9 all likelihood produc$17#b7 &1 l ! "w describ$ by ,papias1 x also 0 held to h be5 compos$ 9 ,rome 9 connection ) ! prea*+ !re ( ,pet] & ,paul4#c ,x mu/ be not$1 moreov]1 t ,papias does n call ! "w ascrib$ to ,m>k a ,gospel1 b m]ely a record ( ! prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,x is n necess>y = u to acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w ref]r$ to by ! ,presbyt] ,john disappe>$1 & ! pres5t ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k became sub/itut$ = x4 ,! m]ely negative evid5ce t our actual ,gospel is n ! "w describ$ by ,papias is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,any "o acqua9t$ ) ! ?or\ghly uncritical "* ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ) ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 w readily conceive ! facility ) :i* ?is c h be5 accompli%$4 ,! great mass ( intellig5t critics are agre$ t our ,synoptic ,gospels h assum$ _! pres5t =m only aft] repeat$ modifications by v>i\s editors ( e>li] evangelical works4 ,^! *anges h n be5 effect$ )\t traces #dfj be+ left by :i* ! v>i\s mat]ials may be sep>at$ & di/+ui%$1 b ! m primitive ,gospels h entirely disappe>$1 naturally supplant$ by ! lat] & amplifi$ v]sions4 ,! critic1 h[ev]1 :o di/+ui%es betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] matt] is n b\nd to p]=m ! n[ impossible feat ( produc+ ! orig9als1 or acc\nt+ 9 any b a g5]al way = ! disappe>ance ( ! primitive ,gospel4 ,tes*5dorf asks3 ,h[ !n has nei!r ,eusebius nor any o!r !ologian ( ,*ri/ian antiquity ?\ght t ! expressions ( ,papias 7 9 contradiction ) ! two ,gospels 7,mt4 & ,mk4787#a7 ,! absolute cr$ulity ) :i* ^? !ologians accept$ any fiction1 h[ev] *ildi%1 :i* _h a pi\s t5d5cy1 & ! frivol\s "* ( ! only criticism 9 :i* !y indulg$1 r5d] _! unque/ion+ application ( ! tradition ( ,papias to our ,gospels any?+ b s+ul>1 & x is only surpris+ to f9d _! sil5t acquiesc5ce elevat$ into an argum5t4 ,we h already 9 ! c\rse ( ^! pages se5 some?+ ( ! s+ul>ly cr$ul\s & uncritical "* ( ! ,fa!rs1 & we _c af=d space to give in/ances ( ! absurdities ) :i* _! writ+s ab\nd4 ,no fable c\ld be too gross1 no inv5tion too transp>5t1 = _! unsuspici\s acceptance1 if x assum$ a pi\s =m or t5d$ to edification4 ,no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ev] produc$ s _m spuri\s works z ! fir/ two or ?ree c5turies ( our era4 ,! "n ( e ,apo/le1 or ,*ri/ian tea*]1 n except+ t ( ! great ,ma/] himself1 0 freely atta*$ to e description ( religi\s =g]y4 ,false gospels1 epi/les1 acts1 m>tyrologies1 7 unscrupul\sly #dfa circulat$1 & su* pi\s falsification 0 n ev5 int5d$ or reg>d$ z a crime1 b p]petrat$ = ! sake ( edification4 ,x 0 only sl[ly & aft] "s c5turies t _m ( ^! works1 once1 z we h se51 reg>d$ ) pi\s v5]ation1 7 exclud$ f ! canon2 & t g5u9e works %>$ ?is fate1 :il/ spuri\s ones usurp$ _! places1 is "o ( ! sure/ results ( criticism4 ,! ,fa!rs omitt$ to inquire critically :5 su* inve/igation might h be5 ( value1 & m]e tradition cr$ul\sly accept$ & transmitt$ is ( no critical value47#a7 ,9 an age-:5 ! multiplication ( copies ( any "w 0 a sl[ process1 & _! dissem9ation a matt] ( difficulty & ev5 dang]1 x is easy to und]/& ) :at facility ! m complete & arti/ic ,gospel c\ld take ! place ( ! orig9al notes z ! "w ( ,m>k4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,papias ( ! "w ascrib$ to ,mat!w is z foll[s3 ,mat!w compos$ ! oracles 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & e "o int]pret$ !m z he 0 able47#b7 ,critics are divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r ?is tradition 01 l t reg>d+ ,m>k1 d]iv$ f ! ,presbyt] ,john17#c7 or is giv5 m]ely on #a ,canon ,we/cott himself admits t ! pro( ( ! ,canon is r5d]$ m difficult by ! uncritical "* ( ! fir/ two c5turies4 ,he says3 ,! _s ( ! anci5t _w 0 ess5tially uncritical4 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #g f4 #dfb ! au?ority ( ,papias himself47#a7 ,eusebius jo9s ! acc\nt ( ,m>k to t giv5 by ,mat!w m]ely by ! foll[+ words3 ,^! facts ,papias relates conc]n+ ,m>k2 b reg>d+ ,mat!w he has said z foll[s37#b7 ,eusebius di/9ctly /ates t ! acc\nt reg>d+ ,m>k is d]iv$ f ! ,presbyt]1 & ! only reason = ascrib+ to him also t conc]n+ ,mat!w is t x is n exclud$ by ! phraseology ( ,eusebius1 & ! two passages be+ giv5 by him consecutively--h[ev] !y may h /ood 9 ! "w ( ,papias--x is reasonable en\gh to suppose t ! in=mation 0 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,! po9t is n ( mu* importance1 b x is cle> t !re is no absolute "r to trace ?is /atem5t to ! ,presbyt] ,john1 z !re is 9 ! case ( ! tradition ab\t ,m>k4 ,?is passage has excit$ ev5 m controv]sy ?an t reg>d+ ,m>k1 & its int]pretation & application are /ill ke5ly debat$4 ,! intricacy & difficulty ( ! que/ions :i* x raises are freely admitt$ by "s ( ! mo/ e>ne/ def5d]s ( ! ,canonical ,gospels1 b ! problem1 s f> z our exam9ation is conc]n$1 c be solv$ )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,! dilemma 9 :i* apologi/s f9d !mselves :5 !y attempt closely to apply ! description ( ?is "w giv5 by ,papias to our ,canonical ,gospel is ! great difficulty :i* complicates ! matt] & prev5ts a #dfc cle> & di/9ct solution ( ! "q4 ,we %all avoid m9ute discussion ( details1 cont5t+ ourselves ) ! broad] features ( ! argum5t1 & seek+ only to arrive at a j conclusion z to ! be>+ ( ! evid5ce ( ,papias ^u ! claim to au!nticity ( our ,canonical ,gospel4 ,! fir/ po9t :i* we h to consid] is ! nature ( ! "w :i* is "h describ$4 ,mat!w is said to h compos$ ! --,greek-- or ,oracles1 & !re c be little d\bt f ! title ( 8 own book3 ,exposition ( ! ,"l's ,oracles --,greek--1 t ^! oracles ref]r$ to by ,papias 7 ! ,disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,does ! ^w ,xoyta1 h[ev]1 mean /rictly ,oracles or disc\rses alone1 or does x include )9 its fair signification also hi/orical n>rative8 ,7 ! ,xoyta "h ref]r$ to a simple collection ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 or a complete ,gospel l t 9 our ,canon be>+ ! "n ( ,mat!w8 ,t ! natural int]pretation ( ! ^w is m]ely ,oracles is indirectly admitt$1 ev5 by ! mo/ ?or\gh apologi/s1 :5 !y confess ! obscurity ( ! expression--obscurity1 h[ev]1 :i* simply appe>s to exi/ f ! difficulty ( /ra9+ ! ^w to make x apply to ! ,gospel4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 says ,tis*5dorf1 ref]r+ to ! passage ab\t ,mat!w1 !re is mu* obscurity2 = in/ance1 x is d\btful :e!r we h rightly translat$ ',disc\rses ( ! ,"l1' & he c only ext5d ! mean+ to include hi/orical n>rative by leav+ ! real mean+ ( ! ^w & int]pret+ x by suppos$ analogy4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! direct mean+ ( ! ^w ,xoyta anci5tly & at ! "t ( ,papias 0 #dfd simply3 words or oracles ( a sacr$ "*1 & h[ev] mu* ! signification became aft]w>ds ext5d$1 t x 0 n !n at all appli$ to do+s z well z say+s4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( ?is orig9al & limit$ signification 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t27#a7 & !re is no l+ui/ic prec$5t = /ra9+ ! expression1 us$ at t p]iod1 to mean any?+ beyond a collection ( say+s ( ,jesus :i* 7 e/imat$ z oracul> or div9e1 nor is !re any reason = ?9k+ t --,greek-- 0 "h us$ 9 any o!r s5se47#b7 ,x is argu$ #dfe on ! o!r h&1 t 9 ! prec$+ passage ^u ,m>k1 a m ext5d$ mean+ ( ! ^w is indicat$4 ,! ,presbyt] ,john says t ,m>k1 z ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote )\t ord] ! ?+s :i* 7 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/ 7--,greek--71 & !n1 apologiz+ = him1 he goes on to say t ,pet]1 :om he foll[$1 adapt$ 8 tea*+ to ! occasion1 & n z mak+ a consecutive record ( ! oracles --,greek-- ( ! ,"l4 ,"h1 x is said1 ! ^w --,greek-- is us$ 9 ref]5ce bo? to say+s & do+s1 & !re=e 9 ! passage on ,mat!w --,greek-- mu/ n be und]/ood to mean only --,greek--1 b also includes1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! --,greek--4 ,= ^! & simil> reasons1--9 v _m cases l>gely influ5c$ by ! desire to see 9 ^! ,xoyta our actual ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w--_m critics h ma9ta9$ t --,greek-- 9 ?is place may be und]/ood to include hi/orical n>rative z well z disc\rses47#a7 ,! argum5ts by :i* !y arrive at ?is #dff conclusion1 h[ev]1 seem to u to be bas$ ^u ?or\gh misconception ( ! direct mean+ ( ! passage4 ,few or none ( ^! critics w\ld d5y t ! simple int]pretation ( --,greek--1 at t p]iod1 0 oracul> say+s47#a7 ,papias %[s 8 pref]5ce = disc\rses 9 ! v title ( 8 lo/ book1 ,exposition ( ! --,greek-- ( ! ,"l1 & 9 ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ! works attribut$ to ,m>k & ,mat!w1 ! disc\rses evid5tly attract$ 8 *ief int]e/4 ,n[1 9 ! passage reg>d+ ,m>k1 in/ead ( --,greek-- be+ made ! equival5t ( --,greek-- & --,greek--1 ! v rev]se is ! fact4 ,! ,presbyt] says ,m>k wrote :at he rememb]$ ( ! ?+s :i* 7 said or done by ,*ri/1 al?\gh n 9 ord]1 & he apologizes = 8 do+ ?is on ! gr\nd t he _h n himself be5 a he>] ( ! ,"l1 b m]ely report$ :at he _h he>d f ,pet]1 :o adapt$ 8 tea*+ to ! occasion1 & did n attempt to give a consecutive record ( ! oracles --,greek-- ( ! ,"l4 ,m>k1 !re=e1 c\ld n d s ei!r4 ,mat!w1 on ! contr>y1 he /ates1 did compose ! oracles --,greek--4 ,!re is an evid5t contra/ made3 ,m>k #dfg wrote --,greek-- because he _h n ! means ( writ+ ! oracles1 b ,mat!w compos$ ! --,greek--47#a7 ,papias cle>ly di/+ui%es ! "w ( ,m>k1 :o _h writt5 rem9isc5ces ( :at ,jesus _h said & done1 f t ( ,mat!w1 :o _h made a collection ( 8 disc\rses47#b7 ,x is impossible ^u any b arbitr>y gr\nds1 & f a =egone conclusion1 to ma9ta9 t a "w comm5c+ ) a detail$ hi/ory ( ! bir? & infancy ( ,jesus1 8 g5ealogy1 & ! prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & conclud+ ) an equally m9ute hi/ory ( 8 betrayal1 trial1 crucifixion1 & resurrection1 & :i* relates all ! miracles & has = its evid5t aim ?r\gh\t ! demon/ration t ,messianic prophecy 0 fulfill$ 9 ,jesus1 c\ld be entitl$ --,greek--3 ! oracles or disc\rses ( ! ,"l47#c7 ,p>tly = ^!1 b also = o!r important reasons1 "s ( :i* %all pres5tly be ref]r$ to1 ! great majority ( critics d5y t ! "w describ$ by ,papias c be ! same z ! ,gospel 9 our canon be>+ ! "n ( ,mat!w47#d7 ,:il/ ( ^? :o #dfh suppose t ! 7,aramaic7 orig9al ( :i* ,papias speaks may h be5 sub/antially simil> to x 9 con/ruction1 v few affirm t ! "w did n receive mu* subsequ5t manipulation1 addition1 & alt]ation1 necess>ily includ+ translation1 be=e x assum$ ! =m 9 :i* ! ,gospel n[ lies be=e u1 & _m ( !m altoge!r d5y its actual apo/olic orig947#a7 ,! next mo/ important & obvi\s po9t is t ! "w describ$ 9 ?is passage 0 writt5 by ,mat!w #dfi 9 ! ,hebrew or ,aramaic dialect1 & ea* "o :o did n und]/& t dialect 0 oblig$ to translate z be/ he c\ld4 ,our ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 is 9 ,greek4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o is oblig$ to ackn[l$ge ! ,greek orig9ality ( our actual ,gospel1 & t x is n a translation f ano!r language1 recognizes ! inevitable dilemma 9 :i* ?is fact places apologi/s1 & has1 ) a few o!r critics1 no bett] argum5t ) :i* to meet x ?an ! simple sugge/ion t ,papias mu/ h be5 mi/ak5 9 say+ t ,mat!w wrote 9 ,hebrew47#a7 ,j z mu* ( ! te/imony z is conv5i5t or fav\rable is eag]ly claim$ by su* apologi/s1 & ! re/1 :i* de/roys its applicability to our ,gospel1 is set aside z a mi/ake4 ,tis*5dorf p]ceives ! difficulty1 b n hav+ argum5ts to meet x1 he takes refuge 9 feel+4 ,9 ?is1 he says1 !re lies be=e u "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ que/ions1 ^: detail$ treatm5t w\ld "h n be 9 place4 ,= our "p1 we are fully at re/ conc]n+ x1 9 ! conviction t ! assumption by ,papias ( a ,hebrew orig9al text ( ,mat!w1 :i* already 9 8 "t _c h be5 limit$ to himself & 0 soon repeat$ by o!r m51 arises only f a misund]/&+47#c7 ,x is difficult to compreh5d :y x %\ld be consid]$ out ( place 9 a "w specially writt5 to e/abli% ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospels to discuss fully s vital a po9t1 & its delib]ate evasion 9 su* a mann] alone c be deem$ out ( place on su* an occasion47#c7 #dgj ,we may "h briefly rem>k t ,tes*5dorf & o!rs7#a7 repeat ) approval ! disp>ag+ expressions aga9/ ,papias :i* ,eusebius1 = dogmatic reasons1 did n scruple to use1 & 9 ?is way !y seek some:at to depreciate 8 te/imony1 or at lea/ indirectly to w>rant _! free h&l+ ( x4 ,x is true t ,eusebius says t ,papias 0 a man ( v limit$ compreh5sion7#b7 --,greek--1 b ?is is ackn[l$g$ to be on acc\nt ( 8 ,mill5>ian op9ions17#c7 to :i* ,eusebius 0 vehem5tly oppos$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! ,*ilia/ic passage f ,papias quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 & 9 :i* he c]ta9ly saw no?+ fooli%1 is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ! ,presbyt] ,john1 to :om1 & n to ,papias1 any criticism ^u x mu/ be ref]r$4 ,if ! passage be n ( a v elevat$ "*1 x is q 9 ! _s ( t age4 ,! ma9 po9t1 h[ev]1 is t 9 reg>d to ! te/imony ( ,papias we h little to #dga d ) 8 g5]al ability1 = all t 0 requisite 0 ! p[] to see1 he>1 & accurately /ate v simple facts4 ,he repeats :at is told him by ! ,presbyt]1 & 9 su* matt]s we presume t ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis mu/ be admitt$ to h be5 compet5t47#a7 ,!re is no po9t1 h[ev]1 on :i* ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs is m inv>iable & complete ?an t ! "w ( ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( any "w ascrib$ to ,mat!w occurs 9 ! acc\nt communicat$ by ,papias1 9 :i*1 z we h se51 x is di/9ctly said t ,mat!w wrote 9 ! ,hebrew dialect4 ,ir5aeus1 ! next writ] :o ref]s to ! po9t1 says3 ,mat!w also produc$ a writt5 ,gospel among/ ! ,hebrews 9 _! own dialect1 & t he did n d]ive 8 in=mation solely f ,papias may be inf]r$ f 8 go+ on to /ate ! epo* ( ,mat!w's writ+s3 :5 ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ & f\nd+ ! ,*ur* 9 ,rome47#b7 ,! evid5ce furni%$ by ,panta5us is c]ta9ly indep5d5t ( ,papias4 ,eusebius /ates ) reg>d to him3 ,( ^! ,panta5us is said to h be5 "o1 & to h p5etrat$ z f> z ,india 7,s\!rn ,arabia71 :]e x is report$ t he f\nd ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 :i* _h be5 deliv]$ be=e 8 arrival to "s :o _h ! k ( ,*ri/1 to :om ,b>?olomew1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 z x is said1 _h prea*$1 & left !m t writ+ ( ,mat!w 9 ,hebrew lett]s --,greek-- #dgb --,greek--47#a7 ,j]ome gives a /ill m circum/antial acc\nt ( ?is4 ,panta5us f\nd t ,b>?olomew1 "o ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 _h !re 79 ,india7 prea*$ ! adv5t ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ accord+ to ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew lett]s 7quod ,hebraicis ,ut]is scriptum71 & :i* on return+ to ,alex&ria he br\ght ) him47#b7 ,x is q cle> t ?is 0 no v]sion specially made by ,b>?olomew1 = _h he translat$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w f ! ,greek1 = ! use ( p]sons 9 ,arabia1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h done s into ,hebrew47#c7 ,orig51 accord+ to ,eusebius1 foll[+ ! ecclesia/ical canon1 /ates :at he has und]/ood f tradition --,greek-- ( ! ,gospels1 & says3 ,! fir/ writt5 0 t accord+ to ,mat!w1 once a publican1 b aft]w>ds an ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o deliv]$ x to ! ,jewi% believ]s1 compos$ 9 ! ,hebrew language47#d7 ,eusebius 9 ano!r place makes a simil> /atem5t 9 8 own "n3 ,mat!w hav+ fir/ prea*$ to ! ,hebrews :5 he 0 ab\t to g also to o!rs1 deliv]$ to !m 8 ,gospel writt5 9 _! native language1 & ?us comp5sat$ ^? f :om he 0 dep>t+ = ! want ( 8 pres5ce by ! writ+47#e7 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem says3 ,mat!w1 :o wrote ! ,gospel1 wrote x 9 ! ,hebrew language47#f7 ,epiphanius1 ref]r+ to ! fact t ! ,naz>5es call$ ! only ,gospel :i* !y #dgc recogniz$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 cont9ues3 ,z 9 v tru? we c affirm t ,mat!w alone 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t set =? & proclaim$ ! ,gospel 9 ! ,hebrew language & 9 ,hebrew *>act]s27#a7 & else:]e he /ates t ,mat!w wrote ! ,gospel 9 ,hebrew47#b7 ,! same tradition is repeat$ by ,*ryso/om17#c7 ,augu/9e17#d7 & o!rs4 ,:il/ ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs 0 ?us unanim\s z to ! fact t ! ,gospel ascrib$ to ,mat!w 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 no "q ev] seems to h aris5 9 _! m9ds z to ! "* ( ! ,greek v]sion2 mu* less 0 any exam9ation made ) ! view ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ! translation4 ,su* inquiries 7 n 9 ! _s ( ,*ri/ian le>n$ m5 g5]ally ( t "t17#e7 z ,tis*5dorf rem>ks 9 connection ) ! belief curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & aft]w>ds %>$ by ,j]ome1 t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 ! orig9al ( ! ,greek ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w4 ,! fir/ :o directly ref]s to ! po9t1 frankly confess+ ! total ignorance :i* g5]ally prevail$1 0 ,j]ome4 ,he /ates3 ,mat!w1 :o 0 also call$ ,levi1 :o f a publican became an ,apo/le1 0 ! fir/ :o wrote a ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 9 ,judaea 9 ,hebrew language & lett]s1 on acc\nt ( ^? f among/ ! circumcision :o _h believ$2 b :o aft]w>ds translat$ x into ,greek is n #dgd suffici5tly c]ta947#a7 ,x 0 only at a mu* lat] p]iod1 :5 d\bt began to arise1 t ! translation 0 wildly ascrib$ to ! ,apo/les ,john1 ,james1 & o!rs47#c7 ,! expression 9 ,papias t ev]yone int]pret$ !m 7! --,greek--7 z he 0 able --,greek-- has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$ by diff]5t critics1 l ! re/ ( ! acc\nt4 ,s*lei]-ma*] expla9$ ! --,greek-- z translation by enl>gem5t3 ,mat!w m]ely collect$ ! ,xoyta 7--,greek--71 & ev]yone add$ ! explanatory circum/ances ( "t & occasion z be/ he c\ld47#c7 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 has n be5 l>gely adopt$4 ,o!rs consid] t ! expression ref]s to ! int]pretation :i* 0 giv5 on read+ x at ! public meet+s ( ,*ri/ians = wor%ip17#d7 b !re c be no d\bt t1 com+ aft] ! /atem5t t ! "w 0 writt5 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 --,greek-- c only mean simple translation47#e7 ,"s ma9ta9 t ! passage inf]s ! exi/5ce ( _m writt5 translations1 among/ :i* v probably 0 ours27#f7 :il/ o!rs affirm t ! phrase m]ely signifies t z !re 0 no recogniz$ #dge translation1 ea* "o :o _h b an imp]fect k ( ! language1 yet wi%$ to read ! "w1 translat$ ! ,hebrew = himself orally z be/ he c\ld47#a7 ,"s consid] t ,papias or ! ,presbyt] use ! v]b 9 ! pa/ t5se1 --,greek--1 z contra/+ ! "t :5 x 0 necess>y = ea* to int]pret z be/ he c\ld ) ! p]iod :51 f ! exi/5ce ( a recogniz$ translation1 x 0 no long] necess>y = !m to d s27#b7 :il/ o!rs d5y t any writt5 translation ( an au!ntic "* 0 kn[n to ,papias at all47#c7 ,n[ ! words 9 ,papias are m]ely3 ,mat!w compos$ ! ,xoyta 9 ! ,hebrew dialect17#d7 & ev]yone int]pret$ !m z he 0 able4 ,! /atem5t is p]fectly simple & direct1 & x is at lea/ q cle> t x conveys ! fact t :5 ! "w 0 compos$1 translation 0 requisite1 & z ea* "o translat$ z he 0 able1 t no recogniz$ translation exi/$ to :i* all might h rec\rse4 ,!re is no contra/ ei!r necess>ily or1 we ?9k1 probably impli$ 9 ! use ( ! pa/ t5se4 ,! composition ( ! ,xoyta be+ ( c\rse ref]r$ to 9 ! #d ,9 connection ) ?is x may be ( int]e/ to rememb] t1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 conv]sion & ! vision :i* he saw on 8 way to ,damascus :i* ,paul gives to ,k+ ,agrippa 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 he /ates t ,jesus spoke to him 9 ! ,hebrew dialect --,greek--1 ,acts xxvi4 #ad4 #dgf pa/ t5se1 ! same t5se is simply cont9u$ 9 complet+ ! s5t5ce4 ,! purpose is obvi\sly to convey ! fact t ! "w 0 compos$ 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,b ev5 if x be tak5 t ,papias int5tionally uses ! pa/ t5se 9 ref]5ce to ! "t :5 translations did n exi/1 no?+ is ga9$1 ,papias may h kn[n ( _m translations1 b !re is absolutely n a syllable :i* w>rants ! conclusion t ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) an au!ntic ,greek v]sion1 al?\gh x is possible t he may h kn[n ( ! exi/5ce ( "s ,greek translations ( no au?ority4 ,! words us$1 h[ev]1 imply t1 if he did1 he _h no respect = any ( !m4 ,?us ! acc\nt ( ,papias1 support$ by ! p]fectly unanim\s te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs1 decl>es t ! "w compos$ by ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ! ,hebrew or ,aramaic dialect4 ,! only evid5ce :i* ass]ts t ,mat!w wrote any "w at all1 di/9ctly ass]ts t he wrote x 9 ,hebrew4 ,x is q impossible to sep>ate ! /atem5t ( ! au?or%ip f ! language4 ,! two po9ts are s indissolubly unit$ t !y /& or fall toge!r4 ,if x be d5i$ t ,mat!w wrote 9 ,hebrew1 x _c be ass]t$ t he wrote at all4 ,x is !re=e p]fectly c]ta9 f ?is te/imony t ,mat!w _c be decl>$ ! direct au?or ( ! ,greek canonical ,gospel be>+ 8 "n47#a7 ,at ! v be/ x c only be a translation1 by an unkn[n h&1 ( a "w ! orig9al ( :i* 0 e>ly lo/4 ,none ( ! e>li] ,fa!rs ev] v5tur$ a conjecture z to h[1 :51 or by :om ! translation 0 effect$4 ,j]ome explicitly /ates t ! translator ( ! "w 0 unkn[n4 ,! #dgg d$uction is cle>3 our ,greek ,gospel1 9 s f> z x is associat$ ) ,mat!w at all1 _c at ! utmo/ be m ?an a translation1 b z ! "w ( an unkn[n translator1 !re _c1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! orig9al1 or ( satisfactory te/imony ( its accuracy1 bo any assurance t ! translation fai?fully r5d]s ! "w ( ,mat!w1 or accurately conveys ! s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,all its ,apo/olical au?ority is gone4 ,ev5 ,mi*aelis long ago recogniz$ ?is3 ,if ! orig9al text ( ,mat!w be lo/1 & we h no?+ b a ,greek translation3 !n1 frankly1 we _c ascribe any div9e inspiration to ! words3 yea1 x is possible t 9 v>i\s places ! true mean+ ( ! ,apo/le has be5 miss$ by ! translator47#a7 ,?is 0 felt & argu$ by ! ,mani*eans 9 ! f\r? c5tury17#b7 & by ! ,anabapti/s at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation47#c7 ,a wide argum5t might be op5$ out z to ! dep5d5ce ( ! o!r two ,gospels on ?is unau!nticat$ "w4 ,! dilemma1 h[ev]1 is n yet complete4 ,x 0 e>ly rem>k$ t our fir/ ,canonical ,gospel bore no real m>ks ( be+ a translation at all1 b is evid5tly an orig9al indep5d5t ,greek "w4 ,ev5 m5 l ,erasmus1 ,calv91 ,cajctan1 & ,oecolampadius1 began to d5y ! /atem5t t our ,gospels %[$ any traces ( ,hebrew orig91 & ! rese>*es ( lat] s*ol>s h s fully confirm$ _! d\bts t few n[ ma9ta9 ! primitive belief 9 a translation4 ,we d n propose "h to ent] fully into ?is argum5t4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! great majority ( compet5t critics decl>e t our fir/ ,canonical ,gospel is no translation1 b an #dgh orig9al ,greek text27#a7 :il/ ( ^? :o consid] t !y f9d traces ( translation & ( ,hebrew orig91 #dgi "s b>ely d5y ! indep5d5t orig9ality ( ! ,greek ,gospel1 & few ass]t m ?an sub/antial agreem5t ) ! orig9al1 ) m or less v>iation & addition (t5 ( a v decid$ "*47#a7 ,! case1 !re=e1 /&s ?us3 ,! :ole ( ! evid5ce :i* w>rants our believ+ t ,mat!w wrote any #dhj "w at all1 di/9ctly1 inv>iably1 & emphatically ass]ts t he wrote t "w 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic2 a ,greek ,gospel1 !re=e1 z connect$ ) ,mat!w1 c only be a translation by an unkn[n h&1 ^: accuracy we h n1 & nev] h _h1 ! means ( v]ify+4 ,our ,greek ,gospel1 h[ev]1 be+ an indep5d5t orig9al ,greek text1 !re is no gr\nd :atev] = ascrib+ x ev5 indirectly to ,mat!w at all1 ! :ole evid5ce ( antiquity be+ emphatically oppos$1 & ! ,gospel itself lay+ no claim1 to su* au?or%ip4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! alt]natives mu/ be adopt$ = our fir/ ,gospel1 & ei!r is absolutely fatal to its direct ,apo/olic orig94 ,nei!r z a translation f ! ,hebrew nor z an orig9al ,greek text c x claim ,apo/olic au?ority4 ,?is has be5 s well recogniz$1 if n admitt$1 t "s writ]s1 ) great] zeal ?an discretion1 h devis$ fanciful !ories to obviate ! difficulty4 ,^! ma9ta9 t ,mat!w himself wrote bo? 9 ,hebrew & 9 ,greek17#a7 or at lea/ t ! translation 0 made dur+ 8 own lifetime & "u 8 own eye17#b7 & s on4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 a p>ticle ( evid5ce = any ( ^! ass]tions1 :i* #dha are m]ely ! arbitr>y & gr\ndless conjectures ( emb>rass$ apologi/s4 ,x is manife/ t ^u ?is evid5ce bo? ^? :o ass]t ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,mat!w's "w & ^? :o ma9ta9 t our ,gospel is n a translation b an orig9al ,greek composition1 %\ld logically d5y its apo/olicity4 ,we ne$ n say t ?is is n done1 & t = dogmatic & o!r =egone conclusions _m pr(ess belief 9 ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel1 al?\gh 9 do+ s !y wilfully ignore ! facts1 & 9 _m cases m]ely claim a sub/antial b n absolute ,apo/olic orig9 = ! "w47#a7 ,a mu* great] numb] ( ! mo/ able & le>n$ critics1 h[ev]1 bo? f ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce d5y ! ,apo/olic orig9 ( our fir/ ,canonical ,gospel47#c7 #dhb ,!re is ano!r fact to :i* we may briefly ref]1 :i* f ano!r side %[s t ! "w ( ,mat!w #dhc ) :i* ,papias 0 acqua9t$ 0 diff]5t f our ,gospel4 ,9 a fragm5t f ! f\r? book ( 8 lo/ "w :i* is pres]v$ to u by ,oecum5ius & ,!ophylact1 ,papias relates ! circum/ances ( ! dea? ( ,judas ,isc>iot 9 a mann] :i* is 9 contradiction to ! acc\nt 9 ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #e1 ! dea? ( ! traitor is ?us relat$3 ,& he ca/ d[n ! pieces ( silv] 9 ! temple & dep>t$ & w5t & hang$ himself47#a7 ,! n>rative 9 ,papias is z foll[s3 ,judas walk$ ab\t 9 ?is _w a great example ( impiety2 = 8 body hav+ swoll5 s t1 on an occasion1 :5 a waggon 0 mov+ on its way1 he c\ld n pass x1 he 0 cru%$ by ! waggon & 8 b[els gu%$ out47#b7 ,!ophylact1 9 connection ) ?is passage1 adds o!r details also app>5tly tak5 f ! "w ( ,papias1 z = in/ance t1 f 8 excessive corpul5cy1 ! eyes ( ,judas 7 s swoll5 t !y c\ld n see1 & s sunk 9 8 head t !y c\ld n be p]ceiv$ ev5 by ! aid ( ! optical in/rum5ts ( physicians2 & t ! re/ ( 8 body 0 cov]$ ) runn+ sores & maggots1 & s on 9 ! mann] ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages1 ^: imag9ation conjur$ up ! wilde/ special #dhd provid5ces to puni% ! enemies ( ! fai?47#a7 ,z ,papias expressly /ates t he eag]ly inquir$ :at ! ,apo/les1 & among/ !m :at ,mat!w1 said1 we may conclude t he w\ld n h delib]ately contradict$ ! acc\nt giv5 by t ,apo/le _h he be5 acqua9t$ ) any "w attribut$ to him :i* conta9$ x47#b7 ,x has be5 argu$1 f "s v remote & imag9>y resemblance betwe5 ! passage f ! preface to ! "w ( ,papias quot$ by ,eusebius ) ! prologue to ,luke1 t ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) t ,gospel27#c7 b no?+ c\ld be m gr\ndless ?an su* a conclusion bas$ ^u su* evid5ce1 & !re is n a ^w 9 our fragm5ts ( ,papias :i* w>rants su* an ass]tion47#d7 ,eusebius1 :o nev] fails to /ate :at ! ,fa!rs say ab\t ! works ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 does n m5tion t ,papias knew ei!r ! ?ird or f\r? ,gospels4 ,is x possible to suppose t if ,papias _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ^? ,gospels he w\ld n h ask$ = in=mation ab\t !m f ! ,presbyt]s1 or t ,eusebius w\ld n h record$ x z he did t reg>d+ ! works ascrib$ to ,mat!w & ,m>k8 ,eusebius /ates1 h[ev]1 t ,papias made use ( te/imonies f ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john &1 likewise1 f t ( ,pet]47#e7 ,z ,eusebius1 #dhe h[ev]1 does n quote ! passages f ,papias1 we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt :e!r he did n1 z else:]e1 assume f "s simil>ity ( word+ t ! passages 7 quotations f ^! ,epi/les1 :il/ 9 reality !y might n be4 ,&rew1 a ,cappadocian bi%op ( ! fif? c5tury1 m5tions t ,papias1 among/ o!rs ( ! ,fa!rs1 consid]$ ! ,apocalypse inspir$47#a7 ,no ref]5ce is made to ?is by ,eusebius1 b al?\gh f 8 ,mill5>ian t5d5cies x is v probable t ,papias reg>d$ ! ,apocalypse ) peculi> v5]ation z a prophetic book1 ?is evid5ce is too vague & isolat$ to be ( mu* value4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ,papias1 l ,hegesippus & o!rs ( ! ,fa!rs1 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#b7 ,eusebius says3 ,he 7,papias7 has likewise relat$ ano!r hi/ory ( a woman accus$ ( _m s9s be=e ! ,"l1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews47#c7 ,?is is g5]ally believ$ to be ! episode ins]t$ 9 ! lat] ,,mss4 ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 viii4 #a--aa4 ,:atev] books ,papias knew1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta91 f 8 own express decl>ation1 t he ascrib$ little importance to !m1 & pref]r$ tradition z a m b5eficial s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ evangelical hi/ory4 ,= ,i held t :at 0 to be d]iv$ f #dhf books1 he says1 did n s pr(it me z t f ! liv+ & abid+ voice47#a7 ,if1 !re=e1 x c\ld ev5 h be5 %[n t ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) any ( our ,canonical ,gospels1 x mu/ at ! same "t h be5 admitt$ t he did n recognize !m z au?oritative docum5ts4 ,x is manife/ f ! evid5ce adduc$1 h[ev]1 t ,papias did n "k our ,gospels4 ,x is n possible t he c\ld h f\nd x bett] to inquire :at ,john or ,mat!w1 or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l444 say if he _h kn[n ( ,gospels su* z ours1 & believ$ !m to h be5 actually writt5 by ^? ,apo/les1 delib]ately tell+ him :at !y _h to say4 ,! "w ( ,mat!w :i* he m5tions be+1 h[ev]1 a m]e collection ( disc\rses ( ,jesus1 he might naturally inquire :at ! ,apo/le7#b7 himself said ( ! hi/ory & tea*+ ( ! ,ma/]4 ,! evid5ce ( ,papias is 9 e respect mo/ important4 ,he is ! fir/ writ] :o m5tions t ,mat!w & ,m>k 7 believ$ to h writt5 any works at all2 b :il/ he %[s t he does n accord any canonical au?ority ev5 to ! works attribut$ to !m1 8 description ( ^? works & 8 g5]al te/imony comes ) cru%+ =ce aga9/ ! pret5sions made on behalf ( our ,gospels to ,apo/olic orig9 & au!nticity4 #b ,we may m]ely rem>k t ,papias does n call ! ,mat!w :o wrote !--,greek-- an ,apo/le4 ,9 ?is passage he speaks ( ! ,apo/le1 b he does n di/9ctly id5tify him ) ! ,mat!w ( ! o!r passage4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4