,,the ,,irish ,,ecclesiastical ,,record4 ,,june1 #ahfe4 ,,blessed ,,thaddeus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,cork ,,and ,,cloyne4 ,a4,d4 #adib4 ,the interesting and very learned article which appeared in the last number of the ,record#a has contributed much to illustrate the life of the ,blessed ,thaddeus1 and to make known to the ,irish ,church a distinguished prelate whose virtues and sanctity adorned our island towards the close of the fifteenth century1 which is precisely one of the darkest eras of our history4 ,as1 however1 some of the writer's conclusions can scarcely be reconciled with the statement which we made in a preceding article on the ,bishops of ,cork and ,cloyne 7,record1 p4 #cab71 viz41 that this holy ,bishop's name was ',thaddeus ,machar or ,maher'1 we take the liberty of laying before the reader the reasons on which our opinion was based1 and which compel us1 however unwilling1 to exclude from the princely family of the ,m',carthys the saintly prelate whose relics now enrich the cathedral of ,ivrea4 #a4 ,the town of ,ivrea1 to use the learned writer's words1 is the capital of the ,piedmontese province of the same name1 and we may add that it is most picturesquely situated at the foot of the ,alps1 and is one of the first ,italian towns which the traveller meets when1 having crossed ,mount ,st4 ,bernard1 he wends his way towards ,vercelli or ,novara4 ,in medieval documents ,ivrea receives the ,latin names of ,eporedia1 ,iporegia1 and ,hipporegia1 as may be seen in ,ughelli's ,italia ,sacra1 or in the later work of ,cappalletti1 ',le ,chiese d',italia' 7,venice1 #aheh1 vol4 xiv41 pag4 #agg71 and at the time of which we speak1 the see was held by ,nicholas ,garigliati1 who was appointed its bishop in #adhc1 and died in #adii4 #b4 ,that the ,blessed ,thaddeus1 who by his sanctity and miracles merited to be numbered amongst the patrons of ,ivrea1 was ,bishop of ,cork and ,cloyne1 is beyond all controversy4 ,to the arguments advanced by the writer in the last ,record we may add an extract from the ,todd ,,mss4 given by ,brady in his ,records of ,cork 7vol4 iii4 pag4 #dd71 in which ,bishop ,thaddeus1 who was appointed to the see of ,cork in #adij1 is said to have died at the town of ,eporedia in ,piedmont in #adib4 ,the date #dth ,october1 is indeed added1 but this is probably a mere misprint for the #bdth ,october1 the true date of the demise of our holy bishop4 #c4 ,ware informs us that this ,thaddeus was by some called ,mechar 7pag4 #efc71 and the documents of ,ivrea place beyond doubt that such was his true name4 ,thus the ,bishop of ,ivrea writes1 ,thaddaeum ,machar1#b ,episcopum ,hib4 illum esse innotuit ex chartis quas deferebat1 and the old parchment record to which the same bishop refers1 apparently quoting from the inscription on his tomb1 describes our ,blessed ,thaddeus as1 ,regia progenies alto de sanguine ,machar4 ,now the learned editors of the ,martyrology of ,donegal inform us that the name ,mechar is the same as the ,o',meachair which appears so often in the ancient monuments of our history 7see ,martyr4 of ,donegal1 published by ,i4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahfd1 pag4 #eag71 and which at the present day has assumed the ,anglicized forms of ,meagher and ,maher4 #d4 ,the ancient ,latin verses published in the ,record1#c present two important data for determining the family to which this bishop belonged4 ,one is his native district1 which is called ,solum ,cariense3 the other is the royal ancestry to which his family had a just and ancient claim3 ,regia progenies alto de sanguine ,machar4 ,now are these data verified in the family of the ,o',meachair8 if not1 it must be admitted that it can have no claim to our holy bishop2 but if1 on the other hand1 those data accurately agree with what the ancient monuments of our island attest regarding the sept of the ,o',meachairs1 we must conclude that no link is wanting in the chain of evidence1 and that the ,blessed ,thaddeus has justly been referred to that distinguished family4 #e4 ,nothing now remains but to cite some few passages from our early writers which serve to illustrate these points in the history of the ,o',meachairs4 ,in the first place1 the topographical poem of ,o',huidhrin 7who died in #adbj7 has one important passage which not only throws some light on the family name1 but moreover points to the territory of ,ui-,cairin as the chief abode of the ,o',mahers1 precisely as the name ,carinum in the ,latin poem cited above marks the native district of our holy ,bishop ,thaddeus4 ,the translation of this poem of ,o',huidhrin was the last work achieved by our illustrious ,o',donovan1 and was published by the ,i4 ,a4 ,s4 in #ahfb4 ,at page #acc we find the following verse3-- ,mightily have they filled the land ,the ,o',meachairs--the territory of ,ui-,cairin ,a tribe at the foot of ,bearnan ,eile2 ,it is no shame to celebrate their triumph4 ,to which lines ,o',donovan adds the following notes3 ,the ,o',meachairs4 ,the name of this family is now ,anglicized ,o',meagher1 but more generally ,meagher or ,maher1 without the prefix ,o'4 ,their territory of ,ui-,cairin is now called ,ikerrin1 and is a barony in the present county of ,tipperary4 ,bearnan ,eile1 i4e4 the gapped mountain of ,ely1 now called in ,english the ,devil's-,bit ,mountain--7,notes1 page lxxxv41 n4 #ga and #gb47 #f4 ,in the ,leabhar na-,ceart1 edited by the same distinguished ,irish antiquary1 for the ,celtic ,society1 in #ahdg1 we find some additional evidence not only for the connexion of the ,o',meachars with the territory of ,ui-,cairin1 but also for the royal descent to which they laid claim4 ,it is thus that ,leabhar-na-,ceart commemorates the tributes which were due to the king of ,eile3-- ,eight steeds to the king of ,eile1 of the gold ,eight shields1 eight swords are due1 ,eight drinking-horns to be used at the feast1 ,eight coats of mail in the day of bravery--7pag4 #gi47 ,to which verse ,o',donovan adds the following note3-- ,eile4 ,this was the name of a tribe and an extensive territory1 all in the ancient ,mumha or ,munster4 ,they derived the name from ,eile1 the seventh in descent from ,cian1 the son of ,oilioll-,ollum 444 ,the ancient ,eile comprised the whole of ,eile ,ui-,chearbhail1 which is now included in the ,king's ,county 444 and also the baronies of ,ikerrin and ,elyogarty in the county of ,tipperary4444 ,ikerrin and ,elyogarty were detached from ,o',chearbhail shortly after the ,english invasion1 and added to ,ormond1 but the native chieftains ,o',meachair1 i4e4 ,o',meagher1 and ,o',fogartaigh1 i4e4 ,o',fogarty1 were left in possession4 #g4 ,we will not fatigue the reader by citing a long series of authorities in which similar statements recur4 ,two will suffice for all1 and we shall take them from the works of the late lamented professor of our ,catholic ,university1 ,eugene ,o',curry4 ,one is a genealogical extract1 in which ,michael ,o',clery1 the chief of the ',four ,masters'1 commemorates some of the most illustrious families of the ,milesian race4 ,from ,heber1 he says1 the ,son of ,milesius1 were descended thirty of the kings of ,ireland1 and sixty-one saints4 ,amongst these royal chieftains must be reckoned ,teadgh 7i4e4 ,thaddeus71 grandson of ,oiliol ,ollum1 and he adds3 ,the descendants of this ,teadgh branched out and inhabited various parts throughout ,ireland1 namely1 the race of ,cormac ,gaileng1 in ,luighne ,connacht1 the two ,ui-,eaghra in ,connacht1 the ,o',eaghra of the ,ruta1 ,o',chearbhaill of ,eile4--,o',meachara in ,ui-,cairin1 and ,o',conor1 etc4 7,curry's ,lectures1 etc41 pag4 #adg74 ,the other extract to which we wish to refer is published in the ,appendix to the ',battle of ,magh ,rath'1 which was translated and edited for the ,celtic ,society by the same great ,irish scholar in #ahee4 ,the eighth genealogical ,table 7pag4 #age7 in this work1 extracted from ,o',clery's ,pedigrees1 and ,mac ,firbis1 tells us that ,mechair1 from whom ,o',meachair or ,meagher1 was fourteenth in descent from ,oiliol ,ollum1 and the following note of ,o',clery is added to his name3-- ,there is a steed and a suit of clothes from each new chief of them to the ,comharba of ,st4 ,cronan of ,roscrea1 together with ,innisnambeo2 and he 7the ,comharba7 is to go around the chief to proclaim him chief2 and the ,comharba is entitled to sit at his shoulder1 and the chief should stand up at his approach3 and this ,meachair was ,king of ,eile4 ,from all this we are surely justified in concluding that the historic date of solum ,cariense and regia progenies are precisely those which we should expect to find in a commemoration of an illustrious member of the family of the ,o',mahers4#d #h4 ,our holy bishop1 though thus descended from the first monarch of our island1 wished1 when journeying from ,rome1 to enter as a pilgrim the public hospital of ,st4 ,anthony in ,ivrea1 and there1 in the true evangelical spirit1 rejoiced in being reckoned the poorest of the poor4 ,heaven1 however1 has decreed that the humble shall be exalted2 and no sooner had the unknown traveller closed his eyes to this world1 than a divine light filled the room in which he lay2 several prodigies awakened the devotion of the faithful1 and proclaimed his sanctity2 and the clergy and laity in solemn procession bore his hallowed remains to the cathedral church1 and numbered him amongst the patrons of that ancient see4 ,thus1 again1 was ,dr4 ,thaddeus true to the traditions of his family2 for1 besides his royal descent1 he could boast of the higher and nobler lineage of sanctity4 ,in the ,martyrology of ,donegal we find the names of two members of the family whose festivals were celebrated on ,january #afth and ,september #fth4 ,colgan1 too1 speaks of a ,saint ,mecharius1 whose life he had prepared for publication1 and whose feast was marked for the #acth of ,november 7,,aa4 ,,ss41 pag4 #gef74 ,dr4 ,reeves also informs us that a ,st4 ,machar1 better known by the ,irish appellation of ,mochonna1 was sent by ,st4 ,columba with twelve companions to preach the ,gospel to the ,picts1 and subsequently became the patron saint of ,aberdeen 7,adamman's ,columba1 pag4 #bdf1 #bhi1 #bii1 etc474 ,on a fly-leaf of the original ,,ms4 of the ,martyrology of ,donegal1 in the handwriting of ,o',clery or ,colgan1 a ,saint ,murro is commemorated1 with the addition1 id est1 ,machare1 seu ,meacharius1 and the interesting fact is further commemorated3 quod feras bestias subjugavit et triduo defunctum ad vitam revocavit 7,martyr4 ,doneg41 ,i4 ,a4 ,s41 xlvi474 ,we do not wish1 however1 to leave unanswered the difficulty which the words of ,ware present against our interpretation of this holy bishop's name4 ,he expressly styles this bishop ,thady ,m',carthy1 by some called ,mechar4 ,here then we must remark that ,ware does not identify these names2 and the name ,mechar1 which1 as ,ware acknowledges1 was by some authorities given to this bishop1 is proved by the monuments of ,ivrea to have been his true name4 ,what then was the origin of ,ware's mistake8 ,we learn from the ,monumenta ,vaticana 7pag4 #ejc71 that there was about this time a ,thaddeus ,mac ,carryg iniquitatis filius1 who endeavoured to intrude himself into the see of ,ross1 and who is erroneously ranked by ,ware amongst the bishops of that see 7see ,record1 ,no4 iii41 ,december1 #ahfd74 ,as that name resembles ,mac ,carrha or ,mac ,carthaigh1 the ,irish forms of ,mac ,carthy1 it seems not improbable that ,ware1 by one of his so-frequent errors1 confounded our holy ,bishop ,thaddeus with that iniquitous usurper 7see ,dublin ,review1 ,april1 #ahfe1 p4 #chd74 #aj4 ,perhaps we have here again a clue to the difficulties which compelled ,bishop ,thaddeus to abandon his see for a while1 and seek a refuge in ,rome4 ,when appointed in #adij1 several retainers of the ,desmond family refused to admit him to the possession of the temporalities of his see 7see ,record1 pag4 #cab74 ,now it was precisely in #adhh or #adhi that ,thady ,m',carthy had been compelled by the repeated censures of ,rome to surrender the temporalities of ,ross to the canonically appointed ,bishop ,odo2 and what more natural than that the same genius of evil should1 on the vacancy of the adjoining diocese in the following year1 stir up again the embers of discord1 and endeavour through his kinsmen to obtain possession of this see at least8 ,and as the ,protestant historian reckoned the usurper of the temporalities of ,ross amongst the canonical successors of ,st4 ,fachinan1 so1 by a somewhat similar mistake1 he may have easily confounded the same ,thaddeus ,m',carryg with the holy bishop who canonically ruled the united sees of ,cloyne and ,cork4 #aa4 ,it now remains to make a few other remarks on the interesting paper published in the last ,record4 ,in the first place1 there are some incidental errors which seem to be inadvertently introduced4 ,at pag4 #cgi1 ,richard ,wolsey is commemorated as successor of ,thady1 ,bishop of ,down1 who died in #adhf1 which opinion has long since been set aside by ,de ,burgo and ,dr4 ,reeves 7,eccles4 ,antiquities1 ,dublin1 #ahdg1 pag4 #beg74 ,thady1 ,bishop of ,ross1 is also said to have died soon after his appointment in #adhh1 and to have had for his successor ,bishop ,odo in #adhi4 ,all this has been sufficiently refuted in a former number of the ,record 7pag4 #ajf7 and in the ,dublin ,review for ,april1 pag4 #chd4 ,at pag4 #chj-a1 our ,blessed ,thaddeus is identified with a distinguished member of the ,augustinian order1 named ,thaddeus de ,hipporegia1 who is eulogized as a man distinguished for learning1 religious observance1 preaching1 holiness of life1 and experience1 a man of great zeal1 and a sedulous promoter of the interests of his order4 ,we should be glad1 indeed1 to be able to number amongst our countrymen this great ornament of the ,augustinian body4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the historians of that order represent this ,thaddeus1 not as an ,irishman1 but as an ,italian1 whose surname points to the town or province of ,ivrea 7see above ,no4 #a7 as the place of his nativity4 ,the article in the ,record adds3 ,true1 ,elsius gives #aejb for the date of the friar's demise2 but ,elsius is never to be trusted in dates1 and the printer may easily take ,,mccccxcii4 7the true date7 for ,,mcccccii4 ,this is very plausible2 but unfortunately here again there is no foundation for such reasoning1 and hence the whole fabric falls to the ground4 ,elsius does not assign #aejb1 as the date of the friar's death2 he merely writes floruit usque ad annum #aejb 7,encom4 ,augustin41 ,brussels1 #afed1 pag4 #fde74 ,he1 however1 refers to ,herrera for further information2 turning to whose work we find thus explained the last formula of ,elsius3 ,durat ejus memoria usque ad an4 #aejb in quo1 habita ,ferrariae synodo1 ,vicarius ,congregationis acclamatus est4 ,nulla ultra illius in actis consistorialibus mentio1 7,alphab4 ,augustin41 vol4 ii4 pag4 #dej73 and in a later ,spanish compendium of this work1 made by ,herrera himself1 it is said that this ,thaddeus probably died in #aejc1 no mention being made of him in the acts of the order subsequent to the synod of ,ferrara1 held in the preceding year4 ,there is also another circumstance equally fatal to the above theory4 ,the illustrious ,augustinian held many high offices in his order1 and the historians ,elsius and ,herrera give the minutest details concerning them3 ,he was seven times definitor1 7they write71 thirteen times visitator1 four times president of their congregations1 nine times vicarius-generalis1 etc1 but both are careful to exclude him from the list of bishops of the order4 ,there is1 therefore1 no one point of contact between the distinguished ,augustinian friar ,thaddeus1 and our holy ,bishop of ,cloyne4 #ab4 ,to prove that the ,solum ,cariense might justly be referred to in the eulogy or epitaph of a ,bishop ,m',carthy1 it is interpreted as referring to ,kerry1 the burial place of that family4 ,however1 neither the ,irish form of the name of that territory1 i4e4 ,chiarr 7as we learn from the ,record1 page #chj7 nor the only ,latin name by which we have seen it designated in mediaeval records1 i4e4 ,cherrium1 can be said to have much affinity with the ,cariense of the ancient document of ,ivrea4 ,we may also add that1 were reference made to the burial place of the princely family of the ,m',carthys1 we should rather expect to find commemorated ,muckross or ,innisfallen1 than the generic name of the vast territory of ,kerry4 #ac4 ,as regards the name ,machara or ,mechar1 it is said that the ,irish name ,mac,carthy1 is pronounced ,maccaura1 with the last syllable short1 as in ,ardmagha1 and numberless like words4 ,hence1 ,wadding1 in speaking of the foundation of ,muckross ,abbey1 ,killarney1 by ,domnall ,m',carthy1 ,prince of ,desmond1 quotes to this effect a bull of ,paul ,,ii4 in #adfh1 in which ,domnall's name is spelled ,machar 7p4 #cgi74 ,this example from the bull of ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 is evidently a mere typographical error4 ,in the edition of ,wadding's ,annals to which the writer refers 7,roman edit41 tom4 xiii41 p4 #eeh1 seq471 that error stands side by side with ,desimonia and ,aertferten1 and what is still worse1 ,wadding in his text1 citing this passage1 is made to say3 ,refert in hoc diplomate pontifex1 inchoatum fuisse a ,donaldo ,mac-,lare 7p4 #dcb74 ,the origin of these errors is1 that the transcripts of the ,pontifical letters were made by strangers to our language1 and the ,roman edition of ,wadding did not appear until sixty years after his death4 ,in the original edition of the work1 however1 which was printed under the revision of ,bonaventure ,baron and other ,irish ,franciscans1 ,wadding's text gives us the true ,latin form of the name3 ,refert in hoc diplomate pontifex inchoatum fuisse a ,donaldo ,mac-,care 7#ast edit4 ,lugduni1 #afdh1 tom4 vi4 p4 #fic71 and elsewhere speaking of the same convent of ,muckross1 he says its founder was ,magnus ,carthagus1 ,prince of ,desmond4 ,indeed1 the ,latin form of the name ,m',carthy is not one about which we should have much dispute2 it occurs a thousand times in the works of ,o',sullivan ,beare1 ,dr4 ,roothe1 and other ,irish writers1 and yet nowhere is it found expressed under that form which the name of the ,blessed ,thaddeus presents to us4 ,whilst1 however1 we thus dissent from some of the conclusions of the learned writer in the ,record for ,may1 we wish to convey to him our sincere acknowledgments for having so prominently brought before the ,irish public the name1 too long forgotten1 of one of our sainted ,bishops1 under whose protection we may hope that our holy faith will ever prosper1 not only in our own island1 but also in that now suffering province where his relics are enshrined4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,a ,,conversion4 ,the department of religious literature1 which is made up of histories of individual conversions to the faith1 has received of late years many remarkable additions4 ,this class of literature is regulated in its growth by very peculiar conditions1 and must be judged according to exceptional laws4 ,its subject--the mysterious workings of grace in the soul--is such as rather to impose a reverent silence than to invite fulness of description2 and so well do elevated souls appreciate the sacredness of such silence1 that1 except for interests of religion or justice1 they are unwilling to bring before men those inner secrets of their hearts4 ,but when the interests of religion or justice have convinced them that silence is no longer a duty1 the history they consent to unfold can rarely be other than attractive and profitable1 seeing that it describes a human soul's toilsome journey from error to truth4 ,the very minuteness of personal detail1 which in any other composition would be a blot1 in this becomes a merit and a charm4 ,among the religious motives that not unfrequently dictate such a history1 a spirit of thankfulness for the blessing of faith has its fitting place4 ,the favoured soul looks out from the shelter of its ,father's house upon the perilous path it has just traversed1 and gratefully traces the ,providence by which its wayward feet were guided where so many strayed to their ruin2 just as the rescued mariner hangs up ex voto a sketch of his frail bark in the moment of her peril1 when1 but for heaven's help1 she would have foundered in the raging waves4 ,fruit of this pious gratitude is the narrative#e we are now engaged upon2 a narrative which will interest every ,catholic1 not only because it is the history of a remarkable conversion1 but because of the light it incidentally throws on the present condition and future prospects of ,german ,protestantism4 ,but before we set ourselves to trace the steps of the process which led ,dr4 ,laemmer from a many-faced ,protestantism to the ,catholic ,church1 it will be useful to make a few preliminary remarks4 ,in ,dr4 ,laemmer we have a witness who has had rare opportunities of becoming acquainted with the very highest and best forms which ,protestantism has been enabled to assume in the country of its birth4 ,he is1 above all things1 the child of the ,german ,protestant universities4 ,of the twenty-six universities of which the learned nation is so proud1 six or eight are ,catholic1#f four are mixed1#g and the remaining fourteen are exclusively ,protestant4#h ,now1 ,dr4 ,laemmer was student successively at ,koenigsberg1 ,leipsic1 and ,berlin universities1 that is to say1 at the very universities which at the present time are the chief seats of ,protestant thought1 both in philosophy and in theology4 ,the leading ,protestant schools in ,germany are at present three in number1 called respectively the neo-,lutheran1 the ,mediation1 and the ,tuebingen1 or historico-critical school2 of these#i the neo-,lutheran1 or ,lutheran reaction school1 has specially existed in ,berlin and ,leipsic2 the so called ,mediation theology at ,berlin2 and the ,tuebingen school 7now almost extinct in its native home1 and renewed by ,hilgenfeld at ,jena7 has made its influence felt throughout4 ,besides1 at ,koenigsberg1 he came1 as we shall see1 under the influence of one of the ablest defenders of ,hegelianism4 ,we should exceed our limits1 were we to enter upon a statement of the principles of these schools4 ,be it enough to say1 that the first-named school1 by defending the authority and credibility of the ,scriptures1 aims at re-constructing the historical basis of ,christianity1 and insists on a return to the ,lutheran ,confessions of the sixteenth century4 ,since the political troubles of #ahdh1 an ultra-conservative party1 called the ,hyper-,lutheran1 has arisen within this school1 which goes back beyond the ,reformation1 and insists on the principle of a visible authoritative church1 a rigid sacramental theory1 and the doctrine of consubstantiation4 ,stahl1 and ,leo of ,halle1 to whom ,dr4 ,laemmer makes an important allusion1 to be hereafter quoted1 belong to the most advanced of this party4 ,among the representatives of this school with whom ,dr4 ,laemmer was brought into direct contact1 were ,hengstenberg and ,kahnis4#aj ,the ,mediation school takes its stand between the ,lutheran party on the one hand1 and the school of criticism on the other1 and without going back to the principle of authority1 or forward to that of discovery1 proposes to unite the use of reason with belief in ,scripture1 and to understand what it believes4 ,of the members of this very numerous school ,dr4 ,laemmer had intercourse with ,twesten and ,nitzch4 ,the ,tuebingen school had for its leader ,christian ,baur1 and starting from the principle that the only portions of the ,new ,testament undoubtedly genuine are four of ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles1 viz43 to the ,romans1 to the ,galatians1 and the two to the ,corinthians1 it comes to the conclusion that ,christianity in its present form is the result of the controversy between the ,jewish1 or ,petrine1 and the ,pauline ,christianity of the apostolic and following ages4 ,all the other books of the ,new ,testament it attributes to some one or other of the contending schools4 ,that this school1 extravagant as its conclusions may appear to us1 is every day gaining ground in ,france with a very numerous party1 we have been lately assured by competent authority4#aa ,that it has many advocates in ,england is well known4#ab ,a critic in the ,home and ,foreign ,review#ac speaks of the importance of those inquiries of ,dr4 ,baur and his followers into primitive ,christianity1 which have in some way modified the views of almost every one who has become acquainted with them4 ,these are thy gods1 ,o ,israel6 ,these are the shapes of ,protestantism that wander to and fro in the various universities of ,germany4 ,dr4 ,laemmer1 speaking with full knowledge of the subject1 sums up in one word the result of all this unhealthy movement1 and that word is--chaos4 ,and what heightens the confusion is1 that1 although the systems which form this chaos are in absolute and perpetual conflict with each other1 yet does each professor claim for himself the exclusive possession of truth1 as if he and he alone had been gifted with infallibility4 ,the special feature of ,dr4 ,laemmer's conversion appears to us to consist in this1 under the grace of ,god1 that he approached faith through its historic side4 ,sound and conscientious historical research has been the means of his deliverance from bondage4 ,his mind from boyhood inclined towards things grave2 the details he communicates concerning his choice of authors reveal that sobriety of judgment which is the first quality of a student of history4 ,the bent of his mind in this direction was strengthened by study of the fathers1 of the history of the ,papacy1 and of the ,catholic theology of the ,reformation period4 ,we invite special attention to the happy result of historical studies in his case1 because we see in it a promise of much future good for ,catholic truth in ,germany4 ,the broad distinction between the ,german method of the present century and that of the past1 lies in this1 that the nineteenth century is the age of historical inquiry1 whereas the last century was that of critical thought4 ,even the ,tuebingen school is an improvement on the destructiveness of ,strauss1 for it admits and calls attention to the historical value of at least some portion of the ,scriptures4 ,in the other schools1 above described1 this tendency is of course still more marked4 ,the modern spirit tends not so much to examine the ontological value of an opinion1 as to investigate how men came to hold that opinion4 ,it was this spirit which suggested the questions of concursus1 which1 as we shall see1 changed the current of ,dr4 ,laemmer's life4 ,now we hold it very probable that as this spirit becomes more extended1 its fruits will be these3 men will become familiar with the teachings of ,christian antiquity2 and although this knowledge may be sought not for the sake of the doctrine itself1 but as a preliminary to other studies1 still1 such is the divine power of truth1 that1 once revealed to the soul1 it creates therein a wondrous craving after itself1 which will dispose the soul for the grace of faith4 ,there must be at this moment many thoughtful men in ,germany1 who1 in virtue of this spirit1 are engaged in the examination of the fathers and of the theologians of the ,catholic ,church1 and1 who1 finding themselves1 like ,dr4 ,laemmer1 between the ruins caused by ,protestantism and the unbroken strength of ,catholic teaching1 are even now turning their eyes towards ,rome1 therein to seek her who was their mother of old4 ,hugh ,laemmer was born of a ,protestant father and a ,catholic mother1 at ,allenstein1 in ,eastern ,prussia1 on #beth ,january1 #ahce4 ,his mother was a woman of most fervent piety1 who1 in almost unceasing prayer1 sought and found consolation under her many severe afflictions4 ,it was not given her to exercise much influence over the mind of her son1 who1 long before her death1 had gone to reside with his father's relatives1 by whom he was brought up as a ,protestant4 ,the lad1 nevertheless1 had a tender love for his mother1 and from his earliest years was conscious of an indescribable leaning towards his ,catholic friends in preference to his ,protestant kindred4 ,this feeling was the natural growth of observations made by the quickwitted boy regarding the piety1 firm principles1 and good conduct of the ,catholics4 ,at the same time1 the devotion of the faithful in their processions and pilgrimages served to put him on his guard against the bigoted prejudices which his ,lutheran cousins ever sought to instil into his mind against their ,catholic neighbours4 ,when with the other schoolboys he went to church on ,sunday1 the sermon made no impression on him1 and no wonder1 for the preacher carried with him into the pulpit the chilling rationalistic principles he had imbibed at the university4 ,even in those early years the boy's heart tended towards the beautiful and spacious ,catholic ,church of his native town4 ,once1 when his father took him to ,heiligenlind 7a famous resort of pilgrims71 and the old sacristan showed him the rare treasures of the church1 he experienced an emotion so strong that it survived even the rude trials of his after life4 ,in #ahdd he entered the gymnasium of ,koenigsberg4 ,he brought with him from home a good stock of elementary and grammatical knowledge2 and soon discovered that his tastes inclined him to the study of literature more than to that of science4 ,ellendt1 then rector of the gymnasium1 was a man who possessed in a remarkable degree the power of making his lectures interesting to his pupils4 ,explained by such a master1 ,homer and ,herodotus became in a short time the favourite authors of ,m4 ,laemmer1 who1 on the other hand1 had no taste for what he calls the tedious narratives of the ,anabasis1 and the pedantic tirades of the ,cyropaedia4 ,he preferred ,caesar and ,livy to ,cicero1 whose philosophy especially he found to be commonplace4 ,modern ,french literature had no attractions for such a mind as his2 the contemporary romance writers of that nation excited even his disgust4 ,as ,germany is considered by many to be the very home of perfection in classical studies1 it will be interesting to hear the opinion ,dr4 ,laemmer's experience has led him to form concerning the special dangers which beset middle school education at the present day3-- ,i believe it to be a mistake1 he says1 to make modern languages1 mathematics1 and the physical sciences occupy very much of the time appointed for the study of the classics2 and as far as middle class instruction is concerned1 we have reason to be grateful to the ,raumer ministry for the prominence it has given in the new educational plan to the wise principle non multa1 sed multum4 ,it is highly dangerous to the young to distribute their faculties simultaneously over many heterogeneous branches of knowledge4 ,ubique hospes1 nusquam domi3 such a system is the sure path to that half-learning1 which1 without giving a thorough knowledge of anything1 encourages young men to talk presumptuously of a host of subjects of which they have but the barest surface knowledge4 ,what happens when the examination papers exact from students a knowledge of science as well as of literature1 physics1 chemistry1 natural history1 and the different branches of mathematics8 ,it is a well-known fact that1 with the exception of a few intended for certain professions1 young men are careful to forget as soon after examination as they can1 the information it has cost them so much labour to acquire4 ,against this it is vain to urge the importance which the natural sciences have now-a-days attained to--an importance so great that no one1 save at his peril1 can remain a stranger to them2 for1 on no account should we furnish new weapons to materialism4 ,at most1 it is required that students should be supplied with such elementary information as may enable them in the future to keep in sight the true bearings of things1 and in creatures recognize ,him who is proclaimed in the first article of the ,creed4 ,that extravagant cultivation of the natural sciences1 so often substituted by our ministers in place of the lessons of ,holy ,writ1 is as perilous as is the undue exaltation of man and of man's pretended victories over nature4 ,the laws of nature have never acknowledged any master save ,one--our ,lord ,jesus ,christ--and in ,him the saints with whom it has pleased ,him to share ,his sovereignty 7p4 #ac74 ,whether the authorities at the gymnasium shared these views or not1 we are not in a position to state4 ,one thing1 however1 is certain1--much attention was paid there to the study of the ,german language and literature2 much of our student's time was passed in the excellent library of ,german authors provided for the use of the scholars4 ,what an eventful moment that is in which a youth1 in the flush of the early vigour of his mind1 finds himself for the first time in a library where the treasures of human thought are gathered before him clothed in the language he has learned from his mother's lips6 ,then begins for him that daily contact of mind with the mind of others1 which will infallibly colour for good or evil the history of his future4 ,he who1 without an enlightened and friendly guide1 adventures inexperienced upon this commerce1 ,voyaging through strange seas of thought1 alone1 runs no little risk of being caught unawares by error where his generous ardour looked only for truth4 ,in the world of books as in the world of men1 evil lies very close to good1 and wears its garb and mien2 and how shall the inexperience of youth be able to see through the disguise1 or how avoid becoming captive to its snares8 ,and from such captivity1 how harassing the toil of escape6 ,of that toil let him make light who has never had experience of the almost ceaseless influence erroneous principles exercise on the mind with whose growth they have grown4 ,from reading ,newton on the ,prophecies in #ahaf1 ,dr4 ,newman1 then a boy of fifteen1 became convinced that the ,pope was ,antichrist2 and his imagination was stained by the effects of this doctrine up to the year #ahdc4ad ,nor did ,m4 ,laemmer come away safe4 ,his random reading brought him both good and evil1 so intermingled each with each1 that his unripe judgment could no more discern between them than the hand can disjoin the sunshine from the shadow that follows after it4 ,after ransacking the bulk of ,german literature1 he selected from out the rest certain writers to be his prime favourites4 ,the choice he made reveals at once the bent of his mind1 and the dangers to which that very bent exposed him4 ,the schools of ,german poetry and taste are divided in ,vilmar's ,history of ,german ,literature into five classes4 ,first1 that which preceded ,lessing1 subdivided into the ,saxon school1 and the ,swiss school of ,wieland in his early manner2 to which was akin the ,goettingen school of ,klopstock and ,voss2 second1 that of ,lessing and the writers influenced by him2 third1 the ,weimar school with its three great names1 ,herder1 ,goethe1 and ,schiller2 fourth1 the later schools1 the romantic1 represented by the two ,schlegels1 ,novalis1 and the patriotic2 fifth1 the modern school of reaction against absolute government1 headed by ,h4 ,heine4 ,of these schools1 only the second and third gave ,m4 ,laemmer delight4 ,there was a hidden sympathy between the qualities of his own mind and the exquisite critical genius and reasoning power of ,lessing1 which made him find the writers of the first class insipid and trivial4 ,he came under the influence of ,lessing to a remarkable degree1 and if to that influence he owes the gain of an important truth1 to it must be attributed also his acceptance of a most fatal error4 ,that remarkable man1 author1 or1 as it now appears1 editor of the ,wolfenbuettel ,fragments1 in consequence of that publication1 had a warm controversy with the ,lutheran pastor ,goeze1 in which he forcibly showed1 by historical arguments chiefly1 that the principle of the ,bible and nothing but the ,bible1 was illogical and false4 ,m4 ,laemmer followed the course of the controversy1 and found to his dismay that the arguments of ,lessing had brought home to him the conviction that ,lutheranism rested on a false basis4 ,this was a great gain2 but it was counter-balanced by a great loss4 ,the ardour of his youthful admiration blinded him to the dangerous principles of indifferentism and doubt contained in his master's works1 and particularly in his ,education of the ,world4 ,the third ,fragment sets it forth as impossible1 that all men should be brought to believe revelation on rational grounds4 ,these principles1 destructive of all faith and certainty in belief1 were adopted by the young student1 and warmly defended by him in a special dissertation4 ,towards the end of his course he devoted himself to the study of ,herder2 and here again vague reading brought to him gain and loss1 truth and falsehood together4 ,he learned from this writer to believe in the mysterious action of ,providence in the world2 but the view he was led to form of the ,divine plan was confined1 superficial1 and vague4 ,he also gave much time to the reading of ,schiller1 in whose works he found an assault on the frigid deism then predominant in ,germany4 ,but1 the deity which that poet brought so near to men was not the ,blessed ,trinity1 but the gods of ,olympus2 and whilst his strains rebuked the philosophy which never rose above the laws of gravity1 he himself did but serve the cause of epicureanism by his praises of the pleasures of the earth4 ,from ,goethe ,m4 ,laemmer learned to appreciate1 in some measure1 the ,sacraments of the ,church1 and to think kindly of the ,church itself4 ,but what solid advantage could he gain from the man who wrote to ,lavater of the chief gospel miracles that he held them for blasphemies against the great ,god and ,his revelation in nature8 ,the reader will have observed that this course of reading made several important additions to ,m4 ,laemmer's religious views4 ,and yet the books among which his reading lay were either not at all1 or not directly religious4 ,we are now to inquire how far his ideas were modified by any directly religious training4 ,the answer to this question opens up such a view of the condition of ,protestantism in the country of its birth1 as well deserves our careful study4 ,let ,m4 ,laemmer tell us what fruits it has produced at ,koenigsberg4 ,first of all1 in the various schools where he resided during his stay in that town1 there was no common practice of religion3 the religious exercises of the gymnasium were limited to the singing of a few stereotyped chants4 ,the religious instruction of the students was attended to by an aged professor1 who was one of the leaders of the ,freemasons1 and whose religion was the religion of pure reason4 ,he was assisted in the religious training of the students by a younger man1 whose doctrines were kindred with his own1 and whose lectures1 though erudite1 were arid4 ,fortunately for himself1 ,m4 ,laemmer had learned from his mother the habit of night and morning prayer4 ,this habit he retained1 although for want of fixed principles it became a work of mere routine4 ,such was the state of religion in the gymnasium4 ,in the city itself things were still worse4 ,from the orthodox ,lutheranism of ,superintendent ,sartorius1 down to the absolute ,rationalism of ,rupp1 every intermediate stage of error had its exponents and followers in the city of ,kant4 ,in the eyes of ,sartorius1 ,catholicism1 which he knew only from ,luther's caricatures1 stood on the same level with ,rationalism2 he assigned to the ,confession of ,augsburg almost the same authority which ,catholics claim for tradition1 and together with ,baur1 ,nitsch1 and ,winer1 made an unsuccessful attempt to refute ,moehler's ,symbolism4 ,rupp1 on the other hand1 denounced all symbols1 even that of ,st4 ,athanasius1 which he declared to be incompatible with ,christian doctrine2 his system was based on ,indifferentism of the lowest kind1 and conceded to women as well as to men the right of deliberating and of teaching in religious matters4 ,and yet1 these two men1 so diametrically opposed to each other in doctrine1 preached for a time in the same church and from the same pulpit4 ,and1 whilst ,sartorius1 who revered ,luther as a man of ,god1 preached to empty benches1 ,rupp found assembled around him a crowded audience1 composed of the highest as well as the lowest in the land4 ,the different churches at ,koenigsberg had preachers of every shade of doctrine4 ,during the course of his studies ,m4 ,laemmer made trial of them all1 but found not satisfaction in any4 ,at length1 in the midst of this ,babel1 he became acquainted with the man who was destined to exercise a most salutary influence on his life4 ,that man was ,lehnerdt1 ,superintendent-,general of the province of ,saxony4 ,born in ,brandenburg1 and educated at ,berlin1 in the school of ,schleiermacher and ,hegel1 he escaped the pernicious influence of his masters by a profound course of historical studies4 ,on the one hand1 he combated the rationalistic exegesis of ,paulus1 and on the other1 devoted himself with all his might to the study of the ,fathers4 ,he was a man of great piety2 and in preparing ,m4 ,laemmer for confirmation1 spoke with such unction of ,god and the world1 man and sin1 ,christ and salvation1 that his words wrought in the young student's soul a blessed reaction4 ,an intimate and affectionate relationship sprang up between the two1 which was interrupted in the middle of #ahea by ,lehnerdt's departure for ,berlin1 where he succeeded ,neander as professor of history1 but was resumed again at a later period in that city4 ,m4 ,laemmer passed from the gymnasium to the university of ,koenigsberg at ,easter1 #aheb4 ,he remained there but one year1 during which time he acted as secretary to ,voigt1 whose able ,history of ,gregory ,,vii4 was the beginning of a new epoch for ecclesiastical history in ,germany4 ,one of the professors of philosophy was ,rosenkranz1 the pupil and biographer of ,hegel4 ,this able man was an eloquent partisan of ,hegelianism1 and by the poetic colouring he contrived to throw around its doctrines1 exercised an extraordinary influence over the youth of the university4 ,m4 ,laemmer tells us that during a fever which at this time brought him to death's door1 one of his keenest regrets was his inability to attend ,rosenkranz's lectures4 ,he made up for his absence from lecture by a careful study of his professor's writings1 and completely adopted the views expressed therein4 ,it was long before he was able to shake off the yoke of ,hegelianism which he then assumed4 ,in the university1 ,biblical literature was treated altogether from the rationalistic point of view4 ,one of the fruits of this method is the isolated and independent study of various parts of ,sacred ,scripture4 ,it was reserved for ,protestantism1 says ,m4 ,laemmer1 to cultivate in minute detail what is called ,biblical ,theology1 and to write volumes upon the doctrine of such and such an apostle in particular4444 ,this anatomical process1 this study of atoms1 has led many to apply those fine theories to various periods of ,church history1 and1 like certain heretics of the middle ages1 to speak of the ,christianity of ,st4 ,peter1 and of the ,christianity of ,st4 ,paul1 not excluding by any means that of ,st4 ,john 7pp4 #dg1 #dh74 ,at the ,easter of #ahec ,m4 ,laemmer passed from the university of ,koenigsberg to that of ,leipsic1 on a burse founded in the old ,catholic times by a ,catholic priest of his native town4 ,his departure from ,koenigsberg marks the close of the first period of his university career1 and it will be interesting to stop and take a comprehensive view of the phases of thought through which he passed during that time4 ,as far as religious opinions are concerned1 this first stage of his life may be subdivided into two periods3 one of demolition1 the other of reconstruction4 ,in the former he lost his belief in ,lutheranism and its central doctrine of the ,bible and nothing but the ,bible2 that is to say1 he lost hold of the only dogmatic principle he held4 ,being thus deprived of a fixed belief1 he was more open to the action of ,lessing's principles of universal tolerance1 which amounted to the coldest indifferentism and doubt4 ,these principles he made his own for a season4 ,the spectacle of division and discord which was exhibited daily under his eyes at ,koenigsberg1 helped to complete the work of destruction4 ,even his very prayer became a dry form1 lacking all influence for good4 ,the period of reconstruction commenced with the friendship that bound him to ,lehnerdt1 by whose influence were sown in his mind the seeds of a reaction1 which1 by the play of intellectual as well as moral causes1 was afterwards developed into the fulness of ,catholic belief4 ,the intellectual cause that led to this happy result was1 as we said before1 the spirit of historical inquiry2 the moral cause1 under ,god's grace1 was the deep religious sentiment which formed part of his original character1 and which1 once aroused by ,lehnerdt's words about justice and the judgment to come1 never allowed any antagonism of feeling to stand long in the way of his acceptance of the truth4 ,not that the action of these causes was at all times unimpeded4 ,the ,hegelianism which he imbibed from ,rosenkranz far a long time seriously crippled his mind in its exertions after truth4 ,in these dispositions ,m4 ,laemmer came to the ,university of ,leipsic4 ,among the professors at ,leipsic ,winer was beyond doubt the most remarkable4 ,his labours on the idioms of the ,new ,testament ,greek1 his lexicological and bibliographical works1 and even his reply to ,moehler's ,symbolism1 with all their defects1 give proof of solid study4 ,but he permitted himself in his lectures to launch sarcasms against the rites of the ,catholic ,church4 ,indirectly he was the occasion of much good to ,m4 ,laemmer1 who read ,moehler's and other ,catholics' works in order to test the statements advanced by ,winer4 ,it was ,winer too who first suggested to him the idea of devoting himself to teaching in the university4 ,tischendorf1 so famous for his studies on the ,bible texts1 and ,wachsmuth1 who has rendered immense services to truth by his ,roman history1 written in refutation of ,niebuhr1 were among the professors whose courses he followed at ,leipsic4 ,two resolutions taken at this period by ,m4 ,laemmer reveal the gradual change which was taking place in his convictions1 owing to the action of the causes mentioned above4 ,first1 he determined to assist no longer at the lectures of ,theile1 on account of his grossly rationalistic treatment of the doctrine of the ,word in the ,epistles of ,st4 ,john4 ,theile died shortly after4 ,he was a man of rectitude1 says ,m4 ,laemmer1 and conscientious3 ,i cannot think of him without a feeling of deep sorrow4 ,you might read on his brow the painful and fruitless efforts he had made to attain to the fulness of truth and to that peace which the world cannot give 7p4 #fe74 ,daily more and more disgusted with rationalism1 and wearied with ineffectual efforts to reconcile the contradictions which everywhere appeared in theology1 he now began to entertain serious thoughts of confining himself exclusively to philosophical studies4 ,but these thoughts were put to flight on occasion of his first sermon1 which he preached in a suburban village where one of his friends was pastor4 ,the subject of the sermon was charity1 as described by ,st4 ,paul2 and its treatment had the effect of reviving in the preacher's heart his old love for religious questions4 ,he was now approaching the crisis of his life4 ,while he was bewildered by the endless variations of ,protestantism1 and endeavouring to form out of them a religious system such as would satisfy his reason and conscience1 the first rays of the grace of faith began to dawn more nearly upon his soul4 ,in what manner this came to pass we shall allow himself to tell3 ,i said before that during my stay at ,leipsic1 the study of a question proposed for concursus exercised a powerful influence on my religious views1 and that to it is to be attributed my first step towards ,catholicism4 ,the subject chosen for the concursus of #ahed1 by the ,leipsic ,faculty of ,theology1 was the exposition of the doctrine of ,clement of ,alexandria on the ,word4 ,this theme made upon me a most vivid impression4 ,at once1 and with great joy1 ,i resolved to become a candidate4 ,i will now state the motives of this resolve4 ,the conflicting theological systems which ,i had observed1 both in books and in oral instructions1 occasioned me extreme torture4 ,i was too independent to follow the example of so many others by attaching myself blindly to a party2 ,i wished to examine for myself the successive phases undergone by the ,protestant principle1 and with full knowledge of the subject to make my own selection4 ,all those systems1 whether confessional or non-confessional1 could not satisfy me long2 on the other hand1 the distraction caused by philological and philosophical studies could not give peace to my heart1 which only in ,god could find an end to its unrest4 ,inquietum est cor nostrum1 donec requiescat in te4 ,i felt ,i must escape from the chaos of modern theology1 and ,i most eagerly availed myself of this opportunity to draw from the spring of ,christian antiquity4 ,i procured a copy of ,klotz's portable edition1 and set myself to the study of my author4 ,pen in hand1 ,i began my task by reading him through and through before ,i took any account of what others had written about him4 ,a new world opened on my sight as ,i read the earliest master of the ,alexandrian ,catechetical ,school--the teacher of ,origen4 ,what treasures lie hid in these three works1 the ,exhortatio ad ,graecos1 the ,paedagogus1 and the ,stromata6 ,the ,exhortatio ad ,graecos is a masterpiece of ,christian controversy against ,paganism1 considered in its popular mythology1 its poetry1 and its philosophy4 ,the ,paedagogus1 written for catechumens1 sets before them a magnificent portrait of the true and only ,master--the eternal ,word of the ,father--who has created man to ,his own image2 who alone can provide a fitting remedy for fallen and guilty humanity2 who1 though man had become of the earth1 earthly1 yet enables him to attain to his heavenly destiny2 who1 in fine1 confides him to the maternal yet virginal love of the ,church4 ,then came the eight books of the ,stromata1 an unpretending mosaic1 in which the loftiest problems of philosophy and theology are treated with great learning and rare penetration4 ,these three works were1 without doubt1 connected together in the author's mind4 ,the idea of the ,word is the central point of ,clement's entire demonstration2 and in that idea we must seek the essential unity of his system4 ,it is the ,word which tenderly invites man2 which instructs him2 which guides him to his end by leading him to see the things of ,god in their profundity2 and thus the idea of the ,word embraces in one same circle all philosophy1 dogmatic as well as moral 7pp4 #he1 #hh74 ,the monograph on ,clement of ,alexandria was prefaced by prolegomena1 containing a sketch of ,clement's life1 an analysis of his doctrine1 and an inquiry into the historical sources of his doctrine on the ,word4 ,for this the author had to examine the relation in which ,clement stood in philosophy and theology towards classical antiquity1 ,alexandrine ,judaeism1 the ,apostolic ,fathers1 and the first ,christian apologists4 ,the subject proper of the essay was divided into two parts3 the first treated of the relations of the ,word with ,god2 the second considered the ,word as the ,revealer4 ,the work was well received by the faculty of theology1 and its author was declared the successful candidate1 #cast of ,october1 #ahed4 ,by the advice of ,winer and others1 and by the kindness of ,tischendorf1 it was published in ,march1 #ahee4 ,wachsmuth1 dean of the faculty of philosophy1 advised ,m4 ,laemmer to stand his examination for the doctorship in philosophy1 and backed his advice by the offer of a burse to enable him to meet the expenses4 ,the young student obtained this degree after having presented a dissertation on the religious philosophy of ,clement of ,alexandria1 and having passed a successful examination4 ,we have seen that ,m4 ,laemmer qualifies this episode in his studies as the first step he made towards ,catholicity4 ,it may be asked1 what was the special fruit derived by him from these patristic studies8 ,the answer is1 that it enabled him to shake off the influence of the ,tuebingen theories1 which had hitherto held sway over his mind4 ,the whole work of that school simply amounts to an attempt to submit to the all-powerful action of critical caprice the canon of ,scripture and the most remarkable works of ,christian antiquity1 and to affirm all their own theories as indisputable facts1 while they treat as fables the most authentic facts of history4 ,now1 the more clearly it is proved that the historical origin of ,christianity is able to resist the crucial tests to which it has been submitted1 the more shadowy and insubsistent do these capricious theories become4 ,hence1 the study undertaken by ,m4 ,laemmer did in reality1 by occupying him with the objective side of patristic teaching1 most powerfully contribute to destroy in his mind the authority of ,baur1 ,hilgenfeld1 and the others of the ,tuebingen school4 ,soon after the publication of his work1 ,m4 ,laemmer was invited to the ,university of ,berlin by his kind friend ,lehnerdt1 who had never lost sight of his promising pupil1 and now wished him to prepare himself for a professor's chair by a solid course of theologico-historical studies4 ,on arriving at ,berlin the youthful doctor of philosophy was appointed to hold for two years the ,evangelical ,centenary ,burse1 founded by the city of ,berlin in commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the ,reformation4 ,after his conversion many persons demanded that he should make restitution to the burse fund1 which1 according to them1 he had employed against the intentions of the founders4 ,but 7asks ,mr4 ,laemmer71 for what reasons was ,i chosen in preference to the other candidates8 ,i contented myself with presenting my memoir on the ,alexandrine ,clement's doctrine on the ,word2 the examiners of the ,leipsic faculty of philosophy testified that ,i had successfully passed the examination3 the faculty of theology of the same city said1 amongst other flattering things1 that ,i had applied myself to the studies of theology with equal ardour and success4 ,as to the two memoirs presented for the concursus of #ahec and #ahed1 it was said that in them ,i had given proof of solid classical studies1 of a remarkable knowledge of theology1 of sound judgment1 and penetrating mind1 and that my work on the ,word showed great aptitude for historical investigations4 ,these were beyond doubt the reasons why the committee preferred me to the other candidates2 and the sole condition imposed upon me--namely1 that of becoming a licentiate1 ,i complied with within the appointed time4 ,why then all this outcry8 ,why these demands for restitution1 with which even a ,hengstenberg has been associated8 ,herein consists the head and front of my offending1 that the use of private judgment1 or1 to speak accurately1 the secret inspirations of ,god's grace1 led me to see the truth and to betake myself to the bosom of the true ,church4 ,if1 instead1 ,i had become an unbeliever1 the slightest murmur of complaint would not have been heard2 but when there is question of ,catholicism1 pietism the most honeyed often makes common cause with the grossest infidelity3 the great point then is to form a compact body against the mighty foe 7p4 #aje1 #ajf74 ,we cannot linger over the account given by ,m4 ,laemmer of the different tendencies he found in the theological faculty of ,berlin1 nor on the present state or future prospects of the ,union4#ae ,but the name of ,hengstenberg#af is so well known to most ,catholics that the description given of him by one who has known him so well1 is sure to excite interest4 ,the reputation which ,hengstenberg had acquired by his numerous works brought him frequently before my mind4 ,the impression he made on me when ,i saw him at ,berlin1 did not modify the notion ,i had long formed of him4 ,it is well known that he passed through many phases of doctrine before he reached the point at which1 for some years1 he has remained stationary4 ,he left the ,university full of the pietism of the day1 and was immediately appointed professor at ,berlin1 where1 as professor and author1 he bent all his energies against the rationalistic criticism1 the application of which to the ,holy ,scriptures had produced such disastrous consequences4 ,it must be admitted that1 in this respect1 he has brought back to better ways a certain number of his contemporaries2 that he has arrested the progress of extravagant criticism2 that in his works on the ,pentateuch1 the ,psalms1 and the ,messianic ,prophecies1 he has won for sound views the consideration long refused them4 ,but it was impossible that his ablest scholars should not see the weak side of his hermeneutical and theological principles2 hence1 many of them have abandoned his method for one altogether different4 ,his ,commentary on the ,apocalypse is assuredly his most characteristic work4 ,to comprehend his stand-point in this work1 we must remember that he composed it in #ahdh and #ahdi4 ,in it he frequently and unreservedly favours the chiliastic tendencies of ,irving4444 ,he has endeavoured to remove some of the ,protestant prejudices against the ,catholic ,church1 such as ,luther's blasphemy of the ,roman ,antichrist4 ,he admits 7as ,luther did1 when under the influence of the ,christian idea7 that ,catholicism is in possession of the word of ,god1 the true sacraments1 and the power of the keys4 ,he is clearer and more straightforward than his predecessor ,bengel in the ,gnomon ,novi ,testamenti4 ,but he halts in his march1 laying himself open to the charge of ,catholic tendencies1 and could but be silent when reproached by ,schenkel1 who told him that ,romanism was more honourable than the vacillating and intermediate position he had assumed4 ,he resembles ,stehl1 ,kliefoth1 and others1 who would wish to place in the same setting the jewels of ,catholicism and those of ,wittemberg2 who rank together the theory nothing but the ,bible1 and the principle of authority2 who are but half acquainted with ,luther1 and almost ignorant of ,rome2 who1 in spite of their pretended adhesion to principle1 would be disposed to all kinds of compromises2 who lack the courage and the humility requisite to comprehend that the fragments of truth possessed by ,luther have been borrowed from the immense and indivisible treasure of the ,church4 ,the ,church has nothing to hope from men of this class2 they lack a thorough and absolute thirst for truth2 they are self-complacent2 they imagine themselves to have received from heaven an extraordinary mission like the prophets2 they assume the right to dictate to the infallible authority of the ,church2 to satisfy them1 we must become syncretists1 and ask them in what is it their pleasure that the ,catholic ,church should modify in its doctrines1 its ceremonies1 and its discipline2 men of fine phrases1 and not of action2 more of show than of reality 7p4 #aag74 ,during his residence at ,berlin1 ,m4 ,laemmer entered upon a careful preparation for the degree of doctor of divinity4 ,he devoted himself more and more to the study of the ,fathers2 the works of ,st4 ,hilary of ,poitiers on the ,trinity left him an humble and firm believer in that august mystery4 ,in #ahef his mind received a fresh and more decided impulse in the direction of the ,church4 ,in that year the ,berlin faculty of theology gave as the subject of the concursus1 ,give an exposition 7from the documents7 of the ,roman ,catholic doctrine1 contained in the memorial presented to ,charles ,v4 at the ,diet of ,augsburg1 in as far as it appears to throw light on the true ,evangelical doctrine set forth in the ,augsburg ,confession4 ,this subject was chosen for the concursus by ,lehnerdt1 who felt that ,catholic theology1 from the beginning of the ,reformation to the ,council of ,trent1 was almost entirely unknown4 ,m4 ,laemmer having resolved to become one of the competitors1 at once set about the necessary study4 ,he first examined the ,protestant confessional books1 in order to fix the points at issue between them and their adversaries4 ,if he were to trust these authorities1 nothing could be clearer than the stupid ignorance of the ,catholics1 and the wisdom of the ,protestants4 ,but the declamation with which this was urged appeared to him to be the language of passion4 ,he determined to learn from their own writings the character of the ,catholic theologians so soundly abused by their opponents4 ,he first examined the ,official refutation of the ,augsburg ,confession1 the joint work of the flower of the ,catholic theologians1 ,eck1 ,faber1 ,wimpina1 etc42 next he came to the various works published by them1 before and after #aecj1 against the various successive developements of ,protestantism2 then came the ,german theology of ,berthold ,chiemsie2 the ,confession of ,cardinal ,hosius2 ,erasmus2 ,tetzel2 ,henry ,,viii42 ,fisher1 ,bishop of ,rochester2 ,ambrosius ,catharinus2 the ,sorbonne2 ,sadoletus2 ,contarini2 the minutes of the conferences held at that epoch in ,germany and ,switzerland2 the ,pontifical instructions in ,rainaldi and ,leplat1 and last1 the acts of the ,imperial ,diet1 as far as they touched on religious and ecclesiastical questions4 ,in all1 he had to study seventy ,catholic works of the period4 ,god knows1 he tells us1 how ,i was moved as ,i read them1 and how violent were the struggles in which ,i was engaged4 ,i endeavoured to resist the force of the arguments before me1 but ,i could not4 ,i would not permit myself to call in question that great axiom of ,protestants1 that the ,reformation was right and necessary4 ,the humility required to correspond with the motions of grace was wanting to me2 scientific pride still insisted on its pretended rights4 ,i had only arrived so far as to understand that the opinions pronounced by the reformers on their adversaries were frequently partial1 erroneous1 and malevolent2 that the intellectual power of these latter was not so contemptible as it had been represented2 and finally1 that their principles had been frequently travestied at the pleasure of the fathers of ,protestantism 7p4 #aci74 ,having completed his study of these sources1 he arranged his materials in the following order3 ,the first chapter treated of the ,church1 the ,primacy1 the ,scripture1 ,tradition1 the ,councils2 the second1 of the state of innocence1 of the fall1 of original sin and its consequences2 the third1 of free-will and grace2 the fourth1 of justification1 of the fulfilment of the law1 and of the evangelical counsels2 then came the sacraments in genere et in specie2 finally1 the saints and the worship due to them4 ,the title of his manuscript was ,de ,theologia ,romano-,catholica quae ,reformatorum aetate viguit1 ante-,tridentina4 ,the work was successful1 and received high praise from the faculty of theology4 ,it was said1 however1 that the author was too impartial--nimis justus--towards ,catholicism4 ,this qualification was added at the request of ,hengstenberg1 who did not like too well the favourable notice given of ,catholic writers4 ,and yet notwithstanding all this1 ,dr4 ,laemmer was still far from being a ,catholic4 ,he himself tells us that at most he had arrived at the position held by ,leo4 ,on the #crd of ,august1 #ahef1 he received the prize1 and had the satisfaction of learning at the same time that his memoir was accepted as the dissertation required for the license4 ,in a few days he passed the rigorosum1 and in the same month made his public disputation1 taking for the theme of his introductory discourse ,st4 ,bernard's work1 ,de consideratione4 ,he received his license1 and immediately left ,berlin for the country to recruit his shattered health4 ,in the country he preached frequently1 wrote an analysis of ,g4 ,voigt's ,pius ,,ii4 and his age1 and a dissertation on the doctrine of justification1 held by the ,catholic theologian1 ,contarini1 in which he now admits he was mistaken as to his estimate of the sentiments of that divine4 ,returning to ,berlin with renewed health1 he was appointed to give religious instruction1 and to teach ,hebrew in the ,frederic ,gymnasium4 ,it must have been a difficult task for one perplexed in mind as ,m4 ,laemmer was1 to undertake the religious instruction of a body of young men at the very doors of the ,university of ,berlin4 ,among his youthful hearers he found open infidelity1 rationalism1 the doctrines of ,schleiermacher1 ,pietism1 confessionalism1 in one word1 each class was a miniature copy of the ,protestant world around4 ,but he did not swerve from the path of duty4 ,he boldly set before them1 as the central truth of religion1 the ,man-,god dying on the cross for the world4 ,in vain did his hearers bring forward the pretended results of modern criticism1 and natural explanations of supernatural facts2 ,m4 ,laemmer insisted with energy upon the credibility and the inspiration of ,s4 ,scriptures1 and on the miracles and prophecies narrated in them4 ,he also made it his duty to lead his charge to love and practise prayer4 ,in spite of their resistance he obliged even the higher classes to recite the ,decalogue and the ,apostles' ,creed2 and he was consoled by seeing his firmness rewarded by the happiest results4 ,at ,easter1 #aheg1 he passed his examination for the doctor's degree1 having chosen for the subject of his theme ,pope ,nicholas ,i4 and the ,court of ,byzantium4 ,again he was successful3 ,lehnerdt1 to whom he had dedicated his thesis1 observed to him with great gentleness that he was not far from ,hurter's idea of the ,papacy4 ,and in truth this last labour had brought him much nearer to the ,church by reason of the brilliant light it cast on the character and office of the ,papacy in ,christianity4 ,in #aheg he found time to publish a new edition of ,st4 ,anselm's ,cur ,deus homo1 and to write a paper on the conversion of ,herman of ,kappenburg4 ,in ,june #aheh he revised for the press his treatise on the ante-,tridentine theology4 ,in preparing the revision he made a study of modern ,catholic works on history1 dogma1 moral and canon law4 ,he became familiar with the ,roman ,breviary1 to which his attention had been called by the attempt made by a ,protestant minister to form a ,lutheran ,breviary4 ,he also read and admired ,cardinal ,wiseman's ,fabiola4 ,i now understood the ,memorare and the ,sub tuum2 ,i began to recite the ,ave ,maria1 to salute together with the angel the ,mother of my ,god1 to seek her compassion1 that she might obtain for me grace to be completely enlightened1 and to enter into the ,saviour's one fold4 ,the sting of doubt tormented me unceasingly2 on my knees1 before my crucifix in my lonely chamber1 ,i experienced the most painful struggles4 ,as ,i had ever preserved such fragments of ,christian truth as the ,reformers had spared1 and as for many long years ,i had occupied myself with the solution of the leading questions in philosophy and theology1 it appeared to me very hard to submit my reason to the yoke of faith4 ,but prayer removed all these obstacles1 and when soon after ,i came to knock at the door of the ,church1 ,i found it easy to assent to all the truths that were proposed to my belief 7p4 #afc74 ,with many other ,protestants1 he assisted at the exercises of a mission given at ,berlin by the ,jesuit ,fathers1 and reaped therefrom much benefit4 ,in ,july1 #aheh1 he received permission from the minister of worship to explore the libraries of ,germany and northern ,italy1 to collect such manuscripts of ,eusebius as might be found1 with a view to a new revision of the text of that historian4 ,he visited ,leipsic1 ,dresden1 ,vienna1 ,venice1 ,padua1 ,milan1 and ,munich4 ,at ,dresden1 ,wolfgang de ,goethe took him to be a ,catholic priest4 ,at ,venice he met with ,f4 ,ignazio ,mozzoni1 of the order of ,st4 ,john of ,god1 author of a remarkable history of the ,church1 and was edified by the piety and the literary activity of the ,mechitarists4 ,the intercourse he had with ,catholic ecclesiastics1 and the sight of ,catholic ceremonies and rites1 were of signal service to him by removing unfavourable impressions4 ,among other details he tells us3 ,i shall never forget a certain ,irish ,dominican1 the very type of a perfect religious1 who aroused in me profound emotions by the account he gave me of the sad condition of his fellow-countrymen1 crushed by ,english rule 7p4 #aia74 ,his scientific mission was finished at ,munich1 whither he returned from his long journey still a ,protestant4 ,but the end was at hand1 and we must allow him to describe it in his own words3 ,after leaving ,munich1 ,i continued for some weeks to suffer great anguish of mind4 ,at length the decisive hour came1 and the sun of grace had completed the work of my enlightenment4 ,i decided to become a ,catholic on the #adth of ,october1 #aheh1 the feast of ,st4 ,theresa1 whose powerful intercession strengthened my weakness4 ,i communicated my resolutions to the minister of worship and to the faculty of theology of ,berlin1 and ,i requested my bishop--the ,bishop of ,ermland--to receive me into the bosom of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 in which1 after long and painful struggles1 ,i had at length recognized the depositary of the truth1 and the legitimate spouse of the ,son of ,god3 thus would my heart be at peace4 ',glory and praise'1 said my letter1 'to our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who has enabled me to surmount all obstacles1 who has graciously heard my prayers1 who has had pity on me1 who has broken my chains1 who has scattered the darkness that hung over me1 who has shown me the path to the fold4 ,since conscientious investigations have proved to me that the so-called ,reformation of the sixteenth century has but disfigured the type of the true ,church of ,jesus ,christ1 and that its principles1 far from being salutary1 are essentially destructive and the necessary cause of the effects which history has registered during three centuries--that the ,protestant confessions and their apologists1 instead of attacking the ,church's genuine teaching1 do but distort it to insure an easy victory2 since ,i am convinced that the ,reformers had neither the duty nor the right to attempt a reform apart from and against the head of the ,church and the episcopate2 that the religious divisions of our age are caused by the refusal to submit to the ,church and return to the centre whence we departed in the sixteenth century2 since the historical development of the ,church has been proved to me unbroken down to the present day2 since ,i have learned to justify and love her doctrine1 her morality1 and her worship2 from the day on which the grace of ,god has permitted me to be convinced of these truths1 my return to the ,catholic ,church has become a matter of necessity1 and it is only by a public confession of my faith that ,i can hope to regain tranquillity of conscience1 that peace of the heart which the world cannot give1 nor yet1 in spite of all its fraud and anger1 can ever take away'4 ,it is needless to add that the ,bishop of ,ermland acceded to this touching request4 ,on ,st4 ,catherine's ,day1 during the jubilee of #aheh1 ,dr4 ,laemmer made his profession of ,catholic faith1 and received the sacraments of baptism and the ,eucharist4 ,towards the end of the same year he was admitted to the diocesan seminary of ,ermland1 where he received confirmation1 tonsure1 and holy orders4 ,soon after his ordination he was sent to ,rome4 ,several valuable works on subjects of ecclesiastical history have since appeared from him1 and much is still expected at his hands4#ag ,in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 his doubts dispelled1 his heart at peace1 well indeed may he love to repeat with joy and gratitude--,misericordias ,domini in aeternum cantabo6--7,ps4 xxxii41 #ba74 ,,two ,,illustrious ,,graves4 ,we are happy to be the first to announce to the ,irish public the discovery of the exact spot wherein the remains of our great ,irish chieftain1 ,hugh ,o',neill1 repose1 side by side with those of ,archbishop ,matthews4 ,this privilege we owe to the great kindness of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,moran1 the distinguished ,vice-,rector of the ,irish ,college of ,st4 ,agatha1 ,rome1 who has permitted us to anticipate the publication of the second part of the first volume of his ,history of the ,catholic ,archbishops of ,dublin since the ,reformation1 in which the event is described4 ,of the volume itself we shall soon have occasion to speak at some length4 ,for the present it is enough to say1 that like each of ,dr4 ,moran's other works1 it has the great merit of being a work for the times4 ,his ,life of ,archbishop ,plunkett1 and his ,history of the ,irish ,persecutions1 were valuable1 no doubt1 for the light they cast on an important epoch1 and for the proof they afforded of our forefathers' constancy in the faith4 ,far more valuable1 however1 than these are ,dr4 ,moran's ,essays on the ,origin1 ,doctrines1 and ,antiquities of the ,irish ,church1 in which1 with an extraordinary lucidity of reasoning and a singular amount of erudition1 he answers all the arguments and refutes all the theories of modern ,protestant writers and lecturers1 who have undertaken the hopeless task of proving that the religion of the early church of our fathers was identical with that which had its origin in the corruption and cruelty of ,henry ,,viii4 and his daughter ,elizabeth1 and which1 as far as it has extended1 was introduced into ,ireland by fire and sword and the most cruel penal laws4 ,any one who reads ,dr4 ,moran's essays will admit that not only ,whiteside and ,napier1 who have ventured to lecture on the ancient doctrines of the ,irish ,church1 with which they were altogether unacquainted1 but also some learned antiquarians who have treated of the same subject1 were quite astray in their views1 and had no solid arguments on which to ground their opinions4 ,our first extract is taken from the life of the venerable ,archbishop1 ,dr4 ,matthews1 who governed the see of ,dublin in a most critical and disastrous period1 from the #bnd ,may1 #afaa1 to the #ast of ,september1 #afbc1 when he died an exile in ,rome4 ,this extract is found at page #bfb1 and gives an account of the persecutions to which ,catholics were subjected in the reign of ,james ,i41 who was supposed to be less hostile than his predecessor ,elizabeth3 ,the greater part of the treatise of ,dr4 ,roothe1 entitled ,analecta1 is taken up with details of the sufferings of our ,church at this sad period4 ,the chief facts1 however1 which he commemorates are3 7#a7 that the fines levied in the county ,cavan1 in #afae1 for the mere crime of not assisting at ,protestant service1 amounted to more than eight thousand pounds2 7#b7 that when some of the poor ,catholics of the county ,meath1 who were unwilling to pay this tax1 fled from the cruel collectors of it into the caverns and mountain recesses1 furious bloodhounds were often let loose in pursuit of them1 followed by the sheriff and his posse of soldiers1 equally furious and unrelenting2 7#c7 that the ,protestant authorities had constant recourse to ecclesiastical censures1 in consequence of which1 great numbers of ,catholic merchants and artificers were thrown into prison1 and reduced to extreme poverty and distress2 7#d7 that those who happened to die whilst under the ban of these ,protestant censures1 were denied ,christian burial1 and thrown into graves dug in the highways1 where1 to increase the ignominy1 stakes were driven through their bodies4#ah ,more interesting to the reader than all these narratives1 will probably be the sketch of the sufferings of ,ireland from the pen of the archbishop himself1--a sketch drawn up with special care by ,dr4 ,matthews1 in #afbc1 and presented by him to the ,sacred ,congregation of ,propaganda4#ai ,he thus writes3-- ',although from the very commencement of the schism we have been constantly in the battle-field1 and1 with the exception of the momentary repose enjoyed during the reign of ,catholic ,mary1 have been unceasingly exposed to the attacks of our persecutors1 yet so severe are their late assaults1 that1 in comparison1 all their preceding efforts sink into insignificance4 ,of this persecution ,i myself have been a witness and a sharer1 and ,i shall briefly commemorate a few of its chief heads4 ',some years ago the heretics strained every nerve to introduce into ,ireland those laws which the ,english parliament enacted against the ,catholics of ,england1 and to resuscitate the penal code which had been surreptitiously passed at the beginning of ,elizabeth's reign4 ,a parliament was summoned to attain these ends4 ,the government again sought by every art and violence to secure the election of ,english or ,scotch heretical soldiers4 ,lest our ,catholics might prevail by their numbers1 new ,english and ,scotch colonies were planted1 and endowed with the privilege of representation4 ,moreover1 a number of titles were conferred on various heretics1 whilst the remonstrances of the ,catholics were unheeded4 ,nevertheless1 no counsel can prevail against the ,lord4 ,all the heretical efforts were fruitless2 and so strenuously did the ,catholics defend their sacred cause1 that their adversaries did not dare even to propose the penal statutes4 ,the heretics had then recourse to royal prerogative1 that thus1 without any form of law or justice1 they might riot against the ,catholics2 and so violent is the storm of persecution which they have thus excited1 that it almost baffles description4 '#a4 ,all ,catholics are removed from the administration of affairs1 and even the smallest offices are given to heretics and schismatics1 who may with impunity persecute the ,catholics according to their fancies4 '#b4 ,no ,catholic can hold property throughout the entire kingdom2 everything is seized on by heretical colonists1 and the ejected ,catholic proprietors cannot even live as servants on those lands of which they are the masters by hereditary right4 ,for the heretics have learned by experience that there is no people in the world so attached to the faith of their fathers as are the ,irish1 in defence of which they often had recourse to arms1 and risked their fortunes and lives4 ,seeing1 therefore1 that penal laws could not suffice to destroy their devotion to the ,catholic religion1 they had recourse to new arts1 and by a disastrous counsel commenced to fill the country with ,english and ,scotch colonies2 whilst at the present time1 in consequence of the treaties entered into with the continental states1 the ,irish can hope for no assistance from other powers4 ,thus1 then1 the natives1 though unaccused of any crime1 are1 without colour of justice1 without any feeling of humanity1 without any fear of ,him who will punish the oppressors1 expelled from the homes of their fathers and from their hereditary estates4 ,sometimes they are driven to other parts of the kingdom1 where small portions of land are assigned to them for their maintenance2 sometimes they are compelled to fly from the island1 and seek support by entering the armies of the ,continent4 ,heretics being thus introduced into the ,catholic lands1 a great part of the kingdom is polluted with their sacrilegious impieties2 and unless ,god may avert the dire calamity1 the ancient faith will be banished from the whole island4 ,as this evil is propagated by brute force1 and as our people have neither skill nor power to cope with our enemies1 we must wholly rely for its remedy on the mercy of ,god4 '#c4 ,ministers and preachers were sought out everywhere in ,scotland and ,england1 and sent hither to pervert our ,catholics4 '#d4 ,all benefices and other ecclesiastical property were1 from the beginning1 seized on by the heretics4 ,in each diocese there is a pseudo-bishop1 and in each parish a pseudo-minister4 '#e4 ,the ,catholics are compelled to repair1 for heretical worship1 the churches and chapels which these iconoclasts themselves had destroyed4 '#f4 ,the pseudo-clergy not only seize on all the revenues1 but exact payment for the sacraments of baptism and marriage1 even when they are administered by the ,catholic priests2 the sum thus exacted sometimes amounts to four guineas or more1 according to the will of the ,protestant ministers1 who make no account of the poverty and misery of the people4 ,in addition to these exactions1 a salary was lately assigned to a certain heretic1 to be levied on the births1 marriages1 and deaths of the ,catholics4 '#g4 ,four times in the year questors are appointed to explore the ,catholics throughout the whole kingdom1 and impose fines on all who absent themselves from the heretical sermons and communion4 ,as this fine is not defined by law1 the judges and questors display great earnestness and avarice in exacting it1 through hatred of our holy religion4 '#h4 ,on each ,sunday1 each ,catholic father of a family is obliged to pay a pecuniary fine for himself and for each ,catholic member of his family4 ,this fine is exacted without mercy even from the poorest labourers4 '#i4 ,the pseudo-bishops have introduced a new system of excommunicating1 forsooth1 the ,catholics2 from which excommunication the ,catholic cannot be freed1 except by recognizing the spiritual authority of these bishops1 and thus sacrificing their own faith4 ,those thus excommunicated are liable to arrest2 and should they die1 are interred in unconsecrated ground4 '#aj4 ,those who assist at ,mass1 incur a penalty of one hundred marks4 '#aa4 ,all our gentry and nobility are obliged to send their heirs to be educated and perverted in ,england4 '#ab4 ,none of the nobility are now allowed to succeed to their paternal inheritance1 without first taking the oath of royal supremacy3 otherwise they and their posterity are deprived of their revenues1 and thus the dreadful alternative is presented to them of perversion or poverty4 '#ac4 ,it is interdicted to the ,catholics to teach school either in public or in private2 on the other hand1 heretical masters are hired in every diocese1 and paid from the revenue of some benefices1 to pervert our youth and imbue them with heresy4 ,in fact1 the heretics have obstructed every avenue by which our youth could receive instruction in this kingdom2 and by their severe penalties and rigorous searches1 they seek to render it impossible for any ,catholic teacher to remain in the country4 ,moreover1 having created a university in the city of ,dublin1 the seat of the viceroy and the capital of the whole kingdom1 they employ every artifice to attract our children to its schools4 ,indeed1 they could not possibly devise any scheme more iniquitous than that of thus corrupting our youth4 '#ad4 ,the ,catholic cities are deprived of their ancient liberties1 privileges1 and rights1 and are reduced to the rank of towns1 unless they elect heretics as their mayors and aldermen1 or1 at least1 select such persons as the heretics approve of1 as lately happened to the city of ,waterford1 which holds the second place in the kingdom for its strength and opulence'4 ,the second extract is the last appendix to the volume4 ,it gives us the epitaphs of ,hugh ,o',neill and ,dr4 ,matthews1 which are now published for the first time4 ,epitaph of the ,most ,rev4 ,eugene ,matthews1 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,this volume was already in type1 when we were fortunate enough to meet with the original epitaph which marked the last resting place of the illustrious ,archbishop ,matthews4 ,near the summit of the ,janiculum1 in the city of ,rome1 stands the well known church of ,san ,pietro-in-,montorio4 ,it contains many treasures of art1 and its paintings retail the names of ,raffaelle1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,pinturicchio1 ,vasari1 and other great masters4 ,more dear to the ,christian pilgrim is the adjoining shrine1 which guards the clay in which was set the cross of the ,prince of the ,apostles4 ,it was in this church that the last princes of ,tyrone and ,tyrconnel were interred4 ,in the second row of tombs with which the pavement of the church is lined1 the ,irish traveller will find without difficulty the epitaph of ,hugh baron of ,dungannon1 who died in ,september1 #afji1 and of the two ,o',donnells1 who died in the autumn of #afjh4bj ,it is known that ,hugh ,o',neil1 earl of ,tyrone1 was also interred here2 but hitherto his tomb has been sought for in vain4 ,the archives of the adjoining monastery1 however1 have at length come to our aid4 ,the last great ,irish chieftain expired in the ,palazzo ,salviati1 on the #bjth of ,july1 #afaf1 and the register of ,san ,pietro-in-,montorio marks the #bdth of ,july1 #afaf1 as the day on which his remains were1 with princely pomp1 laid within its vaults4 ,this same register further tells us that his epitaph1 now wholly obliterated1 held the first place in the third row of tombs which mark the pavement of the church1 and that it consisted of the simple record3 ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,,hic ,,quiescunt ,,ossa ,,hugonis ,,principis ,o',,neill4 ,it was alongside the tomb of ,hugh ,o',neil that ,eugene ,matthews1 archbishop of ,dublin1 reposed in death4 ,his epitaph1 says the register of the church1 holds the second place in the third row of tombs4 ,the slab which corresponds with this indication now only retains some faint traces of letters here and there1 it being impossible to decipher even one word of its original inscription4 ,here again the church register comes to our aid2 it tells us that the following was the inscription on ,dr4 ,matthews' tomb3 ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,,eugenio ,,matthei1 ,,archiepiscopo ,,dublinensi1 ,,doctrinae ,,claritate ,,natalium ,,splendore1 ,,fide ,,in ,,deum ,,pietate ,,in ,,patriam ,,singulari ,,qui ,,postquam ,,solliciti ,,pastoris1 ,,diuturno ,,ac ,,difficili ,,tempore ,,in ,,hibernia1 ,,numeros ,,omnes ,,adimplesset1 ,,sub ,,gregorio ,,xv41 ,,romam ,,venit1 ,,ubi ,,ab ,,optimo ,,pontifice ,,benigne ,,habitus1 ,,dum ,,patriae ,,suae ,,negotia ,,promoveret1 ,,extremum ,,diem ,,clausit ,,kal4 ,,sept4 #afbc4 ,thus1 as ,dr4 ,matthews was closely allied by blood with the families of ,tyrone and ,tyrconnel2 as he in youth shared with them the perils of the ,catholic camp2 as1 when bishop of ,clogher1 he enjoyed with them the hospitality of the great pontiff1 ,paul ,v41 in the ,salviati ,palace1 ,rome2 so was he destined to be united with them in death1 and to repose with them beneath the shadow of ,st4 ,peter's dome1 amidst the sanctuaries and shrines of the ,eternal ,city4 ,we cannot better conclude than with the words of the ,four ,masters1 when registering the death of ,hugh ,o',neil3 ',although he died far distant from ,armagh1 the burial place of his ancestors1 it was a manifestation that ,god was pleased with his life2 for the place in which ,god granted him to be buried was ,rome1 the capital of the ,christians'4 ,,liturgical ,,questions4 ,in the last number of the ,record we laid down some rules for the convenience and guidance of the clergy in determining what mass is to be said on the occasion of marriage4 ,we did not1 however1 point out the cases in which the nuptial benediction cannot be given1 and when the mass pro sponso et sponsa cannot be said4 ,the ,roman ,ritual has the following words3--,caveat etiam parochus ne quando conjuges in primis nuptiis benedictionem acceperint1 eos in secundis benedicat1 sive mulier sive etiam vir ad secundas transeat4 ,sed ubi ea viget consuetudo ut si mulier nemini unquam nupserit1 etiamsi vir aliam uxorem habuerit1 nuptiae benedicantur1 ea servanda est4 ,sed viduae nuptias non benedicat1 etiamsi ejus vir nunquam uxorem duxerit4 ,it is clear from these words that the nuptial benediction is not to be given1 nor is the mass pro sponso et sponsa1 to be said1 in case a widow is to be married4 ,this will appear still more evident from two decrees of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites bearing on this subject3-- ,no4 #daej4--,quaer4 #d ,si mulier esset vidua debetne omitti missa pro sponso et sponsa et omittendae sunt benedictiones infra eam descriptae post orationem ,dominicam et ,ite missa est8 ,ad4 #d4--,si mulier est vidua non solum debet omitti benedictio nuptiarum1 sed etiam1 missa propria pro sponso et sponsa4 ,die #c ,martii1 #agfa4 ,and again on the #cast of ,august1 #ahci1 the following questions were answered3-- #a4 ,quando nuptiae celebrantur tempore ,adventus vel ,quadragesimae debetne fieri commemoratio missae pro sponso et sponsa per ,collectam ,secretam1 et ,post communionem8 #b4 ,licetne recitare supra sponsos preces seu orationes in missali positas post orationem ,dominicam et ,ite missa est8 #c4 ,quando praedictae orationes non sunt recitatae in missa nuptiarum1 debentne recitari extra missam elapso tempore prohibito8 ,quae singula dubia sedulo de more perpendentes ,eminentissimi et ,reverendissimi patres sacris tuendis ,ritibus praepositi in ordinario ,coetu ad ,quirinale subsignata die coadunati1 auditaque fideli relatione ab infrascripto secretario facta respondendum censuerunt3 serventur ,rubricae ,missalis ac generalia memorata ,decreta quibus edicitur ut quoniam temporibus ab ,ecclesia vetitis1 locum haberi nequit solemnis benedictio nuptiarum1 ita pariter inhibetur commemoratio pro sponso et sponsa in ,missa occurrente neque orationes resumendae extra missam tempore prohibito jam elapso4 ,atque ita rescripserunt1 declararunt ac servandum omnino mandarunt4 ,die #ca ,augusti1 #ahci4 ,we shall now proceed to answer other questions which were some time since sent to us by a much respected and zealous clergyman in connexion with the administration of marriage4 #a4 ,in what part of the church are the spouses to take their places8 are they to stand or kneel during the ceremony8 #b4 ,is the surname to be repeated in the ceremony8 #c4 ,is the ring to be put from finger to finger or on the ring finger at once1 as laid down in ,roman ,ritual8 #d4 ,how much of the ,ritus ,pontificalis of marriage ought a priest to adopt8 for instance can he use a cope8 #e4 ,is a lighted candle1 and how many1 to be used at the marriage ceremony1 or in blessing holy water1 etc48 ,in answer to the first question1 we beg to say that the ,roman ,ritual simply says3 ,matrimonium in ,ecclesia maxima celebrari decet4 ,it was quite unnecessary to say more1 inasmuch as the ,ritual lays down that the spouses are to assist at mass and to approach ,holy ,communion4 ,when these particulars are observed1 the spouses should1 of course1 occupy a place near the altar1 and even in case there should be no mass1 it appears to us quite proper that they should contract marriage at the altar1 while we cannot point out the precise place1 as the ,rubrics of the ,ritual do not enter into further details4 ,with regard to the kneeling1 the ,ritual says nothing3 we think1 however1 that the practice of allowing them to stand while expressing their mutual consent1 and kneeling down at the words ,ego conjungo vos1 etc41 may safely be followed4 ,this practice is indicated in some ,rituals3 ,ac primo sponsum interreget stantem ad dextram mulieris1 and in the ,roman ,pontifical1 ,muliere ad sinistram viri stante4 ,the ,roman ,ritual does not mention these details4 ,it is not at all necessary to repeat the surname in the ceremony4 ,baruffaldi1 in his ,commentaria ad ,rituale ,romanum1 has the following words3 ,post nomen non utique est necessarium addere cognomen gentilitium quia per verba illa hic praesentem satis indicatur quinam sit illa de quo agitur4 ,nihilominus ad abundantiam nonnulli solent addere quoque cognomen prosapiae et nomina parentum illorum qui contrahunt ad evitandum omnem errorem circa personam4 ,baruffaldi1 de ,matrimonio1 tit4 xlii4 ,the ,roman ,ritual certainly appears to state that the ring is to be placed on the ring finger at once1 and so does the ,pontifical2 however1 it is to be remembered that other ,rituals do not contradict this1 but they would appear rather to explain the manner of observing what is prescribed in the ,roman ,ritual by moving it from finger to finger1 and reciting the words at the same time as pointed out in the ,ritual4 ,our respected correspondent1 when proposing these questions for the very laudable purpose of securing uniformity of practice in so important a matter1 must recollect the words of the ,roman ,ritual3 ,caeterum si quae provinciae aliis1 ultra praedictas1 laudabilibus consuetudinibus et caeremoniis in celebrando matrimonii sacramento utantur1 eas sancta ,tridentina synodus optat retineri4 ,on which words ,baruffaldi1 commenting1 says3 ,cum ,ecclesia ,catholica delere introductas et per longa saecula approbatas caeremonias1 impossibile iudicaverit1 illas quodammodo retineri laudavit1 optavitque dummodo sint vere laudabiles et merae consuetudines1 non autem ritus sacramentales sacramentum deformantes4 ,hence1 we should not be surprised if in different countries and even in different districts a diversity of practice exist in regard to details1 quae substantiam sacramenti non laedunt nec pietatem offendunt4 ,at the same time1 however1 it is but right that we should observe the rubrics of the ,ritual1 as1 the more accurate we are in doing so1 the greater will be the uniformity of practice1 which is most desirable4 ,the principles which we have laid down will enable us to answer question #d4 ,we should not consider the pastor deserving of censure for using a cope on a very solemn occasion1 though undoubtedly there is no mention made of it in the ,ritual1 whereas it is prescribed in the ,pontifical for a ,bishop2 and1 as a direct answer1 we should be disposed to state that a priest may adopt as much of the ,ritus ,pontificalis as is consistent with the due observance of the ,ritual4 ,the priest ought to be guided by the ,ritual1 while he leaves to the bishop the observance of the ,ritus ,pontificalis as laid down in the ,roman ,pontifical4 ,we now proceed to answer the fifth and last question4 ,the ,rubrics require lighted candles in the blessing of the ashes1 palms1 and candles2 but in the blessings referred to in the proposed question1 the use of candles is not prescribed1 though we think it would be very becoming to have lighted candles at a marriage even when there is no mass4 ,nothing1 however1 is better calculated to edify and to impress the faithful with a sense of the dignity and character of the great sacrament1 as it is called by ,st4 ,paul1 in ,christ and in the ,church1 than the holy sacrifice of the ,mass2 and hence the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 anxious to invest it with all possible solemnity1 exhorts the married couple to prepare for its reception by confession and communion1 and has appointed a special mass for the purpose2 and accordingly we find that here in ,ireland1 even in the times of persecution1 the nuptial benediction and mass were prescribed by ,dr4 ,matthews1 ,archbishop of ,dublin1 and his suffragans1 in a provincial synod at ,kilkenny1 in the year #afad4 ,si quando contigerit1 parochum aliquos matrimonialiter conjungere1 non habita tunc opportunitate impertiendi illis nuptialem benedictionem1 quae infra missarum solemnia dari solet1 moneat verbis gravibus contrahentes1 ne ante hujusmodi a se ipso1 et non alio sacerdote1 acceptam benedictionem1 in eadem domo cohabitent1 et multo minus1 matrimonium consummare praesumant4 ,similiter sponsos de futuro moneat1 ut a nimia familiarite caveant1 et ne se ullatenus carnaliter cognoscant1 donec matrimonium de praesenti contraxerint1 et benedictionem nuptialem 7prout dictum est7 obtinuerint--7,vide ,dr4 ,moran's ,history of the ,archbishops of ,dublin1 vol4 i4 p4 #dec1 which contains all the statutes of that synod74 ,with the same view we thought it well to publish some of the decrees having reference to the nuptial mass1 by which it is easily seen how the dignity of this sacrament has been upheld by the ,church1 while the system introduced by governments in other countries would have the effect of degrading it to the level of a mere civil contract1 and depriving it of the blessing and sanction of heaven4 ,if we shall have succeeded in an humble way in showing the dignity of the marriage contract by the wise rules and discipline established by the ,catholic ,church1 we will have performed a work agreeable1 we are sure1 to the readers of the ,record1 and attained at least one of the objects aimed at by its conductors4 ,,correspondence4 ,the ,editors are not responsible for the statements made by correspondents4 ,to the ,editors of the ,record4 ,,reverend ,,gentlemen1 ,since you have been kind enough to set aside a portion of the ,record for the insertion of correspondence upon theological and liturgical subjects1 ,i trust that you will allow me to offer a few remarks upon a letter which has appeared in the number#ba for the present month1 regarding the method of applying for dispensations in gradu inaequali consanguinitatis4 ,your correspondent justly considers that the question is of great importance1 and hence it may be well to call attention to some inaccuracies which1 if uncorrected1 would neutralize the good effects of his hint to fellow-labourers in the vineyard4 #a4 ,the question of which ,gury treats at page #eid1 is the necessity of mentioning the gradus propior1 and not the gradus remotior1 as stated in your correspondent's letter4 #b4 ,according to the opinion now almost universally received1 this necessity does not exist--so far as the validity of the dispensation is concerned--except when the gradus propior is the gradus primus1 which should be always mentioned1 whether it concurs with the second1 third1 or fourth2 and your correspondent is quite correct in stating that a misapprehension of the meaning of a constitution of ,benedict ,,xiv4 has led ,st4 ,liguori to adopt an opinion completely at variance with this4 ,but it is manifest that the ,saint's mistake has not been inserted in the very latest editions of the works on moral theology most in use at present--such as those of ,gury and ,scavini2 for1 while ,st4 ,liguori extends the necessity to all those cases in which the first or second degree concurs with another more remote 7,theol4 ,mor41 lib41 n4 #aacf71 ,gury falls into the opposite extreme by maintaining that in consanguinitate inaequali1 even the first degree need not be mentioned1 except when it concurs with the second 7,gury1 ,theol4 ,moralis1 #acth ed41 p4 #eid1 n4 #hfg1 not #hgf47 #c4 ,scavini certainly copied in the earliest editions of his work the opinion of ,st4 ,liguori2 but the mistake has been long since corrected4 ,in the ,paris ,edition of #ahee1 he says3 ,declaravit ,benedictus ,,xiv41 ,brevi ,etsi1 conjugium 444 illicitum esse sed non invalidum modo propinquitas non sit primi gradus consanguinitatis vel affinitatis1 scilicet mixti cum caeteris usque ad quartum gradum--t4 #d1 p4 #ejc4 ,i have examined several editions which were published since the one from which ,i have quoted1 and in all these the same view is laid down4 #d4 ,your correspondent states that the opinion of ,gury was adopted by ,scavini4 ,i think this statement is hardly correct4 ,most certainly it is not correct with reference to any of the editions of ,scavini's works which are commonly used in ,ireland4 #e4 ,in a late edition of ,gury's work1 which1 ,i suppose1 has not yet fallen under the notice of your correspondent1 the error in n4 #hfg is corrected by the following note3 ,invalidatur in genere1 dispensatio si reticetur primus gradus 444 pro foro interno1 expressio propioris gradus non requiritur nisi sit primus4 ,editio tertia ,germanica n4 #hfg1 p4 #dfe4 #f4 ,cardinal ,gousset undoubtedly followed the view of ,st4 ,liguori2 but the reference to his work should be t4 #b1 n4 #hfe1 not n4 #aacf4 #g4 ,in conclusion1 ,i may remark that the theory suggested by your correspondent as a possible explanation of ,st4 ,liguori's mistake1 does not appear to be admissible4 ,the constitution ,etsi ,matr4 had reference indeed to a case in which two impediments existed2 and the ,pope declared that the marriage was invalid1 because no mention had been made of the double impediment in the petition for the dispensation4 ,he explained1 however1 at some length that the invalidity was caused by this defect alone1 and that no difficulty would have arisen in case there had been but one impediment--relationship in the third and fourth degrees1 although the dispensation had been granted for the fourth without any mention of the third4 ,amongst other reasons for this decision1 he speaks of the common consent of theologians1 who agree that in the case of a relationship in the third and fourth degrees1 it is not necessary to mention the gradus propinquior when seeking the dispensation4 ,there can be no doubt that it was this passage which induced ,st4 ,liguori to conclude that if the gradus propinquior were the first or second1 it should be expressed in the petition4 ,he could hardly have committed such a mistake as to suppose that duplex impedimentum1 meant an impediment of consanguinity in the second degree4 ,it is evident that he did not fall into this error1 for immediately afterwards1 when discussing the question regarding a duplex impedimentum 7n4 #aach71 he adopts the opinion of ,benedict ,,xiv4 on this subject1 quoting the same constitution1 ,etsi1 in support of his view4 ,i remain1 ,reverend ,gentlemen1 respectfully yours1 ,,dublinensis4 ,may #gth1 #ahfe4 ,,documents4 ,,decree ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,congregation ,,of ,,propaganda4 ,i4 ,,decretum4 ,s4 ,congregationis de ,propaganda ,fide habitae die #ab ,aprilis1 #ahjb4 ,quum nomine ,archiepiscoporum1 ,episcoporum1 et ,vicariorum ,apostolicorum ,m4 ,britanniae ,s4 ,congregationi de ,propaganda ,fide proposita fuerint tria quaesita1 nempe3 ,i4 ,an ,episcopi1 ,archiepiscopi1 et ,vicarii ,apostolici ,m4 ,britanniae1 qui facultatem habent a ,s4 ,sede ,apostolica dispensandi cum ,catholicis in nonnullis impedimentis matrimonialibus1 iis facultatibus valide et licite uti possint in matrimoniis mixtis1 nempe dispensandi cum parte ,catholica1 quae parti acatholicae nubere velit4 ,,ii4 ,an ,episcopi ,hiberniae1 qui ex jurejurando in consecratione praestito debent ,,ss4 ,apostolorum limina singulis decenniis visitare1 et status propriae ,dioecesis relationem presentare1 initium decennii sumere debeant a die propriae consecrationis1 an primum decennium numerare a data#bb constitutionis s4 ,memoriae ,sixti ,v4 quae incipit1 ,romanus ,pontifex et sic deinceps4 ,,iii4 ,an dispensatio a ,,ss4 liminum visitatione1 a ,summo ,pontifice ,pio ,,vi41 die #g ,maji #agih ,episcopis et ,archiepiscopis ,hiberniae impertita cum clausula quamdiu praesentes rerum circumstantiae perduraverint1 ad praesens cessaverit4 ,eminentissimi ,patres1 referente ,r4 ,d4 ,p4 ,dominico ,coppola1 ,archiepiscopo ,myrensi secretario respondendum esse censuerunt4 ,ad ,i4 ,negative2 et supplicandum esse ,sanctissimo pro sanatione in radice omnium matrimoniorum1 quae cum hujusmodi dispensationibus ad haec usque tempora contracta sunt3 ,iisque dandam esse instructionem anni #aggd ad ,episcopum ,culmensem transmissam4 ,ad ,,ii4 ,incipiendum esse primum decennium a die constitutionis summi ,pontificis ,sixti ,v4 quae incipit ,romanus ,pontifex4 ,si vero ,episcopi circa ultimum decennii annum consecrati visitationem explere ac relationem status suae ,dioecesis transmittere nequeant1 ab ,apostolica ,s4 ,sede prorogationem expostulent4 ,ad ,,iii4 ,praedictam dispensationem cessasse4 ,datum ,romae ex ,a,edibus dictae ,s4 ,congregationis die #bj ,octobris #ahjb4 ,s4 ,,cardinalis ,,borgia1 ,praefectus4 ,,dominicus1 ,archiepiscopus ,myrensis1 ,secretarius4 ,,loco ,,sigilli4 7,copia vera1 ,richardus ,armacanus74 ,,ii4 ,,two ,,decrees ,,of ,,the ,,propaganda1 ,,conferring ,,the ,,parish ,,of ,,coolock ,,and ,,the ,,prebend ,,of ,,wicklow ,,on ,,the ,,late ,,most ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,murray1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,dublin4 ,we publish those decrees to preserve them from the fate of many other important documents4 ,being connected with the history of one of the most illustrious prelates of the diocese of ,dublin1 they possess a peculiar value and interest4 ,the benefices referred to had devolved to the ,holy ,see1 because ,dr4 ,ryan1 the previous incumbent1 had been promoted to the episcopal rank4 ,,decretum ,sacrae ,congregationis de ,propaganda ,fide4 ,quum per promotionem ,r4 ,d4 ,patritii ,ryan ad officium ,coadjutoris in ,ecclesia ,fernensi in ,hibernia apud ,sedem ,apostolicam vacaverit ,parochialis ,ecclesia de ,coolock1 ,dioecesis ,dublinensis cum adnexis1 quam dictus ,patritius in titulum obtinebat1 ,sacra ,congregatio ex potestate sibi facta a ,sanctissimo ,domino ,nostro ,pio ,divina ,providentia ,p4,p4 ,,vii4 ,lutetiae ,parisiorum1 ,parochialem ,ecclesiam praefatam cum ei adnexis benigne contulit ,reverendo ,domino ,danieli ,murray1 ,presbytero probitate doctrina1 ac zelo a ,r4 ,p4 ,d4 ,archiepiscopo ,dublinensi commendato4 ,datum ,romae ex ,a,edibus dictae ,sacrae ,congregationis die #bf ,januarii #ahje4 ,a4 ,,card4 ,,dugnani ,pro-,praef4 ,dominicus ,archiepiscopus ,,myren4 ,secretarius4 ,,decretum ,sacrae ,congregationis de ,propaganda ,fide4 ,die #aa ,martii #ahje4 ,quum per promotionem ,r4 ,d4 ,patritii ,ryan ad officium ,coadjutoris ,ecclesiae ,fernensis in ,hibernia vacaverit et adhuc vacet ,canonicatus1 sive ,praebenda de ,wicklow1 quam dictus ,patritius obtinebat in ,majori ,ecclesia ,dublinensi1 ,sacra ,congregatio1 utendo facultatibus sibi tributis a ,sanctissimo ,domino ,nostro ,pio1 ,divina ,providentia ,p4,p4 ,,vii4 durante ejus absentia ab ,urbe1 dictum ,canonicatum1 sive ,praebendam de ,wicklow cum omnibus juribus1 et pertinentiis suis benigne contulit ,r4 ,d4 ,danieli ,murray ,presbytere ,saeculari viro doctrina1 ac ,religionis zelo1 caeterisque virtutibus a ,r4 ,p4 ,d4 ,archiepiscopo ,dublinensi specialiter commendato4 ,a4 ,,card4 ,,dugnani ,pro-,praef4 ,dominicus ,archiepiscopus ,,myren4 ,secretarius4 ,,iii4 ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,bishops ,,to ,,the ,,propaganda1 #ahja4 ,dublino #ai ,novembre #ahja4 ,i ,metropolitani e ,vescovi d',irlanda sotto descritti amministratori del ,collegio di ,s4 ,patrizio adunati qui1 letto il grazioso biglietto di ,monsignore ,secretario di ,propaganda indirizzato al ,padre ,m4 ,concanen sotto il di #gbc ,agosto prossimo passato1 lo pregano d' umiliare loro profondissimo divoto rispetto e venerazione alla ,santita di ,nostro ,signore1 a cui professano la piu viva riconoscenza per la paterna sua sollicitudine ed attenzione ai loro interessi e doveri4 ,quanto al consaputo piano ideato dal ,governo ,brittanico in supposto vantaggio della ,ecclesiastica ,gerarchia in ,irlanda1 ,monsignore ,segretario e gia informato dei loro ,sentimenti dal dettagliato riscontro che ne diede ,l',arcivescovo di ,dublino all' ,emo ,signor ,cardinale ,borgia1 ,pro-,prefetto allora della ,s4 ,congregazione3 ,dichiarano ora che non adotteranno verun piano che non sia conforme alle massime inalterabili della nostra santa ,religione ed ai diritti della ,s4 ,sede ,apostolica1 tenendo per nullo ed invalido qualunque piano ,ecclesiastico che non sia dalla medesima autorizzato e confermato4 ,desiderano ardentemente che il plausibile sistema da loro finora osservato sia seguitato1 ed asterranno scrupolosamente d' aver in mira qualunque loro proprio temporale vantaggio trattando col ,governo ,brittannico1 a cui professano la piu disinteressata ubbedienza e gratitudine4 ,presentemente non si parla dell' ideato progetto1 ne si parlera prima della publicazione del nuovo ,concordato tra la ,s4 ,sede ed il ,governo ,francese1 a norma del quale in alcuni supposti articoli si regolera come se dice1 anche questo ,governo4 ,intanto bramano vivissimamente i ,metropolitani e ,vescovi d',irlanda dalla paterna sollicitudine e saviezza del ,santo ,padre quei maggiori lumi che stimera1 opportuni per schiarire questo scabroso affare e regolare la loro condotta nel maneggiarlo nelle critiche circostanze in cui si ritrovano per l' infelicita dei tempi presenti4 ,l' ,arcivescovo di ,dublino lo ,scrivente nell' eseguire i voleri dei ,metropolitani e ,vescovi sotto descritti communicando questi loro sentimenti1 si rassegna colla piu verace e distinta ,stima1 etc4 ,i ,,vescovo ,,accennati ,sono4 ,,ricardo1 ,arc4 ,armacano4 ,,tommas1 ,arc4 ,casseliense4 ,,patrizio ,,giuseppe1 ,vescovo ,midense4 ,,edmondo1 ,vescovo ,elfinense4 ,f4 ,,gio4 ,,tom41 ,arcivo4 ,dubliniense4 ,,odoardo1 ,archivescovo ,tuamense4 ,,giacomo1 ,vescovo ,fernense4 ,,giovanni1 ,vescovo ,ardaghadense4 ,a4 ,monsignore ,segretario di ,propaganda4 ,,iv4 ,,address ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,bishops ,,to ,,pope ,,pius ,,vii4 ,,in #ahad1 ,,with ,,the ,,pontiff',s ,,reply4 ,in order to preserve the following valuable documents1 we insert them in our pages4 ,the first is an address of all the ,irish bishops to ,pius ,,vii4 on his return from captivity in #ahad2 the second is the ,pope's reply4 ,i4 ,spes denique revixit ,christianis1 et reparata est incolumitas ,ecclesiae ,catholicae1 ,salvo ,,te1 qui ,,christum non magis auctoritate quam patientia repraesentas1 atque divinitus ex iis erepto miseriis1 quibus et vestrae ,sedis ,majestas et tuarum virtutum afflicta indignissime tenebatur1 ,sancte et ,gloriosissime ,pontifex ,domine ,,pie ,,septime ,vir ,dei4 ,quod ut evenisse singulis nationibus gratum est1 quaecunque ad evertendam dominationem taedio servitutis exarserant2 ut bonis jucundum omnibus2 ,catholicis vero exoptatum atque ingentis desiderii ac voti fuit3 ita nobis1 ,beatissime ,,pater1 qui primi omnium1 vastata ,re ,publica ,christianorum1 ita doluimus1 ut vel ,populi illius ,romani tui fletibus non minor de ,,te responderet gemitus noster2 quique praenuntiavimus haud diuturnam futuram istam tantam crudelitatem2 qui demum solemni obtestatione interdiximus1 ne quis1 ,,te oppresso1 praerogativam ,sacrosanctae ,potestatis interciperet1 non solum communis attulit fructum laetitiae1 sed et victoriae jam nostrae laudem aliquam conjunctam atque cohaerentem admirabilibus triumphis ,,tuis4 ,itaque quorum fides tibi1 ,b4 ,p4 in luctuosissimo rerum tempore invicta constitit1 jam licebit caritatem et gaudia nostra ambitiosius in publica felicitate profiteri4 ,,dextera tua ,,domine magnificata est in virtute3 ,,dextera tua ,,domine percussit inimicum4 ,et in multitudine gloriae tuae deposuisti adversarios tuos3 ,flavit ,spiritus ,tuus et operuit eos mare4 ,proximum est post tuam venerationem1 ,b4 ,p4 ut amplissimum ,senatus ,tui ,ordinem faustis acclamationibus prosequamur4 ,sed vero an ulla oratio nostra1 aut ulla omnino laus par sit tam divinae constantiae declarandae8 ,qui cum a ,tuo sinu avulsi in alios alii carceres et diversae exsilia includerentur1 adeo non potentiae1 non injuriis1 non contumeliis submiserunt animum1 ut praeclara jam apud omnes nominetur magnitudo animi illorum1 fides1 gravitas1 pietas1 innocentia4 ,immensa nempe laus1 quam de ruina honorum suorum tanquam ex incendio ereptam1 firmam sibi comparaverunt ad memoriam saeculorum omnium4 ,nunc liceat apud ,,te1 ,b4 ,p4 gratulari venerabilibus collegis nostris ,episcopis ,italicis1 qui et confessionis titulo1 et fidei erga ,,tuam ,,sanctitatem splendidissimo crimine aerumnas1 squalorem1 minas cum vi et exsilio perpessi jam recreantur4 ,nec praetereundus ,clerus ille vester ,urbicus et ,romanus fortis et sanctus1 quos aut in insulam deportatos aut in ,rhaetiam abstractos tyranni impotens furor persecutus est4 ,fruentur hi reduces tua ,,beatissime ,,pater1 reducis eximia elementia4 ,fama certe illustri suo ipsi merito perfruentur4 ,scilicet multiplici experimento compertum est virtutem ,,christi non posse obsolescere in ,ecclesia ,catholica3 eundemque in ,,te tuisque vigere spiritum etiam nunc contemptorem mortis1 qui et olim in sanctis ,martyribus triumphaverit3 ubi spiritus ,,christi sit1 ibi et libertatem esse consciam immortalitatis4 ,attollat jam ipsa ,urbs1 ,sanctorum hospita1 religionis arx1 depressum a gladiatorio servitio caput1 seseque impune meminerit illam esse1 quo ara foederis ,christiani perpetua constituta sit3 ubi ,apostoli aeternum sedeant jura dicturi populis4 ,exsultent ,martyrum cineres1 et ,apostolorum monumenta laetentur2 vestraque1 socii conditores non interiturae sub ,,christo civitatis1 ,,petre ac ,,paule1 ad istam laetitiam ossa commoveantur1 restituto ,,pio ,,septimo vestris et suis sedibus4 ,gratuletur etiam sibi felix ,,britannia1 quamvis a ,fide nostra dissentiens1 tropaeis onusta et rea voti tamen1 quippe cui id firmum immotumque omni tempore insederit1 ut obstaret grassanti impotentiae1 debellaret tyrannos1 pacem repraesentaret orbi terrarum4 ,enimvero haec princeps desperanti jam de vita saeculo et imperatrix signum extulit libertatis atque concordiae4 ,haec eadem ,duces maximos aerarii infiniti prodiga et sanguinis suorum1 exercitusque invictos1 quaquaversum misit2 etiam legiones fortissimas ,catholicorum nostrorum3 quorum in ,aegypto1 ,italia1 ,lusitania1 ,hispania1 ,galliaque ipsa facta commemorabuntur4 ,huic igitur imperio tantam haberi oportet a ,catholicis gratiam quanta ab hominibus ipsis debeatur liberatoribus humani generis2 eamque ,,te1 ,b4 ,p4 gratiam pro omnibus unum optime et nobilissime relaturum confidimus4 ,postremum sancta genua cupidissime osculati1 tuamque pro nobis et pro gregibus nostris ,apostolicam ,benedictionem flagitantes optamus1 ut ,,is1 ,,te ,petri successorem1 qui mirabiliter eripuit de manu ,herodis1 ,,deus at ,,dominus noster ,,jesus ,,christus1 diu prosperet1 ac firmet solium tuum in pace4 ,ex ,regio ,catholicorum ,collegio ,manutiano1 ,ad diem v ,kal4 ,jun4 ,,mdcccxiv4 ,,subscriptiones ,,episcoporum4 ,,ii4 ,,pivs ,p4,p4 ,,vii4 ,venerabiles ,fratres ,salutem1 et ,apostolicam ,benedictionem4 ,quantopere ,litteris vestris ,v4 ,kal4 ,junias ad ,nos datis delectati simus1 satis explicare1 ,venerabiles ,fratres1 non possumus1 eximiis adeo amoris erga ,nos1 et apostolicam sedem sensibus refertae sunt4 ,persuasos itaque ,vos esse volumus officium1 quo pro felici calamitatum nostrarum exitu nuper perfuncti estis1 omni ex parte gratissimum ,nobis accidisse4 ,sed et ,venerabiles ,fratres ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,cardinales1 ,italiae ,episcopi1 ,clerusque ,urbis universus ingentes perpetuo gratias vobis habituri sunt1 quod ipsorum omnium fortitudinem1 constantiam1 fidem omni laudum genere prosecuti sitis4 ,etsi vero illius1 quae ,nos et totam ,ecclesiam dirissime affligebat calamitatis cessatio dexterae ,excelsi adscribenda omnino sit3 inter naturales tamen tam subitae1 tamque admirandae rerum conversionis causas1 principem facile locum ,,britannia obtinet1 quae thesauris1 exercitibus1 classibus suis1 junctisque foederatorum ,principum armis impia ,tyranni ,europam latissime vastantis consilia dispersit1 viresque contrivit4 ,utinam ,,deus ,,optimus ,,maximus ea nationi tam praeclare de orbe universo meritae beneficia retribuat1 quibus veram1 solidam1 absolutamque numeris omnibus felicitatem consequatur4 ,quamvis autem ,catholici vestrae curae commissi suis erga ,potestatem1 cui subjacent1 officiis plane respondeant1 nec bene1 ut dicitur1 currenti stimulos addere necesse sit3 ,vos tamen1 ,venerabiles ,fratres1 hortari eos1 ut facitis1 indesinenter pergetis1 ne quid unquam committant1 de quo merito reprehendi ab eadem ,potestate possint4 ,cum omnes pastoralis officii partes tanto cum zelo1 et animarum profectu impleatis1 huic etiam ,vos accurate satisfacturos non dubitamus4 ,paternae interim1 praecipuaeque nostrae ergo vos charitatis pignus1 ,apostolicam ,benedictionem ,vobis1 gregibusque vestris peramanter impertimur1 ,datum ,romae apud ,s4 ,mariam ,majorem sub ,annulo ,piscatoris die ,,xxvii4 ,julii1 ,,mdcccxiv4 ,pontificatus ,nostri ,anno ,decimo ,quinto4 ,dominicus ,testa4 ,venerabilibus ,fratribus ,archiepiscopis et ,episcopis ,hiberniae4 ,,notices ,,of ,,books4 ,i4 ,the ,culdees of the ,british ,isles1 as they appear in ,history1 with an ,appendix of ,evidences4 ,by ,william ,reeves1 ,d4,d4 ,gill1 ,dublin1 #ahfd1 pp4 v4--#afc4 ,in treating of the life of ,st4 ,columba1 some years ago1 ,dr4 ,reeves expressed his hope that he should have an early opportunity of dealing with the ,culdee question in a special dissertation4 ,much to the satisfaction of all lovers of ,irish sacred antiquities1 among whom ,dr4 ,reeves' reputation is deservedly great1 this hope was realised towards the close of #ahfj1 when the author read before the ,royal ,irish ,academy two papers on the ,culdees4 ,these papers form the matter of the work under notice2 and we propose to give an account of it to our readers as much as possible in the author's own words4 ,before entering upon his subject1 ,dr4 ,reeves sets forth the object he has in view1 and the method by aid of which he proposes to attain it4 ,persuaded that indulgence in speculation has brought great detriment to the cause of ,irish history and antiquities1 he puts forward in these pages not so much his own views on the subject1 as a comprehensive statement of trustworthy materials upon which to form a sound and philosophical opinion4 ,with this object in view1 but one method was open to him1 namely1 to collect and arrange all the scattered evidence upon the subject which his thorough and varied acquaintance with ,irish1 ,scotch1 and ,english materials of history1 both published and unpublished1 enabled him to accumulate4 ,this he has done with fulness and precision1 and having completed his task1 he leaves it to the impartial reader to combine the details placed before him1 and draw his conclusions for himself4 ,of this impartiality the author believes that he sets an example in his own proper person2 whatever his private sentiments may be on the points at issue1 he professes to hold them back4 ,not that he is cold or indifferent to his subject1 for he declares that there is one weakness1 if it be a weakness1 to which he must plead guilty1 and that is1 earnestness in the cause of ,ireland's ancient dignity4 ,by that earnestness we are all gainers1 and the labours it has dictated to the author will always hold a high place in ,irish literature4 ,the work consists of four parts1 with a valuable appendix4 ,the first part contains preliminary observations1 and is divided into two sections--one on the origin of the name ,cele-de1 or ,culdee1 the other being devoted to an analysis of that name4 ,part ,,ii4 is entitled ,the ,cele-de in ,ireland1 and consists of ten sections1 respectively treating of strangers in ,ireland called ,cele-de1 of the ,cele-de of ,tallaght1 of ,armagh1 of ,clonmacnoise1 of ,clondalkin1 of ,monaincha1 of ,devenish1 of ,clones1 of ,pubble1 and of ,scattery ,island4 ,part ,,iii4 is headed ,the ,cele-de or ,kelidei of ,scotland1 and has fourteen sections1 the first being occupied with general remarks1 the others with the ,kelidei of ,st4 ,andrew's1 of ,dunkeld1 of ,brechin1 of ,rosemarkie1 of ,dunblane1 of ,dornoch1 of ,lismore1 of ,hy1 of ,lochleven1 of ,abernethy1 of ,monymusk1 of ,muthill1 and of ,monifreth4 ,part ,,iv41 on the ,colidei of ,england and ,wales1 has two sections--one on the ,colidei of ,york1 the other on the ,colidei of ,bardsey4 ,the appendix consists of evidences from authorities referred to in the essay1 and constitutes a valuable collection of documents1 the importance of some of which extends far beyond the question which they are here intended to illustrate4 ,in laying before our readers the substance of the contents of ,part ,i41 we shall take the liberty of inverting the author's order of arrangement1 and commence by the analysis of the word4 ,the name ,cele-de is composed of the two words cele and de4 ,the word cele is of frequent occurrence in the early ,irish manuscripts1 and is the usual gloss on the words socius1 maritus1 where they occur in the ,wurtzburg copy of ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles and the ,st4 ,gall ,priscian4 ,from this it passes into the pronominal sense of alius1 alter1 and the adverbial of seorsum4 ,more rarely it has the sense of servus1 and in ,o',davoren's ,glossary is explained by gilla a servant2 and with this interpretation it is found in modern ,irish and ,gaelic dictionaries4 ,the other component1 de1 is the genitive of ,dia1 ,god1 and is found as a kind of religious intensitive in combination with certain monastic terms1 as anchorita ,dei1 monialis ,dei4 ,thus ,cele-de may mean spouse of ,god1 or friend of ,god1 or servant of ,god4 ,dr4 ,reeves prefers the last-mentioned interpretation1 for the following reasons4 ,the devotion and self-denial peculiar to the monastic life procured for those who followed it the special designation of servi ,dei1 which in time acquired a technical application1 so that servus ,dei and monachus became convertible terms1 ancilla ,dei signified a nun1 and servire ,deo a monastic life4 ,in this sense1 as ,dr4 ,reeves shows by numerous quotations1 it runs through the works of the ,latin fathers1 the acts of councils1 and the biographies of saints4 ,the writings of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great 7called in ,ireland ,bel-oir1 the golden-mouthed7 recommended this meaning especially to ,ireland1 where that father was in the highest repute4 ,familiarised1 therefore1 to the expression servus ,dei1 it is only reasonable to suppose that the ,irish would adopt it in their discourse1 and find a conventional equivalent for it in the language of their country4 ,to this origin we may safely refer the creation of the ,celtic compound cele-,de1 which in its employment possessed all the latitude of its model1 and in the lapse of ages underwent all the modifications or limitations of meaning which the changes of time and circumstances or local usage produced in the class to whom the epithet was applied 7pag4 #b74 ,of this there are many examples3 thus--#a1 the ,four ,masters1 in the ,irish ,annals of #aeie1 apply the term to the ,dominican ,friars of ,sligo2 #b1 the ,book of ,fenagh uses it of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist2 #c1 in the ,book of ,leinster and the ,book of ,lismore1 ,st4 ,moling1 ,abbot and ,bishop of ,ferns 7ob4 #fig71 classes himself among the cele-n-,de1 and implies that his associates were the miserable1 that is1 the sick and lepers2 #d1 ,in ,scotland1 whither the term entered with the ,scotic immigrants1 we find in the middle of the thirteenth century certain ecclesiastics entitled ,keledei sive ,canonici4 ,hence ,dr4 ,reeves is of opinion that the term ,cele-de was not a distinctive name borne uniformly by any one order1 but a term of most various application--now borne by hermits1 now by conventuals2 now regulars1 now seculars2 now those bound by poverty1 now those free to hold property4 ,even when they became relaxed and corrupt1 they retained their ancient name4 ,speaking of the ,kelidei of ,st4 ,andrew's in ,scotland1 ,dr4 ,reeves believes that the estate of matrimony was no disqualification for the office of a ,kelideus2 while ,van ,hecke1 the ,bollandist 7,acta ,,ss4 ,octobr41 tom4 viii4 p4 #aff1 b71 from the same passage of the ,historia draws the very opposite conclusion4 ,when at last ,cele-de does become a distinctive term1 it is only so as contrasting the old-fashioned ,scotic monks with the children of mediaeval institutions4 ,the name ,cele-de is taken by ,toland1 ,o',reilly1 and ,o',curry1 to mean spouse of ,god1 and to contain an allusion to the celibacy1 the seclusion1 and the devotion of the ancient monks of ,ireland4 ,but ,dr4 ,reeves thinks that there is an incongruity in the expression spouse of ,god1 and the nature of the compound does not require such an interpretation4 ,no doubt sponsa ,dei does occur in ecclesiastical language for monialis1 but he has not been able to discover an instance where sponsus ,dei has been used as an equivalent for monachus4 ,the ,york ,chartulary1 ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 and the ,armagh records1 make ,cele-de colideus and coelicula1 as if cele was equivalent to the ,latin colo4 ,thus ,cele-de1 would be the same as the ,latin word ,deicola4 ,the ,english name ,culdee grew out of the form ,culdeus1 first introduced by ,hector ,boece1 and sanctioned by the practice of ,george ,buchanan4 ,one of the earliest examples on record of the use of the term ,cele-de occurs in the ,life of ,st4 ,findan1 published by ,goldastus 7,rer4 ,alamannicar4 ,scriptores1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah74 ,this saint flourished in the year #hjj1 and his life was compiled not long after4 ,in the first section of ,part ,,ii4 it is shown that the ,cele-de were not supposed by the ,irish to be peculiar to this country4 ,in section the second the community at ,tallaght is noticed as presenting to us1 if we may credit certain ,irish records1 the term ,cele-de in a definite sense1 and in local connexion with a religious institution4 ,in the rule composed by ,maelruain the members of that community are styled ,cele-n-,de1 either in the sense of an order strictly so-called1 or more likely in the sense of ascetics1 or clerics of stricter observance4 ,as to the rule of ,st4 ,carthach of ,lismore 7printed from ,o',curry's ,,mss41 pag4 #aab1 #agb1 ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record1 vol4 i4 part #a71 ,dr4 ,reeves observes that if it be a genuine composition1 or even a modernized copy1 it will follow that the ,cele-de were a separate class previously to the year #fcf1 when ,st4 ,carthach died1 and that they were distinct from the order called monks--7pag4 #h74 ,now of the whole family of monastic rules to which ,st4 ,carthach's belongs1 ,o',curry writes that of the authenticity of these pieces there can be no reasonable doubt2 the language1 the style1 and the matter are quite in accordance with the times of the authors4#bd ,in ,armagh1 the ,colidei were officiating attendants at the altar and choir1 before #aabf1 when the introduction of the canons regular diminished their influence and importance4 ,they were1 however1 continued in their endowments and religious functions1 but in a less prominent position4 ,their head became precentor1 and the brethren performed the duties of vicars in the choir4 ,at ,clonmacnoise they were connected with an hospital2 at ,clondalkin1 ,monahincha1 ,devenish1 ,clones1 ,pubble1 and ,scattery1 they had establishments more or less important4 ,from ,ireland the ,colidei passed into ,scotland1 the primitive history of the ,church of which is essentially ,irish in its character4 ,the ,keledei of ,scotland appear for the first time in the history of ,st4 ,kentigern1 or ,munghu1 as compiled by ,jocelin at the close of the twelfth century from much earlier authorities4 ,they were understood by the ,scotch1 in the twelfth century1 to have been a religious order of clerks1 who lived in societies1 under a superior1 within a common enclosure1 but in detached cells1 associated in a sort of collegiate rather than coenobitical brotherhood--solitaries in their domestic habits1 though united in the common observances1 both religious and secular1 of a strict sodality4 ,such was the nucleus of the great city of ,glasgow4 ,pinkerton says of them3 ,the ,culdees were surely only ,irish clergy4 ,in the gradual corruption of the monastic order they married1 and left their ,culdeeships to their children4 ,but he is mistaken in deriving their origin from ,st4 ,columba2 no doubt they were found in lapse of time in churches which that saint or his disciples founded1 but in ,dr4 ,reeves' opinion their name was in no way distinctive4 ,irish annals have only one mention of ,celi-de as existing in ,hy1 and that example is of so late a period as #aafd4 ,f4 ,van ,hecke1 the ,bollandist1 says3 ,ceterum et nos quoque ejus sumus opinionis ut nullam inter ,columbranos monachos et ,culdees cognatsinem intercessiore credemus--7,act4 ,,ss41 ,octob41 tom4 viii4 p4 #aff a74 ,it would far exceed our limits to follow ,dr4 ,reeves in treating of the ,scotch ,kelidean houses4 ,in ,york1 at the dissolution of monasteries1 there existed an hospital called ,st4 ,leonard's1 the chartulary of which tells us that in #hcf ,king ,athelstan found in ,st4 ,peter's ,church1 ,york1 men of holy life1 called ,kolidei1 who maintained out of scanty resources a number of poor men4 ,the king1 in return for their prayers1 and to enable them to do good1 granted to them a thrave of corn from every plough-land in the diocese of ,york1 a donation which existed until a late period under the name of ,peter-corn4 ,the community founded an hospital which was afterwards called ,st4 ,leonard's4 ,the presence of this community in ,york is a curious vestige of ,irish influence1 discernible amidst long continued ,saxon usage1 which1 as we learn from ,bede1 was1 in ecclesiastical polity1 antagonistic to the ,scotic system4 ,in ,wales1 the ,isle of ,bardsey1 off ,carnarvon1 alone offers an example of ,celi-de4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis describes them in his ,itinerarium ,cambriae1 #b1 #f1 p4 #hfe4 ,the practical value of ,dr4 ,reeves' work is much increased by an excellent index4 ,,ii4 ,joseph ,carriere1 late ,superior-,general of the ,sulpicians1 and ,vicar-,general of ,paris2 ,st4 ,sulpice and the ,church of ,france in his time4 ,by ,t4 ,j4 ,o',mahony1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,dublin3 ,mullany1 #ahfe1 pp4 #aic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes4 ,footnote #a3 ,no4 viii41 ,may1 pag4 #cge4 ,footnote #b3 ,in the article we refer to the learned author 7pag4 #cgi7 writes that the name ,mechar and ,machar are clearly one and the same name4 ,their identity is indeed quite manifest in the extracts from our ,irish writers1 to which we will just now have occasion to refer4 ,footnote #c3 ,page #cgf4 ,footnote #d3 ,for further accounts of the ,o',meachairs see the first volume of ,cambrensis ,eversus1 by the late lamented ,dr4 ,kelly1 pag4 #bfi4 ,see also the ,four ,masters passim1 where they are called the dynasts of ,ui ,cairin4 ,footnote #e3 ,misericordias ,domini3 ,histoire de ma conversion au ,catholicisme4 ,par le ,doct4 ,hug4 ,laemmer1 ,pretre du diocese d',ermland1 ,traduit de l'allemand1 pp4 #bjf4 ,casterman1 ,tournai1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #f3 #a1 ,prague2 #b1 ,vienna2 #c1 ,friburg2 #d1 ,munich2 #e1 ,olmutz2 #f1 ,graetz2 #g1 ,wuerzburg2 #h1 ,munster4 ,footnote #g3 #a1 ,tuebingen2 #b1 ,innspruck2 #c1 ,breslau2 #d1 ,bonn4 ,these are called paritarian universities3 with the exception of the ,faculty of ,theology1 all the other faculties are ,protestant4 ,there are two ,faculties of ,theology1 one ,catholic and the other ,protestant4 ,footnote #h3 #a1 ,heidelberg2 #b1 ,leipsic2 #c1 ,rostock2 #d1 ,greifswald2 #e1 ,marburg2 #f1 ,koenigsburg2 #g1 ,jena2 #h1 ,kiel2 #i1 ,halle2 #aj1 ,goettingen2 #aa1 ,erlangen2 #ab1 ,stutgardt2 #ac1 ,giesen2 and #ad1 ,berlin4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,farrar's ,critical ,history of ,free ,thought1 pag4 #cij4 ,footnote #aj3 ,the ,kirchen-,zeitung and the ,kreuz-,zeitung are the organs of this body4 ,footnote #aa3 ,father ,f4 ,mertian1 of the ,society of ,jesus2 ,etudes1 etc41 par les ,peres de la ,compagne de ,jesus4 ,no4 #cb1 ,may1 pag4 #ei4 ,footnote #ab3 ,the ,tuebingen ,school and its antecedents2 a ,review of the ,history and ,present ,condition of ,modern ,theology4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,williams and ,norgate4 ,footnote #ac3 ,no4 #e1 ,july1 #ahfc1 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #ad3 ,apologia1 page #fc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,on the condition of the ,protestant church in ,germany1 see ,doellinger's ,the ,church and the ,churches1 page #bfg1 ,m',cabe's ,translation1 #ahdb4 ,footnote #af3 ,father ,perrone makes frequent reference to ,hengstenberg's ,biblical labours1 especially in tract4 de ,incarnatione1 part ,i4 ,footnote #ag3 ,the following are some of the works published by ,dr4 ,laemmer since his conversion3 #a4 ,greek3 ,eusebiou tou ,pamphilou ,ekklesiastikes ,historias ,bibloi ,deka4 ,eusebi ,pamphili ,historiae ,ecclesiasticae libri decem4 ,graecum textum collatis qui in ,germaniae et ,italiae bibliothecis asservantur ,codicibus et adhibitis praestantissimis editionibus recensuit atque emendavit1 latinam ,henrici ,valesii versionem passim correctam subjunxit1 apparatum criticum apposuit1 fontes annotavit1 prolegomena et indices adjecit ,d4 ,hugo ,laemmer1 ,presbyter ,varmiensis4 ,fasc4 ,i4 ,cum tabulis duabus ,specimina ,codicum septem continentibus4 ,scaphusiae sumtibus librariae ,hurterianae4 ,,mdccclix4 #b4 ,de codicibus ,recensionibusque ,historiae ,ecclesiasticae ,eusebii ,caesariensis scripsit ,d4 ,hugo ,laemmer1 #ahfj4 #c4 ,anecdota ,baroniana1 ex codd4 ,,mss4 collegit1 selectaque specimina edidit ,d4 ,hugo ,laemmer4 ,rome1 #ahfj4 #d4 ,monumenta ,vaticana1 historiam ecclesiasticam saeculi ,,xvi4 illustrantia4 ,ex tabulariis ,s4 ,sedis ,apostolicae secretis excerpsit1 digessit1 recensuit1 prolegomenisque et indicibus instruxit ,hugo ,laemmer4 ,una cum fragmentis ,neapolitanis ac ,florentinis1 #hvo4 ,footnote #ah3 ,analect4 praef42 also part i4 p4 #ci1 et seqq4 ,see also ,curry's ,historical ,memoirs1 p4 #ci1 seqq4 ,some late ,protestant writers have not hesitated to assert that the bloodhounds were unknown to the executors of ,english law4 ,however1 the testimony of ,dr4 ,roothe1 an eye-witness1 who often shared the perils of his flock1 is unimpeachable2 and1 moreover1 in the present instance1 we have his testimony confirmed by the charter of ,james ,i41 published in ,proceedings of ,royal ,irish ,academy1 authorizing ,henry ,tuttesham1 in #afad1 to keep four men and twelve couple of hounds in every county of ,ireland1 for seven years4 ,although the permission was granted1 in order to destroy the wolves which infested the country1 we know from several authorities how such permissions were perverted1 by the ingenuity of the persecutors1 to compass the destruction of the ,catholics4 ,see ,proceedings of ,royal ,irish ,academy1 vol4 ii41 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,this sketch is sec4 #h of the ,relatio entitled ,brevis informatio ad ,illmos4 ,d4,d4 ,cardd4 ,s4 ,congreg4 ,prop4 ,fidei1 de statu ,religionis in ,regno ,hiberniae1 et praesente ejus necessitate1 exhibita die #d ,febr4 #afbc4 ,ex ,archiv4 ,s4 ,congregat4 ,footnote #bj3 ,these tombs were repaired about twenty years ago by the late ,dominick ,o',reilly ,esq41 of ,kildangan1 county ,kildare1 a sincere lover of his country and its antiquities4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,record1 vol4 i4 part ii4 pages #chi1 #cij4 ,footnote #bb3 ,the date of the publication of the constitution ,romanus ,pontifex is #bjth ,december1 #aehe4 ,footnote #bc3 ,for letter see ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record1 vol4 i1 part ii4 page #ed4 ,footnote #bd3 ,lect4 xviii41 pag4 #cgc-d1 vol4 i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,in the ,documents section1 the symbol for a ,maltese ,cross has been represented using 4 ,minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected4 ,inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization1 accents and ligatures are preserved as printed4 ,this issue as printed ends with a summary for the book by ,t4 ,j4 ,o',mahony1 without an accompanying review4