,,the ,,ebook ,,is #dj 7#aiga-bjaa7 #bjaa by ,marie ,lebert is licensed under ,,cc ,,by-,,nc-,,sa #d4j4 ,to view a copy of this license1 visit https3_/_/creativecommons4org_/licenses_ /by-nc-sa_/#d4j_/ ,,the ,,ebook ,,is #dj 7#aiga-bjaa7 ,marie ,lebert ,,introduction ,the ebook 7electronic book7 is #dj years old4 ,after humble beginnings1 it is firmly standing alongside the print book4 ,we now read ebooks on our computers1 ,p,d,as1 mobile phones1 smartphones and ebook readers4 8,the ebook is #dj0 is a chronology in #dd episodes from #aiga to #bjaa4 ,unless specified otherwise1 the quotes are excerpts from the ,,nef ,interviews www4etudes-francaises4net_/entretiens_/1 ,university of ,toronto1 and the interviews that followed as a complement4 ,many thanks to all those who are quoted here1 for their time and their friendship4 ,part of this book was published as a series of articles in ,project ,gutenberg ,news www4gutenbergnews4org in ,july #bjaa1 to celebrate the ,this book marks the very end of a #ab-year research project1 with #ajj participants worldwide4 ,marie ,lebert is a researcher and journalist specializing in technology for books and languages4 ,her books are freely available in ,project ,gutenberg www4gutenberg4org1 in various formats for any electronic device4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents #aiga ,project ,gutenberg1 a visionary project #aigd ,the internet 8took off0 #aiij ,the invention of the web #aiia ,from ,,ascii to ,unicode #aiib ,homes for electronic texts #aiic ,the ,online ,books ,page #aiic ,,pdf1 from past to present #aiid ,the internet as a marketing tool #aiie ,the print press went online #aiie ,amazon1 a pioneer in cybercommerce #aiif ,the ,internet ,archive1 for future generations #aiif ,libraries launched websites #aiif ,towards a digital knowledge #aiif ,the folio project1 a mobile device for texts #aiig ,multimedia convergence #aiig ,a portal for ,european national libraries #aiig ,e ,ink1 an electronic ink technology #aiih ,the ,electronic ,beowulf ,project #aiih ,web-extended commercial books #aiih ,a more restrictive copyright law #aiih ,the first ebook readers #aiii ,librarians in cyberspace #aiii ,the ,ulysses ,bookstore on the web #aiii ,the internet as a novel character #bjjj ,encyclopedias and dictionaries #bjjj ,the web portal your,dictionary4com #bjjj ,a standard format for ebooks #bjjj ,experiments by best-selling authors #bjjj ,cotres4net1 works of digital literature #bjjj ,the ,gutenberg ,bible online #bjja ,broadband became the norm #bjja ,wikipedia1 a collaborative encyclopedia #bjja ,the ,creative ,commons license #bjjc ,handicapzro1 the internet for everyone #bjjc ,the ,public ,library of ,science #bjjd ,the web #b4j1 community and sharing #bjje ,from ,p,d,as to smartphones #bjje ,from ,google ,print to ,google ,books #bjje ,the ,open ,content ,alliance1 a universal library #bjjf ,the union catalog ,world,cat on the web #bjjg ,the ,encyclopedia of ,life1 a global effort #bjjg ,the future of ebooks seen from ,france #bjaj ,from the ,libri to the i,pad #bjaa ,the ebook in ten points #aiga ,,project ,,gutenberg1 ,a ,,visionary ,,project ,summary ,the first ebook was available in ,july #aiga1 as e,text #a of ,project ,gutenberg1 a visionary project launched by ,michael ,hart to create free electronic versions of literary works and disseminate them worldwide4 ,in the #afth century1 ,gutenberg allowed anyone to have print books for a small cost4 ,in the #bast century1 ,project ,gutenberg would allow anyone to have a digital library at no cost4 ,first considered as totally unrealistic1 the project got its first boost with the invention of the web in #aiij1 which made it easier to distribute ebooks and recruit volunteers1 and its second boost with the creation of ,distributed ,proofreaders in #bjjj1 to share the proofreading of ebooks between thousands of volunteers4 ,in #bjaa1 for its #djth anniversary1 ,project ,gutenberg offered #cf1jjj ebooks being downloaded by the tens of thousands every day1 with websites in the ,united ,states1 in ,australia1 in ,europe1 and in ,canada1 and #dj mirror websites worldwide4 999999 ,the first ebook was available in ,july #aiga1 as e,text #a of ,project ,gutenberg1 a visionary project launched by ,michael ,hart to create free electronic versions of literary works and disseminate them worldwide4 ,in the #afth century1 ,gutenberg allowed anyone to have print books for a small cost4 ,in the #bast century1 ,project ,gutenberg would allow anyone to have a digital library at no cost4 ,beginning ,as recalled by ,michael ,hart in ,january #bjji in an email interview3 ,on ,july #d1 #aiga1 while still a freshman at the ,university of ,illinois 7,,ui71 ,i decided to spend the night at the ,xerox ,sigma ,v mainframe at the ,,ui ,materials ,research ,lab1 rather than walk miles home in the summer heat1 only to come back hours later to start another day of school4 ,i stopped on the way to do a little grocery shopping to get through the night1 and day1 and along with the groceries they put in the faux parchment copy of ',the ,u4,s4 ,declaration of ,independence' that became quite literally the cornerstone of ,project ,gutenberg4 ,that night1 as it turned out1 ,i received my first computer account -- ,i had been hitchhiking on my brother's best friend's name1 who ran the computer on the night shift4 ,when ,i got a first look at the huge amount of computer money ,i was given1 ,i decided ,i had to do something extremely worthwhile to do justice to what ,i had been given4 7'''7 ,as ,i emptied out groceries1 the faux parchment #8,declaration of ,independence' fell out1 and the light literally went on over my head like in the cartoons and comics444 ,i knew what the future of computing1 and the internet1 was going to be444 ',the ,information ,age4' ,the rest1 as they say1 is history4 ,michael typed in the 8,u4,s4 ,declaration of ,independence0 in upper case1 because there was no lower case yet4 ,he mentioned where the #e ,k file was stored to the #ajj users of the embryonic internet of the time1 though without a hypertext link1 because the web was still #bj years ahead4 ,it was downloaded by six users4 ,michael decided to search the books from public domain available in libraries1 digitize these books and store their electronic versions4 ,project ,gutenberg's mission would be the following3 to put at everyone's disposal1 in electronic versions1 as many literary works from public domain as possible for free4 ,first considered as totally unrealistic1 the project got its first boost with the invention of the web in #aiij1 which made it easier to distribute ebooks and recruit volunteers4 ,years later1 in ,august #aiih1 ,michael wrote in an email interview3 ,we consider etext to be a new medium1 with no real relationship to paper1 other than presenting the same material1 but ,i don't see how paper can possibly compete once people each find their own comfortable way to etexts1 especially in schools4 ,a book became a continuous text file instead of a set of pages1 using the low set of ,,ascii1 called ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii1 with caps for the terms in italic1 bold or underlined of the print version1 for it to be read on any hardware and software4 ,as a text file1 a book would be easily copied1 indexed1 searched1 analyzed and compared with other books4 ,distributed ,proofreaders ,the project got its second boost with the creation of ,distributed ,proofreaders in #bjjj1 to share the proofreading of ebooks between thousands of volunteers4 ,distributed ,proofreaders was launched in ,october #bjjj by ,charles ,franks to support the digitization of public domain books and assist ,project ,gutenberg in its efforts to offer free electronic versions of literary works4 ,the books are scanned from a print version and converted into a text version by using ,,ocr1 #ii reliable at the best1 which leaves a few errors per page4 ,volunteers choose one of the books available on the site and proofread a given page4 ,it is recommended they do a page per day if possible4 ,distributed ,proofreaders became the main source of ,project ,gutenberg's ebooks1 and an official ,project ,gutenberg site in #bjjb4 ,distributed ,proofreaders became a separate legal entity in ,may #bjjf and continues to maintain a strong relationship with ,project ,gutenberg4 #aj1jjj books were digitized1 proofread1 and preserved for the world in ,december #bjjf1 and #bj1jjj ebooks in ,april #bjaa1 as 8unique titles sent to the bookshelves of ,project ,gutenberg1 free to enjoy for everybody4 7'''7 ,distributed ,proofreaders is a truly international community4 ,people from over the world contribute40 ,distributed ,proofreaders ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 began production in early #bjjd4 ,distributed ,proofreaders ,canada 7,,dp ,canada7 began production in ,december #bjjg4 8,less is more0 ,project ,gutenberg keeps its administrative and financial structure to the bare minimum4 ,its motto fits into three words3 ,less is more4 ,the minimal rules give much space to volunteers and to new ideas4 ,the goal is to ensure its independence from loans and other funding and from ephemeral cultural priorities1 to avoid pressure from politicians and others4 ,the aim is also to ensure respect for the volunteers1 who can be confident their work will be used not just for a few years but for generations4 ,volunteers can network through mailing lists1 weekly or monthly newsletters1 discussion lists1 forums1 wikis and blogs4 ,in ,july #bjaa1 for its #djth anniversary1 ,project ,gutenberg offered #cf1jjj ebooks being downloaded by the tens of thousands every day1 with websites in the ,united ,states1 in ,australia1 in ,europe1 and in ,canada1 and #dj mirror websites worldwide4 #dj years after the beginning of ,project ,gutenberg1 ,michael ,hart describes himself as a workaholic who has devoted his entire life to his project4 ,he considers himself a pragmatic and farsighted altruist4 ,for years he was regarded as a nut but now he is respected4 ,michael has often stated in his writings that1 after ,gutenberg allowing anyone to have its own print books for a small cost1 ,project ,gutenberg would allow anyone to have a library at no cost stored in a pocket device4 ,the collection of ,project ,gutenberg has the size of a local public library1 but this time available on the web to be downloaded for free4 ,the project's goal is to change the world through freely available ebooks that can be used and copied endlessly1 and reading and culture for everyone at minimal cost4 #aigd ,,the ,,internet 8,,took ,,off0 ,summary ,the internet 8took off0 in #aigd with the creation of ,,tcp_/,,ip 7,transmission ,control ,protocol _/ ,internet ,protocol7 by ,vinton ,cerf and ,bob ,kahn1 fifteen years before the invention of the web4 ,the internet expanded as a network linking ,u4,s4 governmental agencies1 universities and research centers1 before spreading worldwide in #aihc4 ,the internet got its first boost in #aiij with the invention of the web by ,tim ,berners-,lee1 and its second boost in #aiic with the release of ,mosaic1 the first browser for the general public4 ,the ,internet ,society 7,,isoc7 was founded in #aiib by ,vinton ,cerf to promote the development of the internet as a medium that was becoming part of our lives4 ,there were #ajj million internet users in ,december #aiig1 with one million new users per month1 and #cjj million users in ,december #bjjj4 999999 ,the internet 8took off0 in #aigd with the creation of ,,tcp_/,,ip 7,transmission ,control ,protocol _/ ,internet ,protocol7 by ,vinton ,cerf and ,bob ,kahn1 fifteen years before the invention of the web4 ,a new medium ,the internet expanded as a network linking ,u4,s4 governmental agencies1 universities and research centers1 before spreading worldwide in #aihc4 ,the internet got its first boost in #aiij with the invention of the web by ,tim ,berners-,lee1 and its second boost in #aiic with the release of ,mosaic1 the first browser for the general public4 ,vinton ,cerf founded the ,internet ,society 7,,isoc7 in #aiib to promote the development of the internet as a medium that was becoming part of our lives4 ,when interviewed by the ,french daily ,libration on #af ,january #aiih1 he explained that the internet was doing two things4 ,like books1 it could accumulate knowledge4 ,but1 more importantly1 it presented knowledge in a way that connected it with other information whereas1 in a book1 information stayed isolated4 ,because the web was easy to use with hyperlinks going from one document to the next1 the internet could now be used by anyone1 and not only by computer literate users4 ,there were #ajj million internet users in ,december #aiig1 with one million new users per month1 and #cjj million users in ,december #bjjj4 ,a worldwide expansion ,north ,america was leading the way in computer science and communication technology1 with significant funding and cheap computers compared to ,europe4 ,a connection to the internet was much cheaper too4 ,in some ,european countries1 internet users needed to surf the web at night 7including the author of these lines71 when phone rates by the minute were cheaper1 to cut their expenses4 ,in late #aiih and early #aiii1 some users in ,france1 ,germany and ,italy launched a movement to boycott the internet one day per week1 as a way to force internet providers and phone companies to set up a special monthly rate4 ,this action paid off1 and providers began to offer internet rates4 ,in summer #aiii1 the number of internet users living outside the ,u4,s4 reached #ej4 ,in summer #bjjj1 the number of internet users having a mother tongue other than ,english also reached #ej1 and went on steadily increasing then4 ,according to statistics regularly published on the website of ,global ,reach1 a marketing consultancy promoting internationalization and localization1 they were #eb4e in summer #bjja1 #eg in ,december #bjja1 #ei4h in ,april #bjjb1 #fd4d in ,september #bjjc 7including #cd4i non- ,english-speaking ,europeans and #bi4d ,asians71 and #fd4b in ,march #bjjd 7including #cg4i non-,english-speaking ,europeans and #cc ,asians74 ,broadband became the norm over the years4 ,jean-,paul1 webmaster of the hypermedia website cotres4net1 summarized things in ,january #bjjg3 8,i feel that we are experiencing a #8floating' period between the heroic ages1 when we were moving forward while waiting for the technology to catch up1 and the future1 when high-speed broadband will unleash forces that just begin to move1 for now only in games40 ,the internet of the future ,the internet of the future could be a 8pervasive0 network allowing us to connect in any place and at any time on any device through a single omnipresent network4 ,the concept of a 8pervasive0 network was developed by ,rafi ,haladjian1 founder of the ,european company ,ozone1 who explained on its website in #bjjg that 8the new wave would affect the physical world1 our real environment1 our daily life in every moment4 ,we will not access the network any more1 we will live in it4 ,the future components of this network 7wired parts1 non wired parts1 operators7 will be transparent to the final user4 ,the network will always be open1 providing a permanent connection anywhere4 ,it will also be agnostic in terms of applications1 as a network based on the internet protocols themselves40 ,we do look forward to this4 ,as for the content of the internet1 ,timothy ,leary1 a visionary writer1 described it in #aiid in his book 8,chaos ,cyber ,culture0 as gigantic glass towers containing the whole world information1 with free access1 through the cyberspace1 not only to all books1 but also to all pictures1 all movies1 all ,,tv shows1 and all other data4 ,in #bjaa1 we are not there yet1 but we are getting there4 #aiij ,,the ,,invention ,,of ,,the ,,web ,summary ,the ,world ,wide ,web was invented in #aiij by ,tim ,berners-,lee at ,,cern 7,european ,center for ,nuclear ,research1 that later became the ,european ,organization for ,nuclear ,research71 ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,in #aihi1 ,tim ,berners-,lee networked documents using hypertext4 ,in #aiij1 he developed the first ,,http 7,hyper,text ,transfer ,protocol7 server and the first web browser4 ,in #aiia1 the web was operational and radically changed the way people were using the internet4 ,hypertext links allowed us to move from one textual or visual document to another with a simple click of the mouse4 ,information became interactive1 thus more attractive to many users4 ,later on1 this interactivity was further enhanced with hypermedia links that could link texts and images with video and sound4 ,the ,world ,wide ,web ,consortium 7,w#c;,c7 was founded in ,october #aiid to develop protocols for the web4 999999 ,the ,world ,wide ,web was invented in #aiij by ,tim ,berners-,lee1 a researcher at ,,cern 7,european ,center for ,nuclear ,research71 ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 who made the internet accessible to all4 ,how the web started ,in #aihi1 ,tim ,berners-,lee networked documents using hypertext4 ,in #aiij1 he developed the first ,,http 7,hyper,text ,transfer ,protocol7 server and the first web browser4 ,in #aiia1 the web was operational and made the internet accessible to all4 ,hypertext links allowed us to move from one textual or visual document to another with a simple click of the mouse4 ,information became interactive1 thus more attractive to many users4 ,later on1 this interactivity was further enhanced with hypermedia links that could link texts and images with video and sound4 ,developed by ,,ncsa 7,national ,center for ,supercomputing ,applications7 at the ,university of ,illinois 7,,usa7 and distributed free of charge in ,november #aiic1 ,mosaic was the first browser for the general public1 and contributed greatly to the development of the web4 ,in early #aiid1 part of the ,mosaic team migrated to the ,netscape ,communications ,corporation to develop a new browser called ,netscape ,navigator4 ,in #aiie1 ,microsoft launched its own browser1 the ,internet ,explorer4 ,other browsers were launched then1 like ,opera and ,safari1 ,apple's browser4 ,the ,world ,wide ,web ,consortium 7,w#c;,c7 was founded in ,october #aiid to develop interoperable technologies 7specifications1 guidelines1 software1 other tools7 for the web1 for example specifications for markup languages 7,,html1 ,,xml and others74 ,it also acted as a forum for information1 commerce1 communication and collective understanding4 ,in #aiih1 the section ,internationalization_/,localization gave access to some protocols for creating a multilingual website3 ,,html1 base character set1 new tags and attributes1 ,,http1 language negotiation1 ,u,r,ls and other identifiers including non-,,ascii characters1 etc4 ,tim ,berners-,lee's dream ,pierre ,ruetschi1 a journalist for the ,swiss daily 8,tribune de ,genve01 asked ,tim ,berners-,lee on #bj ,december #aiig3 ,seven years later1 are you satisfied with the way the web has evolved84 ,he answered that1 if he was pleased with the richness and diversity of information1 the web still lacked the power planned in its original design4 ,he would like the web to be more interactive1 and people to be able to create information together1 and not only to be information consumers4 ,the web was supposed to become a medium for collaboration1 a world of knowledge that we share4 ,in an essay posted on his webpage1 ,tim ,berners-,lee wrote in ,may #aiih3 ,the dream behind the web is of a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information4 ,its universality is essential3 the fact that a hypertext link can point to anything1 be it personal1 local or global1 be it draft or highly polished4 ,there was a second part of the dream1 too1 dependent on the web being so generally used that it became a realistic mirror 7or in fact the primary embodiment7 of the ways in which we work and play and socialize4 ,that was that once the state of our interactions was online1 we could then use computers to help us analyze it1 make sense of what we are doing1 where we individually fit in1 and how we can better work together4 7excerpt from ,the ,world ,wide ,web3 ,a very short personal history7 ,the web #b4j ,according to ,netcraft1 a company tracking data on the internet1 the number of websites went from one million 7,april #aiig7 to #aj million 7,february #bjjj71 #bj million 7,september #bjjj71 #cj million 7,july #bjja71 #dj million 7,april #bjjc71 #ej million 7,may #bjjd71 #fj million 7,march #bjje71 #gj million 7,august #bjje71 #hj million 7,april #bjjf71 #ij million 7,august #bjjf7 and #ajj million 7,november #bjjf71 with a growing number of personal websites and blogs4 ,the term 8web #b4j0 was invented in #bjjd by ,tim ,o',reilly1 a publisher of computer books1 as a title for a series of conferences he was organizing4 ,the web #b4j may begin to answer ,tim ,berners-,lee's dream as a web based on community and sharing1 with many collaborative projects across borders and languages4 ,fifteen years after the invention the web1 ,wired stated in its ,august #bjje issue that less than half of the web was commercial1 with the other half being run by passion4 ,as for the internet1 according to the ,french daily ,le ,monde dated #ai ,august #bjje1 its three powers -- ubiquity1 variety and interactivity -- made its potential use quasi infinite4 ,robert ,beard1 a language teacher at ,bucknell ,university1 ,pennsylvania1 and the founder of ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries in #aiie1 wrote as early as ,september #aiih3 ,the web will be an encyclopedia of the world by the world for the world4 ,there will be no information or knowledge that anyone needs that will not be available4 ,the major hindrance to international and interpersonal understanding1 personal and institutional enhancement1 will be removed4 ,it would take a wilder imagination than mine to predict the effect of this development on the nature of humankind4 #aiia ,,from ,,ascii ,,to ,,unicode ,summary ,used since the beginning of computing1 ,,ascii 7,american ,standard ,code for ,information ,interchange7 is a #g-;bit coded character set for information interchange in ,english4 ,it was published in #aifc by ,,ansi 7,american ,national ,standards ,institute74 ,with the internet spreading worldwide1 to communicate in ,english 7and ,latin7 was not enough anymore4 ,the accented characters of several ,european languages and characters of some other languages were taken into account from #aihf onwards with #h-;bit variants of ,,ascii1 also called extended ,,ascii1 that provided sets of #bef characters4 ,but problems were not over until the publication of ,unicode in ,january #aiia as a new universal encoding system4 ,unicode provided a unique number for every character1 no matter what the platform1 no matter what the program1 no matter what the language1 and could handle #fe1jjj characters or ideograms4 999999 ,with the internet spreading worldwide1 the use of ,,ascii and extended ,,ascii was not enough anymore1 thus the need to take into account all languages with ,unicode1 whose first version was published in ,january #aiia4 ,used since the beginning of computing1 ,,ascii 7,american ,standard ,code for ,information ,interchange7 is a #g-;bit coded character set for information interchange in ,english 7and ,latin74 ,it was published in #aifc by ,,ansi 7,american ,national ,standards ,institute74 ,the #g-;bit plain ,,ascii1 also called ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii1 is a set of #abh characters with #ie printable unaccented characters 7,a-,z1 a-z1 numbers1 punctuation and basic symbols71 the ones that are available on the ,american _/ ,english keyboard4 ,with computer technology spreading outside ,north ,america1 the accented characters of several ,european languages and characters of some other languages were taken into account from #aihf onwards with #h-;bit variants of ,,ascii1 also called extended ,,ascii1 that provided sets of #bef characters4 ,brian ,king1 director of the ,world,wide ,language ,institute 7,,wwli71 explained in ,september #aiih3 8,computer technology has traditionally been the sole domain of a 'techie' elite1 fluent in both complex programming languages and in ,english -- the universal language of science and technology4 ,computers were never designed to handle writing systems that couldn't be translated into ,,ascii4 ,there wasn't much room for anything other than the #bf letters of the ,english alphabet in a coding system that originally couldn't even recognize acute accents and umlauts -- not to mention non-alphabetic systems like ,chinese4 ,but tradition has been turned upside down4 ,technology has been popularized4 7'''7 ,an extension of 7local7 popularization is the export of information technology around the world4 ,popularization has now occurred on a global scale and ,english is no longer necessarily the lingua franca of the user4 ,perhaps there is no true lingua franca1 but only the individual languages of the users4 ,one thing is certain -- it is no longer necessary to understand ,english to use a computer1 nor it is necessary to have a degree in computer science4 ,a pull from non- ,english-speaking computer users and a push from technology companies competing for global markets has made localization a fast growing area in software and hardware development4 ,this development has not been as fast as it could have been4 ,the first step was for ,,ascii to become extended ,,ascii4 ,this meant that computers could begin to start recognizing the accents and symbols used in variants of the ,english alphabet -- mostly used by ,european languages4 ,but only one language could be displayed on a page at a time4 74447 ,the most recent development in #aiih is ,unicode4 ,although still evolving and only just being incorporated into the latest software1 this new coding system translates each character into #af bits4 ,whereas #h-;bit extended ,,ascii could only handle a maximum of #bef characters1 ,unicode can handle over #fe1jjj unique characters and therefore potentially accommodate all of the world's writing systems on the computer4 ,so now the tools are more or less in place4 ,they are still not perfect1 but at last we can surf the web in ,chinese1 ,japanese1 ,korean1 and numerous other languages that don't use the ,western alphabet4 ,as the internet spreads to parts of the world where ,english is rarely used -- such as ,china1 for example1 it is natural that ,chinese1 and not ,english1 will be the preferred choice for interacting with it4 ,for the majority of the users in ,china1 their mother tongue will be the only choice4 ,first published in ,january #aiia1 ,unicode provides a unique number for every character1 no matter what the platform1 no matter what the program1 no matter what the language 7excerpt from the website74 ,this double-byte platform-independent encoding provides a basis for the processing1 storage and interchange of text data in any language4 ,unicode is maintained by the ,unicode ,consortium1 with its variants ,,utf- #h1 ,,utf-#af and ,,utf-#cb 7,,utf3 ,unicode ,transformation ,format71 and is a component of the specifications of the ,world ,wide ,web ,consortium 7,w#c;,c74 ,unicode has replaced ,,ascii for text files on ,windows platforms since #aiih4 ,unicode surpassed ,,ascii on the internet in ,december #bjjg4 #aiib ,,homes ,,for ,,electronic ,,texts ,summary ,the first homes for electronic texts were the ,etext ,archives1 founded in #aiib by ,paul ,southworth1 and the ,e-,zine-,list1 founded in #aiic by ,john ,labovitz1 among others4 ,the first electronic texts were mostly political4 ,they were followed by electronic zines also covering cultural topics1 and not targeted towards a mass audience1 at least during the first years4 ,the ,etext ,archives1 hosted on the website of the ,university of ,michigan1 were home to electronic texts of all kinds1 from the sacred to the profane1 and from the political to the personal1 without judging their content4 ,the ,e-,zine-,list was a directory of e-zines around the world1 accessible via ,,ftp1 gopher1 email1 the web and other services4 ,the list was updated monthly4 #c1jde zines were listed in ,november #aiih4 ,john wrote on its website3 ,now the e-zine world is different4 7'''7 ,even the term 'e-zine' has been co-opted by the commercial world1 and has come to mean nearly any type of publication distributed electronically4 ,yet there is still the original1 independent fringe1 who continue to publish from their heart1 or push the boundaries of what we call a 'zine'4 999999 ,the first homes for electronic texts were the ,etext ,archives1 founded in #aiib by ,paul ,southworth1 and the ,e-,zine-,list1 founded in #aiic by ,john ,labovitz1 among others4 ,the first electronic texts were mostly political4 ,they were followed by electronic zines1 that also covered cultural topics4 ,what exactly is a zine8 ,john ,labovitz explained on its website3 ,for those of you not acquainted with the zine world1 'zine' is short for either 'fanzine' or 'magazine'1 depending on your point of view4 ,zines are generally produced by one person or a small group of people1 done often for fun or personal reasons1 and tend to be irreverent1 bizarre1 and_/or esoteric4 ,zines are not 'mainstream' publications -- they generally do not contain advertisements 7except1 sometimes1 advertisements for other zines71 are not targeted towards a mass audience1 and are generally not produced to make a profit4 ,an 'e-zine' is a zine that is distributed partially or solely on electronic networks like the internet4 ,the ,etext ,archives ,the ,etext ,archives were founded in #aiib by ,paul ,southworth1 and hosted on the website of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,they were home to electronic texts of all kinds1 from the sacred to the profane1 and from the political to the personal1 without judging their content4 ,there were six sections in #aiih3 7a7 ,e-zines3 electronic periodicals from the professional to the personal2 7b7 ,politics3 political zines1 essays1 and home pages of political groups2 7c7 ,fiction3 publications of amateur authors2 7d7 ,religion3 mainstream and off-beat religious texts2 7e7 ,poetry3 an eclectic mix of mostly amateur poetry2 and 7f7 ,quartz3 the archive formerly hosted at quartz4rutgers4edu4 ,as recalled on the website the same year3 ,the web was just a glimmer in #aiib1 gopher was the new hot technology1 and ,,ftp was still the standard information retrieval protocol for the vast majority of users4 ,the origin of the project has caused numerous people to associate it with the ,university of ,michigan1 although in fact there has never been an official relationship and the project is supported entirely by volunteer labor and contributions4 ,the equipment is wholly owned by the project maintainers4 ,the project was started in response to the lack of organized archiving of political documents1 periodicals and discussions disseminated via ,usenet on newsgroups such as alt4activism1 misc4activism4progressive1 and alt4society4anarchy4 ,the alt4politics4radical-left group came later and was also a substantial source of both materials and regular contributors4 ,not long thereafter1 electronic zines 7e-zines7 began their rapid proliferation on the internet1 and it was clear that these materials suffered from the same lack of coordinated collection and preservation1 not to mention the fact that the lines between e-zines 7which at the time were mostly related to hacking1 phreaking1 and internet anarchism7 and political materials on the internet were fuzzy enough that most e-zines fit the original mission of ,the ,etext ,archives4 ,one thing led to another1 and e-zines of all kinds -- many on various cultural topics unrelated to politics -- invaded the archives in significant volume4 ,the ,e-,zine-,list ,the ,e-,zine-,list was founded by ,john ,labovitz in summer #aiic as a directory of e-zines around the world1 accessible via ,,ftp1 gopher1 email1 the web1 and other services4 ,the list was updated monthly4 ,how did the ,e-,zine-,list begin8 ,on the website1 ,john explained he originally wanted to publicize the print zine ,crash by making an electronic version of it4 ,looking for directories1 he only found the discussion group alt4zines and archives like ,the ,well and ,the ,etext ,archives4 ,then came the idea of an organized directory4 ,he began with twelve tiles listed manually in a word processor4 ,then he wrote his own database4 #c1jde zines were listed in ,november #aiih4 ,john wrote on the website3 ,now the e-zine world is different4 ,the number of e-zines has increased a hundredfold1 crawling out of the ,,ftp and gopher woodworks to declaring themselves worthy of their own domain name1 even asking for financial support through advertising4 ,even the term 'e-zine' has been co-opted by the commercial world1 and has come to mean nearly any type of publication distributed electronically4 ,yet there is still the original1 independent fringe1 who continue to publish from their heart1 or push the boundaries of what we call a 'zine'4 ,after maintaining the list during years1 ,john passed the torch to others4 #aiic ,,the ,,online ,,books ,,page ,summary ,founded in #aiic by ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom when he was a student at ,carnegie ,mellon ,university 7,,cmu1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania71 the ,online ,books ,page is a website that facilitates access to books that are freely readable over the internet4 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom first maintained this page on the website of the ,school of ,computer ,science of ,carnegie ,mellon ,university4 ,in #aiii1 he moved it at the ,university of ,pennsylvania ,library1 after being hired as a digital library planner and researcher4 ,the ,online ,books ,page offered links to #ab1jjj books in #aiii1 #bj1jjj books in #bjjc 7including #d1jjj books published by women71 #be1jjj books in #bjjf1 #cj1jjj books in #bjjh 7including #g1jjj books from ,project ,gutenberg7 and #ce1jjj books in #bjaj4 999999 ,in #aiic1 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom created ,the ,online ,books ,page as 8a website that facilitates access to books that are freely readable over the internet40 ,the web was still in its infancy1 with ,mosaic as its first browser4 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom was a graduate student at the ,school of ,computer ,science 7,,cs7 of ,carnegie ,mellon ,university 7,,cmu1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania74 ,five years later1 in ,september #aiih1 ,john ,mark wrote3 ,i was the original webmaster here at ,,cmu ,,cs1 and started our local web in #aiic4 ,the local web included pages pointing to various locally developed resources1 and originally ,the ,online ,books ,page was just one of these pages1 containing pointers to some books put online by some of the people in our department4 7,robert ,stockton had made web versions of some of ,project ,gutenberg's texts47 ,after a while1 people started asking about books at other sites1 and ,i noticed that a number of sites 7not just ,gutenberg1 but also ,wiretap and some other places7 had books online1 and that it would be useful to have some listing of all of them1 so that you could go to one place to download or view books from all over the net4 ,so that's how my index got started4 ,i eventually gave up the webmaster job in #aiif1 but kept ,the ,online ,books ,page1 since by then ,i'd gotten very interested in the great potential the net had for making literature available to a wide audience4 ,at this point there are so many books going online that ,i have a hard time keeping up4 ,but ,i hope to keep up my online books works in some form or another4 ,i am very excited about the potential of the internet as a mass communication medium in the coming years4 ,i'd also like to stay involved1 one way or another1 in making books available to a wide audience for free via the net1 whether ,i make this explicitly part of my professional career1 or whether ,i just do it as a spare-time volunteer4 ,in #aiih1 there was an index of #g1jjj books that could be browsed by author1 title or subject4 ,there were also pointers to significant directories and archives of online texts1 and to special exhibits4 ,as stated on the website at the time3 ,along with books1 ,the ,online ,books ,page is also now listing major archives of serials 7such as magazines1 published journals1 and newspapers7 744474 ,serials can be at least as important as books in library research4 ,serials are often the first places that new research and scholarship appear4 ,they are sources for firsthand accounts of contemporary events and commentary4 ,they are also often the first 7and sometimes the only7 place that quality literature appears4 7,for those who might still quibble about serials being listed on a 'books page'1 back issues of serials are often bound and reissued as hardbound 'books'47 ,in #aiii1 after graduating from ,carnegie ,mellon with a ,ph4,d4 in computer science1 ,john ,mark was hired as a digital library planner and researcher at the ,university of ,pennsylvania ,library4 ,he also moved ,the ,online ,books ,page there1 kept it as clear and simple1 and went on expanding it4 ,the ,online ,books ,page offered links to #ab1jjj books in #aiii1 #bj1jjj books in #bjjc 7including #d1jjj books published by women71 #be1jjj books in #bjjf1 #cj1jjj books in #bjjh 7including #g1jjj books from ,project ,gutenberg7 and #ce1jjj books in #bjaj4 ,the books have been authored1 placed online1 and hosted by a wide variety of individuals and groups throughout the world4 ,the ,,faq listed copyright information about most countries in the world1 with links to further reading4 #aiic ,,pdf1 ,,from ,,past ,,to ,,present ,summary ,from ,california1 ,adobe launched ,,pdf 7,portable ,document ,format7 in ,june #aiic1 along with ,acrobat ,reader 7free1 to read ,p,d,fs7 and ,adobe ,acrobat 7for a fee1 to create ,p,d,fs74 ,as stated on the website1 ,,pdf lets you capture and view robust information from any application1 on any computer system and share it with anyone around the world40 ,as the veteran format1 ,,pdf was perfected over the years as a global standard for distribution and viewing of information4 ,acrobat ,reader was available in several languages1 for various platforms 7,windows1 ,mac1 ,linux1 ,palm ,,os1 ,pocket ,,pc1 ,symbian ,,os1 etc471 and for various devices 7computer1 ,,pda1 smartphone74 ,in ,may #bjjc1 ,acrobat ,reader 7#eth version7 merged with ,acrobat e,book ,reader 7#bnd version7 to become ,adobe ,reader1 starting with version #f1 which could read both standard ,,pdf files and secure ,,pdf files of copyrighted books4 999999 ,from ,california1 ,adobe launched ,,pdf 7,portable ,document ,format7 in ,june #aiic1 along with ,acrobat ,reader 7free1 to read ,p,d,fs7 and ,adobe ,acrobat 7for a fee1 to make ,p,d,fs74 ,as stated on the website1 ,,pdf lets you capture and view robust information from any application1 on any computer system and share it with anyone around the world4 ,individuals1 businesses1 and government agencies everywhere trust and rely on ,adobe ,,pdf to communicate their ideas and vision40 ,as the veteran format1 ,,pdf was perfected over the years as a global standard for distribution and viewing of information4 ,acrobat ,reader and ,adobe ,acrobat gave the tools to create and view ,,pdf files in several languages and for several platforms 7,windows1 ,mac1 ,linux74 ,in ,august #bjjj1 ,adobe bought ,glassbook1 a software company intended for publishers1 booksellers1 distributors and libraries4 ,adobe also partnered with ,amazon4com and ,barnes ,noble4com to offer ebooks for ,acrobat ,reader and ,glassbook ,reader4 ,two new software ,in ,january #bjja1 ,adobe launched ,acrobat e,book ,reader 7free7 and the ,adobe ,content ,server 7for a fee74 ,acrobat e,book ,reader was meant to read ,,pdf files of copyrighted books1 while adding notes and bookmarks1 visualizing the book covers in a personal library1 and browsing a dictionary4 ,the ,adobe ,content ,server was intended for publishers and distributors1 for the packaging1 protection1 distribution and sale of ,,pdf copyrighted books1 while managing their access with ,,drm according to the copyright holder's instructions1 for example allowing or not the printing and loan of a book4 ,the ,adobe ,content ,server was replaced with the ,adobe ,live,cycle ,policy ,server in ,november #bjjd4 ,in ,april #bjja1 ,adobe partnered with ,amazon1 for ,amazon's e,book,store to include #b1jjj copyrighted books for ,acrobat e,book ,reader4 ,these were titles of major publishers1 travel guides and children books4 ,acrobat ,reader was then available for ,p,d,as1 beginning with the ,palm ,pilot in ,may #bjja and the ,pocket ,,pc in ,december #bjja4 ,adobe ,reader ,from #aiic to #bjjc1 according to ,adobe's website1 over #ejj million copies of ,acrobat ,reader were downloaded worldwide4 ,in #bjjc1 ,acrobat ,reader was available in many languages and for many platforms 7,windows1 ,mac1 ,linux1 ,palm ,,os1 ,pocket ,,pc1 ,symbian ,,os1 etc474 ,approximately #aj of the documents on the internet were available in ,,pdf4 ,,pdf was also the main format for ebooks4 ,in ,may #bjjc1 ,acrobat ,reader 7#eth version7 merged with ,acrobat e,book ,reader 7#bnd version7 to become ,adobe ,reader1 starting with version #f1 which could read both standard ,,pdf files and secure ,,pdf files of copyrighted books4 ,in late #bjjc1 ,adobe opened its own online bookstore1 the ,digital ,media ,store1 with ,,pdf titles from major publishers1 for example ,harper,collins1 ,random ,house and ,simon ,schuster1 and electronic versions of newspapers and magazines1 for example ,the ,new ,york ,times or ,popular ,science4 ,adobe also launched ,adobe e,books ,central as a service to read1 publish1 sell and lend ebooks1 and ,adobe e,book ,library as a prototype digital library4 ,after being a proprietary format1 ,,pdf was officially released as an open standard in ,july #bjjh1 and published by the ,international ,organization for ,standardization 7,,iso7 as ,,iso #cbjjj-a3bjjh4 #aiid ,,the ,,internet ,,as ,a ,,marketing ,,tool ,summary ,some publishers decided to use the web as a marketing tool to promote their books among the #ej1jjj new books published per year in the ,u4,s4 ,,nap 7,national ,academy ,press7 was the first publisher in #aiid to post the full text of some books on its website1 for free1 with the authors' consent4 ,it was followed by ,,mit ,press 7,,mit3 ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 in #aiie4 ,oddly enough1 there was no drop in sales4 ,on the contrary1 sales increased4 ,these initiatives were praised by a number of other publishers1 who were reluctant to do the same1 for three reasons3 the cost of posting thousands of pages online1 problems linked to copyright1 and what they saw as a 8competition0 between digital versions for free and print versions for a fee4 999999 ,some publishers decided to post the full text of some books for free on their websites1 and to use the web as a marketing tool to sell the print versions4 ,,nap 7,national ,academy ,press7 was the first publisher in #aiid to post the full text of some books1 with the authors' consent1 as a way to promote their books among the #ej1jjj new books published per year in the ,u4,s4 ,,nap was followed by the ,,mit ,press 7,,mit3 ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 in #aiie4 ,,nap was created by the ,national ,academy of ,sciences to publish its own reports and the ones of the ,national ,academy of ,engineering1 the ,institute of ,medicine1 and the ,national ,research ,council4 ,in #aiid1 ,,nap was publishing #bjj new books a year in science1 engineering and health4 ,the publisher began posting full books for free1 as suggested by their authors themselves1 for people to browse them on the website before buying their print versions4 ,oddly enough1 there was no drop in sales4 ,on the contrary1 sales increased4 ,print books ordered online were #bj cheaper4 ,there were also more sales by phone4 ,in #aiih1 the ,,nap ,reading ,room offered #a1jjj entire books1 available online for free in image format1 ,,html and ,,pdf4 ,in #aiie1 ,,mit ,press was publishing #bjj new books per year and #dj journals1 in science and technology1 architecture1 social theory1 economics1 cognitive science1 and computational science4 ,,mit ,press also decided to put a number of books online for free1 as a long-term commitment to the efficient and creative use of new technologies4 ,sales of print books with a free online version increased as well4 ,these initiatives were praised by a number of other publishers1 who were reluctant to do the same1 for three reasons3 the cost of posting thousands of pages online1 problems linked to copyright1 and what they saw as a 8competition0 between digital versions for free and print versions for a fee4 #aiie ,,the ,,print ,,press ,,went ,,online ,summary ,the print press going online in the #aiijs led the way to print books going online a few years later1 thus the need for this chapter4 ,the first electronic versions of print newspapers were available in the early #aiijs through commercial services like ,america ,online and ,compu,serve4 ,in #aiie1 major newspapers like ,the ,new ,york ,times1 ,the ,washington ,post or ,the ,wall ,street ,journal began offering websites with a partial or full version of their latest issue1 as well as online archives4 ,in the ,united ,kingdom1 the daily ,times and the ,sunday ,times set up a common website called ,times ,online1 with a way to create a personalized edition4 ,the weekly publication ,the ,economist went online too1 as well as the daily ,le ,monde and ,libration in ,france1 the daily ,el ,pas in ,spain1 and the weekly ,focus and ,der ,spiegel in ,germany4 999999 ,the print press going online in the #aiijs led the way to print books going online a few years later1 thus the need for this chapter4 ,the first electronic versions of print newspapers were available in the early #aiijs through commercial services like ,america ,online and ,compu,serve4 ,in #aiie1 newspapers began offering websites with a partial or full version of their latest issue1 available freely or through subscription 7free or paid71 as well as online archives4 ,for example1 ,the ,new ,york ,times site could be accessed free of charge1 with articles of the print daily1 breaking news updated every ten minutes1 and original reporting only available online4 ,the site of ,the ,washington ,post gave the daily news online1 with a full database of articles1 with images1 sound and videos4 ,the site of ,the ,wall ,street ,journal was available with a paid subscription1 with #ajj1jjj subscribers in #aiih4 ,in the ,united ,kingdom1 the daily ,times and the ,sunday ,times set up a common website called ,times ,online1 with a way to create a personalized edition4 ,the weekly publication ,the ,economist went online too1 as well as the daily ,le ,monde and ,libration in ,france1 the daily ,el ,pas in ,spain1 and the weekly ,focus and ,der ,spiegel in ,germany4 ,more than #c1fjj newspapers now publish on the internet1 ,eric ,k4 ,meyer stated in an essay published in late #aiig on the website of ,,ajr_/,news,link4 ,a full #dc of all online newspapers now are based outside the ,united ,states4 ,a year ago1 only #bi of online newspapers were located abroad4 ,rapid growth1 primarily in ,canada1 the ,united ,kingdom1 ,norway1 ,brazil and ,germany1 has pushed the total number of non-,u4,s4 online newspapers to #a1efc4 ,the number of ,u4,s4 newspapers online also has grown markedly1 from #gde a year ago to #a1bij six months ago to #b1jei today4 ,outside the ,united ,states1 the ,united ,kingdom1 with #bid online newspapers1 and ,canada1 with #bcj1 lead the way4 ,in ,canada1 every province or territory now has at least one online newspaper4 ,ontario leads the way with #ia1 ,alberta has #dd1 and ,british ,columbia has #dc4 ,elsewhere in ,north ,america1 ,mexico has #ea online newspapers1 #bc newspapers are online in ,central ,america and #cf are online in the ,caribbean4 ,europe is the next most wired continent for newspapers1 with #gbh online newspaper sites4 ,after the ,united ,kingdom1 ,norway has the next most -- #ec -- and ,germany has #dc4 ,asia 7led by ,india7 has #bbc online newspapers1 ,south ,america 7led by ,bolivia7 has #afa and ,africa 7led by ,south ,africa7 has #ec4 ,australia and other islands have #fd online newspapers4 ,the online versions of newspapers brought a wealth of information4 ,the web provided readers not only with news available online1 but also with a whole encyclopedia to help understand them4 ,the reader could click on hyperlinks to get maps1 biographies1 official texts1 political and economic data1 photographs1 as well as the first attempts in audio and video coverage4 ,the reader could also easily access other articles on the same topic1 with search engines sorting out articles by date1 author1 title or subject4 #aiie ,,amazon1 ,a ,,pioneer ,,in ,,cybercommerce ,summary ,jeff ,bezos launched ,amazon4com in ,july #aiie in ,seattle1 on the ,west ,coast1 after a market study which led him to conclude that books were the best products to sell on the internet4 ,the online bookstore started with #aj employees and a catalog of #c million books4 ,unlike traditional bookstores1 ,amazon's windows were its webpages1 with transactions made through the internet4 ,books were stored in huge storage facilities before being put into boxes and sent by mail4 ,in ,november #bjjj1 ,amazon had #g1ejj employees1 a catalog of #bh million items1 #bc million clients worldwide and four subsidiaries in ,united ,kingdom 7launched in ,august #aiih71 ,germany 7,august #aiih71 ,france 7,august #bjjj71 and ,japan 7,november #bjjj74 ,a fifth subsidiary opened in ,canada in ,june #bjjb4 ,a sixth subsidiary1 named ,joyo1 opened in ,china in ,september #bjjd4 ,in ,july #bjje1 for its #ajth anniversary1 ,amazon had #da million clients and #i1jjj employees4 999999 ,jeff ,bezos launched ,amazon4com in ,july #aiie in ,seattle1 on the ,west ,coast1 after a market study which led him to conclude that books were the best products to sell on the internet4 ,the online bookstore started with #aj employees and a catalog of #c million books1 i4e4 the catalog of books available for sale in the ,u4,s4 ,unlike traditional bookstores1 ,amazon's windows were its webpages1 with transactions made through the internet4 ,books were stored in huge storage facilities before being put into boxes and sent by mail4 ,what exactly was the idea behind ,amazon4com8 ,in spring #aiid1 ,jeff ,bezos drew up a list of twenty products that could be sold online1 ranging from clothing to gardening tools1 and then researched the top five1 which were ,c,ds1 videos1 computer hardware1 computer software and books4 ,as recalled by ,jeff ,bezos in #aiig in ,amazon's press kit3 ,i used a whole bunch of criteria to evaluate the potential of each product1 but among the main criteria was the size of the relative markets4 ,books1 ,i found out1 were an #hb billion market worldwide4 ,the price point was another major criterion3 ,i wanted a low-priced product4 ,i reasoned that since this was the first purchase many people would make online1 it had to be non-threatening in size4 ,a third criterion was the range of choice3 there were #c million items in the book category and only a tenth of that in ,c,ds1 for example4 ,this was important because the wider the choice1 the more the organizing and selection capabilities of the computer could be put in good use4 ,in the wake of the ,internet ,bookstore in ,united ,kingdom1 that was the largest online bookstore in ,europe1 ,amazon4com launched is own ,associates ,program in spring #aiig4 ,there were #cj1jjj associates in spring #aiih1 and #fj1jjj associates in ,june #aiih4 ,as stated in a press release dated #h ,june #aiih to promote the program3 ,the ,amazon4com ,associates ,program allows website owners to easily participate in hassle-free electronic commerce by recommending books on their site and referring visitors to ,amazon4com4 ,in return1 participants earn referral fees of up to #ae percent of the sales they generate4 ,amazon4com handles the secure online ordering1 customer service1 and shipping and sends weekly email sales reports4 ,enrollment in the program is free1 and participants can be up and running the same day4 ,associates range from large and small businesses to nonprofits1 authors1 publishers1 personal home pages1 and more4 ,the popularity of the program is reflected in the range of additions to the ,associates ,community in the past few months3 ,adobe1 ,info,beat1 ,kemper ,funds1 ,,pr ,newswire1 ,travelocity1 ,virtual ,vineyards1 and ,xoom4 ,people could search ,amazon's online catalog by author1 title1 subject1 date or ,,isbn4 ,the website offered excerpts from books1 book reviews1 customer reviews1 and author interviews4 ,people could leaf through extracts and reviews1 order some books online1 and pay with their credit card4 ,books arrived within a week at their doorstep4 ,as an online retailer1 ,amazon could offer lower prices than local bookstores1 a larger selection1 and a wealth of product information4 ,customers could subscribe to a mailing list to get reviews of new books by their favorite authors1 or new books in their favorite topics1 with #dd topics to choose from4 ,in #aiih1 ,amazon was also selling ,c,ds1 ,d,v,ds1 audio books and computer games1 with #c million clients in #afj countries4 ,amazon's main competitor was the online bookstore of ,barnes ,noble1 a major bookseller with #dha stores nationwide in #aiig1 in #dh states out of #ej1 as well as #ebj ,b4 ,dalton stores in shopping malls4 ,barnes ,noble first launched its ,america ,on,line 7,,aol7 website in ,march #aiig1 as the exclusive bookseller for the #ab million ,,aol customers1 before launching its own website barnesandnoble4com in ,may #aiig in partnership with ,bertelsmann 7,barnes ,noble bought ,bertelsmann's portion 7#cf1h7 back for #afd million dollars in ,july #bjjc74 ,barnes ,noble's site offered significant discounts3 #cj off all in- stock hardcovers1 #bj off all in-stock paperbacks1 #dj off select titles1 and up to #ij off bargain books4 ,its ,affiliate ,network spread quickly1 with #ab1jjj affiliate websites in ,may #aiih1 including ,,cnn ,interactive1 ,lycos and ,z,d,net4 ,one year later1 ,barnes ,noble4com launched a revamped website with a better design1 an ,express ,lane one- click ordering1 improved book search capabilities1 and a new software superstore4 ,a fierce price war began with ,amazon for the best book discounts1 and ,amazon4com came to be known as ,amazon4toast1 which didn't last4 ,with a two-year head start1 ,amazon stayed ahead in the competition4 ,amazon launched its e,book,store in ,november #bjjj1 three months after ,barnes ,noble1 after partnering in ,august #bjjj with ,microsoft to sell ebooks for the ,microsoft ,reader1 and with ,adobe to offer ebooks for the ,acrobat ,reader and the ,glassbook ,reader -- ,adobe had just bought ,glassbook1 its reader and its digital bookstore4 ,in ,april #bjja1 ,amazon4com partnered again with ,adobe to include #b1jjj copyrighted books for the ,acrobat e,book ,reader1 mainly titles from major publishers1 travel guides and children books4 ,in ,november #bjjj1 ,amazon had #g1ejj employees1 a catalog of #bh million items1 #bc million clients worldwide and four subsidiaries in ,united ,kingdom 7launched in ,august #aiih71 ,germany 7,august #aiih71 ,france 7,august #bjjj7 and ,japan 7,november #bjjj74 ,a fifth subsidiary opened in ,canada in ,june #bjjb1 and a sixth subsidiary1 named ,joyo1 opened in ,china in ,september #bjjd4 ,in ,july #bjje1 for its #ajth anniversary1 ,amazon had #i1jjj employees and #da million clients4 #aiif ,,the ,,internet ,,archive1 ,,for ,,future ,,generations ,summary ,founded in ,april #aiif by ,brewster ,kahle in ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 the ,internet ,archive wanted to offer a permanent access of the web 8through the ages0 to present and future generations4 ,in ,october #bjja1 with #cj billion stored webpages1 the ,internet ,archive launched the ,wayback ,machine1 for internet users throughout the world to be able to surf the archive of a given website by date4 ,in #bjjd1 there were #cjj terabytes of data1 with a growth of #ab terabytes per month4 ,there were #fe billion webpages 7from #ej million websites7 in #bjjf1 #he billion webpages in #bjjh1 and #aej billion webpages in ,march #bjaj4 ,the ,internet ,archive has also defined itself as a nonprofit digital library dedicated to providing universal access to human knowledge1 building up an online library of text1 audio1 software1 image and video content4 ,in ,october #bjje1 it launched the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 with a number of partner organizations to build a universal digital library of multilingual digitized text and multimedia content4 999999 ,founded in ,april #aiif by ,brewster ,kahle1 the ,internet ,archive wanted to offer permanent access of the web 8through the ages0 to present and future generations4 ,as explained on the website at the time1 throughout history1 societies have sought to preserve their culture and heritage for present and future generations1 and libraries have been created to preserve the paper trail of that culture and legacy1 and to facilitate its access to the general public and researchers4 ,therefore it seems essential to extend their mission to new technology4 ,paradoxically this was done poorly in the early #bjth century4 ,many movies were recycled -- and thus lost forever -- to retrieve the silver layer4 ,many radio or ,,tv programs were not saved4 ,it is important not to repeat the same mistakes for the internet1 especially for the web1 a new medium the extent of which is still unknown in #aiif4 ,this is the raison d'tre of the ,internet ,archive1 that has defined itself as a nonprofit digital library dedicated to providing universal access to human knowledge4 ,the whole web was stored every two months or so on the servers of the ,internet ,archive in ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 for researchers1 historians and scholars to be able to access it4 ,in ,october #bjja1 with #cj billion stored webpages1 the ,internet ,archive launched the ,wayback ,machine1 for internet users throughout the world to be able to surf the archive of a given website by date4 ,in #bjjd1 there were #cjj terabytes of data1 with a growth of #ab terabytes per month4 ,there were #fe billion pages 7from #ej million websites7 in #bjjf1 #he billion pages in #bjjh1 and #aej billion pages in ,march #bjaj4 ,in late #aiii1 the ,internet ,archive also became an online library of text1 audio1 software1 image and video content1 for example some books of the ,million ,book ,project 7#aj1ebj books in ,april #bjje71 films for the period #aijc-aigc1 live concerts1 software1 sites about ,september #aa1 sites about elections1 and sites about the web pioneers1 with all collections freely available on the web4 ,as a side remark1 the ,million ,book ,project1 also called the ,universal ,library or ,universal ,digital ,library 7,,udl71 was launched in ,january #bjjj by the ,carnegie ,mellon ,university 7,pennsylvania7 with the aim to digitize one million books in a number of languages1 including in libraries from ,india and ,china4 ,the project was completed in #bjjg1 with one million books available on the university website1 as image files in ,dj,vu and ,,tiff formats1 and three mirror sites 7,india1 ,northern ,china1 ,southern ,china74 ,in ,october #bjje1 the ,internet ,archive launched the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 as a group of cultural1 technology1 non profit1 and governmental organizations1 with the aim to build a world public permanent archive of multilingual digitized text and multimedia content4 ,the ,,oca started to digitize public domain books around the world1 and to include them in the collection of the ,internet ,archive4 #aiif ,,libraries ,,launched ,,websites ,summary ,the ,helsinki ,city ,library in ,finland was the first library to launch a website1 which went live in ,february #aiid4 ,two years later1 more and more libraries started their own websites as a virtual window for their patrons and beyond4 ,patrons could check opening hours1 browse the online catalog1 and surf a broad selection of websites on various topics4 ,libraries developed digital libraries alongside their standard collections1 so that anyone could access their specialized1 old1 local and regional collections1 including for images and sound4 ,librarians could finally fulfill two goals that used to be in contradiction3 preservation 7on shelves7 and communication 7on the internet74 ,debates were fierce about the assets of the print book versus the digital book1 and vice versa4 999999 ,in the mid-#aiijs1 libraries started their own websites as a virtual window for their patrons and beyond1 with an online catalog and a digital library4 ,in his book 8,books in ,my ,life01 published by the ,library of ,congress in #aihe1 ,robert ,downs1 a librarian1 wrote3 ,my lifelong love affair with books and reading continues unaffected by automation1 computers1 and all other forms of the twentieth-century gadgetry4 ,automation and computers were followed by the internet 7#aigd7 and the web 7#aiij71 and eased the work of librarians in some way4 ,the ,helsinki ,city ,library in ,finland was the first library to launch a website1 which went live in ,february #aiid4 ,other libraries started their own websites as a virtual window for their patrons and beyond4 ,patrons could check opening hours1 browse the online catalog1 and surf on a broad selection of websites on various topics4 ,libraries also developed digital libraries alongside their standard collections1 so that anyone could access their specialized1 old1 local and regional collections1 including for images and sound4 ,librarians could finally fulfill two goals that used to be in contradiction3 preservation 7on shelves7 and communication 7on the internet74 ,people could now leaf through digital facsimiles1 and access the original books only if necessary4 ,at the ,british ,library ,in 8,information ,systems ,strategy01 a document posted on the ,british ,library's website in #aiig1 ,brian ,lang1 chief executive of the library1 stated3 ,we do not envisage an exclusively digital library4 ,we are aware that some people feel that digital materials will predominate in libraries of the future4 ,others anticipate that the impact will be slight4 ,in the context of the ,british ,library1 printed books1 manuscripts1 maps1 music1 sound recordings and all the other existing materials in the collection will always retain their central importance1 and we are committed to continuing to provide1 and to improve1 access to these in our reading rooms4 ,the importance of digital materials will1 however1 increase4 ,we recognize that network infrastructure is at present most strongly developed in the higher education sector1 but there are signs that similar facilities will also be available elsewhere1 particularly in the industrial and commercial sector1 and for public libraries4 ,our vision of network access encompasses all these4 ,an extensive ,digital ,library ,program was expected to begin in #aiii4 ,as explained by ,brian ,lang3 ,the development of the ,digital ,library will enable the ,british ,library to embrace the digital information age4 ,digital technology will be used to preserve and extend the ,library's unparalleled collection4 ,access to the collection will become boundless with users from all over the world1 at any time1 having simple1 fast access to digitized materials using computer networks1 particularly the internet4 ,print book vs4 digital book ,debates were fierce about the assets of the print book versus the digital book1 and vice versa4 ,roberto ,hernndez ,montoya1 an editor of ,venezuela ,analtica1 an electronic magazine offering a small digital library1 wrote in ,september #aiih3 ,the printed text can't be replaced1 at least not for the foreseeable future4 ,the paper book is a tremendous 'machine'4 ,we can't leaf through an electronic book in the same way as a paper book4 ,on the other hand1 electronic use allows us to locate text chains more quickly4 ,in a certain way we can more intensively read the electronic text1 even with the inconvenience of reading on the screen4 ,the electronic book is less expensive and can be more easily distributed worldwide 7if we don't count the cost of the computer and the internet connection74 ,in the ,february #aiif issue of the ,swiss computer magazine ,informatique-,informations1 ,pierre ,perroud1 founder of the digital library ,athena1 explained that electronic texts represent an encouragement to reading and a convivial participation to culture dissemination1 particularly for textual research and text study4 ,these texts are a good complement to the print book1 which remains irreplaceable when for 'true' reading4 74447 ,the book remains a mysteriously holy companion with profound symbolism for us3 we grip it in our hands1 we hold it against us1 we look at it with admiration2 its small size comforts us and its content impresses us2 its fragility contains a density we are fascinated by2 like man it fears water and fire1 but it has the power to shelter man's thoughts from time4 #aiif ,,towards ,a ,,digital ,,knowledge ,summary ,the information available in books stays 8static01 whereas the information available on the internet is regularly updated1 thus the need to change our relationship to knowledge4 ,in #aiif1 more and more computers connected to the internet were available in schools and at home4 ,teachers began exploring new ways of teaching4 ,going from print culture to digital culture was changing the way both teachers and students were seeing teaching and learning4 ,print culture provided 8stable0 information whereas digital culture provided moving information1 with information being regularly updated4 ,during a conference organized by the ,international ,federation of ,information ,processing 7,,ifip7 in ,september #aiif1 ,dale ,spender1 a professor and researcher1 gave a lecture on ,creativity and the ,computer ,education ,industry1 with insightful comments on forthcoming trends4 999999 ,the information available in books stays 8static01 whereas the information available on the internet is regularly updated1 thus the need to change our relationship to knowledge4 ,in #aiif1 more and more computers connected to the internet were available in schools and at home4 ,teachers began exploring new ways of teaching4 ,going from print culture to digital culture was changing the way both teachers and students were seeing teaching and learning4 ,print culture provided 8stable0 information whereas digital culture provided moving information4 ,during a conference organized by the ,international ,federation of ,information ,processing 7,,ifip7 in ,september #aiif1 ,dale ,spender1 a professor and researcher1 gave a lecture on ,creativity and the ,computer ,education ,industry1 with insightful comments on forthcoming trends4 ,here are some excerpts3 ,throughout print culture1 information has been contained in books -- and this has helped to shape our notion of information4 ,for the information in books stays the same -- it endures4 ,and this has encouraged us to think of information as stable -- as a body of knowledge which can be acquired1 taught1 passed on1 memorized1 and tested of course4 ,the very nature of print itself has fostered a sense of truth2 truth too is something which stays the same1 which endures4 ,and there is no doubt that this stability1 this orderliness1 has been a major contributor to the huge successes of the industrial age and the scientific revolution4 74447 ,but the digital revolution changes all this4 ,suddenly it is not the oldest information -- the longest lasting information that is the most reliable and useful4 ,it is the very latest information that we now put the most faith in -- and which we will pay the most for4 74447 ,education will be about participating in the production of the latest information4 ,this is why education will have to be ongoing throughout life and work4 ,every day there will be something new that we will all have to learn4 ,to keep up4 ,to be in the know4 ,to do our jobs4 ,to be members of the digital community4 ,and far from teaching a body of knowledge that will last for life1 the new generation of information professionals will be required to search out1 add to1 critique1 'play with'1 and daily update information1 and to make available the constant changes that are occurring4 ,robert ,beard1 a professor at ,bucknell ,university1 in ,lewisburg1 ,pennsylvania1 wrote in ,september #aiih3 ,as a language teacher1 the web represents a plethora of new resources produced by the target culture1 new tools for delivering lessons 7interactive ,java and ,shockwave exercises7 and testing1 which are available to students any time they have the time or interest -- #bd hours a day1 #g days a week4 ,it is also an almost limitless publication outlet for my colleagues and ,i1 not to mention my institution4 74447 ,ultimately all course materials1 including lecture notes1 exercises1 moot and credit testing1 grading1 and interactive exercises will be far more effective in conveying concepts that we have not even dreamed of yet40 ,russon ,wooldridge1 a professor at the ,department of ,french ,studies1 ,university of ,toronto1 ,canada1 wrote in ,february #bjja3 ,my research1 conducted once in an ivory tower1 is now almost exclusively done through local or remote collaborations4 7'''7 ,all my teaching makes the most of internet resources 7web and email73 the two common places for a course are the classroom and the website of the course1 where ,i put all course materials4 ,i have published all my research data of the last #bj years on the web 7re-edition of books1 articles1 texts of old dictionaries as interactive databases1 treaties from the #afth century1 etc474 ,i publish proceedings of symposiums1 ,i publish a journal1 ,i collaborate with ,french colleagues by publishing online in ,toronto what they can't publish online at home4 ,in ,may #bjjj1 ,i organized an international symposium in ,toronto about ,french studies enhanced by new technologies4 74447 ,i realize that without the internet ,i wouldn't have as many activities1 or at least they would be very different from the ones ,i have today4 ,so ,i don't see the future without them4 ,the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology 7,,mit7 officially launched its ,open,course,ware 7,,ocw7 in ,september #bjjc to put its course materials for free on the web1 as a way to promote open dissemination of knowledge4 ,in ,september #bjjb1 a pilot version was available online with #cb course materials4 #ejj course materials were available in ,march #bjjd1 #a1djj course materials in ,may #bjjf1 and all #a1hjj course materials in ,november #bjjg1 regularly updated then1 with some of them translated into ,spanish1 ,portuguese and ,chinese with the help of other organizations4 ,,mit also launched the ,open,course,ware ,consortium 7,,ocw ,consortium7 in ,november #bjje1 as a common project for educational institutions that were willing to offer free online course materials1 with the course materials of #ajj universities worldwide one year later4 #aiif ,,the ,,folio ,,project1 ,a ,,mobile ,,device ,,for ,,texts ,summary ,the folio project is a mobile device for texts designed as early as ,october #aiif by ,pierre ,schweitzer1 an architect-designer living in ,strasbourg1 ,france4 ,it is meant to download and read any text and_/or illustrations from the web or hard disk1 in any format1 with no proprietary format and no ,,drm4 ,the technology of folio was novel and simple4 ,it is inspired from fax and tab file folders4 ,the flash memory is printed like ,gutenberg printed his books4 ,the facsimile mode is readable as is for any content1 from sheet music to mathematical or chemical formulas1 with no conversion necessary1 whether it is handwritten text1 calligraphy1 free hand drawing or non-alphabetical writing4 ,an international patent was filed in ,april #bjja4 ,the ,french start-up i,codex was created in ,july #bjjb to develop and promote the folio project4 999999 ,the folio project is a mobile device for texts designed as early as ,october #aiif by ,pierre ,schweitzer1 an architect-designer living in ,strasbourg1 ,france4 ,it is meant to download and read any text and_/or illustrations from the web or hard disk1 in any format1 with no proprietary format and no ,,drm4 ,the technology of folio was novel and simple4 ,it is inspired from fax and tab file folders4 ,the flash memory is printed like ,gutenberg printed his books4 ,the facsimile mode is readable as is for any content1 from sheet music to mathematical or chemical formulas1 with no conversion necessary1 whether it is handwritten text1 calligraphy1 free hand drawing or non-alphabetical writing4 ,all this is difficult if not impossible on a computer or ebook reader 7in the late #aiijs and early #bjjjs74 ,the screen of the lightweight prototype takes #hj of the total surface and has low power consumption4 ,it is surrounded by a translucent and flexible frame that folds to protect the screen when not in use4 folio could be sold for ,,us #ajj for the basic standard version1 with various combinations of screen sizes and flash memory to fit different needs4 ,intuitive navigation allows to turn pages as easily as in a print book1 and allows to sort out and search documents as easily as with a tab file folder1 and choose one's own preferences for margins1 paragraphs1 font selection and character size4 ,there are no buttons1 only a round trackball adorned with the world map in black and white4 ,the trackball can be replaced with a long and narrow tactile pad on either side of the frame4 ,the flash memory allows the downloading of thousands of hypertext pages1 either previously linked before download or linked during the download4 folio provides an instant automatic reformatting of documents1 for them to fit the size of the screen4 ,for text files1 no software is necessary4 ,for image files1 ,pierre conceived a reformatting software called ,mot,mot 7,word,word in ,french7 which could be used on any other device4 ,this software received much attention from the ,french ,national ,library 7,,bnf3 ,bibliothque ,nationale de ,france71 especially for its old books 7published before #ahab7 and illustrated manuscripts4 ,an international patent was filed in ,april #bjja4 ,the ,french startup i,codex was created in ,july #bjjb to develop and promote the folio project4 ,to this day1 folio has stayed a prototype1 because of lack of funding and because of the language barrier1 with only two articles in ,english in #bjjg -- one in ,project ,gutenberg ,news and one in ,tele,read about ,pierre ,schweitzer's dream -- for dozens of articles in ,french4 ,even the best researchers can't do much with no support1 no funding1 and no interpreter 7from ,french to ,english7 to help them get through the language barrier4 #aiig ,,multimedia ,,convergence ,summary ,previously distinct information-based industries1 such as printing1 publishing1 graphic design1 media1 sound recording and film making1 were converging into one industry1 with information as a common product4 ,this trend was named multimedia convergence1 with a massive loss of jobs1 and a serious enough issue to be tackled by the ,,ilo 7,international ,labor ,organization74 ,the first ,,ilo ,symposium on ,multimedia ,convergence was held in ,january #aiig at the ,,ilo headquarters in ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 with employers1 unionists and government representatives from all over the world4 ,some participants1 mostly employers1 demonstrated that the information society was generating or would generate jobs4 ,other participants1 mostly unionists1 demonstrated there was a rise in unemployment worldwide1 that should be addressed right away through investment1 innovation1 vocational training1 computer literacy1 retraining and fair labor rights1 including for teleworkers4 999999 ,previously distinct information-based industries1 such as printing1 publishing1 graphic design1 media1 sound recording and film making1 were converging into one industry1 with information as a common product4 ,this trend was named multimedia convergence1 with a massive loss of jobs1 and a serious enough issue to be tackled by the ,international ,labor ,organization 7,,ilo74 ,a symposium ,the first ,,ilo ,symposium on ,multimedia ,convergence was held in ,january #aiig at the ,,ilo headquarters in ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,employers1 unionists and government representatives from all over the world came to discuss the ,information ,society1 the impact of the convergence process on employment and work1 and labor relations in the information age4 ,the purpose of these debates was to stimulate reflection on the policies and approaches most apt to prepare our societies and especially our workforces for the turbulent transition towards an information economy4 ,as stated in the introduction to the symposium's proceedings3 ,today all forms of information -- whether based in text1 sound or images -- can be converted into bits and bytes for handling by computer4 ,digitalization has made it possible to create1 record1 manipulate1 combine1 store1 retrieve and transmit information and information-based products in ways which magnetic tape1 celluloid and paper did not permit4 ,digitalization thus allows music1 cinema and the written word to be recorded and transformed through similar processes and without distinct material supports4 ,previously dissimilar industries1 such as publishing and sound recording1 now both produce ,,cd-,r,o,ms rather than simply books and records4 ,multimedia convergence was 8creating new configurations among an ever- widening range of industries4 ,the digitalization of information processing and delivery is transforming the way financial systems operate1 the way enterprises exchange information internally and externally1 and the way individuals work in an increasingly electronic environment4 ,in the book industry1 traditional printing was first disrupted by new photocomposition machines1 with lower costs4 ,text and image processing began to be handed over to desktop publishing and graphic art studios4 ,impression costs went on decreasing with photocopiers1 color photocopiers and digital printing4 ,digitization speeded up the editorial process1 which used to be sequential1 by allowing the copy editor1 the image editor and the layout staff to work at the same time on the same book4 ,in the press industry1 journalists and editors could now type in their articles online4 ,these articles went directly from text to layout1 without being keyed in anymore by the production staff4 ,some contributions ,one of the participants of the symposium1 ,peter ,leisink1 an associate professor of labor studies at the ,utrecht ,university1 ,netherlands1 explained3 ,a survey of the ,united ,kingdom book publishing industry showed that proofreaders and editors have been externalized and now work as home-based teleworkers4 ,the vast majority of them had entered self-employment1 not as a first-choice option1 but as a result of industry mergers1 relocations and redundancies4 ,these people should actually be regarded as casualized workers1 rather than as self- employed1 since they have little autonomy and tend to depend on only one publishing house for their work4 ,another participant1 ,michel ,muller1 secretary-general of the ,french ,federation of ,book1 ,paper and ,communication ,industry 7,,filpac3 ,fdration des ,industries du ,livre1 du ,papier et de la ,communication71 stated that1 in ,france1 jobs in this industry fell from #aaj1jjj to #ij1jjj in ten years1 from #aihg to #aiif1 with expensive social plans to re-train and re-employ the #bj1jjj people who lost their jobs4 ,he explained that1 if the technological developments really created new jobs1 as had been suggested1 then it might have been better to invest the money in reliable studies about what jobs were being created and which ones were being lost1 rather than in social plans which often created artificial jobs4 ,these studies should highlight the new skills and qualifications in demand as the technological convergence process broke down the barriers between the printing industry1 journalism and other vehicles of information4 ,another problem caused by convergence was the trend towards ownership concentration4 ,a few big groups controlled not only the bulk of the print media1 but a wide range of other media1 and thus posed a threat to pluralism in expression4 ,various tax advantages enjoyed by the press today should be re-examined and adapted to the new realities facing the press and multimedia enterprises4 ,managing all the social and societal issues raised by new technologies required widespread agreement and consensus4 ,collective agreements were vital1 since neither individual negotiations nor the market alone could sufficiently settle these matters4 ,a third participant1 ,walter ,durling1 director of ,,at,t ,global ,information ,solutions in the ,united ,states1 had quite theoretical words about the matter3 ,technology would not change the core of human relations4 ,more sophisticated means of communicating1 new mechanisms for negotiating1 and new types of conflicts would all arise1 but the relationships between workers and employers themselves would continue to be the same4 ,when film was invented1 people had been afraid that it could bring theatre to an end4 ,that has not happened4 ,when television was developed1 people had feared that it would do away cinemas1 but it had not4 ,one should not be afraid of the future4 ,fear of the future should not lead us to stifle creativity with regulations4 ,creativity was needed to generate new employment4 ,the spirit of enterprise had to be reinforced with the new technology in order to create jobs for those who had been displaced4 ,problems should not be anticipated1 but tackled when they arose4 ,in short1 humanity shouldn't fear technology4 ,job creation vs4 lay-off ,in fact1 employees were not so much afraid of technology as they were afraid of losing their jobs4 ,in #aiif1 unemployment was already significant in any field1 which was not the case when film and television were invented4 ,what would be the balance between job creation and lay-off in the near future8 ,unions were struggling worldwide to promote the creation of jobs through investment1 innovation1 vocational training1 computer literacy1 retraining for new jobs in digital technology1 fair conditions for labor contracts and collective agreements1 defense of copyright for the re-use of articles from the print media to the web1 protection of workers in the artistic field1 and defense of teleworkers as workers having full rights4 ,despite unions' efforts1 would the situation become as tragic as suggested in a note of the symposium's proceedings8 ,some fear a future in which individuals will be forced to struggle for survival in an electronic jungle4 ,and the survival mechanisms which have been developed in recent decades1 such as relatively stable employment relations1 collective agreements1 employee representation1 employer- provided job training1 and jointly funded social security schemes1 may be sorely tested in a world where work crosses borders at the speed of light4 #aiig ,a ,,portal ,,for ,,european ,,national ,,libraries ,summary ,gabriel -- an acronym for ,gateway and ,bridge to ,europe's ,national ,libraries -- was launched as a common portal giving access to the internet services of participating libraries4 ,the ,gabriel project was conceived during the #aiid ,,cenl 7,conference of ,european ,national ,librarians7 meeting in ,oslo1 ,norway1 as an common electronic board with updates about ongoing internet projects4 ,another meeting took place in ,march #aiie with representatives from the national libraries in the ,netherlands1 ,united ,kingdom and ,finland1 who launched a pilot project and were joined then by the national libraries in ,germany1 ,france and ,poland4 ,a first ,gabriel website was launched in ,september #aiie4 ,during the #aiif ,,cenl meeting in ,lisbon1 ,portugal1 ,gabriel became an official ,,cenl website1 with a new trilingual 7,english1 ,french1 ,german7 portal launched in ,january #aiig4 999999 ,gabriel -- an acronym for ,gateway and ,bridge to ,europe's ,national ,libraries -- was launched in ,january #aiig as a common portal giving access to the internet services of the participating libraries4 ,as stated on its website3 ,gabriel also recalls ,gabriel ,naud1 whose ',advis pour dresser une bibliothque' 7,paris1 #afbg7 is one of the earliest theoretical works about libraries in any ,european language and provides a blueprint for the great modern research library4 ,the name ,gabriel is common to many ,european languages and is derived from the ,old ,testament1 where ,gabriel appears as one of the archangels or heavenly messengers4 ,he also appears in a similar role in the ,new ,testament and the ,qu'ran4 ,in #aiih1 ,gabriel offered links to the internet services of #ch participating national libraries 7,albania1 ,austria1 ,belgium1 ,bulgaria1 ,croatia1 ,czech ,republic1 ,denmark1 ,estonia1 ,finland1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,greece1 ,hungary1 ,iceland1 ,ireland1 ,italy1 ,latvia1 ,liechtenstein1 ,lithuania1 ,luxembourg1 ,macedonia1 ,malta1 ,netherlands1 ,norway1 ,poland1 ,portugal1 ,romania1 ,russia1 ,san ,marino1 ,slovakia1 ,slovenia1 ,spain1 ,sweden1 ,switzerland1 ,turkey1 ,united ,kingdom1 ,vatican ,city74 ,these links led to ,o,p,a,cs 7,open ,public ,access ,catalogs71 national bibliographies1 national union catalogs1 indexes for periodicals1 web servers and gophers1 with a section for common ,european projects4 ,how did ,gabriel begin8 ,during the #aiid ,,cenl annual meeting in ,oslo1 ,norway1 it was suggested that national libraries should set up a common electronic board with updates about their ongoing internet projects4 ,representatives from the national libraries in the ,netherlands 7,koninklijke ,bibliotheek71 ,united ,kingdom 7,british ,library7 and ,finland 7,helsinki ,university ,library7 met in ,march #aiie in ,the ,hague1 ,netherlands1 to launch the pilot ,gabriel project4 ,they were joined then by the national libraries in ,germany 7,deutsche ,bibliothek71 ,france 7,bibliothque ,nationale de ,france7 and ,poland 7,biblioteka ,narodowa74 ,gabriel would describe their services and collections1 while seeking to attract other national libraries into the project4 ,the original ,gabriel website was launched in ,september #aiie4 ,it was maintained by the ,british ,library ,network ,services and mirrored on the servers of the national libraries in the ,netherlands and ,finland4 ,in ,november #aiie1 other national libraries were invited to submit entries describing their services and collections1 after they launched their own websites and online catalogs4 ,the number of participating libraries expanded4 ,during the #aiif ,,cenl annual meeting in ,lisbon1 ,portugal1 it was decided that ,gabriel would become an official ,,cenl website in ,january #aiig4 ,the new trilingual 7,english1 ,french1 ,german7 ,gabriel portal was maintained by the national library in the ,netherlands 7,koninklijke ,bibliotheek71 and mirrored on the servers of four other national libraries1 in ,united ,kingdom1 ,finland1 ,germany and ,slovenia4 ,what about public libraries8 ,according to 8,internet and the ,library ,sphere01 a document available on the website of the ,european ,commission1 #a1jjj public libraries from #bf ,european countries had their own websites in ,december #aiih4 ,the websites ranged from one webpage with a postal address and opening hours to a full website with access to the library's ,,opac4 ,the leading countries were ,finland 7#bdg libraries71 ,sweden 7#acb libraries71 ,united ,kingdom 7#aab libraries71 ,denmark 7#ajg libraries71 ,germany 7#ajb libraries71 ,netherlands 7#gb libraries71 ,lithuania 7#ea libraries71 ,spain 7#ef libraries7 and ,norway 7#de libraries74 ,russia had a common website for #bf public reference libraries4 ,newcomers were the ,czech ,republic 7#bi libraries7 and ,portugal 7#c libraries74 ,as for ,gabriel's fate1 the portal merged in summer #bjje with the ,european ,library's website 7created by ,,cenl in ,january #bjjd7 to offer a common portal for the #dc ,european national libraries4 ,europeana1 the ,european digital library1 was launched three years later1 in ,november #bjjh1 with two million documents4 ,europeana offered #f million documents in ,march #bjaj1 and #aj million documents on a revamped website in ,september #bjaj4 #aiig ,e ,,ink1 ,,an ,,electronic ,,ink ,,technology ,summary ,in ,april #aiig1 researchers at the ,,mit ,media ,lab 7,,mit3 ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 founded the company ,e ,ink to develop an electronic ink technology4 ,very briefly 7and not so well7 explained1 the technology was the following one3 caught between two sheets of flexible plastic1 millions of micro-capsules1 each of them containing black and white particles1 are in suspension in a clear fluid4 ,a positive or negative electric field indicates the desired group of particles on the surface1 to view1 modify or delete data4 ,the first screen using this technology was available as a prototype in ,july #bjjb1 and marketed in #bjjd4 ,other screens followed for various ebook readers 7,libri1 ,sony ,reader1 ,cybook1 ,kindle1 ,nook1 etc471 as well as prototypes of flexible displays announcing the forthcoming electronic paper4 999999 ,in ,april #aiig1 researchers at the ,,mit ,media ,lab 7,,mit3 ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 founded the company ,e ,ink to develop an electronic ink technology4 ,the first screen using this technology was available as a prototype in ,july #bjjb1 and marketed in #bjjd4 ,other screens followed for various ebook readers 7,libri1 ,sony ,reader1 ,cybook1 ,kindle1 ,nook1 etc471 as well as prototypes of flexible displays announcing the forthcoming electronic paper4 ,as explained on the company's website3 ,electronic ink is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays4 ,although revolutionary in concept1 electronic ink is a straightforward fusion of chemistry1 physics and electronics to create this new material4 ,the principal components of electronic ink are millions of tiny microcapsules1 about the diameter of a human hair4 ,in one incarnation1 each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid4 ,when a negative electric field is applied1 the white particles move to the top of the microcapsule where they become visible to the user4 ,this makes the surface appear white at that spot4 ,at the same time1 an opposite electric field pulls the black particles to the bottom of the microcapsules where they are hidden4 ,by reversing this process1 the black particles appear at the top of the capsule1 which now makes the surface appear dark at that spot4 ,to form an ,e ,ink electronic display1 the ink is printed onto a sheet of plastic film that is laminated to a layer of circuitry4 ,the circuitry forms a pattern of pixels that can then be controlled by a display driver4 ,these microcapsules are suspended in a liquid 'carrier medium' allowing them to be printed using existing screen printing processes onto virtually any surface1 including glass1 plastic1 fabric and even paper4 ,ultimately electronic ink will permit most any surface to become a display1 bringing information out of the confines of traditional devices and into the world around us4 ,,lcd screens of ebook readers were replaced by ,e ,ink screens4 ,launched in ,april #bjjd by ,sony in ,japan1 the ,libri was the first ebook reader with a #f-;inch ,e ,ink screen4 ,launched in ,october #bjjf in the ,u4,s41 the ,sony ,reader had a ,e ,ink screen that gave 8an excellent reading experience very close to that of real paper1 making it very easy going on the eyes 7,mike ,cook1 editor of epub,books4com74 ,the ,sony ,reader was then available in ,canada1 ,united ,kingdom1 ,germany and ,france1 with various models4 ,the ,cybook ,gen#c launched by ,bookeen in ,july #bjjg1 the ,kindle launched by ,amazon in ,november #bjjg1 and the ,nook launched by ,barnes ,noble in ,november #bjji also had ,e ,ink screens4 ,another display technology was the gyricon1 developed since #aiig by ,,parc 7,palo ,alto ,research ,center71 the ,xerox center in ,silicon ,valley1 ,california4 ,in ,december #bjjj1 some researchers at ,,parc founded the company ,gyricon ,media to market the ,smart,paper1 an electronic paper based on the gyricon technology4 ,very briefly 7and not so well7 explained1 the technology was the following one3 in between two sheets of flexible plastic1 millions of micro-cells contain two-tone 7black and white7 beads suspended in a clear liquid4 ,each bead has an electric charge4 ,an external electrical pulse makes the balls rotate and change color1 to display1 modify1 or delete data4 ,in #bjjd1 ,gyricon ,media began marketing commercial advertising1 for example small posters running on batteries4 ,the company ended its activities in #bjje1 with ,r,d activities going on at ,xerox4 ,another project has been developed by the company ,plastic ,logic1 this time using both proprietary plastic electronics and the ,e ,ink ,technology4 ,as explained on the company's website in #bjji3 ,technology for plastic electronics on thin and flexible plastic substrates was developed at ,cambridge ,university's renowned ,cavendish ,laboratory in the #aiijs4 ,in #bjjj1 ,plastic ,logic was spun out of ,cavendish ,laboratory to develop a broad range of products using the plastic electronics technology4 #aiig ,,the ,,electronic ,,beowulf ,,project ,summary ,some digitized versions of treasures from the ,british ,library were freely available online in the late #aiijs4 ,one of the first digitized treasures was ,beowulf1 the earliest known narrative poem in ,english1 and one of the most famous works of ,anglo-,saxon poetry4 ,the ,british ,library holds the only known manuscript of ,beowulf1 dated circa #ajjj4 ,brian ,lang1 chief executive of the library1 explained on the website3 ,the ,beowulf manuscript is a unique treasure and imposes on the ,library a responsibility to scholars throughout the world4 ,digital photography offered for the first time the possibility of recording text concealed by early repairs1 and a less expensive and safer way of recording readings under special light conditions4 7'''7 ,this work has not only advanced scholarship2 it has also captured the imagination of a wider public1 engaging people 7through press reports and the availability over computer networks of selected images and text7 in the appreciation of one of the primary artefacts of our shared cultural heritage4 999999 ,the ,british ,library began offering digitized versions of its treasures1 for example ,beowulf1 the earliest known narrative poem in ,english and one of the most famous works of ,anglo-,saxon poetry4 ,the ,british ,library holds the only known manuscript of ,beowulf1 dated circa #ajjj4 ,the poem itself is much older than the manuscript -- some historians believe it might have been written circa #gej4 ,the manuscript was badly damaged by fire in #agca4 #ahth-century transcripts mentioned hundreds of words and characters which were then visible along the charred edges1 and subsequently crumbled away over the years4 ,to halt this process1 each leaf was mounted on a paper frame in #ahde4 ,as explained on the website of the ,british ,library1 scholarly discussions on the date of creation and provenance of the poem continued around the world1 and researchers regularly required access to the manuscript4 ,taking ,beowulf out of its display case for study not only raised conservation issues1 it also made it unavailable for the many visitors who were coming to the ,british ,library expecting to see this literary treasure on display4 ,digitization of the manuscript offered a solution to these problems1 as well as providing new opportunities for researchers and readers worldwide4 ,the ,electronic ,beowulf ,project was launched as a database of digital images of the ,beowulf manuscript1 as well as related manuscripts and printed texts4 ,in #aiih1 the database included the fiber-optic readings of hidden characters and ultra-violet readings of erased text in the manuscript2 the full electronic facsimiles of the #ahth-century transcripts of the manuscript2 and selections from the main #aith- century collations1 editions and translations4 ,major additions to the database were planned for the following years1 such as images of contemporary manuscripts1 links to the ,toronto ,dictionary of ,old ,english ,project1 and links to the comprehensive ,anglo-,saxon bibliographies of the ,old ,english ,newsletter4 ,the database project was developed in partnership with two leading experts in the ,united ,states1 ,kevin ,kiernan1 from the ,university of ,kentucky1 and ,paul ,szarmach1 from the ,medieval ,institute of ,western ,michigan ,university4 ,kevin ,kiernan edited the electronic archive and supervised the making of a ,,cd-,,rom with the main electronic images4 ,brian ,lang1 chief executive of the ,british ,library1 explained on its website3 ,the ,beowulf manuscript is a unique treasure and imposes on the ,library a responsibility to scholars throughout the world4 ,digital photography offered for the first time the possibility of recording text concealed by early repairs1 and a less expensive and safer way of recording readings under special light conditions4 ,it also offers the prospect of using image enhancement technology to settle doubtful readings in the text4 ,network technology has facilitated direct collaboration with ,american scholars and makes it possible for scholars around the world to share in these discoveries4 ,curatorial and computing staff learned a great deal which will inform any future programmes of digitization and network service provision the ,library may undertake1 and our publishing department is considering the publication of an electronic scholarly edition of ,beowulf4 ,this work has not only advanced scholarship2 it has also captured the imagination of a wider public1 engaging people 7through press reports and the availability over computer networks of selected images and text7 in the appreciation of one of the primary artefacts of our shared cultural heritage4 ,other treasures of the ,british ,library ,other digitized treasures of the ,british ,library were available online as well1 for example ,magna ,carta1 the first ,english constitutional text1 signed in #abae1 with the ,great ,seal of ,king ,john2 the ,lindisfarne ,gospels1 dated #fih2 the ,diamond ,sutra1 dated #hfh1 sometimes referred to as the world's earliest print book2 the ,sforza ,hours1 a ,renaissance treasure dated #adij-aebj2 the ,codex ,arundel1 with notes by ,leonardo ,da ,vinci from #adgh to #aeah2 and the ,tyndale ,new ,testament1 as the first ,english translation of the ,new ,testament1 printed in #aebf by ,peter ,schoeffer in ,worms1 ,germany4 ,in ,november #bjjj1 the ,british ,library released a digitized version of the original ,gutenberg ,bible on its website4 ,gutenberg printed its ,bible in #aded in ,mainz1 ,germany1 perhaps printing #ahj copies1 with #dh copies still available in #bjjj1 and two full copies at the ,british ,library4 ,a little different from each other1 both were digitized in ,march #bjjj by ,japanese experts from ,keio ,university of ,tokyo and ,,ntt 7,nippon ,telegraph and ,telephone ,communications74 ,the images were then processed to offer a digitized version available online a few months later1 for the world to enjoy4 ,german rare prints ,the ,bielefeld ,university ,library 7,bibliothek der ,universitt ,bielefeld7 in ,germany offered online versions of ,german rare prints4 ,michael ,behrens1 in charge of the digital library project1 wrote in ,september #aiih3 ,we started digitizing rare prints from our own library1 and some rare prints which were sent in via library loan1 in ,november #aiif4 74447 ,in that first phase of our attempts at digitization1 starting ,november #aiif and ending ,june #aiig1 #ch rare prints were scanned as image files and made available via the web4 7'''7 ,the next step1 which is just being completed1 is the digitization of the ,berlinische ,monatsschrift1 a ,german periodical from the ,enlightenment1 comprising #eh volumes1 and #b1egd articles on #cj1fbf pages4 ,a somewhat bigger digitization project of ,german periodicals from the #ahth and early #aith century is planned4 ,the size will be about #a1jjj1jjj pages4 ,these periodicals will be not just from the holdings of this library1 but the project would be coordinated here1 and some of the technical would be done here1 also4 7,,nef ,interview7 ,the ,,artfl ,encyclopdie ,the same year1 the database of the first volume 7#agea7 of the ,encyclopdie by ,diderot and d',alembert was available online as an experiment from ,,artfl 7,american and ,french ,research on the ,treasury of the ,french ,language71 a common project from the ,,cnrs 7,centre ,national de la ,recherche ,scientifique -- ,national ,scientific ,research ,center7 in ,france and the ,university of ,chicago in ,illinois4 ,this online experiment was a first step towards a full online version of the first edition 7#agea-aggb7 of the ,encyclopdie1 with #gb1jjj articles written by #adj contributors 7,voltaire1 ,rousseau1 ,marmontel1 d',holbach1 ,turgot1 and others71 #ag volumes of text 7with #ah1jjj pages and #ba1g million words7 and #aa volumes of plates4 ,designed to collect and disseminate the entire knowledge of the time1 the ,encyclopdie was a reflection of the intellectual and social currents of the ,enlightenment1 and contributed to disseminate novel ideas that would inspire the ,french ,revolution in #aghi4 #aiih ,,web-,,extended ,,commercial ,,books ,summary ,murray ,suid is a writer of educational books and material living in ,palo ,alto1 ,silicon ,valley1 ,california4 ,he has also written books for kids1 multimedia scripts and screenplays4 ,murray was among the first authors to add a website to his books -- an idea that many would soon adopt4 ,he explained in ,september #aiih3 ,if a book can be web-extended 7living partly in cyberspace71 then an author can easily update and correct it1 whereas otherwise the author would have to wait a long time for the next edition1 if indeed a next edition ever came out4 74447 ,i do not know if ,i will publish books on the web -- as opposed to publishing paper books4 ,probably that will happen when books become multimedia4 7,i currently am helping develop multimedia learning materials1 and it is a form of teaching that ,i like a lot -- blending text1 movies1 audio1 graphics1 and -- when possible -- interactivity74 999999 ,murray ,suid1 a writer of educational books and material based in ,palo ,alto1 ,california1 was among the first authors to add a website to his books -- an idea that many would soon adopt4 ,murray has also written books for kids1 multimedia scripts and screenplays4 ,he explained in ,september #aiih3 ,the internet has become my major research tool1 largely -- but not entirely -- replacing the traditional library and even replacing person-to-person research4 ,now1 instead of phoning people or interviewing them face to face1 ,i do it via email4 ,because of speed1 it has also enabled me to collaborate with people at a distance1 particularly on screenplays4 7,i've worked with two producers in ,germany47 ,also1 digital correspondence is so easy to store and organize1 ,i find that ,i have easy access to information exchanged this way4 ,thus1 emailing facilitates keeping track of ideas and materials4 ,the internet has increased my correspondence dramatically4 ,like most people1 ,i find that email works better than snail mail4 ,my geographic range of correspondents has also increased - - extending mainly to ,europe4 ,in the old days1 ,i hardly ever did transatlantic penpalling4 ,i also find that emailing is so easy1 ,i am able to find more time to assist other writers with their work -- a kind of a virtual writing group4 ,this isn't merely altruistic4 ,i gain a lot when ,i give feedback4 ,but before the internet1 doing so was more of an effort4 ,how about web-extended books8 ,if a book can be web-extended 7living partly in cyberspace71 then an author can easily update and correct it1 whereas otherwise the author would have to wait a long time for the next edition1 if indeed a next edition ever came out4 74447 ,i do not know if ,i will publish books on the web -- as opposed to publishing paper books4 ,probably that will happen when books become multimedia4 7,i currently am helping develop multimedia learning materials1 and it is a form of teaching that ,i like a lot -- blending text1 movies1 audio1 graphics1 and -- when possible -- interactivity74 ,he added in ,august #aiii3 ,in addition to 'web-extending' books1 we are now web-extending our multimedia 7,,cd-,,rom7 products -- to update and enrich them4 ,he added ,in ,october #bjjj3 ,our company -- ,e,d,vantage ,software -- has become an internet company instead of a multimedia 7,,cd-,,rom7 company4 ,we deliver educational material online to students and teachers4 #aiih ,a ,,more ,,restrictive ,,copyright ,,law ,summary ,a major blow for digital libraries was the amendment to the #aigf ,u4,s4 ,copyright ,act signed on #bg ,october #aiih1 each legislation being been more restrictive than the previous one4 ,as explained in ,july #aiii by ,michael ,hart1 founder of ,project ,gutenberg3 ,nothing will expire for another #bj years4 ,we used to have to wait #ge years4 ,now it is #ie years4 ,and it was #bh years 7 a possible #bh-year extension1 only on request7 before that1 and #ad years 7 a possible #ad-year extension7 before that4 ,so1 as you can see1 this is a serious degrading of the public domain1 as a matter of continuing policy4 ,the copyright went from an average of #cj years in #aiji to an average of #ie years in #aiih1 with an extension of #fe years4 ,only a book published before #aibc could now be considered for sure as belonging to the public domain in the ,u4,s4 ,the copyright legislation became more restrictive too in the ,european ,union4 999999 ,a major blow for digital libraries was the amendment to the #aigf ,u4,s4 ,copyright ,act signed on #bg ,october #aiih1 followed by a more restrictive legislation too in the ,european ,union4 ,each legislation was more restrictive than the previous one4 ,as explained in ,july #aiii by ,michael ,hart1 founder of ,project ,gutenberg3 ,nothing will expire for another #bj years4 ,we used to have to wait #ge years4 ,now it is #ie years4 ,and it was #bh years 7 a possible #bh-year extension1 only on request7 before that1 and #ad years 7 a possible #ad- year extension7 before that4 ,so1 as you can see1 this is a serious degrading of the public domain1 as a matter of continuing policy4 7'''7 ,no one has said more against copyright extensions than ,i have1 but ,hollywood and the big publishers have seen to it that our ,congress won't even mention it in public4 ,the kind of copyright debate going on is totally impractical4 ,it is run by and for the ',landed ,gentry of the ,information ,age4' ',information ,age'8 ,for whom8 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom1 founder of ,the ,online ,books ,page1 wrote in ,august #aiii3 ,i think it is important for people on the web to understand that copyright is a social contract that is designed for the public good -- where the public includes both authors and readers4 ,this means that authors should have the right to exclusive use of their creative works for limited times1 as is expressed in current copyright law4 ,but it also means that their readers have the right to copy and reuse the work at will once copyright expires4 ,in the ,u4,s4 now1 there are various efforts to take rights away from readers1 by restricting fair use1 lengthening copyright terms 7even with some proposals to make them perpetual7 and extending intellectual property to cover facts separate from creative works 7such as found in the 'database copyright' proposals748 ,the shrinking of public domain also affected the ,european ,union1 where copyright laws went from author's life #ej years to author's life #gj years1 following pressure from content owners who successfully lobbied for harmonization of national copyright laws as a response to globalization of the market4 ,to regulate the copyright of digital editions in the wake of the relevant ,,wipo international treaties signed in #aiif1 the ,digital ,millenium ,copyright ,act 7,,dmca7 was ratified in ,october #aiih in the ,united ,states1 and the ,european ,union ,copyright ,directive 7,,eucd7 was ratified in ,may #bjja by the ,european ,commission4 ,each country in the ,european ,union was requested to draft and pass its own legislation within a given time frame4 ,in ,france1 ,,dadvsi 7,droit d',auteur et ,droits ,voisins dans la ,socit de l',information7 passed in ,august #bjjf1 with the general public being not so happy about it4 #aiih ,,the ,,first ,,ebook ,,readers ,summary ,how about a book-sized electronic device that could store many books at once8 ,the first ebook readers were developed in ,silicon ,valley1 ,california4 ,the ,rocket e,book was launched in #aiih in ,palo ,alto by ,nuvo,media1 whose investors were ,barnes ,noble and ,bertelsmann4 ,shortly afterwards1 the ,soft,book ,reader was launched by ,soft,book ,press1 whose investors were ,random ,house and ,simon ,schuster4 ,these two ebook readers were the size of a 7large and thick7 book1 with batteries and a black and white ,,lcd screen4 ,they could connect to the internet through a computer 7for the ,rocket e,book7 or directly with a built-in modem 7for the ,soft,book ,reader7 to download books from the digital bookstores available on the companies' websites4 ,other models followed in #aiii1 for example the ,every,book ,reader1 launched by ,every,book1 and the ,millennium e,book1 launched by ,librius4 ,the ,gemstar e,book was launched in the ,u4,s4 in ,november #bjjj4 ,the ,cybook 7#ast generation7 was in ,europe in ,january #bjja4 999999 ,how about a book-sized electronic device that could store many books at once8 ,the first ebook readers were the ,rocket e,book and the ,soft,book ,reader1 launched in ,silicon ,valley in #aiih4 ,these dedicated electronic readers were the size of a 7large and thick7 book1 with a battery1 a black and white ,,lcd screen1 and a storage capacity of ten books or so4 ,they could connect to the internet through a computer 7for the ,rocket e,book7 or directly with a built-in modem 7for the ,soft,book ,reader74 ,they got much attention from book professionals and the general public1 with few of them buying them though1 because of their rocket-high price -- several hundreds of dollars -- and a small choice of books in the digital bookstores available on the companies' websites4 ,publishers were just beginning to digitize their own books1 still wondering how to market them1 and worried with piracy concerns4 ,the ,rocket e,book ,the ,rocket e,book was launched in #aiih as the first dedicated ebook reader by ,nuvo,media1 a company founded in #aiig in ,palo ,alto4 ,the investors of ,nuvo,media were ,barnes ,noble and ,bertelsmann4 ,nuvo,media wanted to become the electronic book distribution solution1 by providing a networking infrastructure for publishers1 retailers and end users to publish1 distribute1 purchase and read electronic content securely and efficiently on the internet4 ,the ,rocket e,book could connect to a computer 7,,pc or ,macintosh7 through the ,rocket e,book ,cradle1 a device with two cables1 a cable for power through a wall transformer1 and a serial cable for the computer4 ,the ,soft,book ,reader ,shortly afterwards1 ,soft,book ,press launched the ,soft,book ,reader1 along with the ,soft,book ,network1 8an internet-based content delivery service04 ,the investors of ,softbook ,press were ,random ,house and ,simon ,schuster4 ,with the ,soft,book ,reader1 people could easily1 quickly and securely download a wide selection of books and periodicals using its built-in internet connection4 ,the device1 unlike a computer1 was ergonomically designed for the reading of long documents and books4 ,other ebook readers ,other ebook readers were launched in #aiii1 for example the ,every,book ,reader1 launched by ,every,book1 and the ,millennium e,book1 launched by ,librius4 ,the ,every,book ,reader was a living library in a single book1 with a hidden modem to dial into the ,every,book ,store1 for people 8to browse1 purchase1 and receive full text books1 magazines1 and sheet music04 ,the ,millennium e,book was a small low-cost ebook reader launched by ,librius1 a full service e-commerce company4 ,on the company website1 a ,world ,bookstore delivered digital copies of thousands of books via the internet4 ,all these ebook readers didn't last long4 ,people would have to wait to get through the millenium to see the ,gemstar e,book in the ,u4,s4 and the ,cybook 7#ast generation7 in ,europe4 ,the ,gemstar e,book ,the ,gemstar e,book was launched in ,november #bjjj after ,gemstar bought in ,january #bjjj ,nuvomedia 7author of the ,rocket e,book7 and ,soft,book ,press 7author of the ,soft,book ,reader71 the two companies that created the first ebook readers4 ,two versions of the ,gemstar e,book were available for sale in the ,u4,s41 the ,,reb #aajj 7successor of the ,rocket e,book7 with a black and white screen1 and the ,,reb #abjj 7successor of the ,soft,book ,reader7 with a color screen1 both produced under the ,,rca label1 belonging to ,thomson ,multimedia4 ,gemstar tried to launch them in ,europe too1 beginning with ,germany1 while buying #jj;h#jj1 a ,french publisher of ebooks1 in ,september #bjjj4 ,in fall #bjjb1 cheaper ebook readers were launched as ,,geb #aaej and #baej1 produced by ,gemstar instead of ,,rca4 ,sales were still far below expectations4 ,the company stopped selling ebook readers in ,june #bjjc1 and stopped selling ebooks the following month4 ,the ,cybook ,the first ,european ebook reader didn't work well either4 ,developed by ,cytale1 a ,french company created by ,olivier ,pujol1 the ,cybook 7#ba x #af cm1 #a kilo7 was launched in ,january #bjja4 ,its memory -- #cb ,m of ,,sdram and #af ,m of flash memory -- could store #ae4jjj pages1 or #cj books of #ejj pages4 ,sales were far below expectations1 and ,cytale closed its doors in ,july #bjjb4 ,this model was later renamed ,cybook #ast generation1 waiting for more generations to come4 ,the ,cybook project was taken over by ,bookeen1 a company created in #bjjc by ,michael ,dahan and ,laurent ,picard1 two former engineers from ,cytale4 ,the ,cybook #bnd generation was available in ,june #bjjd4 ,the ,cybook ,gen#c 7#crd generation7 was available in ,july #bjjg1 with a screen using the ,e ,ink technology4 #aiii ,,librarians ,,in ,,cyberspace ,summary ,to help their patrons deal with the internet1 to select and organize information for them1 to create and maintain websites1 to check specialized online databases1 and to update online catalogs became daily tasks for librarians4 ,as stated in ,august #aiii by ,bruno ,didier1 webmaster of the ,pasteur ,institute ,library in ,paris1 ,france3 ,our relationship with both the information and the users has changed4 ,we are increasingly becoming mediators1 and perhaps to a lesser extent 'curators'4 ,my present activity is typical of this new situation3 ,i am working to provide quick access to information and to create effective means of communication1 but ,i also train people to use these new tools4 74447 ,i think the future of our job is tied to cooperation and use of common resources4 ,it is certainly an old project1 but it is really the first time we have had the means to set it up4 999999 ,to help their patrons deal with the internet1 to select and organize information for them1 to create and maintain websites1 to check specialized databases and to update online catalogs became daily tasks for librarians4 ,here are two examples1 with ,peter ,raggett at the ,central ,library of ,,oecd 7,organisation for ,economic ,cooperation and ,development7 and ,bruno ,didier at the ,library of the ,pasteur ,institute in ,paris1 ,france4 ,at the ,,oecd ,central ,library ,based at the ,,oecd headquarters in ,paris1 the ,central ,library offered #fj1jjj monographs and #b1ejj periodicals in #aiih1 as well as microfilms1 ,,cd-,r,o,ms1 and databases like ,dialog1 ,lexis-,nexis and ,un,cover4 ,the library began setting up its own webpages in #aiif1 on the intranet of the organization1 in order to support the staff's research work4 ,peter ,raggett1 deputy-head 7and then head7 of the ,central ,library1 wrote in ,august #aiii3 ,at the ,,oecd ,library we have collected together several hundred websites and have put links to them on the ,,oecd intranet4 ,they are sorted by subject and each site has a short annotation giving some information about it4 ,the researcher can then see if it is possible that the site contains the desired information4 ,this is adding value to the site references and in this way the ,central ,library has built up a virtual reference desk on the ,,oecd network4 ,as well as the annotated links1 this virtual reference desk contains pages of references to articles1 monographs and websites relevant to several projects currently being researched at the ,,oecd1 network access to ,,cd- ,r,o,ms1 and a monthly list of new acquisitions4 ,the library catalogue will soon be available for searching on the intranet4 ,the reference staff at the ,,oecd ,library uses the internet for a good deal of their work4 ,often an academic working paper will be on the web and will be available for full-text downloading4 ,we are currently investigating supplementing our subscriptions to certain of our periodicals with access to the electronic versions on the internet4 ,what about finding information on the internet8 ,the internet has provided researchers with a vast database of information4 ,the problem for them is to find what they are seeking4 ,never has the information overload been so obvious as when one tries to find information on a topic by searching the internet4 ,when one uses a search engine like ,lycos or ,alta,vista or a directory like ,yahoo61 it soon becomes clear that it can be very difficult to find valuable sites on a given topic4 ,these search mechanisms work well if one is searching for something very precise1 such as information on a person who has an unusual name1 but they produce a confusing number of references if one is searching for a topic which can be quite broad4 ,try and search the web for ,russia ,,and transport to find statistics on the use of trains1 planes and buses in ,russia4 ,the first references you will find are freight-forwarding firms that have business connections with ,russia4 ,how about the future8 ,the internet is impinging on many peoples' lives1 and information managers are the best people to help researchers around the labyrinth4 ,the internet is just in its infancy and we are all going to be witnesses to its growth and refinement4 74447 ,information managers have a large role to play in searching and arranging the information on the internet4 ,i expect that there will be an expansion in internet use for education and research4 ,this means that libraries will have to create virtual libraries where students can follow a course offered by an institution at the other side of the world4 ,personally1 ,i see myself becoming more and more a virtual librarian4 ,my clients may not meet me face-to-face but instead will contact me by email1 telephone or fax1 and ,i will do the research and send them the results electronically4 ,at the ,pasteur ,institute ,library ,the ,pasteur ,institutes are observatories for studying infectious and parasite-borne diseases4 ,after being a 8traditional0 librarian1 ,bruno ,didier created in #aiif the website of the ,pasteur ,institute ,library in ,paris1 ,france1 and became its webmaster4 ,he explained in ,august #aiii3 ,the main aim of the ,pasteur ,institute ,library website is to serve the ,institute itself and its associated bodies4 ,it supports applications that have become essential in such a big organization3 bibliographic databases1 cataloging1 ordering of documents and of course access to online periodicals 7presently more than #ajj74 ,it is a window for our different departments1 at the ,institute but also elsewhere in ,france and abroad4 ,it plays a big part in documentation exchanges with the institutes in the worldwide ,pasteur network4 ,i am trying to make it an interlink adapted to our needs for exploration and use of the internet4 ,the website has existed in its present form since #aiif and its audience is steadily increasing4 74447 ,i build and maintain the webpages and monitor them regularly4 ,i am also responsible for training our patrons to use the internet4 ,what has changed in his work8 ,our relationship with both the information and the users is what changes4 ,we are increasingly becoming mediators1 and perhaps to a lesser extent 'curators'4 ,my present activity is typical of this new situation3 ,i am working to provide quick access to information and to create effective means of communication1 but ,i also train people to use these new tools4 74447 ,i think the future of our job is tied to cooperation and use of common resources4 ,it is certainly an old project1 but it is really the first time we have had the means to set it up4 #aiii ,the ,,ulysses ,,bookstore ,,on ,,the ,,web ,summary ,founded in #aiga by ,catherine ,domain in ,paris1 ,france1 ,librairie ,ulysse 7,ulysses ,bookstore7 is the oldest bookstore dedicated only to travel1 with #bj1jjj books1 maps and magazines1 out of print and new1 about any country1 all packed up in a tiny space1 with some treasures impossible to find anywhere else4 ,catherine1 an avid traveler herself1 started a website in early #aiii1 as a virtual travel in the field of computing1 despite knowing very little about computers4 ,she wrote in late #aiii3 ,my website is still pretty basic and under construction4 ,like my bookstore1 it is a place to meet people before being a place of business4 ,the internet is a pain in the neck1 takes a lot of my time and ,i earn hardly any money1 but that doesn't worry me444 ,i am very pessimistic though1 because it is killing off specialist bookstores4 ,ten years later1 in ,april #bjaj1 ,catherine was much less pessimistic1 because the internet had allowed her to become a publisher of travel books4 999999 ,founded in #aiga by ,catherine ,domain in ,paris1 ,france1 ,librairie ,ulysse 7,ulysses ,bookstore7 is the oldest bookstore in the world dedicated only to travel4 ,the bookstore launched its website in #aiii and a small publishing venture in #bjaj4 ,nested on ,ile ,saint-,louis surrounded by the river ,seine1 ,librairie ,ulysse has offered #bj1jjj books1 maps and magazines1 out of print and new1 about any country1 all packed up in a tiny space1 with some treasures impossible to find anywhere else4 ,beginning ,what were the first steps of ,librairie ,ulysse8 ,catherine wrote on the bookstore's website3 8,after traveling for ten years on every continent1 ,i stopped and told myself3 #8,what am ,i going to do for a living8' ,i was aware of the need to insert myself in a sociey in one way or another4 ,i made a choice by deduction1 refusing to have any boss or employee4 ,remembering my grandfathers1 one being a navigator1 and the other one being a bookseller in ,perigord a region in ,southern ,france1 and noting that ,i needed to visit more than a dozen bookstores before finding any documentation on a country as close as ,greece1 a #8travel bookstore' came to my mind during a world tour while ,i was sailing between ,colombo and ,surabaya4 ,back in ,paris -- ,i already lived in le ,saint-,louis -- ,i looked for a place1 gathered information about the job of bookseller1 did some internships in other bookstores1 wrote index cards1 and thought about a name for this new business4 ,one morning1 while going out to buy my daily newspaper1 ,i looked up and saw the sign of the bookstore #8,ulysse' ,ulysses in ,french1 a reference to ,joyce1 at number #ce of street ,saint-,louis-en-l'le4 #8,here is a name6'1 ,i told myself4 ,i climbed two stairs to get into this very small #afm#b store with a single beam4 ,four guys played poker4 #8,what a cute bookstore6'1 ,i said4 #8,it is for sale'1 one of the players answered without looking up4 #dh hours later1 ,i was a bookseller4 ,this was in ,september #aiga4 ,the first bookstore in the world specializing in travel was born4 ,twenty years later1 ,i was hit by real estate development1 like a number of people1 and ,i had to move out4 ,luckily1 my stubborn side -- ,i am a ,taurus ascendant ,taurus -- gave me the strength to move my bookstore a few meters away into a larger place1 on number #bf of street ,saint- ,louis-en-l'le1 in a quite uncommon building4 ,first1 this was the first building in which ,i lived in le ,saint-,louis4 ,second1 this building formerly hosted a bank branch that was famously burglarized by ,spaggiari40 ,in #aiii ,even after she became a bookseller1 ,catherine went on traveling every summer1 usually sailing on the ,mediterranean1 the ,atlantic or the ,pacific1 while her boyfriend was running the bookstore4 ,she has been a member of the ,french ,national ,union of ,antiquarian and ,modern ,bookstores 7,,slam3 ,syndicat ,national de la ,librairie ,ancienne et ,moderne71 the ,explorers' ,club 7,club des ,explorateurs7 and the ,international ,club of ,long-,distance ,travelers 7,club ,international des ,grands ,voyageurs74 ,catherine started the bookstore's website in early #aiii1 as a virtual travel in the field of computing1 despite knowing very little about computers4 ,she wrote in late #aiii3 ,my site is still pretty basic and under construction4 ,like my bookstore1 it is a place to meet people before being a place of business4 ,the internet is a pain in the neck1 takes a lot of my time and ,i earn hardly any money1 but that doesn't worry me444 ,i am very pessimistic though1 because it is killing off specialist bookstores4 ,local bookstores were closing one after the other in ,paris1 having a hard time keeping up with the competition of ,amazon4fr1 ,fnac4com and the likes4 ,in #bjje ,catherine nevertheless created a second travel bookstore in #bjje1 this time facing the ocean1 in ,hendaye1 a city on the ,southern coast of the ,atlantic4 ,open from #bj ,june to #bj ,september1 the bookstore can be found along the beach in a ,moorish building1 a historical monument that formerly hosted the casino4 ,at high tide1 the bookstore is like 8a steamer of books that is going to set sail1 and sometimes does01 because it is flooded by the sea4 ,in #bjaj ,ten years after starting her website1 ,catherine was much less pessimistic about the internet4 ,this 8new0 medium had allowed her to become a publisher of travel books4 ,she wrote in ,april #bjaj3 ,the internet has taken more and more space in my life6 ,on #ast ,april #bjaj1 ,i became a publisher after some painful training in ,photoshop1 ,in,design1 and other software4 ,this is also a great joy to see that the political will to keep people in front of their computers for them not to start a revolution can be defeated by giant and spontaneous happy hours organized in ,europe through ,facebook with thousands of people who want to see1 and speak with1 each other in person4 ,in the end1 there will always be unexpected developments to new inventions1 among other things4 ,when ,i started using the internet1 ,i really didn't expect to become a publisher4 #aiii ,,the ,,internet ,,as ,a ,,novel ,,character ,summary ,alain ,bron is an information systems consultant and a writer living in ,paris1 ,france4 ,the internet is one of the characters of his second novel1 ,sanguine sur toile 7,sanguine on the ,web71 available in print from ,le ,choucas in #aiii1 and in ,,pdf from #jj;h#jj in #bjjj4 ,his novel won the ,lions ,club ,international ,prize in #bjjj4 ,alain wrote in ,november #aiii3 ,in ,french1 'toile' means the web as well as the canvas of a painting1 and 'sanguine' is the red chalk of a drawing as well as one of the adjectives derived from blood 7'sang' in ,french74 ,but would a love of colors justify a murder8 ',sanguine sur toile' is the strange story of an internet surfer caught up in an upheaval inside his own computer1 which is being remotely operated by a very mysterious person whose only aim is revenge40 999999 ,the internet is one of the characters of ,alain ,bron's second novel1 ,sanguine sur ,toile1 available in print from ,le ,choucas in #aiii1 and in ,,pdf from #jj;h#jj in #bjjj4 ,this novel won the ,lions ,club ,international ,prize in #bjjj4 ,about the novel ,alain ,bron wrote in ,november #aiii in an email interview3 ,in ,french1 'toile' means the web as well as the canvas of a painting1 and 'sanguine' is the red chalk of a drawing as well as one of the adjectives derived from blood 7'sang' in ,french74 ,but would a love of colors justify a murder8 ',sanguine sur toile' is the strange story of an internet surfer caught up in an upheaval inside his own computer1 which is being remotely operated by a very mysterious person whose only aim is revenge4 ,i wanted to take the reader into the worlds of painting and enterprise1 which intermingle1 escaping and meeting up again in the dazzle of software4 ,the reader is invited to try to untangle for himself the threads twisted by passion alone4 ,to penetrate the mystery1 he will have to answer many questions4 ,even with the world at his fingertips1 isn't the internet surfer the loneliest person in the world8 ,in view of the competition1 what is the greatest degree of violence possible in an enterprise these days8 ,does painting tend to reflect the world or does it create another one8 ,i also wanted to show that images are not that peaceful4 ,you can use them to take action1 even to kill4 ,what part has the internet played in his novel8 ,the internet is a character in itself4 ,instead of being described in its technical complexity1 it is depicted as a character that can be either threatening1 kind or amusing4 ,remember the computer screen has a dual role -- displaying as well as concealing4 ,this ambivalence is the theme throughout4 ,in such a game1 the big winner is of course the one who knows how to free himself from the machine's grip and put humanism and intelligence before everything else4 ,about the author ,alain ,bron is both an information system consultant and a writer4 ,he explained in the same email interview3 8,i spent about #bj years at ,bull4 ,there ,i was involved in all the adventures of computer and telecommunications development4 ,i represented the computer industry at ,,iso ,international ,organization for ,standardization and chaired the network group of the ,x_/,open consortium4 ,i also took part in the very beginning of the internet with my colleagues of ,honeywell in the ,u4,s4 in late #aigh4 ,i am now in ,november #aiii an information systems consultant1 where ,i keep the main computer projects of firms and their foreign subsdiaries running smoothly4 ,and ,i write4 ,i have been writing since ,i was a teenager4 ,short stories 7about #ajj71 psycho-sociological essays1 articles and novels4 ,it is an inner need as well as a very great pleasure40 ,as for the aim of the internet1 8the important thing is the human value that is added to it4 ,the internet can never be shrewd about a situation1 take a risk or replace the intelligence of the heart4 ,the internet simply speeds up the decision-making process and reduces uncertainty by providing information4 ,we still have to leave time to time1 let ideas mature and bring an essential touch of humanity to a relationship4 ,for me1 the aim of the internet is meeting people1 not increasing the number of electronic exchanges40 ,what was his best experience with the internet8 8,after my novel #8,sanguine sur toile' was published1 ,i got a message from a friend ,i'd lost touch with more than #bj years ago4 ,he recognized himself as one of the book's characters4 ,we saw each other again recently over a good bottle of wine and swapped memories and discussed our plans40 #bjjj ,,encyclopedias ,,and ,,dictionaries ,summary ,the first reference encyclopedias and dictionaries available online stemmed from print versions4 ,britannica4com was available in ,december #aiii as the web version of the #cb-volume ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 first for free and then for a fee4 ,the ,french-language ,web,encyclo from ,editions ,atlas was available at the same time1 for free1 as well as the ,encyclopaedia ,universalis1 for a fee4 ,the first major online dictionaries also stemmed from print versions1 for example the free ,merriam-,webster ,online launched in #aiif1 that included the ,webster ,dictionary1 the ,webster ,thesaurus1 and other tools4 ,the ,french-language 8,dictionnaire ,universel ,francophone en ,ligne 8 from ,hachette was available for free in #aiig4 ,the online version of the #bj-volume ,oxford ,english ,dictionary 7,,oed7 was available in ,march #bjjj for a fee4 ,designed directly for the web1 the ,grand ,dictionnaire ,terminologique 7,,gdt7 was launched in ,september #bjjj in ,quebec as the largest free ,french-,english terminology dictionary1 and quickly praised by linguists worldwide4 999999 ,the first reference encyclopedias and dictionaries available online stemmed from print versions4 ,encyclopedias ,britannica4com was launched in ,december #aiii as the digital equivalent of the #cb volumes of the #aeth edition of the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 ,the website was available for free1 as a complement to the print and ,,cd-,,rom versions for sale1 with a selection of articles from #gj magazines1 a guide to the best websites1 a selection of books1 etc41 all searchable through a single search engine4 ,in ,september #bjjj1 the site was among the top #ajj websites in the world4 ,in ,july #bjja1 the website1 not free anymore1 could be searched for a monthly or annual fee4 ,in #bjji1 ,britannica4com opened its website to external contributors1 with registration required to write and edit articles4 ,launched by ,editions ,atlas in ,december #aiii and stemming from a print encyclopedia1 ,webencyclo was the first main ,french-language online encyclopedia available for free4 ,it was searchable by keyword1 topic and media 7i4e4 maps1 links1 photos1 illustrations74 ,a call for papers invited specialists in a given topic to become external contributors and submit articles in a section called ,webencyclo ,contributif4 ,later on1 a free registration was required to use the online encyclopedia4 ,launched at the same time1 the website of the print ,french-language ,encyclopedia ,universalis included #bh1jjj articles by #d1jjj contributors1 available for an annual subscription fee1 with a number of articles available for free4 ,dictionaries ,merriam-,webster1 a well-known publisher of dictionaries1 launched in #aiif the website ,merriam-,webster ,online3 ,the ,language ,center to give free access to online resources stemming from several print reference works3 ,webster ,dictionary1 ,webster ,thesaurus1 ,webster's ,third 7a lexical landmark71 ,guide to ,international ,business ,communications1 ,vocabulary ,builder 7with interactive vocabulary quizzes71 and the ,barnhart ,dictionary ,companion 7hot new words74 ,the website's goal was also to help track down definitions1 spellings1 pronunciations1 synonyms1 vocabulary exercises1 and other key facts about words and language4 ,the ,dictionnaire ,universel ,francophone en ,ligne 7,universal ,french- ,language ,online ,dictionary7 was the web version of the ,dictionnaire ,universel ,francophone1 published by ,hachette in partnership with ,,aupelf-,,uref 7which later became ,,auf3 ,agence ,universitaire de la ,francophonie - ,university ,agency of ,francophony74 ,the dictionary included not only standard ,french but also the ,french-language words and expressions used worldwide4 ,french was spoken by #ejj million people in #ej countries4 ,as a side remark1 ,english and ,french are the only official and_/or cultural languages widely spread on five continents4 ,the online version 7for a subscription fee7 of the #bj-volume ,oxford ,english ,dictionary 7,,oed7 was launched in ,march #bjjj by ,oxford ,university ,press 7,,oup71 followed by a quarterly update with around #a1jjj new or revised entries4 ,two years later1 ,oxford ,university ,press launched ,oxford ,reference ,online 7,,oro71 a comprehensive encyclopedia designed directly for the web and also available for a subscription fee4 ,its #fj1jjj webpages and one million entries could represent the equivalent of #ajj print encyclopedias4 ,the ,,gdt from ,quebec ,with #c million terms related to industry1 science and commerce1 the ,,gdt 7,grand ,dictionnaire ,terminologique - ,main ,terminological ,dictionary7 was the largest ,french-,english online terminology dictionary4 ,the ,,gdt was designed directly for the web by ,,oqlf 7,office ,qubcois de la ,langue ,franaise - ,quebecois ,office of the ,french ,language7 and launched in ,september #bjjj as a free service4 ,the ,,gdt was a technological challenge1 and the result of a partnership between ,,oqlf1 author of the dictionary1 and ,semantix1 a company specialized in linguistic software4 ,the ,,gdt had #a4c million individual visits during the first month1 with peaks of #fj1jjj visits per day1 which certainly contributed to better translations4 ,the database was then maintained by ,convera ,canada1 with #c4e million visits per month in ,february #bjjc4 ,a revamped version of the ,,gdt went online in ,march #bjjc1 with the database maintained by ,,oqlf itself1 and the addition of ,latin as a third language4 #bjjj ,,the ,,web ,,portal ,,yourdictionary4,,com ,summary ,robert ,beard1 a language teacher at ,bucknell ,university1 in ,lewisburg1 ,pennsylvania 7,,usa71 co-founded your,dictionary4com in ,february #bjjj as a follow-up of his first website1 ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries 7included in the new one71 launched in #aiie as a directory of online dictionaries 7with #hjj links in fall #aiih7 and other linguistic resources such as thesauri1 vocabularies1 glossaries1 grammars and language textbooks4 your,dictionary4com included #a1hjj dictionaries in #bej languages in ,september #bjjc1 and #b1ejj dictionaries in #cjj languages in ,april #bjjg4 ,as a portal for all languages without any exception1 the site also offered a section for endangered languages1 called the ,endangered ,language ,repository4 999999 ,five years before co-founding your,dictionary4com in ,february #bjjj1 as the portal for all languages without any exception1 ,robert ,beard created the website ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries 7,,wod7 in #aiie4 ,robert ,beard was a language teacher at ,bucknell ,university1 in ,lewisburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,in ,september #aiih1 his website provided an index of #hjj online dictionaries in #aej languages1 as well as sections for multilingual dictionaries1 specialized ,english dictionaries1 thesauri and other vocabulary aids1 language identifiers and guessers1 an index of dictionary indices1 the 8,web of ,online ,grammars01 and the 8,web of ,linguistic ,fun01 i4e4 linguistics for non-specialists4 ,robert ,beard wrote in ,september #aiih3 ,there was an initial fear that the web posed a threat to multilingualism on the web1 since ,,html and other programming languages are based on ,english and since there are simply more websites in ,english than any other language4 ,however1 my websites indicate that multilingualism is very much alive and the web may1 in fact1 serve as a vehicle for preserving many endangered languages4 ,i now have links to dictionaries in #aej languages and grammars of #fe languages4 ,moreover1 the new attention paid by browser developers to the different languages of the world will encourage even more websites in different languages4 7,,nef ,interview7 ,fifteen months later1 ,robert ,beard included his website into a larger project1 your,dictionary4com1 that he co-founded in early #bjjj4 ,he wrote in ,january #bjjj3 ,the new website is an index of #a1bjj dictionaries in more than #bjj languages4 ,besides the ,,wod1 the new website includes a word-of-the-day-feature1 word games1 a language chat room1 the old ',web of ,online ,grammars' 7now expanded to include additional language resources71 the ',web of ,linguistic ,fun'1 multilingual dictionaries2 specialized ,english dictionaries2 thesauri and other vocabulary aids2 language identifiers and guessers1 and other features2 dictionary indices4 your,dictionary4com will hopefully be the premiere language portal and the largest language resource site on the web4 ,it is now actively acquiring dictionaries and grammars of all languages with a particular focus on endangered languages4 ,it is overseen by a blue ribbon panel of linguistic experts from all over the world4 74447 ,indeed1 your,dictionary4com has lots of new ideas4 ,we plan to work with the ,endangered ,language ,fund in the ,u4,s4 and ,britain to raise money for the ,foundation's work and publish the results on our site4 ,we will have language chat rooms and bulletin boards4 ,there will be language games designed to entertain and teach fundamentals of linguistics4 ,the ,linguistic ,fun page will become an online journal for short1 interesting1 yes1 even entertaining1 pieces on language that are based on sound linguistics by experts from all over the world4 ,as the portal for all languages without any exception1 your,dictionary4com offered a section for endangered languages called the ,endangered ,language ,repository4 ,as explained by ,robert ,beard3 ,languages that are endangered are primarily languages without writing systems at all 7only #a_/c of the world's #f1jjj languages have writing systems74 ,i still do not see the web contributing to the loss of language identity and still suspect it may1 in the long run1 contribute to strengthening it4 ,more and more ,native ,americans1 for example1 are contacting linguists1 asking them to write grammars of their language and help them put up dictionaries4 ,for these people1 the web is an affordable boon for cultural expression4 ,how about the future of the web8 ,the web will be an encyclopedia of the world by the world for the world4 ,there will be no information or knowledge that anyone needs that will not be available4 ,the major hindrance to international and interpersonal understanding1 personal and institutional enhancement1 will be removed4 ,it would take a wilder imagination than mine to predict the effect of this development on the nature of humankind4 #bjjj ,a ,,standard ,,format ,,for ,,ebooks ,summary ,with so many formats showing up in #aiih-bjja for new electronic devices1 the digital publishing industry felt the need to work on a standard for ebooks4 ,the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology 7,,nist7 in the ,u4,s4 launched the ,open e,book ,initiative in ,june #aiih1 with a #be-people task force named ,open e,book ,authoring ,group4 ,in ,september #aiii was released the first version of the ,open e,book 7,oe,b7 format1 based on ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,markup ,language7 and defined by the ,open e,book ,publication ,structure 7,oe,b,p,s71 with a free version belonging to public domain and a full version to be used with or without ,,drm by the publishing industry4 ,the ,open e,book ,forum 7,oe,b,f7 was created in ,january #bjjj to develop the ,oe,b format and ,oe,b,p,s specifications4 ,since #bjjj1 most ebook formats have derived from the ,oe,b format1 for example the ,,prc format from ,mobipocket and the ,,lit format from ,microsoft4 999999 ,with so many formats showing up in #aiih-bjja for new electronic devices1 the digital publishing industry felt the need to work on a standard for ebooks4 ,on top of the 8classical0 formats -- ,,txt 7text71 ,,doc 7,microsoft ,word71 ,,html 7,hyper,text ,markup ,language71 ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,markup ,language7 and ,,pdf 7,portable ,document ,format7 -- other formats were the ,glassbook ,reader1 the ,peanut ,reader1 the ,rocket e,book ,reader 7for the ,rocket e,book71 the ,franklin ,reader 7for the e,book,man71 the ,cytale software 7for the ,cybook #ast generation71 the ,gemstar e,book ,reader 7for the ,gemstar e,book7 and the ,palm ,reader 7for the ,palm ,pilot74 ,some formats were meant for a given device1 either a ,,pda or an ebook reader1 and couldn't be used on other devices4 ,open e,book 7,oe,b7 ,the ,national ,institute of ,standards ,technology 7,,nist7 in the ,u4,s4 launched the ,open e,book ,initiative in ,june #aiih1 with a #be-people task force named ,open e,book ,authoring ,group4 ,in ,september #aiii was released the first version of the ,open e,book 7,oe,b7 format1 based on ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,markup ,language7 and defined by the ,open e,book ,publication ,structure 7,oe,b,p,s71 with a free version belonging to public domain and a full version to be used with or without ,,drm by the publishing industry4 ,the ,open e,book ,forum 7,oe,b,f7 was created in ,january #bjjj as an industrial consortium 7with #he participants in #bjjb7 to develop the ,oe,b format and ,oe,b,p,s specifications4 ,since #bjjj1 most ebook formats have derived from the ,oe,b format1 for example ,,lit from ,microsoft and ,,prc format from ,mobipocket4 ,,lit from ,microsoft ,microsoft launched its own ,,pda1 the ,pocket ,,pc1 in ,april #bjjj1 with the ,microsoft ,reader1 for people to read books in ,,lit 7from literature7 format1 a format based on the ,oe,b format4 ,the ,microsoft ,reader was also available for computers in ,august #bjjj1 and then for any ,windows platform1 including for the new ,tablets ,,pc launched in ,november #bjjb4 ,microsoft was billing publishers and distributors for the use of its ,,drm technology through the ,microsoft ,digital ,asset ,server 7,,das71 with a commission on each sale4 ,microsoft partnered with ,barnes ,noble4com in ,january #bjjj and ,amazon4com in ,august #bjjj1 for them to offer ebooks for the ,microsoft ,reader in their e,book,stores soon to be launched4 ,barnes ,noble4com opened its e,book,store in ,august #bjjj1 followed by ,amazon in ,november #bjjj4 ,pocket ,,pc's first ,,os1 ,windows ,,ce1 was replaced in ,october #bjja by ,pocket ,,pc #bjjb to handle the reading of copyrighted books4 ,in #bjjb1 people could read books on three software3 ,microsoft ,reader of course1 ,mobipocket ,reader and ,palm ,reader1 the software of the ,palm ,pilot1 launched in ,march #aiif as the first ,,pda of the market4 ,,prc from ,mobipocket ,mobipocket was founded in ,march #bjjj in ,paris1 ,france1 by ,thierry ,brethes and ,nathalie ,ting1 as a company specializing in ebooks for ,p,d,as1 with part of the funding coming from ,viventures1 a branch of the ,french multinational ,vivendi4 ,the ,mobipocket format 7,,prc1 based on the ,oe,b format7 and the ,mobipocket ,reader could be used on any ,,pda1 and also on any computer from ,april #bjjb4 ,in ,october #bjja1 the ,mobipocket ,reader received the e,book ,technology ,award from the ,international ,book ,fair in ,frankfurt1 ,germany4 ,mobipocket partnered with ,franklin for the ,mobipocket ,reader to be available on the e,book,man along with the ,franklin ,reader1 instead of the initially planned ,microsoft ,reader4 ,the ,mobipocket ,web ,companion was a software 7for a fee7 for extracting content from partner news sites4 ,the ,mobipocket ,publisher was used by individuals 7free version for private use1 and standard version for a fee7 or publishers 7professional version for a fee7 to create ebooks using the ,mobipocket ,,drm technology for controlling access to copyrighted ebooks4 ,the ,mobipocket ,publisher could also create ebooks in ,,lit format for the ,microsoft ,reader4 ,in spring #bjjc1 the ,mobipocket ,reader was available in five languages 7,french1 ,english1 ,german1 ,spanish1 ,italian7 and could be used on any ,,pda1 computer and smartphone4 #f1jjj titles in several languages were available on the website of ,mobipocket and in online partner bookstores4 ,mobipocket was bought by ,amazon in ,april #bjje4 ,,epub1 a new standard ,in ,april #bjje1 the ,open e,book ,forum was replaced with the ,international ,digital ,publishing ,forum 7,,idpf71 et ,oe,b was replaced with ,,epub1 an acronym for electronic publication4 ,,epub allowed the reflowing of text depending on the size of the screen4 ,recent ,,pdf files 7,,pdf being another standard for ebooks7 have been compatible with ,,epub4 #bjjj ,,experiments ,,by ,,best-,,selling ,,authors ,summary ,in ,july #bjjj began the electronic self-publishing of 8,the ,plant01 an epistolary novel by ,stephen ,king1 who was the first best-selling author to launch such an experiment4 ,the author began publishing 8,the ,plant0 in episodes on his own website4 ,the chapters were available at regular intervals and could be downloaded in several formats 7,,pdf1 ,oe,b1 ,,html1 ,,txt74 ,after the publication of the sixth chapter in ,december #bjjj1 the author decided to stop the experiment1 because more and more readers were downloading the chapters without paying for them4 ,stephen ,king went on with digital experiments though1 but in partnership with his publisher4 ,digital experiments were also made in ,europe in ,november #bjjj1 by ,frederick ,forsyth1 the ,british master of thrillers1 whose latest short novels were published online by ,online ,originals1 and by ,arturo ,prez-,reverte1 a best-selling ,spanish author1 whose latest novel was available online during one month before being available in print4 ,in ,brazil1 ,paolo ,coehlo began offering free ,,pdf versions of his novels in early #bjjc4 999999 ,in #bjjj1 ,stephen ,king was the first best-selling author to launch digital experiments1 followed by ,frederick ,forsyth and ,arturo ,prez- ,reverte in ,europe and many other then1 for example ,paolo ,coehlo in ,brazil4 ,stephen ,king ,as a first step1 ,stephen ,king distributed in ,march #bjjj his short story 8,riding the ,bullet0 as an electronic file1 with #djj1jjj downloads during the first #bd hours in the digital bookstores that were selling it4 ,in the wake of the media attention that followed1 ,stephen ,king launched its own website in ,july #bjjj to self-publish his epistolary novel 8,the ,plant0 in episodes4 ,the chapters were available at regular intervals and could be downloaded in several formats 7,,pdf1 ,oe,b1 ,,html1 ,,txt74 ,after the publication of the sixth chapter in ,december #bjjj1 the author decided to stop the experiment1 because more and more readers were downloading the chapters without paying for them4 ,stephen ,king went on with digital experiments though1 but in partnership with his publisher4 ,in ,march #bjja1 his novel 8,dreamcatcher0 was the first to be launched both in print by ,simon ,schuster and as an ebook in ,palm ,digital ,media1 ,palm's digital bookstore4 ,in ,march #bjjb1 his collection of short stories 8,everything's ,eventual0 was launched in print by ,scribner1 an imprint of ,simon ,schuster1 and as an ebook in ,palm ,digital ,media1 with an excerpt that could be freely downloaded4 ,frederick ,forsyth ,in ,november #bjjj1 ,frederick ,forsyth1 known as the ,british master of thrillers1 launched a digital experiment in partnership with ,online ,originals1 an electronic publisher from ,london4 ,online ,originals published 8,the ,veteran0 as the first part of 8,quintet01 a collection of five short stories announced in the following order3 8,the ,veteran01 8,the ,miracle01 8,the ,citizen01 8,the ,art of the ,matter0 and 8,draco04 ,available in three formats to be read on ,acrobat ,reader1 ,microsoft ,reader and ,glassbook ,reader1 the short story was sold for #c4ii pounds 7#f4fj euros7 on the publisher's website1 as in several online bookstores in the ,united ,kingdom 7,alphabetstreet1 ,,bol4com1 ,w,h,smith7 and in the ,united ,states 7,barnes ,noble1 ,contentville1 ,glassbook74 ,this experiment didn't last very long1 because sales were far below expectations4 ,arturo ,prez-,reverte ,arturo ,prez-,reverte1 a ,spanish novelist1 became famous with his series of novels about the adventures of ,capitan ,alatriste in the #agth century4 ,the new title to be released in late #bjjj was ,el ,oro del ,rey 7,the ,king's ,gold74 ,in ,november #bjjj1 the author partnered with his publisher ,alfaguara to publish the novel in digital form for one month1 as a ,,pdf that could be downloaded from a webpage set up for the occasion on the portal ,inicia1 before the release of the print version in bookstores4 ,the novel was available in ,,pdf for #b4ij euros1 a much cheaper price than the #ae4aj euros of the forthcoming print book4 ,one month later1 there were #ccb1jjj downloads1 but only #ab1jjj readers who paid for it4 ,most readers shared the password with their family and friends1 for them to download the book for free4 ,if the digital experiment was not good financially1 it was very good as a novel marketing campaign to launch the print book4 ,paulo ,coelho ,online experiments were launched by a number of authors then1 for example ,paulo ,coelho1 a best-selling ,brazilian novelist who came to be known worldwide as the author of 8,the ,alchimist04 ,in early #bjjc1 his books were translated into #ef languages1 with #ec million copies sold in #aee countries4 ,in ,march #bjjc1 ,paulo ,coelho decided to distribute ,,pdf versions of several novels for free in various languages1 with the consent of his publishers1 after his readers wrote him they had a hard time finding his books in some places and countries4 ,he renewed the same experiment with other titles in spring #bjaa4 #bjjj ,,cotres4,,net1 ,,works ,,of ,,digital ,,literature ,summary ,a writer and musician1 ,jean-,paul has offered beautiful hypermedia works on his website cotres4net since ,october #aiih1 while searching how hyperlinks could expand his writing towards new directions4 ,he wrote in ,june #bjjj3 ,surfing the web is like radiating in all directions 7,i am interested in something and ,i click on all the links on a home page7 or like jumping around 7from one click to another1 as the links appear74 ,you can do this in the written media1 of course4 ,but the difference is striking4 ,so the internet changed how ,i write4 ,you don't write the same way for a website as you do for a script or a play4 74447 ,since then ,i write directly on the screen3 ,i use the print medium only occasionally 744473 in it the text is developing page after page 7most of the time71 whereas the technique of links allows another relationship to the time and space of imagination4 ,and1 for me1 it is above all the opportunity to put into practice this reading_/writing 'cycle'1 whereas leafing through a book gives only an idea -- which is vague because the book is not conceived for that4 999999 ,a writer and musician1 ,jean-,paul has offered beautiful works of digital literature1 while searching how hyperlinks could expand his writing towards new directions4 ,in ,october #aiih1 he switched from being a print author to being an hypermedia author1 and created cotres4net 78cotres0 could be translated by 8cutters0 in ,english7 as a website telling stories in #c;,d1 either ,french-language stories or plurilingual stories4 ,jean-,paul also enjoyed the freedom of online self-publishing4 ,he explained in ,june #bjjj3 ,the internet allows me to do without intermediaries1 such as record companies1 publishers and distributors4 ,most of all1 it allows me to crystallize what ,i have in my head3 the print medium 7desktop publishing1 in fact7 only allows me to partly do that4 7'''7 ,surfing the web is like radiating in all directions 7,i am interested in something and ,i click on all the links on a home page7 or like jumping around 7from one click to another1 as the links appear74 ,you can do this in the written media1 of course4 ,but the difference is striking4 ,so the internet changed how ,i write4 ,you don't write the same way for a website as you do for a script or a play4 74447 ,in fact1 it is not the internet which changed how ,i write1 it is the first ,mac that ,i discovered through the self-learning of ,hyper,card4 ,i still remember how astonished ,i was during the month when ,i was learning about buttons1 links1 surfing by analogies1 objects or images4 ,the idea that a simple click on one area of the screen allowed me to open a range of piles of cards1 and each card could offer new buttons and each button opened on to a new range1 etc4 ,in brief1 the learning of everything on the web that today seems really banal1 for me it was a revelation 7it seems ,steve ,jobs and his team had the same shock when they discovered the ancestor of the ,mac in the laboratories of ,rank ,xerox74 ,since then ,i write directly on the screen3 ,i use the print medium only occasionally1 to fix up a text1 or to give somebody who is allergic to the screen a kind of photograph1 something instantaneous1 something approximate4 ,it is only an approximation1 because print forces us to have a linear relationship3 the text is developing page after page 7most of the time71 whereas the technique of links allows another relationship to the time and space of imagination4 ,and1 for me1 it is above all the opportunity to put into practice this reading_/writing 'cycle'1 whereas leafing through a book gives only an idea -- which is vague because the book is not conceived for that4 ,jean-,paul insisted on the growing interaction between digital literature and technology3 ,the future of cyber-literature1 techno- literature1 digital literature or whatever you want to call it1 is set by the technology itself4 ,it is now impossible for an author to handle all by himself the words and their movement and sound4 ,a decade ago1 you could know well each of ,director1 ,photoshop or ,cubase 7to cite just the better known software71 using the first version of each4 ,that is not possible any more4 ,now we have to know how to delegate1 find more solid financial partners than ,gallimard a major ,french publisher1 and look in the direction of ,hachette-,matra1 ,warner1 and ,hollywood4 ,at best1 the status of multimedia director 787 will be the one of video director1 film director1 manager of the product4 ,he is the one who receives the golden palms at ,cannes1 but who would never have been able to earn them just on his own4 ,as twin sister 7not a clone7 of the cinematograph1 cyber-literature 7video the link7 will be an industry1 with a few isolated craftsmen on the outer edge 7and therefore with below-zero copyright74 8,canon laser01 one of ,jean-,paul's literary works1 was first published as a print work using the first ,,odp software allowing artists to easily play with the form of letters 7as characters74 ,as a follow-up1 a plurilingual hypermedia version was published on cotres4net in #bjjb4 ,in ,july #bjaa1 the home page of cotres4net has given access to three literary works taking inspiration from both ,paris and the whole planet4 8,solstice0 7#bjjh71 a universal greetings card1 is round instead of rectangular1 to celebrate soft round forms versus hurtful rectangular forms4 8,agression#ic0 7#bjji7 is a short story about a minor attack in the suburbs1 that can be read in four minutes when only using hyperlinks on the bottom right of the screen to fifteen minutes when searching hyperlinks with the mouse and clicking on some of them4 8,aux ,jardins de ,picpus0 7#bjaj7 is a guided visit of the small gardens of ,picpus in ,paris4 #bjjj ,,the ,,original ,,gutenberg ,,bible ,,online ,summary ,as a sign of the times1 with the ebook being nearly #cj years old1 a digitized version of the original ,gutenberg ,bible was available online in ,november #bjjj on the website of the ,british ,library4 ,gutenberg printed its ,bible in #aded in ,mainz1 ,germany1 perhaps printing #ahj copies1 with #dh copies still available in #bjjj1 and two full copies at the ,british ,library4 ,as they were a little different1 both were digitized in ,march #bjjj by ,japanese experts from ,keio ,university of ,tokyo and ,,ntt 7,nippon ,telegraph and ,telephone ,communications74 ,the images were then processed to offer a full digitized version on the web a few months later1 for the world to enjoy4 999999 ,as a sign of the times1 with the ebook being nearly #cj years old1 a digitized version of the original ,gutenberg ,bible was available online in ,november #bjjj on the website of the ,british ,library4 ,the ,gutenberg ,bible ,in #bjjj1 the digital book was nearly #cj years old4 ,it was born in ,july #aiga with e,text #a of ,project ,gutenberg4 ,the print book was five centuries and a half old4 ,gutenberg printed its ,bible in #aded in ,mainz1 ,germany1 perhaps printing #ahj copies1 with #dh copies still available in #bjjj1 and two full copies at the ,british ,library4 ,as they were a little different1 both were digitized in ,march #bjjj by ,japanese experts from ,keio ,university of ,tokyo and ,,ntt 7,nippon ,telegraph and ,telephone ,communications74 ,the images were then processed to offer a full digitized version on the web a few months later1 for the world to enjoy4 ,the ebook in late #bjjj ,in late #bjjj1 thousands of public domain works were freely available on the web in digital libraries4 ,a number of bookstores and publishers had their own websites4 ,some of them were born online1 with all their transactions made through the internet4 ,alongside their traditional tasks of lending books or other documents1 and offering a collection of reference works1 librarians helped their patrons to navigate the web without being drowned1 organized a selection of websites for them1 and created their own websites with an online catalog and a digital library4 ,more and more books and periodicals were 8only0 digital1 skipping the cost of a print version4 ,from 8static0 in print books1 information become 8fluid0 on the internet1 and regularly updated4 ,many authors were using the internet to seek information1 disseminate their work1 exchange with their readers and collaborate with other creators4 ,some authors began searching how using hyperlinks could expand their writing towards new directions1 creating hypermedia novels and sites of hyperfiction1 while mixing text1 image and sound4 ,academic and scientific publishers began to reorganize their work and favor online publishing1 with prints versions only on demand4 ,some universities made their own textbooks with a selection of chapters and articles from a database1 as well as comments from professors4 ,the internet became mandatory to find information1 communicate1 access documents1 and broaden our knowledge4 ,people no longer needed to run after information4 ,information was there1 by the numbers1 available on our screen1 often at no cost1 including for those who studied in a remote place1 lived in the countryside1 worked at home or were stuck in a bed4 ,the web became a gigantic encyclopedia1 a extensive library1 a huge bookstore and a full medium on its own4 ,some people even read a book on the screen of a computer1 a ,,pda or a 7still very expensive7 ebook reader4 #bjja ,,broadband ,,became ,,the ,,norm ,summary ,henk ,slettenhaar has extensive knowledge of communication technology1 with a long career in ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 and ,california4 ,in #aiib1 he founded the ,swiss ,silicon ,valley ,association 7,,sva7 and1 since then1 has been taking study groups to ,silicon ,valley1 ,san ,francisco and other high-tech areas4 ,henk wrote in ,july #bjja3 8,i am experiencing a tremendous change with having a #8broadband' connection at home4 ,to be connected at all times is so completelely different from dial-up4 ,i now receive email as soon as it arrives1 ,i can listen to my favorite radio stations wherever they are4 ,i can listen to the news when ,i want to4 ,get the music ,i like all the time4 7'''7 ,the only thing which is missing is good quality real time video4 ,the bandwidth is too low for that40 ,ten years later1 ,henk has watched real time video1 and read ebooks in the ,kindle and the i,pad4 999999 ,henk ,slettenhaar has extensive knowledge of communication technology1 with a long career in ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 and ,california4 ,ten years after getting a broadband connection at gome1 he reads ebooks on a ,kindle or an i,pad4 ,henk joined ,,cern 7,european ,organization for ,nuclear ,research7 in ,geneva in #aieh to work with the first digital computer4 ,he was involved in the development of ,,cern's first digital networks4 ,his ,u4,s4 experience began in #aiff when he joined a team at ,,slac 7,stanford ,linear ,accelerator ,center7 for #ah months to build a film digitizer4 ,returning to ,,slac in #aihc1 he designed a digital monitoring system1 which was used for more than ten years4 ,for #be years he tought information technology at ,webster ,university1 ,geneva4 ,he is the former head of the ,telecom ,management ,program created in fall #bjjj4 ,he also worked as a consultant for a number of international organizations4 ,in #aiib ,in #aiib1 with an extensive experience in ,switzerland and ,california1 ,henk founded the ,swiss ,silicon ,valley ,association 7,,sva7 and1 since then1 has been taking study groups to ,silicon ,valley1 ,san ,francisco and other high-tech areas like ,los ,angeles1 ,finland and ,china4 ,these study tours include visits to outstanding companies1 start-up1 research centers and universities1 with the aim of exploring new developments in information technology such as the internet1 multimedia and telecommunications4 ,participants have the opportunity to learn about state-of-the-art research and development1 strategies and business ventures through presentations and discussions1 product demonstrations and site tours4 ,in #aiih ,henk wrote in ,december #aiih3 8,i can't imagine my professional life without the internet4 ,most of my communication is now via email4 ,i have been using email for the last #bj years1 most of that time to keep in touch with colleagues in a very narrow field4 ,since the explosion of the internet1 and especially the invention of the web1 ,i communicate mainly by email4 ,most of my presentations are now on the web and the courses ,i teach are all web-extended4 ,all the details of my ,silicon ,valley tours are on the web4 ,without the internet we wouldn't be able to function4 ,and ,i use the internet as a giant database4 ,i can find information today with the click of a mouse40 ,in #bjjj ,the year #bjjj was marked by 8the explosion of mobile technology4 ,the mobile phone has become for many people1 including me1 the personal communicator which allows you to be anywhere anytime and still be reachable4 ,but the mobile internet is still a dream4 ,the new services on mobile 7,,gsm7 phones are extremely primitive and expensive 7,,wap ,wait and ,pay740 ,in #bjja ,what has happened since one year8 ,henk wrote in ,july #bjja3 8,i am experiencing a tremendous change with having a #8broadband' connection at home4 ,to be connected at all times is so completelely different from dial-up4 ,i now receive email as soon as it arrives1 ,i can listen to my favorite radio stations wherever they are4 ,i can listen to the news when ,i want to4 ,get the music ,i like all the time4 7'''7 ,the only thing which is missing is good quality real time video4 ,the bandwidth is too low for that4 ,i now have a wired and a wireless ,,lan ,local ,area ,network in my home4 ,i can use my laptop anywhere in the house and outside1 even at the neighbors and still being connected4 ,with the same technology ,i am now able to use my wireless ,,lan card in my computer when ,i travel4 ,for instance1 during my recent visit to ,stockholm1 there was connectivity in the hotel1 the conference center1 the airport and even in the ,irish pub6 ,in #bjaa ,ten years later1 in ,june #bjaa1 ,henk explained3 8,i have always followed the development of ebooks with much interest1 as a professor in communication systems and an organizer of study tours in ,silicon ,valley4 ,i didn't use them much during #dj years1 because of the lack of progress in reading devices4 ,i never liked reading a book on a computer or ,,pda4 ,now1 with tablets like the ,kindle of the i,pad1 ,i am finally reading ebooks4 ,i see a huge expansion of digital reading with tablets that are easy to use and with a very large choice of ebooks thanks to electronic commerce and companies like ,amazon40 ,what has he been working on lately8 8,i am a serial entrepreneur who is creating a start-up in the field of mobility4 ,i use the internet all the time to find partners and ideas4 ,we also use online books to learn the art of innovation60 #bjja ,,wikipedia1 ,a ,,collaborative ,,encyclopedia ,summary ,wikipedia was launched in ,january #bjja by ,jimmy ,wales and ,larry ,sanger 7,larry resigned later on7 as a global free collaborative online encyclopedia1 financed by donations1 with no advertising4 ,its website is a wiki1 which means that anyone can write1 edit1 correct and improve information throughout the encyclopedia1 with people contributing under a pseudonym4 ,the articles stay the property of their authors1 and can be freely used according to ,creative ,commons or ,,gfdl 7,,gnu ,free ,documentation ,license74 ,wikipedia quickly became the largest reference website4 ,it was in the top ten websites in ,december #bjjf1 and in the top five websites in #bjjh4 ,in ,may #bjjg1 ,wikipedia had #g million articles in #aib languages1 including #a4h million articles in ,english1 #ehi1jjj articles in ,german1 #ejj1jjj articles in ,french1 #bfj1jjj articles in ,portuguese1 and #bcf1jjj articles in ,spanish4 ,wikipedia celebrated its tenth anniversary in ,january #bjaa with #ag million articles in #bgj languages et #djj million individual visits per month for all websites4 999999 ,wikipedia was launched in ,january #bjja by ,jimmy ,wales and ,larry ,sanger 7,larry resigned later on7 as a global free collaborative online encyclopedia4 ,wikipedia was financed by donations1 with no advertising4 ,its website is a wiki1 which means that anyone can write1 edit1 correct and improve information throughout the encyclopedia1 with people contributing under a pseudonym4 ,the articles stay the property of their authors1 and can be freely used according to ,creative ,commons or ,,gfdl 7,,gnu ,free ,documentation ,license74 ,wikipedia is hosted by the ,wikimedia ,foundation1 founded in ,june #bjjc1 which has run a number of other projects1 beginning with ,wiktionary 7launched in ,december #bjjb7 and ,wikibooks 7launched in ,june #bjjc71 followed by ,wikiquote1 ,wikisource 7texts from public domain71 ,wikimedia ,commons 7multimedia71 ,wikispecies 7animals and plants71 ,wikinews and ,wikiversity 7textbooks74 ,wikipedia quickly became the largest reference website1 with thousands of people contributing worldwide4 ,in ,december #bjjd1 ,wikipedia had #a4c million articles by #ac1jjj contributors in #ajj languages4 ,in ,december #bjjf1 ,wikipedia was among the top ten sites on the web1 with #f million articles4 ,in ,may #bjjg1 ,wikipedia had #g million articles in #aib languages1 including #a4h million articles in ,english1 #ehi1jjj articles in ,german1 #ejj1jjj articles in ,french1 #bfj1jjj articles in ,portuguese1 and #bcf1jjj articles in ,spanish4 ,in #bjjh1 ,wikipedia was in the top five websites4 ,in ,september #bjaj1 ,wikipedia had #ad million articles in #bgb languages1 including #c4d million articles in ,english1 #a4a million articles in ,german and #a million articles in ,french4 ,wikipedia celebrated its tenth anniversary in ,january #bjaa with #ag million articles in #bgj languages et #djj million individual visits per month for all websites4 ,wikipedia also inspired many other projects over the years1 for example ,citizendium1 launched in #bjjg as a pilot project to build a new encyclopedia4 ,citizendium1 an acronym for 8,the ,citizen's ,compendium01 was launched in ,march #bjjg at the initiative of ,larry ,sanger1 who co-founded ,wikipedia with ,jimmy ,wales in ,january #bjja1 but resigned later on over policy and content quality issues1 as well as the use of anonymous pseudonyms4 ,citizendium is a wiki project open to public collaboration1 but combining public participation with gentle expert guidance4 ,the project is experts-led1 not experts-only4 ,contributors use their own names1 and they are guided by expert editors4 ,as explained by ,larry in his essay ,toward a ,new ,compendium of ,knowledge1 posted in ,september #bjjf and updated in ,march #bjjg3 ,editors will be able to make content decisions in their areas of specialization1 but otherwise working shoulder-to-shoulder with ordinary authors4 ,there are also constables who make sure the rules are respected4 ,there were #a1ajj high-quality articles1 #hbj authors1 and #ahj editors in ,march #bjjg1 #aa1hjj articles in ,august #bjji1 and #ae1jjj articles in ,september #bjaj4 ,citizendium wants to act as a prototype for upcoming large scale knowledge-building projects that would deliver reliable reference1 scholarly and educational content4 #bjja ,,the ,,creative ,,commons ,,license ,summary ,long after copyleft1 a term invented in #aihd by ,richard ,stallmann1 a computer scientist at ,,mit 7,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology71 ,creative ,commons 7,,cc7 was founded in #bjja by ,lawrence ,larry ,lessig1 a professor at ,stanford ,law ,school1 ,california4 ,as explained on its website in #bjji3 ,creative ,commons is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others1 consistent with the rules of copyright4 ,we provide free licenses and other legal tools to mark creative work with the freedom the creator wants it to carry1 so others can share1 remix1 use commercially1 or any combination thereof4 ,who has used ,creative ,commons8 ,o',reilly ,media for example1 as well as ,wikipedia and the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s74 ,there were one million ,creative ,commons licensed works in #bjjc1 #d4g million works in #bjjd1 #bj million works in #bjje1 #ej million works in #bjjf1 #ij million works in #bjjg1 #acj million works in #bjjh1 and #cej million works in ,april #bjaj4 999999 ,the web allowed people to distribute their works globally1 thus the need for a ,creative ,commons license1 created in #bjja to make it 8easier for people to share and build upon the work of others04 ,copyleft showed the way as early as #aihd4 ,copyleft ,the term copyleft was invented in #aihd by ,richard ,stallman1 a computer scientist at ,,mit 7,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology74 ,as explained on the ,,gnu ,project's website3 ,copyleft is a general method for making a program or other work free1 and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well4 74447 ,copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software1 with or without changes1 must pass along the freedom to further copy and change it4 ,copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom4 74447 ,copyleft is a way of using the copyright on the program4 ,it doesn't mean abandoning the copyright2 in fact1 doing so would make copyleft impossible4 ,the word 'left' in 'copyleft' is not a reference to the verb 'to leave' -- only to the direction which is the inverse of 'right'4 74447 ,the ,,gnu ,free ,documentation ,license 7,,fdl7 is a form of copyleft intended for use on a manual1 textbook or other document to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it1 with or without modifications1 either commercially or non commercially4 ,creative ,commons ,creative ,commons 7,,cc7 was founded in #bjja by ,lawrence 8,larry0 ,lessing1 a professor at ,stanford ,law ,school1 ,california4 ,as explained on its website3 ,creative ,commons is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others1 consistent with the rules of copyright4 ,we provide free licenses and other legal tools to mark creative work with the freedom the creator wants it to carry1 so others can share1 remix1 use commercially1 or any combination thereof4 ,how has used ,creative ,commons8 ,o',reilly ,media1 founded by ,tim o',reilly in #aigh to publish computer and high-tech books1 began using the ,creative ,commons ,founders' ,copyright in #bjjc4 ,launched in #bjja as a free online collaborative encyclopedia1 ,wikipedia has offered articles that stay the property of their authors1 and can be freely used according to ,creative ,commons or ,,gfdl 7,,gnu ,free ,documentation ,license74 ,the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s7 has used a ,creative ,commons license for the articles of its free online scientific and medical journals launched in #bjjc4 ,the articles can be freely redistributed and reused1 including for translations1 as long as the author7s7 and source are cited4 ,there were one million ,creative ,commons licensed works in #bjjc1 #d4g million works in #bjjd1 #bj million works in #bjje1 #ej million works in #bjjf1 #ij million works in #bjjg1 #acj million works in #bjjh1 and #cej million works in ,april #bjaj4 #bjjc ,,handicapz,,ro1 ,,the ,,internet ,,for ,,everyone ,summary ,an important issue is the need for information to be accessible to all4 ,available online in ,september #bjjj1 the website ,handicapzro became a portal in ,february #bjjc to offer an adapted access to information for the ,french-speaking users having a visual problem1 i4e4 over #aj of the population4 ,blind users can access the site using a ,braille device or a speech software4 ,visually impaired users can set up their own parameters 7size and type of fonts1 color of background1 etc47 to surf the web in an optimal way1 by creating and modifying their own visual profile4 ,any user can correspond in ,braille with blind users through the website4 #b million visitors used the services of the portal in #bjjf4 ,handicapzero intends to demonstrate 8that1 with the respect of some basic rules1 the internet can finally become a space of freedom for all40 999999 ,an important issue is the need for information to be accessible to all1 as shown by the portal ,handicapzro launched in ,february #bjjc for any ,french-speaking user having a visual problem4 ,a first website was launched in ,september #bjjj to provide an adapted access to information for blind or visually impaired users1 i4e4 over #aj of the population4 ,it quickly became the most visited adapted site in ,france1 with #aj1jjj visits per month4 ,in ,february #bjjc1 ,handicapzro launched a portal providing free access to national and international news in real time 7in partnership with ,agence ,france-,presse71 sports news 7with the newspaper ,l' quipe71 ,,tv programs 7with the magazine ,tlrama71 weather 7with the service ,mto ,france7 and a search engine 7with ,google71 as well as a range of services for health1 employment1 consumer goods1 leisure1 sports and telephony4 ,blind users can access the site using a ,braille device or a speech software4 ,visually impaired users can set up their own parameters 7size and type of fonts1 color of background1 etc47 to surf the web in an optimal way1 by creating and modifying their own visual profile4 ,this profile can be used for any text available on the web1 by copying and pasting the text on the web interface4 ,any user can correspond in ,braille with blind users through the website4 ,handicapzro provides a free transcription of the letters and prints them in ,braille1 before sending them by mail for free in ,europe4 #b million visitors used the services of the portal in #bjjf4 ,handicapzro intends to demonstrate 8that1 with the respect of some basic rules1 the internet can finally become a space of freedom for all40 ,things are not as simple for an adapted access to books4 ,patrice ,cailleaud1 director of communication for ,handicapzro1 explained in ,january #bjja that1 if the digital book is 8a new complementary solution to the problems experienced by blind and visually impaired users1 7'''7 there are still issues with the copyright legislation and with permissions from authors that prevent us to offer ,braille versions or large print versions4 ,the requests for permissions are scarce and long1 and seldom work40 ,thus the need for national laws in the wake of an international copyright law for visually impaired users4 ,in the ,european ,union1 the directive #bjja_/bi_/;,,ec dated ,may #bjja on 8the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society0 insists in its article #dc on the need for all member states to adopt measures favoring access to books for the handicapped users that can't use standard books1 especially by promoting accessible formats4 ,ten years later1 there is still a lot to do4 #bjjc ,,the ,,public ,,library ,,of ,,science ,summary ,the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s7 was founded in ,october #bjjj in ,california as a non-profit organization whose mission was to give access to the world's scientific and medical literature4 ,in early #bjjc1 ,p,lo,s created a non-profit scientific and medical publishing venture to provide scientists and physicians with free high-quality1 high-profile online journals in which to publish their work4 ,the journals were ,p,lo,s ,biology 7launched in #bjjc71 ,p,lo,s ,medicine 7#bjjd71 ,p,lo,s ,genetics 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,computational ,biology 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,pathogens 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,clinical ,trials 7#bjjf71 and ,p,lo,s ,neglected ,tropical ,diseases 7#bjjg71 the first scientific journal on this topic4 ,all ,p,lo,s articles are freely available online1 on the websites of ,p,lo,s and in the public archive ,pub,med ,central1 run by the ,national ,library of ,medicine4 ,the articles can be freely redistributed and reused under a ,creative ,commons license1 including for translations1 as long as the author7s7 and source are cited4 999999 ,founded in ,october #bjjj1 the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s7 created a non-profit scientific and medical publishing venture in early #bjjc1 to provide scientists and physicians with free high-quality1 high-profile online journals in which to publish their work4 ,p,lo,s as a catalyst ,with the internet being a powerful medium to disseminate information1 it seems quite outrageous that the results of research -- original works requiring many years of efforts -- are squatted by publishers claiming ownership on these works1 and selling them at a high price4 ,the work of researchers is often publicly funded1 especially in ,north ,america4 ,it would therefore seem appropriate that the scientific community and the general public can freely enjoy the results of this research4 #a1jjj new scientific and medical articles reviewed by peers were published daily in #bjjj1 with few of them free available on the internet4 ,the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s7 was founded in ,october #bjjj in ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 as a non-profit organization whose mission was to make the world's scientific and medical literature a public resource in free online archives4 ,instead of information disseminated in millions of reports and thousands of online journals1 a single point would give access to the full content of these articles1 with a search engine and hyperlinks between articles4 ,p,lo,s posted an open letter requesting the articles presently published by journals to be distributed freely in online archives1 and asking researchers to promote the publishers willing to support this project4 ,from ,october #bjjj to ,september #bjjb1 the open letter was signed by #cj1jjj scientists from #ahj countries4 ,the publishers' answer was much less enthusiastic1 although a number of publishers agreed for their articles to be distributed freely immediately after publication1 or six months after publication4 ,but even the publishers who initially agreed to support the project made so many objections that it was finally abandoned4 ,p,lo,s as a publisher ,another objective of ,p,lo,s was to become a publisher while creating a new model of online publishing based on free dissemination of knowledge4 ,in early #bjjc1 ,p,lo,s created a non-profit scientific and medical publishing venture to provide scientists and physicians with free high-quality1 high-profile journals in which to publish their work4 ,the journals were ,p,lo,s ,biology 7launched in #bjjc71 ,p,lo,s ,medicine 7#bjjd71 ,p,lo,s ,genetics 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,computational ,biology 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,pathogens 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,clinical ,trials 7#bjjf7 and ,p,lo,s ,neglected ,tropical ,diseases 7#bjjg71 the first scientific journal on this topic4 ,all ,p,lo,s articles are freely available online1 on the websites of ,p,lo,s and in the public archive ,pub,med ,central1 run by the ,national ,library of ,medicine4 ,the articles can be freely redistributed and reused under a ,creative ,commons license1 including for translations1 as long as the author7s7 and source are cited4 ,p,lo,s also launched ,p,lo,s ,,one1 an online forum where people can publish articles on any subject relating to science or medicine4 ,three years after they were created1 ,p,lo,s ,biology and ,p,lo,s ,medicine had the same reputation for excellence as the leading journals ,nature1 ,science and ,the ,new ,england ,journal of ,medicine4 ,p,lo,s received financial support from several foundations while developing a viable economic model from fees paid by published authors1 advertising1 sponsorship1 and paid activities organized for ,p,lo,s members4 ,p,lo,s also hopes to encourage other publishers to adopt the open access model1 or to convert their existing journals to an open access model4 #bjjd ,,the ,,web #b4j1 ,,community ,,and ,,sharing ,summary ,the term web #b4j was invented in #bjjd by ,tim ,o',reilly1 a publisher of computer books1 as a title for a series of conferences he was organizing4 ,the web #b4j has been based on community and sharing1 with a wealth of websites whose content has been supplied by users1 such as blogs1 wikis1 social networks and collaborative encyclopedias4 ,wikipedia1 ,facebook and ,twitter1 of course1 but also tens of thousands of others4 ,the web #b4j may begin to fulfill the dream of ,tim ,berners- ,lee1 who invented the web in #aiij1 and wrote in an essay dated ,april #aiih3 ,the dream behind the web is of a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information4 ,its universality is essential3 the fact that a hypertext link can point to anything1 be it personal1 local or global1 be it draft or highly polished4 7,the ,world ,wide ,web3 ,a very short personal history1 available on his webpage on the ,w#c;,c website7 999999 ,the term web #b4j was invented in #bjjd by ,tim ,o',reilly1 a publisher of computer books1 as a title for a series of conferences he was organizing4 ,the web #b4j was based on community and sharing1 with a wealth of websites whose content was supplied by users1 such as blogs1 wikis1 social networks and collaborative encyclopedias4 ,wikipedia1 ,facebook and ,twitter1 of course1 but also tens of thousands of others4 ,the web #b4j may begin to fulfill the dream of ,tim ,berners-,lee1 who invented the web in #aiij1 and wrote in ,april #aiih in an essay3 ,the dream behind the web is of a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information4 ,its universality is essential3 the fact that a hypertext link can point to anything1 be it personal1 local or global1 be it draft or highly polished40 7,the ,world ,wide ,web3 ,a very short personal history1 available on his webpage on the ,w#c;,c website7 ,the first blog was launched in #aiig4 ,a blog is an online diary kept by a person or a group1 usually in reverse chronological order1 and can be updated every minute or once a month4 ,there were #ad million blogs worldwide in ,july #bjje1 with #hj1jjj new blogs per day4 ,according to ,technorati1 the first blog search engine1 there were #fe million blogs in ,december #bjjf1 with #age1jjj new blogs per day4 ,some blogs are devoted to photos 7photoblogs71 music 7audioblogs or podcasts71 and videos 7vlogs or videoblogs74 ,the wiki concept became quite popular in #bjjj4 ,deriving from the ,hawaiian term wiki 7fast71 a wiki is a website allowing multiple users to collaborate online on the same project4 ,users can contribute to drafting content1 editing it1 improving it1 and updating it4 ,the software can be simple or more elaborate4 ,a simple program handles text and hyperlinks4 ,with a more elaborate program1 one can embed images1 charts1 tables1 etc4 ,the most famous wiki is ,wikipedia4 ,facebook was founded in ,february #bjjd by ,mark ,zuckerberg and his fellow students as a social network4 ,originally created for the students of ,harvard ,university1 it was then available to students from any university in the ,u4,s4 before being open to anyone worldwide in ,september #bjjf1 to connect with relatives1 friends and strangers4 ,facebook was the second most visited website after ,google1 with #ejj million users in ,june #bjaj1 while sparking debates on privacy issues4 ,founded in #bjjf by ,jack ,dorsey and ,biz ,stone1 ,twitter is a social networking and micro-blogging tool to send free short messages of #adj characters maximum1 called tweets1 via the internet1 ,,im or ,,sms4 ,sometimes described as the ,,sms of the internet1 ,twitter gained worldwide popularity1 with #ajf million users in ,april #bjaj1 and #cjj1jjj new users per day4 ,as for tweets1 there were #e1jjj per day in #bjjg1 #cjj1jjj in #bjjh1 #b4e million in #bjji1 #ej million in ,january #bjaj1 and #ee million in ,april #bjaj1 with the archiving of public tweets by the ,library of ,congress as a reflection of the trends of our time4 ,we now try to fullfill the second part of ,tim ,berners-,lee's dream1 according to his essay dated ,april #aiih3 8,there was a second part of the dream1 too1 dependent on the web being so generally used that it became a realistic mirror 7or in fact the primary embodiment7 of the ways in which we work and play and socialize4 ,that was that once the state of our interactions was online1 we could then use computers to help us analyze it1 make sense of what we are doing1 where we individually fit in1 and how we can better work together4 #bjje ,,from ,,pdas ,,to ,,smartphones ,summary ,in ,april #bjja1 there were #ag million ,p,d,as versus #ajj1jjj ebook readers worldwide1 according to a ,seybold ,report available online4 ,the ,palm ,pilot was launched as the first ,,pda in ,march #aiif1 with #bc million ,palm ,pilots sold between #aiif and #bjjb4 ,palm stayed the leader -- #cf4h of ,p,d,as were ,palm ,pilots in #bjjb -- despite a fierce competition from ,microsoft's ,pocket ,,pc and the ,p,d,as of ,hewlett-,packard1 ,sony1 ,handspring1 ,toshiba and ,casio4 ,the main platforms were ,palm ,,os 7for #ee of ,p,d,as7 and ,pocket ,,pc 7for #be1g of ,p,d,as74 ,people reading on ,p,d,as could read on ,mobipocket ,reader 7available in ,march #bjjj71 ,microsoft ,reader 7,april #bjjj71 ,palm ,reader 7,march #bjja71 ,acrobat ,reader 7,may #bjja for ,palm ,pilot1 and ,december #bjja for ,pocket ,,pc71 and finally ,adobe ,reader 7,may #bjjc71 that replaced ,acrobat ,reader to read both standard ,,pdf files and secure ,,pdf files of copyrighted books4 ,p,d,as were then replaced by smartphones1 from the ,nokia #ibaj in #bjja to the i,phone in ,april #bjjg4 999999 ,in ,april #bjja1 there were #ag million ,p,d,as versus #ajj1jjj ebook readers worldwide1 according to a ,seybold ,report available online4 ,in #bjje1 ,p,d,as were replaced with smartphones4 ,the ,palm ,pilot ,the ,palm ,pilot was launched as the first ,,pda in ,march #aiif1 with #bc million ,palm ,pilots sold between #aiif and #bjjb4 ,in ,july #bjjb1 the ,palm ,reader was also available for computers1 and ,palm ,digital ,media1 ,palm's digital bookstore 7later renamed ,palm e,book ,store71 was offering #e1ejj ebooks in several languages4 #aj1jjj ebooks were available in #bjjc4 ,some book professionals were worried about reading on such a small screen1 whereas ,,pda users found that the screen size wasn't a problem at all to read a good book on a pocket-size multifunction device4 ,the e,book,man ,franklin's e,book,man was a handheld device to read books on the ,franklin ,reader1 with standard ,,pda functions 7calendar1 voice recorder1 etc474 ,in ,october #bjjj1 the device received the e,book ,technology ,award at the ,international ,book ,fair in ,frankfurt1 ,germany4 ,three models 7,,ebm-#ijj1 ,,ebm-#ija1 ,,ebm-#iaa7 were available in early #bjja1 with a ,,ram size of #h or #af ,,mb1 and a backlit or not ,,lcd screen4 ,the screen was large compared to other handheld devices1 but only in black and white1 unlike the ,pocket ,,pc and some ,palm ,pilots4 ,people could also listen to audiobooks and ,,mp#c music files4 ,in ,october #bjja1 the e,book,man offered the ,mobipocket ,reader alongside the ,franklin ,reader1 and the ,franklin ,reader was also available for the ,pocket ,,pc and for models from ,psion1 ,palm and ,nokia4 ,franklin developed a digital bookstore while partnering with other companies1 for example with ,audible4com to access its collection of #d1ejj audiobooks4 ,other ,p,d,as ,palm stayed the leader - #cf4h of ,p,d,as were ,palm ,pilots in #bjjb -- despite a fierce competition from ,microsoft's ,pocket ,,pc and from the ,p,d,as of ,hewlett-,packard1 ,sony1 ,handspring1 ,toshiba and ,casio4 ,the main platforms were ,palm ,,os 7for #ee of ,p,d,as7 and ,pocket ,,pc 7for #be1g of ,p,d,as74 ,people reading on their ,p,d,as could use ,mobipocket ,reader 7available since ,march #bjjj71 ,microsoft ,reader 7,april #bjjj71 ,palm ,reader 7,march #bjja71 ,acrobat ,reader 7,may #bjja for ,palm ,pilot1 and ,december #bjja for ,pocket ,,pc71 and finally ,adobe ,reader 7,may #bjjc7 that replaced ,acrobat ,reader to read both standard ,,pdf files and secure ,,pdf files of copyrighted books4 ,publishers began to digitize their books and sell digital versions online in various formats 7,,lit1 ,,prc1 ,,pdf1 ,oe,b71 on their own websites or in the digital bookstores of ,amazon1 ,barnes ,noble1 ,palm1 ,mobipocket1 ,numilog1 and the likes4 ,smartphones ,in #bjjd1 prices of ,p,d,as began to drop1 with the leaders still being ,palm1 ,sony and ,hewlett-,packard4 ,people began buying smartphones instead of ,p,d,as4 ,the first smartphone was ,nokia #ibaj1 launched as early as #bjja with a ,symbian platform 1 and followed by ,nokia ,series #fj1 ,sony ,ericsson ,p#hjj1 and the smartphones of ,motorola and ,siemens4 ,sony stopping selling ,p,d,as in ,february #bjje4 #c1g of cellphones sold in #bjjd were smartphones4 #i of cellphones sold in #bjjf were smartphones1 with #ij million smartphones sold for one billion cell phones4 ,apple launched the i,phone in ,june #bjjg in the ,u4,s41 in late #bjjg in ,europe and in #bjjh in ,asia4 ,would people prefer reading on mobile handsets like the i,phone #c;,g 7with its ,stanza ,reader7 or the ,t-,mobile ,g#a 7with ,google's platform ,android and its reader71 or would they prefer using ebook readers8 ,was there a market for both smartphones and ebook readers8 ,these were some of the fascinating issues discussed at the time4 #bjje ,,from ,,google ,,print ,,to ,,google ,,books ,summary ,google launched ,google ,print in ,may #bjje1 followed by ,google ,books in ,august #bjjf1 while struggling with associations of authors and publishers4 ,the beta version of ,google ,print went live in ,may #bjje1 with3 7a7 a project aimed at publishers1 launched in ,october #bjjd2 and 7b7 a project intended for libraries1 launched in ,december #bjjd4 ,three months later1 ,google ,print was stopped until further notice because of lawsuits filed by associations of authors and publishers for copyright infringement4 ,the program resumed in ,august #bjjf under the new name of ,google ,books4 ,google ,books started offering books digitized in the participating libraries 7,harvard1 ,stanford1 ,michigan1 ,oxford1 ,california1 ,virginia1 ,wisconsin-,madison1 ,complutense of ,madrid1 and ,new ,york ,public ,library71 with either the full text for public domain books or excerpts for copyrighted books4 ,other libraries joined then4 ,google also tried to settle a lawsuit with associations of authors and publishers in ,october #bjjh4 ,a agreement has not be reached yet 7as of ,july #bjaa74 999999 ,google launched ,google ,print in ,may #bjje1 followed by ,google ,books in ,august #bjjf1 while struggling with associations of authors and publishers4 ,the beta version of ,google ,print went live in ,may #bjje1 after two earlier steps4 ,in ,october #bjjd1 ,google launched the first part of ,google ,print as a project aimed at publishers1 for internet users to be able to see excerpts of books and order them online4 ,in ,december #bjjd1 ,google launched the second part of ,google ,print as a project intended for libraries1 to build up a digital library of #ae million books by digitizing the collections of major partner libraries1 beginning with the libraries of the ,universities of ,michigan 7#g million books71 ,harvard1 ,stanford and ,oxford1 and the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,the planned cost in #bjjd was an average of ,,us #aj per book1 and a total budget of #aej to #bjj million for ten years4 ,three months later1 ,google ,print was stopped until further notice because of lawsuits filed by associations of authors and publishers for copyright infringement4 ,the program resumed in ,august #bjjf under the new name of ,google ,books4 ,the participating libraries now also included the libraries of the ,universities of ,california1 ,virginia1 and ,wisconsin-,madison1 and the ,complutense of ,madrid4 ,google ,books provided a full text for public domain books1 and excerpts for copyrighted books4 ,according to some media buzz1 ,google was scanning #c1jjj books a day4 ,after three years of conflict1 ,google reached a settlement in ,october #bjjh with associations of authors and publishers1 with an agreement to be signed during the next years4 ,the inclusion of copyrighted works in ,google ,books had been widely criticized by authors and publishers worldwide4 ,in the ,u4,s41 lawsuits were filed by the ,authors ,guild and the ,association of ,american ,publishers 7,,aap7 for alleged copyright infringement4 ,the assumption was that the full scanning and digitizing of copyrighted books infringed copyright laws1 even if only snippets were made freely available1 whereas ,google thought this was fair use1 referring to short excerpts from copyrighted books that could be lawfully quoted in another book or website1 as long as the source 7author1 title1 publisher7 was mentioned4 ,as of ,december #bjjh1 ,google had #bd library partners1 including a ,swiss one 7,university ,library of ,lausanne71 a ,french one 7,lyon ,municipal ,library71 a ,belgian one 7,ghent ,university ,library71 a ,german one 7,bavarian ,state ,library71 two ,spanish ones 7,national ,library of ,catalonia1 and ,university ,complutense of ,madrid71 and a ,japanese one 7,keio ,university ,library74 ,the ,u4,s4 partner libraries were1 per alphabetical order3 ,columbia ,university1 ,committee on ,institutional ,cooperation 7,,cic71 ,cornell ,university ,library1 ,harvard ,university1 ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,oxford ,university1 ,princeton ,university1 ,stanford ,university1 ,university of ,california1 ,university of ,michigan1 ,university of ,texas at ,austin1 ,university of ,virginia1 and ,university of ,wisconsin-,madison4 #bjje ,,the ,,open ,,content ,,alliance1 ,a ,,universal ,,library ,summary ,starting with an idea from the ,internet ,archive1 the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 was launched in ,october #bjje as a global effort from a group of cultural1 technology1 non profit1 and governmental organizations to build 8a digital archive of global content for universal access0 and offer a permanent repository of multilingual text and multimedia content4 ,the first #ajj1jjj ebooks were available in the ,internet ,archive in ,december #bjjf1 with #ab1jjj new ebooks posted per month4 ,unlike ,google ,books1 ,,oca books are searchable and downloadable through any web search engine1 and don't include copyrighted books1 unless the copyright holder has expressly given permission4 ,the first contributors to ,,oca were the ,university of ,california1 the ,university of ,toronto1 the ,european ,archive1 the ,national ,archives in ,united ,kingdom1 ,o',reilly ,media1 and the ,prelinger ,archives4 ,one million ebooks were available in the ,internet ,archive in ,december #bjjh1 and two million ebooks in ,march #bjaj4 999999 ,starting with an idea from the ,internet ,archive1 the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 was launched in ,october #bjje as a effort to build 8a digital archive of global content for universal access04 ,the goal was to offer a permanent repository of multilingual text and multimedia content4 ,the first #ajj1jjj ebooks were available in the ,internet ,archive in ,december #bjjf1 with #ab1jjj new ebooks posted per month4 ,what exactly is the ,internet ,archive8 ,founded in ,april #aiif by ,brewster ,kahle in ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 the ,internet ,archive is a non- profit organization that has built an internet library to offer permanent access to historical collections in digital format for researchers1 historians and scholars4 ,an archive of the web has been stored every two months or so since #aiif1 and has been freely available through the ,wayback ,machine since ,october #bjja4 ,as a nonprofit digital library dedicated to providing universal access to human knowledge1 the ,internet ,archive has also become a digital library of text1 audio1 software1 image and video content4 ,as explained in #bjjg on the ,,oca website1 ,,oca is a collaborative effort of a group of cultural1 technology1 nonprofit1 and governmental organizations from around the world that helps build a permanent archive of multilingual digitized text and multimedia material4 ,an archive of contributed material is available on the ,internet ,archive website and through ,yahoo6 and other search engines and sites4 ,the ,,oca encourages access to and reuse of collections in the archive1 while respecting the content owners and contributors4 ,unlike ,google ,books1 ,,oca books are searchable and downloadable through any web search engine1 and don't include copyrighted books1 unless the copyright holder has expressly given permission4 ,the first contributors to ,,oca were the ,university of ,california1 the ,university of ,toronto1 the ,european ,archive1 the ,national ,archives in ,united ,kingdom1 ,o',reilly ,media1 and the ,prelinger ,archives4 ,in #bjjf1 ,microsoft1 while being one of the ,,oca partners1 began developing its own digital library4 ,the beta version of ,microsoft ,live ,search ,books was released in ,december #bjjf1 with a collection of non copyrighted books digitized by ,microsoft in partner libraries4 ,the first partner libraries were the ,british ,library and the libraries of the ,universities of ,california and ,toronto1 followed in ,january #bjjg by the ,new ,york ,public ,library and ,cornell ,university ,library4 ,books offered full text views1 with a search by keyword1 and could be downloaded as ,,pdf files4 ,in ,may #bjjg1 ,microsoft announced agreements with several publishers1 for example ,cambridge ,university ,press and ,mc,graw ,hill1 for their books to be available in ,live ,search ,books4 ,after digitizing #gej1jjj books and indexing #hj million journal articles1 ,microsoft ended the ,live ,search ,books program in ,may #bjjh and closed the website4 ,all the digitized books were transferred into the ,,oca collection of the ,internet ,archive4 ,the ,,oca collection offered one million books in ,december #bjjh1 and two million books in ,march #bjaj4 #bjjf ,,the ,,union ,,catalog ,,worldcat ,,on ,,the ,,web ,summary ,in ,august #bjjf1 ,world,cat1 a union catalog run by ,,oclc 7,online ,computer ,library ,center71 began migrating to the web with a version available for free4 ,,oclc was founded as early as #aiga as a non-profit organization dedicated to furthering access to the world's information while reducing information costs4 ,in #bjje1 ,world,cat had #fa million bibliographic records in #djj languages1 provided by #i1jjj member libraries in #aab countries4 ,in #bjjf1 #gc million bibliographic records were linking to one billion documents available in these libraries4 ,through the current worldcat4org1 member libraries have provided free access to their catalogs1 and free or paid access to their electronic resources3 books1 audiobooks1 abstracts and full-text articles1 photos1 music ,c,ds1 and videos4 ,in ,april #bjaj1 #a1e billion documents could be located and_/or accessed using ,world,cat4 ,the other main union catalog was run by ,,rlg 7,research ,librairies ,group71 that merged with ,,oclc in ,november #bjjf4 999999 ,in ,august #bjjf1 ,world,cat1 a union catalog run by ,,oclc 7,online ,computer ,library ,center71 began migrating to the web with a version available for free4 ,world,cat followed the steps of ,,rlg 7,research ,libraries ,group71 that launched the free web version of the ,,rlg ,union ,catalog1 called ,red,light,green1 in fall #bjjc1 with a full version available in spring #bjjd4 ,,oclc and ,,rlg were running the two largest union catalogs in the world4 ,what exactly is a union catalog8 ,the idea behind a union catalog is to earn time by avoiding the cataloging of the same document by many catalogers worldwide4 ,when catalogers of a member library 7paid subscription7 process a new document1 they first search the union catalog4 ,if the record is available1 they import it into their own catalog and add the local data4 ,if the record is not available1 they create it in their own catalog and export it into the union catalog1 for the new record to be instantly available to all catalogers of member libraries4 ,depending on their status and experience1 member libraries can either import records only1 or both import and export records4 ,,oclc 7,online ,computer ,library ,center7 was created in #aiga as a non- profit organization dedicated to furthering access to the world's information while reducing information costs4 ,the ,,oclc ,online ,union ,catalog1 later renamed ,world,cat1 was first the union catalog of the university libraries in the ,state of ,ohio1 before becoming a national library cooperative and then an organization spreading worldwide1 with ,world,cat becoming one of the two largest union catalogs in the world 7the other one being ,,rlin74 ,in early #aiih1 ,world,cat had #ch million records in #djj languages1 and #bg1jjj member libraries in #fe countries1 with #b million records added annually4 ,world,cat only accepted one bibliographic record per document1 unlike ,,rlin1 launched by ,,rlg in #aihj1 that accepted several records per document1 with #hh million records in early #aiih4 ,,rlg members were mainly research and specialized libraries4 ,,rlin was later renamed the ,,rlg ,union ,catalog4 ,its free web version ,red,light,green was launched in fall #bjjc as a beta version1 and in spring #bjjd as a full version4 ,in the meantime1 ,world,cat had #fa million bibliographic records in #djj languages in #bjje1 from #i1jjj member libraries in #aab countries4 ,in #bjjf1 #gc million bibliographic records were linking to one billion documents available in these libraries4 ,in ,august #bjjf1 ,world,cat began migrating to the web with the beta version of its new website worldcat4org4 ,member libraries have provided free access to their catalogs1 and free or paid access to their electronic resources3 books1 audiobooks1 abstracts and full-text articles1 photos1 music ,c,ds and videos4 ,red,light,green closed its site in ,november #bjjf1 and ,,rlg merged with ,,oclc4 ,in ,april #bjaj1 #a1e billion documents could be located and_/or accessed using ,world,cat4 #bjjg ,,the ,,encyclopedia ,,of ,,life1 ,a ,,global ,,effort ,summary ,the ,encyclopedia of ,life 7,,eol7 was launched in ,may #bjjg as a global scientific effort to document all known species of animals and plants 7#a4h million71 including endangered species1 and expedite the millions of species yet to be discovered and cataloged 7#f to #h million74 ,the encyclopedia's honorary chair is ,edward ,wilson1 professor emeritus at ,harvard ,university1 who1 in an essay dated #bjjb1 was the first to express the wish for such an encyclopedia4 ,technology improvements made it possible five years later with content aggregators1 mash-up1 wikis1 and large scale content management4 ,the multimedia encyclopedia has gathered texts1 photos1 maps1 sound1 and videos1 with a webpage for each species1 to provide a single portal for millions of documents scattered online and offline4 ,the first pages were available in mid- #bjjh4 ,the encyclopedia will be translated into other languages with the help of partner organizations4 999999 ,the ,encyclopedia of ,life was launched in ,may #bjjg as a global scientific effort to document all known species of animals and plants4 ,there are #a4h million species1 including endangered species1 and millions of species yet to be discovered and cataloged1 probably #f to #h million4 ,this collaborative effort is led by several main institutions3 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,harvard ,university1 ,marine ,biological ,laboratory1 ,missouri ,botanical ,garden1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,biodiversity ,heritage ,library 7,,bhl74 ,the initial funding came from the ,mac,arthur ,foundation 7,,us #aj million7 and the ,sloan ,foundation 7#b4e million74 ,a #ajj million funding over ten years will be necessary before self-financing4 ,the encyclopedia's honorary chair is ,edward ,wilson1 professor emeritus at ,harvard ,university1 who1 in an essay dated #bjjb1 was the first to express the wish for such an encyclopedia4 ,technology improvements made it possible five years later1 with content aggregators1 mash-up1 wikis1 and large scale content management4 ,based on the work of thousands of experts around the globe1 the multimedia encyclopedia will gather texts1 photos1 maps1 sound and videos1 with a webpage for each species4 ,it will provide a single portal for millions of documents scattered online and offline4 ,as a teaching and learning tool for a better understanding of our planet1 the encyclopedia will reach everyone3 researchers1 teachers1 students1 pupils1 media1 policy makers1 and the general public1 who will be able to contribute in a wiki-style environment1 with contributions checked by experts4 ,as a consortium of the ten largest life science libraries1 with other libraries to join in the future1 the ,biodiversity ,heritage ,library 7,,bhl7 started the digitization of #b million documents from public domain spanning over #bjj years4 ,in ,may #bjjg1 when the project was officially launched1 #a4be million pages were already digitized in ,london1 ,boston and ,washington ,d4,c41 and available in the ,internet ,archive4 ,the first pages of the encyclopedia were designed in #bjjg1 and available in mid-#bjjh4 ,the encyclopedia should be fully operational in #bjab and completed with all known species in #bjag4 ,people will be able to use the encyclopedia as a macroscope to identify major trends from a considerable stock of information -- in the same way they use a microscope for the study of detail4 ,the ,english version will be translated in several languages by partner organizations4 #bjjg ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,ebooks ,,seen ,,from ,,france ,summary ,marc ,autret1 a journalist and graphic designer1 wrote in ,december #bjjf3 ,i am convinced that the ebook has a great future in all non-fiction sectors4 ,i refer to the ebook as a software and not as a dedicated physical medium 7the conjecture is more uncertain on this point74 7'''7 ,non-commercial ebooks are already emerging everywhere while opening the way to new developments4 ,to my eyes1 there are at least two emerging trends3 7a7 an increasingly attractive and functional interface for reading_/consultation 7navigation1 research1 restructuring on the fly1 user annotations1 interactive quiz72 7b7 a multimedia integration 7video1 sound1 animated graphics1 database7 now strongly coupled to the web4 ,no physical book offers such features4 ,so ,i imagine the ebook of the future as a kind of wiki crystallized and packaged in a given format4 ,how valuable will it be8 ,its value will be the one of a book3 the unity and quality of editorial work6 999999 ,in late #bjjf1 ,i launched an inquiry about how people were seeing the future of ebooks4 ,here are the answers from ,pierre ,schweitzer1 ,denis ,zwirn and ,marc ,autret1 three ,french 8pioneers0 in their own fields4 ,pierre ,schweitzer is the inventor of the folio project1 a mobile device for texts4 ,he wrote in ,december #bjjf3 ,the luck we all have is to live this fantastic change here and now4 ,when ,i was born in #aifc1 a computer memory could only hold a few pages of characters4 ,today1 my music player could hold billions of pages1 a true local library4 ,tomorrow1 by the combined effect of the ,moore ,law and the ubiquity of networks1 we will have instant access to works and knowledge4 ,we won't be much interested any more on which device to store information4 ,we will be interested in handy functions and beautiful objects4 ,denis ,zwirn is the founder of ,numilog1 the main ,french-language digital bookstore4 ,he wrote in ,august #bjjg3 ,the digital book is not any more a topic for symposiums1 conceptual definitions1 or divination by some 'experts'4 ,it is a commercial product and a tool for reading4 ,there is no need to wait for some new hypermodern and hypertextual tool carefully orchestrating its specificity from the print book4 ,we need to offer books that can be easily read on any electronic device used by customers1 sooner or later with an electronic ink display4 ,and to offer them as an industry4 ,the digital book is not1 and will never be1 a niche product 7dictionaries1 travel guides1 books for the blind74 ,it is becoming a mass market product1 with multiple forms1 like the traditional book4 ,after being a journalist specialized in publishing1 multimedia and copyright1 ,marc ,autret is a graphic designer working with publishers4 ,he wrote in ,december #bjjf3 ,i am convinced that the ebook has a great future in all non-fiction sectors4 ,i refer to the ebook as a software and not as a dedicated physical medium 7the conjecture is more uncertain on this point74 ,the ,european publishers of guides1 encyclopedias and informative books in general still see the ebook as a very minor variation of the printed book1 probably because the business model and secure management don't seem entirely stabilized4 ,but this is a matter of time4 ,non-commercial ebooks are already emerging everywhere while opening the way to new developments4 ,to my eyes1 there are at least two emerging trends3 7a7 an increasingly attractive and functional interface for reading_/consultation 7navigation1 searching1 restructuring on the fly1 annotations of the user1 interactive quiz72 7b7 a multimedia integration 7video1 sound1 animated graphics1 database7 now strongly coupled to the web4 ,no physical book offers such features4 ,so ,i imagine the ebook of the future as a kind of wiki crystallized and packaged in a given format4 ,how valuable will it be8 ,its value will be the one of a book3 the unity and quality of editorial work6 ,marc was not happy about the 8competition0 between ,,pdf and ,,epub4 ,he added in ,june #bjaa3 8,i do regret that the emergence of ,,epub has led to the outright annihilation of ,,pdf as a format for digital books4 ,the fact that interactivity elements available within the ,,pdf are not supported by the current mobile platforms has removed any possibility of experimenting new things in this direction1 that had seemed very promising to me4 ,while print publishing gives place to many different objects1 ranging from the carefully designed art book to the basic book for everyday reading1 the ebook market has grown from the start on a totalitarian and segregationist mode1 comparable to a war between operating systems1 rather than favoring a technical and cultural emulation4 ,because of this1 there are few ,,pdf digital books benefiting from the opportunities given by this format4 ,in the unconscious collective mind1 ,,pdf has stayed a kind of static duplicate of the print book1 and nobody wants to see any other fate for him4 ,the ,,epub format1 which is nothing but a combination of ,,xhtml_/,,css 7admittedly with ,java,script prospects71 consists in putting the digital book 'in phase with' the web4 ,this is a technology that has favored structured content1 but hasn't favored typographic craft at all4 ,it has given a narrow vision of the digital work1 reducing it to a flow of information4 ,we don't measure it yet1 but the worst cultural disaster in recent decades has been the advent of ,,xml1 as a language that pre- calibrates and contaminates the way we think our hierarchies4 ,,xml and its avatars go on locking us in the cultural invariants of the ,western world40 #bjaj ,,from ,,the ,,libri ,,to ,,the ,,ipad ,summary ,after a quiet time in the early #bjjjs1 ebook readers 8took off0 again1 from the ,libri launched by ,sony in ,april #bjjd to the i,pad launched by ,apple in ,april #bjaj4 ,the first dedicated ebook readers were the ,rocket e,book 7#aiih71 the ,soft,book ,reader 7#aiih7 and the ,gemstar e,book 7,november #bjjj71 which didn't last long4 ,lighter ebook readers storing more books showed up with new ,e ,ink displays1 for exemple ,libri from ,sony 7,april #bjjd71 ,cybook #bnd generation 7,june #bjjd71 ,sony ,reader 7,september #bjjf71 ,kindle from ,amazon 7,november #bjjg71 and ,nook from ,barnes ,noble 7,november #bjji74 ,competition has been fierce with smartphones 7from #bjje7 and with the i,pad from ,apple 7,april #bjaj74 ,some readers are now eager to read multimedia_/hypermedia content and stories in #c;,d on flexible devices4 999999 ,after a quiet time in the early #bjjjs1 ebook readers 8took off0 again1 from the ,libri launched by ,sony in ,april #bjjd to the i,pad launched by ,apple in ,april #bjaj4 ,the first dedicated ebook readers were the ,rocket e,book 7#aiih71 the ,soft,book ,reader 7#aiih7 and the ,gemstar e,book 7,november #bjjj71 which didn't last long4 ,lighter ebook readers storing more books showed up with new ,e ,ink displays1 for example the ,libri from ,sony 7,april #bjjd71 the ,cybook #bnd generation 7,june #bjjd71 the ,sony ,reader 7,september #bjjf71 the ,kindle from ,amazon 7,november #bjjg71 and the ,nook from ,barnes ,noble 7,november #bjji74 ,competition has been fierce with smartphones 7from #bjje7 and with the i,pad from ,apple 7,april #bjaj74 ,the ,libri 7,sony7 ,sony launched its first ebook reader1 ,libri #ajjj-;,,ep1 in ,japan in ,april #bjjd1 in partnership with ,philips and ,e ,ink4 ,libri was the first ebook reader to use a #f-;inch ,e ,ink screen1 with a #aj ,m memory1 and a #ejj- ebook storage capacity4 ,ebooks were downloaded from a computer with a ,,usb cable4 ,the ,cybook 7,bookeen7 ,after a ,cybook #ast generation launched in ,january #bjja by ,cytale as the first ,european ebook reader1 the ,cybook project was taken over by ,bookeen1 a company created in #bjjc by ,michael ,dahan and ,laurent ,picard1 two former engineers from ,cytale4 ,a ,cybook #bnd generation was available in ,june #bjjd4 ,the ,cybook ,gen#c 7#crd generation7 was launched in ,july #bjjg1 with a ,e ,ink display4 ,the ,sony ,reader ,sony ,reader was launched in ,october #bjjf in the ,u4,s4 as the first ebook reader using the latest ,e ,ink screen technology1 ,the screen gave 8an excellent reading experience very close to that of real paper1 making it very easy going on the eyes 7,mike ,cook1 editor of epub,books4com74 ,another major feature of the reader was its battery life1 with over #g1jjj pages turns -- or up to two weeks of power - on just one battery charge4 ,it was also the first ebook reader to use ,adobe ,digital ,editions4 ,it was available then in ,canada1 ,united ,kingdom1 ,germany and ,france4 ,the ,kindle 7,amazon7 ,amazon launched ,kindle1 its own ebook reader1 in ,november #bjjg1 with a #f-;inch ,e ,ink display1 and page-turning buttons4 ,books could be downloaded via the device's #c;,g wireless connection1 with no need for a computer1 unlike the ,sony ,reader4 ,a thinner ,kindle #b was launched in ,february #bjji1 with a storage capacity of #a1ejj ebooks and a new text- to-speech feature4 ,the ,kindle ,,dx was launched in ,may #bjji with a larger #i4g-;inch screen for newspapers and magazines4 ,the ,nook 7,barnes ,noble7 ,barnes ,noble launched ,nook1 its own ebook reader1 in ,november #bjji4 ,based on the ,android platform1 the original device included a #f-;inch ,e ,ink display1 with ,wi,fi and #c;,g connectivity4 ,a new ,wi,fi-only device was launched in ,june #bjaj4 ,the ,nook ,color was launched in ,october #bjaj1 with a larger #g-;inch ,,lcd display1 for the viewing of magazines and picture books4 ,the website of ,barnes ,noble offered #b million ebooks in ,november #bjaj4 ,a lighter ,nook with a #f-;inch ,e ,ink tactile display was released in ,may #bjaa4 ,the i,pad 7,apple7 ,apple launched the i,pad1 its multifunctional tablet1 in the ,u4,s4 in ,april #bjaj1 with an i,bookstore of #fj1jjj ebooks4 ,the i,pad was available in a few ,european countries in ,june #bjaj4 ,after the i,pod 7launched in ,october #bjja7 and the i,phone 7launched in ,january #bjjg71 two cult devices for a whole generation1 ,apple has also become a key player for digital books4 ,the i,pad #b was launched in ,march #bjaa in the ,u4,s4 and two weeks later internationally4 ,there are many other ebook readers and tablets1 but ,i will stop there4 ,some of my friends now wait to read multimedia _/ hypermedia content and stories in #c;,d on flexible devices4 #bjaa ,,the ,,ebook ,,in ,,ten ,,points ,summary ,here is a conclusion in the form of quotes4 ,the dates indicated here are the dates when these texts - excerpts from email interviews - were written and first published4 ,their authors are ,michael ,hart 7,august #aiih71 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom 7,september #aiih71 ,robert ,beard 7,october #aiih71 ,jean-,paul 7,june #bjjj71 ,nicolas ,pewny 7,february #bjjc71 ,marc ,autret 7,december #bjjf71 ,pierre ,schweitzer 7,january #bjjg71 ,denis ,zwirn 7,august #bjjg71 ,catherine ,domain 7,april #bjaj7 and ,henk ,slettenhaar 7,june #bjaa74 999999 ,here is a conclusion in the form of quotes4 ,the dates indicated here are the dates when these texts - excerpts from email interviews - were written and first published4 ,august #aiih ,we consider etext to be a new medium1 with no real relationship to paper1 other than presenting the same material1 but ,i don't see how paper can possibly compete once people each find their own comfortable way to etexts1 especially in schools4 7,michael ,hart1 founder of ,project ,gutenberg in #aiga7 ,september #aiih 8,i've gotten very interested in the great potential the net has had for making literature available to a wide audience4 7'''7 ,i am very excited about the potential of the internet as a mass communication medium in the coming years4 ,i'd also like to stay involved1 one way or another1 in making books available to a wide audience for free via the net1 whether ,i make this explicitly part of my professional career1 or whether ,i just do it as a spare-time volunteer4 7,john ,mark ,ockerbloom1 founder of ,the ,online ,books ,page in #aiic7 ,october #aiih ,the web will be an encyclopedia of the world by the world for the world4 ,there will be no information or knowledge that anyone needs that will not be available4 ,the major hindrance to international and interpersonal understanding1 personal and institutional enhancement1 will be removed4 ,it would take a wilder imagination than mine to predict the effect of this development on the nature of humankind4 7,robert ,beard1 founder of ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries in #aiie7 ,june #bjjj ,surfing the web is like radiating in all directions 7,i am interested in something and ,i click on all the links on a home page7 or like jumping around 7from one click to another1 as the links appear74 ,you can do this in the written media1 of course4 ,but the difference is striking4 ,so the internet changed how ,i write4 74447 ,i have finally found in online publishing the mobility and fluidity ,i was seeking40 7,jean-,paul1 founder of the hypermedia website cotres4net in #aiih7 ,february #bjjc ,i see the digital book of the future as a 'full work' putting together text1 sound1 images1 video and interactivity3 a new way to design1 and write1 and read1 perhaps on a single book1 constantly renewed1 which would contain everything we have read1 a single and multiple companion4 ,utopian8 ,improbable8 ,maybe not that much6 7,nicolas ,pewny1 founder of ,editions du ,choucas in #aiib7 ,december #bjjf 8,there are at least two emerging trends in the digital book3 7a7 an increasingly attractive and functional interface for reading_/consultation 7navigation1 searching1 restructuring on the fly1 annotations of the user1 interactive quiz72 7b7 a multimedia integration 7video1 sound1 animated graphics1 database7 now strongly coupled to the web4 ,no physical book offers such features4 ,so ,i imagine the ebook of the future as a kind of wiki crystallized and packaged in a given format4 ,how valuable will it be8 ,its value will be the one of a book3 the unity and quality of editorial work6 7,marc ,autret1 graphic designer and founder of the website ,indiscripts in #bjji7 ,january #bjjg ,the luck we all have is to live this fantastic change here and now4 ,when ,i was born in #aifc1 a computer memory could only hold a few pages of characters4 ,today1 my music player could hold billions of pages1 a true local library4 ,tomorrow1 by the combined effect of the ,moore ,law and the ubiquity of networks1 we will have instant access to works and knowledge4 ,we won't be much interested any more on which device to store information4 ,we will be interested in handy functions and beautiful objects4 7,pierre ,schweitzer1 designer of the folio project in #aiif7 ,august #bjjg ,the digital book is not any more a topic for symposiums1 conceptual definitions1 or divination by some 'experts'4 ,it is a commercial product and a tool for reading4 7'''7 ,we need to offer books that can be easily read on any electronic device used by customers1 sooner or later with an electronic ink display4 ,and to offer them as an industry4 ,the digital book is not1 and will never be1 a niche product 7dictionaries1 travel guides1 books for the blind74 ,it is becoming a mass market product1 with multiple forms1 like the traditional book4 7,denis ,zwirn1 founder of the digital bookstore ,numilog in #bjjj7 ,april #bjaj ,the internet has taken more and more space in my life6 ,on #ast ,april #bjaj1 ,i became a publisher after some painful training in ,photoshop1 ,in,design1 and other software4 7'''7 ,in the end1 there will always be unexpected developments to new inventions1 among other things4 ,when ,i started using the internet in #aiii1 ,i really didn't expect to become a publisher4 7,catherine ,domain1 founder of ,librairie ,ulysse in #aiga7 ,june #bjaa 8,i never liked reading a book on a computer or ,,pda4 ,now1 with tablets like the ,kindle of the i,pad1 ,i am finally reading ebooks4 ,i see a huge expansion of digital reading with tablets that are easy to use and with a very large choice of ebooks thanks to electronic commerce and companies like ,amazon4 7'''7 ,i also use online books to learn the art of innovation60 7,henk ,slettenhaar1 founder of the ,swiss ,silicon ,valley ,association in #aiib7