,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation4 ,no *anges h be5 made to ! pr9t$ text4 ,,( ,,! ,,j ,,%ap+ ,,( ,,lett]s ,,by ,,albre*t ,d,ue,r,e,r ,,translat$ ,,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,ni*ol ,,f ,,! ,,lat9 ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,edition ,,( ,,mdxxxv ,,( ,,! ,,j ,,%ap+ ,,( ,,lett]s ,,f ,,! ,,appli$ ,,geometry ,,( ,,albre*t ,d,ue,r,e,r ,,book ,,jjj ,,dov] ,,publications1 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york ,,albre*t ,d,ue,r,e,r ,,to ,,wilibald ,,pirckheim] ,,8 ,,patron ,,& ,,v ,,good ,,fri5d ,,greet+3 ,illu/ration ,9 our ,g]many1 mo/ excell5t ,wilibald1 are to be f\nd at ! pres5t day _m "y m5 ( a happy tal5t = ! ,art ,pictorial1 :o )\t any arti/ic tra9+ :atev]1 b taught only by _! daily ex]cise ( x1 h run riot l an unprun$ tree1 s t unhesitat+ly & )\t compunction !y turn out _! works1 purely accord+ to _! own judgm5t4 ,b :5 great & +5i\s arti/s behold _! s inept p]=mances1 n undes]v$ly d !y ridicule ! bl9dness ( su* m52 s9ce sane judgm5t abhors no?+ s mu* z a picture p]petrat$ ) no te*nical k1 al?\gh ) pl5ty ( c>e & dilig5ce4 ,n[ ! sole reason :y pa9t]s ( ?is sort are n aw>e ( _! own error is t !y h n le>nt ,geometry1 )\t :i* no "o c ei!r be or become an absolute arti/2 b ! blame = ?is %\ld be laid ^u _! ma/]s1 :o !mselves are ignorant ( ?is art4 ,s9ce ?is is 9 v tru? ! f\ndation ( ! :ole graphic art1 x seems to me a good ?+ to set d[n = /udi\s beg9n]s a few rudim5ts1 9 :i* ,i might1 z x 71 furni% !m ) a h&le = us+ ! compass & ! rule1 & !nce1 by see+ ,tru? itself be=e _! eyes1 !y might become n only zeal\s ( ! arts1 b ev5 arrive at a great & true und]/&+ ( !m4 ,n[1 al?\gh 9 our own "t1 & among/ ourselves1 ! ,art ,pictorial is 9 ill repute ) "s1 z be+ held to m9i/] incitem5t to idolatry1 yet a ,*ri/ian man is no m entic$ to sup]/ition by pictures or images1 ?an is an hone/ man girt ) a sword to highway robb]y4 ,c]tes he w\ld be a witless creature :o w\ld will+ly adore ei!r pictures or images ( wood or /one4 ,on ! contr>y1 a picture is ! r edify+ & agreeable to ,*ri/ian religion & duty1 if only x be fairly1 artificially1 & correctly pa9t$4 ,9 :at hon\r & dignity ?is art 0 anci5tly held among/ ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ! old au?ors suffici5tly te/ify2 ?\gh aft]w>ds all b lo/1 :ile x lay hid = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x has n[ at l5g?1 only )9 ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 by "s ,italians be5 br\ght aga9 to light4 ,= x is ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w = ! ,arts to be lo/ & p]i%2 b only ) difficulty1 & aft] long "t pa9s are !y resuscitat$4 ,:]e=e ,i hope t no wise man w defame ?is labori\s task ( m9e1 s9ce ) good int5t 9 beho( ( all :o love ! ,lib]al ,arts h ,i und]tak5 x3 nor = pa9t]s alone1 b = goldsmi?s too1 = sculptors1 & /onecutt]s1 & woodc>v]s1 & = all1 9 %ort1 :o use compass1 & rule1 & measur+ l9e--t x may s]ve to _! utility4 ,nor is anyone compell$ :e!r or no to sp5d ga9ful h\rs on ^! ex]cises ( m9e2 al?\gh ,i am n ignorant t :oev] is well ex]cis$ 9 !m w !nce acquire n only ! pr9ciples ( 8 own art1 b by daily practice1 an exactitude ( judgm5t1 ) :i* he w proce$ to high] inve/igations discov] _m m ?+s ?an ,i h "h po9t$ out4 ,b s9ce1 illu/ri\s ,sir1 x is cle>] ?an light t y are y\rself1 s to speak1 an asylum ( all ! noble ,arts1 x has be5 my pleasure1 out ( a s+ul> love ,i be> t[>ds y1 to d$icate to y ?is book2 n because ,i desire to appe> !re9 z r5d]+ y any great s]vice1 b because !reby y may und]/& h[ engag$ my m9d is to y2 & s9ce by my "w ,i c conf] on y b little fav\r1 at lea/ by ! exhibition ( a ready m9d ,i may repay ! b5efits y %[] ^u me4 ,f>ewell4 ,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,j ,,%ap+ ,,( ,,lett]s ,,f ,,! ,,appli$ ,,geometry ,,( ,,albre*t ,d,ue,r,e,r ,,book ,,iii4 ,n[1 s9ce ar*itects1 pa9t]s o!rs at times are wont to set an inscription on l(ty walls1 x w make = ! m]it ( ! "w t !y =m ! lett]s correctly4 ,accord+ly ,i am m9d$ "h to treat briefly ( ?is4 ,& fir/ ,i w give rules = a ,lat9 ,alphabet1 & !n = "o ( our common ,text3 s9ce x is ( ^! two sorts ( lett]s we cu/om>ily make use 9 su* "w2 & fir/1 = ! ,roman lett]s3 ,draw = ea* a squ>e ( uni=m size1 9 :i* ! lett] is to be conta9$4 ,b :5 y draw 9 x ! heavi] limb ( ! lett]1 make ?is ( ! wid? ( a t5? "p ( ! squ>e1 & ! light] a ?ird z wide z ! heavi]3 & foll[ ?is rule = all lett]s ( ! ,alphabet4 ,fir/1 make an ,a aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,indicate ! angles ( ! squ>e by ! lett]s a4 b4 c4 d4 7& s d = all ! re/ ( ! lett]s73 !n divide ! squ>e by two l9es bisect+ "o ano!r at "r angles--! v]tical e4 f4 ! horizontal g4 h43 !n1 9 ! l[] l9e1 take two po9ts1 i4 & k41 di/ant respectively "o-t5? ( ! space c4 d4 f ! po9ts c4 & d43 !n1 f ! po9t i4 draw upw>ds to ! top ( ! squ>e ! light] limb2 !nce d[nw>ds ! heavi] limb1 s t ! out] edges ( bo? may t\*1 respectively1 ! po9ts i4 & k43 !n let a triangle be left betwe5 ! limbs1 & a po9t e4 be fix$ at top 9 ! middle ( ! lett]1 & next jo9 bo? limbs b5ea? ! horizontal l9e1 & let ?is limb be a ?ird z broad z ! heavi] limb4 ,n[ let ! arc ( a circle1 appli$ to ! top ( ! outside edge ( ! heavi] limb1 project beyond ! squ>e4 ,!n cut (f ! top ( ! lett] ) a s]p5t9e or curv+ l9e1 s t ! concavity decl9e t[>ds ! light] limb1 & prolong acutely ei!r limb ( ! lett] at ! bottom to ei!r side1 s z to meet ! angles ( ! squ>e at c4 & d43 ?is y %all make ) ! arc ( a circle1 ^: semi-diamet] is "o-sev5? ( ! side ( ! squ>e2 b ! two l[] curves1 mutually opposite1 p]mit to ext5d s t ea* is a ?ird ( ! heavi] limb1 & ?is y %all obta9 by ! arc ( a circle ^: diamet] is equal to ! bread? ( ! heavi] limb4 ,moreov]1 ?is same lett] ,a y may cut (f at top ) ! side ( ! squ>e1 & !n produce to a f9e po9t 9 ei!r direction1 z y did ! feet bel[1 yet s t ! long] production %all be to ! =e-side 7namely1 ! left72 b 9 ?is case x w be necess>y to draw 9 ! limb k4 a little clos]4 ,likewise ! same ,a y may draw 9 yet ano!r mann]--t is1 po9t$ at top4 ,9 t case let ! limbs slope t[>ds "o ano!r yet m closely2 !n l[] ! transv]se a little & d\ble its wid?4 ,y may also cut (f ! limb at top bluntly1 or %>p5 x on ! =e-side4 ,y ought to make y\rself famili> ) ^! ?ree =ms1 or :i*ev] ( !m pleases y be/4 ,& note likewise t 9 exactly ! same fa%ion 9 :i* ?is lett] is acutely prolong$ at top bottom1 are ! o!r lett]s to be s prolong$ :i* are drawn ) oblique l9es1 z ,v1 ,x1 ,y1 al?\gh a few *anges may be necess>y1 z y %all he> bel[4 ,i h "h subjo9$ an engrav+ ( ?is lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,( ,,! ,,lett] ,b4 ,& n[ y %all draw ,b 9 its squ>e ?us3 ,fir/ divide ! squ>e horizontally by ! l9e e4 f42 !n bisect ! l9es a4 e4 & b4 f4 by ! l9e g4 h4 ,next1 y mu/ fir/ set prop]ly ! broad v]tical limb ( ! lett]1 di/ant its own bread? f ! side a4 c4 ( ! squ>e a4 b4 c4 d4 ,!n erect ! l9e i4 k4 on ! inn] side ( ! limb already drawn1 & di/ant f x "o-t5? ( a side ( ! squ>e1 & let x cut ! l9e g4 h4 9 ! po9t l4 ,next1 draw /rips n>r[] & horizontal 7to be produc$ h]eaft] into ! convex limbs7 f ! v]tical b& to meet ! v]tical l9e i4 k4--namely1 at top1 bel[ ! l9e a4 b42 next1 above ! l9e e4 f42 & at bottom1 above ! l9e c4 d4 ,n[ set a leg ( ! compass on ! po9t l4 & describe a semicircle to ! "r ( ! transv]se /rips1 s t ! extremities ( ! circumf]5ce1 9 ! v]tical l9e i4 k41 bel[ ! side a4 b41 & above ! l9e e4 f4 may co9cide ) ^? %ort transv]se l9es4 ,!n bisect ! n>r[ transv]se /rip :i* is above ! l9e e4 f4 9 ! l9e i4 k4 by ! po9t m42 & indicate ! bread? ( ! lett]1 to ! "r ( ! semicircle1 by ! po9t n4 9 ! l9e g4 h42 & aft]w>ds draw f ! po9t m4 above ! l9e e4 f4 9 ! direction ( f4 a %ort horizontal l9e z great z ne$ be3 !n describe a semicircle :i* %all include ?is l9e1 & ! po9t n41 &1 at ! top1 ! side a4 b42 & ?r\gh n4 let pass a v]tical l9e4 ,^! all comb9e to =m1 bel[1 ! concave ( ! curv$ limb1 & above1 its convex4 ,next1 produce ! transv]se /rip above c4 d41 9 ! direction ( d41 z f> z requir$1 & m>k ?is q4 ,!n bisect ! l9e m4 q4 by ! l9e o4 p41 cutt+ ! l9e n4 9 ! po9t r42 & next describe a semicircle t\*+ ! horizontal l9e e4 f41 ! po9t r41 & ! position q4 ,!n indicate ! bread? ( ?is limb ( ! lett] by ! po9t s4 to ! "r ( ! po9t r4 9 ! l9e o4 p4 & describe a semicircle1 t\*+ ! l9e m41 ! po9t s41 & ! side ( ! squ>e c4 d4 ,!re w !n rema9 9 ! lett] ?ree "r angles to be elim9at$3 ! int]ior & l[] "o may be %ap$ into a curve by a circle ^: semi-diamet] is two-?irds ( ! bread? ( ! broad limb ( ! lett]1 & ! ext]ior ones y %all f9e to a po9t by circul> l9es ^: semi-diamet] is equal to ! bread? ( t limb4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,or y may make y\r ,b 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,let ! side a4 c4 ( ! squ>e be divid$ into n9e equal p>ts1 & cut (f ! f\r sup]ior p>ts by ! horizontal l9e e4 f4 ,!n erect y\r v]tical limb z describ$ above2 & ! sup]ior curv$ limb y %all make betwe5 a4 b4 & e4 f42 ! inf]ior betwe5 e4 f4 & c4 d4 ,n[ divide a4 b4 into n9e equal p>ts1 & cut (f f\r p>ts t[>ds b4 9 ! po9t g42 !n divide c4 d4 into five equal p>ts1 & ! la/1 t[>ds d4 m>k (f 9 ! po9t h4 & jo9 g4 & h4 by ! l9e g4 h4 :i* %\ld t\* on _! ext]ior edges ! sup]ior & inf]ior limbs ( ! lett]4 ,n[ ^! limbs mu/ be drawn ( a p>ticul> =m2 & ! compass1 9 draw+ ! circul> l9es1 mu/ be mov$ up & d[n _! diagonals3 & ^! two diagonals y %all det]m9e 9 ?is wise4 ,divide a4 e4 into f\r p>ts2 ! l[e/1 above e41 call i4 e42 ! l[e/ ( ! five rema9+1 above c41 call c4 k4 ,!n jo9 ! po9ts i4 & b4 & k4 & f4 respectively1 by ! l9es i4 b4 & k4 f4 ,^u ^! l9es move & turn y\r compass1 9 ?is way y %all describe bo? curv$ limbs3 & !y mu/ bo? be broad] t[>ds ! top ?an t[>ds ! bottom1 z foll[s naturally ) ! /roke ( a p51 &1 moreov]1 :ile approximately r\nd1 !y are n to be circul>2 !re=e y w h to move y\r compass at ne$ along ! diagonals1 & )al to assi/ x also ) ! h&1 z ,i h done 9 ! picture on ! foll[+ page4 ,illu/ration3 ,b ,,( ,,! ,,lett] ,c4 ,next y %all make ! lett] ,c 9 its own squ>e ?us3 ,bisect ! squ>e a4 b4 c4 d4 by ! horizontal l9e e4 f4 & 9 x let i4 be ! middle po9t4 ,f ?is po9t z ! c5tre1 i4 f4 or i4 e4 z ! radius1 describe a circle t\*+ int]iorly all f\r sides ( ! squ>e4 ,n[ move ! leg ( ! compass1 b )\t v>y+ its span1 to a po9t k4 a little to ! "r ( i4 9 ! l9e e4 f41 lett+ ! space i4 k4 d5ote ! greate/ bread? ( ! lett] y desire2 f ! c5tre k4 describe ano!r circle :i* %all cut twice ! l9e b4 d41 & ^: circumf]5ce to ! left w m>k ! requir$ bread? ( ! lett]4 ,next1 draw ! v]tical l9e g4 h41 p>allel to b4 d41 di/ant f b4 a t5? "p ( ! l9e a4 b4 ,?is w cut (f = y at top & bottom ! lett] ,c z ! anci5ts 7 accu/om$ to use x4 ,b ,i w\ld h y cut (f ! l[] limb 9 ! middle po9t betwe5 g4 h4 & b4 d43 !n make ! limbs some:at f9] & r\nd] on ! inside t[>ds top & bottom f ! po9t :]e ! circles int]sect2 & = its great] p]fection r\nd out ! lett]1 above & bel[1 to t\* ! sides ( ! squ>e a4 b4 & c4 d4 ,next1 l[ d[n1 :]e ! lett] ) "o foot crosses ! l9e g4 h41 !re1 "u ! circul> l9e make ! =m a little m incurv$1 yet s t ) ! tip ( its end x %all aga9 t\* ! circul> l9e4 ,simil>ly1 b high] up1 make ! foot m holl[ on ! inside ?an ! circle left x3 & ?us two circul> l9es w give y v ne>ly ! :ole =m ( ! lett]4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,or1 secondly1 y may make ! lett] ,c ?us3 ,draw 9 ! squ>e a diagonal c4 b42 set ! leg ( y\r compass on its middle po9t i4 & ) ! o!r leg describe ! ext]ior circle z be=e1 t]m9at+ x above at ! diagonal c4 b42 b bel[1 make y\r circle pass a little beyond ! =m] sweep4 ,!n set ! leg ( y\r compass1 b )\t *ang+ its gauge1 z f> above i4 9 ! diagonal z ! lett]'s greate/ wid?1 & describe y\r inn] circle2 &1 z ?\gh made ) a p51 let ! desc5d+ /roke be heavi] ?an ! asc5d+4 ,! re/ y may elaborate ) y\r h&2 let ! trimm+ ( ! ends ( ! lett]1 above1 slope upw>ds1 bel[1 d[nw>ds1 exactly z ,i h "h drawn ! %apes4 ,illu/ration3 ,c ,,! ,,lett] ,d4 ,! lett] ,d y %all make ?us3 ,divide its squ>e by ! p]p5dicul> or v]tical l9e g4 h4 & by ! horizontal l9e e4 f4 into f\r small squ>es1 & call _! po9t ( int]section i43 !n draw ! broad] limb ( ! lett] f ! side a4 b4 d[nw>ds1 to meet ! side c4 d4 & at ! di/ance ( its own wid? f a4 c42 & produce ! limb at top & bottom to a %>p po9t at ! angles a4 & c4 z 0 %[n above 9 ,b2 us+ ! same me?od 9 all /raight limbs 9 ! rema9+ lett]s4 ,next y are to produce f ?is limb two n>r[] tracts horizontally1 & f ^! are to be describ$ ! circul> arcs ( ! lett] betwe5 ! l9e a4 b4 at top & ! l9e c4 d4 at bottom1 & ext5d+ z f> z ! p]p5dicul> g4 h42 next1 ) y\r compass jo9 g4 f4 h4 ,!n1 9 ! l9e e4 f4 lay (f a portion equal 9 bread? to ! wide/ limb ( ! lett]1 at ! po9t k42 next1 set "o foot ( y\r compass on k4 & let ! o!r cut ! said l9e e4 f4 9 l42 let ?is be ! immovable leg ( y\r compass1 & ) ! o!r1 beg9n+ f k41 describe int]nally1 to ! n>r[] transv]se limbs1 an arc :i* %all t\* bo?1 complet+ y\r acute angle above1 b r\nd+ out ! l[] "o by a circul> arc ( ! same diamet] z ! "o by :i* y %>p5$ y\r ext]ior subt5d+ angle4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,y may make ! r\nd limb ( ! same ,d 9 ano!r fa%ion2 namely1 z a p5 naturally w\ld1 broad] above ?an bel[4 ,= ?is1 draw ! diagonal c4 b4 & describe y\r ext]ior arc z be=e2 b to describe ! int]ior1 9 ! l9e c4 b4 take a po9t m4 l[] d[n ?an i4 & di/ant f x ! wid? ( ! broad] limb1 & )\t alt]+ y\r compass describe an int]ior l9e2 b :]e ! limb mu/ ne$s be n>r[]1 !re y are to accommodate x ) y\r h&1 bo? bel[ & above1 z 9 ! foll[+ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,d ,,! ,,lett] ,e4 ,! lett] ,e y %all =m 9 its squ>e ?us3 ,draw a transv]se l9e e4 f4 bisect+ a4 b4 & c4 d4 9 e4 & f42 !n draw ! great v]tical limb ( ! lett]1 to ! left1 z y did = ,d4 ,next draw also an upp] transv]se limb ( n>r[] dim5sions1 p>allel to a4 b4 & 9 l5g? six-t5?s m9us "o-?ird ( "o-t5? ( ! l5g? ( a4 b42 & ! end ( ?is b5d d[nw>ds "o-t5? ( ! l5g? ( a4 b4 & use ?is z ! diamet] ( ! circle ) :i* y r\nd out ! inn] angle ( ?is extremity3 !n draw y\r n>r[ middle limb p>allel to ! m$ian l9e e4 f4 & above x1 s t x may be %ort] ?an ! upp] limb by "o-t5? ( ! l5g? ( a4 b41 b at its t]m9us d\ble z wide2 y are to r\nd x out 79 ei!r direction7 by ! arc ( a circle ^: diamet] is "o-six? ! l5g? ( e4 f4 ,n[ con/ruct y\r l[e/ limb ^u ! l9e c4 d41 s t at its ultimate angle x may exce$ 9 l5g? ! upp] limb by "o-t5? ( c4 d42 ! cusp1 h[ev]1 y are to prolong beyond ?is "p by two-?irds ( "o-t5? "p1 & erect above x to "o-six? ( ! l5g? ( c4 d41 & r\nd out ! same by a circle ^: semi-diamet] is also a six? ( c4 d4 ,9 l mann] ! f9al angle ( ! lett] y %all r\nd out by an arc ( ! same circle by :i* y r\nd$ out ! middle transv]se limb3 ! o!r angles y are to leave acute1 z 9 ! foll[+ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,e ,,! ,,lett] ,f4 ,! lett] ,f y are to =m 9 ! same mann] z ,e2 except t y %all omit ! l[] limb altoge!r1 &1 9 its place1 r\nd out ! lett] on bo? sides bel[1 z y did ,e on "o side only1 z ,i h %[n y bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,! ,,lett] ,g4 ,likewise ! lett] ,g y are to make z y did ,c1 be=e describ$2 ?is1 h[ev]1 except$3 t 9 front 7t is1 to ! left7 ( ! l9e g4 h4 is to be erect$ ! broad limb ( ! lett]1 upw>ds f ! curve to ! l9e e4 f41 & above x is to be r\nd$ to a po9t1 on ei!r side1 z be=e 0 said2 b bel[1 bo? angles are to rema94 ,or1 y %all =m ,g 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion 9 ! said squ>e1 divid$ z be=e3 ,draw ! diagonal c4 b4 & set y\r compass ) "o leg on ! po9t i4 & ) ! o!r describe an arc f e4 to ! middle po9t c4 d4 & m>k ?is po9t l42 9 l mann] also1 describe an arc upw>ds to ! l9e a4 b4 s z to meet ! p]p5dicul> l9e g4 h4 m>k t po9t z4 ,!n1 9 ! l9e g4 h41 take a po9t m4 s t ! "p m4 h4 %all be "o-t5? ( ! l9e g4 h42 !n1 ) a sweep ( y\r h& jo9 l4 m4 ) ! curv$ l9e l4 m4 ,next1 y are to draw f z4 a l9e upw>ds1 z broad z ! /&>d ( ! lett]1 b oblique & 9 direction midway betwe5 y\r circul> l9e ! p]p5dicul> g4 h4 & f ! extremity ( ?is l9e y mu/ draw a curv$ l9e to meet a4 b4 at ! po9t :]e y\r circul> l9e t\*es x4 ,next1 cut (f f ! bottom ( g4 h4 a "p "o-?ird ( its l5g?1 indicate ?is by ! po9t n41 to ?is height1 f ! level ( m4 upw>ds1 produce ! broad limb ( ! lett]1 & let its extremities above be f9i%$ 9 ei!r direction1 ( ! same size4 ,aft] ?is set ! leg ( y\r compass on ! diagonal c4 b4 ! bread? ( ! /&>d ( ! lett] above i4 at ! di/ance e4 i4 describe an arc1 :i* above %all t\* ! ext]ior b\nd>y a4 b4 b bel[ %all /op %ort above l42 f ?is po9t y mu/ ) y\r h& draw a l9e to ! v]tical limb at ! height ( m4 ,& ! same y %all d above 9 draw+ ! n>r[] limb ( ! lett]1 z se5 9 ! foll[+ diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,g ,,! ,,lett] ,h4 ,! lett] ,h is to be =m$ ( two broad1 great1 v]tical limbs ( ! height ( ! squ>e1 9 su* fa%ion t _! extremities1 be+ produc$ ext]iorly1 %all t\* ! f\r angles ( ! squ>e1 a4 c4 & b4 d4 respectively4 ,n[ 9 :at fa%ion ! projections ( ! broad] limbs ( lett]s are to be r\nd$ out at top & bottom & on ei!r side1 y h be5 in/ruct$2 = 9 any lett] y please1 any broad & v]tical limb is to be depict$ at top & bottom ?rice z broad z at its middle3 provid$ always x is n jo9$ to a n>r[] limb4 ,s :5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 !n draw y\r n>r[] transv]se limb ^u ! l9e e4 f4 z is %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,h ,,! ,,lett] ,i4 ,! lett] ,i y are to make ( a s+le broad v]tical tract 9 ! mid/ ( its squ>e1 t\*+ ! latt] top & bottom2 & ( ?is1 at bo? ends1 & on ei!r side1 y are to r\nd out ! productions or projections z bel[ is %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,,! ,,lett] ,k4 ,n[ = ,k3 ,y are to make ! fir/ tract v]tical1 9 ! same mann] z y =m]ly did = ,h2 !n draw ano!r n>r[] limb f ! broad] & erect "o1 s t x may1 at its l[] end1 imp+e obliquely on ! transv]se l9e e4 f4 & above may asc5d to ! "r till x meet ! l9e a4 b41 tak+ c>e to make x p>allel to ! diagonal c4 b42 & ?is1 at ! top1 y are to produce 9 bo? directions s t ea* production may repres5t a t5? "p ( ! l9e a4 b4 ,! hi!rw>d projection y are to r\nd out ) a circle ( :i* ! diamet] mu/ n exce$ ! bread? ( ! less] limb2 b ( ! o!r arc1 by means ( :i* y r\nd out ! f>!r projection1 y %all make ! diamet] d\ble z great z ! diamet] ( ! arcs by :i* y h cu/om>ily holl[$ out ! prec$+ ext5sions ( ! broad & v]tical limbs4 ,next1 f ! n>r[ limb s con/ruct$ draw 9 a d[nw>d direction ano!r broad limb1 s t x too may be p>allel to a diagonal ( ! squ>e2 ( ?is ! beg9n+ is to be tak5 f ! acute angle :i* ! n>r[] limb makes ) ! broad v]tical limb1 & let x be drawn ) its projection to ! angle d41 yet 9 ?is fa%ion3 take two po9ts ?is side ( d4 aft] ?is mann]1 s t ! fir/ po9t may be di/ant f d4 ! t5? "p ( ! l9e c4 d4 ! second z f> aga9 f ! fir/2 !n let ! said tract be drawn )9 ! space :i* is betwe5 ! two po9ts1 b 9 bl9d & invisible l9es4 ,aft]w>ds y %all add ! ext5sion1 :i* y %all make ?is way3 take be=e f4 9 ! l9e e4 f41 a po9t g4 no f>!r di/ant f f4 ?an ! bread? ( ! n>r[] limb2 on ?is po9t set "o leg ( y\r compass1 let ! o!r be ext5d$ to ! angle d41 f :i* let x be guid$ back along ! broad b invisible bl9d limb3 !nce w result ! l[] convexity ( ! tail y seek2 b its upp] concavity look = 9 ?is way3 divide f4 d4 9 its middle po9t h42 on ?is set "o leg ( y\r compass1 & ) ! o!r describe an arc pass+ ?r\gh d4 to meet ! broad limb4 ,or y may make ,k 9 ?is mann]3 ,fir/1 let y\r broad] v]tical limb1 & y\r upp] n>r[ "o rema9 z !y h be5 describ$1 except t ! int]ior angle :i* ! n>r[] limb =ms ) a4 b4 %all rema9 acute1 b ! ext]ior "o %all be r\nd$ out1 z has be5 said4 ,!n let !re be drawn ! l[] broad limb1 obliquely f ! angle :i* is includ$ betwe5 e4 f4 & ! v]tical limb1 & let x desc5d to meet ! side c4 d4 s t betwe5 d4 & ! limb ! wid? ( ! limb be left vacant2 & ! hi!r angle is to be left1 b ! f>!r1 t[>ds d41 %all be r\nd$ out a little1 z %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,k ,,! ,,lett] ,l4 ,z = ! lett] ,l1 y %all make x by a comb9ation ( p>ts ( two ( ! prec$+ lett]s3 namely1 y %all make ! fir/ v]tical broad limb1 z y did a :ile back 9 ,i2 & to ?is jo9 a foot z y did at ! bottom ( ,e1 :5 y made x4 ,su* is ,l depict$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,l ,,! ,,lett] ,m4 ,! lett] ,m y %all =m 9 two ways )9 its squ>e4 ,9 ! fir/1 draw ! n>r[] limb ( ! lett] v]tical1 to ! "r ( a4 c41 di/ant f a4 "o-t5? ( ! di/ance a4 b43 draw ! o!r1 broad] limb1 on ! ne> side ( b4 d41 also a t5? "p ( ! :ole di/ant f b4 9 su* fa%ion t bo? limbs t\* ! squ>e at top & bottom2 !n1 betwe5 ! two1 bisect ! l9e c4 d4 9 ! po9t e4 & draw a broad limb f ! inn] angle ( ! n>r[ limb1 d[nw>ds to ! po9t e41 next a n>r[ "o upw>ds f e4 to ! inn] angle ( ! broad] v]tical limb2 & ! inn] angles at top y mu/ n r\nd out1 b leave acute2 ! ext]ior angles1 h[ev]1 at ! top1 & bo? ext]ior & int]ior at bottom ( bo? v]tical limbs1 y are to adorn ) ! cu/om>y projections1 z y h done 9 ! prec$+ lett]s4 ,y are to "k1 too1 t :5 ^! lett]s are drawn ) a p51 !y are to be describ$ ) a s+le /roke4 ,b = y\r guidance is ?is lett]1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h in/ruct$ y1 depict$ bel[4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,ano!r way is ?us3 ,divide ! side a4 b4 ( ! squ>e into six equal p>ts m>k (f ! two extreme p>ts1 "o at ei!r end1 by ! po9ts f4 & g42 !n draw ! inn] & broad] limb1 ) its po9t at e4 z above2 & to ?is1 9 an upw>d direction1 a n>r[] "o1 s t betwe5 f4 g4 be left a vacant space1 & s m readily ! lett] slope =w>d4 ,!n y are to draw ! two lat]al & v]tical limbs--! ne> & sl5d]1 & ! f>!r broad "o--at ! top1 inde$1 z 9 ! fir/ sket*1 b at ! bottom produce !m to ! two angles c4 & d4 & f9ally add project+ cusps1 z y 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ ,m2 b ! projection bel[ w pass beyond ! squ>e at ! po9ts c4 & d4 ,or y %all make ,m at top ) acute angles1 9 :i* case ! lat]al limbs w slope ! m2 or %e> !m (f obtusely1 & 9 ?is fa%ion 7:i*ev] pleases y be/7 make !m z y see !m depict$ 9 ! foll[+ diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,m ,,! ,,lett] ,n4 ,likewise ! lett] ,n y %all make 9 its squ>e ?us3 ,fir/ y are to draw two /&>ds v]tical & sl5d]1 s t at top bottom !y may t\* ! squ>e1 t be+ produc$1 ! nigh "o at ! bottom1 & ! f>!r at ! top1 !y may t\* ! angles at c4 & b4 ,n[ jo9 ^! two by a broad oblique limb1 runn+ f ! angle a4 to ! po9t e41 by :i* is d5ot$ ! remote side ( ! f>!r limb1 :]e y %all all[ ! acute angle to rema92 b at ! top1 ?is limb1 produc$ beyond ! angle a41 y are to r\nd out to a fif? "p ( ! l5g? ( a4 b4 ,?is prolongation %\ld incurve bel[1 a fifte5? "p ( ! di/ance a4 b4 project$ on two arcs1 ! upp] "o ! great]1 ! l[] ! less4 ,= ! less] arc1 !re=e1 y %all take z diamet] ( its circle1 a l9e ! fif? "p ( ! di/ance a4 b4 & its c5tre is to be tak5 outside ! squ>e1 s t ! foot ( ! compass may t\* ! tip ( ! ext5sion & ! angle a42 !n ext5d a little ! feet ( ! compass1 & %ift its c5tre until ! arc t\* bo? ! tip ( ! "p produc$1 ! broad oblique limb1 9 ! middle po9t betwe5 ! side a4 c4 ! ne>] ( ! two sl5d] v]tical limbs4 ,or y may make ! lett] ,n 9 su* fa%ion t its upp] nigh ext5sion %all rema9 )9 ! squ>e2 or y may make f x an acute angle z %[n ov]leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,n ,,! ,,lett] ,o4 ,n[ ,o y %all make ?is way 9 its squ>e4 ,set 9 ! squ>e ! diamet] c4 b4 & bisect x 9 ! po9t e41 s t e4 may =m a middle po9t betwe5 ! two po9ts f4 & g4 :i* are to be y\r two c5tres2 & f ea* let a circle be describ$ t\*+ two sides ( ! squ>e2 :]e ! circles cut "o ano!r1 !re ) y\r h& y mu/ %ape ! sl5d] outl9e ( ! lett] to a ju/] proportion1 z bel[ is %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,o ,,! ,,lett] ,p4 ,p y %all make 9 its squ>e 9 ?is wise4 ,divide ! squ>e a4 b4 c4 d4 by ! m$ian horizontal l9e e4 f42 !n divide a4 e4 b4 f4 equally by ! l9e g4 h4 ,next draw1 fir/ ! broad v]tical limb = ?is lett] ,p1 z y did a %ort :ile ago = ,k1 & aft]w>ds erect ! l9e i4 k4 ! di/ance ( its own bread? to ! "r ( y\r v]tical limb2 7"h y mu/ ev] obs]ve t 9 a lett]$ squ>e we speak ( ! angle a4 z ! hi!r angle1 t is1 to ! left2 ! angle b4 z ! f>!r angle1 t is1 to ! "r74 ,!n :]e ! l9e i4 k4 cuts g4 h4 call ! po9t l41 & next draw two sl5d] horizontal limbs1 ! upp] bel[ a4 b41 ! l[] above e4 f41 f ! broad v]tical limb z f> z ! l9e i4 k4 ,set "o leg ( ! compass on ! po9t l41 ext5d+ ! o!r to ! l[] side ( ! l[] horizontal limb ne> k42 !n describe an arc ?r\gh ! l9e g4 h4 z f> z ! o!r sl5d] horizontal limb ( ?is same ,p1 :]e x cuts ! l9e g4 h4 set ! po9t m4 ,next1 on ! f> side ( m4 measure ! wid? ( ! l>ge limb ( ! lett]1 along ! l9e g4 h4 to ! po9t n4 & let y\r compass be /ret*$ s t ) "o foot x may t\* ! l9e a4 b4 & ) ! o!r ! po9t n42 !n set "o foot ( ! compass on n4 ! o!r on ! l9e g4 h4 to ! "r1 9 ! po9t o41 9 :i* ?is foot is to be left /&+ immovable1 & ) ! o!r is to be describ$ an arc1 pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t n4 & t\*+ ! l9es a4 b4 & e4 f4 ,or y may =m ! loop ( ?is lett] 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,set a leg ( ! compass "u ! transv]se g4 h4 9 ! l9e i4 k41 9 a place m$ian betwe5 ! l9e e4 f4 ! l[] "p ( ! upp] transv]se ( ! sl5d] limb1 9 ! po9t p4 & describe an arc z be=e1 pass+ ?r\gh m4 s t ! loop w be acute at ! bottom1 & its tip w end 9 ! middle space betwe5 ! l9e i4 k4 & ! broad v]tical limb ( ! lett]4 ,or make ?is same ,p ) a circul> sweep1 by %ift+ ! compass ^u ! diamet]1 s t t sweep may be broad] at ! top 7z ?\gh made ) a p57 z w be %[n 9 ! diagram on ! foll[+ page4 ,illu/ration3 ,p ,,! ,,lett] ,q4 ,make y\r ,q 9 its squ>e 9 ! self-same mann] z 0 prescrib$ = ,o2 b add to x its tail ?us3 ,draw a diamet] ( ! squ>e1 ! l9e a4 d41 ab\t :i*1 />t+ f ! curv$ outl9e1 beg9 to draw a long tail1 produc+ x ?r\gh ! angle d4 9 su* fa%ion t d4 may be 9 ! middle ( ! ?icke/ "p ( ! tail2 b :]e ! tail beg9s let x be a little n>r[] ?an 9 ! angle d41 :]e x %\ld atta9 its real ?ickness4 ,!n let x be drawn out1 beyond ! angle d4 to ! l5g? ( ! entire diamet]1 & 9 a d[nw>d direction1 yet s t x curves :ile x slopes1 t its tip %all n fall l[] ?an a ?ird ( ! side bel[ ! l[e/ side ( ! squ>e1 & %all t5d1 z x ne>s ! po9t1 to gr[ %>p] little by little1 & at l5g? end 9 a v f9e po9t inde$4 ,or y %all give ,q a %ort] tail 9 ?is fa%ion1 to wit3 set y\r compasses to ! l5g? ( ! side c4 d4 & draw a tail f ! bulge ( ! same lett]1 describ+ ?r\gh ! po9t d4 its inn] arc ( ! same l5g? z c4 d41 tak+ c>e t ! tail b5d upw>ds until x aga9 rea* c4 d4 produc$1 9 ! po9t h42 !n %ift y\r compasses1 ) ! o!r leg aga9 describe f ! bulge ( ! lett] an arc bel[ d4 cont9ue x until aga9 x rea* h41 b 9 su* fa%ion t ! tail %all f9d its greate/ ?ickness at ! />t1 z 9 ! foll[+ figure is d\bly depict$4 ,illu/ration3 ,q ,,! ,,lett] ,r4 ,moreov] ,r y mu/ make 9 its squ>e j z 0 direct$ = ,p2 b !n erect a "r l9e q4 r4 ?r\gh ! middle po9t ( ! squ>e1 let x cut ! ext]ior arc ( ! r\nd$ limb 9 s41 f :i* po9t1 d[nw>ds t[>ds ! angle d41 let !re be drawn a broad tract1 almo/ equal to t :i* y made above = ! lett] ,k41 b ?is is to be some:at b5t 91 & s %ap$ by y\r h& t its tip1 well =m$1 may arrive directly on ! angle d4 ,or make ,r 9 su* fa%ion t its r\nd$ sweep1 z ?\gh made ) a p51 %all be above broad]1 n>r[] bel[4 ,to accompli% ?is1 y mu/ %ift y\r compasses on ! diamet] q4 e4 n all[ ! r\nd$ limb to t\* ! v]tical "o1 z 0 describ$ 9 ,p4 ,besides1 ! oblique limb is to be d$uc$ f ! r\nd$ "o ) a little m ( a curve2 j z ,i h drawn ov]leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,r ,,! ,,lett] ,s4 ,next1 ! lett] ,s y %all make z foll[s 9 its squ>e1 a4 b4 c4 d4 ,fir/ draw ! horizontal l9e e4 f4 & ! m$ian v]tical "o g4 h4 & let !m bisect "o ano!r 9 ! po9t m4 ,!n *oose ! ma9 ?ickness ( ! lett]1 & set x 9 ! l9e g4 h4 s t ! po9t m4 may divide x1 hav+ "o-?ird ( ! ?ickness bel[ x2 next1 set ! less] ?ickness1 at ! top b5ea? g41 indicat+ x by ! po9t i41 & at bottom1 above h4 9 ! po9t k42 & ! ?ickness ( ! lett] indicate above by n4 & bel[ by l4 ,next1 set a leg ( y\r compasses on ! l9e g4 h4 9 ! mid-po9t betwe5 i4 & n41 & ) ! o!r describe a circle pass+ ?r\gh i4 & n42 9 l mann]1 ^u ! l9e g4 h4 set y\r compasses ^u ! mid-po9t ( g4 l4 & describe a circle pass+ ?r\gh g4 l4 ,!n once m set y\r compass on ! same l9e g4 h4 9 ! mid-po9t ( n4 h4 & describe a circle ?r\gh n4 h42 & la/ly1 9 ! mid-po9t ( l4 k4 y mu/ set "o leg1 ) ! o!r is a circle to be describ$ ?r\gh ^! same po9ts l4 k42 aft]w>ds cut (f by v]tical section ! upp] portion ( ?is lett]1 s t ! "p ?us cut (f may conta9 9 its extremity ! maximum ?ickness ( ! lett] & a ?ird "p besides1 also t its tip may project d[nw>ds s f> z to /& midway betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! circle i4 n4 & ! side b4 d42 9 o!r words1 let ! tip be di/ant on ! "r1 f ! circle i4 n4 ! fir/ ?ird ( ! int]val betwe5 ! great] & less] circles4 ,next cut ! l[] limb ( ! lett] to ! left1 by a v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! mid-po9t betwe5 ! two circles1 9 su* fa%ion t ! "p s cut (f may be a f\r? "p wid] high] ?an ! upp]1 & t its tip may rise to ! height ( ! c5tre ( ! circle n4 h4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,yet ano!r way may y make ! lett] ,s4 ,9 ! squ>e a4 b4 c4 d4 bisect ! horizontal l9e e4 f4 9 ! po9t m42 !n set "o leg ( y\r compass ^u ! mid-po9t betwe5 g4 & m4 ) ! o!r describe a segm5t ( a circle 9 ! direction ( a4 e4 pass+ ?r\gh ! po9ts m4 & g42 next1 set y\r compass ^u ! mid-po9t betwe5 m4 & h4 & describe a segm5t ( a circle ?r\gh m4 & h4 9 ! direction ( f4 d4 ,! two arcs w t\* above1 9 front1 & bel[1 9 ! re>1 ! ext]ior curvatures ( ?is same lett] ,s4 ,next1 draw ?r\gh m4 ! diamet] c4 b4 & at its middle indicate ! maximum ?ickness ( ! lett] by ! two po9ts p4 & q4 f :i* let !re be drawn two "r l9es1 "o up1 "o d[n1 to ^? two arcs2 next1 f ! two po9ts p4 q4 draw two curv$ p>allels to ! same arcs1 regulat+ ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 _! elevation depression f ! c5tres ( ! same circles4 ,next1 indicate bel[ g4 & above h4 ! m9imum ?ickness ( ! lett]2 & f ^! po9ts y w ) y\r h& fa%ion ! inn] %ape ( ! lett]1 bo? above & bel[1 produce ! limb ( ,s1 above t[>ds b4 ,cut x (f s t its l[] tip may t\* ! segm5t1 t ! "p cut (f upw>ds may conta9 a t5? "p ( a4 b4 & t ! segm5t may /ill exce$ ! "p cut (f4 ,!n con/ruct a v]tical l9e r4 s4 to ! "r ( e4 c4 & di/ant f x a fif? "p ( c4 d42 let x cut ! diagonal c4 b4 9 t4 & to ! angle j =m$ produce ! extremity ( ! lett]1 mak+ ! "p s cut (f a ?ird broad] ?an ! upp] portion4 ,la/ly1 y w h to produce ! tip ev] s little beyond t42 z ,i h briefly indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,s ,,! ,,lett] ,t4 ,set ! broad limb ( ,t 9 ! mid/ ( its squ>e erect1 produc$ drawn to a po9t on ei!r side bel[1 j z y did be=e 9 ! lett] ,i2 !n take two po9ts e4 & f41 di/ant respectively "o-t5? ( ! :ole space f a4 & b41 & let ! transv]se limb ( ! lett] be drawn bel[ e4 f4 & ( an equal l5g? ) x2 b ! project+ extremities ( ?is l9e are to be cut obliquely1 & ! tips ( ^! projections %all s f> ext5d above ! l9e a4 b4 to ! "r z bel[ !y dep5d to ! left4 ,! oblique l9es ( ^! projections are to be ea* a fif? "p ( ! l5g? ( a4 b42 ! angles ( ^! projections y %all r\nd out by means ( circles ( div]se radius--namely1 = ! less] angle y are to use a diamet] only two-?irds ( ! wid? ( ! broad] limb2 b = ! great] angle y %all take a diamet] equal to ! side ( a squ>e conta9$ betwe5 ! broad & v]tical limb & ! int]cept$ portion ( ! l9e a4 b4 ,ano!r me?od4 ,or y make ,t ?us 9 its squ>e3 ,take y\r po9t e4 z be=e1 to ! "r ( a41 & cut y\r transv]se limb diagonally1 z be=e1 yet s t ! projection be dimidiat$ to ! "r1 & at top ! angle rema9 z x falls2 & s at ! o!r extremity1 only ! po9t f4 mu/ be mov$ z ne> aga9 to b41 ! cutt+ l9e to be a little m erect1 ! projection =m$ a trifle broad] ?an at ! hi!r end2 o!rwise %all ev]y?+ rema9 z be=e2 z ,i h del9eat$ = y on ! opposite page4 ,illu/ration3 ,t ,,! ,,lett] ,v4 ,v y %all ?us make 9 its squ>e3 ,bisect c4 d4 9 ! po9t e42 !n set ! po9t f4 "o-t5? ( ! :ole l9e a4 b4 beyond a41 & 9 l fa%ion g4 to ! hi!r side ( b4 ,!n draw ! broad limb ( y\r lett] d[nw>ds f f4 to e4 & %>p5 x2 !nce draw upw>ds y\r sl5d] limb to g42 & at ! top produce x 9 ei!r direction1 z y did be=e at ! bottom ( ,a2 j z y see x %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,,! ,,lett] ,x4 ,x y %all =m ?us3 ,draw two v]tical l9es e4 f4 & g4 h4 di/ant respectively "o-t5? "p ( ! l9e a4 b4 f ! sides a4 c4 & b4 d4 ,!n draw ! two limbs int]sect+ "o ano!r 9 ! =m ( a cross--! broad "o s t at top1 ) its hi!r side x %all t\* e41 at ! bottom1 & ) its f>!r side h42 b ! n>r[ limb s t at top1 & ) its f>!r side x may t\* g41 at bottom1 ) its hi!r side f4 ,!n add its projections1 t\*+1 at top & bottom1 ! f\r angles a4 b4 c4 d41 *oose a semi-diamet] ( ! l>g] circle ( ! l5g? ( a fif? "p ( a4 b42 ) t y %all r\nd out ! f\r great] angles2 b = ! less] circle y %all take a diamet] z long z two-?irds ! wid? ( ! broad] limb4 ,or y may v>y ,x ?us3 ,let ev]y?+ be left z be=e except ! n>r[] limb1 :i* at top y %all make m erect by "o-half ! bread? ( ! wid] limb2 & s ! upp] "p ( ! lett] %all be less & n>r[] ?an ! l[]1 & %all h a diff]5t aspect1 z is %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,,! ,,lett] ,y4 ,y y %all a*ieve 9 ! mid/ ( its squ>e1 z f> z its l[] half is conc]n$1 aft] ! in/ructions be=e giv5 = ,i2 b its upp] "p y %all divide s t its hi!r limb %all conta9 two-?irds1 & its f>!r "o-?ird ( ! broad /&>d2 & let !m slope to ei!r side s t produc$ !y may t\* ! two angles a4 & b42 & ! great] circles1 by :i* y are to r\nd out _! obtuse or great] angles1 make ( a diamet] z great z a conta9+ side ( ! squ>e enclos$ betwe5 ! /&>d & ! sides ( ! great squ>e1 z 9 ,t 0 %[n2 b ! diamet]s ( ! circles :i* y apply to ! less] angles1 make d\ble ! wid? ( ! broad /&>d1 z bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,y ,,! ,,lett] ,z4 ,z y %all make ?us3 ,set ^u ei!r side1 bo? b5ea? beyond ! angle a41 two po9ts e4 f41 ea* at a di/ance ( ! t5? "p ( a4 b42 s also1 set two o!r po9ts g4 & h4 bo? be=e & above ! angle d4 & ) "r l9es jo9 e4 f4 & g4 h42 !n draw y\r n>r[] transv]se limb1 b5ea? a4 b4 backw>ds z f> z ! angle b42 f !nce draw y\r broad limb diagonally to c42 & !n aga9 a n>r[] "o f c4 to g42 & ) y\r h& r\nd out ! two tips e4 & h4 ,or make ,z ?us3 ,divide ! squ>e a4 b4 c4 d4 by ! v]tical l9e e4 f4 & 9 ?is r$uc$ space con/ruct ! lett] z be=e2 b s t ! two transv]se limbs be cut %ort1 above on ! nigh side1 & bel[ on ! f>1 by ! v]tical l9es a4 c4 & e4 f4 respectively z bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,z ,s likewise1 9 o!r fa%ion1 c we make all ! lett]s already drawn1 on a scale ( n9?s1 j z we h n[ drawn !m on a scale ( t5?s2 9 j ! same mann]1 accord+ to ! due proportion ( ea*1 9 its own squ>e1 a4 b4 c4 d41 divid+ !m into n9e1 z j n[ into t5 p>ts2 t ?is may be ! bett] und]/ood1 ,i h *os5 to app5d "h lett]s ( su* fa%ion4 ,also ^! lett]s are to be made five p>ts high :5 writt5 small rapidly1 by h&4 ,9 su* writ+ ! v]sals are made ( ! same proportion & =m1 b "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! ord9>y lett]s ( ! writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,a ,a ,a ,b ,b ,b ,b ,c ,c ,c ,c ,d ,d ,d ,d ,illu/ration3 ,e ,e ,f ,f ,g ,g ,g ,h ,h ,i ,i ,k ,k ,k ,l ,l ,illu/ration3 ,m ,m ,m ,m ,n ,n ,n ,n ,o ,o ,p ,p ,p ,p ,illu/ration3 ,q ,q ,q ,r ,r ,r ,s ,s ,s ,t ,t ,t ,v ,v ,illu/ration3 ,x ,x ,x ,y ,y ,z ,z ,z ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,text ,,or ,,quadrate ,,lett]s ,! lett]s :i* are usually call$ text1 or quadrate1 x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y s to write1 al?\gh !y are n[ imitat$ by ! new art1 z pres5tly ,i %all %[ bel[4 ,al?\gh ! alphabet beg9s ) ! writ+ ( ,a1 yet %all ,i 7n ne$lessly7 9 ! fir/ place und]take to draw an ,i2 because almo/ all ! o!r lett]s are =m$ aft] ?is lett]1 al?\gh always some?+ has to be add$ to x or tak5 away4 ,fir/ make y\r ,i ( equal squ>es1 ( :i* ?ree are prop]ly set "o ov] ! o!r2 & ! top ( ! top "o1 & ! bottom ( ! bottom "o1 divide 9 two po9ts1 t is to say1 into ?ree equal p>ts3 !n set a squ>e equal to ! o!rs 9 an oblique mann]1 s t its diagonal be v]tical1 & its angle on ! fir/ po9t ( ! top squ>e4 ,9 ?is way1 ?is oblique squ>e %all ext5d ) its angles m to ! left ?an ! "r4 ,!n produce upw>ds on ei!r side1 aft] ! wid? ( ! sup]pos$ squ>es1 "r l9es to meet ! sides ( ! oblique set squ>e4 ,next d bel[ precisely z y did above1 except t y mu/ set ! angle ( ! oblique squ>e on ! second po9t1 t is1 ! "o f>!/ to ! "r 9 ! bottom ( ! l[e/ squ>e2 & let fall y\r l9es on ei!r side ^u ! transpos$ squ>e3 s w ,i be p]fect2 only above x draw ) a f9e p5 a t9y 9-cresc5t4 ,s %all y make ,n f two /&>ds ( ?is same ,i1 set s t _! angles at top & bottom t\*2 & 9 ?is mann] ! space betwe5 ! two %all be n>r[] ?an ! bread? ( ei!r3 also1 y %all no long] put little cresc5ts above !m2 y mu/ make ( ! same l5g? all ! %ort lett]s ?r\gh\t ! alphabet4 ,9 l mann] make ,m ( ?ree /&>ds1 j z y made ,n ( two4 ,r make z ,i1 except only t at top y mu/ set an equal squ>e diagonally1 to ! "r1 s t angle t\* angle4 ,r y may make also 9 ?is fa%ion3 bel[ leave its foot z be=e1 b above add two diagonal squ>es1 :i* %all t\* ea* o!r ) _! angles 9 ! middle po9t ( ! v]tical limb1 & !n produce upw>ds bo? sides ( ! latt] to meet ! diagonal squ>e4 ,v is made 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ let x be made simply1 z ,n2 only t 9 ! f>!r limb1 y %all omit at ! top ! diagonal squ>e2 & in/ead %all draw an oblique l9e1 s t x may make two angles 9 ?is limb 7produc$7 ( :i* ! f>!r %all be ( ! same height z t ( ! topmo/ angle ( ! diagonal squ>e1 ! high] angle ( ! same height z ! angle ne>e/ to x 9 ! said squ>e4 ,! second ,v1 :i* we use at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce1 make ?us3 ,draw ! fir/ limb z be=e = ,i2 only1 at ! bottom1 pu% ! diagonal squ>e a little fur!r to ! "r1 s t its hi!r angle does n project beyond ! side ( ! v]tical limb1 b falls 9 ! l9e ( its desc5t4 ,!n set ! second limb to ! "r ( ?is1 & cut x (f bel[ by an oblique l9e1 drawn f ! l[e/ angle upw>ds to ! "r1 z f> z ! middle po9t ( ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree sup]pos$ squ>es4 ,next make ,w 7i4 e41 d\ble ,v7 j z y made ,v-simplex2 only y %all set be=e x ! /&>d limb ( ,i4 ,b make z ! second ,v-simplex2 b 9 ! fir/ upright omit ! diagonal squ>e at ! top1 & set ^u ! ?ree orig9al squ>es ?ree o!rs simil>1 b ! sev5? "o y %all cut (f diagonally f its l[] hi!r angle4 ,likewise :5 y\r ,b s made is turn$ upside d[n1 !n x w be a ,q4 ,x y %all con/ruct f ,i4 ,app5d f top angle to ! "r a diagonally set squ>e1 z y did be=e 9 ,r2 & at ! bottom draw an acute tail to ! left f ! diagonal1 & at ! middle ( ! v]tical limb describe a transv]se1 9 su* way t ! =m] is cut be=e & aft by ! latt]'s diagonal2 let ! hi!r & l[] angle be t]m9at$ z f> 9 front ( ! upright z w\ld measure "o-half ( ! cutt+ diagonal1 :i* at top %all j t\* ! upright2 b to ! "r let ! transv]se at top project to a po9t j bel[ ! angle ( ! oblique squ>e2 f !nce d[nw>ds let x be cut (f by an oblique l9e p>allel to ! ant]ior diagonal4 ,c y %all con/ruct f ,i aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,remove ! top diagonal squ>e1 let l9es be produc$ on ei!r side to ! prop] height ( ! lett]1 & cut (f ! hi!r angle by a diagonal2 !n draw at top a broad transv]se1 project+ beyond ! v]tical to ! "r ! wid? ( ! latt]1 & cut ?is (f by a diagonal 9 su* a way t x project bel[ only half z f> z above4 ,! v]tical /&>d ( ,e y %all make z = ,c2 b f above let !re desc5d to ! "r a broad limb f ! diagonal bisect+ ! "r angles ( "o squ>e1 & "o-?ird aga9 z long z broad2 & let !re be drawn f its l[] angle a small diagonal l9e to ! v]tical limb4 ,t %all be made l ,c1 except t at top some?+ is add$ to its diagonal1 s t its tip conv]ges to a f9e po9t1 & ! l to ! left on ! hi!r side ( ! broad /&>d1 j z at ! top3 & because ( ?is is ,t at top m elegant ?an ,c1 & has n ! same incurv$ appe>ance4 ,l y are to make bel[ l ,i2 only six squ>es are to be set on end2 !n cut (f ! hi!r side ( ! sev5? by a diagonal1 & s ! apex ( ! lett] %all rema9 to ! "r4 ,! lett] ,s y %all make z ,l2 except t at top to ! "r mu/ be drawn a broad limb ( ! l5g? ( ! diagonal1 :i* aft]w>ds y are to cut (f by a l9e p>allel to ! diagonal4 ,f y %all make z ,s1 j add+ to x a transv]se limb at ! height ( ! %ort] lett]s & d\ble z long z broad1 s t ! po9t on ! hi!r side bel[ %all project z f> z half ! limb's bread?1 s t ! two diagonal abscissions may be equidi/ant f "o ano!r4 ,! ne> limb ( ! lett] ,h make l ,l1 & to x jo9 by its top1 9 ! prop] place1 ! f>!r made l ,i2 b bel[1 = ! diagonal squ>e1 sub/itute a f\r? squ>e 9 l9e ) ! o!rs1 & ! fif? & l[e/ cut (f on ! f> side by its diagonal4 ,( ,k make ! ne> limb l ,l2 & to ! "r ( x app5d a diagonal squ>e1 f ! l[e/ angle ( :i* let a l9e be obliquely produc$ to meet ! said v]tical limb2 & next f ?is l9e let a broad limb be obliquely drawn1 & ?is1 at ! bottom1 y are to cut (f by a diagonal1 9 su* fa%ion t ! space bel[1 betwe5 ! two tips %all n be m ?an ! diagonal ( a s+le squ>e4 ,d 9 its l[] half make l ,b2 b at top let ! ant]ior limb asc5d upw>ds to ! maximum height ( ! lett]s1 & !n cut (f ! hi!r angle by its diagonal2 next sup]pose to ! same height half a squ>e ^u ! o!r ?ree squ>es ( ! f>!r limb1 once m d "h z y did bel[1 & let ?is brok5 limb re/ on ! angle ( ! ne> limb1 & let x ext5d beyond x z f> z ! end ( ! upright ne> limb2 & s w x all b conta9 ?ree conjunct squ>es2 = :5 x meets ! ne> v]tical limb1 t fraction is to be cut (f at "r angles4 ,o y are to make bel[ z ,d1 & also ! same at ! top z ! bottom1 only1 z x 71 turn+ x upside d[n4 ,! ant]ior limb ( ,p make l ,l inv]t$2 b ! po/]ior l ! /&>d ( ,i3 at bottom1 h[ev]1 y are n to add an oblique squ>e1 b amputate ! limb diagonally1 draw at ! bottom a broad transv]se limb1 :i* likewise is to be cut (f diagonally1 s t ! l[] po9t %all project to ! left1 a di/ance ( half ! bread? ( ! limb4 ,likewise ,a 9 ! l[] half y are to make l ,n2 b ( its ant]ior v]tical limb1 y are to cut (f ! hi!r angle ( ! middle squ>e by its diagonal2 ( ! po/]ior1 h[ev]1 all[ ?ree squ>es to rema9 sup]pos$1 & incl9e ! top "p 7! f\r? squ>e7 r to ! left1 s t if at ?is side is jo9$ to x ! half ( a squ>e1 !n x %all atta9 ! height ( ! lett]2 & cut (f ! squ>e obliquely1 yet s t ! l[] po9t %all project f>!r ?an ! upp]2 !n describe to ! left a circle1 sweep+ d[nw>ds1 s t its cont5ts %all embrace ! f>!/ limit ( ! ant]ior limb4 ,z is made 9 ?reefold fa%ion4 ,fir/ set a diagonal squ>e :i* %all t\* ! height ( ! lett]2 !n add ano!r l x1 on ! "r1 jo9+ _! sides1 let ^! =m a quadrangle slop+ d[nw>ds on ! "r3 next set a diagonal squ>e 9 /raight l9e "u ! top squ>e1 & di/ant f ! l[] "o ! l5g? ( its diamet]3 !n draw a diagonal l9e betwe5 ! ne> angles ( ^! two squ>es1 or make a r\nd$ limb to rea* ! l[] squ>e2 b f ! said l[e/ squ>e ( all y %all draw d[nw>ds & to ! "r1 by ! aid ( div]s circles1 a r\nd ext5sion1 ^: bottom %all m>k ! l5g? ( ! lett]2 & let its tip1 %>p & t5u\s1 v]ge to ! left4 ,or con/ruct ,z ( ?ree oblique limbs1 "o above ! o!r1 to connect !m draw ! diagonal1 :i* %all slope upw>ds to ! "r4 ,ano!r ,z y may make 9 ?is way3 ,let ?ree diagonal squ>es be set atop ( "o ano!r2 & let ! l[e/ h a r\nd$ ext5sion1 z 9 ! fir/ ,z4 ,! fir/ limb ( ,g make bel[ l ,i1 & add at ! bottom ano!r diagonal squ>e1 jo9+ ! two by _! angles2 b at top produce ! f>!r tip ( ?is limb upw>ds to ! height ( ! lett]1 f ?is po9t draw a diagonal d[nw>d to ! left1 z f> z ! hi!r angle ( ! fir/ "r squ>e ( ! ?ree set "o on o!r4 ,next draw ! f>!r v]tical /&>d entire1 ( ! same l5g? z ! hi!r /&>d1 & at ! bottom draw a diagonal f ! angle ( ! l[e/ oblique squ>e to t\* ! tip ( ! angle ( ! f>!r limb1 on ! inn] side produce d[nw>ds ! side ( ! limb1 to meet ! tip ( ! said diagonal2 to ?is also1 by "o l9e1 jo9 ! l[e/ ( ! hi!r squ>es4 ,n[ draw at top a transv]se limb ( ! cu/om>y bread?1 f ! back ( ! ne>] v]tical limb1 pass+ ?r\gh ! f>!r "o1 & rea*+ z f> beyond ?is z its bread?2 ?is limb1 f9ally1 y %all cut (f by an oblique l9e p>allel to t ( ! ne> limb4 ,y y %all make z ,n1 only at bottom mu/ be omitt$ ! f>!r diagonal squ>e1 9 its place is to be set a "r squ>e "u ! o!r ?ree sup]pos$ squ>es2 !n split ! fif? squ>e by a diagonal1 s t ! tip %all be 9 front2 f :i* let !re be produc$ a diagonal l9e1 equal 9 l5g? to a s+le side ( ! squ>e4 ,curv$1 or %ort ,s1 y %all make on ?is wise4 ,at ! middle height ( ! lett]1 let !re be set1 close to "o ano!r1 _! angles t\*+1 two oblique squ>es2 f ! ne> squ>e draw a broad v]tical limb to ! height ( ! lett]2 & 9 ! same fa%ion1 f ! f>!r squ>e let "o fall d[nw>ds--j z y con/ruct$ ,i top bottom4 ,next cut (f bo? ^! limbs1 "o at top & "o at bottom1 by diagonals1 9 su* fa%ion t ! %>p tips ( bo? may be on ! side ne> ! middle4 ,!n let !re be drawn two broad limbs--namely1 f ! upp]1 to ! "r1 & d[nw>ds2 & 9 l mann]1 f ! l[]1 upw>ds1 & to ! left2 ( ! bread? ( ! limb1 above & bel[1 b let !m be produc$ no fur!r ?an ! bread? ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! limbs3 !n draw a diagonal d[nw>ds1 f "r to left1 :i* %all cut (f bo? oblique limbs4 ,to x also y mu/ produce ! sides ( ! squ>es set 9 ! mid/4 ,s1 accord+ly1 h ,i set !m d[n--9 skeleton 9 rotation1 & 9 prop] ord] 9 black4 ,?is 7z ,i said above7 is ! antique =m ( ! lett]s2 b 9 ^! days !re is us$ a m elegant text1 & a diagonal squ>e is sub/itut$ 9 ! middle place = a "r squ>e1 s t ! l9es ( ! lett]s are n s mu* curv$2 & !re are made c]ta9 limbs adjo9$ & cleft2 & !re are set "o on ano!r ?ree squ>es a half2 & spaces are left betwe5 two limbs z great z _! wid?4 ,lett]s ( ?is sort also h ,i set =? on ! ?ird page foll[+2 z also capital lett]s1 :i* are call$ v]sals1 because !y are cu/om>ily set at ! beg9n+ ( a v]se2 & ^! ought to be made "o-?ird high] ?an ! rema9+ %ort] lett]s 9 writ+4 ,illu/ration3 i n m r r u v w b q x c e t l s f h k d o p a z z z g y s ,illu/ration3 a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r r s s t u v w x y z z z ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,r ,s ,t ,v ,x ,y ,z ,q 99 a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s s t u v w x y z ,"h ends ?is little ,book4