,,! ,,iri% ,,ecclesia/ical ,,record4    
,,june1 #ahfe4     ,,bless$ ,,?addeus1  
,,bi%op ,,( ,,cork ,,& ,,cloyne4  ,a4,d4
 #adib4   ,! int]e/+ & v le>n$ article  
:i* appe>$ 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,record#a  
has contribut$ mu* to illu/rate ! life (
 ! ,bless$ ,?addeus1 & to make kn[n to !
 ,iri% ,*ur* a di/+ui%$ prelate ^:      
virtues & sanctity adorn$ our isl& t[>ds
 ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* is     
precisely "o ( ! d>ke/ eras ( our       
hi/ory4 ,z1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! writ]'s       
conclusions c sc>cely be reconcil$ ) !  
/atem5t :i* we made 9 a prec$+ article  
on ! ,bi%ops ( ,cork & ,cloyne 7,record1
 p4 #cab71 viz41 t ?is holy ,bi%op's "n 
0 ',?addeus ,ma*> or ,mah]'1 we take !  
lib]ty ( lay+ be=e ! read] ! reasons on 
:i* our op9ion 0 bas$1 & :i* compel u1  
h[ev] unwill+1 to exclude f ! pr9cely   
family ( ! ,m',c>?ys ! sa9tly prelate ^:
 relics n[ enri* ! ca!dral ( ,ivrea4    
#a4 ,! t[n ( ,ivrea1 to use ! le>n$     
writ]'s words1 is ! capital ( !         
,pi$montese prov9ce ( ! same "n1 & we   

may add t x is mo/ picturesquely situat$
 at ! foot ( ! ,alps1 & is "o ( ! fir/  
,italian t[ns :i* ! travell] meets :51  
hav+ cross$ ,m\nt ,/4 ,b]n>d1 he w5ds 8 
way t[>ds ,v]celli or ,nov>a4 ,9 m$ieval
 docum5ts ,ivrea receives ! ,lat9 names 
( ,epor$ia1 ,iporegia1 & ,hipporegia1 z 
may be se5 9 ,ughelli's ,italia ,sacra1 
or 9 ! lat] "w ( ,cappalletti1 ',le     
,*iese d',italia' 7,v5ice1 #aheh1 vol4  
xiv41 pag4 #agg71 & at ! "t ( :i* we    
speak1 ! see 0 held by ,ni*olas         
,g>igliati1 :o 0 appo9t$ its bi%op 9    
#adhc1 & di$ 9 #adii4  #b4 ,t ! ,bless$ 
,?addeus1 :o by 8 sanctity & miracles   
m]it$ to be numb]$ among/ ! patrons (   
,ivrea1 0 ,bi%op ( ,cork & ,cloyne1 is  
beyond all controv]sy4 ,to ! argum5ts   
advanc$ by ! writ] 9 ! la/ ,record we   
may add an extract f ! ,todd ,,mss4 giv5
 by ,brady 9 8 ,records ( ,cork 7vol4   
iii4 pag4 #dd71 9 :i* ,bi%op ,?addeus1  
:o 0 appo9t$ to ! see ( ,cork 9 #adij1  
is said to h di$ at ! t[n ( ,epor$ia 9  
,pi$mont 9 #adib4 ,! date #d? ,octob]1  

is inde$ add$1 b ?is is probably a m]e  
mispr9t = ! #bd? ,octob]1 ! true date ( 
! demise ( our holy bi%op4  #c4 ,w>e    
in=ms u t ?is ,?addeus 0 by "s call$    
,me*> 7pag4 #efc71 & ! docum5ts ( ,ivrea
 place beyond d\bt t su* 0 8 true "n4   
,?us ! ,bi%op ( ,ivrea writes1 ,?addaeum
 ,ma*>1#b ,episcopum ,hib4 illum esse   
innotuit ex *>tis quas def]ebat1 & ! old
 p>*m5t record to :i* ! same bi%op      
ref]s1 app>5tly quot+ f ! inscription on
 8 tomb1 describes our ,bless$ ,?addeus 
z1    ,regia prog5ies alto de sangu9e   
,ma*>4  ,n[ ! le>n$ editors ( !         
,m>tyrology ( ,donegal in=m u t ! "n    
,me*> is ! same z ! ,o',mea*air :i*     
appe>s s (t5 9 ! anci5t monum5ts ( our  
hi/ory 7see ,m>tyr4 ( ,donegal1 publi%$ 
by ,i4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahfd1 pag4 #eag71 & :i* 
at ! pres5t day has assum$ ! ,angliciz$ 
=ms ( ,meagh] & ,mah]4  #d4 ,! anci5t   
,lat9 v]ses publi%$ 9 ! ,record1#c      
pres5t two important data = det]m9+ !   
family to :i* ?is bi%op belong$4 ,"o is 
8 native di/rict1 :i* is call$ ,solum   

,c>i5se3 ! o!r is ! royal ance/ry to :i*
 8 family _h a j & anci5t claim3 ,regia 
prog5ies alto de sangu9e ,ma*>4 ,n[ are 
^! data v]ifi$ 9 ! family ( !           
,o',mea*air8 if n1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x 
c h no claim to our holy bi%op2 b if1 on
 ! o!r h&1 ^? data accurately agree )   
:at ! anci5t monum5ts ( our isl& atte/  
reg>d+ ! sept ( ! ,o',mea*airs1 we mu/  
conclude t no l9k is want+ 9 ! *a9 (    
evid5ce1 & t ! ,bless$ ,?addeus has     
ju/ly be5 ref]r$ to t di/+ui%$ family4  
#e4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b to cite "s few    
passages f our e>ly writ]s :i* s]ve to  
illu/rate ^! po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( !       
,o',mea*airs4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !       
topographical poem ( ,o',huidhr9 7:o di$
 9 #adbj7 has "o important passage :i* n
 only ?r[s "s light on ! family "n1 b   
moreov] po9ts to ! t]ritory ( ,ui-,cair9
 z ! *ief abode ( ! ,o',mah]s1 precisely
 z ! "n ,c>9um 9 ! ,lat9 poem cit$ above
 m>ks ! native di/rict ( our holy ,bi%op
 ,?addeus4 ,! translation ( ?is poem (  
,o',huidhr9 0 ! la/ "w a*iev$ by our    

illu/ri\s ,o',donovan1 & 0 publi%$ by ! 
,i4 ,a4 ,s4 9 #ahfb4 ,at page #acc we   
f9d ! foll[+ v]se3--    ,mightily h !y  
fill$ ! l&   ,! ,o',mea*airs--! t]ritory
 ( ,ui-,cair9   ,a tribe at ! foot (    
,be>nan ,eile2   ,x is no %ame to       
celebrate _! triumph4  ,to :i* l9es     
,o',donovan adds ! foll[+ notes3      ,!
 ,o',mea*airs4 ,! "n ( ?is family is n[ 
,angliciz$     ,o',meagh]1 b m g5]ally  
,meagh] or ,mah]1 )\t !     prefix ,o'4 
,_! t]ritory ( ,ui-,cair9 is n[ call$   
,ik]r91     & is a b>ony 9 ! pres5t     
c\nty ( ,tipp]>y4      ,be>nan ,eile1   
i4e4 ! gapp$ m\nta9 ( ,ely1 n[ call$ 9  
,engli% ! ,devil's-,bit                 
,m\nta9--7,notes1 page lxxxv41 n4 #ga   
& #gb47  #f4 ,9 ! ,leabh> na-,ce>t1     
edit$ by ! same di/+ui%$ ,iri% antiqu>y1
 = ! ,celtic ,society1 9 #ahdg1 we f9d  
"s additional evid5ce n only = !        
connexion ( ! ,o',mea*>s ) ! t]ritory ( 
,ui-,cair91 b also = ! royal desc5t to  
:i* !y laid claim4 ,x is ?us t          
,leabh>-na-,ce>t commemorates ! tributes

 :i* 7 due to ! k+ ( ,eile3--    ,eight 
/e$s to ! k+ ( ,eile1 ( ! gold   ,eight 
%ields1 eight swords are due1   ,eight  
dr9k+-horns to be us$ at ! fea/1        
,eight coats ( mail 9 ! day (           
brav]y--7pag4 #gi47  ,to :i* v]se       
,o',donovan adds ! foll[+ note3--       
,eile4 ,?is 0 ! "n ( a tribe & an       
ext5sive t]ritory1     all 9 ! anci5t   
,mumha or ,mun/]4 ,!y d]iv$ ! "n     f  
,eile1 ! sev5? 9 desc5t f ,cian1 ! son (
     ,oilioll-,ollum 444 ,! anci5t ,eile
 compris$ ! :ole (     ,eile            
,ui-,*e>bhail1 :i* is n[ includ$ 9 !    
,k+'s ,c\nty     444 & also ! b>onies ( 
,ik]r9 & ,elyog>ty 9 !     c\nty (      
,tipp]>y4444 ,ik]r9 & ,elyog>ty 7 deta*$
 f     ,o',*e>bhail %ortly aft] !       
,engli% invasion1 & add$ to     ,ormond1
 b ! native *iefta9s ,o',mea*air1 i4e4  
,o',meagh]1     & ,o',fog>taigh1 i4e4   
,o',fog>ty1 7 left 9 possession4  #g4   
,we w n fatigue ! read] by cit+ a long  
s]ies ( au?orities 9 :i* simil> /atem5ts
 recur4 ,two w suffice = all1 & we %all 

take !m f ! works ( ! late lam5t$       
pr(essor ( our ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1     
,eug5e ,o',curry4 ,"o is a g5ealogical  
extract1 9 :i* ,mi*ael ,o',cl]y1 ! *ief 
( ! ',f\r ,ma/]s'1 commemorates "s ( !  
mo/ illu/ri\s families ( ! ,milesian    
race4 ,f ,heb]1 he says1 ! ,son (       
,milesius1 7 desc5d$ ?irty ( ! k+s (    
,irel&1 & sixty-"o sa9ts4 ,among/ ^!    
royal *iefta9s mu/ be reckon$ ,teadgh   
7i4e4 ,?addeus71 gr&son ( ,oiliol       
,ollum1 & he adds3      ,! desc5dants ( 
?is ,teadgh bran*$ out & inhabit$       
v>i\s p>ts ?r\gh\t ,irel&1 namely1 !    
race ( ,cormac     ,gail5g1 9 ,luighne  
,conna*t1 ! two ,ui-,eaghra 9 ,conna*t1 
! ,o',eaghra ( ! ,ruta1 ,o',*e>bhaill ( 
,eile4--,o',mea*>a     9 ,ui-,cair91 &  
,o',conor1 etc4 7,curry's ,lectures1    
etc41     pag4 #adg74  ,! o!r extract to
 :i* we wi% to ref] is publi%$ 9 !      
,app5dix to ! ',battle ( ,magh ,ra?'1   
:i* 0 translat$ & edit$ = ! ,celtic     
,society by ! same great ,iri% s*ol> 9  
#ahee4 ,! eigh? g5ealogical ,table 7pag4

 #age7 9 ?is "w1 extract$ f ,o',cl]y's  
,p$igrees1 & ,mac ,firbis1 tells u t    
,me*air1 f :om ,o',mea*air or ,meagh]1 0
 f\rte5? 9 desc5t f ,oiliol ,ollum1 & ! 
foll[+ note ( ,o',cl]y is add$ to 8     
"n3--      ,!re is a /e$ & a suit (     
clo!s f ea* new *ief (     !m to !      
,comh>ba ( ,/4 ,cronan ( ,roscrea1      
toge!r )     ,innisnambeo2 & he 7!      
,comh>ba7 is to g ar\nd ! *ief     to   
proclaim him *ief2 & ! ,comh>ba is      
entitl$ to sit at     8 %\ld]1 & ! *ief 
%\ld /& up at 8 approa*3     & ?is      
,mea*air 0 ,k+ ( ,eile4  ,f all ?is we  
are surely ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t !       
hi/oric date ( solum ,c>i5se & regia    
prog5ies are precisely ^? :i* we %\ld   
expect to f9d 9 a commemoration ( an    
illu/ri\s memb] ( ! family ( !          
,o',mah]s4#d  #h4 ,our holy bi%op1 ?\gh 
?us desc5d$ f ! fir/ mon>* ( our isl&1  
wi%$1 :5 j\rney+ f ,rome1 to ent] z a   
pilgrim ! public hospital ( ,/4 ,an?ony 
9 ,ivrea1 & !re1 9 ! true evangelical   
_s1 rejoic$ 9 be+ reckon$ ! poore/ ( !  

poor4 ,heav51 h[ev]1 has decre$ t !     
humble %all be exalt$2 & no soon] _h !  
unkn[n travell] clos$ 8 eyes to ?is _w1 
?an a div9e light fill$ ! room 9 :i* he 
lay2 sev]al prodigies awak5$ ! devotion 
( ! fai?ful1 & proclaim$ 8 sanctity2 & !
 cl]gy & laity 9 solemn procession bore 
8 hall[$ rema9s to ! ca!dral *ur*1 &    
numb]$ him among/ ! patrons ( t anci5t  
see4 ,?us1 aga91 0 ,dr4 ,?addeus true to
 ! traditions ( 8 family2 =1 besides 8  
royal desc5t1 he c\ld boa/ ( ! high] &  
nobl] l9eage ( sanctity4 ,9 !           
,m>tyrology ( ,donegal we f9d ! names ( 
two memb]s ( ! family ^: fe/ivals 7     
celebrat$ on ,janu>y #af? & ,septemb]   
#f?4 ,colgan1 too1 speaks ( a ,sa9t     
,me*>ius1 ^: life he _h prep>$ =        
publication1 & ^: fea/ 0 m>k$ = ! #ac? (
 ,novemb] 7,,aa4 ,,ss41 pag4 #gef74     
,dr4 ,reeves also in=ms u t a ,/4 ,ma*>1
 bett] kn[n by ! ,iri% appellation (    
,mo*onna1 0 s5t by ,/4 ,columba ) twelve
 companions to prea* ! ,gospel to !     
,picts1 & subsequ5tly became ! patron   

sa9t ( ,ab]de5 7,adamman's ,columba1    
pag4 #bdf1 #bhi1 #bii1 etc474 ,on a     
fly-leaf ( ! orig9al ,,ms4 ( !          
,m>tyrology ( ,donegal1 9 ! h&writ+ (   
,o',cl]y or ,colgan1 a ,sa9t ,murro is  
commemorat$1 ) ! addition1 id e/1       
,ma*>e1 seu ,mea*>ius1 & ! int]e/+ fact 
is fur!r commemorat$3 quod f]as be/ias  
subjugavit et triduo defunctum ad vitam 
revocavit 7,m>tyr4 ,doneg41 ,i4 ,a4 ,s41
 xlvi474  ,we d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to leave  
unansw]$ ! difficulty :i* ! words ( ,w>e
 pres5t aga9/ our int]pretation ( ?is   
holy bi%op's "n4 ,he expressly /yles ?is
 bi%op ,?ady ,m',c>?y1 by "s call$      
,me*>4 ,"h !n we mu/ rem>k t ,w>e does n
 id5tify ^! names2 & ! "n ,me*>1 :i*1 z 
,w>e ackn[l$ges1 0 by "s au?orities giv5
 to ?is bi%op1 is prov$ by ! monum5ts ( 
,ivrea to h be5 8 true "n4 ,:at !n 0 !  
orig9 ( ,w>e's mi/ake8 ,we le>n f !     
,monum5ta ,vaticana 7pag4 #ejc71 t !re 0
 ab\t ?is "t a ,?addeus ,mac ,c>ryg     
iniquitatis filius1 :o endeav\r$ to     
intrude himself into ! see ( ,ross1 & :o

 is errone\sly rank$ by ,w>e among/ !   
bi%ops ( t see 7see ,record1 ,no4 iii41 
,decemb]1 #ahfd74 ,z t "n resembles ,mac
 ,c>rha or ,mac ,c>?aigh1 ! ,iri% =ms ( 
,mac ,c>?y1 x seems n improbable t ,w>e1
 by "o ( 8 s-frequ5t errors1 conf\nd$   
our holy ,bi%op ,?addeus ) t iniquit\s  
usurp] 7see ,dubl9 ,review1 ,april1     
#ahfe1 p4 #chd74  #aj4 ,p]haps we h "h  
aga9 a clue to ! difficulties :i*       
compell$ ,bi%op ,?addeus to ab&on 8 see 
= a :ile1 & seek a refuge 9 ,rome4 ,:5  
appo9t$ 9 #adij1 sev]al reta9]s ( !     
,desmond family refus$ to admit him to !
 possession ( ! temporalities ( 8 see   
7see ,record1 pag4 #cab74 ,n[ x 0       
precisely 9 #adhh or #adhi t ,?ady      
,m',c>?y _h be5 compell$ by ! repeat$   
c5sures ( ,rome to surr5d] !            
temporalities ( ,ross to ! canonically  
appo9t$ ,bi%op ,odo2 & :at m natural ?an
 t ! same g5ius ( evil %\ld1 on !       
vacancy ( ! adjo9+ diocese 9 ! foll[+   
ye>1 /ir up aga9 ! emb]s ( discord1 &   
endeav\r ?r\gh 8 k9sm5 to obta9         

possession ( ?is see at lea/8 ,& z !    
,prote/ant hi/orian reckon$ ! usurp] ( !
 temporalities ( ,ross among/ !         
canonical successors ( ,/4 ,fa*9an1 s1  
by a some:at simil> mi/ake1 he may h    
easily conf\nd$ ! same ,?addeus         
,m',c>ryg ) ! holy bi%op :o canonically 
rul$ ! unit$ sees ( ,cloyne & ,cork4    
#aa4 ,x n[ rema9s to make a few o!r     
rem>ks on ! int]e/+ pap] publi%$ 9 ! la/
 ,record4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are "s  
incid5tal errors :i* seem to be         
inadv]t5tly introduc$4 ,at pag4 #cgi1   
,ri*>d ,wolsey is commemorat$ z         
successor ( ,?ady1 ,bi%op ( ,d[n1 :o di$
 9 #adhf1 :i* op9ion has long s9ce be5  
set aside by ,de ,burgo & ,dr4 ,reeves  
7,eccles4 ,antiquities1 ,dubl91 #ahdg1  
pag4 #beg74 ,?ady1 ,bi%op ( ,ross1 is   
also said to h di$ soon aft] 8 appo9tm5t
 9 #adhh1 & to h _h = 8 successor ,bi%op
 ,odo 9 #adhi4 ,all ?is has be5         
suffici5tly refut$ 9 a =m] numb] ( !    
,record 7pag4 #ajf7 & 9 ! ,dubl9 ,review
 = ,april1 pag4 #chd4  ,at pag4 #chj-a1 

our ,bless$ ,?addeus is id5tifi$ ) a    
di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! ,augu/9ian ord]1 nam$
 ,?addeus de ,hipporegia1 :o is eulogiz$
 z a man di/+ui%$ = le>n+1 religi\s     
obs]vance1 prea*+1 hol9ess ( life1 &    
exp]i5ce1 a man ( great zeal1 & a s$ul\s
 promot] ( ! int]e/s ( 8 ord]4 ,we %\ld 
be glad1 inde$1 to be able to numb]     
among/ our c\ntrym5 ?is great ornam5t ( 
! ,augu/9ian body4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 
! hi/orians ( t ord] repres5t ?is       
,?addeus1 n z an ,iri%man1 b z an       
,italian1 ^: surname po9ts to ! t[n or  
prov9ce ( ,ivrea 7see above ,no4 #a7 z !
 place ( 8 nativity4 ,! article 9 !     
,record adds3 ,true1 ,elsius gives #aejb
 = ! date ( ! fri>'s demise2 b ,elsius  
is nev] to be tru/$ 9 dates1 & ! pr9t]  
may easily take ,,mccccxcii4 7! true    
date7 = ,,mcccccii4 ,?is is v plausible2
 b un=tunately "h aga9 !re is no        
f\ndation = su* reason+1 & h5ce ! :ole  
fabric falls to ! gr\nd4 ,elsius does n 
assign #aejb1 z ! date ( ! fri>'s dea?2 
he m]ely writes floruit usque ad annum  

#aejb 7,encom4 ,augu/941 ,brussels1     
#afed1 pag4 #fde74 ,he1 h[ev]1 ref]s to 
,h]r]a = fur!r in=mation2 turn+ to ^: "w
 we f9d ?us expla9$ ! la/ =mula (       
,elsius3 ,durat ejus memoria usque ad   
an4 #aejb 9 quo1 habita ,f]r>iae synodo1
 ,vic>ius ,congregationis acclamatus e/4
 ,nulla ultra illius 9 actis            
consi/orialibus m5tio1 7,alphab4        
,augu/941 vol4 ii4 pag4 #dej73 & 9 a    
lat] ,spani% comp5dium ( ?is "w1 made by
 ,h]r]a himself1 x is said t ?is        
,?addeus probably di$ 9 #aejc1 no m5tion
 be+ made ( him 9 ! acts ( ! ord]       
subsequ5t to ! synod ( ,f]r>a1 held 9 ! 
prec$+ ye>4 ,!re is also ano!r          
circum/ance equally fatal to ! above    
!ory4 ,! illu/ri\s ,augu/9ian held _m   
high (fices 9 8 ord]1 & ! hi/orians     
,elsius & ,h]r]a give ! m9ute/ details  
conc]n+ !m3 ,he 0 sev5 times def9itor1  
7!y write71 ?irte5 times visitator1 f\r 
times presid5t ( _! congregations1 n9e  
times vic>ius-g5]alis1 etc1 b bo? are   
c>eful to exclude him f ! li/ ( bi%ops (

 ! ord]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no "o po9t (   
contact betwe5 ! di/+ui%$ ,augu/9ian    
fri> ,?addeus1 & our holy ,bi%op (      
,cloyne4  #ab4 ,to prove t ! ,solum     
,c>i5se might ju/ly be ref]r$ to 9 !    
eulogy or epitaph ( a ,bi%op ,m',c>?y1 x
 is int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ,k]ry1 !      
burial place ( t family4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r !
 ,iri% =m ( ! "n ( t t]ritory1 i4e4     
,*i>r 7z we le>n f ! ,record1 page #chj7
 nor ! only ,lat9 "n by :i* we h se5 x  
designat$ 9 m$iaeval records1 i4e4      
,*]rium1 c be said to h mu* aff9ity ) ! 
,c>i5se ( ! anci5t docum5t ( ,ivrea4 ,we
 may also add t1 7 ref]5ce made to !    
burial place ( ! pr9cely family ( !     
,m',c>?ys1 we %\ld r expect to f9d      
commemorat$ ,muckross or ,innisfall51   
?an ! g5]ic "n ( ! va/ t]ritory ( ,k]ry4
  #ac4 ,z reg>ds ! "n ,ma*>a or ,me*>1 x
 is said t ! ,iri% "n ,mac,carthy1 is   
pron\nc$ ,maccaura1 ) ! la/ syllable    
%ort1 z 9 ,ardmagha1 & numb]less l      
words4 ,h5ce1 ,wadd+1 9 speak+ ( !      
f\ndation ( ,muckross ,abbey1 ,kill>ney1

 by ,domnall ,m',c>?y1 ,pr9ce (         
,desmond1 quotes to ?is effect a bull ( 
,paul ,,ii4 9 #adfh1 9 :i* ,domnall's "n
 is spell$ ,ma*> 7p4 #cgi74 ,?is example
 f ! bull ( ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 is        
evid5tly a m]e typographical error4 ,9 !
 edition ( ,wadd+'s ,annals to :i* !    
writ] ref]s 7,roman edit41 tom4 xiii41  
p4 #eeh1 seq471 t error /&s side by side
 ) ,desimonia & ,a]tf]t51 & :at is /ill 
worse1 ,wadd+ 9 8 text1 cit+ ?is        
passage1 is made to say3 ,ref]t 9 hoc   
diplomate pontifex1 in*oatum fuisse a   
,donaldo ,mac-,l>e 7p4 #dcb74 ,! orig9 (
 ^! errors is1 t ! transcripts ( !      
,pontifical lett]s 7 made by /rang]s to 
our language1 & ! ,roman edition (      
,wadd+ did n appe> until sixty ye>s aft]
 8 dea?4 ,9 ! orig9al edition ( ! "w1   
h[ev]1 :i* 0 pr9t$ "u ! revision (      
,bonav5ture ,b>on & o!r ,iri%           
,franciscans1 ,wadd+'s text gives u !   
true ,lat9 =m ( ! "n3 ,ref]t 9 hoc      
diplomate pontifex in*oatum fuisse a    
,donaldo ,mac-,c>e 7#a/ edit4 ,lugduni1 

#afdh1 tom4 vi4 p4 #fic71 & else:]e     
speak+ ( ! same conv5t ( ,muckross1 he  
says its f\nd] 0 ,magnus ,c>?agus1      
,pr9ce ( ,desmond4 ,inde$1 ! ,lat9 =m ( 
! "n ,m',c>?y is n "o ab\t :i* we %\ld h
 mu* dispute2 x occurs a ?\s& times 9 ! 
works ( ,o',sullivan ,be>e1 ,dr4 ,roo!1 
& o!r ,iri% writ]s1 & yet n[h]e is x    
f\nd express$ "u t =m :i* ! "n ( !      
,bless$ ,?addeus pres5ts to u4  ,:il/1  
h[ev]1 we ?us diss5t f "s ( !           
conclusions ( ! le>n$ writ] 9 ! ,record 
= ,may1 we wi% to convey to him our     
s9c]e ackn[l$gm5ts = hav+ s prom95tly   
br\ght be=e ! ,iri% public ! "n1 too    
long =gott51 ( "o ( our sa9t$ ,bi%ops1  
"u ^: protection we may hope t our holy 
fai? w ev] prosp]1 n only 9 our own     
isl&1 b also 9 t n[ suff]+ prov9ce :]e 8
 relics are en%r9$4     ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(
 ,a ,,conv]sion4   ,! dep>tm5t (        
religi\s lit]ature1 :i* is made up (    
hi/ories ( individual conv]sions to !   
fai?1 has receiv$ ( late ye>s _m        
rem>kable additions4 ,?is class (       

lit]ature is regulat$ 9 its gr[? by v   
peculi> conditions1 & mu/ be judg$      
accord+ to exceptional laws4 ,its       
subject--! my/]i\s work+s ( grace 9 !   
s\l--is su* z r to impose a rev]5t      
sil5ce ?an to invite fulness (          
description2 & s well d elevat$ s\ls    
appreciate ! sacr$ness ( su* sil5ce1 t1 
except = int]e/s ( religion or ju/ice1  
!y are unwill+ to br+ be=e m5 ^? inn]   
secrets ( _! he>ts4 ,b :5 ! int]e/s (   
religion or ju/ice h conv9c$ !m t sil5ce
 is no long] a duty1 ! hi/ory !y cons5t 
to unfold c r>ely be o!r ?an attractive 
& pr(itable1 see+ t x describes a human 
s\l's toilsome j\rney f error to tru?4  
,! v m9ut5ess ( p]sonal detail1 :i* 9   
any o!r composition w\ld be a blot1 9   
?is becomes a m]it & a *>m4 ,among !    
religi\s motives t n unfrequ5tly dictate
 su* a hi/ory1 a _s ( ?ankfulness = !   
bless+ ( fai? has its fitt+ place4 ,!   
fav\r$ s\l looks out f ! %elt] ( its    
,fa!r's h\se ^u ! p]il\s pa? x has j    
trav]s$1 & gratefully traces !          

,provid5ce by :i* its wayw>d feet 7     
guid$ :]e s _m /ray$ to _! ru92 j z !   
rescu$ m>9] hangs up ex voto a sket* ( 8
 frail b>k 9 ! mom5t ( h] p]il1 :51 b = 
heav5's help1 %e w\ld h f\nd]$ 9 ! rag+ 
waves4 ,fruit ( ?is pi\s gratitude is ! 
n>rative#e we are n[ engag$ ^u2 a       
n>rative :i* w int]e/ e ,ca?olic1 n only
 because x is ! hi/ory ( a rem>kable    
conv]sion1 b because ( ! light x        
incid5tally ?r[s on ! pres5t condition &
 future prospects ( ,g]man              
,prote/antism4 ,b be=e we set ourselves 
to trace ! /eps ( ! process :i* l$ ,dr4 
,laemm] f a _m-fac$ ,prote/antism to !  
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 x w be useful to make a 
few prelim9>y rem>ks4  ,9 ,dr4 ,laemm]  
we h a witness :o has _h r>e            
opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! v   
highe/ & be/ =ms :i* ,prote/antism has  
be5 enabl$ to assume 9 ! c\ntry ( its   
bir?4 ,he is1 above all ?+s1 ! *ild ( ! 
,g]man ,prote/ant univ]sities4 ,( !     
tw5ty-six univ]sities ( :i* ! le>n$     
nation is s pr\d1 six or eight are      

,ca?olic1#f f\r are mix$1#g & ! rema9+  
f\rte5 are exclusively ,prote/ant4#h    
,n[1 ,dr4 ,laemm] 0 /ud5t successively  
at ,ko5igsb]g1 ,leipsic1 & ,b]l9        
univ]sities1 t is to say1 at ! v        
univ]sities :i* at ! pres5t "t are !    
*ief seats ( ,prote/ant ?\ght1 bo? 9    
philosophy & 9 !ology4 ,! lead+         
,prote/ant s*ools 9 ,g]many are at      
pres5t ?ree 9 numb]1 call$ respectively 
! neo-,lu!ran1 ! ,m$iation1 & ! ,tueb+51
 or hi/orico-critical s*ool2 ( ^!#i !   
neo-,lu!ran1 or ,lu!ran reaction s*ool1 
has specially exi/$ 9 ,b]l9 & ,leipsic2 
! s call$ ,m$iation !ology at ,b]l92 & !
 ,tueb+5 s*ool 7n[ almo/ ext9ct 9 its   
native home1 & r5ew$ by ,hilg5feld at   
,j5a7 has made its influ5ce felt        
?r\gh\t4 ,besides1 at ,ko5igsb]g1 he    
came1 z we %all see1 "u ! influ5ce ( "o 
( ! able/ def5d]s ( ,hegelianism4 ,we   
%\ld exce$ our limits1 7 we to ent] ^u a
 /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( ^! s*ools4 ,be 
x en\gh to say1 t ! fir/-nam$ s*ool1 by 
def5d+ ! au?ority & cr$ibility ( !      

,scriptures1 aims at re-con/ruct+ !     
hi/orical basis ( ,*ri/ianity1 & insi/s 
on a return to ! ,lu!ran ,confessions ( 
! sixte5? c5tury4 ,s9ce ! political     
tr\bles ( #ahdh1 an ultra-cons]vative   
p>ty1 call$ ! ,hyp]-,lu!ran1 has aris5  
)9 ?is s*ool1 :i* goes back beyond !    
,re=mation1 & insi/s on ! pr9ciple ( a  
visible au?oritative *ur*1 a rigid      
sacram5tal !ory1 & ! doctr9e (          
consub/antiation4 ,/ahl1 & ,leo (       
,halle1 to :om ,dr4 ,laemm] makes an    
important allusion1 to be h]eaft] quot$1
 belong to ! mo/ advanc$ ( ?is p>ty4    
,among ! repres5tatives ( ?is s*ool )   
:om ,dr4 ,laemm] 0 br\ght into direct   
contact1 7 ,h5g/5b]g & ,kahnis4#aj  ,!  
,m$iation s*ool takes its /& betwe5 !   
,lu!ran p>ty on ! "o h&1 & ! s*ool (    
criticism on ! o!r1 & )\t go+ back to ! 
pr9ciple ( au?ority1 or =w>d to t (     
discov]y1 proposes to unite ! use (     
reason ) belief 9 ,scripture1 & to      
und]/& :at x believes4 ,( ! memb]s ( ?is
 v num]\s s*ool ,dr4 ,laemm] _h         

int]c\rse ) ,twe/5 & ,nitz*4 ,! ,tueb+5 
s*ool _h = its lead] ,*ri/ian ,baur1 &  
/>t+ f ! pr9ciple t ! only portions ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t und\bt$ly g5u9e are f\r ( 
,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 viz43 to !        
,romans1 to ! ,galatians1 & ! two to !  
,cor9?ians1 x comes to ! conclusion t   
,*ri/ianity 9 its pres5t =m is ! result 
( ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,jewi%1 or      
,petr9e1 & ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity ( !    
apo/olic & foll[+ ages4 ,all ! o!r books
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t x attributes to "s "o
 or o!r ( ! cont5d+ s*ools4 ,t ?is      
s*ool1 extravagant z its conclusions may
 appe> to u1 is e day ga9+ gr\nd 9      
,france ) a v num]\s p>ty1 we h be5     
lately assur$ by compet5t au?ority4#aa  
,t x has _m advocates 9 ,engl& is well  
kn[n4#ab ,a critic 9 ! ,home & ,=eign   
,review#ac speaks ( ! importance ( ^?   
inquiries ( ,dr4 ,baur & 8 foll[]s into 
primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :i* h 9 "s way   
modifi$ ! views ( almo/ e "o :o has     
become acqua9t$ ) !m4  ,^! are ?y gods1 
,o ,israel6 ,^! are ! %apes (           

,prote/antism t w&] to & fro 9 ! v>i\s  
univ]sities ( ,g]many4 ,dr4 ,laemm]1    
speak+ ) full k ( ! subject1 sums up 9  
"o ^w ! result ( all ?is unheal?y       
movem5t1 & t ^w is--*aos4 ,& :at        
height5s ! confusion is1 t1 al?\gh !    
sy/ems :i* =m ?is *aos are 9 absolute & 
p]petual conflict ) ea* o!r1 yet does   
ea* pr(essor claim = himself ! exclusive
 possession ( tru?1 z if he & he alone  
_h be5 gift$ ) infallibility4  ,!       
special feature ( ,dr4 ,laemm]'s        
conv]sion appe>s to u to consi/ 9 ?is1  
"u ! grace ( ,god1 t he approa*$ fai?   
?r\gh its hi/oric side4 ,s\nd &         
consci5ti\s hi/orical rese>* has be5 !  
means ( 8 deliv]ance f bondage4 ,8 m9d f
 boyhood incl9$ t[>ds ?+s grave2 !      
details he communicates conc]n+ 8 *oice 
( au?ors reveal t sobriety ( judgm5t :i*
 is ! fir/ quality ( a /ud5t ( hi/ory4  
,! b5t ( 8 m9d 9 ?is direction 0 /r5g!n$
 by /udy ( ! fa!rs1 ( ! hi/ory ( !      
,papacy1 & ( ! ,ca?olic !ology ( !      
,re=mation p]iod4 ,we invite special    

att5tion to ! happy result ( hi/orical  
/udies 9 8 case1 because we see 9 x a   
promise ( mu* future good = ,ca?olic    
tru? 9 ,g]many4 ,! broad di/9ction      
betwe5 ! ,g]man me?od ( ! pres5t c5tury 
& t ( ! pa/1 lies 9 ?is1 t ! n9ete5?    
c5tury is ! age ( hi/orical inquiry1    
:]eas ! la/ c5tury 0 t ( critical ?\ght4
 ,ev5 ! ,tueb+5 s*ool is an improvem5t  
on ! de/ructiv5ess ( ,/rauss1 = x admits
 & calls att5tion to ! hi/orical value (
 at lea/ "s portion ( ! ,scriptures4 ,9 
! o!r s*ools1 above describ$1 ?is t5d5cy
 is ( c\rse /ill m m>k$4 ,! mod]n _s    
t5ds n s mu* to exam9e ! ontological    
value ( an op9ion1 z to inve/igate h[ m5
 came to hold t op9ion4 ,x 0 ?is _s :i* 
sugge/$ ! que/ions ( concursus1 :i*1 z  
we %all see1 *ang$ ! curr5t ( ,dr4      
,laemm]'s life4 ,n[ we hold x v probable
 t z ?is _s becomes m ext5d$1 its fruits
 w be ^!3 m5 w become famili> ) ! tea*+s
 ( ,*ri/ian antiquity2 & al?\gh ?is k   
may be s\ght n = ! sake ( ! doctr9e     
itself1 b z a prelim9>y to o!r /udies1  

/ill1 su* is ! div9e p[] ( tru?1 t1 once
 reveal$ to ! s\l1 x creates !re9 a     
wondr\s crav+ aft] itself1 :i* w dispose
 ! s\l = ! grace ( fai?4 ,!re mu/ be at 
?is mom5t _m ?\ghtful m5 9 ,g]many1 :o1 
9 virtue ( ?is _s1 are engag$ 9 !       
exam9ation ( ! fa!rs & ( ! !ologians ( !
 ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 &1 :o1 f9d+ !mselves1 l
 ,dr4 ,laemm]1 betwe5 ! ru9s caus$ by   
,prote/antism & ! unbrok5 /r5g? (       
,ca?olic tea*+1 are ev5 n[ turn+ _! eyes
 t[>ds ,rome1 !re9 to seek h] :o 0 _! "m
 ( old4  ,hugh ,laemm] 0 born ( a       
,prote/ant fa!r & a ,ca?olic "m1 at     
,all5/e91 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 on #be?    
,janu>y1 #ahce4 ,8 "m 0 a woman ( mo/   
f]v5t piety1 :o1 9 almo/ unceas+ pray]1 
s\ght & f\nd consolation "u h] _m sev]e 
afflictions4 ,x 0 n giv5 h] to ex]cise  
mu* influ5ce ov] ! m9d ( h] son1 :o1    
long be=e h] dea?1 _h gone to reside ) 8
 fa!r's relatives1 by :om he 0 br\ght up
 z a ,prote/ant4 ,! lad1 nev]!less1 _h a
 t5d] love = 8 "m1 & f 8 e>lie/ ye>s 0  
consci\s ( an indescribable lean+ t[>ds 

8 ,ca?olic fri5ds 9 pref]5ce to 8       
,prote/ant k9dr$4 ,?is feel+ 0 ! natural
 gr[? ( obs]vations made by ! quickwitt$
 boy reg>d+ ! piety1 firm pr9ciples1 &  
good conduct ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,at ! same  
"t1 ! devotion ( ! fai?ful 9 _!         
processions & pilgrimages s]v$ to put   
him on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! bigot$ prejudices 
:i* 8 ,lu!ran c\s9s ev] s\ght to in/il  
into 8 m9d aga9/ _! ,ca?olic neighb\rs4 
,:5 ) ! o!r s*oolboys he w5t to *ur* on 
,sunday1 ! s]mon made no impression on  
him1 & no wond]1 = ! prea*] c>ri$ ) him 
into ! pulpit ! *ill+ rationali/ic      
pr9ciples he _h imbib$ at ! univ]sity4  
,ev5 9 ^? e>ly ye>s ! boy's he>t t5d$   
t[>ds ! beautiful & spaci\s ,ca?olic    
,*ur* ( 8 native t[n4 ,once1 :5 8 fa!r  
took him to ,heilig5l9d 7a fam\s resort 
( pilgrims71 & ! old sacri/an %[$ him ! 
r>e treasures ( ! *ur*1 he exp]i5c$ an  
emotion s /rong t x surviv$ ev5 ! rude  
trials ( 8 aft] life4  ,9 #ahdd he ent]$
 ! gymnasium ( ,ko5igsb]g4 ,he br\ght ) 
him f home a good /ock ( elem5t>y &     

grammatical k2 & soon discov]$ t 8 ta/es
 incl9$ him to ! /udy ( lit]ature m ?an 
to t ( sci5ce4 ,ell5dt1 !n rector ( !   
gymnasium1 0 a man :o possess$ 9 a      
rem>kable degree ! p[] ( mak+ 8 lectures
 int]e/+ to 8 pupils4 ,expla9$ by su* a 
ma/]1 ,hom] & ,h]odotus became 9 a %ort 
"t ! fav\rite au?ors ( ,m4 ,laemm]1 :o1 
on ! o!r h&1 _h no ta/e = :at he calls !
 t$i\s n>ratives ( ! ,anabasis1 & !     
p$antic tirades ( ! ,cyropa$ia4 ,he     
pref]r$ ,caes> & ,livy to ,cic]o1 ^:    
philosophy especially he f\nd to be     
commonplace4 ,mod]n ,fr5* lit]ature _h  
no attractions = su* a m9d z 82 !       
contempor>y romance writ]s ( t nation   
excit$ ev5 8 disgu/4 ,z ,g]many is      
consid]$ by _m to be ! v home (         
p]fection 9 classical /udies1 x w be    
int]e/+ to he> ! op9ion ,dr4 ,laemm]'s  
exp]i5ce has l$ him to =m conc]n+ !     
special dang]s :i* beset middle s*ool   
education at ! pres5t day3--      ,i    
believe x to be a mi/ake1 he says1 to   
make mod]n languages1     ma!matics1 & !

 physical sci5ces occupy v mu* ( !      
"t appo9t$ = ! /udy ( ! classics2 & z f>
 z middle     class in/ruction is       
conc]n$1 we h reason to be grateful to  
! ,raum] m9i/ry = ! prom95ce x has giv5 
9 ! new     educational plan to ! wise  
pr9ciple non multa1 s$ multum4     ,x is
 highly dang]\s to ! "y to di/ribute _! 
faculties     simultane\sly ov] _m      
het]og5e\s bran*es ( k4     ,ubique     
hospes1 nusquam domi3 su* a sy/em is !  
sure pa? to     t half-le>n+1 :i*1 )\t  
giv+ a ?or\gh k     ( any?+1 enc\rages  
"y m5 to talk presumptu\sly (     a ho/ 
( subjects ( :i* !y h b ! b>e/ surface  
k4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! exam9ation pap]s    
exact     f /ud5ts a k ( sci5ce z well z
 ( lit]ature1     physics1 *emi/ry1     
natural hi/ory1 & ! diff]5t bran*es     
( ma!matics8 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t1 )
 ! exception     ( a few int5d$ = c]ta9 
pr(essions1 "y m5 are c>eful     to =get
 z soon aft] exam9ation z !y c1 !       
in=mation     x has co/ !m s mu* lab\r  
to acquire4 ,aga9/ ?is x     is va9 to  

urge ! importance :i* ! natural sci5ces 
h     n[-a-days atta9$ to--an importance
 s great t no "o1 save     at 8 p]il1 c 
rema9 a /rang] to !m2 =1 on no acc\nt   
%\ld we furni% new weapons to           
mat]ialism4 ,at mo/1 x is     requir$ t 
/ud5ts %\ld be suppli$ ) su* elem5t>y   
in=mation z may enable !m 9 ! future to 
keep 9 sight     ! true be>+s ( ?+s1 & 9
 creatures recognize ,him :o     is     
proclaim$ 9 ! fir/ article ( ! ,cre$4 ,t
 extravagant     cultivation ( ! natural
 sci5ces1 s (t5 sub/itut$ by our        
m9i/]s 9 place ( ! lessons ( ,holy      
,writ1 is z p]il\s z     is ! undue     
exaltation ( man & ( man's pret5d$      
victories     ov] nature4 ,! laws (     
nature h nev] ackn[l$g$ any     ma/]    
save ,"o--our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/--& 9 ,him
 ! sa9ts     ) :om x has pleas$ ,him to 
%>e ,8 sov]eignty 7p4 #ac74  ,:e!r !    
au?orities at ! gymnasium %>$ ^! views  
or n1 we are n 9 a position to /ate4 ,"o
 ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91--mu* att5tion 0   
paid !re to ! /udy ( ! ,g]man language &

 lit]ature2 mu* ( our /ud5t's "t 0 pass$
 9 ! excell5t libr>y ( ,g]man au?ors    
provid$ = ! use ( ! s*ol>s4 ,:at an     
ev5tful mom5t t is 9 :i* a y\?1 9 ! flu%
 ( ! e>ly vig\r ( 8 m9d1 f9ds himself = 
! fir/ "t 9 a libr>y :]e ! treasures (  
human ?\ght are ga!r$ be=e him clo!d 9 !
 language he has le>n$ f 8 "m's lips6   
,!n beg9s = him t daily contact ( m9d ) 
! m9d ( o!rs1 :i* w infallibly col\r =  
good or evil ! hi/ory ( 8 future4 ,he   
:o1 )\t an enlight5$ & fri5dly guide1   
adv5tures inexp]i5c$ ^u ?is comm]ce1    
,voyag+ ?r\gh /range seas ( ?\ght1      
alone1  runs no little risk ( be+ caught
 unaw>es by error :]e 8 g5]\s ard\r     
look$ only = tru?4 ,9 ! _w ( books z 9 !
 _w ( m51 evil lies v close to good1 &  
we>s its g>b & mi52 & h[ %all !         
inexp]i5ce ( y\? be able to see ?r\gh ! 
disguise1 or h[ avoid becom+ captive to 
its sn>es8 ,& f su* captivity1 h[ h>ass+
 ! toil ( escape6 ,( t toil let him make
 light :o has nev] _h exp]i5ce ( ! almo/
 ceaseless influ5ce errone\s pr9ciples  

ex]cise on ! m9d ) ^: gr[? !y h gr[n4 ,f
 read+ ,newton on ! ,prophecies 9 #ahaf1
 ,dr4 ,newman1 !n a boy ( fifte51 became
 conv9c$ t ! ,pope 0 ,anti*ri/2 & 8     
imag9ation 0 /a9$ by ! effects ( ?is    
doctr9e up to ! ye> #ahdc4ad ,nor did   
,m4 ,laemm] come away safe4 ,8 r&om     
read+ br\ght him bo? good & evil1 s     
int]m+l$ ea* ) ea*1 t 8 unripe judgm5t  
c\ld no m disc]n betwe5 !m ?an ! h& c   
disjo9 ! sun%9e f ! %ad[ t foll[s aft]  
x4 ,aft] ransack+ ! bulk ( ,g]man       
lit]ature1 he select$ f out ! re/ c]ta9 
writ]s to be 8 prime fav\rites4 ,! *oice
 he made reveals at once ! b5t ( 8 m9d1 
& ! dang]s to :i* t v b5t expos$ him4 ,!
 s*ools ( ,g]man poetry & ta/e are      
divid$ 9 ,vilm>'s ,hi/ory ( ,g]man      
,lit]ature into five classes4 ,fir/1 t  
:i* prec$$ ,less+1 subdivid$ into !     
,saxon s*ool1 & ! ,swiss s*ool ( ,wiel& 
9 8 e>ly mann]2 to :i* 0 ak9 ! ,goett+5 
s*ool ( ,klop/ock & ,voss2 second1 t (  
,less+ & ! writ]s influ5c$ by him2 ?ird1
 ! ,weim> s*ool ) its ?ree great names1 

,h]d]1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill]2 f\r?1 ! lat]   
s*ools1 ! romantic1 repres5t$ by ! two  
,s*legels1 ,novalis1 & ! patriotic2     
fif?1 ! mod]n s*ool ( reaction aga9/    
absolute gov]nm5t1 head$ by ,h4 ,he9e4  
,( ^! s*ools1 only ! second & ?ird gave 
,m4 ,laemm] delight4 ,!re 0 a hidd5     
sympa?y betwe5 ! qualities ( 8 own m9d &
 ! exquisite critical g5ius & reason+   
p[] ( ,less+1 :i* made him f9d ! writ]s 
( ! fir/ class insipid & trivial4 ,he   
came "u ! influ5ce ( ,less+ to a        
rem>kable degree1 & if to t influ5ce he 
owes ! ga9 ( an important tru?1 to x mu/
 be attribut$ also 8 acceptance ( a mo/ 
fatal error4 ,t rem>kable man1 au?or1   
or1 z x n[ appe>s1 editor ( !           
,wolf5buettel ,fragm5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( 
t publication1 _h a w>m controv]sy ) !  
,lu!ran pa/or ,goeze1 9 :i* he =cibly   
%[$1 by hi/orical argum5ts *iefly1 t !  
pr9ciple ( ! ,bible & no?+ b ! ,bible1 0
 illogical & false4 ,m4 ,laemm] foll[$ !
 c\rse ( ! controv]sy1 & f\nd to 8      
dismay t ! argum5ts ( ,less+ _h br\ght  

home to him ! conviction t ,lu!ranism   
re/$ on a false basis4 ,?is 0 a great   
ga92 b x 0 c\nt]-balanc$ by a great     
loss4 ,! ard\r ( 8 y\?ful admiration    
bl9d$ him to ! dang]\s pr9ciples (      
indiff]5tism & d\bt conta9$ 9 8 ma/]'s  
works1 & p>ticul>ly 9 8 ,education ( !  
,_w4 ,! ?ird ,fragm5t sets x =? z       
impossible1 t all m5 %\ld be br\ght to  
believe revelation on rational gr\nds4  
,^! pr9ciples1 de/ructive ( all fai? &  
c]ta9ty 9 belief1 7 adopt$ by ! "y      
/ud5t1 & w>mly def5d$ by him 9 a special
 diss]tation4  ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 c\rse he
 devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,h]d]2 & "h 
aga9 vague read+ br\ght to him ga9 &    
loss1 tru? & falsehood toge!r4 ,he le>n$
 f ?is writ] to believe 9 ! my/]i\s     
action ( ,provid5ce 9 ! _w2 b ! view he 
0 l$ to =m ( ! ,div9e plan 0 conf9$1    
sup]ficial1 & vague4 ,he also gave mu*  
"t to ! read+ ( ,s*ill]1 9 ^: works he  
f\nd an assault on ! frigid deism !n    
pr$om9ant 9 ,g]many4 ,b1 ! deity :i* t  
poet br\ght s ne> to m5 0 n ! ,bless$   

,tr9ity1 b ! gods ( ,olympus2 & :il/ 8  
/ra9s rebuk$ ! philosophy :i* nev] rose 
above ! laws ( gravity1 he himself did b
 s]ve ! cause ( epicureanism by 8       
praises ( ! pleasures ( ! e>?4  ,f ,goe!
 ,m4 ,laemm] le>n$ to appreciate1 9 "s  
measure1 ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & to   
?9k k9dly ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,b :at solid
 advantage c\ld he ga9 f ! man :o wrote 
to ,lavat] ( ! *ief gospel miracles t he
 held !m = blasphemies aga9/ ! great    
,god & ,8 revelation 9 nature8  ,! read]
 w h obs]v$ t ?is c\rse ( read+ made    
sev]al important additions to ,m4       
,laemm]'s religi\s views4 ,& yet ! books
 among :i* 8 read+ lay 7 ei!r n at all1 
or n directly religi\s4 ,we are n[ to   
inquire h[ f> 8 ideas 7 modifi$ by any  
directly religi\s tra9+4 ,! answ] to ?is
 "q op5s up su* a view ( ! condition (  
,prote/antism 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir?1 z  
well des]ves our c>eful /udy4 ,let ,m4  
,laemm] tell u :at fruits x has produc$ 
at ,ko5igsb]g4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 ! v>i\s   
s*ools :]e he resid$ dur+ 8 /ay 9 t t[n1

 !re 0 no common practice ( religion3 ! 
religi\s ex]cises ( ! gymnasium 7 limit$
 to ! s++ ( a few /]eotyp$ *ants4 ,!    
religi\s in/ruction ( ! /ud5ts 0 att5d$ 
to by an ag$ pr(essor1 :o 0 "o ( !      
lead]s ( ! ,freemasons1 & ^: religion 0 
! religion ( pure reason4 ,he 0 assi/$ 9
 ! religi\s tra9+ ( ! /ud5ts by a y\ng] 
man1 ^: doctr9es 7 k9dr$ ) 8 own1 & ^:  
lectures1 ?\gh erudite1 7 arid4         
,=tunately = himself1 ,m4 ,laemm] _h    
le>n$ f 8 "m ! habit ( night & morn+    
pray]4 ,?is habit he reta9$1 al?\gh =   
want ( fix$ pr9ciples x became a "w (   
m]e r\t9e4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( religion 9 ! 
gymnasium4 ,9 ! city itself ?+s 7 /ill  
worse4 ,f ! or?odox ,lu!ranism (        
,sup]9t5d5t ,s>torius1 d[n to ! absolute
 ,rationalism ( ,rupp1 e int]m$iate /age
 ( error _h its expon5ts & foll[]s 9 !  
city ( ,kant4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,s>torius1    
,ca?olicism1 :i* he knew only f ,lu!r's 
c>icatures1 /ood on ! same level )      
,rationalism2 he assign$ to !           
,confession ( ,augsburg almo/ ! same    

au?ority :i* ,ca?olics claim =          
tradition1 & toge!r ) ,baur1 ,nits*1 &  
,w9]1 made an unsuccessful attempt to   
refute ,moehl]'s ,symbolism4 ,rupp1 on !
 o!r h&1 d5\nc$ all symbols1 ev5 t ( ,/4
 ,a?anasius1 :i* he decl>$ to be        
incompatible ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 8 sy/em
 0 bas$ on ,indiff]5tism ( ! l[e/ k9d1 &
 conc$$ to wom5 z well z to m5 ! "r (   
delib]at+ & ( tea*+ 9 religi\s matt]s4  
,& yet1 ^! two m51 s diametrically      
oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 doctr9e1 prea*$ = a 
"t 9 ! same *ur* & f ! same pulpit4 ,&1 
:il/ ,s>torius1 :o rev]$ ,lu!r z a man (
 ,god1 prea*$ to empty b5*es1 ,rupp f\nd
 assembl$ ar\nd him a cr[d$ audi5ce1    
compos$ ( ! highe/ z well z ! l[e/ 9 !  
l&4 ,! diff]5t *ur*es at ,ko5igsb]g _h  
prea*]s ( e %ade ( doctr9e4 ,dur+ !     
c\rse ( 8 /udies ,m4 ,laemm] made trial 
( !m all1 b f\nd n satisfaction 9 any4  
,at l5g?1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is ,babel1 he     
became acqua9t$ ) ! man :o 0 de/9$ to   
ex]cise a mo/ salut>y influ5ce on 8     
life4 ,t man 0 ,lehn]dt1                

,sup]9t5d5t-,g5]al ( ! prov9ce (        
,saxony4 ,born 9 ,br&5burg1 & educat$ at
 ,b]l91 9 ! s*ool ( ,s*lei]ma*] &       
,hegel1 he escap$ ! p]nici\s influ5ce ( 
8 ma/]s by a pr(\nd c\rse ( hi/orical   
/udies4 ,on ! "o h&1 he combat$ !       
rationali/ic exegesis ( ,paulus1 & on ! 
o!r1 devot$ himself ) all 8 might to !  
/udy ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,he 0 a man ( great    
piety2 & 9 prep>+ ,m4 ,laemm] =         
confirmation1 spoke ) su* unction ( ,god
 & ! _w1 man & s91 ,*ri/ & salvation1 t 
8 words wr\ght 9 ! "y /ud5t's s\l a     
bless$ reaction4 ,an intimate &         
affectionate relation%ip sprang up      
betwe5 ! two1 :i* 0 int]rupt$ 9 ! middle
 ( #ahea by ,lehn]dt's dep>ture = ,b]l91
 :]e he succe$$ ,ne&] z pr(essor (      
hi/ory1 b 0 resum$ aga9 at a lat] p]iod 
9 t city4  ,m4 ,laemm] pass$ f !        
gymnasium to ! univ]sity ( ,ko5igsb]g at
 ,ea/]1 #aheb4 ,he rema9$ !re b "o ye>1 
dur+ :i* "t he act$ z secret>y to       
,voigt1 ^: able ,hi/ory ( ,gregory      
,,vii4 0 ! beg9n+ ( a new epo* =        

ecclesia/ical hi/ory 9 ,g]many4 ,"o ( ! 
pr(essors ( philosophy 0 ,ros5kranz1 !  
pupil & biograph] ( ,hegel4 ,?is able   
man 0 an eloqu5t p>tisan ( ,hegelianism1
 & by ! poetic col\r+ he contriv$ to ?r[
 ar\nd its doctr9es1 ex]cis$ an         
extraord9>y influ5ce ov] ! y\? ( !      
univ]sity4 ,m4 ,laemm] tells u t dur+ a 
fev] :i* at ?is "t br\ght him to dea?'s 
door1 "o ( 8 ke5e/ regrets 0 8 inability
 to att5d ,ros5kranz's lectures4 ,he    
made up = 8 abs5ce f lecture by a c>eful
 /udy ( 8 pr(essor's writ+s1 &          
completely adopt$ ! views express$ !re94
 ,x 0 long be=e he 0 able to %ake (f !  
yoke ( ,hegelianism :i* he !n assum$4 ,9
 ! univ]sity1 ,biblical lit]ature 0     
treat$ altoge!r f ! rationali/ic po9t ( 
view4 ,"o ( ! fruits ( ?is me?od is !   
isolat$ & indep5d5t /udy ( v>i\s p>ts ( 
,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,x 0 res]v$ =        
,prote/antism1 says ,m4 ,laemm]1 to     
cultivate 9 m9ute detail :at is call$   
,biblical ,!ology1 & to write volumes ^u
 ! doctr9e ( su* & su* an apo/le 9      

p>ticul>4444 ,?is anatomical process1   
?is /udy ( atoms1 has l$ _m to apply ^? 
f9e !ories to v>i\s p]iods ( ,*ur*      
hi/ory1 &1 l c]ta9 h]etics ( ! middle   
ages1 to speak ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4    
,pet]1 & ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,paul1 n 
exclud+ by any means t ( ,/4 ,john 7pp4 
#dg1 #dh74  ,at ! ,ea/] ( #ahec ,m4     
,laemm] pass$ f ! univ]sity ( ,ko5igsb]g
 to t ( ,leipsic1 on a burse f\nd$ 9 !  
old ,ca?olic times by a ,ca?olic prie/ (
 8 native t[n4 ,8 dep>ture f ,ko5igsb]g 
m>ks ! close ( ! fir/ p]iod ( 8         
univ]sity c>e]1 & x w be int]e/+ to /op 
& take a compreh5sive view ( ! phases ( 
?\ght ?r\gh :i* he pass$ dur+ t "t4 ,z  
f> z religi\s op9ions are conc]n$1 ?is  
fir/ /age ( 8 life may be subdivid$ into
 two p]iods3 "o ( demolition1 ! o!r (   
recon/ruction4 ,9 ! =m] he lo/ 8 belief 
9 ,lu!ranism & its c5tral doctr9e ( !   
,bible & no?+ b ! ,bible2 t is to say1  
he lo/ hold ( ! only dogmatic pr9ciple  
he held4 ,be+ ?us depriv$ ( a fix$      
belief1 he 0 m op5 to ! action (        

,less+'s pr9ciples ( univ]sal tol]ance1 
:i* am\nt$ to ! colde/ indiff]5tism &   
d\bt4 ,^! pr9ciples he made 8 own = a   
season4 ,! spectacle ( division &       
discord :i* 0 exhibit$ daily "u 8 eyes  
at ,ko5igsb]g1 help$ to complete ! "w ( 
de/ruction4 ,ev5 8 v pray] became a dry 
=m1 lack+ all influ5ce = good4 ,! p]iod 
( recon/ruction comm5c$ ) ! fri5d%ip t  
b\nd him to ,lehn]dt1 by ^: influ5ce 7  
s[n 9 8 m9d ! se$s ( a reaction1 :i*1 by
 ! play ( intellectual z well z moral   
causes1 0 aft]w>ds develop$ into !      
fulness ( ,ca?olic belief4 ,!           
intellectual cause t l$ to ?is happy    
result 01 z we said be=e1 ! _s (        
hi/orical inquiry2 ! moral cause1 "u    
,god's grace1 0 ! deep religi\s s5tim5t 
:i* =m$ "p ( 8 orig9al "*1 & :i*1 once  
ar\s$ by ,lehn]dt's words ab\t ju/ice & 
! judgm5t to come1 nev] all[$ any       
antagonism ( feel+ to /& long 9 ! way ( 
8 acceptance ( ! tru?4 ,n t ! action (  
^! causes 0 at all times unimp$$4 ,!    
,hegelianism :i* he imbib$ f ,ros5kranz 

f> a long "t s]i\sly crippl$ 8 m9d 9 its
 ex]tions aft] tru?4  ,9 ^! dispositions
 ,m4 ,laemm] came to ! ,univ]sity (     
,leipsic4  ,among ! pr(essors at        
,leipsic ,w9] 0 beyond d\bt ! mo/       
rem>kable4 ,8 lab\rs on ! idioms ( !    
,new ,te/am5t ,greek1 8 lexicological & 
bibliographical works1 & ev5 8 reply to 
,moehl]'s ,symbolism1 ) all _! defects1 
give pro( ( solid /udy4 ,b he p]mitt$   
himself 9 8 lectures to laun* s>casms   
aga9/ ! rites ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4       
,indirectly he 0 ! occasion ( mu* good  
to ,m4 ,laemm]1 :o read ,moehl]'s & o!r 
,ca?olics' works 9 ord] to te/ !        
/atem5ts advanc$ by ,w9]4 ,x 0 ,w9] too 
:o fir/ sugge/$ to him ! idea ( devot+  
himself to tea*+ 9 ! univ]sity4         
,tis*5dorf1 s fam\s = 8 /udies on !     
,bible texts1 & ,wa*smu?1 :o has r5d]$  
imm5se s]vices to tru? by 8 ,roman      
hi/ory1 writt5 9 refutation ( ,niebuhr1 
7 among ! pr(essors ^: c\rses he foll[$ 
at ,leipsic4 ,two resolutions tak5 at   
?is p]iod by ,m4 ,laemm] reveal !       

gradual *ange :i* 0 tak+ place 9 8      
convictions1 ow+ to ! action ( ! causes 
m5tion$ above4 ,fir/1 he det]m9$ to     
assi/ no long] at ! lectures ( ,!ile1 on
 acc\nt ( 8 grossly rationali/ic        
treatm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,^w 9 !        
,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,!ile di$ %ortly  
aft]4 ,he 0 a man ( rectitude1 says ,m4 
,laemm]1 & consci5ti\s3 ,i _c ?9k ( him 
)\t a feel+ ( deep sorr[4 ,y might read 
on 8 br[ ! pa9ful & fruitless ef=ts he  
_h made to atta9 to ! fulness ( tru? &  
to t peace :i* ! _w _c give 7p4 #fe74   
,daily m & m disgu/$ ) rationalism1 &   
we>i$ ) ineffectual ef=ts to reconcile !
 contradictions :i* ev]y:]e appe>$ 9    
!ology1 he n[ began to ent]ta9 s]i\s    
?\ghts ( conf9+ himself exclusively to  
philosophical /udies4 ,b ^! ?\ghts 7 put
 to flight on occasion ( 8 fir/ s]mon1  
:i* he prea*$ 9 a suburban village :]e  
"o ( 8 fri5ds 0 pa/or4 ,! subject ( !   
s]mon 0 *>ity1 z describ$ by ,/4 ,paul2 
& its treatm5t _h ! effect ( reviv+ 9 ! 
prea*]'s he>t 8 old love = religi\s     

que/ions4 ,he 0 n[ approa*+ ! crisis ( 8
 life4 ,:ile he 0 bewild]$ by ! endless 
v>iations ( ,prote/antism1 & endeav\r+  
to =m out ( !m a religi\s sy/em su* z   
w\ld satisfy 8 reason & consci5ce1 !    
fir/ rays ( ! grace ( fai? began to dawn
 m ne>ly ^u 8 s\l4 ,9 :at mann] ?is came
 to pass we %all all[ himself to tell3  
,i said be=e t dur+ my /ay at ,leipsic1 
! /udy ( a     "q propos$ = concursus   
ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on     my     
religi\s views1 & t to x is to be       
attribut$ my fir/     /ep t[>ds         
,ca?olicism4 ,! subject *os5 = !        
concursus     ( #ahed1 by ! ,leipsic    
,faculty ( ,!ology1 0 ! exposition     (
 ! doctr9e ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria on !   
,^w4 ,?is !me     made ^u me a mo/ vivid
 impression4 ,at once1 & ) great joy1   
,i resolv$ to become a c&idate4 ,i w n[ 
/ate ! motives     ( ?is resolve4 ,!    
conflict+ !ological sy/ems :i* ,i _h    
obs]v$1 bo? 9 books & 9 oral            
in/ructions1 occasion$ me     extreme   
torture4 ,i 0 too indep5d5t to foll[ !  

example (     s _m o!rs by atta*+ myself
 bl9dly to a p>ty2 ,i wi%$     to exam9e
 = myself ! successive phases und]gone  
by !     ,prote/ant pr9ciple1 & ) full k
 ( ! subject to     make my own         
selection4 ,all ^? sy/ems1 :e!r         
confessional or     non-confessional1   
c\ld n satisfy me long2 on ! o!r h&1    
! di/raction caus$ by philological &    
philosophical /udies     c\ld n give    
peace to my he>t1 :i* only 9 ,god c\ld  
f9d an     end to its unre/4 ,inquietum 
e/ cor no/rum1 donec requiescat     9   
te4 ,i felt ,i mu/ escape f ! *aos (    
mod]n !ology1     & ,i mo/ eag]ly avail$
 myself ( ?is opportunity to draw     f 
! spr+ ( ,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,i procur$ 
a copy (     ,klotz's portable edition1 
& set myself to ! /udy ( my au?or4      
,p5 9 h&1 ,i began my task by read+ him 
?r\gh & ?r\gh     be=e ,i took any      
acc\nt ( :at o!rs _h writt5 ab\t him4   
,a new _w op5$ on my sight z ,i read !  
e>lie/ ma/] (     ! ,alex&rian          
,cate*etical ,s*ool--! tea*] ( ,orig54  

,:at     treasures lie hid 9 ^! ?ree    
works1 ! ,exhortatio ad     ,graecos1 ! 
,pa$agogus1 & ! ,/romata6 ,! ,exhortatio
     ad ,graecos is a ma/]piece (       
,*ri/ian controv]sy aga9/     ,paganism1
 consid]$ 9 its popul> my?ology1 its    
poetry1     & its philosophy4 ,!        
,pa$agogus1 writt5 = cate*um5s1     sets
 be=e !m a magnific5t portrait ( ! true 
& only     ,ma/]--! et]nal ,^w ( !      
,fa!r--:o has creat$ man to ,8     own  
image2 :o alone c provide a fitt+ rem$y 
= fall5 &     guilty humanity2 :o1 ?\gh 
man _h become ( ! e>?1 e>?ly1     yet   
enables him to atta9 to 8 heav5ly de/9y2
 :o1 9 f9e1     confides him to !       
mat]nal yet virg9al love ( ! ,*ur*4     
,!n came ! eight books ( ! ,/romata1 an 
unpret5d+     mosaic1 9 :i* ! l(tie/    
problems ( philosophy & !ology     are  
treat$ ) great le>n+ & r>e p5etration4  
,^!     ?ree works 71 )\t d\bt1 connect$
 toge!r 9 !     au?or's m9d4 ,! idea ( !
 ,^w is ! c5tral po9t (     ,clem5t's   
entire demon/ration2 & 9 t idea we mu/  

seek     ! ess5tial unity ( 8 sy/em4 ,x 
is ! ,^w :i* t5d]ly     invites man2 :i*
 in/ructs him2 :i* guides him to 8 end  
by lead+ him to see ! ?+s ( ,god 9 _!   
pr(undity2     & ?us ! idea ( ! ,^w     
embraces 9 "o same circle all           
philosophy1 dogmatic z well z moral 7pp4
 #he1 #hh74  ,! monograph on ,clem5t (  
,alex&ria 0 prefac$ by prolegom5a1      
conta9+ a sket* ( ,clem5t's life1 an    
analysis ( 8 doctr9e1 & an inquiry into 
! hi/orical s\rces ( 8 doctr9e on ! ,^w4
 ,= ?is ! au?or _h to exam9e ! relation 
9 :i* ,clem5t /ood 9 philosophy & !ology
 t[>ds classical antiquity1 ,alex&r9e   
,judaeism1 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 & ! fir/ 
,*ri/ian apologi/s4 ,! subject prop] ( !
 essay 0 divid$ into two p>ts3 ! fir/   
treat$ ( ! relations ( ! ,^w ) ,god2 !  
second consid]$ ! ,^w z ! ,reveal]4 ,!  
"w 0 well receiv$ by ! faculty ( !ology1
 & its au?or 0 decl>$ ! successful      
c&idate1 #ca/ ( ,octob]1 #ahed4 ,by !   
advice ( ,w9] & o!rs1 & by ! k9dness (  
,tis*5dorf1 x 0 publi%$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahee4  

,wa*smu?1 dean ( ! faculty ( philosophy1
 advis$ ,m4 ,laemm] to /& 8 exam9ation =
 ! doctor%ip 9 philosophy1 & back$ 8    
advice by ! (f] ( a burse to enable him 
to meet ! exp5ses4 ,! "y /ud5t obta9$   
?is degree aft] hav+ pres5t$ a          
diss]tation on ! religi\s philosophy (  
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & hav+ pass$ a     
successful exam9ation4  ,we h se5 t ,m4 
,laemm] qualifies ?is episode 9 8 /udies
 z ! fir/ /ep he made t[>ds ,ca?olicity4
 ,x may be ask$1 :at 0 ! special fruit  
d]iv$ by him f ^! patri/ic /udies8 ,!   
answ] is1 t x enabl$ him to %ake (f !   
influ5ce ( ! ,tueb+5 !ories1 :i* _h     
hi!rto held sway ov] 8 m9d4 ,! :ole "w (
 t s*ool simply am\nts to an attempt to 
submit to ! all-p[]ful action ( critical
 caprice ! canon ( ,scripture & ! mo/   
rem>kable works ( ,*ri/ian antiquity1 & 
to affirm all _! own !ories z           
indisputable facts1 :ile !y treat z     
fables ! mo/ au!ntic facts ( hi/ory4    
,n[1 ! m cle>ly x is prov$ t ! hi/orical
 orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity is able to resi/ ! 

crucial te/s to :i* x has be5 submitt$1 
! m %ad[y & insubsi/5t d ^! caprici\s   
!ories become4 ,h5ce1 ! /udy und]tak5 by
 ,m4 ,laemm] did 9 reality1 by occupy+  
him ) ! objective side ( patri/ic tea*+1
 mo/ p[]fully contribute to de/roy 9 8  
m9d ! au?ority ( ,baur1 ,hilg5feld1 & ! 
o!rs ( ! ,tueb+5 s*ool4  ,soon aft] !   
publication ( 8 "w1 ,m4 ,laemm] 0 invit$
 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 by 8 k9d fri5d 
,lehn]dt1 :o _h nev] lo/ sight ( 8      
promis+ pupil1 & n[ wi%$ him to prep>e  
himself = a pr(essor's *air by a solid  
c\rse ( !ologico-hi/orical /udies4 ,on  
arriv+ at ,b]l9 ! y\?ful doctor (       
philosophy 0 appo9t$ to hold = two ye>s 
! ,evangelical ,c5t5>y ,burse1 f\nd$ by 
! city ( ,b]l9 9 commemoration ( ! ?ree 
hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! ,re=mation4 ,aft] 
8 conv]sion _m p]sons dem&$ t he %\ld   
make re/itution to ! burse fund1 :i*1   
accord+ to !m1 he _h employ$ aga9/ !    
int5tions ( ! f\nd]s4      ,b 7asks ,mr4
 ,laemm]71 = :at reasons 0 ,i *os5 9    
pref]5ce to ! o!r c&idates8 ,i cont5t$  

myself )     pres5t+ my memoir on !     
,alex&r9e ,clem5t's doctr9e on     !    
,^w2 ! exam9]s ( ! ,leipsic faculty (   
philosophy     te/ifi$ t ,i _h          
successfully pass$ ! exam9ation3     !  
faculty ( !ology ( ! same city said1    
among/ o!r     flatt]+ ?+s1 t ,i _h     
appli$ myself to ! /udies (     !ology )
 equal ard\r & success4 ,z to ! two     
memoirs     pres5t$ = ! concursus (     
#ahec & #ahed1 x 0 said t 9     !m ,i _h
 giv5 pro( ( solid classical /udies1 ( a
 rem>kable     k ( !ology1 ( s\nd       
judgm5t1 & p5etrat+ m9d1     & t my "w  
on ! ,^w %[$ great aptitude = hi/orical 
inve/igations4 ,^! 7 beyond d\bt !      
reasons :y !     committee pref]r$ me to
 ! o!r c&idates2 & ! sole     condition 
impos$ ^u me--namely1 t ( becom+ a      
lic5tiate1     ,i compli$ ) )9 ! appo9t$
 "t4 ,:y !n all ?is     outcry8 ,:y ^!  
dem&s = re/itution1 ) :i* ev5 a         
,h5g/5b]g has be5 associat$8 ,h]e9      
consi/s ! head &     front ( my (f5d+1 t
 ! use ( private judgm5t1 or1 to        

speak accurately1 ! secret inspirations 
( ,god's grace1 l$ me     to see ! tru? 
& to betake myself to ! bosom ( ! true  
,*ur*4 ,if1 in/ead1 ,i _h become an     
unbeliev]1 ! slighte/     murmur (      
compla9t w\ld n h be5 he>d2 b :5 !re    
is "q ( ,ca?olicism1 pietism ! mo/      
honey$ (t5 makes     common cause ) !   
grosse/ infidelity3 ! great po9t !n     
is to =m a compact body aga9/ ! mighty  
foe 7p4 #aje1 #ajf74  ,we _c l+] ov] !  
acc\nt giv5 by ,m4 ,laemm] ( ! diff]5t  
t5d5cies he f\nd 9 ! !ological faculty (
 ,b]l91 nor on ! pres5t /ate or future  
prospects ( ! ,union4#ae ,b ! "n (      
,h5g/5b]g#af is s well kn[n to mo/      
,ca?olics t ! description giv5 ( him by 
"o :o has kn[n him s well1 is sure to   
excite int]e/4      ,! reputation :i*   
,h5g/5b]g _h acquir$ by 8 num]\s        
works br\ght him frequ5tly be=e my m9d4 
,! impression he     made on me :5 ,i   
saw him at ,b]l91 did n modify ! notion 
,i     _h long =m$ ( him4 ,x is well    
kn[n t he pass$ ?r\gh     _m phases (   

doctr9e be=e he rea*$ ! po9t at :i*1 =  
"s ye>s1 he has rema9$ /ation>y4 ,he    
left ! ,univ]sity     full ( ! pietism (
 ! day1 & 0 imm$iately appo9t$          
pr(essor at ,b]l91 :]e1 z pr(essor &    
au?or1 he b5t all     8 en]gies aga9/ ! 
rationali/ic criticism1 ! application   
( :i* to ! ,holy ,scriptures _h produc$ 
su* disa/r\s     consequ5ces4 ,x mu/ be 
admitt$ t1 9 ?is respect1     he has    
br\ght back to bett] ways a c]ta9 numb] 
( 8     contempor>ies2 t he has arre/$ !
 progress ( extravagant     criticism2 t
 9 8 works on ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,psalms1   
& ! ,messianic ,prophecies1 he has won =
 s\nd views !     consid]ation long     
refus$ !m4 ,b x 0 impossible t 8        
able/ s*ol>s %\ld n see ! weak side ( 8 
h]m5eutical     & !ological pr9ciples2  
h5ce1 _m ( !m h ab&on$     8 me?od = "o 
altoge!r diff]5t4 ,8 ,comm5t>y on     ! 
,apocalypse is assur$ly 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic
 "w4 ,to     compreh5d 8 /&-po9t 9 ?is  
"w1 we mu/ rememb] t he     compos$ x 9 
#ahdh & #ahdi4 ,9 x he frequ5tly &      

unres]v$ly     fav\rs ! *ilia/ic        
t5d5cies ( ,irv+4444 ,he has endeav\r$  
to remove "s ( ! ,prote/ant prejudices  
aga9/ ! ,ca?olic     ,*ur*1 su* z       
,lu!r's blasphemy ( ! ,roman ,anti*ri/4 
,he     admits 7z ,lu!r did1 :5 "u !    
influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian     idea7 t       
,ca?olicism is 9 possession ( ! ^w (    
,god1 !     true sacram5ts1 & ! p[] ( ! 
keys4 ,he is cle>] &     m /raight=w>d  
?an 8 pr$ecessor ,b5gel 9 ! ,gnomon     
,novi ,te/am5ti4 ,b he halts 9 8 m>*1   
lay+ himself op5     to ! *>ge (        
,ca?olic t5d5cies1 & c\ld b be sil5t    
:5 reproa*$ by ,s*5kel1 :o told him t   
,romanism 0 m     hon\rable ?an !       
vacillat+ & int]m$iate position he _h   
assum$4 ,he resembles ,/ehl1 ,kliefo?1 &
 o!rs1 :o w\ld     wi% to place 9 ! same
 sett+ ! jewels ( ,ca?olicism     & ^? (
 ,wittemb]g2 :o rank toge!r ! !ory no?+ 
b ! ,bible1 & ! pr9ciple ( au?ority2 :o 
are b half     acqua9t$ ) ,lu!r1 & almo/
 ignorant ( ,rome2 :o1 9 spite     ( _! 
pret5d$ adhesion to pr9ciple1 w\ld be   

dispos$ to     all k9ds ( compromises2  
:o lack ! c\rage & ! humility           
requisite to compreh5d t ! fragm5ts (   
tru? possess$     by ,lu!r h be5 borr[$ 
f ! imm5se & indivisible     treasure ( 
! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* has no?+ to hope f    
m5 ( ?is class2 !y lack a ?or\gh &      
absolute ?ir/ =     tru?2 !y are        
self-complac5t2 !y imag9e !mselves to h 
receiv$ f heav5 an extraord9>y mission l
 ! prophets2     !y assume ! "r to      
dictate to ! infallible au?ority (     !
 ,*ur*2 to satisfy !m1 we mu/ become    
syncreti/s1 & ask     !m 9 :at is x _!  
pleasure t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* %\ld        
modify 9 its doctr9es1 its c]emonies1 & 
its discipl9e2 m5     ( f9e phrases1 & n
 ( action2 m ( %[ ?an ( reality     7p4 
#aag74  ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,b]l91 ,m4  
,laemm] ent]$ ^u a c>eful prep>ation = !
 degree ( doctor ( div9ity4 ,he devot$  
himself m & m to ! /udy ( ! ,fa!rs2 !   
works ( ,/4 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s on !      
,tr9ity left him an humble & firm       
believ] 9 t augu/ my/]y4 ,9 #ahef 8 m9d 

receiv$ a fre% & m decid$ impulse 9 !   
direction ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 t ye> ! ,b]l9   
faculty ( !ology gave z ! subject ( !   
concursus1 ,give an exposition 7f !     
docum5ts7 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9e1  
conta9$ 9 ! memorial pres5t$ to ,*>les  
,v4 at ! ,diet ( ,augsburg1 9 z f> z x  
appe>s to ?r[ light on ! true           
,evangelical doctr9e set =? 9 !         
,augsburg ,confession4 ,?is subject 0   
*os5 = ! concursus by ,lehn]dt1 :o felt 
t ,ca?olic !ology1 f ! beg9n+ ( !       
,re=mation to ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 0 almo/
 entirely unkn[n4 ,m4 ,laemm] hav+      
resolv$ to become "o ( ! competitors1 at
 once set ab\t ! necess>y /udy4 ,he fir/
 exam9$ ! ,prote/ant confessional books1
 9 ord] to fix ! po9ts at issue betwe5  
!m & _! adv]s>ies4 ,if he 7 to tru/ ^!  
au?orities1 no?+ c\ld be cle>] ?an !    
/upid ignorance ( ! ,ca?olics1 & !      
wisdom ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,b ! declamation
 ) :i* ?is 0 urg$ appe>$ to him to be ! 
language ( passion4 ,he det]m9$ to le>n 
f _! own writ+s ! "* ( ! ,ca?olic       

!ologians s s\ndly abus$ by _! oppon5ts4
 ,he fir/ exam9$ ! ,(ficial refutation (
 ! ,augsburg ,confession1 ! jo9t "w ( ! 
fl[] ( ! ,ca?olic !ologians1 ,eck1      
,fab]1 ,wimp9a1 etc42 next he came to ! 
v>i\s works publi%$ by !m1 be=e & aft]  
#aecj1 aga9/ ! v>i\s successive         
developem5ts ( ,prote/antism2 !n came ! 
,g]man !ology ( ,b]?old ,*iemsie2 !     
,confession ( ,c>d9al ,hosius2 ,erasmus2
 ,tetzel2 ,h5ry ,,viii42 ,fi%]1 ,bi%op (
 ,ro*e/]2 ,ambrosius ,ca?>9us2 !        
,sorbonne2 ,sadoletus2 ,cont>9i2 !      
m9utes ( ! conf]5ces held at t epo* 9   
,g]many & ,switz]l&2 ! ,pontifical      
in/ructions 9 ,ra9aldi & ,leplat1 & la/1
 ! acts ( ! ,imp]ial ,diet1 z f> z !y   
t\*$ on religi\s & ecclesia/ical        
que/ions4 ,9 all1 he _h to /udy sev5ty  
,ca?olic works ( ! p]iod4      ,god     
kn[s1 he tells u1 h[ ,i 0 mov$ z ,i read
 !m1     & h[ viol5t 7 ! /ruggles 9 :i* 
,i 0 engag$4 ,i     endeav\r$ to resi/ !
 =ce ( ! argum5ts be=e me1 b     ,i c\ld
 n4 ,i w\ld n p]mit myself to call 9 "q 

t     great axiom ( ,prote/ants1 t !    
,re=mation 0 "r &     necess>y4 ,!      
humility requir$ to correspond ) !      
motions     ( grace 0 want+ to me2      
sci5tific pride /ill insi/$ on its      
pret5d$ rights4 ,i _h only arriv$ s f> z
 to und]/& t     ! op9ions pron\nc$ by !
 re=m]s on _! adv]s>ies     7 frequ5tly 
p>tial1 errone\s1 & malevol5t2 t !      
intellectual p[] ( ^! latt] 0 n s       
contemptible z     x _h be5 repres5t$2 &
 f9ally1 t _! pr9ciples _h     be5      
frequ5tly trave/i$ at ! pleasure ( !    
fa!rs (     ,prote/antism 7p4 #aci74    
,hav+ complet$ 8 /udy ( ^! s\rces1 he   
arrang$ 8 mat]ials 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,!  
fir/ *apt] treat$ ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,primacy1
 ! ,scripture1 ,tradition1 ! ,c\ncils2 !
 second1 ( ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 ( ! fall1 
( orig9al s9 & its consequ5ces2 ! ?ird1 
( free-w & grace2 ! f\r?1 (             
ju/ification1 ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! law1 & (
 ! evangelical c\nsels2 !n came !       
sacram5ts 9 g5]e et 9 specie2 f9ally1 ! 
sa9ts & ! wor%ip due to !m4 ,! title ( 8

 manuscript 0 ,de ,!ologia              
,romano-,ca?olica quae ,re=matorum      
aetate viguit1 ante-,trid5t9a4 ,! "w 0  
successful1 & receiv$ high praise f !   
faculty ( !ology4 ,x 0 said1 h[ev]1 t ! 
au?or 0 too imp>tial--nimis ju/us--t[>ds
 ,ca?olicism4 ,?is qualification 0 add$ 
at ! reque/ ( ,h5g/5b]g1 :o did n l too 
well ! fav\rable notice giv5 ( ,ca?olic 
writ]s4 ,& yet not)/&+ all ?is1 ,dr4    
,laemm] 0 /ill f> f be+ a ,ca?olic4 ,he 
himself tells u t at mo/ he _h arriv$ at
 ! position held by ,leo4 ,on ! #crd (  
,augu/1 #ahef1 he receiv$ ! prize1 & _h 
! satisfaction ( le>n+ at ! same "t t 8 
memoir 0 accept$ z ! diss]tation requir$
 = ! lic5se4 ,9 a few days he pass$ !   
rigorosum1 & 9 ! same mon? made 8 public
 disputation1 tak+ = ! !me ( 8          
introductory disc\rse ,/4 ,b]n>d's "w1  
,de consid]atione4 ,he receiv$ 8 lic5se1
 & imm$iately left ,b]l9 = ! c\ntry to  
recruit 8 %att]$ heal?4 ,9 ! c\ntry he  
prea*$ frequ5tly1 wrote an analysis (   
,g4 ,voigt's ,pius ,,ii4 & 8 age1 & a   

diss]tation on ! doctr9e ( ju/ification1
 held by ! ,ca?olic !ologian1 ,cont>9i1 
9 :i* he n[ admits he 0 mi/ak5 z to 8   
e/imate ( ! s5tim5ts ( t div9e4 ,return+
 to ,b]l9 ) r5ew$ heal?1 he 0 appo9t$ to
 give religi\s in/ruction1 & to tea*    
,hebrew 9 ! ,fr$]ic ,gymnasium4 ,x mu/ h
 be5 a difficult task = "o p]plex$ 9 m9d
 z ,m4 ,laemm] 01 to und]take ! religi\s
 in/ruction ( a body ( "y m5 at ! v     
doors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,among 8  
y\?ful he>]s he f\nd op5 infidelity1    
rationalism1 ! doctr9es ( ,s*lei]ma*]1  
,pietism1 confessionalism1 9 "o ^w1 ea* 
class 0 a m9iature copy ( ! ,prote/ant  
_w ar\nd4 ,b he did n sw]ve f ! pa? (   
duty4 ,he boldly set be=e !m1 z ! c5tral
 tru? ( religion1 ! ,man-,god dy+ on !  
cross = ! _w4 ,9 va9 did 8 he>]s br+    
=w>d ! pret5d$ results ( mod]n          
criticism1 & natural explanations (     
sup]natural facts2 ,m4 ,laemm] insi/$ ) 
en]gy ^u ! cr$ibility & ! inspiration ( 
,s4 ,scriptures1 & on ! miracles &      
prophecies n>rat$ 9 !m4 ,he also made x 

8 duty to lead 8 *>ge to love & practise
 pray]4 ,9 spite ( _! resi/ance he      
oblig$ ev5 ! high] classes to recite !  
,decalogue & ! ,apo/les' ,cre$2 & he 0  
consol$ by see+ 8 firmness rew>d$ by !  
happie/ results4 ,at ,ea/]1 #aheg1 he   
pass$ 8 exam9ation = ! doctor's degree1 
hav+ *os5 = ! subject ( 8 !me ,pope     
,ni*olas ,i4 & ! ,c\rt ( ,byzantium4    
,aga9 he 0 successful3 ,lehn]dt1 to :om 
he _h d$icat$ 8 !sis1 obs]v$ to him )   
great g5tl5ess t he 0 n f> f ,hurt]'s   
idea ( ! ,papacy4 ,& 9 tru? ?is la/     
lab\r _h br\ght him mu* ne>] to ! ,*ur* 
by reason ( ! brilliant light x ca/ on !
 "* & (fice ( ! ,papacy 9 ,*ri/ianity4  
,9 #aheg he f\nd "t to publi% a new     
edition ( ,/4 ,anselm's ,cur ,deus homo1
 & to write a pap] on ! conv]sion (     
,h]man ( ,kapp5burg4 ,9 ,june #aheh he  
revis$ = ! press 8 treatise on !        
ante-,trid5t9e !ology4 ,9 prep>+ !      
revision he made a /udy ( mod]n ,ca?olic
 works on hi/ory1 dogma1 moral & canon  
law4 ,he became famili> ) ! ,roman      

,brevi>y1 to :i* 8 att5tion _h be5 call$
 by ! attempt made by a ,prote/ant m9i/]
 to =m a ,lu!ran ,brevi>y4 ,he also read
 & admir$ ,c>d9al ,wiseman's ,fabiola4  
,i n[ und]/ood ! ,memor>e & ! ,sub tuum2
 ,i began     to recite ! ,ave ,m>ia1 to
 salute toge!r ) ! angel     ! ,"m ( my 
,god1 to seek h] compassion1 t %e might 
obta9 = me grace to be completely       
enlight5$1 & to ent]     into !         
,savi\r's "o fold4 ,! /+ ( d\bt torm5t$ 
me     unceas+ly2 on my knees1 be=e my  
crucifix 9 my lonely *amb]1     ,i      
exp]i5c$ ! mo/ pa9ful /ruggles4 ,z ,i _h
 ev] pres]v$     su* fragm5ts ( ,*ri/ian
 tru? z ! ,re=m]s _h sp>$1     & z = _m 
long ye>s ,i _h occupi$ myself ) !      
solution     ( ! lead+ que/ions 9       
philosophy & !ology1 x appe>$     to me 
v h>d to submit my reason to ! yoke (   
fai?4 ,b     pray] remov$ all ^!        
ob/acles1 & :5 soon aft] ,i came     to 
knock at ! door ( ! ,*ur*1 ,i f\nd x    
easy to ass5t     to all ! tru?s t 7    
propos$ to my belief 7p4 #afc74  ,) _m  

o!r ,prote/ants1 he assi/$ at ! ex]cises
 ( a mission giv5 at ,b]l9 by ! ,jesuit 
,fa!rs1 & reap$ !refrom mu* b5efit4 ,9  
,july1 #aheh1 he receiv$ p]mission f !  
m9i/] ( wor%ip to explore ! libr>ies (  
,g]many & nor!rn ,italy1 to collect su* 
manuscripts ( ,eusebius z might be f\nd1
 ) a view to a new revision ( ! text ( t
 hi/orian4 ,he visit$ ,leipsic1 ,dresd51
 ,vi5na1 ,v5ice1 ,padua1 ,milan1 &      
,muni*4 ,at ,dresd51 ,wolfgang de ,goe! 
took him to be a ,ca?olic prie/4 ,at    
,v5ice he met ) ,f4 ,ignazio ,mozzoni1 (
 ! ord] ( ,/4 ,john ( ,god1 au?or ( a   
rem>kable hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 & 0 edifi$  
by ! piety & ! lit]>y activity ( !      
,me*it>i/s4 ,! int]c\rse he _h )        
,ca?olic ecclesia/ics1 & ! sight (      
,ca?olic c]emonies & rites1 7 ( signal  
s]vice to him by remov+ unfav\rable     
impressions4 ,among o!r details he tells
 u3      ,i %all nev] =get a c]ta9 ,iri%
 ,dom9ican1 ! v type (     a p]fect     
religi\s1 :o ar\s$ 9 me pr(\nd emotions 
by !     acc\nt he gave me ( ! sad      

condition ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51     cru%$ 
by ,engli% rule 7p4 #aia74  ,8 sci5tific
 mission 0 f9i%$ at ,muni*1 :i!r he     
return$ f 8 long j\rney /ill a          
,prote/ant4 ,b ! end 0 at h&1 & we mu/  
all[ him to describe x 9 8 own words3   
,aft] leav+ ,muni*1 ,i cont9u$ = "s     
weeks to suff]     great angui% ( m9d4  
,at l5g? ! decisive h\r came1 &     !   
sun ( grace _h complet$ ! "w ( my       
enlight5m5t4 ,i     decid$ to become a  
,ca?olic on ! #ad? ( ,octob]1 #aheh1 !  
fea/ ( ,/4 ,!resa1 ^: p[]ful int]cession
 /r5g!n$     my weakness4 ,i communicat$
 my resolutions to ! m9i/]     ( wor%ip 
& to ! faculty ( !ology ( ,b]l91 & ,i   
reque/$ my bi%op--! ,bi%op ( ,erml&--to 
receive me into     ! bosom ( ! ,roman  
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 :i*1 aft] long     &  
pa9ful /ruggles1 ,i _h at l5g? recogniz$
 ! deposit>y     ( ! tru?1 & !          
legitimate sp\se ( ! ,son ( ,god3 ?us   
w\ld my he>t be at peace4 ',glory &     
praise'1 said my lett]1     'to our ,"l 
,jesus ,*ri/1 :o has enabl$ me to       

surm\nt all     ob/acles1 :o has        
graci\sly he>d my pray]s1 :o has _h pity
     on me1 :o has brok5 my *a9s1 :o has
 scatt]$ ! d>kness     t hung ov] me1 :o
 has %[n me ! pa? to ! fold4 ,s9ce      
consci5ti\s inve/igations h prov$ to me 
t ! s-call$     ,re=mation ( ! sixte5?  
c5tury has b disfigur$ ! type     ( !   
true ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & t its      
pr9ciples1     f> f be+ salut>y1 are    
ess5tially de/ructive & !     necess>y  
cause ( ! effects :i* hi/ory has regi/]$
     dur+ ?ree c5turies--t ! ,prote/ant 
confessions & _!     apologi/s1 in/ead (
 attack+ ! ,*ur*'s g5u9e tea*+1     d b 
di/ort x to insure an easy victory2 s9ce
 ,i am conv9c$     t ! ,re=m]s _h nei!r 
! duty nor ! "r to attempt     a re=m   
ap>t f & aga9/ ! head ( ! ,*ur* & !     
episcopate2 t ! religi\s divisions ( our
 age are caus$     by ! refusal to      
submit to ! ,*ur* & return to ! c5tre   
:5ce we dep>t$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 s9ce 
! hi/orical     developm5t ( ! ,*ur* has
 be5 prov$ to me unbrok5 d[n to     !   

pres5t day2 s9ce ,i h le>n$ to ju/ify & 
love h]     doctr9e1 h] morality1 & h]  
wor%ip2 f ! day on :i*     ! grace (    
,god has p]mitt$ me to be conv9c$ ( ^!  
tru?s1     my return to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*
 has become a matt] ( necessity1     & x
 is only by a public confession ( my    
fai? t ,i c hope     to rega9           
tranquillity ( consci5ce1 t peace ( !   
he>t     :i* ! _w _c give1 nor yet1 9   
spite ( all its fraud     & ang]1 c ev] 
take away'4  ,x is ne$less to add t !   
,bi%op ( ,erml& acc$$ to ?is t\*+       
reque/4 ,on ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,day1 dur+ !  
jubilee ( #aheh1 ,dr4 ,laemm] made 8    
pr(ession ( ,ca?olic fai?1 & receiv$ !  
sacram5ts ( baptism & ! ,eu*>i/4 ,t[>ds 
! end ( ! same ye> he 0 admitt$ to !    
diocesan sem9>y ( ,erml&1 :]e he receiv$
 confirmation1 tonsure1 & holy ord]s4   
,soon aft] 8 ord9ation he 0 s5t to      
,rome4 ,sev]al valuable works on        
subjects ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory h s9ce  
appe>$ f him1 & mu* is /ill expect$ at 8
 h&s4#ag ,9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 

8 d\bts dispell$1 8 he>t at peace1 well 
inde$ may he love to repeat ) joy &     
gratitude--,mis]icordias ,dom9i 9       
aet]num cantabo6--7,ps4 xxxii41 #ba74   
,,two ,,illu/ri\s ,,graves4   ,we are   
happy to be ! fir/ to ann\nce to ! ,iri%
 public ! discov]y ( ! exact spot :]e9 !
 rema9s ( our great ,iri% *iefta91 ,hugh
 ,o',neill1 repose1 side by side ) ^? ( 
,ar*bi%op ,mat!ws4  ,?is privilege we   
owe to ! great k9dness ( ,rev4 ,dr4     
,moran1 ! di/+ui%$ ,vice-,rector ( !    
,iri% ,college ( ,/4 ,aga?a1 ,rome1 :o  
has p]mitt$ u to anticipate !           
publication ( ! second "p ( ! fir/      
volume ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ca?olic         
,ar*bi%ops ( ,dubl9 s9ce ! ,re=mation1 9
 :i* ! ev5t is describ$4 ,( ! volume    
itself we %all soon h occasion to speak 
at "s l5g?4 ,= ! pres5t x is en\gh to   
say1 t l ea* ( ,dr4 ,moran's o!r works1 
x has ! great m]it ( be+ a "w = ! times4
 ,8 ,life ( ,ar*bi%op ,plunkett1 & 8    
,hi/ory ( ! ,iri% ,p]secutions1 7       
valuable1 no d\bt1 = ! light !y ca/ on  

an important epo*1 & = ! pro( !y af=d$ (
 our =efa!rs' con/ancy 9 ! fai?4 ,f> m  
valuable1 h[ev]1 ?an ^! are ,dr4        
,moran's ,essays on ! ,orig91 ,doctr9es1
 & ,antiquities ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 9 :i*1 
) an extraord9>y lucidity ( reason+ & a 
s+ul> am\nt ( erudition1 he answ]s all !
 argum5ts & refutes all ! !ories ( mod]n
 ,prote/ant writ]s & lectur]s1 :o h     
und]tak5 ! hopeless task ( prov+ t !    
religion ( ! e>ly *ur* ( our fa!rs 0    
id5tical ) t :i* _h its orig9 9 !       
corruption & cruelty ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & 8
 daught] ,elizabe?1 & :i*1 z f> z x has 
ext5d$1 0 introduc$ into ,irel& by fire 
& sword & ! mo/ cruel p5al laws4 ,any "o
 :o reads ,dr4 ,moran's essays w admit t
 n only ,:iteside & ,napi]1 :o h v5tur$ 
to lecture on ! anci5t doctr9es ( !     
,iri% ,*ur*1 ) :i* !y 7 altoge!r        
unacqua9t$1 b also "s le>n$ antiqu>ians 
:o h treat$ ( ! same subject1 7 q a/ray 
9 _! views1 & _h no solid argum5ts on   
:i* to gr\nd _! op9ions4  ,our fir/     
extract is tak5 f ! life ( ! v5]able    

,ar*bi%op1 ,dr4 ,mat!ws1 :o gov]n$ ! see
 ( ,dubl9 9 a mo/ critical & disa/r\s   
p]iod1 f ! #bnd ,may1 #afaa1 to ! #a/ ( 
,septemb]1 #afbc1 :5 he di$ an exile 9  
,rome4 ,?is extract is f\nd at page     
#bfb1 & gives an acc\nt ( ! p]secutions 
to :i* ,ca?olics 7 subject$ 9 ! reign ( 
,james ,i41 :o 0 suppos$ to be less     
ho/ile ?an 8 pr$ecessor ,elizabe?3      
,! great] "p ( ! treatise ( ,dr4 ,roo!1 
entitl$ ,analecta1     is tak5 up )     
details ( ! suff]+s ( our ,*ur* at ?is  
sad p]iod4 ,! *ief facts1 h[ev]1 :i* he 
commemorates are3     7#a7 t ! f9es     
levi$ 9 ! c\nty ,cavan1 9 #afae1 = !    
m]e crime ( n assi/+ at ,prote/ant      
s]vice1 am\nt$ to     m ?an eight ?\s&  
p\nds2 7#b7 t :5 "s ( ! poor            
,ca?olics ( ! c\nty ,mea?1 :o 7 unwill+ 
to pay ?is tax1     fl$ f ! cruel       
collectors ( x into ! cav]ns & m\nta9   
recesses1 furi\s bloodh\nds 7 (t5 let   
loose 9 pursuit (     !m1 foll[$ by !   
%]iff & 8 posse ( soldi]s1 equally      
furi\s & unrel5t+2 7#c7 t ! ,prote/ant  

au?orities _h     con/ant rec\rse to    
ecclesia/ical c5sures1 9 consequ5ce (   
:i*1 great numb]s ( ,ca?olic m]*ants &  
artific]s 7     ?r[n into prison1 &     
r$uc$ to extreme pov]ty & di/ress2      
7#d7 t ^? :o happ5$ to die :il/ "u ! ban
 ( ^!     ,prote/ant c5sures1 7 d5i$    
,*ri/ian burial1 & ?r[n     into graves 
dug 9 ! highways1 :]e1 to increase !    
ignom9y1     /akes 7 driv5 ?r\gh _!     
bodies4#ah      ,m int]e/+ to ! read]   
?an all ^! n>ratives1 w     probably be 
! sket* ( ! suff]+s ( ,irel& f ! p5     
( ! ar*bi%op himself1--a sket* drawn up 
) special c>e     by ,dr4 ,mat!ws1 9    
#afbc1 & pres5t$ by him to ! ,sacr$     
,congregation ( ,propag&a4#ai ,he ?us   
writes3--          ',al?\gh f ! v       
comm5cem5t ( ! s*ism we h         be5   
con/antly 9 ! battle-field1 &1 ) !      
exception (         ! mom5t>y repose    
enjoy$ dur+ ! reign ( ,ca?olic ,m>y1    
h be5 unceas+ly expos$ to ! attacks (   
our p]secutors1         yet s sev]e are 
_! late assaults1 t1 9 comp>ison1       

all _! prec$+ ef=ts s9k into            
insignificance4 ,( ?is                  
p]secution ,i myself h be5 a witness & a
 %>]1 & ,i         %all briefly         
commemorate a few ( its *ief heads4     
',"s ye>s ago ! h]etics /ra9$ e n]ve to 
introduce         into ,irel& ^? laws   
:i* ! ,engli% p>liam5t enact$           
aga9/ ! ,ca?olics ( ,engl&1 & to        
resuscitate ! p5al         code :i* _h  
be5 surreptiti\sly pass$ at ! beg9n+    
( ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,a p>liam5t 0      
summon$ to atta9         ^! ends4 ,!    
gov]nm5t aga9 s\ght by e art &          
viol5ce to secure ! election ( ,engli%  
or ,scot* h]etical         soldi]s4 ,le/
 our ,ca?olics might prevail by _!      
numb]s1 new         ,engli% & ,scot*    
colonies 7 plant$1 & end[$ ) !          
privilege ( repres5tation4 ,moreov]1 a  
numb] ( titles 7         conf]r$ on     
v>i\s h]etics1 :il/ ! remon/rances ( !  
,ca?olics 7 unhe$$4 ,nev]!less1 no      
c\nsel c prevail         aga9/ ! ,"l4   
,all ! h]etical ef=ts 7 fruitless2      

& s /r5u\sly did ! ,ca?olics def5d _!   
sacr$ cause1         t _! adv]s>ies did 
n d>e ev5 to propose ! p5al             
/atutes4 ,! h]etics _h !n rec\rse to    
royal pr]ogative1         t ?us1 )\t any
 =m ( law or ju/ice1 !y might riot      
aga9/ ! ,ca?olics2 & s viol5t is ! /orm 
( p]secution         :i* !y h ?us       
excit$1 t x almo/ baffles description4  
'#a4 ,all ,ca?olics are remov$ f !      
adm9i/ration (         affairs1 & ev5 ! 
smalle/ (fices are giv5 to h]etics      
& s*ismatics1 :o may ) impunity p]secute
 ! ,ca?olics         accord+ to _!      
fancies4          '#b4 ,no ,ca?olic c   
hold prop]ty ?r\gh\t ! entire k+dom2    
ev]y?+ is seiz$ on by h]etical coloni/s1
 & ! eject$         ,ca?olic proprietors
 _c ev5 live z s]vants on ^? l&s        
( :i* !y are ! ma/]s by h]$it>y "r4 ,= !
         h]etics h le>n$ by exp]i5ce t  
!re is no p 9         ! _w s atta*$ to !
 fai? ( _! fa!rs z are !         ,iri%1 
9 def5ce ( :i* !y (t5 _h rec\rse to     
arms1 &         risk$ _! =tunes & lives4

 ,see+1 !re=e1 t p5al         laws c\ld 
n suffice to de/roy _! devotion to !    
,ca?olic         religion1 !y _h rec\rse
 to new arts1 & by a disa/r\s           
c\nsel comm5c$ to fill ! c\ntry )       
,engli% & ,scot*         colonies2 :il/ 
at ! pres5t "t1 9 consequ5ce ( !        
treaties ent]$ into ) ! cont95tal /ates1
 ! ,iri% c         hope = no assi/ance f
 o!r p[]s4 ,?us1 !n1 ! natives1         
?\gh unaccus$ ( any crime1 are1 )\t     
col\r ( ju/ice1         )\t any feel+ ( 
humanity1 )\t any fe> ( ,him :o w       
puni% ! oppressors1 expell$ f ! homes ( 
_! fa!rs         & f _! h]$it>y e/ates4 
,sometimes !y are driv5         to o!r  
p>ts ( ! k+dom1 :]e small portions ( l& 
are assign$ to !m = _! ma9t5ance2       
sometimes !y are         compell$ to fly
 f ! isl&1 & seek support by ent]+      
! armies ( ! ,cont95t4 ,h]etics be+ ?us 
introduc$ into         ! ,ca?olic l&s1 a
 great "p ( ! k+dom is pollut$ )        
_! sacrilegi\s impieties2 & unless ,god 
may av]t ! dire         calamity1 !     

anci5t fai? w be bani%$ f ! :ole        
isl&4 ,z ?is evil is propagat$ by brute 
=ce1 & z our         p h nei!r skill nor
 p[] to cope ) our enemies1         we  
mu/ :olly rely = its rem$y on ! m]cy (  
,god4          '#c4 ,m9i/]s & prea*]s 7 
s\ght out ev]y:]e 9         ,scotl& &   
,engl&1 & s5t hi!r to p]v]t our         
,ca?olics4          '#d4 ,all b5efices &
 o!r ecclesia/ical prop]ty 71 f         
! beg9n+1 seiz$ on by ! h]etics4 ,9 ea* 
diocese !re         is a pseudo-bi%op1 &
 9 ea* p>i% a pseudo-m9i/]4             
'#e4 ,! ,ca?olics are compell$ to       
repair1 = h]etical wor%ip1         !    
*ur*es & *apels :i* ^! iconocla/s       
!mselves         _h de/roy$4            
'#f4 ,! pseudo-cl]gy n only seize on all
 ! rev5ues1 b         exact paym5t = !  
sacram5ts ( baptism & m>riage1 ev5      
:5 !y are adm9i/]$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/s2
 ! sum ?us         exact$ sometimes     
am\nts to f\r gu9eas or m1 accord+ to   
! w ( ! ,prote/ant m9i/]s1 :o make no   
acc\nt ( !         pov]ty & mis]y ( ! p4

 ,9 addition to ^! exactions1         a 
sal>y 0 lately assign$ to a c]ta9       
h]etic1 to be levi$         on ! bir?s1 
m>riages1 & dea?s ( ! ,ca?olics4        
'#g4 ,f\r times 9 ! ye> que/ors are     
appo9t$ to explore         ! ,ca?olics  
?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom1 & impose f9es     
on all :o abs5t !mselves f ! h]etical   
s]mons &         communion4 ,z ?is f9e  
is n def9$ by law1 ! judges &           
que/ors display great e>ne/ness & av>ice
 9 exact+ x1         ?r\gh hatr$ ( our  
holy religion4          '#h4 ,on ea*    
,sunday1 ea* ,ca?olic fa!r ( a family is
 oblig$         to pay a pecuni>y f9e = 
himself & = ea* ,ca?olic memb]         (
 8 family4 ,?is f9e is exact$ )\t m]cy  
ev5 f !         poore/ lab\r]s4         
'#i4 ,! pseudo-bi%ops h introduc$ a new 
sy/em         ( excommunicat+1 =soo?1 ! 
,ca?olics2 f :i*         excommunication
 ! ,ca?olic _c be fre$1 except by       
recogniz+ ! spiritual au?ority ( ^!     
bi%ops1 & ?us         sacrific+ _! own  
fai?4 ,^? ?us excommunicat$ are liable  

to arre/2 & %\ld !y die1 are int]r$ 9   
unconsecrat$         gr\nd4             
'#aj4 ,^? :o assi/ at ,mass1 incur a    
p5alty ( "o hundr$         m>ks4        
'#aa4 ,all our g5try & nobility are     
oblig$ to s5d _! heirs         to be    
educat$ & p]v]t$ 9 ,engl&4              
'#ab4 ,none ( ! nobility are n[ all[$ to
 succe$ to _!         pat]nal           
inh]itance1 )\t fir/ tak+ ! oa? ( royal 
supremacy3 o!rwise !y & _! po/]ity are  
depriv$ (         _! rev5ues1 & ?us !   
dreadful alt]native is pres5t$          
to !m ( p]v]sion or pov]ty4             
'#ac4 ,x is int]dict$ to ! ,ca?olics to 
tea* s*ool ei!r         9 public or 9   
private2 on ! o!r h&1 h]etical ma/]s    
are hir$ 9 e diocese1 & paid f ! rev5ue 
( "s         b5efices1 to p]v]t our y\? 
& imbue !m ) h]esy4 ,9         fact1 !  
h]etics h ob/ruct$ e av5ue by :i* our   
y\?         c\ld receive in/ruction 9   
?is k+dom2 & by _! sev]e                
p5alties & rigor\s se>*es1 !y seek to   
r5d] x impossible         = any ,ca?olic

 tea*] to rema9 9 ! c\ntry4 ,moreov]1   
hav+ creat$ a univ]sity 9 ! city (      
,dubl91 ! seat (         ! vic]oy & !   
capital ( ! :ole k+dom1 !y employ       
e artifice to attract our *ildr5 to its 
s*ools4 ,inde$1         !y c\ld n       
possibly devise any s*eme m iniquit\s   
?an         t ( ?us corrupt+ our y\?4   
'#ad4 ,! ,ca?olic cities are depriv$ (  
_! anci5t lib]ties1         privileges1 
& rights1 & are r$uc$ to ! rank ( t[ns1 
unless !y elect h]etics z _! mayors &   
ald]m51 or1         at lea/1 select su* 
p]sons z ! h]etics approve (1 z         
lately happ5$ to ! city ( ,wat]=d1 :i*  
holds ! second         place 9 ! k+dom =
 its /r5g? & opul5ce'4  ,! second       
extract is ! la/ app5dix to ! volume4 ,x
 gives u ! epitaphs ( ,hugh ,o',neill & 
,dr4 ,mat!ws1 :i* are n[ publi%$ = !    
fir/ "t4       ,epitaph ( ! ,mo/ ,rev4  
,eug5e ,mat!ws1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94     
,?is volume 0 already 9 type1 :5 we 7   
=tunate en\gh     to meet ) ! orig9al   
epitaph :i* m>k$ ! la/ re/+     place ( 

! illu/ri\s ,ar*bi%op ,mat!ws4      ,ne>
 ! summit ( ! ,janiculum1 9 ! city (    
,rome1 /&s     ! well kn[n *ur* ( ,san  
,pietro-9-,montorio4 ,x conta9s _m      
treasures ( art1 & its pa9t+s retail !  
names ( ,raffaelle1     ,mi*ael ,angelo1
 ,p9turic*io1 ,vas>i1 & o!r great ma/]s4
     ,m de> to ! ,*ri/ian pilgrim is !  
adjo9+ %r9e1     :i* gu>ds ! clay 9 :i* 
0 set ! cross ( ! ,pr9ce     ( !        
,apo/les4      ,x 0 9 ?is *ur* t ! la/  
pr9ces ( ,tyrone &     ,tyrconnel 7     
int]r$4 ,9 ! second r[ ( tombs ) :i*    
! pavem5t ( ! *ur* is l9$1 ! ,iri%      
travell] w     f9d )\t difficulty !     
epitaph ( ,hugh b>on ( ,dungannon1      
:o di$ 9 ,septemb]1 #afji1 & ( ! two    
,o',donnells1 :o di$     9 ! autumn (   
#afjh4bj ,x is kn[n t ,hugh ,o',neil1   
e>l (     ,tyrone1 0 also int]r$ "h2 b  
hi!rto 8 tomb has be5     s\ght = 9 va94
 ,! ar*ives ( ! adjo9+ mona/]y1         
h[ev]1 h at l5g? come to our aid4 ,! la/
 great ,iri%     *iefta9 expir$ 9 !     
,palazzo ,salviati1 on ! #bj? ( ,july1  

#afaf1 & ! regi/] ( ,san                
,pietro-9-,montorio m>ks ! #bd? (       
,july1 #afaf1 z ! day on :i* 8 rema9s 71
 ) pr9cely     pomp1 laid )9 its vaults4
 ,?is same regi/] fur!r tells     u t 8 
epitaph1 n[ :olly oblit]at$1 held ! fir/
 place     9 ! ?ird r[ ( tombs :i* m>k !
 pavem5t ( ! *ur*1     & t x consi/$ ( !
 simple record3          ,d4 ,o4 ,m4    
,,hic ,,quiescunt ,,ossa                
,,hugonis ,,pr9cipis ,o',,neill4      ,x
 0 alongside ! tomb ( ,hugh ,o',neil t  
,eug5e ,mat!ws1     ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91  
repos$ 9 dea?4 ,8 epitaph1 says !       
regi/] ( ! *ur*1 holds ! second place 9 
! ?ird     r[ ( tombs4 ,! slab :i*      
corresponds ) ?is indication     n[ only
 reta9s "s fa9t traces ( lett]s "h &    
!re1     x be+ impossible to deciph] ev5
 "o ^w ( its orig9al     inscription4   
,"h aga9 ! *ur* regi/] comes to our aid2
 x     tells u t ! foll[+ 0 !           
inscription on ,dr4 ,mat!ws'     tomb3  
,d4 ,o4 ,m4         ,,eug5io ,,mat!i1   
,,ar*iepiscopo ,,dubl95si1              

,,doctr9ae ,,cl>itate ,,natalium        
,,spl5dore1         ,,fide ,,9 ,,deum   
,,pietate ,,9 ,,patriam ,,s+ul>i        
,,qui ,,po/quam ,,solliciti ,,pa/oris1  
,,diuturno ,,ac ,,difficili ,,tempore   
,,9 ,,hib]nia1         ,,num]os ,,omnes 
,,adimplesset1         ,,sub ,,gregorio 
,,xv41 ,,romam ,,v5it1         ,,ubi    
,,ab ,,optimo ,,pontifice ,,b5igne      
,,habitus1         ,,dum ,,patriae      
,,suae ,,negotia ,,promov]et1           
,,extremum ,,diem ,,clausit ,,kal4      
,,sept4 #afbc4      ,?us1 z ,dr4 ,mat!ws
 0 closely alli$ by blood ) !           
families ( ,tyrone & ,tyrconnel2 z he 9 
y\? %>$ ) !m     ! p]ils ( ! ,ca?olic   
camp2 z1 :5 bi%op ( ,clogh]1 he         
enjoy$ ) !m ! hospitality ( ! great     
pontiff1 ,paul ,v41     9 ! ,salviati   
,palace1 ,rome2 s 0 he de/9$ to be unit$
     ) !m 9 dea?1 & to repose ) !m b5ea?
 ! %ad[     ( ,/4 ,pet]'s dome1 amid/ ! 
sanctu>ies & %r9es ( !     ,et]nal      
,city4 ,we _c bett] conclude ?an ) !    
words (     ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 :5 regi/]+ ! 

dea? ( ,hugh ,o',neil3     ',al?\gh he  
di$ f> di/ant f ,armagh1 ! burial place 
(     8 ance/ors1 x 0 a manife/ation t  
,god 0 pleas$ )     8 life2 = ! place 9 
:i* ,god grant$ him to be buri$     0   
,rome1 ! capital ( ! ,*ri/ians'4        
,,liturgical ,,que/ions4   ,9 ! la/     
numb] ( ! ,record we laid d[n "s rules =
 ! conv5i5ce & guidance ( ! cl]gy 9     
det]m9+ :at mass is to be said on !     
occasion ( m>riage4 ,we did n1 h[ev]1   
po9t out ! cases 9 :i* ! nuptial        
b5$iction _c be giv51 & :5 ! mass pro   
sponso et sponsa _c be said4 ,! ,roman  
,ritual has ! foll[+ words3--,caveat    
etiam p>o*us ne qu&o conjuges 9 primis  
nuptiis b5$ictionem accep]9t1 eos 9     
secundis b5$icat1 sive muli] sive etiam 
vir ad secundas transeat4 ,s$ ubi ea    
viget consuetudo ut si muli] nem9i      
unquam nups]it1 etiamsi vir aliam uxorem
 habu]it1 nuptiae b5$icantur1 ea s]v&a  
e/4 ,s$ viduae nuptias non b5$icat1     
etiamsi ejus vir nunquam uxorem dux]it4 
,x is cle> f ^! words t ! nuptial       

b5$iction is n to be giv51 nor is ! mass
 pro sponso et sponsa1 to be said1 9    
case a wid[ is to be m>ri$4  ,?is w     
appe> /ill m evid5t f two decrees ( !   
,sacr$ ,congregation ( ,rites be>+ on   
?is subject3--  ,no4 #daej4--,qua]4 #d  
,si muli] esset vidua debetne omitti    
missa pro sponso et sponsa et omitt5dae 
sunt b5$ictiones infra eam descriptae   
po/ orationem ,dom9icam et ,ite missa   
e/8  ,ad4 #d4--,si muli] e/ vidua non   
solum debet omitti b5$ictio nupti>um1 s$
 etiam1 missa propria pro sponso et     
sponsa4 ,die #c ,m>tii1 #agfa4  ,& aga9 
on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 #ahci1 ! foll[+     
que/ions 7 answ]$3--  #a4 ,qu&o nuptiae 
celebrantur tempore ,adv5tus vel        
,quadragesimae debetne fi]i commemoratio
 missae pro sponso et sponsa p]         
,collectam ,secretam1 et ,po/           
communionem8  #b4 ,licetne recit>e supra
 sponsos preces seu orationes 9 missali 
positas po/ orationem ,dom9icam et ,ite 
missa e/8  #c4 ,qu&o pra$ictae orationes
 non sunt recitatae 9 missa nupti>um1   

deb5tne recit>i extra missam elapso     
tempore prohibito8  ,quae s+ula dubia   
s$ulo de m p]p5d5tes ,em95tissimi et    
,rev]5dissimi patres sacris tu5dis      
,ritibus praepositi 9 ord9>io ,coetu ad 
,quir9ale subsignata die coadunati1     
auditaque fideli relatione ab           
infrascripto secret>io facta respond5dum
 c5su]unt3 s]v5tur ,rubricae ,missalis  
ac g5]alia memorata ,decreta quibus     
edicitur ut quoniam temporibus ab       
,ecclesia vetitis1 locum hab]i nequit   
solemnis b5$ictio nupti>um1 ita p>it]   
inhibetur commemoratio pro sponso et    
sponsa 9 ,missa occurr5te neque         
orationes resum5dae extra missam tempore
 prohibito jam elapso4  ,atque ita      
rescrips]unt1 decl>>unt ac s]v&um omn9o 
m&>unt4 ,die #ca ,augu/i1 #ahci4  ,we   
%all n[ proce$ to answ] o!r que/ions :i*
 7 "s "t s9ce s5t to u by a mu* respect$
 & zeal\s cl]gyman 9 connexion ) !      
adm9i/ration ( m>riage4  #a4 ,9 :at "p (
 ! *ur* are ! sp\ses to take _! places8 
are !y to /& or kneel dur+ ! c]emony8   

#b4 ,is ! surname to be repeat$ 9 !     
c]emony8  #c4 ,is ! r+ to be put f f+]  
to f+] or on ! r+ f+] at once1 z laid   
d[n 9 ,roman ,ritual8  #d4 ,h[ mu* ( !  
,ritus ,pontificalis ( m>riage ought a  
prie/ to adopt8 = in/ance c he use a    
cope8  #e4 ,is a light$ c&le1 & h[ _m1  
to be us$ at ! m>riage c]emony1 or 9    
bless+ holy wat]1 etc48  ,9 answ] to !  
fir/ "q1 we beg to say t ! ,roman       
,ritual simply says3 ,matrimonium 9     
,ecclesia maxima celebr>i decet4 ,x 0 q 
unnecess>y to say m1 inasmu* z ! ,ritual
 lays d[n t ! sp\ses are to assi/ at    
mass & to approa* ,holy ,communion4 ,:5 
^! p>ticul>s are obs]v$1 ! sp\ses %\ld1 
( c\rse1 occupy a place ne> ! alt>1 &   
ev5 9 case !re %\ld be no mass1 x appe>s
 to u q prop] t !y %\ld contract m>riage
 at ! alt>1 :ile we _c po9t out !       
precise place1 z ! ,rubrics ( ! ,ritual 
d n ent] into fur!r details4 ,) reg>d to
 ! kneel+1 ! ,ritual says no?+3 we ?9k1 
h[ev]1 t ! practice ( all[+ !m to /&    
:ile express+ _! mutual cons5t1 & kneel+

 d[n at ! words ,ego conjungo vos1 etc41
 may safely be foll[$4 ,?is practice is 
indicat$ 9 "s ,rituals3 ,ac primo       
sponsum int]reget /antem ad dextram     
muli]is1 & 9 ! ,roman ,pontifical1      
,muli]e ad s9i/ram viri /ante4 ,! ,roman
 ,ritual does n m5tion ^! details4  ,x  
is n at all necess>y to repeat ! surname
 9 ! c]emony4 ,b>uffaldi1 9 8 ,comm5t>ia
 ad ,rituale ,romanum1 has ! foll[+     
words3 ,po/ nom5 non utique e/          
necess>ium add]e cognom5 g5tilitium quia
 p] v]ba illa hic praes5tem satis       
indicatur qu9am sit illa de quo agitur4 
,nihilom9us ad abundantiam nonnulli     
sol5t add]e quoque cognom5 prosapiae et 
nom9a p>5tum illorum qui contrahunt ad  
evit&um omnem errorem circa p]sonam4    
,b>uffaldi1 de ,matrimonio1 tit4 xlii4  
,! ,roman ,ritual c]ta9ly appe>s to /ate
 t ! r+ is to be plac$ on ! r+ f+] at   
once1 & s does ! ,pontifical2 h[ev]1 x  
is to be rememb]$ t o!r ,rituals d n    
contradict ?is1 b !y w\ld appe> r to    
expla9 ! mann] ( obs]v+ :at is prescrib$

 9 ! ,roman ,ritual by mov+ x f f+] to  
f+]1 & recit+ ! words at ! same "t z    
po9t$ out 9 ! ,ritual4 ,our respect$    
correspond5t1 :5 propos+ ^! que/ions = !
 v laudable purpose ( secur+ uni=mity ( 
practice 9 s important a matt]1 mu/     
recollect ! words ( ! ,roman ,ritual3   
,caet]um si quae prov9ciae aliis1 ultra 
pra$ictas1 laudabilibus consuetud9ibus  
et ca]emoniis 9 celebr&o matrimonii     
sacram5to utantur1 eas sancta ,trid5t9a 
synodus optat ret9]i4 ,on :i* words     
,b>uffaldi1 comm5t+1 says3 ,cum         
,ecclesia ,ca?olica del]e introductas et
 p] longa saecula approbatas ca]emonias1
 impossibile iudicav]it1 illas          
quodammodo ret9]i laudavit1 optavitque  
dummodo s9t v]e laudabiles et m]ae      
consuetud9es1 non autem ritus           
sacram5tales sacram5tum de=mantes4      
,h5ce1 we %\ld n be surpris$ if 9       
diff]5t c\ntries & ev5 9 diff]5t        
di/ricts a div]sity ( practice exi/ 9   
reg>d to details1 quae sub/antiam       
sacram5ti non la$unt nec pietatem       

(f5dunt4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x is b "r
 t we %\ld obs]ve ! rubrics ( ! ,ritual1
 z1 ! m accurate we are 9 do+ s1 !      
great] w be ! uni=mity ( practice1 :i*  
is mo/ desirable4  ,! pr9ciples :i* we h
 laid d[n w enable u to answ] "q #d4 ,we
 %\ld n consid] ! pa/or des]v+ ( c5sure 
= us+ a cope on a v solemn occasion1    
?\gh und\bt$ly !re is no m5tion made ( x
 9 ! ,ritual1 :]eas x is prescrib$ 9 !  
,pontifical = a ,bi%op2 &1 z a direct   
answ]1 we %\ld be dispos$ to /ate t a   
prie/ may adopt z mu* ( ! ,ritus        
,pontificalis z is consi/5t ) ! due     
obs]vance ( ! ,ritual4 ,! prie/ ought to
 be guid$ by ! ,ritual1 :ile he leaves  
to ! bi%op ! obs]vance ( ! ,ritus       
,pontificalis z laid d[n 9 ! ,roman     
,pontifical4  ,we n[ proce$ to answ] !  
fif? & la/ "q4 ,! ,rubrics require      
light$ c&les 9 ! bless+ ( ! a%es1 palms1
 & c&les2 b 9 ! bless+s ref]r$ to 9 !   
propos$ "q1 ! use ( c&les is n          
prescrib$1 ?\gh we ?9k x w\ld be v      
becom+ to h light$ c&les at a m>riage   

ev5 :5 !re is no mass4  ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is
 bett] calculat$ to edify & to impress !
 fai?ful ) a s5se ( ! dignity & "* ( !  
great sacram5t1 z x is call$ by ,/4     
,paul1 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ! ,*ur*1 ?an ! holy  
sacrifice ( ! ,mass2 & h5ce ! ,holy     
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 anxi\s to inve/ x ) all 
possible solemnity1 exhorts ! m>ri$     
c\ple to prep>e = its reception by      
confession & communion1 & has appo9t$ a 
special mass = ! purpose2 & accord+ly we
 f9d t "h 9 ,irel&1 ev5 9 ! times (     
p]secution1 ! nuptial b5$iction & mass 7
 prescrib$ by ,dr4 ,mat!ws1 ,ar*bi%op ( 
,dubl91 & 8 suffragans1 9 a prov9cial   
synod at ,kilk5ny1 9 ! ye> #afad4 ,si   
qu&o contig]it1 p>o*um aliquos          
matrimonialit] conjung]e1 non habita    
tunc opportunitate imp]ti5di illis      
nuptialem b5$ictionem1 quae infra       
miss>um solemnia d>i solet1 moneat v]bis
 gravibus contrah5tes1 ne ante hujusmodi
 a se ipso1 et non alio sac]dote1       
acceptam b5$ictionem1 9 eadem domo      
cohabit5t1 et multo m9us1 matrimonium   

consumm>e praesumant4 ,similit] sponsos 
de futuro moneat1 ut a nimia famili>ite 
caveant1 et ne se ullat5us c>nalit]     
cognoscant1 donec matrimonium de        
praes5ti contrax]9t1 et b5$ictionem     
nuptialem 7pr\t dictum e/7              
obt9u]9t--7,vide ,dr4 ,moran's ,hi/ory (
 ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,dubl91 vol4 i4 p4 #dec1
 :i* conta9s all ! /atutes ( t synod74  
,) ! same view we ?\ght x well to publi%
 "s ( ! decrees hav+ ref]5ce to !       
nuptial mass1 by :i* x is easily se5 h[ 
! dignity ( ?is sacram5t has be5 upheld 
by ! ,*ur*1 :ile ! sy/em introduc$ by   
gov]nm5ts 9 o!r c\ntries w\ld h ! effect
 ( degrad+ x to ! level ( a m]e civil   
contract1 & depriv+ x ( ! bless+ &      
sanction ( heav54 ,if we %all h succe$$ 
9 an humble way 9 %[+ ! dignity ( !     
m>riage contract by ! wise rules &      
discipl9e e/abli%$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 
we w h p]=m$ a "w agreeable1 we are     
sure1 to ! read]s ( ! ,record1 & atta9$ 
at lea/ "o ( ! objects aim$ at by its   
conductors4     ,,correspond5ce4  ,!    

,editors are n responsible = ! /atem5ts 
made by correspond5ts4   ,to ! ,editors 
( ! ,record4      ,,rev]5d ,,g5tlem51   
,s9ce y h be5 k9d en\gh to set aside a  
portion ( !     ,record = ! ins]tion (  
correspond5ce ^u !ological &            
liturgical subjects1 ,i tru/ t y w all[ 
me to (f] a few     rem>ks ^u a lett]   
:i* has appe>$ 9 ! numb]#ba = !         
pres5t mon?1 reg>d+ ! me?od ( apply+ =  
disp5sations     9 gradu inaequali      
consangu9itatis4 ,y\r correspond5t ju/ly
     consid]s t ! "q is ( great         
importance1 & h5ce     x may be well to 
call att5tion to "s inaccuracies :i*1   
if uncorrect$1 w\ld neutralize ! good   
effects ( 8 h9t     to fell[-lab\r]s 9 !
 v9ey>d4      #a4 ,! "q ( :i* ,gury     
treats at page #eid1 is ! necessity     
( m5tion+ ! gradus propior1 & n ! gradus
 remotior1     z /at$ 9 y\r             
correspond5t's lett]4      #b4 ,accord+ 
to ! op9ion n[ almo/ univ]sally receiv$1
     ?is necessity does n exi/--s f> z !
 validity ( !     disp5sation is        

conc]n$--except :5 ! gradus propior is !
     gradus primus1 :i* %\ld be always  
m5tion$1 :e!r x     concurs ) ! second1 
?ird1 or f\r?2 & y\r correspond5t     is
 q correct 9 /at+ t a misappreh5sion ( !
     mean+ ( a con/itution ( ,b5$ict    
,,xiv4 has l$ ,/4 ,liguori     to adopt 
an op9ion completely at v>iance ) ?is4  
,b x     is manife/ t ! ,sa9t's mi/ake  
has n be5 ins]t$ 9     ! v late/        
editions ( ! works on moral !ology mo/ 9
     use at pres5t--su* z ^? ( ,gury &  
,scav9i2 =1 :ile     ,/4 ,liguori ext5ds
 ! necessity to all ^? cases 9 :i*     !
 fir/ or second degree concurs ) ano!r m
 remote     7,!ol4 ,mor41 lib41 n4      
#aacf71 ,gury falls into ! opposite     
extreme by ma9ta9+ t 9 consangu9itate   
inaequali1 ev5     ! fir/ degree ne$ n  
be m5tion$1 except :5 x concurs     ) ! 
second 7,gury1 ,!ol4 ,moralis1 #ac? ed41
 p4 #eid1     n4 #hfg1 n #hgf47      #c4
 ,scav9i c]ta9ly copi$ 9 ! e>lie/       
editions ( 8 "w     ! op9ion ( ,/4      
,liguori2 b ! mi/ake has be5 long s9ce  

correct$4 ,9 ! ,p>is ,edition ( #ahee1  
he says3 ,decl>avit     ,b5$ictus       
,,xiv41 ,brevi ,etsi1 conjugium 444     
illicitum esse     s$ non invalidum modo
 prop9quitas non sit primi gradus       
consangu9itatis vel aff9itatis1 scilicet
 mixti cum caet]is     usque ad qu>tum  
gradum--t4 #d1 p4 #ejc4 ,i h exam9$     
sev]al     editions :i* 7 publi%$ s9ce !
 "o f :i* ,i h     quot$1 & 9 all ^! !  
same view is laid d[n4      #d4 ,y\r    
correspond5t /ates t ! op9ion ( ,gury 0 
adopt$ by ,scav9i4 ,i ?9k ?is /atem5t is
 h>dly correct4     ,mo/ c]ta9ly x is n 
correct ) ref]5ce to any ( !            
editions ( ,scav9i's works :i* are      
commonly us$ 9 ,irel&4      #e4 ,9 a    
late edition ( ,gury's "w1 :i*1 ,i      
suppose1 has n     yet fall5 "u ! notice
 ( y\r correspond5t1 ! error 9     n4   
#hfg is correct$ by ! foll[+ note3      
,invalidatur 9 g5]e1     disp5satio si  
reticetur primus gradus 444 pro =o      
int]no1     expressio propioris gradus  
non requiritur nisi sit primus4         

,editio t]tia ,g]manica n4 #hfg1 p4     
#dfe4      #f4 ,c>d9al ,g\sset und\bt$ly
 foll[$ ! view ( ,/4 ,liguori2     b !  
ref]5ce to 8 "w %\ld be t4 #b1 n4 #hfe1 
n     n4 #aacf4      #g4 ,9 conclusion1 
,i may rem>k t ! !ory sugge/$ by y\r    
correspond5t z a possible explanation ( 
,/4 ,liguori's mi/ake1     does n appe> 
to be admissible4 ,! con/itution ,etsi  
,matr4     _h ref]5ce inde$ to a case 9 
:i* two imp$im5ts exi/$2     & ! ,pope  
decl>$ t ! m>riage 0 invalid1 because no
     m5tion _h be5 made ( ! d\ble       
imp$im5t 9 ! petition     = !           
disp5sation4 ,he expla9$1 h[ev]1 at "s  
l5g?     t ! invalidity 0 caus$ by ?is  
defect alone1 & t     no difficulty w\ld
 h aris5 9 case !re _h be5 b     "o     
imp$im5t--relation%ip 9 ! ?ird & f\r?   
degrees1     al?\gh ! disp5sation _h be5
 grant$ = ! f\r? )\t     any m5tion ( ! 
?ird4      ,among/ o!r reasons = ?is    
decision1 he speaks ( !     common      
cons5t ( !ologians1 :o agree t 9 ! case 
(     a relation%ip 9 ! ?ird & f\r?     

degrees1 x is n     necess>y to m5tion !
 gradus prop9quior :5 seek+ !           
disp5sation4      ,!re c be no d\bt t x 
0 ?is passage :i* induc$     ,/4        
,liguori to conclude t if ! gradus      
prop9quior 7 !     fir/ or second1 x    
%\ld be express$ 9 ! petition4      ,he 
c\ld h>dly h committ$ su* a mi/ake z to 
suppose t     duplex imp$im5tum1 meant  
an imp$im5t ( consangu9ity 9     !      
second degree4 ,x is evid5t t he did n  
fall into ?is     error1 = imm$iately   
aft]w>ds1 :5 discuss+ ! "q     reg>d+ a 
duplex imp$im5tum 7n4 #aach71 he adopts 
! op9ion     ( ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 on ?is    
subject1 quot+ ! same con/itution1      
,etsi1 9 support ( 8 view4      ,i      
rema91 ,rev]5d ,g5tlem51 respectfully   
y\rs1                                   
,,dubl95sis4      ,may #g?1 #ahfe4      
,,docum5ts4   ,,decree ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$  
,,congregation ,,( ,,propag&a4   ,i4    
,,decretum4  ,s4 ,congregationis de     
,propag&a ,fide habitae die #ab         
,aprilis1 #ahjb4  ,quum nom9e           

,ar*iepiscoporum1 ,episcoporum1 et      
,vic>iorum ,apo/olicorum ,m4 ,britanniae
 ,s4 ,congregationi de ,propag&a ,fide  
proposita fu]9t tria quaesita1 nempe3   
,i4 ,an ,episcopi1 ,ar*iepiscopi1 et    
,vic>ii ,apo/olici ,m4 ,britanniae1 qui 
facultatem hab5t a ,s4 ,s$e ,apo/olica  
disp5s&i cum ,ca?olicis 9 nonnullis     
imp$im5tis matrimonialibus1 iis         
facultatibus valide et licite uti poss9t
 9 matrimoniis mixtis1 nempe disp5s&i   
cum p>te ,ca?olica1 quae p>ti aca?olicae
 nub]e velit4  ,,ii4 ,an ,episcopi      
,hib]niae1 qui ex jurejur&o 9           
consecratione prae/ito deb5t ,,ss4      
,apo/olorum lim9a s+ulis dec5niis       
visit>e1 et /atus propriae ,dioecesis   
relationem pres5t>e1 initium dec5nii    
sum]e debeant a die propriae            
consecrationis1 an primum dec5nium      
num]>e a data#bb con/itutionis s4       
,memoriae ,sixti ,v4 quae incipit1      
,romanus ,pontifex et sic de9ceps4      
,,iii4 ,an disp5satio a ,,ss4 lim9um    
visitatione1 a ,summo ,pontifice ,pio   

,,vi41 die #g ,maji #agih ,episcopis et 
,ar*iepiscopis ,hib]niae imp]tita cum   
clausula quamdiu praes5tes r]um         
circum/antiae p]durav]9t1 ad praes5s    
cessav]it4  ,em95tissimi ,patres1       
ref]5te ,r4 ,d4 ,p4 ,dom9ico ,coppola1  
,ar*iepiscopo ,myr5si secret>io         
respond5dum esse c5su]unt4  ,ad ,i4     
,negative2 et supplic&um esse           
,sanctissimo pro sanatione 9 radice     
omnium matrimoniorum1 quae cum hujusmodi
 disp5sationibus ad haec usque tempora  
contracta sunt3 ,iisque d&am esse       
in/ructionem anni #aggd ad ,episcopum   
,culm5sem transmissam4  ,ad ,,ii4       
,incipi5dum esse primum dec5nium a die  
con/itutionis summi ,pontificis ,sixti  
,v4 quae incipit ,romanus ,pontifex4 ,si
 v]o ,episcopi circa ultimum dec5nii    
annum consecrati visitationem expl]e ac 
relationem /atus suae ,dioecesis        
transmitt]e nequeant1 ab ,apo/olica ,s4 
,s$e prorogationem expo/ul5t4  ,ad      
,,iii4 ,pra$ictam disp5sationem         
cessasse4 ,datum ,romae ex ,a,edibus    

dictae ,s4 ,congregationis die #bj      
,octobris #ahjb4                        
,s4 ,,c>d9alis ,,borgia1 ,praefectus4   
,,dom9icus1 ,ar*iepiscopus ,myr5sis1    
,secret>ius4  ,,loco  ,,sigilli4        
7,copia v]a1 ,ri*>dus ,armacanus74      
,,ii4  ,,two ,,decrees ,,( ,,!          
,,propag&a1 ,,conf]r+ ,,! ,,p>i% ,,(    
,,coolock ,,& ,,! ,,preb5d ,,( ,,wickl[ 
,,on ,,! ,,late ,,mo/ ,,rev4 ,,dr4      
,,murray1 ,,ar*bi%op ,,( ,,dubl94  ,we  
publi% ^? decrees to pres]ve !m f ! fate
 ( _m o!r important docum5ts4 ,be+      
connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( "o ( ! mo/        
illu/ri\s prelates ( ! diocese ( ,dubl91
 !y possess a peculi> value & int]e/4 ,!
 b5efices ref]r$ to _h devolv$ to !     
,holy ,see1 because ,dr4 ,ryan1 !       
previ\s incumb5t1 _h be5 promot$ to !   
episcopal rank4   ,,decretum  ,sacrae   
,congregationis de ,propag&a ,fide4     
,quum p] promotionem ,r4 ,d4 ,patritii  
,ryan ad (ficium ,coadjutoris 9         
,ecclesia ,f]n5si 9 ,hib]nia apud ,s$em 
,apo/olicam vacav]it ,p>o*ialis         

,ecclesia de ,coolock1 ,dioecesis       
,dubl95sis cum adnexis1 quam dictus     
,patritius 9 titulum obt9ebat1 ,sacra   
,congregatio ex pote/ate sibi facta a   
,sanctissimo ,dom9o ,no/ro ,pio ,div9a  
,provid5tia ,p4,p4 ,,vii4 ,lutetiae     
,p>isiorum1 ,p>o*ialem ,ecclesiam       
praefatam cum ei adnexis b5igne contulit
 ,rev]5do ,dom9o ,danieli ,murray1      
,presbyt]o probitate doctr9a1 ac zelo a 
,r4 ,p4 ,d4 ,ar*iepiscopo ,dubl95si     
comm5dato4  ,datum ,romae ex ,a,edibus  
dictae ,sacrae ,congregationis die #bf  
,janu>ii #ahje4                         
,a4 ,,c>d4 ,,dugnani ,pro-,praef4       
,dom9icus ,ar*iepiscopus ,,myr54        
,secret>ius4   ,,decretum  ,sacrae      
,congregationis de ,propag&a ,fide4     
,die #aa ,m>tii #ahje4  ,quum p]        
promotionem ,r4 ,d4 ,patritii ,ryan ad  
(ficium ,coadjutoris ,ecclesiae ,f]n5sis
 9 ,hib]nia vacav]it et adhuc vacet     
,canonicatus1 sive ,praeb5da de ,wickl[1
 quam dictus ,patritius obt9ebat 9      
,majori ,ecclesia ,dubl95si1 ,sacra     

,congregatio1 ut5do facultatibus sibi   
tributis a ,sanctissimo ,dom9o ,no/ro   
,pio1 ,div9a ,provid5tia ,p4,p4 ,,vii4  
durante ejus abs5tia ab ,urbe1 dictum   
,canonicatum1 sive ,praeb5dam de ,wickl[
 cum omnibus juribus1 et p]t95tiis suis 
b5igne contulit ,r4 ,d4 ,danieli ,murray
 ,presbyt]e ,saecul>i viro doctr9a1 ac  
,religionis zelo1 caet]isque virtutibus 
a ,r4 ,p4 ,d4 ,ar*iepiscopo ,dubl95si   
specialit] comm5dato4                   
,a4 ,,c>d4 ,,dugnani ,pro-,praef4       
,dom9icus ,ar*iepiscopus ,,myr54        
,secret>ius4   ,,iii4  ,,lett] ,,( ,,!  
,,iri% ,,bi%ops ,,to ,,! ,,propag&a1    
#ahja4  ,dubl9o #ai ,novembre #ahja4  ,i
 ,metropolitani e ,vescovi d',irl&a     
sotto descritti amm9i/ratori del        
,collegio di ,s4 ,patrizio adunati qui1 
letto il grazioso biglietto di          
,monsignore ,secret>io di ,propag&a     
indirizzato al ,padre ,m4 ,concan5 sotto
 il di #gbc ,ago/o prossimo passato1 lo 
pregano d' umili>e loro pr(ondissimo    
divoto rispetto e v5]azione alla        

,santita di ,no/ro ,signore1 a cui      
pr(essano la piu viva riconosc5za p] la 
pat]na sua sollicitud9e ed att5zione ai 
loro int]essi e dov]i4  ,quanto al      
consaputo piano ideato dal ,gov]no      
,brittanico 9 suppo/o vantaggio della   
,ecclesia/ica ,g]>*ia 9 ,irl&a1         
,monsignore ,segret>io e gia in=mato dei
 loro ,s5tim5ti dal dettagliato         
riscontro *e ne di$e ,l',arcivescovo di 
,dubl9o all' ,emo ,signor ,c>d9ale      
,borgia1 ,pro-,prefetto allora della ,s4
 ,congregazione3 ,di*i>ano ora *e non   
adott]anno v]un piano *e non sia con=me 
alle massime inalt]abili della no/ra    
santa ,religione ed ai diritti della ,s4
 ,s$e ,apo/olica1 t55do p] nullo ed     
invalido qualunque piano ,ecclesia/ico  
*e non sia dalla m$esima autorizzato e  
conf]mato4 ,desid]ano ard5tem5te *e il  
plausibile si/ema da loro f9ora oss]vato
 sia seguitato1 ed a/]ranno             
scrupolosam5te d' av] 9 mira qualunque  
loro proprio temporale vantaggio tratt&o
 col ,gov]no ,brittannico1 a cui        

pr(essano la piu dis9t]essata ubb$i5za e
 gratitud9e4  ,pres5tem5te non si p>la  
dell' ideato progetto1 ne si p>l]a prima
 della publicazione del nuovo           
,concordato tra la ,s4 ,s$e ed il       
,gov]no ,francese1 a norma del quale 9  
alcuni suppo/i articoli si regol]a come 
se dice1 an*e que/o ,gov]no4  ,intanto  
bramano vivissimam5te i ,metropolitani e
 ,vescovi d',irl&a dalla pat]na         
sollicitud9e e saviezza del ,santo      
,padre quei maggiori lumi *e /im]a1     
opportuni p] s*i>ire que/o scabroso     
aff>e e regol>e la loro condotta nel    
maneggi>lo nelle criti*e circo/anze 9   
cui si ritrovano p] l' infelicita dei   
tempi pres5ti4  ,l' ,arcivescovo di     
,dubl9o lo ,scriv5te nell' eseguire i   
vol]i dei ,metropolitani e ,vescovi     
sotto descritti communic&o que/i loro   
s5tim5ti1 si rassegna colla piu v]ace e 
di/9ta ,/ima1 etc4                      
,i ,,vescovo ,,acc5nati ,sono4          
,,ric>do1 ,arc4 ,armacano4   ,,tommas1  
,arc4 ,casseli5se4   ,,patrizio         

,,giuseppe1 ,vescovo ,mid5se4           
,,edmondo1 ,vescovo ,elf95se4   ,f4     
,,gio4 ,,tom41 ,arcivo4 ,dubl9i5se4     
,,odo>do1 ,ar*ivescovo ,tuam5se4        
,,giacomo1 ,vescovo ,f]n5se4            
,,giovanni1 ,vescovo ,ardaghad5se4  ,a4 
,monsignore ,segret>io di ,propag&a4    
,,iv4  ,,address ,,( ,,! ,,iri% ,,bi%ops
 ,,to ,,pope ,,pius ,,vii4 ,,9 #ahad1   
,,) ,,! ,,pontiff',s ,,reply4  ,9 ord]  
to pres]ve ! foll[+ valuable docum5ts1  
we ins]t !m 9 our pages4 ,! fir/ is an  
address ( all ! ,iri% bi%ops to ,pius   
,,vii4 on 8 return f captivity 9 #ahad2 
! second is ! ,pope's reply4  ,i4  ,spes
 d5ique revixit ,*ri/ianis1 et rep>ata  
e/ incolumitas ,ecclesiae ,ca?olicae1   
,salvo ,,te1 qui ,,*ri/um non magis     
auctoritate quam pati5tia repraes5tas1  
atque div9itus ex iis erepto mis]iis1   
quibus et ve/rae ,s$is ,maje/as et tu>um
 virtutum afflicta indignissime         
t5ebatur1 ,sancte et ,gloriosissime     
,pontifex ,dom9e ,,pie ,,septime ,vir   
,dei4 ,quod ut ev5isse s+ulis nationibus

 gratum e/1 quaecunque ad ev]t5dam      
dom9ationem ta$io s]vitutis ex>s]ant2 ut
 bonis jucundum omnibus2 ,ca?olicis v]o 
exoptatum atque +5tis desid]ii ac voti  
fuit3 ita nobis1 ,beatissime ,,pat]1 qui
 primi omnium1 va/ata ,re ,publica      
,*ri/ianorum1 ita doluimus1 ut vel      
,populi illius ,romani tui fletibus non 
m9or de ,,te respond]et gemitus no/]2   
quique pra5untiavimus haud diuturnam    
futuram i/am tantam crudelitatem2 qui   
demum solemni obte/atione int]diximus1  
ne quis1 ,,te oppresso1 pra]ogativam    
,sacrosanctae ,pote/atis int]cip]et1 non
 solum communis attulit fructum         
laetitiae1 s$ et victoriae jam no/rae   
laudem aliquam conjunctam atque         
coha]5tem admirabilibus triumphis       
,,tuis4 ,itaque quorum fides tibi1 ,b4  
,p4 9 luctuosissimo r]um tempore invicta
 con/itit1 jam licebit c>itatem et      
gaudia no/ra ambitiosius 9 publica      
felicitate pr(it]i4 ,,dext]a tua ,,dom9e
 magnificata e/ 9 virtute3 ,,dext]a tua 
,,dom9e p]cussit inimicum4 ,et 9        

multitud9e gloriae tuae deposui/i       
adv]s>ios tuos3 ,flavit ,spiritus ,tuus 
et op]uit eos m>e4  ,proximum e/ po/    
tuam v5]ationem1 ,b4 ,p4 ut amplissimum 
,s5atus ,tui ,ord9em fau/is             
acclamationibus prosequamur4 ,s$ v]o an 
ulla oratio no/ra1 aut ulla omn9o laus  
p> sit tam div9ae con/antiae decl>&ae8  
,qui cum a ,tuo s9u avulsi 9 alios alii 
c>c]es et div]sae exsilia includ]5tur1  
adeo non pot5tiae1 non injuriis1 non    
contumeliis submis]unt animum1 ut       
praecl>a jam apud omnes nom9etur        
magnitudo animi illorum1 fides1         
gravitas1 pietas1 innoc5tia4 ,imm5sa    
nempe laus1 quam de ru9a honorum suorum 
tanquam ex inc5dio ereptam1 firmam sibi 
comp>av]unt ad memoriam saeculorum      
omnium4  ,nunc liceat apud ,,te1 ,b4 ,p4
 gratul>i v5]abilibus collegis no/ris   
,episcopis ,italicis1 qui et            
confessionis titulo1 et fidei erga      
,,tuam ,,sanctitatem spl5didissimo      
crim9e a]umnas1 squalorem1 m9as cum vi  
et exsilio p]pessi jam recreantur4 ,nec 

praet]eundus ,cl]us ille ve/] ,urbicus  
et ,romanus =tis et sanctus1 quos aut 9 
insulam deportatos aut 9 ,rhaetiam      
ab/ractos tyranni impot5s furor         
p]secutus e/4 ,fru5tur hi r$uces tua    
,,beatissime ,,pat]1 r$ucis eximia      
elem5tia4 ,fama c]te illu/ri suo ipsi   
m]ito p]fru5tur4 ,scilicet multiplici   
exp]im5to comp]tum e/ virtutem ,,*ri/i  
non posse obsolesc]e 9 ,ecclesia        
,ca?olica3 eundemque 9 ,,te tuisque     
vig]e spiritum etiam nunc contemptorem  
mortis1 qui et olim 9 sanctis ,m>tyribus
 triumphav]it3 ubi spiritus ,,*ri/i sit1
 ibi et lib]tatem esse consciam         
immortalitatis4  ,attollat jam ipsa     
,urbs1 ,sanctorum hospita1 religionis   
arx1 depressum a gladiatorio s]vitio    
caput1 seseque impune mem9]it illam     
esse1 quo ara fo$]is ,*ri/iani p]petua  
con/ituta sit3 ubi ,apo/oli aet]num     
s$eant jura dicturi populis4 ,exsult5t  
,m>tyrum c9]es1 et ,apo/olorum monum5ta 
laet5tur2 ve/raque1 socii conditores non
 int]iturae sub ,,*ri/o civitatis1      

,,petre ac ,,paule1 ad i/am laetitiam   
ossa commoveantur1 re/ituto ,,pio       
,,septimo ve/ris et suis s$ibus4        
,gratuletur etiam sibi felix            
,,britannia1 quamvis a ,fide no/ra      
diss5ti5s1 tropaeis onu/a et rea voti   
tam51 quippe cui id firmum immotumque   
omni tempore ins$]it1 ut ob/>et         
grassanti impot5tiae1 debell>et         
tyrannos1 pacem repraes5t>et orbi       
t]r>um4 ,enimv]o haec pr9ceps desp]anti 
jam de vita saeculo et imp]atrix signum 
extulit lib]tatis atque concordiae4     
,haec eadem ,duces maximos a]>ii inf9iti
 prodiga et sangu9is suorum1 ex]citusque
 invictos1 quaquav]sum misit2 etiam     
legiones =tissimas ,ca?olicorum         
no/rorum3 quorum 9 ,aegypto1 ,italia1   
,lusitania1 ,hispania1 ,galliaque ipsa  
facta commemorabuntur4 ,huic igitur     
imp]io tantam hab]i oportet a ,ca?olicis
 gratiam quanta ab hom9ibus ipsis       
debeatur lib]atoribus humani g5]is2     
eamque ,,te1 ,b4 ,p4 gratiam pro omnibus
 unum optime et nobilissime relaturum   

confidimus4  ,po/remum sancta g5ua      
cupidissime osculati1 tuamque pro nobis 
et pro gregibus no/ris ,apo/olicam      
,b5$ictionem flagitantes optamus1 ut    
,,is1 ,,te ,petri successorem1 qui      
mirabilit] eripuit de manu ,h]odis1     
,,deus at ,,dom9us no/] ,,jesus         
,,*ri/us1 diu prosp]et1 ac firmet solium
 tuum 9 pace4  ,ex ,regio ,ca?olicorum  
,collegio ,manutiano1   ,ad diem v ,kal4
 ,jun4 ,,mdcccxiv4                      
,,subscriptiones ,,episcoporum4   ,,ii4 
,,pivs ,p4,p4 ,,vii4  ,v5]abiles        
,fratres ,salutem1 et ,apo/olicam       
,b5$ictionem4 ,quantop]e ,litt]is ve/ris
 ,v4 ,kal4 ,junias ad ,nos datis        
delectati simus1 satis explic>e1        
,v5]abiles ,fratres1 non possumus1      
eximiis adeo amoris erga ,nos1 et       
apo/olicam s$em s5sibus ref]tae sunt4   
,p]suasos itaque ,vos esse volumus      
(ficium1 quo pro felici calamitatum     
no/r>um exitu nup] p]functi e/is1 omni  
ex p>te gratissimum ,nobis accidisse4   
,s$ et ,v5]abiles ,fratres ,s4 ,r4 ,e4  

,c>d9ales1 ,italiae ,episcopi1 ,cl]usque
 ,urbis univ]sus +5tes p]petuo gratias  
vobis habituri sunt1 quod ipsorum omnium
 =titud9em1 con/antiam1 fidem omni      
laudum g5]e prosecuti sitis4 ,etsi v]o  
illius1 quae ,nos et totam ,ecclesiam   
dirissime affligebat calamitatis        
cessatio dext]ae ,excelsi adscrib5da    
omn9o sit3 int] naturales tam5 tam      
subitae1 tamque admir&ae r]um           
conv]sionis causas1 pr9cipem facile     
locum ,,britannia obt9et1 quae !sauris1 
ex]citibus1 classibus suis1 junctisque  
fo$]atorum ,pr9cipum armis impia        
,tyranni ,europam latissime va/antis    
consilia disp]sit1 viresque contrivit4  
,ut9am ,,deus ,,optimus ,,maximus ea    
nationi tam praecl>e de orbe univ]so    
m]itae b5eficia retribuat1 quibus v]am1 
solidam1 absolutamque num]is omnibus    
felicitatem consequatur4 ,quamvis autem 
,ca?olici ve/rae curae commissi suis    
erga ,pote/atem1 cui subjac5t1 (ficiis  
plane respondeant1 nec b5e1 ut dicitur1 
curr5ti /imulos add]e necesse sit3 ,vos 

tam51 ,v5]abiles ,fratres1 hort>i eos1  
ut facitis1 indes95t] p]getis1 ne quid  
unquam committant1 de quo m]ito         
repreh5di ab eadem ,pote/ate poss9t4    
,cum omnes pa/oralis (ficii p>tes tanto 
cum zelo1 et anim>um pr(ectu impleatis1 
huic etiam ,vos accurate satisfacturos  
non dubitamus4 ,pat]nae int]im1         
praecipuaeque no/rae ergo vos *>itatis  
pignus1 ,apo/olicam ,b5$ictionem ,vobis1
 gregibusque ve/ris p]amant] imp]timur1 
,datum ,romae apud ,s4 ,m>iam ,majorem  
sub ,annulo ,piscatoris die ,,xxvii4    
,julii1 ,,mdcccxiv4 ,pontificatus ,no/ri
 ,anno ,decimo ,qu9to4                  
,dom9icus ,te/a4  ,v5]abilibus          
,fratribus ,ar*iepiscopis et ,episcopis 
,hib]niae4     ,,notices ,,( ,,books4   
,i4      ,! ,culdees ( ! ,briti% ,isles1
 z !y appe> 9 ,hi/ory1     ) an ,app5dix
 ( ,evid5ces4 ,by ,william ,reeves1     
,d4,d4 ,gill1     ,dubl91 #ahfd1 pp4    
v4--#afc4  ,9 treat+ ( ! life ( ,/4     
,columba1 "s ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,reeves     
express$ 8 hope t he %\ld h an e>ly     

opportunity ( deal+ ) ! ,culdee "q 9 a  
special diss]tation4 ,mu* to !          
satisfaction ( all lov]s ( ,iri% sacr$  
antiquities1 among :om ,dr4 ,reeves'    
reputation is des]v$ly great1 ?is hope 0
 realis$ t[>ds ! close ( #ahfj1 :5 !    
au?or read be=e ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy 
two pap]s on ! ,culdees4 ,^! pap]s =m ! 
matt] ( ! "w "u notice2 & we propose to 
give an acc\nt ( x to our read]s z mu* z
 possible 9 ! au?or's own words4  ,be=e 
ent]+ ^u 8 subject1 ,dr4 ,reeves sets =?
 ! object he has 9 view1 & ! me?od by   
aid ( :i* he proposes to atta9 x4       
,p]suad$ t indulg5ce 9 speculation has  
br\ght great detrim5t to ! cause ( ,iri%
 hi/ory & antiquities1 he puts =w>d 9 ^!
 pages n s mu* 8 own views on ! subject1
 z a compreh5sive /atem5t ( tru/wor?y   
mat]ials ^u :i* to =m a s\nd &          
philosophical op9ion4 ,) ?is object 9   
view1 b "o me?od 0 op5 to him1 namely1  
to collect & arrange all ! scatt]$      
evid5ce ^u ! subject :i* 8 ?or\gh & v>i$
 acqua9tance ) ,iri%1 ,scot*1 & ,engli% 

mat]ials ( hi/ory1 bo? publi%$ &        
unpubli%$1 enabl$ him to accumulate4    
,?is he has done ) fulness & precision1 
& hav+ complet$ 8 task1 he leaves x to !
 imp>tial read] to comb9e ! details     
plac$ be=e him1 & draw 8 conclusions =  
himself4 ,( ?is imp>tiality ! au?or     
believes t he sets an example 9 8 own   
prop] p]son2 :atev] 8 private s5tim5ts  
may be on ! po9ts at issue1 he pr(esses 
to hold !m back4 ,n t he is cold or     
indiff]5t to 8 subject1 = he decl>es t  
!re is "o weakness1 if x be a weakness1 
to :i* he mu/ plead guilty1 & t is1     
e>ne/ness 9 ! cause ( ,irel&'s anci5t   
dignity4 ,by t e>ne/ness we are all     
ga9]s1 & ! lab\rs x has dictat$ to !    
au?or w always hold a high place 9 ,iri%
 lit]ature4  ,! "w consi/s ( f\r p>ts1 )
 a valuable app5dix4 ,! fir/ "p conta9s 
prelim9>y obs]vations1 & is divid$ into 
two sections--"o on ! orig9 ( ! "n      
,cele-de1 or ,culdee1 ! o!r be+ devot$  
to an analysis ( t "n4 ,"p ,,ii4 is     
entitl$ ,! ,cele-de 9 ,irel&1 & consi/s 

( t5 sections1 respectively treat+ (    
/rang]s 9 ,irel& call$ ,cele-de1 ( !    
,cele-de ( ,tallaght1 ( ,armagh1 (      
,clonmacnoise1 ( ,clondalk91 ( ,mona9*a1
 ( ,dev5i%1 ( ,clones1 ( ,pubble1 & (   
,scatt]y ,isl&4 ,"p ,,iii4 is head$ ,!  
,cele-de or ,kelidei ( ,scotl&1 & has   
f\rte5 sections1 ! fir/ be+ occupi$ )   
g5]al rem>ks1 ! o!rs ) ! ,kelidei ( ,/4 
,&rew's1 ( ,dunkeld1 ( ,bre*91 (        
,rosem>kie1 ( ,dunblane1 ( ,dorno*1 (   
,lismore1 ( ,hy1 ( ,lo*lev51 ( ,ab]ne?y1
 ( ,monymusk1 ( ,mu?ill1 & ( ,monifre?4 
,"p ,,iv41 on ! ,colidei ( ,engl& &     
,wales1 has two sections--"o on !       
,colidei ( ,york1 ! o!r on ! ,colidei ( 
,b>dsey4 ,! app5dix consi/s ( evid5ces f
 au?orities ref]r$ to 9 ! essay1 &      
con/itutes a valuable collection (      
docum5ts1 ! importance ( "s ( :i* ext5ds
 f> beyond ! "q :i* !y are "h int5d$ to 
illu/rate4  ,9 lay+ be=e our read]s !   
sub/ance ( ! cont5ts ( ,"p ,i41 we %all 
take ! lib]ty ( inv]t+ ! au?or's ord] ( 
arrangem5t1 & comm5ce by ! analysis ( ! 

^w4 ,! "n ,cele-de is compos$ ( ! two   
words cele & de4 ,! ^w cele is ( frequ5t
 occurr5ce 9 ! e>ly ,iri% manuscripts1 &
 is ! usual gloss on ! words socius1    
m>itus1 :]e !y occur 9 ! ,wurtzburg copy
 ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les & ! ,/4 ,gall   
,priscian4 ,f ?is x passes into !       
pronom9al s5se ( alius1 alt]1 & !       
adv]bial ( seorsum4 ,m r>ely x has !    
s5se ( s]vus1 & 9 ,o',davor5's ,gloss>y 
is expla9$ by gilla  a s]vant2 & ) ?is  
int]pretation x is f\nd 9 mod]n ,iri% & 
,gaelic diction>ies4 ,! o!r compon5t1   
de1 is ! g5itive ( ,dia1 ,god1 & is f\nd
 z a k9d ( religi\s int5sitive 9        
comb9ation ) c]ta9 mona/ic t]ms1 z      
an*orita ,dei1 monialis ,dei4  ,?us     
,cele-de may mean sp\se ( ,god1 or fri5d
 ( ,god1 or s]vant ( ,god4 ,dr4 ,reeves 
pref]s ! la/-m5tion$ int]pretation1 = ! 
foll[+ reasons4 ,! devotion & self-d5ial
 peculi> to ! mona/ic life procur$ = ^? 
:o foll[$ x ! special designation ( s]vi
 ,dei1 :i* 9 "t acquir$ a te*nical      
application1 s t s]vus ,dei & mona*us   

became conv]tible t]ms1 ancilla ,dei    
signifi$ a nun1 & s]vire ,deo a mona/ic 
life4 ,9 ?is s5se1 z ,dr4 ,reeves %[s by
 num]\s quotations1 x runs ?r\gh ! works
 ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs1 ! acts ( c\ncils1 & ! 
biographies ( sa9ts4 ,! writ+s ( ,/4    
,gregory ! ,great 7call$ 9 ,irel&       
,bel-oir1 ! gold5-m\!d7 recomm5d$ ?is   
mean+ especially to ,irel&1 :]e t fa!r 0
 9 ! highe/ repute4 ,famili>is$1 !re=e1 
to ! expression s]vus ,dei1 x is only   
reasonable to suppose t ! ,iri% w\ld    
adopt x 9 _! disc\rse1 & f9d a          
conv5tional equival5t = x 9 ! language (
 _! c\ntry4 ,to ?is orig9 we may safely 
ref] ! creation ( ! ,celtic comp\nd     
cele-,de1 :i* 9 its employm5t possess$  
all ! latitude ( its model1 & 9 ! lapse 
( ages und]w5t all ! modifications or   
limitations ( mean+ :i* ! *anges ( "t & 
circum/ances or local usage produc$ 9 ! 
class to :om ! epi!t 0 appli$ 7pag4 #b74
 ,( ?is !re are _m examples3 ?us--#a1 ! 
,f\r ,ma/]s1 9 ! ,iri% ,annals ( #aeie1 
apply ! t]m to ! ,dom9ican ,fri>s (     

,sligo2 #b1 ! ,book ( ,f5agh uses x (   
,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/2 #c1 9 ! ,book ( 
,le9/] & ! ,book ( ,lismore1 ,/4 ,mol+1 
,abbot & ,bi%op ( ,f]ns 7ob4 #fig71     
classes himself among ! cele-n-,de1 &   
implies t 8 associates 7 ! mis]able1 t  
is1 ! sick & lep]s2 #d1 ,9 ,scotl&1 :i!r
 ! t]m ent]$ ) ! ,scotic immigrants1 we 
f9d 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury c]ta9 
ecclesia/ics entitl$ ,kel$ei sive       
,canonici4 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,reeves is (      
op9ion t ! t]m ,cele-de 0 n a di/9ctive 
"n borne uni=mly by any "o ord]1 b a t]m
 ( mo/ v>i\s application--n[ borne by   
h]mits1 n[ by conv5tuals2 n[ regul>s1 n[
 secul>s2 n[ ^? b\nd by pov]ty1 n[ ^?   
free to hold prop]ty4 ,ev5 :5 !y became 
relax$ & corrupt1 !y reta9$ _! anci5t   
"n4 ,speak+ ( ! ,kelidei ( ,/4 ,&rew's 9
 ,scotl&1 ,dr4 ,reeves believes t !     
e/ate ( matrimony 0 no disqualification 
= ! (fice ( a ,kelideus2 :ile ,van      
,hecke1 ! ,boll&i/ 7,acta ,,ss4         
,octobr41 tom4 viii4 p4 #aff1 b71 f !   
same passage ( ! ,hi/oria draws ! v     

opposite conclusion4 ,:5 at la/ ,cele-de
 does become a di/9ctive t]m1 x is only 
s z contra/+ ! old-fa%ion$ ,scotic monks
 ) ! *ildr5 ( m$iaeval in/itutions4  ,! 
"n ,cele-de is tak5 by ,tol&1           
,o',reilly1 & ,o',curry1 to mean sp\se (
 ,god1 & to conta9 an allusion to !     
celibacy1 ! seclusion1 & ! devotion ( ! 
anci5t monks ( ,irel&4 ,b ,dr4 ,reeves  
?9ks t !re is an incongruity 9 !        
expression sp\se ( ,god1 & ! nature ( ! 
comp\nd does n require su* an           
int]pretation4 ,no d\bt sponsa ,dei does
 occur 9 ecclesia/ical language =       
monialis1 b he has n be5 able to discov]
 an in/ance :]e sponsus ,dei has be5 us$
 z an equival5t = mona*us4  ,! ,york    
,*>tul>y1 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 & !     
,armagh records1 make ,cele-de  colideus
 & coelicula1 z if cele 0 equival5t to !
 ,lat9 colo4 ,?us ,cele-de1 w\ld be !   
same z ! ,lat9 ^w ,deicola4 ,! ,engli%  
"n ,culdee grew out ( ! =m ,culdeus1    
fir/ introduc$ by ,hector ,boece1 &     
sanction$ by ! practice ( ,george       

,bu*anan4  ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples on   
record ( ! use ( ! t]m ,cele-de occurs 9
 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,f9dan1 publi%$ by       
,golda/us 7,r]4 ,alamannic>4            
,scriptores1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah74 ,?is sa9t
 fl\ri%$ 9 ! ye> #hjj1 & 8 life 0       
compil$ n long aft]4  ,9 ! fir/ section 
( ,"p ,,ii4 x is %[n t ! ,cele-de 7 n   
suppos$ by ! ,iri% to be peculi> to ?is 
c\ntry4 ,9 section ! second ! community 
at ,tallaght is notic$ z pres5t+ to u1  
if we may cr$it c]ta9 ,iri% records1 !  
t]m ,cele-de 9 a def9ite s5se1 & 9 local
 connexion ) a religi\s in/itution4 ,9 !
 rule compos$ by ,maelrua9 ! memb]s ( t 
community are /yl$ ,cele-n-,de1 ei!r 9 !
 s5se ( an ord] /rictly s-call$1 or m   
likely 9 ! s5se ( ascetics1 or cl]ics ( 
/rict] obs]vance4 ,z to ! rule ( ,/4    
,c>?a* ( ,lismore 7pr9t$ f ,o',curry's  
,,mss41 pag4 #aab1 #agb1 ,iri%          
,ecclesia/ical ,record1 vol4 i4 "p #a71 
,dr4 ,reeves obs]ves t if x be a g5u9e  
composition1 or ev5 a mod]niz$ copy1 x w
 foll[ t ! ,cele-de 7 a sep>ate class   

previ\sly to ! ye> #fcf1 :5 ,/4 ,c>?a*  
di$1 & t !y 7 di/9ct f ! ord] call$     
monks--7pag4 #h74 ,n[ ( ! :ole family ( 
mona/ic rules to :i* ,/4 ,c>?a*'s       
belongs1 ,o',curry writes t ( !         
au!nticity ( ^! pieces !re c be no      
reasonable d\bt2 ! language1 ! /yle1 & !
 matt] are q 9 accordance ) ! times ( ! 
au?ors4#bd  ,9 ,armagh1 ! ,colidei 7    
(ficiat+ att5dants at ! alt> & *oir1    
be=e #aabf1 :5 ! introduction ( ! canons
 regul> dim9i%$ _! influ5ce &           
importance4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 cont9u$ 9 _!  
end[m5ts & religi\s functions1 b 9 a    
less prom95t position4 ,_! head became  
prec5tor1 & ! bre?r5 p]=m$ ! duties (   
vic>s 9 ! *oir4 ,at ,clonmacnoise !y 7  
connect$ ) an hospital2 at ,clondalk91  
,monah9*a1 ,dev5i%1 ,clones1 ,pubble1 & 
,scatt]y1 !y _h e/abli%m5ts m or less   
important4  ,f ,irel& ! ,colidei pass$  
into ,scotl&1 ! primitive hi/ory ( !    
,*ur* ( :i* is ess5tially ,iri% 9 its   
"*4 ,! ,kel$ei ( ,scotl& appe> = ! fir/ 
"t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,k5tig]n1 or        

,munghu1 z compil$ by ,jocel9 at ! close
 ( ! twelf? c5tury f mu* e>li]          
au?orities4 ,!y 7 und]/ood by ! ,scot*1 
9 ! twelf? c5tury1 to h be5 a religi\s  
ord] ( cl]ks1 :o liv$ 9 societies1 "u a 
sup]ior1 )9 a common enclosure1 b 9     
deta*$ cells1 associat$ 9 a sort (      
collegiate r ?an co5obitical            
bro!rhood--solit>ies 9 _! dome/ic       
habits1 ?\gh unit$ 9 ! common           
obs]vances1 bo? religi\s & secul>1 ( a  
/rict sodality4 ,su* 0 ! nucleus ( !    
great city ( ,glasg[4 ,p9k]ton says (   
!m3 ,! ,culdees 7 surely only ,iri%     
cl]gy4 ,9 ! gradual corruption ( !      
mona/ic ord] !y m>ri$1 & left _!        
,culdee%ips to _! *ildr54 ,b he is      
mi/ak5 9 d]iv+ _! orig9 f ,/4 ,columba2 
no d\bt !y 7 f\nd 9 lapse ( "t 9 *ur*es 
:i* t sa9t or 8 disciples f\nd$1 b 9    
,dr4 ,reeves' op9ion _! "n 0 9 no way   
di/9ctive4 ,iri% annals h only "o m5tion
 ( ,celi-de z exi/+ 9 ,hy1 & t example  
is ( s late a p]iod z #aafd4 ,f4 ,van   
,hecke1 ! ,boll&i/1 says3 ,cet]um et nos

 quoque ejus sumus op9ionis ut nullam   
int] ,columbranos mona*os et ,culdees   
cognats9em int]cessiore cr$emus--7,act4 
,,ss41 ,octob41 tom4 viii4 p4 #aff a74  
,x w\ld f> exce$ our limits to foll[    
,dr4 ,reeves 9 treat+ ( ! ,scot*        
,kelidean h\ses4  ,9 ,york1 at !        
dissolution ( mona/]ies1 !re exi/$ an   
hospital call$ ,/4 ,leon>d's1 ! *>tul>y 
( :i* tells u t 9 #hcf ,k+ ,a!l/an f\nd 
9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,york1 m5 ( holy   
life1 call$ ,kolidei1 :o ma9ta9$ out (  
scanty res\rces a numb] ( poor m54 ,!   
k+1 9 return = _! pray]s1 & to enable !m
 to d good1 grant$ to !m a ?rave ( corn 
f e pl\gh-l& 9 ! diocese ( ,york1 a     
donation :i* exi/$ until a late p]iod "u
 ! "n ( ,pet]-corn4 ,! community f\nd$  
an hospital :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,/4    
,leon>d's4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is community 9 
,york is a curi\s ve/ige ( ,iri%        
influ5ce1 disc]nible amid/ long cont9u$ 
,saxon usage1 :i*1 z we le>n f ,b$e1 01 
9 ecclesia/ical polity1 antagoni/ic to !
 ,scotic sy/em4  ,9 ,wales1 ! ,isle (   

,b>dsey1 (f ,c>n>von1 alone (f]s an     
example ( ,celi-de4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis
 describes !m 9 8 ,it9]>ium ,cambriae1  
#b1 #f1 p4 #hfe4  ,! practical value (  
,dr4 ,reeves' "w is mu* increas$ by an  
excell5t index4   ,,ii4      ,joseph    
,c>ri]e1 late ,sup]ior-,g5]al ( !       
,sulpicians1 &     ,vic>-,g5]al ( ,p>is2
 ,/4 ,sulpice & ! ,*ur* ( ,france     9 
8 "t4 ,by ,t4 ,j4 ,o',mahony1 ,d4,d41   
,d4,c4,l4 ,dubl93 ,mullany1     #ahfe1  
pp4 #aic4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,footnotes4   ,footnote
 #a3 ,no4 viii41 ,may1 pag4 #cge4       
,footnote #b3 ,9 ! article we ref] to ! 
le>n$ au?or 7pag4 #cgi7 writes t ! "n   
,me*> & ,ma*> are cle>ly "o & ! same "n4
 ,_! id5tity is inde$ q manife/ 9 !     
extracts f our ,iri% writ]s1 to :i* we w
 j n[ h occasion to ref]4  ,footnote #c3
 ,page #cgf4  ,footnote #d3 ,= fur!r    
acc\nts ( ! ,o',mea*airs see ! fir/     
volume ( ,cambr5sis ,ev]sus1 by ! late  
lam5t$ ,dr4 ,kelly1 pag4 #bfi4 ,see also
 ! ,f\r ,ma/]s passim1 :]e !y are call$ 

! dyna/s ( ,ui ,cair94  ,footnote #e3   
,mis]icordias ,dom9i3 ,hi/oire de ma    
conv]sion au ,ca?olicisme4 ,p> le ,doct4
 ,hug4 ,laemm]1 ,pretre du diocese      
d',erml&1 ,traduit de l'allem&1 pp4     
#bjf4 ,ca/]man1 ,t\rnai1 #ahfc4         
,footnote #f3 #a1 ,prague2 #b1 ,vi5na2  
#c1 ,friburg2 #d1 ,muni*2 #e1 ,olmutz2  
#f1 ,graetz2 #g1 ,wu]zburg2 #h1 ,mun/]4 
,footnote #g3 #a1 ,tueb+52 #b1          
,innspruck2 #c1 ,breslau2 #d1 ,bonn4 ,^!
 are call$ p>it>ian univ]sities3 ) !    
exception ( ! ,faculty ( ,!ology1 all ! 
o!r faculties are ,prote/ant4 ,!re are  
two ,faculties ( ,!ology1 "o ,ca?olic & 
! o!r ,prote/ant4  ,footnote #h3 #a1    
,heidelb]g2 #b1 ,leipsic2 #c1 ,ro/ock2  
#d1 ,greifswald2 #e1 ,m>burg2 #f1       
,ko5igsburg2 #g1 ,j5a2 #h1 ,kiel2 #i1   
,halle2 #aj1 ,goett+52 #aa1 ,erlang52   
#ab1 ,/utg>dt2 #ac1 ,gies52 & #ad1      
,b]l94  ,footnote #i3 ,see ,f>r>'s      
,critical ,hi/ory ( ,free ,?\ght1 pag4  
#cij4  ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,kir*5-,zeitung
 & ! ,kreuz-,zeitung are ! organs ( ?is 

body4  ,footnote #aa3 ,fa!r ,f4 ,m]tian1
 ( ! ,society ( ,jesus2 ,etudes1 etc41  
p> les ,p]es de la ,compagne de ,jesus4 
,no4 #cb1 ,may1 pag4 #ei4  ,footnote    
#ab3 ,! ,tueb+5 ,s*ool & its antec$5ts2 
a ,review ( ! ,hi/ory & ,pres5t         
,condition ( ,mod]n ,!ology4 ,by ,r4 ,w4
 ,mackay1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,williams &   
,norgate4  ,footnote #ac3 ,no4 #e1      
,july1 #ahfc1 p4 #bce4  ,footnote #ad3  
,apologia1 page #fc4  ,footnote #ae3 ,on
 ! condition ( ! ,prote/ant *ur* 9      
,g]many1 see ,doell+]'s ,! ,*ur* & !    
,*ur*es1 page #bfg1 ,m',cabe's          
,translation1 #ahdb4  ,footnote #af3    
,fa!r ,p]rone makes frequ5t ref]5ce to  
,h5g/5b]g's ,biblical lab\rs1 especially
 9 tract4 de ,inc>natione1 "p ,i4       
,footnote #ag3 ,! foll[+ are "s ( !     
works publi%$ by ,dr4 ,laemm] s9ce 8    
conv]sion3  #a4 ,greek3 ,eusebi\ t\     
,pamphil\ ,ekklesia/ikes ,hi/orias      
,bibloi ,deka4 ,eusebi ,pamphili        
,hi/oriae ,ecclesia/icae libri decem4   
,graecum textum collatis qui 9 ,g]maniae

 et ,italiae biblio!cis ass]vantur      
,codicibus et adhibitis prae/antissimis 
editionibus rec5suit atque em5davit1    
lat9am ,h5rici ,valesii v]sionem passim 
correctam subjunxit1 app>atum criticum  
apposuit1 fontes annotavit1 prolegom5a  
et indices adjecit ,d4 ,hugo ,laemm]1   
,presbyt] ,v>mi5sis4 ,fasc4 ,i4 ,cum    
tabulis duabus ,specim9a ,codicum septem
 cont95tibus4 ,scaphusiae sumtibus      
libr>iae ,hurt]ianae4 ,,mdccclix4  #b4  
,de codicibus ,rec5sionibusque ,hi/oriae
 ,ecclesia/icae ,eusebii ,caes>i5sis    
scripsit ,d4 ,hugo ,laemm]1 #ahfj4  #c4 
,anecdota ,b>oniana1 ex codd4 ,,mss4    
collegit1 selectaque specim9a edidit ,d4
 ,hugo ,laemm]4 ,rome1 #ahfj4  #d4      
,monum5ta ,vaticana1 hi/oriam           
ecclesia/icam saeculi ,,xvi4            
illu/rantia4 ,ex tabul>iis ,s4 ,s$is    
,apo/olicae secretis exc]psit1 digessit1
 rec5suit1 prolegom5isque et indicibus  
in/ruxit ,hugo ,laemm]4 ,una cum        
fragm5tis ,neapolitanis ac ,flor5t9is1  
#hvo4  ,footnote #ah3 ,analect4 praef42 

also "p i4 p4 #ci1 et seqq4 ,see also   
,curry's ,hi/orical ,memoirs1 p4 #ci1   
seqq4 ,"s late ,prote/ant writ]s h n    
hesitat$ to ass]t t ! bloodh\nds 7      
unkn[n to ! executors ( ,engli% law4    
,h[ev]1 ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,roo!1 an     
eye-witness1 :o (t5 %>$ ! p]ils ( 8     
flock1 is unimpea*able2 &1 moreov]1 9 ! 
pres5t in/ance1 we h 8 te/imony confirm$
 by ! *>t] ( ,james ,i41 publi%$ 9      
,proce$+s ( ,royal ,iri% ,academy1      
au?oriz+ ,h5ry ,tutte%am1 9 #afad1 to   
keep f\r m5 & twelve c\ple ( h\nds 9 e  
c\nty ( ,irel&1 = sev5 ye>s4 ,al?\gh !  
p]mission 0 grant$1 9 ord] to de/roy !  
wolves :i* infe/$ ! c\ntry1 we "k f     
sev]al au?orities h[ su* p]missions 7   
p]v]t$1 by ! +5uity ( ! p]secutors1 to  
compass ! de/ruction ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,see
 ,proce$+s ( ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 vol4
 ii41 p4 #gg4  ,footnote #ai3 ,?is sket*
 is sec4 #h ( ! ,relatio entitl$ ,brevis
 in=matio ad ,illmos4 ,d4,d4 ,c>dd4 ,s4 
,congreg4 ,prop4 ,fidei1 de /atu        
,religionis 9 ,regno ,hib]niae1 et      

praes5te ejus necessitate1 exhibita die 
#d ,febr4 #afbc4 ,ex ,ar*iv4 ,s4        
,congregat4  ,footnote #bj3 ,^! tombs 7 
repair$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago by ! late   
,dom9ick ,o',reilly ,esq41 ( ,kildangan1
 c\nty ,kild>e1 a s9c]e lov] ( 8 c\ntry 
& its antiquities4  ,footnote #ba3 ,see 
,record1 vol4 i4 "p ii4 pages #chi1     
#cij4  ,footnote #bb3 ,! date ( !       
publication ( ! con/itution ,romanus    
,pontifex is #bj? ,decemb]1 #aehe4      
,footnote #bc3 ,= lett] see ,iri%       
,ecclesia/ical ,record1 vol4 i1 "p ii4  
page #ed4  ,footnote #bd3 ,lect4 xviii41
 pag4 #cgc-d1 vol4 i4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,9 ! ,docum5ts   
section1 ! symbol = a ,maltese ,cross   
has be5 repres5t$ us+ 4  ,m9or obvi\s   
typographic errors h be5 correct$4      
,inconsi/5cies 9 ! usage (              
capitalization1 acc5ts & ligatures are  
pres]v$ z pr9t$4  ,?is issue z pr9t$    
ends ) a summ>y = ! book by ,t4 ,j4     
,o',mahony1 )\t an accompany+ review4