,libr>ies47 ,,! ,,pros ,,& ,,cons ,,( ,,vivisection ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,mort4 ,by ,b>?olome 9 ,p]e ,la*aise1 ,p>is4 ,frontispiece4 ,,! ,,pros ,,& ,,cons ,,( ,,vivisection ,,by ,,dr ,,*>les ,,ri*et ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physiology ,,9 ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,p>is ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,halliburton1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physiology1 ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,london ,,london ,,duckwor? ,,co4 #c ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 #aijh ,,preface ,to sci5tific read]s1 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,ri*et ne$s no introduction1 b to ! public at l>ge x may be necess>y to m5tion t he is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ,fr5* physiologi/s4 ,he has occupi$ = a good _m ye>s ! ,*air ( ,physiology 9 ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is1 & he has contribut$ greatly to ! progress ( ! sci5ce to :i* he has devot$ 8 life2 "s ( 8 discov]ies are allud$ to ) all mode/y 9 ! pages :i* foll[4 ,he is1 moreov]1 a man ( great erudition1 & has be5 wisely select$ to be ! editor ( a monum5tal "w1 ,le dictionnaire de physiologie1 :i* is issu+ f ! press to-day4 ,pr(essor ,ri*et has giv5 p>ticul> att5tion to ! /udy ( ! psy*ological side ( physiology1 & 8 views on pa9 w be read z com+ f "o :o is specially fitt$ to deal ) ?is & o!r m5tal ph5om5a4 ,i !re=e consid] x a great hon\r t ,pr(essor ,ri*et %\ld h ask$ me to write a preface to 8 mo/ int]e/+ & conv9c+ book on ! ,pros & ,cons ( ,vivisection1 & x is a great pleasure to me to comm5d its ?\ghtful p]usal to all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,ri*et is n only "o :o speaks ) au?ority1 b he is "o ( ! g5tle/ & k9dlie/ ( m54 ,! sci5ce :i* he tea*es is ! sci5ce ( life4 ,to und]/& ! mean+ ( vital processes x is necess>y to /udy ! liv+ organism1 & to obta9 ?is k x is sometimes necess>y to p]=m exp]im5ts on liv+ animals4 ,:5 he def5ds a practice :i* _m reg>d z cruel1 dete/able1 & immoral1 ma9ly because ( ! unscrupul\s misrepres5tations put =w>d by ! pr(essional ,anti-vivisectioni/s1 he does s because he is conv9c$ t none ( ! epi!ts j m5tion$ correctly describe ! exp]im5ts :i* are c>ri$ out 9 physiological laboratories at ! pres5t "t4 ,^! exp]im5ts are und]tak5 only by prop]ly qualifi$ p]sons hav+ a due s5se ( _! responsibilities4 ,e reg>d is paid to ! com=t ( ! animals employ$2 & ! ultimate aim ( ?is "w is ! progress ( k1 & ! consequ5t relief to suff]+ :i* is s (t5 only ! result ( ignorance4 ,! b5efits :i* accrue are felt n only by human be+s1 b also 7z 9 vet]9>y practice7 by ! animals !mselves4 ,no attempt is made "h to def5d exp]im5ts :i* h n ^! objects 9 view1 or :i* 7z has happ5$ 9 ! pa/7 pay no consid]ation to ! pa9 an animal exp]i5ces4 ,i feel q sure t if ! ,briti% public 7 conv9c$ t ! exp]im5ts 9 our laboratories 7 all conduct$ 9 accordance ) our pres5t law1 ! ,anti-vivisection crusade w\ld flick] out4 ,x is ! object ( ^? :o are active propag&i/s on ! o!r side to keep _! agitation go+1 by omitt+ to m5tion ! pa9lessness ( ! op]ations p]=m$1 or by sugge/+ 7ei!r directly or by innu5do7 t anae/hesia is a %am4 ,my own exp]i5ce1 :i* is a wide "o1 has be5 t physiologi/s n only obey ! law lit]ally1 b are mo/ punctili\s 9 its due obs]vance4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( trivial irregul>ities h be5 report$ to ! ,home ,(fice by ! inspectors appo9t$ "u ! ,vivisection ,act1 b !re has be5 no case ( omitt+ ! use ( anae/hetics4 ,! majority ( ^! (f5ces h be5 = us+ anae/hetics unnecess>ily4 ,a c]tificate 9 c]ta9 cases is grant$ = ! omission ( an anae/hetic3 ?is is giv5 :5 ! op]ation is a trifl+ "o1 & has nev] be5 grant$ = any op]ation m s]i\s ?an ! prick ( a hypod]mic ne$le4 ,nev]!less1 ! op]ator has sometimes employ$ an anae/hetic ev5 = ?is1 & has 9 consequ5ce be5 report$ to ! ,home ,(fice = infr++ ! t]ms ( 8 c]tificate4 ,pawl(f has truly said t ! ideal exp]im5t is "o p]=m$ )\t anae/hesia & )\t pa94 ,9 _m cases ?is ideal c be realis$1 b 9 o!r cases x is unatta9able4 ,physiologi/s h1 !re=e1 _h to select :i* ( ! two di/urb+ factors %all be abs5t1 & !y h unhesitat+ly *os5 ! latt]4 ,pa9 mu/ be abs5t 7#a7 on gr\nds ( humanity1 7#b7 because x is a f> great] di/urb] ( ! normal functions ?an anae/hesia is1 & 7#c7 because ! /ruggles ( an animal 9 pa9 w nullify ! accuracy ( ! exp]im5t1 & endang] ! safety ( ! delicate app>atus :i* x may be necess>y to employ4 ,exactly ! same argum5ts apply to ! employm5t ( ! antiseptic or aseptic me?ods ( surg]y1 9 exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! animal is kept alive aft] an op]ation to /udy its effects4 ,! heal+ process is !n pa9less1 & !re is abs5ce ( ^? febrile & inflammatory conditions :i* w\ld o!rwise complicate ! issue4 ,x is !re=e = two reasons t an exp]im5t] uses bo? anae/hetics & antiseptics1 7#a7 to save ! animal suff]+1 & 7#b7 to ensure ! success ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! b>b>ities :i* are record$ by ,anti-vivisectioni/ agitators d n exi/2 ! repetition ( _! /ories 9 spite ( repeat$ contradictions is p>tly due to wilful misrepres5tation & exagg]ation1 & p>tly ! result ( ignorance ( ! mean+ ( ! te*nical t]ms employ$ by physiological writ]s4 ,at ! ,royal ,commission :i* is n[ consid]+ ! "q ( ,vivisection1 ! cases ( alleg$ cruelty h be5 "o by "o sift$ to ! bottom1 & 9 no s+le case has a *>ge ( cruelty be5 su/a9$4 ,any "o :o c>es to wade ?r\gh ! f\r bluebooks ( evid5ce :i* h be5 pr9t$ w discov] = himself t ?is is s4 ,9 fact1 "o prom95t ,anti-vivisection j\rnal 7! ,v]ulam ,review1 ,april-,june #aijg1 p4 #ahf71 9 ref]5ce to ! evid5ce giv5 by "o ( ! witnesses be=e ! ,commission1 _h to confess1 ,almo/ e "o ( ,mrs ,cook's horrify+ cases seems1 :5 exam9$1 to melt away4 ,an ,anti-vivisectioni/ publication :i* has obta9$ "s notoriety 7,! ,%ambles ( ,sci5ce7 figur$ 9 a rec5t lawsuit4 ,:5 ! p>ticul> *>ge :i* 0 ! subject ( ! action 0 inve/igat$ by a prolong$ inquiry be=e ! ,"l ,*ief-,ju/ice1 a ,briti% jury %[$ _! s5se ( ! enormity ( ! sl&] by aw>d+ ! physiologi/ impugn$ ! v sub/antial damages ( ,l#bjjj4 ,an und]tak+ 0 subsequ5tly giv5 by ! publi%] ( ?is hy/]ical "w 7to quote ! words ( ! ,"l ,*ief-,ju/ice7 t x %\ld be )drawn f publication4 ,yet ! book has be5 s9ce re-issu$ by ! au?ors1 ) ! *apt] t =m$ ! subject ( ! trial omitt$1 b o!rwise ) v little alt]ation4 ,! libell\s /atem5ts scatt]$ ?r\gh its o!r *apt]s c /ill be read by ! lov]s ( s5sation1 & ! au?ors d\btless hope t _! read]s w nev] take ! tr\ble to read also ! evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission 9 :i* all ! allegations ( cruelty h be5 %[n to be gr\ndless4 ,! subject ( cur>e1 ano!r bugbe> ( ! ,anti-vivisection lectur]1 is s adequately dealt ) by ,pr(essor ,ri*et t ,i w sp>e ! read] any fur!r discussion on t "q "h4 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( add+1 9 a footnote on p4 #cf1 a /atem5t 9 respect to ! usages ( ,engli% physiologi/s 9 relation to t drug4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! ph>macologi/ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! action ( drugs c be & are c>ri$ out "u anae/hesia 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! physiologi/4 ,b ! exp]im5ts ( ! pa?ologi/1 :i* consi/ 9 convey+ g]ms & o!r disease products to animals1 come "u a diff]5t head+4 ,"o does n d5y t if ! animal takes ! disease1 suff]+ is produc$4 ,?is is fully admitt$ by ,pr(essor ,ri*et1 & ,i ?9k t any common-s5se read] w be conv9c$ by ! argum5ts put =w>d t ! practice is fully ju/ifiable4 ,x is difficult1 z ,pr(essor ,ri*et po9ts out1 to gauge ! am\nt ( pa9 an animal su* z a rat1 gu9ea-pig1 or rabbit 7! animals usually employ$ = ! purpose7 really feels :5 giv5 a disease exp]im5tally1 & :e!r ?is is great] or less ?an ! suff]+ x w endure :5 ano!r disease or a viol5t dea? c>ries x (f 9 ! usual c\rse ( nature4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 und5iable t ! suff]+ ( ^! animals is mu* less ?an ^? ( human be+s4 ,a man1 :5 he is ill1 suff]s a c]ta9 am\nt ( discom=t & physical bodily pa92 b ?is is a drop 9 ! ocean comp>$ to ! m5tal worry & anxiety he endures--all t1 at any rate1 is abs5t f ! suff]+ rabbit4 ,! pa?ologi/ sees beyond ! pa9 :i* he inflicts to ! pa9 :i* he prev5ts4 ,! dea? ( a few l[] animals may be1 & has 9 ! pa/ be5 ! means ( prev5t+ pa9 & disease bo? to ! animals !mselves & to human be+s also1 :o may be c\nt$ by ?\s&s or ev5 millions4 ,if !re is "o piece ( evid5ce m ?an ano!r :i* 0 giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission t des]ves rescue f ! oblivion ( a bluebook1 x is t giv5 by ,"l ,ju/ice ,flet*] ,m\lton4 ,8 is "o ( ! ke5e/ legal intellects ( mod]n times1 & he at any rate _c be accus$ ( hav+ any axe ( 8 own to gr9d4 ,i regret t exig5cies ( space prev5t me f mak+ m ?an "o or two ref]5ces to x4 ,he beg9s by tak+ ! case ( a %ip infect$ ) plague1 & infe/$ also ) rats1 ! c>ri]s ( plague4 ,! %ip ent]s port4 ,w\ld x be pref]able to kill ! rats1 & s prev5t !m & ! disease f ent]+ ! port & caus+ untold disa/] !re1 or /ay+ "o's h& because ! slaught] ( ! rats w\ld be a pa9ful proce$+8 ,! capta9 :o gives ord]s = ! de/ruction ( ! rats inflicts pa9 & dea? on !m 9 ord] to prev5t great] pa9 & m widespread dea? else:]e4 ,! capta9 :o says1 ,sp>e ! rats1 is guilty ( ! crim9al act ( caus+ ! dea? ( _m innoc5t human be+s4 ,s x is ) ! ,anti-vivisectioni/s3 !y see only ! pa9 inflict$1 & d n he$ ! pa9 prev5t$4 ,on ?is score !y are 9 a s5se logical :5 !y call ,"l ,li/] a brute1 al?\gh he ( all m5 liv+ at ! pres5t "t has be5 ! means ( prev5t+ ! greate/ am\nt ( suff]+4 ,!y see only ! pa9 :i* he delib]ately inflict$ on a few rats & rabbits2 !y _c see1 or refuse to see ! measureless am\nt ( mis]y he has prev5t$4 ,9 ano!r place ! ,"l ,ju/ice po9ts out t ! pa9 inflict$ 9 all ! laboratories ( ! c\ntry put toge!r dur+ a ye> is inf9itesimal comp>$ to t :i* is inflict$ e day 9 ! slaught] ( animals = food2 to t :i* ignorant f>m lab\r]s inflict )\t anae/hetics1 9 spay+ animals by ?\s&s 9 ord] t beef & mutton may be t5d]] or h a m pleasant flav\r to ! consum]2 to t inflict$ by sportsm5 :5 _! victims1 imp]fectly %ot1 die a l+]+ dea?2 to t :i* wom5 ?\ghtlessly all[ 9 ord] t !y may h ospreys 9 _! hats & furs ^u _! backs4 ,s f> z ! satisfaction ( appetite1 ! p&]+ to ! s-call$ sportsman's in/9cts1 or ! gratification ( vanity are conc]n$1 ^! ?+s may g on4 ,! av]age ,anti-vivisectioni/ disreg>ds !m1 or at lea/ makes no ef=t to prev5t !m4 ,! only k9d ( pa9 :i* /irs 8 feel+s1 & meets ) 8 opprobrium1 & enables him to indulge 9 8 fav\rite epi!ts1 is ! "o ju/ifiable bit ( pa9 9 ! :ole _w--a pa9 inflict$ ) ! noble/ ( all objects1 & by ! mo/ humane ( all m5 7= s ! m$ical pr(ession admitt$ly is71 ! object1 namely1 ( prev5t+ future pa91 :i* o!rwise w\ld encompass ! _w ( life4 ,pr(essor ,ri*et has wisely n made 8 book too long4 ,he has be5 cont5t to select a few typical & /rik+ examples ( ! b5efits :i* exp]im5tation on animals has conf]r$ ^u humanity1 in/ead ( attempt+ ev5 to enum]ate !m all4 ,he might = in/ance h dwelt ^u ! ext9ction ( r9d]pe/ 9 ,s\? ,africa3 "h1 at ! exp5se ( a few exp]im5tal animals1 ,ko* has prev5t$ a sc\rge :i* =m]ly ext]m9at$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( cattle annually1 & might /ill be ex]cis+ ?is fell influ5ce on to all et]nity if ! oppon5ts ( sci5tific k _h _! way4 ,he might h tak5 ! case ( snake bite1 & ! discov]y made by 8 great fell[-c\ntryman ,calmette ( ! means ( combat+ ?is deadly poison1 :i* has hi!rto kill$ our ,indian fell[-subjects by its t5s ( ?\s&s a ye>4 ,on com+ to "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( b5efic5t discov]ies1 he might h dwelt ^u ! case ( ,m$it]ranean fev]1 & ! way :i* x has be5 practically /amp$ out at ,malta & ,gibralt>1 because ! me?od ( its spread has be5 discov]$ & ! disease prev5t$ at ! exp5se ( a few goats & o!r animals4 ,b ^? :o are wilfully deaf to su* argum5ts w n1 ,i fe>1 be conv9c$1 ev5 if examples are multipli$ indef9itely4 ,9 spite ( ! love = animals :i* our oppon5ts pr(ess1 ! life ( cattle1 p>ticul>ly if !y are s f> away z ,s\? ,africa1 does n appeal to !m4 ,! happ9ess ( ! teem+ millions ( ,india does n come home to !m4 ,ev5 ! com=t ( our brave soldi]s & sailors 9 ! ,m$it]ranean /ations is ( little acc\nt3 !y h nev] visit$ ! hospitals at ,malta or ,gibralt>1 & se51 z !y c\ld h se5 a ye> or two ago1 ! poor fell[s dy+ (f l flies f a my/]i\s disease t no?+ c\ld be done =1 because ! mann] 9 :i* ! fatal g]m ent]$ _! bodies 0 unkn[n4 ,n[1 by ! simple prohibition ( ! use ( goat's milk1 a prohibition due to animal exp]im5tation & to t alone1 ! disease has be5 ext]m9at$4 ,anti-vivisectioni/s d n come 9 contact ) disease all day & e day z m$ical m5 d2 !y !re=e d n realise h[ widespread x is1 & :at t]rible =ms x may take4 ,_! notions are vague2 !y talk ab\t suff]+ )\t any intimate k ( ! "q4 ,!y be/[ _! sympa?ies ^u ! few victims ( ! vivisector's knife or syr+e2 !y h none left = ! l>g] numb] ( victims :i* w\ld h suff]$ if ! few _h n be5 sacrific$4 ,c x be wond]$ at t m$ical m51 ^: exp]i5ce is s diff]5t to !irs1 feel o!rwise8 ,! doctor's life is n "o 9 :i* ^! are j a few pa9ful p>t+s ) de> ones1 b he is /eep$ 9 su* exp]i5ces f morn+ till night4 ,8 sympa?ies aim at ! relief & cure ( all ?is evil2 & ! dea? ( a few gu9ea-pigs or rabbits is a necess>y incid5t :i* he has ! c\rage to p]mit because ( ! great] good t is ! ultimate result4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! examples :i* ought to /ir bett] feel+s ev5 9 ! ,anti-vivisectioni/ camp1 namely1 cases ( diseases :i* are common or us$ to be common 9 our v mid/1 & :i* we ne$ n g to ,india or ,malta to look =4 ,"o ( ^! is diph!ria1 & ! /atem5ts & /ati/ics 9 relation to ! almo/ miracul\s *ange :i* has come ov] our ideas on ?is affection are incontrov]tible1 & are fully set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! disease no long] inspires ! t]ror x us$ to d1 = x is "o :i* c be cur$1 & easily cur$1 by ! me?od ( s]um !rapy4 ,x has n1 x is true1 be5 /amp$ out1 = up till ! pres5t success has n att5d$ ef=ts ( prev5tion4 ,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure1 b cure is bett] ?an suff]+ & dea?4 ,j n[1 m$ical sci5ce c cure ! disease1 & if m$ical progress cont9ues at its pres5t rapid rate ( gr[?1 :o c d\bt t 9 ! ne> future ?is disease1 l typhus & typhoid1 w be /amp$ out8 ,typhoid fev] is an example ( a disease :i* has only di$ out 9 ?is c\ntry q rec5tly4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t ! hospital w>ds 7 full ( x2 b to-day mo/ m$ical /ud5ts 9 ,london pass ?r\gh _! entire curriculum ( five ye>s or m )\t ev] see+ a case4 ,:at has be5 accompli%$ = ,london c also be c>ri$ out 9 o!r l>ge cities1 & ! ext9ction ( ! disease is entirely due to improv$ sanit>y measures1 & ! de/ruction ( ! bacillus :i* causes ! malady4 ,we (t5 q legitimately compla9 ( ! extravagances ( our ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts & our ,c\nty ,c\ncils1 & ( _! apa?y 9 que/ions affect+ ! heal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,we are /ill await+1 = in/ance1 prop] legislative measures to ensure ! purity ( milk4 ,b ?is at lea/ we c ?ank !m =--prop] me?ods ( dis9fection & a pur] wat]-supply h l$ to ! almo/ complete ext9ction ( :at 0 a common & pa9ful & fatal disease4 ,b h[ does ,vivisection come 9 "h8 ,c\nty c\ncillors are n ,vivisectors4 ,no1 !y are n1 b _! action is ! und\bt$ result ( public op9ion2 & t heal?y public op9ion is ! outcome ( m$ical op9ion1 :i* 0 prea*$ to deaf e>s = _m ye>s1 & at la/ succe$$ 9 impress+ itself ^u ! public at l>ge2 & ?is m$ical k 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! only c]ta9 guide 9 su* matt]s1 pa?ological exp]im5t4 ,x 0 n until ! g]m ( typhoid fev] 0 recognis$ & isolat$1 n until ! conditions ( its gr[? & ! means ( its de/ruction 7 exp]im5tally v]ifi$ ^u ! l[] animals1 t any s\nd k 0 obta9$4 ,bact]iology is at ! bottom ( hygi5e2 x is by hygi5ic precautions t c]ta9 diseases are prev5t$2 & ! basis ( bact]iology is exp]im5t on animals4 ,i w all[ myself only "o m po9t1 & t relates to ! g5]al "q ( s]um !rapy4 ,"s p object to ! :ole conception ( s]um treatm5t1 on ! gr\nd t s]um & alli$ sub/ances are 'messy' ?+s4 ,x 0 by ?is v expressive phrase t ,"l ,ju/ice ,flet*] ,m\lton summ>is$ & p>aphras$ ! ,anti-vivisectioni/ attitude on ! s]um me?od ( treatm5t4 ,miss ,l9d af ,hageby on "o occasion *>act]is$ x z 'm$ieval1' a ^w :i* is q mean+less 9 ?is connection1 b pretti]1 ,i admit1 ?an ,behr+'s fil? product1 :i* is ! elegant "n co9$ = antidiph!ritic s]um by "o ( h] fri5ds4 ,fil? or dirt has be5 well def9$ z matt] 9 ! wrong place4 ,blood on a c>pet1 = example1 is c]ta9ly messy & dirty2 x ought n to be !re4 ,b blood or s]um 7! fluid "p ( ! blood7 9 ! he>t1 or 9 ! art]ies & ve9s1 is 9 its rightful place1 & x does its duty ( nutrition & s =? :5 x comes into m imm$iate contact ) ! tissues 9 ! small tubes we call ! capill>ies4 ,"o ( ^! duties is to ex]t a protective influ5ce ^u ! :ole body1 by de/roy+ ! g]ms ( disease :i* get 91 despite all precautions4 ,we are all ( u expos$1 s long z spitt+ 9 public places is n prohibit$1 to ! g]ms ( consumption1 b we d n all die ( t disease4 ,?is is because ! :ite corpuscles ( our blood are 9 good trim1 & able successfully to dev\r ! bact]ia t ent] our int]ior4 ,x is ^? p :o are run d[n1 & 9 :om ! :ite corpuscles are 'bel[ p>1' t cat* ! disease4 ,9 assi/+ ! :ite corpuscles to p]=m ?is important function1 ! co-op]ation ( c]ta9 sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ! fluid portion ( ! blood is also necess>y4 ,! mo/ rec5tly discov]$ ( ^! auxili>y sub/ances are call$ opson9s4 ,! ^w opson9 is d]iv$ f a ,greek root :i* means to prep>e ! fea/4 ,! opson9 ei!r adds some?+ to ! bact]ium :i* makes x ta/y to ! :ite corpuscle1 or removes 7or neutralises7 some?+ :i* previ\sly made x di/a/eful4 ,:ite corpuscles w n z a rule +e/ & dev\r bact]ia f a pure culture1 b !y d s eag]ly imm$iately ! bact]ia are ba!d 9 s]um2 & ! s]um :i* is mo/ efficaci\s 9 act+ z a sort ( sauce is t :i* has be5 obta9$ f an animal :i* has be5 previ\sly infect$ ) ! same k9d ( bact]ia1 & :i* has recov]$ f ! ailm5t su* bact]ia h set up4 ,?is is n m]e fancy3 ! :ole sequ5ce ( ev5ts c be easily foll[$ on a glass slide kept at body temp]ature & exam9$ ) a microscope4 ,x is well kn[n t if ! yea/ plant 7:i* is v simil> 9 _m details to bact]ia7 is gr[n 9 a solution ( sug>1 ! sug> is brok5 up & disappe>s1 & two new sub/ances =m$ f ! sug> take its place4 ,^! are alcohol & c>bonic acid gas4 ,if bact]ia gr[ 9 ! blood1 !y d n produce alcohol1 b !y d produce o!r poisons 9 a way analog\s to t by :i* yea/ produces alcohol4 ,^! poisons are call$ tox9s4 ,!re are sub/ances 9 ! fluid "p ( ! blood :i* are call$ antitox9s1 because !y neutralise ! tox9s produc$ by ! bact]ia4 ,_! pres5ce con/itutes a means ( def5ce aga9/ ! h>mful effects ! tox9s w\ld o!rwise produce4 ,! m>vell\s "p ( ! def5ce is t1 al?\gh we all h a c]ta9 am\nt ( antitox9 9 our blood1 ! am\nt increases 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( tox94 ,x is a famili> fact t r\gh manual lab\r increases ! h>dness ( ! h&s2 friction /imulates ! epid]mis or out] sk91 s t x gr[s 9 ?ickness4 ,! body af=ds num]\s simil> in/ances ( h[ x is capable ( ris+ to ! occasion & increas+ its def5ces4 ,j 9 ! same way1 ! pres5ce ( a tox9 /imulates ! liv+ cells to produce m & m antitox91 & ! blood rema9s ri* 9 ! antitox9 = a consid]able "t aft]w>ds4 ,?is expla9s :y a p]son :o has _h an infecti\s disease does n take x readily a second "t2 he is immune = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 because 8 blood is s ri* 9 ! antidote4 ,n[1 ! pr9ciple ( s]um treatm5t dep5ds on ^? asc]ta9$ & def9itely prov$ facts4 ,9 ! mod]n treatm5t ( tub]culosis1 = example1 ! aim ( ! physician is to increase nature's me?od ( cure3 good food & pure air d mu* to increase ! heal?9ess ( ! blood & =tify its natural p[]1 ( de/roy+ ! g]ms2 sometimes ?is alone suffices4 ,at o!r times x is n suffici5t1 p>ticul>ly if ! disease has advanc$ & ! numb] ( bact]ia is too great = ! enfeebl$ :ite corpuscles to deal )4 ,!n ! physician goes a /ep f>!r1 & adm9i/]s ! appropriate opson9 by inject+ x "u ! sk91 aga9 simply increas+ ! resi/ance ( 8 pati5t by a p]fectly natural me?od4 ,9 ! case ( diph!ria1 ! antitox9 appe>s to be m efficaci\s ?an an opson94 ,a horse is inoculat$ ) diph!ria1 & :5 he has recov]$1 8 blood is collect$4 ,?is blood is !n ri* 9 antitox91 ! natural antidote t has enabl$ ! horse to get well aga94 ,! blood is all[$ to clot1 & ! clot is remov$2 ! fluid residue is call$ s]um1 & ! s]um conta9s ! antidote4 ,if n[ ano!r horse has diph!ria1 & y want to cure him quickly1 :at m natural ?an inject ! s]um ( ! horse :o has j recov]$8 x w save ! second horse ! tr\ble & ! "t ( mak+ ! antitox9 = himself1 & x has be5 prov$ ov] & ov] aga9 t ! second horse does recov] ) amaz+ cel]ity4 ,! pa?ologi/s !n advanc$ a /ep1 & ask$1 ,:y %\ld ?is antidote be us$ solely = animals :5 !y h diph!ria8 ,:y %\ld n ! horse's s]um be b5eficial to human be+s :5 !y are attack$ ) ! same disease8 ,! diph!ria poison is mu* m h>mful to a man1 & kills him m quickly ?an x does a horse2 x is !re=e imp]ative to use ! antidote e>ly4 ,! crucial exp]im5t 0 made2 entire success foll[$ x1 & n[1 z ,pr(essor ,ri*et says1 x is ! only treatm5t employ$1 & any m$ical man :o refuses to use x is little %ort ( a crim9al4 ,i h ent]$ into ?is brief &1 ,i tru/1 simple explanation ( s]um treatm5t1 because s _m p want to und]/& x & are unable to compreh5d ! te*nical t]ms :i* sci5tific m51 writ+ = sci5tific read]s1 almo/ exclusively employ4 ,i am ev5 hopeful t "s ( ! m reasonable oppon5ts ( animal exp]im5tation may be conv9c$ t by c>ry+ out ! new me?ods ( s]um !rapy1 we are n go+ aga9/ nature b help+ h]4 ,x is j ^! 'messy ?+s' t nature uses = cur+ infecti\s diseases1 & ! introduction ( an opson9 or an antitox9 is n putt+ matt] 9 its wrong place1 b 9 its "r place2 & !re=e ! use ( ! t]ms fil? & dirt 9 ?is relation%ip %\ld be conf9$ ei!r to ! f\l-m\!d or to ! ignorant4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,halliburton4 ,july #aijh4 ,p4,s4--,! pro( %eets ( ,pr(essor ,ri*et's book h pass$ ?r\gh my h&s dur+ _! issue f ! press4 ,beyond a few v]bal am5dm5ts1 & a footnote "h & !re :i* ,i h add$ & initiall$1 no alt]ations h be5 made 9 ! orig9al4 ,i am also responsible = ! ins]tion ( ,app5dix ,c1 reg>d+ ! aims & objects ( ! ,rese>* ,def5ce ,society4 ,^! additions & m9or alt]ations h all met ) ,pr(essor ,ri*et's approval4 ,i may m5tion t ! book has n yet be5 publi%$ 9 ,fr5*1 & is pres5t$ to ! public = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engli% dress4 ,! ,engli% lady :o collaborat$ ) ,pr(essor ,ri*et 9 its production has work$ ) & /udi$ "u him = "s ye>s1 & x 0 l>gely ow+ to h] p]suasion t he cons5t$ to express 8 views publicly4 ,%e desires = ! pres5t to rema9 anonym\s4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h4 ,octob] #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,halliburton v ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,necess>y ,,limits ,,( ,,vivisection #g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pa9 ,,& ,,dea? #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conc]n+ ,,anae/hesia ,,9 ,,vivisection #ca ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,conc]n+ ,,exp]im5tation ,,o!r ,,?an ,,vivisection #dj ,,*apt] ,v ,,s]vices ,,r5d]$ ,,to ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,humanity ,,by ,,exp]im5tal ,,physiology #ei ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,morality ,,& ,,vivisection #gb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,are ,,laws ,,regulat+ ,,vivisection ,,necess>y8 #ia ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,vivisection ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,sci5ce #ig ,,po/ ,,scriptum #aad ,,app5dix ,a4--,,diph!ria ,,/ati/ics #aba ,,app5dix ,b4--,,bibliography #abd ,,app5dix ,c4--,,! ,,rese>* ,,def5ce ,,society #acj ,,illu/rations ,,la ,,mort4 ,by ,,b>?olome1 9 ,p]e ,la*aise1 ,p>is1 ,frontispiece ,,pa/eur ,,9 ,,8 ,,laboratory1 fac+ page #dd ,l',,enfant4 ,9 ,musee du ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is1 #ec ,,introduction ,! object ( ?is book is to set =?1 z imp>tially z possible1 ! reasons :i* militate = & aga9/ vivisection4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a physiologi/ :o is speak+1 !re=e no "o w be surpris$ t he %\ld def5d a practice :i* is at ! basis ( ! sci5ce he tea*es4 ,may he be p]mitt$1 at ! same "t1 to express ! high moral e/eem :i* he feels = all ^? :o1 nobly enam\r$ ( a v high ideal1 d5y to m5 ! "r ( inflict+ suff]+1 or ev5 dea?1 ^u animals8 ,!re is n a m g5]\s ?\ght ?an ?is4 ,)\t d\bt x is our duty to h sympa?y =1 & to ab/a9 f indiff]5ce & cruelty 9 our deal+s ) all liv+ creatures3 might does n con/itute "r4 ,man is /rong] ?an ! animal2 b ?is sup]iority ( p[]1 ?is might1 does n con/itute a "r to act contr>y to moral obligation4 ,morality does n consi/ solely ( duties t[>ds human be+s2 x is m g5]al3 x ext5ds to e be+ capable ( suff]+4 ,! physiologi/ is n an ignoramus1 nei!r is he a b>b>ian2 & he has "r well und]/ood ?is duty4 ,physiologi/s h conclud$ t exp]im5tation ^u liv+ animals is necess>y1 & x is ! _m reasons :i* h l$ !m to ?is op9ion :i* ,i propose to set =?4 ,b x w1 ,i hope1 be q und]/ood t my def5ce ( vivisection implies no contempt1 no raill]y1 no unfri5dly s5tim5t t[>ds ^? :o oppose x4 ,my oppon5ts are n always c\rte\s or loyal 9 _! polemics2 b t is ( no importance2 & ,i %all reply only to su* objections z are pot5t1 able1 & rational4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i %all take f among ! argum5ts ( anti-vivisectioni/s ^? only :i* c be call$ legitimate1 ^? :i* des]ve to be /udi$ me?odically & pr(\ndly by e man ( good fai?4 ,i %all delib]ately put on "o side bo? abuse & nons5se4 ,i %\ld "h m5tion an anonym\s leaflet :i* has receiv$ a consid]able am\nt ( publicity 9 ,engl& 7,h[ ,sci5tific ,cruelty is def5d$1 ,london1 #aijg1 #d pp474 ,9 ?is leaflet1 a reply is giv5 to an article :i* ,i once publi%$ on ,vivisection4 ,c]ta9ly1 aft] a lapse ( tw5ty-six ye>s1 ,i might claim ! "r to abjure "s ( ! notions ( my y\?4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 h[ev]1 my ideas conc]n+ vivisection h *ang$ b little1 & ,i /ill consid] x to be necess>y4 ,i ( c\rse recognise t ! numb] ( physiological laboratories1 :i* ,i e/imat$ at ?irty 9 my article1 is = pres5t-day purposes too l[4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-six ye>s _! numb] has v consid]ably increas$4 ,b a laboratory ( physiology does n necess>ily mean a laboratory ( vivisection4 ,!re is ! :ole range ( physiological *emi/ry1 ! /udy ( f]m5ts & psy*ological physiology1 n "o ( :i* makes any dem&s on vivisection4 ,_m em95t physiologi/s--= example1 my =m] ma/]1 ,m4 ,m>ey--h p]=m$ v little vivisection4 ,ev5 9 ^? laboratories :]e vivisection is p]=m$1 x is n practis$ e day1 & especially n ^u dogs6 ,f> f x6 ,9 ,p>is1 = example1 :]e e dog exp]im5t$ ^u is a /ray animal h&$ ov] by ! prefecture ( police1 !re are only ab\t six hundr$ dogs p] annum ?us available = exp]im5tation4 ,n[ ! laboratories 9 ,p>is repres5t1 f ! po9t ( view ( activity1 at lea/ half ( all ! laboratories 9 ,france put toge!r4 ,x is alleg$ t ,s*iff /at$ to ,mrs ,anna ,k+s=d t he _h exp]im5t$ on m ?an #ad1jjj dogs1 t is to say1 an av]age ( "o dog a day = fifty ye>s6 ,?is is obvi\sly an exagg]ation1 ?\gh x is difficult to trace n[ :o 0 responsible = x4 ,f9ally1 ! rema9+ objections ( ! anonym\s au?or 9 "q am\nt only to ?is3 ,! au?or believes t physiologi/s "w = money & r5[n1 & n at all = ! sake ( humanity 76674 ,also1 t "y m5 are made cruel by ! sight ( cruel exp]im5ts4 ,b ! au?or simply =gets ?is fact1 t !re is n at ?is pres5t mom5t "o s+le hon\rable physiologi/ :o w\ld cons5t to p]=m long & di/ress+ exp]im5ts on an animal n "u anae/hetics4 ,i hold no brief = ^? :o d o!rwise1 & ,i disapprove en]getically ( ! use ( cur>e4 ,! conclusions ( my anonym\s critic !re=e fall to ! gr\nd4 ,i confess ,i d n und]/& ! /atem5t t exp]im5tation on rabbits & o!r animals is ( no use to humanity2 & my critic un=tunately f 8 po9t ( view has select$ ,claude ,b]n>d's exp]im5ts z an example ( uselessness4 ,does he n "k t ,claude ,b]n>d discov]$ ! pres5ce ( sug> 9 ! blood1 ( glycog5 9 ! liv]1 ( diabetes produc$ ?r\gh n]v\s action1 ( ! action ( oxyg5 & ( c>bonic oxide on ! r$ blood corpuscles1 ! action ( ! pancreatic juice on fat1 ! "p play$ by ! pneumoga/ric n]ve 9 ! inn]vation ( ! he>t8 ,^! discov]ies n only rejuv5at$ physiology1 b ex]cise a p]man5t influ5ce ov] ! :ole ( m$ic9e1 & ov] ! entire realm ( !rapeutics6 ,i refuse to accept ! antiquat$ conception ( an empirical m$ic9e :i* does n aim at discov]+ ! tru?2 :i* ?9ks solely ( clumsy practical application2 & :i* reg>ds z useful only t :i* leads imm$iately & directly to ! cure ( a giv5 illness4 ,all tru? is useful2 all ignorance is baneful2 & ! sole limit to man's p[] lies 9 ! ext5t ( 8 k4 ,we mu/ =ego discussion ) ^? :o _c und]/& ?is fundam5tal notion4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,necess>y ,,limits ,,( ,,vivisection ,fir/ ( all ,i decl>e1 )\t fe> ( be+ contradict$ by any physiologi/1 t ! pa/ has witness$ mu* excess1 almo/ guilty excess1 & t at ! pres5t "t excess might /ill be po9t$ out4 ,i q believe t1 ev5 to-day1 "h & !re 9 ! laboratories ( physiology1 "y m5 may be f\nd :o are no d\bt enam\r$ ( sci5ce1 b :o h n suffici5tly reflect$ on ! nature ( pa91 & consequ5tly1 ?r\gh lack ( sympa?y1 are call\s & indiff]5t ab\t inflict+ useless1 or almo/ useless1 tortures on innoc5t animals4 ,on ?is po9t ,i might m5tion num]\s facts :i* are extremely pa9ful to relate1 b :i* nev]!less we mu/ h ! c\rage to ackn[l$ge & d5\nce4 ,to quote only "o in/ance1 a mo/ abom9able "o1 ,i w m5tion ! foll[+1 :i* is old1 dat+ back ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,9 ! vet]9>y s*ools1 surgical /udies1 at t "t1 7 n made on ! dead c>case1 b on ! liv+ animal2 s t ! wret*$ victim1 g5]ally a horse1 s]v$ z a subject1 :ile yet alive1 = all ! op]ations :i* ! vet]9>y surgeon is call$ ^u to p]=m4 ,! dete/able argum5t giv5 at t "t to qualify ?is b>b>ism 0 t ! vet]9>y surgeon %\ld be famili> ) ! reactions ( a liv+ animal1 & t1 z a gu>antee ( be+ able to p]=m an op]ation on a diseas$ horse1 he %\ld h already practis$ ! same op]ation sev]al times1 n on ! dead body1 b on a horse full ( life & vig\r1 able to def5d himself1 & oblig$ !re=e to be held d[n motionless by special processes4 ,b ?is is sc>cely a suffici5t ju/ification4 ,b happily su* ?+s no long] exi/2 public op9ion1 /imulat$ no d\bt by ! writ+s ( anti-vivisectioni/s1 has alt]$ ! cu/oms ( vet]9>y exp]im5tali/s s well t 9 no vet]9>y s*ool to-day are surgical ex]cises n[ p]=m$ on o!r ?an ! dead body4 ,?us1 z f> z surg]y is conc]n$1 unque/ionably all vivisection %\ld rigor\sly be proscrib$4 ,i w discuss lat] ! po9t z to :e!r ?is int]diction %\ld be moral--t is1 recomm5d$ z a precept ( humanity1 or en=c$ by law "u p5alty ( imprisonm5t or f9e4 ,= ! mom5t x w suffice to e/abli% ! po9t t no liv+ animal %\ld s]ve = surgical ex]cises4 ,i w g ev5 fur!r1 & on ?is po9t my op9ion w p]haps cla% ) t ( "s ( my fri5ds & colleagues3 ,i ma9ta9 t no exp]im5tal physiological demon/rations :i* involve suff]+ %\ld ev] be p]=m$4 ,mu* abuse has tak5 place 9 exp]im5tation = in/ruction1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+ f exp]im5tation = inve/igation4 ,important z x may be to demon/rate physiological facts to /ud5ts1 ,i d n consid] t ?is importance is great] ?an ! suff]+ ( an animal4 ,& "h aga9 ,i w take an example1 t ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! motor n]ves & ! s5sory n]ves4 ,mag5die1 9 #ahaa1 foll[+ up an idea some:at hesitat+ly put =? by ,*>les ,bell a few ye>s previ\sly1 demon/rat$ t ! ant]ior n]ve roots1 />t+ f ! sp9al cord1 give movem5t to ! muscles1 :il/ ! po/]ior roots are exclusively devot$ to s5sibility2 s t !re are ant]ior motor n]ves & po/]ior s5sory n]ves4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ?is1 x is evid5tly necess>y to op]ate on a liv+ & s5sitive animal4 ,! discov]y 0 confirm$ by sev]al physiologi/s betwe5 #ahcj & #ahej2 & ,i d n ?9k we h ! "r to repeat ?is cruel exp]im5t = ! sake ( ! in/ruction ( /ud5ts4 ,x is n only cruel1 b also useless1 = x consi/s 9 lay+ b>e ! ant]ior & po/]ior n]ve-fibres ( ! sp9al cord1 ) ! sole object ( all[+ /ud5ts to see t ! excitation ( ! ant]ior n]ve-fibres provokes movem5t & n pa91 :il/ ! excitation ( po/]ior n]ve-fibres provokes pa9 & n movem5t4 ,n[1 9 ord] to make /ud5ts cle>ly und]/& ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! motor & s5sory n]ves1 ,i require only a blackbo>d & a piece ( *alk2 & ,i claim t1 ) a piece ( *alk & a blackbo>d1 ,i am able to expla9 v cle>ly all ! details ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,n only does ! *alk suffice = compreh5sion z well z vivisection1 b x is bett]2 because ! exp]im5t is s delicate1 s difficult1 &1 9 ord] to be und]/ood1 x mu/ be obs]v$ s n>r[ly1 s closely1 t out ( ! :ole class sc>cely two or ?ree /ud5ts are able to foll[ ! exp]im5t4 ,! re/ ( ! class h be=e !m only ! frightful spectacle ( ! reactions ( a mutilat$1 suff]+ animal "u excitations :i* are made 9 ! v dep?s ( a w\nd on organs :i* !y d n see4 ,?is exp]im5t is r5d]$ m p>ticul>ly cruel by ! fact t anae/hetics _c be us$1 precisely because ! po9t 9 "q is ! s5sibility or non-s5sibility ( ! animal1 & consequ5tly by its v nature ! op]ation _c be made on ! ins5sible animal4#a ,& n[1 at once ent]+ fur!r into ! difficulty ( ! problem ( vivisection1 we may ask ourselves if we h ! "r to all[ demon/rations ( exp]im5tal physiology on liv+ animals t h be5 r5d]$ ins5sible by *lor(orm4 ,al?\gh1 fur!r on1 ,i int5d com+ back to ?is important "q ( anae/hetics1 ,i w say at once ,i d n und]/& :at repugnance !re c be to op]at+ ^u an anae/hetis$ animal4 ,once he is ins5sible he _c suff]2 :y hesitate1 !re=e1 to p]=m prolong$ exp]im5ts ^u t ins5sible be+8 ,x appe>s to me j z inhuman to boil milk z to excite ! pneumoga/ric n]ve ( a dog r5d]$ incapable ( suff]+4 ,! milk does n suff]2 ! dog does n suff]2 9 bo? cases x is liv+ matt]1 b ins5sible liv+ matt]4 ,consequ5tly1 z f> z physiological demon/rations are conc]n$1 e individual capable ( reflection %\ld recognise t !re is no?+ wrong 9 exp]im5t+ ^u animals t _c suff]4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 make two re/rictions4 ,! fir/ is t pr(essors %\ld en]getically call ! att5tion ( ! pupils to ! fact t ! animal is ins5sible1 & t no "o has ! "r to make ! exp]im5t ^u a s5sitive animal2 t we1 physiologi/s1 m ?an all o!r m51 are "u ! obligation ( deal+ humanely ) animals4 ,! pr(essor ( physiology %\ld take advantage ( ! occasion to develop 9 8 he>]s ! be/ & noble/ s5tim5ts1 ^? ( pity & ( g5]osity4 ,9 a ^w1 he %\ld excuse himself1 s to speak1 = p]=m+ vivisection1 & prove t su* is only legitimate :5 x entails no suff]+4 ,! second re/riction is t ! animal ?us *lor(orm$ or anae/hetis$ %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to awak54 ,if he %[s ! slighte/ sign ( s5sibility1 he %\ld be giv5 *lor(orm until anae/hesia is complete1 &1 f9ally1 he ought to be kill$ aft] ! exp]im5t1 )\t all[+ him to rega9 consci\sness4 ,aft] all1 dea? "u ^! conditions is a pa9less end4 ,we ourselves1 :o w disappe> aft] a long1 & c]ta9ly pa9ful1 agony1 9 ^? we>y mom5ts ( pa9 :i* w prec$e our end1 %all envy t abs5ce ( suff]+1 t rapid end ( all pa91 :i* is ! dea? ( an animal "u an anae/hetic4 ,let u1 !re=e1 bani% e pa9ful exp]im5t ! object ( :i* is purely didactic4 ,moreov]1 ,i fail to see :at exp]im5ts 9 pa9ful vivisection are necess>y = ! tea*+ ( physiology4 ,/udies on reflex movem5t c be made p]fectly well on a decapitat$ animal2 & 9 t case x is well und]/ood t !re c be no "q ( pa92 = x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! sp9al cord possesses ! p[] ( receiv+ ! notion ( pa94 ,su* a supposition w\ld mean ! negation ( ! be/-e/abli%$ facts ( physiology4 ,exp]im5ts on ! he>t 7notably ( ! frog & ! tortoise7 are p]=m$ v mu* bett] on a decapitat$ animal ?an on an animal :i* is intact2 & exp]im5ts c ev5 be made on ! he>t sep>at$ f ! organism4 ,x w\ld be d[nright pu]ile to lack ! c\rage to wat* ! beat+ ( ! liv+ he>t ( a dead tortoise6 ,z = ! mammalia1 all exp]im5ts on ! he>t & on ! respiration necess>y 9 a c\rse ( lectures on physiology are admirably c>ri$ out on an animal r5d]$ completely ins5sible4#b ,we h n1 h[ev]1 q f9i%$ ) ! difficulties ( physiological in/ruction3 !re are c]ta9 poisons = :i* *lor(orm _c be us$4 ,z ! ess5tial prop]ty ( *lor(orm is to dead5 ! n]v\s cells1 ! effects ( "s poisons _c be /udi$ 9 an animal pr(\ndly *lor(orm$4 ,we c wat* v well inde$ ! effects ( c>bonic oxide1 :i* poisons ! blood1 b _m o!r poisons no long] produce _! *>act]i/ic symptoms2 nev]!less1 x is ( ! highe/ importance to %[ m$ical /ud5ts ! effects ( c]ta9 =midable toxic sub/ances4 ,p]mit me to quote myself4 ,h[ev] little ,i may be a p>tisan ( pa9ful exp]im5tal demon/rations1 ,i make "o exception = an exp]im5t :i* ,i consid] x ess5tial to pres5t1 9 all its horror1 be=e ! "y m5 :o att5d my lectures4 ,i ref] to abs9!4 ,if two or ?ree drops ( ess5ce ( abs9! are inject$ into ! ve9s ( a dog1 he is at once seiz$ by a viol5t attack ( epilepsy ) halluc9ations1 convulsions1 & foam+ at ! m\?4 ,x is truly a t]rible sight1 "o :i* fills ) disgu/ & horror all :o h witness$ ?is exp]im5t4 ,b x is precisely = ! sake ( ar\s+ ?is disgu/1 ?is horror1 t ,i p]=m ! exp]im5t4 ,! un=tunate dog w1 dur+ t5 m9utes1 h _h an attack ( intoxication & abs9?ian epilepsy2 b at ! end ( an h\r he w h recov]$ completely4 ,at ! same "t1 ! two hundr$ /ud5ts :o h witness$ ?is hide\s spectacle w reta91 pr(\ndly engrav$ on _! m9ds1 ! memory ( t epileptic fury1 a memory :i* w rema9 ) !m to ! end ( _! days4 ,!y w !n be able1 by _! propag&a aga9/ abs9!1 to ex]cise ar\nd !m a salut>y influ5ce1 to prev5t p]haps t51 fifte51 "o hundr$ human p]sonalities f de/roy+ !mselves by ! use ( ?is abom9able poison4 ,aft] all1 x is bett] to give a dog t5 m9utes ( abs9?ism ?an to all[ tw5ty human families to be plung$1 by abs9?ism1 into degradation & mis]y4 ,f9ally1 z f> z surgical ex]cises are conc]n$1 !y %\ld nev] be made on a liv+ animal2 z reg>ds demon/rations ( exp]im5tal physiology int5d$ = in/ruction1 !y %\ld be made only on decapitat$ or anae/hetis$ animals2 & z = intoxications1#c save on v r>e & altoge!r exceptional occasions1 !y %\ld n be made ! object ( exp]im5tal demon/rations4 ,x seems to me t ^! =mal decl>ations might be accept$ by e physiologi/ z well z by e anti-vivisectioni/4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! usages 9 ,engli% laboratories 9 relation to ?is exp]im5t are 9 accord ) ,pr(essor ,ri*et's views4--7,w4 ,d4 ,h47 #b ,x may n be kn[n to _m read]s1 t x is possible to keep alive = h\rs & ev5 days ! he>t entirely remov$ f ! body ( a dead mammal4 ,on su* a he>t ! action ( drugs c be admirably /udi$ & demon/rat$4 ,i once _h 9 my own laboratory a rabbit's he>t t cont9u$ to beat = ne>ly five days aft] ! rema9d] ( ! rabbit _h s]v$ = ! d9n] ( my laboratory att5dant4--7,w4 ,d4 ,h47 #c ,! ^w intoxication "h & else:]e is us$ 9 its lit]al s5se1 viz41 poison+4 ,x is n limit$1 z 9 popul> p>lance1 to ! poison\s effects ( alcohol4--7,w4 ,d4 ,h47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pa9 ,,& ,,dea? ,we h n yet t\*$ at ! root ( ! problem1 = physiology is n m]e demon/ration4 ,! real po9t at issue is ! se>* = new tru?s4 ,! demon/ration ( an acquir$ tru?1 h[ev] important ?is may be1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! rese>* = an unkn[n tru?4 ,n[1 physiologi/s claim t !y h n only ! "r--b t x is _! duty--to inflict "s suff]+ on animals1 if by s do+ !y dim9i% human suff]+4 ,i am go+ to put ?is proposition to ! te/4 #a4 ,x is univ]sally recognis$1 except p]haps by ! ,brahmans1 t we h ! "r to kill dang]\s or (f5sive animals4 ,i d n believe !re is a man fooli% en\gh n to kill a mosquito :i* is /++ him4 ,no "o w\ld hesitate to cru% a vip] :i* is on ! po9t ( bit+ him1 or ! cat]pill> :i* is eat+ ! leaves ( 8 fruit trees4 ,if an invasion ( locu/s ?reat5s our h>ve/1 we h ! "r to /amp out ^! legions ( enemies4 ,to refuse man ! "r to def5d himself aga9/ 8 animal foes is su* a ridicul\s proposition t x is useless ev5 to attempt to combat x4 ,n only h we ! "r to wage w> aga9/ (f5sive animals1 su* z rats1 mice1 cat]pill>s1 locu/s1 bugs1 mosquitoes1 s]p5ts1 wolves1 tig]s1 hya5as1 & all f]oci\s & mis*iev\s animals1 b we h also ! "r to kill su* animals z are necess>y = our n\ri%m5t4 ,i am q aw>e ( ! fact t c]ta9 religions proscribe ! use ( meat4 ,i am also aw>e t an exclusively vegetable alim5tation might be sub/itut$ = our cu/om>y mix$ diet1 :i* is bo? animal & vegetable4 ,b1 ?\gh a vegetable alim5tation is possible1 our we/]n civilisation is b\nd up ) ! pr9ciple ( a mix$ diet 9 ! ord9>y conditions ( life4 ,if1 inde$1 alim5tation %\ld be exclusively vegetable1 x w\ld be useless to hunt1 to fi%1 to re> p\ltry1 to bre$ cattle = ! m>ket2 & x w\ld be necess>y to conf9e our nutrim5t exclusively to :eat1 corn1 maize1 rice1 h]bs1 & fruits4 ,und\bt$ly man1 ?us n\ri%$1 c\ld live1 & inde$ live v well2 b veget>ianism w\ld be su* a radical re=m 9 our cu/oms t 9 an article be>+ solely ^u vivisection ,i _c h&le su* a va/ problem4 ,i recognise t ^? anti-vivisectioni/s :o are at ! same "t /rict veget>ians are consi/5t2 !y live entirely on fruit & vegetables1 make no use ( animal fle%1 = !y conte/ ! "r ( man to kill an animal = 8 n\ri%m5t4 ,x is difficult to reply to su* veget>ian1#d =1 aft] all1 animal alim5tation is n indisp5sable to human life4 ,b we mu/ take ?+s z !y actually exi/4 ,! bulk ( my read]s & ! majority ( anti-vivisectioni/s are n veget>ians2 & x is only an innoc5t pa/ime to build up new civilisations 9 ! fanta/ic realms ( ,utopia4 ,we are n1 !n1 address+ ourselves to veget>ians1 b to ^? anti-vivisectioni/s :o feel no compunction 9 dr9k+ bro? or milk or eat+ ! w+ ( a *ick51 :o d n %r9k ) horror f ! sight ( a cutlet1 & :o are capable ( eat+ meat twice a day ?r\gh\t ! :ole t]m ( _! exi/5ce4 ,^! p "k full well t x 0 necess>y to kill ! animal :i* s]ves !m = food3 ! ox 0 beat5 to dea?2 ! %eep _h its ?roat cut op52 ! pig 0 bl$ to dea?2 ! cod & ! s>d9e 7 suffocat$4 ,i pass ov] ! tortures :i* special prep>ations & elegant sports inflict on ! animal = ! m]e sav\r ( our meals3 geese /uff$ by =ce = mon?s :il/ nail$ d[n to bo>ds2 pheasants1 p>tridges1 h>es1 slaught]$ 9 ! hunt2 fi% ?r[n into boats1 gasp+ & f9ally dy+ aft] long1 agonis+ /ruggles4 ,all ^! & o!r tortures are inflict$ by man on ! animal 9 ord] to satisfy 8 pleasure & 8 appetite4 ,p]haps ^! anti-vivisectioni/s h nev] visit$ a slaught]-h\se :5 ! mom5t = kill+ ! %eep has arriv$4 ,!re1 b\nd & /ret*$ out on an imm5se table1 are to be se5 five hundr$ un=tunate %eep1 ) _! ?roats ?ru/ =?4 ,! but*] passes 9 front &1 ) a /roke ( 8 knife1 sla%es op5 ! neck & ?roat ( ! poor wret*es2 ! blood sp\ts out1 convulsions r5d ! body1 & only at ! end ( "o m9ute or "o & a half m9utes does dea? sup]v5e4 ,?is is dea? 9 all its savage horror inflict$ by man on ! animal4 ,!re are anti-vivisectioni/s :o accept ?is4 ,!re=e1 !y recognise implicitly man's "r to kill animals1 s9ce !y pr(it by su* slaught] = _! alim5tation2 !y add1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh man has a "r to kill1 he has no "r to cause suff]+4 ,is !re no suff]+ 9 ! slaught]-h\se8 ,are anae/hetics ev] dreamt ( !re8 #b4 ,n[ x is impossible to po9t out ! b\nd>y l9e :i* sep>ates ! be+ t suff]s f ! be+ t does n suff]2 & ,i defy any "o to e/abli% any l9e ( dem>cation :atsoev] betwe5 a be+ capable ( pa9 & a be+ incapable ( pa94 ,plants c]ta9ly d n suff]4 ,already1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 difficulties 9 ! way ( det]m9+ ! exact b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! animal & ! plant4 ,:5 we expose an infusion ( hay to ! air1 = in/ance1 v>i\s microbes develop !re94 ,a le>n$ & m9ute analysis all[s u to di/+ui% bo? bact]ia & infusoria among ! innum]able micro-organisms :i* sw>m 9 ! infusion4 ,n[ we "k t bact]ia are plants & infusoria are animals4 ,if1 !re=e1 all animal life 7 elim9at$ f exp]im5tation1 we %\ld h no "r to boil an infusion ( hay1 because we "k t x conta9s infusoria :i* are animals4 ,^! infusoria are s closely relat$ to bact]ia t !y may be confus$ ) ! latt]1 z inde$ has be5 ! case up to ! la/ few ye>s4 ,a numb] ( inf]ior be+s 7 =m]ly call$ zoophytes1 t is to say1 animal plants2 & x is %e] nons5se to suppose t !y are consci\s ( pa94 ,sponges1 corals1 sea-anemones1 />-fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 possess a n]v\s sy/em :i* is s little develop$1 & reactions :i* are s indi/9ct1 t we c sc>cely suppose !y possess an intellig5t consci\sness1 &1 consequ5tly1 s5sibility to pa94 ,moreov]1 ,i d n see h[ _! reactions w\ld diff] if !y possess$ ! notion ( pa94 ,:5 we t\* ! t5tacles ( a />-fi%1 we notice1 ne> ! t5tacles t\*$1 a sort ( agitation set up among ! neighb\r+ t5tacles1 b ?is agitation does n ext5d to ! t5tacles ( ! o!rs' arms2 s t a g5]al consci\sness does n appe> to exi/1 unless x be 9 a prodigi\sly rudim5t>y /ate1 among inf]ior be+s4 ,9 c]ta9 classes ( ! mollusca !re is no head4 ,?us oy/]s & mussels1 nam$ on t acc\nt acephala1 h 9 all probability no consci\sness4 ,i w\ld h no scruple1 !re=e1 ei!r 9 eat+ liv+ oy/]s1 or 9 exp]im5t+ ^u liv+ oy/]s & mussels1 s9ce x seems to me evid5t t ! notion ( pa9 does n exi/ 9 !m4 ,x is n ! same ?+ ) insects2 x is "h t ! fir/ signs ( pa9 beg9 to appe>4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ be c>eful to avoid confus+ pa9 ) signs ( pa94 ,:5 we take a worm & cut x into ?ree segm5ts1 ea* ( ^! segm5ts w /ruggle & wri! 9 a p]fect fr5zy4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be necess>y to admit t pa9 exi/$ 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree segm5ts--9 o!r words1 t ea* fragm5t possesses a c5tral seat ( pa91 :i* is absurd2 x is mu* m rational to suppose t ! p]turb$ movem5ts ( ! animal are ! result ( a /rong n]v\s excitation1 & t ! injury is accompani$ by def5sive reflex movem5ts b provokes no pa9ful p]ception4 ,among ! sup]ior animals h[ev]1 & especially among ! v]tebrata1 pa9 exi/s4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ?is1 al?\gh x is impossible to "k exactly 9 :at consi/s ! consci\sness ( pa9 9 an animal2 ! mo/ pr(\nd obscurity /ill reigns1 & w p]haps always reign1 ov] _! consci\sness & s5sations4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to d5y t a dog suff]s :5 8 paw is cru%$4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i fully believe t all pa9 is mu* less cle>ly p]ceiv$ by ! dog ?an by man4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is a ph5om5on ( ! same ord] & id5tical1 save 9 int5sity4 ,n[ pa91 tak5 9 its pr(\nde/ s5se1 consi/s ( two ess5tial elem5ts3 a %ock to ! consci\s self1 ! ego1 9 ! fir/ place2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! prolongation ( ! %ock4 ,if ! self is n di/9ctly consci\s1 if x does n g s f> z to ass]t itself by ! sep>ation ( t self f ! ext]nal _w1 we _c say t pa9 is possible4 ,! ego nev] ass]ts itself ) s mu* =ce z "u a v pa9ful impression4 ,s t among be+s ^: reactions are me*anical1 automatic1 gov]n$ by o!r =ces ?an by ! ass]tion ( ! self & a freely delib]ate w1 pa9 becomes s indi/9ct1 s confus$1 t x probably does n exi/ 9 ! /rict psy*ological s5se at all4 ,! greate/ philosoph] ( mod]n times1 ,desc>tes1 imag9$ a sy/em ( ma*9e-animals2 ?is idea has be5 turn$ into ridicule by ! ignorant1 b nev]!less we are almo/ =c$ to return to x :5 we dive to ! bottom ( reflex movem5ts4 ,n[1 if we are able to admit t !re is a vague consci\sness ( ! selfhood among sup]ior animals1 su* z ! mammalia & birds1 ?is consci\sness1 z f> z conc]ns ! inf]ior v]tebrata1 is mo/ c]ta9ly extremely hazy1 if1 inde$1 x exi/s at all4 ,i h difficulty 9 conceiv+ t a frog is able to pond] ov] its ego1 ass]t its exi/5ce 9 pres5ce ( ! ext]nal _w1 & say or ?9k1 ,i ,,suff]4 ,no be+ suff]s unless he is able to ?9k t he suff]s1 & m$itate on 8 suff]+4 ,to suff] means to h consci\sness2 & z f> z x is p]missible = a man to picture to himself ! s5sations ( a frog1 ,i %\ld say t ! frog has no consci\sness ( suff]+4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! m highly develop$ v]tebrata1 su* z birds1 rabbits1 & gu9ea-pigs1 suff]+ is probably ( a v obscure nature4 ,x is n en\gh to say t an animal suff]s because we see him animat$ by ! contortions & reactions ( def5ce4 ,! new-born infant1 :i* has nei!r intellig5ce nor memory nor consci\sness1 is probably incapable ( real consci\s suff]+1 nev]!less x screams & cries :5 x is hungry or :5 x is prick$4 ,b ^! screams & te>s d n suffice to all[ u to affirm t ! *ild is suff]+ real pa94 ,x is a n]v\s excitation :i* is translat$ by ! reactions ( def5ce2 x is n ! consci\s ass]tion ( an ego :i* has be5 pa9fully p]turb$4 ,fur!r1 = pa9 to exi/ ! impression mu/ be durable & n fugitive4 ,! ass]tion ( ! ego is n en\gh4 ,x mu/ be prolong$4 ,a pa91 h[ev] int5se we may suppose x to be1 :i* trav]ses ! organism = a second & :i* leaves no pa9ful e*o beh9d x1 is no real pa94 ,i w all[ any "o to inflict ! mo/ excruciat+ tortures on me if he c assure me t1 at ! end ( "o second1 ,i %all h lo/ all recollection ( ! suff]+ & t no trace ( ! torture w rema94 ,! extraction ( a too? la/s p]haps only half a second1 b y rememb] x all y\r life4 ,9 any case1 = sev]al m9utes ! pa9 cont9ues to be atroci\s4 ,!re=e we may c]ta9ly consid] t pa9 is a ph5om5on ( memory4 ,pa9 is an empty ^w = e be+ t has no memory4 ,f ^! facts we may evolve ! g5]al conclusion t1 "u p5alty ( fall+ into vulg> an?romorphism1 we _c apply to ! pa9 ( animals ! data :i* h be5 ga!r$ on human pa94#e ,) man1 ! develop$ intellig5ce & vivaci\s memory enable pa9 to acquire an extreme int5sity4 ,b ) animals1 9 proportion z ! intellig5ce less5s & ! memory becomes m rudim5t>y1 s does pa9 dim9i%1 &1 )\t hav+ ! "r to be v affirmative1 z we are 9 pr(\nd d>kness conc]n+ ! consci\sness ( animals1 x appe>s to me t1 z we desc5d ! scale ( ! animal k+dom1 pa9 rapidly becomes v hazy1 sc>cely p]ceiv$1 & z indi/9ct z ! consci\sness ( ! ego4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! "r to p]=m vivisection on be+s :i*1 because !y possess no selfhood1 d n suff]4 ,n[1 ?is abs5ce ( memory1 consci\sness1 & intellig5ce ext5ds assur$ly ov] ! :ole ( ! vegetable k+dom1 almo/ c]ta9ly ov] all ! gr\ps ( ! inv]tebrata1 & also probably ov] all ! inf]ior v]tebrata4 ,f9ally1 !re rema9 only ! mammalia & birds :i* are capable ( real pa94 ,al?\gh ?is pa9 may be obscure & indi/9ct1 x is c]ta92 & we mu/ take x into consid]ation or fall into b>b>ism2 !re=e we %all re/rict ! problem ( vivisection to ! vivisection ( sup]ior animals1 :o1 alone1 are capable ( suff]+4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! true veget>ian is an extremely r>e p]son4 ,! usual s-call$ veget>ian ought m prop]ly to be call$ a non-meat eat]1 = he does n scruple to consume milk 7int5d$ by nature = ! calf7 & milk products 7cream1 *eese1 & butt]7 & eggs1 nor to we> g>m5ts made ( wool & lea!r4--7,w4 ,d4 ,h47 #e ,9 ! little leaflet already ref]r$ to1 quotation is made ( a s5t5ce f ,pr(essor ,prit*>d1 :i* says t ! v>i\s animals h a sk9 ( diff]5t ?ickness1 b t s5sibility is ! same among all1 includ+ man4 ,x seems to me t ,pr(essor ,prit*>d has sc>cely look$ into ! que/ions ( g5]al psy*ology4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conc]n+ ,,anae/hesia ,,9 ,,vivisection ,a few words are fir/ ( all necess>y to indicate precisely :at anae/hesia is4 ,by def9ition1 an anae/hetic is a sub/ance :i*1 )\t p>alys+ ! activity ( ! he>t & ! respiration1 aboli%es s5sibility4 ,inde$1 :5ev] g5]al s5sibility is aboli%$1 !re is1 at ! same "t1 abolition ( consci\sness1 ( intellig5ce1 & ( memory4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( an anae/hetic is t its action is ( a transi5t nature4 ,at ! end ( a c]ta9 "t1 x disappe>s2 & !n intellig5ce1 consci\sness1 & memory return gradually ) s5sibility4 ,x is well kn[n t ! admirable discov]y ( g5]al anae/hesia1 all[+ op]ations to be p]=m$ on man )\t ! accompanim5t ( pa91 0 due to *ance4 ,x 0 an ,am]ican d5ti/1 ,horace ,wells1 & 8 colleague1 ,morton 7& o!rs also p]haps71 :o discov]$ by *ance t protoxide ( nitrog5 7commonly call$ laugh+ gas7 has ! p[]1 :5 inhal$1 ( annull+ all s5sibility to pa9 = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t--suffici5tly long = a surgical op]ation 7#ahdj74 ,!n !y discov]$ ! effects ( e!r 7#ahdb74 ,s9ce !n1 _m o!r anae/hetics h be5 introduc$1 notably *lor(orm1 prep>$ by ,s\beiran 9 #ahcb1 b ! anae/hetic prop]ties ( :i* 7 only discov]$ 9 #ahdg by ,fl\r5s & ,simpson2 s t physiologi/s & surgeons are n[ q famili> ) ! mode ( action ( anae/hetics4 ,anae/hetics1 9 appropriate doses1 poison ! n]v\s cells1 :i* are ! seat ( intellig5ce & s5sibility1 b leave unimpair$ ! functions ( ! c>diac n]v\s sy/em & ( ! n]v\s sy/em gov]n+ ! respiration4 ,an individual "u *lor(orm brea!s regul>ly2 8 he>t beats rhy?mically1 b all intellig5ce has disappe>$2 he has no long] any w or memory or reflex actions1 & ! mo/ pa9ful op]ations c be p]=m$ on him )\t provok+ ! smalle/ ph5om5on ( s5sibility4 ,fur!r1 we h no hesitation 9 ass]t+ t ! anae/hetis$ animal behaves l ! anae/hetis$ man2 t is to say1 *lor(orm giv5 to an animal aboli%es all s5sibility to pa94 ,vivisection1 !re=e1 on an anae/hetis$ animal1 does n provoke any pa94 ,physiologi/s are s conv9c$ ( ?is t1 h[ev] humane !y may be1 !y h no scruple 9 p]=m+ l5g?y vivisections on an animal :i* is ?or\ghly anae/hetis$4 ,if *lor(orm1 = "s reason or o!r1 _c be employ$1 _m o!r anae/hetics1 su* z *loral & morphia1 may be us$4 ,*loral1 9 c]ta9 doses1 produces complete anae/hesia1 & x is easi] to adm9i/] ?an *lor(orm4 ,=m]ly1 *loral 0 inject$1 by a small puncture1 into ! ve9s ( rabbits & dogs4 ,i po9t$ out ano!r me?od :i* all[s "o to avoid ev5 ! puncture2 x is suffici5t to make a rectal injection ( ! solution ( *loral4 ,9 two or ?ree m9utes1 ! dog1 ! rabbit1 or ! gu9ea-pig1 is seiz$ ) a k9d ( inebriety2 he /agg]s1 falls to ! gr\nd1 & 9 ab\t t5 m9utes he is completely anae/hetis$4 ,l>ge doses ( morphia c be inject$ into animals )\t caus+ imm$iate dea?4 ,an animal "u a mod]ate dose ( morphia does n absolutely lose all s5sibility to pa92 b ! slight pa9 :i* he !n feels is v transi5t4 ,if ! animal is submitt$ to /rong excitation1 he wak5s = a few seconds1 b soon falls back aga9 into pr(\nd slumb]4 ,morphia 9 mod]ate doses is n su* a p]fect anae/hetic z *loral or *lor(orm2 x is !re=e usual "u su* circum/ances to adm9i/] also volatile anae/hetics l *lor(orm1 & q small quantities ( ! latt] w !n produce p]fect anae/hesia4 ,if1 h[ev]1 morphia is giv5 9 le?al doses1 z is sometimes done = comp>atively %ort exp]im5ts1 x is an absolutely complete anae/hetic 9 itself1 j z x is :5 a man takes a fatal dose ( morphia1 or ( its p>5t sub/ance1 opium4 ,nev]!less1 *lor(orm1 *loral1 & e!r h a v s]i\s disadvantage = ! physiologi/4 ,!y aboli% s5sibility1 b1 at ! same "t1 !y aboli% ! majority ( ! reflex actions 9 :i* volunt>y muscles are conc]n$4 ,n[1 9 _m exp]im5ts1 x is indisp5sable to be able to /udy su* reflex movem5ts1 t is to say1 ! fundam5tal reactions ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?us1 physiologi/s1 m preoccupi$1 x mu/ be said1 ) assur+ ! immobility ?an ! ins5sibility ( ! animal1 h _h rec\rse to ano!r sub/ance1 cur>e1 ! prop]ties ( :i* 7 inve/igat$ by ,claude ,b]n>d4 ,cur>e is a poison :i* ! natives on ! banks ( ! ,amazon prep>e f a b9d-we$ ( ! /ry*nia family4 ,!y boil ! plant ) sev]al +r$i5ts1 f9ally obta9+ a sort ( blacki% res91 or gummy juice1 :i* !y place 9 little g\rds1 :i* c be procur$ also 9 ,europe4 ,?is juice is us$ by ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians = _! arr[s1 & physiologi/s use x to ensure ! immobility ( ! animal on :i* !y are exp]im5t+4 ,cur>e dissolves 9 wat]1 & a solution ( a few c5tigrams inject$ "u ! sk9 ( a dog1 a cat1 a rabbit1 w br+ ab\t ! dea? ( ! animal 9 a few m9utes4 ,b dea? is n due to ! arre/ ( ! he>t's action1 x is due entirely to p>alysis ( ! respiration4 ,!re=e ! cur>is$ animal c cont9ue to live = sev]al h\rs if artificial brea?+ be sub/itut$ = ! natural brea?+ :i* is p>alys$4 ,= sev]al h\rs ! animal is completely motionless2 ! he>t beats ) =ce & regul>ity1 provid$ t ! insufflation ( air into ! lungs introduces into ! blood ! quantity ( oxyg5 necess>y = ! life ( ! tissues4 ,n[1 "u ^! conditions1 z ,claude ,b]n>d has s well demon/rat$1 we h no pro( t s5sibility is aboli%$ also4 ,!re is immobility2 !re is no true anae/hesia4 ,take two animals1 "o *lor(orm$1 ! o!r cur>is$2 bo? are equally in]t2 b ! *lor(orm$ animal is ins5sible1 :il/ ! cur>is$ animal reta9s s5sibility4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to say t cur>e replaces anae/hetics1 because cur>e is n an anae/hetic4#f ,n[1 9 #ahid ,i 0 able to discov] a sub/ance :i* has all ! anae/hetic prop]ties ( *lor(orm1 & :i* nev]!less does n aboli% reflex actions1 s t physiologi/s are able to use x = exp]im5ts :i*1 =m]ly1 necessitat$ ! use ( cur>e4 ,?is sub/ance is call$ *loralose2 x is obta9$ by mix+ anhydr\s *loral ) glucose4 ,x is n necess>y = me to describe "h 9 detail its *emical or physiological prop]ties2 ,i w only say t 9 v small doses 7ab\t tw5ty-five c5tigrams7 x is an excell5t hypnotic = man1 & t 9 l>g] doses1 inject$ into ! ve9 ( a dog or a rabbit1 x br+s ab\t complete anae/hesia )\t affect+ ei!r ! brea?+1 ! he>t1 or ! reflex actions4 ,s9ce ?is discov]y1 _m physiologi/s--& ,i regret n to be able to say s ( e physiologi/--h giv5 up cur>e & use no?+ b *loralose1 :i* is a p]fect anae/hetic1 & :i* all[s ! reflex actions to be /udi$ al?\gh anae/hesia is p]fect4 ,x may be object$ t a t9y puncture has to be made 9 ! ve9 to introduce ! *loralose into ! circulation2 b ?is puncture is really su* a trifle t x w\ld be %e] *ildi%ness to pay any att5tion to x4 ,:at doctor w\ld hesitate to make a puncture 9 ! sk9 ( 8 pati5t = ! injection ( a solution ( morphia8 ,h[ev]1 if s5tim5tality be pu%$ to su* a degree z to %r9k f t\*+ ! ve9 ( a dog 9 ord] to put him to sleep1 ev5 ?is t9y puncture c be avoid$ by mix+ ! *loralose ) ! food ( ! animal to be exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,9 half an h\r or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r aft] ! mixture is giv5 he is 9 a /ate ( p]fect anae/hesia4 ,= ^! reasons1 vivisection ) anae/hesia seems to me to be q legitimate4 ,z soon z x is recognis$ t man has ! "r to kill ! animal1 he has ! "r to kill him z he pleases1 provid$ he sp>es him all suff]+4 ,let u also reflect a little on ?is po9t3 an animal has to die j z mu* z we ourselves4 ,n[1 natural dea? w\ld c]ta9ly be = him a long & cruel agony1 la/+ sev]al h\rs1 sev]al days1 p]haps sev]al weeks4 ,well1 !n1 we replace hide\s old age1 ! agony ( prolong$ tortures due to disease1 by a dreamless sleep1 :i* at once plunges ! animal into no?+ness1 )\t 8 pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y /age ( necess>y suff]+4 ,is ?is :at is call$ be+ inhuman8 ,= my "p1 ,i %all regret on my dea?-b$ t no physiologi/ w be f\nd ^: consci5ce w p]mit him1 or1 if s1 :o w\ld h suffici5t c\rage to help me to pass away "u ! influ5ce ( *lor(orm1 e!r1 *loralose1 morphia1 or *loral1 ?us sav+ me f ! ?roes ( ! f9al /ruggle1 & be/[+ ^u me a peaceful dea? & an easy t]m9ation ( all suff]+4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,vivisection ,act expressly /ates t cur>e is n to be reg>d$ z an anae/hetic1 & ?is proviso has be5 loyally accept$ by ,engli% physiologi/s4 ,on ^? r>e occasions :5 cur>e is us$1 & ! occasions are v r>e inde$1 & ye> by ye> !y become r>]1 a volatile anae/hetic su* z *lor(orm or ,a4,c4,e4 7alcohol1 *lor(orm1 e!r7 mixture is adm9i/]$ at ! same "t 9 suffici5t am\nt to r5d] anae/hesia absolute4 ,"o %\ld add t s9ce ,claude ,b]n>d's "w on cur>e1 physiologi/s h se5 reason = d\bt+ :e!r x leaves s5sibility intact1 z ,b]n>d ?\ght4 ,b z !re is d\bt on ! "q1 & ! available evid5ce 9 fav\r ( its lull+ s5sations is small1 x is /ill consid]$ advisable to reta9 ,b]n>d's views1 & act z ?\gh x is n an anae/hetic at all4--7,w4 ,d4 ,h47 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,conc]n+ ,,exp]im5tation ,,o!r ,,?an ,,vivisection ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 give to ! ^w ,vivisection its l>ge/ acceptation4 ,x is n only a "q ( cutt+ n]ves1 ( /imulat+ ! gl&s1 or ( excit+ ! muscles4 ,!re are exp]im5ts ( mu* long] duration 9 :i* !re is no mutilation prop]ly speak+1 b intoxication1#g produc$ by ! injection ( poisons & disease g]ms4 ,x is1 inde$1 evid5t t pa9 c be provok$ 9 o!r ways ?an by a %>p-edg$ in/rum5t1 :i* c always be done "u anae/hesia4 ,b may inoculation be p]=m$8 ,may prolong$ intoxication be caus$8 ,to treat ! "q 9 all its fulness1 we w put ! problem 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 ord] to /udy a disease1 h we ! "r to give t disease to an animal8 ,= my "p1 !re c be no d\bt on ! po9t1 & ,i affirm t su* is our "r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 & z e unbiass$ p]son is =c$ to recognise1 x is only by exp]im5tation t ^! diseases c be /udi$ ?or\ghly4 ,cl9ical obs]vation1 be>+ exclusively ^u man1 c only give incomplete results1 mu* poor]1 ?\gh its docum5ts are multitud9\s1 ?an ! results furni%$ by exp]im5tation1 :i* c be inf9itely v>i$ at w4 ,if we 7 limit$ to ! ,hippocratic me?od ( obs]vation1 :i* consi/s 9 /udy+ ! symptoms & ! progress ( a morbid affliction1 we %\ld be r$uc$ to poor en\gh res\rces2 & if m$itation on ! aphorisms ( ,hippocrates con/itut$ ! :ole ext5t ( our m$ical sci5ce1 m$ical sci5ce w\ld be a sad vacuum4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 su* is n ! case4 ,m>vell\s progress has be5 realis$1 :i* all[s u to ent]ta9 q o!r ideas ?an ^? ( ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e on ! nature ( diseases1 & consequ5tly on _! treatm5t & _! prev5tion4 ,^? v p]sons :o rise up 9 arms aga9/ physiological exp]im5tation w\ld n1 ,i imag9e1 desire to be h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( a ,hippocratic doctor if !y 7 ill1 to a doctor :o took no notice ( any mod]n discov]ies "u ! pretext t !y 7 acquir$ by exp]im5tation 9 anima vili4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to discuss ! problem ?or\ghly1 x w n d to rema9 on indef9ite gr\nd4 ,let u arrive at precise facts4 ,i w m5tion only ?ree discov]ies1 ! importance ( :i* is consid]able1 & :i* h be5 e/abli%$ solely by exp]im5tation4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is antisepsis4 ,= c5turies & c5turies surgeons op]at$ )\t und]/&+ :y x 0 t dea? /ruck d[n s unm]cifully ^? op]at$ ^u4 ,9 va9 did surgeons display great skill2 9 va9 did ! op]ation succe$3 ! pati5t di$4 ,erysipelas1 lock-jaw1 abscess-=mation & gangr5e reign$ supreme4 ,e conf9em5t expos$ ! "m to dea?2 ! slighte/ w\nds 7 foll[$ by ! mo/ s]i\s aft]-effects2 9 c]ta9 amputations1 = in/ance1 ! mortality 0 #gj p] c5t4 ,no "o d>$ to t\* ei!r ! p]itoneum or ! jo9ts1 because e op]ation on ! p]itoneum or on ! articulations 0 sure to prove fatal4 ,b ,li/] & ,pa/eur came6 ,^! two m51 simultane\sly & concurr5tly1 demon/rat$ t all disease foll[+ on an op]ation 0 ! result ( infection by p>asites4 ,by prev5t+ ! w\nds f be+ contam9at$ by p>asites1 infection 0 prev5t$2 = ! w\nds !mselves are innoc5t1 z long z !y are n infect$4 ,?is is ! a/\nd+ & simple tru? :i* ,li/] & ,pa/eur e/abli%$4 ,& let no "o pret5d x is s simple t ! data c\ld h be5 furni%$ by cl9ical obs]vation alone1 = su* an ass]tion w\ld be contradict$ by ! facts4 ,?\s&s & ?\s&s ( surgeons1 "r up to #ahfh1 _h und]/ood no?+ ( infection4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is big ^w infection1 :i* sums up 9 itself ! :ole ( surg]y & ! :ole ( m$ic9e1 x 0 necess>y to inject pus into animals1 ga!r ! microbes :i* !n develop$ 9 ! blood ( ^! animals1 isolate ! microbes1 cultivate !m1 inject !m afre%1 & produce an exp]im5tal disease4 ,x 0 9 ?is mann] only t we 7 able to und]/& ! me*anism ( antisepsis1 &1 consequ5tly1 apply x to ! treatm5t ( op]ations & w\nds4 ,?ree or f\r volumes c\ld be writt5 on ?is subject alone1 b all ,i c attempt "h is a summ>y ( ! ma9 po9ts4 ,i say )\t hesitation t z long z cl9ical m$ic9e conf9$ itself only to ! obs]vation ( pati5ts1 x 0 able to und]/& no?+1 to analyse no?+1 to =esee no?+4 ,x 0 necess>y to exp]im5t1 to sacrifice a few hundr$ mice1 rats1 & rabbits1 9 ord] to demon/rate t erysipelas is an inoculable disease1 t pu]p]al infection is ( ! same nature z purul5t infection1 t all ^! diseases are due to micro-organisms1 & t c]ta9 sub/ances1 call$ antiseptics1 c /op ! developm5t ( ^! fatal g]ms4 ,x appe>s q natural to-day 7& x seems to simple m9ds1 ignorant ( ! pa/ & p[]less to imag9e ! pa/1 t ^! notions h be5 curr5t f all et]nity7 to "k t in/rum5ts1 wat]1 & l95 heat$ to #abj deg4 conta9 no liv+ g]ms4 ,b ?is discov]y is n s v old4 ,x 0 ,pa/eur :o1 betwe5 #ahfc & #ahgc1 e/abli%$ x by "s memorable exp]im5ts at ! co/ ( a little disease giv5 to rats & gu9ea-pigs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa/eur ,,9 ,,8 ,,laboratory4 fac+ p4 #dd4 ,n[--& ,i appeal to ! good s5se ( my read]s--w\ld x be bett] to efface ! suff]+ ( ^? rats1 ^? gu9ea-pigs1 ^? rabbits1 & return to ! old5 times :5 ! mortality 9 ly+-9 hospitals 0 (t5 #dj p] c5t4 7x is to-day1 #j4jb p] c5t4678 ,mu/ we condemn ,li/] & ,pa/eur z great crim9als because !y d>$ to inoculate microbes into a few rabbits & br+ ab\t 9 ^? un=tunate animals--!y w\ld h di$ a long "t ago ev5 )\t t--exp]im5tal ailm5ts 9 ord] to w>d (f malignant diseases f ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( human be+s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second discov]y :i* ,i %all m5tion is t ( ! infecti\sness ( tub]culosis4 ,?\s&s & ?\s&s ( doctors _h _h tub]cul\s pati5ts "u _! c>e4 ,?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ,hippocrates describ$ tub]culosis ) z mu* precision z c\ld be done to-day4 ,illu/ri\s physicians 9 e l& _h tri$ to analyse ! nature ( ?is t]rible disease & to unravel its cause2 nev]!less1 !y 7 unable1 f cl9ical obs]vation alone1 to prove :at is to-day q commonplace k1 viz41 t tub]culosis is infecti\s4 ,9 #ahfd1 a ,fr5* doctor1 ,villem91 conceiv$ ! simple & +5i\s idea ( inoculat+ rabbits ) ! tub]cul\s matt] f\nd 9 ! lungs ( consumptive pati5ts4 ,^! rabbits became tub]cul\s2 !y di$ 9 a few weeks ) tub]cul\s granulations 9 lungs & liv]4 ,x 0 ?us demon/rat$ t tub]culosis 0 infecti\s4 ,lat] on1 9 #ahgh1 ,ko* discov]$ t ! active ag5t ( ?is infection is a special microbe4 ,b1 h[ev] important may be ! discov]y ( ! microbe ( tub]culosis 7! tub]cle-bacillus ( ,ko*71 ! ess5tial dom9at+ fact is t tub]culosis is infecti\s4 ,z soon z ?is great fact became kn[n1 a pr(\nd revolution occurr$ 9 social hygi5e1 9 ! treatm5t & 9 ! prev5tion ( ?is t]rible evil4 ,we "k n[ ! consumptive man c>ries 9 8 lungs & sputum ! g]m capable ( develop+ ! same evil 9 o!rs2 consequ5tly we "k h[ to pres]ve ourselves aga9/ tub]culosis4 ,we mu/ purify or de/roy ! habitations :]e9 consumptives h liv$1 burn or c>bolise all ! sputum1 make spitt+ 9 public places a puni%able (f5ce1 take sanit>y measures aga9/ unheal?y meat1 def5d our *ildr5 aga9/ contam9at$ milk--9 a ^w1 we are arm$ aga9/ a disease1 ! sole & unique cause ( :i*1 z exp]im5tation alone has taught u1 is infection4 ,=m]ly x 0 believ$ t diseases 7 due to a sort ( div9e ang]1 or1 :at am\nts pretty mu* to ! same ?+1 to c]ta9 imp]ceptible epidemic exhalations /ret*+ ov] :ole populations1 or attack+ isolat$ individuals1 /rik+ l an ext]m9at+ angel1 z 8 fancy *ose1 su* or su* an unhappy victim4 ,a sort ( w or caprice1 gov]n$ only by *ance1 0 ex]cis$ 9 relation to ?is disease1 & man 0 p[]less1 because he 0 un>m$ aga9/ *ance4 ,he did n ev5 ?9k ( x4 ,he resign$ himself to be+ ill1 & wait$ = ! disease1 )\t do+ any?+ to fight aga9/ x1 b5umb$ "u a k9d ( ,ori5tal fatalism4 ,! doctor %ook 8 head1 bore te/imony to ! evil1 & conf9$ himself to prescrib+ inefficaci\s treatm5ts :i* 7 only1 accord+ to a celebrat$ say+1 a long m$itation on dea?4 ,b ! times h *ang$2 !re is no long] any fatality 9 tub]culosis2 !re is imprud5ce1 !re is error1 !re is vice1 &1 specially1 social vice4 ,we may almo/ say t1 if !re are /ill consumptives 9 our mid/1 x is because ( our defective social in/itutions4 ,we leave innum]able populations /eep$ 9 mis]y1 sev5 or eight individuals liv+ 9 ! same infect$ hovel4 ,9 ! slums ( our l>ge cities1 sw>ms ( infants are to be f\nd morally & mat]ially p]v]t$ by mis]y4 ,!re=e1 if consumption /ill exi/s1 x is our own fault2 x is no long] z x 0 9 old5 times1 :5 we knew n1 because n[ we "k4 ,! plague c be battl$ )2 & if x /ill has s mu* p[] left1 x is because we h n ! c\rage to apply to public & individual hygi5e ! treatm5t sci5ce has def9itely %[n u %\ld be appli$4 ,to =esee is to "k2 & n[ t we "k1 we mu/ n =get t x is to exp]im5t]s1 & to exp]im5t]s alone1 t we are indebt$ = ?is great b5efit4 ,moreov]1 h[ev] imp]fect our def5ce aga9/ tub]culosis may /ill be1 x is by no means nil2 great progress has be5 made2 ! mortality has decreas$ 9 a consid]able proportion4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 x has decreas$ by ab\t #be p] c5t41 & notably 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! laws ( public hygi5e1 en]getically upheld by ! good s5se ( ! p1 are /rictly appli$1 ! mortality has dim9i%$ by #ej p] c5t4 ,?is is only a beg9n+1 & ! ne> future w br+ ab\t ! complete ext]m9ation ( ! disease4 ,n[1 hone/ly1 ,i ask if ! rabbits :i* ,villem9 sacrific$ weigh m 9 ! scales ( univ]sal progress1 & ev5 9 public morality1 ?an ! ?ree millions ( individuals :o1 by progress 9 hygi5e1 h be5 pres]v$ f an e>ly & pa9ful dea?4 ,i e/imate at a high price ! life & ! suff]+s ( fifty rabbits1 b1 at ! risk ( appe>+ a b>b>ian1 ,i pref]1 to ^! fifty rabbits1 ! ?ree millions ( "y p :o h be5 sav$ by ,villem9's discov]y1 & ! millions :i* x w /ill save4 ,all ! m s1 inasmu* z exp]im5tal /udies on tub]culosis h n only pres]v$ m52 !y h also pres]v$ animals4 ,?anks to ,ko*1 !re is n[ a v simple way ( recognis+ if an animal is or is n tub]cul\s4 ,ko* 0 able to extract f tub]cle bacilli1 a sub/ance :i* he has call$ tub]cul94 ,at fir/ he ?\ght tub]cul9 cur$ ! disease2 b ?is 0 an error4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts %[$ t tub]cul9 ex]cis$ q a diff]5t action to t ( heal+4 ,x has ! prop]ty1 :5 inject$ 9 small doses into a tub]cul\s animal1 ( provok+ an int5se fev]1 :il/ x produces no reaction :atsoev] 9 a normal animal4 ,if1 !re=e1 tub]cul9 is inject$ into e animal 9 ! cattle %$1 we c feel sure--& ?is is impossible o!rwise--t su* or su* animals are tub]cul\s or heal?y4 ,all c[s t %[ a rise 9 temp]ature aft] an injection ( tub]cul9 are tub]cul\s2 ! o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are 9 good heal?4 ,?us ! sanit>y inspection ( /ables & cattle-%$s c be c>ri$ out ?or\ghly2 & we are n[ able to protect n only m5 b also animals f ! disease ( tub]culosis4 ,su* results c\ld only h be5 obta9$ at ! co/ ( _m & me?odical exp]im5ts4 ,:atev] may be ! g5ius ( anti-vivisectioni/s1 !y w\ld nev] h be5 able to imag9e any?+ simil> _h !y be5 left to _! own intellectual p[]s4 ,x is n 9 ! /udy t we are able to discov] ?is long s]ies ( un=ese51 extraord9>y1 almo/ miracul\s facts :i* laboratory exp]im5tation has be5 able to f9d out4 ,man1 said ,pascal1 tires ( conceiv+ soon] ?an ,nature tires ( provid+2 & exp]im5tation is man's me?od ( int]rogat+ ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird discov]y :i* ,i %all take z an example demon/rat+ ! value ( exp]im5tation1 is ! hi/ory ( ,s]o!rapy4 ,& ,i may be p]mitt$ to dwell some:at on ?is subject z ,i _h ! good =tune1 9 #ahhh1 ( mak+ ! decisive exp]im5t :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( s]o!rapy4 ,:il/ inoculat+ "s rabbits & dogs ) a microbe tak5 f pus 7,/aphylococcus pyosepticus71 ,i develop$ a c]ta9 disease bo? 9 ! rabbits & 9 ! dogs4 ,b ! dogs did n die1 :il/ all ! rabbits di$ f ! results ( ! inoculation4 ,i ?\ght !n t1 ! cause ( t resi/ance be+ due to ! diff]5ce ( blood1 ,i might be able to make ! rabbit refractory to ! infection by inject+ x ) ! blood ( a dog 9 normal heal?4 ,! exp]im5t succe$$4 ,! rabbits :i* _h receiv$ ! blood ( ! dog1 :5 !y 7 aft]w>ds infect$ ) ! /aphylococcus1 became v ill b did n die4 ,lat] on1 ,i took1 n ! blood ( a dog 9 normal heal?1 b ! blood ( a dog t _h receiv$ ! infection ( ! /aphylococcus & _h recov]$ f t infection1 & ,i inject$ ?is blood into ! rabbits4 ,n[ ! rabbits t receiv$ ! blood ( ! infect$1 heal$ dog _h acquir$ complete immunity to ?is =m ( microbe infection3 ! pr9ciple ( s]o!rapy 0 discov]$ 7#e? ,nov4 #ahhh74 ,illu/ration3 ,l',,enfant4 ,9 ,musee du ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is4 fac+ p4 #ec4 ,s9ce !n1 s]o!rapy has be5 appli$1 by ,behr+ 9 ,g]many & by ,r\x 9 ,france1 to diph!ria 7#ahib74 ,^! two savants %[$ t ! blood ( animals1 & especially ( horses1 t _h be5 infect$ ) diph!ria & cur$1 c\ld1 :5 inject$ into pati5ts attack$ by diph!ria1 dim9i%1 9 an extraord9>y proportion1 ! duration & int5sity ( ! disease4 ,!re is no o!r treatm5t = diph!ria to-day4 ,a doctor is guilty1 & ev5 crim9al1 if he does n use x1 = ! !rapeutic results ( ?is treatm5t are m>vell\s4 ,i d n speak ( cl9ical obs]vation only4 ,all ^? :o h se5 ! effects ( "o ( ^! injections ( s]um on *ildr5 d[n ) diph!ria are v]itably /upefi$ at ! resurrection :i* !y witness only a few m9utes aft] ! injection4 ,! un=tunate *ild ) 8 purple face & convuls$ limbs1 sc>cely brea?+1 comes back to fre% life z soon z he has receiv$ ! b5efic5t injection ( s]um4 ,! facts are s decisively cle> t ev5 if we h only se5 !m once we c nev] aga9 =get !m4 ,b ,i %all simply call ! att5tion ( my read]s to ! foll[+ /ati/ics1 ! result ( m ?an #ejj1jjj obs]vations made 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,france1 9 ,russia1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,italy1 9 ,au/ria1 9 fact ev]y:]e3 ! dea?-rate 9 diph!ria be=e #ahib 7= ! s]o!rapic me?od took f\r ye>s to become kn[n & practis$7 0 #de p] c5t4 ,aft] #ahib1 ?is dea?-rate fell to #ab p] c5t4#h ,consequ5tly1 out ( e hundr$ pati5ts suff]+ f diph!ria1 ?irty are sav$ by ! s]o!rapic treatm5t4 ,let u /op = a mom5t to consid] ^! figures1 :i* seem m]e ab/ractions to ^? :o h n reflect$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ab\t #cjj1jjj *ildr5 p] annum 9 ,france are attack$ by diph!ria2 t makes #d1ejj1jjj f #ahib to #aijg4 ,! proportion ( #cj p] c5t4 is !re=e #a1cej1jjj4 ,! numb] ( *ildr5 :o h be5 sav$ 9 ,france alone by s]o!rapy 9 fifte5 ye>s is !re=e #a1cej1jjj4 ,let u put x 9 r\nd numb]s at "o million only2 ?is w\ld be suffici5t to ju/ify ! dea? ( ! tw5ty-five dogs & ! "o hundr$ rabbits :i* ,i sacrific$1 & ( ! two hundr$ horses :i* ,behr+ & ,r\x us$ = ! prep>ation ( ! anti-diph!ria s]um4 ,a million families 9 m\rn+1 a million hopes m[$ d[n 9 ! bud6 ,only fanatics w\ld d>e to say ?is weighs = n\ght 9 ! balance4 ,moreov]--& :y %\ld ,i n say x al\d8--?is s-call$ humanity ( anti-vivisectioni/s seems to me ! anti!sis ( humanity4 ,to satisfy a conception :i* !y h =g$ out ( a c]ta9 hazy ideal1 !y make quick %rift ( human life & suff]+4 ,a hundr$ weep+ mo!rs1 a hundr$ un=tunate *ildr5 ) gap+ ?roats1 suffocat+1 gasp+1 ! dea?-rattle at h&--t is :at ^! s5sitive s\ls decl>e is no?+ beside "o rabbit :i* has _h to receive a little blood ( a dog into its abdom56 ,^! philan?ropi/s are creatures ( a fix$ idea6 ,let humanity suff]1 weep & die6 ,:at does t matt]1 provid$ t _! fix$ idea1 driv5 "r up to ! hilt ( delirium1 triumphs6 ,aft] all1 if !y p]si/ 9 believ+ t ! fa9t & unc]ta9 suff]+ ( a sick rabbit is n wor? ! c]ta9 & excruciat+ suff]+ ( a ?\s& human creatures1 ,i c say b "o ?+3 ,i pity !m f ! v bottom ( my he>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! examples--antisepsis1 tub]culosis1 & s]o!rapy--w suffice p]haps to ju/ify exp]im5tal pa?ology4 ,!re is n[ ano!r exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* ,i am go+ to try to ju/ify also4 ,?is is ,!rapeutics4 ,we are only able to le>n ! action ( m$icam5ts by /udy+ ! action ( poisons1 = all m$icam5ts 9 /rong doses are poison\s4 ,n[1 to und]/& a poison ?or\ghly1 we mu/ exp]im5t ) x on ! animal4 ,simpson adm9i/]$ *lor(orm to m5 only aft] ,fl\r5s _h det]m9$ its anae/hesic prop]ties on animals4 ,liebrei*1 aft] he discov]$ *loral1 /udi$ its physiological prop]ties on animals1 & only aft] long & le>n$ /udies 0 he able to give x a place 9 human !rapeutics4 ,at ! pres5t day1 *loral is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively us$ m$ic9es1 "o :i* has reliev$ innum]able pati5ts4 ,:5 ,i c>ri$ out my rese>* on *loralose1 be=e /udy+ its effects on myself1 ,i began by giv+ x to cats & f[ls4 ,i 0 ignorant ( ! degree ( toxic p[] ( ?is new1 /ill unkn[n sub/ance1 &1 at ! risk ( appe>+ v pusillanim\s1 ,i did n wi% to beg9 on myself2 ,i pref]r$ try+ x on a f[l4 ,n t ,i e/imate my life v highly1 b aft] all1 h[ev] l[ an e/imate ,i may place on my own life1 ,i ?9k x is wor? m ?an t ( a f[l4 ,_m o!r m$ic9es h be5 ?us exp]im5t$ ) on animals be=e x 0 possible to asc]ta9 _! effects on man4 ,ko*] discov]$ coca9e1 ,knorr antipyr9e2 & ^! two admirable m$ic9es did n f9d _! way into !rapeutics until _! mode ( action & _! toxic p[] _h be5 asc]ta9$ on animals4 ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole ( pres5t-day !rapeutics has = f\ndation1 n only anci5t cl9ical obs]vation1 :i* x w\ld be supremely fooli% to disda91 b also ! exp]im5ts ( mod]n times1 :i* x w\ld be equally fooli% to proscribe4 ,p]haps c]ta9 p imag9e t !re are no !rapeutics1 & t we c replace by auto-sugge/ion1 pray]1 or hypnotisation1 ev]y?+ :i* doctors g5]ally use to cure or allay disease4 ,x is difficult to reply to su* objections1 because ^? :o make !m h nev] op5$ a "w ( sci5ce nor se5 a pati5t4 ,!y see ?+s z !y wi% to see !m4 ,!y imag9e t ! ext]ior _w is con/ruct$ accord+ to _! int]ior vision1 & !y d n deign to come into contact ) reality4 ,!y believe t en?usiasm c supply ! place ( in/ruction1 & t a c]ta9 d\btful g5]osity c replace pr(\nd & pati5t /udy4 ,!y ma9ta9 p]haps t *loral does n make "o sleep1 t salicylate ( soda does n alleviate rheumatic pa9s1 t bromide ( potassium does n *eck attacks ( epilepsy4 ,p]haps !y w ev5 cont9ue to say s = a long "t to come4 ,let !m talk2 progress w be made )\t !m4 ,les *i5s aboi5t et la c>avane passe4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,see footnote1 p4 #ag4 #h ,^! /ati/ics c be f\nd 9 all te*nical works2 & ,i ref] ^? :o may be curi\s to /udy !m 9 detail to ! special memoirs & excell5t treatises on pa?ology :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,see also app5dix4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,s]vices ,,r5d]$ ,,to ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,humanity ,,by ,,exp]im5tal ,,physiology ,i n[ come to a fav\rite !me ( anti-vivisectioni/s1 viz41 t exp]im5tal physiology has produc$ no?+1 & t ! diff]5ces ( op9ion among savants are s consid]able t ?is alone proves ! impossibility ( vivisection ev] e/abli%+ any?+ p]man5t4 ,"h aga9 x is difficult to reply because ( ! v ignorance ( ! hon\rable g5tlem5 :o criticise u4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly !re /ill rema9 _m disput$ & disputable po9ts 9 physiology1 & no?+ is easi] ?an to f9d !re9 /rik+ & abundant contradictions4 ,if we wi%$ to amuse ourselves1 we might write five or six big volumes on ! subject2 b let u leave ?is t$i\s & useless lab\r to ! anti-vivisectioni/s to accompli% to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,i pref] to tell !m1 :at !y d n wi% to "k p]haps1 t contradiction is ! v ess5ce ( sci5ce4 ,z our demon/rations appeal n to fai? b to reason2 z we admit free discussion1 free inve/igation f e side2 any proposition mu/ h multitud9\s & positive pro(s 9 its fav\r be=e x c be adopt$ )\t hesitation4 ,ev5 our op9ions 7 nev] prescrib$ by fai? or viol5ce2 we take pleasure 9 provok+ discussion & contradiction4 ,) our adv]s>ies' leave be x said t a dogmatic1 irreproa*able book1 :]e !re 0 no place = hesitation or d\bt1 w\ld be ! v negation ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! treatises ( geometry & me*anics1 al?\gh non-exp]im5tal1 rational sci5ces1 sometimes contradict !mselves4 ,x has be5 rightly said t ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is ! hi/ory ( human errors--errors :i*1 little by little1 draw ne>] & ne>] to supreme tru? )\t ev] atta9+ x4 ,we mu/ und]/& ?is1 or we %all be rebell+ aga9/ ! conception ( sci5tific tru?4 ,n[1 9 treatises on physiology1 we f9d a numb] ( well-demon/rat$ tru?s1 & a /ill l>g] numb] ( tru?s only half demon/rat$1 &1 consequ5tly1 conte/$4 ,our successors w also c]ta9ly f9d 9 our books ( to-day an enorm\s numb] ( errors4 ,:at conclusion is to be drawn f ?is fact8 ,h ^? :o reproa* ! sci5ce ( physiology ) be+ only a tissue ( contradictions & errors ev] op5$ a book on physiology 7= example1 ! text-book ( ,s*aef]1 9 two l>ge1 compact1 closely writt5 volumes ( #ajjj pages ea*78 ,!y w\ld !re f9d ?\s&s ( positive1 inconte/able facts on all ! que/ions :i* conc]n physiology4 ,let u take1 ea* 9 its turn1 ! great functions ( life1 & we %all see t !y h become kn[n only by exp]im5tation4 #a4 ,! ,circulation ( ! ,blood1 suspect$ by ,mi*el ,s]vet1 ,realdo ,colombo1 & ,&reas ,cesalp91 0 really e/abli%$ by ,h>vey 9 #afbh4 ,yet ,h>vey 0 only able to demon/rate x by exp]im5ts p]=m$ on ! liv+ bodies ( frogs & de]4 ,s9ce ,h>vey's "t1 ! laws ( ! circulation h be5 e/abli%$ ) admirable precision4 ,hales demon/rat$ ! pressure ( blood 9 ! vessels4 ,*auveau & ,m>ey introduc$ into ! he>t ( a horse an app>atus :i* enabl$ ! pressure ( ! blood 9 ! he>t1 9 ! art]ies1 & 9 ! ve9s1 to be measur$4 ,web] f\nd t ! pneumoga/ric n]ve /opp$ ! he>t's action4 ,ludwig appli$ ! graphic me?od to ! circulation4 ,delicate in/rum5ts h be5 con/ruct$ :i* give diagrams ( ! pulsations & measure ! pressure ( ! blood 9 ! art]ies & 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,claude ,b]n>d discov]$ ! n]ves :i* regulate ! movem5ts ( ! vessel walls4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! circulation is due solely to vivisections1 & x w\ld be ridicul\s to speak ( our unc]ta9ties 9 ?is respect2 = ! ess5tial me*anical or n]v\s laws ( ! circulation are z well kn[n n[ z ^? ( ! comb9ations ( nitrog5 ) oxyg54 #b4 ,! ,respiration rema9$ pr(\ndly unkn[n1 z to its inmo/ nature1 "r up to ,lavoisi]'s "t4 ,lavoisi] plac$ "s gu9ea-pigs 9 a box fill$ ) ice1 measur$ ! quantity ( heat ?r[n (f1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 consum$1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid produc$2 & he 0 ?us able to d$uce a fundam5tal law ( life1 viz41 t life is ess5tially combu/ion4 ,he made exp]im5ts on himself also2 b h[ev] great "o's respect = ! life ( a gu9ea-pig may be1 mu/ x be consid]$ wrong t ,lavoisi] %\ld h exp]im5t$ on ! gu9ea-pig be=e exp]im5t+ on himself8 ,z = ! laws :i* regulate ?is consumption ( oxyg5 & ?is production ( c>bonic acid1 to discov] ^! x 0 necess>y to put into cages animals ( e species & ( e size4 ,& !re is1 p]haps1 n a s+le physiologi/ :o has n made ?is exp]im5t1 at ! risk ( annoy+ ! cats & dogs ?us expos$--)\t1 z f> z t goes1 do+ !m any h>m--to v>i$ temp]atures or to diff]5t diets4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to /udy ! respiratory ex*anges1 physiologi/s exp]im5t on man z well2 is1 !re=e1 ! extraord9>y scruple aga9/ exp]im5t+ on animals to be impos$ ^u !m also8 ,to take an excell5t example ( ! s]vices :i* exp]im5tal physiology c r5d] n to sci5ce only--:i* w\ld1 inde$1 be q suffici5t to ju/ify !m--b to humanity1 ,i w cite ! exp]im5ts ( ,paul ,b]t ) relation to elevat$ atmosph]ic pressures4 ,!re are c]ta9 workm5 :o are oblig$ to "w "u wat]1 at a dep? ( #bj to #cj y>ds1 = ! con/ruction ( pi]s & bridges1 or ! exploration ( sunk5 vessels4 ,n[1 x _h long be5 obs]v$ t "s ( ^! m5 di$ sudd5ly on return+ to ! surface4 ,exp]im5tal physiology 0 able to discov] ! cause ( t sudd5 dea?4 ,:5 a man 7or an animal71 aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to sev]al times ! normal atmosph]ic pressure1 is sudd5ly releas$ f ?is pressure1 ! nitrog5 dissolv$ 9 ! blood is dis5gag$ sudd5ly3 ?is produces gase\s embolism1 t is to say1 bubbles ( gas are =m$1 :i* block ! blood-vessels & prev5t ! blood circulat+ 9 ! capill>ies4 ,kn[+ ?is1 ! dea? ( m5 work+ at a pressure ( f\r atmosph]es c\ld !n be avoid$ by releas+ !m sl[ly1 t is by br++ !m sl[ly back to ! normal atmosph]ic pressure4 ,is x b>b>\s to atta* m importance to ! dea? ( ^! m5 ?an to ! dea? ( ! few dogs & mice t s]v$ to e/abli% ?is law8 ,i 0 able to demon/rate t1 if ! temp]ature ( ! air is v high1 z 9 ! hotte/ days ( summ]1 dogs t are muzzl$ die rapidly ( hyp]pyrexia 7i4e4 high fev]71 = !y are no long] able to cool !mselves by pant+4 ,x is true t ?is exp]im5t co/ ! lives ( a few dogs1 b has x n sav$ _m o!rs by po9t+ out t dogs %\ld n be muzzl$ "u c]ta9 conditions8 ,x goes )\t say+ ,i am n speak+ ( ! !oretical consequ5ces ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,artificial respiration1 :i* c re/ore to life ! app>5tly dr[n$1 is "o1 ( ! conque/s ( exp]im5tal physiology2 = we h be5 able to det]m9e ! be/ me?od & ! ess5tial conditions 7= artificial brea?+7 by exp]im5ts ( a v precise nature4 ,is x no?+ to "k h[ to re/ore to life ! app>5tly dr[n$8 #c4 ,! ,process ( ,dige/ion has also be5 le>n$ solely by exp]im5t4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce !re are two or ?ree cases ( individuals 9 :om a w\nd or an op]ation has produc$ a ga/ric fi/ula1 t is to say an abdom9al op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! /oma* c be rea*$ & food introduc$4 ,_h we rema9$ satisfi$ ) ^! accid5tal obs]vations1 we %\ld h obta9$ b m$iocre results4 ,physiologi/s !re=e h made exp]im5tal ga/ric fi/ulae4 ,dogs ?us op]at$ on1 aft] an illness ( a few days1 recov] ?or\ghly4 ,"s physiologi/s h kept dogs = sev]al ye>s 9 ?is condition3 gay1 c>ess+1 docile1 !y did n appe> to compla9 ( _! lot4 ,!y 7 bett] n\ri%$1 m pett$ & lov$ ?an ! _m />v+ dogs :i* roam ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 n a :it m unhappy ?an 0 ,alexis ,/ ,m>t9 7obs]v$ 9 #ahca by ,dr ,beaumont7 & ,m>cell9 7:om ,i obs]v$ 9 #ahgh1 at ! beg9n+ ( my c>e]74 ,q rec5tly an em95t ,russian physiologi/1 ,pawl(f1 has1 by mak+ ga/ric fi/ulae 9 animals1 be5 able to discov] a numb] ( important facts1 absolutely necess>y to be kn[n = ! treatm5t ( diseases ( ! /oma*1 & ev5 = ! e/abli%m5t ( a normal alim5tation4 ,! problem ( alim5tation is1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial1 p]haps ! mo/ ess5tial1 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,i suppose t anti-vivisectioni/s are aw>e ( ! fact t1 ev5 9 ,europe1 l>ge populations exi/ :o are insuffici5tly n\ri%$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 is x n desirable to "k exactly ! quantities ( c>bon1 nitrog51 salt1 lime1 & phosphorus :i* are necess>y = animals1 & consequ5tly = man8 ,%\ld n anti-vivisectioni/s1 int]e/$ 9 veget>ianism1 be=e v5tur+ to in/itute a vegetable diet = man1 try x fir/ ( all ^u c>nivor\s animals1 s z to "k h[ a mix$ alim5tation c be modifi$ by a vegetable alim5tation1 & to :at ext5t ^? modifications are compatible ) heal?8 #d4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em is n s well kn[n1 s f> z its functions are conc]n$1 z ! circulatory sy/em or ! dige/ive sy/em4 ,nev]!less1 positive discov]ies are extremely num]\s3 ! action ( ! n]ves on ! gl&s & on ! muscles2 ! "p play$ by ! diff]5t portions ( ! bra92 n]v\s deg5]ations2 ! laws gov]n+ reflex actions--all ?is con/itutes a =midable body ( well-e/abli%$ facts4 ,i d n pret5d t ev]y?+ is kn[n4 ,alas6 ,no6 ,!re are /ill innum]able tru?s to be discov]$1 & s]i\s errors are d\btless mo/ le>n$ly taught1 ) _m contradictions1 mu* unc]ta9ty1 mu* confusion--all ( :i* simply proves t physiology is n a sci5ce ^: la/ *apt] has yet be5 writt51 t ! la/ ^w ( ?is sci5ce has n yet be5 pron\nc$4 ,nev]!less1 bl9d inde$ w\ld ! man be :o w\ld v5ture to conclude t physiology 0 n a sci5ce2 or to ass]t t physiology is a sci5ce ( little importance2 t ! role ( ! physiologi/1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! alleviation ( human mis]ies1 is null2 & t k ( physiological facts is useless4 ,w x be claim$ t ! doctor has no ne$ ( a k ( physiology8 ,i w reply by a comp>ison ,i am accu/om$ to make be=e my m$ical /ud5ts :5 ,i wi% to make !m und]/& ! necessity ( a s\nd physiological education4 ,let u suppose t a wat*mak] claim$ to be able to cure disord]$ wat*es1 b at ! same "t decl>$ himself unable to tell by :at spr+s & by :at my/]i\s me*anism a heal?y wat* %\ld m>k ! h\r2 t wat*mak] w\ld inspire me ) a v small am\nt ( confid5ce1 & ,i w\ld n g to him2 =1 until ! contr>y is prov$ to me1 ,i believe t an indisp5sable condition = repair+ a wat* :5 out ( ord] is to "k h[ a wat* %\ld "w :5 9 good repair4 ,physiology exi/s only because !re h be5 physiologi/s4 ,by t ,i d n mean to say t all ! tru?s ( physiology are due exclusively to vivisection4 ,i only claim t physiology )\t vivisection w\ld be /rangely clumsy1 limit$ to a few empirical facts1 & t1 if vivisection be proscrib$1 we mu/ resolutely give up class+ physiology among ! sci5ces4 ,we may /udy ! />s & ! e>?1 electricity & heat1 geography & hi/ory1 & are we to be =bidd5 to /udy ! functions ( liv+ matt]8 ,su* a proposal is obvi\sly absurd1 = ( all ! sci5ces accessible to man1 physiology is t :i* is ne>e/ to him4 ,x is only ! ignorant :o d>e ass]t t exp]im5tation on animals _c be appli$ to man4 ,!re are ( c\rse diff]5ces :i* physiologi/s tra9 !mselves to p]ceive2 = example1 c]ta9 poisons are almo/ innocu\s to "s animals1 & are v fatal to man4 ,! alkaloid ( belladonna1 atrop9e1 is a ?\s& times m toxic = a man ?an = a goat4 ,x is difficult to kill a goat ) morphia1 :il/ a drop ( laudanum kills a new-born babe4 ,c>bonic oxide is absolutely h>mless = ! inv]tebrata :i* h no blood4 ,crayfi% & snails live ) impunity 9 pure oxide ( c>bon4 ,& ,i c\ld cite a numb] ( o!r facts :i* are describ$ 9 detail 9 e treatise ( physiology or ph>macology4 ,b :at does x matt] to u if we "k x8--& we c ne>ly always "k x4 ,!re are functional diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & animals2 & physiologi/s "k ^! p]fectly well by _! tra9+2 b !re are1 above all ?+s1 mu* m /rik+ resemblances4 ,x w\ld be1 = in/ance1 ridicul\s to suppose t oxyg5 did n dissolve 9 our blood 9 ab\t ! same way 9 :i* x dissolves 9 ! blood ( a cat or a rabbit2 t ! pneumoga/ric n]ve1 :i* /ops ! he>t ( ! cat & ! rabbit1 w n /op ! he>t ( man2 t ! art]ial pressure1 :i* is #af c4m4 ( m]cury 9 ! horse1 ! dog1 & ! cat1 is #a c4m4 or #a4fj c4m4 9 man2 t ! trans=mation ( album9\s matt]s into urea takes place diff]5tly 9 ! dog & 9 man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ goes to prove ! g5]al laws are ! same1 & t ! physiology ( man1 :il/ n rigor\sly id5tical 9 e respect ) ! physiology ( ! animal1 is nev]!less suffici5tly analog\s to enable a g5]al physiology to comprise 9 its va/ laws ! functions ( e liv+ be+1 man1 mammal1 v]tebrata1 inv]tebrata1 & ev5 e liv+ cell4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,morality ,,& ,,vivisection ,if we took ! ass]tions ( anti-vivisectioni/s lit]ally1 we %\ld arrive at ! /range conclusion1 t ! victims ( vivisection are imm5sely num]\s1 & t vivisection is "o ( ! calamities ( ! c5tury4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! numb] ( victims due to physiology is v l[4 ,let u try to c\nt !m up4 ,!re are only ab\t tw5ty laboratories 9 ,france :]e exp]im5ts on animals are made4 ,let u all[ t !re are tw5ty 9 ,engl&1 tw5ty 9 ,italy1 =ty 9 ,g]many1 & fifty 9 o!r c\ntries1 mak+ a total ( #aej laboratories4 ,if we suppose t a dog1 a cat1 & a rabbit are sacrific$ e day 9 ea* ( ^! laboratories1 we %\ld c]ta9ly exagg]ate4 ,let u suppose1 nev]!less1 t x is s2 & let u ev5 admit five victims a day1 ) #cjj work+ days 9 ! ye>1 :i* is also an evid5t exagg]ation3 ?is w make ab\t #bjj1jjj victims a ye>4 ,?is numb]1 :i* seems v consid]able1 is 9 reality v small1 if we put x aga9/ ! enorm\s numb] ( liv+ be+s4 ,probably ab\t two ?\s& millions ( mammals die e ye>1 s t ! proportion ( animals t suff] a little 7& v little7 ?r\gh ! act ( man 9 8 se>* = k is "o 9 #aj1jjj1 9 o!r words1 a negligible quantity4 ,9 ! imm5se e>?ly univ]se are ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( pa9s1 ( fi]ce1 incessant /ruggles betwe5 liv+ animals4 ,e rock 9 ! ocean1 e tree 9 ! =e/1 %elt]s f]oci\s combats1 & is ! con/ant sc5e ( pa9ful dea?-agonies4 ,d>w9 has admirably %[n t life is a /ruggle = life1 t ! weak are cru%$ by ! /rong1 & t ! voice ( liv+ nature is a cry ( di/ress r ?an a hymn ( joy4 ,!re=e1 9 ?is univ]sal conc]t ( animal pa9 & ( human pa91 ! slight pa9 ( animals exp]im5t$ ^u is a little ?+1 & f an absolute po9t ( view we h ! "r to disreg>d x4 ,?9k well ov] x all = a mom5t4 ,by giv+ an exp]im5tal disease to a rabbit1 = example1 ,i sc>cely *ange its lot4 ,if ,i _h left x to itself1 9 "o1 two1 or p]haps ?ree ye>s x w\ld h be5 attack$ by ano!r disease1 probably m cruel ?an ! tub]culosis ) :i* ,i infect$ x4 ,! lot ( dogs :i* die ( old age is sc>cely enviable4 ,h[ _m poor old dogs h ,i se51 impot5t f rheumatism1 completely bl9d1 no long] able to crawl ab\t1 cov]$ ) disgu/+ ulc]s1 seem+ to beg = ! f9i%+ /roke :i* w\ld put an end to _! mis]y6 ,& old1 worn-out horses6 ,:at a spectacle6 ,?is residuum ( exi/5ce ( old animals is truly pitiable1 &1 tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 x is n an enorm\s dose ( happ9ess we h left !m 9 n sacrific+ !m :5 !y 7 "y4 ,b ,i %all n dwell ^u ?is argum5t1 = x might also be appli$ to human be+s4 ,! ,greeks said3 ,happy are !y :o die "y1 = !y are belov$ ( ! gods4 ,p]haps "s day human e?ics w all[ u to sp>e our de> ones ! cruel & useless suff]+s ( old age6 ,i "k n4 ,b :at ,i d "k is t x is n inhuman to sacrifice an old horse or an old dog 9 ord] to save x f go+ ?r\gh all ! tortures :i* old age & disease hold 9 res]ve = him4 ,9 any case1 ! suff]+s produc$ by physiologi/s :o inoculate diseases into animals weigh v little 9 comp>ison ) natural suff]+1 n only because ! suff]+ ( animals is always m or less imm]s$ 9 ! nihilism ( semi-consci\sness1 b also because ^! exp]im5tal suff]+s are less ?an natural suff]+s1 & ext5d ov] a v small numb] ( victims4 ,b ! "q does n lie !re4 ,! po9t is n :e!r ! suff]+ ( animals be a l>ge or small quantity 9 nature f an absolute /&po9t2 ! "q is a high] "o3 we mu/ ask ourselves if ! fact ( inflict+ pa9 is compatible ) human morality4 ,tol/oi says some:]e t ! sci5ces are no?+1 t art is no?+1 t ! true sci5ce is t ( good & evil1 ( ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,ev]y?+ s9ks into insignificance 9 pres5ce ( ?is great duty1 or r life has no o!r object4 ,we %\ld be entirely engross$ 9 do+ good2 ju/ice %\ld be our sole preoccupation4 ,if1 !n1 f an absolute po9t ( view ! suff]+ ( frogs & rabbits does n c\nt1 x c\nts a lot f ! po9t ( view ( human morality4 ,if a bad *ild %\ld m>tyrise a toad1 x is n ! toad :i* w\ld int]e/ me3 poor creature ( diffus$ consci\sness1 ignorant ev5 ( its own pa91 su* a t9y pa91 too1 9 comp>ison ) ! imm5se pa9s :i* ! be+s ( ?is great univ]se are suff]+ at ?is mom5t6 ,no2 ! toad w\ld sc>cely exi/ = me4 ,! *ild w\ld int]e/ me greatly2 & all my pity w\ld be turn$ ^u t cruel *ild4 ,my ef=ts w\ld t5d mu* less t[>ds prev5t+ ! toad f suff]+ ?an t[>ds prev5t+ t human be+ f becom+ a b>b>ian4 ,if ! anti-vivisectioni/s 7 true morali/s & n fanatics !y w\ld say3 ,to provoke suff]+ to produce disease1 to inflict tortures1 is an execrable moral lesson4 ,:il/ ! fir/ duty ( man is to be good1 y in/ruct "y m5 to be wick$4 ,! doctor1 :o ought to be compassionate = human suff]+1 %\ld n s]ve 8 appr5tice%ip 9 t noble pr(ession by %[+ himself devoid ( pity = ! suff]+ ( innoc5t victims4 ,a civilisation :i* all[s itself to inflict dea? & torture on liv+ be+s c be only a b>b>\s civilisation4 ,i recognise ! =ce ( t argum5t4 ,& :il/ n a s+le "o ( ! prec$+ ass]tions ( ! anti-vivisectioni/s _h succe$$ 9 mov+ me1 ,i confess t ?is objection ( human morality is a mo/ p[]ful "o4 ,i am nev]!less go+ to try to %[ t x is n admissible4 ,& fir/ ( all1 because !re is 9 ?is _w mu* suff]+1 human suff]+1 :i* x is m important to allay ?an t ( ! victims ( vivisection4 ,if our sole c>e 7 t ( morality1 :at battles w\ld we n h to fight6 ,!re are ?\s&s ( p 9 ,india :o die ( hung]2 & ?r\gh\t ,asia :ole populations p]i% ( disease :i* a little hygi5e c\ld prev5t4 ,! hung]-evil is rife 9 ,russia2 mo/ ( ! peasants 9 ,sicily also nev] "k :at x is to satisfy _! hung]4 ,! mis]y ( *ildr5 is lam5table ev]y:]e3 9 our l>ge cities1 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,london1 x is n exceptional1 alas6 to come across p dy+ ( hung]4 ,! t]ribly high rate ( mortality among *ildr5 less ?an a ye> old is due to hung] & to hung] alone4 ,9 ,europe two million *ildr51 "u "o ye> ( age1 die e ye> solely because _! p>5ts are plung$ 9 mis]y1 because ! "m1 in/ead ( nurs+ h] *ild1 is =c$ to "w1 to e>n h] liv+ at manual lab\r1 :i* dries up h] milk4 ,^! two million *ildr5 :o die ( hung] are ! disgrace ( our civilisation4 ,& yet we cont9ue to live 9 luxury1 we look on calmly & indiff]5tly at ! agony ( our human bro!rs1 an agony :i* we c\ld easily alleviate4 ,= my "p1 will+ly %all ,i all[ myself to be melt$ ) pity at ! sight ( tub]cul\s rabbits :5 ,i see ^? p]sons :o *ampion ^! same rabbits1 develop )9 !mselves "s pity = human suff]+1 a pity gr[n s deep1 s p[]ful1 t !y devote _! entire =tune t[>ds rescu+ _! bre?r5 f dea? ?r\gh hung]4 ,!re is n only fam9e & want4 ,!re are _m o!r social sc\rges2 & ^! sc\rges are mu* m s]i\s ?an vivisection c ev] become4 ,!re is alcoholism1 pro/itution1 w>4 ,& ,i h no ne$ to say t alcoholism is an evil1 t pro/itution is an evil1 t w> is an evil4 ,:5 human morality has be5 develop$ to su* a pit* t man w no long] be able to look on ^! great social mis]ies )\t horror1 x w be "t en\gh p]haps to ask if x be p]missible to seek = tru? at ! exp5se ( a little animal suff]+4 ,b until !n ,i h ! "r to /igmatise z hypocrisy all t imm5se pity :i* c]ta9 p pr(ess = dogs1 side by side ) _! imm5se he$lessness1 :i* !y d n fe> to display1 t[>ds ! fate ( s _m un=tunate human be+s4 ,if anti-vivisectioni/s 7 animat$ by a great desire = morality1 !y w\ld endeav\r to re=m our social condition1 :i* is abom9able & full ( horrors2 !y w\ld /rive to imp>t into y\? o!r notions ?an t ( smug satisfaction ) ! pres5t social conditions4 ,z long z we h n fac$ ! pr(\nd evils :i* gnaw at ! root ( our social sy/em1 z long z we take a delight 9 ! egoti/ical satisfaction ( our capitali/ & m>tial society1 x is n p]missible1 if we w\ld n be accus$ ( sc&al\s hypocrisy1 to affect pret5sions to morality4 ,ev5 f ! v exclusive & r paltry po9t ( view ( animals' rights1 are !re n among anti-vivisectioni/s ^? ( social position :o make no scruple 9 amus+ !mselves by fi%+ & hunt+8 ,9 ?is case !y kill1 !y m>tyrise1 n to conqu] new tru?s1 b = _! amusem5t & recreation4 ,! hunt] :o fires at a h>e s5ds aft] ! w\nd$ animal a savage dog1 tra9$ to fi]c5ess = ?is pursuit1 & he looks on at ! *ase ) delight4 ,! angl] :o has hook$ a fi% feels a pleasurable emotion :5 he holds 9 ! palm ( 8 h& ! /ruggl+1 wri?+ be+4 ,elegant sportsm5 aim at pigeons to give pro(s ( _! dext]ity4 ,a l>ge numb] ( victims d n die on ! spot1 b1 ) w\nd$ w+1 or *e/ pi]c$ ) lead1 creep away to die 9 agony 9 ! neighb\r+ woods4 ,q a l>ge ga!r+ ( fa%ionable "y wom5 & di/+ui%$ "y m5 foll[ on horseback ! tortures ( a wret*$ /ag pursu$ by a furi\s pack ( h\nds4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! entire population ( a l>ge city 7,seville or ,madrid1 ,san ,seba/ian or ,val5cia71 m5 & wom51 old & "y1 g crazy ) delight at ! hide\s spectacle ( a noble bull disemb[ell+ horses1 torm5t$ by ! picadors1 & f9ally succumb+1 exhau/$1 done to dea? by 8 c[>dly enemies4 ,!re are sights = y6 !re are amusem5ts = y if y l1 :i* reflect scant hon\r on human e?ics2 & well d ,i und]/& g5]\s-he>t$ m5 & wom5 =m+ societies to combat w>1 alcoholism1 pro/itution1 di/ribut+ _! weal? among ! />v+ populations1 also turn+ _! en]gies aga9/ hunt+1 angl+1 pigeon-%oot+1 & bullfights4 ,x is a noble programme ( life :i* !y h drawn up = !mselves1 & su* p m]it our highe/ admiration4 ,societies = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to animals are admirable & irreproa*able :5 !y def5d animals aga9/ human savag]y3 = example1 :5 !y prev5t c>t]s f la%+ into ribbons ! sk9 ( ! mis]able horses "u _! *>ge2 or :5 !y put d[n ! practice ( h>ness+ a horse to a c>t too heavily load$2 or :5 !y int]dict cock-fight+ & bull-bait+4 ,i w ev5 po9t out to ^! same societies1 s enam\r$ ( animals' rights1 a new k9d ( protection ( q a special nature4 ,!re exi/ a numb] ( species ( animals :i*1 hunt$ & hemm$ 9 by man1 are on ! po9t ( ext9ction4 ,h[ _m1 alas6 h = ev] disappe>$2 & no human p[] w ev] be able to br+ back to life an animal species once ext9ct4 ,x is a great pity2 = ^! *>m+ =ms1 ! joy ( ! eyes1 provid$ ) curi\s & delicate in/9cts1 h be5 annihilat$ = ev]4 ,i w give "s examples to %[ to :at an ext5t x is necess>y = man to protect ! animal aga9/ man himself4 ,man has ! ta/e = deva/ation2 & :5 he is excit$1 ei!r by ! fury ( ! hunt or ! bait ( ga91 he does n hesitate to make _m victims )\t ask+ himself if ^! furi\s ravages w n f9d _! consummation 9 ! de/ruction ( an entire race ( animals4 ,already 9 ! ,pol> regions1 "s f9e species ( animals h disappe>$4 ,! great auk 7ext9ct s9ce #ahdd7 exi/s no long]4 ,"o species ( walrus has also disappe>$4 ,! seal is on ! road to ext9ction2 fi%]m5 h indulg$ 9 su* orgies ( de/ruction t int]national measures h _h to be tak5 to prev5t ! total de/ruction ( ! species4 ,& inde$ be x n =gott5 t if ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,engl& & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h made regulations re/rict+ ! massacre ( seals1 x is n by any means 9 ord] to /em ! tide ( de/ruction ( an animal species int]e/+ 9 itself1 b solely because su* de/ruction w\ld put an end to a s\rce ( v consid]able comm]cial pr(it4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :ales 7 s abundant t #cj1jjj fi%]m5 e>n$ _! liv+ by :ale-hunt+4 ,n[1 our means ( w>f>e aga9/ ! cetacea h become s effective t :ales c no long] def5d !mselves1 & _! numb] is decreas+ e day to su* an ext5t t we c almo/ =etell ! mom5t :5 ! :ale w h ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 ,am]ica1 va/ regions 7 ov]run by imm5se h]ds ( bisons4 ,!y h be5 massacr$ ) su* mad & bl9d ard\r t if ! ,gov]nm5t _h n f9ally tak5 "s t>dy & insuffici5t measures ( precaution1 ! bison w\ld be ext9ct too4 ,auro*s1 elks1 *amois1 be>s h almo/ disappe>$1 :]eas a c5tury ago !y 7 widely diffus$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 proportion z man takes possession ( ! e>? to cultivate x1 he kills (f e wild species & replaces !m by dome/ic species :]e race loses its value4 ,if ?is goes on1 a "t w come1 un=tunately1 :5 all-p[]ful man1 hav+ giv5 himself up to ! ?\ghtless de/ruction ( ev]y?+ n ( imm$iate use to him1 w h wip$ (f ! face ( ! e>? all save dome/ic animals4 ,!re w be h5s1 ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 & gu9ea-f[ls1 %eep1 ox51 donkeys1 horses1 c[s4 ,p]haps = ! pleasure ( hunt+1 a few de] & a few h>es w be pres]v$2 b all wild species :i* _c be reproduc$ 9 captivity w h disappe>$1 w no long] be !re to delight our gaze4 ,9 ,france1 ! small birds are de/roy$ 9 rank fury1 & e measure tak5 to protect !m is inefficaci\s1 ?anks to ! rage = de/ruction among ! inhabitants4 ,asia & ,africa once ^u a "t--:5 almo/ unkn[n & unexplor$ by ,europeans--%elt]$ _m a noble animal species to-day well-nigh ext9ct1 & :i*1 if /rict measures ( precaution be n spe$ily tak51 w soon h disappe>$ = ev]4 ,! l>ge monkeys1 ! o/ri*1 ! giraffe1 & especially ! elephant1 %un ! haunts ( man1 = man is _! ru?less enemy4 ,x looks z ?\gh a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 n "o w be left4 ,x is n )\t sadness we ?9k ( t future civilisation1 a brilliant "o p]haps f sev]al po9ts ( view1 b monoton\s & tame1 z x w no long] possess ?is m>vell\s v>iety ( diff]5t animal species :i* is z "o ( ! smiles ( nature4 ,a pitiable uni=mity w replace ! v>i$ =ms :i* natural selection has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to br+ =?2 & !n p]haps "s t>dy poet1 9 contemplation be=e ! va/ %eepfolds & p\ltry f>ms1 :]e man w cultivate ! species ( use to him1 w regret ^? f>-(f days :5 birds ( all k9ds sang 9 ! =e/s1 bl5d+ _! gambols ) ^? ( ! graceful animals :i* human civilisation w h annihilat$4 ,!re1 ,i fancy1 is a f]tile subject = m$itation1 & int]e/+ initiative = all ^? :o h at he>t ! rights ( animals1 &1 if ,i may express myself ?us1 ! future ( animality4 ,b ! sight ( a vivisection1 ! prep>ation ( a laboratory exp]im5t _c be comp>$ ) ! /upid & mis*iev\s pleasures ( angl+ & hunt+4 ,x is n a "q ( amus+ oneself1 ( kill+ "t1 ( div]sion1 ( f9d+ 9 ! sight ( blood or pa9 a recreation = bor$om4 ,x is q ano!r motive :i* animates ! savant4 ,he has ev] be=e 8 m9d ! ?\ght t 8 ef=ts are go+ to br+ a little alleviation to ! great sum ( human suff]+4 ,if he inoculates a rabbit ) tub]culosis1 he _c help ?9k+ ( all ! wret*$ consumptives :o are at t mom5t 9 ! ?roes ( dea?4 ,he kn[s well t ea* "t he discov]s ev5 only a p>ticle ( tru?1 t little bit ( new tru? is go+ to br+ 9 its tra9 "s consequ5ce :i* w be> fruit 9 ! heal+ ( suff]+ mank9d4 ,x is ) no light-he>t$ness t ! physiologi/ causes ! blood to fl[1 inoculates disease1 injects poisons4 ,i "k ! ?\ght :i* animates my fri5ds & my colleagues :5 !y make _! exp]im5ts3 x is nev] )\t ! mo/ pr(\nd pity t we d>e to take a heal?y1 gay1 confid+ animal1 & give him *lor(orm1 or inject a poison into him4 ,?is respect = pa91 f> f decreas+ ) age1 on ! contr>y goes on increas+4 ,j z ! doctor z he gr[s old] becomes m & m s5sitive to ! sight ( human suff]+1 s ! physiologi/ :o has p]=m$ _m exp]im5ts und]/&s m & m ?or\ghly ! s]i\sness ( pa94 ,he feels all ! weight ( x3 he has a great] responsibility4 ,8 morality has become high] & high]1 8 s5sibility has increas$4 ,(t5 he repeats to himself ?is l9e ( ,virgil's3-- ,non ign>a mali mis]is succurr]e disco4 7,kn[+ mis=tune1 ,i tea* ! succ\r ( ! wret*$47 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be altoge!r unju/ to reproa* ! exp]im5t] ) b>b>ism or inhumanity2 = m ?an any "o else does he possess ! s5tim5t ( ! imm5se mis=tunes ( humanity1 & if he resigns himself to exp]im5tation1 x is because he sees beh9d 8 exp]im5t an alleviation ( ! suff]+s ( bo? man & bea/4 ,x is relat$ t1 9 "o ( ! great battles ( ! la/ c5tury1 a g5]al1 9 ord] to protect ! retreat ( 8 army1 0 oblig$ to s5d a squadron ( cavalry to make a hopeless *>ge ^u ! enemy's infantry4 ,?is meant s5d+ ^? brave fell[s to c]ta9 dea?4 ,yet he did n hesitate2 & ) te>s 9 8 eyes he gave ! ord] to *>ge1 conv9c$1 z e g5]al %\ld be1 t x is sometimes necess>y to sacrifice a few human lives = ! salvation ( ! army1 = ! salvation ( ! c\ntry4 ,well1 !n6 ,we consid] ourselves z soldi]s wag+ battle aga9/ ! bl9d1 malefic =ces ( nature4 ,on c]ta9 days1 s z to triumph ov] disease & ignorance1 we mu/ sacrifice a few victims4 ,!n we d n hesitate1 & x is our duty n to hesitate4 ,x ev5 seems to me t ^? m5 :o pass _! lives 9 nause\s rooms1 amid/ poison & virus1 receiv+ no o!r recomp5se = long lab\rs ?an ! satisfaction ( duty accompli%$1 m]it ! e/eem & respect ( e "o4 ,!y seek nei!r weal? nor hon\rs4 ,x is n 9 ! laboratories ( physiology t a man gr[s ri*4 ,x is n 9 ! laboratories ( physiology t man w9s high social positions4 ,b :at matt]6 ,he has us$ 8 life to alleviate ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,he has _h ev] be=e him ano!r ideal ?an t ( ! anti-vivisectioni/s1 ! ideal ( human suff]+1 :i* is mu* m to be respect$ ?an animal suff]+ 9 spite ( all empty words & phrases4 ,!re=e1 :5 we speak ( vivisection or ( exp]im5tation be=e "y m51 we mu/ n be tax$ ) immorality2 because "w1 ! se>* = tru?1 pity = ! mis=tunes ( man1 pity also = ! un=tunate animals--^! ,i ?9k are subjects :i* %\ld ennoble ! m9ds ( ! "y m5 :o li/5 to u4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,are ,,laws ,,regulat+ ,,vivisection ,,necess>y8 ,we w n[ briefly consid] an int]e/+ & highly practical side ( ! "q4 ,9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 z 9 ,engl&1 !re are laws regulat+ vivisection4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 z 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 !re is no?+ analog\s2 consequ5tly public op9ion on ?is po9t is unc]ta94 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is book1 ,i ackn[l$g$ t1 9 spite ( ! exagg]ation ( _! compla9ts1 anti-vivisectioni/s _h r5d]$ real s]vice to g5]al morality by call+ att5tion to ! excesses committ$ by a few vivisectioni/s 9 ! pa/4 ,no "o recognises ?is b5efit m ?an ,i1 & ,i will+ly grant t _! prea*+ has1 on ! :ole1 _h a happy result4 ,is x h[ev]1 exp$i5t to g fur!r1 & to prohibit or simply to regulate vivisection8 ,= reasons giv5 above1 x seems to me t prohibition w\ld be absurd & injuri\s1 z well 9 ! l& ( ,h>vey & ,hunt] z 9 ! l&s ( ,b]n>d & ,pa/eur1 ( ,galvani & ,spallanzani1 ( ,johannes ,muell] & ,helmholtz4 ,prohibition w\ld mean clos+ ! book ( sci5ce1 /emm+ all progress1 condemn+ humanity et]nally to ! same mis]ies1 to wri!1 p[]less1 9 ! same old track4 ,=tunately1 no "o ?9ks s]i\sly ( suppress+ physiological exp]im5tation2 &1 !re=e1 we h no ne$ to dwell on ?is po9t4 ,b regulation is q a diff]5t ?+ f prohibition4 ,n[1 ,i %[$ t c]ta9 practices %\ld be condemn$4 ,%\ld !y1 h[ev]1 be condemn$ by law8 ,:y %\ld ! law be sub/itut$ = ! exig5cies ( sci5ce8 ,"h is a physiologi/1 fully consci\s ( ! magnitude ( 8 task1 to :om ! gov]nm5t or a univ]sity has confid$ ! direction ( a laboratory1 :o f9ds himself face to face ) a problem ne$+ to be solv$4 ,x is impossible to limit 8 ef=ts & to lay d[n pr9ciples f :i* he c\ld n turn aside4 ,j z he is ref]r$ to = ! pur*ase ( 8 in/rum5ts & ! nom9ation ( 8 /aff1 s mu/ he be left full latitude 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,no?+ is s p]nici\s 9 matt]s ( sci5ce z (ficial regulation2 x takes away all initiative1 & does n all[ ! g5ius ( ! inv5tor to h full play4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 ! only c\ntry :]e up to ! pres5t ! conditions ( vivisection h be5 regulat$ by law1 no "o has v5tur$ to conf9e ! initiative ( ! exp]im5t] )9 n>r[ regulations4 ,& x is =tunate t no "o has v5tur$ to def9e ! limits ( exp]im5tal inve/igation1 = mo/ excell5t "w is due to contempor>y ,engli% ,physiologi/s--,s*aef]1 ,horsley1 ,%]r+ton1 ,langley1 ,bayliss1 ,/>l+1 ,/irl+1 etc4 ,!y h be5 able to pursue _! rese>*es freely1 to ! v great advantage ( our sci5ce4 ,"o %\ld n1 !n1 ?9k ( prohibit+ su* or su* a proce$+ 9 vivisection4 ,x may ev5 be dang]\s to absolutely prohibit vivisections )\t anae/hesia4 ,i make no my/]y ( my op9ion on ?is po9t1 s9ce ,i h di/9ctly decl>$ fur!r back t no s5sitive animal %\ld ev] be op]at$ ^u4 ,i reg>d z a moral error all vivisection made on an animal capable ( suff]+4 ,b ,i w\ld leave ! physiologi/ to be ! judge 9 ! matt]4 ,i d n believe ! law %\ld take 8 place2 = p]haps cases w occur :]e anae/hesia is impossible1 & he _c be plac$ "u ! h>d alt]native ( n mak+ an exp]im5t :i* 8 consci5ce z a savant judges to be useful1 or ( disobey+ ! law4 ,moreov]1 h[ are ! _m possible conditions ( an exp]im5t to be precisely laid d[n8 ,is ! law to indicate ! k9d ( anae/hetic to be us$1 & ! degree ( anae/hesia to be atta9$8 ,is x to prohibit all exp]im5ts on toxic actions8 ,_m insoluble difficulties w\ld be enc\nt]$1 ! sole result ( :i* w\ld be to p>alyse ! savant 9 8 rese>*es or to cause him to break ! laws ( 8 c\ntry4 ,& yet ,i recognise t regulation is indisp5sable1 b x ought n to be> on ! nature ( ! exp]im5t2 x %\ld deal solely ) ! p]son exp]im5t+4 ,i believe ! "r ( practis+ vivisection %\ld n be accord$ to e citiz51 to e m$ical /ud5t2 x %\ld n be p]missible = any *ance p]son to take a dog1 to fa/5 him d[n on ! op]at+ table1 & to exp]im5t on ! bra91 ! gl&s1 ! muscles ( t un=tunate animal1 = t *ance p]son is1 9 all probability1 a clumsy & ignorant man4 ,vivisection may n be und]tak5 9 a light-he>t$ fa%ion4 ,aft] all1 sci5ce w\ld lose no?+ if su* an exp]im5t 7 n made1 & ,i see no advantage 9 enc\rag+ attempts ( ?is sort :i* are condemn$ be=eh& to be fruitless4 ,b 9 a laboratory ( physiology1 "u ! direction ( ! pr(essor & 8 assi/ants1 "u _! moral responsibility1 vivisection %\ld n be prohibit$2 ! numb] ( vivisections %\ld n be limit$1 & no re/rictions ought to be impos$4 ,z ,i h no int5tion ( =mulat+ or draw+ up regulations or enact+ laws1 ,i %all n indicate ! p5alties to :i* ^? :o violate ! law %\ld be liable4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) enunciat+ ?is d\ble pr9ciple3 entire lib]ty 9 vivisection = pr(essors ( physiology & _! assi/ants2 prohibition ( vivisection = all o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,vivisection ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,sci5ce ,let u n[ leave ! op9ions ( anti-vivisectioni/s1 & c>ry ! problem on to high] gr\nd4 ,let u see :at are ! rights ( man 9 ,nature1 & :at is ! purpose ( human life4 ,amid/ all ! unsettl$ & contradictory !ories accumulat$ by philosoph]s1 ?9k]s & f\nd]s ( religion1 !re rema9s sc>cely any fix$ & immutable !ory save t ( "o dom9at+ pr9ciple3 ,! respect & love ( our bro!rs 9 humanity4 ,all else is conte/able & conte/$4 ,?\gh we are unable to demon/rate x =mally1 !re is "o univ]sal moral law 7! great ,categorical ,imp]ative ( ,kant7 :i* comm&s u to be j & b5efic5t to our fell[-creatures4 ,all ! mo/ subtle sophisms w nev] be able to p]suade me t ,i ought n1 above all ?+s1 to feel solicitude = ! lives & happ9ess ( m54 ,i will+ly admit t beside man !re is ! animal1 our inf]ior bro!r z x has be5 +5i\sly call$1 s t we h also our duties t[>ds ^! inf]ior bro!rs4 ,b ?is mu/ nev] be to ! detrim5t ( our real bro!rs4 ,x seems to me insane to consid] ! life ( a cat ( m acc\nt ?an t ( a man2 ! pa9 ( a dog ?an t ( a *ild4 ,all ! m s because liv+ matt]1 if ,i may use t expression1 possesses v>y+ degrees ( p]fection2 f ! sea-we$ up to man !re are successive /ages ( liv+ =ms :i* con/itute an un9t]rupt$ *a9 end+ 9 its f9al phase1 :i* is man4 ,man1 by 8 p[] ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly ( suff]+1 by ! conception :i* he is able to make ( ! non-self1 by 8 faculties ( ab/raction & ! notion ( good & evil1 is va/ly sup]ior to e o!r liv+ be+4 ,s t1 = respect+1 def5d+ & lov+ m51 ,i h n only ! reason t man is my bro!r1 b also t ?is bro!r is sup]ior to e o!r liv+ ?+4 ,t is :y a moral code mu/ be ess5tially human1 hav+ = its highe/ object ! happ9ess ( o!r m54 ,e o!r code ( morals1 hav+ 9 view a diff]5t purpose support+ itself on metaphysical lucubrations or haunt$ by pu]ile anxieties1 su* z ! adoration ( bea/s1 appe>s to me to be> ! /amp ( feti%ism4 ,an unkn[n p[] has caus$ u to be born2 we are entirely ignorant ( our de/9ies1 we "k n :y we 7 born1 :y we die1 :y1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( c\ntless g5]ations1 we transmit ! vital sp>k to c\ntless succe$+ g5]ations4 ,we "k no?+ ( all t2 b x matt]s little f ! po9t ( view ( our duty4 ,duty is indep5d5t ( all !ory4 ,no m]e religion is necess>y to con/itute a moral code4 ,homo sum1 humani nihil a me ali5um puto1 or r our moral code1 w be ! religion ( humanity4 ,x does n seem to me possible to conceive ( any o!r4 ,& :5 we say humanity1 we take t ^w 9 its l>ge/ acceptation4 ,x is n a "q ( compatriots1 nor ( ,europeans1 nor ev5 ( humanity ( to-day4 ,x is also a "q ( ! humanity ( ! future4 ,we h our duties t[>ds ! man ( to-day2 b we h also our duties t[>ds ! man :o w live 9 ! c5turies to come4 ,we %\ld prep>e ! way = a happi] & bett] humanity4 ,our task is n limit$ to ! pres5t h\r2 x ext5ds to all ^? human be+s :o w come aft] u4 ,inasmu* z we ( to-day1 at e mom5t ( our lives1 b5efit f ! accumulat$ s]vices ( our ance/ors1 s ! m5 to come w pr(it by ! b5efits :i* we are endeav\r+ to prep>e = !m4 ,assur$ly1 ,humanity w n be et]nal1 & ,sci5ce seems to prove t a "t w come :5 ! sun's heat w be insuffici5t to develop life on ! surface ( our puny planet4 ,a "t w come :5 ! e>? w h cool$ d[n & become l our pale satellite1 ! moon1 a dead />1 :]e ! debris ( ext9ct multitud9\s civilisations w disappe> "u ! ice4 ,b :at matt]6 ,we h n to tr\ble ourselves ab\t ^? f>-(f times4 ,we h to ?9k ( ! man ( ! com+ c5turies1 &1 at ! same "t1 x goes )\t say+1 ( ! man ( to-day4 ,to less5 _! mis]y1 to make _! exi/5ce less lam5table1 to develop )9 !m ! s5tim5ts ( ju/ice & bro!rhood1 to secure _! moral welf>e & _! mat]ial welf>e1 t is our /rict & sole duty4 ,i recognise no o!r4 ,n[1 !re is b "o way op5 to atta9 ?is noble goal3 ,sci5ce4 ,we are plung$ 9 an ocean ( gloom4 ,all is d>k1 unkn[n1 di/urb+4 ,we h n yet und]/ood any?+ ( ! bl9d =ces surr\nd+ u on all sides4 ,we are b feeble be+s ca/ into ! mid/ ( sov]eign p[]s :i* ov]:elm & be> u d[n4 ,n[1 to avoid be+ completely & def9itely cru%$ out ( exi/5ce1 x is necess>y to p5etrate into ! nature ( ^! =ces4 ,alas6 we %all nev] p5etrate into !m1 = x is madness to ?9k t a p>ticle ( ! :ole c ev] fully cognise ! :ole2 b we may at lea/ demon/rate "s facts1 fa?om "s ph5om5a1 p]haps trace a few ( ! features ( c]ta9 laws4 ,t is en\gh to make u in/antly ! ma/]s ( matt] & n its slaves4 ,e new tru? at once br+s ab\t an amelioration 9 human conditions4 ,x may be said t our happ9ess is made up ( tru?4 ,let u suppose :at is improbable1 t is to say1 t we h come to "k all ! laws ( ,nature1 %\ld we n imm$iately become all-p[]ful8 ,%\ld we n be ! sov]eign ma/]s ( disease & pa91 p]haps ( old age & dea?8 ,su*1 inde$1 appe>s to be ! conviction ( ! human societies :i* assign a prepond]at+ role to ,sci5ce4 ,!y h und]/ood t !re is no bett] future 9 /ore = ! human be+ ?an t :i* ,sci5ce w br+ ab\t = him4 ,to be able to appreciate ! ext5t to :i* ! man ( to-day is mat]ially & morally happi] ?an ! man ( pa/ ages1 we h only to comp>e ! pres5t /ate ( our civilisation ) ! /ate ( pa/ civilisations4 ,we may say t an ,engli% lab\r] ( to-day has a mu* easi] exi/5ce ?an _h an ,italian pr9ce ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,ev]y:]e1 ! progress a*iev$ by ,sci5ce has ent]$ into ! life ( ea* individual4 ,we f9d x 9 ! book we read1 9 ! electricity :i* gives u light1 9 ! tra9 or ! /eam] :i* c>ries u to ! utt]mo/ corn]s ( ! e>? 9 little "t & at little co/4 ,x is ! same ?+ also ) m$icam5ts1 :i* are c]ta9ly able to less5 ! pa9 ( disease4 ,moral progress has kept pace ) mat]ial progress4 ,at ! same "t t matt] has be5 ov]come1 our cu/oms h become g5tl]2 individual lib]ty is a sacr$ ?+2 ea* citiz5 takes "p 9 ! decisions ( 8 gov]nm5t2 !re is no long] ei!r slav]y or torture or tyranny ( consci5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 ! man ( to-day is happi] & m p[]ful ?an ! man ( bygone days4 ,?is happ9ess has n be5 acquir$ ?r\gh any provid5tial miracles4 ,no ,god came d[n f ,8 ,heav5 to alleviate human mis=tunes4 ,x is man1 & man alone1 :o1 by 8 g5ius & 8 lab\rs1 has be5 able to make himself ma/] ( ! =ces :i*1 ev5 ye/]day1 held him 9 bondage4 ,& we _c be too grateful to our fa!rs = _! imm5se & fruitful lab\rs1 by :i* !y succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ ! society 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live4 ,x is /ill wret*$ en\gh1 ?is society ( ours1 afflict$ ) crimes & horrors1 ! infamy ( :i* we und]/& full well2 b h[ev] wret*$ x may be1 x is a ?\s& times less wret*$ ?an 0 society ( yore4 ,!re=e1 ?is =mal conclusion may at once be d$uc$2 we mu/ d = our desc5dants :at our fa!rs did = u4 ,we w\ld be )\t excuse if we re/$ cont5t to b5efit f ! works ( our pr$ecessors )\t ourselves also creat+ some?+1 )\t leav+1 by means ( our p]sonal lab\rs1 a bett] lot to our desc5dants4 ,! man :o has n und]/ood ?is supreme duty is truly unwor?y ( be+ a man4 ,v]ily1 e individual1 :5 he has arriv$ at ! end ( 8 life1 %\ld exam9e 8 consci5ce & ask himself if 9 ! humble sph]e ( 8 action1 he has n1 ev5 he also1 contribut$ a /one to ! human edifice1 if he has n done 8 %>e 9 promot+ & increas+ ! =ces ( humanity4 ,s9ce matt]s /& ?us1 s9ce ! developm5t ( ,sci5ce is ! fundam5tal condition ( ! happ9ess ( man1 we mu/ resolutely put ,sci5ce at ! basis ( e civilisation4 ,alas6 x has n be5 s up to ! pres5t2 & if we /udy ! developm5t ( human societies1 we see t !y are above all ?+s attract$ to w>4 ,sci5ce has _h only ! leav+s4 ,b ! "t has come :5 man %\ld no long] believe t ! pr9ciple ( morality is man's /ruggle aga9/ man4 ,t 0 ! hi/ory ( bye-gone times4 ,! hi/ory ( to-day1 & especially ! hi/ory ( to-morr[1 is ! /ruggle ( man aga9/ matt]1 ! subjection ( natural =ces to our intellig5ce4 ,& !re is no o!r way to subjugate ^! =ces ?an by le>n+ to "k !m4 ,!n ,sci5ce w be put 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,& )\t mak+ any classification :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 ! sci5ces1 :i* are all useful1 beautiful1 & noble1 = all conta9 a portion ( tru?1 we %all be p]mitt$ to say t ! ,sci5ce ( life is "o ( ! mo/ useful1 ! mo/ noble1 & ! mo/ beautiful4 ,n[1 ! ,sci5ce ( life is ,physiology1 tak+ physiology 9 its wide/ s5se1 t is to say1 ! /udy ( normal be+s & ( diseas$ be+s4 ,x is prov$ by innum]able facts1 facts :i* only bad fai? & ignorance c call into "q1 t our physiological k is due1 9 a v l>ge measure1 to exp]im5tation4 ,if 9 ?\ght we suppress$ ! sci5tific results :i* exp]im5tation has conqu]$1 we %\ld h b an inf]ior sci5ce1 )9 ! rea* ( ! ,brahmans may be1 b unwor?y ( our pres5t sci5tific /&+4 ,we %\ld "k no?+ ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 nor ! function ( ! blood corpuscles1 nor ! =mation ( sug>1 nor ! inn]vation ( ! gl&s1 nor ! contagi\sness ( disease1 nor ! p[] ( poisons2 we %\ld be r$uc$ to ! notions ( ,hippocrates1 we %\ld be less advanc$ ?an ,galileo1 ! fir/ +5i\s exp]im5t] :o indicat$1 less by 8 writ+s ?an by 8 exp]im5ts1 t ! basis ( physiology1 & consequ5tly ( ! :ole ( pa?ology1 is exp]im5tation on animals4 ,^? mo/ s9c]e p]sons :o wi% to bani% exp]im5tation f ,sci5ce are consequ5tly1 ,i d n fe> to say x1 /&+ 9 ! position ( direct contradiction to true morality4 ,to refuse man ! "r to /udy liv+ nature1 is z ?\gh we decl>$ t liv+ nature ought n to be kn[n4 ,alas6 anti-vivisectioni/s w n li/54 ,9 va9 d we tell !m t we1 physiologi/s1 pres]ve man f disease2 t we h alleviat$ ! ills ( our human bro!rs4 ,!y /op up _! e>s2 !y %ut _! eyes2 !y h no pity = ! suff]+s ( human be+s4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! te>s ( _! bre?r5 7 pr(\ndly indiff]5t to !m4 ,is ?is a high morality8 ,is ?is a realisation ( _! duty z m58 ,!y cov] ) opprobrium ! names ( ,h>vey & ,j5n]1 ,b]n>d & ,pa/eur1 ,spallanzani & ,helmholtz4 ,:at base +ratitude6 ,x is ^! great m5 :o h turn$ aside _m excruciat+ suff]+s f humanity2 x is ^! gr& m5 :o h be/[$ a bett] lot on s _m human be+s4 ,:51 !re=e1 !y d>e to calumniate ! ma/]s :o h scatt]$ ov] u s mu* b5efic5ce1 anti-vivisectioni/s seem to me to be n only ! mo/ ungrateful b ev5 ! cruelle/ ( m54 ,=tunately ! conqu]+ m>* ( ,sci5ce w n be h9d]$4 ,we %all nev] return to ^? s9i/] times :5 our great ,vesalius _h to =feit 8 life = hav+ d>$ to dissect a human corpse4 ,we %all cont9ue to make ,sci5ce advance t[>ds its great aim1 ! good ( man4 ,& ?is is ! mom5t :i* has be5 *os5 = /riv+ to arre/ ! m>* ( ,sci5ce3 :5 epidemic disease1 su* z ! plague & *ol]a1 is *eck$2 tub]culosis half-conqu]$2 dip!ria r5d]$ in(f5sive2 op]ations become almo/ h>mless2 canc] on ! eve ( be+ und]/ood & subjugat$6 ,& are we to /op !re8 ,are we n to seek to fa?om ! _m problems /ill wait+ to be solv$1 & on :i* dep5d ! lives ( s _m human be+s1 & s mu* human happ9ess8 ,d y believe t ,sci5ce has come to an end8 ,c]ta9ly we already "k a great deal2 b :at we "k is z no?+ comp>$ to :at we d n "k4 ,an imm5se doma9 ( unkn[n tru?s lies op5 to our activity4 ,& we are able to =see :at inexpressible b5efits ^! new tru?s w scatt] ov] suff]+ humanity4 ,consequ5tly1 ev]yone1 e man enam\r$ ( goodness & ju/ice1 %\ld be fill$ ) respect = ,sci5ce1 & set all 8 hopes on h]4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev] great may be my adoration = ,sci5ce1 x mu/ n be at ! exp5se ( human p]sonalities1 or1 let u say x di/9ctly1 at ! exp5se ( animal p]sonalities1 :i* al?\gh unc]ta9 & indi/9ct1 /ill m]it a %>e1 & a l>ge %>e1 ( ju/ice & ( pity4 ,z = human p]sonalities1 )\t ! slighte/ d\bt1 we h n ! "r to sacrifice an innoc5t creature = ,sci5ce4 ,e human be+ ought to be treat$ ) respect1 & we h n ! "r to kill & m>tyrise a human be+ ev5 if 8 dea? & 8 m>tyrdom might s]ve ! cause ( ,sci5ce4 ,z = animal p]sonalities1 ! "q becomes mu* m d\btful4 ,= inf]ior be+s ) indi/9ct consci\sness1 &1 )\t a d\bt p[]less to p]ceive pa91 no scruple %\ld hold u back4 ,b if x conc]ns be+s ne>] to ourselves1 su* z monkeys1 cats1 dogs1 horses1 all c]ta9ly capable ( feel+ pa91 we mu/ be *>y ( inflict+ pa91 & exp]im5t only aft] hav+ totally aboli%$ 9 !m all s5sation ( pa94 ,b "u p5alty ( fall+ into feti%ism1 we mu/ n fe> to use ! life ( ^! be+s 9 ord] to prolong ! life ( man4 ,e "t we propose to make an exp]im5t1 x is z ?\gh we put ?is "q to ourselves3 is ?is dog wor? m ?an a man8 or ?an a hundr$ m58 or ?an ! :ole ( humanity to come8 ,?us put1 ! problem be>s only "o solution3 ,avoid giv+ pa9 to ! animal on condition t x is n at ! co/ ( innum]able human pa9s4 ,moreov]1 x is ! same "h z 9 e "q we may wi% to inve/igate3 ,ea* ( ! two adv]s>ies set out f a j pr9ciple1 inconte/ably j4 ,b ea* "o pu%es ! j pr9ciple s f> t he ends by trans=m+ x into a colossal absurdity4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! anti-vivisectioni/s say3 pa9 is an evil1 ev5 ! obscure pa9 ( ! l[e/ animal is an evil4 ,n[1 we %\ld d no evil2 !re=e we %\ld n at any price inflict any pa9 :atsoev]1 h[ev] light x may be1 on ev5 ! l[e/ animal4 ,t is _! syllogism4 ,x _c be repli$ to1 = x is p]fectly correct4 ,we on our side say3 ,! suff]+ ( man is a sacr$ ?+4 ,sci5ce ca/s aside suff]+ f man4 ,!re=e we ought to sacrifice inf]ior be+s to ! cause ( ,sci5ce1 t is to say to ! happ9ess ( man4 ,!re aga9 lies an irreproa*able syllogism4 ,b ^! two syllogisms1 if driv5 up to _! ultimate conclusions1 w\ld lead to nons5se on ! "o h& & cruelty on ! o!r4 ,if we 7 to li/5 only to ! fri5ds ( animals1 we %\ld n h ! "r to ble$ a horse 9 ord] to save ! lives ( #djj *ildr52 & ?is cont5tion w\ld be bo? fooli% & cruel4 ,if we 7 to li/5 only to ! fri5ds ( man1 we %\ld h ! "r1 simply z dictat$ by our might & fancy1 to cause suff]+ to dogs1 cats1 monkeys1 all innoc5t & s5sitive animals1 "u pretext t ^! tortures are capable ( alleviat+ human pa94 ,t also w\ld be folly & cruelty4 ,=tunately1 wisdom avoids bo? extremes2 x fe>s ! brutality ( h>d & fa/ syllogisms1 :i* are absurd ev5 by _! v sev]ity4 ,yes1 !re are ! rights ( man2 yes1 !re are ! rights ( animals2 & all our ef=ts %\ld consi/ 9 hold+ an ev5 balance betwe5 ^! two sometimes antagoni/ic rights4 ,d n let u pu% our reason+s to _! logical b absurd extremes4 ,pre-occupation = ! welf>e ( future humanity & ( ,sci5ce does n au?orise u to be wick$ & unju/ t[>ds ! m5 ( to-day1 ev5 t[>ds "o s+le man4 ,s t1 not)/&+ my wor%ip ( ,sci5ce1 ,i w\ld n sacrifice human lives to h]4 ,&1 not)/&+ all my respect = animal pa91 ,i w\ld look ^u ! man z supremely ridicul\s1 ev5 guilty1 :o w\ld n innoculate a microbe into a rabbit to a*ieve a great discov]y = humanity4 ,wisdom1 !re=e1 consi/s precisely 9 ?is3 to "k :]e to /op 9 pu%+ a reason+ to extremes4 ,?is is :at physiologi/s h s\ght & are seek+ to d4 ,9 any case1 & z a la/ conclusion1 ,sci5ce ought n to be sacrific$4 ,n[1 ! dea?-knell ( sci5ce w h s\nd$ :5 savants are prev5t$ f pursu+ _! inve/igations on liv+ be+s4 ,we :o1 9 full confid5ce1 hope = a happi] & bett] humanity1 w nev] resign ourselves to clos+ our laboratories1 to burn+ our books4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are det]m9$1 e "o ( u1 to cont9ue our h>d lab\rs = ! great good ( ! m5 ( to-day & ( ! g5]ations to come4 ,& :5 we speak ( ,sci5ce1 we d n mean only ! mat]ial b5efits %e scatt]s abroad2 we ?9k also ( h] p[] z a moral =ce4 ,mat]ial & moral conque/s walk h& 9 h&4 ,sci5ce is ! basis ( ! moral law4 ,! univ]sal consci\sness ( humanity gr[s great] by ! acquisition ( new tru?s4 ,ea* individual1 by ! v fact t he loves tru?1 has come to und]/& ! moral ideal :i* %\ld be ev] be=e 8 eyes4 ,& !n1 9 a j measure1 full ( pity = all suff]+1 b plac+ ! suff]+ ( man at a high] price ?an ! suff]+ ( ! animal1 we %all /rive to make ! respect ( animal suff]+ accord ) ! se>* = ! spl5did & indisp5sable & div9e ,,tru?4 ,,po/ ,,scriptum ,9 ! v>i\s works1 notices1 disc\rses1 etc41 :i* h be5 publi%$ ^u ,vivisection1 g5]ally aga9/ ,vivisection1 ,i f9d v>i\s errone\s ass]tions :i* x is important %\ld be po9t$ out4 ,i w d s briefly4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o ass]tion :i* appe>s fairly j to me4 ,?is is t 9 treatises on physiology1 suffici5t m5tion is n made ( ,vivisection1 ( its limits & ( its abuses4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a treatise on physiology1 ! au?or %\ld di/9ctly decl>e !re is always cruelty 9 vivisection conduct$ )\t *lor(orm or *loralose2 ! au?or %\ld indicate t ^! anae/hetics ought to be adm9i/]$ "u su* or su* conditions4 ,be=e initiat+ m$ical /ud5ts into ! /udy ( life1 x is also well to tea* !m to h respect = animal suff]+4 ,i w\ld t x might be ?or\ghly und]/ood t x is a matt] ( absolute necessity to op]ate ^u ! animal2 & t :5 ! physiologi/ resigns himself to ?is necessity he ought to p]=m ! op]ation ) suffici5t humanity to prev5t ! animal f suff]+4 ,i will+ly recognise t ! abs5ce ( ?is fir/ moral precept is a great gap 9 mo/ treatises on physiology4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ab\t all ,i c conc$e to anti-vivisectioni/s2 = truly !y indulge 9 su* que]1 extraord9>y ass]tions t we are completely disconc]t$4 ,"s ( ^! fanatics pret5d1 = example1 t physiologi/s %\ld practise vivisection ^u !mselves4 ,to torture a dog is z crim9al z to torture a *ild1 accord+ to !m2 & animal suff]+ is z mu* to be respect$ z human suff]+6 ,truly su* a p>adox _c be tak5 s]i\sly2 if x 7 admitt$1 evid5tly ! "q is settl$4 ,b x _c be admitt$1 & ! :ole ( our argum5t re/s ^u ?is pr9ciple1 :i* appe>s q evid5t1 t liv+ be+s occupy diff]5t positions 9 ! hi]>*y ( nature4 ,let u take a besieg$ city r$uc$ to fam9e3 w anyone pret5d t ! soldi]s mu/ be sacrific$ be=e ! horses1 ! mules1 etc4 ,yet ! case is exactly ! same4 ,x is 9 ord] to avoid ! dea? ( human be+s t mice & gu9ea-pigs are put to dea?4 ,to d5y ! diff]5ce 9 rank ( liv+ be+s is to d5y evid5ce4 ,a frog is a nobl] animal ?an a sea-ur*92 a dog is a nobl] animal ?an a frog2 = !re are degrees 9 ! intellig5ce1 & consequ5tly1 9 ! capacity to suff]1 & 9 ! quality ( suff]+ among ! f\r animal gr\ps3 ! sea-ur*91 ! frog1 ! dog1 & man4 ,anti-vivisectioni/s d n admit reflex movem5ts 7:i*1 moreov]1 !y d n und]/&72 & !y bewail ! dogs t ,goltz & ,ewald subject$ to c]ebral mutilations :i* took away all intellectual spontaneity & prev5t$ !m f eat+ spontane\sly4 ,b 9 ^? v dogs1 precisely because !re is no spontaneity1 s !re is no long] any consci\sness ( pa94 ,!y are1 !re=e1 ( all ! be+s 9 creation ^? :i* des]ve ! lea/ commis]ation2 = !y are protect$ aga9/ pa9 by t v ablation ( ! bra91 ! seat ( pa94 ,we are told t x is ?r\gh c[>dice1 ?r\gh ! fe> ( disease1 t vivisection is practis$4 ,b fe> ( disease is n c[>dice4 ,i am nei!r poltroon nor c[>d1 b ,i w\ld be v sorry to be attack$ by tub]culosis or canc]4 ,i d n blu% to confess t x w\ld be v disagreeable = me to be hang$1 ?\gh hang+ is mu* less pa9ful ?an tub]culosis or canc]4 ,if x 7 necess>y to h a hang$ victim1 ,i w\ld mu* pref] t a rabbit 7 tak5 9 pref]5ce to myself2 & ,i w\ld c]ta9ly n put my own neck 9 ! cord to save a dog f torture4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( anti-vivisectioni/s appe>s to me r s+ul>1 s9ce !y are n at all afraid ( disease z f> z man is conc]n$1 b !y h great fe> ( x = animals4 ,if pa9 is b an empty ^w1 accord+ to ! celebrat$ phrase ( ,z5o1 :y n apply t f9e maxim to ! animal8 ,sir ,james ,?ornton 7,! ,pr9cipal ,claims on behalf ( ,vivisection1 ,london1 #aijg71 has endeav\r$ to compile a li/ ( ! contradictions to be f\nd 9 ! treatises ( physiology4 ,he c\ld h add$ consid]ably to ! l5g? ( ?is *apt]1 = ! contradictions are innum]able2 :i* only proves1 n t vivisection is useless1 b t x is difficult4 ,:at w\ld *emi/s say if x 7 ma9ta9$ t *emical analysis 0 absurd because ( ! contradictions betwe5 *emi/s8 ,!y w\ld1 & rightly s1 cont9ue to make analyses2 = !y "k t analysis is a necess>y1 ?\gh an imp]fect1 in/rum5t4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we %all cont9ue to practise vivisection1 ?\gh we "k "r well t vivisection is an imp]fect1 ?\gh a necess>y1 in/rum5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a rec5t debate on vivisection1 a voice 0 he>d to call out t ,li/] 0 a brute4 ,t cr[ns ev]y?+1 & "o w\ld ?9k t no?+ m inept c\ld be imag9$4 ,alas6 some?+ m inept /ill has be5 said1 & ,i h& ov] ?is prodigi\s & audaci\s ass]tion to ! judgm5t ( e man ( he>t & common s5se4 ,x ref]s to bact]iology4 ,! au?or1 aft] hav+ said t microbes are n ! cause ( disease1 takes refuge beh9d ! op9ion ( ,lawson ,tait 7quot$ by ,mona ,caird1 ,! ,inquisition ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #bj74 ,su* exp]im5ts nev] h succe$$1 nev] c3 & !y h1 z 9 ! cases ( ,ko*1 ,pa/eur1 & ,li/]1 n only h9d]$ true progress1 b !y h cov]$ our pr(ession ) ridicule4 ,t is some?+ :i* may well conf\nd u1 is x n8 & ,i believe ^? great b5efactors ( humanity1 ,ko*1 ,pa/eur & ,li/]1 may inde$ murmur3 ,=give !m2 = !y "k n :at !y say4 ,to sum up3 ! objections ( anti-vivisectioni/s are irrefutable if we admit1 7#a7 t man has n ! "r to kill an animal ei!r 9 self-def5ce or = n\ri%m5t2 7#b7 t ! suff]+ ( an animal is z wor?y ( respect z ! suff]+ ( a man2 & 7#c7 t ! mis]y ( "o individual is z sacr$ z ! mis]y ( a ?\s& individuals4 ,no logical reply c be made to ^! ?ree ass]tions1 :i*1 accord+ to my reason+1 con/itute an (f5ce aga9/ ! mo/ elem5t>y common s5se4 ,b ,i d\bt v mu* if we %all ev] arrive at demon/rat+ t x is bett] to all[ "o hundr$ *ildr5 to die f diph!ria r ?an draw a little blood f a horse2 or t we %\ld practise vivisection on man s z to alleviate ! diseases ( dogs4 ,conc]n+ ! polemics ( anti-vivisectioni/s z to ! uselessness ( physiology1 & ! contradictions ( physiologi/s1 !y are no?+ b a tissue ( error & ignorance4 ,,app5dix ,a ,we give h]e) a table %[+ ! absolute & relative mortality due to diph!ria 9 ,p>is f #ahgb to #aije1 out ( a population ( #b1ejj1jjj inhabitants3-- ,,absolute4 ,,p] #ajj1jjj ,,inhabitants4 #ahgb #aace #fa #ahgc #aafd #fb #ahgd #ajjh #eb #ahge #acbh #fh #ahgf #aegb #gi #ahgg #bcic #aag #ahgh #aiie #ie #ahgi #aghc #hc #ahhj #bjdh #id #ahha #bbaa #ii #ahhb #bbdd #ajj #ahhc #agha #gi #ahhd #aibh #hf #ahhe #afee #gd #ahhf #aeab #fg #ahhg #aehe #gj #ahhh #agbi #gd #ahhi #agjf #gb #ahij #affh #gj #ahia #acfa #ef #ahib #adjc #eh #ahic #abff #eb #ahid #ajji #da #ahie #dce #ag #ahif #ddd #ag #ahig #bih #ab #ahih #bei #aj #ahii #cci #ac #aijj #bid #aa #aija #gcf #bh #aijb #gji #bf #aijc #cii #ae #aijd #bfj #aj #aije #bjd #g ,let u divide ?is mortality due to diph!ria into ?ree gr\ps 79 ,p>is p] #ajj1jjj inhabitants73-- ,a4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( s]o!rapy1 f #ahgb to #ahhh4 ,b4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( exp]im5tation ) s]o!rapy1 f #ahhi to #ahid4 ,c4 ,aft] ! g5]alisation ( s]o!rapy1 f #ahie to #aije4 ,we h !n ! foll[+ av]ages3-- ,,absolute4 ,,p] #ajj1jjj ,,inhabitants4 ,be=e s]o!rapy #afeg #hj ,int]m$i>y p]iod #adjb #eh ,aft] s]o!rapy #cih #ae ,& %\ld ^! figures n seem suffici5tly eloqu5t1 let u set !m =? 9 ano!r =m3-- ,,absolute ,,mortality4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( s]o!rapy1 #ahhh #agbi #a/ ye> ( s]o!rapy1 #ahhi #agjf #bnd #ahij #affh #crd #ahia #acfa #d? #ahib #adfc #e? #ahic #abff #f? #ahid #ajji ,at ?is mom5t ! practice ( s]o!rapy1 ?anks to ,r\x1 became g5]al 9 ,p>is4 #a/ ye>1 #ahie--dce4 #bnd #ahif--ddd4 ,dur+ ! next six ye>s !re 7 /ill hesitations & unc]ta9ties z to ! be/ me?od to be employ$4 ,! mortality dur+ ^! six ye>s1 #ahig-aijb--dci4 ,!n ! practice 0 def9itely e/abli%$4 ,! mortality = ! ?ree ye>s1 #aijc-aije--bhh4 ,^! figures are s eloqu5t1 s /rik+1 s precise1 t x is n possible to misund]/& !m4 ,!y _c be ignor$2 & :5 once !y h be5 set =?1 ignorance is no long] p]missible1 & x is = t reason we h "h giv5 !m4 ,9 ,b]l9 & 9 ,vi5na1 x is ! same ?+4 ,f #ahid ! mortality due to diph!ria has dim9i%$ to ! ext5t ( #aej p] c5t4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,bibliography ,adams 7,c474 ,,hunt] ,,& ,,! ,,/ag4 ,a reply to ,pr(4 ,ow54 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahha47 ,adl] 7,h474 ,,zur ,,frage ,,d] ,v4 7,wi5 m$4 ,wo*41 #ahgi1 #aafa1 #abaa1 #abda47 ,an/ie 7,f4 ,e47 ,,! ,,vivisection ,,controv]sy4 7,practition]1 #ahgd1 #ch & #cba47 ,ap9us 7,s4 ,j474 ,,diss4 ,,ex ,,jure ,,naturae3 ,,an ,,liceat ,,brutorum ,,corpora ,,mutil>e ,,et ,,speciatim ,,ob ,,es ,,re*t ,,sey ,,dass ,,man ,,d5 ,,hund5 ,,die ,,ohr5 ,,abs*neide1 ,,v>iis ,,obs]vationibus ,,aucta4 7,altorphii ,noricorum1 #agbb47 ,bas* ,,zur ,v4 ,,frage4 7,wi5 m$4 ,blaett]1 #ahgi1 #b1 #gc47 ,beck 7,j4 ,m474 ,,! ,,legal ,,aspects ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,m$ical ,news1 #ahij1 pp4 #bhj-bhb47 ,b$tnitz 7,a474 ,,die ,v4 ,,gaukl]4 7,wi51 #hvo1 #ahhc47 ,b]doe 7,e474 ,,! ,,futility ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,drugs ,,on ,,animals4 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahhi47 ---- ,,! ,,heal+ ,,art ,,& ,,! ,,claims ,,( ,,vivisection4 7#abmo1 ,london1 #ahij47 ,a ,,triumph ,,( ,,vivisection4 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahij47 ,b]n>d 7,claude74 ,,les ,,vivisections4 7,union m$icale1 #ahfe1 #cje-caj et ,revue ,sci5tifique1 #ahgh1 #gii-hjb47 ,bigel[ 7,h4 ,r474 ,,! ,,practical ,,utility ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,m>yl& ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahhj1 #bdf-bdi47 ,b[dit* 7,h4 ,p474 ,,vivisection ,,ju/ifiable4 7,sanit>4 ,new ,york ,j\rn41 #ahif1 #bbi-bdc47 ,bos 7,a474 ,,sulle ,v4 7,imp>ziale1 #ahgd1 #bbe-bca47 ,br[n 7,j4 ,m474 ,,vivisection1 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,dr ,,ke54 7,j4 ,am4 ,m$4 ,ass41 #aija1 #eib47 ,bryan 7,b474 ,,! ,,briti% ,,vivisector',s ,,directory1 ,a ,,black ,,book ,,= ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 7#abmo1 ,london1 #ahij47 ,burt4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,exp]im5tation ,,^u ,,liv+ ,,animals4 7,po/-graduate1 #ahij1 #ec-ee47 ,c>p5t] 7,w4 ,b474 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,=tnightly ,rev41 #ahhb1 #bcg-bdf47 ,cejon 7,e4 de74 ,,! ,,anti-,,vivisectioni/ ,,agitation4 7,contempor>y ,rev41 #ahhc1 #dih-iaj47 ,coats4 ,,on ,,ludwig ,,& ,,pa/eur1 ,,& ,,on ,,vivisection4 7,glasg4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahie1 #ccj-cce47 ,cobbe 7,fr4 ,p474 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,vivisection4 7#hvo1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg47 ,cobbe 7,fr474 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,rack2 ,,pap]s ,,on ,,vivisection4 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahhi47 ,cobbe 7,fr4 ,p474 ,,vivisection2 ,,f\r ,,replies4 7,=tnightly ,rev41 #ahhb1 #hh-ajd1 & ,contempor>y ,rev41 #ahhb1 #faj-fbf47 ,col]idge 7,"l74 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,def5d]s ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,=tnightly ,rev41 #ahhb1 #bbe-bcf47 ,dalton4 ,,exp]im5tation ,,on ,,animals4 7#abmo1 ,new ,york1 #ahge47 ,dalton4 ,,mag5die ,,z ,a ,,physiologi/4 7,int]nat4 ,rev41 #ahhj1 #abj-abi47 ,dalton 7,j4 ,c74 ,,vivisection3 ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,:at ,,x ,,has ,,accompli%$4 7,bull4 ,b4 ,york ,acad4 m$41 #ahff1 #aei-aih47 ,d>w9 7,*474 ,,views ,,on ,,vivisection4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 #ahha1 #dbd2 et ,rev4 ,sci5t41 #ahha 7#a71 #gca47 ,davis 7,n4 ,b474 ,,! ,,moral ,,aspects ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,nor? ,am]ic4 ,rev41 #ahhe1 #bjc-bbj47 ,delolm de ,lalaubie4 ,,vivisection1 ,,diss4 ,,94 7,p>is1 #ahfh47 ,deswatt9es4 ,,sugge/if ,,petit ,,tableau ,,de ,,la ,,cruelle ,,et ,,inutile ,,vivisection4 7,m$ec91 #aijd1 #ce47 ,f]guson 7,sir ,w474 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,em95t ,,surgeons1 ,,physiologi/s ,,& ,,o!rs1 ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,folly ,,& ,,mislead+ ,,& ,,demoralis+ ,,results ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,london1 #ahhj47 ,flet*]4 ,a ,,few ,,notes ,,on ,,cruelty ,,to ,,animals1 ,,on ,,! ,,inadequacy ,,( ,,p5al ,,law4 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahdf47 ,=eau de ,c\rmelles4 ,,essai ,,de ,,limitation ,,sci5tifique ,,de ,,la ,,vivisection4 7,revue m$41 #aijb1 #dha-dhd47 ,fo/] 7,m474 ,,vivisection4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 #ahgc1 pp4 #fgb-fhe47 ,gamgee 7,s474 ,,on ,,vivisection ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,surg]y4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn4 7#b71 #ahgf1 #ajd47 ,guetzlaw 7,v474 ,,s*op5hau] ,ue,b,e,r ,,die ,,?i]e ,,und ,,d] ,,?i]s*utz4 7#hvo1 ,b]l91 #ahgi47 ,h>nack 7,e474 ,,wid] ,,die ,v4-,,gegn]4 7,d4 m$4 ,wo*41 #aije1 #aaae-aaaf47 ,h>vey4 ,,! ,,pa/eur ,,in/itute ,,& ,,vivisection4 7,ind4 ,m$4 ,gaz41 #ahie1 #di-eg47 ,hehir 7,p474 ,,vivisection ,,s ,,call$1 ,,its ,,role ,,9 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,bea/4 7,ind4 ,m$4 ,gaz41 #ahig1 #ia47 ,heid5ha9 7,r474 ,,die ,v4 ,,im ,,di5/e ,,d] ,,heilkunde4 7#hvo1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi47 ,h]mann 7,l474 ,,die ,v4 ,,frage4 7#hvo1 ,leipzig1 #ahgg47 ,hodge4 ,,! ,,vivisection ,,"q4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 #ahif1 #fad-fcj1 #gga-ghf47 ,horsley 7,v474 & ,rutt] 7,a474 ,,! ,,morality ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahib1 pp4 #hjd-hag47 ,hutton 7,r4 ,h474 ,,! ,,biologi/s ,,on ,,vivisection4 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahhb1 #bi-ci1 & ,contemp4 ,rev41 #ahhc1 #eaj-eaf47 ,jaeg] 7,g474 ,v4 ,,und ,,heilkun/4 7,jaeg]s ,monatsbl41 #aije1 #acg-ada1 #agc-ahc1 #aig-bjc47 ,ke5 7,w4 ,w474 ,,our ,,rec5t ,,debts ,,to ,,vivisection4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 #ahhi1 #a-ae & ,h>p]'s ,mag41 #ahic1 pp4 #bh-aci47 ,ke5 7,w4 ,w474 ,,mis/atem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,anti-,,vivisectioni/s ,,aga94 7,phil4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 #aija1 #bjd-bjf47 ,k+s=d 7,a474 ,,! ,,uselessness ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahhb1 #aga-ahc47 ,kleff] 7,h474 ,,la ,,vivisection1 ,,son ,,utilite1 ,,sa ,,morale4 7,,g5eve1 ,,georg1 #abmo1 #ahhc47 ,lawson 7,h474 ,,! ,,vivisection ,,clam\r4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,rev41 #ahgf1 #cih-dje47 ,leff+well4 ,,vivisection1 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,,wood4 7,bo/4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 #ahii1 #cga47 ,l5eveu 7,g474 ,,de ,l',,utilite ,,de ,,la ,,vivisection4 7,diss1 941 ,p>is1 #ahhc47 ,lund 7,p4 ,w474 ,,physiologis*e ,,resultate ,,d] ,v4 ,,neu]] ,,zeit 7trad4 du ,danois74 7,kop5hag51 #ahbe47 ,macphail 7,j4 ,a474 ,,vivisection4 7,montreal ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahij1 #hie-iai47 ,magnan4 ,,de ,,la ,,folie ,,des ,,antivivisectionni/es4 7,c4 ,r4 de la ,soc4 de ,biol4 de ,p>is1 #ahhd1 #aja-ajd47 ,m>e*al 7,ph474 ,,la ,,vivisection4 7,m$ec91 #aijd1 #ce1 & ,revue du ,ci51 #ac-ae47 ,maurel4 ,,la ,,vivisection ,,e/ ,,elle ,,indisp5sable4 7,ass4 p\r l'ac4 des sci5ces1 #aija1 #bid47 ,m]ba*4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,ges*i*te ,,d] ,v4 7,jahresb4 d4 ,ges4 f4 ,nat4 u4 ,heilk4 9 ,dresd4 #ahgh1 #ih-ajc47 ,metzg] 7,d474 ,,la ,,vivisection1 ,,les ,,dang]s1 ,,et ,,les ,,crimes4 7#hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahia47 ,moore 7,w4 ,j474 ,,h>vey ,,& ,,vivisection4 7,ind4 ,m$4 ,gaz41 #ahgf1 #bcj-bcc47 ,moqu9 ,t&on4 ,,rapport ,,sur ,,les ,,vivisections4 7,bull4 de l'ac4 de ,m$ec9e de ,p>is1 #ahfb1 #idh-ifj47 ,nagel 7,r474 ,,d] ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,unw]? ,,d] ,v ,,9 ,,all5 ,,ihr5 ,,art54 7#hvo1 ,b]l91 #ahha47 ,novi 7,j474 ,,sulla ,v4 7,boll4 d4 sc4 m$4 di ,bologne1 #ahic1 #bfc1 #dba47 ,paget 7,/eph574 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals4 7,murray74 ,r5ault 7,e474 ,,la ,,soc4 ,,protects4 ,,des ,,animaux ,,et ,,la ,,vivisection4 7,rec4 de ,m$4 vet]941 #ahfb1 #bca-bdg47 ,r5ooz 7,c74 ,a ,,propos ,,de ,,la ,,vivisection4 7,m$ec91 #aijd1 #agh-agi47 ,ri*et 7,*474 ,,man',s ,,"r ,,ov] ,,animals4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 #ahhd1 xxv41 #gei-gff47 ,smi? 7,r4 ,m474 ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica ,,& ,,vivisection4 7,m]ck's ,ar*41 #aijj1 #dd-dg47 ,smi? 7,r4 ,m474 ,,%\ld ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,,be ,,re/rict$ ,,or ,,aboli%$8 7,!rap4 ,gaz41 #ahhd1 #dig1 #ecc47 ,smi? 7,pye74 ,,on ,,vivisection4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn4 7#b71 #ahgi1 #cdi47 ,/us] 7,e474 ,,is ,,vivisection ,a ,,b5efit ,,to ,,animals ,,& ,,man1 ,,& ,,ju/ifiable8 7,m$4 ,news1 #aijb1 #ajh-aaa47 ,tait 7,lawson474 ,,! ,,uselessness ,,( ,,vivisection ,,^u ,,animals ,,z ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,rese>*4 7,london1 #hvo1 #ahhc 78747 ,tuck]mann4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,vivisection4 7,columb4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahig1 #bcg-bdc47 ,web] 7,e474 ,,les ,,*ambres ,,de ,,torture ,,de ,,la ,,sci5ce4 7,p>is1 ,l]\x1 #hvo1 #ahgi47 ,wilb]=ce 7,c74 ,,wom51 ,,cl]gym5 ,,& ,,doctors4 7,new ,review1 #ahic1 #he-ie47 ,wilks4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 #ahhb1 xxi41 #cdd-cej47 ,williams4 ,a ,,few ,,p]sonal ,,facts ,,conc]n+ ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,! ,,false ,,fancies ,,( ,,! ,,p]secutors ,,( ,,vivisectors4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 7#b71 #ahgf1 #ajd47 ,wolff4 ,,disputatio ,,philosophica ,,de ,,moralitate ,,anatomes ,,circa ,,animalia ,,vica ,,occupatae4 7,leipzig1 #agji47 ,wood 7,h474 ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,vivisection4 7,bo/4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 #ahie1 #cdb47 ,zoelln] 7,f474 ,,ueb] ,,d] ,,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,,missbrau* ,,d] ,v41 ,,mit ,,hi/oris*5 ,,docum5t5 ,ue,b,e,r ,,die ,v4 ,,von ,,m5s*54 7,leipzig1 #hvo1 #ahhj1 #bnd ed41 #ahhe47 ,,app5dix ,c ,,! ,,rese>* ,,def5ce ,,society ,9 ,janu>y #aijh1 a ,society ) ! above "n 0 =m$ 9 ,engl&1 ! aims & objects ( :i* are cle>ly /at$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] f ,"l ,crom]1 its ,presid5t2 ?is lett] 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% newspap]s on #bd? ,april #aijh3-- ,,sir1 ,a ,society has be5 =m$1 ) ! "n ( ! ,rese>* ,def5ce ,society1 to make kn[n ! facts z to exp]im5ts on animals 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! imm5se importance to ! welf>e ( mank9d ( su* exp]im5ts2 & ! great sav+ ( human life & heal? directly attributable to !m4 ,! great advance t has be5 made dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury 9 our k ( ! functions ( ! body1 & ( ! causes ( disease1 w\ld h be5 impossible )\t a comb9ation ( exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,! use ( antiseptics1 & ! mod]n treatm5t ( w\nds1 is ! direct outcome ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,pa/eur & ,li/]4 ,pa/eur's discov]y ( ! microbial cause ( pu]p]al fev] has 9 itself enorm\sly r$uc$ ! dea?s ( wom5 9 *ild-bir?4 ,! nature ( tub]culosis is n[ kn[n1 & its incid5ce has mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,we owe ! inv5tion ( diph!ria antitox9 entirely to exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! causes ( plague1 *ol]a1 typhoid1 ,m$it]ranean fev]1 & sleep+ sickness1 h be5 discov]$ solely by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,n only h a l>ge numb] ( drugs be5 plac$ at our disposal1 b accurate k has replac$ ! empirical use ( _m ( ^? previ\sly kn[n4 ,! evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission has %[n t ^! exp]im5ts are conduct$ ) prop] c>e2 ! small am\nt ( pa9 or discom=t inflict$ is insignificant comp>$ ) ! great ga9 to k & ! direct advantage to humanity4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ 9 g5]al ! utility ( ! exp]im5tal me?od1 ef=ts h be5 made by a section ( ! public to ?r[ discr$it on all exp]im5ts involv+ ! use ( animals4 ,! ,rese>* ,def5ce ,society w !re=e endeav\r to make x cle> t m$ical & o!r sci5tific m5 :o employ ^! me?ods are n less humane ?an ! re/ ( _! c\ntrym51 :o daily1 ?\gh p]haps unconsci\sly1 pr(it by !m4 ,! ,society proposes to give in=mation to all enquir]s1 to publi% precis1 articles1 & leaflets1 to make arrangem5ts = lectures1 to s5d speak]s1 if requir$1 to debates1 & to assi/ all :o desire to exam9e ! argum5ts on behalf ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,x hopes to e/abli% bran*es 9 our *ief cities1 & ?us to be 9 t\* ) all p>ts ( ! k+dom2 & to be at ! s]vice ( municipal bodies1 hospitals1 & o!r public in/itutions4 ,! ,society 0 =m$ on #bg? ,janu>y ( ! pres5t ye>1 & already numb]s m ?an #hjj memb]s4#i ,x is n an association ( m5 ( sci5ce or ( m$ical m5 alone2 its memb]%ip has be5 drawn f all dep>tm5ts ( public life1 & includes repres5tatives ( e class ( educat$ ,engli%m5 & ,engli%wom51 includ+ _m :o h tak5 an active "p 9 ! prev5tion ( cruelty to animals4 ,?is fact is 9 itself a rem>kable prote/ aga9/ ! attacks :i* h be5 made on ! rese>*es t ! ,society has be5 =m$ to def5d4 ,! annual subscription is five %ill+s to cov] work+ exp5ses3 b l>g] subscriptions1 or donations1 w be gladly receiv$4 ,! act+ ,hon4 ,treasur]1 pro tem41 is ,mr ,j4 ,lu>d ,pattisson1 ,c4,b4 7( ! ,li/] ,in/itute71#aj & an acc\nt 9 ! ,society's "n has be5 op5$ ) ,messrs ,c\tts ,co41 #ddj ,/r&4 ,! ,hon4 ,secret>y is ,mr ,/eph5 ,paget1 #gj ,h>ley ,/reet1 ,w41 to :om all communications %\ld be address$4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,crom]1 ,presid5t4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! pamphlets already issu$ by ! ,society3-- #a4 ,lett] f ! ,presid5t ann\nc+ ! =mation ( ! ,society1 ,april #bd4 #b4 ,report ( ! inaugural meet+4 #c4 ,exp]im5ts on animals dur+ #aijg 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 #d4 ,"s facts z to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act4 #e4 ,! value ( antitox9 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria4 #f4 ,evid5ce ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,treves4 #g4 ,yell[ fev] & mal>ia4 #h4 ,ext9ction ( ,malta fev]4 #i4 ,h exp]im5ts on animals advanc$ ,!rapeutics8 #aj4 ,! "w ( ! ,rese>* ,def5ce ,society4 #aa4 ,vivisection & m$ic9e4 ,evid5ce ( ,"l ,ju/ice ,flet*] ,m\lton be=e ! ,royal ,commission4 ,all or any ( ^! w be =w>d$ on application to ! ,hon4 ,secret>y1 ,mr ,/eph5 ,paget1 #gj ,h>ley ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4 ,o!r pamphlets are 9 active prep>ation2 arrangem5ts are also be+ made = meet+s1 & = ! organisation ( ,bran* ,societies 9 _m p>ts ( ! k+dom2 ! ,society is also conc]n$ 9 ! in/itution ( a simil> movem5t = ! def5ce ( rese>* 9 ,am]ica4 ,space does n p]mit ! publication ( ! full li/ ( memb]s ( ! ,society4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5ts1 h[ev]1 w %[ t ^? :o h jo9$ are repres5tative n only ( ! lead+ m5 & wom5 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 b also ( ^? :o are pre-em95t 9 v>i\s o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 9 lit]ature1 politics1 art1 & !ology4 ,,presid5t ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,crom]1 ,g4,c4,b41 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,o4,m4 ,,vice-,,presid5ts ,,8 ,,grace ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,ab]corn1 ,k4,g4 ,,sir ,,william ,,abney1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sir ,t4 ,,clif=d ,,allbutt1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,regius ,pr(essor ( ,physic1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge74 ,,sir ,l4 ,,alma-,,tadema1 ,o4,m41 ,r4,a4 ,,mrs ,,g>rett ,,&]son1 ,m4,d4 ,,sir ,,william ,,anson1 ,,bt41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,m4,p4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,"l ,,avebury1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a,,sir ,,john ,,banks1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,m4,d4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,"l ,,b>rymore4 ,,! ,,m>quis ,,( ,,ba?4 ,,lady ,,bliss4 ,,lady ,,buckley4 ,,lady ,,burdon-,,s&]son4 ,,"l ,,bly?4 ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,! ,,dean ,,( ,,cant]bury1 ,d4,d4 ,,e>l ,,ca?c>t4 ,,"l ,,rob]t ,,cecil1 ,k4,c41 ,m4,p4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,*e/]1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,! ,,dean ,,( ,,*e/]1 ,d4,d4 ,,"l ,,*eylesmore1 ,c4,v4,o4 7,*airman1 ,middlesex ,hospital74 ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,! ,,dean ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*1 ,d4,d4 ,,sir ,,james ,,cri*ton-,,br[ne1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,c\ntess ,,( ,,crom]4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,savile ,,crossley1 ,,bt41 ,m4,v4,o4 ,,sir ,,edmund ,,hay ,,currie4 ,,"l ,,curzon ,,( ,,k$le/on1 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 ,g4,c4,i4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,dr ,,dall+]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,francis ,,d>w91 ,,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sir ,,george ,h4 ,,d>w91 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sir ,,james ,,dew>1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sir ,a4 ,,conan ,,doyle1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,canon ,,duckwor?1 ,c4,v4,o4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 ,d4,d4 ,,e>l ,,eg]ton4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,exet]1 ,d4,d4 ,,"l ,,fab]4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,fairbairn1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 7,pr9cipal ( ,mansfield ,college1 ,ox=d74 ,,"l ,,f>r]4 ,,sir ,,luke ,,fildes1 ,r4,a4 ,,"l ,,=tescue4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,fras]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,pr(essor ( ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh74 ,,sir ,,david ,,gill1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,glasg[1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,gran?am1 ,d4,d4 ,,field-,,m>%al ,,"l ,,gr5fell1 ,g4,c4,b41 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,,walt] ,,gu9ness1 ,m4,p4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,halsbury1 ,k4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,"l ,,claud ,,hamilton4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,h>b51 ,,esq4 7,*airman1 ,/ ,m>y's ,hospital74 ,j4 ,t4 ,,helby1 ,,esq4 7,*airman1 ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d74 ,,sir ,,samuel ,,ho>e1 ,,bt4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,,sydney ,,holl& 7,*airman1 ,london ,hospital74 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,dalton ,,hook]1 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,o4,m4 ,,sir ,,william ,,hugg9s1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,o4,m4 ,j4 ,,hughl+s ,,jackson1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,montague ,,rhodes ,,james1 ,,litt4,d4 7,provo/ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge74 ,,sir ,,alfr$ ,,jones1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,k+/on4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,kilmorey 7,*airman1 ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital74 ,,"l ,,lam+ton1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,sir ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,r4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,lei?1 ,m4,,sc41 7,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology1 ,birm+ham74 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,"l ,,l9dley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sir ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,walt] ,,long1 ,m4,p4 ,,h5ry ,,lucas1 ,,esq4 7,*airman1 ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital74 ,,"l ,,ludl[4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,sp5c] ,,lyttelton1 ,c4,b4 ,,fr$]ick ,,macmillan1 ,,esq4 7,*airman1 ,national ,hospital = ! ,p>alys$ & ,epileptic74 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,h]b]t ,e4 ,,maxwell1 ,,bt41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,"l ,,me?u51 ,g4,c4,b41 ,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,,h] ,,grace ,,! ,,du*ess ,,( ,,montrose4 ,,lady ,,doro?y ,,nevill4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,nor?brook 7,presid5t1 ,canc] ,hospital74 ,,"l ,,nor?cliffe4 ,,william ,,osl]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e1 ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d74 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ox=d1 ,d4,d4 ,,sir ,,gilb]t ,,p>k]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,m4,p4 ,,ed5 ,,phillpotts1 ,,esq4 ,,c\nt ,,plunkett4 ,,sir ,,fr$]ick ,,pollock1 ,,bt41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,sir ,,john ,,dickson ,,poynd]1 ,,bt41 ,m4,p4 7,*airman1 ,great ,nor!rn ,hospital74 ,,lady ,,prie/ley4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,nor? ,,que5sl&1 ,d4,d4 ,,sir ,,william ,,ramsay1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,rangoon4 ,,sir ,,james ,,reid1 ,,bt41 ,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,,lady ,,russell ,,reynolds4 ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,hon4 ,,! ,,dean ,,( ,,ripon1 ,d4,d4 ,,briton ,,rivi]e1 ,,esq41 ,r4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,mrs ,,roget4 ,,mrs ,,romanes4 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,roscoe1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,rosse1 ,k4,p41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,dubl974 ,,"l ,,ro?s*ild1 ,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,r,ue,c,k,e,r1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,! ,,dean ,,( ,,salisbury1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,! ,,m>quis ,,( ,,salisbury4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,! ,,m>quis ,,( ,,sligo4 ,,isabel ,,m>*ioness ,,( ,,sligo4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,cecil ,,clem5ti ,,smi?1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,smi?1 ,,bt41 ,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d4 ,,smi?1 ,m4,p4 7,*airman1 ,removal ,fund1 ,k+'s ,college ,hospital74 ,,! ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,solomon1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,,sir ,,edg> ,,spey]1 ,,bt4 7,presid5t1 ,popl> ,hospital74 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,"l ,,/albridge4 ,,"l ,,/anley1 ,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,,"l ,,/ra?cona1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,lady ,,sutton4 ,,maj4-,,g54 ,,sir ,,reg9ald ,,talbot1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,sir ,,fr$]ick ,,treves1 ,,bt41 ,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,,sir ,,john ,,batty ,,tuke1 ,m4,p4 ,,sir ,,william ,,turn]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh74 ,,james ,g4 ,,wa9wright1 ,,esq4 7,*airman1 ,/ ,?omas's ,hospital74 ,e>l ,waldegrave4 ,! ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bi%op ,welldon4 ,,8 ,,grace ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,well+ton1 ,k4,g4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,we/1 ,,esq4 7,treasur] & ,*airman1 ,/ ,george's ,hospital74 ,,sir ,,james ,,:itehead1 ,,bt4 7,fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,li/] ,in/itute74 ,,mrs ,,rob]t ,,peel ,,we!r$4 ,,sir ,,samuel ,,wilks1 ,,bt41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,alfr$ ,,wills4 ,,! ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,w9*e/]4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,woods1 ,d4,d4 7,ma/] ( ! ,temple74 ,note ,a3 ,s9ce deceas$4 ,,footnotes3 #i #bbnd ,octob] #aijh4 ,! numb] ( memb]s is n[ ov] #aecj1 ( :om #afj are ladies4 #aj #bg? ,may4 ,dr ,s&)1 #ca ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 ,london1 ,w41 is n[ ,hon4 ,treasur]4 ,,turnbull ,,& ,,spe>s1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,ed9burgh4