,a ,,logic ,,( ,,facts3 or ,e-day ,reason+ ,by ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake ,call him wise ^: ?\ghts & words are a cle> because to a cle> :y4--,lavat]4 ,,f\r? ,,?\s&4 ,,london3 ,f4 ,,f>rah1 #bhb1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 #ahff4 ,,introduction ,,( #ahdh4 ,! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools1 h[ev] indisp5sable 9 its place1 fails to meet half ! common want 9 daily life4 ,! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools beg9s ) ! managem5t ( ! premises ( an argum5t2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a m practical lesson to be le>n$ 9 beg9n+ ) ! premises !mselves4 ,a ?\s& errors arise ?r\gh ! assumption ( premises = "o aris+ 9 ! misplacem5t ( t]ms4 ,! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools is an elaborate attack ^u ! less] evil4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% has rem>k$ t ',popul> reason c alone correct popul> sophi/ry'--& x is 9 va9 t we expect am5dm5t 9 ! reason+ ( ! multitude1 unless we make reason+ intelligible to ! multitude4 ,z to my object1 c\ld ,i1 l ,gridiron-,cobbett1 adopt a symbol ( x1 ,i w\ld h engrav$ ,a,esop's ',old ,man & 8 ,ass1' :o1 9 a va9 attempt to please ev]ybody1 fail$ 7l 8 disciples--= ev5 he has disciples7 to please anybody4 ,! folly ( t sup]flu\sly philan?ropic old g5tleman %\ld tea* u proportion ( purpose4 ,to be ( real s]vice2 to "s is 9 ! compass ( individual capacity1 & consequ5tly1 ! true way ( s]v+1 if n ( pleas+ all4 ,! republic ( lit]ature1 l society1 has its ari/ocratic1 its middle1 & its l[] classes4 ,no "o has comb9$1 9 "o p]=mance1 ! ref9em5t applaud$ 9 ! univ]sities1 ) ! practical purpose1 popul> among ^? :o toil to live1 & live to toil4 ,! populace are my *oice--( !m ,i am "o1 &1 l a rec5t premi]1 ,e>l ,grey1 am dispos$ 'to /& by my ord]4' ,i write = ?is class bo? f affection & ta/e4 ,if ,i c b5efit any1 ,i c !m4 ,i "k _! difficulties1 = ,i h enc\nt]$ !m--_! wants1 = !y h be5 m9e4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! lib]ties tak5 ) ! subjects ^u :i* ,i treat4 ,!re is m ?an "o k9d ( hung] t w break ?r\gh b>ri]s1 & ,i h tak5 ) an unlic5s$ h&1 :]ev] x 0 to be f\nd1 :at ,i want$ = myself1 & :at ,i "k to be want$ by ^? :o /& at ! anvil & ! loom1 & :o nev] _h ! b5efits ( s*ola/ic education1 & :o nev] w4 ,_m ( ! arts & sci5ces1 :i* =m]ly resid$ exclusively 9 ! colleges1 & m9i/]$ only to ! sons ( opul5ce & leisure1 h escap$ f _! retreat1 & h become ! h&-maids ( ! populace4 ,b z respects logic1 !re /ill rema9s betwe5 ! le>n$ & ! illit]ate an impassable gulf4 ,! un9=m$ look on ! recondite /ructure ( logic1 & !y are repell$ by ! difficulty ( compreh5d+ x1 & wrap !mselves up 9 absolute & ob/9ate ignorance1 :i* !y believe to be _! de/9y4 ,! populace1 9 our manufactories1 h to *oose betwe5 subsi/5ce & intellig5ce4 ,= /udy1 aft] protract$ toil1 !y h n ! /r5g?--& to abridge _! lab\r is to abridge _! subsi/5ce1 & ?is !y _c af=d4 ,b because !y are preclud$ by ! de/9y ( civilisation f kn[+ mu*1 !y ne$ n rema9 utt]ly unskill$ 9 reason+4 ,_! natural good s5se may be sy/ematiz$1 _! natural logic may be r$uc$ to "s rule & ord]--?\gh x may n be ref9$ x may be practical1 x may give p[]1 & develop capacity n[ dormant4 ,! h9ts1 g5]al rules1 & elem5t>y rem>ks disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ?is "w1 w probably be ( s]vice to ! un9itiat$1 p]haps put !m on ! road to high] acquirem5ts1 give !m a confid5ce 9 _! own p[]s1 p]haps inspire !m ) a love ( ^! ess5tial /udies1 & imp>t a ta/e = ! ref9em5ts :i* lie beyond4 ,my hope is t _m w be induc$ to consult s*ola/ic treatises1 & acquire t accurate k :i* makes ! society ( educat$ p s int]e/+4 ,impulse has be5 giv5 to k1 & ! populace h begun to ?9k1 & bo? to speak & write _! ?9k+s--& :y %\ld !y n be enabl$ to d x free f obvi\s mi/akes1 & ) a broad propriety comm5surate ) ! native capacity !y possess8 ,:y %\ld !y1 l a c]ta9 le>n$ politician on a public occasion1 propose1 z a s5tim5t1 ',! ?ree ,r's1 ,read+1 ',rit+1 & ',ri?metic8'99 ,:y1 9 writ+1 %\ld !y n express !mselves ) /rong grammatical coh]5ce1 & a c]ta9 bold p]spicuity1 if n able to rea* ref9em5t & elegance8 ,:y1 9 pronunciation1 %\ld !y n speak ) a c]ta9 manly op5ness ( v[el s\nd & a di/9ct articulation1 if n ) all elocution>y modulation8 ,:y %\ld n _! disc\rse be express$ 9 brief1 cle> s5t5ces8 ,if _! punctuation w5t no f>!r ?an plac+ capital lett]s at ! comm5cem5t ( s5t5ces & ( prop] names1 & p]iods at ! conclusion ( s5t5ces1 x w\ld r5d] _! writ+s m intelligible ?an are half ! communications !y n[ s5d to ! press4 ,if !y ma/]$ only brevity & abrupt directness1 & le>n$ to omit t$i\s prolixity1 !y w\ld comm& a he>+ 9 _m cases :]e n[ !y are d5i$ "o4 ,if 9 logic !y made a %rewd ma/]y ( pla9 facts--be+ z sure z !y c\ld1 :5 once set on surety1 es*ew+ conjecture & p]nici\s supposition--if !y foll[$ ! me?ods ( nature & good s5se1 :]e ! elaborate me?ods ( art are hidd5 f !m1 :o w n admit t !y w\ld be m intelligible ?an n[1 ex]cise a p[] !y nev] yet possess$1 & extort ! att5tion & e/eem ( ! public :]e n[ !y excite only its pity1 or contempt1 or outrage :at j ta/e x has8 ,! p w\ld be enabl$ to d ^! ?+s1 b t s _m :o prep>e treatises = _! guidance al>m !m by ! display ( ab/ruse diss]tation above _! p[]s1 _! means1 _! "t1 & _! wants4 ,t a little le>n+ is a dang]\s ?+ is n a maxim alone believ$ 9 by ! race ( c\ntry squires /eep$ 9 port & prejudice1 b by s*oolm5 :o _c br+ !mselves to give a little proportion ( s\nd k1 b mu/ give all1 ! reconite z well4 ,! /atesman decries ! ignorance & want ( wisdom display$ by embryo politicians :o w accept no in/alm5t ( lib]ty1 b insi/ on ! concession ( all _! claims--b ! s*ol> does ! same ?+ :5 he w imp>t none b ! complete/ in=mation to ! p4 99 ,?is case is cit$ by ,s4 ,g4 ,goodri*1 ! orig9al ,pet] ,p>ley1 9 8 preface to ',fireside ,education4' ,sir ,william ,curtis1 to :om1 probably1 ,mr4 ,goodri* ref]s1 gave also '! ?ree ,k's--,k+1 ,*ur*1 & ,con/itution4' ,9 quot+1 ,i h be5 a borr[]1 b n a plagi>i/4 ,9 no case am ,i consci\s ( hav+ tak5 f o!rs )\t at ! same "t mak+ ! faire/ ackn[l$gm5t 9 my p[]4 ,if ! ref]5ces to ! highe/ au?orities are sometimes ?r\gh o!rs1 x is because ! highe/ au?orities h n always be5 accessible4 ,^? :o h _h ord9>y exp]i5ce e/imate highly ! value ( m9ute integrity 9 ?is respect4 ,fruitless h\rs are sp5t 9 trac+ false & c>eless ref]5ces1 & to "o ^: "t is 8 means1 no little injury is done :5 x is ?us wa/$4 ,unb\nd$ gratitude is due to ^? au?ors1 old & new1 :o1 ) le>n+ & grace1 ) c>e & pati5ce1 h put ! _w 9 possession ( ?\ghts :i* are real additions to its k--& correspond+ %\ld be ! contempt ( ^? ^: high-s\nd+ & pret5d+ books s$uce read]s to wade ?r\gh !m only to f9d 9 !m ! millione? e*o ( "s commonplace idea4 ,! ',spectator' 0 pleas$ to say t ,i wrote ',practical ,gramm>' 9 ! _s ( an 'ultra-radical1 sett+ ! _w to rights4' ,yet ,i h always decl>$1 ) ,butl]-- ,re=m+ s*emes are none ( m9e1 ,to m5d ! _w's a va/ design2 ,l ^? :o toil 9 little boat ,to drag to !m ! %ip afloat4 ,utopianism is n my idiosyncracy4 ,b ,i h confid5ce 9 endeav\r4 ,cont9uity ( ameliorative ef=t is ! sole en?usiasm t c s]ve ! cause ( improvem5t4 ,x is useful to d :at seems to be useful1 :e!r little or mu*--a mod]ate rule1 b "o t w take ^? :o c>ry x out1 a long way4 ,my illu/rations1 ,i ne$ sc>cely say1 are neutral 9 politics & !ology4 ,9 ! gramm> ( ,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,d',orsey1 publi%$ 9 ',*amb]s' ,educational ,c\rse1' !re are disputations1 ,biblicisms1 & bits ( int5se !ology4 ,pr(essor ,john ,rad=d ,"y1 9 8 treatise on ,algebra1 has introduc$ a reply to ,hume's controv]t$ !ory ( miracles--& ,dr4 ,:ately makes 8 ',logic' an av[$ly !ological auxili>y1 %[+ t mu* passes = good ta/e 9 ?is c\ntry :i* is only an irrelevant propitiation ( p[]ful op9ion4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 be5 s$uc$ by ?is species ( example4 ,!re are di/9ct prov9ces 9 intellect z well z 9 indu/ry--& :at political economy ju/ifies 9 "o case1 good s5se dictates 9 ! o!r4 ,no man has a "r to intrude !ology into e "q1 & agitate po9ts ( fai? :5 he pret5ds to in/ruct ! und]/&+4 ,!re is less occasion to speak ( ! utility ( logic1 ?an to %[ x to be easy ( acquisition4 ,mr4 ,/u>t ,mill1 9 confirmation ( ?is view1 obs]ves3 ,we ne$ n seek f> = a solution ( ! "q s (t5 agitat$1 respect+ ! utility ( ,logic4 ,if a sci5ce ( logic exi/s1 or is capable ( exi/+1 x mu/ be useful4 ,if !re be rules to :i* e m9d con=ms1 9 e in/ance 9 :i* x judges rightly1 !re seems little necessity = discuss+ :e!r a p]son is m likely to obs]ve ^? rules :5 he kn[s ! rules1 ?an :5 he is unacqua9t$ ) !m499 ,c]ta9ly p are n s mu* prejudic$ aga9/ logic on acc\nt ( its suppos$ uselessness z on acc\nt ( its suppos$ difficulties4 ,des]v$ or n1 logic has always _h a good reputation4 ,well or ill f\nd$1 ! popul> impression has uni=mly be5 9 its fav\r4 ,x has be5 valu$ l ! diamond--b consid]$1 l t preci\s /one1 ( v unc]ta9 access4 99',sy/em ( ,logic1' p4 #ab4 ,second ,edition4 ,! high popul>ity ( common s5se--'! ex]cise ( ! judgm5t unaid$ by rule'--has be5 int]pret$ into a virtual rejection ( logic by ! multitude4 ,b x ought n to be ov]look$1 t ! cr$it 9 :i* m]e common s5se is held1 is a matt] ( necessity z well z *oice4 ,x be+ ! be/ s5se ! untutor$ h1 !y wisely use x1 & no wond] t !y are incl9$ to laud :at !y are con/ra9$ to employ4 ,d\btless !y always p]ceiv$ t common s5se w\ld be ! bett] = be+ made ord]ly1 z a spirit$ horse is ! fitt] = use aft] be+ 'brok54' ,logical s5se1 among ! masses1 is secretly suppos$ to be discipl9$ s5se1 & to h all ! advantage ( ! tra9$ soldi] ov] ! raw recruit4 ,x is q true1 z ,abram ,tuck] puts x1 t ',! sci5ce ( ab/ruse le>n+1 :5 completely atta9$1 is l ,a*illes' spe>1 t heal$ ! w\nds x _h made be=e2 s ?is k s]ves to repair ! damage itself _h occasion$1 x ca/s no additional light ^u ! pa?s ( life4' ,b few p]sons s5sible ( ! value ( exact k w compla9 ( ! necess>y elaboration to :i* x sometimes leads4 ,nor w ^? :o h felt ! ?rill ( pleasure :i* complete analysis imp>ts1 regret ! pati5ce :i* put !m 9 possession ( a secret ( sci5ce1 or made !m ma/] ( a new field ( k4 ,common s5se is ! sub/ratum ( all logic4 ,common s5se is ! natural s5se ( mank9d4 ,x is f\nd$ on common obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,x is mode/ & pla9 & unsophi/icat$4 ,x sees ) ev]ybody's eyes & he>s ) ev]ybody's e>s4 ,x has no caprici\s di/9ctions1 no p>tialities1 & no my/]ies4 ,x nev] equivocates & nev] trifles4 ,its language is always ! same1 & is always intelligible4 ,x is kn[n by its p]spicuity ( spee* & s+l5ess ( purpose4 ,! mo/ prud5t ( all ! *ildr5 ( fact1 x nev] =sakes nature or reason4 ,"s outl9e laws = its employm5t1 if !y c be indicat$1 mu/ be bett] ?an its popul> aimless & desultory use4 ,,preface ,,( #ahff4 ,"o has no "r to make a lit]>y subject political--t is1 to make x p>tisan2 b to give a political motive :i* conc]ns all equally1 = promot+ a lit]>y /udy1 is all[able1 & does n p>take ( ! nature ( p>ty politics4 ,"o may1 l ,cobbett1 look on lit]ature ) political eyes1 )\t1 l him1 mak+ x a vehicle ( p>ty attacks4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! political g5ius ( ! p lies 9 self-gov]nm5t--:]e ! public gr[? ( ! p & _! int]nal lib]ty dep5d ^u _! capacity to manage _! own affairs--! art ( public speak+ has political importance to e aide 9 politics4 ,to be able to take a subject well 9 h&1 l a /age-coa* driv] does 8 horses--to hold ! re9s ( y\r argum5ts firmly--to direct & drive well home ! burd5 ( y\r mean+1 is a p[] :i* e man ought to /udy to atta91 :o rises to address a c\ncil1 or /&s up on a plat=m to conv9ce a meet+4 ,a ,,logic ,,( ,,facts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools ,x is a humiliat+ reflection t mank9d nev] reason$ s ill z :5 !y mo/ pr(ess$ to cultivate ! art ( reason+4--,life ( ,galileo1 p4 #a4 society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,common s5se--! f\ndation ( logic--fir/ receiv$ 7to a limit$ ext5t7 ! regul>ity ( an art & ! c]ta9ty ( a sci5ce1 f ! ma/] h& ( ,ari/otle4 ,imp>tial s*ol>s1 famili> ) 8 writ+s on logic1 all[ !m to h n only +5uity b real m]it2 & 8 admir]s cont5d t he has be5 misund]/ood by "s & abus$ by o!rs4 ,?is is highly probable1 z we are c]ta9 t :5 8 works 7 int]pret$ by ! s*ools1 & 8 logic proclaim$ ! great text-book ( k & ! only weapon ( tru?1 'm5's m9ds1 in/ead ( /udy+ nature1 7 9 an endless f]m5t ab\t occult qualities & imag9>y ess5ces2 little 0 talk$ ( b int5tion & remission1 proportion & degree1 inf9ity1 =mality1 quiddity & individuality4'99 ,logic !n 0 j>gon1 controv]sy *icane1 & tru? a %uttlecock1 ) :i* ! disputants respectively play$1 or ! object :i* !y mutually disguis$4 ,logic 0 a labyr9? 9 :i* ! subtle/ lo/ _! ,way--a b\rne f :i* ! travell] aft] tru? seldom return$4 99 ,acc\nt ( ,"l ,bacon's ,novum ,organon ,sci5ti>um1 ,lib4 ( ,useful ,k1 p4 #d4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is has be5 furni%$ by a c&id & di/+ui%$ writ]--,dr4 ,reid4 ',( ! analytics & ( ! topics ( ,ari/otle1 +5u\sness requires me to confess1 t ?\gh ,i h (t5 purpos$ to read ! :ole ) c>e1 & to und]/& :at is intelligible1 yet my c\rage & pati5ce always fail$ me be=e ,i _h done4 ,:y %\ld ,i ?r[ away s mu* "t & pa9ful att5tion ^u a ?+ ( s little real use8 ,if ,i _h liv$ 9 ^? ages :5 ! k ( ,ari/otle's ,organon entitl$ a man to ! highe/ rank 9 philosophy1 ambition might h ,induc$ me to employ ^u x "s ye>s ( pa9ful /udy2 &1 less1 ,i conceive1 w\ld n be suffici5t4 ,su* reflections z ^! always got ! bett] ( my resolution4'99 ,dr4 ,:ately1 :o has = _m ye>s occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,logic & ^: "w maybe tak51 f its curr5cy 9 our colleges & academies1 z ! repres5tative ( ! logic ( ! s*ools1 seems to obviate all objections to ! ab/rus5ess ( ?is subject by a c\nt] *>ge1 to ! effect t logic is n[ und]rat$ only because x has be5 ov]rat$4 ,b x is n ! complexity f\nd 9 x1 b ! laudations be/[$ ^u x :i* h br\ght x into neglect4 ,dr4 ,:ately cont5ds t c]ta9 writ]s1 'by repres5t+ logic z furni%+ ! sole in/rum5t = ! discov]y ( tru? 9 all subjects1 & z tea*+ ! use ( ! intellectual faculties 9 g5]al1 rais$ expectations :i* c\ld n be realis$1 & :i* naturally l$ to a reaction--to logic be+ reg>d$ z utt]ly futile & empty4'9999 ,deeply deplor+ ?is k9d ( injury1 f :i* _m important arts h suff]$1 ,i am nei!r dispos$ to def5d su* a c\rse1 nor to imitate x4 ,b ,i demur to ! tru? ( ?is repres5tation ) reg>d to logic4 ,if logic be n ! 'sole in/rum5t = ! discov]y ( tru? 9 all subjects1' x is c]ta9ly ! pr9cipal "o4 ,in/ead ( *>g+ s*ola/ic logicians ) hav+ unduly 'rais$1' x w\ld be ne>] ! tru?1 9 my op9ion1 to say t !y h confus$ 'expectations' by intricate ma*9]y & extreme elaborations4 99 ,"l ,kamet's ,sket*es vol4 #h1 *ap4 ,s4 ,ari/otle's ,logic4 9999 ,dr4 ,:ately3 ,elem5ts ( ,logic1 preface1 p4 vii4 ,second edition4 ,intricacy & m9ut5ess ( detail might be a trifl+ disqualification did !y lead to some?+ imm$iately practical4 ,b ,dr4 ,:ately cont5ds t logic1 9 ! mo/ ext5sive s5se :i* ! "n c1 ) propriety1 be made to be>1 is t ( ! sci5ce1 & also ! art ( reason+s ',inasmu* z logic in/itutes an analysis ( ! process ( ! m9d 9 reason+1 x is /rictly a sci5ce1 :ile consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! practical rules x furni%es x is an art4'99 ,he conf9es ! prov9ce ( logic1 z an art1 to 'employ+ language prop]ly = ! purpose ( reason+1' & re/ricts ! logician to ! use ( ! syllogism z ! sole te/ ( argum5t4 ,mr4 ,augu/us de ,morgan ?us exhibits ! _s ( ,:ately's re/riction3-- ,logic has no?+ to d ) ! tru? ( ! facts1 op9ions1 or presumptions1 f :i* an inf]5ce is d]iv$2 b simply takes c>e t ! inf]5ce %all c]ta9ly be true if ! premises be true4' ,x has be51 & is to be1 object$1 t logic1 ?us conf9$1 'leaves unt\*$ ! greate/ difficulties1 & ^? :i* are ! s\rces ( ! greate/ errors 9 reason+4' ,to ?is p[]ful objection ,dr4 ,:ately ?9ks x suffici5t to reply1 t 'no art is to be c5sur$ = n tea*+ m ?an falls )9 its prov9ce1 &1 inde$1 m ?an c be taught by any conceivable art4 ,su* a sy/em ( univ]sal k z %\ld in/ruct u 9 ! full mean+ or mean+s ( e t]m1 & ! tru? or falsity1 c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty ( e proposition1 ?us sup]s$+ all o!r /udies1 x is mo/ unphilosophical to expect1 or ev5 to imag9e4 ,& to f9d fault ) logic = n p]=m+ ?is1 is z if "o %\ld object to optics = n giv+ sight to ! bl9d--or compla9 ( a read+ glass = be+ ( no s]vice to a p]son :o _h nev] le>nt to read4'999999 ,?is w\ld be a mo/ conclusive answ] if confid5t ass]tion c\ld be accept$ 9 lieu ( pro(4 ,! objection /ill rema9s to be remov$4 ,we may /ill dem&1 does x n fall )9 ! legitimate prov9ce ( logic to provide means ( enc\nt]+ ! 'greate/ difficulties' ) :i* x is confess$ logic is beset8 ,true1 !re is no art c tea* ev]y?+1 b is t a reason :y logic %\ld tea* no?+1 or next to no?+1 comp>$ ) :at seems ess5tially necess>y8 99 ,intro41 p4 #a4 9999 ,kle94 ( ,logic1 ,syn!tical ,comp5dium1 *ap4 #b1 "p #a1 sec4 #i4 999999 ,elem4 ( ,logic1 ,intro41 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 ,dr4 ,:ately cont5ds t ! 'difficulties' & 'errors' 9 ! objection adduc$1 are 9 ! subject matt] ab\t :i* logic is employ$1 & n 9 ! process ( reason+--:i* alone is ! appropriate prov9ce ( logic4 ,b x seems to me t ,dr4 ,:ately has f\nd x impossible to keep )9 ! b\nds ( ! re/riction he ?us endeav\rs to e/abli%4 ,9 treat+ ^u 'appreh5sion1' he introduces1 z inde$ he 0 oblig$ to d1 f ! dep>tm5t ( metaphysics1 sev]al speculations on 'g5]alisation' & 'ab/ractions1' & f ontology 7! sci5ce :i* expla9s ! mo/ g5]al conceptions respect+ ! ph5om5a ( nature7 he borr[s ! lead+ pr9ciples ( def9ition4 ,because he ?us goes s f>1 x is n to be cont5d$ t !re=e he %\ld h gone fur!r2 b :5 he f\nd he mu/ dep>t f 8 rule & borr[ f o!r bran*es ( k 7no matt] = :at end71 :y did he n dep>t f x to "s purpose1 & borr[ f natural philosophy su* rules z w\ld h gu>d$ ! logician f ! '*ief errors' into :i* he may fall8 ,dr4 ,:ately in=ms u1 inde$1 t logic furni%es c]ta9 syllogi/ic =ms to :i* all s\nd argum5ts may be r$uc$1 & ?us e/abli%es univ]sal te/s = ! detection ( fallacy--b x is to be obs]v$ t x is only su* fallacy z may creep 9 betwe5 ! premises & ! conclusion ( an argum5t4 ,x is to ?is n>r[ & ,ari/otelian object t logic is re/rict$4 ',! process ( reason+ itself is alone ! appropriate prov9ce ( logic4 ,?is process w h be5 correctly conduct$ if x h con=m$ to ! logical rules1 :i* preclude ! possibility ( any error creep+ 9 betwe5 ! pr9ciples f :i* we are argu+1 & ! conclusions we d$uce f !m4'99 ,we le>n f our au?ority1 t z ari?metic does n pr(ess to introduce any notice ( ! ?+s1 :e!r co9s1 p]sons1 or dim5sions1 respect+ :i* calculations are made2 nei!r does logic und]take '! asc]ta9m5t ( facts1 or ! degree ( evid5ce ( d\btful propositions4' ,& j z an ari?metical result w be useless if ! data ( ! calculation be incorrect1 s a logical conclusion is liable to be false if ! premises are s4 ,nei!r does ! logic1 n[ "u consid]ation1 conc]n itself ) ! 'discov]y ( tru?1' except+ s f> z t may be said to be impli$ by ! detection ( error 9 a false inf]5ce49999 ,logic ?us1 conf9$ to ! actual process ( reason+1 h[ev] important its functions !re1 evid5tly leaves u 9 ! d>k z to ! value ( :at we reason ab\t4 ,= ! in=mation ?us miss+1 ?is logic ref]s u to k 9 g5]al--to gramm> & composition = ! art ( express+1 ) correctness & p]spicuity1 ! t]ms ( propositions--to natural1 moral1 political1 or o!r philosophy1 = ! facts :i* alone c e/abli% ! tru? ( ! premises reason$ f4 99 ,intro41 p4 #ac4 9999 ,= ! gr\nds ( ^! repres5tations1 see ,diss]tation on ! ,prov9ce ( ,reason+1 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #d ,dr4 ,:ately's ,logic4 ,! exclusion f logic ( all consid]ation ( ! facts on :i* propositions are f\nd$1 is ?us endeav\r$ to be ju/ifi$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl93--',no ari?metical skill w secure a correct result1 unless ! data are correct f :i* we calculate3 nor does any "o on t acc\nt und]value ari?metic2 & yet ! objection aga9/ logic re/s on no bett] f\ndation4' ,?is is true1 b is x true t ari?metic is on ?is acc\nt to be imitat$8 ,if ! ari?metician mu/ take 8 data = grant$1 x is :at ! se>*] aft] tru? mu/ nev] d--he mu/ use 8 eyes & exam9e = himself1 9 all cases1 z f> z possible1 unless he int5ds to be deceiv$4 ,& = want ( su* precaution z ?is1 ! ari?metician is at sea ! mom5t he /eps out ( ! n>r[ pa? ( me*anical r\t9e4 ,:o is n aw>e ( ! failures ( calculation :5 appli$ to ! g5]al bus9ess ( life--to /ati/ics1 moral & political8 ,e day1 facts h to be call$ 9 to correct ! egregi\s blund]s ( figures499 ,! calculations are conduct$ 9 mo/ approv$ =m1 b are ( no use4 ,does n ?is demon/rate t :5 ari?metic1 l logic1 is appli$ to ! bus9ess ( life1 g5]al rules = secur+ ! accuracy ( data w\ld be ( ess5tial s]vice8 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ari?metic c\ld d v well )\t !m1 does x foll[ t logic %\ld1 :5 x w\ld be saf] & m effici5t ) !m8 99 ',9 ,art1 9 ,practice1 innum]able critics w demon/rate t mo/ ?+s are impossible4 ,x 0 prov$ by fluxion>y calculus1 t /eam-%ips c\ld nev] get across f ! f>!/ po9t ( ,irel& to ! ne>e/ ( ,newf\ndl&2 impell+ =ce1 resi/+ =ce1 maximum "h1 m9imum !re2 by law ( ,nature1 & geometric demon/ration--:at c\ld be done8 ,! ,great ,we/]n c\ld weigh an*or f ,bri/ol ,port2 t c\ld be done4 ,! ,great ,we/]n1 b\nd+ safe ?r\gh ! gullets ( ! ,hudson1 ?rew h] cable out on ! cap/an ( ,new ,york1 & left our /ill moi/ pap]-demon/ration to dry itself at leisure4'-- ,?omas ,c>lyle1 ,*>tism1 pp4 #if-g4 ,s9ce our au?or's canons are held absolute 9 ! s*ools1 x may be useful to consid] ?is la/ cit$ argum5t 9 ano!r light4 ,a /rong] objection may be urg$1 "o :i* p>ticul>ly addresses itself to ^? :o mi/ake m]e p]t95ce = g5]al relevance1 & suppose t a s+le analogy decides a case4 ,8 ,grace reasons1 t1 because ari?metic does n conc]n itself ab\t its data1 logic %\ld foll[ ! same example4 ,b :y ov]looks he pure ma!matics--a mu* high] sci5ce ?an ari?metic8 ,surely geometry1 :i* ?r\gh all "t has be5 ! model ( ! sci5ces1 0 bett] wor?y ?an ari?metic to be ! model ( logic6 ,0 x classical 9 ! pr9cipal ( ,/4 ,alban's ,college to ab&on ,euclid & cleave unto ,cock] or ,walk+ame8 ,ari?metic is me*anical--geometry is reason+2 surely x 0 m befitt+ to comp>e reason ) reason1 :5 endeav\r+ to discov] ! true way ( p]fect+ reason4 ,geometry is1 ( all sci5ces1 reput$ ! mo/ conclusive 9 its argum5ts--& we "k x is di/+ui%$ above all sci5ces = c>efulness 9 its data4 ,x beg9s ) axioms1 ! mo/ indubitable ( all data1 & its subsequ5t conclusions are f\nd$ only on e/abli%$ facts--& to be sure t !y are e/abli%$ facts1 ! geomet]1 be=e he employs !m1 e/abli%es !m himself4 ,if an analogy is to decide ! prov9ce ( logic1 "h is an analogy ^: pret5sions ov] ^? ( ari?metic are em95t4 ,s conclusive did ,dr4 ,:ately deem ! argum5t j exam9$1 t he _m times1 9 v>i\s =ms1 reproduc$ x4 ,"o ( ! la/ in/ances is "u ! head ( ',fallacies4' ',x has be5 made a subject ( bitt] compla9t aga9/ logic1 t x presupposes ! mo/ difficult po9t to be already accompli%$2 viz41 ! s5se ( ! t]ms to be asc]ta9$4 ,a simil> objection might be urg$ aga9/ e o!r art 9 exi/5ce e4g41 aga9/ agriculture1 t all ! precepts = ! cultivation ( l& presuppose ! possession ( a f>m4'99 99 ,logic1 *ap4 #c4 ,fallacies1 sec4 #b4 ,already has be5 po9t$ out :at may reasonably induce a suspicion ( ! s\ndness ( ^! analogies2 viz41 t _! au?or f\nd x necess>y to disreg>d !m & introduce1 f o!r bran*es ( k1 c]ta9 disquisitions on ! 's5se ( t]ms4' ,) reg>d to ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 x may be obs]v$1 t ?\gh treatises on agriculture d presuppose ! possession ( a f>m1 !y d n presuppose ! k requisite = cultivat+ x1 b in=m fully ( soil1 & se$1 & crops4 ,s logic may be all[$ to presuppose ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se1 :5ce tru? is drawn1 or ! exi/5ce ( language1 ':]eby x is express$2 b x is surely n to pre-suppose ! k ( facts & t]ms1 ! great in/rum5ts = ! cultivation ( tru?4 ,agricultural treatises h>dly w>rant ?is inf]5ce4 ,!re are ! repres5tations t induc$ ! confession t ',logic is n s mu* an in/rum5t ( acquirem5t z ( def5ce4 ,x is a good arm\r to buckle on :5 compell$ to battle = our h]itage1 b a poor implem5t = its cultivation4'99 ,all practical arts include a k ( mat]ials z well z implem5ts4 ,plat]s1 ignorant ( ! nature ( metals1 cab9etmak]s1 ( ! diff]5t species ( wood1 make b sorry artizans2 & 9 l mann]1 reason]s1 unacqua9t$1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 ) ! accuracy ( :at is reason$ ab\t1 make b sorry logicians49999 ,x w readily be expect$ t 9 ! mod]n progress ( k1 ! ,ari/otelian prov9ce ( logic w\ld be enl>g$4 ,! f>-see+ intellect ( ,"l ,v]ulam h]ald$ ! innovation--',our glori\s ,bacon l$ philosophy =? f ! j>gon ( s*ools & ! fopp]ies ( sects4 ,he made h] to be--! h&maid ( nature1 fri5dly to h] creatures1 & fai?ful to h] laws4'999999 99 ,w4 ,j4 ,fox1 ,mon4 ,rep41 p4 #de3 #ahce4 9999 ,! read] w f9d t logician is ne$ 9 ! s5se ( skilfulness 9 elicit+ & exhibit+ reality4 ,by t :i* ,i call logical is meant t :i* is tru?ful4 ,i presume t is ! s5se to :i* ?is high ^w %\ld be conf9$4 ,x is ! lax application ( ?is t]m to m]e dext]ity 9 evad+ ! tru? accord+ to rule1 t has s increas$ ! unsatisfactory race ( pr(ess$ sceptics4 --,see ,scepticism1 *ap4 ,,xii4 999999 ,langhornea' ,preface to ! ,lives ( ,plut>*4 ,! g5]al object ( ,"l ,bacon's philosophy1 writes ,bruce1 an ,ed9burgh pr(essor ( logic ( ! la/ c5tury1 is to connect ! reason+ p[]s ( man ) exp]im5ts = ! improvem5t ( natural k4 ,to create a j ta/e = philosophical inve/igation1 requir$-- #a4 ,a display ( ! true1 t !y may be di/+ui%$ f ! false subjects ( inquiry4 #b4 ,sci5tific rules to direct ! discov]y ( ! laws ( nature4 ,b to 'display ! true1' is to display ! facts on :i* ! tru? re/s4 ,! 'discov]y ( ! laws ( nature' implies obs]vation ( ! op]ations ( nature4 ,! philosophy ( ,bacon1 says ,macaulay1 began 9 obs]vation & end$ 9 arts4 ,x is mo/ obvi\s1 z ! read] w ga!r f :at has be5 advanc$1 t = gu>d+1 to ! greate/ possible ext5t1 aga9/ error 9 conclusions1 x is necess>y to take into consid]ation ! "* ( ! data f :i* we reason--& to d ?is1 we mu/ draw f ! g5]al s\rces ( k to :i* ! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools ref]s u4 ,if we happ5 n to possess an accurate acqua9tance ) ^! bran*es1 we mu/ draw ^u ! be/ notions we h ( !m1 or apply su* natural sagacity z we happ5 to possess4 ,b :e!r ! in=mation we happ5 to possess be complete or p>tial1 x is n well t we are left to apply x at r&om1 )\t any def9ite mode ( proc$ure2 & if logic refuses to assi/ u1 & gives only a vague ref]5ce else:]e1 we mu/ endeav\r to assi/ ourselves4 ,! datum ( all argum5ts is a proposition1 an ass]tion1 or d5ial2 & to asc]ta9 its tru? 7^u :i* ! value ( ! :ole reason+ dep5ds7 we h to d ) ! facts ^u :i* x re/s1 & ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$4 ,= x may be "h obs]v$1 t ! tru? or falsity ( e proposition dep5ds ^u facts4 ,to asc]ta9 ! g5]al accuracy ( facts1 we h to appeal to receiv$ /&>ds ( c]ta9ty2 & to fix ! mean+ ( t]ms1 we h rec\rse to a pla9 pr9ciple ( def9ition4 ,9 ! task ( recognis+ tru?1 s necess>y 9 exam9+ ! premises ( an argum5t1 "o is wond]fully assi/$ by be+ famili>is$ ) ! s\rces ( tru?1 & ! mode ( its discov]y4 ,9 ^! op]ations ! tutor$ & untutor$ may alike be assi/$ by simple g5]al rules4 ,if ^! rules prove n infallible 9 e case1 !y w prove successful 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,s9ce g5]al rules are ! only1 rules t ! va/ field ( facts admits (1 !y are n to be reject$ on light gr\nds4 ,!y enable u to set =? intelligibly ! reasons ( our own conviction1 & to detect & expose ! fundam5tal fallacies ( app>5t argum5ts4 ,s9ce !y direct u :]e ! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools leaves u )\t a guide1 _! value is app>5t4 ,! logical managem5t ( ! syllogism involves mu* ab/rus5ess respect+ 'g5us' & 'species1' ! 'quantity' & 'quality' ( 'propositions'1 'contr>ies1' 'sub-contr>ies1' 'contradictions1' & 'subalt]ns4' ,/epp+ by 'illative conv]sion1' 'six rules to be obs]v$ ) respect to categorical syllogism' next dem& att5tion1 foll[$ h>d by elev5 moods :i* c be us$ 9 a legitimate syllogism1 ,viz4---- ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,i1 ,a41 ,e1 ,e1 ,a1 ,e1 ,o1 ,a1 ,i1 ,i1 ,a1 ,o1 ,o1 ,e1 ,a1 ,e1 ,e1 ,a1 ,o1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 ,i1 ,a1 ,i1 ,o1 ,a1 ,o4' ,9 ! middle ( ?is ab/ract tra9 m>* ! 'undi/ribut$ middle' & ! 'illicit process1' att5d$ by f\r figures repres5t$ by ! foll[+ mnemonic l9es1 :i* mu/ be c>efully committ$ to memory3'-- ,fig4 #a4 b,arb,ar,a1 c,el,ar,ent1 d,ar,i,i1 f,er,i,oque prioris4 ,fig4 #b4 c,es,ar,e1 d,am,estr,es1 f,est,in,o1 b,ar,ok,o199 secundae4 ,fig4 #c4 t]tia1 d,ar,apt,i1 d,is,am,is1 d,at,is,i1 f,el,apt,on1 b,ok,ard,o19999 f,erls,o1 habet2 qu>ta insup] addit4 ,fig4 #d4 br,am,ant,ip1 c,am,en,es1 d,im,ar,is1 f,es,apo1 fr,es,is,on4 ,a motley gr\p1 too num]\s to be p>ticul>is$1 br+ up ! complex re> ( ',modals1' ',hypo!ticals1' ',conditionals1' & ',disjunctives4' ,?is is c]ta9ly n ! portal ?r\gh :i* ! populace c at pres5t pass to logic1 ev5 if su* logic help$ !m to all tru?1 & sav$ !m f all fallacy4 ,b ?is species ( logic is n )\t int]e/4 ,symbolic lett]s & mnemonic l9es are n )\t attractions to ^? :o und]/& !m4 ,!re is poetry 9 an algebraic sign1 :5 x is ! emblem ( a difficulty solv$1 & a wond]ful result simply arriv$ at4 ,to try ! :ole p[] ( words1 & discov] e =m ( language 9 :i* a legitimate d$uction c be express$1 is no ignoble task4 ,x is a high discipl9e1 b x belongs r to ! age ( leisure ?an ?is ( 'copp]asfames1 cotton-fuz1 g9-riot1 wra?1 & toil'--to ! luxuries r ?an ! utilities ( le>n+4 ,!re is ! ineffici5cy ( ! syllogism1 & also ! vitiation produc$ by its employm5t4 #a4 ,x corrupts ! ta/e = philosophical inv5tion by plac+ philosophy 9 ab/ractions1 & )draw+ x f ! obs]vation ( nature4 #b4 ,x creates a reliance on pr9ciples1 :i* orig9ate 9 ! hypo!ses ( philosoph]s1 n 9 ! laws ( nature4 #c4 ,x makes tru? ! result ( ! =ms ( argum5t1 n ( sci5tific evid5ce4999999 99 ,or1 ,fakoro1 z inde$ all ! p>ticul>s 9 ?is place recit$4 9999 ,or1 ,dokamo4 b a brief summ>y ( ! subjects compris$ 9 8 logic 9 ref]5ce to ! syllogism4 999999,bruce4 ,^! ref]5ces to ,fakoro & ,dokamo are ,:ately's4 ,"l ,kames cites f ! fa!r ( logic ! foll[+ syllogism1 :i* w be> repetition z an extraord9>y in/ance ( t assumption = :i* ! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools provides no rem$y3-- ,heavy bodies naturally t5d to ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,we "k1 by exp]i5ce1 t heavy bodies t5d to ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e ! c5tre ( ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,b by :at exp]i5ce did ,ari/otle discov] ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 s z to become aw>e t heavy bodies naturally t5d !re8 ,on :at facts re/ ! measurem5t ( ! radii f our e>? to ! b\ndless circumf]5ce ( space8 ,h[ did he asc]ta9 ! limits ( t :i* has no limits8 ,yet1 /range to say1 ! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools prides itself 9 leav+ u :]e ! ,/agyrite left u4 ',:5 mank9d began to reason on ! ph5om5a ( nature1 !y 7 solicit\s to ab/ract1 & !y =m$ g5]al propositions f a limit$ obs]vation4 ,?\gh ^! propositions 7 assum$1 !y 7 admitt$ z true4 ,!y 7 n exam9$ by appeals to nature1 b by comp>ison ) o!r propositions4'99 ,9 ?is syllogism f ,ari/otle1 !re is ! usual compliance ) accr$it$ rules1 & ! same defiance ( common s5se4 ,su* examples are deem$ p]fect reason+ & legitimate argum5t2 b is x n a mock]y to enc\rage ! belief t we c h reason & argum5t1 )\t ! tru?8 ,only ?is %all[ consolation rema9s to u4 ,if ! logician ( ! s*oole does n enlight5 ! und]/&+1 he is at lea/ reput$ n to (f5d ! ta/e1 & he w9s ! equivocal praise ( ,butl]3-- ',he'll run 9 debt by disputation1 ,& pay ) ratioc9ation2 ,all ?is by syllogism1 true ,9 mood & figure1 he w d4' ,syllogisms are to tru? :at rhyme is to poetry4 ',x is a well kn[n fact t v]se1 faultless 9 =m1 may be utt]ly de/itute ( poetic fire or feel+4'9999 99 ,bruce4 9999 ,a4 ,j4 ,d4 ,d',orsey1 ,eng4 ,gram41 "p #b1 article ,prosody4 ,accord+ to ! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools1 '! "q respect+ ! validity ( an argum5t is n :e!r ! conclusion be true1 b :e!r x foll[s f ! premises adduc$4' ,x 0 ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( ,bordon ( ! delusiv5ess ( su* p>tial logic t induc$ him to exclaim1 '"o fact is wor? fifty argum5ts4' ,) su* au?orities1 'a valid argum5t is t :i* x s /at$ t its conclusiv5ess is evid5t f ! m]e =m ( ! expression4' ,b s9ce x is admitt$ t if ! data reason$ ^u be incorrect1 no logical skill c secure a correct result2 x is evid5t t h[ev] faultless ! =m1 ! inquir] aft] tru? is 9 no way ne>] 8 object1 unless he be in/ruct$ h[ to lay a f\ndation ( faultless facts4 ,he !n1 :o is 9 love ) tru? r ?an logoma*y1 w admit1 9 spite ( ! mo/ +5i\s analogies1 t !re is "s room = a logic ( facts1 z well z a logic ( words4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,locke-,,logic4 ,logic is a g5]al guide to ! discov]y ( tru?1 & tea*es u its sy/ematic communication to o!rs4 ,?is def9ition is int5d$ to comb9e logic & rhetoric into "o sy/em4 ,accord+ to a quotation 9 ,p9nock's ,guide to ,k1 ,locke def9$ logic z 't art by :i* we rightly use our m5tal faculties 9 ! discov]y & communication ( tru?1' a def9ition1 call$ by ! writ]1 ! def9ition ( nature e*o$ by g5ius4 ,!re exi/s a natural connection betwe5 logic & rhetoric4 ,! discov]y ( tru? c\ld avail u little if we 7 )\t ! means ( communicat+ x2 & x is easy to see t x w\ld be 9 va9 to possess ! means ( communicat+ tru?1 unless we _h ! tru? to communicate4 ,!re=e1 +5uity is b ill employ$ 9 sep>at+ ^! mutual dep>tm5ts ( le>n+ :i* nature has connect$ toge!r4 ,besides1 ! skill ( ! logician is z s]viceable 9 ! /atem5t ( a case1 z 9 argu+ x4 ,arrangem5t is z mu* a matt] ( logic z ratioc9ation2 & to impress ?is neglect$ tru? ^u ! "y inquir]1 is "o reason = propos+ a comb9$ def9ition4 ,! mutual connection ( logic & rhetoric is illu/rat$ by ! fact1 t ! ,logic ( ! ,s*ools is purely a bran* ( rhetoric4 ,x consi/s 9 putt+ an argum5t into '! mo/ p]spicu\s =m 9 :i* x c be exhibit$1'99--i4 e41 9 communicat+ x 9 ! mo/ effici5t way to o!rs4 99 ,dr4 ,:atetly3 ,anal4 ,ont41 *ap4 #a1 aec4 #f1 p4 #de4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,:ately 7:o makes logic to consi/ 9 reason+7 def9es reason+ z disc\rse1 & disc\rse is rhetoric4 ',gramm>1' says ,doh]ty1' repres5ts ! me*anism ( lett]s 9 =m+ words--,rhem>1 ! me*anism ( words 9 =m+ s5t5ces4 ,we h ,gramm> = lett]s1 ,rhem> = words1 ,logic = argum5ts1 & ,rhetoric = disc\rse4' ,locke-logic1 !re=e--i4 e41 logic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,locke treat$ x--seems to come ne>] ! tru?1 z well z ne>] ! common requirem5t1 ?an ! re/rict$ def9ition ( x by o!rs insi/$ on4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,logical ,,tru? ,all m5 "k some?+ ( tru?4 ,happily x is ! fir/ impulse ( *ildhood1 & nature tea*es u its pleasure be=e reason in/ructs u 9 its tru?4 ,9 infancy we own its beauty1 9 manhood its p[]4 ,!re is no?+1 says ,cic]o1 sweet] to man ?an ! light ( tru?4 ,tru?1 obs]ves ,godw91 is ! native elem5t ( an intellectual nature4 ,x has be5 wisely rem>k$1 said ,"l ,kames1 t tru? is to ! und]/&+ :at beauty is to ! eye1 or music to ! e>4 ,philosophy sanctions :at unsophi/icat$ feel+s sugge/$4 ,he t has made b a little progress beyond ignorance & privilege1 _c be edifi$ by any?+ b tru?49999 ,tru?1 l a ma!matical po9t1 has _h v>i\s descriptions2 & x may be useful to select ^? :i* graduate to its logical def9ition4 ,bulw] tells u1 t '! agitation ( ?\ght is ! beg9n+ ( tru?4' ,locke1 ,"l ,kames1 ,mill1 & o!rs1 agree t tru?1 or falsehood1 is an affair ( language4 ,an ass]tion :i* repres5ts ?+s z !y really are1 is a tru?--an ass]tion t repres5ts ?+s :at 9 reality !y are n1 is a falsehood4 9999 ,mr4 ,hobh\se3 ,note #ae4 to #d? ,canto ( ,*ilde ,h>old4 ,tru?1 9 sculpture1 means an exact similitude ( "s liv+ =m1 *isell$ 9 /one or m>ble4 ,tru?1 9 pa9t+1 is a natural repres5tation on canvass ( "s p]son1 or object4 ,9 ! same mann]1 moral 'tru? is an exact image ( ?+s set =? 9 spee*1 or writ+4' ,! logical def9ition ( tru? is giv5 9 ^! words3--',tru? is t :i* admits ( pro(1'99 t is1 an ass]tion or d5ial :i* c be sub/antiat$ by facts4 99 ,*amb]s' ,in=mation4 ,a fact is commonly call$ a tru?1 b ?is practice leads to great confusion 9 reason+4 ,a fact is only an elem5t 9 tru?1 ,a logical tru? is a proposition support$ by facts4 ,facts compose ! premises ( an argum5t--a tru? is ! inf]5ce f ! facts4 ,unless ?is di/9ction is obs]v$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! exp$i5t ( call+ a fact a p>ticul> tru?1 & an induction f facts a g5]al tru?4 ,or we mu/ adopt ?is di/9ction1 t a moral tru?1 t is1 ! tru? ( p>lance1 is ! co9cid5ce ( language ) reality2 & a logical tru?1 a proposition :i* admits ( demon/ration4 ,a lady1 :o has giv5 intellectual laws to _m :om ,i address1 has said--',a tru? ,i consid] to be an asc]ta9$ fact1 :i* tru? w\ld be *ang$ into an error ! mom5t ! fact on :i* x re/$ 0 disprov$4' ,b t :i* c be disprov$ _c be an 'asc]ta9$ fact4' ,all[+1 h[ev]1 ! relevancy ( ?is def9ition ( a tru?1 x w\ld1 9 a treatise on logic1 be consid]$ z a def9ition only ( a p>ticul> tru?4 ,_m su* tru?s are requir$ to make a logical tru?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,tru? ,! great treasure-h\se ( nature is op5 to all1 & ! only fee dem&$ = inspection is att5tion4--,detrosibr4 ,obs]vation9999 ( nature is ! only s\rce ( tru?4 ,discursive obs]vation is ! art ( notic+ circum/ances evid5t to ! s5ses4 ,m5 :o d ?is int5tionally & c>efully1 ) a view ( acquir+ a k ( ph5om5a & _! causes1 are di/+ui%$ = _! v>i$ k & (t5 = _! great discov]ies4 ,%aksp]e mu/ h ow$ ! v>i$ facts int]wov5 into 8 del9eations ( human "* to ?is s\rce4 ,! clev] p]sonations ( ,g>rick 7 sugge/$ by 8 curi\s obs]vations ( m5 & mann]s4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott is kn[n to h be5 a c>eful obs]v]4 ,x is said1 'no expression escap$ him if x bore on ! illu/ration ( "*4' 9999 ,! t]m obs]vation is us$ "h 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is commonly und]/ood1 signify+ cognisance 9 g5]al4 ,x includes :atev] in=mation we acquire by ! meant ( consci\sness1 or exp]i5ce1 or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! s5ses4 ,claude ,lorra9e1 ) a passionate sympa?y = ! beautiful1 sate 9 ! fields f sun-rise to dewy eve1 wat*+1 cat*+1 & saturat+ 8 v s\l1 z x 71 ) all ! evanesc5t beauties ( a summ]'s day1 z !y *as$ ea* o!r ov] ! face ( ! fair sc5e2 fix+ on canvass1 tak+ captive & imprison+ 9 our cab9ets1 ! wanton daught]s ( nature1 t be=e 8 "t nev] 7 caught1 b flitt$ be=e ! fasc9at$ eye only long en\gh to make ! he>t aft]w>ds feel m a*+ly ! void ( _! vani%+4 ,& ! arti/ :o has done all ?is1 d we n ju/ly call him an imag9ative pa9t]1 to di/+ui% him f ^? mean] g5iuses :o 71 9 pa9t+1 v l ,crabbe 9 poetry1 m]ely fai?ful del9eators ( ! vulg>] objects ( social life1 bun*es ( c>rots1 drunk5 boors1 *amb] maids & *imney corn]s4 ',has ! read] ev] se5 ,mr4 ,macready 9 ! "* ( ,macbe?8 ,if he h1 he c nev] =get ! /upefi$ murd]] )draw+ f ! *amb] 9 :i* he has j done ! dread act1 ) fasc9at$ gaze retreat+ly reg>d+ 8 royal victim1 & awak+ ) a guilty />t z he runs unconsci\sly aga9/ 8 h>d-s\l$ p>tn] 9 guilt1 :o 9 va9 tries to infuse into ! weak] _s ( h] p>alys$ husb& h] own metaphysical sup]iority4 ,9 ?is sc5e we "k t ,mr4 ,macready's act+ 0 p]fect1 = ! pressure at our he>t1 ! susp5sion ( our brea?+1 & ! creep+ ( our hair1 made u feel t x 0 s4 ,we see him n[1 z /eal?ily he places 8 foot ov] ! ?re%old ( ! *amb] ( dea? to re-appe> on ! /age2 ! int5sely />+ eye1 t _c remove f :at 'tis horror to look ^u2 ! awfully natural absorption ( 8 s\l by t sorry sight1 :i* "o little m9ute has br\ght ab\t2 8 />t+ & awak+ f 8 entranc$ /ate1 z he runs aga9/ 8 wife 9 8 retreat1 & 8 full passionate bur/ ( bl5d$ remorse1 t]ror1 & sup]/ition1 z refus+ c\nsel1 reg>dless ( remon/rance1 he$less ( probable detection1 he p\rs =? 8 bra9-sickly convictions1 ( hav+ 9 "o little mom5t cut ! cable t _h held him to ! re/ ( ! great human family4 ,all ?is we c see 9 our m9d's eye1 = ! actor gave u a picture ( passion t "t c nev] oblit]ate4 ,b h[ w\ld x h be5 ) a cloddi% unimag9ative fell[1 :om nature nev] int5d$ %\ld und]/& ,%aksp]e8 ,w\ld he n1 consci\s t he 0 among %oals & quicks&s ( feel+s1 too nice = 8 appreciation1 seek to te> ov] all by a tempe/ ( rant1 :i* w\ld be a m ru?less murd] on ,%aksp]e ?an ,macbe?'s on ! k+8 ,& :y %\ld we be delight$ ) ,mr4 ,macready's del9eation1 & disgu/$ ) ! rant]8 ,simply because ! =m] has obs]v$1 treasur$ up1 & felt e g5u9e exhibition ( human feel+ t came 9 8 way1 & appli$ x appropriately to all ! situations to :i* x 0 relat$ 9 nature4 ,a s+le in/ance w make ?is cle>4 ,mr4 ,kean "o night1 9 ! conclud+ "p ( ! combat sc5e ( ,ri*>d ,,iii41 :5 suppos$ to be w\nd$ to ! dea?1 be=e fall+1 /eadily reg>d$ 8 foe1 & pa9fully rais+ 8 "r arm 9 act to /rike1 ! relax$ & dy+ limb1 unable to second ! _s1 fell heavily & h>mlessly to 8 side1 indicat+ m]ely ! fi]ce brav]y ( ! usurp] liv+ 9 all its /r5g?1 :5 ! body :i* x w\ld move1 0 all b a s5seless clod4 ,pit1 gall]y1 & boxes arose ) an en?usiasm beyond description1 & by _! repeat$ plaudits bore te/imony ! int5se naturalness ( ! /ruggle4 ,! actor be+ aft]w>ds complim5t$ ^u ! hit1 said1 t he _h tak5 ! action f ,jack ,pa9t]1 ! prize-fight]1 :5 ! latt] 0 beat5 9 "s "o ( 8 conte/s1 & x imm$iately /ruck ! trag$ian t ! v same ?+ w\ld come 9 beautifully 9 ! dy+ sc5e ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,:at 0 ?is1 if n imag9ation8 ,kean saw ,pa9t]'s action to be ! natural effects ( undy+ val\r 9 va9 endeav\r+ to cont5d aga9/ ov]:elm+ p[]4 ,rememb]+ & associat+ x ) 8 previ\s conception ( ! "* ( ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ! actor saw x c\ld be mo/ /rik+ly incorporat$ ) t picture ( passion ! usurp]'s dea? %\ld pres5t to our view4 ,see+ ?is1 he comb9$ x ) 8 previ\s del9eation1 & !reby did precisely ! same ?+ z ! poet 9 us+ a f9e simile1 or ! pa9t] 9 introduc+ sun-light ov] a "p ( 8 picture4 ,x 0 a portion ( nature c>ri$ away by ! actor to be reproduc$ on a future & fitt+ occasion4'99 ,! beg9n+ ( all k is obs]vation4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,mill t 'axioms1' :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( all reason+ & all sci5ce1 'are exp]im5tal tru?s--g5]alisations f obs]vation4 ,! proposition t ,two /raight l9es _c inclose a space--or1 9 o!r words1 ,two /raight l9es :i* h once met d n meet aga91 b cont9ue to div]ge--is an induction f ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4'9999 ',axioms are b a class ( inductions f exp]i5ce3 ! simple/ & easie/ cases ( g5]alisation1' f ! facts furni%$ to1 u by our s5ses or by our int]nal consci\sness4'999999 ,autobiography1 or ! metaphysical revelation ( a man to himself1 is a s\rce ( valuable psy*ological & moral tru?s4 ,f ?is c5tre frequ5tly radiate new lights ^u human nature4 ,b ?is is resolvable into a species ( m5tal obs]vation4 ,x is self-inspection4 ,we h lately be5 told t ',poetry is call$ ^u to "w 9 ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,! imag9ation has always be5 ! great discov]+ p[]4 ,discov]ies are ! poetry ( sci5ce4 ,! case is r>e inde$ 9 :i*1 by m]ely advanc+ /ep by /ep 9 ! ex]cise ( ! logical faculty1 any new tru? has be5 arriv$ at4 ,logic comes aft]w>ds1 to v]ify t :i* imag9ation sees ) its f>-d>t+ glance4'99999999 99 ,phr5ology ,te/$1 by ,a4 ,m41 ( ! ,middle ,temple1 pp4 #adc-e4 9999 ,logic1 vol #a1 p4 #cje4 999999 ,idem1 pp4 #cbh-i4 99999999 ,w4 ,j4 ,fox's ,lectures to ! ,work+ ,classes3 ,g5ius & ,poetry ( ,campbell1 p42#e4 ,?is seems to call ^u u to recognise ! imag9ation z fre% s\rce ( tru?4 ,b ! def9ition ( imag9ation1 z giv5 by ,em]son1 reveals to u its orig9 9 obs]vation2--',! imag9ation may be def9$ to be ! use :i* reason makes ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,%aksp]e's imp]ial muse tosses ! creation l a bauble f h& to h&1 to embody any caprici\s %ade ( ?\ght t is upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d4' ,h5ce1 ?\gh we agree ) ,gilfillan t imag9ation is ?\ght on fire1 we mu/ confess t ! ignition is mat]ial4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 he> a poet's def5ce ( 8 frat]nity3--',poets are vulg>ly consid]$ defici5t 9 ! reason+ faculty2 :]eas no man 0 ev] a great poet )\t hav+ x 9 excess1 & aft] a c5tury or two1 m5 become conv9c$ ( x4 ,!y jump ! middle t]ms ( _! syllogisms1 x is true1 & assume premises to :i* ! _w has n yet arriv$2 b "t /amps _! d$uctions z inv9cible4'99 ,imag9ation is bas$ on obs]vation1 & be>s ! same relation to ! 'mat]ial _w' t ! magician be>s to ! appliances ( 8 art4 ,imag9ation is ! dext]\s & a/oni%+ use ( realities4 ,x is a species ( m5tal exp]im5t1 :]eby1 )\t p]mission ( ! l9e-&-rule m51 we jo9 /range ?+s toge!r1 & to ! surprise ( e body1 ! junction is a happy "o4 ',angelo's greatness lay 9 se>*+ = untri$ exi/5ce4'9999 ,b obs]vation prim>ily sugge/s ! comb9ation4 ,if1 z 9 ! case ( ,angelo1 imag9ation essays ! highe/ flights ( g5ius1 & goes 9 se>* ( untri$ exi/5ce1 x is n exi/5ce out ( nature1 b f\nd$ ^u nature--its success is a revelation ( "s hidd5 reality4 99 ,l[ell's ,conv]sations on ! ,old ,poets4 9999 ,j4 ,t4 ,seym\r2 ,oracle ( ,reason4 ,"s ( ! mo/ prais$ conceptions ( ,%aksp]e h be5 trac$ by critics to ! trite/ obs]vation4 ,in/ance ,hamlet's rem>k3-- ,!re's a div9ity do? %ape our ends1 ,b\gh-hew !m z we w4 ,critics tell u1 t ,%aksp]e "h fell into ! conv5tional cant ( a me*anic mak+ skew]s4 ,b x is no detraction to cull ! be/ phrases f ! mo/ common s\rces4 ,knight rem>ks3--',philosophy1 z pr(\nd z x is beautiful6 says ! un9itiat$ read] ( ,%aksp]e4 ,b he t is endu$ ) ! wisdom ( ! comm5tators1 w le>n h[ easy x is to mi/ake = philosophy & poetry :at really only proce$$ f ! v vulg> recollection ( an ignorant m9d4 ,dr4 ,f>m] in=ms me1 says ,/eev5s1 t ^! words are m]ely te*nical4 ,a woodman1 but*]1 & deal] 9 skew]s1 lately obs]v$ to him1 t 8 nephew 7an idle lad71 c\ld only assi/ 9 mak+ !m2 he c\ld r\gh-hew !m1 b ,i 0 oblig$ to %ape _! ends4 ,to %ape ! ends ( wood skew]s1 i4 e41 to po9t !m1 requires a degree ( skill3 any "o c r\gh-hew !m4 ,:oev] recollects ! pr(ession ( ,%aksp]e's fa!r1 w admit t 8 son might be no /rang] to su* t]ms4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 packages ( wool p9n$ up ) skew]s4'99 ,to admit ! likelihood ( all ?is1 not)/&+ ,mr4 ,knight's je] at ! 'wisdom ( ! comm5tators1' is r to exalt ?an degrade ! g5ius ( ,%aksp]e1 :o c\ld d]ive exalt$ figures f humble s\rces4 ,! ',a!naeum1' f> m wisely ?an ,mr4 ,knight1 9 ?is in/ance1 obs]ves3--',?is is ! te/ ( a truly great man2 t 8 ?\ghts %\ld be ?+s1 & become ?+s 9 in/antane\s act1 & n = a mom5t m]e speculations & ab/ractions4' ,z ! !ories ( ! s*oolm5 subside1 & m5 no long] ignore nature1 x w become recognis$ z ! s\rce r ?an ! tool ( intellect4 ,we %all h less occasion to cont5d t all l(ty & sublime ideas d]ive _! value & beauty f _! coh]5ce ) ! in/9cts ( s5sation1 ',poetry1 we grant1 creates a _w ( its own2 b x creates x out ( exi/+ mat]ials4' ',imag9ation' may be b '?\ght on fire1' b ! sp>k1 :i* ignites x1 is mat]ial4 ,is !re any o!r di/9ction betwe5 ! nights ( ! rhapsodi/ & ^? ( g5ius1 ?an t g5ius illum9es reality & rhapsody obscures x8 ',we "k ( no great g5]alisation t has ev] be5 made by a man unacqua9t$ ) ! details on :i* x re/s4' ,exp]im5t is inv5t$ obs]vation4 ,x is putt+ into op]ation c]ta9 suppos$ causes 9 ord] to obs]ve _! effects4 ,an exp]im5t may be def9$ z an obs]vation1 :i* we are at "s tr\ble to make4 ,exp]im5t is usually set d[n z be+ a process ( discov]+ tru? diff]5t f obs]vation4 ,x is evid5tly includ$ "u obs]vation1 & !re is no practical advantage 9 sep>at+ x4 ,discursive1 g5]al1 ord9>y1 or common obs]vation is ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a we f9d4 ,exp]im5t is obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a we br+ toge!r4 ,exp]im5tal obs]vation has be5 ! great ag5t ( mod]n discov]y4 ,newton rank$ x z ! mo/ valuable k4 ,:atev] is n f\nd$ on ph5om5a is hypo!sis1 & has no place 9 exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,x is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( accurate facts4 ,:5 ,j5n] fir/ communicat$ to ,john ,hunt]1 :at he ?\ght respect+ ! prev5tion ( small pox--',don't ?9k1 b try2 be pati5t1 be accurate1' 0 ,hunt]'s *>act]i/ic reply4 ,locke rem>ks--',:ile ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle prevail$ 9 ! s*ools1 :i* dealt (t5 9 words )\t mean+1 ! k ( nature 0 at a /&2 m5 argu$ conc]n+ ?+s ( :i* !y _h no idea2 9 ?is enlight5$ age1 we keep to trial & exp]im5t1 z ! only c]ta9 f\ndation ( philosophy4' 99 ,philosophy & ,religion ( ,%aksp]e1 pp4 #agc-d 9999 ,no #idf4 p4 #aajc4 999999 ,a!naeum1 ,no4 #idf1 p4 #aaia4 ,hypo!sis may be notic$ "h z be+ a species ( embryo exp]im5t4 ,hypo!sis is guess+ at ! tru?4 ,x is a conjecture or supposition relat+ to ! cause ( an effect4 ,x imag9es t :]e c]ta9 conditions exi/1 ! desir$ result w ensue4 ,b all ^! conjectures mu/ be f\nd$ on obs]vation4 ,=1 9 ! wilde/ conjecture1 unless made by a madman1 !re is "s reason4 ,hypo!sis is incipi5t tru? f\nd$ on a few facts :i* make x probable1 b n on suffici5t to make x c]ta94 ,hypo!sis does n directly discov] tru?1 b x is a guide to exp]im5t1 :i* does4 ,! hypo!ses ( ,columbus respect+ an unkn[n cont95t1 did n ( itself discov] ,am]ica--b x direct$ ! exp]im5t ( 8 voyage !re1 :i* did4 ,to hypo!sise alone is ! error ( ! vision>y & ! dream]4 ,practical wisdom1 z f> z possible1 te/s hypo!sis by exp]im5t4 ,sir ,c4 ,bell conjectur$ t ! n]v\s fluid ( ! human body 0 analog\s to galvanic fluid1 & !n1 by exp]im5ts on v>i\s animals1 he endeav\r$ to te/ 8 hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 great ?9k]s arise :o are be/ employ$ 9 contriv+ plans = o!rs to execute--9 tell+ o!rs :at !y are to d4 ,great poets belong to ?is class4 ,!y are (t5 incapable ( ! conc5trat$ lab\r ( furni%+ pro(s ( _! hypo!sis4 ,gladly %\ld we recognise ! mission ( su* m54 ,!y "w = humanity by ?9k+ = humanity4 ',all :o ?9k1' says ,lytton1 'are co-op]ative ) all :o "w4' ,lab\r supplies our wants1 ?\ght tea*es u dom9ion ov] nature4 ,lab\r is b ! means ( subsi/5ce1 x is ?\ght t makes x ! s\rce ( weal? by multiply+ its p[]s4 ,to ! value ( hypo!sis ,mr4 ,mill be>s ?is te/imony1 t by sugge/+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 x puts u ^u ! road to1 indep5d5t evid5ce1 if x be really atta9able1 & till x be atta9$1 ! hypo!sis ought n to c\nt = m ?an a suspicion4 ,! function ( hypo!sis is "o :i* mu/ be reckon$ absolutely indisp5sable 9 sci5ce4 ,)\t su* assumption1 sci5ce w\ld n h atta9$ its pres5t /ate4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* is n[ !ory 0 once hypo!sis499 99 ,logic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ah4 ,induction is sy/ematic obs]vation ( a giv5 class ( ph5om5a4 ,x consi/s 9 br++ toge!r a v>iety ( facts & in/ances1 c>efully & pati5tly view+ !m 9 all possible lights to discov] f a comp>ison ( ! :ole :at1 if any1 new pr9ciple is elicitable4 ,induction is an exp]im5t ) a numb] ( facts1 to see if any g5]al result c be arriv$ at4 ,?us obs]vation is ( ?ree k9ds--discursive1 exp]im5tal1 & inductive4 ,= brevity ( spee*1 we use respectively ! t]ms obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & induction1 z ! names ( ! ?ree recognis$ modes ( inve/igation4 ,b x facilitates a cle> view ( ?is subject1 to note t exp]im5t & induction are b phases ( obs]vation--& t obs]vation is ! great s\rce ( ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,discursive obs]vation & exp]im5t are ! s\rces ( facts or p>ticul> tru?s4 ,nature1 poetically says ,dr4 ,reid1 is put to ! "q by a ?\s& obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 & =c$ to confess h] secrets4 ,out ( ^! secrets induction ga!rs its g5]al tru?s1 :i* become ! premises ( argum5t4 ,facts1 l /ones1 are ( little s]vice :ile scatt]$--x is 9 ! edifice rais$ by !m t _! value is app>5t4 ,!y h be5 comp>$ to blocks1 ^u "o ( :i*1 if a p]son /&1 he has b a p>tially increas$ view2 b :5 _m are pil$ up1 a p]son f _! summit comm&s ! prospect r\nd4 ,p>ticul> tru? seldom proves any?+ b itself4 ,argum5t is prov+ some?+ else1 & we h se5 t t :i* is prov$ mu/ be conta9$ 9 some?+ :i* proves x4 ,9 o!r words1 an argum5t is an ass]tion or d5ial ( some?+ sub/antiat$ by o!r ?+s--by facts4 ,gall obs]v$ ! peculi> =mation ( a c]ta9 head1 b ! "o fact prov$ no?+1 except t ! head _h a c]ta9 =m4 ,x 0 a b>r5 obs]vation1 except t x sugge/$ to 8 imag9ation ! hypo!sis t ! peculi> =m ( ! head might be caus$ by peculi>ity ( m9d4 ,?is set him ^u ! exp]im5t ( obs]v+ ! habits & dispositions ( ! individual 9 ord] to te/ 8 hypo!sis4 ,b ! "o fact ( f9d+ a peculi>ity prov$ no?+ new ( any value4 ,! two facts1 ?\gh incid5t1 7 h>dly conv9c+4 ,!y prov$ only t a peculi> head 0 accompani$ 9 "o case by peculi> habits--b :e!r "o 0 ! cause ( ! o!r1 or :e!r ! ph5om5a 7 9 any way connect$1 /ill rema9$ unkn[n4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,gall1 ,spurzheim1 & o!rs1 _h travell$ ?r\gh ,europe1 mak+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 & at la/ putt+ all ! facts & in/ances toge!r1 & c>efully & pati5tly view+ !m 9 all possible lights1 & f9d+ t !y %ad[$ =? t ! bra9 0 ! organ1 ! map & measure ( intellig5ce1 !y induct$ a g5]al tru?1 :i* ent]s ! li/s ( argum5t & takes its place z an addition to our metaphysical & moral treasures4 ,mr4 ,macaulay1 :o1 p]haps1 might be accus$ ( und]rat+ bo? ,bacon & ,induction1 ) a view ( exalt+ ,ari/otle1 rem>ks t ',! vulg> notion ab\t ,bacon we take to be ?is1 t he inv5t$ a new me?od ( arriv+ at tru?1 :i* me?od is call$ induction1 & t he detect$ "s fallacy 9 ! syllogi/ic reason+ :i* _h be5 9 vogue be=e 8 "t4 ,?is notion is ab\t z well f\nd$ z t ( ! p :o1 9 ! middle ages1 imag9$ t ,virgil 0 a great conjur]4 ,_m :o are f> too well in=m$ to talk su* extravagant nons5se1 ent]ta9 :at we ?9k incorrect notions z to :at ,bacon really effect$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,! inductive me?od has be5 practis$ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w by e human be+4 ,x is con/antly practis$ by ! mo/ ignorant cl[n1 by ! mo/ ?\ghtless s*oolboy1 by ! v *ild at ! brea/4 ,t me?od leads ! cl[n to ! conclusion1 t if he s[s b>ley he %all n reap :eat4 ,by t me?od1 ! s*oolboy le>ns t a cl\dy day is ! be/ = cat*+ tr\t4 ,! v infant we imag9e is l$ by induction to expect milk f 8 "m or nurse1 & none f 8 fa!r4 ,n only is x n true t ,bacon inv5t$ ! inductive me?od1 b x is n true t he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o correctly analys$ t me?od & expla9$ its uses4 ,ari/otle _h long be=e po9t$ out ! absurdity ( suppos+ t syllogi/ic reason+ c\ld ev] conduct m5 to ! discov]y ( any new pr9ciple1 _h %[n t su* discov]ies mu/ be made by induction & by induction alone1 & _h giv5 ! hi/ory ( ! inductive process concisely1 inde$1 b ) great p]spicuity & precision4 ,we are n incl9$ to ascribe mu* practical value to t analysis ( ! ,inductive me?od :i* ,bacon has giv5 9 ! second book ( ! ,novum ,organon4 ,x is1 inde$1 an elaborate & correct analysis4 ,b x is an analysis ( t :i* we are all do+ f morn+ to night1 & :i* we cont9ue to d ev5 9 our dream4'99 99 ,macaulay's ,hi/ ,essays1 vol4 #c1 p4 #djg4 ,x is n '"s fallacy 9 ! syllogi/ic reason+' :i* ,bacon is suppos$ to h detect$1 x is r ! p>tial protection aga9/ error af=d$ by syllogisms1 :i* he expos$ & provid$ aga9/1 = :i* he is e/imat$4 ,c]ta9ly ,ari/otle mu/ h _h a v diff]5t op9ion ( ! value ( inductive philosophy f t ent]ta9$ by ,bacon1 or he w\ld h indoctr9at$ 8 disciples ) x4 ,few w d\bt t _h ,bacon's ,novum ,organon appe>$ 9 ! place ( ,ari/otle's logic1 & ,ari/otle's "w 9 ! place ( ,bacon's1 t ! advancem5t ( le>n+ 9 ! _w w\ld n[ be 9 a v diff]5t /ate4 ,c\ld ,bacon h arre/$ ! att5tion ( ! anci5t sages ) 8 me?ods ( discov]+ new pr9ciples1 anci5t philosophy1 in/ead ( be+ a treadmill1 w\ld h be5 a pa?1 & we %\ld n h _h a contempt = all le>n+ :i* 0 useful4 ,:5 ,posidonius said t we ow$ to philosophy ! pr9ciples ( ! ar* & ! introduction ( metals4 ,we %\ld n h _h ,s5eca repudiat+ su* insult+ complim5ts1 nor ,ar*im$es consid]+ t geometry 0 degrad$ by be+ employ$ 9 any?+ useful4 ,b ^! obs]vations ( ,macaulay h ! m]it ( %[+ u t induction has its f\ndation 9 nature1 & af=d a fur!r confirmation ( our views1 t obs]vation is ! s\rce ( our k1 & t x is ! prov9ce ( logic to tea* u to sy/ematise our ?\ghts4 ,obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 hypo!sis & induction1 are b diff]5t names = ! op]ation--v>y+ 9 degree1 9 me?od1 9 exp$i5t1 & elaboration--:]eby we discov] tru?4 ,nature is ! treasure-h\se ( tru?1 & ! sole fee ( appropriation is att5tion4 ,mu* discussion has tak5 place ^u ! nature ( necess>y tru?s4 ,mr4 ,mill1 h[ev]1 aft] an elaborate analysis ( ,dr4 ,:ewell's !ory1 pron\nces t 'no?+ is necess>y except ! connection betwe5 a conclusion & ! premises4' ,a necess>y tru? is commonly def9$ z a proposition1 ! negation ( :i* is n only false1 b inconceivable4 ,mr4 ,mill conte/s ?is doctr9e 9 words embody+ sugge/ions ( great value4 ',n[ ,i _c b wond] t s mu* /ress %\ld be laid ^u ! circum/ance ( inconceivabl5ess1 :5 !re is su* ample exp]i5ce to %[ t our capacity or incapacity ( conceiv+ a ?+ has v little to d ) a possibility ( ! ?+ 9 itself2 b is 9 tru? v mu* an affair ( accid5t1 & dep5ds ^u ! pa/ hi/ory & habits ( our own m9ds4 ,!re is no m g5]ally ackn[l$g$ fact 9 human nature1 ?an ! extreme difficulty at fir/ felt 9 conceiv+ any?+ z possible1 :i* is 9 contradiction to long e/abli%$ & famili> exp]i5ce2 or ev5 to old & famili> habits ( ?\ght4 ,& ?is difficulty is a necess>y result ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ! human m9d4 ,:5 we h (t5 se5 & ?\ght ( two ?+s toge!r1 & h nev] 9 any "o in/ance ei!r se5 or ?\ght ( !m sep>ately1 !re is by ! prim>y law ( association an increas+ difficulty1 :i* 9 ! end becomes insup]able1 ( conceiv+ ! two ?+s ap>t4 ,?is is mo/ ( all conspicu\s 9 un$ucat$ p]sons1 :o are 9 g5]al utt]ly unable to sep>ate any two ideas :i* h once become firmly associat$ 9 _! m9ds2 & if p]sons ( cultivat$ intellect h any advantage on ! po9t1 x is only because1 hav+ se5 & he>d & read m1 & be5 m accu/om$ to ex]cise _! imag9ation1 !y h exp]i5c$ _! s5sations & ?\ghts 9 m v>i$ comb9ations1 & h be5 prev5t$ f =m+ ^! insep>able associations4 ,b ?is advantage has necess>ily its limits4 ,! man ( ! mo/ practis$ intellect is n exempt f ! univ]sal laws ( our conceptive faculty4 ,if daily habit pres5ts to him = a long p]iod two facts 9 comb9ation1 & if he is n l$ dur+ t p]iod ei!r by accid5t or int5tion to ?9k ( !m ap>t1 he w 9 "t become incapable ( do+ s ev5 by ! /ronge/ ef=t2 & ! supposition t ! two facts c be sep>at$ 9 nature1 w at la/ pres5t itself to 8 m9d ) all ! *>act]s ( an inconceivable ph5om5on4 ,!re are rem>kable in/ances ( ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce3 in/ances1 9 :i* ! wise/ m5 reject$ z impossible1 because inconceivable1 ?+s :i* _! po/]ity1 by e>li] practice & long] p]sev]ance 9 ! attempt1 f\nd x q easy to conceive1 & :i* ev]ybody kn[s to be true4 ',if1 !n1 x be s natural to ! human m9d1 ev5 9 its highe/ /ate ( culture1 to be incapable ( conceiv+1 & on t gr\nd to believe impossible1 :at is aft]w>ds n only f\nd to be conceivable b prov$ to be true2 :at wond] if 9 cases :]e ! association is /ill old]1 m confirm$1 & m famili>1 & 9 :i* no?+ ev] occurs to %ake our conviction1 or ev5 sugge/ to u any conception at v>iance ) ! association1 ! acquir$ incapacity %\ld cont9ue1 & be mi/ak5 = a natural incapacity8 ,x is true our exp]i5ce ( ! v>ieties 9 nature enables u1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 to conceive o!r v>ieties analog\s to !m4 ,we c conceive ! sun or moon fall+2 = al?\gh we nev] saw !m fall1 nor ev] p]haps1 imag9$ !m fall+1 we h se5 s _m o!r ?+s fall1 t we h innum]able famili> analogies to assi/ ! conception2 :i* aft] all1 we %\ld probably h "s difficulty 9 fram+1 7 we n well accu/om$ to see ! sun & moon move1 7or appe> to move17 s t we are only call$ ^u to conceive a slight *ange 9 ! direction ( motion1 a circum/ance famili> to our exp]i5ce4 ,b :5 exp]i5ce af=ds no model on :i* to %ape ! new conception1 h[ is x possible = u to =m x8 ,h[1 = example1 c we imag9e an end to space or "t8 ,we nev] saw any object )\t some?+ beyond x1 nor exp]i5c$ any feel+ )\t some?+ foll[+ x4 ,:51 !re=e1 we attempt to conceive ! la/ po9t ( space1 we h ! idea irresi/ibly rais$ ( o!r po9ts beyond x4 ,:5 we try to imag9e ! la/ in/ant ( "t1 we _c help conceiv+ ano!r in/ant aft] x ,nor is !re any necessity to assume1 z is done by a mod]n s*ool ( metaphysicians1 a peculi> fundam5tal law ( ! m9d to acc\nt = ! feel+ ( inf9ity inh]5t 9 our conceptions ( space & "t2 t app>5t inf9ity is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by simpl] & univ]sally ackn[l$g$ laws4'99 99 ,mill's ,logic1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cac-ag4 ,?us we /& on ! v]ge ( b\ndless possibility4 ,:at tru?s may yet be discov]$ 9 t great & untrodd5 field1 :i* lies )\t our exp]i5ce1 no man c tell4 ,all we h yet br\ght betwe5 ass]tion & pro(1 is all we h yet conqu]$1 is all t we z yet "k1 is all t we c yet rely ^u4 ,! se>* aft] ! untri$ is ! highe/ & app>5tly ! inh]5t aspiration ( roan4 ,! revelation ( new worlds cont9ually rew>ds 8 noble ambition4 ,at once arre/$ & allur$ by ! magnific5ce ( nature--we wond]1 we "w1 we wait4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,facts ,we mu/ nev] =get t accurate & multipli$ quantitative facts =m ! only sub/antial basis ( sci5ce4--,p>k]4 ,z cle> f\nta9s s5d =? pellucid /reams1 s d cle> tru?s give accurate sci5ces4 ,! m def9ite ! facts1 ! m p]fect ! sci5ce2 x is !re=e ( importance t all facts %\ld be capable ( be+ te/$ by ! /&>d ( physical c]ta9ty4 ,dr4 ,reid says1 t '! inquir] aft] tru? mu/ take only facts = 8 guide4' ,x is !n ( mom5t t he takes true & n false guides4 ,a writ] 9 ! ',mon?ly ,repository' obs]ves1 t '! basis ( all k is su* an ext5sive induction f p>ticul> facts1 z leads to g5]al conclusions & fundam5tal axioms'--& if ! facts are errone\s1 evid5tly ! conclusions w be also errone\s4 ,he also rem>ks1 t '9 reason+1 all sci5ces are ! same1 be+ f\nd$ on an exam9ation ( facts--comp>ison ( ideas4' ,b ,if ! exam9ation is incomplete1 or ! facts admitt$ incorrect1 ! comp>ison w be alike defective & ! reason+ vitiat$4 ,if suppositions or conjectures are mix$ up ) facts1 ! inductions f !m w be suppositions1 & ! conclusions b conjectures4 ,!re are ?ree words--consci\sness1 consci5ce1 & consci5ti\sness--v mu* alike to ! e> b v diff]5t 9 signification4 ,consci\sness1 is feel+--consci5ce1 ! s5se ( "r & wrong---consci5ti\sness1 ! practice ( :at is believ$ to be "r4 ,consci5ce & consci5ti\sness are (t5 conf\nd$4 ,we say1 lawy]s h no consci5ce1 we mean no consci5ti\sness4 ,!y "k "r f wrong z m51 b n pr(essionally4 ,x is ) consci\sness t ! logician has to deal4 ,consci\sness is ! prim>y s\rce ( k4 ,consci\sness & ! ',evid5ces ( ! ,s5ses' are synonym\s t]ms4 ,facts ref]able to consci\sness are said to be physically c]ta94 ,! evid5ce ( ! s5ses is ! highe/ /&>d ( c]ta9ty4 ,! intuitive pr9ciples ( belief are-- #a/4 ,a conviction ( our own exi/5ce4 #bnd4 ,a confid5ce 9 ! evid5ces ( our s5ses4 #crd4 ,9 our m5tal op]ations4 #d?4 ,9 our m5tal id5tity4 #e?4 ,9 ! con=mity ( ! op]ations ( nature4 ,^! tru?s ( intuition or consci\sness are ! f\ndation ( all k4 ,tru?s :i* we "k1 by way ( inf]5ce1 are occurr5ces :i* took place :ile we 7 abs5t--! ev5ts ( hi/ory & ! !orems ( ma!matics4 ,b ! tru?s kn[n by intuition are ! orig9al premises f :i* all o!rs axe inf]r$4 ,our ass5t to ! conclusion be+ gr\nd$ ^u ! tru? ( ! premises1 we c\ld nev] arrive at any k by reason+1 unless some?+ c\ld be kn[n antec$5tly to all reason+4 ',:atev] is kn[n to u by consci\sness1 is kn[n beyond possibility ( "q4 ,:at "o sees1 or feels1 :e!r bodily or m5tally1 "o _c b be sure t "o sees or feels4 ,no sci5ce is requir$ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ su* tru?s2 no rules ( art c r5d] our k ( !m m c]ta9 ?an x is 9 itself4 ,!re is no logic = ?is portion ( our "k l$ge4'99 ,all discussions p]ta9+ to ! nature & limits ( intuition or consci\sness are ref]r$ to ! high] or transc5d5tal metaphysics1 b all ! facts t compose evid5ce & become ! gr\nds ( inf]5ce are1 accord+ to ! view tak5 "h1 necess>ily subjects ( exam9ation4 ',cogito ergo sum--,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am1 argu$ ,des ,c>tes4 ,we le>n by ?is t consci\sness ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d is ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( our exi/5ce4 ,x _c be prov$ s =cibly by any o!r means2 & al?\gh ,des ,c>tes' language may appe> to involve a logical fallacy1 yet ! pro( ( our p]sonal exi/5ce :i* we h f ?9k+1 is ! fulle/ & be/ we are acqua9t$ )4'9999 99 ,j4 #h4 ,mil3 ,logic1 vol4 l1 p4 #g4 9999 ,rev4 ,rob]t ,amalie4 ,!re is a num]\s class ( facts f :i* all m5 draw conclusions1 :i* facts are n ref]able to ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,!re are ! facts ( te/imony4 ,te/imony is f\nd$ on laws almo/ z fix$ & c]ta9 z ^? ( nature4 ,all our k1 sci5tific1 lit]>y1 hi/orical--all except :at arises f our exp]i5ce & consci\sness--dep5ds on x4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice x is ! sole gu>dian ( prop]ty & life4 ,if a man ( kn[n integrity & v]acity /ate a fact1 )\t any possible motive ( self-int]e/1 & evid5tly subject to no delusion2 & if o!rs ( l "*1 :o c\ld h no und]/&+ or collusion ) him1 /ate ! same1 m5 are ne>ly z c]ta9 ( x z ( any tru? 9 ma!matics4 ,i believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,rome & ! facts ( a/ronomy on ?is evid5ce1 al?\gh ,i nev] saw ! city or exam9$ ! />s ?r\gh a telescope4 ,! conclusiv5ess ( te/imony is designat$ moral c]ta9ty4 ,! value ( te/imony dep5ds on ?ree ?+s4 #a4 ,on ! nature ( ! subject4 ,"s subjects are capable ( m accurate obs]vation ?an o!rs4 #b4 ,on ! p[]s & "* ( ! obs]v]--8 ability to und]/& or note t ( :i* he te/ifies--& 8 hone/y 9 common matt]s4 #c4 ,on ! numb] ( our in=m]s4 ,sev]al p]sons are less likely to be impos$ ^u ?an "o4 ,te/imony or moral c]ta9ty is inf]ior to physical c]ta9ty4 ,a physical c]ta9ty be>s uni=mly ! "n ( c]ta9ty1 :ile a moral c]ta9ty is *>act]is$ z a probability4 ,great1 v great may be ! probability1 /ill x is less 9 reliabl5ess ?an a physical c]ta9ty4 ,! evid5ce ( ,cato or ,ari/ides w\ld be v conclusive--yet some:at less c]ta9 ?an t :i* our own s5ses h prov$4 ,! conclusions f moral c]ta9ties are obta9$ l o!r conclusions1 by induction4 ,! induction f moral facts is l ! induction f physical facts1 ) ?is diff]5ce--t ! conclusions f moral facts are probabilities1 l ! facts on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,:atev] has physical c]ta9ty 9 its fav\r is consid]$ demon/rable1 & :5 suffici5t probable evid5ce is adduc$ 9 fav\r ( a proposition1 x is consid]$ to be fairly prov$4 ,"s p]sons1 bias$ by ! /rictness ( ma!matical pro(1 insi/ ^u ! same accuracy 9 moral inve/igations4 ,i h else:]e po9t$ out ! juv5ility & infatuation ( ?is error4 ,insi/ ^u demon/ration :]e ! nature ( ! que/ions admits x4 ,less %\ld n1 9 su* case1 suffice4 ,accept probability :]e probability is ! sole evid5ce atta9able4 ,nev] ask m ?an reason c grant4 ,we mu/ admit gradations ( validity4 ,:at we are consci\s (1 we "k4 ,all we receive on te/imony1 we believe4 ,physical c]ta9ty is k3 moral c]ta9ty1 belief4 ,hume rem>ks1 9 8 ',essay on ,probabilities1' t ',mr4 ,locke divides all argum5ts into demon/rative & probable4 ,9 ?is view1 we mu/ say1 t x is only probable all m5 mu/ die1 or t ! sun w rise to-morr[4 ,b to con=m our language m to common u1 we ought to divide argum5ts into demon/rations1 pro(s1 & probabilities4 ,by pro(s1 mean+ su* argum5ts f exp]i5ce z leave no room = d\bt or opposition4'99 99 ,hume's ,essays1 vol4 #b1 p4#ei4 ,conjecture is probable tru?4 ,"s subjects only furni% a suffici5t numb] ( facts to make !m probable 9 ! l[e/ degree--n to decide !m z positively true4 ,! propositions express+ results p]ta9+ to su* subjects are call$ conjectures4 ,a conjecture f\nd$ on no fact or ^u too few to make x likely1 is call$ a vag>y4 ,x w be se5 t probability is a ?+ ( degree4 ,a probability may v>y 9 weight f a moral c]ta9ty1 :]e x ranks next to a physical c]ta9ty1 d[n to a conjecture1 & desc5d l[] 9 likelihood till x is lo/ 9 conjecture4 ,"l ,kames rem>ks1 9 8 preface to 8 ',sket*es'--',mo/ ( ! subjects h&l$ 9 ! foll[+ %eets1 admit b ( probable reason+3 &1 ) respect to su* reason+1 x is (t5 difficult to say1 :at degree ( conviction !y ought to produce4 ,x is easy to =m plausible argum5ts2 b to =m su* z c /& ! te/ ( "t1 is n always easy4 ,i c\ld amuse ! read] ) num]\s examples ( conjectural argum5ts1 :i*1 fair at a di/ant view1 vani% l a cl\d on a ne> approa*'4 ,did all au?ors s judici\sly apprise _! read]s ( ! probable logical value ( _! speculations1 few] w\ld be misl$ ?an n[4 ,to num]\s que/ions ( und\bt$ int]e/1 :i* h be5 agitat$ 9 all ages1 only a mod]ate degree ( c]ta9ty atta*es--^! are t]m$ speculative4 ,su* subjects may af=d b few facts & in/ances1 & ! *ances ( conclusiv5ess may seem remote--yet ultimate results are n to be despair$ (3 ! new comp>ison ( conjectures & ! arrangem5t ( facts daily ?r[s new light on age-conte/$ po9ts4 ,sy/ems ( conduct %\ld n be f\nd$ on conjectures 9 opposition to evid5t moral utility2 b if speculation is kept ')9 ! sph]e ( speculation1 x may be prosecut$ ) safety & prospect ( success4 ,!re are problems 9 metaphysics z !re are 9 ma!matics1 :i* may be demon/rat$ to be insolvable4 ,to describe ! limit ( human p[] ) respect to conte/$ que/ions w yet result f speculative controv]sy4 ,! capacities ( our und]/&+ w be "o day well consid]$1 ! ext5t ( our k discov]$1 & ! horizon f\nd :i* sets b\nds betwe5 ! enlight5$ & ! d>k "p ( ?+s--betwe5 :at is & :at is n compreh5sible by u4 ,b ?is w only be :5 ! untri$ has be5 univ]sally attempt$ 9 all directions4 ,bailey1 ,i ?9k1 has def9$ tru? z be+ t :i* is univ]sally accept$ aft] hav+ be5 univ]sally exam9$4 ,little ( ?is tru? is yet extant4 ,:5 e man %all be a ?9k]1 :5 ! autobiography ( intellect %all be m freely furni%$ ?an x ev] yet has be51 unanimity ( op9ion n yet dream$ ( w prevail4 ,h>mony ( op9ion is ! sign ( intellectual conque/--! /&>d-be>] ( tru? no advocacy is victori\s :ile diss5t occupies ! field4 ,:at we "k to be true1 is k2 :at we h only reason to believe true1 is op9ion4 ,all human in=mation is made up ( k & op9ion4 ,! prim>y importance ( k is evid5t f ! fact t k is ! umpire ( all op9ion4 ,we believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ru9s ( ,palmyra & ,!bes1 & 9 c]ta9 discov]ies ( algebrai/s & a/ronom]s4 ,x is our op9ion t ^! ?+s are true1 al?\gh we may nev] h visit$ ,palmyra or ,!bes1 nor made ! calculations ( ! algebrai/1 nor ! obs]vations ( ! a/ronom]4 ,9 ^! cases our belief is f\nd$ on our exp]i5ce & k ( mank9d4 ,x is q true t travell]s exagg]ate1 & sci5tific m5 are sometimes mi/ak52 b we "k t !re is always "s tru? at ! bottom ( :at is communicat$ by well-mean+ writ]s4 ,m or less1 e man's exp]i5ce assures him ( ?is2 & x is ! cause ( our reliance on ! records ( hi/ory1 & ! reports ( sci5ce4 ,!re=e1 s9ce all in=mation is made up ( k & op9ion1 pla9ly k is ! "o ?+ :i* comprises all intellig5ce4 ',que/ions ( fact1' obs]ves ,pascal1 9 8 celebrat$ ',prov9cial ,lett]s1' 'are only to be det]m9$ by ! s5ses4 ,if :at y ass]t be true1 prove x to be s2 if x be n1 y lab\r 9 va9 to induce belief4 ,all ! au?ority 9 ! _w _c en=ce or alt] belief z to facts2 no?+ c possibly h p[] to cause t n to be :i* actually is4'99 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! v]ification ( :at 0 assum$ to be is relat$ ( ,pascal by ,goodri*4 ',pascal 0 a philosoph] ev5 9 *ildhood4 ,at a v e>ly age he 0 taught ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,= sev]al days aft]1 he 0 obs]v$ to be measur+ ! gr[? ( a blade ( grass4 ,:5 ask$ ! mean+ ( ?is1 he repli$1 ,! f\r? comm&m5t says1 ',six days %alt ?\ lab\r1 b ! sev5? is ! ,sabba? 9 :i* ?\ %alt d no "w4' ,n[ ,i wi%$ to asc]ta9 if nature obey$ ?is great law1 & !re=e measur$ ! grass1 to see if x grew z mu* on ,sunday z on o!r days4 '9999 ',we are in=m$1' says ,beattie1 'by ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 t ! s5ses 7 at fir/ z hone/ faculties z "o c\ld desire to be endu$ )1 till aft] !y 7 debau*$ by orig9al s92 an adv5ture f :i* !y contract$ su* an inv9cible prop5sity to *eat+1 t !y are n[ cont9ually ly+ 9 wait to deceive u4 ,b !re is 9 man1 x seems1 a c]ta9 cle>-sight$1 /\t1 old faculty1 call$ reason1 :i*1 )\t be+ deceiv$ by appe>ances1 keeps an eye ^u ! rogues1 & (t5 proves too cunn+ = !m4'999999 99 ,lett] xviii4 9999 ,fireside ,education1 p4 #hi4 999999 ,essay on ,tru?1 p4 #aje4 ,?\gh x is s abundantly obvi\s t ! evid5ces ( our s5ses1 int]nal & ext]nal1 are1 9 effect1 ! s\rces ( all c]ta9ty1 yet we are n w>rant$ 9 reject+1 z m]e hypo!sis1 e !ory :i* we _c at once corroborate4 ,:5 ,eul] rem>k$ ( 8 new law ( ar*es1 ',?is w be f\nd true1 ?\gh contr>y to all exp]i5ce'--:5 ,gall exclaim$ ( 8 new philosophy ( ! s5sorium1 ',?is is true1 ?\gh oppos$ to ! philosophy ( ages'--!y express$ demon/rable tru?s hidd5 f ! multitude4 ,!y ann\nc$ new g5]alisations to man4 ,new tru?s are commonly f\nd to be old unnot$ exp]i5ces1 = ! fir/ "t subject$ to classification1 & pres5t$ 9 a sci5tific =m4 ,to me x seems almo/ 9 va9 to urge m5 to notice facts :o h nev] notic$ !mselves4 ,! true/ /&>ds ( c]ta9ty arise f individuality ( retrospection4 ,an intellig5t man is1 himself to himself1 ! measure ( all ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 appeal+ to ! "y on ! aspiration aft] improvem5t1 "o _c say ',consult y\r aptitudes--foll[ y\r bias4' ,?is ,is ! sole appeal-injunctive to :i* all natures c respond4 ,b 9 ?is half-natur$1 half-tra9$1 d\btfully-condition$ /ate ( society1 ?\gh ! g5]\s w\ld be incit$ to noble de$s1 ! sordid w\ld lay _! vulture claws on ! _w1 & ! unpr9cipl$ victimise _! fell[s4 ,y h1 !re=e1 to say1 ',man1 d :at ?\ li/e/1 provid$ x be compatible ) ! welf>e ( ?y fell[ m54' ,m5 are n well-natur$1 & we h ?us to gu>d individuality1 & qualify ! appeal1 & s we miss ! soil ( great ent]prise4 ,great is ! disadvantage4 ,= ! fulcrum :i* is to raise m5 is )\t _! natures--remote 9 ! wide _w4 ,man %\ld beg9 ) himself4 ,he loves ,tru?--x is ! fir/ impulse ( 8 nature4 ,he loves ,ju/ice--! b&it on ! ?rone1 z well z ! b&it 9 ! =e/1 respects ju/ice 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,man loves ,*e]fulness--x is ! attribute ( innoc5ce & c\rage4 ,he loves ,frat]nity--x knits society toge!r 9 bro!rhood4 ,^! are /&>ds4 ,8 codes ( life & judgm5t arise f ^! aspirations4 ,t :i* accords ) ^! pr9ciples is reasonable4 ,:atev] develops ^! pr9ciples 9 conduct is moral4 ,^! s5tim5ts are to be confirm$ by 8 own obs]vations4 ,8 exp]i5ce 9 connection ) ^! rules is ! "r ) :i* he may exam9e religions1 cre$s1 books1 sy/ems1 op9ions4 ,! "r und]/&+ ( physical & moral facts greatly dep5ds ^u intellectual "*--& !re ent]s l>gely into ! recondite & ultimate inquiries ( intellig5t m5 ano!r class ( facts1 call$ m5tal facts4 ,!re is no *ance ( id5tify+ ^! )\t ! p[] ( self-analysis1 :i* is "o reason :y metaphysic ability belongs to s few1 & :y que/ions involv+ metaphysical consid]ations are su* pr(\nd enigmas to ! majority ( ! p4 ,! illit]ate 9 ^! ?+s are easily l$ or misl$ by words4 ,!y :o w n b[ be=e a ?rone fall pro/rate be=e a s\nd4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( ?+s are few4 ,! axioms f :i* m5 date _! reason+ are *iefly p]sonal4 ,!y are express$ 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways1 occasion$ by ! v>i\s conceptions ( ^? :o conceive !m1 & by ! diff]5t capacities to :i* !y are adapt$ :5 (f]$ = ! in/ruction & guidance ( o!rs4 ,b ?is mu/ n mislead u z to ! numb]1 & ov]:elm u ) a s5se ( complexity1 :]e 9 fact simplicity reigns4 ,^? :o h ! p[] ( self-analysis make = !mselves rules ( conduct1 & ! be/ are orig9at$ 9 ?is way--= :5 a man reca/s 8 acquirem5ts ( s5se & education1 9 ord] to see on :at all re/s1 & :at are ess5tial /&>ds ( action & judgm5t1 he resolves all into few1 & ^? ! cle> & /rong4 ,rob ,roy's self-exam9ation pap] is pres5t$ to u 9 ^? l9es :i* ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ) grace & ju/ice1 *>act]is$ z ! 'high-ton$ poetry ( 8 gift$ fri5d ,wordswor?4' ,say1 !n1 t he 0 wise z brave1 ,z wise 9 ?\ght z bold 9 de$2 ,= 9 ! pr9ciples ( ?+s ,he s\ght 8 morai cre$4 ,said g5]\s ,rob1 ',:at ne$ ( ,books8 ,burn all ! /atutes & _! %elves6 ,!y /ir u up aga9/ our k9d1 ,& worse1 aga9/ ourselves4 ,we h a passion1 make a law1 ,too false to guide u or control2 ,& = ! law itself we fight ,9 bitt]ness ( s\l4 ,& puzzl$1 bl9d$1 !n we lose ,di/9ctions t are pla9 & few2 ,^! f9d ,i grav5 on my he>t1 ,t tells me :at to d4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott himself has en=c$ ! same views3--',h[ mu* d ,i ne$ su* a monitor1' said ,wav]ley to ,flora4 ',a bett] "o by f> ,mr4 ,wav]ley w always f9d 9 8 own bosom1 :5 he w give its /ill small voice leisure to be he>d4 ,all t ha? be5 maje/ical ,9 life or dea?1 s9ce "t began1 ,is native 9 ! simple he>t ( all1-- ,! angel he>t ( man4--,l[ell4 ,to awak5 ! s5ses & in/ruct !m & direct !m aright 9 ! art ( obs]vation1 is a great & ess5tial und]tak+4 ,all scatt]$ aids ne$ collect+ toge!r4 ,de la ,be*e 9 ',geology1' & ,miss ,m>t9eau h writt5 books1 entitl$ ',h[ to ,obs]ve4' ,?is quality is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & artificial man--! natural man obs]ves :at is 9 nature--! artificial notes :at he f9ds 9 books--! "o dep5ds on himself--! o!r on an encyclopa$ia4 ,we want contra/1 9 ord] to "k z well z to expla94 ,=eign]s obs]ve u bett] ?an we obs]ve ourselves4 ,! common escapes our att5tion4 ,to "k a fact fully we seek its opposite to comp>e x )4 ,7 m5 re>$ ) ! p[]s ( m5 )\t ! g5ius ( ! *ild be+ impair$1 ! ability to obs]ve w\ld be m g5]al & p]fect among u4 ,*ildr5 /op at ev]y?+ to "q its nature1 at e ^w to ask its import4 ,x 0 ! aim ( ,pe/alozzi to cultivate by 8 sy/em ( tuition ?is incessant que/ion+4 ,b p>5ts among ! poor "k n ! value ( ! habit1 or kn[+ x h n "t to gratify x1 & ?us ?is happie/ aptitude ( *ildhood is repress$4 ,) reg>d to ! analysis ( gr\ps ( facts1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill rem>ks--',! obs]v] is n he :o m]ely sees ! ?+ be=e 8 eyes1 b he :o sees :at p>ts t ?+ is compos$ (4 ,to d ?is well is a r>e tal5t4 ,"o p]son f inatt5tion1 or att5d+ only 9 ! wrong place1 ov]looks half ( :at he sees2 ano!r sets d[n mu* m ?an he sees1 conf\nd+ x ) :at he imag9es1 or ) :at he inf]s ano!r takes note ( ! k9d ( all ! circum/ances1 b be+ inexp]t 9 e/imat+ _! degree1 leaves ! quantity ( ea* vague & unc]ta92 ano!r sees inde$ ! :ole1 b makes su* an awkw>d division ( x into p>ts1 ?r[+ ?+s into "o mass :i* require to be sep>at$1 & sep>at+ o!rs :i* might m conv5i5tly be consid]$ z "o1 t ! result is mu* ! same1 sometimes ev5 worse1 ?an if no analysis _h be5 attempt$ at all4'99 99 ,logic1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dch4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,leigh ,pe]age !re 0 a numb] ( witnesses exam9$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 z to ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 monum5t 9 ,/onely ,*ur*--',! fir/ witness describ$ ! monum5t z be+ black2 ! second spoke ( x z a k9d ( dove-col\r2 ! ?ird said x 0 black & :ite2 ! f\r? said x 0 orig9ally :ite1 b dirty1 :5 he saw x2 ! fif? diff]+ f ! o!rs1 said x 0 blue2 ! next witness describ$ x z a light m>ble1 b said x _h a d>k appe>ance z if x _h be5 bronz$1 & ! la/ witness spoke ( x z fee+ ( a light grey col\r4 ,!n1 z to ! =m ( ! monum5t1 ! fir/ witness said x 0 oblong2 ! next said x 0 squ>e at ! top1 & came d[n n>r[] to ! bottom1 & !re re/$ on a s+le truss2 ! ?ird witness describ$ x z be+ squ>e at ! bottom1 te/+ ^u two trusses2 & w5t up n>r[] & n>r[] to a po9t at ! top2 ! f\r? witness said x 0 angul> at ! top2 ! next said x 0 squ>e at ! bottom1 0 br\ght to a po9t 9 ! middle1 & 0 !n curv$ into a sort ( fe/oon2 ! six? witness /at$ t x 0 squ>e at ! top & bottom1 & _h a curve2 & ! la/ said x 0 squ>e at ! top & bottom4 ,z to ! language ( ! inscriptions1 ! fir/ witness /at$ t ! names ( ,?omas & ,*ri/oph] ,leigh 7 9 ,engli%2 ! next said ! inscription 0 n 9 ,engli%2 ! ?ird said !re 0 a great deal 9 ,engli%2 ! f\r? witness said ! :ole1 7) ! exception ( ! "n ,*ri/oph] ,lee71 0 9 a language1 :i* he did n und]/&2 ! next witness /at$ t ! inscription 0 all 9 ,engli%1 except ! words ,anno ,dom9i2 & ! la/ witness said x 0 n 9 ,engli%4'99 99 ,times1 ,may #aj1 #ahbh4 ,all ^! witnesses agree z to ! fact 9 dispute1 b _! v>iances 9 te/imony illu/rate ! common inatt5tion ( obs]vation--& ?is case f>!r admoni%es u t if su* diff]5ces may exi/ z to a "q ( fact1 :]e ! s5ses are ! same1 little wond] t diff]5ces exi/ z to matt]s ( op9ion1 :]e intellectual capacity & in=mation are s v>i\s4 ,we "k f exp]i5ce t ! sportsman sees a po9t :i* is hidd5 f ! unpractis$ aim]--! pa9t] sees traits ( "* ( light & %ade 9 an object :i* ! untaught limn] nev] obs]ves2 ! musician di/+ui%es h>monies & discords t fall unnot$ on ! un$ucat$ e>4 ,?us we le>n t by cultivation we c increase natural susceptibility to obs]ve4 ,! ext5t is surpris+ to :i* ! unanalytic are 9 ignorance ( ! real nature ( ph5om5a4 ',!re is no?+ :i* we appe> to ourselves m directly consci\s (1 ?an ! di/ance ( an object f u4 ,yet x has long be5 asc]ta9$1 t :at is p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 is at mo/ no?+ m ?an a v>i\sly col\r$ surface2 t :5 we fancy we see di/ance1 all we really see is c]ta9 v>iation ( app>5t size1 & m or less fa9tness ( col\r4'99 ,9 prep>+ to support an argum5t on any "q1 we mu/ fir/ det]m9e ! s\rces :5ce ! facts are to be collect$4 ,in/ance3 ,! objects ( municipal laws are rights & crimes4 ,! evid5ce ( rights are3-- #a4 ,public cons5t4 #b4 ,te/imony4 #c4 ,records4 ,! evid5ce ( crimes are3-- #a4 ,confession4 #b4 ,previ\s malice4 #c4 ,te/imony4 ,?is outl9e ( ! inve/igation prosecut$1 ! inquir] next consults ! au?ors :o treat ( ! rules :i* are appli$ = det]m9+ ! facts ( public cons5t1 te/imony1 records1 confessions3 he is !n able to support 8 own argum5t 9 a valid mann]1 or prep>$ to exam9e ! facts (f]$ by an oppon5t 9 support ( an opposite view4 ,! op9ion may be haz>d$ t x is n s mu* f want ( capacity to obs]ve t error arises1 z f ! want ( conviction t we %\ld obs]ve well be=e we attempt to inf]4 ,nature is inv5tive1 & desire1 once awak5$1 w1 )\t =mal rules1 f9d out a ?\s& modes ( gratification4 ,! f\ndation = a soldi] logic ?an n[ prevails w be laid :5 ! p are impress$ ) ! great importance ( look+ well to facts z ! data ( all inf]5tial tru?4 ,!re is a not$ aphorism ( ,c5dillac1 to ! effect t ! "o suffici5t rule = discov]+ ! nature & prop]ties ( objects is to "n !m prop]ly1 z if1 obs]ves ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 '! rev]se 0 n ! tru?1 t x is impossible to "n !m prop]ly except 9 proportion z we are already acqua9t$ ) _! nature & prop]ties4' ,ne$ x be add$ t ?is k is only to be _h by pati5t obs]vation8 99 ,mill ,logic vol4 l1 p4#g4 ,to assi/ ?is habit1 ,dr4 ,watts recomm5ds ! ?9k] to asc]ta9 if a giv5 idea is cle> & di/9ct1 obscure & confus$1 le>n$ or vulg>1 p]fect or imp]fect1 adequate or inadequate--true or false4 ',view a subject1 says he1 z ?r\gh a telescope1 s z to comm& a cle> view ( x2 exam9e its :ole be>+s z y look ov] a globe2 consid] x 9 its sev]al prop]ties--anatomise x z ) a scalpel4 ,take cognizance ( its v>i\s aspects z ?\gh inspect+ x ?r\gh a prismatic glass4 ,:5ev] we contemplate a s+le object 9 nature is obvi\s x mu/ h duration1 size1 weight1 =m1 col\r1 su* qualities be+ ess5tially pres5t 9 all adequate conceptions ( physical ph5om5a4' ,x 0 object$ to ! ',cricket' ( ,mr4 ,dick5s1 t 8 del9eation ( ,b]?a 0 want+ 9 tru?fulness4 ,! tea*]s ( ! bl9d :o knew _! nature c\ld detect ! dep>ture f ! reality ( _! habits 9 ! sket* ( ,b]?a4 ,! /udy ( ! bl9d 0 necess>y to insure success4 ,we may n be able 9 any "o book to give rules = ! /udy ( all subjects1 b we may indicate t we ought n to speak ( :at we d n "k1 & t if we mean to introduce c]ta9 facts into our spee* or writ+1 we %\ld consult ! records & exp]i5ee ( ^? p]sons :o are kn[n to h writt5 ^u ! subject1 & foll[ ! be/ directions !y give1 & we %all g5]ally atta9 accuracy4 ,mr4 ,combe obs]ves1 9 8 introduction to 8 notes on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 xi4--',i 0 told t a c]ta9 p]son boa/s ( hav+ giv5 ,miss ,m>t9eau errone\s in=mation = ! purpose ( lead+ h] into mi/akes2 & ano!r 9 ,philadelphia assures 8 fri5ds t he cramm$ ,capt4 ,m>ryatt ) old ,joe ,mill]s1 :i* ! ,capt4 embodi$ into 8 books z facts illu/rative ( ,am]ican mann]s4 ,?is seems to be a case 9 :i* "s unc]ta9ty mu/ ev] exi/ z to ! value ( ! facts collect$ by travell]s4 ,!y _c obs]ve all1 or te/ half t !y d obs]ve4 ,!y mu/ rely on te/imony4 ,b !y might d ?is--,!y might tell u precisely ! k9d ( au?ority !y foll[$1 & !n ! read] c\ld =m "s op9ion ( ! value ( :at 0 communicat$4 ,_h ,miss ,m>t9eau & ,capta9 ,m>ryatt giv5 ! "n & addresses ( _! in=mants1 ! latt] w\ld n[ be puni%$ by be+ infam\sly kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & all future travell]s w>n$ f !m--& all future in=mants w>n$ by _! example4 ,:]e in=mants _c be m5tion$ by "n & address1 ! *ances are1 !y _c be tru/$4 ,:5 fir/ connect$ ) public proce$+s1 ,i f\nd myself made ! depository ( innum]able bits ( sc&al1 & om9\s reports ( public *>act]s4 ,to all :o told me any?+1 if ,i atta*$ importance to x1 ,i made x a rule to ask--',may ,i m5tion x to ! p>ty ) y\r "n8' ',o1 no1 ,i w\ld r n1' 0 ! common reply4 ,to all writt5 communications answ]--',please add y\r "n & address--& may ,i publi% !m if occasion requires8' ',o1 no1 don't1' w\ld be ! g5]al injunction4 ,?us ,i f\nd t huge reports1 inflat$ z balloons1 %runk l !m :5 prick$ by ! p9 ( a "q--',w y answ] = x8' ,?us ,i sav$ myself f be+ impos$ ^u by1 or be+ ! retail] (1 reports = :i* ! orig9ator or relator w\ld n or c\ld n v\*4 ',upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s ago1' says ,george ,combe1 ',i accompani$ a memb] ( ! b> ( ,p>is1 a philosoph] & a man ( lett]s1 on a visit to ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,at ,call5d> a boy ( twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ( age att5d$ z a guide to "s int]e/+ spot1 & 9 ext]nal appe>ance he seem$ to be 9 e respect "o ( ! common lads ( ! village4 ,my ,p>isian fri5d ent]$ into conv]sation ) him2 ask$ him if he _h be5 at s*ool1 & soon discov]$ t to a tol]able acqua9tance ) ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 he add$ a pretty ext5sive-k ( ari?metic & geography1 & 0 !n engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ma!matics4 ,my fri5d conceiv$ t ! boy 0 an av]age specim5 ( ! peasantry ( ! c\ntry2 & greatly admir$ ! educational atta9m5ts ( ! ,scot* p1 :i* he _h previ\sly he>d highly extoll$4 ,b1' adds ,mr4 ,combe1 '! boy 0 ! natural son ( an ,engli% (fic]1 :o _h resid$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & :o1 :ile he ord]$ him to be re>$ 9 ! h>dy habits ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&]s1 _h provid$ ample funds = 8 m5tal education4'99 99 ,intro1 to notes on ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #aj41 vol4 #a ,x is difficult to believe 9 ?is ,fr5*man be+ a 'philosoph]1 mak+1 z he did1 a national induction f a s+le in/ance4 ,_h he previ\sly inquir$1 z he ought to h done1 ! p>ticul>s ( t lad's life & re>+1 be=e com+ to s l>ge a conclusion1 he w\ld at once h discov]$ ! error he 0 fall+ into4 ,9 ! ,regi/r> ,g5]al's ,report ( #ahdj1 ! mean ( m>ri$ p]sons unable to write is pres5t$4 ,! conclusion is bas$ ^u ! /ati/ics ( n9e c\nties4 ,b :5 x 0 f\nd t only ?ree p] c5t1 ( ! p]sons m>riageable1 did m>ry1 ! datum 0 f\nd insuffici5t to af=d sure results4 ,?is fact2 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,combe 9 ! same book4 ,!n h[ _m boys ought our 'philosoph]' to h que/ion$ be=e mak+ 8 va/ inf]5ce8 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! value ( a "q ,i extract f ! same "w4 ,mr4 ,combe says3--',a few ye>s ago1 :5 travell+ 9 ,som]set%ire1 ,i saw f\r horses1 att5d$ by two m51 draw+ a light pl\gh 9 a light soil4 ,:at a wa/e ( lab\r is "h1 said ,i to an intellig5t f>m]2 9 ,scotl&1 two horses & "o man w accompli% ?is "w4 ,we re> & tra9 "y horses = ! ,london m>ket1 said he2 two ( ! f\r :i* y see are s]v+ an appr5tice%ip to lab\r4' ,_h ,mr4 ,combe ask$ a few que/ions z to ! correctness ( 8 assum$ inf]5ce1 he w\ld h be5 sav$ f 8 errone\s conclusion4 ,we %\ld be w>y ( unque/ion$ data4 ,:5 ,murray's ,gramm> 0 fir/ plac$ 9 my h&s1 ,i f\nd 9 x c]ta9 ref]5ces to ! ,canons ( ,language 9 ! l>g] edition4 ,i que/ion$ my tea*] z to :at x meant4 ',x is a trick ( ! pr9t]1' he answ]$1 'to induce y to buy ! l>g] volume4' ,i d n believe ?is n[4 ,i believe t x 0 a necess>y ref]5ce4 ,an au?or :o has writt5 ^u a giv5 subject1 naturally f9ds 8 own ideas co9cid5t illu/rations ( 8 views1 & hone/ly ref]s to !m4 ,9 ?is book ,i h made a few ref]5ces to previ\s works ( m9e1 & x has /ruck me t n9e ont ( t5 ( ! read]s w set ?is d[n to artifice or egotism4 ,yet x is nei!r4 ,i h ref]r$ only to avoid ! full quotation ( "s necess>y illu/ration ( ! argum5t4 ,yet few w p5etrate to ! fact1 & mo/ w be apt to inf] a trick f appe>ances4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sci5ce ,:atev] we "k mu/ be 9 ! numb] ( ! primitive data1 or ( ! conclusions :i* c be drawn !refrom4-- ,j4,s4 ,mill ,to h rea*$1 9 ! /udy ( obs]v$ ph5om5a1 ! po9t ( p]ception indicat$ 9 ?is motto1 & to feel ! full =ce ( ! rem>k1 is to h imbib$ ! _s ( sci5ce---^: traits are de> di/9ctions1 accurate classification1 & /rict ref]5ce to primitive data4 ,! bases ( all sci5ce are me?odical facts4 ,! fir/ /ep to ! p]fection & enl>gem5t ( a sci5ce is ! resolution ( its propositions into axioms1 & into propositions :i* are to be prov$4 ,dr4 ,reid obs]ves--',?is has be5 done 9 ma!matics f ! beg9n+1 & has t5d$ greatly to ! emolum5t ( t sci5ce4 ,x has lately be5 done 9 natural philosophy1 & by ?is means t sci5ce has advanc$ m 9 #afj ye>s ?an x _h done be=e 9 #b1jjj4 ,e sci5ce is 9 an un=m$ /ate until its fir/ pr9ciples are asc]ta9$2 aft] ?is x advances regul>ly1 & secures ! gr\nd x has ga9$4' ,classification is "o ( ! fir/ /eps to ,sci5ce4 ,! maxim 9 gov]nm5t1 divide & conqu]1 reta9s1 :5 appli$ to sci5ce1 all its wisdom )\t its ma*iavelialism4 ,! "y gramm>ian r$uces ! mass ( words1 t s ?reat5 to conf\nd 8 p[]s1 to a few natural classes1 & he conqu]s !m sep>ately ) ease4 ',! s+le p[] by :i* we discov] resemblance or relation 9 g5]al1 is a suffici5t aid to u 9 ! p]plexity & confusion ( our fir/ attempts at arrangem5t4 ,x beg9s by conv]t+ ?\s&s1 & m ?an ?\s&s1 into "o2 &1 r$uc+ 9 ! same mann] ! numb]s tiros =m$1 x arrives at la/ at ! few di/9ctive *>act]s ( ^? great compreh5sive tribes1 on :i* x ceases to op]ate1 'because !re is no?+ left to oppress ! memory or ! und]/&+4'99 99 ,br[n's ,moral ,philosophy1 ,lect1 xvi4 ,m]ell has spok5 m compreh5sively on ?is subject--',t human k dees n consi/ 9 ! b>e collection & enum]ation ( facts2 ?is alone w\ld be ( little s]vice 7 we net to attempt ! classification ( !m1 & to educe f su* classification g5]al laws & pr9ciples4 ,! k1 :i* consi/s 9 individual tru?s1 c\ld nev] be ei!r ext5sive e> def9ite--= ! multiplicity ( objects :i* !n mu/ cr[d 9 ^u ! m9d only t5ds to conf\nd & p]plex x1 :ile ! memory1 ov]burd5$ ) p>ticul>s1 is n able to reta9 a hundr$? "p ( ! mat]ials :i* are collect$4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! p[] el g5]alisation comes to our aid1 by :i* ! individual facts are s classifi$ "u _! prop] conceptions1 t !y may at ! same "t be m easily reta9$1 & _! sev]al relations to all o!r bran*es ( k accurately def9$4 ,! colligation & classification ( facts1 !n1 we may reg>d z ! two fir/ /eps1 :i* are to be tak5 9 ! atta9m5t ( tru?4'99 ,ari/otle1 says ,morell1 classifi$ ! matt]1 ,kant ! =ms4 ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ man :o und]took ! gigantic task ( r$uc+ ! multiplicity ( all ! objects ( human k to a few g5]al heads---#a4 ,sub/ance4 #b4 ,quality4 #c4 ,quantity4 #d4 ,relation4 ,action4 #f4 ,passion4 #g4 ,place4 #h4 ,"t4 #i4 ,po/ure4 #aj4 ,habit4 ,ari/otle's philosophy 0 objective1 ,kant's subjective4 ,kant's categories 7 twelve4 #a4 ,unity4 #b4 ,plurality4 #c4 ,totality4 #d4 ,affirmation4 ,negation4 #f4 limitation4 #g4 ,sub/ance4 #h4 ,casualty4 #i4 ,reciprocity4 #aj4 ,possibility4 #aa4 ,actuality4 #ab4 ,necessity4 ',x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 logic1 t ! p[] ( fram+ classes is unlimit$ z long z !re is any 7ev5 ! smalle/7 diff]5ce to f\nd a di/9ction ^u49999 ,:at ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire has said ( natural hi/ory is applicable to all sci5ce3--',! fir/ problem to be solv$ by him :o wi%es to p5etrate deeply into ?is2 /udy1 consi/s evid5tly 9 ! =mation ( cle> & precise di/9ctions betwe5 ! v>i\s br+s4 ,?is is ! mo/ elem5t>y problem1 9 s-f> z x prec$es all ! o!rs2 b x is 9 reality1 9 mo/ cases1 complicat$ & full ( difficulties4 ,its accurate solution requires--fir/1 ,obs]vation1 :i* makes kn[n ! facts2 next1 ,description1 :i* fixes !m p]man5tly2 !n ,*>act]isation1 :i* selects & displays prom95tly ! mo/ important ( !m--& la/ly1 ,classification1 :i* arranges !m 9 sy/ematic ord]4'999999 ,( ! value ( classification1 ,lam>t9e has giv5 a f9e illu/ration3----',montesquieu _h s\nd$ ! in/itutions & analys$ ! laws ( all p4 ,by class+ gov]nm5ts he _h comp>$ !m1 by comp>+ !m he pass$ judgm5t on !m2 & ?is judgm5t br\ght out1 9 its bold relief & contra/1 on e page1 "r & =ce1 privilege & equality1 tyranny & lib]ty4'99999999 99 ,morell's ,hi/4 ( ,speculative ,phil41 p4 #cd1 vol4 #a4 9999 ,mill1 p4 #afe1 vol4 #a4 999999 ,t4 ,w4 ,?ornton3 ,reason] ,no4 #gb1 p4 #ffd4 99999999 ,lam>t9e's ,hi/4 ,girondi/s1 pp4 #ad-ae1 vol4 #a4 ,famili>ity ) ! *>act]i/ics ( sci5ce imp>ts consid]able p[] = ! detection ( fallacy4 ,a logician is imp]fect )\t sci5tific ta/es & habits4 ,! man ( sci5ce has all 8 k sy/ematis$ & arrang$4 ,:at o!r p h 9 confusion1 he has 9 ord]4 ,! elem5ts ( k are1 m or less1 z has be5 obs]v$1 kn[n to all m5--b 9 _! p]fect1 communicable1 & usable /ate1 !y are-kn[n only to ! educat$ & sci5tific man4 ,:at tra9+ is to ! soldi]1 sci5ce is to ! ?9k]4 ,x enables him to control all 8 res\rces & employ 8 natural p[]s to ! be/ advantage4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! sup]iority ( ! educat$ ov] ! ignorant4 ,a/ronomy1 navigation1 ar*itecture1 geometry1 political economy1 morals1 all re/1 or %\ld re/1 & d re/1 if !y h-atta9$ to ! p]fection ( sci5ce1 on prim>y facts & fir/ pr9ciples4 ,e /ep c be measur$ by an axiom--e result c be trac$ to a fir/ pr9ciple499 ,to detect error1 !n1 9 any prov9ce ( inve/igation1 or any doma9 ( argum5t1 ! logician fir/ looks to ! prim>y pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$1 & ?us te/s ! legitimacy ( its conclusions4 ,z respects ^? :o deal 9 ?+s pr(ess$ly above reason1 ,x 0 well said by an anonym\s writ] ( ! old s*ool ( /urdy ?9k]s1--',( su* m5 z ^! ,i usually dem&1 :e!r _! own ass5t to ?+s !y w\ld h u believe1 be gr\nd$ ^u "s rational argum5t4 ,if !y say 'tis n1 !y are fools to believe x !mselves2 & ,i %\ld add to ! numb] ( fools1 if1 aft] ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 ,i %\ld believe !m3 b if !y say x is1 ,i desire !m to produce _! argum5t2 = s9ce 'tis fram$ by a human und]/&+1 ! =ce ( x may also be compreh5d$ & judg$ ( by a human und]/&+3 & tis to no purpose to say t ! subject surpasses human reason3 = if x d s inde$1 x w surpass !irs z well z m9e1 & s leave u bo? ^u ev5 t]ms4 ,& let ! ?+ ass5t$ to be :at x w1 ! ass5t itself mu/ be f\nd$ ^u a suffici5t reason1 & consequ5tly ^u "o t is intelligible to ! human intellect t is wr\ght on by x4'9999 99 ,see ,beauties & ,uses ( ,euclid1 *ap4 vi41 ,logic ( ,euclid4 9999 ,a ,disc\rse on ,?+s above ,reason1 #afha4 ,:at is x8-- ',tis impossible ! same ?+ %\ld be1 & n be at ! same "t1 are maxims ( su* univ]sal usefulness1 t )\t !m we c\ld nei!r judge1 disc\rse1 nor act4 ,^! pr9ciples may n always make _! appe>ance 9 =mal propositions1 b /ill !y guide all our ?\ghts 9 ! same mann] z :5 a musician plays a c>eless volunt>y ^u a h>psi*ord--he is guid$ by rules ( music he long s9ce became famili> )1 ?\gh n[ sc>cely s5sible ( !m4 ',a but*] loses 8 knife1 & looks all ab\t = x1 & rem>ks z ! motive ( 8 se>*1 ,i am sure x mu/ be some:]e or o!r4 ,by :i* rude say+ x is evid5t he is guid$ by ! axiom la/ m5tion$4 ,_h he n ! k ( ?is axiom be=eh&1 did he ?9k x possible t 8 knife c\ld be no :]e or 9 no place he w\ld nev] take pa9s to look = x4 ,we may obs]ve _m su* axioms z ?is guid+ ! actions ( ! vulg>1 & x is no unwor?y speculation to obs]ve _! behavi\r & words1 :i* proce$ f uncorrupt$ nature1 & retrieve ! axioms f :i* _! conduct proce$s4'99 99 ,solid ,philosophy1 ass]t$ aga9/ ! ,fancies ( ! ,ideali/s4 7,locke's ,und]/&+ is ! "w controv]t$47 ,by ,j4 ,s44 ,london1 #afgi4 ,! outl9es ( ! sci5ce ( morality are ?us compreh5sively sket*$ by ,sir ,james ,mack9to%3 ! orig91 value1 & application ( fir/ pr9ciples are indicat$ ) 8 usual felicity4 ',! usages & laws ( nations1 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 ! s5tim5ts ( orators & poets1 z well z ! obs]vations ( common life1 are 9 tru?1 ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! sci5ce ( morality to =m$2 & ^? :o neglect !m are ju/ly *>geable ) a va9 attempt to philosophise )\t reg>d to fact & exp]i5ee--! sole f\ndation ( all true philosophy4 ,! natural ord] und\bt$ly dictates t we %\ld fir/ se>* = ! orig9al pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce 9 human nature2 !n apply !m to ! regulation ( ! conduct ( individuals1 & la/ly employ !m = ! decision ( ^? difficult & complicat$ que/ions t arise ) respect to ! int]c\rse ( nations4' ,to se>* = ultimate pr9ciples is to discov] at a glance ! :ole be>+s ( a great "q4 ,?r\gh :at cl\ds ( politics _h ! hi/orian ( ,rome p5etrat$ :5 he ann\nc$ t ! pr9ciples ( a free con/itution are irrecov]ably lo/ :5 ! legislative p[] is nom9at$ by ! executive4 ,?is habit--x _c be too (t5 insi/$ on aids n only ! acquisition ( k1 b also its ret5tion4 ,ar\nd ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 z ar\nd a /&>d1 ! ?\ghts naturally associate4 ,t\* b a remote *ord ( any "q1 & x w vibrate to ! c5tral pr9ciple to :i* x has once be5 well atta*$4 ,e relative impression owns a k9dr$ connection1 & ! mom5t "o is attack$1 x1 l a fai?ful s5t9el1 ar\ses a :ole troop1 :i*1 m>%all$ & discipl9$1 be> d[n & *all5ge ! enemy4'99 99 ,beauties & ,uses ( ,euclid1 pp4 #dg-i4 ,:at ,rog]s has s exquisitely sung ( ! associations ( *ildhood1 is true ( ! associations ( sci5ce4 ,*ildhood's lov$ gr\p revisit6 e sc5e1-- ,! tangl$ wood-walk & ! tuft$ gre54 ,! s*ool's lone por*1 ) rev]5d mosses grey1 ,j tells ! p5sive pilgrim :]e x lay4 ,mute is ! bell :i* rang at peep ( dawn1 ,quick'n+ my truant /eps across ! lawn3 ,unhe>d ! %\t t r5t ! noontide air1 ,:5 ! sl[ dial gave a pause to c>e4 ,up spr+s at e /ep1 to claim a te>1 ,"s little fri5d%ip =m$ & *]i%$ "h8 ,& n ! lighte/ leaf b trembl+ teems ,) gold5 visions & romantic dreams4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,propositions ,all tru? & all error lie 9 ,propositions4--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,9 accordance ) t exp]i5ce :i* directs to ! pr(\nde/ books = ! simple/ /atem5ts1 we turn to ,mill's ,logic = ! philosophy ( propositions4 ,! answ] to e "q :i* x is possible to frame is conta9$ 9 a proposition or ass]tion4 ,:atev] c be an object ( belief or ev5 ( disbelief1 mu/1 :5 put into words1 assume ! =m ( a proposition 99 99 ,:at we call a tru? is simply a true proposition2 & errors are false propositions4 ,to "k ! import ( all possible propositions w\ld be to "k all que/ions :i* c be rais$1 all matt]s :i* are susceptible ( be+ ei!r believ$ or disbeliev$4 99 99 ,s9ce !n ! objects ( all belief & all inquiry express !mselves 9 propositions1 a suffici5t scrut9y ( propositions & ( _! v>ieties w apprise u :at que/ions mank9d h ask$ !mselves1 & :at x ! nature ( ! answ]s to ^? que/ions !y h actually ?\ght !y _h gr\nds to believe4 ',n[ ! fir/ glance at a proposition %[s t x is =m$ by putt+ toge!r two names4 ,a proposition1 accord+ to ! common simple def9ition1 :i* is suffici5t = our purpose1 is1 disc\rse 9 :i* some?+ is affirm$ or d5i$ ( some?+4 ,?us1 9 ! proposition1 gold is yell[1 ! quality yell[ is affirm$ ( ! sub/ance gold4 ,9 ! proposition1 ,frankl9 0 n born 9 ,engl&1 ! fact express$ by ! words born 9 ,engl& is d5i$ ( ! man ,frankl94 ',e proposition consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! subject1 ! pr$icate1 & ! copula4 ,! pr$icate is ! "n d5ot+ t :i* is affirm$ or d5i$4 ,! subject is ! "n d5ot+ ! p]son or ?+ :i* some?+ is affirm$ or d5i$ (4 ,! copula is ! sign d5ot+ t !re is an affirmation or d5ial2 & !reby enabl+ ! he>] or read] to di/+ui% a proposition f any o!r k9d ( disc\rse4 ,?us1 9 ! proposition1 ! e>? is r\nd1 ! pr$icate is ! ^w r\nd1 :i* d5otes ! quality affirm$1 or 7z ! phrase is7 pr$icat$3 ! e>? words d5ot+ ! object :i* t quality is affirm$ (1 compose ! subject2 ! ^w x1 :i* s]ves z ! connect+ m>k betwe5 ! subject & pr$icate1 to %[ t "o ( !m is affirm$ ( ! o!r1 is call$ ! copula4' ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,def9itions ,no difficulty is unsurm\ntable1 if words be all[$ to pass )\t mean+4--,"l ,kames4 ,z e proposition consi/s ( two names1 & z e proposition affirms or d5ies "o ( ^! names ( ! o!r1 ! value ( def9ition1 :i* fixes ! import ( names1 is app>5t4 ',a "n is a ^w tak5 at pleasure to s]ve = a m>k1 :i* may raise 9 our m9d a ?\ght l to "s ?\ght we _h be=e1 & :i* be+ pron\nc$ to o!rs1 may be to !m a sign ( :at ?\ght ! speak] _h be=e 9 8 m9d ,hobbes4 ,?is simple def9ition ( a "n1 z a ^w 7or set ( words7 s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( a m>k to recall to ourselves ! lik5ess ( a =m] ?\ght1 & a sign to make x kn[n to o!rs1 appe>s unexceptionable4'99 ,def9ition orig9ates 9 accurate & compreh5sive obs]vation4 ',!re _c be1' says ,mill1 'agreem5t ab\t ! def9ition ( a ?+1 until !re is agreem5t ab\t ! ?+ itself4 ,to def9e a ?+ is to select f among ! :ole ( its prop]ties ^? :i* %all be und]/ood to be designat$ & decl>$ by its "n2 & ! prop]ties mu/ be v well kn[n to u be=e we c be compet5t to det]m9e :i* ( !m are fitte/ to be *os5 = ?is purpose4'9999 ',! simple/ & mo/ correct notion ( a def9ition is1 a proposition decl>atory ( ! mean+ ( a ^w2 namely1 ei!r ! mean+ :i* x be>s 9 common acceptation1 or t :i* ! speak] or writ]1 = ! p>ticul> purposes ( 8 disc\rse1 int5ds to annex to x4'999999 99 ,j4 ,/u>t ,mill3 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 #bnd ed41 *ap4 #aa1 sec4 ,i4 p4 #bg4 9999 ,introduction to ,logic1 p4 #a4 999999 ,mill's ,logic1 p4 #ahc1 vol4 #a4 ,b ) mo/ p]sons ! object ( a def9ition is m]ely to guide !m to ! correct use ( a t]m z a protection aga9/ apply+ x 9 a mann] inconsi/5t ) cu/om & conv5tion4 ,any?+1 !re=e1 is to !m a suffici5t def9ition ( a t]m :i* w s]ve z a correct index to :at ! t]m d5otes2 al?\gh n embrac+ ! :ole1 & sometimes p]haps n ev5 any "p ( :at x connotes4 ,def9itions are sometimes expla9$ z be+ ( two k9ds--( ?+s & words4 ,! def9ition ( words is ! explanation ( ! s5se 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,! def9ition ( ?+s is an explanation ( ! specific prop]ties by :i* !y diff] f all o!r ?+s4 ,to def9e a ?+1 says ,dr4 ,watts1 we mu/ asc]ta9 ) :at x agrees1 !n note ! mo/ rem>kable attribute ( diff]5ce1 & jo9 ! two toge!r4 ,probity--! disposition to ackn[l$ge ! rights ( mank9d4 ,ju/ice--! disposition to ma9ta9 ! rights ( mank9d4 ,b5evol5ce--! disposition to improve ! rights ( mank9d4 ,deceit--! conceal$ violation ( ! rights ( mank9d4 ,inju/ice--! op5 violation ( ! rights ( mank9d4 ,malevol5ce--hatr$ ( ! rights ( mank9d4 ,9 def9+ a ^w we seek "s class to :i* to ref] x1 t we may id5tify x1 & fix att5tion ^u t peculi>ity by :i* we c di/+ui% x f all o!r ?+s4 ',probity & 'ju/ice' are ref]r$ to 'disposition1' ) ref]5ce to ! 'rights ( mank9d' z _! sph]e ( exi/5ce3 & ackn[l$gm5t1 & ma9t5ance1 are m5tion$ z ! di/+ui%+ features4 ,di/9ctions mu/ n be made )\t diff]5ces4 ,! def9ition %\ld be pla9] ?an ! ?+ def9$4 ,ari/otle's def9ition ( motion is consid]$ defective 9 ?is respect3--',motion--an act ( a be+ 9 p[]1 s f> =? z x is 9 p[]4' ,tautological def9itions cause m to be suppos$ ?an is true--! too t]se explanation leaves "s necess>y ?+ unm5tion$4 ,a p]fect def9ition requires ! union ( ! concise1 ! cle>1 & ! adequate4 ,"s p]sons are s unskilful 9 ! analysis ( t]ms z to occasion ! advice ,nil explic>e--nev] expla9 y\rself if y wi% to be und]/ood4 ,d\ble mean+s %\ld be avoid$4 ,! writ] may himself alt]nate 9 _! use1 & ! read] may take ! ^w 9 ! un9t5d$ mean+4 ,all m5 h n ! /rong s5se ( ,johnson4 ,:5 ,caleb ,:ite=d inquir$ s]i\sly ( ! ,doctor1 :e!r he really consid]$ t a man ought to be transport$1 l ,b>r+ton1 ! pickpocket1 = be+ guilty ( a d\ble mean+4 ',sir1' said ,johnson1 'if a man means well1 ! m he means ! bett]'--:i*1 :e!r real or fictiti\s1 is "o ( ! happie/ answ]s t ev] cru%$ a quibble499 99 ,hood's ,own4 ,i h frequ5tly put ! "q--,:at is consci\sness8 to p]sons :o h be5 consci\s = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 b :o 7 yet unable to reply4 ,_h any "o depriv$ ^! p]sons ( consci\sness1 a judge w\ld h hang$ him = ! (f5ce2 yet1 c\ld !y !mselves h be5 int]rogat$ z to :at h>m !y _h suff]$1 !y c\ld n h told :at !y _h lo/4 ,& ^u ! pr9ciple1 t he n kn[+ :at he has lo/1 is no los]1 ^! p]sons1 ?\gh murd]$1 _h suff]$ no h>m4 ,! v>i\s def9itions ( ! same subject :i* prevail1 orig9ate 9 ! caprice1 or p>tial1 or pr(\nd k ! def9] may h ( 8 subject4 ,x seems to be admitt$ by logicians1 t an au?or has a "r to give :atev] provisional def9ition he pleases ( 8 t]ms4 ,b hav+ once giv5 !m1 p]spicuity requires t he %\ld adh]e to !m4 ,any new s5se 9 :i* a t]m is employ$ %\ld be specially def9$4 ,9 disc\rs+ on an ord9>y subject1 z ! "r ( public assembly1--su* words z p]ception1 conception1 appreh5sion1 might be us$ reciprocally1 b 9 a diss]tation on metaphysics ea* requires re/riction 9 use & precision 9 purport4 ,(t5 g5ius /rikes out new relations ( words4 ,9 rec5t political debates1 ,mr4 ,cobd5 resort$ ) new =ce & po9t to a *>ge ( ra%ness aga9/ m9i/]s3 he %[$ t ra%ness consi/$ m frequ5tly 9 inaction ?an action4 ,he is ra% :o /&s surr\nd$ by ! elem5ts ( dang] )\t tak+2 any precaution aga9/ ! cont+5cies ( p]il2 he is ra% :o does n take advantage ( ! calm1 to repair 8 %att]$ rigg+2 he is ra% :o looks n out = a prop] supply ( wat] until ! conflagration is rag+ ar\nd him2 & m ra% ?an all is he :o ex]cises no provid5t c>e = supply+ a nation ) food1 b waits = ! pressure ( fam9e & ! p]ils ( />vation4 ,at ! la/ soiree ( ! ,le$s ,me*anics' ,in/itution1 ,mr4 ,dick5s ref]r$ to ignorance1 commonly consid]$ z a passive negation1 & plac$ x 9 ! light ( a p[]4 ',look :]e we w1 d we n f9d ignorance p[]ful = e k9d ( wrong & evil8 ,p[]ful to take its enemies to its he>t & /rike its be/ fri5ds d[n--p[]ful to fill ! prisons1 ! hospitals1 & ! graves--p[]ful = bl9d viol5ce1 prejudice1 & error 9 all _! de/ructive %apes4' ,! v>iations :i* n only common b te*nical t]ms und]go1 is a consid]able s\rce ( p]plexity 9 reason+4 ,mr4 ,mill cites ! in/ance ( ! t]m felony4 ,no lawy] w und]take to tell :at a felony is o!rwise ?an by enum]at+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( (f5ces :i* are s call$4 ,orig9ally1 felony d5ot$ all (f5ces1 ! p5alty ( :i* includ$ =feiture ( goods2 b1 subsequ5t ,acts ( ,p>liam5t h decl>$ v>i\s (f5ces to be felonies )\t enjo9+ t p5alty1 & h tak5 away ! p5alty f o!rs :i* cont9ue /ill to be call$ felonies1 insomu* t ! acts s call$ h n[ no prop]ty :atev] 9 common1 save t ( be+ unlawful & puni%able4 ,?is inatt5tion to precision 9 t]ms has aris5 n among ! vulg>1 b among educat$ ,engli% lawy]s4 ',language1' says ,mr4 ,mill1 borr[+ a political simile f ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 'is n made1 b gr[s4 ,a "n n unfrequ5tly passes by successive l9ks ( resemblance f "o object to ano!r1 until x becomes appli$ to ?+s hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ! fir/ ?+s to :i* ! "n 0 giv52 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n1 = t reason1 drop ! "n2 s t x at la/ d5otes a confus$ huddle ( objects1 hav+ no?+ :atev] 9 common2 & connotes no?+1 n ev5 a vague & g5]al resemblance4 ,:5 a "n has fall5 into ?is /ate1 9 :i* by pr$icat+ x ( any object we ass]t lit]ally no?+ ab\t ! object1 x has become unfit = ! purposes ei!r ( ?\ght or ( ! communication ( ?\ght2 & c only be made s]viceable by /ripp+ x ( "s "p ( its multif>i\s d5otation1 & conf9+ x to objects possess$ ( "s attributes 9 common1 :i* x may be made to connote4 ,su* are ! inconv5i5ces ( a language :i* is n made1 b gr[s4 l a road :i* is n made1 b has made itself1 x requires cont9ual m5d+ 9 ord] to be passable4'99 99 ,logic1 p4 #bjg4 ,x is well obs]v$1 t ! spontane\s gr[? ( language is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! ?9k]4 ,!re seems to be s palpable a sub/ratum ( "r s5se1 9 ! rude classifications ( ! multitude1 t ! logician has little else to d1 9 _m cases1 ?an to ret\* !m & give !m precision4 ,guizot obs]ves1 !re is frequ5tly m tru? 9 common acceptations ( g5]al t]ms ?an 9 ! m precise def9itions ( sci5ce4 ,common s5se gives to words _! ord9>y signification4 ,! lead+ t]ms ( philosophy are clo!d 9 innum]able %ades ( mean+ acquir$ 9 _! transitional use1 & imm5se is ! k ( ?+3 requisite to enable a man to affirm t any giv5 argum5t turns :olly on words4 ,! /udy ( t]ms1 = :i* logicians h provid$ multipli$ means1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & pr(itable ^u :i* m5 c ent]4 ,if x be wor? :ile to speak at all1 x is wor? :ile to "k c]ta9ly :at we speak ab\t4 ,philan?ropic g5ius has po9t$ out a p]v]sion ( p[]1 aris+ ?r\gh def9itional incapacity1 :i* makes x a moral duty to /udy analysis ( t]ms1 & exactitude ( expression4 ',all battle1' says ,c>lyle1 'is misund]/&+--did ! p>ties "k "o ano!r1 ! battle w\ld cease4 ,no man at bottom means inju/ice2 he cont5ds = "s di/ort$ image ( "r4 ,cle>1 und5iable "r--cle>1 und5iable might--ei!r ( ^!1 once asc]ta9$1 puts an end to battle4 ,battle is a confus$ exp]im5t to asc]ta9 ^!4' ,( ! p[] ( names to impose on ! multitude1 hi/ory furni%es too _m examples4 ,/r5g? to =ef5d u aga9/ !y delusion ability to see t ! mean+ gov]ns ! t]m1 & n ! t]m ! mean+--are species ( intellectual self-def5ce4 ',augu/us1' says ,gibbon1 '0 s5sible t mank9d is gov]n$ by names2 nor 0 he deceiv$ 9 8 expectation t ! s5ate & p w\ld submit to slav]y provid$ t !y 7 respectably assur$ t !y /ill enjoy$ _! anci5t fre$om4' ',nev]1' adjures ,w4 ,j4 ,fox1 'be deceiv$ by words4 ,always try to p5etrate to realities4 ,h y\r wits %>p5$1 y\r s5ses ex]cis$ to disc]n good & evil4 ,be n impos$ ^u by pomp\s mann]s4 ,_m a solemnly-utt]$ s5t5ce is (t5 a %e] inanity1 :i* w n be> ! scrut9y ( an obs]vant intellect4 ,be n fright5$ by d5unciations2 by be+ told t y are n a good subject or a good ,*ri/ian1 if y d n believe1 or say t y believe ?is or t4 ,be n l$ a/ray by it]ation--mi/ake n ! famili> = ! intelligible4 ,asc]ta9 :at words are meant to convey1 & :at !y actually d convey4 ,g to ! sub/ance & s\l ( :atev] is prop\nd$4 ,be on y\r gu>d aga9/ bold assumptions1 nor let !m be> y away aga9/ ! dictates ( y\r own und]/&+4 ,look at phrases z c\nt]s1 or pap] money1 t may pass = mu* or little accord+ to circum/ances4 ,endeav\r to arrive at tru?1 & make t y\r treasure4 ,be ev] wide awake to see ?r\gh any veil ( sophi/ry & cant2 nor by ! ag5cy ( words be made ! dupe ( critic or lawy]1 ( prie/ ( politician4'99 99 ,lectures to ! ,work+ ,classes1 p4 #gj1 vol4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,syllogisms ,propositions be+ ass]tions--z soon z suffici5t reasons are adduc$ to make ! proposition cr$ible1 x becomes a tru? probable or c]ta91 z ! case may be4 ,reason+ is a simple bus9ess4 ,to reason is to /ate facts 9 support ( a proposition4 ,a conclusive fact s advanc$ is call$ a reason4 ,all ! reasons (f]$ 9 pro( ( a proposition are call$ premises4 ,! ,py?agorean1 :o lays d[n ! proposition t fruits & gra9 are ! prop] food ( man1 & cites facts to prove 8 ass]tion--reasons4 ,a proposition & its reasons are call$ an argum5t4 ,reason is ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ coh]5ces4 ,effective reason+ is /at+ !m s t o!rs _c b see !m too4 ',reason+ on ! ab/ruse/ que/ions is no?+ m ?an arriv+ at a remote tru? by discov]+ its coh]5ce ) ! prec$+ facts 9 ! same *a94'99 99 ,uses & ,beauties ( ,euclid1 p4 #eb4 ,a syllogism is a peculi> =m ( expression1 9 :i* e argum5t may be /at$4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree propositions4 #a4 ,:oev] h _! heads cut (f ought to be all[$ to ask ! reason :y4 #b4 ,wom5 h _! heads cut (f4 #c4 ,!re=e wom5 ought to be all[$ to ask 7politically7 ! reason :y4 ,?is is an argum5t ( ,mad4 de ,/ael1 9 allusion to ! behead+ ( wom5 9 ,france1 )\t all[+ !m any voice 9 mak+ ! laws :i* det]m9e ! (f5ces = :i* !y suff]$4 ,a syllogism is con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciple 7kn[n z ! ,dictum ( ,ari/otle7 t :atev] is affirm$ or d5i$ univ]sally ( a :ole class ( ?+s1 may be affirm$ or d5i$ ( any?+ compreh5d$ 9 t class4 ,?us ! fir/ proposition introduces ! class ( p]sons :o h _! heads cut (f4 ,( ?is class x is affirm$ t !y ought to be all[$ to ask ! reason :y4 ,b wom5 are includ$ 9 ! class ( p]sons :o h _! heads cut (f1 & consequ5tly t may be affirm$ ( !m :i* is affirm$ ( ! :ole class--t !y %\ld be all[$ to ask ! reason :y4 ',to prove an affirmative1' says ,mr4 ,mill1 '! argum5t mu/ admit ( be+ /at$ 9 ?is =m3-- ,all animals are mortal2 ,all m5 ,"s m5 are animals2 ,socrates !re=e ,all m5 ,"s m5 are mortal4 ,socrates ',to prove a negative1 ! argum5t mu/ be capable ( be+ express$ 9 ?is =m3-- ',no "o :o is capable ( self-control is necess>ily vici\s2 ,all negroes ,"s negroes are capable ( self-control2 ,mr4 ,a4's negro !re=e ,no negroes are ,"s negroes are n necess>ily vici\s4 ,mr4 ,a4's negro is n ',al?\gh all ratioc9ation admits ( be+ ?r[n into "o or ! o!r ( ^! =ms1 & sometimes ga9s consid]ably by ! trans=mation1 bo? 9 cle>ness & 9 ! obvi\sness ( its consequ5ce2 !re are1 no d\bt1 cases 9 :i* ! argum5t falls m naturally into "o ( ! o!r ?ree figures1 & 9 :i* its conclusiv5ess is m app>5t at ! fir/ glance 9 ^? figures1 ?an :5 r$uc$ into ! fir/4 ,?us1 if ! proposition 7 t pagans may be virtu\s1 & ! evid5ce to prove x 7 ! example ( ,ari/ides2 a syllogism 9 ! ?ird figure1 ,ari/ides 0 virtu\s1 ,ari/ides 0 a pagan1 !re=e ,"s pagan 0 virtu\s1 ,w\ld be a m natural mode ( /at+ ! argum5t1 & w\ld c>ry conviction m in/antly home1 ?an ! same ratioc9ation /ra9$ into ! fir/ figure1 ?us-- ,ari/ides 0 virtu\s1 ,"s pagan 0 ,ari/ides1 !re=e ,"s pagan 0 virtu\s4' ,! be/ ?+ t c be said 9 fav\r ( ! syllogism1 z an in/rum5t ( reason+1 is t x is a regul> =m to :i* e valid argum5t c be r$uc$2 & may be accompani$ by a rule1 %[+ ! validity ( e argum5t 9 t =m1 & consequ5tly ! uns\ndness ( any app>5t argum5t :i* _c be r$uc$ to x4 ,?is w\ld be high praise if e 'valid argum5t' 0 a tru/y "o4 ,b un=tunately '! "q respect+ ! validity ( an argum5t is n :e!r ! conclusion be true1 b :e!r x foll[s f ! premises adduc$4'99 ,ev5 ?is small advantage is pur*as$ at a great] exp5se ( t$ium & tr\ble ?an ! bulk ( mank9d are will+ to pay1 or able to pay if !y 7 will+4 99 ,logic1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bcb-c4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t ! syllogi/ic =m1 z a te/ ( valid argum5ts1 may be entirely disp5s$ )1 if we c secure accuracy ( data1 & intelligibility 9 t]ms4 ,x is n cont5d$ n[ t we discov] new tru?s by ! syllogism4 ,! syllogism is all[$ to be only a =m ( /at+ a tru?4 ,example3-- ,no pr$aci\s animals are rum9ant1 ,! lion is pr$aci\s1 !re=e ,! lion is n rum9ant4 99 ,:ately's ,logic1 ,anal4 ,out4 *ap4 #a1 sec4 #c4 ,( c\rse1 if we "k t no animal t lives by prey *ews ! cud1 & "k1 also1 t ! lion lives by prey1 we "k t ! lion does n *ew ! cud4 ,?is conclusion1 z ,"l ,kames cont5ds1 & ,dr4 ,:ately admits1 is n a tru? inf]r$ f ! fundam5tal premises1 b includ$ 9 x4 ,sm>t1 :om ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill calls acute & (t5 pr(\nd1 rem>ks--',e "o1 z to ! m]e act ( reason+1 reasons rightly3 we may reason f wrong premises1 or mi/ake "r ones2 we may be unable to inf] f prop] ones2 b f su* premises z we d reason f1 we reason correctly3 = all premises conta9 _! conclusion2 & 9 kn[+ ! premises1 we !re=e "k ! conclusion4 ,! art want$ is "o t w enable u to use language p]spicu\sly 9 express+ our premises3' & he might h add$--direct u 9 select+ prop] mat]ials ( :i* to make premises4 ,! /r5g? & weakness ( ! syllogism z an in/rum5t ( reason+ w n[ be und]/ood4 ,:ately rem>ks1 t 's9ce all reason+ may be resolv$ into syllogisms1 & s9ce 9 a syllogism ! premises d virtually ass]t ! conclusion1 x foll[s at once t no new tru? c be elicit$ by any process ( reason+4'99 ,we !re=e no long] look to ! syllogism to discov] tru?1 its value is 9 /at+ x4 ,9 ?is s5se x is wor?y ( all att5tion4 ,x is ! =m ( nature4 99 ,logic1 p4 #bbc4 ,( su* a syllogism z ! "o quot$-- ,no pr$aci\s animals are rum9ant1 ,! lion is pr$aci\s1 !re=e ,! lion is n rum9ant4 ,x has be5 insi/$ by "s logicians t ! g5ius requir$ = its con/ruction 0 inv5tion4 ,hav+ made a g5]al proposition l ! fir/1 we !n h to inv5t or f9d out a middle t]m z ! second--b if we be> 9 m9d t ! g5]al affirmation ( ! fir/ proposition relates to a class ( 7pr$aci\s animals 9 ?is case7 objects :i* include ! middle t]m1 ! necessity ( inv5tion is consequ5tly disp5s$ )4 ,we ne$ only look well to :at we h !re4 ,simplicity w be promot$ by return+ to our previ\s rem>k1 viz4--t reason+ is ass]t+ a proposition1 & !n %[+ :y x is true--9 o!r words1 adduc+ ! fact or facts1 on :i* ! ass]tion re/s4 ,9 ! ,logic giv5 9 ',*amb]s' ,in=mation1' x is said--' ,9 *oos+ y\r middle t]ms1 or argum5ts to prove any "q1 always take su* topics z are pure/ & lea/ fallible1 & :i* c>ry ! greate/ evid5ce & /r5g? ) !m1' ,b x r appe>s t we h n to inv5t a middle t]m1 b only to look to ! major premises1 & f9d x includ$ !re4 ,by me?odical que/ion+ any argum5t may be te/$4 ,?us1 on any ass]tion be+ made1 ask--,:y is ! ass]tion true8 ,9 ?is mann]1 if an argum5t has tru? 9 x1 x may be elicit$4 ,9 ?is mann] y dig ?r\gh ass]tions d[n to premises1 & discov] :e!r any ore ( tru? lies !re4 ,! value ( ! argum5t dep5ds ^u ! f9al answ] :i* reveals ! premises or data ( facts1 ^u :i* ! conclusion re/s4 ,=ms ( spee*1 classification ( propositions1 figures ( syllogisms1 are ( m9or importance :5 y h once elicit$ ! r\gh tru?4 ,! be/ te/ ( an argum5t is ! s\ndness ( its data1 & ! simple/ =mula = draw+ out & exhibit+ su* data1 is ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 enabl+ u to judge ( ! validity !re(4 ,tyranny1 says ,cobbett1 has no enemy s =midable z ! p51 ,:y8 ',because ! p5 pursues tyranny bo? 9 life & beyond ! grave4' ,h[ is ?is prov$ to be ! mo/ =midable enemy ( tyranny8 ',f ! fact t tyranny has no enemy s =midable z t :i* assails n only its exi/5ce1 b its reputation1 :i* pursues x 9 life & beyond ! grave4' ,su* int]rogatories & replies g5]ate ! expository syllogism4 #a4 ,tyranny has no enemy s =midable z t :i* assails n only its exi/5ce1 b its reputation1 :i* pursues x 9 life & beyond ! grave4 #b4 ,! p5 pursues tyranny 9 life & beyond ! grave4 #c4 ,!re=e1 tyranny has no enemy s =midable z ! p54 ,a syllogism is made up ( collective & s+le facts4 ,x is ! process ( reason+1 :]eby we %[ t a s+le tru? is prov$ by a collective "o :i* conta9s x1 or a less quantity is prov$ by a great]1 or t an ass]tion is prov$ by an induction f a class ( facts4 ,f ! class ( ! enemies ( tyranny ! p5 is select$1 & is prov$1 by pass+ 9 inductive review ! :ole class1 to be ! mo/ =midable4 ,! usual mann] 9 :i* an argum5t is pres5t$ is call$ ! entihymeme4 ,?us3-- ,he is an indu/ri\s man1 !re=e ,he w acquire weal?4 ,! fir/ or major proposition is 9 ?is =m suppress$4 ,! syllogi/ic =m w\ld be ?is3-- ,e indu/ri\s man acquires weal?1 ,he is an indu/ri\s man1 !re=e ,he w acquire weal?4 ,b if we ask = ! pro( t e indu/ri\s man acquires weal?1 we f9d ! facts want+--= ! idle are (t5 ri*1 & ! dilig5t poor4 ,! indu/ri\s may acquire weal?1 ! *ances are 9 _! fav\r4 ,aga94 ,we mu/ *]i% self-respect1 ,because self-respect is ! /ay ( virtue4 ,! suppress$ proposition is--',we mu/ *]i% :atev] is ! /ay ( virtue4' ,! :ole syllogism !n /&s ?us3-- ,we mu/ *]i% :atev] is ! /ay ( virtue1 ,self-respect is ! /ay ( virtue1 !re=e ,we mu/ *]i% self-respect4 ,dilemma is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w1 & signifies twice an argum5t4 ,x is an argum5t divid$ into sev]al memb]s1 & inf]s ( ea* "p :at is to be inf]r$ ( ! :ole4 ,?us3 ,ei!r we %all live or die4 ,if we live1 we c only live happily by be+ virtu\s2 & if we die1 we c only die happy by be+ virtu\s2 !re=e1 we ought always to be virtu\s4 ,9 ! dilemma1 "q "o argum5t at a "t1 z 9 prec$+ cases4 ,! ,sorites uses sev]al middle t]ms by :i* ! pr$icate ( ! la/ proposition is connect$ ) ! fir/ subject4 ,( ?is argum5t ! well-kn[n spee* ( ,!mi/ocles is a specim54 ',my son1' said t em95t p]son1 'gov]ns 8 "m1 8 "m gov]ns me1 ,i gov]n ! ,a!nians1 ! ,a!nians gov]n ,greece1 ,greece gov]ns ,europe1 & ,europe gov]ns ! _w2 !re=e1 my son gov]ns ! _w4' ,9 ^! in/ances1 "q ea* ass]tion1 z !re are z _m acts ( reason+ z int]m$iate propositions4 ,! ,onus ,prob&i1 or ,burd5 ( ,pro(1 is said to re/ ) him :o w\ld dispute any po9t 9 fav\r ( a presumptive1 or g5]ally all[$ tru?4 ,b manly logic holds no quibbl+ ab\t :o %all prove4 ,:atev] he ass]ts1 ! hone/ reason] %\ld be prompt to prove4 ,*alm]s1 x is said1 made ,morell kn[n--b ,morell has writt5 a synopsis ( metaphysical philosophy t only ne$$ to be kn[n to be appreciat$4 ,if ,*alm]s gave ,morell di/9ction1 ,morell _h previ\sly e>n$ x4 ,f 8 "w ,i extract ! foll[+ passage1 :i* passes 9 review ! /eps tak51 m>ks ! analytic po9t rea*$1 & outl9es ! gr\nd be=e u3--',diff]5t z 7 ! m9ds ( ^? two great m5 ,bacon & ,desc>tes 9 !mselves1 diff]5t z 7 _! respective lab\rs1 & opposite z 71 9 _m respects1 ! results at :i* !y arriv$1 yet ! writ+s ( bo? 7 m>k$ by "o & ! same great *>act]i/ic1 namely1 by ! _s ( me?od4 ,! mo/ important works ( ,bacon1 x w be rememb]$1 7 ! ,in/anratio ,magna1 & ! ,novum ,organum2 ^? ( ,desc>tes 7 8 ,diss]tatio de ,me?odo1 & 8 ,m$itationes de ,prima ,philosophia1 ,! fruitlessness ( ! anci5t logic1 z an in/rum5t ( discov]y1 _h be5 abundantly prov$ by pa/ exp]i5ce1 & ! wat*word :i* ^! two great ?9k]s ( _! age bo? utt]$1 & :i* has be5 ev] s9ce ! guid+ pr9ciple ( all philosophy1 0--analysis4 ,bacon1 :o gave 8 att5tion *iefly to ! direction & improvem5t ( physical sci5ce1 taught to analyse nature1 :ile ,desc>tes1 :o aim$ r at gr\nd+ all human k ^u its ultimate pr9ciples1 in/ruct$ h[ to analyse ?\ght4 ,all mod]n philosophy1 !re=e1 :e!r x arise f ! ,baconian or ! ,c>tesian po9t ( view1 be>s ^u x ! broad outl9e ( ! analytic me?od4 ,x matt]s n :e!r x be ! out] or ! inn] _w to :i* its inve/igations apply1 9 ea* case x tea*es u to obs]ve & analyse facts to induce in/ances1 & ^u su* obs]vation & induction to gr\nd our k ( laws & pr9ciples4 ,9 ?is alone consi/s ! ,unity ( mod]n sci5ce1 & f ?is arises its broad di/9ction f t ( ! anci5t _w4 ,e natural philosoph] s9ce ,bacon has gr\nd$ 8 success ^u an induction ( ! facts ( ! outw>d _w1 & e metaphysician1 s9ce ,desc>tes1 has progress$ onw>ds 9 8 dep>tm5t ( k by analys+ ! facts ( our inw>d consci\sness4'99 99 ,morell3 ,mod]n ,philosophy1 pp4 #gf-h4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,induction ,induction is an inf]5ce f _m facts4 ,induction is v]ification4 ,j z 9 a syllogism we %[ t a "p is conta9$ 9 ! :ole1 s 9 induction we %[ t a "p is illu/rat$ by ! :ole4 ,x seems t e s+le fact conta9s _m tru?s1 b induction e/abli%es _! univ]sality4 ,a s+le bra9 conta9s all ! tru?s ( phr5ology1 a s+le /one includes ! ph5om5a ( gravitation1 ! temp]ance ( a s+le individual exhibits ! :ole law ( mod]ation1 b we le>n ! univ]sality ( ^! tru?s by induction4 ,e legal /atute1 says ,dr4 ,johnson1 is f\nd$ on induction4 ',law is ! sci5ce 9 :i* ! greate/ p[]s ( und]/&+ are appli$ to ! greate/ numb] ( facts4' ,! basis ( all sci5ce is su* an ext5sive induction ( p>ticul>s z leads to g5]al def9itions & fundam5tal axioms1 & furni%es ! premises f :i* inf]5ces may be d$uc$4 ,inductive obs]vation is ! great in/rum5t ( discov]+ important tru?s4 ',:at are call$ ! pr9ciples ( human nature are le>n$ f individual in/ances4 ,x is ! only possible way ( le>n+ !m4 99 99 ,:5 we reason f a g5]al law or pr9ciple1 we are 9 tru? reason+ f a numb] ( in/ances repres5t$ by ,x4'99 99 ,rationale ( ,political ,repres5tation1 p4 #cd4 ,a g5]al election is an induction ( ! intellig5ce ( ! c\ntry repres5t$ by ! memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 democracy & mon>*y is 9 "o s5se an affair ( logic4 ,:]e electors are limit$ 9 fran*ise1 & c&idates re/rict$ by prop]ty qualification1 ! induction is p>tial1 b :]e all c vote & _m c be *os5 f1 ! premises are m capaci\s & ! inf]5ce s\nd]4 ,dr4 ,:ately says1 t '9 ,natural ,philosophy a s+le in/ance is (t5 acc\nt$ a suffici5t induction2 e4g41 hav+ once asc]ta9$ t an individual magnet w attract iron1 we are au?oris$ to conclude t ?is prop]ty is univ]sal4' ',! ,ed9burgh ,review] ( ,:ewell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 obs]ves t1 by ! accid5tal plac+ ( a rhomb ( calc>e\s sp>1 ^u a book or l9e1 ,b>?ol9us discov]$ ! prop]ty ( ! d\ble refraction ( light4 ,by accid5tally comb9+ two rhombs 9 diff]5t positions1 ,huyg5s discov]$ ! pol>isation ( light4 ,by accid5tally look+ ?r\gh a prism ( ! same sub/ance1 & turn+ x r\nd1 ,ma9s discov]$ ! pol>isation ( light by reflection2 & by plac+ ?9 *ry/all9e films betwe5 two simil> prisms or rhombs1 ,m4 ,arago discov]$ ! ph5om5a ( pol>is$ t9ts4 ',to ?is ,mr4 ,:ewell1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 makes ! foll[+ reply3--,b ,b>?ol9us c\ld h se5 no su* consequ5ce 9 ! accid5t1 if he _h n previ\sly _h a cle> conception ( s+le refraction4 ,a lady1 9 describ+ an optical exp]im5t :i* _h be5 %[n h]1 said ( h] tea*]1 'he told me to increase & dim9i% ! angle ( refraction3 &1 at la/1 ,i f\nd t he only meant me to move my head up & d[n4' ,at any rate1 till ! lady _h acquir$ a k ( ! mean+ :i* ! te*nical t]ms convey1 %e c\ld n h made ,b>?ol9us's discov]y by means ( ?is accid5t4 ,suppose t ,huyg5s made ! exp]im5t allud$ to1 )\t design1 :at he really obs]v$ 0 t ! images appe>$ & disappe>$ alt]nately z he turn$ ! rhomb r\nd4 ,8 success dep5d$ on 8 cle>ness ( ?\ght1 :i* enabl$ him to p]=m ! intellectual analysis :i* w\ld nev] h occurr$ to mo/ m51 h[ev] (t5 !y _h comb9$ two rhombs 9 diff]5t positions4 ,malus saw t 9 "s positions ! light reflect$ f ! w9d[s ( ! ,l\vre became dim4 ,ano!r p]son w\ld h attribut$ ?is to accid5t2 he1 h[ev]1 consid]$ ! position ( ! prism1 & ! w9d[2 repeat$ ! exp]im5t (t52 & by virtue ( ! em95tly di/9ct conceptions ( space :i* he possess$1 resolv$ ! ph5om5on into its geometrical conditions499 ,if x 7 true1 t ! fall ( an apple 0 ! occasion ( ,newton's pursu+ t tra9 ( ?\ght :i* l$ to ! doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation1 ! habits & con/itution ( ,newton's intellect 7 ! real s\rce ( ?is great ev5t 9 ! progress ( k49999 ,9 :atev] mann] facts may be pres5t$ to ! notice ( a discov]]1 !y c nev] become ! mat]ials ( exact k1 except !y f9d 8 m9d already provid$ ) precise & suitable conceptions1 by :i* !y may be analys$ & connect$4'999999 99 ,:ewell3 ,phil4 ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 vol4 #b4 pp4 #aii-a4 9999 ,ibid1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ahi4 999999 ,see ,j4 ,n4 ,bailey's ,essays pp4 #hg-h-i4 ,^! admissions seem to me to prove t :5ev] a casual fact proves to u a new tru?1 x does s by its co9cid5ce ) previ\sly kn[n facts1 & t ! novelty ( ! occasion attracts all cr$it to itself1 & we lose sight ( ! g5]alisation bel[--! fruitful soil ( exp]i5ce on :i* ! new fact1 l a se$1 falls4 ,we only recognise diff]5ce by comp>ison1 & ! comp>ison is an induction1 h[ev] sl5d]4 ,monsieur de ,montmor9e 0 recaptur$ & br\ght to ! scaffold1 ?r\gh ! trifl+ circum/ance ( "s *ick5 bones be+ f\nd ne> ! door ( 8 l&lady--a woman too poor to indulge 9 su* da9ties499 ,! discov]y ( de ,montmor9e 0 n1 z at fir/ sight appe>s1 an inf]5ce f a s+le fact1 b f an adjac5t induction4 ,x 0 a g5]al tru?1 7kn[n to ! p>ty :o obs]v$ ! bones7 a tru? induct$ f a numb] ( facts t poor p c\ld n af=d to luxuriate on *ick5s4 ,x 01 !re=e1 f ?is induction1 inf]r$ t "s "o ( sup]ior =tune mu/ be liv+ 9 t p>ticul> place4 99 ,*amb]s' ,miscellany ( ,useful & ,ent]ta9+ ,tracts1 ,no4 #fa3 ! ,/ory ( ,lavaiette1 p4 #bg ,! judici\s c>e :i* ! great fa!rs ( sci5ce h exhibit$ 9 mak+ _! inf]5ces1 inconte/ably e/abli%es _! conviction ( ! dang] ( any o!r reason+ ?an t f inductions4 ,"l ,br\gham in=ms u1 t :at ,newton's ,pr9cipia is to sci5ce1 ,locke's essay to metaphysics1 ,demo/h5es 9 oratory1 & ,hom] 9 poetry1 ,cuvi]'s rese>*es to our fossil o/eology4 ,b ,cuvi] nev] attempt$ to draw any inf]5ces until he _h exam9$ ! :ole o/eology ( ! liv+ species4 ,"l ,br\gham rem>ks1 t 'f exam9+ a s+le fragm5t ( bone we inf] t1 9 ! wilds :]e we f\nd x1 !re liv$ & rang$1 "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 an animal ( a peculi> k9d4' ,?is is a case 9 :i* ! inf]5ce spok5 ( is arriv$ at 9 a way diff]5t f t app>5tly /at$4 ,we recognise 9 ! 'fragm5t ( bone' a l9k 9 a *a9 ( facts con/itut+ ! basis ( a well-kn[n induction1 :i* comp>ative anatomy has _m times v]ifi$4 ,x is important to di/+ui% well ! gr\nds f :i* accurate inf]5ces1 su* z ^! 9 ! cases be=e u1 h really be5 adduc$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! gr\nds f :i* we %\ld reason g5]ally4 ,x w be f\nd t solid reason+ c only proce$ f g5]al rules--i4e41 inductions f facts4 ,x w be f\nd t ! prime s\rce ( fallacy lies 9 reason+ f isolat$ facts4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t su* reason+ is sometimes "r1 b x is to be rememb]$ t x is "r by accid5t1 n by design4 ,!re is no sci5ce or c]ta9ty 9 x4 ,x is haz>d1 n logic4 ,?is habit h[ev]1 is v common4 ,mr4 ,mill says1 t ',n only may we reason f p>ticul>s to p>ticul>s1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh g5]als1 b we p]petually d s reason4 ,all our e>lie/ inf]5ces are ( ?is nature4 ,f ! fir/ dawn ( intellig5ce we draw inf]5ces1 b ye>s elapse be=e we le>n ! use ( g5]al language4 ,! *ild1 :o1 hav+ burnt 8 f+]s1 avoids to ?ru/ !m aga9 into ! fire1 has reason$ or inf]r$1 ?\gh he has nev] ?\ght ( ! g5]al maxim--fire burns4 ,he kn[s f memory t he has be5 burnt1 & on ?is evid5ce believes1 :5 he sees a c&le1 t if he puts 8 f+]s into ! flame ( x1 he w be burnt aga94 ,he believes ?is 9 e case :i* happ5s to arise2 b )\t look+1 9 ea* in/ance1 beyond ! pres5t case4 ,he is n g5]alis+2 he is inf]r+ a p>ticul> f p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! same way1 also1 brutes reason4 ,!re is little or no gr\nd1 = attribut+ to any ( ! l[] animals ! use ( conv5tional signs1 )\t :i* g5]al propositions are impossible4 ,b ^? animals pr(it by exp]i5ce1 & avoid :at !y h f\nd to cause !m pa91 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh n always ) ! same skill1 z a human creature4 ,n only ! burnt *ild1 b ! burnt dog1 dreads ! fire4 ',i believe t1 9 po9t ( fact1 :5 draw+ inf]5ces f our p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & n f maxims h&$ d[n to u by books or tradition1 we mu* (t5] conclude f p>ticul>s to p>ticul>s directly1 ?an ?r\gh ! int]m$iate ag5cy ( any g5]al proposition4 ,we are con/antly reason+ f ourselves to o!r p1 or f "o p]son to ano!r1 )\t giv+ ourselves ! tr\ble to erect our obs]vations into g5]al maxims ( human or ext]nal nature4 ,:5 we conclude t "s p]son w1 on "s giv5 occasion1 feel or act s & s1 we sometimes judge f an enl>g$ consid]ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* m5 9 g5]al1 or m5 ( "s p>ticul> "*1 are accu/om$ to feel & act2 b mu* (t5] f hav+ kn[n ! feel+s & conduct ( ! same man 9 "s previ\s in/ance1 or f consid]+ h[ we %\ld feel or act ourselves4 ,x is n only ! village matron :o1 :5 call$ to a consultation ^u ! case ( a neighb\r's *ild1 pron\nces on ! evil & its rem$y simply on ! recollection & au?ority ( :at %e acc\nts ! simil> case ( h] ,lucy4 ,we all1 :]e we h no def9ite maxims to /e] by1 guide ourselves 9 ! same way2 & if we h an ext5sive exp]i5ce1 & reta9 its impressions /rongly1 we may acquire1 9 ?is mann]1 a v consid]able p[] ( accurate judgm5t1 :i* we may be utt]ly incapable ( ju/ify+ or ( communicat+ to o!rs4 ,among ! high] ord] ( practical intellects1 !re h be5 _m ( :om x 0 rem>k$ h[ admirably !y suit$ _! means to _! ends1 )\t be+ able to give any suffici5t reasons = :at !y did & appli$1 or seem$ to apply1 recondite pr9ciples :i* !y 7 :olly unable to /ate4 ,?is is a natural consequ5ce ( hav+ a m9d /or$ ) appropriate p>ticul>s1 & hav+ be5 long accu/om$ to reason at once f ^! to fre% p>ticul>s1 )\t practis+ ! habit ( /at+ to oneself or to o!rs ! correspond+ g5]al propositions4 ,an old w>rior1 on a rapid glance at ! outl9es ( ! gr\nd1 is able at once to give ! necess>y ord]s = a skilful arrangem5t ( 8 troops2 ?\gh if he has receiv$ little !oretical in/ruction1 & has seldom be5 call$ ^u to answ] to o!r p = 8 conduct1 he may nev] h _h 9 8 m9d a s+le g5]al !orem respect+ ! relation betwe5 gr\nd & array4 ,b 8 exp]i5ce ( encampm5ts1 "u circum/ances m or less simil>1 has left a numb] ( vivid1 unexpress$1 ung5]alis$ analogies 9 8 m9d1 ! mo/ appropriate ( :i*1 in/antly sugge/+ itself1 det]m9es him to a judici\s arrangem5t4 ',! skill ( an un$ucat$ p]son 9 ! use ( weapons1 or ( tools1 is ( a precisely simil> nature4 ,! savage :o executes un]r+ly ! exact ?r[ :i* br+s d[n 8 game1 or 8 enemy1 9 ! mann] mo/ suit$ to 8 purpose1 "u ! op]ation ( all ! conditions necess>ily involv$1 ! weight & =m ( ! weapon1 ! direction & di/ance ( ! object1 ! action ( ! w9d1 c41 owes ?is p[] to a long s]ies ( previ\s exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* he c]ta9ly nev] fram$ into any v]bal !orems or rules4 ,x is ! same 9 all extraord9>y manual dext]ity4 ,n long ago a ,scot* manufactur] procur$ f ,engl&1 at a high rate ( wages1 a work+ dy]1 fam\s = produc+ v f9e col\rs1 ) a view ( tea*+ to 8 o!r workm5 ! same skill4 ,! workman came2 b 8 mode ( proportion+ ! +r$i5ts1 9 :i* lay ! secret ( ! effects he produc$1 0 by tak+ !m up 9 h&fuls :ile ! common me?od 0 to weigh !m4 ,! manufactur] s\ght to make him turn 8 h&l+ sy/em into an equival5t weigh+ sy/em1 t ! g5]al pr9ciple ( 8 peculi> mode ( proce$+ might be asc]ta9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! man f\nd himself q unable to d1 & !re=e c\ld imp>t 8 skill to nobody4 ,he _h1 f ! individual cases ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 e/abli%$ a connection 9 8 m9d betwe5 f9e effects ( col\r1 & tactual p]ceptions 9 h&l+ 8 dye+ mat]ials2 & f ^! p]ceptions he c\ld1 9 any p>ticul> cases1 inf] ! means to be employ$1 & ! effect :i* w\ld be produc$1 b c\ld n put o!rs 9 possession ( ! gr\nds on :i* he proce$$1 f hav+ nev] g5]alis$ !m 9 8 own m9d1 or express$ !m 9 language4 ',almo/ e "o kn[s ,"l ,mansfield's advice to a man ( practical good s5se1 :o1 be+ appo9t$ gov]nor ( a colony1 _h to preside 9 its c\rt ( ju/ice1 )\t previ\s judicial practice or legal education4 ,! advice 0 to give 8 decision boldly1 = x w\ld probably be "r2 b nev] to v5ture on assign+ reasons1 = !y w\ld almo/ infallibly be wrong4 ,9 cases l ?is1 :i* are ( no uncommon occurr5ce1 x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! bad reason 0 ! s\rce ( ! good decision4 ,"l ,mansfield knew t if any reason 7 assign$ x w\ld be necess>ily an aft]?\ght1 ! judge be+ 9 fact guid$ by impressions f pa/ exp]i5ce1 )\t ! circuit\s process ( fram+ g5]al pr9ciples f !m1 & t if he attempt$ to frame any su* he w\ld assur$ly fail4 ,"l ,mansfield1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h d\bt$ t a man ( equal exp]i5ce1 :o _h also a m9d /or$ ) g5]al propositions d]iv$ by legitimate induction f t exp]i5ce1 w\ld h be5 greatly pref]able z a judge1 to "o1 h[ev] sagaci\s1 :o c\ld n be tru/$ ) ! explanation & ju/ification ( 8 own judgm5ts4 ,! cases ( able m5 p]=m+ wond]ful ?+s !y "k n h[1 are examples ( ! less civilis$ & mo/ spontane\s =m ( ! op]ations ( sup]ior m9ds ,x is a defect 9 !m1 & (t5 a s\rce ( errors1 n to h g5]alis$ z !y w5t on2 b g5]alisation is a help1 ! mo/ important inde$ ( all helps1 yet n an ess5tial4'99 99 ,mill's ,logic1 pp4 #bea-e4 ,9 illu/ration ( g5]alis+ f s+le in/ances1 ,miss ,m>t9eau gives ?is example3--',a raw ,*9ese travell] 9 ,engl& 0 l&$ by a ,?ames wat]man :o _h a wood5 leg4 ,! /rang] saw t ! wood5 leg 0 us$ to /& 9 ! wat] )1 :ile ! o!r 0 high & dry4 ,! app>5t economy ( ! fact /ruck ! ,*9ese2 he saw 9 x /rong evid5ce ( design1 & wrote home t 9 ,engl& "o-legg$ m5 are kept = wat]m51 to ! sav+ ( all injury to heal?1 %oe1 & /ock+1 f /&+ 9 ! riv]4'99 ,reason+ on insuffici5t data-- ,falls l an inv]t$ cone1 ,want+ its prop] base to /& ^u4 ,samuel ,bailey has furni%$1 9 "o passage1 bo? a cle> illu/ration ( ! process1 & ! validity ( an induction3--',:oev] _h witness$ ! acts ( a l&lord to 8 t5ants1 ( a s*oolma/] to 8 pupils1 ( artizans t[>ds _! appr5tices1 ( husb&s t[>ds _! wives1 on po9ts :]e ! p[] ( ! sup]ior c\ld n be conte/$1 & :]e 8 p]sonal gratification 0 incompatible ) j conduct to ! subord9ate1 w\ld necess>ily h =m$ 9 8 own m9d a species ( g5]al rule2 & f ?is rule he might safely draw an inf]5ce z to :at w\ld be ! conduct ( a despot1 seat$ on a ?rone1 9 ! possession ( un*eck$ au?ority2 assi/$ too1 z ! inquir] w\ld be1 by t indisp5sable & ine/imable guide to ! k ( mank9d1 an appeal to 8 own feel+s1 9 a v>iety ( analog\s in/ances4 ',we conclude1 t a rul] ) uncontroll$ p[] w act ! tyrant1 n m]ely f ! fact t ,caligula1 or ,n]o1 or ,bonap>te did1 b f a ?\s& facts atte/+ t m51 91 e situation1 use uncontroll$ p[] 9 ?is way--j z we inf] t all bodies t5d to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 n m]ely f ! circum/ance ( an apple dropp+ f a tree1 b f see+ ! t5d5cy 9 /ones1 wat]1 animals1 & all ?+s )9 our obs]vation4 ,! use ( uncontroll$ p[]1 = ! gratification ( ! possessor1 )\t an equitable respect to o!rs1 is no m peculi> to mon>*s1 ?an a t5d5cy to ! e>? is peculi> to apples4 ,x may be useful to "k t mon>*s act 9 ?is way1 z x may be useful to "k t apples drop to ! gr\nd2 b x is mu* m useful to "k t m5 act 9 ?is mann]4 ,an inf]5ce is saf] :5 ga!r$ f ! wide/ induction4' 99 ,h[ to ,obs]ve1 p4 #f4 9999 ,rationale ( ,political ,repres5tation4 ,introduction1 pp4 #he-f4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ?is extract is abridg$--b1 z ! read] w f9d ^u ref]5ce1 ! s5se ( ! au?or is fai?fully r5d]$4 ,x may be useful to obs]ve t1 ?\gh a few in/ances are insuffici5t to e/abli% a !ory1 "o may be suffici5t to ov]turn a !ory1 fancifully or hypo!tically support$1 ,gibbon ov]turns ! ent]ta9+ !ory ( ,rudbeck1 an antiqu>ian ( ,upsal1 ( pr(\nd le>n+ & easy fai?1 :o1 by ! dim light ( leg5ds & traditions1 ( conjectures & etymologies1 s\ght to e/abli% ! antiquity ( ,sw$5 ov] half ! e>?4 ,gibbon annihilat$ ?is well lab\r$ sy/em ( ,g]man antiquities1 by a s+le fact too well atte/$ to admit ( any d\bt1 & ( too decisive a nature to leave room = any reply--! fact t ! ,g]mans1 ( ! age ( ,tacitus1 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( lett]s4 ,a circum/ance fatal to _! lit]>y claims1 urg$ by ,olaus ,rudbeck4 ,9 ! *apt] on ',facts' ,i h caution$ ! read] aga9/ unque/ion$ data4 ,?is seems ! place to rem>k t ! unsuspect$ s\rces ( error & unfri5dl9ess h _! rise 9 ! crim9al implicitness ) :i* we li/5 to reports1 & inf] f rum\rs z f facts4 ,^! are ! v little h&les :i* move m5 & wom5 to /range p]=mances4'99 ,all ! plots ( dramas & romances are f\nd$ on misund]/&+s1 :i* a little sagacity ( action 7su* z a wise resolution n to be impos$ ^u w\ld lead to7 w\ld commonly suffice to arre/ ! error at its bir?4 ,) reg>d to "* we con/antly inf] f data1 p>tial1 limit$1 & d\btful4 ,if mo/ qu>rel]s 7 call$ into a c\rt ( ,inquiry to confess ! real gr\nds f :i* !y h arriv$ at c]ta9 conclusions ) reg>d to _! neighb\rs1 & (t5 ) reg>d to _! fri5ds1 !y w\ld be at once ov]:elm$ ) a conviction ( ! weakness ( :i* !y h be5 guilty4 ,^u analys+ ! mis]able s\rces ( op9ions ( :i* sc&al & calumny are born1 ,i h f\nd x impossible to re/ra9 a/oni%m5t at ! imbecility ( logical p[] m5 w sometimes be cont5t to exhibit1 :]e meanness prevails1 malice incites1 & passion gov]ns4 ,well might ,bacon exclaim--',do? any man d\bt1 t if !re 7 tak5 out ( m5's m9ds1 va9 op9ions1 flatt]+ hopes1 false valuations1 imag9ations1 & ! l1 b x w\ld leave ! m9ds ( a numb] ( m5 poor %runk5 ?+s8'9999 ,! wise rule is1 nev] judge f appe>ances :5 facts c be _h--nev] receive a report )\t *all5g+ its f\ndation1 nor adopt x )\t p]mission to give ! au?ority4 99 ,cricket on ! ,he>?4 9999 ,essay on ,tru?4 ,9 all cases1 9 :i* y mu/ judge f appe>ances & reason f conjectures1 adopt ! faire/ int]pretation possible4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 cr$it w sometimes be giv5 :]e none is due--b 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ju/ice w be done1 = ,i am satisfi$ t !re is m wor? among m5 ?an wisdom1 & t we d well mu* (t5] ?an we reason well4 ,we seldom ne$ judge *>itably1 did we always endeav\r to judge ju/ly4 ,b we make a virtue ( our own errors1 & we (t5 affect to condesc5d to pron\nce an op9ion1 :i* x w\ld be crim9al to )hold4 ,if ev] ,i g to ! ,h]ald's1 (fice1 ! motto ,i w h emblazon$ %all be ?is--,ju/ice is suffici5t4 ,c\ld we only get ju/ice 9 ! _w1 we c\ld af=d to excuse x all its '*>ity' ( judgm5t1 & its b5evol5ce ev5 ( act4 ,:]e %\ld a man's reputation be safe f suspicion if n 9 ! h&s ( 8 fri5d8 ,x ought to be a pr9ciple ( action ) all m51 nev] to judge a fri5d except out ( 8 own m\?4 ',!re 0 a g5]\s fri5d ( m9e once1 :o nev] w\ld h judg$ me or any o!r man unhe>d4'99 ,) ! sublime int5sity ( "o :o felt ! inf9ite value ( private ju/ice1 has ,s*ill] del9eat$ ?is _s 9 ! int]view betwe5 ,octavio & 8 son ,max ,piccolom9i4 ,aft] a viol5t & visible /ruggle ) 8 feel+s--wr\ght ^u by 8 fa!r's endeav\rs to s[ suspicions 9 8 m9d1 & deta* him f ! s]vice ( 8 fri5d1 ,wall5/e9--,max exclaims3-- 99 ,edw>d to ,mr4 ,pe]yb+4 ,i w procure me light a %ort] way4 ,f>ewell4 ,octavio4 ,:]e n[8 ,max4 7,to ! ,duke47 ,if ?\ ha/ believ$ t ,i %all act ,a "p 9 ?is ?y play---- ,?\ ha/ miscalculat$ on me griev\sly4 ,my way mu/ be /raight on4 ,true ) ! tongue1 ,false ) ! he>t--,i may n1 _c be3 ,nor c ,i suff] t a man %\ld tru/ me-- ,z 8 fri5d tru/ me--& !n lull my consci5ce ,) su* l[ pleas z ^!3--,i ask him n-- ,he did x all at 8 own haz>d--& ,my m\? has nev] li$ to him4--,no1 no ,:at a fri5d takes me =1 t ,i mu/ be4 --,i'll to ! ,duke2 ere yet ?is day is end$ ,w ,i dem& ( him t he d save ,8 good "n f ! _w1 & ) "o /ride ,break ?r\gh & r5d ?is f9e-spun web ( y\rs4 ,he c1 he w6--,i /ill am 8 believ]4 ,yet ,i'll n pl$ge myself1 b t ^? lett]s ,may furni% y1 p]*ance1 ) pro(s aga9/ him4 ,h[ f> may n ?is ,t]tsky h proce$$-- ,:at may n he himself too h p]mitt$ ,himself to d1 to sn>e ! enemy1 ,! laws ( w> excus+8 ,no?+1 save ,8 own m\? %all convict him--no?+ less6 ,& face to face w ,i g "q him4 ,ay--?is /ate-policy8 ,o h[ ,i curse x6 ,y w "s "t1 ) y\r /ate-policy1 ,compel him to ! measure2 x may happ5 ,because ye are det]m9$ t he is guilty1 ,guilty ye'll make him4 ,all retreat cut (f1 ,y close up e outlet1 hem him 9 ,n>r[] & n>r[]1 till at l5g? ye =ce him-- ,yes1 ye1--ye =ce him 9 8 desp]ation1 ,to set fire to 8 prison4 ,fa!r6 fa!r6 ,t nev] c end well--x _c--w n6 ,deem ( x :at ?\ wilt2 b p>don me1 ,t ,i mu/ be> me on 9 my own way4 ,all mu/ rema9 pure betwixt him & me2 ,&1 ere ! day-light dawns1 x mu/ be kn[n ,:i* ,i mu/ lose--my fa!r1 or my fri5d499 99 ,%ill]'s ,piccolom9i1 act #c1 sc5e #i4 ,_h ,o!llo be5 ?us hon\rable to ,desdemona1 he w\ld nev] h murd]$ h]4 ,incalculable is ! evil we br+ on ourselves & society1 by suppos+ & surmis+ facts we ought resolutely to "q4 ,! motto ( ! g>t]-- ,evil be to him :o evil ?9ks1 ought to be1 ,evil is to him :o evil ?9ks4 ,e man w be 8 own ,lawy] & 8 own ,doctor1 & su* is ! p]v]sity ( human nature1 he w also be 8 own ,iago1 & fe$ himself ) suspicions4 ,ne>ly all trag$ies h+e on ?is error4 ,to avoid be+ ! cause ( misund]/&+ to o!rs1 x is a good rule nev] to speak critically ( o!rs1 except 9 _! pres5ce1 or 9 pr9t4 ,:5 ,i am oblig$ to d ?is 9 conv]sation1 ) p]sons ( unkn[n or d\btful exactitude1 ,i take c>e to keep mu* bel[ ! tru? 9 matt]s ( c5sure1 z any?+ ( t k9d may ga9 t5 or tw5ty p] c5t1 9 c>riage4 ,:5 ) m5 ( j habits ( int]pretation1 ,i pay !m ! highe/ complim5t ( fri5d%ip1 & speak to !m ( o!rs1 )\t res]ve4 ,notori\s are ! contumelies put ^u ! cases ( grievance pres5t$ f ! p 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,nor is x altoge!r causeless4 ,s prone are ! ignorant to mi/ake _! prejudices = facts1 & ascribe to o!rs z crimes :at exi/s only 9 _! own surmises1 t mo/ popul> cases may be /ripp$ ( half _! pret5sions )\t injur+ _! tru?4 ,exagg]ation is ! vice ( ignorance4 ,half ! spee*es address$ to ',k+ ,mob' are hyp]bolic4 ,! s5tim5ts ( public meet+s m9i/] too (t5 to ! preval5t inflation4 ,! p w be p[]ful :5 !y le>n to be exact--& n till !n4 ,! only mode ( correct+ ?is evil is to in/il into ! p ! wise rule ( ,burlamiqui4 ,to reason1 7t is1 inductively7 says ?is writ]1 is to calculate1 & z x 7 draw up an acc\nt1 aft] balanc+ all argum5ts1 9 ord] to see on :i* side ! advantage lies4 ,burlamiqui _h law *iefly 9 view 9 8 rem>k1 b ! rule is ( imm5se application4 ,a logician is a secret>y or bank]'s cl]k1 :o keeps an acc\nt betwe5 tru? & error4 ,:5 a lady once consult$ ,dr4 ,johnson on ! degree ( turpitude to be atta*$ to h] son's robb+ an or*>d--',madam1' said ,johnson1 'x all dep5ds ^u ! weight ( ! boy4 ,i rememb] my s*oolfell[1 ,davy ,g>rick1 :o 0 always a little fell[1 robb+ a doz5 or*>ds ) impunity1 b ! v fir/ "t ,i climb$ up an apple tree1 = ,i 0 always a heavy boy1 ! b\gh broke ) me1 & x 0 call$ a judgm5t4 ,i suppose t is :y ,ju/ice is repres5t$ ) a pair ( scales4' ,?is may n be ! precise reason :y ,ju/ice has a pair ( scales1 b ! po9t goes to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,)\t weigh+ !re c be nei!r ju/ice nor fair induction4 ,9 illu/ration ( ^! views ,mr4 ,mill has "s able rem>ks3--',9 proportion to any p]son's defici5cy ( k & m5tal cultivation1 is g5]ally 8 inability to discrim9ate betwe5 8 inf]5ces & ! p]ceptions on :i* !y 7 gr\nd$4 ,_m a m>vell\s tale _m a sc&al\s anecdote1 owes its orig9 to ?is incapacity4 ,! n>rat] relates1 n :at he saw or he>d1 b ! impression :i* he d]iv$ f :at he saw or he>d1 & ( :i* p]haps ! great] "p consi/$ ( inf]5ce1 ?\gh ! :ole is relat$ n z inf]5ce b z matt]-(-fact4 ,! difficulty ( induc+ witnesses to re/ra91 )9 any mod]ate limits1 ! int]mixture ( _! inf]5ces ) ! n>rative ( _! p]ceptions1 is well kn[n to exp]i5c$ cross-exam9]s2 & /ill m is ?is ! case :5 ignorant p]sons attempt to describe any natural ph5om5on4 ,! simple/ n>rative1 says ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ( ! mo/ illit]ate obs]v] involves m or less ( hypo!sis nay1 9 g5]al1 x w be f\nd t1 9 proportion to 8 ignorance1 ! great] is ! numb] ( conjectural pr9ciple involv$ 9 8 /atem5ts4 ,a village apo!c>y 7&1 if possible1 9 a /ill great] degree1 an exp]i5c$ nurse7 is seldom able to describe2 ! pla9e/ case1 )\t employ+ a phraseology ( :i* e ^w is a !ory2 :]eas a simple & g5u9e specification ( ! ph5om5a :i* m>k a p>ticul> disease--a specification unsophi/icat$ by fancy1 or by preconceiv$ op9ions1 may be reg>d$ z unequivocal evid5ce ( a m9d tra9$ by long & successful /udy to ! mo/ difficult ( all arts1 t ( ! fai?ful int]pretation ( nature4'99 99 ,logic1 pp4 #djh-i1 vol4 #b4 ,x is 9 judgm5ts =m$1 9 repreh5sible indiff]5ce to ! actual facts ( ! case1 t p>ty ranc\r & ! prov]bial inju/ice ( popul> political op9ion take _! rise4 ,a useful caution on ?is head is pron\nc$ by ,"l ,br\gham 9 8 sket* ( ! life ( ,"l ,wellesley3--',h[ (t5 d we see1' obs]ves 8 lord%ip1 'vehem5t3 & unceas+2 attacks made ^u a m9i/] or a /atesman1 p]haps n 9 ! public s]vice1 = some?+ :i* he does n *oose to def5d or expla91 re/+ 8 claims to ! confid5ce ( 8 c\ntrym5 ^u 8 pa/ ex]tions & 8 kn[n "*4 ,yet ^! assaults are unremitt+ly made ^u him1 & ! p believe t s mu* noise c\ld n be /irr$ up )\t some?+ to au?orise x4 ,sometimes ! objects ( ! calumny are sil5t f disda92 sometimes f kn[+ t ! base propagators ( x w only return to _! sl&] ! m eag]ly alt] _! conviction ( falsehood2 b sometimes1 also1 ! sil5c] may be ow+ to (ficial res]ve1 ( :i* we see a mo/ rem>kable in/ance 9 ! ease ( ,"l ,wellesly4' ,n only are enemies ( ! p af=d$ a ju/ification = _! opposition by wrongful judgm5t pron\nc$ ^u !m1 b ! fri5ds ( ! p (t5 pass ov] to ! o!r side ?r\gh ! same cause4 ,:5 a lead] ( ! p fir/ comes 9 p]sonal contact ) ! opposite p>ty1 & becomes acqua9t$ ) m]its ( feel+ & judgm5t :i* he _h z x 7 pl$g$ himself to d5y1 & inde$ a*iev$ himself a position by disbeliev+ 91 he becomes a%am$ ( ! inju/ice exact$ f him by 8 inexorable adh]5ts1 & =sakes 8 p>ty :5 he %\ld only =sake its errors4 ,! case ( ,b>nave1 9 ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution1 is a memorable in/ance ( ?is4 ,on less] !atres ,i h se5 _m in/ances ( ?is k9d ( conv]sion2 ,su* *anges h always be5 ascrib$ to v5ality1 yet !y are m5 ( g5]\s in/9cts :o are ?us ov]come--b !y want logical /r5g?1 & _c correct !mselves )\t fall+4 ,x is a wise rule 9 conv]sation1 nev] to guess at mean+s4 ,:51 an obs]vation is made1 capable ( af=d+ two inf]5ces1 at once put ! "q :i* %all elicit ! mean+ int5d$4 ,conv]sation is held to no purpose unless explicitness comes out ( x4 ,innum]able are ! errors t arise ?r\gh lett+ rem>ks pass1 ( :i* we only suppose we "k ! purport4 ,?is is a fruitful s\rce ( misund]/&+4 ,:5 9 ,scotl& ,i 0 mu* in/ruct$ by ! intellectual *>act]i/ics ( ! p4 ,! ,scot* are ess5tially a reflective p4 ,! ,engli% conceive d\bts1 b ! ,scot* put !m into qu]ies4 ,be=e ,i _h be5 9 ! c\ntry _m h\rs ,i 0 /ruck by ! inductive habits ( ! p4 ,a v old & illit]ate woman1 to :om ,i put an indef9ite "q1 ey$ me delib]ately f head to foot be=e %e gave me an answ]4 ,n 9 rud5ess did %e gaze1 s mu* z 9 inquiry z to :at c\ld be my object4 ,i sp5t m ?an a week 9 inquir+ at places1 :]e ap>tm5ts 7 to be let1 by :i* ,i acquir$ pr(itable acqua9tance ) ! p4 ,^u ask+ ! t]ms ( ap>tm5ts1 ,i 0 met1 9 all cases1 by sev]al prelim9>y que/ions1 z = :om 7 !y8 :at numb] ( p]sons8 :at /ation1 habits1 & probable /ay8 ,!n ,i receiv$ ! precise answ] requir$4 ,x did n seem to me t !y 7 answ]+ "o "q by ask+ ano!r1 z is sometimes said ( ! ,scot*--b by a happy & wise pres5ce ( m9d !y ask$1 z all %\ld d1 at _m que/ions z 7 requir$ to complete ! data ( ! specific answ] !y 7 call$ ^u to give4 ,a wise practice is foll[$ 9 c\rts ( law4 ,no judge pron\nces an op9ion on a hypo!tical case4 ,:at he w\ld d8 or :at w\ld be ! judgm5t ( ! law1 suppose a c]ta9 case %\ld arise8--are que/ions he nev] condesc5ds to answ]4 ',br+ ! pla9tiff into c\rt1 let ! evid5ce be tak51 & !n we w decide4 ,we sit "h to judge actual1 n suppositi\s cases4' ,su* w\ld be ! reply4 ,p out ( c\rt might pr(it by ! example4 ,i rememb] "o /rik+ in/ance ( ! p]nici\s effects ( surmise4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i took "p 9 a ,frat]nal ,demon/ration at ,highbury ,b>n4 ,! assembly 0 num]\s1 & compos$ ( p]sons ( all nations & all p>ties4 ,! celebration 0 av[$ly "o ( frat]nity4 ,! tone ( ! meet+ reflect$ its object4 ,pacific words 7 on e tongue1 & h>mony reign$ up till elev5 o'clock4 ,at t h\r ,monsieur ,*illman ask$ me if "s /eps c\ld n be tak5 to annualize ! meet+1 & he reque/$ me to prep>e & propose a resolution to t effect4 ,monsieur ,*illman1 ?9k+ ! resolution ought to come f an ,engli%man1 /rongly urg$ me to move x4 ,i1 ?9k+ x too important to emanate f a "y man1 look$ ab\t = a p]son ( exp]i5ce & kn[n discretion to introduce x4 ,aft] sev]al _h decl9$1 ,mr4 ,he!r+ton und]took x4 ,! ,engli% politicians 7 compos$ ( two p>ties1 ! fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,o',connor1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,national ,hall4 ,at t "t !y 7 pleas$ to be ! antipodes ( ea* o!r4 ,no soon] _h ,mr4 ,he!r+ton spok51 he be+ ! fri5d ( ,mr4 ,lovett1 ?an 8 motion 0 suppos$ to come f ,mr4 ,lovett's p>ty1 ?\gh !y 7 utt]ly ignorant ( its orig9ation4 ,clam\r's hundr$ tongues 7 loos5$4 ,slumb]+ diff]5ces 7 awak5$4 ,suspicion spread l an infection4 ,frat]nity p]i%$ ( ! contagion4 ,tw5ty am5dm5ts 7 propos$1 & x 0 n till midnight1 & !n 9 a /orm indescribably contradictory ( ! meet+'s :ole purport1 t a common und]/&+ 0 come to4 ,_h ! lea/ inquiry be5 made by ! object+ p>ty1 previ\sly to diss5t+1 !y w\ld h f\nd t ! suspici\s proposition orig9at$ ) "o ( !mselves4 ,b assum+ premises1 !y inf]r$ f conjecture in/ead ( fact1 & rais$ disa/r\s d\bts z to ! ability ( t assembly = dome/ic or int]national frat]nisation4 ,! use & abuse ( au?ority ,is a subject wor?y ( ! "y logician's s]i\s att5tion4 ,_m great writ]s l ,bacon1 ?r\gh policy--,burke ?r\gh position1 or ,%aksp]e ?r\gh v]satility ( g5ius1 h writt5 on bo? sides ( important que/ions4 ,su* m51 tak5 piece-meal1 may be quot$ by ! mo/ opposite p>ties 9 fav\r ( ! mo/ opposite op9ions4 ,unless !re is "t to make a broad induction f _! writ+s1 %[+1 by weighty1 quantitive evid5ce1 ! side to :i* !y lean$1 bett] n quote !m z au?orities at all1 b give :at expresses y\r own views on y\r own responsibility--inde$1 9 all cases1 ! quot] ought to /& prep>$1 if possible1 to ju/ify all he cites f ano!r 9 argum5t4 ',!re is p]haps some?+ weak & s]vile 9 our wi%+ to rely on1 or draw assi/ance f1 anci5t op9ions4 ,reason ought n1 l vanity1 to adorn h]self ) old p>*m5ts1 & ! display ( a g5ealogical tree2 m dignifi$ 9 h] proce$+s1 %e ought to d]ive ev]y?+ f h]self2 %e %\ld disreg>d pa/ times1 & be1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 ! contempor>y ( all ages4'99 ,quote o!rs z ,grotius did3 n z judges f ^: decision !re is no appeal1 b z witnesses ^: conspir+ te/imony confirms ! view tak54 99 ,neck]4 ,analogy has frequ5tly be5 conf\nd$ ) induction4 ,analogy signifies reason+ f resemblances subsi/+ betwe5 ph5om5a--induction1 reason+ f ! sam5ess ( ph5om5a4 ,! ph5om5a af=d+ an induction ( a law ( nature mu/ be obvi\s1 uni=m1 & univ]sal4 ,! rules to be obs]v$ 9 d$uc+ g5]al pr9ciples are1 t ! case be true & ! facts univ]sal4 ,on ?is subject1 z exhibit+ ! cle>e/ results arriv$ at1 ,i transcribe a passage f ,mill3 ',!re is no ^w :i* is us$ m loosely1 or 9 a great] v>iety ( s5ses1 ?an analogy4 ,x sometimes /&s = argum5ts :i* may be examples ( ! mo/ rigid induction4 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 = in/ance1 foll[+ ,f]guson & o!r writ]s1 def9es analogy con=mably to its primitive acceptation1 t :i* 0 giv5 to x by ma!maticians1 resemblance ( relations4 ,9 ?is s5se1 :5 a c\ntry :i* has s5t out colonies is t]m$ ! "m c\ntry1 ! expression is analogical1 signify+ t ! colonies ( a c\ntry /& 9 ! same relation to h] 9 :i* *ildr5 /& to _! p>5ts4 ,& if any inf]5ce be drawn f ?is resemblance ( relations1 z1 = in/ance1 t ! same ob$i5ce or affection is due f colonies to ! "m c\ntry :i* is due f *ildr5 to a p>5t1 ?is is call$ reason+ by analogy4 ,or if x be argu$ t a nation is mo/ b5eficially gov]n$ by an assembly elect$ by ! p1 f ! admitt$ fact t o!r associations = a common purpose1 su* z jo9t /ock companies1 are be/ manag$ by a committee *os5 by ! p>ties int]e/$2 ?is1 too1 is an argum5t f analogy 9 ! prec$+ s5se1 because its f\ndation is1 n t a nation is l a jo9t /ock company1 or ,p>liam5t l a bo>d ( directors1 b t ,p>liam5t /&s 9 ! same relation to ! nation 9 :i* a bo>d ( directors /&s to a jo9t /ock company4 ,n[1 9 an argum5t ( ?is nature1 !re is no inh]5t inf]iority ( conclusiv5ess l o!r argum5ts f resemblance1 x may am\nt to no?+1 or x may be a p]fect & conclusive induction4 ,! circum/ance 9 :i* ! two cases resemble1 may be capable (3 be+ %[n to be ! mat]eal circum/ance2 to be t on :i* all ! consequ5ces1 necess>y to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! p>ticul> discussion1 dep5d4 ,9 ! case 9 "q1 ! resemblance is "o ( relation2 ! fundam5tum relationis be+ ! managem5t1 by a few p]sons1 ( affairs 9 :i* a mu* great] numb] are int]e/$ along ) !m4 ,n[1 "s may cont5d t ?is circum/ance :i* is common to ! two cases1 & ! v>i\s consequ5ces :i* foll[ f x1 h ! *ief %>e 9 det]m9+ all ^? effects :i* make up :at we t]m good or bad adm9i/ration4 ,if !y c e/abli% ?is1 _! argum5t has ! =ce ( a rigid induction3 if !y _c1 !y are said to h fail$ 9 prov+ ! analogy betwe5 ! two cases1 a mode ( spee* :i* implies t :5 ! analogy c be prov$1 ! argum5t f\nd$ ^u x _c be resi/$4'99 99 ,logic1 pp4 #ig-h1 vol4 #b4 ',_m ( ! mo/ spl5did & important discov]ies 9 ?is sci5ce 7 ! result ( analogical reason+s4 ,x 0 f ?is s\rce t ,dr4 ,prie/ley prov$ ! comp\nd nature ( atmosph]ic air2 & x is relat$ t x 0 9 consequ5ce ( h9ts :i* he _h giv51 :5 on a visit to ,p>is1 to ,lavoisi]1 f\nd$ entirely ^u analogical conjectures1 t ! latt] philosoph] 0 induc$ to comm5ce exp]im5ts1 ) ! view ( prov+ ! comp\nd nature ( wat]1 & ( r$uc+ x to its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,inde$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is v important & useful dep>tm5t ( human k exhibits v /rik+ & inconte/able pro(s h[ mu* ( ! art ow$ its exi/5ce to m]e h9ts & conjectures1 f\nd$1 9 _m cases1 ^u v slight resemblances or analogies4994 ,! *ief prov9ce ( analogy is conf9$ to t ( sugge/ion4 ,analogies are ! great h9t]s ( exp]im5ts4 ,!y illu/rate an argum5t1 b d n e/abli% x4 ,!y are probabilities1 n pro(s4 ,h5ce ,"l ,br\gham 9 "o place exclaims3--',i h a dread1 at lea/ a suspicion1 ( all analogies1 & nev] m ?an :5 on ! slipp]y heights ( an obscure subject2 :5 we are1 z x 71 int] apices ( a metaphysical argum5t1 & feel+1 p]haps grop+1 our way 9 ! d>k1 or among ! cl\ds4 ,i !n reg>d analogy z a dang]\s light1 a trea*]\s ignii fatuus4'9999 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! fallacy ( analogy is af=d$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,matteuoci1 :i* seem to prove t ?\gh ! analogies betwe5 electricity & n]v\s sub/ance are ne>ly p]fect1 yet !y are two di/9ct ag5cies4999999 99 ,blakey's ,logic1 pp4 #ig-g4 9999 ,pal4 ,illus4 vol4 #b4 999999 ,see ,zoi/ ,no4 #bj1 p4 #cfc4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,detection ,,( ,,fallacies ,,we hope to be able to save /ud5ts f ! fate ( ,diodorus1 7a great logician1 :o di$ 9 8 s*ool ?r\gh %ame at be+1 unable to resolve a quibble prop\nd$ by ,/ilno7--n by h>d5+1 b by enlight5+ !m4 ,?\gh we br+ nei!r mood nor figure :]e) to te/ ! pres5ce ( error1 we are n )\t ! hope ( qualify+ ! /ud5t = its discov]y4 ,x has be5 confess$ f ! ?rone ( logic t1 ',aft] all1 9 ! practical detection ( ea* individual fallacy1 mu* mu/ dep5d on natural & acquir$ acut5ess3 nor c any rules be giv51 ! m]e le>n+ ( :i* w enable u to apply !m ) me*anical c]ta9ty & read9ess4' ,bulw]1 9 rem>k+ t error is a view ( "s facts in/ead ( a survey ( all1 indicat$ ! key to logical fallacy4 ,error lies pr9cipally 9 defective premises4 ,sophi/ry 9 sci5ce is ref]able to incomplete analysis ( nature1 ( sy/ems--to artificial arrangem5ts--to suppos+ qualities1 to assum+ pr9ciples1 to false inductions f imp]fect demon/ration4 ,dick5s1 9 ',ni*olas ,nickleby1' gives ! case ( a c]ta9 lady1 :o1 because %e knew "o "y mill9]1 :o reta9$ r$ *eeks & did n die ( consumption1 0 immovably ( op9ion t all repres5tations ( ! injuri\s effect ( su* s$5t>y occupation 7 false4 ,x is ev] s ) ! vulg>4 ,"s "o case has come "u _! notice1 & x is 9 va9 t y appeal to a *a9 ( facts4 ,!y "k no?+ ( induction--!y "k "o case to ! contr>y1 & t is en\gh4 ,?is error is ! s\rce ( vulg> prejudice4 ,once tea* m5 t tru? does n lie 9 a s+le in/ance1 b 9 a calculation 9 a balance ( probabilities1 & y rationalise !m4 ',! *apt] ( accid5ts or s+le in/ances is ! ,bible ( ! fool--x supplies him ) a text aga9/ ev]y?+ great1 or good1 or wise4'99 99 ,times4 ,:]e o!rs toil ) philosophic =ce1 ,_! nimble nons5se takes a %ort] c\rse1 ,fl+s at y\r head convictions 9 ! lump1 ,& ga9s' remote conclusions ) a jump4--,c[p]1 ,! fir/ s\rce ( error is defective induction4 ,we easily arrive at ?is po9t ( exam9ation by ! que/ions we h propos$ = use 9 ! te/ ( syllogism4 ,=m]ly1 "o syllogism 0 requir$ to be defeat$ by ano!r--we n[ attack a fallacy by induction4 ,no false syllogism1 says ,bi5nan1 c resi/ ! inductive process ( sift+ p>ticul>s4 ,i d n l !e4 ,dr4 ,fell1 ,! reason :y1 ,i _c tell-- ,b ?is ,i "k1 & "k full well1 ,i d n l !e1 ,dr4 ,fell4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ w n d4 ,induction pursues ! reason] ) an et]nal :y4 ,a cle> because to a cle> :y1 is a dem& t is nev] remitt$ 9 s\nd logic4 ,"l ,melb\rne1 9 giv+ 8 reason = 8 religion 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 said x 0 ! religion ( 8 =efa!rs & t ( 8 c\ntry1 !re=e1 he w\ld support ! *ur*4 7,*e]s f ! opposition b5*es47 ,! ,brahm9 & ,mussulman give ! same reason = !irs4 ,a logician 9 facts w\ld h said1 ,i hold & support my religion because x is true4 ,:at ! /&>d ( physical c]ta9ty is to facts1 :at axioms are to sci5ce1 su* is induction to syllogisms--x is ! te/ ( _! correctness4 ,dr4 ,:ately exhibits ! foll[+ in/ance ( a regul>ly express$ syllogism3-- ,e disp5sation ( ,provid5ce is b5eficial3 ,afflictions are disp5sations ( ,provid5ce1 ,!re=e1 !y are b5eficial4 ,e applicable rule ( ,dr4 ,:ately's logic is1 ( c\rse1 appli$ "h--x is true 9 mood & figure1 & yet ! argum5t is fallaci\s4 ,a fallacy is def9$ z 'an +5i\s mixture ( tru? & falsehood1 s entangl$ z to be intimately bl5d$--t ! falsehood is1 9 *emical phrase1 held 9 solution3 "o drop ( s\nd logic is t te/ :i* imm$iately disunites !m1 makes ! =eign sub/ance visible1 & precipitates x to ! bottom4'99 ,b :5ce is to come '?is drop ( s\nd logic8' ,n f ! ,doctor's ,elem5ts1 !y h s5t =? ! fallacy4 ,b t\* x ) ! talisman ( facts &2 ! error w appe>4 99 ,:ately's ,logic1 ,anal4 ,out41 *ap4 #a1 /c4 #d4 ,:at facts support ! ass]tion t ,afflictions are disp5sations ( ,provid5ce8' ,! simple "q is fatal to ! argum5t4 ,c su* a proposition h facts = its support8 ,ignorance1 congregat+ 9 n>r[ c\rts1 & laz9ess1 accumulat+ fil?1 g5]ate sickness & affliction4 ,are ^! ! disp5sations ( ,provid5ce1 or ! disp5sations ( folly & crime8 ,to ascribe !m to ,provid5ce is virtually to all[ ignorance & laz9ess to /ep into ! ?rone ( ,god1 & call ^u m5 to believe 9 _! b5efic5t disp5sations4 ,dr4 ,watts1 ano!r writ] on logic1 set ! ,*ri/ian congregations ( ,engl& to s+ ! same species ( fallacy3--- ,diseases are ! s]vants1 ,"l1 ,!y come at ?y comm&2 ,i'll n attempt a murm'r+ ^w1 ,aga9/ ?y *a/'n+ h&4 ,accord+ to ?is lyrical logician1 :5ev] wise precautions arre/ ! progress ( pe/il5ce1 or ! physician's skill subdues disease1 ,jehovah is robb$ ( a s]vant4 ,by su* an argum5t1 humanity is made to be 9 rebellion aga9/ heav51 & our m$ical colleges are 9 antagonism ) ,deity1 & ! rec5t appo9tm5t1 by ! ,russell gov]nm5t1 ( a ,sanatory ,commission1 0 high blasphemy4 ,x is ! degradation ( language to employ x to su* a purpose1 & logic ne$s revis+ to save u f publi%+ su* pu]ility 9 ! "n ( le>n+ & ( reason4 ,x mu/ h be5 logic ( ?is k9d t induc$ a /rong-?\ght$ woman to haz>d ! bold b t5able conjecture1 t ',if an argum5t has tru? 9 x1 less ?an a philosoph] w see x--& if x has n1 less ?an a logician w refute x4'99 99 ,a ,few ,days 9 ,a!ns1 by ,frances ,wright4 ,r4 ,g4 ,la?am1 ,m4,d41 9 8 ',fir/ ,outl9es ( ,logic appli$ to ,gramm> & ,etymology1' has introduc$ ! p>ticul> in/ance ( ! syllogism on ,provid5ce "h cit$ f ,:ately4 ,x w\ld be no difficult task to pres5t o!r in/ances ( ! same species ( polemical fallacy f ,dr4 ,:ately & o!r writ]s on logic1 did x comport ) ! rule ,i h *os5 = obs]vance4 ,i give ^! cases *iefly to %[ h[ ext5sively & obtrusively !y are introduc$4 ',we h1' says ,mr4 ,mill1 'five di/+ui%able classes ( fallacy1 :i* may to express$ 9 ! foll[+ synoptic table3-- ,illu/ration3 ,mill's ,fallacy ,table ,x 0 ! boa/ ( ,ar*im$es1 t if any "o w\ld f9d him a fulcrum1 on :i* to re/ a prop1 he w\ld raise ! _w1 ,b ?is 0 m]e ass]tion unsupport$ by facts1 = if ! fulcrum _h be5 f\nd him1 ,ar*im$es c\ld n h p]=m$ 8 promise4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by ,f]guson1 :o has demon/rat$ t if ,ar*im$es c\ld h mov$ ) ! swiftness ( a cannon ball--#dhj miles e h\r--x w\ld h tak5 him j #dd1ifc1edj1jjj1jjj ( ye>s to h-rais$ ! _w "o in*4 ,bulw] rem>ks1 ',critics h said1 :at a f9e idea ( ,ar*im$es6 ,b h[ mu* f9] is ! fact t refutes x4 ,"o ( ! sublime/ ?+s 9 ! _w is pla9 tru?4' ,all motion g5]ates w>m?1 ,%ak+ 7) cold7 is motion1 ,ergo1 %ak+ ) cold g5]ates w>m?4 ,we look1 9 ?is case1 to ! facts on :i* ! fir/ proposition re/s1 & f9d ! ass]tion too g5]al4 ,to "o :o said t none 7 happy :o 7 n above op9ion1 a ,sp>tan repli$1 ',!n none are happy b knaves & robb]s4' ,mr4 ,goodri*1 ! orig9al ,pet] ,f>ley gives1 ,9 8 ',fireside ,education1' an in/ance to ?is effect ( two boys argu+ on ! division ( _! b$s4 ,william exclaims1 ',y take m ?an y\r %>e ( ! b$1 ,james4' ,james answ]s1 ',i only take half ! b$4' ,william replies1 ',true1 b y take y\r half out ( ! middle1 & ,i am oblig$ to lie on bo? sides to get my half4' ,innum]able sophisms are suff]$ to pass 9 consequ5ce ( ,"s brilliancy ( position :i*1 dazzles u & prev5ts our see+ t !y are wide ( !' m>k ( reason4 ,an in/ance occurs 9 ,bulw]--:o says1 ',helvetius err$ ^u education--b 8 dogma has be5 b5eficial4' ,probably s--b n s b5eficial z ! tru? w\ld h be54 ,_m p]sons h argu$ f su* an in/ance1 t error is useful4 ,dick5s1 9 ^? incid5tal obs]vations ( /rik+ good s5se /rew$ up & d[n 8 writ+s1 says1 9 ! ',cricket on ! ,he>?3'--',^! rem>ks 7( ,mrs4 ,field+7 7 q unansw]able3 :i* is ! happy prop]ty ( all rem>ks t are suffici5tly wide ( ! purpose4' ,( ! refutation ( su* rem>ks he has pres5t$ an able in/ance 9 ',m>t9 ,*uzzlewit'3 ',bless my s\l1 ,we/lock1' says ,p9*1 is x no?+ to see ,pecksniff mov$ to t ext5t & "k "o's self to be ! cause8 ,& did y n he> him say t he c\ld h %$ 8 blood = me8 ',d y want any blood %$ = y8' return$ ,we/lock ) consid]able irritation4 ',does he %$ any?+ = y t y d want8 ,does he %$ employm5t = y1 in/ruction = y pocket money = y8 ,does he ev5 %$ legs ( mutton = y 9 any dec5t proportion to potatoes & g>d5 /uff8' ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,scepticism ,man has be5 call$ ! play?+ ( *ance1 b !re is no logic m close & inflexible ?an t ( human life3 all is entw9$ toge!r2 & = him :o is able to dis5tangle ! premises & pati5tly await ! conclusion x is ! mo/ correct ( syllogisms4--,jules ,s&au3 ,p's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #hg4 ',to quote au?ors1' says ,h>ris1 9 8 preface to 8 ,h]mes1' ':o h liv$ 9 v>i\s ages1 & 9 di/ant c\ntries2 "s 9 ! full maturity ( ,grecian & ,roman lit]ature2 "s 9 its decl5sion2 & o!rs 9 p]iods /ill m b>b>\s & deprav$2 may af=d1 p]haps1 no unpleas+ speculation1 to see h[ ! same reason has at all times prevail$2 h[ !re is "o tru? l "o sun1 t has enlight5$ human intellig5ce ?r\gh e age1 & sav$ x f ! d>kness bo? ( sophi/ry & error4' ,?is is ! assurance :i* "r reason w ev] imp>t4 ,und]nea? all ! *ange aft] :i* we pant1 amid all ! v>iety :i* surr\nds u1 & seem ! v alim5t ( our nature1 lies ! in/9ct aft] ! p]man5t4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( s\nd logic to gu>antee ?is 9 conclusion4 ,! novelty1 *ange1 fluctuation1 :i* sci5tific discov]y has br\ght1 & w yet br+1 into ! =m]ly settl$ worlds ( op9ion & social condition1 w unsettle m5's m9ds1 & pave ! way to an age ( scepticism4 ,s\nd logic is necess>y to provide t ?is d\bt is transitional & n ultimate4 ,scepticism is ( two k9ds1 t ( ,pyrrho1 & t ( exam9ation4 ,! foll[]s ( ,pyrrho1 x is said1 made d\bt+ a pr(ession1 until at la/ !y d\bt$ :e!r !y did d\bt4 ,?is is ! scepticism ( ! scorn] & trifl]4 ,he did n "k t he did n "k x1 & if he did "k x x 0 m ?an he knew4 ,?is is z f> z ! philosoph]1 ( ?is s*ool c g4 ,dick5s has drawn ! portrait ( ^!1 logicians 9 ,mr4 ,tigg3-- ',:5 a man l ,slyme1' said ,mr4 ,tigg1 'is deta9$ = su* a ?+ z a bill' ,i reject ! sup]/ition ( ages1 & believe no?+4 ,i don't ev5 believe t ,i don't believe1 curse me if ,i d4' ,hood is ironical on ! pr(essors ( unc]ta9ty4 ',on a c]ta9 day ( a c]ta9 ye>1 c]ta9 (fic]s w5t1 on c]ta9 in=mation1 to a c]ta9 c\rt1 9 a c]ta9 city1 to take up a c]ta9 ,italian = a c]ta9 crime4 ,:at gross fools are !y :o say !re is no?+ c]ta9 9 ?is _w4' ,b scepticism is n capable ( di/urb+ ! well-gr\nd$ repose ( ! wise2 = :5 ! sceptic ?9ks he has involv$ ev]y?+ 9 d\bt1 ev]y?+ is /ill left 9 z mu* c]ta9ty z 8 scepticism4 ,9 ! great maze ( conflict+ op9ion1 x matt]s little t we are caution$ t reason is n all-suffici5t--x is ! be/ suffici5cy we h4 ,if reason w n s]ve u well1 w any?+ s]ve u bett]8 ,bi%op ,b]keley may demon/rate t we are n sure ( matt]'s exi/5ce--b are we m sure ( any ?+ else8 ,we are n ?us to be cajol$4 ,b x is "r to say t ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill cont5ds t ,b]keley has be5 misund]/ood--b if he did argue1 z popul>ly believ$1 to su* argum5t1 ! answ] ( ,byron is suffici5t-- ,:5 ,b]keley said !re 0 no matt]1 ,x 0 no matt] :at he said4 ,if all is delusion1 ! delusion is v ord]ly--x obs]ves regul> laws1 & we proce$ 9 logical me?od to in=m ea* o!r1 h[ ! delusion ( ?+s appe>s to our und]/&+s or affects our =tunes4 ,:]e no?+ is1 & all ?+s seem1 ,& we ! %ad[s ( a dream1 ,we discuss ! seem+s ) ! same gravity z realities4' ,if a man seems to d wrong1 & ,i seem to prev5t him1 & ! wrong1 !re=e1 seems n to be done1 ,i am satisfi$4 ,! 'wise consid]ate scepticism' ( inquiry has be5 well express$ by ,em]son1 9 8 rec5t lecture on ,montaigne4--',:o %all =bid a wise scepticism1 see+ t !re is no practical "q on :i* any?+ m ?an a proximate solution is to be _h8 ,m>riage itself is an op5 "q3 ^? out wi% to be 93 ^? 9 to be out4 ,! /ate4 ,) all its obvi\s advantages1 nobody loves x4 ,is x2 o!rwise ) ! ,*ur*8 ,%all ! "y man ent] trade or a pr(ession )\t be+ vitiat$8 ,%all he /ay on %ore or put out to sea8 ,!re is mu* to be said on bo? sides4 ,!n !re is competition & ! attractions ( ! co-op]ative sy/em4 ,! lab\r] has a poor hut1 is )\t k1 virtue1 civilisation4 ,if3 we say1 ,let u h culture1 ! expression awak5s a new indisposition2 = culture de/roys spontane\s & he>ty un5cumb]$ action4 ,let u h a robu/ manly life2 let u h to d ) realities1 n ) %ad[y gho/s4 ,n[ ?is precisely is ! "r gr\nd ( ! sceptic2 n ( unbelief1 d5y+ or d\bt+--lea/ ( all ( sc(f+ & pr(ligate je]+ at :at is /able & good4 ,he is ! consid]]4 ,he has1 too _m enemies ar\nd him to wi% to be 8 own4 ,! position ( ! sceptic is "o tak5 up = def5ce2 z we build a h\se n too high or too l[2 "u ! w9d1 b out ( ! du/4 ,= him ! ,sp>tan vig\r is too-au/]e4 ,/4 ,john too ?9 & a]ial4 ,! wise sceptic avoids to be fool$ by any extreme2 he wi%es to1 see ! game4 ,he wi%es to see all ?+s1 b ma9ly m54 ,really our life 9 ?is _w n ( s easy int]pretation z prea*]s & s*ool-books are accu/om$ to describe x4' ,^! h n s effici5tly solv$ ! problem1 t ! sceptic %\ld yield himself cont5t$ly to _! int]pretation4 ,true1 he does n wi% to speak h>%ly ( :at is be/ 9 u1--to turn himself into a devil's attorney4 ,b he po9ts out ! room !re is = d\bt2--! p[] ( moods2--! p[] ( complexion1 & s =?4 ,%all we1 !n1 because good-nature incl9es u to virtue's side1 smoo?ly cry3 ,!re are no d\bts6--& lie = ! "r8 ,we ask :e!r life is to be l$ 9 a brave or a c[>dly way3 :e!r ! satisfaction ( our d\bts be n ess5tial to all manl9ess3 :e!r ! "n ( virtue is to be a b>ri] to t :i* is virtue8 ,! sceptic wants tru?1 wants to h ?+s made pla9 to him1 & has a "r to be conv9c$ 9 8 own way4 ,9 su* scepticism !re is no malignity2 x is hone/1 & does n h9d] 8 be+ conv9c$2 & ?is h>d-head$ man1 once conv9c$ w prove a giant 9 def5ce ( 8 fai?4 ,! true & f9al answ] 9 :i* all scepticism is lo/ is ! moral s5tim5t3 t nev] =feits ! supremacy4 ,x is ! drop t balances ! univ]se4' ,sci5ce & logic h s f> advanc$ z to abridge ! field ( d\btful que/ions4 ,:5 syllogism answ]$ syllogism1 unc]ta9ty reign$ absolute--b n[ t ! appeal is to facts1 we c1 :]ev] facts c be _h1 weigh or numb] !m1 & decide on "o side or ! o!r4 ,:5 ,ali ,pa*a 0 at ,jan9a1 ! case ( a poor woman1 :o accus$ a man ( ! !ft ( all h] prop]ty1 0 br\ght be=e him2 b ! pla9tiff hav+ no witnesses1 ! case 0 dis*>g$1 z ! o!r ass]t$ 8 innoc5ce1 & insi/$ z a pro(1 t he _h n a f>?+ 9 ! _w4 ,on _! leav+ 8 pres5ce1 ,ali ord]$ bo? to be weigh$1 & !n releas$ !m )\t fur!r notice4 ,a =tnight aft]w>ds1 he comm&$ bo? into 8 pres5ce1 & aga9 weigh$ !m2 ! accus] _h lo/ z mu* z ! def5dant _h ga9$ 9 weight4 ,! ?+ spoke = itself1 & ,ali decid$ t ! accusation 0 j4 ,ali ,pa*a 0 ! ,burlamiqui ( ju/ice4 ,induction1 too1 has its scales1 & seldom leaves u 9 d\bt :5 x gets tru? & falsehood 9 !m4 ,scepticism is n[ happily re/rict$ to ^? que/ions re/+ on conjectures1 & :i* d n p]ta9 to ! practical affairs ( ?is life4 ,on matt]-(-fact que/ions1 only ! weak are p]plex$4 ,aft] m5 h be5 9 delib]ation till ! "t ( action approa*1 if x be n !n manife/ :at is be/ to be done1 x is a sign ! diff]5ce ( motives ! "o way & ! o!r is n great2 !re=e1 n to resolve !n is to lose ! occasion by weigh+ ( trifles1 :i* is pusillanimity4 ,qua9t old ,bunyan tells u1 t :5 he _h complet$ 8 ',pilgrim's ,progress' he took ! op9ions ( v>i\s fri5ds on ! propriety ( publi%+ x4 ,"s said ',john1 d2' o!rs ',john1 don't4' ,b solid old ,john 0 n to be ?us conf\nd$4 ',!n ,i w pr9t x1' said he1 '& ?us ! case decide4' ,to ?is good s5se ! public owe t immortal dream4 ,9 ! great field ( physical inve/igation1 sci5ce has conqu]$ d\bt4 ',cont+5cy & v]similitude are ! (fspr+ ( human ignorance1 &1 ) an intellect ( ! highe/ ord]1 _c be suppos$ to h any exi/5ce4'99 99,ed9burgh ,review1 ,septemb] #ahad1 article ,probabilities ',probability1' says ,laplace1' has ref]5ce p>tly to our ignorance1 & p>tly to our k4' ',*ance1' obs]ves ,mr4 ,mill1 'is usually spok5 ( 9 direct anti!sis to law2 :atev] 7x is suppos$7 _c be ascrib$ to law1 ,if attribut$ to *ance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t :atev] happ5s is ! result ( "s law2 is an effect ( causes1 & c\ld h be5 pr$ict$ f a k ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? causes1 & f _! laws4 ,if ,i turn up a p>ticul> c>d1 t is a consequ5ce ( its place 9 ! pack4 ,its place 9 ! pack 0 a consequ5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! c>ds 7 %uffl$1 or ( ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 play$ 9 ! la/ game2 :i*1 aga91 7 ! effects ( prior causes4 ,at e /age1 if we _h possess$ an accurate k ( ! causes 9 exi/5ce1 x w\ld h be5 ab/ract$ly possible to =etell ! effect4'99 ',9 ! doma9 ( morals1 too1 a c]ta9ty1 n dream$ ( 9 pa/ times1 n[ prevails4 ,h[ev] mu* man1 z an individual1 may be an enigma1 9 ! aggregate he is a ma!matical problem4'9999 ,9 ! great _w ( op9ion x is ! duty ( hone/ reason]s to endeav\r to f9d out ! tru?1 & take sides1 undet]r$ by ! philosophical frivolity n[ gr[+ fa%ionable4 ,if m5 are sil5t conc]n+ objects & pr9ciples1 x is said !y h none1 & x is impati5tly ask$ ':]e is _! bond ( union8' ,& no soon] is x expla9$ ?an !y are told 'x is v unphilosophical to ?9k ( sett+ up a cre$4' ,:]e ! alt]natives are ?us put aga9/ !m !y %\ld take _! own c\rse4 ,cre$s are ! necess>y expon5ts ( conviction4 ,! cre$less philosoph] is out on ! sea ( op9ion1 )\t compass or *>t4 ,to b9d y\rself = ! future to pres5t op9ions is d\btless unwise1 b he :o has inquir$ to any purpose has come to "s conclusion1 affirmative1 negative1 or neutral2 & x is ! prov9ce ( a cre$ to av[ ! actual result1 & ! consequ5t2 conduct int5d$ to be foll[$4 ,x is ! vice ( free ?9k+ t x spreads univ]sal unc]ta9ty1 & assumes "r & wrong to be s protean t no man c tell "o h\r :at op9ion he %all hold ! next4 ,logic %\ld correct ?is unsatisfactory extreme1 & extirpate ! tiresome race :om ,%elley describ$ 9 ,pet] ,bell3-- ,to ,pet]'s view1 all seems "o hue2 ,he is no ,:ig1 he is no ,tory2 ,no ,dei/ & no ,*ri/ian he-- ,b is s subtle1 t to be ,no?+ is all 8 glory9999 99 ,logic1 pp4 #eg-h1 vol4 #b 9999 ,ve/iges4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,intellectual ,,d>+ ,fre$om has be5 hunt$ ?r\gh ! _w1 & is ev] expos$ to ,insult & injury4 ,x is cru%$ by conque/2 fr[n$ f c\rts2 expell$ f colleges2 scorn$ out ( society2 flogg$ 9 s*ools2 & ana!matis$ 9 *ur*es4 ,m9d is h] la/ asylum2 & if fre$om quail !re1 :at becomes ( ! hope ( ! _w1 or ! wor? ( human nature8--,w4 ,j4 ,fox's ,lectures to ! ,work+ ,classes1 "p #ab1 p4 #fe4 ,we %\ld be prep>$ to d>e all ?+s = tru?4 ,if ! 'v hopes ( man1 ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>t1 ! religion ( nations1 ! mann]s & morals ( mank9d1 are all at ! m]cy ( a new g5]alisation1' we %\ld be prep>$ to risk !m4 ,if we mu/ *oose betwe5 tru? & repose1 we ought n to hesitate4 ,!re is dang] 9 hav+ ! tru?--philosoph]s are oblig$ to conceal x4 ,mank9d vaunt _! love ( tru?1 b !y are n to be tru/$4 ,f int]e/ or ignorance !y always p]secute1 & (t5 kill1 ! discov]]4 ,/ill ! pursuit ( tru? is a duty1 & we mu/ f9d consolation 9 ! h]oic reflection ( ,burke1 t 9 all ex]tions ( duty !re x some?+ to be haz>d$4 ,b intellectual d>+ w nev] be common :ile x is s g5]ally believ$ to be crim9al4 ,we w1 !re=e1 quote "s consid]ations t\*+ ! rightfulness ( inquiry4 ,)\t inquiry x is impossible = u to "k :e!r our op9ions are true or false1 & v>i\s are ! pret5ces employ$ = decl9+ inve/igation3 frequ5tly !y are mask$ "u vague & metaphorical phrases3 inquiry implies ! weigh+ ( evid5ce1 & might lead to d\bt & p]plexity--to se>* into a subject might %ake ! settl$ convictions ( ! und]/&+--to exam9e opposite argum5ts1 & contradictory op9ions1 might contam9ate ! m9d ) false views4 ',e "o :o alleges pretexts l ^! = decl9+ inquiry1 mu/ obvi\sly beg9 by assum+ t 8 own op9ions are un]r+ly 9 ! "r4 ,no?+ c\ld ju/ify a man = decl9+ ! inve/igation ( a subject involv+ important op9ions1 b ! possession ( an und]/&+ free f liability ( error4 ,n gift$ ) infallibility1 9 :at way1 except by dilig5t inquiry1 c he obta9 any assurance t he is n pursu+ a c\rse ( injuri\s action8 ,if he holds any op9ion1 he mu/ h acquir$ x ei!r by exam9ation1 by in/illation1 rote1 or "s o!r process4 ,on ! supposition t he has acquir$ x by prop] exam9ation1 ! duty on :i* ,i am n[ insi/+ has be5 dis*>g$1 & ! matt] is at an end--b if he has acquir$ x 9 any o!r mann]1 ! m]e plea1 t 8 m9d might become unsettl$1 c be no argum5t aga9/ ! duty ( inve/igation4 ,= any?+ he c allege to ! contr>y1 8 pres5t op9ions are wrong--&1 9 t case1 ! di/urbance ( 8 bl9d convictions1 in/ead ( be+ an evil1 is an ess5tial /ep t[>ds arriv+ at ! tru?4 ',x may possibly be assign$1 z a fur!r reason = 8 decl9+ inquiry1 t he may come to "s fallacy :i* he _c surm\nt1 al?\gh conv9c$ ( its "*4 ,if he is conv9c$ ( its "*1 he mu/ ei!r h gr\nds = t conviction or n4 ,if he has gr\nds1 let him exam9e !m1 draw !m out1 try if !y are valid1 & !n ! fallacy w /& expos$4 ,if he has no gr\nds = suspect+ a fallacy1 :at an irrational conclusion he confesses himself to h arriv$ at6 ,b p]haps he w reply--he may be unable to solve ! difficulty2 8 m9d may become p]plex$1 & ! issue may prove1 aft] all1 t x w\ld h be5 mu* bett] _h he rema9$ 9 8 =m] /rong1 ?\gh un5light5$1 conviction4 ,:y bett]8 ,if he is 9 p]plexity let him read1 ?9k1 consult ! le>n$ & ! wise1 & 9 ! end he w probably rea* a def9ite op9ion on "o side or ! o!r4 ,b if he %\ld /ill rema9 9 d\bt1 :]e is ! h>m8 or r1 :y is x n to be consid]$ a good8 ,! subject is evid5tly "o :i* admits /rong probabilities on opposite sides4 ,d\bt is !re=e ! prop] s5tim5t = ! occasion--x is ! result ( ! be/ ex]cise ( ! faculties--& ei!r positively to believe1 or positively to disbelieve1 w\ld imply an errone\s appreciation ( evid5ce4 ,9 ! m9ds ( "s p a /rong prejudice appe>s to exi/ aga9/ t /ate ( ! und]/&+ :i* is t]m$ d\bt4 ,a little reflection1 h[ev]1 w conv9ce any "o t on c]ta9 subjects d\bt is z appropriate a /ate ( ! reason+ faculties z belief or disbelief on o!rs4 ,!re are doctr9es1 propositions1 facts1 support$ & oppos$ by e degree ( evid5ce1 & among/ !m by t degree ( evid5ce ( :i* ! prop] effect is to leave ! und]/&+ 9 an equipoise betwe5 two conclusions4 ,9 ^! cages d\bt is ! appropriate result1 :i* !re c be no reason to %r9k f or lam5t4 ,b x may be fur!r urg$1 t inquiry might contam9ate ! und]/&+ ) false views--&1 !re=e1 ,x is wise & laudable to ab/a9 f x4 ',we c compreh5d :at is meant by contam9at+ a man's habits or disposition1 or ev5 imag9ation4 ,b !re is no analogy on ^! po9ts 9 ref]5ce to ! und]/&+4 ,!re is contam9ation1 !re is evil1 9 prepo/]\s & obsc5e images cr[d+ be=e ! intellectual vision1 not)/&+ a full & di/9ct p]ception ( _! "*--b !re is no contam9ation1 no evil1 9 a ?\s& false argum5ts com+ be=e ! und]/&+1 if _! quality is cle>ly disc]n$4 ,! only possible evil 9 ?is case is mi/ak+ false = true--b ! man :o %r9ks f inve/igation le/ he %\ld mi/ake false = true1 c h no reason = suppos+ himself free f t delusion 9 8 actual op9ions4 ,besides ^! objections to inquiry1 !re are o!r prejudices ( a simil> "*1 =m+ s]i\s imp$im5ts to ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ',"o ( ^! is a fe> t we may se>* too f>1 & become *>geable ) presumption 9 pry+ into ?+s we ought n to "k4 ,a few words w suffice to prove t no?+ c be m irrational & absurd4 ,we h already %[n t true op9ions are conducive to ! welf>e ( mank9d--& ! prosecution ( inquiry is !re=e a process f :i* we h ev]y?+ to hope & no?+ to fe>1 & to :i* !re are no limits b su* z ! nature ( our own faculties pre scribes4 ',a second prejudice--t we may contract guilt1 if1 9 ! c\rse ( our rese>*es1 we miss ! "r conclusion1 & _h !re=e bett] let inquiry alone--is /ill m influ5tial 9 prev5t+ ^? inve/igations :i* x is our duty to make4 ,z our op9ions on any subject are n volunt>y acts1 b involunt>y effects1 9 :atev] conclusions our rese>*es t]m9ate !y c involve u 9 no culpability4 ,all t we h to take c>e ( is1 to be/[ on e subject an adequate & imp>tial att5tion4 ,hav+ done ?is1 we h dis*>g$ our duty2 & x w\ld be irrational & unmanly to ent]ta9 any appreh5sion = ! result4 ',9 fact1 !re is ! grosse/ inconsi/5cy 9 ! prejudice n[ "u consid]ation4 ,if we may contract guilt by se>*+ aft] tru?1 wo may equally d s by rema9+ 9 our pres5t /ate ,! reason alleg$ 9 ! prejudice itself1 & ! only reason :i* c be assign$ ) any plausibility1 :y we may commit an (f5ce by emb>k+ 9 any inquiry1 is t we may1 by s do+1 miss ! "r conclusion1 or1 9 o!r words1 fall into error--= no "o w\ld s]i\sly cont5d t we incur any moral culpability by an inve/igation :i* conducts u to ! tru?4 ,b x is obvi\s t we may equally miss ! "r conclusion by rema9+ 9 our actual op9ions4 ,x is1 !n1 incumb5t on u to asc]ta9 :e!r we are committ+ an (f5ce by rema9+ 9 !m--9 o!r words1 x is necess>y to exam9e :e!r ^? op9ions are true4 ,?us ! reasons assign$ = n inquir+1 lead to ! conclusion t x is necess>y to inquire4 ',! ?ird prejudice is t acquiesc5ce 9 receiv$ op9ions1 or =be>+ to ?9k = ourselves1 %[s a degree ( humility highly prop] & comm5dable--if closely exam9$ w be f\nd usually to ev9ce no?+ b a great degree ( indol5t presumption1 or intellectual c[>dice4 ,!re is (t51 9 tru?1 z great a measure ( presumption 9 ?is species ( acquiesc5ce z 9 ! bolde/ hypo!sis :i* human inv5tion c />t4 ,t receiv$ & e/abli%$ op9ions are true1 is "o ( ^? sweep+ conclusions :i* w\ld require v /rong reasons1 & (t5 elaborate rese>*1 to ju/ify4 ,on :at gr\nds are !y consid]$ to be true by "o :o decl9es inve/igation8 ,because 7on ! mo/ fav\rable supposition7 !y h be5 h&$ d[n to u by our pr$ecessors1 & h be5 held ) unhesitat+ fai? by a multitude ( illu/ri\s m54 ,b :at compreh5sive reasons are ^!8 ,:at inve/igation w\ld x require to %ew t !y 7 valid8 ,z ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d teems ) in/ances ( ! transmission ( ! grosse/ errors f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & ( _! hav+ be5 c\nt5anc$ by ! concurr5ce ( ! mo/ em95t ( our race--h[1 )\t exam9ation1 c we %[ t ?is p>ticul> in/ance is an exception f ! g5]al lot8 ',f ! necessity ( us+ our own judgm5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( arriv+ at a conclusion = ourselves1 we _c be absolv$4 ,f> f be+ a virtue1 bl9d acquiesc5ce 9 ! op9ions ( o!rs is1 9 mo/ cases1 a positive vice1 t5d+ to /op all advancem5t 9 k1 & all improvem5t 9 practice4 ,f ! prec$+ x is evid5t t ! inquir] may ent] on 8 task ) full confid5ce t he is emb>k+ 9 no crim9al1 or =bidd51 or presumptu\s ent]prise1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 engag+ 9 ! dis*>ge ( a duty4 ,let him be z circumspect z he pleases 9 collect+ 8 facts & d$uc+ 8 conclusions1 cauti\s 9 ! process1 b fe>less 9 ! result4 ,let him be fully aw>e ( 8 liability to error1 ( ! ?\s& s\rces ( illusions1 ( ! limit$ p[]s ( ! individual1 ( ! p>am\nt importance ( tru?--b let him dismiss all appreh5sions ( ! issue ( an inve/igation conduct$ ) due application ( m9d & rectitude ( purpose4'99 99 ,extracts ( ,summ>y1 by ,aliquis4 ( argum5ts on ! ,duty ( ,inquiry1 f ! ',pursuit ( ,tru?1 & o!r ,essays1 by ,s4 ,bailey1 9 ,reason] ,no4 #ab4 ,m>cus ,anton9us1 inde$1 said ',i seek aft] tru?1 by :i* no man yet 0 ev] injur$4' ,b !re is a great practical mi/ake "h4 ,!re is dang] 9 tru?---& ! admission %\ld be pla9ly made4 ,m51 :]e =ew>n$1 make ! *oice m manfully4 ,we h be5 wisely told by ,em]son1 t ! *]i%$ ?\ghts & in/itutions ( mank9d are at ! m]cy ( a new g5]alisation--re/1 commodity1 reputation4 ,inconv5i5ce1 & susp5se1 are ! consequ5ces ( ! p>tizan%ip ( tru?4 ,c]ta9 political tru?s annihilate ! int]e/s ( :ole classes4 ,c]ta9 social tru?s w> ) life-*]i%$ prejudices4 ,c]ta9 sanit>y tru?s r$uce ! value ( all city prop]ty4 ,c]ta9 sci5tific tru?s ru9 ! work+ classes by ?\s&s4 ,9 a wis] /ate ( society ?is c\ld be prev5t$1 b our pres5t bus9ess is ) :at is4 ,x is !re=e idle to conceal ! tru?--t !re is dang] 9 tru?4 ,pope's dictum1 t p>ty is ! madness ( _m = ! ga9 ( a few1 is inv]sely true ( tru?4 ,tru? is ! ultimate b5efit ( _m1 b ! imm$iate ru9 ( ! few4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 comes to our aid ! wise & f>-see+ aphorism ( ,burke--',9 all ex]tions ( duty !re is some?+ to be haz>d$'--& ! brave man & wise fri5d ( mank9d w risk ! fate :i* surely awaits him--! fate ( ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,salomon de ,caus1 ,volta1 ,fulton1 ,w9s]1 ,arkwright1 ,gall1 & all :o pres5t !mselves1 ) tru? 9 _! h&s1 at ! door ( ?is great b$lam call$ ! _w--! fate ( be+ receiv$ ) /ones & hisses4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,idols ,! t]m ,idol is employ$ by ,bacon to designate ^? prejudices :i* m5 pref] to tru?4 ,a prejudice is a bias )\t a reason = x1 an op9ion )\t a f\ndation1 a judgm5t =m$ ( p]sons & ?+s )\t suffici5t exam9ation1 an ass5t giv5 to a proposition )\t suffici5t evid5ce4 ,! bias may be hon\rable1 ! op9ion correct1 ! ass5t 9 ! "r direction1 b /ill ( ! nature ( prejudice1 because1 if "r1 x is "r by accid5t r ?an design4 ,ignorance hides f u facts1 & we decide p>tially r ?an confess our defici5cy4 ,ill-direct$ education gives u pre-possessions1 :i* are ob/acles 9 ! way ( tru?1 & we cont9ue to *]i% :at1 hav+ become a "p ( our nature1 x pa9s u to disc>d4 ,! s5ses w occasionally mislead u & al?\gh we are consci\s t appe>ances are n to be :olly tru/$1 we reluctantly d\bt our own infallibility4 ,f e>ly1 & !re=e unque/ion$1 associations1 we h acquir$ c]ta9 habits1 & f fa%ion c]ta9 s5tim5ts1 & we cont9ue old cu/oms1 & fall into ! curr5t op9ion unconsci\sly4 ,( ^! s\rces ( prejudice1 logic w>ns u to bew>e4 ,( s mu* importance did ,bacon reg>d ^! h9drances to tru?1 t he consid]$ ! pursuit ( new tru? hopeless :ile !y 7 *]i%$4 ,9 a mix$ ve9 ( poetry & philosophy1 he divid$ prejudices into f\r classes1 :i* he call$ ,idols ( ! ,tribe1 ! ,d51 ! ,m>ket & ! ,!atre4 ,idols ( ! ,tribe are prejudices m5 imbibe f e>ly tra9+1 & love ( hypo!sis4 ,!y are s call$ because common to ! :ole race or tribe ( mank9d4 ,idols ( ! ,d5 are ^? :i* relate to a man's p>ticul> "*1 ,idols ( ! ,m>ket are ^? :i* are accommodat$ to common notions4 ,idols ( ! ,!atre d5ote su* z p]ta9 to hypo!tical sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,rememb]+ ! decl>ations ( ,eul] & ,gall1 & ! daily discov]ies ( sci5ce1 we %\ld /&1 z x 71 on ! v]ge ( ! old _w ( exp]i5ce1 & look out on ! new _w ( tro?4 ,a "y ?9k] %\ld make = himself a *>t ( propos$ re=ms1 sy/ems1 & *anges1 agitat$ 9 8 day--place ,9 relative positions 9 ! scale ( importance su* z he deems ( value1 if true--& !n analyse 8 exp]i5ce to see :at is s\ndly oppos$ !reto4 ,su* a practice w\ld g f> to rid m5 ( idol-prejudices1 :i* ret>d private improvem5t & public progress4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,illu/rative ,,ex]cises #a4 ,all m5 possess$ ( an uncontroll$ discretion>y p[]1 lead+ to ! aggr&isem5t & pr(it ( _! own body1 h always abus$ x4'--,burke's ,?\ghts on ! ,pres5t ,discont5ts4 ,! /ud5t w f9d ! pro( ( ?is proposition exhibit$ 9 ! example ( ,induction1 quot$ f ,mr4 ,bailey1 p4 #fc4 #b4 ,prosp]ity c\ld nev] be rea*$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 )\t "s provision = ! regul> employm5t ( ! poor4--,mr4 ,beckett's ,spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,feb4 #c1ahdb4 ,! demon/ration1 to univ]sal conviction1 ( ?is proposition1 w\ld lead to an entire & b5eficial *ange ( ! social condition ( ?is c\ntry4 #c4 ,! p5 is ! tongue ( ! _w4--,pa9e4 ,put ?is 9 ! syllogi/ic =m4 #d4 ,a good in/ance ( a metaphorical argum5t drawn out is giv5 by ,mr4 ,mill3--',= in/ance1 :5 ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 rebuk+ ! ,byronic ve91 says t /r5g? does n manife/ itself 9 spasms1 b 9 /\t be>+ ( burd5s2 ! metaphor proves no?+1 x is no argum5t1 only an allusion to an argum5t2 9 no o!r way h[ev] c\ld s mu* ( argum5t be s completely sugge/$ 9 s few words4 ,! expression sugge/s a :ole tra9 ( reason+1 :i* x w\ld take _m s5t5ces to write out at l5g?4 ,z ?us3 ,motions :i* are viol5t b brief1 :i* lead to no end1 & are n "u ! control ( ! w1 are1 9 ! physical body1 m incid5t to a weak ?an to a /rong con/itution4 ,if ?is be ow+ to a cause :i* equally op]ates 9 :at relates to ! m9d1 ! same conclusion w told !re likewise4 ,b su* is really ! fact4 ,= ! body's liability to ^! sudd5 & uncontrollable motions arises f irritability1 t is1 unusual susceptibility ( be+ mov$ out ( its ord9>y c\rse by transi5t influ5ces3 :i* may equally be said ( ! m9d4 ,& ?is susceptibility1 :e!r ( m9d or body1 mu/ arise f a weakness ( ! =ces :i* ma9ta9 & c>ry on ! ord9>y action ( ! sy/em4 ,all ?is is convey$ 9 "o %ort s5t5ce4 ,& s9ce ! causes are alike 9 ! body & 9 ! m9d1 ! analogy is a j "o1 & ! maxim holds ( ! "o z mu* z ( ! o!r4'99 99 ,logic1 pp4 #dcc-d1 vol4 #b4 #e4 ,a y\?1 nam$ ,eva?lus1 engag$ ) ,protagoras to le>n dialectics1 & promis$ 8 tutor a l>ge sum ( money1 9 case he ga9$ ! fir/ cause he plead$1 ,eva?lus1 :5 fully in/ruct$1 refus$ to pay 8 in/ructor4 ,protagoras br\ght 8 action ?us--',y mu/ pay ! money h[ev] ! cause g1 = if ,i ga9 y mu/ pay 9 consequ5ce ( ! s5t5ce1 z be+ ca/ 9 ! cause2 & if y ga9 x1 y mu/ pay 9 pursuance ( our cov5ant4' ',nay1' ,eva?lus retorts1 ':i* way soev] ! cause be decid$1 y w h no?+1 = if ,i prevail1 ! s5t5ce gives x t no?+ is due3 & if ,i lose1 !n !re is no?+ due by ! cov5ant4' ,:at %\ld be ! decision 9 ?is case8 #f4 ,! fir/ case1 says ,c]vantes1 requir+ ,san*o's att5tion 0 a "q put by a /rang]1 9 pres5ce ( ! /ew>ds & re/ ( ! att5dants4 ',my ,"l1' said he1 'a c]ta9 manor is divid$ by a l>ge riv]4 ,i beg y\r hon\r w be att5tive1 = ! case is ( great consequ5ce & ( "s difficulty4 ,i say !n1 ^u ?is riv] is a bridge1 & at "o end ( x ! gibbet1 toge!r ) a sort ( c\rt hall1 9 :i* f\r judges usually sit to execute ! law enact$ by ! "l ( ! riv]1 bridge1 & manor1 :i* runs to ?is effect3 ,:oev] %all pass ?is bridge1 mu/ fir/ swe> :5ce he comes & :i!r he goes2 if he swe> ! tru? he %all be all[$ to pass1 b if he =swe> himself he %all die ^u ! gall[s )\t m]cy or respite4 ,?is law1 toge!r ) ! rigor\s p5alty1 be+ kn[n1 numb]s pass$1 & z x appe>$ !y swore no?+ b ! tru?1 ! judges p]mitt$ !m to pass freely & )\t control4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t "o man's oa? be+ tak51 he affirm$ & swore by 8 deposition t he 0 go+ to be hang$ on t gibbet1 & _h no o!r err& or int5tion4 ,! judges1 hav+ consid]$ ?is oa?1 obs]v$3 if we all[ ?is man to pass freely1 he swore to a lie1 &1 !re=e1 ought to be hang$ accord+ to law2 & if we ord]$ him to be hang$ aft] he ha? sworn he 0 go+ to be susp5d$ on t gibbet1 he w h sworn ! tru?1 & by ! same law he ought to be acquitt$1 ,i beg1 !re=e1 to "k1 my "l gov]nor & /ud5t1 :at ! judges mu/ d ) ?is man8' ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,te*nical ,,t]ms4 ,ab/ract names--! names ( attributes4--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,ab/raction--fix+ ?\ght on ! po9t ( resemblance 9 "o body4--draw+ (f & contemplat+ sep>ately any "p ( an an object4 ,action--a volition foll[$ by an effect4--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,analogy--resemblance ( relation4--,:ately4 ,analysis--! resolution ( a complex :ole into its compon5t elem5ts4 --,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,argum5t--an expression 9 :i*1 f some?+ laid d[n z grant$1 some?+ else is d$uc$--,:ately4 ,argum5tum ad hom9em--appeal+ to an oppon5t's pr(ess$ views4 ,a priori--reason+ f cause to effect4 ,a po/]iori--argu+ f effects to cause4 ,body--! unkn[n cause ( our s5sations--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,cause--! inv>iable antec$5t1 or ?+ go+ be=e4--! /imulus ( an effect4 ,conclusion--a proposition prov$ by argum5t4 ,connotative t]ms--d5ote a subject1 & imply an attribute4---4 ,j4,s4 ,mill4 ,consci\sness--s5sation ( exi/5ces4 ,def9ition--! sep>ation ( a ?+1 z by a b\nd>y1 f ev]y?+ else4 ,discov]y--f9d+ out some?+ already exi/+4 ,effect--! imm$iate1 inv>iable consequ5t1 or ! *ange produc$ by p[]4 ,,en?ymeme-,an argum5t ) "o premiss suppress$ be+ und]/ood4 ,exp]i5ce--ev5ts :i* h tak5 place )9 a p]son's own k4--,:ately4 ,fallacy--an app>5t argum5t4 ,g5]al ,t]ms--express ! notion ( p>tial simil>ity4 ,g5]alisation--trac+ c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance4--nam+ "o respect 9 :i* _m ?+s agree4 ,induction--univ]salisation ( tru? by inf]5ce f uni=m facts4 ,intuition--imag9>y look+4--,:ewell1 ,logic--a sci5tific use ( facts4 ,logical ,tru?--t :i* admits ( pro(4--,*amb]s4 ,m9d--! unkn[n p]cipi5t ( s5sation4--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,necess>y ,tru?s--are ^? 9 :i* we n only le>n t ! proposition is true1 b see t x mu/ be true2 9 :i* ! negative ( ! tru? is n only false1 b impossible2 9 :i* we _c1 ev5 by an ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 or 9 a supposition1 conceive ! rev]se ( t :i* is ass]t$4--,dr4 ,:ewell3 ,phil4 ,inductive ,sci5ces1 pp4 #ed-e1 vol4 #a499 99 ,z 'necess>y tru?s' are mu* talk$ ( ,i h introduc$ "h1 f ,:ewell1 ! complete/ def9ition ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,= myself1 ,i co9cide on ?is "q ) ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 z quot$ pp4 #bb-c4 ,non-connotative ,t]ms--d5ote a subject only & an attribute only4--,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,philosophy--! sci5ce ( realities 9 opposition to t ( m]e appe>ances--! attempt to compreh5d ?+s z !y are1 r ?an z !y seem4--,morell4 ,po9t at issue--! real "q to be decid$4 ,p[] 9 logic1 is ! relation ( circum/ances to ea* o!r 9 "t4 ,premises ! propositions :i* prec$e a conclusion4--! "n ( ! propositions f :i* a conclusion is d$uc$4 ,pr9ciple--an inv>iable rule4 ,pro(--suffici5t evid5ce2 ! balance ( probability 9 fav\r ( a proposition4 ,proposition--a s5t5ce :i* affirms or d5ies some?+4--,:ately4--,an expression 9 words ( a judgm5t4--,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,reason--! recognition ( facts4--! classification ( facts4--foll[+ 9 ! pa?way ( facts4--! p[] ( disc]n+ coh]5ces4--a premiss plac$ aft] its conclusion4--! m9or premiss--9 ! s5se ( ,reason = ass]t+ some?+4 ,reason+--argum5tation4--process1 ! same always4 ,subject--fir/ t]m ( a proposition4 ,syllogism--#a4 ,a g5]al rule4 #b4 ,a fact conta9$ "u t rule4 #c4 ,a conclusion t ! fact is s conta9$4--an argum5t /at$ regul>ly & at full l5g?4--a valid argum5t s /at$ t its conclusiv5ess is evid5t f ! m]e =m ( ! expression4 ,te*nical ,t]ms--! tools ( art4--,:ately4 ,te*nical ,language--regul>ly =m$1 def9$1 & agre$ on set ( expressions4 ,te/imony--second-h& exp]i5ce4 ,direct evid5ce is t :i* is pr(ess$ly giv54 ,incid5tal1 is corroboration casually introduc$ on "o subject 9 ! c\rse ( an evid5ce deliv]$ on ano!r4 ,!ory--is a sy/em ( rules int5d$ to expla9 a class ( facts4 ,! rules %\ld be precise1 & re/ on a rigor\s induction ( facts or probabilities4 ,tradition--! relation ( a circum/ance1 n committ$ to writ+ by any p]son :o obs]v$ x1 b communicat$ orally f "o to ano!r = a long p]iod ( "t4