,,ludvig ,,holb]g    ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,(    
,,norwegian ,,lit]ature   ,,& ,,an      
,,ox=d ,,/ud5t    ,,by    ,s4 ,c4       
,,hamm]1 ,m4,a4     ,,ox=d   ,b4 ,h4    
,,blackwell1 ,,broad ,,/reet   ,,mcmxx  
,price ,two ,%ill+s net       ,,ludvig  
,,holb]g    ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,norwegian 
,,lit]ature   ,,& ,,an ,,ox=d ,,/ud5t   
,,by    ,s4 ,c4 ,,hamm]1 ,m4,a4         
,,ox=d   ,b4,h4 ,,blackwell1 ,,broad    
,,/reet   ,,mcmxx       ,illu/ration3   
,,ludvig ,,holb]g     ,,introductory    
,,note   ,! foll[+ lecture 0 deliv]$ on 
,may #bcrd1 #aiai1 at ,magdal5 ,college1
 ,ox=d1 by invitation ( ! ,presid5t1    
,sir ,h]b]t ,w>r51 & 9 ! pres5ce1 among 
o!rs1 ( ! ,norwegian ,m9i/] 9 ,london1  
,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,vogt4  ,9 revis+ !        
manuscript ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to     
enl>ge x on a few po9ts :]e ,i _h to    
cond5se ! lecture 9 ord] to keep x )9 ! 
conf9es ( an h\r4 ,i h also add$ a few  
supplem5t>y footnotes & a brief ref]5ce 
to ! bulky ,holb]g lit]ature :i* may    
p]haps prove ( int]e/ to ,holb]g /ud5ts 

9 ,engl&4  ,9 pay+ my respectful ?anks  
to ! ,presid5t ( ,magdal5 ,college & !  
di/+ui%$ audi5ce = _! k9d reception ,i  
beg to sum up my feel+s 9 ! words (     
,holb]g himself3 ,multis sane nom9ibus  
dev9ctum ,oxoni5sibus me fateor t5]i4   
,s4 ,c4 ,h4  ,,*ri/iania1 ,,norway4     
,decemb]1 #aiai4     ,,ludvig ,,holb]g  
,,mr4 ,,presid5t1    ,,y\r ,,excell5cy1 
,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51   ,i4  ,i       
propose to speak to y ab\t my c\ntryman1
 ,ludvig ,holb]g1 ! mo/ fam\s ,norwegian
 /ud5t ^: "n 0 ev] ent]$ on ! records ( 
?is ,univ]sity4 ,if ?is _h n be5 ! case1
 ,i %\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to asc5d ?is    
plat=m1 = ,i feel t "h1 if any:]e1 x mu/
 be an indisp5sable condition t !       
subject %\ld mat* ! place4 ,= j z ,ox=d 
is n prim>ily an in/itution ( education1
 b ?r\gh its traditions1 its            
companion%ips1 its a*ievem5ts1 ! v      
embodim5t ( ,briti% g5ius1 ,briti%      
*ivalry & ,briti% aspirations1 s ,ludvig
 ,holb]g is1 inde$1 no au?or 9 ! ord9>y 
s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he is ! f\nd] ( mod]n     

,norwegian & ,dani% lit]ature1 ! greate/
 playwright1 ! fir/ critical hi/orian1 !
 mo/ human & mo/ broad-m9d$ morali/ &   
philosoph] ( two nations2 a man ^:      
con/ant "w 0 "o ( educat+2 :o           
revolutionis$ ! conception ( life 9 two 
k+doms & pav$ ! way = ! intellectual &  
political lib]ty ( ! future4 ,= all ?is1
 z ,i am go+ to %[ y1 he is1 next to 8  
g5ius1 highly indebt$ to ,engl& &1 above
 all1 to ,ox=d4 ,to ?is place he made 8 
way :5 he quitt$ ,norway #bac ye>s ago1 
imbu$ ) a deep & e>ly sympa?y = ,engl&2 
f ?is place he w5t to ,cop5hag51 ! jo9t 
capital at t "t ( ,d5m>k & ,norway1     
enri*$ by assets ( ! highe/ importance  
to 8 life-"w4 ,i1 !re=e1 want to ?ank y 
= ! opportunity y h giv5 me to pay a    
jo9t tribute to ,ox=d & ,holb]g4        
,ludvig ,holb]g--,ludovicus ,holb]gius1 
,norvegus1 z he sign$ 8 "n 9 !          
,admission ,index ( ! ,bodleian         
,libr>y--0 born at ,b]g51 ! pres5t      
capital ( ,we/]n ,norway1 on ,decemb]   
#crd1 #afhd4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 a well-kn[n  

(fic] 9 ! ,norwegian army1 di$ :5 ,lewis
 0 an infant2 8 "m1 :5 he 0 #aj ye>s    
old4 ,lewis :o 0 ! y\nge/ ( twelve      
bro!rs & si/]s1 six ( :om atta9$ _!     
majority1 !re=e v e>ly became acqua9t$ )
 ! /]n] aspects ( life & grew up a      
lonely boy1 depriv$ ( ! t5d] c>e ( a    
p>5tal home4 ,x 0 at t "t ! cu/om 9     
,norway to give pay to sons ( (fic]s &  
to initiate !m at an e>ly age 9 milit>y 
tactics1 ! sal>ies !y got be+ us$ to    
defray ! exp5ses ( _! education4 ,^!    
petty (fic]s 7 call$ corporals1 & ,lewis
 0 n[ promptly appo9t$ corporal 9 !     
,upl& ,regim5t1 f> away f 8 native t[n1 
9 "o ( ! midl& di/ricts4  ,?is 0 a r    
curi\s beg9n+ = a man s decid$ly        
anti-milit>i/ z ,holb]g 0 ?r\gh\t 8     
life4 ,9 8 autobiography1 publi%$ 9     
,lat9 9 #agbg1a he makes fun ( !        
episode1 describ+ 8 trans=mation f a    
petty (fic] into a pr(essor ( philosophy
 z a sort ( ,ovidian metamorphosis :i*  
might expose me to ! risk ( be+ s5t back
 f my pr(essorial *air to ! camp1 if !  

au?orities 7 dispos$ to "q my           
qualifications4  ,not)/&+ ?is1 8        
appo9tm5t z petty (fic] 0 to become (   
importance to him4 ,z soon z he got 8   
commission he left ,b]g5 = ! midl&      
c\nties--a rem>kable j\rney at t "t1 by 
sea & l&1 ?r\gh a great "p ( ,we/ & ,mid
 ,norway--until he f9ally arriv$ at !   
,fron ,vic>age1 "o ( ! f9e/ places 9 !  
valley ( ,gudbr&sdal5 & at pres5t "o (  
our mo/ popul> t\ri/ di/ricts4 ,! vic> (
 ,fron1 :o 0 8 relation on 8 "m's side1 
soon discov]$ 8 rem>kable abilities1 8  
passion = lit]ature1 9 :i* he _h already
 made "s trifl+ attempts1 & la/ b n     
lea/1 8 gift = languages4  ,! two ye>s  
:i* ,holb]g subsequ5tly sp5t at ,fron h1
 until a q rec5t date1 be5 practically  
unnotic$ by ,holb]g /ud5ts1 b x is easy 
to see t !y =m an int]e/+ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( 
ev5ts connect$ ) 8 life4 ,8 s*ooldays at
 ,fron 7 n pleasant to him1 = ! assi/ant
 ma/]1 :o _h to take c>e ( ! boys1 0 r  
inf]ior z a tea*]4 ,8 ,lat9 0 bad1 8    
views n>r[ & p$antic1 8 *ief in/rum5t ( 

in/ruction ! bir*1 ( :i* he made        
assidu\s application4 ,holb]g1 :o r e>ly
 react$ in/9ctively & /rongly to all    
/rokes ( spontane\sness1 v soon conceiv$
 a deep dislike & contempt = ^! p$agogic
 me?ods1 & 8 p[] ( reflection made its  
comb9ations & conclusions4 ,lat9 &      
p$antry became to a c]ta9 ext5t         
synonym\s notions to him1 & x 0 to be "o
 ( 8 pleasures z a writ] to record & h& 
ov] to d]ision ! :ole sy/em ( trave/i$  
le>n+ :i* 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features (
 8 age4  ,?is 0 ! negative aspect ( 8   
soj\rn at ! ,fron ,vic>age4 ,its        
positive aspect 0 ! "t he sp5t 9 !      
libr>y ( ! vic>age1 :]e1 among a numb] (
 ,greek & ,lat9 classics1 he also f\nd  
sev]al mod]n =eign books1 includ+ "s    
,bibles 9 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 an ,engli% & 
a ,fr5* diction>y1 a ,fr5* gramm>1 & an 
,engli% read]1 ) colloquial s5t5ces--r a
 curi\s collection ( books = a          
,norwegian inl& c\nty t[>ds ! end ( !   
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! books1 z f> z we   
"k1 7 ! fir/ specim5s ( ,engli% & ,fr5* 

lit]ature :i* he ev] saw1 b he 0        
fasc9at$ by !m4 ,!y 7 to him messages f 
! great m>vell\s _w hundr$s ( miles     
beyond ! m\nta9s by :i* he 0 surr\nd$4  
,d y wond] t he 0 long+ & dream+1 sil5t 
& solit>y z he 0 by disposition8  ,b he 
0 n dream+ only4 ,be+ a quick obs]v] (  
?+s surr\nd+ him1 we may inf] t he 0    
deeply impress$ by ! cu/oms & mann]s ( !
 peasants among :om he liv$1 _! cool1   
unobtrusive way ( behav+ !mselves1 _!   
s\nd judgm5t1 _! manual clev]ness1 _!   
traditions1 songs & fairy tales1 & la/ b
 n lea/1 _! dialect1 ) its peculi> words
 & phrases1 s decid$ly diff]5t f 8 own  
,b]g5 tongue & way ( speak+4 ,inde$1    
num]\s passages 9 8 works are /amp$ by  
obvi\s rem9isc5ces f 8 ,fron soj\rn4    
,aft] an abs5ce :i*1 9 m respects ?an   
"o1 rip5$ him above 8 age1 ,holb]g1 9   
#afih1 return$ to ,b]g51 :]e he resum$ 8
 /udies "u conditions :i* did n please  
him at all4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce ! gramm>     
s*ool ( ! city _h be5 subject$ to a     
?or\gh re=m by an able manag]1 :o 0     

himself an ard5t admir] ( ! classics4   
,accord+ly1 ,lat9 m ?an ev] became !    
*ief subject ( in/ruction1 ! comm& ( !  
language be+ labori\sly aim$ at by means
 ( disputations :i* 7 at once l+ui/ic   
ex]cises & a m$ium ( !ological &        
metaphysical f5c+4  ,holb]g1 :o always  
felt himself ali5 to subtleties ( ?is   
k9d1 0 !re=e q agreeable :5 v soon aft] 
! heavy fire at ,b]g5 9 #agjb1 :i* /&s  
out z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev5ts 9 !    
annals ( ! city1 he 0 s5t to !          
,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 :]e he pass$ 8  
,b4,a4 exam9ation4 ,he does n seem to h 
be5 fav\rably impress$ 9 any p>ticul>   
degree ei!r by ! capital itself or by ! 
conditions rul+ at ! ,univ]sity4        
,o!rwise1 9 8 rem9isc5ces he w\ld h>dly 
h pass$ by 8 life z a /ud5t 9 absolute  
sil5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 ,b]g51 z %e pres5t$
 h]self to him t[>ds ! end ( #agjb aft] 
he _h be5 away = "s sev5 or eight mon?s1
 0 c]ta9ly no *e]y place1 be+ /ill "u ! 
gloom ( ! deva/ations ( ! fire4 ,he     
!re=e q naturally avail$ himself ( !    

e>lie/ opportunity ( gett+ away4  ,! two
 foll[+ ye>s ( 8 life1 b = a %ort /ay at
 ,cop5hag51 :]e he complet$ 8 !ological 
/udies & atta9$ a high degree1 he sp5t  
*iefly 9 flogg+ 8 pupils & conv]t+      
,norwegian boors4 ,?is is a humor\s     
expression ( 8 = ! way 9 :i* he p]=m$ 8 
duties z a tutor to ! *ildr5 ( ! vic> at
 ,voss--n[ "o ( ! be/-kn[n di/ricts on !
 ,b]g5-,*ri/iania ,railway--&           
occasionally replac$ him 9 ! pulpit4 ,by
 8 own say+ he succe$$ decid$ly bett] z 
a prea*] ?an z a tutor :i*1 by ! way1   
does n say v mu*1 z he nev] excell$ 9   
ei!r ( ^! functions4 ,! *ief int]e/     
connect$ ) 8 /ay at ,voss is ! fact t x 
/r5g!n$ 8 e>ly ,fron recollections ( !  
peasants4  ,we are entitl$ to inf] f 8  
fam\s ,description ( ,b]g51 :i* appe>$  
?irty-five ye>s lat]1 t he has tak5 a   
special int]e/ 9 ,voss1 & t he has /udi$
 ! hi/ory & ! topography ( ! di/rict1 & 
we h>dly jump at conclusions 9 assum+ t 
8 popul>ity ) ! peasants 0 due1 n to 8  
s]mons1 b to ! /raight=w>d1 unpret5d+   

way 9 :i* he approa*$ !m4 ,he c>ri$ )   
him f ,voss1 z he _h c>ri$ ) him f      
,fron1 fav\rable impressions ( !        
,norwegian peasantry to ! manly         
qualities ( :om he (t5 returns 9 8      
writ+s4  ,9 #agjd ,holb]g set out on !  
fir/ ( ! five fam\s j\rneys :i* he 0 to 
und]take to v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe )9 !   
next tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,i %all n sp5d _m  
words on ?is p>ticul> j\rney beyond !   
fact t he visit$ ,we/ ,g]many & ,holl&1 
:i* at t "t 7 "u ! spell ( ! op]ations  
on ! ,we/]n ,front1 =1 z y rememb]1 we  
f9d ourselves at t "t at ! comm5cem5t ( 
! ,spani% ,w> ( ,succession4 ,x is      
suffici5t to /ate t ! j\rney la/$ ab\t a
 ye>1 & t ,holb]g1 9 ! meantime1 _h _m  
*equ]$ exp]i5ces2 by way ( example1 t x 
is impossible = a man ) lit]>y tal5ts to
 get on at ,am/]dam1 :]e1 to use 8 own  
expression1 trade occupies e man's      
?\ghts1 :]e philosophy is at a disc\nt1 
& :]e ev5 m5 l ,grotius & ,salmasius h  
to give way to %ip[n]s & m]*ants4 ,he   
!re=e ultimately _h to return to        

,norway1 arriv+ 9 an exhau/$ condition  
at ,*ri/ianss&1 :]e he 0 assi/$ by a    
fri5d1 ,mr4 ,brix1 :om he happ5$ to meet
 !re4 ,?is fri5d k9dly recomm5d$ ,holb]g
 to sev]al ( ! pr9cipal inhabitants1 &  
he v soon got a reputation z a tea*]1   
especially 9 ,fr5*1 al?\gh--z he le>nt  
on a lat] occasion 9 ,p>is--8 ,fr5* 0 n 
s p]fect z ! natives ( ,*ri/ianss& seem$
 to ?9k4  ,un=tunately he v soon happ5$ 
to raise ! fem99e _w ( ! t[n aga9/      
himself4 ,full ( irony z he 01 &        
delight$ ) ev]y?+ :i* _h an air (       
novelty--z he describes himself--he 0   
greatly amus$ "o day by com+ across an  
anonym\s pamphlet 9 :i* ! au?or         
endeav\r$ to prove1 by sixty-f\r        
argum5ts1 t wom5 h no s\l4 ,he promptly 
le>n$ ! *ief argum5ts by he>t1 & took e 
opportunity ( broa*+ ! p>adox & ( def5d+
 x ) an e>ne/ness proportion$ to ! zeal 
or indignation ) :i* x 0 oppos$4        
,f9ally1 ( c\rse1 he _h to submit & to  
r5\nce 8 h]esy1 aft] :i* peace 0 re/or$4
 ,holb]g1 :o 0 v musical1 & play$       

excell5tly on ! flute1 0 subsequ5tly    
introduc$ to "s ( ! mo/ respect$        
families 9 ! t[n1 :]e he seems to h be5 
v mu* appreciat$4 ,x w always be a matt]
 ( conjecture :e!r he contract$ at      
,*ri/ianss&1 h[ev] tempor>ily1 :at has  
be5 /yl$ a he>t rheumatism2 b if s1 !   
ladies ( ,*ri/ianss& h _h _! rev5ge2 _! 
desc5dants may /ill be pr\d ( ! tribute 
:i* ,holb]g 9 8 auto-biography pays to !
 accompli%m5ts ( _! great-great         
gr&mo!rs4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #agjf ,holb]g    
left ,*ri/ianss&1 emb>k+ = ,engl& at    
,ar5dal1 ! well-kn[n neighb\r+ t[n1     
conspicu\s ev5 9 ^? days = its sea-f>+  
reputation4 ,i may1 p]haps1 9 ?is       
connection1 take leave to obs]ve t ,i am
 a native ( t t[n1 & (t51 :5 a boy1     
sail+ out 9 my boat to ! m\? ( ! h>b\r1 
:]e x op5s t[>ds ! horizon f> away1 or  
re/+ on "o ( ! _m islets dur+ ! wond]ful
 nights ( ! ,norwegian summ]1 wait+ = ! 
e>ly fi%+ h\rs at sunrise1 ,i w\ld rem9d
 myself t ^! rocks & sk]ries outside (  
my native t[n 7 ! la/ "p ( ,norway on   

:i* ,holb]g look$ back :51 "u ! press ( 
a fair w9d1 8 swift b>que c>ri$ him away
 to ,engl&1 ! fairyl& ( 8 we/w>d dreams4
    ,adieu1 adieu6 my native %ore       
,fades o'er ! wat] blue2   ,! night-w9ds
 sigh1 ! break]s ro>1     ,& %rieks !   
wild sea mew4  ,x 0 ,norway's ,*ilde    
,h>old--! mo/ solit>y figure 9 our      
cultural hi/ory--:o 0 tak+ leave ( 8    
c\ntry1 nev] to see h] rugg$ %ores & h] 
magnific5t inl& sc5]ies aga94 ,!re 01   
inde$1 no?+ poetical ab\t him1 =--z y   
"k--! age 0 a decid$ly prosaic "o1 &    
,holb]g1 lat] 9 life1 confess$ t up to !
 age ( #cj he w\ld yawn :5 he he>d !    
f9e/ piece ( poetry read to him4 ,yet1 z
 we c see him f our pres5t vantage      
gr\nd1 he 0 at t mom5t ! embodim5t ( !  
g5ius ( ! ,norwegian nation1 :i* once m1
 z 9 ! saga p]iod1 hoi/$ its sails =    
,we/]n ,europe1 bold1 eag] ( adv5tures1 
fasc9at$ at ! v ?\ght ( gett+ away4     
,,ii4  ,i want to lay /ress on !        
,norwegian orig9 & education ( ,holb]g1 
on 8 /ay among our peasantry 9 two      

*>act]i/ic p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & also on ! 
fact t he 0 ov] #ba :5 he left ,norway =
 ev]4 ,if ^! ?+s 7 n indisp5sable = a   
fair conception ( 8 lifework1 ,i %\ld   
c]ta9ly n h dwelt on !m4 ,yet a few     
p>ticul>s are /ill want$ to give a f9i%+
 t\* to 8 portrait4  ,he set out 9 life 
) a delicate figure & an extremely      
y\?ful appe>ance1 b 9 return he 0       
possess$ ( "s solid1 /aun* qualities :i*
 m\ld$ him into a fir/-rate "*4 ,f 8 "m1
 ^: family is /ill num]\sly repres5t$ 9 
,norway1 he _h inh]it$ a s\nd realism   
:i* made him firmly resolv$ to get a    
position 9 life & to settle d[n         
com=tably on a fix$ sal>y4 ,f 8 fa!r1 ( 
^: family no trace is left among u1 he  
_h inh]it$ :at has be5 call$ ! it9]>y   
elem5t ( 8 nature--8 passion = travell+1
 initiat$ by 8 e>ly ,fron j\rney1 8     
eag]ness to see =eign c\ntries1 to /roll
 ab\t 9 ! big cities1 to pass along !   
high roads f "o c\ntry into ano!r1 cov]+
 extraord9>y di/ances--an en]getic      
/ud5t1 a haunt] ( libr>ies1 always on ! 

look-out = new books1 b above any?+     
else1 always & ev]y:]e1 a ke5 obs]v] (  
m5 & ?+s1 enri*+ himself ) k f ! fre%1  
inexhau/ible s\rces ( life4  ,besides   
?is1 he 0 a true son ( ,b]g51 ! mo/     
het]og5e\s t[n ( ,norway--a sort (      
,noah's ,ark1 accord+ to 8 own          
expression--) a developm5t ( its own    
:i*1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 has made !   
natives ( ,b]g5 diff] consid]ably 9     
views & mann]s f ! re/ ( _! c\ntrym54   
,ev5 9 our days ^! diff]5ces /ill make  
!mselves felt 9 "s degree4 ,all ?is y   
mu/ be> 9 m9d :5 y speak ab\t ,holb]g4  
,! rem>kable influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u him by 
,b]g5 gives ! clue to 8 p]sonality--to 8
 g5ius z a playwright1 to 8 lib]al views
 z an hi/orian1 to 8 cle>1 reali/ic     
reason+ z a philosoph]4 ,x is always    
,b]g51 nev] ,cop5hag51 :i* is upp]mo/ 9 
8 m9d4  ,h[ excell5tly ?is "y1          
highly-gift$ ,norwegian 0 prep>$ = a    
?or\gh appreciation ( contempor>y       
,engl&6  ,dur+ ! =ty-six ye>s :i* _h    
pass$ s9ce ! ,re/oration ( #affj1       

,engl&--z y w rememb]--_h witness$ a    
p]iod full ( political & lit]>y         
activity1 b above all1 rem>kable = its  
prodigi\s advance 9 ! field ( sci5ce4   
,?is progress 01 x is true1 a matt] (   
,european r ?an ( ,engli% conc]n1 b !   
inquir+ _s & ! rationali/ desire to get 
to ! bottom ( ?+s :i* 7 ! hallm>ks ( !  
age 7 9 no c\ntry develop$ m /rik+ly ?an
 9 ,engl&4 ,lat9 0 /ill ! language 9 :i*
 sci5tific works 7 writt51 b ! ,royal   
,society _h already unfold$ its national
 programme ( br++ all ?+s z ne> !       
ma!matical pla9ness z possible1 & (     
pref]r+ ! language ( artisans1 c\ntrym5 
& m]*ants to t ( wits & s*ol>s4  ,!     
extraord9>y ev5ts ( ! "t also highly    
appeal$ to ! receptive m9d ( ,holb]g4   
,:5 he arriv$ at ,ox=d 9 ! spr+ ( #agjf1
 9 ! company ( 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,brix1     
,engl& 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,spani% ,w> (     
,succession1 ( :i*--z we rememb]--he _h 
got "s exp]i5ces on 8 ,dut* j\rney4     
,dur+ a soj\rn ( ne>ly two ye>s1 ,holb]g
 0 a close obs]v] ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! 

great w>4 ,x 0 n s easy at t "t z dur+ !
 rec5t ,armag$don to get hold ( !       
hi/orical ?read lead+ up to ev5ts & to  
expla9 ! facts by way ( argum5ts2 b he 0
 impress$ by ! dogg$ det]m9ation ( !    
,engli% 9 _! heavy /ruggle aga9/ ,l\is  
,,xiv41 & _! unsw]v+ belief 9 a         
victori\s issue4 ,he himself nev] d\bt$ 
t !y w\ld w9 ! w>1 ?anks to _! spl5did  
res\rces no less ?an to ! v pr9ciples = 
:i* !y f\ght4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! prototype 
( ! _w's w> by :i* we are confront$--!  
,_s ( ! ,we/1 ! repres5tative ( !       
political & intellectual lib]ty ( !     
future /ruggl+ aga9/ absolutism & all ! 
reaction>y p[]s ( ! pa/4  ,z a matt] (  
c\rse1 ,holb]g 0 a /aun* pro-ally1 &    
besides ?is1 he 0 also highly int]e/$ 9 
! political ev5ts ( ! day4 ,! ,union    
betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl& :i* took place  
dur+ 8 /ay at ,ox=d1 /rikes him z "o ( !
 mo/ important acts ( /atesman%ip 9 any 
age--an ev5t ( f>-rea*+ consequ5ces--&  
he nev] gets tir$ ( comm5t+ ^u x & (    
subject+ x to new inve/igations4  ,i d n

 presume to ?9k t ,i c tell y any?+ new 
conc]n+ ! conditions rul+ at ?is        
,univ]sity at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury1 b "s brief p>ticul>s 9          
connection ) ,holb]g's /ay are ( int]e/ 
& importance = a fair und]/&+ ( ! m\ld+ 
influ5ce ( ,ox=d ^u 8 "* & g5ius4       
,?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury an increas+  
numb] ( /ud5ts f ,d5m>k & ,norway _h    
f\nd _! way to ,ox=d1 ! mo/ noble !atre 
& emporium to all good sci5ces1 to quote
 a contempor>y writ]4 ,f #afjb to #afhc 
! fam\s ,lib] ,p]egr9orum1 or ,admission
 ,index1 %[s a total ( #aab names (     
,dani% & ,norwegian orig92 dur+ ! next  
tw5ty ye>s1 up to #agjh1 _! numb] 0 #fj1
 ( :i* #df 7 ,danes & #ad 7 ,norwegians4
 ,^! figures are int]e/+ z an           
unmi/akable pro( ( ! gr[+ int]c\rse     
betwe5 ! ,dano-,norwegian mon>*y &      
,engl&1 :i* by ?is "t _h comm5c$ to make
 itself decid$ly felt 9 ! field (       
comm]ce4  ,f ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5?  
c5tury1 ,london1 ! fam\s fire ( :i* 9   
#afff _h giv5 a great impetus to ! small

 timb] ports ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,norway1     
became a city ( gr[+ importance to our  
c\ntry4 ,dur+ _! holidays ! ,norwegian  
,ox=d /ud5ts us$ to sp5d _! "t 9        
,london1 :]e !re 0 a num]\s colony (    
,danes & ,norwegians & a con/ant influx 
( seam5 & m]*ants1 especially f ,s\?    
,norway4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 altoge!r by     
*ance t ,holb]g arriv$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he    
sail$1 9 fact on ! we/w>d curr5t ( ! "t4
  ,on _! arrival at ?is ,univ]sity1     
,april #ah?1 #agjf1 hav+ cov]$ _! way f 
,graves5d to ,london1 & f ,london to    
,ox=d on foot1 ,holb]g & 8 fri5d soon   
f\nd out t _! f9ances 7 at s l[ an ebb t
 be=e !y c\ld proce$ ) _! /udies !y _h  
to provide = _! dome/ic necessities4    
,=tunately ,ox=d 0 no p>ticul>ly        
exp5sive place at t "t1 #dj a ye> be+   
suffici5t to pull a man ?r\gh1 & ,holb]g
 0 always v economical1 & und]/ood      
rem>kably well ! difficult art ( mak+   
bo? ends meet4 ,yet _! fir/ mon?s at    
,ox=d 7 pass$ "u v /ra9$ conditions     
until ,mr4 ,brix succe$$ 9 gett+ a      

supply ( money f a bank] 9 ,london4 ,9 !
 meantime1 !y _h rais$ ! necess>y funds 
!mselves by giv+ lessons 9 music &      
languages1 & x is a *>act]i/ic evid5ce (
 ,holb]g's clev]ness t1 aft] ! dep>ture 
( 8 fri5d1 :i* took place comp>atively  
soon1 he manag$ to /udy at ,magdal5     
,college = m ?an eighte5 mon?s1 ) no o!r
 money ?an t obta9$ ?r\gh 8 lessons z   
ma/] ( languages & ( ! flute4  ,! m y   
try to s\nd ! m>vell\s au?or%ip (       
,holb]g ! m y feel conv9c$ ( !          
importance ( 8 /ay at ,ox=d4 ,x w\ld    
require sev]al lectures to trace ! way 9
 :i* 8 impressions & 8 exp]i5ces ( ,ox=d
 h m\ld$ him z an hi/orian1 z a         
playwright1 z a philosoph] & morali/4 ,i
 c only tell y t he took ) him f ?is    
place to ,cop5hag5 & to !               
,dano-,norwegian community n only !     
conviction ( 8 future mission1 b        
practically ! v se$s ( :at %\ld rip5    
into "o ( ! ri*e/ crops 9 ! field (     
lit]ature4 ,if ,macaulay _h kn[n ,holb]g
 he w\ld h _h to give a some:at diff]5t 

turn to 8 fam\s s5t5ce3 ,france has be5 
! int]m$i>y betwe5 ,engl& & ,mank9d4    
,holb]g visit$ ,engl& tw5ty-five ye>s   
be=e ,voltaire & tw5ty-f\r ye>s be=e    
,montesquieu1 & br\ght back fir/ h&     
views & impressions1 sift$ only ?r\gh ! 
m$ium ( 8 unbiass$ m9d4  ,to put x      
briefly1 ,holb]g has be5 ! int]m$i>y    
betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,nor?4  ,at ,ox=d     
,holb]g plann$ ! "w by :i* he />t$ 9    
lit]ature 9 #agaa3 ,introduction to !   
,hi/ory ( ! ,european ,k+doms1#b conta9+
 a rem>kable *apt] on ,engl& & ! ,engli%
 f ! "t ( ! ,romans d[n to #agjb1 )     
quotations f v>i\s au?ors1 among !m     
,milton1 ,william ,camd51 & ,"l         
,cl>5don4 ,?is "w1 aga9/ :i* _m         
objections h be5 rais$ &1 to a c]ta9    
ext5t1 n unju/ly1 nev]!less is /amp$ by 
! *>act]i/ic features ( 8 g5ius1 s      
famili> to all ,holb]g /ud5ts--8 orig9al
 way ( ?9k+1 8 contempt = all sorts (   
o/5tati\s le>n+ block+ ! way by         
irrelevant facts1 8 pla9                
language--vigor\s1 manly1 ) a turn ( its

 own--8 s\nd judgm5t1 & p]haps1 above   
all1 ! g5]ally fair way 9 :i* he        
arraigns 8 p]sons be=e ! tribunal (     
hi/ory4  ,summ+ up 8 impressions &      
rem9isc5ces tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,holb]g    
says 9 8 autobiography3 ,i confess t ,i 
h _m reasons = consid]+ myself "u great 
obligations to ! ,oxonians4  ,?is is no 
phrase ( polit5ess4 ,x is ! op9ion ( a  
man ^: correct & blameless demean\r1 no 
less ?an 8 s9c]ity1 8 loyalty1 & 8      
intellectual abilities1 _h won him !    
appreciation ( 8 pr(essors & ! fri5d%ip 
( 8 fell[-/ud5ts4 ,8 ,engli% 0 excell5t1
 & he does n conceal ! fact t he is a   
bit pr\d ( x4 ,inde$1 x is some:at ( a  
sacrifice n to indulge 9 quotations f   
,holb]g's autobiography--p>ticul>ly s at
 ! po9t at :i* we f9d ourselves n[--= 8 
description ( 8 /ay at ,ox=d is highly  
attractive1 n only f a lit]>y b a human 
po9t ( view4 ,altoge!r 8 autobiography  
is a curi\sly fasc9at+ "w1 ( :i* no "o w
 rep5t mak+ ! acqua9tance4 ,x ought to  
reappe> 9 a mod]n ,engli% translation4  

,,iii4  ,aft] an int]e/+ decade !       
importance ( :i* to ! developm5t (      
,holb]g's g5ius _c be ov]-rat$ we meet  
him 9 #agah z ,pr(essor ( ,metaphysics 9
 ,cop5hag5 ,univ]sity4 ,aft] hav+ left  
,ox=d 9 #agjh he _h--to sum up ! p]iod z
 briefly z possible--sp5t 8 "t 9 /udies 
at home & 9 travels abroad4 ,he nev]    
revisit$ ,engl&1 b he liv$ & root$ 9 !  
,engli% _w ( ?\ght1 & :e!r 9 ,g]many1 9 
,p>is1 9 ,rome1 or at ,cop5hag51 he     
/udi$ & reason$ on ! basis ( 8 ,ox=d    
exp]i5ces4 ,8 pr9cipal "w f ?is p]iod1  
,introduction to ! ,law ( ,nature & (   
,nations1 al?\gh little m ?an an        
abridgem5t ( ,puf5dorf's great "w on !  
same subject1 is int]e/+ z a pro( ( 8   
indep5d5t views & 8 patriotic ambitions 
z an hi/orian4  ,x w\ld be an           
exagg]ation unwor?y ( ! res]v$ way 9 :i*
 ,holb]g us$ to express himself1 to say 
t he ow$ ev]y?+ to ,engl&4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly
 also highly indebt$ to ,france4 ,sett+ 
ap>t :at he owes to ,holl&1 ,g]many &   
,italy1 ,i ?9k we may squ>e ! debt by   

say+ t :ile ,engl& m\ld$ 8 "* & gave !  
fir/ impetus to 8 g5ius z an hi/orian1  
,france *iefly contribut$ to ! unfold+ (
 8 g5ius z a humor\s writ]4 ,he is !    
,molire ( ! ,nor? &1 no d\bt1 "o ( !    
greate/ dramatic au?ors ev] born4  ,9   
#agai ,holb]g's g5ius1 :i*1 until !n1 _h
 kept /rictly )9 ! rules prescrib$ by 8 
pr(essor%ip1 app>5tly cool & indiff]5t  
to ! outside _w1 sudd5ly bur/ into a fit
 ( laught] :i* res\nd$ ?r\gh ! ,nor?4   
,?is 0 8 immortal h]oic poem1 ,p$]      
,pa>s1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! autumn ( #agai1 & 
:i* m>ks no?+ less ?an a new era 9      
,norwegian & ,dani% lit]ature4  ,p$]    
,pa>s1 l ,ibs5's ,pe] ,gynt1 ! only     
p>allel 9 our lit]ature1 is writt5 9    
v]se4 ,ibs5's rhymes are /amp$ by 8     
ma/]%ip ( =m1 & move 9 %ift+ /anzas     
accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! situation &
 ! emotion !y are int5d$ to create4     
,holb]g walks ?r\gh\t 8 poem on !       
high-heel$ ,alex&r9es ( ! age4 ,pe]     
,gynt is ! embodim5t ( ! ,norwegian     
s\l--,norway1 z se5 f )94 ,p$] ,pa>s is 

! c5tral gall]y ( contempor>y ,d5m>k1 ) 
all its que] figures--,d5m>k1 z se5 f   
)\t4 ,t is :y ,holb]g c\ld nev] h writt5
 ,p$] ,pa>s if he _h be5 born & br$ a   
,dane4 ,he _h to be an outsid] to get ! 
"r p]spective4  ,! gi/ ( ! poem is      
quickly told4 ,p$] ,pa>s1 a pla9 ,dani% 
citiz5 ( a prov9cial t[n1 wants to visit
 8 swee!>t at "s o!r prov9cial t[n a few
 miles (f4 ,he has to g by sea1 ( c\rse1
 = ,d5m>k1 z y "k1 is pre-em95tly a     
c\ntry compos$ ( isles1 &1 l ,odysseus &
 ,a5eas1 he has "s mighty enemies among 
! immortal gods :o w n all[ him to      
complete 8 v reasonable j\rney4 ,he is  
%ipwreck$ & wa%$ a%ore ) 8 foll[]s on   
,anholt1 ! v smalle/ ( all ,dani% isles4
 ,8 exp]i5ces 9 ?is place =m ! *ief "p (
 ! poem1 = 9 ?is little1 out-(-!-way    
isl& ,holb]g gives u1 z x 71 contempor>y
 ,d5m>k 9 a nut%ell4 ,f9ally1 ! goddess 
( love pities him2 he succe$s 9 mak+ 8  
escape f ,anholt1 & arrives subsequ5tly 
at ,jutl&1 :]e he has ano!r s]ies (     
rem>kable exp]i5ces4 ,l ,pe] ,gynt1 he  

is put into a mad-h\se1 b "s "t aft]w>ds
 he is releas$ & is escort$ 9 triumph   
out ( t[n4 ,! la/ glimpse we get ( him  
is :]e he is made a soldi] & has to /rip
 himself ( all he is possess$ ( 9 ord]  
to be set free & become a civilian aga94
 ,"h ! poem ends abruptly1 unf9i%$1 z if
 ! au?or has got tir$2 b ! torso /&s out
 z ! "w ( a g5ius1 & = two c5turies x   
has /ood ! te/ ( "t & t[]s /ill z "o ( !
 mo/ impos+ works ( fiction 9 ,nor!rn   
lit]ature4  ,holb]g _h a d\ble purpose )
 ,p$] ,pa>s4 ,by ! =m he *ose he int5d$ 
to aim a decisive bl[ at ! le>n$        
app>atus ( classic poetry z we meet x1  
especially 9 ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,!re 0 at 
t "t a lively discussion go+ on 9 ,engl&
 & ,france z to :e!r classic or mod]n   
poetry ought to be pref]r$1 & bo? views 
_h _! eag] advocates & oppon5ts4        
,holb]g1 z y may easily imag9e1 sid$ ) !
 def5d]s ( mod]n lit]ature1 p>tly       
because1 be+ a true son ( ! age to :i*  
he belong$1 he 0 z indiff]5t to ! fre%  
orig9ality ( ,hom] z he 0 unt\*$ by !   

high-s\nd+ imitation ( ,virgil1 & 9 8   
poem he mixes !m up 9 a mo/             
disrespectful way4  ,:at is consid]ably 
m important to u ?an ! =m ( 8 poem is1  
h[ev]1 ! sub/ance ( x4 ,! =m] belongs to
 ! ta/e ( an age :i* has disappe>$ long 
ago2 ! latt] is--z ,i h already         
sugge/$--a cultural portrait (          
contempor>y ,d5m>k1 & at ! same "t a    
m>vell\s gall]y full ( human *>act]s1   
/amp$ by ! et]nal m>k ( life itself4    
,holb]g1 l ,hamlet1 0 ( op9ion t !re 0  
some?+ rott5 9 ! /ate ( ,d5m>k1 & he    
made up 8 m9d to set h] "r by ! s\nd    
cure ( irony4 ,he c\ld h *os5 no bett]  
rem$y2 =1 9 fact1 ! community 9 :i* he  
f\nd himself 0 n disgrac$ by vices :i*  
prey$ on ! v pi? ( ! nation & endang]$  
its future4 ,! *ief fault ) x 0 t ow+ to
 a developm5t :i* =ms a highly-int]e/+  
*apt] 9 ! cultural hi/ory ( ! c\ntry--b 
:i* x w\ld take too long to             
detail--,d5m>k1 z ,holb]g f\nd h] two   
c5turies ago1 0 ab\t to be /ifl$ by an  
atmosph]e ( p$antry1 humbug1 hypocrisy &

 uns\nd ambition4 ,surr\nd$ by laws &   
ord]s 9 c\ncil :i* int]f]$ ) _! daily   
life 9 ! mo/ fooli% way & increas$ !    
numb] ( misdemeanants1 ! ,dani% p 0 ab\t
 to lose its self-respect & absorb      
itself 9 an indiscrim9ate imitation (   
=eign nations4 ,holb]g's ke5 glance     
pi]c$ ?r\gh all ?is fool]y into ! v dep?
 ( ! national "*4 ,he saw t ! ,dani% p 0
 s\nd at ! core1 & he !re=e m]rily      
dive/$ x ( "o piece ( ^! masqu]ade      
g>m5ts aft] ! o!r4 ,he want$ to %[ ! p  
among :i* he liv$ t life is tru?1 n     
humbug1 & t in/ead ( ! com=table advice3
 ,disguise6 hide6 !re is ! m noble      
appeal3 ,be ?yself1 & fe> n6  ,!re is a 
:ole lit]ature on ,p$] ,pa>s 9          
,norwegian & ,dani%1 & x is only fair to
 say t op9ions ( ! critics v>y z to !   
intr9sic value ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! poem
 f a lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
full cr$it is giv5 to ! poem f a        
cultural /&po9t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,p$]  
,pa>s is n only ! fir/ dazzl+ display ( 
,holb]g's g5ius z a humor\s & satirical 

writ]2 x also reveals him z ! future    
playwright1 :o )9 a few ye>s 0 to s5d   
pit1 boxes & gall]ies into fits (       
laught]4  ,inde$1 we may ask ! "q3 ,0   
!re ev] 9 any c\ntry a pr(essor (       
metaphysics ) s adequate a /ore ( hum\r 
& ) a m irresi/ible fancy to display x8 
,,iv4  ,holb]g z a dramatic au?or is    
c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 !   
hi/ory ( ,norwegian & ,dani% lit]ature1 
& none has be5 subject$ to a m se>*+    
exam9ation4  ,x is admitt$ by all       
critics t he is indebt$ to ! fam\s      
playwrights ( anci5t ,rome--,plautus &  
,t]5tius--& he c]ta9ly also owes some?+ 
to ! ,italian com$y ) :i* he _h become  
acqua9t$ bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ,p>is4 ,8     
relation to ,molire :om he admir$ v mu* 
has be5 a matt] ( discussion1 ev5 9     
,france1 & !re are 9 "s ( 8 plays       
*>act]s & sc5es :i* rem9d "o ( ! ,engli%
 dramati/s ( ! ,re/oration4 ,b he nev]  
/oop$ to m]e imitation4 ,! com$ies :i* h
 e/abli%$ 8 fame all be> ! indelible    
/amp ( 8 orig9ality & ( 8 g5ius4  ,let u

 take a %ort review ( "s ( ! mo/ fam\s (
 8 com$ies4  ,fir/ y make ! acqua9tance 
( ! ,t9k] ,politician--a typical        
repres5tative ( ! "t1 s occupi$ )       
speculations & discussions on public    
affairs t he has no "t to look aft] 8   
own trade4 ,x consequ5tly goes f bad to 
worse4 ,he is ! c5tral figure 9 a       
self-appo9t$ bo>d ( ,blue-,apron        
,politicians--a saddl]1 a cutl]1 a      
wig-mak]1 & s on4 ,!y are ov] head & e>s
 9 politics1 discuss+ ! ev5ts ( !       
,spani% ,w> ( ,succession1 giv+ advice  
to ,pr9ce ,eugne & ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh 
or d5\nc+ _! dispositions1 :ile exp\nd+ 
! mo/ />tl+ hi/orical !ories & mak+ !   
mo/ absurd geographical ass]tions4 ,!y  
are also eag]ly tak+ d[n _! own         
au?orities4  ,holb]g has be5 s cauti\s z
 to make ,hamburg ! sc5e ( 8 com$y1 = x 
w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 tol]at$ if ! action
 _h be5 made to take place at ,cop5hag54
 ,"s ( ! rem>ks made by ! *>act]s ( !   
play h1 !re=e1 reta9$ a wond]ful        
actuality4 ,by way ( example3 ,inde$1 ^?

 p don't see :at is to ! true b5efit (  
,g]many4 ,replac+ ! ^w ,g]many by ! ^w  
,d5m>k we see1 h[ev]1 ! homely1         
eighte5?-c5tury address q cle>ly4  ,9 ! 
?ird act ! ,t9k] ,politician is mo/     
unexpect$ly appo9t$ ,burgoma/] (        
,hamburg--a %am appo9tm5t1 ( c\rse1     
arrang$ by "s p]sons :o wi% to play a   
practical joke on him 9 ord] to put 8   
rem>kable political qualities & 8       
mu*-boa/$ adm9i/rative faculties to !   
te/4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t 8           
burgoma/]%ip :i*1 by ! way1 only la/s   
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 fill$ up ) con/ant      
emb>rassm5ts1 disillusionm5ts &         
mortifications1 f9ally turns out a      
complete failure4 ,he is j ab\t to hang 
himself 9 a fit ( despair :5 he is in=m$
 ( ! joke :i* has be5 play$ ^u him4 ,he 
rejoices 9 8 good luck1 d5\nces 8       
political vanity 9 a v]se :i* has become
 classic1 & ! moral ( :i* may be        
express$ 9 ! old prov]b3 ,! %oemak] %\ld
 /ick to 8 la/4  ,9 ano!r play we meet  
,jean de ,france1 a ,cop5hag5 c\s9 ( ,! 

,g5tleman ,danc+ ,ma/]1 z ,wy*]ly       
pres5ts him 9 "o ( 8 wittie/ plays4 ,8  
"n is ,hans ,fr&s51 a ,dani% family     
"n--pla9 & unpret5ti\s4 ,b ,hans has be5
 t5 weeks 9 ,p>is & has return$ ) 8 "n  
translat$4 ,he mixes 8 ,dani% ) ,fr5*   
words & phrases 9 ! mo/ ridicul\s way1  
trespass+ aga9/ all ! rules ( ,fr5*     
,gramm>4 ,he q impresses 8 fa!r & "m by 
8 high-s\nd+ "n1 8 ,p>isian mann]s1 & 8 
air de gr& seigneur1 b 8 w\ld-be        
fa!r-9-law in=ms him v pla9ly t he is an
 old-fa%ion$ ,dani% citiz5 :o means to  
/& no nons5se1 & :o w nev] give 8       
daught] to a fool4 ,?r\gh a practical   
joke play$ ^u ,jean de ,france by means 
( ! clev] maid s]vant1 :o pret5ds to h  
left ,p>is = ,cop5hag5 ) ! sole purpose 
( see+ him & enjoy+ 8 company1 8        
ridicul\sness is s amply prov$ t he     
ultimately resolves to %ake (f ! du/ (  
,d5m>k f 8 feet & return to fair        
,france4 ,! moral ( ! play may be       
express$ 9 ! old say+3 ,all is n gold t 
glitt]s--& ! sub/ance ( x is to s]ve z a

 w>n+ aga9/ ! bad cu/om ( ! "t ( s5d+ "y
 p abroad be=e !y h develop$ ! necess>y 
am\nt ( self-k & commons5se to pr(it by 
_! /ay4  ,9 ,jacob von ,?yboc or ,!     
,bragg+ ,soldi]1 we meet a              
highly-develop$ specim5 ( ! milit>y     
fool4 ,i ?9k ?is com$y /&s out z "o ( ! 
mo/ d>+ attacks 9 any lit]ature on !    
milit>y pr(ession4 ,x is a picture (    
e>ly eighte5?-c5tury milit>ism 9 its    
wor/ =m1 r$eem$ by no sympa!tic feature1
 ! ,dani% army be+ at t "t practically  
flood$ by ,g]man (fic]s1 bragg+ & swe>+1
 mix+ ,g]man & ,dani% 9 ! mo/ horrible  
way1 scold+ & flogg+ _! soldi]s1 b at ! 
em]g5cy c[>ds1 eag] to save _! sk9s4  ,z
 a matt] ( c\rse1 ,holb]g also          
introduces to u :at we may call ! ,lat9 
fool4 ,8 "n is ,erasmus ,montanus--an   
unsurpassable translation ( ! pla9      
,dani% "n1 ,rasmus ,b]g4 ,he exhibits 8 
le>n+ z a con/ant display ( p>adoxes &  
gives only "o evid5ce ( s\nd judgm5t &  
insight4 ,erasmus is capable ( prov+ t 8
 "m is a /one1 because a /one _c fly1   

nor c 8 "m2 b z ! poor peasant woman    
gets afraid ( ?is a/\nd+ metamorphosis &
 already ?9ks h] legs are turn+ cold1 he
 graci\sly com=ts h] by ! assurance t %e
 c ?9k & speak1 :i* a /one _c4          
,consequ5tly y are no /one1 "m6 ,he c   
also prove by sev]al argum5ts t *ildr5  
are entitl$ to ?ra% _! old p>5ts1 "o ( !
 argum5ts be+ t y h to re/ore :at has   
be5 be/[$ ^u y4 ,x s]ves him "r :5 !    
:ole p>i% f9ally rises aga9/ him1 n     
because ( all ^! fooli% ass]tions1 b    
because ( ! only !ory 9 :i* he is       
p]fectly "r1 & :i* he proves by fair    
argum5ts1 t ( ! e>? be+ r\nd4 ,on ?is   
po9t he has to give 9 & admit t ! e>? is
 flat l a pancake--! only condition on  
:i* ! fa!r ( 8 swee!>t w give 8 cons5t  
to ! m>riage4  ,9 ! ,ly+-9 ,room1 a mo/ 
curi\s portrait ( contempor>y cu/oms &  
mann]s 9 connection ) su* a daily ev5t z
 ! bir? ( a *ild--we f9d ourselves 9 a  
female gall]y1 unsurpass$ 9 any         
lit]ature = v>iety1 livel9ess & realism4
 ,x might be wor?y ( a :ole lecture on  

:at w\ld c]ta9ly prove a highly int]e/+ 
subject3 ,holb]g & ! ,fair ,sex4  ,may  
,i f9ally m5tion z p]haps ! mo/ deeply  
human ( all 8 com$ies1 ,jeppe on ! ,hill
 or ,! ,trans=m$ ,peasant4 ,x is a      
repres5tation ( a practical joke play$  
on a poor peasant :o is f\nd 9 a field  
ne> ! high road1 s5selessly intoxicat$4 
,he is subsequ5tly br\ght to ! mansion1 
put into 8 lord%ip's b$ & g>b$ ) 8      
lord%ip's f9e/ night%irt4 ,he awakes &  
believes himself 9 ,p>adise1 is treat$ z
 a ,"l by ! real own] ( ! mansion ^: %am
 s]vility makes him behave himself      
insol5tly1 & is once m intoxicat$ &     
replac$ :]e he 0 f\nd 9 8 old dirty     
clo!s4 ,he is !n accus$ ( intrusion &   
viol5t behavi\r at ! mansion1 s5t5c$    
=mally to dea?1 & subject$1 :5 asleep1  
"u ! influ5ce ( a drug1 to a %am        
execution1 ! rope be+ fa/5$ "u 8 arms   
in/ead ( r\nd 8 neck4 ,he is f9ally l[]$
 f ! gall[s1 & br\ght back to life by ! 
same au?orities :o h s5t5c$ him to dea?1
 aft] :i* he is dismiss$ ) a few        

%ill+s--& ! bitt] conviction t he has   
be5 treat$ z a play?+ by ! ,"l ( !      
mansion4  ,! l[ social level ( ! ,dani% 
peasantry 9 ,holb]g's days :i* contra/$ 
s unfav\rably ) ! social /&+ ( !        
,norwegian peasants2 ! /ate ( drunk5ness
 to :i* !y /oop$ 9 consequ5ce ( !       
physical & moral humiliations to :i* !y 
7 subject$1 & :i* !y wi%$ to =get2 !    
commons5se & ke5 p[] ( reflection ( :i* 
!y nev]!less 7 possess$ & to :i* ,holb]g
 has paid ! fam\s tribute3 ,i nev] speak
 ) peasants )\t le>n+ some?+ f !m--all  
?is has comb9$ to make ,jeppe p]haps !  
mo/ fam\s p]son 9 ! ,holb]g gall]y1     
conqu]+ g5]ation aft] g5]ation by 8     
inexhau/ible fl[ ( life4  ,x has ju/ly  
be5 said by ! fam\s ,dani% poet1        
,oehl5s*laeg] 7#aggi-ahej7 t if we might
 imag9e t e docum5t & record be>+ ^u    
,d5m>k at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury sudd5ly vani%$ f ! e>? ) ! sole  
exception ( ,holb]g's com$ies1 x w\ld   
yet be possible to recon/ruct ! ,dani%  
community ( ! "t on ! basis ( !m4 ,?is  

ass]tion is no exagg]ation1 b nev]!less 
x only conta9s a half tru?4  ,9 _!      
outw>d appe>ance ,holb]g's com$ies are  
,dani%--cu/oms & mann]s1 names & sc5]y  
be+ contempor>y ,dani% portraits hail+ f
 ,cop5hag5 or f ! prov9ce--b f )9 !y are
 unmi/akably ,norwegian4 ,9 fact1 !     
typical *>act]s ( ! ,holb]g gall]y are n
 only 8 compatriots2 !y are natives (   
,b]g5 l himself4 ,! old-fa%ion$         
g5tleman1 ,j]onimus1 n>r[-m9d$1 b       
possess$ ( a solid /ock ( commons5se :i*
 w /& no nons5se f ! y\ng] g5]ation2 8  
wife ,magdelone1 :o has "s recollections
 ( a m]ry y\? & is n altoge!r pro( aga9/
 relapses into =m] extravagances2       
,h5rik1 ! clev] s]vant ) ! ev]-inv5tive 
bra91 ! *ampion ( ! rights ( y\?2       
,p]nille1 ! witty *amb]-maid1 alt]nately
 imp]t95t & obsequi\s1 b always beam+ ) 
mir?1 sure ( a safe1 h[ev] n>r[1        
escape--e "o ( !m1 z well z a numb] (   
less important *>act]s1 are /amp$ by _! 
own de>1 que] t[n4 ,y may ev5 meet !m 9 
! /reets ( ,b]g5 to-day4 ,x 0 n !re=e by

 *ance t ! national /age ( ,norway 0    
f\nd$ at ,b]g5 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury4 ,! city 9 :i* ,holb]g 0 born & 9
 :i* 8 p]sons mov$ ab\t 9 life1 q       
naturally became ! bir?place ( !        
,norwegian sc5ic art1 & x is ! la/+     
hon\r ( ! actors & actresses ( ! ,b]g5  
,national ,/age--/ill ! (ficial "n ( !  
!atre ( ! city--to h contribut$ to build
 up a ,holb]g tradition1 :i* has be5    
fur!r develop$ by actors & actresses f  
o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 *iefly at !        
,*ri/iania ,!atre & its arti/ic heir !  
,national ,!atre at ,*ri/iania4   ,v4   
,9 #agbh ,cop5hag5 0 deva/at$ by a fire1
 ! ext5t ( :i*1 comp>atively speak+1 c  
only be lik5$ to ! fam\s fire ( ,london 
sixty-two ye>s e>li]1 to :i* ,i h       
already made a ref]5ce4 ,9 its          
consequ5ces1 x 0 ev5 m f>-rea*+4 ,x     
closes a *apt] ( high political &       
cultural int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( !          
,dano-,norwegian mon>*y1 & op5s a new   
"o1 imbu$ ) an entirely diff]5t _s1 !   
*>act]i/ic features ( :i* 7 ,pietism &  

,g]manism4 ,d5m>k1 & m especially       
,cop5hag51 became an intellectual       
prov9ce ( ,g]many1 cu/oms & mann]s be+  
/amp$ by ! new religi\s movem5t1 &      
ord9>y life surr\nd$ by a s]5ity :i*    
clos$ ! door on all pleasures &         
enjoym5ts4 ,x goes )\t say+ t !atrical  
p]=mances 7 consid]$ mo/ s9ful1 & t1 ev5
 if ! national /age _h n _h to g into   
bankruptcy "s ye>s be=e ! fire1 playgo+ 
w\ld h be5 promptly =bidd5 along )      
balls1 masqu]ades1 & o!r public &       
private ent]ta9m5ts4  ,"u ^!            
circum/ances ,holb]g :o1 n long ago _h  
publi%$ 8 autobiography z a sort (      
apology--a lit]>y ev5t :i*1 = v>i\s     
reasons1 has be5 v mu* discuss$ by      
,holb]g /ud5ts--_h to give up 8 activity
 z a playwright & turn to a "w m 9      
con=mity ) 8 position z a pr(essor 9 !  
,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,b be=e he did  
s1 he felt x 8 duty to in=m ! public t  
he 0 ! au?or ( ! com$ies :i* _h hi!rto  
appe>$ "u ! fictiti\s "n ( a citiz5 ( a 
prov9cial t[n4 ,he c]ta9ly did n tell ! 

public any?+ new by ?is in=mation1 b he 
impress$ x fav\rably &1 :at is m        
important /ill1 he has pr(it$ by x 9 !  
eyes ( po/]ity4 ,we are pleas$ to le>n1 
?r\gh ! au?ority ( ,holb]g himself on ! 
eve ( 8 long sil5ce z a playwright1 t he
 admits ! au?or%ip ( 8 immortal com$ies 
9 face ( enemies ^: ma*9ations might h  
ov]?r[n him f beh9d1 if he _h n turn$   
r\nd to meet !m & confront$ !m ) an op5 
visage4  ,9 #agcj ,holb]g 0 appo9t$     
,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 & = ! next sixte5  
ye>s1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! reign ( ,*ri/ian 
,,vi41 he displays ! activity ( an      
hi/orian1 an essayi/1 & a philosophical 
writ]--ano!r pro( ( ! rem>kable         
v]satility ( 8 g5ius4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ?is
 phase ( ,holb]g's au?or%ip has be5     
subject$ to a close & int]e/+           
exam9ation1 especially by ,norwegian    
,holb]g /ud5ts1 & _m valuable features1 
add+ to ! correctness ( ,holb]g's       
portrait z an au?or & z a man1 h be5    
e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,8 hi/orical      
works1 obsolete ?\gh !y are & sup]s$$ by

 mod]n contributions1 are imbu$ ) ! same
 _s z ,p$] ,pa>s & ! ,com$ies4 ,9 8     
,hi/ory ( ,d5m>k 7,i4-,,iii47 8 greate/ 
& mo/ mature "w2 9 8 ,description (     
,d5m>k & ,norway2 9 8 ,description (    
,b]g52 9 8 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 9 8
 ,hi/ory ( ,h]oes & 9 8 ,hi/ory (       
,h]o9es1 to m5tion only ! mo/ important 
hi/orical works ( ?is "p ( 8 life1 9 all
 ( !m we discov] ! same qualities :i*   
/ruck u z *>act]i/ic features 9 8 fir/  
"w1 deep5$ by 8 exp]i5ces & %>p5$ by 8  
sup]ior faculty ( obs]vation4 ,9        
p>ticul>1 we notice ! light ?read (     
irony runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole tissue ( 8     
reflection & composition1 /amp+ argum5t 
& /yle alike by ! irresi/ible hum\r ( 8 
g5ius4 ,x is z if ! playwright is       
con/antly ca/+ a glance on ! manuscript 
ov] ! %\ld] ( ! hi/orian1 & z if m]ry   
,?alia always takes a fancy to tease h] 
s]5e si/] ,kalliope4  ,9 ! mid/ ( 8     
le>n$ /udies ,holb]g1 9 a relapse1 z x  
71 to 8 =m] satirical hum\r1 surpris$ ! 
public by a "w :i* v soon got           

int]national reputation4 ,x appe>$ at   
,leipzig 9 #agda1 9 ,lat91 "u ! title ( 
,nicolai ,klimii ,it] ,subt]raneum1 & 0 
promptly translat$ into a numb] (       
,european languages1 among !m ,engli%4  
,! fir/ ,engli% translation ( ,niels    
,klim dates f #agdb2 ! next f #ahbh4c ,x
 ought to reappe> 9 a new translation1 &
 be includ$ among ! ,_w's ,classics1 =  
next to ,gulliv]'s ,travels !re is h>dly
 a "w 9 any lit]ature to :i* x c be     
adequately comp>$4  ,niels ,klim is a   
,norwegian /ud5t--f ,b]g51 c\rse--:o1   
aft] hav+ tak5 8 degrees at ! ,univ]sity
 ( ,cop5hag51 bo? 9 !ology & philosophy1
 has return$ p5niless f ! temple ( !    
,muses1 l all o!r ,norwegian /ud5ts4    
,/roll+ ab\t "o day among ! hills :i*   
surr\nd ! city1 he comes across a big   
cav]n1 rem>kable f "t immemorial = a    
cont9ual groan+ caus$ by ! circulation (
 ! air :i* is be+ drawn into ! hole &   
aga9 expell$4 ,he makes up 8 m9d to     
inve/igate ! ph5om5on & a few days lat]1
 assi/$ by f\r lab\r]s1 ) rope &        

boat-hooks he makes 8 desc5t1 be+ l[]$  
g5tly d[n ! c5tre ( ! hole4 ,un=tunately
 ! rope sudd5ly snaps :5 he is only #ab 
feet d[n1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a ?ick d>kness   
,mr4 ,klim1 ) trem5d\s rapidity1 falls  
/raight ?r\gh ! globe until he          
ultimately f9ds himself p]fectly unhurt 
on ano!r planet4 ,he is />tl$ at        
discov]+ t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 !  
"n ( :i* is ,potu1 are walk+ trees1 mov+
 ab\t ) an extreme sl[ness & gravity4   
,he aft]w>ds f9ds out t ! m5tal         
qualities ( ! ,potuites are 9 e respect 
9 con=mity ) _! outw>d appe>ance4  ,potu
 is ,engl&1 z ,holb]g saw x--& wi%$ to  
see x--& 9 ! local description ( x we   
quickly discov] sc5es ( an unmi/akable  
,engli% k9d4 ,! ,potuites are possess$ (
 a highly cons]vative temp]1 b at ! same
 "t !y are imbu$ ) a true lib]al _s1 :i*
 makes _! in/itutions1 cu/oms &         
mann]s--9 %ort1 _! community z a        
:ole--contra/ fav\rably ) ! communities 
( contempor>y ,europe4  ,9 ,potu !re are
 no religi\s qu>rels1 because ! :ole    

cre$ ( ! population is conta9$ 9 a few1 
easily intelligible1 & v concise        
s5t5ces4 ,!re are no suffragettes ei!r1 
to use a mod]n t]m1 = ! wom5 enjoy all !
 rights :i* among ! ,european nations1  
are be/[$ ^u m5 alone4 ,a highly e/eem$ 
wid[ holds ! (fice ( ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance2  
an eld]ly unm>ri$ lady is ,*ief         
,ju/ice--bo? to ! p]fect satisfaction ( 
_! compatriots4 ,! sci5ces taught at !  
academies ( ,potu are ,hi/ory1 ,economy1
 ,ma!matics & ,jurisprud5ce4 ,m$ic9e is 
consid]$ sup]flu\s1 z an academic       
sci5ce1 ow+ to ! temp]ate & regul>      
habits ( ! ,potuites1 :ile ,metaphysics 
is /rictly prohibit$1 ^? incl9$ to su*  
/udies be+ promptly bani%$ to ! int]ior 
( ! firmam5t4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,potu is    
bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( absolutism1 b z ! 
,pr9ces always rule /rictly 9 accordance
 ) ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice & !re is a p]fect
 equality among ! citiz5s--all ranks &  
titles hav+ be5 aboli%$ c5turies ago--! 
,potuites are v pleas$ ) ! /ate ( public
 affairs & d n want any *ange4 ,x is n  

absolutely prohibit$ to make proposals  
t5d+ to *ange ! exi/+ conditions1 b     
re=m]s _h bett] take c>e be=e laun*+ _! 
proposals1 = if !y are deem$ futile by !
 commission appo9t$ to consid] !m1 !    
s*em] is sure to be hang$4  ,mr4 ,klim1 
:o is consid]$ too v]satile to hold any 
(fice ( importance 9 ! ,pr9cipality (   
,potu1 is vex$ to see himself entru/$ ) 
! (fice ( a royal c\ri]1 = :i* !        
,potuites f9d him excell5tly fitt$ ow+  
to 8 fa/ legs4 ,9 ?is capacity he       
travels all ov] ! pr9cipality1 hav+ a   
numb] ( rem>kable exp]i5ces1 visit+1    
among o!r places1 ! fam\s site ( le>n+ (
 ,keba1 ! subt]rane\s ,ox=d4            
,un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,klim _c control 8   
,european ambition z a re=m]1 b ow+ to 8
 =eign orig9 & 8 inexp]i5ce1 he escapes 
! gall[s & is expell$ in/ead4 ,he       
subsequ5tly arrives 9 ! ,republic (     
,m>t9ia1 ! inhabitants ( :i* =m ! mo/   
complete contra/ to ! ,potuites4 ,!     
,m>t9ians are apes1 & 9 _! c\ntry1 :i*1 
z c easily be se51 is meant to be a sort

 ( und]gr\nd ,france1 ev]y?+ goes ) a   
trem5d\s spe$4 ,proposals & s*emes ( e  
k9d are fly+ ab\t2 ! numb] ( s*em]s is  
unlimit$2 innovations are hail$ )       
rapture1 _! popul>ity be+ always 9      
proportion to _! fooli%ness4 ,mr4 ,klim 
becomes ! h]o ( ,m>t9ia & is consid]$ a 
true b5efactor ( ! nation :5 he inv5ts !
 wig1 :i* is promptly adopt$ by !       
,m>t9ians4 ,un=tunately a ,m>t9ian lady1
 ! wife ( "o ( ! mo/ prom95t m5 ( !     
,republic1 falls 9 love ) him1 & z he   
decl9es h] advances1 h] love is *ang$   
into hatr$ & %e gets him bani%$ f !     
c\ntry4  ,aft] a s]ies ( rem>kable      
adv5tures ,mr4 ,klim ultimately l&s 9   
,quama1 ! inhabitants ( :i* are human   
be+s at a v l[ level ( civilisation1    
among :om he appe>s 9 ! quality ( a     
re=m]4 ,9 ,quama he discov]s a highly   
int]e/+ manuscript1 ! "w ( a ,quamite1  
describ+ 8 exp]i5ces 9 a ,european      
j\rney4 ,x is a fir/-rate eighte5?      
c5tury satire on ,european conditions & 
! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries 

( ,europe4 ,ev5 "h ,holb]g's pr$ilection
 = ,engl& does n fail4 ,! ,engli%1 ,i   
?9k y w be pleas$ to le>n1 are let (f   
mo/ easily4 ,l 8 c\ntryman1 ,pe] ,gynt1 
a c5tury lat]1 ?\gh "u some:at diff]5t  
conditions1 ,mr4 ,klim ultimately is    
*os5 ,emp]or by ! ,quamites1 b ?is      
proves to be too mu* = him4 ,8 ambition 
v soon passes all reasonable limits & 8 
reign only kn[s ! two alt]natives3      
,_w-p[] or ,d[nfall4 ,x ne$ h>dly be    
said t ! latt] becomes ! natural issue1 
& z a de?ron$ mon>* he has to hide      
himself 9 a deep cav]n to escape ! rage 
( 8 embitt]$ subjects1 :om he has utt]ly
 dup$ & de/roy$4 ,sudd5ly he loses 8    
foot+ & falls ) a trem5d\s rapidity     
?r\gh ! e>? ! opposite way to t by :i*  
he arriv$ on ! und]gr\nd planet4 ,he    
naturally l&s aga9 outside ( ,b]g5 &    
ends 8 days z a mode/ p>i% cl]k1 al?\gh 
nev] =gett+ t once ^u a "t he us$ to be 
an ,und]gr\nd ,emp]or4  ,niels ,klim is1
 no d\bt1 ! highe/ revelation (         
,holb]g's g5ius4 ,we f9d 9 x all ! hum\r

 ( ,p$] ,pa>s & ! ,com$ies2 8 s\nd      
judgm5t & 8 ke5ness ( obs]vation z an   
hi/orian2 8 broad-m9d$ness z a          
philosoph]2 8 tol]ance z a morali/4 ,z a
 "w ( fiction1 x yields to none 9       
exub]ant phantasy1 & ! imp]turbable     
calmness ( ! argum5t & ( ! /yle only    
adds to its wor?4  ,9 #agdf ! reign (   
,pietism came to an end on ! dea? (     
,*ri/ian ,,vi4 ,! accession to ! ?rone (
 8 frivol\s1 intemp]ate son1 ,fr$]ick   
,v41 ^: fir/ wife 0 a daught] ( ,george 
,,ii41 inaugurat$ a new era4 ,all gates 
( enjoym5t 7 at once ?r[n op54          
,hymn-books & ,bibles 7 flung away1 & p 
cr[d$ to !atres1 masqu]ades1 danc+ halls
 & o!r ent]ta9m5ts4 ,holb]g's dramatic  
ve9 began to fl[ aga9 aft] a tw5ty ye>s'
 ebb1 b ! com$ies ( 8 clos+ ye>s c 9 no 
way be comp>$ to ^? :i* he produc$ 9 !  
hey-day ( 8 life4 ,m valuable to u ?an  
^! com$ies is ! s]ies ( small] essays 9 
! =m ( ,epi/les 7five volumes71 & ,moral
 ,?\ghts 7two volumes71 :i* he wrote 9  
^! ye>s along ) a numb] ( m9or1 & we may

 also say1 inf]ior works4 ,^! volumes   
are /ill a ri* s\rce ( in=mation to     
,holb]g /ud5ts4 ,9 none ( 8 works d we  
get a m intimate p]sonal acqua9tance )  
him4 ,we le>n to "k him 9 8 mode/1      
lonely1 e-day life2 8 sympa?ies & 8     
antipa?ies2 ! anfractuosities ( 8 m9d & 
( 8 temp]1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly no less obvi\s 
?an ,samuel ,johnson's2 8 corporal      
frailties2 8 m5tal recreations4 ,he is1 
9 a c]ta9 way1 8 own ,boswell--less     
obtrusive1 h[ev]1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 m  
concise4 ,!re is no subject s           
insignificant t he ?9ks x bel[ 8 dignity
 to discuss x2 !re is none s exalt$ t he
 refra9s f express+ 8 op9ion ^u x4 ,he  
tells u z will+ly :y he pref]s a cat to 
a dog1 & :at a real %oemak] ought to    
"k--z he tells u 8 op9ion on ,god &     
et]nity2 ! de/9ation ( man & ! suppos$  
greatness ( ! popul> h]oes ( hi/ory :om1
 by ! way1 he is m incl9$ to consid] z !
 mis*ief mak]s ( mank9d & ! squ&]]s (   
its economic weal?4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is 
wond]ful collection ( essays we brea!   

:at ,hamlet w\ld call ! eag] & ! nipp+  
air ( orig9ality1 invigorat+ by its     
draught ( commons5se & moral            
responsibility4 ,we easily =give him t  
"s ( 8 views are obsolete1 = 9 o!r      
respects he is f> ahead ( 8 "t1 & by 8  
unbiass$ attitude leaves ev5 ! mo/      
advanc$ spirits ( 8 age beh9d him4  ,h[ 
spl5didly--only to m5tion "o example--he
 is able to grasp a "* l t ( ,cromwell6 
,at a "t :5 ,cromwell 0 g5]ally consid]$
 "o ( ! mo/ abom9able p]sonalities 9    
hi/ory & a disgrace to 8 nation2 :5     
,hume & ,voltaire vi$ ) ea* o!r 9       
misund]/&+ him1 bo? be+ ( op9ion t      
,cromwell's "* 0 broadly t ( a %rewd &  
d>+ hypocrite1#d ,holb]g 0 no less      
conv9c$ ( ! true g5ius ( ! ,protector   
?an ( 8 p]sonal good fai? & ( 8         
patriotic ambition4  ,! greate/ gifts ( 
nature1 he says1 e "o ( :i* w\ld make a 
man prom95t 9 comp>ison ) o!rs 71 to an 
equal degree1 conc5trat$ 9 ,cromwell4   
,he seems to h receiv$ some?+ f all     
nations1 = "o saw 9 him ,italian        

%rewdness & cunn+1 ,fr5* swiftness1     
,engli% c\rage & ,spani% firmness4 ,he  
f\nd$ 8 fabric ) cunn+2 he puts 8 ma*9e 
9 action ) rapidity2 by 8 c\rage he 0   
victori\s ev]y:]e4444 ,x may be said t 8
 wond]ful de$s & 8 great "n 7 suffici5t 
to keep 8 int]nal & ext]nal enemies 9   
subjection1 = z he 0 hat$ by all1 s he 0
 also admir$ by all4444 ,cromwell ranks 
) ^? few m5 :om nature seems to h       
exhau/$ h]self 9 m\ld+4#e  ,i ?9k y w   
admit t ?is is an extraord9>y tribute to
 ! memory ( ! ,protector1 consid]+ t x 0
 writt5 9 #agdi by a loyal subject ( an 
absolute mon>*1 :o _h to weigh 8 words  
c>efully :5 speak+ ab\t a regicide4     
,anyh[1 ,holb]g's essay is ! fir/       
sci5tific rehabilitation ( ,cromwell    
be=e ,c>lyle4  ,five ye>s lat]--en]getic
 & active z ev] &1 above all1 rem>kably 
receptive to ! new ideas ( ! "t1 & eag] 
to subject !m to a close                
exam9ation--,holb]g quietly brea!d 8    
la/4 ,he di$ on ,janu>y #bh?1 #aged1 at 
! age ( #fi1 9 8 city resid5ce at       

,cop5hag54 ,lonely z he _h be5 9 life1 8
 dea? 0 b>ely notic$1 & a few ye>s lat] 
"o ( 8 m intellig5t contempor>ies rem>ks
 ) regret1 t he seems to be almo/       
entirely =gott54 ,holb]g c]ta9ly did n  
expect any?+ 9 ! way ( public m\rn+ &   
(ficial obsequies on ! "p ( ! community 
9 :i* he felt himself an ali51 & ^u !   
m9d ( :i* ! greatness ( 8 lifework _h n 
yet dawn$2 b ev5 :at may be call$ !     
decorum ( indiff]5ce 0 abs5t on ?is     
occasion4  ,yet "t has br\ght its       
rev5ge4 ,be=e ! expiration ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury ,holb]g's "w 0 9 a fair way to   
be+ ackn[l$g$4 ,f ! '?irties ( la/      
c5tury x rose rapidly 9 e/eem4 ,!       
bi-c5t5>y jubilee ( 8 bir?1 :i* 0       
celebrat$ all ov] ,norway & ,d5m>k on   
,decemb] #crd1 #ahhd1 gave a la/+       
impetus to 8 fame4 ,8 comm&+ position 9 
lit]ature 0 e/abli%$ = all "t4  ,9 8    
article on ,holb]g 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia    
,britannica 7,vol4 ,,xiii471 ,mr4       
,edmund ,gosse ju/ly says3 ,holb]g 01 ) 
! exception ( ,voltaire1 ! fir/ writ] 9 

,europe 9 two g5]ations4 ,nei!r ,pope   
nor ,swift1 :o p]haps exce$$ him 9      
p>ticul> bran*es ( lit]ature1 approa*$  
him 9 range ( g5ius or 9 encyclopa$ic   
v]satility4 ,holb]g f\nd ,d5m>k--,mr4   
,gosse might h add$ & ,norway--)\t      
books4 ,he wrote a libr>y = h] 7i4e41   
!m7 444 ,he fill$ ! %elves ( ! citiz5s )
 works 9 _! own tongue 444 all writt5 9 
a true & manly /yle & repres5t+ !       
extreme atta9m5t ( ,european culture at 
! mom5t4  ,9 ?is appreciation we all    
he>tily agree4 ,!re=e1 :]ev] y g 9      
,d5m>k & ,norway ,holb]g's "n is        
famili>4 ,words & say+s ( 8 live on !   
lips ( bo? nations z colloquial t]ms4   
,he sits 9 bronze 9 an arm-*air outside 
! ma9 entrance ( ! ,royal ,!atre at     
,cop5hag52 8 noble sepul*re is at       
,soroe1 a dream+ little site ( le>n+ 9  
,zeel&4 ,he looks d[n f 8 p$e/al ^u !   
busy life ( ! ,b]g5 fi%m>ket1 lean+ ^u 8
 walk+ /ick z if he 0 ab\t to make a    
rem>k4 ,ov] ! portico ( ! ,national     
,!atre at ,*ri/iania1 fac+ ! squ>e1 8 "n

 is inscrib$ 9 gold5 lett]s betwe5 ^? ( 
,ibs5 & ,bjrnson4 ,x is ! ambition ( all
 comic actors 9 ,norway & ,d5m>k to     
appe> 9 "o ( ! *ief *>act]s ( 8 immortal
 gall]y4 ,he is 9 high fav\r ) ! public1
 :o applaud him ) mir? & laught]2 he is 
! pride ( 8 t[nsm51 :o *]i% 8 memory 9 a
 special ,holb]g ,club4 ,& 9 ! sil5t    
libr>ies /ud5ts c>efully turn ov] !     
leaves ( 8 works to f9d out new aspects 
( 8 g5ius & ( 8 p]sonality4 ,9 fact1 !  
,holb]g lit]ature is increas+ ye> by    
ye>4  ,yet !re is "o ?+ want+4 ,he mu/  
be bett] kn[n abroad1 especially 9 ?is  
c\ntry4 ,he mu/ become "o ( ! _w's      
classics & f9d 8 way to ! book-%elves ( 
,briti% homes4  ,m ?an sev5ty ye>s ago  
,welhav51 "o ( ! greate/ ,norwegian     
poets ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 a noble poem
 summ$ up ! position ( ,holb]g & our    
obligation to him 9 a v]se :i* may be   
r5d]$ ?us 9 ,engli%3    ,& !re=e1 l a   
gem ) preci\s gleam1   ,8 "n %all live 9
 high & old e/eem1   ,& ,nor!rn m5 )    
t5d] c>e %all save   ,8 noble image f   

oblivion's grave4  ,i h only a few words
 to add to ^! /anzas4 ,j z we           
,norwegians h le>nt to look ^u ,ludvig  
,holb]g--9 no o!r light we want y       
,engli% to see him4 ,he is "o ( ! highe/
 revelations ( ! ,_s ( ! ,we/ &1 at !   
same "t1 ! mo/ preci\s l9k 9 ! anci5t   
*a9 ( sympa?y betwe5 ,engl& & ,norway4  
,,holb]g ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,holb]g       
,,/ud5ts4  7,,brief ,,summ>y47          
,not)/&+ ! _m highly int]e/+ works bo? 9
 ,norwegian & ,dani% be>+ ^u !          
importance & ! position ( ,holb]g1 no   
complete ,life ( ,holb]g has z yet be5  
writt5 9 ei!r language4 ,we are entitl$ 
to ask ! "q3 ,w !re ev] be an adequate  
"o8  ,z f> z ,norway is conc]n$1 ! mo/  
important ,holb]g /ud5ts ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury are3 ,olaf ,skavlan 7#ahch-ahia72
 ,ludvig ,daae 7#ahcd-aiaj71 & ,j4 ,e4  
,s>s 7#ahce-aiag71 all ( :om 7 pr(essors
 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania4 ,9 ! same 
connection may be m5tion$ ,h5rik ,jg]   
7#ahed-ahie71 ! au?or ( ! well-kn[n     
,illu/r]et ,norsk ,lit]aturhi/oric1 9 ! 

fir/ volume ( :i* !re is a valuable     
outl9e ( ,holb]g's life & works along ) 
a %ort ref]5ce to ! ,holb]g lit]ature   
7d[n to #ahif71 n only 9 ! ,norwegian1  
,dani% & ,sw$i% languages1 b also 9     
,g]man4  ,among ! ,norwegian ,holb]g    
/ud5ts ( to-day1 ,mr4 ,viljam ,olsvig1  
,m4,a41 holds ! mo/ conspicu\s place4 ,9
 a numb] ( works publi%$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty 
odd ye>s1 l>gely be>+ ^u ! connection   
betwe5 ,holb]g & ,engl&1 he may fairly  
be said to h giv5 a new impetus1 & ev5 a
 new turn1 to ! /udy ( ,holb]g4 ,messrs4
 ,francis ,bull1 ,ph4,d41 & ,sigurd ,h/1
 ,m4,a41 h1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ?r[n new 
light on ,holb]g z an hi/orian2 at !    
same "t1 ! ,rev4 ,ludvig ,selm] has     
subject$ ,holb]g's moral & religi\s     
conception ( life to a close & int]e/+  
exam9ation4 ,messrs4 ,j ,b+1 ,ph4,d41 & 
,nordahl ,ols51 a ,b]g5 editor1 h add$  
valuable in=mation to our =m] k (       
,holb]g 9 connection ) 8 native t[n4  ,!
 contributions ( ,d5m>k to ! ,holb]g    
lit]ature are entitl$ to a fair         

ackn[l$gm5t on ! "p ( ,norway1 & we     
c]ta9ly are greatly indebt$ bo? to !    
,dani% ,holb]g /ud5ts ( ! middle ( la/  
c5tury 7above all1 ,e4 ,c4 ,w]lauff1    
#agha-ahga7 & ! ,holb]g /ud5ts ( to-day 
7includ+ ,pr(essor ,georg ,br&es &      
,pr(essor ,vilhelm ,&]s57 = ! excell5t  
way 9 :i* !y h expla9$ ,holb]g to u f a 
,dani% po9t ( view4  ,a complete li/ (  
,holb]g's works 7orig9al & translations7
 is conta9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum's       
,catalogue ( ,pr9t$ ,books 7,vol4       
,,xxix471 #ahhi4     ,,holywell ,,press 
,,footnotes3  #a ,epi/ola ad virum p]   
illu/rem4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ?is 
"w "u ! title ( ,memoirs ( ,lewis       
,holb]g1 writt5 by ,himself 9 ,lat91 &  
n[ fir/ translat$ into ,engli%1 0       
publi%$ 9 ,london 7,hunt  ,cl>ke71      
#ahbg4  #b ,9 #agcc ,holb]g publi%$ a   
brief ,synopsis 9 ,lat91 p>tly bas$ on  
?is "w4 ,9 #agee ! ,synopsis 0 translat$
 into ,engli% by ,gregory ,%>p1         
,,ll4,d41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! 
translation be+ d$icat$ to ! !n ,pr9ce (

 ,wales1 aft]w>ds ,george ,,iii4 7,a    
second edition1 correct$ & enl>g$1      
appe>$ 9 #ageh47 ,9 #aghg a new revis$  
,engli% edition ( ! ,synopsis 0 publi%$ 
by ,william ,radcliffe1 ,a4,b41 ( ,oriel
 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,bo? translators are  
unanim\s 9 _! praise ( ! orig9al1       
,radcliffe describ+ x z a "w :i* by its 
disposition & arrangem5t 9 ! matt] (    
hi/ory has be5 em95tly useful to "y     
/ud5ts & is approv$ by ! highe/ ,ord]s (
 lit]ature4  #c ,! complete title ( !   
lat] translation is3 ,j\rney to ! ,_w   
,und]gr\nd1 ,be+ ! subt]rane\s ,travel (
 ,niels ,klim4 ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 (   
,lewis ,holb]g1 ,london4 ,publi%$ by    
,?omas ,nor?1 #ff ,pat]no/] ,r[1 #ahbh4 
#d ,voltaire1 9 8 ,sicle de ,l\is       
,,xiv41 ,*ap4 ,,ii 7#ageb71 says3       
,cromwell 444 portant l',evangile dans  
une ma92 l'pe dans l'autre1 le masque de
 religion sur le visage 444 c\vrit des  
qualits d'un gr& roi t\s les crimes d'un
 ursurpateur4 ,9 8 ,essai sur les       
,moeurs1 ,*ap4 clxxxi4 7#ageg71         

,voltaire speaks ( ,cromwell z a man :o 
p>v9t a se faire roi s\s un autre nom p>
 sa valeur1 seconde de son hypocrisie4  
,hume1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,*ap4 lx4  
7#aged7 describes ,cromwell z a man :o1 
transport$ to a degree ( madness )      
religi\s ec/asies1 nev] =got ! purposes 
to :i* !y might s]ve 444 secretly pav+ !
 way by artifice & c\rage to 8 own      
unlimit$ au?ority4  #e ,! essay1 f :i* !
 above is a quotation1 0 publi%$ = !    
fir/ "t 9 ,engli% 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical
 ,review1 vol4 xxxii41 page #dab-dae    
7#aiag71 ) an introduction by ,mr4 ,r4  
,laa*e1 ,m4,a41 ,*ri/iania4             
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3     ,text 9    
italics is enclos$ ) und]scores3        
italics4    ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ &   
hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ f     ! orig9al4
    ,punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t   
note4    ,obvi\s typographical errors h 
be5 correct$ z foll[s3     ,page #cd3   
duplicate ^w a remov$4