,,making ,a ,,rose ,,garden ,,the ,,house ,,garden ,,making ,,books ,it is the intention of the publishers to make this series of little volumes1 of which ,making a ,rose ,garden is one1 a complete library of authoritative and well illustrated handbooks dealing with the activities of the home-maker and amateur gardener4 ,text1 pictures and diagrams will1 in each respective book1 aim to make perfectly clear the possibility of having1 and the means of having1 some of the more important features of a modern country or suburban home4 ,among the titles already issued or planned for early publication are the following3 ,making a ,lawn2 ,making a ,tennis ,court2 ,making a ,garden ,bloom ,this ,year2 ,making a ,fireplace2 ,making ,roads and ,paths2 ,making a ,poultry ,house2 ,making a ,hotbed and ,cold-frame2 ,making ,built-in ,bookcases1 ,shelves and ,seats2 ,making a ,rock ,garden2 ,making a ,water ,garden2 ,making a ,perennial ,border2 ,making a ,shrubbery ,group2 ,making a ,naturalized ,bulb ,garden2 with others to be announced later4 ,illustration3 ,an ,english rose garden that is nearly ideal in its arrangement4 ,all the paths are of grass1 the beds being sunk a few inches below the turf level in order to conserve the moisture4 ,,making ,a ,,rose ,,garden ,by ,,henry ,h4 ,,saylor ,,new ,,york ,mc,b,r,i,d,e1 ,,nast ,,company #aiab ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,mc,b,r,i,d,e1 ,,nast ,,co4 ,published ,february1 #aiab ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,classification #c ,,location ,,and ,,soil #aa ,,preparation ,,and ,,planting #bj ,,fertilizing #be ,,pruning #cj ,,pests #ch ,,propagation #dj ,,winter ,,protection #dd ,,lists ,,of ,,dependable ,,roses #df ,,glossary ,,of ,,terms #ea ,,the ,,illustrations ,a ,,rose ,,garden ,,with ,,the ,,ideal ,,arrangement ,,of ,,grass ,,paths ,frontispiece ,,facing ,,page ,,ulrich ,,brunner1 ,a ,,red ,,hybrid ,,perpetual ,,rose #d ,,marechal ,,neil1 ,a ,,tender ,,climbing ,,tea ,,rose #h ,,killarney1 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,best ,,hybrid ,,teas #ab ,a ,,garden ,,for ,,roses ,,only #ad ,a ,,dormant ,,tea ,,rose ,,as ,,it ,,comes ,,from ,,the ,,grower #bb ,a ,,stock ,,of ,,manetti ,,grafted ,,with ,,an ,,improved ,,variety #db ,a ,,standard ,,rose #dd ,,introduction ,i well remember the caution given me by a noted horticulturist when1 in the sudden awakening to the joys of gardening1 ,i was about to attempt the cultivation of nearly everything named in the largest seed and plant catalogue ,i could find3 ,leave the rose alone2 it is not worth fighting for4 ,and leave it alone ,i did1 until one day ,i was browsing about an old book shop and came upon a well-thumbed copy of good old ,dean ,hole's ,a ,book ,about ,roses4 ,let me tell you that there is something radically wrong with the person who can read that book and then go on plodding along his dreary1 roseless way4 ,but why1 if there is such a book as that to be had1 do ,i presume to put forth what can at best be but a feeble ray in its predecessor's blaze of inspiration8 ,merely because ,dean ,hole's book1 and a later volume by the ,rev4 ,andrew ,foster-,melliar that is almost as inspiring1 with perhaps even more helpful guidance1 are both written for the ,english rosarian and for a cool1 moist climate that necessitates a somewhat different method of procedure throughout as compared with that which would bring success in growing roses here in ,america4 ,then too1 there is to my mind something encouraging in a very small book1 a book that will merely attempt to lay the foundations for the superstructure that1 after all1 only experience can bring4 ,perhaps there are those who1 like myself1 are content with the bare essentials of classification1 content to be told the basic rudiments of cultivation1 and who are in haste to be done with all of these homely means to an end1 that they may begin growing roses4 ,making a ,rose ,garden ,,classification ,when one considers the fact that the majority of botanists recognize over a hundred species of the genus ,rosa1 and that a ,french botanist lists and describes #d1bff species from ,europe and western ,asia alone1 it will readily be understood that this chapter can give but a rough1 working knowledge of groups and species4 ,fortunately the amateur rosarian in the ,united ,states is concerned with very few of the species1 largely for the reason that the efforts of our rosegrowers have naturally been confined to a few important groups where general merit is most strongly marked4 ,indeed1 for the purposes of a modest rose garden1 one would not go far wrong if he limited his choice of varieties to the ,hybrid ,teas1 ,hybrid ,perpetuals and a few of the ,teas1 with several of the wichuraiana and rugosa hybrids for trellis and hedge4 ,the name ,hybrid ,perpetual is borne by an enormous group of roses which have been derived from various species1 crossed and recrossed until the parentage is in most cases hopelessly involved4 ,the ,perpetual half of the name signifies that the rose continues to bloom more or less frequently throughout the summer4 ,as a matter of fact1 it is usually less4 ,teas or ,tea-scented ,china roses form a distinct group that is readily recognized by the characteristic scent of the flowers and by the smoothness of its leaves4 ,teas are1 in a way1 the aristocrats of the rose garden4 ,they bloom with no great blare of trumpets in ,june1 like the ,perpetuals1 but they keep steadily at their work of producing exquisite blooms1 one or two at a time1 throughout the summer4 ,their one serious handicap is a lack of hardiness1 which they possess only in a slight and very variable degree2 and they must be very carefully protected in the north to bring them safely through the winter4 ,even though ,i were forced to buy new plants each spring1 however1 ,i would not have a rose garden without ,teas4 ,illustration3 ,ulrich ,brunner1 a red ,hybrid ,perpetual that has achieved an excellent reputation4 ,the ,h4,p4 type is characterized by hardiness and great freedom of bloom in ,june4 ,thereafter throughout the summer the burden of display must be borne by the ,teas and ,hybrid ,teas4 ,hybrid ,teas1 as the name signifies1 are successful crosses between the ,tea and roses in the ,hybrid ,perpetual group4 ,this class combines the persistence of the ,tea with the sturdier growth of the ,perpetuals1 and from it we shall probably get the great bulk of our garden roses for some years to come4 ,the ,moss ,rose1 of which you will surely want a representative in your garden1 belongs in the ,provence group1 as will be seen in the tabular classification at the end of this chapter4 ,who does not know its beautiful buds in their setting of mossy stems8 ,this rose1 like many a one that has not gotten such a grip on our affections1 has refused steadfastly to mix its blood with another species1 and has retained its good points and its bad ones for over three hundred years4 ,it is quite hardy but is rather susceptible to mildew4 ,there are other roses1 too1 outside the larger and best-known groups--roses that1 because of some superlative merit in one direction or because of past associations1 lay a strong hand on our heart-strings and plead for an obscure corner of the new rose garden3 the bristling ,scotch ,rose1 the fragrant ,damasks1 the sweetbrier or eglantine with its inimitable fragrant foliage1 the ,penzance ,brier ,hybrids1 the ,white ,banksian of southern gardens with its odor of violets1 the ,persian ,yellow of our grand-mothers' gardens1 and the hundred-petaled ,cabbage ,rose1 parent of the ,moss4 ,climbing roses are to be found in many of the groups--,wichuraiana1 ,ayrshire1 ,polyantha1 ,musk1 ,noisette and as sports in the ,hybrid ,perpetual1 ,tea and ,hybrid ,tea groups4 ,it is in another class1 however1 that we may look for the ideal ,american roses of the future4 ,not many years ago1 came to us three natives of ,japan1 ,rosa wichuraiana1 ,rosa multiflora and ,rosa rugosa4 ,from the first two has been developed by our ,american hybridizers the race of ,ramblers1 while from the third has come such sturdy children as ,conrad ,f4 ,meyer1 perhaps the ideal hedge rose for our northern climate4 ,in the estimation of ,professor ,charles ,s4 ,sargent1 the dean of ,american horticulture1 it is along the line of rugosa hybrids that we shall succeed in filling our gardens with large1 beautiful1 hardy and continuously flowering roses4 ,the climate of the ,south and ,california seems ideally suited to the ,teas1 producing a wealth of exquisite bloom that fills those of us that live in more trying surroundings with envy4 ,in the ,south also they have the ,cherokee ,rose 7,rosa laevigata or sinica71 flourishing along roadsides and in great masses on the prairies1 its long1 arching stems bearing a wealth of pure white1 single flowers1 four or five inches across1 in a setting of brilliant1 evergreen foliage4 ,it is one of our ,american hybridizers' hopes and aims to cross this with a hardy rose to gain sufficient stamina for the ,north4 ,and out in ,oregon1 the ,hybrid ,perpetuals and ,hybrid ,teas grow to a size and beauty that is unsurpassed the world over4 ,practically every kind of rose can be grown in the ,puget ,sound district1 and the amateurs of that locality seem to have as little trouble with rose pests as we do here with our hardy decorative shrubs4 ,illustration3 ,marechal ,neil1 a tender climbing ,tea rose1 dark golden-yellow in color1 requires winter protection in the ,north4 ,the ,tea is the aristocrat of the rose garden1 unapproached for delicate fragrance1 refined form of the individual blooms1 and continued flowering throughout the summer4 ,to sum up the whole matter of classification and to show the relative positions of many groups that1 for lack of space1 have not even been mentioned above1 the following tabular key is given--a slightly modified form of the classification given in the ,cyclopedia of ,american ,horticulture3 ,i4 ,summer-flowering ,roses1 blooming once only ,a4 ,large-flowered 7double74 #a4 ,growth branching or pendulous2 leaf wrinkled4 ,provence ,moss ,pompon ,sulphurea #b4 ,growth firm and robust2 leaf downy4 ,damask and ,french ,hybrid ,french ,hybrid ,provence ,hybrid ,bourbon ,hybrid ,china #c4 ,growth free2 leaf whitish above2 spineless4 ,alba ,b4 ,small-flowered 7single and double74 #a4 ,growth climbing2 flowers produced singly4 ,ayrshire #b4 ,growth short-jointed1 generally1 except in ,alpine4 ,briers ,austrian ,scotch ,sweet ,penzance ,prairie ,alpine #c4 ,growth climbing2 flowers in clusters4 ,multiflora ,polyantha #d4 ,growth free2 foliage persistent 7more or less shiny74 ,evergreen ,sempervirens ,wichuraiana ,cherokee ,banksian #e4 ,growth free2 foliage wrinkled4 ,pompon ,,ii4 ,summer- and ,autumn-flowering ,roses1 blooming more or less continuously ,a4 ,large-flowered4 #a4 ,foliage very rough4 ,hybrid ,perpetual ,hybrid ,tea ,moss #b4 ,foliage rough4 ,bourbon ,bourbon ,perpetual #c4 ,foliage smooth4 ,china ,tea ,lawrenceana 7,fairy7 ,b4 ,smaller-flowered4 #a4 ,foliage deciduous a4 ,habit climbing4 ,musk ,noisette ,ayrshire ,polyantha ,wichuraiana ,hybrids b4 ,habit dwarf1 bushy4 ,perpetual ,briers ,rugosa ,lucida ,microphylla ,berberidifolia ,scotch #b4 ,foliage more or less persistent4 ,evergreen ,macartney ,wichuraiana ,,location ,,and ,,soil ,if there is any secret in connection with the growing of beautiful roses in abundance1 it lies in the strict observance of a few fundamental principles through which the rose plants1 or bushes if you will1 are given a location and soil which they will find congenial and nourishing4 ,if for one moment you may have thought that success depends upon some particular insecticide for the annihilation of the aphis1 or some hard-and-fast rule for pruning1 or the use of a fertilizer having magical attributes1 dismiss that thought from your mind1 once and for all time4 ,insecticides1 judicious pruning and suitable manuring have each an important part in the campaign1 but transcending all of these is the first choice of location and the preparation of the garden in which the roses are to grow4 ,warfare against the rose's enemies can be but a one-sided1 hopeless struggle if we are working against nature all the way through4 ,far easier and more certain in effect will be our first efforts to establish the rose plants themselves so firmly in healthful1 congenial surroundings that they1 rather than we1 will bear the brunt of the battle against the insect pests4 ,in ,china ,i am told that a custom once prevailed whereby the emperor paid his physician a good salary as long as the ruler kept his good health4 ,if he fell ill the physician's pay stopped2 if he died1 off came the practitioner's head4 ,be generous in the amount of thought and care you give in providing health1 food and strength for your rose plants1 and as a result you will have to give very little thought and care to curing disease and killing off the rose-bugs and slugs4 ,in the first place let us take up the matter of situation4 ,unfortunately most of us will have little leeway in this1 for the average suburban place is not one that will offer hill and valley1 windswept open space and warm shelter4 ,the ideal location is to be found neither on a hilltop where the winter winds would play havoc with our winter protection1 nor in a low hollow where frosts are always more frequent4 ,a gentle slope to the south1 well above nearby low spots into which the cold air will drain1 sheltered in some way from the north1 would be all that we could ask4 ,in the matter of this shelter1 however1 we meet a further difficulty1 for our rose garden must be kept well away from any trees4 ,it is a matter of common knowledge that the root system of a tree will1 as a rule1 extend as far out from the base as the tree rises about the ground4 ,obviously it would be merely a waste of time and effort to locate the rose garden where the hungry roots of trees would rob it of the food supply furnished the roses4 ,in general1 therefore1 we shall have to use the wall of a house or a garden wall for our needed protection1 though in case of necessity we could sink a masonry wall or an iron plate as a barrier between the upper rich soil of our rose beds and the roots of the sheltering trees4 ,illustration3 ,killarney1 the comparatively new ,hybrid ,tea rose1 having a beautiful shell-pink color1 has achieved a wide popularity4 ,the ,hybrid ,tea combines in a measure the hardiness of the ,hybrid ,perpetual with the continuous flowering habit of the ,tea4 ,sun1 it is perhaps unnecessary to say1 is essential1 though it will be found that if the beds are in shade for the first part of the morning one will have greater opportunity of enjoying the roses at their best--before the dew has been drunk from their petals by the thirsty midsummer rays4 ,the matter of the size and design of the rose bed is of comparatively little importance2 what really is vital1 however1 is that the roses be permitted to have the beds to themselves--absolutely4 ,but recently ,i read a magazine article purporting to be good advice for the rose-growing amateur4 ,therein appeared words of regret that the rose must needs have such bare1 gaunt stalks1 and suggesting as a remedy the growing of some vine about the base of the bush--,i am not sure1 indeed1 that the honeysuckle was not specifically named for the place4 ,i can well imagine that the result might be a very beautiful honeysuckle1 but we should look there for the rose in vain4 ,illustration3 ,keep the roses by themselves2 they will not only thrive better1 but their beauty seems not to be increased by comparison with other flowers4 ,the ,queen of ,flowers will brook no liberties of this kind4 ,she insists upon reigning alone in her glory1 and anyone who dares presume to introduce even a low-growing1 shallow-rooted ground cover with the intention of making the rose bed seem less bare1 will never see his roses at their best4 ,personally ,i have never felt that a rose garden need be in the least unattractive4 ,there is one type of beauty that might be represented by a carpet of creeping phlox2 there is another that belongs to the rose garden1 bearing its single blooms here and there1 sparsely1 among the green foliage and thorny stems4 ,in the former instance one looks at the mass effect without a thought of the beauty of individual flowers2 in the latter case one's glance seeks out instinctively the single bloom to drink in its beauty and fragrance4 ,ah1 but you say1 how about the time when there is not a single rose in sight8 ,there need be no such time between spring and fall if you plant your rose garden to best advantage4 ,there is no need nor reason to put all the ,june-blooming roses together1 with the ,teas and ,hybrid ,teas off by themselves in another place4 ,if the remontant types are interspersed throughout your garden you need never1 between ,may and ,october1 look for a rose in vain4 ,the shape of the beds1 too1 may be such as to avoid an appearance of too much dirt in the rose garden4 ,for my own part ,i would have a rectangular garden and simple parallelograms for the beds1 although the rose garden about a central feature has its strong attractions4 ,but if you arrange the beds in long narrow units--four feet wide for a double row of plants or twenty inches wide for a single row1 and as long as your purse will allow1 having the paths between the rows of turf rather than gravel or brick1 and the beds slightly sunk below this turf1 the rose garden need never be less than most attractive4 ,avoid beds wider than will accommodate two rows of plants1 for it is essential that every rose bush in the garden be immediately accessible from a path4 ,illustration3 ,a suggestion for a rectangular rose garden with paths of turf4 ,the beds are about forty inches wide1 the paths four feet1 excepting the center one1 which is five feet in width4 ,a hedge1 which might be of rugosa1 contributes a desirable air of seclusion4 ,to those intensely practical persons who object to walking through dew-wet paths in the morning tour of the rose garden1 let me point out the obvious impossibility of having gravel paths immediately adjacent to the rose beds1 and the continued care required to keep in a presentable condition a narrow strip of sod between path and bed4 ,now as to the preparation of the rose bed itself4 ,first of all1 dig the soil out to a depth of two feet at least1 keeping the top soil and sods and the subsoil in separate piles as they are taken out4 ,loosen up the floor of the trench with a pick and on this1 if the ground needs draining1 which it will if it is a compact1 sodden surface1 put a layer of stones1 cinders and other material that will not decompose4 ,on top of this place the best of the sub-soil mixed with a generous dressing of well-rotted manure4 ,finally1 add the sod1 well broken up1 and the top soil1 also enriched with manure4 ,then fill in the bed with enough good top soil1 unmanured1 to bring it two or three inches above the adjoining surface4 ,make sure that the surface of the bed1 after it has settled1 will be about one inch below that of the adjoining sod in order to retain the moisture from rain4 ,this preparation of the bed should be done at least several weeks in advance of planting time4 ,in composing the soil for the rose bed1 it is well to remember that the ,hybrid ,perpetuals require a heavy soil containing some clay4 ,for ,teas and ,hybrid ,teas a lighter1 warmer soil is better4 ,in his most admirable ,book of the ,rose1 the ,rev4 ,andrew ,foster-,melliar tells an amusing incident in connection with soil4 ,the good rector was dining out and had been served with a generous portion of plum pudding4 ,it was very dark1 rich1 strong and greasy4 ,absent-mindedly he sat back in his chair gazing at the dish intently4 ,his hostess1 noticing his hesitancy1 asked if anything were wrong with the pudding4 ,oh1 no1 replied the rector unthinkingly1 ,i was thinking what rare stuff it would be to grow roses in4 ,top soil from an old pasture1 if it be a moderately heavy loam1 taken with the grass roots and chopped very fine1 will do excellently for the ,hybrid ,perpetuals4 ,for the ,teas and ,hybrid ,teas1 mix with soil of this kind about one-quarter of its bulk of sand and leaf mold to lighten it4 ,remember that all the manure that is used should be incorporated with the lower two-thirds of the bed2 the upper third should not contain any recently added manure as it is apt to harm the roots of new plants4 ,,preparation ,,and ,,planting ,in the vicinity of ,new ,york and further north1 ,i think it will be found that spring planting is best4 ,south of ,philadelphia many roses are set out in the fall1 for here they become well established before cold weather sets in1 and are therefore ready to start active growth at the first touch of spring4 ,if spring planting is chosen the plants must be put in the ground early--at the very first opportunity--so that they will have time to become firmly established before hot weather4 ,pot-grown plants from a greenhouse cannot1 of course1 be set out until all danger from frost is past4 ,roses that are planted so late cannot be expected to show really satisfying results in bloom the first year4 ,roses that are planted early in the spring1 if field-grown stock as explained below1 will with proper cultivation give at least a reasonable amount of bloom the first year1 though not so much as in later years4 ,one hears a great deal of argument on the question of whether roses are best grown on their own roots or when grown on a sturdier stock1 such as ,manetti for ,hybrid ,perpetuals and brier for ,hybrid ,teas1 which are probably the best rose stocks for this country4 ,it seems to be the general consensus of opinion that roses budded on these stocks will thrive much more luxuriantly and give much better blooms than those which depend upon their own root systems4 ,it is necessary1 however1 to set the point at which the shoot is budded to the stock about two inches beneath the surface2 otherwise there is the constant danger that suckers will spring from the root and1 if overlooked for a time1 these will kill the more desirable shoots4 ,several kinds of roses are offered by the dealers for setting out in the spring4 ,there are the pot-grown roses mentioned above--the only form in which many of the climbers may be readily obtained4 ,mail-order houses make a practice of sending out the ,hybrid ,perpetuals1 ,hybrid ,teas and ,teas also in this form of very young plants grown from cuttings under glass during the winter4 ,costing more1 and surely far more dependable1 are the field-grown roses that have originally been budded on ,manetti or brier and1 usually in two-year-old form1 taken out of the ground the previous fall while dormant1 to lie in cold houses until ready for planting4 ,such roses as these will surely bloom the first season and are far better equipped for the shock of being set into the open ground again than the pot-grown plants that have never had a taste of real garden life4 ,a word of warning might profitably be uttered against the cheap roses budded on multiflora stock1 grown in ,holland and sold in some of the department stores4 ,they are short-lived and very poor in comparison with plants on brier and ,manetti4 ,multiflora has been entirely discarded as a stock by ,english and ,irish growers4 ,roses on their own roots have the advantage of being cheaper1 due to the saving of labor in striking cuttings rather than budding--one-year-old plants costing a dollar for six to a dozen2 two-year and three-year-old bushes1 which are1 of course1 far more desirable1 cost more in proportion4 ,dormant1 field-grown budded roses cost1 in the two-year-old size1 from thirty-five cents to a dollar each4 ,illustration3 ,a dormant ,tea rose as it is received from the grower for planting in ,march4 ,after planting it should be still further pruned4 ,before setting the plants examine each carefully and cut off the broken roots with a sharp knife1 as well as all eyes that may appear on the root stock1 in order to forestall suckers4 ,the plants should be set immediately upon their receipt from the nurseryman1 so that they will not become dried out4 ,if they seem dry it may be well to puddle the roots in thin mud just before setting4 ,make the hole large enough to accommodate all of the plant's roots without crowding1 remembering to put the budding point not less or more than two inches below the surface and with the roots spread out nearly horizontally1 but inclining downward towards their ends and without crossing one another4 ,this will not be an easy matter1 for in shipment the roots will have probably been so compressed that they extend almost directly downward from the collar4 ,after the plants have been firmly set and the earth carefully packed in around the roots1 rake the soil to loosen it up over the whole surface4 ,the soil will probably be moist enough at the time to need no watering4 ,with the pot-grown plants1 the moist ball of earth that comes about the roots is carefully retained intact and placed in the hole prepared for the plant4 ,set the plant firmly in place by pressure with the soles of your shoes1 give a generous watering and finally break up the surface of the soil with a rake4 ,it is absolutely essential to keep the surface of the ground loosened with a hoe and a sharp steel rake throughout the summer4 ,after very hard rain loosen the soil as soon as it is dry enough to work1 to conserve the moisture4 ,,fertilizing ,in striking contrast to the exquisite beauty of the rose is the food that we must give it in abundance if we would have the most healthy plants4 ,but for the true rose enthusiast the turning over of a muck heap to find manure in just the right form1 or the dilution of the by-products of the cow barn with water to make the best stimulant1 have nothing about them that is in the least objectionable4 ,if the soil at our disposal is inclined to be rich in clay1 we can probably do no better than incorporate well-decomposed stable manure with it1 by raking it1 well pulverized1 into the surface in the early spring4 ,in sandy or gravelly soils1 however1 cow manure or that from the pigsty will serve far better4 ,it must be remembered that when properly set out the rose plant is comparatively shallow-rooted1 so that this raking of fine old manure into the soil must be just that1 and not the deep digging of half-rotted manure into the bed with a spading-fork4 ,the aim in the method advocated is to put the solid manure where the spring rains will carry it in time to the feeding roots1 and in the liquid form in which it is readily assimilated4 ,the theory of this manurial feeding will make clear the fact that a proper application of liquid manure has practically all the advantages of the former method without its drawbacks4 ,for solid manure1 if applied to the beds in quantities sufficient to be of real value1 has a tendency to keep the needed air out of the top soil1 and to bring in its train an abundance of weeds that will be hard to exterminate4 ,so that1 with the exception of light sandy soils1 where the humus is needed1 we shall do well to feed the rose garden liquid nourishment4 ,the time when this stimulant will be most effective is in the months of ,may and ,june1 when most of the plants are putting all their efforts into the forming buds4 ,withhold the liquid in dry spells1 for it is most appreciated immediately after a good1 soaking rain4 ,avoid getting the manure on the foliage1 and make sure that it errs on the side of weakness rather than strength4 ,suspending a burlap sack containing a bushel of cow manure in a barrel of water for two days1 will give a solution that needs dilution with its own bulk of water4 ,a half-gallon to a plant each week will be a sufficient normal feeding4 ,immediately after dosing the beds go over them with a rake or prong-hoe and loosen up the surface to prevent evaporation4 ,a vital principle in feeding rose plants is one that seems to be overlooked instinctively by seven out of ten amateur gardeners4 ,it is this3 ,a strong-growing1 healthy plant needs and will absorb a large quantity of liquid manure2 a sickly plant1 or one that is not yet well established1 does not need and cannot absorb even the normal quantity of this food4 ,yet how often are we tempted to feed to excess this weakling and withhold food from that nearby sturdy bush1 because the latter doesn't need it4 ,just bear in mind the fact that we do not give burgundy to a puny child that is struggling against the effects of malnutrition1 but that a healthy1 growing boy can consume an astonishing amount of food and drink4 ,to review the year's activities in fertilizing3 let us put a top dressing of rough manure over the beds in the fall1 about three inches deep1 with further protection where the climate demands it4 ,in the spring we shall rake off the coarse portion of this covering1 leaving the finely pulverized manure to be raked gently into the top soil if it needs this additional humus 7the manure's food value will have been washed down by the winter's rain and snow74 ,if our soil is clayey the whole top dressing will be hoed off4 ,in ,may and ,june come the generous applications of the liquid manure1 and for the ,teas and ,perpetuals that really do continue to flower1 these applications may well be continued through the summer at less frequent intervals1 leaving off at the end of ,august1 let us say1 so as not to encourage unnecessarily the late summer's growth of wood4 ,although not many of us1 in all probability1 will meet the unusual condition of having for our rose gardens only an over-fertilized soil in a long-used garden1 it may be well to mention the fact that such a soil will not produce good roses4 ,treatment with lime will help matters for a time1 but if within the range of possibility we should remake the garden with virgin soil4 ,the use of nitrate of soda and like stimulants may be undertaken sparingly in the spring1 but these are better left to those gardeners who have learned1 possibly through disastrous experiences1 how properly to use them4 ,,pruning ,the rose is one of those plants that seem to need the firm hand of man to direct them in the way they should grow4 ,if left to their own devices1 most of the highly cultivated roses revert quickly to lower types2 they need the pitiless pruning-knife to spur them to their best endeavor4 ,it will readily be seen that severe pruning1 as a general principle1 tends towards greater beauty of individual blooms1 while light pruning is conducive to a better rounded-out form of bush at the expense of the flowers4 ,or1 again1 the severe pruning gives quality of bloom as opposed to quantity of bloom4 ,always cut back the plants severely when first setting them out--,teas and ,hybrid ,teas less than the ,hybrid ,perpetuals1 and the climbers least of all4 ,unreasonable as it may seem1 the plants of vigorous habit of growth need less pruning than the less active ones4 ,pruning may be started with the dwarf ,hybrid perpetuals in ,march--leaving four or five canes three feet in length if large masses of bloom are wanted4 ,the result will be a large number of small flowers4 ,if1 on the other hand1 fewer and larger flowers are wanted1 all weak growth should be removed and every healthy cane retained and cut back in preparation for the plant's development4 ,the weakest should not have more than four inches of wood left on the root1 while the strongest may have eight or nine inches4 ,always prune a cane about a quarter of an inch above an outside bud unless the cane is very far from the vertical1 when an inside one should be left for the terminal shoot4 ,see that the wood is not torn or bruised in the operation4 ,the pruning of ,hybrid ,teas and ,teas had better be postponed until the first signs of life appear4 ,the bark becomes greener and the dormant buds begin to swell4 ,dead or dying wood will then readily be noticeable and it may be removed4 ,remember that these two classes do not need such severe pruning as do the ,hybrid ,perpetuals2 twice the amount of wood may safely be left if it seems promising4 ,dormant rose plants bought in the spring will arrive from the growers already partly pruned4 ,in general1 from one-half to two-thirds of the remaining length of cane should be cut off when the plants are set out1 removing entirely all bruised or dead wood4 ,bear in mind always1 if your conscience revolts at such severe cutting1 that the strongest dormant buds are nearest the base of the plant and it is these we want to force into growth to bear the prize blooms4 ,with the ramblers very little cutting is needed2 merely cut back the shoots that seem to be outdistancing their neighbors by too much1 and cut out entirely the dead canes4 ,the rugosa is intended to be a bush rather than a strong1 lean plant for prize blooms4 ,merely cut out old1 dry wood and trim back the longer shoots to the desired form4 ,use a first-class pair of pruning shears in order that the work may be done quickly and1 above all1 with clean cuts that show no tearing or abrasion of the bark4 ,,pests ,once more let me repeat the fact that by far the most effective campaign against the insects and other pests that infest rose plants is to be found1 not in sprayings and dustings1 but rather in maintaining to the best of our ability a condition of health in the plant itself4 ,prevention here1 as always1 is better than cure4 ,nor can it be too strongly emphasized that the daily use of a powerful but finely divided spray from the hose will make life on the rose plant miserable for practically all of the parasites4 ,the following are the chief enemies that we may encounter in the rose garden4 ,they are briefly described so as to be recognizable when found1 and for the annihilation or keeping in check of each is given one of the many remedies4 ,practically every rosarian develops1 after a time1 his own pet formulae for these poisons1 so that rose books will be found to contain a wonderfully varied assortment of weapons--so numerous in fact that one would think the army of rose pests could never live to continue their depredations another season4 ,aphis or ,green ,fly ,a small1 pale green louse1 winged or wingless1 with a soft1 fat1 oval body apparently too big for its legs4 ,a single aphis in five generations may become the progenitor of #f1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,tobacco smoke is an excellent weapon1 or1 if a spray is found more convenient to apply1 a solution of #d oz4 of tobacco stems boiled for #aj min4 in #a gal4 of soft water1 will do4 ,the same weight of quassia chips may be substituted for the tobacco4 ,if the tobacco is used1 the cheapest that can be bought is the best for the purpose4 ,strain the solution and add #d oz4 of soft soap while it is still hot1 stirring well to dissolve the soap4 ,another remedy--#a qt4 of soft soap boiled in #b qts4 of soft water1 adding #a pt4 of paraffin before cooling--is well recommended4 ,it should be applied diluted with soft water to ten times its bulk4 ,the paraffin acts as an astringent which1 together with the soft soap1 cleanses the plant of honey-dew1 which is exuded by the aphis to protect its feet against cold and wet4 ,mildew ,a fungous disease that may appear when the rose plants are in a damp1 shady or ill-ventilated location4 ,although some varieties are more susceptible than others to this disease1 the rose garden located out in the open1 where the air has unobstructed access1 will not be troubled much by mildew4 ,when the disease appears late in the autumn it need not be feared4 ,dusting flowers of sulphur upon the foliage1 taking care to reach the under side of leaves as well as the upper1 and upon the ground about the plants1 is a well established remedy4 ,it will be found convenient to shake the powder from a baking-powder can1 the end of which is punched with holes1 if a regular powder gun is not at hand4 ,use the sulphur in the early morning1 when the dew will help to hold it on the leaves1 or else spray the plants with water beforehand4 ,rose ,thrip ,a small1 yellowish white insect with transparent wings1 usually found on the under side of the rose leaves4 ,this pest appears in swarms and in an astonishingly short time turns the foliage yellow4 ,if the pest appears1 spray the rose plants daily with a hose as suggested above4 ,if this does not prove efficacious1 dust the under side of the leaves with white hellebore in a powder gun4 ,whale oil soap solution1 in the proportions of #e oz4 of soap to #a gal4 of water1 is a very good remedy4 ,it is easier to dissolve the soap if the water is hot4 ,rose ,caterpillar or ,leaf-roller ,several kinds of caterpillars may appear1 varying from one-half to three-quarters of an inch in length1 and either green1 yellow or brown in color4 ,they have a habit of enveloping themselves in the rose leaves1 or boring their way into the flower buds4 ,in the latter case they are very apt to be overlooked4 ,powdered hellebore will hinder their progress1 but by far the most effective weapons are the finger and thumb--gloved1 if you insist4 ,rose ,chafer or ,rose-bug ,this brown beetle1 less than one-half inch in length1 is one of the best-known rose pests4 ,it is a slow-moving creature that appears suddenly in armies in the blooming season in ,june1 and is the more annoying for the reason that it devotes its attention almost entirely to the flowers themselves4 ,paris green1 dusted over the plants1 will kill the pest1 but this poison has a disagreeable way of showing no intelligent discrimination in the choice of its victims4 ,really the only satisfactory method of attack is to knock the stupid creatures off the flowers into a tin of kerosene and then burn it4 ,rose ,slug ,the larvae of a saw-fly which comes up out of the ground in ,may and ,june4 ,the female makes incisions in the leaves and deposits her eggs1 which hatch out in about two weeks4 ,the slugs will eat an astonishing amount of leaf if not checked4 ,they are about a half-inch long1 green1 and will be found on the upper side of the leaf4 ,powdered white hellebore1 dusted on the foliage1 or the solution of whale oil soap mentioned for the ,rose ,thrip1 will keep it in check4 ,white ,grub ,an underground enemy that feeds on the roots of rose plants4 ,the withering or sickliness of the plant is sufficient reason to cause a thorough search to be made by lifting it4 ,the grub1 which is provided with six legs near the head1 and which coils itself into a crescent shape when in repose1 is particularly fond of strawberry plants1 so it will be well to keep these some distance away from the rose garden4 ,there is no insecticide that will be effective1 because of the underground point of attack4 ,lifting the plant and removing the grub is the only thing that can be done4 ,bark ,louse or ,white ,scale ,this appears when the rose bush is grown in a damp1 shady place4 ,it is snow white and individual scales are about one-tenth of an inch in diameter1 irregularly round4 ,cut off and burn badly infested shoots4 ,spray with #a lb4 of soap in #a gal4 of water in early winter and again in early spring4 ,weaker summer applications may be used also--#a lb4 in #d or #f gal4 once in three weeks throughout the season will reach all the larvae4 ,our ,allies ,it is well to remember that there are friends of the rose in the lower animal world as well as enemies--the toad1 lady-bug1 ground-bird and swallow1 particularly4 ,the toad is sometimes brought by the ,english gardeners from a distance to help wage war on the pests2 the lady-bug may be passed thankfully by when seen2 and it may be well to try attracting the birds to the rose garden by scattering a few crumbs there daily--not too many1 but just enough to arouse a real appetite for insect pests4 ,,propagation ,the propagation of his own stock is a task for which the expert is better fitted than the beginner for whom this book is written4 ,nevertheless1 ,i doubt whether the amateur will pass through his first year of rose growing without wishing to make an attempt to multiply the stock of those roses which have with him been most successful1 or to bud a choice variety from a friend's garden on the foster-parent stock for his own place4 ,whereas in ,england the process of budding is carried on very widely and with fair success among amateur and professional rosarians alike1 with us this means of propagation seems fraught with greater difficulty4 ,excepting in the case of varieties that do not readily root from cuttings1 this latter method of propagation is generally adopted where roses on their own roots are desired4 ,the best time for taking cuttings from a plant is towards the end of the summer1 when the ripe wood of the current year's growth will be available4 ,ten inches is a convenient length for the pieces and some rosarians feel that if a heel1 or portion of older wood1 remains on the lower end there will be greater likelihood of rooting4 ,remove all but the two top leaves and set the cutting in a light soil1 or even in pure sand1 so that only the two upper buds are exposed4 ,leave the cuttings in the ground until the following autumn1 when those that have taken root may be transplanted and set at a less depth in their permanent quarters4 ,budding is a far more interesting process to carry through1 and by it we may have sturdier roses on a stock like ,manetti or brier4 ,a very sharp knife is required1 with some raffia for tying the bud securely into the stock4 ,in the limited scope of this book ,i can but indicate very roughly the general procedure1 and1 indeed1 budding is far more readily learned by watching a skilled rosarian do it than by reading many pages of description4 ,briefly1 then1 a bud1 which may be found under any petiole1 is carefully sliced1 with its surrounding bark and backing of wood1 from the half-ripe stalk of the variety to be propagated1 leaving the petiole in place to serve as a handle4 ,this is probably best done in ,july4 ,after removing very gently the wood backing from the bark and bud1 the latter are slipped into a ,t-shaped incision in the foster stock1 this incision to be made through the bark to the actual wood of the stalk4 ,the bud and its supporting bark are inserted between the wood and bark of the stock1 the latter then being wrapped with a few turns of raffia to hold the bud in place4 ,after a period of a month the bud will either have taken hold or failed1 and the tie may be removed4 ,the rose plants that we buy already budded on ,manetti or brier are produced in this way1 excepting that the bud is inserted very low on the stock1 so that the junction will be underground4 ,this is the more desirable place for budding1 insuring1 if we nip the suckers as they may appear1 a plant that above ground shows only the shoots of the desired variety4 ,illustration3 ,a shoot of an improved variety of rose grafted and held in place with raffia to the stock of a sturdy growth like ,manetti4 ,at the right is a sucker or growth from the root1 and it must be cut off as soon as it appears4 ,grafting is practiced only in the case of roses grown under glass1 when the scions are cleft into stocks of ,manetti or brier grown in pots for the purpose4 ,layering is used as a means of increasing the stock only in the case of roses that do not readily strike from cuttings4 ,it consists of bending down a long shoot so that a section of it may be pegged underground to take root4 ,propagation by seed is limited to the efforts to obtain new varieties after cross-fertilization1 and is a discouragingly slow and uncertain process4 ,,winter ,,protection ,it will be a red-letter day for amateur rosarians when the existing favorites among rose plants shall have been so improved by cross-breeding that we can leave off all the winter overcoats of straw1 brush and earth1 with the happy knowledge that spring will find as many live plants in the rose garden as we rejoiced in during the previous season4 ,illustration3 ,in ,england the standard rose1 having a long stem of the foster stock1 is quite common4 ,with us it is less frequently seen on account of the bother of proper winter protection4 ,although the ,hybrid ,perpetuals are1 for the most part1 sufficiently hardy to withstand an ordinary winter unprotected1 it is still the part of wisdom to conserve their energy and health by hoeing up the earth about their bases and putting over all a top dressing of rough manure when protecting the ,hybrid ,teas and ,teas4 ,in the northern states it will be well to tie up the tops of the latter with straw or to surround the bed with a border of boards or wire netting1 after winter has set in1 and cover the plants with a thick blanket of leaves held down by brush4 ,this protection should be removed gradually in ,march4 ,where the winters are particularly severe1 a still more certain precaution is to dig up the plants and lay them in well-drained trenches1 covering them with earth and a further layer of leaves1 straw or brush4 ,the aim is not to protect the plants from freezing at all1 but to prevent the alternate freezing and thawing that is so disastrous4 ,another treatment for tender roses is to winter them in boxes of soil in a cool cellar4 ,in case this is done1 see that the earth is not allowed to dry out entirely4 ,at planting time in the spring the dormant plants will be taken out1 dipped in a bucket of thin mud and replanted in the garden4 ,while we may be willing for the present to take such precautions with the garden roses1 most of us will not care to coddle the climbers to anything like this extent4 ,beyond hoeing up a mound of earth about the bases of these and top-dressing them1 we shall let the climbers fight their own battles1 and leave the result to the principle of the survival of the fittest4 ,,lists ,,of ,,dependable ,,roses ,it is a difficult matter1 indeed1 to select1 from the experience of rose growers and from the long lists of the nurserymen's catalogues1 a few that may be safely named as the best roses4 ,in fact1 it is a task that no one would care to undertake4 ,it may be helpful1 however1 to add the following list2 these are by no means the only good roses1 but in choosing any or all of these the amateur cannot well go astray4 ,for the benefit of his experience and advice regarding these lists1 ,i am indebted1 among others1 to ,dr4 ,robert ,huey1 of ,philadelphia--probably the most experienced amateur grower of roses in the ,united ,states4 ,it has been thought best not to attempt individual descriptions nor to go very far into details of color4 ,the lists1 then1 are grouped into rough sub-divisions under the main colors1 and it will be understood that pink1 for instance1 will include a rather wide range of varying tints4 ,,hybrid ,,perpetuals ,white--,merveille de ,lyon1 ,white ,baroness1 ,frau ,karl ,druschki1 ,margaret ,dickson1 ,mabel ,morrison1 ,gloire ,lyonnaise 7in reality a ,hybrid ,tea1 but as it blooms only in ,june it may be included in the ,hybrid ,perpetual class74 ,pink--,baroness ,rothschild1 ,caroline ,d',arden1 ,heinrich ,schultheis1 ,her ,majesty1 ,lady ,arthur ,hill1 ,mrs4 ,george ,dickson1 ,mrs4 ,harkness1 ,susan ,marie ,rodocanachi1 ,mrs4 ,john ,laing1 ,paul ,neyron1 ,marie ,finges1 ,marquise de ,castellane1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,s4 ,sharman-,crawford1 ,souvenir de la ,malmaison4 ,red--,captain ,hayward1 ,fisher ,holmes1 ,general ,jacqueminot1 ,oscar ,cordel1 ,ulrich ,brunner1 ,duke of ,edinburgh1 ,duke of ,teck1 ,anne de ,diesbach1 ,duke of ,fife1 ,etienne ,levet1 ,prince ,arthur1 ,ard's ,rover 7climber74 ,prince ,camille de ,rohan is the best of the very dark roses1 among which also are ,sultan of ,zanzibar1 ,louis ,van ,houtte1 and ,xavier ,olibo4 ,these1 however1 are weak growers and frequently do not bring their blossoms to perfection4 ,,teas ,white--,white ,maman ,cochet1 ,hon4 ,edith ,gifford4 ,pink--,william ,r4 ,smith1 ,maman ,cochet1 ,souvenir d'un ,ami1 ,duchesse de ,brabant1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,r4 ,cant4 ,yellow--,harry ,kirk1 ,etoile de ,lyon1 ,francisca ,krueger1 ,isabelle ,sprunt1 ,safrano1 ,marie ,van ,houtte4 ,,hybrid ,,teas ,white or light-colored and mixed--,viscountess ,folkestone1 ,pharisaer1 ,molly ,sharman-,crawford1 ,ellen ,wilmot1 ,grace ,molyneaux1 ,antoine ,revoire1 ,joseph ,hill1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,waddell1 ,betty1 ,prince de ,bulgarie1 ,la ,tosca1 ,kaiserin ,augusta ,victoria4 ,pink--,killarney1 ,lady ,alice ,stanley1 ,lady ,ursula1 ,dean ,hole1 ,lyon ,rose1 ,dorothy ,page ,roberts1 ,madame ,edmee ,metz1 ,lady ,ashtown1 ,mrs4 ,charles ,custis ,harrison1 ,caroline ,testout1 ,la ,france4 ,yellow--,duchess of ,wellington1 ,mrs4 ,aaron ,ward1 ,madame ,ravary1 ,madame ,melanie ,soupert1 ,madame ,hector ,leuillot1 ,melody4 ,red--,george ,c4 ,waud1 ,lawrent ,carle1 ,gruss an ,teplitz1 ,chateau de ,closvoges1 ,etoile de ,france4 ,,moss ,,roses ,white--,blanche ,moreau4 ,pink--,crested ,moss4 ,,rugosa ,,and ,,its ,,hybrids ,white--,blanc ,double de ,coubert2 ,rosa rugosa1 var4 alba4 ,pink--,conrad ,f4 ,meyer4 ,red--,arnold2 ,rosa rugosa1 var4 rubra4 ,,wichuraiana ,,hybrids ,white--,wichuraiana1 ,white ,dorothy4 ,pink--,lady ,gay1 ,dorothy ,perkins1 ,w4 ,c4 ,egan1 ,sargent4 ,red--,hiawatha4 ,,noisettes ,yellow--,cloth of ,gold1 ,reve d',or 7climber71 ,fortune's ,yellow4 ,,polyanthas ,white--,trier1 ,catherine ,ziemet4 ,pink--,tausendschoen1 ,clothilde ,soupert4 ,red--,carmine ,pillar4 ,,prairie ,,roses ,white--,baltimore ,belle4 ,pink--,rosa setigera4 ,,austrian ,,briers ,yellow--,harrison's ,yellow1 ,persian ,yellow1 ,austrian ,copper4 ,a ,,glossary ,,of ,,terms ,anther--a rounded knob-like form at the top of the stamen1 containing the pollen4 ,callus--a swelling which occurs at the base of a cutting previous to the formation of roots4 ,calyx--the narrow green leaves or sepals forming the covering for the bud4 ,corymb--a group of flower stalks arising from a common stalk and forming a level top4 ,cutting--a section of a stalk containing several eyes or dormant buds1 taken for the propagation of a new plant4 ,disbud--to deprive a stalk of flower buds by pinching or rubbing these off4 ,it is done in order to throw more energy into the remaining bud or buds4 ,hep or hip--the seed pod4 ,hybrid--a new species resulting from the cross-fertilization of two species4 ,leaflet--a single member of the compound leaf borne by all rose plants4 ,maiden plant--a plant blooming for the first time after being budded or grafted to a stock4 ,ovary--the hollow lower end of a pistil1 containing the embryo seeds4 ,panicle--a cluster of flowers borne irregularly on a stem4 ,petiole--the stalk to which the several leaflets are attached4 ,pistil--the seed-bearing organ in the center of a flower1 consisting of one or more styles1 one or more stigmas and the ovary4 ,pollen--the powdery substance found in the anthers4 ,remontant--applied to roses that flower the second time in a summer4 ,sepals--the narrow green leaves of a pithy texture forming the calyx4 ,sport--a shoot or sucker from a plant1 showing some peculiar feature or features distinguishing it from its parent4 ,stamens--the male organs surrounding the pistil4 ,stigma--the upper end of the pistil1 capable of receiving the pollen and connected with the ovary by a tube extending down through the style4 ,style--the erect columnar support of the stigma4 ,sucker--a branch or shoot proceeding from the root or stem of a plant1 below the surface of the ground4 ,frequently used as meaning a shoot from the root-stock of a budded or grafted plant4