,,frauds ,,& ,,follies ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs ,a ,review ,( ,! ,wor? ,( ,_! ,te/imony ,to ,! ,f\r ,gospels ,by ,joseph ,mazz9i ,:eel] ,i4 ,to expose ! delirium & del9qu5cies ( a respect$ or ev5 respectable body ( m5 is always an ungraci\s1 ?\gh x may n be an unnecess>y1 task4 ,b :5 we are in=m$ t rejection ( c]ta9 sup]natural /ories means our condemnation "h & damnation h]eaft]1 we feel tempt$ to exam9e ! k9d ( m5 :o fir/ accept$ & promulgat$ ^? /ories4 ,! man :o tells me ,i %all be damn$ if ,i d n believe 9 8 !ories or ?aumaturgy may h _m e/imable qualities1 b he mu/ n be surpris$ if1 disreg>d+ ^!1 ,i call att5tion to in/ances ( 8 cr$ulity4 ,:51 moreov]1 prie/s assume au?ority ov] conduct on ! gr\nd t _! ,*ur* or _! doctr9es 7 ,god-giv51 x becomes necess>y to inve/igate h[ t ,*ur* & ^? doctr9es 7 built up2 & if we f9d sup]/iti\s fool]ies & pi\s frauds mix$ !re91 x may d some?+ to abate our confid5ce 9 prie/ly pret5tions4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,fa!rs1 z to mu* else1 ! ,ca?olic is ! mo/ consi/5t ( all ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,! m5 :o e/abli%$ ! ,*ur*1 & fix$ :at 0 & :at 0 n ,canonical ,gospel1 are surely entitl$ to "s au?ority on ! "p ( believ]s4 ,:5 ,prote/ants wi% to prove ! au!nticity ( _! infallible book1 !y h to fall back ^u ! witness ( ! fallible ,fa!rs ^: au?ority !y are at o!r times always ready to repudiate4 ,! intellectual & moral "* ( ! m5 :o 7 ! orig9al deposit>ies ( ,*ri/ian fai? & lit]ature is !n evid5tly ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,all hi/orical evid5ce z to ! au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ! fai?fulness ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 comes ?r\gh !m4 ,if !y 7 cr$ul\s & untru/wor?y1 ! edifice built ^u _! te/imony or _! fai? w be f\nd to be tott]+4 ,n[1 conc]n+ ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 we h1 at ! outset1 to allege t1 z a class1 n only 7 !y sup]/iti\s & cr$ul\s1 & !re=e unreliable1 b t _m ( !m 7 absolutely fraudul5t1 n hesitat+ to use any & e means to fur!r ! int]e/s ( _! religion4 ,bi%op ,c4 ,j4 ,ellicott1 9 8 article on ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,cambridge ,essays = #ahef1 pp4 #age1 #agf1 says3 ,b cr$ulity is n ! only *>ge :i* ^! e>ly ages h to su/a94 ,!y c]ta9ly _c be pron\nc$ free f ! influ5ce ( pi\s frauds4444 ,x 0 an age ( lit]>y frauds4 ,deceit1 if x _h a good int5tion1 frequ5tly pass$ un*all5g$4444 ,h[ev] unwill+ we may be to admit x1 hi/ory =ces ^u u ! recognition ( pi\s fraud z a pr9ciple :i* 0 by no means inop]ative 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,j]emiah ,jones says3 ,to make te/imonies out ( =g]ies & spuri\s books to prove ! v f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 0 a me?od mu* practis$ by "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 especially ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 & ,lactantius4--,a ,new & ,full ,me?od ( ,settl+ ! ,canonical ,au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "p ii41 *ap1 xxxiv41 p4 #cah1 vol4 i4 #ahbg4 ,b4 ,h4 ,c[p]1 a well-kn[n *ampion ( ,*ri/ianity1 & once editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature1 confesses 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,apocryphal ,gospels 7p4 xxv41 #ahfg73 ,anci5t inv5tion & indu/ry w5t ev5 fur!r1 & produc$ sundry scraps ab\t ,h]od1 ,v]onica1 ,l5tuius1 & ,abg>1 wrote epi/les = ,*ri/ & 8 "m1 & ,i "k n h[ mu* besides4 ,no difficulty /ood 9 ! way2 anci5t docum5ts c\ld easily be appeal$ to )\t necess>ily exi/+2 spirits c\ld be summon$ f ! o!r _w by a /roke ( ! p51 & be made to say any?+2 sacr$ names c\ld be writt5 & made a passport to fictions1 & s on ad libitum4 ,m4 ,daille says3 ,= ^! =g]ies are n new & ( ye/]day2 b ! abuse ha? be5 on foot above f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s4--,! ,"r ,use ( ! ,fa!rs1 p4 #ab1 #afge4 ,mo%eim m5tions a v>iety ( comm5t>ies fill$ ) impo/ores or fables on our ,savior's life & s5tim5ts1 compos$ soon aft] 8 asc5t into heav51 by m5 :o1 )\t be+ bad1 p]haps1 7 sup]/iti\s1 simple1 & pi\sly deceitful4 ,to ^! 7 aft]w>ds add$ o!r writ+s falsely accr$it$ to ! mo/ holy apo/les by fraudul5t individuals4--,in/itutes ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 "p iii1 *ap4 ii1 sec4 #ag1 p4 #fe1 vol4 i4 ,/ubbs's edition1 #ahfc4 ,! same ju/ly-r5[n$ hi/orian decl>es t a p]nici\s maxim :i* 0 curr5t 9 ! s*ools1 n only ( ! ,egyptians1 ! ,platoni/s1 & ! ,py?agoreans1 b also ( ! ,jews1 0 v e>ly recognis$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 & soon f\nd among !m num]\s patrons--namely1 t ^? :o made x _! bus9ess to deceive ) a view ( promot+ ! cause ( tru? 7 des]v+ r ( comm5dation ?an c5sure4--,comm5t>ies on ! ,affairs ( ! ,*ri/ians be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9o ! ,great4 ,second c5tury4 sec4 #g1 pp4 #dd1 #de4 ,r4 ,s4 ,vidat's translation4 #ahac4 ,dr4 ,giesel]1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ,gott+51 says3 ,9 ref]5ce to ! advancem5t ( v>i\s ,*ri/ian int]e/s1 & 9 l mann] also to ! confirmation ( ^? developm5ts ( doctr9e already m5tion$1 ! spuri\s lit]ature :i* _h aris5 & cont9ually increas$ among ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 0 ( great importance4 ,! ,*ri/ians made use ( su* expressions & writ+s z _h already be5 falsely attribut$ by ,jews1 f p>tiality to _! religion1 to honor$ p]sons ( antiquity1 & alt]$ !m 9 p>ts to suit _! own wants1 su* z ! book ( ,eno* & ! f\r? book ( ,ezra4 ,b writ+s ( ?is k9d 7 also fabricat$ anew by ,*ri/ians1 :o quiet$ _! consci5ce respect+ ! =g]y ) ! idea ( _! good int5tion1 = ! purpose ( giv+ great] impressiv5ess to _! doctr9es & admonitions by ! reputation ( respectable names1 ( animat+ _! suff]+ bre?r5 to /eadfa/ness1 & ( gam+ ov] _! oppon5ts to ,*ri/ianity4--,comp5dium ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 sec4 #eb1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,translat$ by ,dr4 ,s4 ,davidson4 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k's ,=eign ,!ological ,libr>y4 ,b z our purpose is to exam9e ^! writ+s some:at 9 detail1 we w comm5ce ) ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,fa!rs4 ,?is "n is giv5 to ^? ,*ri/ian writ]s :o are alleg$ to h _h int]c\rse ) ! ,apo/les4 ,^! writ+s are said to date f ab\t #ig to #aej a4c4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,donaldson says3 ,( ^! writ]s inve/igation assures u only ( ! names ( ?ree1 ,clem5t1 ,polyc>p & ,papias4 ,!re is no satisfactory gr\nd = attribut+ ! ',epi/le ( ,b>nabas' to ,b>nabas1 ! fri5d ( ,paul1 nor ! ',pa/or' ( ,h]mas to ! ,h]mas m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans499 ,yet x is to be notic$ t bo? ^! works 7 read 9 ! primitive *ur*es z ,scripture1 & are includ$ 9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex1 :i* is ass]t$ to be ! mo/ anci5t manuscript ( ! ,new ,te/am5t extant4 99 ,! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 *ap1 i41 p4 #aja1 #ahgd4 ,we take fir/ ,,/4 ,,clem5t4 ,!re is a fell[-labor] ) ,paul ( ! "n ( ,clem5t1 m5tion$ 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians 7iv41 #c71 b :e!r ?is is ! same individual :om ! ,ca?olics make a ,pope ( ,rome1 & "s ( ! ,fa!rs say 0 a k9sman ( ! ,roman ,emp]or1 is a matt] ( dispute1 & mu* d\bt$ by ! be/ au?orities4 ,bi%op ,lightfoot 7,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les3 ,philippians1 p4 #aff7 says3 ,! notices ( "t & place are oppos$ to ! id5tification ( ! two4 ,a suffici5t evid5ce ( ! e/imation 9 :i* ,/4 ,clem5t 0 held1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ! numb] ( =g]ies :i* ,*ri/ian piety h palm$ ^u ! _w 9 8 "n4 ,9 ! ,alex&rian ,codex1 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ important manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 two epi/les address$ to ! ,cor9?ians /& inscrib$ ) 8 "n1 & are enum]at$ 9 ! li/ ( books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,( ^!1 ! second is on all h&s all[$ to be a =g]y1 & ! fir/ is g5]ally consid]$ to be int]polat$4 ,t =g]ies or int]polations h tak5 place 9 reg>d to ^? books ( ! same ,codex :i*1 ^u ! au?ority ( c]ta9 ,fa!rs1 h be5 =m$ into ! receiv$ canon ( sacr$ ,scripture1 mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be suspect$ on pa9 ( ev]la/+ burn+4 ,! fact ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews be+ ascrib$ to ,/ ,paul1 ! second ,epi/le ascrib$ to ,/ ,pet]1 & su* texts z ^? ( ! heav5ly witnesses 7#a ,john v41 #g1 #h71 %[ any s*ol> t no?+ ( ! k9d c\ld h tak5 place by any possibility :atev]4 ,is x likely t ,god w\ld all[ 8 ,holy ,^w to be tamp]$ )8 ,! hi/ory ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 says ,canon ,we/cott 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bb1ahha71 is inve/$ ) my?ic dignity :i* is )\t example 9 ! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ur*4 ,x 0 too utt]ly impossible = o!r ,fa!rs & f\nd]s ( ! ,*ur* to be inve/$ ) my?ic dignity4 ,jesus mu/ h come ( ! se$ ( ,k+ ,david1 ev5 ?\gh ,joseph _h no?+ to d ) 8 g5ealogy4 ,! ev5ts ( 8 life1 ,we/cott goes on to say1 h become s /rangely involv$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! religi\s romances :i* be> 8 "n1 t !y rema9 9 inextricable confusion4 ,& s inde$ !y are2 almo/ z badly z ^? ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,clem5t is call$ at "o "t a disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 & at ano!r ( ,/4 ,pet]1 :o ,paul )/ood to 8 face because he 0 to be blam$ 7,gal4 ii41 #aa74 ,! ,abbe ,migne1 9 8 ,patrologie1 makes him ,pope 9 #ia ,a4,c4 ,! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 purport+ to be writt5 by ,clem5t himself1 says he 0 orda9$ by ,pet]4 ,"s put ! fir/ ,popes z ,l9us1 ,cletus1 ,anacletus1 & !n ,clem5t2 o!rs give _! ord] z ,l9us1 ,cletus1 ,clem5t1 ,anacletus2 o!rs ,clem5t1 ,l9us1 c42 9 %ort1 !y are giv5 e way4 ,b>on ,buns5 call$ ,anacletus a purely apocryphal & my?ical p]sonage1 & "s wick$ sceptics h ?\ght ! same ( ! :ole bat*4 ,9 addition to ! two epi/les :i* /& on ! same p>*m5t ) ,holy ,scripture1 ,/4 ,clem5t is cr$it$ ) two epi/les to ,virg9s--:i*1 ?\gh sup]/iti\s1 are possibly none ! less au!ntic2 two epi/les to ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,inc>nate ,god1 ! ,apo/olic ,canons 7:i* include 8 own writ+s z sacr$ scripture71 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ! ,recognitions1 a ,liturgy1 & tw5ty ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,all ( ^!1 says ,mo%eim1 7 fraudul5tly ascrib$ to ?is em95t fa!r by "s deceiv]s1 = ! purpose ( procur+ !m great] au?ority4 ,clem5t has also be5 suppos$ ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,re/rict+ ourselves = ! pres5t to ! fir/ epi/le1 g5]ally put =w>d z g5u9e1 until a comp>atively late date quot$ z au?oritative scripture by ! ,fa!rs1 put 9 ! apo/olic canons among sacr$ & inspir$ writ+s1 & :i* ,eusebius tells u 7,hi/4 ,eccl4 iii41 #af7 0 publicly read 9 v _m *ur*es 9 old times & ev5 9 8 own day2 we at once discov] evid5ce t ! writ] c\ld n h be5 ak9 to ! ,caes>s or ( a noble ,roman family4 ,he bespeaks 8 ,jewi% bir? by 8 cont9ual citation ( ! ,jew books1 by 8 ref]5ces to ! s]vices at ,j]usalem 7*aps4 xl4 & xli471 & by speak+ ( our fa!r ,jacob4 ,b1 l o!r ,*ri/ian writ]s1 he is v loose 9 8 quotations4 ,= in/ance1 he jumbles up ! fir/ ,isaiah & an apocryphal ,ezekiel 9 ! foll[+ quotation1 ,say to ! *ildr5 ( my p1 ,?\gh y\r s9s rea* f e>? to heav51 & ?\gh !y be r$d] ?an sc>let & black] ?an sackclo?1 yet if ye turn to me ) y\r :ole he>t1 & say1 ',fa!r1' ,i w li/5 to y z to a holy p499 ,he m5tions 7*ap1 lv47 ! bless$ ,judi?1 :i* book1 by ! way1 ,volkm> & o!rs ?9k mu/ be dat$ a4c4 #aag-aah4 ,he also 7*ap1 xvii47 quotes ,moses z say+1 ,i am b z ! smoke ( a pot1 & o!r passages 7*ap4 xxiii4-xxvi71 probably f ! apocryphal ,assumption ( ,moses4 ,b ?is is no worse ?an ,mat!w 7ii41 #bc7 quot+ z f ! prophets1 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e2 ,paul's wrongly quot+ ! ,psalms 7,eph4 iv41 #h72 or ,jude 7v]4 #ad7 cit+ ! apocryphal book ( ,eno* z by ! sev5? f ,adam4 ,b x some:at vitiates 8 suppos$ te/imony to ! canonical books4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 & 8 own reads at times l a bad imitation ( ,paul4 99 ,pp4 #ab & #ac1 vol i41 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y4 ,all our citations1 unless o!rwise m5tion$1 w be tak5 f ?is valuable s]ies ( volumes4 ,! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 & !reby ! real f\nd] ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 disreg>d+ a c]ta9 ?reat ( its suppos$ f\nd] 7,matt1 v41 #bb71 v5tur$1 9 argu+ = ! resurrection1 ! some:at que/ionable /atem5t1 ,?\ fool1 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$ except x die 7#a ,cor4 xv41 #cf74 ,clem5t altoge!r outdoes ?is4 ,he says 7*ap1 xxv473 ,let u consid] t wond]ful sign ( ! resurrection :i* takes place 9 ea/]n l&s1 t is1 9 ,arabia & ! c\ntries r\nd ab\t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 bird :i* is call$ a pho5ix4 ,?is is ! only "o ( its k9d1 & lives five hundr$ ye>s4 ,& :5 ! "t ( its dissolution draws ne> t x mu/ die1 x builds itself a ne/ ( frank9c5se & myrrh1 & o!r spices1 into :i*1 :5 ! "t is fulfill$1 x ent]s & dies4 ,b z ! fle% decays a c]ta9 k9d ( worm is produc$1 :i*1 be+ n\ri%$ by ! juices ( ! dead bird1 br+s =? fea!rs4 ,!n1 :5 x has acquir$ /r5g?1 x takes up t ne/ 9 :i* are ! bones ( its p>5ts1 & be>+ ^! x passes f ! l& ( ,arabia into ,egypt1 to ! city call$ ,heliopolis4 ,&1 9 op5 day1 fly+ 9 ! sight ( all m51 x places !m on ! alt> ( ! sun1 &1 hav+ done ?is1 ha/5s back to its =m] abode4 ,! prie/s !n inspect ! regi/]s ( ! dates1 & f9d t x has return$ exactly z ! five hundr$? ye> 0 complet$4 ,?is is ! way ! ,*ri/ian evid5ces 7 pres5t$ by ! au?oritative head ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,t]tullian 7,de ,resurr4 ,cam41 sec4 #aj71 takes ,psalm xcii41 #ab1 z ref]r+ to ?is prodigy4 ,/4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,gregory1 ,/4 ,epiphanius1 & o!r ( ! ,fa!rs1 foll[ ,clem5t 9 8 fable4 ,x is said t ,clem5t 9 ?is only foll[$ ,h]odotus1 ,pl9y1 ,ovid1 & ,tacitus1 :o m5tion ! pho5ix4 ,?is is false4 ,h]odotus 7ii41 #ac7 simply relates ! report ( o!rs1 & does n intimate t he believ$ any "p ( x1 b positively decl>es t "s ( ! /atem5ts 7 n cr$ible4 ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/1 x41 #b7 /ates expressly t ! acc\nts may be fabul\s4 ,ovid 7,metam41 xv41 #cib7 uses ! leg5d = poetical purposes4 ,tacitus 7,ann41 vi41 #bh7 decl>es t ! /atem5ts are unc]ta94 ,^!1 be x rememb]$1 7 un5light5$ hea!n1 b ! apo/olic sa9t f\nds ! di/+ui%+ article ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ ^u ?is mi/ake ( an ,egyptian my?4 ,may x n h be5 a pho5ix1 in/ead ( a dove1 :i* desc5d$ on ,jesus at ,jordan8 ,! *]ubim describ$ by ,ezekiel 7 curi\s f[l4 ,!re are "s que] animals m5tion$ 9 ! ,apocalypse2 ,isaiah & ,job m5tion unicorns1 & ! =m] dragons4 ,! ,jews 7 inde$ great 9 ! natural-hi/ory dep>tm5t4 ,rabb9ical ref]5ces to ! pho5ix are num]\s4 ,! ,talmud speaks ( ! zig1 a bird ( su* magnitude t :5 x spread out its w+s ! disc ( ! sun 0 obscur$2 & ! b>-ju*ne1 "o ( ^: eggs once fell d[n & broke ?ree hundr$ c$>s & subm]g$ sixty villages499 99 ,see ,b4 ,h4 ,c[p]'s article on ! ,talmud1 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature1 ,jan41 #ahfh4 ,! second epi/le1 or r homily1 ( ,clem5t1 ?\gh equally b\nd up ) ! sacr$ records1 & plac$ 9 ! ,apo/olical ,canon1 is admitt$ to be spuri\s1 & is e way less notable4 ,! conclud+ leaves ( ! ,alex&rian manuscript h be5 lo/4 ,x ends abruptly ) ?is int]e/+ *apt]3-- ,let u expect1 !re=e1 h\r by h\r1 ! k+dom ( ,god 9 love & righte\sness1 s9ce we "k n ! day ( ! appe>+ ( ,god4 ,= ! ,"l himself1 be+ ask$ by "o :5 8 k+dom w\ld come1 repli$1 ',:5 two %all be "o1 & t :i* is )\t z t :i* is )91 & ! male ) ! female1 nei!r male nor female4' ,n[1 two are "o :5 we speak ! tru? "o to ano!r1 & !re is un-feign$ly "o s\l 9 two bodies4 ,& 't :i* is )\t z t :i* is )9' meane? ?is3 ,he calls ! s\l 't :i* is )91' & ! body 't :i* is )\t4' ,z1 !n1 ?y body is visible to sight1 s also let ?y s\l be manife/ by good works4 ,& '! male ) ! female1 nei!r male nor female1 ?is 4444 ,"h is an int]e/+ quotation by ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,fa!r ( words utt]$ by ,god ,inc>nate ^u an important matt]4 ,_h !y f\nd _! way into ! ,canonical ,gospels1 :at books w\ld h be5 writt5 ^u _! beauty & sublimity6 ,z x is1 we ga!r f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria99 t ^! words & o!r important say+s ( ,jesus 7 f\nd 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians4 ,?is gospel 0 c]ta9ly an anci5t "o1 & is suppos$ by ,grabe1 ,erasmus1 ,du ,p91 ,fa!r ,simon1 ,grotius1 ,mills1 & o!rs1 to h be5 among ^? ref]r$ to by ,luke 9 8 preamble3 ,=asmu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to set =? 9 ord] a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ surely believ$ among u4 ,?is ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians 0 receiv$ by ! ,ophites1 ! ,encratites1 ! ,val5t9ians1 & ! ,sabellians4 ,x 0 evid5tly at "o ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,ess5es 9 reg>d to wom54 ,= in/ance1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes f x ! foll[+3 ,! ,"l says to ,salome3 ',dea? %all prevail z long z wom5 br+ =? *ildr54' ,i am come to de/roy ! works ( ! woman1 t is1 ! works ( female concupisc5se1 g5]ation1 & corruption4 ,:5 y despise a cov]+ = y\r nak$ness1 & :5 two %all be "o1 & ! male ) ! female nei!r male nor female4 ,intimations t simil> views reg>d+ m>riage 7 f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* may be ga!r$ f ,matt1 xix41 #ab2 ,rev4 xiv41 #d2 #a ,cor4 vii41 #h1 etc4 ,b ! subject is too delicate to be h&l$ by o!r ?an a div9ity /ud5t4 99 ,/romata1 book ill-1 #i1 #ac4 ,! ,engli% editors h deem$ x be/ to give ! :ole ( ?is book 9 ,lat94 ,pass+1 !n1 ,clem5t's two epi/les to virg9s ) ! rem>k t al?\gh g5]ally reject$ z spuri\s by ,prote/ants1 !y are consid]$ g5u9e by _! editors1 ,wet/e91 ,bellet1 & ,c>d9al ,villec\rt1 we come to ,! ,recognitions ( ,clem5t4 ,( ^! rem>kable docum5ts ,hilg5feld says1 ,!re is sc>cely a s+le writ+ :i* is ( s great importance = ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its fir/ /age4 ,! editors ( ! ,anti-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y call x a !ological romance2 b x is a "q :e!r t epi!t w\ld n equally fit e o!r s-call$ hi/orical composition ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,c>d9al ,b>onius 7,annal4 tom1 i41 an4 #ea7 call sit a gulf ( fil? & uncleanl9ess1 full ( prodigi\s lies & frantic fool]ies4 ,b ,c>d9al ,beli>m9e says x 0 writt5 ei!r by ,clem5t or by "s o!r au?or z anci5t & le>n$ z he4 ,x beg9s1 ,i1 ,clem5t1 :o 0 born 9 ! city ( ,rome1 & proce$s to n>rate 8 ?\ghts on philosophy1 8 d\bts & hopes ( a future life4 ,to resolve ^! ! wor?y ,fa!r det]m9$ to g to ,egypt1 & bribe a magician to br+ him a s\l f ! inf]nal regions to consult :e!r ! s\l be immortal4 ,b he he>d ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ,judea & 0 ready to accr$it ! wond]s ascrib$ to him4 ,hav+ he>d ,b>nabas1 ,clem5t proce$s to ,caes>ea & sees ,pet]1 :o in/ructs him conc]n+ ! ,true ,prophet4 ,& n[ comes ! curi\s "p ( ! /ory4 ,pet] is engag$ 9 cont9u\s controv]sy on ! true ,mosaic & ,*ri/ian religion ) a miracle work]1 call$ ,simon ! magician1 :o x is said confess$ he wr\ght 8 wond]s by ! help ( ! s\l ( a heal?y "y boy1 :o _h be5 viol5tly put to dea? = t purpose1 & !n call$ up f ! dead & compell$ to be 8 assi/ant4 ,pet] foll[s ?is ,simon ab\t f place to place1 expos+ him4 ,he especially foll[s him to ,rome4 ,! a/\nd+ revelation 9 connexion ) ?is /ory we give 9 ! words ( ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion 7vol4 ii41 p4 #cd73 ,!re _c be a d\bt t ! ,apo/le ,paul is attack$ 9 x1 z ! great enemy ( ! true fai?1 "u ! hat$ "n ( ,simon ! magician1 :o ,pet] foll[$ ev]y:]e = ! purpose ( unmask+ & confut+ him4 ,he is robb$ ( ! title ( ',apo/les ( ! ,g5tiles1' :i*1 toge!r ) ! honor ( f\nd+ ! ,*ur*es ( ,antio*1 ( ,laodicea1 & ( ,rome1 is ascrib$ to ,pet]4 ,all t opposition to ,paul :i* is impli$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians & else:]e 7#a ,cor4 i41 #aa1 #ab2 #b ,cor4 xi41 #ac--bj2 ,philip i41 #ae1 #af7 is "h realis$ & exagg]at$1 & ! p]sonal diff]5ce ) ,pet] to :i* ,paul ref]s is wid5$ into ! mo/ bitt] animosity4 ,! mo/ able au?orities1 su* z ,davidson1 ,b4 ,lightfoot1 ,mansel1 ,hilg5feld1 ,reuss1 ,baur1 ,s*olt51 & ,s*wegl] agree 9 ?is view1 :i* is /rongly confirm$ by ! epi/le ( ,pet] to ,james1 :i* /&s z a preface to ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 deal+ ) ! same matt] ( ,simon ,magus4 ,pet] says3 ,= "s among ! ,g5tiles h reject$ my lawful prea*+1 & accept$ c]ta9 lawless & fooli% tea*+ ( ! ho/ile man4 ,canon ,we/cott1 9 8 edition ( #ahff1 said on ?is passage3 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,/4 ,paul is ref]r$ to z '! enemy' 7on ! ,canon1 p4 #beb74 ,s9ce ! quotation ( ?is damag+ admission by ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 x has be5 remov$4 ,b :e!r ! fact t ! ,simon ,magus :o is revil$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions is int5d$ to repres5t ,paul has ! au?ority ( ,canon ,we/cott or n1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is view bett] agrees ) ,paul's epi/les1 & all we "k ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ?an ! reconcil+ b unhi/oric ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* took ! place ( ! ,clem5t9e !ological romance1 because1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* 0 built on ,paul r ?an t :i* 0 built on ,pet] 7,matt4 xvi41 #ah71 prov$ to be ! fitte/ to survive4 ,,ii4 ,,/4 ,,b>nabas ,/4 ,b>nabas is ! next ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs dem&+ our att5tion4 ,"h1 aga91 x is v d\btful if we h any ( ! au!ntic words ( ! companion ( ,paul1 s highly extoll$ by ,r5an1 & decl>$ by ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les to h be5 a good man1 & full ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ( fai? 7xi41 #bd74 ,! epi/le ascrib$ to ,/4 ,b>nabas1 al?\gh g5]ally receiv$ z 8 = _m ages1 & repeat$ly cit$ z ,apo/olic by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & also cit$ by ,orig51 & f\nd1 toge!r ) ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex1 is repudiat$ by mo/ mod]n s*ol>s1 & decl>$ by ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion to be an in/ance ( ! s+ul> facility ) :i*1 9 ! total abs5ce ( critical discrim9ation1 spuri\s writ+s 7 ascrib$ by ! ,fa!rs to ,apo/les & _! foll[]s 7vol4 i41 p4 #bcc1 #ahgi74 ,al?\gh ! weight ( au?ority is aga9/ its au!nticity1 x is /ill support$ z g5u9e by su* s*ol>s z ,s*midt1 ,griesel]1 & ,samuel ,%>pe2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t mo/ ( ! argum5ts us$ aga9/ x h be5 bas$ ^u its cont5ts n com+ up to :at critics h suppos$ ought to be ! ,apo/olic /&>d4 ,at any rate1 x is an-int]e/+ relic ( ! e>ly ,*ur* :i* is consid]$ g5u9e by ! mo/ important section ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,9 ,j]ome's "t x 0 /ill read among ! ,apocryphal ,scriptures1 & 9 ! ,/i*ometria ( ,nicephorus 7n9? c5tury7 x is put among ! disput$ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b>nabas is /ill m que/ionably fa!r$ ) a gospel ( 8 own1 :i* is no long] extant4 ,b z x appe>s to h conta9$ a v peculi> /atem5t to ! effect t ,jesus did n actually die ^u ! cross1 & t x 0 ,judas :o 0 crucifi$ 9 8 /ead1 :i* /atem5t has be5 tak5 up1 f :atev] qu>t]1 by ! ,mohamm$ans1 ?is gospel is1 ( c\rse1 set d[n z a ,mohamm$an =g]y4 ,! ,ca?olics h a tradition t ,b>nabas 0 conv]t$ aft] witness+ ! miracle at t wondr\s pool ( ,be!sda1 :]e ! angel came d[n tr\bl+ ! wat]s4 ,he 0 a ,levite ( ,cyprus1 & 8 "n 0 =m]ly ,joses4 ,x is notewor?y t ^u ent]+ ! ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ian conv]ts took new names1 a cu/om common to ! ,buddhi/s4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria says he 0 "o ( ! sev5ty ,apo/les4 ,he is /at$ to h conv]t$ ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & to h be5 /on$ by ! ,jews ab\t ! ye> #fd4 ,all ^! /atem5ts re/ on ! m]e au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 n ! slighte/ pro( be+ =?com+ ei!r = or aga9/ !m4 ,no?+ 0 kn[n ( 8 tomb until ! ye> #dgh1 :5 ! ,cypriotes1 be+ requir$ to submit to ! episcopal sway ( ,pet] ! ,full]1 ,patri>* ( ,antio*1 8 c(f91 ) ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,mat!w inside1 turn$ up 9 ! nick ( "t to av]t ! calamity & ass]t ! indep5d5ce ( a place hav+ su* indubitable relics4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,t\l\se yet claims to h 8 body1 & eight or n9e *ur*es pret5d to hav+ possession ( 8 head4 ,( ! value ( ?is wondr\s head we %all pres5tly h suffici5t pro(4 ,! ,acts ( ,b>nabas1 a s-call$ apocryphal book1 gives an acc\nt1 by ,m>k1 ( ! j\rney+s & m>tyrdom ( ?is ,apo/le 7,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y74 ,! ,evangeli/ tells h[ ,paul 0 q enrag$ aga9/ him s t1 al?\gh he gave rep5tance on 8 knees ^u ! e>? to ,paul1 he w\ld n endure x4 ,& :5 ,i rema9$ = ?ree ,sabba?s 9 entreaty & pray] on my knees1 ,i 0 unable to prevail ^u him ab\t myself2 = 8 great grievance aga9/ me 0 on acc\nt ( my keep+ sev]al p>*m5ts 9 ,pamphylia 7p4 #bid74 ,paul1 accord+ to ?is /ory1 refus$ to accompany ,b>nabas if he took ,m>k ) him1 & ,b>nabas elect$ to /& by ,m>k4 ,!y remov$ a fev] f "o ,timon by lay+ _! h&s ^u him4 ,& ,b>nabas _h receiv$ docum5ts f ,mat!w1 a book ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & a n>rative ( miracles & doctr9es4 ,?is ,b>nabas laid ^u ! sick 9 ea* place we came to1 & x imm$iately made a cure ( _! suff]+s 7p4 #big74 ,once 9 _! j\rney+s !y f\nd a c]ta9 race be+ p]=m$1 & ^u ,b>nabas rebuk+ ! city1 ! we/]n "p fell1 s t _m 7 kill$ & w\nd$1 & ! re/ fl$ = safety to ! ,temple ( ,apollo4 ,b our purpose is ) ! ,apo/olic epi/le :i* goes "u 8 "n4 ,joses may h be5 a ready speak]1 z is judg$ by 8 ,*ri/ian "n ( ,b>nabas1 or ,son ( ,exhortation2 b he c]ta9ly _c be class$ z a brilliant lett] writ]4 ,8 epi/le1 l _m o!r ,apo/olic docum5ts1 w\ld be consid]$ dreadfully prosy b = its age & reputation4 ,?\gh no great h& at compos+1 ,b>ney _h a rem>kable faculty = deal+ ) types4 ,types are an attractive /udy to !ologians2 biblical /ories--l t ( ,jonah & ! :ale1 = in/ance--:i*1 tak5 9 a pla9 & natural way1 are evid5t absurdities1 s]ve capitally z div9e types & symbols4 ,at ?is sort ( int]pretation ,b>nabas 01 z we %all see1 a p]fect ma/]4 ,he outdoes ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :i*1 by ! way1 ,t]tullian 7,de ,pudicitia1 #bj7 ascribes to ,b>nabas4 ,he prides himself ^u 8 exegesis ( ,scripture1 :i* he does n hesitate to ascribe to div9e inspiration4 ,bless$ be our ,"l1 he exclaims1 :o has plac$ 9 u wisdom & und]/&+ ( secret ?+s 7c4 vi41 p4 #aaj1 vol4 i41 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y72 &1 fur!r on1 he boldly av[s inspiration on behalf ( :at ,osburn calls a tissue ( obsc5ity & absurdity :i* w\ld disgrace ! ,h9doo ,my?ology 7,doctr9al ,errors ( ! ,apo/olic & ,e>ly ,fa!rs1 p4 #be1 #ahce74 ,accord+ to ,b>nabas1 ! ,mosaic legislation _h ,*ri/ 9 view r ?an ! sanit>y condition ( ! ,jews4 ,he ev5 manufactures a law ( ,moses 9 ord] to make out a type ( ,*ri/ hav+ v9eg> to dr9k4 ,he says 7c4 vii41 pp4 #aab1 #aac7 ,moreov]1 :5 fix$ to ! cross1 he _h giv5 him to dr9k v9eg> & gall4 ,he>k5 h[ ! prie/s ( ! p gave previ\s indication ( ?is4 ,8 comm&m5t hav+ be5 writt51 ! ,"l enjo9$1 t :osoev] did n keep ! fa/ %\ld be put to dea?1 because ,he also ,himself 0 to (f] 9 sacrifice = our s9s ! vessel ( ! ,_s1 9 ord] t ! type e/abli%$ 9 ,isaac1 :5 he 0 (f]$ ^u ! alt>1 might be fully accompli%$4 ,:at1 !n1 says ,he 9 ! prophet8 ',& let !m eat ( ! goat1 :i* is (f]$ ) fa/+1 = all _! s9s4' ,att5d c>efully3 ',& let all ! prie/s alone eat ! inw>ds1 unwa%$ ) v9eg>4' ,:]e=e8 ,because to me1 :o am to (f] my fle% = ! s9s ( my new p1 ye are to give gall ) v9eg> to dr9k3 eat ye alone1 :ile ! p fa/ & m\rn 9 sackclo? & a%es4 ,"s h suppos$ ^! spuri\s regulations 7 tak5 f traditions1 b ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,jones says3 ,i r look ^u x z a pi\s =g]y & fraud1 !re be+ no?+ ( ! sort kn[n to h be5 among ! ,jewi% cu/oms1 & ?is book hav+ sev]al su* frauds 9 x 7,a ,new & ,full ,me?od ( ,settl+ ! ,canonical ,au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cgg1 #ahbg74 ,if x is n ei!r ( ^! x is v cle> t we h lo/ "s important portions ( ,god's inspir$ ^w 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b>nabas also has a *apt] on ! r$-heif]1 :i* 0 sacr$ to ,typhon among ! ,egyptians1 z a type ( ,*ri/1 & says 7*ap1 viii41 p4 #aae7 ,! calf is ,jesus4 ,x appe>s1 too1 t ,abraham 0 a ,greek s*ol> "s "t be=e ! ,greek language 0 kn[n1 & t he circumcis$ 8 s]vants z a type ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b>nabas knew1 probably by inspiration1 ! exact numb] :o 7 circumcis$1 & tells u 7*ap1 ix41 p4 #aaf73 ,le>n1 !n1 my *ildr51 conc]n+ all ?+s ri*ly1 t ,abraham1 ! fir/ :o enjo9$ circumcision1 look+ =w>d 9 _s to ,jesus1 practis$ t rite1 hav+ receiv$ ! my/]ies ( ! ?ree lett]s4 ,= ! ,scriptures sai?1 ',& ,abraham circumcis$ t51 & eight1 & ?ree hundr$ m5 ( 8 h\sehold4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! k giv5 to him 9 ?is8 ,le>n ! eighte5 fir/1 & !n ! ?ree hundr$4 ,! t5 & eight are ?us d5ot$--,t5 by ,i1 & ,eight by ,h1 y h ! initials ( ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,& because ! cross 0 to express ! grace ( our r$emption by ! lett] ,t1 he says also ',?ree ,hundr$4' ,he signifies1 !re=e1 ,jesus by two lett]s1 & ! cross by "o4 ,he kn[s ?is1 :o has put )9 u ! engraft$ gift ( ,8 doctr9e4 ,no "o has be5 admitt$ by me to a m excell5t piece ( k ?an ?is1 b ,i "k t ye are wor?y4 ,v]ily ,b>nabas mu/ h be5 full ( fai? & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,no wond] he 0 expressly set ap>t & s5t =? to ! "w ( an apo/le by ! ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,acts xiii41 #b--d74 ,! importance :i* he places ^u numb]s may be comp>$ ) t assign$ by ! au?or ( ! book ( ,revelation4 ,b>ney tells u t ! _w w la/ #f1jjj ye>s because x 0 made 9 six days1 & ! inf]5ce is d\btless z true z ! fact 787 on :i* x is bas$4 ,8 sy/em ( f9d+ types 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t has la/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to our own "t1 & d]ives c\nt5ance f sev]al passages ( ,paul4 ,?is mo/ excell5t piece ( k conc]n+ ,abraham is h>dly m f>-fet*$ ?an say+ t ,levi paid ti!s to ,mel-*is$ek because he 0 pot5tially 9 ! lo9s ( 8 =efa!r ,abraham :5 he met him 7,heb4 vii41 #i1aj71 or t ,ag> 0 a type ( ,j]usalem 7,gal4 iv41 #be74 ,b>ney applies to ,jesus ! passage1 ,isaiah xlv41 #a1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l to 8 anno9t$1 to ,cyrus4 ,?is ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,jones 7p4 #chd7 calls a wilful & design$ mi/ake4 ,b 8 ref]5ce to prophecies are sc>cely m dis+5u\sly +5i\s ?an ,mat!w's mak+ ,jesus g to ,egypt1 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 ( ! ,"l by ! prophet1 say+1 ,out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son2 he dwelt at ,naz>e?1 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophets1 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e 7ii41 #bc72 or1 say+ t ,jesus spoke 9 p>ables1 ,t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet1 say+1 ,i w op5 my m\? 9 p>ables2 ,i w utt] ?+s :i* h be5 kept secret f ! f\ndation ( ! _w 7xiii41 #ce74 ,8 loose sy/em ( quotation may also be p>allel$ f ! sacr$ volume4 ,9 ,matt1 xxvii41 #i1 ! passage f ,ze*>iah xi41 #ab1 #ac1 is attribut$ to ,j]emiah2 9 ,m>k i41 #b1 a quotation f ,mala*i iii41 #a1 is ascrib$ to ,isaiah2 9 #a ,cor9?1 ii41 #i1 a passage is quot$ z ,holy ,scriptures :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b is tak51 z ,orig5 & ,j]ome /ate1 f an apocryphal "w1 ,! ,revelation ( ,elias4 ,"o m specim5 ( ?is ,apo/olical ,fa!r w suffice4 ,x occurs *ap1 xi41 p4 #aah1 & is z rem>kable = ! ,levite's und]/&+ ( ! laws ( ,moses z = 8 in=mation ^u natural hi/ory3 ',& ?\ %alt n eat1' he says1 '! lamprey or ! polypus1 or ! cuttle fi%4' ,he means1 ',?\ %alt n jo9 ?yself to be l to su* m5 z are ungodly to ! end & are condemn$ to dea?4' ,9 l mann] z ^? fi%es above accurs$1 float 9 ! deep1 n swimm+ l ! re/1 b make _! abode 9 ! mud at ! bottom4 ,moreov]1 ',?\ %alt n1' he says1 'eat ! h>e4' ,:]e=e8 ',?\ %alt n be a corrupt] ( boys1 nor l unto su*4' ,because ! h>e multiplies1 ye> by ye>1 ! places ( its conception2 = z _m ye>s z x lives s _m ----,gr4---- x has4 ,moreov]1 ',?\ %alt n eat ! hy5a4' ,he means1 ',?\ %alt n be an adult]]1 nor corrupt]1 nor l !m t are su*4' ,:]e=e8 ,because t animal annually *anges its sex1 & is at "o "t male & at ano!r female4 ,moreov]1 he has rightly dete/$ ! weasel4 ,= he means1 ',?\ %alt n be l to ^? :om we he> ( z committ+ wick$ness ) ! m\?1 on acc\nt ( _! uncleanness2 nor %alt ?\ be jo9$ to ^? impure wom5 :o commit iniquity ) ! m\?4 ,= ?is animal conceives by ! m\?4' ,we w leave ?is %ock+ old ,fa!r ) a v s]i\s "q1 z to ! value ( 8 te/imony to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,/4 ,,ignatius4 ,?is ,apo/olic sa9t ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,he is alleg$ to h be5 ! id5tical babe tak5 up 9 ! arms ( ,jesus z an example ( innoc5ce & humility to 8 none too innoc5t or humble disciples4 ,b 9 tru? 8 hi/ory is z untru/wor?y & fabul\s z t ( ! o!r h]oes ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om tells u t ,ignatius nev] saw ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & he might h add$ nei!r did any ( ! o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ) ! possible exception ( ! au?or ( ! ,revelation2 unless1 l ,paul1 !y saw him 9 a trance4 ,he is said to h be5 a ,syrian ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 b1 l ! ,galilean fi%]m51 to h writt5 9 ,greek4 ,fifte5 epi/les are ascrib$ to him1 b ( ^! eight are univ]sally admitt$ to be spuri\s1 & ! o!r sev5 are exce$+ d\btful1 ?ree only be+ f\nd 9 ! ,syrian manuscript4 ,calv9 said3 ,no?+ c be m disgu/+ ?an ^? silly trifles :i* are edit$ 9 ! "n ( ,ignatius4 ,! reason = ! ,presbyt]ian's condemnation lay 9 ! /ress :i* ^! epi/les place ^u ,episcopacy4 ,! writ] decl>es himself to h be5 inspir$ by ! ,_s say+ on ?is wise3 ,d no?+ )\t ! bi%ops 7,phil4 vii41 p4 #bcc74 ,he says bi%ops are to be look$ on ev5 z ! ,"l himself 7ad4 ,ephes4 vi41 p4 #aeb74 ,aga91 let all rev]5ce deacons z ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( ^: place !y are ! keep]s 7ad4 ,trail41 *ap1 iii41 p4 #aia71 & ,he :o honors ! bi%op has be5 honor$ by ,god2 he :o does any?+ )\t ! k ( ! bi%op does 9 reality s]ve ! devil 7ad4 ,smyrn1 *ap1 ix41 p4 #bdi74 ,dr4 ,donaldson 7,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 p4 #ajb7 says3 ,! writ+s n[ ascrib$ to him pres5t a problem :i* has n yet be5 solv$--9 :atev] =m !y be exam9$1 !y w be f\nd to conta9 op9ions & exhibit modes ( ?\ght entirely unkn[n to any ( ! ,ep-,apo/olic writ+s4 ,ignatius1 :o 0 surnam$ ,!ophorus1 is said to h be5 m>tyr$1 b ! ye> 9 :i* 8 dea? occurr$ is among ! obscurities ( e>ly ,*ri/ian *ronology4 ,x is alleg$ t he volunt>ily c\rt$ dea? by giv+ himself up z a ,*ri/ian to ,trajan :5 t emp]or 0 at ,antio*1 & t he 0 s5t by a circuit\s r\te all ! way to-,rome 9 ord] to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s !re1 or1 app>5tly1 r 9 ord] to write 8 epi/les :ile a prison] on 8 j\rney4 ,b no ref]5ce to ?is leg5d is to be trac$ dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is absurd /ory is n[ g5]ally discr$it$4 ,! life & writ+s ( ,ignatius mu/ be class$ 9 ! va/ catalogue ( ,*ri/ian my?s & fabrications4 ,,/4 ,,polyc>p4 ,mo/ ( ! little t is report$ ( ?is sa9t is also probably my?ical4 ,8 importance *iefly dep5ds ^u 8 be+ made ! l9k betwe5 ! ,apo/le ,john & ,ir5aeus1 ! fir/ writ] :o t[>ds ! close ( ! second c5tury names ! f\r ,gospels4 ,ar*bi%op ,u%] 7,proleg4 ad ,ignat4 ,ep41 *ap1 iii474 ?\ght ,polyc>p 0 ! angel ( ! ,*ur* at ,smyrna1 ref]r$ to 9 ,revelations ii41 #h4 ,a trivial objection to ?is is1 t x w\ld make ,polyc>p live until #ajj ye>s aft]w>ds1 z ! old fa!r is alleg$ to h liv$ on ?r\gh all ! e>ly p]secutions1 only to suff] dea? 9 #afg1 "u ! reign ( ! mild & g5tle ,anton9us4 ,lat] critics1 h[ev]1 h decid$ t ,/atius ,quadratus1 "u :om he is said to h di$1 0 pro-consul 9 a4d4 #aed-e or #aee-f--;all ( :i* %[s ! v reliable nature ( e>ly ,*ri/ian records4 ,he is said to h decl>$ t he s]v$ ,*ri/ = eighty-six ye>s1 b le>n$ au?orities are aga9 divid$ z to :e!r he meant t z 8 age1 or z dat+ f ! "t ( 8 conv]sion4 ,ir5aeus1 f :om we get our in=mation conc]n+ ,polyc>p1 gives u ! foll[+ *oice anecdote1 :i* illu/rates h[ ^! ,*ri/ians lov$ "o ano!r3 ,!re are also ^? :o he>d f him t ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 go+ to ba! at ,ephesus1 & p]ceiv+ ,c]9?us )91 ru%$ out ( ! ba?-h\se )\t ba?+1 exclaim+1 ',let u fly1 le/ ev5 ! ba?h\se fall d[n1 because ,c]9?us1 ! enemy ( ! tru?1 is )94' ,& ,polyc>p himself repli$ to ,m>cion1 :o met him on "o occasion & said1 ',do/ ?\ "k me8' ',i d "k !e1 ! fir/born ( ,satan' 7,ir5aeus aga9/ ,h]esies1 book iii41 *ap1 iii41 sec4 #d41 p4 #bfc1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y74 ,9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 :i* consi/s ( a /r+ ( quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,paul1 occurs ?is passage3 ,= :osoev] does n confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ has come 9 ! fle%1 is anti*ri/2 & :osoev] does n confess ! te/imony ( ! cross1 is ( ! ,devil2 & :osoev] p]v]ts ! oracles ( ! ,"l to 8 own lu/s1 & says t !re is nei!r a resurrection nor a judgm5t1 he is ! fir/-born ( ,satan 7*ap1 xii41 p4 #gc74 ,s*wegl] & ,hilg5feld consid] ! ins]tion ( ?is phrase1 fir/born ( ,satan1 z pro( ( ! inau!nticity ( ! ,epi/le4 ,!y argue t ! well-kn[n say+ 0 employ$ to give an appe>ance ( reality to ! =g]y4 ,nor are !re want+ o!r indications ( its spuri\sness4 ,x ref]s to ! my?ical m>tyr j\rney ( ,ignatius1 & :ile treat+ him z dead 9 *apt] ix41 has him alive & kick+ aga9 9 *apt] xiii4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna is said to h issu$ an encyclical lett] detail+ ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom1 :i* is report$ by t em95t ,*ur* hi/orian1 or r my?ographi/1 ,eusebius 7,ec4 ,hi/41 iv41 #ae74 ,x relates h[ z ,polyc>p 0 ent]+ into ! /adium1 !re came to him a voice f heav51 say+1 ',be /rong1 & %[ ?yself a man ,o1 ,polyc>p4' ,no "o saw :o x 0 t spoke to him1 b ^? ( our bre?r5 :o 7 pres5t he>d ! voice 7*ap1 ix41 p4 #hh74 ,^u :i* ,dr4 ,donaldson quietly says 7,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 *ap1 iii41 p4 #bjb2 #ahgd73 ,x is n v probable t !re 0 any voice f heav52 & x is improbable t !re 7 ,*ri/ians 9 ! place to he> ! voice4 ,! old fa!r prov$ to be ( ! asbe/os-l nature ( ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego4 ,:5 he _h pron\nc$ ?is am51 & s f9i%$ 8 pray]1 ^? :o 7 appo9t$ = ! purpose k9dl$ ! fire4 ,& z ! flame blaz$ =? 9 great fury1 we1 to :om x 0 giv5 to witness x1 beheld a great miracle1 & h be5 pres]v$ t we might report to o!rs :at !n took place4 ,= ! fire1 %ap+ itself into ! =m ( an ar*1 l ! sail ( a %ip :5 fill$ ) w9d1 encompass$ z by a circle ! body ( ! m>tyr4 ,& he appe>$ )9 n l fle% :i* is burnt1 b z bread t is bak$1 or z gold & silv] gl[+ 9 a furnace4 ,moreov]1 we p]ceiv$ su* a sweet odor1 z if frank9c5se or "s preci\s spice _h be5 smok+ !re 7*ap1 xv41 p4 #ib74 ,b ?is div9e int]position 0 only to make a display--,polyc>p 0 n to escape2 he 0 only sav$ f ! flames to p]i% by ! dagg]4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ^? wick$ m5 p]ceiv$ t 8 body c\ld n be consum$ by ! fire1 !y comm&$ an execution] to g ne> & pi]ce him ?r\gh ) a dagg]4 ,& on do+ ?is1 !re came =? a dove1 & a great quantity ( blood1 s t ! fire 0 ext+ui%$2 & all ! p wond]$ t !re %\ld be su* a diff]5ce betwe5 ! unbeliev]s & ! elect1 ( :om ?is mo/ admirable ,polyc>p 0 "o1 hav+ 9 our own times be5 an apo/olic & prophetic tea*]1 & bi%op ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* :i* is 9 ,smyrna4 ,= e ^w t w5t out ( 8 m\? ei!r has be51 or %all yet be1 accompli%$ 7*ap1 xvi41 p4 #ib74 ,! acc\nt relates t ,polyc>p _h a vision ( 8 pill[ on fire1 & prophesi$ !refrom t he %\ld be burnt alive4 ,! dove :i* flew out ( ,polyc>p's side prov$ him to h be5 possess$ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,h]odian relates t at ! ,apo!osis ( ! ,roman emp]ors x =m$ "p ( ! solemnity to let an eagle fly f out ( ! burn+ pile ( wood on :i* ! corpse ( ! new deity 0 cremat$1 to intimate t ?is bird ( ,jove c>ri$ ! s\l ( ! deceas$ to heav54 ,lucian1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,p]egr9us1 relates h[ he told ! simpletons t at ! dea? ( ?is ,*ri/ian m>tyr1 a vulture flew up out ( ! flames1 tak+ 8 c\rse direct to ! skies1 & scream+ out 9 an articulate voice1 ,so>+ above ! e>?1 ,i asc5d to ,olympus4 ,! miracles at ! dea? ( ,polyc>p may be j z true z t ( ! e>?quake & ! sa9ts hav+ come out ( _! graves at ! dea? ( ,jesus2 b sceptics w d\btless be f\nd :o consid]1 ) ,dr4 ,donaldson 7p4 #bai71 t n "o ( ! facts has prop] hi/orical te/imony = x4 ,,iii4 ,,h]mas4 ,! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 ! editors ( ! ,ante ,nic5e ,*ri/ian1 ,libr>y in=m u 9 _! ,introductory notice 7vol4 ,i41 p4 #cai71 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> books1 if n ! mo/ popul> book1 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies4 ,w4 ,osburn1 9 8 ,doctr9al ,errors ( ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs1 p4 #ce1 #ahce1 decl>es--) mu* %[ ( reason--x is ! sillie/ book t ev] ex]cis$ an influ5ce ov] ! human und]/&+4 ,?is gives a suffici5t gauge ( ! value ( ! judgm5t ( ^? c5turies4 ,z ) all o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s1 ) ! exception ( "s ( ! epi/les ( ,paul1 mu* d\bt exi/s z to its au?or4 ,! e>lie/ op9ion 0 t x 0 ! production ( ! ,h]mas :o is salut$ by ,paul 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans xiv41 #ad4 ,orig51 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,romans 7bk4 x41 #ca71 /ates ?is op9ion di/9ctly1 & x is repeat$ by ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,eusebius 7hi41 #c4171 & by ,j]ome 9 8 "w aga9/ h]esies 7iv41 #bj1 #b74 ,!re is an e>ly ,a,ethiopic v]sion ( ,h]mas :i* conta9s ! curi\sly bold figm5t t x 0 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,paul himself1 "u ! title ( ,h]mes1 :i* "n1 z /at$ 9 ! twelf? v]se ( ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 0 be/[$ ^u him by ! inhabitants ( ,ly/ra4 ,! ,muratorian fragm5t on ! ,canon1 h[ev] 7! au?or%ip ( :i* is unkn[n1 b :i* may plausibly be dat$ ab\t ! ye> #bjj17 ass]ts t ,! ',pa/or' 0 writt5 v lately 9 our times1 9 ! city ( ,rome1 by ,h]mas1 :ile ,bi%op ,pius1 8 bro!r1 sat 9 ! *air ( ! *ur* ( ! city ( ,rome 7i4e41 #adb--aeg ,a4,c471 & ! be/ mod]n au?orities s9ce ! "t ( ,mo%eim incl9e to ?is op9ion4 ,yet x is q possible t ! "n ( ! au?or is z fictiti\s z ! cont5ts ( ! "w4 ,x is a ?reefold collection ( visions1 comm&m5ts1 & similitudes4 ,! au?or claims to receive a div9e message & to record ! words ( angels1 & !re is evid5ce t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur* ?is claim 0 unque/ion$4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hoole1 9 ! introduction to 8 translation ( ! "w 7p4 xi47 says3 ,at ! v e>lie/ p]iod x 0 und\bt$ly reg>d$ z on a level ) ! canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t be+ di/9ctly quot$ by ,ir5aeus z ,scripture4 ,ir5aeus1 z ev]yone kn[s1 is ! fir/ :o m5tions ! f\r ,gospels by "n4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria speaks ( x z div9e revelation 7,/rom4 ,i41 xxix74 ,orig5 claims x z inspir$ by ,god 7loc4 cit47 ,all ! e>ly ,fa!rs accept$ its au?ority except ,t]tullian1 & he only disput$ x aft] he became an h]etical ,montani/4 ,9 8 or?odox works he too cites x z "p ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,eusebius tells u t x 0 read publicly 9 ! *ur*es1 & x is f\nd 9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 toge!r ) ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 along ) ! canonical books4 ,dup9 7,ecclesia/ica ,writ]s1 p4 #bh1 #afib17 says3,! ',pa/or' ha? be5 admitt$ by _m *ur*es z canonical4 ,h]mes makes no m5tion ( a ,tr9ity nor ( ! ,inc>nation1 &1 ?\gh he speaks ( ! ,son ( ,god1 ?is ,son ( ,god seems to be ! same z ! ,holy ,_s4 ,( ! man ,jesus he makes no m5tion4 ,:5 ! ,arians appeal$ to ?is book its reputation sank ) ! or?odox p>ty4 ,ab\t ! ye> #did x 0 condemn$ 9 ! decree ( ,pope ,gelasius1 & f t "t x has decl9$ 9 public favor4 ,j]ome1 :o 9 8 ,*ronicon _h laud$ x1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,habakkuk taxes x ) /ultia fooli%ness4 ,& n unju/ly4 ,its visions are almo/ z fanta/ic z ^? record$ 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,its div9e revelations are ab\t on a level ) ! maudl9 platitudes utt]$ ?r\gh ! lips ( spiriti/ trance m$iums4 ,al?\gh s highly appreciat$ by ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 !re are few among ! mod]ns :o w\ld n f9d 8 vag>ies pu]ile & unreadable4 ,he has a complete sy/em ( angelology4 ,!re are two angels ) a man--"o ( righte\sness1 & ! o!r ( iniquity-- 7,comm&m5t ,six?1 *ap1 ii41 p4 #cei17 & ^! orig9ate all evil & all good4 ,!re is ev5 an angel ov] ! bea/s4 ,h]mes is acqua9t$ ) ?is angel's "n4 ,x is ,!gri 7,vision iv41 #b1 p4 #cdf74 ,f ^! angels he receives mu* valueless in=mation4 ,mo%eim says ( 8 "w3 ,x seems to h be5 writt5 by a man sc>cely sane1 s9ce he ?\ght himself at lib]ty to inv5t conv]sations betwe5 ,god & angels1 = ! sake ( giv+ precepts1 :i* he consid]$ salut>y1 a m ready entrance into ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,b cele/ial spirits ) him talk great] nons5se ?an h$g]s1 or dit*]s1 or port]s among ourselves 7,ec4 ,hi/41 pt4 ii41 *ap1 ii41 sec4 #ba2 vol4 i41 p4 #fi1ahfc74 ,if we be> 9 m9d t ?is book 0 ! mo/ popul> among ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 we %all h a good idea ( ! ext5t ( _! atta9m5ts4 ,9 8 "w on ,*ri/ian affairs be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 ,mo%eim gives 8 op9ion ( ?is ,fa!r t he kn[+ly & wilfully 0 guilty ( a *eat4 ,at ! "t :5 he wrote1 cont9ues ,mo%eim1 x 0 an e/abli%$ maxim ) _m ( ! ,*ri/ians1 t x 0 p>donable 9 an advocate = religion to avail himself ( fraud & deception1 if x 7 likely t !y might conduce t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( any consid]able good 7vol4 i41 p4 #bhe2 ,vidal tr41 #ahac74 ,he has also be5 deem$ ! =g] ( ! ,sibyll9e oracles4 ,x is curi\s t 9 8 second vision he conf\nds an old woman1 :o is said to repres5t ! ,*ur*1 ) ! ,sibyl 7,*4 iv41 p4 #cca74 ,nei!r 8 reputation = v]acity nor ! value ( 8 e?ical tea*+1 z giv5 by angels1 is enhanc$ by 8 /atem5t t :5 comm&$ to love ! tru? he said to 8 angelic mess5g]3 ,i nev] spoke a true ^w 9 my life1 b h ev] spok5 cunn+ly to all1 & h affirm$ a lie = ! tru? to all2 & no "o ev] contradict$ me1 b cr$it 0 giv5 to my words4 ,:]eupon ! div9e visitor in=ms him t if he keeps ! comm&m5ts n[1 ev5 ! falsehoods :i* y =m]ly told 9 y\r transactions may come to be believ$ ?r\gh ! tru?fulness ( y\r pres5t /atem5ts4 ,= ev5 !y c become wor?y ( cr$it 7,comm&m5t ,?ird1 p4 #cea74 ,! te/imony ( su* a man w\ld be ( v little value inde$1 b x is c]ta9 t he gives none :atev] to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ?is1 al?\gh 8 writ+s are ! mo/ ext5sive ( any ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 ,dr4 ,tes*5dorf ev5 does n sugge/ t ,h]mas gives any indication ( acqua9tance ) our ,gospels1 & al?\gh ,canon ,we/cott1 :o admits x conta9s no def9ite quotation f ei!r ,old or ,new ,te/am5t 7on ! ,canon1 p4 #bjj1 #ahha71 /rives to %[ t "s ( 8 similitudes1 su* z t ( ! ,*ur* to a t[]1 may h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,canon ,s&ay1 ano!r ,*ri/ian apologi/1 admits t ^! ref]5ces are v d\btful4 ,! only direct quotation f ,scripture is f a "p :i* is n includ$ 9 our ,holy ,bible1 & :i*1 inde$1 is no long] extant4 ,9 ! ,second ,vision1 *ap4 iii41 he says3 ,! ,"l is ne> to !m :o return unto ,him1 z x is writt5 9 ,eldad & ,modat1 :o prophesi$ to ! p 9 ! wild]ness4 ,9 ,numb]s xi1 #bf1 #bg1 we read ( ,eldad & ,m$ad :o prophesi$ 9 ! camp1 & a book "u _! "n appe>s 9 ! ,/i*ometria ( ,nicephorus among ! apocrypha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,hav+ ?us cursorily review$ ! writ+s ( ! fir/ five ,fa!rs1 :o are usually1 ?\gh unw>rantably1 d5om9at$ ,apo/olic1 we w briefly exam9e ,,_! ,,te/imony ,,to ,,! ,,gospels4 ,! matt] inde$ might be summ>ily dismiss$ ) ! rem>k t !y af=d no te/imony to ! ,gospels :atev]4 ,b s mu* /ress is laid ^u !m 9 ?is respect by or?odox writ]s 7& necess>ily s1 = if ! s-call$ ,apo/olical ,fa!rs te/ify n ( ! ,gospels1 !re is no evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce until ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury7 t we mu/ pause & exam9e h[ f> !y be> ! burd5 t is laid ^u !m4 ,we h already se5 t bo? ! age & ! au?or%ip ( e "o ( ^! works is ( a mo/ d\btful "*4 ,! names ( e "o ( ! twelve apo/les1 ( ,paul1 ( ,ignatius1 ( ,polyc>p1 ( ! ,diognetus m5tion$ 9 ,acts xvii1 #cd1 ( ,clem5t1 ( ,l9us1 & ( o!r e>ly ,*ri/ians ( repute1 h be5 app5d$ to ! mo/ unblu%+ =g]ies4 ,among ^! s-call$ g5u9e rema9s1 z f\nd 9 ,ar*bi%op ,wake's v]sion & ! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 ^? attribut$ to ,b>nabas & ,h]mas are almo/ z c]ta9ly =g$4 ,( ! epi/les assign$ to ,ignatius1 ,pr(essor ,&rews ,norton says3 ,!re is1 z x seems to me1 no reasonable d\bt t ! sev5 %ort] epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius are1 equally ) all ! re/1 fabrications ( a date long subsequ5t to 8 "t 7,! ,evid5ce ( ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #cej1 vol4 i41 #bnd ed41 #ahdg74 ,! second ( ! epi/les attribut$ to ,clem5t is recognis$ by mo/ s*ol>s z spuri\s4 ,! only rema9+ docum5ts :i* we c at all all[ to be g5u9e are ! fir/ epi/le ( ,clem5t & t ( ,polyc>p4 ,ev5 ^! h n be5 undisput$4 ,! =m] has be5 *all5g$ z a =g]y by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cott]ill1 9 a curi\s "w1 entitl$ ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 publi%$ by ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgi2 & ! latt] by ,blondel1 ,s*wegl]1 ,hilg5feld1 ,tayl]1 & o!rs1 & x is g5]ally all[$ to be int]polat$4 ,dr4 ,giles 7,*ri/ian ,records1 p4 #aji1 #ahgg17 says3 ,! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs labor "u a m heavy load ( d\bt & suspicion ?an any o!r anci5t compositions ei!r sacr$ or pr(ane4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! art ( criticism 0 9 its infancy1 ^! writ+s 7 t5 times z ext5sive z !y are n[1 & !y 7 circulat$ )\t ! slighte/ d\bt ( _! au!nticity4 ,b1 z ! _s ( inquiry grew1 & ! records ( pa/ "t 7 inve/igat$1 ! mi/s :i* obscur$ ! subject 7 gradually disp]s$1 & ! light ( tru? began to %9e :]e !re _h previ\sly be5 no?+ b d>kness4 ,?+s :i* _h *a9$ & enslav$ ! m9d = ages1 dissolv$ & fad$ into no?+ at ! dawn ( day1 & objects t once held ! mo/ unb\nd$ sway ov] ! belief1 prov$ to be unreal be+s1 creatures ( sup]/ition1 if n ( fraud1 plac$ l ! lions 9 ! pa? ( ! pilgrim1 to det] him f proce$+ on ! way t leads to ! heav5ly city ( tru?4 ,9 ano!r place ,dr4 ,giles rem>ks 9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! age & au?or%ip ( ! ^! ,fa!rs3 ,! works :i* h be5 writt5 on ?is "q are almo/ z num]\s z ^? :i* conc]n ! age1 au?or%ip1 & au!nticity ( ! ,gospels !mselves1 b ! g5]al issue ( ! inquiries :i* h be5 in/itut$1 has be5 unfavorable to ! antiquity ( ^! works z rema9s ( writ]s :o 7 contempor>y ) ! ,apo/les1 b favorable to ! !ory t !y are productions ( ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,t 0 ! "t :5 s _m ,*ri/ian writ+s came into exi/5ce1 & all ! records ( our religion 7 s$ul\sly s\ght out1 because tradition 0 !n becom+ fa9t1 orig9al & ev5 second>y witnesses _h gone (f ! /age1 & ! great increase ( ! ,*ri/ian community gave bir? to ext5d$ curiosity ab\t its e>ly hi/ory1 :il/ x furni%$ great] safety to ^? :o employ$ !mselves 9 its s]vice 7,*ri/ian ,records1 *ap1 xi41 p4 #hi74 ,if ! ,gospels 7 writt5 by eye-witnesses ( ! miracles1 & ^! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs _h conv]s$ ) !m1 x is sc>cely cr$ible t !y w\ld h omitt$ to "n ! actual books !mselves :i* possess$ su* high au?ority4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* _! evid5ce c\ld be ( real s]vice to support ! au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s z be+ ! "w ( ,apo/les4 ,b ?is !y fail to supply4 ,!re is n a s+le s5t5ce 9 all _! rema9+ works 9 :i* an unmi/akeable allusion to ! ,gospels1 z we h !m1 is to be f\nd4 ,x is 9 va9 t ,*ri/ian evid5ce-mong]s appeal to _! citations ( c]ta9 say+s ( ,jesus or c]ta9 doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no "o disputes t ^! 7 9 g5]al vogue e>ly 9 ! second c5tury4 ,b ! po9t to be prov$ to ! ,rationali/ is t ! sup]natural ev5ts ( ! f\r ,gospels 7 te/ifi$ to by eye-witnesses1 :o publi%$ _! acc\nts at ! "t & 9 ! place :]e ! alleg$ sup]natural occurr5ces took place4 ,& ( ?is ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs af=d no scrap ( evid5ce4 ,( ! sup]natural hi/ory ( ,jesus !y "k no m ?an ,paul4 ,!y nei!r m5tion 8 immaculate conception nor 8 miracles2 nor d !y ref] to any ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) 8 alleg$ mat]ial resurrection4 ,?is especially applies to ! possibly g5u9e writ+s ( ,clem5t & ,polyc>p4 ,h]mas1 z we h m5tion$1 has no ref]5ce to any ( ! acts ( ,jesus4 ,b>nabas has an allusion to great signs & wond]s :i* 7 wr\ght 9 ,israel1 b he does n say :at !y 7 nor :5 !y happ5$4 ,ignatius alone1 9 a probably spuri\s epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 *ap1 xix1 alludes to ! virg9ity ( ,m>y1 h] (fspr+1 & ! dea? ( ! ,"l z ?ree my/]ies ( r5[n2 b ! details he gives conc]n+ ! brilliant /> :i* appe>$1 & h[ all ! re/ ( ! />s & ! sun & moon =m$ a *orus to ?is />1 & its light 0 exce$+ly great above !m all1 & h[ e k9d ( magic 0 de/roy$1 & e bond ( wick$ness disappe>$1 %[ t ! writ] ref]r$ to o!r s\rces ( in=mation ?an ^? f\nd 9 ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,9 ! full "p ( ! n9? *apt] ( ! epi/le to ! ,trallians1' he gives almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,apo/les cre$4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld be suffici5t evid5ce ( its spuri\sness4 ,/ress is laid by all writ]s on ! ext]nal evid5ces ^u c]ta9 alleg$ quotations f our gospels1 :i* are said to be f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,fa!rs4 ,b ! "q naturally arises1 if !y consid]$ !m to be ( ,apo/olic au?ority :y did !y n m5tion !m by "n8 ,!y say ,moses says1 b !y nev] say ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 or ,john says4 ,!y cite ! words ( ,jesus1 b n ( 8 ,evangeli/s4 ,!y also say ,! ,"l said r ?an sai?1 :i* indicates !y 7 r indebt$ to tradition ?an to writt5 acc\nts4 ,ir5aeus says he he>d ,polyc>p repeat ! oral relations ( ,john & ( o!r he>]s ( ! ,"l1 & ,clem5t may h receiv$ 8 k 9 ! same mann]4 ,we %all see f ! te/imony ( ,papias t he at lea/ pref]r$ tradition to ! books ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4 ,moreov]1 su* quotations ( ! say+s ( ,jesus z occur are nev] giv5 9 ! same words nor 9 ! same ord]4 ,attempts are made to acc\nt = ?is by say+ t !y quot$ loosely f memory4 ,b is x likely !y w\ld quote loosely words :i* !y believ$ to be writt5 by ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,?is does n say mu* = _! intellectual ability4 ,clem5t & ,polyc>p1 = in/ance1 bo? give1 ,be pitiful t ye may be piti$1 ^w = ^w2 :ile ! ,gospel %ews1 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful = !y %all obta9 m]cy4 ,clem5t says1 ,=give t x may be =giv5 y2 ,polyc>p1 ,=give & x %all be =giv5 y4 ,! ne>e/ to :i* is1 ,= if ye =give m5 _! trespasses1 y\r heav5ly ,fa!r w also =give y4 ,su* facts h con/ra9$ ,mr4 ,s&ay to admit 9 8 "w on ! ,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury t ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion is n )\t reason :5 he says !y may be d]iv$ f o!r collections ?an our actual ,gospels 7p4 #hg1 #ahgf47 ,canon ,we/cott himself 9 summ+ up ! results says3-- 7#a7 ,no ,evangelic ref]5ce 9 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs c be ref]r$ c]ta9ly to a writt5 record4 7#b7 ,x appe>s mo/ probable f ! =m ( ! quotations t !y 7 d]iv$ f oral tradition 7p4 #fc1 #ahha47 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 t :e!r !y w5t to o!r collections or reli$ ^u oral traditions1 _! ,evangelic ref]5ces are nev] exactly ! same z 9 our gospels4 ,!y manife/ly _h o!r s\rces ( in=mation4 ,moreov] x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,*ri/ian say+s v frequ5tly crept into ! text by way ( gloss4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is k9d ( int]polation is f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 *ap1 xix41 p4 #acc1 :]e we read1 ,?\ %alt n hesitate to give1 nor murmur :5 ?\ give/4 ,give to ev]yone t aske? !e1 & ?\ %alt "k :o is ! good ,recomp5s] ( ! rew>d4 ,b = ?is suppos$ quotation be+ omitt$ 9 ! olde/ ,,ms41 ! ,codex ,seaiticus1 x w\ld be consid]$ evid5ce t ! writ] ( ! epi/le 0 quot+ f ,luke vi41 #cj4 ,9 copy+ manuscripts !re 0 no su* /rictness z 9 a mod]n pr9t+-(fice1 :]e foll[ y\r copy is ! compositor's rule4 ,if a transcrib] at ! "t :5 our ,gospels 7 9 vogue 7& be x rememb]$ we h no manuscripts ei!r ( ! ,fa!rs or ( ! ,new ,te/am5t old] ?an ! f\r? or fif? c5tury aft] ,jesus7 saw a quotation diff]5t f ! way 9 :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to see x1 he w\ld n hesitate to alt] x ,s t _m ( ! alleg$ lit]al quotations f our ,gospels may be only em5dations ( ! scribes :o f\nd ! quotations 7 wrong & put !m "r4 ,dr4 ,donaldson1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 *ap1 iii41 p4 #bg1 tells u h[ ,ea* transcrib]1 z he copi$1 ins]t$ ! notes ( previ\s read]s into ! text1 & (t5 f 8 heat$ imag9ation add$ some?+ himself4 ,he also in=ms u 7p4 #bh7 ,t we "k = c]ta9 t ev5 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies ! lett]s ( bi%ops & o!rs 7 excis$ & int]polat$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,s pure is ! /ream ?r\gh :i* our ,gospels h desc5d$6 ,! able & le>n$ au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion well puts ! argum5t3 ,:51 !re=e1 9 e>ly writ+s1 we meet ) quotations closely resembl+1 or we may add1 ev5 id5tical ) passages :i* are f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 ! s\rce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n m5tion$1 nor is any au?or's "n indicat$1 ! simil>ity or ev5 id5tity _c by any means be admitt$ z pro( t ! quotation is necess>ily f our ,gospels1 & n f "s o!r simil> "w n[ no long] extant1 & m especially n :51 9 ! same writ+s1 !re are o!r quotations f s\rces diff]5t f our ,gospels 7vol4 i41 pp4 #bac1 #bad1 #ahgi47 ,t citations simil> to ^? f\nd 9 our ,gospels are n necess>ily tak5 !refrom may be in/anc$ f ,ignatius1 or ! writ] :o us$ 8 "n :o 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans1 *ap1 iii41 p4 #bdb1 says3 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,he came to ^? :o 7 ) ,pet] ,he said to !m3 ',lay hold1 h&le me & see t ,i am n an incorporeal _s4' ,accord+ to ,j]ome 7,vir4 ,illu/4 #af7 ?is quotation is f ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es4 ,b = ?is direct /atem5t1 x w\ld ( c\rse be assign$ by or?odox traditionali/s to a quotation f memory ( ,luke xxiv41 #ci4 ,orig51 h[ev]1 quot$ ?is self-same passage f ano!r "w well kn[n 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 b s9ce lo/ or de/roy$1 ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,b :il/ simil>ity w\ld n prove _! use1 v>iation f ! ,gospels is ! be/ pro( t !y 7 n us$4 ,su* passages ab\nd4 ,clem5t1 = in/ance1 says3 ,our ,apo/les also knew1 ?r\gh ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t !re w\ld be /rife on acc\nt ( ! episcopate 7*ap1 xliv41 p4 #ch47 ,he says x is writt5 cleave to ! holy1 = ^? t cleave to !m %all !mselves be made holy 7*ap1 xlvi41 p4 #dj47 ,he also quotes 7*ap4 #a41 p4 #dc7 ,i w rememb] a propiti\s day1 & w raise y up out ( y\r tombs1 :i* is probably f ! apocryphal f\r? book ( ,ezra4 ,b>nabas decl>es3 ,! ,"l says ',he has accompli%$ a second fa%ion+ 9 ^! la/ days4 ,! ,"l says ,i w make ! la/ l ! fir/' 7*ap1 vi41 p4 #c1 ,s9aitic47 ,he quotes z a say+ ( ,jesus3 ,^? :o wi% to behold me1 & lay hold ( my k+dom1 mu/ ?r\gh tribulation & suff]+ obta9 me 7*ap1 vii41 p4 #aad47 ,& aga93 ,= ! ,scripture sai?1 ',& x %all come to pass 9 ! la/ days t ! ,"l w deliv] up ! %eep ( ,8 pa/ure & _! %eepfold & t[] to de/ruction 7*ap1 xvi41 p4 #abi47 ,o!r in/ances might be giv54 ,9 ! second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t !re are at lea/ five su* passages1 b ^! suffice to %[ t o!r docum5ts ?an ! ,gospels 7 ref]r$ to1 & t ev5 :]e ! s5tim5t is simil> ! expression is diff]5t ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d also t we h x on ! au?ority ( ,luke 9 8 preface t already 9 8 "t _m _h tak5 9 h& to set =? 9 ord] a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 mo/ surely believ$ among ,*ri/ians4 ,mo%eim1 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 7pt4 ii41 *ap4 ii41 sec4 #ag1 p4 #fe1 ,/ubbs' ed41 #ahfc7 speaks ( ,a v>iety ( comm5t>ies1 fill$ ) impo/ures & fables1 on our ,savior's life & s5tim5ts compos$ soon aft] 8 asc5t into heav51 by m5 :o )\t be+ bad1 p]haps 7 sup]/iti\s1 simple1 & pi\sly deceitful4 ,to ^! 7 aft]w>ds add$ o!r writ+s1 falsely ascrib$ to ! mo/ holy apo/les by fraudul5t individuals4 ,b ^! fraudul5t individuals 7 ,*ri/ians1 & ! purpose ( _! frauds 0 to subs]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we h record ( _m o!r ,gospels1 n to m5tion ,acts ( ,apo/les & ,revelations4 ,"s ( ^! 7 c]ta9ly ant]ior to our own4 ,su* 7 probably ! ,gospel ( ,paul1 :5ce ,m>cion's ,gospel & ,luke's 7 d]iv$1 ! ,gospel ( ,pet] f :i* possibly ,m>k 0 compil$4 ,! ,oracles or ,say+s ( ,jesus :i* probably ent]$ into ! con/ruction ( ,mat!w toge!r ) ! ,gospel to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* we h already se5 z quot$ by ,clem5t1 ! orig9al ( :i* ,c4 ,b4 ,waite ?9ks may h be5 9 use among ! ,!rapeutae ( ,egypt a long "t be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! passages relat+ to ,*ri/ be+ aft]w>ds add$ 7,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion to ! ye> #bjj1 p4 #gg1 ,*icago1 #ahha47 ,accord+ to ,orig51 ,!ophylact & ,j]ome1 ?is ,gospel 0 writt5 be=e ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 & _m le>n$ mod]ns h deem$ x e>li] ?an any ( ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,at lea/ contempor>y ) ^! 7 ! ,gospel ( ,james or ,protevangelion1 ! ,gospel ( ,?omas or ,infancy1 & ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus or ,acts ( ,pilate1 all ( :i* rema91 al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has lo/ ! d\btless equally respectable ,gospels ( ,mat?ias1 ( ,philip1 ( ,b>?olomew1 ( ,&rew1 & ev5 ( ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,,iv4 ,we h ?us f> se5 t ! five e>lie/ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* h no claim to be consid]$ ,apo/olic1 & t1 s f> f be>+ te/imony to ! au!nticity ( our canonical ,gospels1 _! own age & au?or%ip are disput$4 ,we h notic$ t _! works nev] m5tion by "n any ( ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) ! exception ( ,paul2 t ! say+s !y ascribe to ,jesus1 :ile (t5 simil> to ^? f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 are nev] id5tical ) !m1 & t !y conta9 mu* t is evid5tly d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,we h 9 addition se5 t !re 7 num]\s ,gospels curr5t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 ?us confirm+ ! acc\nt ( ,luke t _m _h tak5 9 h& to set =? 9 ord] ! ?+s believ$ among !m4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages 7 *>act]is$ by any?+ r ?an by inve/igation1 or ev5 by accuracy ( repres5tation4 ,deception 9 lit]>y productions appe>s to h be5 ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,x 0 n only practis$ b def5d$4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion says ( ^! ,fa!rs 7pp4 #dfj--a1 vol4 #a1 #ahgi73--,no fable c\ld be too gross1 no inv5tion too transp>5t1 = _! unsuspici\s acceptance1 if x assum$ a pi\s =m or t5d$ to edification4 ,no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ev] produc$ s _m spuri\s works z ! fir/ two or ?ree c5turies ( our era4 ,! "n ( e ,apo/le1 or ,*ri/ian tea*]1 n except+ t ( ! great ,ma/] himself1 0 freely atta*$ to e description ( religi\s =g]y4 ,false gospels1 epi/les1 acts1 m>tyrologies1 7 unscrupul\sly circulat$1 & su* pi\s falsification 0 n ev5 int5d$ or reg>d$ z a crime1 b p]petrat$ = ! sake ( edification4 ,x 0 only sl[ly & aft] "s c5turies t _m ( ^! works1 once1 z we h se51 reg>d$ ) pi\s v5]ation1 7 exclud$ f ! canon2 & t g5u9e works %>$ ?is fate1 :il/ spuri\s ones usurp$ _! places1 is "o ( ! sure/ results ( criticism4 ,yet we are to suppose t :ile words writt5 = edification 7 falsely ascrib$ to o!r ,apo/les1 x 0 utt]ly impossible ) reg>d to our f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,we %all be bett] able to judge ?is "q ^u exam9+ ! te/imony ( ! fir/ p]son :o m5tions ! writ+s ( ! fir/ two4 ,,papias4 ,! fir/ in=mation we get conc]n+ ?is ,fa!r %[s him to h be5 acqua9t$ ) o!r /ories ?an ^? f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,x occurs 9 ,ir5aeus aga9/ ,h]esies 7book v41 *ap4 xxxiii41 sec4 #c & #d1 p4 #adf1 vol4 ix41 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y74 ,speak+ ( ! rew>ds :i* w come 9 ! fle% to ,*ri/ians1 he tells u t eld]s :o saw ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 relat$ t !y _h he>d f him h[ ! ,"l us$ to tea* 9 reg>d to ^! times1 & say3 ,! days w come 9 :i* v9es %all gr[1 ea* hav+ t5 ?\s& bran*es1 & 9 ea* bran* t5 ?\s& twigs1 & 9 ea* true twig t5 ?\s& %oots1 & 9 ea* "o ( ! %oots t5 ?\s& clu/]s1 & on e "o ( ! clu/]s t5 ?\s& grapes1 & e grape :5 press$ w give five & tw5ty metretes ( w9e4 ,& :5 any "o ( ! sa9ts %all lay hold ( a clu/]1 ano!r cry out1 ',i am a bett] clu/]1 take me2 bless ! ,"l ?r\gh me4' ,tak+ ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y z au?ority = ! value ( a metrete1 viz41 eight & two-?irds ( a gallon1 x foll[s t ! product ( "o mill5ial grape-v9e w make a quantity ( w9e equal 9 bulk to ! planet ,m]cury1 & all[+ to ! ?\s& million ( ! e>?'s inhabitants en\gh to keep !m con/antly intoxicat$1 say two gallons ( w9e a day to ea* p]son1 x w\ld keep !m all dead drunk = ! space ( ?irty ?\s& million ye>s6 ,:at a jolly old ,fa!r 0 ?is6 or1 if he is to believ$1 :at a jolly ,jesus to promise & jolly ,john to report su* a mill5ial prospect4 ,x beats ! ,mahomm$an ,p>adise4 ,ir5aeus cont9ues3-- ,9 l mann] ! ,"l decl>$ t a gra9 ( :eat w\ld produce t5 ?\s& e>s1 & t e e> %\ld h t5 ?\s& gra9s1 & e gra9 w\ld yield t5 p\nds ( cle>1 pure1 f9e fl\r2 & t all o!r fruit-be>+ trees1 & se$s & grass1 w\ld produce 9 simil> proportions2 & t all animals fe$+ on ! productions ( ! e>? %\ld become peaceful & h>moni\s among ea* o!r1 & be 9 p]fect subjection to man4 ,sec4 #d4 ,& ^! ?+s are borne witness to 9 writ+ by ,papias1 ! he>] ( ,john1 & a companion ( ,polyc>p1 9 8 f\r? book2 = !re 7 five books compil$ by him4 ,& he says 9 addition1 ',n[ ^! ?+s are cr$ible to believ]s4' ,& he says t :5 ! traitor ,judas did n give cr$it to !m1 & put ! "q1 ',h[ !n c ?+s1 ab\t to br+ =? s abundantly1 be wr\ght by ! ,"l8 ,! ,"l decl>$1 ,!y :o %all come to ^! times %all see4' ,:i*1 9 evasiv5ess1 is on a p> ) "s ( ! utt]ances ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels4 ,dr4 ,donaldson 7,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 p4 #hig1ahgd17 says3 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! /atem5t t ! ,"l spoke 9 "s su* way1 & x is n at all improbable t ,papias took lit]ally :at 0 meant = allegory4 ,dr4 ,giles seems to concur 9 ! view t ,papias repeat$ words ( ,jesus4 ,j4 ,jones 7on ! ,canon1 vol4 i41 p4 #cgj1ahbg17 ?9ks ,papias bo? ! manufactur] ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,mill5ium & ( ?is passage ascrib$ to ,*ri/ calculat$ to support x4 ,! idea he consid]s borr[$ f ! ,jews4 ,p]haps x 01 b x c]ta9ly f9ds "s c\nt5ance 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! /atem5t t ,papias 0 a he>] ( ! ,apo/le ,john conflicts ) ! acc\nt 9 ,eusebius 7,ec4 ,hi/1 iii41 #hi71 :i* implies t he receiv$ in=mation f ,john ! ,presbyt] aft] all ! ,apo/les 7 dead4 ,accord+ to ,eusebius 7,ec4 ,hi/1 iii1 #cf17 & ,j]ome 7,de ,viri ,illu/4 xviii471 ,papias 0 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 a city ( ,phyrgia4 ,he is suppos$ to h suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t #afc or #afg4 ,8 "w1 9 five books1 0 entitl$ ,an ,exposition ( ! ,oracles 7or ,words7 ( ! ,"l4 ,eusebius1 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 *apt] #ci1 gives u mo/ ( our in=mation ab\t ,papias4 ,8 e/imate ( him1 z a man ( v limit$ und]/&+1 does n det] u f regrett+ ! loss ( 8 writ+s4 ,! fragm5ts :i* rema9 ca/ su* radiance on "s ( ! d>k po9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian evid5ces4 ,paley & all ! s*ool ( evid5ce-writ]s cite him z prov+ ! exi/5ce ( our ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,b he is n[ g5]ally se5 to prove ! v rev]se4 ,let u fir/ exam9e 8 /atem5t 9 reg>d to ,mat!w4 ,z giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,eusebius1 x reads t ,mat!w compos$ ! logia oracles or say+s 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & ev]yone int]pret$ !m z he 0 able4 ,n[ x is some:at curi\s t ,papias1 probably 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury1 %\ld be ! fir/ to give curr5cy to ! tradition t ,mat!w wrote a ,gospel if t ,gospel _h be5 9 exi/5ce #ajj ye>s4 ,b t ! "w ref]r$ to 0 n ! same we n[ h is manife/ f its "n logia1 disc\rses1 say+s1 or oracles4 ,x w\ld be an utt] misnom] = an hi/orical n>rative beg9n+ ) a detail$ hi/ory ( ! g5ealogy1 bir? & infancy ( ,jesus1 & ! prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & conclud+ ) an equally m9ute acc\nt ( 8 betrayal1 trial1 crucifixion1 & resurrection1 giv+ all 8 movem5ts & miracles1 & :i* has = its evid5t aim ?r\gh\t ! demon/ration t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah4 ,our ,gospel1 n writt5 by1 b accord+ to ,mat!w1 has no su* title4 ,moreov]1 ours is a ,greek & n a ,hebrew ,gospel4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias on ?is po9t is explicit ,x is1 moreov]1 confirm$ by a cons5sus ( all ! ,fa!rs3 ,ir5aeus1 ,panta5us1 ,orig51 ,eusebius1 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,epiphanius1 ,*ryso/om1 ,augu/9e1 & all o!rs :o allude to ,mat!w's ,gospel decl>e t x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,n[ our ,gospel is consid]$ by ! mo/ compet5t au?orities an orig9al docum5t4 ,!re is no gr\nd :atev] = consid]+ x a translation1 ev5 if we knew t ,mat!w's ,gospel _h be5 prop]ly translat$1 in/ead ( ev]yone int]pret+ x z he 0 able4 ,_m ( ! quotations 9 x f ! ,old ,te/am5t are tak5 n f ! ,hebrew b directly f ! ,greek ,septuag9t4 ,its turns ( language h ! /amp ( ,greek idiom1 & c\ld n h come 9 ?r\gh translation4 ,s t !re is no reason = ev5 indirectly connect+ our ,canonical ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w ) ! logia :i* ,papias _h he>d 7 compos$ by him4 ,?is position is some:at /r5g!n$ :5 we f9d 9 ! ,fragm5ts ( ,papias1 p4 #ddb3 ,judas walk$ ab\t 9 ?is _w a sad example ( impiety2 = 8 body hav+ swoll5 to su* an ext5t t he c\ld n pass :]e a *>iot c\ld pass easily1 he 0 cru%$ by ! *>iot1 s t 8 b[els gu%$ out4 ,!ophylact1 aft] quot+ ?is passage1 adds o!r p>ticul>s1 z if !y 7 d]iv$ f ,papias4 ,he says t ,judas's eyes 7 s swoll5 t !y c\ld n see ! light1 t !y 7 s sunk t !y c\ld n be se51 ev5 by ! optical in/rum5ts ( physicians2 t ! re/ ( 8 body 0 cov]$ ) runn+s & worms1 etc4 ,if ,papias knew f ,mat!w t ,judas _h already hang$ himself1 & fur!r f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les t he _h fall5 headlong 9 a field & bur/ asund]1 x 0 really too h>d to inflict on poor (t-kill$ ,judas ^! additional cruelties4 ,surely x 7 bett] t man _h nev] be5 born1 ?\gh 9 t case we "k n h[ ,*ri/ian ,salvation w\ld h be5 br\ght to ! _w4 ,x seems z if ea* new ,*ri/ian writ] felt himself at lib]ty to inv5t a new dea? = ,judas1 :o 0 div9ely appo9t$ to br+ ab\t _! r$emption4 ,by ,paul's say+ ,jesus appe>$ to ! twelve 7#a ,cor4 xv41 #e71 x is evid5t he knew no?+ ( ,judas's suicide4 ,among ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( ,papias is "o f\nd 9 ,eusebius1 :o tells u t3 ,he also relates ! /ory ( a woman accus$ ( _m crimes1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,x w\ld !nce appe> likely t if ,papias saw & quot$ f any ,gospel1 ?\gh we h no o!r evid5ce ?an ?is t he did ei!r1 x 0 f ! ,gospel to ! ,hebrews1 :i* "s h ?\ght ! orig9al ( ,mat!w1 & :i* w\ld agree ) ! language 9 :i* he decl>es ,mat!w to h writt54 ,or?odox writ]s endeavor to make out t "h ,papias alludes to ! /ory f\nd 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,john4 ,b surely if ,eusebius knew ! /ory 9 ,john 0 ! same he w\ld n h ascrib$ x to ano!r ,gospel4 ,9 tru? !re is no evid5ce t ,john's n>rative ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y 0 extant ev5 9 ! "t ( ,eusebius4 ,x is an und\bt$ int]polation conta9$ 9 no anci5t manuscript ( value1 & may h be5 tak5 f "s tradition simil> to t f\nd 9 ,papias1 yet c]ta9ly n ! same s9ce ,papias speaks ( _m crimes1 ,john only ( "o4 ,we ?9k ! read] w agree ) ,dr4 ,samuel ,davidson1 :o 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i41 p4 #chc1 #ahhb1 says3 ,!re is no tangible evid5ce to connect ! pres5t ,gospel ) ! ,apo/le ,mat!w4 ,ev5 ! or?odox apologi/1 ,ne&]1 admits ,mat!w's ,gospel1 9 its pres5t =m1 0 n ! production ( ! ,apo/le ^: "n x be>s1 b 0 f\nd$ on an acc\nt writt5 by him 9 ! ,hebrew language1 *iefly 7b n :olly7 = ! purpose ( pres5t+ ! disc\rses ( ,*ri/ 9 a collective =m 7,life ( ,*ri/1 cap4 ii41 sec4 #d1 p4 #g74 ,an admission suffici5t to de/roy ! cr$it ( any pr(ane "w mu* less a div9ely inspir$ record ( ! say+s & do+s ( an alleg$ ,god4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhf1 #ahgi1 says3 ,x is manife/ f ! evid5ce adduc$1 h[ev]1 t ,papias did n "k1 our ,gospels4 ,x is n possible t he c\ld h f\nd x bett] to inquire ',:at ,john or ,mat!w1 or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l4444 say1 if he _h kn[n ( ,gospels su* z ours1 & believ$ !m to h be5 actually writt5 by ^? ,apo/les1 delib]ately tell+ him :at !y _h to say4 ,! "w ( ,mat!w be+1 h[ev]1 a m]e collection ( disc\rses ( ,jesus1 he might naturally inquire :at ! ,apo/le himself said ( ! hi/ory & tea*+ ( ! ,ma/]4 ,! evid5ce ( ,papias is 9 e respect mo/ important4 ,he is ! fir/ writ] :o m5tions t ,mat!w & ,m>k 7 believ$ to h writt5 any works at all2 b :il/ he %[s t he does n accord any canonical au?ority ev5 to ! works attribut$ to !m1 8 description ( ^? works & 8 g5]al te/imony comes ) cru%+ =ce aga9/ ! pret5sions made on behalf ( our ,gospels to ,apo/olic orig9 & au!nticity4 ,we w n[ look at 8 te/imony to ,m>k4 ,m>k1 he tells u1 hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote d[n accurately :atsoev] he rememb]$1 ?\gh he did n arrange 9 ord] ! say+s or de$s ( ,*ri/4 ,= he nei!r he>d ! ,"l nor accompani$ him4 ,b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 he accompani$ ,pet]1 :o accommodat$ 8 in/ructions to ! necessities ( 8 he>]s1 b ) no int5tion ( giv+ a regul> n>rative ( ! ,"l's say+s4 ,:]e=e ,m>k made no mi/ake 9 ?us writ+ "s ?+s z he rememb]$ !m4 ,= ( "o ?+ he took especial c>e1 n to omit any?+ he _h he>d & n to put any?+ fictiti\s into ! /atem5ts4 ,?is description likewise %[s t our actual second ,gospel c\ld n1 9 its pres5t =m1 h be5 ! "w ( ! ,m>k ref]r$ to4 ,m>k or ,m>cus 0 an extremely common "n 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our ,gospel is no m l a man's prea*+ ?an x is l an epic poem4 ,x has1 moreov]1 no ,petr9e *>act]i/ics4 ,m>k does n give ! important passage ab\t ,*ri/'s *ur* be+ built ^u ,pet] 7,matt1 xvi41 #ah72 nor ! di/+ui%+ addition call$ ,pet]1 9 ! call+ ( ,simon2 nor ! n>rative ( ,pet]'s miracul\s draught ( fi%es2 ( 8 walk+ on ! sea2 8 be+ s5t to prep>e ! ,passov]1 or ! reproa*ful look ( ,jesus :5 ,pet] d5i$ him4 ,x also omits ! expression bitt]ly :5 ! cock crew1 & ,pet] wept4 ,^! omissions h be5 attribut$ to ,pet]'s excessive mode/y4 ,ap>t f ! abs5ce ( any evid5ce ( ?is trait 9 ! ,apo/le :om ,paul )/ood to 8 face because he 0 to be blam$1 x mu/ h be5 a peculi> k9d ( mode/y inde$ to omit important passages & ev5ts le/ ! *ief ,apo/le %\ld seem too prom95t1 & to suppress ! bitt]ness ( 8 p5it5ce6 ,b ,ir5aeus tells u ! ,gospel ( ,m>k 0 writt5 aft] ,pet]'s dea?1 :ile ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria makes out t he wrote x at ! reque/ ( fri5ds :i*1 :5 ,pet] knew1 he nei!r h9d]$ nor enc\rag$4 ,s f ^! acc\nts1 nei!r ( :i* accord ) ,papias1 x w\ld appe> t ,m>k _h no motive = less5+ ! prom95ce ( ,pet]4 ,pet] is alleg$ to h di$ ab\t ! ye> #fj2 s t1 ,papias dy+ ab\t ! ye> #afe1 & writ+ late 9 life1 8 evid5ce on behalf ( ,m>k's ,gospel w\ld be ab\t #ajj ye>s aft] x is alleg$ to h be5 writt54 ,?is applies ) equal =ce to ,mat!w4 ,b s m>vell\s are ! cont5ts ( ^! ,gospels t ev5 ! mo/ c]ta9 evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce #ajj ye>s lat] w\ld be v unsatisfactory4 ,x w also be notic$ t ,papias no m m5tions a ,gospel ( ,m>k ?an he does ( ,mat!w4 ,:at he speaks ( is n an inspir$ n>rative1 b records writt5 f memory4 ,n[ if ,m>k wrote f memory he did n write f inspiration4 ,! argum5t = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel is at ! exp5se ( its inspiration4 ,b ! evid5ce f ! num]\s passages 9 :i* ,m>k agrees ) ,mat!w & ) ,luke is ov]:elm+ t x is n an orig9al docum5t writt5 f memory at all1 b ) ! writ] hav+ o!r docum5ts directly be=e him4 ,?is is admitt$ by all ! be/ critics4 ,papias says ,m>k did n arrange 9 ord] ! ?+s :i* 7 said & done by ,*ri/1 & t he 0 c>eful to omit none ( ! ?+s :i* he he>d4 ,h[ c ?is apply to our ,gospel1 :i* we h se5 omits _m mo/ important ?+s ) :i* ,pet] 0 mo/ especially conc]n$1 & :i* moreov] is ! mo/ ord]ly & consecutive ( ! ,gospels4 ,canon ,s&ay says 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #aea73 ,! second ,gospel is writt5 9 ord]1 x is n an orig9al docum5t4 ,^! two *>act]i/ics make x improbable t x is 9 its pres5t %ape ! docum5t to :i* ,papias alludes4 ,& aga9 7p4 #aee73 ,nei!r ( ! two fir/ ,gospels1 z we h !m1 complies ) ! conditions ( ,papias' description to su* an ext5t t we c claim ,papias z a witness to !m4 ,once m 7p4 #aei71 ,i am b\nd 9 c&or to say t1 s f> z ,i c see myself at pres5t1 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' aga9/ 8 critics1 t ! works to :i* ,papias alludes _c be our pres5t ,gospels 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,dr4 ,davidson 7,introduction to ,n4 ,t41 vol4 i41 p4 #eci1 #ahhb17 decl>es3 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ,papias's te/imony %[s t x does n relate to our pres5t ,gospel1 nor br+ ,m>k into connection ) x z its au?or4 ,all we le>n f x is1 t ,m>k wrote notes ( a ,gospel :i* 0 n our canonical "o4 ,! description ( ,papias w\ld lead u to expect1 n a regul>ly concoct$ ,gospel1 b fragm5t>y rem9isc5ces ( ,pet]'s prea*+4 ,x seems altoge!r m likely t ! allusion is to ! "w kn[n z ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]1 :i* 0 und\bt$ly popul> 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times1 & :i* 0 us$ by ,h]acleon & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria z au!ntic canonical ,scripture4 ,s9ce ,papias gives no quotations :atev] f ^! alleg$ writ+s ( ,mat!w & ,m>k ! :ole matt] rema9s a b>e tradition re/+ on ! au?ority ( ?is weak-m9d$ ,fa!r4 ,we are unaw>e if he took ! slighte/ pa9s to te/ ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts made4 ,x is highly improbable t he did any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,dup9 says3 ,! judgm5t t ought to be giv5 conc]n+ him is t :i* ha? be5 already giv5 by ,eusebius1 t is to say1 t he 0 a v good man1 b v cr$ul\s1 & ( v mean p>ts1 :o delight$ mu* 9 he>+ & tell+ /ories & miracles4 ,& s9ce he 0 exce$+ly inquisitive1 & incl9$ to believe ev]y?+ t 0 told him1 x is n to be admir$ t he ha? divulg$ div]s errors & extravagant notions z ! judgm5ts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ha? giv5 u fabul\s n>ratives = real hi/ories1 :i* %[s t no?+ is s dang]\s 9 matt]s ( religion1 z lightly to believe1 & too gre$ily to embrace1 all t ha? ! appe>ance ( piety )\t consid]+ 9 ! fir/ place h[ true x is 7,a ,new ,hi/ory ( ,ecclesia/ical ,writ]s1 vol4 i41 p4 #ej1 #afib74 ,traditions com+ f su* a s\rce c\ld be ( v little value4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ,papias pref]r$ tradition to any book ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$ ,he says3 ,= ,i imag9$ t :at 0 to be got f books 0 n s pr(itable to me z :at came f ! liv+ abid+ voice --a say+ :i* d\btless includ$ ! books ( ,mat!w & ,m>k he ref]r$ to1 & possibly o!rs ( ! _m :o _h writt5 a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* are surely believ$ among u1 ref]r$ to by ,luke4 ,j]emiah ,jones ?9ks he ref]s to spuri\s productions1 z he nev] w\ld h said ?is conc]n+ any inspir$ book 7,new & ,full ,me?od ( ,settl+ ! ,canonical ,au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i41 p4 #bd74 ,! idea ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op pref]r+ unc]ta9 tradition to ! sure & c]ta9 te/imony ( an infallibly inspir$ revelation is well-nigh incr$ible to a ,prote/ant apologi/4 ,?is extreme cr$ulity is ev9c$ ?r\gh\t ! slight fragm5ts :i* has come d[n to u4 ,he relates on ! au?ority ( ,philip's daught]s t a man 0 rais$ to life 9 8 day4 ,he also m5tions ano!r miracle relat+ to ,ju/us1 surnam$ ,b>sabas1 h[ he swall[$ a deadly poison & receiv$ no h>m4 ,aft] ?is we are n surpris$ at ! in=mation t ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w's affairs 0 left to angels1 & t !y made a mess ( x4 ,x is noticeable t :ile m5tion+ ,mat!w & ,m>k1 & especially m5tion+ ,john1 he nev] ascribes to ! latt] any su* writ+ z our f\r? ,gospel ,! only say+ :i* he does ascribe to him3 ,! days %all come :5 v9es %all gr[1 hav+ ea* t5 ?\s& bran*es1 etc41 is n only uncanonical b entirely dissimil> to ! /yle ( bo? ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le1 ?\gh n to t ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,dr4 ,davidson consid]s 8 notices ( ,/4 ,john preclude ,papias f hav+ believ$ him to be ! au?or ( a ,gospel ,_h he kn[n ( su* a docum5t he w\ld surely h m5tion$ x z mu* z ,mat!w & ,m>k1 & ,eusebius w\ld n h fail$ to reproduce ! te/imony4 ,papias1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 seems to h be5 a fair av]age specim5 ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian4 ,probably he 0 v dev\t & pi\s1 b mo/ c]ta9ly he 0 n /rong 9 intellect1 & 0 ready to give cr$5ce to old wives' tales conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ or 8 ,apo/les4 ,x is ^u su* au?orities z ^! t ! :ole fabric ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity re/s4 ,v4 ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr4 ,ju/91 :o is said to h d]iv$ 8 surname f hav+ suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t a4d4 #aff-afg1 is ! fir/ ( ! ,fa!rs :o %[s any detail$ acqua9tance ) ! /atem5ts f\nd 9 ! ,gospels4 ,a l>ge numb] ( spuri\s works h be5 attribut$ to him1 b we take z g5u9e ! ,apologies & ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 a ,jew4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! 7*ap1 xlvi47 he indicates t he wrote ab\t #aej ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,he 0 born at ,neapolis 9 ,pale/9e1 be+ by desc5t a ,greek1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life a hea!n4 ,he tells u he 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by an old man1 :om 8 biograph]1 ,fa!r ,halloix1 ?9ks may h be5 an inc>nate angel4 ,tillemont1 ! le>n$ ,ca?olic hi/orian1 consid]s ?is highly probable4 ,fabricius ?\ght x 0 ,bi%op ,polyc>p1 b ,cr$n] consid]s ! n>rative a fiction4 ,x is difficult to believe t 8 ,apologies 7 ev] pres5t$ to ! ,roman ,emp]ors or t 8 ,dialogue ) ! ,jew repres5ts an actual controv]sy ) an oppon5t4 ,dr4 ,jort9 speaks ( ,ju/9 z ( a w>m & cr$ul\s temp] 7,rem>ks on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 *ap1 xv41 p4 #bdc1 vol4 i41 #ahdf71 a9d ,mo%eim decl>es ,! le>n$ well "k t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is n to be consid]$ 9 e respect z an oracle1 b t mu* ( :at he relates is :olly undes]v+ ( cr$it 7,comm5t>ies1 vol i41 p4 #aab2 #ahac74 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,jones includes him among ^? :o did n scruple to use =g$ writ+s4 ,9 *apt]s #bj & #dd ( 8 fir/ ,apology1 = in/ance1 he appeals to ! ,sibyll9e book ( prophecies respect+ ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom1 :i* x has be5 prov$ to a demon/ration by ,david ,blondell & o!rs1 7 =g$ by "s e>ly ,*ri/ians ) a view to p]suad+ ! ignorant & unsuspect+ hea!n t _! oracles _h =etold ,*ri/4 ,celsus1 ! hea!n1 detect$ & po9t$ out ?is falsification499 ,he quotes spuri\s productions ( ,hy/aspes1 ( ,orpheus & ,sophocles1 9 :i* ,*ri/ians _h foi/$ _! own ideas4 ,= n cont5t ) c\nt]feit+ ! writ+s ( celebrities among !mselves1 !y 7 equally unscrupul\s 9 reg>d to ! writ+s ( ! ,pagans4 99 ,orig51 bk4 vii21 #ec2 p4 #dge3--,! ,sibyl 0 appeal$ to by ,!ophilus & o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian apologi/s4 ,! au?or ( ,que/iones et ,responsiones ad ,or?odoxos1 a "w falsely ascrib$ to ,ju/91 says t ,clem5t ( ,rome1 9 8 epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 appeals to ! writ+s ( ! ,sibyl4 ,9 ! pres5t v]sion !re is no su* allusion4 ,ju/9 confid5tly affirms t ,plato & ,ari/ophanes m5tion ! anci5t ,sibyl z a prophetess1 & he gravely relates conc]n+ h] be+ ! daught] ( ,b]osus1 :o wrote ! ,*aldean hi/ory4 ,he says 7#a/ ,apol41 *ap4 xxi41 p4 #be73 ,& :5 we say also t ! ,^w1 :o is ! fir/ bir? ( ,god1 0 produc$ )\t sexual union1 & t he1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 our tea*]1 0 crucifi$ & di$1 & rose aga9 & asc5d$ into heav51 we prop\nd no?+ diff]5t f :at y believe reg>d+ ^? :om y e/eem sons ( ,jupit]4 ,he argues 7*ap1 xxiii41 p4 #bg7 t devils inspir$ ! hea!n poets & prie/s to relate be=eh& ! ,*ri/ian n>ratives z hav+ already happ5$2 & makes out 7*ap1 liv47 t ! devils1 kn[+ ! prophetic words ( ,moses1 inv5t$ ! /ories ( ,bac*us & ,bellorophon2 ,& :5 !y he>d x said by ! o!r prophet ,isaiah t he %\ld be born ( a virg91 & by 8 own means asc5d into heav51 !y pret5d$ t ,p]seus 0 spok5 (4 ,& s ) ,h]cules & ,a,eculapius4 ,all ( :i* puts u 9 m9d ( ! le>n$ div9e :o argu$ t ,god put ! fossils into ! e>? less ?an #fjjj ye>s ago1 9 ord] to deceive ! geologi/s & exhibit ! vanity ( human k4 ,ju/9 also in=ms u 7,apol41 lxvi47 t ?r\gh ! sugge/ions ( wick$ demons1 bread & w9e 7 plac$ be=e ! p]sons to be initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras 9 imitation ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,he c\ld believe t ,jesus1 sitt+ at a table1 actually (f]$ 8 own body & blood to eat & dr9k1 b ! idea t ! ,*ri/ian ,sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 0 copi$ f ! ,my/]ies nev] /ruck him4 ,hav+ pl5ty ( devils he put !m to a deal ( use4 ,he tells u h[ !y came into exi/5ce3 ,god committ$ ! c>e ( m5 & ( all ?+s "u heav5 to angels :om he appo9t$ ov] !m4 ,b ! angels transgress$ ?is appo9tm5t1 & 7 captivat$ by love ( wom51 & begat *ildr5 :o are ^? t are call$ demons 7#bnd ,apol4 v41 p4 #ge74 ,^! subdu$ ! human race p>tly by magical writ+s & p>tly by fe>s & puni%m5ts4 ,n cont5t ) inv5t+ ! hea!n my?ology !y rais$ up ! ,sam>itans1 ,simon & ,m5&]1 :o did _m mighty works by magic4 ,?is is :at he says ! ,jews said ( ,jesus 7,dial1 *ap4 ,ixix74 ,ju/9 twice has ! audacity to ass]t t ! ,romans erect$ a /atue to ! ,sam>itan ,simon1 z a god4 ,he gives ! inscription ,simoni ,deo ,sancto4 ,to ,simon ! ,holy ,god4 ,?is1 if n a fraud1 0 a v gross error4 ,ap>t f ! unlikelihood ( ! /ory & its abs5ce ( corroboration by any hea!n writ]1 a fragm5t has be5 f\nd ) ! inscription ,semoni ,sanco ,deo1 be+ probably ! base ( a /atue erect$ to ! ,sab9e ,deity1 ,semo ,sancus4 ,he fur!r *>ges ! ,romans ) human sacrifices 9 celebrat+ ! my/]ies ( ,saturn2 a *>ge absolutely false & unsupport$ by any ,pagan au?or1 al?\gh repeat$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ,tatian1 ,cyprian1 ,t]tullian1 ,lactantius1 ,epiphanius1 etc4 ,ju/9 also says ! devils put =w>d & aid$ ,m>cion ! foll[] ( ,paul1 :o accus$ ! o!r apo/les ( hav+ p]v]t$ ! ,gospel doctr9es4 ,he frequ5tly alleges t ! ,*ri/ians ca/ out devils 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & t wom5 & m5 among !m possess$ prophetic gifts1 b he gives no special in/ance ( any miracle wr\ght 9 8 own "t4 ,he makes maniacs & demoniacs to be possess$ by ! spirits ( ! dead1 & appeals to necromancy1 div9ation by immaculate *ildr51 dream-s5d]s & assi/ant spirits 9 pro( ( life aft] dea? 7immortality he seems to h consid]$ ! gift ( ,god74 ,all ! e>ly ,fa!rs believ$ 9 necromancy4 ,lactantius 7,div9e ,in/itutes1 book iv41 *ap1 xxvii47 calls x ! mo/ c]ta9 pro( ( ,*ri/ianity1 because ^? :o are skill$ 9 call+ =? ! spirits ( ! dead br+ ,jupit] & o!r gods f ! l[] regions1 b n ,*ri/1 = he 0 n m ?an two days !re4 ,ju/9 says we ought to pray t ! evil angel may n seize our s\l :5 x dep>ts f ! body4 ,he makes ! victory ov] ,amalek a type ( ,*ri/'s victory ov] demons1 & decl>es t ,isaiah said evil angels inhabit ! l& ( ,tanis 9 ,egypt4 ,he decl>es ( ! ,jews 9 ! wild]ness3 ,! lat*ets ( y\r %oes did n break1 & y\r %oes wax$ n old1 & y\r g>m5ts wore n away1 b ev5 ^? ( ! *ildr5 grew along ) !m 7,dialogue ) ,trypho1 #aca1 p4 #bff47 ,?is is a v consi/5t addition to ! fable f\nd 9 ,deut xxix41 #e4 ,he *>ges 7,dial41 *ap1 lxxii47 ! ,jews ) hav+ remov$ passages f ,ezra & ,j]emiah1 & 9 ! foll[+ *apt] ) hav+ tak5 away ! words f ! wood 9 ! passage f ! n9ety-six? ,psalm1 ,tell ye among ! nations ! ,"l ha? reign$ 'f ! wood4'' ,to :i* ! note app5d$ 9 ! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y edition 7p4 #ahi7 is ,^! words 7 n tak5 away by ! ,jews1 b add$ by "s ,*ri/ian4--,otto4 ,t]tullian foll[s ,ju/9 9 reg>d to ?is passage4 ,he compla9s ( _! reject+ ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 & gravely tells h[ ,ptolemy1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 _h sev5ty diff]5t translators %ut up 9 sev5ty sep>ate cots or cells = ! purpose ( translat+ ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,aft] ! completion ,ptolemy f\nd ! sev5ty m5 _h n only giv5 ! same mean+ b _h employ$ ! same words1 :]eupon he believ$ ! translation _h be5 writt5 by div9e p[]4 ,byway ( pro( t he n>rates no fable1 he says1 ,we ourselves1 hav+ be5 9 ,alex&ria1 saw ! rema9s ( ! little cots /ill pres]v$ 7,address to ,greeks *ap4 xiii41 p4 #cjj74 ,ptolemy1 h[ev]1 he makes contempor>y ) ,h]od 7,apol4 xxxi41 #cc47 ,*ri/1 he says1 suff]$ "u ,h]od ! ,ascalonite4 ,he calls ,moses ! fir/ ,prophet1 yet decl>es ,he 0 pr$ict$ be=e he appe>$1 fir/1 #ejjj ye>s be=e1 & aga9 #cjjj1 !n #bjjj1 !n #ajjj1 & yet aga9 #hjj2 9 ! succession ( g5]ations1 prophets aft] prophets arose 7#a/ ,apol41 *ap1 xxxi41 p4 #ch74 ,david1 he makes to h liv$ #aejj ,b4,c4 ,speak+ ( ! ,polygamy ( ! patri>*s 7,dial41 *ap1 cxxxiv41 p4 #bfi7 he tells u c]ta9 disp5sations ( weighty my/]ies 7 accompli%$ 9 ea* act ( ?is sort4 ,! m>riages ( ,jacob 7 types ( t :i* ,*ri/ 0 ab\t to accompli%4 ,! blood?ir/y ,g5]al ,jo%ua 0 a type ( ,*ri/1 & ! sun /&+ /ill by 8 ord] %[s h[ great ! p[] 0 ( ! "n ( ,jesus 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,he tells u ! two adv5ts 7 prefigur$ by ! two goats1 & cont9ually f9ds cle> prophecies ( ,*ri/ianity 9 passages :i* h n ! remote/ allusion to x4 ,to give "o in/ance1 he says3 ',& t x 0 =ekn[n t ^! infam\s ?+s %\ld be utt]$ aga9/ ^? :o confess$ ,*ri/1 & t ^? :o sl&]$ him1 & said x 0 well to pres]ve ! anci5t cu/oms1 %\ld be mis]able1 he> :at 0 briefly said by ,isaiah1 x is ?is3 ',woe unto !m t call sweet bitt]1 & bitt] sweet4' ,su* int]pretations are innum]able 9 ,ju/94 ,9 8 #a/ ,apology1 *ap1 lv41 ,on ,symbols ( ! ,cross1 he says ! seas _c be sail$ )\t cross-%ap$ ma/s1 nor ! e>? till$ save ) cross-%ap$ in/rum5ts4 ,& ! human =m diff]s f animals 9 no?+ else ?an 9 its be+ erect & hav+ ! h&s ext5d$1 & hav+ on ! face1 ext5d+ f ! =ehead1 :at is call$ ! nose1 ?r\gh :i* !re is respiration = ! liv+ creature1 & ?is %[s no o!r =m ?an t ( ! cross4 ,& s x 0 said by ! prophet1 ',! brea? be=e our face is ! ,"l ,*ri/1' :i* is a p]v]sion ( ,lam4 iv41 #bj3 ',! brea? ( our no/rils1 ! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l4' ,he put into ! m\? ( 8 antagoni/ ,trypho1 ! foll[+ words :i* possibly repres5t ! usual position tak5 up by ! ,jews3 ,b ,*ri/--if he has inde$ be5 born & exi/s any:]e--is unkn[n1 & does n ev5 "k himself1 & has no p[] until ,elias come to ano9t him1 & make him manife/ to all4 ,& y hav+ accept$ a gr\ndless report1 inv5t a ,*ri/ = y\rselves1 & = 8 sake are inconsid]ately p]i%+ 7*ap1 viii41 p4 #ig74 ,9 answ] to ?is home ?ru/1 ,ju/9 promises ,i %all prove to y z y /& "h t we h n believ$ empty fables4 ,ju/9 0 acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ,josephus1 & if ! passage _h be5 !n 9 exi/5ce conc]n+ ,jesus be+ ! ,*ri/1 :o 0 puni%$ on ! ,cross1 & :o appe>$ aga9 ! ?ird day1 ! div9e prophets hav+ spok5 ^! & _m o!r wond]s ab\t him2 "h 0 ! opportunity to br+ x =w>d4 ,in/ead ( do+ s1 or /at+ :o te/ifi$ to ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ & 8 wond]ful works1 he rambles (f to 8 favorite argum5t f prophecy & piles up a heap ( int]m9able nons5se1 :i* if put =w>d z a s]i\s def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity at ! pres5t "t1 w\ld ei!r excite suspicion ( cov]t infidelity or be greet$ ) d]ision4 ,9 8 ,apology he twice calls 9 evid5ce ! ,acts ( ,pilate1 b z ) ! books ( ! ,sibyl1 x is aga9 a ,*ri/ian =g]y & n a hea!n docum5t he ref]s to4 ,?is is cle> f "o ( ! passages he ref]s to be+ f\nd 9 ! extant ,acts ( ,pilate or ,gospel ( ,nicodemus4 ,if any (ficial report _h be5 s5t by ,pilate1 x is n likely to h relat$ ! miracles ( ! p]son put to dea?4 ,nor is x probable t ,ju/9 w\ld h kn[n ! cont5ts ( su* a docum5t4 ,ju/91 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second half ( ! second c5tury1 be+ ! v fir/ ,fa!r :o tells u ( ,jesus be+ ,god1 born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate1 dead & ris+ aga9 & asc5d+ into heav5 7= ! spuri\s epi/les attribut$ to ,ignatius mu/ be dat$ aft] ,ju/9's "t7 x is important to "k :]e he got 8 />tl+ in=mation f4 ,he nev] once m5tions ,gospels by ei!r ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 or ,john4 ,he ref]s inde$ at lea/ ?irte5 times to ,memoirs or ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 b )\t ! lea/ indication ( _! nature1 numb] or ext5t4 ,9 "o place 7,dial41 #ajf7 he seems to id5tify !m ) ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 ref]r$ to by ,s]apion1 ,t]tullian & ,orig54 ,canon ,we/cott1 :o argues t x ref]s to ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 commonly plac$ "u ! au?ority ( ,pet]1 ?us translates ! passage3 ,! m5tion ( ! fact t ,*ri/ *ang$ ! "n ( ,pet]1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 & t ! ev5t has be5 writt5 9 8 7,pet]'s7 ,memoirs4 ,! be/ au?orities agree t ^u /rictly critical gr\nds ! passage ref]s to ,pet]4 ,! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y 7p4 #bcc7 h[ev] reads3 ,& :5 x is said t he *ang$ ! "n ( "o ( ! ,apo/les to ,pet]2 & :5 x is writt5 9 ! memoirs ( him t ?is s happ5$4 ,mak+ ! "w ref]r$ to to be ! memoirs ( ,jesus4 ,! only direct m5tion ,ju/9 makes ( any writ] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! foll[+3 ,& fur!r1 !re 0 a c]ta9 man ) u1 ^: "n 0 ,john1 "o ( ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/1 :o prophesi$1 by a revelation t 0 made to him t ^? :o believ$ 9 our ,*ri/ w\ld dwell a ?\s& ye>s 9 ,j]usalem2 & t !reaft] ! g5]al1 &1 9 %ort1 ! et]nal resurrection & judgm5t ( all m5 w\ld likewise take place 7,dial41 *ap1 lxxxi41 p4 #bja74 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion says3 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,john is "h m5tion$ aft] ! memoirs _h be5 s con/antly ref]r$ to1 cle>ly %[s t ,ju/9 did n possess any ,gospel also attribut$ to ,john 7vol4 i41 p4 #bih2 #ahgi74 ,?is conclusion is corroborat$ by _m circum/ances also adduc$ by ,dr4 ,davidson4 ,= in/ance1 8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos is diff]5t f t 9 ! ,gospel ascrib$ to ,john4 ,he does n m5tion any ( ! miracles f\nd 9 t ,gospel1 & in/ead ( kn[+ ! long disc\rses giv5 !re91 decl>es ,brief & concise utt]ances fell f him1 = he 0 no sophi/ 7,apol4 i41 *ap1 xiv41 p4 #ah74 ,t he does "n ,john1 h[ev]1 z ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 & ref]s by "n to ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s no less ?an #aig times1 :ile 9 ab\t z _m passages f ! ,memoirs he nev] id5tifies _! writ]1 unless 9 t conc]n+ ,pet]1 is surely incompatible ) ! idea t !y 7 ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,! :ole "q ( ! id5tity ( ^! ,memoirs ) our ,gospels is ably & l5g?ily dealt ) 9 ,engli% on ! or?odox side1 by ,l>dn]1 ,bi%op ,kaye1 ,pr(essor ,norton1 & ,canons ,we/cott & ,s&ay4 ,^! argum5ts ! inquir+ read] %\ld comp>e ) ^? ( ,bi%op ,m>%1 ,dr4 ,giles1 ,dr4 ,davidson1 & ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,x is evid5t t ! acc\nt ( ! say+s & do+s ( ,jesus 9 ! ,memoirs are1 9 ! ma91 v simil> to ! ,synoptics1 especially ,mat!w1 & x is likely !y 7 ! pr9cipal mat]ials f :i* our canon 0 =m$4 ,b x is n c]ta9 if ,ju/9 _h "o docum5t1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or a doz54 ,9 8 fir/ ,apology 7*ap1 lxvi47 !re is c]ta9ly f\nd ?is expression3 ,= ! apo/les 9 ! memoirs compos$ by !m1 :i* are call$ ,gospels1 h ?us deliv]$ unto u1 etc4 7p4 #fi74 ,b ,dr4 ,donaldson says ( ! words 9 italics ,s*li]ma*]1 ,m>%1 & o!rs1 reg>d$ ^! words z an int]polation1 & !y c]ta9ly look l "o 7,critical ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cbi2 #ahff74 ,except 9 "o or two in/ances1 p>allels ) our ,gospels are only made by pat*+ toge!r passages f diff]5t ,gospels4 ,by ?is process ! connexion is brok51 :ile ! quotations 9 ,ju/9 h = ! mo/ "p a consecutive ord]1 &1 z is %[n by ! context1 _h su* an ord] 9 ! ,memoirs f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,:ile quot+ !m ne>ly #bjj times he makes h>dly a s+le allusion to ^? circum/ances ( "t & place :i* are f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,he also gives p>ticul>s n to be f\nd 9 ! ,canonical books4 ,?us he says 7,dial41 *ap1 lxxviii17 t ,jesus 0 born 9 a cave1 & cites ,isaiah xxxiii41 #af1 z prophecy+ ?is4 ,?is contradicts ,luke b is f\nd 9 ! ,gospel ( ,james1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy1 & ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,mat!w & ,luke give discrepant acc\nts ( ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus4 ,ju/9 diff]s f bo?4 ,he traces ! ,davidian desc5t ( ! ,*ri/ ?r\gh ,m>y1 :i* aga9 agrees ) ,james4 ,he n9e times m5tions ! ,magi com+ f ,arabia1 n f ! ,ea/4 ,8 quotation ( ! angel's message to ,m>y 7,apol4 i41 #cc7 agrees bett] ) ! ,gospel ( ,james ?an ) ,luke or ,mat!w4 ,speak+ ( ! j\rney ( ,joseph & ,m>y to ,be?lelem1 ,ju/9 says3 ,on ! occasion ( ! fir/ c5sus :i* 0 tak5 9 ,judaea1 "u ,cyr5ius1 he 7,joseph7 w5t up f ,naz>e?1 :]e he liv$1 to ,be?lehem1 to :i* he belong$1 to be enroll$4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! acc\nt ( ,ju/9 & t 9 ,luke are manife/4 ,he /ates t ,jesus made pl\ghs & yokes z a c>p5t]1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy4 ,?rice he speaks ( ,john z sitt+ by ,jordan 7,dial4 #di1 #ea1 & #hh71 & he ev5 n>rates t :5 ,jesus /epp$ into ! wat] a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan4 ,?is also 0 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,epiphanius gives x f a v]sion f\nd among ! ,ebionites4 ,x 0 also m5tion$ 9 ano!r e>ly ,*ri/ian publication ! ,prea*+ ( ,paul4 ,ju/9 has ! ,holy ,gho/ say to ,jesus at 8 baptism3 ,?is is my belov$ son2 to-day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,! same =m ( expression 0 us$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 & 0 s quot$ by o!rs ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,he says 7,dial41 ciii47 t :5 ! ,jews w5t out to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives to take ,jesus !re 0 n a s+le man to help him4 ,?is is 9 contradiction to all our ,gospels4 ,he says t :5 ,h]od succe$$ ,ar*elaus1 ,pilate1 by way ( complim5t1 s5t to him ,jesus b\nd 7*ap1 ciii74 ,he tells h[ !y sat ,jesus on ! judgm5t seat1 & said ,judge u 7,apol41 *ap1 xxxv47 ,he also relates t ,jesus said3 ,9 :atsoev] ?+s ,i appreh5d y1 9 ^? also w ,i judge y4 ,grotius & o!rs ?9k ?is tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,^u two occasions ,ju/9 says t ! ,jews s5t p]sons ab\t ! _w to spread calumnies4 ,s manife/ly has ,ju/9 gone to o!r s\rces ?an our f\r ,gospels t ,canon ,s&ay admits3 ,ei!r ,ju/9 has us$ a lo/ gospel or gospels1 besides ^? t are /ill extant1 or else he has us$ a rec5sion ( ^! gospels ) "s slight *anges ( language & "s apocryphal additions 7,! ,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #abi2 #ahgf74 ,we conjecture t ! ,memoirs ( ,ju/9 7 ! mat]ials f :i* our ,gospels 7 compil$1 & t !y 7 simil> to or us$ 9 conjunction ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,cr$n] argues t he us$ ! ,gospel ( ,pet]4 ,x is noticeable t ! ,diatess>on ( ,ju/9's pupil1 ,tatian1 0 call$ by ,epiphanius ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,!odoret tells u t ! ,naz>5es made use ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 & we "k by ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs g5]ally t ! ,naz>5e ,gospel 0 t commonly call$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,t ,ju/9 us$ ?is once celebrat$ ,gospel seems all ! m probable s9ce we h ! express te/imony ( ,eusebius 7,ec4 ,hi/ory1 iv41 #bb7 t x 0 us$ by ,hegesipus1 8 contempor>y & compatriot4 ,,eleu!rius ,ne>ly all our in=mation conc]n+ ?is wor?y is d]iv$ f ,eusebius4 ,he 0 born 9 ,pale/9e ( ,jewi% p>5ts1 & wrote five books ( memoirs or comm5t>ies no long] extant4 ,z he !re9 m5tions ,pope ,eleu!rius !y mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] ,b4,c4 #agg4 ,! date #ahe is a probable "o4 ,! "w ( ,hegesippus appe>s to h be5 ! e>lie/ attempt to give a hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & z x is evid5t he repres5t$ ! ,jewi% anti-,paul9e s*ool1 :i* ev5tually 0 swamp$ by ! ,g5tile elem5t1 ! loss or de/ruction ( 8 writ+s is mu* to be regrett$4 ,su* fragm5ts z ,eusebius has ?\ght prop] to pres]ve c]ta9ly makes "o curi\s = m4 ,! longe/ fragm5t conc]ns no less a p]son ?an ! bro!r ( ! inc>nate ,god4 ,eusebius gives x 9 ! second book ( 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 *ap1 xxiii41 f :i* we extract ! foll[+3-- ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 :o1 z !re 7 _m ( ?is "n1 0 surnam$ ! ,j by all1 f ! days ( our ,"l until n[1 receiv$ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* ) ! ,apo/les4 ,?is ,apo/le 0 consecrat$ f 8 "m's womb4 ,he drank nei!r w9e nor f]m5t$ liquors1 & ab/a9$ f animal food4 ,a razor nev] came ^u 8 head i4e41 ,he 0 a ,naz>ite1 see ,numb]s vi41 #b-e2 ,judges xiii1 #d-g2 & xvi41 #ag4 ,jesus1 we are told 9 ! ,gospel1 came eat+ & dr9k+1 & ord]$ 8 disciples :5 fa/+ to ano9t ! head4 ,hegesippus tells u ( ,james1 8 bro!r3 ,he nev] ano9t$ ) oil see ,james v41 #ad--ag2 & nev] us$ a ba?4 ,9 ?is latt] respect too _m holy sa9ts h foll[$ 8 insanit>y example1 ,he alone 0 all[$ to ent] ! sanctu>y4 ,he nev] wore wooll51 b l95 g>m5ts4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( ent]+ ! temple alone1 & 0 (t5 f\nd ^u 8 b5d$ knees & int]c$+ = ! =giv5ess ( ! p2 s t 8 knees became z h>d z a camel's 9 consequ5ce ( 8 habitual supplication & kneel+ be=e ,god4 ,9 ano!r fragm5t he takes to task ,paul & ^? :o say ,eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r h ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 ! ?+s :i* ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t fe> him4 ,hegesippus says t ^? :o say su* ?+s1 lie aga9/ ! div9e scriptures & our ,"l :o says1 ',bless$ are y\r eyes :i* see1 & y\r e>s :i* he>1 'etc4 ,all ( :i* is v sugge/ive ( ! v>iety ( fai? & practice :i* exi/$ among primitive ,*ri/ians4 ,,vi4 ,,ir5aeus4 ,! acc\nts ( ?is fa!r :i* are giv5 9 v>i\s biographies are purely conjectural4 ,8 v exi/5ce has be5 disput$ 9 a little book publi%$ by ,?omas ,scott1 ( ,ramsgate199 ! au?or ( :i* cont5ds t ! ,greek ^w ,eir5aios1 mean+ peaceful is simply ! title ( a treatise aga9/ h]esies1 ! object ( :i* 0 to allay sect>ian discord1 & t ,ir5aeus1 bi%op ( ,lyons1 is a purely my?ical p]sonage4 ,c]ta9 x is t v little is kn[n ( ?is old sa9t4 ,b 9 t respect he 9 no way diff]s f ! o!r e>ly f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 99 ,ir5aeus3 ,a ,leaf ( ,primitive ,*ur* ,hi/ory ,correct$ & ,re-,writt51 #ahgf4 ,dodwell makes him to h be5 born 9 ! ye> #ig1 b ,dup9 & ! be/ mod]n au?orities place 8 bir? ab\t #adj2 a numb]1 h[ev]1 /rike a m$ium at ab\t #abj4 ,! importance ( 8 date is evid5t s9ce ! "w aga9/ h]esies is ! fir/ writ+ :i* makes any m5tion ( ! f\r ,gospels1 & ,ir5aeus claims to h be5 a disciple ( ,polyc>p1 :o 0 a he>] ( ,john4 ,?is claim c only be made at all plausible by giv+ ea* ( ^! holy m>tyrs an exce$+ly long life1 = we h ! ^w ( ,eusebius1 t ! book aga9/ h]esies 0 compos$ 9 ! "t ( ,eleu!rius1 ! twelf? ,pope1 betwe5 #agg & #aib1 & ,ir5aeus liv$ until ! ?ird c5tury4 ,he is said to h be5 made bi%op ( ,lyons 9 #agh1 b h[ he manag$ to get transplant$ f ,asia ,m9or to ,gaul1 is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are left to our fai? & wond]4 ,! fact is1 x is extremely d\btful if ! au?or ( ! book aga9/ h]esies ev] saw ,polyc>p1 & /ill m d\btful if ,polyc>p ev] saw ,john4 ,he says ,john leap$ out ( ! ba? :5 he saw ,c]9?us4 ,n[ ,c]9?us 0 a h]etic1 :o liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,he describ$ ,john z we>+ ! petalon1 ! bi%ops insignia ( (fice4 ,fancy ! retir$ fi%]man1 ! belov$ disciple1 :o 0 told by 8 ma/] to c>ry nei!r purse nor scrip1 we>+ ! prie/ly robes ( (fice6 ,george ,reb]1 9 8 curi\s book1 ,! ,*ri/ ( ,paul1 7,new ,york1 #ahgf71 says 7p4 #agh73 ,! /udi$ di%one/y ( ,ir5aeus 9 attempt+ to palm (f ! ,presbyt] ,john = ! ,apo/le1 is z d>k a piece ( knav]y z is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( a *ur*1 :i* has enc\rag$ su* practices f ! "t x claim$ to be ! deposit>y ( all ! div9e weal? left by ! apo/les4 ,ir5aeus is alleg$ to h suff]$ m>tyrdon ab\t #bjb1 b !re is no evid5ce ( ?is prior to ! n9? c5tury1 :5 ,gregory ( ,t\rs fir/ circulat$ a /ory to t effect4 ,ev5 su* or?odox writ]s z ,cave1 ,basnage1 ,dodwell1 & o!rs1 d\bt ! m>tyrdon1 s9ce nei!r ,t]tullian1 ,eusebius1 ,!odoret1 nor o!r e>ly writ]s ref] to x4 ,two *ur*es 9 ,lyons dispupt$ = c5turies ab\t ! possession ( 8 relics1 :i* ! ,ca?olics allege 7 aft]w>ds sacrilige\sly despoil$ by ! ,calv9i/s3 a /ory (t5 refut$4 ,8 sacr$ head is said to h be5 kick$ ab\t 9 ! gutt]s1 b ( c\rse x 0 miracul\sly re/or$ to its place1 & ! skull1 we believe1 may be se5 = a consid]ation at ! pres5t day4 ,! orig9al ,greek text ( ! book aga9/ h]esies is lo/1 & x exi/s only 9 a b>b>\s ,lat9 v]sion4 ,at :atev] "t x 0 writt51 & x may probably be dat$ betwe5 #ahb & #ahh1 x te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( num]\s h]esies 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,x conta9s _m /atem5ts respect+ ! ,gno/ics1 p>ticul>ly ! ,val5t9ian h]esy4 ,!re we may read ( _! peculi> !ories conc]n+ ,god & ,*ri/4 ,"s ?\ght ! ,hebrew ,jahveh a malignant deity :om ,*ri/ _h come to de/roy4 ,o!rs 7 fooli% & wick$ en\gh to ask :5ce ,god got ! matt] = 8 creation4 ,c]9?us & 8 foll[]s d5i$ ! virg9 bir?4 ,c>pocrates & 8 s*ool held t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,joseph1 & j l o!r m5 ) ! exception t inasmu* z 8 s\l 0 /$fa/ & pure a p[] desc5d$ on him f ! ,fa!r t by means ( x he might escape f ! creators ( ! _w4 ,basilides taught t ,jesus did n suff] dea?1 b ,simon ( ,cyr5e1 be+ compell$1 bore ! cross & 0 crucifi$ 9 8 /ead4 ,ir5aeus does n =get to d5\nce ^! h]etics z blasphem]s & %ameless sophi/s :o speak n a ^w ( s5se4 ,he calls !m slipp]y s]p5ts & o!r *oice epi!ts su* z ! or?odox usually h 9 /ore = h]etics1 s t ! read] is tempt$ to wi% t ! wret*es c\ld %[ cause :y !y %\ld n summ>ily be damn$4 ,x is a notable fact t none ( ! h]etical books or h]etical gospels h be5 pres]v$2 !y come to u only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( su* repres5tations z _! oppon5ts *ose to make ( !m4 ,george ,reb] says3 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 ) no o!r purpose ?an to prove ! inc>nation1 & t purpose is s p]si/5tly kept up 9 e l9e & v]se1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 t if we /rike out ?is1 & ! miracles :i* are m]e supports ( ! ma9 idea1 !re is no?+ left1 & s ) ! ?ird book aga9/ ,h]esies--x has b "o !me4 ,! writ] sets out ) ! ,logos idea ( ?is gospel1 :i* is nev] lo/ sight (4 ,he f9ds pro( 9 ! traditions ( ! ,*ur*--9 e page ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--9 ! ,synoptics z well z 9 ! f\r? ,gospel2 & z we read 8 misapplication ( words & s5t5ces1 we %\ld conclude t he 0 a lunatic if we did n "k he 0 some?+ else 7p4 #ahh74 ,z we read :ole pages 9 ,ir5aeus1 *>g+ 8 adv]s>ies ) =g]ies & false int]polations1 we smile at ! impud5ce & audacity ( ! man1 :o has done m to pollute ! pages ( hi/ory ?an any o!r1 & ^: footpr9ts we c foll[ ?r\gh ! :ole c5tury1 l ! slime ( a s]p5t 7p4 #baf74 ,reb]1 x w be se51 c be z abusive z ,ir5aeus himself4 ,he calls him "o ( ! mo/ di%one/ hi/orians ( any age & ! great crim9al ( ! second c5tury2 & endeavors to make out1 on q insuffici5t gr\nds1 t he 0 ! =g] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,davidson1 9 8 able "w on ,! ,canon 7p4 #aee2 #ahhj71 says ,ir5aeus 0 cr$ul\s & blund]+1 & our case aga9/ him w be suffici5t if we prove ^! *>ges4 ,! or?odox ,dr4 ,donaldson obs]ves3 ,:at he says ab\t ! apo/le ,john has ! appe>ance ( be+1 to say ! lea/1 highly color$ 7,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature1 vol4 i41 p4 #aeg2 #ahfd74 ,! :ole purport ( 8 acc\nt conc]n+ ,john 0 to refute h]etics by ! allegation ( an apo/olical succession :i* re/s on 8 unsupport$ te/imony alone4 ,! au?or ( ! "w aga9/ ,h]esies 0 ess5tially a prie/1 dwell+ mu* on ! au?ority ( ! prie/hood & prie/ly traditions4 ,he did m p]haps ?an any o!r to lay ! f\ndations ( ! ,romi% hi]>*y4 ,9 8 ?ird book1 *apt] f\r1 he gives ! op9ion t e ,*ur* %\ld agree ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome on acc\nt ( its pre-em95t au?ority4 ,he consid]s oral traditions ( no less importance ?an ,scripture1 & cites ,clem5t1 ,polyc>p1 & ^? :o 7 alleg$ to h he>d ! apo/les z decisive au?orities4 ,h]mes he calls div9e ,scripture4 ,to be outside ! ,*ur* is to be outside tru?4 ,holy ,scripture is only safely int]pret$ "u control ( ! bi%ops4 ,our ,fa!r cites ! au?ority ( ,john1 & all ! eld]s 9 ,asia1 = ! ass]tion t ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus la/$ tw5ty ye>s1 & t he 0 ov] fifty ye>s ( age :5 he 0 crucifi$4 ,9 ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( 8 second book1 he discusses ! "q at consid]able l5g?1 & quotes ,john viii41 #ef-eg1 z e/abli%+ 8 op9ion4 ,= he argues ! ,jews w\ld n h said to ,jesus ,?\ art n yet fifty ye>s old1 if he _h only be5 ?irty4 ,_! object be+ to rem9d him ( ! %ort p]iod he _h be5 on e>?1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld n ext5d x eighte5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,if ,ir5aeus 0 "r 9 ?is important matt]1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,gospel hi/ory is falsifi$2 if wrong1 :at is ! wor? ( 8 te/imony z to ! orig9 ( ! f\r ,gospels8 ,9 reg>d to ^! he tells u !re are my/ic reasons :y !re c\ld only be f\r ,gospels4 ,x is n possible t ! ,gospels c be ei!r m or few] 9 numb] ?an !y are4 ,= s9ce !re are f\r zones ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 & f\r pr9cipal w9ds or f\r ,ca?olic ,spirits :ile ! ,*ur* is scatt]$ ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 & ! pill> & gr\nd ( ! ,*ur* is ! gospel & ! _s ( life2 x is fitt+ t %e %\ld h f\r pill>s1 brea?+ out immortality on e side1 & vivify+ m5 afre% 7,book iii41 *ap1 xi1 sect #h41 p4 #bic74 ,dr4 ,giles 9 8 ,*ri/ian ,records 7p4 #acg71 po9ts out t z ?is "w 0 writt5 _m ye>s aft] ! apologies ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 !re 0 ample "t 9 ! int]val = ! compilation ( our ,gospels1 out ( ! au!ntic ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les & ,say+s ( our ,"l4 ,9 8 ?ird book1 *apt] xxi41 ,ir5aeus foll[s ,ju/9 9 8 fooli% tale ab\t ! sev5ty ,jewi% eld]s1 :o made sep>ate translations ( ! ,bible into ,greek 9 ! v same words f beg9n+ to end4 ,he fur!r tells u !re 0 no?+ a/oni%+ 9 ?is s9ce ,god inspir$ ,ezra to re-write all ! words ( ! =m] prophets & to re-e/abli% ! ,mosaic law1 de/roy$ dur+ ! captivity 9 ,babylon4 ,! object ( mak+ ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ,div9e au?ority1 0 because ! quotations 9 ! ,*ri/ians' ,scriptures 7 tak5 f x1 /rangely en\gh1 _h ! writ]s ( ^? ,scriptures be5 ,jews4 ,b despite _! boa/$ accuracy1 ,ir5aeus 7book iii41 *ap1 xx41 sec4 #d7 quotes ,isaiah z say+1 ,& ! holy ,"l rememb]$ 8 dead ,israel1 :o _h slept 9 ! l& ( sepulture2 & he came d[n to prea* 8 salvation to !m t he might save !m4 ,9 ano!r place he quotes ?is same passage z f ,j]emiah1 b x is 9 nei!r prophet ,ju/9 9 8 dialogue ) ,trypho _h br\ght x =w>d z an argum5t aga9/ him1 & accus$ ! ,jews ( hav+ fraudul5tly remov$ x f ! sacr$ text4 ,! passage is1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 no anci5t v]sion or ,jewi% ,t>gum1 :i* fact may be reg>d$ z a decisive pro( ( its spuri\sness4 ,he foll[s ,ju/9 also 9 8 tales ( miracles ass]t+ "s d c]ta9ly & truly drive out devils4 ,o!rs h =ekn[l$ge ( ?+s to come1 !y see visions1 & utt] prophetic expressions4 ,o!rs /ill1 heal ! sick by lay+ _! h&s ^u !m1 & !y are made :ole4 ,yea1 moreov]1 ! dead ev5 h be5 rais$ up1 & rema9$ among u = _m ye>s4 ,z ) ! o!r ,fa!rs1 he gives only g5]al /atem5ts n p>ticul> in/ances4 ,he all[s t ! h]etics ,simon & ,c>po]ates & _! foll[]s also p]=m miracles1 b n ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,god b = ! sake ( de/roy+ & mislead+ mank9d1 by means ( magical deceptions4 ,none ( ^! ,*ri/ian miracles 7 kn[n to ! hea!n1 &1 z ,dr4 ,cony]s ,middle ton po9t$ out1 9 8 ,free ,enquiry into ! ,miracul\s ,p[]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 at ?is v same "t :5 "o ,autolycus1 an em95t hea!n1 *all5g$ 8 fri5d ,!ophilus1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 a conv]t & *ampion ( ! ,gospels1 to %[ him b "o p]son :o _h be5 rais$ f ! dead1 on ! condition ( him turn+ ,*ri/ian himself1 ,!ophilus made pla9 by 8 answ] t he 0 n able to give him t satisfaction4 ,ir5aeus foll[s ,ju/9 9 mak+ ! angels mix ) ! daught]s ( m51 & also 9 8 absurd typology4 ,he ev5 makes ,balaam's ass a type ( ! ,savior4 ,! cohabitation ( ,lot ) 8 two daught]s 0 provid5tial & typical ( ! two si/] synagogues1 ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,9 common ) all ! e>ly ,fa!rs he ass]ts ! doctr9e ( ! mill5ium1 & ?is 9 ! grosse/ s5se4 ,we h already se5 ! quotation :i* he gives f ,papias z ! actual words ( ,jesus ^u ?is matt]4 ,he believ$ x w\ld be a purely e>?ly glory & felicity aft] ! sort depict$ 9 ! ,jewi% apocalypses4 ,?is portion ( 8 writ+s1 hav+ be5 utt]ly discr$it$1 is v (t5 omitt$4 ,he believ$ ! end ( all ?+s 0 ne> at h&4 ,! _w w\ld la/ six ?\s& ye>s because made 9 six days4 ,anti*ri/ w\ld come f ! tribe ( ,dan & reign ?ree ye>s & five days 9 ,j]usalem1 :5 he w\ld be vanqui%$4 ,! fall ( ,anti*ri/ & ! end ( ! _w w\ld co9cide ) ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 = ! my/]i\s "n ( ! bea/ is ,lat9us4 ,!n ! ,"l 0 to come1 & !re w\ld be no m labor b unlimit$ w9e swill+4 ,ir5aeus affirms also on ! same au?ority ( tradition deliv]$ to him by ^? :o _h receiv$ x f ! apo/les1 t ,eno* & ,elias 7 translat$ into t v ,p>adise f :i* ,adam 0 expell$1 & t ?is 0 ! place into :i* ,/4 ,paul 0 caught up4 ,?is is affirm$ also by all ! lat] ,fa!rs1 bo? ,greek & ,lat94 ,our space w n p]mit u to fur!r enl>ge on ! va/ appeals to fai? made by ,ir5aeus4 ,nor c we pause to deal ) ,t]tullian1 :o1 ) m impetuosity & no less ac]bity1 *ampion$ ! same or?odoxy1 %r9k+ n f ! cr$o quia absurdum e/1 & :o end$ by turn+ h]etic4 ,nor ) ! le>n$ ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ^: high speculations l$ also into contempt ( ! _w & its ways ( sci5ce1 art1 & civilisation4 ,nor ) ! ascetic & self-emasculat$ ,orig51 at once pr(\nd & prolific1 :o1 9 8 attempt to reconcile ,*ri/ianity ) reason1 fell into su* errors z believ+ 9 ! pre-exi/5ce & pretemporal fall ( s\ls1 & ! r$emption ( ! inhabitants ( ! />s & ev5 ( ,satan himself4 ,we mu/ res]ve a brief space = ! great ecclesia/ical hi/orian4 ,,eusebius4 ,x is to ?is em95t ,fa!r t we are indebt$ = almo/ all we "k ( ! lo/ ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! "t prec$+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity by ,con/ant9e4 ,he 0 born ab\t #bfd or #bgj1 & 0 a prie/ 9 ! "t ( ,diocletian4 ,dur+ ! p]secution 9 t reign he retir$ to ,egypt1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he 0 imprison$1 b spe$ily releas$4 ,?is gave rise to a sugge/ion t he _h apo/atis$4 ,:o art ?\1 ,eusebius8 exclaim$ ,potamon1 ,bi%op ( ,h]aclea1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tyre1 :]e ,eusebius viol5tly conduct$ ! p]secution ( ,a?anasius1 to judge ! innoc5t ,a?anasius4 ,did'/ ?\ n sit ) me 9 prison 9 ! "t ( ! tyrant8 ,!y pluck$ out my eye = ! confession ( ! tru?4 ,?\ come/ =? unh>m$4 ,h[ did/ ?\ escape8 ,9 #cae he became ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea4 ,8 fri5d%ips 7 among ! ,arian p>ty 9 ! ,*ur*1 & 8 views1 to say ! lea/1 incl9$ t way1 & ,dr4 ,newman1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,arians 9 ! ,f\r? ,c5tury1 speaks ( him z op5ly sid+ ) ! ,arians1 & sanction+ & %>+ _! de$s ( viol5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n /& 9 ! way ( 8 sitt+ beside ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 to ana!matise & put d[n ! ,arians4 ,he subscrib$ ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 app>5tly ) "s res]vations1 z to ! ^w consub/antial4 ,x is noticeable t 8 hi/ory breaks (f abruptly be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice4 ,p]haps x 0 "o ( ^? matt]s he ?\ght be/ to suppress z little to ! cr$it ( ! ,*ur* or himself4 ,a?anasius1 ,petavius1 ,b>onius1 ,montfaucon1 & ,moll] consid] him an ,arian4 ,bull1 ,cave1 & ,hely1 def5d 8 or?odoxy4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 ,arianism he has be5 viol5tly attack$ by ,c>d9al ,b>onius1 :o impugns ! fai? ( ! bi%op1 ! "* ( ! man1 & ! s9c]ity ( ! hi/orian4 ,he makes out ,eusebius to h be5 simply an ambiti\s & cruel c\rti]2 calls him a calumniator1 a panegyri/ r ?an an hi/orian1 & accuses him ( falsify+ ! edicts ( ,con/ant9e4 ,gibbon1 9 8 sixte5? *apt]1 says3 ,! grave/ ( ! ecclesia/ical hi/orians1 ,eusebius himself1 indirectly confesses t he has relat$ :atev] might r$\nd to ! glory1 & t he has suppress$ all t c\ld t5d to ! disgrace ( religion4 ,su* an ackn[l$gm5t w naturally excite a suspicion t a writ] :o has s op5ly violat$ "o ( ! fundam5tal laws ( hi/ory has n paid a v /rict reg>d to ! obs]vance ( ! o!r2 & ! suspicion w d]ive additional cr$it f ! "* ( ,eusebius1 :i* 0 less t9ctur$ ) cr$ulity1 & m practis$ 9 ! arts ( c\rts ?an t ( almo/ any ( 8 contempor>ies499 ,no "o1 says ,scalig]1 has contribut$ m to ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 & no "o has committ$ m mi/akes4 ,c4 ,b4 ,waite1 7,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 p4 #bh7 goes fur!r & says3 ,n only ! mo/ unblu%+ falsehoods1 b lit]>y =g]ies ( ! vile/ "* d>k5 ! pages ( 8 apologetic & hi/orical writ+s4 ,g4 ,reb] 7p4 #ajd7 says3 ,if we except ,ir5aeus1 no writ] has s /udi\sly put himself to "w to impose falsehoods on ! _w z ,eusebius4 99 ,dean ,milman1 9 8 ,notes to ,gibbon1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bhe2 #ahed1 speaks ( ! loose &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 by no means scrupul\s au?ority ( ,eusebius4 ,con/ant9e said ( him t he ought n only to be bi%op ( ,caes>ea1 b bi%op ( ! :ole _w4 ,9 8 life ( t emp]or he amply repays ! flatt]y4 ,t "w is n an hi/ory b an extravagant rhetorical panegyric ^u ! man :o murd]$ 8 son ,crispus1 8 nephew ,lic9ius1 suffocat$ 8 wife ,fau/a1 & :o1 to rev5ge a pasqu9ade1 0 ) difficulty re/ra9$ f ! massacre ( ,rome1 & :o us$ ! alt> ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* promis$ absolution & (f]$ atonem5t = all s9s1 z a conv5i5t foot/ool to ! ?rone ( ! empire4 ,9 reg>d to ,con/ant9e's murd]s1 ,gibbon says 7*ap1 xxviii473 ,! c\rtly bi%op :o has celebrat$ 9 an elaborate "w ! virtues & piety ( 8 h]o1 obs]ves a prud5t sil5ce on ! subject ( ^! tragic ev5ts4 ,he makes ,con/ant9e to h be5 conv]t$ by ! miracul\s appe>ance ( a cross 9 ! sky4 ,x is a great "q if 8 acc\nt ( 8 baptism is correct or if he 0 baptis$ 9 ,rome by ,pope ,sylve/]4 ,inde$1 x is a "q if ,con/ant9e 0 any?+ b a ,pagan at he>t until ! end ( 8 days4 ,! title ( ! ?irty-fir/ *apt] ( ,eusebius's twelf? book ( ,evangelical ,prep>ation1 is a caution4 ,x reads ,t falsehood1 may be employ$ by way ( m$ic9e = ^? :o ne$ x4 ,he ascribes to ,porphyry 7a le>n$ ,pagan :o _h writt5 aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 b ^: works 7 de/roy$ by ord] ( ,!odosius7 a =g]y ( 8 own "t1 call$ ,! ,philosophy ( ,oracles1 & !n cites x z evid5ce = ,*ri/ianity4 ,he gives a =g$ passage ascrib$ to ,phlegon1 :]e t ,pagan is made to speak ( ! d>kness :i* happ5$ at ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,if su* a passage _h be5 9 exi/5ce x w\ld h be5 m5tion$ by ,orig51 :o ref]s to ,phlegon1 b :o 9 8 comm5t on ,mat!w xxvii41 #de1 concludes we mu/ n be too positive t he spoke ( ?is d>kness 9 ,mat!w4 ,he also makes ,?allus1 ano!r hea!n1 be> te/imony to ! eclipse ( ! sun--ano!r =g]y4 ,at ! v outset ( 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 he knocks u ov] ) a pret5d$ correspond5ce :i* pass$ betwe5 ,jesus1 :o1 ,j]ome says1 knew n h[ to write1 & ,abg>us1 k+ ( ,edessa4 ,?is correspond5ce1 :]e9 ,jesus is made to cite ! words ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 writt5 probably a hundr$ ye>s aft]1 long did duty among ,*ri/ian evid5ces1 b is n[ giv5 up by e critic ( note z a =g]y4 ,addison 0 "o ( ! la/ to quote x z g5u9e4 ,z x w\ld occupy too mu* space to foll[ ?is ,fa!r ?r\gh all 8 mis/atem5ts1 we %all conf9e our att5tion to 8 misrepres5tations ( ,josephus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notori\s ( ^! is ! acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,h]od ,agrippa1 gr&son ( ! mon/] :o is suppos$ to h ord]$ ! slaught] ( all ! male *ildr5 9 ! inl& t[n ,be?lehem1 & ! coa/s !re(1 on acc\nt ( an obscure prophecy4 ,9 ! #ab? *apt] ( ,acts x is /at$ t ,h]od1 z ! p 7 call+ him a god1 0 smitt5 by an angel & 0 eat5 by worms4 ,josephus says3 ,agrippa1 ca/+ 8 eyes upw>d1 saw an owl1 sitt+ ^u a rope1 ov]head4 ,eusebius1 9 ord] to make ,josephus agree ) ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 9 transcrib+ ! text ( ,josephus1 /ruck out ab\t ! owl & sub/itut$ an angel4 ,l>dn] says3 ,i "k n :at good apology c be made = ?is4 ,nor d we1 unless t "o-w+$ f[l is j z good z any o!r4 ,he makes ,josephus' acc\nt ( ,!udas confirmatory ( ,acts v41 #cf2 :ile1 9 fact1 x disagrees ) t acc\nt s mu* z to give comm5tators ! utmo/ p]plexity4 ,he also1 tries to reconcile ,josephus ) ,luke by conf\nd+ ! tax+ 9 ! "t ( ,h]od ) t aft] ! bani%m5t ( ,ar*e-laus1 :o reign$ = n9e ye>s aft] ,h]od's dea?4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s works 7vol4 i1 p4 #cdd7 says3 ,i mu/ confess ,i ascribe t n to ignorance b to some:at a great deal worse4 ,x is impossible t a man ( ,eusebius's acut5ess1 :o _h ! ,new ,te/am5t & ,josephus be=e him1 %\ld ?9k a c5sus made aft] ,ar*elaus 0 ! same ) t be=e ,h]od di$2 b ,eusebius 0 resolv$ to h ,/4 ,luke's hi/ory confirm$ by ! express te/imony ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 "r or wrong4 ,su* in/ances make u suspect ,eusebius 9 reg>d to ! celebrat$ int]polation 9 :i* ,josephus is made to give evid5ce to ,jesus z ! ,*ri/ 7,antiq4 xviii41 hi41 #c74 ,he at any rate fir/ cit$ ! =g]y1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ,orig51 & di/9ctly ass]ts t ,josephus did n ackn[l$ge ,*ri/4 ,dr4 ,l>dn] tells u ! /yle ( ! p>agraph is v ,*ri/ian1 if x be n ! composition ( ,eusebius himself1 z ,tanaquil ,fab] suspect$4