,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation4 ,"s corrections ( spell+ & punctuation h be5 made4 ,!y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,:]e examples 7 pr9t$ 9 two columns 9 ! orig9al1 ! left column has be5 ind5t$ by two spaces1 ! "r "o by f\r4 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,bold text has be5 m>k$ ) equals signs4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,/yle ,,by ,,william ,,/runk1 ,jr4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,engli% ,,9 ,,cornell ,,univ]sity ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiah1 #aiai1 ,,by ,,william ,,/runk1 ,,jr4 ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,h[e1 ,,inc4 ,,! ,,maple ,,press ,,york ,,pa ,,cont5ts ,page ,i4 ,introductory #e ,,ii4 ,elem5t>y ,rules ( ,usage #g #a4 ,=m ! possessive s+ul> ( n\ns by add+ 's #g #b4 ,9 a s]ies ( ?ree or m t]ms ) a s+le conjunction1 use a comma aft] ea* t]m except ! la/ #g #c4 ,enclose p>5!tic expressions betwe5 commas #h #d4 ,place a comma be=e a conjunction introduc+ a co-ord9ate clause #aj #e4 ,d n jo9 indep5d5t clauses by a comma #aa #f4 ,d n break s5t5ces 9 two #ab #g4 ,a p>ticipial phrase at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce mu/ ref] to ! grammatical subject #ac ,,iii4 ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,composition #ae #h4 ,make ! p>agraph ! unit ( composition3 "o p>agraph to ea* topic #ae #i4 ,z a rule1 beg9 ea* p>agraph ) a topic s5t5ce2 end x 9 con=mity ) ! beg9n+ #ag #aj4 ,use ! active voice #ai #aa4 ,put /atem5ts 9 positive =m #ba #ab4 ,use def9ite1 specific1 concrete language #bb #ac4 ,omit ne$less words #bd #ad4 ,avoid a succession ( loose s5t5ces #be #ae4 ,express co-ord9ate ideas 9 simil> =m #bf #af4 ,keep relat$ words toge!r #bh #ag4 ,9 summ>ies1 keep to "o t5se #bi #ah4 ,place ! emphatic words ( a s5t5ce at ! end #ca ,,iv4 ,a ,few ,matt]s ( ,=m #cc ,v4 ,words & ,expressions ,commonly ,misus$ #cf ,,vi4 ,spell+ #dh ,,vii4 ,ex]cises on ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii #ej ,i4 ,,introductory ,?is book aims to give 9 brief space ! pr9cipal requirem5ts ( pla9 ,engli% /yle4 ,x aims to light5 ! task ( in/ructor & /ud5t by conc5trat+ att5tion 79 ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii7 on a few ess5tials1 ! rules ( usage & pr9ciples ( composition mo/ commonly violat$4 ,9 accordance ) ?is plan x lays d[n ?ree rules = ! use ( ! comma1 in/ead ( a score or m1 & "o = ! use ( ! semicolon1 9 ! belief t ^! f\r rules provide = all ! int]nal punctuation t is requir$ by n9ete5 s5t5ces out ( tw5ty4 ,simil>ly1 x gives 9 ,*apt] ,,iii only ^? pr9ciples ( ! p>agraph & ! s5t5ce :i* are ( ! wide/ application4 ,! book ?us cov]s only a small portion ( ! field ( ,engli% /yle4 ,! exp]i5ce ( its writ] has be5 t once pa/ ! ess5tials1 /ud5ts pr(it mo/ by individual in/ruction bas$ on ! problems ( _! own "w1 & t ea* in/ructor has 8 own body ( !ory1 :i* he may pref] to t (f]$ by any textbook4 ,! numb]s ( ! sections may be us$ z ref]5ces 9 correct+ manuscript4 ,! writ]'s colleagues 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,engli% 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity h greatly help$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 manuscript4 ,mr4 ,george ,mc,lane ,wood has k9dly cons5t$ to ! inclusion "u ,rule #aj ( "s mat]ial f 8 ,sugge/ions to ,au?ors4 ,! foll[+ books are recomm5d$ = ref]5ce or fur!r /udy3 9 connection ) ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iv1 ,f4 ,h[>d ,coll9s1 ,au?or & ,pr9t] 7,h5ry ,fr[de72 ,*icago ,univ]sity ,press1 ,manual ( ,/yle2 ,t4 ,l4 ,de ,v9ne1 ,correct ,composition 7,! ,c5tury ,company72 ,horace ,h>t1 ,rules = ,compositors & ,pr9t]s 7,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press72 ,george ,mc,lane ,wood1 ,extracts f ! ,/yle-,book ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice 7,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey72 9 connection ) ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,v1 ,! ,k+'s ,engli% 7,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press72 ,sir ,ar?ur ,quill]-,c\*1 ,! ,art ( ,writ+ 7,putnam71 especially ! *apt]1 ,int]lude on ,j>gon2 ,george ,mc,lane ,wood1 ,sugge/ions to ,au?ors 7,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey72 ,john ,lesslie ,hall1 ,engli% ,usage 7,scott1 ,=esman & ,co472 ,james ,p4 ,kelley1 ,workman%ip 9 ,words 7,little1 ,br[n & ,co474 ,9 ^! w be f\nd full discussions ( _m po9ts "h briefly treat$ & an abundant /ore ( illu/rations to supplem5t ^? giv5 9 ?is book4 ,x is an old obs]vation t ! be/ writ]s sometimes disreg>d ! rules ( rhetoric4 ,:5 !y d s1 h[ev]1 ! read] w usually f9d 9 ! s5t5ce "s comp5sat+ m]it1 atta9$ at ! co/ ( ! violation4 ,unless he is c]ta9 ( do+ z well1 he w probably d be/ to foll[ ! rules4 ,aft] he has le>n$1 by _! guidance1 to write pla9 ,engli% adequate = ev]yday uses1 let him look1 = ! secrets ( /yle1 to ! /udy ( ! ma/]s ( lit]ature4 ,,ii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,rules ,,( ,,usage #a4 ,=m ! possessive s+ul> ( n\ns by add+ 's4 ,foll[ ?is rule :atev] ! f9al consonant4 ,?us write1 ,*>les's fri5d ,burns's poems ! wit*'s malice ,?is is ! usage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice & ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press4 ,exceptions are ! possessive ( anci5t prop] names 9 -es & -is1 ! possessive ,jesus'1 & su* =ms z = consci5ce' sake1 = righte\sness' sake4 ,b su* =ms z ,a*illes' heel1 ,moses' laws1 ,isis' temple are commonly replac$ by ! heel ( ,a*illes ! laws ( ,moses ! temple ( ,isis ,! pronom9al possessives h]s1 its1 !irs1 y\rs1 & oneself h no apo/rophe4 #b4 ,9 a s]ies ( ?ree or m t]ms ) a s+le conjunction1 use a comma aft] ea* t]m except ! la/4 ,?us write1 r$1 :ite1 & blue gold1 silv]1 or copp] ,he op5$ ! lett]1 read x1 & made a note ( its cont5ts4 ,?is is also ! usage ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice & ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press4 ,9 ! names ( bus9ess firms ! la/ comma is omitt$1 z1 ,br[n1 ,%ipley ,co4 #c4 ,enclose p>5!tic expressions betwe5 commas4 ,! be/ way to see a c\ntry1 unless y are press$ = "t1 is to travel on foot4 ,?is rule is difficult to apply2 x is frequ5tly h>d to decide :e!r a s+le ^w1 su* z h[ev]1 or a brief phrase1 is or is n p>5!tic4 ,if ! int]ruption to ! fl[ ( ! s5t5ce is b slight1 ! writ] may safely omit ! commas4 ,b :e!r ! int]ruption be slight or consid]able1 he mu/ nev] ins]t "o comma & omit ! o!r4 ,su* punctuation z ,m>jorie's husb&1 ,colonel ,nelson paid u a visit ye/]day1 or ,my bro!r y w be pleas$ to he>1 is n[ 9 p]fect heal?1 is indef5sible4 ,if a p>5!tic expression is prec$$ by a conjunction1 place ! fir/ comma be=e ! conjunction1 n aft] x4 ,he saw u com+1 & unaw>e t we _h le>n$ ( 8 trea*]y1 greet$ u ) a smile4 ,always to be reg>d$ z p>5!tic & to be enclos$ betwe5 commas 7or1 at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 betwe5 comma & p]iod7 are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ! ye>1 :5 =m+ "p ( a date1 & ! day ( ! mon?1 :5 foll[+ ! day ( ! week3 ,febru>y to ,july1 #aiaf4 ,april #f1 #aiag4 ,monday1 ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 7#b7 ! abbreviations etc4 & jr4 7#c7 non-re/rictive relative clauses1 t is1 ^? :i* d n s]ve to id5tify or def9e ! antec$5t n\n1 & simil> clauses introduc$ by conjunctions indicat+ "t or place4 ,! audi5ce1 :i* _h at fir/ be5 indiff]5t1 became m & m int]e/$4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! clause introduc$ by :i* does n s]ve to tell :i* ( sev]al possible audi5ces is meant2 :at audi5ce is 9 "q is suppos$ to be already kn[n4 ,! clause adds1 p>5!tically1 a /atem5t supplem5t+ t 9 ! ma9 clause4 ,! s5t5ce is virtually a comb9ation ( two /atem5ts :i* might h be5 made indep5d5tly3 ,! audi5ce _h at fir/ be5 indiff]5t4 ,x became m & m int]e/$4 ,comp>e ! re/rictive relative clause1 n set (f by commas1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! c&idate :o be/ meets ^! requirem5ts w obta9 ! place4 ,"h ! clause introduc$ by :o does s]ve to tell :i* ( sev]al possible c&idates is meant2 ! s5t5ce _c be split up into two indep5d5t /atem5ts4 ,! diff]5ce 9 punctuation 9 ! two s5t5ces foll[+ is bas$ on ! same pr9ciple3 ,ne!r ,/[ey1 :]e ,col]idge wrote ,! ,rime ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 is a few miles f ,bridgewat]4 ,! day w come :5 y w admit y\r mi/ake4 ,ne!r ,/[ey is completely id5tifi$ by its "n2 ! /atem5t ab\t ,col]idge is !re=e supplem5t>y & p>5!tic4 ,! day spok5 ( is id5tifi$ only by ! dep5d5t clause1 :i* is !re=e re/rictive4 ,simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! enclos+ ( p>5!tic expressions betwe5 commas is ! sett+ (f by commas ( phrases or dep5d5t clauses prec$+ or foll[+ ! ma9 clause ( a s5t5ce4 ,p>tly by h>d fight+1 p>tly by diplomatic skill1 !y enl>g$ _! dom9ions to ! ea/1 & rose to royal rank ) ! possession ( ,sicily1 ex*ang$ aft]w>ds = ,s>d9ia4 ,o!r illu/rations may be f\nd 9 s5t5ces quot$ "u ,rules #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #af1 & #ah4 ,! writ] %\ld be c>eful n to set (f indep5d5t clauses by commas3 see "u ,rule #e4 #d4 ,place a comma be=e a conjunction introduc+ a co-ord9ate clause4 ,! e>ly records ( ! city h disappe>$1 & ! /ory ( its fir/ ye>s c no long] be recon/ruct$4 ,! situation is p]il\s1 b !re is /ill "o *ance ( escape4 ,s5t5ces ( ?is type1 isolat$ f _! context1 may seem to be 9 ne$ ( rewrit+4 ,z !y make complete s5se :5 ! comma is rea*$1 ! second clause has ! appe>ance ( an aft]?\ght4 ,fur!r1 & is ! lea/ specific ( connectives4 ,us$ betwe5 indep5d5t clauses1 x indicates only t a relation exi/s betwe5 !m )\t def9+ t relation4 ,9 ! example above1 ! relation is t ( cause & result4 ,! two s5t5ces might be rewritt53 ,z ! e>ly records ( ! city h disappe>$1 ! /ory ( its fir/ ye>s c no long] be recon/ruct$4 ,al?\gh ! situation is p]il\s1 !re is /ill "o *ance ( escape4 ,or ! subord9ate clauses might be replac$ by phrases3 ,ow+ to ! disappe>ance ( ! e>ly records ( ! city1 ! /ory ( its fir/ ye>s c no long] be recon/ruct$4 ,9 ?is p]il\s situation1 !re is /ill "o *ance ( escape4 ,b a writ] may err by mak+ 8 s5t5ces too uni=mly compact & p]iodic1 & an occasional loose s5t5ce prev5ts ! /yle f becom+ too =mal & gives ! read] a c]ta9 relief4 ,consequ5tly1 loose s5t5ces ( ! type fir/ quot$ are common 9 easy1 un/udi$ writ+4 ,b a writ] %\ld be c>eful n to con/ruct too _m ( 8 s5t5ces aft] ?is patt]n 7see ,rule #ad74 ,two-"p s5t5ces ( :i* ! second memb] is introduc$ by z 79 ! s5se ( because71 =1 or1 nor1 & :ile 79 ! s5se ( & at ! same "t7 likewise require a comma be=e ! conjunction4 ,if ! second memb] is introduc$ by an adv]b1 a semicolon1 n a comma1 is requir$ 7see ,rule #e74 ,! connectives s & yet may be us$ ei!r z adv]bs or z conjunctions1 accord+ly z ! second clause is felt to be co-ord9ate or subord9ate2 consequ5tly ei!r m>k ( punctuation may be ju/ifi$4 ,b ^! uses ( s 7equival5t to accord+ly or to s t7 are some:at colloquial & %\ld1 z a rule1 be avoid$ 9 writ+4 ,a simple correction1 usually s]viceable1 is to omit ! ^w s & beg9 ! fir/ clause ) z or s9ce3 ,i _h nev] be5 9 ! place be=e2 s ,i _h difficulty 9 f9d+ my way ab\t4 ,z ,i _h nev] be5 9 ! place be=e1 ,i _h difficulty 9 f9d+ my way ab\t4 ,if a dep5d5t clause1 or an introductory phrase requir+ to be set (f by a comma1 prec$es ! second indep5d5t clause1 no comma is ne$$ aft] ! conjunction4 ,! situation is p]il\s1 b if we are prep>$ to act promptly1 !re is /ill "o *ance ( escape4 ,:5 ! subject is ! same = bo? clauses & is express$ only once1 a comma is requir$ if ! connective is b4 ,if ! connective is &1 ! comma %\ld be omitt$ if ! relation betwe5 ! two /atem5ts is close or imm$iate4 ,i h he>d 8 argum5ts1 b am /ill unconv9c$4 ,he has _h sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce & is ?or\ghly compet5t4 #e4 ,d n jo9 indep5d5t clauses by a comma4 ,if two or m clauses1 grammatically complete & n jo9$ by a conjunction1 are to =m a s+le comp\nd s5t5ce1 ! prop] m>k ( punctuation is a semicolon4 ,/ev5son's romances are ent]ta9+2 !y are full ( excit+ adv5tures4 ,x is ne>ly half pa/ five2 we _c rea* t[n be=e d>k4 ,x is ( c\rse equally correct to write ! above z two s5t5ces ea*1 replac+ ! semicolons by p]iods4 ,/ev5son's romances are ent]ta9+4 ,!y are full ( excit+ adv5tures4 ,x is ne>ly half pa/ five4 ,we _c rea* t[n be=e d>k4 ,if a conjunction is ins]t$ ! prop] m>k is a comma 7,rule #d74 ,/ev5son's romances are ent]ta9+1 = !y are full ( excit+ adv5tures4 ,x is ne>ly half pa/ five1 & we _c rea* t[n be=e d>k4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ?ree =ms giv5 above w %[ cle>ly ! advantage ( ! fir/4 ,x is1 at lea/ 9 ! examples giv51 bett] ?an ! second =m1 because x sugge/s ! close relation%ip betwe5 ! two /atem5ts 9 a way t ! second does n attempt1 & bett] ?an ! ?ird1 because brief] & !re=e m =cible4 ,inde$ x may be said t ?is simple me?od ( indicat+ relation%ip betwe5 /atem5ts is "o ( ! mo/ useful devices ( composition4 ,! relation%ip1 z above1 is commonly "o ( cause or ( consequ5ce4 ,note t if ! second clause is prec$$ by an adv]b1 su* z accord+ly1 besides1 !n1 !re=e1 or ?us1 & n by a conjunction1 ! semicolon is /ill requir$4 ,two exceptions to ! rule may be admitt$4 ,if ! clauses are v %ort1 & are alike 9 =m1 a comma is usually p]missible3 ,man proposes1 ,god disposes4 ,! gate swung ap>t1 ! bridge fell1 ! portcullis 0 drawn up4 ,note t 9 ^! examples ! relation is n "o ( cause or consequ5ce4 ,also 9 ! colloquial =m ( expression1 ,i h>dly knew him1 he 0 s *ang$1 a comma1 n a semicolon1 is requir$4 ,b ?is =m ( expression is inappropriate 9 writ+1 except 9 ! dialogue ( a /ory or play1 or p]haps 9 a famili> lett]4 #f4 ,d n break s5t5ces 9 two4 ,9 o!r words1 d n use p]iods = commas4 ,i met !m on a ,cun>d l9] sev]al ye>s ago4 ,com+ home f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york4 ,he 0 an int]e/+ talk]4 ,a man :o _h travel$ all ov] ! _w & liv$ 9 half a doz5 c\ntries4 ,9 bo? ^! examples1 ! fir/ p]iod %\ld be replac$ by a comma1 & ! foll[+ ^w begun ) a small lett]4 ,x is p]missible to make an emphatic ^w or expression s]ve ! purpose ( a s5t5ce & to punctuate x accord+ly3 ,aga9 & aga9 he call$ out4 ,no reply4 ,! writ] mu/1 h[ev]1 be c]ta9 t ! emphasis is w>rant$1 & t he w n be suspect$ ( a m]e blund] 9 syntax or 9 punctuation4 ,rules #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f cov] ! mo/ important pr9ciples 9 ! punctuation ( ord9>y s5t5ces2 !y %\ld be s ?or\ghly ma/]$ t _! application becomes second nature4 #g4 ,a p>ticipial phrase at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce mu/ ref] to ! grammatical subject4 ,walk+ sl[ly d[n ! road1 he saw a woman accompani$ by two *ildr54 ,! ^w walk+ ref]s to ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 n to ! woman4 ,if ! writ] wi%es to make x ref] to ! woman1 he mu/ reca/ ! s5t5ce3 ,he saw a woman accompani$ by two *ildr51 walk+ sl[ly d[n ! road4 ,p>ticipial phrases prec$$ by a conjunction or by a preposition1 n\ns 9 apposition1 adjectives1 & adjective phrases come "u ! same rule if !y beg9 ! s5t5ce4 ,on arriv+ 9 ,*icago1 8 fri5ds met him at ! /ation4 ,:5 he arriv$ 7or1 ,on 8 arrival7 9 ,*icago1 8 fri5ds met him at ! /ation4 ,a soldi] ( prov$ valor1 !y entru/$ him ) ! def5ce ( ! city4 ,a soldi] ( prov$ valor1 he 0 entru/$ ) ! def5ce ( ! city4 ,"y & inexp]i5c$1 ! task seem$ easy to me4 ,"y & inexp]i5c$1 ,i ?\ght ! task easy4 ,)\t a fri5d to c\nsel him1 ! temptation prov$ irresi/ible4 ,)\t a fri5d to c\nsel him1 he f\nd ! temptation irresi/ible4 ,s5t5ces violat+ ?is rule are (t5 ludicr\s4 ,be+ 9 a dilapidat$ condition1 ,i 0 able to buy ! h\se v *eap4 ,wond]+ irresolutely :at to d next1 ! clock /ruck twelve4 ,,iii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,composition #h4 ,make ! p>agraph ! unit ( composition3 "o p>agraph to ea* topic4 ,if ! subject on :i* y are writ+ is ( slight ext5t1 or if y int5d to treat x v briefly1 !re may be no ne$ ( subdivid+ x into topics4 ,?us a brief description1 a brief summ>y ( a lit]>y "w1 a brief acc\nt ( a s+le incid5t1 a n>rative m]ely outl9+ an action1 ! sett+ =? ( a s+le idea1 any "o ( ^! is be/ writt5 9 a s+le p>agraph4 ,aft] ! p>agraph has be5 writt51 exam9e x to see :e!r subdivision w n improve x4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 a subject requires subdivision into topics1 ea* ( :i* %\ld be made ! subject ( a p>agraph4 ,! object ( treat+ ea* topic 9 a p>agraph by itself is1 ( c\rse1 to aid ! read]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ea* p>agraph is a signal to him t a new /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! subject has be5 rea*$4 ,! ext5t ( subdivision w v>y ) ! l5g? ( ! composition4 ,= example1 a %ort notice ( a book or poem might consi/ ( a s+le p>agraph4 ,"o slightly long] might consi/ ( two p>agraphs3 ,a4 ,acc\nt ( ! "w4 ,b4 ,critical discussion4 ,a report on a poem1 writt5 = a class 9 lit]ature1 might consi/ ( sev5 p>agraphs3 ,a4 ,facts ( composition & publication4 ,b4 ,k9d ( poem2 metrical =m4 ,c4 ,subject4 ,d4 ,treatm5t ( subject4 ,e4 ,= :at *iefly rem>kable4 ,f4 ,:]e9 *>act]i/ic ( ! writ]4 ,g4 ,relation%ip to o!r works4 ,! cont5ts ( p>agraphs ,c & ,d w\ld v>y ) ! poem4 ,usually1 p>agraph ,c w\ld indicate ! actual or imag9$ circum/ances ( ! poem 7! situation71 if ^! call = explanation1 & w\ld !n /ate ! subject & outl9e its developm5t4 ,if ! poem is a n>rative 9 ! ?ird p]son ?r\gh\t1 p>agraph ,c ne$ conta9 no m ?an a concise summ>y ( ! action4 ,p>agraph ,d w\ld indicate ! lead+ ideas & %[ h[ !y are made prom95t1 or w\ld indicate :at po9ts 9 ! n>rative are *iefly emphasiz$4 ,a novel might be discuss$ "u ! heads3 ,a4 ,sett+4 ,b4 ,plot4 ,c4 ,*>act]s4 ,d4 ,purpose4 ,an hi/orical ev5t might be discuss$ "u ! heads3 ,a4 ,:at l$ up to ! ev5t4 ,b4 ,acc\nt ( ! ev5t4 ,c4 ,:at ! ev5t l$ up to4 ,9 treat+ ei!r ( ^! la/ two subjects1 ! writ] w\ld probably f9d x necess>y to subdivide "o or m ( ! topics "h giv54 ,z a rule1 s+le s5t5ces %\ld n be writt5 or pr9t$ z p>agraphs4 ,an exception may be made ( s5t5ces ( transition1 indicat+ ! relation betwe5 ! p>ts ( an exposition or argum5t4 ,frequ5t exceptions are also necess>y 9 textbooks1 guidebooks1 & o!r works 9 :i* _m topics are treat$ briefly4 ,9 dialogue1 ea* spee*1 ev5 if only a s+le ^w1 is a p>agraph by itself2 t is1 a new p>agraph beg9s ) ea* *ange ( speak]4 ,! application ( ?is rule1 :5 dialogue & n>rative are comb9$1 is be/ le>n$ f examples 9 well-pr9t$ works ( fiction4 #i4 ,z a rule1 beg9 ea* p>agraph ) a topic s5t5ce1 end x 9 con=mity ) ! beg9n+4 ,aga91 ! object is to aid ! read]4 ,! practice "h recomm5d$ enables him to discov] ! purpose ( ea* p>agraph z he beg9s to read x1 & to reta9 ?is purpose 9 m9d z he ends x4 ,= ?is reason1 ! mo/ g5]ally useful k9d ( p>agraph1 p>ticul>ly 9 exposition & argum5t1 is t 9 :i* 7a7 ! topic s5t5ce comes at or ne> ! beg9n+2 7b7 ! succe$+ s5t5ces expla9 or e/abli% or develop ! /atem5t made 9 ! topic s5t5ce2 & 7c7 ! f9al s5t5ce ei!r emphasizes ! ?\ght ( ! topic s5t5ce or /ates "s important consequ5ce4 ,end+ ) a digression1 or ) an unimportant detail1 is p>ticul>ly to be avoid$4 ,if ! p>agraph =ms "p ( a l>g] composition1 its relation to :at prec$es1 or its function z a "p ( ! :ole1 may ne$ to be express$4 ,?is c sometimes be done by a m]e ^w or phrase 7aga92 !re=e2 = ! same reason7 9 ! topic s5t5ce4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is exp$i5t to prec$e ! topic s5t5ce by "o or m s5t5ces ( introduction or transition4 ,if m ?an "o su* s5t5ce is requir$1 x is g5]ally bett] to set ap>t ! transitional s5t5ces z a sep>ate p>agraph4 ,accord+ to ! writ]'s purpose1 he may1 z indicat$ above1 relate ! body ( ! p>agraph to ! topic s5t5ce 9 "o or m ( sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,he may make ! mean+ ( ! topic s5t5ce cle>] by re/at+ x 9 o!r =ms1 by def9+ its t]ms1 by d5y+ ! contr>y1 by giv+ illu/rations or specific in/ances2 he may e/abli% x by pro(s2 or he may develop x by %[+ its implications & consequ5ces4 ,9 a long p>agraph1 he may c>ry out sev]al ( ^! processes4 #a ,n[1 to be prop]ly enjoy$1 a walk+ t\r %\ld be gone ^u alone4 #b ,if y g 9 a company1 or ev5 9 pairs1 x is no long] a walk+ t\r 9 any?+ b "n2 x is some?+ else & m 9 ! nature ( a picnic4 #c ,a walk+ t\r %\ld be gone ^u alone1 because fre$om is ( ! ess5ce2 because y %\ld be able to /op & g on1 & foll[ ?is way or t1 z ! freak takes y2 & because y mu/ h y\r own pace1 & nei!r trot alongside a *ampion walk]1 nor m9ce 9 "t ) a girl4 #d ,& y mu/ be op5 to all impressions & let y\r ?\ghts take col\r f :at y see4 #e ,y %\ld be z a pipe = any w9d to play ^u4 #f ,i _c see ! wit1 says ,hazlitt1 ( walk+ & talk+ at ! same "t4 #g ,:5 ,i am 9 ! c\ntry1 ,i wi% to vegetate l ! c\ntry1 :i* is ! gi/ ( all t c be said ^u ! matt]4 #h ,!re %\ld be no cackle ( voices at y\r elb[1 to j> on ! m$itative sil5ce ( ! morn+4 #i ,& s long z a man is reason+ he _c surr5d] himself to t f9e intoxication t comes ( mu* motion 9 ! op5 air1 t beg9s 9 a sort ( dazzle & sluggi%ness ( ! bra91 & ends 9 a peace t passes compreh5sion4--,/ev5son1 ,walk+ ,t\rs4 #a ,topic s5t5ce4 #b ,! mean+ made cle>] by d5ial ( ! contr>y4 #c ,! topic s5t5ce repeat$1 9 abridg$ =m1 & support$ by ?ree reasons2 ! mean+ ( ! ?ird 7y mu/ h y\r own pace7 made cle>] by d5y+ ! contr>y4 #d ,a f\r? reason1 /at$ 9 two =ms4 #e ,! same reason1 /at$ 9 /ill ano!r =m4 #f-g ,! same reason z /at$ by ,hazlitt4 #h ,repetition1 9 p>aphrase1 ( ! quotation f ,hazlitt4 #i ,f9al /atem5t ( ! f\r? reason1 9 language amplifi$ & height5$ to =m a /rong conclusion4 #a ,x 0 *iefly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t a v diff]5t conception ( hi/ory grew up4 #b ,hi/orians !n came to believe t _! task 0 n s mu* to pa9t a picture z to solve a problem2 to expla9 or illu/rate ! successive phases ( national gr[?1 prosp]ity1 & adv]sity4 #c ,! hi/ory ( morals1 ( indu/ry1 ( intellect1 & ( art2 ! *anges t take place 9 mann]s or beliefs2 ! dom9ant ideas t prevail$ 9 successive p]iods2 ! rise1 fall1 & modification ( political con/itutions2 9 a ^w1 all ! conditions ( national well-be+ became ! subject ( _! works4 #d ,!y s\ght r to write a hi/ory ( peoples ?an a hi/ory ( k+s4 #e ,!y look$ especially 9 hi/ory = ! *a9 ( causes & effects4 #f ,!y und]took to /udy 9 ! pa/ ! physiology ( nations1 & hop$ by apply+ ! exp]im5tal me?od on a l>ge scale to d$uce "s lessons ( real value ab\t ! conditions on :i* ! welf>e ( society ma9ly dep5d4--,lecky1 ,! ,political ,value ( ,hi/ory4 #a ,topic s5t5ce4 #b ,! mean+ ( ! topic s5t5ce made cle>]2 ! new conception ( hi/ory def9$4 #c ,! def9ition exp&$4 #d ,! def9ition expla9$ by contra/4 #e ,! def9ition supplem5t$3 ano!r elem5t 9 ! new conception ( hi/ory4 #f ,conclusion3 an important consequ5ce ( ! new conception ( hi/ory4 ,9 n>ration & description ! p>agraph sometimes beg9s ) a concise1 compreh5sive /atem5t s]v+ to hold toge!r ! details t foll[4 ,! breeze s]v$ u admirably4 ,! campaign op5$ ) a s]ies ( rev]ses4 ,! next t5 or twelve pages 7 fill$ ) a curi\s set ( entries4 ,b ?is device1 if too (t5 us$1 w\ld become a mann]ism4 ,m commonly ! op5+ s5t5ce simply indicates by its subject ) :at ! p>agraph is to be pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,at l5g? ,i ?\ght ,i might return t[>ds ! /ockade4 ,he pick$ up ! heavy lamp f ! table & began to explore4 ,ano!r flight ( /eps1 & !y em]g$ on ! ro(4 ,! brief p>agraphs ( animat$ n>rative1 h[ev]1 are (t5 )\t ev5 ?is semblance ( a topic s5t5ce4 ,! break betwe5 !m s]ves ! purpose ( a rhetorical pause1 ?r[+ into prom95ce "s detail ( ! action4 #aj4 ,use ! active voice4 ,! active voice is usually m direct & vigor\s ?an ! passive3 ,i %all always rememb] my fir/ visit to ,bo/on4 ,?is is mu* bett] ?an ,my fir/ visit to ,bo/on w always be rememb]$ by me4 ,! latt] s5t5ce is less direct1 less bold1 & less concise4 ,if ! writ] tries to make x m concise by omitt+ by me1 ,my fir/ visit to ,bo/on w always be rememb]$1 x becomes indef9ite3 is x ! writ]1 or "s p]son undisclos$1 or ! _w at l>ge1 t w always rememb] ?is visit8 ,?is rule does n1 ( c\rse1 mean t ! writ] %\ld entirely disc>d ! passive voice1 :i* is frequ5tly conv5i5t & sometimes necess>y4 ,! dramati/s ( ! ,re/oration are little e/eem$ to-day4 ,mod]n read]s h little e/eem = ! dramati/s ( ! ,re/oration4 ,! fir/ w\ld be ! "r =m 9 a p>agraph on ! dramati/s ( ! ,re/oration2 ! second1 9 a p>agraph on ! ta/es ( mod]n read]s4 ,! ne$ ( mak+ a p>ticul> ^w ! subject ( ! s5t5ce w (t51 z 9 ^! examples1 det]m9e :i* voice is to be us$4 ,z a rule1 avoid mak+ "o passive dep5d directly ^u ano!r4 ,gold 0 n all[$ to be export$4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to export gold 7,! export ( gold 0 prohibit$74 ,he has be5 prov$ to h be5 se5 ent]+ ! build+4 ,x has be5 prov$ t he 0 se5 to ent] ! build+4 ,9 bo? ! examples above1 be=e correction1 ! ^w prop]ly relat$ to ! second passive is made ! subject ( ! fir/4 ,a common fault is to use z ! subject ( a passive con/ruction a n\n :i* expresses ! entire action1 leav+ to ! v]b no function beyond t ( complet+ ! s5t5ce4 ,a survey ( ?is region 0 made 9 #aijj4 ,?is region 0 survey$ 9 #aijj4 ,mobilization ( ! army 0 rapidly effect$4 ,! army 0 rapidly mobiliz$4 ,confirmation ( ^! reports _c be obta9$4 ,^! reports _c be confirm$4 ,comp>e ! s5t5ce1 ,! export ( gold 0 prohibit$1 9 :i* ! pr$icate 0 prohibit$ expresses some?+ n impli$ 9 export4 ,! habitual use ( ! active voice makes = =cible writ+4 ,?is is true n only 9 n>rative pr9cipally conc]n$ ) action1 b 9 writ+ ( any k9d4 ,_m a tame s5t5ce ( description or exposition c be made lively & emphatic by sub/itut+ a v]b 9 ! active voice = "s su* p]functory expression z !re is1 or c\ld be he>d4 ,!re 7 a great numb] ( dead leaves ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,dead leaves cov]$ ! gr\nd4 ,! s\nd ( a guit> some:]e 9 ! h\se c\ld be he>d4 ,some:]e 9 ! h\se a guit> humm$ sleepily4 ,! reason t he left college 0 t 8 heal? became impair$4 ,fail+ heal? compell$ him to leave college4 ,x 0 n long be=e he 0 v sorry t he _h said :at he _h4 ,he soon rep5t$ 8 words4 #aa4 ,put /atem5ts 9 positive =m4 ,make def9ite ass]tions4 ,avoid tame1 colorless1 hesitat+1 non-committal language4 ,use ! ^w n z a means ( d5ial or 9 anti!sis1 nev] z a means ( evasion4 ,he 0 n v (t5 on "t4 ,he usually came late4 ,he did n ?9k t /udy+ ,lat9 0 mu* use4 ,he ?\ght ! /udy ( ,lat9 useless4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew is r weak 9 spots4 ,%akespe>e does n portray ,ka?>9e z a v admirable "*1 nor does ,bianca rema9 long 9 memory z an important "* 9 ,%akespe>e's works4 ,! wom5 9 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew are unattractive4 ,ka?>9e is disagreeable1 ,bianca insignificant4 ,! la/ example1 be=e correction1 is indef9ite z well z negative4 ,! correct$ v]sion1 consequ5tly1 is simply a guess at ! writ]'s int5tion4 ,all ?ree examples %[ ! weakness inh]5t 9 ! ^w n4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ! read] is dissatisfi$ ) be+ told only :at is n2 he wi%es to be told :at is4 ,h5ce1 z a rule1 x is bett] to express ev5 a negative 9 positive =m4 n hone/ di%one/ n important trifl+ did n rememb] =got did n pay any att5tion to ignor$ did n h mu* confid5ce 9 di/ru/$ ,! anti!sis ( negative & positive is /rong3 ,n *>ity1 b simple ju/ice4 ,n t ,i lov$ ,caes> less1 b ,rome ! m4 ,negative words o!r ?an n are usually /rong3 ,! sun nev] sets ^u ! ,briti% flag4 #ab4 ,use def9ite1 specific1 concrete language4 ,pref] ! specific to ! g5]al1 ! def9ite to ! vague1 ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,a p]iod ( unfavorable wea!r set 94 ,x ra9$ e day = a week4 ,he %[$ satisfaction z he took possession ( 8 well-e>n$ rew>d4 ,he gr9n$ z he pocket$ ! co94 ,!re is a g5]al agreem5t among ^? :o h enjoy$ ! exp]i5ce t surf-rid+ is productive ( great exhil>ation4 ,all :o h tri$ surf-rid+ agree t x is mo/ exhil>at+4 ,if ^? :o h /udi$ ! art ( writ+ are 9 accord on any "o po9t1 x is on ?is1 t ! sure/ me?od ( ar\s+ & hold+ ! att5tion ( ! read] is by be+ specific1 def9ite1 & concrete4 ,critics h po9t$ out h[ mu* ( ! effectiv5ess ( ! greate/ writ]s1 ,hom]1 ,dante1 ,%akespe>e1 results f _! con/ant def9it5ess & concret5ess4 ,br[n+1 to cite a m mod]n au?or1 af=ds _m /rik+ examples4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! l9es f ,my ,la/ ,du*ess1 ,sir1 'twas all "o6 ,my fav\r at h] brea/1 ,! dropp+ ( ! daylight 9 ! we/1 ,! b\gh ( *]ries "s (fici\s fool ,broke 9 ! or*>d = h]1 ! :ite mule ,%e rode ) r\nd ! t]race--all & ea* ,w\ld draw f h] alike ! approv+ spee*1 ,or blu%1 at lea/1 & ^? :i* end ! poem1 ,notice ,neptune1 ?\gh1 ,tam+ a sea-horse1 ?\ght a r>ity1 ,:i* ,claus ( ,innsbruck ca/ 9 bronze = me4 ,^! words call up pictures4 ,recall h[ 9 ,! ,bi%op ,ord]s 8 ,tomb 9 ,/4 ,prax$'s ,*ur* ! ,r5aissance _s--its worldl9ess1 inconsi/5cy1 pride1 hypocrisy1 ignorance ( itself1 love ( art1 ( luxury1 ( good ,lat91 to quote ,rusk9's comm5t on ! poem1 is made manife/ 9 specific details & 9 concrete t]ms4 ,prose1 9 p>ticul> n>rative & descriptive prose1 is made vivid by ! same means4 ,if ! exp]i5ces ( ,jim ,hawk9s & ( ,david ,balf\r1 ( ,kim1 ( ,no/romo1 h seem$ = ! mom5t real to c\ntless read]s1 if 9 read+ ,c>lyle we h almo/ ! s5se ( be+ physically pres5t at ! tak+ ( ! ,ba/ille1 x is because ( ! def9it5ess ( ! details & ! concret5ess ( ! t]ms us$4 ,x is n t e detail is giv52 t w\ld be impossible1 z well z to no purpose2 b t all ! significant details are giv51 & n vaguely1 b ) su* def9it5ess t ! read]1 9 imag9ation1 c project himself into ! sc5e4 ,9 exposition & 9 argum5t1 ! writ] mu/ likewise nev] lose 8 hold ^u ! concrete1 & ev5 :5 he is deal+ ) g5]al pr9ciples1 he mu/ give p>ticul> in/ances ( _! application4 ,?is sup]iority ( specific expressions is cle>ly due to ! ef=t requir$ to translate words into ?\ghts4 ,z we d n ?9k 9 g5]als1 b 9 p>ticul>s--z :5ev] any class ( ?+s is ref]r$ to1 we repres5t x to ourselves by call+ to m9d individual memb]s ( x1 x foll[s t :5 an ab/ract ^w is us$1 ! he>] or read] has to *oose1 f 8 /ock ( images1 "o or m by :i* he may figure to himself ! g5us m5tion$4 ,9 do+ ?is1 "s delay mu/ arise1 "s =ce be exp5d$2 & if by employ+ a specific t]m an appropriate image c be at once sugge/$1 an economy is a*iev$1 & a m vivid impression produc$4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 f ^: ,philosophy ( ,/yle ! prec$+ p>agraph is quot$1 illu/rates ! pr9ciple by ! s5t5ces3 ,9 proportion z ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & amusem5ts ( a nation are cruel & b>b>\s1 ! regulations ( _! p5al code w be sev]e4 ,9 proportion z m5 delight 9 battles1 bull-fights1 & combats ( gladiators1 w !y puni% by hang+1 burn+1 & ! rack4 #ac4 ,omit ne$less words4 ,vigor\s writ+ is concise4 ,a s5t5ce %\ld conta9 no unnecess>y words1 a p>agraph no unnecess>y s5t5ces1 = ! same reason t a draw+ %\ld h no unnecess>y l9es & a ma*9e no unnecess>y p>ts4 ,?is requires n t ! writ] make all 8 s5t5ces %ort1 or t he avoid all detail & treat 8 subjects only 9 outl9e1 b t he make e ^w tell4 ,_m expressions 9 common use violate ?is pr9ciple3 ! "q z to :e!r :e!r 7! "q :e!r7 !re is no d\bt b t no d\bt 7d\btless7 us$ = fuel purposes us$ = fuel he is a man :o he 9 a ha/y mann] ha/ily ?is is a subject :i* ?is subject ,8 /ory is a /range "o4 ,8 /ory is /range4 ,9 especial ! expression ! fact t %\ld be revis$ out ( e s5t5ce 9 :i* x occurs4 ow+ to ! fact t s9ce 7because7 9 spite ( ! fact t ?\gh 7al?\gh7 call y\r att5tion to ! fact t rem9d y 7notify y7 ,i 0 unaw>e ( ! fact t ,i 0 unaw>e t 7did n "k7 ! fact t he _h n succe$$ 8 failure ! fact t ,i _h arriv$ my arrival ,see also "u case1 "*1 nature1 sy/em 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,:o is1 :i* 01 & ! l are (t5 sup]flu\s4 ,8 bro!r1 :o is a memb] ( ! same firm ,8 bro!r1 a memb] ( ! same firm ,trafalg>1 :i* 0 ,nelson's la/ battle ,trafalg>1 ,nelson's la/ battle ,z positive /atem5t is m concise ?an negative1 & ! active voice m concise ?an ! passive1 _m ( ! examples giv5 "u ,rules #aa & #ab illu/rate ?is rule z well4 ,a common violation ( concis5ess is ! pres5tation ( a s+le complex idea1 /ep by /ep1 9 a s]ies ( s5t5ces or indep5d5t clauses :i* might to advantage be comb9$ into "o4 ,macbe? 0 v ambiti\s4 ,?is l$ him to wi% to become k+ ( ,scotl&4 ,! wit*es told him t ?is wi% ( 8 w\ld come true4 ,! k+ ( ,scotl& at ?is "t 0 ,duncan4 ,enc\rag$ by 8 wife1 ,macbe? murd]$ ,duncan4 ,he 0 ?us enabl$ to succe$ ,duncan z k+4 7#ea words47 ,enc\rag$ by 8 wife1 ,macbe? a*iev$ 8 ambition & realiz$ ! pr$iction ( ! wit*es by murd]+ ,duncan & becom+ k+ ( ,scotl& 9 8 place4 7#bf words47 ,!re 7 sev]al less important c\rses1 b ^! 7 ! mo/ important1 & al?\gh !y did n come e day1 !y came (t5 en\gh to keep y 9 su* a /ate ( m9d t y nev] knew :at y\r next move w\ld be4 7#dc words47 ,^!1 ! mo/ important c\rses ( all1 came1 if n daily1 at lea/ (t5 en\gh to keep "o "u con/ant /ra94 7#ba words47 #ad4 ,avoid a succession ( loose s5t5ces3 ,?is rule ref]s especially to loose s5t5ces ( a p>ticul> type1 ^? consi/+ ( two co-ord9ate clauses1 ! second introduc$ by a conjunction or relative4 ,al?\gh s+le s5t5ces ( ?is type may be unexceptionable 7see "u ,rule #d71 a s]ies soon becomes monoton\s & t$i\s4 ,an unskilful writ] w sometimes con/ruct a :ole p>agraph ( s5t5ces ( ?is k9d1 us+ z connectives &1 b1 s1 & less frequ5tly1 :o1 :i*1 :51 :]e1 & :ile1 ^! la/ 9 non-re/rictive s5ses 7see "u ,rule #c74 ,! ?ird conc]t ( ! subscription s]ies 0 giv5 la/ ev5+1 & a l>ge audi5ce 0 9 att5dance4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,appleton 0 ! soloi/1 & ! ,bo/on ,symphony ,or*e/ra furni%$ ! in/rum5tal music4 ,! =m] %[$ himself to be an arti/ ( ! fir/ rank1 :ile ! latt] prov$ itself fully des]v+ ( its high reputation4 ,! int]e/ ar\s$ by ! s]ies has be5 v gratify+ to ! ,committee1 & x is plann$ to give a simil> s]ies annually h]eaft]4 ,! f\r? conc]t w be giv5 on ,tuesday1 ,may #aj1 :5 an equally attractive programme w be pres5t$4 ,ap>t f its trit5ess & empt9ess1 ! p>agraph above is weak because ( ! /ructure ( its s5t5ces1 ) _! me*anical symmetry & s+-song4 ,contra/ ) !m ! s5t5ces 9 ! p>agraphs quot$ "u ,rule #i1 or 9 any piece ( good ,engli% prose1 z ! preface 7,be=e ! ,curta97 to ,vanity ,fair4 ,if ! writ] f9ds t he has writt5 a s]ies ( s5t5ces ( ! type describ$1 he %\ld reca/ en\gh ( !m to remove ! monotony1 replac+ !m by simple s5t5ces1 by s5t5ces ( two clauses jo9$ by a semicolon1 by p]iodic s5t5ces ( two clauses1 by s5t5ces1 loose or p]iodic1 ( ?ree clauses--:i*ev] be/ repres5t ! real relations ( ! ?\ght4 #ae4 ,express co-ord9ate ideas 9 simil> =m4 ,?is pr9ciple1 t ( p>allel con/ruction1 requires t expressions ( simil> cont5t & function %\ld be outw>dly simil>4 ,! lik5ess ( =m enables ! read] to recognize m readily ! lik5ess ( cont5t & function4 ,famili> in/ances f ! ,bible are ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ! ,beatitudes1 & ! petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,! unskillful writ] (t5 violates ?is pr9ciple1 f a mi/ak5 belief t he %\ld con/antly v>y ! =m ( 8 expressions4 ,x is true t 9 repeat+ a /atem5t 9 ord] to emphasize x he may h ne$ to v>y its =m4 ,= illu/ration1 see ! p>agraph f ,/ev5son quot$ "u ,rule #i4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 he %\ld foll[ ! pr9ciple ( p>allel con/ruction4 ,=m]ly1 sci5ce 0 taught by ! textbook me?od1 :ile n[ ! laboratory me?od is employ$4 ,=m]ly1 sci5ce 0 taught by ! textbook me?od2 n[ x is taught by ! laboratory me?od4 ,! left-h& v]sion gives ! impression t ! writ] is undecid$ or timid2 he seems unable or afraid to *oose "o =m ( expression & hold to x4 ,! "r-h& v]sion %[s t ! writ] has at lea/ made 8 *oice & abid$ by x4 ,by ?is pr9ciple1 an article or a preposition apply+ to all ! memb]s ( a s]ies mu/ ei!r be us$ only be=e ! fir/ t]m or else be repeat$ be=e ea* t]m4 ,! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 ,spani%1 & ,portuguese ,! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 ! ,spani%1 & ! ,portuguese ,9 spr+1 summ]1 or 9 w9t] ,9 spr+1 summ]1 or w9t] 7,9 spr+1 9 summ]1 or 9 w9t]7 ,correlative expressions 7bo?1 &2 n1 b2 n only1 b also2 ei!r1 or2 fir/1 second1 ?ird2 & ! l7 %\ld be foll[$ by ! same grammatical con/ruction1 t is1 virtually1 by ! same "p ( spee*4 7,su* comb9ations z bo? ,h5ry & ,i1 n silk1 b a *eap sub/itute1 are obvi\sly )9 ! rule47 ,_m violations ( ?is rule 7z ! fir/ ?ree bel[7 arise f faulty arrangem5t2 o!rs 7z ! la/7 f ! use ( unlike con/ructions4 ,x 0 bo? a long c]emony & v t$i\s4 ,! c]emony 0 bo? long & t$i\s4 ,a "t n = words1 b action4 ,a "t n = words1 b = action4 ,ei!r y mu/ grant 8 reque/ or incur 8 ill w4 ,y mu/ ei!r grant 8 reque/ or incur 8 ill w4 ,my objections are1 fir/1 ! inju/ice ( ! measure2 second1 t x is uncon/itutional4 ,my objections are1 fir/1 t ! measure is unju/2 second1 t x is uncon/itutional4 ,see also ! ?ird example "u ,rule #ab & ! la/ "u ,rule #ac4 ,x may be ask$1 :at if a writ] ne$s to express a v l>ge numb] ( simil> ideas1 say tw5ty8 ,mu/ he write tw5ty consecutive s5t5ces ( ! same patt]n8 ,on clos] exam9ation he w probably f9d t ! difficulty is imag9>y1 t 8 tw5ty ideas c be classifi$ 9 gr\ps1 & t he ne$ apply ! pr9ciple only )9 ea* gr\p4 ,o!rwise he _h be/ avoid difficulty by putt+ 8 /atem5ts 9 ! =m ( a table4 #af4 ,keep relat$ words toge!r4 ,! position ( ! words 9 a s5t5ce is ! pr9cipal means ( %[+ _! relation%ip4 ,! writ] mu/ !re=e1 s f> z possible1 br+ toge!r ! words1 & gr\ps ( words1 t are relat$ 9 ?\ght1 & keep ap>t ^? :i* are n s relat$4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce & ! pr9cipal v]b %\ld n1 z a rule1 be sep>at$ by a phrase or clause t c be transf]r$ to ! beg9n+4 ,wordswor?1 9 ! fif? book ( ,! ,excursion1 gives a m9ute description ( ?is *ur*4 ,9 ! fif? book ( ,! ,excursion1 ,wordswor? gives a m9ute description ( ?is *ur*4 ,ca/ iron1 :5 treat$ 9 a ,bessem] conv]t]1 is *ang$ into /eel4 ,by treatm5t 9 a ,bessem] conv]t]1 ca/ iron is *ang$ into /eel4 ,! objection is t ! int]pos$ phrase or clause ne$lessly int]rupts ! natural ord] ( ! ma9 clause4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ?is objection does n hold :5 ! ord] is int]rupt$ only by a relative clause or by an expression 9 apposition4 ,nor does x hold 9 p]iodic s5t5ces 9 :i* ! int]ruption is a delib]ately us$ means ( creat+ susp5se 7see examples "u ,rule #ah74 ,! relative pron\n %\ld come1 z a rule1 imm$iately aft] its antec$5t4 ,!re 0 a look 9 8 eye t bod$ mis*ief4 ,9 8 eye 0 a look t bod$ mis*ief4 ,he wrote ?ree articles ab\t 8 adv5tures 9 ,spa91 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e4 ,he publi%$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e ?ree articles ab\t 8 adv5tures 9 ,spa94 ,?is is a portrait ( ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 gr&son ( ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 :o became ,presid5t 9 #ahhi4 ,?is is a portrait ( ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 gr&son ( ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison4 ,he became ,presid5t 9 #ahhi4 ,if ! antec$5t consi/s ( a gr\p ( words1 ! relative comes at ! end ( ! gr\p1 unless ?is w\ld cause ambiguity4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,*icago ,division1 :o ,a proposal to am5d ! ,%]man ,act1 :i* has be5 v>i\sly judg$4 ,a proposal1 :i* has be5 v>i\sly judg$1 to am5d ! ,%]man ,act4 ,a proposal to am5d ! mu*-debat$ ,%]man ,act4 ,! gr&son ( ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 :o ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison's gr&son1 :o ,a n\n 9 apposition may come betwe5 antec$5t & relative1 because 9 su* a comb9ation no real ambiguity c arise4 ,! ,duke ( ,york1 8 bro!r1 :o 0 reg>d$ ) ho/ility by ! ,:igs ,modifi]s %\ld come1 if possible1 next to ! ^w !y modify4 ,if sev]al expressions modify ! same ^w1 !y %\ld be s arrang$ t no wrong relation is sugge/$4 ,all ! memb]s 7 n pres5t4 ,n all ! memb]s 7 pres5t4 ,he only f\nd two mi/akes4 ,he f\nd only two mi/akes4 ,major ,r4 ,e4 ,joyce w give a lecture on ,tuesday ev5+ 9 ,bailey ,hall1 to :i* ! public is invit$1 on ,my ,exp]i5ces 9 ,mesopotamia at eight ,p4 ,m4 ,on ,tuesday ev5+ at eight ,p4 ,m41 ,major ,r4 ,e4 ,joyce w give 9 ,bailey ,hall a lecture on ,my ,exp]i5ces 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! public is invit$4 #ag4 ,9 summ>ies1 keep to "o t5se4 ,9 summ>iz+ ! action ( a drama1 ! writ] %\ld always use ! pres5t t5se4 ,9 summ>iz+ a poem1 /ory1 or novel1 he %\ld pref]ably use ! pres5t1 ?\gh he may use ! pa/ if he pref]s4 ,if ! summ>y is 9 ! pres5t t5se1 antec$5t action %\ld be express$ by ! p]fect2 if 9 ! pa/1 by ! pa/ p]fect4 ,an un=ese5 *ance prev5ts ,fri> ,john f deliv]+ ,fri> ,lawr5ce's lett] to ,romeo4 ,mean:ile1 ow+ to h] fa!r's arbitr>y *ange ( ! day set = h] w$d+1 ,juliet has be5 compell$ to dr9k ! potion on ,tuesday night1 ) ! result t ,bal?as> in=ms ,romeo ( h] suppos$ dea? be=e ,fri> ,lawr5ce le>ns ( ! non-deliv]y ( ! lett]4 ,b :i*ev] t5se be us$ 9 ! summ>y1 a pa/ t5se 9 indirect disc\rse or 9 indirect "q rema9s un*ang$4 ,! ,fri> confesses t x 0 he :o m>ri$ !m4 ,ap>t f ! exceptions not$1 :i*ev] t5se ! writ] *ooses1 he %\ld use ?r\gh\t4 ,%ift+ f "o t5se to ! o!r gives ! appe>ance ( unc]ta9ty & irresolution 7comp>e ,rule #ae74 ,9 pres5t+ ! /atem5ts or ! ?\ght ( "s "o else1 z 9 summ>iz+ an essay or report+ a spee*1 ! writ] %\ld avoid int]calat+ su* expressions z he said1 he /at$1 ! speak] add$1 ! speak] !n w5t on to say1 ! au?or also ?9ks1 or ! l4 ,he %\ld indicate cle>ly at ! outset1 once = all1 t :at foll[s is summ>y1 & !n wa/e no words 9 repeat+ ! notification4 ,9 notebooks1 9 newspap]s1 9 h&books ( lit]ature1 summ>ies ( "o k9d or ano!r may be indisp5sable1 & = *ildr5 9 prim>y s*ools x is a useful ex]cise to retell a /ory 9 _! own words4 ,b 9 ! criticism or int]pretation ( lit]ature ! writ] %\ld be c>eful to avoid dropp+ into summ>y4 ,he may f9d x necess>y to devote "o or two s5t5ces to indicat+ ! subject1 or ! op5+ situation1 ( ! "w he is discuss+2 he may cite num]\s details to illu/rate its qualities4 ,b he %\ld aim to write an ord]ly discussion support$ by evid5ce1 n a summ>y ) occasional comm5t4 ,simil>ly1 if ! scope ( 8 discussion includes a numb] ( works1 he w z a rule d bett] n to take !m up s+ly 9 *ronological ord]1 b to aim f ! beg9n+ at e/abli%+ g5]al conclusions4 #ah4 ,place ! emphatic words ( a s5t5ce at ! end4 ,! prop] place 9 ! s5t5ce = ! ^w1 or gr\p ( words1 :i* ! writ] desires to make mo/ prom95t is usually ! end4 ,humanity has h>dly advanc$ 9 =titude s9ce t "t1 ?\gh x has advanc$ 9 _m o!r ways4 ,humanity1 s9ce t "t1 has advanc$ 9 _m o!r ways1 b x has h>dly advanc$ 9 =titude4 ,?is /eel is pr9cipally us$ = mak+ razors1 because ( its h>dness4 ,because ( its h>dness1 ?is /eel is pr9cipally us$ 9 mak+ razors4 ,! ^w or gr\p ( words entitl$ to ?is position ( prom95ce is usually ! logical pr$icate1 t is1 ! new elem5t 9 ! s5t5ce1 z x is 9 ! second example4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! p]iodic s5t5ce arises f ! prom95ce :i* x gives to ! ma9 /atem5t4 ,f\r c5turies ago1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 "o ( ! ,italian m>9]s :om ! decl9e ( _! own republics _h put at ! s]vice ( ! _w & ( adv5ture1 seek+ = ,spa9 a we/w>d passage to ! ,indies z a set-(f aga9/ ! a*ievem5ts ( ,portuguese discov]]s1 light$ on ,am]ica4 ,) ^! hopes & 9 ?is belief ,i w\ld urge y1 lay+ aside all h9drance1 ?ru/+ away all private aims1 to devote y\rself unsw]v+ly & unfl9*+ly to ! vigor\s & successful prosecution ( ?is w>4 ,! o!r prom95t position 9 ! s5t5ce is ! beg9n+4 ,any elem5t 9 ! s5t5ce1 o!r ?an ! subject1 may become emphatic :5 plac$ fir/4 ,deceit or trea*]y he c\ld nev] =give4 ,s va/ & rude1 frett$ by ! action ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 ! fragm5ts ( ?is ar*itecture may (t5 seem1 at fir/ sight1 l works ( nature4 ,a subject com+ fir/ 9 its s5t5ce may be emphatic1 b h>dly by its position alone4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,great k+s wor%ipp$ at 8 %r9e1 ! emphasis ^u k+s arises l>gely f its mean+ & f ! context4 ,to receive special emphasis1 ! subject ( a s5t5ce mu/ take ! position ( ! pr$icate4 ,?r\gh ! middle ( ! valley fl[$ a w9d+ /ream4 ,! pr9ciple t ! prop] place = :at is to be made mo/ prom95t is ! end applies equally to ! words ( a s5t5ce1 to ! s5t5ces ( a p>agraph1 & to ! p>agraphs ( a composition4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,few ,,matt]s ,,( ,,=m ,head+s4 ,leave a blank l9e1 or its equival5t 9 space1 aft] ! title or head+ ( a manuscript4 ,on succe$+ pages1 if us+ rul$ pap]1 beg9 on ! fir/ l9e4 ,num]als4 ,d n spell out dates or o!r s]ial numb]s4 ,write !m 9 figures or 9 ,roman notation1 z may be appropriate4 ,augu/ #i1 #aiah 7#i ,augu/ #aiah7 ,rule #c ,*apt] ,,xii #cebnd ,infantry ,p>5!ses4 ,a s5t5ce conta9+ an expression 9 p>5!sis is punctuat$1 outside ( ! m>ks ( p>5!sis1 exactly z if ! expression 9 p>5!sis 7 abs5t4 ,! expression )9 is punctuat$ z if x /ood by itself1 except t ! f9al /op is omitt$ unless x is a "q m>k or an exclamation po9t4 ,i w5t to 8 h\se ye/]day 7my ?ird attempt to see him71 b he _h left t[n4 ,he decl>es 7& :y %\ld we d\bt 8 good fai?87 t he is n[ c]ta9 ( success4 7,:5 a :olly deta*$ expression or s5t5ce is p>5!siz$1 ! f9al /op comes be=e ! la/ m>k ( p>5!sis47 ,quotations4 ,=mal quotations1 cit$ z docum5t>y evid5ce1 are introduc$ by a colon & enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,! provision ( ! ,con/itution is3 ,no tax or duty %all be laid on articles export$ f any /ate4 ,quotations grammatically 9 apposition or ! direct objects ( v]bs are prec$$ by a comma & enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,i recall ! maxim ( ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,gratitude is a lively s5se ( b5efits to come4 ,ari/otle says1 ,art is an imitation ( nature4 ,quotations ( an entire l9e1 or m1 ( v]se1 are begun on a fre% l9e & c5t]$1 b ne$ n be enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,wordswor?'s en?usiasm = ! ,revolution 0 at fir/ unb\nd$3 ,bliss 0 x 9 t dawn to be alive1 ,b to be "y 0 v heav56 ,quotations introduc$ by t are reg>d$ z 9 indirect disc\rse & n enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,keats decl>es t beauty is tru?1 tru? beauty4 ,prov]bial expressions & famili> phrases ( lit]>y orig9 require no quotation m>ks4 ,^! are ! times t try m5's s\ls4 ,he lives f> f ! madd+ cr[d4 ,! same is true ( colloquialisms & slang4 ,ref]5ces4 ,9 s*ol>ly "w requir+ exact ref]5ces1 abbreviate titles t occur frequ5tly1 giv+ ! full =ms 9 an alphabetical li/ at ! end4 ,z a g5]al practice1 give ! ref]5ces 9 p>5!sis or 9 footnotes1 n 9 ! body ( ! s5t5ce4 ,omit ! words act1 sc5e1 l9e1 book1 volume1 page1 except :5 ref]r+ by only "o ( !m4 ,punctuate z indicat$ bel[4 ,9 ! second sc5e ( ! ?ird act ,9 ,,iii4ii 7/ill bett]1 simply ins]t ,,iii4ii 9 p>5!sis at ! prop] place 9 ! s5t5ce7 ,aft] ! kill+ ( ,polonius1 ,hamlet is plac$ "u gu>d 7,,iv4ii4 #ad74 #b ,samuel i3#ag-bg ,o!llo ,,ii4iii4 #bfd-bfg1 ,,iii4iii4 #aee-afa4 ,syllabication4 ,if !re is room at ! end ( a l9e = "o or m syllables ( a ^w1 b n = ! :ole ^w1 divide ! ^w1 unless ?is involves cutt+ (f only a s+le lett]1 or cutt+ (f only two lett]s ( a long ^w4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule = all words c be laid d[n4 ,! pr9ciples mo/ frequ5tly applicable are3 7a7 ,divide ! ^w accord+ to its =mation3 "k-l$ge 7n kn[l-edge72 ,%ake-spe>e 7n ,%akes-pe>e72 de-scribe 7n des-cribe72 atmo-sph]e 7n atmos-ph]e72 7b7 ,divide on ! v[el3 edi-ble 7n ed-ible72 propo-sition2 ordi-n>y2 espe-cial2 reli-gi\s2 oppo-n5ts2 regu-l>2 classi-fi-ca-tion 7?ree divisions all[able72 deco-rative2 presi-d5t2 7c7 ,divide betwe5 d\ble lett]s1 unless !y come at ! end ( ! simple =m ( ! ^w3 ,ap5-n9es2 ,c9c9-nati2 ref]-r+2 b tell-+4 7d7 ,d n divide be=e f9al -ed if ! e is sil5t3 treat-ed 7b n roam-ed or nam-ed74 ,! treatm5t ( consonants 9 comb9ation is be/ %[n f examples3 =-tune2 pic-ture2 s9-gle2 presump-tu\s2 illus-tration2 sub-/an-tial 7ei!r division72 indus-try2 in/ruc-tion2 sug-ges-tion2 inc5-di>y4 ,! /ud5t w d well to exam9e ! syllable-division 9 a numb] ( pages ( any c>efully pr9t$ book4 ,titles4 ,= ! titles ( lit]>y works1 s*ol>ly usage pref]s italics ) capitaliz$ initials4 ,! usage ( editors & publi%]s v>ies1 "s us+ italics ) capitaliz$ initials1 o!rs us+ ,roman ) capitaliz$ initials & ) or )\t quotation m>ks4 ,use italics 7indicat$ 9 manuscript by und]scor+71 except 9 writ+ = a p]iodical t foll[s a diff]5t practice4 ,omit initial ,a or ,! f titles :5 y place ! possessive be=e !m4 ,! ,iliad2 ! ,odyssey2 ,z ,y ,l ,x2 ,to a ,skyl>k2 ,! ,newcomes2 ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities2 ,dick5s's ,tale ( ,two ,cities4 ,v4 ,,words ,,& ,,expressions ,,commonly ,,misus$ 7,"s ( ! =ms "h li/$1 z l ,i did1 are d[nright bad ,engli%2 o!rs1 z ! split inf9itive1 h _! def5d]s1 b are 9 su* g5]al disfavor t x is at lea/ inadvisable to use !m2 /ill o!rs1 z case1 factor1 feature1 int]e/+1 "o ( ! mo/1 are good 9 _! place1 b are con/antly obtrud+ !mselves into places :]e !y h no "r to be4 ,if ! writ] w make x 8 purpose f ! beg9n+ to express accurately 8 own individual ?\ght1 & w refuse to be satisfi$ ) a ready-made =mula t saves him ! tr\ble ( do+ s1 ?is la/ set ( expressions w cause him little tr\ble4 ,b if he f9ds t 9 a mom5t ( inadv]t5ce he has us$ "o ( !m1 8 prop] c\rse w probably be n to pat* up ! s5t5ce by sub/itut+ "o ^w or set ( words = ano!r1 b to reca/ x completely1 z illu/rat$ 9 a numb] ( examples bel[ & 9 o!rs "u ,rules #ab & #ac47 ,all "r4 ,idiomatic 9 famili> spee* z a deta*$ phrase 9 ! s5se1 ,agre$1 or ,g ahead4 ,9 o!r uses bett] avoid$4 ,always writt5 z two words4 ,z good or bett] ?an4 ,expressions ( ?is type %\ld be correct$ by re>rang+ ! s5t5ce4 ,my op9ion is z good or bett] ?an 84 ,my op9ion is z good z 81 or bett] 7if n bett]74 ,z to :e!r4 ,:e!r is suffici5t2 see "u ,rule #ac4 ,bid4 ,takes ! inf9itive )\t to4 ,! pa/ t5se 9 ! s5se1 ord]$1 is bade4 ,b4 ,unnecess>y aft] d\bt & help4 ,i h no d\bt b t ,i h no d\bt t ,he c\ld n help see b t ,he c\ld n help see+ t ,! too frequ5t use ( b z a conjunction leads to ! fault discuss$ "u ,rule #ad4 ,a loose s5t5ce =m$ ) b c always be conv]t$ into a p]iodic s5t5ce =m$ ) al?\gh1 z illu/rat$ "u ,rule #d4 ,p>ticul>ly awkw>d is ! foll[+ ( "o b by ano!r1 mak+ a contra/ to a contra/ or a res]vation to a res]vation4 ,?is is easily correct$ by re-arrangem5t4 ,am]ica _h va/ res\rces1 b %e seem$ almo/ :olly unprep>$ = w>4 ,b )9 a ye> %e _h creat$ an army ( f\r million m54 ,am]ica seem$ almo/ :olly unprep>$ = w>1 b %e _h va/ res\rces4 ,)9 a ye> %e _h creat$ an army ( f\r million m54 ,c4 ,means am 7is1 are7 able4 ,n to be us$ z a sub/itute = may4 ,case4 ,! ,concise ,ox=d ,diction>y beg9s its def9ition ( ?is ^w3 in/ance ( a ?+'s occurr+2 usual /ate ( affairs4 ,9 ^! two s5ses1 ! ^w is usually unnecess>y4 ,9 _m cases1 ! rooms 7 poorly v5tilat$4 ,_m ( ! rooms 7 poorly v5tilat$4 ,x has r>ely be5 ! case t any mi/ake has be5 made4 ,few mi/akes h be5 made4 ,see ,wood1 ,sugge/ions to ,au?ors1 pp4 #fh-ga1 & ,quill]-,c\*1 ,! ,art ( ,writ+1 pp4 #ajc-ajf4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,us$ indiscrim9ately by "s writ]s1 mu* z o!rs use v1 to int5sify any & e /atem5t4 ,a mann]ism ( ?is k9d1 bad 9 spee*1 is ev5 worse 9 writ+4 ,"*4 ,(t5 simply r$undant1 us$ f a m]e habit ( word9ess4 ,acts ( a ho/ile "* ,ho/ile acts ,claim1 vb4 ,) object-n\n1 means lay claim to4 ,may be us$ ) a dep5d5t clause if ?is s5se is cle>ly involv$3 ,he claim$ t he 0 ! sole surviv+ heir4 7,b ev5 "h1 claim$ to be w\ld be bett]47 ,n to be us$ z a sub/itute = decl>e1 ma9ta91 or *>ge4 ,clev]4 ,?is ^w has be5 greatly ov]us$2 x is be/ re/rict$ to +5uity display$ 9 small matt]s4 ,comp>e4 ,to comp>e to is to po9t out or imply resemblances1 betwe5 objects reg>d$ z ess5tially ( diff]5t ord]2 to comp>e ) is ma9ly to po9t out diff]5ces1 betwe5 objects reg>d$ z ess5tially ( ! same ord]4 ,?us life has be5 comp>$ to a pilgrimage1 to a drama1 to a battle2 ,congress may be comp>$ ) ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,p>is has be5 comp>$ to anci5t ,a!ns2 x may be comp>$ ) mod]n ,london4 ,consid]4 ,n foll[$ by z :5 x means believe to be4 ,i consid] him ?or\ghly compet5t4 ,comp>e1 ,! lectur] consid]$ ,cromwell fir/ z soldi] & second z adm9i/rator1 :]e consid]$ means exam9$ or discuss$4 ,data4 ,a plural1 l ph5om5a & /rata4 ,^! data 7 tabulat$4 ,dep5dable4 ,a ne$less sub/itute = reliable1 tru/wor?y4 ,diff]5t ?an4 ,n p]missible4 ,sub/itute diff]5t f1 o!r ?an1 or unlike4 ,divid$ into4 ,n to be misus$ = compos$ (4 ,! l9e is sometimes difficult to draw2 d\btless plays are divid$ into acts1 b poems are compos$ ( /anzas4 ,don't4 ,contraction ( d n4 ,! contraction ( does n is doesn't4 ,due to4 ,incorrectly us$ = ?r\gh1 because (1 or ow+ to1 9 adv]bial phrases3 ,he lo/ ! fir/ game1 due to c>elessness4 ,9 correct use relat$ z pr$icate or z modifi] to a p>ticul> n\n3 ,?is inv5tion is due to ,edison2 losses due to prev5table fires4 ,folk4 ,a collective n\n1 equival5t to p4 ,use ! s+ul> =m only4 ,effect4 ,z n\n1 means result2 z v]b1 means to br+ ab\t1 accompli% 7n to be confus$ ) affect1 :i* means to influ5ce74 ,z n\n1 (t5 loosely us$ 9 p]functory writ+ ab\t fa%ions1 music1 pa9t+1 & o!r arts3 an ,ori5tal effect2 effects 9 pale gre52 v delicate effects2 broad effects2 subtle effects2 a *>m+ effect 0 produc$ by4 ,! writ] :o has a def9ite mean+ to express w n take refuge 9 su* vagu5ess4 ,etc4 ,equival5t to & ! re/1 & s =?1 & h5ce n to be us$ if "o ( ^! w\ld be insuffici5t1 t is1 if ! read] w\ld be left 9 d\bt z to any important p>ticul>s4 ,lea/ op5 to objection :5 x repres5ts ! la/ t]ms ( a li/ already giv5 9 full1 or immat]ial words at ! end ( a quotation4 ,at ! end ( a li/ introduc$ by su* z1 = example1 or any simil> expression1 etc4 is incorrect4 ,fact4 ,use ?is ^w only ( matt]s ( a k9d capable ( direct v]ification1 n ( matt]s ( judgm5t4 ,t a p>ticul> ev5t happ5$ on a giv5 date1 t lead melts at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 are facts4 ,b su* conclusions z t ,napoleon 0 ! greate/ ( mod]n g5]als1 or t ! climate ( ,cali=nia is delightful1 h[ev] inconte/able !y may be1 are n prop]ly facts4 ,on ! =mula ! fact t1 see "u ,rule #ac4 ,factor4 ,a hackney$ ^w2 ! expressions ( :i* x =ms "p c usually be replac$ by some?+ m direct & idiomatic4 ,8 sup]ior tra9+ 0 ! great factor 9 8 w9n+ ! mat*4 ,he won ! mat* by be+ bett] tra9$4 ,heavy artill]y has become an increas+ly important factor 9 decid+ battles4 ,heavy artill]y has play$ a con/antly l>g] "p 9 decid+ battles4 ,feature4 ,ano!r hackney$ ^w2 l factor x usually adds no?+ to ! s5t5ce 9 :i* x occurs4 ,a feature ( ! ent]ta9m5t especially wor?y ( m5tion 0 ! s++ ( ,miss ,a4 7,bett] use ! same numb] ( words to tell :at ,miss ,a4 sang1 or if ! programme has already be5 giv51 to tell h[ %e sang47 ,z a v]b1 9 ! adv]tis+ s5se ( (f] z a special attraction1 to be avoid$4 ,fix4 ,colloquial 9 ,am]ica = arrange1 prep>e1 m5d4 ,9 writ+ re/rict x to its lit]>y s5ses1 fa/51 make firm or immovable1 etc4 ,get4 ,! colloquial h got = h %\ld n be us$ 9 writ+4 ,! pref]able =m ( ! p>ticiple is got4 ,he is a man :o4 ,a common type ( r$undant expression2 see ,rule #ac4 ,he is a man :o is v ambiti\s4 ,he is v ambiti\s4 ,spa9 is a c\ntry :i* ,i h always want$ to visit4 ,i h always want$ to visit ,spa94 ,help4 ,see "u ,b4 ,h[ev]4 ,9 ! mean+ nev]!less1 n to come fir/ 9 its s5t5ce or clause4 ,! roads 7 almo/ impassable4 ,h[ev]1 we at la/ succe$$ 9 rea*+ camp4 ,! roads 7 almo/ impassable4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 we succe$$ 9 rea*+ camp4 ,:5 h[ev] comes fir/1 x means 9 :atev] way or to :atev] ext5t4 ,h[ev] y advise him1 he w probably d z he ?9ks be/4 ,h[ev] disc\rag+ ! prospect1 he nev] lo/ he>t4 ,int]e/+4 ,avoid ?is ^w z a p]functory means ( introduction4 ,in/ead ( ann\nc+ t :at y are ab\t to tell is int]e/+1 make x s4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( 7,tell ! /ory )\t preamble47 ,9 connection ) ! anticipat$ visit ( ,mr4 ,b4 to ,am]ica1 x is int]e/+ to recall t he ,mr4 ,b41 :o x is expect$ w soon visit ,am]ica ,k9d (4 ,n to be us$ z a sub/itute = r 7be=e adjectives & v]bs71 or except 9 famili> /yle1 = some?+ l 7be=e n\ns74 ,re/rict x to its lit]al s5se3 ,amb] is a k9d ( fossil res92 ,i dislike t k9d ( notoriety4 ,! same holds true ( sort (4 ,less4 ,%\ld n be misus$ = few]4 ,he _h less m5 ?an 9 ! previ\s campaign ,he _h few] m5 ?an 9 ! previ\s campaign ,less ref]s to quantity1 few] to numb]4 ,8 tr\bles are less ?an m9e means ,8 tr\bles are n s great z m9e4 ,8 tr\bles are few] ?an m9e means ,8 tr\bles are n s num]\s z m9e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 correct to say1 ,! sign]s ( ! petition 7 less ?an a hundr$1 :]e ! r\nd numb] a hundr$ is some?+ l a collective n\n1 & less is ?\ght ( z mean+ a less quantity or am\nt4 ,l4 ,n to be misus$ = z4 ,l gov]ns n\ns & pron\ns2 be=e phrases & clauses ! equival5t ^w is z4 ,we sp5t ! ev5+ l 9 ! old days4 ,we sp5t ! ev5+ z 9 ! old days4 ,he ?\ght l ,i did4 ,he ?\ght z ,i did 7l me74 ,l9e1 along ^! l9es4 ,l9e 9 ! s5se ( c\rse ( proc$ure1 conduct1 ?\ght1 is all[able1 b has be5 s mu* ov]work$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! phrase along ^! l9es1 t a writ] :o aims at fre%ness or orig9ality _h bett] disc>d x entirely4 ,mr4 ,b4 also spoke along ! same l9es4 ,mr4 ,b4 also spoke1 to ! same effect4 ,he is /udy+ along ! l9e ( ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,he is /udy+ ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,lit]al1 lit]ally4 ,(t5 incorrectly us$ 9 support ( exagg]ation or viol5t metaphor4 ,a lit]al flood ( abuse4 ,a flood ( abuse4 ,lit]ally dead ) fatigue ,almo/ dead ) fatigue 7dead tir$7 ,lose out4 ,meant to be m emphatic ?an lose1 b actually less s1 because ( its commonness4 ,! same holds true ( try out1 w9 out1 sign up1 regi/] up4 ,) a numb] ( v]bs1 out & up =m idiomatic comb9ations3 f9d out1 run out1 turn out1 *e] up1 dry up1 make up1 & o!rs1 ea* di/+ui%able 9 mean+ f ! simple v]b4 ,lose out is n4 ,mo/4 ,n to be us$ = almo/4 ,mo/ ev]ybody ,almo/ ev]ybody ,mo/ all ! "t ,almo/ all ! "t ,nature4 ,(t5 simply r$undant1 us$ l "*4 ,acts ( a ho/ile nature ,ho/ile acts ,(t5 vaguely us$ 9 su* expressions z a lov] ( nature2 poems ab\t nature4 ,unless m specific /atem5ts foll[1 ! read] _c tell :e!r ! poems h to d ) natural sc5]y1 rural life1 ! sunset1 ! untrack$ wild]ness1 or ! habits ( squirrels4 ,ne> by4 ,adv]bial phrase1 n yet fully accept$ z good ,engli%1 ?\gh ! analogy ( close by & h>d by seems to ju/ify x4 ,ne>1 or ne> at h&1 is z good1 if n bett]4 ,n to be us$ z an adjective2 use neighbor+4 ,(t5times1 (ttimes4 ,ar*aic =ms1 no long] 9 good use4 ,! mod]n ^w is (t54 ,"o hundr$ & "o4 ,reta9 ! & 9 ?is & simil> expressions1 9 accordance ) ! unv>y+ usage ( ,engli% prose f ,old ,engli% times4 ,"o ( ! mo/4 ,avoid beg9n+ essays or p>agraphs ) ?is =mula1 z1 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ developm5ts ( mod]n sci5ce is1 etc42 ,switz]l& is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,!re is no?+ wrong 9 ?is2 x is simply ?readb>e & =cible-feeble4 ,a common blund] is to use a s+ul> v]b 9 a relative clause foll[+ ?is or a simil> expression1 :5 ! relative is ! subject4 ,"o ( ! able/ m5 t has attack$ ?is problem4 ,"o ( ! able/ m5 t h attack$ ?is problem4 ,p>ticiple = v]bal n\n4 ,d y m9d me ask+ a "q8 ,d y m9d my ask+ a "q8 ,!re 0 little prospect ( ! ,s5ate accept+ ev5 ?is compromise4 ,!re 0 little prospect ( ! ,s5ate's accept+ ev5 ?is compromise4 ,9 ! left-h& column1 ask+ & accept+ are pres5t p>ticiples2 9 ! "r-h& column1 !y are v]bal n\ns 7g]unds74 ,! con/ruction %[n 9 ! left-h& column is occasionally f\nd1 & has its def5d]s4 ,yet x is easy to see t ! second s5t5ce has to d n ) a prospect ( ! ,s5ate1 b ) a prospect ( accept+4 ,9 ?is example1 at lea/1 ! con/ruction is pla9ly illogical4 ,z ! au?ors ( ,! ,k+'s ,engli% po9t out1 !re are s5t5ces app>5tly1 b n really1 ( ?is type1 9 :i* ! possessive is n call$ =4 ,i _c imag9e ,l9coln refus+ 8 ass5t to ?is measure4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 :at ! writ] _c imag9e is ,l9coln himself1 9 ! act ( refus+ 8 ass5t4 ,yet ! mean+ w\ld be virtually ! same1 except = a slight loss ( vividness1 if he _h writt51 ,i _c imag9e ,l9coln's refus+ 8 ass5t to ?is measure4 ,by us+ ! possessive1 ! writ] w always be on ! safe side4 ,9 ! examples above1 ! subject ( ! action is a s+le1 unmodifi$ t]m1 imm$iately prec$+ ! v]bal n\n1 & ! con/ruction is z good z any t c\ld be us$4 ,b 9 any s5t5ce 9 :i* x is a m]e clumsy sub/itute = some?+ simpl]1 or 9 :i* ! use ( ! possessive is awkw>d or impossible1 %\ld ( c\rse be reca/4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a reconsid]ation ( ! :ole matt]'s becom+ necess>y ,if x %\ld become necess>y to reconsid] ! :ole matt] ,!re 0 great dissatisfaction ) ! decision ( ! arbitrators be+ favorable to ! company4 ,!re 0 great dissatisfaction t ! arbitrators %\ld h decid$ 9 favor ( ! company4 ,p4 ,! p is a political t]m1 n to be confus$ ) ! public4 ,f ! p comes political support or opposition2 f ! public comes arti/ic appreciation or comm]cial patronage4 ,phase4 ,means a /age ( transition or developm5t3 ! phases ( ! moon2 ! la/ phase4 ,n to be us$ = aspect or topic4 ,ano!r phase ( ! subject ,ano!r po9t 7ano!r "q7 ,possess4 ,n to be us$ z a m]e sub/itute = h or own4 ,he possess$ great c\rage4 ,he _h great c\rage 70 v brave74 ,he 0 ! =tunate possessor ( ,he own$ ,prove4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple is prov$4 ,respective1 respectively4 ,^! words may usually be omitt$ ) advantage4 ,works ( fiction are li/$ "u ! names ( _! respective au?ors4 ,works ( fiction are li/$ "u ! names ( _! au?ors4 ,! "o mile & two mile runs 7 won by ,jones & ,cumm+s respectively4 ,! "o mile & two mile runs 7 won by ,jones & by ,cumm+s4 ,9 "s k9ds ( =mal writ+1 z geometrical pro(s1 x may be necess>y to use respectively1 b x %\ld n appe> 9 writ+ on ord9>y subjects4 ,%all1 ,w4 ,! future t5se requires %all = ! fir/ p]son1 w = ! second & ?ird4 ,! =mula to express ! speak]'s belief reg>d+ 8 future action or /ate is ,i %all2 ,i w expresses 8 det]m9ation or 8 cons5t4 ,%\ld4 ,see "u ,w\ld4 ,s4 ,avoid1 9 writ+1 ! use ( s z an int5sifi]3 s good2 s w>m2 s delightful4 ,on ! use ( s to introduce clauses1 see ,rule #d4 ,sort (4 ,see "u ,k9d (4 ,split ,inf9itive4 ,!re is prec$5t f ! f\rte5? c5tury d[nw>d = int]pos+ an adv]b betwe5 to & ! inf9itive :i* x gov]ns1 b ! con/ruction is 9 disfavor & is avoid$ by ne>ly all c>eful writ]s4 ,to dilig5tly inquire ,to inquire dilig5tly ,/ate4 ,n to be us$ z a m]e sub/itute = say1 rem>k4 ,re/rict x to ! s5se ( express fully or cle>ly1 z1 ,he refus$ to /ate 8 objections4 ,/ud5t ,body4 ,a ne$less & awkw>d expression mean+ no m ?an ! simple ^w /ud5ts4 ,a memb] ( ! /ud5t body ,a /ud5t ,popul> ) ! /ud5t body ,lik$ by ! /ud5ts ,! /ud5t body pass$ resolutions4 ,! /ud5ts pass$ resolutions4 ,sy/em4 ,frequ5tly us$ )\t ne$4 ,dayton has adopt$ ! commission sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,dayton has adopt$ gov]nm5t by commission4 ,! dormitory sy/em ,dormitories ,?ank+ ,y 9 ,advance4 ,?is s\nds z if ! writ] meant1 ,x w n be wor? my :ile to write to y aga94 ,9 mak+ y\r reque/1 write1 ,w y please1 or ,i %all be oblig$1 & if any?+ fur!r seems necess>y write a lett] ( ackn[l$gm5t lat]4 ,!y4 ,a common inaccuracy is ! use ( ! plural pron\n :5 ! antec$5t is a di/ributive expression su* z ea*1 ea* "o1 ev]ybody1 e "o1 _m a man1 :i*1 ?\gh imply+ m ?an "o p]son1 requires ! pron\n to be 9 ! s+ul>4 ,simil> to ?is1 b ) ev5 less ju/ification1 is ! use ( ! plural pron\n ) ! antec$5t anybody1 any "o1 somebody1 "s "o1 ! int5tion be+ ei!r to avoid ! awkw>d he or %e1 or to avoid committ+ oneself to ei!r4 ,"s ba%ful speak]s ev5 say1 ,a fri5d ( m9e told me t !y1 etc4 ,use he ) all ! above words1 unless ! antec$5t is or mu/ be fem99e4 ,v4 ,use ?is ^w sp>+ly4 ,:]e emphasis is necess>y1 use words /rong 9 !mselves4 ,viewpo9t4 ,write po9t ( view1 b d n misuse ?is1 z _m d1 = view or op9ion4 ,:ile4 ,avoid ! indiscrim9ate use ( ?is ^w = &1 b1 & al?\gh4 ,_m writ]s use x frequ5tly z a sub/itute = & or b1 ei!r f a m]e desire to v>y ! connective1 or f unc]ta9ty :i* ( ! two connectives is ! m appropriate4 ,9 ?is use x is be/ replac$ by a semicolon4 ,! (fice & salesrooms are on ! gr\nd floor1 :ile ! re/ ( ! build+ is devot$ to manufactur+4 ,! (fice & salesrooms are on ! gr\nd floor2 ! re/ ( ! build+ is devot$ to manufactur+4 ,its use z a virtual equival5t ( al?\gh is all[able 9 s5t5ces :]e ?is leads to no ambiguity or absurdity4 ,:ile ,i admire 8 en]gy1 ,i wi% x 7 employ$ 9 a bett] cause4 ,?is is entirely correct1 z %[n by ! p>aphrase1 ,i admire 8 en]gy2 at ! same "t ,i wi% x 7 employ$ 9 a bett] cause4 ,comp>e3 ,:ile ! temp]ature rea*es #ij or #ie degrees 9 ! daytime1 ! nights are (t5 *illy4 ,al?\gh ! temp]ature rea*es #ij or #ie degrees 9 ! daytime1 ! nights are (t5 *illy4 ,! p>aphrase1 ,! temp]ature rea*es #ij or #ie degrees 9 ! daytime2 at ! same "t ! nights are (t5 *illy1 %[s :y ! use ( :ile is incorrect4 ,9 g5]al1 ! writ] w d well to use :ile only ) /rict lit]alness1 9 ! s5se ( dur+ ! "t t4 ,:om4 ,(t5 incorrectly us$ = :o be=e he said or simil> expressions1 :5 x is really ! subject ( a foll[+ v]b4 ,8 bro!r1 :om he said w\ld s5d him ! money ,8 bro!r1 :o he said w\ld s5d him ! money ,! man :om he ?\ght 0 8 fri5d ,! man :o 7t7 he ?\ght 0 8 fri5d 7:om he ?\ght 8 fri5d7 ,wor? :ile4 ,ov]work$ z a t]m ( vague approval & 7) n7 ( disapproval4 ,/rictly applicable only to actions3 ,is x wor? :ile to telegraph8 ,8 books are n wor? :ile4 ,8 books are n wor? read+ 7are n wor? "o's :ile to read2 d n repay read+2 are wor?less74 ,! use ( wor? :ile be=e a n\n 7a wor? :ile /ory7 is indef5sible4 ,w\ld4 ,a conditional /atem5t 9 ! fir/ p]son requires %\ld1 n w\ld4 ,i %\ld n h succe$$ )\t 8 help4 ,! equival5t ( %all 9 indirect quotation aft] a v]b 9 ! pa/ t5se is %\ld1 n w\ld4 ,he pr$ict$ t be=e long we %\ld h a great surprise4 ,to express habitual or repeat$ action1 ! pa/ t5se1 )\t w\ld1 is usually suffici5t1 & f its brevity1 m emphatic4 ,once a ye> he w\ld visit ! old mansion4 ,once a ye> he visit$ ! old mansion4 ,,vi4 ,,spell+ ,! spell+ ( ,engli% words is n fix$ & inv>iable1 nor does x dep5d on any o!r au?ority ?an g5]al agreem5t4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is practically unanim\s agreem5t z to ! spell+ ( mo/ words4 ,9 ! li/ bel[1 = example1 rime = rhyme is ! only all[able v>iation2 all ! o!r =ms are co-ext5sive ) ! ,engli% language4 ,at any giv5 mom5t1 h[ev]1 a relatively small numb] ( words may be spell$ 9 m ?an "o way4 ,gradually1 z a rule1 "o ( ^! =ms comes to be g5]ally pref]r$1 & ! less cu/om>y =m comes to look obsolete & is disc>d$4 ,f "t to "t new =ms1 mo/ly simplifications1 are introduc$ by innovators1 & ei!r w9 _! place or die ( neglect4 ,! practical objection to unaccept$ & ov]-simplifi$ spell+s is ! disfavor ) :i* !y are receiv$ by ! read]4 ,!y di/ract 8 att5tion & exhau/ 8 pati5ce4 ,he reads ! =m ?\gh automatically1 )\t ?\ght ( its ne$less complexity2 he reads ! abbreviation ?o & m5tally supplies ! miss+ lett]s1 at ! co/ ( a fraction ( 8 att5tion4 ,! writ] has defeat$ 8 own purpose4 ,,words ,,(t5 ,,misspell$ accid5tally advice affect believe b5efit *all5ge co>se c\rse criticize deceive def9ite describe despise develop disappo9t dissipate duel ec/asy effect emb>rass exi/5ce fasc9ate fi]y =m]ly humor\s hypocrisy imm$iately impo/or incid5t incid5tally latt] l$ lose m>riage mis*ief murmur necess>y occurr$ opportunity p>allel ,philip playwright prec$+ prejudice pr9cipal pr9ciple privilege pursue repetition rhyme rhy?m ridicul\s sacrilegi\s seize sep>ate %eph]d siege simil> simile too trag$y tries und\bt$ly until villa9 ,note t a s+le consonant 7o!r ?an v7 prec$$ by a /ress$ %ort v[el is d\bl$ be=e -ed & -+3 plann$1 lett+1 beg9n+4 7,com+ is an exception47 ,write to-day1 to-night1 to-morr[ 7b n toge!r7 ) a hyph54 ,write any "o1 e "o1 "s "o1 "s "t 7except 9 ! s5se ( =m]ly7 z two words4 ,,vii4 ,,ex]cises ,,on ,,*apt]s ,,ii ,,& ,,iii ,i4 ,punctuate3 #a4 ,9 #aghh ! ,k+'s advis]s w>n$ him t ! nation 0 fac+ bankruptcy !re=e he summon$ a body call$ ! ,/ates-,g5]al believ+ t x w\ld au?orize him to levy new taxes4 ,! p ( ,france h[ev] 7 suff]+ f burd5some taxation oppressive social inju/ice & acute sc>city ( food & _! repres5tatives refus$ to consid] projects ( taxation until social & economic re=ms %\ld be grant$4 ,! ,k+ :o did n realize ! gravity ( ! situation tri$ to ov]awe !m collect+ soldi]s 9 & ab\t ,v]sailles :]e ! sessions 7 be+ held4 ,! p ( ,p>is see+ ! dang] organiz$ militia companies to def5d _! repres5tatives4 ,9 ord] to supply !mselves ) arms !y attack$ ! ,invalides & ! ,ba/ille :i* conta9$ ! pr9cipal supplies ( arms & munitions 9 ,p>is4 #b4 ,on 8 fir/ cont95tal t\r begun 9 #ahji ,byron visit$ ,portugal ,spa9 ,albania ,greece & ,turkey4 ,( ?is t\r he compos$ a poetical j\rnal ,*ilde ,h>old's ,pilgrimage 9 :i* he ascrib$ 8 exp]i5ces & reflections n to himself b to a fictiti\s "* ,*ilde ,h>old describ$ z a melan*oly "y nobleman prematurely famili> ) evil sat$ ) pleasures & embitt]$ aga9/ humanity4 ,! sub/antial m]its ( ! "w h[ev] lay n 9 ?is %ad[y & some:at !atrical figure b 9 ,byron's spirit$ descriptions ( wild or picturesque sc5es & 9 8 eloqu5t *ampion+ ( ,spa9 & ,greece aga9/ _! oppressors4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& 9 #ahaa he 0 p]suad$ r aga9/ 8 own judgm5t into all[+ ! "w to be publi%$4 ,its success 0 almo/ unprec$5t$ 9 8 own words he awoke & f\nd himself fam\s4 ,,ii4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 mean+3 #c4 ',god save !e1 ancy5t ,m>9]e6 ',f ! fi5ds t plague !e ?us-- ,lyrical ,ballads1 #agih4 ',god save !e1 anci5t ,m>9]6 ,f ! fi5ds1 t plague !e ?us6-- ,lyrical ,ballads1 #ahjj4 ,,iii4 ,expla9 & correct ! errors 9 punctuation3 #d4 ,?is c\rse is int5d$ = ,fre%m51 :o 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,dep>tm5t are n qualifi$ = milit>y drill4 #e4 ,a re/aurant1 n a cafet]ia :]e good meals are s]v$ at popul> prices4--,advt4 #f4 ,! poets ( ,! ,nation1 = all _! int5sity ( patriotic feel+1 foll[$ ! ,engli% r ?an ! ,celtic tradition1 _! "w has a political r ?an a lit]>y value & be>s little ^u ! developm5t ( mod]n ,iri% v]se4 #g4 ,we 7 9 "o ( ! /range/ places imag9able4 ,a long & n>r[ passage ov]hung on ei!r side by a /up5d\s b>ri] ( black & ?reat5+ rocks4 #h4 ,only a few ye>s ago aft] a sn[ /orm 9 ! passes n f> nor? ( ,j]usalem no less ?an tw5ty-six ,russian pilgrims p]i%$ amid/ ! sn[4 ,"o _c help ?9k+ l>gely because !y made little attempt to save !mselves4 ,,iv4 ,po9t out & correct ! faults 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #i4 ,dur+ *ildhood 8 "m _h di$4 #aj4 ,any language /udy is good m9d tra9+ :ile acquir+ vocabul>y4 #aa4 ,my f>m consi/$ ( ab\t tw5ty acres ( excell5t l&1 hav+ giv5 a hundr$ p\nds = my pr$ecessor's lease4 #ab4 ,prep>$ to enc\nt] a woman ( disord]$ m9d1 ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ,mrs4 ,taylor at 8 entrance greatly a/oni%$ him4 #ac4 ,pale & swoon+1 ) two brok5 legs1 !y c>ri$ him into ! h\se4 #ad4 ,c\nt ,cass9i1 ! ,russian pl5ipot5ti>y1 _h sev]al long & intimate conv]sations dur+ ! t$i\s weeks ( ! conf]5ce ) 8 ,briti% colleague1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,ni*olson4 #ae4 ,b ?\gh !y _h be5 victori\s 9 ! l& engagem5ts1 !y 7 s little decisive z to lead to no important results4 #af4 ,kn[+ no?+ ( ! rules ( ! college or ( its cu/oms1 x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty t ! ,dean c\ld make me compreh5d :]e9 my wrong-do+ lay4 #ag4 ,fire1 !re=e1 0 ! fir/ object ( my se>*4 ,happily1 "s emb]s 7 f\nd ^u ! he>?1 toge!r ) potato-/alks & dry *ips4 ,( ^!1 ) mu* difficulty1 ,i k9dl$ a fire1 by :i* "s w>m? 0 imp>t$ to our %iv]+ limbs4 #ah4 ,9 ?is connection a great deal ( hi/oric fact is introduc$ into ! novel ab\t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ca!dral & ( ,spa94 #ai4 ,ov] ! :ole sc5e hung ! haze ( twilight t is s peaceful4 #bj4 ,comp>$ ) ,italy1 liv+ is m exp5sive4 #ba4 ,x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( law to believe a man innoc5t until he is prov$ guilty1 & once prov$ guilty1 to rema9 s until prov$ to ! contr>y4 #bb4 ,n only _h ! writ] entree to ! titl$ families ( ,italy 9 ^: villas %e 0 hospitably ent]ta9$1 b by royalty also4 #bc4 ,x is n a /range sight to cat* a glimpse ( de] along ! %ore4 #bd4 ,e>n+s f o!r s\rces are ( su* a favorable "* z to enable a spl5did %[+ to be made by ! company4 #be4 ,b :ile e>n+s h m\nt$ amaz+ly1 ! /atus ( affairs is su* z to make x impossible to pr$ict ! c\rse ev5ts may take1 ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( corrections made to ! orig9al4 ,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second ! correct$ "o4 ,univ]sity h greatly help$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 manuscript ,univ]sity h greatly help$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 manuscript4 ,comp>e ! s5t5ce4 ,! export ( gold 0 prohibit$1 9 :i* ! ,comp>e ! s5t5ce1 ,! export ( gold 0 prohibit$1 9 :i* ! ,/ev5son quot$ "u ,rule #aj4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 he %\ld foll[ ! ,/ev5son quot$ "u ,rule #i4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 he %\ld foll[ ! ord]$7 is bade4 ord]$1 is bade4 ,effect4 ,z n\n1 means result2 z v]b1 means to br+ ab\t1 ,effect4 ,z n\n1 means result2 z v]b1 means to br+ ab\t1 inconte/able !y ma ybe1 are n prop]ly facts4 inconte/able !y may be1 are n prop]ly facts4 ,acts ( a ho/ile nature4 ,acts ( a ho/ile nature ,dayton has adopt$ ! commission sy/em ( gov]nm5t ,dayton has adopt$ ! commission sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 emb>ass emb>rass