file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #cfhae-;h4htm or #cfhae-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#cfhae_/pg#cfhae-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#cf hae_/cfhae-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see http3_/_/www4archive4org_/details_/advan cedtoymakin#jjmitc ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by pound or number signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,,advanced ,,toy ,,making ,,for ,,schools by ,,david ,m4 ,,mitchell ,instructor ,manual ,arts ,willson ,junior ,high ,school1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,illustration ,the ,manual ,arts ,press ,peoria1 ,illinois ,copyright #aibb ,david ,m4 ,mitchell #ab ,b #bb ,printed in ,united ,states of ,america ,,preface ,toys are today regarded as educational factors in the life of boys and girls4 ,new toys come into demand at frequent intervals in the growth and mental development of the child4 ,on account of the unfailing interest on the part of the pupils in toys and because of the unlimited educational possibilities contained in toy making1 this work is rightfully taking an increasingly important place in the manual arts program in the schools4 ,this book is the outgrowth of toy-making problems given to junior-high and high-school pupils4 ,the author claims no originality for some of the toys4 ,however1 most of them have been originated or improved upon in the author's classes4 ,while it is entirely satisfactory to have any of the toys mentioned in this book made as individual projects1 they are here offered as suitable group projects or production projects1 and it is hoped that the suggested form of shop organization for production work as treated in ,part ,i is flexible enough so that the plan can be applied to most any shop conditions4 ,the drawings of toys in ,part ,,ii will suggest a variety of articles which may be used in carrying out the production work4 ,of course1 the success of organizing and conducting classes for this kind of work depends largely upon the instructor4 ,he must know definitely what he is trying to get done4 ,he must adopt and pursue such methods of dealing with both the members of the class and the material as will contribute directly towards the desired end4 ,toy making carried on by the so-called productive plan1 if handled properly1 will bring out many of the essentials of an organization typical of the commercial industries4 ,together with its educational possibilities and its power to attract the attention of those engaged in this activity1 toy making will rightfully take its place alongside other important subjects offered in a complete industrial arts course4 ,the author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to ,william ,e4 ,roberts1 supervisor of manual training1 ,cleveland ,public ,schools1 for valuable suggestions and inspiration2 to ,joseph ,a4 ,shelley1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 for suggestions on finishing kiddie car wheels2 to the ,eclipse ,air ,brush ,company1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 for valuable information and photographs of air brush equipment2 and to the ,american ,wood ,working ,machinery ,co41 for the use of the illustrations showing the operation of the turning lathe1 universal saw1 and other woodworking machines4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,mitchell ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 #aiba4 ,,contents ,,part ,i ,,operations ,,in ,,toy ,,making ,,chapter ,i4 ,,productive ,,work #aa #a4 ,suggested plan for shop organization4 #b4 ,grouping of students4 #c4 ,the time clerk and tool-room clerk4 #d4 ,recording attendance4 #e4 ,time cards4 #f4 ,using time card4 #g4 ,grading students4 #h4 ,preliminary discussion and preparation for shopwork4 #i4 ,bazaars1 toy sales1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,coloring ,,toys #ba #aj4 ,sanitation emphasized4 #aa4 ,preparation of surfaces4 #ab4 ,application of water colors4 #ac4 ,analine water stains4 #ad4 ,formulas for analine water stains4 #ae4 ,oil stains4 #af4 ,shellacking4 #ag4 ,varnishing4 #ah4 ,points on ,varnishing4 #ai4 ,colored varnish4 #bj4 ,another suggestion for finishing4 #ba4 ,use of paint4 #bb4 ,ingredients of good paint4 #bc4 ,application of paint4 #bd4 ,preparation of surface4 #be4 ,tinting materials4 #bf4 ,mixing paints4 #bg4 ,paint formulas4 #bh4 ,formulas for making tinted paint4 #bi4 ,enameling4 #cj4 ,the dipping method4 #ca4 ,polishing by tumbling4 #cb4 ,care of brushes4 #cc4 ,paint application by means of compressed air4 #cd4 ,uses of pneumatic sprayers4 #ce4 ,construction of pneumatic painting outfit4 #cf4 ,special attachments for different surfaces4 #cg4 ,cleaning pneumatic machines4 #ch4 ,directions for cleaning machine4 #ci4 ,directions for operating pneumatic equipment4 #dj4 ,preparing colors4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,common ,,woods ,,used ,,in ,,toy ,,making #db #da4 ,economy in selecting material4 #db4 ,qualities of different woods used4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,use ,,of ,,jigs ,,and ,,fixtures #dc #dc4 ,value of jigs and fixtures4 #dd4 ,cutting small wheels4 #de4 ,turning wheels4 #df4 ,use of wheel cutter4 #dg4 ,use of coping saw4 #dh4 ,cutting sharp corners4 #di4 ,removing the saw-blade from frame4 #ej4 ,making heavy wheels4 #ea4 ,designs for wheels4 #eb4 ,cutting wheels on band-saw4 #ec4 ,boring holes in wheels4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,operation ,,of ,,woodworking ,,machines #ed #ed4 ,importance of machine operations4 #ee4 ,operating the lathe4 #ef4 ,face plate turning4 #eg4 ,the universal saw4 #eh4 ,the hand jointer4 #ei4 ,the sander4 ,,part ,,ii ,,drawings ,,for ,,toys ,,page ,plate #a4 ,fox and ,geese ,game #fd #b4 ,ring ,toss #fe #c4 ,baby's ,cart #ff #d4 ,hay ,cart #fg #e4 ,horse ,head #fh #f4 ,horse on ,wheels #fi #g4 ,kido ,kar ,trailer #gj #h4 ,auto ,roadster #ga #i4 ,auto ,racer #gb #aj4 ,passenger ,car #gc #aa4 ,milk ,wagon #gd #ab4 ,table for ,doll ,house #ge #ac4 ,chair and ,rocker #gf #ad4 ,buffet #gg #ae4 ,toy ,wheel-,barrow #gh #af4 ,horse ,barrow #gi #ag4 ,doll's ,carriage #hj #ah4 ,noah's ,ark #ha #ai4 ,bean ,bag ,game ,board #hb #bj4 ,child's ,swing ,no4 #a #hc #ba4 ,child's ,swing ,no4 #b #hd #bb4 ,doll's ,bed1 ,no4 #a #he #bc4 ,doll's ,bed1 ,no4 #b #hf #bd4 ,adjustable ,stilts #hg #be4 ,scooter #hh #bf4 ,steering ,coaster #hi #bg4 ,kido ,kar #ij #bh4 ,kid ,kar ,junior #ia #bi4 ,pony ,kar #ib #cj4 ,duplex ,speedster #ic #ca4 ,rock-a-,doodle #id #cb4 ,sled #ie #cc4 ,sturdy ,flyer ,sled #if #cd4 ,ducky ,loo #ig #ce4 ,duck ,rocker #ih #cf4 ,jitney #ii #cg4 ,junior ,roadster #ajj #ch4 ,details of ,junior ,roadster #aja #ci4 ,senior ,coaster #ajb #dj4 ,details of ,senior ,coaster #ajc #da4 ,auto-,kar #ajd #db4 ,choo-,choo-,kar #aje #dc4 ,teeter-,totter #ajf #dd4 ,teeter ,rocker #ajg #de4 ,checker ,board #ajh #df4 ,child's ,costumer #aji #dg4 ,baby's ,chair #aaj #dh4 ,children's ,sand ,box #aaa #di4 ,sand ,box ,no4 #b #aab #ej4 ,doll's ,house ,no4 #a #aac #ea4 ,doll's ,house ,no4 #b #aad #eb4 ,doll's ,house ,no4 #b #aae #ec4 ,dumb ,bell ,indian ,club #aaf #ed4 ,bats #aag ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers ,where the work is to be done on the so-called productive basis1 it is of utmost importance that1 before starting1 the classes should be so organized as to allow the work to be carried on in the most efficient1 progressive manner4 ,the form of shop organization suggested in this book is recommended4 ,however1 the instructor may1 particularly if he has had good practical shop experience1 employ other methods of organization that are just as good and possibly even better for his particular class and the conditions under which he has to work4 ,it is also of great importance that the instructor should acquaint himself with the processes involved in the making of each toy before allowing the class to begin it4 ,this may be accomplished by the making of a sample of the contemplated project1 carefully analyzing its different parts and arranging the operations in a logical sequence4 ,this phase of the work may be done during class discussions and demonstrations at which time the different jigs and fixtures needed for progressive production may also be developed4 ,the different methods of coloring toys have been suggested with the hope that the student will gain a realization of the importance of finishing1 from both the artistic and the practical point of view4 ,the application of paint by means of compressed air is the latest development in the coloring of toys1 and an equipment in the school shop illustrating the principles of compressed air as applied to productive finishing of toys1 is a step forward in making school shops function as they should4 ,the working drawings in this book should serve as suggestions4 ,they have been so constructed as to be free from unnecessary technicalities1 and to leave as much opportunity as possible for the exercise and development of the student's judgment4 ,it will be found that toy making offers itself readily to the desired co-operation and correlation with other departments in the school4 ,for instance1 the art department may aid with the designing and color scheme to be used on toys2 the general metal shop may help in the making of necessary metal parts3 the mechanical drawing department can co-operate in the making of working drawings2 the mathematics department can figure the costs of production1 etc41 etc4 ,it is hoped that the purpose of this book is not merely to set forth a few plans and drawings for the construction of toys1 but to give the work the broadest possible application2 creating a constructive influence on the minds of the students1 in which case it will also act as a means of bringing into closer relationship their life outside of school with the work in school4 ,illustration3 ,,toy ,,making ,,on ,a ,,productive ,,basis ,,employing ,,factory ,,methods ,,part ,i ,,operations ,,in ,,toy ,,making ,,chapter ,i ,,productive ,,work #a4 ,suggested ,plan for ,shop ,organization4--,while it is entirely satisfactory to have any of the toys mentioned in this book made as individual projects1 they are here offered as suitable group projects or production projects4 ,production work may be defined as work done by a class to turn out a number of similar projects that have a marketable value1 with the aid of jigs1 fixtures1 and other means of duplication1 illustrating the industrial or practical application to the tasks in hand1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,this does not mean1 however1 that the school shops be transformed into a factory in the full sense of the word4 ,it should differ from a factory in that the education of the student is the major part of the product1 while in the factory production is the foremost aim4 ,in doing work by the productive plan two important problems will present themselves at the outset2 first1 the time element2 and second1 industrial or practical application to the tasks in hand4 ,a brief explanation of the plan of organization in one of the author's classes will attempt to show how nearly these problems can be solved4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,material for toys1 prepared on a large scale #b4 ,grouping of ,students4--,classes are divided into groups of between four and six boys1 with a boy foreman appointed at the head of each group4 ,the foreman is held responsible for the work turned out by his boys4 ,he is to see that they understand just what is to be done and how it is to be done4 ,all the group foremen are directly responsible to the general foreman who in turn is responsible to the instructor4 ,the general foreman is to act as an inspector of finished work after it has received the group foreman's ,o4,k4 ,he is also held responsible for the condition of the shop during his class hour4 ,this includes looking after all material1 the manner in which stock is put away after class1 and adherence to all shop rules that have been adopted to help in the efficiency of shop procedure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a large order of toys partly constructed #c4 ,the ,time ,clerk and ,tool-,room ,clerk4--,a ,time ,clerk is appointed to take charge of the time cards4 ,he is also held responsible for all the clerical work that is to be done in the shop4 ,a ,tool-,room ,clerk is appointed to take charge of the shop tool room4 ,he is to keep check of all tools given out and taken in4 ,his spare time should be devoted to the care of tools4 ,if possible1 each boy in the class should be given an opportunity to act in each capacity that has been created1 so that he may get the most varied experience in shop procedure4 ,this will necessitate the changing of boys from one group to another2 the changing of foremen1 clerks1 etc41 at intervals which will of course be governed by the size of the class and the number of hours devoted to the work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,milk wagons completed by the production method #d4 ,recording ,attendance4--,boys1 upon entering the shop1 register their presence at the ,time-,card ,rack1 ,fig4 #d4 ,this is done by turning the time card shown in ,fig4 #e1 so that the back side1 which has the word present printed at top1 is exposed4 ,the time clerk then inspects the cards and notes those that have not been turned1 and records the absences4 ,he then fills in the date and passes the cards out to the boys in the shop4 ,toward the latter part of the period1 a few minutes time is given the boys to fill in the necessary data on the time card4 ,the time cards are then collected by the time clerk and put into a box where the time cards of all the classes are kept4 ,in the meantime the time clerk puts back into the time rack the cards of the incoming class4 ,this duty is performed by the time clerks of all the classes1 thereby necessitating the use of only one time card rack4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,the time-card rack4 #e4 ,time ,cards4--,referring to the time card mentioned in ,fig4 #e it will be seen that the workman's shop number is filled in at the top4 ,then under the heading of ,woodworking ,department are two horizontal rows of items which need very little explanation4 ,following are three columns headed ,operation1 ,assignment1 and ,time4 ,below the word ,operation are set down the various operations undertaken in the woodworking department1 with several vacant spaces provided where other and special operations can be filled in4 ,it will also be noticed that ,operations are divided into two kinds1 machine work and bench work4 ,the instructor's glance at the time card will tell him at once what phase of the work the boy has been employed in and will help him in apportioning the work so that the boy is offered a varied experience4 #f4 ,using ,time ,card4--,for shops that are not equipped with the kind of machines marked on the illustrated card1 it would be well to omit the names of machines in the operation column4 ,the instructor may then fill in the operation whatever it may be4 ,under the heading ,assignment and against the operation which is to be undertaken by the student1 the instructor writes in the name of the part to be made4 ,this is the student's assignment and it should be read by him at the time he records his presence at the time-card rack upon entering the shop4 ,in making assignments1 the instructor may find it rather difficult to keep up with large classes of boys4 ,this difficulty may be overcome by making an assignment to an entire group instead of to each boy4 ,for example1 in a class of twenty-five that would probably be divided into five groups1 the instructor may make the assignment to the foreman of each group and each foreman in turn can inform the boys of his group as to the nature of the assignment4 ,the boys can then enter the assignment on their time cards at the end of the period when the time spent on the job at hand is also recorded4 ,the student's shop number1 name1 and grade should be filled in by the time clerk who can get out a number of cards for each student in advance and these are kept ready for use by the instructor4 ,the instructor can then mark the project and the job number together with the student's assignment4 ,at the same time he estimates the journeyman's time and rate and enters them in the space provided4 ,the time card in ,fig4 #e1 is #c-a_/b inches by #i inches1 made of three-ply bristol board4 ,all worker's cards are printed on white colored bristol while those of the foremen are of blue colored bristol4 ,this plan is for the instructor's convenience to be able to pick out the foremen's time cards at a glance4 ,in the triple column under the heading ,,time is provided room for the date and spaces in which the student can write the time in minutes spent on the various operations on that date4 ,the triple columns on each side of the card allow of the cards being used for six days4 ,if a job lasts longer than six days another card should be used marking them ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 respectively1 in the space marked ,card ,no4 ,both cards should be fastened and kept together4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,time card ,effort should always be made to have all the assignments short 7less than six days7 so that the student's record may be computed at the end of each week by the time clerk4 #g4 ,grading ,students4--,the next four spaces contain in condensed form1 the information itemized in other parts of the card4 ,this1 together with other information set down by the instructor1 is the vital material sought for4 ,the item ,a ,journeyman's ,time is very easily recorded by the instructor4 ,it is arrived at in the same way as in making out the estimate for any piece of work and can be recorded almost at once4 ,the main purpose here is to set for the student a standard of time on which to work4 ,the item ,b is the rate in points per hour1 based on the journeyman's time4 ,the item ,c is the total of the student's time added together from the various spaces under ,time4 ,item ,d ,quality ,decimal is the quality of the student's job expressed in the form of a decimal1 with #ajj as the maximum4 ,this mark should be filled in by the instructor when the student completes his job4 ,the next item1 the number of points the student earns is found by the formula ,points 7,ax,b7,d ,points earned per hour 77,ax,b7,d7_/,c ,for example1 a student receives an assignment to cut to thickness1 width1 and length1 sixty chair legs4 ,the size of the legs he is to get from the job blueprint4 ,he spends #fj minutes a day1 for three days1 making a total of #ahj minutes or #c hours4 ,the time it would take a journeyman to do the same job is estimated at #b hours4 ,the rate adopted is at #hj points per hour2 the journeyman therefore earns ,ax,b #bx#hj #afj ,points4 ,the quality of the student's job is graded by the instructor as #ge4 ,the number of points the student earns is found by the formula ,points 7,ax,b7,d 7#bx#hj74ge #abj ,points4 ,to find the number of points the student earns per hour1 divide #abj points by the number of hours it took the student to complete the job1 which equals #abj_/c #dj1 the number of points the student earns per hour4 ,however1 if the student would be graded #ajj1 he would earn the same number of points as the journeyman4 ,but of course1 he would have done it in three hours where the journeyman has earned the same number of points in two hours4 ,it will readily be seen that this scheme offers the student an everlasting incentive to equal the journeyman's record4 ,having obtained the points on the time card or assignment card as it may be called1 these are then transferred to a monthly accomplishment sheet as shown in ,fig4 #f1 which is provided for all the students in all classes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,monthly accomplishment sheet ,the total number of points for each boy1 group1 and class can then be easily obtained4 ,these totals can be put up in poster form and hung on the shop's bulletin board1 showing the standing of each boy1 group1 and class4 ,it is surprising the amount of interest and competition that can be aroused2 everyone working for the highest honors1 unconsciously1 with a competitive spirit that will bring out considerable thought and effort to the matter of handling material for maximum production4 #h4 ,preliminary ,discussion and ,preparation for ,shopwork4--,of course1 no time card or assignment-record scheme can hope entirely to eliminate the necessary preliminary discussions and preparation4 ,the author has found it of material help to meet the foremen of all the classes at hours other than their regular class hour and discuss such topics as ,securing ,cooperation1 ,instructing ,workers1 ,maintaining ,cleanliness and ,order1 ,records and ,reports1 ,inspecting ,work1 ,routing ,material ,thru ,shop1 ,care of ,stock1 etc4 ,details regarding construction and assembling should be worked out by the instructor beforehand1 and also developed with the class as the work progresses4 ,care should be taken that plans are carefully made regarding the storage of stock and unfinished parts4 ,the old saying1 ,an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure1 is an old one1 but a good one4 #i4 ,bazaars1 ,toy ,sales1 ,etc4--,the plan of selling toys1 that are made in the school shop1 to the boys and girls of the school is a plausible one4 ,it can very easily be accomplished in the form of bazaars1 exhibitions1 or school toy sales4 ,the writer has had a number of samples of different toys made and put on exhibition1 and orders taken1 requiring a deposit on each order4 ,these were then turned in to the shop department and the toys made on the productive plan4 ,the boys in the shop would receive school checks1 ,fig4 #g1 for the total number of points that they earned for the semester4 ,these checks could then be used by them towards the purchasing of any of the toys that were put on sale2 a certain number of points required for the purchase of different toys4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,credit check1 based on number of points carved ,this plan was made possible by adding on to the number of orders received an additional number equal to the number of boys in the shop4 ,for example1 twenty-four orders for toy milk wagons were received by a class of twenty-four boys4 ,then instead of making twenty-four toy milk wagons we doubled the number and made forty-eight of them4 ,the price that was figured on for the twenty-four orders would more than cover the cost of material for the other twenty-four articles that the boys would be able to buy with their earned checks4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,coloring ,,toys #aj4 ,sanitation ,emphasized4--,all application of color to toys should carry with it a realization that toys are meant primarily for children and that all paints should therefore be free from poisonous compounds4 ,all paints used should be of good quality so that it will not come off easily to discolor the hands or tongues of children who cannot resist the temptation of sticking everything possible into their mouths4 #aa4 ,preparation of ,surfaces4--,wooden toys may be finished quite bright and in various colors4 ,before applying the color it is absolutely necessary that every part of the toy has been thoroly sanded4 ,where sanding is done by machine1 care should be taken not to sand the wood too much4 ,many difficulties may arise from too much as well as from too little sanding4 ,in hand sanding1 the use of a block #b-a_/b x #c-a_/b1 to which is glued a piece of cork1 is recommended4 #ab4 ,application of ,water ,colors4--,toys may be colored by the use of different materials and by various methods4 ,kalsomine colors1 opaque water colors1 variously known as show card colors1 liquid tempera1 and letterine1--all come under the heading of water colors4 ,all but the kalsomine may be obtained in small jars and ready for use4 ,kalsomine colors come in powder form in various colors and may easily be prepared by mixing with water and a little glue to bind the parts together4 ,they are much cheaper than the ordinary forms of transparent and opaque water colors4 ,they may be applied with the ordinary water color brushes4 ,after a coat of water color has been applied to the toy1 it may be necessary to remove the rough parts with very fine sand paper4 ,care should be taken not to cut thru when sanding4 ,to preserve and protect the water color on the toy a coat of white shellac may be applied4 ,if a more durable finish is desired a coat of good clear varnish over the shellac will serve the purpose4 #ac4 ,analine ,water ,stains4--,for general finishing of toys analine water stains will produce excellent results4 ,they are known for their ability to penetrate the wood deeply and the ease with which any shade can be produced4 ,water stain raises the grain of the wood more than any other4 ,this makes it necessary to sandpaper down the raised grain until smooth and then proceed with the shellacking and varnishing until the desired results are obtained4 ,in preparing analine water stains1 only analines that are soluble in water are used4 ,place an ounce of the analine to a quart of hot or boiling water1 pouring the water over the dye-stuff and stirring meanwhile with a wooden paddle or stick4 ,soft water is the best4 ,in about an hour the dye may be filtered thru a piece of fine woven cloth4 ,as metal is apt to discolor the dye1 it is better to use a glass container4 ,if the prepared solution is too strong it may be diluted in more water4 ,use hot water for diluting the stain4 ,the work with water stain must be done quickly in order to obtain a uniform coloring on the surface4 ,water stains are used a great deal where the dipping process is employed in the finishing of toys4 ,a hot dipping stain is preferable to a cold dipping stain1 first1 because it penetrates more readily and second1 because it dries quicker4 #ad4 ,formulas for ,analine ,water ,stains4--7,stock ,solutions74 ,red3 ,rose benzol five parts1 water ten parts4 ,rose ,red3 ,dissolve #c oz4 ,rose ,bengal in #e pints of water4 ,blue3 7a7 ,dissolve #a oz4 of the best indigo carmine in #h oz4 of water4 7b7 ,prussian blue dissolved in water4 ,dark ,blue3 ,dissolve #c oz4 ,bengal blue in #c-a_/b pints of boiling water1 and stir and filter the fluid in ten minutes time4 ,green3 ,mix ,prussian blue and raw sienna in such proportions as will give the desired color4 ,mix in water4 ,brown3 ,dissolve #c oz4 of ,bismark brown in #a_/b gal4 of water4 ,yellow3 ,auramine #d parts1 sulphate of soda #aj parts1 mixed in water4 ,black3 ,nigrosine black1 four ounces1 dissolved in one gallon of boiling water4 ,when wanted for use1 these analines may be diluted with water4 ,the rule is1 an ounce of analine to the gallon of water to form a working stain4 ,or to a pint of the stock solution1 as it is called1 you may add three pints of water4 #ae4 ,oil ,stains4--,it will be found that quicker work can be done with oil stain than with water colors4 ,for that reason1 oil stains are also used a great deal as a dipping stain4 ,in preparing oil stains1 the best mineral or earth pigments to dissolve with turpentine are ,van ,dyke brown1 chrome green1 burnt and raw sienna1 and lamp black4 #af4 ,shellacking4--,there are two kinds of shellac1 orange and white4 ,the white shellac is orange shellac that has been bleached4 ,the purpose of shellac as commonly understood is to give a quick coat over the stain4 ,the thin coat formed serves as a protector for the stain and also as an undercoater for the following coat of varnish4 ,in this way at least one coat of varnish is eliminated and a great deal of time saved because the shellac dries within a few minutes4 ,to thin shellac use denatured alcohol4 ,on cheaper toys a coat of shellac only may be used as a covering for the color stain4 ,if orange shellac is used it will be found that it effects the color of the stain used4 ,white shellac also produces a slight change in color and for this reason many working with toys will use a good clear varnish instead4 #ag4 ,varnishing4--,two or three coats of varnish will produce a very durable finish4 ,the first coat of varnish ought not be quite as heavy as the succeeding coats4 ,if the varnish is of extra heavy body it should be reduced slightly for the first coat4 ,the best varnish reducer is thin varnish4 ,to prepare this reducer1 take one part varnish 7the same varnish to be reduced71 and two parts of turpentine4 ,shake these together well and let stand twenty-four hours before using4 ,this will reduce the consistency of the varnish without tearing down the body as pure turpentine would4 ,the first coat of varnish should be allowed to dry thoroly before the second coat is applied4 ,oil varnishes made from good hard gums1 pure linseed oil1 and turpentine1 are the most valuable4 ,in using turpentine to thin varnish care should be taken that adulterated turpentine is not used4 ,to play the game safe it is advisable to use a little benzine1 for it will not injure the varnish1 but will evaporate entirely1 and not flatten the varnish as turpentine does4 #ah4 ,points on ,varnishing4--7#a7 ,the less varnish is worked under the brush the better its luster4 7#b7 ,use clean brush and pot1 and clean varnish4 ,see that the surface is clean before beginning to varnish4 7#c7 ,allow a coat of varnish plenty of time for drying until it becomes hard4 #ai4 ,colored ,varnish4--,colored varnish is that in which a proportion of varnish is added to the pigment and thinned4 ,the base is usually an earth color such as ochre1 sienna1 venitian red1 ,van ,dyke brown1 umber1 lamp black1 etc4 ,with this the work can be done in one coat4 ,this method of finishing is usually employed on the cheaper class of toys where it isn't advisable to apply an expensive finish4 #bj4 ,another ,suggestion for ,finishing4--,tint a gallon of benzine or gasoline with chrome green1 chrome yellow1 and vermilion1 ground in ,japan until the desired shade is obtained4 ,this formulae is especially good for dipping purposes4 #ba4 ,use of ,paint4--,although paint can be bought ready prepared and in any color1 as has been stated1 it is advisable to have the students mix their own colors and choose their own color scheme4 #bb4 ,ingredients of good ,paint4--,the best paints are usually made by mixing together white lead1 linseed oil1 pigment of the desired color 7colors ground in oil71 and a drier4 ,while white lead is sufficient as the pigment for white paint1 a better result is obtained by mixing zinc oxide with the white lead4 ,these two substances have the convenient property of balancing each other's disadvantages4 ,for instance1 zinc oxide has a tendency to crack and to peal1 which is overcome by the tougher coating formed by the white lead4 ,again1 when white lead is exposed to light and weathering1 it becomes chalky1 which fault is remedied by the property possessed by zinc oxide1 of remaining hard4 ,the linseed oil used is obtained from flaxseed by pressing the thoroly ground seed4 ,about twenty-three gallons of oil can be obtained from one bushel of the seed4 ,by boiling the oil with lead oxide or manganese oxide it can take more oxygen from the air1 and thereby its drying powers are increased4 ,driers are substances that absorb oxygen from the air and give part of it to the oil4 ,the raw linseed oil absorbs the oxygen from the air very slowly1 but the addition of turpentine is a great aid in overcoming this defect4 ,to insure the best results in painting1 one must first consider the kind and condition of the surface to be painted1 and to what use the toy will be put2 then decide on the proper composition and consistency of the paint4 #bc4 ,application of ,paint4--,in applying the paint to the toy the first coat should be thinned4 ,this will act as a primer or undercoat for the succeeding coats of paint4 ,care should be taken that plenty of time is allowed between coats for the paint to dry thoroly4 ,three coats of paint will produce a good finish4 #bd4 ,preparation of surface4--,all woodwork must be sanded and thoroly dry before any paint is applied4 ,care should be taken to see that all knots and sappy streaks shall be covered with a coat of orange shellac4 ,then apply the first coat4 ,after the priming coat of paint is thoroly dry1 putty up all knot holes1 dents1 cracks1 and other defects in the surface with a pure linseed oil putty composed of equal parts of white lead and whiting4 ,when putty is dry1 proceed with the other coats4 #be4 ,tinting ,materials4--,formulas for making tints are to be followed only in a general way4 ,make some allowance for slight variations in the strength and tone of different makes of colors4 ,chromes and ochres vary noticeably4 ,weigh out your color and add it gradually1 not all at once1 noting the effect as you go4 ,when you reach the desired shade1 stop1 regardless of what the formula calls for4 ,turpentine and dark driers will slightly alter shades4 ,make allowance for this4 #bf4 ,mixing ,paints4--,faulty mixing1 even with the best of materials1 is not likely to make durable paint4 ,the important thing is to give the lead and oil a chance to incorporate themselves in that close union which they always make if allowed to do so4 ,the following directions give best results4 ,the order is important4 7#a7 ,break up the white lead with a paddle1 using only enough oil to bring it to the consistency of colors in oil4 7#b7 ,add your colors for tinting4 ,coloring matter added after the paint has been thinned is likely to break up in lumps which leave streaks when brushed out4 7#c7 ,put in drier4 7#d7 ,add remainder of oil1 stirring well4 7#e7 ,last of all1 put in turpentine4 ,thinners help only the flow of the paint never the quality4 ,to strain paint thru cheese cloth before using will be a safeguard against lumpy colors and streakiness4 ,paint also spreads further if strained4 #bg4 ,paint ,formulas4--,as most toys are exposed to the weather a great deal1 the following formulas are recommended4 ,these take no account of tinting materials4 7a7 ,priming ,coat3 #be pounds pure white lead #a gallon pure raw linseed oil #a_/b gallon pure turpentine #a_/d pint drier1 free from rosin 7b7 ,body ,coat3 #be pounds pure white lead #c_/h gallon pure raw linseed oil #c_/h gallon pure turpentine #a_/d pint drier1 free from rosin 7c7 ,finishing ,coat3 #be pounds pure white lead #a gallon pure raw linseed oil #a_/d pint pure turpentine #a_/d pint drier4 ,one must exercise his own discretion in using a larger or smaller quantity of oil according to whether the wood is oil absorbing1 as white pine1 poplar1 and basswood1 or less permeable1 as yellow pine1 cypress1 spruce1 and hemlock4 #bh4 ,formulas for ,making ,tinted ,paint4--,any color or tint may be obtained by varying the addition of tinting colors4 ,these tinting colors are called colors in oil4 ,the colors should be added to the white lead before the paint is thinned4 ,to twenty-five pounds of white lead ground in oil add colors in oil as follows3 ,medium ,blue ,slate #c-a_/b oz4 lamp black ,gray ,blue #a_/d oz4 lamp black #a oz4 ,prussian blue #a_/d oz4 medium chrome green ,dark ,drab #e lbs4 ,french ochre #a_/b lb4 lamp black #a_/d lb4 ,venitian red ,dark ,slate #b oz4 lamp black #c oz4 medium chrome yellow ,dark ,lilac #a oz4 lamp black #e oz4 ,venitian red ,lilac #a_/b oz4 lamp black #a-a_/b oz4 ,venitian red ,forest ,green #a-a_/b oz4 lamp black #h lbs4 light green #e oz4 medium chrome yellow ,buff #a-a_/b lb4 ,french ochre #c_/h oz4 ,venitian ,red ,cream #e oz4 ,french ochre ,sea ,green #c_/h oz4 lamp black #a_/b oz4 medium chrome green #a-a_/d oz4 medium chrome yellow ,where tinting colors are used in sufficiently large quantities to alter the consistency of the paint1 add one-half as much linseed oil and turpentine1 by weight1 as you add tinting material4 #bi4 ,enameling4--,when using enamel as a finish for toys1 care should be taken that the surface of the toy is in proper condition4 ,to obtain good results proceed as follows3 ,give the wood a coat of shellac4 ,sand lightly and dust4 ,the following coat should consist of part of white paint and one part of the enamel to be used4 ,this coat should be slightly tinted with the finishing color1 if the finishing coat is not white4 ,allow twenty-four hours for drying thoroly2 then sand with ,no4 ,,oo sand paper4 ,next apply a coat of enamel of the color desired for the finished work4 7,enamels may be tinted with colors ground in oil47 ,should the enamel not work freely1 add a spoonful of benzine to a gallon of enamel4 ,turpentine may also be used as a thinner for enamel4 ,a better finish of enamel consists of two coats of paint before applying the enamel4 ,this gives it a stronger body and of course makes it more durable4 ,because of its durability and for sanitary reasons enamel is the most desirable finish for toys4 ,its glossy finish is attractive and very appealing to children4 #cj4 ,the ,dipping ,method4--,when a considerable quantity of toys is to be finished1 the problem to be faced will be the cost of application of the paint rather than the cost of the paint itself4 ,the dipping process1 7immersing the material to be covered7 is found to be the most successful1 especially in toy making1 where so many small parts are used4 ,many of the small pieces made can be subjected to the dipping process at quite a saving of time and labor1 with probably better results than where the application of paint or stain is done with a brush4 ,the success of the dipping process depends on the arrangement adopted for holding the toys while the actual dipping is done and while they are drying4 ,here the exercise of a little ingenuity on the part of the students and teacher1 will overcome most difficulties4 ,supposing that a number of checkers1 or handles1 or small wheels are to be stained4 ,a dipping frame as shown in ,fig4 #h could very easily be prepared4 ,you will notice the screen tray 7which is removable71 and the tin sheet which slopes towards the container4 ,the small pieces to be stained can be handled in wire baskets with mesh just small enough so that the pieces will not fall thru4 ,the wire basket is then immersed in the container and worked up and down1 so that the liquid will penetrate and touch all pieces4 ,it is then pulled up and swung over the screen tray1 where the contents of the wire basket is dumped4 ,here1 the superfluous paint will drip off on the tin sheet1 which1 because of its slope1 will cause the superfluous paint to flow back in to the container4 ,fig4 #i shows the dipping frame in use4 ,the screen tray can be removed and placed in a rack to allow for further drying4 ,several trays could then be made and a rack to hold them could very easily be constructed4 ,the paint used for dipping purposes must so be prepared that too much does not run off or too much stay on1 for this is surely one way to spoil the work4 ,it should be thinned to the right consistency and care should be taken that the thinners used are of the best quality4 ,where larger pieces of work are to be dipped1 wire attachments could be devised and each part hung separately over the dipping frame until ready to be placed in a rack4 ,if the wire attachment forms a hook on one end1 it will be possible to hang up the toy until drained and dried4 ,in removing the toy from the paint it should be drawn out very slowly so that the surface of the paint may be left as smooth as possible4 ,where one desires line effects on toys1 these may be lined in afterwards with a small size striping brush or sign painter's pencil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,dipping frame ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,using the dipping frame #ca4 ,polishing by ,tumbling4---,excellent results in polishing large quantities of small pieces1 may be obtained by tumbling4 ,the material to be polished should be thoroly dry4 ,the parts are then placed in a tumbler as shown in ,fig4 #aj4 ,cut up paraffine wax into small pieces1 using about one-fourth pound to each tumbler full of toys4 ,allow these to tumble several hours4 ,this will distribute the wax evenly over the parts and produce a polished surface4 ,the tumbler as shown in ,fig4 #aj is turned by hand1 altho it could very easily be placed in a lathe1 where one is available4 #cb4 ,care of ,brushes4--,a suitable place should be provided for brushes that are not in use4 ,a tin-lined keeper is recommended4 ,brushes should be suspended so that their bristles will not touch the bottom of the keeper1 and have the liquid in which they are kept come well up over the bristles1 so that none of the paint or varnish may dry in the butt of the brush4 #cc4 ,paint ,application by ,means of ,compressed ,air4--,in recent years1 great advancement has been made in the application of paint by means of compressed air4 ,the early use of pneumatic painting equipment was confined almost exclusively to the application of finishing materials such as japans1 enamels1 lacquers1 varnishes1 etc41 on manufactured products4 ,but in the past few years improvements have been made which eliminate all of the difficulties originally experienced and make possible the use of this method for interior and exterior painting1 such as buildings1 ships1 etc42 and at present1 a large portion of factory maintenance work is done in this manner4 ,excessive fumes have been eliminated and all materials can be applied without removing the volatile thinners1 solvents1 binders1 etc41 thru air reduction4 ,this is brought about thru the use of low pressure and the perfection of ingenious patent nozzles and other improvements4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,tumbler for polishing small pieces #cd4 ,uses of ,pneumatic ,sprayers4--,pneumatic paint sprayers1 or air brushes1 are extensively used in the manufacture of toys1 furniture1 automobile bodies1 sewing machines1 telephones1 electrical equipment2 in fact1 very nearly all manufactured products1 as well as on ships1 structural steel and iron work1 bridges and buildings4 ,the speed of the air brush is very great compared with hand-brush work4 ,usually1 an air-brush operator will accomplish as much in one hour as a hand or bristle-brush worker will in one day2 and it is possible to obtain an even coating1 free from sags1 runs or brush-marks and better results are obtained than with the hand brush method4 ,a film of paint can be applied in one operation equal to two hand-brush coats1 as it is not necessary to reduce paints by thinning as much for air brush application1 in a great many instances1 as is the usual practice for hand-brushing4 ,the air sprayer can also reach places inaccessible to the hand brush1 and a perfect coat can be applied over rough1 uneven surfaces1 which could not be obtained by hand-brushing4 ,in considering pneumatic painting equipment1 the most important thing to be kept in mind is the proper application of materials4 ,this can be successfully accomplished only thru the use of compressed air at low pressures4 ,by this is meant using only sufficient main-line air to lay the paint1 enamel1 varnish or whatever finish may be used1 on the object4 ,excessive pressure results in fumes1 waste of material and air reduction taking place4 ,by air reduction is meant the removal of the more volatile solvents1 thinners1 binders1 etc41 thru evaporation1 and the material thus loses its adherent and coherent properties4 ,both types of air-brush equipment illustrated here require three cubic feet of air per minute to operate and the pressure necessary depends on the density1 consistency or viscosity of the material used4 ,for example1 undercoaters1 japans1 etc42 require from twelve to fifteen pounds of pressure to apply perfectly2 while enamels and varnishes take from eighteen to twenty-five pounds4 ,water stains require about five pounds of pressure4 #ce4 ,construction of ,pneumatic ,painting ,outfit4--,a pneumatic painting outfit for finishing work consists essentially of an air brush1 either of the attached-container type or the gun-type with separate paint tank1 and a small compressor of sufficient capacity to operate the air brush1 which can be belt-driven from shafting or direct connected4 ,an exhaust hood with fan1 for the removal of fumes1 is advisable where the operation is reasonably continuous and especially where lacquers are used4 ,the paint1 ready for application1 is poured into the tank2 and the compressed air line leads to the tank with a branch line for air and paint from the tank to the nozzle of the gun type of machine2 while only the air line is required with the attached-container type4 ,the air hose used is #e_/af in diameter while the paint or fluid hose is the same size4 ,the paint hose is made of a special compound to resist the action of the thinners1 solvents1 etc41 used in the paint2 and it is important to have this correct1 so that the lining will not disintegrate and clog the air brush or gun4 ,fig4 #aa shows a five-gallon container type4 ,it will be noticed that the fluid connection is nearest the nozzle and that the air connection is at the bottom of the grip4 #cf4 ,special ,attachments for ,different ,surfaces4--,a cone nozzle is furnished for painting irregular surfaces and a fan nozzle for wide1 flat work4 ,adjusting and locking the nozzle regulates the degree of atomization4 ,the jets of the fan nozzle are depressed to prevent being knocked out of alignment4 ,final regulation of the flow of material is made on the back of the gun1 independent of the pressure on the material container4 ,a wide variety of adjustment is possible with this positive regulation4 ,the first pull on the trigger gives air only1 which can be used for dusting ahead of the work2 and as the trigger is released1 the air valve closes last1 which prevents clogging and dripping4 ,when adjustments have been made the trigger action is the only moving part of the machine4 ,figs4 #ab and #ac show the five-gallon container type in actual use4 #cg4 ,cleaning ,pneumatic ,machines4--,it is not necessary to take the gun apart nor disconnect the hose to clean the machine4 ,thinner can be run thru the device without loss by placing a small can of reducer of the last material used in the machine1 and forcing it thru in the usual manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a five-gallon air brush outfit #ch4 ,directions for ,cleaning ,machine4--,close right-hand ,air ,valve and open release valve4 ,unscrew air nozzle a few turns4 ,obstruct outlet with thumb and pull trigger4 ,spraying pressure is thus forced thru gun and fluid hose and the material backed into the container4 ,it is advisable frequently to run thinner thru the machine as follows3 7#a7 ,place small can of thinner in center of container directly beneath fluid tube4 7#b7 ,replace cover and tighten wing-nuts4 7#c7 ,close left-hand air valve and open right-hand air valve4 ,pressure on container will force thinner thru the machine and clean perfectly without loss4 ,do not use spraying pressure in cleaning4 ,the thinner can be used again for either cleaning or thinning purposes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,using pneumatic paint sprayers #ci4 ,directions for ,operating ,pneumatic ,equipment4-- #a4 ,attach main-line air hose to air filter4 #b4 ,attach fluid hose to connection marked ,fluid on tank and to the front connection near air nozzle on hand-piece4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a five-gallon outfit in actual use #c4 ,attach air hose to connection marked ,air on cover and to the handle connection on hand-piece4 #d4 ,thoroly mix and strain material so that it is entirely free from skins1 lumps1 and foreign materials4 #e4 ,tighten wing-nuts until paint container is air-tight4 #f4 ,see that release valve is closed4 ,then open right-hand air valve1 turn fluid-pressure regulator until gage shows #e lbs4 pressure in container4 ,pull trigger and use fluid regulator on gun to control the flow4 ,if material is heavy1 increase pressure in container4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,attached container type of sprayer #g4 ,open left-hand air valve and turn spraying pressure regulator until sufficient pressure 7#e lbs4 to #be lbs471 is obtained to lay the material on4 #h4 ,make final adjustment of the flow of material with fluid regulator on back of hand-piece and get proper spray by adjusting the air nozzle4 #i4 ,spraying pressure and pressure in the container depends upon the density of the material used and the size of the surface to be coated4 ,a little experimenting on the part of the operator will determine the best pressure to use4 ,when the fan nozzle is used1 #c to #e lbs4 more pressure should be applied to the material container and from #e to #h lbs4 more atomizing or spraying pressure used4 ,fig4 #ad shows a complete attached container which operates on identically the same principles as the type shown in ,fig4 #aa4 ,it consists of a #a-a_/b pint container1 reducing outfit1 compressor1 and air tank4 ,the #a-a_/b pint container as shown in ,fig4 #ae is supplied complete with two fluid tips1 gasket1 agitator tube1 cup-holder1 hose union1 and six feet of air hose4 ,the reducing outfit in ,fig4 #af consists of a regulative valve1 an air gage1 and an air filter1 complete with connections and fittings4 ,this outfit is for the purpose of maintaining an even low spraying pressure4 ,regulated pressure is applied to the air-tight material container1 raising the coating material to the nozzle where only sufficient main-line pressure is used to lay the coating on4 ,the spraying pressure necessarily depends on the density1 consistency and viscosity of the material used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a one and one-half pint container and parts ,for fine finishing work1 where the quantity of materials used each day is not great1 or where the colors are changed frequently1 the attached container type is recommended4 #dj4 ,preparing ,colors4--,the three primary colors are red1 blue and yellow4 ,with the three primary colors at hand1 almost every variety of color desirable for ordinary use can be easily prepared4 ,fig4 #ag shows a color chart4 ,red mixed with yellow will result in orange4 ,red mixed with blue will result in purple4 ,yellow mixed with blue will result in green4 ,the colors obtained by mixing any two primaries are called secondary colors4 ,therefor the secondary colors are orange1 purple and green4 ,orange mixed with purple will result in brown4 ,orange mixed with green will result in olive4 ,purple mixed with green will result in slate4 ,the colors obtained by mixing any two secondaries are called tertiary colors4 ,the tertiary colors are brown1 olive and slate4 ,of course different tones of each color can be made up by mixing unequal proportions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,reducing outfit ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,chart showing proportions required for standard colors ,,chapter ,,iii ,,common ,,woods ,,used ,,in ,,toy ,,making #da4 ,economy in ,selecting ,material4--,economic use of materials should be encouraged at all times4 ,toy making offers an excellent opportunity where economy may be taught in the most practical way4 ,where toys are to be painted1 more than one kind of wood may be used in the same toy and thereby using up small pieces of wood that would otherwise be called scrap4 ,yet1 it is not advisable to sacrifice the strength and durability of the whole toy for the sake of using up a piece of scrap wood which weakens the particular part of the toy where it is used4 ,for that1 in the long run1 is not economy4 #db4 ,qualities of ,different ,woods ,used4--,the following are some of the common woods used in toy making4 ,maple3 hard1 fine grained1 compact1 tough1 used for wheels1 axles1 handles1 dowel rods1 etc4 ,ash3 white1 strong1 open grained1 easily worked2 used for bodies of coasters1 wheels1 axles1 oars1 etc4 ,oak3 hard1 firm and compact1 strong and durable1 hard to work4 ,birch3 moderately hard and heavy1 even grained2 difficult to split1 but easily worked4 ,chestnut3 resembles oak in appearance1 is much softer1 moderately hard1 course grained1 not strong1 but durable4 ,cypress3 moderately hard1 very fine and close grained1 virtually indestructable2 known as the wood eternal4 ,basswood3 white1 light1 soft1 tough1 closed grained1 easily worked1 not strong1 but durable2 used for almost any part of a toy where much strength is not required4 ,white ,pine3 very light1 soft1 close and straight grained1 inferior2 easy to work4 ,yellow ,pine1 yellowish1 grain noticeable1 harder than white pine1 stronger4 ,tulip 7yellow poplar73 light1 soft1 close and straight grained2 tougher than many woods equally soft1 compact1 not very strong or durable1 easily worked4 ,spruce3 straight growing1 light1 straight and even in grain1 tough1 elastic1 easy to work4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,use ,,of ,,jigs ,,and ,,fixtures #dc4 ,value of ,jigs and ,fixtures4--,the use of jigs1 fixtures1 and other labor-saving devices is an important factor in illustrating industrial and practical applications in the school shop4 ,it is advisable to let each group of boys work out its own jig or fixture for the particular job they have on hand4 ,the three most common forms of jigs are cutting jigs1 boring jigs1 and assembling jigs4 ,the important reasons for the use of such devices are3 7#a7 ,they illustrate the speed of output in shop work4 7#b7 ,they give the student a good idea of machine operation4 7#c7 ,they help in making the parts interchangeable4 7#d7 ,they offer an opportunity for getting first hand information on cutting edge tools and their proper uses4 7#e7 ,they show the boy the value of the use of jigs in factory work4 ,the toys illustrated in this book have many simple operations1 such as cutting stock to length1 drilling holes1 surfacing1 etc41 that can be easily done by the use of the proper fixtures4 ,for that reason toys are desirable projects to be made by the productive plan4 ,fig4 #ah shows the use of a jig and the miter box4 #dd4 ,cutting ,small ,wheels4--,a circle of the desired size wheel may be laid out on the wood with the aid of a compass1 and cut in the outline with a coping saw or band saw4 ,of course1 it would take quite a long time by this method to make the small wheels in large quantities and besides the result would not be as good as when the wheels are made by machine4 #de4 ,turning ,wheels4--,another way to produce wheels is to turn a cylinder to the required diameter1 on the turning lathe4 ,then cut the cylinder on the circular saw into required thicknesses of wheels desired4 ,this method is recommended for quick work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,production of toys by use of jigs ,if it is desired to round the end of wheels the operation can be done by leaving the cylinder in the lathe and applying the broad side of the skew chisel as shown in ,fig4 #cc4 ,the wheels may then be polished with a cloth after they have been sanded and while rotating in the lathe as shown in ,fig4 #cd4 ,in sanding1 use first a fairly course grade of sandpaper1 ,no4 #a or #a-a_/b and afterwards a fine grade1 ,no4 ,o or ,,oo4 ,before applying the cloth the wood may be varnished lightly while the lathe is not running1 taking care to wipe off all the surplus varnish4 ,the varnish will assist in giving the surface a fine polish when the cloth is applied4 ,for further explanations of the use of the turning lathe1 see ,sec4 #ee4 #df4 ,use of ,wheel ,cutter4--,still another method of making small wheels is by use of the wheel cutter as shown in ,fig4 #ai4 ,this wheel cutter may be used in the ordinary bit brace4 ,good results may be obtained where the wheels are made out of thin1 soft wood4 ,this wheel cutter is known on the market as a leather washer cutter4 ,if one cannot be obtained it can easily be made in the school machine shop at a small cost4 ,fig4 #bj shows a drawing of a wheel cutter4 ,you will notice that the blade can be adjusted to cut any diameter desired4 #dg4 ,use of ,coping ,saw4--,where a band saw is not included in the shop equipment1 many articles such as animal forms and small wheels could very easily be cut out with a coping saw4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,wheel cutter in use ,a saw board1 as shown in ,fig4 #ba should be fastened to a table top with an iron clamp2 or1 a saw board made to fasten in a vise may also be used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,details of a wheel cutter which may be made in school ,when cutting out the toy part1 the coping saw should be held in a vertical position as shown in ,fig4 #bb1 and in an up-and-down motion1 with short fast strokes1 following the outline carefully4 ,cut on the line4 ,do not press hard on the saw for the blade is very thin and can very easily be broken1 but it should last a long time if used correctly4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,clamping the saw board to the bench ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,correct method of holding coping saw #dh4 ,cutting ,sharp ,corners4--,when cutting a sharp turn in the wood with the coping saw1 care should be taken not to twist the saw blade out of shape4 ,upon reaching the sharp turn1 continue the up-and-down motion1 but without doing any cutting2 turn the wood very slowly until you have made the complete turn1 then continue with the sawing and follow the rest of the outline carefully4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,removing the saw-blade #di4 ,removing the ,saw-,blade from ,frame4--,to remove the saw-blade from the frame1 place the head of the frame against the table top as shown in ,fig4 #bc4 ,pressing down on the handle will release the saw-blade4 ,when inserting the blade into the frame the same method may be followed1 being careful that the teeth of the saw-blade point toward the handle of the frame4 ,the blade may be put in the end or the side slots of the frame1 using the side slots only when the end slots will not serve the purpose4 #ej4 ,making ,heavy ,wheels4--,in turning heavier wheels that are to be used for coasters1 kiddie cars1 etc41 the work is done with the head stock only1 the wood being supported by the screw-center chuck or face plate4 ,in turning the wheel the first step is the scraping cut as shown in ,fig4 #bd4 ,this cut is properly made with the concave chisel held in such a position as to give a light scraping cut4 ,care should be exercised not to allow the chisel to extend too deeply1 otherwise the material will chip with the grain4 ,after the desired circumference has been obtained the surface should be worked to the desired form as shown in ,fig4 #be4 ,this is accomplished by using the lathe rest1 set at right angles with the bed or parallel with the face plate4 ,the illustration in ,fig4 #bf shows the use of the dividers in marking off the position of the various corrugations in the wheel that is being turned4 ,the sanding should be done while the wheel is in the lathe4 ,use first a fairly course grade of sand paper and afterwards a fine grade1 ,no4 ,o or ,,oo4 #ea4 ,designs for ,wheels4--,suggestions for wooden toy wheels are shown in ,fig4 #bg4 ,those numbered #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 and #g are plain wooden wheels varying in design only4 ,no4 #h and #i are re-enforced with zinc and large iron washers4 ,no4 #aj shows a segment of an iron pipe fitted in the center of the wheel to prevent wearing away of material4 ,no4 #aa shows a spoke wheel4 ,the spokes are made of dowel rods2 these fitting into a hub that can easily be turned out on the lathe4 ,no4 #ac shows a wheel built in segments which is then cut out on the band saw to resemble a standard spoke wheel4 ,the rim is #a_/h steel1 fastened to spokes with very small rivets4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,making heavy wheels4 ,the scraping cut #eb4 ,cutting ,wheels on ,band-,saw4--,a circle of the required size wheel may be marked off on the wood with a compass1 then cut in the outline on the band-saw4 ,this method will leave square corners and will be more or less out of truth with the center of the wheel4 ,to true up and smooth the outside of the wheel the lathe attachment as shown in ,fig4 #bh can be easily prepared4 ,this attachment consists of a block ,a fastened to the lathe bed with a single bolt1 and a stop ,b fastened to the upper face of the block ,a4 ,the carriage ,c is a loose piece the same thickness as the stop ,b and is provided with a dowel rod to fit the central hole in the wheel4 ,this dowel rod is so located that when the edge of the carriage ,c is tight against the edge of the stop ,d1 the distance from the center of the dowel rod to the face of the abrasive material on the disk1 will be equal to the radius of the finished wheel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,smoothing the side of wheels ,the wood is cut out on the band saw a scant #a_/af over-size in diameter1 and is then placed on the dowel rod in the carriage ,c which is held flat on block ,a while the edge of the blank is brought in contact with the grinding disc face by pushing the carriage forward with the left hand while the blank is slowly revolved with the right4 ,this grinding is continued until the edges of stop ,b and carriage ,c will remain in contact during a complete revolution of the wheel blank4 ,during this grinding process1 the carriage should be moved back and forth from the edge to the center of the grinding disc so that the wear on the abrasive material may be equalized4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,using dividers to mark for cuts ,a similar device used for chamfering the edges of the blanks is also shown in ,fig4 #bh1 as it looks when viewed from the front of the lathe4 ,the preceding description will suffice for this as the same system of lettering has been used4 ,it differs only in that block ,a is made to set at an angle of #de degrees instead of being level4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,many ways of making wheels for toys ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,simple attachments which may be made for lathe ,grinding discs may be made either of metal or wood4 ,metal is preferable but a hardwood disc fastened to a metal face plate will answer very well4 ,there are many methods of fastening the abrasing material to the disc but the most convenient way is by the use of stick belt dressing4 ,the disc is coated with dressing by holding the stick against it as it revolves and the abrasive is applied before the dressing has set4 ,a pair of dividers or trammels is used to cut the abrasive material to the same diameter as the disc and it should be warmed on the uncoated side before it is applied4 ,it sticks tightly to the disc but is easily removed and replaced with fresh material in a few minutes4 #ec4 ,boring ,holes in ,wheels4--,the center holes in wheels may be bored with bit and brace1 but better results are obtained if the holes are bored in the lathe4 ,a drill chuck fitted to the live spindle and a drilling pad for the tail stock spindle will be required to do this job efficiently4 ,the tail stock is locked fast and the wheel to be drilled is placed against the drilling pad and fed up to the revolving bit by turning the tail spindle feed wheel4 ,this method will produce a cleaner hole and one that is square with the wheel face4 ,,chapter ,v ,,operation ,,of ,,woodworking ,,machines #ed4 ,importance of ,machine ,operations4--,a fair understanding of what is the correct position to take at some of the principal machines such as the lathe1 universal saw1 jointer1 and sander1 is very important to the student in the wood-working department4 ,such knowledge is of special importance to the one engaged in toy making1 where every knowledge of use of machines1 is put to the test4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,the roughing cut ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,the sizing cut ,sufficient examples are given to enable the student to arrive at a fair understanding of the correct postures4 #ee4 ,operating the ,lathe4--,the lathe is perhaps one of the most important machines used in toy making4 ,it lends itself to unlimited varieties of work and for that reason is really indispensible in the shop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,the paring cut ,in ,fig4 #bi the student is preparing to take the roughing cut in turning a cylinder4 ,this operation consists of removing the corners of the square piece and is done with the tool known as the gouge4 ,after the roughing cut has been taken1 calipers set to the diameter desired will determine the depth of the next cut1 sizing cut4 ,the illustration in ,fig4 #cj shows the student performing this operation with the cut-off tool4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,using the cut-off tool ,when the correct dimension has been found1 the next step in the process of turning a cylinder is the paring cut or finishing cut1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,this is done with the skew or bevel chisel4 ,a very thin shaving is removed by this operation4 ,the ends are then cut by using the cut-off tool as shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,it is merely taking a slice off the end4 ,if a very thin slice is to be removed1 it is usually made by the long point of the skew chisel4 ,if it is more than a quarter of an inch it should be sized and then removed by the skew4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,making convex surfaces ,if it is desired to round the end of a piece or to produce a convex surface the operation can be done by applying the broad side of the skew chisel1 as in ,fig4 #cc4 #ef4 ,face ,plate ,turning4--,the preceding paragraphs describe the process of turning when the piece is supported between the live and the dead centers4 ,the processes shown in ,figs4 #bd1 #be and #bf1 illustrate the character of the work done with the head stock only when the piece is supported by the screw-center chuck or face plate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,polishing wood in lathe ,the first step in face plate turning is the scraping cut1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,this cut is properly made with the concave chisel held in such a position as to give a light scraping cut4 ,care should be exercised not to allow the chisel to extend too deeply1 otherwise the material will chip with the grain4 ,after the desired circumference has been obtained the surface should be smoothed with the skew chisel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,cutting off stock ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,fluting on circular saw ,fig4 #be shows the student modeling a rosette1 using the rest1 set at right angles with the bed or parallel with the face plate4 ,prior to the modeling a shearing cut should be taken with the skew chisel to face off the material to an even surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,cutting with special fence ,the illustration in ,fig4 #bf shows the use of the dividers4 ,the student is marking off to a uniform scale the position of the various corrugations in the rosette he is turning4 #eg4 ,the ,universal ,saw4--,the operations that can be performed on the universal saw are so many that no attempt will be made to illustrate them all here4 ,but enough are given to show the characteristic operations involved in cross-cutting1 ripping1 and dadoing1--the three basic uses of a circular saw4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,grooving1 or ripping special work ,it is a more dangerous tool than the lathe and the guard should be kept over the saw at all times1 except of course1 in dadoing when it can not be used4 ,figs4 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 illustrate the basic uses of a circular saw4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,cutting segments ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,surfacing board on jointer #eh4 ,the ,hand ,jointer4--,the great variety of work that can be done on a hand jointer depends very largely upon the knowledge and skill of the operator4 ,it lends itself to so many operations1 that the student gains much in knowledge and efficiency4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,cutting bevels on jointer ,the five operations shown in ,figs4 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dc and #dd1 give a fair idea of the scope of work that is usually accomplished on a hand jointer and show something of the method by which the work should be done4 ,the jointer is another tool where the use of the guard should never be omitted4 #ei4 ,the ,sander4--,the sander is an interesting machine in the school shop for on it considerable forming can be done as with the lathe1 altho its prime use is to make smooth or polish4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,jointing the edge ,in ,fig4 #de the boy at the left is forming a mitre while the one on the right is smoothing surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,rabetting on the jointer ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,cutting miter joints ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,the machine sander in operation ,,part ,,ii4 ,,drawings ,,for ,,toys ,illustration3 ,,plate #a ,,fox and ,,geese ,,game ,illustration3 ,,plate #b ,,ring ,,toss ,illustration3 ,,plate #c ,,baby',s ,,cart ,illustration3 ,,plate #d ,,hay ,,cart ,illustration3 ,,plate #e ,horse ,head ,illustration3 ,,plate #f ,,horse ,,on ,,wheels ,for ,milk ,wagon ,illustration3 ,,plate #g ,,kido ,,kar ,,trailer ,illustration3 ,,plate #h ,,auto ,,roadster ,illustration3 ,,plate #i ,,auto ,,racer ,illustration3 ,,plate #aj ,,passenger ,,car ,illustration3 ,,plate #aa ,,milk ,,wagon ,illustration3 ,,plate #ab ,,table ,toy ,furniture ,for ,doll ,house ,illustration3 ,,plate #ac ,,chair and ,,rocker ,toy ,furniture ,for ,doll ,house ,illustration3 ,,plate #ad ,,buffet ,toy ,furniture ,for ,doll ,house ,illustration3 ,,plate #ae ,,toy ,,wheel-,,barrow ,illustration3 ,,plate #af ,,horse ,,barrow ,illustration3 ,,plate #ag ,,doll',s ,,carriage ,illustration3 ,,plate #ah ,,noah',s ,,ark ,illustration3 ,,plate #ai ,,bean ,,bag ,,game ,,board ,illustration3 ,,plate #bj ,,child',s ,,swing #a ,illustration3 ,,plate #ba ,,child',s ,,swing #b ,illustration3 ,,plate #bb ,,doll',s ,,bed ,illustration3 ,,plate #bc ,,doll',s ,,bed ,illustration3 ,,plate #bd ,,adjustable ,,stilts ,illustration3 ,,plate #be ,,scooter ,illustration3 ,,plate #bf ,,steering ,,coaster ,illustration3 ,,plate #bg ,,kido ,,kar ,,details ,illustration3 ,,plate #bh ,,kid ,,kar ,,junior ,illustration3 ,,plate #bi ,,pony ,,kar ,illustration3 ,,plate #cj ,,duplex ,,speedster ,illustration3 ,,plate #ca ,,rock-,a-,,doodle ,illustration3 ,,plate #cb ,,sled ,illustration3 ,,plate #cc ,sturdy ,flyer ,sled ,illustration3 ,,plate #cd ,,ducky ,,loo ,illustration3 ,,plate #ce ,,duck ,,rocker ,illustration3 ,,plate #cf ,,jitney ,illustration3 ,,plate #cg ,,junior ,,roadster ,illustration3 ,,plate #ch ,details of ,,junior ,,roadster ,illustration3 ,,plate #ci ,,senior ,,coaster ,,details ,illustration3 ,,plate #dj ,,details ,,of ,,senior ,,coaster ,illustration3 ,,plate #da ,,auto-,,kar ,illustration3 ,,plate #db ,,moto-,,kar ,,choo-,,choo-,,kar ,illustration3 ,,plate #dc ,teetter-,totter ,illustration3 ,,plate #dd ,,teeter ,,rocker ,illustration3 ,,plate #de ,,checker ,,board ,illustration3 ,,plate #df ,,child',s ,,costumer ,illustration3 ,,plate #dg ,,baby',s ,,chair ,illustration3 ,,plate #dh ,,children',s ,,sand ,,box ,illustration3 ,,plate #di ,,sand ,,box #b ,illustration3 ,,plate #ej ,,doll',s ,,house-#a ,illustration3 ,,plate #ea ,,doll',s ,,house-#b ,illustration3 ,,plate #eb ,,doll',s ,,house-#b ,illustration3 ,,plate #ec ,,dumb ,,bell ,,indian ,,club ,illustration3 ,,plate #ed ,,bats ,,index ,a ,auto kar1 ,plate #da1 #ajd ,auto racer1 ,plate #i1 #gb ,auto ,roadster1 ,plate #h1 #ga ,b ,bats1 base ball1 ,plate #ed1 #aag ,bazaars1 toy sales1 etc41 #ai ,bed1 doll's1 ,plates #bb1 #bc1 #he1 #hf ,boring holes in wheels1 #ec ,brushes1 care of1 #ca ,buffet1 ,plate #ad1 #gg ,c ,car1 baby's1 ,plate #cf1 #ii ,car1 passenger1 ,plate #aj1 #gc ,cars1 auto1 motor1 choo-choo1 ,plates #da1 #db1 #ajd1 #aje ,cart1 baby's1 ,plate #c1 #ff ,cart1 hay1 ,plate #d1 #fg ,carriage1 dolls1 ,plate #ag1 #hj ,chair rocker1 ,plate #ac1 #gf ,chair1 baby's1 ,plate #dg1 #aaj ,checker board1 ,plate #de1 #ajh ,check1 credit1 ,fig4 #g1 #bj ,coasters1 ,plates #bf1 #cg1 #ci1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajc ,coloring toys1 #ba ,sanitation emphasized1 #ba ,preparation of surfaces1 #ba ,application of water colors1 #ba ,analine water stains1 #bb ,formulas for analine water stains1 #bb ,oil stains1 #bc ,shellacking1 #bc ,varnishing1 #bc ,points on varnishing1 #bd ,color varnish1 #bd ,use of paint1 #bd ,dipping method1 #bh1 #cj ,polishing by tumbling1 #ca ,paint application by compressed air1 #ca ,colors1 preparing1 #ci ,color chart1 ,fig4 #ag1 #da ,contents1 ,table of1 #e ,coping saw1 use of1 #de ,correlation1 #g ,costumer1 child's1 ,plate #df1 #aji ,d ,doll's house1 ,plates #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae ,dipping frame1 #bi ,drawings for toys1 #fc ,dumb bell1 ,plate #ec1 #aaf ,e ,enameling1 #bg ,f ,foremen1 shop1 #aa ,fox geese game1 ,plate #a1 #fd ,furniture1 doll1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg ,g ,game board1 ,bean ,bag1 ,plate #ai1 #hb ,game board1 ,fox ,geese1 ,plate #a1 #fd ,grading students1 #ag ,h ,horse head1 ,plate #e1 #fh ,horse on wheels1 ,plate #f1 #fi ,house1 doll's1 ,plates #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae ,i ,indian club1 ,plate #ec1 #aaf ,j ,jigs fixtures1 #dc ,jointer1 hand1 #ei ,k ,kiddie kars1 ,plates #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib ,l ,lathe1 operating the1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg ,m ,machines1 operating of woodworking1 #ed ,n ,noah's ark1 ,plate #ah1 #ha ,o ,organization1 plan for shop1 #aa ,p ,paint1 use of1 #bd ,ingredients of1 #bd ,application1 #be ,preparation of surface1 #be ,tinting materials1 #be ,mixing1 #be ,formulas1 #bf ,formulas for tinted paint1 #bf ,enameling1 #bg ,plan for shop organization1 #aa ,grouping students1 #aa ,time clerk1 #ac ,tool-room clerk1 #ac ,recording attendance1 #ad ,time-card rack1 #ad ,time cards1 #ae ,grading students1 #ag ,accomplishment sheet1 #ah ,preparation for shop work1 #ai ,pneumatic equipment1 #cf ,preface1 #c ,productive work1 #aa ,r ,ring toss1 ,plate #b1 #fe ,rocking chair1 ,plate #ac1 #gf ,rocker1 duck1 ,plate #ce1 #ih ,rocker1 ducky loo1 ,plate #cd1 #ig ,rock-a-doodle1 ,plate #ca1 #id ,s ,sand box1 ,plates #dh1 #di1 #aaa1 #aab ,sander1 #fj1 #fb ,saw1 universal1 #eh ,scooter1 ,plate #be1 #hh ,sleds1 ,plates #cb1 #cc1 #ie1 #if ,sprayer1 pneumatic air1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd ,sprayer1 directions for operating1 #cf ,speedster1 duplex1 ,plate #cj1 #ic ,stain1 oil1 #bc ,stain1 analine water1 #bb ,stilts1 adjustable1 ,plate #bd1 #hg ,suggestions to teachers1 #g ,swing1 child's1 ,plates #bj1 #ba1 #hc1 #hd ,t ,table for doll house1 ,plate #ab1 #ge ,teeter-totter1 ,plate #dc1 #ajf ,teeter-rocker1 ,plate #dd1 #ajg ,time clerk1 #ac ,time cards1 #ae ,tool-room clerk1 #ac ,toy sales1 #ai ,trailer1 kido-kar1 ,plate #g1 #gj ,tumbler1 drawing of1 #cb ,tumbling1 polishing by1 #ca1 #cb ,v ,varnishing1 #bc ,varnish1 colored1 #bd ,varnishing1 points on1 #bd ,w ,wagon1 milk1 ,plate #aa1 #gd ,water colors1 #ba ,wax polishing1 #ca ,wheel-barrow1 toy1 ,plate #ae1 #gh ,wheel-barrow1 horse design1 ,plate #af1 #gi ,wheel cutter1 #de1 #df ,wheels1 cutting small1 #dc ,wheels1 designs1 ,fig4 #bg1 #di1 #ea ,wheels1 turning1 #dc ,woods used in toy making1 #db