,illu/ration ,,lectures ,,on ,,v5tilation3 ,,be+ ,a ,,c\rse ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute1 ,,( ,,philadelphia1 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,w9t] ,,( #ahff-fg4 ,,by ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,special ,ag5t ( ! ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al1 = ! ,v5tilation ( ,gov]nm5t ,hospitals dur+ ! ,w>2 & ,consult+ ,eng9e] ( ,v5tilation & ,heat+ = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t4 ,man's own brea? is 8 greate/ enemy4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,wiley ,,son1 ,,publi%]s1 #b ,cl9ton ,hall1 ,a/or ,place4 #ahfi4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfh1 by ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,new ,york ,pr9t+ ,company1 #ha1 #hc1 & #he ,c5tre ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,,preface4 ,^! ,lectures 7 n orig9ally writt5 ) any view to _! publication2 b z !y 7 aft]w>ds reque/$ = publication 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 & !re attract$ v favorable notice1 ,i believ$ ! rapidly increas+ int]e/ 9 ! subject ( v5tilation w\ld enable ! publi%]s to sell a suffici5t numb] to pay ! exp5se ( _! publication2 &1 if s1 t ?is v _s ( inquiry :i* w\ld lead to ! p]usal ( ev5 s small a "w1 might be "o /ep =w>d t[>ds t mu*-ne$$ m g5]al education on ?is important subject4 ,x 0 n my desire to give an elaborate treatise on ! subject ( v5tilation4 ,i believ$ a few g5]al pr9ciples1 illu/rat$ 9 a famili> way1 w\ld be mu* m likely to be read2 &1 ,i hop$1 w\ld act z se$-gra9 9 comm5c+ ! gr[? ( an inquiry :i*1 :5 once />t$ 9 ! "r direction1 w\ld soon discov] ! condition ( ! air we brea! to be ( s mu* importance t ! inve/igation w\ld be eag]ly pursu$4 ,l4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,philadelphia a heal?y city--,ow+ to ! sup]ior v5tilation ( its h\ses--,b ! !ory ( v5tilation /ill imp]fectly und]/ood--,ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ( all dea?s due to f\l air--,! dea? rate = #ahfe--;,exp5se ( unnecess>y sickness--,9 ,london--,9 ,massa*usetts--,9 ,new ,york--,9 ,philadelphia--,consumption ! result ( brea?+ impure air--,entirely prev5table--,infantile mortality--,report on w>m+ & v5tilat+ ! ,capitol--,copies ( v>i\s tables !refrom--,c>bonic acid tak5 z ! te/1 b n infallible--,! uni=m purity ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e--,illu/rat$ by ! city ( ,man*e/]--,ov]fl[$ l&s unheal?y--,air ( ,p>is1 ,london & o!r cities--,c>bonic acid 9 h\ses--,"h we f9d ! curse ( f\l air--,our own brea? is our greate/ enemy--,scav5g]s m heal?y ?an factory op]atives--,wond]ful cures ( consumption by plac+ ! pati5ts 9 c[ /ables--,city build+s prev5t v5tilation1 consequ5tly are unheal?y--,! air f ! fil?ie/ /reet m :olesome ?an close b$-room air--,un=tunate prejudice aga9/ night air--,dr4 ,frankl9's op9ion ( night air--,comp>$ ) ! in/ructions ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ahff--,sleep+ ) op5 w9d[s--,fire n objectionable--,a small room v5tilat$ is bett] ?an a l>ge room n v5tilat$--,illu/ration--,fre% air at night prev5ts *ol]a--,illu/rat$ by ,new ,york workh\se--,dr4 ,hamilton's report--,night air j z heal?y z day air--,c&le ext+ui%$ by ! brea?--,! brea? falls in/ead ( rises--,*ildr5 ne> ! floor kill$ fir/--,physicians' c]tificates d n /ate kill$ by f\l air--,op5 fire-places are excell5t v5tilators--,all fire-bo>ds %\ld be us$ = k9dl+ wood--,illu/ration %[+ :5 ceil+ v5tilation is necess>y4 ,,page #c ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,! effect produc$ by heat ^u ! movem5ts ( air--,air a real sub/ance--,ex]ts a pressure ( fifte5 tons on an ord9>y siz$ man--,x _c be mov$ )\t ! exp5diture ( p[]--,! sun's rays ! great mov+ p[]--,!y pass ?r\gh ! =ty-five miles ( atmosph]e )\t heat+ x1 & heat ! solid sub/ances ( ! e>?'s surface--,exp]im5ts %[+ ! effect ( radiant heat & reflect$ heat--,! air ( ! room n pure & dry--,! ord9>y moi/ure absorbs f fifty to sev5ty times z mu* z ! air--,_m gases absorb mu* m--,! moi/ure 9 ! air ! great regulator ( heat--,air is heat$ by com+ 9 imm$iate contact ) hott] sub/ances--,impossibility ( any air rema9+ at re/--,! practical application ( ^! pr9ciples--,! op5 fire acts l ! sun1 heat+ by radiation only--,probable electric or ozonic *ange 9 furnace-heat$ air--,! /ove heats bo? by radiation & circulation--,! /ove nor ! op5 fire n suitable = l>ge cr[d$ rooms--,circulat+ w>m$ air be/--,errone\s views 9 reg>d to v5tilation--,exp]im5ts ) liquids ( diff]5t d5sities--,:5 w>m+ & v5tilat+ by circulat+ air1 ! escape = ! us$ air %\ld be f ! bottom ( ! room--,b :5 v5tilat+ ) cool] air ! escape %\ld be f ! top ( ! room--,w9d[s %\ld l[] f ! top & flues op5 at ! bottom ( ! room--,! fa%ionable sy/em ( heat+ by direct radiation1 )\t any fre% air1 v objectionable4 ,,page #ah ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,"o brea? ( impure air %ort5s our life--,difficulty ( gett+ pure air to brea! 9 h\ses & c>s--,f\l air 9 /eam c>s--,want ( ! prop] k reg>d+ v5tilation among all classes--,want ( v5tilation 9 ?is lecture room--,want ( v5tilation 9 ! ,coop] ,in/itute1 & 9 _m o!r new & spl5did build+s--,/reet c>s v f\l--,my own *amb] fully v5tilat$--,i h no new pat5t idea1 suffici5t = all "t )\t fur!r ?\ght--,con/antly v>y+ conditions require sep>ate intellig5t ?\ght & action--,! air moves horizontally 9 summ]--,flues are !n ( no acc\nt--,we mu/ dep5d on op5 doors & w9d[s--,h[ to v5tilate a sick room 9 ! morn+--,! same 9 ! ev5+--,w9d[s %\ld always l[] f ! top--,to make air move 9 ! summ] is ! great desid]atum--,:5 9 motion ! cold air falls & w>m air rises2 :5 at re/1 x is arrang$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 accord+ to temp]ature--,a flue is simply a passage = air ( diff]5t temp]atures--,exp]im5ts ) flues ( diff]5t temp]atures--,expansion ( air by heat--,weight requir$ to keep x f exp&+--,heat+ air weak5s x in/ead ( giv+ x p[]--,exp]im5ts %[+ draughts by light$ c&les--,v5tilation ( *ur*es--,illu/rations n exagg]at$--,exam9ation ( *ur* 9 neighborhood--,fre% air tak5 f f\l cell>--,no fre% air suppli$ to *ur*es us$ z hospitals 9 ,wa%+ton--,dep5d+ on a %am v5tilator pa9t$ on ! solid wall--,f\l air 9 ,philadelphia s*ools--,new ,york public s*ools--,_m ( ! v5tilators p]fect %ams--,cov]$ up air-tight by ! capp+ /ones--,importance ( ! evaporation ( wat]--,a /rong fire 9 basem5t w draw gas out ( second /ory /ove--,a /rong fire up /airs w draw f\l gases f untrapp$ sew]s--,a v heal?y location may ?us be made v unheal?y--,drs4 ,palm]1 ,=d & ,e>le's report ( epidemic at ,maple ,wood ,in/itute--,an arrangem5t = v5tilation t ought to be 9 e h\se--,flues g5]ally too small1 especially 9 ,philadelphia--,v l>ge ones put 9 gov]nm5t hospitals1 :i* prov$ ?or\ghly effici5t--,! lead+ po9ts 9 reg>d to heat+--,! fre% air mu/ be w>m$ be=e ent]+ 9 w9t]--,a hot wat] furnace requires additional moi/ure--,heat+ by /eam--,/eam-pipes ought to be laid ?r\gh ! /reet ! same z gas & wat]--,two-?irds ( heat+ surface %\ld be = heat+ ! fre% air & "o ?ird = direct radiation--,=ty p\nds ( wat] requir$ to be evaporat$ e m9ute = ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ate ,*amb]--,all /oves %\ld h fre%-air boxes--,damp]s 9 fre% air-boxes n good--,exp]i5ce has fully demon/rat$ t c>eful att5tion to ^! ?+s w be amply rew>d$ by increas$ heal?1 /r5g?1 happ9ess & longevity4 ,,page #ca ,article relat+ to ! ,gr& ,prize aw>d$ to ,hospital ,v5tilation & o!r ,sanit>y arrangem5ts1 ,p>is ,exhibition4 ,,page #ea ,,lectures ,,on ,,v5tilation4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,philadelphia is "o ( ! heal?ie/ cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( its inhabitants1 few m heal?y cities exi/ 9 ! _w4 ,?is is n ow+ especially to its m salubri\s situation1 b %\ld be attribut$1 9 a great measure1 to ! accid5tal sup]iority ( ! v5tilation ( a l>ge proportion ( its dwell+-h\ses4 ,not)/&+ ?is comp>ative excell5ce1 ! !ory ( v5tilation is n s ?or\ghly und]/ood1 nor is ! practice s p]fect1 ev5 9 ?is city1 t no advantage c be ga9$ by fur!r k ^u ! subject4 ,f> f x4 ,f ! v be/ in=mation we c comm&1 & ) ! mo/ accurate /ati/ics at our disposal1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ( all ! dea?s t are con/antly occurr+ are due to ! influ5ce ( f\l air4 ,! ,regi/r> ( ,records ( ,new ,york gives ne>ly half ! dea?s 9 t city z result+ f ?is cause4 ,! dea?s 9 ?is city = #ahfe1 accord+ to ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 7 sev5te5 ?\s& "o hundr$ & sixty-n9e2 ! av]age age ( ^? :o di$ 0 betwe5 tw5ty-?ree & tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,x ought to h be5 twice t1 z %[n by "s di/ricts 9 ! city & also 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ! h\ses are s arrang$ t !y frequ5tly h good v5tilation4 ,tak+ ! dea?s caus$ by f\l air at a v l[ e/imate1 say =ty p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 7! p] c5tage f t cause is n s great z 9 ,new ,york17 we h six ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty-eight dea?s 9 ?is city1 caus$ alone by impure air1 9 "o ye>4 ,x is e/imat$ by physicians t !re are f tw5ty-five to ?irty days ( sickness to e dea? occurr+2 !re w\ld !re=e be some?+ l two hundr$ ?\s& days ( sickness annually z an effect ( f\l air4 ,we all "k h[ v exp5sive sickness is1 b few p]sons realize ! enorm\s aggregate exp5se ( unnecess>y sickness 9 a city l ,philadelphia4#a ,?is subject has awak5$ mu* int]e/ 9 ,europe ( late ye>s1 & has l$ to ! exp5diture ( imm5se sums ( money1 = ! purpose ( improv+ ! sanit>y condition ( its cities4 ,dr4 ,hut*9son e/imat$ ! loss to ! city ( ,london1 gr[+ out ( prev5table dea?s & sickness1 at tw5ty millions ( doll>s annually1 & ,mr4 ,mansfield e/imates ! loss f ?is cause to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at two hundr$ & fifty millions ( doll>s4 ,9 ! s+le ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 an e/imate exhibits an annual loss ( ov] sixty millions ( doll>s by ! premature dea? ( p]sons ov] fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,x is e/imat$ t a few only ( ! pr9cipal items ( exp5se incurr$ by prev5table sickness 9 ! city ( ,new ,york am\nt to ov] five millions ( doll>s annually4 ,& if x is ?\ght t ,philadelphia is exempt f su* enorm\s unnecess>y exp5se1 j glance at ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? = la/ ye>1 & see h[ ! dea?s f disease ( ! lungs l>gely exce$ ^? f any o!r disease4 ,consumption is almo/ entirely ! result ( brea?+ impure air1--x is z prev5table by ! exclusive use ( pure air z maniaa potuor drunk5ness is by ! exclusive use ( pure wat]4 ,& see1 too1 :at slaught] among ! innoc5ts--ov] tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! :ole dea?s 7 "u "o ye> ( age4 ,! infantile mortality is by _m consid]$ ! mo/ delicate sanit>y te/4 ,b :y does su* an intellig5t community z ?is s neglect its own int]e/8 ,!y h li/5$ to & satisfi$ ! fir/ imp]ative dem&s ( nature--%elt] f ! elem5ts & w>m?1--& 9 do+ ?is !y h n br\ght into use t mu* high] ord] ( intellect :i* c alone tea* !m h[ to supply1 9 connection ) an agreeable w>m?1 an abundance ( pure air 9 _! o!rwise air-tight h\ses4 ,i h be5 mu* int]e/$ 9 exam9+ a l>ge collection ( tables ( ! analysis ( air1 :i* accompany a report to ,congress1 on ,w>m+ & ,v5tilat+ ! ,capitol1 prep>$ by ,?omas ,u4 ,walt]1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry & ,dr4 ,we!rill4 ,^! tables 7 made by m5 ( v>i\s nations1 giv+ ! results ( _! analysis ( air tak5 f all mann] ( places1 f great elevations on ! m\nta9s & 9 balloons1 f ! valleys1 f ! c5tre ( ! ocean1 & f ! middle ( ! cont95t1 9 cities & 9 ! c\ntry1 9 w9t] & 9 summ]1 at night & 9 ! day1 & also ! comp>ative analysis ( ! air out ( doors & 9 h\ses4 ,believ+ t ^! w\ld be ( mu* int]e/ & assi/ance to u 9 ! inve/igation ( ! subject "u consid]ation1 ,i h _h copies made ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,^! give ! p] c5tage ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air z ! te/ ( ! am\nt ( impurities 9 x4 ,?is is n an infallible te/ by any means--!re are v>i\s o!r causes ( det]ioration4 ,!re is ! exhau/ion ( ! oxyg5 con/antly occurr+ to support combu/ion & animal life2 !re are v>i\s o!r delet]i\s products ( combu/ion & respiration besides c>bonic acid4 ,b1 z c>bonic acid is always f\nd 9 c]ta9 kn[n proportions 9 pure air1 & is always =m$ 9 c]ta9 kn[n quantities by respiration or combu/ion1 x is consid]$ by _m to give a v fair indication ( ! condition ( ! atmosph]e ) ref]5ce to its influ5ce on animal life or combu/ion4 ,i ?9k "o ( ! mo/ valuable lessons to be le>n$ by ! /udy ( ^! tables is ! uni=m purity ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e all ov] ! _w1 ev5 9 l>ge cities4 ,?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! analysis ( ! air 9 ! city ( ,man*e/]4 ,we h no?+ 9 ?is c\ntry l t city1 :]e two millions ( tons ( coal are burn$ annually1 ! smoke f :i* fills ! air & /ret*es l a black cl\d f> into ! c\ntry4 ,?us1 add$ to ! five hundr$ tons ( c>bonic acid ?r[n f ! lungs ( its animal life e day1 are _m times t am\nt1 7"s two ?\s& tons17 daily1 p\r+ out f its =e/ ( factory *imneys4 ,to ?is city 7 ! labors ( ! ,heal? ( ,t[ns ,commission fir/ direct$1 to see if !y c\ld n f9d 9 ! air ( its /reets t my/]i\s influ5ce t has caus$ su* al>m ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 z ! ?\ghtful & intellig5t sanit>ian sees "o-half ( all 8 fell[-citiz5s hurri$ to untimely graves4 ,!y 7 disappo9t$1 & well might ,dr4 ,smi? exclaim1 aft] ! mo/ ?or\gh & c>eful inve/igations1 ,h[ insignificant are ! works ( art 9 contam9at+ t va/ ocean ( air t is con/antly sweep+ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?6 ,b d n be disc\rag$3 m rec5t inve/igations h discov]$ ! :]eab\ts ( ?is pe/il5tial brea?4 ,i h plac$ ! table ( ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?'s analysis ( ! air ( ,man*e/] at ! head ( ! li/1 & h copi$ x complete1 because x is ! only table t ,i h exam9$ ( ! analysis ( ! air ( t[ns 9 ,europe or ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 :i* !re occurs an am\nt ( c>bonic acid exce$+ t5 p>ts 9 t5 ?\s&4 ,"h we see ?ree su* cases 9 ! tw5ty-eight exp]im5ts1 "o t51 "o twelve & "o fifte54 ,! av]age ( ! :ole is also great] ?an 9 any o!r simil> tables1 be+ ab\t sev5 & a half p>ts 9 t5 ?\s&4 ,?is is c]ta9ly q a p]ceptible contam9ation1 pure air conta9+ f\r or f\r & a half p>ts 9 t5 ?\s&4 ,yet consid]able z ?is appe>s 9 ?is view1 ! additional am\nt ( c>bonic acid is only ! proportion t w\ld be add$ to ! air1 if un*ang$1 ( a room fifte5 feet squ>e & t5 feet high1 by a fa!r1 "m & ?ree *ildr51 ) a gas-light1 9 sev5 m9utes4 ,& ?is1 probably1 is ! highe/ av]age contam9ation t is produc$ by artificial means ^u ! air ( any city 9 ! _w4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 great natural causes :i* affect ! air ( :ole c\ntries1 su* z ! decomposition ( great masses ( vegetable matt] simil> to t occurr+ on ! l[ flat l&s along riv]s1 especially :]e !y ov]fl[ _! banks1 l ! ,ohio & ,mississippi4 ,! be/ sy/em ( v5tilation1 z applicable to ?is k9d ( f\l air1 is to keep z f> out ( its rea* z possible4 ,! o!r tables giv+ ! analysis ( ! air ( ,london1 ,p>is1 ,madrid1 ,g5eva1 ,bolton1 ,engl&1 at diff]5t elevations on ! m\nta9s1 on ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,wa%+ton ,city & v>i\s o!r places1 are int]e/+ only because !y %[ s great a uni=mity 9 ! c>bonic acid1 seldom exce$+ six p>ts to ! t5 ?\s&1 & seldom "u f\r4 ,b n[ let u look ^u ! o!r side ( ! room4 ,"h we h tables giv+ ! c>bonic acid 9 h\ses4 ,"h we w f9d v diff]5t results4 ,b ! fir/ is a gre5-h\se2 9 t !re is no trace ( c>bonic acid 9 ! ev5+ & sc>cely a trace 9 ! morn+4 ,plants1 y "k1 absorb ! c>bonic acid1 & give (f oxyg51 :ile animals absorb ! oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic acid1 ?us keep+ up ! equilibrium 9 nature1 z is s beautifully %[n 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,plants are g5]ally suppos$ to give (f c>bonic acid at night1 b x mu/ be 9 v small quantities4 ,i consid] !m v conducive to heal? 9 a liv+-room1 morally & physically4 ,b ?is want ( c>bonic acid does n la/ long4 ,! next is ,m4 ,dumas' lecture-room4 ,at comm5cem5t ( lecture #db4e1 & at close ( lecture #fg p>ts 9 t5 ?\s&4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k we are on ! "r track = discov]+ t my/]i\s poison t has c>ri$ s _m ( our fri5ds to _! graves1 ev5 9 ! v prime ( life4 ,"h we h dormitories1 #eb2 d41 #cg2 asylum1 #ag2 s*ool-room1 #cj2 d41 #ef2 ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 #af2 ,op]a ,comique1 p>t]re1 #ae2 d41 ceil+1 #bh2 /able1 #g2 d41 #ad2 hospital1 ,madrid1 #cj2 d41 d41 #dc2 air ( b$-room on ris+ 9 ! morn+1 #dh2 ! same aft] be+ v5tilat$ two h\rs1 #af2 railroad c>1 #cd2 work%op1 ,muni*1 #ai2 full room1 d41 #bb2 lecture-room1 #cb2 be]-saloon1 #di2 & wor/ ( all is a well-fill$ s*ool-room1 #gb p>ts ( c>bonic acid 9 #aj1jjj4 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is en\gh4 ,"h we h ! solution ( ! :ole my/]y4 ,x is n 9 ! ext]nal atmosph]e t we mu/ look = ! greate/ impurities1 b x is 9 our own h\ses t ! blight+1 )]+ curse ( f\l air is to be f\nd4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! conclusion t our own brea? is our greate/ enemy4 ,! ,heal? ( ,t[ns ,commission1 9 _! inve/igations1 aft] exam9+ v>i\s trades1 :]e ! employees 7 conf9$ mo/ly 9 h\ses1 & hav+ left ! scav5g]s to ! la/1 expect+ to f9d a ri* h>ve/ ( mortality among !m1 7 mu* surpris$ to f9d !m m heal?y ?an _m v clean occupations1 b :i* 7 conduct$ 9 h\ses in/ead ( 9 ! op5 air4 ,i h n ! /ati/ics be=e me1 b ,i %\ld n be surpris$ to le>n t t s+ul> race ( be+s t live 9 ! sew]s ( ,p>is 7 z heal?y1 if n ev5 m s1 ?an ! op]atives ( "s ( ^? exquisitely beautiful1 clean1 air-tight factories ( ,new ,engl&4 ,!re 0 q an acc\nt made a few ye>s ago ( ! wond]ful cures ( consumption t _h be5 p]=m$ by ! pati5t be+ remov$ to ! /able :]e he c\ld be 9 close proximity to ! c[1 & ,i h no d\bt _m consumptive pati5ts w\ld f9d great b5efit by su* a c\rse ( treatm5t1 n t !re is any virtue 9 ! smell ( ! c[1 b t ! air ( ! c[-/able w\ld be ne>] pure ?an t ( _! own *amb]4 ,_m g or s5d _! families to ! c\ntry 9 summ] to get fre% air4 ,"s g to ! sea-side1 o!rs to ! m\nta9s2 b !re ensues a great] *ange 9 a few m9utes 9 a close b$-room by be+ occupi$ by a family ?an !re is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext]nal air ( any city & t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! reason :y cities are s mu* m unheal?y ?an ! c\ntry1 is n because ! air 9 ! /reet is s mu* m impure1 b because ! h\ses are s built toge!r t ?is va/ ocean ( air _c get at & ?r\gh !m to purify !m z x does 9 ! h\ses 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! reason :y ,philadelphia is s mu* m heal?y ?an its neighbor1 ,new ,york1 is because ! h\ses "h are built m l ^? ( ! c\ntry1 s t ! air c sweep all ar\nd !m1 & sometimes ?r\gh !m4 ,i !re=e believe1 t a family liv+ 9 ! fil?ie/ /reet 9 our city1 if !y 7 c>eful to h a con/ant curr5t ( air f t /reet1 fil?y z x 01 pass+ ?r\gh ! h\se at all times1 night & day1 w\ld be m heal?y1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ?an a family sp5d+ _! w9t]s 9 ! f9e/ h\se1 if kept air-tight1 9 ! heal?ie/ location 9 ! city1 & _! summ] 9 ! c\ntry1 especially if !y 7 always c>eful to exclude ! night air f _! b$-rooms4 ,i say night air2--!re is1 un=tunately1 an unnecess>y prejudice aga9/ :at is t]m$ night air1 :i* means1 ,i suppose1 fre% ext]nal air f ! d>k4 ,to %[ t ?is is n a new idea1 ,i w read a few l9es f ! writ+s ( a v accurate reason] & an em95tly practical me*anic & philosoph]1 "o :om ,i consid] ev5 n[ "o ( ! v be/ au?orities ^u ! subject ( heat+ & v5tilation4 ,i mean ! illu/ri\s man aft] :om ?is ,in/itute 0 nam$1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,9 8 lett] to ,dr4 ,+5haus1 physician to ! ,emp]or1 at ,vi5na1 he says3 99 99 99 99 = "s are z mu* afraid ( fre% air z p]sons 9 ! hydrophobia are ( fre% wat]4 ,i myself _h =m]ly ?is prejudice--?is a]ophobia1 z ,i n[ acc\nt x1--& dread+ ! suppos$ dang]\s effects ( cool air1 ,i consid]$ x an enemy1 & clos$ ) extreme c>e e crevice 9 ! rooms ,i inhabit$4 ,exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me ( my error4 ,i n[ look ^u fre% air z a fri5d3 ,i ev5 sleep ) an op5 w9d[4 ,i am p]suad$ t no common air f )\t is s un:olesome z ! air )9 a close room t has be5 (t5 brea!d & n *ang$4 ,moi/ air1 too1 :i* ,i =m]ly ?\ght p]nici\s1 gives me n[ no appreh5sions2 = consid]+ t no dampness ( air appli$ to ! outside ( my sk9 c be equal to :at is appli$ to & t\*es x )91 my :ole body be+ full ( moi/ure1 & f9d+ ,i c lie two h\rs 9 a ba? twice a week1 cov]$ ) wat]1 :i* c]ta9ly is mu* damp] ?an any air c be1 & ?is = ye>s toge!r1 )\t cat*+ cold1 or be+ 9 any o!r mann] disord]$ by x1 ,i no long] dread m]e moi/ure1 ei!r 9 air1 or 9 %eets or %irts2 & ,i f9d x ( importance to ! happ9ess ( life1 ! be+ fre$ f va9 t]rors1 especially ( objects t we are e day expos$ inevitably to meet )4 ,y physicians h ( late happily discov]$1 aft] a contr>y op9ion _h prevail$ "s ages1 t fre% & cool air does good to p]sons 9 ! small-pox & o!r fev]s4 ,x is to be hop$1 t 9 ano!r c5tury or two we may all f9d out t x is n bad ev5 = p 9 heal?4 ,& z to moi/ air1 "h ,i am at ?is pres5t writ+ 9 a %ip ) above =ty p]sons1 :o h _h no o!r b moi/ air to brea! = six weeks pa/2 ev]y?+ we t\* is damp1 & no?+ dries1 yet we are all z heal?y z we %\ld be on ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&1 ^: inhabitants are n m s ?an ^? ( ,b]muda or ,/4 ,hel5a1 isl&s on ^: rocks ! waves are da%$ into millions ( p>ticles1 :i* fill ! air ) damp1 b produce no diseases1 ! moi/ure be+ pure1 unmix$ ) ! poison\s vapors aris+ f putrid m>%es & /agnant pools1 9 :i* _m insects die & corrupt ! wat]4 ,^! places only1 9 my op9ion1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i submit to y\rs17 af=d un:olesome air2 & t x is n ! m]e wat] conta9$ 9 damp air1 b ! volatile p>ticles ( corrupt$ animal matt] mix$ ) t wat]1 :i* r5d]s su* air p]nici\s to ^? :o brea! x2 & ,i imag9e x a cause ( ! same k9d t r5d]s ! air 9 close rooms1 :]e ! p]spirable matt] is brea!d ov] & ov] aga9 by a numb] ( assembl$ p1 s hurtful to heal?4 ,aft] be+ 9 su* a situation _m p f9d !mselves affect$ by t febricula1 :i* ! ,engli% alone call a cold1 &1 p]haps1 f t "n1 imag9e !y h caught ! malady by go+ out ( ! room1 :5 x 01 9 fact1 by be+ 9 x4 ,n[1 to %[ t 8 hopes h n yet be5 fully realiz$1 al?\gh "o c5tury has ne>ly clos$ s9ce he wrote :at ,i h j read1 & ?is unnecess>y & un=tunate prejudice aga9/ night air /ill prevails ext5sively1 ,i w read a few l9es f ! highe/ public m$ical au?ority 9 ?is city4 ,x is ! in/ructions ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? = ! prev5tion ( *ol]a = #ahff3 ,,article--,,v5tilation4 ,y\r premises1 p>ticul>ly sleep+ ap>tm5ts & cell>s1 %\ld be ?or\ghly v5tilat$4 ,v5tilation is no less a purifi] ?an wat]4 ,x cleanses by oxidiz+ & dry+4 ,keep y\r h\ses op5 & y\r w9d[s hoi/$ dur+ ! day 9 good wea!r1 & f t5 o'clock until f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 t !y may h ! full b5efit ( sunlight & free circulation ( pure air4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ h\rs ( ! day1 & ?r\gh ! night1 keep ! w9d[s clos$4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cool or ra9y1 be sure to keep a fire 9 ! h\se1 9 ord] to prev5t dampness1 or 9 sp>sely settl$ neighborhoods1 or 9 ! suburbs ( ! city1 h a fire 9 ! h\se ! entire season4 ,on page #i we read3 ,be c>eful to dress com=tably = ! season1 avoid ! night air z mu* z possible1 & :5 ?us expos$1 put on an extra g>m5t & d n g into ! night air :5 9 a /ate ( p]spiration4 ,?us1 :ile recogniz+ ! great value & importance ( v5tilation 9 a g5]al way1 !y give ! mo/ def9ite in/ructions = ?or\ghly & mo/ effectually prev5t+ x1 because x is at night1 especially :5 we are asleep & _c move f ! air1 t ! air ought to be mov$ f u4 ,! frequ5t recomm5dations to avoid night air are simply recomm5dations to smo!r ourselves to dea?1 because ! f\l1 poison\s exhalations f our lungs _c be remov$ f our *amb]s )\t be+ replac$ by night air2 !re is no o!r fre% air at night b night air4 ,! recomm5dation to build a fire 9 ! h\se on cool days1 & 9 l[ m>%y di/ricts e day 9 ! ye>1 is an excell5t "o4 ,! recomm5dations to dress w>mly & to avoid *eck+ a p]spiration sudd5ly1 are valuable sugge/ions & too mu* att5tion _c be paid to !m4 ,b !y are ( equally great importance 9 ref]5ce to day air z to night air4 ,to %elt] oneself f ! sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature aft] sund[n is an animal in/9ct1 & a v necess>y "o1 :i* is /rongly implant$ 9 man & bea/ alike4 ,! h>m comes f ! fact ( s intellig5t & intellectual a body z ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,philadelphia enc\rag+ ! accompli%m5t ( ?is v desirable object1 by ?w>t+ t great univ]sal law ( our ,creator1 ! ceaseless agitation ( ! air by :i* x purifies itself1 7& by :i* p]v]sion ( nature's laws millions are already be+ kill$ unnecess>ily e ye>17 in/ead ( _! enc\rag+ its accompli%m5t 9 t mu* m heal?y & rational way by add+ m clo?+ or m fuel to ! fire1 & /ill cont9u+ to brea! ! pure air at night z well z 9 ! day-"t4 ,i h practis$ = _m ye>s sleep+ ) my w9d[s op5 e night1 summ] & w9t]1 all[+ ! unob/ruct$ breeze to fl[ across my b$1 to ! great improvem5t ( my heal? & /r5g?4 ,!re is no objection 9 a well v5tilat$ room to hav+ a fire if desir$4 ,a small room ) a hot /ove or op5 fire & ! w9d[s op51 is mu* m :olesome ?an a l>ge air-tight room freez+ cold4 ,let u illu/rate ?is by a simple exp]im5t4 ,"h we h a v small tube1 9 :i* we place a light$ c&le1 occupy+ ne>ly ! entire space--?is burns brightly1 y see4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,"h we h ano!r glass *amb]1 mu* h&som] & tw5ty times z l>ge2 we also place a simil> c&le 9 x1 t burns ) equal brightness1 b wat* !m bo? = a few mom5ts--see h[ rapidly ?is light 9 ! l>ge *amb] dim9i%es 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,t repres5ts1 9 a beautiful mann]1 ! dim9i%$ =ce ( y\r life 9 an air-tight room4 ,!re x goes--entirely ext+ui%$ by f\l air 9 s %ort a "t1 b ! o!r cont9ues to burn j z brightly z :5 fir/ light$4 ,! small] "o _h ! w9d[ op51 s to speak2 we w imag9e ! c&le 9 ! l>ge *amb] to be a consumptive pati5t :o ?\ght ! room s l>ge he did n ne$ ! w9d[s op54 ,rememb]1 !re=e1 t no matt] h[ small y\r room is1 if !re is a con/ant circulation ( fre% air ?r\gh x1 ! lamp ( y\r life w burn brightly2 b if ev] s l>ge & air-tight1 y\r life w soon be ext+ui%$4 ,in/ead ( av]t+ ! *ol]a by avoid+ fre% air at night1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ summ] seems to h taught u j ! contr>y2 = :il/ mo/ physicians admit t !y are /ill unable to expla9 satisfactorily1 ! cause or rem$y = ?is mo/ my/]i\s disease1 t has )9 a lifetime c>ri$ its fifty millions ( victims f "t to et]nity1 !y almo/ univ]sally believe x is a f\l air poison1 & !y h z yet f\nd no sur] prev5tion ?an pure air4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations ( ?is1 & p]haps "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful cures ( *ol]a on record1 0 t ( ! ,new ,york ,workh\se on ,blackwell's ,isl&4 ,x la/$ only n9e days1 b 9 t brief p]iod "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree out ( eight hundr$ inmates di$4 ,i visit$ ! build+ ) ,dr4 ,hamilton1 on ! ?ird day aft] its appe>ance1 b ! hospital !n conta9$ sixty or sev5ty pati5ts1 & "s tw5ty-five or ?irty _h di$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,dr4 ,hamilton attribut$ ! rapid propagation & fatality ( ! disease1 aft] x once _h ga9$ admission1 ma9ly to conf9em5t & cr[d+4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ! *ol]a 0 conf9$1 = sev]al days1 among ! wom52 ! wom5 _h ! smalle/ ap>tm5ts1 7 mo/ cr[d$ 9 _! cells1 & ) few exceptions1 7 employ$ )9 ! build+1 9 close contact ) ea* o!r dur+ ! day4 ,! m5 7 employ$ mo/ly 9 ! qu>ries & out ( doors4 ,! doctor's prescription on t occasion is wor? /udy+4 ,x is v %ort & simple1 h[ev]4 ,a slight *ange 0 made 9 ! diet2 dis9fectants 7 us$2 fifte5 drops ( ! t9cture ( capsicum ) an ounce ( :isky1 z a /imulant at night1 0 all ! m$ic9e giv5 to ea* individual4 ,b ! great means ! doctor reli$ ^u = success1 0 pure air all ! "t4 ,!y 7 kept out ( doors f morn+ until night1 & all ! w9d[s 7 kept op5 night & day2 & al?\gh 9 ! hot wea!r ( summ]1 fire 0 made 9 ! w>ds1 to insure m p]fect v5tilation4 ,9 six days aft] ! initiation ( ^! simple hygi5ic measures1 ! epidemic entirely disappe>$4 ,! disord]s & sickness caus$ by ! too rapid *ill+ ( ! unprotect$ body aft] sund[n1 h giv5 rise1 ,i h no d\bt1 to t errone\s popul> prejudice s common among all classes1 ev5 ^? ( education & ord9>ily good common s5se1 :o imag9e !re is "s peculi> poison or s\rce ( unheal?9ess 9 ! air at night1 t is n conta9$ 9 ! air 9 ! day-"t4 ,x w no d\bt greatly relieve ! m9ds ( ^! f su* va9 t]rors1 & prove mo/ conclusively ! entire fallacy ( su* reason+1 to exam9e ^! tables aga94 ,9 ! copies ,i h made1 ,i h n classifi$ ! results giv5 by day & by night1 b a c>eful exam9ation 9 detail1 fails to %[ any appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! aggregate1 by day or by night4 ,m5e's num]\s exp]im5ts on ! air 9 ,p>is1 gave less c>bonic acid at night ?an 9 ! day-"t4 ,lewey's analysis on ! ,atlantic ocean1 "o ?\s& miles f ! coa/1 gave a decid$ excess 9 ! day ov] t ( ! night4 ,he attributes ?is to ! action ( ! sunlight ^u ! ocean lib]at+ ! gases :i* x holds 9 solution4 ,9 cities !re is a mu* l>g] quantity giv5 (f f burn+ coals ( factories 9 ! day-"t ?an at night4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t ! m rapid evaporation ( moi/ure t[>ds ev5+ may c>ry ) x ! volatile p>ticles ( corrupt$ animal & vegetable matt] to an ext5t slightly 9 excess ( t :i* occurs 9 ! morn+1 b x is believ$ ^! w\ld n equal ! great] contam9ation f burn+ coals1 & ! usually great] /illness ( ! air1 produc+ p>tial /agnation1 s t ! air w\ld be a little ne>] pure at night ?an 9 ! day-"t4 ,& h[ unmi/akably d all ^! inve/igations prove :at we ought to h kn[n & accept$ )\t a mom5t's hesitation1 t ! ,creator1 :o has made su* va/ & su* m9ute provisions = supply+ e liv+ creature ) a con/ant & copi\s supply ( fre% air1 & has made x s important = _! exi/5ce t !y _c live a mom5t )\t x1 has made ! air at night j z pure & :olesome z 9 ! day-"t4 ,we h ?us trac$ ! sc\rge ( f\l air to our h\ses1 & mu* ( x to our b$-rooms4 ,! next "q is1 h[ to get cle> ( x4 ,we want to "k1 h[ev]1 :at poisons ! air1 s z to "k 9 :at "p ( ! room x is to be f\nd4 ,we w try a v simple exp]im5t1 to %[ y :at a deadly poison ! brea? is1--to ! flame ( a c&le1 at any rate4 ,"h is a simple glass tube1 op5 at bo? ends--an ord9>y lamp *imney--a c&le burns freely z y see1 & w\ld burn s all night1 if x did n burn out4 ,i w n[ remove ! c&le1 & brea! into ! tube ?r\gh ?is pipe1 & n[ y see h[ sudd5ly ! c&le is ext+ui%$ z ,i drop x 9 aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,animals are kill$ sudd5ly or aft] a m prolong$ /ruggle1 by ! exhal$ brea?1 accord+ to ! activity or sluggi%ness ) :i* ! blood circulates--a bird w\ld be kill$ v soon--"s p>tially torpid animals w\ld live a long "t4 ,man has great endurance--/ruggles long & h>d2 b if closely conf9$1 w be poison$ to dea? 9 "o night1 z 9 ! case ( ^? conf9$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta1 & on bo>d ( vessels :]e !y h be5 conf9$ bel[ decks 9 "t ( a /orm4 ,o!rs w /ruggle on long]1 z 9 ! case ( ! two ?\s& & tw5ty-six :o di$ ( consumption la/ ye>1 9 ,philadelphia4 ,& n[ let u see 9 :i* "p ( ! room ?is deadly poison ( our brea? is mo/ly f\nd4 ,x is ! popul> idea1 t because ! body1 & consequ5tly ! brea?1 is w>m] ?an ! ord9>y temp]ature ( a room1 x rises & accumulates at ! ceil+4 ,^u ?is !ory mo/ ( our build+s h be5 v5tilat$ :5ev] any att5tion :atev] has be5 giv5 to ! subject2 b t !ory is incorrect2 consequ5tly1 all practice bas$ !reon is also wrong4 ,?is subject ( ! direction tak5 by ! brea? ^u leav+ ! body1 has be5 w>mly discuss$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,x has be5 a v difficult matt] to prove conclusively & satisfactorily1 b ,i ?9k we h devis$ "s v simple exp]im5ts t w prove to y v cle>ly :at we h /at$4 ,i h "h a simple glass tube two feet long & "o & a half in* int]ior diamet]2 "o end is clos$ ) a rubb] diaphragm1 ?r\gh :i* is pass$ a small rubb] tube--! o!r end is all op54 ,we w re/ ?is ab\t horizontal1 & tak+ a little smoke 9 ! m\?1 x w be dis*>g$ ) ! brea? into ! glass tube2 x is fir/ ?r[n t[>ds ! top1 b x soon falls1 & n[ see x fl[+ along ! bottom ( ! tube l wat]--wat* x z x rea*es ! f> end--!re1 see x fall almo/ l wat]4 ,illu/ration ,n[1 by rais+ ! clos$ end ( ! pipe1 y see we c p\r x all out1 & by fill+ x aga9 & rais+ ! o!r end1 x falls back4 ,?us y see t1 not)/&+ ! extra w>m? 9 ! brea?1 x is heavi] ?an ! atmosph]e1 & falls to ! floor ( an ord9>y room l ?is1 say1 :5 ! temp]ature is f #fj deg4 to #gj deg44 ,?is is ow+ to ! c>bonic acid & moi/ure conta9$ 9 x4 ,i h v>i$ ?is exp]im5t 9 a numb] ( ways1 by pass+ x ?r\gh small] tubes & dis*>g+ x into ! air 9 "o or two seconds aft] leav+ ! lungs1 & by pass+ x ?r\gh wat] ( v>i\s temp]atures1 & dis*>g+ x into rooms ( diff]5t temp]atures1 ) ! same g5]al results4 ,z ! temp]ature ( ! air dim9i%es1 ! t5d5cy ( ! dis*>g$ brea? to rise increases4 ,mu* c>e is requir$ 9 conduct+ ^! exp]im5ts1 to avoid z mu* z possible1 ! local curr5ts :i* are always pres5t 9 a room4 ,?is is a v important fact to be borne 9 m9d2 yet not)/&+ ?is1 !re are times1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 9 :i* ! f\l air w be f\nd 9 excess at ! top ( ! room4 ,= ! fur!r exam9ation ( ?is subject1 we h "h a little glass-h\se ) glass *imneys & fire-place 9 ! fir/ & second /ories4 ,illu/ration ,z ! flame ( a c&le is su* a beautiful emblem ( human life1 we w remove ! ro( & "p ( ! floor ( ! second /ory1 & place f\r c&les 9 our h\se4 ,!y are all ( diff]5t heights1 y see4 ,we w call !m a fa!r1 "m & two *ildr54 ,z c>bonic acid is t mu* dread$ poison 9 our brea?1 & ! heavy portion ( x :i* causes x to fall to ! floor1 we w make a little by plac+ a few scraps ( common m>ble 9 ?is glass vessel1 & p\r+ ov] x "s sulphuric acid4 ,x is n[ =m+1 & w fall & fl[ across ! floor ! same z c>bonic acid does :5 x p\rs into a basem5t f ! gutt]s on ! /reet or fil?y y>ds :]e x is =m$1 & be=e x is absorb$ or dilut$ by ! curr5t ( pure air sweep+ ov] !m4 ,x fir/ kills ! smalle/ *ild1 because x is ne>e/ ! floor4 ,y rememb] ! excessive infantile mortality 9 ?is city 9 #ahfe4 ,?is is p>tially ow+ to _! brea?+ m ( ?is f\l air ne> ! floor1 & p>tially ow+ to ! great fe> ( _! mo!rs & nurses1 ( lett+ ! little innoc5ts get a brea? ( fre% air = fe> x w give !m colic1 & consequ5tly !y smo!r !m to dea?4 ,! o!r *ild dies next1 & !n ! "m1 & la/ly ! fa!r4 ,?\s&s are ?us poison$ to dea? by _! own brea? e ye>4 ,b did y ev] see a physician's c]tificate t gave y any su* idea8 ,:y d n ! doctors tell ! liv+1 9 su* language z !y c und]/&1 :at kill$ _! fri5ds1 s !y may avoid x 9 _! own case1 in/ead ( giv+ x 9 "s ,lat9 t]ms :i* ,i fe> _m int]pret to mean "s special disp5sation ( ,div9e ,provid5ce in/ead ( ! true cause--_! utt] disreg>d ( ! laws _! ,creator made = ! pres]vation ( _! heal?8 ,_h ?is family kn[n en\gh ab\t v5tilation to h kept ! fire-place op51 ) a little fire 9 x n[ & !n1 !y w\ld n h be5 ?us kill$4 ,let u see--we w take out ! fire-bo>d :i* has be5 put 9 to make ! room look a little neat]1 & ) a v small light !re to create a draft 9 ! *imney4 ,we w aga9 light ! c&les1 & p\r 9 ! poison\s brea?4 ,ah6 !re goes ! little "o--he is h>dly high en\gh to keep out ( t deadly curr5t fl[+ across ! floor4 ,we %all h to let x 9 a little sl[]1 or we w set him on a plat=m1 z _m p]sons :o h c>efully /udi$ ?is subject1 consid] x judici\s to d4 ,n[1 by ! smoke f ?is tap]1 y c see ! air is fl[+ across ! floor & up ! *imney4 ,!re has be5 a /eady curr5t fl[+ 9 long en\gh to h fill$ ! h\se1 b ! lights are all burn+ brightly1 & y ?us see ! value ( an op5 fire-place = v5tilation4 ,?\s&s ( lives are ?us sav$1 & _m m w\ld be if all fire-places 7 kept op54 ,i h recomm5d$ hundr$s ( fire-bo>ds to be cut up = k9dl+-wood1 z ,i consid] ?is is ! be/ use t c be made ( all fire-bo>ds4 ,nev] /op up a fire-place 9 w9t] or summ]1 :]e any liv+ be+ /ays night or day4 ,x w\ld be ab\t z absurd to take a piece ( elegantly t9t$ c\rt-pla/] & /op up ! nose1 tru/+ to ! accid5tal op5+ & %utt+ ( ! m\? = fre% air1 because y ?\ght x spoil$ ! looks ( y\r face s to h two su* great ugly-look+ holes 9 x1 z x is to /op y\r fire-place ) elegantly t9t$ pap] because y ?9k x looks bett]4 ,if y are s =tunate z to h a fire-place 9 y\r room1 pa9t x :5 n 9 use2 put a b\quet ( fre% fl[]s 9 e morn+1 if y please1 or d any?+ to make x attractive2 b nev] close x4 ,n[1 !re are o!r conditions 9 :i* a fire-place or an op5+ ne> ! floor1 w n answ] = v5tilation4 ,?is occurs 9 rooms :]e ! air is made impure by burn+ lamps or gas1 & :]e ! fre% air ent]+ ! room is cool] ?an ! temp]ature ( ! room itself4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 we w put ! ro( on & take ! entire floor away1 or z x w be a little m conv5i5t1 we w repres5t x by ?is glass-h\se1 us+ ?is %ade = t purpose4 ,illu/ration ,?is is support$ "s six in*es f ! floor1 & has no bottom4 ,by light+ ano!r c&le & /&+ x outside1 y c judge by comp>ison1 ( ! f\lness ( ! air inside4 ,! talle/ "o is affect$ fir/1 ?is "t4 ,y see t is a p]fectly =m$ light1 b x gives b ab\t half ! light ! "o does on ! outside2 ?is is ! way ) _m ( u :o are oblig$ to1 or r d1 brea! f\l air half ! "t4 ,we (t5 ?9k1 by comp>+ ourselves ) o!rs ar\nd u1 t we are pretty fair specim5s ( humanity1 :ile really we d n give m ?an half ! light 9 ! _w t we ought to d1 & kill ourselves be=e our "w is half done4 ,y see ! two talle/ are dead already1 & ! o!rs w soon foll[--!re !y g4 ,"h is ! bottom ( ! h\se remov$1 & yet ^! c&les all w5t out = want ( fre% air4 ,!re=e1 :5 we see ! air is made impure by burn+ c&les or gas lights1 ow+ to its exce$+ heat1 ! f\l air is mo/ly at ! top ( ! room1 & especially :5 ! fre% air ent]s cool] ?an ! air 9 ! room4 ,we w f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 a v few m9utes ! c&les w relight long be=e ! conta9$ air or ! glass %ade cools d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,! products ( combu/ion1 l ^? ( respiration1 are heavi] ?an ! ord9>y atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly fall to ! floor v soon if n remov$ :ile v hot1 by special op5+s imm$iately ov] !m 9 ! ceil+2 aft] x has ?us fall51 provision mu/ be made = its removal f ! level ( ! floor1 9 connection ) ! f\l air f ! brea?4 ,i hope t by ^! few simple exp]im5ts1 & ! /ati/ics pres5t$ "h ?is ev5+1 we h /r5g!n$ y\r previ\s convictions ( ! importance ( fre% air1 because we are well aw>e t y w f9d1 z y proce$ 9 y\r inve/igations ( ?is subject1 t x is frequ5tly surr\nd$ ) complications2 yet ! laws gov]n+ ! circulation ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures1 are z fix$ & immovable z ! laws gov]n+ ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 & ) a v little c>eful inve/igation1 c be easily und]/ood4 ,& we believe no simil> am\nt ( money or ?\ght1 w produce a great] am\nt ( satisfaction ?an ! increas$ heal?1 /r5g? & happ9ess ?us secur$4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,z ,i /at$ 9 our la/ lecture1 mu* int]e/ is be+ awak5$1 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 by rec5t inve/igations %[+ ! enorm\s numb]s ( untimely dea?s t are caus$ ?r\gh\t all classes ( society by f\l air4 ,x w\ld h be5 a />tl+ ann\ncem5t1 t5 ye>s ago1 to h /at$ t impure air caus$ z _m dea?s1 & z mu* sickness1 z all o!r causes comb9$1 & yet ! mo/ dilig5t & accurate inve/igations are rapidly approa*+ t conclusion4 ,few really compreh5d ! imm5se pecuni>y loss1 to say no?+ ( ! am\nt ( suff]+1 t we endure by ?is extra & easily prev5tible am\nt ( sickness4 ,i propose1 ?is ev5+1 to ent] ^u ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( our subject--! effect produc$ by ,,heat ^u ! movem5ts ( air4 ,i ?9k x probable t _m ( u d n compreh5d ! actual reality ( ! air4 ,we are apt to say ( a room t has no c>pet & furniture 9 x1 t x has no?+ 9 x1 :ile1 if x is full ( air1 x has a great deal 9 x4 ,a room betwe5 tw5ty-sev5 & tw5ty-eight feet squ>e conta9s "o ton ( air--a real ton1 j z heavy z a ton ( coal4 ,n[1 !re is n only tw5ty-sev5 feet1 b m ?an tw5ty-sev5 miles ( air pil$ on top ( u4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! level ( ! ocean is ab\t fifte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,an ord9>y siz$ man su/a9s a pressure ( ab\t fifte5 tons1 & 7 x n t ?is pressure is equal 9 all directions1 we w\ld be cru%$ !reby4 ,we mu/ accu/om our m9ds1 !re=e1 to consid] air a real sub/ance1 & t x is z totally unable to move itself1 or to be mov$1 )\t p[]1 z wat] or coal4 ,x requires j z mu* p[] to move a ton ( air f ! cell> to ! second /ory1 z x does a ton ( coal4 ,heat is ! great mov+ p[] ( air4 ,^? ^: att5tion has n be5 especially direct$ to ! subject ( ! am\nt ( p[] ex]t$ by ! sun's rays ^u ! e>?1 h little conception ( its magnitude4 ,! p[] ( all ! horses 9 ! _w1 add$ to ! p[] ( all ! locomotives1 & ( all ! imm5se /eam eng9es 9 all ! _w1 express b a small fraction ( ! p[] ex]t$ by ! sun's rays ^u ! e>?4 ,x is e/imat$ to be suffici5t to boil five cubic miles ( ice-cold wat] e m9ute4 ,8 rays are ! *os5 p[] ( ! ,creator = mov+ all matt] ^u ! globe4 ,x is 8 rays t lie buri$ 9 ! va/ coal fields b5ea? ! e>?4 ,8 rays cause e spe> ( grass to gr[1 re> ! mighty oak1 =m ! rose1 bur/ its beautiful buds1 & s5d its p]fume ?r\gh ! air4 ,no bird w>bles its sweet music 9 ! air1 no insect brea!s1 save by 8 p[]1 & all animals love to bask 9 ! g5ial gl[ ( 8 light & heat4 ,he rolls ! scor*+ air ( ! tropics to froz5 l&s1 & wafts ! %ips across ! seas4 ,he =ces ! heat$ wat]s ( ! equator to ! poles1 temp]+ all ! e>?4 ,he lifts ! wat] f ! sea to spr9kle all ! l& & cap ! di/ant m\nta9s ) et]nal sn[4 ,n[1 let u exam9e a little m m9utely h[ ?is influ5ce is ex]t$ ^u ! air1 :i* is ! subject we are especially int]e/$ 9 at pres5t4 ,does x comm5ce at ! top1 & heat x1 lay] by lay]1 until x rea*es ! bottom8 ,n at all2 b x passes ?r\gh ! :ole =ty-five miles ( air1 heat+ x v little1 if any1 & falls ^u ! solid sub/ances at ! e>?'s surface1 heat+ !m1 :i*1 9 turn1 heat ! air by its individual p>ticles com+ into imm$iate contact ) ^? solid hott] sub/ances4 ,we w endeavor to illu/rate ?is 9 a crude way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,"h we h a t9 tube1 a1 fifte5 feet long & t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 op5 at bo? ends2 two feet f "o end we introduce ?is asc5d+ pipe1 b1 ! upp] end ( :i* is m]ely ins]t$ 9 a small flue1 ext5d+ to ! top ( ! build+4 ,! height ( ?is flue is suffici5t to make a curr5t ( air pass ?r\gh ?is tube1 z y w see by hold+ ?is smok+ tap] at ! f> end4 ,we w n[ place a l>ge heat$ ball1 c1 at ?is end1 & outside ( t we w place ?is reflector1 d1 press+ x q close to ! end ( ! tube1 s t no air c ent] "h4 ,! rays ( heat f ?is ball1 or f any o!r w>m body1 are ?r[n l rays ( light1 9 e direction equally2 !re w\ld1 !re=e1 be "s ( ! rays ?r[n ?r\gh ?is tube to ! o!r end )\t any reflector1 b ! proportion t w\ld rea* ! o!r end w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be small4 ,we !re=e collect ^? go+ ! o!r way1 & *ange _! c\rse1 & !n s5d !m /raight ?r\gh ! tube to ! f> end4 ,we w place ano!r reflector1 e1 at ! f> end1 to receive & conc5trate ^? rays1 9 ! focus ( :i* we w place a c&le1 ,f1 ) a little phosphorus on x1 to %[ y t ! rays ( heat are pass+ ?r\gh4 ,!re y see ! c&le is light$1 ?us prov+ t !re is a /rong curr5t ( radiant heat com+ f ! hot ball1 ?r\gh ! tube to ?is end4 ,& y see by ?is smoke t !re is a curr5t ( air pass+ ! o!r way4 ,n[1 we want to "k h[ mu* t air is heat$ 9 pass+ ! :ole l5g? ( ?is tube aga9/ t %[] ( radiant heat1 or :e!r air absorbs radiant heat at all2 b1 be=e go+ to ! o!r end1 :]e ! hot ball is1 we w take two !rmomet]s t h be5 ly+ "h1 side by side1 bo? indicat+ a temp]ature ( #fi deg44 ,"o ( !m1 g1 we w hang at ?is end1 ab\t opposite to ! c5tre ( our tube1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 w give u a fair av]age ( ! ent]+ air1 fir/ remov+1 h[ev]1 ! c&le t has be5 light$1 & ! reflector4 ,we w hang ! o!r !rmomet] 9 ! asc5d+ tube1 at ! end ne> ! heat$ ball4 ,we h _h two glasses1 ,h1 ins]t$ "h1 s t we might obs]ve :at 0 go+ on )9 by ! smoke f ?is tap]4 ,y see !re is a /rong curr5t ( air pass+ up ! tube1 all ( :i* mu/ come f ! f> end1 fl[+ aga9/ ! /rong curr5t ( radiant heat go+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,n[1 leav+ ?is !rmomet] to rise or fall accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! air fl[+ ?r\gh1 we w g to ! o!r end & exam9e ano!r v int]e/+ "p ( ?is exp]im5t3 x is ! mann] 9 :i* ! radiant heat is receiv$ & appropriat$ by diff]5t sub/ances4 ,radiant heat is ?r[n f a hot body 9 e direction equally1 b no two k9ds ( sub/ances receive ^? rays ( heat 9 ! same mann]1 nor d !y make ! same use ( !m aft] !y h receiv$ !m4 ,e sub/ance receiv+ heat1 h[ev]1 mu/ give a /rict acc\nt ( x4 ,x mu/ give out an equal am\nt ( heat1 or1 :at is tak5 z an equival5t1 "s action or p[]4 ,i h a %eet ( ord9>y t91 & z ,i hold ?is poli%$ side beh9d ?is light1 y see x ?r[s a belt ( light across ! room2 & z ,i put x 9 front ( ! end ( our tube1 & turn x s t ! rays ( heat w be reflect$ 9 y\r faces1 ,i ?9k "s ( y w be able to feel ! reflect$ heat4 ,! rays ( heat are turn$ f _! c\rse1 & ?r[n 9 a belt ( light across ! room1 simil> to ! rays ( light4 ,b y _c give away & keep ! same ?+4 ,?is bright poli%$ surface appropriates b a v small portion ( ! radiant heat4 ,a !rmomet] hang+ = "s m9utes aga9/ ! back has sc>cely ris5 "o degree2 b we h giv5 ! o!r side a coat+ ( lamp black1 ) a little v>ni%1 & by turn+ t side t[>ds ! pipe1 ! result w be q diff]5t4 ,by ?is coat ( black v>ni% ! :ole "* ( ! %eet ( t9 is *ang$4 ,! black1 h[ev]1 has b little to d ) x2 if x 7 :ite1 or r$1 or blue1 ! =mation ( ! surface be+ simil> 9 e respect1 ! result w\ld be ! same almo/ precisely4 ,in/ead ( act+ m]ely z a guide-po/1 to *ange ! direction only ( ! rays ( heat1 z be=e1 x n[ becomes a receiv+ depot1 absorb+ ne>ly all ! heat t comes to x4 ,x mu/ soon become fill$1 h[ev]4 ,! !rmomet] hang+ at ! back has ris5 six degrees already1 & is go+ up rapidly2 x mu/ soon beg9 to di/ribute its extra /ores4 ,b m>k ! diff]5t mann] ( di/ribut+ ! heat4 ,in/ead ( reflect+ ! :ole all 9 "o direction1 z :5 receiv$ on ! o!r side1 x n[ radiates !m equally 9 e direction4 ,"s solid sub/ances all[ ! rays1 bo? ( heat & light1 to pass directly ?r\gh !m )\t ei!r reflect+ or absorb+ !m4 ,o!r sub/ances all[ ! rays ( light to pass ?r\gh !m1 b absorb mu* ( ! radiant heat1 l cle> glass4 ,rock salt is "o ( ! be/ non-absorb5ts ( radiant heat1 all[+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! rays ( heat to pass ?r\gh unob/ruct$4 ,we w n[ return to our exp]im5t at ! o!r end ( ! tube4 ,i f9d !re is some?+ wrong "h--! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] has ris5 sev]al degrees4 ,i knew ?is 0 r a crude arrangem5t = illu/rat+ ?is v beautiful & int]e/+ "p ( our subject1 b ,i hop$ x w\ld assi/ me a little 9 convey+ to y ! idea ,i desir$ to impress ^u y\r m9ds4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t x is sc>cely delicate en\gh to illu/rate p]fectly :at ,i want$ to %[4 ,b ?is increas$ temp]ature is n ow+ to ! effect ( radiant heat on ! air com+ f ! f> end1 = ,i f9d by ! heat at ! top ( ! pipe1 betwe5 ! heat$ ball & ?is asc5d+ pipe1 ,i1 & by ! curr5t ( heat$ air on ! side next ! ball1 t !re is a curr5t ( circulat+ air t has be5 heat$ by com+ into imm$iate contact ) ! hot ball4 ,i design$ ?is small] tube1 k1 to c>ry (f ! air ?us heat$1 b x appe>s to be too small4 ,we ought to h _h a piece ( rock-salt to h clos$ ! end ( ?is tube1 s t ! radiant heat w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh )\t all[+ any circulation ( heat$ air1 b ,i 0 unable to f9d su* a piece4 ,b ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 lectures be=e ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 gives ! results ( a l>ge numb] ( v accurate & beautiful exp]im5ts tri$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r ! =ty-five miles ( atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! e>? absorb$ any ( ! sun's rays1 & if s1 h[ mu*8 ,^! exp]im5ts prove1 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann]1 t dry pure air is almo/ a p]fect non-absorb5t ( radiant heat4 ,?us1 7 ! air entirely dry & pure1 ! :ole =ty-five miles ?r\gh :i* ! sun's rays h to pass1 w\ld absorb a v small fraction !re(1 s t 9 ! l5g? ( our tube x w\ld be b an exce$+ly small fraction ( "o degree1 t is1 = pure dry air4 ,b is ! air ( ?is room pure & dry8 ,v f> f x4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall f\nd t ! moi/ure alone 9 ! air ( an ord9>y room1 absorb$ f fifty to sev5ty times z mu* ( ! radiant heat z ! air does4 ,air & ! elem5t>y gases--oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog5--h no p[] ( absorb+ radiant heat1 b ! comp\nd gases h a v diff]5t effect2 = in/ance1 olifiant gas absorbs #giej times z mu* z air2 ammonia1 #gbfj2 sulphur\s acid1 #hhjj times4 ,p]fumes1 also1 h a wond]ful p[] ( absorb+ radiant heat4 ,! moi/ure 9 ! air1 h[ev]1 is ( ! greate/ practical importance 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is ! great gov]nor or regulator or cons]vator ( heat2 x absorbs x & c>ries x f po9t to po9t & into places :]e ! direct rays ( ! sun c\ld n get2 x is l a s(t invisible blanket con/antly wrapp$ ar\nd u1 :i* protects u f too sudd5 heat+ or too sudd5 cool+4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 speak+ ( ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 says3 ,reg>d+ ! e>? z a s\rce ( heat1 no d\bt at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 ( its heat is int]cept$ )9 t5 feet ( its surface4 ,he also says3 ,! removal = a s+le summ]'s night ( ! aque\s vapor f ! atmosph]e :i* cov]s ,engl&1 w\ld be att5d$ by ! de/ruction ( e plant :i* a freez+ temp]ature c\ld kill4 ,9 ,sah>a1 :]e ! soil is fire & ! w9d is flame1 ! refrig]ation is pa9ful to be>4 ,& 9 _m ( our furnace-heat$ h\ses1 we h an atmosph]e v simil> 9 po9t ( dryness to t ( ,sah>a1 b m impure4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks 9 reg>d to ! impossibility ( heat+ air1 apply especially to radiant heat4 ,air does become heat$1 b 9 a diff]5t mann]2 x is heat$ by ea* individual p>ticle or atom com+ 9 imm$iate contact ) "s hott] sub/ance4 ,see :at a wond]ful provision = creat+ a con/ant circulation ( ! air4 ,! sun's rays pass ?r\gh x )\t heat+ x1 b !y heat ! surface ( ! e>? at ! v bottom ( ! ocean ( air2 ?is1 9 its turn1 heats ! air by ea* individual atom com+ 9 imm$iate contact ) ^! hott] sub/ances1 exp&+ !m s t !y mu/ rise1 ?us enabl+ ! cold] & heavi] p>ticles to ru% 9 & take _! places4 ,) ?is great univ]sal mov+ cause1 9 connection ) ! innum]able m9or causes result+ f ! v diff]5t absorb+1 radiat+ & reflect+ p[]s ( v>i\s sub/ances1 x becomes almo/ impossible = ! air to be entirely & absolutely at re/1 ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute crack or cranny1 or bottle cork$ air-tight4 ,n[1 to apply ^! pr9ciples to e-day life1 to ! heat+ & v5tilation ( our h\ses1 tak+ ! op5 fire fir/1 we f9d t x acts l ! sun1 heat+ exclusively by direct radiation4 ,! rays ( heat fall ^u ! sides ( ! room1 ! floor & ceil+1 & ! solid sub/ances 9 ! room1 :i* ?us become p>tially heat$1 & 9 _! turn become second>y radiators4 ,?is radiant heat f ! fire does n heat ! air 9 ! room at all1 b ! air becomes p>tially w>m$ by com+ 9 imm$iate contact ) ! sides ( ! room1 ! furniture1 c4 ,"o great reason1 !re=e1 :y an op5 fire is s mu* m :olesome ?an any o!r means ( artificial heat+1 is because x m ne>ly imitates ! action ( ! sun4 ,! rays ( heat fall ^u our bodies1 heat+ !m1 :ile x leaves ! air cool1 conc5trat$ & invigorat+ = brea?+4 ,! bright gl[ ( an op5 fire has a v *e]+ & animat+ effect4 ,x produces a v agreeable & heal?y excitem5t4 ,x is n improbable t future c>eful inve/igations may prove t !re is an important *ange takes place 9 ! electric or ozonic condition ( air z x passes ov]1 or 9 contact )1 hot iron1 :i* does n occur to ! air ( a room heat$ by ! op5 fire4 ,! air 9 a room heat$ by an op5 fire c sc>cely become /agnant1 because t fire mu/ necess>ily be con/antly draw+ a consid]able am\nt ( air f ! room to support combu/ion1 ! place ( :i* w be suppli$ by o!r air1 & "h is :]e "o ( ! greate/ inconv5i5ces arises 9 ! use ( ! op5 fire2 if ! air ent]+ to supply ?is exhau/ion comes 9 at a crack ( ! door or w9d[1 on ! opposite side ( ! room1 & t air is cold1 say #aj deg4 or #ae deg4 above z]o1 x fl[s across ! floor to ! fire1 *ill+ ! feet & backs ( ^? sitt+ 9 its track4 ,x is q possible to roa/ a goose or r\nd ( beef 9 front ( a fire1 :ile ! air fl[+ by x into ! fire is freez+ cold4 ,?is %\ld be rem$i$ by hav+ ! air fl[+ 9 p>tially w>m$ be=e x ent]s1 say to a temp]ature ( #dj deg4 to #ej deg41 ei!r by hav+ ! halls ov]fl[$ by p>tially w>m$ air1 & op5+ a door into x1 or by admitt+ ! air to ent] ar\nd ! back ( ! fire-place1 z ,dr4 ,frankl9 arrang$ x4 ,?us1 :ile an op5 fire is ! heal?ie/ kn[n means ( heat+ a small room1 & %\ld be 9 ! family sitt+-room ( e h\se1 & 9 (fices & o!r places :]e ! occupants are at lib]ty to move clos] or fur!r f ! fire at pleasure1 yet x is entirely unsuitable = a l>ge build+1 or = rooms :]e _m p]sons are assembl$1 & h fix$ seats1 simil> to a s*ool1 lecture-room1 factory1 c4 ,a /ove 9 a room heats bo? by direct radiation & by heat+ ! air t comes 9 imm$iate contact ) x4 ,b our late/ /yles ( elegant new pat5t gas-consum+ air-tight /oves1 require s small an am\nt ( air to support combu/ion1 t !re is a /rong probability ( ! occupants ( a room ?us heat$ smo!r+ to dea? = want ( fre% air1 soon] or lat]1 & g5]ally ! =m]4 ,b a /ove1 if prop]ly us$1 creates a com=table & :olesome atmosph]e1 & is "o ( ! mo/ economical means ( heat+ n[ kn[n4 ,!re %\ld always be a sep>ate pipe = introduc+ ! fre% air f ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 :i* fre% & cold air %\ld be dis*>g$ on or ne> ! top ( ! /ove4 ,& if ?is supply ( fre% air is abundant1 ) a con/ant evaporation ( moi/ure suffici5t to comp5sate = ! increas$ capacity !re= due to ! additional heat giv5 x1 & an op5+ into a heat$ flue ne> ! ceil+1 to be op5$ 9 ! ev5+ :5 ! gas-lights are burn+1 or :5 ! room is too hot1 & kept %ut at all o!r times1 ) ano!r op5+ into a heat$ flue on a level ) ! floor1 :i* %\ld be kept always op5 to c>ry (f ! cold1 heavy f\l air f ! floor--a /ove ?us arrang$ = _m small isolat$ rooms1 makes "o ( ! mo/ economical z well z mo/ com=table & :olesome means ( heat+ at our comm&4 ,x comb9es ! ?ree great ess5tials necess>y = com=t & heal?--w>m?1 p>tially by direct radiation1 fre% air & moi/ure4 ,b nei!r ! op5 fire nor ! /ove1 z desirable z !y may be 9 _m small rooms1 are suitable = l>ge rooms1 especially :]e _m p]sons are assembl$4 ,heat+ pr9cipally by circulat+ w>m$ air1 or 9 comb9ation ) direct radiation f expos$ pipes fill$ ) /eam or hot wat]1 is 9 su* cases m conv5i5t4 ,x is 9 connection ) ?is sy/em ( heat+ by circulat+ w>m air1 t ! errone\s views 9 relation to v5tilation g5]ally ent]ta9$ by ! public1 produce ! mo/ injuri\s effects4 ,! special po9ts to be borne 9 m9d 9 consid]+ ?is subject are t1 :5 9 motion1 w>m] air rises & cold] air falls2 b :5 at re/1 ! /ratums ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures arrange !mselves horizontally4 ,"o o!r ?+3 we mu/ rememb] temp]ature has no?+ to d ) ! purity or impurity ( ! air4 ,! pure air ent]+ a room is sometimes cold] ?an ! av]age temp]ature ( ! room1 & falls to ! floor1 =c+ ! w>m]1 &1 9 t case1 f\l] air to ! upp] "p ( ! room4 ,b frequ5tly1 9 w9t]1 ! fre% air ent]s w>m] ?an ! av]age temp]ature ( ! room1 & rises to ! ceil+1 & fl[s across ! room above ! cold] & f\l] air t has be5 long] 9 ! room4 ,y mu/ n =get ! exp]im5ts 9 our fir/ lecture1 %[+ t ! brea? 9 an ord9>y room1 ( a temp]ature ( #gj deg41 fell to ! floor in/ead ( ris+ to ! ceil+4 ,i propose illu/rat+ ?is "p ( our subject1 by us+ a little glass room to %[ ! movem5ts ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures4 ,we c ei!r use air ( diff]5t temp]atures1 %[+ ! motion ( ! v>i\s curr5ts by a little smoke2 or1 z ! laws gov]n+ ! circulation ( liquids ( diff]5t d5sities are s simil>1 & by ! use ( a little color+ matt] w express to an audi5ce ( ?is k9d m promptly & cle>ly ! ideas :i* we wi% to convey1 we !re=e propose us+ ! diff]5t color$ liquids ?is ev5+4 ,! colors1 ( c\rse1 h no?+ to d ) ! d5sities1 b are m]ely us$ z a conv5i5t me?od ( designation2 ! r$ repres5t+ heat or r>ity1 & blue1 coldness or d5sity4 ,! room is n[ fill$ ) cle> wat]1 slightly blue1 to repres5t cold1 & a little salt1 :i* makes x a little m d5se ?an fre% wat]4 ,n[1 ,i w let 9 at ! top a little fre% wat]1 color$ r$ by co*9eal1 to repres5t heat1 & by mak+ a simil> op5+ on ! opposite side = its escape1 y w be able readily to see 9 :at direction x moves4 ,!re1 see x ent]+--see h[ x fl[s directly across ! top ( ! room1 & escapes at ! op5+ on ! opposite side4 ,y see x di/urbs ! l[] & cold] p>ts ( ! room b v little4 ,?us a l>ge fl[ ( pure fre% w>m air might be go+ ?r\gh a room all day1 & be entirely wa/$1 nei!r w>m+ nor v5tilat+ x4 ,=tunately1 !re are b few build+s arrang$ 9 q s absurd a mann] z ?is4 ,i believe x 0 tri$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 on ! erection ( ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 b1 ( c\rse1 fail$4 ,i ?9k !y /ill adh]e to x 9 "s ( ! w>ds ( "s ,insane ,asylums1 :]e !y dep5d1 ,i suppose1 ^u ! excitem5t ( ! pati5ts to keep !mselves w>m & ! air /irr$ up4 ,i also notic$ ?is arrangem5t 9 a new build+ j be+ f9i%$1 a few ye>s s9ce1 at ,yale ,college4 ,! ar*itects ( t build+ _h probably be5 impress$ ) ! dreadful effects ^u ! heal? ( /ud5ts ( ! air f our ord9>y hot air furnaces1 & ?\ght !y w\ld avoid all su* dang]4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 x w\ld h answ]$ _! purpose j z well1 & be5 mu* m economical1 to h plac$ ! furnaces at ! coal m9es1 & sav$ ! tr\ble & exp5se ( c>ry+ ! coal s f>4 ,i expect !y h made o!r arrangem5ts1 probably1 by ?is "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,we w n[ close ! op5+ at ! top = ! inlet ( ! fre% w>m$ air1 & op5 a valve1 s z to all[ x to fl[ 9 at ! bottom4 ,we w all[ ! op5+ at ! top = ! outlet ( ! f\l787 air to rema9 z be=e1 7see ,fig4 #a1 ,li?ograph plates47 ,?is is q an improvem5t2 x agitates ! air mu* m ?an ! o!r1 & by go+ & /&+ directly ov] ! regi/]1 y c always get 9 ! curr5t ( fre% w>m air4 ,b y see to :at a v small portion ( ! room ! heat$ air is conf9$1 ris+ 9 "o p]p5dicul> column directly to ! ceil+1 & !n fl[+ horizontally along ! ceil+ to ! outlet4 ,h[ little x di/urbs ! ma9 portions ( ! room1 especially ! l[] & occupi$ "p4 ,i hope y w notice t ?is illu/rates ! popul> notions ( v5tilation4 ,i suppose ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! build+s 9 ?is c\ntry1 or 9 ,europe1 :]e any attempts at artificial v5tilation h be5 made1 are ?us arrang$4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 knew bett]1 & made a mu* m p]fect arrangem5t ?an ?is4 ,b we are probably mo/ly indebt$ to t v able & en?usia/ic advocate ( v5tilation1 ,dr4 ,reid1 = ?is popul> op9ion4 ,! :ole ( ! plan t he advocat$ is b little und]/ood by ! public4 ,he assum$ t ! natural w>m? ( ! body creat$ an asc5d+ curr5t ar\nd u1 & caus$ ! brea? to rise t[>ds ! ceil+1 & consequ5tly1 9 all artificial arrangem5ts1 x 0 be/ to endeavor to imitate ?is natural movem5t ( ! air4 ,& to ov]come ! great practical difficulty we see "h exhibit$1 ( ! fre% w>m air fl[+ ?r\gh ! room1 & di/urb+ s small a portion ( x1 he propos$ mak+ ! :ole floor "o regi/]1 & ?us h an asc5d+ column ov] ! entire room4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! floors 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 p]=at$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( gimlet holes1 & ! :ole cell> made a hot air *amb]4 ,?is 0 a magnific5t idea1 &1 ,i believe1 9 "s few in/ances1 :]e fully c>ri$ out1 has giv5 a good degree ( satisfaction2 b x is always difficult to adju/ ! op5+ & ! pressure s z to cause an ev5 fl[ ov] s l>ge a surface1 & at ! same "t to be s g5tle z n to be (f5sive to ^? ) :om x comes 9 contact4 ,b ?is ?or\gh diffusion _c be conv5i5tly appli$ 9 "o case 9 a ?\s&4 ,x mu/ necess>ily be always v extravagant1 z x w con/antly require a great am\nt ( air to insure a ?or\gh circulation ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! room4 ,i wi%1 !re=e1 mo/ emphatically1 to condemn all sy/ems rely+ ^u op5+s 9 ! ceil+ = ! escape ( ! f\l air1 :ile dep5d+ ^u ! circulation ( w>m$ air = obta9+ ! necess>y additional w>m?4 ,9 practice !y are univ]sally clos$ 9 w9t]1 = ! purpose ( keep+ w>m1 & z su* op5+s h be5 s g5]ally consid]$ ! only ones necess>y = ! prop] v5tilation ( a room1 & z !y _h to be %ut 9 w9t]1 j :5 artificial v5tilation 0 mo/ necess>y1 x has creat$ a v /rong prejudice 9 ! popul> m9d aga9/ all v5tilation4 ,! result ( ! advocacy ( ^! impracticable !ories by s _m able & le>n$ m51 7mo/ physicians writ+ ^u ?is subject h adopt$ !m17 has be5 ! %utt+ up ( _m ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 till !y h smo!r$ to dea?4 ,! ravages ( consumption & ! excessive infantile mortality1 & ! _m diseases result+ f f\l air poisons1 are 9 a great measure due to ! g5]al advocacy ( ^! false !ories4 ,z ,i h be=e said1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 knew bett] ?an ?is1 & _h we be5 cont5t$ to h foll[$ 8 simple practical advice1 in/ead ( be+ dazzl$ by ! spl5did !ories ( o!rs1 ?\s&s ( our fri5ds w\ld n[ be ) u :o di$ long s9ce = ! want ( fre% air4 ,n[1 let u see h[ ,dr4 ,frankl9 says a room ought to be v5tilat$4 ,he says1 ! fre% air ent]+1 becom+ w>m$ & specifically light]1 is =c$ out into ! rooms1 rises by ! mantel-piece to ! ceil+1 & spreads all ov] ! top ( ! room1 :5ce1 be+ cr[d$ d[n gradually by ! /ream ( newly w>m$ air t foll[s & rises above x1 ! :ole room becomes 9 a %ort "t equally w>m$4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* 8 celebrat$ ,frankl9 /ove 0 arrang$4 ,n[1 let u see if we c arrange our little glass h\se s z to illu/rate ?is4 ,we w fir/ fill x ) :at we call our cold air1 & w close ! outlet at ! top1 & take out ! fire-bo>d4 ,n[1 z ,i let 9 ! w>m fre% air1 x rises imm$iately to ! top1 z be=e1 & fl[s across ! ceil+1 b z x _c escape !re1 x =ces ! cold air d[n1 & causes x to fl[ out at ! fire-place4 ,see h[ quickly ! :ole room is fill$ ) ! fre% w>m$ air4 ,ah6 ,i see ,i am a little too fa/--!re appe>s to be a /ratum ( a foot or two1 ly+ on ! floor1 t is n di/urb$ yet4 ,x fl[s out at ! top ( ! fire-place1 & !re=e does n rea* to ! floor4 ,?is is frequ5tly ! cause ( cold feet & mu* discom=t4 ,we w make ! op5+ directly at ! floor1 7see ,fig4 #b1 ,li?ograph plate17 & t =ces all ! cold air out1 w>m+ & v5tilat+ ! :ole room4 ,"h is ! :ole problem solv$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful & simple mann]4 ,& y may exclaim1 z y see ! simplicity & p]fect work+ ( ?is1 h[ came any "o ev] to ?9k ( any?+ else4 ,"h1 aga91 y see ! value ( t mo/ excell5t & valuable ( h\sehold arrangem5ts1 ! op5 fire-place2 ev5 )\t ! fire x s]ves a mo/ important purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t !re are o!r circum/ances 9 :i* x w n d to dep5d on ! fire-place alone = v5tilation4 ,n[1 by leav+ ! fire-place op51 j z x is1 & ! room full ( w>m air1 we w simply *ange ! condition ( ! air suppli$1 & all[ cold air to fl[ 9 at ! bottom in/ead ( ! top4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,!re1 y see ! fre% cold air simply falls to ! bottom & fl[s across ! floor1 )\t di/urb+ ! upp] "p ( ! room at all4 ,x acts j ! rev]se ( ! hot air let 9 & tak5 out at ! top ( ! room4 ,:5 y are v5tilat+ a room by op5+ a w9d[1 !re=e1 x is (t5 necess>y to op5 x at ! top2 b rememb] :5 y are v5tilat+ by doors & w9d[s1 7:i* are ! great natural v5tilators17 !y are an entire sub/itute = flues--flues are !n ( no acc\nt4 ,all w9d[s1 !re=e1 ought to be made to l[] f ! top1 & all v5tilat+ flues ought to be made to op5 at ! bottom ( ! room4 ,i h notic$ ano!r v int]e/+ feature 9 reg>d to ! circulation ( liquids ( diff]5t d5sities2 = in/ance1 suppose we fill our little room half full ) salt wat]1 & ! rema9d] ) fre% wat]1 we w n[ apply a _s lamp to ! bottom ( ! room4 ,z ! salt wat] becomes heat$ x rises rapidly1 yet n to ! top ( ! room1 b only half-way1 or to ! top ( ! d5s] liquid1 & !n spreads across ! room horizontally4 ,?us ! salt wat] w keep up a rapid circulation1 & may be heat$ almo/ to a boil+ temp]ature und]nea?1 & )\t heat+ or di/urb+1 ! cold fre% wat] above4 ,i h tri$ "s v beautiful exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d ) a numb] ( liquids ( diff]5t d5sities 9 ! same vessel4 ,gases ( diff]5t d5sities are probably influ5c$ 9 a simil> mann] by ! application ( heat4 ,& "h we see ! value ( t beautiful law ( ! diffusion ( gases1 by :i* ea* gas1 no matt] :at its d5sity1 is equally diffus$ 9 all directions ?r\gh ! o!r gases1 indep5d5t ( temp]ature4 ,i desire to call y\r att5tion ?is ev5+ to "o o!r di/9ct sy/em ( heat+--,i mean t v conv5i5t1 economical1 cleanly & ,,fa%ionable sy/em ( heat+ by direct radiation f /eam-pipes4 ,z /eam has become su* a common article 9 all l>ge build+s1 bo? = p[] & z a conv5i5t means ( di/ribut+ heat1 mo/ l>ge build+s are ?us heat$2 & z a p]fectly air-tight build+ c be v easily heat$ ?us1 & z mo/ p]sons are too ignorant or too c>eless to provide a sep>ate & di/9ct supply ( fre% air simply = v5tilation alone1 ! consequ5ce is1 t ?is sy/em1 ?us s %amefully abus$1 is probably dry+ up m tal5t & kill+ m bus9ess m5 9 our cities ?an any o!r sy/em 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is applies especially to ! editorial rooms ( ne>ly e "o ( our lead+ newspap]s & publi%+ h\ses4 ,!y use /eam = driv+ _! beautiful pr9t+ presses1 & ! heat+ & v5tilation1 or r1 ! entire want ( v5tilation1 9 _! (fices1 w\ld indicate t !y ?9k t ! same p[] t drives _! presses1 to d ! pr9t+ s nicely1 is entirely suffici5t to drive !m to write ! orig9al articles = ! pr9t]1 & t !y h no m ne$ ( fre% air ?an _! presses4 ,y may ?9k t ,i am c]ta9ly mi/ak5 t s intellig5t a class ( ! community1 :o are build+ su* spl5did fire-pro( build+s1 su* p]fect palaces ( iron & /one & m>ble1 z our newspap] e/abli%m5ts are build+ 9 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia & o!r l>ge cities1 w\ld nev] make su* a blund] z to omit provid+ ! mo/ abundant supply ( pure1 fre% air to e employe 9 _! e/abli%m5ts1 & at all times1 bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,%\ld !re be any "o pres5t ?us d\btful1 ,i wi% he w\ld und]take to get any "o ( our ent]pris+ newspap] e/abli%m5ts to publi% 9 _! pap] an accurate intelligible acc\nt ( _! sy/em ( v5tilation1 illu/rat+ cle>ly ! kn[n quantity ( pure1 fre% air deliv]$ )9 us+ di/ance ( ea* "o ( ! editors & employes4 ,i ?9k he w\ld soon come to ! same conclusion ,i h1 t ! advice ( ! m9i/] to 8 congregation w\ld be v applicable to !m--,always d z ,i say1 b nev] d z ,i d4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,9 my fir/ lecture1 ,i endeavor$ to %[ h[ mu* we 7 suff]+ f ! effects ( f\l air1 & ! advantages to be ga9$ by supply+ ourselves all ! "t ) pure air4 ,because we mu/ fir/ feel t !re is some?+ to be ga9$ be=e we w make any great ef=t t[>ds obta9+ a giv5 result4 ,9 my second lecture we consid]$ ! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ ! circulation ( air1 ! c\rses ( its movem5ts1 ! mann] ( ! action ( heat ^u diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ances1 :i* creates a con/ant1 ceaseless motion ( ! air1 9 all places1 f ! m9ute/ cork$ bottle to ! va/ curr5ts t sweep ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 hav+ le>n$ ! necessity = pure1 fre% air1 & /udi$ ! g5]al laws gov]n+ its circulation1 let u apply ^! pr9ciples to e-day life4 ,to e-day life8 ,i %\ld say e-h\r life--nay1 e mom5t ( our lives2 = tw5ty times e m9ute ( our entire life1 f ! cradle to ! grave1 d we brea! :at ought to be pure air4 ,is x always pure8 ,if we brea! "o s+le brea?1 9 ! entire day1 ( impure air1 x w weak5 u1 d$uct f our capacity to att5d to our daily duties1 & %ort5 our lives1 9 exact ma!matical proportion to ! am\nt ( impurity 9 t "o s+le brea?4 ,n[1 we brea! tw5ty times e m9ute1 twelve hundr$ times e h\r1 tw5ty-eight ?\s& times e day1 & no?+ b absolute & p]fectly pure air answ]s ! exact requirem5ts ( p]fect heal?4 ,well1 y may ask1 at fir/ ?\ght1 if fre% air is su* a panacea = all evils1 & !re is su* an abundance ( x out ( doors1 :y n brea! x1 & always enjoy p]fect heal?8 ,?9k "o mom5t4 ,i eat my breakfa/ 9 ! morn+1 g5]ally refre%$ by a night ( good s\nd sleep1 7= ,i sleep ) my w9d[s op547 ,imm$iately aft] breakfa/1 ,i ent] ! c>s to come to ! city4 ,:at a smell comes f ! c> z ! door is op5$6 & unless ,i wi% to incur ! displeasure1 or provoke ! indignation1 ( almo/ e pass5g]1 by op5+ a w9d[1 ,i am oblig$ to sit 9 t f\l1 (f5sive atmosph]e1 & brea! ! poison\s exhalations f my own lungs1 & t f doz5s ( o!rs1 "s ( !m1 x may be1 badly diseas$1 7mo/ p]sons' lungs are diseas$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 f brea?+ f\l air1 & _m o!r diseases besides consumption are produc$ !reby47 ,?us1 9 "o half h\r1 ,i h inhal$ six hundr$ times ( ?is f\l & poison\s air1 & ! blood has c>ri$ x to e portion ( my body1 s t my entire sy/em is completely saturat$1 poison$1 yes1 ?or\ghly poison$ by x1 f ! cr[n ( my head to ! soles ( my feet4 ,& ?us is ! day comm5c$4 ,y\r blood is ?or\ghly poison$ be=e y\r breakfa/ is dige/$2 = y\r breakfa/ w no m dige/ )\t pure air ?an ! coal 9 y\r /ove w burn )\t x4 ,y are subject$ to heada*e1 dyspepsia1 & a half doz5 o!r a*es & pa9s1 & are tir$ out long be=e night4 ,& ?us y are kill$ long be=e y w\ld die if y brea!d pure air only4 ,& am ,i reliev$ f ! difficulty :5 ,i arrive 9 ! city8 ,/>t to-morr[ morn+ at ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 on ,ar* or ,walnut ,/reets1 or any o!r /reet1 & g to ! ,s*uylkill4 ,inquire ( e individual1 9 (fice1 /ore1 dwell+ or factory1 if he kn[s :e!r he _h pure air to brea! all day1 or :e!r he c tell y1 ) any degree ( accuracy1 h[ pure ! air 0 9 ! room he occupi$ = any h\r ( t day4 ,i fully believe !re is n "o 9 t5--no1 n "o 9 a hundr$--( ! mo/ intellig5t m5 9 t entire /reet1 doctor1 lawy]1 ar*itect1 or any o!r1 t c give y an accurate acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! air brea!d dur+ any "o h\r ( ! day4 ,t is n all4 ,!re is sc>cely "o 9 a hundr$ t c satisfy y1 by an intellig5t description1 ( ! means us$ = provid+ x3 ,fir/--,assum+ ! air outside to be pure1 t !re 0 a con/ant1 positive & suffici5t supply ( t outside air introduc$4 ,secondly--,t t pure air 0 n det]iorat$ by ov]heat+1 or contam9at$ by be+ mix$ ) ! poison\s gases ( ! burn+ coal4 ,?irdly--,t !re 0 suffici5t moi/ure add$ to x to comp5sate = its increas$ capacity = moi/ure1 due to its expansion by ! additional heat giv5 to x1 7:i* is a v important ?+47 ,f\r?ly--,t !re 0 any accurate1 positive means provid$ = insur+ ! fre% air to be br\ght )9 rea* ( ! lungs ( ^? = :om x 0 int5d$4 ,&1 la/ly--,t !re 0 a positive means provid$ = ! removal ( all ! poison$ air ?r[n f ! lungs1 s t none c\ld possibly be re-brea!d4 ,no2 y w f9d !m 9 close1 unv5tilat$ (fices1 9 close factories1 9 almo/ air-tight dwell+s4 ,9 ! l>ge /ores !y d bett]4 ,! air is v commonly ov]heat$1 x is (t5 mix$ ) impurities1 & v seldom suppli$ ) a prop] am\nt ( additional moi/ure4 ,! air is (t5 s dry1 t 9 a few m9utes' conv]sation ! l9+s ( ! air-passages to y\r lungs become p>*$ & husky1 produc+ irritation & a fev]i% condition ( ! sy/em4 ,& ev5 9 ?is room1 to-night1 d y see any op5+ at y\r feet1 connect$ ) a heat$ flue1 = draw+ ! f\l air f ! floor z fa/ z ?r[n f y\r lungs8 ,i believe !re is n a squ>e in* provid$ = t purpose4 ,or1 d y see any escape imm$iately above ! gas-lights1 = c>ry+ (f ! burn$ air :ile hot en\gh to escape8 ,n "o4 ,!re are two or ?ree op5+s1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! back "p ( ! room1 j at ! ceil+1 b = y\r brea? to get !re1 x mu/ rise & pass by ! zone ( respiration1 & mu* ( x be aga9 re-brea!d2 & ! products ( combu/ion1 z we h se51 w\ld cool suffici5tly to fall to ! floor long be=e !y rea*$ t po9t4 ,i take ! lib]ty ( call+ y\r att5tion to ?is ) m fre$om1 because x does n indicate any special inatt5tion on ! "p ( ! ,manag]s4 ,x is n an exceptional case1 b x is ! rule4 ,x is ! popul> op9ion ( ! prop] means ( v5tilation4 ,g ) me1 if y please1 to t magnific5t build+1 complet$ b a few ye>s s9ce1 at a co/ ( half a million ( doll>s1 & giv5 by its noble & g5]\s f\nd] to ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,y w notice1 inscrib$ above ! entrance1 cut 9 ! solid /one1 ,to ! ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,look 9 ?is read+-room--p]haps ! mo/ useful & mo/ appreciat$ ( any public read+-room 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,see ! l>ge numb]s ( hone/1 indu/ri\s me*anics1 snat*+ an h\r f _! labors1 to look ov] ! curr5t lit]ature ( ! day4 ,"h1 c]ta9ly1 we %all f9d ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5t = heat+ & v5tilation t our k ( ! arts & sci5ces c\ld sugge/4 ,let u see ! arrangem5ts = br++ 9 ! fre% air1 = w>m+ x 9 cold wea!r1 & = remov+ ! f\l air4 ,:at6 no provision = a regul> supply ( fre% air8 ,n "o foot1 n "o in*--nei!r are !re any regul> flues = ! removal ( ! f\l air4 ,& ?is mo/ rem>kable condition ( ?+s is b repeat$ 9 ! magnific5t hotels1 m>ble palaces us$ z (fices1 & 9 _m ( ! new & spl5did colleges2 &1 we might almo/ say1 9 all o!r build+s ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( our l&4 ,?us y see h[ difficult x is = "o to m+le freely 9 ! society ( 8 fell[-m51 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 )\t be+ subject$ to be+ poison$ by f\l air4 ,9 go+ f "h to my home1 to-night1 ,i %all h to ride 9 ^? c>s1 ! air ( :i* ,i dread m ?an ,i ev] dread$ ! small-pox or *ol]a4 ,i h be5 9 hospitals :]e ,i h se5 mu* ( bo?4 ,!y may slay _! ?\s&s1 b f\l air its t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,& x is only :5 ,i get to my room1 :]e ,i %all probably sleep to-night ) two w9d[s well op51 all[+ ! unob/ruct$ breezes ( half a mile ( op5 c\ntry to sweep ?r\gh my *amb]1 t ,i %all feel entirely secure f ! contam9at+ influ5ces ( f\l air1 & enjoy to its full ext5t ! greate/ ( ,god's temporal bless+s to man--pure air4 ,i h no new pat5t idea to pres5t to y1 :i* %all secure to y at all times p]fectly pure air1 )\t any fur!r tr\ble on y\r "p4 ,!re are no two con/itutions precisely alike1 any m ?an !re are two human faces1 or two h&writ+s1 & !re are no two h\rs 9 our entire life 9 :i* all ! physical conditions ( our body are precisely ! same4 ,x w\ld be j z absurd1 !re=e1 to g to a v5tilat+ e/abli%m5t1 & tell ! proprietor to v5tilate y\r h\se or (fice1 & pay ! bill :5 x came 91 & cont5t y\rself by say+3 ,well1 ,i am glad ?is v5tilat+ bus9ess is done )4 ,i h got my h\se v5tilat$1 & ! bills paid1 & ,i am glad ,i am ?r\gh ) t vexati\s bus9ess4 ,i say ?is w\ld be j z absurd z x w\ld be1 9 case y _h "s pa9 or a*e1 to g to y\r doctor & get "s m$ic9e1 & !re) cont5t y\rself1 & say3 ,well1 ,i am glad ?is doctor+ bus9ess is ov] )2 ,i h be5 dread+ x all my life4 ,i h be5 to ! doctor's at la/1 h be5 doctor$1 & got my m$ic9e & paid my bill1 & s ,i am ?r\gh ) t vexati\s bus9ess4 ,no--y mu/ fir/ feel t fre% air is wor? tak+ "s tr\ble to obta94 ,y mu/ !n make x a /udy h[ to obta9 x )\t *ill+ or ov]heat+ y\r body1 9 w9t] & 9 summ]1 at night & 9 ! day "t1 :5 y are ly+ d[n & :5 y are sitt+ up1 be=e eat+ & aft] eat+1 be=e ex]cis+1 :ile ex]cis+1 & aft] ex]cis+--:5 y are well & :5 y are sick1 :5 y are alone & :5 y are 9 ! cr[d$ c>s1 or 9 a cr[d$ room1 9 wet wea!r & 9 dry1 & = ! ev] v>y+ *anges ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e--all ^! conditions require sep>ate & intellig5t ?\ght4 ,9 summ] we dep5d almo/ exclusively on ! natural movem5ts ( ! air4 ,to cause ! air to move is !n ! great matt]4 ,we mu/ !n rememb] t ! great masses ( air move horizontally1 n p]p5dicul>ly4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m little di/urb+ influ5ces1 b ,i mean ! great mass ( ! air moves ov] ! surface ( ! e>? 9 horizontal /rata4 ,y c see ?is by ! smoke ( ! locomotive on ! prairie1 :i* c be se5 sometimes = tw5ty or ?irty miles1 /ret*+ along j above ! horizon4 ,all flues1 !re=e1 are ( little acc\nt 9 summ]4 ,we mu/ dep5d on op5 doors & w9d[s4 ,suppose y wi% to v5tilate y\r room 9 ! morn+1 ! air outside hav+ become a little w>m] ?an ! air inside1 & ! upp] p>ts ( ! w9d[ only l[]$3 ! w>m] air w\ld fl[ across ! top ( ! room1 leav+ ! air undi/urb$ 9 ! l[] & cold] "p4 ,9 ?is case1 ! w9d[ %\ld be rais$ f ! bottom1 or a door op5$ t w\ld af=d an escape = ! air4 ,b aga91 suppose ?is same room to want v5tilat+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,! room has become w>m ?r\gh ! day1 & ! outside ev5+ air is cool] ?an ! room1 & !n1 if y raise ! w9d[s f ! bottom only1 ! cool] air w fl[ across ! bottom ( ! room1 leav+ ! upp] "p undi/urb$ & f\l4 ,no d\bt y h all notic$1 frequ5tly1 t 9 go+ into a room 9 ! ev5+1 :5 y\r heads 7 above ! w9d[ op5+1 x w\ld be q hot1 b if y /oop$ d[n bel[ ! l9e ( ! op5 w9d[1 x w\ld be cool & pleasant4 ,all w9d[s %\ld be made to l[] f ! top1 to meet ?is special case4 ,if y are bo>d+1 or are s un=tunate z to be put 9 a room :]e ! great blund] has be5 made ( n hav+ ! w9d[s to l[]1 g to ! ne>e/ c>p5t] %op next morn+1 be=e breakfa/1 & get a *isel1 & cut six or eight in*es (f ! little /rip :i* supports ! sa%1 &1 ) a gimlet1 bore a hole directly ?r\gh ! sa%1 on bo? sides1 & ) a nail y c keep ! sa% up 9 its place1 :5 necess>y4 ,i h _h hundr$s1 yes1 ,i suppose1 ?\s&s1 made to l[] ?is way 9 ! hospitals4 ,motion1 motion is ! great desid]atum 9 summ]4 ,y h all notic$1 no d\bt1 h[ pleasant x is to g into a cool room1 l a p>lor1 t has be5 kept %ut up on a hot summ]'s day2 b 9 a %ort "t x beg9s to feel oppressive1 & x is m com=table to h ! w9d[s op51 & a circulation ( air1 ev5 if x %\ld be a little hott] ?an ! /agnant cool air4 ,nev] sleep ) clos$ w9d[s 9 summ]4 ,x is 9 w9t]1 h[ev]1 t ! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 provid+ a con/ant supply ( pure air4 ,if we w\ld b accu/om our m9ds to compreh5d1 readily & quickly1 t cold air falls & w>m air rises1 x w\ld assi/ u 9 our conclusions4 ,we all "k t1 ( c\rse1 b we d n practice apply+ x readily & quickly on all occasions4 ,9 summ]1 z ,i h said1 ! air moves horizontally1 & !n w9d[s & doors are ! great means ( v5tilation2 b z cold wea!r approa*es1 we mu/ keep ! w9d[s %ut1 except+ :5 9 b$4 ,9 w9t]1 !re=e1 we mu/ resort to flues = ! means ( creat+ a circulation1 & = convey+ ! air f "o "p to ano!r4 ,a flue is simply a passage--a communication--= air ( diff]5t temp]atures4 ,a flue has no p[] to create a draught4 ,if ! air )9 is cold]1 x w h ! p[] to fall2 if w>m]1 x w be driv5 up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,= illu/rat+ ?is1 ,i h "h "s glass tubes ab\t two feet long & two in*es diamet]4 ,?is "o 7,fig4 #h7 has be5 ly+ on ! table "s "t1 & ,i suppose is v ne>ly ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! room4 ,i h "h a little t9 box1 :i* answ]s = a connect+ tube1 & ov] "o ( ! op5+s ,i /& ?is tube1 & by ! smoke f ?is tap]1 fir/ held at ! top1 y see !re is no curr5t d[n ! tube4 ,& aga91 by hold+ ! tap] at ! l[] op5+1 y see !re is no curr5t pass+ up ! flue4 ,b ,i w remove t1 & place "o 7,fig4 #i7 ov] ! same op5+ t is w>m]1 & n[ y c see h[ /rongly ! smoke is drawn d[n ?r\gh ?is l[] op5+1 & see x fl[+ up ?is w>m flue1 & out at ! top4 ,we w n[ sub/itute a cold flue 7,fig4 #aj74 ,?is cond5ses ! air1 & x falls rapidly4 ,?is action (t5 occurs 9 ! spr+ & e>ly "p ( summ]1 especially 9 ! morn+1 z ! ext]nal air becomes heat$1 & ! solid mason-"w ( ! *imney rema9s cold1 caus+ a desc5d+ curr5t1 :i* is (t5 noticeable by ! smell ( soot 9 ! room4 ,we w n[ add ?is tube1 ( ! same temp]ature z ! room 7,fig4 #aa71 to see if ! additional height w n make an asc5d+ curr5t4 ,b y see ! smoke is /ill drawn d[n1 ! height ( ! flue adds a little to its p[]1 b ! diff]5ce 9 its temp]ature is ! controll+ =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,we w n[ place ano!r tube ov] ! l[] op5+ 7,fig4 #ab74 ,j see :at a wond]ful effect t has6 ,"h is ! air ru%+ d[n ?is %ort flue & up ! two cold ones4 ,we call$ ^? two fir/ pipes cold1 b our ideas ( heat & cold are simply comp>ative2 ev]y?+ is w>m1 or has heat 9 x4 ,p]haps "s ( u ?9k !re is n mu* heat 9 ! air :5 x comes :i/l+ ar\nd our e>s #ae deg4 or #bj deg4 bel[ z]o2 b ! cold rigid *emi/ w /ill extract _m degrees ( heat f t4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 rememb] t absolute temp]ature has no?+ to d ) ! air pass+ up or d[n a flue--x is simply comp>ative temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,let me %[ y "o m exp]im5t4 ,"h are two tubes we h _h heat$2 z y see1 ! smoke ru%es up !m rapidly4 ,b n[ we w add ?is ?ird "o 7,fig4 #ac71 :i* rev]ses ! curr5t at once4 ,! two fir/ are hot1 tak+ ! temp]ature ( ! room z ! /&>d1 b ! ?ird "o is /ill hott]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! =m ( a flue has b little to d ) ! draught2 ! height has a slight influ5ce1 b be> 9 m9d con/antly t ! great mov+ p[] 9 all flues is ! v>iation ( temp]ature4 ,n[1 let u make a practical application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,wait a mom5t3 j let u lay ?is "o aside1 b n =get x1 z we %all want to ref] to x 9 a few mom5ts1 & try ano!r exp]im5t :i* has "s be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,i h "h a tube j "o foot squ>e & two feet long1 & "o foot f ! bottom !re is :at we w suppose to be an air-tight pi/on t c be mov$ )\t friction4 ,n[1 suppose we heat t air #dij deg4 7= ! sake ( easy rememb]+1 say #ejj deg472 ?is w\ld j d\ble its volume--x w\ld !n be two cubic feet 9 size in/ead ( "o4 ,n[1 suppose t1 in/ead ( lett+ ?is air exp&1 we %\ld put a weight on x1 s z to keep x 9 its place1 h[ mu* d y ?9k we %\ld h to place on8 ,two ?\s& "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds1 or ab\t "o ton4 ,n[1 :at d we f9d ^! #bafj p\nds to repres5t8 ,x is ! weight ( a column ( atmosph]e ) a base ( "o foot squ>e1 or fifte5 p\nds multipli$ by #add squ>e in*es--x is ! weight t w\ld re/ ^u ! pi/on if all ! air 0 tak5 out f "u x4 ,!re=e1 if y add ab\t #ejj deg4 ( heat to a cubic foot ( air1 x makes x two cubic feet ( air2 or1 if y attempt to keep x f exp&+1 y mu/ put a ton weight ^u x4 ,m>k "o ?+1 h[ev]1 if x takes t5 ounces ( coal to heat t air to #dij deg41 :i* we d by pil+ our ton weight ^u x1 x w take f\rte5 ounces ( coal if we all[ x to exp& to two feet4 ,9 ! =m] case1 :]e ! air rema9s /ation>y1 x _h done no "w4 ,x 0 ready to g to "w1 b x _h n comm5c$4 ,b 9 ! case ( its expansion1 x _h done a great "w4 ,:at 0 x8 ,:y x _h lift$ t ton ( atmosph]ic air "o foot 9 height1 & t "w 0 :at us$ up ! diff]5ce betwe5 t5 p>ts & f\rte5 p>ts ( coal 7,i don't tr\ble y ) fractions74 ,y see1 !re=e1 to make ! air quit ! e>? & asc5d into ! upp] regions1 requires a positive p[]1 ! same z x does to drive "s poor simple p away f ! fire on a cold day4 ,we (t5 say t1 by heat+ air1 we give x p[] to asc5d2 in/ead ( :i* heat+ x de/roys its p[] to ma9ta9 its position4 ,x weak5s--en]vates x--s t its neighbors easily drive x out & take its place4 ,"o cubic foot ( air1 dilut$ to two feet1 w\ld be driv5 ab\t two miles & a half high be=e x f\nd any body z weak z itself1 = e #cej feet 9 height1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! pressure dim9i%es by an am\nt equal to "o degree1 or =c$ "u wat] ?irty-f\r feet r$uces x to "o-half its bulk4 ,n[1 let u g back & f9i% our syphon1 or flue exp]im5t4 ,"h we h our little glass h\se aga94 ,we w take ! ro( (f & put a pretty l>ge family 9 x--,i mean l>ge 9 numb]s1 if n 9 size4 ,y may call x a s*ool1 or public meet+1 or *ur*1 or :atev] y please4 ,suppose1 = illu/ration1 we call x a *ur*1 & we w call ?is l>g] light 9 ?is end ! m9i/] speak+ to ! congregation4 ,y see1 ! lights are a good deal agitat$1 & fl>e ar\nd a good deal4 ,!re is a ru% ( air d[n at ?is end1 &1 z x becomes heat$1 x rises at ! o!r4 ,let u cov] ab\t "o-half ( ?is up4 ,n[ see :at a ru% ( air !re is d[n ^! flues1 in/ead ( up !m1 z !re ought to be4 ,"h1 y see1 ! ma9 body ( ! build+1 ?\gh mu* %ort] ?an ! flues1 =ms ! heat$ leg ( ! syphon2 & y may ?us recognize :y _m ( ! v5tilat+ flues1 put 9 ! cold outside walls ( _m ( our l>ge build+s1 p]si/ 9 work+ ! wrong way1 & cold air bl[s d[n !re1 in/ead ( ! f\l air go+ up4 ,b !re seems to be too mu* draught4 ,let u put ! ro( on4 ,ah1 t is bett]2 b1 !n1 :at a draught !re is d[n ?is *imney-flue4 ,call ! sexton1 & h t /opp$ up quickly1 or ^? sitt+ ne> !re w soon cat* _! dea? ( cold1 & w nev] come "h aga94 ,y see1 h[ev]1 !y %9e v brightly1 not)/&+ all ! draught1 b !re1 n[1 x is all clos$ up z snugly z ! mo/ fa%ionable *ur* 9 t[n4 ,see h[ quiet & peacefully !y burn n[4 ,ah1 !re is "o j gone to sleep4 ,y mu/ excuse him1 he probably 0 up mo/ ( ! night ) a sick *ild4 ,& !re goes ano!r4 ,i ?9k he mu/ h be5 v busy = ! la/ week settl+ up 8 la/ ye>'s acc\nts4 ,j see1 !y are go+ to sleep s fa/1 ,i don't ?9k we c pret5d to give excuses = !m all4 ,&1 n[1 is n t a brilliant congregation to be prea*+ to8 ,ev]yone dead asleep except+ ! prea*] himself1 & ,i suspect he feels /upid en\gh to g to sleep1 b x w\ld n look well2 & he has to tax 8 en]gies s sev]ely he w h>dly get ov] x1 s z to be good = any?+ = ! balance ( ! week4 ,y may ?9k ?is an exagg]at$ repres5tation ( ! real facts4 ,d n deceive y\rselves4 ,a few mon?s s9ce ,i 0 reque/$ by "o ( ! congregation to visit a build+ )9 a few m9utes' walk ( ?is place1 & see if !re 0 n "s defect 9 ! v5tilation4 ,! g5tleman /at$ to me t he sometimes att5d$ ! class-meet+1 & w\ld be glad to g (t5]1 b x 0 held 9 ! basem5t /ory1 & x 0 q impossible = him to keep awake1 z he _h to get up & g out two or ?ree times dur+ ! ev5+1 to get a little fre% air1 or he c\ld n keep awake4 ,i exam9$ x4 ,! ceil+s 7 l[-only n9e or t5 feet2--!n !re 7 two old leaky portable furnaces1 :i* 7 us$ z occasion requir$ = heat+ ! l>ge room above1 or ! basem5t room :5 ! class-meet+ 0 held4 ,! only v5tilation !y _h 0 to let (f ! surplus heat 7if !y _h any1 :i* 0 seldom7 into ! room above4 ,n[ = fre% air4 ,by a v c>eful & m9ute exam9ation1 ,i discov]$ a little pipe 7,i ?9k x 0 ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]7 to ea* /ove 7bo? ( :i* w\ld n be ov] half z l>ge z :at ,i h to supply my own b$room71 = ! supply ( ! fre% air = t :ole congregation4 ,fre% air1 did ,i say8 ,well1 let u see :]e ?is fre% air comes f4 ,! janitor1 aft] tak+ u d[n & %[+ :]e he kept ! a%es1 wood1 old b5*es1 & all sorts ( rubbi%1 0 ab\t go+ up1 b said ,i1 ,:]e is ! "p :]e y get ! fre% air to ! furnaces8 ,oh1 he said1 he c\ld n get to t1 x 0 su* a r\gh place1 & !re 0 a sew] or gutt] 7f ! adjo9+ gravey>d ,i suppose7 runn+ "r across x4 ,& f t place1 too r\gh to be got at1 ) an op5 sew] runn+ ?r\gh1 & too f\l to g into1 0 :]e !y got ! fre% air 767 f = ! :ole ( t congregation to brea!4 ,& d y suppose ?is is an exception8 ,let me tell y4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! late w> ,i 0 call$ ^u by ! ,sanit>y ,commission to exam9e ! hospitals 9 ,wa%+ton ,city ) ref]5ce to _! v5tilation4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! *ur*es 9 t city 7 us$ = hospital purposes1 & _m ( !m 7 heat$ by hot-air furnaces1 & 9 n "o s+le in/ance _h !y fre% air boxes to !m1 nei!r _h !y any means = c>ry+ (f ! f\l air4 ,! furnaces 7 g5]ally plac$ 9 a hole excavat$ "u ! ma9 "p ( ! build+1 & all ! gr\nd ar\nd !m left expos$1 & ! air 0 suck$ 9 f ! f]m5t+1 decay+ vegetable m\ld "u ! build+4 ,& ?is place ar\nd ! furnace 0 ! place :]e all ! fil? & old rubbi% 0 ?r[n to get x out ( ! way1 & x 0 ?or\ghly out ( ! way too1 = ! surgeon 9 *>ge or any inspector nev] got !re to see x4 ,9 "s cases ,i f\nd ?is space ar\nd ! furnace us$ z ! dead h\se6 ,did ,i say !re 0 no attempt 9 any ( ^? build+s = sy/ematic v5tilation8 ,i ought to h made "o exception4 ,i call$ "o morn+ ab\t t5 o'clock at "o ( ! f9e/ new *ur*es1 :i* 0 !n be+ occupi$ z a hospital1 & ask$ = ! surgeon 9 *>ge4 ,he _h n arriv$4 7,!y did n (t5 v5ture 9 be=e elev5 o'clock1 ! w>ds became s f\l dur+ ! night x took till t "t1 ) ! w9d[s up1 to get !m fit = ! surgeon 9 *>ge to v5ture 947 ,i inquir$ ( ! w>dma/] h[ ! build+ 0 v5tilat$4 ,oh1 v well--v well1 inde$--!y _h good v5tilation1 po9t+ up to a l>ge1 spl5did v5tilator 9 ! ceil+4 ,d y keep t always op58 ,i ask$4 ,oh1 c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,b ,i always h a great suspicion ( ^? ceil+ v5tilators1 z !y are g5]ally %ut4 ,s ,i walk$ ar\nd ! w>d1 & :5 "u x ask$ him aga9 if he ?\ght t 0 op54 ,a smile came ov] 8 face z he discov]$1 = ! fir/ "t1 x 0 a h&some fresco pa9t+ on ! solid wall4 ,& ?is 0 ! only practical sy/ematic attempt at any v5tilation 9 any ( ! *ur* build+s us$ z hospitals 9 all ,wa%+ton4 ,i h n be5 9 any ( ! public s*ools 9 ?is city = _m ye>s1 b a g5tleman told me ! o!r day t he call$ at "o ( ! fa%ionable s*ools up t[n to get 8 son & take him home "u 8 umbrella1 z x _h comm5c$ ra9+ s9ce morn+1 & z he op5$ ! s*ool room door he 0 p]fectly %ock$1 z he /agg]$ back f ! gu/ ( horrible f\l air t came ru%+ out ( t room4 ,i h exam9$ mo/ ( ! public s*ools 9 ,new ,york s9ce ,i h ^? ( ,philadelphia4 ,!y h a way ( _! own ( do+ public bus9ess ov] !re4 ,!re has be5 a good deal said ab\t v5tilat+ public s*ools ( late ye>s1 & z x 0 su* a sci5tific & fa%ionable matt] !y mu/ h _! s*ools v5tilat$ ( c\rse4 ,i 0 v un=tunate 9 my int]c\rse ) ! ,directors ( ! ,public ,s*ools4 ,i did n happ5 to meet ) _m ( ^? high ton$1 lib]al1 sci5tific g5tlem5 t are on _m ( ! committees1 ( c\rse4 ,^? beautiful & ornam5tal grat+s call$ regi/]s are accept$ z ! ext]nal pro( ( good v5tilation1 sugge/+ z !y d ! fl[ ( an abundance ( pure fre% air4 ,s regi/]s 7 b\ght freely & put 9 all ! rooms1 top & bottom1 ) spl5did r$ & gre5 & blue tassels1 altoge!r mak+ a h&some %[ & do+ ! v able & sci5tific g5tlem5 on ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds great cr$it = _! ent]prise & great c>e = ! welf>e & int]e/ ( ! pupils "u _! *>ge4 ,n[1 let u exam9e ! op]ation ( ^! regi/]s4 ,hold+ a h&k]*ief 9 front ( !m1 !re x rema9$ p]fectly motionless4 ,x nei!r blew hot nor cold--x 0 p]fectly lukew>m1 motionless4 ,g to ano!r--! same4 ,& to ano!r--! same4 ,well t is s+ul>4 ,let u g on ! ro( & see :at c be ! matt]4 ,a c>eful se>* fails to discov] any flues at all1 b a me*anical exam9ation %[s t ! cop+-/one has be5 put on !m1 mak+ all ! flues z ?or\ghly air-tight z ! solid wall--m p]fectly capp$ ?an t *imney4 ,!re _h be5 no att5tion paid to hav+ ! holes = ! v5tilat+ flues cut ?r\gh ! cop+-/one4 ,yes1 ,i believe t to-day a l>ge proportion ( all ^? flues ) ! elegant v5tilat+ regi/]s at ! top & bottom ( ! room1 are capp$ & made z ?or\ghly air-tight z ! solid wall1 & are z p]fect %ams & z useless z ! elegant fresco$ v5tilator on ! solid wall ( ! *ur* hospital 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,i d n believe t ,philadelphians h gone q ?us f> 9 satisfy+ ! public dem& = v5tilation 9 ! public s*ools4 ,!y may n h done any m1 b ,i believe !y h n pret5d$ to d q z mu*4 ,excuse me a few m9utes2 ,i mu/ illu/rate ano!r v great defici5cy4 ,! simple illu/ration ,i w give y repres5ts almo/ ! univ]sal condition ( our hot-air furnaces4 ,mu* compla9t 0 made ( ! uncom=table feel+ 9 "o ( ! l>ge public s*ools1 :]e !y _h "s #abjj or #aejj s*ol>s4 ,i 0 call$ to exam9e x4 ,i ask$1 z is my usual habit1 if !y evaporat$ pl5ty ( wat]4 ,oh1 yes2 !y _h giv5 ! janitor full directions ab\t keep+ ! evaporat+ pans always full4 ,i f\nd ! evaporat+ pans full1 sure en\gh1 r to my surprise1 b :at d y ?9k !y 7 fill$ )8 ,sev]al old brooms1 half *>r$1 & "s old wat] buckets all fall5 to pieces1 & o!r rubbi% ?r[n 9 !re out ( ! way4 ,& n[ ^? ( y :o h be5 tru/+ to y\r s]vants to keep wat] 9 y\r furnaces1 if y w take a c&le :5 y g home & g d[n & exam9e y\r own furnaces1 y w mo/ likely f9d !m dry1 & if y g to ! public s*ools 9 ! morn+ y w see t !y too are n an exception4 ,i wi% ,i _h "t to expla9 ! dreadful effect ( ?is want ( moi/ure 9 all our artificially heat$ rooms4 ,! air 9 w9t] is v dry1 ! moi/ure is squeez$ out z ! wat] is squeez$ out ( ?is sponge4 ,b z y heat x y enl>ge its volume aga91 & x sucks up ! moi/ure j z ?is sponge does1 & if y d n supply ?is moi/ure 9 o!r ways x w suck ! natural moi/ure f y\r sk9 & y\r lungs1 creat+ t dry1 p>*$1 fev]i% condition s noticeable 9 our furnace & o!r /ove-heat$ rooms4 ,few p]sons realize ! great am\nt ( wat] necess>y to be evaporat$ to produce ! natural condition ( moi/ure correspond+ ) ! increas$ temp]ature giv5 ! air 9 _m ( our rooms 9 w9t]4 ,i h copi$ a table express+ 9 gra9s troy ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 "o cubic foot ( air :5 saturat$3 ,degrees ,gra9s ( vapor ,fahr5heit4 9 cubic foot4 #aj #j4h #bj #a4c #cj #b4j #dj #b4i #ej #d4j #fj #f4j #gj #h4j #hj #aj4j #ij #ae4j #ajj #ai4j ,?us y see1 tak+ ! air at #aj deg4 & heat+ up to #gj deg41 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( our rooms1 requires ab\t n9e times ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! orig9al ext]nal atmosph]e1 & if heat$ to #ajj deg41 z mo/ ( our hot-air furnaces heat ! air1 x w\ld require ab\t tw5ty-?ree times ! am\nt 9 ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ & important subject1 b ,i am sorry ,i h n "t = fur!r explanation4 ,i see "s k9d fri5d has be5 ar\nd & op5$ ! doors ( our meet+-h\se & awak5$ ! sleep]s4 ,& n[ y see ! lights %9e1 & ! *eeks gl[ z brightly z w\ld ^? ( our "y ladies c\ld !y be p]suad$ to g skat+1 or take a five mile walk e day1 ra9 or %9e1 & sleep ) ! w9d[s op51 & nev] ride 9 any ( our c>s1 or g to p>ties or any o!r public ga!r+s unless ! build+s :]e !y are held are well v5tilat$4 ,b ^? dreadful drafts6 ,p w n be> !m4 ,let u see if we c accommodate !m4 ,put on ! ro(1 & "h comes ?is dreadful curr5t aga9 d[n ! v5tilat+ flue4 ,well1 v5tilat+ flues h ! "n ( be+ great humbugs4 ,let u %ut !m up4 ,!re are y\r poor consumptive pati5ts--!re !y g1 y see4 ,"o-half dead already1 & ! re/ w soon foll[ if we _c rescue !m4 ,let u op5 ! flue aga94 ,see h[ !y bright5 up z ! fre% air comes 94 ,!re is no use ( disput+ ab\t x1 y mu/ h a curr5t ( fre% air com+ into ! h\se or y w surely die4 ,n[ let u *ange ! programme4 ,let u build a fire 9 ?is fire-place 9 ! l[] /ory--t burns up brightly4 ,:]e does x get fre% air f n[8 ,!re c be no curr5t d[n ! *imney4 ,let u se>* x out ) ?is smok+ tap]4 ,ah1 "h x is com+ d[n ?r\gh ! v5tilator f ! v top ( ! h\se4 ,we w soon /op t by ?is cap4 ,b see1 x /ill burns z brightly z ev]4 ,let u try aga94 ,ah1 d y see ! smoke ru%+ d[n ! second /ory *imney & across to ! /airway1 & d[n ! /airs1 & across ! room aga9 to ?is fire8 ,!re is a valuable h9t4 ,h y n notic$ frequ5tly gas 9 ! room f ! fire-place or /ove1 & especially at night8 ,& d y see h[ easily x w\ld be to acc\nt = x if ! h\se 7 %ut up tight at night1 ) a l>ge fire 9 ! kit*5 or furnace 9 ! cell>1 & b a small fire 9 ! second /ory8 ,don't y see h[ ! :ole products ( combu/ion1 all ! poison\s gases1 may be drawn out into ! room8 ,y (t5 notice acc\nts ( :ole families be+ smo!r$ to dea? 9 "o night1 b _m seem to ?9k if !y are n smo!r$ to dea? ! fir/ night1 t x is n s v dang]\s aft] all1 & n kn[+ h[ to rem$y x easily g on f day to day & sometimes escape ! :ole w9t] ) a little ( _! lives left4 ,n[1 let u put out ! fire 9 ! fir/ /ory & make "o 9 ! second4 ,y mu/ rememb] t ?is is n a fa%ionable d\ble ceil$ & pla/]$ air-tight h\se4 ,x is mu* m op51 9 proportion to its size1 ?an any ord9>y h\se4 ,& n[1 z ?is l[] flue has be5 s highly heat$1 x may take "s "t = ! fire 9 ! second /ory fire-place to become heat$ suffici5tly 9 excess to cause ! air to draw d[n ! longe/ flue to ! bottom ( ! h\se & up ! /airs to ! second /ory fire-place1 b x w soon d x4 ,i wi% y to notice "o ?+ "h p>ticul>ly1 & ea* "o apply x to y\r own p>ticul> case4 ,y "k ! l[] "p ( ! h\se is clos$ up tight to keep out ! robb]s1 & if great c>e is n tak5 to give an abundant supply ( fre% air to y\r *amb]s o!rwise1 x w be drawn up ?r\gh ! hall out ( y\r kit*5 & cell>1 & z ! cook has left ! range lid (f & %ut ! damp]s1 y w h a suffocat+ smell ( gas all ov] ! h\se4 ,b ! wor/ dang] ( all is ! air t may be drawn 9 f an untrapp$ sew] or cesspool4 ,?is is a v common b great s\rce ( ill-heal?4 ,sanit>ians h giv5 mu* att5tion to ?is subject lately1 & h be5 a/oni%$ at ! magnitude ( ! evil4 ,i h long ma9ta9$ t a family might g to ! highe/ & mo/ heal?y location 9 ! _w1 & by a little c>elessness might accumulate suffici5t fil? ar\nd !m1 & by clos+ up ! h\se at night & all[+ ! f\l gases f untrapp$ sew]s & cesspools to ent] ?r\gh ! halls to _! sleep+ rooms1 to ?us make :at w\ld o!rwise be a heal?y place a v unheal?y "o4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 ,i w\ld ref] to a v int]e/+ report ( ,doctors ,palm]1 ,=d1 & ,e>le1 giv+ an acc\nt ( _! inve/igations ( ! causes ( a sev]e epidemic t occurr$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahfd 9 a "y ladies' sem9>y 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! ,maplewood ,in/itute is situat$ 9 ,pittsfield1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ^? *>m+ ,new ,engl& villages1 :i*1 to ext]nal appe>ances1 are ! v emblem ( all t is pure & heal?y4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is lovely place1 f an ignorant or c>eless arrangem5t ( ! dra9s & cess-pools1 mu* ( ! f\l gas g5]at$ !re f\nd its way into ! build+1#b mak+ sixty-six out ( sev5ty-f\r "y ladies sick1 fifty-sev5 ( :om _h ! typhoid fev] & ?irte5 di$4 ,_m simil> cases are frequ5tly occurr+1 "s few ( :i*1 l ?is1 are c>efully inve/igat$1 & ! causes remov$4 ,_m m1 h[ev]1 g unnotic$1 & are accept$ z special disp5sations ( ,provid5ce1 :5 x is all due to our own neglig5ce4 ,i want to %[ y an arrangem5t t ought to be 9 e h\se4 ,we h se5 ! p[] ( a fire to create a draft1 & if y w ?9k a little y w notice t ! kit*5 fire is ! mo/ consid]able & mo/ p]man5t p[] 9 ord9>y dwell+s1 & ?is ought to be made use ( to v5tilate ! kit*51 wat]-closet & ba?-room 9 e h\se4 ,b y mu/ n make an op5+ directly into ! kit*5 flue2 if y d y w int]f]e ) ! draft ( ! kit*5 fire1 & if y int]f]e ) ! kit*5 fire y w soon wi% y\rself at any?+ b keep+ h\se4 ,b we c easily get ov] t tr\ble4 ,we w use ?is squ>e glass box aga9 to repres5t a flue4 ,i don't mean ?is to repres5t ! size--x ought to be twice t size4 ,9 ! c5tre we w put a cold pipe1 to %[ y t a pipe )\t any heat 9 x w\ld only cause ! f\l air to tumble d[n into ! room4 ,?us y see ! smoke desc5d+4 ,we w sub/itute a pipe ) a gas light to heat x4 ,n[ y see :at a rapid curr5t !re is out ( ?is l>ge flue4 ,see :at a spl5did arrangem5t ?is is = v5tilat+1 & x may be ext5d$ s z to v5tilate ! :ole h\se4 ,x is n necess>y t ! room to be v5tilat$ %\ld be adjo9+1 b a pipe c be c>ri$ betwe5 ! floors #ej or #ajj feet4 ,i _h an opportunity1 dur+ ! late w>1 ( ?or\ghly te/+ ?is sy/em ( v5tilation 9 ! gov]nm5t hospitals4 ,let me say "h t a v common mi/ake 9 mak+ v5tilat+ flues is1 t !y are entirely too small to be ( any value4 ,"o ( ^! little ,philadelphia flues1 f\r by n9e in*es1 made ) r\gh bricks1 & ne>ly or entirely *ok$ up ) mort>1 z _m ( !m are frequ5tly f\nd1 is ( no acc\nt4 ,!y are simply a deception1 & a p]fect provocation to a s5sible man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,i comm5c$ by mak+ "s 9 ,wa%+ton1 = s+le w>ds1 ?irty in*es squ>e1 b 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,l\isville1 & ,na%ville1 :]e build+s f\r or five /ories high 7 us$ = hospitals1 ,i made !m mu* l>g]1 "s ?ree feet squ>e & "s f\r feet by six feet4 ,"s build+s1 :]e ! v5tilation 0 s bad & ! wat]-closets 7 s (f5sive t ! gov]nm5t _h to ab&on !m1 ,i _h v5tilat$ by ^! imm5se %afts1 heat$ by ! kit*5 & laundry fires1 :i* prov$ ?or\ghly effici5t & entirely satisfactory4 ,i _h hop$ to h "t to discuss ! subject ( heat+ m fully 9 connection ) v5tilation1 b _c2 b ,i w /ate1 9 ! simple/ mann]1 a few ( ! lead+ po9ts fir/4 ,y mu/ h fre% air all ! "t4 ,9 summ] y c get x by op5+ ! doors & w9d[s4 ,9 w9t] x mu/ be w>m$ be=e ent]+ ! room4 ,x mu/ n ent] ! room cold & fl[ across ! floor to ! o!r side be=e x rea*es ! heat+ app>atus4 ,y c be> a l>ge am\nt ( fre% air if x /rikes y 9 ! face & ev5ly ov] ! :ole body1 b nev] let a jet ( cold air bl[ ^u any small portion ( y\r body4 ,to avoid ^! local curr5ts suck+ 9 at cracks1 y mu/ make provision = ! introduction ( an am\nt ( air l>g] ?an ! sum ( all ^! cracks1 & y\r exhau/ flue besides4 ,?is air mu/ be p>tially w>m$ be=e ent]+4 ,if ?is is done by a hot-air furnace1 x mu/ h a l>ge fre% air box1 :i* %\ld be f eighte5 in*es to two feet = a l>ge h\se4 ,x %\ld h a l>ge evaporat+ vessel1 ) a ball-cock to supply x4 ,y _c get ! s]vants to att5d to x1 & y mu/ nev] all[ ! air f y\r cell> to ent] y\r furnace to be driv5 up /airs4 ,nev] all[ ! furnace to get r$-hot4 ,a hot wat] furnace di/urbs ! natural conditions ( ! air ! lea/1 &1 on t acc\nt1 is a v heal?y means ( artificially heat+ air4 ,b !y are necess>ily exp5sive1 & s few p]sons really appreciate ! value ( pure air1 t b few w g to ! exp5se ( introduc+ !m4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t !y d n dry ! air1 s to speak4 ,y _c elevate ! temp]ature )\t increas+ ! capacity = moi/ure4 ,a hot wat] furnace1 !re=e1 requires ! artificial evaporation ( wat] to give ! w>m$ air its true hygrometric condition4 ,heat+ ! air by /eam is ! next mo/ heal?y means2 z ! surfaces us$ are heat$ a little hott]1 less ( x answ]s ! same purpose4 ,! fir/ co/ is !re=e less4 ,x is ! mo/ rapid & conv5i5t means ( convey+ heat to any di/ant po9t ( any?+ n[ 9 use4 ,"u ! pressure ( an ord9>y boil] x w travel sev5 miles 9 "o m9ute4 ,! "t ,i hope is n f> di/ant :5 ! subject ( heat+ & v5tilation w receive an am\nt ( att5tion due to its importance4 ,i believe !n we %all h /eam pipes laid ?r\gh our /reets1 ! same z gas & wat] n[ are4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( ea* man keep+ up sep>ate fires all ov] 8 h\se is z crude1 & extravagant1 & unnecess>y z x w\ld be = e man to make 8 own gas or h 8 own well = wat]4 ,:]e a /eam furnace is us$1 two-?irds ( ! heat+ surface %\ld be put bel[ ! floor & fre% air br\ght into x1 & f !re conduct$ to ! rooms ?r\gh l>ge pipes4 ,?is w>m$ air %\ld be let into ! room at ! floor1 & an op5+ into an exhau/ flue1 two-?irds ! size ( ! inlet1 %\ld be provid$ at ! floor = ! escape ( ! f\l air4 ,! rema9+ "o-?ird ( ! heat+ surface %\ld be expos$ 9 ! halls & "s 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! h\se1 to heat by direct radiation1 b "u no circum/ances %\ld a room or (fice be occupi$ heat$ exclusively by direct radiation f expos$ /eam pipes4 ,x is "o ( ! wor/1 mo/ unheal?y1 kill+ sy/ems 9 exi/5ce4 ,/eam furnaces require ! evaporation ( an additional am\nt ( moi/ure z well z any o!r sy/em ( heat+4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,we!ral's inve/igation1 x w\ld require ! evaporation on "s days ( ne>ly =ty p\nds ( wat] e m9ute 9 ! ,s5ate ,*amb] to ma9ta9 ! prop] hygrometric condition4 ,probably "o ( ! v be/ arrangem5ts is to h a good /eam furnace1 ) a l>ge fre% air box lett+ 9 an abundance ( air mod]ately w>m$1 & ov]fl[+ ! h\se ) ?is1 & "s direct radiation 9 ! halls1 & a good1 bright1 *e]ful op5 fire 9 ! family sitt+-room4 ,b if y _c h a /eam or hot wat] furnace1 y c make a room v com=table inde$ ) a /ove1 if y w b introduce all ! fre% air requir$ = ! room directly aga9/ or on top ( ! /ove4 ,no /ove ought to be put up )\t hav+ a supply ( fre% air f ! outside1 & a l>ge evaporat+ vessel1 kept con/antly fill$ ) wat]1 ) an op5+ 9 ! heat$ flue ne> ! floor = ! escape ( ! f\l air4 ,9 conclusion1 all[ me to urge ^u y to exam9e y\r furnace ?is ev5+ or to-morr[ morn+1 & if !re is no fre% air box communicat+ ) ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 g to ! ne>e/ c>p5t]'s %op be=e go+ to y\r bus9ess1 & get him to come at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t & put 9 a good l>ge "o1 & if he asks y :]e y want ! damp] 9 ! cold air box1 tell him y don't want any4 ,damp]s 9 cold air boxes are h&y ?+s to h 9 ! h\se1 :5 us$ prop]ly1 b1 l fire-arms1 are v dang]\s if y d n und]/& !m4 ,yes1 damp]s 9 cold air boxes & o!r contrivances = keep+ ! fre% air out ( h\ses1 h kill$ m p]sons ?an all ! fire-arms ev] made 9 ?is c\ntry or any o!r4 ,if y h no evaporat+ vessel 9 ! furnace1 /op at y\r furnace man's1 & tell him to put 9 two good l>ge evaporat+ vessels 9 su* a position t !y w evaporate two or ?ree buckets ( wat] a day 9 cold wea!r4 ,& if y h a /ove at y\r (fice1 /op on y\r way d[n & buy a good l>ge e>!n pan to set on ! top ( ! /ove1 & keep x always full ( wat]4 ,make a pipe = ! inlet ( fre% air to e /ove ov] :i* y h any control1 & nev] rema9 9 a room "o day )\t a good op5+ at ! floor = ! escape ( f\l air4 ,& f my own exp]i5ce1 & t ( _m o!rs :om ,i "k to h giv5 mu* att5tion to ?is subject1 ,i c assure y1 ) ! fulle/ confid5ce1 t y w be mo/ amply rew>d$ = y\r c>e 9 ?is respect by increas$ heal?1 /r5g? & happ9ess1 & by ! reasonable prospect ( a long life4 ,,v5tilation4 ,,! ,,gr& ,,prize ,,aw>d$ ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,exhibition4 ,add$ to ! _m o!r gratify+ signs ( a rapidly increas+ int]e/ 9 ! all-important subject ( ! prop] supply ( pure air to our h\ses1 is ! aw>d+ ( ! gr& prize ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition to ,dr4 ,evans1 = an ,am]ican sanit>y collection4 ,! ,sanit>y ,commission1 dur+ our late w>1 act$ ^u ! pr9ciple s9ce express$ by ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,new ,york4 ,!y say3 ,& view+ only ! causes ( prev5table diseases & _! fatal results1 we unhesitat+ly /ate t ! v fir/ sanit>y want 9 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn is ,,v5tilation--v5tilation suppli$ 9 all exi/+ t5ant-h\ses1 "w-rooms1 s*ool-rooms & places ( assemblage--& 9 all t %all h]eaft] be con/ruct$4 ,! e>ly recognition dur+ ! late w>1 bo? by ! ,sanit>y ,commission & ! gov]nm5t (ficials1 ( ! important fact t _m m m5 are kill$ by brea?+ f\l air ?an are kill$ by ! enemies' bullets1 l$ !m to use v active ex]tions to secure good v5tilation 9 hospitals & camps1 & to tea* ! m5 !mselves ! value !re(4 ,! result has be5 highly satisfactory4 ,! fact t we mu/ make "s positive provision = a con/ant supply ( fre% air to e occupi$ room1 & n rely on accid5tal cracks & op5+s1 is n[ v g5]ally felt4 ,! simple1 practical & effici5t means us$ by ! gov]nm5t has done mu* t[>ds creat+ ?is :olesome public op9ion4 ,! annex$ plan 7except+ a /ove & twelve b$s1 omitt$ f c5tre ( plan1 indicat$ by ! space7 is a copy ( "o ,i furni%$ ! ,committee2 & :i* 0 fai?fully execut$ 9 prep>+ "o ( ! models ( hospitals1 ! arrangem5ts ( :i* h be5 s highly appreciat$1 & has %>$ "o ( ! gr& prizes at ! ,p>is ,exhibition4 ,x is a repres5tative plan1 %[+ ! g5]al arrangem5ts ( w>ds 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! hospitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! special arrangem5ts ( flues1 ,v1 = w9t] v5tilation1 & ! introduction ( ! fre% air ar\nd ! /ove1 7 n introduc$ into ! hospitals 9 ,philadelphia1 built at ! comm5cem5t ( ! w>4 ,& ! subsequ5t ord]s ( ! ,surgeon ,g5]al & ,qu>t] ,ma/] ,g5]al = ! introduction !re( 7 prote/$ aga9/ by ! ,surgeons ( ,philadelphia1 ow+ probably p>tially to _! prov]bial objection to *anges ( any k9d1 & p>tially to t dread ( v5tilation made b too popul> by ! _m errone\s !ories :i* propose to introduce ! fre% air directly into ! room1 & at times1 too1 :5 x is ev5 bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 )\t fir/ w>m+ x4 ,^! arrangem5ts1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ plan & section1 7 ?or\ghly te/$1 h[ev]1 9 _m ( ! hospitals subsequ5tly built 9 _m ( ! ,we/]n cities4 ,! plan ( ridge v5tilation1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ section1 ,i appli$ fir/ 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ! summ] ( #ahfc4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,em]son v5tilator appli$ to ridge v5tilation4 ,mu* tr\ble _h be5 exp]i5c$ ) o!r =ms on acc\nt ( _! all[+ ! /orms to beat 91 & ! difficulty ( op5+ & clos+ !m ) ! v>i\s *anges ( w9d2 ?is =m fully rem$ies ^? objections1 & c be left op5 )\t inconv5i5ce at all times :ile sn[+ or ra9+4 ,x uses ! =ce ( ! w9d1 :5ev] !re is a curr5t pass+ ov] ! top ( ! build+1 = suck+ ! air out ( ! w>d1 because ! air 9 pass+ across ! top ( ! build+ is deflect$ f ! /raight l9e by ! angle ( ! ro(-bo>d1 :i* creates a p>tial vacuum 9 ! space bel[1 :i*1 ) ! friction ( ! pass+ curr5t ) t com+ out ( ! w>d1 makes an outw>d draught1 v>y+ 9 proportion to ! velocity ( ! ext]nal curr5t4 ,?is is (t5 v useful1 especially 9 summ]1 :5 !re is n suffici5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext]nal air & t 9 ! w>d to create a curr5t4 ,!re is (t5 a consid]able =ce 9 ! pass+ curr5t at ! top ( ! build+ :5 !re is mu* less bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,b ( c\rse ^! op5+s _h to be clos$ 9 w9t] to prev5t all ! heat f escap+4 ,x !n became necess>y 9 w>ds t _h no fireplaces1 to make some?+ z sub/itutes !re=4 ,wood5 %afts or flues 7 made to answ] ?is purpose4 ,i at fir/ made l>ge wood5 boxes1 plac+ !m 9 ! c5tre ( ! w>ds1 & all[+ !m to ext5d d[n to )9 twelve or eighte5 in*es ( ! floor4 ,?is 0 ( great advantage1 b z ! true pr9ciple ( v5tilation is to h an op5+ = ! exit ( ! contam9at$ air at ! feet ( ea* occupant ( a room1 or at ! head ( ! b$ ( ea* pati5t 9 a hospital1 x 0 soon obs]v$ t ^! %afts 7 too few & f> betwe5 to make a v p]fect arrangem5t4 ,! necessity = provid+ = ! escape ( ! f\l air f ! level ( ! floor 9 w9t]1 s z to utilize ! heat1 01 aft] mu* opposition1 f9ally e/abli%$ & (ficially ackn[l$g$ by ! gov]nm5t (fic]s4 ,!n arrangem5ts 7 made = its introduction into ! gov]nm5t hospitals 9 a m p]fect mann]4 ,i believe 9 no case1 h[ev]1 0 x s fully c>ri$ out z to place a v5tilat+ flue betwe5 ea* b$1 b 9 "s !y 7 arrang$1 z %[n 7m>k$ ,v7 9 ! accompany+ plans betwe5 e o!r two b$s4 ,^! flues 7 c>ri$ toge!r & ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ridge ( ! ro( & capp$ z an ,em]son v5tilator2 ! op5+ into ! l>ge flue1 ext5d+ to j bel[ ! ceil+1 0 clos$ 9 w9t] at all times1 except+ :5 ! room 0 too w>m4 ,?is 0 = ! exhau/1 b ( no less importance 0 ! supply4 ,! popul> dread ( v5tilation arises 9 a great measure f ! supposition t good v5tilation implies a /rong draught ( cold air ^u y\r back or feet or "s o!r un=tunately expos$ place4 ,su* an un=tunate occurr5ce mu/ be fully rem$i$ 9 any sy/em ( v5tilation be=e x c become popul>4 ,z ! simple/ way ( gett+ at ?is1 all ! fre% air requir$ to supply ! p>tial vacuum creat$ by ! exhau/+ %afts 0 br\ght 9 ar\nd ! /oves1 & p>tially w>m$ be=e ent]+4 ,at ! fir/ ! /oves 7 entirely encas$1 & ! fre% air all[$ to encircle !m completely1 b exp]i5ce soon demon/rat$ ! desirabl5ess ( hav+ a portion ( ! hot /ove expos$ = direct radiation1 s t ! feeble & *illy ones might come ne> to x & w>m !mselves4 ,!re %\ld always be a consid]able am\nt ( direct radiation 9 e hospital2 t f an op5 fire is ! be/1 b t f a /ove or /eam-pipe is v good4 ,arrangem5ts 7 also made = ! evaporation ( a l>ge am\nt ( wat]4 ,z ! fir/ w9t] approa*$ aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! w>1 ! idea seem$ almo/ %ock+ to me ( putt+ ! sick & w\nd$ m5 9 su* op5 b>racks1 g5]ally )\t pla/]+1 & made1 z _m ( !m 71 ) r\gh bo>ds & v op54 ,b exp]i5ce soon taught me ! v great sup]iority ( ^! light & airy build+s ov] _m ( ! elaborately f9i%$1 d>k1 air-tight /ructures1 su* z hotels1 colleges1 new-fa%ion$ asylums1 c41 :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 compell$ to take = hospital purposes4 ,9 fact1 :5 complet$ ) ! v5tilation z above describ$1 ) ! abundant sunlight on bo? sides1 )\t any ob/ruct+ p>titions & abundantly w>m$ 9 w9t]1 & ) ! prop] supply ( moi/ure1 !y made und\bt$ly ! mo/ com=table & :olesome class ( build+s1 z a :ole1 t h ev] be5 erect$ = hospital purposes1 n except+ ev5 _m ( ! rec5t elaborately f9i%$ build+s1 :]e n unfrequ5tly too mu* dep5d5ce has be5 plac$ on ! v meagre & insuffici5t effect produc$ by attempts at artificial v5tilation1 in/ead ( rely+ m ^u ! great natural means ( v5tilation--an abundance ( l>ge op5 w9d[s1 op5 fires & good v5tilat+ /oves4 ,! v5tilation ( ! latr9es or wat]-closets ( a hospital1 z well z any o!r place1 is a matt] ( great importance4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfc1 ,i _h put up 9 a hospital 9 ,wa%+ton a v5tilat+ %aft = ! latr9e room1 simil> to ! "o %[n on ! plans4 ,?is 0 an exp]im5t1 b x prov$ s satisfactory t x 0 subsequ5tly ord]$ to be appli$ 9 all ! pr9cipal hospitals4 ,! difficulty 9 ! isolat$ w>ds 01 t x requir$ a sep>ate fire 9 ea* %aft 9 ! summ]4 ,:]e x is possible to get x ne> ! kit*5 or bake-ov5 fire1 t answ]s a spl5did purpose2 b 9 ! s+le w>ds x is n necess>y to keep up a con/ant fire2 a few /icks ( wood e morn+ answ] ! purpose ( keep+ ! air 9 ! %aft w>m] ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 creates ! prop] draught4 ,^! %afts 7 made v l>ge--nev] less ?an ?irty in*es squ>e & sometimes ?ree feet by six feet4 ,! popul> plan ( op5+ ! wat]-closet w9d[s & all[+ mu* ( ! fre% air to ent] ! build+ t way 0 /r5u\sly avoid$2 ! w9d[s 9 ! closet 7 fa/5$ %ut1 & !n ! air to supply ?is l>ge exhau/ %aft 0 drawn f ! adjo9+ w>d or room1 :i* v5tilat$ t w>d & prev5t$ any unpleasant odor f ! closets return+ into ! w>d4 ,:]ev] x 0 possible1 a %eet iron or ca/ iron pipe 0 c>ri$ up into ! c5tre ( ?is %aft f ! kit*51 laundry1 bak]y or any o!r con/ant fire1 & :]e no heat f a p]man5t fire or f a /eam coil c\ld be obta9$1 a small /ove = ! purpose 0 provid$4 ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,g]mant[n1 ,pa4 #g? mo4 #bf?1 #ahfg4 ,! subjo9$ are a few ( ! ,lett]s receiv$ f prom95t ,sanit>ians & o!rs4 ,(fice ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,heal?1 ,provid5ce1 ,augu/ #e1 #ahfg4 ,fri5d ,le$s4 ,y\r ,lectures on ,v5tilation h be5 receiv$4 ,i am mu* int]e/$ 9 !m1 & ?9k ! views giv5 are correct4 ,i hope !y w be widely circulat$4 ,too mu* _c be said to ! p ^u ! subject4 ,v5tilation is all-important4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k t if ! air c\ld be con/antly kept 9 motion1 ! wor/ s\rces ( impure air 9 our cities w\ld be r5d]$ almo/ free f dang]4 ,9 seasons ( epidemic *ol]a1 ! mo/ oppressive feature ( dang] is ! /agnation :i* exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,!re 0 good s5se & true philosophy 9 ! old cu/om ( burn+ bonfires to keep (f disease4 ,i mu/ close1 wi%+ y mu* success 9 y\r ef=ts to awak5 ! p to ! importance ( ?is subject4 ,truly y\rs1 ,,edw9 ,m4 ,,sn[1 ,m4 ,d41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,heal?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bangor1 ,ma9e1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahfg4 ,my ,de> ,le$s4 ,y\r pamphlet 0 duly receiv$4 ,i h read x ) mu* int]e/1 & believe x to be wor?y ( ext5d$ circulation4 ,x is ! cle>e/ pap] on ! subject ,i h yet read4 ,y\rs1 9 ha/e1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,haml91 ,m4 ,d4 99 99 99 99 99 #fd ,madison ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,aug4 #bc1 #ahfg4 ,my ,de> ,fri5d4 ,i h j read y\r ,lectures on ,v5tilation1 & ,i am v mu* oblig$ to y = ! ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction !y h giv5 me4 ,y h v happily hit ^u a /yle :i* is nei!r flippant nor dry4 ,i am sure ! lectures w be read1 & if read1 !y w d a great deal ( good4 ,i h all my life be5 talk+ & writ+ 9 ?is direction1 implor+ ! p to take less m$ic9e & m pure air2 & ,i feel truly grateful = ! help y\r /rong %\ld]s h giv5 me 9 :at has ?us f> prov$ to be a labor ( ,h]cules4 ,y\r p>ticul> me?od ( v5tilat+ build+s ,i _h _m opportunities ( prov+ :ile ,i 0 ,m$ical ,inspector ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 & ,i assure y t no plan 0 ev] m simple & inexp5sive--none c\ld h be5 m effective4 ,inde$1 ,i may say t ,i nev] knew x to fail4 ,to y1 !re=e1 ,i fully believe ! c\ntry is indebt$ = ! lives ( _m ?\s&s ( m54 ,) s5tim5ts ( e/eem1 ,i rema9 y\rs truly1 ,,frank ,h4 ,,hamilton1 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ,pr9ciples ( ,surg]y1 ,milit>y ,surg]y1 ,hygi5e1 c41 ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college1 ,n4 ,y4 ,au?or ( ,"w on ,fractures & ,dislocations1 ,treatise on ,milit>y ,surg]y1 c4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,esq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,(fice ( ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,no4 #cja ,mott ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,augu/ #bf?1 #ahfg4 ,fri5d ,le$s4 ,y\r ,lectures on ,v5tilation h giv5 me mu* pleasure1 & h r5ew$ my confid5ce 9 ! utility ( popul> in/ruction ^u ! subject4 ,i he>tily ?ank y = ! ?\ghtful c>e ) :i* y h set =? all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( v5tilation1 9 language s free f te*nical words1 & s full ( pla9 & homely illu/ration1 t ev5 an un$ucat$ read] c fully und]/& all y h writt54 ,! good ,dr4 ,d4 ,boswell ,reid1 ,dr4 ,wyman & myself _h ea* attempt$ to use su* a /yle ( explanation & in/ruction2 b y h f> excell$ u all4 ,! fir/ want ( e liv+ be+ is fre% air1 & unless ! human lungs are suppli$ ) su* air con/antly at ! rate ( f t5 to ?irty cubic feet e m9ute1 by night z well z by day1 p]fect heal? & vigor _c be pres]v$4 ,!n1 too1 !re are exhal$ f ! surface ( ! body & f ! lungs1 su* quantities ( wa/e organic matt]1 :i* t5d to imm$iate putridity1 t x1 toge!r ) ! c>bonic acid1 w\ld keep ! human body imm]s$ 9 a deadly vapor ( ^! exhalations1 7 n fre% air suppli$4 ,! illu/rations by :i* y h made ^! tru?s easily und]/ood1 are admirably giv5 9 y\r lectures1 & ! me?od1 by :i* y w\ld be/ insure success 9 remov+ ! f\l & supply+ ! pure fre% air 9 e place :]e p]sons live or sleep1 are1 z ,i believe1 f my own c>eful /udies ( ?is subject1 mo/ correct & tru/wor?y4 ,inde$1 ,i am able to say t1 9 my exam9ations ( ! va/ numb] ( hospitals & build+s :i* y v5tilat$ dur+ ! late w>1 "u au?ority f ! intellig5t & humane ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al ( ! army1 ! pro( ( entire success 9 y\r "w 0 ev]y:]e witness$4 ,simplicity1 inv>iable c]ta9ty & a lib]al suffici5cy *>act]izes ^! admirable me?ods ( y\rs4 ,i wi% e family 9 ! l& _h a copy ( ^! lectures4 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,eli%a ,,h>ris1 ,m4 ,d41 ,correspond+ ,secret>y ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,to ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,esq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vaux1 ,,)]s ,co41 ,ar*itects1 ,no4 #aaj ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,augu/ #bg?1 #ahfg4 ,de> ,mr4 ,le$s4 ,i am glad to receive y\r ,lectures 9 pr9t$ =m1 & tru/ t !y may be widely read ?r\gh\t ! community4 ,hav+ be5 9 ! habit = sev]al ye>s pa/1 ( consult+ ) y pr(essionally 9 reg>d to ! arrangem5ts to be made = heat+ & v5tilation 9 plans = public & private build+s1 ,i take ?is opportunity to ackn[l$ge ! value ( ! aid ?us giv52 & z ,i feel assur$1 f a l5g!n$ p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t y\r ?or\gh k ( ! subject1 bo? !oretically & practically1 is calculat$ to r5d] y\r assi/ance p>ticul>ly valuable 9 ! adju/m5t ( complex & intricate plans1 ,i tru/ t "o result ( ! circulation ( y\r int]e/+ pamphlet may be to introduce y m widely to memb]s ( ! ar*itectural pr(ession4 ,i rema91 ,de> ,mr4 ,le$s1 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,calv]t ,,vaux4 ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 #aaj ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,aug4 #cj?1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s 0 employ$ e>ly 9 ! w> ( ! rebellion by ! ,sanit>y ,commission1 z an ag5t to urge ! necessity to ! heal? & /r5g? ( ! army1 ( ! ?or\gh v5tilation ( t5ts & qu>t]s1 & to devise & sugge/ to ! prop] (fic]s ! adoption ( ! be/ means = ?is purpose4 ,at a lat] p]iod ( ! w>1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,commission1 ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t engag$ 8 s]vices1 & gave him l>ge discretion>y p[]s = ! v5tilation ( hospitals4 ,he 0 ?us employ$ dur+ all ( ! w>1 ) great advantage1 & ! improvem5ts :i* he br\ght ab\t 7 unque/ionably ! means ( sav+ ?\s&s ( lives4 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,le$s has a special tal5t = mak+ improvem5ts 9 h\ses ( ord9>y con/ruction1 by means :i* may be readily adopt$1 & ) mat]ials :i* may be any:]e procur$ )\t difficulty or great exp5se4 ,mr4 ,le$s' c\rse ( lectures on ,v5tilation is calculat$ to supply in/ructions ( great practical utility4 ,an invaluable addition to ! heal?1 happ9ess & weal? ( ! nation w\ld result1 if !y c\ld be deliv]$ be=e e s*ool 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,fr$4 ,,law ,,olm/$1 ,fir/ ,g5]al ,secret>y ( ! ,sanit>y ,commission4 99 99 99 99 99 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 ,(fice ( ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect1 ,sept4 #aa?1 #ahfg4 ,my ,de> ,fri5d4 ,y\r valuable ,lectures on ,v5tilation h be5 receiv$1 & h be5 read ) mu* pleasure1 m especially z y are ab\t ! only p]son ,i h ev] met1 :o1 aft] mak+ ! v5tilation & heat+ ( build+s a specialty1 has condesc5d$ to foll[ ! laws ( nature1 & provide ! means ( adapt+ !m to our artificial modes ( life4 ,y\r lectures %[ a ?or\gh /udy & k ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 :i* are1 l all natural pr9ciples1 v simple if once und]/ood4 ,i h also to take ?is means ( ackn[l$g+ ! valuable aid t ,i h receiv$ f y on _m occasions1 & to express a hope t y w n despair1 b rely+ on ! adage t tru? is mighty c41 g on ) y\r exposures ( ! absurdities ( ! complicat$ & co/ly humbugs t are s fa%ionable at pres5t1 & tru/ y w succe$ n only 9 y\r mission>y labors1 b f9d !m pecuni>ily pr(itable4 ,v respectfully1 ,a4 ,b4 ,,mullett1 ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect4 ,,lewis ,w4 ,,le$s1 ,esq41 ,eng9e] ,v5tilation & ,heat+1 ,g]mant[n1 ,p5n'a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes4 ,footnote #a3 ,i mean m]ely pecuni>ily--9 doll>s & c5ts2--! co/ 9 physical pa9 & m5tal anxiety1 ( c\rse1 _c by comput$ 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 addition to :i* !re appe>$ to be a defici5cy 9 ! arrangem5ts = v5tilation4